bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unmasking the enduring legacies of apartheid in South Africa through Phaswane Mpe’s Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Authors: Edward Montle Malesela
Published: January 2022

Prior to the dispensation of democracy in South Africa, the country was presided by a system of apartheid that perpetuated colonial policies that discriminated against non-white (South) Africans. Nevertheless, the democratic jurisdiction dethroned and succeeded the apartheid regime in 1994. This galvanised South Africa to undergo a political transition from segregation (autocracy) to peace, equality and unity (democracy). The political emancipation engineered a shift of identity and also made a clarion call for South Africans to subscribe to a democratic identity branded by oneness and harmony. However, as South Africa sought to redress herself, it unearthed appalling remnants of the apartheid past. Twenty-seven years since democracy took reigns in South Africa, the country is still haunted by the horrors of the past. It is the apartheid government that has bred hegemonic delinquencies that encumber the South African society from extricating herself from discriminatory identities such as racial tension, division, inequality and socio-economic crises. This qualitative study sought to scrutinise the vestiges of apartheid in South Africa. It has hinged on the literary appreciation of Phaswane Mpe’s Welcome to Our Hillbrow, which reflects on the menace that the enduring legacies of apartheid pose to livelihoods in the democratic period. Mpe’s post-apartheid novel is chosen for this study by virtue of its exposure and protest against apartheid influence in the newly reconstructed democratic South African society. Scholarly attention has been satisfactorily paid to the implementation of socio-economic transformation in the country, however, there seems to be an inadequate scholarship to explore the pretexts or the genesis of socio-economic transformation setbacks, which this study aims to unmask.
Comparison of Domestic and International Technical Standards: Study on Improvement of Quality Control of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents
Authors: Jang Bong-Jo , Haam Sunnien , Yoon Myung-O
Published: January 2022

Recently, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) announced the revised standards for halogen compound fire extinguishing facilities (NFPA 2001). Characteristically, it is strengthening the quality control standards for halogenated fire extinguishing agents, by presenting specific standards regarding the effects of not only their main ingredient, but also their additional ingredients on the human body. However, in Korea, halogen compound fire extinguishing agents used for firefighting purposes are managed by designating “purity” as the sole criteria for inspection. Considering that halogen compounds utilized for other purposes in Korea are undergoing quality control through various inspections for the safety of humans and the environment, it is evident that a higher level of quality control is required for halogen compounds used for firefighting purposes. Therefore, we would like to suggest a specific improvement plan to enhance safety while using halogenated fire extinguishing agents, through the comparative analysis of inspection criteria, and acceptance standards of corresponding domestic and foreign standards.
Risk Assessment through Fire and Evacuation Simulation in the Main Control Room of a Domestic Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Cho Yong-sun , Kim Dong-Min , Im Gyeong-Tae
Published: January 2022

A fire in the main control room of a thermal power plant is a significant threat to the entire power plant by incapacitating the concept of performance design to secure the safety of the power plant. In this study, using the PyroSim and Pathfinder programs to evaluate fire and evacuation risk of the main control room, the appropriate time and fire shape for evacuating people calmly were confirmed when the available safe egress time and required safe egress time of the main control room were compared. In the case of a cable fire, the simulation results indicate the heat generation rate to be more serious than the actual experimental results showed. This is because heat generation was lower in the experiment as the polymer material constituting the cable fell to the floor during combustion and no loger burns. The fire dynamics simulator results indicate that the power plant facility is safe because even these points are not considered.
The Effect of Fertility and Enrollment on Female's Labor Force Participation: The Case of Turkey
Authors: BEYAZ SİPAHİ Banu , ATALAY Emine
Published: January 2022

Türkiye’de işgücü piyasasında kadınların erkeklere göre daha az katılması dikkat çekmektedir. Kadının işgücüne katılımını belirleyen çok sayıda faktör vardır. Ancak bu çalışmada mevcut faktörlerden kadının okullaşma oranı (yükseköğrenimden
mezun olan), doğurganlık oranı ve boşanma oranı üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı kadının iş gücüne katılımı ile doğurganlık oranı, boşanma oranı ve okullaşma oranını temsilen yükseköğrenimden mezun olma durumu arasındaki
ilişkiyi 1994-2019 dönemi için incelemektir. Ampirik analiz olarak ARDL eş bütünleşme yaklaşımı ve nedensellik ilişkisi Granger nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. İlk olarak birim kök testleri ile serilerin durağanlığı kontrol edilmiştir.
Çalışmada kullanılan değişkenlerin uzun ve kısa dönem ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda kadınların işgücüne katılımı ile yükseköğretim okullaşma oranı arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır.
Genelde beklenenin aksine kadınların işgücüne katılımı ile doğurganlık hızı arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişkinin varlığı ortaya konmuştur. Bu durumda okullaşma oranının ve doğurganlık oranının artması ile kadının iş gücüne
katılımını artmasını kuşak etkisi ile açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, kadınların işgücüne katılımı ile boşanma arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki görülmemiş, kısa dönemde pozitif bir ilişkinin varlığı ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmadaki diğer bulgulardan
biride kadının iş gücüne katılımı ile hem okullaşmanın hem de doğurganlık oranı arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olmasıdır. Ayrıca çalışmada doğurganlık oranından okullaşmaya doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanmıştır.
The Traditional Ula House of Ali Efendi, the Father of Architect Nail Çakırhan
Authors: AYHAN Gökben
Published: January 2022

Muğla’nın ilçelerinden biri olan Ula, geleneksel ev dokusunu büyük ölçüde korumuştur. İlçede evler çoğunlukla bahçelerinin bir kanadına inşa edilmiş olup, bir veya iki katlıdır. Ula’da Osmanlı-Türk evi geleneğinde olduğu gibi dış sofalı,
iç sofalı ve orta sofalı plan tiplerinin yanı sıra sofasız ev örnekleri de bulunmaktadır. Günümüze ulaşan geleneksel Ula evlerinin çoğu 1900’lü yılların başlarından kalma örneklerdir. İlçe’de iki yüzden fazla tarihi ev mevcuttur.
Tek katlı örneklerin çoğunluğunu oluşturduğu konutların çoğu harabeye dönüşmek üzeredir. Ali Efendi’nin Evi de bunlardan biridir. Günümüzde yapı atıl durumda olup mimari özelliğini her geçen gün kaybetmektedir. Bu çalışmada, daha
önce doğrudan herhangi bir yayına konu olmayan Ali Efendi’nin Evi’nin mimari ve süsleme özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca söz konusu evin, Ula ve diğer Osmanlı-Türk evleri arasındaki yerinin belirlenmesinin yanı sıra Nail Çakırhan’ın
gerçekleştirdiği çeşitli imar faaliyetlerine, babası Ali Efendi’nin Evi de dahil olmak üzere Ula evlerinin yerel mimari özelliklerinin yansımaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Ali Efendi’nin Evi, Ula’da doğa ile uyumlu iki katlı konutlardan
biridir. Bu yapı, aynı zamanda Ula’nın mimari geleneğini kendi evinde uyguladığı için Ağahan Ödülü’nü kazanan mimar Nail V. Çakırhan’ın (1910-2008) babasının evidir. Nail Çakırhan’ın doğup büyüdüğü bu ev, Muğla’nın Ula İlçesi’ndeki
Alparslan Mahallesi’nde 27 numarada yer alır. Yapı, iki dönümlük bahçenin kuzeydoğu kanadına inşa edilmiştir. Bahçenin güneybatı köşesindeki yeşil boyalı kuzulu kapısı avluya açılmaktadır. Yapı hem zemin kat, hem de üst katta orta
sofalı plan tipinin bir örneğini sergilemektedir. Evin ön cephesinin ortasında, iki kat boyunca yükselen alt ve üst kat sofalarının altıgen dışa taşması bulunmaktadır. Zemin katta mutfak, sofa, tuvalet ve banyo yer alır. Üst kata,
üç oda ve bir sofa olmak üzere dinlenme alanları mevcuttur. Konutun iki katı arasındaki bağlantı, evin ön tarafında bulunan tek kollu merdivenle sağlanır. Ali Efendi’nin Evi, Batılı etkilerin Ula’daki konut mimarisine yansımaya
başladığı yıllarda inşa edilmiştir. Geleneksel tarzını büyük ölçüde koruyan evde, Batı etkili unsurlar sınırlı oranda süreç içinde uygulanmıştır. Dünyaca ünlü mimar Nail Çakırhan, başta babası Ali Efendi’nin Evi olmak üzere Ula’nın
geleneksel mimarisini meslek hayatında örnek almıştır. Ula’nın Osmanlı-Türk konut mimarisi içinde büyümesinin verdiği bilinçle Nail Çakırhan, pratik çözümler sunduğu Muğla İl’inde birçok ev ve turizm işletmesinin hayata geçirilmesini
sağlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, bölgede kaybolmaya yüz tutan tarihi dokunun canlanmasına öncülük eden Nail Çakırhan, İlçe’de kendi adıyla anılan mimarinin yaşatılmasında babasının evinin yanı sıra diğer Ula evlerinin etkisinde kalması
önemli bir rol oynamıştır.
An Example of the Late Ottoman Period Architecture: Ankara Industry School
Authors: ÇEBER Kübra
Published: January 2022

Bu çalışma Osmanlı modernleşmesi sürecinde sanayi, eğitim ve mimari alanında meydana gelen gelişmeler içerisinde yer alan Ankara Sanayi Mektebi’ni konu edinmektedir. Açılış tarihi bilinmeyen ve ilk kez 1872 tarihli Ankara kent yıllığında
ıslahhane olarak bahsedilen mektep, temelde fakir ve kimsesiz erkek çocukların barındırılıp onlara bir meslek dalının öğretilmesini amaç edinmiş bir mesleki eğitim kurumudur. Erken dönemlerinde çeşitli yapılarda kiralık olarak
faaliyet gösteren Ankara Sanayi Mektebi için temelleri 1901 yılında atılan yeni bir yapı inşa edilmiştir. Geç Osmanlı Dönemi’yle birlikte Bankalar Caddesi’nde yoğunlaşan imar faaliyetlerinin ilk örnekleri arasında yer alan mektep,
yönetim-derslik yapısı ile iç avluyu üç yönden çevreleyen atölyeleriyle öğrencilerine eğitim ve barınma hizmetlerini tek çatı altına sunabilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı; Ankara Sanayi Mektebi’nin tasarım anlayışı ve mimari özelliklerini
tanıtmak, mektebin Ankara’nın değişim sürecindeki rolünü göstermek, mimari özellikleri ile onu diğer sanayi mektepleri ve çağdaşı olan eğitim yapılarıyla karşılaştırarak dönem özellikleri kapsamında değerlendirmektir. Çalışma sonucunda
Ankara Sanayi Mektebi’nin bünyesinde barındırdığı tüm özellikleriyle döneminin referanslarına katkı sağladığı görülmüştür. Küçük bir kasabadan Türkiye’nin başkentine dönüşen Ankara’nın kent kimliğinde mektebin hem işlevi hem de
tarihi yapısıyla önemli bir yer teşkil ettiğinin altı çizilmiştir. Sanayi mekteplerine ait eğitim modelinin mekanı biçimlendirme üzerindeki etkisini örnekleyen Ankara Sanayi Mektebi’nin yapım sürecindeki belirsizlik, mimarının
kimliği ve yapının 1911 tertibat planı ile arasındaki öncüllük sorunsalı üzerinde tartışılmıştır. Tasarım anlayışıyla sadeleştirilmiş neo-Rönesans üslubuna referans veren mektebin, tartışmalar sonucunda 1911 tertibat planına öncül
olduğu sonucu ortaya koyulmuştur. Bunlara ek olarak işlevini ve özgünlüğü kaybetmeden günümüze kadar gelebilen mektebin kurgu ve plan şemasının, Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde çeşitli alanlarda eğitim veren meslek okullarında örnek alınıp
yorumlanmış olmasına da dikkat çekilmek istenilmiştir.
Ağılkaya Village of Sivas Central, Turan Yalçın’s House
Authors: FATAHA Ebru Bilget
Published: January 2022

Sivas Merkez İlçeye bağlı Ağılkaya Köyü’nde bulunan Turan Yalçın’a ait evin duvar resimleri ve resimlere ait veriler bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Sivas il merkezinden yaklaşık 26 km uzaklıkta bulunan Ağılkaya Köyü ilin eski
yerleşime sahip köylerinden birisidir. Köyde harap durumda çok sayıda köy odası bulunmaktadır. Turan Yalçın evi bugün tescilli iki konuk odasından birisi olup sağlam durumda günümüze ulaşmıştır. Söz konusu ev genel özellikleri
ile giriş mekânı ve bir odadan oluşmaktadır. Evin giriş mekânı odunluk ve erzak deposu olarak kullanılmaktadır. Moloz taştan, düz toprak dam örtülü olarak inşa edilen odanın içerisinde ahşap sütunlar, sütunların taşıdığı göbekli
ahşap tavanlar ile alçı ocak ve mihrap nişleri görülmektedir. Dikdörtgen planlı oda mim sekili olarak düzenlenmiştir. Evin süslemelerinde sıva üzerine boya ile yapılmış duvar resimleri, ahşap ve alçı malzeme kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca
sıva üzerine siyah ve kırmızı boya ile yapılmış olan duvar resimlerinde manzara, ay yıldız, vazodan çıkan çiçek tasvirleri ile mermilik, süngülü tüfek, tabanca ve kılıç ile asılı Kur’an-ı Kerim, ağırlık, top arabası gibi nesnelere
de yer verilmiştir. Ahşap malzeme, tavan ve tavan göbeklerinde süsleme amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Alçı malzeme evin ocak nişinin iki yanında kandillikler ile kabartma olarak yapılmış çok yapraklı çiçek tasvirlerinde görülür. Alçı
mihrap nişi içerisinde sarkan kandil dikkat çeken diğer bir süsleme unsurudur. Turan Yalçın evi, süslemeleriyle dönemi için başkent İstanbul’dan oldukça uzak ve ücra sayılabilecek bir köyde karşımıza çıkması nedeniyle son derece
önemlidir.
Kars Mağaracik, Greek Village and its Chapel
Authors: SAĞIR Güner
Published: January 2022

Kars, 1877-1878 arasında, “93 Harbi” olarak bilinen Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda, 1877 yılında Rus ordusu tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Kent, 1878-1918 arasında 40 yıl Rus yönetimi altında kalmıştır. Bugünkü adı Ataköy olan Mağaracık, Kars’ın
13 km güneyinde yer alır. Mağaracık, 1878’den sonra Rusların Kars’ı yönettikleri dönemde Pontus’tan (Trabzon) gelen Rumların yerleştirildiği göçmen köylerinden biridir. 1886 Rus kayıtlarına göre köyde 68 hane, 322 erkek, 306 kadın
toplam 628 Rum yerleşiktir. 1918’de köyün Rum nüfusu 1300 kişi olarak tahmin edilirken, 1919’da bu rakamın 1600 kişiye çıktığı görülür. Mağaracık köyünün yerleşim alanının dışında bulunan Rumlara ait tek nefli şapelin ele alındığı
metinde, köyün tarihine kısaca değinilmiş ve arazi çalışmalarının verileri çerçevesinde yapı tanıtılmıştır. Şapel, köyün güneydoğusunda, yerleşim alanın biraz dışında bir dere yatağının kenarında, yamaçta yer alır. Yapı 2013’de
yüzey araştırması kapsamında mimari olarak incelenmiş ve belgeleme çalışmaları tamamlanmıştır. 2018’de de bölgede araştırma yaparken yeniden ziyaret edilerek durumu kontrol edilmiştir. Yapının inşa tarihi bilinmemekle beraber mevcut
veriler dikkate alındığında 1879-1918 arasında, Rus döneminde yapıldığı düşünülmektedir. Şapel, doğu-batı doğrultusunda dıştan, apsis dâhil, 8.95 m uzunlukta, 5.34 m genişlikte dikdörtgen, içten ve dıştan yarım daire tek apsislidir.
Mağaracık köyündeki şapel, küçük boyutlu, basit planlı olsa da Kars’ta Rus döneminde yaşamış Rum nüfusun dini yapıları hakkında fikir vermesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Secret Evidences of the 14th Century Ottoman History: Archaeological And Architectural Heritage
Authors: YILMAZYAŞAR Hasan
Published: January 2022

Osmanlı Beyliği’nin kuruluş dönemi çok sayıda bilimsel yayına konu olmasına karşın bu dönemin sadece tarihi değil, kültür, sanat, mimari, ekonomi, kurumsal yapı gibi bir çok olgusuna dair bilgilerimiz son derece sınırlıdır. Osmanlıların
kökenleri ve Beyliğin kurulduğu tarih konusunda bile hâlâ birçok farklı görüş bulunmaktadır. Osmanlı Beyliği’nin 14. yüzyılına dair bilinenlerin büyük bir kısmı 15. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra yazılmış Osmanlı kroniklerinde
yer alan verilerden oluşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda modern tarih araştırmalarındaki birbirinden kopuk, bütünlüğü olmayan bilgiler ile birçok hususta farklı görüş ve düşüncelerin varlığı daha iyi anlaşılmaktadır. Bu ortamda alternatif
alan çalışmaların yeterli düzeyde olmayışı, var olan çalışmalarının ise disiplinler arası ortak çalışma eksikliği sebebi ile göz ardı edilmesi önemli bir diğer sorundur. Bu makalenin temel amacı, erken Osmanlı döneminin sosyo-kültürel
yapısına ilişkin arkeolojik ve mimari verilerin önemini vurgulamaktır. Bu amaçla Osmanlı Arkeolojisi’nin Osmanlı araştırmaları açısından önemini dönem tarihinin öne çıkan tarihsel olay-olguları örneklenerek tartışılmaya çalışılacaktır.
Döneme dair bir diğer önemli veri / bilgi kaynağı da Osmanlı mimari eserleridir. Düzgün ve doğru okunursa, mimari eserler / kalıntılar arkeologlar, sanat tarihçileri, mimarlar ve tarih uzmanları başta olmak üzere bir çok bilim
insanı için birer belge niteliğinde içerik sunmaktadır. Bu makalede, mimari veriler kültürel etkileşim ve sosyal kültürel yapı bağlamında ele alınarak değerlendirilecektir.
Lumbar Chordoma Presenting as an Epidural Collection with Vertebral Destruction- An Unusual Cause of Lumbar Canal Stenosis
Authors: Ganapathy Sibhi , Raykar Rajesh , Malipatel Renuka , Rout Preethilata , Rao Shailesh AV
Published: January 2022

Chordomas are locally aggressive neoplastic lesions that arise from physalipherous cell nests that originate from notochordal remnants left behind during early foetal development. Chordomas of the mobile spine (C3-L5) constitute less than 5% of the overall incidence of chordomas in the spine. They generally are osteodestructive leading to vertebral collapse and severe deficits including paraplegia and quadriplegia. Here authors presented a case of 26-year-old female presented with severe bilateral L5 radicular pain, no deficits and intact bladder and bowel control. The pain was progressive and resistant to analgesic medication. On imaging a collection in the lumbar spine emanating from the L5 vertebral body extending into the canal leading to secondary spinal canal stenosis was observed. On surgical exploration a soft friable vascular mass compressing the dural tube and the exiting nerve roots was observed and the mass was analysed and found to be a chordoma. Although, these lesions are seen to compress the vital neural elements of the spine, the presence of a collection in the spinal canal was unusual and resembled tuberculosis which is a much common lesion, or pyogenic osteomyelitis of the vertebral body. Both differentials were proven wrong. Such an approach not only detected and treated the lesion early, but good rehabilitation and adjuvant therapy was initiated enabling excellent overall quality of life to the patient.
Evaluation of Three Isolation Experiments for Campylobacter Bacteriophages from Chicken Skin: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kordi Yasaman , Khakipour Nazanin
Published: January 2022

Background: Campylobacter strains are of the leading pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, whose infections are generally considered to be one of the most common foodborne illnesses of animal origin. The etiology of this infection often goes back to eating contaminated raw meat or infected poultry. The bacteria are present in abundance in chicken skin. The use of appropriate bacteriophages is one of the most effective experiments in eliminating Campylobacter strains. Phage therapy refers to the use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections.

Aim: Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare three experiments of bacteriophage isolation in chicken skin.

Experiments: Thus, 15 samples of chicken skin were collected from five different fresh chicken suppliers in Ghaemshahr, Iran. The samples were transported to the laboratory aseptically in the vicinity of ice, and then cultured in blood agar medium, and the isolates were identified by various tests including gram staining, catalase and oxidase tests.

Results: The results were compared before and after three bacteriophage isolation experiments. Out of 15 chicken skin samples tested in all three experiments, 6 (40%) strains were identified in the first experiment, 8 (53.4%) strains in the second experiment and 12 (20%) strains in the third experiment after bacteriophage therapy.

Conclusion: The bacteriophage isolation experiments alone or in combination with other intervention strategies are recommended as promising tools for greater food safety. These experiments can be useful to increase food safety and reduce the risk of infection in humans through the consumption of potentially infected edible parts of chicken. According to the results of this study, among the three proposed experiments, the experiment of chicken skin enrichment in Bolton selective media containing target isolates was the most efficient approach, which showed a high limit of detection at low concentrations and the highest rate of phage recovery. This can be a more reliable way to isolate the Campylobacter bacteriophages and eliminate the Campylobacter strains.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sw Harvested in Kokumbo in Ivory Coast
Authors: N’dri Séraphin Konan , Sounta Yéo , Jean-Hugues Angbeé Kassé , Antoine Kouamé Bosson , Janat Akhanovna MamyrBékova-Békro , Yves-Alain Békro
Published: January 2022

Aims: The objective of this work is to contribute to the valorization of medicinal and aromatic plants of the Ivorian flora. We propose to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activity by spectrophotometry of the essential oil of Cardiospermum. grandiflorum Sw

Study Design: Valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants.

Methodology: The technical of steam distillation using a four-compartment stainless steel device was used to extract the essential oil from the plant matrix.

The analysis of the essential oils was carried out on a GC chromatograph (7890A, Agilent Technologies) coupled to a mass spectrometer (5975C, Agilent Technologies). The identification of the compounds was carried out by comparison of the retention indices and mass spectra obtained with those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database and from the literature

The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated using the Blois method.

Results: The essential oil obtained by steaming, with an aromatic odor and pale yellow color has a yield of (0.0045 ± 0.0002)%.

Analysis of the chromatogram and mass spectra obtained by GC-MS identified 24 phytocompounds representing 99.45% of the total chemical composition. The chemical composition of EO consists mainly of hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (97.72%).The major compound is γ-muurolene (46.06%) (A) followed by β-Caryophyllene (24.35%) (B) and γ-elemene (7.07 %).

The essential oil extract of C. grandiflorum exhibits low antioxidant activity compared to vitamin C. The IC 50 value of vitamin C is 0.31 µg / mL while that of EO extract of C grandiflorum is 15.1 µg / mL

Conclusion: In the present study, we are interested in the valuation of Cardiospermum grandiflorum an aromatic plant used in traditional Ivorian medicine. The yields of essential oil is low.  (24) phytocompounds were identified there. The essential oil has less antioxidant activity than that of vitamin C,
Antioxidants from Callus Technology
Authors: Ishaku Gali Adamu , Jelani Ftepti Benson , Tersur Kyugah Jacob , Kiri Audu Sanusi
Published: January 2022

Antioxidants are very important compounds that are very vital in human health and they have been proven to reduce the risk of diseases such as cancer in human health. Many researchers have used callus to produce antioxidant and most of them used different techniques to get reasonable amounts of antioxidants. The technique used determines the number of antioxidants that will be produced from any explants. Callus Technology involves the techniques of producing callus and metabolites in the presence of explants using different plant hormonal combination in media, different environmental culture condition (light, relative humidity and tempreture), use of elicitors and under a sterile conditions. Callus technology is very promising due to its ability to produce a larger quantity of metabolites (antioxidants) compare to the raw extract of its explants. The use of callus to produce antioxidants is very important and very useful in discovering new plants as a source of antioxidants. The use of callus technology was reviewed for production of antioxidant from the callus of the following plants: Sericostoma pauciflorum, Helicteres angustifolia L, Lepidium sativum L, Randia echinocarpa, Andrographis paniculata Nees, Citrullus colocynthis, Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel, Decalepis hamiltonii, Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) and Isodon rugosus (Wall. Ex Benth). Callus technology can be utilized to produce antioxidants and other metabolites in industrial quantity. Most of the metabolites from plants have been found to have medicinal values or useful to mankind and antioxidant is one of them.
Influence of Inclusive Programs of People with Disabilities on Community Development in Bungoma North Sub County
Authors: Jeremiah Simon Njiru , Abuga Isaac
Published: January 2022

The research investigated influence of inclusive programs of people with disabilities on community development at Bungoma North Sub County Kenya.  Mentality on disabled and disability treatment intimately connects with archaic cultural beliefs of humanity and society resonating to why this study and the researcher employed the approaches of understanding the contemporary inclusive programs for sustainable development. This research used descriptive survey research design study since it explained phenomenon and considering underlying questions of Phenomenon occurrence. Use of survey, collecting qualitative and descriptive information about inclusive programs of human beings with disability in the study population was utilized because the research tried to capture everyone within the study area. The research was based on structured questionnaires, which were distributed for data collection. Targeted population was 1000 people peaked from Bungoma North Sub County through stratified method of random sampling however this study drew 10% of the study population that is 100 respondents then issued with poll forms as data tools.  Finally but not least disability inclusion in community pops up at the center of realizing the economic and developmental ambitions of a nation or rather state.  Constituents for example management, policy, resources & environmental concept, strenuous access to social services among disabled human beings in government facilities, state owned corporations, private sectors or organizations, must be dealt with as crucial factors.  Equitable motivation of disabled should be crucial for the institutions and prompt remedy given to uplift the vigor on community development participation ensuring its elevated at peak.  This study explored recommendations such as cohesion disability awareness inclusive programs such as development initiatives, education/training in order to reserve adequate resources in ways such as time and finances to ensure optimum inclusion of disabled.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Phalatrikadi Ghan Vati in Patients of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Reverse Pharmacology Approach – Study Protocol
Authors: Chaudhary Piyush , Rathi Bharat , Rathi Renu , Tyagi Vidushi
Published: January 2022

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), mostly diagnosed incidentally, is a rapidly emerging liver disorder. In absence of any specific treatment, current management focuses on theuse of hepatoprotective agents in addition to lifestyle modification and prevention of metabolic syndrome. Several Ayurveda agents have shown promising effects in patients over centuries of use. But this evidence needs to be assessed scientifically through reverse pharmacology approach. A polyingredient Ayurveda drug, Phalatrikadighanvati (PGV) has been selected for this study because of its long history of use and that its individual contents have shown positive results in liver disorders.

Objective: Evaluation of efficacy of Phalatrikadighanvati in patients of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) along with its pharmaceutical and analytical study.

Materials and Methods: The drug shall bepharmaceutically processed and analyzed as per pharmacopoeial standards.Present study has been designed as a randomized placebo controlled double blind clinical trial in two stages. The first stage shall be a pilot study to decide the best effective and safe dose in patients of NAFLD. The pilot study shall include two groups of 10 patients each in a dose of PGV 500mg and 1gm respectively twice a day for 12 weeks. After theselection of thebest dose, RCT will be conducted on that dose in the second stage.It shall be a Phase 2 trial with 60 patients divided equally in two groups.The patients in group one shall be given a dose as per the outcome of the pilot study twice a day and another group shall be administered placebo for a period of 12 weeks.

Results: Efficacy of Phalatrikadi ghan vati will evaluated in terms of subjective and objective parameters using paired and unpaired t-test.

Conclusion: PGV is expected to improve the diagnostic parameters in patients of NAFLD thus proving to be efficacious in managing NAFLDand act as a potent hepatoprotective agent.
Microstructural and Mechanical Evaluation of NbMoTiVSix(x = 0, 0.25) Refractory High‐Entropy Alloys at High Temperature
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jiang Wei , Wu Shuaishuai , Tao Shutian , Zhu Baohong , Guo Shengli
Published: January 2022

The novel refractory NbMoTiVSix(x = 0,0.25) refractory high‐entropy alloys (RHEAs) with both high strength and good ductility simultaneously by vacuum arc melting are developed. The microstructure evolution, compressive mechanical properties, and strengthening mechanism of the RHEAs with the addition of silicon at 1000 °C are analyzed and discussed. Microstructure observation shows that the NbMoTiV RHEA comprises of a single body‐centered cubic (BCC) phase, whereas the NbMoTiVSi0.25 RHEA consists of a BCC phase and simple multi‐component M5Si3 (M = Nb, Mo, Ti, V) phases. Compressive tests show that the yield and ultimate strength of the NbMoTiVSix(x = 0,0.25) RHEAs at 1000 °C increases from 590 to 931 MPa and from 682 to 1090 MPa with increasing silicon content. The improvement of strength is caused by the dipolar dislocation walls, the pinning effect of the diphasic interface, and a large amount of nano‐silicides phase particles in BCC phase, all of them are the result of silicide formation.
Size‐Tunable Ni–Cu Core–Shell Nanoparticles—Structure, Composition, and Catalytic Activity for the Reverse Water–Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Heilmann Maria , Prinz Carsten , Bienert Ralf , Wendt Robert , Kunkel Benny , Radnik Jörg , Hoell Armin , Wohlrab Sebastian , Guilherme Buzanich Ana , Emmerling Franziska
Published: January 2022

A facile and efficient methodology is described for the solvothermal synthesis of size‐tunable, stable, and uniform NiCu core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) for application in catalysis. The diameter of the NPs is tuned in a range from 6 nm to 30 nm and to adjust the Ni:Cu ratio from 30:1 to 1:1. Furthermore, the influence of different reaction parameters on the final NPs is studied. The NPs are structurally characterized by a method combination of transmission electron microscopy, anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering, X‐ray absorption fine structure, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Using these analytical methods, it is possible to elucidate a core–shell–shell structure of all particles and their chemical composition. In all cases, a depletion from the core to the shell is observed, with the core consisting of NiCu alloy, surrounded by an inner Ni‐rich shell and an outer NiO shell. The SiO2‐supported NiCu core–shell NPs show pronounced selectivity of >99% for CO in the catalytic reduction of CO2 to CO using hydrogen as reactant (reverse water–gas shift reaction) independent of size and Ni:Cu ratio.
Compact and Large‐Area Perovskite Films Achieved via Soft‐Pressing and Multi‐Functional Polymerizable Binder for Flat‐Panel X‐Ray Imager
Authors: Xia Mengling , Song Zihao , Wu Haodi , Du Xinyuan , He Xin , Pang Jincong , Luo Hongde , Jin Libo , Li Guifeng , Niu Guangda , Tang Jiang
Published: January 2022

Thanks to its strong X‐ray absorption and large carrier diffusion length, perovskites have demonstrated excellent performance for X‐ray detection. Combination of perovskite with thin‐film transistor (TFT) arrays to construct flat‐panel X‐ray imager (FPXI) is required for X‐ray imaging, yet this is rarely reported. Solution processing of perovskite thick film onto TFT can enable the electronic connection, however the amounts of pinholes inevitably form during the solvent evaporation and result in a porous film with deteriorated performance and stability. Here a novel strategy is raised to achieve high‐quality perovskite thick films for TFT integration via soft‐pressing and in situ polymerization of multi‐functional binder (TMTA). The combined process largely eliminates the pinholes, improves the surface smoothness, passivates grains boundaries, reduces ionic migration, and improves stability. Accordingly, a compact and smooth MAPbI3 thick film integrating with TFT arrays is prepared for flat‐panel X‐ray imaging. The largest film (28 × 28 cm2) is obtained with the state‐of‐the‐art performance (ratio of sensitivity to noise current: 1.41 × 1011  µC Gy−1 A−1) among polycrystalline films. It is hoped that the work provides guidance for fabricating compact perovskite thick films and push perovskite FPXI one step further for low‐dose X‐ray imaging.
Graphene on Chromia: A System for Beyond‐Room‐Temperature Spintronics
Authors: He Keke , Barut Bilal , Yin Shenchu , Randle Michael D. , Dixit Ripudaman , Arabchigavkani Nargess , Nathawat Jubin , Mahmood Ather , Echtenkamp Will , Binek Christian , Dowben Peter A. , Bird Jonathan P.
Published: January 2022

Evidence of robust spin‐dependent transport in monolayer graphene, deposited on the (0001) surface of the antiferromagnetic (AFM)/magneto‐electric oxide chromia (Cr2O3), is provided. Measurements performed in the non‐local spin‐Hall geometry reveal a robust signal that is present at zero external magnetic field and which is significantly larger than any possible ohmic contribution. The spin‐related signal persists well beyond the Néel temperature (≈307 K) that defines the transition between the AFM and paramagnetic states, remaining visible at the highest studied temperature of close to 450 K. This robust character is consistent with prior theoretical studies of the graphene/Cr2O3 system, predicting that the lifting of sub‐lattice symmetry in the graphene shall induce an effective spin–orbit term of ≈40 meV. Overall, the results indicate that graphene‐on‐chromia heterostructures are a highly promising framework for the implementation of spintronic devices, capable of operation well beyond room temperature.
Plastic Antibodies Mimicking the ACE2 Receptor for Selective Binding of SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike
Authors: Batista Alex D. , Rajpal Soumya , Keitel Benedikt , Dietl Sandra , Fresco‐Cala Beatriz , Dinc Mehmet , Groß Rüdiger , Sobek Harald , Münch Jan , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: January 2022

Molecular imprinting has proven to be a versatile and simple strategy to obtain selective materials also termed “plastic antibodies” for a wide variety of species, i.e., from ions to macromolecules and viruses. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the development of epitope‐imprinted polymers for selective binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is not reported to date. An epitope from the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein comprising 17 amino acids is used as a template during the imprinting process. The interactions between the epitope template and organosilane monomers used for the polymer synthesis are predicted via molecular docking simulations. The molecularly imprinted polymer presents a 1.8‐fold higher selectivity against the target epitope compared to non‐imprinted control polymers. Rebinding studies with pseudoviruses containing SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein demonstrate the superior selectivity of the molecularly imprinted matrices, which mimic the interactions of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptors from human cells. The obtained results highlight the potential of SARS‐CoV‐2 molecularly imprinted polymers for a variety of applications including chem/biosensing and antiviral delivery.
Non‐Traditional Positively‐Biased Narrow‐Band Perovskite Single‐Crystal Photodetectors Enabled by Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Li Junchi , Chen Yifu , Zhang Bin , Li Jia , Uddin Zaheen , Jiang Xinan , Wang Xueyun , Hong Jiawang , Yuan Yongbo , Stathatos Elias , Xiao Hanning , Pan Anlian , Liu Yi , Yang Bin
Published: January 2022

The positive bias in theory narrows down the depletion region and thus results in significant charge injection, which should be detrimental to charge generation and collection performance for traditional photodetectors. Here, instead, it is found that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is increased by more than 50 times when the photodetector is positively biased. A positive bias of +6 V drives ion migration of Br− and Cs+ towards the anode and cathode, respectively, leading to self‐doping within bulk single crystals to form an advantageous p‐i‐n junction for better charge collection in the devices. Meanwhile, the injected holes are allowed to tunnel through the cesium lead bromide/fullerene interface to reach the cathode which also significantly contributes to the enhancement of EQE in the forward‐biased devices. The positively‐biased narrow‐band (full width at half maxima (FWHM) = 16 nm) photodetectors exhibit a specific detectivity of 6.5 × 1010 Jones at 550 nm, along with the −3 dB cutoff frequency of 2776 Hz. By manipulating charge injection and ion migration using interfacial engineering, a class of non‐traditional, positively‐biased, and highly narrow‐band photodetectors is demonstrated, which offers an alternative design strategy for imaging, biosensing, automatic control, and optical communication.
Tuning Hyrbrid Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Stacks for Low Power FeFET and FeRAM Applications by Using Laminated HSO and HZO films
Authors: Ali Tarek , Lehninger David , Lederer Maximilian , Li Songrui , Kühnel Kati , Mart Clemens , Mertens Konstantin , Hoffmann Raik , Olivo Ricardo , Emara Jennifer , Biedermann Kati , Metzger Joachim , Binder Robert , Czernohorsky Malte , Kämpfe Thomas , Müller Johannes , Seidel Konrad , Eng Lukas M.
Published: January 2022

The properties of hybrid ferroelectric (FE) and antiFE (AFE) films integrated in a single capacitor stack is reported. The stack lamination (4 × 5 nm) or (2 × 10 nm) using an Alumina (Al2O3) interlayer, material type (Si‐doped HfO2 (HSO) and Zr doped HfO2 (HZO)), precursor condition (TEMA‐Hf and Hf/ZrCl4), or dopant concentration (Si and Zr) are investigated for laminate stack properties. Optimized FE properties (higher 2Pr and a lower fraction of the monoclinic phase) are observed at (2 × 10 nm) laminates compared to a single 20 nm film thickness. The hybrid laminate stack as FE‐FE, AFE‐FE, DE‐FE, or DE‐AFE using (2 × 10 nm) based laminates are explored in terms of the output FE hysteresis (2Pr, 2Ec) and structural properties by X‐ray diffraction. The hybrid AFE‐FE stack shows the potential of tailoring the output FE hysteresis 2Ec by varying the fraction of the AFE phase. The hybrid AFE‐FE stack is studied for the HSO and HZO materials at optimal FE content for the first laminate layer while varying the Si or Zr content to stabilize different degrees of an AFE phase in the second laminate layer. The superposition of the hybrid AFE‐FE hysteresis shows a systematic 2Ec control. A model is developed to describe the tailored output FE hysteresis via the tuning of a hybrid AFE‐FE stack. The role of stack lamination at hybrid‐stabilized phases inside a single stack is explored with the aim for a controlled and optimized FE hysteresis shape toward a low power (2Ec) operation.
High‐Entropy Sulfides as Electrode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Ling , Wang Kai , Sarkar Abhishek , Njel Christian , Karkera Guruprakash , Wang Qingsong , Azmi Raheleh , Fichtner Maximilian , Hahn Horst , Schweidler Simon , Breitung Ben
Published: January 2022

High‐entropy sulfides (HESs) containing 5 equiatomic transition metals (M), with different M:S ratios, are prepared by a facile one‐step mechanochemical approach. Two new types of single‐phase HESs with pyrite (Pa‐3) and orthorhombic (Pnma) structures are obtained and demonstrate a homogeneously mixed solid solution. The straightforward synthesis method can easily tune the desired metal to sulfur ratio for HESs with different stoichiometries, by utilizing the respective metal sulfides, even pure metals, and sulfur as precursor chemicals. The structural details and solid solution nature of HESs are studied by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Since transition metal sulfides are a very versatile material class, here the application of HESs is presented as electrode materials for reversible electrochemical energy storage, in which the HESs show high specific capacities and excellent rate capabilities in secondary Li‐ion batteries.
Electrolytes/Interphases: Enabling Distinguishable Sulfur Redox Processes in Room‐Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Hanwen , Lai Wei‐Hong , Lei Yaojie , Yang Huiling , Wang Nana , Chou Shulei , Liu Hua Kun , Dou Shi Xue , Wang Yun‐Xiao
Published: January 2022

Sodium and sulfur offer a promising application in rechargeable batteries due to their low cost, abundant resources and high energy density. Room‐temperature (RT) Na–S batteries have been proposed by paring S cathodes with Na anodes in non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes. Over decades, researchers have mainly focussed on the development of superior electrodes by nano‐engineering efficient S cathodes and stable Na anodes. These studies have effectively improved the electrochemical performance of RT Na–S batteries, validating their bright prospects as stationary energy storage devices for the modern renewable energy trajectory. In comparison, the research on electrolytes receives much less attention, and there is a lack of understanding regarding the impacts of different electrolytes on electrode interfaces and overall battery mechanisms. In this review, multiple‐kinds of electrolytes and the interfaces between electrolytes and electrodes in RT Na–S batteries are comprehensively discussed. Challenges and recent progress are presented in terms of the sulfur electrochemical mechanisms: The solid‐solid and solid‐liquid conversions. With the presentation of the S redox mechanism, future prospects of electrolyte optimizations, cathode, and anode as well as interfacial improvement are systematically discussed.
Continuous Oxygen Vacancy Gradient in TiO2 Photoelectrodes by a Photoelectrochemical‐Driven “Self‐Purification” Process
Authors: Kim Kwang Hee , Choi Chang‐Won , Choung Seokhyun , Cho Yoonjun , Kim Sungsoon , Oh Cheoulwoo , Lee Kug‐Seung , Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Zhang Kan , Han Jeong Woo , Choi Si‐Young , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: January 2022

Oxygen vacancies have been treated as an important material engineering tool to enhance catalytic performance; for instance, oxygen vacancies suppress charge recombination at the Schottky interface, and thus, the photocurrent can be improved. In this regard, the gradient distribution of oxygen vacancies in n‐type metal oxides produces the ideal band structure for minimizing e−/h+ recombination by efficient hole extraction; however, its achievement remains a daunting challenge. Here, a photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐driven “self‐purification” process is suggested, which can effectively generate a gradient distribution of oxygen vacancies in the thickness range of ≈9.5 nm. As a result, a charge transport efficiency of >95% can be achieved by efficient hole migration from the photoanode to the electrolyte. This unique protocol is expected to provide an advanced metal oxide photocatalyst and photoelectrochemical electrode that exhibit superior photocatalytic performance with enhanced charge separation.
Deep learning does not replace Bayesian modeling: Comparing research use via citation counting
Authors: Baldwin Breck
Published: January 2022

One could be excused for assuming that deep learning had or will soon usurp all credible work in reasoning, artificial intelligence, and statistics, but like most “meme” class broad generalizations the concept does not hold up to scrutiny. Memes do not generally matter since the experts will always know better; but in the case of Bayesian software like Stan and PyMC3, even their developers and advocates bemoan the apparent dominance of deep learning as manifested in popular culture, breathtaking performance, and most problematically from funding agency peer review that impacts our ability to further advance the field. The facts, however, do not support the assumed dominance of deep learning in science upon closer examination. This letter simply makes the argument by the crudest of possible metrics, citation count, that once the discipline of Computer Science is subtracted, Bayesian software accounts for nearly a third of research citations. Stan and PyMC3 dominate some fields, PyTorch, Keras, and TensorFlow dominate others with lot of variations in between. Bayesian and deep‐learning approaches are related but very different technologies in goals, implementation, and applicability with little actual overlap‐‐so this is not a surprise. For example, deep learning cannot bring the explainability of applied math/statistics and Bayesian methods do not scale to deep‐learning data sets. While deep‐learning behemoths like Facebook and Google use and support Bayesian efforts, the Bayesian packages scientists actually use are academic/volunteer efforts punching far above their weight class, and they need financial support. It would behoove funders to fully understand the impact and role of Bayesian methods in resource allocation.
Annulation of 2‐Alkynylanilines: The Versatile Chemical Compounds
Authors: Fathi Vavsari Vaezeh , Nikbakht Ali , Balalaie Saeed
Published: January 2022

2‐Alkynylanilines as versatile building blocks have been widely applied for the construction of nitrogen atom‐containing heterocycles in organic synthesis. The focus of this review is on the application of 2‐alkynylaniline and its derivatives in the metal‐catalyzed or metal‐free synthesis of various heterocycles including indoles, oxindoles, indazoles, benzisoxazoles, quinolines, benzoxazines, benzothiazines, quinazolines, cinnolines, and seven‐ and eight‐membered heterocycles.
Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO by In Situ Formation of a Hybrid Catalytic System Based on Molecular Iron Quaterpyridine Covalently Linked to Carbon Nitride
Authors: Wei Yue , Chen Lingjing , Chen Huan , Cai Lirong , Tan Guiping , Qiu Yongfu , Xiang Quanjun , Chen Gui , Lau Tai‐Chu , Robert Marc
Published: January 2022

Efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction was obtained within a hybrid system that is formed in situ via a Schiff base condensation between a molecular iron quaterpyridine complex bearing an aldehyde function and carbon nitride. Irradiation (blue LED) of an CH3CN solution containing 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (BIH), triethylamine (TEA), Feqpy‐BA (qpy‐BA=4‐([2,2′:6′,2′′:6′′,2′′′‐quaterpyridin]‐4‐yl)benzaldehyde) and C3N4 resulted in CO evolution with a turnover number of 2554 and 95 % selectivity. This hybrid catalytic system unlocks covalent linkage of molecular catalysts with semiconductor photosensitizers via Schiff base reaction for high‐efficiency photocatalytic reduction of CO2, opening a pathway for diverse photocatalysis.
Recent progress in catalytic acyloxylation of C(sp3)‐H bonds
Authors: Antonov Artem A. , Bryliakov Konstantin P.
Published: January 2022

Herewith, recent progress in the transition metal catalyzed, as well as metal‐free and electrochemical selective acyloxylations of C(sp3)‐H bonds is surveyed. The corresponding modifications of different substrate types such as amines, amides, oximes, aminoacids, nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, olefins, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, and acetals are covered, focusing on their synthetic potential. Correlations between the nature of the catalyst, oxidant, additives, conditions, and the acyloxylation regio‐ and chemoselectivity, are revealed, and available mechanistic details are discussed briefly. The time span of the review is 2015 to present time.