bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Resistance, Not Changes in Body Weight, Mediate the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction in a Female Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Authors: Hurliman Amanda , Keller Brown Jennifer , Maille Nicole , Mandala Maurizio , Casson Peter , Osol George
Published: August 2015

This study was designed to differentiate the contributions of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance (IR), and body weight to the development of endothelial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome and determine the effectiveness of insulin sensitization and antiandrogenic therapy after the establishment of vascular and metabolic dysfunction using a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome. We hypothesized that the observed endothelial dysfunction was a direct steroidal effect, as opposed to changes in insulin sensitivity or body weight. Prepubertal female rats were randomized to the implantation of a pellet containing DHT or sham procedure. In phase 1, DHT-exposed animals were randomized to pair feeding to prevent weight gain or metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, from 5 to 14 weeks. In phase 2, DHT-exposed animals were randomized to treatment with metformin or flutamide, a nonsteroidal androgen receptor blocker from 12 to 16 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed by the vasodilatory response of preconstricted arteries to acetylcholine. Serum steroid levels were analyzed in phase 1 animals. Fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin were analyzed and homeostasis model assessment index calculated in all animals. Our data confirm the presence of endothelial dysfunction as well as increased body weight, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and greater IR among DHT-treated animals. Even when normal weight was maintained through pair feeding, endothelial dysfunction, hyperinsulinemia, and IR still developed. Furthermore, despite weight gain, treatment with metformin and flutamide improved insulin sensitivity and blood pressure and restored normal endothelial function. Therefore, the observed endothelial dysfunction is most likely a direct result of hyperandrogenism-induced reductions in insulin sensitivity, as opposed to weight gain.
Lipoprotein Metabolism in APOB L343V Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia
Authors: Hooper Amanda J. , Heeks Liesl , Robertson Ken , Champain Danie , Hua Jianmin , Song Swithin , Parhofer Klaus G. , Barrett P. Hugh R. , van Bockxmeer Frank M. , Burnett John R.
Published: August 2015

Context:

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is a codominant disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by decreased plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB).

Objective:

The objective was to examine the effect of heterozygous APOB L343V FHBL on postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) and fasting lipoprotein metabolism.

Methods:

Plasma incremental area under the curve apoB-48 and apoB-48 kinetics were determined after ingestion of a standardized oral fat load using compartmental modeling. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)-, and LDL-apoB kinetics were determined in the fasting state using stable isotope methods and compartmental modeling.

Results:

The postprandial incremental area under the curve (0–10 h) in FHBL subjects (n = 3) was lower for large TRL-triglyceride (−77%; P < .0001), small TRL-cholesterol (−83%; P < .001), small TRL-triglyceride (−88%; P < .001), and for plasma triglyceride (−70%; P < .01) and apoB (−63%; P < .0001) compared with controls. Compartmental analysis showed that apoB-48 production was lower (−91%; P < .05) compared with controls. VLDL-apoB concentrations in FHBL subjects (n = 2) were lower by more than 75% compared with healthy, normolipidemic control subjects (P < .01). The VLDL-apoB fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was more than 5-fold higher in the FHBL subjects (P = .07). ApoB production rates and IDL- and LDL-apoB FCRs were not different between FHBL subjects and controls.

Conclusions:

We conclude that when compared to controls, APOB L343V FHBL heterozygotes show lower TRL production with normal postprandial TRL particle clearance. In contrast, VLDL-apoB production was normal, whereas the FCR was higher in heterozygotes compared with lean control subjects. These mechanisms account for the marked hypolipidemic state observed in these FHBL subjects.
Vaccine Politics and the Management of Public Reason
Authors: Lakoff Andrew
Published: August 2015

This essay situates the current discussion of vaccination politics within a broader trajectory of reflection on risk, rationality, and reflexive modernization. It argues that contemporary vaccine resistance is indicative less of antiscientific or antigovernmental sentiments than of diffuse concerns about the toxic side effects of modern life alongside an increasing demand to be an expert on one’s own body.
Looking for Humanitarian Purpose: Endurance and the Value of Lives in a Palestinian Refugee Camp
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: August 2015

This essay explores the vexing question of humanitarian purpose. It specifically considers the challenge of defining and pursuing this purpose in the context of long-term humanitarian interventions, when the clarity of saving lives from immediate danger recedes from its central place in humanitarian practice. Drawing from ethnographic research with a Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders mental health project in the Burj al-Barajneh Palestinian refugee camp in the southern suburbs of Beirut, it argues that in conditions of chronic need, and in circumstances where it is nearly impossible to have much evident effect on the conditions of people’s lives, humanitarianism often turns to endurance as a purpose: helping people better cope with circumstances they cannot change. At the limits of the humanitarian imaginary, endurance projects seek to enable people to find different ways of imagining their existence: not changing their conditions, but living differently with them. These projects make the claim that there is value to these lives even if they can never be improved. The challenge of how to value lives that can be neither saved nor improved is one of the central dilemmas of the precarious present.
World Fitness: US Army Family Humanism and the Positive Science of Persistent War
Authors: Jauregui Beatrice
Published: August 2015

This article theorizes ongoing US-led global warfare as a “positive science” based in communal, familial, and humanistic values manifest in outreach practices conducted by the US Army. Analyzing the history of recruitment and recently developed resilience training and civil-military recreational programs, the article explores new concepts of humanism and global order being produced and disseminated as a praxis of persistent war.
Posing in Prison: Family Photographs, Emotional Labor, and Carceral Intimacy
Authors: Fleetwood Nicole R.
Published: August 2015

“Posing in Prison” examines vernacular photography and studio portraiture taken inside US prisons through an investigation of the production practices and the circulation of these images in and out of prisons. The photographs include images that document family visits to incarcerated relatives and portraits taken by incarcerated photographers in makeshift studios designed in prison. The article considers how such photographs function as practices of intimacy and belonging for those imprisoned and their loved ones.
Alláin the Mix: MexicanSoniderosand the Musical Politics of Migrancy
Authors: Kun Josh
Published: August 2015

This essay focuses on the contemporary migrant musical practices of mobile Mexican DJ sound systems, or sonidos. Operating on both sides of the US-Mexico border, sonidos use the DJ mix as a form of musical communication and community that both moves between the United States and Mexico and plays a role in shaping cross-border migrant politics and activism through what the essay explores as the “aesthetics of allá.”
The Value of Relationships: Evidence from a Supply Shock to Kenyan Rose Exports
Authors: Macchiavello Rocco , Morjaria Ameet
Published: August 2015

This paper provides evidence on the importance of reputation in the context of the Kenyan rose export sector. A model of reputation and relational contracting is developed and tested. A seller's reputation is defined by buyer's beliefs about seller's reliability. We show that (i) due to lack of enforcement, the volume of trade is constrained by the value of the relationship; (ii) the value of the relationship increases with the age of the relationship; and (iii) during an exogenous negative supply shock deliveries are an inverted-U shaped function of relationship's age. Models exclusively focusing on enforcement or insurance considerations cannot account for the evidence. (JEL D86, F14, L14, O13, O19, Q17)
Has Consumption Inequality Mirrored Income Inequality?
Authors: Aguiar Mark , Bils Mark
Published: August 2015

We revisit to what extent the increase in income inequality since 1980 was mirrored by consumption inequality. We do so by constructing an alternative measure of consumption expenditure using a demand system to correct for systematic measurement error in the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Our estimation exploits the relative expenditure of high- and low-income households on luxuries versus necessities. This double differencing corrects for measurement error that can vary over time by good and income. We find consumption inequality tracked income inequality much more closely than estimated by direct responses on expenditures. (JEL D31, D63, E21)
Cooperation, but No Reciprocity: Individual Strategies in the Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma
Authors: Breitmoser Yves
Published: August 2015

In the repeated prisoner's dilemma, predictions are notoriously difficult. Recently, however, Blonski, Ockenfels, and Spagnolo (2011)—henceforth, BOS—showed that experimental subjects predictably cooperate when the discount factor exceeds a particular threshold. I analyze individual strategies in four recent experiments to examine whether strategies are predictable, too. Behavior is well summarized by “Semi-Grim” strategies: cooperate after mutual cooperation, defect after mutual defection, randomize otherwise. This holds both in aggregate and individually, and it explains the BOS-threshold: Semi-Grim equilibria appear as the discount factor crosses this threshold, and then, subjects start cooperating in round 1 and switch to Semi-Grim in continuation play. (JEL C72, C73, C92, D12)
The Welfare Economics of Default Options in 401(k) Plans
Authors: Bernheim B. Douglas , Fradkin Andrey , Popov Igor
Published: August 2015

Default contribution rates for 401(k) pension plans powerfully influence choices. Potential causes include opt-out costs, procrastination, inattention, and psychological anchoring. Using realistically parameterized models, we show how the optimal default, the magnitude of the welfare effects, and the degree of normative ambiguity depend on the behavioral model, the scope of the choice domain deemed welfare-relevant, the use of penalties for passive choice, and other 401(k) plan features. While results are theory-specific, our analysis provides reasonably robust justifications for setting the default either at the highest contribution rate matched by the employer or—contrary to common wisdom—at zero. (JEL D14, D91, J26, J32)
Estonian road to euro area – a struggle with inflation within the currency board system
Authors: Zbierzchowska Dorota
Published: August 2015

Estonia is an example of a country, which from the beginning of its transformation employed rigid course regime in the form of a currency board. After successful suppression of inflation in the first decade of transformation one could expect, that after joining the European Union and the ERMII system Estonia will soon become a member of the Euro area. However within the next few years of economic development Estonian economy could not fulfill the condition of stability of prices. Only in the time of the World Economic Crisis and Estonian great economic breakdown all criteria of convergence were satisfied. In January 2011 the country will become a member of the monetary union. The aim of this paper is to answer the question, whether processes of inflation in Estonian economy were conditioned by the presence of a rigid currency board system. One will examine here, whether there occurs - postulated in theory - convergence of inflation pace between a country employing a currency board system and a country with a reserve currency.
Abundance of the natural resources as a factor, which destimulates economic growth. Looking for the Dutch disease in Russia
Authors: Gierczyńska Kornelia
Published: August 2015

In general thinking, countries possessing rich natural resource deposits are blessed, as resource abundance has seemingly positive correlation with the wealth and economic development of a nation. However, experience shows that countries endowed with extreme amounts of natural resources have found themselves in a serious misuse and on a damaging growth path. Extraordinary resource possession is rather an opportunity than a guarantee for better economic performance. The term “Dutch disease” refers to a situation in which new discoveries of natural resources or sharp rises in commodity prices lead to an increase in the equilibrium real exchange rate, thus undermining the competitiveness of the other tradable sectors in the economy. As suggested in the academic literature the Dutch disease is associated ith four main symptoms: a slowdown in manufacturing output, a booming non-tradable sector, an increase in real wages and real exchange rate appreciation. Russia’s oil price dependence and the risk of the Dutch disease are often considered as the main long-term challenges to sustainable growth in the country. In this regard, it is worth studying the available economic data for evidence of these phenomena. Russia’s oil price dependence and the risk of the Dutch disease are often considered as the main long-term challenges to sustainable growth in the country. In this regard, it is worth studying the available economic data for evidence of these phenomena. The main section examines whether in Russia: exports have become more biased towards oil and gas, GDP growth has become more sensitive to oil price fluctuations, the economy is showing symptoms of the Dutch disease.
Two-stage procedure of building a spatial weight matrix with the consideration of economic distance
Authors: Pietrzak Michał Bernard
Published: August 2015

The article discusses an essential problem of spatial econometrics which is the construction of a spatial weight matrix. This matrix expresses potential spatial interactions between the researched areas and forms the basis for spatial analyses. The objective of the paper was to consider various ways of defining the a spatial weight matrix. Consideration was given to the methods of identifying adjacency between areas in the form of neighbourhood in the sense of a common border, the adjacency identified on the basis of the physical distance and on the criterion of the k number of the nearest neighbours. Also, the issue of identifying the force of impact for the previously defined neighbourhood system was taken into account. The approaches that were considered include the standardisation of matrices by rows to unity, or the identification of the force of impact based on the physical properties of areas. The outcome of the considerations is the proposed two-stage procedure of building a spatial weight matrix. A definition of economic distance was proposed, the definition which constitutes an adequate instrument for measuring the force of interaction between neighbouring areas. The introduced economic distance is an important alternative to the identification of the force of impact of economic spatial processes in relation to the distance based on the physical properties of the researched areas and in relation to the proposal of the standardisation by rows to unity.
Application of economic distance for the purposes of a spatial analysis of the unemployment rate for Poland
Authors: Pietrzak Michał Bernard
Published: August 2015

The article presents the problem of the application of the spatial weigh matrix based on economic distance in spatial analysis of the unemployment rate. The spatial weight matrix expresses potential spatial interactions between the researched areas and forms a basis for the instruments applied in spatial econometrics. While identifying the neighbourhood, the following criteria are used: a common border, distance, and the k number of the nearest neighbours. The potential force of impact is identified by means of the standardisation of the matrix by rows to unity, or by means of the distance based on the physical properties of the areas. The disadvantage of the matrix standardisation is the fact of accepting the same force of impact for all the areas. It seems natural is the differentiation of the force of the impact dependent on the selected areas which should result from the differences and similarities of the areas in the scope of the researched phenomenon and its determinants. The use of the distance based on physical properties of the areas allows considering the diverse force of impact of neighbouring areas, which, in turn, allows to obtain a more precise outcome of analyses. Unfortunately, physical properties do not constitute the determinants of economic phenomena covered by a spatial analysis which means that they are not related directly to the scrutinised phenomenon. The application of economic distance for building spatial weight matrix shown in the present paper constitutes a way of determining of the force of impact for the economic spatial processes that is alternative to the distance based on physical properties of the researched areas and to the proposal of the standardisation by rows to unity.
Valuation of credit guarantee funds in Poland
Authors: Próchniak Joanna
Published: August 2015

In the scope of the financial crisis and constraints in SMEs financing special attention is focused on the guarantee schemes and funds. The purpose of the article is to present the Polish guarantee funds valuation based on the funds’ activity data. The article highlights the guarantee schemes concept as a credit collateral and gives the broad overview of the Guarantee System in Poland, also the conceptual characteristics and good practices of the European guarantee systems.
Derivatives – benefaction or curse of contemporary economy?
Authors: Pawłowski Jarosław
Published: August 2015

In the age of twenty-first century a special place among the factors affecting the economic situation of the world is a global financial market with the fastest growing segment of the derivatives. The derivatives are characterized by a relatively high level of risk which is the result of using leverage in their structure. It makes possible to achieve both gains and losses disproportionately high in relation to capital. Intensive development of the derivative market has been trading for around 30 years, the rate is characterized by high growth. Due to risk of using derivatives which could caused negative financial effects and also its role in shaping the world economic situation, which was especially evident during the recent financial crisis, this article is devoted to issue of benefits and risks of derivatives. The aim of this work is attempt to answer the question of derivatives are a benefaction or curse of contemporary economy. To accomplish this objective will be used: a descriptive method, a comparative method, an analysis literature method and case studies.
The situation of banking institutions on the Polish market
Authors: Bikowski Łukasz
Published: August 2015

The paper aims to present the financial position and condition of banking institutions on Polish market which remain under the direct influence of current trends in global financial markets. It briefly describes the mechanisms leading to a crisis situation and subsequent stages of its progress. Illustrates how the Polish banking system is linked to the global market and what are the implications of these linkages. Referring to the results of the survey describes the level of confidence of the Polish to banks operating in the current global financial crisis. In the consequence can to facilitate the selection of the design guidelines of banking offer and adapt it to their current economic situation and economic, as well as to the expectations of current and potential customers.
Financing of companies' research and development activities in Poland
Authors: Mosionek-Schweda Magdalena
Published: August 2015

Analyzing the research and development sector (R&D) in Poland, one can observe the increase in entrepreneurs’ interest to undertake R&D activities. According to Central Statistical Office, at the end of 2008 there were 1157 entities that conduct research and development work, including 697 enterprises. The following year, the number of total R&D institutions increased to 1316, whereas the business sector rose to 842 companies (about 20.8%). Greater involvement of entrepreneurs in the R&D sector results, among others, from noticing many benefits associated with this activity. The national authorities as well as European Union’s institutions drew up many programmes for entrepreneurs undertaking R&D activities. Some of these programmes give priority to small and medium-sized businesses offering them a wide range of financial and non-financial support. This policy aims to achieve high economic growth and improve socio-economic situation of society with the participation of enterprises that are orientated at creating and applying innovative solutions in their business operation, products manufactured or services provided. The article aims to present sources of funds available for R&D activities undertaken by companies in Poland, as from government programmes, through the structural funds, to funds set aside by Switzerland and the members of European Economic Area. Despite all these programmes, many companies in Poland still face a financial barrier that prevents their development. It seems that the basic problem is not lack of potential sources of funding for R&D activities but, above all, an insufficient knowledge of financial opportunities and the entrepreneurs’ belief that these funds are beyond their reach. Any form of public support to entrepreneurs is still associated with excessive bureaucracy, too many formal requirements and, finally, a small probability of receiving it. Therefore, enterprises don’t even try to apply for such support. The article presents basic statistics relating to the R&D sector in Poland and the main forms of national and European support for R&D performed within the business sector.
The implications of Turkey’s accession to the European Union for the flows of labor
Authors: Ulbrych Marta
Published: August 2015

Analyzing the course of accession negotiations of Turkey to the European Union and taking into an account the experience of previous enlargements, the issue of free movement of persons appears to be one of the most difficult and controversial subject. EU members societies report concerns about job losses and reduced wages in the case of immigration of cheaper labor. In addition, ethnic prejudices and cultural, religious, social and language differences in the European Union hold the demand for foreign workers. Based on the theory and analysis of current migration flows of the Turkish population to European Union countries, it appears that the most important factors influencing decisions to migrate, and thus also on its size, there are differences in income. An important factor is also the presence of a number of Turkish minorities in European countries. In order to balance the benefits and losses associated with Turkish migration will be analyzed the trends in Turkish immigrants participation in the European Union and Germany.
Testing for causality in variance for world stock exchange indexes
Authors: Madrak-Grochowska Małgorzata , Żurek Mirosława
Published: August 2015

The main aim of this study was to determine the nature of the relations between selected stock exchange indexes in the world (ATX, DAX, NASDAQ, NIKKEI, FTSE and WIG20), with special emphasis on the causality in variance. Due to the characteristics of financial variables (the daily closing rates of analyzed indexes) such as: focusing on volatility, volatility of the conditional variance, skew and leptokurtic, GARCH models and Cheung-Ng test were used to study the relations between selected capital markets. First part of the paper contains a brief theoretical introduction about GARCH model and the description of the Cheung-Ng test. In the next part were the analyzed time series described, including the testing for ARCH effect. The last and the most comprehensive empirical part contains the results of tests for different combinations of three levels of significance: α = 0.1, α = 0.05 and α = 0.01 and for time intervals: m = 1, m = 3 and m = 5. The results of analysis demonstrate that selected world's capital markets are strongly linked with each other, and the volatility of one financial series has an impact on others. It may be explained by the increasing integration and liberalization of financial markets, globalization and technological advances in information flow. The results of Cheung-Ng test indicated that among the analyzed indexes of stock markets the greatest impact on the world markets has the NASDAQ index and the lowest – DAX, FTSE and WIG20. In addition, tests showed that the most vulnerable to foreign influence is the NIKKEI index, and the most independent – NASDAQ.
American non profit organizations – a picture from the time of crisis
Authors: Hernik Joanna
Published: August 2015

Non profit organizations play important role in every democratic country. Their role is even bigger when given economy has to cope with different problems, because organizations support these spheres of social life that are neglected by the state. In this paper condition of American non profit sector between 2006 and 2009 is discussed. As a result of conducted analysis of The Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University reports and information from The Internal Revenue Service it turns that, despite the crisis time, non profit organizations are in good shape. It is connected with a big engagement of almost the whole American society that supports organizations in financial way as well as giving time and work. Such big social support non profit organizations stems both from conviction, that this is a pattern of real American society, and from beneficial tax solutions.
The economics of money laundering
Authors: Chodnicka Patrycja
Published: August 2015

In the paper was taken problem of money laundering in respect of receiving income and incurring expenses. It was looked at economy as whole and individual entities that are households, companies, government and foreign countries which exercising significant influence on particular government decisions. In this purpose was characterized and researched problem of legalizing funds generated by illegal activities by using two - sector equilibrium model which is object of Masciandaro, Bagella, Buscato and Argentiero researches. Model is based on activities first two of four mentioned participants. In this model it was used two sectors of economy: legal and illegal. For better understanding problem, model was adapted to polish economy and verified. As a result were received factors which had deciding influence on quantity of money laundering. Offering services and legalization funds generated by illegal activities has got negative correlation with increasing sanctions which are applying in case of detection and transactional costs. Optimal quantity of money laundering depends on workforce costs and prices both goods becoming form legal and illegal economy. Moreover it was drawn attention to bigger effectiveness of foreign cooperation than implementation of national anti-money laundering policy.
The causes of the Japanese deflationary crisis in the light of the Austrian school of economics
Authors: Karpiński Bartosz
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study is an attempt to indicate the causes of deflationary crises through the presentation of the phenomenon of deflation and its causes in the light of the Austrian school of economics and to show that the most remarkable case of deflation in recent history, which took place in Japan confirms the Austrian assertions in respect of factors causing severe deflation. For this purpose, basing on relevant literature, the author presents the Austrian view on the concept of deflation and the main aspects of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory. Subsequently, the author analyzes the monetary policy of Japan in the period preceding deflation, pointing out the facts from the contemporary Japanese economy seem to confirm the assertions of the Austrian school of economics.
Harmonization of investment services in the European Union - the example of investment funds
Authors: Popielas Marek
Published: August 2015

This paper aims to present the level of harmonization of investment services in relation to the European investment funds’ market. The author, in an attempt to systematize different types of investment services in Europe, refers to the European Freedoms and presents the key reasons for the harmonization of investment services. An important part of the study is to present the role of investment funds in the financial sector, as well as the crucial benefits of participation in the funds. By using the method of analysis of the sources, the author makes a review of the European regulations on investment funds, both the law and the recommendations of regulators. From the perspective of recent legislation changes the study highlights their possible implications, especially for less developed countries of the European Union. Complementing the current picture of harmonization the author, by referring to the substantial transformation of the common market of the European Union in 2004, makes review of dynamics of this sector, based on basic statistics. What is worth paying attention in this context is that there is still a slight share of the newly acceding countries. Verification of accuracy of the author’s observations may become the subject of wider discussion on the harmonization of financial services in this area, taking into account time necessary to assess the impact of European regulations currently being implemented.
Private equity and the competitiveness of Polish enterprises
Authors: Fałat–Kilijańska Ilona
Published: August 2015

The objective of the article is private equity and venture capital investments and their influence for companies activity. The article presents author’s own studies of the private equity investment influence for the enterprise activity. Comparing venture-backed firms and others shows, that venture-backed companies patent more than others firms and their ideas are higher technological and economic values. The vast majority of polish managers believe their company would not have existed or would have grown less rapidly without venture capital. Respondents also believe that venture capital funding encouraged employment, investment, R&D spending and export. An important source of empirical data are performed author’s own surveys and interviews with representatives of shareholding companies, as well as with private equity fund managers. Years of research: 1998-2009. The study used several research methods: a descriptive method, the method of comparative analysis, using the method of critical analysis and synthesis applications.
Modeling Value Cocreation Processes and Outcomes in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services Engagements
Authors: Lessard Lysanne
Published: August 2015

Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) are a distinct category of business-to-business services, with unique implications for current understandings of value within the field of service science. KIBS engagements often involve multiple stakeholders with sometimes differing assessments of value. Moreover, stakeholders’ assessment of value is not based solely on an engagement’s deliverables; it also takes into account the collaborative process of producing these deliverables and the indirect outcomes resulting from the integration of deliverables and process results as new resources in line with each stakeholder’s interests. Supporting the design of KIBS engagements thus needs to enable a multistakeholder and multilevel measurement of value.

This article identifies requirements for modeling KIBS engagements in a manner that addresses their specific characteristics and can support their design; requirements were derived from a multiple-case study of value cocreation in this domain. The article also presents value cocreation modeling (VCM), a technique developed to fulfill these requirements. In VCM, indicators help measure and evaluate elements that support each stakeholder’s value assessment at the process, deliverable, and outcome levels. VCM can be used as a conceptual tool by KIBS professionals to establish and monitor KIBS engagements and take corrective actions as needed for successful outcomes.
Value Paradoxes and the Time Value of Value
Authors: Sampson Scott E.
Published: August 2015

Neoclassical economics equates the concept of value with utility, which is estimated from measures of stated or revealed preferences for various offerings. Value is typically represented by concepts such as willingness to pay (WTP) and gross domestic product (GDP). However, researchers have uncovered a number of paradoxes that demonstrate how preferences and WTP often have surprisingly weak correlations with important outcomes such as subjective well-being (SWB). In simple terms, what people think will make them happy often does not make them happy, suggesting that neoclassical conceptualizations of value may be flawed, or at least shortsighted. We review value paradoxes pertaining to GDP, income, labor, and preferences. We explain the paradoxes through a model that delineates related yet distinct manifestations of value: value potential (a stochastic forecast of future changes in SWB) and value realization (actual changes in SWB). Value realization is shown to have transitory and persistent components. We model the relationship between value potential and value realization with a time value of value equation and describe how the value paradoxes can be explained by flaws in affective forecasting. The time value model uses neoclassical and happiness economic literature to explain how value is transitory, stochastic, and multidimensional.
Implementation science: issues of fidelity to consider in community nursing
Authors: Hanafin Sinead , O'Reilly Emma Dwan
Published: August 2015

Programme implementation is a complex process, and literature around the area of implementation science is growing, particularly with respect to programme fidelity ( Dusenbury et al, 2003 ; Carroll et al, 2007 ). This paper draws on the findings from an evaluation in one area involving restructuring of the Public Health Nursing service from a generalist, geographically based service, to a team-based specialist approach. From this evaluation, it is clear that careful consideration must be given to a number of key issues that could arise in moving from a pilot project to a more mainstream or widescale implementation. These issues could relate to workforce planning; the role of the team leader; formation, maintenance, and development of teams; expertise and knowledge, including knowledge of local communities; active caseload management; continuity across a range of areas; alignment with primary care teams; co-location; and the need for support, particularly in the IT infrastructure.
Infection prevention and control in home nursing: case study of four organisations in Australia
Authors: Felemban Ohood , John Winsome St , Shaban Ramon Zenel
Published: August 2015

Aim:

The aim of this case study was to explore the environmental challenges nurses experience with infection control practice, and the strategies they use to overcome those challenges.

Method:

An exploratory case study was conducted in four home visiting nursing organisations in southeast Queensland, Australia, using data triangulation (document review, individual interviews, and focus groups). Data were analysed using a framework approach to identify themes.

Results:

Three major infection prevention and control challenges were experienced in the community context. The first challenge is the nature of the work environment, including: poor cleanliness in clients' home environments, pets or vermin, inadequate hand-washing facilities, and a lack of appropriate storage space for clinical materials. The second challenge occurs when nurses lack access to appropriate infection control equipment, including wound-management materials and sharps containers. The third challenge is dealing with clients' poor personal hygiene and health status. Participants addressed these issues by offering assistance, using clean surfaces at clients' homes, applying an alcohol-based hand rub, providing client education, and reducing the cost of purchasing equipment for clients.

Conclusion:

It is imperative that policy is developed to support nurses' decision making and practices as they address infection control challenges in the community environment. Ensuring staff are well-supported with resources, education, policy, and guidelines to address these challenges is important for the delivery of safe and high-quality care in community settings.
Recognition and referral of cancer symptoms in primary care
Authors: Jones Daniel , Macleod Una
Published: August 2015

Cancer survival in the UK lags behind other comparable countries. Daniel Jones and Una Macleod explore how new guidelines can help with the recognition and referral of cancer symptoms in primary care
Pathophysiology of COPD: Part 2
Authors: Mitchell Jacqueline
Published: August 2015

The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complex and multifaceted, making it a challenge to assess, diagnose and manage within primary care. In the second part of this series, Jacqueline Mitchell continues to discusses the physiology of the disease
A new approach to preventing diabetic foot ulceration
Authors: Stang Duncan
Published: August 2015

Diabetic foot ulceration is a significant problem in the UK. Duncan Stang highlights a new approach to preventing this potentially devastating complication
Revalidation for nurses: Leeds North and Leeds South and East CCGs
Authors: Johnson Cath , Mann Andrea , Monkhouse Ellie
Published: August 2015

Revalidation aims to ensure all nurses are providing safe and acceptable care. This article explains how CCGs in Leeds are preparing
Pregnancy Outcomes Among U.S. Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Parish Susan L. , Mitra Monika , Son Esther , Bonardi Alexandra , Swoboda Paul T. , Igdalsky Leah
Published: August 2015

The existing research on pregnancy outcomes for women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is sparse. This study analyzed the 2010 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample and compared deliveries among women with IDD (n = 340) to the general obstetric population. Women with IDD had longer hospital stays and were more likely to have Caesarean deliveries in contrast to other women. Rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes were elevated for women with IDD across a range of measures, including early labor, preterm birth, and preeclampsia, and their infants were more likely to have low birth weight, even after adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, and insurance type. Targeted interventions are needed to address these deleterious outcomes.
Patient and Caregiver Burden Associated With Fragile X Syndrome in the United States
Authors: Vekeman Francis , Gauthier-Loiselle Marjolaine , Faust Elizabeth , Lefebvre Patrick , Lahoz Raquel , Duh Mei Sheng , Sacco Patricia
Published: August 2015

This study evaluated the incremental healthcare costs associated with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) for patients and their caregivers. Using administrative healthcare claims data (1999-2012), subjects with ≥ 1 FXS diagnosis (ICD-9-CM: 759.83) were matched 1:5 with non-FXS controls using high-dimensional propensity scores. Costs and resource utilization were examined. Among employees, payment for disability leave and absenteeism were also examined. We identified 590 FXS and 2,950 non-FXS individuals along with 647 and 2,611 caregivers, respectively. FXS patients and their caregivers experienced higher all-cause direct costs compared to control cohorts (total[SD]: $14,677[46,752] vs. $6,103[26,081]; $5,259[19,360] vs. $2,120[6,425], respectively, p < 0.05). Employed FXS patients and caregivers had higher indirect costs compared to their controls (total[SD]: $4,477[5,161] vs. $1,751[2,556]; $2,641[4,238] vs. $1,211[1,936], respectively, p < 0.05).
Making sense of flying: Designers give sense to the aviation manufacturing industry
Authors: Debacker Julia , Lille Christinede , Tanghe Jürgen
Published: August 2015

This article aims to extend the body of knowledge on Sensemaking as a capability for organizational and strategic change by investigating how design methods could support Sensemaking activities. In order to investigate how design methods can consciously influence Sensemaking activities and how this supports an organization, the case of a large aviation industry manufacturer is taken into consideration. The company under investigation is dealing with implementing their newly established strategy to its everyday work and product innovation practices moving towards service enabling systems. This strategy has been chosen as industry is forced to find new drivers such as passenger experience to gain competitive advantage. As a consequence, manufacturers must also change strategy to support airlines in achieving their goals. Sensemaking is an essential mechanism that manufacturers use to understand the service goals of airlines.

Sensemaking is defined as the process of cognitively organizing the unknown in order to give it meaning and to be able to act on it. In three separate moments of the innovation process, each taking place in a different project, design methods were used to explore their ability to support the manufacturer in Sensemaking activities.
Evaluating drama therapy in school settings: A case study of the ENA CT programme
Authors: Feldman Diana , Ward Emilie , Handley Serena , Goldstein Thalia R.
Published: August 2015

Systematic assessment of processes and outcomes of drama therapy programmes in school settings is essential to effective practice. Drawing on previously published and current evaluations of ENACT’s programmes in New York City public schools, this article provides a narrative account
of a three-stage process of evaluation. This account emphasizes how evaluation served to reinforce and articulate core elements of the programme, prompt the creation of structured curricula and workshops, and acknowledge of how ENACT’s programmes facilitate student growth in emotional
learning and school engagement. Lessons learned and implications for programme evaluation, future research, and the role of drama therapy programmes in schools are discussed.
Emotional arousal in two drama therapy core processes: Dramatic embodiment and dramatic projection
Authors: Armstrong Calli Renee , Tanaka Sonomi , Reoch Lindsay , Bronstein Leslie , Honce Jade , Rozenberg Mira , Powell Margaret A.
Published: August 2015

This study explores emotional arousal in relation to dramatic projection (DP) and dramatic embodiment (DE). Video segments of drama therapy processes that included DP and DE were rated using the Client Emotional Arousal Scale – III (CEAS). Participant emotional arousal (EMO) was
significantly higher for video segments with DP than for video segments without DP. Participant EMO was also significantly higher for video segments of DE than for video segments without DE. These results suggest that both DP and DE can facilitate client emotional arousal, bringing about sustained
expression and potentially leading to the processing of emotion, which in turn can be therapeutic. Future research should continue to explore relationships between drama therapy core processes and other psychotherapy process variables involved in client change.
Mobilizing aesthetics in psychodramatic group work
Authors: Rivers Ben
Published: August 2015

In this article, the author suggests that aesthetic factors can help to enhance the here-and-now experiential dimension of psychodramatic group work. This in turn promises to leave a deeper, multisensorial imprint upon the protagonist and other players. The author also proposes that
shared aesthetic experiences can help to deepen therapeutic rapport between participants and the therapist. The article offers examples of aesthetic options and preparatory approaches that can be utilized for mobilizing the full artistic potential of psychodrama. Vignettes from various dramas,
together with participant reflections, are used to illustrate the author’s central thesis.
A feminist rethinking of drama therapy: The role of audience and aesthetics in Cancer As Change Maker
Authors: Alker Gwendolyn
Published: August 2015

In this article historical themes and methods of feminist performance are invoked to analyse a specific case study: Cancer As Change Maker, a piece of drama therapy created at New York University in 2013. Through this example, the author engages with the perils and potential lessons
that feminist theatre carry for therapeutic theatre with a particular focus on the role of aesthetics and audience engagement.
Nulidad e invalidez en el Código Civil de Bello, en especial en cuanto a su forma de operar
Authors: Concha Machuca Ricardo
Published: August 2015

Desde una perspectiva analítica, este trabajo propone argumentos que permiten sostener que en el sistema del Código Civil de Bello la invalidez es una cuestión diversa de la nulidad. Así, aunque los conceptos de invalidez y nulidad se encuentran estrechamente relacionados, no son idénticos. En efecto, se trata de nociones distintas, ya que la invalidez, que depende de las normas que confieren poderes, es un concepto previo a la nulidad y opera sin necesidad de declaración judicial. Es más, la primera es un requisito para establecer la segunda. Esta propuesta, además, es coherente con el origen histórico de la institución y con el texto de diversos artículos contenidos en el Código de Bello
La prenda sin apoderamiento en Colombia: regulación comercial y garantías mobiliarias
Authors: León-Robayo Édgar Iván , González-Umbarila Edgar Giovanni
Published: August 2015

Una de las garantías que más utilización tiene en el tráfico jurídico es la prenda sin tenencia del acreedor. Esta figura le permite al deudor conservar el bien para utilizarlo y sacar provecho del mismo, de tal manera que pueda proceder eficazmente a la satisfacción de la obligación contraída. Aunque se encontraba tipificada en el Código de Comercio, su configuración y operativa fue modificada profundamente con la Ley 1676 de 2013 de garantías mobiliarias. Este artículo utiliza el método inductivo y tiene como propósito analizar el origen de la figura y establecer la manera como se encuentra regulada actualmente en el derecho colombiano, desde una perspectiva del derecho comparado y a partir del panorama histórico en que se ha desenvuelto, haciendo referencias a su tratamiento en el Code Civil francés y a los preceptos de la Ley Modelo Interamericana sobre Garantías Mobiliarias. Todo esto a partir de los conceptos que le dan su origen: la prenda y la hipoteca.