bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient and Easy Access to Optically Pure Tetrasubstituted Tetra­hydrofurans via Stereoselective Opening of C2‐Symmetric Epoxide and Aziridine Rings
Authors: Kumar Kondapi Venkata Pavan , Soueidan Olivier‐Mohamad , Hosseini Seyedeh Nargess , Jabari Nauras , West Frederick G.
Published: February 2016

An efficient and facile protocol to functionalize position C‐3 of 2,5‐anhydro‐D‐mannitol via diastereoselective ring opening of a C2‐symmetric epoxide 2,5:3,4‐dianhydro‐D‐allitol 3 has been developed. This method is protecting‐group‐free, high‐yielding, and provides access to C‐3‐modified 2,5‐anhydro‐D‐mannitols 5a, 11a–15a and 16–17. This method was then extrapolated to the synthesis of a C2‐symmetric aziridine, which underwent ring opening with various nucleophiles to provide access to C‐3‐ and C‐4‐modified 2,5‐anhydro‐D‐mannitols 19–27 in excellent global yields and moderate to good diastereoselectivities. These structures and their derivatives are potentially useful in a variety of applications, including organocatalysis of asymmetric Michael additions as demonstrated with diamine monosulfonamides 28a and 28b, which provide adducts with complementary enantioselectivity.
Acid‐Relayed Organocatalytic exo‐Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Cyclic Enones with 2‐Vinyl‐1H‐indoles
Authors: Ren Ji‐Wei , Zhou Zhao‐Fang , Xiao Jun‐An , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Yang Hua
Published: February 2016

With the aid of the hydrogen‐bond relay of (S)‐camphorsulfonic acid, the enantioselective exo‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition of cyclic enones and 2‐vinyl‐1H‐indoles catalyzed by prolinosulfonamide was developed. The corresponding Diels–Alder cycloadducts were readily obtained by a single recrystallization, free of column chromatography. Consequently, tetracyclic tetrahydrocarbazole ring systems with three contiguous stereogenic centers were prepared in moderate yields with excellent diastereoselectivities (exo/endo up to >20:1) and enantioselectivities (up to > 99 % ee).
The observing self: Diminishing egocentrism through brief mindfulness meditation
Authors: Golubickis Marius , Tan Lucy B.G. , Falben Johanna K. , Macrae C. Neil
Published: February 2016

Reflecting the egocentrism that permeates contemporary society, people often believe they stand out in the eyes of others (i.e., the spotlight effect), a conviction that is entirely misplaced. Although considerable efforts have focused on elucidating the consequences of the spotlight effect, much less is known about factors that may attenuate this illusory perception. Accordingly, the current study explored the possibility that, via shifts in perspectives on the self (i.e., first person vs. third person), brief mindfulness‐based meditation may reduce a future‐oriented variant of this bias. The results revealed that, compared with responses in the control conditions (i.e., control meditation or no mediation), brief mindfulness‐based meditation fostered the adoption of a third‐person vantage point during mental imagery and diminished perceptions of personal salience.
The potential of SNP‐based PCR‐RFLP capillary electrophoresis analysis to authenticate and detect admixtures of Mediterranean olive oils
Authors: Bazakos Christos , Khanfir Emna , Aoun Mariem , Spano Thodhoraq , Zein Zeina El , Chalak Lamis , Riachy Milad El , Abou‐Sleymane Gretta , Ali Sihem Ben , Grati Kammoun Naziha , Kalaitzis Panagiotis
Published: February 2016

Authentication and traceability of extra virgin olive oil is a challenging research task due to the complexity of fraudulent practices. In this context, the monovarietal olive oils of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) require new tests and cutting edge analytical technologies to detect mislabeling and misleading origin. Toward this direction, DNA‐based technologies could serve as a complementary to the analytical techniques assay. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are ideal molecular markers since they require short PCR analytical targets which are a prerequisite for forensic applications in olive oil sector. In the present study, a small number of polymorphic SNPs were used with an SNP‐based PCR‐RFLP capillary electrophoresis platform to discriminate six out of 13 monovarietal olive oils of Mediterranean origin from three different countries, Greece, Tunisia, and Lebanon. Moreover, the high sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis in combination with the DNA extraction protocol lowered the limit of detection to 10% in an admixture of Tsounati in a Koroneiki olive oil matrix.
Fluid dynamic design of an axial rotor for hydrokinetic riverbed turbine‐improvement introduced by a high lift foil profile
Authors: Oller Sergio A. , Nallim Liz G. , Oller Sergio
Published: February 2016

The main objective of this article is to achieve a very high lift rotor to take the maximum advantage of the kinetic energy of a slow velocity water flow, which belongs to a lowland river type. Low speed flux and lack of depth are the main obstacles in hydrokinetic operation. The use of a high lift aerodynamic profile and the gain of the rotor number of blades serve to accomplish the task.

This work presents the fluid dynamic design for an axial hydrokinetic turbine rotor, studied in a three‐dimensional (3D) numerical simulation by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The use of CFD techniques avoids some physical model assays.

For the hydrokinetic turbine rotor design, first a one‐dimensional (1D) theoretical design was carried out, starting with the selection of a suitable airfoil profile to create the hydrofoil blade. Then, the 3D rotor geometry was defined and studied carefully by means of CFD, to check its hydrodynamic behavior, that is, lift and drag, streamline velocities and pressure fields. The CFD results were obtained using an open CFD code (Kratos). © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1198–1206, 2016
Preparation of coralline‐like nitrogen‐doped porous carbon by urea‐assisted pyrolysis of low‐cost and environmental friendly polyaniline
Authors: Shi Wei
Published: February 2016

Nitrogen‐doped coralline‐like structure porous carbon (NC‐PANI) was prepared through a simple urea‐assisted pyrolysis of low‐cost and environmental friendly polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. The urea acts as nitrogen donor and activating agent in the PANI carbonization, to generate the porous carbon with high nitrogen content (10.08 wt %), high surface area (673.7 m2/g), and suitable pore size. In addition, the electrical conductivity of NC‐PANI is better than that of pristine PANI. With such intrinsic characteristics, the as‐prepared novel NC‐PANI is highly desirable for energy storage and conversion applications. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 840–846, 2016
A fully conservative high‐order upwind multi‐moment method using moments in both upwind and downwind cells
Authors: Onodera Naoyuki , Aoki Takayuki , Yokoi Kensuke
Published: February 2016

We propose a fully conservative high‐order upwind multi‐moment method for the conservation equation. The proposed method is based on a third‐order polynomial interpolation function and semi‐Lagrangian formulation and is a variant of the constrained interpolation profile conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme with third‐order polynomial function method. The third‐order interpolation function is constructed based on three constraints in the upwind cell (two boundary values and a cell average) and a constraint in the downwind cell (a cell center value). The proposed method shows fourth‐order accuracy in a benchmark problem (sine wave propagation). We also propose a less oscillatory formulation of the proposed method. The less oscillatory formulation can minimize numerical oscillations. These methods were validated through scalar transport problems, and compressible flow problems (shock tube and 2D explosion problems). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is increased hepatitis C virus case‐finding combined with current or 8‐week to 12‐week direct‐acting antiviral therapy cost‐effective in UK prisons? A prevention benefit analysis
Authors: Martin Natasha K. , Vickerman Peter , Brew Iain F. , Williamson Joan , Miners Alec , Irving William L. , Saksena Sushma , Hutchinson Sharon J. , Mandal Sema , O'Moore Eamonn , Hickman Matthew
Published: February 2016

Prisoners have a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV), but case‐finding may not have been cost‐effective because treatment often exceeded average prison stay combined with a lack of continuity of care. We assessed the cost‐effectiveness of increased HCV case‐finding and treatment in UK prisons using short‐course therapies. A dynamic HCV transmission model assesses the cost‐effectiveness of doubling HCV case‐finding (achieved through introducing opt‐out HCV testing in UK pilot prisons) and increasing treatment in UK prisons compared to status quo voluntary risk‐based testing (6% prison entrants/year), using currently recommended therapies (8‐24 weeks) or interferon (IFN)‐free direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs; 8‐12 weeks, 95% sustained virological response, £3300/week). Costs (British pounds, £) and health utilities (quality‐adjusted life years) were used to calculate mean incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs). We assumed 56% referral and 2.5%/25% of referred people who inject drugs (PWID)/ex‐PWID treated within 2 months of diagnosis in prison. PWID and ex‐PWID or non‐PWID are in prison an average 4 and 8 months, respectively. Doubling prison testing rates with existing treatments produces a mean ICER of £19,850/quality‐adjusted life years gained compared to current testing/treatment and is 45% likely to be cost‐effective under a £20,000 willingness‐to‐pay threshold. Switching to 8‐week to 12‐week IFN‐free DAAs in prisons could increase cost‐effectiveness (ICER £15,090/quality‐adjusted life years gained). Excluding prevention benefit decreases cost‐effectiveness. If >10% referred PWID are treated in prison (2.5% base case), either treatment could be highly cost‐effective (ICER<£13,000). HCV case‐finding and IFN‐free DAAs could be highly cost‐effective if DAA cost is 10% lower or with 8 weeks' duration. Conclusions: Increased HCV testing in UK prisons (such as through opt‐out testing) is borderline cost‐effective compared to status quo voluntary risk‐based testing under a £20,000 willingness to pay with current treatments but likely to be cost‐effective if short‐course IFN‐free DAAs are used and could be highly cost‐effective if PWID treatment rates were increased. (Hepatology 2016;63:1796‐1808)
Personality expression in Chinese language use
Authors: Qiu Lin , Lu Jiahui , Ramsay Jonathan , Yang Shanshan , Qu Weina , Zhu Tingshao
Published: February 2016

To date, little research has investigated personality expressions in languages other than English. Given that the Chinese language has the largest number of native speakers in the world, it is vitally important to examine the associations between personality and Chinese language use. In this research, we analysed Chinese microblogs and identified word categories and factorial structures associated with personality traits. We also compared our results with previous findings in English and showed that linguistic expression of personality has both universal‐ and language‐specific aspects. Expression of personality via content words is more likely to be consistent across languages than expression via function words. This makes an important step towards uncovering universal patterns of personality expression in language.
Cell‐based strategies for vascular regeneration
Authors: Zou Tongqiang , Fan Jiabing , Fartash Armita , Liu Haifeng , Fan Yubo
Published: February 2016

Vascular regeneration is known to play an essential role in the repair of injured tissues mainly through accelerating the repair of vascular injury caused by vascular diseases, as well as the recovery of ischemic tissues. However, the clinical vascular regeneration is still challenging. Cell‐based therapy is thought to be a promising strategy for vascular regeneration, since various cells have been identified to exert important influences on the process of vascular regeneration such as the enhanced endothelium formation on the surface of vascular grafts, and the induction of vessel‐like network formation in the ischemic tissues. Here are a vast number of diverse cell‐based strategies that have been extensively studied in vascular regeneration. These strategies can be further classified into three main categories, including cell transplantation, construction of tissue‐engineered grafts, and surface modification of scaffolds. Cells used in these strategies mainly refer to terminally differentiated vascular cells, pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and unipotent stem cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the reported research advances on the application of various cells for vascular regeneration, yielding insights into future clinical treatment for injured tissue/organ. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1297–1314, 2016.
STUDENT CIVIC PARTICIPATION AND SCHOOL CLIMATE: ASSOCIATIONS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE SCHOOL ECOLOGY
Authors: Karakos Holly L. , Voight Adam , Geller Joanna D. , Nixon Carol T. , Nation Maury
Published: February 2016

Research suggests that youth civic participation predicts desirable outcomes for engaged individuals, but less is known about the benefits of individual participation that accrue to schools as a whole. The present study investigates whether students’ individual and collective participation predict students’ perceptions of school climate. We examine survey and administrative data from 4,947 students from 11 middle schools. Using multilevel modeling we examine the association of aggregate civic participation at the grade cohort level with school climate. Cohort‐level civic participation has a significant positive association with perceived school climate, specifically student–teacher relationships, the fairness of school rules, and democratic climate. These aggregate associations are estimated over and above individual‐level civic participation, which is independently predictive of school climate. Results demonstrate that students’ civic participation is associated with positive individual and setting‐level outcomes, such as positive perceptions of school climate. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
ATTITUDE TOWARDS MENTAL ILLNESS IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA: THE CONTRADICTIONS OF A COMMUNITARIAN CULTURE
Authors: Ikwuka Ugo , Galbraith Niall , Manktelow Ken , Chen‐Wilson Josephine , Oyebode Femi , Muomah Rosemary C.
Published: February 2016

The effect of mental illness stigma can be greater in the developing world where sufferers are additionally affected by destitution. This study investigated the attitudes of the Igbo people of Southeastern Nigeria toward mental illness to establish the extent and determinants of negative attitudes. Multistage sampling was used to select participants (n = 602), to whom questionnaires were administered. More than half of all the demographic groups demonstrated authoritarian attitude and primary social distance. A third of the sample equally endorsed social restrictiveness, anticommunity care, and secondary social distance. Low education, male gender, older age, Protestant denomination, and not being familiar with people with mental illness predicted more negative attitudes. Culture, stereotypes, causal explanations, and poor mental health knowledge were the leading mediators of negative attitudes. The determinant role of culture and demographic variables in the stigma dynamics indicate that contextualized and targeted interventions could be more effective than general campaigns.
WHERE ARE THE HELPFUL BYSTANDERS? ECOLOGICAL NICHE AND VICTIMS’ PERCEPTIONS OF BYSTANDER INTERVENTION
Authors: Banyard Victoria , Weber Marcela C. , Grych John , Hamby Sherry
Published: February 2016

This study explores an emergent area of bystander research by describing associations between bystander involvement and community or microsystemic support factors across different types of victimizations. A total of 1703 adults and adolescents were surveyed about bystander presence, bystander actions, and bystander safety across 9 forms of victimization. They were also surveyed about 3 community‐level factors—collective efficacy, support for community youth, informal community support—and 2 microsystemic factors—social support and tangible family resources community and microsystemic support scores were not typically associated with bystander presence. Higher community and microsystemic support scores, particularly support for community youth, informal community support, and social support, were commonly associated with perceiving bystanders as helpful to the situation. Support scores, especially collective efficacy, were also associated with bystander safety for some victimization types. Our exploratory findings show a relationship between bystander helpfulness and characteristics of the victim's community and microsystem, especially for victimization types that are typically public, like peer aggression.
Trace ammonium removal by liquid–liquid membrane contactors as water polishing step of water electrolysis for hydrogen production from a wastewater treatment plant effluent
Authors: Licon Bernal Edxon E , Alcaraz Aurora , Casas Sandra , Valderrama César , Cortina José L
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

This work evaluates hollow fiber liquid–liquid membrane contactors (HFMC) as a polishing step for the removal of low levels of ammonium from water purified by (or being supplied to) a membrane distillation unit in order to fulfil the conductivity requirements of hydrogen production by water electrolysis.

RESULTS

The influence of the operating conditions (flow, pH, ammonium concentration, buffer capacity) were evaluated under a closed‐loop setup in order to achieve a reduction of total ammonia concentration in water, from 15 to 1 mg L−1 to assure the production of water in the membrane distillation with a conductivity lower than 1 µS cm−1. These values were used to validate a numerical algorithm describing the system performance. In order to reach the ammonia concentration requirements and considering the low concentration of bicarbonate (low pH buffer capacity) in the treated water a buffer agent was added to the working solution.

CONCLUSIONS

HFMC technology is a suitable solution to remove low levels of ammonium from water to values as low as 1 mg L−1NH3 through appropriate control of pH. The ammonium removal efficiency of the HFMC was improved by raising the pH or the flow rate. Finally, the model proposed provides a good description of the membrane contactor performance with minimal deviations when compared with experimental results. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonography of the chest using linear‐array versus sector transducers: Correlation with auscultation, chest radiography, and computed tomography
Authors: Tasci Ozlem , Hatipoglu Osman Nuri , Cagli Bekir , Ermis Veli
Published: February 2016

Purpose

The primary purpose of our study was to compare the efficacies of two sonographic (US) probes, a high‐frequency linear‐array probe and a lower‐frequency phased‐array sector probe in the diagnosis of basic thoracic pathologies. The secondary purpose was to compare the diagnostic performance of thoracic US with auscultation and chest radiography (CXR) using thoracic CT as a gold standard.

Methods

In total, 55 consecutive patients scheduled for thoracic CT were enrolled in this prospective study. Four pathologic entities were evaluated: pneumothorax, pleural effusion, consolidation, and interstitial syndrome. A portable US scanner was used with a 5–10‐MHz linear‐array probe and a 1–5‐MHz phased‐array sector probe. The first probe used was chosen randomly. US, CXR, and auscultation results were compared with the CT results.

Results

The linear‐array probe had the highest performance in the identification of pneumothorax (83% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 99% diagnostic accuracy) and pleural effusion (100% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 98% diagnostic accuracy); the sector probe had the highest performance in the identification of consolidation (89% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 95% diagnostic accuracy) and interstitial syndrome (94% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 94% diagnostic accuracy). For all pathologies, the performance of US was superior to those of CXR and auscultation.

Conclusions

The linear probe is superior to the sector probe for identifying pleural pathologies, whereas the sector probe is superior to the linear probe for identifying parenchymal pathologies. Thoracic US has better diagnostic performance than CXR and auscultation for the diagnosis of common pathologic conditions of the chest. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:383–389, 2016
One‐Pot Synthesis of Regioselective Polysubstituted Indolizines via Three‐Component Reactions of Dialkyl Acetylendicarboxylates, Dialkylchloro Malonates, and Pyridines
Authors: Piltan Mohammad , Kalantari Shahin
Published: February 2016

An efficient and novel approach to the synthesis of 1,2,3‐trisubstituted indolizines has been achieved via the reaction of pyridines, dialkyl acetylendicarboxylates, and dialkyl chloromalonates. The corresponding 1,2,3‐trisubstituted indolizines may be useful building blocks for the construction of complex indolizine derivatives.
Extension of recovery time from fatigue by repeated rest with short‐term sleep during continuous fatigue load: Development of chronic fatigue model
Authors: Kanzaki Akinori , Okauchi Takashi , Hu Di , Shingaki Tomotaka , Katayama Yumiko , Koyama Hidenori , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Cui Yilong
Published: February 2016

Homeostasis is known to be involved in maintaining the optimal internal environment, helping to achieve the best performance of biological functions. At the same time, a deviation from optimal conditions often attenuates the performance of biological functions, and such restricted performance could be considered as individual fatigue, including physical and mental fatigue. The present study seeks to develop an animal model of chronic or subacute fatigue in which the recovery time is extended through the gradual disruption of homeostasis. We show that repeated short‐term rest periods with certain lengths of sleep during continuous fatigue loading extend recovery from spontaneous nighttime activity but not physical performance in comparison with a continuous fatigue‐loading procedure. Furthermore, the immobility time in a forced swimming test was extended by repeated short‐term rests. These results suggest that repeated short‐term rest with certain lengths of sleep during continuous fatigue loading is able to extend the recovery from mental fatigue but not from physical fatigue and that this effect might occur via the disruption of a homeostatic mechanism that is involved in restoring the optimal internal environment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Balanced Scorecard Implementation in SMEs: Addressing the Moderating Role of Environmental Uncertainty
Authors: Lonbani Mahshid , Sofian Saudah , Baroto Mas Bambang
Published: February 2016

Originally developed as a performance measurement instrument, the balanced scorecard (BSC) has been successfully used by leaders in large organizations to implement their strategic initiatives. Very little research, however, has been conducted on the use of the BSC in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These firms are particularly vulnerable to the external market and often lack the resources that their larger counterparts use to respond to and shape it. Grounded in contingency theory, an evaluation of the moderating role that environmental uncertainty plays in the relationship between BSC implementation and performance in SMEs points to the value of gathering accurate and timely information about emerging conditions that interact with management systems. Such relevant data can help business leaders identify business patterns, reduce uncertainty, guide personnel in recognizing opportunities for achieving scorecard targets, and ultimately align day‐to‐day processes and strategic efforts with organizational objectives. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduction of hip joint reaction force via medio‐lateral foot center of pressure manipulation in bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Solomonow‐Avnon Deborah , Haim Amir , Levin Daniel , Elboim‐Gabyzon Michal , Rozen Nimrod , Peled Eli , Wolf Alon
Published: February 2016

Loading/excessive loading of the hip joint has been linked to onset and progression of hip osteoarthritis. Footwear‐generated biomechanical manipulation in the frontal plane has been previously shown in a cohort of healthy subjects to cause a specific gait adaption when the foot center of pressure trajectory was shifted medially, which thereby significantly reduced hip joint reaction force. The objective of the present study was to validate these results in a cohort of female bilateral hip osteoarthritis patients. Sixteen patients underwent gait analysis while using a footworn biomechanical device, allowing controlled foot center of pressure manipulation, in three para‐sagittal configurations: medial, lateral, and neutral. Hip osteoarthritis patients exhibited similar results to those observed in healthy subjects in that a medial center of pressure led to an increase in inter‐maleolar distance while step width (i.e., distance between right and left foot center of pressure) remained constant. This adaptation, which we speculate subjects adopt to maintain base of support, was associated with significantly greater hip abduction, significantly decreased hip adduction moment, and significantly reduced joint reaction force compared to the neutral and lateral configurations. Recommendations for treatment of hip osteoarthritis emphasize reduction of loads on the pathological joint(s) during daily activities and especially in gait. Our results show that a medially deviated center of pressure causes a reduction in hip joint reaction force. The present study does not prove, but rather suggests, clinical significance, and further investigation is required to assess clinical implications. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1762–1771, 2016.
Influence of pre‐harvest calcium, potassium and triazole application on the proteome of apple at harvest
Authors: Buts Kim , Hertog Maarten LATM , Ho Quang Tri , America Antoine HP , Cordewener Jan , Vercammen Jef , Carpentier Sebastien C , Nicolai Bart
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Braeburn browning disorder is a storage disease characterised by flesh browning and lens‐shaped cavities. The incidence of this postharvest disorder is known to be affected by pre‐harvest application of fertilisers and triazole‐based fungicides. Recent work has shown that calcium and potassium reduced the incidence of Braeburn browning disorder, while triazoles had the opposite effect. This study addresses the hypothesis of an early proteomic imprint in the apple fruit at harvest induced by the pre‐harvest factors applied. If so, this could be used for an early screening of apple fruit at harvest for their postharvest susceptibility to flesh browning.

RESULTS

Calcium and triazole had significant effects, while potassium did not. One hundred and thirty protein families were identified, of which 29 were significantly altered after calcium and 63 after triazole treatment. Up‐regulation of important antioxidant enzymes was correlated with calcium fertilisation, while triazole induced alterations in the levels of respiration and ethylene biosynthesis related proteins.

CONCLUSION

Pre‐harvest fertiliser and fungicide application had considerable effects on the apple proteome at harvest. These changes, together with the applied storage conditions will determine whether or not BBD develops. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of umami taste of hydrolyzed protein from wheat gluten by β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Wang Lihua , Xu Baocai , Li Linlin , Zhang Mengke , Feng Tao , Wang Jinpeng , Jin Zhengyu
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Wheat gluten was hydrolyzed by Flavourzyme and Neutrase at pH 7.0 and 50 °C for 8 h with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) employed in the reaction. The hydrolysates were enzyme deactivated, cooled and centrifuged at 1500 × g for 15 min.

RESULTS

Sensory and chemical characterization of wheat gluten hydrolysates WGH‐1 (reaction conducted without β‐CD), WGH‐2 (reaction conducted with β‐CD) and WGH‐3 (β‐CD added to WGH‐1) was performed. WGH‐2 revealed enhanced umami taste and higher hydrolyzing degree, total free amino acid amount, protein yield and umami taste amino acid (Glu + Asp) amount. High‐performance liquid chromatography showed that the proportion of molecular weight 180–500 Da in WGH‐2 was 11.5% higher than that in WGH‐1. Further research indicated that β‐CD had multiple effects on the hydrolysis. It could not only increase the solubility of wheat gluten but also form inclusion complexes with resultants. This can both promote the hydrolysis and protect oligopeptides from degradation.

CONCLUSION

β‐CD was found to have the ability to increase the umami taste of enzyme‐hydrolyzed vegetable protein from wheat gluten. The reasons analyzed were that β‐CD could take part in the hydrolysis process by improving the solubility of wheat gluten and form inclusion complexes with resultants. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Resection of colorectal liver metastases in the elderly—Is it justified?
Authors: Nachmany Ido , Pencovich Niv , Zohar Nitzan , Goykhman Yaacov , Lubezky Nir , Nakache Richard , Klausner Joseph M.
Published: February 2016

Background and Objectives

Liver resection of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) may necessitate large metabolic and physiologic reserve. As the population ages, resection of CRLM is increasingly required in the elderly. We assessed the safety and efficacy of these operations.

Methods

Between February 2010 and 2015, 174 patients underwent liver resection of CRLM. Fifty‐four and 120 patients were over and under the age of 70 at the time of surgery, respectively (mean ages: 76 ± 4 and 56.5 ± 9 years). Patient and tumor characteristics, perioperative, and long‐term outcomes were compared.

Results

Elderly patients had increased rates of IHD (18.5% versus 6.6%, P = 0.0002), COPD (9.2% versus 4.1%, P = 0.01), and DM (30% versus 14%, P = 0.02). Operative time was shorter in elderly patients (222 ± 109 versus 261 ± 110 min; P = 0.04). Intraoperative blood loss was comparable. The rate of minor postoperative complications was similar between groups, but elderly patients had higher rate of major complications (11.1% versus 2.5%, P < 0.0001). One elderly patient died following surgery (1.8%). Length of hospital stay was similar between groups. No difference in 3‐year survival was demonstrated.

Conclusions

Although associated with a small increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality, liver resection may be performed safely and effectively in carefully selected elderly patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:485–488. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly selective capture of nucleosides with boronic acid functionalized polymer brushes prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Cheng Ting , Zhu Shuqiang , Zhu Bin , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Haixia
Published: February 2016

The nucleoside or modified nucleoside level in biological fluids reflects the pathological or physiological state of the body. Boronate affinity absorbents are widely used to selectively extract nucleosides from complex samples. In this work, a novel functionalized absorbent was synthesized by attaching 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid to gold nanoparticles on modified attapulgite. The surface of the attapulgite was modified by poly(acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) by atom transfer radical polymerization, creating many polymer brushes on the surface. The resultant material exhibited superior binding capacity (30.83 mg/g) for adenosine and was able to capture cis‐diol nucleosides from 1000‐fold interferences. Finally, to demonstrate its potential for biomolecule extraction, this boronate affinity material was used to preconcentrate nucleosides from human urine and plasma.
Reduction Mechanism of Tellurium Species from Copper Electrowinning Solutions
Authors: Mokmeli Mohammad , Dreisinger David B. , Wassink Berend , Difley Bryce
Published: February 2016

The presence of tellurium in copper–nickel sulfide ores results in downstream contamination of leach solutions and electrolytes. Tellurium must be removed from leach solutions before electrowinning to prevent contamination of copper cathodes. Cuprous ion is industrially used as a reductant to remove tellurium ions. However, the reduction kinetics of tellurium ions with cuprous is not well known. In this study, the slow TeVI reduction step with cuprous was identified and a plausible TeVI reduction mechanism was suggested. The rate‐determining step was investigated by studying the kinetics of the coupled reaction of TeVI and TeIV with cuprous. The rate law suggested for the reduction of TeIV with cuprous and the coupled kinetics equation for consecutive reduction reactions of TeIV and TeVI were derived. It was shown that the rate constant of the coupled reaction is very close to the rate constant calculated based on the assumption that TeVI reduction is a rate‐determining step.
Familial Adult‐Onset Alexander Disease with a Novel GFAP Mutation
Authors: Ogura Hana , Maki Futaba , Sasaki Naoshi , Yoshida Tomokatsu , Hasegawa Yasuhiro
Published: February 2016

The patient was a 65‐year‐old woman who became gradually more prone to falling from age 30 and who was visiting the hospital on an outpatient basis following a diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type. While eating, she started choking as a result of aspiration and was transported to our hospital by ambulance. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed tadpole‐like atrophy of the brainstem, i.e. marked atrophy of the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord with disproportionately slight atrophy of the pons. Her eldest son also had the same symptoms, suggesting Alexander disease. A search of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene revealed the previously unreported mutation Y242N. The same MRI findings and genetic mutation were confirmed in her 38‐year‐old son. Adult onset Alexander disease is a rare condition with very few reported familial cases. We hereby report this case with a discussion of the literature.
Spinal Movement Disorders in Neuromyelitis Optica: An Under‐recognized Phenomenon
Authors: Abboud Hesham , Fernandez Hubert H. , Mealy Maureen A. , Levy Michael
Published: February 2016

Background

Spinal cord demyelination can cause several movement disorders. Although these abnormal movements could be the presenting symptom of the disease and, at times, the major source of disability, they are often overlooked, mislabeled, or undertreated. The aims of this study were to clearly define and establish common terminology for spinal movement disorders (SMDs) and characterize their full spectrum in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Methods

We chart reviewed 37 patients with NMO or NMO spectrum disorder. We classified spinal movement disorders under five categories: tonic spasms; focal dystonia; spinal myoclonus; spontaneous clonus; and tremors of spinal origin. We examined clinical, MRI, and medication data of symptomatic patients.

Results

Of the 37 patients (86.4% female; mean age: 51 ± 17 years; mean disease duration: 9.4 ± 5.3 years), 16 (43.2%) had one or more form of SMDs. Compared to those without SMDs, patients with SMDs were generally older at presentation and were less likely to be African Americans. An abnormal movement was the main complaint in at least one posthospitalization visit in all symptomatic patients. Thirteen (35.1%) patients had paroxysmal tonic spasms, 2 (5.4%) had focal dystonia, 3 (8%) had postural/action tremors, and no patient had spinal myoclonus or spontaneous clonus. In 9 patients, spasms were painful. There was no signal abnormality in the basal ganglia or the brainstem/cerebellum in any of the symptomatic patients.

Conclusions

SMDs are common in NMO and are often a major source of disability. Using clear, unified terminology to describe SMDs is crucial for both clinical and research purposes.
Molecular mechanisms of flavonoids in melanin synthesis and the potential for the prevention and treatment of melanoma
Authors: Liu‐Smith Feng , Meyskens Frank L.
Published: February 2016

Flavonoids are becoming popular nutraceuticals. Different flavonoids show similar or distinct biological effects on different tissues or cell types, which may limit or define their usefulness in cancer prevention and/or treatment application. This review focuses on a few selected flavonoids and discusses their functions in normal and transformed pigment cells, including cyanidin, apigenin, genistein, fisetin, EGCG, luteolin, baicalein, quercetin and kaempferol. Flavonoids exhibit melanogenic or anti‐melanogenic effects mainly via transcriptional factor MiTF and/or the melanogenesis enzymes tyrosinase, DCT or TYRP‐1. To identify a direct target has been a challenge as most studies were not able to discriminate whether the effect(s) of the flavonoid were from direct targeting or represented indirect effects. Flavonoids exhibit an anti‐melanoma effect via inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion and inducing apoptosis. The mechanisms are also multi‐fold, via ROS‐scavenging, immune‐modulation, cell cycle regulation and epigenetic modification including DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. In summary, although many flavonoid compounds are extremely promising nutraceuticals, their detailed molecular mechanism and their multi‐target (simultaneously targeting multiple molecules) nature warrant further investigation before advancement to translational studies or clinical trials.
Motion correction and frequency stabilization for MRS of the human spinal cord
Authors: Hock Andreas , Henning Anke
Published: February 2016

Subject motion is challenging for MRS, because it can falsify results. For spinal cord MRS in particular, subject movement is critical, since even a small movement > 1 mm) can lead to a voxel shift out of the desired measurement region. Therefore, the identification of motion corrupted MRS scans is essential. In this investigation, MR navigators acquired simultaneously with the MRS data are used to identify a displacement of the spinal cord due to subject motion. It is shown that navigators are able to recognize substantial subject motion (>1 mm) without impairing the MRS measurement. In addition, navigators are easy to apply to the measurement, because no additional hardware and just a minor additional user effort are needed. Moreover, no additional scan time is required, because navigators can be applied in the deadtime of the MRS sequence. Furthermore, in this work, retrospective motion correction combined with frequency stabilization is presented by combining navigators with non‐water‐suppressed 1H‐MRS, resulting in an improved spectral quality of the spinal cord measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understand how legislative updates concerning student‐veterans affect you
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2016

ANAHEIM, CALIF. — Stay on top of these legislative updates regarding student‐veterans to make sure that your campus is serving student‐veterans effectively while avoiding potentially costly fines or audits. In a session at the recent Pacific Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers annual conference, Chryssa Jones, veterans services coordinator for the University of California, Riverside and public relations chair for the National Association of Veterans' Program Administrators, shared recent updates to legislation affecting student‐veterans on college and university campuses.
Finite element Galerkin approximations to a class of nonlinear and nonlocal parabolic problems
Authors: Sharma Nisha , Khebchareon Morrakot , Sharma Kapil , Pani Amiya K.
Published: February 2016

In this article, a finite element Galerkin method is applied to a general class of nonlinear and nonlocal parabolic problems. Based on an exponential weight function, new a priori bounds which are valid for uniform in time are derived. As a result, existence of an attractor is proved for the problem with nonhomogeneous right hand side which is independent of time. In particular, when the forcing function is zero or decays exponentially, it is shown that solution has exponential decay property which improves even earlier results in one dimensional problems. For the semidiscrete method, global existence of a unique discrete solution is derived and it is shown that the discrete problem has an attractor. Moreover, optimal error estimates are derived in both
and
‐norms with later estimate is a new result in this context. For completely discrete scheme, backward Euler method with its linearized version is discussed and existence of a unique discrete solution is established. Further, optimal estimates in
‐norm are proved for fully discrete schemes. Finally, several numerical experiments are conducted to confirm our theoretical findings. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 1232–1264, 2016
Paediatric and adult soft tissue sarcomas with NTRK1 gene fusions: a subset of spindle cell sarcomas unified by a prominent myopericytic/haemangiopericytic pattern
Authors: Haller Florian , Knopf Jasmin , Ackermann Anne , Bieg Matthias , Kleinheinz Kortine , Schlesner Matthias , Moskalev Evgeny A , Will Rainer , Satir Ali Abdel , Abdelmagid Ibtihalat E , Giedl Johannes , Carbon Roman , Rompel Oliver , Hartmann Arndt , Wiemann Stefan , Metzler Markus , Agaimy Abbas
Published: February 2016

Neoplasms with a myopericytomatous pattern represent a morphological spectrum of lesions encompassing myopericytoma of the skin and soft tissue, angioleiomyoma, myofibromatosis/infantile haemangiopericytoma and putative neoplasms reported as malignant myopericytoma. Lack of reproducible phenotypic and genetic features of malignant myopericytic neoplasms have prevented the establishment of myopericytic sarcoma as an acceptable diagnostic category. Following detection of a LMNA–NTRK1 gene fusion in an index case of paediatric haemangiopericytoma‐like sarcoma by combined whole‐genome and RNA sequencing, we identified three additional sarcomas harbouring NTRK1 gene fusions, termed 'spindle cell sarcoma, NOS with myo/haemangiopericytic growth pattern'. The patients were two children aged 11 months and 2 years and two adults aged 51 and 80 years. While the tumours of the adults were strikingly myopericytoma‐like, but with clear‐cut atypical features, the paediatric cases were more akin to infantile myofibromatosis/haemangiopericytoma. All cases contained numerous thick‐walled dysplastic‐like vessels with segmental or diffuse nodular myxohyaline myo‐intimal proliferations of smooth muscle actin‐positive cells, occasionally associated with thrombosis. Immunohistochemistry showed variable expression of smooth muscle actin and CD34, but other mesenchymal markers, including STAT6, were negative. This study showed a novel variant of myo/haemangiopericytic sarcoma with recurrent NTRK1 gene fusions. Given the recent introduction of a novel therapeutic approach targeting NTRK fusion‐positive neoplasms, recognition of this rare but likely under‐reported sarcoma variant is strongly encouraged. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3‐in‐1 doping process for interdigitated back contact solar cells exploiting the understanding of co‐diffused dopant profiles by use of PECVD borosilicate glass in a phosphorus diffusion
Authors: Gloger Sebastian , Herguth Axel , Engelhardt Josh , Hahn Giso , Terheiden Barbara
Published: February 2016

Boron and phosphorus doping of crystalline silicon using a borosilicate glass (BSG) layer from plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and phosphorus oxychloride diffusion, respectively, is investigated. More specifically, the simultaneous and interacting diffusion of both elements through the BSG layer into the silicon substrate is characterized in depth. We show that an overlying BSG layer does not prevent the formation of a phosphorus emitter in silicon substrates during phosphorus diffusion. In fact, a BSG layer can even enhance the uptake of phosphorus into a silicon substrate compared with a bare substrate.

From the understanding of the joint diffusion of boron and phosphorus through a BSG layer into a silicon substrate, a model is developed to illustrate the correlation of the concentration‐dependent diffusivities and the emerging diffusion profiles of boron and phosphorus. Here, the in‐diffusion of the dopants during diverse doping processes is reproduced by the use of known concentration dependences of the diffusivities in an integrated model. The simulated processes include a BSG drive‐in step in an inert and in a phosphorus‐containing atmosphere.

Based on these findings, a PECVD BSG/capping layer structure is developed, which forms three different n++−, n+− and p+−doped regions during one single high temperature process. Such engineered structure can be used to produce back contact solar cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase behavior of blends of PCBM with amorphous polymers with different aromaticity
Authors: Bernardo Gabriel , Deb Nabankur , King Stephen M. , Bucknall David G.
Published: February 2016

The phase behavior of [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends with amorphous polymers with different degrees of aromaticity has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). The polymers investigated are the homologous series of polystyrene (PS), poly(2‐vinyl‐naphthalene) (P2VN), and poly(9‐vinyl‐phenanthrene) (P9VPh). The DSC results show that the miscibility of PCBM in these polymers increases nonlinearly from 16.5 wt % in PS, 57.0 wt % in P2VN, and 74.9 wt % in P9VPh. The SANS results show that at all concentrations of PCBM, the blends are composed of two mixed phases. Analysis shows that the phase dimensions remain largely independent of PCBM content, but there is a strong dependence of the PCBM concentration difference in the two phases with increasing PCBM content. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 994–1001
Health behaviours and fear of cancer recurrence in 10 969 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients
Authors: Fisher A. , Beeken R.J. , Heinrich M. , Williams K. , Wardle J.
Published: February 2016

Background

This study aimed to examine whether fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) was related to two important health behaviours (physical activity and smoking) in a large sample of colorectal cancer patients.

Methods

Ten thousand nine hundred sixty nine patients, diagnosed in 2010–11, and in remission in 2013, completed the ‘Living with and Beyond Colorectal Cancer’ survey. The survey included purpose‐designed questions on fear of recurrence (‘I have fear about my cancer coming back’), demographics, treatment and health variables. Physical activity (PA) was recorded as number of days per week doing at least 30 min of brisk activity, and smoking status was reported.

Results

Fifty per cent of respondents reported fear of their cancer returning. More women than men ((Odds Ratio; (OR) 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46, 1.71)) more younger than older patients (OR 2.53; CI 2.33, 2.74) and slightly more patients from deprived areas (OR 1.14, 1.05, 1.23) reported FCR. Independently of demographics and treatment, compared with those meeting the PA guidelines, those who were doing only ‘some’ (OR 1.22; CI 1.11, 1.35) or ‘no’ PA (OR 1.28; CI 1.15, 1.42) reported higher FCR. Compared with non‐smokers, more current smokers reported fear (OR 1.34, CI 1.10, 1.58) and slightly more ex‐smokers (OR 1.11; CI 1.04, 1.21).

Conclusions

This cross‐sectional study provided novel data showing that colorectal cancer survivors with poorer health behaviours (those with lower activity levels and those who smoked) were more likely to experience FCR. Future research should replicate findings using detailed measures of fear, objective measures of health behaviours and identify directions of associations. © 2016 The Authors. Psycho‐Oncology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.