bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The African human rights system as 'norm leader': Three case studies
Authors: Okafor Obiora C , Dzah Godwin EK
Published: February 2022

Africa (including its human rights system) is rarely imagined or considered an originator, agent and purveyor of ideas, including in the human rights sphere. On this occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the adoption of the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights which founded the African human rights system, it is only fitting that its contributions or otherwise to global human rights praxis, over these four decades, be examined from this perspective. Utilising the theory of the norm life cycle, developed by scholars of international relations who work within 'strategic social constructivism', this article examines how the African human rights system has, or has not, functioned as a 'norm leader' with regard to certain important and increasingly widely-accepted human rights standards. To that extent, the article examines (as examples) certain human rights norms first elaborated and made into legally-binding forms in the African Charter, widely circulated and having achieved a considerable level of global dispersal and adoption, in part, as a result of the work of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. Focusing on three important norms (the right to self-determination, the right to development and the right to the environment) and based on a study of academic and other literature, treaties or instruments, case law and records of international negotiations, the article attempts to respond systematically to this overarching question. The article argues that although the African human rights system clearly is not a state, the critical but globally under-appreciated roles it has played regarding the globalised socialisation of certain human rights ideas fits within, and helps in extending, social constructivist human rights theory and praxis. The article concludes with a reflection on some key limitations that are observable as to how far the system has been able to travel in the direction of norm leadership in human rights law.
The right to reparations in the contentious process before the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights: A comparative analysis on account of the revised Rules of Court
Authors: Sánchez Kevin Toro
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this article is to examine the possible repercussions that the revised Rules of the Court adopted in September 2020 may have on the right to reparations. In particular, the article focuses on the two procedures to issue a judgment on reparations, specific procedures and third party interventions. The information therein has been assembled by reviewing relevant regional legal instruments such as the African Charter, the African Court Protocol and the Rules of Procedure of the African Commission and the Court with their counterparts in the European and Inter-American systems, as well as through an appraisal of pertinent case law. The revision of the Rules of Court demonstrates a constructive attempt by the African Court to clarify previously imprecise rules, expand the scope of specific procedures and reiterate its competencies. These additions are evident in the new arrangement of the contents of an application, and the inclusion of the pilot-judgment procedure or the revised Rule 72 which reaffirms the binding nature of all Court decisions. The article highlights relevant changes to the Rules of Court while arguing that additional rules need to be amended or expanded to more effectively guarantee the right to reparations. To that end, it provides recommendations for the African Court to consider.
Monitoring the implementation of its own decisions: What role for the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights?
Authors: Murray Rachel , Long Debra
Published: February 2022

The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in recent years has put in place various measures to monitor the implementation of its decisions on individual communications. These include a series of panels and seminars, amendments to its Rules of Procedure, extending the mandate of its Working Group on Communications, clarifying more expressly roles for national human rights institutions and civil society organisations, and calling on states to establish focal points and other procedures at the national level. This article considers the effectiveness of these measures and critically evaluates the role of the African Commission in monitoring the implementation of its decisions. The article draws on the findings of a four-year research project conducted by the University of Bristol's Human Rights Implementation Centre, in collaboration with the Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria; the Human Rights Centre at the University of Essex; and the Middlesex University. This project tracked the implementation of selected decisions on individual communications, from the regional and UN human rights bodies, against nine countries from Africa, the Americas and Europe. These decisions were used as case studies to identify and examine the processes in place at the national, regional and international levels, to monitor and facilitate implementation. Among the themes explored was an examination of the extent to which there may be a difference in the discourse and behaviour of various domestic actors depending on which body issued the decision. In relation to decisions of the African Commission, this research identified that while there has been increased attention paid by the Commission to the issue of monitoring the implementation of its decisions, it nevertheless lacks strategic direction and there is a risk that the momentum and opportunities created by these initiatives will be lost without further strategic and institutional development by the Commission to clarify its role.
Tackling inequality and governance challenges: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Agaba Daphine Kabagambe
Published: February 2022

The article addresses inequality and governance in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Globally, it highlights ways in which COVID-19 has further exacerbated the already worrying inequality levels. Specifically, it addresses issues such as vaccine nationalism, rising income inequality levels, while the minority become richer, some from the manufacturing and selling of COVID-related products. From a governance perspective, it is argued that the reliance on liberal democracies to deliver equality is proving to be insufficient as these have been noted to pursue and prioritise market-based strategies that ultimately perpetuate inequality. Ultimately, it is forwarded that there needs to be a rethinking of the global political economy policies, including debt, health systems, intellectual property laws and trade, in order to directly address how such systems perpetuate inequality. In the context of the African continent, the article highlights the difficulty in accessing vaccines, posing a major threat to the continent, which is experiencing waves of the pandemic that are more disturbing than those that went before. It also highlights the extent to which paucity of research affects vaccine efficiency on the continent. COVID-19 has further worsened the already precarious political and economic situation in most of Africa, characterised by countries being unable to pay debt, electoral political violence, COVID-19 denialism, exploiting COVID-19 to clamp down on opposition, and misuse of COVID-19 funds. Thus, it is recommended that there needs to be an overhaul of the already broken fiscal and political environments rather than the adoption of piecemeal economic solutions such as debt freezes, or politically-flawed ones, that ultimately do not work.
Worthy of membership? Rwanda and South Africa on the United Nations Human Rights Council
Authors: Jordaan Eduard
Published: February 2022

The election of human rights-abusing states to the human rights bodies of the United Nations has long been a source of dissatisfaction. There have been repeated calls that such states should not be members of the UN Human Rights Council. This article compares the HRC records of Rwanda, an authoritarian state, with that of South Africa, a liberal democracy. The focus falls on 12 country-specific situations and nine civil and political rights issues that appeared before the HRC from 2017 to 2019. It is demonstrated that Rwanda has been a much stronger defender of international human rights than South Africa. This finding contradicts various empirical and theoretical studies that posit a positive relationship between domestic democracy and respect for human rights, on the one hand, and international support for human rights, on the other. This finding further suggests that demands that the HRC should only have members with respectable domestic human rights records should be tempered.
The rationality test in lockdown litigation in South Africa
Authors: Eloff Daniël
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic that commenced in 2020 confronted South African courts with questions regarding the rationality of decision making during exigent times. South African administrative law has seen continuous development since the negotiated adoption of South Africa's constitutional dispensation. This article examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the interpretation and application of the test for rationality by examining three particular 'lockdown' cases and how the test was subsequently applied, in all three cases under expedited circumstances and with truncated times in terms of procedure. The three cases discussed dealt with the rationality of decisions made through executive action aimed at protecting the public against the spread of COVID-19 through restrictive measures that limited an array of constitutional rights. The article concludes that the consistent application of the rationality test and, more importantly, the supremacy of the Constitution and its guaranteed rights, do not change with the onset of a pandemic. Moreover, the scrutiny applied over governmental decision making should not waiver.
Securing legal reforms to the use of force in the context of police militarisation in Uganda: The role of public interest litigation and structural interdict
Authors: Namwase Sylvie
Published: February 2022

This article argues that the failure by the Ugandan government to put in place clear regulations governing the use of force and firearms by the police and armed security forces, particularly during joint police and military operations, as part of arrest and crowd control operations, threatens to violate the right to life, the right to freedom from inhumane treatment, the right to assemble and the right to a remedy under the Ugandan Constitution. It argues that the constitutional, statutory law and case law framework in Uganda can facilitate public interest litigation in order to secure the adoption by the Ugandan government of comprehensive and internationally-accepted standards on the use of force and firearms by police and armed security forces. The article draws on a recent progressive decision of the High Court in James Muhindo & 3 Others v Attorney-General, and the Human Rights Enforcement Act of 2019 to expound on the proactive potential of article 50 of Uganda's Constitution to deliver expedited institutional and human rights-oriented reforms and to afford the courts oversight functions in the implementation of these reforms through structural interdict. These aspects of the public interest litigation framework in Uganda offer a pathway to civilian-led reform in a highly state-controlled, politicised and militarised police and security sector over which Ugandans otherwise have no civilian oversight. Thus, the article explores the potential of public interest litigation as an empowering tool in competing approaches to state formation in transitional contexts and positions public interest litigation as a transformative response to militarisation in a fragile state.
Development of a management guide wheel for cervical cancer
Authors: Mahmoud Samy Ismail , Mahmoud Samy , Julia Ismail , Muneera AlKhalifa , Rehab Ismael , Reham Fathi , Wassan Al Ani , Shaikha Al Hajri , Nusiba Elhassan , Mooza AlKawari , Aysha AlBinali , Gulmeen Raza , Mariam Fida , Alaa Zeineldine , Uwe Torsten
Published: February 2022

We designed and developed a management guide wheel for cervical cancer to facilitate a standard approach and improve the quality of care in managing patients diagnosed with different stages of cervical cancer. Each step of the wheel considers the patient’s current medical condition, FIGO stage, and the possible treatment modalities for cervical cancer in her case. We reviewed existing international guidelines on the management of cervical cancer and compared their respective recommendations. This guide wheel is based on recommendations by the following organizations: the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO), the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the British Gynaecological Cancer Society (BGCS) and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO).
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CIDC_S16_LC_MS_Celegans_Extraction_Protocol v1
Authors: M Garcia Brianna , Asef Carter
Published: February 2022

A sample preparation protocol for lyophlized C. elegans samples to be analyzed via LC-MSMS
Utilizing the Public GenomeTrakr Database for Foodborne Pathogen Traceback v2
Authors: Timme Ruth , Sanchez Maria , Allard Marc
Published: February 2022

This protocol outlines the all the steps necessary to become a GenomeTrakr data contributor. GenomeTrakr is an international genomic reference database of mostly food and environmental isolates from foodborne pathogens. The data and analyses are housed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which is a database freely available to anyone in the world. The Pathogen Detection browser at NCBI computes daily cluster results adding the newly submitted data to the existing phylogenetic clusters of closely related genomes. Contributors to this database can see how their new isolates are related to the real-time foodborne pathogen surveillance program established in the USA and a few other countries, and at the same time adding valuable new data to the reference database. ------ Although originally published as a Chapter in Methods and Protocols, Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, the protocol has since been adapted and split into four separate protocols all of which are contained in this collection.
Comparative analysis of the CYP2D6 metabolic activity and its effect on its effect on the treatment results of primary breast cancer
Authors: Mekhtieva N. I. , Lyubchenko L. N. , Zikiryakhodzhaev A. D. , Starkova M. V.
Published: February 2022

Background. Standard treatment for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer includes long-term hormone therapy.  However, treatment efficacy varies even in homogeneous groups of patients. Tamoxifen is metabolized in the liver,  resulting in the production of endoxifen, its active metabolite. Cytochromes P450 (CYP2D6, etc.) play a major role  in converting tamoxifen to endoxifen. The CYP2D6 gene is extremely polymorphic and has more than 100 alleles that  can encode normal, high, and low metabolic activity or be inactive. Thus, patients can be divided into three groups according to the presence or absence of CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms, namely slow, intermediate, and rapid metabolizers.  

Objective – to analyze the long-term results of complex treatment of patients with early breast cancer depending  on the variability of the polymorphism of the CYP2D6 gene.  

Materials and methods. We analyzed the frequency of 3 main polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene among 89 patients with  hormone receptor-positive stage I–II breast cancer who received tamoxifen at a dose of 20 mg/day as adjuvant hormone  therapy for 6 months to 9 years. Homozygous carriers of wild-type CYP2D6 allele were assigned to the group of patients  with unchanged (normal) metabolism (Group 1) (wt CYP2D6) (n = 64), whereas homozygous and heterozygous carriers  of non-functional CYP2D6 alleles were included into the group of patients with slow metabolism (Group 2) (n = 25).  

Results. Disease progression was observed in 21 (23.6 %) patients with primary operable hormone receptor-positive  breast cancer, including 10 women from Group 1 (15.6 %) and 11 women from Group 2 (44 %); the difference between  them was statistically significant (p <0.05). Disease progression after combination therapy without chemotherapy was  registered in 8 (22.9 %) patients, including 2 (5.8 %) patients with normal metabolism and 6 patients (17.1 %) with  slow metabolism (р <0.05). Ten-year relapse-free survival rate was 85.9 % in Group 1 and 63.6 % in Group 2 (р = 0.02).  We found no significant difference in overall survival rates between the two groups, which confirmed the results  of other studies.  

Conclusion. The assessment of metabolic activity and its impact on the efficacy of combination treatment for breast  cancer is a promising method; however, it requires further research in this area.
New in the Eastern Adriatic Paleolithic. Russian-Montenegrin Investigations in 2008–2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Derevianko A. P. , Shunkov M. V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bulatović L. ,   Museums and Galleries of Podgorica, Kozlikin M. B. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Anoikin A. A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pavlenok K. K. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Agadzhanyan A. K. ,   Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulianov V. A ,   M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vishnevskiy A. V. ,   Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: February 2022

The results of fi eld and laboratory studies of multilayer archaeological sites on the territory of Montenegro, conducted by a joint expedition of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS and the Center for Archaeological Research of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2008–2021, are presented. The main objects of study were the Bioče and Mališina Stijena sites, as well as the Trlica Cave. The paper presents data on the lithology and stratigraphy of the sites Pleistocene deposits, paleontology and archaeology, the dynamics of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic cultural traditions in the Eastern Adriatic. The publication is addressed to archaeologists, paleontologists, as well as to all those interested in the ancient history of the southeastern part of Europe.
Supergroups of eukaryotes through a biotechnologist’s look. The system of eukaryotes and the need for a taxonomic/biotechnological interface
Authors: Zmitrovich Ivan V. , Perelygin Vladimir V. , Zharikov Mikhail
Published: February 2022

Eukaryotes represent a group of rich biotechnological potential, and its classification having high heuristic power and great predictive capabilities is needed by the biotechnological community. The requirements for biological classification by applied sciences can be reduced to 1) the stability of the classification system and 2) its adequacy to the nature relationships. The present paper provides a retrospective review of eukaryotic megataxonomy, assesses the stability of current system, and outlines approaches to building an interface that ensures a crosstalk of taxonomic and biotechnological communities.
Development of a software package for conversion configuration of the 1C: Enterprise platform to UML model
Authors: Балюк А.С. , Попова В.А.
Published: February 2022

Применение средств для повышения удобства создания программного обеспечения является важным аспектом при организации процесса разработки. В данной работе определяются причины применения механизмов для наглядного представления структуры современных программных систем в графическом виде. Анализируется структура прикладных решений на платформе «1С:Предприятие». Описывается формат «Дерево типов конфигурации». Приводятся этапы разработки программного комплекса для преобразования конфигураций «1С:Предприятие» в объектную модель UML с целью дальнейшей визуализации в виде диаграмм классов.

The use of tools to improve the convenience of creating software is an important aspect in the organization of the development process. The article defines the reasons for the use of mechanisms for the visual representation of the structure of modern software systems in a graphical form. The structure of applied solutions on the “1C:Enterprise” platform is analyzed. The “Configuration Type Tree” format is described. The stages of developing a software package for converting “1C:Enterprise” configurations into an object model of UML for the purpose of further visualization in the form of class diagrams are given.
Factors influencing women’s choice of health care provider during childbirth in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria
Authors: Kasso Terhemen , Asuquo Gregory W.
Published: February 2022

Background: Maternal mortality is high in sub-Saharan African countries. Maternal deaths are preventable if births are attended by skilled health care providers who can manage complications promptly when they arise. Some women however patronise traditional birth attendants who contribute to maternal mortality in Nigeria due to their inability to manage complications during and after delivery. The aim of this study was to ascertain the factors influencing women’s choice of healthcare provider during childbirth and their effect on maternal mortality in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to elicit information from mothers attending postnatal and immunization clinics at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information and the data collected was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and presented as frequencies and percentages in tables and charts.Results: The study revealed that 90.5% of the respondent’s identified obstetricians as the most skilled for delivery and most (91.5%) had utilized their services. Majority (93.5%) had good perception about obstetricians, 54.5% were not satisfied with the cost of their services stating that it was expensive. Some factors identified to influence delivery with TBAs were cheap services, ignorance, belief system, easy accessibility, availability and lesser time consumption.Conclusions: Cheap TBA services attracted women to their utilisation. Reduction in the cost of modern obstetric services will enhance their utilization, improve obstetric outcome and reduce maternal deaths.
A study on echocardiography findings in severe pre-eclampsia and their maternal and fetal outcome
Authors: C. Nandhini C. , C Raji , Priyaa P. Lakshmi
Published: February 2022

Background: Pre-eclampsia includes elevated blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria. It constitutes the major reason behind maternal mortality in developing countries. It is one of the major reasons of maternal mortality and morbidity having greater effect on fetal morbidity and mortality also. The objectives of the study were to study the echocardiography changes in severe pre-eclampsia; to determine the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in pre-eclamptic women by measuring the LV systolic and diastolic indices using echocardiography; to compare normal and abnormal ECHO findings in severe pre-eclampsia in terms of maternal and perinatal outcome.Methods: Prospective observational study conducted in department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Government Theni medical college from August 2019 to October 2020 to study normal and abnormal echocardiography changes in severe pre-eclamptic patients and to study maternal and fetal outcome in those two groups.Results: LV systolic function was within normal limits in our control and study group population of severe pre-eclampsia. Statistically significant LV diastolic dysfunction was seen Pulmonary edema and cardiac failure did not occur in any patient of our study population.Conclusions: From our study of ECHO in severe pre-eclampsia patients we came to a conclusion that left ventricular dysfunction occurs in many of the patients with severe pre-eclampsia and identification of diastolic dysfunction at an early stage could be of much use in preventing the complication which can arise due to the cardiac problems.
Study of HSG findings in our clientele: a multicentre retrospective analytical study
Authors: Yazdani Shahla , Patil Deepak , Mitra Sujoy
Published: February 2022

Background: Infertility is a social morbidity for an infertile couple. The treatment is exhaustive and expensive.Methods: Hysterosalpingography is a basic investigation for an infertile lady. We assessed the findings and outcome of HSG over one year at our tertiary care centers.Results: Bilateral patent fallopian tubes and normal uterine cavity were the commonest finding. Pain was the commonest complication in the procedure. Going for diagnostic hystero-laparoscopic was the commonest surgical intervention following HSG. Starting ATT was the commonest medicine intervention. ART Treatment involved starting intrauterine insemination cycle following HSG. Spontaneous conception was a welcome outcome in a selected subset of patients.Conclusions: HSG is an inexpensive and OPD based investigative modality. It is effective test for evaluation of infertility especially in low-resource settings. It is a stepping stone to guide further treatment in an infertile couple. A well timed and well exposed film can give numerous insights about the options for cure of this morbidity.
Evaluation of histopathology of endometrium in primary infertile women, a prospective five years observational study in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: P. Annapurna , Pattnaik Niharika
Published: February 2022

Background: Histopathology of endometrium is considered important investigation in case of infertility. The functional disturbance involved in infertility may result in morphological changes in endometrium. Endometrial histopathology is helpful in dating of endometrium so that hormonal status, ovulation and infertility.Methods: The material for this study consists of endometrial tissue obtained from patients. It was collected either by endometrial biopsy or curettage of uterus done in the minor OT department of obstetrics and gynaecology. The specimen was processed paraffin tissue processing and section of five micrometer was cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and ZN staining as per requirement.Results: Morphological and histopathological pattern of endometrium of patients with primary infertility, anovulatory (proliferative endometrium was present in 24 (30%) patients, simple hyperplasia was present in 16 (20%), deficient secretary phase was present in 26 (32.50%) patients, adequate secretary phase was present in 7 (8.75%) patients. Endometrial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 4 (5%) patients and in one patient neoplastic change was found. Arias Stella reaction was present in 1 (1.25%) patients.Conclusions: From present study we can conclude that the mean age of patients with primary infertility was 25.76±3.21 years and most of the patients were between 26 to 35 years of age. Regular menstrual cycle was present in 54 (67.5%) patients and 32.5% patients were presented with irregular cycle. The duration of infertility between 3 to 6 years was present in 34 (42.5%) patients. Secretory endometrium was present in 52.5% patients and was most common finding followed by proliferative endometrium. Endometrial tuberculosis was present in 2.5% patients.
Pregnancy outcome of isolated oligohydramnios in uncomplicated term pregnancies: an observational comparative study
Authors: Sebastian Gisi , Shiyas K. P.
Published: February 2022

Background: Oligohydramnios and its outcome is a relevant issue related to mother and fetus. Purpose of this study is to establish the obstetric and perinatal outcome in pregnancy associated with ‘isolated oligohydramnios as compared to women with normal liquor.Methods: This is an observational comparative study done at Al Azhar Medical College, Thodupuzha, Kerala, India on 50 pregnant women of 37 weeks of gestation or more and diagnosed to have oligohydramnios without any high-risk factors. Age, parity, gestational age matched patients without any high-risk factors and AFI >5 cm attending the OPD /ward were taken as controls. In each group there were 25 subjects. After getting informed consent those who fulfilled inclusion criteria were followed through the delivery and immediate neonatal outcome were assessed. Parameters like age, parity, amniotic fluid volume, gestational age at delivery, mode of onset of labor, indication of induction, methods of induction, need for augmentation of labor, CTG patterns, color of liquor, mode of delivery, indications of caesarean section., distribution of APGAR score were analyzed.Results: There were significant difference in maternal outcomes in patients with isolated oligohydramnios in the form of increased rates of induction of labor, augmentation of labor, meconium-stained liquor, non-reassuring fetal heart pattern, caesarean section rates without any significant effects on neonatal outcome.Conclusions: Isolated oligohydramnios has increased rate of induction of labor, meconium-stained liquor, CTG abnormalities and caesarean section rates without significant increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Management of an unexpected laparoscopic complication in a low-resource setting
Authors: Hasabe Rakesh , Tripathi Neha S. , Bapat Supriya
Published: February 2022

Objective of this study is to describe the management of a rare and unexpected complication due to the breakage of a surgical blade tip during vaginal coring in a case of total laparoscopic hysterectomy in a low-resource setting. In this case report we are describing an unexpected complication which arose when a No. 11 surgical blade tip broke and got displaced during vaginal coring in a case of total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy. When it was not possible to locate the blade tip in the abdominopelvic cavity, its location was triangulated using thorough manual examination followed by live imaging, and the blade tip was retrieved without damage to surrounding structures. The details of the loss and retrieval of the blade tip emphasize the need for a systematic approach to instrument upkeep, personnel training, and judicious use of available imaging in low-resource settings to manage unexpected and rare complications quickly and effectively during laparoscopic surgeries.
Successful conservative treatment of a caesarean scar twin pregnancy with systemically administered methotrexate and subsequent uterine artery embolization: a rare case report
Authors: Elango Shanthi K. , Nevetha K. , . Aruna
Published: February 2022

Caesarean scar pregnancy is a very rare form of ectopic pregnancy. It complicates approximately 1 in 2200 pregnancies. However, it is becoming increasingly more frequent with the increasing number of caesarean sections performed each year. The recommended approach to treatment is therapeutic termination of pregnancy at the time of recognition. In this article, we present a case of caesarean scar pregnancy managed expectantly with Methotrexate and uterine Artery Embolization. We reported a case of 30 years old female, gravida 5, para1, live 1, abortion 3 with a previous history of caesarean section with GA of 8w5d/DCDA twin was admitted in view of low implantation of gestational sacs in lower uterine corpus. Trans vaginal ultrasound done and diagnosis of caesarean scar twin pregnancy was made. She was treated with Methotrexate 50 mg intramuscularly along with uterine artery embolization and follow up with beta HCG levels. Post embolization sac size was reduced and falling level of beta HCG values. Patient was discharged and follow-up with beta HCG level weekly. It is important for obstetrician and radiologist managing women with risk factor for a scar ectopic pregnancy to maintain a high index of suspicion during follow up. Failure to diagnose and initiate prompt management may lead to uterine rupture, massive Haemorrhage and maternal death.
Correlating CT severity score and laboratory parameters in COVID-19 patients: the Indian experience
Authors: Singhal Annu , Ramar Raja Kumar , Kottiyath Vivek C. , Gupta Nishtha
Published: February 2022

Background: Patients with COVID-19 infection present with myriad of symptoms to the clinicians. Many of these patients undergo HRCT chest and various lab tests during their treatment. Correlation between various lab parameters and severity of the disease on chest CT would be helpful in management of such patients. In situations where CT is not available, lab parameters may help to predict disease severity. The primary objective was to find out if there was any correlation between CT severity scores and laboratory parameters in patients having COVID-19 and if one can be extrapolated in cases where CT facilities may not be available.Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, and observational study. CT severity scores were obtained in all the patients using the 25 point scale. The following lab parameters were assessed: TLC, DLC, SGOT, SGPT, CRP, D-Dimer, IL-6, Serum Ferritin and serum LDH. Correlation was done between the CT score and various lab parameters using Pearson correlation coefficient test.Results: 285 patients with positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test were included in the study. CT score showed statistically significant positive correlation with age, TLC, Neutrophil count, SGOT, SGPT, CRP, D-dimer, IL-6, Ferritin and LDH with p-values less than 0.05. Negative correlation was seen with Lymphocyte count. Severe disease was found to be more common in older patients.Conclusions: In our study, CRP, LDH, Serum ferritin, IL-6 and D-dimer levels were observed to have positive correlation with disease severity on CT.  Thus these measured at the time of admission can be taken into consideration to predict radiological severity.
Treatment outcomes of patients with isoniazid resistant tuberculosis under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in Ahmedabad city: a retrospective study
Authors: Nagar Jatin G. , Rami Kiran C. , Patel Meghna M. , Bhavsar Kaushal M.
Published: February 2022

Background: Drug resistance tuberculosis remains major public health problem worldwide. In India, the incidence of any isoniazid-resistant TB is 11.6% in new tuberculosis patients, while in previously treated patients, incidence is 25%. For isoniazid resistant cases management 6-9 months duration of H mono regimen containing rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and levofloxacin is available under national tuberculosis elimination programme. We present a retrospective study on outcomes of patients of H mono regime in years 2019 and 2020 in Ahmedabad city.Methods: Retrospectively we collected data about age, sex, co-morbid conditions, resistance level (high/low level isoniazid resistance) and treatment outcome of patients put on H Mono regimen under programme from January 2019 to December 2020 in Ahmedabad city from Ni-kshay, an online web-based portal.Results: We have collected data of 251 patients (147 in 2019, 104 in 2020). Out of 251, 188 were males and 63 females. Out of 251, favourable outcome seen in 57.4% patients and unfavourable outcome seen in 42.6% patients. Favourable outcome was significantly higher among females compared to males.Conclusions: Management of drug resistance tuberculosis according to drug sensitivity helps in better patient outcome. Early diagnosis of drug resistance and its treatment, timely diagnosis of treatment failure and management, better patient compliance and patient education about disease help in decrease in the unfavourable outcome.
Fate of indeterminate microbial keratitis
Authors: Jain Shikha , Pathak Ashok , Mammel Anwara , Malhotra Shalini
Published: February 2022

Background: Previous published literature has shown that there is no significant difference between outcomes of culture positive and culture negative infective keratitis. This study was done to find the outcome in cases of indeterminate keratitis in our institute. Purpose was to highlight the fate of indeterminate microbial keratitis.Methods: Patients presenting to cornea services of ABVIMS and Dr. RML hospital from February 2017 to April 2021 were evaluated for demographic and microbiological assessment, clinical presentation and management.Results: The 188 out of 310 cases were microbiologically positive. No organism could be detected in 122 cases. Clinical prognosis is worse in cases of indeterminate keratitis.Conclusions: Cases with indeterminate microbial keratitis do not show timely and appropriate response which leads to spread of infection resulting in more complications and less CDVA.
Study of the post operative outcome in orthopeadic management in cases of high HBA1c diabetic patients-a case series
Authors: Mahajan Neetin P. , Chaudhari Kunal , Talukder Pritam , Pande Kartik , Dadhaniya Ravikumar
Published: February 2022

Elderly diabetic patients are at risk of poor fracture healing in post-traumatic fracture seven due to trivial low energy falls and chronic pathological bone involvement. Glycated haemoglobins are haemoglobins with an attached sugar moiety. HbA1c is the predominant fraction of HbA1 and gives an estimate of the blood sugar levels of an individual over the last three months. Here we present a case series of 3 elderly patients who came to us with post traumatic fractures or chronic bone pathologies and very high HBA1C values (>10%) who required operative orthopaedics management. The injuries were adequately managed with splintage and operative procedures after proper control of the patients’ blood sugars levels. Postoperatively mobilization was challenging. Orthopaedic chronic bone pathologies and post traumatic limb fractures with uncontrolled sugar and very high HBa1c are very difficult to treat. Postoperatively patients are at a very high risk of infection, poor suture healing, risk of repeat fracture, osteoporosis, etc which often results into functional outcome being hampered. Proper counselling by operating surgeon, physiotherapy and postoperative rehabilitation with the help of relatives and assisting devices with strict preoperative and post operative sugar control provides good outcome. In cases of trauma in old age, one should always thoroughly examine and screen for comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes using reliable markers such as HBa1c levels. So that early appropriate treatment and mobilization can be done with good functional outcome.
Transformation of neglected corneal ulcer
Authors: Kresentia Stevie , Surya Amir
Published: February 2022

A corneal ulcer is a sight-threatening condition that can be found in an outpatient clinic. Managing the corneal ulcer precisely and rapidly can minimize its symptoms and improve the vision for a better quality of life. In our case, a 52-year-old man came to the eye clinic with chief complaints of redness, tearing, blurring, and pain in his right eye three weeks ago. The other complaints were photophobia, hard to open his eye, and accompanied by yellowish secretion. He never got any medical treatment for his eye. From the examination, his visual acuity was hand movement; we found blepharospasm and lagophthalmos, conjunctiva hyperemia with chemosis, 6 mm central corneal ulcer with perilimbal neovascularization, and without hypopyon. The patient was admitted for hospitalization for intensive monitoring and treatment. The symptoms were lessened at first, but sadly there was no significant change in the vision and corneal condition. The eye condition was stable for the first week after he went home. However, the next week, the hypopyon and decemetocele show up as new manifestations and due to the patient's delay, his condition even got worse. In consequence, patient awareness and compliance play an essential role in promoting the healing of the cornea.
A comparative study between closed vs open reduction of type 3 supracondylar fracture of humerus fixed with K wire in children
Authors: Mamood Aminul Islam
Published: February 2022

Background: Supracondylar fracture of humerus is one of the most common fractures in upper limbs in children’s, more common in male child and peak age between 5 to 10 years. Object of this study was to compare the outcome between open vs closed reduction with K wire fixation for supracondylar fracture of humerus.

Methods: Children with type 3 supracondylar fracture of humerus were categorized in to group A (closed) and group B (open). All children were followed for 6 months and outcome of treatment was evaluated using Flynn΄s criteria.

Results: The study consisted of 35 types3 supracondylar fractures. Group A (closed reduction) had 20 cases, among them were 15 males and 5 females. Group B (open reduction) had 15 cases, among them were 12 males and 3 females. Peak age between 5-10 years and male preponderance in both groups.

Conclusions: Closed reduction and K wire fixation had very good results for type 3 supracondylar fractures of humerus in children than open reduction. In cases where proper/satisfactory closed reduction not achieved open method used.
Management of acetabulum fracture with contralateral neck of femur in an obese patient: a rare case report
Authors: D. Sidharth , U. Thyagarajan , B. Raghavendran , Siddharth Raghul
Published: February 2022

Acetabular fractures are complex fractures that pose a challenge for orthopaedic trauma surgeons due to their extension into the hip joint. The simultaneous occurrence of contralateral neck of femur fracture in an obese patient makes postoperative wound healing and rehabilitation even challenging. Here, we report a case of management of acetabulum fracture with contralateral neck of femur fracture in an obese patient. We are reporting a case of a 50-year-old obese female from Chennai who presented to the Department of Orthopaedics, SRIHER, Chennai, with complaints of bilateral hip pain and inability to weight bear on bilateral lower limb, following a high-velocity road traffic accident. She was diagnosed to have left acetabulum fracture with right hip displaced neck of femur fracture. We managed her with right hip bipolar hemiarthroplasty and left acetabulum open reduction and internal fixation. 6 month follow up showed excellent radiological and functional outcome. This case report highlights how obesity alters the surgical and medical management in obese patients with contralateral acetabulum and neck of femur fracture and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in such polytrauma patients.
El Diario de viaje al sur de Chile de fray Buenaventura Vargas (1921)
Authors: Alvarado Sánchez Nelson Manuel
Published: February 2022

Fray Buenaventura Vargas, religioso franciscano chileno, recorrió el sur chileno, desde La Araucanía a Chiloé en 1921, cuya crónica publicó en la revista franciscana Verdad y Bien del mismo año. El presente artículo, pretende presentar y describir este diario de viaje: conociendo a su autor; detallando las descripciones de los lugares, la movilidad, los habitantes y las obras católicas visitadas; y relacionando sus opiniones con otras preocupaciones sociales y eclesiales de la época. Para ello se recopiló la publicación en la revista, se determinaron los cinco temas centrales y se analizaron desde la mirada de un chileno capitalino sobre el paisaje rural y urbano, las vías de transporte, la implementación de la acción social católica y la realidad indígena y chilota. El valor de este relato está en estas descripciones y su relación con la permanencia de realidades, conflictos y cambios en la sociedad chilena en los últimos cien años.
La traducción de literatura de viajeros en la correspondencia intelectual de José Luis Busaniche (1934 – 1951)
Authors: Sanfilippo Renzo
Published: February 2022

Entre las décadas de 1930 y 1950 el historiador argentino José Luis Busaniche tradujo al español relatos de viajeros europeos del siglo XIX. En este trabajo analizamos sus cartas con M. Leguizamón, E. Ravignani y A. Paulin a fin de rastrear las condiciones históricas que hicieron viable la producción y publicación de sus traducciones. El artículo contiene una nota biográfica, un apartado sobre el contexto editorial de la primera mitad del siglo XX, un examen de sus discursos públicos y privados referidos a las obras de W. Yates (1941) y de J.A. Graaner (1949), y un cierre sobre el impacto de sus traducciones en su trayectoria y en el campo historiográfico. Concluimos que la historia profesional fue limitada en cuanto a la difusión de literatura de viajes, pero advertimos que la práctica de traducción le permitió a Busaniche elaborar fuentes históricas que hoy son recuperadas en el ámbito académico.
Trade Unions in the Nordic Labor Market Models – Signs of Erosion? Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Høgedahl Laust , Nergaard Kristine , Alsos Kristin
Published: February 2022

The Nordic countries are known for being small open economies with large public sectors due to universal welfare states and high living standards across occupations and education levels. This combination has recently been characterized as a balanced growth model in which both exports and internal demand (private and public) contributes to economic growth. In contrast to export-led growth models – as seen in Germany – which have starved wages and thus internal demand to increase the cost competitiveness of the export sector (Baccaro & Pontusson 2016), the Nordic countries seem to be able to do both (Alsos et al. 2019). In 2013, The Economist proclaimed Nordic countries as the world’s next ‘supermodel’ due to the emphasis on market dynamics and income security rather than job tenure – a useful blueprint for labor market policy configured for the rapid technological changes foreshadowed in the twenty-first century (Wooldridge 2013).In more recent years, the OECD has linked the flexibility, high economic performance, and high living standards with independent collective bargaining conducted by strong social partners (OECD 2018, 2019). In all the Nordic countries, the industrial or employment relations systems are based on collective pattern bargaining involving strong trade unions and multi-employer organizations with a minimum of state intervention (Andersen et al. 2015). This system of collective bargaining is underpinned by strong local cooperation between employers and employees (Rasmussen & Høgedahl 2021).Hence, it is evident that the performance and success of the Nordic labor market models rely on strong collective representation through trade unions and employer organizations (Høgedahl 2020). However, although employer density levels seem stable, Nordic trade unions have all to some degree seen a membership decline since the mid- 1990s. This trend begs the question: Do trade unions within the Nordic labor market models showing signs of erosion? If so – why is the union density dropping and what are the implications for the Nordic labor market models?