bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inverse Gini indexed averaging: A multi-leveled ensemble approach for skin lesion classification using attention-integrated customized ResNet variants
Authors: Efat Anwar Hossain , Hasan SM Mahedy , Uddin Md Palash , Emon Faysal Hossain
Published: January 2025

Objective

To improve the accuracy and explainability of skin lesion detection and classification, particularly for several types of skin cancers, through a novel approach based on the convolutional neural networks with attention-integrated customized ResNet variants (CRVs) and an optimized ensemble learning (EL) strategy.

Methods

Our approach utilizes all ResNet variants combined with three attention mechanisms: channel attention, soft attention, and squeeze-excitation attention. These attention-integrated ResNet variants are aggregated through a unique multi-level EL strategy. We propose an innovative weight optimization method, inverse Gini indexed averaging (IGIA), which is further extended to multi-leveled IGIA (ML-IGIA) to determine the optimal weights for each model within multiple ensemble levels. For interpretability, we employ gradient class activation map to highlight the regions responsible for classification dominance, enhancing the model’s transparency.

Results

Our method was evaluated on the Human Against Machines 10000 dataset, achieving a superior accuracy of 94.52% with the ML-IGIA approach, outperforming existing methods.

Conclusions

The proposed CRV-based ensemble model with ML-IGIA demonstrates robust performance in skin lesion classification, offering both high accuracy and enhanced interpretability. This approach addresses the current research gap in effective weight optimization in EL and supports timely, automated skin disease detection.
Enhance health evidence quality in classification tasks: A triangulation approach utilizing case-based reasoning and process features
Authors: Guo Ruihua , Smith Ross , Chen Qifan , Ritchie Angus , Poon Simon
Published: January 2025

Objective

Machine learning (ML) has enabled healthcare discoveries by facilitating efficient modeling, such as for cancer screening. Unlike clinical trials, real-world data used in ML are often gathered for multiple purposes, leading to bias and missing information for a specific classification task. This challenge is especially pronounced in healthcare because of stringent ethical considerations and resource constraints. This study proposed an integrated approach to enhance the quality of health evidence from a classification task for predicting Medicare's Diagnosis-Related Groups of ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients.

Methods

Eligible participants were identified from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC IV), a publicly available hospital database. Six ML models were selected for model triangulation. Sequential triangulation was employed via Local Process Mining (LPM) and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA).

Results

A total of 1545 IHD hospitalizations from 916 patients were identified from the MIMIC IV. Eight health process features were identified through LPM aligned with clinical knowledge. The correlation coefficients for process features, ranging from 0.24 to 0.42, are higher than those for non-process features ranged from 0.02 to 0.36. A total of 56 unique combinations were identified from the QCA, with 28 configurations having raw coverage lower than 1.0%. The overall model performance (i.e. weighted F1 and area under the curve scores) increased after adopting this integrated approach. The proportion of cases misclassified by any of the six models decreased by 47% after incorporating process features (from 5.29% to 2.91%) and further decreased to 0.0% after applying the QCA solutions.

Conclusion

The integrated approach demonstrates its ability to enhance quality of a classification task through its clinical relevance, improved model performance, and reduced case-level error rates. However, more scalable QCA methods are needed for larger datasets. Developing health process feature engineering for broader applications can be a future direction.
Students perspectives on the development and deployment of an AI-enabled service robot in long-term care
Authors: Hung Lillian , Abdulai Abdul-Fatawu , Soni Albin , Wong Karen Lok Yi , Ren Lily Haopu , Xia Rachel , Davies Katharine
Published: January 2025

The need for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in gerontology education is underscored by the potential benefits it offers in addressing loneliness and supporting social connection among older adults in long-term care (LTC) homes. While the workforce in LTC is often overburdened, AI-enabled service robots present possible solutions to enhance residents’ quality of life. However, the incorporation of AI and service robots in current gerontology curricula is lacking, and the views of students on this subject remain largely unexamined. This study aims to fill this gap by capturing the perspectives of university students regarding the deployment of an AI robot, Aether, in LTC environments. In this qualitative study, we conducted focus groups with 22 university students. Our thematic analysis identified three themes: (1) Aether’s anticipated usage in geriatric care: companionship support and complementing the work of staff; (2) Challenges in using Aether: technical and emotional challenges; and (3) Solutions and future possibilities: expanding functionalities and integrating personalization features. Students expressed a positive outlook on the role of AI-enabled robots while also highlighting the necessity of addressing ethical and practical considerations. To effectively integrate AI technology in gerontology education, it is essential to understand and incorporate student perspectives, attitudes, and opinions.
Out of sight, out of mind — Registered nurses’ views of the meal environment at long-term care facilities for older persons: A qualitative interview study in Sweden
Authors: Lindgren Mattias , Junaeus Ida-Maria , Emmesjö Lina , Hallgren Jenny
Published: January 2025

The meal environment is the first impression of a meal, and, if it is not appealing, it lowers the willingness to eat. Malnutrition is the registered nurses’ (RN) responsibility in the municipality. However, the responsibility of the meal environment is unclear. Therefore, semi-structured interviews with 10 nurses were held, aiming to explore RNs’ experiences of meal environment within long-term care facilities for older persons, analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The study method was compliant with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. The meal environment became a grey area of responsibility, overshadowed by focus on nutrition for the RN. The RN expressed how they did not consider it part of their role to create a positive mealtime environment, avoiding the meal environment at mealtimes. However, they experienced an obstacle of raising these needs were lack of time and a stagnant view of the division of labor between the RN and assistant nurse, leading to the meal environment becoming no one’s responsibility.
Sleep promotion appearing in nursing documentations – a descriptive study
Authors: Paala Elina , Liljeroos Hanna , Taskinen Heidi , Ritmala Marita , Lundgrén-Laine Heljä , Salanterä Sanna , Koivunen Marita
Published: January 2025

Sleep is essential for health and well-being. The hospital is a challenging environment for sleeping and inpatients are at risk for insufficient and poor-quality sleep. Nurses have an important role to promote patients’ sleep and well-being. The quality of sleep should be assessed, and the activities taken should be documented accordingly. The aim of this study was to describe nursing activities of sleep promotion according to the nursing documentation. The data were collected from nursing documentations in electronic patient records of 50 + 50 patients in two central hospitals in Finland. The data were analysed using deductive content analysis. According to documentation, nurses promoted patients’ sleep in many ways. They treated sleep-disturbing symptoms, arranged a good sleeping environment and supported patients’ emotional well-being. Nurses also comprehensively observed patients’ sleep and documented it. Many sleep-promoting activities were not done intentionally to promote sleep but are known to be such according to previous studies. Nursing documentation gives a comprehensive picture of sleep promotion as part of nursing care. Sleep is assessed and various activities are in use, although not always intentionally. Nurse managers have an important role ensuring the use of evidence and that nurses have enough knowledge to promote patients’ sleep.
A Juxta-Arterial and Perimembranous Confluent Ventricular Septal Defect in Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Yokoyama Shinya , Fukuba Ryohei , Tonomura Rei , Mitani Kazuhiro , Uemura Hideki
Published: January 2025

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with a rare form of ventricular septal defect (VSD) needs careful attention when choosing the optimal strategy for repair. A neonate with TGA and an atypical VSD, which extended from the perimembranous to the juxta-arterial regions, underwent the arterial switch procedure. The large VSD was successfully closed via a trans-tricuspid combined with a trans-aortic valve approach concomitantly with the arterial switch maneuver. Surgeons need to be aware aware that the types of VSD are diverse in TGA.
Black Children’s Refusal in a “Hege-Mindful” World
Authors: Laixely Jadyn , Sanders-Smith Stephanie C.
Published: January 2025

This case study examines the connections between mindfulness activities and related benefits, including wellness, as 13 Black fifth graders embarked on an 8-week mindfulness program in their public-school classroom. The children responded well to the program and exhibited some wellness outcomes associated with mindfulness. However, hegemonic school and classroom practices emphasizing adult control and minimal child agency prevented the children from practicing new mindfulness skills or sustaining feelings of wellness, mattering, and harmony throughout the school day. We found that classroom mindfulness efforts, when not supported by all classroom teachers and administrators, necessarily limit Black children’s ability to develop a sense of self-awareness and self-efficacy and can in fact reinforce feelings of self-blame. Our findings suggest that mindfulness programs can have a positive impact for Black children when paired with antiracist practices, allowing space for the children to practice refusal and prioritize their right to matter.
Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling: Evidence, Global Trends, and US Policy Landscape
Authors: St. George Sara M. , Morales Vanessa , Laurie Christopher , Bean Melanie K. , Figueroa Roger , Adams Elizabeth L. , Greenthal Eva
Published: January 2025

Americans consume added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium in excess, which heightens risk of preventable, diet-related chronic diseases. Many packaged foods and beverages high in these nutrients feature confusing labels, hindering consumers’ ability to make choices that align with their health goals. Front-of-package nutrition labels (FOPNL) aim to address this issue by providing clear, accessible nutrition information on the front of product packaging, enabling quicker and more informed comparisons between products. FOPNL can positively influence more nutritious consumer purchasing decisions and encourage healthier food industry practices. Although over a dozen countries have mandatory FOPNL policies, the United States (U.S.) has yet to adopt this policy. This paper overviews FOPNL evidence and global trends, as well as the legislative context for adopting FOPNL as a standard practice in the U.S.
Patient Experience Regarding Medication-Related Information Received in a Rural Private Polyclinic Setting in Vietnam
Authors: Duyen Vo Quang Loc , Nguyen Minh Trung , Yen Dang Thi Ngoc , Dung Quach Thi Hong , Ngoc Truong Huynh Kim , Dewey Rebecca Susan , Tran Thi Thu , Tran Van De
Published: January 2025

Inadequate provision of medication-related information can lead to nonadherence to treatment. This study aims to investigate patient satisfaction regarding medication-related information provided by healthcare professionals and to identify factors associated with patient experience regarding information. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in October 2023 among 400 patients at a rural private polyclinic in Ben Tre, Vietnam by using a self-administered questionnaire. The key findings of this study showed that over half of the participants expressed overall satisfaction with the information provided (52%), with 57.5% satisfaction on the action and use subscale, and 56.8% satisfaction on the potential problems subscale. Patients aged 41 to 60 ( P = .018), those older than 60 ( P = .001), those with more than 2 dependents ( P = .038), and those receiving information only from nurses ( P = .009) were more likely to be satisfied with the information they received. Patient satisfaction with medication-related information received was low. Healthcare professionals should ensure timely and comprehensive communication about medications, particularly regarding potential side effects. While this study primarily focused on satisfaction, the closely related concept of patient experience warrants further exploration in future studies with a more deliberate focus.
Factors Influencing Modern Family Planning Utilization and Barriers in Women of Reproductive Age in the Iringa Region, Tanzania: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Ngole Besha E. , Joho Angelina A.
Published: January 2025

Background

Preventing unwanted pregnancies, achieving optimal child spacing, and improving quality of life are benefits of modern family planning (FP). This study aimed to assess modern FP use, identify the factors influencing its use and determine the barriers to FP use among women of reproductive age.

Methods

A mixed-methods approach was conducted in the Iringa Region between March and July 2022. Conveniently, 368 women of reproductive age were included in the quantitative study, and 48 were purposively selected for the qualitative study based on reported barriers to using modern FP. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and interview guides were used for data collection. The factors of modern FP use were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The p < 0.05 was considered to be significant. For qualitative data, all interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed manually through thematic analysis.

Results

The prevalence of modern FP use was 181 (49%). Being married (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.77–16.73, p = .003), parity of 6 and more (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.99–5.95, p = .052), availability of modern FP methods (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.03–2.85, p = .038), and women with primary education level (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.03–3.25, p = .001), women with secondary and higher education (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.41–4.38, p = .001), were predictors for modern FP utilization. Four main themes merged (1) individual barriers, (2) hospital barriers, (3) cultural barriers, and (4) knowledge of modern FP methods.

Conclusion

The use of modern FP increases with women's education. There is a need for the government to invest in women's education and raise awareness and knowledge of the benefits of modern FP methods.
Climate emotions in remote, rural, and small communities across Canada: Exploring lived experiences through interviews and letters
Authors: Galway Lindsay P.
Published: January 2025

As the consequences of climate change become more severe and widespread, efforts to understand and address the emotional dimensions of the climate crisis are increasingly necessary. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of climate emotions in remote, rural, and small communities across Canada. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a letter writing process with 27 participants representing diversity in terms of geography, climate vulnerability, and socio-demographic characteristics. Thematic network analysis resulted in three global themes: (1) complex, intense, and interconnected climate emotions, (2) factors shaping climate emotions, and (3) consequences of climate emotions. The findings demonstrate that the lived experiences of climate emotions involve a wide array of complex, interconnected, and embodied emotions characterized by affective dilemmas and tensions. For most, climate emotions are challenging and experienced in isolation resulting in consequences for wellbeing, life decisions, and action. Importantly, the data illustrate the influence of intersecting identities, social factors, perceived responsibilities, and place in terms of giving rise and shape to climate emotions. The findings also emphasize that the lived experiences of climate emotions may be particularly impactful in remote, rural, and small communities that are commonly marginalized and disempowered, where people tend to have close connections to the natural world, and where a socialized silencing around climate change and climate emotions is pervasive. Taken together, the findings highlight the imperative of supporting collective coping through place-specific and intersectional processes that recognize the tensions and challenges that characterize climate emotions as well as the diversity of factors that give rise and shape to climate emotions.
Detection of Francisellaceae and the differentiation of main European F. tularensis ssp. holarctica strains (Clades) by new designed qPCR assays
Authors: Köppen Kristin , Rydzewski Kerstin , Zajac Julia , Al-Senwi Marwah , Evcimen Sema , Schulze Darius , Jacob Daniela , Heuner Klaus
Published: January 2025

Background

The zoonotic and highly infectious pathogen Francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of tularemia. Tularemia in humans is mainly caused by F. tularensis subspecies tularensis and holarctica, but Francisella species like F. novicida, F. philomiragia, F. hispaniensis and others are known to cause tularemia-like infections in immunocompromised humans. In addition to these Francisella species, further genera of the family Francisellaceae have been described, such as Allofrancisella, Parafrancisella and Pseudofrancisella, but less is known about the distribution and putative virulence of these genera. The methods currently available were not made for a fast and easy detection of all these strains and genera of Francisellaceae.

Results

We developed a multiplex quantitative real-time PCR assay that can accurately detect all genera of Francisellaceae, including Francisella, Francisella-like endosymbionts, Allofrancisella, Parafrancisella and Pseudofrancisella. In addition, we developed a qPCR assay to differentiate the major clades (B.4, B.6 and B.12 [B.71 and B.72]) of F. tularensis ssp. holarctica strains. Both primer sets were shown to work on isolated DNA out of human and tick samples.

Conclusion

Since the developed qPCRs are able to detect all genera of Francisellaceae tested, an easy and fast identification of opportunistic Francisella strains causing tularemia-like symptoms in humans or animals is possible now. The application of these qPCR assays will thus improve the capability for clinical diagnostics and molecular typing during epidemiological investigations.
Evaluation of maSSS/maSES-PEG2-RM26 for their potential therapeutic use after labeling with Re-188. Could their [99mTc]Tc-labeled counterparts be used to estimate dosimetry?
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis , Yu Quanyi , Abouzayed Abouzayed , Bezverkhniaia Ekaterina , Tolmachev Vladimir , Orlova Anna
Published: January 2025

Background

Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-directed radiopharmaceuticals for targeted radionuclide therapy may be a very promising addition in prostate and breast cancer patient management. Aiming to provide a GRPR-targeting theranostic pair, we have utilized the Tc-99m/Re-188 radiometal pair, in combination with two bombesin based antagonists, maSSS-PEG2-RM26 and maSES-PEG2-RM26. The two main aims of the current study were (i) to elucidate the influence of the radiometal-exchange on the biodistribution profile of the two peptides and (ii) to evaluate the feasibility of using the [99mTc]Tc labeled counterparts for the dosimetry estimation for the [188Re]Re-labeled conjugates.

Results

Both peptides were successfully labeled with Re-188 and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In GRPR expressing PC-3 cells, both [188Re]Re-labeled peptides displayed high cellular uptake (8.5 ± 0.1% and 5 ± 0.3% of added activity, respectively), heavily GRPR-driven, while retaining the radioantagonistic profile with slow internalization rates. Both agents demonstrated high receptor affinity when loaded with natRe (7.5 nM and 8 nM, respectively). When tested in vivo in GRPR expressing PC-3 xenografts, both radioantagonists demonstrated high tumor accumulation (6.3 ± 0.5%IA/g and 5 ± 1%IA/g at 1 h pi, respectively), with good retention over time (4 ± 2%IA/g and 3.1 ± 0.1%IA/g at 4 h pi, respectively). In addition, their biodistribution profiles were closely mimicking their [99mTc]Tc-labeled counterparts. Statistically significant lower tumor uptake was found for both conjugates labeled with Tc-99m, which may result in underestimation of the dose delivered to the tumor.

Conclusions

All the results indicate that Tc-99 m could be used for dosimetry evaluation for the two [188Re]Re-labeled radioligands, with minimal alterations in their biodistribution pattern and tumor targeting capabilities.
Transethosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Ultra-Deformable Vesicular Systems for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Seenivasan Raagul , Halagali Praveen , Nayak Devika , Tippavajhala Vamshi Krishna
Published: January 2025

The transdermal route is one of the effective routes for delivering drugs. It also overcomes many limitations associated with oral delivery. One of the limitations of this route is the drug’s poor skin permeability—stratum corneum, the skin’s outermost layer that also acts as a barrier for the drug to penetrate. Traditional liposomal formulation is utilized to overcome these limitations. However, these liposomes also have certain difficulty in delivering drugs across the barriers. Ultra-deformable vesicles are novel vesicular structures that are flexible and stable, they can easily bypass the skin barriers more efficiently and thus enhance bioavailability. These vesicles consist of ethosomes, transethosomes, and transferosomes. Transethosomes are more advanced than other vesicular systems because they contain ethanol, phospholipids, and edge activators, making them more deformable and easier to penetrate deeper skin membranes. These vesicular systems can be prepared by various methods, such as cold, hot, and thin film hydration. Characterization of transethosomes includes vesicular size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency, stability, and drug release studies. These vesicular systems can be utilized to deliver a variety of medications transdermally, including analgesics, antibiotics, and arthritis medications. Despite their promising potential, ethanol-based formulations present several problems requiring additional study. This review aims to describe various vesicular structures that have been used to overcome the barrier for the transdermal delivery of drugs and also describe brief composition, method of preparation, characterization, mechanism of penetration of transethosomes, as well as highlighted various applications of transethosomes in medicine, clinical trials and patents.
Intestinal Distension Induced by Luminal D-allulose Promotes GLP-1 Secretion in Male Rats
Authors: Mizuma Shiori , Hayakawa Masaki , Hira Tohru
Published: January 2025

The secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is promoted by various nutrients, and glucose and fructose stimulate GLP-1 secretion via intracellular metabolism. D-allulose (allulose), a nonmetabolizable epimer of D-fructose, is also effective in stimulating GLP-1 secretion, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear. We previously observed intestinal distension after the oral administration of allulose, accompanied by increased GLP-1 secretion in rats, possibly because of the low or slow absorbability of allulose. In this study, we sought to determine whether intestinal distension caused by allulose and other factors gives rise to GLP-1 secretion in rats. We found that the oral coadministration of carbonated water enhanced allulose-induced GLP-1 secretion. Polyethylene glycol 1000 and D-mannitol, which are water-soluble and poorly absorbable, stimulated GLP-1 secretion. However, cellulose (insoluble), and tetra ethylene glycol (water-soluble and absorbable) did not. The secretion of GLP-1 increased as the absolute amount of allulose increased, independent of the concentration. The extent of the GLP-1 secretory response was positively correlated with the intestinal content volume and diameter after allulose administration. Furthermore, the intraileal administration of air expanded the intestine-induced secretion of GLP-1. Our results demonstrate that allulose promotes GLP-1 secretion, at least in part, via intestinal distension as a novel GLP-1 secretory mechanism. Physical stimulation may also contribute to postprandial GLP-1 secretion.
Critical Insights Into LEAP2 Biology and Physiological Functions: Potential Roles Beyond Ghrelin Antagonism
Authors: Perelló Mario
Published: January 2025

Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) has recently emerged as a novel hormone that reduces food intake and glycemia by acting through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), also known as the ghrelin receptor. This discovery has led to a fundamental reconceptualization of GHSR's functional dynamics, now understood to be under a dual and opposing regulation. LEAP2 exhibits several distinctive features. LEAP2 is released by hepatocytes and enterocytes, 2 cell types that lack classical regulatory secretory mechanisms and may respond differently to nutrient signals. LEAP2 is also found in higher concentrations in plasma than ghrelin, even under energy deficit conditions, and modulates GHSR by inhibiting both ghrelin-dependent and ghrelin-independent activities. Given these characteristics, LEAP2 appears to play a major role in regulating GHSR activity in vivo, extending beyond simple ghrelin antagonism and being crucial for the long-term regulation of energy balance. A deeper understanding of how LEAP2 functions may clarify the functional implications of GHSR in different physiological contexts and unlock new therapeutic strategies for treating obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders.
Stress Parameters of Horse Riders in Kök-Börü Games by Winning and Losing Situations
Authors: Rişvanli Ali , Şen İsmail , Canuzakov Kanat , Tulobayev Askarbek , Taş Abuzer , Salykov Ruslan , Ceylan Nezahat , Ceylan Alpaslan , Türkçapar Ünal , Alimov Ulanbek , Kazakbayeva Arina , Cunuşova Ayday , Uulu Nur Abdimnap , Yuksel Burak F. , Turanli Mert , Uz Muhammed , Bayraktar Metin
Published: January 2025

Introduction

This study examined the effects of winning or losing situations on the stress, metabolic, and physiological aspects of horse riders in Kök-Börü, a traditional equestrian team game.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from the riders of four different teams participating in two separate Kök-Börü games, both before and after gameplay. The samples were examined for levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin, adrenaline, noradrenaline, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) using species-specific commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The same samples were tested for biochemical and hematological parameters with an autoanalyzer.

Results

Post-game, the riders from the winning teams showed an increase in the serum levels of white blood count, granulocytes (GRA), percent GRA, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, plateletcrit, creatine kinase, albumine, aspartate transferase, creatine, cortisol, and ACTH compared to their levels before the game. In contrast, the post-game serum levels of lymphocytes, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and T3 of the winning team were lower. When the pre-game samples of winning and losing teams were compared, it was observed that sodium and T4 levels were higher in the winners.

Conclusions

The data suggest that winning team riders put in more effort and experienced more stress. Conversely, those on losing teams exerted less effort and experienced less stress, as indicated by the parameter changes.
The Metallurgical Characteristics of Modern Brassware by Manufacturing Techniques
Authors: Seok Yu Ran , Bae Go Woon
Published: January 2025

In this study, objective evidence was prepared to distinguish between the modern castingbrassware and the traditional forged brassware by confirming the metallographic characteristicsaccording to the production method of the modern brassware. Through the irradiation of 16 modernbrassware samples distributed in the market, it was possible to confirm the difference of defects andforging according to the manufacturing technique. In addition, the quenching process was performedon all brassware including cast brassware through microstructure analysis, and some cast brasswarewas found to be Cu-Sn-Zn ternary alloys, confirming their distinctive characteristics from excavatedtraditional brassware. In the forged brassware, it was inferred that the process using press, spinning,and air hammer was applied, and the characteristic difference was confirmed on the microstructure.However, the number of samples analyzed in this study is limited, so there is a limit to understandingthe tendency of metallurgical characteristics according to the manufacturing techniques of modernbrassware. Therefore, in-depth research on the production process of modern brassware should becarried out in the future.
Study on the Diagnosis of Deteriorated Wooden Architectural Members Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method
Authors: Jo Jeong Hun , Kim In Ae , Kim Soo Chul
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the applicability of non-destructive diagnostic methods for evaluating the deterioration of wooden architectural cultural heritage components by analyzing the ultrasonic transmission velocity of wooden members replaced because of degradation. A pinewood component replaced, owing to deterioration, during the dismantling and restoration of cultural heritage structures was the subject of analysis. The ultrasonic transmission velocity was measured in the front and side directions of the disassembled members, whereas resistograph tests were conducted at the same locations to verify the ultrasonic analysis results’ reliability. A control group consisting of the same w ood species w ith a s imilar g rain p attern a nd c rack s as t he c ross-section of t he d isassembled member was prepared. Additionally, both ultrasonic and resistograph analyses were performed using the same methods. Subsequently, the cross-section of the member was cut to compare the deterioration patterns with the analysis results. The results indicated that the ultrasonic transmission velocity varied depending on factors such as the measurement direction, the extent of decay and cracks, and the presence of knots. The velocity was higher when measured in the radial direction than in the tangential direction. However, it was lower in areas with considerable decay or cracks than in sound regions. Within the same member, measurements closer to the pith, higher velocity values, and narrower growth rings were associated with higher transmission velocities. We also confirmed that areas with knots exhibited lower transmission velocities than knot-free areas.
Structural and Material Characteristics of the Wooden Wall Framework for the Mural Painting at Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple in Yeongju
Authors: Jeong Hye Young , Park Su Jin , Moon Hye Young , Kim Seol Hui , Han Kyeong Soon
Published: January 2025

This study analyzed the materials and structure of the wooden wall framework of a mural painting at the Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple to identify the manufacturing techniques and characteristics of the used raw materials. The observed components of the wooden wall framework included Gasisae, laths, and straw ropes. The Gasisae wood species was identified as belonging to the Prunus section. Its shape was confirmed to be rectangular and processed into uniform dimensions, with the number of installed pieces ranging from 6 to 11. The arrangement of Gasisae exhibited a distinctive feature: dense placement in the upper and lower parts and wider spacing in the central part. The wood species of the laths was identified as hard pines with branches of 20 mm or less in diameter, used either in their natural form or processed, and arranged at relatively uniform intervals. The spacing between the vertical and horizontal laths was similar. The straw rope was identified as an Oryza-type plant material used to diagonally tie the Gasisae and laths, providing stable reinforcement for the wooden wall framework. Radiocarbon dating analysis confirmed that the calibrated age of the wooden wall framework was between the 13th and 14th centuries. This finding encompasses the 14th century, the construction period of the Josadang Shrine, indicating a close temporal relationship between the two.
Application of Fiber Laser for Removing the Coating Layer from Painted Sculptures
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Beom Dae Geon , Song Song Yi , Chung Kwang Yong
Published: January 2025

Outdoor painted sculptures, when continuously exposed to outdoor environments,inevitably suffer damage. To conserve these works, it is common practice to remove the damagedcoating layers and repaint them. However, traditional physical and chemical methods for removingthese coatings pose a high risk of damaging the underlying material, necessitating the developmentof new removal techniques. Since the early 2000s, laser cleaning technology has been introduced inthe field of cultural heritage conservation, and its applicability to various materials has been studied.Laser cleaning offers the advantage of non-contact, selective removal of the target area. In this study,a Q-Switching Fiber laser was utilized to remove the coating layers from painted sculptures, and theremoval effects and surface conditions were compared and analyzed based on variations in poweroutput and overlap rate. High-power settings demonstrated high removal efficiency but resulted insurface discoloration, while low-power settings showed insufficient removal performance withoutcausing discoloration. Additionally, as the overlap rate increased, removal performance improved, butextensive surface discoloration was also observed. Therefore, the study confirms that Fiber lasercleaning can be effectively applied to the conservation of painted sculptures.
Material Characteristics and Gilding Technique of Gilt-Bronze Miniature Pagoda Excavated from Odeung-dong Site, Jeju
Authors: Lee Jae Sung , Kim Mi Hyun
Published: January 2025

The Gilt-Bronze Miniature Pagoda excavated from the Jeju Odeung-dong(250-8) Site, a Goryeo-era temple, is the first of its kind discovered on Jeju Island. The pagoda was unearthed alongside three types of Chinese coins from the Northern Song Dynasty, indicating its historical significance. Although heavily damaged with only two levels remaining, key architectural features such as dragon-head finials, roof tiles, and railings provide critical insights for reconstructing Goryeo-era wooden pagodas or buildings. Scientific preservation was conducted to stabilize the fragile state of the artifact. Material analysis revealed that the pagoda was cast using a copper-tin-lead alloy, with all components sharing identical alloy characteristics. The gilding technique involved applying gold leaf rather than mercury amalgam, as confirmed by the absence of mercury in the gilded layer. Furthermore, the copper alloy wire used for hanging wind chimes was produced through a drawing technique, as evidenced by the processing marks. This study highlights the significance of the pagoda as a vital resource for understanding Goryeo-era metalworking and architectural techniques.
Experimental Study of Consolidating for Conservation Treatment of Carbonized Wood in Contemporary Artworks
Authors: Jo Sang Yoon , An Ha Eun , Kwon Hee Hong
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to develop a conservation treatment method for carbonized wood in contemporary artworks. The study was conducted on carbonized Salix spp. wood samples. Dammar, Beeswax, Aquazol 200, animal glue, and Paraloid B-72 solutions at concentrations of 1% and 2% were sprayed on the samples; subsequently, the weight and color changes as well as the characteristics of the penetration and diffusion of each solution in the samples were analyzed. Beeswax was the most suitable material for conserving the original color of the carbonized wood while effectively filling wood fibers and vessels. Furthermore, the 1% Beeswax solution spray treatment demonstrated higher color and gloss stability over repeated applications compared with the 2% solution spray treatment. Thus, the 1% Beeswax spray treatment was determined to be the most suitable conservation treatment because it preserves the esthetics and authenticity of artworks.
Study on Infrared Imaging of Pigments Used in Painting Cultural Heritage by Exposure
Authors: Moon Hye Young , Jeong Hye Young
Published: January 2025

Infrared imaging is a widely used non-invasive technique for preliminary investigations of painted cultural heritage. The method aims to identify and detect features such as underdrawings, text, and other details that may have been altered or faded, which are not easily visible to the naked eye. This process involves comparing and analyzing infrared images with the physical object to uncover these hidden or degraded elements. In order to capture accurate infrared images, it is essential to photograph under appropriate exposure conditions, informed by the infrared imaging properties of the various pigments used in painted cultural heritage. However, for traditional Korean pigments, with the exception of a few representative ones, the infrared imaging characteristics have yet to be thoroughly studied. Therefore, this study involved photographing 28 types of traditional pigments and acrylic paints used in conservation and restoration under five different exposure levels. The infrared imaging characteristics were analyzed based on the histograms of the captured images and their detection efficiency. The results of the study identified optimal exposure levels for capturing high-quality infrared images based on the type of pigment and allowed for the assessment of detection efficiency. Differences in infrared wavelength ranges detected by the camera were also observed. This study is expected to contribute to enhancing the accuracy and practical application of infrared imaging in the investigation of painted cultural heritage.
A Study on the Internal Structure of the Clay Amitabha Buddha at Gosansa Temple in Hongseong
Authors: Choi Jung Eun , Jeong Ji Yeon , Kim Ji Won , Lee Ji Yung
Published: January 2025

A conservation science analysis was conducted as a countermeasure as damage was made to the seated clay Amitabha Buddha in Gosansa Temple in Hongseong while evacuating from a fire in 2023, and we checked the internal structure, an iron Buddha was found inside the clay Buddha statue. This article aims to investigate the internal structure and materials of the seated clay Amitabha Buddha in Gosansa Temple, and to estimate the manufacturing method and the time of creation. X-ray photograph analysis, Scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed to analyze the internal structure of the clay Buddha. The observation results of the Buddha’s gilded layer, the brass gilded layer of sample 1 was not found in sample 2, and the second gilded layer of sample 2 was not found in sample 1. It appears that at least two repairs had been conducted. The microcline was detected inside the clay. It appears to be clay inside that has never been baked at high temperatures. As a result of X-ray photograph analysis, it was confirmed that some of the iron Buddha, inside the clay Amitabha Buddha statue in Gosansa Temple, was damaged, but all of the upper, including the head and both arms, and some lower bodies remained intact. It seems that the clay was put on the inside of the Buddha and outside to support the damaged part. Based on the above analysis, the iron Buddha must have been so damaged that it was impossible to enshrine, and, clay was attached to the surface and changed into a clay Buddha statue, which is thought that the iron Buddha was remade to the Clay Buddha statue in the early Joseon Dynasty.
A Study on the Manufacturing Characteristics of the Wall Layers of the Mural Painting in Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple, Yeongju
Authors: Jeong Hye Young , Kim Seol Hui , Moon Hye Young , Han Kyeong Soon
Published: January 2025

This study scientifically investigated and analyzed the structure and materials of the earthen wall of the mural painting in Josadang Shrine of Buseoksa Temple to identify its manufacturing characteristics. The wall comprises three layers: the support layer, the middle layer, and the finishing layer. The clay used was weathered soil that was refined according to the functional requirements of each layer. Straw fibers were used as reinforcements in the base and intermediate layers, while hemp fibers were utilized in the finishing layer. The support layer has a thickness of 3–4 cm, with a porosity of 2.10% and a particle size distribution of 12.31% gravel, 41.60% sand, 29.87% silt, and 16.23% clay. The middle layer has a thickness of 1–2 cm, with a porosity of 2.17% and a particle size distribution of 5.96% gravel, 40.97% sand, 35.66% silt, and 17.40% clay. The finishing layer is approximately 6 mm thick and exhibits a porosity of 4.70% with a particle size distribution of 53.51% sand, 38.57% silt, and 7.92% clay. In summary, the support and middle layers were constructed with poorly graded particles to form a dense structure, enhancing durability, while the finishing layer was designed with a focus on smoothness and uniformity.
Identification of Microorganisms Deteriorating Textile Artifacts in Traditional Costume Cultural Heritage
Authors: Hong Jin Young , Kim Young Hee , An Boyeon
Published: January 2025

Airborne fungal spores and mycelia are consistently present at a high concentrations under suitable conditions, posing a risk of microbial deterioration of textile artifacts. In this study, microorganisms were isolated from contaminated areas on four artifacts, each comprising different materials, such as silk, timber, and lumber. Sequencing analysis identified fungi as the primary cause of deterioration in all tested objects. Five species of fungi were isolated from objects A, B, and C, with five species each, and two fungi were isolated from object D. In addition, one bacterium was isolated on object A. The Aspergillus genus was detected in all objects and generally found on objects B, C, and D, whereas the Penicillium genus predominated on the surface of object A, along with a single bacterial species. Object B presented challenges in removing fungal contamination even after fumigation and several cleaning rounds. Visible fungal reproduction on textile artifacts may decrease their cultural heritage value, and contaminant removal becomes challenging, even with conservation treatments. Notably, the Aspergillus and Penicillium genera, which are known to release enzyme, are key microorganisms in organic artifact conservation. Their proteases, which are capable of degrading silk fabric, emphasize the importance of managing indoor conditions to prevent microbial contamination.
Microstructural Characteristics of Glaze in Blackware due to Variations in Glaze Materials, Firing Temperature, and Firing Environment
Authors: Kim Du Hyeon , Choi Jae Won , Uhm Young Rang , Choi Hyunkyung , Han Min Su
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the microstructural characteristics of glaze, building on the results of investigating the fundamental properties of existing color development. It identified the effect of the firing temperature, firing environment, and mixing ratios of glaze materials on the microstructural characteristics of glaze. Additionally, Mössbauer analysis was utilized to explore the phase changes in iron oxides formed during the firing process. Observations of the cross-sections of replicated specimens showed that the gradual addition of feldspar to glaze materials resulted in the formation of glaze with progressively uniform microstructural characteristics. Furthermore, the compositional analysis of glaze revealed minimal variation in the component content between the glaze surface and interior, indicating a trend toward a more homogeneous composition throughout glaze. Analysis of the crystalline structure revealed that specimens with added feldspar exhibited an increase in the amorphous peak area, while crystalline peak intensities tended to decrease. This suggests that the degree of vitrification is considerably influenced by the amount of feldspar added as a flux. The Mössbauer analysis of aggregated iron oxides revealed that under an oxidation environment, hematite was identified, whereas magnetite was observed under a reduction environment, depending on the firing environment. This indicates that microstructural differences within the glaze of blackware are affected by the materials used, firing temperature, and firing environment. Moreover, the study highlights that the formation of crystals and types of crystalline phases vary according to these parameters.
Archaeological Wood Species Identification through DNA Barcoding
Authors: Jo Donghyeok , Baek Seung Hee , Park Chungoo , Kang Pyung Won , Shin Sook Chung , Lee Hyun-Gwan
Published: January 2025

Identifying wood species from archaeological artifacts provides crucial information for understanding ancient technological capabilities, resource utilization patterns, paleovegetation, environmental changes, and societal interactions. While traditional microscopical anatomy analysis and common genetic markers (rbcL, rpoB, matK, atp, and 18S) for general plants exhibit limitations in archaeological samples due to DNA degradation and contamination, this study employed the chloroplast trnL gene with shorter sequences for wood identification. Metabarcoding analysis was performed on ancient DNA extracted from wooden components of bronze artifacts (乙-shaped bronze implement, Tubular bronze implement, and Twin-bird Shaped Pommel) excavated from the early Iron Age Namyangju site, targeting the trnL (UAA) intron P6 loop. Using our classifier with reference database constructed from NCBI GenBank and expanded plant database, the analysis identified eight plant families (Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Convolvulaceae, Marantaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Amaryllidaceae). Notably, Rosaceae showed significant presence across all samples (乙-shaped bronze implement: 33.05%, Tubular bronze implement 1: 3.17%, Tubular bronze implement 2: 29.09%, Twin-bird Shaped Pommel: 45.2%), suggesting the use of native woody Rosaceae species. This genetic approach successfully refined the identification of previously unspecified “broadleaf tree/hardwood” specimens to the family level, demonstrating its effectiveness as a complementary method in archaeological wood identification. The results not only provide insights into ancient wood resource utilization patterns but establish a methodological framework for future archaeobotanical studies using ancient DNA analysis.