bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis ofPhytophthoradiversity in nursery‐grown ornamental and fruit plants
Authors: Prigigallo M. I. , Mosca S. , Cacciola S. O. , Cooke D. E. L. , Schena L.
Published: February 2015

The genetic diversity ofPhytophthoraspp. was investigated in potted ornamental and fruit tree species. A metabarcoding approach was used, based on a semi‐nestedPCRwithPhytophthoragenus‐specific primers targeting theITS1 region of therDNA. More than 50ITS1 sequence types representing at least 15 distinctPhytophthorataxa were detected. Nine hadITSsequences that grouped them in defined taxonomic groups (P. nicotianae,P. citrophthora,P. meadii,P. taxonPgchlamydo,P. cinnamomi,P. parvispora,P. cambivora,P. niederhauseriiandP. lateralis) whereas three phylotypes were associated to two or more taxa (P. citricolataxon E orIII;P. pseudosyringae,P. ilicisorP. nemorosa; andP. cryptogea,P. erythroseptica,P. himalayensisorP. sp. ‘kelmania’) that can be challenging to resolve withITS1 sequences alone. Three additional phylotypes were considered as representatives of novelPhytophthorataxa and defined asP. meadii‐like,P. cinnamomi‐like andP. niederhauserii‐like. Furthermore, the analyses highlighted a very complex assemblage ofPhytophthorataxa in ornamental nurseries within a limited geographic area and provided some indications of structure amongst populations ofP. nicotianae(the most prevalent taxon) and other taxa. Data revealed new host–pathogen combinations, evidence of new species previously unreported in Italy (P. lateralis) or Europe (P. meadii) and phylotypes representative of species that remain to be taxonomically defined. Furthermore, the results reinforced the primary role of plant nurseries in favouring the introduction, dissemination and evolution ofPhytophthoraspecies.
The development of tea blister caused by Exobasidium vexans in tea (Camellia sinensis) correlates with the reduced accumulation of some antimicrobial metabolites and the defence signals salicylic and jasmonic acids
Authors: Mur L. A. J. , Hauck B. , Winters A. , Heald J. , Lloyd A. J. , Chakraborty U. , Chakraborty B. N.
Published: February 2015

Blister blight (causal agent, Exobasidium vexans) is an economically devastating disease of tea (Camellia sinensis). To determine what metabolite changes occur with tea blister that could be linked to disease progression, metabolomic approaches were used on E. vexans infected tea from a Darjeeling (India) plantation. Samples were classified according to disease phenotypes, i.e. either healthy or at one of three stages of disease progression. Initial metabolite fingerprinting using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that metabolite changes could be related to disease stage. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) highlighted caffeine and flavonoid metabolism changes as disease progressed. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with online photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MSn) was used to characterize the caffeine, flavan‐3‐ol, flavone and flavonol profiles. There were increases in quercetin and kaempferol glucosides, kaempferol triglycosides and some catechin‐class antioxidants, but also substantial reductions in apigenin and myricetin glycosides and, particularly, caffeine as disease progressed. The content of important defence hormones, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, was also reduced in blister blight diseased samples. Thus, E. vexans infections perturb defence signalling and reduce many potentially antimicrobial compounds, such as caffeine, to aid disease progression.
Trade Openness and Cross‐country Income Differences
Authors: Hepenstrick Christian , Tarasov Alexander
Published: February 2015

This paper asks how variations in trade openness contribute to cross‐country income differences. We approach this question using counterfactual experiments within a quantified general equilibrium model of trade. We find that trade costs gain their relevance only by amplifying the effects of existing differences in endowments, population sizes and technologies. If, for example, market entry costs were the same in all countries, inequality would be about 13% lower. Variable trade costs are found to have a similar effect. In contrast, if countries differed only by their degree of trade openness, the resulting variance of per capita income would be negligible.
Beyond Income and Wealth
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc
Published: February 2015

This paper proposes four criteria for the selection of a better measure of living standards: it should be comprehensive, correlation sensitive, preference based, and fairness based. These criteria are applied to the following measures: income, equivalent income, capabilities, and satisfaction. The paper then explores the relationship between the space of goods and services, the space of budgets, and the more fundamental space of the aspects of life that people really care about. The importance of the fairness principles guiding interpersonal comparisons is highlighted.
Food Availability in the Heartland: Exploring the Effects of Neighborhood Racial and Income Composition
Authors: Miller Michael , Middendorf Gerad , Wood Spencer D.
Published: February 2015

This article examines the relationships between neighborhood racial and income composition and healthy food availability. We explore the extent to which physical and social isolation affects healthy food availability for groups marginalized by race and class in a context largely missing from the literature. We use census tract data and five‐year estimates from the American Community Survey to produce maps illustrating the patterns of race and income composition in Topeka, Kansas. Included in these maps are data points illustrating the distribution of stores offering healthy foods. We find that, as in the large metro areas analyzed thus far, the distribution of healthy food stores in Topeka is similarly patterned. Blacker (and poorer) neighborhoods tend to have the lowest levels of healthy food availability. We conclude with a discussion of the relevance of this work to the knowledge base regarding food environments and health in the United States.
Corneal plaque containing levofloxacin in a dog
Authors: Park Young‐Woo , Kang Byung‐Jae , Lim Jae Hyun , Ahn Jung‐Mo , Lim Hyun Sook
Published: February 2015

A 13‐year‐old castrated male Yorkshire terrier developed a corneal ulcer 2 weeks after intracapsular lens extraction (ICLE) in the right eye. The corneal ulcer was treated with levofloxacin eye drops. A plaque with a white luster developed in the central cornea 2 weeks after treatment with levofloxacin eye drops. The corneal plaque was surgically removed under inhalant anesthesia. The corneal plaque displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, levofloxacin content in the plaque was confirmed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The corneal ulcer completely resolved 2 weeks after the surgical removal of the corneal lesion and replacement of levofloxacin eye drops with tobramycin eye drops. Although the topical use of levofloxacin is unlikely to lead to corneal chemical deposits due to the high water solubility of the drug compared to other topical fluoroquinolones, this patient developed corneal plaque of the antibiotic drop.
Nonlinear Dynamical Behavior of Axially Accelerating Beams: Three-Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Ghayesh Mergen H. , Farokhi Hamed
Published: February 2015

The three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear dynamics of an axially accelerating beam is examined numerically taking into account all of the longitudinal, transverse, and lateral displacements and inertia. Hamilton’s principle is employed in order to derive the nonlinear partial differential equations governing the longitudinal, transverse, and lateral motions. These equations are transformed into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of the Galerkin discretization technique. The nonlinear global dynamics of the system is then examined by time-integrating the discretized equations of motion. The results are presented in the form of bifurcation diagrams of Poincaré maps, time histories, phase-plane portraits, Poincaré sections, and fast Fourier transforms (FFTs).
Level-set multilayer growth model for predicting printability of buried native extreme ultraviolet mask defects
Authors: Upadhyaya Mihir , Basavalingappa Adarsh , Herbol Henry , Denbeaux Gregory , Jindal Vibhu , Harris-Jones Jenah , Jang Il-Yong , Goldberg Kenneth A. , Mochi Iacopo , Marokkey Sajan , Demmerle Wolfgang , Pistor Thomas V.
Published: February 2015

The availability of defect-free masks is considered to be a critical issue for enabling extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) as the next generation technology. Since completely defect-free masks will be hard to achieve, it is essential to have a good understanding of the printability of EUV mask defects. In this work, two native mask blank defects were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the defect printability of the characterized native mask defects was evaluated using simulations implementing the finite-difference time-domain and the waveguide algorithms. The simulation results were compared with through-focus aerial images obtained at the SEMATECH Berkeley Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT), an EUV mask-imaging microscope at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The authors found agreement between the through-focus simulation results and the AIT results. To model the Mo/Si multilayer growth over the native defects, which served as the input for the defect printability simulations, a level-set technique was used to predict the evolution of the multilayer disruption over the defect. Unlike other models that assume a constant flux of atoms (of materials to be deposited) coming from a single direction, this model took into account the direction and incident fluxes of the materials to be deposited, as well as the rotation of the mask substrate, to accurately simulate the actual deposition conditions existing inside the ion beam deposition tool. The modeled multilayer growth was compared to the cross-section TEM images through the defects, as well as to the AFM scans for the given defects, and a good agreement was observed between them.
Sinogram restoration in computed tomography with an edge‐preserving penalty
Authors: Little Kevin J. , La Rivière Patrick J.
Published: February 2015

Purpose:

With the goal of producing a less computationally intensive alternative to fully iterative penalized‐likelihood image reconstruction, our group has explored the use of penalized‐likelihood sinogram restoration for transmission tomography. Previously, we have exclusively used a quadratic penalty in our restoration objective function. However, a quadratic penalty does not excel at preserving edges while reducing noise. Here, we derive a restoration update equation for nonquadratic penalties. Additionally, we perform a feasibility study to extend our sinogram restoration method to a helical cone‐beam geometry and clinical data.

Methods:

A restoration update equation for nonquadratic penalties is derived using separable parabolic surrogates (SPS). A method for calculating sinogram degradation coefficients for a helical cone‐beam geometry is proposed. Using simulated data, sinogram restorations are performed using both a quadratic penalty and the edge‐preserving Huber penalty. After sinogram restoration, Fourier‐based analytical methods are used to obtain reconstructions, and resolution‐noise trade‐offs are investigated. For the fan‐beam geometry, a comparison is made to image‐domain SPS reconstruction using the Huber penalty. The effects of varying object size and contrast are also investigated. For the helical cone‐beam geometry, we investigate the effect of helical pitch (axial movement/rotation). Huber‐penalty sinogram restoration is performed on 3D clinical data, and the reconstructed images are compared to those generated with no restoration.

Results:

We find that by applying the edge‐preserving Huber penalty to our sinogram restoration methods, the reconstructed image has a better resolution‐noise relationship than an image produced using a quadratic penalty in the sinogram restoration. However, we find that this relatively straightforward approach to edge preservation in the sinogram domain is affected by the physical size of imaged objects in addition to the contrast across the edge. This presents some disadvantages of this method relative to image‐domain edge‐preserving methods, although the computational burden of the sinogram‐domain approach is much lower. For a helical cone‐beam geometry, we found applying sinogram restoration in 3D was reasonable and that pitch did not make a significant difference in the general effect of sinogram restoration. The application of Huber‐penalty sinogram restoration to clinical data resulted in a reconstruction with less noise while retaining resolution.

Conclusions:

Sinogram restoration with the Huber penalty is able to provide better resolution‐noise performance than restoration with a quadratic penalty. Additionally, sinogram restoration with the Huber penalty is feasible for helical cone‐beam CT and can be applied to clinical data.
Effects of Manipulating Volume and Intensity Training in Masters Swimmers
Authors: Pugliese Lorenzo , Porcelli Simone , Bonato Matteo , Pavei Gaspare , La Torre Antonio , Maggioni Martina A. , Bellistri Giuseppe , Marzorati Mauro
Published: February 2015

Purpose:

Recently, some studies have suggested that overall training intensity may be more important than training volume for improving swimming performance. However, those studies focused on very young subjects, and/or the difference between high-volume and high-intensity training was blurred. The aim of this study was to investigate in masters swimmers the effects of manipulation of training volume and intensity on performance and physiological variables.

Methods:

A group of 10 male masters swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 y) performed 2 different 6-wk training periods followed by 1 wk of tapering. The first period was characterized by high training volume performed at low intensity (HvLi), whereas the second period was characterized by low training volume performed at high intensity (LvHi). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) during incremental arm exercise, individual anaerobic threshold (IAT), and 100-m, 400-m, and 2000-m-freestyle time were evaluated before and at the end of both training periods.

Results:

HvLi training significant increased V̇O2peak (11.9% ± 4.9% [mean change ± 90%CL], P = .002) and performance in the 400-m (–2.8% ± 1.8%, P = .002) and 2000-m (–3.4% ± 2.9%, P = .025), with a likely change in IAT (4.9% ± 4.7%, P > .05). After LvHi training, speed at IAT (12.4% ± 5.3%, P = .004) and 100-m performance (–1.2% ± 0.8%, P = .001) also improved, without any significant changes in V̇O2peak, 2000-m, and 400-m.

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that in masters swimmers an increase of training volume may lead to an improvement of V̇O2peak and middle- to long-distance performance. However, a subsequent period of LvHi training maintains previous adjustments and positively affects anaerobic threshold and short-distance performance.
Effects of Altitude on Performance of Elite Track-and-Field Athletes
Authors: Hamlin Michael J. , Hopkins Will G. , Hollings Stephen C.
Published: February 2015

Purpose:

Lower barometric air pressure at altitude can affect competitive performance of athletes in some sports. Reported here are the effects of various altitudes on elite track-and-field athletes’ performance.

Methods:

Lifetime track-and-field performances of athletes placed in the top 16 in at least 1 major international competition between 2000 and 2009 were downloaded from the database at tilastopaja.org. There were 132,104 performances of 1889 athletes at 794 venues. Performances were logtransformed and analyzed using a mixed linear model with fixed effects for 6 levels of altitude and random quadratic effects to adjust for athlete age.

Results:

Men’s and women’s sprint events (100–400 m) showed marginal improvements of ~0.2% at altitudes of 500–999 m, and above 1500 m all but the 100- and 110-m hurdles showed substantial improvements of 0.3–0.7%. Some middle- and long-distance events (800–10,000 m) showed marginal impairments at altitudes above 150 m, but above 1000 m the impairments increased dramatically to ~2–4% for events >800 m. There was no consistent trend in the effects of altitude on field events up to 1000 m; above 1000 m, hammer throw showed a marginal improvement of ~1% and discus was impaired by 1–2%. Above 1500 m, triple jump and long jump showed marginal improvements of ~1%.

Conclusions:

In middle- and long-distance runners, altitudes as low as 150 to 299 m can impair performance. Higher altitudes (≥1000 m) are generally required before decreases in discus performance or enhancements in sprinting, triple and long jump, or hammer throw are seen.
Effect of Custom Foot Insoles on Postural Stability in Figure Skaters While on Ice
Authors: Grewal Gurtej S. , Baisch Rachel , Lee-Eng Jacqueline , Wu Stephaine , Jarrett Beth , Humble Neil , Najafi Bijan
Published: February 2015

Context:

Improvements in postural stability in figure skaters can play a significant role in performance, as well as reducing fall risk.

Objective:

To explore the effect of custom foot insoles on postural stability in advanced figure skaters.

Design:

Exploratory study.

Setting:

Out of laboratory.

Participants:

Nine advanced figure skaters were recruited and 7 completed the study (age 38 ± 18.5 y, body-mass index 25 ± 3.6 kg/m2).

Intervention:

Custom foot insoles.

Main Outcome Measures:

Primary outcome of changes in postural stability (PS) quantified by center-of-mass sway with secondary outcomes of ankleand hip-joint sway and joint range of motion. Sway measurements were assessed using body-worn sensors while participants wore skates on ice. PS was assessed in single-leg stance, as well as during gliding on the dominant foot.

Results:

A significant improvement in static PS was observed after 6-wk use of custom insoles. Center-of-mass sway reduced significantly on average by 48.44% (P = .023), and ankle-joint sway reduced by 45.7% (P = .05) during single-leg-stance balance measurements. During the gliding maneuver nonsignificant changes were observed for both ankle- and knee-joint range of motion.

Conclusion:

The results of this study suggest proof of concept toward benefits of custom insoles in improving postural stability in advanced figure skaters. To generalize the findings, randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted.
Refining lunar impact chronology through high spatial resolution
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating of impact melts
Authors: Mercer Cameron M. , Young Kelsey E. , Weirich John R. , Hodges Kip V. , Jolliff Bradley L. , Wartho Jo-Anne , van Soest Matthijs C.
Published: February 2015

Laser Ar-Ar dating of lunar melts improves chronology.
Bioeconomic consequences of fishing-induced evolution: a model predicts limited impact on net present value
Authors: Zimmermann Fabian , Jørgensen Christian
Published: February 2015

Fishing reduces stock size and shifts demographics, and selective mortality may also lead to evolutionary changes. Previous studies suggest that traits may change evolutionarily because of fishing on decadal time scales. Here we examine the potential bioeconomic impacts of fishing-induced evolutionary change. We used a life-history model with stock dynamics based on evolving maturation age, which has consequences for size-at-age, coupled with a fishing module that describes costs and economic yield. Size-dependent natural mortality and trawl-like fishing mortality are drivers of selection, and in the analysis we varied fishing mortality and size-selectivity of the fishing gear to determine trait evolution as well as economic yield. Comparison of two scenarios — allowing for evolution and assuming no evolution — shows that under current size selectivity, the fishing regimes generating maximum economic yield are not different when evolution is accounted for. However, ignoring evolution overestimates long-term yield under optimal fishing regimes and underestimates resilience to overfishing. Whether fishing-induced evolution matters for management strategies depends on size selectivity, stock state, how it acts on specific traits, and its sensitivity to the assumed discount rate, calling for a cautious use of net present value as sole criterion for management of evolving resources.
Entanglement generation due to the background electric field and curvature of space–time
Authors: Ebadi Zahra , Mirza Behrouz
Published: February 2015

In Schwinger effect, quantum vacuum instability under the influence of an electric field leads to decay of vacuum into pairs of charged particles. We consider the entanglement of pair produced particles. We will show that the measure of entanglement depends on the geometry of space–time. Using the Schwinger pair production in curved space–time, dS2 and AdS2, we propose and demonstrate that the electric field can generate entanglement. In dS2 space–time, we study entanglement for scalar particles with zero spin in the absence and presence of a constant electric field. We show that the entanglement entropy depends on the choice of the α-vacua. But, for some values of the related parameters (mass, charge, scalar curvature, electric field), the entanglement entropy is independent of α. Also, we consider the generation of entanglement in the presence of a constant electric field for anti-de Sitter space–time. We will show that the positive (negative) curvature of space–time upgrades (degrades) the generated entanglement.
Anti-FFBRST transformations for the BLG theory in presence of a boundary
Authors: Faizal Mir , Upadhyay Sudhaker , Mandal Bhabani P.
Published: February 2015

In this paper we will analyze the anti-BRST symmetries of Bagger–Lambert–Gustavsson (BLG) theory in presence of a boundary. We will analyze these symmetries in both linear and nonlinear gauges. We will also derive the finite field version of the anti-BRST transformations for the BLG theory in presence of a boundary. These finite field transformations will be used to relate generating functional in linear gauge to the generating functional in the nonlinear gauge.
Review of the possible role of self-ordering scalar fields in production of a stochastic background of gravitational waves
Authors: Dent James B.
Published: February 2015

A primordial gravitational wave background is a hallmark of inflationary cosmology. The recent announcement made by the BICEP2 collaboration of a possible measurement of B-mode polarization of the CMB on degree scales has produced an abundance of ideas and speculations on how such a signal constrains the inflationary paradigm, or possible alternative mechanisms of gravitational wave production. Here the possibility of a contribution to the gravitational wave background from the relaxation of a scalar field after a global phase transition is reviewed. The general contribution to the overall power is shown, and it is then demonstrated that if the BICEP2 result were to hold, this mechanism could at best produce a very small fraction of the measured tensor power.
${\rm B(E2)}\uparrow (0_{1}^{+} \rightarrow 2_{1}^{+})$ predictions for even–even nuclei in the differential equation model
Authors: Nayak R. C. , Pattnaik S.
Published: February 2015

We use the recently developed differential equation model (DEM) for the reduced electric quadrupole transition probability B(E2)↑ for the transition from the ground to the first 2+ state for predicting its values for a wide range of even–even nuclides almost throughout the nuclear landscape from Neon to Californium. This is made possible as the principal equation in the model, namely, the differential equation connecting the B(E2)↑ value of a given even–even nucleus with its derivatives with respect to the neutron and proton numbers, provides two different recursion relations, each connecting three different neighboring even–even nuclei from lower- to higher-mass numbers and vice versa. These relations are primarily responsible in extrapolating from known to unknown terrain of the B(E2)↑-landscape and thereby facilitate the predictions throughout. As a result, we have succeeded in predicting its hitherto unknown value for the adjacent 251 isotopes lying on either side of the known B(E2)↑ database.
Overview of TMD Factorization and Evolution
Authors: Collins John
Published: February 2015

An overview is given of transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization and the associated evolution properties. Then a new method is presented for the scheme-independent comparison of different formalisms and fits.
Exploring the Flavor Dependence of Partonic Transverse Momentum
Authors: Radici Marco , Bacchetta Alessandro , Signori Andrea , Schnell Gunar
Published: February 2015

Using recently published HERMES data on multiplicities in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, we discuss the flavor dependence of unpolarized transverse-momentum dependent distribution and fragmentation functions. We find convincing indications that favored fragmentation into pions have smaller average transverse momentum than unfavored ones and fragmentation into kaons. We find weaker indications of flavor dependence in the transverse-momentum dependence of parton distributions.
Quark Spin-Orbit Correlations
Authors: Lorcé Cédric
Published: February 2015

The proton spin puzzle issue focused the attention on the parton spin and orbital angular momentum contributions to the proton spin. However, a complete characterization of the proton spin structure requires also the knowledge of the parton spin-orbit correlation. We showed that this quantity can be expressed in terms of moments of measurable parton distributions. Using the available phenomenological information about the valence quarks, we concluded that this correlation is negative, meaning that the valence quark spin and kinetic orbital angular momentum are, in average, opposite. The quark spin-orbit correlation can also be expressed more intuitively in terms of relativistic phase-space distributions, which can be seen as the mother distributions of the standard generalized and transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions. We present here for the first time some examples of the general multipole decomposition of these phase-space distributions.
Angular Momentum and Polarization in Hadron Collisions up to LHC Energies
Authors: Goldstein Gary R. , Liuti Simonetta
Published: February 2015

Longstanding puzzles in spin physics can be confronted at the high energies of the LHC. Heavy quarks will be produced with significant polarization, both as single spin asymmetries and through polarization correlations. Lower energy proton accelerator and leptoproduction data suggest various mechanisms within QCD for polarization phenomena that can be tested at higher energies. Observation of strange and charm hadron polarization reveals important aspects of QCD spin physics. Top quark polarization is predicted to be significant, and polarization correlations will reveal important aspects of the gluon distributions of the hadrons.
Wigner Distributions and Orbital Angular Momentum of Quarks
Authors: Mukherjee Asmita , Nair Sreeraj , Ojha Vikash Kumar
Published: February 2015

We present a recent model calculation of the Wigner distributions for the quarks and the orbital angular momentum carried by the quarks. These Wigner distributions contain combined position and momentum space information of the quark distributions and are related to both generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs).
QCD Factorization and PDFs from Lattice QCD Calculation
Authors: Ma Yan-Qing , Qiu Jian-Wei
Published: February 2015

In this talk, we review a QCD factorization based approach to extract parton distribution and correlation functions from lattice QCD calculation of single hadron matrix elements of quark-gluon operators. We argue that although the lattice QCD calculations are done in the Euclidean space, the nonperturbative collinear behavior of the matrix elements are the same as that in the Minkowski space, and could be systematically factorized into parton distribution functions with infrared safe matching coefficients. The matching coefficients can be calculated perturbatively by applying the factorization formalism on to asymptotic partonic states.
Fitting Procedures for DVCS
Authors: Kumerički K. , Mueller D.
Published: February 2015

Several approaches to extraction of Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) from Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) data are presented. In particular, local model-independent fits are compared to neural network approach.
Multiple Hard Scattering and Parton Correlations in the Proton
Authors: Diehl Markus
Published: February 2015

This contribution gives a brief introduction to the theoretical description of double parton scattering and discusses several open problems.
Joint Resummation for TMD Wave Function of Pion
Authors: Wang Yu-Ming
Published: February 2015

QCD corrections to transverse-momentum-dependent pion wave function develop the mixed double logarithm [Formula: see text], when the gluon emission is collinear to the energetic pion. The fist scheme-independent kT factorization formula for γ*π → γ transition form factor is achieved by resumming all the enhanced logarithms for both pion wave function and short-distance coefficient function. High-order QCD corrections and transfer momentum [Formula: see text] dependence of pion form factor are found to be distinct from those predicted by the conventional resummation approach.
Delineating the Polarized and Unpolarized Parton Structure of the Nucleon
Authors: Jimenez-Delgado Pedro
Published: February 2015

Reports on our latest extractions of parton distribution functions of the nucleon are given. First an overview of the recent JR14 upgrade of our unpolarized PDFs, including NNLO determinations of the strong coupling constant and a discussion of the role of the input scale in parton distribution analysis. In the second part of the talk recent results on the determination of spin-dependent PDFs from the JAM collaboration are reported, including a careful treatment of hadronic and nuclear corrections, as well as reports on the impact of present and future data in our understanding of the spin of the nucleon.
Studies of Inclusive Hadron Production at BABAR
Authors: Cowan Ray F.
Published: February 2015

The clean environment of the e+e- collisions provided by the B-factory PEP-II and the high performances of the BABAR detector allow for precise measurements of the properties of inclusive hadron production. We present recent results obtained using the full data sample of nearly 500 fb-1 on measurements of the inclusive light hadrons momentum spectra, and on anti-deuteron production from decays of bottomonium states, and from continuum e+e- annihilation. We also present a measurement of the azimuthal asymmetries induced by the Collins effect in inclusive production of pion pairs in e+e- → ππX annihilation, where the two pions are produced in opposite hemispheres.
Recent Results on the Measurement of Fragmentation Functions in e+e- Annihilation
Authors: Vossen Anselm
Published: February 2015

The precise knowledge of fragmentation functions is needed to extract information about nucleon structure from semi-inclusive measurements. They themselves are also important objects to study the properties of nonperturbative QCD. This contribution will summarize recent results from measurements at the B-factories Belle and BaBar.
Target Single-Spin Asymmetry in Inclusive Hadron Production
Authors: Jiang Xiaodong
Published: February 2015

We present the first measurement of target single-spin asymmetries (AN) in the inclusive hadron production reaction, e+3 He ↑ →h+X, using a transversely polarized 3 He target at an electron-nucleon center-of-mass energy [Formula: see text] GeV. The experiment was conducted at Jefferson Lab in Hall A using a 5.9-GeV electron beam. Several types of hadrons (π±, K± and proton) were detected with an average momentum 〈Ph〉 = 2.35 GeV/c, and an average transverse momentum 〈pT〉 = 0.64 GeV/c. The observed asymmetry strongly depends on the type of hadron. A positive asymmetry is observed for π+ and K+. A negative asymmetry is observed for π-. The π+ and π- asymmetries measured for the 3 He target and extracted the "effective- neutron" SSA. Amazingly, we found that the ratio of our observed SSA between π+ and π- productions closely resemble the ratio of up- to down-quark's contributions to neutron's anomalous magnetic moment.
Single Spin Asymmetry in Electroproduction of J/ψ and QCD-evolved TMD's
Authors: Godbole Rohini M. , Kaushik Abhiram , Misra Anuradha , Rawoot Vaibhav S.
Published: February 2015

We estimate Sivers asymmetry in low virtuality photoproduction of J/ψ using color evaporation model and taking into account Q2- evolution of transverse momentum dependent PDF's and Sivers function. There is a substantial reduction in asymmetry as compared to our previous analysis wherein the Q2-dependence came only from DGLAP evolution of collinear part of TMDs. The estimates of asymmetry are comparable to our earlier estimates in which we had used analytical solution of only an approximated form of the evolution equations. We have also estimated asymmetry using the latest parametrization by Echevarria et al. which are based on an evolution kernel in which the perturbative part is resummed to NLL accuracy.
Designing statistical privacy for your data
Authors: Machanavajjhala Ashwin , Kifer Daniel
Published: February 2015

Preparing data for public release requires significant attention to fundamental principles of privacy.
Advice on teaching CS, and the learnability of programming languages
Authors: Barr Valerie , Guzdial Mark
Published: February 2015

The
Communications
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Communications
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Valerie Barr considers how attitude can impact teacher effectiveness, while Mark Guzdial suggests the ultimate focus in teaching programming languages should be on usability.
Python for beginners
Authors: Shein Esther
Published: February 2015

A survey found the language in use in introductory programming classes in the top U.S. computer science schools.
Bacillus and Other Spore-Forming Genera: Variations in Responses and Mechanisms for Survival
Authors: Checinska Aleksandra , Paszczynski Andrzej , Burbank Malcolm
Published: February 2015

The ubiquity of Bacilli endospores in soils facilitates their easy transfer routes to other environments, including cleanrooms and low-biomass sites required by many industries such as food production and processing. A bacterial endospore is a metabolically dormant form of life that is much more resistant to heat, desiccation, lack of nutrients, exposure to UV and gamma radiation, organic chemicals, and oxidizing agents than is a vegetative cell. For example, the heat tolerance of endospores depends on multiple factors such as sporulation temperature, core dehydration, and the presence of minerals and small, acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) in the core. This review describes our current understanding of the persistence mechanisms related to sporeformers' biochemical properties and discusses in detail spores' heat, radiation, and reactive chemical resistance. In addition, it discusses the impact of contamination with spores on many areas of human activity, spore adhesive properties, and biofilm contribution to resistance.
Reproducing Statistical Results
Authors: Stodden Victoria
Published: February 2015

The reproducibility of statistical findings has become a concern not only for statisticians, but for all researchers engaged in empirical discovery. Section 2 of this article identifies key reasons statistical findings may not replicate, including power and sampling issues; misapplication of statistical tests; the instability of findings under reasonable perturbations of data or models; lack of access to methods, data, or equipment; and cultural barriers such as researcher incentives and rewards. Section 3 discusses five proposed remedies for these replication failures: improved prepublication and postpublication validation of findings; the complete disclosure of research steps; assessment of the stability of statistical findings; providing access to digital research objects, in particular data and software; and ensuring these objects are legally reusable.
Urinary β‐HCG in Benign and Malignant Urinary Tract Diseases
Authors: Halim A.-B. , Barakat M. , El-Zayat A. M. , Daw M. , El-Ahmady O.
Published: February 2015

Detectable leve ls of HCG have been reported in conditions other th an normal pregnancy, including threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic tumors, carcinomas of the stomach, liver, pancreas and breast as well as multiple myeloma and melanoma. The present study was conducted to estimate urinary β‐HCG in bladder cancer and benign urinary tract disorders. 163 individuals were included, 68 with bladder cancer (60 males and 8 females), 64 with benign urinary tract diseases (55 males and 9 females) and 31 normal healthy controls (26 males and 5 females). Urinary β‐HCG was estimated by the ELISA technique using the reagents supplied by DRG International Inc., Germany. Results of th e study revealed an overexpression of β‐HCG in mali gnant and benign urinary tract diseases. 60.3% of the cancer patients and 29.7% of patients with benign diseases showed urinary β‐HCG values above the upper limit of the control group (2mIU/ml ).
Production and Characterisation of Anti‐Cardiac Troponin‐I Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Haider Kh. H. , Stimson W. H.
Published: February 2015

Cardiac troponin‐I (cTn‐I) was isolated from bovine left ventricular tissue and used as immunogen. Sixteen murine hybridoma lines were produced with two of them. I D 12 and 5F4, showing a high specificity for cTn‐I; both of these monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were isotyped as IgG I with kappa ‐ light chains. The specificity of the McAbs for cTn‐1 was confirmed by ELISA, western blotting and by the ability of the antibodies to block actomyosin ATPase inhibition by cTn‐I. The McAbs may be useful for human ill vivo imaging of myocardial infarcts and other pathological conditions related to cardiac myocyte damage.
Establishment of Sequence‐Tagged Sites on 15q11‐q13 by Alu‐Vector PCR Cloning of Yac‐Generated Fragments
Authors: Kim W. S. , Deng Z. M. , Nassif N. T. , Smith A. , Trent R. J.
Published: February 2015

Angelman syndrome (AS) is caused by the loss of function of undefined gene(s) on human chromosome 15. The majority of subjects have deletions involving maternally‐derived chromosome 15q II‐q 13, and the shortest region of deletion overlap (SRO) has been localized to the region between D15S10 and D15S113. In this study, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), 6G‐D4, 9H‐D2 and 37D‐F9, mapping within the AS SRO, were isolated from the ICI Y AC library. Alu‐vector PCR products were amplified from the YACs and from YACs A229A2 and A33FI 0 which had been obtained from the St. Louis Y AC library. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced, and three new sequence‐tagged sites were generated within the AS SRO, facilitating the characterization of gene(s) involved in the Angelman syndrome.
Cathepsin‐D And Tnf‐α in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Salman T. , El-Ahmady O. , El-Shafee M. , Omar Sh. , Salman I.
Published: February 2015

In a study of 34 normal healthy controls, 35 patients with urinary tract bilharziasis and 93 bladder cancer patients (62 of them are operable cases and 31 are non‐operable ones), serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and cytosolic Cathepsin‐D were estimated. Though both potential markers were elevated in bladder cancer patients, neither Cathepsin‐D nor TNF‐α showed associations of prognostic value since there were no positive correlations with tumor stages, grades or association of tumors with bilharzia) ova or lymph node involvement.
pQueue-MAC: An Energy Efficient Hybrid MAC Protocol for Event-Driven Sensor Networks
Authors: Wu Liantao , Zhuo Shuguo , Wang Zhibo , Wang Zhi
Published: February 2015

Although a lot of MAC protocols have been proposed to deal with burst traffic in wireless sensor networks, most of them do not optimize the energy efficiency of low and nonperiodic traffic, which actually wastes a lot of energy. To solve the problem, we propose a novel MAC protocol, called pQueue-MAC, to achieve high energy efficiency when no event is detected and still guarantee immediate yet energy efficient data transmission when events are detected. pQueue-MAC uses preamble sampling to check potential communications in low traffic condition. Specifically, through short channel listening, nodes can decide whether there is data destined for them, based on which nodes choose to sleep for energy conservation or keep active for data exchange. Moreover, adaptive channel listening scheme is adopted for dynamic traffic load. When load increases, based on the load information collected from son nodes by piggybacking, cluster heads adaptively allocate TDMA slots and embed the new schedule information into the beacon frame broadcasted to son nodes. We have implemented pQueue-MAC on STM32W108 chips that offer IEEE 802.1.5.4 standard communication and conducted extensive experiments to evaluate its performance. Experimental results show that pQueue-MAC outperforms other typical MAC protocols in hybrid traffic load situation, since it achieves higher energy efficiency and lower transmission latency.
Bone Marrow Pathology Predicts Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Weng Cheng-Hao , Lu Kuan-Ying , Hu Ching-Chih , Huang Wen-Hung , Wang I-Kwan , Yen Tzung-Hai
Published: February 2015

Introduction. A bone marrow biopsy is a useful procedure for the diagnosis and staging of various hematologic and systemic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the findings of bone marrow studies can predict mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients.Methods. Seventy-eight end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis underwent bone marrow biopsies between 2000 and 2011, with the most common indication being unexplained anemia followed by unexplained leukocytosis and leukopenia.Results. The survivors had a higher incidence of abnormal megakaryocyte distributionP=0.001, band and segmented cellsP=0.021, and lymphoid cellsP=0.029than the nonsurvivors. The overall mortality rate was 38.5% (30/78), and the most common cause of mortality was sepsis (83.3%) followed by respiratory failure (10%). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, both decreased (OR 3.714, 95% CI 1.671–8.253,P=0.001) and absent (OR 9.751, 95% CI 2.030–45.115,P=0.004) megakaryocyte distribution (normal megakaryocyte distribution as the reference group), as well as myeloid/erythroid ratio (OR 1.054, CI 1.012–1.098,P=0.011), were predictive of mortality.Conclusion. The results of a bone marrow biopsy can be used to assess the pathology, and, in addition, myeloid/erythroid ratio and abnormal megakaryocyte distribution can predict mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients.
CO2Pneumoperitoneum Preservesβ-Arrestin 2 Content and Reduces High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB-1) Expression in an Animal Model of Peritonitis
Authors: Montalto Angela Simona , Bitto Alessandra , Minutoli Letteria , Impellizzeri Pietro , Costa Gaetano , Irrera Natasha , Pizzino Gabriele , Squadrito Francesco , Altavilla Domenica , Romeo Carmelo
Published: February 2015

Laparoscopy (LS) has been shown to decrease the inflammatory sequelae of endotoxemia.β-arrestin 2 plays an important function in signal transduction pathway of TLR4. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) is involved in the delayed systemic inflammatory response. We investigated the effects of CO2insufflation on liver, lung, and kidney expression of bothβ-arrestin 2 and HMGB-1 during sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed in male rats and 6 h later the animals were randomly assigned to receive a CO2pneumoperitoneum or laparotomy. Animals were euthanized; liver, lung, and kidney were removed for the evaluation ofβ-arrestin 2 and HMGB-1 expression. Immunohistochemical detection of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was investigated in lung and liver and bacterial load was determined in the peritoneal fluid. CO2pneumoperitoneum reduced peritoneal bacterial load, increased the expression ofβ-arrestin 2, and blunted the expression of the potent proinflammatory HMGB-1 in liver, lung, and kidney compared with laparotomy. Liver and lung MPO was markedly reduced in rats subjected to LS compared with laparotomy. We believe that CO2exerts an early protective effect by reducing bacterial load and likely toll-like receptor activation which in turn leads to a preservedβ-arrestin 2 expression and a reduced HMGB-1 expression.
Calibration and Algorithm Development for Estimation of Nitrogen in Wheat Crop Using Tractor Mounted N‐Sensor
Authors: Singh Manjeet , Kumar Rajneesh , Sharma Ankit , Singh Bhupinder , Thind S. K.
Published: February 2015

The experiment was planned to investigate the tractor mounted N‐sensor (Make Yara International) to predict nitrogen (N) for wheat crop under different nitrogen levels. It was observed that, for tractor mounted N‐sensor, spectrometers can scan about 32% of total area of crop under consideration. An algorithm was developed using a linear relationship between sensor sufficiency index (SIsensor) and SISPAD to calculate the Napp as a function of SISPAD. There was a strong correlation among sensor attributes (sensor value, sensor biomass, and sensor NDVI) and different N‐levels. It was concluded that tillering stage is most prominent stage to predict crop yield as compared to the other stages by using sensor attributes. The algorithms developed for tillering and booting stages are useful for the prediction of N‐application rates for wheat crop. N‐application rates predicted by algorithm developed and sensor value were almost the same for plots with different levels of N applied.
Reconfigurable CPLAG and Modified PFAL Adiabatic Logic Circuits
Authors: Sharma Manoj , Noor Arti
Published: February 2015

Previously, authors have proposed CPLAG and MCPLAG circuits extracting benefits of CPL family implemented based upon semiadiabatic logic for low power VLSI circuit design along with gating concept. Also authors have communicated RCPLAG circuits adding another dimension of reconfigurability into CPLAG/MCPLAG circuits. Moving ahead, in this paper, authors have implemented/reconfigured RCPLAG universal Nand/And gate and universal Nor/Or gate for extracting behavior of dynamic positive edge triggered DFF. Authors have also implemented Adder/Subtractor circuit using different techniques. Authors have also reported modification in PFAL semiadiabatic circuit family to further reduce the power dissipation. Functionality of these is verified and found to be satisfactory. Further these are examined rigorously with voltage, Cload, temperature, and transistor size variation. Performance of these is examined with these variations with power dissipation, delays, rise, and fall times associated. From the analysis it is found that best operating condition for DFF based upon RCPLAG universal gate can be achieved at supply voltage lower than 3 V which can be used for different transistor size up to 36 μm. Average power dissipation is 0.2 μW at 1 V and 30 μW at 2 V at 100 ff Cload 25°C approximately. Average power dissipated by CPLAG Adder/Subtractot is 58 μW. Modified PFAL circuit reduces average power by 9% approximately.