bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF TOMATO MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN LOMBOK TIMUR DISTRICT
Authors: Agustina Susanti , Ahmadi Rizal
Published: December 2021

The tomato plant has a short life cycle, it can grow to one to three in hight. This study aims to determine the marketing channels of tomatoes in East Lombok Regency and to determine the efficiency of tomato marketing on farmers’ income in East Lombok Regency. For that, we can know how many marketing channels are in East Lombok Regency and whether the marketing channels are efficient. The study uses descriptive methods. The techniques used are survey and interview techniques. The study is conducted in Lombok east district, by taking three subdistricts as sample locations impressively sampling are Suralaga, Aikmel and Wanasaba district with consideration of the subdistrict have the largert harvest and highest production. The number of  respondents was conducted quota sampling as is established by as many as 30 farmers. Whereas the approval of the responders was done by the method of snow ball. Data analysis using order line analysis and marketing efficiency analysis. Research shows that the marketing margin on channel I is Rp 3000 and the second marketing channel is 5000 in efficiency on channel I is 12.57and channel II is 44.31. Farmers share to channel I is 80% and channel II is 66.67%. So every marketing channel is efficient
ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP INCOME OF RICE FARMERS (Oryza Sativa) IN AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS IN VARIOUS LAND AREA IN SUB-DISTRICT AIKMEL KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR
Authors: Hermawan Edy , Anwar Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Rice commodity in Aikmel sub-district is one of the main commodities with an area of ​​9,392 Ha of lowland rice farming and geographically. Non-agricultural activities in rural areas began to develop in response to insufficient income from the agricultural sector. Many rural residents engage in non-agricultural activities when the agricultural sector is free. This is what causes a large number of residents to work from the non-agricultural sector, related to employment and income opportunities. Seeing this condition, it is felt that research needs to be done. This study aims to look at the income of paddy rice farming, non-farming and the relationship between lowland rice farming income and non-farming income on various land areas. The method in this study, namely descriptive, data collection by survey technique, determining the number of samples were 30 people was carried out by quota sampling and taking farmers in each village was carried out by proportional random sampling and determination of villages as samples was carried out by purposive sampling. The Results of the study explain: 1) the average total income of lowland rice farming farmers is Rp. 1.207.412/LLG or equivalent to Rp. 5.219.359/Ha. 2) In this study, farmers receive an average non-farming income of rice farmers of Rp. 8,000,000.- planting season 3). Relationship analysis relationship obtained correlation coefficient value of 0,3786 Because it has a positive result with a correlation coefficient value of 0,3786, the larger the land area, the greater the contribution of agricultural sector income to total non-agricultural income.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF RED CHILLI FARMER, AT MEREMBU VILLAGE, LABUAPI DISTRICT, WEST LOMBOK REGENCY 2021
Authors: Ida Bagus Eka Artika
Published: December 2021

Red chili is an agricultural commodity planted by farmers on the sidelines of rice planting as the main agricultural commodity, especially in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. This study aims to determine the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. The sample respondent as many as 35 red chili farmers in the research area. The analysis technique uses income distribution analysis with three approaches, namely Gini Coefficient approach, Lorenz Curve and World Bank Criteria Approach. The results of the Gini Ratio calculation for the 35 respondents studied, obtained a Gini Index or Gini Coefficient of 0.143, this shows the income inequality of red chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District in the mild or low category. This statement is reinforced by the Lorenz Curve approach and the World Bank Criteria Approach, namely the results of calculations based on the World Bank approach obtained that 40% of the population with low incomes receive an income of 29.6% or greater than 17% (Low Category) of the total existing income. This indicates that the category of the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District is relatively low
Effect of Adding Dilute Sulphuric Acid on Calcareous Soil Properties in Jordan Valley
Authors: I Abu-Abdoun Ideisan
Published: December 2021

Calcareous soil that contains enough free calcium carbonate to effervesce visibly, releasing carbon-dioxide gas, when treated with diluted sulfuric acid. Analysis of calcareous soil in Jordan valley after treatment with aqueous low concentration sulfuric acid shows some change in the physical prosperities of the soil such as reduction of calcium carbonate from 66% to 30%, soil density from 1.60 g/cm3 to 1.19 g/cm3 . Soil texture is convert from silt clay loam to silt loam this physical changing makes soil permeability is easier so it could be suitable for agricultural without effect in plant growth also we show reduce soil PH and increasing in soil filtration tare. We showed several changes in the plants, which planted in the treated soil by sulfuric acid as increasing in the product from 10 - 25 %, would reduce in using chemical fertilizers from 15-30% and absence of soil diseases.
The Aging Incarcerated Population: Evaluating Two Decades of Upward Trends
Authors: Georgoulas-Sherry Vasiliki
Published: December 2021

The aging prison population encompasses the fastest rising age category in the US prison system and are continuing to receive national focus due to its high economic and social costs. Due to their confinement status, the aging incarcerated individuals are subject to insufficient health care and risky lifestyles and behaviors. This leads to an even more rapid progression of these concerns than commonly found in typical aging populations. Due to this, correctional departments are challenged to provide the necessary care and support. This study reviewed snapshots of 1998, 2008, and 2018 incarcerated population data from a mid-sized correctional department in efforts to evaluate the trends of the aging incarcerated population (ages 55 or older) over the past two decades. The findings highlight: a) The prevalence of the aging incarcerated population and the change in populations over the past two decades; b) The similarities and differences between the aging and non-aging incarcerated populations; c) The factors that distinguish the 1998, 2008, and 2018 aging incarcerated population; and d) The recidivism and violation rates of the 1998, 2008, and 2018 incarcerated population. This endeavor helped gain insight and knowledge into the impact of the aging incarcerated population. Studies like this one benefit in providing consideration to policy changes focusing on the geriatric population, attention to the aging population’s physical and mental health, and evaluation of new programs that can positively impact the aging incarcerated population.
Impact Study on Composite Targets by a Nylon Projectile
Authors: BA Parate
Published: December 2021

In the present paper, impact study of nylon projectile on composite targets using a water-jet disruptor was addressed with damage mechanism. The three different composite targets such as teak, ply and pine woods were used in the experiment. The strength of wood and the damage under impact load is very crucial. The failure under load is very intricate as it is made up of natural composite. The composite target damage mechanism depends on characterisation and impact velocity of projectile. Simultaneously stresses and strains are generated which makes it responsible to cause the damage. Disruptor using water-jet plays a very crucial role in neutralising Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) with the minimum risk. These devices are designed to generate a high velocity water-jet using an electrically initiated gas generator cartridge. This helps in separating the critical components of IED’s and avoiding them from operating as anticipated. The damage caused by a waterjet disruptor is not quantified in assessing the performance. However, at present no technique was available to evaluate the performance. The terminal ballistics tests at the target end are found appropriate for solid projectiles, such as penetration of bullet into target plates or impact of fragments. These terminal effects are the good indicators considering the destruction. The available alternative measurement techniques are cost effective that forms a basis for future common test protocols. The authors suggested that craters made by a nylon projectile using the disruptor provide a quantitative measure. This should be considered as a potential for upcoming standard test for evaluating the performance. The impact caused by a nylon projectile is dependent on projectile kinetic energy and the dissemination of stress wave in the surrounding zone. The energy dissipated by a nylon projectile gets absorbed by the targets through a certain mechanisms. Ballistic velocities for various targets are also worked out. Pinewood has less ballistic velocity limit as compared to other two targets. Study and methods for the disruptor performance on various composite targets (plywood, teak wood and pinewood with 15 mm thickness) at 0.5 and 1m stand-off distances are evaluated. This compares with the respective common target tests. From the experiments, it is concluded that a nylon projectile has potential to penetrate through composite targets.
Study of Steel Melted Slags as Materials for Road Construction
Authors: NI Buravchuk
Published: December 2021

The properties of steel-making slag concentrated in dumps in the Rostov region have been investigated. The possibility of using them as materials for road construction is shown. Fractionated aggregates from steelmaking slag can be used for the construction of subgrade, foundations and layers of pavement. They are applicable in asphalt mixes for pavements. Materials from the investigated steelmaking slag can be used in the construction and repair of roads of III - IV categories of roads.
ASKERÎ HAREKÂTIN EVRİMİ VE İSTİHBARAT, GÖZETLEME, KEŞİF FAALİYETLERİNİN DEĞİŞEN ARAÇLARI
Authors: Şahin Güngör , Kıvam Süfyan Kadir
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışmada, askerî harekâtın değişen yapısı ve koşulları çerçevesinde istihbaratın en temel fonksiyonlarından olan istihbarat, gözetleme ve keşif (İGK) faaliyetinin vasıtalarında ne gibi bir dönüşümünün yaşandığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma, teknolojinin askerî harekâtlarda yaratmış olduğu dönüşüm ile istihbarat görev ve sorumluluklarındaki değişime nasıl bir etki sağladığının İGK özelinde anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Harekâtın yapısı ve karakteristiği değiştikçe istihbarata olan ihtiyaç paralel olarak artmıştır. Bu ihtiyacın giderilmesinde yine teknoloji önemli bir rol üstlenmiş ve istihbaratın vasıta ve fonksiyonlarında genişlemelere neden olurken, onun doğrulanabilirliğini, zamansallığını ve değerini artırmıştır. İGK faaliyetlerinin istihbarattaki yeri ise gelişen teknoloji ile bütünleşik ve kapsamlı bir anlayış kazanmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanılarak mevcut teknolojilerin gelişim süreci tarihsel bir perspektifte incelenmiş, uzay ve hava boyutunda İGK unsurlarının ne gibi bir gelişme yaşandığı ve bu unsurların nasıl avantajlar/dezavantajlar sunduğu sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Bu sorulara bağlı olarak İGK faaliyetlerinin de araçsal olarak harekât yapısıyla paralel bir değişim yaşandığı bulgusuna ulaşılırken, yeni istihbarat vasıtalarının ortaya çıkması ile günümüz açısından en çok İHA’ların İGK konseptinde kullanılabilir olduğu değerlendirilmiştir.
Research on the Connotation and Teaching Strategies of Chinese Reading Teaching
Authors: Li Jianwei , Yang Jinfang
Published: December 2021

Chinese reading teaching is one of the important parts of reading and plays an important role in teaching. The purpose of reading teaching is not only to let students learn and master language knowledge, but also to obtain information, learn culture, develop reading skills and strategies through reading, so as to lay a solid foundation for further learning and lifelong development in the future.
Does Price Affect Consumer Decisions In Buying Products? (Food Industry case study)
Authors: Karim Kurniati
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of price on purchasing decisions at Cafe ABC in Pekanbaru. This study uses quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to collect primary data. A total of 99 respondents became the sample in this study.Found Based on the results of simple linear regression analysis obtainedThe coefficient is positive, meaning that there is a positive relationship between price and purchase decisions. The better the price, the better the purchase decision, it is also found that there is a significant effect between the price on the purchase decision
The Influence of Leadership and Motivation on the Performance of an Educational Institution: A Case Study
Authors: Ansori Putra Budi
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of leadership and work motivation on teacher performance in educational institutions. This research is quantitative research. The sample in this study were all teachers totaling 49 teachers. The research data used SPSS version 23. It was found that the F count was 22,052 > F table 3,20 so that simultaneously the variables of leadership and work motivation had a significant effect on teacher performance. the contribution of the influence of competence and work environment on teacher performance is 47.3%, while 52.7% is influenced by other factors that are not cultivated in this study.
Modeling the risks process, associated with the violation of rolling stock operation
Authors: Lyashenko Victoriya , Muratov Aleksey
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes a possible approach to the construction of a risk management model at the enterprises of the locomotive complex of JSC "Russian Railways" performing rolling stock operation. The suggested model can be implemented in a system for organizing the safety of rolling stock operation. The relevance of improving safety is particularly acute when operating high-tech rolling stock with a high complexity of control algorithms. The objetive is the analysis and development of solutions to improve operational efficiency using a model that provides solutions to the problems of choosing optimal and safe operating modes from the point of view of implementing rolling stock management processes. Reducing the number of violations during the operation of rolling stock can be realized with the active use of a risk-based model that takes into account the possibility of predicting factors that affect the occurrence of risks. In this regard, the issues related to the implementation of risk management in operational locomotive depots are considered. The most rational approach to the implementation of risk management for a variety of uncontrolled factors that have a significant impact on the safety and accident-free operation is given. A model for solving multi-criteria problems is suggested as one of the options for choosing the safe operation of rolling stock.
Indopiptadenia Oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan an Endangered Tree Species: Measures for the Coservation
Authors: Panwar Giriraj , Ambrish Kumar , Srivastava S.
Published: December 2021

Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan is an endangered tree species of family Mimosaceae. Species is mainly distributed at Indo-Nepal border and facing threats such as anthropogenic pressure, habitat destruction, over exploitation, low seed viability and poor seed germination.
Thermal and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of a Modified Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Block
Authors: BAKO Sunday , DOGO Jacob Nonom , UMAR Muhammed Bello , BORI İge
Published: December 2021

An engine block is the main supporting structure for other components of the engine. Poor heat dissipation of the engine block causes excessive thermal expansion and frictional wearing of the engine components and makes engine oil to lose its lubricating power. Therefore, there is a need to modify the design of the engine block in order to improve its effectiveness. In this analysis, a two stroke spark ignition engine block was initially used as a reference model for the development of the modified model. Solidworks (2013) simulation software was used to model and conduct a thermal and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis on the two models. The thermal analysis results shows that, the maximum temperature gradient and heat flux obtained during the steady state and transient thermal analysis were, 2.237×107 K/m, 3.6817×104 K/m, and 1.066×107 W/m2, 1.661×106 W/m2 for the reference model, while 1.771×106 K/m, 4.913×104 K/m, and 7.970×107 W/m2, 2.211×106 W/m2 for the modified model respectively. The results shows that the modified model has an improved heat dissipation rate than the reference model. The CFD analysis shows that, the reference model is subjected to high pressure and air resistance than the modified model. This increases the drag force acting on the reference model. While the modified model has high air flow velocity round the engine block, than the reference model. This is due to fins modification of the modified model. This makes the engine block model to have low air restriction. It is hereby recommended that further validation should be carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of the modified model. The performance of the modified model can also be improved by converting its fins into triangular fins geometry.
Activity of southern Indiar1 Ocean convergence zone as seen in satellite cloud data during pre-monsoon months
Authors: GUPTA G. R. , PRASAD ONKARI
Published: December 2021

The weekly mean cloud cover data for the pre-monsoon months of April and May over the Indian Ocean between20°S to 20°N latitudes and 40°E to 100" E longitudes have been studied for three good moon- soon years (1977, 1983, 1988) and three drought years (1972,1979, 1987). It is shown that while the characteristics of weekly mean cloud cover data during pre-monsoon months are similar for all the good monsoon years, they varied from one drought year to another. The study reveals some of the interesting features of southwest monsoon. An overall negative relationship between southern Indian Ocean convergence zone (SIOCZ) and monsoon activity is indicated. While at intraseasonal scale this may only be a simultaneous association, the pre-monsoon activity of SIOCZ may possibly have long-range predictive potential to some extent, for Indian monsoon rainfall.
A kinetic theory model for rain out and wash out of soluble gaseous air pollutants
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K.
Published: December 2021

A new theory, using kinetic theory of gases, for dissolution of gaseous air pollutants and applicable both for wash out and rain out processes has been proposed. It has been shown that the current theory of wash out of gases given by Hales (1972) is a special case of the general theory proposed here.
Minimum temperature forecasting by stochastic techniques : An evidence of the heat island effect
Authors: HERNANDEZ E. , GARCIA R. , TESO M. T.
Published: December 2021

This paper deals mainly with the forecasting of minimum temperatures (Tm) from an stochastic viewpoint. Some appropriate theoretical considerations lead to a choice of those variables significant connected to Tm. Modelling has been carried out for two nearby observatories, one in the centre of Madrid, the other one in the border (Barajas airport). The obtained models allow to show that the significant variables are the same for both locations, but performance in the peripheral area is of a rather inferior quality. It is shown, taking into account the characteristics of both places, that the difference between them can be allotted to the heat-island effect in the centre of Madrid.
Some climatological characteristics of mean sea level pressure in Bangladesh
Authors: MOBASSHER A. , RASHID M. H.
Published: December 2021

On the basis of climatological data of 30 years (1951-1980) for 16 stations a climatological study of mean sea level pressure in Bangladesh has been accomplished. Spatial distribution and actual variation of mean sea level pressure have been studied. Attempt has been made to explain the cause of annual variation of mean sea, level pressure in Bangladesh from the point of view of synoptic meteorology. "Stability" of the meteorological stations of Bangladesh with respect to mean sea level pressure has been quired. The spatial variations of correlation of coefficients with regard to mean sea level pressure have been analysed. Finally, some characteristics of probabilities of mean sea level pressure at different materials for selected stations have been obtained.
Precipitable water and its spectral analysis over eastern and western parts of India during Monex-1979
Authors: SINGH U. S. , SINGH J. B.
Published: December 2021

Precipitable water over eastern and western parts of India have been computed using Monex-79 data from surface to 300 mb at a vertical interval of 50 mb. Fluctuations in precipitable water have been examined in relation to depressions and cyclones. The spectral analysis of eddy precipitable water was performed. Vertical variation of periodicity in different layers have been observed.
The stability of internal gravity waves in a bounded atmospheric shear layer in the presence of moisture
Authors: JACOVIDES C.P.
Published: December 2021

The stability characteristics of internal gravity waves, generated by an isothermal bounded tangent velocity profile in the presence of a saturated finite layer, are studied. The moist layer with constant thickness the structure of the ness is introduced at different levels in respect to the point of inflection and the variations of moisture content and distance from the origin are examined. The characteristics of the unstable waves are obtained by solving numerically the linearized versions or the full equations of motion, in the inviscid and Boussinesq limit, through the technique of Lalas and Elnaudi (1976).

 It is shown that the presence of the moist layer can significantly affect the stability characteristics of the waves. Increases in the moisture and distance of the layer from the Inflection point are found to amplify or decay the wave response, because the saturated layer behaves as a solid boundary to the flow. The presence of such effective layer is shown to stabilize short wavelengths and destabilize. Finally, an application of the model's results to the real atmosphere is discussed.
Analysis of soil temperature at various depths by Fourier technique
Authors: LAMBA B.S. , KHAMBETE N.N.
Published: December 2021

Harmonic analysis of weekly means of soil temperatures at 5,.15 and 30 cm; depths have been done for seven stations of .India. The corresponding amplitudes and phase angles In respect of different harmonics are presented-

 

 The warmest soil near the soil surface (5 cm depth) occurs during the period 16th to 19th week. While the  highest maximum occurs during the period 20th to 26th week (30 cm depth).
Effect of weather on rice crop in Bhandara district. A curvilinear approach
Authors: CHOWDHURY A.
Published: December 2021

Curvilinear technique has been applied to rice crop in Bhandara district (Maharashtra) to examine effects of rainfall, maximum temperature and relative humidity. Partial regression curves for estimating the rice yield by taking into account the .combined effect of these three factors have been worked out. It is observed that during the period of active growth rainfall is the most significant factor followed by maximum temperature and relative humidity in that order. The optimum value of total rainfall during the active growth phase was found as 1000 mm and those for maximum temperature and relative humidity as 30.5° C and 81% respectively.
Estimation of relative humidity profiles From INSAT cloud data
Authors: PRASAD ONKARI , RAO A.V. R. K.
Published: December 2021

Accurate humidity profiles are needed for obtaining useful rainfall forecasts from numerical weather prediction models. In this context objective estimation of moisture profiles over ocean areas using satellite cloud data becomes important. For this purpose the fractional cloudiness data available from INSAT has been classified into different cloud categories depending on the total cloud amount and the levels at which the clouds have been present. Actual relative humidity profiles have been obtained using TEMP data of Port Blair (11 .6°N 92.7°E) and Minicoy (8,3°N, 72,9°E), Most frequently occurring relative humidity profile has been selected as being representative of humidity distribution in the vertical for a given cloud category. The preliminary results reported here show that these bogus relative humidity profiles could provide useful Information on moisture distribution in the vertical over the Indian Ocean.
Atmospheric extinction related to aerosol mass concentration and meteorological conditions in the atmosphere of Qena (Egypt)
Authors: EL-SHAZLY SAYED M. , ABDELMAGEED ABDELAZEEM M. , HASSAN GAMILY , NOBI BADRY
Published: December 2021

The dependence of the atmospheric extinction on aerosols concentration, temperature and wind speed is demonstrated. The atmospheric extinction was determined by measuring the transmission loss of radiation from alight source across 36 cm path with a photocell detector Conclusion include a general association of high extinction with high aerosols concentration, temperature and wind speed, but there are no one-to-one relationships. A correlation study between the extinction coefficient and each of these parameters was performed.
A method of estimating longwave radiation Over the Indian seas based on surface synoptic observations
Authors: Mohanty U.C. , Mohan Kumar N.
Published: December 2021

An attempt has been made to estimate longwave radiative flux from sea surface using semi empirical models with the help of routinely observed meteorological parameters during the monsoon season. The estimated values are then compared with observed values to find out an appropriate method to compute a longwave flux.

      The study shows that clouds play an important role in determining the longwave flux. It IS found that lack of detailed knowledge of clouds obtained from ground based observations is responsible for the errors in the estimation of longwave flux. The errors are reduced using a regression method based on Monsoon-77 data set. The method was then tested with Monex-79 data set which served as independent data set. The method thus developed considerably reduces the errors associated with the estimation of long wave flux.
Some salient features of the Bay of Bengal Cyclone of November 1989
Authors: SRIDHARAN S. , KUMAR P. V.REVI , MUTHVCHAMI A.
Published: December 2021

The cyclone which occurred in the Bay of Bengal during November 1989 produced relatively less rainfall and the damage though intensive was confined to a relatively small area. After landfall the system weakened rapidly. Salient features of the cyclone are discus3ed and a comparative study has also been made with the cyclone of November 1984 and the results presented.
Decadal variations of Hadley and Walker circulations in the tropics
Authors: GOSWAMI B. N. , THOMAS MANU ANNA
Published: December 2021

Preliminary estimate of divergent Hadley and Walker circulation associated with inter-decadal variations in the tropics is made with   50-year reanalysis data and compared with their inter-annual counterparts. Interdecadal and inter-annual components are separated using harmonic analysis and meridional and zonal mass flux stream functions are used to calculate the strength of Hadley and Walker circulations. The magnitude of inter-decadal Hadley and Walker circulation anomalies are shown to be comparable to those associated with dominant inter-annual variations. How superposition of inter-decadal and inter-annual divergent circulations may influence regional climate is discussed.
Trends and fluctuations of the cyclonic systems over North Indian Ocean
Authors: RAO D. V. BHASKAR , NAIDU C. V. , RAO B. R. SRINIVASA
Published: December 2021

The data of the monthly cyclone frequencies over North Indian Ocean for the period 1877-1998 has been analysed to study the long-term trends and fluctuations. Analysis has been made separately for depressions and cyclones for the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons along with the annual frequencies. The data was subjected to 11-year moving averages and the epochs of increasing and decreasing trends have been identified. A consistent decreasing trend after 1950s is a notable feature.

 

The time series of the monthly cyclone frequency were passed through a high-pass filter to eliminate periods greater than 21 years and then subjected to spectrum analysis using Maximum Entropy Method to obtain dominant periodicities. Three significant periodicities at 2.2-2.8; 3.5-6.5 and 10-15 years have been identified which could be attributed to QBO, ENSO and decadal frequencies.
Potential for long-range regional precipitation prediction over India
Authors: SONTAKKE NEELIMA A. , SHEA DENNIS J. , MADDEN ROLAND A. , KATZ RICHARD W.
Published: December 2021

The potential for long-range precipitation prediction over the Indian monsoon region is generally good where climate noise (i.e., variability due to daily weather fluctuations) is small as compared to the climate signal (i.e., variability due to year to year fluctuations in monthly/seasonal means) being in the tropical belt. In order to understand the potential on smaller spatial scales, the ratios of inter-annual variability to that associated with climate noise have been computed for precipitation of four seasons as well as SW monsoon sub-seasons/months over 1656 stations in the Indian subcontinent.

 

Precipitation in SW monsoon has been found potentially predictable on seasonal as well as intra-seasonal scale. The west coast and contiguous northwest India, part of the 'northeast India are more predictable. Potential for long-range prediction over northwest India is highest during the active monsoon period from July to September. Over eastern peninsula potential for prediction is generally found low whereas over north-central India it is always moderate. Over northern latitudes precipitation due to western disturbances during January to May is potentially predictable. Precipitation over southeast India and Sri Lanka during October to February due to northeast (NE) monsoon shows good potential for long-range prediction. It is manifested that long-range precipitation forecasting schemes for SW monsoon season, sub-seasons and months and for the other seasons over India on point to regional scale have good scope by taking into account the potential predictability at the individual stations as well as at contiguous resemblance areas over the country.
The effect of Indian Ocean warming on the Indian Monsoon: An atmospheric model study
Authors: BACHIOCHI DAVID , JHA BHASKAR , KRISHNAMURTI T.N.
Published: December 2021

The results from an atmospheric modeling study using the Florida State University Global Spectral Model indicate that, in years such as 1997 when the Indian Ocean SSTs are large, the Indian monsoon exhibits a typical behaviour. During that year, an extended shift of the tropical convergence zone towards the north played a role in the regional Hadley cell anomalies. The local warm boundary conditions in the northwestern Indian Ocean aided the high rainfall anomaly in Western India during the model simulations. The upper level structure, exhibited in terms of the global velocity potential is slightly shifted east for 1997, but with the correct sign. This structure shows regions of convergence over Indonesia where severe drought had occurred. The performance of the model rainfall over the equatorial Indian Ocean was uncanny for most seasons studied. Overall, the model performed best over the oceanic regions.
Global warming and monsoon climate
Authors: LAL M. , SINGH SANJEEV K.
Published: December 2021

The response of the Asian summer monsoon to transient increases of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and sulfate aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere is examined using the data generated in numerical experiments with available coupled atmosphere-ocean global climate models (A-O GCMs). A comparison of observed and model-simulated trends in monthly mean near-surface temperature and rainfall over the region provides evidence of skill of the A-O GCMs in simulating the regional climatology. The potential role of the sulfate aerosols in obscuring the GHG- induced warming over the Indian subcontinent is discussed. Even though the simulated total seasonal rainfall over the Indian subcontinent during summer monsoon season is underestimated in most of the A-O GCMs, the year to year variability in simulated monsoon rainfall over the study region is found to be in fair agreement with the observed climatology.
Past monsoons : A review of proxy data and modelling
Authors: Jagadheesha D. , Ramesh R.
Published: December 2021

Recent modelling studies have given insight into the role of internal feedback processes among components of the climate system on the evolution of monsoon strength since the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 years ago). Here we present an overview of these modelling studies related to the summer monsoon over India and northern Africa. These studies indicate that the seasonal insolation changes alone do not explain the observed extent of hydrological changes during the early and middle Holocene over northern Africa. To simulate the extent of observed changes during this period incorporation of vegetation as an active component in climate models appears to be necessary. Over the Indian region, model results show that precipitation-soil moisture feedbacks play an important role in determining the response of the monsoon to changes in insolation and glacial-age surface boundary conditions. Indian monsoon strength from  proxy records during the early and middle. Holocene have also been used in conjunction with coupled ocean atmosphere general circulation model experiments to refute the suggestion that semi-permanent warm surface conditions prevailed over equatorial Pacific ocean from 11 to 5ka.
Model evolution of the middle atmospheric palaeoenvironments
Authors: BEIG GUFRAN
Published: December 2021

Ice core air analysis has indicated a significant variation in the atmospheric contents of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O from the last ice age to the present period. This may have contributed in altering the vertical distribution of temperature and composition of the atmosphere about which not much information is available. The two dimensional interactive model of radiation, dynamics and chemistry has been used to reconstruct the annual vertical distribution of thermal structure and trace gas concentrations of the middle atmosphere for the periods extending from last ice age to the present. For this purpose, ice core air data of the above mentioned forcing parameters are used as input to the model for different time frames including Mounder Maximum, Roman maximum, pre-industrial period and the last glacial period. Model results show that the considerable reduction in the greenhouse gas content for the last ice age has resulted in colling of troposphere and a warming by about 10 to 15° K in the upper stratosphere as compared to present. The variation in temperature is closely related with the water vapour content. The percentage change in ozone concentration for the last glacial period is to a miximum of 50% near the poles in the upper stratosphere and about 10% in the tropics. A significant decrease in the hydroxyl content in the last ice age must have contributed in increasing the ozone content above 30 km. however, the total integrated ozone content appears to show marginal variations from last ice age to the present due to several counter-balancing effects.
Salient features of maximum temperature distribution over Tamil Nadu
Authors: MUTHUCHAMI A. , RAMAKRISHNAN B. , SUBADRA P. A.
Published: December 2021

In this paper an attempt is made to study the spatial variations of maximum temperature over Tamil Nadu. From the data of daily maximum temperature of eleven stations in Tamil Nadu for the first six months from 1981 to 1997, it is observed that there are two separate regions namely high maximum temperature region of interior stations and low maximum temperature region of coastal stations from January to May and the distinction disappears in June. Hill station Kodaikanal recorded less maximum temperature that Ootacamund from January to May and it reverses in June. During onset phase of southwest monsoon, maximum temperature decreases over Coimbatore, Pamban and Kanyakumari. In the presence of cyclonic storm over the Bay of Bengal the maximum temperatures are fallen during the period when the storm affects Tamil Nadu or Andhra coast in May and June whereas when the storms moves farther away from the coast maximum temperature over interior places decreases and increases over north coastal stations.
Some climatological features of thunderstorms at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode airports
Authors: SANTHOSH K. , KUMARI R. SARASA , GANGADHARAN V. K. , SASIDHARAN N. V.
Published: December 2021

The average monthly frequency of thunderstorms, its annual and monthly frequency of duration, time of commencement and frequency of thunderstorms in relation to duration and time of commencement at three aerodrome stations of Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode have been presented in this paper. It is found that thunderstorm activity is maximum in pre-monsoon months at Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi and in post monsoon months at Kozhikode. Majority of the thunderstorms are of duration less than three hours and have a preference to commence between 9 and 18 UTC in all stations whereas long duration thunderstorms generally commence between 9 and 15 UTC.
Climatology of dry and wet spell over Vidarbha region during monsoon months
Authors: SARKAR JAYANTA , SEETHARAM K. , SHAHA S. K.
Published: December 2021

In this investigation 10-day period-wise simple probability, 10-day period-wise  probability of consecutive dry and wet spells of different lengths, and month-wise different parameters, and properties of Markov Chain Model over Vidarbha region during south-west monsoon months have been studied.

 

For this purpose, daily rainfall data (1 June – 30 September) of 11 stations covering all the districts of Vidarbha for the period 1960-90 have been utilized.

 

The study reveals that over Vidarbha during monsoon season (June - September) probability of a day being wet and probability of consecutive wet spell of different lengths are by and large high during the last and first 10-day periods of July and August respectively when the monsoon is at its peak. During the first two 10-day periods in June and last two 10-day periods in September, the probabilities of a dry day and that of consecutive dry spell of different lengths and quite high. During July and August a maximum of 12-14 wet days are expected and wet spell, on an average, lasts for 2 days. Stationary probability of the occurrence of wet day (pi2) is found to be maximum during July making it the most humid month in the monsoon season.
Forecasting peak surface gust wind in association with thunderstorm activity during pre-monsoon season at Delhi
Authors: MADAN O. P. , RAVI N. , MOHANTY U. C.
Published: December 2021

In this study, an attempt is made to develop an objective method for forecasting the direction and speed of the gusty winds associated with thunderstorms at Delhi. For this purpose, surface and upper-air data for April, May and June (AMJ) for the years 1985-90 are utilized. Multiple regression equations are developed for forecasting the direction and speed of the gusty winds, using stepwise screening method, for which a total of 181 potential predictors are utilized. The developed dynamical-statistical models are tested with independent data sets of 1994 and 1995 for April, May and June. The dynamical-statistical models give satisfactory results with the developmental as well as the independent data sets. The root mean square error of the direction vary between 58° and 77° and the speed forecast vary between 9 and 12 knots. Possible reasons for large deviations of the forecast, noticed on a very few occasions, have also been examined.
Development of solid fertilizer recovery technology using high concentration phosphorus wastewater and livestock wastewater
Authors: Kim Jae In , Hwang Jung Ho , Choi Dan , Lee Byung Kwan , Choi Yoon Yung , Lee Byung Joon
Published: December 2021

Jae In Kim);황정호Jung Ho Hwang);최단(Dan Choi);이병관(Byung Kwan Lee);최윤영(Yoon Yung Choi);이병준(Byung Joon Lee
BİLGİNİN SERÜVENİ BAĞLAMINDA KAFEDEN KLASLAMA KURULUŞUNA: İNGİLİZ LOYDU
Authors: KARAKURT Asım Sinan
Published: December 2021

Ekonomiden siyasete, tarımsal üretim tekniklerinden endüstriyel teknolojiye, sosyal düşünceden bilimsel düşünceye kadar birçok alanda büyük değişimlerin yaşandığı ve bir o kadarına da gebe kalınan bir dönemde yani 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda Avrupa kıtası, kullanışlı veya kullanışsız, bilimsel veya bilimsel olmayan muazzam bir bilgi üretimine sahne olmuştur. Kilise kurumunun, bilginin üretilmesinden bilginin onaylanmasına kadar birçok alandaki tekelinin ya da otoritesinin zayıflamaya başladığı bu dönemde gerek bireysel gerekse kurumlar bünyesinde üretilen farklı türlerdeki bilgilerin değer kazanabilmesi ve uygulamaya koyulup onaylanabilmesi için ilgili kitlelere doğru ve hızlı bir şekilde sunulması yani bilginin üretilmesinden bilginin pazarlanmasına ve onaylanmasına kadar geçirdiği her aşama oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada günümüzde özellikle gemi inşaatı ve denizcilik alanlarında otorite olmuş bir kurum olan İngiliz Loydu’nun (Lloyd’s Register) bir kafeden klaslama kuruluşuna dönüşümü bilgi ile olan ilişkisi üzerinden ele alınmış ve önemli hususlar paylaşılmıştır.
Açık Büfe Servis Sisteminde Gıda İsrafı: Rus Misafirler Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: AKMESE Halil , KABA İLYASOV Aynur
Published: December 2021

Sınırlı olan dünya kaynaklarının etkin ve verimli bir şekilde kullanılması, dünya nüfusunun sağlıklı olarak beslenebilmesi bakımından tüketim çağında yaşanan gıda israf ve kayıplarının önlenmesi meselesi, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan tüm ülkeleri ilgilendiren önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Turizmin her yıl milyonlarca kişiyi ağırlayan bir sektör olduğu dikkate alındığında, bu alanda meydana gelen gıda israf ve kayıplarının öncelikli olarak tespit edilmesi ve gerekli tedbirlerin makro ve mikro bazda alınması, gıda sürdürülebilirliği açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hızlı servis imkânının yanı sıra uygun fiyatı ile turizm sektöründe hızla kabul gören açık büfe servis sistemi, sunduğu avantajlara karşın fazla miktarda tabak atığı oluşturması bakımından dikkatleri çekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda hazırlanan söz konusu çalışmayla, son dönemde ülkemize ziyaret eden misafirler arasında ilk sırada yer alan Rus misafirlerin açık büfe servis sistemindeki gıda israf tutumları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla Alanya ilçesinde yer alan beş yıldızlı konaklama işletmelerinde tatillerini geçiren 415 adet Rus misafir ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. SPSS 17 ile yapılan veri analizleri sonucu Rus misafirlerin yüksek düzeyde tabak israfı oluşturdukları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca misafirlerin gıda israf tutumlarıyla çeşitli demografik ve kişisel özellikleri arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu anlamlı ilişkiler literatürde yer alan benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırılmış, israfın önlenmesi ve azaltılmasına yönelik bir takım öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Debottlenecking of the Integrated Biomass Network with Sustainability Index in Malaysia
Authors: Yeoh Tze Tin  , Tan Tiong Kean  , Chong Kok Hui  , Ganga Devi A/P Ponniah  , Lam Hon Loong
Published: December 2021

The world has grown large interest towards the biomass industry but there are many challenges that forbid the commercialization of biomass conversion technologies. The underutilized biomass in Malaysia proves that optimisation of individual processes  is no longer suficient to introduce advancement or breakthrough in the biomass industry. This research paper aims to irstly identify several bottlenecks or challenges that have been hampering the development of the biomass utilization at any stage of the biomass network, and secondly to debottleneck using sustainability index and P-graph. The integration of sustainability index into the biomass network for debottlenecking is a novel approach in this research paper. This research will help in the development of the nation’s biomass utilization and industry by using debottlenecking approaches to expand the biomass industry and unlock the potential of underutilized biomass.
Magna Graecia Arkeolojisi (Güney İtalya)
Authors: D'ANDRİA Francesco
Published: December 2021

Makale, İ.Ö. VIII. Yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Euboea’dan gelen grupların Ischia adasında Pithekoussai kolonisini kurduğu zamanlarda Güney İtalya ve Sicilya kıyılarını etkileyen Yunan kolonizasyonunun genel özelliklerini ve sorunlarını sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Elba Adası’nda çıkarılan demir minerallerinin bulunmasıyla bağlantılı olarak, Napoli Körfezi stratejik bölgesinde gelişen trafiği durdurmayı amaçlayan bu ilk yerleşimin karakteri kesinlikle ticari nitelikteydi. Daha sonra Kyme kolonisinde ve Metaponto, Sibari, Crotone gibi diğer kentlerde de anakaranın verimli düzlüklerinde kurulan yerleşim yerleri ağırlıklı olarak tarımsal bir karaktere sahipti. Tartışılan konular üç ana temaya ayrılmıştır: “kolonileşme öncesi” diye adlandırılan, poleis ve arazi kullanım dinamikleri, Hellen toplulukları ve çok renkli Güney İtalya’nın yerli toplulukları arasındaki değişim ve etkileşim ilişkisi.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumption: Evidence from Weekly UnionPay Card Transaction Data in Shanghai
Authors:   College of Business and Economics, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 201400, China, Liu Yufei , Chang Xiaokun ,   School of Economics & Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China, Wang Wei ,   School of Public Economics and Administration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Financial Information Technology, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China, Zhao Meng ,   Unionpay Advisors, Shanghai 200122, China
Published: December 2021

The new coronavirus outbreak provides a genuinely exogenous unanticipated shock that enables this study to identify its impact on offline consumption, using unique weekly UnionPay card transaction data in 16 districts of 206 business circles in Shanghai, after China’s outbreak in late January 2020. Based on the difference-in-differences estimation strategy, this study finds that weekly offline consumption fell by 1.843 million RMB, and offline consumption frequency fell 447 times per business circle during the 20 subsequent weeks. It also finds a significant heterogeneity effect on different districts and categories, different times in a day of offline consumption spending in the post-COVID-19 pandemic window period, in which the government implemented different level policy responses for major public health emergencies. These findings suggest that offline consumption fell drastically after the unanticipated pandemic shock, which also means that policymakers need to be cautious in achieving a balance between economic recovery and epidemic prevention and control.