bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Queer Globalization and the Media
Authors: Szulc Lukasz
Published: July 2020

Queer languages, images, and sensibilities travel across borders. While originating in the West, terms like
gay
,
lesbian
, and
transgender
along with the symbols of rainbow flag, pink triangle, and lambda logo have become popular in many places around the world. Such intensified queer cultural exchange potentially brings with it the emergence of a shared queer belonging that transcends national borders. At the same time, it entails geopolitical structures rooted in postcolonial relations and cultural imperialism. Concepts of queer identities and models of queer activism are thus being shaped and reshaped in the processes of queer globalization. Developments in media technologies play a decisive role in these processes, especially in the contemporary world where digital media become more popular, pervasive, and powerful. A number of questions arise: How do ideas about what it means to be queer and to do queer activism travel around the world? How are such ideas adopted and adapted in different places? What is the role of geopolitical structures and local agencies in those processes? This entry first discusses the scholarship focused on different agents, contexts, and channels of queer globalization by tracking the flows of queer content and queer people across borders. It then moves on to review a number of theoretical frameworks conceptualizing queer globalization. It finishes by reflecting on the future of the scholarship on queer globalization as interwoven with developments in digital media.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Boyle Karen
Published: July 2020

This entry is concerned with the relationship between feminist media studies and broader feminist activism against sexual violence and harassment. Feminist scholarship and activism in this area frequently exhibits concern about the role that the media play in creating a “conducive context” for sexual violence, but there is also a long‐standing interest in how activists, bystanders, victims, and survivors can engage with the media, as well as in the stories the media tell about what sexual violence is and who its perpetrators and victims are. This entry surveys these debates through the lens of the #MeToo movement: focusing on victim/survivor/activist engagement with the media; feminist theories of sexual violence and rape culture; and the in/visibility of men.
Diva
Magazine
Authors: Turner Georgina
Published: July 2020

Diva
is a UK magazine for the LBTQ+ community, founded in 1994. The magazine aims to celebrate queer women and has been shown to offer its readers a sense of community that mainstream women's magazines have not historically extended to non‐heterosexual readers. Inclusion and exclusion in
Diva
have still attracted research attention, however, with bisexual women and, more recently, trans readers being problematized by a minority of readers. The elasticity of gender and sexual identities presents challenges for the magazine in the coming years.
Feminist Press
Authors: Cerqueira Carla
Published: July 2020

The term feminist press refers to a space for the constitution of the public agenda and political organization of the feminist movement. To trace a genealogy of the feminist press means to go over the diverse feminist waves and currents in different periods of time and with different agendas and goals that sometimes overlap. In other words, to speak of the early women's rights publications (related to the suffragist movement), feminist publications from the women's liberation movement of the mid‐ to late 20th century (second wave), and a third more diverse‐conscious movement.
Food and Lifestyle Shows
Authors: Fidolini Vulca
Published: July 2020

Social sciences have dealt with food practices and their social meanings since their origin. However, only in the early 1990s did studies start to focus on the interconnections between gender and food. Consequently, food and nutrition have also gained popularity among media and communication studies. This entry discusses some main research issues developed by this literature especially dealing with hegemonic representations of masculinity and femininity in media contents and discourse. Then, the entry draws possible future scenarios and scientific challenges for this field of study.
Gender, Media, and Political Economy
Authors: Byerly Carolyn M.
Published: July 2020

Feminist political economy is concerned with the ways that capitalism naturalizes male bias in social institutions, such as the communications media. Those who engage in feminist political economy research of media seek to reveal how that bias occurs, how it is naturalized, and how it operates in marginalizing the voices of women and sexual minorities. This entry considers an analytical approach for examining gender relations within the media industries that enables social change. The discussion covers the fundamentals of political economy theory, as it is more generally understood, how it evolved, and how feminist media scholars have reinterpreted that theory to incorporate concerns about women's relationship to media in order to situate gender within the broader political economy analysis. The discussion will be primarily concerned with women, whose interests feminist scholars have been particularly concerned in addressing; also acknowledged, however, is information on sexual minorities who have also experienced marginalization by media industries controlled by a wealthy male‐dominant class. The entry ends with specific examples of how feminist scholars have employed political economy theory in research on media.
Journalism and Gendered Mediation
Authors: Ette Mercy
Published: July 2020

Gendered mediation is a journalistic practice that magnifies real and perceived gender differences irrespective of their relevance and context. It reinforces the femininity and masculinity binary in media discourses and reflects stereotypical gendered narrative common in news reporting. It is informed by journalistic practices that treat certain public arenas as being gender‐sensitive and is manifest in the imagery of language used to report issues where one gender is considered the norm and the other an exception. Gendered mediation challenges the notion of “value‐neutral” language of news and outlines how that language magnifies easily identifiable gender differences in the representation of women and men. Sex‐differentiated coverage of national security, sports, and politics, for example, illustrates this notion and underscores the emphasis often assigned to stereotypical gender differences.
Lennart, Isobel
Authors: Moritz Marguerite
Published: July 2020

This entry provides a biographical sketch of Hollywood screenwriter Isobel Lennart (1915–1971), a contract writer at Metro Goldwyn Mayer starting in the early 1940s. She was a member of the Young Communist League from 1939–1944 but ultimately ended her party affiliation after becoming disenchanted with the movement. She was called to testify by the House Un‐American Activities Committee and appeared as a friendly witness, a decision she later said she regretted. Twenty‐nine of her scripts were made into films many of which were popular and critical successes. Her filmography includes
Anchors Aweigh
,
Love Me or Leave Me
,
The Inn of the Sixth Happiness
,
Please Don't Eat the Daisies
,
The Sundowners
,
Period of Adjustment
, and
Two for the Seesaw
. Her work was recognized with a number of awards and honors. She was almost exclusively a film writer, but her biggest hit came on the Broadway stage with the 1964 musical
Funny Girl
. The production propelled then 21‐year‐old Barbra Streisand to star status. Many of her stories involved accomplished women and their challenging romantic relationships, a narrative that played out in Lennart's own life.
“Women” Filmmakers: Jill Soloway's Queer Gaze
Authors: Ketchum Karyl E.
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an introduction to Jill Soloway's decidedly queer oeuvre and creative process. It includes an overview of their development as a creative producer, writer, and as a queer cultural icon. Soloway's aesthetic and method of production across media platforms constitutes a rupture from traditional representational practices, modes of gazing, and cultural understandings of creative “genius.” Soloway's groundbreaking work in television particularly, has upset historical notions of the ideal spectator and opened up possibilities well beyond gender and heterosexual subject/object dichotomies.
Women's Periodicals in theUnitedStates andUnitedKingdom
Authors: Bazin Victoria
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an overview of women's periodical cultures from the 18th century to the emergence of the modern “mass” magazine. It also considers the diverse publications that offered alternatives to mainstream mediations of normative femininity. It examines key theoretical debates in feminist media scholarship, points to some of the intersections between the study of contemporary media and the history of women as producers and consumers of magazines, and examines methodological innovations in periodical studies and how those innovations have reconceptualized women's magazines in the public and counter‐public spheres.
Contemporary Women's Films
Authors: Radner Hilary
Published: July 2020

Classical Hollywood's “woman's film” has evolved in the seven decades following the demise of the studio system subsequent to the 1948 Paramount Decree, during which period the importance of female audiences declined, and the tastes of young males, as young as 10, dominated theatrical release. Notwithstanding a number of cycles, largely mid‐tier films marked the development of the new woman's film, starting in the 1970s with the independent woman's film, followed by the female friendship film, and the chick flick or girly film. This genre survived into the first decade of the 21st century, after which theatrical releases directed at the female audience became increasingly rare. The emergence of a few blockbusters starring a female super‐hero is the exception to the rule; however, these films typically have a broad‐based audience and appeal to younger women as one segment of their audience. Contemporary women's films, usually low budget, or little movies, are more common and are diverse in terms of genre, budget, and nationality. Since the 1990s American independent film and arthouse cinema, historically male‐dominated, have become more responsive to the female audience and frequently provide vehicles for female stars. These productions are more likely to be directed by a woman than in the past and, with the development of streaming services with an international reach, they are also more likely to be watched at home rather than in a theater.
Gender in the Films of
R
ituparno
G
hosh
Authors: Das Jayanta Vishnu
Published: July 2020

Rituparno Ghosh was one of the very few openly homosexuals in the Indian film industry. Although he would not identify with Bollywood and made films mostly in Bengali, he was recognized as a pan‐Indian filmmaker. He is considered as the icon of the LGBT community of India. He explored the transgender lifestyles during the last years of his life. He himself underwent breast implant surgery for one of his acting roles in the movie
Arekti Golpo
[Another story] (2010). In his later films he explored sexual liminalities and himself became the center point of his explorations in films such as
Memories in March
(2010) where he played the role of a gay character. Rituparno was probably the first openly gay male filmmaker who broke cinematic barriers by his subtle depiction of relationships.

At the height of his filmmaking prowess Rituparno was sought by mainstream Bollywood actors who wanted to work with him. Some of his finest films such as
Raincoat
(2004),
Antarmahal
(2005), and so on, featured Bollywood actors who came to Kolkata to work for him. An avid Satyajit Ray fan himself he was an heir to the Bengali cinematic masters such as Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, and Mrinal Sen. Rituparno's area of influence crossed over to television and print where he hosted chat shows and also edited the famous film magazine
Anandalok
for some time. Ghosh passed away in 2013 at the age of 49 leaving behind a rich yet incomplete cinematic legacy.
Supernatural Gender
Authors: Chandler Emily
Published: July 2020

Across screen media genres, supernatural beings have been used as abject subjects who disrupt conventions of social order. In challenging boundaries and borderlines between categories, witches, werewolves, and zombies provide a locus for anxieties around shifting gender norms.
I Married a Witch
(dir. René Clair, 1942),
Season of the Witch
(dir. Dominic Sena, 2011),
The Craft
(dir. Andrew Fleming, 1996),
Sabrina the Teenage Witch
(1996–2003),
Charmed
(1998–2006),
American Horror Story: Coven
(2013–2014), and
The Witch
(dir. Robert Eggers, 2015) explore changing notions of feminine power and sexuality using the figure of the witch. In
An American Werewolf in London
(dir. John Landis, 1981),
The Company of Wolves
(dir. Neil Jordan, 1984),
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
(1997–2003),
Ginger Snaps
(dir. John Fawcett, 2000),
Being Human
(2008–2013),
Dog Soldiers
(dir. Neil Marshall, 2002), and
Trick ‘r Treat
(dir. Michael Dougherty, 2007), male werewolves succumb to, or revel in, an innate bestial masculinity, whereas female werewolves defy conventional femininity by expressing aggression and rage. Post‐9/11, films and television such as
28 Days Later
(dir. Danny Boyle, 2002),
Shaun of the Dead
(dir. Edgar Wright, 2004),
Zombieland
(dir. Ruben Fleischer, 2009),
World War Z
(dir. Marc Forster, 2013),
In the Flesh
(2013–2014),
The Walking Dead
(2010–present), and
The Girl With All the Gifts
(dir. Colm McCarthy, 2016) focus on social prejudice and the breakdown and reconstitution of patriarchy in an age of terrorism and global pandemics, using the trope of the zombie apocalypse.
Advertising Masculinities
Authors: Rudloff Maja
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an overview of some of the main research results and general trends in primarily Western TV and magazine advertising's representations of masculinity from around the middle of the 20th century up to 2019.
Feminism in the News
Authors: Kurvinen Heidi
Published: July 2020

The role of US mainstream media in representing feminism and the women's movement has interested scholars since the early years of second‐wave feminism. However, less is known about how feminism has been represented and negotiated in European countries, particularly non‐anglophone countries. This entry briefly describes how feminism has been covered in European news media by focusing on print media in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Nordic countries from the late 1960s until the present day. It shows that certain images of feminism and feminists have traveled across national borders and through time, but media representations have also had local specificities. Additionally, the media strategies adopted by feminist activists have had an effect on the portrayal of feminism, as have newsroom practices, and journalists who take an active role in promoting feminism.
Gender and Crime News: Female Offending/Co‐Offending
Authors: Barlow Charlotte
Published: July 2020

Female offending provides media with some of the most sensationalist imaginings of crime and deviancy, therefore increasing its newsworthiness. This entry considers the ways in which female offenders are represented in news media, particularly considering dominant narratives and tropes used to represent and explain their offending, consequently framing them as “other.” The representation of female co‐offenders is also considered, particularly exploring the ways in which they are often constructed as more blameworthy than their male counterparts.
Thatcher, Margaret
Authors: Williams Blair
Published: July 2020

Margaret Thatcher became the “Western world's” first woman prime minister when she won the 1979 UK General Election. A controversial figure—partly because of her status as the longest‐serving British prime minister of the 20th century, her distinction as the first woman to fulfill this role, and notoriety surrounding her policies and philosophy—she was renowned for seamlessly shifting between feminine and masculine personas, often displaying both sets of gender traits at the same time. As a result, widespread mainstream media attention focused on her having both feminine and masculine attributes, particularly her image as a stereotypical housewife and “Iron Lady.” However, relatively little research has examined the ways in which the media covered her leadership period. Particular attention will be paid toward research that examines Thatcher's gendered media coverage, focusing on media depictions of her femininity and masculinity, her sexualization, the relationship between her self‐constructed image and the media, and television parodies.
Moral Panics and Gender
Authors: Tartari Morena
Published: July 2020

Moral panic refers to those situations in which a person, a group, or an episode are considered a threat to the values and interests of a society, which shows a disproportionate reaction, and mass media represent the threat in stereotypical terms. This entry discusses how theoretical and empirical contributions intertwine the concept of moral panics and gender. The concept of moral panic is introduced with its theoretical development, key elements, criticisms, and linkage with media and new media like digital social networks. Many studies on moral panics use gender as one of the keywords able to explain empirically the creation of a moral panic, but a lack emerges in theoretically considering the gender issue as a key dimension of moral panic in contemporary societies. This lack is discussed through a review of research studies about past and more recent moral panics and the ways in which gender is conceived and enacted: gendered and sexed panics reveal sociocultural tensions and changes around specific projects of moralization. Contemporary scholars seem to identify topic clusters that, in general, do not include gender explicitly, only implicitly.
New Racisms in the News
Authors: dos Santos Cruz Carla Isabel Simões , Cunha Maria João Fonseca Leitão
Published: July 2020

In 21st‐century societies it is no longer admissible that media in any way use or portray clear discrimination against groups because of their race, gender, class, or age, but new forms of subtle, understated bias are still to be found, contributing to what is called the “new racism,” accentuated from a gender perspective. This contemporary perspective of racism is not as explicit as was the case with slavery, collective lynching, apartheid, or other forms of systematic discrimination by White supremacy, related to extreme right movements. Instead, “new racisms” in the news derive from apparently respectable and inclusive discourses, where ethnic gendered minorities appear as different and not as inferior. Nevertheless, they are connoted with certain “social disabilities,” and intertwining race with gender, sexuality, type of family, social class, and profession provide a useful insight into the visibility of these new racisms. As people are simultaneously members of many social groups, an intersectional approach is being used to grasp the increasing complexities of the new racisms in terms of gender, but also class, sexuality, and age. Considering the power of media discourse as the most influential type of public discourse there is a risk of a cognitive and discursive hegemony enabling new racisms to develop in a subtle and unconscious manner.
Ethnic Minority Characters on Screen
Authors: Sobande Francesca
Published: July 2020

The term “ethnic minority” remains a contested one that is associated with various definitions, yet is frequently used in reference to people whose ethnic identities differ to most of the population of the geo‐cultural that context they are based in. More specifically, despite the term sometimes being used in relation to White people, ethnic minority is a category often used to refer to all people who are not White, in predominantly White settings. Discussion of depictions of ethnic minorities in the media are commonly connected to discourse regarding diversity, multiculturalism, and the racial dynamics of certain places. Although the portrayal of ethnic minority characters in TV and film is constantly changing, their representation continues to include pervasive stereotypical images of individuals whose racial and ethnic identities are caricatured in damaging, derogatory, and discriminatory ways. The depiction of ethnic minority characters on TV and film is shaped by the interlocking nature of structural oppression related to issues concerning gender, race, sexuality, and ethnicity, among others. Hence, there is a need to account for how the entanglements of sexism, racism, classism, xenophobia, homophobia, and transphobia impact the framing of TV and film characters, who may be identified as ethnic minorities in certain societies. In turn, a critical approach to understanding the representation of such TV and film characters is required, including by reflecting on the limited way that the term ethnic minorities encompasses the different and specific identities of those to whom such a category is applied.
Gender and Kenyan Media
Authors: Wamunyu Wambui , Maleche Hellen
Published: July 2020

The Kenyan media is more than a century old and, in that span of time, a distinction has emerged in gender discourses within the contexts of legacy and digital media. The treatment of “gender” in journalistic contexts in Kenya has tended to focus on a binary approach—acknowledging two categories of female and male. Broadly, contemporary literature has tended toward two types of research: atheoretical and empirical studies. Legacy media discussions have repeated wider global notions of the muting and hiding of women's presence and voices in various aspects of journalism, including as news sources and news producers. Though the scholarship on digital media remains relatively limited compared to that of legacy media, there is a perception of visibility of both genders in media structures, ownership, and production. Additionally, the literature on digital media and gender in Kenya points to a distinct dichotomy emerging in the narratives surrounding female and male representations in digital media. Within the legacy media female voices are still relatively subdued but the digital media space has offered more opportunity for female voices to be heard.
Reporting the Veil in the British Press
Authors: Raja Irfan
Published: July 2020

This entry attempts to discuss and debate the veil issues in social, cultural, political, and media contexts. Also, it observes the impact of veil reporting in the media on the British Muslim community. It asks a fundamental question: is the veil really an issue that affects ordinary people's lives? Furthermore, it suggests that the veil issue is a test case for Western liberal democracies that take pride in equal rights but at the same time impose restrictions on veil wearing by Muslim women, which reflects their double standards. Additionally, it argues that some sections of the British media and polity are using the veil issue for their own political motives. It seems that these forces are unwilling to accept that wearing the veil or a headscarf is a personal choice, a sign of piety and modesty, and it has no connection with oppression.
Un/Queering Turkish TV
Authors: Gumus Burcu
Published: July 2020

The increase in the number of private televisions and the spread of commercial broadcast from the 1990s has meant that Turkish television channels have invested heavily in domestic programs as a profitable alternative to state‐run TV in order to attract audiences. However, since the 2000s, trans people, gay icons, lesbian, and gay people have been significantly censored from television shows and the Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) has a significant role in maintaining heteronormativity on television.
Lesbians on Screen
Authors: Bradbury‐Rance Clara
Published: July 2020

This entry considers the major shifts in lesbian representation on cinema, television, and digital screens over the past 20 years, in the context of a longer history. Focusing on the question of visibility and progress, the entry explores how historical processes of marginalization have placed burdens of representation on lesbian visual cultures in the present. Emphasizing the intersection of sexuality with gender and race, the entry explores the history of the term “lesbian” in film criticism and identifies its place in contemporary discourses of sexuality marked by the influence of queer theory. The entry begins by outlining the contemporary cultural and social context. It then proceeds to identify how the lesbian has been framed through discourses of visibility and invisibility, both on‐screen and in criticism. The entry then offers an overview of some of the primary stereotypes that have figured lesbianism on the classic Hollywood screen and beyond, from violence and seduction to the (rare) happy ending. Following this, it investigates how filmmakers have challenged these stereotypes and found new ways of exploring ambiguous desires on‐screen, with a particular emphasis on the influence and legacy of the New Queer Cinema, and the tension between demands for universal stories and those that foreground the specificities of lesbian experience. Finally, arguments surrounding lesbian evidence and authenticity are explored, with attention paid to the links among spectatorship, aesthetics, identity, and identification.
Women Protagonists in Contemporary Hindi Cinema
Authors: Menon Pratiksha
Published: July 2020

This entry provides insight into the trend of women‐centric cinema that has been making inroads into Bollywood post 2010. It highlights the social, economic, and industry conditions that accompanied the surge in female leads, identifies examples of quality cinema, its creators, and focuses on the postfeminist representations of the majority of these leads. It concludes by discussing notable women characters outside of women‐centric cinema. Overblown costs of filmmaking and an increasingly globalized upper‐middle class audience paved the way for untold stories in commercial cinema. The heightened visibility of women's narratives has not translated into diverse representations. Most female leads are refracted through a culturally hegemonic male gaze. The virgin/whore trope reflects in the oppositional narrative treatment of Westernized women characters versus characters who conform to the symbolic markers of
Indianness
. Contrary to these postfeminist portrayals are a few characters who are written to be complex, multidimensional human beings, presenting possibilities of what equitable on‐screen representation could look like.
Gender, War Heroes, and Cinema
Authors: Erdem Chien Yang
Published: July 2020

This entry offers an overview of the scholarship on masculinity in contemporary Hollywood war films. War heroes provide an analytical focus for film studies to examine the ways in which masculinity is defined through war film narratives. Recent studies show that two identifiable cycles in contemporary Hollywood war films have challenged the binary understanding of men/masculinity and women/femininity: the first depicts failed American heroes and interrogates the dominant discourse of war and military as expressions of manhood; the other features female protagonists and questions the alignment of men, masculinity, and heroism in mainstream war films. In order to assess the discourses of masculinity in contemporary Hollywood war films adequately, Yvonne Tasker proposes a “flexible gender model” in her critical approach to the genre's representation of heroes and heroines. Masculinity, as Tasker defines it, is not a set of identifying qualities for men, but rather a critical concept for exploring the complexities of masculinity as performed by all genders. Contemporary war films thus offer narrative conventions through which to negotiate and redefine socially constructed gender differences.
Political Campaigns: Korea
Authors: Lee Jooyeon
Published: July 2020

This entry looks at differences in media coverage of women and men in South Korea by examining recent research in the area of political campaigns. In South Korea, there has been a gradual growth of academic interest in the representations of women and men politicians generated by media coverage, particularly during political campaigns, since the 2000s. In particular, the election of the first female president in 2012 heralded a shift in public perception of female politicians in South Korea and a resurgence of the issue of gender inequality that often occurs in a male‐oriented society. However, her impeachment in 2017 led to concerns by political professionals and academics that the prejudice against female politicians may not only produce a negative image of female politicians in voters' minds but also lead to a decline in women's participation in politics. Accordingly, understanding the role that the media play in perpetuating or challenging gender stereotypes is crucial, as is boosting the efficacy of media watchdog organizations.
Representing Violence against Women inLatinAmerican Media
Authors: Toledo Yanet Martínez
Published: July 2020

Violence against women (VAW) is a global issue, but historically invisible. The representation of VAW in mass media in Latin America has been an important topic for academics, politics, and civil society. Media approaches to VAW in the news in Latin America have contributed to reproduce stereotypes, and news coverage also frames public discussion concerning a woman's right to a life free of violence. Media representations of VAW tend to vary across the region. As happened in other regions of the world, the feminist characterization of domestic violence as a public issue played a leading part in framing the topic in the news media agenda. At the end of the 1980s, VAW was introduced as a topic in the crime sections of newspapers. Crime news, as a discursive genre, has its codification system to identify newsworthy events. Some of the characteristics of the crime news approach to VAW was the reproduction of gender stereotypes such as “crimes of passion” and “romantic love.” Also, news represents violence as an isolated and tragic event, not as a systemic component of gender‐based relationships.
An Efficient Emulsion‐Induced Interface Assembly Approach for Rational Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Spheres with Versatile Architectures
Authors: Yang Xuanyu , Lu Penghao , Yu Lei , Pan Panpan , Elzatahry Ahmed A. , Alghamdi Abdulaziz , Luo Wei , Cheng Xiaowei , Deng Yonghui
Published: July 2020

Mesoporous carbon matrix with open pore structure, short diffusion length, and large pore size can favor the in‐pore immobilization of active species and facilitate mass diffusion during catalytic reactions. However, a great difficulty still remains on controllable synthesis of uniform mesoporous carbon spheres with these structural characteristics. Herein, using amphiphilic Pluronic F127 as the surfactant, 1,3,5‐trimethyl benzene (TMB) as the pore swelling and interface‐adjusting agent, and dopamine as the carbon source, a robust emulsion‐induced interface assembly approach for rational synthesis of mesoporous carbon spheres is demonstrated. The interface assembly process, including dopamine polymerization and fusion of TMB/F127/dopamine emulsions, can be regulated by tuning the dosage of dopamine and ammonia water, resulting in mesoporous carbon spheres with tunable pore sizes and versatile architectures, such as vesicles, walnut shapes, spheres with dendritic‐like 3D radially aligned mesochannels (RA‐MC), and isolated spherical mesopores. Moreover, the derived RA‐MC is used as a promising matrix to immobilize ultra‐small Au nanoparticles (≈3 nm). The Au/RA‐MC exhibits no mass diffusion limitations in reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, showing high conversion efficiency and good recyclability. This work paves a new avenue for controllable synthesis of mesoporous carbon spheres with well‐developed mesoporosity and architectures and their application as novel heterogeneous catalysts.
Lithium Garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Closing the Gap between Bulk and Thin Film Li‐Ion Conductivities
Authors: Sastre Jordi , Priebe Agnieszka , Döbeli Max , Michler Johann , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Romanyuk Yaroslav E.
Published: July 2020

The high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability of the lithium garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) make it a viable solid electrolyte for all‐solid‐state lithium batteries with superior capacity and power densities. Contrary to common ceramic processing routes of bulk pellets, thin film solid electrolytes could enable large‐area fabrication, and increase energy and power densities by reducing the bulkiness, weight and critically, the area‐specific resistance of the electrolyte. Fabrication of LLZO films has nonetheless been challenging because of lithium losses and formation of impurity phases that result in low densities and poor ionic conductivities as compared to bulk pellets. Here, a scalable method for fabricating submicron films of LLZO employing co‐sputtering from doped LLZO and Li2O targets is presented. A record ionic conductivity of 1.9 × 10−4 S cm–1 is measured for dense and uniform cubic‐phase Ga‐substituted LLZO films annealed at 700 °C in oxygen, which is comparable to the values in high‐temperature sintered pellets and outperforms by one order of magnitude the latest record for LLZO thin films as well as the typical conductivities in the well‐established LiPON electrolyte. This result is an important milestone to realize all‐vacuum deposited solid‐state batteries with higher power density.
Improving the Efficiency of Multilayer Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors by Exploring the Hole Blocking Effect
Authors: Hu Yongsheng , Song Li , Zhang ShiTong , Lv Ying , Lin Jie , Guo Xiaoyang , Liu Xingyuan
Published: July 2020

Organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) are emerging as a type of multifunctional devices that integrate the electrical switching and the light‐emitting function. Among the various device structures, multilayer OLETs have shown superior performance due to their flexibility in structure design and material choice. However, multilayer OLETs usually work in the unipolar mode, resulting in extreme unbalance between the holes and electrons, restricting the further improvement of their performance. Here, an investigation of the hole blocking layer (HBL) is presented. The results show that a high electron mobility is not necessarily in a first place when choosing the HBL, while a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital level of the HBL can better facilitate the exciton recombination efficiency. By using bis[(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl]phenylene instead of commonly used bathophenanthroline (Bphen) as the HBL, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is more than doubled for a blue fluorescent OLET, and an EQE as high as 10.3% is achieved in a green phosphorescent OLET with a maximum brightness of ≈8000 cd m−2. The findings in this work highlight the importance of carrier blocking in building high efficiency OLETs and might provide some guidance for their structure design and material choice.
Plasmon‐Assisted Broadband All‐Optical Control of Highly Intense Femtosecond Laser by Weak Continuous‐Wave Laser
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wu Hao , Xu Yanming , Xu Jinlong , Yan Zhong , Hu Yonghong , Xie Zhenda , Zhu Shining
Published: July 2020

Dynamically manipulating highly intense ultrafast pulses by optical modulators is extremely useful for strong‐field physics. However, the manipulation has been severely restricted by the fundamental drawbacks of most modulators such as the low laser damage threshold and high energy consumption. Here, the implementation of an all‐optical modulator on femtosecond lasers up to 1011 W cm−2 covering wavelengths from 1.6 to 2.3 µm is demonstrated; the modulator is controlled by a weak continuous‐wave laser (≈103 W cm−2) based on the prominent plasmon‐assisted thermo‐optic nonlinearity of suspended antimonene quantum dots (AQDs). The strong localization of the surface plasmon of the AQDs contributes a tremendous effective nonlinear refractive index (n2 ≈ 10−5 cm2 W−1) under weak light excitation, modulating the optical phase of copropagating intense lasers, and realizing robust “ON/OFF” alterations. It is also verified that the thermo‐optical effect occurs at a fast speed of ≈240 ps in this nanomaterial system. The findings provide new insight for exploiting the potential of plasmonic nonlinearities of nanomaterials, which offers a pragmatic and extensible solution to the urgent demand for manipulating and optical limiting of strong field physics in further nanophotonic platforms.
Efficient Er/O‐Doped Silicon Light‐Emitting Diodes at Communication Wavelength by Deep Cooling
Authors: Wen Huimin , He Jiajing , Hong Jin , Jin Shenbao , Xu Zhenming , Zhu Hong , Liu Jingquan , Sha Gang , Yue Fangyu , Dan Yaping
Published: July 2020

A silicon light source at the communication wavelength is the bottleneck for developing monolithically integrated silicon photonics. Doping silicon with erbium and oxygen ions is considered one of the most promising approaches to produce silicon light sources. However, this method suffers from a high concentration of defects in the form of nonradiative recombination centers at the interface between the crystalline silicon and large Er2O3/ErSi1.7 precipitates during the standard rapid thermal treatment. Here, a deep cooling process is applied to suppress the growth of these precipitates by flushing the high‐temperature Er/O‐doped silicon substrates with helium gas cooled in liquid nitrogen. The resultant light‐emitting efficiency at room temperature is enhanced by two orders of magnitude in comparison with that of the sample treated via standard rapid thermal annealing. The deep‐cooling‐processed Si samples are further processed into light‐emitting diodes. Bright electroluminescence with a main spectral peak at 1536 nm is also observed from the silicon‐based diodes with the external quantum efficiency reaching ≈0.8% at room temperature. Based on these results, the development of electrically driven silicon optical amplifiers or even lasers at communication wavelengths is promising for monolithically integrated silicon photonics.
Silylcarboxylic Acids as Bifunctional Reagents: Application in Palladium‐Catalyzed External‐CO‐Free Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Li Xiong , Xu Jie , Li Yue , Kramer Søren , Skrydstrup Troels , Lian Zhong
Published: July 2020

A palladium‐catalyzed external‐CO‐free carbonylative Hiyama‐Denmark cross‐coupling reaction is presented. The introduction of silylcarboxylic acids as bifunctional reagents (CO and nucleophile source) avoids the need for external gaseous CO and a silylarene coupling partner. The transformation features high functional group tolerance and it is successful with electron‐rich, ‐neutral, and ‐poor aryl iodides. Stoichiometric studies and control experiments provide insight into the reaction mechanism and support the hypothesized dual role of silylcarboxylic acids.

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Recent Advances of Volatile Memristors: Devices, Mechanisms, and Applications
Authors: Wang Ruopeng , Yang Jia-Qin , Mao Jing-Yu , Wang Zhan-Peng , Wu Shuang , Zhou Maojie , Chen Tianyi , Zhou Ye , Han Su-Ting
Published: July 2020

Due to the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoTs), neuromorphic computing and hardware security are becoming more and more important. The volatile memristors, which feature spontaneous decay of device conductance, own the distinct combination of high similarity to the biological neurons and synapses and unique physical mechanisms. They are excellent candidates for mimicking the synaptic functions and ideal randomness source of the entropy for hardware‐based security. Herein, the recent advances of volatile memristors in devices, mechanisms, and application aspects are summarized. First, a brief introduction is presented to describe the switching type, materials, and temporal response of volatile memristors. Second, the volatile switching mechanisms are discussed and grouped into ion effects, thermal effects, and electrical effects. Third, attention is focused on the applications of volatile memristors for access devices, neuromorphic computing (artificial neurons and synapses), and hardware security (true random number generators and physical unclonable functions). Finally, major challenges and future outlook of volatile memristors for neuromorphic computing and hardware security are discussed.
Single crystal X‐ray of 1‐[(1,2,4‐triazole‐4‐yl)imino]diacetyl monoxime (L) as a novel triazole and the characterization and biological studies of its chelates of Co2+, Pd2+, and Fe3+
Authors: Mostafa Mohsen M. , Elaskalany Abdelmonem H. , El‐Kkholy Doaa E.
Published: July 2020

A novel and efficient synthesis of 1‐[(1,2,4‐triazole‐4‐yl)imino]diacetyl monoxime (L) is described. The advantages of this method are that it is inexpensive, the starting reactants are readily available, and it has good yield and short reaction times. The hull of the product was suggested by elemental analyses, spectral and single crystal X‐ray. Novel Co2+, Pd2+, and Fe3+ chelates derived from L were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, suggesting that L acts as bidentate via the two azomethine groups. Tetrahedral geometry for Fe3+ and Co2+ and square‐planar geometry around the Pd2+ chelate were suggested depending on the spectral and magnetic data. The results of density functional theory were applied to illustrate the geometry of L towards the metal ions. Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods were applied to investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the chelates. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to study the stability of the Co2+ and Fe3+ chelates. L and its complexes were tested against three types of cancer cells, antibacterial and antifungal.
Enzyme‐catalysed polymer cross‐linking: Biocatalytic tools for chemical biology, materials science and beyond
Authors: Maddock Rosie M. A. , Pollard Gregory J. , Moreau Nicolette G. , Perry Justin J. , Race Paul R.
Published: July 2020

Intermolecular cross‐linking is one of the most important techniques that can be used to fundamentally alter the material properties of a polymer. The introduction of covalent bonds between individual polymer chains creates 3D macromolecular assemblies with enhanced mechanical properties and greater chemical or thermal tolerances. In contrast to many chemical cross‐linking reactions, which are the basis of thermoset plastics, enzyme catalysed processes offer a complimentary paradigm for the assembly of cross‐linked polymer networks through their predictability and high levels of control. Additionally, enzyme catalysed reactions offer an inherently ‘greener’ and more biocompatible approach to covalent bond formation, which could include the use of aqueous solvents, ambient temperatures, and heavy metal‐free reagents. Here, we review recent progress in the development of biocatalytic methods for polymer cross‐linking, with a specific focus on the most promising candidate enzyme classes and their underlying catalytic mechanisms. We also provide exemplars of the use of enzyme catalysed cross‐linking reactions in industrially relevant applications, noting the limitations of these approaches and outlining strategies to mitigate reported deficiencies.
Safe, selective histopathological examination of gallbladder specimens: a systematic review
Authors: Bastiaenen V P , Tuijp J E , Dieren S , Besselink M G , Gulik T M , Koens L , Tanis P J , Bemelman W A
Published: July 2020

Background

Routine histopathological examination after cholecystectomy is costly, but the prevalence of unsuspected gallbladder cancer (incidental GBC) is low. This study determined whether selective histopathological examination is safe.

Methods

A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library was performed. Pooled incidences of incidental and truly incidental GBC (GBC detected during histopathological examination without preoperative or intraoperative suspicion) were estimated using a random-effects model. The clinical consequences of truly incidental GBC were assessed.

Results

Seventy-three studies (232 155 patients) were included. In low-incidence countries, the pooled incidence was 0·32 (95 per cent c.i. 0·25 to 0·42) per cent for incidental GBC and 0·18 (0·10 to 0·35) per cent for truly incidental GBC. Subgroup analysis of studies in which surgeons systematically examined the gallbladder revealed a pooled incidence of 0·04 (0·01 to 0·14) per cent. In high-incidence countries, corresponding pooled incidences were 0·83 (0·58 to 1·18), 0·44 (0·21 to 0·91) and 0·08 (0·02 to 0·39) per cent respectively. Clinical consequences were reported for 176 (39·3 per cent) of 448 patients with truly incidental GBC. Thirty-three patients (18·8 per cent) underwent secondary surgery. Subgroup analysis showed that at least half of GBC not detected during the surgeon's systematic examination of the gallbladder was early stage (T1a status or below) and of no clinical consequence.

Conclusion

Selective histopathological examination of the gallbladder after initial macroscopic assessment by the surgeon seems safe and could reduce costs.
Augmented and virtual reality for physics: Experience of Kazakhstan secondary educational institutions
Authors: Daineko Yevgeniya , Ipalakova Madina , Tsoy Dana , Bolatov Zhiger , Baurzhan Zhandos , Yelgondy Yersultanbek
Published: July 2020

Currently, computer‐based training systems, such as virtual laboratories (VLs), are becoming more common not only in universities but also in secondary schools. For physics, VLs are of great importance, as they allow simulating processes that cannot be seen or reproduced. Technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) help us to create such physical visualizations. This study presents a VL, which allows users to solve various physical practical tasks or problems with the help of three‐dimensional process visualizations performed in three different ways, namely desktop VR, AR, and VR using a Leap Motion controller. This study describes in detail the functionality and implementation of a VL. As an experiment, three schools were provided with the necessary equipment and software. Fifty pupils of the 9th grade used the developed VL for half of the academic year, after which they took part in a comprehensive survey. About 88% of them found the laboratory useful for studying physics. The children were satisfied with its functionality and usability. Interviews with teachers helped us to understand which of the three visualization methods is preferable for them and children in the present environment.
Direct Access to the Optimal Regularization Parameter in Distribution of Relaxation Times Analysis
Authors: Schlüter Nicolas , Ernst Sabine , Schröder Uwe
Published: July 2020

The distribution of times (DRT) method has become an important extension for electrochemical impedance investigations. Calculating the DRT is particularly advantageous for complex systems, as it yields an increased resolution in frequency domain. However, the determination of the DRT from experimental impedance data requires special mathematical effort. An often‐used method for the calculation of the DRT is the Tikhonov regularization. The quality of the result of this method depends on the choice of a suitable regularization parameter. This parameter has to be selected by the user. In a former work (N. Schlüter, S. Ernst, U. Schröder, ChemElectroChem 2019, 6, 6027–6037), we showed a method that helps to find the best regularization parameter for given impedance data. However, this test was based on repetitive impedance measurements, which have to be performed at least twice. In this paper, we optimize our previous method to assure the determination of an optimal regularization parameter from just one single impedance spectrum. Eventually, this revision saves measurement time and makes our test also applicable for less time stable measurements.