bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIAGNÓSTICO FÍSICO–CONSERVACIONISTA NA BACIA DO RIBEIRÃO LAJES, ARAGOMINAS – TO
Authors: Viana da Paz Francisco Nilson , Morais Fernando De
Published: March 2017

A sociedade atual tem provocado danos diversos ao meio ambiente pelo uso e ocupação desordenada da terra. O monitoramento, sobretudo em bacias hidrográficas tem se tornado frequente em estudos ambientais no meio acadêmico. O Diagnóstico Físico-conservacionista tem se mostrado eficiente nesse processo, pois tem como finalidade diagnosticar qualitativamente e quantitativamente o grau de degradação ambiental de determinada área. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi analisar a degradação Ambiental na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Lajes em Aragominas, situada na porção norte do estado do Tocantins, mediante aplicação de Diagnóstico Físico-conservacionista, técnicas advindas do Geoprocessamento e Sensoriamento remoto a partir do uso de ferramentas SIGs. Analisou-se a cobertura vegetal no período de 1991 a 2011 e demais parâmetros de caracterização física de bacias hidrográficas, com os quais foram gerados os mapas base para aplicação do Diagnóstico Físico-conservacionista na bacia. Após análise dos dados, constatou-se uma degradação física moderada de 39,96 unidades de risco para toda a bacia e setores B e C, e 43,29 para o setor A, com maior risco de degradação. Conclui-se que o aumento das atividades agropecuárias são as principais causas da degradação física na bacia, provocando substituição da vegetação original por pastagem em função da criação de gado.
Predictors of Likelihood of Adoption of Green Practices in Hotels: The Case of Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Muazu Ladi , Rashid Basri , Zainol Noor Azimin
Published: March 2017

Despite the high level of awareness of sustainable practices around the globe, and literatures on its adoption in businesses, studies showed very few studies are conducted in less advanced countries like Nigeria. Given the rising consumption of resources, apprehension for the environs and sudden realization among people for practices that are friendlier, the trend is gradually picking up in the Nigerian hotel industry. The hotel is facing challenges accepting green practices due to little information on green practice and its perceived benefits, government inability to enforce regulations on environmental sanitation, and absence of enlightenment promotion of green practice. This study strives to determine factors likely to motivate hotels to adopt innovative ways of operating in Nigeria. Based on Rogers’ theory of innovation diffusion, this study decided to establish perceived innovation characteristics, perceived environmental characteristics, organizational characteristics and stakeholders’ influence as determinants for likely adoption. Data was collected from General Managers of hotels (363 in number) in Abuja and Lagos. Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) path modelling, the findings indicate all perceived predictors positively correlated to likelihood of adoption.
Fractured (fairy) Tales: In Search of Transformational Spaces in Music Education
Authors: Allsup Randall Everett
Published: March 2017

What is teacher self-knowledge? What does it have to do with biography and our willingness or ability to change? As categories collapse around us, we can scarcely invoke the Socratic injunction “know thyself” without at the same time embracing a life of confusion and contradiction. In this article, I call upon a philosophical stance that is purposefully unfinished, fractured, and fracturing. As the pieces of my life conjoin with yours, I am able—if I so choose—to see the world as if it might be otherwise. Should teachers take up such a posture, we might better understand the contradictions that our students experience as they move between categories, testing and refusing identities. Using assemblage or bricolage as my method, I examine not only the contradictions of my own history as a “failed and not-failing” gay educator, but mixing my stories with others I reflect upon the simple notion that identity claims are less important than the time we spend between these claims. Embracing a life that prolongs these confusions is the path (I think) toward self-transformation.
Acute psychosis as a harbinger of a tumor: A case of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Gleason Tyler J , Donato Anthony J , Poudel Dilli R
Published: March 2017

An obese but otherwise healthy 22-year-old female presented to the hospital with an episode of acute psychosis. On exam the patient was febrile and had labile systolic blood pressure. Urine drug screen and infectious workup were negative. A CSF Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (Anti-NMDA) receptor antibody was positive. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hyperintensity in the left hippocampus on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). The patient was started on prednisone, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab. Hospital course was complicated by seizures and autonomic instability, requiring prolonged stay in the ICU. Cognitive, motor, and autonomic function gradually improved with therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis revealed a 3 cm  × 3 cm left ovarian teratoma that was removed with oophorectomy. The patient was discharged to rehab hospital for continued treatment and physical therapy.
Student Satisfaction with Using Online Discussion Forums at Saudi Universities
Authors: Alzahrani Majed Gharmallah
Published: March 2017

This study aims to investigate student satisfaction with using online discussion forums (ODFs). It also aims toexamine the relationships between student satisfaction with using ODFs and student demographics as well as withtheir experience with ICT and online education. Data are collected from 2171 students from four leading universitiesat Saudi Arabia through using an online survey. Overall, the results indicate that students are satisfied with usingODFs in their learning. In addition, student satisfaction with using ODFs had significant relationships with themajority of student demographics and experience with ICT variables. Interestingly, all student experience withonline education variables had significant and positive relationships with student satisfaction with using ODFs.However, factors such the availability of the Internet, preference of traditional learning, life commitments, andexperience with ICT and online education may affect student satisfaction with using ODFs.
On Brazilian Austrotinodes Schmid, 1955 (Insecta, Trichoptera, Ecnomidae): new species, new distributional records and an updated checklist
Authors: Dumas Leandro Lourenço , Souza Wagner Rafael M. de , Rocha Isabela Cristina
Published: March 2017

The genus Austrotinodes contains 55 species, largely distributed in the Neotropics, with a few species occurring in the Australian Region. In Brazil, 10 species have been recorded, mainly in the southern and southeastern regions. Herein, we describe 13 new species from Brazil, all of them named in memory of great Brazilian scientists: Austrotinodes absaberi sp. nov., A. adolfolutzi sp. nov., A. berthalutzae sp. nov., A. chagasi sp. nov., A. costalimai sp. nov., A. cruzi sp. nov., A. donagrazielae sp. nov., A. gusmaoi sp. nov., A. lattesi sp. nov., A. lenti sp. nov., A. santosdumonti sp. nov., A. vanzolinii sp. nov. and A. vitalbrazili sp. nov. Additionally, we give new distribution records for A. amazonensis Flint & Denning, 1989, A. longispinum Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010, A. paraguayensis Flint, 1983 and A. taquaralis Thomson & Holzenthal, 2010. We also provide new diagnoses and illustrations for A. amazonensis and A. paraguayensis, to facilitate identification of those species.
Linguistische Gutachten für Patente
Authors: Nickl Markus
Published: March 2017

A patent is a special kind of text which has to comply with legal requirements, which is categorized by its strictly binding character, by its high ﬁnancial potential and by its long-lasting validity. That is reason enough to take a closer look at the linguistic aspects of patents. Therefore doctima GmbH has developed a special offer for its clients to analyse patents as regards linguistic weak points.First, this article deals with the economic and operational aspects of patents. Second, characteristic features of the text of patents are analysed. Finally, doctima’s speciﬁc range of products concerning reports on patents is presented and its beneﬁt for companies and patent agents is demonstrated.
Der Platz der juristischen Fachsprache in der Experten-Laien-Kommunikation
Authors: Heutger Viola
Published: March 2017

In this commentary, the author outlines possible contributions of a linguistic monitoring especially to the interpretive work of legal experts from the point of view of a lawyer. However, for such a monitoring to be efﬁcient more efforts must be made from the part of the linguists to make clear what the speciﬁc methodological characteristics of a linguistic monitoring consist in. The article sees possible contribution in ﬁelds like interpreting legal texts in more languages like in the EU system, overcoming the differences of legal systems in international legal cooperation, and optimizing national legal texts produced on the basis of community legal texts in order to make them more accessible for national citizens.
Beobachter beobachten Beobachter. Eine andere Sicht auf das linguistische Monitoring der juristischen Experten-Laien-Kommunikation
Authors: Lerch Kent D.
Published: March 2017

The author of this commenting article presents his reactions to the notion of a linguistic monitoring of the communication between experts and non-experts in the area of law. This type of linguistic monitoring may contribute to the development of linguistics as well as of law. It will enable linguists to take a closer look at one of the most important institutional uses of language and may also help lawyers to see aspects outside their usual scope, especially as far as the traditional view of legal interpretation is concerned. However, linguistic monitoring will have to develop speciﬁc methods of description in order to cover the characteristics of legal communication. A thorough analysis of legal communication will have to precede studies of the communication between experts and non-experts in the area of law.
Ordsprog og idiomer
Authors: Suzuki Masako
Published: March 2017

In this article, I focus on the difference between proverbs and idioms which derive from proverbs. Both proverbs and idioms are hard to deﬁ ne, as it is also difﬁcult to categorize a speciﬁc expression being either a proverb or an idiom. Fixed form is one feature of proverbs as well as that a proverb appears as a sentence, but today one can easily ﬁnd variations and/or modiﬁcations of proverbs. To see how those idioms which derive from proverbs are used in actual speech, I have collected examples from a number of corpuses. Some of these idioms are truncated and, being quite conventional, used almost only in their reduced form. Some idioms lose the negations which the original proverbs show, but they still carry their original meaning implicated by the proverbs. A proverb, as a whole, is lexicalized and this is why one can use part of the proverb and/or the proverb modiﬁed. However, when a part or a component of a proverb becomes strongly lexicalized and no longer connected with its original meaning as a proverb, then such an expression can be regarded as an idiom.
Kohærens og kohæsion i hypertekster. Om sammenhæng i internettekster
Authors: Bernhardt Lise
Published: March 2017

This article addresses the concepts of coherence and cohesion in hypertext documents on the Internet. Textual coherence is usually associated with a single, continuous line through the text but the question is whether this also applies to hypertext documents since hypertexts are non-linear. Cohesion, on the other hand, is the grammatical connectedness of utterances and here the question is whether it is at all possible to talk about cohesion in hypertexts since many consider the modules which form the hypertexts as grammatically independent of other modules. Following an intial discussion of these problems I present the kinds of coherence and cohesion phenomena which exist in hypertexts documents.
How common and frequent is heterosexual anal intercourse among South Africans? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Owen Branwen N. , Elmes Jocelyn , Silhol Romain , Dang Que , McGowan Ian , Shacklett Barbara , Swann Edith M. , van der Straten Ariane , Baggaley Rebecca F. , Boily Marie‐Claude
Published: March 2017

Background: HIV is transmitted more effectively during anal intercourse (AI) than vaginal intercourse (VI). However, patterns of heterosexual AI practice and its contribution to South Africa's generalized epidemic remain unclear. We aimed to determine how common and frequent heterosexual AI is in South Africa.

Methods: We searched for studies reporting the proportion practising heterosexual AI (prevalence) and/or the number of AI and unprotected AI (UAI) acts (frequency) in South Africa from 1990 to 2015. Stratified random‐effects meta‐analysis by sub‐groups was used to produce pooled estimates and assess the influence of participant and study characteristics on AI prevalence. We also estimated the fraction of all sex acts which were AI or UAI and compared condom use during VI and AI.

Results: Of 41 included studies, 31 reported on AI prevalence and 14 on frequency, over various recall periods. AI prevalence was high across different recall periods for sexually active general‐risk populations (e.g. lifetime = 18.4% [95%CI:9.4–27.5%], three‐month = 20.3% [6.1–34.7%]), but tended to be even higher in higher‐risk populations such as STI patients and female sex workers (e.g. lifetime = 23.2% [0.0–47.4%], recall period not stated = 40.1% [36.2–44.0%]). Prevalence was higher in studies using more confidential interview methods. Among general and higher‐risk populations, 1.2–40.0% and 0.7–21.0% of all unprotected sex acts were UAI, respectively. AI acts were as likely to be condom protected as vaginal acts.

Discussion: Reported heterosexual AI is common but variable among South Africans. Nationally and regionally representative sexual behaviour studies that use standardized recall periods and confidential interview methods, to aid comparison across studies and minimize reporting bias, are needed. Such data could be used to estimate the extent to which AI contributes to South Africa's HIV epidemic.
Plugging into the Umbra: Creative experimentation (in)(on) the boundaries of knowledge production in ECEC research
Authors: Fairchild Nikki
Published: March 2017

Research into Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) policy and practice in the UK is subject to the demand that such research be measurable and achieve impact to provide the basis for evidence-based professional practice. New and creative experimental ways of knowing/thinking/doing ECEC research have been proposed in resistance to this quantified and instrumentalised agenda. Here I focus on posthumanist theorising, which proposes research that does not privilege the human subject but rather opens conditions of possibility for an entanglement with non-human and more-than-human bodies within and between assemblages. This engagement with complexity is a new ethical and political project aiming at re-conceptualising ontology beyond the limits of the human. Posthumanist research does not only challenge quantitative research, but also engages creative ways to challenge the limits of qualitative inquiry. Drawing on my research experience, I explore this de-centring of the human-as-researcher through the notion of the ‘methodological umbra’. This shadow space is one in which traditional thoughts on research open out these new forms of inquiry into thinking-in-movement. My analysis uses my own diary entries as sites in which this ‘umbra’ becomes evident under the pressure of creating new forms of a ‘living’ methodology. This is analysed through the contrast between smooth and striated space proposed by Deleuze and Guattari (1987) to explore what form of life might emerge in the smooth space of the umbra.
Designing leadership chairs: Experiments with affirmative critique of leadership and environmentality
Authors: Juelskjær Malou , Staunæs Dorthe
Published: March 2017

Through a methodology of having students ‘design’ leadership chairs, we investigate how contemporary leadership and governing operate by orchestrating affects and strategically shaping the physical environment in order to transform and shape intensities, desires, atmospheres, and social relations. By presenting a pedagogical framing as ‘a posthuman sensorium’, with its design of leadership chairs and art of conversation, we invite engagement with dilemmas and problems of contemporary organizing processes as a careful affirmative critique.
A key role of nuclear factor Y in the refeeding response of fatty acid synthase in adipocytes
Authors: Nishi‐Tatsumi Makiko , Yahagi Naoya , Takeuchi Yoshinori , Toya Naoki , Takarada Ayako , Murayama Yuki , Aita Yuichi , Sawada Yoshikazu , Piao Xiaoying , Oya Yukari , Shikama Akito , Masuda Yukari , Kubota Midori , Izumida Yoshihiko , Matsuzaka Takashi , Nakagawa Yoshimi , Sekiya Motohiro , Iizuka Yoko , Kawakami Yasushi , Kadowaki Takashi , Yamada Nobuhiro , Shimano Hitoshi
Published: March 2017

Fatty acid synthase (Fasn) is a key component of energy metabolism that is dynamically induced by food intake. Although extensive studies have revealed a number of transcription factors involved in the fasting/refeeding transition of Fasn expression in hepatocytes, much less evidence is available for adipocytes. Using the in vivo Ad‐luc analytical system, we identified the inverted CCAAT element (ICE) around −100 nucleotides in the Fasn promoter as a critical cis‐element for the refeeding response in adipocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation show that nuclear factor Y (NF‐Y) binds to ICE specifically in refeeding states. Notably, the NF‐Y binding to ICE is differently regulated between adipocytes and hepatocytes. These findings provide insights into the specific mechanisms controlling energy metabolism in adipocytes.
The adaptors Grb10 and Grb14 are calmodulin‐binding proteins
Authors: García‐Palmero Irene , Pompas‐Veganzones Noemí , Villalobo Eduardo , Gioria Sophie , Haiech Jacques , Villalobo Antonio
Published: March 2017

We identified the Grb7 family members, Grb10 and Grb14, as Ca2+‐dependent CaM‐binding proteins using Ca2+‐dependent CaM‐affinity chromatography as we previously did with Grb7. The potential CaM‐binding sites were identified and experimentally tested using fluorescent‐labeled peptides corresponding to these sites. The apparent affinity constant of these peptides for CaM, and the minimum number of calcium ions bound to CaM that are required for effective binding to these peptides were also determined. We prepared deletion mutants of the three adaptor proteins lacking the identified sites and determined that they lost or strongly diminished their CaM‐binding capacity following the sequence Grb7 > > Grb14 > Grb10. More than one CaM‐binding site and/or accessory CaM‐binding sites appear to exist in Grb10 and Grb14, as compared to a single one present in Grb7.
A comparison of the ground magnetic responses during the 2013 and 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storms
Authors: Xu Z. , Hartinger M. D. , Clauer C. R. , Peek T. , Behlke R.
Published: March 2017

The magnetosphere‐ionosphere system response to extreme solar wind driving conditions depends on both the driving conditions and ionospheric conductivity. Since extreme driving conditions are rare, there are few opportunities to control for one parameter or another. The 17 March 2013 and 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storms driven by coronal mass ejections (CME) provide one such opportunity. The two events occur during the same solar illumination conditions; in particular, both occur near equinox on the same day of the year leading to similar ionospheric conductivity profiles. Moreover, both CMEs arrive at the same time of day leading to similar observing conditions (i.e., ground stations at similar magnetic local time in both events). We examine the ground magnetic response to each CME at a range of latitudes and in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, remote sensing several current systems. There are dramatic differences between the intensity, onset time and occurrence, duration, and spatial structure of the current systems in each case. For example, differing solar wind driving conditions lead to interhemispheric asymmetries in the high‐latitude ground magnetic response during the 2015 storm; these asymmetries are not present in the 2013 storm.
SISMixers
Authors: Maier Doris
Published: March 2017

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Superconducting Tunnel Junctions

Quantum Mixer Theory

SISMixers

Perspectives
SQUID‐Based Cryogenic Current Comparators
Authors: Vodel Wolfgang , Geithner Rene , Seidel Paul
Published: March 2017

The article contains sections titled:

Principle of theCCC

Applications in Metrology

CCCfor Beam Diagnostics

Use ofHTSMaterials forCCC

IntegratedCCCs

Summary and Outlook
Co‐Delivery of Disease Associated Peptide and Rapamycin via Acetalated Dextran Microparticles for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Chen Naihan , Peine Kevin J. , Collier Michael A. , Gautam Shalini , Jablonski Kyle A. , Guerau‐de‐Arellano Mireia , Ainslie Kristy M. , Bachelder Eric M.
Published: March 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. While 2.5 million people are affected by MS worldwide, there is no cure other than ameliorating the symptoms through broad immune suppression, which leads to side effects, including increased risks of infection and cancer development. Therefore, tolerance induction specific to disease‐associated antigens serves as a promising alternative as it inhibits disease progression without sacrificing immune competence. In this study, the authors show the efficacy of acetalated dextran (Ace‐DEX) microparticles (MPs) as a potential MS treatment. Ace‐DEX MPs encapsulating ovalbumin (OVA) and the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapa) substantially inhibits the inflammation in OVA‐induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. When tested as a therapeutic treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the mouse model for MS, MPs containing Rapa, and disease‐associated proteolipid protein (PLP) (Rapa/PLP/MPs) inhibits disease progression, lowers the clinical score, and suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interferon gamma, interleukin‐17A, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor) in splenocytes isolated from treated mice. Rapa/PLP/MPs in vitro also promotes Foxp3 expression, inhibits pro‐inflammatory cytokine production, and dampens T cell proliferation, suggesting the differentiation of antigen‐specific regulatory T cells. Together these data illustrate the promise of a MS treatment using a polymeric particulate delivery platform via the induction of antigen‐specific T cell tolerance.
Microstructures and Properties of the Copper‐Coated SiCp Reinforced Al–Si Alloy Composites
Authors: Feng Yan , Ren Jun Peng , Dong Cui Ge , Peng Chaoqun , Wang Richu
Published: March 2017

Copper‐coated silicon carbide (SiC) particles have been developed to improve the strength and wear resistance of Al–Si matrix composites, which are utilized in brake pads and, hence find applications in aerospace and automobile industries. Copper‐coated SiC powder is prepared by electroless plating and is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Copper‐coated SiCp reinforced Al–Si composites are prepared by a powder metallurgy method, and their microstructures and properties are compared with those of Al–Si and Al–Si–Cu matrix composites reinforced with SiCp without copper coating. Our results show that the copper‐coated SiCp‐reinforced Al–Si composite exhibits advantageous mechanical properties and better frictional wear resistance.
A Single‐Chamber System of Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition and Atomic Layer Deposition for Fabrication of Organic/Inorganic Multilayer Films
Authors: Kim Bong Jun , Park Hongkeun , Seong Hyejeong , Lee Min Seok , Kwon Byoung‐Hwa , Kim Do Heung , Lee Young Il , Lee Hyunkoo , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Im Sung Gap
Published: March 2017

A single‐chamber system capable of depositing both organic and inorganic layers by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) is demonstrated to facilitate the fabrication of organic/inorganic hybrid thin film encapsulation (TFE). The chamber geometry and the process conditions of iCVD and ALD are similar to each other, which enabled the design of the single‐chamber system. Both organic and inorganic films deposited via the single‐chamber system produces films with their properties equivalent to those deposited in separate iCVD and ALD reactors. Alternating the deposition mode between iCVD and ALD produces organic/inorganic multilayers with outstanding barrier properties as well as optical transparency mechanical flexibility.
Mesh‐on‐Mesh Graphitic‐C3N4@Graphene for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Han Qing , Cheng Zhihua , Gao Jian , Zhao Yang , Zhang Zhipan , Dai Liming , Qu Liangti
Published: March 2017

Mesoporous materials have attracted considerable interest due to their huge surface areas and numerous active sites that can be effectively exploited in catalysis. Here, 2D mesoporous graphitic‐C3N4 nanolayers are rationally assembled on 2D mesoporous graphene sheets (g‐CN@G MMs) by in situ selective growth. Benefiting from an abundance of exposed edges and rich defects, fast electron transport, and a multipathway of charge and mass transport from a continuous interconnected mesh network, the mesh‐on‐mesh g‐CN@G MMs hybrid exhibits higher catalytic hydrogen evolution activity and stronger durability than most of the reported nonmetal catalysts and some metal‐based catalysts.
Programmable Bidirectional Folding of Metallic Thin Films for 3D Chiral Optical Antennas
Authors: Mao Yifei , Zheng Yun , Li Can , Guo Lin , Pan Yini , Zhu Rui , Xu Jun , Zhang Weihua , Wu Wengang
Published: March 2017

3D structures with characteristic lengths ranging from nanometer to micrometer scale often exhibit extraordinary optical properties, and have been becoming an extensively explored field for building new generation nanophotonic devices. Albeit a few methods have been developed for fabricating 3D optical structures, constructing 3D structures with nanometer accuracy, diversified materials, and perfect morphology is an extremely challenging task. This study presents a general 3D nanofabrication technique, the focused ion beam stress induced deformation process, which allows a programmable and accurate bidirectional folding (−70°–+90°) of various metal and dielectric thin films. Using this method, 3D helical optical antennas with different handedness, improved surface smoothness, and tunable geometries are fabricated, and the strong optical rotation effects of single helical antennas are demonstrated.
Nanocube Superlattices of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskites and Pressure‐Induced Phase Transformations at Atomic and Mesoscale Levels
Authors: Nagaoka Yasutaka , Hills‐Kimball Katie , Tan Rui , Li Ruipeng , Wang Zhongwu , Chen Ou
Published: March 2017

Lead halide perovskites are promising materials for a range of applications owing to their unique crystal structure and optoelectronic properties. Understanding the relationship between the atomic/mesostructures and the associated properties of perovskite materials is crucial to their application performances. Herein, the detailed pressure processing of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocube superlattices (NC‐SLs) is reported for the first time. By using in situ synchrotron‐based small/wide angle X‐ray scattering and photoluminescence (PL) probes, the NC‐SL structural transformations are correlated at both atomic and mesoscale levels with the band‐gap evolution through a pressure cycle of 0 ↔ 17.5 GPa. After the pressurization, the individual CsPbBr3 NCs fuse into 2D nanoplatelets (NPLs) with a uniform thickness. The pressure‐synthesized perovskite NPLs exhibit a single cubic crystal structure, a 1.6‐fold enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield, and a longer emission lifetime than the starting NCs. This study demonstrates that pressure processing can serve as a novel approach for the rapid conversion of lead halide perovskites into structures with enhanced properties.
Single‐Junction Binary‐Blend Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with 12.1% Efficiency
Authors: Zhao Fuwen , Dai Shuixing , Wu Yang , Zhang Qianqian , Wang Jiayu , Jiang Li , Ling Qidan , Wei Zhixiang , Ma Wei , You Wei , Wang Chunru , Zhan Xiaowei
Published: March 2017

A new fluorinated nonfullerene acceptor, ITIC‐Th1, has been designed and synthesized by introducing fluorine (F) atoms onto the end‐capping group 1,1‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐indanone (IC). On the one hand, incorporation of F would improve intramolecular interaction, enhance the push–pull effect between the donor unit indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene and the acceptor unit IC due to electron‐withdrawing effect of F, and finally adjust energy levels and reduce bandgap, which is beneficial to light harvesting and enhancing short‐circuit current density (JSC). On the other hand, incorporation of F would improve intermolecular interactions through CF···S, CF···H, and CF···π noncovalent interactions and enhance electron mobility, which is beneficial to enhancing JSC and fill factor. Indeed, the results show that fluorinated ITIC‐Th1 exhibits redshifted absorption, smaller optical bandgap, and higher electron mobility than the nonfluorinated ITIC‐Th. Furthermore, nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs) based on fluorinated ITIC‐Th1 electron acceptor and a wide‐bandgap polymer donor FTAZ based on benzodithiophene and benzotriazole exhibit power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 12.1%, significantly higher than that of nonfluorinated ITIC‐Th (8.88%). The PCE of 12.1% is the highest in fullerene and nonfullerene‐based single‐junction binary‐blend OSCs. Moreover, the OSCs based on FTAZ:ITIC‐Th1 show much better efficiency and better stability than the control devices based on FTAZ:PC71BM (PCE = 5.22%).
Defects in Single Crystalline Ammonothermal Gallium Nitride
Authors: Suihkonen Sami , Pimputkar Siddha , Sintonen Sakari , Tuomisto Filip
Published: March 2017

Native bulk gallium nitride (GaN) has emerged as an alternative for sapphire and silicon as a substrate material for III‐N devices. While quasi‐bulk GaN substrates are currently commercially available, single crystal GaN substrates are considered essential for future high performance light emitters and power devices. The ammonothermal method is currently considered one of the most feasible methods to grow large truly bulk crystals of GaN at low cost and high structural quality. High crystalline quality GaN substrates sliced from ammonothermally grown crystals have been demonstrated and utilized in homoepitaxy for III‐N devices. However, despite the high crystalline quality the properties of as‐grown ammonothermal GaN crystals and substrates are affected by the presence of impurities and other defects that hinder their use for device applications. Here, the main developments of ammonothermal growth of GaN and the effects of impurities, native point defects, and dislocations on the material properties are summarized. Additionally, measurement techniques that enable the evaluation of point defect concentration and low dislocation density distribution over a large area on bulk GaN substrates are reviewed.
Magnesiumbatterien – ein Aufruf an Synthesechemiker: Elektrolyte und Kathoden dringend gesucht
Authors: Muldoon John , Bucur Claudiu B. , Gregory Thomas
Published: March 2017

Magnesiummetall ist ein hervorragendes Anodenmaterial mit einem negativen Reduktionspotential von −2.37 V gegen die Standardwasserstoffelektrode, dessen volumenspezifische Kapazität doppelt so hoch ist wie die von Lithiummetall. Ein Hauptvorteil gegenüber Lithiummetall ist, dass während des Aufladens kein Dendritenwachstum stattfindet. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit aktuellen Entwicklungen bei Elektrolyten und Kathoden, und es werden wesentliche Herausforderungen auf dem Weg zu einer praktikablen Magnesiumbatterie diskutiert.
Enhanced dielectric performances of polypropylene films via polarity adjustment by maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene
Authors: Chen Xueqin , Wang Yao , He Dalong , Deng Yuan
Published: March 2017

Maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (MA‐g‐PP) was hybridized with pure PP to form hybrid films with the aim to enhance the dielectric performances of the PP film via polarity adjustment. The changes of microstructure and crystallinity of PP matrix by MA‐g‐PP incorporation were studied, and the polarity change was identified by the surface wettability. The dielectric behaviors of the hybrid films were explored. Increasing polarity of PP film leads to increase in dielectric constant but decrease in breakdown strength, and a balance is achieved in 10 vol % MA‐g‐PP/PP hybrid film, with the maximum discharge energy density reaching 1.96 J cm−3 and charge–discharge efficiency as high as 96%. The ultralow loss is attributed to the dense and homogeneous microstructure together with increased crystallinity induced by incorporation of MA‐g‐PP. These PP‐based films with increased polarity not only show enhanced dielectric performances but also provide a type of matrix that would be compatible with polar fillers to further increase dielectric properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45029.
Building Information Modeling – Umsetzung in der Tragwerksplanung
Authors: Kepplin Ragna , Schnellenbach‐Held Martina , Held Markus
Published: March 2017

Mit Building Information Modeling (BIM) wird der Planungsprozess von Bauprojekten grundlegend verändert. Dies bedeutet für alle Planungsbeteiligten, sich mit neuen Arbeitsprozessen und neuen Softwaretools vertraut zu machen. Grundlage für die neue Arbeitsmethode bilden ein dreidimensionales geometrisches Gebäudemodell und die daraus zur Verfügung stehenden Gebäudedaten.

In der Tragwerksplanung ermöglicht spezielle, für den BIM‐Planungsprozess entwickelte Software eine automatisierte Überführung des geometrischen Gebäudemodells über ein analytisches Modell in ein Berechnungsmodell. Logische Folge dieses Arbeitsprozesses ist die Nutzung des dreidimensionalen Berechnungsmodells für den statischen Nachweis. Der Einsatz von 3‐D‐Statik‐Software in der Praxis ist bereits zu verzeichnen.

Im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen wurden für Gebäude aus dem Hochbau dreidimensionale Gebäudemodelle entsprechend dem BIM‐Planungsprozess erstellt und ganzheitlich bemessen. In diesem Beitrag werden auf Basis der gesammelten Erfahrungen Defizite aufgezeigt, die bei der automatisierten Ableitung und Detaillierung des dreidimensionalen analytischen Modells und Berechnungsmodells sowie bei der Nutzung des 3‐D‐Modells in der Statik auftreten. Darüber hinaus werden Möglichkeiten, Intelligente Methoden in diesen Arbeitsprozess zu implementieren, dargelegt.
Identification and characterization of the Luc2‐type luciferase in the Japanese firefly, Luciola parvula, involved in a dim luminescence in immobile stages
Authors: Bessho‐Uehara Manabu , Oba Yuichi
Published: March 2017

Nocturnal Japanese fireflies, Luciola parvula, emit from their lanterns a yellow light, one of the most red‐shifted colors found among fireflies. Previously, we isolated and characterized two different types of luciferase gene, Luc1 and Luc2, from the fireflies Luciola cruciata and Luciola lateralis; Luc1 is responsible for the green–yellow luminescence of larval and adult lanterns, whereas Luc2 is responsible for the dim greenish glow of eggs and pupal bodies. The biological role of firefly lanterns in adults is related to sexual communication, but why the eggs and pupae glow remains uncertain. In this study, we isolated the gene Luc2 from L. parvula, and compared its expression profiles and enzymatic characteristics with those of Luc1. A semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that Luc1 was predominantly expressed in larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults, whereas Luc2 was expressed in eggs, prepupae, pupae and adult females. Enzymatic analyses showed that the luminescent color of Luc1 matches the visual sensitivity of L. parvula eyes, whereas that of Luc2 is very different from it. These results suggest that the biological role of Luc2 expressed in immobile stages is not intraspecific communication.
Differentiation between sources of mechanoluminescence and acoustic emission in impact‐loaded ZnSe and ZnS ceramics
Authors: Chmel Alexandre , Dunaev Anatolij , Shcherbakov Igor
Published: March 2017

Ductile semiconductor ceramics ZnSe and ZnS were damaged by a falling weight, and the time series of mechanoluminescence (ML) and acoustic emission (AE) pulses were recorded with the nanosecond resolution. The ML lighting appeared in the instance of shock but the AE generation emerged with a delay of 50–100 μsec; however, the maxima of the light and sound emissions coincided in time. This difference in temporal profiles was explained by the difference in prevailing sources of emissions of two types. The detected luminescence in A2B6 compounds was excited, mainly, by moving and multiplying dislocations, while the sound was generated by nucleating and growing cracks. The statistical analysis showed that at the stage of pre‐failure deformation, the ensemble of dislocations exhibited a trend to self‐organizing; the cracking was fully random. The effect of intergranular boundaries on the dislocation motion manifested itself in the statistics of mechanoluminescence generation.
Biosensor‐Enabled Directed Evolution to Improve Muconic Acid Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Leavitt John M. , Wagner James M. , Tu Cuong C. , Tong Alice , Liu Yanyi , Alper Hal S.
Published: March 2017

Muconic acid is a valuable platform chemical with potential applications in the production of polymers such as nylon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The conjugate base, muconate, has been previously biosynthesized in the bacterial host Escherichia coli. Likewise, previous significant pathway engineering lead to the first reported instance of rationally engineered production of muconic acid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To further increase muconic acid production in this host, a combined adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy and rational metabolic engineering is employed. To this end, a biosensor module that responds to the endogenous aromatic amino acid (AAA) as a surrogate for pathway flux is adapted. Following two rounds of ALE coupled with an anti‐metabolite feeding strategy, the strains with improved AAA pathway flux is isolated. Next, it is demonstrated that this increased flux can be redirected into the composite muconic acid pathway with a threefold increase in the total titer of the composite pathway compared to our previously engineered strain. Finally, a truncation of the penta‐functional ARO1 protein is complemented and overexpress an endogenous aromatic decarboxylase to establish a final strain capable of producing 0.5 g L−1 muconic acid in shake flasks and 2.1 g L−1 in a fed‐batch bioreactor with a yield of 12.9 mg muconic acid/g glucose at the rate of 9.0 mg h−1. This value represents the highest titer of muconic acid reported to date in S. cerevisiae, in addition to the highest reported titer of a shikimate pathway derivative in this host.
Basic taste processing recruits bilateral anteroventral and middle dorsal insulae: An activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis of fMRI studies
Authors: Yeung Andy Wai Kan , Goto Tazuko K. , Leung Wai Keung
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose

Numerous task‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported the locations of basic taste representations in the human brain, but they usually employed a limited number of subjects (<20) with different methodologies and stimuli. Moreover, the reported brain regions were sometimes inconsistent. Thus, we aimed at performing a meta‐analysis of the published data to identify locations consistently activated across studies, and performed a connectivity analysis to reveal how these taste processing regions connect with other brain regions.

Materials and Methods

A meta‐analysis was performed based on 34 experiments, with 238 total participants in 16 studies, to establish the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) of taste‐mediated regional activation. Meta‐analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) and data stored in BrainMap database were employed to reveal the functional connectivity of the regions identified by ALE with other brain regions, across all types of experiments that caused activation among healthy subjects.

Results

ALE identified nine activated clusters in bilateral anteroventral and middle dorsal insulae, bilateral thalamus and caudate, bilateral pre‐/postcentral gyrus, and right hippocampus. The concurrence between studies was moderate, with at best 38% of experiments contributed to the significant clusters activated by taste stimulation. Sweet taste was the predominant contributing taste. MACM revealed that at least 50% of the nine clusters coactivated with the middle cingulate cortex, medial frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and putamen.

Conclusion

Results suggested that fMRI studies have reported reproducible patterns of activations across studies. The basic taste stimulations resulted in activations in a mostly bilateral network. Moreover, they were connected with cognitive and emotional relevant brain regions.
Variations in sural nerve formation pattern and distribution on the dorsum of the foot
Authors: Jeon Su Kyoung , Paik Doo‐Jin , Hwang Young‐Il
Published: March 2017

The sural nerve, a cutaneous nerve, is clinically important because it is frequently for nerve conduction testing, biopsy, and harvesting for nerve grafts. This nerve exhibits a wide variety of variation in formation, distribution on the dorsum of the foot, and so on, depending on the population observed. In this study, we examined the variation in the sural nerve in 110 Korean cadavers. Of these cadavers, 86.1% of the sural nerves corresponded to type A, where tibial and peroneal components were united to form the sural nerve. These two components most frequently united (65.9%) in the third quarter of the calf, and when the union position was expressed as a ratio to calf length, it corresponded to 0.408 in men and 0.346 in women, with a statistically significant difference. Due to this sexual dimorphism in addition to shorter calf length in females, the length of the sural nerve was shorter in females (male average length: 14.5 ± 4.8 cm; female average length: 11.4 ± 2.9 cm). In terms of distribution of the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve, the distal continuation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot, it showed variation in association with the superficial peroneal nerve. The innervation of the sural nerve extended most frequently up to the lateral two and a half toes, solely or in conjunction with the superficial peroneal nerve. Obtaining further information regarding sural nerve variation will be useful for various clinical procedures and interpretation of sural nerve conduction results. Clin. Anat. 30:525–532, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching real‐time video processing theory by using an FPGA‐based educational system and the “learning‐by‐doing” method
Authors: Guzmán‐Ramírez Enrique , Garcia Ivan , González Carlos , Mendoza‐Manzano Manuel
Published: March 2017

In the present study, we introduce a FPGA‐based educational system called RELI‐EVA (REconfigurable‐Logic‐based system for Implementation and Evaluation of real‐time Video processing and analysis of Algorithms), which has been integrated into a Computer and Electronic Engineering course by following the “learning‐by‐doing” approach. Therefore, the aim of this system is to provide engineering students with an intuitive tool in order to understand the main algorithms for real‐time video processing and create and test some new algorithms before their real implementation in physical systems. Moreover, with the aim of demonstrating the potential of the developed FPGA‐based system, the development of a practical example for edge detection is presented in order to support the theoretical basis of real‐time video processing. Additionally, a qualitative research method was followed to evaluate the proposed tool. A high percentage of the surveyed students corroborated the success of RELI‐EVA as part of an engineering course. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:376–391, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21805
Influence of Terephthalic Acid Substituents on the Catalytic Activity of MIL‐101(Cr) in Three Lewis Acid Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Santiago‐Portillo Andrea , Navalón Sergio , Concepción Patricia , Álvaro Mercedes , García Hermenegildo
Published: March 2017

Six isostructural MIL‐101(Cr)‐X (X: H, NO2, SO3H, Cl, CH3, and NH2) materials have been prepared directly by the reaction of CrIII salts and the corresponding terephthalic acid or by postsynthetic treatments of preformed MIL‐101(Cr) following reported procedures. The materials were characterized by using XRD (crystallinity and coincident diffraction pattern), isothermal N2 adsorption (specific surface areas range from 2740 m2 g−1 for MIL‐101(Cr)‐H to 1250 m2 g−1 for MIL‐101(Cr)‐Cl), thermogravimetry (thermal stability up to 400 °C), and IR spectroscopy (detection of the corresponding substituents), and the results were all in agreement with the reported data for these materials. The MIL‐101(Cr) materials were tested as heterogeneous catalysts for epoxide ring opening by methanol, benzaldehyde acetalization by methanol, and Prins coupling, observing a clear influence of the substituent that in general follows a linear relationship with the Hammett σmeta constant of the substituent: the catalytic activity increases as the electron‐withdrawing ability of the substituents increases. An up to three orders of magnitude enhancement in the presence of the NO2 substituent was found for some of these reactions. The present study illustrates the versatility that metal–organic frameworks offer as heterogeneous catalysts that allow the design of actives sites with adequate properties tuned for each reaction.