bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 3: The Effect of Ambient and Environmental Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Lowe W.
Published: June 2010

The basis of existing national and international standards for derating naturally aspirated and turbo-charged diesel engines for temperature, altitude, and humidity is recapitulated. The effect of site ambient conditions on the permissible rating of modern turbo-charged and charge-air cooled engines, with fixed and rematched turbo-chargers, is discussed. The effect of turbo-charger and charge-air cooler limitations on the engine rating is examined, including the use of air-to-air charge cooling. Consideration is given to the installation details which affect the engine performance, e.g. air-intake temperature, cooling water, etc.
Paper 5: Application of Diesel Engines in the Royal Navy
Authors: Sampson W. H.
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the application and selection of diesel engines for marine propulsion and auxiliary purposes with particular reference to the special requirements for naval applications. Details are given of the various means that have been developed for dealing with airborne and structure-borne noise, for reducing the effects of external shock, and for checking the quality of lubricating oils during service. Automatic control and protection equipments, including fluidic, are described and the paper finally deals with the means adopted to improve reliability and to reduce maintenance.
Paper 6: Alignment Investigation following a Medium-Speed Marine Engine Crankshaft Failure
Authors: Castle D.
Published: June 2010

The multiple fracture, apparently without warning, of the crankshaft of one of a pair of medium-speed propulsion engines in a modern cargo ship in mid-Atlantic led to a programme of tests, involving many alignment measurements, chiefly on a sister ship. The damage to the engine is reviewed and an account is given of the investigation into the cause of failure. The measured values of alignment are recorded, together with changes of alignment due to temperature variations of the machinery, the lubricating oil, and the cooling water, and to cargo loading and distribution. Conclusions are stated and a set of rules, which have been supported by subsequent experience, are postulated.
Paper 10: Fuel Limitations on Diesel Engine Development and Application
Authors: Howells H. E. , Walker S. T.
Published: June 2010

The authors discuss the emission characteristics of the high-speed diesel engine, and conclude that fuel quality variations have only a small influence on the emission of black smoke and oxides of nitrogen at full load. However, at idle or light engine loads, good ignition quality is shown to be essential in order to minimize the emission of unburnt hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Emphasis is placed on the need to pay greater attention to fuel system design in order to improve the low-temperature operability of diesel vehicles. The problems of burning residual fuel in medium-speed engines are reviewed and data on the ignition quality of these products are presented.
Paper 14: Diesels and the Generation of Electricity
Authors: Ratcliffe F.
Published: June 2010

Diesels used by the Central Electricity Generating Board as prime movers for supplying stand-by or emergency auxiliary supplies of electricity require to have a high level of reliability and availability. These are the important features rather than the production of cheap electricity. When used exclusively for generating electricity for the grid system, their use is restricted because of limitations in MW output potential. Those in use must (1) produce cheap electricity, (2) assist in the continuity of supply, and (3) have peak-lopping facilities in certain applications. The major operational cost is fuel, and four fuels are considered; these range from 35 s to 3500 s fuel oils. Diesel maintenance costs can be substantial and methods of reducing these are reviewed in depth. Continuity of supplies of electricity into the National Grid and for local loads is critical. The electrical, mechanical, and chemical aids used to maintain diesel reliability are discussed.
Paper 15: Diesel Engine Piston Ring Design Factors and Application
Authors: Law D. A.
Published: June 2010

The range of piston ring materials currently available to the designer is given, showing their relative importance in durability and fatigue. Ring wall pressures for given duties illustrate the wide variations that exist. The piston ring free shape and its association with the ratings of diesel power units highlight the need for a better understanding of thermal gradients in ring section. Surface coatings and their relative merits to ring wear, scuff, and liner wear are illustrated. Oil control and blow-by characteristics from break-in to stable operation are discussed. Piston ring groove temperatures coupled with cylinder liner wall temperatures adjacent to the top ring location need early appraisal in design and development. Control of surface finish for both cylinder liner and piston ring is important for the critical break-in period. Control of quality is outlined.
Paper 16: Critical Factors in the Application of Diesel Engines to Fighting Vehicles
Authors: Millar D. H.
Published: June 2010

When diesel engines are installed in fighting vehicles they are subjected to various conditions which may critically affect their performance, reliability, or durability. These conditions can be classified as installational or environmental, and as they are interdependent they cannot be considered in isolation. This is best illustrated by engine rating, since not only does it dictate the performance level but also has a major influence on reliability and life and is itself determined by a number of installational and environmental factors. It is essential to view the problem of engine application as a whole and to apply the solutions not merely to the engine but to all its subsystems constituting the power pack, which must be regarded as an integrated unit.
Paper 9: Trends in Tractor Developments
Authors: Baker C. L.
Published: June 2010

This paper examines the size of the western world agricultural tractor market past, present, and future. Technical developments in the past have been largely to increase the efficiency of the tractor but other factors are gradually becoming more significant, such as reliability, serviceability, safety, ergonomics, and pollution. The tractor is a universal tool which permits the application of power to the soil when used with many varied implements, but specialized self-propelled equipment has made inroads into the tasks previously done by tractors. A study of the market in the U.S.A., however, does not indicate that the tractor market has been greatly affected by these machines which perform their specialized tasks more efficiently than tractors. Finally, it is suggested that a close examination of the present technology in various fields will provide the answers to future tractor design.
Paper 18: Demands of Powered Implements and Their Effect on Future Tractor Development
Authors: Howard J. A.
Published: June 2010

This paper draws attention to the increasing importance to the farmer of powered tillage techniques, using power-take-off driven implements, particularly against the background of shortage of agricultural labour and increasing labour costs. The development of these techniques is discussed, and the effect on the design of tractors and of power-take-off facilities.
Paper 2: Effects of Reciprocating Compressor Valve Design on Performance and Reliability
Authors: Davis H.
Published: June 2010

The effect of flow through compressor valve restrictions on the efficiency of the cylinder is well known. This paper provides a method of predetermining these pressure losses from the geometry of the valve design and the application conditions of the compressor stage. The model analysed is that of flow through multiple restrictions in series. The end result is a derived quantity, the ‘equivalent area’, which is the effective area of a single restriction equivalent to the total effect of the actual multiple restrictions. The relationships involving the effects of equivalent area and all other compressor parameters on compressor performance is presented in non-dimensional form. Tests are described which determined actual values of equivalent area for several valve designs and the correlations are presented, which confirm the ability to predict performance of an untested valve from its design and application. Reliability criteria are hypothesized based on considerations of the motion characteristics of the valve elements. Experimental observations of valve motion are described, and the desired characteristics defined from which the quantitative criteria are obtained. Correlations between criteria limits and field experience are presented.
Paper 6: Design and Operating Experience on Industrial Axial and Radial Compressors
Authors: Strub R. A.
Published: June 2010

Various types of turbo-compressors are discussed, reference being made to typical industrial installations. Relevant field experience is examined, which indicates that corrosion and fouling of compressors must be carefully considered in chemical process applications. Comments on future development are made, emphasis being given to the ever-expanding field of application of turbo-compressors.
Paper 10: Lubrication of Air Compressors
Authors: Evans E. M. , Hughes A.
Published: June 2010

There is an increasing use of pneumatic equipment in production and process industries and reliability of equipment in these industries is of paramount importance. The failure of an air compressor due to deficiencies in the lubricant can be very costly. In this paper important aspects of lubricant performance are discussed. The differences between the requirements of lubricants for rotary oil-cooled air compressors and for reciprocating air compressors are highlighted. Some of the requirements are conflicting and can cause problems if an oil is used in a type of compressor for which it is not designed. Mechanisms by which oil can cause failures are analysed. Some of the failures are common to certain types of compressor. Guidance is given which can reduce the risks of failures. This includes both design and operating instructions. Finally, full-scale methods of test for rotary oil-cooled and reciprocating air compressors are given, including a test method for very high-pressure reciprocating compressors; typical test results are supplied.
Paper 12: Performance Characteristics of Roots Blower Systems
Authors: Cole B. N. , Groves J. F. , Imrie B. W.
Published: June 2010

The main traditional attraction of Roots blowers has been the comparative simplicity, compactness, and low initial cost of the machine. The ultimate object of the work described has been to extend the range of economic applications of such machines. This has entailed the development of a detailed theoretical analysis, with ensuing computer programs and chart displays. In addition, extensive tests are reported for single- and two-stage systems: vacuum pump duty, as well as compressor duty, is fully discussed. The assembled information indicates means of producing more economical designs for existing duty specifications, and of producing higher delivery pressures than are normally associated with Roots machines.
Paper 14: A New Development in Rotary Screw Compressor Design
Authors: Trulsson I.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes design and operational experience on rotary screw compressors with oil-free compression chambers. Production of this type of compressor began on a large scale in the early 1950s. Experience is therefore based upon more than 15 years' operation, and takes into account several makes of compressor. The main operating and design limitations experienced during that period are summarized, and the paper relates how each item has been studied and the solutions that have been found to improve the design of this type of compressor.
Paper 15: Review of Compressors and Expanders for Air Separation and Liquefaction Plants
Authors: Murkett D. G. , Creswick A. R. , Baker J. W.
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the application and operational problems of reciprocating and rotary compressors and expansion turbines within the air separation industry. Suggestions are made regarding the direction in which research, development, and design might be directed. Special problems within the industry are referred to, such as dry lubrication, prevention of gas loss, and special safety considerations applicable to oxygen compression. The high torque conditions on start-up of large rotary compressors, which require careful study in relation to coupling design and shaft stressing, are considered. Design codes are briefly discussed in relation to international requirements for testing and acceptance of machines.
Paper 17: Pressure–Volume Diagrams for Sliding Vane Rotary Compressors
Authors: Smith D. G. , Rudge P. J.
Published: June 2010

Pressure–volume diagrams, usually associated with reciprocating machines, are valuable both as a means of investigating performance and in providing information for further design work. This paper describes the main features of a method for compiling rotor cell pressure–volume diagrams for sliding vane rotary compressors. Diagrams obtained for various compressor operating conditions are given and discussed.
Paper 18: Large Compressors: Some Aspects of Applications and Design
Authors: Jackson A. B.
Published: June 2010

The choice between axial and centrifugal compressors is briefly discussed, and cost comparison applicable over a limited range is given. The present design trends and future prospects of both types of machine are considered. Methods of radial equilibrium calculations and compressor characteristic predictions are given as examples of the design tools which are available for effecting improvements in axial compressor aerodynamics, and in the evaluation of performance.
Paper 22: Development of Vibration Monitoring Techniques to Aid in Evaluating the Mechanical Performance of Rotating Machinery
Authors: Streatfield A. H. R.
Published: June 2010

Considerable effort has been expended towards improving the thermodynamic performance of rotary air compressors and full advantage has been taken of these advances by modifying the design, installation, or application of the machines in full-scale plant. In large industrial units the economics of operation are demonstrated by the availability of the plant, i.e. time available for production. This reflects directly on the mechanical reliability and, in particular, the means for monitoring the mechanical performance in order to give forward warning of maintenance or adjustment requirements. For this purpose various techniques are in the course of development and this paper deals with the amplification of vibration monitoring equipment of the accelerometer and proximity probe types.
Paper 1: Rail Vehicles for Urban and Underground Service
Authors: Jowett W. G.
Published: June 2010

The paper commences with a brief description of the commuter situation in most great cities of the world today, and gives a little background as to why the situation has arisen. The basic elements of train movement are briefly considered with special reference to urban and suburban traffic, and the salient requirements from this are combined with other electrical, mechanical, and passenger amenity features to form a picture of the general requirements for this type of stock. Next, examples are given of modern stock designed to meet the requirements. The new high-density stock of British Railways is described and reference is made to the London Transport Victoria line stock with particular reference to automatic train operation. Short descriptions are then given of North American practices, followed by a brief review of European developments. From these examples a general similarity in design emerges which very adequately meets the requirements of the commuter problem, and it is suggested by the author that an urban railway system in conjunction with other forms of street transport can provide a suitable overall solution to this modern and increasing problem.
Paper 2: Automatic Fare Collection on Buses in London Transport
Authors: Haines S.
Published: June 2010

An outline is given of the more important facets of automatic fare collection, and practical experiences of its operation in London Transport are discussed. The choice to be made between simple, less expensive equipment and truly automatic collection is considered. Finally, the conclusions drawn from the practical experience are given.
Paper 6: A Single-Deck Bus for Future Urban Transport
Authors: Fogg A.
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the design and manufacturing philosophy of a bus to be produced by British Leyland and the manner in which it is intended to meet the future requirements of urban transport. Changes that have been taking place in the bus industry over recent years have seriously affected both the manufacturer and the operator of public service vehicles. In the former case, bus manufacture has virtually ceased to be a profitable business, and it was obvious that a completely new approach to design and manufacture was going to be necessary if manufacturing companies were to remain in this business. In the case of the operator, there has been a steady decline in the number of passengers carried, increasing difficulties have arisen due to labour shortages in both the operation and maintenance of vehicles, and as a result it has been difficult to maintain adequate services and to remain viable financially.

From the manufacturer's point of view, the need to produce a standard bus has become imperative, and all the variations introduced in the past to satisfy individual transport undertakings can no longer be justified. The large labour content in manufacture has to be reduced to make the cost of the product acceptable, and the division of responsibility between chassis and body manufacturers has to be eliminated.

From the passenger point of view, bus transport has to be more attractive and must offer the same environment as that of a high-class motor car. Similarly the driver, who is frequently also a car driver, must have a working environment at least as good as that to which he has become accustomed in his private motor car. The operator has to have improved reliability and freedom from excessive maintenance so that a reduction in the demand for skilled labour can be achieved. He must also have a vehicle which can be operated satisfactorily and safely by one man.

The paper discusses the requirements of passengers, drivers, operators, and manufacturers, and describes the way in which a new vehicle has been evolved in order to achieve these. It is expected that this vehicle will meet the needs, for single-deck buses for the next generation, of the majority of urban transport undertakings in the U.K. and in other countries with similar urban transportation problems, and thus make a major contribution to more rapid transit.
Paper 10: Design of Railway Rolling Stock for Heavy Urban Service
Authors: Driver S. A.
Published: June 2010

With a total fleet of 4250 railway cars, London Transport convey over 2 220 000 passengers each working day on a rail network of 236 route miles. More than half a million passengers alight at central London stations between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m., and the reverse flow takes place between 4.30 p.m. and 7 p.m. This concentrated demand presents a major problem.

It can be shown than an electrified railway system can provide the most efficient and reliable means of rapidly conveying large numbers of people in dense urban areas. Various figures have been published and from these it can be demonstrated that a modern subway system can give a passenger-carrying capacity, under tolerable loading conditions, of between 25 000 and 30 000 per hour in each direction, or equivalent to 10 or 12 lanes of motorway in each direction. The actual capacity, however, will depend on a number of factors, many of which are dictated by the amount of foresight displayed by the original planners and contruction engineers of the line.
Multi-site-specific 16S rRNA methyltransferase RsmF from Thermus thermophilus
Authors: Demirci Hasan , Larsen Line H.G. , Hansen Trine , Rasmussen Anette , Cadambi Ashwin , Gregory Steven T. , Kirpekar Finn , Jogl Gerwald
Published: June 2010

Cells devote a significant effort toward the production of multiple modified nucleotides in rRNAs, which fine tune the ribosome function. Here, we report that two methyltransferases, RsmB and RsmF, are responsible for all four 5-methylcytidine (m5C) modifications in 16S rRNA of Thermus thermophilus. Like Escherichia coli RsmB, T. thermophilus RsmB produces m5C967. In contrast to E. coli RsmF, which introduces a single m5C1407 modification, T. thermophilus RsmF modifies three positions, generating m5C1400 and m5C1404 in addition to m5C1407. These three residues are clustered near the decoding site of the ribosome, but are situated in distinct structural contexts, suggesting a requirement for flexibility in the RsmF active site that is absent from the E. coli enzyme. Two of these residues, C1400 and C1404, are sufficiently buried in the mature ribosome structure so as to require extensive unfolding of the rRNA to be accessible to RsmF. In vitro, T. thermophilus RsmF methylates C1400, C1404, and C1407 in a 30S subunit substrate, but only C1400 and C1404 when naked 16S rRNA is the substrate. The multispecificity of T. thermophilus RsmF is potentially explained by three crystal structures of the enzyme in a complex with cofactor S-adenosyl-methionine at up to 1.3 Å resolution. In addition to confirming the overall structural similarity to E. coli RsmF, these structures also reveal that key segments in the active site are likely to be dynamic in solution, thereby expanding substrate recognition by T. thermophilus RsmF.
On the numerical evaluation of umbilic diffraction catastrophes
Authors: Borghi Riccardo
Published: June 2010

A simple computational approach is proposed for the evaluation of umbilic diffraction catastrophes which, together with cuspoids, describe the whole hierarchy of the structurally stable diffraction patterns that can be produced by optical diffraction. In this paper, after expanding the double integral representations of hyperbolic and elliptic umbilics as convergent power series, the action of the Weniger transformation on them is studied. Exact expressions for the “on-axis” umbilic field have also been found, which extend previously published results to complex values of the control parameter. Numerical experiments aimed at giving evidence of the effectiveness and implementative ease of the approach are eventually presented.
Development of a Qualitative Sequential Immunoassay for Characterizing the Intrinsic Properties of Circulating Cardiac Troponin I
Authors: Lin Yixin , Fu Qin , Zhu Jie , Miller Julie M , Van Eyk Jennifer E
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND

With myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac troponin is released from the heart into circulation, where it can be detected with immunoassays independently quantifying cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or cTnT. There is, however, no single immunoassay that sequentially probes the posttranslational modification status of cTnI or directly characterizes whether circulating cTnI is bound to cTnC and/or cTnT. Here we describe the development of a qualitative immunoassay to directly probe the primary and ternary structure of circulating cTnI through diffractive optics technology (dotLab® System, Axela).

METHODS

Anti-cTnI antibody 8I-7 was immobilized on a patterned sensor to capture cTnI. One or more detector antibodies were sequentially introduced to probe for amino acid sequence integrity or phosphorylation status of cTnI, or its association with cTnC and/or cTnT. Respective immunocaptures were recorded as real-time diffractive intensities (DIs), and the DI differences were analyzed. Each immunodetection was independent of the others but was done in a single sequential assay.

RESULTS

This diffraction-based immunoassay successfully characterized cTnI. The unamplified assay determined whether cTnI was degraded at N-terminus and/or C-terminus or phosphorylated. Sequential application of multiple detector antibodies without an antibody-stripping step enables real-time interrogation of 5 different epitopes of cTnI, or direct detection of the cTn complex (cTnI–cTnC–cTnT) in a single sequential assay. Finally, this assay was optimized with amplification to directly detect circulating cTnI bound to cTnC and cTnT in serum from an MI patient.

CONCLUSIONS

The dot® Immunoassay is the first qualitative sequential immunoassay to address the direct interactions of the troponin subunits and various modified forms of cTnI.
Assessing Care and Support Needs for Children With Acquired Brain Injury: Normative Data for the Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS)
Authors: Soo Cheryl , Tate Robyn L. , Anderson Vicki , Waugh Mary-Clare
Published: June 2010

Introduction:The Paediatric Care and Needs Scale (PCANS) was developed to address the dearth of scales currently available for measuring support needs of children with acquired brain injury (ABI). The scale assesses environmental supports (both supervision and physical assistance) across 14 domains of everyday activities from support for personal hygiene to participation in leisure and social activities. This study aimed to determine support needs in typically developing children using the PCANS in a normative sample of Australian children.Methods:Participants were parents of typically developing children aged 5–14 years (N= 300) recruited from a range of schools in metropolitan Melbourne. Children with ABI, diagnosis of a neurological or developmental disorder, or significant medical condition were excluded. Thirty parents of children in each of 10 age levels, with approximately equal sex ratio were recruited.Results:Findings suggest that support needs vary according to age of the child (p< .01) but not sex of child or occupational status of the parent. Additionally, children were found to have significantly higher support needs for supervision compared with physical assistance across most of the domains of the PCANS (p< .01). A greater number of age differences across PCANS domains were also found in younger children (5 to 7 and 8 to 11 years) compared to the older age group (age 12–14 years).Conclusions:This study reports normative data for the PCANS using a sample of children stratified by age. Findings will provide an essential point of reference to help guide clinical interpretation of the PCANS for assessing support needs of children with ABI.
Kant über Menschenliebe als moralische Gemütsanlage
Authors: Schönecker Dieter
Published: June 2010

In the Introduction of the Tugendlehre, Kant identifies love of human beings as one of the four moral predispositions that make us receptive to the moral law. We claim that this love is neither benevolence nor the aptitude of the inclination to beneficence in general (both are also called love of human beings); rather it is amor complacentiae, which Kant understands as the delight in moral striving for perfection. We also provide a detailed analysis of Kant's almost completely neglected theory of moral predispositions. They are necessary conditions to be aware of the moral law and to be motivated by it.
Effect of pre-utilisation and harvest time on the quantity and quality of fodder on extensive pastures
Authors: Bajnok M. , Szemán L. , Tasi J.
Published: June 2010

No significant studies have yet been reported in Central Europe on the yield and quality of winter harvest pastures. The aim of the research was to collect information about the effect of pre-utilisation (June, July and August) and winter harvest date (November, December, January) on the quantity and quality of fodder from
Festuca arundinacea
stands. The dry matter, energy, ADF, ADL and ergosterol contents of the yield were examined and it was found that:

1.
A shorter regeneration period between harvests resulted in lower dry matter levels, but also in a higher energy concentration and lower ergosterol concentration.

2.
The yield and energy concentrations decreased, whereas the ADF, ADL and ergosterol concentrations increased as the winter progressed.

3.
Fodder harvested in November produced the best results in terms of yield quantity and quality.

The highest yield and energy values were thus achieved by harvesting in November, regardless of pre-utilisation. Despite the cold and the long period of snow cover, the energy values of samples harvested in December and January showed no significant decrease. The weather conditions were more important for fodder quantity and quality than the frequency or date of harvesting. Thus, under the continental climatic conditions in Hungary, extensive utilisation, until late November or early December, is recommended.
Seed germination and storage reserves of maize and sorghum after exposure to and recovery from pre- and post-flowering dehydration
Authors: Takele A. , Farrant J.
Published: June 2010

Investigations were made on the seed viability (standard germination test and vigour after accelerated ageing) and seed quality (starch, protein, lipid, sucrose, glucose and fructose) of seeds of maize (cv Melkassa-2) and sorghum (cv Macia) harvested from plants after exposure to and recovery from pre- and post-flowering dehydration. The objectives of the study were to achieve a better understanding of 1) the effects of water deficit during the pre- and post-flowering stages on the seed viability and food (storage reserves) quality, and 2) the effects of dehydration and rehydration cycles at critical growth stages on subsequent seed performance and production, which could lead to the development of cultivars more able to efficiently partition assimilates to the reproductive organs in the field. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment growth chamber under constant environmental conditions (12/12 h day/night, 28–32/17°C day/night temperature, 60–80% RH and 1200–1400 μmol m
−2
s
−1
PPDF). The seed viability and vigour tests were done on air-dried seeds and the seed quality analysis on freeze-dried seeds of both species.The results of the standard germination test indicated that sorghum seeds harvested after both pre- and post-flowering dehydration were not affected by the treatment, while maize seeds had reduced % germination. Sorghum seeds harvested after post-flowering dehydration had significantly decreased vigour after accelerated ageing. Dehydration during both the pre- and post-flowering stages resulted in reduced contents of protein, lipid and soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) in both species as compared to the control seeds. The species differed in the extent to which these reserves were reduced.
Verner-Morrison syndrome: a case study
Authors: Halászlaki Csaba , Horváth Henrik , Kiss Lajos , Takács István , Speer Gábor , Nagy Zsolt , Winternitz Tamás , Dabasi Gabriella , Zalatnai Attila , Patócs Attila , Lakatos Péter
Published: June 2010

1958-ban
Verner
és
Morrison
írta le az elnevezésében a vizes hasmenésre, hypokalaemiára és achlorhydriára utaló szindrómát (watery diarrhea, hypokalaemia, achlorhydria – WDHA). A nagy mennyiségű vazoaktív intestinalis peptidet (VIP) termelő VIPomák rendszerint a hasnyálmirigyből származnak. A tipikus tünetek fontos szerepet játszanak a VIPoma diagnózisában. A hasmenés a diagnózis felismerése előtt évekig perzisztálhat. A kezeletlen WDHA-szindróma a hosszabb ideig fennálló exsiccosis, illetve az elektrolit- és sav-bázis háztartás zavara miatt krónikus veseelégtelenséghez vezethet, ami a betegség lefolyását súlyosbíthatja. Specifikus marker (VIP) meghatározása érzékeny módszer a kórisme felállításához. A felismerésben segítséget nyújt az endoszkópos ultrahang, komputertomográfia, mágneses rezonancia és főleg a szomatosztatinanalógokkal végzett szcintigráfiás vizsgálat. A kezelési lehetőségek közé tartozik a daganat reszekciója, a kemoterápia és a tünetek csökkentése érdekében a szomatosztatinanalógok alkalmazása. A korai diagnózis és kezelés kedvezően hathat a betegek életben maradására. A VIPomák társulhatnak az 1-es típusú multiplex endokrin neoplasia (MEN-1) szindrómához.
Macroprolactinemia associated with pituitary macroadenoma: treatment with quinagolide
Authors: Lakatos Gergely , Szücs Nikolette , Kender Zoltán , Czirják Sándor , Rácz Károly
Published: June 2010

A jelenlegi általános nézet szerint a makroprolaktin biológiailag inaktív molekula, ezért szérumkoncentrációjának növekedése aligha bír patológiai jelentőséggel. A szerzők 80 éves férfi esetét ismertetik, akinél egyéb társbetegségek mellett sella-MR-vizsgálattal 21×12×12 mm-es intra- és parasellaris hypophysisadenomát mutattak ki. A szérumprolaktin-vizsgálat jelentős mértékű macroprolactinaemiát igazolt (összes prolaktin: 514 ng/ml, referenciatartomány 1,6–10,7 ng/ml; makroprolaktin 436 ng/ml, monomer prolaktin 78,2 ng/ml). A hypophysis-pajzsmirigy tengely vizsgálata szubklinikai primer hypothyreosist mutatott ki, a hypophysis-mellékvese tengely működése normális volt. Egyéb hormonleletei a normális tartomány alsó harmadában levő gonadotrophormon-szintek mellett csökkent tesztoszteronszintet, valamint normális inzulinszerű növekedési faktor-1-szintet igazoltak. Bár a jelenlegi szakmai ajánlások többsége macroprolactinaemia esetén feleslegesnek tartja a prolaktintermelő hypophysisadenomákban és egyéb valódi hyperprolactinaemiás állapotokban kiváló hatású dopaminagonista kezelést, a szerzők dopaminagonista quinagolidkezelést alkalmaztak. A tartós gyógyszeres kezelés a prolaktinszintet csaknem normálisra csökkentette (12,3 ng/ml), és kilenc hónappal a kezelés megkezdése után elvégzett sella-MR-vizsgálat a hypophysisdaganat mintegy negyedére zsugorodását mutatta ki. A szerzők felvetik, hogy esetükben a prolaktintermelő adenoma makroprolaktint is termelt, és javasolják macroprolactinaemiával társuló hypophysismacroadenomák esetében a dopaminagonista kezelés megkísérlését.
Surveying Professional Opinion to Inform Bull Trout Recovery and Management Decisions
Authors: Al-Chokhachy Robert , Fredenberg Wade , Spalding Shelley
Published: June 2010

Increasing concerns about management and recovery of the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) prompted the Bull Trout Committee of Western Division American Fisheries Society to survey scientists working most closely with bull trout in Pacific Northwest drainages of the contiguous United States. We solicited scientific and judgment-based assessments regarding current status and future trends, limiting factors, effectiveness of restoration strategies and regulatory mechanisms, and information gaps. The survey was sent to 235 biologists, with the majority of the responses coming from Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Respondents indicated fish passage, forest management practices, and nonnative species interactions are the primary factors limiting bull trout populations, and these issues were identified as the primary recovery challenges in the foreseeable future. Survey results indicated large information gaps in our understanding of bull trout population dynamics, monitoring and evaluation, and community interactions. Finally, survey respondents across demographic groups identified the listing under the Endangered Species Act as the single most important regulatory action benefiting bull trout. We conclude online surveys of professional opinions can be useful for guiding future management decisions, identifying research needs, understanding the relative importance of potential limiting factors, and evaluating the effectiveness of different regulatory mechanisms.
“When people argue about fish, the fish disappear.”
Authors: Hamazaki Toshihide
Published: June 2010

This study examined the effectiveness of subsistence fishery closure “windows” scheduling as a management tool for conservation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. The windows, which reduced subsistence fishing from seven days to four days a week, were implemented in 2001 to conserve early migrant/upperriver Chinook salmon stock and to provide subsistence harvest opportunities for upper-river communities. The windows were expected to (1) reduce the proportion of Chinook salmon harvests in the early season, (2) delay the harvest timing, and (3) extend the total fishing days. To examine its effectiveness, subsistence salmon harvest calendars (1989–2006) were collected and examined for changes in harvest timing before and after the windows were implemented. The results showed that the windows did not reduce harvests early in the season, delay the harvest timing, or extend the total fishing days. This suggests that the windows were not effective. Potential reasons for this failure are discussed.
An Assessment of Deadhead Logs and Large Woody Debris Using Side Scan Sonar and Field Surveys in Streams of Southwest Georgia
Authors: Kaeser Adam J. , Litts Thomas L.
Published: June 2010

Large woody debris provides essential habitat in sand-bed streams of the southeastern United States. In many Coastal Plain streams, pre-cut timber, lost more than a century ago during river transport, contributes to the extant large woody debris pool. The extraction of these logs, otherwise known as deadhead logging, threatens habitat integrity in these systems. Little is known of the distribution, abundance, and ecological value of deadhead logs, thus hindering attempts to manage and protect this resource. Moreover, the use of traditional field-based methods to inventory wood is slow and costly in large turbid streams. Our objectives were to assess wood at several sites in southwest Georgia using traditional methods, then use these data to evaluate the efficacy of quantifying wood using side scan sonar imagery. Deadhead logs were widely distributed and constituted a substantial proportion (> 50% volume and surface area) of the total large woody debris found at study sites. Given these findings, the wholesale removal of deadhead logs could largely impact the ecological integrity of such streams. Analyses revealed strong correlations (r2 = 0.82—0.98) between sonar wood estimates and actual counts suggesting that side scan sonar can be used as a rapid, inexpensive method to quantify wood throughout navigable systems.
Post-Placement Management of Artificial Reefs in Korea
Authors: Kim Chang Gil , Kim Ho Sang
Published: June 2010

The post-placement management of artificial reefs is an important process in recovering and sustaining the performance of reefs. However, the accomplishment of these goals requires many prior surveys. A survey methodology comprising four steps was conducted: (a) survey of the current state of reef installation, (b) removal of derelict fishing gear from the reefs, (c) evaluation of reef functions, (d) and the incorporation of the data in a database. This article describes the survey components and methods for each step of the post-placement management of Korea's artificial reefs. The results indicate that a methodology for reef management through the improvement of performance measurement apparatus should be established as soon as possible.
The Challenge of Managing Nearshore Rocky Reef Resources
Authors: Gunderson Donald R. , Parma Ana M. , Hilborn Ray , Cope Jason M. , Fluharty David L. , Miller Marc L. , Vetter Russell D. , Heppell Selina S. , Greene H. Gary
Published: June 2010

Nearshore temperate reefs are highly diverse and productive habitats that provide structure and shelter for a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Recreational and commercial fisheries depend on nearshore reefs, which also provide opportunities for non-extractive recreational activities such as diving. Many inhabitants of nearshore temperate reefs on the west coast of North America have very limited home ranges as adults, and recent genetic evidence indicates that the dispersion of the larval stages is often restricted to tens of kilometers. Management of temperate reef resources must be organized on very small spatial scales in order to be effective, offering unique technical challenges in terms of assessment and monitoring. New enabling legislation could assist in specifying mandates and adjusting institutional design to allow stakeholders and concerned citizens to formulate management policies at local levels, and to aid in implementing and enforcing these policies.
The North Atlantic Ocean: Need for Proactive Management
Authors: Briggs John C.
Published: June 2010

Among the major oceans of the world, the North Atlantic presents a unique problem in regard to the management of its commercial and recreational fisheries. Almost all of its populations of large-sized, predatory fishes have collapsed to the extent that they no longer play an effective role in the ecosystem. There is a fundamental difference in the biodiversity and present state of the fisheries between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Much of the difference is attributable to their contrasting geological and climatic histories. The two oceans had been effectively separated until about 3.5+ million years ago, when the Bering Strait was formed permitting the Great Trans-Arctic Biotic Interchange. During the interchange, hundreds of Pacific species migrated to the Atlantic but only a few in the opposite direction. Although the Atlantic benefitted from the interchange, its species diversity remained relatively low. Today, the North Atlantic, in comparison to the North Pacific, possesses only about half the number of molluscan species, about one third as many fish species, and many fewer species of crabs, shrimp, and shellfish. The low biodiversity of the North Atlantic ecosystem has apparently made it more vulnerable to fishing pressure resulting in a series of population collapses. Many of the overfished populations have become so depleted that their recovery has become questionable. In the marine environment, species invasions and introductions evidently have not caused extinction of native species or loss of biodiversity. Rather than devoting all our efforts toward the restoration of depressed populations, it is suggested that we undertake a proactive management program. Proactive management means the addition of species to low diversity ecosystems in order to decrease annual variation, to increase biodiversity, and to augment overall production.
Demonstration Flow Assessment: Judgment and Visual Observation in Instream Flow Studies
Authors: Railsback Steven F. , Kadvany John
Published: June 2010

The Demonstration Flow Assessment (DFA) method evaluates instream flow benefits using expert judgment and direct observation of habitat during several flows. Early DFA applications were low-effort, qualitative, and vulnerable to well-known biases. We describe a higher-effort, more quantitative DFA (or expert habitat mapping) approach that uses techniques from the judgment-based decision analysis literature to increase objectivity and reproducibility. Specific metrics—habitat types to be quantified visually during flow observations—are designed from appropriate conceptual models of how flow affects target resources. During field observations, patches of each habitat type are delineated by consensus and marked on maps for digital analysis. A case study illustrates these procedures applied to instream flows for salmon spawning and rearing.
Management Concerns about Known and Potential Impacts of Lead Use in Shooting and in Fishing Activities
Authors: Goddard Chris I. , Leonard Nancy J. , Stang Doug L. , Wingate P. Jack , Rattner Barnett A. , Franson J. Christian , Sheffield Steven R.
Published: June 2010

We present a summary of the technical review, jointly requested by the American Fisheries Society and The Wildlife Society, addressing the hazards to wildlife resulting from lead objects or fragments introduced into aquatic and terrestrial environments from the use of ammunition and fishing tackle. Impacts from lead are well documented in humans, as well as in terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Concern about impacts from lead ammunition and fishing tackle has resulted in the development of non-lead alternatives, educational campaigns, and regulations to restrict their use. This article discusses the general biological impacts of lead exposure from fishing and shooting activities to fish, wildlife, and humans; summarizes existing and proposed regulations to reduce lead exposure to biota; reviews alternatives to lead materials that are currently available for fishing; and outlines options for further actions to reduce wildlife and human exposure to lead from fishing activities.
Misconception, Reality, and Uncertainty about Ecological Interactions and Risks between Hatchery and Wild Salmonids
Authors: Pearsons Todd N.
Published: June 2010

Hatchery and wild fish advocates often engage in lively debates about the ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish. Many arguments about ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish have been fueled by a variety of misconceptions, scientific uncertainties, and differences of unstated objectives. In order to reduce the frequency of unfruitful discussions, it is important to expose a variety of misconceptions and scientific uncertainties about ecological interactions and risk. In addition, it is necessary to synthesize what is currently known about ecological interactions. Seven misconceptions, three realities, and four of the most important scientific uncertainties are described. I conclude that ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish will occur but whether those interactions are biologically significant, socially acceptable, and whether any impacts are statistically detectable are probably dependant upon the characteristics of the hatchery program, naturally-produced fish, natural environment where hatchery fish are released, and how interactions are evaluated. Large-scale experiments will be necessary to resolve existing scientific uncertainty, but in the mean time, risk assessments, weight-of-evidence and precautionary approaches, and separating technical and policy discussions can be used to improve evaluation and management of ecological interactions between hatchery and wild fish.
The Value of Information in Fishery Management
Authors: Hansen Gretchen J. A. , Jones Michael L.
Published: June 2010

Fishery management is often characterized by trade-offs among conflicting objectives. One important trade-off exists between investments in assessment (reducing uncertainty) and in implementation of management actions in a system. Resource-intensive assessment programs are often used to inform decision makers, and we argue that the value of these assessments should be measured not only in terms of the information the information they provide, but also relative to other management actions that could be funded in their place. In this article, we illustrate the importance of accounting for all aspects of the value of information using examples drawn from three critical areas of fishery management: invasive species control, commerical fisheries stock assessments, and marine protected area design. We discuss how experts have judged the value of assessment programs in the past, and provide suggestions as to how these methods could be expanded to examine the value of information in a more holistic manner.