bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex chromosome diversification in the smooth snake Coronella austriaca (Reptilia, Serpentes)
Authors: Mezzasalma Marcello , Odierna Gaetano
Published: August 2021

The smooth snake Coronella austriaca is a widespread Palearctic colubrid species. The species has been the subject of several molecular and phylogeographic studies which highlighted the occurrence of distinct genetic lineages in different areas of the species distribution, but scarce cytogenetic data are currently available on the species. In this paper we present a molecular and karyological study performed with several banding, staining methods and NOR-FISH on samples of C. austriaca from different geographical areas (Italy and Greece) of the species distribution. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis unambiguously placed the studied samples in different clades with a clear geographical pattern. The karyotype of the two female samples studied was composed of 2n = 36 chromosomes with 16 macro- and 20 microchromosomes and a mix of plesiomorphic and derivate chromosome features. All macrochromosomes were biarmed with the exception of pair 5 that was telocentric. NORs were detected on a microchromosome pair. In both females, the pair 4 was heteromorphic (and completely heterochromatic after C-banding in the Italian female), representing the first report of a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system with female heterogamety in C. austriaca. In addition, the W chromosome showed a different morphology between the two female studied (submetacentric and subtelocentric), highlighting the occurrence of a chromosomal diversification among distinct geographical areas of the species distribution and further supporting that the species contains different diverging evolutionary clades.
Morphometric differentiation and sexual dimorphism in Limnomedusa macroglossa (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Alsodidae) from Uruguay
Authors: De Olivera-López Valeria , Camargo Arley , Maneyro Raúl
Published: August 2021

Intersexual morphological differences within a species occur in many traits, including body size and shape. Many processes that cause geographic variability in morphology have been proposed: population structure, phenotypic plasticity (environmental effects on development), and natural and/or sexual selection. Several hypotheses can explain patterns of sexual dimorphism in anurans, including natural or intra/inter-sexual selection, and differences in life history strategies between sexes. Limnomedusa macroglossa is considered a habitat specialist restricted to rocky outcrops in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. We evaluated the extent of sexual (size and shape) dimorphism in L. macroglossa from Uruguay based on morphometrics and secondary sexual characteristics, while taking into account geographic variation. Sexual dimorphism in body size of adults was found, but multivariate analyses did not demonstrate the existence of significant differences in shape. There were also significant differences in body size and hind leg measurements among six hydrographic basins as a result from the phenotypic plasticity correlated with local temperature, representing a clinal variation along the latitudinal gradient of Uruguay. The sexual dimorphism found in body size is probably the consequence of higher growth rates and/or late sexual maturity in females, which favors larger body size for accommodating larger ovaries, and thus, higher reproductive output.
Microhabitat segregation of two coexisting tadpole species on Emei Mountain
Authors: Sun Zijian , Zhao Chunlin , Xu Dan , Zhu Wenbo , Fan Wenbo , Zhao Tian , Su Shengqi
Published: August 2021

Understanding mechanisms determining the coexistence between different species is one of the key issues in community ecology and biodiversity conservation. Microhabitat segregation is a way for species to coexist, which reflects the specific habitat selection of coexisting species in a finer spatial scale. Despite quantitative studies have been conducted to investigate the microhabitat segregation of coexisting species, this type of studies was not often performed on tadpoles. In this study, we assessed the habitat selection of two coexisting tadpoles (Quasipaa boulengeri and Leptobrachium boringii) in a stream on Emei Mountain, China. Our results demonstrated that L. boringii and Q. boulengeri tadpoles occupied different microhabitats. Specifically, Q. boulengeri tadpoles preferred deep, narrow, and weak acid stream segments with slow current velocity and low value of conductivity, while L. boringii tadpoles tended to occur in a wide, shallow water bodies with relatively higher pH, conductivity, and current velocity. Overall, our study supported the Hutchinson’s niche concept, showing that at least one dimension of niche differentiation (i.e., microhabitat) occurred between coexisting tadpole species.
Rana temporaria on Monti della Laga (Central Italy): isolated population or wide distribution? First record in Abruzzo and Marche
Authors: Di Toro Francesco , Minuti Gianmarco , Coppari Luca , De Albentiis Matteo , Laghi Paolo , Scaravelli Dino , Ricciardi Valerio , Bruni Giacomo
Published: August 2021

In Central Italy Rana temporaria is only known to occur as a glacial relict on the eastern side of Monti della Laga (Lazio). In this study we report the presence of the species in other areas of the mountain chain, with documented sightings in five distinct localities in Marche and Abruzzo. We use these new records, together with other occurrence data from the Apennine chain, to generate a species distribution model and perform an analysis of the geological preference of the species in Central Italy. Although the model indicates a wide area of Marche and Abruzzo as suitable for R. temporaria, the actual distribution of the species in northern and central Apennine appears strongly associated with sandstones. Therefore, we argue that the presence of this geological substrate on Monti della Laga, but not in surrounding karst uplands, could be among the factors explaining its isolation. Our study aims at paving the way for future surveys and measures to protect these isolated populations from the threat posed by climate change.
Flight initiation distance of Urosaurus ornatus from the Sierra de Samalayuca, Mexico
Authors: Lemos-Espinal Julio A. , Smith Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2021

In lizards, flight initiation distance (FID), the distance between a prey individual and a predator when escape begins, can be affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including sex, temperature, and level of conspicuousness. Here we report on a study of FID in a population of Ornate Tree Lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, from the Sierra de Samalyuca, Chihuahua, Mexico which are cryptic due to their dorsal coloration blending into their background. Urosaurus ornatus in our study population allowed close approaches (mean FID = 65 cm). Mean FID did not differ between males and females. We also found no effect of body, air, or substrate temperature on FID. The short FID we observed may be related to the cryptic nature of U. ornatus.
Perception of Residents on the Menace of Solid Waste on Environmental Quality in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Agbebaku H.U.
Published: August 2021

The paper examined the perception of residents on the menace of solid waste on environmental quality in Benin City, Edo State. There is a linkage between waste management and environmental quality as a filthy environment stimulates environmental ill-quality. The objective of study is to examine human perception and knowledge of residences of the menace of solid waste disposal on environmental quality. Data for this study were obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were obtained from 25 selected wards and communities (comprising of 110 settlements) which constitutes the study area. These data were collected through systematic sampling technique from the selected streets and houses in each of Oredo, Egor and Ikpoba-Okha Local Government council areas. In each of the selected street, the 2nd, middle and 2nd to the last households were selected and administered with questionnaire. A total of 1,781questionnaires were administered in the 768 polling unit stations acrossed the 3 local government areas of the study. Secondary data were sourced from published and documentary materials. Both the descriptive and statistical analyses were used for the study. The results show that there is variance in human perception and environmental quality does not vary significantly among residents of the 3 Local Government areas namely: Oredo, Egor and Ikpoba-Okha in Benin City. The study recommends that there should be a change of human attitudes and techniques on waste management and proffer better orientations of the menace of waste on environmental quality. There should be stiff measures of enforcement on residences while Sanitary Health Officers needs to intensify drives on sanitation and crammed down on offenders and environmental waste managers of the danger of indiscriminate dumps of waste anywhere and anyhow in the City of Benin. Finally, there should be improved waste management mechanism, routine fumigation and remediation been carried out on regular bases on the components of the environment as this will help to curb the menace of ill-managed waste disposal in Benin City.
Sleep and Covid-19: neurophysiological and biochemical issues
Authors:   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Boldyreva Yu. V.
Published: August 2021

Functional disorders of the nervous system against the background of Covid-19 are reviewed with the emphasis on sleep and circadian clock disorders during the pandemic. The pandemic is regarded as the strong stress factor that affects sleep and the clock. A large risk group consists of elderly people and people with concomitant somatic pathology. Data on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on other organs and systems, on the functioning of the immune system, are presented.
Circadian clock precision, health, and longevity
Authors:   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Gubin D. G. ,   Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Kolomeichuk S. N. ,   Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen,   Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Karelian Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Weinert D. ,   Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg
Published: August 2021

An accurate circadian clock, associated with the precise intrinsic period, tau, can be linked with a definite chronotype and health status. Exemplified by different animal species, and, as we argue herein, may as well be in humans, endogenous tau close enough to 24 hours is associated with higher life expectancy, lower morbidity, and is possibly adhered to moderate morning chronotype. Accurate circadian tau facilitates maintaining a high amplitude of circadian rhythms, a phenotypic trait that is related to health and longevity. Some genetic factors that coordinate tau and ensure circadian clock precision is considered.
Development of the rat isocortex in antenatal and postnatal ontogenesis
Authors:   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Bon E. I.
Published: August 2021

This paper analyses and summarizes the literature data on the development of the rat isocortex in antenatal and postnatal ontogenesis. Information about the maturation periods of the isocortex neurons provides a fundamental basis for further studies of its development and the influence of various endogenous and exogenous factors on this process.
Peculiarities of the ultrastructure of neurons of the neocortex of 5-day-day rats under conditions of prenatal alcoholization
Authors:   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Bon L. I. , Zimatkin S. M. ,   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno
Published: August 2021

The aim of this work was to study the ultrastructure of the internal pyramidal neurons of the neocortex of 5-day-old rat pups after antenatal alcoholization. The studies were carried out on female outbred white rats with an initial weight of 230 ± 20 g and their offspring. Prenatal alcoholization causes deep and varied ultrastructural changes in pyramidal neurons in the neocortex of 5-day-old rats. Moreover, these violations of direct action not only as a consequence of the damaging effect of alcohol, its metabolite acetehyde or the oxidative stress they cause on the membranes and organelles of neurons during embryogenesis, but also as a violation of the normal "program" of development" of neurons in the cortex.
Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Unit Pengelola Kegiatan (UPK) Simpan Pinjam Perempuan (SPP) Kecamatan Siulak Kabupaten Kerinci
Authors: Abdallah Zachari
Published: August 2021

This study aims to assess and analyze the financial performance of the women's savings and loan activity management unit (UPK-SPP), Siulak District, Kerinci Regency. The assessment of financial performance consists of two aspects, namely financial and loan management. This study uses secondary data derived from the financial statements of UPK SPP, Siulak District, Kerinci Regency, in the form of UPK income statements and other related reports from 2014 to 2018. The data were analyzed using the financial ratio analysis approach. The results showed that the financial performance of UPK SPP, Siulak District, Kerinci Regency, seen from the aspect of financial management from 2014 to 2018 ranging from 17.77% to 21.15% was included in the category of poor performance, while the financial performance of UPK SPP Siulak District, Kerinci Regency seen from the aspect of loan management from 2014 to 2018 ranged from interval 1.92%-2.52% is in the category of poor performance.. The results of the UPK SPP financial health assessment in Siulak District, Kerinci Regency from 2014 to 2018 were 61.66, including the adequate category.
Pengaruh Komunikasi dan Pendelegasian Wewenang terhadap Kinerja Pegawai pada Kantor Kecamatan Luwuk Kabupaten Banggai
Authors: Pakaya Syaiful
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine how much influence communication and delegation of authority have on employee performance at the Luwuk District Office, Banggai Regency. Collecting main data is through a list of statements that are tested through validity and reliability tests. The analysis method used is the path analysis method. The first test results show that the communication variable (X1) and delegation of authority (X2) simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Luwuk District Office, Banggai Regency, which is 97.9%. The results of testing the second hypothesis show that communication (X1) partially has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees at the Luwuk District Office, Banggai Regency, which is 25.9%. The third test results show that the variable delegation of authority (X2) partially has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Luwuk District Office, Banggai Regency, which is 74.8%.
Dampak Brand Image dan Harga terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Miniso
Authors: Meutia Kardinah Indrianna , Hadita Hadita , Widjarnarko Wirawan
Published: August 2021

The economy in the current era of globalization has fierce competition, especially in the business world, where each company moves to continue to make products primarily to meet what is needed by consumers and companies are always innovating to make products that are different from before and from  competitors and strive to be superior to other products.  This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the independent variables which include brand image and price variables on their influence on the dependent variable, namely purchasing decisions.  This study uses multiple linear regression model and with classical assumption test using SPSS software version 24. Data were obtained primarily by distributing questionnaires to 162 students at Bhayangkara University, Jakarta Raya.  This study states that brand image and price variables can partially and significantly influence consumer purchasing decisions positively. The F test explains that the brand image and price variables together can influence purchasing decisions with results showing f-count>f-table.
Dampak Struktur Modal dan Profitabilitas terhadap Nilai Perusahaan pada Sub Sektor Perkebunan yang Go Publik di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Gaffar Gaffar , Ariawan Ariawan
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of capital structure (X1), profitability (X2) simultaneously and partially on firm value in plantation sub-sector companies that go public on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses a quantitative approach. Determining the sample of companies using purposive sampling technique by considering companies that are listed and no listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and have financial statements from 2015-2019, so the total sample is 7 companies in the plantation sub-sector. Sources data of research are from audited company annual reports and from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co.id) and ICMD (Indonesia Capital Market Directory). The result of the study shows that the capital structure and profitability simultaneously have a significant effect on firm value. Capital structure partially has no significant effect on firm value in plantation sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange.
NEW JUDICIAL REFORM IN NEW UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Student, Faculty of International law and comparative jurisprudence, Tashkent State University of Law Uzbekistan, Komilov Bobirjon
Published: August 2021

This article provides a detailed overview of the role of the judiciary in democracies, the views of scholars on the concept of the judiciary, as well as efforts to reform the judicial system in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the expected results. In addition, based on the Constitution and the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the principles of independence of the judiciary and the rule of law, as well as the content of judicial reform initiated by President Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev were highlighted.
Is Danish Venison Production Environmentally Sustainable?
Authors: Saxe Henrik
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study is to quantify the climate- and environmental impact of venison production from six wild life species in Denmark: Red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, wild boar, mallard and pheasant, and compare it with the environmental impact of commercially produced beef, pork and chicken in Denmark. The method for quantifying the impact of venison applied original LCI data obtained for the complete life cycle of Danish venison production of all six species, supplemented with data from Ecoinvent® and LCAFOOD on materials and processes involved in production of venison and industrial meat. Fodder, foraging on farmers’ fields, infrastructure, hunter/hunting and abattoir processes were analyzed separately using Simapro software applying the Stepwise® method. The results indicate that Danish venison production ranges from being slightly less, over being equally, to most often being far more environmentally harmful than the production of comparable industrial meat types. The main environmental impact originated from feed and foraging on farmer’s fields and mileage driven by the hunters was surprisingly high. Danish industrial meat from domestic animals is typically more environmentally friendly than Danish venison.
Potential Clinical Benefits of Combination of Black Seed, Licorice and Turmeric Supplements within the Treatment Regimens of Bells Palsy
Authors: Rabie Amgad Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Bell’s palsy can be considered as one of the most resistant and idiopathic neuromuscular facial diseases. It has not any specific effective treatments up to date in 2021. The aim of this article is to introduce this new Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) which has the major objective of determining the proposed favorable positive effects and outcomes of integrating the triple herbal mixture of the black seed, licorice, and turmeric (In secure adequate doses) with the standard treatment (The standard of care) on the recovery of Bell’s palsy patients. The anticipated findings of this study are the faster recovery and enhanced nerve regeneration in Bell’s palsy patients taking appropriate doses of the black seed, licorice, and turmeric supplements within the treatment protocols.
Assessment of Nanosilver Hemocompatibility in Prehypertensive Salt-Induced Animal Model
Authors: K Uche Ogechukwu , F Ohiambe Esiri , Amechina Fabian C
Published: August 2021

Aim: There are Conflicting reports on safety profile of nanoparticles on biological cells. This study evaluated the impact of nanosilver on hemocompatibility on salt-loaded rats. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats [(inbred) (120-140 g)] randomly divided into of 4 groups, (n = 6) were studied. Group 1(control) received normal rat chow and tap water, Group 2 received rat chow containing 8% NaCl [(salt-loaded rats (SLRs)]. Group 3 received rat chow + Nanosilver Solution (NS) 0.18 mL 10 ppm/kg/day. Group 4 comprised SLRs + NS. After 6 weeks oral gavage treatments, measurements of Blood pressure (Bp) and Heart Rate (HR) were by pressure transducer via cannulation of left common carotid artery following anaesthesia with urethane. HR was computed by the number of arterial pulse per 60 seconds. 5 ml of blood for WBC, PLATELETS, RBC, PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC and MCV analyses using automated haematology analyser and Osmotic fragility reactivity with standard spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength. Results: Exposure of nanosilver to normotensive rats resulted in significantly lower RBC level compared with control, whereas RBC level in Salt-Loaded Co-Treated Nanosilver (SCNS) was comparable with the SLRs. The tenet was the same for HB, PCV, MCH and MCHC. Nanosilver induced leukopenia in normotensive compared with control and prevented WBC elevation in SCNS. Platelets significantly increased in Nanosilver-Treated Normotensive Rats (NTNRs) compared with control and decreased in SCNS. Osmotic burst resistance increased in NTNRs and decreased in cells from treated groups. Conclusion: Chronic exposure of nanosilver to salt loaded rats alters haematological parameters which may worsen circulatory function and activate risk factors of cardiovascular disorders.
Modelling Insight to Ball Eyes for Higher Dimensional Hyperspace Vision
Authors: Shaikh* Md. Sadique
Published: August 2021

To understand this complicated conceptual idea let me begin first with the definition of VISION and then after DIMENSIONS. The Vision is ability to acquire surrounding with input light, shapes, places, color to brain to create animated CONSCIOUSNESS in the help of Brain call Observable Life, Planet, Universe and Multiverse. Equally Vision also important to grow Brain Intelligence and Control to enhance, develop and shape planet earth and at present observable Universe. Now I would like to define term Dimensions as the ability of Eyes to scan surrounding available Vision with Left, Right, Top, Bottom, Reflection, Rotation, Transformation, Spinning and Diagonal with all possible angles and geometry and provide data to Brain to create high definition Consciousness of environment, planet, universe and multiverse....
Research Progress in the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injury with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Exosomes
Authors: Ben Xin-Yu , Zheng Hui-Hui , Wang Ya-Ru , Liu Fang-Fang , Zhu Qi-Wei , Ren Rui , Yi Xi-Nan
Published: August 2021

The repair of peripheral nerve injury has always been a difficult clinical problem. Although a variety of treatment methods are available in clinical practice, their efficacy is limited. In recent years, the components carried by adipose stem cell exosomes and their functions have been increasingly discovered. A large number of experiments conducted around the world have shown that adipose-derived stem cell exosomes have a positive effect on the repair of peripheral nerve injury. This article reviews recent progress toward the use of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes in the repair of injured peripheral nerves and possible future research directions involving adipose-derived stem cell exosomes.
Malaria Transfusional Transmission: Epidemiological Review, Screening Protocols and Prevention Mechanisms
Authors: Ferreira-Silva Marcia Maria , Carlos Aline Menezes , Domingos Resende Glaucia Aparecida
Published: August 2021

Malaria is a neglected tropical disease, whose main form of transmission occurs through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito infected by the parasite Plasmodium sp. Its clinical symptoms range from asymptomatic cases to more severe and fatal conditions. Added to this natural transmission mechanism, many studies report that Malaria is one of the main infectious diseases transmitted by transfusion. There are reports of prevalence among blood donors in the five continents, with the highest number of cases in Africa, Asia and South America, regions of high endemicity. Factors such as the high prevalence rate of asymptomatic malaria carriers, as well as deficient regulation in the screening of blood donors and an ineffective hemovigilance policy make the risk of Transfusion-Transmitted Malaria (TTM) worse, exposing millions of people possible contamination by transfusion, especially in underdeveloped countries. Patients with underlying diseases or immunosuppressed who require polytransfusions are the most susceptible to TTM. After an eventual transfusion of bags contaminated by Plasmodium sp, these patients can develop the most severe form of the disease, presenting high-risk clinical complications that can culminate in fatal outcomes. In view of the facts and aiming at greater transfusion safety, it is observed that stricter regulatory policies aimed at preventing TTM are needed; such policies will be more comprehensive if coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and more effective if they are adequate to the reality of endemic and non-endemic countries. In blood banks, control measures should focus mainly on broad serological coverage with high performance tests, in addition to active hemovigilance programs and encouragement of research and implementation of methods of inactivation of pathogens in blood component bags. Given the above, this study was carried out with the aim of providing knowledge of the current panorama of the prevalence of malaria among blood donors and of documented cases of TTM around the world, as well as demonstrating the disease tracking methodologies in use in different countries, and present possibilities for adopting mechanisms that allow better control of the transfusional transmission of malaria in blood banks.
Effect of Temperature Gradient of Grain Storage on Migration and Distribution of Three Pests
Authors: Mu Zhenya , Wang Jin , Zhang Yan , Qi Xiaozhe , Li Li , Chen Jinying
Published: August 2021

Temperature gradients were set at the opposite sides of the grain storage: 25°C-30°C, 20°C-30°C, 20°C-35°C, 30°C-30°C. The migration and distribution of imago of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhizopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum in the grain storage were observed. The results showed significant differences that the distribution trends of imago of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhizopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum within a certain grain storage temperature gradient (p < 0.05). The temperature gradient of grain storage is 25°C-30°C. Tribolium castaneum tends to gather in the 30°C side area of grain storage, while Sitophilus oryzae has no obvious trend, while Rhizopertha dominica tends to gather in the 25°C. The temperature gradient of grain storage is 20°C-30°C. Both Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae tend to gather in the 30°C side area of grain storage, while Rhizopertha dominica tends to gather in the 20°C. The temperature gradient of grain storage is 20°C-35°C. Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and Rhizopertha dominica all tend to gather in the area on the side of grain storage at 35°C. The temperature gradient of grain storage is 30°C-30°C, and there is no obvious trend for Tribolium castaneum. Rhizopertha dominica tends to gather in the 30°C area on the left side of grain storage, while Sitophilus oryzae tends to gather in the 30°C area on the right side of grain storage. After cooling down, it was found that Sitophilus oryzae tended to gather in the center of the grain storage, while the Tribolium castaneum had no obvious trend, and the Rhizopertha dominica tended to gather in the peripheral area of the grain storage.
Definitive Dental Applications of Graphene Based Dental Biomaterial
Authors: Ramakrishnan Hariharan , Halder Surabhi
Published: August 2021

Graphene was first identified in 2004, and it has remarkable properties. Atoms of Graphene are very tightly bonded so, like carbon nanotubes, which makes it super-strong, even more, potent than diamond. Moreover, it has good Heat conductivity, Electrical conductivity, and optical properties. Application in the dental field, especially in prosthodontics, includes the addition to Polymethylmethacrylate and improving its properties. In removable and implant prosthodontics in the last five years, this biomaterial had evoked immense research interest.
The Ahhiyawa Question: Reconsidered
Authors: Atila Cenker
Published: August 2021

Since Hrozny deciphered the Hittite language, nearly thirty thousand Hittite texts have been translated. About thirty of these texts directly or indirectly refer to the “Ahhiyawa” Kingdom and its king. Upon learning of the existence of an Ahhiyawa Kingdom in the Late Bronze Age, deliberations as where and when it existed, its geographical boundaries, its culture, its kings, and whether the Ahhiyawa king was the “Great King” and whether he was equal to the Hittite king began. To date, in line with their specialties, many scientists including Hittitologists, archaeologists, philologists, proto–historians, Near Eastern archaeologists, and classical archaeologists have given their opinions about the “Ahhiyawa Question”. However, as these proposals present some problems, it became necessary to prepare this study and to re–evaluate the “Ahhiyawa Question”.
Faḍlallāh Al-Ḥurūfī and His World: Power, Religion, and Sufism
Authors: Usluer Fatih
Published: August 2021

This article discusses Faḍlallāh al-Ḥurūfī’s relations with political and religious circles in detail from his early youth when he left Astarabad, until his execution at the behest of Mīrānshāh, Timur’s son, in 796/1394. The common opinion of why Faḍlallāh was executed is considered to be either his superstitious ideas or his pursuit of some messianic, and thus power-related, goals. We tried to find some clues to confute such stereotypical approaches. To this end, we tried to determine Faḍlallāh’s view and stance in regard to power by taking into consideration his relationships with statesmen. It was the ʿulamāʾ and the sufis who played the most critical and significant role in Faḍlallāh’s relationships with commoners and statesmen, as well as in his execution. That is why we have placed special emphasis on Faḍlallāh’s ties with the ʿulamāʾ and sufi circles. We discuss how the ʿulamāʾ and sufis tried to disqualify the other flourishing rival groups in the period leading up to Faḍlallāh’s execution.
Vietnam’da Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırmaları
Authors: Lu Vi An
Published: August 2021

Günümüze ulaşılan bilgilere göre Vietnamlılar ve Türkler arasındaki ilk temaslar 19. yüzyılın sonlarında başlamıştır. Vietnam Savaşı sırasında 1955 yılında Güney Vietnam (Saygon Hükümeti) ile Türkiye arasındaki diplomatik ilişkiler kurulmuştur. Fakat 1975 yılında Saygon Hükümeti’nin çöküşüyle Türkiye ve Güney Vietnam arasındaki 20 yıllık ilişkiler tamamen yitirilmiştir. Üç sene sonra 1978 yılında Türkiye ve yeni Vietnam Hükümeti arasındaki diplomatik ilişkiler resmî olarak yeniden kurulmuştur. Fransız Sömürgeciliği ve Vietnam Savaşı gibi dış etkenler yanında, siyasi değişimler ve politika farklılıkları nedeniyle, bu süreçte Vietnam ve Türkiye arasındaki ilişkiler yeteri kadar geliştirilememiştir. Bundan dolayı, Vietnamlıların Türkiye hakkındaki bilgileri çok sınırlı kalmıştır. Osmanlı Tarihi Çalışmaları ise Vietnam’da hâlâ çok yeni bir araştırma alanı olup henüz Vietnamlı tarihçiler tarafından yeterli bir ilgi görmemektedir. Buna rağmen, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, dünya tarihinde uzun yaşayan ve önemli rol oynayan bir devlet olduğu için elbette Vietnam’daki dünya tarihi veya bölge tarihini işleyen ders kitapları ile birlikte akademik makalelerde Osmanlı Tarihi ve Osmanlı Algısı’ndan bahsedilmektedir. Vietnam’da Osmanlı tarihiyle ilgili araştırmalar 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren başlamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra Marksist tarih yazımının etkisinden dolayı Vietnamlı tarihçiler Osmanlı tarihi ile ilgili konuları Marksist tarih yazımı bakış açısına göre değerlendirmişler ve özellikle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun sosyo-iktisadi biçimi ile ilgilenmişlerdir. Vietnam’da Osmanlı araştırmalarını konu alan eserlerin sayısı ve bunlarda kullanılan kaynaklar hâlâ sınırlıdır. Bununla birlikte iki ülke arasında son zamanlarda işbirliğinde dikkat çekici gelişmeler yaşanmakta ve Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırmalarına giderek artan bir ilgi gösterilmektedir.
Edirne Sarayı Su Yapıları
Authors: Özer Mustafa , Dündar Mesut
Published: August 2021

Edirne Sarayı’nın inşası Sultan II. Murad tarafından başlatılmış, Fatih Sultan Mehmed zamanında tamamlanarak hizmete açılmış ve sonraki dönemlerde yapılan eklerle birlikte 19. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar kullanılmıştır. Bünyesinde yüz kadar yapıyı barındıran sarayın su ihtiyacını karşılamak için çeşitli kaynaklardan isale hatları ile sular getirilmiş olup bu suların dağıtımı ve kullanımı için su terazisi, maksem, çeşme ve havuz gibi yapılar inşa edilmiş; bunlara ilaveten yeraltı sularından da faydalanmak için kuyular açılmıştır.

Bu büyük saray kompleksi Osmanlı-Rus ve Balkan savaşları sırasında büyük oranda yok edilmiş, diğerleri ile birlikte su yapılarının da çoğu yok olmuş; sadece, saray maksemi, Namazgâhlı Çeşme, Matbah-ı Âmire Çeşmesi ile bir kuyu ve su terazisi günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, fotoğraf ve çizim gibi görsel bilgileri bulunanlar ile yukarıda bahsi geçen mevcut su yapılarının tanıtılıp değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunlar arasında 15. yüzyıla tarihlenen maksem, kütlesi ve üç katlı strüktürü ile benzeri olmayan anıtsal bir yapıyı teşkil etmektedir. Aynı zamanda bir meydan çeşmesi niteliğindeki Namazgâhlı Çeşme mimari ve süsleme özellikleri bakımından 18. yüzyılın başlarını yansıtır. Matbah-ı Âmire Çeşmesi, mutfak birimlerine suyun taksim edildiği maksemli bir çeşme niteliğindedir. Mahmudiye Kışlası yanında yer alan su terazisi, yukarı doğru daralan kare kesitli gövdesi ile bu tarz yapıların karakteristik özelliklerini taşır. Aynı zamanda birer su terazisi olduğu ileri sürülen Terazi Kasrı ve Adalet Kasrı’nın gerçekte böyle bir işlevi olduğu ise tartışmalıdır. Kuyu, ağız bileziği ve taş örgülü çeperi ile ayrıcı bir özellik göstermemektedir.
Türkiye Mezar Taşı Tipleri 1: Güneş Tepelikliler
Authors: Çal Halit
Published: August 2021

Merkezdeki küçük çiçekten çıkan ışın kolları biçimli daire tepeliklere güneş tepelikli denilmiştir. Tezler ve yayınlardaki 33911 mezar taşı içinde 311 tane belirledik. Tarihli 261 örnek 1810-1952 yıllarındandır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yaygınlaşmıştır. Gövde yatay kesiti olarak yuvarlak kesitli bir tanesi dışındakiler dikdörtgen kesitlidir. Tepelikleri 6, kol düzenlemelerini 7 alt grup içinde ele aldık. Genel biçim 141 tanesinde güneş ışınları, 152 tanesinde bitkisel düzenlemeye yakındır. %91’i kadınlar için yapılmıştır. 1 paşa ve 26 paşa yakını, 1 şeyhülislam oğlu için yapılan dışında çoğu serbest meslek sahipleri, azı orta düzey devlet görevlileri yakınlarına aittir. İncelediğimiz örneklere göre bu tipin Türkiye geneline oranı yüzde birdir. Türkiye’de Selçuklu mimarisi ve paralarında güneş motifleri biliniyor. Çok uçlu yıldız, çok kollu yıldız geçmeleri Selçuklulardan itibaren yaygındır. Osmanlı mimarisinde 19. Yüzyıldaki güneş ışınlı bezemeler ise 17-18. yüzyıl Avrupa mimarisindeki biçimlere benzemektedir. Osmanlı mimarisinde 18. yüzyıl başından beri yaygın olan Avrupa etkili istiridye kabuğu ve kolları düz işlenen yelpaze motifi, 19. yüzyıldaki güneş tepeliklilere esin kaynağı olabilir. Sandık mezar yüzlerine çokça işlenen kare, oval, dikdörtgen biçimli güneş motiflerinin mimarideki örneklerinde tuğra merkezdedir. Bunun Osmanlı arması ile biçim benzerliği mezar taşlarında da bu düşüncenin olabilirliğini akla getirmektedir. Ancak örneklerin çoğu orta düzey görevli ve serbest meslekten kişilerin yakını kadınlara aittir. Geneli itibarıyla ana tip ve alt tiplerinin tarih dilimleri, bu tipteki tarihsiz örnekleri tarihlemede bir ölçü oluşturmaları bakımından da önemlidirler.
Inoculation with Streptomyces decreases vascular wilt of chickpea infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri
Authors: Tlemsani Mokhtaria , Fortas Zohra , Dib Soulef , Bellahcen Miloud
Published: August 2021

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC) is a disease that limits the yield of chickpea in Algeria. Biological control with antagonistic microorganisms is one of the alterna ves methods to ght this fungal disease. In this work, we tested an ac nomycete Streptomyces ACT2 against 03 isolates of FOC (FOC8, FOC13, FOC 15) in vivo on three varie es of chick- pea including a sensi ve variety (ILC-482) and two varie es moderately tole- rant (Col-27, PPC-25) in order to highlight its effect on the reduc on or suppression of this disease. The results obtained showed that the degree of suppression of the disease by ACT2 varies from one variety to another and from one FOC isolate to another. The maximum suppression of the disease was observed in the Col-27 variety. The ACT2 isolate showed higher levels of disease suppression in both the moderately sensi ve Col-27 (13.68%) and PPC- 25 (18.78%) varie es than the sensitive variety ILC-482 (8.76%). The Streptomyces (ACT2) can be used as a biological protector of chickpea infected by the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri.
An Interactive Numerical-Experimental Approach for Predicting the Vortex Induced Motion of Floating Production Systems
Authors: Mansour Alaa M. , Peng Cheng , Le-Guennec Stephane , Moideen Hisham
Published: August 2021

The Vortex Induced Motion (VIM) phenomenon is one of the well-known and important behavior experienced by all Floating Production Systems (FPSs) in operation under the effect of uniform current. In this phenomenon, under the effect of the formed vortices around the FPS hull, the platform oscillates primarily in a direction perpendicular to the flow resulting in a significant fatigue damage to the risers and the station keeping mooring system. Scale towing tank test has been the standard industry tool for predicting the VIM response, but it has its own limitations and has showed to significantly overpredict the VIM response when compared to the field measurements. In this paper, an interactive numerical-experimental approach has been developed to more accurately predict the VIM response and avoid the shortcomings of the model tests to bridge the gap between the model test predictions and the field measurements. Numerical and experimental data are presented to demonstrate the application and advantages of the proposed approach
Data-Driven Performance Optimization in Section Milling
Authors: Neema Shantanu , Singh Lakitosh , Chiquiza Felipe , First Joy , Collier Chris , Oo Thet , Katla Kalyan , Martin Devon
Published: August 2021

One of the major efforts in Oil and Gas industry's digital transformation is the increased use of data in optimizing processes. This paper focuses on optimizing the process of section-milling during well abandonment by leveraging data gathered from past section-milling cycles. Several mathematical model-based techniques have been presented in recent years for improving the rate of penetration (ROP) in section-milling. However, only a few data-driven methodologies have been adopted in this field of interest, most likely due to unavailability of data. A trainingsubset of field data from section-milling operations is used for developing a range of machine learning models. Performance of these models is then evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) against testing subset of data.
Plug and Abandonment Materials - Technology Landscape
Authors: Rios Renato , Ars Francois
Published: August 2021

This paper is a structured approach to understand the current and future materials that could be used to plug and abandon onshore and offshore wells. It represents a snapshot in time, providing an update on 1) materials currently used as permanent barriers, and 2) solutions and technologies with the potential to improve the well decommissioning process. Each of the assessed materials is displayed in a tabular and graphical format, with an appraisal of strengths, weaknesses, and applicability. The information is useful for all personnel working in well construction and well decommissioning, encouraging discussion and knowledge sharing of the latest developments of permanent well barriers.
Novel Design Optimization for Additive Manufactured Components
Authors: Acharya Sunil , Matroja Rhushik , Elyyan Mohammad Elyyan , De Charnace’ Henri , Zhang Yi
Published: August 2021

In the last 10 years, Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) has matured substantially [1,2]. The evolution of metal powder-bed AM now, facilitates production-quality parts to be manufactured. Additive manufacturing has specially attracted attention for its ability to manufacture parts with complex shapes that are cost-ineffective or impossible to manufacture with traditional technologies. For Oil and Gas industry, this ability to manufacture complex shapes offers unprecedented opportunity to redesign and optimize wide ranging components from cutting heads, heat exchangers [3], pumping and filtration equipment to drill motors, inline static-mixers and flanges. as well as advantages over traditional manufacturing techniques. The present work shows how optimization and simulation tools are valuable in rapid development of more efficient and light-weighted components that take advantage of the 3D printing process.

Additive Manufacturing, while promising offers its own challenges related to process parameter optimization and part distortions. So, testing new paradigm-shifting design becomes time consuming and expensive trial and error process. Computational methods for optimization and physics simulation reduce the risk of testing new designs concepts and make the transition to new products efficient and inexpensive. Conventional design and design-optimization techniques typically do not apply for AM part design. The flexibility of AM in generating complex shapes implies a lesser number of components and implicit savings in assembly. Also, the possibility of latticed structures allows for reduced components through consolidation. The ability to incorporate these structures broadens the design criteria to achieve previously unforeseen possibilities. After arriving at the part design, the "print design" needs to be addressed. The AM process involves large thermal transients, phase change and non-linear material properties potentially leading to distortions and residual stresses in the finished component. Process simulation is valuable in estimating stresses generated in components, distortion, and adequacy of the support design. The presentation illustrates the simulation methodologies in design, multi-physics and process optimization for a drill-head geometry.
Qualification Method for Cut Resistant Jackets for Fiber Mooring Ropes
Authors: Gabrielsen Øystein , Larsen Kjell , Gjøsund Svein Helge , Reite Karl-Johan , Eide Kurt , Haugland Hans-Jørgen , Leao Alberto
Published: August 2021

The Aasta Hansteen spar platform in the Norwegian Sea has a polyester rope mooring system. The anchors and large parts of the polyester ropes are outside of the safety exclusion zone granted by the Norwegian authorities. Fishing vessels cannot be denied as long as they are outside of the safety zone, and the polyester mooring ropes need to withstand abrasion loads from the possible fishing activity. A fishing activity study in 2013 defined probability for fishing, size of possible fishing vessels and type of fishing equipment. Numerical simulations of the mooring system and crossing fishing trawl equipment made it possible to establish trawl abrasion load cases, including trawl wire lengths, speed and contact pressure.

No jacket design or jacket material was at the time confirmed to withstand the established abrasion loads. The jacket solution to be chosen for the project thus needed to be specially developed, designed, tested and approved to give sufficient resistance against the established abrasion loads. Several vendors developed and offered different jacket solutions, and the selection of cut resistant jacket was dependent on adequate testing. Based on input and comments from Equinor and rope vendors, DNV constructed a test rig extension to their 2500T horizontal test bed, where the required length of trawl wire was pulled over the polyester rope with the needed contact pressure. Full-size (diameter) ropes with the proposed cut resistant jackets were tested, including break strength testing after the abrasion test.

This paper presents how the possible trawl activity was defined, the numerical simulation of trawl/mooring line interaction, the test rig setup and some test results of the trawl wire abrasion testing.
Hybrid Modeling In Unconventional Reservoirs To Forecast Estimated Ultimate Recovery
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Canbaz Celal Hakan , Balaji Karthik , Ozesen Ahsen , Yanidis Kirill , Alsaheib Hasanain , AlSulaiman Nouf , Basri Mustafa , Jama Nayif
Published: August 2021

Machine learning models have worked as a robust tool in forecasting and optimization processes for wells in conventional, data-rich reservoirs. In unconventional reservoirs however, given the large ranges of uncertainty, purely data-driven, machine learning models have not yet proven to be repeatable and scalable. In such cases, integrating physics-based reservoir simulation methods along with machine learning techniques can be used as a solution to alleviate these limitations. The objective of this study is to provide an overview along with examples of implementing this integrated approach for the purpose of forecasting Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) in shale reservoirs.

This study is solely based on synthetic data. To generate data for one section of a reservoir, a full-physics reservoir simulator has been used. Simulated data from this section is used to train a machine learning model, which provides EUR as the output. Production from another section of the field with a different range of reservoir properties is then forecasted using a physics-based model. Using the earlier trained model, production forecasting for this section of the reservoir is then carried out to illustrate the integrated approach to EUR forecasting for a section of the reservoir that is not data rich.

The integrated approach, or hybrid modeling, production forecasting for different sections of the reservoir that were data-starved, are illustrated. Using the physics-based model, the uncertainty in EUR predictions made by the machine learning model has been reduced and a more accurate forecasting has been attained. This method is primarily applicable in reservoirs, such as unconventionals, where one section of the field that has been developed has a substantial amount of data, whereas, the other section of the field will be data starved. The hybrid model was consistently able to forecast EUR at an acceptable level of accuracy, thereby, highlighting the benefits of this type of an integrated approach.

This study advances the application of repeatable and scalable hybrid models in unconventional reservoirs and highlights its benefits as compared to using either physics-based or machine-learning based models separately.