bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolute energy calibration in an energy analyser (CMA) using elastically backscattered primary electrons: iterative method
Authors: Goto K. , Nissa Rahman N. , Jiang Y. Z. , Asano Y. , Shimizu R.
Published: August 2002

Energy calibration in an Auger electron analyser has been studied using elastically backscattered primary electrons (BPEs), with a feasibility of 15 meV(σ) for the kinetic energies of 10–1200 eV in which our improved cylindrical mirror analyser (CMA) has been used. An electron gun with a special tungsten cathode of reduced magnetic field and having unipotential was operated in constant emission current mode. This mode presents the well‐defined characteristics of the BPEs. Thus, the energy distribution of the BPEs and the shape and the peak position would be kept constant irrespective of the acceleration voltage of the BPEs. An iteration method (between the higher and lower energies) was employed to obtain the transfer coefficient of the CMA, i.e. a self‐consistent method with automatic corrections for the thermionic emission and the work functions. A convolution simulation of the CMA was examined to obtain the right peak position of the BPEs. It was found that the broader diameter of the BPE beams can be used in the calibration without any appreciable loss of accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of surface composition and density on electron inelastic mean free paths in Ge
Authors: Lesiak B. , Jablonski A. , Zemek J. , Jiricek P. , Pavluch J.
Published: August 2002

The number of inelastic mean free path (IMFP) values for Ge available in the literature is limited. In the present work, elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES) was used to determine the IMFPs in native Ge oxide and sputtered Ge. The Ge surfaces are rough and differ in surface composition, the chemical bonding state of atoms at the surface and the density of the surface layer. Two analysers were used—a high‐resolution hemispherical analyser (ADES‐400) and a retarding field analyser (RFA)—for two experimental EPES procedures, one with a Cu standard (ADES‐400) and one without a standard (RFA).

The aim of the present work was to verify the applicability of the EPES method to technological Ge surfaces. The EPES method was found to be a convenient tool for investigating IMFPs in such samples. The influence of varying surface composition, chemical state of atoms and density on the measured IMFPs resulting from EPES and the IMFPs resulting from the TPP‐2M and the G1 of Gries predictive formulae was analysed. Comparison between measured and predicted IMFPs for the same Ge surfaces, enclosing the estimate of the overall statistical and systematic error of the above methods, was made. The error in the IMFPs resulting from EPES due to accuracy of input parameters for the Monte Carlo algorithm was discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting exceptions
Authors: Zastre Michael , Horspool R. Nigel
Published: August 2002

A novel compiler optimization for loops is presented. The optimization uses exceptions to eliminate redundant tests that are performed when code is interpretively executed, as is the case with Java bytecode executed on the Java Virtual Machine. An analysis technique based on abstract interpretation is used to discover when the optimization is applicable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[125 I]3β‐(4‐ethyl‐3‐iodophenyl)nortropane‐2β‐carboxylic acid methyl ester ([125I]EINT): A potent and selective radioligand for the brain serotonin transporter
Authors: Navarro H. A. , Xu H. , Zhong D. , Blough B. E. , Ross W. P. , Kuhar M. J. , Carroll F. I.
Published: August 2002

The binding characteristics of [125I]3β‐(4‐ethyl‐3‐iodophenyl)nortropane‐2β‐carboxylic acid methyl ester ([125I]EINT), a high‐affinity selective ligand for the serotonin transporter (5‐HTT), and its binding characteristics to rat brain membranes were determined. [125I]EINT binding to rat cerebral cortex membranes was saturable and reversible, and its specific binding represented approximately 90% of the total binding. [125I]EINT labeled a single site with Kd = 0.22 ± 0.03 nM and Bmax = 583 ± 38 fmol/mg protein. Kinetic analysis revealed a t1/2 for association and dissociation of 20 and 24 min, respectively. Pharmacological characterization of [125I]EINT confirmed its high specificity for the 5‐HTT. The pattern of brain region distribution in vivo of intravenously administered [125I]EINT indicated greater accumulation of the radioligand in 5‐HTT‐rich brain regions. However, the signal‐to‐background ratio was low. Thus, [125I]EINT appears to be a useful radioligand for studying the 5‐HTT in vitro, but it may not be a good in vivo ligand. Synapse 41:241–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why projects often fail, even with high cost‐contingencies
Authors: Kujawski Edouard
Published: August 2002

In this note we assume that the individual risks have been adequately quantified and the total project cost contingency adequately computed to ensure an agreed‐to probability or confidence level that the total project cost estimate will not be exceeded. But even projects that implement such a process are likely to result in significant cost overruns and/or project failure if the project manager allocates the contingencies to the individual subsystems. The intuitive and mathematically valid solution is to maintain a project‐wide contingency and to distribute it to the individual risks on an as‐needed basis. Such an approach ensures cost‐efficient risk management, and projects that implement it are more likely to succeed and to cost less. We illustrate these ideas using a simplified project with two independent risks. The formulation can readily be extended to multiple risks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 151–155, 2002
Indole synthesis by radical cyclization of o‐alkenylphenyl isocyanides and its application to the total synthesis of natural products
Authors: Tokuyama Hidetoshi , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: August 2002

Development of indole synthesis by tin‐mediated radical cyclization of o‐alkenylphenyl isocyanide is described. Upon heating o‐alkenylphenyl isocyanide in the presence of tri‐n‐butyltin hydride and AIBN, 2‐stannyl‐3‐substituted indole was formed via 5‐exo‐trig cyclization of the imidoyl radical intermediate. After acidic workup, 3‐substituted indoles were isolated. For substrates bearing simple alkyl groups, a substantial amount of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives were generated through 6‐endo‐trig cyclization. This undesired cyclization was suppressed by using an excess amount (five equivalents based on o‐alkenylphenyl isocyanide) of ethanethiol instead of tri‐n‐butyltin hydride. The 2‐stannylindole intermediates proved to be a suitable substrate for Stille coupling, giving 2,3‐disubstituted indoles in a one‐pot procedure. In addition, the 2‐stannylindole intermediates could be converted to 2‐iodoindoles by treatment with iodine or N‐iodosuccinimide. The 2‐iodoindoles thus obtained served as good substrates for Heck reactions, Stille couplings, Suzuki couplings, and palladium‐mediated carbonylations, to afford a variety of 2,3‐disubstituted indoles. The utility of this protocol was demonstrated by application to synthetic studies on gelsemine and discorhabdin A, and the total synthesis of an aspidosperma alkaloid, (–)‐vindoline. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chem Rec 2: 37–45, 2002
Reflections on the discovery of nature’s pathways to vitamin B12
Authors: Scott A. Ian
Published: August 2002

The chronology of the discoveries along the pathway of vitamin B12 biosynthesis is reviewed from a personal perspective, including discussion of the most recent finding that two pathways to B12 exist—one aerobic and one anaerobic—which differ mainly in the ring contraction mechanisms which convert porphyrin to corrin. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:212–227, 2001
The evolution of global portal strategy
Authors: Robles Fernando
Published: August 2002

The worldwide penetration of the Internet has provided great opportunities for global expansion of Internet
portals. Despite their early advantage and superior technology, U.S.‐based portals have failed to challenge
strong local portals. This article describes the internationalization of portals, using the extended
integration‐responsiveness theory to explain the pressures of international portal strategies, and
speculates on the future of international portals. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unpedigreed populations and worst‐case scenarios
Authors: Willis Kevin
Published: August 2002

A population in which parentage information is not recorded is considered a pedigree “black hole” in terms of genetic management. Integration of animals from such an unpedigreed population into a genetically managed population is often accomplished by assuming a worst‐case scenario and recording all animals as highly interrelated (e.g., full siblings). The assumption that a worst‐case scenario is appropriate under a wide variety of circumstances is evaluated. It was determined that the genetic costs of overestimating relationships among animals from an unpedigreed population are always greater than the genetic costs of underestimating relationships by the same amount. This demonstrates that worst‐case scenarios, which are by definition intentional overestimates, are not generally appropriate. A method of obtaining an estimate that will yield the lowest overall genetic cost using the possible maximum and minimum levels of relatedness among animals from the unpedigreed population is presented along with two methods for implementation. Finally, for cases in which the estimated average relatedness among animals from an unpedigreed population is low, it is recommended that different analytical studbook datasets be used for calculation of inbreeding coefficients and mean kinship coefficients. This strategy would allow close estimation of average relatedness without risking inadvertent pairing of highly related animals from the unpedigreed population. Zoo Biol 20:305–314, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended Left Hepatectomy
Authors: Povoski Stephen P. , Fong Yuman , Blumgart Leslie H.
Published: August 2002

Extended left hepatectomy (resection of Couinaud segments II, III, IV, V, and VIII of the liver) has only slowly been appreciated as a viable resectional technique for large, strategically placed, left‐sided and central hepatic lesions that extend to involve the right anterior sectoral portal pedicular structures. We report on the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative findings of 51 patients undergoing extended left hepatectomy at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering from 1992 to 1998. Median age was 58 years (range 1–85), with 28 males and 23 females. Altogether 34 patients had metastatic hepatic malignancies, 14 had primary hepatic malignancies, and 3 had benign hepatic lesions. Median postoperative length of stay was 10 days (range 6–52). Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 53% and 8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis of multiple preoperative variables disclosed that only the largest hepatic lesion of >8 cm (p= 0.033) was an independent predictor of a positive microscopic margin or tumor within one high power field. No preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative variables were independent predictors of postoperative morbidity or mortality. Utilization of extended left hepatectomy allows resection of critically positioned hepatic lesions previously thought unresectable. It can be performed relatively safely, although it is not without somewhat increased postoperative morbidity and mortality compared to lesser anatomic hepatic resections. Patient selection, as dictated by factors associated with adequate tumor clearance (tumor size and proximity to the right sectoral portal pedicular structures), may be important for determining appropriate candidates for this aggressive resectional technique.
Structure of Vacuum-deposited Tl2Pc Film and its Optical and Electrical Properties
Authors: SUGA TAKEO , ISODA SEIJI , KOBAYASHI TAKASHI
Published: August 2002

Dithallium phthalocyanine ( Tl 2 Pc ) was synthesized by direct reaction of Tl metal with 1,2-dicyanobenzene. A thin film of the product was prepared by vacuum deposition on KCl single-crystalline substrate and its structure and epitaxy were examined by electron microscopy. The crystal structure of the thin film was the same as the orthorhombic structure reported previously. The film grew epitaxially on KCl substrate as expected from point-on-line coincidence. The UV-vis spectrum of the film was measured and compared with that of an as-synthesized powder sample. The UV-vis spectrum of the thin film of Tl 2 Pc showed some differences from that of the powder in the visible region, which may result from the difference in molecular orientation. The electrical resistance of a Tl 2 Pc thin film deposited on mica was about 1010Ω in our measuring set-up, which means that the film does not show high conductivity.
Spectral investigations of the interaction of some porphyrins with bovine serum albumin
Authors: CHATTERJEE SHAMPA , SRIVASTAVA T. S.
Published: August 2002

The binding of meso-tetrakis[4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T4CPP), meso-tetrakis[3-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T3CPP) and meso-tetrakis[3,4-bis(carboxymethyl-eneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T3, 4BCPP) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at pH 7.4 has been studied at 420 nm in detail. The results show hypochromicity along with a red shift in the Soret band of the porphyrins. This suggests that these porphyrins bind to BSA as monomers. Further analysis of these data supports the non-interactive binding of T4CPP and T3CPP with BSA and the cooperative binding of T3, 4BCPP with BSA. These binding data have been interpreted in terms of one specific binding site and several non-specific binding sites on BSA for the porphyrins. The absorption spectral changes of the porphyrins between 400 and 450 nm when titrated with BSA suggest that there is another specific binding site on BSA for the porphyrins. These two specific binding sites have also been supported by circular dichroism (CD) studies. The absorption spectral and CD studies on the interactions of the porphyrins with BSA further suggest that these interactions are dependent on the number and configuration of substituents in the phenyl groups of the porphyrins. The contact energy transfer from the aromatic amino acid residues tryptophan and tyrosine of BSA to the porphyrins in the BSA–porphyrin complexes has also been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. These energy transfer data show the energy transfer from tryptophan to the porphyrins for their binding to site I of BSA and from tyrosine to the porphyrins for their binding to site II of BSA. Unfolding studies of the BSA–porphyrin systems indicate that the tertiary structure is essential for the binding of the porphyrins. A correlation between the accumulation of99 mTc -labelled T4CPP and T3, 4BCPP in tumour tissue and their binding at site II of BSA is possible. The interaction of the porphyrins can also be used as a model for mitochondrial interactions.
XylellaGenomics and Bacterial Pathogenicity to Plants
Authors: Dow J. M. , Daniels M. J.
Published: August 2002

Xylella fastidiosa, a pathogen of citrus, is the first plant pathogenic bacterium for which the complete genome sequence has been published. Inspection of the sequence reveals high relatedness to many genes of other pathogens, notablyXanthomonas campestris. Based on this, we suggest thatXylellapossesses certain easily testable properties that contribute to pathogenicity. We also present some general considerations for deriving information on pathogenicity from bacterial genomics.
A meta‐analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face identification
Authors: Meissner Christian A. , Brigham John C.
Published: August 2002

Recent studies have demonstrated that requesting individuals to produce a verbal description of a previously seen face can hinder subsequent attempts at identification. This phenomenon, termed ‘verbal overshadowing’, has been studied rather extensively in the face‐identification paradigm; however, studies have not always replicated the general effect. Based upon both practical and theoretical interests in the phenomenon, a meta‐analysis of 29 effect size comparisons (N = 2018) was conducted. Across the sample of studies there was a small, yet significant, negative effect (Fisher's Zr = −0.12), indicating some degree of verbal impairment or overshadowing. A fixed‐effects analysis of several moderating variables demonstrated a significant effect of post‐description delay and type of description instruction. The pattern of means indicated that overshadowing effects were more likely to occur when the identification task immediately followed the description task, and when participants were given an elaborative, as opposed to a standard (free recall), instruction during the description task. Inconsistencies in the literature are discussed, as well as various theoretical and applied issues regarding the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Five years later: children's memory for medical emergencies
Authors: Peterson Carole , Whalen Nikki
Published: August 2002

Children who had been 2–13 years of age at the time of a medical emergency (an injury serious enough to require hospital ER treatment) were re‐interviewed about their injury and treatment five years after injury, and three years after a previous interview. The children showed excellent recall of the central components of their injury experience, although their recall of hospital treatment was more incomplete. Thus, both the nature of the event being recalled (the injury versus the hospital treatment) and the centrality of information (central versus peripheral) were important. The recall of 2‐year‐olds, although not as good as that of children just a year older, did not fit with predictions of infantile amnesia since they recalled a considerable amount about their injury. High stress levels at the time of the target experiences had little effect on the highly memorable injury event, but seemed to facilitate children's recall of central components of the hospital event—the event that they had a harder time remembering. Implications for eyewitness testimony are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of early trauma on autobiographical memory and schematic self‐representation
Authors: Reviere Susan L. , Bakeman Roger
Published: August 2002

This study investigated empirically clinical assumptions regarding deficits in autobiographical memory and schematic self‐representation associated with early interpersonal trauma. A sample of 110 undergraduates completed a protocol involving interviews and questionnaires related to trauma history, early autobiographical memory, and other clinical factors not used in the immediate study. An adult autobiographical memory coding scheme was developed to determine degree of elaboration of memories. It was hypothesized that in a group positive for trauma history as compared with non‐trauma controls, deficits in the elaboration of autobiographical memory would be found and that such deficits would be a basis for impairments in schematic self‐representation. No differences were found between trauma and no‐trauma groups on most major variables. One of three dimensions of self‐representation, a factor named identity integration, was significantly related to trauma severity, suggesting that greater severity is related to less integration of identity. Otherwise, the hypotheses were not supported. In an exploratory analysis of the memory narratives, there was one additional significant finding suggesting that memories that participants self‐labeled as traumatic were more elaborated than all other memories. The autobiographical memory coding scheme was found to be a reliable measure of elaboration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled release of migration of molluscicidal saponin from different types of polymers containing Calendula officinalis
Authors: Helaly F. M. , Soliman H. S. M. , Soheir A. D. , Ahmed A. A.
Published: August 2002

Triterpene saponins of marigold (Calendula officinalis; family compositae) were hydrolyzed and examined for their molluscicidal activity. It was found that 10.25 mg l−1 of the partially hydrolyzed saponin was lethal to 100% of snails after 24 h, while 50 mg l−1 of the intact saponin produced the same effect. Natural rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber, and starch were used as binding matrices for the bioactive natural products (C. officinalis) for releasing saponin in minute amounts over long periods of time. The rate of release of saponin varied according to the type of polymer matrix, the type of fillers, and the filler concentration. The rate of release extended to over 3 months when the physico‐mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber formulations were improved by the presence of black and white fillers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 305–311, 2001
Importance of RDW value in differential diagnosis of hypochrome anemias
Authors: Aslan D. , Gümrük F. , Gürgey A. , Altay Ç.
Published: August 2002

Red cell distribution width (RDW) was studied in adults carrying δ‐β thalassemia traits (δβ‐TT) who were 20–40 years of age (n = 29), β thalassemia traits (β‐TT) with an age range of 18–60 years (n = 49), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in individuals aged 1–18 years (n = 27), and in controls with an age range of 20–40 years (n = 20). Although red blood cell count, MCV, and MCH values showed no statistically significant differences between δβ‐TT and β‐TT, the mean RDW value was significantly higher in δβ‐TT (20.14 ± 1.21) compared to β‐TT (14.88 ±1.77) (P < 0.001). No difference was observed between the means of RDW in δβ‐TT and IDA (18.00 ± 1.94) (P > 0.05). A significant rise in RDW in IDA 5–7 days after initiation of iron therapy (P = 0.00) which was continued to rise up to the 4th week of therapy was suggested as an important tool in differentiation of IDA from δβ‐TT. These observations could be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of δβ‐TT from β‐TT and IDA by determining the red blood cell count, red cell indices, and RDW only. Am. J. Hematol. 69:31‐33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of all‐trans‐Retinoic acid on the hypercoagulable state of patients with breast cancer
Authors: Falanga A. , Toma S. , Marchetti M. , Palumbo R. , Raffo P. , Consonni R. , Marziali S. , Dastoli G. , Barbui T.
Published: August 2002

To evaluate whether all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) is able to modulate the hemostatic system in patients with solid tumors, we studied patients with locally advanced breast cancer who were enrolled in a Phase Ib study of ATRA ± Tamoxifen (Tam). In this study, two groups of 15 patients/each were treated for 21 days before operation with ATRA at three doses (15, 45, or 75 mg/m2/day on alternate days) given alone (group 1) or in combination with Tam (group 2). One additional group received Tam alone. Plasma samples were evaluated for hypercoagulation markers (FVIIa, F1+2, TAT, D‐dimer), fibrinolysis proteins (t‐PA, PAI‐1), and coagulation inhibitors (protein C, AT). At baseline, cancer patients had FVIIa, F1+2, TAT, and PAI‐1 significantly greater than control subjects. During treatment, in the patients given ATRA alone, hypercoagulation markers appeared unmodified. Instead, subjects given Tam alone had a significant elevation of FVIIa, F1+2, and TAT versus baseline. However, in the ATRA + Tam groups, hypercoagulation markers were decreased compared with Tam alone. These results suggest that in selected conditions, pre‐operative ATRA may modulate the hypercoagulable state of breast cancer patients. Am. J. Hematol. 70:9–15, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helping patterns and reproductive success in Aymara communities
Authors: Crognier E. , Villena M. , Vargas E.
Published: August 2002

“Helpers at the nest,” young adults remaining in their parents home to take care of younger siblings, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Similar behaviors are occasionally observed in human societies but their frequency and significance for parental reproductive success are still not fully appraised. This study was designed to document this issue in a traditional Aymara peasant society of the Bolivian Altiplano, It is based on 359 reproductive life histories of women 45 years of age or older and on a survey of children's workload in 1998 and 1999. The presence of “potential helpers” in the household is significantly associated with higher fertility and with improved survival of siblings to sexual maturity. Caretaking is not particularly assigned to older daughters. The positive relationship between the availability of offspring help and reproductive success does not demonstrate a causal role for child caretaking because, in contrast with nonhuman helpers, workloads of children range from housekeeping to agricultural tasks, instead of being focused on feeding or protecting younger siblings. Correlation and multiple regression analyses, however, suggest that the total amount of care given by the older offspring and the amount of care received by each recipient are, along with offspring contribution to household economy, among the determinants of parental reproductive success. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:372–379, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of tetralogy of Fallot with a distinct region of del22q11.2
Authors: Kessler‐Icekson Gania , Birk Einat , Weintraub Ari Y. , Barhum Yael , Kotlyar Violetta , Schlesinger Hadassa , Rockah Rivka , Vidne Bernardo A. , Frisch Amos
Published: August 2002

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) appear in greater frequency among relatives of patients and in individuals with DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) or velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS). A majority of these patients and part of the apparently nonsyndromic CHD patients with conotruncal defects manifest hemizygous deletions within chromosome 22q11.2 (del22q11). We tested myocardial tissues of 31 CHD patients, 21 with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and 10 with a double‐chamber right ventricle (DCRV). DNA isolated from tissues removed at corrective surgery was analyzed for homo‐ or heterozygosity of nine polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers along the 22q11.2 region. DNA from the blood of 45 healthy individuals represented the general population. Ten of the 21 TOF patients (48%) showed homozygosity for three or more consecutive markers, indicating deletions of various sizes. No such indication was found for DCRV patients. Heterozygosity for markers D22S1648, D22S941, and D22S944 was lower in the TOF group than in normal controls, defining a minimal critical region (MCR) for the deletion. Our findings support an association between TOF and hemizygosity in 22q11.2, suggesting a distinct region, between markers D22S1638 and COMT, that may harbor TOF susceptibility genes. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebro‐osseous‐digital syndrome: Four new cases of a lethal skeletal dysplasia—distinct from Neu‐Laxova syndrome
Authors: Elliott Alison M. , Gonzales Marie , Hoeffel Jean‐Claude , Le Merrer Martine , Maroteaux Pierre , Encha‐Razavi Ferechte , Joye Nicole , Berchel Colette , Fliegel Christian , Aughton David J. , Beaudry‐Rodgers Kelly , Hasteh Farnez , Nerlich Andreas G. , Wilcox William R. , Rimoin David L. , Lachman Ralph S. , Freisinger Peter
Published: August 2002

Neu‐Laxova Syndrome (NLS) is a severe disorder with intrauterine growth retardation, edema, and characteristic face (including microcephaly with receding forehead, protuberant eyes, a flattened nose, deformed ears, cleft palate, and micrognathia). Ichthyosis is often present. Limb anomalies include hypoplastic fingers and syndactyly of fingers and toes. Patients are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth. We report five unrelated patients—four with atypical NLS and one with typical NLS. All five patients were stillbirths. Clinically, the atypical NLS patients showed a large skull; rhizo‐, meso‐, and acromelia; and hypoplasia of the metacarpals and phalanges. The feet were similarly affected. Radiographically, the atypical patients showed interpediculate narrowing and hypoplastic vertebral bodies. The long bones were stick‐like, showing diaphyseal widening that spared the metaphyses and was more pronounced in the lower extremities. The ilia had a half‐moon configuration with widening of the sacrosciatic notches. The ischia were vertical and the pubic bone was absent. The typical NLS patient showed microcephaly, normal vertebral body, and long bone ossification, but a pelvic configuration similar to that of the atypical NLS patients. The common and distinguishing clinical and radiographic features are reviewed. Scott et al. [1981: Am J Med Genet 9:165–175] described two patients with NLS with radiographic and clinical findings similar to patients 1–4 reported here. Patients 1–4 of this report lack the typical findings of NLS and likely represent a distinct lethal skeletal dysplasia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial mediterranean fever: The segregation of four different mutations in 13 individuals from one inbred family: Genotype–phenotype correlation and intrafamilial variability
Authors: Gershoni‐Baruch Ruth , Shinawi Marwan , Shamaly Hussein , Katsinetz Leah , Brik Riva
Published: August 2002

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by recurring attacks of fever and serositis. Six sequence alterations (M694V, V726A, K695R, M680I, M694I, and E148Q), in the MEFV gene, account for the majority of FMF chromosomes. Differences in the clinical expression have been mainly attributed to MEFV allelic heterogeneity. Homozygotes for the M694V mutation have a more severe form of the disease and more frequently demonstrate articular and renal complications. The clinical manifestations associated with mutation M680I are considered less severe. Mutations E148Q, K695R and V726A have reduced penetrance, and many individual homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for these mutations remain asymptomatic. Here we report on one inbred family with 13 individuals (one grandparent, three parents, and nine grandchildren), either homozygotes or compound heterozygotes, for one or two of four mutations (V726A, M694V, M680I, and K695R). Three parents and one grandparent who each carried two mutated alleles remained asymptomatic. Of nine grandchildren who were compound heterozygotes for two mutations in the MEFV gene, only those with either the M694V/V726A or the M694V/M680I genotypes manifested the disease, bearing further evidence to the severity of mutation M694V in individuals sharing a similar genetic and environmental background. Nevertheless, one father and one grandmother who carried the M694V/V726A compound heterozygous genotype were symptom‐free, while the four grandchildren with the same genotype manifested the disease from early age, providing further evidence for the role of additional environmental and genetic modifiers. The occurrence of four different mutations in two sets of consanguineous parents merits consideration per se. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of the grey‐cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena) in Cameroon
Authors: Poulsen John R. , Clark Connie J. , Smith Thomas B.
Published: August 2002

Seasonal fluctuations in resource abundance often cause primates to change their feeding behavior and ecology. The objective of this study was to examine the response of a largely frugivorous monkey, the grey‐cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena), to seasonal variations in fruit abundance. We used 15‐min scan sampling to quantify feeding, activity, and habitat use by monkeys between February and December 1998 in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. L. albigena were found to have omnivorous feeding habits, consuming the fruits, seeds, leaves, and flowers of 132 plant species. Although monkeys fed from many plant species, only five plant species accounted for 45% of all feeding records. The number of feeding observations on a plant species was significantly correlated with its fruit production. L. albigena responded to fruit‐lean periods by shifting from a diet dominated by fruit to one dominated by seeds, flowers, and young leaves. This diet shift coincided with greater use of swamp habitat and higher dietary diversity. L. albigena spent the greatest percentage of scan samples feeding and traveling, but activities varied significantly over the day. Individuals spent a significantly higher percentage of scan samples feeding during the fruit‐rich season than in the fruit‐lean season. Comparing our results to those of studies in Gabon and Uganda, we found that L. albigena differ across regions in the number of plant species they consume and time spent feeding. These differences may be a result of variations in tree diversity or the strength of seasonal fluctuations in resource abundance among sites. Am. J. Primatol. 54:91–105, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of lateralized hand use in an arboreal primate, Simias concolor
Authors: Miller Cory T. , Paciulli Lisa M.
Published: August 2002

Studies of hand use in nonhuman primates suggest that several species exhibit hand preferences for a variety of tasks. The majority of studies, however, focus on the lateralized hand use of captive nonhuman primate populations. Although captive settings offer a more controlled environment for assessing hand preferences, studies of wild populations provide important insights into how handedness is affected by natural environmental conditions and thus potential insights into the evolution of handedness. To investigate handedness in a population of wild nonhuman primates, we studied patterns of lateralized hand use during feeding in four simakobu monkeys (Simias concolor), an arboreal species inhabiting the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. Our data show that individual variation in hand preferences for feeding existed among our study animals. In addition, each simakobu expressed a significant hand preference for supporting itself on a branch during feeding, an uncoordinated bimanual task. This bias was most prevalent when the branch used for support was a main branch rather than a terminal branch. When both hands were employed in a coordinated bimanual feeding activity (bimanual manipulation), only two subjects showed a significant bias for feeding. Our data suggest that these individuals are more likely to express significant hand preferences when feeding from stable, rather than precarious, positions within the canopy. Am. J. Primatol. 56:231–236, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Why do cotton‐top tamarin female helpers carry infants? A preliminary study
Authors: Sánchez Susana , Peláez Fernando , Gil‐Bürmann Carlos
Published: August 2002

Shortly after giving birth, cotton‐top tamarin mothers frequently attack the eldest female helpers [Snowdon et al., American Journal of Primatology 31:11–21, 1993]. Sometimes this aggression leads to the eviction of the eldest daughters from their natal groups 3–4 months after the birth of infants [Price & McGrew, Folia Primatologica 57:16–27, 1991]. We propose that daughters, during the act of carrying infants, may receive less aggression from mothers than when they are not carrying. On the other hand, given that mothers benefit from having others carry their infants, overall aggression received by female helpers from their mothers might be lower in those female helpers with a larger relative contribution to this activity. Four groups were observed during the first 9 weeks following the birth of infants, and aggression received was recorded for symmetrical as well as nonsymmetrical interactions. We found a positive correlation between contribution to infant carrying of female helpers and the overall aggression received from their mothers. Furthermore, the two eldest daughters with highest values of carrying contribution were evicted from their natal groups 3–4 months after the birth of infants. Although mothers do not appear to be more tolerant of female helpers that contribute the most to infant carrying, daughters do benefit from reduced aggression during the act of carrying, and remain in their natal group during the time period when infants must be carried. Am. J. Primatol. 57:43–49, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Niche separation in Varecia variegata rubra and Eulemur fulvus albifrons: II. Intraspecific patterns
Authors: Vasey Natalie
Published: August 2002

Based on a year‐long field study in northeastern Madagascar, I summarize annual patterns of niche use (food patch size, diet, forest height, and forest site) in two sympatric lemurs, Varecia variegata rubra and Eulemur fulvus albifrons. Furthermore, I examine intraspecific patterns of niche use according to sex, season, and reproductive stage in these two lemurs that differ in terms of energetic investment in reproduction. Lemurs as a group provide a special opportunity to test hypotheses concerning sex differences in niche use. Due to their body size monomorphism and seasonal, synchronous pattern of breeding, it is possible to directly evaluate whether sex differences in diet reflect high energetic investment in reproduction by females. Results confirm the hypothesis that intraspecific variation in niche use (e.g., sex differences, seasonal differences) would be more pronounced in V. v. rubra than in E. f. albifrons, due in large measure to the former's relatively high energetic investment in reproduction: 1a) Dietary sex differences in V. v. rubra are most pronounced during costly reproductive stages and involve acquisition of low‐fiber, high‐protein plant foods. Females of both species consume more seasonally available low‐fiber protein (young leaves, flowers) relative to conspecific males during the hot dry season, but only in V. v. rubra females is this pattern also evident during gestation and lactation. 1b) The diets of female V. v. rubra and female E. f. albifrons are more similar to each other than are the diets of conspecific males and females in the case of V. v. rubra. This is not uniformly the case for female E. f. albifrons. This finding confirms a hypothesis put forward in Vasey ([2000] Am J Phys Anthropol 112:411–431) that energetic requirements of reproductive females drive niche separation more than do the energetic requirements of males. 1c) Both species synchronize most or all of lactation with seasonal food abundance and diversity. E. f. albifrons shows a more protracted period of synchrony, and this may contribute to its wide biogeographic distribution in Madagascar. 2) Sex differences and seasonal differences in microhabitat use reflect intraspecific patterns of thermoregulation, predator avoidance, and in the case of V. v. rubra, reproduction. One important factor selecting for body size monomorphism in lemurs appears to be the tight synchrony between lactation and periods of food abundance afforded by annual, seasonal breeding. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:169–183, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orthogonal factor coefficient development of subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT‐Top) in girls and boys
Authors: Tafeit Erwin , Möller Reinhard , Sudi Karl , Horejsi Renate , Berg Aloys , Reibnegger Gilbert
Published: August 2002

The new optical device Lipometer allows noninvasive, quick, and safe determination of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) layers (in mm) at any site of the human body. The specification of 15 evenly distributed body sites enables the precise measurement of subcutaneous body fat distribution, so‐called subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT‐Top). SAT‐Top was measured in 980 children aged 7–19 years. In this paper we describe the degree to which SAT‐Top body sites are intercorrelated. We consider whether a meaningful reduction of data is possible using factor analysis, which factors can be extracted, and how SAT‐Top data of children can be added to a factor value plot, depicting the essential results of age‐dependent subcutaneous fat development.

SAT layers situated on the same body area provide correlation coefficients up to +r = 0.91. Two factors are extracted: factor 1, containing all upper body sites (from neck to hip); and factor 2, consisting of all leg body sites.

When all 980 children are divided into three age groups in a factor value plot, the first age group (7–11 years) shows almost equal SAT‐Top development in boys and girls. Afterwards, for the consecutive age groups 2 (11–15 years) and 3 (15–19 years), the age‐dependent subcutaneous fat development of boys and girls progresses into nearly orthogonal directions. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:57–61, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative variation in human proximal and distal limb segment lengths
Authors: Holliday Trenton W. , Ruff Christopher B.
Published: August 2002

The pattern of variation and covariation of proximal and distal limb segment lengths was examined within and between 20 geographically diverse skeletal samples of modern humans. Analyses of variance‐covariance matrices (VCMs) of logarithmically transformed (ln) variates of humerus, radius, femur, and tibia length were performed to test the following hypotheses: first, within populations, the distal and proximal segments will have equal relative (i.e., size‐independent) variability. However, between populations, the tibia is predicted to be more variable than the other segments. Tests of fit of computed VCMs to theoretical matrices by an iterative procedure (Anderson [1973] Ann. Stat. 1:135–141) reject the equal variance hypotheses, rather suggesting that the relative variances of the distal limb segments are greater than are those of the proximal. Males and females differ somewhat in that within females, the distal segments of both limbs have equal variance, while within males, the tibia has greater relative variance than the radius. The second hypothesis, regarding between‐group variability, is somewhat supported in that between human populations, one cannot reject that the tibia has greater relative variance than the other limb segments. However, neither can one reject an alternative hypothesis that both distal limb segments (tibia and radius) are more variable than the proximal segments. Differential growth allometry is explored, and likely plays a major role in differences seen both within and between human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:26–33, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro effects of tributyltin on functional responses of haemocytes in the clam Tapes philippinarum
Authors: Matozzo Valerio , Ballarin Loriano , Marin Maria Gabriella
Published: August 2002

The effects of tributyltin (TBT, as the chloride) on circulating cells from the clam Tapes philippinarum were investigated, in order to set up quick and reproducible in vitro bioassays to evaluate TBT toxicity in bivalve molluscs. Haemocytes, collected from the adductor muscle of clams, were exposed for 60 min at 25 °C to sublethal concentrations of TBT (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 µM) and the effects on uptake of the vital dye Neutral Red, and both superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzyme) and lysozyme (bacteriolytic enzyme) activities were spectrophotometrically evaluated. Exposure of haemocytes to 0.05 µM TBT caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Neutral Red dye uptake compared with controls, whereas no differences resulted after exposure to 0.01 and 0.1 µM TBT. Enlarged lysosomes were observed in haemocytes exposed to 0.05 µM TBT. Moreover, in haemocytes treated with 0.05 µM and 0.1 µM TBT, superoxide dismutase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively) with respect to that of controls. A significant decrease in lysozyme activity was also observed in haemocytes exposed to 0.05 (P < 0.01) and 0.1 µM TBT (P < 0.001). These results suggest a relationship between TBT exposure and alterations in functional responses of haemocytes in T. philippinarum. The proposed assays are sensitive, rapid and reproducible. They may be proposed as biomarkers, although their responsiveness needs to be more fully evaluated in haemocytes collected after clam exposure in both laboratory and field conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties, oil resistance, and thermal aging properties in chlorinated polyethylene/natural rubber blends
Authors: Sirisinha Chakrit , Sae‐Oui Pongdhorn , Guaysomboon Jantagarn
Published: August 2002

The use of natural rubber (NR) for partly substituting elastomeric chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) was determined. Mechanical and thermal aging properties as well as oil resistance of the blends were also investigated. The amount of NR in blends significantly affected the properties of the blends. The blends with NR content up to 50 wt % possessed similar tensile strength to that of pure CPE even after oil immersion or thermal aging. Modulus and hardness of the blends appeared to decrease progressively with increasing NR content. These properties also decreased in blends after thermal aging. After oil immersion, hardness decreased significantly for the blends with high NR content, whereas no change in modulus was observed. The dynamic mechanical properties were determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. NR and CPE showed damping peaks at about −40 and 4 °c, respectively; these values correlate with the glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) of NR and CPE, respectively. The shift in the Tg values was observed after blending, suggesting an interfacial interaction between the two phases probably caused by the co‐vulcanization in CPE/NR blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 22–28, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10171
Polymerization and characterization of acrylonitrile with γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy‐silane grafted bentonite clay
Authors: Seçki̇n Turgay , Gültek Ahmet , i̇çduygu M. Galip , önal Yunus
Published: August 2002

Novel natural clay–polymer hybrid materials are prepared from natural bentonite that was modified with silane‐coupling agent, γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (A‐174), and acrylonitrile. By changing the molar ratio of acrylonitrile in the initial monomer feed, several clay–hybrid materials were prepared. The structure and thermal stability of hybrid materials were investigated by various methods. The A‐174‐modified bentonite was dispersed in a solution of acrylonitrile in toluene. In this system, radical polymerization in the presence of AIBN was carried out. Product formed at the particle surface was either physically bound by entanglement or chemically bound by covalent bonding to the silane. In this way, core–shell morphology was obtained with an inorganic core and a polymer shell. The results showed that bonding at the surface of bentonite took place by hydrolytic cleavage of methoxy groups of A‐174 with hydroxy groups of bentonite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 164–171, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10289
Development and characterization of magnetorheological polymer gels
Authors: Wilson Malcolm J. , Fuchs Alan , Gordaninejad Faramarz
Published: August 2002

Magnetorheological materials have been used in many applications in recent years. To develop new materials, polyurethane and silicone polymer gels were investigated. Rheology is qualitatively controlled for each system by controlling the concentration of reactants and diluents. The resulting polymers have solid, gel, or liquid states, depending on the crosslinking and dilution. The gels were characterized through kinetic analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used with analysis methods to find the kinetic properties for diluted and undiluted polyurethane systems. Heat of reaction, order of reaction, preexponential constant, and activation energy were obtained from the experimental DSC data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2733–2742, 2002