bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology and Human Capital in Maturing Asian Countries
Authors: Lall Sanjaya
Published: March 2007

The performance of the technological leaders of different Asian economies has been very impressive. Each of them has to keep improving its policies and the supporting skill and institutional base, since each is entering into the most difficult competitive areas of manufacturing where sheer technological and skill superiority, flexibility and speed count rather than just manufacturing capability. This paper describes the characteristics of the Asian economies, their size, growth, productivity levels, export orientation, and importance of foreign direct investments, as well as the qualitative basis for their competitive success. The paper goes on to examine the level and needs of human resources in terms of schooling, level of basic education, vocational training and in-firm training. The levels of research and development and some striking examples of policy tools oriented toward skill enhancement are also dis cussed. An assessment of the maturing process, the weaknesses as well as the possible future orientations of each group of countries is done. Whereas the old Tigers seem well on their way toward maturing, the newer Tigers, which have been quite success ful in creating efficient production structures, need to abandon their largely passive and dependent approach and follow a more active 'innovation culture' in industry. China and India need to resolve their serious production and infrastructure diffi culties rather than technology development.
Latin American Science and Technology Policy: New Scenarios and the Research Community
Authors: Dagnino Renato , Thomas Hernan
Published: March 2007

The paper begins by analysing the antecedents of the transformations now being faced by the Latin American Science and Technology Policy (STP). A parallel with the STPs of advanced countries is drawn in order to make explicit some aspects that have barely reached the notice of the Latin American research community. Based on a forecasting approach, which implies introducing in science and technology (S&T) decision-making, satisfaction of social demands, the paper suggests some of the implications of this scenario. Besides many other requisites, now hardly feasible for the reorientation of STP, the paper emphasises the importance of a viable and unilateral first step: the resignification of the research community.
Shifting Alterity: The Mongol in the Visual and Literary Culture of the Late Middle Ages†
Authors: Peleggi Maurizio
Published: March 2007

This article details the shift in the nature of cultural representations of the Mongols that were articulated in Europe from the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fourteenth centuries by means of literary and visual texts. By examining reports of Franciscan missionaries to the court of the Khans, Marco Polo's famous travelogue Description of the World, and a fresco by the Sienese painter A mbrogio Lorenzetti, this essay endeavours to show that European cultural constructions of Otherness long predate the age of imperialism but also that such constructions eschewed a homogenous pattern as they issued from, and reinforced, the varied cultural identities harboured in late medi eval Europe.
Representations of the Middle Ages in Enlightenment Historiography
Authors: Raedts Peter
Published: March 2007

In the eighteenth century the image of the medieval past of Europe changed from an utterly negative representation to a more positive one. First, the increasing knowledge of non-European cultures and the difference in their development from savage to commercial led to a reconstruction of history as a progressive process of civilisation. So, the Middle Ages could no longer be dismissed as a barbaric interval between Rome and the Renaissance. Historians, such as Robertson and Voltaire, although they never liked the Middle Ages, saw it as a time of commercial growth and the rise of the bourgeoisie. Second, German philosophers, such as Herder, developed a notion that all cultures were equal and unique: therefore, medieval culture had to be considered on its own merits, despite its barbaric character. Con clusion : from 1750 onwards the Middle Ages were seen as integral to the European past, though not much liked. It was the romantic era that represented the medieval past as the height of civilisation.
Prescribing Behaviour of Physicians
Authors: Sharma Sangeeta , Gupta Usha , Roy Chaudhury R. , Bapna J.S.
Published: March 2007

To improve drug-use-related problems appropriately, demonstration of the inap propriate use of drugs alone is not sufficient. Data on its causation and suitable interventions are essential. Hence, a prospective randomised controlled study was conducted with the objective to identify drug-use-related problems in acute upper respiratory infections and non-specific acute diarrhoea with a special focus on use of antibiotics in 32 dispensaries and seven colony (15-bedded) hospitals in Delhi. An educational intervention in the form of small group discussions was introduced in the study group to improve the appropriate use of antibiotics. The control group did not participate in the small group discussions. The principal finding of the qualitative assessment was that the prescriber's knowledge of anti biotic use and risks was generally sufficient, yet they overused antibiotics. The reasons or underlying factors encouraging the use of antibiotics in ARI and non- rehydration therapy (antidiarrhoeals, antibiotics, antiamoebics) and hindering the use of oral rehydration therapy in diarrhoea were worries regarding precise aetiology, to prevent secondary infections, the deterioration of the patient's con dition, to meet the demand of patients and the fear of losing patients. The aver age number of drugs prescribed in ARI reduced significantly in both the groups (control group 2.82±0.88 vs. 2.63±0.58; study group 2.72±0.38 vs. 2.54±0.38) following intervention (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in the use of antibiotics in ARI in the study group from 64.86 to 51.30 per cent after inter vention (p < 0.003). There was no change (60.5 vs. 63.9 per cent) in the control group in ARI. In diarrhoea too the average number of drugs prescribed reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) in both the groups (study group 2.25±0.59 vs. 2.27±0.77; control group 2.31±1.76 vs. 2.76±0.73). Antibiotic use declined significantly in all health facilities in both the study groups (intervention group 82.1 per cent vs. 68.90 per cent; control group 80.3 vs. 62.3 per cent). In diarrhoea all the health facilities in the study group fell in the category of 50 to 80 per cent or more antibiotic use before intervention. About 75 per cent of the drugs were prescribed by generic names and more than 90 per cent were from the essential drugs list.

The results of the study show that though antibiotic use declined after inter vention, there is a need for such interventions regularly to bring about long- lasting changes in prescribing behaviour.
Innovative Approaches to Gender, and Sexual and Reproductive Health: Linking Gender-based Violence, HIV Prevention and Quality of Care
Authors: Guedes Alessandra C. , Helzner Judith F. , Tabac Lara B.
Published: March 2007

In spite of the raised awareness of the need to promote gender sensitivity in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care since Cairo 1994, the concept of gender has yet to be fully integrated into SRH programmes and services on an operational level. Using case studies from the International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region, Inc., (IPPF/WHR) in Latin America and the Caribbean, this article explores the challenges and lessons learned from three different approaches to integrating gender into SRHprogrammes in HIVprevention, gender-based violence and quality of care.
Leader Styles: Some Implications for Organizations in India
Authors: Dayal Ishwar
Published: March 2007

A recent study shows that the index of leader effectiveness in India is the leader's success in terms of expansion of assets or activities. The studies in the West regard leader effectiveness as getting people to want to achieve, an ability to develop people. The Indian concept emphasizes the entrepreneurial role more than that of people development. Only 15 per cent of the leaders in the sample perceived their role as people development. The study identifies three leader styles: (a) the entrepreneurial, (b) the bureaucratic, and (c) the people oriented. All three styles are successful when measured against the objective criteria of profits, growth, and public recognition of the leader concerned. The consequences for the organization of each of the three styles are different. Considering the emerging business and the economic environment in the country, it is suggested that a people-oriented style is necessary. The article suggests some ways of preparing organi zations for the emerging demands of the business environment.
Cointegration and Market Efficiency
Authors: Sweeney Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Asset markets in emerging-market economies are generally thought to be less efficient than the larger, more liquid and thick markets in some rich economies. This suggests the possibility of profiting by detecting inefficiencies in emerging asset markets. A number of authors suggest that one way of looking for opportunities is to test asset prices for cointegration. This article points out that cointegration among asset prices, or its lack, has no impli cations by itself for efficiency. If risk premia are time-varying, then it is possible that cointegration and the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) jointly hold. There are strong restrictions, however, on how risk premia must vary to ensure that cointegration and the EMH actually hold. These restrictions mean that the finding of cointegration allows sharper, more structured tests of the EMH. First, the parts of assets' rates of return that are predictable from cointegration must equal risk premia. Since the predictable parts of cointegrated assets' rates of return vary over time, risk premia must vary pari passu. Priced risk factors beyond the market are generally required; thus, the Capital Asset-Pricing Model (CAPM) is highly unlikely to be consistent with cointegration and efficiency. The betas, not the risk premia, of at least some priced non-market risk factors must depend on the cointegrating error. Second, the parts of assets' rates of return that are not predictable from cointegration must be explicable cross-sectionally in terms of risk-factor realisations and idiosyncratic error terms. Further, the forecast errors' dependence on realisations of non-market risk factors must vary over time with the cointegrating error.
FORMS OF RECREATIONAL SWIMMING PRACTISED IN LYON (FRANCE)
Authors: Vignal Bénédicte , Champely Stéphane , Terret Thierry
Published: March 2007

Studies on the way recreational swimming is practised in the swimming pool environment generally highlight sociodemographic criteria. The objective of the present study is to identify and understand such practices, based more on subjective factors and the meaning of the practices for the participants. Our study concerned indoor pools in Lyon (France) and was based on a questionnaire ( N=700). Interpretation was based on the concept of forms of practice with five different aspects: the meaning given to the practice; wishes in the way of change to facilities and services; space relations; time relations; and the major social characteristics of users. The results showed that the types of use were highly complex and varied.
The Socceroos Strike a Deal
Authors: Dabscheck Braham
Published: March 2007

In the period September 1996 to January 1998 the Australian Soccer Players' Association and Soccer Australia were locked in a dispute over payments to, and a collective agreement for, Australia's international players — the Socceroos. The major theme of the paper is that the tenets of unionism prevailed over `macho management'. The dispute is situated in the context of Australian soccer's recent history — charges of maladministration, if not worse, and the 1995 Stewart Report — and collective bargaining, since the formation of the players' association in 1993. The article provides an account of the major events and machinations associated with the playing out of this dispute.
AUSTRALIAN TELEVISION, GENDER AND THE OLYMPIC GAMES
Authors: Toohey Kristine
Published: March 2007

Previous studies investigating media coverage of sport in Australia during normal programming indicate that women's sport receives less than 10 percent of the air-time given to men's. This study of the Australian television coverage of the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics found that female events received 32.9 percent and 27.7 percent, respectively, of the Games televised. While it is unfortunate that this is the exception, rather than the rule, it may provide a key to breaking existing patterns of sports programming and thus reduce gender inequities by demonstrating that during the Olympics female sports rank highly in terms of viewer popularity as well as in terms of increased air-time.
SPORT AND CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTALISM
Authors: Lenskyj Helen Jefferson
Published: March 2007

This article examines the notion of sustainable sport in the context of preparations for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney. More specifically, the article critiques the strategy of `corporate environmentalism', which the organizers have deployed in their attempt to remediate the site of the Games.
IT'S STILL A MAN'S GAME?
Authors: Scraton Sheila , Fasting Kari , Pfister Gertrud , Bunuel Ana
Published: March 2007

This article investigates national similarities and differences with respect to how women enter the world of football and whether gender relations continue to impact on both their access to and opportunities in the sport. The data comes from 40 semi-structured interviews with top-level women footballers in England, Germany, Norway and Spain. Early male influences are discussed in relation to: existing work on socialization into sport, notions of femininity, and the different cultural contexts. The organization of youth sport is identified as a crucial factor in influencing girls and young women's opportunities to play football. Furthermore, although men continue to have a considerable influence on the women's game, even when women have no conscious intentions of resistance, they incorporate their own meanings into the sport.
Experiential Public Health Study Abroad Education: Strategies for Integrating Theory and Practice
Authors: Dyjack David , Anderson Barbara , Madrid Amanda
Published: March 2007

Several reputable commissions on higher education have recommended that U.S. schools of public health develop competency-based education grounded in greater realism through enhanced field experience. The purpose of this article is to present a case study that illustrates an experiential public health education delivery model that meets these expectations. A 3-week field-based course is taught in developing countries each year to expose students to public health strategies in resource poor environments. A primary educational aim is to facilitate comprehension of the multiple influences (financial, political, technical, and cultural) that impact health care delivery and national development. Course participants are exposed to and interact with governmental and nongovernmental organizations in host countries. Students actively participate in course management. Measurable benefits accrue to the students, faculty, and the School of Public Health through this field-based academic program.
The Roles of Returned Foreign Education Students in Chinese Higher Education
Authors: Guo Yugui
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview, of the historical background and social context in which Chinese higher education has evolved and how foreign ideas and models hate influenced its modem and contemporary history. Special attention is paid to policies of the state and the influences and roles of `the five generations" of Chinese foreign-educated returned students in the social, economic" scientific and political modernization of China in general and the modernization of higher education in particular

As the introduction of modern higher education in China was a direct result of China s contact with the outside world, Chinese foreign-educated students have played key roles in this international interaction. This articles emphasizes the unique contributions of these students and predicts their influence and role in the future.
OVERCOMING MISTRUST
Authors: Kydd Andrew
Published: March 2007

Trust is often held to promote cooperation, but mistrust can hinder it. This article looks at how trust can be built through strategic interaction. I formalize the common intuition that trust needs to be built through small initial cooperative gestures. These gestures are shown to overcome mistrust and facilitate cooperation in an n-person social dilemma game. The model lends support to the idea that trust can be a product of rational strategic interaction. I then extend the result in a related model that shows how trust can arise between nonaltruistic actors in iterated settings.
Acting together, Contributing together
Authors: HARDIN RUSSELL
Published: March 2007

Collective action typically takes one of two strategically distinct forms. One form is essentially acting together, as in a mob, in coordination on some purpose, which may not be defined in detail or readily changed. The other is contributing together in cooperation or exchange to generate resources that then may be used for collective purposes (although they may also be misused). Historically, much of the most important collective action was acting together; much of recent reformist politics in Western nations has been based in contributing together. There seem also to be distinctive differences across groups, especially across economic classes, in the forms of collective action they adopt. Most obviously, acting together is the resort of those, such as the poor and the young, who lack resources for contributing together. The rise of contributing together has accompanied the rise of a large and prosperous middle class.
Do Catholic Societies Really Exist?
Authors: STARK RODNEY
Published: March 2007

Economic theory holds that competition makes firms vigorous, whereas monopoly firms tend to be lazy. When this principle is applied to religious organizations, it leads to the prediction that the average level of religious commitment among Roman Catholics will vary inversely to the degree that a society is Catholic. This prediction is confirmed by analysis of data for 45 societies. The lower the average level of Catholic commitment, the greater the proportion of the population that claimed to be Catholic. Moreover, the recent explosive growth of Protestantism in Latin American is concentrated in the “most Catholic” nations.
Is Revolution Individually Rational?
Authors: GOLDSTONE JACK A.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the free rider problem in revolutionary action suggests that this problem can be, and historically has been, overcome by drawing on norms of solidarity developed in preexisting groups, which gain individuals' commitment by providing commonly needed public goods. A simple model of rational action by groups, based on considerations of individual solidarity and cross-group interactions, then predicts many of the well-known macrofeatures of revolutions in different kinds of societies.
Rational Choice and Class Voting
Authors: WEAKLIEM DAVID L. , HEATH ANTHONY F.
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the 1987 British Election Study (BES) to examine the rationality of class voting. Class differences in support for parties of the left and right have usually been seen as a direct consequence of interests in income redistribution. The authors examine intervening variables that might explain the relation between class and vote, including attitudes toward redistribution and other economic issues and beliefs about the parties' concern with social classes and other groups. Controlling for these variables does not eliminate the direct effects of class. Some evidence is found that social influences may affect vote directly without operating through attitudes, as suggested by the Columbia voting studies and also that voters do not use the same standards in evaluating the parties, contrary to the assumptions of the prevailing spatial model. Substantial revisions are necessary if rational choice theory, as conventionally understood, is to account for class voting.
Revisting Tally's Corner
Authors: MONTGOMERY JAMES D.
Published: March 2007

In this article, I develop a formal model of underclass behavior based explicitly on Tally's Corner, Elliot Liebow's classic ethnography of streetcorner men. In the model, a social norm requires husbands to provide a minimum level of family support. Disobedience to the norm generates cognitive dissonance, which induces a change in the husband's altruism toward his family. The analysis highlights the interdependence of “mainstream values” and underclass behavior: an increase in mainstream values may actually decrease the level of family support provided by low-income men.
CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLUTIONS
Authors: Weede Erich , Muller Edward N.
Published: March 2007

This is an attempt to evaluate the consequences of revolutions. In our view, revolutions do not contribute to the promotion of liberty, they merely generate a new ruling class or oligarchy, stronger armed forces and more war-involvement. Whether evaluated by economic growth rates, income inequality, or quality of life, the economic performance of postrevolutionary regimes looks unconvincing. Certainly, it cannot compensate for the extraordinary loss of life resulting from 20th century revolutions. This negative balance sheet of revolutions may be explained by a rational choice approach. If public interests or collective goods for the people determined the course of revolutionary events, then the balance should look much better than it does. If revolutionaries are motivated by lust for power and greed, however, then revolutions are human and social capital wasting exercises on a grand scale.
Cultural Aspects of Disability
Authors: Lipson Juliene G. , Rogers Judith G.
Published: March 2007

This article describes cultural and social issues related to disability based on the authors’ experiences as researchers, clinicians, activists, and personal experience. They address the complexity of the topic of disability subculture by arguing that there is not one disability subculture and then describe common themes that characterize the social context of people with disabilities and one highly visible disability subculture. Clinical and research implications are mentioned. The definition of culturally competent care should be broadened to include disability.
Book Review
Authors: Horn Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

Cross-Cultural Nursing-Anthropological Approaches to Nursing Research. By Janice M. Morse, Editor. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1989.
Transcultural Care Values and Nursing Practices of Philippine-American Nurses
Authors: Spangler Zenaida
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this ethnonursing research was to discover, explicate, and analyze the nursing care values and caregiving practices of Philippine nurses working in an American hospital context. The study, which was part of a larger study, was conceptualized within Leininger's theory of culture care. Consistent with the tenets of the theory, a brief overview of Philippine world view, social structure, culture, and ethnohistory was provided. Qualitative analysis of observation-participation and interview data revealed a major care theme of obligation to care.This care theme was supported by three care patterns which were: 1) expressed seriousness and dedication to work, 2) attentiveness to physical care as comfort, and 3) respect and patience as caring modalities. The study also showed that Philippine-American nurses attempted to achieve cultural care congruence by preserving some generic care values and practices, by accommodating to some of the host professional culture's values and practices, and by restructuring or repatterning less serviceable values. Implications for transcultural nursing education, practice, and research were discussed.
The Peyote Way: Implications for Culture Care Theory
Authors: Huttlinger Kathleen W. , Tanner Dennis
Published: March 2007

The development and provision of culturally sensitive and meaningful nursing care is a challenging yet essential element in our rapidly changing health care environment. This article describes the use of the theory of Culture Care to assess, understand, and plan care for an aphasic Navajo man who followed very traditional ways. It is an example of how nursing praxis can be applied to a clinical setting. A description of a Navajo peyote ceremony serves to illustrate the importance of incorporating traditional healing practices into nursing and collaborative care for individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. It also describes how the participation in the Native American Church benefitted the client and his family. By using the Culture Care theory, the authors were able to make predictions about the influences of a culture specific expression, the peyote ceremony, had on the client's care.
Cultural Discovery: An Innovative Philosophy for Creative Learning Activities
Authors: Jeffreys Marianne R. , O'Donnell Mary
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe a philosophical approach for integrating general transcultural nursing concepts and skills within a first semester associate degree nursing course. The authors wished to design a learning activity that would provide meaningful experiences and stimulate critical thinking among nontraditional, culturally diverse students who must learn to care for many clients of diverse cultural backgrounds. With a focus on culture, aging, and health, this creative learner-centered approach, called Cultural Discovery,emphasizes learning outcomes in both the cognitive and affective domains. Cultural Discoveryincludes several components in conjunction with the Leininger Acculturation Health Care Assessment Enabler for Cultural patterns in Traditional and Nontraditional Lifeways,specifically: background reading assignments, classroom activity component, collaborative library introductory program, videotape program, interview, literature review, reflection, and written paper assignment Implemented over an eight week period, Cultural Discoveryassisted beginning nursing students to systematically conduct a basic general cultural assessment, identify some similarities and differences among individuals within cultural groups, distinguish between varying dimensions of acculturation, and discover the importance of culturally congruent nursing care.
Culture Care Meanings and Experiences of Postpartum Depression among Jordanian Australian Women: A Transcultural Study
Authors: Nahas Violeta , Amasheh Nawal
Published: March 2007

This study discovers, describes, and explains the personal experiences, perceptions, and care meanings of Jordanian women who have suffered postpartum depression. Most post-partum cases often are misdiagnosed as exclusively psychological and untreated by health care professionals without consideration to the cultural meanings of this problem. Understanding the experiences of these women is important, as their expressions often are contextually and culturally influenced. Using Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, a purposive sample of 22 Jordanian women diagnosed with postpartum depression, living in Sydney, were interviewed. The ethnonursing research method and data analysis procedures were used. Results revealed that Jordanian mothers experienced severe loss of control over emotions of loneliness, hopelessness, and feelings of being a bad mother. Three major themes focusing on the care meanings and experiences of Jordanian women are discussed: (a) Care means strong family support and kinship during the postpartum period, (b) care is carrying out and fulfilling traditional gender roles as mother and wife, and (c) care is preservation of Jordanian childbearing customs as expressed in the celebration of the birth of the baby.
Rural Perceptions of Crime
Authors: BALL CAROLYN
Published: March 2007

This article examines the commonly accepted assumption that opinions of crime and disorder in rural areas are similar. This is contrasted with the theory that views are based on the environment in which we live, work, and go to school. It uses the responses of approximately 150 officers, 150 youth, and more than 5,000 adults in Maine to test theories. Results show that officers, youth, and adults do not generally agree on the seriousness of crime and disorder in Maine. They did agree that speeding was a concern. Officers, perhaps reflecting their environment, their knowledge of crime, and the police subculture, viewed crime and disorder problems as more of a concern than adults, with youth falling in between.
Political Fund-Raising, Patron-Client Relations, and Organized Criminality
Authors: LIDDICK DON
Published: March 2007

This article provides two case studies of political fund-raising abuses committed during the 1996 U.S. election cycle. The author contends that the behaviors described are best characterized as a form of organized criminality and that a good way to study these behaviors is to frame them in terms of patron-client relations. Though noting the limitations of this approach, the author concludes that social network methods are not only a good match with the patron-client perspective but also offer a realistic opportunity to advance the understanding of organized/white-collar-type crimes.
Destructive Cults: A Legal Dilemma
Authors: Rice Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the legal problems that private citizens and government agencies encounter in dealing with members of destructive cult groups. The first amendment constitutional protections afforded these groups are receiving increased scrutiny as allegations of unlawful and unethical recruitment practices have arisen. Specifically addressed are the court decisions regarding deprogramming and conservator/ protector statutes as well as proposed legislation to impose informed consent requirements on cult recruitment practices.
Research Note: Juveniles on Electronic Monitoring
Authors: Charles Michael T.
Published: March 2007

This study of the electronic monitoring program pilot project operated by the Fort Wayne, Indiana Family Relation's Division of the Superior Court was undertaken during the months of October 1987 through June 1988. The findings indicate juveniles can successfully complete a six month placement on electronic monitoring. The program helped juveniles avoid committing criminal acts and associating with delinquent prone youth while under supervision. Surveillance officers were able to make program participants realize that they would be held responsible for their actions.
Non-Lethal Weapons: A Tool for Law Enforcement
Authors: Biggs Michael
Published: March 2007

The variety of situations faced by law enforcement officers require that they be prepared to use varying levels of escalating force. Use of non-lethal weapons provides a multitude of options which, if used properly, can greatly aid in the resolution of the situation. Key factors in the use of non-lethal weapons include adequate training and discretion in their application.
Empirical Support For Intervention Strategies In Community Corrections
Authors: English Kim K. , Mande Mary J.
Published: March 2007

Half of the clients who terminate from community corrections in Colorado are sent (or returned) to prison, primarily for technical/ house violations and escape. These offenders constitute a growing proportion of the prison population. This study examined offenders who terminated from community corrections in 1989 to determine what characteristics, special needs and program services may be related to outcome (failure and success). Discriminant analyses found age, criminal history, employment, and treatment to be predictive of outcome. Although the study was exploratory, the findings have important implications for program development in community corrections.
Premises Liability and Negligent Security: Issues and Implications
Authors: Meadows Robert J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines 82 premise liability cases reported from 1985 to 1989 in the American Trial Lawyers Association Law Reporter. The focus of the research is to determine the primary sources of business litigation and case outcomes. The study revealed that most cases resulted in out-of-court settlements due to inadequated human and physical security practices. In a majority of cases, there was evidence of prior crimes and intrusions on the business premise. Residential business (apartments) outnumber other businesses in the amount of litigation.
Victimizing the System: The Sheriff's Perspective on Public Order Criminality and Criminal Justice
Authors: Kinkade Patrick T. , Leone Matthew C.
Published: March 2007

County sheriffs were surveyed to assess their beliefs regarding the impact overcrowding within the criminal justice system was having on the operations of their respective departments. Also tested was the premise that certain public order (or victimless) crimes were having a detrimental impact on the operations of their departments and the ability of the criminal justice system to sanction such offenses. Finally, sheriffs were quened as to their relative approval of decriminalization of each of these public order offenses. It was found that the strong majority of the sheriffs surveyed believed that attempts to police public order offenses were having a detrimental impact on their department and the criminal justice system. In spite of this, however, sheriffs were unwilling to decriminalize public order offenses, even those which are officially decriminalized in many jurisdictions, and unofficially ignored in many others.
The Structure, Activity, and Control of Chinese Gangs: Law Enforcement Perspectives
Authors: Kelly Robert J. , Chin Ko-lin , Fagan Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

This paper is part of a larger study of extortion racketeering in New York City's Chinese communities. Based upon information collected from in-depth interviews with local and federal law enforcement authorities (N=23), it focuses on the criminal justice system's perception of the structure and activity of Chinese criminal organizations. The paper also examines how police, federal agents, and prosecutors operate to attack Chinese gangs and organized crime. Finally, it discusses some of the majorproblems encountered by law enforcement authorities in controlling crime in the Chinese community.
Substance Abuse, Violent Behavior, and Police Encounters among Persons with Severe Mental Disorder
Authors: BORUM RANDY , SWANSON JEFFREY , SWARTZ MARVIN , HIDAY VIRGINIA
Published: March 2007

In this sample of 331 people with severe mental disorders, 20% reported being arrested or picked up by police for a crime at some time in the 4-month period before their hospital admission, most commonly for alcohol or drug offenses or crimes of public disorder (e.g., loitering or trespassing). Risk of a police encounter was significantly related to (a) recent use of alcohol or drugs and (b) recent violent behavior. However, substance use appeared to be related to police encounters only when medication noncompliance was also involved. Thus, violent behavior and the combination of medication noncompliance and substance use significantly increased the odds of a police encounter.
History Repeats itself
Authors: MEYER JON'A F.
Published: March 2007

Although restorative justice principles served as the foundation for many Native American legal systems, contemporary tribal courts rely heavily on the laws and standards they received from European settlers. This trend is now being reversed as tribal courts have begun to rediscover their restorative roots and share them with non-Indians. In this article, a framework is developed for understanding the transformation of Native American legal systems from primarily restoration based to those that are more retribution oriented. A case study of the Navajo restorative justice system is presented to illustrate the framework, followed by a discussion of the future of restorative justice in Native American communities.
Sexual Harassment in Women's Jails
Authors: STOHR MARY K. , MAYS G. LARRY , BECK ANN C. , KELLEY TAMMY
Published: March 2007

The pernicious problem of sexual harassment continues to infest criminal justice workplaces. The research indicates and theory predicts that the incidence level of this behavior is particularly high in work environments that are traditionally and predominantly male, descriptors that are applicable to most criminal justice work. Thus, in this study of sexual harassment incidence in seven women's jails, where the number and status of women workers is generally higher, the authors find a predictably lower level of sexual harassment than might be expected in similarly situated men's facilities. The authors also find that gender is the most important variable in predicting support for affirmative action in these unique jails.
Officer Opinions on Police Misconduct
Authors: HUNTER RONALD D.
Published: March 2007

This article builds on the literature regarding the extent of police misconduct and officers' attitudes toward those behaviors. Using information provided within prior research, the author developed several statements regarding the causes of police misconduct and those strategies thought to be effective in curtailing incidents of police misconduct. To critique the proposed statements, a questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of currently serving officers. The findings suggest that officers are aware of the detrimental impacts of police misconduct and hold strong opinions as to what strategies are preferable. Interestingly, demographic variables did not appear to influence those statements for which there was either officer support or opposition.
Simultaneous Active Control of Flexural and Extensional Waves in Beams
Authors: Fuller C.R. , Gibbs G.P. , Silcox R.J.
Published: March 2007

The simultaneous active control of flexural and extensional vibrations in elastic beams is experimentally investigated. The results demonstrate that using pairs of piezoceramic transducers, whose elements are symmetrically located and independently controlled by a multichannel adaptive controller, enables the high attenuation of both flex ural and extensional response. This capability is due to the nature of the piezoceramic ele ment, which when bonded to the surface of the structure and electrically excited, exerts a surface strain on the structure. This strain enables input of both shear forces and moments into the structural system. The results are applicable to many situations where extensional vibrations couple to large flexural vibrations and subsequently radiate signifi cant sound levels.
Algorithm-Based Method for Suppressing the Transmission of Sound in a Water-Filled Waveguide
Authors: Dubbelday Pieter S. , Homer R.
Published: March 2007

Harmonic waves propagating in a water-filled cylindrical waveguide are suppressed by an actuator-sensor combination. The actuator and sensor are made from a material consisting of piezoelectric particles suspended in an elastomer matrix. The feed back mechanism is based on an algorithm originating in the evaluation of complex roots of an analytic function. It does not depend on a model for the experimental arrangement. Results are presented for frequencies varying from 100 to 5000 Hz. Although it is not needed for the operation of the method, a mathematical model is offered that illustrates the wave interaction and provides a comparison of the merits of the active material used with other candidates.
Identification and Adaptive Control of Flexible Truss Structures
Authors: Sekine Koji , Shibayama Yuzo , Iwasawa Naotoshi , Tagawa Norio , Sunahara Sei-Ichi , Yoshida Shiro , Arikabe Takeo
Published: March 2007

This paper describes investigations on adaptive vibration control and shape adjustment of truss structures making use of the active member actuator. The actua tor was manufactured in an attempt to achieve these functions by linear actuating. Funda mental characteristics were examined statically and dynamically. Numerical simulations of planar truss model with the configuration of one pair of collocated actuator and sensor shows that a state observer can estimate truncated modes well and the excited vibration can be controlled rapidly.
Stochastic Approach to Static Control of Adaptive Truss under Imperfection of Adjustable Member Lengths
Authors: Tanaka Masao , Hanahara Kazuyuki
Published: March 2007

The motion control of the adaptive truss with a number of imperfect length-adjustable members is studied from a stochastic point of view. The quality of work space positioning can be maintained in reasonable level by using a large number of redun dant DOFs and an adequate criterion function for motion control. The motion control is also discussed for the case in which individual imperfection at the active member is not known, and the estimation of macroscopic characteristics of the imperfection is proposed. The simulation studies are carried out for several cases, and the feasibility and the effec tiveness of proposed approach is demonstrated.
Gelation of Polysaccharides
Authors: Rinaudo Marguerite
Published: March 2007

This review concerns the different types of gels formed by polysaccharides. First, single polymer-based gels are introduced with thermoreversible gels (agarose, x-carageenan, gel lan), ionic crosslinked gels (alginates, pectins) and thermoforming gels (hydrophobic modified polysaccharides). Then, two-polymer-based gels are discussed; they are obtained when two non- gelling polysaccharides (galactomannan/xanthan), polyanion and polycation (alginate/chitosan), or two gelling polymers are mixed.
Supervised Competitive Learning
Authors: Fuller Thomas H. , Kimura Takayuki D.
Published: March 2007

Supervised Competitive Learning (SCL) assembles a set of learning modules into a supervised learning system to address the stability-plasticity dilemma. Each learning module acts as a similarity detector for a prototype, and includes prototype resetting (akin to that of ART) to re spond to new prototypes. SCL has usually employed backpropagation networks as the learning modules. It has been tested with two feature abstractors: about 30 energy-based features, and a com bination of energy-based and graphical features (about 60). About 75 subjects have been involved. In recent testing (15 college students), SCL recognized 99 % (energy features only) of test digits, 91 % (energy) and 96.6% (energy/graphical) of test letters, and 85% of test gestures (energy/graphical). SCL has also been tested with fuzzy sets as learning modules for recognizing handwritten digits and handwritten gestures, recognizing 97% of test digits and 91% of test gestures.
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Composites
Authors: Boyd James G. , Lagoudas Dimitris C.
Published: March 2007

A micromechanics method based on the Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme is used to predict the effective thermomechanical properties of composite materials reinforced by Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) fibers. Both elastic stiffness changes and transformation strains are taken into account in the constitutive modelling of the SMA fibers. Isothermal longitudinal and transverse stress input and stress-free thermal loading are imposed on the composite, and the composite transformation stress, the maximum transformation strain, and the hysteresis are computed. In con trast to a monolithic SMA, stress-free thermal loading of a shape memory composite is shown to produce transformation strains due to thermal stress induced phase transformation. Closed form solutions for the effective martensite and austenite start temperatures indicate that these temperatures are higher than those of the monolithic SMA material and they depend on the composite processing temperature.
Controllable Shape Retention
Authors: Monkman G.J.
Published: March 2007

A number of smart materials exhibit the unique ability to be frozen into a fixed posi tion and orientation after undergoing physical deformation. A selection of such materials, including certain metals, polymers and fluids, are discussed in this paper before being comparatively evalu ated. A method by which a figure of merit, relating dynamic compliance range to input energy, is derived.
Analysis of Properties of Fiber Composites with Shape Memory Alloy Constituents
Authors: Sullivan B.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the development of micromechanical algorithms for shape memory alloy composite materials. The composite cylinders assemblage algorithm was utilized to determine the effective thermomechanical properties of shape memory alloy composites. The mathe matical development based on this micromechanical model was coded and exercised to predict the response of shape memory alloy fiber/elastomer matrix composites to arbitrary mechanical and ther mal loadings.
Informal Leaders and the Development of Group Efficacy
Authors: Pescosolido Anthony T.
Published: March 2007

Group efficacy is an emerging construct that has great potential for groups as it has been repeatedly linked to group performance. However, there has been little research on the antecedents of group efficacy or how it is developed. What factors lead to high group efficacy? What actions can be taken to foster it? What effect does group leadership have on its development? A study was designed to address these questions and to begin to identify how group efficacy is developed. Data analysis reveals a strong link between the informal leaders’ perceptions of efficacy and group-level measurements of efficacy. It is suggested that group efficacy perceptions are influenced by informal group leaders. Data analysis also reveals that this relationship is much stronger at the beginning of the group’s task than at the end of the group’s task. Implication of these findings and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Risky Decision Making in Mixed-Gender Teams
Authors: Karakowsky Leonard , Elangovan A. R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined male and female decision making under risk and uncertainty at both the individual and the group levels. Participants included 163 undergraduate business students who responded to four business decision-making scenarios individually and in groups of varying gender composition. The results of this study raise a number of important issues regarding patterns of risk tolerance among male and female decision makers, both as sole decision makers and as members of decision-making teams in organizations.
The Analysis of Participation in Small Groups
Authors: Bonito Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Participation in small groups is a complex process, influenced by the competencies, abilities, and behavior of both self and other as well as by the dynamic nature of discussion and the static features of the task. Work on conceptualizing the complexity of participation as an interdependent phenomenon has stagnated, due in no small measure to the difficulty in modeling nonindependent outcome data. Recent developments in such modeling have not only given researchers new analytical tools but raised important theoretical and conceptual concerns regarding participation. Offered here are descriptions of three relatively new models designed to assist in research on interdependence—the social relations model, multilevel modeling, and the actor-partner interdependence model—especially in terms of the issues each raises regarding the nature of participation.
High and Low Consensus Groups
Authors: DeStephen Rolayne S.
Published: March 2007

Previous research on group consensus has not examined group interaction in its entirety to discover communicative behavior patterns characteristic of high and low consensus group discussion. This study analyzes the complete interaction of the final meetings of low and high consensus groups. RELEOM and FIAS findings indicate that both the relational and content levels of communication are significantly different for high versus low consensus groups.