bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cockney Cary
Authors: Naremore James
Published: April 2022

Grant wasn’t a Cockney; his English birthplace, Bristol, was distant from the “bow bells” of London where authentic Cockneys were born. But Grant loved old-fashioned Cockney entertainment and played Cockney characters in several of his films. The most important of these were Sylvia Scarlett (1935) and None But the Lonely Heart (1944), which this chapter emphasizes. The first was a box-office disaster but a breakthrough for Grant because it proved to critics that he could act. The second was a personal project, a realistic social drama close to Grant’s feelings about his origins. Both are good examples of what literary critic William Empson has described as “covert pastoral” themes and techniques. In Sylvia Scarlett, which is unusual because of its androgynous heroine, Grant plays a charismatic Cockney thief and con man who is alternately sinister, comic, and kind. In None But the Lonely Heart, which depicts social problems, Grant plays an alienated, working-class vagabond who has a complex relationship with his mother; his performance in this film shows how good he could be at conveying subtext and intense emotion.
Dancing on Bones
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

Dancing on Bones examines how the leaders of Russia, China, and North Korea exploit the history of past wars—specifically World War II and the Korean War—to shore up popular support and frame contemporary challenges and foreign policy. This book traces the history of how successive ruling regimes have approached this period of history from 1945 to the present day, examining the political utility of historical memory and attempts to enforce a collective national narrative through patriotic education, propaganda, memory laws, censorship, harassment of individual historians, and appeals to nationalism and national pride. It draws on research in Beijing, Moscow, Pyongyang, Seoul, Crimea, Shanghai, and Donetsk and covers events such as Russia’s annexation of Crimea, the 2013–2014 Maidan Revolution and subsequent conflict in Ukraine; the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989; Gorbachev’s Glasnost and Perestroika reforms; the collapse of the Soviet Union; Vladimir Putin’s rise to power, his return to the presidency for a third term, and constitutional reforms; and leadership transitions in North Korea from Kim Il Sung to Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un. Key figures covered within the book include Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikhail Gorbachev, Vladimir Putin, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Xi Jinping, Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un.
Introduction
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the topic of historical memory of World War II and regime support in Russia, China, and North Korea. It draws on Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the use of World War II symbols and narratives in Vladimir Putin’s framing of the crisis. This chapter also introduces the decision to extend the length of World War II in China under Xi Jinping from eight to fourteen years, and the role of wartime history in the Kim regime’s claim to power and pursuit of nuclear weapons and long-range missiles in North Korea.
Myth
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers Kim Il Sung’s rise to power in North Korea and the use of World War II history in his legitimating narrative, specifically focused on his claim to have played a key role in ending Japanese colonial rule in 1945 and the history of his guerrilla struggle. It examines the version of history that the Kim dynasty propagates in North Korea and how that story has been embellished and falsified over time. It also explores the relevance of this history to the contemporary regime under Kim Jong Un and the false claim that North Korea was invaded at the start of the Korean War in 1950. It covers the period from 1940 to 1948.
Enemies
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the version of history North Korea tells its citizens about the Korean War, including how the war started, alleged atrocities perpetrated against civilians during the war, the extent of the air war, and the claim that the armistice with which the conflict ended was a great victory for Kim Il Sung. It examines how the regime draws on exaggerated claims of the threat the country faces to justify the Kim family’s pursuit of nuclear weapons and missile technology. It also covers the Chinese Communist Party’s narrative of the Korean War and associated anti-American propaganda campaign. This chapter covers the period 1950–1962.
Victims
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers the crackdown on protesters in Tiananmen Square in June 1989 and the Chinese Communist Party’s subsequent attempts to shore up public support through appeals to nationalism and a nationwide patriotic education campaign. It examines the crisis of faith that followed the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 and the erosion of support for Communism and socialism during the reform period under Deng Xiaoping. It explores the Chinese Communist Party’s decision to emphasize China’s history of past victimization and national humiliation to frame the necessity of its own contemporary leadership, including the purported century of humiliation that began with the Opium Wars of the nineteenth century and concluded with the Japanese invasion at the start of World War II. It covers the period 1976–1994.
Control
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the Kremlin’s attempts to enforce its preferred narrative of World War II—the Great Patriotic War—through memory laws, popular campaigns, harassment of historians and nongovernmental organizations, and the creation of patriotic groups and initiatives. This includes the 2014 law prohibiting the rehabilitation of Nazism, attacks on the Memorial organization and its members, and official efforts nominally claiming to counter the falsification of history. It explores the regime’s response to anti-government protests in Russia in 2011–2012 ahead of Putin’s third term as president and efforts to shore up popular support through appeals to nationalism and the cultivation of external threats. It also examines the role of color revolutions and mass demonstrations in shaping official perceptions of threats to Putin’s rule. It covers the period 2011–2018.
Using a Historical Analogy as a Research Strategy
Authors: Egloff Florian J.
Published: April 2022

What is an analogy? How does one use a historical analogy for research? And how does this book investigate pirates, privateers, and mercantile companies using such a research strategy? This chapter provides answers. It explains the status of the knowledge claims made, argues why disrupting the current discourse with a historical analogy can be theoretically and empirically productive, and sets up the main conceptual toolkit to pursue the specific historical analogical research strategy employed in this book. It introduces state proximity as a conceptual lens and uses it to elaborate a baseline understanding of the different actors. It categorizes them into state, semi-state, and non-state actors, while recognizing that the boundaries between them are fluid. Finally, to capture the evolution of state proximity of the actors and its implications for security and policy across time, it introduces a macro-historical process perspective and identifies three focuses for the historical research.
Cyber Pirates and Privateers
Authors: Egloff Florian J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter analogizes the relationship between Russian cybercrime and the state to historical privateers and pirates and draws insights based on the type of relationship found and the political strategies used to interact with such actors. The first part shows how historical strategies used to link piracy to a government are implemented today to transform hacking into state-sponsored hacking, using the case of Estonia (2007). This sheds light on elements of the politics of attribution. The second part analyses three criminal cases discussing the risks and opportunities associated with the closeness between cybercrime and politics. The analysis focuses on the longevity and path dependencies. The identification of drivers and feedback-loops refines our understanding of the difficulty to exit a policy of political cybercriminal nexus. This offers a conceptual explanation of the stability of politically constituted cyber insecurity.
Conclusion
Authors: Egloff Florian J.
Published: April 2022

This concluding chapter takes stock of these main insights of the book and assesses their broader implications for the study of cybersecurity and international relations. In particular it discusses the implications for international security of the three main claims advanced. First, how pirates and privateers can shed light onto narratives of state proximity, attribution, and emerging shared understandings of state sponsorship. Second, how the institutions of privateering highlights longevity and its effects on state capability building. Finally, how the application of the analogy to mercantile companies sharpens the focus on how their cooperative and conflictive relations to states, and practices of self-protection, influence cyber(in-)security. The three claims generate insights on how semi-state actors are historically and contemporarily linked to understandings of statehood, sovereignty, and the legitimacy of the state. The book concludes with an outlook on the further study semi-state and non-state actors in cyber(in-)security and beyond.
Bodiless Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 2 explores the context and function of Ignatius of Antioch’s citation of “bodiless demons” in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans. There, Ignatius claims that Christians who believe in a phantasmal Jesus will be “without bodies,” and thus “demonic” (Smyrn. 2). Ignatius contrasts this demonic bodilessness with the dyadic flesh-and-spirit body of Jesus and his “true” followers. Ignatius’s citation of demonic incorporeality, therefore, circumscribes Christian embodiment by connecting it to Christology: a proper Christian body requires appropriate ideas regarding the fleshly nature of Jesus’s body. The chapter concludes by juxtaposing Ignatius’s portrayal of bodiless demons with the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter’s depiction of demons as entities mired in the fleshly world, a contrast that demonstrates how variant demonologies informed divergent materializations of the Christian body.
Belly-Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 4 explores Clement of Alexandria’s exhortation that Christians not mix the “body of the Lord” with the “table of demons” by engaging in gluttonous eating habits. The chapter notes that, following Paul’s comparable claims in 1 Corinthians, many early Christian writers argued that demons promoted animal sacrifice because they consumed the blood and smoke produced as part of the sacrificial process. Clement of Alexandria, as part of his own rendition, portrays the demonic body as animalistic and grotesquely “fattened” due to its excess consumption of sacrificial fumes. Clement contrasts the demons’ corpulence with his construal of the ideal Christian body: chaste, thin, and constantly engaged in contemplative practices that “strip away” the material body. The demonic body, then, informs and undergirds Clement’s ritual program by providing a negative stereotype of those bodily attributes that Clement urges his readers to eschew.
War Unit
Authors: DeLorenzo Lisa C. , Silverman Marissa
Published: April 2022

Civilizations are and have been plagued with wars of all kinds. From those that are outwardly militaristic—e.g., World War II and the Vietnam War—to those that are insidious and less visible, but still destructive. Wars are complicated sites where one can witness and experience that which works against social justice, as well as that which seeks social justice. Because of this, students should understand how music and music making have been engaged during and because of times of war. Therefore, this chapter provides lessons plans that examine the contexts of communities plagued by war, including but not limited to the United States and Europe before, during, and after World War II; and the United States and Vietnam during and after the Vietnam War. Additionally, this chapter illustrates how musics can focus students’ attention on specific contexts and wars. The musics referenced throughout this chapter serve as inspiration and models for student-based improvisation and composition projects.
Love Unit
Authors: DeLorenzo Lisa C. , Silverman Marissa
Published: April 2022

One cannot properly understand social justice unless one engages with “love.” This chapter’s unit examines a variety of musics as they relate, explore, and describe various kinds of love. This chapter showcases how students can survey not only various kinds of love, but also love as manifested across places, spaces, and times and as it pertains to particular social/cultural/political issues such as those related to LGBTQ communities, feminism, and home membership. In doing so, students can perform, compose, improvise, and arrange a variety of musics that showcase not only their understanding of the musics under investigation, but moreover their understanding of “love” and its infinite varieties to serve as a foundation for social justice.
Relationships 2.0
Authors: Kislev Elyakim
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the effect of agricultural technology on society. The agricultural period marks a fundamental change in the technological means of producing food, having shelter, and moving around. Although the agricultural period is only a fraction of the hunting-gathering era, it was significant enough to affect human society, family formation, and intimate relationships in a critical way. It is not only that Relationships 2.0 were mainly based on economic and property considerations, but also that they tended to be part of a certain family structure: the multigenerational household. With technological developments that brought people to focus on lands and farms, the multigenerational family was ideal. Blood ties signified property ownership, inheritance rules, and labor division. This notion of the family as a multigenerational household rather than the nuclear family lasted until industrialization.
Relationships 3.0
Authors: Kislev Elyakim
Published: April 2022

This chapter details the Industrial Revolution, during which inventions such as steam power and electricity changed humans’ lives drastically as factories producing goods with overwhelming speed and efficiency began to spread around the world. In turn, the industrial society carried significant implications for marriage and relationships. Although the mechanisms at play are complex and not entirely uniform, evidence suggests that industrialization contributed immensely to the rise of the nuclear family. Thus, the home became more idealized and a new, pronounced distinction between public and domestic life emerged. By the end of the nineteenth century, the working classes had fully adopted this new mentality of “separate spheres” and saw home as a welcome retreat from the bustle and hum of the city’s factories. The transition from multigenerational families also coincided with marriages becoming more affectionate. As the economic importance of marriage declined, spouses became lovers, companions, and partners. Ultimately, he structural changes in family formation altered the very ways that family members thought and felt about each other.
Relationships 5.0 and the Physical Revolution
Authors: Kislev Elyakim
Published: April 2022

This chapter studies the physical revolution, exploring the impact of giving a physical body to human-tech interactions and demonstrating the advances in the field of social robotics. It shows how robots are soon expected to be emotional companions to anyone willing to use them, just like mobile phones. Particularly as technology improves and social robots are spreading, people may start to embrace the idea of robot companions. Of course, society first needs to see how robots are ethical, regulated, and safe to use. Moreover, we must know and experience first-hand how robots can strengthen our emotional capabilities, help in stimulating conversations with others, and even teach us the meaning of real pleasure so we can give others what we experienced. Only then can we develop trust toward this technology. Indeed, of all three revolutions, the physical one faces the greatest rejection. Many people treat relationships with robots as unhealthy and unsatisfying. In addition, robots attract the most ethical and regulatory controversies.
Affirmative Action and the Threat of the Black Middle Class
Authors: Yancy Nina M.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how the relationship between local geography and White opinion on affirmative action reflects White Americans' shared vantage point. The chapter introduces the Black middle class as an understudied demographic in racial threat scholarship and conceptualizes a "status threat" based on White perceptions of Black Americans as "rich" or "poor." The chapter then presents analysis of a national survey panel spanning the 2007-2009 recession. In areas where unemployment increased most sharply, White people were most likely to believe their racial group was getting poorer while Black people were getting richer—despite the harsher consequences of the recession for Black Americans. These perceptions of a rising Black middle class then exacerbate opposition to affirmative action, among racially prejudiced and tolerant White people alike. These findings highlight both the subjectivity of White Americans' perspective on their surroundings and the coherence of that perspective across the spectrum of racial attitudes.
Introduction
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

The Introduction presents a brief story about the writing of this book, and it also presents the main idea of the project by bringing in collective memory, media, and the mind to the forefront of the discussion. It specifies the events central to the case study and identifies unique features of the project. It then provided the outline of the book’s chapters and prepares the reader for the results that can be viewed as controversial and challenging because they undermine well-established beliefs in the West that there is a clear-cut divide between the trustworthy free media in democratic states, such as the United States, and the state-censored—and hence, untrustworthy—media in authoritarian states such as contemporary Russia.
Group Memory
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the reader to the complexity of the phenomenon of collective memory, with a specific focus on the construction, reconstruction, and distortion of collective memories. The underlying mechanisms of memory construction and reconstruction that are discussed in depth include the opposition of collective memory and history; the process of memory construction and memory distortion, as well as the role of official producers of the collective memory, such as textbooks and media, in memory construction and manipulation; the role of the other in the construction of memory; and the contribution of the individual memory to the construction of collective memory.
How the Mind Processes Text, Media News, and Misinformation
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

The question that this chapter aims to answer concerns the mind that consumes information supplied by official producers of memory. How does the mind process the text in general and information from media news in particular, and how does the mind process misinformation? First, the chapter discusses the general existent evidence on text and discourse processing as it relates to the scope of the book. Then it specifically examines how individual minds process and consume media news. Finally, it discusses research on how deliberately distorted information is processed by the individual’s mind. The surveyed findings derive from a few fields, such as psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and social psychology, and provide an in-depth review of the evidence obtained in each of those fields by highlighting knowledge that is central to the current investigation.
Sociocognitive Approach to the Construction of Memory
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

Based on the accumulated knowledge in the three fields of collective memory, media, and the mind, this chapter builds an argument about the intertwined relationship between these three entities and offers a sociocognitive framework within which the case study central to this book was conducted. A few similar trends emerge in the study of collective memory, media, and the mind: the role of schemata, the construction of a narrative representing the other, bias, and distortion. This chapter discusses each of these factors as they relate to each individual field and shows how they become interconnected when placed in the sociocognitive framework. The conceptualization of the main framework is developed further by showing how the cross-cultural component—the simultaneous analysis of the two groups, each of which serves as the other for another group—adds a new angle to the study of memory, media, and the mind.
Takeover of Crimea
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

This chapter is devoted to one of the most important events in the recent development of relations between Russia and the United States—the takeover of Crimea by Russia in 2014. Through the analysis of US and Russian media, it shows how the narrative surrounding the takeover subsequently has changed to reflect the persistent ideological lines adopted by the media of the two countries. Whereas Russian media emphasized the illegitimacy of the Ukrainian government after the Ukrainian president was ousted, the free will of the people in Crimea to join Russia demonstrated at the referendum, the legality of the unification process, and the role of the US government in the change of power in Kiev, the US media that initially reported a relatively peaceful “low-key” invasion in Crimea and acknowledged the referendum later switched to present the event as an annexation or invasion by Russia and omitted any reference to the referendum held in Crimea. The analysis of the US media is followed by the analysis of Russian media related to the event.
Memory, Media, and the MindRevisiting the Framework
Authors: Isurin Ludmila
Published: April 2022

The chapter starts with the reconceptualization of the original framework in light of the findings from the media analysis by bringing the reenactment of the other into primary focus while preserving the original components of the framework. It discusses a few main concepts, such as the role of schemata, bias, and distortion in the reenactment of the other. Then it raises the question of whether such reenactment is a goal or means within the ideology of the media. After discussing how the mind constructed the memories delivered by the media, it brings the reader back to the original framework to discuss the interconnected nature of memory, media, and the mind.
1. Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching (  Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景‎教‎三‎威‎蒙‎度‎讚‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F. “Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Book of the Lord Messiah (Xuting mishisuo jing序‎聽‎迷‎詩‎所‎經‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F. “Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

This introductory chapter supplies the basic method used in the following study. It argues that the Qurʾān and, by extension, early Islam, had an ambiguous relationship to other religions, but especially those of Judaism and Christianity. This is because these two religions played large roles on the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Islam’s genesis. After a discussion of how the sources will be used and the difference between Islamic studies and religious studies, a brief breakdown of the chapters that follows is presented.
Producing Islam Through the Production of Religious Others
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores how the early community expanded upon the aforementioned categories in chapter 1 as it began to encounter real flesh-and-blood religious others entrenched in areas outside of the Arabian Peninsula. Even though such encounters were historical, the presentation of religious others primarily remained literary. As Islam spread into these regions with ancient and deep-rooted monotheistic traditions, Muslim thinkers had to make sense of such traditions in a manner that, while acknowledging their antiquity, nevertheless discredited their presence. At issue was how to demonstrate just when, why, and where they went wrong. Ancient traditions associated with Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, among others, needed to be plotted on a “historical” grid.
Past Perfect
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the concept of jāhiliyya, the so-called Age of Ignorance prior to Muhammad’s prophetic call. It shows how this term—as artificial and imprecise as others discussed in previous chapters—also functioned as a vague and ambiguous category under which could be subsumed any number of different and competing characteristics. All of these terms had the further advantage of bringing orthodoxy into focus and, once in focus, aid in the sharpening of its ideological edge. Again, though, it was a later projection, one that was as much about clarifying the present as it was about elucidating a distant past.
Making Christians
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the tension between non-Muslims as bearers of a proto-Islam and non-Muslims as corrupters of pre-Muhammadan Islam. Once again, the Qurʾān provided an initial framework to undertake this; however, it was amplified in subsequent literature. Rather than employ the same strategy as the previous chapter, however, this one instead pursues a different line of inquiry. It shows how the early Muslim encounter with Christian texts and institutions created a related, and by now familiar, set of anxieties. To create a system of governance, taxation, and so forth, the new empire had to use many of the structures already in place. Again, the necessity of differentiating Islam, the new and regnant religion, from that which it overtook was essential.
Conclusions
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

The conclusion revisits the saying of Ernest Renan, who once remarked that Islam, unlike other religions, emerged “in the full light of history.” If the sources examined in the previous chapters were historically accurate as opposed to often much later back-projections, this might well be the case. Alas, it is not. Instead, our sources reveal a host of subterranean issues to which we must be attentive. These include political, ideological, and sectarian issues. The anxiety afforded by religious competition is why so many of the literary genres that emerge out of the early periods seem to be so conscious of religious difference and alterity. Islam, to return to a point I made in the Introduction, is always thought about comparatively.
Making Audiences
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki
Published: April 2022

This book explores the hundred-year history relationship between Japanese media and social subjects through an analysis of the connections between cinema audiences and five significant discursive terms: minshū (the people), kokumin (the national populace), tōa minzoku (the East Asian race), taishū (the masses), and shimin (citizens), which circulated in different periods from the 1910s through the present, while also overlapping in a way that indicates that the history of Japanese social subjects has unfolded in a multilayered rather than linear manner, through periods bounded up with and impacted by various political and economic issues, ranging from capitalism and total war to neoliberalism and risk society. The book shows how in each context these five terms have not necessarily been deployed as a set of lexically defined, fixed, and stable meanings but have entailed certain discrepancies and contradictions among a diverse range of standpoints, their different interpretative valence changing according to historical context. Sometimes used to define the self and sometimes to define a given other, as well as being enunciated through discourses, the terms have been enacted by physical bodies. The book empirically and analytically elucidates a dynamic, multilayered history of cinema audiences in Japan as part of a larger relationship between media and social subjects and examines cinema audiences as simultaneously shaped by and shaping social history. In so doing, it brings a new perspective to the history of Japanese society and culture in its global context from the early twentieth century up to the early twenty-first century.
“Citizens” as Vulnerable Subjects
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights the process whereby the seemingly autonomous “citizen,” celebrated in the years around 1960 as a voluntary independent agent participating in social movements, has actually turned out to be a vulnerable subject forced into socially disadvantageous positions (although the category and corollary identity can be occupied by anyone). More specifically, “citizens” surface in contemporary discourse as precarious, flexible, and self-responsible subjects under the social conditions characterized by the notion of the risk society, neoliberalism, and decentralized power networks. The chapter especially highlights how women have taken a central but ambivalent position in this history of “citizens” who simultaneously serve as both agents developing new networks and advancing social movements and as vulnerable subjects of economic power regularly exploited as convenient sources of temporary or part-time labor since the enforcement of the Equal Employment Operation Law and the Laborers’ Dispatch Business Law in 1985. Building on Manuel Castells’s notion of “network society,” the final section of this chapter suggests that the networks in contemporary society can be classified into three types: power networks, territorializing-oriented “citizen” networks, and de-territorializing-oriented “citizen” networks. It illustrates how the first two types have developed in conjunction with the newly emerging social media, while leaving discussion of the last type for the next chapter.
The Rise of the Data-opolies
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter begins by explaining the short lives of most U.S. companies, where the average half-life of U.S. publicly traded companies is close to 10 and one-half years. Of the companies that were created between 1950 and 2009, most died after their initial public offering and fewer than 5% remained alive after 30 years. It also addresses the question of why Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon successfully dominated multiple markets for years and seem poised to continue their domination over the next decade. The chapter canvasses the many markets that data-opolies, such as Google and Apple, have dominated. It explores four features of the digital platform economy that lead these markets to tip to monopolies or duopolies.
Why Isn’t Competition the Easy Fix?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

The policy proposals in the last chapter assume that more competition can restore privacy and well-being, by curbing the data-opoly's surveillance and extraction of data. This chapter examines why increasing competition will not always improve privacy in many digital markets that depend on behavioral advertising for their revenues. While the competition would still be toxic without the data-opolies, the chapter discusses how Google and Facebook, as the Gamemakers, design the competitive process to maintain their dominance and profits.
Who Owns the Data, and Is That Even the Right Question?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores whether property law is the proper legal framework to address toxic competition and the abuses by data-opolies. It reviews a long debate in the United States as to whether to frame privacy in terms of market-based solutions versus viewing privacy as a fundamental, inalienable right. It also examines how data-opolies can game the system, regardless of which approach—property-based or fundamental rights—the jurisdiction relies upon. The chapter highlights multiple shortcomings of a market-based approach to privacy. It notes how the “Own Your Own Data Act” and other proposed legislation that clarifies that individuals own their personal data neither serves as protection from data-opolies nor toxic competition.
What Are the Policy Implications if Data Is Non-rivalrous?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the clash between privacy and competition, which has been largely unexplored by policymakers and the literature to date. It reviews competition policies, which seek to “democratize” personal data by circulating and redistributing the data with sufficient privacy safeguards to maximize its overall value. It also looks at competition policies that focus on “data-openness” by increasing data portability, improving interoperability, and requiring powerful platforms to share some of the personal data with rivals. The chapter explains that once privacy’s data-minimization principles are effectively applied, there will likely be less data to democratize, and competition, innovation, and data philanthropy can potentially suffer. Promoting data-openness policies, however, increases the risk of a surveillance economy where the public is the commodity. It also points out that while many people can use the data to glean insights without reducing the data’s value for others, the repeated mining of the data can impose a negative externality on our privacy. Thus, the fact that personal data is non-rivalrous does not necessarily point to the optimal policy outcome.
A Way Forward
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

To minimize the conflict between privacy and competition, this chapter examines what policymakers can do, besides avoiding the four traps, when privacy policies hamper competition or when competition policies degrade privacy. First, policymakers must ensure that their policies promote healthy competition, rather than the toxic variety fueling the surveillance economy. The chapter emphasizes the placement of legal guardrails and alignment of incentives that make privacy a critical non-price component of competition. Second, the chapter assesses a spectrum of privacy policies to enhance privacy and deter toxic competition. It highlights the outcome of correctly adjusting consumer protection, privacy, and data protection laws, providing more informed choices about how data is processed. It points out the occurrence of greater incentives and opportunities to offer technologies and alternative business models that protect privacy while unleashing the potential value from non-rivalrous data when companies compete in promoting privacy.
“This Is Our Nation, Not Theirs”
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar
Published: April 2022

This chapter uses quantitative data to show how many white Christian nationalists there are, which religious traditions they belong to, and what they believe. WCN is most strongly represented among evangelical Protestants but attracts significant numbers of mainline Protestants, Roman Catholics, and even some non-Christians. It also shows that white Americans who embrace Christian nationalism have very different views than non-whites who do so, and on a wide range of issues including America’s religious history, racial discrimination, and economic issues. This is why it is important to focus on white Christian nationalism, rather than just “Christian nationalism,” or “white Christianity.” Last, the chapter shows how WCN influences Americans’ interpretations and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their embrace of libertarian, free-market economics.
Dissent in New York’s Transport Workers Union
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna
Published: April 2022

A caucus of activist transit workers seeking to fight management chose to focus their efforts primarily on ousting a perceived “do-nothing” union leadership. This chapter demonstrates some of the gains and losses intrinsic to the electoral package. As a commonly used arena, running candidates for office was easy for workers to understand, and it held the allure of a decisive victory leading to substantive changes in union policy. Yet means can turn into ends: winning an election and functioning in office after winning may be in tension with each other. The need to, “first, win” led to the creation of dubious alliances and, ultimately, turmoil within the compound player. Small gains and losses, strategic tradeoffs, dilemmas, and decisions—often intended to resolve short-term problems—shaped and altered what it meant to win. Even apparent gains come freighted with diverse consequences.
The Bible after Independence and before Paine
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The American Revolution meant that the new nation broke with Britain politically, but religious attitudes from the colonial period, including attitudes toward Scripture, did not materially change. The Bible remained an honored part of the cultural landscape. But compared to the Revolutionary years, when Scripture was enlisted to defend the patriot cause, it mostly receded into the background. Up in the air was the question of how religion and society would relate in the new nation that had rejected the forms of European Christendom, especially state-church establishments (though light establishment religion remained in almost all of the new American states).
Custodial Protestants versus Sectarian Protestants
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

In the first generation after the Constitution, active Protestants organized to spread Christianity throughout the land. But three very different visions drove these Protestants. Custodial Protestants (linked with the Federalist Party) saw religion as supporting traditional structures. Mostly Congregationalists and Presbyterians, these individuals and groups sought to perpetuate at least some forms of national Christendom, but through voluntary means. Sectarian Protestants, mostly Baptists and those who followed Thomas Campbell, were linked with Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans. They viewed true religion as supporting individual liberty and opposing any organized national authority as tyranny under another guise. Methodists (the next chapter) focused primarily on spiritual concerns. Eventually, custodial Protestants were won over to using voluntary means to spread Christianity and ensure public morality.
Democracy
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The Bible-based Protestant Christianity that flourished so remarkably in the free atmosphere of the new United States never witnessed agreement on how the Scriptures should be put to use. The success of new sectarian upsurges, like the Restorationist movement led by Alexander Campbell and Barton Stone, rested on their claim to follow “the Bible alone.” That claim supported an all-out critique of inherited Protestant traditions. Sectarian interpretations of Scripture, like William Miller’s predictions that the world would end in 1843, drew intense interest despite Miller’s lack of ecclesiastical standing. Joseph Smith went even further, as he honored the Bible but also published the Book of Mormon as yet a further revelation from God. The connection between Protestant beliefs and democratic beliefs allowed for Christianity to spread more rapidly in the United States than anywhere else in the world. But the attempt to build a Bible civilization was doomed because of the internal Protestant pluralism that American democracy facilitated—and that before the upsurge of immigration from non-Protestants (and others) in the 1830s and following.
The War before the War
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

In the thirty years before the Civil War, hundreds of works applied scriptural teaching to adjudicate the American system of slavery. Defenders of slavery from the Bible included virtually all southern whites, but also a very large number of northern biblical interpreters. The latter often expressed hope for the eventual elimination of slavery but could not see how faithfulness to Scripture allowed slavery to be called a malum in se (an evil in itself). While only minor differences were found in proslavery uses of Scripture, antislavery voices differed radically among themselves. Some abolitionists dueled proof-text for proof-text. Others stressed the context of biblical writings to show why Scripture disallowed slavery. Still others applied “history,” although “history” meaning several different things, to interpret passages thought to legitimate slavery as preparing for the modern recognition that slavery was evil. On questions of race, white biblical interpreters only rarely paused to recognize that, whatever the Bible said about slavery, it nowhere offered any sanction to the form of Black-only enslavement practiced in the United States.
Civil Religion
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The Bible maintained a prominent place in expressions of “American civil religion,” the generic ascription of vague religious meaning to the nation’s heritage and goals. A comparison of the biblical texts employed at the deaths of presidents (Washington and Lincoln from earlier, Garfield and McKinley later) reveals a gradual shift toward the New Testament, a general move away from using the Bible to demand personal repentance, and a continuing depiction of the nation as divinely chosen. Celebrations of the three-hundredth anniversary of the King James Bible in 1911 featured the same themes, with only a few voices worrying about religious integrity when so many people treated the Bible as a utilitarian lever for American progress. Major speeches by Theodore Roosevelt, William Jennings Bryan, and Woodrow Wilson mostly emphasized those themes; their actions showed general deference to what could be considered biblical values, but just as much disregard for those same values.
Still under a Bushel
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

White Americans still paid little heed to Black engagement with Scripture, which continued to spread and deepen in the half-century after the Civil War. Denominations like the African Methodist Episcopal church promoted higher educational standards for its ministers. Public figures like Ida B. Wells and Frederick Douglass retained firm allegiance to Scripture. Thoughtful biblical immersion inspired capable leaders like the AME’s Daniel Alexander Payne and the Episcopalian Alexander Crummell. Francis Grimké, pastor of the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., was a particularly forceful leader who combined a traditional conservative understanding of the Bible with a lifelong commitment to progressive civil rights reform.
From the Ashes of History
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This book theorizes collective trauma as a foundational force in international politics—a shock to political cultures that can both make and break international institutions. Though scholars of international relations and related disciplines have historically paid outsize attention to the onset of mass violence, as well as the changes it causes in the balance of power or security calculations, far less attention has been paid to its indirect longer-term impacts, particularly as they manifest as collective trauma. This book argues that collective trauma can not only shape the divisions between “us” and “them” that constitute the international system but also frame logics of interaction over the course of generations. The first half of the book develops a theoretical framework for understanding collective trauma as an emergent phenomenon, outlining both how it translates from individual to social (and vice versa) and how it interacts with diverse political conditions and competing priorities. The second half turns to three historical cases examining colonialism as collective trauma in post-independence India, the Holocaust’s constitutive role in Israeli foreign policy imaginaries, and the influence of the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis on the US global war on terror. Taken together, these cases demonstrate collective trauma’s foundational role in international politics, as well as the larger potential benefits of a “trauma turn” for the international relations discipline. This reorientation, the book demonstrates, is particularly vital as scholars work to combat the discipline’s Western bias and better account for the legacy of structural injustice and oppression.
Theorizing Collective Trauma
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This chapter theorizes collective trauma as an emergent phenomenon in international politics. It begins with a political genealogy of trauma and distills from it a central paradox in the collectivization of trauma: traumatic events suppress memory and isolate victims, and yet bearing witness can have enormous political consequences. To avoid a problematic partial understanding, the chapter defines collective trauma explicitly via the multilevel crisis in representation inherent in trauma’s politicization. Further, it outlines how this crisis interacts with economic and institutional conditions, differentiating collective trauma in communities with resources for psychosocial processing from those without such resources. This addition helps combat the Western bias of much existing literature and build a lens transportable across contexts. Ultimately, the chapter argues that narrative is vital for translating trauma into political imaginaries. It outlines how social scientists can adapt hermeneutic tools from literary theory and historiography to read the paradoxes of collective trauma in analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to the book and overview of subsequent chapters.