bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracheal rupture associated with intubation in cats: 20 cases (1996–1998)
Authors: Mitchell Susan L. , McCarthy Robert , Rudloff Elke , Pernell Robert T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize clinical features of tracheal rupture associated with endotracheal intubation in cats and to evaluate the most appropriate treatment for this condition.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—20 cats with a history of endotracheal intubation that subsequently developed dyspnea or subcutaneous emphysema.

Procedure—Medical records of cats with a presumptive diagnosis of tracheal rupture associated with intubation were reviewed. Clinical and clinicopathologic data were retrieved.

Results—Cats were evaluated 5 hours to 12 days after a surgical or medical procedure requiring general anesthesia with intubation had been performed. Fourteen (70%) cats were evaluated after dental prophylaxis. All cats radiographed had pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Eighteen of 19 cats were initially treated medically. Duration of medical treatment for cats that did not have surgery ranged from 12 to 72 hours. Cats that had surgery received medical treatment 3 to 24 hours prior to the surgical procedure. Medical treatment alone was administered to 15 cats that had moderate dyspnea, whereas surgical treatment was chosen for 4 cats that had severe dyspnea (open-mouth breathing despite treatment with oxygen) or worsening subcutaneous emphysema. Eighteen cats had improvement of clinical signs, 1 cat died after surgery, and 1 cat died before medical or surgical intervention.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Most cats with tracheal rupture associated with intubation can be treated medically. Cats with worsening clinical signs (severe dyspnea, suspected pneumothorax, or worsening subcutaneous emphysema) should have surgery performed immediately to correct the defect. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1592–1595)
Isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and Pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever
Authors: Storz Johannes , Purdy Charles W. , Lin Xiaoqing , Burrell Mamie , Truax Robert E. , Briggs Robert E. , Frank Glynn H. , Loan Raymond W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify cytocidal viruses andPasteurellaspp that could be isolated from cattle involved in 2 natural outbreaks of shipping fever.

Design—105 and 120 castrated male 4- to 8-monthold feedlot cattle involved in 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively.

Animals—Nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected, and cattle were vaccinated on arrival at an order-buyer barn from 4 local auction houses. Four days later, they were transported to a feedlot, and additional nasal swab specimens and blood samples were collected. Nasal swab specimens were submitted for virus isolation and bacterial culture; blood samples were submitted for measurement of respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) hemagglutinin inhibition titers.

Results—93 of 105 cattle and 106 of 120 cattle developed signs of respiratory tract disease during 1997 and 1998, respectively, and RBCV was isolated from 81 and 89 sick cattle, respectively, while at the orderbuyer's barn or the day after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1997 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 4 cattle 14 days after arrival at the feedlot. During the 1998 outbreak, bovine herpesvirus 1 was isolated from 2 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and on arrival at the feedlot and from 5 cattle 7 and 14 days after arrival at the feedlot, and parainfluenza virus 3 was isolated from 1 animal the day of, and from 18 cattle 7 and 14 days after, arrival at the feedlot.Pasteurellaspp was cultured from 4 and 6 cattle at the order-buyer's barn and from 92 and 72 cattle on arrival at the feedlot during the 1997 and 1998 outbreaks, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that RBCV may play a causative role in outbreaks of shipping fever in cattle. More than 80% of the sick cattle shed RBCV at the beginning of 2 outbreaks when thePasteurellaspp infection rate was low. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1599–1604)
Prognostic factors and patterns of treatment failure in dogs with unresectable differentiated thyroid carcinomas treated with megavoltage irradiation
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Marks Stanley L. , Feldman Edward S. , Griffey Steven
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine quality and duration of progression-free survival (PFS) time in dogs with unresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with definitive megavoltage irradiation and analyze prognostic factors of PFS and patterns of failure (local recurrence vs metastasis).

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—25 dogs with locally advanced thyroid carcinomas and no evidence of metastasis.

Procedure—Dogs were treated with 48 Gy during 4 weeks on an alternate-day schedule of 4 Gy/fraction.

Results—Irradiation was safe and effective for treatment of large unresectable thyroid carcinomas. Progression-free survival rates were 80% at 1 year and 72% at 3 years. Time to maximum tumor size reduction ranged from 8 to 22 months. Factors affecting PFS were not found. Twenty-eight percent (7/25) of dogs developed metastasis. Dogs with bilateral tumors had 16 times the risk of developing metastases, compared with dogs with a single tumor. Dogs with no evidence of tumor progression had 15 times less risk of developing metastases. Radiation-induced hypothyroidism was suspected in 2 dogs 13 and 29 months after irradiation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Irradiation is effective for local control of thyroid tumors, despite their slow regression rate. Results provided evidence that local tumor control affects metastatic outcome in dogs with thyroid carcinomas and is a strong basis for the development of new approaches that include irradiation in the management of dogs with advanced thyroid carcinomas. Improvements in local tumor control alone may be insufficient to improve survival times because of the high risk of metastatic spread before an initial diagnosis is made, which warrants initiation of early systemic treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216: 1775–1779)
Risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in Texas
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Vontur Cynthia A. , Rakestraw Peter C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify risk factors for enterolithiasis in horses.

Design—Matched case-control study.

Animals—26 horses with enteroliths, 104 horses with other causes of colic that underwent surgery (52 horses, surgical control group) or were treated medically (52 horses, nonsurgical control group).

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for horses with enteroliths and control horses. Information collected included signalment, anamnesis, and findings on physical examination and clinicopathologic testing at admission. Horses with enteroliths and control horses were compared by means of conditional logistic regression to identify factors associated with enterolithiasis.

Results—Horses that were fed alfalfa hay, spent ≤ 50% of time outdoors, or were Arabian or miniature breeds had an increased risk of developing enteroliths. Horses with enteroliths were more likely to have been hyperbilirubinemic and to have had clinical signs > 12 hours prior to admission.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Breed and diet appear to influence the risk of enterolithiasis; other management factors also may influence development of enteroliths. Duration of clinical signs may be longer and signs may be less severe among horses with enteroliths, compared with horses with other causes of colic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1787–1794)
Arthroscopic removal of patellar fracture fragments in horses: five cases (1989–1998)
Authors: Marble George P. , Sullins Kenneth E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the use of arthroscopy as the primary method for removal of large patellar fracture fragments.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—5 performance horses of various breeds with patellar fractures.

Procedure—Clinical signs of lameness, external evidence of injury, and radiography were used to diagnose and determine fracture orientation. Arthroscopy of the stifle joint was performed on the affected limb with the horse positioned in dorsal recumbency and under general anesthesia. Progress after surgery was determined by evaluating medical records and via telephone conversations with owners.

Results—4 of 5 horses had fractures of the medial aspect of the patella and 1 horse had a fracture of the lateral aspect of the patella. There were no postoperative complications with the joint or the arthroscopic portal incisions. Recovery periods ranged from 3 to 5 months. All horses recovered completely from surgery, and performed at the same or higher level of competition as before arthroscopy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Femoropatellar joint arthroscopy is a favorable means by which evaluation of the stifle joint and removal of large fracture fragments can be achieved with negligible postoperative complications. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1799–1801)
Assessment of five portable blood glucose meters, a point-of-care analyzer, and color test strips for measuring blood glucose concentration in dogs
Authors: Cohn Leah A. , McCaw Dudley L. , Tate Deborah J. , Johnson Jane C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare blood glucose concentrations
obtained using a point-of-care (POC) analyzer, 5 portable
blood glucose meters (PBGM), and a color reagent test
strip with concentrations obtained using a reference
method, and to compare glucose concentrations
obtained using fresh blood samples in the PBGM with
concentrations obtained using blood anticoagulated
with lithium heparin.

Design—Case series.

Sample Population—110 blood samples from 34
dogs; glucose concentration of the samples ranged
from 41 to 596 mg/dl.

Procedure—Logistic regression was used to compare
blood glucose concentrations obtained with the
various devices with reference method concentrations.
Ease of use was evaluated subjectively.
Percentage of times a clinical decision would have
been altered if results of each of these methods had
been used, rather than results of the reference
method, was calculated.

Results—For 3 of the PBGM, blood glucose concentrations
obtained with fresh blood were not significantly
different from concentrations obtained with
blood samples anticoagulated with lithium heparin.
None of the devices provided results statistically
equivalent to results of the reference method, but the
POC analyzer was more accurate than the others. For
some samples, reliance on results of the PBGM or
the color test strip would have resulted in erroneous
clinical decisions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although
commercially available PBGM and color test strips
provided blood glucose concentrations reasonably
close to those obtained with reference methods,
some devices were more accurate than others. Use
of results from these devices could lead to erroneous
clinical decisions in some cases. ( J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2000;216:198–202)
Visceral mast cell tumors in dogs: 10 cases (1982–1997)
Authors: Takahashi Tomoko , Kadosawa Tsuyoshi , Nagase Masayuki , Matsunaga Satoru , Mochizuki Manabu , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize the clinical features of visceral
mast cell tumors (MCT) without associated cutaneous
involvement in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—10 dogs with histologically confirmed MCT
without associated cutaneous lesions.

Procedure—Information on signalment, clinical signs,
laboratory examinations, and time from first admission
to death was obtained from the medical record
of each dog.

Results—Purebred male dogs of miniature breeds
appeared to have a higher prevalence of visceral MCT.
Clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting,
and diarrhea. Anemia (n = 7), hypoproteinemia (5), and
mastocythemia (5) were detected. Treatments, including
glucocorticoids, were not successful. Primary sites
of tumors were the gastrointestinal tract (n = 6) and
the spleen or liver (1); the primary site was not confirmed
in the remaining 3 dogs. In 7 dogs, tumors
were categorized as grade II or III, on the basis of histologic
findings. The prognoses were poor, and all
dogs died within 2 months after first admission.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Visceral MCT
is uncommon in dogs, and the prognosis is extremely
poor. Biological behavior and drug susceptibility of
visceral MCT may be different from cutaneous MCT.
The lack of specific clinical signs may result in delay of
a definitive diagnosis. The rapid progression of clinical
signs and difficulty in diagnosis contributes to a short
survival time. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:
222–226)
Complications associated with the use of indwelling epidural catheters in dogs: 81 cases (1996–1999)
Authors: Swalander David B. , Crowe Dennis T. , Hittenmiller Donald H. , Jahn Pamela J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate complications associated with use of indwelling epidural catheters in dogs in a clinical setting.

Design—Retrospective clinical study.

Animals—81 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for dogs in which a 19-gauge epidural catheter was placed percutaneously at L7-S1and advanced to the point of maximum efficacy for pain control (between L7and T4, depending on the procedure). Catheters were used to provide perioperative epidural analgesia during surgeries that included perineal (n = 6), hind limb (33), abdominal (43), thoracic (5), forelimb (2), and cervical (1) procedures.

Results—Catheters were maintained in situ from 1 to 7 days (mean, 2.3 days; median, 2.0 days). Sixty-four dogs did not have complications; 17 dogs had minor complications. Catheter dislodgement was the most common complication (13/80 [16%] dogs). Catheter site contamination without inflammation developed in 2 (2.4%) dogs; inflammation at the catheter site developed in 2 (2.4%) dogs but was not related to duration of time the catheter was in place. Complications were not serious and did not require treatment other than catheter removal. Dogs that dislodged their catheters were significantly younger (mean, 2.9 years; median, 2.0 years) than other dogs (mean, 6.2 years; median, 6.0 years). Dogs that received femoral fracture repair dislodged their catheters more often (62.5%) than dogs undergoing other procedures (10.9%).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The complication rate associated with temporary epidural catheterization of dogs appears to be low, and complications generally are not serious. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:368–370)
Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Glickman Nita W. , Schellenberg Diana B. , Raghavan Malathi , Lee Tana L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) among 11 dog breeds (Akita, Bloodhound, Collie, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Standard Poodle, and Weimaraner).

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—1,914 dogs.

Procedure—Owners of dogs that did not have a history of GDV were recruited at dog shows, and the dog's length and height and depth and width of the thorax and abdomen were measured. Information concerning the dogs' medical history, genetic background, personality, and diet was obtained from owners, and owners were contacted by mail and telephone at approximately 1-year intervals to determine whether dogs had developed GDV or died. Incidence of GDV based on the number of dog-years at risk was calculated for each breed, and breed-related risk factors were identified.

Results and Clinical Relevance—Incidence of GDV for the 7 large (23 to 45 kg [50 to 99 lb]) and 4 giant (> 45 kg [> 99 lb]) breeds was 23 and 26 cases/1,000 dogyears at risk, respectively. Of the 105 dogs that developed GDV, 30 (28.6%) died. Incidence of GDV increased with increasing age. Cumulative incidence of GDV was 5.7% for all breeds. The only breed-specific characteristic significantly associated with a decreased incidence of GDV was an owner-perceived personality trait of happiness. (J Am Med Vet Assoc2000;216: 40–45)
Results of a survey on educational and research programs in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine at veterinary medical schools in the United States
Authors: Schoen Allen M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document educational and research
programs in complementary and alternative veterinary
medicine (CAVM) at US veterinary schools and to
develop recommendations for additional curriculum
development and research in these modalities.

Design—Mail questionnaire.

Sample Population—Deans, curriculum committees,
and interested faculty at US veterinary schools.

Procedure—Questionnaires were mailed to personnel
at all 27 US veterinary schools. Nonrespondents
received a follow-up letter and telephone contact.
Information was used to establish the current status
of CAVM.

Results—Responses were received for 41 of 120
(34%) questionnaires. Responses were received from
23 of 27 veterinary schools, but number of respondents
varied at each institution (range, 1 to 4) and some
surveys were not complete. Seven of 27 US veterinary
schools had an educational program in CAVM. Thirty-six
(87%) respondents believed that acupuncture,
nutraceuticals, nutritional supplements, and physical
therapy should be included in the curriculum, 25 (61%)
indicated that botanical (herbal) medicine should be
included, and 25 (61%) believed that chiropractic
should be included. Only 17 (44%) respondents
believed that homeopathy should be included. The
majority of respondents believed that CAVM should be
offered as elective courses. Research in CAVM has
been conducted at 6 responding schools.

Conclusions—Currently, few veterinary schools offer
educational or research programs in CAVM. Veterinary
schools are aware of the interest in CAVM and
acknowledge a lack of educational and research programs
in these areas. More veterinary schools are in
the process of developing educational and research
programs in various aspects of CAVM. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2000;216:502–509).
Descriptive epidemiologic study of disease associated with influenza virus infections during three epidemics in horses
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Townsend Hugh G. G. , Bogdan Jaret R. , Haines Deborah M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe 3 epidemics of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections in a large population of horses.

Design—Cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal observational studies.

Animals—All horses stabled at a Thoroughbred racetrack.

Procedure—During a 3-year period, descriptive information was collected as horses arrived at the racetrack and throughout race meetings. Routine observations and physical examinations were used to classify horses' disease status. Cause of epidemics was established by use of serologic testing and identification of influenza virus in nasal secretions.

Results—An epidemic of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections was identified during each year of the study. Attack rates of infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) ranged from 16 to 28%. Incidence of disease caused by influenza virus infections during racing seasons in the second and third years was 27 and 37 cases/1,000 horses/mo, respectively. Physical distributions of stall locations revealed that affected horses were stabled throughout the population; horses affected later in epidemics were often clustered around horses affected earlier. Mucopurulent nasal discharge and coughing were observed in 83 and 62% of horses with IURD, respectively. Median duration of clinical disease was 11 days. Serologic testing was the most sensitive method used to detect influenza virus infections; 76% of affected horses seroconverted to influenza virus.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Epidemics of IURD were observed annually in association with influenza virus infections. Few precautions were taken to limit spread of infection. Preventing or decreasing the likelihood of exposure and improving immunity in the population could substantially decrease risk of disease in similar populations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:535–544)
Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992–1996)
Authors: Martin Benson B. , Reef Virginia B. , Parente Eric J. , Sage Abby D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine results for horses undergoing a high-speed treadmill examination, including videoendoscopy of the pharynx and larynx before and during exercise, echocardiography before and after exercise, and electrocardiography before, during, and after exercise, because of poor performance.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—348 horses.

Results—A definitive diagnosis was obtained for 256 (73.5%) horses. One hundred forty-eight horses had dynamic obstruction of the airway during exercise, 33 had clinically important cardiac arrhythmias alone, 22 had a combination of dynamic airway obstruction and clinically important cardiac arrhythmias, 19 had poor cardiac fractional shortening immediately after exercise, 10 had exertional rhabdomyolyis, 15 had clinically apparent lameness, and 9 had other disorders. Thirtynine of the horses with dynamic obstruction of the airway during exercise had multiple airway abnormalities. Fifty-three horses also had subclinical myopathy.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a complete evaluation, including a highspeed treadmill examination, should be conducted in horses with poor performance, regardless or whether horses do or do not have a history of abnormal respiratory noises and particularly if the horses have grade- II or -III left laryngeal hemiplegia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:554–558)
Efficacy of florfenicol for treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Angelos John A. , Dueger Erica L. , George Lisle W. , Carrier Tracey K. , Mihalyi Judy E. , Cosgrove Sallie B. , Johnson John C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the efficacy of florfenicol for treatment of calves with naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK).

Design—Randomized controlled field trial.

Animals—63 beef calves and 80 dairy calves between 4 and 12 months of age.

Procedure—Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Calves in the SC treatment group received a single dose of florfenicol (40 mg/kg [18.2 mg/lb] of body weight), SC, on day 0. Calves in the IM treatment group received florfenicol (20 mg/kg [9.1 mg/lb]), IM, on days 0 and 2. Calves in the control group received injections of saline solution (0.9% NaCl), IM, on days 0 and 2. Calves were reevaluated every other day for 20 days after treatment.

Results—Corneal ulcers healed by day 20 in 48 of 49 (98%) calves treated with florfenicol IM, 39 of 42 (93%) calves treated with florfenicol SC, and 33 of 52 (63%) control calves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Florfenicol administered SC (1 dose) or IM (2 doses 48 hours apart) was effective for treatment of calves with naturally occurring IBK. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216: 62–64)
Analysis of the 1998 outbreak of leptospirosis in Missouri in humans exposed to infected swine
Authors: Campagnolo Enzo R. , Warwick Marion C. , Marx Harvey L. , Cowart Ross P. , Donnell H. Denny , Bajani Mary D. , Bragg Sandra L. , Esteban J. Emilio , Alt David P. , Tappero Jordan W. , Bolin Carole A. , Ashford David A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the extent of leptospirosis in persons exposed to infected swine, confirm the source of disease, define risk factors for infection, and identify means for preventing additional infections during an outbreak in Missouri in 1998.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Sample Population—240 people and 1,700 pigs.

Procedure—An epidemiologic investigation was conducted of people exposed to infected pigs from the University of Missouri-Columbia swine herd. The investigation included review of health of the pigs, a crosssectional study of the people handling the pigs, serologic testing of human and porcine sera, and risk-factor analysis for leptospirosis within the human population.

Results—Serologic testing of samples collected at the time of the investigation indicated that 59% of the pigs had titers to leptospires, denoting exposure. Of the 240 people in the exposed study population, 163 (68%) were interviewed, and of these, 110 (67%) submitted a blood sample. Nine (8%) cases of leptospirosis were confirmed by serologic testing. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis included smoking (odds ratio [OR], 14.4; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.39 to 137.74) and drinking beverages (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.04 to 24.30) while working with infected pigs. Washing hands after work was protective (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.81).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Leptospirosis is a risk for swine producers and slaughterhouse workers, and may be prevented through appropriate hygiene, sanitation, and animal husbandry. It is essential to educate people working with animals or animal tissues about measures for reducing the risk of exposure to zoonotic pathogens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:676–682)
Influence of tumor cell proliferation and sex-hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incompletely resected meningiomas
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Carr Elizabeth A. , Griffey Stephen M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the influence of tumor cell proliferation and sex-hormone receptors on the efficacy of megavoltage irradiation for dogs with incompletely resected meningiomas.

Design—Longitudinal clinical trial.

Animals—20 dogs with incompletely resected intracranial meningiomas.

Procedure—Dogs were treated with 48 Gy of radiation administered 3 times per week on an alternateday schedule of 4 Gy/fraction for 4 weeks, using bilateral parallel-opposed fields.

Results—Tumor proliferative fraction measured by immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PFPCNA index) ranged from 10 to 42% (median, 24%). Progesterone receptor immunoreactivity was detected in 70% of tumors. Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity was not detected. An inverse correlation was found between detection of progesterone receptors and the PFPCNA index. The overall 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 68%. The only prognostic factor that significantly affected PFS rate was the PFPCNA index. The 2-year PFS was 42% for tumors with a high PFPCNA index (value ≥ 24%) and 91% for tumors with a low PFPCNA index (value < 24%). Tumors with a high PFPCNA index were 9.1 times as likely to recur as were tumors with a low PFPCNA index.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study confirms the value of irradiation for dogs with incompletely resected meningiomas. Prognostic value of the PFPCNA index suggests that duration of treatment and interval from surgery to start of irradiation may affect outcome. Loss of progesterone receptors in some tumors may be responsible for an increase in PFPCNA index and may indirectly affect prognosis after radiation therapy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216: 701–707)
Abomasal displacement and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988–1998)
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D. , Hooper R. Neil
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess signalment, history, results of clinical and laboratory testing, and outcome for beef cattle with a left displaced abomasum (LDA), right displaced abomasum (RDA), or abomasal volvulus (AV).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—19 beef cattle with an AV, LDA, or RDA.

Procedure—Signalment; history; results of physical examination, diagnostic testing, and surgical exploration; and condition of the animal at discharge were obtained from medical records.

Results—Fourteen cattle had an AV, 4 had an RDA, and 1 had an LDA. Duration of clinical signs ranged from 1 to 21 days. Eighteen cattle had an AV or RDA; 7 were Brahmans, 12 were males, and median age was 10 months. Abdominal distention was observed in 11 cattle, heart rate of ≥ 100 beats/minute was detected in 14, and the abomasum was palpable per rectum in all cattle in which per rectal examination was performed. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperglycemia, azotemia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia were common laboratory findings. At surgery, 3 cattle with an AV or RDA had a ruptured abomasum. Of the remaining 15 cattle, 12 survived.

Conclusions—Clinical course in beef cattle with an AV or RDA was more protracted than that typically associated with these conditions in dairy cattle, but survival rate in beef cattle that did not have rupture of the abomasum was sim ilar to that of dairy cattle.

Clinical Relevance—Abomasal displacement should be considered for beef cattle with abdominal distention. Prognostic indicators recommended for use in dairy cattle may not be useful for beef cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:730–733)
Effects of a synthetic facial pheromone on behavior of cats
Authors: Griffith Cerissa A. , Steigerwald Elizabeth S. , Buffington C. A. Tony
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of a synthetic
feline facial pheromone (FFP) on behavior and food
intake of healthy versus clinically ill cats.

Design—Original study.

Animals—20 cats were used in each of 2 studies. In
each study, 7 cats were considered healthy, and 13
cats were determined to be clinically ill.

Procedure—In study 1, cats were assigned either
to exposure to FFP (treated group; 4 healthy, 6 ill
cats) or to exposure to the vehicle (70% ethanol
solution; control group; 3 healthy, 7 ill cats). Cats
were placed in a cage containing a small cotton
towel that had been sprayed with FFP or vehicle 30
minutes previously. Cats were then videotaped for
125 minutes, and food intake was measured during
this period. Videotapes were scored at 5-minute
intervals for various behaviors. In study 2, cats were
categorized in 1 of 2 groups; group 1 (2 healthy, 8 ill
cats) had a cat carrier placed in their cages, and
group 2 (5 healthy, 5 ill cats) did not. All cats were
exposed to FFP, and 24-hour food intake was measured.

Results—Differences between behaviors of healthy
versus clinically ill cats were not identified. In the first
study, significant increases in grooming and interest
in food were found in cats exposed to FFP compared
with vehicle. For all cats, significant positive correlations
were detected between grooming and facial
rubbing, walking and facial rubbing, interest in food
and facial rubbing, eating and facial rubbing, grooming
and interest in food, and grooming and eating. In
the second study, 24-hour food intake was significantly
greater in cats exposed to FFP and the cat carrier,
compared with cats exposed to FFP alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that exposure to FFP may be useful to increase
food intake of hospitalized cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;217:1154–1156)
Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses
Authors: Saville William J. , Reed Stephen M. , Morley Paul S. , Granstrom David E. , Kohn Catherine W. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate risk factors for development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—251 horses admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1992 to 1995.

Procedure—On the basis of clinical signs of neurologic disease and detection of antibody toSarcocystis neuronaorS neuronaDNA in cerebrospinal fluid, a diagnosis of EPM was made for 251 horses. Two contemporaneous series of control horses were selected from horses admitted to the hospital. One control series (n = 225) consisted of horses with diseases of the neurologic system other than EPM (neurologic control horses), and the other consisted of 251 horses admitted for reasons other than nervous system diseases (nonneurologic control horses). Data were obtained from hospital records and telephone conversations. Risk factors associated with disease status were analyzed, using multivariable logistic regression.

Results—Horses ranged from 1 day to 30 years old (mean ± SD, 5.7 ± 5.2 years). Risk factors associated with an increased risk of developing EPM included age, season of admission, prior diagnosis of EPM on the premises, opossums on premises, health events prior to admission, and racing or showing as a primary use. Factors associated with a reduced risk of developing EPM included protection of feed from wildlife and proximity of a creek or river to the premises where the horse resided.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Development of EPM was associated with a number of management-related factors that can be altered to decrease the risk for the disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1174–1180)
Evaluation of risk factors associated with clinical improvement and survival of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Authors: Saville William J. , Morley Paul S. , Reed Stephen M. , Granstrom David E. , Kohn Catherine W. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate risk factors for use in predicting clinical improvement and survival of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).

Design—Longitudinal epidemiologic study.

Animals—251 horses with EPM.

Procedure—Between 1992 and 1995, 251 horses with EPM were admitted to our facility. A diagnosis of EPM was made on the basis of neurologic abnormalities and detection of antibody toSarcocystis neuronaorS neuronaDNA in CSF. Data were obtained from hospital records and through telephone follow-up interviews. Factors associated with clinical improvement and survival were analyzed, using multivariable logistic regression.

Results—The likelihood of clinical improvement after diagnosis of EPM was lower in horses used for breeding and pleasure activities. Treatment for EPM increased the probability that a horse would have clinical improvement. The likelihood of survival among horses with EPM was lower among horses with more severe clinical signs and higher among horses that improved after EPM was diagnosed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment of horses with EPM is indicated in most situations; however, severity of clinical signs should be taken into consideration when making treatment decisions. Response to treatment is an important indicator of survival. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1181–1185)
Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves
Authors: Sladky Kurt K. , Kelly Brian T. , Loomis Michael R. , Stoskopf Michael K. , Horne William A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of immobilizing doses of xylazine-ketamine (XK), medetomidine-ketamine (MK), medetomidine-ketamine- acepromazine (MKA), and medetomidine-butorphanol- ketamine (MBK) in captive red wolves.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—32 adult captive red wolves.

Procedure—Wolves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: XK, MK, MKA, or MBK. Physiologic variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2, arterial blood gases, and rectal temperature. Induction time, muscle relaxation, and quality of recovery were assessed.

Results—Heart rates were lower in wolves in the MBK group than for the other groups. All 4 drug combinations induced considerable hypertension, with diastolic pressures exceeding 116 mm Hg. Blood pressure was lowest in wolves receiving the MBK combination. Respiratory rate was significantly higher in wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA. Tidal volumes were similar for all groups. Wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA were well-oxygenated throughout the procedure (SpO2> 93%), whereas those receiving MBK were moderately hypoxemic (87% < SpO2 < 93%) during the first 20 minutes of the procedure. Hyperthermia was detected initially following induction in all groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The α2- adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations provide rapid reversible anesthesia for red wolves but cause severe sustained hypertension. Such an adverse effect puts animals at risk for development of cerebral encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and myocardial failure. Although the MBK combination offers some advantages over the others, it is advised that further protocol refinements be made to minimize risks associated with acute hypertension. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1366–1371)
Effect of long-term administration of an injectable enrofloxacin solution on physical and musculoskeletal variables in adult horses
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Tremaine W. Henry , Macoris Delphim G. , Simmons Emily J. , Ewert Kathleen M. , Herr Leslie G. , Weisbrode Steven E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate clinical safety of administration of injectable enrofloxacin.

Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Animals—24 adult horses.

Procedures—Healthy horses were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups that received placebo injections (control) or IV administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], 15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], or 25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb] of body weight, q 24 h) for 21 days. Joint angles, cross-sectional area of superficial and deep digital flexor and calcaneal tendons, carpal or tarsal osteophytes or lucency, and midcarpal and tarsocrural articular cartilage lesions were measured. Physical and lameness examinations were performed daily. Measurements were repeated after day 21, and articular cartilage and bone biopsy specimens were examined.

Results—Enrofloxacin did not induce changes in most variables during administration or for 7 days after administration. One horse (dosage, 15 mg/kg) developed lameness and cellulitis around the tarsal plantar ligament during the last week of administration. One horse (dosage, 15 mg/kg) developed mild superficial digital flexor tendinitis, and 1 horse (dosage, 25 mg/kg) developed tarsal sheath effusion without lameness 3 days after the last administration. High doses of enrofloxacin (15 and 25 mg/kg) administered by bolus injection intermittently induced transient neurologic signs that completely resolved within 10 minutes without long-term effects. Slower injection and dilution of the dose ameliorated the neurologic signs. Adverse reactions were not detected with a 5 mg/kg dose administered IV as a bolus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enrofloxacin administered IV once daily at the rate of 5 mg/kg for 3 weeks is safe in adult horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1514–1521)
Rabies preexposure vaccination among veterinarians and at-risk staff
Authors: Trevejo Rosalie T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure rabies preexposure vaccination rate and identify factors potentially associated with lack of vaccination among veterinarians and atrisk staff.

Design—Cross-sectional survey.

Study Population—At-risk veterinary medical association (VMA) members, their staff members, and animal shelter and wildlife rehabilitation center personnel located in a California county.

Procedure—A questionnaire was mailed to VMA members and managers of animal shelters and wildlife rehabilitation centers. Respondents were requested to provide data on vaccination history and potential factors associated with vaccination status for themselves and their at-risk staff members. Vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were compared by use of univariate and logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with vaccination status.

Results—Fifty-eight percent (79/137) of persons who received questionnaires responded; 74 were eligible for the study. Respondents provided data for 47.6% (219/460) of their staff members. The vaccination rate was greater among respondents (85.1%) than among their staff members (17.5%). Among staff members, age and duration of employment were significantly associated with vaccination status.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A large proportion of at-risk staff members working in veterinary clinics, animal shelters, and wildlife rehabilitation centers in the study area did not receive rabies preexposure vaccination per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's published recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The cost of the preexposure vaccine series may be a barrier, particularly for young employees who are commonly short-term, part-time, or volunteer workers. Efforts are needed to increase awareness of the ACIP recommendations and to increase access to vaccination through agencies such as public health clinics. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1707–1710)
Effect of citrate concentration on coagulation test results in dogs
Authors: Stokol Tracy , Brooks Marjory B. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of citrate concentration (3.2 vs 3.8%) on coagulation tests in dogs.

Design—Original study.

Animals—30 clinically healthy dogs and 12 dogs with hereditary hemostatic disorders.

Procedure—Blood was collected from all dogs directly into collection tubes containing 3.2 or 3.8% buffered citrate. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and fibrinogen concentration were measured by use of 3 clot-detection assay systems (2 mechanical and 1 photo-optic). Factor VIII and factor IX coagulant activities (FVIII:C and FIX:C, respectively) were determined by use of a manual tilt-tube method and a mechanical clot-detection device.

Results—Significant differences were not detected in median PT, fibrinogen concentration, FVIII:C, or FIX:C between 3.2 and 3.8% citrate for any assay system. A significant prolongation in aPTT for 3.2% citrate, compared with 3.8% citrate, was found in 1 mechanical system.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Citrate concentration does not significantly affect results of most coagulation assays, regardless of assay system. The aPTT was mildly influenced by the citrate concentration, although this was animal-, instrument-, and reagent-dependent. The choice of 3.2 or 3.8% citrate as an anticoagulant for coagulation tests has minimal influence on assay results in healthy dogs or dogs with hereditary hemostatic disorders. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1672–1677)
Career racing performance in Thoroughbreds treated with prosthetic laryngoplasty for laryngeal neuropathy: 52 cases (1981–1989)
Authors: Strand Eric , Martin George S. , Haynes Peter F. , McClure J. Ray , Vice J. Donald
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare racing performance before and after prosthetic laryngoplasty for treatment of laryngeal neuropathy in inexperienced and experienced Thoroughbred racehorses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—52 Thoroughbred racehorses treated with prosthetic laryngoplasty for laryngeal neuropathy.

Procedure—Lifetime race records were analyzed by use of a verified regression model. Individual race records and hospital records were also reviewed.

Results—Experienced horses had a decline in performance, as measured by performance index, earnings percentage, and mean prediction error, during the 6-month period before prosthetic laryngoplasty. Performance improved after surgery, relative to performance in 1 to 4 races immediately before surgery, but did not attain previous baseline values for performance index and earnings percentage, although racing speed was restored to baseline values. Factors associated with failure to attain baseline levels of performance included other racing-related injuries and disorders, major complications of surgery, and age. Individually, however, many horses had long and successful careers after surgery. Performance of inexperienced horses after surgery was at least equal to that of experienced horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In addition to warning clients of the complications associated with prosthetic laryngoplasty, it may be prudent to provide a guarded prognosis for full restoration of racing performance in older horses, unless they are especially talented and are free of other racing-related problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1689–1696)
Hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in goats
Authors: McEwen Margaret-Mary , Gleed Robin D. , Ludders John W. , Stokol Tracy , Piero Fabio Del , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine hepatic effects of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in young healthy goats.

Design—Randomized prospective clinical trial.

Animals—24 healthy 9-month-old female goats.

Procedure—Goats were sedated with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and anesthetized with halothane (n = 12) or isoflurane (12) while undergoing tendon surgery. End-tidal halothane and isoflurane concentrations were maintained at 0.9 and 1.2 times the minimal alveolar concentrations, respectively, and ventilation was controlled. Venous blood samples were collected approximately 15 minutes after xylazine was administered and 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Goats were euthanatized 25 or 62 days after anesthesia, and postmortem liver specimens were submitted for histologic examination.

Results—All goats recovered from anesthesia and survived until euthanasia. Serum SDH, GGT, and ALP activities and bilirubin concentration did not increase after anesthesia, but serum AST activity was significantly increased. However, serum hepatic enzyme activities were within reference limits at all times in all except 1 goat in which serum AST activity was high 24 and 48 hours after anesthesia. This goat had been anesthetized with halothane and had the longest duration of anesthesia. No clinically important abnormalities were seen on histologic examination of liver specimens.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that use of halothane or isoflurane for anesthesia in young healthy goats is unlikely to cause hepatic injury. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1697–1700)
Factors associated with racing performance of Thoroughbreds undergoing lag screw repair of condylar fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone
Authors: Martin George S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of sex, fracture configuration, affected limb, and screw placement on outcome of Thoroughbreds with condylar fractures involving the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—56 horses.

Procedure—Age, sex, affected limb, fracture configuration, fracture length, fracture fragment width, and distance of the most distal screw from the articular surface were analyzed in logistic regression models.

Results—Females were more likely to have displaced fractures and race in fewer races after surgery than males. Sex and fracture configuration were associated with number of postoperative races. Among horses that returned to racing, those with thicker fracture fragments were 11 times as likely as horses with thinner fracture fragments to win a race after surgery. Horses with longer fractures and older horses had fewer postoperative races. Horses in which the most distal screw had been placed further from the joint surface had more races.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that female horses with displaced condylar fractures and male horses with nondisplaced condylar fractures are more likely to be referred for treatment. The effect of sex on outcome for these horses cannot be clearly separated from the effect of fracture configuration. When adjusted for fracture configuration, males were 6 times as likely as females to race after surgery. When adjusted for sex, horses with nondisplaced fractures were 17 times as likely as horses with displaced fractures to race after surgery. Results suggest that the most distal screw should be placed above the epicondylar fossa. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1870–1877)