bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a Vortical Stator Assembly to Improve the Performance of Drag-Type Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Chen T. -Y. , Chen Y. -Y.
Published: August 2015

In this study, a vortical stator assembly (VSA) was developed to improve the rotor performance, surrounding a drag-type, vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT). A rotor with six half-tube blades was employed. The VSA consisted of a number of guide vanes, which were to guide the air tangentially into the VSA. The design was to generate a vortical flow inside the VSA, to reduce the negative torque of the returning rotor blade, and to increase the air speed into the rotor. Wind tunnel model tests were conducted to investigate how the VSAs affected rotor performance. Four VSAs were developed in this study, employing 4, 6, 8 and 12 guide vanes that were 24cm in width, and one 6-guide-vane VSA employing guide vane widths of 12, 18, 24 and 30cm. Results indicated that VSAs can substantially augment the rotor performance, depending on the number and length of guide vanes. The 6-guide-vane VSA produced the largest effect on the rotor performance, and the optimal VSA diameter was approximately 1.82 times the rotor diameter. At an air speed of 6m/s, the optimal VSA helps to increase the free-running rotational speed by 318%, the torque output by 200%, and the maximal power output by 910%.
Analysis of Mixed Convective Heat and Mass Transfer on Peristaltic Flow of Fene-P Fluid with Chemical Reaction
Authors: Asghar Z. , Ali N.
Published: August 2015

This study presents the influence of heat and mass transfer on peristaltic transport of Finitely Extensible Nonlinear Elastic Peterlin (FENE-P) fluid in the presence of chemical reaction. It is assumed that all the fluid properties, except the density are constant. The Boussinesq approximation which relates density change to temperature and concentration changes is used in formulating buoyancy force terms in the momentum equation. Moreover, we neglect viscous dissipation and include diffusion-thermal (Dufour) and thermal-diffusion (Soret) effects in the present analysis. By the consideration of such important aspects the flow equations become highly nonlinear and coupled. In order to make the problem tractable we have adopted widely used assumptions of long wave length and low Reynolds number. An exact solution of the simplified coupled linear equations for the temperature and concentration has been obtained whereas numerical solution is obtained for dimensionless stream function and pressure gradient. The effects of different parameters on velocity field, temperature and concentration fields and trapping phenomenon are highlighted through various graphs. Numerical integration has been performed to analyze pressure rise per wavelength.
A TALE OF TWO GABRIELS
Authors: Foster Richard
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the context of two nineteenth-century images of the thirteenth-century statue of the Angel Gabriel in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey. One, by John Wykeham Archer, was previously unidentified; the other, by Elizabeth, Lady Palgrave, was misidentified.
Shadows in Caves? A Re-Assessment of Public Religion and Secularization in England Today
Authors: Wood Matthew
Published: August 2015

Critics of secularization theory have recently focused upon religion’s public role to put forward theses about de-differentiation, post-secularity and desecularization. A strong defence of secularization theory has not been forthcoming because its proponents have tended to assume, rather than demonstrate, that religion has lost social significance. Drawing upon a neosecularization theoretical approach that highlights the scope of religious authority, this article examines evidence from qualitative studies of the attempts of English mainstream Christian organizations to bring religious messages into the public space and to engage in welfare provision. This re-assessment shows that religious organizations are increasingly co-opted by secular authorities, in ways neither anticipated by, nor explored in, orthodox accounts of secularization. But rather than blurring “the religious” and “the secular,” their distinction is heightened. This situation involves an interlinked and mutually-reinforced declining scope of religious authority at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels, which, it is proposed, constitutes a state ofadvancedsecularization.
The Power of Institutional Legacies: How Nineteenth Century Housing Associations Shaped Twentieth Century Housing Regime Differences between Germany and the United States
Authors: Kohl Sebastian
Published: August 2015

Comparative welfare and production regime literature has so far neglected the considerable cross-country differences in the sphere of housing. The United States became a country of homeowners living in cities of single-family houses in the twentieth century. Its housing policy was focused on supporting private mortgage indebtedness with only residual public housing. Germany, on the contrary, remained a tenant-dominated country with cities of multi-unit buildings. Its housing policy has been focused on construction subsidies to non-profit housing associations and incentives for savings earmarked for financing housing. The article claims that these differences are the outcome of different housing institutions that had already emerged in the nineteenth century. Germany developed non-profit housing associations and financed housing through mortgage banks, both privileging the construction of rental apartments. In the United States, savings and loan associations favored mortgages for owner-occupied, single-family house construction. When governments intervened during housing crises in the 1920/1930s, they aimed their subsidies at these existing institutions. Thus, US housing policy became finance-biased in favor of savings and loan associations, while Germany supported the housing cooperatives.
Leishmania infection modulates beta-1 integrin activation and alters the kinetics of monocyte spreading over fibronectin
Authors: Figueira Cláudio Pereira , Carvalhal Djalma Gomes Ferrão , Almeida Rafaela Andrade , Hermida Micely d’ El-Rei , Touchard Dominique , Robert Phillipe , Pierres Anne , Bongrand Pierre , dos-Santos Washington LC
Published: August 2015

Contact with Leishmania leads to a decreases in mononuclear phagocyte adherence to connective tissue. In this work, we studied the early stages of bond formation between VLA4 and fibronectin, measured the kinetics of membrane alignment and the monocyte cytoplasm spreading area over a fibronectin-coated surface and studied the expression of high affinity integrin epitope in uninfected and Leishmania-infected human monocytes. Our results show that the initial VLA4-mediated interaction of Leishmania-infected monocyte with a fibronectin-coated surface is preserved, however, the later stage, leukocyte spreading over the substrate is abrogated in Leishmania-infected cells. The median of spreading area was 72 [55–89] μm2 for uninfected and 41 [34–51] μm2 for Leishmania-infected monocyte. This cytoplasm spread was inhibited using an anti-VLA4 blocking antibody. After the initial contact with the fibronectrin-coated surface, uninfected monocyte quickly spread the cytoplasm at a 15 μm2 s−1 ratio whilst Leishmania-infected monocytes only made small contacts at a 5.5 μm2 s−1 ratio. The expression of high affinity epitope by VLA4 (from 39 ± 21% to 14 ± 3%); and LFA1 (from 37 ± 32% to 18 ± 16%) molecules was reduced in Leishmania-infected monocytes. These changes in phagocyte function may be important for parasite dissemination and distribution of lesions in leishmaniasis.
Sex hormones have pervasive effects on thymic epithelial cells
Authors: Dumont-Lagacé Maude , St-Pierre Charles , Perreault Claude
Published: August 2015

The goal of our study was to evaluate at the systems-level, the effect of sex hormones on thymic epithelial cells (TECs). To this end, we sequenced the transcriptome of cortical and medullary TECs (cTECs and mTECs) from three groups of 6 month-old mice: males, females and males castrated at four weeks of age. In parallel, we analyzed variations in the size of TEC subsets in those three groups between 1 and 12 months of age. We report that sex hormones have pervasive effects on the transcriptome of TECs. These effects were exquisitely TEC-subset specific. Sexual dimorphism was particularly conspicuous in cTECs. Male cTECs displayed low proliferation rates that correlated with low expression of Foxn1 and its main targets. Furthermore, male cTECs expressed relatively low levels of genes instrumental in thymocyte expansion (e.g., Dll4) and positive selection (Psmb11 and Ctsl). Nevertheless, cTECs were more abundant in males than females. Accumulation of cTECs in males correlated with differential expression of genes regulating cell survival in cTECs and cell differentiation in mTECs. The sexual dimorphism of TECs highlighted here may be mechanistically linked to the well-recognized sex differences in susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.
DBC1/CCAR2 is involved in the stabilization of androgen receptor and the progression of osteosarcoma
Authors: Wagle Sajeev , Park See-Hyoung , Kim Kyoung Min , Moon Young Jae , Bae Jun Sang , Kwon Keun Sang , Park Ho Sung , Lee Ho , Moon Woo Sung , Kim Jung Ryul , Jang Kyu Yun
Published: August 2015

Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1/CCAR2) is a protein of interest because of its diverse roles in tumorigenesis and its possible role as an androgen receptor (AR) co-activator. However, there are limited studies on the role of DBC1 in osteosarcoma. Therefore, we investigated the role of DBC1 and AR and their relationship in osteosarcoma. Immunohistochemical expression of DBC1 and AR was significantly associated with higher clinical stage and higher histologic grade and predicted shorter survival. Especially, DBC1 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival (p = 0.005) and relapse-free survival (p = 0.004) by multivariate analysis. In osteosarcoma cell lines, U2OS and SaOS2, the knock down of DBC1 and AR with siRNA significantly reduced cellular proliferation and inhibited proliferation-related signaling. In addition, the knock down of DBC1 and AR decreased the invasion activity and inhibited invasion-related signaling of osteosarcoma cells. Interestingly, DBC1 affects the stabilization of AR protein via a mechanism involving the ubiquitination of AR. Proteosome-mediated degradation and poly-ubiquitination of AR were increased with the knock-down of DBC1. In conclusion, this study has shown that DBC1 is involved in the stabilization of AR protein and DBC1-AR pathways might be involved in the progression of osteosarcoma.
Development and application of wide-range gradient gel electrophoresis to proteome analysis
Authors: Yu Hai , Liu Hui , Yan Yi-Zhong , Dai Zhi-Pan , Yan Shuai , Li Jiang-Lin , Duan Zhi-Gui , Liu Zhen , Wang Xian-Chun
Published: August 2015

A new gel electrophoresis system was developed to simultaneously remove SDS, separate proteins and intercept small proteins, thereby improving proteome analysis.
Degradation by-products of ancient paper leaves from wash waters
Authors: Bronzato Maddalena , Calvini Paolo , Federici Carlo , Dupont Anne-Laurence , Meneghetti Moreno , Di Marco Valerio , Biondi Barbara , Zoleo Alfonso
Published: August 2015

Collection of water used in conservation treatment on ancient leaves allows informative paper degradation by-products to be recovered and analysed.
Selective aqueous fluorescent probes for metal ions based on benzoyl hydrazone derivatives
Authors: Guo Zhengyu , Yu Haiyan , Ren Wang , Wang Qiusheng
Published: August 2015

Three novel fluorescent compounds were synthesized and employed as fluorescent probes for detecting different metal ions selectively.
The long underestimated carbonyl function of carbohydrates – an organocatalyzed shot into carbohydrate chemistry
Authors: Mahrwald R.
Published: August 2015

Several novel and highly stereoselective C–C bond formation processes of unprotected carbohydrates are described.
A novel Pd3O9@α-Al2O3catalyst under a hydroxylated effect: high activity in the CO oxidation reaction
Authors: Li Qiaohong , Wei Yongqin , Sa Rongjian , Ma Zuju , Wu Kechen
Published: August 2015

A new Pd3O9@α-Al2O3catalyst has been designed which shows superior catalytic activity for CO oxidation.
Nitrogen oxide removal over hydrotalcite-derived mixed metal oxides
Authors: Jabłońska Magdalena , Palkovits Regina
Published: August 2015

Rigorous regulations of nitrogen oxide emissions require the development of technologies for their removal from exhaust gases.
In situ fabrication of AgI/AgVO3 nanoribbon composites with enhanced visible photocatalytic activity for redox reactions
Authors: Wang Xiaohan , Yang Juan , Ma Shuqi , Zhao Dan , Dai Jun , Zhang Dafeng
Published: August 2015

The improved photocatalytic redox activity over AgI/AgVO3 nanocomposites is ascribed to efficient separation of photoinduced electrons/holes via a Z-scheme bridge mechanism.
The mechanism and material aspects of a novel Ag2O/TiO2 photocatalyst active in infrared radiation for water splitting
Authors: Gannoruwa A. , Ariyasinghe B. , Bandara J.
Published: August 2015

IR photon-initiated photocatalytic hydrogen production of the Ag2O/TiO2 catalyst is demonstrated and the functions of Ag2O and TiO2 in “dark photocatalysis” are discussed.
15N NMR spectroscopy unambiguously establishes the coordination mode of the diimine linker 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid (cppH) in Ru(ii) complexes
Authors: Battistin Federica , Balducci Gabriele , Demitri Nicola , Iengo Elisabetta , Milani Barbara , Alessio Enzo
Published: August 2015

The15N NMR chemical shifts, obtained through {1H,15N}-HMBC spectra at15N natural abundance, unambiguously establish the coordination mode of cppH (viaNoorNp) in a series of Ru(ii) compounds.
Oat β-glucan ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice
Authors: Liu Bo , Lin Qinlu , Yang Tao , Zeng Linna , Shi Limin , Chen Yaya , Luo Feijun
Published: August 2015

Oral administration of oat β-glucan ameliorates DSS induced colitis in mice by decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS.
A virtual screening approach to identifying the greenest compound for a task: application to switchable-hydrophilicity solvents
Authors: Vanderveen J. R. , Patiny L. , Chalifoux C. B. , Jessop M. J. , Jessop P. G.
Published: August 2015

QSAR-based virtual screening makes it easier to identify lead structures that could simultaneously satisfy several performance criteria and several green criteria.
Amphiphilic poly(disulfide) micelles and a remarkable impact of the core hydrophobicity on redox responsive disassembly
Authors: Basak Dipankar , Bej Raju , Ghosh Suhrit
Published: August 2015

Redox-responsive amphiphilic triblock copolymers based on poly(triethylene glycol monomethyl ether)methacrylate-b-poly(disulfide)-b-poly(triethylene glycol monomethyl ether)methacrylate (PTEGMA-b-PDS-b-PTEGMA) with different hydrophobicities of the PDS block were synthesized by step-growth followed by chain-growth polymerization.
Novel application of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to improving direct compaction properties of tablet fillers by co-spray drying
Authors: Li JinZhi , Wu Fei , Lin Xiao , Shen Lan , Wang YouJie , Feng Yi
Published: August 2015

Improvements on both powder and tableting properties of fillers were achieved by co-spray drying with a small amount of HPMC.
Formation of high-quality perovskite thin film for planar heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Yang Shuang , Chen Ying , Zheng Yi Chu , Chen Xiao , Hou Yu , Yang Hua Gui
Published: August 2015

Solution processing of flat, uniform film can be realized via judicious choice of solvents of the sequential deposition technique which generates mirror-like perovskite film with resemble surface roughness to that from vapor assisted method.
A high energy density Li2S@C nanocomposite cathode with a nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube top current collector
Authors: Zhang Su , Liu Meinan , Ma Fei , Ye Fangmin , Li Hongfei , Zhang Xinyi , Hou Yuan , Qiu Yongcai , Li Wanfei , Wang Jian , Wang Jin , Zhang Yuegang
Published: August 2015

High energy density lithium sulfur batteries with 804 Wh/kg were reported based on sheet-like Li2S@C composites with the assistance of nitrogen doped carbon nanotube film.
Electrospun nanofibrous membranes incorporating an imidazole-appended p-phenylene-Cu(ii) ensemble as fluoroprobes for the detection of His-proteins
Authors: Kim Ka Young , Jung Sung Ho , Jung Jong Hwa
Published: August 2015

Tetra-imidazole-appendedp-phenylene-Cu(ii) doped nanofibrous membranes can function as “turn-on” portable fluorescence chemoprobes for Histidine.
The Brain as Contributor of Plasminogen Activator to the Blood
Authors: Menon I. Sudhakaran , Muscat-Baron J. , Weightman D. , Dewar H. A.
Published: August 2015

1. A considerable increase in the plasminogen activator content in the internal jugular venous blood as compared with that in the arterial blood was found in fifty patients.

2. Inhalation of 5% carbon dioxide in air was associated with increased plasminogen activator content in blood from the internal jugular vein in all the eight patients treated in this way.

3. It is suggested that the human brain makes a contribution of plasminogen activator to the circulation of the body and that the amount contributed is determined by the rate of the blood flow.
The Action of Pyridoxine in Primary Hyperoxaluria
Authors: Gibbs Dorothy A. , Watts R. W. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Evidence of deficiency of, antagonism to, or abnormal dependency upon pyridoxine has been sought in four patients with primary hyperoxaluria. The urinary excretion of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykyurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, before and after a loading dose of l-tryptophan was used to assess pyridoxine nutrition.

2. Three of the four patients studied had abnormal l-tryptophan metabolite excretion patterns, but these were not of the type which is associated with abnormalities of pyridoxine nutrition.

3. The changes which were observed are compatible with impaired conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by the NADH2 dependent kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (EC 1.99.1.5) enzyme system.

4. Large doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride reduced the urinary oxalate excretion by two of the patients to levels which were intermediate between the normal range and the pre-treatment values. This effect was maintained for 6 months, which was the longest period of observation.

5. It is concluded that this action of pyridoxine is mediated by a mechanism which does not involve the correction of an abnormality of pyridoxine metabolism.
Studies on the Identity of a Vascular Permeability Factor of Renal Origin
Authors: Cuthbert M. F. , Peart W. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The administration of crude renal extract to bilaterally nephrectomized rats causes an increase in vascular permeability to plasma proteins. This is associated with a fall in plasma volume. The active material resembles the enzyme renin in pressor activity, heat-lability, pH range of activity and molecular size.

2. To test the possibility that renin might be responsible, renin was extracted from rat renal cortical tissue using methods similar to those used for the purification of pig renin: these involved saline extraction, protein precipitation, freeze drying, ion-exchange and gel-filtration.

3. The final preparation had a pressor activity some 300 times that of the initial saline extract and gel-filtration suggested that the molecular size of rat renin is 40 000–50 000. Assay for pressor and vascular permeability activity at selected stages in the purification showed that both activities ran parallel and could not be dissociated. These results provide strong evidence that the vascular permeability factor is in fact renin.

4. Increase in vascular permeability after injection of semi-purified material could still be demonstrated after bilateral adrenalectomy, though the effect was reduced.

5. In all experiments in which vascular permeability was increased and in which blood pressure was measured, a considerable and sustained rise in blood pressure occurred. It is possible that the increase in blood pressure is causally related to the increase in permeability.
Vasodilator Properties of Ethacrynic Acid in the Perfused Dog Kidney
Authors: Dluhy R. G. , Wolf G. L. , Lauler D. P.
Published: August 2015

1. Ethacrynic acid reduces renal vascular resistance of the isolated dog kidney.

2. Ethacrynic acid induced natriuresis can occur despite stabilization of renal blood flow, but augmentation of blood flow increases the natriuretic response.

3. Vasodilatation and natriuresis after ethacrynic acid administration occurred together in time and were not separable. The onset and peak natriuretic and vasodilator responses frequently coincided in time.

4. Ethacrynic acid induced vasodilatation could be inhibited by loss of body fluid. The rise in resistance could be avoided by adequate volume replacement and by prevention of volume depletion.
Micropuncture Studies of Chloride and Bicarbonate Absorption in the Proximal Renal Tubule of the Rat in Respiratory Acidosis and in Chloride Depletion
Authors: Warren Y. , Luke R. G. , Kashgarian M. , Levitin H.
Published: August 2015

1. Micropuncture studies of chloride and bicarbonate absorption in the proximal tubule under free flow conditions were performed during exposure to 12% CO2 in air, during recovery from CO2 on a low chloride diet with and without concomitant sodium restriction, and during re-exposure to 12% CO2 in air with continuing chloride restriction.

2. After 3 hr of exposure to CO2 there was a significant increase in the TF/P Cl (ratio of tubular fluid to plasma chloride) in the proximal tubule and a significant increase in urinary chloride excretion with a drop in the plasma chloride. Maximum plasma bicarbonate and TF/P Cl levels were reached at 24 hr with no further increase after 48 hr exposure to CO2. Bicarbonate absorption in the proximal tubule formed a reciprocal pattern to chloride absorption.

3. It is concluded, in conjunction with the accompanying balance experiments of Luke et al. (1970), that a rising TF/P Cl in the proximal tubule correlates with increasing proximal tubular absorption of bicarbonate, a rising plasma bicarbonate, and an increasing urinary acid excretion, but not necessarily with external chloride balance, which is regulated by a more distal site in the nephron. In respiratory acidosis and chloride depletion the TF/P Cl in the proximal tubule reflects the intratubular dynamics which influence bicarbonate absorption.
Changes of Renin in Individual Glomeruli in Response to Variations of Sodium Intake in the Rabbit
Authors: Gavras H. , Brown J. J. , Lever A. F. , Robertson J. I. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Quantities of renin associated with single deep and superficial glomeruli were compared in sodium-loaded and sodium-deprived rabbits.

2. Significantly greater quantities of renin were found in association with both superficial and deep glomeruli in the sodium-deprived animals.
Circulatory Reflexes in Cerebral Ischaemia Involving Different Vascular Territories
Authors: Gross M.
Published: August 2015

1. Circulatory reflex function was assessed in a series of subjects with chronic ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and compared with a group of subjects with no known cerebrovascular disease by intra-arterial pressure responses to Valsalva's manoeuvre.

2. Circulatory reflexes were impaired in the patients with cerebrovascular disease as compared with controls, but statistical analysis indicated that age was a more important factor than chronic cerebrovascular disease in producing the deterioration.

3. No significant difference was found in the circulatory reflex function of subjects with ischaemia in the internal carotid territory when compared with those having ischaemia in the vertebrobasilar territory.

4. Combined ischaemia in both carotid and vertebrobasilar territories significantly impaired the cardioaccelerator but not the vasoconstrictor response to Valsalva's manoeuvre.

5. No significant difference was found in circulatory reflex function in subjects who had suffered cerebral infarction as opposed to transient ischaemic attacks.
Renal and Hepatic Inactivation of Angiotensin in Rats: Influence of Sodium Balance and Renal Artery Compression
Authors: Leary W. P. P. , Ledingham J. G. G.
Published: August 2015

1. Rates of inactivation of asn1val5 angiotensin II by isolated perfused rat liver and kidney have been investigated in a variety of experimental conditions.

2. The liver inactivates angiotensin at a rate independent of sodium balance.

3. Sodium loading reduces and sodium depletion enhances the capacity of the kidney to remove angiotensin.

4. In the presence of a silver clip on one renal artery with contralateral kidney intact, the clipped organ destroys angiotensin at a normal rate, and the capacity of the contralateral intact kidney to inactivate the peptide is reduced.

5. The kidney with its renal artery constricted by a silver clip, when the contralateral kidney has been removed, has a reduced ability to destroy angiotensin.
Muscle Biopsy Water and Electrolyte Contents in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Graham J. A. , Lawson D. H. , Linton A. L.
Published: August 2015

1. Water and electrolyte status in chronic renal failure has been measured by skeletal muscle biopsy. These results have been compared with a series of muscle biopsy specimens taken from the same muscle (vastus lateralis) of normal subjects.

2. The water content, especially of the extracellular phase, is increased in chronic renal failure: the extracellular sodium and chloride contents are also increased. These changes tend to be more marked as the severity of renal failure increases.

3. The intracellular water and potassium contents in chronic renal failure are little different from those in normal patients.

4. A significant correlation between diastolic blood pressure and extracellular water content is shown and this is especially marked in more severe degrees of renal impairment.

5. These results support the belief that hypertension in chronic renal failure is salt and water dependent, and that hypertension in these patients can be controlled by removal of salt and water.
Lipogenesis in Homogenates of Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Galton D. J. , Wilson J. P. D.
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of fat-free homogenates of human adipose tissue to incorporate [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid and long-chain fatty acyl-CoA has been studied. Homogenates readily incorporated [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid. Addition of l-glycerol 3-phosphate was required before synthesis of neutral lipid occurred whereas the system contained sufficient endogenous fatty acid for esterification with l-glycerol 3-phosphate.

2. Glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate could replace l-glycerol 3-phosphate if the system was supplemented with NADH. The order of efficiency of each substrate to support esterification of [1-14C]palmitate was: l-glycerol 3-phosphate, fructose, 1,6-diphosphate, glucose 6-phosphate and glucose.

3. Factors known to alter the activity of phosphofructokinase (E.C.2.7.1.11) also altered the rates of incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate into neutral lipid. Thus citrate (10 mm) inhibited lipogenesis in this system when glucose 6-phosphate was used as initial substrate, but not when fructose 1,6-diphosphate was used. 3′5′-(cyclic)-AMP reversed the inhibition of lipogenesis by citrate.

4. Preparations of lipomata (benign tumours of adipose tissue) were found to be less sensitive to inhibition of lipogenesis by citrate (7 mm) but inhibition was observed at higher concentrations of citrate (21 mm). 3′5′-(cyclic)-AMP had no effect on lipogenesis in fat-free homogenates of lipomata in the presence of citrate (7 mm).

5. AMP (1·2 mm) inhibited the synthesis of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA without altering the rate of synthesis of neutral lipid from l-glycerol 3-phosphate. When the concentration of AMP was increased to 4 mm a concurrent decrease in lipid synthesis was observed.
The Effect of a Natriuretic Dose of Angiotensin on Rabbit Kidney Composition
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. To obtain information about the mechanism of the natriuresis induced by angiotensin, its effect on the distribution of electrolytes, urea and water in rabbit kidneys was examined.

2. In five control experiments, after infusion of normal saline at a low rate for several hours, the animals were killed and their kidneys removed and analysed for Na, K, Cl, urea and water content at five levels from outer cortex to papilla. In five further animals, the infusion was changed to 1 μg kg−1 min−1 of angiotensin for 40 min. This induced a significant natriuresis.

3. Significant changes in tissue composition induced by angiotensin were reduction in the Na, Cl, and urea concentrations throughout the medulla and papilla, an increase in the water content in these regions and an increase in outer cortical Na and Cl concentrations. In the inner cortex the water content was increased and the urea content decreased.

4. Angiotensin produced similar changes in renal tissue in experiments in which the same protocol was used in eight adrenalectomized rabbits and in five rabbits with unilateral renal denervation. The changes seen were therefore ascribed directly to angiotensin and not to adrenal hormone release or sympathetic nerve stimulation.

5. The most likely interpretation of the results is that angiotensin inhibits Na reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. However, other explanations, including alterations in vasa recta blood flow, are possible.
Increased Capillary Permeability to 131Iodide and [51Cr]EDTA in the Exercising Forearm of Long-Term Diabetics
Authors: Trap-Jensen J.
Published: August 2015

1. The skeletal muscle capillary permeability to 131I− and [51Cr]EDTA was studied in the exercising human forearm of seventeen non-diabetics and seventeen long-term juvenile diabetics with clinical signs of diabetic angiopathy.

2. The permeability data was obtained using the indicator diffusion technique, which implies intra-arterial injection and collection of multiple venous samples during the first passage of the tracers through the organ. The capillary permeability was expressed as the capillary diffusion capacity, CDC, i.e. the maximum unidirectional flux of tracer over the capillary membrane of 100 g of muscle per unit concentration difference over the capillary.

3. The average values for both CDCI and CDCCr-EDTA were found to be significantly increased (P < 0·001) in long-term diabetics as opposed to non-diabetics: CDC1 = 18·7 (SD, 3·2), 13·2 (SD, 1·0); CDCCr-EDTA = 6·74 (SD, 1·09), 3·73 (SD, 0·30)mol 100g−1 min−1 per mol ml−1 respectively.

4. The findings indicate an increased skeletal muscle capillary permeability in long-term diabetics which most probably is due to an increased permeability per unit capillary surface area.
The Electrolytes of Alkaline Human Gastric Juice
Authors: Gardham J. R. C. , Hobsley M.
Published: August 2015

1. The electrolytes were measured in alkaline gastric juice from eleven subjects with various gastric disorders; seven of these subjects had histamine-fast anacidity. The aim was to investigate the relation between alkaline gastric aspirates and the alkaline component predicted by the two-component hypothesis of gastric secretion.

2. The electrolyte concentrations differed from one subject to another: decreasing concentrations of sodium, chloride and alkali were correlated with increasing potassium concentrations.

3. The observed variations were completely explicable in terms of dilution of gastric juice by saliva. It is therefore concluded that the uncontaminated gastric juice was similar in all subjects.

4. The purest specimens of alkaline gastric juice closely resembled the alkaline component predicted by the two-component hypothesis. It is unlikely that diffusion in exchange for primary acid secretion could have produced the same results.
Estimation of the Total Body Vitamin B12 in the Live Subject
Authors: Adams J. F. , Tankel H. I. , MacEwan Fiona
Published: August 2015

1. Values for total body vitamin B12 were calculated for eighteen patients by giving a tracer dose of radioactive cyanocobalamin and measuring the radioactivity and microbiological activity in liver biopsies obtained at laparotomy.

2. The values for total body vitamin B12 ranged from 960 to 5984 μg with a mean of 2528 μg. Five values were greater and thirteen less than the mean.

3. Significant correlations were found between the serum vitamin B12 and total body vitamin B12, the serum vitamin B12 and the hepatic vitamin B12 and the hepatic B12 and the total body vitamin B12.
Sugar Absorption and Intestinal Motility in Children When Malnourished and after Treatment
Authors: James W. P. T.
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of malnourished children to absorb lactose, sucrose and glucose was tested by perfusing the jejunum. Intestinal motility was measured simultaneously in a perfused segment by a dye dilution technique. These tests were repeated on the same children after 6–16 weeks of treatment.

2. There was a significant correlation between the rate of hydrolysis of disaccharide perfusing the jejunum and the level of disaccharidase activity within the jejunal mucosa.

3. All ten malnourished children had diminished glucose absorption, eight had reduced lactose and six had impaired sucrose hydrolysis and absorption. Children with the most severe mucosal damage had the lowest rate of sugar absorption. The malabsorption of disaccharide was related to the impairment of hydrolysis and not to the malabsorption of the monosaccharide products.

4. Primary hypermotility of the intestine was not a feature of the malnourished group.

5. Water absorption from all infusions occurred only in the treated group. Water entry into the intestinal lumen in the malnourished group was greatest with the most poorly absorbed sugars.

6. The mean transit time of fluid passing down the intestine was inversely correlated with the sugar remaining unabsorbed within the lumen.

7. Treating the malnourished child in hospital produced an increase in glucose, lactose and sucrose absorption. The generalized nature of the malabsorption and the reversibility of the defects suggests that lactose intolerance in these children is related to the nutritional state and not to a genetic predisposition to lactase deficiency.
The Generation of Kinins in the Blood of Dogs during Hypotension Due to Haemorrhage
Authors: Berry H. E. , Collier J. G. , Vane J. R.
Published: August 2015

1. Circulating kinins were detected and continuously assayed during hypotension due to haemorrhage in dogs, using the blood-bathed organ technique and isolated strips of cat jejunum as the assay tissue.

2. In arterial blood kinin concentrations of 1–5 ng/ml were attained after a hypotension of 35–65 mmHg had been maintained for 10–190 min. When portal venous blood was simultaneously assayed kinins appeared earlier and in concentrations 1–2 ng/ml higher than in arterial blood. No differences in time course of kinin generation or in concentration were found when mixed venous blood and arterial blood were compared. In those instances in which the blood pressure was restored to normal by returning the shed blood, kinin formation stopped.

3. Kinin generation was due to the presence in the circulation of a kinin-forming enzyme, such as kallikrein. When kallikrein was infused into the portal vein, it was partially inactivated by the liver.

4. Prolonged intravenous infusions of kallikrein (20–60 mu kg−1 min−1) generated kinins in the circulation in concentrations (1–5 ng/ml) which were well maintained throughout the infusion, demonstrating that kinin generation is not limited by depletion of the precursor kininogen; nevertheless, the effects of kallikrein infusions on the blood pressure and central venous pressure waned.

5. It is concluded that in hypotension due to haemorrhage, an active kallikrein appears in the portal circulation. Delay in the appearance of kallikrein in the systemic circulation may be due to the kallikrein inactivating mechanism of the liver. This inactivating mechanism may fail during shock. Kinins are generated in amounts sufficient to have a substantial effect on the circulation and an influence on the course of events in shock.
The Interrelationship between ECF Volume and ECF Anion Composition in the Regulation of Sodium Excretion
Authors: Cohen J. J. , Chazan J. A. , Garella S.
Published: August 2015

1. The interrelationship between extracellular fluid volume and extracellular anion composition as determinants of sodium excretion was studied in thirty-four dogs. In six, hypovolaemia, hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were induced by the administration of ethacrynic acid and a low chloride diet. Isotonic sodium bicarbonate was then infused resulting in a progressive increase in sodium excretion. After 3 h while continuing the sodium bicarbonate infusion, an infusion of hydrochloric acid was given in order to return extracellular anion composition towards normal. This resulted in a prompt fall in sodium excretion without a change in GFR.

2. Ten studies were performed to determine whether this hydrochloric acid-induced enhancement of sodium conservation depends upon the presence of volume depletion and sodium avidity or whether it could also be demonstrated under circumstances of volume expansion. In these studies, hypervolaemia, hypochloraemia, hyperbicarbonataemia and a brisk natriuresis were induced by infusing isotonic sodium bicarbonate into normal dogs. The addition of hydrochloric acid returned anion composition to normal and, as before, resulted in a prompt suppression of sodium excretion despite continued sodium loading and enhanced glomerular filtration.

3. Results obtained from three related protocols (six animals each) confirmed that hypochloraemia and hyperbicarbonataemia were the necessary prerequisite conditions for this effect of hydrochloric acid in volume expanded animals. We interpret these findings as evidence that the response of the kidney to changes in extracellular fluid volume may be significantly affected by changes in the extracellular concentration of physiologic anions.
Evaluation of Theoretical Renal Phosphorus Threshold as an Index of Renal Phosphorus Handling
Authors: Stamp T. C. B. , Stacey T. E.
Published: August 2015

1. A simple phosphate infusion technique was employed to produce a linear elevation of plasma phosphorus levels with time. Using this technique theoretical renal phosphorus threshold (TRPT) was determined from sixty-seven infusions performed in fifty subjects in order to evaluate this measure of the renal excretion of phosphorus.

2. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined from phosphate data, and the maximum tubular reabsorptive capacity for phosphate (TmP) was obtained as the product of TRPT and GFR. Results obtained by simple graphic derivation of TRPT and GFR compared well with those obtained by regression analysis.

3. The normal adult range of TRPT was 2·7–4·1 mg/100 ml with a mean of 3·4 ± 0·4 (SD) mg/100 ml while adolescents had higher values. Results were compared in subjects with various disturbances of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In primary hyperparathyroidism with and without bone disease the range of TRPT was 0·5–2·8 mg/100 ml with a mean of 2·0 ± 0·7 (SD) mg/100 ml (difference from normals P < 0·0125); in osteomalacia before and during treatment the range of TRPT was 0·3–1·9 mg/100 ml with a mean of 1·0 ± 0·6 (SD) mg/100 ml (difference from normals P < 0·0005). The standard deviation in repeated tests in the same individual was ±0·28 mg/100 ml.

4. There was a significant positive correlation between TRPT (TmP/GFR) and GFR. Changes in GFR of 10 ml/min were associated with absolute changes in TRPT of 0·08–0·19 mg/100 ml. Thus TRPT showed very much less dependence on GFR than TmP and appeared the more consistent index of renal phosphate handling.

5. The technique has proved valuable in monitoring the response to treatment in different forms of osteomalacia. It has provided evidence of increased urinary phosphate excretion in some patients with idiopathic osteoporosis. Lysine and probably certain other amino acids may be infused by the same technique for the more precise study of the renal excretion of these compounds.
A Reversible Vascular Abnormality Associated with Diabetic Ketosis
Authors: Christensen N. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Resting forearm blood flow was increased in untreated juvenile diabetics and a slight but significant reduction took place during insulin treatment. The peak flow after ischaemia was also increased, but no difference could be demonstrated before and after insulin administration.

2. Reactive hyperaemia was found to be considerably prolonged in the diabetic patients with moderate ketosis and mild disturbances of the blood acid-base balance as compared to non-diabetics. This abnormality disappeared after insulin treatment.

3. The prolonged blood flow recovery showed a strong association with total CO2 in plasma. In subjects with non-ketotic metabolic acidosis of a degree similar to that seen in the diabetic patients no abnormality was found.

4. Urinary excretion of catecholamines was normal in the untreated juvenile diabetics. The observed alterations in the diabetics are similar to those observed by others in non-diabetics after administration of adrenaline or reserpine.
The Value of Plasma Renin Concentration Per Se, and in Relation to Plasma and Extracellular Fluid Volume in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Human Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Bianchi G. , Campolo L. , Vegeto A. , Pietra V. , Piazza U.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) has been measured in 212 hypertensive patients. In fourteen patients with essential hypertension and in seventeen patients with renovascular hypertension, plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) were measured.

2. The results obtained have been discussed in three ways:

(a) PRC in relation to the aetiology of hypertension; (b) PRC in relation to the effect on blood pressure of surgery for unilateral renal diseases; (c) PRC, PV and ECFV in ‘essential’ and renovascular hypertension.

3. Excluding patients with ophthalmoscopic signs of malignant hypertension, PRC is significantly higher in renovascular hypertension than in normal subjects and patients suffering from ‘essential’ hypertension and hypertension associated with bilateral renal disease; but the overlapping of the single values of the patients with these diseases is marked. Thus a normal PRC has no diagnostic value, while a high PRC without sodium deficiency or retinopathy might favour a diagnosis of renovascular disease.

4. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three patients submitted to surgery for unilateral renal disease and followed up for 12 months or longer, blood pressure has been significantly reduced. This group includes twelve patients with a normal preoperative PRC and fifteen patients with a high PRC. These results clearly demonstrate that unilateral renal disease may maintain a high blood pressure without increasing PRC and that PRC has no prognostic value.

5. Concurrent estimations of PRC, PV and ECFV in patients with renovascular or essential hypertension revealed the following differences. In cases of renovascular hypertension with normal PRC, PV and ECFV were significantly increased while in those with raised PRC, PV did not differ and ECFV was barely raised with respect to values obtained in patients with essential hypertension. PV of renovascular patients with normal renin was significantly higher than that of renovascular patients with high renin. The analysis of these results with quadratic discriminant functions demonstrated that an integrated evaluation of blood pressure, PV, ECFV and PRC allows a separation between the two types of hypertension. In other words these factors, taken together, in some way seem to reflect a difference between the two diseases. These results may indicate a new type of approach to the diagnosis and prognosis of renovascular hypertension.
The Effects of Prolonged Administration of Vasopressin and Oxytocin on Renin, Aldosterone and Sodium Balance in Normal Man
Authors: Goodwin F. J. , Ledingham J. G. G. , Laragh J. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Vasopressin was administered to normal men in metabolic balance for periods of 5–10 days under conditions of water restriction or overhydration. Likewise, oxytocin was administered to two normal men for 10 days.

2. The effects of both neuropeptides on plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion rate and sodium balance were observed.

3. In the absence of overhydration, vasopressin had no demonstrable effect upon plasma renin activity, aldosterone excretion rate or sodium balance. During overhydration body weight gain and plasma dilution were followed by natriuresis; the associated changes in plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion, however, were unimpressive.

4. The prolonged administration of oxytocin for 10 days under conditions of normal hydration failed to influence sodium excretion, plasma renin activity or aldosterone excretion.

5. It is concluded that in normal man changes in circulating levels of vasopressin or oxytocin do not play a physiological role in the control of sodium excretion.
The Effect of a High Intake of Calcium and Phosphate in Normal Subjects and Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Clarkson E. M. , Durrant C. , Phillips M. E. , Gower P. E. , Jewkes R. F. , de Wardener H. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Two normal subjects and ten patients with chronic renal failure were given 15 or 20 g of calcium carbonate in the morning and 5·6 or 8·4 g of calcium phosphate in the evening for 13–41 days.

2. During the high calcium and phosphate intake there was a rise in calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut in the normal subjects and to about the same extent in the patients with chronic renal failure.

3. The calcium and phosphate balances became positive while there was a rise in plasma calcium and a fall in plasma phosphate. There was also a fall in urinary phosphate excretion.
The Influence of pH, Bicarbonate and Hypertonicity on the Absorption of Ammonia from the Rat Intestine
Authors: Swales J. D. , Tange J. D. , Wrong O. M.
Published: August 2015

1. Ammonia absorption has been studied in closed loops of rat jejunum, ileum and colon.

2. Ammonia absorption was significantly greater from solutions buffered at higher pH. Absorption was also greater in the presence of the bicarbonate ion, and this effect was not due solely to the influence of bicarbonate upon the initial pH of the solutions studied. In the presence of ammonia net bicarbonate absorption was increased and net bicarbonate secretion was decreased.

3. The above effects are compatible with the hypothesis that non-ionic diffusion plays an important role in the absorption of ammonia.

4. Ammonia absorption was significantly less from hypertonic solutions than from hypotonic or isotonic solutions. This effect persisted even after the hypertonic solution had been removed, and therefore appears to have been due to a change in ileal wall permeability rather than an effect of these solutions on water movement. The absorption of hydrazine was similar to that of ammonia in these circumstances; as there is evidence that hydrazine is absorbed by a process of non-ionic diffusion in the lipid phase, this finding is a further indication that hypertonicity exerts its effect through a change in membrane permeability.