bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminist Breathing
Authors: Tremblay Jean-Thomas
Published: January 2020

This essay traces an aesthetic genealogy of feminist breathing since the 1970s. Deviating from declension narratives that locate in that decade the end of breathing as a means of feminist socialization and politicization, this essay argues that indigenous and black feminisms have continuously relied on respiratory rituals as tactics or strategies for living through the foreclosure of political presents and futures. Case studies on Linda Hogan’s ceremonial poetry and Toni Cade Bambara’s fiction on healing expose the tensions that have animated a feminist breathing premised on the management of vulnerabilities: first, the enmeshment of vitality and risk and, second, the destabilization of the wholeness or wellness afforded by rituals. As felt theory or embodied critique, feminist breathing ultimately reveals an impulse to repair the conditions from which it emerges.
Communicating Conflict
Authors: Lamal Nina
Published: January 2020

Young Italian men joined the Habsburg army in the Low Countries to gain military experience. In pursuit of social advancement, many of these soldiers sought to maintain ties and contacts with their hometowns. Letters were the principal medium for soldiers to establish such a long-distance communication, providing the latest news from the front. This article provides the first examination of letter-writing soldiers as purveyors of news from the battlefield to the governing elites in Italian states during the late sixteenth century. It examines how soldiers of different ranks and social backgrounds used letters to construct a reputation as trustworthy correspondents and as military experts. By providing event-based and up-to-date military and political information on the conflict in which they were actively deployed, soldiers played a crucial role in the circulation of information and shaped the reception at the Italian courts of the unfolding events in the Low Countries.
Life Writing for the Counter-Reformation
Authors: Clarke Danielle
Published: January 2020

This essay examines the English translations of the autobiographical writings of Teresa de Ávila — The Lyf of the Mother Teresa of Iesus (Antwerp, 1611) and The Flaming Hart (Antwerp, 1642) — to demonstrate the impact of her exemplary spiritual life on the development of early modern life writing, particularly in domestic contexts. Teresa’s autobiographical texts were mediated for new audiences: religious orders and lay readers, both Catholic and Protestant. Teresa quickly established cult status in large part through readers’ engagement with the record of her life. Analysis of her writings shows how they partook in a carefully orchestrated campaign of Counter-Reformation proselytization that established a network of religious houses but also a network of thought and contemplation across Europe. The key players involved with circulating her works were by and large lay people operating in close collaboration with houses on the Continent, but outside of the religious orders per se. While Teresa’s writings were a source of inspiration and emulation across the confessional divide and across the gender divide, she had a particular appeal for women, who often acted as crucial agents of conversion and reconversion, particularly in England. The article also shows how Teresa’s own protracted and intensive effort to validate her spiritual visions had the effect of both publicizing and authorizing herself as an authentic witness to the divine in the face of an oppositional, tradition-defending church. This must have had strong appeal in a century that was profoundly concerned with rearticulating the relationships between individual and collective state or religious authority.
“In the hands and hearts of all true Christians”
Authors: Swann Joel
Published: January 2020

The lively contemporary reception of George Herbert’s book of poems The Temple has been clearly demonstrated by a substantial body of modern scholarship. This article shows how that body of work can be complemented through material evidence of readership drawn from from specific copies of The Temple. By investigating readers’ marks in over 120 copies of the book published between 1633 and 1709, it confirms that The Temple was received with enthusiasm and active readership. While marks in the book often suggest that it was sometimes used for the “commonplacing” of sententious phrases and religious maxims, this article demonstrates how Herbert’s poems also attracted more nuanced literary engagements. The sale and acquisition of the book in private and public libraries in the late seventeenth century likewise suggest that The Temple held a dual role, sometimes positioned in relation to other devotional texts (like the Book of Psalms), and sometimes in a relation to the emerging category of secular literature.
Recycling endosomes attach to the trans-side of Golgi stacks in Drosophila and mammalian cells
Authors: Fujii Syara , Kurokawa Kazuo , Inaba Ryota , Hiramatsu Naoki , Tago Tatsuya , Nakamura Yuri , Nakano Akihiko , Satoh Takunori , Satoh Akiko K.
Published: January 2020

Historically, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) has been recognized as a sorting center of newly synthesized proteins, whereas the recycling endosome (RE) is a compartment where endocytosed materials transit before being recycled to the plasma membrane. However, recent findings revealed that both the TGN and RE connect endocytosis and exocytosis and, thus, are functionally overlapping. Here we report, in both Drosophila and microtubule-disrupted HeLa cells, that REs are interconvertible between two distinct states, namely Golgi-associated REs and free REs. Detachment and reattachment of REs and Golgi stacks are often observed, and newly synthesized glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cargo protein but not vesicular stomatitis virus G protein is transported through these two types of RE. In plants, there are two types of TGN – Golgi-associated TGN and Golgi-independent TGN. We show that dynamics of REs in both Drosophila and mammalian cells are very similar compared with those of plant TGNs. And, together with the similarity on the molecular level, our results indicate that fly and mammalian REs are organelles that are equivalent to TGNs in plants. This suggests that the identities and functional relationships between REs and TGNs should be reconsidered.
Usp14 is required for spermatogenesis and ubiquitin stress responses in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kovács Levente , Nagy Ágota , Pál Margit , Deák Peter
Published: January 2020

Deubiquitylating (DUB) enzymes free covalently linked ubiquitin moieties from ubiquitin–ubiquitin and ubiquitin–protein conjugates, and thereby maintain the equilibrium between free and conjugated ubiquitin moieties and regulate ubiquitin-mediated cellular processes. Here, we performed genetic analyses of mutant phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster and demonstrate that loss of Usp14 function results in male sterility, with defects in spermatid individualization and reduced testicular free monoubiquitin levels. These phenotypes were rescued by germline-specific overexpression of wild-type Usp14. Synergistic genetic interactions with Ubi-p63E and cycloheximide sensitivity suggest that ubiquitin shortage is a primary cause of male sterility. In addition, Usp14 is predominantly expressed in testes in Drosophila, indicating a higher demand for this DUB in testes that is also reflected by testis-specific loss-of-function Usp14 phenotypes. Collectively, these results suggest a major role of Usp14 in maintaining normal steady state free monoubiquitin levels during the later stages of Drosophila spermatogenesis.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Vav2 lacks Ca2+ entry-promoting scaffolding functions unique to Vav1 and inhibits T cell activation via Cdc42
Authors: Fray Michael A. , Charpentier John C. , Sylvain Nicholas R. , Seminario Maria-Cristina , Bunnell Stephen C.
Published: January 2020

Vav family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are essential regulators of immune function. Despite their structural similarity, Vav1 promotes and Vav2 opposes T cell receptor (TCR)-induced Ca2+ entry. By using a Vav1-deficient Jurkat T cell line, we find that Vav1 facilitates Ca2+ entry via non-catalytic scaffolding functions that are encoded by the catalytic core of Vav1 and flanking linker regions. We implicate, in this scaffolding function, a previously undescribed polybasic motif that is strictly conserved in Vav1 and absent from Vav2 in tetrapods. Conversely, the catalytic activity of Vav2 contributes to the suppression of TCR-mediated Ca2+ entry. By performing an in vivo ‘GEF trapping’ assay in intact cells, we demonstrate that Cdc42 interacts with the catalytic surface of Vav2 but not Vav1, and that Vav1 discriminates Cdc42 from Rac1 via F56 (W56 in Rac1). Finally, the Cdc42-specific inhibitor ZCL278 and the shRNA-mediated suppression of Cdc42 each prevent the inhibition of TCR-induced Ca2+ entry by Vav2. These findings define stark differences in the functions of Vav1 and Vav2, and provide an explanation for the differential usage of these Vav isoforms by immune subpopulations.
Cep44 functions in centrosome cohesion by stabilizing rootletin
Authors: Hossain Delowar , Shih Sunny Y.-P. , Xiao Xintong , White Julia , Tsang William Y.
Published: January 2020

The centrosome linker serves to hold the duplicated centrosomes together until they separate in late G2/early mitosis. Precisely how the linker is assembled remains an open question. In this study, we identify Cep44 as a novel component of the linker in human cells. Cep44 localizes to the proximal end of centrioles, including mother and daughter centrioles, and its ablation leads to loss of centrosome cohesion. Cep44 does not impinge on the stability of C-Nap1 (also known as CEP250), LRRC45 or Cep215 (also known as CDK5RAP2), and vice versa, and these proteins are independently recruited to the centrosome. Rather, Cep44 associates with rootletin and regulates its stability and localization to the centrosome. Our findings reveal a role of the previously uncharacterized protein Cep44 for centrosome cohesion and linker assembly.
Evidence that stress-induced changes in surface temperature serve a thermoregulatory function
Authors: Robertson Joshua K. , Mastromonaco Gabriela , Burness Gary
Published: January 2020

Changes in body temperature following exposure to stressors have been documented for nearly two millennia, however, the functional value of this phenomenon is poorly understood. We tested two competing hypotheses to explain stress-induced changes in temperature, with respect to surface tissues. Under the first hypothesis, changes in surface temperature are a consequence of vasoconstriction that occurs to attenuate blood-loss in the event of injury and serves no functional purpose per se; defined as the Haemoprotective Hypothesis. Under the second hypothesis, changes in surface temperature reduce thermoregulatory burdens experienced during activation of a stress response, and thus hold a direct functional value; here, the Thermoprotective Hypothesis. To understand whether stress-induced changes in surface temperature have functional consequences, we tested predictions of the Haemoprotective and Thermoprotective hypotheses by exposing Black-capped Chickadees (n=20) to rotating stressors across an ecologically relevant ambient temperature gradient, while non-invasively monitoring surface temperature (eye region temperature) using infrared thermography. Our results show that individuals exposed to rotating stressors reduce surface temperature and dry heat loss at low ambient temperature and increase surface temperature and dry heat loss at high ambient temperature, when compared to controls. These results support the Thermoprotective Hypothesis and suggest that changes in surface temperature following stress exposure have functional consequences and are consistent with an adaptation. Such findings emphasize the importance of the thermal environment in shaping physiological responses to stressors in vertebrates, and in doing so, raise questions about their suitability within the context of a changing climate.
Experimental manipulation of perceived predation risk and cortisol generate contrasting trait trajectories in plastic crucian carp
Authors: Vinterstare Jerker , Hulthén Kaj , Nilsson P. Anders , Nilsson Sköld Helen , Brönmark Christer
Published: January 2020

Most animals constitute potential prey and must respond appropriately to predator-mediated stress in order to survive. Numerous prey also adaptively tailor their response to the prevailing level of risk and stress imposed by their natural enemies, i.e. they adopt an inducible defence strategy. Predator exposure may activate the stress axis, and drive the expression of anti-predator traits that facilitate survival in a high-risk environment (the predation-stress-hypothesis). Here, we quantified two key morphological anti-predator traits, body morphology and colouration, in crucian carp following exposure to presence or absence of a predator (pike) as well as to experimental manipulation of physiological stress via implants containing either cortisol or a cortisol inhibitor. We found that predator-exposed fish expressed a deeper-bodied phenotype and darker body colouration as compared to non-exposed individuals. Skin analyses revealed that an increase in the amount of melanophores caused the dramatic colour change in predator-exposed fish. Increased melanisation is costly, and the darker body colouration may act as an inducible defence against predation, via a conspicuous signal of the morphological defence or by crypsis towards dark environments and a nocturnal lifestyle. By contrast, the phenotype of individuals carrying cortisol implants did not mirror the phenotype of predator-exposed fish but instead exhibited opposite trajectories of trait change; a shallow-bodied morphology with a lighter body colouration as compared to sham-treated fish. The cortisol inhibitor did not influence the phenotype of fish reared in predator presence i.e. neither body depth nor body colouration differed between this group and predator-exposed fish having a sham implant. However, our results illuminate a potential link between stress physiology and morphological defence expression.
Mode of presentation and skin thickening on ultrasound may predict nodal burden in breast cancer patients with a positive axillary core biopsy
Authors: Choong Wen Ling , Evans Andrew , Purdie Colin A. , Wang Huan , Donnan Peter T. , Lawson Brooke , Macaskill E. Jane
Published: January 2020

Objective:

A number of pre-operative factors predicting nodal burden in females with breast cancer have recently been identified. The aim of this study is to assess if these factors independently influence nodal burden in females with a positive axillary core biopsy.

Methods:

All node positive patients detected on axillary core biopsy were identified in our cancer audit database. Mode of presentation, age, core tumour grade, core tumour type, ER and HER2 status were evaluated. Tumours were assessed for ultrasound size, distance of tumour-to-skin, presence of invasion of skin and diffuse skin thickening. Axillary lymph nodes were assessed for cortical thickness and presence of ultrasound replaced nodes. Statistical significance was ascertained using univariate logistic regression. A predictive model was produced following a multiple logistic regression model incorporating cross-validation and assessed using receiving operating characteristic curve.

Results:

115 patients’ data were analysed. Patients referred because of symptoms (70% vs 38%, p = 0.005), and those with ultrasound skin thickening (87% vs 59%, p = 0.055) have higher nodal burden than those referred from screening or without skin thickening. These factors were significant after multivariate analysis. The final predictive model included mode of presentation, ultrasound tumour size, cortical thickness and presence of ultrasound skin thickening. The area under curve is 0.77.

Conclusion:

We have shown that mode of presentation and ultrasound skin thickening are independent predictors of high nodal burden at surgery. A model has been developed to predict nodal burden pre-operatively, which may lead to avoidance of axillary node clearance in patients with lower nodal burden.

Advances in knowledge:

Method of presentation and skin involvement/proximity to skin by the primary tumour are known to influence outcome and nodal involvement respectively but have not been studied with regard to nodal burden. We have shown that mode of presentation and skin thickening at ultrasound are independent predictors of high nodal burden at surgery.
Reduced radiation-induced toxicity by using proton therapy for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Meijer Tineke W.H. , Scandurra Dan , Langendijk Johannes A.
Published: January 2020

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx are generally treated with (chemo) radiation. Patients with oropharyngeal cancer have better survival than patients with squamous cell carcinoma of other head and neck subsites, especially when related to human papillomavirus. However, radiotherapy results in a substantial percentage of survivors suffering from significant treatment-related side-effects. Late radiation-induced side-effects are mostly irreversible and may even be progressive, and particularly xerostomia and dysphagia affect health-related quality of life. As the risk of radiation-induced side-effects highly depends on dose to healthy normal tissues, prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia and dysphagia and subsequent improvement of health-relatedquality of life can be obtained by applying proton therapy, which offers the opportunity to reduce the dose to both the salivary glands and anatomic structures involved in swallowing.

This review describes the results of the first cohort studies demonstrating that proton therapy results in lower dose levels in multiple organs at risk, which translates into reduced acute toxicity (i.e. up to 3 months after radiotherapy), while preserving tumour control. Next to reducing mucositis, tube feeding, xerostomia and distortion of the sense of taste, protons can improve general well-being by decreasing fatigue and nausea. Proton therapy results in decreased rates of tube feeding dependency and severe weight loss up to 1 year after radiotherapy, and may decrease the risk of radionecrosis of the mandible. Also, the model-based approach for selecting patients for proton therapy in the Netherlands is described in this review and future perspectives are discussed.
The true “punching bag” behind Molière’s The Middle-Class Nobleman
Authors: Lekkas Demetrios E.
Published: January 2020

Summary In 1670, the new ballet comedy The middle-class gentleman (Le bourgeoisgentilhomme) premiered at the theatre of the French palace before “theSun King” Louis XIV, on a text by Molière with music by Lully, hispermanent collaborator. Both were acting on stage. Since then, no one hasraised the question who is the real punching bag of the play’s aggression.The present author decided to research towards understanding it, in orderto compose new music responsibly for a performance at the MunicipalRegional Theatre of Crete, an island paradoxically connected directly withthe initial impetus behind the play’s composition. By studying historicalsources, events, linking the circumstances and analyzing in depth the textfrom a fresh viewpoint with emphasis on certain scenes, he concludedthat the target of the playwright’s merciless hard satire was the originalcomposer of the music for the play, because the two of them had entereda period of deep clash for personal, financial and legal differences. Theresearch, with its conclusions regarding the Molièresque attack on Lully,moves on the axes of his humble Italian origins, his greed, the forgery ofhis family history through the construction of a fake past of nobility, as wellas his widely conspicuous effeminacy and open homosexuality, by probinginto detailed historical, linguistic, etymological, political and sociologicalreferences. The compound historical study of events that took place in thepalace and motivated the writing of this play is combined with a socialstudy of the palatine conditions and habits, with juicy references to thecustoms and etiquette of the wider royal family and the Court, enhancedwith anecdotal facts and spicy commentary. The general attempt of thisnovel multifaceted theatrological viewing is the documentation througha narrative rich in authentic facts about the play, the author, the associatecreators and the era, largely unknown to the general public.
Biometric and genetic differences in kelabau (Osteochilus spp.) as revealed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
Authors: Asiah Nur , Junianto Junianto , Yustiati Ayi , Sukendi Sukendi , Fahmi Melta Rini , Muchlisin Zainal A. , Kadapi Muhamad
Published: January 2020

Background: Kelabau (Osteochilus spp.) is a freshwater fish commonly found in the rivers of Riau, Indonesia. Researchers believe that these are Osteochilus kelabau; however, accurate taxonomic determination of these fish in Riau waters has not been made. The purpose of this study was to facilitate the identification of the kelabau based on its morphology and genetics using biometric and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) analyses, respectively.

Methods: Fish samples were collected from the Siak, Kampar and Rokan rivers in Riau Province, Indonesia. The DNA of 90 fish was extracted from the caudal fins using a DNA extraction kit, after which it was amplified using primers Fish-F1 and Fish-R1. Sequencing was conducted by Applied Biosystems Macrogen Korea, and the DNA sequences were then edited and aligned using MEGA v. 7. All samples were BLAST-searched for identification using the National Center for Biotechnology Information and BOLD System. Phylogenetic trees were constructed, and the similarity index was calculated using accession numbers AP011385.1 and KC631202.1 in GenBank.

Results: Analysis of the consensus barcode sequence for 86 species revealed a high percentage of barcode matches (96%–97% in GenBank and 96.6%–96.76% in the BOLD System). The nucleotide distance between groups of kelabau from the different rivers based on the Kimura 2-parameter model gave the following results: 0.05% between groups from the Siak and Kampar rivers, 0.09% between those from the Siak and Rokan rivers and 0.05% between those from the Kampar and Rokan rivers. The nucleotide distance between the groups in the Siak (0.09%), Kampar (0.00%) and Rokan (0.10%) Rivers indicated that the kelabau in those rivers were related to each other.

Conclusions: Based on the results of the research data using CO1 and biometric analyses, the kelabau were confirmed to be O. melanopleurus.
Understanding transport processes in lichen, Azolla–cyanobacteria, ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and rhizobia–legume symbiotic interactions
Authors: Roy Rahul , Reinders Anke , Ward John M , McDonald Tami R
Published: January 2020

Intimate interactions between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms require the orchestrated transfer of ions and metabolites between species. We review recent progress in identifying and characterizing the transport proteins involved in five mutualistic symbiotic interactions: lichens, Azolla–cyanobacteria, ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and rhizobia–legumes. This review focuses on transporters for nitrogen and carbon and other solutes exchanged in the interactions. Their predicted functions are evaluated on the basis of their transport mechanism and prevailing transmembrane gradients of H+ and transported substrates. The symbiotic interactions are presented in the assumed order from oldest to most recently evolved.
Objective Pain Assessment: a Key for the Management of Chronic Pain
Authors: Xu Xiaohan , Huang Yuguang
Published: January 2020

The individual and social burdens associated with chronic pain have been escalating globally. Accurate pain measurement facilitates early diagnosis, disease progression monitoring and therapeutic efficacy evaluation, thus is a key for the management of chronic pain. Although the “golden standards” of pain measurement are self-reported scales in clinical practice, the reliability of these subjective methods could be easily affected by patients’ physiological and psychological status, as well as the assessors’ predispositions. Therefore, objective pain assessment has attracted substantial attention recently. Previous studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed that certain cortices and subcortical areas are commonly activated in subjects suffering from pain. Dynamic pain connectome analysis also found various alterations of neural network connectivity that are correlated with the severity of clinical pain symptoms. Electroencephalograph (EEG) demonstrated suppressed spontaneous oscillations during pain experience. Spectral power and coherence analysis of EEG also identified signatures of different types of chronic pain. Furthermore, fMRI and EEG can visualize objective brain activities modulated by analgesics in a mechanism-based way, thus bridge the gaps between animal studies and clinical trials. Using fMRI and EEG, researchers are able to predict therapeutic efficacy and identify personalized optimal first-line regimens. In the future, the emergence of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cell labelling in MRI would encourage the investigation on metabolic and cellular pain biomarkers. The incorporation of machine learning algorithms with neuroimaging or behavior analysis could further enhance the specificity and accuracy of objective pain assessments.
Commentary on ‘Surface markers associated with chondrogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells’
Authors: Lu Zhihua , Yan Lianqi , Pei Ming
Published: January 2020

In the last decade, researchers have searched for predictive surface markers of multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) for ensuring improved therapeutic outcomes following cartilage damage in humans. However, we have achieved only limited progress because of the challenge presented by conflicting data. This commentary provides some evidence to prove a lack of success with current efforts, including an inconsistency in accepted surface markers and chondrogenic potential of MSCs as well as the tissue source–dependent MSC surface markers that correlate with chondrogenic potential. A brief discussion on these disputed topics and perspective about functionally predictive surface markers and standardization of analytic procedures are also highlighted.
METHODS FOR ENSURING RESISTANCE TO HCP FOR CONTROL LOGIC AND STATIC MEMORY OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN THE DESIGN
Authors: Grechanyy Sergey , Chubur K.
Published: January 2020

The article describes methods for ensuring resistance to heavy charged particles (HCP) of the RAM block of the microprocessor. A description of the implementation and a block diagram of static memory based on dummy blocks is given. The paper considers methods of combating the biopolar effect, which are aimed at controlling the potential of the transistor body and reducing the resistance. The dependence of the critical charge of a SOI-memory cell the gain of a parasitic biopolar transistor is modeled. To increase the fault tolerance of combinational circuits consisting of control logic and decoder blocks, redundancy is applied at the level of individual valves.
CALCULATION OF THE FORMATION OF MERCURY-CONTAINING WASTES AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Zvyaginceva Alla , Sazonova Svetlana , Kul'neva V.
Published: January 2020

The problem of processing industrial products and waste from various industries containing metallic mercury or its compounds, which is acute in connection with the increasing requirements for environmental protection and, in particular, water resources, is considered. The results of calculation of the formation of mercury-containing waste and the development of a set of measures for the rational use of water resources of the OPS LLC «EVO» are presented. The environmental impact of the environmental impact assessment of OPS LLC «EVO» was assessed. As a result of such an assessment, the main sources of pollution of the water basin were identified. An assessment of the environmental impact of the LLC «EVO» company and analysis of the technology for processing mercury-containing wastes were carried out. The developed comprehensive measures for the protection and rational use of water resources will contribute to improving the level of environmental safety.
El camino hacia la formulación de una nueva política migratoria en Brasil. De la visión militar restrictiva a la apertura
Authors: Muñoz Bravo Tomás Milton
Published: January 2020

Durante la última dictadura militar brasilera (1964-1985) se impulsó una política migratoria enfocada a ‘proteger’ los empleos de los trabajadores locales, restringir la presencia de extranjeros ligados a movimientos de izquierda y salvaguardar sus propios intereses políticos. Con el regreso de los gobiernos civiles y el cambio de patrones migratorios, inició un proceso paulatino para superar esa lógica restrictiva a finales del siglo xx e inicios del xxi, en un contexto en el que la integración regional, a través del Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur), coadyuvó a promover la libre circulación de personas en dicha organización internacional suramericana. El presente trabajo explica, por medio del análisis cualitativo de una serie de factores seleccionados, la transición vivida en Brasil que pasó de una política migratoria restrictiva, basada en la ley de extranjería de 1980, a la formulación de una política abierta en respuesta a cambios en los patrones migratorios, a elementos políticos y económicos internos y externos, y a compromisos internacionales contraídos por el país.
El desminado humanitario en los escenarios coyunturales del posconflicto en Colombia: una mirada jurídico-política
Authors: Arias Henao Diana Patricia , Ospina Perdomo Juanita María
Published: January 2020

El artículo, mediante una metodología analítica, hace una aproximación teórica de derecho internacional contemporáneo sobre los aspectos jurídicos y políticos relativos al diseño, implementación y gestión del Programa Piloto de Desminado Humanitario (DH) entre las farc y el gobierno colombiano durante 2016. Para este propósito, se recurre a fuentes primarias y secundarias, tradicionales, así como a entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a informantes clave; también, a resultados ofrecidos por el uso de la técnica web mining durante el recorte temporal descrito respecto a elementos jurisprudenciales y doctrinales. Se ratifica un escenario de subsidiariedad penal erga omnes frente al uso de artefactos explosivos enterrados y se demuestra que esta práctica, generalizada en el conflicto armado interno colombiano, no es más que una lección de estrategia aprendida de las acciones militares engendradas en las guerras mundiales y el derecho internacional clásico.
Reinserción social de adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Un estudio conceptual
Authors: Montejano Torres Lizeth , De la Rosa Rodríguez Paola Iliana , Galán Jiménez Jaime Sebastián F.
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en hacer una revisión sobre las medidas y formas en que se ha empleado el concepto de reinserción social adolescente. Desde diversas disciplinas y sectores sociales en México, ha comenzado el reconocimiento de las personas jóvenes como un grupo de importancia que debe ser atendido dentro de las políticas públicas; sin embargo, quienes se encuentran en conflicto con la ley, rara vez, son considerados en los programas gubernamentales. Desde la perspectiva psicojurídica podría darse una aproximación a partir de la teoría del aprendizaje social y el etiquetamiento. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura científica publicada en el periodo de enero de 2012 hasta junio 2017 utilizando la herramienta de Google Académico con el concepto de reinserción social. La muestra total fue de 93 artículos. De los cuales se retuvieron sólo 18 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados sugieren que la reinserción social de personas adolescentes, no difieren del que se utiliza para población adulta.
Liberación de la Madre Tierra: Resistencia del pueblo nasa en el Norte del Cauca.
Authors: Vargas Reyes Bryan , Ariza Santamaría Rosembert
Published: January 2020

El tratamiento histórico y el manejo actual que se le ha dado al derecho al territorio en cabeza de los grupos étnicos del país han llevado a que la lucha por sus derechos traspase ámbitos jurídico-institucionales, generando nuevos espacios de lucha y resistencia desde donde se debate lo legal/ilegal y alegal. En este contexto, el Pueblo nasa del Norte del Cauca resiste al despojo y desplazamiento al que han sido sometidos mediante la liberación de la madre tierra, proceso político de toma de haciendas, pero también ecológico al abogar por la defensa de la tierra ante los abusos de químicos y monocultivos. Mediante el acompañamiento a las comunidades del norte del Cauca, el presente artículo pretende darle voz a aquellos que no han sido tenido en cuento a la hora de escuchar sus reparos y exigencias.
Páginas preliminares
Authors: Socio-Jurídicos Estudios
Published: January 2020

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Conspicuous by Its Absence: Diagnostic Expert Testing Under Uncertainty
Authors: Dai Tinglong , Singh Shubhranshu
Published: January 2020

We study the problem a diagnostic expert (e.g., a physician) faces when offering a diagnosis to a client (e.g., a patient) and show that information asymmetry about the expert’s diagnostic ability may result in undertesting in the equilibrium.
The Political Economy of Labor Employment Decisions: Evidence from China
Authors: Gu Zhaoyang , Tang Song , Wu Donghui
Published: January 2020

In China’s transitional economy, one of the major objectives of the government is to maintain social stability. We hypothesize that, through state ownership and appointment of executives, Chinese government officials can influence firms’ labor employment decisions by limiting layoffs when firms’ sales decline. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have stickier labor costs than non-SOEs, and the presence of politically connected managers makes labor costs even stickier in SOEs while having little effect in non-SOEs. Such effects are stronger in regions with weak market institutions and during time periods when government officials are to be promoted. We also show that the government reciprocates SOEs’ sticky labor policies with subsequent subsidies.

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
Investments in Renewable and Conventional Energy: The Role of Operational Flexibility
Authors: Kök A. Gürhan , Shang Kevin , Yücel Şafak
Published: January 2020

Problem definition: There is an ongoing debate on how providing a subsidy for one energy source affects the investment level of other sources. Academic/practical relevance: To investigate this issue, we study a capacity investment problem for a utility firm that invests in renewable and conventional energy, with a consideration of two critical factors. First, conventional sources have different levels of operational flexibility—inflexible (e.g., nuclear and coal) and flexible (e.g., natural gas). Second, random renewable energy supply and electricity demand are correlated and nonstationary. Methodology: We model this problem as a two-stage stochastic program in which a utility firm first determines the capacity investment levels followed by the dispatch quantities of energy sources to minimize the sum of investment and generation-related costs. Results: We derive the optimal capacity portfolio to characterize the interactions between renewable and conventional sources. Policy implications: We find that renewable and inflexible sources are substitutes, suggesting that a subsidy for nuclear or coal-fired power plants leads to a lower investment level in wind or solar energy. However, wind energy and flexible sources are complements. Thus, a subsidy for flexible natural gas-fired power plants leads to a higher investment in wind energy. This result holds for solar energy if the subsidy for the flexible source is sufficiently high. We validate these insights by using real electricity generation and demand data from the state of Texas.
Cyberbullying as a Threat to Young
Authors: Kampova Katarina , Makka Katarina , Soltes Viktor
Published: January 2020

The issue of cybercrime and other anti-social activities is increasingly discussed today. The cause is an increasing number of individuals, companies or states exposed to these threats. This article deals with the issue of cyber aggression as one of the kinds of other anti-social activities. The article presents the results of researches in the Slovak Republic, but also the results of a survey at selected schools conducted by the Faculty of Safety Engineering of the University of Zilina. The main aim of the article is to point out the issue of cybercrime and other antisocial activities among adolescents and to point out the relationship between their education and vulnerability.
On Knowledge
Authors: Ibn Kammūna al-Baghdādī Sa‘d ibn Mansur
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the soul. It begins by defining the soul as the referent of I whenever someone states something in the first person. For Ibn Kammūna, the fixed identity to which I refers whenever I speak of myself is critical. Personal improvement, through ethical refinement and the acquisition of knowledge, is indeed pivotal for the way of life he advocates. These changes all affect the same immortal, immaterial core person. The chapter next deals with the indestructibility of the soul. The issue is clearly of great importance, and Ibn Kammūna musters several proofs. It goes on to address the destiny of the soul and its ultimate perfection. To conclude, this chapter argues for the supremacy of intellectual pleasures over sensual ones.
On Practice
Authors: Ibn Kammūna al-Baghdādī Sa‘d ibn Mansur
Published: January 2020

This chapter concerns worship. It opens with a remark concerning the role of the body. Bodily forms of worship can be useful in directing knowledge to the heart; acts of worship done with the body are likened to the capital with which one starts a business. Supererogatory acts then follow just as profits follow upon a good investment of capital. The chapter then discusses protective measures: measures against sinning with the body and the tongue in particular, as well as measures to guard against “scourges of the heart.” Here, Ibn Kammūna offers a general observation: it is harder to refrain from transgressions than it is to perform positive commandments. Our bodies and faculties are God's gift to us; we should not use them against Him. Finally, the chapter describes the “stations” that the seeker—here qualified as the seeker after worship and knowledge—must climb through.
On Practice
Authors: Ibn Kammūna al-Baghdādī Sa‘d ibn Mansur
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses governance. It prods the ruler to be just and fair but also firm, to have in mind the well-being of his flock, and so forth. In so doing, the chapter establishes the necessity for humans to live in social groupings. Afterward, the chapter focuses on the cultivation of the ruler's character. Two principles guide Ibn Kammūna's advice. First, if he is to be able to govern a city or a state, the ruler must be able to govern himself and also to manage his household. The second is a saying cited by Ibn Kammūna, “The people follow the mores of their kings.” Next, the chapter conveys the basics of good government before addressing the philosophical principles underlying his political message. Finally, this chapter offers advice for high-level officials—men who exercise considerable jurisdiction but still have to answer to a higher authority. It ends with a statement of a philosophical-religious principle which is the basis of all behavior: the ultimate perfection of the human consists in likening himself to God to the extent possible.
Political Parties and the Organization of Congress
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the organization of the US Congress. It argues that in order to actually govern, Congress has been forced to develop an elaborate internal structure consisting of leadership positions, committees, subcommittees, and other entities. Without this organizational structure Congress could not play much of a role in government, no matter how representative an institution it might be. The Constitution creates two congressional leadership posts—Speaker of the House of Representatives and president pro tempore of the Senate. Every other element of congressional organization and leadership, including the committee system, was established by the Congress itself. The key actors in building and maintaining Congress's organizational structure are America's political parties.
Congress and the Courts
Authors: Ginsberg Benjamin , Hill Kathryn Wagner
Published: January 2020

This chapter turns to the relationship between the legislative and judiciary branches. It shows that in contemporary America, the judiciary has formed a de facto “union” with the executive and has in some respects helped to diminish the role of Congress in the American governmental system. This was not always the case, however, as the constitutional system of checks and balances assigns Congress a good deal of power over the judiciary. When they created the Constitution's system of separated powers and checks and balances, the framers had regarded the Congress as the branch most likely to seek to expand its power and the judiciary as the “least dangerous branch.” Since then, however, Americans have come to accept the idea that the federal courts can declare acts of Congress to be inconsistent with the Constitution and, therefore, null and void.
Extending Species’ Ranges
Authors: Southgate Emily W. B. Russell
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers movement of species over time. Many land managers and ecologists consider invasive species to be the most important factor in disrupting "natural" ecosystems today, at least in North America. This chapter takes a historical approach to the process of species range extensions beginning with changes in the absence of human vectors, then considering the specifically human role in disseminating species world-wide. Human-mediated species' range extensions are ancient in many parts of the world so that what we might think of as "natural" may also have a human aspect. Using examples of range extensions of plants, animals, and disease-causing organisms, the discussion offers cautionary tales of species that have been introduced on purpose or inadvertently and have later caused severe disruptions to native ecosystems, as well as more positive examples of cultural landscapes in which non-native species are fully integrated into diverse and functional ecosystems. Comparing change over time in species diversity and importance may show unexpected patterns, such as the increase in both native and non-native plant species at the same sites in England. Historical studies also indicate that removal of the exotics may not lead to reestablishment of the native flora. Integration of some non-native species into a new ecosystem may eventually be more or less complete.
Persia Redivivus
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at how the Persians coped with their defeat during the war. In 480 BCE, Xerxes son of Darius, the Achaemenid king of Persia, withdrew to Sardis in western Anatolia. The following year, as events unfolded in mainland Greece and Ionia, he waited patiently in the ancient Lydian capital, providing guidance insofar as communications allowed and anxiously awaiting news—at least until, one must suspect, the arrival of a report concerning Persia's defeat. If Xerxes was dismayed at the outcome of his war with the Hellenes, he certainly did not let on. Yet despite the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire, events were already unfolding in Hellas which led to the gradual division of the once-great military alliance of the Greeks. Things were beginning to unfold to the Persians' advantage.
War in Two Theaters
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the outbreak of hostilities between Athens and Sparta. By this time, the Athenians knew that the helot rebellion would someday come to an end, that the Spartans would then find an occasion in which to march into Attica with their allies, and that they could neither defeat the Peloponnesians in the field nor withstand a lengthy siege. With this prospect in mind, they garrisoned Megara and Pegae and set about building walls on either side of a corridor designed to serve as an umbilical cord, linking the town of Megara, which was just under a mile inland from the Saronic Gulf, with Nisaea, its port on that body of water. In this fashion, by making it easy to resupply the Megarians from the sea, they rendered it impossible for Lacedaemon and her Peloponnesian allies to mount a successful siege of their town. In this fashion, they also arranged that, if the Peloponnesians managed to force their way through Geraneia and the Megarid and enter Attica, they would have a sizable Athenian garrison in their rear.
Jesus Myth Theory
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyzes and critiques the comparative method of three scholars who advocated the (virtual) nonexistence of Jesus: Bruno Bauer, Thomas L. Brodie, and Richard Carrier. It exposes an assumption of antiquity that has been carried over and accentuated in modern times: that the historical connotes the “real” or “true”; thus to be historical is to be true. If something is thereby not historical, but a combination of mythic motifs, it is not real.
Genealogy
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares the historiographical practice of genealogizing mythic heroes with the genealogies of Jesus in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. It discusses why genealogies went back to heroes and kings, why generations were sometimes omitted, and why traditions of double paternity made sense to ancient readers.
The Righteous Lawgiver
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Matthew’s depiction of Jesus as a lawgiver with portrayals of Greco-Roman and Jewish lawgivers in contemporary mythic historiography. Special attention is given to Moses, Numa, and Lycurgus of Sparta.
Ascent
Authors: Litwa M. David
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares the cloud-borne ascent of Jesus in Luke with the similar ascent and deification of Romulus. Two strategies of increasing the realism of ascent stories were available to ancient writers: one could, like Cicero, argue for the historicality of bodily ascent because it occurred in a cultured era when history was faithfully recorded. Alternatively, one could rationalize the ascent by saying that only the soul or mind was translated. In either strategy, certain theological commitments—especially that the gods can bend reality—were factors shaping what ancients could and did believe.
Raising Questions
Authors: Edwards George C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the function of the electoral college during the controversial 2016 presidential elections. It argues that the electoral college did not work at all as its defenders said it would. Instead of encouraging candidates to take their cases to the entire country and pay special attention to small states, it distorted the electoral process and gave the candidates strong incentives to ignore most of the country, especially the smallest states. It did not guarantee victory to the candidate receiving the most votes. It did not ensure national harmony, and it did not provide the winner a broad coalition and a mandate to govern. Moreover, the electoral college did not preclude extreme partisan polarization. As such, the chapter asserts that there is a need to focus directly and systematically on the core questions surrounding the electoral college and assess whether it warrants a role in American democracy.