bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical criticism
Authors: Lennard John , Luckhurst Mary
Published: November 2023

Drama is set in practical-criticism papers but response to seen or unseen extracts may also be required in period or genre papers, and is likely in all cases to be a timed exercise (one hour is common). Briefer needs for practical criticism arise in weekly, assessed, and open examination essays on dramatic topics, where time-pressure may be relaxed or replaced by a word-limit. Few students seem aware that a different writing-style is advisable in timed exams and word-limited essays, but when the need for verbal economy is paramount it helps to use active rather than passive constructions (‘When Laertes assails Hamlet’ not ‘When Hamlet is assailed by Laertes’), to cut introductory clauses (‘on the one/other hand’, ‘it may be argued that’, ‘it can be said that’), to restrict adjectives and adverbs, and to merge successive sentences with the same grammatical subject (‘Estragon says X and does Y.’ not ‘Estragon says X. Estragon does Y.’).
Hume’s System
Authors: Pears David
Published: November 2023

In this book, Professor Pears examines the foundations of Hume's system as laid down in the first book of his Treatise, where his ideas are presented in their first fresh and undiluted form. The author steers a middle course between the two extreme views adopted in recent writings on Hume: that he relies exclusively on a theory of meaning, or that he relies exclusively on a theory of truth and evidence. Professor Pears argues that Hume's theory of ideas serves both functions, and he examines in detail its application to three difficult problems: causation, personal identity, and sense-perception. Hume's solutions are shown not to be theories which can be given a place in a standard classification of philosophical theories, but rather to depend upon a subtle form of naturalism not altogether unlike Wittgenstein's naturalism.
Space, Time, and Motion
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The great philosophers of ancient Greece set themselves the problem of understanding what it is to have knowledge of the world. What, they asked, are the grounds and the limits of our ability to know what is really the case about the world around us? Not surprisingly, this enterprise of trying to distinguish genuine knowledge from mere opinion began with an examination of current beliefs of what could be considered by the ordinary rational person to constitute well-grounded knowledge.
Intermediate Logic
Authors: Bostock David
Published: November 2023

Intermediate Logic is an ideal text for anyone who has taken a first course in logic and is progressing to further study. It examines logical theory, rather than the applications of logic, and does not assume any specific technological grounding. The author introduces and explains each concept and term, ensuring that readers have a firm foundation for study. He provides a broad, deep understanding of logic by adopting and comparing a variety of different methods and approaches. In the first section, Bostock covers such fundamental notions as truth, validity, entailment, quantification, and decision procedures. Part two lays out a definitive introduction to four key logical tools or procedures: semantic tableaux, axiomatic proofs, natural deduction, and sequent calculi. The final section opens up new areas of existence and identity, concluding by moving from orthodox logic to examination of `free logic'. Intermediate Logic provides an ideal secondary course in logic for university students, and a bridge to advanced study of such subjects as model theory, proof theory, and other specialized areas of mathematical logic.
The Context, Aims, and Structure of Hume’s First ENQUIRY
Authors: Millican Peter
Published: November 2023

To interpret any philosopher’s work appropriately, it is important to understand the concerns that motivate him: unless we have some appreciation of what views he is opposing, and thus what points he is most concerned to prove, it can be hard to distinguish between those claims that are central to his philosophy and those that he merely took for granted because they were not at the time significantly in dispute.
Hume’s Sceptical Doubts Concerning Induction
Authors: Millican Peter
Published: November 2023

Section IV of Hume’s first Enquiry,entitled ‘Sceptical Doubts concerning the Operations of the Understanding’, contains the third and most extensive presentation of his massively influential argument concerning induction, the foundation stone of his philosophical system. However despite being one of the best known and most widely read texts in the entire canon of Western philosophy, the interpretation of this argument has been much debated, and there is still no established consensus even on the question of what exactly Hume is attempting to prove with it, let alone on the philosophical merits of his attempt.
Hume, Belief, and Personal Identity
Authors: Broackes Justin
Published: November 2023

Hume in theTreatise was proud of his view of belief. ‘This act of the mind has never yet been explain’d by any philosopher’ (T 96-7 n.), he says early in the discussion; and he congratulates himself on the coherence of his views, ‘the agreement of these parts, and the necessity of one to explain another’ T 154). But in the Appendix, only twenty-one months later, he confesses to difficulties: ‘even when I think I understand the subject perfectly, I am at a loss for terms to express my meaning’ (App. 628). Famous for the second thoughts on personal identity, the Appendix actually takes more than twice as long modifying the theory of belief, admitting even an outright ‘error’ (App. 636). By the time of the Enquiry, another eight years on, Hume’s anxieties seem to have got the better of him altogether.
David Hume: Objects and Power
Authors: Strawso Galen
Published: November 2023

Many people think that Hume holds a straightforward ‘regularity’ theory of causation, according to which causation is nothing more than regular succession or constant conjunction. ‘If Hume is right’, Saul Kripke says, then ‘even if God were to look at [two causally related] events, he would discern nothing relating them other than that one succeeds the other.’ ‘Hume’s conclusion’, according to Roger Woolhouse, is ‘that so far as the external objects which are causes and effects are concerned there is only constant conjunction’; so far as the ‘operations of natural bodies’ are concerned, ‘regularity and constant conjunction are all that exist’.
A New History of Western Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony
Published: November 2023

Sir Anthony Kenny continues his magisterial new history of Western philosophy with a fascinating guide through more than a millennium of thought from 400 AD onwards, charting the story of philosophy from the founders of Christian and Islamic thought through to the Renaissance.The middle ages saw a great flourishing of philosophy, and the intellectual endeavour of the era reaches its climax in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with the systems of the great schoolmen such as Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus. Specially written for a broad popular readership, but serious and deep enough to offer a genuine understanding of the great philosophers, Kenny’s lucid and stimulating history will become the definitive work for anyone interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought.
The Scholastic Resources for Descartes’s Concept of God as Causa Sui
Authors: Lee Richard a.
Published: November 2023

The debate between Caterus and Arnauld on one side and Descartes on the other about whether God is causa sui has been seen as marking the distinction between scholastic and modern thought. This debate, which arises initially out of an issue that is not even central to Descartes’s proof for the existence of God, has Descartes insisting that we must understand God as causa sui in the positive sense that God’s essence is something like an efficient cause of God’s existence, and Arnauld and Caterus, scholastic as they are, insisting that no philosopher holds such an incomprehensible position.
Review Essay Descartes’s Theory of Mind Desmond M. Clarke
Authors: Chene Dennis Des
Published: November 2023

The physicist and physiologist have no reason to read Descartes. Descartes said that the solar system is filled with subtle matter moving in circular vortices. It isn’t. He said that the nexus of sensation and action in animals is the pineal gland. It isn’t. He said that matter is extension. It isn’t. His errors are not worth repeating; the truths of which he had some grasp are more accessibly and usably expressed elsewhere. Philosophers, of course, still read Descartes.
Socrates’ Demand For Definitions
Authors: Forster Michael N
Published: November 2023

In this article I would like to o·er an interpretation of a central aspect of the philosophy of the historical Socrates: his demand for definitions of ethical terms. (A companion article to follow, ‘Socrates’ Profession of Ignorance’, will offer a closely interconnected interpretation of the historical Socrates’ profession of ignorance.) It is, of course, a vigorously disputed question whether we are in a position to arrive at conclusions about the historical Socrates at all, and if so by which methods.1 I shall sidestep that large and probably endless debate here.
Plato’ S Prometheanism
Authors: Thomas Christine J
Published: November 2023

Philebus ff b ·. is provocative. Socrates introduces a god-given method of enquiry and characterizes it as extremely diffcult to employ, but finer than any other mode of investigation. According to him, it is ‘a gift from the gods to humans . . . thrown down from the gods by some Prometheus together with the most dazzling fire’ (16 c 5–7); and ‘everything in every art that has ever been discovered has been brought to light because of this [πfντα γaρ oςα τEχνησEχOµενα aνηυρEθη πWπτε δa ταVτησφανερa γEγνε]’ (16 c 2–3).2 Although a healthy body of commentary has attempted to explicate the Promethean method, very little consensus has been reached about what exactly the gods’ gift consists in.
Developing your teaching role in a simulation centre
Authors: Glavin Ronnie
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to give an overview of the different roles of the teacher within the context of simulation-based teaching. It will overlap in content with some of the other chapters but that is inevitable in a chapter that intends to give a broad overview of this area. A chapter in a textbook can help make explicit some of the theory that underpins practice and can elaborate on the skills that are required for each of the roles described but there are limits as to how far reading about skills can take a learner. Very few people successfully learn to play musical instruments solely by reading about playing an instrument. They learn by practising under the guidance of a teacher who will fulfil many of the roles described in this chapter. The conditions are not so different for those who find themselves using simulation-based courses as a teaching tool. The best way to learn is to practice under the supervision of someone with greater expertise. I hope that this chapter will provide some assistance to those using simulation but no chapter can provide all of the solutions. Practice is based on theory and so I shall refer to theoretical models where relevant. However, the emphasis is on providing a framework and structure that someone new to simulation-based teaching can adapt to his or her own needs.
Problem-based learning for simulation in healthcare
Authors: Jones Russell W
Published: November 2023

By its very nature simulation in healthcare is replete with excellent opportunities for the effective use of problem-based learning (PBL).When appropriately applied PBL is an invaluable aid to teaching specific simulation related educational objectives (or outcomes). However, whereas PBL is a valuable asset for those involved in instructional design for simulation, PBL is not the optimal method for teaching all simulation sessions. Rather PBL is most suited to teach those objectives best taught when learning commences as a problem, query or question that learners need to solve(1). PBL goes beyond merely providing an opportunity to solve problems and, instead, makes problem solving the main reason for learning. Herein lies the power of PBL because the learner is required to solve specific problems while acquiring knowledge on how to solve similar problems(2). In this regard the value of PBL parallels the value of simulation in that both seek to equip learners with the ability to solve problems far beyond those encountered within a specific learning experience. Considering the variety and complexity of real problems that will be encountered by those involved in healthcare it may be argued that it is this ability which becomes of greatest benefit in professional life.
Simulation training programmes for rapid response or medical emergency teams
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth A , Mininni, Nicolette C , DeVita Michael A
Published: November 2023

Simulation has been used to analyse teamwork, find areas of deficiency, and to improve team performance in several different industries. Recently, simulation has been used to assess the skills of medical emergency teams (MET) and rapid response teams (RRT), as well as a tool to improve team performance. In this chapter we will describe a few examples of industries that have successfully used simulation as a key component for team training as a template for medical professionals to follow and expand upon, and then discuss how lessons learned have been and may be applied to MET and RRT.
Simulation in emergency medicine
Authors: Vozenilek John A , Patterson Mary D
Published: November 2023

Simulation-based exercises in emergency medicine tend to be brief and fast paced. This emulates the practice of emergency medicine (EM), where the focus is on making diagnoses and initial stabilizing interventions. This is not to say that EM simulations are simple. Those attempting to capture the essence of the practice of EM in the simulated environment quickly conclude that there are a remarkable variety of cases and training events that fall within the purview of the emergency specialist. Since improved patient care and patient safety are generally the goals of EM simulations, the recognition of internal and external factors that can optimize or degrade patient care are key. Simulations will often focus on required skills in multiple simultaneous patient management (including mass casualty exercises). For this reason, EM-based simulation centres are more likely to use a number of devices, rather than the classic model of the single simulation unit.
Respiratory medicine and respiratory therapy
Authors: Robinson Brian
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide examples for using simulation and skills based teaching methods focusing on the respiratory care of patients. It is intended for all health specialties that provide respiratory care of patients, and provides examples to facilitate undergraduate and postgraduate learning. These may extend to multidisciplinary or inter-professional learning, and provide opportunities for certification or credentialing assessments. When looking through catalogues and websites, there is a vast array of part-task clinical trainers, mannequins, and simulators applicable for clinical training and respiratory care.
Society for simulation in healthcare
Authors: Raemer Daniel
Published: November 2023

The Society for Simulation in Healthcare (SSH) is the international association that provides a forum for the simulation community to share ideas, concerns, and interests (Fig. 38.1). By design, SSH is interdisciplinary and multispecialty in its programmes, leadership and membership. From its inception in 2004, SSH was envisioned as an umbrella organization that would provide a central point for regional associations with an interest in simulation to collaborate. As such, a number of organizations, such as the Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine, and the Australian Society for Simulation in Healthcare, have joint membership agreements with SSH and use the society’s journal as an official publication of their own society.
The cause of motor neuron disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

MND is just one of a group of neurodegenerative diseases. These are conditions in which the nervous system develops normally, functions adequately for a period of time (usually many years), but then for some reason fails because specific regions of the brain undergo cell death. As with other medical conditions, neurodegenerative diseases were described and named in an era when little was known of their cause. Neurologists grouped patients together as having a single common disease based on a combination of clinical features (what could be observed by history and examination in life) and pathological features (what could be observed under the microscope after death).
The individual patient journey
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

In order to understand how a disease will behave in the long term, doctors often consider their collective experience of looking after hundreds of patients. Questions about how quickly a disease will progress, the anticipated survival time and which functions will become affected with time in different patients can all be answered in this way. However, explanations about the clinical course of MND which refer to ‘the average patient’ can be extremely unhelpful to an individual living with MND. In reality, MND is a disease which is very variable. It is a fundamental part of our approach to the management of MND to consider the individual patient and their own journey through the disease.
Predicative Possession
Authors: Stassen Leon
Published: November 2023

This is the first comprehensive treatment of the strategies employed in the world's languages to express predicative possession, as in "the boy has a bat". It presents the results of the author's fifteen-year research project on the subject. Predicative possession is the source of many grammaticalization paths - as in the English perfect tense formed from to have - and its typology is an important key to understanding the structural variety of the world's languages and how they change. Drawing on data from some 400 languages representing all the world's language families, most of which lack a close equivalent to the verb to have, Professor Stassen aims (a) to establish a typology of four basic types of predicative possession, (b) to discover and describe the processes by which standard constructions can be modified, and (c) to explore links between the typology of predicative possession and other typologies in order to reveal patterns of interdependence. He shows, for example, that the parameter of simultaneous sequencing - the way a language formally encodes a sequence like "John sang and Mary danced" - correlates with the way it encodes predicative possession. By means of this and other links the author sets up a single universal model in order to account for all morphosyntactic variation in predicative possession found in the languages of the world, including patterns of variation over time. Predicative Possession will interest scholars and advanced students of language typology, diachronic linguistics, morphology and syntax.
Messy Morality
Authors: Coady C A J
Published: November 2023

Tony Coady explores the challenges that morality poses to politics. He confronts the complex intellectual tradition known as realism, which seems to deny any relevance of morality to politics, especially international politics. He argues that, although realism has many serious faults, it has lessons to teach us: in particular, it cautions us against the dangers of moralism in thinking about politics and particularly foreign affairs. Morality must not be confused with moralism: Coady characterizes various forms of moralism and sketches their distorting influence on a realistic political morality. He seeks to restore the concept of ideals to an important place in philosophical discussion, and to give it a particular pertinence in the discussion of politics. He deals with the fashionable idea of ‘dirty hands’, according to which good politics will necessarily involve some degree of moral taint or corruption. Finally, he examines the controversial issue of the role of lying and deception in politics. Along the way Coady offers illuminating discussion of historical and current political controversies. This lucid book will provoke and stimulate anyone interested in the interface of morality and politics.
Doing Justice to Musical Works
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: November 2023

There is something puzzling about musical works. The puzzlement is ontological in a broad sense: we find it difficult to understand what kind of thing musical works are. We note, for example, that a musical work cannot be stored in a cellar, though copies of a score can be. Musical works can be performed on several occasions, though they can exist unperformed. Some musical works are written, but not all are.
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline
Published: November 2023

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition relating to a hormone imbalance of the ovaries. It can cause irregular or absent menstrual cycles, reduced fertility, excess facial/body hair growth and an increased risk of diabetes. An estimated 10% of the adult female population - approximately 2 million of the 19 million adult women in Britain - are affected by PCOS. Written by a consultant endocrinologist and a dietician who run a PCOS clinic at a major hospital in the UK, this book aims to help women better understand PCOS and manage their condition. The book comprises concise chapters offering practical advice on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. The book also includes a useful section dedicated to weight management as well as a resource section including GI and calorie tables, and a list of helpful websites. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Facts is an invaluable resource that will empower women with PCOS with the knowledge to take control of their health and provide them with strategies to cope with their condition.
Coping with head injury: introduction and overview
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo
Published: November 2023

Coping with stressful and traumatic life events is something that almost all families will have to deal with at one time or another. Most of us will experience the death or serious illness of a loved one, the breakdown of a relationship, or the loss of employment, and will need to find ways to cope with the difficult circumstances that arise from these events. Head injury has been described as one of the most serious challenges a family will face, particularly because of its wide-ranging and long-lasting consequences (for both the injured person and their relatives). This book will help to guide you through the ‘maze’ of head injury so that you feel equipped to cope with the challenges it presents.
Time Travel, Coinciding Objects, and Persistence
Authors: Gilmore Cody
Published: November 2023

Endurantism, roughly stated, is the view that material objects lack temporal extent and persist through time by ‘enduring’—that is, by being wholly present at each moment of their careers. Perdurantism is the opposing view that material objects persist by ‘perduring’—that is, by being temporally extended and having different temporal parts located at different times.1 In this paper I offer an argument against perdurantism, one based largely on premises that have been used in arguments against endurantism. Perdurantists can resist the argument, but not, I think, without weakening at least one of the relevant anti- endurantist arguments.2 In one way or another, then, this chapter is meant to alter the overall debate between endurantists and perdurantists to the benefit of the former.
Brutal Simples
Authors: Mcdaniel Kris
Published: November 2023

An object is a simple if and only if it has no proper parts. ( x is a proper part of y just in case x is a part of y but x is not identical to y.) This is a definition of the word ‘‘simple’’, not a substantive criterion for being a simple. The Simple Question asks ‘‘under what circumstances is a material object a simple?’’ An answer to the Simple Question is an informative instance of the following schema:

Necessarily, x is a simple if and only if __________.
Paradigms (Optimal and otherwise): A case for skepticism
Authors: Bobaljik Jonathan David
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to contribute to the debate on the status of inflectional paradigms in grammatical theory, with special reference to the theory of Optimal Paradigms (OP, McCarthy, 2005), a particular version of Paradigm Uniformity. OP proposes that certain systematic phonological differences between nouns and verbs should be analyzed as arising from contingent facts about the individual affixes making up the nominal and verbal inflectional paradigms. I argue here that the Arabic data presented in OP does not support the OP model (as against, for example, cyclic alternatives) and that consideration of similar phenomena in Itelmen, a language with richer inflectional paradigms, suggests that it is morphosyntactic category, and not paradigmproperties, that determines phonological behavior.
On absolute and contextual syncretism: Remarks on the structure of case paradigms and on how to derive them
Authors: Calabrese Andrea
Published: November 2023

A set of morphologically-related words, each containing the same stem and the morphological realizations of different combinations of the same set of inflectional features–which may represent morphosyntactic properties such as case, gender, number, tense, person, etc.,–is traditionally called a paradigm. In this chapter I will deal with the nature and structure of paradigms in terms of the model of morphology called Distributed Morphology (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993). The paradigms that will be investigated are those of the case systems of Old French, Sanskrit, Classical Greek, and, in particular, of Latin.
Language in Context
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

Natural languages all contain constructions the interpretation of which depends upon the situation in which they are used. In Language and Context, Jason Stanley presents a series of essays which develop a theory of how the situation in which we speak interacts with the words we use to help produce what we say. The reason we can so smoothly operate with sentences that can be used to express very different items of information, Stanley argues, is that there are linguistically mandated constraints on the effects of the situation on what we say. These linguistically mandated constraints are most evident in the cases of sentences containing explicit pronouns, such as ‘She is a mathematician’, where interpretation of the information expressed is guided by the use of the pronoun ‘she’. But even when such explicit pronouns are lacking, our sentences provide similar cues to allow our interlocutors to determine the information expressed. We are, in the main, confident that our interlocutors will smoothly grasp what we say, because the grammar and meaning of our sentences encodes these constraints. In defending this theory, Stanley pays close attention to specific cases of context-sensitive constructions, such as quantified noun phrases, comparative adjectives, and conditionals. Philosophers and cognitive scientist have appealed to the dependence of what is intuitively said by a sentence on the situation in which it is uttered to argue against the possibility of a systematic theory of meaning for natural language. The theory developed in this book is a vigorous defence of the possibility of a systematic theory of meaning for natural language against these influential tendencies.
Review of François Recanati’s Literal Meaning
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

In philosophy, the twentieth century began with the thought that the context-dependence and vagueness of natural language undermined the possibility of providing a systematic account of the meaning of natural language sentences. Philosophical reflection on language continued through its middle period with an even more explicit emphasis on the unsystematic character of language. But then Paul Grice showed how to explain some of the unruly effects of context on linguistic communication by appeal to general conversational principles. From the other direction, Richard Montague and his students showed that much of what appeared to be unsystematic was in fact explicable. Indeed, Montague and his coterie approached this task using the tools developed by the descendants of the very philosophers who had despaired of the possibility of providing a rigorous semantics for natural language.
Organic Unity And The Matter Of Man
Authors: Frey Christopher
Published: November 2023

If we assume, as many have, that Aristotle’s discussions of artefacts provide us with a characterization of matter and form that is applicable to hylomorphic composites outside the artefactual domain, then a candidate for the matter of any composite must satisfy an important requirement:(CS) Contingent Specification. For any hylomorphic composite with a given form, the matter of the composite must (1) be capable of being so formed, (2) be actually present in the composite, and (3) be identifiable independently of its having such a form.
The Union Of Cause And Effect In Aristotle: Physics 3. 3
Authors: Marmodoro Anna
Published: November 2023

The long history of philosophy has seen many formidable attempts at the analysis of causation. Necessary connection, counterfactual dependence, nomological subsumption, statistical correlation, and other core conceptions have been used in seeking to account for the relation between a cause and its effect. In view of the centrality causation has enjoyed in metaphysics on the one hand, and the immense amount of exegetical study that has been devoted to Aristotle’s works on the other, it is surprising that Aristotle’s unique analysis of causation has not been recognized as a chapter in the history of this concept. His analysis is fundamentally different from any other that has left its mark; and because his account has remained hitherto latent, it might even provide a promising new starting-point for us in tackling this elusive metaphysical notion.
Listening To Reason In Aristotle’s Moral Psychology
Authors: Gronroos Gosta
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’S excellent, or virtuous, person must meet two requirements: he or she must strive for what is good, and be able to figure out how to achieve it. This means that the virtuous person must be motivated by sound desires, and have a well-developed power of reasoning. Virtue, therefore, is manifested both in the state of the desires and in the reasoning powers. Aristotle puts these two requirements on the excellent person in terms of two kinds of virtue: virtue of character and intellectual virtue. This twofold requirement has strong support in human experience. For it is easy to come up with examples of people with well-developed reasoning powers who still bring disaster upon both themselves and others.
Getting Objects For Free (Or Not) The Philosophy And Psychology Of Object Perception
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

As adult human beings, we perceive objects effortlessly. We not only see the objects, in the sense that they are present in our visual fields, but we perceive them as objects. That is, we perceive them to be persisting, cohesive, unitary, individual things, many of which may be expected to retain their properties for weeks, months, years, or even millennia. What does it take to perceive an object? This is a tricky question. If we construe it merely as asking what it takes to perceive something that is in fact an object, we get a quick answer.
Is there a problem of induction for mathematics?
Authors: Baker Alan
Published: November 2023

‘Induction’ is a term which means one thing in the context of mathematics and quite another in the context of philosophy. In mathematics, induction is a familiar (and highly useful) method of proof. To show that a conjecture, C (n), holds for all natural numbers, it suffices to show that it holds for C (1)—the so-called base step—and that if it holds for C (m) then it holds for C (m + 1)—the induction step. Mathematical induction of this sort is straightforwardly deductive.
Embracing Revenge: On the Indefinite Extendibility of Language
Authors: Cook Roy T
Published: November 2023

Assume, as seems to be the case, that our language contains the resources to meaningfully self-refer. In other words, locutions such as: This sentence is false. or: Λ: Λfalse
The Liar Paradox, Expressibility, Possible Languages
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: November 2023

Here is the liar paradox. We have a sentence, (L), which somehow says of itself that it is false. Suppose (L) is true. Then things are as (L) says they are. (For it would appear to be a mere platitude that if a sentence is true, then things are as the sentence says they are.) (L) says that (L) is false. So, (L) is false. Since the supposition that (L) is true leads to contradiction, we can assert that (L) is false. But since this is just what (L) says, (L) is then true. (For it would appear to be a mere platitude that if things are as a given sentence says they are, the sentence is true.) So (L) is true. So (L) is both true and false. Contradiction..
On the Metatheory of Field’s ‘Solving the Paradoxes, Escaping Revenge’
Authors: Leitgeb Hannes
Published: November 2023

In a sequence of recent publications ([3],[4],[5],[6],[2]), Hartry Field has developed a new and sophisticated account of how to approach the problem of semantic paradoxes. The core of his theory is a theory of truth for languages that contain their own truth predicate, but Field has also shown how analogous type-free theories for satisfaction ([2]), property instantiation ([5]), and definability ([2]) can be introduced. Moreover, the theory can perhaps also be used to give consistent syntactic treatments of modalities in terms of modal predicates of sentences (cf. section 9 on designatedness in [2]). Field’s theory (together with related ones such as Yablo[12]) is now one of the main contenders in this area of philosophical logic and deserves critical attention from both philosophers and logicians who — like Field — are prepared to give up classical logic in view of the benefits from accepting Tarski’s T-scheme unrestrictedly, as well as from those who are willing to abandon the full strength of the T-scheme while not constraining the laws or rules of classical reasoning (I count myself among the latter).
Understanding the Liar
Authors: Patterson Douglas
Published: November 2023

It seems natural to assume that understanding a language like English is knowing what its sentences mean and, since generally when someone knows something it can be said what it is, to assume that understanding a language is bearing some relation to a true theory that states what its sentences mean. Sentences such as ‘this sentence is false’ and expressions such as ‘does not apply to itself ’ raise problems as to how any such theory could be true, since they induce the derivation of contradictions from claims about them that it would seem reasonable or even unavoidable to include in an adequate semantic theory for a language that contains them. Indeed, Tarski flatly asserted that the set of true sentences could not be defined for any language containing such expressions (1944, 347– 9; 1983, 165, 247 ff. ), a view which, if correct, undercuts the possibility of any account of meaning on which meaning is understood at least in part in terms of the conditions under which a sentence would be in the set of true sentences of a language. Accepting this, however, goes against the assumption that understanding a language like English is some relation to a true theory of this sort, and the traditional response has been to blame Tarski’s views on the simplicity of his logic, in particular on the classical partition of sentences into the true and the false. Some additional category, it is thought, such as ‘meaningless’ or ‘does not express a proposition’, is required to handle such sentences.
Rational Credence and the Value of Truth
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

Belief aims at truth—or so it is said, and there must be something right in the saying.1 Belief, though, can’t aim literally; it’s we who aim. We aim, moreover, in acting—when we shoot an arrow, say, or more broadly, whenever we act to try to bring something about. Believing isn’t an action; we can’t believe at will. In some extended, metaphorical sense, perhaps, belief does aim at truth. Understanding this sense might even offer a philosopical key to belief. It might in particular tell us something important about rationality in belief.
Real Conditionals
Authors: Lycan William G
Published: November 2023

Philosophers and logicians have long debated how best to understand conditional or hypothetical sentences. William G. Lycan has a distinctive approach to this debate, attending not just to the semantics of such sentences, but equally to their syntax. He shows how insights from linguistic theory help to illuminate problems about the meaning and function of conditionals. For instance, philosophers and logicians have had problems analysing the locutions 'only if', 'unless', and 'even if'. Lycan sets out a general semantic theory of conditionals which works for all such sentences; he assigns meanings to them in a way that explains how and why those meanings depend upon features of utterance context. According to Lycan's theory the 'if'-clauses refer to items called 'events', 'circumstances', or 'conditions'. Real Conditionals gives at last the definitive presentation of this original approach to a topic at the intersection of philosophy, logic, and linguistics. Lycan's characteristically lively and witty expository style ensures that it can be enjoyed by readers from all three disciplines.
Body, Soul, and Tripartition in Plato’S Timaeus
Authors: Johansen Thomas
Published: November 2023

From the Phaedo we are familiar with the view of the body as a sort of prison for the soul. The body disrupts the proper workings of the soul, giving rise to irrationality in an essentially rational immortal soul. Embodiment is represented as a punishment for the soul. As Socrates puts it, ‘the philosopher’s soul utterly despises his body and flees from it, seeking to be alone by itself’ (65 o). If this is our only impression of Plato’s view of the relationship between the body and the soul, then reading the Timaeus may come as a surprise. For, as I aim to show, the dialogue offers a more complex and often more constructive view of the role of the body and the contribution it can make to our rationality and happiness. I hope to show that readers of Plato who ignore the Timaeus risk getting a seriously incomplete picture of his thought on soul and body. This applies particularly to our understanding of the origin of the tripartite soul and the nature of soul-body interaction, where it might be argued that the Timaeus offers the most developed account of any Platonic dialogue.
The Grammar of Intensionality
Authors: Larson Richard
Published: November 2023

Intensionality phenomena were first discussed by Frege (1893) in the context of sentential complement constructions like (1a, b). Frege noted that substitution of co-referring terms in clausal complements need not preserve truth (1a, b).
Events and the Semantic Content of Thematic Relations
Authors: Schein Barry
Published: November 2023

n avidson (1967,1985),Castañda (1967), and arsons (1985,1990),the problem of variable polyadicity as reflected in the inferential relations among the sentences in ( ) is treated by a decomposition of the common predicate stab. ( 1) a. Brutus stabbed Caesar in the back with a knife. ( arsons ).
Nominal Restriction
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

Extra-linguistic context appears to have a profound effect on the determination of what is expressed by the use of linguistic expressions. For a bewildering range of very different linguistic constructions, adhering to relatively straight-forward linguistic intuition about what is expressed leads us to the conclusion that facts about the non-linguistic context play many different roles in determining what is said. Furthermore, that so many different constructions betray this sort of sensitivity to extra-linguistic context understandably leads to pessimism about rescuing the straightforward intuitions while preserving any sort of systematicity in the theory of meaning.
Knowledge and Belief in Republic V–VII
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

The Meno tells us that knowledge is true belief bound by an aitias logismos, an explanatory account (98 a); the Phaedo tells us that all aitiai refer to forms (96 ff.).1 It follows that knowledge of forms is necessary for any knowledge at all. But though the Meno explains what knowledge is, it does not connect this account to forms; and though the Phaedo tells us quite a lot about the metaphysics of forms, it does not tell us much about their epistemological role. We must wait until the middle books of the Republic (V–VII) for the details of how forms figure in knowledge.
Aristotle’S Attack on Universals
Authors: Gill Mary Louise
Published: November 2023

Metaphysics Z 13 is a widely disputed text but fundamental for understanding Aristotle’s theory of substance. Here he argues, both in his own voice and against the Platonists, that no universal is substance. The chapter is problematic because Aristotle’s objections to the universal appear to tell against his own favoured candidate, substantial form, as well. Earlier in Z, in the section on essence, he argued that form is substance. That section appeared to treat form as a universal.’ But if form is a universal, then the arguments m Z 13 that no universal is substance defeat substantial form as well.
The Limits of Abstraction
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

What is abstraction? To what extent can it account for the existence and identity of abstract objects? And to what extent can it be used as a foundation for mathematics? Kit Fine provides rigorous and systematic answers to these questions along the lines proposed by Frege, in a book concerned both with the technical development of the subject and with its philosophical underpinnings. Fine proposes an account of what it is for a principle of abstraction to be acceptable, and these acceptable principles are exactly characterized. A formal theory of abstraction is developed and shown to be capable of providing a foundation for both arithmetic and analysis. Fine argues that the usual attempts to see principles of abstraction as forms of stipulative definition have been largely unsuccessful but that there may be other, more promising ways of vindicating the various forms of contextual definition. The Limits of Abstraction breaks new ground both technically and philosophically, and is essential reading for all those working on the philosophy of mathematics.
Ancient Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2023

It may sound peculiar to suggest that ancient philosophy can develop in a way appropriate to the twenty-first century. After all, it consists in the study of a body of texts which, apart from occasional new discoveries, remains fairly constant. Moreover, some among these texts have been studied for so long, and so intensively, that we might question whether there are any genuinely new developments to be made in their interpretation. Ancient philosophy, however, is a philosophical way of engaging with these texts; that is what distinguishes it from other ways of studying them. And philosophy develops differently at different times, so we would reasonably expect the state of ancient philosophy to reflect its engagement with philosophy.
The Hermeneutics of Suspicion: Recovering Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: November 2023

Paul Ricoeur famously dubbed that great triumvirate of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century thought Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud “the school of suspicion”,1 by which he meant those thinkers who taught us to regard with suspicion our conscious understandings and experience, whether the deliverances of ordinary psychological introspection about one’s desires (“I really want to be rich!”), or the moral categories political leaders and ordinary citizens apply to themselves and the social world they inhabit (“an inheritance tax is an immoral death tax!”). “Beneath” or “behind” the surface lay causal forces that explained the conscious phenomena precisely because they laid bare the true meaning of those phenomena: I don’t really want lots of money, I want the love I never got as a child; survivors have no moral claim on an inheritance, but it is in the interests of the ruling classes that we believe they do, and so on.
The Mind–Body Problem at Century’s Turn
Authors: Kim Jaegwon
Published: November 2023

Through much of the twentieth century, especially during its second half, debates over the mind–body problem were shaped by physicalism, a philosophical world- view that has been inspired and fostered by an appreciation of the foundational position of physics among the sciences. The core of contemporary physicalism is the thesis that all things that exist in this world are bits of matter and structures aggregated out of bits of matter, all behaving in accordance with laws of physics. This metaphysical thesis has a companion epistemological thesis, the claim that all phenomena of the world can be physically explained if they can be explained at all. When physicalism is accepted as a basic framework, the foremost metaphysical problem about the mind is where in the physical world our minds fit—in fact, whether minds have a place in such an austerely physical world at all.
Metaphysics Z 10—16 and the Argument-Structure of Metaphysics Z
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: November 2023

Chapters 10-16 are probably the most difficult section of Metaphysics Z. The difficulty is not so much in understanding the individual sentences or even the particular arguments they are part of, but in understanding what Aristotle is trying to accomplish in these chapters, and how the particular arguments are supposed to further that aim. And it is hard to get a perspective on this without some view about what Aristotle is trying to accomplish in 1’v1etaphysics Z as a whole, and about how Z is internally organized and how its different sections function in pursuing this larger aim.
Epicurus and the Pleasures of the Future
Authors: Warren James
Published: November 2023

Epicurus claims that each agent should act to maximize their own pleasure, and also that this maximization should take into account the whole of a life. It does not matter when the pleasure occurs so long as over time one experiences the most pleasure possible. His view is therefore an agent-relative but time-neutral version of hedonism.
Epicurus on the Nature of the Gods
Authors: Purinton Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Epicurus says that the gods exist. But he also says that nothing exists except bodies and void. Are the gods bodies, then, according to Epicurus? No, says Velleius, the proponent of the Epicurean view of the nature of the gods in Cicero’s dialogue De natura deorum. They do have human form, says Velleius (ND I. 49), ‘but this form is not body, but quasi-body [quasi corpus], nor has it blood, but quasi-blood’.
Causation and Pre-emption
Authors: Hall Ned , Paul L A
Published: November 2023

Causation is a deeply intuitive and familiar relation, gripped powerfully by common sense. Or so it seems. As is typical in philosophy, however, that deep intuitive familiarity has not led to any philosophical account of causation that is at once clean, precise, and widely agreed upon. Not for lack of trying: the last thirty years or so have seen dozens of attempts to provide such an account, and the pace of development is, if anything, accelerating. (See Collins et al. [2003a] for a comprehensive sampling of the latest work.)