bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solutions for Reducing Perioperative Supply Waste
Authors: Gonzalez Robert
Published: October 2024

Health care costs continue to increase in the United States, and unused perioperative supplies can contribute to both these costs and increased waste. Reducing perioperative waste can decrease hospital costs and promote sustainability. Perioperative leaders can consider a variety of solutions to decrease unused perioperative supplies, including streamlining and standardizing surgical packs, implementing surgeon scorecards and a surgical receipt system, and updating surgeon preference cards. The available literature does not provide data on waste reduction for all listed solutions; however, these initiatives have had positive financial effects for hospitals through either direct cost reduction or cost avoidance. Although the cost of implementation may vary among hospitals, streamlining surgical packs (including custom packs) appears to be an effective solution with a lower cost than other strategies, and avoids the wasting of opened supplies that are not needed.
Patient Readiness for Surgery: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Franklin Sativa (Tiva) , Lee Amy S. D.
Published: October 2024

The use of a surgical safety checklist can help prevent sentinel events; however, a lack of adherence to the checklist can result in inadequate preoperative patient readiness and negative outcomes. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to address preoperative concerns that prevent patient readiness in a military hospital. To change practice, the project involved the use of an evidence‐based practice model and Kurt Lewin's change theory. The primary investigator provided an educational initiative on the required checklist for perioperative personnel and collected data on key elements (ie, consent completion, laboratory test results, antibiotic availability, checklist completion) for 30 days after the initiative. Consent completion rates were 100% both before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis (chi‐square [χ2]) showed significant improvement for the remaining three elements. The results were the most significant for laboratory test results (χ21 = 33.496, P < .00001).
Effects of fluorination of benzothiadiazole units on the properties of alternating cyclopentadithiophene/benzothiadiazole donor/acceptor polymers
Authors: Alqurashy Bakhet A. , Iraqi Ahmed
Published: October 2024

A set of narrow bandgap conjugated polymers was prepared, using cyclopentadithiophene (CDT) donor units coupled with benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor units substituted with either no fluorine atoms (A1), one fluorine atom (A2) or two fluorine atoms (A3), using the Stille cross coupling reaction. The addition of two electron‐withdrawing fluorine atoms to the BT units was observed to deepen the HOMO energy level of the resulting copolymer, while only slightly affecting the LUMO level, as evidenced by cyclic voltammetry examination. The alternating copolymers (CDT‐A1, CDT‐A2 and CDT‐A3) possess small optical bandgaps of 1.37, 1.43 and 1.51 eV (which should efficiently harvest a broad part of the solar spectrum), and a moderate HOMO level of −5.00, −5.05 and −5.12 eV, respectively. CDT‐A3 displayed the highest optical/electrochemical‐bandgap and the deepest HOMO level, a consequence of the addition of the fluorine atoms on the BT moieties. Inclusion of two fluorine atoms resulted in sharper X‐ray diffraction peaks in the CDT‐A3 copolymer with respect to its analogues CDT‐A1 and CDT‐A2 copolymer indicating a greater crystallinity. These findings clearly demonstrate that fluorination of BT units is an effective approach for adjusting the energy levels and optical properties of BT‐based materials for use in organic solar cells devices as well as for other applications.
High rubber elasticity and thermal conductivity in plasticized polyvinyl chloride film with flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties
Authors: Zhang Chundie , Chai Ruidan , Chen Tingting , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2024

For hydrogenated nitrile‐butadiene rubber (HNBR) modified polyvinyl chloride (PVC), magnesium hydroxide and antimony trioxide are frequently employed as flame retardants. Fume silica is thought to be useful reinforced agent for rubber as well as efficient flame retardant for polymer‐based composites. The plasticized PVC and HNBR blend in this work were combined with three fillers mentioned above to create rubber‐plastic composites that performed well overall, with a notable improvement in combustion. The limiting oxygen index of the composites increased from 23.7% to 33.8% with no droplets falling during combustion, the smoke density rating decreased from 23.8% to 7.9%, and the maximum smoke density dropped from 95.5% to 15.5%. The cone calorimetry test findings revealed that the three fillers simultaneously prevented the emission of smoke and heat from combustion. High thermal conductivity is typically linked to excellent flame retardancy. The thermal conductivity of composites rose from 0.193 to 0.583 W m−1 K−1 with the addition of fillers. Furthermore, the low glass transition temperature and permanent set of improved composites reflect its softness and rubber elasticity. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to examine the thermal stability of the composites in nitrogen and air, and the results indicated the addition of fillers improved the thermal stability.
Effect and mechanism of phenyl content on the electrical insulation properties of silicone rubber
Authors: Guo Hao , Yang JingJing , Deng WenHao , Li XueJing , Nie Yongjie , Zhu YuanWei , Li GuoChang , Wei YanHui
Published: October 2024

Silicone rubber is widely used in reinforced insulation of cable accessories due to its good electrical insulation and weather resistance. With the continuous improvement of high voltage transmission grade, higher requirements are put forward for the electrical insulation performance. The effect and mechanism of phenyl content on the electrical insulation properties of silicone rubber are investigated by the method of combination of experiments and molecular simulations. The experimental results show that the properties of silicone rubber are improved with the increase of phenyl content. Among them, the silicone rubber composite with phenyl content of 20 wt% has the best comprehensive performance. Compared with vinyl silicone rubber, the dielectric constant at 50 Hz decreases from 3.50 to 2.95, and the breakdown strength increases by 38.03%, from 56.59 to 78.11 kV/mm. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break are 5.44 MPa and 456%, respectively. The molecular simulation results show that with the increase of phenyl content, the glass transition temperature increases, the mean square displacement decreases, and the free volume decreases, which macroscopically leads to the change of electrical properties of the silicone rubber material. This work has a certain guiding significance for improving the electrical properties of silicone rubber for cable accessories.
Anode‐Free Solid‐State Rechargeable Batteries: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Design Strategies
Authors: Tang Zhenwei , Han Chao , Li Weijie
Published: October 2024

Anode‐free solid‐state alkali metal batteries (AFSSAMBs) have emerged as promising high‐performance battery systems, attracting significant scientific interest due to their exceptional safety, high theoretical energy density, and cost‐effectiveness. Recently, extensive research efforts have focused on addressing the key issues impeding their practical deployment, primarily centered around severe dendrite growth, unstable electrolyte‐electrode interface, and low Coulombic efficiency. Despite this progress, a comprehensive framework for the fundamental understanding of AFSSAMBs is still lacking. This paper presents a comprehensive concept, outlining detailed construction, mechanisms, challenges, and strategies of AFSSAMBs. First, the basic configuration and internal mechanisms of AFSSAMBs are summarized. Subsequently, we discuss the existing challenges hindering the cycling lifespan of AFSSAMBs, offering several promising approaches to overcome these obstacles. In the end, insightful perspectives and viewpoints are briefly proposed on the further developments of AFSSAMBs.
Combination therapy using low‐dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Han , Yuan Shumin , Wu Han , Wang Yajie , Ma Yichen , Tang Xiance , Fu Xiaomin , Zhao Lingdi , Xu Benling , Li Tiepeng , Qin Peng , You Hongqin , Han Lu , Wang Zibing
Published: October 2024

Background

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of low‐dose anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC).

Methods

The study included 42 patients with ES‐SCLC who were treated with low‐dose anlotinib combined with programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death‐ligand 1 inhibitors at Henan Cancer Hospital between March 2019 and August 2022. We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety data for these patients. Indicators assessed included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), the overall response rate (ORR), the disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events (AEs). Prognostic factors were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Median PFS was 11.0 months (95% CI: 7.868–14.132) and median OS was 17.3 months (95% CI: 11.517–23.083). The ORR was 28.5% and the DCR was 95.2%. Treatment‐related AEs were noted in 27 patients (64.3%), the most common of which was thyroid dysfunction (26.2%). Grade 3/4 treatment‐related AEs were observed in two patients (4.8%).

Conclusions

A combination of low‐dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors as second‐line or later treatment for ES‐SCLC may achieve longer PFS and OS and have manageable AEs.
Bispecific Antibodies, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Antibody−Drug Conjugates Directing Antitumor Immune Responses: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Li Chen Lu , Ma Xin Yuan , Yi Ping
Published: October 2024

Tumor immunotherapy includes bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), vaccines, and adoptive cell immunotherapy. BsAbs belong to the family of antibodies that can specifically target two or more different antigens and are a promising option for tumor immunotherapy. Immune checkpoints are antibodies targeting PD‐1, PD‐L1, and CTLA4 and have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors, whose combination therapies have been shown to synergistically enhance the antitumor effects of BsAbs. In addition, the clinical efficacy of existing monoclonal antibodies targeting PD‐1 (e.g., ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and cemiplimab) and PD‐L1 (e.g., atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab) could also be enhanced by conjugation to small drugs as antibody−drug conjugates (ADCs). The development of truly effective therapies for patients with treatment‐resistant cancers can be achieved by optimizing the various components of ADCs.
A Universal Support for the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptidyl‐tRNA Mimics
Authors: Thaler Julia , Mitteregger Christoph , Flemmich Laurin , Micura Ronald
Published: October 2024

Hydrolysis‐resistant RNA‐peptide conjugates that mimic peptidyl‐tRNAs are often required for structural and functional studies of protein synthesis at the ribosome. These conjugates can be synthesized by solid‐phase chemical synthesis, which allows maximum flexibility in both the peptide and RNA sequence. The commonly used strategy is based on (3’‐N‐aminoacyl)‐3’‐amino‐3’‐deoxyadenosine solid supports, which already contain the first C‐terminal amino acid of the target peptidyl chain. This is a limitation in the sense that different individual supports must be synthesized for different C‐terminal amino acids. In this study, we demonstrate a solution to this problem by introducing a novel universal support. The key is a free ribose 3’‐NH2 group that can be coupled to any amino acid. This is made possible by a photocleavable ether moiety that links the ribose 2’‐O to the support, thus avoiding the typical O‐to‐N migration that occurs when using 2’‐O‐acyl linked solid supports. Once assembled, the conjugate is readily cleaved by UV irradiation. The structural integrity of the obtained peptidyl‐RNA conjugates was verified by mass spectrometry analysis. In conclusion, the new photocleavable solid support makes the synthesis of 3’‐peptidyl tRNA mimics of different peptidyl chains significantly more efficient compared to the commonly used approaches.
The diagnostic challenge of coexisting systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis in a young male: Rare but real
Authors: Charbel Tatiana , Akiki Dany , El Hage Said , Moukarzel Gaby , Assaf Elie
Published: October 2024

Key Clinical Message

The coexistence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is exceptionally rare, especially in males. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment with immunomodulatory therapies like rituximab, which can lead to sustained remission in patients with overlapping autoimmune disorders.
Pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐Tetraone‐Based Porous Aromatic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Cheng Miao , Wang He , Cao Linzhu , Shao Jingjing , He Yuxuan , Tao Xin , Zhu Guangshan
Published: October 2024

Three pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone‐based porous aromatic frameworks (PT‐PAFs) are synthesized and their photocatalytic properties for H2O2 production are studied. It is found that the combination of pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone with anthraquinone affords an efficient PT‐PAF photocatalyst (PAF‐371) for H2O2 production, which achieves production rates of 3791 µmol g−1 h−1 (with sacrificial reagent) and 923 µmol g−1 h−1 (without sacrificial reagent) from water and oxygen under visible light irradiation. This work demonstrates that pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone molecule could be introduced into PAF materials to construct efficient organic semiconductor photocatalysts for H2O2 production.
Synthesis of Ru‐PNPC Pincer Complexes and Applications in Catalytic Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Kempf Hendrik A. , López Robledo Germán , Spannenberg Anke , Junge Kathrin , Jiao Haijun , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2024

The reaction of N,N‐bis(2‐(diisopropylphosphaneyl)ethyl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐amine 1 with [Ru(CO)ClH(PPh3)3] leads to the formation of a new class of cyclometallated PNPC pincer complexes. Several examples of this class of compounds are synthesized and characterized. They, specifically complexes 2 and 3, show good to excellent activity and selectivity in additive‐free formic acid dehydrogenation, and transfer (de)hydrogenation reactions of different functional groups (ketone, alkyne, and alcohol). Theoretical and experimental studies reveal two competing pathways for the dehydrogenation of formic acid. The Ru‐H pathway proceeds via the coordination site trans to the propylene arm of the ligand, whereas in the Ru‐C pathway, a de‐coordination of the propylene arm is observed.
A Computational Review on Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes in Lithium Batteries
Authors: Chen Xi , Yu Hao
Published: October 2024

Electrolyte engineering plays a vital role in improving the battery performance of lithium batteries. The idea of localized high‐concentration electrolytes that are derived by adding “diluent” in high‐concentration electrolytes has been proposed to retain the merits and alleviate the disadvantages of high‐concentration electrolytes, and it has become the focus of attention in high‐voltage lithium batteries, flame‐retardant lithium batteries, and low‐temperature lithium batteries. Extensive efforts have been made to elucidate the fundamentals of localized high‐concentration electrolytes. This review provides an overview of state‐of‐the‐art computational progress in the studies of localized high‐concentration electrolytes, focusing on the application of computational techniques to analyze the redox stability, solvation structures, and interface characteristics of lithium batteries with localized high‐concentration electrolytes. Integrated with experimental approaches, complementing each other, computational methods are believed to be conducive to understanding the working mechanism and designing localized high‐concentration electrolytes for better lithium batteries in the future.
Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma deemed potentially ineligible for platinum‐containing chemotherapy: Post hoc analysis of KEYNOTE‐052 and LEAP‐011
Authors: O’Donnell Peter H. , Loriot Yohann , Csoszi Tibor , Matsubara Nobuaki , Shin Sang Joon , Park Se Hoon , Atduev Vagif , Gumus Mahmut , Karaca Saziye Burcak , Grivas Petros , de Wit Ronald , Castellano Daniel E. , Powles Thomas , Vuky Jacqueline , Zhao Yujie , O’Hara Karen , Okpara Chinyere E. , Franco Sonia , Homet Moreno Blanca , Żołnierek Jakub , Siefker‐Radtke Arlene O.
Published: October 2024

Background

First‐line pembrolizumab monotherapy is a standard of care for platinum‐ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). No global standardized definition of platinum ineligibility exists. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with UC who met various criteria for platinum ineligibility.

Methods

Patients from KEYNOTE‐052 and LEAP‐011 deemed potentially platinum ineligible were pooled for this post hoc exploratory analysis as follows: group 1: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 2; group 2: ECOG PS 2 and age ≥80 years, renal dysfunction, or visceral disease; and group 3: any two other factors regardless of ECOG PS. Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 3 weeks. End points included objective response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1, by blinded independent central review, overall survival (OS), and safety.

Results

A total of 612 patients treated with pembrolizumab from KEYNOTE‐052 (n = 370) and LEAP‐011 (n = 242) were included; the median (range) follow‐up was 56.3 months (51.2–65.3 months) and 12.8 months (0.2–25.1 months), respectively. For group 1, ORR was 26.2%, median PFS was 2.7 months, and median OS was 10.1 months. For group 2, ORR ranged from 23.5% to 33.3%, median PFS ranged from 2.1 to 4.4 months, and median OS ranged from 9.1 to 10.1 months. For group 3, ORR ranged from 25.7% to 27.9%, median PFS ranged from 2.1 to 2.8 months, and median OS ranged from 9.0 to 10.6 months. Treatment‐related adverse event rates were consistent across groups.

Conclusions

Frontline pembrolizumab has consistent antitumor activity and safety in patients with advanced UC categorized as potentially ineligible for platinum‐based chemotherapy, regardless of the variable definitions of platinum ineligibility used.
Cancer registries: A look back and forward
Authors: Wilke Lee G.
Published: October 2024

As electronic health records and detailed digital health data are standardized and become more accessible with associated privacy support, cancer registries both nationally and worldwide will also continue to improve and provide rich resources for epidemiologic, health services, and outcomes research.
Effect of Adding Phosphorus on Crystal Structure of W‐V‐Nb Complex Oxide and Catalytic Selective Oxidation of Acrolein
Authors: Omata Kaori , Nambu Tomonori
Published: October 2024

The changes in the crystal structure of the W−V‐Nb complex oxide with phosphorus addition to the hydrothermal synthesis process are investigated. The effect of the constituent units and crystal structure of phosphorus‐added W−V‐Nb complex oxide catalysts on the activity and selectivity for selective oxidation of acrolein is discussed. Phosphorus addition to the hydrothermal synthesis process promotes the formation of orthorhombic and trigonal W−V‐Nb complex oxides. Orthorhombic and trigonal W−V‐Nb complex oxide catalysts give higher acrylic acid selectivity in acrolein oxidation compared to poorly crystalline catalysts that only have {M6O21} pentagonal units and 7‐membered rings.
Combined Phase 1/2a Initial Clinical Safety Trials and Proof‐of‐Concept Assessment of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide KSL‐W Anti‐Plaque Chewing Gum
Authors: Ryan J. Brett , Kirkwood Brian J. , Leung Kai P.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The effective control of dental plaque is crucial for oral health, given that pathogenic bacteria in plaque are the primary cause of dental caries. Current antimicrobial agents, although effective, disrupt the oral microbiome and lead to oral dysbiosis, hindering efforts to curb dental caries. Novel antimicrobial peptides offer a promising solution due to their selective bactericidal activity against cariogenic bacteria. This study explores the initial safety and efficacy of KSL‐W formulated into chewing gum through a Phase 1 and 2a clinical trial.

Methods

The combined trial, approved by the FDA, follows a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled design. Phase 1 assessed safety with single doses (2−100 mg), whereas Phase 2a explored both safety and proof of concept in reducing oral bacteria with multiple doses (4−75 mg). Besides adverse events (Phase 1), outcome measures included whole‐mouth plaque and gingival index scores and bleeding on probing (Phase 2a).

Results

KSL‐W demonstrated safety in both phases, with no severe adverse events. The proof‐of‐concept analysis revealed a decrease in plaque and gingival inflammation, particularly at doses ≥ 20 mg. The 30 mg dose appeared to yield optimal effects without any adverse reactions in subjects.

Conclusions

Results from this study indicate that KSL‐W is safe for use in humans and provides initial evidence of its potential efficacy in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation. Further research is essential to determine optimal usage and ultimate safety, and to assess its potential in diverse populations.

Trial Registration

The trial is registered with the FDA (Trial Registration Number: NCT01877421). The clinical trials were registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database under the title “Safety and Tolerability of Antiplaque Chewing Gum in a Gingivitis Population” and the identifier number is NCT01877421. The URL for accessing the study in clinicaltrials.gov is https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01877421?intr=Antiplaque%20chewing&rank=1.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Disrupts Performance in a Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates Task Specifically in Adolescent Male Rats
Authors: Perkins Amy E. , Dart Ellie , Kaiser Daren
Published: October 2024

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to a wide range of adverse effects in humans, including impaired self‐control and increased impulsive behavior. Deficits in self‐control can interfere with academic performance and have lasting impacts. In the present study, a rodent model of PAE was used to assess impulsivity through operant conditioning. Pregnant rats were assigned to one of three groups: ad‐lib control (CON), pair‐fed (PF), and alcohol‐exposed (ALC). ALC rats were given a liquid diet containing 6% alcohol, PF rats were yoked to an ALC rat and given a CON liquid diet, and CON rats received ad libitum food. Operant conditioning was used to evaluate extinction in adolescents (Experiment 1) and differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) in adolescents and adults (Experiment 2). PAE resulted in an increase in responses and resets during DRL testing, indicative of impaired self‐control, an effect that was only observed in adolescent males. Females, regardless of age, did not show increased impulsivity following PAE. This indicates that children with PAE may exhibit attentional deficits similar to those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with males at a higher risk.
Contextualised physical metrics: The physical demands vary with phase of play during elite soccer match play
Authors: Jerome Benjamin W. C. , Stoeckl Michael , Mackriell Ben , Dawson Christian W. , Fong Daniel T. P. , Folland Jonathan P.
Published: October 2024

The physical demands of elite soccer match play have traditionally been measured using aggregated whole‐match metrics. However, match play is increasingly considered as distinct phases of play, although the influence of phase of play on match physical demands remains largely unknown. This study compared physical intensity, acceleration and deceleration demands, between phases of play and according to playing position. The duration of each match from a major European league (n = 1083) was divided into one of five reciprocal phases (for the in‐/out‐of‐possession team) using event and tracking data: build‐up/high‐block, progression/mid‐block, chance creation/low‐block, fast attack/fast defence, or attacking transition/defensive transition. Player tracking data were used to calculate physical intensity as the rate of distance covered (m⋅min−1) in total and within five speed categories, and the proportion of time spent accelerating and decelerating (>2 m s−2) during each phase of play. Rate of distance covered in total differed markedly with phase of play; fast attack 35%–53% greater, and fast defence 33%–50% greater, than other in‐/out‐of‐possession phases respectively, and these effects were amplified for the rate of distance covered at higher speeds (e.g., sprinting ≥4‐fold differences between phases). Match phase also affected the proportion of time spent accelerating and decelerating (highest for fast attack and chance creation, respectively), especially when in‐possession for forwards and when out‐of‐possession for defenders (p < 0.001). Phase of play had a large effect on the physical intensity of match play, particularly rates of distance covered at higher speeds, as well as the acceleration and deceleration demands, and in a position specific manner.
Microwave‐assisted control of PtNi nanoalloy clusters on the nitrogen‐doped graphene oxide for energy conversion with oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Jo Seung Geun , Park Gil‐Ryeong , Kim Jemin , Ahn Do Hyun , Ramkumar Rahul , Kim Sun‐I , Lee Duck Hyun , Lee Jung Woo
Published: October 2024

Research on the production and utilization of hydrogen energy is essential to overcome the environmental issues caused by fossil fuels. Herein, we anchor PtNi nanoalloy clusters (Pt‐Ni NACs) on nitrogen‐doped graphene oxide (NrGO) by a facile microwave‐assisted synthesis and analyze the variations of catalyst properties based on the PtNi composition and the presence of nitrogen. Ni inclusion in the Pt matrix can induce lattice strain and change the electronic structure, while the doped nitrogen into the graphene can enhance electron transfer and improve the durability of the catalyst through strong chemical bonding with the alloy clusters. TEM analysis discovers that the NACs are uniformly decorated in a few‐nanometer‐size on the graphene surface, and the formation of the PtNi NACs and structural changes according to composition are confirmed through XRD and XPS. In addition, the structural changes due to N‐doping and its bonding with the NACs are observed through Raman spectroscopy and XPS. Electrochemical measurements reveal that Pt2.6Ni NACs/NrGO exhibits the highest ORR onset potential (0.893 V) and the lowest HER overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 (22 mV) among other catalysts, and those activities are almost unchanged under long‐term durability tests. From these results, Pt2.6Ni NACs/NrGO is utilized in a zinc‐air battery (ZAB) system, demonstrating better battery performance than commercial Pt and Ir‐based catalysts. Moreover, it is applied to hydrogen collection, showing linear trend in hydrogen production over time, confirming the catalyst's availability in hydrogen production and utilization.

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Geometric optimization to improve the performance of a new design of concentration‐based solar distiller using particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Mohammed Mokhtar , Janan Taha
Published: October 2024

Solar distillers are one of the oldest and simplest technologies for desalinating salt water using solar energy. The main problem is the low freshwater production compared to the amount of energy input from the sun. To overcome this problem, a solar distiller was developed using a parabolic trough concentrator to increase the freshwater yield. The geometry optimization of various parameters of the developed system was also studied using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain the optimal design and give the improved freshwater yield. The simulation is carried out based on the algorithm using the climatic condition data of Rabat City, Morocco. Numerical resolution of the energy balance equations was performed using MATLAB code. In terms of flexibility, speed, and global convergence, this method's final results were satisfactory. The maximum optimized freshwater yield using the PSO approach is 12.83 kg/m2 and the maximum optimized energy and exergy efficiency were about 204.7% and 34.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the absorber basin accounts for the highest exergy destruction, 88.7% of the total optimized exergy destruction was found from exergy analysis.
Glial ‘omics in ischemia: Acute stroke and chronic cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: McDonough Ashley , Weinstein Jonathan R.
Published: October 2024

Vascular injury and pathologies underlie common diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Prior work has identified a key role for glial cells, including microglia, in the multifaceted and temporally evolving neuroimmune response to both stroke and CSVD. Transcriptional profiling has led to important advances including identification of distinct gene expression signatures in ischemia‐exposed, flow cytometrically sorted microglia and more recently single cell RNA sequencing‐identified microglial subpopulations or clusters. There is a reassuring degree of overlap in the results from these two distinct methodologies with both identifying a proliferative and a separate type I interferon responsive microglial element. Similar patterns were later seen using multimodal and spatial transcriptomal profiling in ischemia‐exposed microglia and astrocytes. Methodological advances including enrichment of specific neuroanatomic/functional regions (such as the neurovascular unit) prior to single cell RNA sequencing has led to identification of novel cellular subtypes and generation of new credible hypotheses as to cellular function based on the enhanced cell sub‐type specific gene expression patterns. A ribosomal tagging strategy focusing on the cellular translatome analyses carried out in the acute phases post stroke has revealed distinct inflammation‐regulating roles for microglia and astrocytes in this setting. Early spatial transcriptomics experiments using cerebral ischemia models have identified regionally distinct microglial cell clusters in ischemic core versus penumbra. There is great potential for combination of these methods for multi‐omics approaches to further elucidate glial responses in the context of both acute ischemic stroke and chronic CSVD.
Effects of l‐carnitine on frailty status in patients with liver cirrhosis: A randomized‐controlled trial
Authors: Motazedian Nasrin , Ashari Anita , Dehdari Ebrahimi Niloofar , Sayadi Mehrab , Pourjafar Sarina , Motazedian Nazanin , Khademi Vahid , Shamsaeefar Alireza , Eshraghian Ahad
Published: October 2024

Background and Aims

Frailty is a common complication in patients with liver cirrhosis, which is linked with augmented rates of morbidity and mortality. In this regard, timely nutritional assessment and intervention have gained scientific attention. L‐carnitine may be a promising candidate with its potential to enhance energy metabolism, reduce inflammation, and act as an antioxidant. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of l‐carnitine supplementation on frailty status and liver function in adults with liver cirrhosis.

Methods

This double‐blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial study enrolled 77 patients with liver cirrhosis. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the control group (n = 42) and the l‐carnitine group (n = 35). The l‐carnitine group received 500 mg of l‐carnitine orally three times a day for 8 weeks, while the control group did not receive any intervention.

Results

L‐carnitine administration resulted in a significant decrease in alanine transaminase levels (p: 0.043) and partial thromboplastin time (p: 0.036). Furthermore, compared to the control group, l‐carnitine treatment led to improvements in prothrombin time (p: 0.008) and international normalized ratio (p: 0.024). However, no significant improvement in the Liver Frailty Index, Freid Frailty Index, and Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (p > 0.05) was observed in the carnitine group after the 8‐week intervention period.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the administration of l‐carnitine exhibited hepatoprotective properties and was correlated with lowered alanine transaminase levels with improvement in coagulation status in liver cirrhosis patients. Nevertheless, our study indicated that the short‐term use of l‐carnitine might not significantly improve frailty in these patients.
Integrating psychiatry and family medicine in the management of somatic symptom disorders: Diagnosis, collaboration, and communication strategies
Authors: Ajluni Victor
Published: October 2024

Somatic symptom disorders (SSDs) present a complex interplay of physical and psychological factors, necessitating an integrative approach to diagnosis and management. This article explores the collaborative efforts between family medicine and psychiatry in addressing SSDs, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary strategy for comprehensive patient care. Effective diagnosis involves recognizing the significance of both somatic symptoms and the patient's psychological response, with tools like structured clinical interviews and self‐report questionnaires playing crucial roles. Management strategies include psychotherapeutic interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacological treatments, and lifestyle modifications, all tailored to the patient's needs. Communication strategies are vital in validating patients' experiences while addressing underlying psychiatric issues. Techniques such as active listening, biopsychosocial framing, and the teach‐back method foster trust and improve treatment adherence. Cultural considerations and the use of interpreters enhance communication with diverse patient populations. Training programs for healthcare providers further improve competency in managing SSDs. This integrative approach aims to enhance patient outcomes by addressing the multifaceted nature of SSDs through collaborative care, effective communication, and comprehensive treatment planning.
Compliance with price transparency rules in United States (US) pediatric hospitals
Authors: Reimer Emily , Scanlon Matthew C. , Jereczek Amalia , Maxwell Andrea R.
Published: October 2024

This study describes United States (US) pediatric hospitals' compliance with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid price transparency rule. The price transparency rule was intended to make healthcare costs more transparent for patients and families to aid in informed decisions and help avoid unexpected charges. The price transparency rule consists of two parts: (1) a standard charge file, and (2) “shoppable services.” Using hospital websites accessed through the Children's Hospital Association during January and February 2023, we found that only 48.7% of US pediatric hospitals were fully compliant with all required components despite implementation of this rule nearly 3 years ago.
Subthreshold Drain Current Model of Cylindrical Gate All‐Around Junctionless Transistor With Three Different Gate Materials
Authors: Manikandan S. , Dhanaselvam P. Suveetha , Pandian M. Karthigai
Published: October 2024

A novel subthreshold drain current model has been developed for a cylindrical gate all‐around junctionless transistor with three different gate materials. The proposed device is built with three gate regions of different work functions that effectively reduce the short‐channel effects caused by quantum mechanical effects. The drain current equation is solved for all three operating regions to investigate the device switching characteristics and minimize the drain‐induced barrier lowering (DIBL), velocity saturation, mobility degradation, and tunneling. It is understood that the triple material gate structure enhances the transport efficiency of the device. The proposed analytical model is validated by comparison with Sentaurus TCAD numerical simulator results and good agreement is found to be achieved.
Enhancing the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Consortium: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rao Merugu Chandra Surya , Rahul Vadlamudi Dinesh , Uppar Pandu , Madhuri Marpu Lakshmi , Tripathy Barsha , Vyas Ryali Devi Veda , Swami Dokka Venkata , Raju Sirivuru Srinivasa
Published: October 2024

Heavy metal pollution has become a significant concern as the world continues to industrialize, urbanize, and modernize. Heavy metal pollutants impede the growth and metabolism of plants. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants may create chlorophyll antagonism, oxidative stress, underdeveloped plant growth, and reduced photosynthetic system. Finding practical solutions to protect the environment and plants from the toxic effects of heavy metals is essential for long‐term sustainable development. The direct use of suitable living plants for eliminating and degrading metal pollutants from ecosystems is known as phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is a novel and promising way to remove toxic heavy metals. Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can colonize plant roots and help promote their growth. Numerous variables, such as plant biomass yield, resistance to metal toxicity, and heavy metal solubility in the soil, affect the rate of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation using the PGPR consortium can speed up the process and increase the rate of heavy metal detoxification. The PGPR consortium has significantly increased the biological accumulation of various nutrients and heavy metals. This review sheds light on the mechanisms that allow plants to uptake and sequester toxic heavy metals to improve soil detoxification. The present review aids the understanding of eco‐physiological mechanisms that drive plant–microbe interactions in the heavy metal‐stressed environment.
Food insecurity impacts diet quality and adherence to the gluten‐free diet in youth with celiac disease
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Anders Sven , Jiang Zhiqian , Bruce Marcia , Gidrewicz Dominica , Marcon Margaret , Turner Justine M. , Mager Diana R.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune gastrointestinal disorder that requires a strict lifelong gluten‐free diet (GFD). Gluten‐free (GF) foods are more expensive and less readily accessible than gluten‐containing foods, contributing to an increased risk for food insecurity (FI). The study aimed to determine associations between GF‐FI, sociodemographic risk factors and child dietary adherence and diet quality (DQ).

Methods

A 26‐item, cross‐country online survey was administered through social media to parents of children with CD on the GFD. The survey elicited household and CD child sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., duration of CD), measures of household FI, child DQ and GFD adherence, and parents' concerns related to GF food. Household GF‐FI was evaluated using the validated Hunger Vital Sign™ and the US Department of Agriculture Six‐Item Short Form Household Food Security Survey Module.

Results

GF‐FI occurred in 47% of households with children with CD with >30% reporting low to very low food security. Sociodemographic risk factors identified included lower income, renters, rural residency, single‐parental households, and having children with additional dietary restrictions (p < 0.001). Regardless of FI status, a majority of households reported experiencing significantly higher GF food expenditure. GF‐FI was associated with reduced adherence to the GFD, increased consumption of processed GF food, and lower intakes of fresh fruits and vegetables and GF grains among children with CD (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

GF‐FI is prevalent in this multiethnic cohort of households with CD children and is associated with worsening DQ and GFD adherence. Policy interventions are urgently needed to address GF‐FI.
Raman Thermometry for Temperature Assessment of Inorganic Transformations During Microwave Heating
Authors: Jamboretz John , Birkel Christina S.
Published: October 2024

Microwave heating is an intriguing method for the synthesis of inorganic solids offering a variety of advantages over conventional furnace heating, such as fast heating and cooling rates as well as volumetric and selective heating of precursors. However, there are many open questions regarding this “black‐box” process, and insights into the effect of microwave radiation on different types of solids are generally missing. In situ Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique to unravel chemical transformations and identify intermediate species during microwave solid‐state syntheses. A major challenge is the temperature measurement under microwave conditions because (metallic) thermocouples cannot be used and optical pyrometry has significant drawbacks. In contrast, Raman thermometry is a viable method that relies on the temperature‐induced shift of Raman signals. Here, we use this method to estimate the temperature during microwave heating of a model system (titania) that undergoes a phase transition at temperatures >800°C. The estimation is derived from a flexible double exponential calibration function applied to Raman spectroscopic peak shifts in the temperature‐resolved furnace heating data, which was found to describe two titania modes (one anatase and one rutile) extremely well. Based on a detailed error and uncertainty analysis, we suggest options to further optimize Raman thermometry for use in high‐temperature microwave heating conditions.
Liver Resection With Extrahepatic Disease: A Population‐Based Analysis of Thoughtful Selection
Authors: Mahuron Kelly M. , Hernandez Matthew C. , Wong Paul , Fan Darrell , Ituarte Philip H. G. , Raoof Mustafa , Singh Gagandeep , Fong Yuman , Melstrom Laleh G.
Published: October 2024

Background

The oncologic benefit of liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) in the setting of concurrent extrahepatic disease (EHD) is controversial. We performed a population‐based, cross‐sectional study to determine the practice patterns and overall survival (OS) of patients with CRLM + EHD who underwent liver resection.

Methods

Patients with CRLM + EHD were identified using the California Cancer Registry from 2000 to 2019. Records were linked to the Office of Statewide Health Planning Inpatient Database. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival were compared between CRLM + EHD patients with and without liver resection.

Results

Of 170 978 patients with CRLM, 62 003 (36%) had concurrent EHD (CRLM + EHD). In all, 3736 (6%) of CRLM + EHD underwent liver resection compared to 22% of patients with liver limited CRLM. Compared to CRLM + EHD without liver resection, CRLM + EHD with resection were younger, had fewer comorbidities, received higher frequencies of perioperative chemotherapy, and were more likely to have only a single site of EHD rather than multiple sites. Median OS was significantly higher for CRLM + EHD with resection compared to without (52 vs. 27 months, HR 0.46 [95% CI 0.44–0.47], p < 0.001). Regarding the location of EHD, this survival benefit was observed with liver resection for lung, peritoneal, intraabdominal lymph nodes, ovarian, and bone metastases.

Conclusions

In a large population‐based setting, subsets of CRLM + EHD patients that undergo liver resection are associated with prolonged survival. These results support surgery with thoughtful patient selection to optimize survival outcomes in this population.
Habitat suitability and relative abundance of wild boars in the east‐central Tianshan Mountains, China
Authors: Gao Zikun , Wang Ruifen , Yang Yang , Jin Shuyu , Wang Xingzhe , Sun Qiaoqi , Shi Kun
Published: October 2024

As wild boar populations and their distribution ranges increase, human–wild boar conflicts have become increasingly prevalent in numerous regions across the globe. These conflicts have a profound impact on human livelihoods, resulting in significant economic losses. Understanding the habitat requirements and relative abundance of wild boars is crucial prior to implementing any conservation measures. However, studies on wild boar habitat and population in the central and eastern regions of the Tianshan Mountains in China are lacking. We assessed the activity patterns and relative abundance of wild boars in these areas and evaluated habitat suitability using a combination of camera trapping, line transects, species distribution modeling (maximum entropy model), and hierarchical abundance modeling (Bayesian N‐mixture model). We used 311 infrared cameras and 280 field‐based line transects to cover approximately 31,000 km² from September 2022 to May 2023 in the east‐central Tianshan Mountains. We used 240 wild boar distribution locations and 13 environmental predictors in the development of species distribution models. We also used species counts and associated environmental predictors in the N‐mixture model to estimate the relative abundance of wild boar. Wild boars were most active during crepuscular hours (1800), and relatively active in the diurnal period compared to the nocturnal period. The probability of wild boar occurrence increased with higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperatures below 39°C. Boars were most likely to be found in closed deciduous‐coniferous forests. The relative abundance of wild boars was positively affected by NDVI and negatively affected by the minimum temperature of the coldest month and temperature annual range. Based on our results, we suggest areas of management priority. In particular, extensive and intact habitat with substantial wild boar populations, such as the Banfanggou, the South Mountain of Urumqi, and the Hutubi, should be prioritized for long‐term wild boar population monitoring and management so the adverse impacts of increasing wild boar populations in the study region can be minimized.
FGFR2 in the Development and Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Kallenberger Ethan M , Khandelwal Alok , Nath Priyatosh , Nguyen Shaun A. , DiGiovanni John , Nathan Cherie‐Ann
Published: October 2024

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is an increasingly common malignancy of the skin and the leading cause of death from skin cancer in adults over the age of 85. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) has been identified as an important effector of signaling pathways that lead to the growth and development of cSCC. In recent years, there have been numerous studies evaluating the role FGFR2 plays in multiple cancers, its contribution to resistance to anticancer therapy, and new drugs that may be used to inhibit FGFR2. This review will provide an overview of our current understanding of FGFR2 and potential mechanisms in which we can target FGFR2 in cSCC. The goals of this review are the following: (1) to highlight our current knowledge of the role of FGFR2 in healthy skin and contrast this with its role in the development of cancer; (2) to further explain the specific molecular mechanisms that FGFR2 uses to promote tumorigenesis; (3) to describe how FGFR2 contributes to more invasive disease; (4) to describe its immunosuppressive effects in skin; and (5) to evaluate its effect on current anticancer therapy and discuss therapies on the horizon to target FGFR2 related malignancy.