bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAMPUS VIOLENCE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN GUANGZHOU CITY: THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION AND RISK FACTORS
Authors: Wang C , Wang M , Dong XM , Yang ZC , Chi GB , Fu CX , Li WH , Wang SY
Published: October 2012

Background

Campus violence is more and more focused in the global. It not only can result in kinds of injuries (eg, physical, mental, sexual) for individual, but also can lead to huge damages to family and society.

Objectives

To explore the incidence and risk factors of campus violence in Guangzhou.

Methods

Undergraduates in three key universities in Guangzhou were selected to complete the questionnaire by cluster sampling method in 2010. Logistic regression method was used.

Results

The incidence of campus violence was 69.9% in 2103 undergraduates. Male versus female was 75.6%, 63.8% (p<0.01). Perpetrator versus victim was 63.6%, 55.3%. Perpetrator and victim in male and female was 70.9%, 60.0% and 55.7%, 50.1%, respectively (p total<0.01). The severity of campus violence was psychological (68.0%), sexual (34.2%) and physical (16.5%). Male, arts, non-single children, lack of living expenses, playing computer games, playing tricks, loving violence programme, mother had gamble behaviour, father had indulgent education style, being bullied before high school, dissatisfaction with campus' environment, being badly treated by primary school teacher were the risk factors for perpetrator. Female, minority, non-single children, bad behaviour, family economic hardship, mother had gamble behaviour, father had indulgent education style, physical punishment was occasionally given by mother, being bullied before high school, high pressure during study, dissatisfaction with campus' environment, being badly treated by primary school teacher were the risk factors for victim.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The campus violence in Guangzhou is serious, especially the psychological and sexual violence.
HOSPITAL REFERRAL TO A COMMUNITY PROGRAMME FOR YOUTH INJURED BY VIOLENCE: A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Snider C , Nathens A
Published: October 2012

Background

Youth violence is an immense burden in Canada. Violence is a recurring condition—20–40% of youth injured by violence will be reinjured within the next year.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To assess the feasibility of referring youth injured by violence to community based intervention programmes.

Methods

Youth presenting to St. Michael's Hospital Emergency Department and Trauma Service were approached to participate in the study. Information about the study was conveyed using a computer tablet. Youth completed an online baseline survey. If a youth consented to participation, a research coordinator linked the youth with their chosen community partner.

Results/Outcome

Sixty youth (27% of eligible patients) were approached and 19 (32%) chose to participate. 92% were male and the average age was 19.3. In the prior 6 months, 71% of participants had been in a physical fight, with 35% of all participants having visited an emergency department for a fight related injury. Fourteen youth (70% of enrolled) chose a community programme; however, five were unable to be contacted the following day to facilitate the referral.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

This feasibility study demonstrates the complexity of recruiting and referring a high-risk population to community resources. The results from this study will be used to develop a larger study to determine the effectiveness of these referrals in reducing future intentional injury.
EVALUATING ROAD SAFETY INTERVENTIONS: LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF A MULTI-COUNTRY APPROACH
Authors: Bachani AM , Hyder AA , Peden M , Dipietro G , Larson K
Published: October 2012

This workshop focuses on the global road safety interventions project in 10 countries supported by the Bloomberg Philanthropies. Key to the initiative is the demonstration that established interventions on road safety make a significant impact on public health. The project has been running for 2 years, and key lessons have been learnt on defining the epidemiology of road injuries, monitoring the implementation of large-scale programmes on road safety, and assessing the impact of the programmes in an objective and scientific manner. In this regard, three important functions need to be addressed: (1) Defining baseline conditions: a prerequisite for demonstrating any change, a good baseline analysis of road traffic injuries in countries requires a multi-disciplinary review of multiple data sources and strengthening national data systems; (2) Monitoring programme rollout: continuous assessment of a programme through process indicators, and outputs ensure that the operational elements were consistent with the planned programme, and is needed to both identify challenges to implementation and ensure consistency; and (3) Evaluating impact: overall assessment of the change in health, economic and social outcomes due to the implementation of road safety programmes. This approach will have the strengths of: (1) highlighting a core set of methods for each function which have been standardised across all 10 countries; (2) identification of a set of indicators which are scientifically valid and yet practical to measure at country-level for road safety evaluation; and (3) internal consistency across all elements of the evaluation while allowing for flexibility in country-specific approaches.
HAVE WE LEARNT THE LESSONS FROM DISASTER INQUIRIES? THEMES FROM RECENT AUSTRALIAN DISASTER INQUIRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
Authors: Goode N , Spencer C , Archer F , McArdle D , Salmon PM , McClure R
Published: October 2012

Background

The introduction of the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience (NSDR) represents a new, proactive, all-hazards approach to disaster management in Australia. This represents is a timely opportunity to revisit the recommendations and key themes from recent disaster inquiries.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To identify the common strategic themes across recent disaster inquiries and determine whether the NSDR is aligned with findings from the recent inquiries.

Methods

A thematic analysis of seven prominent Australian inquiries into natural disasters was undertaken. The NSDR was used as a thematic framework to analyse the inquiry reports. When an additional theme was identified that was not in the NSDR, this became a new category in the thematic analysis.

Results/Outcome

All of the themes from the NSDR were evident in the inquiry reports; however, a number of additional themes were identified from the inquiries. Six key themes were identified as particularly critical: State emergency management arrangements, understanding, awareness and assessment of risk, critical infrastructure, community communication and empowerment, research, and what does a disaster resilient community look like?

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The common themes from recent disaster inquiries provide key pointers toward strategies for enhancing Australia's disaster resilience in particular, and more generally, represent critical areas that require further research.
NATURE AND TYPE OF INJURIES FROM THE 4 SEPTEMBER 2010 AND 22 FEBRUARY 2011 CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKES, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Johnston D , Standring S
Published: October 2012

Background

Despite significant advances in the understanding of earthquake hazard, risk and mitigation, earthquake deaths and injuries continue to increase globally. The use of earthquake risk and impact modelling is therefore gaining increasing importance for informing the value of mitigation through: development of appropriate building regulations and controls for urban development; public education around actions to take during earthquakes and planning post-disaster emergency operations. However, such models rely on reliable estimates of the number of deaths and the number and type of injuries which may result from a given pattern of ground shaking.

Aim

This paper explores the nature and type of earthquake injuries, and outlines potential causes of injury and possible preventative measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of injury and contributes directly to a multi-year Wellington ‘It's Our Fault’ research programme.

Method

Data obtained from the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) in New Zealand is part of a collaborative study to understand the nature and type of injuries from the 4 September 2010 and 22 February 2011 Canterbury earthquakes.

Results

This is a unique data set of over 9000 as it contains information on all claims lodged for injuries from both earthquakes. Primary injuries are defined as occurring at the moment of the earthquake as a direct result of the immediate shaking. It was divided into two sub categories, immediate and action. An ‘immediate’ type injury was an injury of unavoidable cause. Alternatively, a primary injury could be classified as ‘action’ if a result of a movement that the person may have made.
POLICY INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO CHILD DROWNING PREVENTION IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES
Authors: Gerdmongkolgan S , Ekchaloemkiet S
Published: October 2012

Background

97% of those dying from drowning are the population of low and middle income developing countries of which the risk factors in drowning are different from those in developed countries. Apart from this, the government agencies' structure, resources, and potential make the pattern of formulating or implementing the policy on drowning prevention in low and middle income countries (LMICs) different from the one in high income countries.

Objectives

To review the policy Interventions on child drowning prevention inLMICs.

Methods

Review the literature and study from the Best Practice in several countries and Experts' opinions.

Results

Experts' opinions together with the Spectrum of Prevention, according to Best Practice in several countries, can be used for carrying out Policy Interventions on Drowning Prevention in Low and Middle Income Countries in the following aspects:

• Developing education and skills.

• Legislation and standards.

• Drowning prevention campaigns.

• National and local water safety watch and investigation into drowning.

• National and local commissions.

Significance

Although a policy has significant effects on drowning prevention, the difference in government agencies' structure, resources, and potentials in LIMCs and HICs causes the inefficiency of adopting some of those policy interventions like pool fencing, using a mobile swimming pool or natural water sources for acquiring swimming skills and learning about water safety etc. It is advisable to prioritize this matter on the basis of the context of each area. The policy integration in all levels of a country is necessary. The coordination with all sectors in the society contributes to pushing the policy on drowning prevention.
AN OVERVIEW OF DROWNING IN NEW ZEALAND AND ASSOCIATED RESEARCH EFFORTS
Authors: Webb S , Brunt A
Published: October 2012

Background

Water Safety New Zealand (WSNZ) is New Zealand's national organisation responsible for water safety education, awareness and prevention. It represents 35 organisations within New Zealand that have an interest in water safety.

Drowning affects all New Zealanders irrespective of age, ethnicity, gender or social economic status. It is consistently the third highest cause of unintentional death in New Zealand, surpassed only by road vehicle crashes and accidental falls. WSNZ and its members have achieved considerable success since its inception in 1949. Over the last 29 years a 60% reduction in drowning has occurred since a record high in 1985 of 215 and a record low of 87 in 2010. Currently on average (last 5 years) 105 New Zealanders die per annum from drowning.

Aim/Purpose

In order to reduce drowning in New Zealand WSNZ established a Research Advisory Group (RAG) in 2008/2009. This RAG produced a Research Strategy that contains the national research objectives and outcomes for New Zealand over the next 3–4 years.

Methods

In order to establish the Strategy a critical review of New Zealand and international research published since 1990 was completed. The review investigated the RAG's main areas of inquiry, focusing specifically on published, unpublished and in-progress research.

Results

To date the following has been completed:

• Literature review

• National Strategy

• Doctoral scholarship programme established

• Report on Canyoning in New Zealand

• Research on behavioural analysis of human characteristics following sudden water immersion

Contribution to the Field

An overarching strategy that has delivered key pieces of research for the sector.

Water Safety New Zealand (WSNZ), PO BOX 10126, Wellington 6143, New Zealand

Phone: +64 4 801:9600

Email: alex@watersafety.org.nz

Website: http://www.watersafety.org.nz
RIP CURRENT RELATED DROWNING DEATHS AND RESCUES IN AUSTRALIA 2004–2011
Authors: Brighton B , Sherker S , Bradstreet A , Thompson M
Published: October 2012

Background

Rip currents are narrow, strong currents that move seaward through the surf zone. Rip currents are the number one drowning hazard on surf beaches globally. A comprehensive review of rip current related drowning and rescue has not been reported to date.

Aims

To describe rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia from 2004 to 2011.

Methods

A retrospective search was undertaken for fatal and non-fatal rip related drowning incidents in Australia from the National Coroner's Information System (NCIS), SurfGuard Incident Reporting Database (IRD), and Media Monitors, between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2011.

Results

There were 629 fatal coastal drowning deaths recorded and rip currents were a factor in 145 fatalities (22.9%), an average of 21 per year. There were a total of 1246 ‘major rescues’, lifesavers reported the involvement of rip currents in 602 rescues (48.3%), an average of 86 per year.

Significance

Using similar data sets from life saving organisations in the USA, UK, and NZ an international range of 48.3%–57.9% of all rescues are rip related, which is comparable to Australia. Rip related events are common though preventable. Priority strategies for rip related drowning prevention include educating beachgoers to: swim between the flags; identify rip currents; and appropriate responses if caught in a rip. Interventions should target young males in particular, as they are overrepresented in rip related drowning and rescue incidents.
IMPROVING THE CARE OF CHILDREN PRESENTING WITH MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (MTBI) TO EMERGENCY CARE SETTINGS: CLINICIANS ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF CARE
Authors: Kool B , King V , Ameratunga S , Wells S
Published: October 2012

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant Public Health problem in New Zealand and globally. The vast majority of cases (80–90%) are considered to be mild.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To examine the barriers and enablers to clinicians delivering evidenced-based care to children presenting with mild head injury to Emergency Department (ED) and Accident and Medical Clinic (A&M) settings.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of a purposeful sample of clinicians involved in the acute assessment of children was conducted in 2011 in two busy paediatric EDs and an A&M clinic, in Auckland. Clinicians were selected from various stages of post graduate training. The survey tool captured information on: demographics, clinical experience and training, current practice in relation to the acute management of mild TBI (MTBI) and sources of knowledge.

Results/Outcomes

29 surveys were completed. Most clinicians (25/29) believed MTBI is an important complication among children who sustain a head injury, and considered doctors the most suitable professional to screen children for MTBI (22/29). Many agreed that a lack of knowledge was a barrier to effectively managing children who sustained a MTBI (13/29). Most (17/29) felt that there was a lack of follow-up for children with MTBI. Slightly more than half (16/29) indicated they gave verbal advice in addition to written advice.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The findings of this study are consistent with overseas research suggesting important gaps between current and best practice for the appropriate care of children with MTBI in EDs and in primary care settings.
CELL PHONE USE AND TRAFFIC CRASH RESPONSIBILITY: A CULPABILITY ANALYSIS OF COLLISION-INVOLVED DRIVERS
Authors: Asbridge M , Brubacher J , Chan H
Published: October 2012

Background

Cell phone use while driving is illegal in many jurisdictions. Restrictions are supported by studies showing: (i) increasing cell phone use by motorists, (ii) an increased proportion of crashes where cell phones are implicated, and (iii) experimental studies demonstrating that cell phone use negatively affects overall driving performance. Few studies have evaluated the collision risk associated with cell phone use in real driving conditions.

Objectives

The current study aims to compare culpability in drivers who crashed with versus without cell phone use.

Method

Culpability studies approximate case-control studies and overcome difficulties with constructing control groups (ie, crash free drivers). The Canadian Culpability Scale (CCS) determines crash culpability from police reports in British Columbia. We use the CCS to determine culpability in 312 crashes (2005–2008) where police report cell phone use and in 936 propensity matched (driver and crash characteristics) crashes without cell phone use. Statistical analysis involved conditional logistic regression methods, with additional analyses to adjust for confounders.

Results

A comparison of crashes with versus without cell phones revealed a crude OR of 2.03 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.86). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a consistent association regardless of crash severity.

Significance

Crash culpability was found to be strongly associated with driver cell phone use, nearly doubling the odds of a culpable crash compared to drivers who did not use a cell phone. These findings lend support to existing policies directed at restricting the use of cell phones and other devices while driving.
SPECIFICITY OF POST-CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS AT 3 MONTHS AFTER MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. RESULTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Lagarde E , Masson F , Ribéreau-Gayon R , Zongo D , Salmi L -R , Laborey M
Published: October 2012

Background

Common complaints after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) include headaches, anxiety, irritability, and sleep disturbances, but these symptoms also occur in the non head-injured population. Whether they are more frequent among MTBI patients should help identify those that could be considered as part of the post concussion syndrome (PCS).

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

We assessed the specificity of symptoms proposed in the three main scales used to measure PCS: post concussion symptoms listed in the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), and the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).

Methods

A cohort of 536 patients with MTBI and a comparison group of 946 patients with non-head injuries were recruited in the Adult Emergency Department (ED) of a teaching hospital in Bordeaux, France. Specificity of symptoms was assessed comparing MTBI and comparison patients at 3 months taking in to account baseline levels before ED admission.

Results/Outcomes

8 symptoms were identified as being specific to MTBI: headaches, dizziness, intolerance of stress, forgetfulness, poor concentration, taking longer to think, blurred vision, and personality change. Eight symptoms were found to be not specific to MTBI: nausea, noise sensitivity, irritability, anxiety, feeling frustrated, double vision, light sensitivity and restlessness.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The relevance of symptoms proposed to constitute PCS should be reviewed. A more specific definition of PCS would make diagnosis easier and facilitate prevention as well as treatment of patients with MTBI.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF INJURED VICTIMS AMONG COMMUNITY
Authors: Verma PK
Published: October 2012

Background

Aim of injury planning is to reduce morbidity and mortality due to injury. Pre-hospital and hospital care play vital role for injury management.

Objectives

To study health-seeking behaviour of injured victims.

Methods

Retrospective 1-year data was collected from 30 554 populations in relation to health seeking behaviour of injured victims.

Results

Transportation used for reaching Medical Center: Auto/Taxi (28.9%), two wheeler (15.4%), bicycle (9.5%) and only 43 cases (1.9%) had used ambulances for transportation of injured victim. Police Control Room vans were effectively used by 32 injured victims out of total 43 cases. Majority of the injured victims (92.8%) administered treatment within 6 h while 71.9% took treatment within 1 h of injury affliction. Injured mostly treated at private clinics (45.4%), government hospitals (24.5%) and government dispensaries (4.1%). Majority of the victims were treated in OPD (47.8%) and 33.3% had taken only 1st aid treatment. Out of total 2232 cases, 5.4% victims were in critical condition, 3.4% hospitalised, 1.3% operated and 0.6% admitted in ICU. Most of the victims resumed work in 2–4 days of injury (19.3%) followed by 5–7 days work loss (14.7%) and 13.4% could not resume normal work for 1–2 months.

Significance

Pre-hospital time should be reduced by integration of public transport with health care facilities to reduce severity of injury. Separate trauma care unit could be started in big hospitals. Training must be imparted at medical graduation level. There should be national policy for injury prevention.
ASSESSING INTER-RATER RELIABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT DATA IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY ON BICYCLING INJURIES
Authors: Ruest N , Hagel BE , McCormack GR , Nettel-Aguirre A , Rowe B H
Published: October 2012

Background

Environmental audit tools must be valid in order to accurately estimate the association between built environmental characteristics and bicycling injury risk.

Objectives

To examine the inter-rater reliability of a built environment audit tool in a case-control study on the environmental determinants of bicycling injuries.

Methods

Auditor pairs visited locations where bicycling injuries were known to have occurred in two cities, and recorded location characteristics using the validated Systematic Pedestrian and Cyclist Environmental Scan (SPACES). Case locations were those where a bicyclist was struck by a motor-vehicle (MV), or suffered injuries requiring hospitalisation. Control locations were those where non-MV or minor injuries occurred. Inter-rater reliability of each item on the tool was assessed using observed agreement and Kappa (κ).

Results

Ninety-seven locations were audited from May–October 2010. Inter-observer agreement was generally high (≥95%); most items had a 1–2% difference in responses. Items with differences ≥5% between raters included path condition, slope, and obstructions. For land use, path, and roadway characteristics, κ ranged from 0.3 for presence of offices and cleanliness to 0.9 for schools and number of lanes; overall, 78% of items had high agreement (κ≥0.61). For MV cases the proportion of items with high agreement was 60%, compared with 73% for controls. For both severe cases and controls, 76% of items had high agreement.

Significance

Despite low reliability for land use types and cleanliness, percent agreement was high for most items. Our findings suggest that the SPACES tool provides reliable quantitative descriptions of built environmental characteristics at bicycle injury locations.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ON-ROAD DRIVING ASSESSMENT FOR NOVICE TEEN DRIVERS
Authors: Winston F , Durbin D , Brant C , Mirman J , Curry A , Garcia-Espana F
Published: October 2012

Background

A standardised measure of driving performance is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of driver training programmes for novice teen drivers.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Develop and assess the reliability of an on-road driving assessment for novice teens, as well as their driving performance at two times: (1) after initial experience in a limited number of driving environments (early route) and (2) after experience in a wide range of environments (late route).

Methods

We developed two routes with varying speed limits and a range of road characteristics to test driver competencies across six environments: parking lot, residential, intermediate roads, commercial, highway and rural roads. Nineteen teens drove one of the two routes accompanied by two certified driving evaluators. Performance errors at specified route segments were ascertained.

Results/Outcome

Inter-rater (front vs back seat) reliability of the drives was excellent (ICC=0.79). There was significant variation in the number of errors committed by the 13 teens who drove the early route (mean: 24.2 errors, range: 8–46) and the six who drove the late route (mean:18.5 (15–22)). For both routes, the most common sources of error were turns, parking, backing up and lane changes.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

We have developed an on-road driving assessment to evaluate novice teen driver performance that demonstrates excellent inter-rater reliability and an ability to identify a wide range of driving errors. Future assessments of discriminatory validity will be conducted. Refinement of the routes may enable adaptation to other geographic areas, providing an ability to evaluate a wide range of driver training programmes.
PHOTOVOICE: CHILDREN'S PERSPECTIVES ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY IN 10 COUNTRIES
Authors: Gautam P , Brondum L , Françoia A , Perez T , Lail M
Published: October 2012

Background

Between 2008 and 2012, Safe Kids organisations in 10 countries received grants to conduct the PHOTOVOICE Project.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To assess the effectiveness of the PHOTOVOICE participatory research methodology in engaging communities and facilitating permanent changes to walking environments and evaluate whether the method is replicable in low-, middle-, and high-income countries.

Methods

Safe Kids organisations conducted photography training and pedestrian safety education sessions with over 1700 students and collected observational and behavioural surveys, discussion notes, walking maps, and pre- and post-tests. Findings were used to identify high-risk areas and determine appropriate environmental modifications to improve pedestrian safety and advocate for the appropriate changes.

Results/Outcome

Pedestrian safety knowledge scores increased by an average of 25% (p<0.0001) from pre- to post-tests. Behaviour surveys showed that among children most walk to and from school, most walk alone, and most feel safe while walking in areas near home. Observational surveys showed that infrastructure deficiencies were the highest rated problem for sidewalks. Highest observed unsafe environments included sidewalks blocked by cars, trash and vendors; lack of painted crosswalks and lack of traffic signals. Permanent modifications were made to the environments where children walk in more than 50 communities in 10 countries based on the findings of the participatory research.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The participatory research project not only increased pedestrian safety knowledge and behaviour in communities but also served as an effective needs and risk assessment tool. The results also showed that the project is feasible and replicable across low-, middle- and high income countries.
STAKEHOLDER VIEWS AND PERCEPTIONS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT INJURIES IN NORTH WESTERN UGANDA
Authors: Mutto M , Kimuli G , Lawoko S , Ovuga E , Svanstrom L
Published: October 2012

Views and perceptions of rural (Ugandan elementary school) children and teachers regarding epidemiology (extent, risk, determinants, prevention), and management of childhood injuries were explored using FGDs and KII. Respondents thought childhood injuries and violations are common life experiences in North Western Uganda, linking them to contextual trends in staple food supply, social events, and sports. The contextual factors are thought to interact with individual, parental and situational variables to occasion the childhood and adolescent injury and violation patterns in North-western Uganda. The importance attached to injuries as community health concerns seemed to depend on the cause; in this regard, traffic injuries were viewed as most important concerns. Fatalistic thought was exhibited most with regard to those injuries viewed as most important. Local prevention and control resources and strategies do exist, most on ‘victim blame template’, which is known to be ineffective. Injury specific management strategies also exist; some of them are not ‘evidence based’ as understood in current scientific context but could be backed by local knowledge or rooted in indigenous practices as relate to community survival and coping strategies and mechanisms. Some of them could be harmful; rigorous profiling and review is recommended. Pre-hospital care training for elementary school teachers, caregivers (including parents) and other community resource persons is also recommended. Safer methods of mango harvesting, (grasshopper) hunting and sports need to be promoted. Child labour, corporal punishment, illicit drugs, fist fighting and sexual violation should be prioritised for prevention. Quantitative assessment of the childhood and adolescent injury and violation problem in Yumbe, North-western Uganda is recommended.
DRIVER SLEEPINESS AND RISK OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INJURIES: A POPULATION-BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY IN FIJI
Authors: Herman J , Ameratunga S , Kafoa B , Wainiqolo I , Robinson E , McCaig E , Connor J , Jackson R
Published: October 2012

Background

The few published studies investigating the role of driver sleepiness in road crashes in low and middle-income countries have largely focused on heavy vehicles.

Objective

We investigated the contribution of driver sleepiness to four-wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Viti Levu, Fiji resulting in death or hospital admission.

Methods

The population-based case control study included 131 motor vehicles involved in crashes where at least one person died or was hospitalised (cases) and 752 motor vehicles identified in roadside surveys (controls) in Viti Levu. Drivers or their proxies (study informants) completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire ascertaining data on vehicle, driving, and personal characteristics including sleepiness while driving, and factors associated with reduced quality and quantity of sleep.

Results

There was a six-fold increase in the odds of injury-involved crashes for vehicles where the drivers reported they were sleepy, had difficulty staying awake, or were not fully alert (OR 5.7, CI 2.7 to 12.3); and those who reported less than 6 h of sleep during the previous 24 h (OR 5.9, CI 1.7 to 20.9). The population attributable risk for crashes associated with driving while sleepy or less alert was 34.

Significance

Driver sleepiness is an important contributor to the burden of four-wheeled motor vehicle crashes in Fiji. The research highlights the need for evidence-based strategies to reduce the contribution of this poorly characterised risk factor in less resourced settings.
GLOBAL TRENDS IN DEATH AND DISABILITY FROM INJURIES—FINDINGS FROM THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE AND INJURIES STUDY
Authors: Lopez A
Published: October 2012

Comparable assessments of the contribution of various diseases, injuries and risk factors in causing premature death and disability in populations are an important input into health policy debates. The Global Burden of Disease and Injury Study provides estimates of premature death and disability from over 250 diseases and injuries, based on systematic reviews of all available data worldwide on causes of death, and on the incidence, prevalence and duration of major diseases and injuries. Injuries caused about 11% of all health loss worldwide in 2010, slightly more than in 1990. Of this, road traffic accidents were a leading component, causing almost 1.3 million deaths in 2010, about 50% more than two decades earlier. Almost 2 million people died from other unintentional injuries in 2010; deaths from falls have risen, while those from drowning have decreased since 1990. Global mortality from suicide has risen by almost 30%. Overall, injuries caused just under 5 million deaths in 2010, or one in 10 deaths worldwide. Much more policy attention is thus warranted to reduce injury burden in all regions.
LET'S TALK ABOUT SAFETY—CAN INJURY PREVENTION DO MORE HARM THAN GOOD?
Authors: Roberts I
Published: October 2012

Walking and cycling can be pleasant and healthy and by replacing car use can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many people say that they would walk and cycle if it was not so dangerous. However, we are much less aware than we should be of the risks of not walking and cycling. Physical inactivity substantially increases our risk of heart disease, stroke and cancer. The overall risk of death for adults who cycle to work on a regular basis is between 10% and 30% lower than for those who drive to work. This benefit persists after controlling for a range of factors that might differ between cyclists and motorists. Cycling may appear dangerous but not cycling is more dangerous. Public health advocates should shift their focus from injury reduction to safety promotion. There should also be greater emphasis on improving trauma care, particularly given the recent evidence that tranexamic acid safely reduces mortality in bleeding trauma patients. Indeed, injury advocates should endeavour to ensure universal access to this inexpensive life saving treatment.
SOLVING THE SAFETY PARADOX—WHEN MAKING THINGS LESS SAFE MAKES THEM MORE SAFE
Authors: Engwicht D
Published: October 2012

According to the late Hans Monderman, Dutch engineer and road safety expert, the one thing experts forget to discuss when discussing safety is the human brain. When things are made ‘safer’, humans tend to increase their risk taking. What makes an environment safe or dangerous is not the level of risk in that environment but rather is the level of risk transparent or masked. Much of what is done in the name of safety masks the true level of risk, creating a ‘false sense of security’. This presentation will discuss the implications for the design of public spaces—and the importance of bringing back the concept of ‘citizen responsibility’.
‘DAVID'S STORY—BORN TO FAIL THE PERFECT STORM’
Authors: Carnochan J
Published: October 2012

Violence, in all its forms, infects the well being and health of communities throughout the World, the daily stress and fear experienced by individuals and families inhibits lives and aspirations. Violence is preventable, but criminal justice solutions alone cannot achieve this. Violence is situated within a complicated and complex landscape of causes, societal conditions, personal circumstances, individual characteristics, attitudes and cultures.

The principal of prevention is gaining increasing currency and the application of a public health model provides a framework of understanding, a clear identification of the components of violence, a means to articulate solutions to a complex multi sectoral problem and a methodology founded in a robust science based process of evaluation. Different agencies are already dealing directly with the same people as victims, offenders, patients, clients, students and tenants; already we can identify the shared agenda. The effective coordination of services that are appropriate, proportionate and timely and focussed on positive outcomes is the most viable response. Primary prevention must be at the heart of all our collaborative efforts. Preventing violence through the development of safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their caregivers must become a key component of national strategy.

‘David's Story’ is a factual narrative of the life of a young man convicted of culpable homicide when he was 15. The story will highlight some of the circumstances and social conditions that increased his vulnerability and at the same time identify those opportunities where effective intervention may have changed his life course.
ABSTRACT—ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH AND POLICY
Authors: Wong SV
Published: October 2012

Each year, more than 1.2 million people die across the globe due to road crashes; there is a pressing need to understand the underlying cause of the problem. As road safety issues are complex; it involves multi-sectorial ranging from the public, stakeholders to the policy makers. Significant differences exist both across and within countries and therefore policies and interventions need to be adapted to the local environment. The effectiveness of interventions requires a multi-disciplinary approach which include enforcement, engineering and psychological and education approaches. While the resources are limited, road safety interventions must not only address the sustainability of the outcomes but also the cost-effectiveness to implement and maintain it. More important, interventions must be evidence-based and can be evaluated over time before it is translated into policy. Hence, the research cannot be done in silo for better addressing the complexity of road safety issues. For sustainability, road safety interventions need to be guided and governed by policy in the implementation and development.
INEQUITIES IN EMERGENCY CARE
Authors: Razzak JA
Published: October 2012

Time sensitive emergency medical conditions such trauma, myocardial infarctions, sepsis, severe dehydration and peri-partum bleeding are responsible for a large proportion of disease burden globally, especially in low and middle income countries. Quality of care provided at the health facility is important an important determinant, often it is the delay in reaching the appropriate hospital which contributes to poor outcomes. Emergency Medical System, or a pre-hospital treatment and transport system is considered a key intervention for reducing the mortality from large number of diseases including trauma. Perceived cost associated with setting up and running of the system is one of the reasons for poor investment in this area. In this presentation we present a model for a basic but effective level of emergency medical system that responds to the perceived community needs as well as improving health of a population. The presentation reviews the costs associated with the EMS from a ‘developing world’ point of view and discusses ways to fund such an activity in the state funded system as well as mixed payer model.
SUICIDE PREVENTION: CONFRONTING PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES
Authors: Caine E
Published: October 2012

Suicide has been identified as a major international public health priority. This presentation will examine ‘core challenges’ that impede the successful development and dissemination of effective prevention initiatives.

Data from the US and other countries will be used to illustrate key discussion points. Apparent challenges must be frankly and creatively addressed if we propose to prevent suicide at national, community, or institutional levels. The presentation draws upon lessons gleaned from both effective and less successful approaches, and considers future opportunities.

Suicide is preventable! Future initiatives must integrate injury prevention and mental health perspectives, identify common risks, and create and sustain a mosaic of coordinated programmes in order to enhance community health and promote mental health, and to provide timely access to services across diverse social settings.
LEADING WORKPLACE SAFETY
Authors: Ellis C
Published: October 2012

Leading workplace safety demands a different approach from most other business functions. Safety performance relies on minute by minute decisions by individuals in a workforce. A moment of distraction may cause an incremental reduction in productivity, but that same inattention has the potential to cause a serious workplace injury or fatality. While the individual drivers of workplace safety behaviour are complex many businesses have been successful by addressing safety culture as a whole. Workplace health and safety must be led as well as managed.

Today most leaders of large businesses recognise the engagement, productivity and cost benefits from actively leading workplace health and safety. The challenge is that while they have a desire to improve workplace health and safety, many business leaders are uncertain what their role is and where their effort will be most effective.

The Business Leaders Health and Safety Forum brings together leaders of over 100 of New Zealand's largest companies with the vision of Zero Harm Workplaces. Members acknowledge that they are in a unique position to improve workplace health and safety in their own businesses and across the wider business community. The goal is to lead a step change in health and safety performance over the next 2 years by:

• developing and growing world-class safety leadership in New Zealands business leaders

• using the individual and collective influence of business leaders to positively contribute to changes in health and safety in New Zealand

• providing opportunities for business leaders to share resources to overcome common challenges.
CHILDHOOD DROWNING PREVENTION: WHAT APPROACHES WORK?
Authors: Rahman AKMF
Published: October 2012

Background

Drowning is a global public health problem of children. Drowning affects all age groups, but children 1–4 years appear the greatest risk. In high-income countries (HICs) various child drowning prevention measures have been advocated. However, prevention efforts in low- and middle-income countries are almost non-existent.

Objectives

The objectives of the paper are to review different child drown prevention approaches of both high and low- and middle-income countries and to recommend global strategies.

Methods

An extensive literature review, both scientific articles and gray reports, was carried out to document effective approaches for childhood drowning prevention in both high and low income countries.

Results

In HICs various drowning prevention measures including pool fencing, pool fencing legislation, parent education, close supervision of young children, use of personal devices, laws on alcohol use, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and swimming instruction have been proven effective. However, in LMICs there is scarcity of proven interventions. The recent intervention study ‘PRECISE’ in Bangladesh generated some evidence of child drowning prevention; where the crèche for young children 1–4 years and survival swimming for 4–10-year-old children were found 80% and 96% protective respectively.

Significance

Child drowning is preventable even in resource poor settings. Considering the socio-economic and geographical differences many of the prevention approaches of HICs are not applicable to LMIC settings Therefore, interventions need to be set according to individual country context.
APPROACHES TO DROWNING PREVENTION IN HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES (HIC'S)
Authors: Moran K
Published: October 2012

Drowning as a consequence of aquatic recreation is a significant cause of unintentional death worldwide, high income countries (HIC's) being no exception. In most developed countries, a multifaceted approach, consisting of many layers of protection from drowning, has been widely promoted. Recent landmarks in the field of drowning prevention (such as the world conferences in 2002, 2007 and 2011) have precipitated research activity. New publications (such as theHandbook on Drowning, 2006 and an international journal on aquatic research and education [IJARE], 2007) have stimulated dissemination of research findings.

From the plethora of associated safety messages, an international task force of 18 drowning prevention advocates identified 8 key generic messages for both ‘care of self’ and ‘care of others’ around open water. In each category,the learning of swimming and water survival skillswere the highest priority message. Other messages focussed on the value of lifeguard supervision, obeying safety rules and signage, alcohol avoidance, lifejacket use, close and constant supervision for the young, first aid and CPR skills, safe entry skills, and safe rescue techniques. The guidelines helped inform expert opinion, identified gaps in the research where evidence is weak or non-existent, and made recommendations for a research agenda to inform future drowning prevention interventions.

This presentation presents recent research addressing many of these issues including: defining swimming and water competence; water safety education in HIC's; parental understanding of child water safety and supervision; high-risk behaviours, activities and groups, and drowning risk perception.
ROAD SAFETY CHALLENGES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Mohan D
Published: October 2012

International road traffic fatality data show that low-income and middle-income countries on an average have higher road traffic fatality rates than high-income countries. However, neither the number reported by countries nor WHO estimates have a high correlation with national income. This suggests that higher national incomes do not necessarily produce more road safety. The data indicate that even countries that have similar incomes, vehicle fleet ratios, motor vehicle standards and traffic regulations can have different fatality patterns. This is probably due to other factors influencing fatality rates: urban living patterns, street and highway infrastructure, etc. Recent studies suggest that there are similar variations in fatality rates among cities within countries which cannot be explained by income levels, vehicle technology or basic road design. The paper will focus on the role of the built environment in promoting road safety and challenges ahead in safer road design.
GETTING RESEARCH PUBLISHED: WRITING FOR BIOMEDICAL JOURNALS
Authors: Johnston B
Published: October 2012

Background

Peer review and publication in biomedical journals is an important component of injury prevention research and dissemination.

Purpose

In this workshop, facilitated by editorial board members from the journalInjury Prevention, participants will become familiar with the process of writing for scientific publication, including a discussion of common mistakes, useful resources and strategies to improve the writing process and acceptance rates.

Methods

Didactic presentation followed by small group discussion and exercises.

Outcome

Attendees will understand the structure of scientific manuscripts, be able to recognise attributes of a good introduction and discussion section, describe the use of checklists and guidelines as an aid to writers, and be able to outline the process of peer review and editorial decision-making.