bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CIDI, SCAN and IPDE: structured diagnostic interviews for ICD 10 and DSM III-R
Authors: Pull CB , Wittchen HU
Published: April 2020

The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) constitute part of a family of instruments which have been designed for the assessment of mental disorders as defined by the explicit diagnostic criteria and algorithms in ICD 10 and DSM III-R. They have been developed at the request of the World Health Organization and the United States Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration to foster a common language in the mental health field, to facilitate comparisons of clinical and research findings from different settings, countries and cultures, and to improve the scientific basis of diagnosis and classification in psychiatry. This report describes the background, purpose and essential features of the three instruments.
Neurometric-quantitative EEG as a diagnostic adjunct in clinical psychiatry
Authors: Mas F , Prichep LS , Cancro R , John ER , Alper K
Published: April 2020

Computer based quantitative evolution of the electroencephalogram (QEEG) holds promise as an adjunct in the evaluation of psychiatric patients. One such method is neurometrics (N-QEEG) in which quantitative electrophysiological features are evaluated by statistical comparison with age appropriate normative data and compared with the profile of dysfunction seen in different psychiatric populations. This paper is based upon the experiences of the senior author in using this method in a series of 88 patients seen in a clinical setting. Neurometric testing provided a unique and significant contribution to the clinical diagnosis or management of 12% of these cases and gave some clinically useful information in another 44% of this population. In the remaining 44%, the method did not provide any additional contribution to the clinical diagnosis and/or to the management of the patient. Six case histories are provided to illustrate these 3 categories. It must be emphasized that N-QEEG is not a technique that can be substituted for any part of a systematic clinical evaluation, least of all for the process itself, which remains crucial. Once embedded in a solid clinical framework, N-QEEG has the capacity to enhance one’s diagnostic efforts and therapeutic strategies by providing objective quantitative data reflecting brain dysfunction. In such a context, the nominative and cost-effective nature of this technique can further adds to its practicality.
Therapist and patient speech in cognitive depression therapy: assessment and discussion
Authors: Blanchet A , Mirabel-Sarron C
Published: April 2020

This study examines changes in language markers in patient and therapist speech over the course of a 12-session cognitive depression therapy. Sessions 4, 8 and 12 were analyzed for the following clinical and language indices:

– scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.

– relative frequency of predicative verb categories, deictics, modalization and situation markers in patient and therapist speech (propositional analysis). The findings show that language indices change significantly and correlatively with therapeutic change, and can thus serve as one measure of the changes in the patient’s psychological organization brought about by cognitive depression therapy.
Placebo response in antidepressant drug trials
Authors: Beneke M , Rasmus W , Fritze J
Published: April 2020

Response patterns derived from dichotomized (0/1) weekly CGI ratings conducted in antidepressant drug trials (Quitkinet al,1984) were compared with those found in the pooled data from several randomized double-blind trials comparing the relative efficacy and tolerability low-dose flupenthixol im with that of three trieyclics (amitriptyline sr, imipramine, doxepine). Using the configurational frequency analysis (Krauth and Lienert, 1973), the postulated patterns could be rediscovered in our data apart from “early onset persistent patterns” which were less frequent in Quitkinet al's (1984) drug data. However, apart from this finding no “typical” patterns in terms of drug- or placebo-dependent response patterns could be detected in either the flupenthixol or Quitkinet al's (1984) data. It is concluded that there is little empirical evidence for the assumption of placebo- or drug related change- or response patterns. Moreover, theoretical aspects do not support the usefulness of such concepts.
Placebo response in panic disorder. A review
Authors: Merz WA
Published: April 2020

A short review of placebo response in double-blind placebo-controlled therapeutic panic disorder studies published since 1985 is given. The main result is that the inefficacy-related drop-out rate of the placebo group of almost all clinical studies grows to more than 30% after 4-5 weeks of treatment and that often the results of placebo responders do not widely differ from that of the treatment groups. Except in some studies with very large sample sizes, the described response of the placebo group will not lead to significant differences between placebo and drug in completer analysis, making last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis necessary. However, the large drop-out rates may lead to invalid efficacy results in later stages of the studies. As it can be shown that the inefficacy-related drop-out rates between placebo and target drug groups are as good an efficacy characteristic as any other, more conventional efficacy parameters, it is proposed to use the inefficacy related drop-out rate as the main efficacy parameter in placebo-controlled panic disorder studies of more than 4-5 weeks.
Personality structure in the paranoid psychoses of later life
Authors: Howard R , Levy R
Published: April 2020

Abnormal premorbid personality has long been considered to be an important feature of patients who develop schizophrenia, or schizophrenic-like psychoses late in life. Schizoid and paranoid personality traits in particular are repeatedly reported to have preceded the development of psychosis by many years. Such personality abnormalities have been viewed as part of a schizophrenic spectrum disorder, causally invoked in the aetiology of psychosis, or even regarded as an adaptive protection of vulnerable individuals against psychotic breakdown. An ICD-10 diagnosable personality disorder, however, is seen in only about 50% of patients who develop a paranoid psychosis late in life. The premorbid personality abnormalities encountered in late-onset paranoid states and delusional disorder are different from those reported in schizophrenia and there appears to be a genetic basis for these differences. The role of such personality disturbance in the aetiology of psychosis is controversial but probably only minor.
The potential role of cholecystokinin in schizophrenia: review and update
Authors: Payeur R , Nixon MK , Bourin M , Bradwejn J , Legrand JM
Published: April 2020

The role of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin in schizophrenia has been widely explored because of its modulating action on midbrain dopamine neurons. The recent discovery of more specific receptor subtype cholecystokinin antagonists should be considered as potential treatment for schizophrenia with fewer side effects. This paper reviews cholecystokinin/dopamine interactions in animal and human studies. Clinical trials with cholecystokinin agonists and antagonists in schizophrenia are updated.
Platelet serotonin uptake in patients suffering from pancreatic carcinoma, chronic physical disease and depression
Authors: Modai I , Shaked Υ , Shaked G , Valevski A , Mark M , Weizman A , Jerushalmy Z
Published: April 2020

Serotonin uptake by platelets was determined in 11 patients suffering from carcinoma of the pancreas, eleven patients hospitalized for chronic physical disease, 19 patients suffering from major depression unipolar type, and 19 healthy volunteers. The Vmax values of serotonin uptake were significantly lower in patients suffering from carcinoma of the pancreas (F = 18.6, df = 28, Ρ < 0.001) and chronic physical disease (F = 21.3, df = 28, Ρ < 0.0001) than in healthy volunteers. The Vmax values of the depressed patients were also significantly lower (F = 4.27, df = 36, Ρ < 0.05) than those in the control group. No difference was found between the carcinomatous and the chronically ill patients. Km values of serotonin uptake by platelets were significantly decreased in both groups of patients with organic disease (F = 5.91, df = 28, Ρ < 0.025; F = 4.44, df = 28, Ρ < 0.045 respectively) as compared to the control group, but were similar in the depressed and the control groups (F = 0.42, df = 20, P = 0.52). Since the patients with chronic disease were chronically medicated, the decreased serotonin uptake may not be disease-dependent but rather associated with medication. However, the carcinomatous patients were drug-free and in this group the decreased uptake and serotonin transporter hypersensitivity may have been disease-dependent. These results suggest the involvement of the presynaptic serotonergic system in the susceptibility of pancreatic carcinomatous patients to prodromal depression.
Bromocriptine improves digit symbol substitution test scores in neuroleptic-treated chronic schizophrenic patients
Authors: de Beaurepaire C , de Beaurepaire R , Cleau M , Borenstein Ρ
Published: April 2020

The cognitive effects of bromocriptine (10 mg/day) in chronic neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients were studied in a 4-month trial. Ten neuropsychological variables were used for the evaluations. Nine patients and seven controls completed the study. They were tested three times: before the beginning of the study, and after 2 and 4 months of treatment. The results showed that treated patients globally performed significantly better than the controls (P < 0.05), and that the digit symbol substitution test was significantly improved (P < 0.03). The WAIS performance score was also significantly improved (P < 0.02). The picture arrangement test was improved, but did not reach significance (P < 0.07). Verbal tests were not improved. It therefore appears that addition of a D2 dopamine agonist in neuroleptic-treated patients can improve some of their cognitive functions. Two explanations can be proposed: i) bromocriptine decreases neuroleptic-induced motor side effects or ii) has an effect on a putative hypodopaminergic function in schizophrenia.
Neuroradiological findings in post partum psychiatric disorder
Authors: Becker T , Hofmann E , Knoche M , Lanczik M
Published: April 2020

CT findings in 17 patients and MRI in one patient with post partum psychiatric disorder (PPPD; psychosis: n = 17, depressive neurosis: n = 1) were compared with randomly selected CT scans in non-PPPD patients matched for age and sex. In the PPPD group, 13 examinations (controls: 8) revealed one or several abnormal findings such as sulcal widening, ventricular enlargement and asymmetry. There was a higher prevalence of abnormal CT/MRI findings in the PPPD group (trend, P < 0.1).
Schizophrenia: comparison of 13 diagnostic systems in a cross-sectional study1
Authors: Dollfus S , Petit M , Menard JF , Lesieur P
Published: April 2020

The concordance and degree of overlap between 13 diagnostic systems for schizophrenia, including the five European systems of Berner, Bleuler, Langfeldt, Pull and Schneider, were evaluated in a cross-sectional study (N = 51) taking the phase of illness (acute or residual) into account. The diagnostic assessments were processed by computer using a 183-item standardised checklist and a data-processing program in GW-Basic language. The inter-rater reliability, as assessed by Kappa coefficient, was good to excellent for each diagnostic system established by this method (K from 0.5 to 1). When comparing the concordance between pairs of 13 diagnostic systems for schizophrenia in acute and residual phase groups, results showed that only two significant relationships were not influenced by the phase of illness (Carpenter x RDC; Catego x Schneider), while 24 were. These included only two relationships in the acute group (Carpenter Catego; Carpenter Schneider) and 22 links between pairs of systems in the residual group. In the acute group, no diagnosis of schizophrenia, including duration criteria such as those of DSM III-R, Feighner, Langfeldt, Pull and RDC, was linked to other systems. In the residual group, the operational systems such as Catego, DSM III-R, Feighner, Newhaven, Pull and RDC had more than five relationships with the other systems whereas the non-operational systems of Bleuler, ICD9, Langfeldt and Schneider had less than four relationships with the others. Except Pull's criteria, the European diagnostic systems, in particular Berner's and Bleuler's, seemed to differ from the others because of the few relationships displayed. The results underline the importance of taking the phase of illness into account when comparing between studies utilizing different diagnostic systems for schizophrenia. They also show the relationships between European and international diagnostic systems, insufficiently established so far.
Are genes coding for dopamine receptors implicated in alcoholism?
Authors: Gorwood P , Ades J , Feingold J
Published: April 2020

Part of the familial factor of alcoholism is associated with the existence of genetic vulnerability. Genetic factors which interact with the pathogenesis of alcoholism are nevertheless complex, partial and for the moment partly unknown at the biological level. Recently, many association studies have been published concerning alcohol-dependence and genes coding for the second dopamine receptor. These associations, which have had positive replications, raise many questions. First of all, should the inheritance of alcoholism be regarded as a definitive fact? Secondly what is inherited? It could be alcoholism in general, a component of this disease (for instance, dependence on, sensitivity to or the seeking-process for alcohol), a specific pattern of drinking, presence of complications linked to alcohol abuse, or more general features, common to many addiction diseases. Thirdly, how could dopamine be linked to alcoholism? Furthermore, how should these positive associations be considered, given that two of these studies were negative, and that all linkage studies were negative. Lastly, are there other clues and ways of finding genetic vulnerability factors for alcohol abuse?
Alcoholics’ selective processing of alcohol related words and cognitive performance on a Stroop task
Authors: Stetter F , Chaluppa C , Ackermann K , Straube ER , Mann K
Published: April 2020

Starting from the hypothesis that alcoholics have a specific semantic network which causes a perceptual-processing bias, we tested 30 male inpatients and 20 healthy male controls. Our modified card version of the Stroop color-naming task consisted of a neutral and critical word condition. The results revealed that alcoholic patients showed a small information processing bias under the critical experimental condition (alcohol-related words); although this was only a trend in the expected direction and statistically not significant. However, neuropsychological impairment of the patients was demonstrated with the “standard Stroop procedure”. The most significant deficits were found in the interference task, which requires cognitive flexibility.
Biological correlates of personality: considerations on the possible usefulness of central nervous system peripheral markers
Authors: Castrogiovanni P , Pieraccini F , Maremmani I , Marazziti D
Published: April 2020

Although a great deal of biological research has been carried out on several psychiatric disorders, it is disappointing to see how little progress has been made in the field of the biology of personality. The authors underline the methodological problems that arise in the investigation of biological substrates of human personality and review both currently available and putative peripheral markers of the central nervous system that might be used in further human studies.
Placebo controlled studies in acute schizophrenia – an issue of concern
Authors: Delini-Stula A , Berdah-Tordjman D
Published: April 2020

Placebo controlled studies in patients suffering from exacerbation eg acute productive episode of schizophrenia and performed in the period between 1963-1993 are reviewed and analysed with respect to study designs; size of studies; improvement rate under placebo and drop-outs due to inefficacy under placebo. The aim of the analysis was to find out if the reported data permit some realistic estimates for a priori assumptions needed for proper planning of such studies, particularly in view of the numerous ethical and other difficulties which their performance encounters in the practice. Literature research revealed a rather limited number of rigorous, placebo-controlled, monotherapy studies (without intermittent or concomitant additional neuroleptics) in acute schizophrenia. Across comparison of findings from these studies was difficult due to differences in duration of treatment, assessment instruments and criteria of efficacy which illustrated a lack of methodological standards for studies in this indication. The improvement rate under placebo, if measured by Clinical Global Assessment (CGI) appeared, however, not to exceed 25%, whereas BPRS score reduction as efficacy criterion mostly provided higher response rates (up to 40%). Of interest however, is the finding that the response rate to conventional neuroleptics at the end of 4-6 weeks of treatment in some studies hardly exceeded 40%. The most sensitive measure of placebo effect seemed to be the drop-out rate due to inefficacy (up to 100%) and it is suggested to consider this measure and the survival analysis approach in designing future studies. The review demonstrated many unresolved methodological problems in testing antipsychotic drugs in acute schizophrenia and, particularly, the need of scientific evidence of validity and sensitivity of measures of antipsychotic efficacy. The findings reported up to now do not offer cues for rational estimates of the effect size differences between placebo and active drugs after short-term treatment in acute schizophrenia.
Vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as dementia in a young adult: a case report
Authors: Marino C , Grassi B , Macciardi F , Scarone S
Published: April 2020

Vitamin B12 deficiency can result in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. We describe a young patient in whom vitamin B12 deficiency presented as dementia with only mild hematological disease and no spinal cord disease.
Is depression a disorder of a receptor superfamily? A critical review of the receptor theory of depression and the appraisal of a new heuristic model
Authors: Cassano GB , Marazziti D
Published: April 2020

The monoamine hypothesis of depression and its direct derivation, the receptor theory, have constituted for several years a frame of reference for researchers working in the field of biological psychiatry. Although most of the data are derived from animal findings and must be considered inconclusive in view of various controversies, some guidelines may be identified: these would suggest that changes in postsynaptic beta-adrenoreceptors, presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, as well as in type 2 serotonin receptors and dopaminergic autoreceptors may be involved in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs and, consequently, in the pathophysiology of depression. Nowadays, any attempt to correlate depression with the dysfunction of a single neurotransmitter or receptor is no longer tenable, since it is clear that depression is a heterogeneous disorder which involves abnormalities in the interactive relationships between neurotransmitters and receptors. If, on the one hand, this new model has opened up new fields of research and has led to the investigation of new systems,egthe GABAergic and GABA B receptors, on the other hand, it has been strongly limited by the lack of research tools and reliable peripheral CNS models forin vivostudies. A possible approach to this unresolved dilemma may be provided by molecular biology techniques, which have permitted the identification of the genes and sequencing of the primary structure of several membrane receptors. It is now established that receptors may be grouped into four superfamilies; in depression, there exists compelling evidence of alterations mainly in receptors belonging to the G-protein-coupled family: it is plausible that depression may be related to a disorder of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Such an hypothesis would represent an attempt to unify the different receptor abnormalities found in depression or following antidepressant treatments, and to shift from the monoamine paradigm to a new heuristic model. In addition, it would accommodate the various dysfunctions likely to be encountered and would open up new theoretical perspectives in the treatment of depression.
Suicide trends in Italy. New epidemiological findings
Authors: Crepet P
Published: April 2020

In a survey of the suicide trends in Italy between 1959 and 1988, a slight increase was recorded both among males (+ 19%) and females (+ 10%). Geographically, the regions with the highest suicide rate are the Northern ones (up to twice the national average). The age groups with the highest suicide risk are those over 74 years. Gender distribution differences show that among females over the age of 65, the suicide rate rose by 70% between 1974 and 1989,versus77% for males of the same age. Between 1978 and 1989, the suicide rate among people in search of a first job rose by 25%; among the employed it rose by 37%, while among people in search of a new job it rose by 594%. The highest specific suicide rale was recorded among the divorced (32.4 × 100000), while ihe level of education with the highest suicide rate is the secondary school (9 × 100000). Suicide methods include hanging (30%), jumping (22.4%) and firearms (11.5%).
The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and effects ofin vitroandin vivoglucocorticoids on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in major depression
Authors: Pötzsch M , Schiütt C , Ernst K
Published: April 2020

To prove the hypothesis of a common defect in the central nervous system and immune system in patients with major depression, we examined the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation byin vitroandin vivoadministration of glucocorticoids in 20 patients with major depression. The patients were divided into two groups according to the results of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Six patients showed cortisol non-suppression. They had significantly higher baseline plasma cortisol levels in comparison with cortisol suppressors. The lymphocytes from cortisol non-suppressors were significantly stronger inhibited byin vitroadministration of glucocorticoids compared to the lymphocytes from cortisol suppressors. However, there were no significant differences of lymphocyte inhibition byin vivoadministration of glucocorticoids between both patient groups. From our results we conclude that cortisol non-suppressors reveal impaired down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors of lymphocytes. Furthermore, the effect of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte reactivity may reflect the effects on brain structures in patients with major depression.
The definition of pain
Authors: Merskey H
Published: April 2020

What we ordinarily call pain can arise either as a consequence of physical events or as a result of psychological processes. Both situations can be covered in one definition by treating pain as a word which applies only to subjective experience and not to nociception or to physiological processes. A definition of pain, framed in this fashion by the subcommittee on taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), was adopted by the IASP in 1979 and has been widely accepted since that date. Behavioural phenomena should not be confused with this definition. It implies a monistic view of the experience of pain and it is inappropriate to encumber it with concepts of “pain behaviour”. At the same time dual or multiple causes of pain are recognized. Thus physical causes, psychological causes or both may produce the unitary experience.
Treatment of tardive dyskinesias with vitamin E*
Authors: Schmidt M , Meister P , Baumann P
Published: April 2020

The hypothesis that tardive dyskinesias observed after long-term administration of neuroleptics are due to the formation of free radicals following this medication has prompted studies on the use of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), an antioxidant to treat patients suffering from such side-effects. The present study aimed at reproducing earlier encouraging results in treating 23 patients with vitamin E, using a double-blind crossover design. Inclusion criteria were: duration of tardive dyskinesia for at least 3 months, appearance of the symptoms during neuroleptic treatment or after stopping this kind of medication. The 10 subjects in the first group (Gl) were treated for 14 days with 1 200 mg vitamin E per day and then for 14 days with placebo. For the second group (G2) with 9 subjects, the treatment periods were inversed. The 2 dropouts in each group were not due to experimental problems: there was no complication due to vitamin E intake, or only negligible side-effects. Side-effects were rated on the AIM scale on days 0, 14 and 28. The results of the present study do not confirm earlier reports: there was no significant difference in the therapeutic effect between placebo and vitamin E in any of the groups. However, the fact of taking these symptoms into account in the physician-patient relationship has contributed significantly to a decrease of tardive dyskinesia in both groups, from the beginning until the end of the investigation period, during which both neuroleptic and tranquilizing treatments were kept constant. Further studies should include longer treatment periods with vitamin E or even test the preventive effect of vitamin E in the production of tardive dyskinesia by neuroleptics.
Schizophrenics with a family history of bipolar disorder. Possible involvement of obstetric complications
Authors: Verdoux H , Bourgeois M
Published: April 2020

The case reports of two DSM III-R schizophrenic patients with a family history of bipolar disorder are presented. The two patients had a history of severe obstetric complications (OCs). These cases are discussed in the light of neurodevelopmental theories of schizophrenia and in the continuum view of psychosis.
The therapeutic potential of positive reframing in panic
Authors: Neeleman J
Published: April 2020

Four patients are described whose presenting complaint - panic attacks associated with atypical chest-pain and varying degrees of avoidance; improved substantially following a simple paradoxical intervention. Three months’ follow-up suggested lasting benefits.
Everyday creativity and bipolar and unipolar affective disorder: preliminary study of personal and family history
Authors: Richards R , Kinney DK , Daniels H , Linkins K
Published: April 2020

Preliminary new data support the enhancement of ‘everyday’ creativity among those persons with bipolar disorders who manifest milder rather than more severe mood elevations, and among certain individuals who are likely to carry bipolar liability but themselves show no clinical mood elevations – in this case, unipolar depressives with a family history of bipolar disorder, when compared with depressives lacking this history. Creativity was assessed using the lifetime creativity scales (Richardsel al, 1988). Underlying mechanisms may be multifactorial and complex. Results suggest that both personal and family history should be considered when making predictions concerning creativity and affective disorders.
A French family study of two groups of alcoholic men
Authors: Amiel-Lebigre F , Duyme M , Tordjman S
Published: April 2020

Alcoholic and psychiatric family history were investigated in two groups of alcoholics, recruited differently, and controls. Alcoholics with or without a family history of alcoholism (AFH + and AFH − ) were compared with regard to professional qualifications, personal psychiatric history, age at onset and reasons given for becoming alcoholic. The results can be summarized as follows: the family ‘aggregate’ of alcoholism found was independent of the recruitment. This was not the case for personal psychiatric history for which a gradient was found in the two alcoholic groups. Rates of alcoholism were higher in both the first and second degree relatives. Alcoholics with AFH+ and AFH− differed significantly with regard to inducement by profession, and tended to differ as to age of onset.
Conjugated lateral eye movements and EEG: a study on schizophrenic and depressive patients
Authors: Schneider F , Heimann H , Bartels M , Birbaumer N
Published: April 2020

Lateral gaze aversions which follow reflective or thought provoking questions are called conjugated lateral eye movements (CLEMs). This response was studied in 20 schizophrenic patients, 20 depressive patients and 20 healthy controls. Frontal and parietal EEG measures were recorded simultaneously with the question/answer task. There were no differences in CLEMs among the 3 groups. Schizophrenic and depressive patients demonstrated a significantly reduced EEG-power on the left and an increased power on the right in comparison with healthy controls. This may point to a functional interhemispheric ‘disconnection’ in patients. Comparative correlations revealed EEG-power increase during the occurrence of contralateral CLEMs in the whole 10 min task.
Minimal brain damage and seasonality of birth in schizophrenic disorders
Authors: di Michele V , de Cataldo S , Rossi A , Casacchia M
Published: April 2020

A minimal brain damage examination was carried out in 73 schizophrenic patients divided into three groups according to their season of birth. Results showed no statistically significant difference among groups in the prevalence of neurological soft signs.
Mental health of women with HIV infection: a study in Paris and London
Authors: Mellers JDC , Marchand-Gonod N , King M , Laupa V , Smith JR
Published: April 2020

Psychiatric morbidity was assessed in 55 HIV seropositive women who were attending either an HIV centre in Paris (n = 30) or a genitourinary clinic in London (n = 25). Demographic data and information concerning HIV disease, openness about diagnosis, counselling received, social and family support, sexual behaviour and attitudes towards fertility and pregnancy were recorded using a semi-structured interview. Moderate or severe levels of psychiatric distress were found in 60% of the women in Paris and 28% of those in London. Overall, these rates are higher than those found in comparable studies of HIV seropositive men. Psychiatric disorder was associated with a past history of intravenous drug use and older age. Over half of the women were in regular sexual relationships but safe sex precautions were frequently not used. Sixteen subjects among those of child bearing age were prepared to consider having children.
Hunger and appetite during visual perception of food in eating disorders
Authors: Bossert-Zaudig S , Laessle R , Meiller C , Ellgring H , Pirke KM
Published: April 2020

Nineteen different slides of food items and their effects on appetite and hunger as rated on visual analogue scales were investigated in 20 bulimics and 9 anorexics (DSM-III-R) at the onset and after 8 weeks of behavioral hospital treatment; 9 controls were examined at the maximum of weight loss during a diet and at normal weight. At the onset of treatment appetite ratings were significantly lower in patients than in dieting controls. In anorexics and bulimics appetite ratings increased significantly during treatment. The sight of food did not increase reported hunger in bulimics but did so in controls. Appetite ratings, however, were significantly increased by the sight of food in bulimics as well as in controls. Despite the small sample size, it may be concluded that dieting and weight loss have different psychological implications in healthy controls and in patients with eating disorders, that dieting rather than weight per se influences appetite and that differences in hunger responsiveness to the sight of food in anorexics and bulimics seem likely.
How depressive are male alcoholic inpatients? Psychometric results from the “Tübinger Alkoholismusprojekt“*
Authors: Stetter F , Rein W , Mann K
Published: April 2020

There has been continued interest in the nature of the association between affective disorders and alcoholism. This may be due to the fact that during the course of alcoholism 30-70% of the patients suffer from mood disturbances meeting the criteria for severe depression, especially in periods of excessive alcohol consumption or during withdrawal. In the course of a prospective multidimensional study, Tiibinger Alkoholismusprojekt (T-ALK Study), symptoms of depression in 31 male alcohol-dependent patients (RDC diagnosis) were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Freiburger Personlichkeitsinventar (FPI-R) at the beginning and at the end of a 6-week inpatient treatment program. There was only a moderate degree of depression (BDI) in 20% of the patients which decreased significantly during the psychotherapeutic treatment under conditions of confirmed abstinence. No correlations between the degree of depression and neuropsychological impairment were found. Although the “satisfaction with life” (FPI-R factor) was still impaired in a third of the patients at the end of that short-term treatment period, our results do not indicate a general nosological overlap between alcoholism and affective disorders in males.
Principal-component analysis of PANSS and SANS - SAPS global ratings in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Dollfus S , Petit M , Lesieur P , Menard JF
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to test whether a positive and a negative component could be found in broadly defined schizophrenic patients. Therefore, 70 patients either in an exacerbated or in a stabilized phase were selected according to the criteria of at least 1 of the 4 following diagnostic systems: DSM III-R, Schneider, Carpenter, Langfeldt; principal component analyses (PCA) were carried out with the 9 global ratings of the Scales for Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms (SANS and SAPS) and with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The PCA of the SANS-SAPS global ratings yielded a 3-factor solution explaining 72.14% of the total variance, depicting a negative, a positive and a disorganization component. The PCA of the PANSS provided a 5-factor solution with a total explained variance of 55.98%. The first 3 factors were similar to those of the SANS-SAPS global rating analysis. The results showed that the positive and negative components described in a homogeneous schizophrenic population could be replicated in a larger and more heterogeneous group of schizophrenic patients. The question regarding the sufficiency of the positive-negative dichotomy was strengthened by the presence of a third disorganization component which explained as much of the variance as the positive component.
A review of the safety of paroxetine
Authors: Montgomery SA
Published: April 2020

The tolerability and safety of treatment with paroxetine have been assessed by analysis of a clinical trial database that extends to 4126 patients treated with paroxetine, 1954 patients on active control, and 625 placebo patients. A total of 451 patients were exposed to paroxetine for periods of 1 or more years. Paroxetine was generally better tolerated than active control and was associated with a lower frequency of manic reactions in bipolar patients and fewer seizures than active control. Paroxetine appears to offer a differential advantage in reducing suicidal thoughts; the number of suicides and attempted suicides per patient exposure year were lower for paroxetine than for other antidepressants or placebo.
Tianeptine counteracts the anxiogenic effects of benzodiazepine withdrawal, but not those of exposure to cat odour
Authors: File SE , Andrews N , Zangrossi H
Published: April 2020

Tianeptine is a clinically effective anti-depressant with the unusual profile of increasing 5-HT uptake, thereby decreasing the synaptic availability of 5-HT. In the social interaction test of anxiety in the rat, withdrawal from chronic diazepam treatment produced a significant anxiogenic response that was reversed by acute administration of tianeptine (2.5–10 mg/kg). These doses were without significant effect in the vehicle-treated rats. Exposure of rats to cat odour resulted in anxiogenic responses in the plus-maze and social interaction tests and in decreased exploration. These changes were not reversed by 5 days treatment with tianeptine (2.5–10 mg/kg). Thus, tianeptine may not he effective in all anxiety states, but could be particularly useful in treating patients withdrawn from benzodiazepines.
Dietary fatty acids and CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis: potential mechanisms
Authors: Ulug Elif , Nergiz-Unal Reyhan
Published: April 2020

Currently, the prevention and treatment of CVD have been a global focus since CVD is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity. In the pathogenesis of CVD, it was generally thought that impaired cholesterol homeostasis might be a risk factor. Cholesterol homeostasis is affected by exogenous factors (i.e. diet) and endogenous factors (i.e. certain receptors, enzymes and transcription factors). In this context, the number of studies investigating the potential mechanisms of dietary fatty acids on cholesterol homeostasis have increased in recent years. As well, the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) receptor is a multifunctional membrane receptor involved in fatty acid uptake, lipid metabolism, atherothrombosis and inflammation. CD36 is proposed to be a crucial molecule for cholesterol homeostasis in various mechanisms including absorption/reabsorption, synthesis, and transport of cholesterol and bile acids. Moreover, it has been reported that the amount of fatty acids and fatty acid pattern of the diet influence the CD36 level and CD36-mediated cholesterol metabolism principally in the liver, intestine and macrophages. In these processes, CD36-mediated cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis might be impaired by dietary SFA and trans-fatty acids, whereas ameliorated by MUFA in the diet. The effects of PUFA on CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis are controversial depending on the amount of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA, and the n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio. Thus, since the CD36 receptor is suggested to be a novel nutrient-sensitive biomarker, the role of CD36 and dietary fatty acids in cholesterol metabolism might be considered in medical nutrition therapy in the near future. Therefore, the novel nutritional target of CD36 and interventions that focus on dietary fatty acids and potential mechanisms underlying cholesterol homeostasis are discussed in this review.
Developmental cascade effects of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on competence in emerging adulthood
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Tein Jenn-Yun , Winslow Emily , Minney Jessy , Sandler Irwin N. , Masten Ann S.
Published: April 2020

This 15-year longitudinal follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a parenting-focused preventive intervention for divorced families examined cascade models of program effects on offsprings’ competence. It was hypothesized that intervention-induced improvements in parenting would lead to better academic, work, peer, and romantic competence in emerging adulthood through effects on behavior problems and competencies during adolescence. Families (N= 240) participated in the 11-session program or literature control condition when children were ages 9–12. Data were drawn from assessments at pretest, posttest, and follow-ups at 3 and 6 months and 6 and 15 years. Results showed that initial intervention effects of parenting on externalizing problems in adolescence cascaded to work outcomes in adulthood. Parenting effects also directly impacted work success. For work outcomes and peer competence, intervention effects were moderated by initial risk level; the program had greater effects on youths with higher risk at program entry. In addition, intervention effects on parenting led to fewer externalizing problems that in turn cascaded to better academic outcomes, which showed continuity into emerging adulthood. Results highlight the potential for intervention effects of the New Beginnings Program to cascade over time to affect adult competence in multiple domains, particularly for high-risk youths.
Censoring Solidarity: Freedom of Speech and its Denial in Poland, 1980–1981
Authors: Doucette Siobhan
Published: April 2020

As a result of the nationwide strike wave in August 1980 that gave birth to the Solidarity trade union, the Polish state authorities conceded to the reform of state censorship and to Solidarity creating union bulletins that were not subject to preventative censorship. This article analyses the Solidarity press to explore its censoring through direct state censorship and self-censorship in 1980–1. It argues that Solidarity's dual commitment to truth and legality were irreconcilable and that the state cultivated this conflict, contributing to the undermining of Solidarity's moderate leaders and the treatment of history as an arena for politicisation and state control. It posits that these conflicts have contributed to the current Polish government's frontal assault on the legacy of the Solidarity leadership.
Percutaneous closure of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure
Authors: Gokalp Selman , Ugan Atik Sezen , Saltik Irfan L.
Published: April 2020

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is very rare in children. Although surgery is conventional treatment, recently, percutaneous closure of pseudoaneurysms has been described. Here, we present the first case where a patient developed left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous ventricular septal defect device closure and was treated by a second percutaneous method.
Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents
Authors: Mitsopoulou Anastasia-Vasiliki , Magriplis Emmanuella , Dimakopoulos Ioannis , Karageorgou Dimitra , Bakogianni Ioanna , Micha Renata , Michas George , Chourdakis Michail , Ntouroupi Triantafyllia , Tsaniklidou Sophia-Maria , Argyri Konstantina , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Zampelas Antonis
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To assess the usual dietary intake of twenty micronutrients and to identify their food sources in a representative sample of Greek children and adolescents.

Design:

Cross-sectional data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from two 24 h dietary recalls by sex and age groups. Estimates were calculated using the National Research Council method and the statistical software package Stata13 to account for within- and between-person variations. The prevalence of nutrients’ inadequacy among sample was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The contribution of food groups to nutrient intake was estimated to identify micronutrients food sources.

Setting:

Greece.

Participants:

Children and adolescents aged 1–19 years (n 577) who provided sufficient and plausible 24-h recalls.

Results:

A substantial percentage of children and adolescents had insufficient intakes of numerous micronutrients. Usual intake of vitamins D, K and potassium was inadequate in practically all individuals. Vitamin A, folate, Ca and Mg were also insufficient to a considerable percentage, especially in girls aged 14–18 years. Pantothenic acid was highlighted as nutrient of interest since only one out of ten boys 9–13 years and girls 14–19 years had intake above the EAR. Data demonstrated that food groups highly ranked in energy contribution were not necessarily important sources of micronutrients.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that micronutrient density of Greek children and adolescents’ diet should be improved. These findings might be used by public health policy-makers to help young people optimise their food choices in Greece.
The effects of gain- and loss-framed nutritional messages on children’s healthy eating behaviour
Authors: Binder Alice , Naderer Brigitte , Matthes Jörg
Published: April 2020

Objective:

Despite extensive research on framing effects in public health communication, there is still a lack of knowledge on how gain framesv. loss frames can encourage healthy eating behaviour among children.

Design:

Drawing on the Prospect Theory as well as on the Reactivity of Embedded Food Cues in Advertising Model, an experiment exposed children to an audio-visual cartoon movie with gain-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (gain condition), loss-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (loss condition) or a message without any food (control group). Children’s fruit intake was measured as the dependent variable. Children’s awareness of gain- and loss-framed arguments was treated as mediators, while children’s age and parents’ self-reported food-related mediation styles were modelled as moderators.

Setting:

Vienna, Austria, in 2018.

Participants:

Children aged 6–10 years (N161).

Results:

Children in the gain frame group were more aware of gain-framed arguments, and children in the loss frame group were more aware of loss-framed arguments than those in the control group. However, only the mediator awareness of gain-framed arguments increased fruit intake. Additionally, there was a direct effect of the gain-framed message on fruit intake compared to the control group. The loss condition did not reveal such an effect. Neither parent’s food-related mediation styles nor children’s age moderated those results.

Conclusion:

Gain-framing seems to be more effective in influencing children’s healthy food choices compared to loss-framing. Implications for health communication strategies aimed at children are discussed.
Behavioral and Occupational Therapy for Dementia Patients and Caregivers
Authors: Frankenstein Lou L. , Jahn Georg
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Occupational and behavioral therapy can support dementia patients and their caregivers in managing cognitive disability, coping with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia such as depression and anxiety, and in adapting tasks and roles to maintain activities. We provide an overview of existing manuals and report results of focus groups and surveys as steps toward an interdisciplinary intervention in the home setting. In focus-group discussions, behavioral and occupational therapists discussed commonalities and differences, prejudices, barriers in the public health system, and interdisciplinary cooperation. The therapists welcomed increased cooperation but clearly preferred working in teams to an extensive training in matters of another profession. The results suggest that interventions offered by both professions would help advance dementia therapy.
Entwicklung und Skalierung eines Tests zur Erfassung des Verständnisses multipler Dokumente von Studierenden
Authors: Schoor Cornelia , Hahnel Carolin , Artelt Cordula , Reimann Daniel , Kröhne Ulf , Goldhammer Frank
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Das Verständnis multipler Dokumente (Multiple Document Comprehension, MDC) wird als Fähigkeit verstanden, aus verschiedenen Informationsquellen eine integrierte Repräsentation eines inhaltlichen Gegenstandsbereichs zu konstruieren. Als solche ist sie sowohl für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung eines Studiums als auch für gesellschaftliche Partizipation eine wichtige Kompetenz. Bislang gibt es jedoch kein etabliertes Diagnostikum in diesem Bereich. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde ein Test entwickelt, der vier zentrale kognitive Anforderungen von MDC abdeckt und auf Basis der Daten von 310 Studierenden sozial- und geisteswissenschaftlicher Fächer überprüft wurde. Die im MDC-Test gemessene Kompetenz erwies sich als eindimensional. Der MDC-Testwert wies theoriekonforme Zusammenhänge mit der Abiturnote, dem Studienabschnitt und der Leistung in einer Essay-Aufgabe auf. Insgesamt liefern die Ergebnisse empirische Belege dafür, dass der Testwert aus dem MDC-Test die fächerübergreifende Fähigkeit von Studierenden wiedergibt, multiple Dokumente zu verstehen.