bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of epitaxial graphene domains and adsorbed species in ambient conditions using quantified topography measurements
Authors: Burnett Tim L. , Yakimova Rositza , Kazakova Olga
Published: September 2012

We discuss general limitations of topographical studies of epitaxial graphene in ambient conditions, in particular, when an accurate determination of the layers thickness is required. We demonstrate that the histogram method is the most accurate for measurements of small vertical distances (<0.5 nm) and generally should be applied to epitaxial graphene and similar types of samples in order to get the correct and reproducible values. Experimental determination of the step height between different domains of epitaxial graphene shows excellent agreement with the predicted values once the adsorption of a 2D monolayer is taken into account on top of the one layer graphene. In contrast to general limitations of AFM topography, electrostatic force microscopy imaging allows a straightforward identification of domains of epitaxial graphene of different thickness.
Strong free-carrier electro-optic response of sputtered ZnO films
Authors: Dominici Lorenzo , Auf der Maur Matthias , Michelotti Francesco
Published: September 2012

We report on the anisotropic electro-optic response of sputtered ZnO films and its dispersion towards both the frequency of the modulating voltage and the wavelength of the probing beam. The observed dispersion put in evidence two mechanisms. A fast and weak electrorefraction response, due to the nonlinear polarization of bound electrons, and a strong and slow carrier refraction term, ascribed to the modulation of free carriers. The former corresponds to an electro-optical coefficient of approximately −0.5 pm/V, while the latter may reach a magnitude up to 20 times stronger. This term relaxes at about 12 kHz and is largely wavelength dependent, due to a combination of effects. Also bias voltages lead to its quenching, likely extending the depletion regions at grain boundaries.
Correlation between density of paramagnetic centers and photovoltaic degradation in polythiophene-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Bauld Reg , Fleury Leesa M. , Van Walsh Marima , Fanchini Giovanni
Published: September 2012

We investigated the physical processes underlying the degradation of poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) photovoltaics under harsh environmental conditions during a 70-70-70 test (70% humidity at 70 °C from 0 to 70 h) using a variety of analytical techniques aimed at monitoring moisture incorporation. While the total oxygen content did not significantly increase during the test, a limited fraction of oxygen forms paramagnetic centers in P3HT, PCBM and, more limitedly, P3HT:PCBM heterojunctions. A strong correlation exists between the density of paramagnetic centers and the decay in the AM 1.5 photoconversion efficiency of the devices.
Electronic properties of crystalline Ge1-xSbxTey thin films
Authors: Fallica Roberto , Volpe Flavio , Longo Massimo , Wiemer Claudia , Salicio Olivier , Abrutis Adulfas
Published: September 2012

Ge1-xSbxTey thin films, grown by metalorganic and hot-wire liquid injection chemical vapor deposition in different crystalline phases, are investigated to determine resistivity, carrier density, and carrier mobility in the 4.2–300 K temperature range. It is found that all these chalcogenides exhibit p-type conduction, high carrier density (>2 · 1020 cm−3), and no carrier freeze-out, regardless of composition. Low-temperature mobility data show that both chemical composition and growth technique affect the defect density and, in turn, the carrier scattering mechanisms. In this regard, charge carrier mobility is analyzed according to semi-empirical scattering models and an interpretation is provided.
Tailoring properties of carbon-nanotube-based foams by ion bombardment
Authors: Charnvanichborikarn S. , Shin S. J. , Worsley M. A. , Kucheyev S. O.
Published: September 2012

Particle irradiation is an effective method for manipulating properties of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This potential, however, remains unexplored for macroscopic assemblies of cross-linked CNTs. Here, we study structural and electrical properties of ultralow-density cross-linked CNT-based nanofoams exposed to ion irradiation at room temperature over a wide range of ion masses and fluences. For all irradiation conditions studied, the electrical resistance of nanofoams initially increases with a rate that scales with the number of ballistically generated displacements. This process is attributed to the buildup of defects in graphitic nanoligaments. Irradiation with Ne and heavier ions leads to a decrease in the electrical resistance at large fluences, which is attributed to radiation-induced foam densification. In addition, heavy-ion bombardment causes amorphization of CNTs and smoothing of ligament surfaces. These results demonstrate that ion bombardment can be used for tailoring density, ligament morphology, and electrical properties of CNT-based foams.
Ballistic thermoelectric properties in graphene-nanoribbon-based heterojunctions
Authors: Pan Chang-Ning , Xie Zhong-Xiang , Tang Li-Ming , Chen Ke-Qiu
Published: September 2012

Ballistic thermoelectric properties in graphene-nanoribbon-based heterojunctions are investigated by using the nonequilibrium Green's function approach and the Landauer transport theory. The results show that the phonon thermal conductances have similar effects for the different heterojunctions, while the electron transport is highly sensitive to the geometry details of the heterojunctions. The fluctuation of electronic transmissions can strongly enhance the thermopower. We can obtain the high thermoelectric figure of merit ZT∼0.6 at room temperature T = 300 K and ZT∼0.9 at low temperature T = 100 K by optimizing the thermopower, together with suppression of phonon transport by mismatching interface structures.
Shear-induced rigidity in spider silk glands
Authors: Koski Kristie J. , McKiernan Keri , Akhenblit Paul , Yarger Jeffery L.
Published: September 2012

We measure the elastic stiffnesses of the concentrated viscous protein solution of the dehydrated Nephila clavipes major ampullate gland with Brillouin light scattering. The glandular material shows no rigidity but possesses a tensile stiffness similar to that of spider silk. We show, however, that with application of a simple static shear, the mechanical properties of the spider gland protein mixture can be altered irreversibly, lowering symmetry and enabling shear waves to be supported, thus, giving rise to rigidity and yielding elastic properties similar to those of the naturally spun (i.e., dynamically sheared) silk.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN POST-COMMUNIST ECONOMIES
Authors: Karpinska Kasia , Maas Ineke , Jansen Wim
Published: September 2012

According to the market transition theory the economic success of individuals in post-communist countries is affected by both individual characteristics and structural contexts. We investigate this claim using data on self-employment in four post-communist countries (Bulgaria, Russia, Estonia and Hungary) in 1996 and 2005. We find support for a relationship between context-characteristics and self-employment; especially countries with lower levels of corruption show higher odds of self-employment. Unexpectedly, as the transformation process proceeded, human capital did not become a more important predictor for self-employment.
Contextual influences on children's use of vocal affect cues during referential interpretation
Authors: Berman Jared M. J. , Graham Susan A. , Chambers Craig G.
Published: September 2012

In three experiments, we investigated 5-year-olds' sensitivity to speaker vocal affect during referential interpretation in cases where the indeterminacy is or is not resolved by speech information. In Experiment 1, analyses of eye gaze patterns and pointing behaviours indicated that 5-year-olds used vocal affect cues at the point where an ambiguous description was encountered. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used unambiguous situations to investigate how the referential context influences the ability to use affect cues earlier in the utterance. Here, we found a differential use of speaker vocal affect whereby 5-year-olds' referential hypotheses were influenced by negative vocal affect cues in advance of the noun, but not by positive affect cues. Together, our findings reveal how 5-year-olds use a speaker's vocal affect to identify potential referents in different contextual situations and also suggest that children may be more attuned to negative vocal affect than positive vocal affect, particularly early in an utterance.
Rainbow: an integrated tool for efficient clustering and assembling RAD-seq reads
Authors: Chong Zechen , Ruan Jue , Wu Chung-I.
Published: September 2012

Motivation: The innovation of restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) method takes full advantage of next-generation sequencing technology. By clustering paired-end short reads into groups with their own unique tags, RAD-seq assembly problem is divided into subproblems. Fast and accurately clustering and assembling millions of RAD-seq reads with sequencing errors, different levels of heterozygosity and repetitive sequences is a challenging question.

Results: Rainbow is developed to provide an ultra-fast and memory-efficient solution to clustering and assembling short reads produced by RAD-seq. First, Rainbow clusters reads using a spaced seed method. Then, Rainbow implements a heterozygote calling like strategy to divide potential groups into haplotypes in a top–down manner. And along a guided tree, it iteratively merges sibling leaves in a bottom–up manner if they are similar enough. Here, the similarity is defined by comparing the 2nd reads of a RAD segment. This approach tries to collapse heterozygote while discriminate repetitive sequences. At last, Rainbow uses a greedy algorithm to locally assemble merged reads into contigs. Rainbow not only outputs the optimal but also suboptimal assembly results. Based on simulation and a real guppy RAD-seq data, we show that Rainbow is more competent than the other tools in dealing with RAD-seq data.

Availability: Source code in C, Rainbow is freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/bio-rainbow/files/

Contact:  ruanjue@gmail.com
First Report of Fire Blight Disease Caused by Erwinia amylovora on Rockspray (Cotoneaster horizontalis) in Turkey
Authors: Bastas K. K. , Sahin F.
Published: September 2012

In the late summer and early winter of 2008 and 2009, leaf and shoot blight and cankers with reddish and brownish necrotic tissue on mature branches of Cotoneaster horizontalis were investigated in landscape areas of Konya province in Turkey. Disease incidence was estimated at 2%. Bacteria were consistently isolated from the lesions on leaves and shoots on nutrient sucrose agar medium. Twelve representative bacterial strains were isolated and characterized as gram-negative, rod-shaped, mucoid, fermentative, yellow-orange on MS medium, positive for levan formation and acetoin production, no growth at 36°C, positive for gelatin hydrolysis, and negative for indole, urease, oxidase, arginine dehydrolase, reduction of nitrate, and acid production from lactose and inositol (2). Two reference strains of Erwinia amylovora (EaP28 and NCPPB 2791) obtained from the culture collection unit of Selcuk University were used as positive controls. All strains induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum cv. White Burley). All strains were identified as E. amylovora on the basis of amplification of a 1 kb DNA fragment with a species-specific primer set, A/B (1) by PCR, and fatty acid methyl ester profiles determined by Sherlock Microbial Identification System software (TSBA 6 v. 6.00; Microbial ID, Newark, DE) with similarity indices ranging from of 83 to 96%. Pathogenicity tests were performed by injecting 20 μl of a bacterial suspension (108 CFU ml–1) into the shoot tips of 3-year-old C. horizontalis seedlings. Leaf and shoot blighting symptoms were observed within 10 to 15 days, but no symptoms were observed on control plants treated with sterile water. The bacterium was reisolated from the lesions on leaves and shoots and identified as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. amylovora on cotoneaster in Turkey. Control measures are needed to prevent any further spread of the bacterium to new landscape areas.

References: (1) S. Bereswill et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3522, 1992. (2) A. L. Jones and K. Geider. Page 40 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathological Bacteria, 2001.
Spore Trapping and Pathogenicity of Fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae Associated with Avocado Branch Canker in California
Authors: Eskalen Akif , Faber Ben , Bianchi Mary
Published: September 2012

Avocado branch canker in California is caused by a complex of fungal species in the families Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae. As the popularity of avocado fruit increases, California growers are under pressure to increase their productivity in order to compete with imports. One way to increase production is through high-density planting, which entails intense canopy management, possibly leaving the trees vulnerable to infection through pruning wounds. A spore trap study was undertaken to determine the seasonal spore discharge of Botryosphaeriaceous and Diaporthaceous fungi. Based on colony counts, the highest population of Botryosphaeriaceous fungi (68%) occurred during or soon after precipitation events, which coincided with the winter months of December, January, and February. The spring and fall seasons had lower numbers of spores trapped (at 13 and 17%, respectively), with few spores trapped in the summer season. For members of the Diaporthaceae family, spores trapped were almost evenly split between winter and fall seasons (50 and 49%, respectively), with few to no spores trapped in the spring and summer seasons. A pathogenicity test of six fungi of Botryosphaeriaceae and one fungus of Diaporthaceae was conducted in the greenhouse. Internal plant vascular lesion lengths resulting from inoculation with any of the seven fungal species differed significantly from the noninoculated control. These studies suggest that pruning during the drier parts of the year would minimize infection by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae families.
Epidemiology of Grape Anthracnose: Factors Associated with Defoliation of Grape Leaves Infected byElsinoë ampelina
Authors: Carisse Odile , Morissette-Thomas Vincent
Published: September 2012

Anthracnose is a serious disease that affects several grape cultivars. Infected leaves drop prematurely, and severe epidemics result in poor or no yield. Because the factors associated with grape defoliation in vineyards with a history of anthracnose were not well known, this study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between weather-, disease-, and host-related factors and survival of leaves. From 2006 to 2008, weather, anthracnose severity, and leaf emergence were monitored in an unsprayed experimental vineyard naturally infested with Elsinoë ampelina. Each year, two to three times weekly, the number of leaves and the proportion of leaf area diseased (PLAD) were monitored on 10 vines and 2 shoots per vine, for a total of 785 leaves. Survival analysis was used to investigate the factors influencing defoliation and to model time-to-death of grape leaves. Estimated median survival time was 117 to 121 days. Based on Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival probabilities, season type, PLAD per leaf and PLAD per shoot at first assessment, duration and amount of rain at first infection, severity of infection and leaf age at first infection and at first severe infection significantly influenced leaf survival. Based on accelerated time failure modeling, using the Weibull distribution, the most significant variables were PLAD per leaf and PLAD per shoot at first assessment, leaf age at first infection, and duration of rain. Each additional percent increase in PLAD per leaf, in PLAD per shoot, or in rainy days accelerated the time-to-death of grape leaves by 2.84, 1.02, and 0.66%, respectively, whereas for each additional day of leaf age at time of first infection, there was a 2.88% deceleration of the time to death. Results suggested that to avoid premature leaf drop, disease severity should be maintained below 25% leaf area diseased, which can be achieved by sanitation measures designed to reduce inoculum levels and by applying fungicide early in the season to prevent infection of young leaves.
HIV-1 Replication in HIV-Infected Individuals Is Significantly Reduced When Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are Superinfected with HSV-1
Authors: Yamsuwan Taneth , Chirathaworn Chintana , Hansasuta Pokrath , Bhattarakosol Parvapan
Published: September 2012

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause generalized infection in human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected patients leading to death. This study investigated HSV-1 replication in PBMCs from 25 HIV-infected individuals and 15 healthy donors and the effects of HSV-1 superinfection on HIV-1 production. Herpes viral entry mediator (HVEM) receptor on T lymphocytes was also evaluated. Our results confirmed that the number of activated (CD3+ and CD38+) T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals (46.51±17.54%) was significantly higher than in healthy donors (27.54±14.12%,Pvalue = 0.001) without any significant differences in HVEM expression. Even though the percentages of HSV-1 infected T lymphocytes between HIV-infected individuals (79.25±14.63%) and healthy donors (80.76±7.13%) were not different (Pvalue = 0.922), yet HSV-1 production in HIV-infected individuals (47.34±11.14×103 PFU/ml) was significantly greater than that of healthy donors (34.17±8.48×103 PFU/ml,Pvalue = 0.001). Moreover, HSV-1 virions were released extracellularly rather than being associated with the cells, and superinfection of HSV-1 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5 significantly decreased HIV production (Pvalue < 0.001).
Effect of Repositioning Maneuver Type and Postmaneuver Restrictions on Vertigo and Dizziness in Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo
Authors: Toupet Michel , Ferrary Evelyne , Bozorg Grayeli Alexis
Published: September 2012

Introduction. To compare the efficiency of Epley (Ep) and Sémont-Toupet (ST) repositioning maneuvers and to evaluate postmaneuver restriction effect on short-term vertigo and dizziness after repositioning maneuvers by an analog visual scale (VAS) in benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV).Material and Methods. 226 consecutive adult patients with posterior canal BPPV were included. Patients were randomized into 2 different maneuver sequence groups (n=113): 2 ST then 1 Ep or 2 Ep then 1 ST. Each group of sequence was randomized into 2 subgroups: with or without postmaneuver restrictions. Vertigo and dizziness were assessed from days 0 to 5 by VAS.Results. There was no difference between vertigo scores between Ep and ST groups. Dizziness scores were higher in Ep group during the first 3 days but became similar to those of ST group at days 4 and 5. ST maneuvers induced liberatory signs more frequently than Ep (58% versus 42% resp.,P<0.01, Fisher's test). After repositioning maneuvers, VAS scores decreased similarly in patients with and without liberatory signs. Postmaneuver restrictions did not influence VAS scores.Conclusion. Even if ST showed a higher rate of liberatory signs than Ep in this series, VAS scores were not influenced by these signs.
T2-Weighted Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Edema in Myocardial Diseases
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Tachi Masaki , Tani Hitomi , Mizuno Kyoichi , Kobayashi Yasuhiro , Kumita Shinichiro
Published: September 2012

The purpose of this paper is to describe imaging techniques and findings of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of edema in myocardial diseases. T2-weighted cardiac MRI is acquired by combining acceleration techniques with motion and signal suppression techniques. The MRI findings should be interpreted based on coronary artery supply, intramural distribution, and comparison with delayed-enhancement MRI. In acute myocardial diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis, the edema is larger than myocardial scarring, whereas the edema can be smaller than the scarring in some types of nonischemic cardiomyopathy, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. T2-weighted MRI of edema identifies myocardial edema associated with ischemia, inflammation, vasculitis, or intervention in the myocardium and provides information complementary to delayed-enhancement MRI.
Metabolic Syndrome, Hormone Levels, and Inflammation in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Arrabal-Polo Miguel Ángel , Arias-Santiago Salvador , López-Carmona Pintado Fernando , Merino-Salas Sergio , Lahoz-García Clara , Zuluaga-Gómez Armando , Arrabal-Martin Miguel
Published: September 2012

Background.The end point of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MS in patients with ED in comparison with control subjects and to analyse the association with acute phase reactants (CRP, ESR) and hormone levels.Methods.This case-control study included 65 patients, 37 with erectile dysfunction, according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) from the Urology Department of San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada (Spain) and 28 healthy controls. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was calculated according to ATP-III criteria. Hormone levels and acute phase parameters were studied in samples drawn.Results.The ATP-III criteria for MS were met by 64.9% of the patients with ED and only 9.5% of the controls (P<0.0001, OR = 17.53, 95% CI: 3.52–87.37). Binary logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between patients with ED and MS, even after additional adjustment for confounding factors (OR = 20.05, 95% CI: 1.24–32.82,P<0.034). Patients with hypogonadism presented a significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that systolic BP and CRP predicted 0.46 (modelR2) of IIEF changes.Conclusion.Chronic inflammation found in patients with ED might explain the association between ED and metabolic syndrome.
Evaluation of Histopathological Changes in Control Biopsies Which Taken 48 Sessions after NBUVB Phototherapy for Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Zemheri Ebru , Ozkanli Seyma , Zindanci Ilkin , Senol Serkan , Akbulak Ozge , Turfanda Elvan , Toprak Mehtap , Kosemetin Duygu , Aydin Abdullah
Published: September 2012

Background.There are not many studies investigating histomorphological changes in 48 sessions in patients with early-stage MF after narrowband UVB (NBUVB) treatment. Our purpose is to evaluate histological features of phototherapy after 48 sessions and determine which parameters are more reliable for controlling skin biopsies.Methods.Biopsies of 32 patients with early stage of MF, who were treated with NBUVB phototherapy, were histologically evaluated before and after the treatments, including epidermotropism, stratum corneum, epidermal thickness, dermal infiltration, papillary dermal fibrosis, vascular alterations, and other dermal changes. We discuss the histomorphological effects of NBUVB phototherapy on skin biopsies by comparing the responders with nonresponders, with before and after the treatment.Results.9 patients (28%) did not give any response to treatment. Alleviation in epidermotropism, increases in parakeratosis and normal keratosis, perivascular infiltration, and melanophages, decrease in the lichenoid/patchy lichenoid infiltration pattern after the treatment was statistically significant. Comparing by response, normalization of stratum corneum and epidermis, orthohyperkeratosis, decrease in linearly arranged cells, the lichenoid/patchy lichenoid infiltration, the loss of inflammation were statistically significant in responders group.Conclusion.We detected a significant decrease in linearly arranged cells after phototherapy, indicating that it is an “important diagnostic parameter" in evaluation of therapeutic response.
Antileishmanial Activity of Warifteine: A Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Isolated fromCissampelos sympodialisEichl. (Menispermaceae)
Authors: da Silva Eliete Cavalcanti , Dias Rayol Cynthia , Lys Medeiros Paloma , Figueiredo Regina Célia Bressan Queiroz , Piuvezan Márcia Regina , Brabosa-Filho José Maria , Fernandes Marinho Alexsandro , Silva Teresinha Gonçalves , Militão Gardenia Carmen Gadelha , Pimentel Cassilhas Ana Paula , Paes de Andrade Paulo
Published: September 2012

Leishmania (L.) chagasiis the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, an important endemic zoonosis in the American continent, as well as in many other countries in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. The treatment is difficult due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, high costs, and emergence of resistance in the parasites. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new leishmanicidal agents. The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been related to antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory activity of warifteine (bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid) againstL. chagasipromastigotes in axenic cultures and the occurrence of drug-induced ultrastructural changes in the parasite. This bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid was isolated from the leaves and roots ofCissampelos sympodialisEichl. (Menispermaceae), a plant commonly used for the treatment of various diseases in Brazilian folk medicine. Using the purified warifteine, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined at 0.08 mg/mL after 72 h in culture, inducing significant changes in the parasite morphology, like aberrant multisepted forms and blebs in the plasma membrane. In conclusion, warifteine represents an attractive candidate for future pharmacological studies aiming new leishmanicidal drugs.
Correlation of Surgical Pleth Index with Stress Hormones during Propofol-Remifentanil Anaesthesia
Authors: Chen Xinzhong , Thee Carsten , Gruenewald Matthias , Ilies Christoph , Höcker Jan , Hanss Robert , Steinfath Markus , Bein Berthold
Published: September 2012

Eighty patients undergoing elective ear-nose-throat surgery were enrolled in the present study to investigate the relationship between surgical pleth index (SPI) and stress hormones (ACTH, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) during general anaesthesia which was induced and maintained with propofol and remifentanil using a target-controlled infusion. The study concluded that the SPI had moderate correlation to the stress hormones during general anaesthesia, but no correlation during consciousness. Furthermore, SPI values were able to predict ACTH values with high sensitivity and specificity.
The Effect of the Weight of Equipment on Muscle Activity of the Lower Extremity in Soldiers
Authors: Lindner Tobias , Schulze Christoph , Woitge Sandra , Finze Susanne , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Bader Rainer
Published: September 2012

Due to their profession and the tasks it entails, soldiers are exposed to high levels of physical activity and strain. This can result in overexertion and pain in the locomotor system, partly caused by carrying items of equipment. The aim of this study was to analyse the extent of muscle activity in the lower extremities caused by carrying specific items of equipment. For this purpose, the activity of selected groups of muscles caused by different items of equipment (helmet, carrying strap, backpack, and rifle) in the upper and lower leg was measured by recording dynamic surface electromyograms. Electrogoniometers were also used to measure the angle of the knee over the entire gait cycle. In addition to measuring muscle activity, the study also aimed to determine out what influence increasing weight load has on the range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint during walking. The activity of recorded muscles of the lower extremity, that is, the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris, was found to depend on the weight of the items of equipment. There was no evidence, however, that items of equipment weighing a maximum of 34% of their carrier’s body weight had an effect on the ROM of the knee joint.
Design and fabrication of a thin and soft tactile force sensor array based on conductive rubber
Authors: Zhang Xuefeng , Zhao Yulong , Zhang Xuelei
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a thin tactile force sensor array based on conductive rubber and to offer descriptions of the sensor design, fabrication and test.

Design/methodology/approach

The sensor array consists of a sandwich structure. Sensing elements are distributed discretely in the sensor. Each sensing element has two electrodes and a piece of conductive rubber with piezoresistive property. The electrodes, as well as the conductive trace for signal transmission, are printed on the substrate layer by the screen printing technique. A scanning circuit based on zero potential method and an experimental set‐up based on balance to characterize the sensor array are designed and implemented in the test of the sensor array.

Findings

Experimental results verify the validity of the sensor array in measuring the vertical tactile force between the sensing elements and the object.

Research limitations/implications

In this paper, all the sensors are tested without calibration procedures and the procedure of the dynamic test is implemented by manual operation.

Practical implications

The sensor array could be applied to measure the plantar force for gait detection in clinical applications.

Originality/value

The paper presents a tactile force sensor array with discrete sensing elements to essentially restrict the cross‐talk among sensing elements. This paper will provide many practical details that can help others in the field.
Applying metamodeling techniques in the design and optimization of train wheel detector
Authors: Zamani Ali , Mirabadi Ahmad , Schmid Felix
Published: September 2012

Purpose

In writing this paper, the authors investigated the use of electromagnetic sensors in axle counter applications by means of train wheel detection. The purpose of this paper is to improve the detection capability of train wheel detectors, by installing them in the optimal orientation and position, using finite element modeling (FEM) in combination with metamodeling techniques. The authors compare three common metamodeling techniques for the special case of wheel detector orientation: response surface methodology; multivariate adaptive regression splines; and kriging.

Design/methodology/approach

After analyzing the effective parameters of a train wheel detector, an appropriate method for decreasing the system susceptibility to electromagnetic noises is presented.

Findings

The results were validated using a laboratory‐based system and also the results of field tests carried out on the Iranian railway network. The results of the study suggest that the FEM method and a metamodeling technique can reduce the computational efforts and processing time.

Originality/value

In this paper, combination of FEM and metamodeling approaches are used to optimize the railway axle counter coils orientation, which is more insusceptible to electromagnetic noise than initial arrangement used by some signallers.
Gendered tensions: engineering student's resistance to communication instruction
Authors: Sullivan Katie R. , Kedrowicz April A.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to draw from the authors’ experiences, as women teaching Communication in a College of Engineering and mechanical engineering students’ evaluations, to highlight student resistance to both practices and bodies deemed “feminine.”

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examine how the masculine discipline of engineering might construct a learning environment that is incompatible with feminist ideals. This is illuminated when engineering students are required to learn communication skills from female instructors.

Findings

The authors’ analysis suggests that students’ resistance to communication instruction is gendered. Students often constructed hierarchical relationships where communication was considered “soft” in relation to the “hard” science of engineering instead of integral to the discipline and profession. Students resisted by expressing a lack of utility of information, devaluing feedback and instruction, degrading communication teachers, and questioning their bodies.

Originality/value

The paper discusses implications of a gendered educational context and suggests ways interdisciplinary instruction can be utilized to enhance gender diversity.
Internal audit and financial reporting in the Spanish banking industry
Authors: Gras‐Gil Ester , Marin‐Hernandez Salvador , Garcia‐Perez de Lema Domingo
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between a firm's internal audit function (IAF) and the quality of its financial reporting. Since regulations on corporate governance were introduced, numerous national and international bodies have emphasized the fundamental role of the IAF in the financial reporting process, especially since it generally leads to higher quality reporting.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses questionnaires sent to internal audit directors of Spanish banks.

Findings

Banks with high quality financial reporting have greater collaboration between internal and external auditors in the annual audit. Greater involvement of internal audit in reviewing financial reporting leads to improved quality financial reporting.

Research limitations/implications

Besides the usual caveats of survey research, there are limitations to this study. First, the problem of response bias may exist. Second, the 66 per cent survey response rate may mean that respondents have larger or better‐developed internal audit functions, affording them more opportunity or motivation to respond to the survey. Hence, the results obtained through the survey may not be generalizable to non‐respondents.

Practical implications

The findings are relevant for bank regulators, management, boards of directors, and investors. In the current discussion on transparency, integrity and quality of financial reporting, these findings help define the issues.

Originality/value

Previous empirical studies analyse the quality of financial reporting with actors in the corporate governance mosaic (board of directors, audit committee and external audit), but they do not do so directly with the IAF. This paper extends prior banking literature that analyses quality financial reporting along with other variables, but not internal audit.
Knowledge acquisition: the roles of perceived value of knowledge content and source
Authors: Pacharapha Tullawat , Vathanophas Ractham Vichita
Published: September 2012

Purpose

This paper seeks to propose the factors that increase or lessen an individual's tendencies to acquire knowledge from others and uncovers the difference between an expert and a novice in the knowledge domain.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a survey method and examined hypotheses by applying the structural equation model method. The unit of analysis was an individual.

Findings

The research illustrates that individual knowledge acquisition is influenced by the recipient's perceived value of knowledge content and knowledge source. The influence differs between those who are experts and those who are novices in the acquired knowledge domain.

Research limitations/implications

The data were collected from organizations that were willing to participate in the study and not randomly selected; the possibility that the samples were atypical of a more general population exists. This study advances theoretical development by highlighting individual knowledge acquisition which fills the gap between two main knowledge management processes, i.e. knowledge transfer and knowledge application.

Practical implications

Management interest in enhancing knowledge exchange should pay attention to value signals both from knowledge content and knowledge source that influence acquiring knowledge by recipients.

Originality/value

By revealing the value factors associated with individual knowledge acquisition and providing empirical evidence, the study contributes to richer understanding of what should be perceived by potential knowledge recipients in order to enhance their acquiring knowledge from others.
Further insights into Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sims Rebecca , Gerrish Amy , Williams Julie
Published: September 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to give further insights into Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder which accounts for 60‐80 per cent of late‐onset dementia. AD is genetically complex where three genes are known to cause the early‐onset familial form of disease and ten genes have been identified to contribute to the risk of developing late‐onset sporadic AD.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses the recently identified AD susceptibility loci and outlines the various hypotheses of how these loci and the pathways in which they function may elucidate the aetiology and pathogenesis of sporadic late‐onset AD.

Findings

The loci identified to increase susceptibility to sporadic AD are not random, but instead point to defects in specific biological processes and pathways that contribute to the development of the disease. These include impairments in: innate/adaptive immunity, specifically inflammation and the complement system; endocytosis/intracellualar trafficking, which includes the internalisation of material from the cell surface and the mechanisms by which molecules are transported; and lipid processing. High levels of lipids such as cholesterol have been associated with development of AD in later life.

Originality/value

The paper highlights that determining the function of the known susceptibility loci, and establishing how they increase risk for AD will aid in the development of new treatments.
Progress in diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bayer Antony
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Knowledge of Alzheimer's disease (AD), timely recognition and good management should be the norm in all health and social care settings. This paper seeks to focus on developments in diagnosis and treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

Key research papers and policy documents published in the last few years are reviewed, with an emphasis on those most relevant to Wales.

Findings

The number of people with AD is predicted to steadily increase over the next 40 years. Recent policy developments have recognised the importance of better identification and management of dementia and have proposed memory clinics as the core of new services for early diagnosis and identification. Newer biomarkers of AD enable diagnosis to be made more reliably and at a stage before the patient is demented (prodromal AD). Latest guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) now recommends that the use of anticholinesterase inhibitor drugs or memantine is considered in all patients with AD. There is active research into newer treatment approaches, notably the role of cognitive rehabilitation in early dementia and the use of potentially disease‐modifying drugs such as anti‐amyloid antibodies. Unfortunately, current research funding is inadequate and only a small minority of people with AD become involved with research.

Originality/value

The paper shows that, given the growing importance of AD, there is an urgent need to boost recruitment of people with dementia into research trials. There is also a need to address ethical considerations of diagnosing prodromal AD – this is important for both the person undergoing assessment and for society as a whole.
Developing early stage researchers
Authors: Golovushkina Elena , Milligan Colin
Published: September 2012

Purpose

Employability has been the focus of much activity at both research and policy levels within higher education. Initially focused primarily on undergraduate students, in the past few years this area has broadened to include the employability of doctoral candidates discussed within a larger debate on development of researchers. Despite a strong focus on this aspect of researcher development, discourse in this area still lacks evidence of the views of postgraduate researchers themselves on the issues of employability. In an attempt to address this gap, this paper seeks to explore the perceptions of social science doctoral candidates on a range of employability‐related issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 full‐time doctoral candidates in different social science disciplines at a single UK university.

Findings

The paper presents the views of social science doctoral candidates on three aspects of employability: the concept of employability and its meaning for doctoral candidates; the way they perceive their own employability skills, knowledge and attitudes; and their awareness of labour market requirements. The study highlights the importance of original motivations, goals and expectations of doctoral candidates related to doing a PhD degree with their perceptions of employability and the skills, knowledge and attitudes they expect to develop.

Originality/value

The current paper helps to shed light on the ways doctoral candidates perceive employability and identify the gaps in their awareness of the skills, knowledge and attributes required by the labour market. Addressing an important aspect of doctoral education related to development of employability, the paper argues that in order for the researcher development initiatives to be successful there is a need to account for the role of “personal”, namely motivations, intentions and views of the participants of the learning process.
Advanced nursing roles: A systematic review
Authors: Jokiniemi Krista , Pietilä Anna‐Maija , Kylmä Jari , Haatainen Kaisa
Published: September 2012

In this systematic literature review, we analyzed and synthesized the literature on one specialized advance practice nursing role in three countries for the purpose of describing and comparing these roles, as well as discussing whether an international consensus of the advance practice nursing definition is possible. A systematic search on CINAHL and PubMed Medline was conducted in 2011 to search the literature on the nurse consultant in the UK, the clinical nurse specialist in the USA, and the clinical nurse consultant in Australia. The studies (n = 42) were analyzed and combined using qualitative content analysis method. The roles of the nurse consultant, clinical nurse specialist, and clinical nurse consultant were similar. The variation in the roles appears to derive from organizational or individual choices, not the country in question. The study process comprised a synthesized representation of one specialized advance practice nursing role. More work is needed to further define the concept of the advance practice nursing, as well as its implementation on other cultures beyond this review. Based on this review, an international consensus regarding the definition of advance practice nursing and its subroles is possible.
INDIA 2.0: SPECIAL REPORT
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: September 2012

The economic revolution in India over the last decade has changed the nation and the world. But what is the corporate reality? In this Special Report we examine some of the companies behind the revolution.
WORDAGE: HAPPY TALK
Authors: Thau Stefan
Published: September 2012

Stefan Thau has researched areas such as dysfunctional behaviour, interpersonal conflict, workplace deviance and self‐defeating behaviours. Focusing on the more positive aspects of behaviour, however, he offers his choice of books that can contribute to personal awareness and success.
Narcissism, solitude, friendship: notes on the therapeutic alliance in the context of the Freud‐Jung relationship
Authors: Carta Stefano
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  This paper deals with friendship and therapeutic alliance as a transformation of the libidinal love that structures the Oedipal complex. The author considers the relationship between Jung and Freud as a formidable test that may shed light on their personalities and on the relevance of the Oedipal complex for both of them and for their particular theories and practices. The author discusses the possibility that the Oedipal complex may be seen under a finalistic frame of reference and discusses which implicit goals it may express. Such a goal has not been reached by either Freud nor Jung, but might be the key to underline and recognize the fundamental importance of the ‘therapeutic alliance’ within the analytical situation, seen as a potential relationship between the selves of the patient and of the analyst springing from a transformation of libidinal love into ‘friendship’ as it was described by Friedrich Nietzsche.
Wendy's Story: analytic perspectives on J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy
Authors: Smith Adrian
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  This essay is a study of Peter and Wendy, J. M. Barrie's 1911 novel based on his 1904 play Peter Pan. Utilizing Jungian and Kleinian theory, the tale is treated as an expression of Wendy's psyche in transformation, tracking her passage into puberty and the transition from omnipotent narcissism towards depressive concern which accompanied her differentiation from idealized identification with her mother. The resultant changes in Wendy's parental imagos are given particular emphasis, especially the moves towards the integration of her split paternal imago, symbolized by Peter Pan and Captain Hook. This enables Wendy's fuller engagement with the Oedipus situation, resulting in her assimilation of unconscious aspects of the instinctual feminine. In turn, she opens to a conception of parental intercourse which is more reality orientated and allows an internal sense of coupledom vital for her own capacity to form adult relationships.
Diagnostic accuracy of metronome‐paced tachypnea to detect dynamic hyperinflation
Authors: Lahaije Anke J. M. C. , Willems Laura M. , van Hees Hieronymus W. H. , Dekhuijzen P. N. Richard , van Helvoort Hanneke A. C. , Heijdra Yvonne F.
Published: September 2012

Introduction

This prospective study was carried out to investigate if metronome‐paced tachypnea (MPT) can serve as an accurate diagnostic tool to identify patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are susceptible to develop dynamic hyperinflation during exercise. Commonly, this is assessed by measuring change in inspiratory capacity (IC) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which, however, is complex and laborious.

Methods

Fifty‐three patients with COPD (FEV1 58 ± 22%pred) and 20 age‐matched healthy subjects were characterized by lung function testing and performed CPET (reference standard) and MPT. The repeatability coefficient of IC (10·2%) was used as cut‐off to classify subjects as hyperinflators during CPET. Subsequently, dynamic hyperinflation was measured after MPT. With receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cut‐off for MPT‐induced dynamic hyperinflation was determined and sensitivity and specificity of MPT to identify hyperinflators were evaluated.

Results

With 10·2% decrease in IC as cut‐off for CPET‐induced dynamic hyperinflation, the optimal cut‐off for MPT was 11·1% decrease in IC. Using these cut‐offs, MPT had a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 85% to identify the subjects who hyperinflated during CPET.

Conclusions

The MPT test shows good overall accuracy to identify subjects who are susceptible to develop dynamic hyperinflation during CPET. Before considering the use of MPT as a screening tool for dynamic hyperinflation in COPD, sensitivity and specificity need further evaluation.