bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharīah And Civil Law: Towards A Methodology Of Harmonization
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: November 2007

In this essay I propose a new methodology for the harmonization of Sharīah, based mainly on my experience teaching and researching Islamic jurisprudence over the past two decades. This is a new area of research that requires further elaboration and development. Inasmuch as I seek to provide criteria and guidelines for further development, the proposed methodology, of necessity, is open to scrutiny and refinement. The essay is presented in two parts. In Part I, I examine the meaning of harmonization both as a concept and as a method that seeks to bring greater coordination and consonance between the Sharīah and civil law. In Part II, I articulate a set of methodological guidelines to stimulate future contributions to the subject. The two sections are inter-related and both are concerned with articulating a methodology for the proposed area of research.
Adored for Saints: Catholic Martyrdom in Ireland C.1560-16551
Authors: Tait Clodagh
Published: November 2007

While individuals amongst the Catholic martyrs of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ireland have recently received some scholarly attention on a local level, little consideration has been given to the wider context of their experiences. This paper traces the deaths of these martyrs from capture to cult, drawing on contemporary accounts of martyrdom and comparing the process as it occurred in Ireland with the experiences of the Catholic martyrs of England in particular. The peculiar situation prevailing in Ireland, whereby members of the Catholic majority were killed by the ruling Protestant minority, frequent resort to extraordinary measures such as martial law, as well as the abbreviation of the ritual of the execution of those defined by the authorities as traitors, gave rise to tensions which ultimately demonstrate the limits of governmental power.
Marriage in Norwegian Missionary Practice and Discourse in Norway and Madagascar, 1880-1910
Authors: Nyhagen Predelli Line
Published: November 2007

The article discusses marriage practice and discourse within the Lutheran Norwegian Missionary Society (NMS), mainly within the years 1880-1910. The focus is on NMS discourse and practice in Norway and in Madagascar. Through a close reading of missionary texts, the article offers an understanding of how marriage, gender, sexuality, race and class structured both mission practice and discourse, and how mission rules and regulations in this area were challenged and contested. Luther saw marriage as a calling from God, and defined specific roles for women and men within it. Mission practice and discourse shows that marriage provided women with opportunities for family life and work for the mission. For men, marriage could function as a source of upward social mobility and as a mechanism to control their sexuality. It also provided men with opportunities for family life and an assistant in mission work. Close studies of individuals within the mission reveal the importance of marriage, gender, sexuality, race and class to mission practice and discourse.
The Catholic Church and the Kivu Conflict
Authors: Prunier Gérard
Published: November 2007

This paper examines the role of the Catholic Church in the armed conflict that has engulfed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since 1993. The conflict itself has two dimensions. Since 1996 the DRC has been at the centre of a major war that has spilled well beyond its borders, embroiling neighbouring states and others further afield. Less well known is the local struggle, in the eastern part of the country in the two provinces of North and South Kivu, which began three years earlier. While having a dynamic of its own, Kivu's fate has become entwined in the wider international conflict. Given its large constituency and immense wealth and infrastructure, the Catholic Church has come to wield enormous influence in the DRC, particularly in the context of a declining state. It was a key player in the movement for democratisation in the early 1990s and more recently it has sought to offer moral guidance on the conflict. But its attempts to adopt a superior moral outlook have been severely tested by the fact that its clergy are now thoroughly zairianised, and have come to embody the ethnic and political prejudices of their respective communities.
'Real Men Reawaken Their Fathers' Homesteads, the Educated Leave Them in Ruins': the Politics of Domestic Reproduction in Post-Apartheid Rural South Africa1
Authors: Ngwane Zolani
Published: November 2007

An historical ethnography of generational conflicts in a rural community in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, this paper engages debates on the consequences of global neo-liberalism in local contexts. Through cash from migrant labor, rural household heads exercised power over domestic economics. Ideologically this power translated into the symbolic articulation of two institutions of social reproduction-the school and initiation rite such that the educated and potentially alienated subjects yielded by the former were resocialized through the latter into local subjects of the chief and sons of their fathers. With rising unemployment rates since the 1980s, however, the older men lost the material base for their monopoly over this symbolic structure. The generational conflicts that ensued reflected at once the attendant contradictions in social consciousness and consequent struggles to renegotiate the symbolic purchase of the relations between schooling and initiation.
L'Esprit Saint Et Les Esprits Mauvais Dans Le Pasteur D'Hermas: Sources Et Prolongements
Authors: Fredrikson Nadia Ibrahim
Published: November 2007

On s'intéressera tout particulièrement aux sources des enseignements dualistes de la pneumatologie du Pasteur d'Hermas, à la lumière des écrits qoumrâniens. On notera aussi que certains motifs à caractère dualiste, n'apparaissant pas dans les manuscrits de la secte, sont présents chez un auteur chrétien de langue syriaque du IVe siècle, Aphraate. Nous espérons par cette étude contribuer à la connaissance des sources et des prolongements des motifs à caractère dualiste caractéristiques de l'enseignement du Pasteur d'Hermas
On How To Be or Not To Be: Theoretical Reflection On Religion and Identity in Africa
Authors: Van Den Heever Gerhard
Published: November 2007

In introducing this issue on 'Religion and Identity in Africa' the debates regarding African identity in religion here is placed within a wider theoretical framework of social constructivist theories of religion. Within the ambit of these social approaches to religion, it is argued that issues of identity and religion are essentially issues of mythmaking and social formation with a view to satisfying social interests. However, describing religion and explaining identity formation are not innocent scholarly activities, embedded as they are in the politics of conceptual manipulation and the rhetoric of identity creation. In light of this it can be argued that the contributions assembled in this issue represent both descriptions of processes, and appeals to or indicators towards the development of an African identity in conceptualising religion in the African context.
Spiritual Development, Its Thought, Public Praxis and the Crisis of Intersubjectivity Refocusing Religious and Theological Thought in Africa
Authors: Bongmba Elias M.
Published: November 2007

In this essay I briefly discuss three texts on religion, theology and the public role of the church in Africa, arguing that these texts provide an understanding of spiritual development, religious and theological thought, and the public praxis of the church in selected African countries. I further posit that these texts demonstrate that spiritual resources are available to address the socio-economic problems in Africa, which I call a crisis of intersubjectivity. In the second part of the essay, I argue that to address these problems, religious thought and theology should continue to focus on relationality and community. I suggest ideas that should be considered so that religious and theological thought will continue to contribute to impact positively on the lives of people who live on the margins of society.
The Body, Rhetoric and Postcolonial Criticism
Authors: Snyman Gerrie F.
Published: November 2007

The paper concentrates on the Western presence in Africa in the midst of accusations of racism. Using a postcolonial framework posited by two books written/edited by R. S Sugirtharajah (1998. Asian Biblical Hermeneutics and Postcolonialism. Contesting the Interpretations, and The Postcolonial Bible) the paper follows recent events and public debates in South Africa regarding racism and AIDS in which President Thabo Mbeki played an important role. It argues that the representation of the 'white person' in this debate is that of the perpetrator of racism, a position from which there is no escape. The position of Western bodily presence is described in terms of the ambiguity of being the coloniser, yet, simultaneously, experiencing internal colonisation. The physical location and the physical features of the body remain important for a South African postcolonial condition. Bearing in mind Levinas' warning of the totalisation of the 'Other', the paper argues that the colonial binary oppositions are not yet overcome. The plurality claimed by postcolonial critics is denied for Western thinking, which is reduced to one grand narrative of exploitation. Although the paper acknowledges the need to lay bare the powerful structures and ideologies of the dominant forces in the global society, it questions the postcolonial project's imperialistic tendency of imposing its own.
The Meaning of Domus Dei
Authors: Maré Estelle A.
Published: November 2007

Two medieval sacred places are discussed, one Romanesque (St Pierre, Moissac) and the other late Gothic (the Mosteiro da Santa Maria da Vittoria, Batalha), focussing in both instances on the paradox of turning God's dwellings into contexts for artistic creativity which served religious as well as secular purposes.
An Inductive Approach To the Concept of God. Biblical Faith in the Light of the Theories of Entropy and Evolution-an Experiment in Experiential Theology
Authors: Nurnberger Klaus
Published: November 2007

The essay assumes that (a) the method of modern science is inductive, (b) that the scientific theories of emergence, evolution and chaos currently provide the most inclusive interpretative framework for all dimensions of reality and (c) that these theories have to be seen in the context of the second thermodynamic law, the law of entropy. These assumptions pose the following problems to theology: (a) The biblical doctrine of creation can be interpreted in terms of modern scientific insight provided the concept of God, defined as the ultimate source of reality, is presupposed. However, (b) the assumption that this source of reality is a personal God creates difficulties, as does (c) the doctrine of a pending redemptive transformation of reality. The paper argues (a) that personhood is defined by communicative competence which cannot be restricted to symbolic interaction, (b) that evolution produced a human mind which cannot help but transcend experienced reality towards what ought to be, which again implies an ultimate authority, and (c) that eschatology is a protest statement against experienced reality in favour of what ought to be in the name of this ultimate authority. None of these assumptions are irrational in terms of scientific insights.
Cloud and Precipitation Parameterizations in Modeling and Variational Data Assimilation: A Review
Authors: Lopez Philippe
Published: November 2007

This paper first reviews the current status, issues, and limitations of the parameterizations of atmospheric large-scale and convective moist processes that are used in numerical weather prediction and climate general circulation models. Both large-scale (resolved) and convective (subgrid scale) moist processes are dealt with.

Then, the general question of the inclusion of diabatic processes in variational data assimilation systems is addressed. The focus is put on linearity and resolution issues, the specification of model and observation error statistics, the formulation of the control vector, and the problems specific to the assimilation of observations directly affected by clouds and precipitation.
Issues Regarding the Assimilation of Cloud and Precipitation Data
Authors: Errico Ronald M. , Bauer Peter , Mahfouf Jean-François
Published: November 2007

The assimilation of observations indicative of quantitative cloud and precipitation characteristics is desirable for improving weather forecasts. For many fundamental reasons, it is a more difficult problem than the assimilation of conventional or clear-sky satellite radiance data. These reasons include concerns regarding nonlinearity of the required observation operators (forward models), nonnormality and large variances of representativeness, retrieval, or observation–operator errors, validation using new measures, dynamic and thermodynamic balances, and possibly limited predictability. Some operational weather prediction systems already assimilate precipitation observations, but much more research and development remains. The apparently critical, fundamental, and peculiar nature of many issues regarding cloud and precipitation assimilation implies that their more careful examination will be required for accelerating progress.
SHDOMPPDA: A Radiative Transfer Model for Cloudy Sky Data Assimilation
Authors: Evans K. Franklin
Published: November 2007

The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for plane-parallel data assimilation (SHDOMPPDA) model is an unpolarized plane-parallel radiative transfer forward model, with corresponding tangent linear and adjoint models, suitable for use in assimilating cloudy sky visible and infrared radiances. It is derived from the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method plane-parallel (SHDOMPP, also described in this article) version of the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method (SHDOM) model for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer. The inputs to the SHDOMPPDA forward model are profiles of pressure, temperature, water vapor, and mass mixing ratio and number concentration for a number of hydrometeor species. Hydrometeor optical properties, including detailed phase functions, are determined from lookup tables as a function of mass mean radius. The SHDOMPP and SHDOMPPDA algorithms and construction of the tangent-linear and adjoint models are described. The SHDOMPPDA forward model is validated against the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Model (DISORT) by comparing upwelling radiances in multiple directions from 100 cloud model columns at visible and midinfrared wavelengths. For this test in optically thick clouds the computational time for SHDOMPPDA is comparable to DISORT for visible reflection, and roughly 5 times faster for thermal emission. The tangent linear and adjoint models are validated by comparison to finite differencing of the forward model.
Energy Accumulation in Easterly Circumpolar Jets Generated by Two-Dimensional Barotropic Decaying Turbulence on a Rapidly Rotating Sphere
Authors: Takehiro Shin , Yamada Michio , Hayashi Yoshi-Yuki
Published: November 2007

A series of numerical experiments on two-dimensional decaying turbulence is performed for a barotropic fluid on a rotating sphere. Numerical calculations have confirmed two important asymptotic features: emergence of the banded structure of zonal flows and their extreme latitudinal inhomogeneities in which kinetic energy is accumulated into the easterly circumpolar jets. The banded structure of zonal flows is established relatively early on in the initial stage. Later, after extended periods of time integration, only the circumpolar jets are intensified gradually, while there is no further evolution in the banded structure in the low and midlatitudes. Wave activity flux analysis illustrates that the initial vortices in the low and midlatitudes propagate poleward as Rossby waves and converge to produce easterly circumpolar flows. In association with this convergence, accumulation of the mean zonal component of kinetic energy proceeds. The tendency for the accumulation becomes strong as the rotation rate is increased, and nearly all of the kinetic energy is concentrated to the circumpolar flows in cases of rapid rotation.

A theoretical model is constructed under the assumption that a circumpolar jet emerges around the latitude where the local Rhines scale is equal to the distance from the Pole, and that initial vortices at the lower latitudes contribute to the generation of the jets. The model describes the mean zonal component of kinetic energy and the averaged speed and width of the circumpolar jets as functions of the rotation rate, which agree satisfactorily with the numerical results.
The Origin of Nonlinear Signatures of Planetary Wave Dynamics: Mean Phase Space Tendencies and Contributions from Non-Gaussianity
Authors: Franzke Christian , Majda Andrew J. , Branstator Grant
Published: November 2007

Mean phase space tendencies are investigated to systematically identify the origin of nonlinear signatures and the dynamical significance of small deviations from Gaussianity of planetary low-frequency waves. A general framework for the systematic investigation of mean phase space tendencies in complex geophysical systems is derived. In the special case of purely Gaussian statistics, this theory predicts that the interactions among the planetary waves themselves are the source of the nonlinear signatures in phase space, whereas the unresolved waves contribute only an amplitude-independent forcing, and cannot contribute to any nonlinear signature.

The predictions of the general framework are studied for a simple stochastic climate model. This toy model has statistics that are very close to being Gaussian and a strong nonlinear signature in the form of a double swirl in the mean phase space tendencies of its low-frequency variables, much like recently identified signatures of nonlinear planetary wave dynamics in prototype and comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). As predicted by the general framework for the Gaussian case, the double swirl results from nonlinear interactions of the low-frequency variables. Mean phase space tendencies in a reduced space of a prototype atmospheric GCM are also investigated. Analysis of the dynamics producing nonlinear signatures in these mean tendencies shows a complex interplay between waves resolved in the subspace and unresolved waves. The interactions among the resolved planetary waves themselves do not produce the nonlinear signature. It is the interaction with the unresolved waves that is responsible for the nonlinear dynamics. Comparing this result with the predictions of the general framework for the Gaussian case shows that the impact of the unresolved waves is due to their small deviations from Gaussianity. This suggests that the observed deviations from Gaussianity, even though small, are dynamically relevant.
Advances in Radiative Transfer Modeling in Support of Satellite Data Assimilation
Authors: Weng Fuzhong
Published: November 2007

Development of fast and accurate radiative transfer models for clear atmospheric conditions has enabled direct assimilation of clear-sky radiances from satellites in numerical weather prediction models. In this article, fast radiative transfer schemes and their components critical for satellite data assimilation are summarized and discussed for their potential applications in operational global data assimilation systems. The major impediments to the fast radiative transfer schemes are highlighted and a call is made for broader community efforts to develop advanced radiative transfer components that can better handle the scattering from atmospheric constituents (e.g., aerosols, clouds, and precipitation) and surface materials (e.g., snow, sea ice, deserts).
Greenland’s Pressure Drag and the Atlantic Storm Track
Authors: Jung Thomas , Rhines Peter B.
Published: November 2007

Some effects of Greenland on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation are discussed. Inviscid pressure drag on Greenland’s slopes, calculated from reanalysis data, is related to circulation patterns. Greenland lies north of the core of the tropospheric westerly winds. Yet strong standing waves, which extend well into the stratosphere, produce a trough/ridge system with jet stream lying close to Greenland, mean Icelandic low in its wake, and storm track that interacts strongly with its topography. In the lower troposphere, dynamic height anomalies associated with strongly easterly pressure drag on the atmosphere are quite localized in space and relatively short-lived compared to upper levels, yet they involve a hemispheric-scale dislocation of the stratospheric polar vortex. It is a two-scale problem, however; the high-pass time-filtered part of the height field, responsible for 73% of the pressure drag, is quite different, and expresses propagating cyclonic development in the Atlantic storm track. Eliassen–Palm flux (EP flux) analysis shows that the atmospheric response is (counterintuitively) an acceleration of the westerly winds. The hemispheric influence is consistent with the model results of Junge et al. suggesting that Greenland affects the stationary waves in winter.

This discussion shows that Greenland is not a simple “stirring rod” in the westerly circulation, yet involvement of Greenland’s topography with the shape, form, and intensity of the storm track is strong. Interaction of traveling storms, the jet stream, and the orographic wake frequently leads to increase of the lateral scale such that cyclonic system expands to the size of Greenland itself (∼2500 km). Using the global ECMWF general circulation model, the authors explore the effect of model resolution on these circulations. Statistically, in two case studies, and in higher-resolution global models at TL255 to TL799 resolution, intense tip jet, hydraulic downslope jet, and gravity wave radiation appear in strong flow events, in accord with the work of Doyle and Shapiro. Three-dimensional particle trajectories and vorticity maps show the nature and intensity of the summit-gap flow. Cyclonic systems in the lee of Greenland are strongly affected by the downslope jet. Penetration of the Arctic Basin by cyclonic systems arises from this source region, and the amplitude of the pressure drag is enhanced at high resolution. At the higher resolutions, storm-track analysis verifies the splitting of the storm track by Greenland with a substantial minority of storms moving northward through Baffin Bay. Finally, analysis of 20 winters of 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reforecasts shows little evidence that negative pressure-drag events are followed by anomalously large forecast errors over Europe, throughout the forecast. Forecast skill for the pressure drag is surprisingly good, with a correlation of 0.65 at 144 h.
The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1–2 February 2001. Part III: Sensitivity of a Mesoscale Model Simulation to the Representation of Snow Particle Types and Testing of a Bulk Microphysical Scheme with Snow Habit Prediction
Authors: Woods Christopher P. , Stoelinga Mark T. , Locatelli John D.
Published: November 2007

A mesoscale model simulation of a wide cold-frontal rainband observed in the Pacific Northwest during the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-1) field study was used to test the sensitivity of the model-produced precipitation to varied representations of snow particles in a bulk microphysical scheme. Tests of sensitivity to snow habit type, by using empirical relationships for mass and velocity versus diameter, demonstrated the defectiveness of the conventional assumption of snow particles as constant density spheres. More realistic empirical mass–diameter relationships result in increased numbers of particles and shift the snow size distribution toward larger particles, leading to increased depositional growth of snow and decreased cloud water production. Use of realistic empirical mass–diameter relationships generally increased precipitation at the surface as the rainband interacted with the orography, with more limited increases occurring offshore. Changes in both the mass–diameter and velocity–diameter relationships significantly redistributed precipitation either windward or leeward when the rainband interacted with the mountain barrier.

A method of predicting snow particle habit in a bulk microphysical scheme, and using predicted habit to dynamically determine snow properties in the scheme, was developed and tested. The scheme performed well at predicting the habits present (or not present) in aircraft observations of the rainband. Use of the scheme resulted in little change in the precipitation rate at the ground for the rainband offshore, but significantly increased precipitation when the rainband interacted with the windward slope of the Olympic Mountains. The study demonstrates the promise of the habit prediction approach to treating snow in bulk microphysical schemes.
Is There a Diurnal Cycle in the Summer Cloud-Capped Arctic Boundary Layer?
Authors: Tjernström Michael
Published: November 2007

Data from the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are used to study the vertical structure and diurnal cycle of the summertime central Arctic cloud-capped boundary layer. Mean conditions show a shallow stratocumulus-capped boundary layer, with a nearly moist neutrally stratified cloud layer, although cloud tops often penetrated into the stable inversion. The subcloud layer was more often stably stratified. Conditions near the surface were relatively steady, with a strong control on temperature and moisture by the melting ice surface.

A statistically significant diurnal cycle was found in many parameters, although weak in near-surface temperature and moisture. Near-surface wind speed and direction and friction velocity had a pronounced cycle, while turbulent kinetic energy showed no significant diurnal variability. The cloud layer had the most pronounced diurnal variability, with lowest cloud-base height midday followed by enhanced drizzle and temporarily higher cloud-top heights in the afternoon. This is opposite to the cycle found in midlatitude or subtropical marine stratocumulus. The cloud layer was warmest (coolest) and more (less) stably stratified midafternoon (midmorning), coinciding with the coolest (warmest) but least (most) stably stratified capping inversion layer.

It is speculated that drizzle is important in regulating the diurnal variability in the cloud layer, facilitated by enhanced midday mixing due to a differential diurnal variability in cloud and subcloud layer stability. Changing the Arctic aerosol climate could change these clouds to a more typical “marine stratocumulus structure,” which could act as a negative feedback on Arctic warming.
A New Parameterization of an Asymmetry Factor of Cirrus Clouds for Climate Models
Authors: Fu Qiang
Published: November 2007

The aspect ratio (AR) of a nonspherical ice particle is identified as the key microphysical parameter to determine its asymmetry factor for solar radiation. The mean effective AR is defined for cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. A new parameterization of the asymmetry factor of cirrus clouds in terms of AR and mean effective size, Dge, is developed for solar radiation. It is based on geometric ray-tracing calculations for hexagonal ice crystals with a simple representation of particle surface roughness. The present parameterization well reproduces the asymmetry factors of complicated ice particles such as bullet rosettes, aggregates with rough surfaces, and fractal crystals and agrees well with observations. It thus can be properly applied to cirrus clouds containing various nonspherical ice particles. The asymmetry factor from this parameterization in the visible spectrum ranges from about 0.73 to more than 0.85.

Radiative transfer calculations show that for a cirrus cloud with an optical depth of 4 and a solar zenith angle of 60°, changes in AR from 1.0 to 0.5 or from 1.0 to 0.1 result in differences in reflected solar fluxes of about −30 or −70 W m−2, respectively. For the same cloudy conditions, the effect of ice particle surface roughness on the reflected solar flux is found to be about 20 W m−2.
A Finite-Volume Solution with a Bidirectional Upwind Difference Scheme for the Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer Equation
Authors: Ishida Haruma , Asano Shoji
Published: November 2007

A new calculation scheme is proposed for the explicitly discretized solution of the three-dimensional (3D) radiation transfer equation (RTE) for inhomogeneous atmospheres. To separate the independent variables involved in the 3D RTE approach, the spherical harmonic series expansion was used to discretize the terms, depending on the direction of the radiance, and the finite-volume method was applied to discretize the terms, depending on the spatial coordinates. A bidirectional upwind difference scheme, which is a specialized scheme for the discretization of the partial differential terms in the spherical harmonic-transformed RTE, was developed to make the equation determinate. The 3D RTE can be formulated as a simultaneous linear equation, which is expressed in the form of a vector–matrix equation with a sparse matrix. The successive overrelaxation method was applied to solve this equation. Radiative transfer calculations of the solar radiation in two-dimensional cloud models have shown that this method can properly simulate the radiation field in inhomogeneous clouds. A comparison of the results obtained using this method with those using the Monte Carlo method shows reasonable agreement for the upward flux, the total downward flux, and the intensities of radiance.
When and why is small beautiful? The experience of work in the small firm
Authors: Tsai Chin-Ju , Sengupta Sukanya , Edwards Paul
Published: November 2007

Small firms account for a substantial proportion of employment in advanced economies; yet understanding of the quality of jobs in them remains poor. Studies using national-level data find that indicators such as autonomy are high but find it hard to say why. Analyses within small firms stress the structuring of jobs and not size as such. Data from 384 employees in small firms from three contrasting sectors are used to test three hypotheses. 1) There is a pure size effect; such an effect was found in such areas as good relations with managers, and explained in terms of the informality of small firms. 2) Size is in fact a proxy for other influences; there was little evidence of this. 3) Factors not associated with size are more important; features such as autonomy and work pressure reflected sectoral differences and not size. Overall, qualified size effects were found, suggesting the continuation of traditional small-firm relationships.
60 years of Human Relations
Authors: Loveridge Ray , Willman Paul , Deery Stephen
Published: November 2007

Human Relations was founded in 1947 as a collaborative transatlantic project between the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in London and the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Its objective was to encourage theoretical and methodological contributions to the social sciences and to promote their practical application to solve community problems. This article traces the development and evolution of the journal and seeks to assess its contribution to social science research. It examines the intellectual role of the Tavistock Institute and the tensions and pressures that the journal has faced over the past 60 years as it has sought to fulfil its mission and achieve its academic goals.
Piezodielectric Effect of Carbon Fiber—Sulfoaluminate Cement Composites
Authors: Shoude Wang , Shifeng Huang , Xin Cheng , Wen Chen
Published: November 2007

Carbon fiber—sulfoaluminate cement composites (CFSC) were fabricated by compressing technology. The mechanism of piezodielectric effect of CFSC was discussed. The results show that the relative dielectric constant of CFSC sample decreases when the stress is less than 5 MPa. However, when the stress is in the range of 5—60 MPa, the relative dielectric constant increases linearly. When the stress exceeds 60 MPa, the relative dielectric constant drops dramatically because of the destruction of CFSC under stress. When the content of carbon fiber is 0.5% (by mass), its fractional change of relative dielectric constant corresponds to the cyclic compressive stress even if the cyclic time arrives at thousand and the stress amplitude is enhanced to 40 MPa. CFSC containing 0.5% carbon fiber content has good piezodielectric effect, which is suitable for the application of important buildings such as bridges, dams, and so on to realize real-time, dynamic, and health monitoring.
Antiretroviral Drugs
Authors: Warnke David , Barreto Jason , Temesgen Zelalem
Published: November 2007

The first antiretroviral drug to be licensed, zidovudine, became available in 1987. Until December 1995, the antiretroviral drugs available and approved for clinical use in the United States consisted of only 5 individual drugs belonging to a single class of antiretroviral agents, nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Since then, numerous other antiretroviral drugs and classes of antiretroviral drugs have been introduced. Additional drugs and newer classes of antiretrovirals are in various stages of development. Currently, there are 22 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved antiretroviral agents categorized in 4 classes of drugs: nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors. The authors review the general characteristics of each class of antiretroviral drugs, including mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, adverse effects, and drug interactions. A synopsis of current antiretroviral treatment guidelines is also provided.
The Fiscal Distress of Local Governments in Israel
Authors: Carmeli Abraham
Published: November 2007

Local governments in many countries experience fiscal distress, making it a worldwide phenomenon. For years, many of the local authorities in Israel have been coping with ongoing, acute fiscal distress, which has had a significant impact on their capacity to create and deliver public value to their residents. Using case studies and hard (accounting and statistics) data, the present study attempts to provide a critical analysis of the fiscal distress affecting local governments throughout Israel. Specifically, the present article assesses the fiscal conditions of local governments in Israel and potential remedies for dealing with this ongoing problem.
The Case for Inductive Theory Building†
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: November 2007

This article argues that theory building in the social sciences, management and psychology included, should be inductive. It begins by critiquing contemporary philosophy of science, for example, Popper's falsifiability theory, his stress on deduction, and the hypothetico—deductive method. Next, the author presents some history on the concept of induction in philosophy and of inductive theory building in the hard sciences (e.g., Aristotle, Bacon, Newton). This is followed by three examples of successful theory building by induction in psychology and management (Beck's theory, Bandura's social—cognitive theory, goal setting theory). The article concludes with some suggested guidelines for successful theory building through induction and some new policies that journal editors might encourage.
Character Is Not “Dead” in Management Research: A Review of Individual Character and Organizational-Level Virtue†
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Goodstein Jerry
Published: November 2007

We propose that strength of character is a potentially important organizational research topic, one that has been largely untapped in applied research. Character (ethos) refers to those inter-penetrable habitual qualities within individuals and applicable to organizations that constrain and lead them to desire and pursue personal and societal good. In our review, we first provide an initial conceptualization of character, partly by distinguishing it from virtue and values. Second, starting with the Old Testament, we examine how character has traditionally been considered across time and culture. Next, we discuss the extant research on strength of character and organizational virtue. We conclude with promising research directions involving individual character strength and organizational virtue.
Lunacy and the `Islands in the British Seas'
Authors: Hirst David
Published: November 2007

In the mid-nineteenth century the Dependent Territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man all had small, relatively stable populations, many of whom did not speak English as their first language. The response of each to the public asylum movement was very different. Guernsey had an asylum by 1852, but Jersey and the Isle of Man opened permanent asylums only in 1868. This comparative study examines the interactions between British government agencies, the Home Office, Commissioners in Lunacy and Lieutenant Governors, and the autonomous insular legislatures. It discusses the reasons why Jersey and the Isle of Man were reluctant to establish publicly funded asylums, the alternatives considered, and the opportunities afforded to private madhouse proprietors by absent or lax supervisory frameworks.
A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder
Authors: Adamis Dimitrios , Treloar Adrian , Martin Finbarr C. , Macdonald Alastair J.D.
Published: November 2007

We review the most important concepts about delirium, from ancient times until the twentieth century. We also focus on the question of how these concepts have dealt with the particular problems posed by prognosis and outcome. Althought different terms have been used, a robust description of delirium has existed since antiquity — at some times as a symptom and at others as a syndrome. It is clear that, throughout the millennia, delirium has been — and still is — a highly lethal syndrome; a poor mental outcome for survivors was often noted. Not until the twentieth century was it thought that delirium was marked by a full recovery among survivors, and this was probably due to the desire for a clear distinction from dementia.
Eugen Bleuler 150: Bleuler's reception of Freud
Authors: Dalzell Thomas G.
Published: November 2007

On the 150th anniversary of Eugen Bleuler's birth, this article examines his reception of Sigmund Freud and his use of Freudian theory to understand the symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, in contrast to earlier interpretations of Bleuler's relationship with Freud in terms of an eventual personal and theoretical incompatibility, the article demonstrates that, although Bleuler did distance himself from the psychoanalytic movement, he remained consistent in his views on Freud's theories.
Estimating Statistical Power and Required Sample Sizes for Organizational Research Using Multilevel Modeling
Authors: Scherbaum Charles A. , Ferreter Jennifer M.
Published: November 2007

The use of multilevel modeling to investigate organizational phenomena is rapidly increasing. Unfortunately, little advice is readily available for organizational researchers attempting to determine statistical power when using multilevel models or when determining sample sizes for each level that will maximize statistical power. This article presents an introduction to statistical power in multilevel models. The unique factors influencing power in multilevel models and calculations for estimating power for simple fixed effects, variance components, and cross-level interactions are presented. The results of simulation studies and the existing general rules of thumb are discussed, and the available power analysis software is reviewed.
Latent Variable Modeling in Congruence Research
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2007

During the past decade, the use of polynomial regression has become increasingly prevalent in congruence research. One drawback of polynomial regression is that it relies on the assumption that variables are measured without error. This assumption is relaxed by structural equation modeling with latent variables. One application of structural equation modeling to congruence research is the latent congruence model (LCM). Although the LCM takes measurement error into account and allows tests of measurement equivalence, it is framed around the mean and algebraic difference of the components of congruence (e.g., the person and organization), which creates various interpretational problems. This article discusses problems with the LCM and shows how these problems are resolved by a linear structural equation model that uses the components of congruence as predictors and outcomes. Extensions of the linear model to quadratic equations used in polynomial regression analysis are discussed.
Reflections on Mediation
Authors: Kenny David A.
Published: November 2007

This commentary reviews the author's history with mediation. In the second part, the author attempts to explain why there is such interest in the topic. In the third part, the author comments on the five articles in this feature topic.
Beneficial effects of 1-year optimal medical treatment with and without additional PTA on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in patients with PAD. Results from the Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment (OBACT) study
Authors: Nylænde M. , Kroese A.J. , Morken B. , Stranden E. , Sandbæk G. , Lindahl A.K. , Arnesen H. , Seljeflot I.
Published: November 2007

The influence of optimal medical treatment (OMT) with or without additional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) on vascular inflammation in peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) patients was investigated. Patients with intermittent claudication (IC) and angiographically verified PAD were randomized to OMT (n = 28) or OMT + PTA (n = 28) and followed for 12 months. Ankle—brachial index (ABI), treadmill walking distances (WD), visual analogue scale (VAS), and blood sampling for the determination of selected soluble biomarkers were undertaken at baseline and after 3 and 12 months. After both 3 and 12 months, ABI, WD and VAS were highly significantly improved in favour of OMT + PTA (p < 0.05 for all). Significant improvements were recorded in both groups in serum lipids (p < 0.01 for all), except for triglycerides, and in the inflammatory markers P-selectin, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and fibrinogen (p < 0.05 for all). There were, however, no differences in the changes from baseline between the groups in any variable. Intervention with OMT alone or in combination with PTA did not differ with regard to the effects on serum lipids and markers of inflammation in our population of PAD patients. The combined treatment was, however, better for the treadmill walking distance.
An overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis and implications for peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Girn H.R.S. , Orsi N.M. , Homer-Vanniasinkam S.
Published: November 2007

Over the last three decades, a surge in research into the inflammatory pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has highlighted an array of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators associated with underlying inflammatory burden. The ability to identify and simultaneously measure multiple cytokines in peripheral blood highlights their potential as biomarkers of atherosclerosis. This has prompted much research in vascular medicine to identify the `at-risk' groups for atherostenotic or atheroaneurysmal disease. This review is compiled with similar intentions and aims to discern the relevant evidence for cytokine profiling in peripheral arterial disease (PAD), where such information is lacking, while providing a holistic overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis. This is pertinent given that cytokine profiles from coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm studies cannot be directly extrapolated to PAD due to differences in inflammatory environments that exist in these conditions. Whilst plaque morphology and blood rheology play an important role in the cardiac manifestations of atherosclerosis, tissue thrombogenecity is very important in PAD. Further, cytokines act in concert rather than in isolation in a disease process, and no single cytokine in a cross-sectional model is able to serve as an absolute screening marker. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulation of cytokine production in atherosclerosis prior to evaluating the viability and merits of a multimarker approach for clinical risk stratification in PAD.
Rosiglitazone improves endothelial function and inflammation but not asymmetric dimethylarginine or oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kelly Aaron S. , Thelen Andrea M. , Kaiser Daniel R. , Gonzalez-Campoy J. Michael , Bank Alan J.
Published: November 2007

We compared the vascular effects of rosiglitazone versus glyburide and evaluated asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and oxidative stress as potential mechanisms associated with changes in vascular health in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients were randomized to 6 months of either rosiglitazone (n = 20) or glyburide (n = 16) in addition to metformin. The following variables were measured pre- and post-treatment: glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide, blood pressure, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), ADMA, 8-isoprostane, oxidized LDL cholesterol, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), endothelium-independent dilation (EID), and brachial and carotid artery stiffness. Rosiglitazone and glyburide treatment resulted in significant and equivalent decreases in glucose (p < 0.0001) and HbA1c (p < 0.0001), with a trend toward decreased HOMA (p = 0.09). Rosiglitazone significantly decreased C-peptide (p < 0.01) with a strong trend toward decreased fasting insulin (p = 0.05). Rosiglitazone reduced CRP compared with glyburide (p = 0.001), but no differences were observed between groups for ADMA or the markers of oxidative stress. Rosiglitazone significantly improved FMD (p < 0.05) with trends toward improvements in carotid artery distension (p = 0.099) and distensibility (p = 0.078). In conclusion, compared with glyburide, rosiglitazone improves endothelial function and CRP in patients with T2DM. These improvements are not associated with reductions in ADMA or markers of oxidative stress.
No Shelter for Singles: The Perceived Legitimacy of Marital Status Discrimination
Authors: Morris Wendy L. , Sinclair Stacey , DePaulo Bella M.
Published: November 2007

Providing the first empirical evidence of discrimination against singles, participants in multiple experiments favored married couples over various types of singles and failed to recognize such differential treatment as discrimination. In four experiments, undergraduates and rental agents read descriptions of multiple applicants for a rental property and chose one. The applicant pool, varying across experiments, included a married couple and different types of singles. Although the applicants were similar on substantive dimensions, participants consistently chose the married couple over the singles and explicitly stated that the applicants' marital status influenced their choice. In Experiment 5, participants read examples of housing discrimination against singles and other more recognized stigmatized groups. Participants rated discrimination against singles as more legitimate than discrimination against virtually all of the other groups.