bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review : The Neurobiology of Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Small Steven L. , Solodkin Ana
Published: March 2007

Cerebrovascular disease plays a paramount role in mortality and morbidity, and the clinical and basic sci entific study of acute stroke has blossomed, leading both to increased survival and to increasing numbers of people with disabilities from stroke. Neurobiological study of the chronic form of this prevalent neurological disease has lagged behind investigation of the acute illness. This article reviews how and why this situation will change. Four major points are addressed: 1) The anatomical organizations of functional brain systems are less topographically precise than commonly believed. 2) Cortical plasticity exists in adults and takes a number of forms, including unmasking of existing circuits, growth of new synapses via axonal sprouting or dendritic proliferation, and development of compensatory processes. 3) It is possible to manipulate this plasticity with behavioral and pharmacological interventions, and such manipulations can have a beneficial effect on recovery. 4) Functional neuroimaging, particularly the noninvasive method of fMRI, can be used to study in vivo both cerebral plasticity after stroke and the interventions that might influence recovery by affecting this plasticity. Although there is much to be accomplished, the prognosis is extremely good for a neuroscience of stroke rehabilitation. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:426-434, 1998
Family Variables Associated With Well-Being in Siblings of Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Van Riper Marcia
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine relationships among family demands, family resources, family problem-solving communication, family coping, and sibling well-being in 41 families of children with Down syndrome. The guiding framework for this research was the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation. Mailed questionnaires were completed by mothers and siblings closest in age to the children with Down syndrome. Results indicate that, as a group, the siblings in this study had favorable self-concepts. In addition, maternal reports typically indicated that these siblings were socially competent, with a low incidence of behavior problems. All four family variables were significantly associated with at least one of the indicators of sibling well-being. This research adds a critical piece, the sibling piece, to a fascinating puzzle concerning how families respond to the multiple challenges associated with raising a child with Down syndrome.
Family Functioning and Family Typology after an Adolescent or Young Adult’s Sudden Violent Death
Authors: Lohan Janet A. , Murphy Shirley A.
Published: March 2007

This study compared perceptions of family functioning in families bereaved by an adolescent or young adult child’s sudden violent death (accident, homicide, or suicide), parents’ perceptions of family functioning based on parental role, and described the family typologies represented in a population-based sample of parents. A sample of 135 bereaved parents provided data over three time points. Results of the study showed that bereaved mothers and fathers rated their families as more flexible than did a normative sample, and fathers rated their families as less close than the normative group. Clinical and methodological implications for the findings are discussed.
Adult Stepchildren’s Obligations to Older Stepparents
Authors: Clawson Julie , Ganong Lawrence
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a grounded theory of perceived obligations in older stepfamilies. Ten older remarried adults with at least one adult stepchild and 10 adult stepchildren were interviewed about their beliefs about what adult stepchildren should do for stepparents. Grounded theory methods were used to analyze data from interview transcripts. Stepchildren and stepparents agreed that stepchildren have few obligations to assist stepparents. The key in deciding whether a responsibility to assist existed was how the relationship was defined. Other considerations were whether the stepparent had helped raise the stepchild, relationship quality, evaluation of the remarriage (for stepchildren only), unresolved conflicts (stepparents only), and whether the stepparent had helped the stepchild as an adult (stepparents only). Physical realities (proximity, contact) and norms (filial, reciprocity, helping) were contexts within which judgments about helping were made.
Lesbian and Gay Family Issues
Authors: Eliason Michele J.
Published: March 2007

As lesbian and gay families become more visible in society, family nurses need to be prepared to help them deal with issues related to health care and daily living. This article reviews current knowledge about lesbian and gay family structures and health care needs and health care provider attitudes, and suggests strategies for the family nurses who may work with these families. One major strategy is for nurses to learn accurate information about lesbian and gay families to replace negative and inaccurate stereotypes.
Health Care Relationships Revisited
Authors: Robinson Carole A.
Published: March 2007

It is time to revisit our beliefs about health care relationships. Although these relationships have long been recognized as influential to illness experience and patient satisfaction with care, they have been construed as background to the more important work of intervening to elicit change. However, according to five families who participated in a grounded theory study designed to explore the process and outcomes of nursing care, health care relationships are pivotal to change. The nurse's relational stance of curous listener, compassionate stranger nonjudgmental collaborator, and mirror for family strengths is a significant intervention that invites healing.
Commentary: Communicating Science
Authors: BUCK JOHN A. , DENT ERIC B. , UMPLEBY STUART A.
Published: March 2007

Understanding scientific concepts does not come easily to Americans, who nevertheless enjoy tremendous benefits because of scientific progress. The average citizen has a need to know more about scientific concepts to participate in the ongoing dialogue about everything from the cloning of Dolly (the sheep), to the possible entitlement of prescription drug coverage for senior citizens, to the way the Internet is changing the American way of life. Language sets up our framework for understanding, and awareness of the politics embodied in the three origins of the English language is the key to explaining scientific concepts more clearly. Because of an ancient cultural struggle, English is unusual among Indo-European languages in its way of “knowing,” a core concept of science. To enter our minds, scientists must remember our hearts.
Who is Using the Web for Science and Health Information?
Authors: MILLER JON D.
Published: March 2007

This analysis (1) reviews the growth of public access to computers and the Web in recent years, (2) identifies those individuals from a national sample of adults who have sought specific information from the Web, (3) identifies those individuals who have attempted to find science or health information on the Web, and (4) constructs two simple models to predict seeking scientific and health information from the Web. The analysis concludes that the growth of access to the Web is likely to continue and that slightly more than 20 percent of American adults sought health or science information from the Web in 1999. A pair of path models found that civic scientific literacy and formal education were the strongest predictors of seeking science information on the Web, and that biomedical literacy and formal education were the strongest predictors of seeking health information on the Web.
Improving the Understanding of Statistical Significance
Authors: Posavac Emil J. , Sinacore James M.
Published: March 2007

The use of effect size as an approach to improve the communication of the clinical or policy significance of a statistically significnat t-test was investigated with three groups of statistics students Presenting only the values of t, df, and probability resulted in an overestimation of the difference between the means of a control group and the treatment group Including a statement about effect size and the percentile rank of the mean of the treatment group with respect to the control group, improved the students' accuracy (p < .05). Providing effect size information enabled undergraduates to nearly match the accuracy of graduate students who were not given effect size information.
Stimulus or Substitute?
Authors: Grønhaug Kjell , Fredriksen Tor
Published: March 2007

This article explores three questions related to whether governmental support stimulates or subsidizes innovations, whether firms high in resources, rather than low in resources, benefit from governmental innovation support, and whether governmental innovation support is directed towards innovation high or low in novelty. Findingsfrom a study conducted to explore the effects of a government supported program in Norway, reveal that a subsidizing effect is present in a high fraction of the projects supported, and that firms high in resources are more apt to benefit from governmental support than others, but also that the governmental support is directed towards projects representing solutions high in novelty. Implications of the reported findings are highlighted.
Decision Support Systems and Knowledge Utilization
Authors: Van der Heijden Rob E.C.M.
Published: March 2007

The utilization of findings of applied retail research in the process of retail planning can be improved when the research activities are better linked to decision making in planning. The "Decision Support System" approach provides a promising framework for estab lishing such links. The nature of the DSS approach is described. In addition options for the building ofa retail planning DSS are explored. Emphasis is laid on the recognizability of information needs related to the planning process and the possibility to develop a consistent theory on the dynamic operating of the retailing system. Considerations regarding these issues are transferred into substantive as well as organizational require ments to a retail planning DSS.
Trends in Data-Based Sociological Practice
Authors: Van de Vall Mark , Ulrich Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

In data-based sociological practice, the traditional role of enlightenment is gradually being incorporated into the more comprehensive model of advisement. Increasing accep tance of this model is facilitated by legal innovation as well as higher utilization. The advisement model of data-based sociological practice consists of four stages: diagnosis, dissemination, design, and development. Recent trends in each stage indicate that within the epistemological parameters of social science, a methodology is developing of social policy research and utilization. Together, these developments suggest the emergence of a professional paradigm of sociological practice.
Planned Organizational Change
Authors: Glaser Edward M.
Published: March 2007

In this article we present the most important conclusions from an NIMH-supported project that we have recently completed. The project, entitled "Programmatic Research on Planned Change Consultation, " was funded initially in 1979 by the Mental Health Services Development Branch, headed by Howard Davis. Two administrative supplements were subsequently provided to permit addition of this new segment to the initial research plan. This report is dedicated to the ever-inspiring memory of Howard Davis, who provided unfailing encouragement and very valuable intellectual illumination.
Diffusion, Technology Transfer, and Implementation
Authors: Eveland J.D.
Published: March 2007

Diffusion and technology transfer must be understood as essentially phenomenological issues. Technology is information, and exists only to the degree that people can put it into practice and use it to achieve values. This article outlines a series of issues that complicate this perspective: defining the content of technology, coping with the embedding of technology in organizational contexts, assessing the effects of politics and culture on technology use, dealing with dynamics of implementation, and assessing effects. It is suggested that organizations need to emphasize creative processes for coping with change, and that research on technology transfer should stress context over content and process over prescription.
Applied Social Science, Policy Science, and the Federal Government
Authors: Averch Harvey A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines competing strategies for supporting and utilizing applied social science and the policy sciences in public decisions and program operations. It argues that tension and conflict are the normal, expected state of affairs between decision makers and the social science and policy science communities. This is so because of very different strategic perspectives governing the scientific standing, decision utility, and political "morality"of applied social research and policy research. The article suggests conflict can be dampened, but never completely eliminated, by two things: (1) sequential research designs that simultaneously produce both partial scientific truths and information useful to decision makers, and (2) more attention to overall quality control and utilization possibilities. However, such improvements require changes in the incentive and value systems of social scientists, policy scientists, and decision makers. The engineering of change m these three communities is itself a formidable unsolved problem.
Comparative Perspectives on Dissemination and Knowledge Use Policies
Authors: Louis Karen Seashore
Published: March 2007

This article argues that because the U.S. dissemination system in education is based on a research-driven rather than a user-focused model, the system has frequently seemed unresponsive to organizational improvement needs that have arisen from the field. Development of this bias has been exacerbated by political, organizational, and programmatic thrusts in federal agencies. In contrast, dissemination systems in the Netherlands and Denmark have achieved a different balance of support for locally and centrally initiated improvements. An examination of systems in other countries can provide useful models for adapting the U.S. system to current needs.
Soviet Science in the Scientific World System
Authors: Schott Thomas
Published: March 2007

Autarchy, self-reliance, and distinctiveness of an intellectual tradition in a society can be expected to be promoted by isolation of the society. Until the early 1990s, geopolitical constraints made science in the Soviet Union a case of comparatively high isolation. Measures derived from the publications by Soviet scientists and their responses to questionnaires, however, show that, in considerable degrees, their selection of problems was influenced by Western literature, their solutions to selected problems relied on results from the West, and they emulated, deferred to, and valued recognition from peers in the West. Although Soviet science was a regional center within the Eastern Bloc, it was also—and is increasingly more so—a periphery attached to the Western centers of scientific influence.
What Is Scientific Misconduct?
Authors: Knoll Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Scientific misconduct is now widely recognized as a genuine and significant problem for contemporary science, but too often the participants in the research system—and those outside who are affected by it-suffer from lack of clarity about what constitutes scientific misconduct. Examples are presented in which questions of professional discourtesy, methodological disagreement, and political struggle are misunderstood as questions of honesty.
Reverse Transfer of Industrial Relations
Authors: FAJANA SOLA
Published: March 2007

This article explores the transfer of ideas and practices from a developing country to a developed one, adapting Boisot's codification and diffusion of knowledge and cultures to British and Nigerian industrial relations (IR). A survey of British managers reveals that North-to-South transfers dominate IR knowledge, while South-to-North transfers are persistently constrained by ignorance, paucity of literature, ethnocentrism, romance with history and tradition, political unwillingness, complexity, and cultural discontinuities. Increasing publicity, afforded by greater publication in international journals, is seen as one possible solution toward mitigating the current low rates of South-to-North transfers of IR ideas.
Biomolecular Databases
Authors: HILGARTNER STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

During the past two decades, computerized biomolecular databases have rapidly expanded and have been prominently integrated into laboratory work in biological sciences. This article offers an exploratory look at the potential significance of these databases as novel tools for scientific communication. The article develops the concept of a science communication regime— a sociotechnical system that constitutes a particular means of scientific communication, such as the scientific journal. This concept is then used to examine biomolecular databases and their potential implications for scientific institutions and practices. The field of genome research provides empirical examples, and the discussion explores the potential significance of these new forms of electronic communication.
The Information Revolution
Authors: WEIL VIVIEN
Published: March 2007

Better data about the working conditions and actual practices of users can assist understanding of the capacity of electronic networking and computer technologies. The author points to information presented at two symposia as evidence of the ripeness and relevance of these issues, the complexity of social science research on them, and the fallacies of many popular assumptions about how networks are used.
Communication Channels and Risk Information
Authors: TRUMBO CRAIG W.
Published: March 2007

Studies of risk communication examining channels emphasize the mass versus interpersonal dichotomy. This approach has not produced entirely consistent results and has neglected to consider other potential attributes of channels. This article presents and evaluates a model featuring cost and expected utility as fundamental aspects of communication channels. Within a case involving risk communication, people are shown to relate channel cost and expected utility to their evaluation of channel usefulness. Recommendations are made for how these concepts might be developed in future research.
Toward a Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Model of Health Care Research Use
Authors: LOGAN JO , GRAHAM IAN D.
Published: March 2007

Numerous health care disciplines have noted that insufficient research evidence is used in clinical practice. This situation denies optimal care to patients and potentially increases system costs. A practical theoretical framework for policymakers intent on promoting an evidence-based approach to the transfer and use of research findings in clinical practice settings is presented. The Ottawa Model of Research Use (OMRU) has a comprehensive interdisciplinary focus and consists of six key elements: the practice environment, potential adopters of the evidence, the evidence-based innovation, research transfer strategies, the evidence adoption, and health-related and other outcomes. Model elements and the interactive relationships among them are described.
Excerpts from Science and Engineering Indicators 1998
Authors:   NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD
Published: March 2007

Excerpts from Science and Engineering Indicators 1998, the biennial report to Congress from the National Science Board, present new data on public attitudes toward, and public understanding of, science. Selections from the new chapter on the economic and social significance of new information technologies (IT) are provided as well.
Using Television to Foster Children's Interest in Science
Authors: MARES MARIE-LOUISE , CANTOR JOANNE , STEINBACH JAMES BURR
Published: March 2007

Two studies explored the conditions that facilitate positive responses to children's television programs involving science. In Study 1, children enjoyed televised science content more and learned more from it when it was presented in the context of a related feature story than when it was shown out of this context. Children also responded more positively when the segment was not explicitly labeled as “science.” In Study 2, repeated exposure to a weekly children's magazine show with regular segments involving science in context was associated with more favorable attitudes toward science, whether the viewing occurred in school or at home.
The Versatile “Caveat” Section of an Epidemiology Paper
Authors: RIER DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

Are toxic-exposure epidemiologists influenced, when writing the “caveat” portion of their articles, by how the media, public, and courts might use their work? Qualitative interviews with 61 epidemiologists revealed that they relied on caveats to manage “public risk”—inappropriate use of their work by nonscientists. However, few considered caveats effective for this task. Caveats may be more important for managing professional risk, as subjects used caveats to preempt criticism, to advertise their credibility, to adhere to conventions, to hedge, and to deflect attention from flaws in their articles. The data bear implications for the definition of science, the demarcation of scientists from nonscientists, and the issue of scientists' responsibility.
Excerpts from the Science Agenda-Framework for Action
Authors:   WORLD CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE
Published: March 2007

Participants at the World Conference on Science in Budapest, Hungary, on 1 July 1999 adopted a “blueprint” of activities designed to accomplish the goals outlined in the Declaration on Science. Excerpts from this Science Agenda-Framework for Action appear below.
Involuntary Health Plan Switching: Case Study of a Corporate Health Benefits Program
Authors: Robinson James C. , Gardner Laura B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the extent of health plan switching in one large corporation due to changes in employment, compared it with the extent of voluntary switching among continuously employed individuals, and evaluated the risk mix of health plan stayers, voluntary switchers, and involuntary switchers. Of 14,791 workers enrolled in the firm's fee-for-service plan in 1987, only 5,320 remained in 1990. Of the 11,494 employees enrolled in the large health maintenance organization (HMO) and the 7,677 enrolled in the small HMOs in 1987, only 5,299 and 3,026, respectively, remained in their HMOs and insured by the firm in 1990. These large enrollment losses were offset by large enrollment gains from new employees. Health plan leavers were at a lower risk of using medical services than were health plan stayers. The lowest expected annual expenditures were among newly hired health plan joiners.
Prenatal Drug Exposure and Social Policy: The Search for an Appropriate Response
Authors: Ondersma Steven J. , Simpson Sharon M. , Brestan Elizabeth V. , Ward Martin
Published: March 2007

Prenatal drug exposure continues to be a controversial topic. Views of what constitutes an appropriate response to drug-exposed infants vary, in large part due to the many complex issues endemic to perinatal substance use. The purpose of this article is to review the controversy surrounding prenatal drug exposure, outline the policy dilemmas that complicate attempts to respond appropriately, review current practice in this area and the effectiveness of those practices, and offer specific recommendations as a starting point for debate. It is suggested that earlier controversy regarding the sequelae of prenatal drug exposure may be decreasing as research identifies specific and subtle deficits in some affected infants. It is also suggested that the postnatal effects of parental substance abuse (e.g., in terms of abuse/neglect, attachment, and development) are the more appropriate focus of child protection efforts, and that different disciplines must collaborate to reach a consensus regarding the nature of these efforts.
Stigmatization and the Development of Friendship and Romantic Relationships in Adolescent Victims of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Feiring Candice , Rosenthal Saul , Taska Lynn
Published: March 2007

This study examines same- and other-sex friendship networks and perceptions of peer competence as functions of stigmatization, defined as shame and a self-blame attributional style. Fifty-six sexually abused adolescents were seen at the time of abuse discovery and 1 year later. Higher self-blame attributional style for the abuse was related to more satisfaction with other-sex friends and less satisfaction with same-sex friends. More shame was related to less satisfaction with same-sex friends and to having a larger number of other-sex friends. Higher self-blame attributional style was related to perceptions of poorer peer acceptance and close friendship and to perceptions of poorer romantic appeal. More shame was related to lower perceptions of peer acceptance and close friendship. The results support the idea that abuse victims who experience higher levels of shame and self-blame attributional style feel less capable of forming satisfying relationships with peers, friends, and potential romantic partners.
“It Sounds Good in Theory, But...”: Do Investigative Interviewers Follow Guidelines Based on Memory Research?
Authors: Warren Amye R. , Woodall Cara E. , Hunt Jennifer S. , Perry Nancy W.
Published: March 2007

We compared 42 transcripts of sexual abuse interviews conducted by child protective services personnel in one state to practices currently recommended by researchers on children's testimony. Although the majority of the interviewers attempted to establish rapport, they rarely conducted practice interviews regarding past, neutral events, and rarely informed children that “I don't know,”“I don't understand,” and “I don't remember” are acceptable answers to questions. Further, the majority of the interviewers failed to begin their abuse-related questioning with general, open-ended questions, instead relying primarily on specific, yes/no questions throughout the interview. Finally, interviewers frequently introduced new material not previously disclosed by the children and failed to clarify the sources of new information.
Multidisciplinary Team Approaches to the Investigation and Resolution of Child Abuse and Neglect: A National Survey
Authors: Kolbo Jerome R. , Strong Edith
Published: March 2007

Many benefits have been attributed to multidisciplinary team (MDT) approaches used in the investigation and resolution of child abuse and neglect. Yet more than a decade has passed since the nature and characteristics of MDTs have been examined. Findings presented in this article suggest that MDTs vary according to configuration, legislation, function, composition, and training. Current approaches are distinctive when compared with approaches found in previous national surveys. Specifically, the past 10 years have been characterized by the creation of a variety of MDT configurations, a dramatic expansion of legislation permitting or mandating MDT use, an increased diversity of MDT functions, a broader spectrum of discipline representation on MDTs, and an augmented use of training to implement and maintain MDTs. Results described here enable comparison with previous national surveys to shed light on the evolution of MDT system design and to suggest an agenda for future research.
The Lawyer for Children at the Interdisciplinary Meeting
Authors: Peters Jean Koh
Published: March 2007

In addition to appearing at formal court appearances and hearings, a lawyer for children in child protective proceedings can pursue his or her client's goals at interdisciplinary meetings. Because child protective proceedings involve professionals from many disciplines, almost any case encounter apart from an on-the-record court hearing could constitute an interdisciplinary meeting. This article assists lawyers in making the most of these meetings by offering a theory and practice of meeting practice, which often proves more important for a successful resolution of a case than trial practice. The article instructs lawyers in developing a comprehensive vision of the child's needs and goals that must guide all substantive decisions about the case. It also attempts to bridge the gap between the lawyer's ethical duty to advocate for his or her client's perspective and the duty of other professionals at the interdisciplinary meetings to pursue the child's best interests.
To Tell or Not to Tell: Current Functioning of Child Sexual abuse Survivors who Disclosed their Victimization
Authors: Arata Catalina M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of childhood disclosure on current mental health functioning of female survivors of child sexual abuse and to identify characteristics of abuse that were associated with disclosure. Two hundred and four women with a history of child sexual abuse completed questionnaires describing sexual victimization history, circumstances of childhood disclosures, and measures of current symptoms. Disclosure was not directly related to overall current functioning; however, disclosure was associated with fewer intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Disclosure tended to be less common with more severe levels of assault and when the assailant was related to the victim. The results suggest that disclosure may be beneficial in preventing the development of specific post-traumatic symptoms; however, disclosure was found to be least common for the types of assaults that produced the greatest psychological distress.
The Delayed Memory Controversy in an Epidemiological Framework
Authors: Fish Vincent
Published: March 2007

Epidemiological concerns about base rates, true and false positives, and the possibility of an epidemic of therapy-induced false memories are frequently raised in the debate over delayed memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Most references to epidemiological concepts emphasize the potential problem of false positives arising from therapists' assessments of CSA but neglect the potential problem of false negatives. A more balanced epidemiological analysis that includes estimations of the risks of both false positives and false negatives is more relevant to clinical concerns and better identifies gaps in our understanding of this area. This article presents estimates for certain epidemiological variables based on available research and a range of suppositions. The evidence at hand suggests that the rate of false negatives for CSA history poses a larger epidemiological problem than the rate of false positives.
Characteristics of Mothers of Boys Who Sexually Abuse
Authors: New Michelle J. C. , Stevenson Jim , Skuse David
Published: March 2007

Depression, child abuse histories, and current attributions were investigated for 80 mothers of boys in three abuse referral groups (victimized perpetrators, nonvictimized perpetrators, and victim only) in comparison with a group of boys showing externalizing behaviors. During semistructured interviews with mothers, child abuse histories were elicited and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered. The Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS) was used to code spoken attributions from verbatim interview transcripts. Sexual victimization in their own childhood was reported by 55% of mothers of perpetrators and 30% of mothers of victims; high rates of domestic violence were reported by both mothers of perpetrators (72%) and mothers of victims (50%). There were no significant group differences on BDI scores. Mothers of the externalizing comparison group showed “low perceived control” in their attributions for negative events and blamed their sons for negative events significantly more than those of the three case groups (p < .05). The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for clinical interventions and research.
Analytic Ordering for Theoretical Purposes
Authors: Corbin Juliet , Strauss Anselm
Published: March 2007

This article discusses why and how to make explicit the linkages between interaction and conditions affecting both the interaction and its consequences. The discussion aims at (a) extending the range of conditions/conseguences considered by researchers; (b) forcing self-consciousness in their analytic choices among these; (c) helping to trace the often-intricate connections among them, thus (d) facilitating their ordering into explanatory hypotheses and their testing; (e) ensuring, or raising the probability, that explanations encompass variation; and (f) ultimately enabling presentation of a more orderly, com plete, and persuasive explanatory account. To this end, an updated version of our conditional matrix and what are now termed connectivity paths are outlined and illustrated.
The Facts and Fictions of Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Denzin Norman K.
Published: March 2007

William Foote Whyte's defense of the methodology used in Street Corner Society is used as an occasion to examine the work of the New Journalists who struggled to redefine the fact-fiction distinction in ethnographic and journalistic discourse. The relevance of this discourse for contemporary qualitative inquiry is discussed.
Kundera's Immortality: The Interview Society and the Invention of the Self
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Silverman David
Published: March 2007

Milan Kundera's novel Immortality bears a close relation to contemporary social science debates about the production of the self. Commentators like Kleinman and Mishler seem to have introduced a new version of authenticity based on a reinvention of the Romantic subject with the interview (as the medium) and the narrative (as the content) portrayed as the means for constructing and sharing biographical expenence. Unlike such contem porary Romantics, Kundera examines how the subject is constructed in literary biography and mass media "imagology." The authors show how Kundera's work leads in two possible directions: an analysis of the interview society and a concern with strategies for the invention of the self. By locating styles of the self, the authors reveal lively and skillful biographical work, overlooked by cultural critique and not reducible to any structural determinism.
Peer Debriefing in Qualitative Research: Emerging Operational Models
Authors: Spall Sharon
Published: March 2007

Using a qualitative research methodology detailed by Lincoln and Guba, peer debriefing sessions were examined by interviewing education graduate students who completed dissertations and who participated in peer debriefing. The following patterns emerged: (a) Trust was the foundation for selection of the debriefer and the debriefing interaction, (b) the focus for the debriefer and researcher was on methodology, and (c) research skills were continuously developed. Analysis of the data also showed that debriefers worked in pairs or in small groups. Some debriefing groups met for the total time from proposal to dissertation defense, and others began at different stages of the research process. As a result, some groups relied on memory or journal notes for the review of collected data. Implications are included.
Surviving Wife Rape
Authors: BERGEN RAQUEL KENNEDY
Published: March 2007

This article explores how women define their experiences of wife rape and cope with the violence. Drawing on interviews with 35 survivors of wife rape, the stages through which women pass in coping with the violence—much like Mills's (1985) model for battered women—are described. These stages include entering a violent relationship, managing the violence, experiencing a loss of self, redefining the violence, ending the violence, and recovering from the trauma. Particular attention is given to understanding how women manage the violence and redefine their experiences as rape.
Revisiting Sexual Harassment of Undergraduate Women 1989 and 1993
Authors: McCORMACK ARLENE SMITH
Published: March 2007

This article presents a comparison of 1989 and 1993 studies of the sexual harassment of undergraduate women (seniors, nontransfers) at a northeastern public university in the United States. Results suggest that these incidents have decreased over the last 4 years (from 25% in 1989 to 20% in 1993) but that sexual harassment remains a continuing problem, with approximately one in every five women likely to experience an incident of sexual harassment by her senior year. Although approximately a third of students continue to cite faculty members as perpetrators, and several mention personnel in other areas of the university, most women continue to report other students as perpetrators. The results strongly suggest that measures taken by university personnel to combat sexual harassment, since the 1989 study, may be responsible for the decrease in reported incidents, but still more needs to be done.
Aboriginality and Lawyering
Authors: HANCOCK LINDA
Published: March 2007

Focusing on the Robyn Kina case, an Aboriginal Australian woman sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering her violent and abusive de facto partner, this analysis explores issues surrounding the use of battered woman syndrome as a defense to murder and the problematics of predominantly White lawyers' interface with Aboriginal clients and, in particular, with abused women. Central to this analysis is the gendering of the law on provocation and self-defense based on male standards of proportionality, immediacy, and reasonableness that deny the reality of women's experience of domestic violence and the debilitating effects of psychological and emotional power and control wielded in abusive relationships. Sociolingusitic research shows that a familiarity with Aboriginal English and the cultural norms of Aboriginal communities, in particular women's reticence to speak of private sexual matters, is necessary to have a foundation for communication between Aboriginal clients and the legal system.
Crack Mothers at 6
Authors: HUMPHRIES DREW
Published: March 2007

This study examines ABC, CBS, and NBC evening news programs from 1983 to 1994 to understand the images associated with crack mothers (i.e., women who used crack or cocaine during pregnancy). Qualitative analysis shows that over time, news framed maternal crack/cocaine use in at least three ways. First, White middle-class women were presented as psychologically addicted, as guilt-ridden for having exposed their babies to cocaine, and as motivated to succeed in treatment. Second, Black poor women were represented as mindlessly addicted, as knowingly having exposed their fetuses to the adversity of crack, and as unwilling to enter treatment. Third, Black poor women were subsequently represented as physically and spiritually depleted, as having regretted prior drug use, and as enthusiastic drug treatment clients, if only to regain custody of their children. Findings are discussed in terms of drugs scares, racial disparity, and the reproductive rights of women.
Self-Esteem and Depression in Battered Women
Authors: TUEL BEVERLY D. , RUSSELL RICHARD K.
Published: March 2007

The study assessed depression and self-esteem in 23 lesbians and 17 heterosexual women who had experienced battering in intimate relationships. Indexes of psychological and physical abuse were used to predict psychological symptoms. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the hypothesis that depression and self-esteem would be predicted by nonphysical and physical abuse, but not by the batterer's gender. After demographic variables were controlled, nonphysical abuse predicted self-esteem and physical abuse predicted depression. The gender of batterer was not a significant predictor of either self-esteem or depression. Limitations and implications of the study are presented.
The Victims of Court-ordered Batterers
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

There is relatively little research describing the victims of court-ordered batterers, compared to the extensive descriptions of the batterers themselves. The partners of men ordered to batterer programs in four cities were interviewed about their backgrounds, victimization, helpseeking, and perceptions of the batterers (N = 482). These battered women tend to be from lower economic status and educational levels. A substantial portion have also suffered severe assaults and injury. More than half of these women have previously contacted the criminal justice system in response to abuse, but only about a quarter have received any counseling for domestic violence, and less than 10% have previously visited a battered women's shelter. The women's perceptions of their batterers are overly optimistic, despite the severe abuse and information from batterer programs. The victims of court-ordered batterers appear to be different at least in terms of their helpseeking than battered women in shelters and may therefore warrant special program and research attention.
Utilization of Police by Abused Pregnant Hispanic Women
Authors: WIIST WILLIAM H. , McFARLANE JUDITH
Published: March 2007

Three hundred twenty-nine Hispanic prenatal patients at urban public health clinics who were assessed during routine prenatal care as abused completed the Severity of Violence Against Women Scales and were asked about frequency and effectiveness of their utilization of police. Of the 23% who had used the police, 72% reported that police were very or somewhat effective. Of the women who had used police, 37% said that the violence had ended compared with 22% of the nonusers. Women who had used the police in the past 12 months had experienced more severe abuse than those women who had not. Longitudinal research is needed to determine whether increased severity precedes or follows abused women's use of the police so that the women may be counseled appropriately.
The Contribution of Alcohol to the Likelihood of Completion and Severity of Injury in Rape Incidents
Authors: MARTIN SUSAN E. , BACHMAN RONET
Published: March 2007

Alcohol use has consistently been linked to violent crime including sexual assault. However, its effect on the likelihood of rape completion and victim injury has not been explored. This article examines the effect of the perpetrator's alcohol consumption on the probability that a rape will be completed and the likelihood and seriousness of physical injuries to victims of rape. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey of the Bureau of Justice Statistics for 1992 through 1994, the authors test three hypotheses regarding the effect of perpetrator drinking using multivariate models to control for situational factors and victim's demographic characteristics. The data suggest that drinking by the perpetrator decreases the likelihood that a rape will be completed, increases the likelihood of victim injury, and shows no relationship between perpetrator drinking and the victim's need for medical care.
The Politics of Bread and Circuses
Authors: Eisinger Peter
Published: March 2007

City leaders in the United States devote enormous public resources to the construction of large entertainment projects, including stadiums, convention centers, entertainment districts, and festival malls. Their justification is that such projects will generate economic returns by attracting tourists to the city. Although this economic expectation is tested in the literature, little attention is given to the political and social implications of building a city for visitors rather than local residents. A focus on building the city for the visitor class may strain the bonds of trust between local leaders and the citizenry and skew the civic agenda to the detriment of fundamental municipal services.
Revamped Stadium…New Neighborhood?
Authors: Spirou Costas , Bennett Larry
Published: March 2007

In 1988, one of Major League Baseball’s oldest stadiums, Wrigley Field, was substantially modernized through the addition of field lighting. This modernization of Wrigley Field, in turn, has contributed to a complicated transformation of the adjoining Lake View neighborhood on Chicago’s North Side. This article examines the corporate maneuvering that led to the upgrading of Wrigley Field, as well as the roles played by local government and neighborhood activists in achieving a compromise plan to bring evening baseball to Lake View. The article further describes the neighborhood impacts of this sports development project, which have yielded several unanticipated stresses on the local social and physical environment.
Impacts of Changing Racial Composition Upon Commercial Land Use Succession and Commercial Structure
Authors: Schmidt Charles G. , Lee Yuk
Published: March 2007

This empirical study focuses on the relationships between changes in neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and alterations in the number as well as the mix of com mercial enterprises. Three Denver neighborhoods that differed in population growth rates, income changes, and shifts in racial composition over the 1960-1970 study period are selected for comparative analysis. Significant differences in commercial mobility patterns and commercial structural change between neighborhoods are identified. The research results suggest that change in racial composition is a major force affecting neighborhood commercial structural change while income shifts appear to play a less significant role.
Police Attitudes and Performance
Authors: Smith Dennis C.
Published: March 2007

Residency laws are a recurrent controversy in local government. While many of the argu ments are economic, proponents of residency requirements also expect resident employees to have more positive attitudes and greater dedication toward the jurisdiction. In this study of residency, police performance, and officer attitudes, which uses data from a com parative study of departments in the St. Louis metropolitan area, some evidence of a re lationship between residency and performance (measured with citizen survey and official crime and clearance data) is found. But the findings show little support for the expected attitudinal link between residency and performance. The proportion of an officer's col leagues who live in the jurisdiction is more closely related to positive attitudes than is the officer's own residency status. Policy implications are considered.
The Ideology of Dense Neighborhood Redevelopment
Authors: Allen Irving
Published: March 2007

The trend of central-city neighborhood reinvasion resembles a social movement and has undertones of ideology and utopia. The ideological content has certain parallels with the anti-urban suburban trend of a generation ago. There are also pro-urban values of cultural diversity and pluralism in the new movement, though they tend to be romantically distorted. Moreover, the values are ambivalently held and may fail to yield the alternative and transcendent community experience that some of the new settlers seek. The general trend nonetheless holds more promise than threat for central-city revitalization.
A Comparative View of Neighborhood Regeneration Programs in Nine Countries
Authors: Alterman Rachelle
Published: March 2007

Using four dimensions for comparison—contextual variables, program characteristics, implementation characteristics, and outputs and outcomes—the author offers a comparative analysis of the experiences of nine countries on both sides of the Atlantic in their efforts to regenerate declining neighborhoods. The findings show considerable differences in the neighborhoods' origin (public or private), location vis-à-vis the urban center, national project scale, level of institutionalization, and degree of comprehensiveness. A surprising finding is the rarity of national programs for comprehensive regeneration. The article concludes with an analysis of the impediments to cross-national transfer of knowledge about neighborhood programs.