bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor market insecurity among the middle class: a cross-pressured group
Authors: Schwander Hanna
Published: April 2019

The political relevance of labor market insecurity has been questioned because (a) insider-outsider divides were considered to be a divide within the low-skilled and politically less active working class and (b) labor market insecurity runs through the middle of the household. Outsiders might therefore align their preferences with those of insiders. This contribution provides, first, evidence that labor market insecurity extends well into the higher-skilled middle class, in particular to high-skilled young adults and high-skilled women. Second, the contribution sheds light on the “household question”, that is the question whether mixed households dampen the political relevance of labor market insecurity. If labor market insecurity is concentrated in specific social groups (young adults, women) that tend to cohabit with secure insiders, the political relevance of labor market insecurity might depend on whether or not outsiders align their preferences with those of the household. In this contribution, I discuss recent work on the relevance of the household in translating labor market divides into preferences divides presenting recent work that shows that the household does not render insider-outsider divides politically irrelevant. In sum, insider-outsider divides have all the potential to become politically relevant.
Excavating Occluded Histories at Destrehan Plantation: Afro-Creole Resistance from “Marguerite” to Beyoncé
Authors: WILLSON NICOLE
Published: April 2019

This article interrogates the Creole plantation as a site and sight of memory. It presents a unique case study of Destrehan Plantation, a Creole plantation in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, which, it argues, represents a crypt replete with occluded Afro-Creole histories. These histories speak not only to experiences of subjection and depredation, however, but to rebellious countercultures (represented by syncretic cultural practices), and to acts of collective insurgency (borne out, most potently, in the 1811 German Coast slave uprising). In its analytic enquiry, it engages in a process of what Derek Alderman and Rachel Campbell call “symbolic excavation” in order to penetrate the silences of the Creole plantation, and rehabilitate occluded unruly Afro-Creole voices. It nevertheless strives to go further by promoting interdisciplinary solutions for what it calls “affective memorialization” through what memory studies scholar Karen Till calls “artistic and activist memory-work.” It looks to the work of Hahnsville folk artist Lorraine Gendron and to Beyoncé Knowles Carter's 2016 visual albumLemonadeas exemplars of such praxis. In so doing, it invites conversations about how slaveholding histories might be affectively reimagined, and how Afro-Creole histories can be made to service the needs of their descendants.
The associations between cognitive ability and L2 development under five different instructional conditions
Authors: Li Shaofeng , Ellis Rod , Zhu Yan
Published: April 2019

This study examines the effects of two cognitive abilities—language analytic ability (LAA) and working memory (WM)—on language learning under five different instructional conditions. One hundred fifty eighth-grade English as a foreign language learners underwent a 2-hr treatment session. They were divided into five groups based on whether and when they received form-focused instruction. One group received pretask instruction on the linguistic target (English passive voice) before performing two narrative tasks; a second group received within-task feedback but no pretask instruction; a third group received both pretask instruction and within-task feedback; a fourth group received feedback after completing the tasks; and the fifth group only performed the tasks. The results showed that (a) LAA was predictive of the posttest scores of the group that only performed the communicative tasks and the group who received posttask feedback, (b) WM was associated with the learning outcomes of the two groups receiving within-task feedback, and (c) neither cognitive variable was implicated in the group that received pretask instruction before performing the tasks. The results suggest that the impact of LAA is evident when there is less external assistance and that WM is involved when learners face the heavy processing burden imposed by within-task feedback.
Control of seed coat rupture by ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Barros-Galvão Thiago , Vaistij Fabián E. , Graham Ian A.
Published: April 2019

In Arabidopsis, seed germination is a biphasic process involving rupture of the seed coat followed by emergence of the radicle through the micropylar endosperm. Embryo expansion results in seed coat rupture and removal of seed coat imposed dormancy with DELLA proteins blocking embryo expansion in the absence of gibberellins. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment does not block seed coat rupture but does block radicle emergence. We used this limited effect of exogenous ABA to further investigate the mechanism by which it blocks the onset of germination marked by seed coat rupture. We show that physical nicking of the seed coat results in exogenous ABA treatment blocking both seed coat and endosperm rupture and this block requires the transcription factors ABI3 and ABI5, but not ABI4. Furthermore, we show that the repression of expression of severalEXPANSINgenes (EXPA1,EXPA2,EXPA3,EXPA9andEXPA20) by exogenous ABA requires ABI5. We conclude that ABI5 plays an important role in the ABA-mediated repression of germination through prevention of seed coat rupture and propose that this involves EXPANSIN related control of cell wall loosening.
Estimating non-market environmental values for grassland protection in inner Mongolia
Authors: Zhang Bao , Bennett Jeff , Qiao Guanghua
Published: April 2019

The non-market values of changes in grassland management stimulated by changes in policies were estimated by choice modeling. Four-hundred twenty-seven residents of Hohhot city in Inner Mongolia were selected using the popular mobile phone application WeChat. Conditional logit (CL) and random parameter logit (RPL) models were estimated to analyze the preference of respondents for environmental and social attributes. Based on the preferred RPL model, the average per household willingness to pay over 10 years for the best policy outcome scenarios was estimated to be CNY892 (US$141). The total willingness to pay for this policy change, extrapolated to the population of Hohhot, was CNY208 million (US$33 million). The findings suggest that environmental and social outcomes are valuable to Chinese residents of a regional urban center. Such values should be viewed as a public financial base for market-based mechanisms for grassland protection both in China and internationally. WeChat proved to be convenient but required the application of extrapolation caveats relating to sample representation.
Delivering a culturally adapted therapy for Muslim clients with depression
Authors: Mir Ghazala , Ghani Ruqayyah , Meer Shaista , Hussain Gul
Published: April 2019

Inequalities in mental health treatment access and outcomes for minority ethnic and religious groups in the UK have been recognized for more than a decade; however, work to address these at an operational level is still emerging. In recognition of the need for culturally adapted therapies, researchers at the University of Leeds developed and piloted an adapted therapy for Muslim clients, based on behavioural activation (BA), an existing evidence-based psychosocial treatment for depression. Therapists and supervisors at Touchstone, Leeds have been trained to deliver the culturally adapted approach, which supports Muslim clients who choose to use ‘positive religious coping’ as a resource for health. This paper describes the key elements of the intervention and how it is being delivered in practice to increase service uptake and recovery in Muslim communities.
Spatial and Interannual Variability in Distributions and Cycling of Summer Biogenic Sulfur in the Bering Sea
Authors: Li Cheng‐Xuan , Wang Bao‐Dong , Wang Zi‐Cheng , Li Jiang , Yang Gui‐Peng , Chen Jian‐Fang , Lin Li‐Na , Lyu Yang , Guo Fu
Published: April 2019

In the Bering Sea, summer dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPd and DMSPp) exhibited substantial spatial and interannual variations during 2012–2016, encompassing both cold (2012) and warm (2014 and 2016) temperature regimes. Summer average chlorophyll a, DMS, and DMSPd concentrations in the upper water increased significantly, paralleling a 1.6 °C increase in seawater temperature. High DMS/DMSPp regions in the upper 50 m at 177°E–175°W extended both north‐eastward and south‐westward, which were associated with elevated phytoplankton biomass and concurrent proportion of dinoflagellates in phytoplankton community in warm years. Simultaneously, these patches spread vertically throughout the upper 200 m in warm years, which corresponded with rapid bacteria consumption and abundant small copepods at the 50–200‐m layer in 2014 and 2016. Starting from 4.88 μmol/(m2 day), summer average DMS fluxes increased sharply by threefold to fivefold in response to a warming of 2.8 °C in the surface water during 2012–2016.
Explicit IMF By‐Effect Maximizes at Subauroral Latitudes (Dedicated to the Memory of Eigil Friis‐Christensen)
Authors: Holappa L. , Gopalswamy N. , Mursula K.
Published: April 2019

The most important parameter in the coupling between solar wind and geomagnetic activity is the Bz‐component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). However, recent studies have shown that IMF By is an additional, independent driver of geomagnetic activity. We use here local geomagnetic indices from a large network of magnetic stations to study how IMF By affects geomagnetic activity at different latitudes for all solar wind and, separately, during coronal mass ejections. We show that geomagnetic activity, for all solar wind, is 20% stronger for By > 0 than for By < 0 at subauroral latitudes of about 60° corrected geomagnetic latitude. During coronal mass ejections, the By‐effect is larger, about 40%, at slightly lower latitudes of about 57° (corrected geomagnetic) latitude. These results highlight the importance of the IMF By‐component for space weather at different latitudes and must be taken into account in space weather modeling.
Three‐Dimensional Basin and Fault Structure From a Detailed Seismic Velocity Model of Coachella Valley, Southern California
Authors: Ajala Rasheed , Persaud Patricia , Stock Joann M. , Fuis Gary S. , Hole John A. , Goldman Mark , Scheirer Daniel
Published: April 2019

The Coachella Valley in the northern Salton Trough is known to produce destructive earthquakes, making it a high seismic hazard area. Knowledge of the seismic velocity structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins and fault zones is required to improve earthquake hazard estimates in this region. We simultaneously inverted first P wave travel times from the Southern California Seismic Network (39,998 local earthquakes) and explosions (251 land/sea shots) from the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project to obtain a 3‐D seismic velocity model. Earthquakes with focal depths ≤10 km were selected to focus on the upper crustal structure. Strong lateral velocity contrasts in the top ~3 km correlate well with the surface geology, including the low‐velocity (<5 km/s) sedimentary basin and the high‐velocity crystalline basement rocks outside the valley. Sediment thickness is ~4 km in the southeastern valley near the Salton Sea and decreases to <2 km at the northwestern end of the valley. Eastward thickening of sediments toward the San Andreas fault within the valley defines Coachella Valley basin asymmetry. In the Peninsular Ranges, zones of relatively high seismic velocities (~6.4 km/s) between 2‐ and 4‐km depth may be related to Late Cretaceous mylonite rocks or older inherited basement structures. Other high‐velocity domains exist in the model down to 9‐km depth and help define crustal heterogeneity. We identify a potential fault zone in Lost Horse Valley unassociated with mapped faults in Southern California from the combined interpretation of surface geology, seismicity, and lateral velocity changes in the model.
In the Crosshairs: Ancient Rock Art Under Fire
Authors: Mol Lisa , Brassey Charlotte , Clarke Lucy , Groom Kaelin , King Rachel
Published: April 2019

Jordan’s petroglyphs are riddled with bullet holes from target practice and nearby battles. A multidisciplinary forensics team went to Wadi Rum to assess the damage.
Very Warm Water Observed Along West Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: April 2019

Two years of mooring observations at the edge of the continental shelf show that wind stress and upwelling control the inflow of some of the warmest water observed at an ice shelf front in Antarctica.
Evidence for Whole Mantle Convection Driving Cordilleran Tectonics
Authors: Spencer C. J. , Murphy J. B. , Hoiland C. W. , Johnston S. T. , Mitchell R. N. , Collins W. J.
Published: April 2019

Deducing mechanisms for advance and retreat of magmatic arcs is fundamental to understanding accretionary tectonics and the evolution of continents. However, first‐order explanations of large spatial and long temporal changes in magmatic arcs remain elusive. We present isotopic evidence that Cordilleran magmatic arc systems were controlled by spherical harmonic degree‐2 mantle convection and characterized by two antipodal upwellings bisected by a meridional downwelling. Once established, the meridional “subduction girdle” drives hemispheric slab rollback and remains the locus of Cordilleran oceanic arcs. Continual westward migration of the North and South American continents led to arc advancement and consumption of back‐arc basins, culminating in arc‐continent collisions and reversals of subduction polarity. Continental arcs initiated diachronously as North and South America arrived at the subduction girdle and oceanic arcs were accreted. Systematic patterns in radiogenic isotopes along the Cordilleran system support that slab dynamics are controlled, to first order, by long‐wavelength mantle convection.
Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances at Mars
Authors: Collinson Glyn , McFadden James , Mitchell David , Grebowsky Joseph , Benna Mehdi , Espley Jared , Jakosky Bruce
Published: April 2019

We report the first extraterrestrial observation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in the ionosphere of Mars (below ≈160 km) by NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. TIDs are ionospheric waves manifesting as an oscillation in density, velocity, and composition of ionospheric plasma. The TIDs were encountered in the Martian dynamo region, where ions are collisionally bound to the neutral thermosphere but electrons remain frozen in to the local magnetic field. The underlying physical mechanism for the periodic ionospheric waves appears to be a bulk motion of the entire ionosphere driven by atmospheric gravity waves in the surrounding thermosphere which have propagated upward from the lower atmosphere. Magnetic perturbations were observed in association with the TIDs, which we attribute to electromagnetic induction from the bulk motion of the ionosphere. We thus demonstrate that atmospheric disturbances near the surface of Mars can propagate upward through the entire thickness of the atmosphere and drive ionospheric perturbations at spacecraft altitudes.
Three‐Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection With a Spatially Confined X‐Line Extent: Implications for Dipolarizing Flux Bundles and the Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetry
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Li T. C. , Hesse M. , Sun W. J. , Liu J. , Burch J. , Slavin J. A. , Huang K.
Published: April 2019

Using 3‐D particle‐in‐cell simulations, we study magnetic reconnection with the X‐line being spatially confined in the current direction. We include thick current layers to prevent reconnection at two ends of a thin current sheet that has a thickness on an ion inertial (di) scale. The reconnection rate and outflow speed drop significantly when the extent of the thin current sheet in the current direction is
. When the thin current sheet extent is long enough, we find that it consists of two distinct regions; a suppressed reconnecting region (on the ion‐drifting side) exists adjacent to the active region where reconnection proceeds normally as in a 2‐D case with a typical fast rate value ≃0.1. The extent of this suppression region is ≃O(10di), and it suppresses reconnection when the thin current sheet extent is comparable or shorter. The time scale of current sheet thinning toward fast reconnection can be translated into the spatial scale of this suppression region, because electron drifts inside the ion diffusion region transport the reconnected magnetic flux, which drives outflows and furthers the current sheet thinning, away from this region. This is a consequence of the Hall effect in 3‐D. While the existence of this suppression region may explain the shortest possible azimuthal extent of dipolarizing flux bundles at Earth, it may also explain the dawn‐dusk asymmetry observed at the magnetotail of Mercury, which has a global dawn‐dusk extent much shorter than that of Earth.
East Pacific Rise Core PS75/059‐2: Glacial‐to‐Deglacial Stratigraphy Revisited
Authors: Ronge Thomas A. , Sarnthein Michael , Roberts Jenny , Lamy Frank , Tiedemann Ralf
Published: April 2019

Age control and paleoceanographic evidence of marine sediment records might be challenged if authors solely build their stratigraphy on visual correlation to apparently well‐dated records from the same ocean basin, using, for example, highly resolved X‐ray fluorescence‐based element‐count records and correlation tools such as AnalySeries. While per se perfectly reasonable, this approach bears the risk of missing stratigraphic gaps in the sedimentary record and thus might result in imprecise and/or flawed interpretations. Here we present a unique series of 14 planktic 14C ages from a 7‐cm section of East Pacific Rise core PS75/059‐2. The ages suggest a 14‐ky‐long period of low‐to‐zero deposition during Last Glacial Maximum, mainly marked by continuous redistribution of winnowed foraminifers, probably the result of enhanced bottom currents, moreover, by some bioturbational mixing. On the basis of this data we demonstrate the impact of the hiatus on a South Pacific transect of apparent benthic ventilation ages (ΔΔ14C values) and their meaning for estimates of CO2 stored in Last Glacial Maximum Pacific deep waters.
Ecohydrologic Error Models for Improved Bayesian Inference in Remotely Sensed Catchments
Authors: Tang Yating , Marshall Lucy , Sharma Ashish , Ajami Hoori , Nott David J.
Published: April 2019

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important vegetation indicator widely used for simulating vegetation dynamics and quantifying biomass production. Spatial and temporal variability of LAI are often characterized using satellite remote sensing products. However, these types of satellite products often have relatively low quality when compared to in situ measurements. This work presents an approach for characterizing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer LAI observation errors in a Bayesian ecohydrological modeling framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer quality flags data. We introduce a novel ecohydrologic error model, which partitions observation and model residual error according to the estimated retrieval uncertainty of LAI and the quality flags for each pixel. We examine our approach in two study catchments in Australia with varying degrees of good and poor quality satellite LAI data. Results show improved LAI predictions and less model residual error for both catchments when accounting for satellite observational uncertainties in a Bayesian framework.
Atypical functional connectivity in adolescents and adults with persistent and remitted ADHD during a cognitive control task
Authors: Michelini Giorgia , Jurgiel Joseph , Bakolis Ioannis , Cheung Celeste H. M. , Asherson Philip , Loo Sandra K. , Kuntsi Jonna , Mohammad-Rezazadeh Iman
Published: April 2019

We previously provided initial evidence for cognitive and event-related potential markers of persistence/remission of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. Here, using a novel brain-network connectivity approach, we aimed to examine whether task-based functional connectivity reflects a marker of ADHD remission or an enduring deficit unrelated to ADHD outcome. High-density EEG was recorded in a follow-up of 110 adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD (87 persisters, 23 remitters) and 169 typically developing individuals during an arrow-flanker task, eliciting cognitive control. Functional connectivity was quantified with network-based graph-theory metrics before incongruent (high-conflict) target onset (pre-stimulus), during target processing (post-stimulus) and in the degree of change between pre-stimulus/post-stimulus. ADHD outcome was examined with parent-reported symptoms and impairment using both a categorical (DSM-IV) and a dimensional approach. Graph-theory measures converged in indicating that, compared to controls, ADHD persisters showed increased connectivity in pre-stimulus theta, alpha, and beta and in post-stimulus beta (all p < .01) and reduced pre-stimulus/post-stimulus change in theta connectivity (p < .01). In the majority of indices showing ADHD persister–control differences, ADHD remitters differed from controls (all p < .05) but not from persisters. Similarly, connectivity measures were unrelated to continuous outcome measures of ADHD symptoms and impairment in participants with childhood ADHD. These findings indicate that adolescents and young adults with persistent and remitted ADHD share atypical over-connectivity profiles and reduced ability to modulate connectivity patterns with task demands, compared to controls. Task-based functional connectivity impairments may represent enduring deficits in individuals with childhood ADHD irrespective of diagnostic status in adolescence/young adulthood.
Umbilical cord blood versus unrelated donor transplantation in adults with primary refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a report from Eurocord, the Acute Leukemia Working Party and the Cord Blood Committee of the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the EBMT
Authors: Baron Frédéric , Labopin Myriam , Ruggeri Annalisa , Ehninger Gerhard , Bonifazi Fransesca , Stelljes Matthias , Sanz Jaime , Stuhler Gernot , Bosi Alberto , Kröger Nicolaus , Van Lint Maria Teresa , Ganser Arnold , Forcade Edouard , Mohty Mohamad , Gluckman Eliane , Nagler Arnon
Published: April 2019

The role of umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with active disease at allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains poorly investigated. In this study, we compared transplantation outcomes of 2963 patients with primary refractory or relapsed AML given CBT, 10/10 HLA-matched UD, or 9/10 HLA-matched UD allo-HCT from 2004 to 2015 at EBMT-affiliated centers. Neutrophil engraftment and complete remission rates in CBT, UD 10/10, and UD 9/10 recipients were 75 and 48%, 93 and 69%, and 93 and 70%, respectively. In multivariate Cox analyses, in comparison with CBT (n = 285), UD 10/10 recipients (n = 2001) had a lower incidence of relapse (HR = 0.7, P = 0.001), a lower incidence of non relapse mortality (HR = 0.6, P < 0.001), better GVHD-free and leukemia-free survival (GRFS, HR = 0.8, P < 0.001) and better survival (HR = 0.6, P < 0.001). Further, in comparison with CBT, 9/10 UD recipients (n = 677) also had a lower incidence of relapse (HR = 0.8, P = 0.02), a lower incidence of nonrelapse mortality (HR = 0.7, P = 0.008), better GRFS (HR = 0.8, P = 0.01) and better survival (HR = 0.7, P < 0.001). In summary, these data suggest that in AML patients with active disease at transplantation, allo-HCT with UD results in better transplantation outcomes than CBT.
A Japanese family with cone-rod dystrophy of delayed onset caused by a compound heterozygous combination of novel CDHR1 frameshift and known missense variants
Authors: Haque Muhammad Nazmul , Kurata Kentaro , Hosono Katsuhiro , Ohtsubo Masafumi , Ohishi Kentaro , Sato Miho , Minoshima Shinsei , Hotta Yoshihiro
Published: April 2019

We analyzed two siblings in a Japanese family with delayed onset cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) using whole-exome sequencing. A novel frameshift c.1106dup (p.H370Afs*17) variant and a known missense c.2027 T > A (p.I676N) variant in CDHR1 were identified. Both patients shared the same variants, although they displayed a significant difference in disease severity. A meta-analysis of the relationship between the severity and the variant type was performed using the reported cases in the literature and did not reveal a definitive correlation.
Structure of the plastic-degrading Ideonella sakaiensis MHETase bound to a substrate
Authors: Palm Gottfried J. , Reisky Lukas , Böttcher Dominique , Müller Henrik , Michels Emil A. P. , Walczak Miriam C. , Berndt Leona , Weiss Manfred S. , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Weber Gert
Published: April 2019

The extreme durability of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) debris has rendered it a long-term environmental burden. At the same time, current recycling efforts still lack sustainability. Two recently discovered bacterial enzymes that specifically degrade PET represent a promising solution. First, Ideonella sakaiensis PETase, a structurally well-characterized consensus α/β-hydrolase fold enzyme, converts PET to mono-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET). MHETase, the second key enzyme, hydrolyzes MHET to the PET educts terephthalate and ethylene glycol. Here, we report the crystal structures of active ligand-free MHETase and MHETase bound to a nonhydrolyzable MHET analog. MHETase, which is reminiscent of feruloyl esterases, possesses a classic α/β-hydrolase domain and a lid domain conferring substrate specificity. In the light of structure-based mapping of the active site, activity assays, mutagenesis studies and a first structure-guided alteration of substrate specificity towards bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) reported here, we anticipate MHETase to be a valuable resource to further advance enzymatic plastic degradation.
In-situ local phase-transitioned MoSe2 in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ heterostructure and stable overall water electrolysis over 1000 hours
Authors: Oh Nam Khen , Kim Changmin , Lee Junghyun , Kwon Ohhun , Choi Yunseong , Jung Gwan Yeong , Lim Hyeong Yong , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Guntae , Park Hyesung
Published: April 2019

Developing efficient bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting that are earth-abundant, cost-effective, and durable is of considerable importance from the practical perspective to mitigate the issues associated with precious metal-based catalysts. Herein, we introduce a heterostructure comprising perovskite oxides (La0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ) and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) as an electrochemical catalyst for overall water electrolysis. Interestingly, formation of the heterostructure of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ and MoSe2 induces a local phase transition in MoSe2, 2 H to 1 T phase, and more electrophilic La0.5Sr0.5CoO3–δ with partial oxidation of the Co cation owing to electron transfer from Co to Mo. Together with these synergistic effects, the electrochemical activities are significantly improved for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. In the overall water splitting operation, the heterostructure showed excellent stability at the high current density of 100 mA cm−2 over 1,000 h, which is exceptionally better than the stability of the state-of-the-art platinum and iridium oxide couple.
MYB96 recruits the HDA15 protein to suppress negative regulators of ABA signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee Hong Gil , Seo Pil Joon
Published: April 2019

Unlike activation of target genes in response to abscisic acid (ABA), how MYB96 transcription factor represses ABA-repressible genes to further enhance ABA responses remains unknown. Here, we show MYB96 interacts with the histone modifier HDA15 to suppress negative regulators of early ABA signaling. The MYB96-HDA15 complex co-binds to the promoters of a subset ofRHO GTPASE OF PLANTS(ROP) genes,ROP6,ROP10, andROP11, and represses their expression by removing acetyl groups of histone H3 and H4 from the cognate regions, particularly in the presence of ABA. In support,HDA15-deficient mutants display reduced ABA sensitivity and are susceptible to drought stress with derepression of theROPgenes, as observed in themyb96-1mutant. Biochemical and genetic analyses show that MYB96 and HDA15 are interdependent in the regulation ofROPsuppression. Thus, MYB96 confers maximal ABA sensitivity by regulating both positive and negative regulators of ABA signaling through distinctive molecular mechanisms.
High density DNA data storage library via dehydration with digital microfluidic retrieval
Authors: Newman Sharon , Stephenson Ashley P. , Willsey Max , Nguyen Bichlien H. , Takahashi Christopher N. , Strauss Karin , Ceze Luis
Published: April 2019

DNA promises to be a high density data storage medium, but physical storage poses a challenge. To store large amounts of data, pools must be physically isolated so they can share the same addressing scheme. We propose the storage of dehydrated DNA spots on glass as an approach for scalable DNA data storage. The dried spots can then be retrieved by a water droplet using a digital microfluidic device. Here we show that this storage schema works with varying spot organization, spotted masses of DNA, and droplet retrieval dwell times. In all cases, the majority of the DNA was retrieved and successfully sequenced. We demonstrate that the spots can be densely arranged on a microfluidic device without significant contamination of the retrieval. We also demonstrate that 1 TB of data could be stored in a single spot of DNA and successfully retrieved using this method.
Asymmetry and non-dispersivity in the Aharonov-Bohm effect
Authors: Becker Maria , Guzzinati Giulio , Béché Armand , Verbeeck Johan , Batelaan Herman
Published: April 2019

Decades ago, Aharonov and Bohm showed that electrons are affected by electromagnetic potentials in the absence of forces due to fields. Zeilinger’s theorem describes this absence of classical force in quantum terms as the “dispersionless” nature of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Shelankov predicted the presence of a quantum “force” for the same Aharonov-Bohm physical system as elucidated by Berry. Here, we report an experiment designed to test Shelankov’s prediction and we provide a theoretical analysis that is intended to elucidate the relation between Shelankov’s prediction and Zeilinger’s theorem. The experiment consists of the Aharonov-Bohm physical system; free electrons pass a magnetized nanorod and far-field electron diffraction is observed. The diffraction pattern is asymmetric confirming one of Shelankov’s predictions and giving indirect experimental evidence for the presence of a quantum “force”. Our theoretical analysis shows that Zeilinger’s theorem and Shelankov’s result are both special cases of one theorem.
Transcriptional regulation of autophagy-lysosomal function in BRAF-driven melanoma progression and chemoresistance
Authors: Li Shun , Song Ying , Quach Christine , Guo Hongrui , Jang Gyu-Beom , Maazi Hadi , Zhao Shihui , Sands Nathaniel A. , Liu Qingsong , In Gino K. , Peng David , Yuan Weiming , Machida Keigo , Yu Min , Akbari Omid , Hagiya Ashley , Yang Yongfei , Punj Vasu , Tang Liling , Liang Chengyu
Published: April 2019

Autophagy maintains homeostasis and is induced upon stress. Yet, its mechanistic interaction with oncogenic signaling remains elusive. Here, we show that in BRAFV600E-melanoma, autophagy is induced by BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi), as part of a transcriptional program coordinating lysosome biogenesis/function, mediated by the TFEB transcription factor. TFEB is phosphorylated and thus inactivated by BRAFV600E via its downstream ERK independently of mTORC1. BRAFi disrupts TFEB phosphorylation, allowing its nuclear translocation, which is synergized by increased phosphorylation/inactivation of the ZKSCAN3 transcriptional repressor by JNK2/p38-MAPK. Blockade of BRAFi-induced transcriptional activation of autophagy-lysosomal function in melanoma xenografts causes enhanced tumor progression, EMT-transdifferentiation, metastatic dissemination, and chemoresistance, which is associated with elevated TGF-β levels and enhanced TGF-β signaling. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling restores tumor differentiation and drug responsiveness in melanoma cells. Thus, the “BRAF-TFEB-autophagy-lysosome” axis represents an intrinsic regulatory pathway in BRAF-mutant melanoma, coupling BRAF signaling with TGF-β signaling to drive tumor progression and chemoresistance.
MKL1-actin pathway restricts chromatin accessibility and prevents mature pluripotency activation
Authors: Hu Xiao , Liu Zongzhi Z. , Chen Xinyue , Schulz Vincent P. , Kumar Abhishek , Hartman Amaleah A. , Weinstein Jason , Johnston Jessica F. , Rodriguez Elisa C. , Eastman Anna E. , Cheng Jijun , Min Liz , Zhong Mei , Carroll Christopher , Gallagher Patrick G. , Lu Jun , Schwartz Martin , King Megan C. , Krause Diane S. , Guo Shangqin
Published: April 2019

Actin cytoskeleton is well-known for providing structural/mechanical support, but whether and how it regulates chromatin and cell fate reprogramming is far less clear. Here, we report that MKL1, the key transcriptional co-activator of many actin cytoskeletal genes, regulates genomic accessibility and cell fate reprogramming. The MKL1-actin pathway weakens during somatic cell reprogramming by pluripotency transcription factors. Cells that reprogram efficiently display low endogenous MKL1 and inhibition of actin polymerization promotes mature pluripotency activation. Sustained MKL1 expression at a level seen in typical fibroblasts yields excessive actin cytoskeleton, decreases nuclear volume and reduces global chromatin accessibility, stalling cells on their trajectory toward mature pluripotency. In addition, the MKL1-actin imposed block of pluripotency can be bypassed, at least partially, when the Sun2-containing linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is inhibited. Thus, we unveil a previously unappreciated aspect of control on chromatin and cell fate reprogramming exerted by the MKL1-actin pathway.
Direct observation of coordinated DNA movements on the nucleosome during chromatin remodelling
Authors: Sabantsev Anton , Levendosky Robert F. , Zhuang Xiaowei , Bowman Gregory D. , Deindl Sebastian
Published: April 2019

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling enzymes (remodellers) regulate DNA accessibility in eukaryotic genomes. Many remodellers reposition (slide) nucleosomes, however, how DNA is propagated around the histone octamer during this process is unclear. Here we examine the real-time coordination of remodeller-induced DNA movements on both sides of the nucleosome using three-colour single-molecule FRET. During sliding by Chd1 and SNF2h remodellers, DNA is shifted discontinuously, with movement of entry-side DNA preceding that of exit-side DNA. The temporal delay between these movements implies a single rate-limiting step dependent on ATP binding and transient absorption or buffering of at least one base pair. High-resolution cross-linking experiments show that sliding can be achieved by buffering as few as 3 bp between entry and exit sides of the nucleosome. We propose that DNA buffering ensures nucleosome stability during ATP-dependent remodelling, and provides a means for communication between remodellers acting on opposite sides of the nucleosome.
Retrieving high-resolution information from disordered 2D crystals by single-particle cryo-EM
Authors: Righetto Ricardo D. , Biyani Nikhil , Kowal Julia , Chami Mohamed , Stahlberg Henning
Published: April 2019

Electron crystallography can reveal the structure of membrane proteins within 2D crystals under close-to-native conditions. High-resolution structural information can only be reached if crystals are perfectly flat and highly ordered. In practice, such crystals are difficult to obtain. Available image unbending algorithms correct for disorder, but only perform well on images of non-tilted, flat crystals, while out-of-plane distortions are not addressed. Here, we present an approach that employs single-particle refinement procedures to locally unbend crystals in 3D. With this method, density maps of the MloK1 potassium channel with a resolution of 4 Å were obtained from images of 2D crystals that do not diffract beyond 10 Å. Furthermore, 3D classification allowed multiple structures to be resolved, revealing a series of MloK1 conformations within a single 2D crystal. This conformational heterogeneity explains the poor diffraction observed and is related to channel function. The approach is implemented in the FOCUS package.
TET3 prevents terminal differentiation of adult NSCs by a non-catalytic action at Snrpn
Authors: Montalbán-Loro Raquel , Lozano-Ureña Anna , Ito Mitsuteru , Krueger Christel , Reik Wolf , Ferguson-Smith Anne C. , Ferrón Sacri R.
Published: April 2019

Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins catalyze DNA hydroxylation, playing an important role in demethylation of DNA in mammals. Remarkably, although hydroxymethylation levels are high in the mouse brain, the potential role of TET proteins in adult neurogenesis is unknown. We show here that a non-catalytic action of TET3 is essentially required for the maintenance of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche by preventing premature differentiation of NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes. This occurs through direct binding of TET3 to the paternal transcribed allele of the imprinted gene Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated polypeptide N (Snrpn), contributing to transcriptional repression of the gene. The study also identifies BMP2 as an effector of the astrocytic terminal differentiation mediated by SNRPN. Our work describes a novel mechanism of control of an imprinted gene in the regulation of adult neurogenesis through an unconventional role of TET3.
Integration of a (–Cu–S–)n plane in a metal–organic framework affords high electrical conductivity
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Shen Jing-Wen , Usman Muhammad , Wei Ling-Fang , Mendiratta Shruti , Chang Yu-Shin , Sainbileg Batjargal , Ngue Chin-May , Chen Ruei-San , Hayashi Michitoshi , Luo Tzuoo-Tsair , Chen Fu-Rong , Chen Kuei-Hsien , Tseng Tien-Wen , Chen Li-Chyong , Lu Kuang-Lieh
Published: April 2019

Designing highly conducting metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is currently a subject of great interest for their potential applications in diverse areas encompassing energy storage and generation. Herein, a strategic design in which a metal–sulfur plane is integrated within a MOF to achieve high electrical conductivity, is successfully demonstrated. The MOF {[Cu2(6-Hmna)(6-mn)]·NH4}n (1, 6-Hmna = 6-mercaptonicotinic acid, 6-mn = 6-mercaptonicotinate), consisting of a two dimensional (–Cu–S–)n plane, is synthesized from the reaction of Cu(NO3)2, and 6,6′-dithiodinicotinic acid via the in situ cleavage of an S–S bond under hydrothermal conditions. A single crystal of the MOF is found to have a low activation energy (6 meV), small bandgap (1.34 eV) and a highest electrical conductivity (10.96 S cm−1) among MOFs for single crystal measurements. This approach provides an ideal roadmap for producing highly conductive MOFs with great potential for applications in batteries, thermoelectric, supercapacitors and related areas.
Inner-shell clock transition in atomic thulium with a small blackbody radiation shift
Authors: Golovizin A. , Fedorova E. , Tregubov D. , Sukachev D. , Khabarova K. , Sorokin V. , Kolachevsky N.
Published: April 2019

One of the key systematic effects limiting the performance of state-of-the-art optical clocks is the blackbody radiation (BBR) shift. Here, we demonstrate unusually low sensitivity of a 1.14 μm inner-shell clock transition in neutral Tm atoms to BBR. By direct polarizability measurements, we infer a differential polarizability of the clock levels of −0.063(30) atomic units corresponding to a fractional frequency BBR shift of only 2.3(1.1) × 10−18 at room temperature. This amount is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the best optical clocks using neutral atoms (Sr, Yb, Hg) and is competitive with that of ion optical clocks (Al+, Lu+). Our results allow the development of lanthanide-based optical clocks with a relative uncertainty at the 10−17 level.
Plasmonic IQ modulators with attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption
Authors: Heni Wolfgang , Fedoryshyn Yuriy , Baeuerle Benedikt , Josten Arne , Hoessbacher Claudia B. , Messner Andreas , Haffner Christian , Watanabe Tatsuhiko , Salamin Yannick , Koch Ueli , Elder Delwin L. , Dalton Larry R. , Leuthold Juerg
Published: April 2019

Coherent optical communications provides the largest data transmission capacity with the highest spectral efficiency and therefore has a remarkable potential to satisfy today’s ever-growing bandwidth demands. It relies on so-called in-phase/quadrature (IQ) electro-optic modulators that encode information on both the amplitude and the phase of light. Ideally, such IQ modulators should offer energy-efficient operation and a most compact footprint, which would allow high-density integration and high spatial parallelism. Here, we present compact IQ modulators with an active section occupying a footprint of 4 × 25 µm × 3 µm, fabricated on the silicon platform and operated with sub-1-V driving electronics. The devices exhibit low electrical energy consumptions of only 0.07 fJ bit−1at 50 Gbit s−1, 0.3 fJ bit−1at 200 Gbit s−1, and 2 fJ bit−1at 400 Gbit s−1. Such IQ modulators may pave the way for application of IQ modulators in long-haul and short-haul communications alike.
Immunoregulation of macrophages by dynamic ligand presentation via ligand–cation coordination
Authors: Kang Heemin , Yang Boguang , Zhang Kunyu , Pan Qi , Yuan Weihao , Li Gang , Bian Liming
Published: April 2019

Macrophages regulate host responses to implants through their dynamic adhesion, release, and activation. Herein, we employ bisphosphonate (BP)-coated gold nanoparticle template (BNP) to direct the swift and convertible formation of Mg2+-functional Mg2+-BP nanoparticle (NP) on the BP-AuNP surface via reversible Mg2+-BP coordination, thus producing (Mg2+-BP)-Au dimer (MgBNP). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-based Mg2+ chelation facilitates the dissolution of Mg2+-BP NP, thus enabling the reversion of the MgBNP to the BNP. This convertible nanoassembly incorporating cell-adhesive Mg2+ moieties directs reversible attachment and detachment of macrophages by BP and EDTA, without physical scraping or trypsin that could damage cells. The swift formation of RGD ligand- and Mg2+-bifunctional RGD-Mg2+-BP NP that yields (RGD-Mg2+-BP)-Au dimer (RGDBNP) further stimulates the adhesion and pro-regenerative M2-type polarization of macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo, including rho-associated protein kinase. This swift and non-toxic dimer formation can include diverse bio-functional moieties to regulate host responses to implants.
Microwave photons emitted by fractionally charged quasiparticles
Authors: Bisognin R. , Bartolomei H. , Kumar M. , Safi I. , Berroir J.-M. , Bocquillon E. , Plaçais B. , Cavanna A. , Gennser U. , Jin Y. , Fève G.
Published: April 2019

Strongly correlated low-dimensional systems can host exotic elementary excitations carrying a fractional charge q and potentially obeying anyonic statistics. In the fractional quantum Hall effect, their fractional charge has been successfully determined owing to low frequency shot noise measurements. However, a universal method for sensing them unambiguously and unraveling their intricate dynamics was still lacking. Here, we demonstrate that this can be achieved by measuring the microwave photons emitted by such excitations when they are transferred through a potential barrier biased with a dc voltage Vdc. We observe that only photons at frequencies f below qVdc/h are emitted. This threshold provides a direct and unambiguous determination of the charge q, and a signature of exclusion statistics. Derived initially within the Luttinger model, this feature is also predicted by universal non-equilibrium fluctuation relations which agree fully with our measurements. Our work paves the way for further exploration of anyonic statistics using microwave measurements.
Localized corrosion of low-carbon steel at the nanoscale
Authors: Hayden Steven C. , Chisholm Claire , Grudt Rachael O. , Aguiar Jeffery A. , Mook William M. , Kotula Paul G. , Pilyugina Tatiana S. , Bufford Daniel C. , Hattar Khalid , Kucharski Timothy J. , Taie Ihsan M. , Ostraat Michele L. , Jungjohann Katherine L.
Published: April 2019

Mitigating corrosion remains a daunting challenge due to localized, nanoscale corrosion events that are poorly understood but are known to cause unpredictable variations in material longevity. Here, the most recent advances in liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy were employed to capture the advent of localized aqueous corrosion in carbon steel at the nanoscale and in real time. Localized corrosion initiated at a triple junction formed by a solitary cementite grain and two ferrite grains and then continued at the electrochemically-active boundary between these two phases. With this analysis, we identified facetted pitting at the phase boundary, uniform corrosion rates from the steel surface, and data that suggest that a re-initiating galvanic corrosion mechanism is possible in this environment. These observations represent an important step toward atomically defining nanoscale corrosion mechanisms, enabling the informed development of next-generation inhibition technologies and the improvement of corrosion predictive models.
Effect of radiochemotherapy on the cognitive function and diffusion tensor and perfusion weighted imaging for high-grade gliomas: A prospective study
Authors: Bian Yiying , Meng Li , Peng Jianghua , Li Junfeng , Wei Rui , Huo Lei , Yang Huan , Wang Ying , Fu Jun , Shen Liangfang , Hong Jidong
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to explore the effects of radiochemotherapy on the neurocognitive function of patients with high-grade gliomas (HGG). The mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), event-related potential P300 (ERP-P300), and specific MRI parameters were compared, and the associations between specific MRI parameters and different doses of radiation were determined for before and up to 12 months after radiotherapy. There were no significant differences in MMSE, MoCA, or ERP-P300 before and after radiotherapy. Compared with pre-radiochemotherapy, fractional anisotropy (FA) in the contralateral hippocampus decreased at 6 and 9 months after radiotherapy. FA in the ipsilateral hippocampus before radiochemotherapy decreased compared with 6 months after radiotherapy. Compared to the end of radiotherapy, as well as 3- and 6-months post-radiotherapy, the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in the genu of the corpus was significantly lower at 12 months post-radiotherapy. Some MRI parameters in different regions of the brain were negatively correlated with the mean and maximum dose. There was no significant effect of radiochemotherapy on the neurocognitive functioning of patients with HGGs found before radiochemotherapy until 12 months after radiotherapy. The radiation-induced FA decrease in the bilateral hippocampus preceded cognitive dysfunction, and DTI of the hippocampus may provide a useful biomarker for predicting radiation-induced neurocognitive impairment in patients with HGGs.