bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering Student Strategies for Solving Scientific Inquiry Tasks: Insights from Student Process Data in PISA
Authors: Teig Nani
Published: October 2023

The advancement of technology has led to a growing interest in assessing scientific inquiry within digital platforms. This shift towards dynamic and interactive inquiry assessments enables researchers to investigate not only the accuracy of student responses (product data) but also their steps and actions leading to those responses (process data). This is done by analyzing computer-generated log files that capture student activity during the assessment. The present study leverages this opportunity by drawing insights from student log files of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). It demonstrates the potential of process data in uncovering typically unobserved students’ problem-solving processes by focusing on two critical scientific inquiry skills: coordinating the effects of multiple variables and coordinating a theory with evidence. This study presents two examples for analyzing process data. The first example examined data from the PISA field trial study and showcased the advantage of using a process mining approach to visualize the sequence of students’ steps and actions in conducting investigations. The second example linked student log files and questionnaire data from the PISA 2015. It applied latent profile analysis to identify unique patterns of students’ inquiry performance and examined their relationships to their school-based inquiry experiences. Findings from both examples indicate that students often encounter considerable challenges in solving complex inquiry tasks, especially in applying multivariable reasoning and constructing scientific explanations. This study highlights the profound potential of process data in facilitating a deeper understanding of how students interact with scientific inquiry tasks in a digital-based environment.
Patterns of mental health service utilisation in people with cancer compared with people without cancer: analysis of the Australian National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Ng Huah Shin , Koczwara Bogda , Beatty Lisa
Published: October 2023

Purpose

To compare the patterns of mental health service utilisation between people with and without cancer.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study using data of all respondents aged ≥ 25 years from the Australian National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing 2020–2021 conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparisons were made between the two groups (cancer versus non-cancer) using logistic regression models.

Results

The study comprised 318 people with cancer (55% female) and 4628 people without cancer (54% female). Cancer survivors had a higher prevalence of reporting poor health (38% versus 16%) and mental distress (18% versus 14%) than people without cancer. There were no significant differences between people with and without cancer in the odds of consulting general practitioner, psychiatrist and other health professionals for mental health, although people with cancer were significantly more likely to consult a psychologist than people without cancer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.64, 95%CI = 1.05–2.48). While the odds of being hospitalised for physical health was significantly higher in cancer survivors than people without cancer (aOR = 2.32, 95%CI = 1.78–3.01), there was only a negligible number of people reported being hospitalised for mental health between the two groups. Several factors were associated with higher odds of mental health service utilisation including younger age, unpartnered marital status and presence of a current mental condition.

Conclusions

Alarmingly, despite experiencing higher prevalence of poor health status and mental distress, cancer survivors did not utilise more mental health services than the general population. That is, there is a higher degree of untreated, or undertreated, distress in cancer than in the general population.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Further research to identify optimal approaches of mental health care delivery for cancer survivors are urgently needed.
Exercise Made Accessible: the Merits of Community-Based Programs for Persons with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Langbroek-Amersfoort Anneli , Schootemeijer Sabine , Bouten Lars , Bloem Bastiaan R. , De Vries Nienke M.
Published: October 2023

Purpose of Review

Many studies have identified positive effects of physiotherapy and exercise for persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Most work has thus far focused on the therapeutic modality of exercise as used within physiotherapy programs. Stimulated by these positive findings, there is now a strong move to take exercise out of the clinical setting and to deliver the interventions in the community. Although the goals and effects of many such community-based exercise programs overlap with those of physiotherapy, it has also become more clear that both exercise modalities also differ in various ways. Here, we aim to comprehensively review the evidence for community-based exercise in PD.

Recent Findings

Many different types of community-based exercise for people with PD are emerging and they are increasingly being studied. There is a great heterogeneity considering the types of exercise, study designs, and outcome measures used in research on this subject. While this review is positive regarding the feasibility and potential effects of community-based exercise, it is also evident that the general quality of these studies needs improvement.

By focusing on community-based exercise, we hope to generate more knowledge on the effects of a wide range of different exercise modalities that can be beneficial for people with PD. This knowledge may help people with PD to select the type and setting of exercise activity that matches best with their personal abilities and preferences. As such, these insights will contribute to an improved self-management of PD.
Recognizing Low-Inflow Estuaries as a Common Estuary Paradigm
Authors: Largier John L.
Published: October 2023

It has become clear that estuaries with low rates of freshwater inflow are an important but overlooked sphere of estuarine science. Low-inflow estuaries (LIEs) represent a major class of estuary long downplayed because observations do not fit well in the dominant estuary paradigm, which was developed in perennially wet climates. Rather than being rare and unusual, it is now evident that LIEs are common globally and an alternate estuary paradigm within the idea of an estuary as the place where a river meets the sea. They are found mostly in areas with arid, semi-arid, or seasonally arid climates, but LIE phenomena are also found in estuaries along mountainous coasts with small watersheds and short-tailed hydrographs. Inflows can be defined as “low” relative to basin volume, tidal mixing, evaporative losses, or wave forcing at the mouth. The focus here is on common physical phenomena that emerge in low-inflow estuaries—how low river flow is expressed in estuaries. The most common is hypersalinity (and the associated potential for inverse conditions), which develops where there is a net negative water balance. However, in small microtidal estuaries, low inflow results in mouth closure even as a positive water balance may persist, accounting for extreme stratification. Attention is also given to the longitudinal density gradient and the occurrence of thermal estuaries and inverse estuaries. Finally, ocean-driven estuaries are highlighted where marine subsidies (nutrients, particulates) dominate watershed subsidies. While climate change is altering freshwater inflow to estuaries, locally driven changes are generally more important and this presents an opportunity to restore estuaries through restoring estuarine hydrology.
Time series numerical association rule mining variants in smart agriculture
Authors: Fister Iztok , Fister Dušan , Fister Iztok , Podgorelec Vili , Salcedo-Sanz Sancho
Published: October 2023

Numerical association rule mining offers a very efficient way of mining association rules, where algorithms can operate directly with categorical and numerical attributes. These methods are suitable for mining different transaction databases, where data are entered sequentially. However, little attention has been paid to the time series numerical association rule mining, which offers a new technique for extracting association rules from time series data. This paper presents a new algorithmic method for time series numerical association rule mining and its application in smart agriculture. We offer a concept of a hardware environment for monitoring plant parameters and a novel data mining method with practical experiments. The practical experiments showed the method’s potential and opened the door for further extension.
Groundwater quality assessment for sustainable human consumption in arid areas based on GIS and water quality index in the watershed of Ain Sefra (SW of Algeria)
Authors: Abdessamed Derdour , Jodar-Abellan Antonio , Ghoneim Sherif S. M. , Almaliki Abdulrazak , Hussein Enas E. , Pardo Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2023

Groundwater quality in arid areas is an issue that requires attention, as often the only source of irrigation and drinking. In this manuscript, a research area of 4590.2 Km2, which depicts important problems of water scarcity and water-poor quality in an arid environment, was assessed. Therefore, GIS-based mapping of the region was carried out to examine the adequacy of groundwater quality. Forty-three (43) groundwater samples were gathered in the fieldwork in March 2022, and various physicochemical limits were analysed within Gibbs and Piper diagrams. Likewise, spatial distribution maps of twelve (12) main water quality parameters were performed using the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method (IDW) in the ArcGIS tool. The Water Quality Index (WQI) has been calculated considering Algerian drinking water quality standards and to know the suitability of water for human consumption. A Pearson’s test was carried out to explore the correlations among the different variables. Major results of the study showed that, among anions and cations, sulphates ($$SO_{4}^{ - 2}$$

S

O

4

-
2

) and calcium (Ca) were the most common ions. The WQI showed that 30.23% of the samples have excellent water quality, 62.79% belong to the good water category, and 6.97% fall into the poor water quality category. Thus, the correlation study between many physicochemical properties also showed significant positive relationships between WQI, TDS, EC, TH, $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{ - 2}$$

SO

4

-
2

, $${\text{Ca}}^{ + + }$$

Ca

+
+

, and $${\text{Mg}}^{ + + }$$

Mg

+
+

. In agreement with the Gibbs diagram, most of the samples fall into the field of rock-water interaction dominance. Hence, this research shows that using GIS and WQI as joint approaches could be useful tools for the decision-making process of local and international authorities and water resources management.
Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis: are we looking hard enough?
Authors: Kirk Frazer , Vaselli Natasha Marcella
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Infective endocarditis is a common cardiac condition, with significant mortality. Blood culture-negative endocarditis is an important subgroup of endocarditis that holds significant morbidity and mortality.

Method

We performed an updated review of the literature. We searched the databases of Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBAS and Scopus for the latest clinical guidelines and literature on blood culture negative endocarditis to provide a narrative synthesis of the literature.

Results

There is significant heterogeneity in causes and complications of culture-negative infective endocarditis, due to an insensitivity in available clinical diagnostic pathways. Despite significant advances in diagnostic tools, the diagnostic criterion for infective endocarditis (the modified Duke’s criterion) remains insensitive to the detection of culture-negative infective endocarditis.

Conclusion

The natural history of BCNE and our diagnostic resources are changing. It is time our criterion did too. Remembering, BCNE holds significant morbidity and mortality—the absence of organism of culture should not reassure, rather concern clinicians. Every effort should be made to accurately identify organisms.
COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients: What Did We Understand After Three Years Since the Pandemic Outbreak in Kidney Transplant Recipients?
Authors: Canossi Angelica , Panarese Alessandra , Savino Valentina , Del Beato Tiziana , Pisani Francesco
Published: October 2023

Purpose of review

In this study we describe the impact of COVID-19 infection on the immunological response of kidney transplant recipients of a single transplant center. We evaluated the seroconversion after vaccination and COVID-19 disease, the management of immunosuppressive therapy, and the effects of the withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy on renal function and clinical outcome.

Recent findings

A prospective and cross-sectional observational study was performed on 156 kidney transplant recipients with a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated with mRNA vaccine from November 2021 to September 2022. After examining the anti-Spike antibody production before and after COVID-19 infection, we detected a significant increase after disease both in kidney transplant recipients with three doses (p = 0.011, 180.9 vs. 1186 IU/mL) and with four doses of vaccine (p = 0.002, 19.5 vs. 1557.0 IU/mL). We also observed a correlation between age and critical symptoms of COVID-19 disease (p = 0.005, R = 0.224); the pre-COVID-19 antibody levels are found to be linearly correlated to resolution time of disease (p = 0.05, F = 3.986). Regarding the management of immunosuppressive therapy after infection, we noticed that the kidney transplant recipients with mycophenolate mofetil withdrawal had a stable graft function, in terms of serum creatinine and proteinuria, and a significant increase of the immune response, expressed as SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion (1557.0 vs. 32.4 IU/mL, p = 0.001).

We learned how to manage kidney transplant recipients affected by Covid-19 with patient-tailored therapy, thus improving the disease outcome without worsening the renal function.
Effects of surface tension and elasticity on critical points of the Kirchhoff–Plateau problem
Authors: Bevilacqua Giulia , Lonati Chiara
Published: October 2023

We introduce a modified Kirchhoff–Plateau problem adding an energy term to penalize shape modifications of the cross-sections appended to the elastic midline. In a specific setting, we characterize quantitatively some properties of minimizers. Indeed, choosing three different geometrical shapes for the cross-section, we derive Euler–Lagrange equations for a planar version of the Kirchhoff–Plateau problem. We show that in the physical range of the parameters, there exists a unique critical point satisfying the imposed constraints. Finally, we analyze the effects of the surface tension on the shape of the cross-sections at the equilibrium.
A Heartfelt Commitment to the International Rule of Law? The United Kingdom and the International Court of Justice
Authors: Barelli Mauro
Published: October 2023

The UK proudly describes its longstanding commitment to the International Court of Justice as a sign of its broader commitment to international adjudication and, in turn, the international rule of law. This article calls into question this narrative suggesting that, despite official pledges and rhetoric to the contrary, the UK cannot be said to have truly accepted the authority of the Court to scrutinize its conduct, nor to have consistently acted in a manner that is respectful of that institution. To the extent that the UK wishes to present itself as a genuine supporter of the international rule of law, this article posits that it should reformulate its approach to the Court with regard to both its contentious and advisory jurisdictions.
Gluing Non-unique Navier–Stokes Solutions
Authors: Albritton Dallas , Brué Elia , Colombo Maria
Published: October 2023

We construct non-unique Leray solutions of the forced Navier-Stokes equations in bounded domains via gluing methods. This demonstrates a certain locality and robustness of the non-uniqueness discovered by the authors in [1].
Instruction-Level Power Side-Channel Leakage Evaluation of Soft-Core CPUs on Shared FPGAs
Authors: Glamočanin Ognjen , Shrivastava Shashwat , Yao Jinwei , Ardo Nour , Payer Mathias , Stojilović Mirjana
Published: October 2023

Side-channel disassembly attacks recover CPU instructions from power or electromagnetic side-channel traces measured during code execution. These attacks typically rely on physical access, proximity to the victim device, and high sampling rate measuring instruments. In this work, however, we analyze the CPU instruction-level power side-channel leakage in an environment that lacks physical access or expensive measuring equipment. We show that instruction leakage is present even in a multitenant FPGA scenario, where the victim uses a soft-core CPU, and the adversary deploys on-chip voltage-fluctuation sensors. Unlike previous remote power side-channel attacks, which either require a considerable number of victim traces or attack large victim circuits such as machine learning accelerators, we take an evaluator’s point of view and provide an analysis of the instruction-level power side-channel leakage of a small open-source RISC-V soft processor core. To investigate whether the power side-channel traces leak secrets, we profile the victim device and implement various instruction opcode classifiers based on both classical machine learning algorithms used in disassembly attacks, and novel, deep learning approaches. We explore how parameters such as placement, trace averaging, profiling templates, and different FPGA families (including a cloud-scale FPGA) impact the classification accuracy. Despite the limited leakage of the soft-core CPU victim and a reduced accuracy and sampling rate of on-chip sensors, we show that in a worst-case scenario for the evaluator, i.e., an attacker breaching physical separation, we can identify the opcode of executed instructions with an average accuracy as high as 86.46%. Our analysis shows that determining the executed instruction type is not a classification bottleneck, while leakages between instructions of the same type can be challenging for deep learning models to distinguish. We also show that the instruction-level leakage is significantly reduced in a cloud-scale FPGA scenario with higher soft-core CPU frequencies. Nevertheless, our results show that even small circuits, such as soft-core CPUs, leak potentially exploitable information through on-chip power side channels, and users should deploy mitigation techniques against disassembly attacks to protect their proprietary code and data.
Educators' conceptualization of entrepreneurship in Omani entrepreneurship education practice
Authors: Al Kharusi Buthaina , Bell Robin , Kasem Laila
Published: October 2023

The delivery of entrepreneurship education can present a challenge for educators unfamiliar with entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process in practice. It is not uncommon for educators to be pushed toward teaching entrepreneurship, despite having limited or no personal experience of entrepreneurship. This is commonly the case in Oman, which has introduced mandatory entrepreneurship classes for all higher education students as a part of the Oman 2040 vision, which seeks to increase the level of entrepreneurship within the country. Arising from this, there is the potential for a disconnect between educators’ discourse and conceptualization of entrepreneurship in their teaching practice and the actual practice of entrepreneurship. This research explores how Omani educators conceptualize entrepreneurship in their delivery of entrepreneurship education, through 80 hours of ethnographic observation of two mandatory online entrepreneurship education classes in Oman, delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight that the educators conceptualized entrepreneurship as the process of business creation, a central pillar of economic growth, a linear process, and as a career. These conceptualizations underpin a classical and narrow view of entrepreneurship. Identifying educators’ conceptualization and understanding of entrepreneurship within their teaching practice can highlight potential misalignment between entrepreneurship as it is taught, and how it is practiced.
The prevalence of non-pharmacological interventions in older homecare recipients: an overview from six European countries
Authors: Kooijmans Eline C. M. , Hoogendijk Emiel O. , Pokladníková Jitka , Smalbil Louk , Szczerbińska Katarzyna , Barańska Ilona , Ziuziakowska Adrianna , Fialová Daniela , Onder Graziano , Declercq Anja , Finne-Soveri Harriet , Hoogendoorn Mark , van Hout Hein P. J. , Joling Karlijn J.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) play an important role in the management of older people receiving homecare. However, little is known about how often specific NPIs are being used and to what extent usage varies between countries. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of NPIs in older homecare recipients in six European countries.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study of older homecare recipients (65+) using baseline data from the longitudinal cohort study ‘Identifying best practices for care-dependent elderly by Benchmarking Costs and outcomes of community care’ (IBenC). The analyzed NPIs are based on the interRAI Home Care instrument, a comprehensive geriatric assessment instrument. The prevalence of 24 NPIs was analyzed in Belgium, Germany, Finland, Iceland, Italy and the Netherlands. NPIs from seven groups were considered: psychosocial interventions, physical activity, regular care interventions, special therapies, preventive measures, special aids and environmental interventions.

Results

A total of 2884 homecare recipients were included. The mean age at baseline was 82.9 years and of all participants, 66.9% were female. The intervention with the highest prevalence in the study sample was ‘emergency assistance available’ (74%). Two other highly prevalent interventions were ‘physical activity’ (69%) and ‘home nurse’ (62%). Large differences between countries in the use of NPIs were observed and included, for example, ‘going outside’ (range 7–82%), ‘home health aids’ (range 12–93%), and ‘physician visit’ (range 24–94%).

Conclusions

The use of NPIs varied considerably between homecare users in different European countries. It is important to better understand the barriers and facilitators of use of these potentially beneficial interventions in order to design successful uptake strategies.
The Role of Independent Repair in a Circular and Regenerative Economy
Authors: van der Velden Maja , Maitre-Ekern Eléonore , Wanja Deborah Katland
Published: October 2023

The focus on the transition to a circular economy has contributed to a growing research interest in repair. This paper investigates the role of independent repair, which consists of individuals, organisations, or businesses engaged in the repair of products without formal authorisation of the brand owners of these products. Repair—and independent repair in particular—is critical in achieving a paradigm shift that is anchored in regenerative sustainability. Especially in the electrical and electronics equipment sector, independent repair is challenged by difficult or expensive access to spare parts and repair information. This paper focuses on the independent electronics repair sector in Oslo. We implemented twenty-five semi-structured interviews with repairers working in commercial independent repair shops, focusing on challenges and opportunities in independent repair. They repaired a wide variety of products: mobile phones, desktop computers, laptops, tablets, cameras, printers, e-mobility batteries, remote-controlled cars, drones, and white goods. The thematic analysis of the interviews revealed three main findings. The independent repair sector employs different business models and strategies to tackle the challenges related to accessing affordable and quality spare parts. Secondly, independent repair fills the gap between expensive authorised repair, mostly covered by warranty or insurance, and discarding a broken product. Thirdly, independent repair has contributed to a circular spare part economy, both locally and on a global level. In the discussion, we address how repair can be understood as a regenerative practice, as well as how policy and regulation of repair, both on an EU and national level, supports or undermines independent repair.
Against the opacity, and for a qualitative understanding, of artificially intelligent technologies
Authors: Khalili Mahdi
Published: October 2023

This paper aims, first, to argue against using opaque AI technologies in decision making processes, and second to suggest that we need to possess a qualitative form of understanding about them. It first argues that opaque artificially intelligent technologies are suitable for users who remain indifferent to the understanding of decisions made by means of these technologies. According to virtue ethics, this implies that these technologies are not well-suited for those who care about realizing their moral capacity. The paper then draws on discussions on scientific understanding to suggest that an AI technology becomes understandable to its users when they are provided with a qualitative account of the consequences of using it. As a result, explainable AI methods can render an AI technology understandable to its users by presenting the qualitative implications of employing the technology for their lives.
COVID-19 Federal Aid and Household Food Expenditures
Authors: Bina Justin D. , Tonsor Glynn T. , Briggeman Brian C.
Published: October 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. households received economic impact payments through several federal aid programs. Simultaneously, the U.S. food sector experienced dramatic shifts in the source of demand and consumer spending behavior. Motivated by this, we evaluate the associations between federal financial assistance and both household food-at-home and food-away-from-home expenditures. The first two economic impact payments were associated with increased spending on food-at-home, while only the first was associated with increased spending on food away from home. All three payments were associated with an increased probability of spending on food away from home.
Neocolonial Digitality: Analyzing Digital Legal Databases Using Legal Pluralism
Authors: Hoque Salwa Tabassum
Published: October 2023

A prevalent assumption is that digital legal databases generate an exhaustive and inclusive archive for academics and legal professionals to use for gathering information. Bridging theories and methods from digital media studies and legal anthropology, I challenge this assumption and demonstrate how digitizing law is a politicized process that is tied to legacies of colonialism and modern epistemic frameworks of law and justice. Employing the concept of legal pluralism, I conduct a comparative study of urban secular state courts and rural Islamic/customary non-state courts (shalish) in Bangladesh to show how the construction of digital legal databases distorts and erases alternate frameworks of law and women’s socio-legal experiences. I discuss two significant use of digital legal databases to highlight why it is important to study the gaps and prejudices: (1) they are central to generating new forms of archives—digital archives; (2) they provide the data sets to help train artificial intelligence and influence automated outputs. I develop the term “neocolonial digitality” to explain how power related to legacies of colonialism and other forms of discrimination are embedded in the digitizing process. This concept also holds space for the newer forms of hierarchies, exclusions, and power structures that digitality permits, focusing on the particular harms marginalized communities encounter in the Global South.
Stability of schooling patterns of a fish pair swimming against a flow
Authors: Das Rishita , Peterson Sean D. , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: October 2023

Fish often swim in crystallized group formations (schooling) and orient themselves against the incoming flow (rheotaxis). At the intersection of these two phenomena, we investigate the emergence of unique schooling patterns through passive hydrodynamic mechanisms in a fish pair, the simplest subsystem of a school. First, we develop a fluid dynamics-based mathematical model for the positions and orientations of two fish swimming against a flow in an infinite channel, modelling the effect of the self-propelling motion of each fish as a point-dipole. The resulting system of equations is studied to gain an understanding of the properties of the dynamical system, its equilibria and their stability. The system is found to have five types of equilibria, out of which only upstream swimming in in-line and staggered formations can be stable. A stable near-wall configuration is observed only in limiting cases. It is shown that the stability of these equilibria depends on the flow curvature and streamwise interfish distance, below critical values of which, the system may not have a stable equilibrium. The study reveals that simply through passive fluid dynamics, in the absence of any other feedback/sensing, we can justify rheotaxis and the existence of stable in-line and staggered schooling configurations.
Repeating Her Autonomy: Beauvoir, Kierkegaard, and Women's Liberation
Authors: Rognlie Dana
Published: October 2023

InThe Second Sex,Simone de Beauvoir diagnoses “woman” as the “lost sex,” torn between her individual autonomy and her “feminine destiny.” Becoming a “real woman” in patriarchal societies demands that women lose their authentic, autonomous selves to become the “inessential Other” for Man. To better understand this diagnosis and how women mightrefindthemselves, I rehabilitate the influence of Søren Kierkegaard and his concept ofrepetitionaswhat must be lost to be found againin Beauvoir's account of freedom and, specifically, the liberation of women. Beauvoir offers a dual account of repetition, that of mundane repetition and sacrificial repetition, bringing them to bearbothon her diagnosis of women's oppressionandher theorization of our liberation. Sacrificial repetition becomes a temporality for freedom—one must be able torepeatorretaketheir autonomy continuously toward an open future. For this to happen concretely, Beauvoir insists that we must sacrifice the (racist, classist) patriarchal ideals of the “real woman” and “real man” as we retake our autonomy and reconfigure the meaning of sex difference anew.
Compressibility effects in supersonic and hypersonic turbulent boundary layers subject to wall disturbances
Authors: Yu Ming , Zhou QingQing , Dong SiWei , Yuan XianXu , Xu ChunXiao
Published: October 2023

In the present study, we investigate the compressibility effects in supersonic and hypersonic turbulent boundary layers under the influence of wall disturbances by exploiting direct numerical simulation databases at Mach numbers up to 6. Such wall disturbances enforce extra Reynolds shear stress on the wall and induce mean streamline curvature in rough wall turbulence that leads to the intensification of turbulent motions in the outer region. The turbulent and fluctuating Mach numbers, the density and the velocity divergence fluctuation intensities suggest that the compressibility effects are enhanced by the increment of the free-stream Mach number and the implementation of the wall disturbances. The differences between the Reynolds and Favre average due to the density fluctuations constitute approximately

$9\,\%$

of the mean velocity close to the wall and

$30\,\%$

of the Reynolds stress near the edge of the boundary layer, indicating their non-negligibility in turbulent modelling strategies. The comparatively strong compressive events behaving as eddy shocklets are observed at the free-stream Mach number of

$6$

only in the cases with wall disturbances. By further splitting the velocity into the solenoidal and dilatational components with the Helmholtz decomposition, we found that the dilatational motions are organized as travelling wave packets in the wall-parallel planes close to the wall and as forward inclined structures in the form of radiated waves in the vertical planes. Despite their increased magnitudes and higher portion in the Reynolds normal and shear stresses, the dilatational motions show no tendency of contributing significantly to the skin friction and the production of turbulent kinetic energy due to their mitigation by the cross-correlation between the solenoidal and dilatational velocity components.
Spontaneous autophoretic motion of isotropic disks
Authors: Brandão Rodolfo , Yariv Ehud
Published: October 2023

It is theoretically known that an isotropic chemically active particle in an unbounded solution undergoes symmetry breaking when the intrinsic Péclet number

${{Pe}}$

exceeds a finite critical value (Michelin et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 25, 2013, 061701). At that value, a transition takes place from a stationary state to spontaneous motion. In two dimensions, where no stationary state is possible in an unbounded domain, a linear stability analysis in a large bounded domain (Hu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 123, 2019, 238004) reveals that the critical

${{Pe}}$

value slowly diminishes as the domain size increases. Motivated by these findings, we here consider an unbounded domain from the outset, addressing the two-dimensional problem of steady self-propulsion with a focus on the limit

${{Pe}}\ll 1$

. This singular limit is handled using matched asymptotic expansions, conceptually decomposing the fluid domain into a particle-scale region, where the leading-order solute transport is diffusive, and a remote region, where diffusion and advection are comparable. The expansion parameter is provided by the product of

${{Pe}}$

and

$U$

, the unknown particle speed (normalised by the standard autophoretic scale). The problem is unconventional in that the scaling of

$U$

with

${{Pe}}$

must be determined in the course of the perturbation analysis. The resulting approximation,

$U=4\exp ({-2/{Pe}-\gamma _{E}-1})/{{Pe}}$

(

$\gamma _{E}$

being the Euler–Mascheroni constant), is in remarkable agreement with the numerical predictions of Hu et al. in the common interval of validity.
FINITE UNDECIDABILITY IN NIP FIELDS
Authors: TYRRELL BRIAN
Published: October 2023

A field K in a ring language

$\mathcal {L}$

is finitely undecidable if

$\mbox {Cons}(T)$

is undecidable for every nonempty finite

$T \subseteq {\mathtt{Th}}(K; \mathcal {L})$

. We extend a construction of Ziegler and (among other results) use a first-order classification of Anscombe and Jahnke to prove every NIP henselian nontrivially valued field is finitely undecidable. We conclude (assuming the NIP Fields Conjecture) that every NIP field is finitely undecidable. This work is drawn from the author’s PhD thesis [48, Chapter 3].
Mathematizing Metaphysics: The Case of the Principle of Least Action
Authors: Veldman Michael
Published: October 2023

Standard narratives about physical teleology say its death was a fait accompli of the Scientific Revolution, but the principle of least action (PLA) has been taken to instantiate teleology’s survival into Enlightenment physics. Other scholars claim this PLA-based teleological metaphysics fell to general philosophical attacks on final causes. None of these narratives fully captures the philosophical interest of its demise. It illustrates a metaphysics being refuted because it could not be coherently modeled in mathematics, hence directly throughmathematizationand not by philosophical argument or empirical test.
The Formats of Cognitive Representation: A Computational Account
Authors: Coelho Mollo Dimitri , Vernazzani Alfredo
Published: October 2023

Cognitive representations are typically analyzed in terms of content, vehicle, and format. Although current work on formats appeals to intuitions about external representations, such as words and maps, in this article, we develop a computational view of formats that does not rely on intuitions. In our view, formats are individuated by the computational profiles of vehicles, that is, the set of constraints that fix the computational transformations vehicles can undergo. The resulting picture is strongly pluralistic, makes space for a variety of different formats, and is intimately tied to the computational approach to cognition in cognitive science and artificial intelligence.
There are no beautiful surfaces without a terrible depth
Authors: Tybur Joshua M. , Lieberman Debra
Published: October 2023

Fitouchi et al. persuasively argue against popular disgust-based accounts of puritanical morality. However, they do not consider alternative account of moral condemnation that is also based on the psychology of disgust. We argue that these other disgust-based accounts are more promising than those dismissed in the target article.
Socio-economic status and other potential risk factors for language development in the first year of life
Authors: DER NEDERLANDEN Sarah J. , SCHAEFFER Jeannette C. , VAN BAKEL Hedwig H. J. A. , DIRKS Evelien
Published: October 2023

A wide variety of language skills has been shown to be compromised in children from low socioeconomic status (SES). However, few studies have investigated the effect of SES on language development in infants. The aim of this study is two-fold: to investigate when the first SES-effects on language can be observed and to explore the effects of three variables often claimed to be linked to SES – gestational duration, stress and parent-child interaction – on language development. Parents/caregivers of 539 Dutch-acquiring infants aged 8-13 months from mid to high SES backgrounds completed a questionnaire including the LENA Developmental Snapshot (Gilkerson et al., 2017a) and the Brigance Parent-Child Interaction Scale (Glascoe & Brigance, 2002). No association was found between SES and language development. However, the results suggest that corrected age and parent-child interaction positively influence language development at this early age.
Social development and biodiversity conservation synergies for the West African giraffe in a human–wildlife landscape
Authors: Gašparová Kateřina , Blanco Julien , Glikman Jenny A , Fennessy Julian , Moussa Zabeirou Abdoul Razack , Abdou Mahamadou Abdoul Razakou , Azihou Fortuné , Rabeil Thomas , Brandlová Karolína
Published: October 2023

The West African giraffe is restricted to Niger, but historically it inhabited much of the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The population is concentrated in the ‘Giraffe Zone’ (GZ), an unprotected area with a high human population density. Since the mid-1990s, the giraffe population has steadily increased mainly due to the collective social and conservation initiatives of the government, non-governmental organizations and the local community. In 2018, the first West African giraffe satellite population was established through the reintroduction of eight individuals into Gadabedji Biosphere Reserve (GBR). In this study, we aimed to describe the current state of human–giraffe coexistence, human attitudes towards giraffe and human habits of natural resources use through a questionnaire survey conducted in the GZ and GBR. Although most of the GZ respondents highlighted crop damage caused by giraffe, we also found overall positive attitudes towards the animals. Most respondents from both sites expressed positive attitudes towards giraffe, highlighting that they do not see poaching as a major current threat. However, the giraffe population continues to be directly threatened by habitat loss through firewood cutting, livestock overgrazing and agriculture expansion. Long-term conservation of the West African giraffe is dependent on better habitat protection and understanding of current human–giraffe coexistence through ensuring that giraffe presence will benefit local communities across their range.
Associations of maternal postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms with 4-month infant and mother self- and interactive contingency of gaze, affect, and touch
Authors: Kahya Yasemin , Uluç Sait , Lee Sang Han , Beebe Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with infant and mother self- and interactive difficulties. Although maternal depression and anxiety usually co-occur, studies taking this comorbidity into account are few. Despite some literature, we lack a detailed understanding of how maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms may be associated with patterns of mother–infant interaction. We examined associations of maternal postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms with infant and mother self- and interactive patterns by conducting multi-level time-series models in a sample of 56 Turkish mothers and their 4-month infants. Time-series models assessed the temporal dynamics of interaction via infant and mother self- and interactive contingency. Videotaped face-to-face interaction was coded on a 1s time base for infant and mother gaze and facial affect, infant vocal affect, and mother touch. Results indicated that mothers with high depressive symptoms were vulnerable to infants looking away, reacting with negative touch; their infants remained affectively midrange, metaphorically distancing themselves from mothers’ affect. Mothers with high anxiety symptoms were vulnerable to infants becoming facially dampened and mothers reacted with negative facial affect. Altered infant and mother self-contingency patterns were largely opposite for maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms. These patterns describe foundational processes by which maternal postpartum mood is transmitted to the infant and which may affect infant development.
Short-term cortisol adaption to discrimination and Mexican-origin adolescents’ mental and sleep health
Authors: Chen Shanting , Kertes Darlene , Benner Aprile , Kim Su Yeong
Published: October 2023

Discrimination experiences are a salient contributor to the health disparities facing Latina/x/o youth. The biopsychosocial model of minority health posits that discrimination influences health through wear and tear on the biological stress responses, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a primary stress response system in the body. Emerging evidence suggests that discrimination alters the secretion of cortisol, the end product of the HPA axis, yet, whether the daily processes between discrimination and diurnal cortisol response influence mental and sleep health remains unanswered. This study integrated daily diary and post-diary survey data to examine whether daily diurnal cortisol responses to discrimination influence adolescents’ mental (depressive symptoms, anxiety) and sleep (sleep quality, duration) health in a sample of Mexican-origin youth (N = 282; Mage = 17.10; 55% female). Results showed that adolescents who experienced more discrimination across the four-day diary period exhibited steeper diurnal cortisol slopes and lower evening cortisol; however, such physiological responses tended to be associated with poorer adolescents’ mental and sleep health. The current study underscores the potential adaptation cost associated with short-term cortisol adaptation in the face of discrimination.
Maternal childhood maltreatment trauma resolution: Development of a novel narrative coding measure and implications for intergenerational parenting processes
Authors: Swerbenski Hannah G. , Sturge-Apple Melissa L. , Messina Grace , Toth Sheree L. , Rogosch Fred , Cicchetti Dante
Published: October 2023

Child maltreatment constitutes a significant environmental risk for children, with carryover effects into future generations. There is a need to characterize protective factors that may buffer against the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. The current study addresses this gap through two primary aims: 1) the development and validation of a novel measure assessing resolution of maternal childhood maltreatment trauma using narrative coding methods and 2) the evaluation of maternal maltreatment trauma resolution as a buffering factor that may moderate associations between maternal neglect histories and sensitive parenting of offspring. Results of reliability analyses from this sample of 210 diverse, low-income mothers suggest the novel childhood maltreatment trauma resolution measure is highly reliable. Furthermore, results highlight the generalizability, criterion validity, and concurrent and predictive validity of the measure. Results from cross-sectional analyses show that trauma resolution moderates associations between maternal physical neglect histories and sensitive parenting, such that under high maternal trauma resolution, there is no longer a negative association between neglect histories and sensitive parenting. Results from longitudinal analyses also show a protective effect of maternal trauma resolution, such that trauma resolution has a protective-enhancing effect on maternal sensitivity. Implications for research and clinical practice with families are discussed.
How pubertal timing and self-regulation predict adolescent sexual activity in resource-poor environments
Authors: Otten Roy , Ha Thao , Westling Erika , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn , Wilson Melvin N. , Shaw Daniel S.
Published: October 2023

Studies found support for a link between pubertal timing and self-regulation in low-resource environments. This link could potentially explain a link between pubertal timing and early risk behavior. This study builds on this body of research by examining the mediated effect of pubertal timing on sexual activity through self-regulation in 728 adolescents and their families in a group with poor resources and a group with adequate resources. Income-to-Needs (ITN) was measured at age 7.5 to establish two groups (low-ITN and Medium/High-ITN). Pubertal timing was measured at age 10.5, self-regulation was assessed at age 14 and operationalized with effortful control, and sexual activity was assessed at age 16. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized model in both groups. The link between pubertal timing and sexual activity mediated by effortful control was only significant in the low-ITN group. Specifically, more advanced pubertal maturity was associated with lower levels of adolescents’ effortful control, which in turn was associated with more sexual activity at age 16. Findings were partially replicated with a drug use index replacing sexual activity. This study shows a different operating link from pubertal timing to effortful control and subsequent risk behavior in resource-poor environments. Implications are discussed.