bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunization paradigm of culture: The question of the origin, nature and essence of culture
Authors: Đukić Nemanja
Published: October 2020

In the article that follows, we phenomenologically analyze the immunization nature, origin, and essence of the culture. In the introductory part of the article, we analyze the trauma of birth and the psychological mechanism of consciousness, showing that the immunization character of culture is a function of the immunization character of consciousness. In the first part of the article, we analyze the intentional character of consciousness to explain the intentional character of culture. In the second part of the article, we give a brief overview of the Sloterdijk immunization paradigm. In the third part of the article, we analyze the immunization function of the culture. Finally, the concluding part of the article points out the theoretical significance of the immunization paradigm of culture.
Programs of parties in Serbia on Kosovo and Metohija on the basis of their internet presentations
Authors: Miketić Uroš
Published: October 2020

This paper, using the operational method of content analysis, gives an overview of the programmatic attitudes of the parties in Serbia about the province of Kosovo and Metohija. We have used internet presentations of the parties in our case, but in some cases this meant that these were outdated programs from the period of diametrically opposed political circumstances in the country and the world, or general presentations without stating when and where the program was adopted. In any case, the Kosovo and Metohija issue is recognized by most parties, especially those with the most numerous membership and a long tradition, as an issue of first-class state importance. The parties are almost unanimous when it comes to protecting the rights of Serbs, their cultural heritage, and the economic interests of Serbia in the province. However, the positioning of the parties with regard to the final status of the province has brought major differences. Some parties stand firmly on the position of Resolution 1244 and the 2006 Constitution of the Republic of Serbia in relation to this matter, while on the opposite side are those political factors advocating for a permanent solution based on compromise. The statements of contemporary political actors in Serbia about the province of Kosovo and Metohija are not the subject of this paper, but we are exclusively focused on programs as a permanent testimony to the attitude of political circles in Serbia towards the aforementioned issue to this day.
The effects of programmed training on motor skills of the Serbian armed forces members
Authors: Petrović Ivan , Gadžić Aleksandar , Ilić Radovan
Published: October 2020

Physical training is an integral part of the overall training in the Serbian Armed Forces. It is a basis of combat preparedness of every soldier, hence it has to be an inherent part of their lives. The main idea of the current research is to examine weather high intensity interval exercises have a positive influence on the functional and motor abilities of the members of the Serbian Armed Forces. Repetitive strength, as one of the tested abilities, was significantly better in the experimental group of participants, which implies that applied interval exercise had improved the results of repetitive strength tests. These findings are in line with previous studies. Furthermore, it has been found that the experimental program of exercise did not influence functional abilities, i.e. there is no differences in aerobic fitness between the experimental and the control group. The experimental program should serve as an idea and basis for the finding, creation and designing of new ways of exercise within physical training at all levels in the system such is the Serbian Armed Forces.
Position of Serbian minorities in neighboring countries in the light of European integration and geopolitical processes
Authors: Raduški Nada
Published: October 2020

Within contemporary geopolitical processes, respect for the rights of national minorities is no longer the discretion of a state, but rather is an indirect or direct international regulation of the minority issue. In the beginning of the 1990s, the political economical crisis and disintegration of the former SFRY opened the national question, that was considered to be permanently and successfully solved, in the most dramatic way, and ethnic conflicts and clashes followed the desintegration of the country. With the formation of a new states on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, the existence of numerous and different national minorities ("old" and "new") required a different approach to their protection and integration in complex political circumstances. Thus, the position of the so called new minorities drastically changed since they formed constituent nations in the former SFRY, while after secession they remained separated from their home nations and became national minorities almost overnight. Out of Serbia, in former Yugoslav republics live nearly half a million persons belonging to Serbian nationality as new national minority. The paper discusses the position and rights of the Serbian minority in the post Yugoslav states (Slovenia, Croatia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro) as well as in some neighboring member states of the European Union (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria). In addition to the analysis of basic demographic indicators (number and spatial distribution) that determine the realization of the rights and freedoms of each minority, the paper examines the issue of protecting the national, cultural and linguistic identity of Serbs, as well as the ways of its preservation and improvement. Although the social and legal status of the Serbian minority is determined by European standards, the analysis points to their undefined status, since they still do not recognize the status of a national minority in some countries, and that they are in practice faced with more or less assimilation. In order to fully realize minority rights and improve the position of the Serb minority, ratified international documents, bilateral agreements, national laws, as well as well-designed policies and assistance from the home state are of great importance.Respecting basic human rights and freedom, as well as national minority protection, represent the basic factors of stability, security and democratic and socio-economic development of every country.
Las encomiendas paraguayas y rioplatenses. Categorías y formas laborales según las fuentes del siglo XVII y XVIII.
Authors: Salinas María Laura
Published: October 2020

Las encomiendas que se implementaron en el espacio paraguayo y rioplatense colonial, presentan sustanciales diferencias en sus características y formas de aplicación en algunos aspectos con otras encomiendas, que tuvieron vigencia en el Perú, en territorios más cercanos como el del Tucumán Colonial o las experiencias de Misiones jesuíticas. Durante muchos años de investigación hemos podido identificar esas particularidades vinculadas al espacio geográfico, los grupos étnicos como así también las lógicas económicas y sociales existentes en el territorio. A partir de dichos estudios podemos afirmar que no existe quizás una conceptualización específica sobre el mundo de la encomienda paraguaya y rioplatense en diálogo con otros espacios, de allí las dificultades para lograr análisis comparativos. En este artículo nos proponemos identificar a la luz de fuentes demográficas, fiscales, judiciales, visitas, registros y listas nominativas las categorías y las formas laborales específicas que se circunscriben al Paraguay y nordeste del espacio rioplatense en los siglos XVII y XVIII, con el fin de comenzar a transitar un sendero que nos conduzca a miradas comparativas.

The encomienda that were implemented in the Paraguay and Río de la Plata, present substantial differences in their characteristics and ways of application in some aspects, with other encomiendas that were in force in Peru or in closer territories such as that of the colonial Tucuman or the experiences of Jesuit and Franciscan missions. During many years of research, we have been able to identify those particularities linked to the geographical space, ethnic groups as well as the economic and social logics existing in the territory. From these studies, we can affirm that perhaps there is no specific conceptualization of the world of the Paraguay and Río de la Plata encomienda in dialogue with other spaces, hence the difficulties in achieving comparative analysis. In this article we propose to identify, in light of demographic, fiscal, judicial sources, visits, registers and nominative lists, the fiscal categories and the specifics labor forms that are limited to Paraguay and northeast of Río de la Plata space in the XVII and XVIII.
Measurement of Resting Energy Expenditure with Indirect Calorimetry and Predictive Equations in Healthy Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: soni harsha , Kacker Sudhanshu , Saboo Neha , Buttar Karampreet , jitender .
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) is the main determinant of energy requirements. An inaccurate estimation of REE can lead to the over or under-prediction of energy requirements. Indirect calorimetry is considered as the gold standard for the assessment of REE. The most of the predictive equations which are formed, are from the studies conducted on Caucasian people while on Asian population these studies are very limited. Aim: To compare the REE measured by indirect calorimetry and predictive equation in healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 100 healthy young adult participants from November 2018 to May 2019, of age group 18 to 25 years to measure REE using indirect calorimetry and predictive equations (Harris-Benedict’s, Schofield, FAO/WHO/UNU and Mifflin-St. Jeor equations). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 16.0. Unpaired student t-test for comparison of data and Bland Altman test to check for validity of predictive equations were applied. Results: The mean value of REE using Indirect calorimetry was 1994.20±577.33 and that of using four Harris-Benedict’s, Schofield, FAO/WHO/UNU and Mifflin-St.Jeor equations were 1638.15±335.64 kcal/day, 1636.21±359.85 kcal/day, 1636.93±367.59 kcal/day and 1582.41±251.29 kcal/day, respectively. Thus, the highest mean difference between values of REE obtained using predictive equation and indirect calorimetry was 411.79±326.04 kcal/day with respect to Mifflin-St.Jeorand’s and the lowest mean difference was 356.05±241.69 kcal/day with respect to Herris Benedict’s equation. Conclusion: Predictive equations underestimated the REE of young adults when compared with that measured by indirect calorimetry.
MODELAGEM MATEMÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO MATEMÁTICA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO / MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION: AN EXPERIENCE IN HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Cararo Elhane De Fatima Fritsch , Vertuan Rodolfo Eduardo
Published: October 2020

O texto relata uma atividade de Modelagem Matemática desenvolvida com uma turma de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio. A atividade teve como problema: Há economia de energia elétrica com o horário de verão? Em caso afirmativo, quanta energia elétrica podemos estimar que o município de Francisco Beltrão poderá economizar no período do horário de verão 2017/2018? Para a resolução do problema, os alunos, em pequenos grupos, se utilizaram de diversas ferramentas de pesquisa e softwares para realizar os cálculos e apresentar os resultados. A exposição das soluções para o problema se deu por meio de seminário. Os resultados foram diferentes para cada grupo devido aos seus contextos, no entanto, a discussão propiciada pelo tema gerou preocupações com os recursos naturais e uma conscientização de que é possível economizar energia elétrica a partir de atitudes conscientes no dia a dia.
A switchable ceramide transfer protein for dissecting the mechanism of ceramide‐induced mitochondrial apoptosis
Authors: Jain Amrita , Dadsena Shashank , Holthuis Joost C. M.
Published: October 2020

Mitochondrial translocation of ceramides triggers Bax‐dependent apoptosis. To elucidate how ceramides activate Bax and commit cells to death, we developed a switchable version of the ceramide transfer protein CERT, sCERT. Upon its drug‐induced recruitment to mitochondria, sCERT retains the ability to bind VAP proteins in the ER and catalyzes mitochondrial import of externally added fluorescent ceramides. Mitochondrial recruitment of sCERT also triggers mitochondrial translocation of Bax. The ability of mitochondria‐bound sCERT to mediate ceramide import and Bax translocation requires both its START domain and ongoing ceramide biosynthesis. These data extend our previous finding that mistargeting of ER ceramides to mitochondria specifically activates Bax and establish sCERT as a novel tool to dissect the underlying mechanism in a time‐resolved manner.
NCOR1 may be a potential biomarker of a novel molecular subtype of prostate cancer
Authors: Tang Lu , Zhang Lixia , Liu Lei , Dong Liping , Dong Yuan , Zhu Wenhe , Wang Huiyan
Published: October 2020

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer. An earlier study of a cohort of 333 primary prostate carcinomas showed that 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes of a molecular taxonomy defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4 and FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1 and IDH1). Molecular subtypes may aid in distinguishing indolent cases from aggressive cases and improving management of the disease. However, molecular features of PCa outside the seven subtypes are still not well studied. Here we report molecular features of PCa cases without typical features of the established subtypes. We performed comprehensive genomic analysis of 91 patients, including 54 primary and 37 metastatic cases, by whole‐exome sequencing. TP53, SPOP, FOXA1, AR (androgen receptor) and a TMPRSS2–ERG fusion emerged as the most commonly altered genes in primary cases, whereas AR, FOXA1, PTEN, CDK12, APC and TP53 were the most commonly altered genes in metastatic cases. Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR1) genomic alterations have been identified in 5% of cases, which are nontypical molecular features of PCa subtypes. A novel NCOR1 c.2182G>C (p.Val728Leu) was identified in tumor. RT‐PCR was used to show that this mutation caused loss of NCOR1 exon 19 and might be oncogenic in PCa. NCOR1 is involved in maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential in PCa cells, and loss of NCOR1 might contribute to PCa progression. Therefore, NCOR1 may be a potential molecular marker of a subtype of PCa.
Impact of magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and beam range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy
Authors: Rana Suresh , Bennouna Jaafar , Gutierrez Alonso N. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy.

Methods

“Field regulation” — a feature to reduce the switching time between layers by applying a magnetic field setpoint (instead of a current setpoint) has been implemented on the proton beam delivery system at the Miami Cancer Institute. To investigate the impact of field regulation for the volumetric repainting technique, several spot maps were generated with beam delivery sequence in both directions, that is, irradiating from the deepest layer to the most proximal layer (“down” direction) as well as irradiating from the most proximal layer to the deepest layer (“up” direction). Range measurements were performed using a multi‐layer ionization chamber array. Spot positions were measured using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional scintillation detectors. For range and central‐axis spot position, spot maps were delivered for energies ranging from 70–225 MeV. For off‐axis spot positions, the maps were delivered for high‐, medium, and low‐energies at eight different gantry angles. The results were then compared between the “up” and “down” directions.

Results

The average difference in range for given energy between “up” and “down” directions was 0.0 ± 0.1 mm. The off‐axis spot position results showed that 846/864 of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all off‐axis spot positions were within ±1.2 mm. For spots (n = 126) at the isocenter, the evaluation between “up” and “down” directions for given energy showed the spot position difference within ±0.25 mm. At the nozzle entrance, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.2 mm and −0.0 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. At the nozzle exit, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.1 mm and −0.1 ± 0.1 mm, respectively.

Conclusion

The volumetric repainting technique in magnetic field regulation mode resulted in acceptable spot position and range differences for our beam delivery system. The range differences were found to be within ±1 mm (TG224). For the spot positions (TG224: ±1 mm), the central axis measurements were within ±1 mm, whereas for the off‐axis measurements, 97.9% of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all spots were within ±1.2 mm.
Can Polyelectrolyte Mechanical Properties be Directly Modulated by an Electric Field? A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Raiter Prathamesh D. , Vidavsky Yuval , Silberstein Meredith N.
Published: October 2020

Multifunctionality in polymers facilitates their application in emerging technologies. Electrical fields are a preferred stimulus because of the speed and ease of application to bulk polymers. While a wide range of electrically triggered actuators are developed, and electrically controlled adhesion between gels is demonstrated, modification of bulk mechanical properties via electrical stimuli remains elusive. Polymers with covalently incorporated ionic charge (polyelectrolytes) should be well suited to achieving this goal since the mechanical properties depend on electrostatic interactions and these charges are intrinsically susceptible to electric fields. Molecular dynamics simulations are utilized here to investigate whether electric fields can modulate the mechanical properties of polyelectrolytes and to understand the governing mechanisms. Mechanical property modulation by electric field is found to be sensitive to the charge distribution—charges must be tightly attached to the polymer backbone, and responsivity is greater if a single backbone contains both positive and negative charges. The dominant mechanisms are reorientation and stretching of the polymer chains, which also elongate the ionic clusters to maintain strong electrostatic interactions throughout deformation. These insights are critical for future experimental realization of polymers with electric field regulated mechanical properties.
Quantitative Polarization‐Resolved Second‐Harmonic‐Generation Microscopy of Glycine Microneedles
Authors: Gleeson Matthew , O'Dwyer Kevin , Guerin Sarah , Rice Daragh , Thompson Damien , Tofail Syed A. M. , Silien Christophe , Liu Ning
Published: October 2020

Second‐harmonic generation (SHG) is a nonlinear optical process that can provide disease diagnosis through characterization of biological building blocks such as amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The second‐order nonlinear susceptibility tensor χ(2) of a material characterizes its tendency to cause SHG. Here, a method for finding the χ(2) elements from polarization‐resolved SHG microscopy in transmission mode is presented. The quantitative framework and analytical approach that corrects for micrometer‐scale morphology and birefringence enable the determination and comparison of the SHG susceptibility tensors of β‐ and γ‐phase glycine microneedles. The maximum nonlinear susceptibility coefficients are d33 = 15 pm V−1 for the β and d33 = 5.9 pm V−1 for the γ phase. The results demonstrate glycine as a useful biocompatible nonlinear material. This combination of the analytical model and polarization‐resolved SHG transmission microscopy is broadly applicable for quantitative SHG material characterization and diagnostic imaging.
Single Cobalt Sites Dispersed in Hierarchically Porous Nanofiber Networks for Durable and High‐Power PGM‐Free Cathodes in Fuel Cells
Authors: He Yanghua , Guo Hui , Hwang Sooyeon , Yang Xiaoxuan , He Zizhou , Braaten Jonathan , Karakalos Stavros , Shan Weitao , Wang Maoyu , Zhou Hua , Feng Zhenxing , More Karren L. , Wang Guofeng , Su Dong , Cullen David A. , Fei Ling , Litster Shawn , Wu Gang
Published: October 2020

Increasing catalytic activity and durability of atomically dispersed metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) cathode in proton‐exchange‐membrane fuel cells remains a grand challenge. Here, a high‐power and durable Co–N–C nanofiber catalyst synthesized through electrospinning cobalt‐doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks into selected polyacrylonitrile and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) polymers is reported. The distinct porous fibrous morphology and hierarchical structures play a vital role in boosting electrode performance by exposing more accessible active sites, providing facile electron conductivity, and facilitating the mass transport of reactant. The enhanced intrinsic activity is attributed to the extra graphitic N dopants surrounding the CoN4 moieties. The highly graphitized carbon matrix in the catalyst is beneficial for enhancing the carbon corrosion resistance, thereby promoting catalyst stability. The unique nanoscale X‐ray computed tomography verifies the well‐distributed ionomer coverage throughout the fibrous carbon network in the catalyst. The membrane electrode assembly achieves a power density of 0.40 W cm−2 in a practical H2/air cell (1.0 bar) and demonstrates significantly enhanced durability under accelerated stability tests. The combination of the intrinsic activity and stability of single Co sites, along with unique catalyst architecture, provide new insight into designing efficient PGM‐free electrodes with improved performance and durability.
General Synthesis of Nanoporous 2D Metal Compounds with 3D Bicontinous Structure
Authors: Chen Dechao , Ning Shoucong , Lan Jiao , Peng Ming , Duan Huigao , Pan Anlian , Tan Yongwen
Published: October 2020

Although 2D layered metal compounds are widely exploited using various techniques such as exfoliation and vapor‐phase‐assisted growth, it is still challenging to construct the 2D materials in a 3D configuration with preservation of the unique physicochemical properties of the metal compounds. Herein, a general synthetic strategy is reported for a wide variety of 2D (atomic‐scale thickness) metal compounds with 3D bicontinous nanoporous structure. 19 binary compounds including sulfides, selenides, tellurides, carbides, and nitrides, and five alloyed compounds, are successfully prepared via a surface alloy strategy, which are readily created by using a recyclable nanoporous gold assisted chemical vapor deposition process. These 3D nanoporous metal compounds with preserved 2D physicochemical properties, tunable pore sizes, and compositions for electrocatalytic applications, show excellent catalytic performance in the electrochemical N2 reduction reaction. This work opens up a promising avenue for fundamental studies and potential applications of a wide variety of nanoporous metal compounds.
Energy Efficient Control of Ultrafast Spin Current to Induce Single Femtosecond Pulse Switching of a Ferromagnet
Authors: Remy Quentin , Igarashi Junta , Iihama Satoshi , Malinowski Grégory , Hehn Michel , Gorchon Jon , Hohlfeld Julius , Fukami Shunsuke , Ohno Hideo , Mangin Stéphane
Published: October 2020

New methods to induce magnetization switching in a thin ferromagnetic material using femtosecond laser pulses without the assistance of an applied external magnetic field have recently attracted a lot of interest. It has been shown that by optically triggering the reversal of the magnetization in a GdFeCo layer, the magnetization of a nearby ferromagnetic thin film can also be reversed via spin currents originating in the GdFeCo layer. Here, using a similar structure, it is shown that the magnetization reversal of the GdFeCo is not required in order to reverse the magnetization of the ferromagnetic thin film. This switching is attributed to the ultrafast spin current and can be generated by the GdFeCo demagnetization. A larger energy efficiency of the ferromagnetic layer single pulse switching is obtained for a GdFeCo with a larger Gd concentration. Those ultrafast and energy efficient switchings observed in such spintronic devices open a new path toward ultrafast and energy efficient magnetic memories.
Synthesis of Boron Analogues of Enamines via Hydroamination of a Boron−Boron Triple Bond
Authors: Brückner Tobias , Heß Merlin , Stennett Tom E. , Rempel Anna , Braunschweig Holger
Published: October 2020

An N‐heterocyclic‐carbene‐stabilized diboryne undergoes rapid, high‐yielding and catalyst‐free hydroamination reactions with primary amines, yielding 1‐amino‐2‐hydrodiborenes, which can be considered boron analogues of enamines. The electronics of the organic substituent at nitrogen influence the structure and further reactivity of the diborene product. With electron‐rich anilines, a second hydroamination can occur at the diborene to generate 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dihydrodiboranes. With isopropylamine, the electronic influence of the alkyl substituent upon the diborene leads to an unprecedented boron‐mediated intramolecular N‐dearylation reaction of an N‐heterocyclic carbene unit.
Tracheal obstruction due to tumour: use of veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during rigid bronchoscopy
Authors: Zimmermann M. , Vallier S. , Sanchez B.G. , Agossou M. , Venissac N.
Published: October 2020

Tracheal tumour is rare but can lead to upper airway obstruction and acute respiratory distress. Its management includes surgical resection, radiotherapy or interventional bronchoscopy. Ventilation or difficulties with tracheal intubation can occur during the peri‐operative course resulting in serious adverse consequences. We report the case of an 83‐year‐old man with an obstructive tracheal chondrosarcoma resected by rigid bronchoscopy undergoing veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Such support should be considered when the patient's airway patency cannot be ensured by conventional methods.
The journey to establish the discipline of statistical engineering
Authors: Hoerl Roger W. , Vining G. Geoff
Published: October 2020

Several journal articles, websites, and conferences have recently focused on the emerging discipline of statistical engineering. This discipline focuses on developing the theory and practice of how to address large, complex, unstructured problems, particularly those that require data and analysis. While good statisticians and engineers have always applied statistical engineering, they did not generally document the critical thinking they applied to resolve such big problems. In this sense, statistical engineering is not new, but the discipline of statistical engineering is. As a professional society, the International Statistical Engineering Association (ISEA) is even newer. This expository article explains the basics of statistical engineering: what it is, why it is needed, how it works, how it is unique, and so on. Furthermore, it provides a history of the development of statistical engineering going back to Churchill Eisenhart during the early years after World War II. It then discusses the origins and rapid development of ISEA as an international professional society devoted to the emerging discipline of statistical engineering.
Cool Executive Function and Verbal Comprehension Mediate the Relation of Hot Executive Function and Theory of Mind in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yu Yen‐Ting , Li Hsing‐Jung , Tsai Ching‐Hong , Lin Chien‐Ho , Lai Szu‐Shen , Chen Kuan‐Lin
Published: October 2020

Impaired executive function (EF), verbal comprehension, and theory of mind (ToM) may contribute to social difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The linkage between cool (cognitive) EF and ToM has been widely investigated, but the relations between hot (affective) EF and ToM remain largely unknown. The roles of cool EF and verbal comprehension have not been previously explored together to address hot EF–ToM relations. This study applied mediation analysis to investigate the mediating effects of cool EF and verbal comprehension to further elaborate the link between hot EF and ToM in children with ASD and average intellectual abilities. A total of 97 children with ASD aged from 6 to 12 years participated in this study. Children's cool EF, hot EF, and verbal comprehension were, respectively, measured with the computerized Dimensional Change Card Sort task, Children's Gambling Task, and the verbal comprehension index of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐fourth edition. Children's ToM was assessed with the Theory of Mind Task Battery. Partial correlation coefficients indicated that hot EF was significantly related with ToM with age controlled for. The results of the mediation analysis showed that cool EF and verbal comprehension mediated the linkage between hot EF and ToM. These findings highlight not only the connections between hot EF and ToM but also the importance of cool EF and verbal comprehension on hot EF–ToM relations in clinical assessments and interventions for school‐aged children with ASD and average intellectual abilities.

Lay Summary

Relatively few studies have investigated the hot (affective) executive function (EF)–theory of mind (ToM) relations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study discovered that hot EF was significantly related to ToM, while cool (cognitive) EF and verbal comprehension mediated the relationship between hot EF and ToM. Therefore, the influence of cool EF and verbal comprehension on hot EF–ToM relations should be considered in studies involving children with ASD. Autism Res 2021, 14: 921–931. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
MPA Karlsruhe – starker Partner in starkem Verband
Authors: Kinzel Andreas
Published: October 2020

Die Gründung von Einrichtungen zur Prüfung der technischen Sicherheit ist eine Antwort auf die teilweise verheerenden Unglücksfälle bei Bauwerken und von technischen Produkten zu Beginn der Industrialisierung. Dabei ist die Sicherheit der Bürgerinnen und Bürger nicht nur Aufgabe der Produkthersteller, sondern es liegt auch in der Verantwortung des Staates, die Sicherheit seiner Bürgerinnen und Bürger zu gewährleisten. Die hierfür gegründeten Materialprüfanstalten prüfen dabei nicht nur die Qualität, Güte oder Konformität bestimmter Produkte mit definierten Anforderungen, sondern stellen auch eine Möglichkeit zur Wirtschaftsförderung und zur Stärkung der Hochschulstandorte dar. Die hundertjährige Geschichte der MPA Karlsruhe belegt diese Symbiose deutlich und zeigt auch auf, dass die MPA Karlsruhe ein kompetenter Partner mit herausragender Expertise ist. Zudem ist die MPA Karlsruhe ein bedeutendes und engagiertes Mitglied im Verein der Materialprüfungsanstalten e. V. (VMPA). Deren Zukunft und die Zukunft der Materialprüfung allgemein wird entscheidend auch durch den Umgang mit der Herausforderung durch die Digitalisierung bestimmt.
Eignung von Geopolymeren für den Einsatz im landwirtschaftlichen Bauen
Authors: Scheydt Jennifer C.
Published: October 2020

Für eine praxisrelevante Forschung, der es an hinreichender wissenschaftlicher Tiefe nicht fehlen darf, ist ein Austausch zwischen Forschungsinstitutionen und der Bauindustrie eine wichtige Voraussetzung. In diesem Zusammenhang existiert bereits seit vielen Jahren eine rege Zusammenarbeit zwischen der HeidelbergCement AG und dem Institut für Massivbau und Baustofftechnologie des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) bzw. der Materialprüfungs‐ und Forschungsanstalt (MPA) Karlsruhe. Ein gut geeignetes Tool, Fragestellungen von beiderseitigem Interesse auf den Grund zu gehen, stellt hierbei die gemeinsame Betreuung studentischer Abschlussarbeiten dar. Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn bietet dies zudem Studierenden die Möglichkeit, tiefere Einblicke in das Unternehmen zu erhalten. Das Unternehmen wiederum kann womöglich geeignete Nachwuchskräfte für sich gewinnen.

Im Folgenden sollen beispielhaft Ergebnisse einer gemeinsam betreuten Masterarbeit zur Untersuchung der Eignung von Geopolymeren für den Einsatz im landwirtschaftlichen Bauen [1] dargelegt werden. Über diese Forschungsergebnisse wurden bereits an anderer Stelle berichtet [2].
Von Bauarten und Bauprodukten
Authors: Khbeis Halim , Bißwurm Axel , Neumer Daniel , Rausch Alexander , Weber Michael
Published: October 2020

Für ein sicheres Bauwerk sind geeignete, national oder europäisch geregelte Bauprodukte erforderlich. Nationale Zusatzanforderungen an europäisch geregelte Bauprodukte zur Erzielung eines gewünschten Zuverlässigkeitsniveaus wurden als nicht europarechtskonform bewertet. Die Bauwerkssicherheit wird über Bauwerksanforderungen, konkretisiert durch Technische Baubestimmungen, definiert. Bei CE‐gekennzeichneten Bauprodukten kann nicht mehr unmittelbar von einer umfänglichen Eignung ausgegangen werden, da nicht alle wesentlichen Merkmale, die für die Einhaltung der Bauwerksanforderungen erforderlich sind, erklärt sein müssen. Hieraus folgt ein Verantwortungsübergang auf Planer und Ausführende. Abweichungen von der Regel sind nicht selten oder können erforderlich sein. Ergänzt um allgemeine Gedanken zur Bauwerkssicherheit soll der Umgang mit Bauarten und Bauprodukten bei Abweichungen aus Sicht von Planern und Prüfingenieuren im Neubau und bei bestehender Bausubstanz mit Beispielen beschrieben werden.
Spannverfahren in baulichen Anlagen
Authors: Buschlinger Michael , Schäfer Johanna , Schmitt Andreas
Published: October 2020

Nach mehr als sieben Jahrzehnten Spannbetonbau im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau scheint ein Rückblick angebracht. Dabei sieht man, dass in dieser Zeit große Veränderungen stattgefunden haben. Wie bei allen Entwicklungsprozessen war auch in den Anfängen des Spannbetonbaus eine Erfahrungssammlung zur schrittweisen Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der Bauweise notwendig. Durch gezielte wissenschaftliche Forschung, regelmäßige Bauwerksprüfungen und die gleichzeitige Weiterentwicklung der technischen Regelwerke, angelehnt an die Erfahrungen, hat sich die Spannbetonbauweise bewährt. Die Bauweise hat heute einen sehr hohen Entwicklungsstand erreicht, sodass bei fachgerechter Anwendung standsichere und dauerhafte Tragwerke entstehen.
Entwicklung eines robusten Kopplungssystems für Querschlagöffnungen bei Tübbingtunneln
Authors: Niklasch Christoph , Frodl Stephan , Libreros Ana , Neher Heiko
Published: October 2020

Maschinell aufgefahrene Tunnel in einschaliger Bauweise sind sowohl im Locker‐ als auch im Festgestein eine schnelle und sichere Methode, um Tunnel herzustellen. Bereits direkt nach dem Einbau der Betonfertigteilsegmente – sogenannter Tübbinge – im Schutze der Tunnelvortriebsmaschine und dem darauffolgenden Verpressen des Ringspalts zwischen Tübbingschale und Gebirge ist die dauerhaft tragende Tunnelschale fertiggestellt. Zur Herstellung von Querschlägen zwischen zwei Tunnelröhren ist es notwendig, die Tunnelschalen zu öffnen. Dazu müssen Teile eines oder mehrerer benachbarter Tübbingringe ausgebaut/ausgebrochen und die in der Tunnelschale vorhandenen Kräfte abgefangen werden. Hierzu gibt es unterschiedliche Systeme, die zum Einsatz kommen können. Der Beitrag spannt den Bogen von der Entwicklung eines Kopplungssystems anhand von Bauteilversuchen an der MPA Karlsruhe, numerischen Berechnungen zur Simulation der Bauteilversuche bis hin zu möglichen Bemessungsansätzen.
The design heatmap: A simple visualization of ‐optimality design problems
Authors: Holland‐Letz Tim , Kopp‐Schneider Annette
Published: October 2020

Optimal experimental designs are often formal and specific, and not intuitively plausible to practical experimenters. However, even in theory, there often are many different possible design points providing identical or nearly identical information compared to the design points of a strictly optimal design. In practical applications, this can be used to find designs that are a compromise between mathematical optimality and practical requirements, including preferences of experimenters. For this purpose, we propose a derivative‐based two‐dimensional graphical representation of the design space that, given any optimal design is already known, will show which areas of the design space are relevant for good designs and how these areas relate to each other. While existing equivalence theorems already allow such an illustration in regard to the relevance of design points only, our approach also shows whether different design points contribute the same kind of information, and thus allows tweaking of designs for practical applications, especially in regard to the splitting and combining of design points. We demonstrate the approach on a toxicological trial where a‐optimal design for a dose–response experiment modeled by a four‐parameter log‐logistic function was requested. As these designs require a prior estimate of the relevant parameters, which is difficult to obtain in a practical situation, we also discuss an adaption of our representations to the criterion of Bayesian‐optimality. While we focus on‐optimality, the approach is in principle applicable to different optimality criteria as well. However, much of the computational and graphical simplicity will be lost.
Effects of benzyl viologen on increasing NADH availability, acetate assimilation, and butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum
Authors: Fu Hongxin , Lin Meng , Tang I‐Ching , Wang Jufang , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: October 2020

Clostridium tyrobutyricum produces butyric and acetic acids from glucose. The butyric acid yield and selectivity in the fermentation depend on NADH available for acetate reassimilation to butyric acid. In this study, benzyl viologen (BV), an artificial electron carrier that inhibits hydrogen production, was used to increase NADH availability and butyric acid production while eliminating acetic acid accumulation by facilitating its reassimilation. To better understand the mechanism of and find the optimum condition for BV effect on enhancing acetate assimilation and butyric acid production, BV at various concentrations and addition times during the fermentation were studied. Compared with the control without BV, the addition of 1 μM BV increased butyric acid production from glucose by ∼50% in yield and ∼29% in productivity while acetate production was completely inhibited. Furthermore, BV also increased the coutilization of glucose and exogenous acetate for butyric acid production. At a concentration ratio of acetate (g/L) to BV (mM) of 4, both acetate assimilation and butyrate biosynthesis increased with increasing the concentrations of BV (0–6.25 μM) and exogenous acetate (0–25 g/L). In a fed‐batch fermentation with glucose and ∼15 g/L acetate and 3.75 μM BV, butyrate production reached 55.9 g/L with productivity 0.93 g/L/h, yield 0.48 g/g, and 97.4% purity, which would facilitate product purification and reduce production cost. Manipulating metabolic flux and redox balance via BV and acetate addition provided a simple to implement metabolic process engineering approach for butyric acid production from sugars and biomass hydrolysates.
Laboratory classes in biochemistry and molecular biology: A parallel session at the IUBMB/PSBMB 2019 “Harnessing Interdisciplinary Education in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” conference
Authors: Gibbons Jessica A. , Garcia Reynaldo L. , Craig Paul A. , Yu Gracia Fe B. , Macaulay Janet O.
Published: October 2020

Laboratory classes are a central element of all biochemistry and molecular biology programs. These play a role in developing students' hands‐on and technical skills and also offer much more. The design of laboratory classes depends on many factors including the programs the students are enrolled in, the level they are at, employment destinations, and learning outcomes. This conference session considered the design and outcomes of laboratory experiences for undergraduate students.
Circular economy and the policy: A framework for improving the corporate environmental management in supply chains
Authors: Kazancoglu Ipek , Sagnak Muhittin , Kumar Mangla Sachin , Kazancoglu Yigit
Published: October 2020

The transition to the circular economy (CE) creates value through the closed‐loop systems, reverse logistics, product life cycle management, and clean production in terms of corporate environmental management. During this transition process, the organization faces many barriers such as financial, organizational, technology‐based, social, policy‐related, market‐based, and logistics‐based barriers. The objectives of this study are to propose a framework highlighting policy‐related barriers for a supply chain in the transition to CE and finally discuss potential implications on enhancing corporate environmental performance of a business. Further, this study evaluates the causal relationships between the policy‐related barriers using fuzzy Decision‐Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The application was conducted in an apparel firm in Turkey. From findings, lack of legislation for efficient CE (C4), lack of mandatory requirements and responsibilities for manufacturers/suppliers for the CE (C17), and lack of government support for environmentally friendly policies (C2) are revealed as the most important barriers, respectively. It is found that lack of attitude and awareness about CE in government institutions (C19) is the most influencing factor, whereas lack of effective recycling policies to achieve quality in waste management (C8) is the most influenced factor. The recommendations were developed for enhancing the corporate environmental performance of businesses through incentives and unique rewards, improving communication among stakeholders, the government's perception of CE and current linear economy, cooperation with nongovernmental organization (NGOs) and civil actions, the vision of government towards circular principles, the circular public procurement, the local governments in circular policymaking, and awareness of bureaucracy and government officials.
Clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of ascending, descending and mixed types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the non‐endemic areas of china: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Fan Yixin , Guan Wenqiang , Huang Rui , Lin Stefan (YUJIE) , Song Yanqiong , Lu Shun , Kang Le , Yang Qin , Lang Jinyi , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To compare the clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with ascending type (type A), descending type (type D), and mixed type (type AD) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in non‐endemic areas.

Materials and methods

The cohort included 628 patients diagnosed with type A, type D, and type AD of NPC between January 2009 and December 2014. Type A was defined as T3‐4 N0‐1, type D as T0‐1 N2‐3, and type AD as T3‐4 N2‐3. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance clinical factors and match patients. Kaplan‐Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the impact of different NPC types on survival outcomes.

Results

There were 145 patients with type A, 194 with type D, and 289 with type AD. However, after PSM, there were only 130 patients with each type. Compared with patients with type A, those with type D had lower 5‐year disease‐specific survival (96.9% vs 91.5%) and distant metastasis‐free survival (92.3% vs 77.7%) and higher local relapse‐free survival (88.5% vs 96.9%) (p < 0.05 for all). Patients with type AD may have an increased risk of disease progression (progression‐free survival, 56.9% vs 74.6% and 66.2%) and death (overall survival [OS], 76.9% vs 85.4% and 85.4%) (p < 0.05 for all) compared to patients with the other two types of tumors.

We further analyzed the metastasis trend. Similar metastasis patterns were observed in types AD and D, and types AD and A had similar recurrence trends. The mortality rate of patients with types AD and D in the first 3 years after metastasis was remarkably higher than that of patients with type A.

Conclusions

In non‐endemic areas of China, metastases and recurrence patterns differed across tumor types. Type AD has the worst OS, and the clinical process is more radical. Type D has a lower recurrence rate, higher metastasis, and disease‐related mortality rates, and poorer prognosis after metastasis than type A.
SynBio‐SynChem Approaches to Diversifying the Pacidamycins through the Exploitation of an Observed Pictet‐Spengler Reaction
Authors: Cartmell Christopher , Abou Fayad Antoine , Lynch Rosemary , Sharma Sunil V. , Hauck Nils , Gust Bertolt , Goss Rebecca J. M.
Published: October 2020

A nonenzymatic Pictet‐Spengler reaction has been postulated to give rise to a subset of naturally occurring uridyl peptide antibiotics (UPAs). Here, using a combination of strain engineering and synthetic chemistry, we demonstrate that Pictet‐Spengler chemistry may be employed to generate even greater diversity in the UPAs. We use an engineered strain to afford access to meta‐tyrosine containing pacidamycin 4. Pictet‐Spengler diversification of this compound using a small series of aryl‐aldehydes was achieved with some derivatives affording remarkable diastereomeric control.
Effect of Copper and Phosphate on the Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Xiao Yong , Cao Huili , Tian Xiaochun , Wu Ranran , Zhang Jingdong , Ulstrup Jens , Zhao Feng
Published: October 2020

The biosynthesis of metallic nanomaterials, especially noble metal nanomaterials, has attracted extensive attention due to the multifarious potential applications of these materials. In this study we have explored the effects of Cu(II) on Pd(II) removal, and of Cu(II) as well as phosphate on the morphologies and composition of biogenic nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous Pd(II) systems by Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (MR‐1). Cu(II) causes a slight efficiency decrease of Pd(II) removal by MR‐1, but a high removal efficiency of 89.8 % is still achieved, which contrasts sharply with the significant Cu(II) inhibition to other microbes. Without phosphate buffer in the medium, 5‐nm PdNPs densely envelop MR‐1 and accumulate significantly in the periplasm in the absence of Cu(II), while 4‐nm PdNPs are evenly distributed in the periplasm, and the cellular surface is smooth in the presence of Cu(II). The following effect of Cu(II) on PdNP synthesis by MR‐1 is therefore proposed: Cu(II) significantly affects PdNPs morphologies by inhibiting Pd(0) transfer across the outer membrane and PdNP crystal growth in the periplasm, but not the sorption of Pd(II). Phosphate addition only slightly increases Pd harvest but also precipitates Cu(II) and poses difficulties for the biosynthesis. The study highlights the effect of co‐existing metals during the biosynthesis of metallic nanomaterials and offers new insight into the mechanism of PdNP formation and the electron transfer during Pd(II) reduction by MR‐1.
Boronic Acid‐Mediated Activity Control of Split 10–23 DNAzymes
Authors: Debiais Mégane , Lelievre Amandine , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Müller Sabine , Smietana Michael
Published: October 2020

The 10–23 DNAzyme is an artificially developed Mg2+‐dependent catalytic oligonucleotide that can cleave an RNA substrate in a sequence‐specific fashion. In this study, new split 10–23 DNAzymes made of two nonfunctional fragments, one of which carries a boronic acid group at its 5′ end, while the other has a ribonucleotide at its 3′ end, were designed. Herein it is demonstrated that the addition of Mg2+ ions leads to assembly of the fragments, which in turn induces the formation of a new boronate internucleoside linkage that restores the DNAzyme activity. A systematic evaluation identified the best‐performing system. The results highlight key features for efficient control of DNAzyme activity through the formation of boronate linkages.