bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Gadolinium Distribution from the Endolymphatic Sac to the Endolymphatic Compartments of the Human Inner Ear
Authors: Colletti Vittorio , Mandalà Marco , Carner Marco , Barillari Marco , Cerini Roberto , Pozzi Mucelli Roberto , Colletti Liliana
Published: March 2010

To verify whether injection of substances into the endolymphatic sac (ES) diffuses into the endolymphatic compartments of the human inner ear and in particular to the endolymphatic space of the scala media (ESp-SM), as demonstrated in animals, an exploratory investigation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative electrocochleographic recordings (ECoG) was conducted in patients with Ménière’s disease (MD) treated with ES decompression. A mixture of dexamethasone and gadolinium (GD) in solution was injected into the ES of 4 patients. The results of the ES injection procedure were compared with administration of the same solution intratympanically (IT, 1 patient) and via a platinotomy in 2 patients. The study was conducted retrospectively at a tertiary referral center. Main outcomes measures were pre- and postintervention complete audiological and neuro-otological evaluation; intraoperative ECoG investigation with evaluation of the morphology of acoustically elicited compound action potentials (CAPs) and 1.5 T MRI evaluations at different follow-up times. Distribution of GD from the ES injection procedure was observed first in the ES, after 24 h in the vestibule and semicircular canals, and after 24–48 h in the ESp-SM in all patients. High signal was detected within the inner ear for 1 week or more (mean: 10 days; range: 7–16 days). Changes in morphology and latency of CAPs were observed within 30 min of the dilatory injection into the ES in all patients. Administration of GD into the vestibule and the IT approach did not distribute the contrast in the ES and GD was observed in the perilymphatic space of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. No side effects relating to administration of GD into the ES, IT or into the vestibule were observed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration in humans that drugs injected into the endolymphatic structure of the ES diffuse to the cochlea, presumably into the ESp-SM. The possibility of injecting substances into the endolymphatic space might open up new prospects in the treatment of inner ear disorders. Further studies will be needed to define the limitations of this approach.
Effect of Synthetic Vitamin E-Bonded Membrane on Responsiveness to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Andrulli Simeone , Di Filippo Salvatore , Manzoni Celestina , Stefanelli Luca , Floridi Alessandro , Galli Francesco , Locatelli Francesco
Published: March 2010

Background: Oxidative stress, a recently identified factor related to the response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), is increased in hemodialysis patients. The aim of this study was to verify whether ESA responsiveness improves if the anti-oxidant vitamin E (Vi-E) is placed on the blood-side layer of a synthetic polysulfone (PS) dialyzer. Methods: This 8-month, controlled and open randomized study involved 2 groups of patients on stable ESA therapy undergoing hemodialysis using a PS dialyzer with or without Vi-E treatment. Hemoglobin, albumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, iron status, parathyroid hormone (PTH), Vi-E (α- and γ-tocopherol levels) and the oxidative stress markers, advanced oxidation protein products, carbonyls and advanced glycation end products were evaluated every 2 months. The primary outcome measure was ESA resistance, the weekly ESA dose divided by the product between hemoglobin level and end-dialysis body weight. Results: Nineteen of the 20 randomized patients completed the study. During the follow-up, the ESA resistance significantly decreased (p = 0.024), greater in the Vi-E group (37%) than in the PS group (20%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.596). Baseline PTH and Vi-E levels were associated with ESA resistance. In the secondary analysis, including these covariates in the model, the difference between groups in ESA resistance became significant (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Vi-E placed on the blood-side of a dialyzer may have a possible beneficial effect on ESA resistance in hemodialysis patients; baseline PTH levels seem to predict ESA resistance and were useful in showing the possible beneficial effect of Vi-E and should be considered in designing adequate-sized trials for testing this hypothesis.
Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Neurogenic Potential from the Mesoderm of the Amniotic Membrane
Authors: Chang Yu-Jen , Hwang Shiaw-Min , Tseng Ching-Ping , Cheng Fu-Chou , Huang Shih-Hung , Hsu Lee-Feng , Hsu Li-Wen , Tsai Ming-Song
Published: March 2010

The amniotic membrane has been clinically applied as a therapeutic material in wound covering and corneal surface reconstruction. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from the placenta, specifically from the amniotic membrane. However, the localization of MSCs in the amniotic membrane has not been determined. In this study, term placenta was collected, and we performed immunohistochemical staining techniques to identify and localize MSCs in the mesoderm of the amniotic membrane in situ with MSC antibodies, including CD90 and CD105. We further directly cultured and characterized MSCs from the amniotic membrane mesoderm (AMSCs). The AMSCs were easily isolated and represented a homogenous fibroblastic morphology at early passages. In addition to MSC surface markers, AMSCs expressed Sox2, Oct-4 and Nanog. AMSCs could be induced into osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes in vitro and show immunosuppressive effects on T-cell proliferation. Under appropriate conditions, AMSCs could differentiate into neuronal-like cells, which were identified by neuronal-specific markers and their ability to secrete dopamine. This study reveals that AMSCs provide a promising source for stem cell studies and also extend the clinical potential of the amniotic membrane in the field of regenerative medicine.
Parental Occurrence of Stroke and Risk of Stroke in Their Children
Authors: Seshadri Sudha , Beiser Alexa , Pikula Aleksandra , Himali Jayandra J. , Kelly-Hayes Margaret , Debette Stephanie , DeStefano Anita L. , Romero Jose R. , Kase Carlos S. , Wolf Philip A.
Published: March 2010

Background—

Data relating parental history of stroke to stroke risk in offspring remain surprisingly inconsistent, largely because of heterogeneity of study design and the absence of verified, as opposed to historical, data on parental stroke status.

Methods and Results—

We determined whether prospectively verified parental occurrence of stroke increased incident stroke risk among offspring in a community-based sample by studying 3443 stroke-free Framingham offspring (53% female; mean age, 48±14 years) with verified parental stroke status (by 65 years of age) who attended the first, third, fifth, and/or seventh offspring examinations and were followed up for up to 8 years after each baseline examination. Over up to 11 029 such person-observation periods (77 534 person-years), we documented 106 parental strokes by 65 years of age and 128 offspring strokes (74 parental and 106 offspring strokes were ischemic). Using multivariable Cox models adjusted for age, sex, sibship, and baseline stroke risk factors, we observed that parental stroke, both all stroke generally and ischemic stroke specifically, was associated with an increased risk of incident stroke of the same type in the offspring (hazard ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.68 to 4.66;
P
<0.001 for all stroke; and hazard ratio, 3.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 5.88;
P
<0.001 for ischemic stroke). This was true for both maternal and paternal stroke.

Conclusions—

Documented parental stroke by 65 years of age was associated with a 3-fold increase in risk of offspring stroke. This increased risk persisted after adjustment for conventional stroke risk factors. Thus, verified parental stroke may serve as a clinically useful risk marker of an individual’s propensity to stroke.
Heterogeneity of Genetic Modifiers Ensures Normal Cardiac Development
Authors: Winston Julia B. , Erlich Jonathan M. , Green Courtney A. , Aluko Ashley , Kaiser Kristine A. , Takematsu Mai , Barlow Robert S. , Sureka Ashish O. , LaPage Martin J. , Janss Luc L. , Jay Patrick Y.
Published: March 2010

Background—

Mutations of the transcription factor
Nkx2-5
cause pleiotropic heart defects with incomplete penetrance. This variability suggests that additional factors can affect or prevent the mutant phenotype. We assess here the role of genetic modifiers and their interactions.

Methods and Results—

Heterozygous
Nkx2-5
knockout mice in the inbred strain background C57Bl/6 frequently have atrial and ventricular septal defects. The incidences are substantially reduced in the
Nkx2-5
+/−
progeny of first-generation (F1) outcrosses to the strains FVB/N or A/J. Defects recur in the second generation (F2) of the F1×F1 intercross or backcrosses to the parental strains. Analysis of >3000
Nkx2-5
+/−
hearts from 5 F2 crosses demonstrates the profound influence of genetic modifiers on disease presentation. On the basis of their incidences and coincidences, anatomically distinct malformations have shared and unique modifiers. All 3 strains carry susceptibility alleles at different loci for atrial and ventricular septal defects. Relative to the other 2 strains, A/J carries polymorphisms that confer greater susceptibility to atrial septal defect and atrioventricular septal defects and C57Bl/6 to muscular ventricular septal defects. Segregation analyses reveal that ≥2 loci influence membranous ventricular septal defect susceptibility, whereas ≥2 loci and at least 1 epistatic interaction affect muscular ventricular and atrial septal defects.

Conclusions—

Alleles of modifier genes can either buffer perturbations on cardiac development or direct the manifestation of a defect. In a genetically heterogeneous population, the predominant effect of modifier genes is health.
Urinary Creatinine Excretion Rate and Mortality in Persons With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Ix Joachim H. , de Boer Ian H. , Wassel Christina L. , Criqui Michael H. , Shlipak Michael G. , Whooley Mary A.
Published: March 2010

Background—

In persons with coronary artery disease, low body mass index is associated with greater mortality; however, it is uncertain whether low muscle mass is a risk factor for mortality in this setting.

Methods and Results—

In this study, 903 individuals with coronary artery disease provided 24-hour urine collections. We measured urine creatinine and volume and calculated creatinine excretion rate, a marker of muscle mass. Cox proportional-hazards models evaluated the association of creatinine excretion rate with mortality risk. Over a median follow-up of 6.0 years, 232 participants (26%) died. Compared with the highest sex-specific creatinine excretion rate tertile, the lowest tertile (<1068 mg/d in men, <766 mg/d in women) was associated with >2-fold risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.51 to 3.51) in models adjusted for age, sex, race, cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, and C-reactive protein levels. The association was essentially unaltered with further adjustment for physical fitness, left ventricular mass, left ventricular ejection fraction, or fasting insulin and glucose levels.

Conclusions—

Lower creatinine excretion rate is strongly associated with mortality in outpatients with coronary artery disease, independently of conventional measures of body composition, kidney function, and traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. Future studies should determine whether low creatinine excretion rate may be a modifiable risk factor for mortality among persons with coronary artery disease, potentially through resistive exercise training or nutrition interventions.
Lifetime Overproduction of Circulating Angiotensin-(1-7) Attenuates Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling
Authors: Santiago Nívia M. , Guimarães Priscila S. , Sirvente Raquel A. , Oliveira Laser A.M. , Irigoyen Maria C. , Santos Robson A.S. , Campagnole-Santos Maria J.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the development of arterial hypertension, cardiac function, and collagen deposition, as well as the level of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the heart of transgenic rats that overexpress an angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)–producing fusion protein, TGR(A1-7)3292 (TG), which induces a lifetime increase in circulating levels of this peptide. After 30 days of the induction of the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension model, DOCA-TG rats were hypertensive but presented a lower systolic arterial pressure in comparison with DOCA-Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In contrast to DOCA-SD rats that presented left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, DOCA-TG rats did not develop cardiac hypertrophy or changes in ventricular function. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed attenuation in mRNA expression for collagen type I and III compared with the increased levels of DOCA-SD rats. Ang II plasma and LV levels were reduced in SD and TG hypertensive rats in comparison with normotensive animals. DOCA-TG rats presented a reduction in plasma Ang-(1-7) levels; however, there was a great increase in Ang-(1-7) (≈3-fold) accompanied by a decrease in mRNA expression of both angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the LV. The mRNA expression of Mas and Ang II type 1 receptors in the LV was not significantly changed in DOCA-SD or DOCA-TG rats. This study showed that TG rats with increased circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) are protected against cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis and also present an attenuated increase in blood pressure after DOCA-salt hypertension. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed an important local increase in Ang-(1-7) levels in the LV, which might have contributed to the attenuation of cardiac dysfunction and prefibrotic lesions.
Geometrical Recombination Operators for Real-Coded Evolutionary MCMCs
Authors: Drugan Mădălina M. , Thierens Dirk
Published: March 2010

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are sampling methods for intractable distributions. In this paper, we propose and investigate algorithms that improve the sampling process from multi-dimensional real-coded spaces. We present MCMC algorithms that run a population of samples and apply recombination operators in order to exchange useful information and preserve commonalities in highly probable individual states. We call this class of algorithms Evolutionary MCMCs (EMCMCs). We introduce and analyze various recombination operators which generate new samples by use of linear transformations, for instance, by translation or rotation. These recombination methods discover specific structures in the search space and adapt the population samples to the proposal distribution. We investigate how to integrate recombination in the MCMC framework to sample from a desired distribution. The recombination operators generate individuals with a computational effort that scales linearly in the number of dimensions and the number of parents. We present results from experiments conducted on a mixture of multivariate normal distributions. These results show that the recombinative EMCMCs outperform the standard MCMCs for target distributions that have a nontrivial structural relationship between the dimensions.
Enabling the Extended Compact Genetic Algorithm for Real-Parameter Optimization by Using Adaptive Discretization
Authors: Chen Ying-ping , Chen Chao-Hong
Published: March 2010

An adaptive discretization method, called split-on-demand (SoD), enables estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) for discrete variables to solve continuous optimization problems. SoD randomly splits a continuous interval if the number of search points within the interval exceeds a threshold, which is decreased at every iteration. After the split operation, the nonempty intervals are assigned integer codes, and the search points are discretized accordingly. As an example of using SoD with EDAs, the integration of SoD and the extended compact genetic algorithm (ECGA) is presented and numerically examined. In this integration, we adopt a local search mechanism as an optional component of our back end optimization engine. As a result, the proposed framework can be considered as a memetic algorithm, and SoD can potentially be applied to other memetic algorithms. The numerical experiments consist of two parts: (1) a set of benchmark functions on which ECGA with SoD and ECGA with two well-known discretization methods: the fixed-height histogram (FHH) and the fixed-width histogram (FWH) are compared; (2) a real-world application, the economic dispatch problem, on which ECGA with SoD is compared to other methods. The experimental results indicate that SoD is a better discretization method to work with ECGA. Moreover, ECGA with SoD works quite well on the economic dispatch problem and delivers solutions better than the best known results obtained by other methods in existence.
Long-Term Temporal Variation of Extreme Rainfall Events in Australia: 1910–2006
Authors: Fu Guobin , Viney Neil R. , Charles Stephen P. , Liu Jianrong
Published: March 2010

The temporal variability of the frequency of short-duration extreme precipitation events in Australia for the period 1910–2006 is examined using the high-quality rainfall dataset identified by the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, for 189 stations. Extreme events are defined by duration and recurrence interval: 1, 5, 10, and 30 days, and 1, 5, and 20 yr, respectively. The results indicate that temporal variations of the extreme precipitation index (EPI) for various durations and recurrence intervals in the last 100 yr, except for the low frequencies before 1918, have experienced three U-shaped cycles: 1918–53, 1953–74, and 1974–2006. Seasonal results indicate that about two-thirds of 1-day, 1-yr recurrence interval extreme events occur from December to March. Time series of anomalies of the regional EPIs for four regions indicate that northeast Australia and southeast Australia have almost the same temporal variation as the national anomalies, South Australia experienced a negative anomaly of extreme rainfall events in the mid-1950s, and southwest Western Australia (SWWA) experienced relatively small temporal variation. The relationships between extreme rainfall events and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) indicate that extreme rainfall events in Australia have a strong relationship with both, especially during La Niña years and after 1942.
The Spindown of Bottom-Trapped Plumes
Authors: Matano Ricardo P. , Palma Elbio D.
Published: March 2010

This note considers the decay of a bottom-trapped freshwater plume after the causative freshwater inflow has ceased. It is shown that shortly after the low-density inflow stops, the barotropic pressure field that it created radiates away and the ocean circulation becomes controlled by baroclinic pressure gradients generated by the remnants of the inflow. This produces a reversal of the circulation in the region downstream of the inflow, after which the entire plume starts to move in the upstream direction. The decay of the plume is henceforth controlled by upstream oceanic flow and dilution through cross-isopycnal mixing.
Major caste matters
Authors: Sahay Gaurang R.
Published: March 2010

M.N. Srinivas described rural India as characterised by the presence of locally influential ‘dominant castes’. This article is an empirical engagement with the concept of ‘dominant caste’ in the context of electoral politics in a district of Bihar. An analysis of the patterns of caste interactions in this region shows that there is no settled ‘dominant caste’. Numerical as well as economic and political strength is shared between several castes. Not only do the major castes compete and manoeuvre for power, even the minor castes challenge the major castes’ attempts at establishing dominance, by approaching the courts and, in the case of disputes, making strategic alliances with one major caste in order to oppose another. This article examines the dynamics of these shifting caste responses and alliances in order to illustrate the fluidity of caste equations in contemporary Bihar. It also highlights the role of state institutions such as the police and the courts, but most significantly, electoral representation itself, as an instrument for fostering social change and political dynamism.
Growth Factors as Active Participants in Carcinogenesis: A Perspective
Authors: Halper J.
Published: March 2010

Growth factors are low molecular peptides active in the stimulation of cell proliferation and in the regulation of embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Significant progress has been made in developing effective strategies to treat human malignancies with new chemical compounds based on a rationale directed against various components of signaling pathways. Many of these drugs target a growth factor receptor—for instance, in the form of monoclonal antibodies or inhibitors of tyrosine kinases, such as monoclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptors used in treating certain types of breast cancer. Imatinib mesylate [Gleevec]) is an excellent example of mediators of signal transduction, such as tyrosine kinases. Growth factors proper are used to ameliorate various and sometimes fatal side effects of cytotoxic and/or myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Basic characteristics of several growth families are discussed with therapeutic modalities based on growth factor activity or, more often, inhibition of such activity.
Agricultural Diseases on the Move Early in the Third Millennium
Authors: Arzt J. , White W. R. , Thomsen B. V. , Brown C. C.
Published: March 2010

With few exceptions, the diseases that present the greatest risk to food animal production have been largely similar throughout the modern era of veterinary medicine. The current trend regarding the ever-increasing globalization of the trade of animals and animal products ensures that agricultural diseases will continue to follow legal and illegal trade patterns with increasing rapidity. Global climate changes have already had profound effects on the distribution of animal diseases, and it is an inevitable reality that continually evolving climatic parameters will further transform the ecology of numerous pathogens. In recent years, many agricultural diseases have given cause for concern regarding changes in distribution or severity. Foot-and-mouth disease, avian influenza, and African swine fever continue to cause serious problems. The expected announcement of the global eradication of rinderpest is one of the greatest successes of veterinary preventative medicine, yet the closely related disease peste des petits ruminants still spreads throughout the Middle East and Asia. The spread of novel strains of bluetongue virus across Europe is an ominous indicator that climate change is sure to influence trends in movement of agricultural diseases. Overall, veterinary practitioners and investigators are advised to not only maintain vigilance against the staple disease threats but to always be sufficiently broad-minded to expect the unexpected.
Food and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Brown C. A. , Brown S. A.
Published: March 2010

Recently, contamination of pharmaceuticals with diethylene glycol (DEG) and food with melamine and cyanuric acid has demonstrated the impact of globalization on drug and food safety. By examining the details of these outbreaks, some important lessons can be learned. Toxicoses from contaminated food and drugs are often identified only when large numbers of people or animals are affected and numerous deaths result. Populations most at risk are those repeatedly exposed to a single product. Toxicoses may be complex, involving synergism among relatively nontoxic co-contaminants. Although some contamination may occur inadvertently, practices of deliberate contamination of food and drug ingredients may be widespread but escape detection in poorly regulated markets. If this deliberate contamination is motivated by personal financial gain, it is likely to recur and be concealed. The contaminated raw material produced in a poorly regulated market may cross national boundaries and be used in manufacturing processes for numerous products, sometimes in more well-regulated markets. Once in the production chain, contaminated raw materials may be widely disseminated. It is not clear that regulatory organizations have the capacity to identify significant contaminations despite their best efforts. The veterinary and medical communities, in cooperation with regulatory agencies, should develop cooperative programs designed to detect and limit these global outbreaks. Although addressing regional or national outbreaks remains an important role for regulatory agencies, the veterinary and medical communities must develop proactive global approaches to this global problem.
Neurologie Disease in Moose Infected Experimentally with Pneumostrongylus tenuis from White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was undertaken to test the hypothesis that moose neurologic disease is cerebrospinal nematodiasis. Two moose calves ( Alces a. americana) were infected with Pneumostrongylus tenuis derived from white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus borealis). Two to three weeks later both calves became lethargic and seemed unwilling to rise. This weakness and ataxia became progressively more pronounced and terminated in paraplegia. One calf was autopsied on the 40th day, the other on the 60th day. Fifth-stage P. tenuis were found in saline in which the central nervous system of the first calf had been placed. Numerous subadult worms were found in subdural spaces of the cranium and vertebral column of the second moose.

Histological study revealed additional worms and traumatic damage in the central canal and dorsal horns of the cord of both calves. Focal malacia with micro-cavitation was found in all regions of the cord. Infiltrations of round cells and eosinophils in the leptomeninges, the ventral fissure and the dorsal sulcus, perivascular cuffing with round cells, petechial haemorrhages, neuron degeneration and loss, as well as swelling and disappearance of axis cylinders and myelin sheaths were observed.

The known distribution and characteristics of neurologic disease in wild moose supports the hypothesis that P. tenuis is the ætiological agent.
Bovine Lymphosarcoma in California II. The Thymic Form
Authors: Dungworth D.L. , Theilen G.H. , Lengyel J.
Published: March 2010

Fourteen cases of bovine lymphosarcoma in which the primary lesion appeared to be in the thymus have been described. The animals were between 7 and 30 months of age and 10 were of the Hereford breed. Most of the lymphosarcoma cases encountered in Hereford cattle in California have been of this type, but there are insufficient epizootiological data to prove that this is a real, not an apparent, prevalence.

Morphologically, the characteristic lesion was massive thymic enlargement. Apart from involvement of bone marrow and regional nodes, there were few lesions elsewhere in the body. Only one animal had a frank leukemia in spite of the frequent occurrence of bone marrow infiltration.

Thymic lymphosarcoma generally differs from calf and adult forms of the disease with respect to age of the affected animal and characteristic morphological features.
Ossifying Meningioma with Extracranial Metastasis in a Dog
Authors: Geib Ludwig W.
Published: March 2010

Pulmonary metastasis of a retrobulbar ossifying meningioma was observed in an 11 1/2-year old spayed female Boxer dog 25 months after surgical removal of the primary tumor.
Hirnlipom beim Buckelwal, Megaptera novaeangliae
Authors: Pilleri G.
Published: March 2010

A case of basal lipoma at the border of the pons and medulla oblongata is described in a male, adult humpback whale. The tumor was relatively isomorphic and had angiomatous structures in its capsule. The adjacent choroid plexus showed stromal proliferation with atrophy of the papillae and hyperplasia of the taenia chorioidea.
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria: Induction by Liver Biopsy in Naturally and Experimentally Infected Animals
Authors: Olander Harvey J. , Hughes John P. , Biberstein Ernst L.
Published: March 2010

An outbreak of bacillary hemoglobinuria was precipitated by liver biopsy of calves from an area in which the disease was enzootic. Using the strain of Clostridium hemolyticum recovered from this outbreak, calves, ewes, and rabbits were inoculated intravenously or orally with a toxin-free spore suspension. Subsequent liver biopsy precipitated the disease in these animals. The characteristic focus of liver necrosis was regularly reproduced and appeared to be of toxic rather than ischemic origin.
Bovine Salpingo-oophoritis Produced with Semen Containing a Mycoplasma
Authors: Hirth R. S. , Nielsen S. W. , Plastridge W. N.
Published: March 2010

A Mycoplasma, which was a natural pathogen for the bovine mammary gland was added to bull semen prior to processing and freezing in liquid nitrogen. Twelve virgin heifers were inseminated with frozen semen containing live Mycoplasma, and 6 with semen containing heat-killed organisms. Mycoplasma were recovered from cervico-vaginal mucus for up to 8 months after insemination, and also in pure culture from lesions observed at necropsy. Ten of 12 heifers receiving semen containing live Mycoplasma required multiple inseminations, and 4 of the 12 failed to conceive after as many as 5 inseminations. All heifers that received killed organisms conceived.

At necropsy, the 4 heifers that failed to conceive had varying degrees of chronic suppurative salpingitis, chronic endometritis, and ovarian adhesions. The Mycoplasma was considered to be the cause of the genital lesions and the resultant infertility.
Hyperinsulinism in Dogs with Neoplasia of the Pancreatic Islets. A Clinical, Pathologic, and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Capen C. C. , Martin S. L.
Published: March 2010

Neoplasms of the pancreatic islets in 6 of 9 dogs were functionally active and were associated with a syndrome of hyperinsulinism. The serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin in a dog with beta-cell carcinoma was increased compared to normal dogs. Metastases in the liver and lymph nodes remained functionally active and were responsive to tolbutamide following excision of the primary neoplasm. The cells comprising functional islet-cell neoplasms had ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of beta cells. At the level of ultrastructure the neoplastic cells had definitive evidence of secretory activity and the organelles concerned with protein synthesis were well developed. Secretory granules were numerous and had unique bar-shaped or round internal cores with a wide electron-lucid halo, characteristic of the insulin-secreting cell of the canine pancreas.
Blastomyces dermatitidis Meningoencephalitis in a Dog
Authors: Kurtz Harold J. , Sharpnack Sharon
Published: March 2010

Blastomycotic meningoencephalitis in a dog was characterized by granulomas, which occurred most frequently in the gray matter of the cerebrum and the granular layer of the cerebellum, and often centered around vessels. Numerous B. dermatitidis organisms were in the granulomas and leptomeninges.
Equine Cutaneous Mastocytosis
Authors: Altera K. , Clark L.
Published: March 2010

A description of equine cutaneous mastocytosis is given. The lesion was characterized by focal aggregates of mast cells, and by eosinophils, fibrinoid necrosis of collagen, and focal necrosis with dystrophic mineralization of necrotic debris. This is an uncommon, previously undescribed lesion in horses. The authors encountered 14 cases in a 16-year period.

The etiology and nature of the lesion are undetermined. Morphologic similarities to canine cutaneous mast-cell tumors, cutaneous lesions of collagen diseases, and calcinosis circumscripta are noted and the possibility of relationships to these lesions is discussed.
Intracellular Substance with some Amyloid Staining Affinities in Pancreatic Acinar Cells of a Cat with Amyloidosis
Authors: Johnson Kenneth H. , Osborne Carl A. , Barnes Donald M.
Published: March 2010

Pancreatic amyloidosis and basophilic myelogenous sarcoma were diagnosed in a 16-year-old, spayed female domestic shorthaired cat.

This report focuses attention on unusual cytoplasmic changes in pancreatic acinar cells, possibly related to extracellular amyloid, The intracellular substance in acinar cells reacted similarly to extracellular amyloid when stained with crystal violet, thioflavine T, and PAS but did not stain or elicit green birefringence with Congo red. The intracytoplasmic material in acinar cells may represent a non-fibrillar amyloid precursor.

Amyloid was demonstrable only in the pancreas.
Vorkommen von Laminosioptes cysticola in den Bauchorganen einer Pute
Authors: Kaliner G.
Published: March 2010

Bei einer sechs Monate alten Pute wurde in der Leber, Niere, den Gefässuänden dieser Organe und in der Subserosa des Dünndarmes Laminosioptes cystitola gefunden, Die histologische Untersuchung ergab eine Perihepatitis, Perinephritis, eine Lokalisierte Entzündung von Leber und Niere und eine Hämosiderose in Leber. Niere und Milz. Eine Anzahl von kleineren Gefässen zeigten Hyalinablagerungen. Auf Grund der Befunde wird angenommen, dass L. cysticola den Wirtsorganismus erheblich stören kann.

Mites ( Laminosioptes cyticola) were found in the liver, kidney, hepatic and renal vascular walls, and in the subserosa of the small intestine of a 6-month-old rurkey-hen. The histologic examination of the affected organs revealed a perihepatitis, perinephritis, focal inflammation of liver and kidney, and hemosiderosis of liver, kidney, and spleen. Several small vessels contained hyalin deposits. Based on these findings it is assumed that L. cysticola is capable of causing considerable damage to the tissues of the host.
Mycotic Pneumonia and Placentitis Caused by Mortierella wolfii I. Experimental Infections in Cattle and Sheep
Authors: Cordes D. O. , di Menna Margaret E. , Carter Margery E.
Published: March 2010

Five million spores of a pathogenic isolate of Mortierella wolfii, when inoculated intravenously into pregnant and nonpregnant cows, caused an acute mycotic pneumonia that resulted in death in less than 4 days. Doses of between 2.5 × 103 and 1 × 105 spores injected intravenously caused mycotic abortion in 16–34 days at 6–8 months of pregnancy. Doses of this order also caused focal, nonfatal pneumonia. Acute mycotic pneumonia was also induced in 6-month-old calves by intravenous injections of spores.

Intratracheal, subcutaneous, and oral administration of M. wolfii spores did not produce lesions in cattle. Intravenous inoculation of cattle with up to 1.2 × 108 spores of Absidia ramosa and with 1.2 × 108 spores of Aspergillus fumigatus did not cause lesions. Intravenous administration of large numbers of spores of M. wolfil, A. fumigatus and A. ramosa to pregnant sheep did not cause lesions.
Two Cases of Hepatic Mastocytoma in Sheep
Authors: Johnstone A. C.
Published: March 2010

Two mastocytomas of the liver of sheep are described. The specimens were obtained during a survey of hepatic neoplasia that was conducted on abattoir-slaughtered sheep. Although tissues other than the liver were not examined, both tumours had metastasised, one to the portohepatic lymph node, and the other intrahepatically. It is believed that this is the first report of mastocytoma in this species.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Chlamydia-Infected Ileal Mucosa of Newborn Calves
Authors: Doughri A. M. , Altera K. P. , Storz J. , Eugster A. K.
Published: March 2010

Ultrastructural changes induced by chlamydial infection of mucosal cells of the ileum of newborn calves after oral inoculation were investigated. Depending on the stage of chlamydial development, the organelles of all infected cells became damaged. The damage was degenerative and included vesiculation of microvilli and swelling of the terminal web of absorptive epithelial cells. The mitochondria were swollen and had fragmented cristae. The endoplasmie reticulum was dilated and vesiculated, and infected cells gradually lost their ribosomes. The lateral junctional complex between infected cells became occasionally dislocated and fragmented. The basal lamina was thrown into folds, became discontinuous and separated from the basal border of the epithelial cells. The nuclei of infected cells were affected last, lost their chromatin pattern, and ultimately became pyknotic.
Zur Pathologie der Ziegenaorta
Authors: Geisel O.
Published: March 2010

Examinaiion of the aortas of 26 goals, 2–10 years old, disclosed various kinds of pathological processes such as melanosis; intimal fat deposits, independent of age, with and without intimal fibrosis; plaque-like intimal fibrosis; calcification of elastic fibers; medial necrosis of the abdominal aorta of the older animals with and without calcification; cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia at the origin of the aorta; one case of thrombotic aortitis associated with thrombotic endocarditis. These results and comparative views of changes in vessels of other animals and of man are discussed.
Canine Malignant Mammary Tumors. III. Special Types of Carcinomas, Malignant Mixed Tumors
Authors: Misdorp W. , Cotchin E. , Hampe J. F. , Jabara Anne G. , von Sandersleben J.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four metastasized canine malignant mammary tumors were studied. The most important types of canine mammary cancer are discussed. Mammary squamous cell carcinomas of different types are found more frequently in the dog than in man. Mucinous carcinoma, a very rare type in the dog, seems to be more malignant than its counterpart in man. Anaplastic carcinoma in the dog is a very malignant diffusely infiltrating and extensively metastasizing cancer. The malignant mixed tumors, although showing many resemblances to complex carcinomas, are discussed here as a separate group. Both categories of tumors seem to be extremely rare in man. Simple carcinomas are highly infiltrating tumors metastasizing frequently to the regional nodes and lungs; survival time is short. Complex carcinomas are generally less invasive than simple carcinomas, and lymphatic permeation is also less frequent, resulting in a lower percentage of affected nodes; the median survival time is relatively long. The sarcomas, growing mostly in an expansive way, tend to spread mainly to the lungs; survival time is short.
Fibrosarcoma with Metastasis in a Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Todd G. C. , Griffing W. J. , Koenig G. R.
Published: March 2010

Malignant neoplasms that metastasize are uncommon in nonhuman primates. A naturally occurring fibrosarcoma of the forearm with metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes was found in an adult male Rhesus monkey. The primary neoplasm grew rapidly to a size of 8 x 10 x 18 cm. Diagnosis was based on characteristic morphologic findings by light and electron microscopy.
Encephalitis Caused by Murine Cytomegalovirus in Newborn and Weanling Mice
Authors: Lussier G.
Published: March 2010

Lesions in mice inoculated intracerebrally with murine cytomegalovirus varied with age of the animals. Inoculation of suckling mice led to severe necrotizing encephalitis followed by cerebral malformation characterized by destruction of the sub-ventricular zone of the forebrain, areas of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Symmetrical, mineralized, partially cavitated lesions developed in these areas as a sequel of infection. Infection of 3-week-old mice led to mild, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis accompanied by ependymitis and focal ependymal denudation without apparent sequelae.
Malignant Thymoma with Metastases in a Dog
Authors: Robinson M.
Published: March 2010

An 8-year-old male Wire-Haired Fox Terrier with respiratory distress and cough had a malignant thymoma that had metastasised to the lungs, spleen, liver, diaphragm, bronchial and mediastinal nodes, and pericardium by transcoelomic, vascular, and lymphatic routes. Myasthenia gravis, which occurs in some human patients with thymoma, was not evident.

There are few reports of true thymomas in dogs [5]. Talerman and Gwynn [6] described one case and in a review of the literature found only five cases. Watson and Farrow [8] and Hall et al. [2] have since reported one case each. All the reported thymomas were benign with no evidence of metastasis.

A case of a malignant thymoma in a dog in which there was infiltration of tissue with transcoelomic and embolic spread is described.
Tyzzer's Disease in a Foal. Light- and Electron-Microscopic Observations
Authors: Pulley L. T. , Shively J. N.
Published: March 2010

Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed in a 17-day-old foal after the demonstration of multiple foci of hepatic necrosis and organisms morphologically compatible with Bacillus piliformis in hepatocytes at the margins of the necrotic foci. The bacilli were 300 to 500 nm in diameter with occasional giant bacilli 1000 nm in diameter. Many intranuclear organisms were seen, and an apparent sequence of nuclear penetration by these organisms was demonstrated. There was hemorrhage in the heart and inflammatory changes in the mesenteric lymph node. Enteritis was not present in the jejunum, which was the only portion of intestine available for examination.
Amebiasis in Goldfish
Authors: Voelker F. A. , Anver M. R. , McKee A. E. , Casey H. W. , Brenniman G. R.
Published: March 2010

Five cases of amebiasis were diagnosed in goldfish ( Carassius auratus) from home aquariums and from a laboratory aquarium. Granulomas containing amoebae were in many organs but were most numerous in kidneys. Because there were pseudopods, food vacuoles, vesicular nucleoli and other ultrastructural characteristics of the organisms, we identified the organisms as amoebae. On the basis of mitotic stages it is possible they belong in the family Hartmannellidae.
Morphometric Methods in Veterinary Pathology: A Review
Authors: Reid I. M.
Published: March 2010

The stereological procedures available for estimating volume, surface area and number of the structural components of cells and tissue are reviewed. The applications of stereology to the study of liver, mammary gland, lung and placenta are discussed with particular emphasis on the aspects of interest to veterinary pathologists. Stereology provides the cell biologist and the pathologist with a powerful tool for describing biological structure in quantitative terms at various levels of organization from the organ to the organelle.
Prognosis after Surgical Excision of Canine Fibrous Connective Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Bostock D. E. , Dye M. T.
Published: March 2010

One hundred eighty seven dogs from which fibrous connective tissue sarcomas had been excised were studied until death or for at least 3 years after surgery. Dogs with a skin fibrosarcoma had a median survival time of 80 weeks, compared with 140 weeks for animals with haemangiopericytoma in similar sites, this difference being statistically significant. However, the difference in survival time between the two histologic types disappeared when tumours with a similar mitotic index were compared. Dogs with a tumour of mitotic index 9 or more had a median survival time of 49 weeks, compared with 118 weeks for those with a tumour of mitotic index less than 9, regardless of tumour morphology. Tumour recurrence rates of 62% and 25% respectively for the two groups were also significantly different.
Canine Parvoviral Disease: Experimental Reproduction of the Enteric Form with a Parvovirus Isolated from a Case of Myocarditis
Authors: Robinson W. F. , Wilcox G. E. , Flower R. L. P.
Published: March 2010

Five 7-week-old pups and four 4-week-old pups, all seronegative to canine parvovirus, were inoculated intravenously with 1000 haemagglutinating units of canine parvovirus originally isolated from the myocardium of a dog with naturally occurring myocarditis. After three days, pups in both litters became pyrexic, anorectic and depressed, with vomiting and diarrhoea. The 4-week-old pups were killed on day 4, and the 7-week-old pups died or were killed on day 5 post-inoculation. Histological examination showed degeneration and necrosis of intestinal crypt epithelial cells and villous atrophy. All pups had thymic atrophy caused by lymphoid depletion. Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph node and spleen also had lymphoid depletion. Lymphoid necrosis was present occasionally in these tissues. In the bone marrow, granulocytes and granulocyte and erythroid precursors were depleted. Amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were abundant in crypt epithelial nuclei, less so in myocardial nuclei. Canine parvovirus was isolated from intestinal contents, thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph node and liver in most pups, but not from kidney or myocardium.
Die Kaliumhydrogenphosphat-induzierte Nephropathie des Hundes. II. Glomeruläre Veränderungen [Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate Induced Nephropathy in the Dog. II. Glomerular Alterations—author's trans.]
Authors: Schneider P. , Müller-Peddinghaus R. , Pappritz G. , Trieb G. , Trautwein G. , Ueberberg H.
Published: March 2010

A disseminated atrophy of the proximal tubule accompanies K2HPO4-induced nephropathy in dogs. These pathologic processes cause glomerular changes that pass through different inflammatory stages and terminate in glomerular sclerosis.

Experimental animals, design of the experiment and methods have been described [15]. During the 14-week study we determined the amount of urine (24 hours), protein (mg/dl), protein excretion (mg protein/24 hr) and the macro- and microprotein fraction in the urine by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Clinical examinations were at 15, 66, and 85 days.

Beagle dogs treated with 0.8 g K2HPO4/kg body weight developed significant glomerular selective and unselective proteinuria. During the experiment the macroproteins in the urine decreased markedly, and at the last examination (day 85) glomerular proteinuria was no longer detectable by electrophoresis.

Morphologically, there were only slight glomerular changes in the biopsy material taken at four weeks. Widespread lesions at 14 and 38 weeks were dilatation of Bowman's space, thickening of the basement membrane, increase in mesangial matrix, interposition of non-argentophilic mesangial matrix into the glomerular basement membrane, protein deposits in the mesangium and parietal basement membrane, formation of crescents, shrinkage of the glomeruli with collapse of glomerular tufts, and finally glomerular sclerosis. The parietal epithelial cells contained cytoplasmic areas that were free of organelles and contained microfilamentous and fine-granular material. These areas were close to the capsular basement membrane. Bundles of filaments within parietal epithelial cells had contact with the basement membrane, thus resembling hemidesmosomes.

The sequelae of tubular atrophy are retention of glomerular filtrate and dilatation of Bowman's space, followed by compression and shrinkage of the glomerular tufts, and inflammatory processes within the glomerulus. The latter may be characterized as mesangio-sclerosing, mesangio-proliferative, membrano-proliferative, and extra-capillary glomerulonephritis. The decrease of urinary protein excretion towards the end of the experiment may be related to intratubular lysosomal digestion of cellular and amorphous components.