bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Release of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants by the coral Stylophora pistillata to its external milieu
Authors: Armoza-Zvuloni R. , Shaked Y.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a common reactive oxygen species, plays multiple roles in coral health and disease. Elevated H2O2 production by the symbiotic algae during stress may result in symbiosis breakdown and bleaching of the coral. We have recently reported that various Red Sea corals release H2O2 and antioxidants to their external milieu, and can influence the H2O2 dynamics in the reef. Here, we present a laboratory characterization of H2O2 and antioxidant activity release kinetics by intact, non-stressed Stylophora pistillata. Experimenting with bleached and non-bleached corals and different stirring speeds, we explored the sources and modes of H2O2 and antioxidant release. Since H2O2 is produced and degraded simultaneously, we developed a methodology for resolving the actual H2O2 concentrations released by the corals. H2O2 and antioxidant activity steadily increased in the water surrounding the coral over short periods of 1–2 h. Over longer periods of 5–7 h, the antioxidant activity kept increasing with time, while H2O2 concentrations were stabilized at ~ 1 μM by 1–3 h, and then gradually declined. Solving for H2O2 release, corals were found to release H2O2 at increasing rates over 2–4 h, and then to slow down and stop by 5–7 h. Stirring was shown to induce the release of H2O2, possibly since the flow reduces the thickness of the diffusive boundary layer of the coral, and thus increases H2O2 mass flux. Antioxidant activity was released at similar rates by bleached and non-bleached corals, suggesting that the antioxidants did not originate from the symbiotic algae. H2O2, however, was not released from bleached corals, implying that the symbiotic algae are the source of the released H2O2. The observed flow-induced H2O2 release may aid corals in removing some of the internal H2O2 produced by their symbiotic algae, and may possibly assist in preventing coral bleaching under conditions of elevated temperature and irradiance.
Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme
Authors: Rödenbeck C. , Bakker D. C. E. , Metzl N. , Olsen A. , Sabine C. , Cassar N. , Reum F. , Keeling R. F. , Heimann M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Interannual anomalies in the sea–air carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange have been estimated from surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure measurements. Available data are sufficient to constrain these anomalies in large parts of the tropical and North Pacific and in the North Atlantic, in some areas covering the period from the mid 1980s to 2011. Global interannual variability is estimated as about 0.31 Pg C yr−1 (temporal standard deviation 1993–2008). The tropical Pacific accounts for a large fraction of this global variability, closely tied to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Anomalies occur more than 6 months later in the east than in the west. The estimated amplitude and ENSO response are roughly consistent with independent information from atmospheric oxygen data. This both supports the variability estimated from surface-ocean carbon data and demonstrates the potential of the atmospheric oxygen signal to constrain ocean biogeochemical processes. The ocean variability estimated from surface-ocean carbon data can be used to improve land CO2 flux estimates from atmospheric inversions.
Relative roles of endolithic algae and carbonate chemistry variability in the skeletal dissolution of crustose coralline algae
Authors: Reyes-Nivia C. , Diaz-Pulido G. , Dove S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The susceptibility of crustose coralline algae (CCA) skeletons to dissolution is predicted to increase as oceans warm and acidify. Skeletal dissolution is caused by bioerosion from endolithic microorganisms and by chemical processes associated with undersaturation of carbonate minerals in seawater. Yet, the relative contribution of algal microborers and seawater carbonate chemistry to the dissolution of organisms that cement reefs under projected pCO2 and temperature (pCO2-T) scenarios have not been quantified. We exposed CCA skeletons (Porolithon onkodes) to four pCO2-T treatments (pre-industrial, present-day, SRES-B1 "reduced" pCO2, and SRES-A1FI "business-as-usual" pCO2 emission scenarios) under natural light cycles vs. constant dark conditions for 8 weeks. Dissolution rates of skeletons without photo-endoliths were dramatically higher (200%) than those colonized by endolithic algae across all pCO2-T scenarios. This suggests that daytime photosynthesis by microborers counteract dissolution by reduced saturation states resulting in lower net erosion rates over day–night cycles. Regardless of the presence or absence of phototrophic microborers, skeletal dissolution increased significantly under the spring A1FI "business-as-usual" scenario, confirming the CCA sensitivity to future oceans. Projected ocean acidity and temperature may significantly disturb the stability of reef frameworks cemented by CCA, but surficial substrates harbouring photosynthetic microborers will be less impacted than those without algal endoliths.
Oxygen isotopic analyses of individual planktic foraminifera species: implications for seasonality in the western Arabian Sea
Authors: Naidu P. D. , Niitsuma N. , Naik S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The variation of stable isotopes between individual shells of planktic foraminifera of a given species and size may provide short-term seasonal insight on Paleoceanography. In this context, oxygen isotope analyses of individual Globigerinoides sacculifer and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei were carried out from the Ocean Drilling Program Site 723A in the western Arabian Sea to unravel the seasonal changes for the last 22 kyr. δ18O values of single shells of G. sacculifer range from of 0.54 to 2.09‰ at various depths in the core which cover a time span of the last 22 kyr. Maximum inter-shell δ18O variability and high standard deviation is noticed from 20 to 10 kyr, whereas from 10 kyr onwards the inter shell δ18O variability decreased. The individual contribution of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) on the inter shell δ18O values of G. sacculifer were quantified. Maximum seasonal SST between 20 and 14 ka was caused due to weak summer monsoon upwelling and strong cold winter arid continental winds. Maximum SSS differences between 18 and 10 ka is attributed to the increase of net evaporation minus precipitation due to the shift of ITCZ further south. Overall, winter dominated SST signal in Greenland would be responsible to make a teleconnection between Indian monsoon and Greenland temperature. Thus the present study has wider implications in understanding wether the forcing mechanisms of tropical monsoon climate lies in high latitudes or in the tropics.
Auroral all-sky camera calibration
Authors: Sigernes F. , Holmen S. E. , Biles D. , Bjørklund H. , Chen X. , Dyrland M. , Lorentzen D. A. , Baddeley L. , Trondsen T. , Brändström U. , Trondsen E. , Lybekk B. , Moen J. , Chernouss S. , Deehr C. S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A two-step procedure to calibrate the spectral sensitivity to visible light of auroral all-sky cameras is outlined. Center pixel response is obtained by the use of a Lambertian surface and a standard 45W tungsten lamp. Screen brightness is regulated by the distance between the lamp and the screen. All-sky flat-field correction is carried out with a 1 m diameter integrating sphere. A transparent Lexan dome at the exit port of the sphere is used to simulate observing conditions at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO). A certified portable low brightness source from Keo Scientific Ltd. was used to test the procedure. Transfer lamp certificates in units of Rayleigh per Ångstrøm (R Å−1) are found to be within a relative error of 2%. An all-sky camera flat-field correction method is presented with only 6 required coefficients per channel.
Large-scale regionalization of water table depth in peatlands optimized for greenhouse gas emission upscaling
Authors: Bechtold M. , Tiemeyer B. , Laggner A. , Leppelt T. , Frahm E. , Belting S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Fluxes of the three main greenhouse gases (GHG) CO2, CH4 and N2O from peat and other soils with high organic carbon contents are strongly controlled by water table depth. Information about the spatial distribution of water level is thus a crucial input parameter when upscaling GHG emissions to large scales. Here, we investigate the potential of statistical modeling for the regionalization of water levels in organic soils when data covers only a small fraction of the peatlands of the final map. Our study area is Germany. Phreatic water level data from 53 peatlands in Germany were compiled in a new data set comprising 1094 dip wells and 7155 years of data. For each dip well, numerous possible predictor variables were determined using nationally available data sources, which included information about land cover, ditch network, protected areas, topography, peatland characteristics and climatic boundary conditions. We applied boosted regression trees to identify dependencies between predictor variables and dip-well-specific long-term annual mean water level (WL) as well as a transformed form (WLt). The latter was obtained by assuming a hypothetical GHG transfer function and is linearly related to GHG emissions. Our results demonstrate that model calibration on WLt is superior. It increases the explained variance of the water level in the sensitive range for GHG emissions and avoids model bias in subsequent GHG upscaling. The final model explained 45% of WLt variance and was built on nine predictor variables that are based on information about land cover, peatland characteristics, drainage network, topography and climatic boundary conditions. Their individual effects on WLt and the observed parameter interactions provide insight into natural and anthropogenic boundary conditions that control water levels in organic soils. Our study also demonstrates that a large fraction of the observed WLt variance cannot be explained by nationally available predictor variables and that predictors with stronger WLt indication, relying, for example, on detailed water management maps and remote sensing products, are needed to substantially improve model predictive performance.
Derivation of a new continuous adjustment function for correcting wind-induced loss of solid precipitation: results of a Norwegian field study
Authors: Wolff M. A. , Isaksen K. , Petersen-Øverleir A. , Ødemark K. , Reitan T. , Brækkan R.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Precipitation measurements exhibit large cold-season biases due to under-catch in windy conditions. These uncertainties affect water balance calculations, snowpack monitoring and calibrations of remote sensing algorithms and land surface models. More accurate data would improve the ability to predict future changes in water resources and mountain hazards in snow-dominated regions. In 2010, an extensive test-site for precipitation measurements was established at a mountain plateau in Southern Norway. Precipitation data of automatic gauges were compared with a precipitation gauge in a Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) wind shield construction which served as the reference. Additionally, a large number of sensors were monitoring supportive meteorological parameters. In this paper, data from three winters were used to study and determine the wind-induced under-catch of solid precipitation. Qualitative analyses and Bayesian statistics were used to evaluate and objectively choose the model that is describing the data best. A continuous adjustment function and its uncertainty were derived for measurements of all types of winter precipitation (from rain to dry snow). A regression analysis did not reveal any significant misspecifications for the adjustment function, but showed that the chosen model uncertainty is slightly insufficient and can be further optimized. The adjustment function is operationally usable based only on data available at standard automatic weather stations. Our results show a non-linear relationship between under-catch and wind speed during winter precipitation events and there is a clear temperature dependency, mainly reflecting the precipitation type. The results allowed for the first time to derive an adjustment function with a data-tested validity beyond 7 m s−1 and proved a stabilisation of the wind-induced precipitation loss for higher wind speeds.
Development of models for maximum and time variation of storm surges at the Tanshui estuary
Authors: Tsai C.-P. , You C.-Y.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. In this study, artificial neural networks, including both multilayer perception and the radial basis function neural networks, are applied for modeling and forecasting the maximum and time variation of storm surges at the Tanshui estuary in Taiwan. The physical parameters, including both the local atmospheric pressure and the wind field factors, for finding the maximum storm surges, are first investigated based on the training of neural networks. Then neural network models for forecasting the time series of storm surges are accordingly developed using the major meteorological parameters with time variations. The time series of storm surges for six typhoons were used for training and testing the models, and data for three typhoons were used for model forecasting. The results show that both neural network models perform very well for the forecasting of the time variation of storm surges.
Effective buoyancy ratio: a new parameter to characterize thermo-chemical mixing in the Earth's mantle
Authors: Galsa A. , Herein M. , Lenkey L. , Farkas M. P. , Taller G.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Numerical modeling has been carried out in a 2-D cylindrical shell domain to quantify the evolution of a primordial dense layer around the core mantle boundary. Effective buoyancy ratio, Beff was introduced to characterize the evolution of the two-layer thermo-chemical convection in the Earth's mantle. Beff decreases with time due to (1) warming the compositionally dense layer, (2) cooling the overlying mantle, (3) eroding the dense layer by thermal convection in the overlying mantle, and (4) diluting the dense layer by inner convection. When Beff reaches the instability point, Beff = 1, effective thermo-chemical convection starts, and the mantle will be mixed (Beff = 0) during a short time. A parabolic relation was revealed between the initial density difference of the layers and the mixing time. Morphology of large low shear velocity provinces as well as results from seismic tomography and normal mode data suggest a value of Beff ≥ 1 for the mantle.
Self-regulation of ice flow varies across the ablation area in South-West Greenland
Authors: van de Wal R. S. W. , Smeets C. J. P. P. , Boot W. , Stoffelen M. , van Kampen R. , Doyle S. , Wilhelms F. , van den Broeke M. R. , Reijmer C. H. , Oerlemans J. , Hubbard A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The concept of a positive feedback between ice flow and enhanced melt rates in a warmer climate fuelled the debate regarding the temporal and spatial controls on seasonal ice acceleration. Here we combine melt, basal water pressure, and ice velocity data. We show using twenty years of data covering the whole ablation area that there is no strong feedback between annual ice velocities and melt rates. Annual velocities even slightly decreased with increasing melt. Results also indicate that melt variations are most important for velocity variations in the upper ablation zone up to the equilibrium line altitude. During the extreme melt in 2012 a large velocity response near the equilibrium line was observed, highlighting the possibility of rapidly changing bed conditions in this part of the ice sheet that may lead to a doubling of the annual ice velocity.
Snow cover reconstruction methodology based on historic in situ observations and recent remote sensing data
Authors: Gafurov A. , Vorogushyn S. , Merkushkin A. , Duethmann D. , Farinotti D. , Merz B.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Spatially distributed snow cover extent can be derived from remote sensing data with good accuracy. However, such data are available for recent decades only, after satellite missions with proper snow detection capabilities were launched. Yet, longer time series of snow cover area (SCA) are usually required e.g. for hydrological model calibration or water availability assessment in the past. We present a methodology to reconstruct historical snow coverage using recently available remote sensing data and long-term point observations of snow depth from existing meteorological stations. The methodology is mainly based on correlations between station records and spatial snow cover patterns. Additionally, topography and temporal persistence of snow patterns are taken into account. The methodology was applied to the Zerafshan River basin in Central Asia – a very data-sparse region. Reconstructed snow cover was cross-validated against independent remote sensing data and shows an accuracy of about 85%. The methodology can be used to overcome the data gap for earlier decades when the availability of remote sensing snow cover data was strongly limited.
ENTRE O DIREITO, A POLÍTICA E A ECONOMIA: (RE)CONSTRUINDO A ANÁLISE INSTITUCIONAL COMPARATIVA
Authors: Costa Rafael De Oliveira
Published: September 2014

O direito, a economia e a política, vislumbrados sob uma ótica eminentemente institucional, são as principais estruturas que compõem o sistema estatal. Este trabalho busca analisar, adotando como metodologia a análise institucional comparativa, o complexo emaranhado de processos de tomada de decisão, buscando definir a instituição mais apta a implementar uma determinada política pública, por meio de uma adaptação, para o cenário nacional, do modelo desenvolvido por Neil Komesar em Imperfect alternatives: choosing institutions in law, economics and public policy.
A RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL DOS PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM FRENTE AOS ERROS NA TERAPÊUTICA MEDICAMENTOSA
Authors: Prest Alzira Cristina , Pazó Cristina Grobério
Published: September 2014

O profissional da enfermagem, no exercício do desenvolvimento da saúde, é acometido por diversas responsabilidades, especialmente na terapêutica medicamentosa, quando, ao administrar o medicamento, assume o último ciclo do procedimento e, portanto, contempla a passagem do risco hipotético para o risco real. Destaca-se, assim, a importância da análise referente à responsabilização subjetiva ou objetiva desses operadores no caso de erros no exercício dessa função. Com este intuito realizaremos estudo acerca da responsabilização por ausência do dever de informar, além daquela referente aos erros advindos da falha na terapêutica medicamentosa, o que permitirá a conclusão referente à modalidade de responsabilização desses profissionais.
A CRÍTICA DE JEREMY WALDRON AO CONSTITUCIONALISMO CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Consani Cristina Foroni
Published: September 2014

Este artigo apresenta e discute a crítica de Jeremy Waldron ao constitucionalismo contemporâneo, notadamente, às teorias constitucionais que centralizam a discussão acerca da democracia constitucional na proteção aos direitos fundamentais e em sua retirada do debate político. Neste sentido são apresentadas, primeiramente, as teses constitucionalistas às quais Waldron se opõe. Num segundo momento, são apresentadas suas críticas às teses constitucionalistas, assim como suas propostas para compatibilização entre o ideal constitucional e a democracia. Por fim, realiza-se uma avaliação acerca dos limites de cada uma das teorias em discussão.
UM CONVITE À INTRANSIGÊNCIA: BREVES COMENTÁRIOS SOBRE A OBRA "IN PRAISE OF INTRANSIGENCE: THE PERILS OF FLEXIBILITY", DE RICHARD H. WEISBERG
Authors: Pugliese William Soares , Kozicki Katya
Published: September 2014

Resenha de livro
MARIO LOSANO
Authors: Serbena Cesar Antonio , Câmara Edna Torres Felício
Published: September 2014

Entrevista
DISTORÇÕES FLEXÍVEIS DO DIREITO AMERICANO, OU COMO SÃO PAULO E SÃO JOÃO INFLUENCIAM A POLÍTICA SOCIAL FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Weisberg Richard H
Published: September 2014

Este artigo busca demonstrar como preservar a possibilidade de uma mudança saudável dentro dos limites interpretativos, por meio da restauração gradual de cinco leituras flexíveis equivocadas da Constituição dos EUA.
FEEDBACK ON A PUBLICLY DISTRIBUTED IMAGE DATABASE: THE MESSIDOR DATABASE
Authors: Decencière Etienne , Zhang Xiwei , Cazuguel Guy , Lay Bruno , Cochener Béatrice , Trone Caroline , Gain Philippe , Ordonez Richard , Massin Pascale , Erginay Ali , Charton Béatrice , Klein Jean-Claude
Published: September 2014

The Messidor database, which contains hundreds of eye fundus images, has been publicly distributed since 2008. It was created by the Messidor project in order to evaluate automatic lesion segmentation and diabetic retinopathy grading methods. Designing, producing and maintaining such a database entails significant costs. By publicly sharing it, one hopes to bring a valuable resource to the public research community. However, the real interest and benefit of the research community is not easy to quantify. We analyse here the feedback on the Messidor database, after more than 6 years of diffusion. This analysis should apply to other similar research databases.
Zmiany najnowszych Wytycznych Leczenia i Prewencji Astmy—GINA 2014. Na co powinniśmy zwrócić uwagę?
Authors: Kupryś-Lipińska Izabela , Kuna Piotr
Published: September 2014

W maju 2014 roku, w Światowym Dniu Astmy opublikowane zostały znowelizowane wytyczne leczenia i prewencji astmy, opracowane przez ekspertów Światowej Inicjatywy na Rzecz Astmy (GINA, the Global Initiative for Asthma) [...]
Zapalenie Płuc i Inne Infekcje Związane z Wentylacją Mechaniczną
Authors: Bobik Piotr , Siemiątkowski Andrzej
Published: September 2014

One of the fundamental elements of therapy in patients hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is mechanical ventilation (MV). MV enables sufficient gas exchange in patients with severe respiratory insufficiency, thus preserving the proper functioning of organs and systems. However, clinical and experimental studies show that mechanical ventilation may cause severe complications, e.g. lung injury (VALI, VILI), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and, on rare occasions, multiple organ failure (MOF). Mechanical ventilation and especially endotracheal intubation are associated also with higher risk of infectious complications of the respiratory system: ventilator-associated respiratory infection (VARI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The complications of the MV listed above have a significant influence on the length of treatment and also on the increase of the costs of therapy and mortality of patients who stay in an ICU. These negative effects of supported breathing are the reasons for intensive research to find new biological markers of inflammation and lung injury, more sensitive and specific diagnostic instruments, more effective methods of therapy, and programs of prevention. The purpose of this article is the presentation of current knowledge concerning VAP-related infections, to allow pulmonologists and general practitioners to become more familiar with the problem. Basic and the most important data concerning the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, microbiology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of VAP have been included. Additionally, ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) was discussed.
Estimation of Cartesian Space Robot Trajectories Using Unit Quaternion Space
Authors: Ude Alesš
Published: September 2014

The ability to estimate Cartesian space trajectories that include orientation is of great importance for many practical applications. While it is becoming easier to acquire trajectory data by computer vision methods, data measured by general-purpose vision or depth sensors are often rather noisy. Appropriate smoothing methods are thus needed in order to reconstruct smooth Cartesian space trajectories given noisy measurements. In this paper, we propose an optimality criterion for the problem of the smooth estimation of Cartesian space trajectories that include the end-effector orientation. Based on this criterion, we develop an optimization method for trajectory estimation which takes into account the special properties of the orientation space, which we represent by unit quaternions. The efficiency of the developed approach is discussed and experimental results are presented.
Avaliação de características morfológicas e agronômicas de linhagens de feijão-de-vagem em Bom Jesus do Itabapoana-RJ, com potencial de recomendação
Authors: Almeida Sebastião Ney Costa , Thiebaut José Tarcício Lima , Gravina Geraldo de Amaral , Araújo Lanusse Cordeiro , Daher Rogério Figueiredo
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar caracterização morfológica e agronômica da vagem das gerações F9 do programa de melhoramento do feijão de vagem, da UENF, em campo, na localidade de Bom Jesus do Itabapoana, RJ, 2010, visando ao lançamento de material melhorado para os produtores do Norte e Noroeste Fluminense. A avaliação dos caracteres da vagem foi feita segundo Formulário de Descritores Morfológicos Mínimos de Feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), recomendado pelo Serviço Nacional de Proteção de Cultivares. No presente trabalho, observaram-se características diferentes entre as linhagens, demonstrando haver variabilidade genética entre elas. Também foram selecionadas linhagens mais produtivas, consideradas promissoras.
Hotelaria, sustentabilidade e certificação: um estudo bibliométrico
Authors: Matos Jaqueline Kropf Esteves de , Costa Maria Alice Nunes
Published: September 2014

O clamor social por práticas empresariais éticas, transparentes e socioambientalmente responsáveis vem aumentando drasticamente. Nesse contexto, as empresas vêm buscando atender cada vez melhor às expectativas das partes interessadas, visando a alcançar a sustentabilidade em todos os seus níveis.O turismo, segmento da indústria que mais cresce no mundo, não poderia deixar de seguir esta tendência. Desta forma, este artigo visa a contribuir, a partir da identificação quantitativa das publicações que citaram os termos gestão hoteleira, turismo sustentável, NBR 15401 e certificação em sustentabilidade, para a configuração do estado da arte sobre a temática em questão.
Prevalência do uso de metilfenidato por universitários de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ
Authors: Mota Jéssica da Silva , Pessanha Fernanda Fraga
Published: September 2014

O metilfenidato um estimulante do Sistema Nervoso Central comumente prescrito no tratamento de crianças portadoras de Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a prevalência dos universitários usuários de metilfenidato, assim como os principais motivos de utilização, formas de aquisição e possíveis efeitos colaterais. O estudo demonstrou uma prevalência de 60% do uso de metilfenidato nos universitários de Campos dos Goytacazes. Conclui-se que existe um alto índice de utilização desse medicamento entre os universitários de Campos dos Goytacazes. Sugere-se um trabalho de conscientização sobre os riscos do uso inadequado desse medicamento.
Spatio-Temporal Transformation in Agricultural Land-Use Pattern in Karachi Using Geo-Spatial Techniques: A Case Study along West Bank of Malir River
Authors: Anila Kausar  , Khalida Mahmood  , Razzaq Ahmed
Published: September 2014

The study attempts to investigate spatio-temporal transformation along the west bank of Malir River in Karachi between 2005 and 2013, using geo-spatial techniques. The major objective of this study is to find out the changes occurring in the pattern of land use along Malir River in various administrative units of Karachi division. The study indicates changes in agricultural land during the period covered by the study. These changes which are all related to agricultural land are mainly explained by transformation occurring in terms of various land-use.Due to the unavailability of statistical data at grass root level, primary data have been collected from imageries to obtain different land-use categories. The results show that considerable changes have been witnessed in the entire study area. This kind of research is very useful for all agricultural areas around major cities of the Asia and Africa in terms of land-use change detection.
Formação de professores: as diretrizes nacionais e o poder local
Authors: Nogueira Oliveira Maria Eliza , Zambão Abdian Graziela
Published: September 2014

Resultante de uma pesquisa fundada em estudos de Lima (2008), este artigo se propõe a investigar o processo de reestruturação do curso de Pedagogia oferecido por uma universidade pública estadual, desde a vigência das novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, instituídas em maio de 2006. Um dos objetivos da análise pretende identificar não apenas as principais dificuldades, mas também as possíveis aberturas para que se efetivassem as mudanças, atendendo aos interesses externos e internos da instituição. Para atingir essas metas, utilizou-se de instrumental concreto: documentos referentes ao curso de Pedagogia mantidos no Conselho de Curso da universidade e entrevistas com os sujeitos diretamente envolvidos no processo de reestruturação. Por se tratar de universidade pública, pressupunha-se a prevalência de gestão ancorada em princípios democráticos, em que as divergências de opiniões e os conflitos não se revelassem como desvios, senão como oportunidade de diálogo e de instauração de projetos coletivos. O resultado da análise surpreendeu revelando o oposto: o processo se deixou gerir por um modelo racional/burocrático de administração, cujos objetivos visavam adequar a instituição às normas externas e estabelecer o consenso — aqui entendido como inexistência absoluta de conflitos. Não obstante, optou-se por conciliar o curso às diretrizes, sem que houvesse dano aos interesses departamentais. Todas essas são razões por que o presente artigo suscita novos e relevantes debates no momento de (re)pensar práticas em sala de aula — o compromisso político inerente a quem assuma o mister de formar professores, mormente o de participar efetivamente na construção dos fins para os quais se empenhará e trabalhará.
Profissionalidade e formação docente: representações sociais de professores
Authors: Dias da Silva Rejane , Alves Dias Adelaide , De Almeida Pimenta Sonia
Published: September 2014

Este estudo analisa a representação social sobre a formação docente de professores da rede pública estadual de Pernambuco. Partimos do pressuposto de que as representações sociais podem contribuir para desencadear práticas educativas e possibilitar o acesso a seu conhecimento. Foram aplicados questionários de associação livre e associação dirigida a 80 professores de 20 escolas de ensinos Fundamental e Médio. Identificamos o campo semântico das representações sociais dos professores e os elementos que constituíam o núcleo central. Os resultados revelaram que as representações sobre a formação circulam em torno das categorias pedagógica, acadêmica e profissional. A categoria profissional foi insignificante no campo das representações dos sujeitos investigados. O núcleo central dessas representações se organiza em torno da dimensão acadêmica. As representações da formação são ancoradas na categoria acadêmica indicando a forte influência da formação inicial em cursos de licenciatura, apesar de terem sido encontrados indícios de mudanças consubstanciadas na ênfase na categoria pedagógica encontrada nas representações dos professores.
Licenciaturas e anos iniciais da Educação Básica: uma interlocução necessária na formação de professores
Authors: Manosso Cartaxo Simone Regina , Oliver Martins Pura Lúcia
Published: September 2014

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a interlocução dos cursos de licenciatura com os anos iniciais da Educação Básica na formação inicial de professores, a partir de uma pesquisa documental em cursos de licenciatura e entrevistas com professores formadores. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e fundamentada na dialética materialista histórica, toma como eixo epistemológico a concepção de teoria como expressão da prática, conforme Bernardo (1992), Castoriadis (1985), Martins (1996), Santos (1992) e Thompson (2009). O texto traz a elaboração de princípios orientadores, que são a expressão da prática dos formadores na busca dessa interlocução necessária entre a licenciatura e os anos iniciais da Educação Básica. Tais princípios poderão servir de base para se pensar uma licenciatura alfabetizadora.
Interação universidade e escola: uma colaboração entre ações e discursos
Authors: Tauchen Gionara , Piccolo Viero Devechi Catia , Trevisan Amarildo Luiz
Published: September 2014

Considerando que a interação entre a universidade e a Escola Básica é fundamental tanto à organização quanto à qualificação do sistema educacional, realizamos uma pesquisaqualitativa com 20 escolas municipais urbanas do município de Rio Grande (RS), com o objetivo de investigar e compreender a efetividade das atividades universitárias (ensino, pesquisa e extensão), no que se refere à promoção e ao fortalecimento das interações entre as instituições. Destacam-se as atividades vinculadas ao Pibid, ao Observatório da Educação, à extensão, aos estágios supervisionados e à pesquisa na graduação e na pós-graduação. A partir das compreensões sobre essas atividades, buscamos discutir, balizadas nos propósitos habermasianos, as possibilidades de continuidade entre saberes pragmáticos e saberes epistemológicos, no sentido de um melhor desempenho da aprendizagem diante das reivindicações de melhoria da interação entre escola e universidade.
A construção de práticas pedagógicas inter/multiculturais no ensino fundamental e os saberes docentes
Authors: Freitas de Lima Emília
Published: September 2014

Este artigo problematiza a construção de práticas pedagógicas inter/multiculturais no Ensino Fundamental, em contraponto com a concepção de saberes docentes. Para tanto, analisa resultados de duas pesquisas, oriundas de teses de doutorado, ambas versando sobre práticas pedagógicas de docentes que se propunham a trabalhar na perspectiva inter/multicultural. Propõe que, para desenvolver os conteúdos escolares inter/multiculturalmente, não basta que o docente construa e acione saberes, entendidos na perspectiva racional; é preciso que tais saberes sejam conjugados com crenças e valores coerentes com esse tipo de atuação, o que requer uma autopercepção mais honesta por parte dos professores. Além disso, o artigo defende que a discussão dos saberes docentes muito se relaciona à dimensão ética — a ética do humano, do ser-mais —, na direção da universalização de mínimos éticos visando à preservação da dignidade humana. Finalmente, tece considerações a respeito das consequências de tais ideias para a formação de professores e para a formação de seus formadores.
Círculos de estudo: o método de educação Bahá’í de adultos
Authors: Corrêa de Freitas Gil Ana Helena
Published: September 2014

Esse artigo busca fazer algumas reflexões a respeito dos Círculos de Estudo adotados na religião Bahá’í. Segundo essa Fé, e seu fundador - Bah’u’lláh, a educação é um dos princípios básicos para a unidade humana. Todas as pessoas, a partir de 15 anos, independentemente do local onde residem, ou sua formação escolar, podem participar dos Círculos de Estudo (C.E) proporcionados pelo Instituto Bahá’í. O objetivo dos Círculos de Estudos (C.E) é o de embasar as pessoas com uma base comum para o fortalecimento do seu espírito, de modo a ajudar a humanidade a progredir espiritualmente. O método utilizado é inspirado na metodologia de Paulo Freire, na composição de uma “alfabetização” espiritual de pessoas de todas as origens, formações, classes e gênero. Processo no qual as pessoas atingem uma profunda compreensão da realidade sócio cultural que conforma suas vidas, e sua capacidade de transformá-las.
As concepções epistemológicas do Ensino Religioso: espaços de resistência ou de inovação?
Authors: Brandenburg Laude Erandi
Published: September 2014

A dimensão epistemológica é de fundamental importância para o estabelecimento dos rumos do Ensino Religioso e, por isso, indispensável para a organização do currículo dessa área de conhecimento. O artigo apresenta a questão epistemológica do Ensino Religioso desde a aprovação da versão modificada do art. 33 da LDB, de julho de 1997 até a presente data. O material consultado trata de artigos, inclusive os preparatórios do Fonaper que serviram de base para a organização inicial do Ensino Religioso no Brasil. Também são apresentados dados auferidos por meio de projetos de pesquisa realizados pela autora em anos anteriores. O artigo visa trazer dados que possam auxiliar na indicação dos rumos epistemológicos do Ensino Religioso nos anos da vigência do art. 33 e verificar que perspectivas se apresentam para o assunto. Abordam-se os primórdios da discussão epistemológica, a problemática da episteme no Ensino Religioso, os Sistemas de Ensino e o Ensino Religioso, focos epistemológicos de projetos de pesquisa e um olhar para estudos mais recentes.
Entraves ao Ensino Religioso na Pós-Modernidade
Authors: Alencar Libório Luiz
Published: September 2014

A Pós-Modernidade traz em seu bojo tantas características boas e não boas. Sobre essas últimas, fala-se muito de individualismo, pensamento fraco, juventude sem foco, vida líquida, vazio existencial, reordenação de valores, materialismo, domínio do efêmero, falta de sentido e hedonismo irresponsável, que poderiam ser focos do Ensino Religioso (ER). O objetivo desse artigo é refletir criticamente sobre alguns entraves ao ER no que diz respeito aos cinco eixos dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Religioso (PCNERs). A reflexão foca o fenômeno religioso num viés ecumênico, nos moldes das Ciências da Religião. No Brasil, já se fez muito para adequar os PCNERs ao Ensino Religioso, especialmente nas escolas públicas. O estado do Rio Grande do Norte, no Nordeste, é um dos pioneiros nessa difícil tarefa, por falta de professores capacitados. São urgentes a criação e a implementação de licenciaturas, especializações, mestrados e doutorados em Ciências da Religião para solucionar esse problema.
La discriminación: una estructura latinoamericana para reflexionar en la Educación Religiosa escolar
Authors: Palacios Amparo Novoa , Lozano Yebrail Castañeda
Published: September 2014

El presente artículo es resultado del proyecto de investigación: Diversidad cultural y educación escolar en Brasil y en Colombia: implicaciones en la acción de profesores/as, y presenta la categoría de discriminación como una estructura estable que se evidencia en América Latina y específicamente en Colombia. Por tal razón, la discriminación no se reduce sólo al desplazamiento de las poblaciones negras, aborígenes, mestizas o zambas, sino que trasciende la categoría de raza y se posiciona en los diversos aspectos que constituyen el tejido social, tales como: la económica, la diversidad cultural, la religión, la política, la identidad sexual y la perspectiva de género.
A formação do professor de Ensino Religioso: [T] o impacto sobre a identidade de um componente curricular
Authors: Azevedo Junqueira Sérgio Rogério , Rodrigues Edile Maria Fracaro
Published: September 2014

A presença do Ensino Religioso no currículo escolar tem sido atribulada. Daí a importância de se conhecer a história das disciplinas e compreender o processo de formação e profissionalização dos docentes. O presente artigo discute aspectos da formação dos profissionais da educação e sua identidade docente para traçar um paralelo com a formação do professor de Ensino Religioso. Apresenta pesquisas tipo ‘estado da arte’ que compreendem o período entre 1995 e 2010 em relação a oferta de curso de formação e produção científica. As pesquisas no campo da formação de professores para o Ensino Religioso no cenário brasileiro discutem com maior ênfase a formação continuada. Percebe-se também a ausência de uma reflexão sistematizada para verificação da atuação do egresso com a prática pedagógica. Contudo, fica evidente que o Ensino Religioso se configura como uma área de estudos e comunidade de cientistas que se empenha na pesquisa e na extensão.
La visión sobre el cuerpo desde de las tradiciones del lejano Oriente
Authors: Gómez Arévalo José Arlés
Published: September 2014

El presente artículo hace parte del trabajo investigativo desarrollado por el Grupo CienciaEspiritualidad que indaga por las posibles conexiones que se establecen entre algunas epistemologías de Occidente y las tradiciones del lejano Oriente; dicha investigación, en su tercera fase, indaga por las relaciones hombre-naturaleza. En esta etapa se reflexiona por el papel del cuerpo en las tradiciones taoísta, budista e hindú quienes desde sus prácticas socio-culturales, filosóficas y espirituales, fundamentan una mirada del cuerpo desde su integración unitaria con la mente y el espíritu. Entender esta conexión constituye un valioso aporte a las actuales reflexiones que sobre el ser humano como ser integral se realizan en algunas epistemologías emergentes.
Active invasion of bacteria into living fungal cells
Authors: Moebius Nadine , Üzüm Zerrin , Dijksterhuis Jan , Lackner Gerald , Hertweck Christian
Published: September 2014

The rice seedling blight fungus Rhizopus microsporus and its endosymbiont Burkholderia rhizoxinica form an unusual, highly specific alliance to produce the highly potent antimitotic phytotoxin rhizoxin. Yet, it has remained a riddle how bacteria invade the fungal cells. Genome mining for potential symbiosis factors and functional analyses revealed that a type 2 secretion system (T2SS) of the bacterial endosymbiont is required for the formation of the endosymbiosis. Comparative proteome analyses show that the T2SS releases chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase, chitosanase) and chitin-binding proteins. The genes responsible for chitinolytic proteins and T2SS components are highly expressed during infection. Through targeted gene knock-outs, sporulation assays and microscopic investigations we found that chitinase is essential for bacteria to enter hyphae. Unprecedented snapshots of the traceless bacterial intrusion were obtained using cryo-electron microscopy. Beyond unveiling the pivotal role of chitinolytic enzymes in the active invasion of a fungus by bacteria, these findings grant unprecedented insight into the fungal cell wall penetration and symbiosis formation.
The impact of the assimilation of Aquarius sea surface salinity data in the GEOS ocean data assimilation system
Authors: Vernieres G. , Kovach R. , Keppenne C. , Akella S. , Brucker L. , Dinnat E.
Published: August 2014

Ocean salinity and temperature differences drive thermohaline circulation. These properties also play a key role in the ocean‐atmosphere coupling. With the availability of L‐band space‐borne observations, it becomes possible to provide global scale sea surface salinity (SSS) distribution. This study analyzes globally the along‐track (Level 2) Aquarius SSS retrievals obtained using both passive and active L‐band observations. Aquarius along‐track retrieved SSS are assimilated into the ocean data assimilation component of Version 5 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS‐5) assimilation and forecast model. We present a methodology to correct the large biases and errors apparent in Version 2.0 of the Aquarius SSS retrieval algorithm and map the observed Aquarius SSS retrieval into the ocean model's bulk salinity in the topmost layer. The impact of the assimilation of the corrected SSS on the salinity analysis is evaluated by comparisons with in situ salinity measurements from Argo. The results show a significant reduction of the global biases and RMS of observations‐minus‐forecast differences at in situ locations. The most striking results are found in the tropics and southern latitudes. Our results highlight the complementary role and problems that arise during the assimilation of salinity information from in situ (Argo) and space‐borne SSS retrievals.
Interannual variability of wintertime temperature on the inner continental shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight
Authors: Connolly Thomas P. , Lentz Steven J.
Published: August 2014

The shallow depth of the inner continental shelf allows for rapid adjustment of the ocean to air‐sea exchange of heat and momentum compared with offshore locations. Observations during 2001–2013 are used to evaluate the contributions of air‐sea heat flux and oceanic advection to interannual variability of inner‐shelf temperature in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Wintertime processes are important for interpreting regional interannual variability at nearshore locations since winter anomalies account for 69–77% of the variance of the annual anomalies and are correlated over broad along‐shelf scales, from New England to North Carolina. At the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory on the 12 m isobath, a heat budget is used to test the hypothesis that interannual differences in winter temperatures are due solely to air‐sea heat flux. Bimonthly averages of air‐sea heat flux are correlated with temporal changes in temperature, but overestimate the observed wintertime cooling. Velocity and satellite‐derived temperature data show that interannual variability in wintertime surface cooling is partially compensated for by alongshore advection of warmer water from the west at this particular location. It is also shown that surface heat flux is a strong function of air‐sea temperature difference. Because of this coupling between ocean and air temperatures in shallow water, along‐shelf advection can significantly modify the surface heat flux at seasonal and interannual time scales. While along‐shelf advection at relatively small (∼100 km) scales can be an important component of the heat budget over the inner shelf, interannual temperature variability is still largely determined by adjustment to large‐scale air‐temperature anomalies.
Assessment of the accuracy of (re)analyses in the equatorial lower stratosphere
Authors: Podglajen Aurélien , Hertzog Albert , Plougonven Riwal , Žagar Nedjeljka
Published: September 2014

The accuracy of horizontal winds and temperature in the equatorial lower stratosphere is evaluated in different (re)analyses (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis, ERA Interim, and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) using an independent data set collected at low latitudes during long‐duration balloon flights in early 2010. The three analyzed wind products are found significantly less accurate than in the extratropics, with periods of disagreement with the observations lasting several days. To highlight the dynamical context in which the major disagreement events occur, case studies are carried out. The events are shown to be related to an improper representation of large‐scale equatorial Kelvin and Yanai wave packets with vertical wavelengths smaller than 5 km. Such events can induce large errors on trajectories computed with analyzed winds relatively to the actual (balloon) trajectory: 4000 km separation after 5 days of calculation. Reasons for analyses inaccuracy are discussed. The vertical resolution of the underlying model likely plays a role, but the main factor responsible for deficiencies appears to be the lack of wind observations. Indeed, errors in analyzed winds during the campaign have a strong longitudinal structure, with root‐mean‐square errors twice as large over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, poorly covered by radiosounding stations, as over the Maritime Continent or South America. For the ECMWF analysis, this structure mirrors that of the analysis increments, which have largest amplitudes over observed regions. We argue that the reported events are more likely to happen during maximum shear phases of the quasi‐biennial oscillation.