bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Race, and Intersectional Bias in Resume Screening via Language Model Retrieval
Authors: Wilson Kyra , Caliskan Aylin
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) hiring tools have revolutionized resume screening, and large language models (LLMs) have the potential to do the same. However, given the biases which are embedded within LLMs, it is unclear whether they can be used in this scenario without disadvantaging groups based on their protected attributes. In this work, we investigate the possibilities of using LLMs in a resume screening setting via a document retrieval framework that simulates job candidate selection. Using that framework, we then perform a resume audit study to determine whether a selection of Massive Text Embedding (MTE) models are biased in resume screening scenarios. We simulate this for nine occupations, using a collection of over 500 publicly available resumes and 500 job descriptions. We find that the MTEs are biased, significantly favoring White-associated names in 85.1% of cases and female-associated names in only 11.1% of cases, with a minority of cases showing no statistically significant differences. Further analyses show that Black males are disadvantaged in up to 100% of cases, replicating real-world patterns of bias in employment settings, and validate three hypotheses of intersectionality. We also find an impact of document length as well as the corpus frequency of names in the selection of resumes. These findings have implications for widely used AI tools that are automating employment, fairness, and tech policy.
AIES 2024 Frontmatter
Authors: Das Sanmay , Green Brian Patrick , Varshney Kush , Ganapini Marianna , Renda Andrea
Published: November 2024

The mission of AIES is to engage a multidisciplinary group of scholars to think deeplyabout the impact of AI systems on human societies. We are thrilled that the conference is growing while still maintaining very high quality standards and the transdisciplinary nature that is so core to its identity. We are at a critical moment in time, as AI becomes increasingly pervasive. It is our hope that the conversations at AIES continue to drive the work we need to do to ensure that the path forward is a good one.The frontmatter includes:

A message from the chairs
The winners of the best paper awards
The conference committee
The conference sponsors
An Update to Measuring the U.S. Monetary Aggregates
Authors: Ford Heather , Styczynski Mary-Frances
Published: November 2024

In 1994, a symposium was held on the measurement of the U.S. monetary aggregates. As a result of this symposium, the main components and data sources used at the time to construct the U.S. monetary aggregates were documented for posterity in A Historical Perspective on the Federal Reserve's Monetary Aggregates: Definition, Construction and Targeting by Richard Anderson and Kenneth Kavajecz.
Unemployment Insurance and Macro-Financial (In)Stability
Authors: Arslan Yavuz , Degerli Ahmet , Guler Bulent , Kabas Gazi , Kuruscu Burhan
Published: November 2024

We identify and study two mechanisms that can overturn the stabilizing effects of unemployment insurance (UI) policies. First, households in economies with more generous UI reduce their precautionary savings and increase their mortgage debt. Second, the share of mortgages, especially those with higher loan-to-income ratios, increases on bank balance sheets. As a result, both bank and household balance sheets become more vulnerable to adverse shocks, which deepens recessions. We demonstrate the importance of these channels by employing a quantitative heterogeneous-agent general equilibrium model and by providing county-level empirical evidence from the U.S. housing and mortgage markets.
Desarrollo de una aplicación móvil de Realidad Aumentada como material de apoyo en la enseñanza del cálculo
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Verdugo Romero Walter Enrique , Cabrera Palomeque Alexandra ,   Universidad Católica de Colombia, Verdugo Cabrera Alexandra ,   Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas
Published: November 2024

Actualmente, para los estudiantes de bachillerato, comprender lo que se les está enseñando es fundamental pues el objetivo es brindarles una educación para la vida, pero se encuentran con un freno en el área de las matemáticas. Los motivos son de variada índole, por ejemplo, no todos los alumnos captan de la misma manera; la enseñanza brindada en algunos casos no es óptima; existe poco interés por la materia, etcétera. Sin embargo, esto puede cambiar si las clases se dictan de una manera más dinámica, de una forma en la que los estudiantes puedan ver y aprender el cálculo haciendo uso de las TIC (Tecnología de la Información y la Comunicación).
Las competencias holísticas relacionadas al entorno empresarial y académico desde la Visión Salesiana
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, García García Cristian , Moya Loaiza Diana ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Cárdenas Tapia Juan ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Published: November 2024

El mundo actual se encuentra impulsado por el conocimiento, donde el ritmo del cambio es vertiginoso debido en gran medida a la tecnología que interviene directamente dando ventaja a las diferentes organizaciones (Khamdun et al., 2021). En esta línea, el desarrollo de la tecnología es posible por la intervención del ser humano y sus habilidades para transformarla, pero es indudable que existen habilidades interpersonales que apoyan estos procesos, y son conocidas como “competencias holísticas (Chan y Luk, 2022), “habilidades blandas”, “habilidades del siglo XXI”, “habilidades para la empleabilidad” (Barrie, 2006). Estas son cada vez más importantes y críticas para el éxito de cualquier profesión (Caeiro et al., 2021; Mulcahy et al., 2018; Olo et al., 2021; Sharvari y Kulkarni, 2019). Dado que el objetivo del presente estudio no es distinguir diferentes conceptualizaciones, se acuñará el término “competencias holísticas”.
Desafíos educativos: Aproximación teórica del método TEACCH en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA)
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Sumba Joseline Andrea , Castro Villalobos Susana ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Published: November 2024

El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es una condición que por lo común afecta al desarrollo del cerebro. Posee una diversidad de síntomas de diferentes grados de afectación y sus características comienzan a notarse a partir del primer año de vida, pero es aún más notorio cuando el niño o niña comienza a desenvolverse en la sociedad, pues sus principales problemas son de interacción social y de patrones de conducta restringidos y repetitivos. Es un desorden que se encuentra dentro de la evolución y tolera la aparición de una variedad de anomalías presentes en el crecimiento, como cambios bruscos dentro de las interacciones sociales, de la comunicación verbal y no verbal, en actividades donde influye la imaginación y en un número muy grande de actividades e intereses característicamente reducidos y reiterativos (Bargas y Orozco, 2022).
Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) desde las aulas educativas: una realidad
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Ordóñez Vásquez María Elisa
Published: November 2024

Las incógnitas que surgen alrededor de un diagnóstico temprano de alguna forma de trastorno, que muchas veces la familia no espera, pueden llegar a ser agobiantes y frustrantes, pues la llegada de un bebé a casa supone que también llega con un estado de felicidad perfecta. Al transcurrir los primeros años de vida se pretende que el niño o la niña cumpla con requisitos, habilidades, gestos y situaciones propias para su edad, pero ¿qué pasa cuando esto no es así? Los padres comienzan a experimentar sentimientos acompañados de un sinnúmero de porqués: ¿por qué no lo hace?, ¿por qué no habla?, ¿por qué no responde?, ¿por qué de sus movimientos?; los cuales sin duda llevarán a la respuesta clara de un diagnóstico poco esperado, y es ahí cuando las familias comienzan un proceso poco usual, hasta llegar con el especialista que lo dice: Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). Esta es una condición de vida de tipo genético, con implicaciones en el desarrollo social, emocional y en la comunicación no verbal
Del sistema educativo dentro de la caverna de Platón a la educación del siglo XXI y viceversa
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Silva Ruales Medardo Ángel , Barreto Calle Cristian Fernando ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Leguízamo Bohórquez María Anaís ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Zuna Serrano Kléber ,   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador
Published: November 2024

Los miembros del Grupo de Investigación e Innovación y Diálogo de Saberes, del Área Razón y Fe de la Sede Cuenca de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS): María Anaís Leguízamo Bohorquez, Cristian Fernando Barreto Calle, Medardo Ángel Silva Ruales y Kléber Augusto Zuna Serrano, nos propusimos desarrollar el presente artículo intitulado: Del sistema educativo dentro de la caverna de Platón, a la educación del siglo XXI y viceversa, como ponencia para el V Congreso de Educación Salesiana, teniendo como objetivo: realizar el doble recorrido en educación, desde la imagen de la caverna a la imagen de la claridad y desde la claridad de vuelta de nuevo a la oscuridad de la caverna, explicitado en cuatro momentos del itinerario propuesto por el equipo de investigación.
Mujeres violadas. Aborto más allá de su legalización en el Ecuador
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Piedra Correa Mishell
Published: November 2024

La obligatoriedad del confinamiento por la pandemia y sus consecuencias socioeconómicas aumentaron la exposición de las víctimas a personas con comportamientos abusivos. En efecto, según datos del 2021, cada 11 minutos una niña o mujer es asesinada por un miembro de su familia (ONU Mujeres, 2022). Además, una de cada cuatro mujeres admite haber tenido conflictos familiares durante la pandemia, lo que explica el 73% y el 51% de los casos de violencia doméstica y sexual, respectivamente. Sin embargo, los datos proporcionados no reflejan la situación real, ya que los organismos encargados de control tienen solo el 47% de los datos disponibles para identificar la violencia intrafamiliar (ONU Mujeres, 2022).
El derecho a la motivación en el Ecuador. Aportes conceptuales y procedimentales desde la Sentencia 1158-17-EP/21
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Ecuador, Delgado Ponce Juan Francisco
Published: November 2024

La motivación de las decisiones del poder es quizá una de las mayores conquistas del Estado de Derecho. La misma ha atravesado diversas etapas en su evolución, para configurarse hoy en día en una exigencia de rango constitucional.
Reserva de ley y derechos de la naturaleza en el contexto constitucional. Reflexiones sobre la sentencia 51-23-IN/23 de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador
Authors:   Universidad Santa María y Universidad de Otavalo, Yánez Yánez Karla
Published: November 2024

La sentencia 51-23-IN/23 de la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador, emitida en 2023, se erige como un hito dentro de la jurisprudencia ecuatoriana y una referencia importante para el desarrollo del constitucionalismo ecológico y el derecho público en Iberoamérica. Este fallo establece un precedente clave en cuanto a la interpretación del principio de reserva de ley y la protección de los derechos de la naturaleza, dos temas fundamentales que están profundamente entrelazados con el modelo constitucional adoptado por Ecuador en su Constitución de 2008. Este modelo ha sido descrito por numerosos autores como uno de los ejemplos más avanzados de constitucionalismo transformador, en tanto reconoce explícitamente una serie de derechos novedosos, como los derechos de la naturaleza, y promueve una visión holística del derecho ambiental, que trasciende las visiones clásicas del Estado de Derecho
Eutanasia en el marco de la Constitución de la República del Ecuador. Breve examen de la sentencia 67-23-IN/24
Authors:   Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Ecuador, Navas Alvear Marco
Published: November 2024

El Ecuador es un Estado constitucional de derechos y justicia, de conformidad con el Art. 1 de la Constitución de la República del Ecuador (en adelante, CRE). En tal sentido, la Constitución prevé mecanismos judiciales tanto para garantizar derechos individuales y colectivos como para hacer prevalecer la unidad y vigencia de la misma.
Examining the adaptability of consumer ethnocentrism using CETSCALE: a comparison of the Philippines, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic
Authors: Čvirik Marián , Dotong Emmanuel
Published: November 2024

Consumer ethnocentrism is a highly relevant topic as it affects not only the context of consumer behavior, but also the domestic economy and international trade. This article aims to investigate the adaptability of the tool for measuring consumer ethnocentrism – CETSCALE – in the selected countries of the Philippines, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. Within the framework of adaptability, it was necessary to carry out the measurement of consumer ethnocentrism in the studied countries, subsequently examine the reliability of the research instrument, and finally examine the adaptability of the research instrument in the individual countries. In this paper, we use Cronbach’s alpha and item-rest correlation to measure the reliability estimate. We use exploratory factor analysis as part of examining adaptability. The results point to the need to adapt CETSCALE in the context of the countries. The findings of the conducted measurement indicate that the highest rate of consumer ethnocentrism was found in the Philippines, with lower results in Slovakia, and the lowest in the Czech Republic. When examining the dimensionality of the research instrument, the researchers found three dimensions in the Czech and Philippine versions, and two dimensions in the Slovak version. Therefore, it can be concluded that the tool is multidimensional in all these cases.
Moda, nostalgija i kultura influencera u epohi društvenih medija
Authors: Sučić Lucija , Hromadžić Hajrudin
Published: November 2024

This paper questions the complex interrelationship of fashion, fashion trends and industry, social media, influencers and the phenomenon of nostalgia. One of the goals of designed research is to find out how, in what way and to what extent the feeling of nostalgia becomes a supporting buying motive among the participants, which ultimately promotes the sale of a particular fashion product. It also aims to compare whether nostalgia is more present today than in previous times, how consumers perceive the way it is articulated on social media, how elements of nostalgia are used for the purposes of marketing and consumption, and how influencers as a relatively recent phenomenon that everyone agrees plays an important role in spreading fashion trends and promoting consumption, fit into such a “structural grid”. Semi-structured interview method was conducted on a sample of eight participants, and the questions were divided into three thematic clusters with associated sub-clusters. Questions linking fashion, fashion trends and nostalgia to social media and today’s ubiquitous dominance of imagery ran through all three clusters, hence the focus on social media Instagram and the role of fashion influencers.
A New Capitosaurid Amphibian from the Triassic Yerrapalli Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley
Authors: Chowdhury Tapan Roy
Published: November 2024

A new capitosaurid amphibian, Parotosaurus rajareddyi, from the Triassic Yerrapalli formation of the Pranhita-Godavari valley is described, and a restoration of the skull roof is given. General features of the skull, particularly the constricted otic notch, indicate that the new Indian species is perhaps more close to the Middle Triassic capitosaurids.
Simla Group - A Reclassification of the 'Chail Series' 'Jaunsar Series' and 'Simla Slates' in the Simla Himalaya
Authors: Srikantia S. V. , Sharma R. P.
Published: November 2024

The study of 'Chail Series', 'Jaunsar Series' and 'Simla Slates' in the Simla Himalaya has brought out the incongruities in the present lithostratigraphy of these formations. The Simla group, divisible into four formations, is the revised classification proposed. The Basantpur, with shale, siltstone and abundant limestone interbeds, is at the bottom of the Simla group sequence, and in the ascending order, succeeded by the Kunihar with shale and stromatolitic limestone, the Chhaosa containing flysch sediments and the Sanjauli with conglomerate and grit facies. The Simla group represents a typical geosynclinal cycle of sedimentation deposited over the Shali, Sundernagar and Mandi-Darla volcanic rocks.
Holocene Planktonic Foraminifera from the Shelf Sediments Off Kerala Coast
Authors: Anantha Padmanabha Setty M. G.
Published: November 2024

Twenty-two planktonic foraminifers were identified from a few samples collected by the author aboard INS KISTNA at 9°N and 76°E, at 89 metres depth from the bottom sediment-water interface. A few of the more characteristic features of each are described. Some of the species have a geologic range from Miocene to late Pleistocene and Recent also. Globigerina hexagon a and Globoquadrina conglomerata which disappeared from the Atlantic earlier (50,000 to one million years ago) are seen to be living today in the Indian Ocean. A few species are rare and restricted forms.
Lower Gondwana Sediments of Pranhita-Godavari Graben, India, As Possible Source Rocks of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Sastri V. V. , Bhandari L. L. , Sinha R. N. , Chandra Kuldeep
Published: November 2024

The Pranhita-Godavari graben, located in the eastern Indian Peninsula, is aligned NW-SE and covers an area of nearly 40,000 sq. km. The graben exposes sediments ranging in age from Proterozoic to Lower Eocene. The oldest, the Pakhal Series, are disconformably overlain by Sullavai Series and together comprise at 1.5-2.0 km thick sequence. The Sullavai Series are unconformably overlain by approximately 6.5 km thick Gondwana sequence which is in turn, unconformably overlain by infra-trappean beds. Deccan Trap effusives contain inter-trappean beds and are unconformable with the underlying infra-trappean beds.

Genesis of hydrocarbons in non-marine sediments containing predominantly vegetal constituents is feasible. The Lower Gondwana sediments of the Pranhita-Godavari graben contain coal seams, and dispersed organic matter. Sediments of Talchir Stage are poor in organic matter content and their hydrocarbon-generating potential appears doubtful. The Barakars contain coal seams and are rich in dispersed organic matter. The carbon ratios, computed from proximate analyses of coals from various localities, indicate that the stage of maturity of organic matter varies within such limits which do not exclude the Barakar sediments from being considered as potential source rocks of hydrocarbons. The Kamthi sediments are dominantly arenaceous and contain small amounts of dispersed organic matter. Lack of relevant analytical data makes it difficult to assess their hydrocarbon-generating potential.
Trace Elements in Minerals and Rocks of the Precambrian Group of the Yellandlapad Area, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ramamohana Rao T. , Borreswara Rao C.
Published: November 2024

Eight trace elements Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, Li, Ni, Pb and V have been determined semi-quantitatively with the Hilger spectrograph in 14 minerals and 18 rocks belonging to the Singareni series and the Gneissic complex of the early Precambrian and the Pakhals of the late Precambrian. The Pakhal phyllite is higher in Co, Ga, Ge, Li and Ni and Lower in Cu, Pb and V than the average shale. The pelitic schist of the Singareni Series broadly shows the same order of trace element distribution as that of the Pakhal phyllite. Metamorphism (amphibolite facies) of the Pakhals has not affected any redistribution of the trace elements in them. The granite-gneisses which are the granitised derivatives of the Singareni series show a decrease in Co, Ni and V. The trace elements Co, Cu, Li and Ni follow the major elements Fe, Mg and are preferentially fixed in the ferromagnesian minerals forming the essential constituents of the rock.
The Supra-Barakar Sedimentation in the Western Margin of Rewa Gondwana Basin
Authors: Rishi Mohan K.
Published: November 2024

The term 'Supra-Barakar' refers to a great thickness of rocks of Rewa Gondwana Basin, which overlie the lower Gondwana formations with a pronounced erosional unconformity. Though conglomeratic sandstones dominate the lithology, the SupraBarakars of the area show much textural heterogeneity- The petrological investigations suggest that the rocks were deposited by high velocity, braided streams as alluvial-fan debris in a rapidly subsiding basin. The character of the deposit reflects the proximal southerly source of granites and pegmatites with high relief. The tectonics and climate were the casual factors. Attention is drawn to the possibility of active tectonism of the bordering Dharwarian in Triassic times.

Attention is drawn to the possibility of active tectonism of the bordering Dhar- warian in Triassic times.
Geochemistry of the Newer Dolerite Suite of Intrusions within the Singhbhum Granite-A Preliminary Study
Authors: Saha A. K. , Sankaran A. V. , Bhattacharyya T. K.
Published: November 2024

Three petrogenetic groups are recognised from petrologic and geochemical data on the Precambrian Newer Dolerite dyke swarm. They are (a) accumulates (peridotites, norites and lamprophyres), (b) products of direct magmatic crystallization (two generations of dole rites and associated micropegmatitic dolerites and micro-granites, each with distinctive trends of major-and minor-element variations), and (c) products of partial melting (leuco-granophyre and xenolithic granophyre), Geochemically, the entire suite has abnormally high K/Rb, Ni, Co and abnormally low Rb, Ba and Sr. Linear discriminant function indicates that the dolerites are typically sub-alkaline. Source magma is inferred to have been picritic and derived by partial melting of the upper mantle.
The 'Hammer-Head Syncline' Between Sangat and Kelwa in the Udaipur District, Rajasthan, A Structural Synthesis
Authors: Naha K. , Chaudhuri A. K. , Mukherji P.
Published: November 2024

Large scale mapping of the metasedimentary bands bordered by and partially engulfed in migmatites of the Banded Gneissic Complex in the 'hammer-head syncline' between Sangat and Kelwa, along with tectonic analysis in all scales, has led to the recognition of structures of three phases. Very tight to isoclinal folds on westery axial trend have been coaxially folded, with the formation of reclined, inclined and locally upright folds. Overprinting of NNE-trending upright folds of varying tightness on these homoaxial isoclinal folds with diverse axial surfaces has resulted in an intricate foldgeometry which is brought out most dramatically by the marble band. Superposition of gentle, upright folding with NNE trend on inclined or upright isoclinal folds with westerly trend has led to broad, arcuate map patterns of the metasedimentary bands. Mirror image type interference patterns have developed where reclined isoclinal folds have been involved in upright folding on NNE trend. Overprinting of tight to isoclinal upright folds of NNE trend on reclined isoclinal folds plunging westward has resulted in book-shaped patterns with double closures. Marble bands detached completely from the main band in the present topographic surface are also due to fold-interference. The apparently erratic variation in the thickness of the metasedimentary bands is the result of tight folding of different generations, with the limbs of the folds coalesced.
Stratigraphy of Karewas, Kashmir, India
Authors: Farooqi I. A. , Desai R. N.
Published: November 2024

The Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Kashmir Valley are grouped under 'Karewas' and have been divided into two formational units separated by an angular unconformity. The upper formation is subdivided into four members which are separated from One another by three disconformity planes. Contrary to the earlier views that the entire sequence is lacustrine or partly lacustrine in origin, the authors believe that only the lower formation is lacustrine, while the upper one is recognised as glaciofluvial to fluvial in nature.
Contemporary Trends in Geochemical Studies of Early Precambrian Greenstone-Granite Complexes
Authors: Viswanathan S.
Published: November 2024

Modern geochemical studies of > 2600 m.y. old greenstone-granite complexes involving isotopic dating, isotope tracer studies, and major- and trace-element investigations have clarified several enigmatic aspects of the earth's early evolution, and of Precambrian petrogenesis and metallogenesis. Results show that:

The ancient greenstone belts (age, 2700-3400 m.y.) are relatively younger than the ancient granulite belts (age, 2900-3800 m.y.), The greenstone belts developed dichronously, those in southern Africa forming before the ones in Canada, India, and Australia. Sedimentary rocks as old as 3375 m.y. and 3760 m.y. occur in South Africa and Greenland, respectively.

The protocrust was possibly composed of 'komatiite' (a rock type more primitive than oceanic tholeiite), and an ultramafic variant of it ('peridotitic komatiite ') could fairly represent the composition of the protomantIe. A major differentiation episode within the earth's upper mantle generated a distinctive tonalitic magma as a complementary response to the immediately preceding vast outpouring of the large pristine komatiites. The protocore was much less developed than at present.

Ancient volcanic rocks evolved in an environment dominated by multiple thin oceanic plates with arc-trench boundaries, and shallow subduction zones. Problems of Early Precambrian greenstone belts may be solved if the first sialic crust comprised small masses concentrated by plate tectonic processes similar to those still operating.

Early Precambrian basalts are products of magma derivation from very shallow depths (less than 50 km) by high degrees (more than 30%) of partial melting. Some of the associated granitic rocks originated from mantle depths by partial melting of eclogite. Early Precambrian greenstone-granite complexes may be deformed terrestrial equivalents of lunar maria. The occurrence in charnockitic terrains of southern India of rocks of komatiitic chemistry suggests that these terrains evolved from Barberton type Early Precambrian greenstone belts that were subjected to granulite-facies metamorphism.

The principal metals of ancient ores were derived from sources in the mantle, and their accumulation as ore deposits is related to the two dominant processes of the restless and mobile Early Precambrian crust, namely, mafic magmatism, and granite formation. As far back as 3000 m.y. ago, however, there was no secular trend of relative enrichment in the light rare-earth elements (La-Sm) relative to the heavy REE (Gd-Lu) in sedimentary rocks.
Review of the Present Status of the Geochemical Work on the Precambrian Mafic Rocks of India
Authors: Naqvi S. M.
Published: November 2024

In the Precambrian terrains of India, mafic rocks are found (i) as extrusive patches along the Dharwar schists, their equivalents, and other younger Proterozoic formations; (ii) as xenoliths in the Peninsular gneisses and charnockites; and (iii) as pre and post Dharwar intrusive dikes and sills. The ages of these mafic rocks range from 3.2 to 0.9 b.y. The mafic igneous activities appear to have taken place in five phases, roughly around 3.2, 2.5, 2.1, 1.4, and 0.9 b.y. Only very scanty and random geochemical work has been carried out on these rocks. However, the available data do reflect secular changes in the compositions of mafic rocks with time; those of the 2.5 b.y. and earlier periods are quartz-olivine tholeiites and show very high ferromagnesium trace element contents; alkali olivine basalts appear to have emplaced for the first time over the Indian Shield around 2.1 b.y.

A comparative study of the chemistry of the mafic rocks of the different periods leads to the inference that in the initial stages, the primary fractionation of the earth was incomplete. This inference should be substantiated by detailed studies for a better understanding of the evolution of the Indian Shield and that of the continental crust. As knowledge on the relationship between mafic igneous activity, metallogenic patterns and crustal evolution is economically significant, a collaborative programme of extensive radioactive-palaeomagnetic dating, and major, trace element, and isotope geochemistry of these rocks should be taken up by different organisations having the available technical know-how and equipment.
A Review of Some Geochemical Characters of the Type Area (Pallavaram, India) Charnockite
Authors: Sen S. K.
Published: November 2024

Available good quality data on the major element chemistry of charnockitic rocks of the type area and their minerals, though few, permit generalising on some significant aspects of their geochemistry hitherto not focussed upon. Rocks belonging to even the 'charnockite suite' of Subramaniam (1959) exhibit migmatitic rather than magmatic chemistry; migmatisation is also reflected in subtle changes in the chemistry of some minerals such as hornblendes. The grand average of all charnockitic rocks of the type area correspond to an intermediate composition like that ofa diorite and is similar to the average compositions of other well-studied charnockite areas. The lower crust, according to current belief, is probably of such composition; and in as much as charnockites-granulites make substantial contribution to the Precambrian shield areas, they should be included in computing the average chemical composition of the shields and the continental crust. This would result in lower Si for shield averages, and lower K, Ti, Fe and higher Si for the continental crust.
Trace Element Analysis in Geological Samples and Studies in Geochronology by Nuclear Techniques
Authors: Sankar Das M.
Published: November 2024

Recent studies carried out in the Analytical Chemistry Division, BARC, in the field of elemental and isotopic analyses of samples of geological importance by the neutron activation methods are reviewed. The salient features of the analysis of a wide variety of samples for their uranium content by the delayed fission neutron counting technique is described. The technique is quite specific and sensitive down to 0.1 ppm of uranium, with the possibility of the extension of the limit down to 0.004 ppm with sample size of about 500 mg. Another technique of interest to geologists is the fission track counting method, which is quite simple and can easily be used by laboratories with limited facilities and situated away from the reactor centre. The lower limit of analysis by the solubilation and standard addition approach adopted in this work is governed by the purity, with reference to uranium, of the reagents used for sample decomposition.

In the field of geochronology, the uranium, and thorium contents of zircons have been determined by the neutron activation method and the lead content by anodic stripping voltametry. These measurements have permitted the determination of Th/U ratios and the chemical ages of zircons. The limitations of the technique are the same as applies to the Pb-a method, however, unlike this method, which normally assumes a Th/U ratio of 1, the present method uses the experimental Th/U ratios, which seems to vary with the genesis of the zircons. Using the neutron activation method, the isotopic analysis of Pb-204 and Pb-208 has been carried out and the data has permitted the dating of thorium minerals. Model ages of galenas have been determined using the data obtained. The limitation of techniques and the interpretation of the ages have been critically commented upon.
Role of Regional Gravity Surveys in a Concept Oriented Exploration Programme-Some Inferences from a Study in a Shield Area of Central India
Authors: Qureshy M. N. , Warsi W. E. K.
Published: November 2024

An analysis of gravity data in a strip of 1100 × 303 km2 in north Indian shield brings out correlation between geology and gravity. In particular, gravity 'highs' are found to correlate well with a Precambrian sedimentary volcanic pile (Bijawars) which is an important ore carrier in the Indian shield. This correlation of gravity data in conjunction with aeromagnetic data and photogeologic map is suggestive of a significant role of gravity surveys, where extensions of some litho-stratigraphic horizons beneath covers may be sought after as a working hypothesis in a concept oriented mineral exploration programme.
Calcareous Nannofossils from Simla Hills, (Himalaya, India) with a Discussion of their Age in the Tectono-Stratigraphic Column
Authors: Sinha Anshu K.
Published: November 2024

The nannofossils and related coccolithophorids in the green shale of Krol B horizon playa significant role in removing the serious hanclicap of the absence of macrofossils for evaluating the stratigraphic status of Krol series. With the help of light and electron microscope the following forms were identified.

Tergestiella margereli (Noel) Rein, Microrhabdulus orbitosus Shumenko, Micula Staurophora (Vekshina) Gardet, Stradner, Zygolithus concinnus Martini, Tetralithus cf. gothicus Deflandre, Lucianorhabdus cayeuxi Deflandre, Lithraphidites carniolensis Deflandre, Discorhabdus sp, Deflandrius sp. and ex gr. Nannoconus. Most of these forms which also occur in other parts of the world indicate an age of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous to the Krol B horizon of Simla area.
Geology of Great Nicobar Island
Authors: Karunakaran C. , Ray K. K. , Sen C. R. , Saha S. S. , Sarkar S. K.
Published: November 2024

The Joint Scientific Expedition to the Great Nicobar Island provided opportunity for obtaining a comprehensive knowledge of the major geological features of the island. The various rock formations were examined and their stratigraphic sequence was established. Major structural features were noted and the geological history of the island is reviewed. This reveals a close similarity with the geology of Andaman Islands. Other aspects studied are economic geology, nature of soils and water resources.
Lithology and Structure of the Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sriramadas A. , Murty M. S.
Published: November 2024

An area of about four hundred and eighty square kilometres in Visakhapatnam, consisting of khondalites, charnockites and granites, was geologically mapped. The trend of the formations varies from NE-SW through E-W to NW-SE. This trend neither conforms with NE-SW trend of the Eastern Ghats nor with the NW-SE trend of the hinterland of the Eastern Ghats between the Godavari and Mahanadi rivers. The change in the trend pattern is inferred to be due to the area being located in an intensely folded and faulted region in the eastern margin of the Eastern Ghats.
Mineralogy and Petrography of the Subsurface Alluvium Samples from Mahanagar Borehole, Lucknow (U.P.)
Authors: Singh Indra Bir
Published: November 2024

Mineralogical and petrographical studies of the samples from the subsurface alluvium near Lucknow, from a depth of 253 to 485 m, are presented. The sediments are marked by poor sorting, high content of subangular rock fragments and clay matrix. Both plagioclase and alkali felspar are present in the sand as well as silt fractions. Petrographically the sediments are lithic graywackes. Clay minerals present are montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite. Quartz grain surface textures are dominantly glacial, along with some fluvial features. Heavy mineral assemblage is marked by the dominance of extremely fresh grains of very unstable minerals, e.g. garnet, epidote, hornblende, kyanite, tremolite. Tourmaline, apatite, zircon, and chlorite are also present.

It is suggested that the sediments were deposited by the high-gradient, rapidly flowing rivers coming from the Himalayas. Sediments were supplied from a glacial affected terrain, made up mainly of low to high grade metamorphics, and some granitic rocks. Deposition was rapid in the quickly sinking fluvial basin.
A Study of Cyclic Erosion Surfaces and Sedimentary Unconformities in the Cauvery Basin-South India
Authors: Babu P. V. L. P.
Published: November 2024

Geomorphological studies south of 13th parallel in peninsular India have indicated four base levels of erosion at elevations of 900, 600, 300 and 150 metres above mean sea level. Adopting' comparative' dating method they represent the last stages of Mesozoic, Early Tertiary, Late Tertiary and Pleistocene cycles of denudation. These are correlated with the sediments deposited in the adjoining basin.
A Statistical Approach to the Study of Uranium Mineralisation at Jaduguda, District Singhbhum (Bihar)
Authors: Venkataraman K. , Vajpai C. V. L.
Published: November 2024

The tenor of uranium ore in the mineralised field of Jaduguda has been statistically analysed. Distribution, the variations of the tenor in different directions and the continuity of mineralisation in the different directions (using the geo-statistical parameter, variogram) have been studied and it has been found that the distribution of the metal in Jaduguda is log-normal and the variations of tenor in the different directions are unique parameters in the mineralised tract. The variograms for tenor in Jaduguda are found to be of the 'transitive' type. The frequency histogram of the tenor of the ore across the strike, brings out the possibility of the mix-up of two populations, in the central portion of the deposit, probably by post mineralisation structural deformations like strike-slip faults.
Controls of Tungsten Mineralization at Chhendapathar, District Bankura, West Bengal
Authors: Singh V. K. , Varma O. P.
Published: November 2024

The paper, describes the structure and tectonic environments of the tungsten mineralization at Chhendapathar, India's largest tungsten mining district. The main structural configuration of the district developed as a result of early, cross and later fold movements during the Singhbhum Orogeny (2000-850 m.y.). The early folding generated axial plane schistosity, whereas cross fold movements produced asymmetrical folds, and the later folding gave rise to a broad zone of culmination, that was the site of an intrusion-the source of tungsten-bearing solutions, responsible for the ore deposits. Ore controlling structures like shear-slips, shear-fractures and fault-fractures were primarily formed during the period of cross folding. On mineralization, they developed into vein patterns trending: (i) N70°E, (ii) N50°w, (iii) N70°w, (iv) N50°E, and (v) N10°E. Post-ore faults have dislocated the veins, sometimes rotating their strike by about 25°.
Multiple Deformation in the Precambrian Rocks to the Southeast of Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Sharma R. S. , Upadhyay T. P.
Published: November 2024

The paper describes two phases of deformation, excluding thrusting, in the Precambrian metamorphites of the Delhi System and the underlying Banded Gneissic Complex. The first deformation, DI, produced major folds, mainly overturned isoclinal and large antiforms and synforms, with NE trending northwesterly dipping axial surfaces and plunges at low angles. The second deformation, DII, produced folds that were superimposed upon DI major folds. These are commonly asymmetrical and are better developed in the Delhi rocks than in the underlying Banded Gneissic Complex. They have N to NNW trending, nearly vertical axial planes and plunges at high angles towards the north. These phases of deformation are also recorded on microscopic scale rocks from both the stratigraphic units.

The' basement' Complex was deformed more or less concordantly with the supracrustal rocks of the Delhi System during the Delhi Orogeny. The structural data also suggest that there was one more kinematic phase in the area. During this phase the overlying Delhi rocks slid over the Banded Gneissic Complex along a high-angle reverse fault that runs along the plane of unconformity between the two rock groups.
Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Discoaster from Neill Island, South Andaman
Authors: Singh Pratap , Vimal K. P.
Published: November 2024

The Eastern Coast Mudstone, exposed in Neill island, has yielded a rich assemblage of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene nannoplankton represented by the genera: Discoaster Tan Sin Hok, 1927 and Coccolithus Schwarz, 1894. The genus Discoaster constitutes about ninety-eight per cent of the assemblage and is represented by seventeen species including four new species and two new subspecies. A biostratigraphic zone named as Discoasterbrouweri-Discoaster variabilis Assemblage-zone is recognized and correlated.
Charnockitic Hypersthene-Quartz Diorite from Imala, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Kayode A. A.
Published: November 2024

The hypidiomorphic granular texture, greenish brown colour and mineralogy of the hypersthene-quartz diorite from near Imala in southwestern Nigeria suggest charnockitic affinities. The rock differs from typical 'intermediate members' of charnockitic rocks in two respects: (i) antiperthite is only scantily developed and (ii) the orthopyroxene crystals lack the strong pleochroism characteristic of charnockitic hypersthenes. Trace clement contents and ratios as well as the Niggli c versus mg plot suggest basic (basaltic) parentage. Marked depletion in the alkali elements Rb and K in the marginal sample of the rock is considered to have resulted from loss of volatile elements to the arnphibolitic country rock. Occurrence of the Imala rock in migmatised amphibolite facies environment accords with Cooray's proposed selting for intrusive charnockites.
Mineralisation Episodes in the Dharwar Craton of Peninsular India
Authors: Radhakrishna B. P.
Published: November 2024

Mineralisation episodes in the Dharwar craton are indicated to follow a recognisable pattern. Chromium, nickel, gold, copper, iron, vanadium and titanium mineralisation is characteristic of older lavas of Archaean age (> 2700 m.y.). Mineralisation in Proterozoic is characterised by concentration of metals like gold, uranium and copper through sedimentary processes and to the influx of andesitic and spilitic lavas less primitive than the Archaean. Important accumulation of sedimentary manganese and iron ores mark the first appearance of primitive forms of life. The kimberlite pipe rocks and carbonatite complexes are intruded along deep main faults. Possible tin mineralisation in contact with granite batholiths is indicated. Crustal development in Peninsular India, as in other parts of the world is shown to be marked by specific mineral deposits characteristic of particular stages in its evolution. It is hoped that this new thinking will help identification of target areas for more intensive search for metals in favourable regions of Peninsular India.
Basement-Cover Relationships of Peninsular Gneiss With High Grade Schists and Greenstone Belts of Southern Karnataka
Authors: Ramakrishnan M. , Viswanatha M. N. , Swami Nath J.
Published: November 2024

The low grade Archaean terrain of southern Karnataka is composed of greenstone belts and high grade schists set in a sea of gneiss complex (Peninsular gneiss). Peninsular gneiss contains three major components which are inter-gradational, namely: (a) a trimodal macrolayered unit of amphibolites, ultramafites and granite gneiss (b) normal migmatites with characteristic megascopic structures and (c) nebulitic, schlieric and homophanous granitoids. On the whole it is a polymigmatite encompassing several episodes. The ubiquitous enclaves of mafic-ultramafic rocks within Peninsular gneiss probably represent residues of repeated reworking of the crustal rocks. The composition of the gneiss complex varies in the indestructible range of tonalite through granodiorite to granite. The high grade schists or supracrustals consist of shelf sediments, volcanics and ironstones with profuse emplacements of ultramafites. Their contacts with the gneiss complex are concordant due to intense deformation, high metamorphic grade and extensive migrnatisation. This high grade thermal event (Pantectogenesis) dated at 2900-3000 m.y. has acted as an effective smokescreen blurring earlier episodes. Subsequent to the pantectogenesis, greenstone belts were evolved on a basement of gneiss complex. Two types of greenstone belts of mutually exclusive geographic distribution are seen in the craton: (i) dominantly volcanic belts, lacking shelf facies rocks and ultramafics at the base, called the Keewatin type, which are broadly comparable to the Archaean greenstone belts and (ii) Platformal volcanic and protogeosynclinal belts of Dharwar type, which are similar to the early Proterozoic basins and geosynclines. The contacts of the Dharwar type greenstone belts with the gneiss complex are almost always unconformable, whereas in the case of Keewatin type of belts, the contacts are obscured either by soil cover or by massive invasion of later granites. This major granitic event possibly corresponds to the 2500-2600m.y. isochron in the gneiss complex. This evolutionary picture reconstructed mainly from newer field data is consistent with the available limited information on geochronology, geochemistry and mineralisation trends.
Chemistry of Blotites from Pelitic Schists and Granitic Rocks of McCluskieganj, District Palamau, Bihar
Authors: Ghose N. C. , Chakraborty S. K.
Published: November 2024

Composition of biotites from the pelitic schists and granitic rocks of McCluskieganj indicate that the former is rich in magnesium and the latter in iron; their Mg-Fe content is controlled by the composition of the respective host rock. The study of biotite of granitic rocks suggests that oxygen fugacites which prevailed during crystallization closely followed the QFM buffer. Positive correlation of Na between the co-existing K-feldspar and biotite in the granitic rocks, indicates that equilibrium conditions had reached during crystallization of these minerals. Experimental results of a porphyritic granite show that the rock was formed at the 'minimum melt' condition (655°C at PH20 = 4 kb).
Microfossils from the Badami Group, Karnataka South India
Authors: Viswanathiah M. N. , Venkatachalapathy V. , Khadeer Amtul
Published: November 2024

Occurrence of a number of micro-organic remains belonging to Coccoidal nannofossils, Acritarchs and other forms is recorded from the quartz-arenites of Badami Group, Karnataka. The fossils consist of 22 taxa classifiable into the following 9 genera, besides organic plates and cells: Micrhystridium, Granomarginata, Baltisphaeridium, Lophosphaeridium, Protosphaeridium, Tasmanities, Gloeocapsamorpha, Protoleiosphaeridium and Polyedrosphaeridium.
The Stratigraphic Position of the Kioto Limestone of Himalaya
Authors: Gupta V. J.
Published: November 2024

The stratigraphic position of the Kioto Limestone succession is defined between middle Upper Noric and Lower Dogger on the basis of field studies and palaeontological investigations in parts of Kashmir, Ladakh, Spiti, Kumaun and Nepal Himalaya. The lower part of this succession lies conformably above the beds yielding Monotis salinaria of lower Upper Noric age. The boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic lies above the beds yielding Conchodon. The succession belonging to Rhaetic age is much smaller than had been believed earlier. The presence of 'Lithiotis' facies is recorded for the first time in the Kioto Limestone succession. The upper part of this limestone succession lies conformably below the reds containing Middle and Upper Dogger fossils.
On the Discovery of Conophyton and the Record of Oncolites from the Kumaon Himalaya
Authors: Bhattacharya A. R.
Published: November 2024

Stromatolite Conophyton, and oncolites have been recorded from the calc-argillaceous Kapkot formation of the Calc Zone of Tejam, Kumaon Himalaya. The typical cone-in-cone type, belongs to the form Conophyton cylindricus, typical of Lower and Middle Riphean. The age of the Kapkot formation of the Calc Zone of Tejam, is fixed at Lower to Upper Riphean. It can be correlated with the Jammu limestone, the Semri Series (Vindhyans) and the Bijawars of Peninsular India, which are the only rockunits of India from which this form has been reported.

The other forms recorded here, are the oncolites, known from Siberia and Japan only. Inview of their rarity, the present report from the Precambrian of Himalayas is significant.