bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global climatology of synoptically‐forced downslope winds
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Hatchett Benjamin J. , Fox‐Hughes Paul , Gershunov Alexander , Nauslar Nicholas J.
Published: April 2020

Downslope winds are mesoscale mountain meteorological phenomena that contribute to localized temperature extremes and contribute to numerous societal and environmental impacts. Whereas previous studies have examined local downslope winds, no known efforts have attempted to identify and characterize meso‐ to synoptic‐scale downslope winds globally using a common approach. We use a conceptual model for downslope winds that employs cross‐barrier wind speed, near‐mountain top static stability, and downward vertical velocity using thresholds guided by a chronology of local downslope winds and meta‐analysis of downslope wind case studies. This approach was applied to ERA‐5 reanalysis during 1979–2018 to develop a global atlas of downslope winds. Downslope winds adhered to distinct geographic and seasonal patterns, with peak occurrence in north–south oriented midlatitude mountains in the winter hemisphere associated with strong cross‐mountain winds and stability. However, we identify numerous locations from the tropics to the high‐latitudes where downslope winds occur at least 60 days a year as a byproduct of the general circulation and local‐scale circulation interacting with topography. The four‐decade‐long data set is also used to examine statistical relationships between the occurrence of downslope winds and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation as well as long‐term trends in downslope wind occurrence.
Being present: Determinants of trustee attendance at public university board meetings
Authors: Hersch Philip L. , Pelkowski Jodi E.
Published: April 2020

Using a unique data set, we analyze board meeting attendance records of a cross‐section of trustees representing 134 US public universities. Attendance at board meetings is essential for trustees to fulfill their fiduciary responsibilities. We match trustee‐level data with board and university characteristics to investigate what factors influence attendance. Among our results is that free ridership occurs with larger boards. Alumni status and occupational background impact attendance records, as does the trustee selection process. No connection was found between attendance and a trustee's financial commitment to the university, nor a trustee's political leanings, as proxied by their political campaign contributions.
Amid COVID‐19, self‐care as important for providers as it is for patients
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2020

The COVID‐19 crisis has no doubt disrupted the lives of many, and the impact is being felt by mental health providers and front‐line staff who have had to get accustomed to different ways of delivering services. Behavioral health care leaders in the field, in interviews with MHW, are reminding providers to take care of themselves emotionally and physically as they care for patients with mental health and substance use needs during this pandemic.
A Fragment Library of Natural Products and its Comparative Chemoinformatic Characterization
Authors: Chávez‐Hernández Ana L. , Sánchez‐Cruz Norberto , Medina‐Franco José L.
Published: April 2020

We report a comprehensive fragment library with 205,903 fragments derived from the recently published Collection of Open Natural Products (COCONUT) data set with more than 400,000 non‐redundant natural products. The natural products‐based fragment library was compared with other two fragment libraries herein generated from ChEMBL (biologically relevant compounds) and Enamine‐REAL (a large on‐demand collection of synthetic compounds), both used as reference data sets with relevance in drug discovery. It was found that there is a large diversity of unique fragments derived from natural products and that the entire structures and fragments derived from natural products are more diverse and structurally complex than the two reference compound collections. During this work we introduced a novel visual representation of the chemical space based on the recently published concept of statistical‐based database fingerprint. The compounds and fragments libraries from natural products generated and analyzed in this work are freely available.
On optimal solutions of general continuous‐singular stochastic control problem of McKean‐Vlasov type
Authors: Guenane Lina , Hafayed Mokhtar , Meherrem Shahlar , Abbas Syed
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we establish general necessary optimality conditions for stochastic continuous‐singular control of McKean‐Vlasov type equations. The coefficients of the state equation depend on the state of the solution process as well as of its probability law and the control variable. The coefficients of the system are nonlinear and depend explicitly on the absolutely continuous component of the control. The control domain under consideration is not assumed to be convex. The proof of our main result is based on the first‐ and second‐order derivatives, with respect to measure in Wasserstein space of probability measures, and by using variational method.
A note on a conjecture for the critical curve of a weakly coupled system of semilinear wave equations with scale‐invariant lower order terms
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro
Published: April 2020

In this note, two blow‐up results are proved for a weakly coupled system of semilinear wave equations with distinct scale‐invariant lower order terms both in the subcritical case and in the critical case when the damping and the mass terms make both equations in some sense “wave‐like.” In the proof of the subcritical case, an iteration argument is used. This approach is based on a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary integral inequalities and lower bound estimates for the spatial integral of the nonlinearities. In the critical case, we employ a test function‐type method that has been developed recently by Ikeda‐Sobajima‐Wakasa and relies strongly on a family of certain self‐similar solutions of the adjoint linear equation. Therefore, as critical curve in the p−q plane of the exponents of the power nonlinearities for this weakly coupled system, we conjecture a shift of the critical curve for the corresponding weakly coupled system of semilinear wave equations.
Higher order B‐spline differential quadrature rule to approximate generalized Rosenau‐RLW equation
Authors: Mustahsan Muhammad , Kiran Ayesha , Singh Jagdev , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Kumar Devendra
Published: April 2020

In this article, B‐spline‐based collocation method is employed to approximate the usual and modified Rosenau‐RLW nonlinear equations. The weighted extended B‐spline (WEB‐spline) is used as the modified form of B‐spline as the usual B‐splines fail to obey the Dirichlet boundary conditions. The WEB method is more general method that allows to discretize the domain into finite number of elements not necessarily start from the boundary points of the domain. Our method omits the linearization process of the nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE). Different cases are discussed by setting the parameter p=2,3,4, and 6 that appears in Rosenau‐RLW equations. The error estimation is calculated, which gives good agreement of the exact solution.
Stage detection of mild cognitive impairment via fMRI using Hilbert Huang transform based classification framework
Authors: Shi Jiahao , Liu Baolin
Published: April 2020

Purpose

This work aims to establish a classification framework for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at different stages (early MCI and late MCI) through direct analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) signals and using the accuracy (total correct rate), specificity (correct rate of late MCI) and sensitivity (correct rate of early MCI) to validate its classification performance.

Methods

All fMR images of subjects were parcellated into 116 regions of interest (ROIs) by applying the Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) template, and the average rs‐fMRI signals of each ROI were extracted. The Hilbert‐Huang transform (HHT) was introduced into the framework to decompose each rs‐fMRI signal into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and to analyze these nonstationary and nonlinear time‐series from the perspective of multiresolution. After obtaining the instantaneous frequencies and amplitudes of all IMFs of a signal, the Hilbert weighted frequencies (HWFs) were calculated and combined into a vector as the feature of the corresponding ROI. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was implemented to classify MCI at different stages. We used the independent two‐sample t‐test as the feature selection method and measured the classification performance through the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) method.

Results

Results on 77 early MCI (eMCI) and 64 late MCI (lMCI) with baseline rs‐fMRI data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) yielded 87.94% classification accuracy. Some of the brain regions with significant differences found by previous studies have been confirmed in this work. We found that HWF characteristics exhibited a significant downward trend in all cerebellar regions. The rs‐fMRI signals in differential brain regions have not changed completely, but only altered in some narrow frequency bands. The analysis results showed that during the progress of MCI, the main changes of rs‐fMRI were concentrated in IMF3, while IMFs with other indexes also contained HWF features with high SVM weights, such as Orbitofrontal superior frontal gyrus in IMF2, Insula in IMF4, and Lobule Ⅲ of vermis in IMF5, indicating that other IMFs provide important information for the diagnosis of MCI as well.

Conclusions

This work confirmed the classification ability of HHT‐based classification framework in classification of at different stages of MCI. Through the analysis, we found that during the progress of MCI the main changes of rs‐fMRI were concentrated in IMF3, and HWF characteristics showed a significant downward trend in all cerebellar regions.
Temperature dependence of methanol and ethanol vapor sorption in polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) containing methacrylate membranes
Authors: Moriizumi Yukiko , Fukuda Hajime , Tanaka Seiya , Tanaka Daisuke , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to determine the solubility and temperature dependence of methanol and ethanol vapor caused by the difference in the substituents of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)‐containing polymethacrylate membranes and the spacer length between the backbone and POSS backbone. Vapor sorption of methanol and ethanol was measured at 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C for three kinds of POSS‐containing polymer membranes, namely, poly(methacryl isobutyl POSS), poly(methacrylate isobutyl POSS), and poly(methacryl phenyl POSS). The primary structures of the three POSS‐containing polymer chains were columnar. The solubility of alcohol vapor on the POSS‐containing polymer membranes followed the mechanism of solid adsorption and not the general dissolution diffusion. The sorption amount at all three temperatures was related to the surface area of the cylindrical primary structure and the solid adsorption property of the alcohol molecule of the POSS substituent. The sorption amount increased because of the large surface area and adsorption property of alcohol molecules. Although a typical glassy polymer shows exothermic mixing and a rubbery polymer displays endothermic mixing, the sample with the POSS substituent of isobutyl group exhibited an unusual behavior of endothermic mixing despite being a glassy polymer.
An unanticipated use of the nasogastric feeding tube
Authors: Yanagisawa Satoru , Takashi Ohe
Published: April 2020

Key message

Indeed, the nasogastric feeding (NGF) tube should be used only for the main intended purpose such as feeding, and the correct insertion of the NGF tube into the gastrointestinal tract is encouraged; however, an NGF tube aberrantly inserted into the lung might provide a valuable opportunity of obtaining samples from the lower respiratory tract.
Laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal vs robotic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair: Assessment of short‐ and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Aghayeva Afag , Benlice Cigdem , Bilgin Ismail A. , Bengur Fuat B. , Bas Mustafa , Kirbiyik Ebru , Aytac Erman , Baca Bilgi
Published: April 2020

Background

In this study, we aimed to compare short‐ and long‐term outcomes between laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (L‐TEP) and robotic transabdominal preperitoneal (R‐TAPP) inguinal hernia repair.

Methods

Patients were classified into two groups: L‐TEP and R‐TAPP. The groups were case‐matched in a 1:1 ratio based on age, gender, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

Out of 86 patients, 43 patients were matched in each group based on the study criteria. Demographics were comparable between the groups. Operative time was significantly longer for the R‐TAPP compared to L‐TEP (129.1 ± 47.2 min vs 92.5 ± 28.3 min; P < .001). VAS scores at 24 hours after surgery were significantly higher in the L‐TEP compared to R‐TAPP (36.8 ± 20.1 vs 20.3 ± 18.7; P < .001). Total hospital costs were 4778$ for R‐TAPP and 3852$ for L‐TEP.

Conclusion

The current study demonstrates similar long‐term postoperative outcomes and recurrence rates between robotic and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in a case‐matched fashion.
Observer‐predictor feedback for consensus of discrete‐time multiagent systems with both state and input delays
Authors: Liu Qingsong
Published: April 2020

This article is concerned with the consensus problem for discrete‐time multiagent systems with both state and input delays. Single observer‐predictor‐based protocols and multiple observer‐predictors feedback protocols are simultaneously established to predict the future state such that the input delay that can be arbitrarily large yet bounded is completely compensated. It is shown that the consensus of the multiagent system can be achieved by the single/multiple observer‐predictors feedback protocol. Moreover, sufficient conditions guaranteeing the consensus of the multiagent system are provided in terms of the stability of some simple observer‐error systems, and the separation principle is discovered. Finally, a numerical example is worked out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Determination and validation of simultaneous derivatization and dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction method for analysis of nitrate and nitrite contents as nitrate ions in onion and potato samples
Authors: Khodaei Hossein , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza , Hamidi Ali Asghar , Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Bavili Tabrizi Ahad , Ansarin Khalil , Nemati Mahboob
Published: April 2020

A simple and rapid method has been developed for the extraction of nitrate and nitrite from potato and onion samples using derivatization dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. In this process nitrate ions are derivatized to 2,4‐dimethyl‐6‐nitrophenol using 2,4‐dimethyl phenol (as a derivatization agent) and the derivatized compound is concentrated using the microextraction method. The nitrite in the samples is rapidly oxidized to nitrate with potassium permanganate. After derivatization of nitrate ions under an acidic medium, the derivatized compound is extracted into carbon tetrachloride (as an extraction solvent) in the presence of methanol (as a dispersive solvent). Under optimum conditions, calibration graph was linear in the range of 31–50 000 ng/mL with r2 = 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantification were 9.1 and 31 ng/g, respectively. Extraction recovery was found to be 90%. Lastly, some real samples were analyzed and nitrite and nitrate contents were successfully determined. The developed method was compared with ISO 3365 method and the results showed that the proposed method is more efficient than it.
Dietary recommendations for patients with dementia
Authors: Yerstein Oleg , Mendez Mario F.
Published: April 2020

With the emergence of support for diet in the maintenance of cognition, clinicians have been justifiably eager to promote diet recommendations for their older patients. But popular diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), have not been shown to benefit cognition among patients who already have dementia or cognitive decline. In our experience, promoting these restrictive diets can be detrimental to patients with dementia who are already prone to eating disturbance; vulnerable to malnutrition; and, if underweight, demonstrate increased mortality. Moreover, we have seen both patient and caregiver satisfaction negatively affected by dietary modification. Clinicians need to be aware that any dietary recommendations for patients with dementia should be mitigated by the lack of evidence for improvement in cognition, the risks for exacerbating poor nutrition, and the potential for further limiting their quality of life.
Deep Induction: Induction Rules for (Truly) Nested Types
Authors: Johann Patricia , Polonsky Andrew
Published: April 2020

This paper introducesdeep induction, and shows that it is the notion of induction most appropriate to nested types and other data types defined over, or mutually recursively with, (other) such types. Standard induction rules induct over only the top-level structure of data, leaving any data internal to the top-level structure untouched. By contrast, deep induction rules induct overallof the structured data present. We give a grammar generating a robust class of nested types (and thus ADTs), and develop a fundamental theory of deep induction for them using their recently defined semantics as fixed points of accessible functors on locally presentable categories. We then use our theory to derive deep induction rules for some common ADTs and nested types, and show how these rules specialize to give the standard structural induction rules for these types. We also show how deep induction specializes to solve the long-standing problem of deriving principled and practically useful structural induction rules for bushes and othertrulynested types. Overall, deep induction opens the way to making induction principles appropriate to richly structured data types available in programming languages and proof assistants. Agda implementations of our development and examples, including two extended case studies, are available.
Semantical Analysis of Contextual Types
Authors: Pientka Brigitte , Schöpp Ulrich
Published: April 2020

We describe a category-theoretic semantics for a simply typed variant of Cocon, a contextual modal type theory where the box modality mediates between the weak function space that is used to represent higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) trees and the strong function space that describes (recursive) computations about them. What makes Cocon different from standard type theories is the presence of first-class contexts and contextual objects to describe syntax trees that are closed with respect to a given context of assumptions. Following M. Hofmann’s work, we use a presheaf model to characterise HOAS trees. Surprisingly, this model already provides the necessary structure to also model Cocon. In particular, we can capture the contextual objects of Cocon using a comonad $$\flat $$
♭
that restricts presheaves to their closed elements. This gives a simple semantic characterisation of the invariants of contextual types (e.g. substitution invariance) and identifies Cocon as a type-theoretic syntax of presheaf models. We express our category-theoretic constructions by using a modal internal type theory that is implemented in Agda-Flat.
Spinal Atomic Lambda-Calculus
Authors: Sherratt David , Heijltjes Willem , Gundersen Tom , Parigot Michel
Published: April 2020

We present the spinal atomic $$\lambda $$
λ
-calculus, a typed $$\lambda $$
λ
-calculus with explicit sharing and atomic duplication that achieves spinal full laziness: duplicating only the direct paths between a binder and bound variables is enough for beta reduction to proceed. We show this calculus is the result of a Curry–Howard style interpretation of a deep-inference proof system, and prove that it has natural properties with respect to the $$\lambda $$
λ
-calculus: confluence and preservation of strong normalisation.
Sharp Congruences Adequate with Temporal Logics Combining Weak and Strong Modalities
Authors: Lang Frédéric , Mateescu Radu , Mazzanti Franco
Published: April 2020

We showed in a recent paper that, when verifying a modal $$\mu $$-calculus formula, the actions of the system under verification can be partitioned into sets of so-called weak and strong actions, depending on the combination of weak and strong modalities occurring in the formula. In a compositional verification setting, where the system consists of processes executing in parallel, this partition allows us to decide whether each individual process can be minimized for either divergence-preserving branching (if the process contains only weak actions) or strong (otherwise) bisimilarity, while preserving the truth value of the formula. In this paper, we refine this idea by devising a family of bisimilarity relations, named sharp bisimilarities, parameterized by the set of strong actions. We show that these relations have all the nice properties necessary to be used for compositional verification, in particular congruence and adequacy with the logic. We also illustrate their practical utility on several examples and case-studies, and report about our success in the RERS 2019 model checking challenge.
How Many Bits Does it Take to Quantize Your Neural Network?
Authors: Giacobbe Mirco , Henzinger Thomas A. , Lechner Mathias
Published: April 2020

Quantization converts neural networks into low-bit fixed-point computations which can be carried out by efficient integer-only hardware, and is standard practice for the deployment of neural networks on real-time embedded devices. However, like their real-numbered counterpart, quantized networks are not immune to malicious misclassification caused by adversarial attacks. We investigate how quantization affects a network’s robustness to adversarial attacks, which is a formal verification question. We show that neither robustness nor non-robustness are monotonic with changing the number of bits for the representation and, also, neither are preserved by quantization from a real-numbered network. For this reason, we introduce a verification method for quantized neural networks which, using SMT solving over bit-vectors, accounts for their exact, bit-precise semantics. We built a tool and analyzed the effect of quantization on a classifier for the MNIST dataset. We demonstrate that, compared to our method, existing methods for the analysis of real-numbered networks often derive false conclusions about their quantizations, both when determining robustness and when detecting attacks, and that existing methods for quantized networks often miss attacks. Furthermore, we applied our method beyond robustness, showing how the number of bits in quantization enlarges the gender bias of a predictor for students’ grades.
On a certain adaptive method of approximate integration and its stopping criterion
Authors: Wąsowicz Szymon
Published: April 2020

We introduce a new quadrature rule based on Chebyshev’s and Simpson’s rules. The corresponding composite rule induces the adaptive method of approximate integration. We propose a stopping criterion for this method and we prove that if it is satisfied for a function which is either 3-convex or 3-concave, then the integral is approximated with the prescribed tolerance. Nevertheless, we give an example of a function which does satisfy our criterion, but the approximation error exceeds the assumed tolerance. The numerical experiments (performed by a computer program created by the author) show that integration of 3-convex functions with our method requires considerably fewer steps than the adaptive Simpson’s method with a classical stopping criterion. As a tool in our investigations we present a certain inequality of Hermite–Hadamard type.
Prosthetic treatment patterns in the very old: an insurance database analysis from Northeast Germany
Authors: Hempel Fabian M. , Krois Joachim , Paris Sebastian , Beuer Florian , Kuhlmey Adelheid , Schwendicke Falk
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We assessed dental prosthetic services utilization in very old Germans.

Methods

A comprehensive sample of 404,610 very old (≥ 75 years), insured at one large statutory insurer (Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Nordost, acting in the federal states Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), were followed over 6 years (2012–2017). Our outcome was the utilization of prosthetic services, in total and seven subgroups: (1) Crowns/partial crowns, (2) fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), (3) partial removable prostheses (RDPs), (4) full RDPs, (5) temporary services, (6) relining/rebasing/repairing/extending RDPs, (7) repairing FDPs. Association of utilization with (1) gender, (2) age, (3) region, (4) social hardship status, (5) ICD-10 diagnoses and (6) German diagnoses related groups (G-DRG) was explored.

Results

The mean (SD) age of the sample was 81.9 (5.4) years; mean follow-up was 1689 (705) days. The mean utilization of any prosthetic service was 27.0%; the most often utilized service type were total RDPs (13.2% utilization), crowns (8.1%), and partial RDPs (7.1%). Utilization decreased with age for nearly all services (except relining/rebasing/repairing/extending RDPs) Utilization of prosthetic services was significantly higher in Berlin and most cities compared with rural municipalities and in individuals with common, less severe conditions according to ICD-10 and DRGs compared with life-threatening conditions or dementia. In multivariable analysis, gender (OR; 95% CI: 0.95; 0.93–0.98), social hardship status (1.19; 1.17–1.21), federal state (Brandenburg 0.57; 0.56–0.59; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 0.66; 0.64–0.67) and age significantly affected utilization (0.95; 0.95–0.95/year).

Conclusions

Patient-related and healthcare factors determine the utilization of prosthetic services in very old Germans. Interventions to maintain sufficient prosthetic care up to high age are required.

Clinical significance

The utilization of prosthetic services in the very old in Northeast Germany showed significant disparities within populations and service types. There seems to be great need to better understand the drivers of utilization, and to develop and evaluate interventions to maintain sufficient prosthetic care up to high age.
Indirect (hydrogen-driven) electrodeposition of porous silver onto a palladium membrane
Authors: Kanyanee Tinakorn , Fletcher Philip J. , Madrid Elena , Marken Frank
Published: April 2020

Hydrogen permeation through a pure palladium film (25 μm thickness, optically dense) is employed to trigger electron transfer (hydrogen-driven) reactions at the external palladium | aqueous electrolyte interface of a two-compartment electrochemical cell. Two systems are investigated to demonstrate feasibility for (i) indirect hydrogen-mediated silver electrodeposition with externally applied potential and (ii) indirect hydrogen-mediated silver electrodeposition driven by external formic acid decomposition. In both cases, porous metal deposits form as observed by optical and electron microscopies. Processes are self-limited as metal deposition blocks the palladium surface and thereby slows down further hydrogen permeation. The proposed methods could be employed for a wider range of metals, and they could provide an alternative (non-electrochemical or indirect) procedure for metal removal or metal recovery processes or for indirect metal sensing.
Significance of Beta-Band Oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorders During Motor Response Inhibition Tasks: A MEG Study
Authors: Moliadze Vera , Brodski-Guerniero Alla , Schuetz Magdalena , Siemann Julia , Lyzhko Ekaterina , Schlitt Sabine , Kitzerow Janina , Langer Anne , Kaiser Jochen , Naumer Marcus J. , Wibral Michael , Chan Jason , Freitag Christine M. , Siniatchkin Michael
Published: April 2020

In Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), impaired response inhibition and lack of adaptation are hypothesized to underlie core ASD symptoms, such as social communication and repetitive, stereotyped behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare neural correlates of inhibition, post-error adaptation, and reaction time variability in ASD and neuro-typical control (NTC) participants by investigating possible differences in error-related changes of oscillatory MEG activity. Twelve male NTC (mean age 20.3 ± 3.7) and fourteen male patients with ASD (mean age 17.8 ± 2.9) were included in the analysis. Subjects with ASD showed increased error-related reaction time variability. MEG analysis revealed decreased beta power in the ASD group in comparison to the NTC group over the centro-parietal channels in both, the pre-stimulus and post-response interval. In the ASD group, mean centro-parietal beta power negatively correlated with dimensional autism symptoms. In both groups, false alarms were followed by an early increase in temporo-frontal theta to alpha power; and by a later decrease in alpha to beta power at central and posterior sensors. Single trial correlations were additionally studied in the ASD group, who showed a positive correlation of pre-stimulus beta power with post-response theta, alpha, and beta power, particularly after hit trials. On a broader scale, the results deliver important insights into top-down control deficits that may relate to core symptoms observed in ASD.
Crop yield after 5 decades of contrasting residue management
Authors: Piccoli I. , Sartori F. , Polese R. , Berti A.
Published: April 2020

The benefits of soil organic input on crop yields have long been discussed, yet details of their relationship remain controversial. This study considers the effects of different residue management on crop performance as assessed by yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Three residue management (residue removal, residue incorporation, and residue incorporation + added poultry manure), combined with five levels of N application, were studied in a long-term experiment starting in 1966. Crop residue incorporation improved maize yield by 12% (nutritional effect) and sugar beet yield by 16% (non-nutritional), and the combination of crop residue incorporation with added poultry manure increased both winter wheat and sugar beet yields by 8% (nutritional effect). The NUE values of mineral fertiliser were almost three-fold those of residues and the combination of residue with poultry manure, except in sugar beet and maize, where NUE of mineral fertilizer approached those observed for residues (0.44 vs 0.45, on average). In wheat, NUE for residue incorporation with added poultry manure was nearly double the NUE for residues alone. Residue management effects depended on crop type; spring-sown crops showing stronger effects than those sown in autumn. Residues primarily produced a nutritional effect, suggesting that they decomposed within 1 year. While residue use offers little potential for soil improvement, it does reduce the need for fertilisers.
Forward Gravity Modelling to Augment High-Resolution Combined Gravity Field Models
Authors: Ince E. Sinem , Abrykosov Oleh , Förste Christoph , Flechtner Frank
Published: April 2020

During the last few years, the determination of high-resolution global gravity field has gained momentum due to high-accuracy satellite-derived observations and development of forward gravity modelling. Forward modelling computes the global gravitational field from mass distribution sources instead of actual gravity measurements and helps improving and complementing the medium to high-frequency components of the global gravity field models. In this study, we approximate the global gravity potential of the Earth’s upper crust based on ellipsoidal approximation and a mass layer concept. Such an approach has an advantage of spectral methods and also avoids possible instabilities due to the use of a sequence of thin ellipsoidal shells. Lateral density within these volumetric shells bounded by confocal lower and upper shell ellipsoids is used in the computation of the ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients which are then transformed into spherical harmonic coefficients on the Earth’s surface in the final step. The main outcome of this research is a spectral representation of the gravitatioal potential of the Earth’s upper crust, computed up to degree and order 3660 in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients (ROLI_EllApprox_SphN_3660). We evaluate our methodology by comparing this model with other similar forward models in the literature which show sub-cm agreement in terms of geoid undulations. Finally, EIGEN-6C4 is augmented by ROLI_EllApprox_SphN_3660 and the gravity field functionals computed from the expanded model which has about 5 km half-wavelength spatial resolution are compared w.r.t. ground-truth data in different regions worldwide. Our investigations show that the contribution of the topographic model increases the agreement up to ~ 20% in the gravity value comparisons.
The MTST Politics of Social Rights: Counter-Conducts, Acts of Citizenship and a Radical Struggle Beyond Housing
Authors: Fierro Alberto
Published: April 2020

The Brazilian Movimento dos Trabalhadores sem Teto (MTST)—Homeless Workers’ Movement—is a social movement that struggles for housing and for a radical transformation of capitalistic socio-economic relations. The present paper offers a problematization of the movement’s plea to social rights. They are part of the movement’s discourse and strategy. However, the activists’ objective is more radical: they aim at a complete transformation of the Brazilian economy and society. By first discussing two sets of literatures—Critical Legal Theory and Governmentality Studies—this article illustrates the complexity and the ambivalences of a radical politics of rights. Then, by contrasting my ongoing ethnographic research with the work of James Holston and Lucy Earle, I discuss the relevance of a citizenship framework for the MTST’s struggle. Finally, inspired by Foucault’s concept of counter-conducts, the article argues that the movement’s politics of rights represents an effective tactic to contrast neoliberal governmentality and to create radical democratic spaces of struggle and collective resistance.
Access and allocation in global biodiversity governance: a review
Authors: Coolsaet Brendan , Dawson Neil , Rabitz Florian , Lovera Simone
Published: April 2020

Access and allocation is one of the five analytical themes of the science plan of the Earth System Governance (ESG) project. Concerns over access and allocation are at the core of struggles and conflicts brought about by the often ineluctable trade-offs related to biodiversity conservation and the global, national and local governance systems that aim to contribute to global biodiversity conservation. Access and benefit-sharing mechanisms, integrated conservation and development projects, payments for ecosystem services or community conservation programmes have all tried balancing environmental objectives with concerns for the allocation of natural resources and associated rights within society, and for access to basic human needs. As a contribution to this special issue on access and allocation, this paper aims to contribute to the analysis of the relevance of questions of access and allocation to ESG by providing an in-depth review of the literature on access and allocation in biodiversity conservation at different scales. We describe how the concepts of access and allocation have been used and conceptualized in the literature produced between 2008 and 2018, and we discuss the two key issues which dominate the literature (1) benefit-sharing; and (2) the role of local institutions. By drawing on the trends and evidence from the literature, we consider the lessons for the next generation of ESG scholars and draw out some key policy implications to be included in the debates on the post-2020 strategic plan for biodiversity.
Picornavirus Cellular Remodeling: Doubling Down in Response to Viral-Induced Inflammation
Authors: Bouin Alexis , Semler Bert L.
Published: April 2020

Purpose of Review

To highlight recent findings on how picornavirus infections of the airways and cardiac tissues impact cellular inflammation and remodeling events.

Recent Findings

Recent published work has revealed that although many picornavirus infections appear to be initially asymptomatic, there are significant disease sequelae that result from chronic or persistent infections and the long-term, pathogenic effects on host tissues.

Because many acute picornavirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to diagnose these pathologies at the early stages of disease. As a result, we must rely on preventative measures (i.e., vaccination) or discover novel treatments to reverse tissue damage and remodeling in affected individuals. Both of these strategies will require a comprehensive knowledge of virus- and cell-specific replication determinants and how these processes induce pathogenic effects in infected cells and tissues.
Male Figural Rating Scales: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Talbot Daniel , Cass John , Smith Evelyn
Published: April 2020

Figural rating scales are tools used to measure male body dissatisfaction. The present review aimed to examine the design and psychometric properties of male figural rating scales and make recommendations based on findings. Relevant databases were systematically searched for studies that had developed and validated male figural rating scales. Twenty studies were included in this review. Figural rating scales differed in terms of the number of images represented and type of stimuli used (hand-drawn silhouettes, hand-drawn figures, computer-rendered figures, and photograph figures). Reliability and validity evidence varied greatly in strength across all scales. Four of the 20 scales included a correlational analysis between figural rating scale scores and eating disorder symptoms. Results showed the moderate to high positive correlations between eating disorder symptoms and figural rating scale perceived and index scores, suggesting that figural rating scales are sensitive to detecting eating disorder symptoms. Ideally, male figural rating scales should show strong validity and reliability, include variations in both body fat and muscularity, utilise realistic body stimuli, and be interval scales. No existing male figural rating scale meets these criteria. However, this review identifies five figural rating scales that meet the majority of the recommended criteria.
GENERATORS, RELATIONS, AND HOMOLOGY FOR OZSVÁTH–SZABÓ’S KAUFFMAN-STATES ALGEBRAS
Authors: MANION ANDREW , MARENGON MARCO , WILLIS MICHAEL
Published: April 2020

We give a generators-and-relations description of differential graded algebras recently introduced by Ozsváth and Szabó for the computation of knot Floer homology. We also compute the homology of these algebras and determine when they are formal.
Justice and History
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: April 2020

This article explores intergenerational justice and its connection to historic (in)justice and reparations. It includes both the post-war period, and the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, as case studies.
Motivational connections in language classrooms: A research agenda
Authors: Henry Alastair
Published: April 2020

With roots in social psychology, second language (L2) motivation has largely been investigated using self-report techniques. Studies drawing on observational data gathered in contexts where learning takes place are rare, and understandings of how motivation evolves in classroom interactions remain limited (Boo, Dörnyei, & Ryan, 2015). In a position paper in Language Teaching, Ushioda (2016) maps out an agenda for qualitative research examining motivation that emerges in language classrooms. With a focus on psycholinguistic processes, and with the aim of understanding how motivation ‘connects with specific aspects of second language acquisition [and] particular features of linguistic development’, Ushioda makes the case for researching L2 motivation ‘through a small lens’ (p. 564). Furthering this agenda, I make proposals for research with a relational focus where, through a somewhat wider lens, motivation and engagement generated through connections created by teachers in their classroom practice can be investigated. To frame these proposals, I use the concept of connective instruction (Martin & Dowson, 2009). Connective instruction holds that motivation and engagement increase when students can connect with the teacher as a person, with content that the teacher enables them to get involved with, and with the working methods that the teacher promotes.
Preconception and perinatal predictors of offspring attachment disorganization: Advancing the replicated evidence
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer E. , Schnabel Alexandra , Youssef George J. , Olsson Craig A.
Published: April 2020

Attachment disorganization in early childhood is an influential yet modifiable risk factor for later mental health problems. Beyond established transmission through parents’ unresolved attachment representations and caregiving sensitivity, little replicated evidence exists for wider determinants of offspring attachment disorganization. This study examined the replicated evidence for psychosocial risk factors in the preconception, prenatal, and postnatal periods. We identified all relevant longitudinal studies, and examined all risk relationships for which evidence existed in two or more cohorts (48 effects, 17 studies, N = 6,099). Study-specific and pooled risk associations were estimated and a range of moderators evaluated. Mothers’ low socioeconomic status (r = .28, k = 2), perinatal loss of a child (r = .26, k = 2), caregiving intrusiveness (r = .31, k = 2), and infant male sex (r = .26, k = 4) predicted offspring attachment disorganization. Maternal sensitivity (r = –.25, k = 6) and higher metacognition during pregnancy (r = –.23, k = 3) predicted lower risk of offspring attachment disorganization. Findings suggest the origins of offspring disorganized attachment include but extend beyond maternal unresolved attachment representations and caregiving. We discuss implications for theory and for identification of modifiable risk pathways in the perinatal window.
Appropriate heart rate during exercise in Fontan patients
Authors: Hedlund Eva R. , Söderström Liselott , Lundell Bo
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To evaluate heart rate against workload and oxygen consumption during exercise in Fontan patients.

Method:

Fontan patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 25) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing with linear increase of load. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were measured during tests. Heart rate recovery was recorded for 10 minutes.

Results:

Heart rate at midpoint (140 ± 14 versus 153 ± 11, p < 0.001) and at maximal effort (171 ± 14 versus 191 ± 10 beats per minute, p < 0.001) of test was lower for patients than controls. Heart rate recovery was similar between groups. Heart rate in relation to workload was higher for patients than controls both at midpoint and maximal effort. Heart rate in relation to oxygen uptake was similar between groups throughout test. Oxygen pulse, an indirect surrogate measure of stroke volume, was reduced at maximal effort in patients compared to controls (6.6 ± 1.1 versus 7.5 ± 1.4 ml·beat−1·m−2, p < 0.05) and increased significantly less from midpoint to maximal effort for patients than controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Heart rate is increased in relation to workload in Fontan patients compared with controls. At higher loads, Fontan patients seem to have reduced heart rate and smaller increase in oxygen pulse, which may be explained by inability to further increase stroke volume and cardiac output. Reduced ability to increase or maintain stroke volume at higher heart rates may be an important limiting factor for maximal cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and physical performance.
Treatment of severe pulmonary insufficiency with bilateral branch pulmonary artery Melody valve implantation
Authors: Abu-Anza Omar , Nakamura Yuki , Aldoss Osamah
Published: April 2020

Branch pulmonary artery valve implantation has been reported in larger patients with dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts via routine femoral access. Here, we report treatment of severe pulmonary insufficiency with bilateral branch pulmonary artery Melody valve implantation (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bilateral valve implantation utilising the hybrid approach in a small-size patient.
Astrometric study of Gaia DR2 stars for interstellar communication
Authors: Seto Naoki , Kashiyama Kazumi
Published: April 2020

We discuss the prospects of high precision pointing of our transmitter to habitable planets around Galactic main sequence stars. For an efficient signal delivery, the future sky positions of the host stars should be appropriately extrapolated with accuracy better than the beam opening angle Θ of the transmitter. Using the latest data release (DR2) of Gaia, we estimate the accuracy of the extrapolations individually for 4.7 × 107 FGK stars, and find that the total number of targets could be ~107 for the accuracy goal better than 1″. Considering the pairwise nature of communication, our study would be instructive also for SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), not only for sending signals outward.
Against Populism: Music, Classification, Genre
Authors: BALLANTINE CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2020

Often described as a social pathology, populism currently finds virulent expression in political movements across the world. Unlike the recognition that involves mutuality and respect, populism is typically founded on misrecognition; it pursues alterity, essentializes identity, offers ‘protection’ against the threat of hostile ‘others’. Often the social consequences are tragic. Music, however, can confirm or disrupt the way populism constructs identity. Epistemologically, genres can enable us to both understand and misunderstand our world: we can recognize ourselves (‘us’) in the genres that undergird the music we identify with, and (mis)recognize others (‘them’) in those we find alien. But genres can be undermined; they can be integrated, hybridized and directed towards more inclusive or cosmopolitan ends, thus destablilizing ontologies frozen around pre-fixed identities. I elaborate this theory, illustrating it with examples of focused genre-transgression, particularly in South African jazz, where progressive social tendencies have sought to create an integrated, cosmopolitan society.
Classification of Seafloor Highs According to Legal Hermeneutics
Authors: KUNOY Bjørn
Published: April 2020

The classification of seafloor highs as submarine elevations that are natural components of the continental margin is the core exercise in the application of Article 76 of UNCLOS. Its outcome determines whether the outer limits are necessarily constrained by a 350 nautical mile distance line from the baselines, or, alternatively, whether the outer limits may extend far beyond that constraint where the outer edge of the continental margin goes beyond that distance. This paper examines in depth the constitutive criteria that govern the classification of seafloor highs as submarine elevations that are natural components of the continental margin. It is concluded that the interpretation of Article 76(6) of UNCLOS is necessarily dictated by a textual approach.