bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Toxicology of Nicotine
Authors: Henningfield Jack E , Heishman Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Psychoactive drug use can adversely affect the physical health of the user directly and can also lead to increased morbidity and mortality because of adverse behavioral effects on users. For example, alcohol use may produce cirrhosis of the liver, and an alcohol-intoxicated automobile driver can cause an accident leading to the death of the driver or other persons.’ Generally, marijuana use is not directly lethal to users; however, regular use leads to lung disease and other forms of toxicity,’ and the adverse effects of marijuana on driving abilities have been documented.
A Theoretical Introduction to the Markedness Model
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol
Published: November 2023

In Every Speech community, more than one way of speaking exists. That is, no community is without at least two different speech styles, and in many communities, more than one dialect or more than one language is spoken, even if some people speak only one dialect of one language. In the case of dialects and languages, these varieties typically can be associated with different social groups; that is, not everyone in the community has command of all the varieties in the community’s linguistic repertoire, or not everyone uses the varieties he or she knows with the same frequencies. To a lesser extent, the same can be said for different styles or registers.
Civil Rights Reform in Historical Perspective: Regulating Marital Violence
Authors: Siegel Reva B
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, and again in the twentieth century, the American feminist movement has attempted to reform the law of marriage so as to secure for wives equality with their husbands. In each century, the movement’s efforts have produced significant changes in the law structuring marriage. The status of married women has improved, but wives still have not attained equality with their husbands-if we measure equality as the dignitary and material “goods” associated with the wealth wives control, or the work they perform, or the degree of physical security they enjoy. The legal system continues to play an important role in perpetuating these status differences, although, over time, the role that law plays in enforcing status relations has become increasingly less visible.
Trust and Commitment as Alternative Responses to Social Uncertainty
Authors: Yamagishi Toshio , Yamagishi Midori
Published: November 2023

Trust has been recognized as an important variable to characterize business operations in East Asian countries. For example, Redding and Tam (1985), Redding and Wong (1986), and Redding (1989) pointed out that the inability of Chinese entrepreneurs to develop business networks beyond family and kin networks has contributed to the dominance of small family businesses in Hong Kong. Studying more than forty large businesses in Taiwan, Kao (1989) concluded that “personal trust” is one of the key mechanisms of guanxi, which Hamilton (1989) called the Chinese type of capitalism in Taiwan. Furthermore, Whitley (1990) proposed that trust mechanisms between strangers is a crucial societal context that differentiates dominant forms of business organization in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States.
Education as a Source of Network, Signal, or Nepotism Managers and Engineers during Japan’s Industrial Development
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

A recurrent theme in Japan’s industrial development is how its labor market evolved and operated, particularly at the level of administrators, management staff, technicians, and engineers. In the early years of Japan’s modernization, say, in the mid- to late nineteenth century, only a handful of Japanese had the required knowledge and experience. Furthermore, it was often difficult for prospective employers to know where to find qualified people.
Transferring Competitive Advantage across Borders: A Study of Japanese Auto Transplants in North America
Authors: Pil Frits K , MacDuffie John Paul
Published: November 2023

Countries differ in their underlying organizing principles of work. These principles develop within the confines of a local trajectory, and differences are eliminated more slowly across than within national or regional boundaries (Kogut, 1991). Furthermore, localized learning can lock countries into suboptimal trajectories (Stiglitz, 1987). As a result, companies in some countries may possess advantages over those in other countries-advantages that do not diffuse naturally across national or regional borders. One means by which such advantages can be transferred across national borders is foreign direct investment (FDI).
Recontextualization and Factoryto-Factory Knowledge Transfer from Japan to the United States: The Case of NSK
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko , Liker Jeffrey K , Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

One of the biggest concerns for managers with respect to international technology transfer is the fit between what they are transferring-a nexus of work, technology, and organizational practice-and a new environment. As many researchers have noted, moving technology into new user-operations often leads to a degree of misalignment between the technology and a new environment (see, for example, Busche, 1988; Leonard-Barton, 1992, 1995). Most of the research on internationalization in organizational studies has focused on strategic fit or finding the right corporate strategy to match products and technologies to foreign markets (for useful literature reviews, see Ghoshal, 1987; Kogut, 1989). In addition, these studies have typically concentrated on the tangible or “hard” side of the technologies being transferred. Such work is important in helping us understand and assess the various modes of foreign entry and management available to firms, but its selective view of internationalization as exportation or transnational transmission leaves out an important and increasingly hard-to-ignore part of the story.
Just-in-Time and Other Manufacturing Practices: Implications for U.S. Manufacturing Performance
Authors: Nakamura Masao , Sakakibara Sadao , Schroeder Roger G
Published: November 2023

Toyota was the first company to successfully implement what are now known as just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing practices. Toyota began disseminating these practices to other Japanese manufacturers, including its competitors, in the 1970s. The domestic dissemination process was largely complete by the late 1970s. The JIT concept was first introduced to English-speaking engineering and management practitioners in an article by a group of Toyota employees, Sugimori, Kusunoki, Cho, and Uchikawa (1977). They characterize the Toyota production system as having two equally important features: (1) the JIT production system, which provides “only the necessary products, at the necessary time, in the necessary quantity,” and (2) Toyota’s “respect-for-human” system of encouraging active employee participation, eliminating wasteful movement by workers, protecting workers’ safety, and empowering workers with greater responsibility and authority in the workplace. Kimura and Terada (1981), also Toyota employees, describe Toyota’s JIT production system as a “pull system” with three goals: (1) preventing the transmission of the amplified fluctuations of demand or production volume from a succeeding process to the preceding process; (2) minimizing the fluctuation of in-process inventory so as to simplify inventory control; and (3) decentralizing management authority by allowing shop floor supervisors and foremen to make decisions on production and inventory control.
How the Brain Evolved Language
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

Recent developments in our understanding of the way the brain works have altered dramatically our view of how it is possible for us to learn and use language - a feat that is still enormously beyond the capacity of any computer in existence or even on the drawing board. Donald Loritz describes the history of the discovery that language is controlled by the brain, and thus somehow located in it, and the subsequent efforts of scientists in many areas - linguistics, psychology, neurology, computer science, and the new field at their intersection, cognitive science - to understand what language is, how the brain "contains" it, and how both language and this complex brain could have evolved. While one can easily find computer-generated cross-sectioned pictures of the brain and its use of language, such pictures do not get down to the level of networks of individual brain cells (neurons), and how such networks are actually capable of learning and storing information like the sounds and meanings of words and the patterns of understandable sentences. Loritz explains the basic properties of the brain and neuron networks, using lay language or terms that he carefully teaches the reader, so that these mysterious processes of neural information storage and access can be understood. He does so using a mathematical model of brain function called Adaptive Resonance Theory, a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg, and applying this theory to what we know about human language - not language as grammarians conceive it, but language as it is really spoken and comprehended. He takes this information about language from recent well-documented research on child language, the signed language of the deaf, and the language of people with brain damage, as well sa from normal speakers. Loritz's book is certain to provoke controversy, as it contradicts many of the ideas propounded by another very popular writer on brain and language, Steven Pinker. Unlike Pinker, Loritz argues that language has little if any innate component, and is something that our brains are well-equipped to learn.
Roles of Knowledge and “Cross-Knowledge” in Creating a Third Culture An Example of Performance Appraisal in a Japanese Corporation in New York
Authors: Sumihara Noriya
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on how performance appraisals were handled at a Japanese company in the United States. It is based on ethnographic data involving intensive participant observation and interviews as part of a larger study of the New York headquarters of a sales subsidiary of a large-scale Japanese corporation (called TSDAL, a pseudonym that will be used hereafter) for 14 months from spring 1988 to summer 1989. The data presented here are concerned with face-to-face, cross-cultural negotiations about the performance appraisal of Japanese and American nonsales workers of this company. Thus, I am not dealing with generalized practices of performance appraisals at Japanese corporations in the United States, although I have drawn on what little literature exists concerning performance appraisal at other Japanese companies operating in the United States.
Working Together, But How? The Need for lntercultural Awareness
Authors: Kidd John
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that major overseas capital investments in the future will be placed by firms and institutions within the triad nations-that is, in North America (represented by the North American Free Trade Area [NAFTA]), in the European Union [EU], and in Asia (which does not yet have a formal economic union). Most investments will be between firms in the developed regions, but more and more will be invested in Asia (which may be said to be developing) by a firm, that itself may be represented globally or in more than one triad region. Generally, these firms retain many aspects of their original national culture bias in their global dealings. Hence, we may look forward to ever more cross-cultural exchanges as investors and potential recipients strive to reach agreements that are, first, understandable and, second, meaningful to both negotiators.
Interpreting as A Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

This book studies interpreting between languages as a discourse process and as about managing ccommunication between two people who do not speak a common language. Roy examines the turn exchanges of a face-to-face interpreted event in order to offer a definition of interpreted events, describe the process of taking turns with an interpreter, and account for the role of the interpreter in terms of the performance in interaction.
Discourse
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

It must seem to those slightly familiar with the term discourse that terms such as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis are used interchangeably. Its companion term, discourse analysis, seems to be used especially frequently, even randomly, so that it is difficult to know exactly what is meant by the term. One reason is that a number of different academic disciplines use the term to describe the methods and models they develop to understand language and human behavior. “Included are not just disciplines in which models for understanding, and methods for analyzing, discourse first developed (i.e., linguistics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy; see Van Dijk 1985), but also disciplines that have applied (and thus often extended) such models and methods to problems within their own particular academic domains, e.g., communication (Craig and Tracy 1983), social psychology (Potter and Wetherell 1987), and artifical intelligence (Reichman 1985)” (Schiffrin 1994:5).
The Origins and Evolution of Japanese Direct Investment in East Asia
Authors: Mason Mark
Published: November 2023

Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Asia has increased substantially in recent years.1 Japan’s FDI outflows to the region have exceeded $5 billion annually since 1987, for example, and totaled almost $10 billion during the 1994 fiscal year.2 (See fig. 2.1.) Indeed, official Japanese figures suggest that in 1994 Japan’s FDI flows to Asia as a whole exceeded such flows to Europe for the first time in more than a decade. As a result, after North America, Asia has once again become the second largest recipient of Japanese direct investment flows.
lntrafirm Technology Transfer by Japanese Multinationals in Asia
Authors: Urata Shujiro
Published: November 2023

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world has increased rapidly in recent years. One of the main interests on the part of the countries hosting FDI is to acquire technologies that would contribute to their economic growth. Among various means of international technology transfer, including international trade in technology through patents and in capital goods embodying technology, FDI has in creased in significance as multinational enterprises (MNEs) have expanded their FDI activities rapidly. Technology transfer is also a main concern for MNEs, for its success or failure determines the outcome of their overseas operations.
The Business Strategies of Japanese Production Networks in Asia
Authors: Tachiki Dennis S
Published: November 2023

To deepen our discussion of production networks driven by foreign direct investment (FDI), I focus on the business plans of Japanese companies. A business plan is an organizational document outlining a company’s policies and goals and the means for achieving those goals. When a company moves its operations overseas, it clearly states its FDI strategy in a business plan. Specifically, a business plan reveals the transfer of a component, product, or support service to an overseas production base as the internationalization of a section, department, or division. Yet the business plans of multinational corporations do not normally fall within the purview of FDI theories.
Japanese and U.S. Subsidiaries in East Asia: Host-Economy Effects
Authors: Ravenhill John
Published: November 2023

If one lesson is to be learned from the East Asian economic miracles, it is that there is no single path to economic success. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the variety of regimes these countries have maintained for foreign direct investment (FDI). During the crucial early stages of their industrialization, East Asian countries pursued policies toward FDI that spanned a spectrum from undisguised hostility to granting more favorable treatment to transnational corporations (TNCs) than that accorded to domestically owned companies.
Capital Punishment As A Legal, Political, And Cultural Fact: An Introduction
Authors: Sarat Austin
Published: November 2023

Today Americans live in a killing state in which violence is met with violence, and the measure of our sovereignty as a people is found in our ability both to make laws carrying the penalty of death and to translate those laws into a calm, bureaucratic bloodletting.1 We live in a state in which killing increasingly is used as an important part of criminal justice policy and of the symbolization of political power. At a time when life and the sensibility necessary to a meaningful life are extremely fragile, we are told that life must be taken to preserve our lives and sensibilities. The killing state is thus a state of being as well as the state we are in.
Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages
Authors: Brown Cecil H
Published: November 2023

Lexical acculturation refers to the accommodation of languages to new objects and concepts encountered as the result of culture contact. This unique study analyzes a survey of words for 77 items of European culture (e.g. chicken, horse, apple, rice, scissors, soap, and Saturday) in the vocabularies of 292 Amerindian languages and dialects spoken from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego. The first book ever to undertake such a large and systematic cross-language investigation, Brown ‘s work provides fresh insights into general processes of lexical change and development, including those involving language universals and diffusion.
Ellipsis and Glue Languages
Authors: Crouch Richard
Published: November 2023

A treatment of the interactions between ellipsis, quantifiers, and anaphora is presented in Crouch (1995), which gives comparable coverage to the higher-order unification account of Dalrymple et al. (1991) but without the burden of (i) ordersensitive interleaving of scope and ellipsis resolution or (ii) the same degree of potentially undecidable higher-order unification. That paper claims that the semantic formalism in which the treatment is cast (Quasi Logical Form, QLF) represents sets of constraints on permissible semantic compositions (where composition builds up the meaning of a sentence from the meanings of its constituent parts). Ellipsis resolution is to be seen as a matter of making “minimal” changes to the composition of the antecedent in order to accommodate the (previously identified) parallel material in the ellipsis. These minimal changes can be represented by substitutions on the set of constraints determining the permissible compositions of the antecedent.
We the People: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Several of the most divisive moral conflicts that have beset Americans in the period since World War II have been transmuted into constitutional conflicts and resolved as such. In his new book, eminent legal scholar Michael Perry evaluates the grave charge that the modern Supreme Court has engineered a "judicial usurpation of politics." In particular, Perry inquires which of several major Fourteenth Amendment conflicts--over race segregation, race-based affirmative action, sex-based discrimination, homosexuality, abortion, and physician-assisted suicide--have been resolved as they should have been. He lays the necessary groundwork for his inquiry by addressing questions of both constitutional theory and constitutional history. A clear-eyed examination of some of the perennial controversies in American life, We the People is a major contribution to modern constitutional studies.
Economics
Authors: Grin Francois
Published: November 2023

Although there are distinct schools in economic theory, it is certainly one of the most integrated of the social sciences, and the overwhelming majority of researchers in the discipline operate within the framework of mainstream, also called orthodox or neoclassical, economics. In what follows, economics will there fore refer to this numerically and ideologically dominant school and the paradigm it adheres to-not out of ideological preference or oversight of other streams but simply because alternative paradigms (for example, Marxian economics) have never paid much attention to these dimensions of human experience.
The United States and Canada
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y , Marshall David F
Published: November 2023

The United States and Canada have many similarities: Both were the products of British Empire expansion; both contain conquered language minorities (Spanish and French, respectively) that seek maintenance of their languages and cultures as “national minorities”; both are known as “immigrant countries” of the New World that have depended on international immigration to build their respective multiethnic and multicultural societies; and, continentally, both developed westward, displacing aboriginal peoples (First Nations) who were conquered militarily and marginalized in their respective cultures and governments. English is used as the majority language in both countries, a language that symbolizes the powerful hegemony of two consecutive capitalist world empires: the British and then the American. Despite the unrelenting spread of English world wide, internally both Canada and the United States face political turmoil that surrounds issues of language choice, ethnic identity, equality, and justice, and both are experiencing crises of national identity and the process of “renationalization” through the changing of their respective concepts of who they are and what they are about as nation states.
Some General Aspects of Hematopoietic Cell Development
Authors: Metcalf Donald
Published: November 2023

This introductory chapter will discuss what can be deduced about the general nature and regulation of hematopoietic (blood cell-forming) populations from an analysis of clonal cultures of adult murine hematopoietic cells. There are two general premises involved in this approach: ( 1) that the biology of murine and human hematopoietic populations is essentially identical, and ( 2) that the cellular behavior observable in reductionist in vitro cultures is likely to portray, with some degree of accuracy, major aspects of the cellular events that occur during hematopoiesis in vivo.
Regulation of Myelopoiesis as Assessed by Gene Deletion and Gene Transduction
Authors: Broxmeyer Hal E
Published: November 2023

Similar to other cellular systems, the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) is a tightly regulated system that is responsive to cytokine-mediated cell survival, growth, and differentiation. Cytokines act as ligands for specific receptors found on the cell surface. Binding of a cytokine to its receptor initiates a series of cascading events that translate intracellular signals from the cell membrane, through the cytoplasm, and into the nucleus.
Word Order And Discourse-Configurationality in European Portuguese
Authors: Costa João
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to look at the properties of the subjects in each order and try to find out which position each type of subject occupies and why. I will try to account for the optionality explaining what is the source for each order and, ultimately, to capture the basic intuition that EP is an SVO language (cf. Ambar 1992).
CNS Tumors (Excluding Pituitary, PNET, and Embryonal Tumors)
Authors: Parisi Joseph E , Mena Hernando , Scheithauer Bernd W , Rorke Lucy B
Published: November 2023

Gliomas, principally astrocytomas, account for the majority of brain tumors. These intrinsic tumors are derived from neuroectoderm and are classified on the basis of the predominant cell type (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, or ependymal cell). Although the term glioma applies to all tumors of this group, in practice, glioma usually refers to an infiltrative glial tumor, generally a diffuse astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. Less commonly, the term glioma has been applied to all tumors of neuroepithelial origin, including those composed of undifferentiated cells, of neuronal elements, and of mixed cell populations. Incidence figures vary widely depending upon the patients studied. Most neurosurgical and neuropathological series report an incidence of gliomas as 40%–45% of all intracranial tumors (Zulch, 1986; Burger and Scheithauer, 1994). Glial tumors are somewhat more common in men (male:female ratio of 3:2), although as a group these are the most common intracranial neoplasms in both sexes. The incidence of gliomas is higher in children than in adults, accounting for about threequarters of all primary intracranial neoplasms in subjects under the age of 15. Childhood gliomas are more likely to be infratentorial in location, primarily involving cerebellum and brain stem, whereas adult examples are more likely to be supratentorial. Although some reports have suggested an increasing incidence of primary brain tumors in recent years, particularly malignant gliomas, careful population-based studies have indicated that this “apparent” increase actually is a reflection of improvements in diagnosis (Radharkrishnan et al., 1995).
Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System (Including the Craniospinal Nerve Roots)
Authors: Giannini Caterina , Scheithauer Bernd W
Published: November 2023

The pathologic spectrum of tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is broad, despite their derivation from a rather limited repertoire of nerve sheath cells. Putative precursor cells subject to neoplastic transformation reside in all three nerve compartments (endo-, peri-, and epineurium). These include: (1) Schwann cells, which ensheath myelinated and unmyelinated axons, (2) perineurial cells that comprise the perineurium and are an integral part of the blood–nerve barrier, and (3) fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes, as well as adipose cells. Tumors of peripheral nerves occur in benign and malignant form and show a variable association with neurofibromatosis of types 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease, peripheral NF, NF1) and 2 (central NF, NF2). A discussion of the genetic basis and clinical spectrum of these disorders appears in Chapter 20. The currently accepted classification of peripheral nerve tumors includes: (1) neoplasms showing differentiation along neurogenic lines, these being the most numerous, (2) tumors with mesenchymal or other lines of differentiation, but primary in nerve, and (3) tumors secondarily involving the PNS. The classification of principal peripheral nerve tumors is summarized in Table 19.1. It follows the general guidelines of the World Health Organization (Kleihues et al., 1993), and of the recently published AFIP fascicle, Tumors of the Peripheral Nervous System (Scheithauer et al., 1999). The PNS also gives rise to a variety of non neoplastic lesions that clinically mimic peripheral nerve neoplasms. These include reactive, inflammatory, hyperplastic, and malformative processes (see Table 19.4). A working knowledge of normal PNS anatomy, as well as of the basic responses to injury exhibited by this highly specialized tissue, provides insight into the broad spectrum of lesions discussed herein. For a more exhaustive overview, the reader is directed to recent review (Scheithauer et al., 1999). Lastly, it goes without saying that careful correlation of morphologic data with clinical and surgical descriptions is essential to arriving at a correct diagnosis.
Pathology of Non-Neoplastic, Regional Disorders of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Kim Ronald C
Published: November 2023

This brief overview will deal with disorders that affect the spinal cord primarily or in a particularly distinctive manner. The more generalized pathological processes in which there is secondary or incidental spinal cord involvement will not be addressed, as they are discussed elsewhere in this volume. SPINAL VASCULAR DISEASE Anatomical Considerations Before entering into a discussion of spinal vascular disease, it is useful to review briefly what is known anatomically of the patterns of arterial supply and venous drainage of the spinal cord. The discussion that follows is based on the observations of many investigators (Adamkiewicz, 1882; Kadyi, 1889; Tureen, 1938; Suh and Alexander, 1939; Gillilan, 1958, 1970, 1978; Corbin, 1960; Lazorthes, 1972; Rodríguez-Baeza et al., 1989, 1991; Sliwa and Maclean, 1992; Alleyne et al., 1998; Fehlings and Skaf, 1998). The anterior spinal artery is formed rostrally from solitary branches of the intracranial portions of the vertebral arteries, and, as it descends in the midline along the ventral surface of the medulla and spinal cord, it receives major contributions from seven to eight penetrating radiculomedullary (radiculospinal) arteries. Since the anterior spinal arterial network, which is not necessarily continuous throughout its extent, is the major source of blood supply to the spinal cord, it is important to be aware of the limited number of vessels that contribute to its formation. Although radicular arteries accompany each of the ventral spinal roots, most of them provide blood to the nerve roots or the leptomeninges rather than to the spinal cord itself. The range of anatomical variations within this system is considerable and, in any given instance, may be clinically relevant. There is, in addition, some disagreement with regard to both the nature and the significance of findings based on postmortem injection studies. The conclusions drawn by Lazorthes and his colleagues on the basis of their studies (Lazorthes et al., 1966a,b; Lazorthes, 1972) seem to be in close accordance with what is known clinically and pathologically of spinal vascular insufficiency.
Language, Socialization, and Silence in Gay Adolescence
Authors: Leap William
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores a component of the “coming-out” experience that remains largely overlooked in the literature on gay adolescence: How do gay teenagers go about acquiring the language of gay culture?1 My discussion of this question builds on three assumptions: (1) that something called “gay culture” (as distinct from gay “lifestyle” or erotic interests) really exists; (2) that “gay culture” includes distinctive “ways of talking” within its inventory of symbolics and semiotics; and (3) that these “ways of talking” are sufficiently rich and complex to justify being termed gay language, rather than an argot, “secret code,” or rhetorical style.
Making a Personal Relationship with Death
Authors: Levy Mitchell M
Published: November 2023

Given how frequently patients die in the ICU, one would think that talking with patients and families about death would come easily for critical care clinicians. Unfortunately for our patients, the irony is that just because we see death all the time we are not necessarily comfortable with it. Death, grief, and the prospect of loss remain issues that raise the same anxiety and discomfort for caregivers as for patients and their families. Why is it that every time we sit down to speak with a patient or family about death and that moment of silence starts, we panic? Why do we think that we have to fill the space as soon as someone exhibits grief, or rage, or simply discomfort? Why does that silence seem so interminable that we feel compelled to have something technical or wise to say? We see people die all the time, and yet at times we act as if we were strangers to the process of dealing directly with death and loss.
Principles and Practice of Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment in the ICU
Authors: Rubenfeld Gordon D , Crawford stephen W
Published: November 2023

problems may exist in providing palliative care in the ICU, has attention been directed to the practical aspects of withdrawing life support. Many practical questions about withdrawal of life support are perplexing and controversial. Should the endotracheal tube be left in place? Should interventions be weaned slowly or quickly? When should sedation be increased? How can concerns about relieving suffering be reconciled with fears of killing the patient? Should neuromuscular blockade be discontinued? These questions are important be cause clinicians face them frequently and yet are still confused by the goals and process of withdrawing life support, and because patients who die after withdrawal of life support may receive inadequate pain relief.
Head-to-Head Merge in Balkan Subjunctives and Locality
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen
Published: November 2023

The data to be analyzed below belong to three types of constructions, which are held to be syntactically distinct in GB analyses: control, raising to subject, and obviation. Extending Dobrovie-Sorin’s (1994. chap. 4) analysis of Romanian to the other Balkan languages, I will argue that the data support a unified analysis along the lines of Koster (1978, 1984, 1987), who proposes that the same syntactic configuration, namely anaphoric binding, underlies both control and subject raising. The phenomenon referred to as obviation can also be restated in terms of anaphoric binding.
Subjunctives in Bulgarian and Modern Greek
Authors: Krapova Iliyana
Published: November 2023

Alongwith other common properties, Bulgarian (Big) and Modern Greek (MGrk) exhibit strikingly similar patterns of subjunctive1 complementation, in terms of both structure and interpretation. Unlike the rest of the Balkan languages which possess special subjunctive morphology and/or subjunctive complementizers,2 Big and MGrk have finite complements with null complementizers that may function either as subjunctives, or as infinitives, depending on the lexical properties of the matrix verb.
Last Resort and V Movement in Balkan Languages
Authors: Rivero María Luisa
Published: November 2023

This essay deals with language typology and comparative syntax within the Minimalist program of Chomsky ( 1995). Taking both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective, it examines aspects of the syntax of verbs in two Balkan languages with close syntactic ties, Bulgarian (Big) and Greek (Ork). For Rivero (1994a), Big and standard Modern Greek (MGrk) display similar clause structures. The two languages, however, differ considerably as to verb position, with citation forms for Perfect Tenses already showing a clear contrast.
Electrodiagnosis Of Endplate Disease
Authors: Harper C Michel
Published: November 2023

Diagnosis of myasthenic disorders is based on clinical evaluation, clinical electromyography (EMG), serologic studies, and, in some instances, in vitro microelectrode and detailed morphologic studies. Failure of a careful EMG study to demonstrate a defect of neuromuscular transmission excludes such a defect as the cause of the patient’s symptoms. The EMG findings in patients with myasthenic disorders are not disease-specific, but often point to the correct diagnosis when interpreted in the context of the clinical information. Three major tools can identify a defect of neuromuscular transmission: repetitive stimulation studies, needle electromyography, and single fiber EMG. A complete evaluation would also include standard nerve conduction and F-wave studies, as they may reveal a peripheral neuropathy rather than a defect of neuromuscular transmission.
The immunopathogenesis of Myasthenia gravis
Authors: Hohlfeld Reinhard , Wekerle Hartmut
Published: November 2023

The discovery of the autoimmune origin of myasthenia gravis (MG) in the 1970s and the realization that the disease represents an autoimmune response to a well-characterized autoantigen, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), had two major consequences. First, it paved the way for dissecting the mechanism of the autoimmune response in MG, and second, it es-tablished MG as a disease of humans in which the general principles of autoimmunity can be investigated. Central to the autoimmune response in MG are the roles played by the thymus gland and by B cells and T cells.
The Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Authors: Newsom-Davis John , Lang Bethan
Published: November 2023

The first clinical description of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), in its paraneoplastic form, appeared in 1953 in a paper by Anderson and associates,2 who, in their brief introduction, write as follows: “the presence of severe muscle weakness in a case of bronchial neoplasm seen in this hospital in 1951, and its almost immediate disappearance after removal of the tumor, suggested that such neoplasms might give rise to an unusual form of peripheral neuropathy, possibly similar to myasthenia gravis.” As we shall see, this was a highly percipient observation. Studies over the next 40 years were to establish the peripheral nerve as the site of involvement, the similarity between LEMS and myasthenia gravis (MG) both with respect to the site of the abnormality (neuromuscular junction) and the nature of the disorder (autoantibody mediated), and the role of the cancer in triggering and sustaining the disorder.
Organization Ethics in Health Care
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

The ethical aspects of the operation of healthcare organizations (HCOs) are central to the delivery of health care. Organization Ethics in Health Care begins by assessing the shortcomings of clinical ethics, business ethics, and professional ethics as a basis for solving problems that have emerged in healthcare delivery systems since the advent of managed care. The text focuses on the meaning of the developent of the HCO in our society and what its present status is. The authors point out that moral parameters endorsed by society have guided previous shifts in the relationships among important HCO stakeholders, but that these parameters have been unclear or missing altogether during the past tumultous decade. Finally, they describe the key elements for the successful implementation of a fully functioning healthcare organization ethics program and what it can mean to the institution, its associated clinicians and employees, its patients, and its community. Moving from theory to practical application, this book will serve as an excellent student text, a professional guide, and a reference work.
New York Strategy: The New York Woman’s Movement and the Civil War
Authors: Dudden Faye
Published: November 2023

The traditional story of woman suffrage has been shaped by the assumption that women had to win the vote before they could hope to exercise political power or influence. In this account, the Civil War figured as a mere hiatus in women’s activism or at best a prelude to the flurry of suffrage agitation that marked the Reconstruction era. During the war, it was argued, women’s rights activists, who had hitherto shunned formal organization, learned its value through an organization called the Women’s Loyal National League (WLNL) through which they mounted a massive petition campaign for the final abolition of slavery in the Thirteenth Amendment. At the end of the war, emancipation accomplished, these abolitionist women sought recompense for their patriotic labors in the form of woman suffrage. But the women were, in Eleanor Flexner’s words, “so inexperienced in politics” that they failed to realize that in the 1860s woman suffrage was “far ahead of practical poIitical possibilities.”
Pioneers at the Polls: Woman Suffrage in the West
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the achievement of woman suffrage began on the frontier. The first territories and states to grant women full voting rights were Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho. Seven of the next eight states that did so were also west of the Mississippi. Before the Nineteenth Amendment passed, giving all American women the ballot, most western states had already passed referenda or amendments, as had the territory of Alaska. The pattern was so marked that the editors of Literary Digest, commenting on rising pro-suffrage sentiment in 1912, reversed an old slogan, announcing, “Eastward the Star of Suffrage Takes Its Way.”
Race, Reform, And Reaction At The Turn Of The Century: Southern Suffragists, the NAWSA, and the “Southern Strategy” in Context
Authors: Spruill Marjorie Julian
Published: November 2023

As the end of the nineteenth century approached, American women were still struggling to gain their full rights as citizens-including the franchise. They sought this reform even as a wave of reaction swept the nation on the issue of who should vote-a wave of reaction particularly obvious in the American South. As a result, many white suffragists adopted arguments calculated to promote woman suffrage as consistent with, rather than opposed to, white supremacy. The accommodation of white suffragists to the racist politics of the turn-of-the-century South is one of the best-known and most frequently debated aspects of the southern suffrage movement. Historian Aileen Kraditor set the stage for this debate in 1965 when she wrote that the “principal argument” of the southern suffrage movement was that “the enfranchisement of women would insure the permanency of white supremacy in the South” and portrayed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) as reluctantly permitting the use of racist tactics in the suffrage movement as a concession to the racism of southern white women.
Is Menstruation Obsolete?
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Is Menstruation Obsolete? argues that regular monthly bleeding is not the “natural” state of women, and that it actually places them at risk of several medical conditions of varying severity. The authors maintain that while menstruation may be culturally significant, it is not medically meaningful. Moreover, they propose that suppressing menstruation has remarkable health advantages. Because of cultural changes, shorter durations of breast feeding, and birth control, the reproductive patterns of modern women no longer resemble that of their Stone age ancestors. Women have moved from the age of incessant reproduction to the age of incessant menstruation. Consequently, they often suffer from clinical disorders related to menstruation: anemia, endometriosis, and PMS, just to name a few. The authors encourage readers to recognize what has gone previously unnoticed that this monthly discomfort is simply not obligatory. They present compelling evidence that the suppression of menstruation is a viable option for women today, and that it can be easily attained through the use of birth control pills. In fact, they reveal that contraceptive manufacturers, knowing that many women equate menstruation with femininity and that without monthly bleeding would fear that they were pregnant, engineered pill dosage regimens to ensure the continuation of their cycles. Indeed, throughout history societies have assigned menstruation powerful meaning, and Is Menstruation Obsolete? presents a fascinating history of how menstruation inspired doctors to try therapeutic bleeding for a variety of ailments, and how this therapy remained dominant in Western medicine until the early 20th century. Is Menstruation Obsolete? offers women a fresh view of menstruation, providing them with the information they need to make progressive choices about their health. This is a message whose time has come.
The Decline of English Sentencing and Other Stories
Authors: Ashworth Andrew
Published: November 2023

So significant have been the changes in sentencing in England and Wales since the early 1970s that it is not easy to pick out the principal developments. There are now more than three times as many recorded indictable offenses as there were in 1971; the average daily prison population in 1998 was some 70 percent higher (65,298, compared with 38,040 in 1971); and sentencing law is vastly more complicated, in that in 1971 there was little reported case law and there were few statutes. However, I attempt to provide an overview of a quarter of a century’s developments in English sentencing policy and practice through a detailed consideration of five changes.
Post-Adjudication Dispositions in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Albrecht Hans-Jörg
Published: November 2023

Post-adjudication dispositions include sentencing, enforcement of sanctions, and corrections. A cross-sectional look at post-adjudication dispositions may promote understanding of trends in sanctions systems, how and why certain types of penalties spread, what forces operate when new sanctions are adopted, and how criminal sanctions are implemented and to what end. The last of these deserves particular attention because sanctions such as imprisonment, fines, and community service may operate differently in relation to links between policymaking and implementation.
Bringing Care into Knowledge Development of Business Organizations
Authors: Krogh Georg Von , Ichijo Kazuo , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

Social relationships in organizations have been drawing growing interest from the corporate world and management scholars and consultants. For example, radical corporate transformations have been affecting the implicit social contract between the individual and a firm. Top management of a large firm agonizes over how to accomplish an organizational renewal, facing the tradeoff between job security and organizational efficiency. Drastic transformation of a corporation can negatively affect its social relationships, thus damaging its organizational knowledge creation, one of its crucial competences. Despite this growing interest in the function and the role of social relationships in developing the competence of a firm, however, we still do not know what characterizes social relationships that enable the effective development of knowledge.
Focusing Creativity: Microsoft’s “Synch-and-Stabilize” Approach to Software Product Development
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

This essay discusses how Microsoft, the world’ s largest producer of personal computer (PC) software, focuses the creativity of its engineers through a very specific product development process. Much of this paper is based on material adapted from Cusumano and Selby, 1995. The first section discusses the culture that dominates Microsoft’ s product development teams, which tries to balance structure with flexibility in the design process. The second section outlines the basic concept under- lying Microsoft’ s approach to design, development, and testing: allow teams and individuals to be creative but frequently synchronize and periodically stabilize the design changes that they are continuously making. The third section discusses the specific strategies and principles that Microsoft uses to implement this “synch- and-stabilize” development philosophy. The next section returns to the theme of combining structure with flexibility in software development. The conclusion summarizes ways in which Microsoft’s approach contrasts to more conventional “sequential” styles of product development.