bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Resistance due to Inbreeding
Authors: Plotnikoff N.
Published: October 2006

Inbred mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures were found to develop resistance to the protective effects of chlorpromazine and its analogs. It is proposed that the use of such inbred mice provides a unique new tool for studying drug mechanism and drug resistance.
Species Differentiation in Fish by Electrophoretic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Proteins
Authors: Lillevik H. A. , Schloemer C. L.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of skeletal muscle protein from ten species of the fresh-water sunfish family were examined by the electrophoretic technique, and the resulting patterns showed characteristic specificity in each instance. Usually three major components of greater mobility were accompanied by slower moving minor components. No uniformity of mobility or of proportion of protein was evident. Thus patterns that "fingerprint" the species are evident.
Flower Initiation in Excised Stem Disks of Wedgwood Iris
Authors: Rodrigues Pereira A. S.
Published: October 2006

The presence of substances promoting flower induction was demonstrated in both scales and buds of Wedgwood iris. The flower-inducing extracts of buds appear to contain gibberellin-like compounds.
Prenatal Influence on Behavior of Offspring of Crowded Mice
Authors: Keeley Kim
Published: October 2006

Pregnant albino mice were subjected to stress by crowding. When the litters encountered unfamiliar stimuli, they were less active, they were slower to respond, and they defecated less than control mice. These differences persisted at 30 and 100 days of age, whether the mice were raised by a crowded or by an uncrowded mother, and in spite of starvation. One explanation may be that aberrant endocrine activity in the crowded, pregnant female impairs the development of fetal response systems.
Evidence for Oceanic Frontogenesis off Oregon
Authors: Pattullo June G. , McAlister W. Bruce
Published: October 2006

Bathythermograms recorded off Newport, Oregon, show marked positive gradients during the period of cessation of summer upwelling. It is suggested that these are related to the formation of a shear zone or "front" between oceanic water and shelf water that has been exposed to the surface and modified.
Electrochemical Diffusion
Authors: Scheer Bradley T.
Published: October 2006

The methods of irreversible thermodynamics, applied to the problem of steady-state linear diffusion, lead to the conclusion that the flux across any system of parallel membranes or phase boundaries can be expressed as a linear function of the differences in electrochemical potential across the system. The presence of fixed charges, polarizable molecules, or electric fields does not alter the flux-force relation.
Temporal Discrimination in Pigeons
Authors: Reynolds G. S. , Catania A. Charles
Published: October 2006

Pigeons trained to peck a lighted key were presented with a key that was alternately dark and lighted. The key was dark for intervals of from 3 to 30 seconds. Pecking of the lighted key was reinforced only after the shortest or, in a second experiment, the longest interval that the key was dark. The pigeons were able to discriminate the duration of the dark interval.
Self-Regulated Exposure to Light by Dark- or Light-Treated Rats
Authors: Lockard Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Rats allowed to expose themselves to light do so for a rather constant length of time each day. This duration of exposure depends upon both the brightness of the light used for testing and the illumination in which the rats were maintained before testing.
Human Choice Reaction Time within and among Sense Modalities
Authors: Howell William C. , Donaldson Jack E.
Published: October 2006

Human choice reaction time was studied as a function of sense modality and inter- versus intrasensory coding at three levels of stimulus strength. Unlike the case in earlier studies, stimulus strength was equated across sense modalities. Classical findings were supported for strength and modality; intersensory coding was superior to intrasensory coding.
Contribution of ε-Amino Groups to Ninhydrin Color Production in Proteins
Authors: Slobodian E. , Mechanic G. , Levy M.
Published: October 2006

The ninhydrin color given by model compounds and by characterized proteins shows a consistent contribution from the ε-amino group of lysine of about 67 percent of that of an α-amino group, except in free lysine or in N-terminal lysine, where the ε-amino group makes a small contribution (7 to 10 percent) to the total color. This information can be applied to structure determination of N
ε
peptides of lysine.
Dimensional Fabric and Ice Flow, Precambrian (Huronian) Glaciation
Authors: Pettijohn F. J.
Published: October 2006

The Huronian Cobalt tillite (Gowganda formation) exhibits a preferred dimensional orientation of embedded elongate rock fragments. The orientation is believed to be due to ice motion. Data from four localities show an alignment in about a north-south direction. Data are inadequate to locate center of ice dispersal.
Semantics in Biothermal Studies
Authors: Cowles Raymond B.
Published: October 2006

Only by the use of accurate and meaningful words pertaining to body temperatures and heat sources can our understanding of the ecological and physiological functioning of vertebrate organisms be clarified. Since the classical terms are inadequate, other terms that are already in use should be used.
Inactivity in vivo of Transcortin-Bound Cortisol
Authors: Slaunwhite W. R. , Lockie G. N. , Back N. , Sandberg A. A.
Published: October 2006

By means of a liver glycogen maintenance assay for corticosteroids, it was shown that transcortin-bound cortisol is biologically inactive.
Strontium-90 and Cesium-137 Absorbed by Rice Plants in Japan, 1960
Authors: Ichikawa Ryushi , Eto Masako , Abe Michiko
Published: October 2006

About 60 percent of strontium-90 contained in polished rice in 1960 is due to root absorption from soil. The amount of cesium-137 absorbed by rice plants directly from fallout during the period between ear-shooting and harvest is assumed to be about 20 percent of total cesium-137 in the plant.
Softening of Metals
Authors: Morris James G.
Published: October 2006

It should be apparent that while there are many complicating factors in softening processes which tend to render some results inconsistent with others, progress in understanding these processes is being made, and certain unifying concepts have evolved. Realization of the differences in the reaction of metal systems to softening is now well established. Arbitrary division of the softening process into distinct stages has perhaps caused some confusion in the past, but with the use of new techniques, mechanistic details of the entire softening process are now being unfolded.
Microdomains of High Calcium Concentration in a Presynaptic Terminal
Authors: Llinás R. , Sugimori M. , Silver R. B.
Published: October 2006

Increases in intracellular calcium concentration are required for the release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminals in all neurons. However, the mechanism by which calcium exerts its effect is not known. A low-sensitivity calcium-dependent photoprotein (
n
-aequorin-J) was injected into the presynaptic terminal of the giant squid synapse to selectively detect high calcium concentration microdomains. During transmitter release, light emission occurred at specific points or quantum emission domains that remained in the same place during protracted stimulation. Intracellular calcium concentration microdomains on the order of 200 to 300 micromolar occur against the cytoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma during transmitter secretion, supporting the view that the synaptic vesicular fusion responsible for transmitter release is triggered by the activation of a low-affinity calcium-binding site at the active zone.
Selection of Drug-Resistant Bone Marrow Cells in Vivo After Retroviral Transfer of Human
MDR
1
Authors: Sorrentino Brian P. , Brandt Stephen J. , Bodine David , Gottesman Michael , Pastan Ira , Cline Amanda , Nienhuis Arthur W.
Published: October 2006

Experiments were performed to determine if retroviral-mediated transfer of the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (
MDR
1) into murine bone marrow cells would confer drug resistance to the cells and whether the
MDR
1 gene could be used as a dominant selectable marker in vivo. When mice transplanted with bone marrow cells containing a transferred
MDR
1 gene were treated with the cytotoxic drug taxol, a substantial enrichment for transduced bone marrow cells was observed. This demonstration of positive selection establishes the ability to amplify clones of transduced hematopoietic cells in vivo and suggests possible applications in human therapy.
Restoration of Viral Immunity in Immunodeficient Humans by the Adoptive Transfer of T Cell Clones
Authors: Riddell Stanley R. , Watanabe Kathe S. , Goodrich James M. , Li Cheng R. , Agha Mounzer E. , Greenberg Philip D.
Published: October 2006

The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells to establish immunity is an effective therapy for viral infections and tumors in animal models. The application of this approach to human disease would require the isolation and in vitro expansion of human antigen-specific T cells and evidence that such T cells persist and function in vivo after transfer. Cytomegalovirus-specific CD8
+
+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones could be isolated from bone marrow donors, propagated in vitro, and adoptively transferred to immunodeficient bone marrow transplant recipients. No toxicity developed and the clones provided persistent reconstitution of CD8
+
+ cytomegalovirus-specific CTL responses.
Prevention of Protein Denaturation Under Heat Stress by the Chaperonin Hsp60
Authors: Martin Jörg , Horwich Arthur L. , Hartl F. Ulrich
Published: October 2006

The increased synthesis of heat shock proteins is a ubiquitous physiological response of cells to environmental stress. How these proteins function in protecting cellular structures is not yet understood. The mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) has now been shown to form complexes with a variety of polypeptides in organelles exposed to heat stress. The Hsp60 was required to prevent the thermal inactivation in vivo of native dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) imported into mitochondria. In vitro, Hsp60 bound to DHFR in the course of thermal denaturation, preventing its aggregation, and mediated its adenosine triphosphate-dependent refolding at increased temperatures. These results suggest a general mechanism by which heat shock proteins of the Hsp60 family stabilize preexisting proteins under stress conditions.
The Time Course of Glutamate in the Synaptic Cleft
Authors: Clements John D. , Lester Robin A. J. , Tong Gang , Jahr Craig E. , Westbrook Gary L.
Published: October 2006

The peak concentration and rate of clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft are important determinants of synaptic function, yet the neurotransmitter concentration time course is unknown at synapses in the brain. The time course of free glutamate in the cleft was estimated by kinetic analysis of the displacement of a rapidly dissociating competitive antagonist from
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors during synaptic transmission. Glutamate peaked at 1.1 millimolar and decayed with a time constant of 1.2 milliseconds at cultured hippocampal synapses. This time course implies that transmitter saturates postsynaptic NMDA receptors. However, glutamate dissociates much more rapidly from α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Thus, the time course of free glutamate predicts that dissociation contributes to the decay of the AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic current.
Inhibition of
Hypoxylon pruinatum
by Pyrocatechol Isolated from Bark of Aspen
Authors: Hubbes Martin
Published: October 2006

Pyrocatechol has been identified as one of two main substances isolated from bark of aspen (
Populus tremuloides
Michx.) which inhibited
Hypoxylon pruinatum
(Klot.) Cke. Total inhibition of this fungus was obtained at a dosage of 640 parts per million. Tests with bark extract from two localities showed that inhibition was maximal in samples obtained in the dormant season and from the base of the trees.
Platinized Silver Chloride Electrode
Authors: Cole Kenneth S. , Kishimoto Uichiro
Published: October 2006

A hybrid electrode made by platinizing silver-silver chloride has been found to combine the stable potential and low direct-current resistance properties of a silver-silver chloride electrode with the low high-frequency impedance characteristic of a platinized platinum electrode.
Chemical Mating Attractants in the Queen Honey Bee
Authors: Gary Norman E.
Published: October 2006

Drone attraction to ether extracts of virgin queens (
Apis mellifera
L.) demonstrated that chemical communication enables the drones to orient themselves to queens during mating flights. The primary source of queen mating attractants is the mandibular glands. Fractionation of mandibular gland lipids yielded several attractive fractions that may act jointly. One fraction was queen substance (9-oxodec-2-enoic acid).
Measurement of Membrane Potentials in
Neurospora
Authors: Slayman Clifford L. , Slayman Carolyn W.
Published: October 2006

Microelectrodes were used to record intracellularly from the filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa.
Under standard conditions membrane potentials averaged 127 mv, inside negative. The potentials were potassium-sensitive, and depended upon the distance of the cells from the growing margin of the colony. In addition, the potentials were quickly reduced to about 30 mv in the presence of low concentrations of sodium azide or the polyene antibiotic nystatin.
Localization of Two Genetic Factors to Different Areas of γ-Globulin Molecules
Authors: Harboe M. , Osterland C. K. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: October 2006

Gm(a) and Gm(b) factors are present in 7S γ-globulin molecules and absent in 19S γ-globulins, β
2A
-globulins and Bence-Jones proteins, whereas the Inv(b) factor was demonstrated in all four kinds of proteins. The Inv type was identical in isolated 7S and 19S γ-globulins of six normal sera. After papain splitting of 7S γ-globulin, Gm determining sites were present only in the fast (F) split product and Inv determining sites were present only in the slow (S).
Crystalline Structure and Surface Reactivity
Authors: Gatos Harry C.
Published: October 2006

The role of crystalline structure in the surface reactivity of predominantly covalent materials has been examined in terms of chemical bonding concepts. In this context a solid surface can be viewed as a giant lattice defect characterized by dangling bonds. Although it is difficult, at the present stage of development of the quantum mechanical approach to surfaces, to define precisely the perturbations resulting from the abrupt termination of the lattice at the surface, a host of experimental observations can be understood by assuming displacements of surface atoms and distortions of bonding configurations in accordance with simple chemical bonding principles.

A purely atomistic approach has been shown to account not only for the chemical behavior but also for certain structural and electrical characteristics of the surfaces considered. A number of phenomena, such as crystal growth and the behavior of certain lattice defects (for example, dislocations), are intimately related to the presence of dangling bonds and the associated distortions of the lattice at the surface.
A Mechanism of the Indole Defect in Experimental Phenylketonuria
Authors: McKean C. M. , Schanberg S. M. , Giarman N. J.
Published: October 2006

Rats made phenylketonuric by a diet containing high levels of either phenylalanine alone, or phenylalanine and tyrosine, show a marked reduction in total cerebral stores of serotonin. Evidence from studies both in vitro and in vivo indicates that an important mechanism of this impairment in the metabolism of serotonin is the inhibition by high levels of these amino acids of the active transport of the precursor of serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, into brain.
Bovine Thyroid Iodine-131 Concentrations Subsequent to Soviet Nuclear Weapon Tests
Authors: Blincoe Clifton , Bohman V. R.
Published: October 2006

The iodine-131 concentration in thyroids of cattle slaughtered in Reno, Nevada, was measured during and following recent atmospheric nuclear weapon tests by the U.S.S.R. The iodine-131 concentration rose rapidly to a maximum and then declined with an apparent half-life of 7 days after conclusion of the test series. The average dose to bovine thyroids from this test series was estimated to be 17 rads.
Hallucinations in Sensory Deprivation—Method or Madness?
Authors: Ziskind Eugene , Augsburg Theodore
Published: October 2006

Ten-minute observations of visual fields in binocularly patched subjects, and self-observation for dreams yielded visual imagery similar to sensory deprivation hallucinations. The latter probably arise from fragments of normal imagery whose origins are unrecognized because of reduced awareness.
Incidence of Color in Immediately Recalled Dreams
Authors: Kahn Edwin , Dement William , Fisher Charles , Barmack Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

With careful interrogation close to the time of dreaming, color was found to be present in 82.7 percent of the dreams. This figure is substantially higher than figures reported by previous investigators using questionnaire and other methods.
Generation of Electric Potentials by Bone in Response to Mechanical Stress
Authors: Bassett C. Andrew L. , Becker Robert O.
Published: October 2006

The amplitude of electrical potentials generated in stressed bone is dependent upon the rate and magnitude of bony deformation, while polarity is determined by the direction of bending. Areas under compression develop negative potentials with respect to other areas. Similar results were obtained both in living and dead bone. Removal of the inorganic fraction from bone abolishes its ability to generate stress potentials. It is probable that these potentials influence the activity of osseous cells directly. Furthermore, it is conceivable that they may direct, in some manner, the aggregation pattern of the macromolecules of the extracellular matrix.
Cytokine Stimulation of Multilineage Hematopoiesis from Immature Human Cells Engrafted in SCID Mice
Authors: Lapidot Tsvee , Pflumio Francoise , Doedens Monica , Murdoch Barbara , Williams Douglas E. , Dick John E.
Published: October 2006

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice transplanted with human bone marrow were treated with human mast cell growth factor, a fusion of interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (PIXY321), or both, starting immediately or 1 month later. Immature human cells repopulated the mouse bone marrow with differentiated human cells of multiple myeloid and lymphoid lineages; inclusion of erythropoietin resulted in human red cells in the peripheral blood. The bone marrow of growth factor-treated mice contained both multipotential and committed myeloid and erythroid progenitors, whereas mice not given growth factors had few human cells and only granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Thus, this system allows the detection of immature human cells, identification of the growth factors that regulate them, and the establishment of animal models of human hematopoietic diseases.
Deficient Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in α-Calcium-Calmodulin Kinase II Mutant Mice
Authors: Silva Alcino J. , Stevens Charles F. , Tonegawa Susumu , Wang Yanyan
Published: October 2006

As a first step in a program to use genetically altered mice in the study of memory mechanisms, mutant mice were produced that do not express the α-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (α-CaMKII). The α-CaMKII is highly enriched in postsynaptic densities of hippocampus and neocortex and may be involved in the regulation of long-term potentiation (LTP). Such mutant mice exhibited mostly normal behaviors and presented no obvious neuroanatomical defects. Whole cell recordings reveal that postsynaptic mechanisms, including
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function, are intact. Despite normal postsynaptic mechanisms, these mice are deficient in their ability to produce LTP and are therefore a suitable model for studying the relation between LTP and learning processes.
Chloride-Dependent Cation Conductance Activated During Cellular Shrinkage
Authors: Chan Hsiao Chang , Nelson Deborah J.
Published: October 2006

A chloride (Cl
-
)-dependent, nonselective cation conductance was activated during cellular shrinkage and inhibited during cellular swelling or by extracellular gadolinium. The shrinking-induced, nonselective cation conductance and the swelling-induced anion conductance appear to function in the regulation of cell volume in airway epithelia. The shrinking-induced cation conductance had an unusual dependence on Cl
-
: partial replacement of extracellular Cl
-
with aspartate reduced the magnitude of the shrinking-enhanced current without accompanying changes in the reversal potential. The Cl
-
dependence of the nonselective cation conductance could provide a mechanism that tightly regulates Cl
-
secretion and sodium reabsorption in cells under osmotic stress.
Chemical Stratification in Lake Fryxell, Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Angino Ernest E. , Armitage Kenneth B. , Tash Jerry C.
Published: October 2006

A landlocked lake of sodium-mixed-anion type in lower Taylor Valley has a salinity ranging from 1/35 to 1/5 that of sea water. The lake seems to be chemically stratified into three distinct layers. Several possible sources are postulated for the dissolved salts. The chemical zonation may have been initiated by past climatic variation; however, a thermal or magmatic origin for some of the waters is also indicated. No single origin for the lake waters or the stratification seems likely.
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Living Plant Cells: Cinephotomicrographic Studies
Authors: Wildman S. G. , Hongladarom Tasani , Honda S. I.
Published: October 2006

Chloroplasts
in situ
are surrounded by jackets of a material which does not contain chlorophyll. The chlorophyll-bearing inner structure lacks motion while the jackets constantly change shape. Long protuberances may extend from the jackets into the cytoplasm and may segment into particles that cannot be distinguished from mitochondria. Segmentation and other dynamic characteristics of living plant cells have been recorded on cine film.
General Disruption Resulting from Electrical Stimulus of Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Authors: Krasne Franklin B.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus caused hungry rats to stop eating. However, control tests showed such stimulation to be potentially noxious and capable of stopping drinking in thirsty rats. Thus the stopping of eating caused by this stimulation may not have been indicative of a primary effect on hunger.
Regulation by ATP and ADP of CFTR Chloride Channels That Contain Mutant Nucleotide-Binding Domains
Authors: Anderson Matthew P. , Welsh Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is unusual in that phosphorylated channels require cytosolic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to open. The CFTR contains two regions predicted to be nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs); site-directed mutations in each NBD have now been shown to alter the relation between ATP concentration and channel activity, which indicates that ATP stimulates the channel by direct interaction with both NBDs. The two NBDs are not, however, functionally equivalent: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) competitively inhibited the channel by interacting with NBD2 but not by interacting with NBD1. Four cystic fibrosis-associated mutations in the NBDs reduced absolute chloride channel activity, and one mutation also decreased the potency with which ATP stimulates channel activity. Dysfunction of ATP-dependent stimulation through the NBDs may be the basis for defective CFTR chloride channel activity in some cystic fibrosis patients.
Estimating Genomic Distance from DNA Sequence Location in Cell Nuclei by a Random Walk Model
Authors: van den Engh Ger , Sachs Rainer , Trask Barbara J.
Published: October 2006

The folding of chromatin in interphase cell nuclei was studied by fluorescent in situ hybridization with pairs of unique DNA sequence probes. The sites of DNA sequences separated by 100 to 2000 kilobase pairs (kbp) are distributed in interphase chromatin according to a random walk model. This model provides the basis for calculating the spacing of sequences along the linear DNA molecule from interphase distance measurements. An interphase mapping strategy based on this model was tested with 13 probes from a 4-megabase pair (Mbp) region of chromosome 4 containing the Huntington disease locus. The results confirmed the locations of the probes and showed that the remaining gap in the published maps of this region is negligible in size. Interphase distance measurements should facilitate construction of chromosome maps with an average marker density of one per 100 kbp, approximately ten times greater than that achieved by hybridization to metaphase chromosomes.
Chromosome Fibers from an Interphase Nucleus
Authors: Gall Joseph
Published: October 2006

Red blood cells of the newt,
Triturus
, were spread on a water surface and picked up with carbon-coated grids for examination in the electron microscope. The identifiable nuclear material consists entirely of long fibers having a diameter of approximately 400 to 600 Å. Similar fibers have been seen in human and grasshopper chromosomes prepared in the same manner.
Ripple Marks Show That Countercurrent Exists in Florida Straits
Authors: Hurley Robert J. , Fink L. Kenneth
Published: October 2006

About 60 percent of the area shown in photographs taken at the axis of Florida Straits exhibits well-defined current ripple marks. These ripples indicate a flow of water of at least 0.2 to 0.6 knots from the north. This current is in the opposite direction from the surface currents of 2 to 4 or more knots.
Genetic Control of Hemerythrin Specificity in a Marine Worm
Authors: Manwell Clyde
Published: October 2006

A biochemical polymorphism of coelomic hemerythrin has been found in the sipunculid
Golfingia gouldii
; the electrophoretically "fast" and "slow" coelomic hemerythrins differ in their oxygen equilibria and by a single peptide in tryptic and chymotryptic "fingerprints." All individuals of this sipunculid have the same vascular hemerythrin, which is electrophoretically different from any of the coelomic hemerythrins. Vascular and coelomic hemerythrins of another sipunculid,
Dendrostomum cymodoceae
, have quite different "fingerprints." Thus, on the basis of two separate types of evidence the tissue-specific hemerythrins appear to have a distinct genetic basis. The embryological and phylogenetic implications are discussed.
Racial Differences in Skin Resistance
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , Corah Norman L.
Published: October 2006

In two laboratories utilizing different age subjects and recording techniques, Negro subjects had higher skin resistance than a comparable white population. There was no difference in other autonomic variables or autonomic reactivity. Reasons for this racial difference may offer a better physiological explanation for galvanic skin resistance.
Cultural Differences in the Perception of Geometric Illusions
Authors: Segall Marshall H. , Campbell Donald T. , Herskovits Melville J.
Published: October 2006

Data from 15 societies are presented showing substantial intersocietal differences of two types in susceptibility to geometric optical illusions. The pattern of response differences suggests the existence of different habits of perceptual inference which relate to cultural and ecological factors in the visual environment.
Theoretical Basis for Logarithmic Correlations of Fractionated Radionuclide Compositions
Authors: Freiling Edward C.
Published: October 2006

A theoretical basis for logarithmic correlations of fractionated radionuclide compositions is described. Implications for nuclear chemical studies of bomb debris and application to the prediction of partition of Sr
90
and other biologically important radionuclides among particles of various sizes, and consequently between local and world-wide fallout, are indicated.
Apparent Concentration Quenching of Morphine Fluorescence
Authors: Brandt Richard , Olsen Marvin J. , Cheronis Nicholas D.
Published: October 2006

Fundamental fluorescence equations were examined. Deviations from the theoretical were observed by varying the light path length to determine effects on "apparent" fluorescence. It was found that the decrease in emission of morphine solutions with the increase in concentration was caused by absorption effects that prevented excitation of the whole system.
Energy for Remote Areas
Authors: Morse J. G.
Published: October 2006

Radioisotope-fueled generators are classed by (i) application (space or terrestrial), (ii) fuel (alpha-emitter or fission product, short or long half-life), and (iii) converter type (thermoelectric or thermionic). The environment determines the design of the heat sink mechanism. The type of fuel is chosen according to the application and the availability and cost of the fuel. The space systems are suitable for low-powered (less than 1 kw), long-lived, earth-orbit missions, making storage batteries unnecessary. They are independent of radiation belts and solar transients and are suitable for lunar missions, where power is needed during the long lunar night; for probes into the dense atmosphere of Venus; and in general, for missions away from the sun.
Mutagenic Action of Ethyl Methanesulfonate in Maize
Authors: Neuffer M. G. , Ficsor Gyula
Published: October 2006

Pollen of corn plants carrying three closely linked genes (α β
Sh
2
) on chromosome 3 were treated by ethyl methanesulfonate in order to determine the nature of genetic changes produced. In this genetic material the loss of the β gene alone represents a discrete genetic change, possibly a point mutation, while the loss of two or more markers represents chromosome aberrations. Ethyl methanesulfonate, x-rays, and ultraviolet light all induced numerous chromosome aberrations, but only ultraviolet light and probably ethyl methanesulfonate induced discrete genetic changes.
Preliminary Pollen Studies at Lake Zeribar, Zagros Mountains, Southwestern Iran
Authors: van Zeist Willem , Wright H. E.
Published: October 2006

A late Pleistocene
Artemisia
steppe, implying a cool, dry climate, changed about 13,000 years ago to an oak-pistachio savanna, as the climate became warmer. About 5500 years ago the savanna thickened to an oak forest, presumably reflecting an increase in precipitation or decrease in temperature to modern levels.
Adaptation to Displaced Vision: Visual, Motor, or Proprioceptive Change?
Authors: Harris Charles S.
Published: October 2006

After seeing his hand through wedge prisms, a subject points incorrectly with that hand at auditory as well as visual targets. The other hand is virtually unaffected. Thus the change cannot be solely visuo-motor or visual. Other evidence suggests that it is a change in felt hand location, rather than motor learning. When the subject's adapted hand feels as if it is pointing straight ahead, for example, it is actually pointing off to one side.
Testosterone-Induced Incubation Patches of Phalarope Birds
Authors: Johns J. E. , Pfeiffer E. W.
Published: October 2006

In order to determine the endocrine factors in the production of the incubation patch of phalarope birds (
Steganopus tricolor
and
Lobipes lobatus
), adults of both sexes have been maintained in captivity and injected with estradiol, testosterone, or prolactin, or with different combinations of these hormones. Only testosterone and prolactin in combination produced incubation patches in all birds, both male and female, in the two species.
Phase Transformation at High Temperatures in Hafnia and Zirconia
Authors: Baun William L.
Published: October 2006

Phase transformation curves for HfO
2
and ZrO
2
have been made. Transformation hysteresis is discussed. The transformation of monoclinic to tetragonal as temperature increases occurs over the range 1000° to 1200°C in ZrO
2
, and 1500° to 1600°C in HfO
2
. With decreasing temperature the transition back to monoclinic occurs from 970° to 750°C in ZrO
2
and 1550° to 1450°C in HfO
2
. These transformations have been visually observed in ZrO
2
, but not in HfO
2
.
Complement-Fixing Properties of Pepsin-Treated Rabbit and Sheep Antibodies
Authors: Schur Peter H. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antibody with a sedimentation coefficient of 7
S
was digested with pepsin to yield the 5
S
fragment. Washed specific precipitates of 5
S
antibody and egg albumin, when added to guinea pig serum, fixed up to 40 percent of the total complement. This fixation could not be attributed to contamination with 7
S
antibody. Absorption of guinea pig serum with washed precipitates of 5
S
antibody and antigen removed that portion of complement which was fixed by fresh 5
S
antibody-antigen aggregates, but not that fixed by 7
S
antibody-antigen aggregates. The presence of 0.001
M
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid prevented this absorption of complement by the 5
S
aggregates.
Retrograde Amnesia from Conditioned Competing Responses
Authors: Lewis Donald J. , Adams Henry E.
Published: October 2006

If electroconvulsive shock is given immediately after a learning trial, retrograde amnesia for that response occurs. The usual interpretation of such amnesia states that a neural engram, after a learning trial, requires a certain amount of time to consolidate, and electroconvulsive shock interferes with this consolidation, producing amnesia. Four studies are summarized which indicate that convulsive shock serves as an unconditioned stimulus producing a convulsive response, that takes precedence over other behavior, and part of which becomes conditioned to stimuli in the learning situation. The convulsive response competes with, and replaces, the previous response, resulting in the appearance of amnesia.
Renal Baroceptor Control of Renin Secretion
Authors: Skinner Sandford L. , McCubbin James W. , Page Irvine H.
Published: October 2006

Small reductions in renal perfusion pressure to levels still within a physiologic range, which did not reduce renal blood flow, caused the kidney to release renin. Renin appeared in much larger amounts in renal-vein blood than in renal lymph. Release of renin appears to be mediated by a renal baroceptor rather than by ischemia.
Early Developmental Stress and Later Behavior
Authors: Lieberman Michael W.
Published: October 2006

The effects of behavioral stress on mice during pregnancy on the behavior of offspring are mimicked by epinephrine injection of mice during pregnancy; hydrocortisone and norepinephrine injection also produce behavioral changes in the offspring. Similar results were obtained in chicks hatched from injected eggs.
Sleep: Cortical and Subcortical Recordings in the Chimpanzee
Authors: Adey W. Ross , Kado Raymond T. , Rhodes Johe M.
Published: October 2006

Electroencephalographic sleep patterns of chimpanzees reveal greater similarities to human records than those of lower mammals. Flash-evoked responses in the midbrain reticular formation remain during "paradoxical" sleep, which does not appear to necessarily involve deep unconsciousness. Characteristic spindling occurs in the amygdala during a "paradoxical" type sleep while other areas were desynchronized. Telencephalic sleep-control mechanisms in higher primates are considered.
Chemistry and Petrology of Venus: Preliminary Deductions
Authors: Mueller R. F.
Published: October 2006

Recent measurements of the temperature of Venus suggest that a chemical interaction between the atmosphere and lithosphere may occur: the possible consequences of such interaction are examined. Results indicate that metallic iron, free carbon, and magnesium carbonates should not occur on the surface of Venus. Calcium carbonate, iron oxides and certain hydrous silicates may be present, but other hydrous silicates seem to be excluded. The effects of the physicochemical conditions on rock types and the various planetary processes are discussed.
Antigenic Histamine Release from Passively Sensitized Human Leukocytes
Authors: VanArsdel Paul P. , Sells C. J.
Published: October 2006

With histamine release as an indicator, consistent passive sensitization of normal human leukocytes to specific antigen could be achieved with human serum, fresh or stored at -70°C, from allergic individuals. With certain sera, dilution slowed the rate of sensitization but increased eventual histamine release.
DNA Polymerase β and DNA Synthesis in
Xenopus
Oocytes and in a Nuclear Extract
Authors: Jenkins Timothy M. , Saxena Jitendra K. , Kumar Amalendra , Wilson Samuel H. , Ackerman Eric J.
Published: October 2006

The identities of the DNA polymerases required for conversion of single-strand (ss) M13 DNA to double-strand (ds) M13 DNA were examined both in injected
Xenopus laevis
oocytes and in an oocyte nuclear extract. Inhibitors and antibodies specific to DNA polymerases α and β were used. In nuclear extracts, inhibition by the antibody to polymerase β could be reversed by purified polymerase β. The polymerase β inhibitors, dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP) and dideoxycytidine triphosphate (ddCTP), also blocked DNA synthesis and indicated that polymerase β is involved in the conversion of ssDNA to dsDNA. These results also may have particular significance for emerging evidence of an ssDNA replication mode in eukaryotic cells.
New Natural Growth Promoting Substance in Young Citrus Fruit
Authors: Khalifah R. A. , Lewis L. N. , Coggins C. W.
Published: October 2006

A naturally occurring compound that induces curvature in the Avena coleoptile test has been found in young orange fruits. Cochromatography with C
14
-labeled indole-3-acetic acid, plus excitation and fluorescence spectra determinations, indicates that this compound is not one of the known indoles or gibberellins.
Inhibition of Adhesiveness and Aggregation of Dissociated Cells by Inhibitors of Protein and RNA Synthesis
Authors: Moscona M. H. , Moscona A. A.
Published: October 2006

Mutual adhesiveness and aggregation of dissociated embryonic retina cells in suspension cultures are suppressed rapidly and reversibly by puromycin, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent protein synthesis; and at a slower rate, irreversibly, by actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA formation. The results imply that biosynthetic processes are involved in the mechanism of reattachment of these cells.
Rationale for a Universal Genetic Code
Authors: Hinegardner Ralph T. , Engelberg Joseph
Published: October 2006

A mutation in the genetic code would place new amino acids in certain loci and entirely eliminate amino acids from other loci of practically all proteins in an organism. It is reasonable to postulate that mutations of this kind cannot supplant the original code. The genetic code, once established, would therefore remain invariant.
Immune Response and Mitosis of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Hirschhorn Kurt , Bach Fritz , Kolodny Roselyn L. , Firschein I. Lester , Hashem Nemat
Published: October 2006

Phytohemagglutinin causes cultured lymphocytes to agglutinate, divide, and produce γ-globulin. Most cells are transformed into large lymphocytes, some resembling plasmocytes. Actinomycin D stops γ-globulin production after 2 hours. When specific antigens are added to lymphocytes from sensitized individuals, only some cells undergo morphological transformation, produce γ-globulin, and divide. When cells or cell extracts from an unrelated individual are added to a culture, a similar reaction occurs.
Lactate Dehydrogenase in Testis: Dissociation and Recombination of Subunits
Authors: Zinkham William H. , Blanco Antonio , Kupchyk Luba
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretic resolution of lactate dehydrogenase in mature testes from a variety of animals revealed one or more unusual isozymes in addition to the usual five forms. Dissociation of the enzyme and recombination of the polypeptide subunits led to the formation of new isozymes and to a redistribution of activity among those normally present, indicating that lactate dehydrogenase synthesis in postpubertal testis is controlled by more than two genes.
Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, and Aplastic Anemia in American Radiologists
Authors: Lewis E. B.
Published: October 2006

A survey of 425 death certificates of radiologists dying between the ages of 35 and 74 during the years 1948 to 1961 reveals a statistically highly significant excess of deaths from leukemia, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia. That this excess is due to radiation exposure (or to some factor acting in a similar manner), rather than to an artifact of diagnosis is suggested by the absence of deaths ascribed to chronic lymphatic leukemia.
Temperature Regulation and Metabolism in Mexican Freetail Bats
Authors: Herreid C. F.
Published: October 2006

Body temperatures of
Tadarida Mexicana
in their natural cave environment were usually maintained at high levels, even when ambient temperatures were low. Oxygen consumption rates were correspondingly higher in low environmental temperatures. However, in laboratory tests, body temperatures and metabolic rates are fairly dependent on ambient temperature.
Activity Rhythm in
Peromyscus
: Its Influence on Rates of Recovery from Nembutal
Authors: Emlen Stephen T. , Kem William
Published: October 2006

Injection of sublethal doses of Nembutal (sodium pentobarbital) into deer mice,
Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus
(Merriam), at different times in their daily activity cycle revealed large differences in rates of recovery. By taking the phase of the circadian rhythm into account, the accuracy obtained in pharmaceutical and physiological bioassays could be increased.
Dengue Types 1 and 4 Viruses in Wild-Caught Mosquitoes in South India
Authors: Carey Donald E. , Myers Ruth M. , Reuben Rachel
Published: October 2006

Three strains of type 1 dengue virus and two strains of type 4 dengue virus have been isolated from
Aedes aegypti
collected in Vellore, India.
Vigilance: The Importance of the Elicited Observing Rate
Authors: Jerison Harry J. , Pickett Ronald M.
Published: October 2006

Observing may be elicited by regularly repeated events that occasionally become signals. Such events were presented at rates of either 5 per minute or 30 per minute, and signals averaged 15 per hour during an 80-minute vigil. Observers missed about 10 percent of the signals with the low event rate and about 70 percent of the signals with the high event rate. The experiment supports a decision-theory approach to observing behavior.
Gynogenesis in Salamanders Related to
Ambystoma jeffersonianum
Authors: Macgregor H. C. , Uzzell T. M.
Published: October 2006

The oocytes of naturally occurring triploid females of the
Ambystoma jeffersonianum
complex each contain 84 lampbrush chromosomes. This constitutes hexaploidy (
n
= 14). The chromosomes are joined into pairs by chiasmata and form 42 bivalents. It is suggested that meiosis in triploid females is preceded by an endomitosis and the resulting sister chromosomes synapse to form pseudo-bivalents. Sperm from diploid males stimulate development of the triploid eggs but do not contribute chromosomes to the triploid nucleus. Bivalents in the oocytes of triploids have twice as many chiasmata as the corresponding bivalents in diploid animals. Such chiasmata cannot result in genetic recombination.
Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving
Authors: Hess Eckhard H. , Polt James M.
Published: October 2006

Changes in pupil size during the solving of simple multiplication problems can be used as a direct measure of mental activity. The pupil response not only indicates mental activity in itself but shows that mental activity is closely correlated with problem difficulty, and that the size of the pupil increases with the difficulty of the problem. These findings relate to recent Russian research on the pupillary reflex in connection with orienting and brain stimulation.
Amnesic and Punishing Effects of Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: McGaugh James L. , Madsen Millard C.
Published: October 2006

Rats learned to avoid a place where they were repeatedly given electroconvulsive shock treatments, but the learning was slow in comparison with that obtained with subconvulsive shock. Convulsive shock given 5 seconds after administration of subconvulsive shock retarded place-avoidance learning.
Selective Rat Toxicant
Authors: Roszkowski Adolph P. , Poos George I. , Mohrbacher Richard J.
Published: October 2006

The maleimide adduct of an unusual fulvene is highly toxic to rats when administered orally or parenterally. It does not induce significant toxic or other biological changes in common house pets and commercially useful mammals and birds when given at dose levels 200 times greater than the dose which is lethal to 50 percent of the rats it is administered to.
Nicotinic Acid Analogs: Effects on Response of Chick Embryos and Hens to Organophosphate Toxicants
Authors: Roger J-C. , Chambers H. , Casida J. E.
Published: October 2006

Embryonic abnormalities are known to be induced in chick embryos when they are injected with certain organophosphate insecticides prior to incubation. The marked teratogenic effects of Bidrin [3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy)
N
,
N
-dimethyl-cis-crotonamide] can be alleviated by many analogs of nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Successive hydroxylation and
N
-dealkylation of Bidrin in the egg are not greatly altered by injection of nicotinamide. The delayed neurotoxicity in adult hens after administering tri-
o
-cresyl phosphate is also partially relieved by administering certain nicotinamide analogs.
Wheat Gibberellins
Authors: Fleming James R. , Johnson John A.
Published: October 2006

Two "gibberellin-like" substances were present in malted wheat, compared to only one in sound, unmalted wheat. Alcoholic extracts of wheat malt fractionated by paper chromatography and bioassayed for gibberellin-like activity by three methods, indicated a new gibberellin in malted wheat. This component increased particularly in the embryo section of the sprouted wheat during the first 3 to 4 days of germination.
Sensitivity of the Head to X-Ray
Authors: Garcia J. , Buchwald N. A. , Feder B. H. , Koelling R. A. , Tedrow L.
Published: October 2006

Rats have been trained to respond to signals consisting of very low doses of x-ray directed to the head. This stimulus is probably received in the vicinity of the olfactory bulbs and adjacent neural structures.
Interferons: Selectivity and Specificity of Action in Cell-Free Systems
Authors: Glasky Alvin J. , Simon Lionel , Holper Jacob C.
Published: October 2006

The inhibition by interferons of viral replication was studied with cell-free preparations of the enzyme RNA synthetase derived from calf kidney cells infected with influenza virus and from chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Newcastle disease virus. Calf, mouse, and chicken interferons inhibited these enzymes with the same characteristic species specificity observed in tissue culture. A mechanism of action is proposed.
Dynamics of Motion Perception in the Desert Locust
Authors: Thorson John
Published: October 2006

The torque produced by the neck muscles of a locust mounted coaxially in an illuminated cylindrical striped drum follows small sinusoidal oscillations of the drum. Peak-to-peak oscillations of 0.03 degree (± 0.02 degree) at 0.1 cy/sec elicit measurable responses. Several features of this visual response to drum oscillation can be expected theoretically on the basis of a formal neural mechanism similar to that inferred by Hassenstein and Reichardt for constant-velocity motion perception in the bettle eye.