bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Centropodinae
Authors: Payne Robert B
Published: November 2023

Centropus Illiger, 1811, Prodromus systematis mammal ium et avium, p. 205. Large, heavy-bodied ground cuckoos of the Old World.Type, by subsequent designation, Cuculus aegyptius Gmelin (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 56). Large cuckoos with a stout bill, short rounded wings and long, broad tails. The genus name refers to the foot (Gr. kentron, a spike or spur, and pous, the foot), describing the long, straight hallux claw of most coucals; the German term for coucals “Sporenkuckucke” also refers to the spurred foot. The broad wings cover the back; the exposed upper back (or mantle) is often the only region not covered by the wing; the back and rump are often covered by short blackish feathers that are concealed by the closed wing, in smaller species much as in the large broad-winged ground cuckoos (Carpococcyx, Neomorphus).
Block copolymers in semidilute and concentrated solutions
Authors: Hamley Ian W
Published: November 2023

The association of block copolymers in a selective solvent into micelles was the subject of the previous chapter. In this chapter, ordered phases in semidilute and concentrated block copolymer solutions, which often consist of ordered arrays of micelles, are considered. In a semidilute or concentrated block copolymer solution, as the concentration is increased, chains begin to overlap, and this can lead to the formation of a liquid crystalline phase such as a cubic phase of spherical micelles, a hexagonal phase of rod-like micelles or a lamellar phase. These ordered structures are associated with gel phases. Gels do not flow under their own weight, i.e. they have a finite yield stress. This contrasts with micellar solutions (sols) (discussed in Chapter 3) which flow readily due to a liquid-like organization of micelles. The ordered phases in block copolymer solutions are lyotropic liquid crystal phases that are analogous to those formed by lowmolecular-weight surfactants.
Theory and application of fuzzy methodology
Authors: Wang Paul P , Lai Fuji
Published: November 2023

The challenge of extracting information from a knowledge base is a very important practical issue in AI research. There have been numerous proposals in the past as to how to approach this problem. At the same time, other research has demonstrated in fuzzy control problems that fuzzy logic is an effective tool for solving practical problems. In this chapter we demonstrate that fuzzy set theory is a valuable methodology for the design of knowledge bases, which is a task closely linked to information extraction.
Applications of knowledge based systems
Authors: Mulholland Mary , Hibbert D Brynn
Published: November 2023

Knowledge-based systems are at the heart of many Artificial Intelligence (Al) approaches. To answer high-level questions in science requires human expertise that resides in the experience of a practitioner. The sum of that experience comprises knowledge, and applications that rely on this amassed knowledge are referred to as knowledge-based systems. Expert systems (ESs) are particular knowledge-based applications that use some form of inference engine to advise a user via a suitable interface (Fig. 7.1).
Organophosphorus chemistry
Authors: Murphy Patrick J
Published: November 2023

The impact of organophosphorus chemistry on modern synthetic chemistry is difficult to quantify, but one can safely assume that the study of this element has influenced all areas of chemical endeavour. Organophosphorus chemistry, as a discrete area of study, is the study of compounds containing a C − P bond and this book is largely focused on this topic. However, other areas of interest including azaphosphorus, oxyphosphorus and metallophosphorus chemistry are discussed either explicitly as topics or in an implicit manner within the chemistry detailed in each chapter. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to cover many of the general aspects of organophosphorus chemistry and the chemical techniques required for their preparation, including practical methods commonly encountered and some aspects of spectroscopy.
Ritipenems
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di
Published: November 2023

Several nonclassical p-lactam derivatives, which possess an unusual nucleus structure, show improved pharmacological profiles with respect to classical penicillins and cephalosporins.
Nabumetone
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di
Published: November 2023

The class of nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatoiy drugs (NSAIDs) consists of a large number of molecules: aspirin (generic), diflunisal (generic), diclofenac (generic), Etodolac, fenoprofen (generic), Flurbiprofen, ibuprofen (generic), indomethacin (generic), ketoprofen (generic), Ketorolac, Magnesium salicilate, meclofenamate (generic), Mefenamic acid, Nabumetone 1, naproxen (generic), Oxaprozin, piroxicam (generic), salsalate (generic), sulindac (generic), tolfenamic acid (generic), tolmetin (generic),
Frogs, flies, and dandelions
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno
Published: November 2023

The evolution of new species - speciation - is a central theme in evolution. How does one species split into another? Why? How long does it take for a new species to be born? And what is a species anyway? Such is the importance of the problem that Charles Darwin himself dubbed it "the Mystery of Mysteries". These questions, the focus of intense debate in biology and critical for any assessment of biodiversity, are all tackled in the book. Schilthuizen, reputed scientist and journalist, launches into the debate with tremendous energy and wit. Using the sometimes vicious academic debates and vivid personalities of the scientists as background, he explores the meandering path of speciation research and sets it out in the clearest possible terms. The whole subject leaps to life and its significance for understanding biodiversity comes clear. This is a fascinating, galloping read that will appeal equally to the lay reader and to students getting to grips with the fundamentals of a complex subject.
Emergence From Chaos to Order
Authors: Holland John H
Published: November 2023

This new book, by acclaimed scientist- John Holland, introduces the reader to the exciting new theory of 'emergence', which many people now consider to be the single most characteristic feature of complex, adaptive systems. By 'emergence' it is meant that such systems tend to involve large numbers of intelligent, adaptive agents, interacting on the basis of local information possessed by each agent. These interactions produce global behaviour that cannot be understood simply by knowledge of the individual agents; it is 'emergent behaviour'. Examples of phenomena of this kind are price movements on speculative markets (where agents are individual traders) or road-traffic patterns (where the agents are individual drivers). The book explores the theory of 'emergence', demonstrating how a small number of rules or laws can generate systems of surprising complexity. Board games provide an ancient and direct example: Chess is defined by fewer than two dozen rules, but the myriad patterns that result lead to perpetual novelty and emergence. The discovery of similar patterns in other facets of our world opens the way to a deeper understanding of the complexity of life, answering such questions as: How does a fertilised egg program the development of a trillion-cell organism? How can we build human organisations that respond rapidly to change through innovation? Throughout the book, Holland compares the different systems and models that exhibit emergence in the quest for common rule or laws. These range from the tiny seed "that encloses specifications that produce structures as complicated and distinctive as the giant redwood and the common daisy", to the checkers-playing computer that learned to beat its creator consistently, to the ant colonies that build bridges over chasms and navigate leaf-boats on streams, to the emotive creations of the past. All are explored in a book that will have important ramifications for every aspect of human intellectual endeavour. Reviews "John Holland is an exceptionally imaginative person. Often surprising, and always engaging, he takes the reader on a journey from simplicity to complexity, showing how a few 'rules of engagement' can lead to systems as bewilderingly rich as the neural networks in our brains, our immune defenses against pathogens, and even the ecosystems that maintain the biosphere so that life can flourish" Sir Robert May, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, and one of the founders of Chaos Theory" "Holland at his best - a crisp, insightful framework for analysing and modelling emergent phenomena" John Seely Brown, Chief Scientist, Xerox Corporation "I think it's safe to say that this book will certainly be a significant contribution to the field of complex system theory. And I can't think of a person more well-qualified to write such an account." Professor John Casti, Santa Fe Institute, and author or Would-be worlds.
Molecular dynamics
Authors: Field Martin J
Published: November 2023

Experiment and theory have always been partners in the scientific endeavour. Experiments probe the behaviour of the material world while theory provides a framework for the interpretation of the results of experiments and for the design of new ones. In recent years, however, the explosive growth in the power of computers has led to the emergence of a field intermediate between those of theory and experiment—that of computer simulation. Simulations allow the investigation of models which are both more complicated and more realistic than those that can be handled by traditional theoretical approaches.
Fibre and muscle diffraction
Authors: Squire John M
Published: November 2023

Many natural and synthetic materials (e.g. plastics, wood, textiles, bone, nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides) are made of polymer molecules. Polymers comprise repeating subunits joined together end-to-end like beads on a string to form very long molecules. In some cases (e.g. some proteins) these polymers fold up to form globular structures which are conveniently studied by X-ray crystallography. However, in other cases (e.g. DNA, collagen, cellulose, some synthetic polymers), the molecules occur in extended forms in which they twist regularly into helical structures. Even in the case of some globular proteins (e.g. actin, tubulin) the globular molecules themselves aggregate in a regular fashion to produce helical macromolecular assemblies (in these cases, actin filaments and microtubules).
Nuclear spin contrast variation studies on macromolecular complexes
Authors: Stuhrmann Heinrich B
Published: November 2023

Isotopic substitution of the hydrogen isotope ‘ll by its heavier isotope 2H (deuterium) is used in most experiments of neutron scattering from hydrogenous matter. Polarized neutron scattering from polarized nuclear spins adds another dimension of contrast variation.
Illustrating the basics of voltammetry for solution-soluble redox active species involving reversible electron transfer and reversible coupled chemical reactions: the reduction of electrochemically rich polyoxometalate compounds
Authors: Bond A M
Published: November 2023

Typically, most redox active compounds exhibit only a small number of voltammetric processes within the potential range available in the solvent (electrolyte) medium chosen for the study. However, polyoxometalates [1] represent an electrochemist’s dream class of compound because it is not uncommon to have multiple charge-transfer processes taking place during the course of a single voltammogram [2,3] and several examples, where more than twenty electrons [4,5] can be added during the course of electrochemical reduction of a polyoxometalate, have been established.
Reproductive strategies of male chimpanzees
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Boesch-Achermann Hedwige
Published: November 2023

Forest scene: Salomé, one of the highest ranking females, in full oestrus with a large glowing pink swelling, was followed closely by all the males of the community all day long. She could not move without the whole crowd moving with her. The tension between the males was perceptible, although for long periods of time none of them mated, and conflicts exploded whenever Salomé and her friend Ondine neared a fruiting tree. The alpha male, Brutus, then wanted to be the first behind her, but his young challenger Schubert was not always willing to let him do so. The ensuing conflicts between the two were intensely followed by all the other males. Schubert relied on the support of his young ally Macho. Falstaff, the oldest male of the community, was making the best of the situation, either supporting Brutus or attempting to sneak away with Salomé while the other males were too busy threatening one another. Regularly, despite the difficult situation, the big males tried to mate with Salomé by silently and inconspicuously leading her away. She only rarely followed one of them and they came back looking unconcerned.
Collagens VIII and X
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van
Published: November 2023

Collagens VIII and X share similar structural characteristics including remarkable sequence homology and assembly into hexagonal lattice structures. They have condensed gene structures with similar exon/intron organization. This suggests a common evolutionary origin. They thus constitute a subclass of collagens, which have been called short-chain collagens because of the relatively small size of the triple helical domain which is about half the size of the long triple helix in fibrillar collagens [see 44 for review]. Table 20 gives the Swiss Prot database entries for collagens VIII and X. Collagens VIII and X and the C1q subunit of the Cl component of complement share a similar domain in their C-terminal non-triple helical region [667, 722, 965, 1027]. In addition, this Cterminal region also shows a strong similarity in amino acid sequence to the C-terminal regions of precerebellin [1037], hibernation-associated plasma proteins HP-27, HP-25 and HP-20 [1006, 1029], multimerin, a homotrimeric soluble protein found in platelets and in the endothelium of blood vessels [995], an inner ear-specific structural protein [978] and adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa (AdipoQ) [1026].
The evolution of Earth
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da
Published: November 2023

The sun and its planetary system formed some 5 x 109 years ago from the association under gravity of an elliptical disc of nuclei and electrons. The central zone of the disc, at a temperature around 107K, became the sun and has remained at this temperature while the outside edges cooled progressively to give the planets.
The principles of the chemistry of living systems
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da
Published: November 2023

We shall assume that living systems are chemical in their material nature. Much as there is a puzzle as to how inanimate objects come to form separable speciated chemical compounds, as we have discussed in Chapters 2-9, so there is a parallel puzzle concerning the species of living forms. The diversity of life, as illustrated in Fig. 10.1, is very, very indeed. We shall find it convenient to divide the species into anaerobic prokaryotes, anaerobic eukaryotes, aerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes (single cells), multicellular organisms and self-conscious man.
The ecology of tick-borne infections in wildlife reservoirs
Authors: Randolph S E , Chemini C , Furlanello C , Genchi C , Hails R S , Hudson P J , Jones L D , Medley G , Norman R A , Rizzoli A P , Smith G , Woolhouse M E J
Published: November 2023

Blood-sucking arthropods can provide efficient transport of infectious agents from one host to another. The large variety of combinations of host, vector, and pathogen locked into eternal triangles is testimony to the advantage to parasites of utilizing this form of transmission. We consider in detail those infections transmitted by ticks, since these are almost all zoonoses, with wildlife species playing a central role in maintaining endemic cycles of infection. Ticks are relatively long-lived and many species are catholic in their blood-sucking habits, so they can act as the principal disease reservoir and often carry a community of pathogens. Humans or their livestock are frequently infected, often with fatal consequences, as they accidentally intrude on these natural cycles.
The role of pathogens in biological conservation
Authors: Cleaveland S , Hess G R , Dobson A P , Laurenson M K , McCallum H I , Roberts M G , Woodroffe R
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the complex role of pathogens in biological conservation, focusing on both the threat that infectious diseases pose to endangered populations, and the role of infectious agents as a force generating and maintaining biodiversity. In comparison with habitat loss, over-harvesting, and pollution, the threat posed by disease may appear to represent a minor problem for conservation. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the driving forces most frequently indicted in the loss of biodiversity (e.g. Saunders and Hobbs 1991). However, disease risks for animals living in the remaining habitat fragments are likely to increase as contact with human and domestic animal populations becomes more frequent, and with alterations in microclimate and landscape ecology (Scott 1988; Saunders and Hobbs 1991; Forman 1995). Here we outline the circumstances under which infectious diseases represent a conservation problem, and draw attention to the insights that are needed to permit informed decisions about future management strategies.
Components of signalling networks: linkers and regulators
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

Signal transduction cascades are built from many different components which are glued together by structural motifs, which are the ‘putty’, the ‘cement’, that holds the ‘bricks’ together. The phosphotyrosyls and other markers on the surface of RTKs recruit linker or adaptor proteins which contain structural motifs, such as Src-(Rous sarcoma virus)-homology 2 (SH2), Src-homology 3 (SH3), pleckstrin-homology (PH), phosphotyro-sine-binding (PTB), and other domains. With the help of these motifs, the adaptors link the receptor to regulatory proteins in the cell, building signalling networks. Adaptors and linkers are evolutionary conserved. Homologues are expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans and in Drosophila. Many linkers are without enzymatic activity, but some are cytosolic kinases and phosphatases or monomeric GTP-binding proteins and their regulators, GDP-exchange factor (GEFs), and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). These enzymatic linkers play a special role, because they not only transmit and control the receptor signals, they also amplify them.
Surgical resection of metastase
Authors: Slaton Joel W , Swanson David A
Published: November 2023

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive tumor with a high propensity to metastasize. Historically, in fact, 25 to 48 per cent of patients already had metastases at the time of initial presentation (Skinner et al. 1971; deKernion et al. 1978), although this proportion has almost certainly decreased as ever-increasing numbers of tumors are being found incidentally (Bretheau et al. 1995b; Rodriguez et al. 1995). Additionally, between 8 and 43 per cent of patients will manifest metastasis after resection of apparently localized disease with the incidence dependent on the stage of the tumor (Levy et al. 1998). Patients who present with synchronous metastases have an average survival time of about 4 months with only 10 per cent surviving 1 year, whereas patients with metachro- nous metastases have a median survival time of 11 months (deKernion et al. 1978; Maldazys and deKernion 1986).
A psychodynamically orientated intervention strategy for early reactions to trauma
Authors: Bailly Lionel
Published: November 2023

The type of therapeutic intervention used by an institution at any particular time depends upon the state of the science and theory that inform its leading clinicians. Also important are their status within the wider scientific establishment, and also the traditions and history of its founding institutions.
A new evidence base for making early intervention in emergency services complementary to officers’ preferred adjustment and coping strategies
Authors: Orner Roderick
Published: November 2023

In the search for helpful early interventions after trauma, investigations have tended to focus on individuals and groups who experience adverse reactions and functional impairment (Shalev et al., 2000). This is as true for accidental victims as for high-risk occupational groups, such as the emergency and uniformed services. This historical legacy is not unreasonable considering the aim of early intervention is to offer assistance for acute trauma-related syndromes. However, hindsight also makes us wiser about the biases and blind spots inherent in this particular line of investigation. For instance, it is now recognized that trauma does not invariably result in func tional impairments (Lyons, 1991) and can promote positive personal adjustment in the longer term (Tedeschi et al., 1998). Much less is known about the processes that promote post-traumatic coping, post-traumatic competence and post-traumatic mastery than the risk factors associated with adjustment difficulties.
Bowel Symptoms
Authors: Sykes Nigel P
Published: November 2023

Constipation in palliative care is a symptom, not a disease, and is, therefore, defined by the patient rather than the physician. In the assessment of bowel function, it is important not to be misled by the ‘diarrhea’ resulting from fecal impaction; rectal examination reveals most cases of impaction. Good general symptom control is important in the prophylaxis of constipation, as it will maximize physical activity and food and fluid intake. However, too much dietary fiber may not be tolerated, and fiber alone is unlikely to resolve severe constipation.
Mitochondrial DNA expression
Authors: Taanman Jan-Willem
Published: November 2023

In vertebrates, the mitochondrial genome consists of double-stranded, covalently-closed DNA molecules that are present as multiple copies per mitochondrion. The two strands of DNA can be distinguished on the basis of G + T base composition, which results in different buoyant densities of each strand (‘heavy’ and ‘light’) in an isopycnic gradient. In metabolically active vertebrate cells, a ∼1-kb non-coding region of a large fraction of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules contains a triplex structure, in which a short (7S) DNA strand complementary to the light (L) strand displaces the heavy (H) strand. This region, which is flanked by the genes for the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) tRNAPhe and tRNAPro, is called the dis- placement loop or D-loop region and is the least conserved part of mitochondrial genomes.
Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions and mitochondrial DNA depletion
Authors: Suomalainen-Wartiovaara Anu
Published: November 2023

Mitochondrial mtDNA maintenance is a complex process. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae over a hundred genes have been identified whose deletion causes loss or instability of mtDNA.1 However, progress in elucidating the equivalent mechanisms in mammals lags behind that of yeast, and the factors regulating mtDNA stability in mammals are only now beginning to be unravelled. The progress made in yeast, as well as in bacteria and bacteriophages, can be of enormous benefit to understanding human pathologies as there is considerable conservation of mtDNA maintenance proteins.
Mechanisms underlying the age-related accumulation of mutant mitochondrial DNA
Authors: de Grey Aubrey DNJ
Published: November 2023

In that first paper, Harman further noted that the substances most likely to suffer damage from free radicals would be those closest to the free radicals’ principal site(s) of production. It would be another decade before we acquired the crucial item of information that brings this point into conjunction with the proposed importance of DNA oxidation to ageing. That item was, of course, the discovery10,11 that mitochondria possess their own DNA, encoding proteins essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
General principles of biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

Although we know a lot about the structures of biominerals and how they vary in different organisms (see Chapter 2), relatively little is known in precise detail concerning the molecular interactions governing their controlled construction. There are, however, some general principles that are reasonably well established and which we discuss in this chapter. These principles are then developed further in Chapters 4 to 8 with a focus through out on the prevailing ideas and concepts, particularly from a chemical perspective. Other important aspects, such as the genetic and cellular control of biomineralization, lie for the most part outside the scope of this book
Biomineral tectonics
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

The formation of higher-order structures in biomineralization involves an integrated process of construction that we refer to as biomineral tectonics. The word ‘tectonics’ originates from the Greek, tekton, a builder, and is often used by geologists to describe large-scale structural aspects of the earth, such as the continental plates. Chemists, on the other hand, have used the term ‘molecular tectonics’ to describe the rational construction of molecule-based structures from discrete well-defined building blocks. In a similar vein, this chapter considers the construction of complex multilayered biomineralized structures in terms of the integration of preformed building blocks or modules across a range of length scales. For this, we need to bring together the principles and concepts discussed in Chapters 4 to 7, so that the chemical, spatial, structural and morphological aspects of biomineralization are assimilated into a general process of biomineral tectonics (see Table 3.2 in Chapter 3, Section 3.6). We begin with a description of bone as an archetype of a higher-order structure in biomineralization
What is multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

Although there had been earlier partial descriptions, multiple sclerosis was first identified as a distinctive disease in 1868 by the great French neurologist Charcot, working at the Salpetriere hospital in Paris. It is strange that a disease that now seems to be so well defined should have remained unrecognized for so long, but methods of examining someone with organic disease of the nervous system were only then being developed. Charcot’s great contribution to medicine was in linking the careful observation of symptoms and signs of disease in life with the pathological findings in the nervous system after death. He called this new disease ‘sclerose en plaques’ a phrase that in his original lecture he feared would sound barbarous to his audience. The ‘sclerose’ or sclerosis of his title means hardening and refers to the scarring that is the end result of the damage caused to the nervous system by multiple sclerosis. The word ‘sclerosis’ was used very freely in the early days of neurology and persists in the con, fusing title used in the United States to describe a quite different and much more serious disease of the nervous system, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The treatment of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret
Published: November 2023

The treatment of multiple sclerosis is a subject that arouses intense and sometimes partisan emotions. The doctor has to reconcile the desire for effective treatment with the objectivity that is absolutely necessary to a vitally important scientific discovery, whilst not appearing to be obstructive and unwilling to try unconventional remedies. As might be expected, not all succeed in this complex task. Those with MS and their families are naturally unfamiliar with the technicalities of assessing any therapeutic agent that is not obviously an immediate cure and with the peculiar difficulties posed by the fluctuating unpredictable course of MS. Anyone with the disease will not want to wait for the results of a protracted trial before embarking on treatment for which hopeful claims have been made. Indeed, no one would wish to discourage this unless the method was harmful to health or obviously a useless waste of money, but this is not the way to discover the cure.
War and peace, crime and punishment in chimpanzee society
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan
Published: November 2023

In the hope of gaining an audience with a group of chimpanzees, we left Mweya, in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, early one morning. Our route took us through a region of dry bush savannah and we saw very little of interest—a few solitary buffaloes and a couple of warthog families. We paid little attention to which species of birds darted back and forth across the road before disappearing into the dew-covered foliage. However, a pale bird of prey sitting in the highest reaches of a candelabra euphorbia caused us to screech to a halt: was it a pallid or a Montagu’s harrier? On this occasion, it was a pallid harrier—a winter visitor from somewhere in south-east Europe or Asia.
In Your Own Time a guide for patients and their carers facing a last illness at home
Authors: Lee Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Anyone suffering from a terminal illness faces huge challenges, not only emotionally and physically, but also in the range of practical decisions they need to make. In your own time guides the patient through the choices that exist in the current system of medical care, helping them decide on the kind of care they want, and where they receive it - in the hospice or the home. It includes chapters on coming to terms with their situation, the help available to them at home, how to choose between a hospice and home, and advice on coping with the inevitable feelings and emotions of both patient and carer. Written by a GP with extensive experience in this area, the book is unique in presenting both a compassionate and practical guide for anyone affected by serious illness, one that will empower them with the information they need to maintain the highest possible quality of life in their final days.
Facing Bad News
Authors: Lee Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

No one ever tells us what it is like to die, it is a secret known only to the dying. I have done my best to listen to dying patients and their carers, to hear what they are saying and to understand how they are feeling. What I have learnt is that there are as many ways of facing death as there are individuals in this world.
Teaching Medical Students in Primary and Secondary Care
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

This is an up-to-date book for the busy medical teacher, suitable for all grades of teacher experience and all clinical specialties. The chapters cover aspects of teaching from preparation, basic teaching skills, to the use of teaching resources, evaluation, assessment and curriculum planning. Each fully referenced chapter provides practical suggestions for busy clinicians, and easy to photocopy resources to enable teachers to put ideas into practice. The book supports the practical advice with the key evidence and theories underlying current medical education, allowing it to be used for both last minute planning as well as acting as a carefully constructed introduction to teaching medical undergraduates in the hospital or the community.
Content of session
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

The way in which you approach planning and teaching a session depends not only on the group size and setting but also on the content of the session. If you want students to learn how to use an otoscope, they will need to be able to try out the skill. However if you want them to know how to treat otitis media, you might use a less ‘hands-on’ approach. A good understanding of how students learn knowledge, skills, and attitudes helps effective teachers to tailor their teaching methods to the type of information they are trying to get across.
Designing and using teaching materials
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline
Published: November 2023

Having prepared and planned your session, you might think that with adequate teaching skills you can make a success of anything. However any teaching session, no matter how well delivered, will fall flat if the teaching materials that accompany it are poor. Making high quality teaching materials that help students learn is a skill that improves with practise.
Early onset schizophrenia: cognitive and clinical characteristics
Authors: Frangou Sophia
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia commonly begins in young adulthood (Hafner et al. 1993). However, about 4 per cent of cases experience an unusually early onset of the disorder before 18 years of age (Cannon et al. 1999). Some of the studies reviewed here focused on patients with onset before the age of 12 (childhoodonset schizophrenia), others have examined adolescents (adolescent-onset schizophrenia) and some have included a mixture of children and adolescents. The boundary between childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia reflects traditional divisions in the structure of psychiatric services rather than differences in presumed aetiology or pathophysiology.
Diagnostic variability in the early course of schizophrenia
Authors: Bromet Evelyn J , Naz Bushra
Published: November 2023

Although the topics of sampling and diagnosis represent seemingly separate design issues, in the case of schizophrenia, they are interdependent. This is because under DSM III-R and IV, the classification requires a six month duration of the prodromal, active (presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior), and/ or residual phases of the illness. For first-episode or first-admission patients, the follow-up itself often clarifies the diagnosis. Thus, to minimize misclassification, it would be critical to include in the sample patients who either present with, or have for the potential for developing, schizophrenia, e.g., true-positive and false-negative cases.
Late-onset schizophrenia: characteristics of patients at the first episode
Authors: Harvey Philip D
Published: November 2023

There are few aspects of schizophrenia that are more controversial than the existence of late-onset schizophrenia. As recently noted: ‘Hardly any psychiatric disorder exists that has been described so inconsistently, defined in such an imprecise manner, and about which we have so little sound empirical knowledge as late onset schizophrenia’ (Reicher-Rossler, 1999, p. 3). The debate began around 100 years previously and is still ongoing, fueled by changes in the age of onset criteria for schizophrenia across various editions of the DSM and by epidemiological studies suggesting that some individuals meet the full criteria for schizophrenia and have their first symptoms over the age of 45.
Tuning and temperament: closing the spiral
Authors: Bibby Neil
Published: November 2023

Each musical note has a basic frequency (essentially, the number of times the sound pulsates in a given period of time): thus the note ‘A’, which you may hear the oboe play while an orchestra is tuning up, has a frequency of 440 Hz (cycles per second). Frequency enables us to talk about relationships between musical sounds. However, for purposes of comparing two notes, the actual frequency is less important than the ratio of their frequencies.
Composing with numbers: sets, rows and magic squares
Authors: Cross Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Accusations of lack of artistry, lack of creative imagination, and even lack of musicality have been hurled by critics and music-lovers alike at very many twentieth-century composers, and not least at the Viennese composer, Arnold Schoenberg. His ‘discovery’, as he put it, in the early 1920s, of his ‘method of composing with twelve tones’, was seen by those at a distance from his work as being a kind of compositional equivalent of those ‘painting by numbers’ kits that can be bought in children’s toy shops.
Multidimensional U Pwinding : Preparing the Future of Computational Methods for Compressible Flows
Authors: Deconinck H , Paillère H
Published: November 2023

At the heart of present day upwind schemes for computing compressible flows is the solution of the one-dimensional Riemann problem: it describes the evolution of the flow which results from bringing into contact two fluids at constant but different states.
Can monkeys malinger?
Authors: Byrne Richard W , Stokes Emma
Published: November 2023

It is often helpful, when examining a subtle or vexed issue, to take an outside perspective. The non human primates present opportunities for doing just this, with respect to malingering. Monkeys and apes live in long-lasting and often complex social milieus, in which there are profits to be made by malingering-and indeed, malingering has been found in many species, and of a rich panoply of types, limited more by opportunity than cognitive flexibility. Yet most of these animals are believed, with reason, not to understand the intentional states of others; only the great apes may properly intend to malinger. Perhaps much more malingering in humans is ‘unintentional’ than is cornrnonly thought? Disablement in chimpanzees and gorillas, a result of snare injury, allows us to see how well they can compensate for loss of capacities, uncontaminated by the help of others since help is not offered in ape society.
The social cognition of intentional action
Authors: Malle Bertram F
Published: November 2023

Malingering is typically defined as the intentional attempt to simulate or exaggerate illness symp toms in order to reach a consciously desired goal (e.g. health benefits or release from military duty). Because of its intentional and conscious quality, malingering is more blameworthy in our social and legal system than hypochondria, hysteria, or related disorders, which count as unintentional because their illness symptoms are caused by nonconscious factors (e.g. anxiety). However, the distinction between intentional and unintentional behaviour is often treated with suspicion. In particular, within the complex web of individuals and institutions who deal with the problem of malingering, nobody wants to make intentionality judgements. Investigators for the insurance industry or the government are only interested in ‘facts’, not judgements (even though, naturally, brute facts do not have the causal power to deny benefits or demand repayment; they have causal power only insofar as individuals judge them as relevant and decisive for the question at issue).
The contemporary cultural context for deception and malingering in Britain
Authors: Robinson W Peter
Published: November 2023

Scene-setting comments address discontinuities between cultural prescriptions about the abstract values of truthfulness and honesty and the particular circumstances where departures from these are expected, condoned, and applauded. Falsifications to protect the feelings of others are approved. In competitive situations, as contrasted with cooperative ones, deceiving opponents can be necessary for winning and success, and in an individualistic competitive society which values wealth, power and status as markers of success, the achieving and retention of these can be expected to take precedence over truthfulness and honesty in relevant situations. Malingering is but one device to be employed to such ends. However, those who exploit this means may well feel a need to justify such conduct to themselves and to others. Two mechanisms for such justification are: engaging in behaviour that yields self-fulfilling prophecies of producing the symptoms of debilitating states, and ex post facto self-deluding reconstructions of events. Both are illustrated in respect of Paid Sickness Absence (PSA) and Pensionable Early Retirement (PER).
Investigating benefit fraud and illness deception in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kitchen Richard
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider the issues that a benefit fraud investigator needs to establish when investigating illness deception as a criminal offence. It will not seek to explain the intricacies of the British welfare system, in which the investigator works, or attempt to provide a comprehens ive overview of the English Criminal Justice system where benefit fraud is alleged (see Jones, Chapter 16 and Sprince, Chapter 18). The main purpose is to consider the extent to which illness deception contributes to alleged fraud within the UK benefit system.
Genetic epidemiology of stroke
Authors: Meschia James F , Brown Robert D
Published: November 2023

Stroke is rarely a manifestation of a single gene disorder. Much more commonly it is a multifactorial disease, but increasing evidence suggest that genetic predisposition is also important for this apparently ‘sporadic’ stroke. This chapter reviews this evidence, both for stroke in general and for particular subtypes of stroke, particularly ischaemic stroke subtypes and subarachnoid haemorrhage due to intracranial aneurysms.
Genetics of subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Schievink Wouter I
Published: November 2023

About 85 per cent of cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage are caused by intracranial aneurysms (see section ‘subarachnoid haemorrhage’). The exact etiology and pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms remain unclear (Schievink 1997).
Choosing the first-line drug for malaria treatment—how can cost-effectiveness analysis inform policy?
Authors: Goodman Catherine
Published: November 2023

Malaria drug policy in Africa is frequently argued to be in, or fast approaching, crisis (Attaran et al. 2004; Institute of Medicine 2004). Malaria is already responsible for over 10% of the total disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa, and its impact is increasing as a result of antimalarial drug resistance. For decades, most countries have relied on chloroquine as their first-line drug for treating uncomplicated malaria, benefiting from its effectiveness, low price and good safety profile. Those days are over because chloroquine resistance is already high in many African countries and growing fast in others (Bloland et al. 1998; EANMAT 2003). This is a cause of great concern as, if not effectively treated, uncomplicated malaria may progress to the severe form of the disease, with symptoms such as convulsions, coma and severe acidosis, and a significant risk of neurological sequelae in survivors. The in-patient case fatality rate is high, but in many settings the bulk of patients cannot access hospital care, leading to an even higher risk of death. High levels of chloroquine resistance have been associated with a high case fatality rate for malaria admissions in Kenya (Zucker et al. 1996), and with a dramatic increase in community-based measures of malaria-related mortality in Senegal (Trape et al. 1998).
The Trouble with Algebra
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

I wonder why it is that people are always moaning about algebra. Here, for instance, is the French novelist Stendhal writing in the early nineteenth century: In my view, hypocrisy was impossible in mathematics . . . What a shock for me to discover that nobody could explain to me how it happened that minus multiplied by minus equals plus.
‘Are We Nearly There?’
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

Processes which go on for ever are quite common in mathematics, and the subject as a whole would be very different without them. Consider, for instance, the ‘sum’ [uneq] where the dots indicate that we are to keep on adding extra terms, in the obvious way, without ever stopping.
e=2.718
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

Imagine that you lend someone some money – say, one pound. (I hope this is not too implausible.) Suppose, too, that by a combination of charm and guile you manage to persuade the borrower to agree an interest rate of 100% per annum. Then after one year you will collect 1 + 1 = 2 pounds. But if you are even more cunning (or degenerate) you might try to persuade the borrower to agree a compound interest rate of only 50% every six months.
Chaos and Catastrophe
Authors: Acheson David
Published: November 2023

A few years ago, the whole idea of chaos hit the headlines in a big way. It was going to be the answer to everything, and the subject became so fashionable that it even made a fleeting appearance in one of Steven Spielberg’s block-buster films.
Lost animals: Early Eliminations by Man
Authors: Lovegrove Roger
Published: November 2023

This book explores the impact of Man on some of our native fauna from the sixteenth century, in the second half of the reign of Henry VIII. This is the logical point from which to trace the history of deliberate and planned persecution of those species considered as vermin because it represents the time at which statutory legislation, backed up with financial reward, was introduced. However, in starting at this point of history, we do of course pick up the story of Man’s impact on wildlife in Britain several thousand years after those interactions first began. The evolution of British wildlife in distant eras and the consequences of early human predation and conflict on it, have been thoroughly covered in other volumes (e.g. Yalden 1999, Harting 1880) and it is not the role of this book to dwell on that long period of time.
To kill a Rat or catch a Kite: methods of control
Authors: Lovegrove Roger
Published: November 2023

Thus at the very beginning of the statutory process of vermin control, initially focused exclusively on the corvid family, the method of taking the birds was clearly prescribed. Villagers authorized to take crows on other’s land were to be paid at the rate of 2d. per dozen. There is little doubt that the standard method of netting was an early form of clap net used at a regular site (‘scrape’) baited with corn. The net, laid flat on the ground was jerked over the baited scrape by a taut cord, once sufficient birds were feeding there.
Your fetus: normal and abnormal development
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank
Published: November 2023

It is important to know the facts about abnormalities, because this information should form the basis of your decisions about prenatal tests. Of the 4 per cent of babies born with a problem, about half are not serious and include conditions such as a port wine stain or an extra toe. Women worry about the possibility of having a baby with an abnormality although other problems such as prematurity—one in 20 births—or having an undersize baby—one in 10 births—are more likely. ‘Older’ pregnant women may be particularly concerned when in fact, being older increases your chance of only a small group of abnormalities, particularly Down syndrome.
Choosing the best prenatal tests for you: an overview
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank
Published: November 2023

You can decide not to have any prenatal tests, to have some of the tests on offer, or to have all the available tests. What you decide about prenatal testing will depend on your attitude to abnormalities and your feelings about terminating your pregnancy. When you are considering which tests are best for you, it is important to be aware of which risk factors, if any, apply in your situation. Risk factors can include your age, your pregnancy history and your health. See Chapter 3 for risks of abnormalities generally and Chapter 6 for your risk of Down syndrome.