bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Nasal Cycles in Children by Acoustic Rhinometry
Authors: Gallego Aline J. , Cavallari Fransérgio E. M. , Valera Fabiana C. P. , Demarco Ricardo C. , Anselmo-Lima Wilma T.
Published: December 2006

Background

Studies concerning nasal cycle physiology in children are still rare, and controversies exist about its existence. This study was ascertained to evaluate the dynamic behavior of inferior turbinates in children by acoustic rhinometry.

Methods

Sixteen volunteer patients, aged 2–11 years old (mean, 6.25 years), were evaluated between April and July 2003. The patients submitted to periodic acoustic rhinometry, with triplicate measurements (each 30 minutes) for 3 hours.

Results

All evaluated children presented nasal cycles, with five children presenting a classic pattern (31.25%), three children presenting a concert pattern (18.75%), and eight children presenting an irregular pattern (50%).

Conclusion

This study suggests that children present nasal cycles, as well as adults. Nevertheless, the most prevalent pattern in children was the irregular pattern, whereas in adults the most frequently detected is the classic pattern.
Key Maneuvers for Successful Correction of a Deviated Nose in Asians
Authors: Jin Hong-Ryul , Lee Joo-Yeon , Shin See-Ok , Choi Yeong-Seok , Lee Dong-Wook
Published: December 2006

Background

The authors present surgical results of 64 Asian patients with deviated nose and introduce important key maneuvers used in the surgery.

Methods

Sixty-four consecutive patients who underwent corrective rhinoplasty because of a deviated nose were analyzed retrospectively. Approaches and techniques used for the surgery, surgical results, and complications were evaluated. A questionnaire was used to evaluate each patient's functional and esthetic satisfaction. Preoperative and postoperative standardized photographs of the face were evaluated to judge objectively the esthetic outcomes of the surgery.

Results

An endonasal approach was used in 44 patients and an open approach was used in 20 patients. Five important key maneuvers to correct the deviation were noted, in the order of frequency: septoplasty, osteotomy, spreader graft, turbinoplasty, and camouflage graft. Additional procedures included augmentation of the dorsum, tip surgery, and hump removal. On a 5-point box scale of 0–4, the patients scored their satisfaction on functional improvements as 3.2 ± 0.79 and their esthetic satisfaction as 3.0 ± 0.8. The objective evaluation of the appearance showed complete correction in 84.4%, a minimally visible deviation in 10.9%, and a residual deviation but less than before surgery in 4.7%. Aside from residual deviations, complications included a slight depression of the middorsum after spreader graft and a malpositioning of the dorsal cartilage graft.

Conclusion

Deviated nose in Asians can be managed successfully by combining key maneuvers that correct specific anatomic abnormalities. Many of these key maneuvers require modifications that take into account the race-specific characteristics of the Asian nose.
Antimicrobial Resistance: Current Status and Future Direction
Authors: Saubolle Michael A.
Published: December 2006

Background

Antimicrobial resistance is initiated through mutations in bacterial genes, culminating in end products that help circumvent the action of specific antimicrobial agents. Resistant mutants can proliferate under a number of circumstances but primarily through the action of selective pressure from the overuse of antimicrobial agents.

Methods

The results of surveillance studies over approximately the last ten years were evaluated.

Conclusion

Resistance rates in the group of microorganisms associated with respiratory tract infections had been increasing rapidly over the past 10 years, but, recently, many seem to have reached a plateau. However, newer, more invasive clones of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), differing from health care–associated MRSA (HA-MRSA), and typically associated with community-acquisition (CA-MRSA), recently have begun to proliferate. Burgeoning use of fluoroquinolones has impacted the Gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella), causing their resistance rates to approach the critical point. A better understanding of the epidemiology of resistance and responsible use of antimicrobial agents are mandatory if the continuing rates of increasing resistance are to be abrogated.
Therapeutic Choices in the Treatment of Acute Community-Acquired Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Benninger Michael S.
Published: December 2006

Background

Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a common medical problem affecting a large percentage of the population. The disease will most often follow a viral upper respiratory tract infection.

Methods

Appropriately diagnosed, ABRS is best treated with antibiotics, but other medications may play a role in some circumstances. Increasing antibiotic resistance to the common bacteria causing ABRS has occurred in the past 20 years, driven largely by inappropriate or unnecessary antibiotic use.

Results

There are many antibiotics available that may be used for the treatment of ABRS. The selection of the best antibiotic option is determined by evaluating a number of factors, with the potential antibiotic resistance being an important consideration.

Conclusion

This article reviews current recommendations for the antibiotic treatment of ABRS.
Silicone Tubing after Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Is it Necessary?
Authors: Smirnov Grigori , Tuomilehto Henri , Teräsvirta Markku , Nuutinen Juhani , Seppä Juha
Published: December 2006

Background

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) is increasing in popularity as a treatment of nasolacrimal obstructions because it has proven to be an effective and safe procedure. In this study the success of EN-DCR combined with or without bicanalicular silicone stents was evaluated in patients with nasolacrimal obstructions.

Methods

Forty-two consecutive EN-DCR procedures were performed in 36 patients during 2000–2004. The surgery was primary in 23 cases and revision in 19 cases. Bicanalicular silicone stents were inserted in 18 cases and in 24 cases stenting was avoided.

Results

The overall success rate after EN-DCR was 81%. The success rate of EN-DCR was 89% with silicone tubing and 75% without silicone tubing. The mean duration of postoperative follow-up was 4 months.

Conclusion

In our retrospective study no significant statistical differences were seen between the patients with stenting compared with patients without stenting. However, prospective, randomized studies are clearly needed to answer the question of whether the use of stents is advisable.
Interactions between peptides containing nucleobase amino acids and T7 phages displaying S. cerevisiae proteins
Authors: Watanabe Sinya , Tomizaki Kin‐ya , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Usui Kenji , Kajikawa Kotaro , Mihara Hisakazu
Published: January 2007

The importance of high‐throughput analyses of protein abundances and functions is interestingly increasing in genomic/proteomic studies. In such postgenome sequencing era, a protein‐detecting chip, in which a large number of molecules specifically capturing target proteins (capturing agents) such as antibodies, recombinant proteins, and small molecules are arrayed onto solid, wet, or semi‐wet substrates, enables comprehensive analysis of proteomes by a single experiment. However, whole proteomes are generally complicated for comprehensive analyses so that alternative approaches to subproteome analysis categorized by protein functions and binding properties (focused proteome) would be effective. Approaching the goal of development of designed peptide chip for protein analysis, diversity increases in peptide structures and validation of target proteins are needed. We herein describe design and synthesis of nucleobase amino acid (NBA)‐containing peptides, selection of nucleic acid‐related proteins derived from S. cerevisiae, and detection of interactions between NBA‐containing peptides and T7 phages displaying proteins by both enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and label‐free anomalous reflection of gold (AR) measurements. Twenty‐eight phage clones were obtained by the phage‐display method and sequenced. Ten of 28 clones were expected to be nucleic acid‐related proteins including initiation factor, TYB protein, ribosomal proteins, elongation factor, ATP synthase subunit, GTP‐binding protein, and ribonuclease. Other phage clones encoded several classes of enzymes such as reductase, oxidase, aldolase, metalloprotease, and hexokinase. Both ELISA and AR measurements suggested that the methodology of in vitro selection for recognition of the NBA‐containing peptide presented in this study was successfully established. Such a combination of NBA and phage display technologies would be potential to efficiently confirm valuable target proteins binding specifically to capturing agents, to be arrayed onto solid surfaces to develop the designed peptide chip. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 131–140, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cell‐free ethanol production: the future of fuel ethanol?
Authors: Allain Eric J.
Published: January 2007

The production of fuel ethanol from renewable resources as an economically viable alternative to gasoline is currently the subject of much research. Most studies seek to improve process efficiency by increasing the rate of ethanol production; ultimately, this approach will be limited by the selected ethanol‐producing microorganism. Cell‐free ethanol production, using only the enzymes involved in the conversion of glucose to ethanol, may offer a practical and beneficial alternative. Mathematical modeling of such a system has suggested that a cell‐free process should be capable of producing ethanol much more efficiently than the microbial based process. This finding along with other potential benefits of a microorganism‐free process suggests that a cell‐free process might significantly improve the economy of fuel ethanol production and is a worthy target for further research. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of chiral polymer complexes incorporating polybinaphthyls, bipyridine, and Eu(III)
Authors: Cheng Yixiang , Zou Xiaowei , Zhu Dan , Zhu Tingshun , Liu Yan , Zhang Shuwei , Huang Hui
Published: January 2007

Chiral conjugated polymers P‐1 and P‐2 were synthesized by the polymerization of (S)‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2,2′‐bisbutoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl and (S)‐6,6′‐dibromo‐2,2′‐bisbutoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl, respectively, with 5,5′‐divinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine through a Heck cross‐coupling reaction. Chiral polymer complexes P‐C‐1 and P‐C‐2 were obtained by the bipyridine chelating coordination of P‐1 and P‐2 with Eu(TTA)3·2H2O (where TTA is 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetonate). Polymers P‐1 and P‐2 and polymer complexes P‐C‐1 and P‐C‐2 exhibited intense circular dichroism signals, with negative and positive Cotton effects in their circular dichroism spectra. The chiral polymers showed strong green‐blue fluorescence because of the efficient energy migration from the extended π‐electronic structure of the conjugated polymer main to the chiral binaphthyl core. The chiral polymer complexes could have not only polymer fluorescence but also the characteristic fluorescence of Eu(III) (5D0→7F2) at a different excited wavelength. These kinds of chiral polymer complexes incorporating polybinaphthyls, bipyridine, and Eu(III) moieties are expected to provide an understanding of the relationship between the structure and properties of chiral polymer complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 650–660, 2007
Ring‐opening grafting polymerization of cyclic monomers onto human hair
Authors: Morinaga Hisatoyo , Ochiai Bungo , Mori Hideharu , Endo Takeshi
Published: January 2007

Natural human hair was successfully modified by the graft polymerization of trimethylene carbonate, β‐propiolactone, ε‐caprolactone, glycidol, ε‐caprolactam, and 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐2‐thione. In contrast, we could not modify natural human hair by the graft polymerization of oxetane under similar conditions. The model reaction suggested that the main initiating species in these polymerizations were the amino, thiol, and hydroxyl groups in hair, which could induce ring‐opening polymerization. Among the tested monomers, β‐propiolactone was most effective for hair modification with its graft polymer, whose concentration was as high as 0.5 g/g of hair though polymerization under mild conditions. The effects of the hair pretreatment and polymerization temperature on the weight ratio of the grafted polymers were also investigated. Hair modified by grafted polymers was characterized with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared measurements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 736–744, 2007
Tearing energy study of “oriented and relaxed” polystyrene in the glassy state
Authors: Embery J. , Graham R. S. , Duckett R. A. , Groves D. , Collis M. , Mackley M. R. , McLeish T. C. B.
Published: January 2007

To study the effect of processing history, molecular weight/molecular weight distribution, and thermal history on solid state properties (in particular fracture properties and orientation), carefully characterized polydisperse and monodisperse polystyrene samples were drawn above Tg and the orientation frozen in. The objective was to simulate the incidental orientation of polymer chains after processing, molding, and so forth (e.g., injection or compression, blow molding) as a result of melt flow. A series of polystyrene samples was produced by hot drawing at temperatures of 113 and 148 °C, followed by a relaxation period, and then a quench to below Tg. The level of segmental orientation imposed in the samples was determined by birefringence measurements. The tear energy of the sheets was measured at 20 °C by tearing along the draw direction, ultimately giving a value for the fracture energy, G3C. Samples of high draw ratio and low segmental orientation were unexpectedly found to have highly anisotropic fracture properties despite the low level of optical anisotropy. The fracture properties also depended significantly on whether the samples were drawn with or without lateral constraint. The results are compared with measurements of isotropic samples and the findings of a previous investigation utilizing SANS and birefringence. Modeling the drawing conditions at the chain level using a recent nonlinear tube theory explains how birefringence alone is an inadequate measure of molecular orientation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 377–394, 2007
Analysis of matched case–control data with multiple ordered disease states: possible choices and comparisons
Authors: Mukherjee Bhramar , Liu Ivy , Sinha Samiran
Published: January 2007

In an individually matched case–control study, effects of potential risk factors are ascertained through conditional logistic regression (CLR). Extension of CLR to situations with multiple disease or reference categories has been made through polychotomous CLR and is shown to be more efficient than carrying out separate CLRs for each subgroup. In this paper, we consider matched case–control studies where there is one control group, but there are multiple disease states with a natural ordering among themselves. This scenario can be observed when the cases can be further classified in terms of the seriousness or progression of the disease, for example, according to different stages of cancer. We explore several popular models for ordered categorical data in this context. We first adopt a cumulative logit or equivalently, a proportional‐odds model to account for the ordinal nature of the data. The important distinction of this model from a stratified dichotomous and polychotomous logistic regression model is that the stratum‐specific nuisance parameters cannot be eliminated in this modelviathe conditional‐likelihood approach. We discuss a Mantel–Haenszel approach for analysing such data. We point out possible difficulties with standard likelihood‐based approaches with the cumulative logit model when applied to case–control data. We then consider an alternative conditional adjacent‐category logit model. We illustrate the methods by analysing data from a matched case–control study on low birthweight in newborns where infants are classified according tolowandvery lowbirthweight and a child with normal birthweight serves as a control. A simulation study compares the different ordinal methods with methods ignoring sub‐classification of the ordered disease states. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersal distances attained by insect populations of different densities
Authors: Wolfenbarger D. O. , Cornell J. A. , Wolfenbarger D. A.
Published: January 2007

Different population categories of apterous green peach aphid, adult sweet potato weevils, mature Caribbean fruit fly larvae and tobacco budworm larvae were permitted to move on dispersion ranges in the laboratory. Determination of distances dispersed by the larvae were made to show the effects of population sizes. In general, longer distances were dispersed by more individuals when larger numbers were released as compared with smaller ones.
Effect of extraction solvents on oxidative stability of crude soybean oil
Authors: Kim In Hwan , Yoon Suk Hoo
Published: January 2007

Oxidative stabilities of crude soybean oils obtained by different extraction solvents such as hexane, water and Folch's solvent (mixture of two volumes of chloroform and one volume of methanol) were determined by gas chromatographic analyses of headspace and peroxide value of oil samples. For the determination of oxidative stability of oil samples, total volatile compounds formation, molecular oxygen disappearance in the headspace and peroxide value of oil samples were measured. Iodine value (133–136), saponification value (195–198), unsaponifiable matters (0.3–0.4%), iron (0.6 ppm), sterols content (2,400–2,590 ppm), tocopherols content (1,250–1,520 ppm) and fatty acid composition of crude oils obtained by different solvent extraction were not significantly different. Acid value of Folch‐extracted oil was the highest as 1.3, whereas those of hexane‐and aqueous‐extracted oils were 0.5 and 0.4, respectively. Crude soybean oil extracted by Folch's method was found to contain the most phosphorus, while hexane‐ and aqueous‐extracted oils contained similar amounts of phosphorous. Crude soybean oil obtained by Folch extraction was most stable in oil oxidation, and oxidative stabilities of oils obtained by hexane and aqueous extraction, which were significantly much less stable than Folch‐extracted oil, were not significantly different during ten weeks storage.
Determination of free and total gossypol by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S. , Abraham G.
Published: January 2007

Existing HPLC methods determine only pure gossypol whereas the official AOCS method determines both gossypol and other physiologically active gossypol‐like compounds that react with 3‐amino‐1‐propanol and aniline. The feed industry uses the official AOCS method, which is complex and produces results that do not correlate well among laboratories. HPLC methods were developed, using 3‐amino‐1‐propanol as a complexing agent, for the quantitative determination of free and total gossypol in cottonseed meal, oil, and ethanolic miscella. These methods are simple, sensitive, and provide reproducible results. In addition the use of toxic aniline is eliminated.
A survey of some plant waxes of southern arizona
Authors: Kurtz Edwin B.
Published: January 2007

The yield and characteristics of the waxes from 42 species of plants native to southern Arizona were determined. Although a few have high yields of wax when expressed on the basis of amount of wax per unit area of plant surface, the majority of species contains only a small amount of wax. It was concluded that the often quoted statement, “plants indigenous to arid and hot regions have waxy cuticles,” is untenable and should be modified to read “… waxlike cuticles.” Some taxonomic relationships and some effects of sex on plant waxes were discussed.
Laboratory deodorizer with a vaporization efficiency of unity
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid/triglyceride systems deviate from ideality, consequently the use of activities is needed when determining the vaporization efficiency in deodorizers.

In normal laboratory deodorizers the vaporization efficiency is low and is dependent on the steam flow rate, also on the absolute pressure.

To obtain a vaporization efficiency of unity, independent of the steam flow rate and of the absolute pressure, heating of the head of the deodorizer is necessary in order to eliminate cooling and condensation effects.

An isothermic deodorizer has been constructed, the steaming flask of which is immersed entirely in the heating bath. No separate vapor generator and superheater are needed; these are incorporated in the deodorizer and ensure a regular steam flow.

At very high flow rates the vaporization efficiency decreases slightly.
Positional isomerism of unsaturated fatty acids in the rat quantification of isomeric mixtures
Authors: Sand D. , Sen N. , Schlenk H.
Published: January 2007

Mono‐ and dienoic acids of lipids from rat milk, rat sucklings, and rats on a fat‐deficient diet were investigated. The percentage of uncommon isomers of palmitoleic acid was highest in milk, the newborn and the suckling rats, but receded after weaning. Isomers of linoleic acid were found only in traces in sucklings but became pronounced in rats on diets lacking essential fatty acids. The proportion of 8,11‐diene among octadecadienoic acids increased markedly under such conditions within one week and two additional isomers became prominent after longer periods of fat‐deficient diet.

A supplement of hydrogenated coconut fat did not influence the occurrence of these isomers.

Dietary petroselinic acid is incorporated by the rat into tissue lipids. 4‐Hexadecenoic and a small amt of 8‐eicosenoic acid arise from it.

Quantification of isomeric mixtures by ozonization‐hydrogenation and subsequent gas‐liquid chromatography is discussed in detail.
Dietary fat and the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: January 2007

Some characteristics of the fatty acid composition of animal tissue lipids are described and the origins of tissue fatty acids are discussed briefly. The effect of dietary fat on composition of tissue lipids is discussed. Types of dietary fatty acids for which experimental work is described include polyunsaturated fatty acids, short‐chain fatty acids, fatty acids with chain length greater than C18,trans unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, acetylenic fatty acids, branched‐chain fatty acids and oxygenated fatty acids. The individuality of fatty acids is discussed in relation to their roles as components of tissue lipids.
Continuous soapstock acidulation
Authors: Todd D. B. , Morren J. E.
Published: January 2007

A newly developed process is described for the continuous acidulation of soapstocks derived from alkali refining of vegetable oils. Results are presented for cottonseed, soybean, coconut and corn oil based soapstocks. The acidulation is accomplished by continuously reacting hot soapstock with H2SO4 and separating and countercurrently water washing in a Podbielniak centrifugal contactor. This process offers savings in labor, H2SO4 and steam over conventional batch acidulations, with improved recovery of fat. Typical performance data indicate around 98% recovery of the available TFA, acidulated greases containing less than 0.01% mineral acid, and acid water containing ca. 1% mineral acid.
Chemical synthesis of sphingolipids
Authors: Shapiro David
Published: January 2007

The chemical synthesis of sphingosine, derivatives of sphingosine, and sphingolipids are reviewed.
Effect of saline electrolyte on particle sizes in fat emulsions by electronic counting
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Brown M. L.
Published: January 2007

The number of particles of specific diams in in the fat emulsions SR‐151, Intralipid, and Lipofundin, by electronic counting, was critically dependent upon the elapsed time of contact of the emulsions with the diluting saline electrolyte. The most pronounced change in the number of particles as a function of time occurred with the particles of smallest diams, those less than 2Ɓ. Increases in the number of particles by approx 100% occurred within 20 min of mixing the emulsions and electrolyte. Apparently coalescence or aggregation of smaller particles caused the increases in numbers. By extrapolation to zero time, accurate counts were obtained.
Analysis of cyclopropenoid and cyclopropanoid acids in fats and oils
Authors: Magne F. C.
Published: January 2007

The analysis of cyclopropenoid acids may be considered, from a historical standpoint, to have started with the discovery of the Halphen test. Although this test as orginally conceived was utilized as a means of detecting adulteration of premium edible oils with cottonseed oil, it has since been shown to be a characteristic test for cyclopropenoid fatty acids and has been adapted with various modifications as a quantitative colorimetric test for these substances. More recently, spectrophotometric methods particularly in the IR region have been applied to the analysis of these substances. The 9.8 Ɓ band, characteristic of the cyclopropane, and the 9.91 Ɓ band, characteristic of the cyclopropene group, as well as the 11.0 Ɓ band, characteristic of some of the noncyclic degradation derivatives, have been utilized. Gasliquid chromatography (GLC) has been applied to the methyl esters of cyclopropanoid and hydrogenated cyclopropenoid acids. The reactivity of the cyclopropene ring toward hydrohalogens has been the basis of several analytical methods developed for use with cyclopropene acid‐containing oils. Both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions of hydrohalogens have been employed. The hydrohalogenation methods are the most precise methods currently available for these analyses but only GLC has the inherent potential of identifying the specific cyclopropenoid or cyclopropenoids involved.
Addition of hydrogenated fats to chocolate to improve heat resistance
Authors: Guice Wilma A. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. , Cosler H. B.
Published: January 2007

An investigation was made of the possibility of fortifying chocolate better to withstand summer temperatures by adding relatively small proportions of completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil and similar products.

Proportions of hydrogenated oils up to 10%, based on the weight of cocoa fat, do not affect mouthing quality significantly, yet they impart marked rigidity to the chocolate mass at temperatures at which cocoa fat softens and melts. Because the hard fat is practically insoluble in cocoa fat at the melting point of the latter, the hard fat, under the conditions adopted, does not alter the melting characteristics of the cocoa fat, and the short softening range of the cocoa fat is retained.

The addition of the completely hydrogenated oil greatly retards the rate of fat leakage from chocolate at temperatures of about 36°C. (97°F.).

The addition of small amounts of very hard fats to chocolate should be useful in improving the performance of molded bars. However if the modified chocolate is to be used for coating confections, the increase in viscosity which results on the addition of the hard fat presents a serious disadvantage.
Rate studies of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds
Authors: Maier Vicent P. , Tappel A. L.
Published: January 2007

Hemoglobin and hematin were found to catalyze the oxidation of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous linoleate systems. The interrelationship of several factors affecting the rates of this reaction were studied.

A spectrophotometric method was developed for studying the rate of decomposition of linoleate hydroperoxide by hematin compounds. By using this method, the effects of linoleate hydroperoxide, hemoglobin concentrations, and temperature on the rate of hydroperoxide decomposition was studied. In addition, the catalytic activities of several hemoproteins, metallo‐protoporphyrins, and metal chelate compounds were determined.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. III. Isolation of methyl eicosapentaenoate, ethyl docosapentaenoate, and ethyl docosahexaenoate from cod liver oil esters by chromatography
Authors: Abu‐Nasr Ahmed M. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: January 2007

a) Displacement chromatography using a charcoal‐isopropanol‐methyl behenate system has been successfully applied to the isolation of docosahexaenoic acid and ethyl docosahexaenoate from cod liver oil concentrates.

b) Methyl eicosapentaenoate was isolated from cod liver oil methyl esters by combined elution chromatography on silicic acid and displacement chromatography.

c) Using silicic acid as adsorbent and petroleum ether‐chloroform as solvent, ethyl docosapentaenoate was isolated from cod liver oil ethyl esters.

d) With a spinning band fractionation column it was found that fractional distillation of methyl esters of cod liver oil at 0.5 mm. Hg. resulted in increasing conjugation in the distillate as the fractionation proceeded. Fractional distillation is to be avoided as a final step in purification of polyunsaturated esters.

e) The end absorption of conjugated pentaenoic acids is so large at the characteristic maximum for hexaene (3,750 Å) that simultaneous equations are required for the calculation of hexaenoic and pentaenoic acids.

f) Fifteen minutes of treatment with 21% KOH‐ethylene glycol at 180° is not optimum for isomerization of ethyl docosapentaenoate from cod liver oil. The optimum isomerization times for hexaenoic acids of various sources are 4 to 6 minutes, considerably different from the 15 minutes established for arachidonate.
Property modifications of finished textiles by a cationic surfactant
Authors: Beal Chantelle M. , Olson Lynne A. , Wentz Manfred
Published: January 2007

Fabrics made of 100% cotton, 100% polyester and a 50/50 cotton/polyester blend with and without functional finishes were treated in aqueous solutions of the cationic surfactant distearyldimethylammonium bromide (DSDMAB). Finishes chosen were dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a durable press finish, and poly(acrylic acid), a soil release finish. Selective sorption of the cationic surfactant by finished and unfinished fabrics was quantified. Cotton takes up much larger amounts of DSDMAB than does polyester. In general, acrylic finished fabrics take up more DSDMAB, while DMDHEU finished fabrics take up smaller amounts of DSDMAB as compared to their unfinished controls. These findings indicate that ionic interaction forces play an important role in the sorption process. In order to investigate this, acid numbers were used as a relative measure of negative sorption sites on fabrics. A direct relationship between DSDMAB sorption and the acid numbers of the fabrics was established.

Perceived fabric softness is generally improved by treatments with DSDMAB for all test fabrics. Although cotton fabrics finished with DMDHEU were perceived to be less soft than unfinished cotton, treatment with DSDMAB restored the softness level to that of unfinished cotton. The softness of both cotton and polyester fabrics was greatly lowered by the acrylic finish. The presence of even large amounts of DSDMAB did not restore softness ratings to levels comparable to unfinished controls.

Electrical resistivity and electrostatic clinging measurements were used to assess the effectiveness of DSDMAB as an antistatic agent. DSDMAB reduced the electrical resistivities of all test fabrics. However, relative humidity played a much larger role in reducting the electrical resistivity of fabrics. Clinging times were also reduced by DSDMAB treatments. DSDMAB was particularly efficient in reducing the clinging time of polyester.

Additional moisture related properties were investigated. The presence of DSDMAB on the test fabrics did not significantly alter moisture regain. The application of DSDMAB from aqueous solutions resulted in lower water retention values of the test fabrics after centrifuging at ag‐factor comparable to home washing machines. This leads to energy savings during drying from 10–24%, depending on the fabric and finish type. However, energy savings due to fiber type were more significant than those due to the cationic surfactant treatment.
Effects of processing and storage on chlorophyll derivatives in commercially extracted canola oil
Authors: Ward Kerry , Scarth Rachael , Daun J. K. , Thorsteinson C. T.
Published: January 2007

This study characterizes the chlorophyll pigments present in canola oil immediately after commercial extraction and following oil storage to determine the best storage conditions for analytical samples and to examine the changes that chlorophyll derivatives undergo during oil processing and storage. Samples of pressed, solvent‐extracted, crude and degummed canola oils, obtained from a commercial crushing plant, were stored for one month under four different conditions—in the freezer, in a refrigerator and at room temperature both in the light and in the dark. Chlorophyll derivatives (chlorophylls, pheophytins, pyropheophytins) were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography immediately after sampling and then on a weekly basis. The main pigments present in commercially extracted canola oil were pheophytin a, pyropheophytin a, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The “a” derivatives comprised 81 to 100% of total chlorophyll pigments in the fresh oil samples. During degumming, the remaining chlorophylls were converted to pheophytins and pyropheophytins. During oil storage, exposure to light at room temperature affected the composition of chlorophyll derivatives as chlorophyll b was converted to pheophytin b and chlorophyll a was converted first to pheophytin a, then to pyropheophytin a.
Canola extract as an alternative natural antioxidant for canola oil
Authors: Wanasundara Udaya N. , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: January 2007

The antioxidative activity of ethanolic extracts of canola meal at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm on refined‐bleached (RB) canola oil was examined and compared with commonly used synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), BHA/BHT/monoglyceride citrate (MGC) andtert‐butyl‐hydroquinone (TBHQ). Stability of RB oil was monitored under Schaal oven test conditions at 65°C over a 17‐d period. Progression of oxidation was monitored by weight gain, peroxide, conjugated diene, 2‐thiobarbituric acid and total oxidation values. Canola extracts at 500 and 1000 ppm were more active than BHA, BHT and BHA/BHT/MGC and less effective than TBHQ at a level of 200 ppm.
The effect of builders on the activity of protease enzymes
Authors: Sato Masako , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Minagawa Motoi
Published: January 2007

The effect of builders on the stability of protease enzyme activity was studied in an effort to identify superior builders which are soluble in water and compatible with enzymes formulated into heavy duty laundry powders. Various poly(styrenesulfonate‐methacrylate) copolymers, polyacrylate and tripolyphosphate anionic builders, as well as various poly(vinylalcohol‐vinylacetate) nonionic copolymers, namely PVAs, were used. Zeolite 4A was also used as a typical nonphosphate particulate builder in the detergents. The protease used is frombacillus stearothermophilus. The calcium content was determined to be 16.7 mole/mole of protease by atomic spectrophotometry.

In binary systems composed of a fixed concentration of 10 U/mL protease and varied concentrations of compound, builder or surfacant, it was found that compounds having the larger calcium ion binding capacity (C.B.C.) lowered the relative activity of protease enzyme. The activity of protease enzyme alone was lowered about 20% by addition of 0.02% sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS).

The anionic builders added to the binary system of fixed 10 U/mL protease and 0.02% DBS reduce the protease enzyme activity in proportion to the magnitude of their C.B.C. Addition of anionic builders further lowered the protease enzyme activity. The nonionic builders and the nonionic surfactant can enhance the protease enzyme activity by protection of protease against the inhibitor, DBS.

It is certain that calcium atoms contained in the protease must play an important role for the protease enzyme activity and its stability. Calcium atoms must have a great influence on the formation of protease‐substrate complex, protease‐compound complex and substrate‐compound complex, because the protease, protein substrate and anionic compound would all be negatively charged in alkaline solutions. Builders for enzyme‐containing detergents should be constructed to be insensitive to calcium ion.
Supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of fish oils
Authors: Staby Arne , Borch‐Jensen Christina , Balchen Steen , Mollerup Jørgen
Published: January 2007

Various natural and processed fish oil triglyceride mixtures have been analyzed by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The analyses were performed on nonpolar columns to separate the components by lipid class and by the number of carbon atoms. The compounds separated included free fatty acids, squalene, α‐tocopherol, cholesterol, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, di‐ and triglycerides. This kind of analysis is not possible by gas chromatography or high‐performance liquid chromatography methods without prior treatment of the fish oil, making SFC superior for this application. Applications of SFC to fish oils are given, including a control analysis of the various process steps in the refining of a fish oil, analysis of a lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of a fish oil and the detection of polymeric artifacts.
Chemical structure of long‐chain esters from “sansa” olive oil
Authors: Bianchi Giorgio , Tava Aldo , Vlahov Giovanna , Pozzi Nicoletta
Published: January 2007

The major objective of this study was to determine the chemical structure of long‐chain esters present in lower‐grade olive oil. The classes of esters composing the hexanediethyl ether (99∶1) extract of the wax fraction from a pomace olive oil were: (i) esters of oleic acid with C1−C6 alcohols, (ii) esters of oleic acid with long‐chain aliphatic alcohols in the range C22−C28 and (iii) benzyl alcohol esters of the very long‐chain saturated fatty acids C26 and C28. The analysis and the structure assignments were carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and by comparison with synthetic authentic model compounds. This work provided precise data on the chemical nature of the wax esters present in olive oil and should represent a means to detect adulteration of higher‐grade olive oil with less expensive pomace olive oil and seed oils.
Preparation of glycol derivatives of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and their potential as lubricants
Authors: Basu Hemendra N. , Robley Ellen M. , Norris Max E.
Published: January 2007

Glycol diesters and mixtures of mono‐ and diesters have been prepared from methyl esters of partially hydrogenated soybean oil fatty acids and diethylene, dipropylene, neopentyl and triethylene glycols. The catalyst used in these reactions was a mixture of calcium acetate/barium acetate (3∶1, w/w). The reactions were carried out under nitrogen with 0.5% catalyst at temperatures in the range of 190–275°C. Borated esters of mixed mono‐ and diesters were prepared with 0.33 equivalent of boric acid per 1.0 equivalent hydroxyl group on the ester. Refractive indices, viscosities, and flash and fire points were determined for diesters, mixed mono‐ and diesters, and mixed diesters and borated esters. The viscosities, flash points and fire points indicate that these esters can be used as a component of lubricating oils. Wear‐prevention characteristics of mixed diesters and borated esters indicated that they can be used as antifriction additives in lubricating oils.
Densities and molal volumes ofn‐alkylamines from 15 to 80°C
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Seng C. E. , Lee C. G.
Published: January 2007

Densities of sevenn‐alkylamines from 1‐butylamine to 1‐decylamine were determined from 15 to 80°C. The density was found to be a linear function of the temperature within this temperature range. At constant temperature, the molal volume was a linear function of the number of methylene units in the chain for the homologous series.

A simple equation with four constants correlating the molal volume with the number of methylene units and temperature of then‐alkylamines was formulated. Excellent agreement between the calculated, the measured and the literature values were obtained. Accurate molal volumes, and hence the densities of anyn‐alkylamines, other than methylamine, within the temperature range can be calculated from the equation.
Syntheses and properties of surfactants containing organometals: IV. Organo silicone
Authors: Maki Hirohisa , Saeki Shyuji , Ikeda Isao , Komori Saburo
Published: January 2007

The authors synthesized nonionic surfactants containing dimethylpolysilane, dimethylpolysilmethylene and dimethylopolysiloxane as the hydrophobic groups, and investigated their surface activities. In their ability to lower the aqueous surface tension, the polysiloxane surfactants were the most active, and there is little reason to choose between the other two kinds of surfactants. With regard to the ability of lowering the interfacial tension between water and silicone oil, the polysilmethylene surfactants were most effective when the concentration of aqueous solution was below 0.5 wt %. Above this concentration, however, the polysiloxane surfactants were superior. Also investigated was the lowering of surface tension of nonaqueous polyols and their ability to wet low energy hydrophobic surfaces such as polyethylene.
Studies on the stability of Kathon®CG/ICP Microbicide in alpha olefin sulfonate Based systems
Authors: Ferm Donald J. , Griffin T. Scott
Published: January 2007

Kathon®CG/ICP Microbicide (Rohm & Haas Co.) which contains 1.5% 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one and 0.35% 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one as active ingredients has been found to be a highly efficient antimicrobial preservative for formulated products. However, its use has been contra‐indicated for formulations containing certain anionic surfactants, especially AOS, because of the suspected presence of residual bisulfite ion added to remove residual hypochlorite remaining at the end of the bleaching process.

It has been found that sulfite ion is not stable in the complex mixture of components in commercially produced AOS. AOS samples tested, whether bleached or not, contained residual reducing capacity, but of a sufficiently low redox potential as to not affect Kathon®CG/ICP Microbicide stability.

Alternative analytical methods for analysis for bisulfite in AOS and other surfactant systems are discussed.

A new HPLC method for determination of Kathon®CG/ICP Microbicide level in formulated products was developed.
Positional distribution of 24∶6(n−3) in triacyl‐sn‐glycerols from flathead flounder liver and flesh
Authors: Ota Toru , Kawabata Yasunosuke , Ando Yasuhiro
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the positional distribution of very long‐chain fatty acids, 24∶6(n−3), in triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TG) of flathead flounder (Hippoglossoides dubius). Each of the liver and flesh TGs was subjected to the stereospecific analysis. The liver TGs contained 24∶6(n−3) at concentrations of 1.5, 1.2 and 1.7 mole % in thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 positions, respectively, and the flesh TGs had 9.0, 7.8 and 7.1 mole % in thesn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 positions, respectively. This fatty acid was distributed almost evenly among the three positions of the TGs. No preference for thesn‐2 position was observed in contrast to the general tendency for the distribution of longer‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as 22∶6(n−3), 22∶5(n−3) and 20∶5(n−3). There was essentially no difference in the positional distributions of the liver and flesh TGs. The results obtained in this study give new fundamental information to the investigation of very long‐chain fatty acids.
Effects of bleached and unbleached rosemary oleoresin and rosmariquinone on light‐sensitized oxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Hall Clifford , Cuppett Susan , Wheeler Desmond , Fu Xiaoping
Published: January 2007

Synthetic rosmariquinone (RQ), an antioxidant naturally present in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and rosemary oleoresin (bleached and unbleached), was tested for antioxidant activity in stripped and nonstripped soybean oil in a light‐induced oxidation system. In the stripped soybean oil system, RQ was significantly less (P<0.05) effective than TBHQ at controlling oxidation of the oil. In light‐induced oxidation of nonstripped soybean oil, RQ had significantly lower (P<0.05) peroxide values (PV) than TBHQ after 36 h. RQ had PV that was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those for both the bleached and nonbleached rosemary oleoresin throughout the 72‐h study.
Fatty acid variation of runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) among geographic localities from Córdoba (Argentina)
Authors: Grosso N. R. , Lamarque A. , Maestri D. M. , Zygadlo J. A. , Guzmán C. A.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid compositions of runner peanuts were determined among fifteen geographic localities from Córdoba, Argentina. Significant differences were found within these fatty acid profiles. Samples from the Reducción zone had the best oleic‐to‐linoleic ratio and iodine value.
A comparative study on the effectiveness of nitrogen or carbon dioxide flushing in preventing oxidation during the heating of oil
Authors: Przybylski R. , Eskin N. A. M.
Published: January 2007

Nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases were evaluated for their ability to protect canola oil from oxidation during heating at frying temperatures. Oil samples were heated in a variety of containers of differing dimensions through which the flow of these gases was regulated. Formation of volatile compounds was analyzed by direct capillary gas chromatography, while chemical analyses included peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid. Flushing with either of these gases at a slow flow rate in 53‐mm containers stimulated oxidation rather than arresting it. Carbon dioxide, because of its higher solubility in oil and its density, afforded better protection of canola oil samples during heating. Optimal conditions for minimizing oxidation, such as container dimensions, volume of oil and flow rate of gases, are discussed.
Lipid changes during pre‐germination and germination ofstriga asiatica seeds
Authors: Menetrez M. L. , Fites R. C. , Wilson R. F.
Published: January 2007

Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze) seeds were incubated at 28 C in a moist environment for a 14‐day period, after which seeds germinated only when exposed to specific natural or synthetic germination stimulants. Changes in lipid composition were determined during germination of witchweed seeds and during early seedling growth. Witchweed seeds contained 37.5% (w/w) oil. Increased levels of monogalactosyl‐diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol suggested the enlargement or multiplication of plastids after witchweed seeds had germinated. In contrast to the usual course of events in seeds with high oil reserves, witchweed seeds did not hydrolyze triacylglycerol rapidly during or after germination. These findings indicated that triacylglycerol in germinating witchweed seeds was conserved for subsequent use during haustorial formation and host invasion.