bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Davidson: When Is an Action Intentional?
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

This volume usefully assembles Davidson’s hitherto scattered writings on events, action, and the mind-body problem. Their juxtaposition brings out the system in Davidson’s thought: one has the sense of a tightly knit garment held ingeniously together by a few carefully interwoven strands-the points of vulnerability may be few but the consequences of snapping are more calamitous.

The master threads of this system are the twin notions of event and cause. These notions, especially that of event, are scrutinized and tested with relentless persistence. The spirit of the enterprise is undogmatic and theoretical: events are to be recognized, not so much because of their commonsense or metaphysical credentials, but on account of their utility in devising attractive and rigorous theories--of logical form, intentional action, the nature of mental events. Davidson’s influence is owed as much to his attitude toward philosophical problems as to the specific doctrines for which he is justly celebrated.

The proposal to acknowledge an ontology of events can seem banal, for surely things change-and changes are events. What is not banal, though once perceived is compellingly obvious, is the idea that events are basic particulars: they are not to be conceived as logical constructions from substances, times, and properties, but are genuine objects of discourse susceptible of multiple characterizations.
Strawson and Warnock: Reputation
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Philosophical reputations come and go-they surge and gutter-according largely to the prevailing intellectual climate, and are only tenuously tied to the actual merits of the views put forward by the reputand in question. To have a reputation is to have something perishable and fleeting, an imposition from without, no sooner bestowed than withdrawn.

Take the case of David Hume. In the dark days oflogical [sic] positivism Hume’s reputation ran high as the philosopher who first did away with causal necessity; he was thought to have shown that causation consists in nothing, objectively, but constant conjunction: things happen in regular sequences but nothing makes them happen that way. In reality, the cement of the universe consists in nothing over and above the dependable concatenation of separable events. But when positivism quietly expired, and natural necessity regained its lost respectability, Hume’s standing correspondingly dipped. The neglected Locke began to seem like the philosopher with the better eye for metaphysical truth, while Hume started to look guilty of trying to deduce metaphysical conclusions from epistemological premises: “if no ideas then no reality.”

Now here comes Galen Strawson to argue that Hume has been grievously misrepresented all along: for the real David Hume never denied the objective reality of causal necessity. He firmly believed in it. And so Hume’s reputation is set to rise high again.
Dennett: Leftover Life to Live
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

Purposive creatures, such as ourselves, tend to find purpose everywhere. It takes some mental discipline to banish it from our thoughts, even when we know very well it does not belong there. Random, mindless, mechanical processes are hard for us to keep in focus. And this is particularly difficult where the process leads to creatures with purposes-how can our purposes lack purpose?

But that is the way Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explains the history and existence of living things. There is no point to the long painful process whereby animal species come to exist; it is simply the unfolding of a purposeless sequence of mechanical steps. Yet even those who fully accept the theory are tempted by teleological descriptions of the process, supposing it to be aiming at something-complexity, mind, morality, selfannihilation, or what have you. Agency lurks somewhere behind the scenes, it is obscurely felt, directing the process to some predetermined end. To see why this is a mistake, we should note that the concept of natural selection itself applies also to the inanimate world; in fact, everything exists by virtue of natural selection. Mountains, snowflakes, tectonic plates, hydrogen atoms, planets, galaxies-all these exist because natural selection has operated in their favor. That is to say, the destructive forces of nature allow entities of these kinds to come to be and to endure.
Frey: Beyond the Moral Pale
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

In questioning received attitudes toward the moral status of animals, it is a common experience to find one’s qualms reinforced by the jejune and sophistical character of the arguments put up in defense of our current practices. R. G. Frey’s book is sure to have this unintended effect, and for that reason may not be without value. He is out to oppose the “philosophical orthodoxy”(!) that calls for radical changes in our treatment of animals, and does so by offering a series of transparent paralogisms directed against the proanimal writings of various contemporary philosophers.

Frey’s target is the claim, due originally to Leonard Nelson, that since animals have interests and interests confer moral rights, animals have moral rights. He is sceptical of this claim on two counts: he does not believe in moral rights at all, and he denies that animals have interests. Since the first of these contentions is not specific to the case of animals, he proposes to concentrate on the second. His procedure is to examine a number of suggested bases for the possession of interests-having needs, beliefs, desires, emotions, being sentient, and having the capacity to suffer-and to deny either that animals have them, or that they confer interests. On each of these topics his arguments have the unmistakable hollow ring of the bottom of the barrel.

Some have suggested that sentience and the capacity to suffer give animals an interest in not being subjected to certain kinds of life.
Held and Baier: Mothers and Moralists
Authors: Mcginn Colin
Published: November 2023

G. E. Moore wrote, in Principia Ethica, the classic work of analytic moral philosophy: “By far the most valuable things, which we know or can imagine, are certain states of consciousness, which may be roughly described as the pleasures of human intercourse and the enjoyment of beautiful objects. . . . [P]ersonal affections and aesthetic enjoyments include all the greatest, and by far the greatest goods we can imagine “* This celebration of human intimacy, in all its forms, was the element in Moore’s book that most ignited the members of the Bloomsbury Group, male and female, heterosexual and homosexual. (Beauty was already on the list.) It is nothing other than the firm suggestion that love-personal love of particular others, not an abstract love of humanity-is the central moral value. This emphasis on love was not, by itself, a particularly novel suggestion (there was that other male moral theorist, Jesus). But adjoining it in secular form to a pure and rigorous system of analytic thought was felt to mark a major moral advance. And it reflected Moore’s personality: searchingly critical, relentlessly clear, yet famously kind, simple, and pure. To many, that seemed like a good way to be; and nobody at the time was surprised or troubled by the fact that Moore was a man.
The Paradox of the American Republic
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

“We are battling for great principles-for mighty and glorious truths,” Whitman told a Democratic rally of about fifteen thousand people in New York City in 1841. “I would scorn to exert even my humble efforts for the best democratic candidate that ever was nominated, in himself alone. It is our creed-our doctrine, not a man or set of men that we seek to build up. Let us attend then, in the meantime, to measures, policy and doctrine, and leave to future consideration the selection of the agent to carry our plans into effect.” As the guiding spirit of the Democratic party, Whitman invoked the female genius of the republic that hovered over the revolutionary era of Thomas Jefferson: “The guardian spirit, the good genius who has attended us ever since the days of Jefferson, has not now forsaken us. I can almost fancy myself able to pierce the darkness of the future and behold her looking down upon us with the same benignant smiles she wore in 1828, ‘32, and ‘36” (UPP,I, 51). In the dark days of the 1840s, Whitman continued to “behold” this revolutionary genius as a source of personal and political renewal.
How Dangerous, How Alive”
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

On March 1, 1882, the Boston district attorney, Oliver Stevens, initiated proceedings to suppress the 1881 edition of Leaves of Grass.Perhaps responding to a complaint by the Society for the Prevention of Vice, the district attorney wrote to Whitman’s publisher, Osgood & Company of Boston: “We are of the opinion that this book is such a book as brings it within the provisions of the Public Statutes respecting obscene literature and suggest the propriety of withdrawing the same from circulation and suppressing the editions thereof’ (Corr.,III, 267 n).Whitman at first agreed to remove what Osgood called “the obnoxious features,” thinking that the changes involved “about ten lines to be left out, & half a dozen words or phrases” (Corr.,III, 267). But when he received a full list of the “lines and pages and pieces” to be “expunged,” which included several passages as well as the entire text of “A Woman Waits for Me,” “To a Common Prostitute,” and “The Dalliance of the Eagles,” he demurred. “The list whole & several is rejected by me, & will not be thought of under any circumstances” (Corr.,III, 270). He withdrew his book from Osgood & Co., and placed an official ban on any future attempt to suppress what he called his “sexuality odes.”Whitman had been repeatedly vilified in the American press for his obscenity, and New England had been particularly vocal in protesting his base sensuality.
Free Will
Authors: Vailati Ezio
Published: November 2023

Both Leibniz and Clarke attached great importance to the issue of free will, and like many philosophers agreed that the highest form of freedom involves willing as one should, namely, having one’s will in step with one’s right values. Unlike Spinoza, they also agreed that freedom of the will is a necessary condition for that higher form of freedom, and that Hobbes’s and Spinoza’s official necessitarian view that everything happens by metaphysical necessity destroys it (NE II, 21, 8i On the Liberty of Moral Agents: WI, 218-20). Both held that God, like us, is endowed with free will and follows his judgment of what is good, as we do when acting wisely (Theodicy § 234: GP VI, 256-57i WI, 218-20).
Lutheranism, Anti-Judaism, and Bach’s St. John Passion
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: November 2023

Although the bibliographies on Bach and on Judaica have grown enormously since World War II, there has been very little work on relationships between these two areas. It is not difficult to account for this. History, religion, and sociology scholars who focus on issues of antisemitism often lack musical training and are, in any event, quite reasonably interested in even more pressing social and political manifestations. Bach scholars, on the other hand, have largely pursued more narrowly musical topics such as notation, form, style, attribution, and chronology. A small branch has concerned itself with Bach and Lutheran theology, but its practitioners have generally centered on the librettos without paying much attention to the ways that the words are set musically. Strangely, almost no scholarly attention has been given to relationships between Lutheranism and the religion of Judaism as they affect Bach’s most problematic work in this respect, the St. John Passion. The only studies are in German, and, although each makes far-reaching observations about Luther, none of them adequately engages Bach’s music.

Luther’s scathingly polemic writings are fairly well known today. Because Bach’s indebtedness to Luther has come to be more widely acknowledged, listeners can easily assume that Bach harbored hostility to Jews and, accordingly, that his music probably projects such hostility. Many other listeners, however, believe Bach produced great music which transcends any sort of verbally specifiable meaning. Interpretive Bach research might reasonably be expected to have engaged these difficult issues more fully by now.
Authentic Evaluative Schemes
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: November 2023

Sometimes, when pro-attitudes like desires are induced in a person, and the per son acts on those induced desires, we believe-and I think correctly-that the person is not appraisable for behavior that arises from those desires. A typical sort of case would be one in which, in the absence of her consent, a cluster of irresistible desires has been implanted in the victim. At other times, this is not so: we feel that the person can, for instance, be blameworthy for acting on a posthypnotic suggestion when, through a series of past actions, she has deliberately and freely brought it about that she cannot now refrain from acting on the posthypnotic suggestion; or when she can easily thwart the influence of the posthypnotic suggestion.
Grounds Of Conflict
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

RELIGION and Science are two aspects of social life, of which the former has been important as far back as we know anything of man’s mental history, while the latter, after a fitful flickering existence among the Greeks and Arabs, suddenly sprang into importance in the sixteenth century, and has ever since increasingly moulded both the ideas and the institutions among which we live. Between religion and science there has been a prolonged conflict, in which, until the last few years, science has invariably proved victorious. But the rise of new religions in Russia and Germany, equipped with new means of missionary activity provided by science, has again put the issue in doubt, as it was at the beginning of the scientific epoch, and has made it again important to examine the grounds and the history of the warfare waged by traditional religion against scientific knowledge.
The Copernican Revolution
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

THE first pitched battle between theology and science, and in some ways the most notable, was the astronomical dispute as to whether the earth or the sun was the centre of what we now call the solar system. The orthodox theory was the Ptolemaic, according to which the earth is at rest in the centre of the universe, while the sun, moon, planets, and system of fixed stars revolve round it, each in its own sphere. According to the new theory, the Copernican, the earth, so far from being at rest, has a twofold motion : it rotates on its axis once a day, and it revolves round the sun once a year. The theory which we call Copernican, although it appeared with all the force of novelty in the sixteenth century, had in fact been invented by the Greeks, whose competence in astronomy was very great. It was advocated by the Pythagorean school, who attributed it, probably without historical truth, to their founder Pythagoras. The first astronomer who is known definitely to have taught that the earth moves was Aristarchus of Samos, who lived in the third century B.C. He was in many ways a remarkable man.
Determinism
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

WITH the progress of knowledge, the sacred history related in the Bible and the elaborate theology of the ancient and mediaeval Church have become less important than formerly to most religiously minded men and women. Biblical criticism, in addition to science, has made it difficult to believe that every word of the Bible is true ; everyone now knows, for instance, that Genesis contains two different and inconsistent accounts of the Creation by two different authors. Such matters, it is now held, are inessential. But there are three central doctrines-God, immortality, and freedom-which are felt to constitute what is of most importance to Christianity, in so far as it is not connected with historical events. These doctrines belong to what is called “ natural religion “ ; in the opinion of Thomas Aquinas and of many modern philosophers, they can be proved to be true without the help of revelation, by means of human reason alone. It is therefore important to inquire what science has to say as regards these three doctrines. My own belief is that science cannot either prove or disprove them at present, and that no method outside science exists for proving or disproving anything. I think, however, that there are scientific arguments which bear on their probability.
Mysticism
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

THE warfare between science and theology has been of a peculiar sort. At all times and places-except late eighteenth-century France and Soviet Russia-the majority of scientific men have supported the orthodoxy of their age. Some of the most eminent have been in the majority. Newton, though an Arian, was in all other respects a supporter of the Christian faith. Cuvier was a model of Catholic correctness. Faraday was a Sandymanian, but the errors of that sect did not seem, even to him, to be demonstrable by scientific arguments, and his views as to the relations of science and religion were such as every Churchman could applaud. The warfare was between theology and science, not the men of science. Even when the men of science held views which were condemned, they generally did their best to avoid conflict. Copernicus, as we saw, dedicated his book to the Pope ; Galileo retracted ; Descartes, though he thought it prudent to live in Holland, took great pains to remain on good terms with ecclesiastics, and by a calculated silence escaped censure for sharing Galileo’s opinions. In the nineteenth century, most British men of science still thought that there was no essential conflict between their science and those parts of the Christian faith which liberal Christians still regarded as essential for it had been found possible to sacrifice the literal truth of the Flood, and even of Adam and Eve.
Science And Ethics
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

THOSE who maintain the insufficiency of science, as we have seen in the last two chapters, appeal to the fact that science has nothing to say about “ values.” This I admit ; but when it is inferred that ethics contains truths which cannot be proved or disproved by science, I disagree. The matter is one on which it is not altogether easy to think clearly, and my own views on it are quite different from what they were thirty years ago. But it is necessary to be clear about it if we are to appraise such arguments as those in support of Cosmic Purpose. As there is no consensus of opinion about ethics, it must be understood that what follows is my personal belief, not the dictum of science. The study of ethics, traditionally, consists of two parts, one concerned with moral rules, the other with what is good on its own account. Rules of conduct, many of which have a ritual origin, play a great part in the lives of savages and primitive peoples. It is forbidden to eat out of the chief’s dish, or to seethe the kid in its mother’s milk; it is commanded to offer sacrifices to the gods, which, at a certain stage of development, are thought most acceptable if they are human beings. Other moral rules, such as the prohibition of murder and theft, have a more obvious social utility, and survive the decay of the primitive theological systems with which they were originally associated. But as men grow more reflective there is a tendency to lay less stress on rules and more on states of mind. This comes from two sources-philosophy and mystical religion. We are all familiar with passages in the prophets and the gospels, in which purity of heart is set above meticulous observance of the Law; and St. Paul’s famous praise of charity, or love, teaches the same principle. The same thing will be found in all great mystics, Christian and non-Christian : what they value is a state of mind, out of which, as they hold, right conduct must ensue ; rules seem to them external, and insufficiently adaptable to circumstances.
The Limits of the Duty to Relieve Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie
Published: November 2023

This is an enormous question. A full answer would require nothing less than a complete theory of morality. Having nothing that even approaches such a theory, I can only take a few broad swipes at the issue, and I shall leave many more questions than answers. This chapter can be seen as a statement of the work that remains to be done.

We can distinguish between four kinds of possible limits on the duty to relieve suffering. First, the value of relieving suffering may sometimes be outweighed by its cost from an impersonal point of view. Second, the relief of suffering might sometimes require the use of impermissible means.
The Logic Of Substitution
Authors: Landini Gregory
Published: November 2023

1905 was a watershed year for Russell. By its end he had developed an intensional calculus for the logic of propositions adequate to proxy a type regimented theory which employs predicate variables in subject as well as predicate positions. The theory affords a proxy for a theory of classes and relations-in-extension. For this reason, Russell often referred to it as his “no-classes” theory. He named it “the substitutional theory” because it allowed definite descriptions of propositions by employing the primitive notion of the substitution of an entity for another in a given proposition. The calculus is wholly type free and employs only one style of completely unrestricted variables-individual variables. It therefore adheres to the fundamental doctrines of Principles, and Russell had no small hope that it would salvage logicism from the grip of the paradoxes.
Thomas Aquinas versus Neil Armstrong
Authors: Silver Brian L
Published: November 2023

On 4 October 1957 the first man-made satellite to go into orbit was launched from the Soviet Union (R. I. P.)1 Sputnik’s speed and trajectory were calculated using laws published 280 years previously. Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion are still generally sufficient, even in the age of relativity and chaos, to account for the movement of most bodies in the everyday world. Their near infallibility in that world has prompted me to curse Sir Isaac on three occasions: in 1944 (London, Hitler’s V2), in 1973 (the Golan Heights, Assad’s artillery), and 1991 (Haifa, Sadaam’s Scuds). Waiting for the impacts, I spared a warm thought for the sixteenth century Italian Tartaglia, who is said to have abandoned research on the dynamics of moving bodies because he was fearful of possible military applications.
Undercutting and the Ramsey Test for Conditionals
Authors: Fuhrmann Andre , Levi Isaac
Published: November 2023

According to a suggestion made by F.P. Ramsey (1931), a conditional jfA then C is accepted (or assertible) according to an agent X if and only if the consequent C follows from the ‘minimal revision’ of X’s state of belief needed to accommodate the antecedent A. A belief state (or corpus, or theory) will here be represented by a set of sentences in some suitably regimented language closed under logical consequence.
Can Free Choice Be Known?
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak
Published: November 2023

The last two decades have witnessed a proliferation of attempts to formalize the notions of knowledge, choice, and rationality, especially in interactive situations. Two, admittedly related, types of problems arise in this context: the substantial philosophical questions that have a couple of millennia of experience in tormenting innocent minds, and the more modern formal questions. Among the former, the essence of rationality, choice, and knowledge may lead one to causal decision theory, self-referential paradoxes, and the ageold problem of determinism and free will. Among the latter, it seems that even when we have a very clear idea of some notion of rationality, a satisfactory formulation of it may be extremely evasive. At times, the formulation problem would indeed be rooted in a much more fundamental philosophical quandary. The main goal of this essay is to address a question of the second type. We highlight a problem in the formal modeling of rational choice and suggest a way to deal with it. The discussion seems to lead one inevitably to dangerous areas shadowed by ominous problems of “the first type.” On our retreat from these areas to a safe haven, we will naturally watch the ogres carefully and relate their size and ghastliness as seen from our viewpoint, though we will not tackle them directly.
Parent and Teacher Relations
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

Louisxrv of France understood the value of ritual. Life at his court seemed to mirror the orderliness of a choreographed dance. From the moment he awoke (attended by courtiers and dignitaries invited to ·witness the event) through the day (during which his every encounter was governed by strict rules of etiquette) to his retirement in the evening (again formally escorted), Louis XIV sought to establish a harmonious atmosphere in which specific rules of conduct were applied to every exchange and encounter.
Entering the Profession
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

The greatest difference among dance companies is size, not idiom. Large companies will be administered in similar ways, be they modern dance, jazz, or ballet. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, today there are very few companies that do not have a mixed repertory. The large company may have an extended touring schedule, although regional companies, such as the Houston Ballet or the Louisville Ballet, tend to cultivate their hometown audiences.
Direct Realism
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot
Published: November 2023

Discussions of our knowledge of “the external world” usually begin with the observation that, although such knowledge rests on the testimony of our senses, this should not be taken to imply that (even in veridical sense perception) we directly perceive material objects. According to Sextus Empiricus, “the faculty of sense does not deliver the external objects to the intellect, but reports its own peculiar affectio ns.” 1 Most writers on perception, both before and after him, have agreed. The view that we do directly perceive material objects (but not necessarily only material objects) is naturally describable as direct realism, direct in the sense that it denies that perception of objects is mediated by any intermediaries, though it is often called naive realism on the grounds that it is incompatible with some of the most familiar facts about perception. I believe that this appraisal of direct realism is quite unwarranted and will devote this chapter and the next to showing that this is so.2 Direct realism would deserve to be called naive if it denied that any perceptions are illusory, but as we shall see, it does not and need not deny this.
The Untruth And The Truth Of Skepticism
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot
Published: November 2023

We are now ready to attempt another answer to the skeptic, one based on the preceding considerations regarding the concept of reality. Can what I have called the particular (nonmodal epistemic) question, namely, Do we know or at least have evidence, in some particular perceptual situation, that what we perceive is a real material object? be given a nonskeptical answer, just as in chapter 4 I gave a nonskeptical answer to the general (non modal epistemic) question, namely, Do we know or at least have evidence that material objects exist? If it can, then we would also have a second nonskeptical answer to the general question, since a nonskeptical answer to the particular question entails a nonskeptical answer to the general question, though not vice versa. Thus my argument in chapter 4 in favor of the latter would receive welcome supplementation. But, as we shall see, we would still need that argument at a crucial point in our search in this chapter for a complete nonskeptical answer to the particular question. The fact is that both answers are needed. There is no circularity here, since the argument in chapter 4 is independent of the argument to be offered in this chapter. It’s just that the converse is not quite the case.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2023

From around the turn of this century, beginning with the work of G. E. Moore and into the 1950s, metaethics was primarily focused on the analysis of moral language. Metaethical inquiry during this period was preoccupied with questions about whether or not moral terms, and sentences containing such terms, could be reductively analyzed into terms and sentences of some other sort and, if so, what sort. Philosophers divided on these questions, some arguing that moral terms and sentences could not be reductively analyzed, others arguing that they could.
Introduction
Authors: Fast Susan
Published: November 2023

‘m so happy;’ wrote a thirty-five-year-old male respondent to my Led Zeppelin fan questionnaire,” that after years of being put down for worshipping such a ‘declasse’ band ... someone like you is giving their oeuvre the deserved attention of an academic:’ There has always existed a gap between the millions of fans who are devoted to Led Zeppelin’s music and the rock establishment critics and other artists-who found Zeppelin’s music bombastic, their offstage antics unruly even by rock standards, and their business practices ruthless and suspect.
Passenger steamers.— Chief stewards.— Coquimbo.— Huasco.— The port if Copiap6. — The city if Copiap6. —The prospector. — The bambooz.ler. — The river and valley ofCopiapd. — Chaflarci!lo. —Juan Godoy. —The bootlegger. —A voyage into the interior. —Admirable utilization Of water.— Chaiiarcillo again. —Bandurrias.—Pajonales.—A husband is responsible far his wife’s sins.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

lost hope of continuing my wild adventure-packed career as a cattle man on the pampas when the revolutionary schemes that filled the mind of my friend Rodriguez forced me to break off my relationship with that redoubtable chieftain. Poor as always, but desirous of avoiding temptations as dangerous as they were flattering, I decided to sail to far off Copiap6 in search of a kinder fortune than I had hitherto found inthe southern part of our country.
General considerations on Upper California, its past and present-Fortuitous events that hastened the discovery of gold in California. — Sutter’s arrival in America.— Brief biographical sketch of this captain of Swiss Guards in I830. — His model colony. — Sutter’s hired hand Marshall discovers gold at Sonoma. — The effect that this news produced in Chile. —My voyage to California. —A rebellion on board, incited by Alvarez. —How later on I miraculously saved this same gentleman from the gallows. —Mishaps during our voyage. The Golden Gate. — San Francisco Bay.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

Twenty-nine years have passed since foreign immigration, with its usual accompaniment of enterprise, energy, and progress, began to reach the lonely and remote regions that today make up the flourishing State of California.
Reports of the abundance and richness of the gold fields are confirmed. — The harbormaster. — Rosarito Amestica. — A tour of the town. — Contradictory reports about the mines and the best time to start working there. — My mining company begins its operations. — In the freight business.— The company goes into the laundry business
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

With most of our sails furled and our anchors at the ready we cautiously passed through the famous Golden Gate and soon, filled with excitement, we caught sight of the town that would, as though by magic, turn from the petty village of Yerba Buena into the rich and populous San Francisco. To be sure, we had no very clear idea of what that town might be like. We remembered that the place had belonged to Spain and to Mexico, we knew that it was far from any major city, and on these grounds we believed that we should find a second edition of some Curacavi.
A tempting invitation to write a vitriolic newspaper.— am appointed an immigration agent in Valdivia. —The civil servant and the personal servant. — Corral—The town of Valdivia.—The province of Valdivia. — What immigrationmeant for many people. — Unjustifiable encroachment on public lands and means far gaining ownership of them.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

They say that as soon as poverty comes in through the door of a house, virtue escapes through the window. There is a good deal of truth in that, though not because there are no remedies against the disease poverty, but because of the patient’s ridiculous reluctance to take them. A distinguished name, a former position in society, and our national concern with “What will people say?” are the worst enemies of the benefit that modest labor always yields to those who seek it. In his own country, no one dares to be a shopkeeper after having bought box tickets to the theater.
Arrival of the first immigrants at Corral. — The questions they put to the government agent. — Lessons to be learned from this interview. — An act of generosity by Colonel Viel in support of immigration. — Isla de la Teja. — Additional groups of immigrants.— The sort of people they were, a real treasure for Valdivia. — How Chileans understood immigration. — Advice on this subject pours in to the government. — Muschgay’s settlement, sponsored by Domeyko. — Muschgay, the archbishop, and the Larram family. — The arch-Catholic Muschgay adopts the Araucanian religion. — The dreadful Cambiaso in Valdivia.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

As I have had the pleasure of noting at the conclusion of the last chapter, not all Valdivians sacrificed the future well-being of the province to petty immediate profit; but their offers only halfway met the aims of the government and the true interests of the country.
Other Listening Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

Although many of the activities and skills discussed in the preceding chapters—particularly dictation—can be rather comprehensive and musically important, there are other activities listeners can engage in that enhance their listening skills and contextualize them in various ways.
Fungal Associations Of Fungi, Algae, And Plants
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Symbiotic interactions between fungi and phototrophs were instrumental in the colonization of land by algae and plants. Fungi may have helped the early phototrophs cope with the drying conditions of the terrestrial environment. Such interactions led to permanent associations now recognized as lichens, mycorrhizas, mycophycobioses, and endophytes of grasses (Atsatt, 1988, 1991; Selosse and LeTacon, 1998).
Symbiosis And Coevolution
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon
Published: November 2023

Although Darwin’s theory of organic evolution has provided an intellectual framework for understanding the processes of speciation and the unity of life forms, the theory has never fully satisfied evolutionary biologists. In Darwin’s view, evolution is the descent, with modification, of different lineages from common ancestors. Population genetics, natural selection in gene pools, adaptation, and isolating mechanisms have traditionally been considered by many biologists as significant factors in the evolutionary process. Evolutionary ideas are now being refashioned in the language of punctuated equilibria, genetic polymorphism, molecular evolution, and sexual selection. To this list of new approaches, one can add the concepts of coevolution and symbiosis. Evolutionary ecologists are convinced that evolutionary processes cannot be understood fully until the close interactions between organisms are examined. Indeed, the term symbiogenesis was introduced by Mereschkovsky in 1920 to recognize a process whereby new species arise as a result of symbiotic interactions between different organisms (Margulis 1991a, 1993a, b; Khakhina, 1992).
Introduction: Crossing Over
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

On April 13, 1882, Oscar Wilde, dressed in a green overcoat and black slouch hat, climbed into a large bucket and was lowered down a mine shaft in Leadville, Colorado. Wilde was on the Western swing of an American lecture tour that had begun in New York some four months earlier. As Richard Ellmann tells us in his biography, Wilde was more impressed with the miners and the cowboys than he was with much of the company he had been forced to endure earlier in his trip. “They were polished and refined compared with the people I met in larger cities farther East,” said Wilde. “There is no chance for roughness. The revolver,” he drawled, “is their book of etiquette” (1988, 204). At the bottom of the mine, high and deep in the Rocky Mountains, Wilde discovered that two ceremonies had been prepared in his honor. The first involved drinking whiskey for dinner. The second required him to use a drill to open a new shaft in the mine, a shaft that the Silver King, Leadville’s mayor, R. A. W. Tabor, had named “The Oscar” as a proleptic Hollywood tribute to the aesthetic visitor from England. Afterward, the assembled company went off to a casino, where there was music.
The Body English
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

The British Invasion-the blitz of British rock and roll bands on American radio from 1964 to 1966-well exemplifies the dynamics of exchange that define rock and roll as a form, whether before or after the emergence of a white rock and roll supposedly distinct from an African-American one despite common roots, however revised, in the same rhythm and blues tradition. As a trope, the British Invasion is a metalepsis, rendering the late early and the early late. Those once defeated by those they once colonized could, as it were, now point to these onetime revolutionaries and condemn them as colonizers in their own right. The British Invasion represents no less than the return of the American repressed-Afro-America. The Rolling Stones’ “Paint It Black” (1966) is a summary emblem for its fundamental concerns. We should remember, too, that British rock is working class in social origin and, in the case of the Mersey sound, also provincial. Here in fact dandy England bonds directly with black urbanity to cool off and rearticulate the American country cowboy, including the cowboy’s relation to black American culture. The paisley the British brought to the clothing styles associated with rock and roll in the Sixties is a fair metaphor for Pater’s psychedelic sublime, the supplement the cowboy needed to see that the world’s boundaries were fluxional fictions, ideologically constructed. Here all things mix and collide in a performance of its principles-boots and scarves, jeans and long hair; class, gender, ethnicity.
Syndromes Affecting Bone: The Osteogenesis Imperfectas
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders of type I collagen metabolism characterized by bone fragility. Associated features in some affected individuals include blue sclerae, opalescent teeth with characteristic radiologic features, hearing loss, deformity of long bones and spine, and joint hyperextensibility. The first reported case was probably an Egyptian, whose remains, dating from 1000 BCE, are in the British Museum (81). Credit is usually given to Ekman (65) for performing the first comprehensive study of the syndrome in 1978 and discussing its inheritance. In the early nineteenth century, Lobstein (111) and Vrolik (207) described the disease in the adult and the newborn, respectively. Spurway (177) and Eddowes (63) described blue sclerae, and in the early 1900s, Van der Hoeve and de Kleijn (200) mentioned deafness as part of the syndrome. Preiswerk (153) may have been the first to describe the dental abnormalities. The basis for the current clinical classification is the study by Sillence et al (169). A monograph on the disorder has been written by Smith et al (175).
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: Common and Well-Known Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

The syndrome originally described by Smith et al (28), in 1966, consists of both intrauterine and postnatal growth disturbance, cerebral maldevelopment or malfunction, bell-shaped thorax, variable rib-gap defects, respiratory distress, cleft palate, and micrognathia. Although approximately 55 cases have been reported, it is possible that the correct diagnosis of other examples may not have been made because of failure to perform autopsy or to take a radiograph of the chest.
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: Other Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Aase and Smith (1) in 1968 and Patton et al (3) in 1985 reported two generation inheritance of hydrocephalus, severe contractures of joints, dysmorphic pinnae, and cleft palate (Fig. 22–1). In each case, the parent was less severely affected (Fig. 22–2).
Syndromes with Unusual Dental Findings
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Marashi and Gorlin (5,6), in 1990 and 1992, described three examples of binary combination of congenital cataracts and canine radiculomegaly. They cited an earlier example of Hayward (3) in which canine radiculomegaly, delayed dentition, persistent primary teeth, oligodontia, and congenital cataracts were found in an 18-year-old female. Wilkie et al (11) reported a mother and daughter with congenital cataract, microphthalmia, and septal heart defect, suggesting that this combination represented a new syndrome. Gorlin et al (2) employed the name oculo-facio-cardiodental syndrome. About a dozen examples have been described to date (1–11).
Rhetoric and Scientific Controversies
Authors: Pera Marcello
Published: November 2023

The Sins of the Fathers and the Regrets of the Sons The philosopher-scientists who gave rise to modern science, let us call them the Founding Fathers or, for short, the Fathers, were deeply attached to the idea that science is uncontroversial. This is not because in science there are no controversies, which, especially for those who were struggling against Scholastic doctrines, it would have been ironic to maintain, but because in science there are ways of solving conflicts of opinion definitively.
The Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: Taking Apart a Scientific Controversy
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I look at a controversy that has raged in recent evolutionary biology: that which arose in paleontology about the so-called theory of “punctuated equilibria.” My story begins in the 1960s with two young would-be paleontologists, Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, in graduate school at Columbia University in New York City. Students of evolution’s history will know that these were the full summer days of neo
The Process of Writing Growing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Most people’s relationship to the process of writing is one of helplessness. First, they can’t write satisfactorily or even at all. Worse yet, their efforts to improve don’t seem to help. It always seems that the amount of effort and energy put into a piece of writing has no relation to the results. People without education say, ‘‘If only I had education I could write.’’ People with education say, ‘‘If only I had talent I could write.’’ People with education and talent say, ‘‘If only I had self-discipline I could write.’’ People with education, talent, and self-discipline-and there are plenty of them who can’t write-say, ‘‘If only ... ‘‘ and don’t know what to say next. Yet some people who aren’t educated, self-disciplined, smart, imaginative, witty (or even verbal, some of them) nevertheless have this peculiar quality most of us lack: when they want to say something or figure something out they can get their thoughts onto paper in a readable form.
Freewriting
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Freewriting is the easiest way to get words on paper and the best all-around practice in writing that I know. To do a freewriting exercise, simply force yourself to write without stopping for ten minutes. Sometimes you will produce good writing, but that’s not the goal. Sometimes you will produce garbage, but that’s not the goal either. You may stay on one topic, you may flip repeatedly from one to another: it doesn’t matter. Sometimes you will produce a good record of your stream of consciousness, but often you can’t keep up. Speed is not the goal, though sometimes the process revs you up. If you can’t think of anything to write, write about how that feels or repeat over and over “I have nothing to write” or “Nonsense” or “No.” If you get stuck in the middle of a sentence or thought, just repeat the last word or phrase till something comes along. The only point is to keep writing.
The Loop Writing Process
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

I’ve described the two ends of the spectrum of writing processes. One extreme is the dangerous method of painstaking writing where you figure out your meaning entirely before you start and thereby maintain complete control while you write. (Not quite so far in that direction is the direct writing process where, by and large, you maintain control of where you are going.) The other extreme is the open-ended process where you let the writing steer itself and let yourself be ignorant of where you might end up. The dangerous method may save you time and perplexity but it often gets you in trouble or leads to dull thinking. Open-ended writing maximizes growth in yourself and new thinking on paper but you pay the obvious price in time, energy, and uncertainty.
Other People
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The question is this. Do other people help you or hinder you in your writing? The answer, not surprisingly, is mixed: sometimes they help and sometimes they hinder. But it’s worth working out the answer in some detail because it turns out you can do something about it when an audience hinders your writing. A mother with her toddler chats with a friend in the parking lot outside Safeway. The child wanders back and forth as far as he can without letting go his grasp of his mother’s middle finger, sometimes babbling to himself and sometimes even to his mother and her friend. But he knows they aren’t listening, he doesn’t expect an answer. He also takes a kind of pleasure in half listening to their talk even though he doesn’t understand lots of what they say. Sometimes he comes closer and stares up at the friend’s face. In short, the child and the friend could be said to be paying half attention to each other. Then the friend squats down and pays full attention to the child: “How are you? Did you get a cookie in the store?” and the child slides around and hides his face behind his mother’s leg. This is not a scary or unknown person. The child has often played with him and will do so again. But his first reaction to full attention is to hide.
Writing for Teachers
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Teachers are one of the trickiest audiences of all, yet they also illustrate the paradox that audiences sometimes help you and sometimes get in your way. I think I got much of my original deep feeling for writing because of one of my high school teachers, Bob Fisher. He took me seriously. He wanted me to write. He asked me to write about things that were important to me. He opened me out. He assumed that I could write creatively in ways I never would have thought of, and I could. He assumed I would be deeply interested in topics I had never thought of, and I was. With him as a teacher I came to like writing, to look forward to it, to feel I was doing something important when I put words on paper.