bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaerobiosis and Carbohydrate Status of the Embryonic Axis of Germinating Cucumber Seeds
Authors: Pharr David Mason , Motomura Yoshie
Published: September 2022

The effect of anaerobiosis, imposed during germination of ‘Calypso’ cucumber (Cucumis sativas L.) seeds, was studied. Anaerobic conditions inhibited reserve mobilization from the cotyledons and dry weight gain by the embryonic axis. Within the embryonic axis, lipid degradation was stopped and use of all readily metabolizable carbohydrate reserves was strongly stimulated. By 48 hr of exposure to an anaerobic environment, the axis was nearly depleted of endogenous carbohydrate reserves. Aerobically germinating seeds accumulated a massive concentration of hexose sugars within the axis during the same time period. Thus, growth inhibition within cucumber seeds during anaerobiosis may result in part from carbohydrate deprivation of the embryonic axis.
Yield Compensation of Bean Genotypes Grown in Hill-plots
Authors: Beaver James S. , Kelly James D.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Puerto Rico to measure the effect of growth habit on the ability of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to compensate for variation in plant population in hill-plots. Five determinate and five indeterminate bean genotypes were grown in 1-m-diameter hill-plots ranging in population from two to 10 plants per hill-plot. The indeterminate genotypes produced a greater seed weight per hill-plot, a smaller 100-seed weight, a greater number of pods per plant, and a greater number of seeds per pod than the determinate genotypes. Number of seed per pod and 100-seed weight did not differ significantly as the number of plants decreased from 10 to two plants per hill-plot. Number of pods per plant and seed yield per hill-plot increased in a linear fashion as the number of plants per hill-plot decreased. A covariance analysis using number of plants per hill-plot as the cov-ariate would be appropriate for adjusting hill-plot yields for variation in plant population. The similarity of the seed yield response of determinate and indeterminate bean genotypes to varying population density would permit both habits to be analyzed in a single covariance analysis.
Flowering and Fertility of Hybrids Between Spring- and Fall-flowering Elms
Authors: Santamour Frank S.
Published: September 2022

Hybrids between diploid (2n = 28 chromosomes) elm (Ulmus) species that normally flower in March or April and those that normally flower in August or September flowered at various times from late October to mid-November when grown in Washington, D.C. Although such hybrids did not produce viable seed, they did produce apparently sound pollen. Chromosome pairing at diakinesis in pollen mother-cells in most of the diploid hybrids was sufficiently complete to allow normal meiosis to take place. An aneuploid (2n = 39) three-species hybrid with a preponderance of chromosomes from spring-flowering species produced abnormal flower buds in which meiosis took place later in the spring than American elm, but did not undergo anthesis.
In Vitro Subculture Applications for Ginger
Authors: Ikeda Lani R. , Tanabe Michael J.
Published: September 2022

Leafy aerial pseudostems and decapitated crown sections from in vitro plantlets of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were cultured in nutrient medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts, vitamins, sucrose, and various concentrations of BA and NAA. Pseudostems cultured on solid medium supplemented with 11 μM BA in combination with 0.6 μM NAA produced an average of five shoots and 15.3 roots. Decapitated crown sections cultured in liquid medium with 11 μM BA produced an average of 10 shoots and 16.3 roots. These subculture techniques could significantly contribute toward maximizing the use of high-quality rhizomes for in vitro propagation of edible ginger plantlets. Chemicals names used: 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), N-(phenyl-methyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
An Evaluation of a Home Horticulture/Small Farms Program Through Individual Consultation
Authors: Smith Tina M.
Published: September 2022

The objectives of this study were to a) determine the effectiveness of delivery of information, b) assess existing resources of the horticultural agent, and c) determine the effectiveness of methods to receive information from clientele. Results of this research indicated that 79% of the respondents followed the recommendation regardless of the tool used to deliver the information. The recommendations given to clientele helped to solve their problem regardless of the resource used by the agent. In addition, 77% of clientele followed the recommendation regardless of the method used by the agent to receive information.
Irrigation and Fertilization Management of Cut Chrysanthemums
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Stanley C. D. , Price J. F. , Jones J. B.
Published: September 2022

In Florida, most producers of cut chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) use overhead irrigation systems and fertilize with soluble fertilizer injected through the system. Trickle irrigation can be used to produce cut chrysanthemums with substantial savings in water (2). Controlled-release fertilizers can be successfully used to produce cut chrysanthemums (1) and may be advantageous in certain production situations (3). Direct yield comparisons influenced by the four possible combinations of irrigation and fertilization practices have not been researched in previous studies. We, therefore, evaluated main and interactive effects of overhead or trickle irrigation in conjunction with soluble or controlled-release fertilization on the yield and postharvest quality of cut chrysanthemums.
Screening Growth Regulators for Control of Passiflora edulis Sims and P. caerula L. Height
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C. , Bruce Reed R.
Published: September 2022

Passiflora caerulea L., blue passion-flower, has been hybridized with other species to produce hybrids of ornamental value and has been grown as a potted plant. P. edulis Sims, the passion fruit, has handsome 3-lobed leaves and large white ornamental flowers. Both species are large vines that would make interesting potted, patio hanging-basket or trellis plants if their stem elongation could be controlled.
‘Contender’ Peach
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Ballington James R. , Ritchie D. F.
Published: September 2022

‘Contender’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is being released to fulfill the need for a high-quality, consistent-cropping, yellow-fleshed freestone cultivar ripening between ‘Loring’ and ‘Elberta’.
‘TropicSnow’: A Freestone, White-flesh Peach for Subtropical Climates
Authors: Rouse Robert E. , Sherman Wayne B.
Published: September 2022

‘TropicSnow’ peach is released jointly by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station of the Texas A&M Univ. System and the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Florida.
‘Excel’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes Philip D. , Schalk James M. , Hamilton Max G.
Published: September 2022

‘Excel’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was developed jointly by the USDA and the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. This cultivar has high yield and excellent baking flavor, in combination with high levels of resistance to a wide array of disease and insect pests. Additionally, it has promise for use in snack foods.
‘Carolina Belle’ Peach
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Ballington James R. , Ritchie David F.
Published: September 2022

‘Carolina Belle’ peach is being released to fill the need for a firm, white-fleshed peach intended for local markets, and is proposed as an alternative to ‘Raritan Rose’.
‘Coastal Red’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Hall Melvin R. , Harmon Silas A.
Published: September 2022

‘Coastal Red’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was developed by the Univ. of Georgia at the UGA Coastal Plain Experiment Station. This cultivar combines high yield with high resistance to fusarium wilt and root-knot nematodes, resistance to soil insects, excellent storage quality, profuse plant production from bedded roots, and good baking and canning quality in a red-skinned cultivar.
‘White Storm’ and ‘Dark Storm’ Desert Willow
Authors: Simpson Benny J. , Hipp Billy W. , McWilliams Edward L.
Published: September 2022

Desert willow [Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet.] (7, 12) is a facultative phreatophyte (a plant whose roots will extract water from underground streams, a water table, or perched sources, or the strata immediately above these sources, but which can also function well in the absence of these water supplies). It is a tall shrub to a small tree (2, 3) and is native to the American southwest, from Baja California, southern California, southern Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico to southwestern Texas and northern Mexico (8, 9).
The Minnesota–Morocco Connection
Authors: BARTZ JIM , CLARK STEVE
Published: September 2022

In 1990, the Univ. of Minnesota, through its Colleges of Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine, and Natural Resouces, will have completed a unique 20-year program of assistance to the Government of Morocco in developing an institute of higher education in agriculture.in agriculture. Primary support has been provided to the Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan I1 (IAV), which has campuses at Rabat and Agadir. With a current faculty of about 350 and student enrollment of 2150, IAV is now fully engaged in teaching, research, advising graduate students, and conducting outreach programs.
Use of PROC GLM of SAS (or a Similar Linear Model Computing Tool) in Research Planning
Authors: Sanders William L.
Published: September 2022

Efficiency of horticultural research could be enhanced by a) eliminating low-powered experiments and b) using customized designs that wed the resources at hand more closely with the desired experimental objectives. A strategy for customizing designs can be invaluable as part of a broader strategy of sequential research planning that could improve the total efficiency of a researcher’s effort. Calculation of power of the test and evaluation of designs augmented sequentially over time are exercises that have not been done by most researchers because of the labor and tedium involved. However, the same software familiar to many researchers during the data analysis phase of experimentation may be used as a tool to complete these and other research planning tasks.
Summary, Comments, and Question and Answer Session
Authors: Stroup Walter W. , Paparozzi Ellen T.
Published: September 2022

First, we thank Littell, Sanders, Milliken, and Nelson for their excellent and highly relevant contributions. It is obvious from the size of the audience at the 1987 ASHS Annual Meeting at Kissimmee and the length and energy of the question-and-answer period that these were subjects of great interest to horticultural researchers.
Root-knot Nematode Populations and Carrot Yield Following Five Forage Legumes and Continuous Carrots
Authors: Guyton Ronald F. , Thompson John R. , Kimoto Royden , Kratky Bernard A. , Holtzmann Oliver V. , Thyr Bill D. , Miller William W.
Published: September 2022

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) juvenile population increased and carrot (Daucus carota L.) yield progressively decreased during eight continuous carrot crops grown over 37 months. When ‘Haifa’ and common white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) were cropped for 29 months and plowed down, two succeeding carrot crops suffered severe yield and quality losses and the juvenile nematode population in the soil in-creased greatly. However, there were significantly fewer juveniles in the soil and significantly higher yield and better quality of carrots when nematode-resistant ‘Nevada Synthetic XX’ and ‘Nevada Synthetic YY alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.) and continuous cultivation preceeded the carrots.
Seasonal Effects of Flooding on Greenhouse-grown Seedling Pecan Trees
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Bourne Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Seedling pecan tree [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] roots were flooded for 28 days while trees were either dormant, beginning budbreak, or in active growth, plus an unflooded control. Flooding roots while trees were dormant did not affect growth and seldom affected leaf elemental concentrations compared to unflooded trees. Trees with roots flooded during budbreak usually had less leaf area and were shorter, with smaller trunks than unflooded trees. Leaf N and Fe concentrations were decreased immediately after flooding, but, 56 days after trees were drained, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Mn concentrations were greater than in unflooded trees. Leaf area, tree height, trunk diameter, and leaf and trunk dry weights were not affected by flooding during active growth. Root dry weight was reduced 31% immediately after trees were drained, and 48% 56 days after trees were drained compared to unflooded trees. Trees flooded during active growth had lower concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn immediately after flooding, but, 56 days after trees were drained, leaf elemental concentrations were not significantly different from unflooded trees.
Row Arrangement, Plant Spacing, and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Zucchini Squash Yield
Authors: Dweikat Ismail M. , Kostewicz Stephen R.
Published: September 2022

Two field studies were conducted in Fall 1982 and Spring 1983 to evaluate two row arrangements (single vs. double rows per bed), four within-row plant spacings (0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.75 m), and three N rates for zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo L.) grown on sandy soils. Rates of 67, 134, and 202 kg N/ha were used in the fall, while 134, 202, and 268 kg N/ha were used in spring to determine the optimum levels of N for the higher population densities. Early and total marketable yields were higher with double rows in the spring experiment. Decreasing in-row plant spacing from 0.75 to 0.30 m increased total yield in both experiments, but decreased early yield in the fall experiment. Total yields increased as the N rate increased from 67 to 202 kg·ha-1, but then decreased at 268 kg·ha-1. Combinations of row arrangements and within-row plant spacings allowed testing of seven populations ranging from 11,111 to 55,556 plants/ha. The overall response of yield to increasing plant densities was linear in the fall, but quadratic in the spring, when the higher rates of N were used.
Transplant Age and N and P Nutrition Effects on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes
Authors: Weston Leslie A. , Zandstra Bernard H.
Published: September 2022

‘Pik-Red’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants grown in the greenhouse were fertilized with three levels of N and P. Nitrogen at 400 mg·liter-1 and P at 30 mg·liter-1 had produced the largest transplants at 5 weeks after sowing. Nitrogen at 100 mg·liter-1 produced the largest root : shoot ratio. Phosphorus had no effect on root : shoot ratios. Plants fertilized with moderate and high N levels in the greenhouse produced larger early yields in the field, but there was no effect of N or P level applied in the greenhouse on total yield. Four- and 5-week-old plants produced greatest total yields.
Cultivar Differences in Postemergence Graminicide Phytotoxicity to Juniperus
Authors: Neal Joseph C. , Senesac Andrew F.
Published: September 2022

Several juniper species and cultivars were compared for sensitivity to labeled and experimental postemergence graminicides. The junipers treated were: Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Wiltonii’ (blue rug), J. h. ‘Bar Harbor’ (Bar Harbor)), J. h. ‘Youngstown’ (Youngstown Andorra), J. chinensis L. ‘Pfitzeriana’ (Pfitzer), J. c. ‘Parsonii’ (Parson’s), J. c. ‘Sargentii’ (Sargent’s), and J. conferta Parl, (shore). The herbicide treatments were fluazifop-p, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, quizalofop, cycloxydim, and fenoxaprop at recommended rates for annual grassy weed control, with recommended spray adjuvants. ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper was injured, in decreasing order of severity, by haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, quizalofop, and fluazifop. Sethoxydim and cycloxydim produced no reduction in plant fresh weight for the juniper cultivars tested. However, sethoxydim plus adjuvants did reduce ‘Bar Harbor’ juniper visual quality ratings in 1986. Pfitzer juniper was slightly injured by haloxyfop in 1985 and by fenoxaprop in 1986. The other junipers were unaffected by herbicide treatments. Chemical names used: (R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid (fluazifop-p), (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (fenoxaprop), 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (haloxyfop), (±)-2[-4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanic acid (quizalofop), 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim), and 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(2H-tetrahydrothiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (cycloxydim).
Flooding Responses of Vaccinium Species
Authors: Crane Jonathan H. , Davies Frederick S.
Published: September 2022

Flooding damage causes millions of dollars in losses to horticultural crops every year. Plantings established on sites with poor drainage and/or an impervious soil layer may flood periodically after heavy rainfall or excessive irrigation. Planting sites with lowlying areas or where site preparation is inadequate for drainage of excess water add to the problem. Poor soil aeration associated with flooding may induce numerous soil and plant changes that adversely affect plant survival, growth, development, and yield. Organic and inorganic soil toxins may accumulate in flooded soils, adversely affecting plant metabolism and physiology.
Initial Heading Height Influences Branch Development in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Southwick Stephen M. , Yeager James T. , Grant J.
Published: September 2022

The effect of initial heading height on primary branch development in ‘Bing’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium) was examined in the first year of growth. Trees headed 51 cm above the soil surface resulted in fewer primary branches produced by 1-year-old trees than those headed at 75 cm and delay-headed at 142 cm, respectively. Branches on trees with lower heading height had narrow angles and longer branches than those on trees that were headed higher. Trees delay-headed at 142 cm produced the greatest number of primary branches with the widest crotch angles and shortest branch length. Branches were distributed along the entire length of the main leader in each treatment, but more branches with narrow angles and longer lengths were located 50 cm below the heading cut along the tree trunk. A significant linear relationship existed between branch angle and branch length in the 0- to 50-, 50- to 100-, and 100- to 142-cm sections along the tree trunk.
Correlation of Low Seed Quality with Growing Environment of Carrot
Authors: Dean Bill B. , Noland Thomas , Maguire James D.
Published: September 2022

Two surveys were conducted to evaluate the problem of low germination of carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed grown in the Columbia Basin area of Washington and Oregon. Analyses of weather data via a heat unit model demonstrated that the major difference in growing environment was the number of heat units (10C base) occurring before or during early bloom. The correlation between pre-bloom period heat units (May + June) and final percent germinability of seed lots from survey number one resulted in an r2 of 0.42 with the probability of F > 0.12. The second survey showed that the greatest reason for low seed germination among seed lots in 1984 was an increased percentage of abnormal germinants compared to 1983. This indicates that the seed germination problem in carrots may be due to seed being harvested at an immature stage, which resulted in low seed germination percentage.
Clonal Propagation of Pecan by Mound Layering
Authors: Wood Bruce W.
Published: September 2022

The lack of satisfactory methods for clonal propagation of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] rootstocks resulted in the examination of mound stooling as a propagation technique. Semi-hardwood shoots from severed stumps received several treatments involving phloem girdling and IBA. Rooting occurred only in girdled or girdled plus IBA (3000 and 6000 ppm) treatments. Girdling triggered, whereas IBA enhanced, rooting. Roots per clone was related to shoot diameter but not height. Clones were able to survive harsh field conditions, thus providing a method for cloning rootstocks and facilitating rootstock research. Chemical name used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Cupric Carbonate Controls Green Ash Root Morphology and Root Growth
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Struve Daniel K.
Published: September 2022

Dormant 1-year-old bare-root green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) seedlings were grown in CuCO3-treated (inner surfaces of plastic containers were painted with 100 g CuCO3/liters flat-white exterior acrylic latex paint) and untreated plastic containers to study the effects of CuCO3 on root growth. Plants grown in CuCO3-treated containers were nearly 50% taller than plants grown in untreated containers (119 vs. 81 cm, respectively). Root contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces had near zero elongation rates within 3 days. Roots inhibited by contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces were not killed and resumed elongation rates similar to non-CuCO3-treated roots within 3 to 6 days of release from CuCO3. Roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces were 50% shorter (14 vs. 28 cm), branched closer to the root apex (2.4 vs. 4.7 cm), and had more higher-order lateral roots (10.6 vs. 7.6) than roots contacting untreated container surfaces. Seedlings grown in CuCO3-treated containers had higher Cu concentrations in main roots, root tips, stems, and foliage than seedlings grown in untreated containers.
Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation in Fraser-fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Eric Hinesley L. , Wright Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Accumulation of biomass and nutrients was examined in a chronosequence of fraser-fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees. Estimated above-ground biomass of fraser-fir (2.4 to 2.7 m tall, 4444 trees/ha) after 7 years in the field was 40 t·ha-1, including foliage at 17 t·ha-1. At harvest, trees of this size removed 499 kg N, 33 kg P, 156 kg K, 160 kg Ca, and 26 kg Mg/ha. Foliage made up 46% and 42% of the total dry weight for 1.5- and 2.6-m trees, respectively. Forty-three percent to 63% of the above-ground nutrient content, depending on the element, was in foliage.
Comparison of Banded Ammonium Polyphosphate and Acid Urea Phosphate as P Sources for Potatoes
Authors: Stark J. C. , Ojala J. C.
Published: September 2022

Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to compare the effects of banded ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and acid urea phosphate (AUP) on P nutrition and yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank). The studies were conducted on a Declo silt loam containing 9% CaCO3 equivalent. Soil NaHCO3-P values were 6.9 and 12.1 mg·kg-1 in 1985 and 1986, respectively. Ammonium polyphosphate and AUP were applied at planting in bands above the seedpiece at 0, 60, and 120 kg P/ha in 1985 and 0, 40, and 80 kg P/ha in 1986. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a uniform rate of 240 kg N/ha. In both years, petiole P concentrations for the APP treatments were higher than those for the AUP treatments during most of the tuber growth period and tuber yields were 9% to 15% higher with APP than with AUP.
Predicting Physical and Chemical Properties of Container Mixtures
Authors: Jenkins J. R. , Jarrell W. M.
Published: September 2022

This paper describes a system for predicting container mixture physical and chemical properties from component properties. An additive model is presented that assumes that a mixture property is the weighted sum of the properties contributed by the individual components. To test this hypothesis, 24 combinations of sandy loam soil (Typic Xerothent), sand (Typic Xeropsamment), bark, and perlite were tested for bulk density, total and air-filled porosities, container capacity, available water, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, and cation exchange capacity. The measured experimental data were compared with values predicted from the additive model. Measured and predicted values were in good agreement for most properties, except saturated hydraulic conductivity and air-filled porosity for mixtures with low total porosity. Application of the same approach also worked well for previously published data.
Tolerance of Tall Fescue to Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: McCarty Lambert B. , Higgins Jeffrey M. , Whitwell Ted , Miller Landon C.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments were conducted with the objective of determining the response of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.‘CIemfine’) to various amounts of single and sequential treatments of sethoxydim and fluazifop at 0.10, 0.20, or 0.30 kg·ha-1 and xylafop, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop, and poppenate at 0.07, 0.15, or 0.30 kg·ha-1 These herbicides are known to control grass weeds such as crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] Turf color was acceptable following single and sequential fenoxaprop applications through 49 days after treatment (DAT). Turf density was not affected by single applications, but was slightly reduced by sequential applications. Single and sequential applications of poppenate provided acceptable turf color in 1985, except at 14 DAT at the high rate. In 1987, turf color was acceptable at 49 DAT. Turf density was reduced with the 0.30 kg·ha-1 single poppenate application. Sequential applications of poppenate also reduced turf density. Fenoxaprop provided acceptable turf color and density for either single or sequential applications, while poppenate provided acceptable turf color for single application at 49 DAT. Unacceptable turf color and density were observed for both years with single and sequential applications of fluazifop, sethoxydim, haloxyfop, and xylafop. Chemical names used: 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)buty]–5–[2–(ethylthio)propyl]–3–hydroxy–2–cyclohexen–1–one (sethoxydim); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxylphenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)–2–pyridinyl]–propanoic acid (haloxyfop); (2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid (xylafop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); and methyl 3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5–(trifluoromethyl)–2–pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]–pentanoate (poppenate).
Using Glyphosate to Control Eastern Dodder on Citrus in Jordan
Authors: Abu-Irmaileh Barakat E. , Fucik John E.
Published: September 2022

Glyphosate [41% a.i. isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg·liter-1 was sprayed on mature lemon and tangerine trees to control a heavy infestation of eastern dodder (Cuscuta monogyna Vahl.). All concentrations completely eliminated the weed from the tree canopies. At the higher concentrations, the herbicide appeared to slightly reduce leaf size, cause some minor fruit deformation, and increase the number of abnormal shoots.
2, 5-Norbornadiene Retards Apple Softening
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Sisler Edward C.
Published: September 2022

2,5-NBD, a compound which competes with ethylene for binding sites and inhibits ethylene action in plant tissues, was applied to ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) as a gas in either a closed or flowing system. Apples held in the closed system for 30 days at 25C in either 2000 or 4000 µl 2,5-NBD/liter were as firm as fruit held equally long at 5C; apples held in air at 25C were 19 N softer. Softening appeared to be mediated by ethylene. Soluble solids content and starch loss were similar for fruit held in air or in 2,5-NBD at 25C. The fruit’s internal ethylene concentration showed that 500 or 2500 µl 2,5-NBD/liter suppressed, but did not completely inhibit, autocatalytic ethylene production. The preserving effect of 2,5-NBD diminished after 50 days at 25C. Chemical names used: Bicyclo [2-2-l]-hepta-2,5-diene (2,5-norbornadiene; 2,5-NBD).
Individual Shrink Wrapping: A Technique for Fruit Fly Disinfestation in Tropical Fruits
Authors: Shetty Kiran K. , Klowden Marc J. , Jang Eric B. , Kochan Walter J.
Published: September 2022

Papayas (Carica papaya L.) that were infested with eggs and first instar larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) showed a reduction in the number of insects present when the fruits were subsequently wrapped for at least 96 hr with plastic shrink-wrap film. In a related study, individually wrapped mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) that were artificially infested with larvae of Drosophila melanogaster no longer harbored living larvae when the wrap remained for 72 hr. These studies suggest that further development of individual film wrapping techniques may provide a method for eliminating insect infestation from some edible fruits.
Is Ethylene Required for Apple Seed or Embryo Germination?
Authors: Ozga Jocelyn , Dennis Frank G.
Published: September 2022

We were unable to confirm the observations made by others that ethylene (C2H4) is required for germination of stratified embryos of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) In addition, silver thiosulfate and norbornadiene (1000 µl·liter-1), which in-hibit C2H4 action, either slightly promoted or did not affect seed or embryo germination. The addition of 166 or 332 µl C2H4/liter significantly inhibited rate and final percentage of germination of fully stratified seeds. Removal of atmospheric C2H4 or addition of C2H4 (up to 332 µl·liter-1) did not reduce the inhibitory effect of high temperature (30C) on seed or embryo germination. We conclude that the presence of atmospheric C2H4 at concentrations >20 nl·liter-1 is not essential for germination of apple seeds or embryos.
Interactive Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Cultivar on Tuberization of Potato Cuttings
Authors: Snyder Richard G. , Ewing Elmer E.
Published: September 2022

Cuttings of young potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) were used as a technique for evaluating the influence of temperature and photoperiod on the degree of tuber induction. Growth chambers were used to create four combinations of two air temperature regimes (“hot”, 30C day/25C night, or “cool”, 20C day/15C night) and two photoperiods (“long photoperiod”, 16 hr of light, or “short photoperiod”, 10 hr of light). The six cultivars and clones tested exhibited varying degrees of induction. Early maturing cultivars, such as ‘Norchip’ and ‘Cl-884’, were less affected by increased temperature with short photoperiod or by longer photoperiod under cool temperatures than were other cultivars. Raising the temperature under short photoperiod caused a reduction of about 50% in tuber dry weight from cuttings of the late-maturing ‘Katahdin’. Long photoperiod intensified the effects of higher temperature in reducing induction, especially with later-maturing cultivars such as ‘Katahdin’ and ‘Désirée’.
Changes in Acidic and Basic Peroxidase Activities during Tomato Fruit Ripening
Authors: Rothan C. , Nicolas J.
Published: September 2022

Activities of the acidic and basic peroxidases from tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Flora Dade) were determined at six ripening stages, from green to red-ripe fruits. Both the acidic and basic peroxidases reached a maximum during the climacteric, at the pink stage, but the relative increase in basic peroxidase activity was much more pronounced. Changes in the peroxidase, IAA oxidase, and ACC oxidase activities of the basic peroxidases paralleled the changes in ethylene production. However, in the presence of calcium, the degree of activation of peroxidase was constant throughout ripening, whereas the IAA and ACC oxidase activities of the basic peroxidases were only activated at the pink stage.
Pepper Seed Respiration, Germination, and Seedling Development Following Seed Priming
Authors: Sundstrom F. J. , Edwards R. L.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of jalapeno (Capsicum annuum L.) and tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.) peppers were placed in aerated distilled water for 9.5 or 8 hr, respectively, or primed for 144 hr in aerated 3.0% or 2.75% KNO3 solutions, respectively. After treatment, seeds from each replication were placed on moist filter paper in Petri dishes for germination tests, in rolled paper towels for radicle and hypocotyl development tests, or in 70-ml incubation jars for 24-hr respiration studies. All tests were maintained at 25C. Jalapeno seed germination percentage was not affected by seed priming, but the mean rate of germination was increased. Jalapeno hypocotyl development was advanced at 7 and 14 days following seed priming. Compared to the soak controls, primed jalapeno seed respiration rates were greater at 0.15 and 0.45 hr following removal from incubation solution, but were no different thereafter. Tabasco seed germination percentage and rate were positively influenced by priming treatment, but seedling hypocotyl development was only advanced at 7 days following treatment. Primed tabasco seed respiration rates were depressed significantly relative to the soak control, suggesting that priming treatment inhibits some aspect of seed metabolism during germination. These data support earlier observations that seed priming is not useful in tabasco field stand establishment efforts.
Outcrossing in Peach
Authors: Miller Pete J. , Parfitt Dan E. , Weinbaum Steven A.
Published: September 2022

Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isozyme variability in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars allowed estimation of outcrossing. After correction for undetectable pollen (of the same genotype as the homozygous Mdh-aa female parents), mean rates of outcrossing of 33% in 1984 and 15% in 1985 were observed. Although no significant cultivar or season effects were observed, a large amount of random variation was present, probably due to uncontrolled variables, such as pollinator behavior and weather conditions. Differences in floral morphology (showy vs. nonshowy flowers, flower color, and petal shape) did not influence rates of outcrossing. Chemical name used: L-Malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.37, malate dehydrogenase).
Virulence Studies and Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in Tomato Germplasm
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Madumadu G. G. , Uddin M. R. , Coplin D. L.
Published: September 2022

Six strains of bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis), isolated from tomato plants from greenhouses or fields near Cleveland, Ohio, were tested for virulence. The most virulent of the strains was used to evaluate 13 cultivars reported to be resistant to bacterial canker. Eleven of the cultivars were resistant at a high inoculum level (8.5 × 108 cells per plant) and the other two only at a lower level (8.5 × 102 cells per plant). It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify plants with intermediate resistance using a dilute inoculum of a virulent strain of C. michiganensis
Callus Production and Somatic Embryogenesis from White Ash
Authors: Preece John E. , Zhao Ji-Iiang , Kung Fan H.
Published: September 2022

Nonstratified white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seeds, with one-third or one-half of their length excised, germinated 100% in vitro compared to 0% for noncut seeds on Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium with no plant growth regulators. Explants, therefore, consisted of one-third or one-half of the seeds containing the embryonic axis with portions of the cotyledons. More callus formed on the cut end of the cotyledons on media with 1 μΜ than 10 μΜ 2,4-D. More callus and somatic embryos formed on seedlings that remained on primary medium for 4 weeks with 5 μM BA and 2,4-D than when BA was not present. The most embryogenesis was observed on seedlings on secondary media with Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrients and BA and NAA, both at 0.5 μΜ, or DKW nutrients with no plant growth regulators. Both direct and indirect embryogenesis were observed. Somatic embryos were quite variable; some had up to five cotyledons. Only a few embryos developed into small plantlets. The embryogenic ability of the callus lines persisted during several months of subcultures. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); (lαβ,4abβ,10β)-2G4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylegibb-3-ene,1,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA3, GA4+7); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAA).
Fluoride in Keeping Solutions Injures Cut Red Roses
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , Pearson-Mims Caroline H.
Published: September 2022

Many inorganic chemicals that commonly occur in drinking water are known to reduce the life of certain cut flowers (Hitchcock and Zimmerman, 1929). One ion that is very toxic to many cut flowers is fluoride (Spierings, 1969; Tjia et al., 1987; Waters, 1968). Fluoride occurs naturally in some water sources and is often added to drinking water to reduce tooth decay in humans. According to the National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulation, which went into effect on 2 Oct. 1987, the maximum contaminant level for F- was raised from 2.4 to 4 mg liter-1 (U.S. Government, 1986). More cases of F- injury to plants may be seen in localized regions with this regulation change.
Treatments to Prevent Flower Abscission in Geraldton Wax
Authors: Joyce Daryl C.
Published: September 2022

Flower abscission from the pedicel is a problem in postharvest handling of Geraldton wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schau., Myrtaceae). 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) dips or sprays (1) and silver thiosulfate pulsing (STS) (2) have been recommended to prevent flower abscission in Geraldton wax. NAA (40 μg·liter-1) dips are commonly used in Western Australia. This work was undertaken to determine whether NAA or STS is the more effective treatment for preventing ethylene-induced flower abscission in Geraldton wax.
‘Flordaglo’ Peach
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Flordaglo’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is an attractive, high-quality, white-flesh peach released by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station (Fig. 1). ‘Flordaglo’ is expected to replace the white-flesh ‘Flordared’ peach because it bears more attractive, firmer, and larger fruit. ‘Flordaglo’ is expected to be successful in home gardens and it should have commercial potential in areas where white-flesh peaches are acceptable in markets.
Belneb Rust Resistant-1 and -2 Great Northern Dry Bean Germplasm
Authors: Stavely J. R. , Steadman J. R. , Coyne D. P. , Lindgren D. T.
Published: September 2022

Belneb Rust Resistant-1 and -2 (Belneb RR-1 and -2), are two medium-large, white-seeded, viney, Great Northern (GN) dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm lines and are the first dry bean lines homozygous for resistance to 33 races of the bean rust pathogen [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Ungar var. appendiculatus] [= U. phaseoli (Reben) Wint.] recently identified (6, 7) from the United States and the Caribbean. These lines were approved for joint release by ARS/USDA, and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in Apr. 1988. Although nearly 200 races of U. appendiculatus have been identified worldwide (7), the 33 used here (races 38-70) are the only races virulent for several of the most broadly rust-resistant bean germplasm (6, 7).
Australian Floriculture–A Blooming
Authors: Joyce Daryl C. , Burton Neville W.
Published: September 2022

The cut-flower and potted plant industries in Australia have traditionally been based on exotic species. However, native Australian plants have gradually assumed greater importance—particularly in the expanding export trade, but also on local markets. Floriculture is practiced in all Australian states, with the major production areas for exotic cut-flowers (e.g., roses, carnations) and potted plants being close to the state capital cities. The cultivation of native Australian flowers and of South African Proteaceae tends to be somewhat more decentralized.
Inconsistencies in the Use of Statistics in Horticultural Research
Authors: Padaki Padmanabh M.
Published: September 2022

Despite the fact several papers have been published concerning the use and misuse of multiple comparison methods (MCM), one can still find examples of their misuses in recent issues of HortScience and the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Three topics discussed below are: regression, multiple comparisons and contrasts, and factorial experiments.
Reply to Viewpoint
Authors: Allen Hammer P.
Published: September 2022

The problem of statistics in horticultural research as reported in HortScience and the Journal is not unique to ASHS. Other societies are fighting the same battle. And certainly no one can disagree with Padaki’s comments. However, the question of inconsistencies in the use of statistics is a great deal more complex than he has stated. If all experiments could be easily analyzed as regression, multiple comparison and contrasts, and factorial experiments, the statistical issue would be greatly simplified. However, add to that list sampling, time (years), nonhomogeneity of variance, outliers, percent, transformation, subsamples, split-plots, interactions, unequal observations, dead plants, poorly designed experiments, lack of statistical consultants, poor access to statistical packages, etc. There is “no cookbook” to follow for every experiment nor do statisticians always agree on a single “correct” procedure. The problem is not easily solved.
Collecting Pyrus Germplasm in Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia
Authors: van der Zwet Tom , Cociu Vasile , Czarnecki Boleslaw , Nyeki Joseph , Blazek Jan
Published: September 2022

Three plant exploration trips were made to Eastern Europe between 1976 and 1980 in search of domestic Pyrus germplasm in five countries between the Baltic and Adriatic Seas. This collection of pear (Pyrus spp.) germplasm in Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia was preceded by 279 accessions from Yugoslavia (16). Descriptions of Pyrus spp., method of budwood collection and shipment, and the care and maintenance of the plant material at the U.S. Plant Introduction Station, Glenn Dale, Md. were covered in ref. 16. Trees were exposed to natural infection by fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.], Fabraea leaf spot (Entomosporium maculatum Lev.), and pear psylla (Cocopsylla pyricola Foerst.). In addition, evaluation of fruit size and a preliminary assessment of quality are being carried out. The most interesting accessions are being indexed for virus disorders before release.
Involving Alumni in Curriculum Evaluation
Authors: Trinklein David H. , Wells Judith A.
Published: September 2022

A horticulture curriculum requires regular evaluation because of changing student needs. Traditionally, faculty have reviewed the curriculum and have made changes depending on their own observations. In recent years, an attempt has been made to improve this process by consulting others. For example, task forces in horticulture have been formed at the national level to assess groups representing education, government, business, and industry to determine student needs and establish curricular priorities (2).
Policy Issues Regarding Property Rights in Biological Inventions
Authors: Centner Terence J.
Published: September 2022

Advances in biotechnology have led to the development of biological innovations that have been difficult to categorize and regulate under existing institutions. Considerable attention has been given to environmental issues regarding the release of organisms or materials into the environment, but more subtle issues concerning ownership and use of inventions pose additional challenges. Existing property-rights legislation is not completely amenable to recent inventions. Proposed and expected changes may lead to adjustments in breeding programs and market structure. Changed legislation also may present plant breeders and nurseries with opportunities for increased profits or may cause existing operations to become unprofitable. Scientists, breeders, and growers have varied but significant reasons for participating in the structuring of new property-rights legislation.
International Registrations of Cultivar Names for Unassigned Woody Genera
Authors: Huttleston Donald G.
Published: September 2022

During 1988, 37 cultivar names in unassigned woody genera were registered. During the year, registration of members of the genus Acer was assigned to Thomas W. Antonio, Chicago Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 400, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA. Beginning in 1989, he will register maple cultivar names. Anyone who is involved in the origination or introduction of new cultivars of ornamental plants is urged to see that they are registered with a view toward nomenclatural stabilization. A list of International Registration Authorities is available from the American Assn. of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA), P.O. Box 206, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA.
Lilac Registration 1988
Authors: Vrugtman Freek
Published: September 2022

All correspondence concerned with additional information or plant or propagation material of newly registered cultivars should be directed to the various registrants listed below, not to the Royal Botanical Gardens. Previous registration lists of Syringa appeared in AABGA Bul. 13(4):105-110; 14(3):95; 15(3):71-72; 16(4):131-132; 17(3):67-69; 18(3):87; and HortScience 23(3):458.
Corrigenda Lilac Registration 1986-87
Authors: Vrugtman Freek
Published: September 2022

Errors appeared in the Lilac Registration 1986-87. The entire registrations are printed below correctly. All correspondence concerned with additional information or plant and propagation material of newly registered cultivars should be directed to the various originators, describers, or introducers specified in the descriptions below, not to the Royal Botanical Gardens. Previous registration lists of Syringa appeared in AABGA Bul. 13(4):105-110; 14(3):95; 15(3):71-72; 16(4):131-132; 17(3)67-69; and 18(3):87.
Kalmia Registration 1988
Authors: Jaynes Richard A.
Published: September 2022

All correspondence concerned with additional information or plant or propagation material of newly registered cultivars should be directed to the registrants listed below. For the most recent and complete listing and description of Kalmia cultivar names, see Kalmia, the Laurel Book II, by Richard A. Jaynes, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
Thinning Stage Influences Fruit Size and Yield of Kiwifruit
Authors: Lahav E. , Korkin A. , Adar G.
Published: September 2022

An experiment in thinning kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa Planch.) vines at the bud swell stage vs. at fruit set stage was conducted in the Western Galilee to a) determine the optimal physiological stage of thinning, b) optimize fruit weight and yield, and c) determine the relationship between fruit number per vine and alternate bearing. A negative relationship was found between the number of fruits per vine and fruit weight or alternate bearing. Vines thinned at the bud swell stage always carried larger fruits than those thinned after fruit setting. As the fruit load on the vine decreased, smaller differences were observed between the two thinning dates. Assuming that individual fruit weight should not be < 70 g, thinning at the bud swell stage allows a yield of 1700 fruits per vine, and that at the fruit-set stage only 1400 fruits per vine. Vines not sprayed with Alzodef (H2CN2, cyanamide) to break dormancy yielded less than half the number of fruits as the sprayed vines.
Evaluating Fresh-market Peaches for Once-over Mechanical Harvesting
Authors: Peterson Donald L. , Scorza Ralph , Miller Stephen S. , Michael Glenn D.
Published: September 2022

Six cultivars and three advanced breeding selections of fresh-market peaches (Prunus persica Batsch.) were evaluated for once-over mechanical harvesting. Factors evaluated were uniformity of maturity, fruit size, and incidence of damage in firm-ripe fruit. Harvest date was determined by estimating visually when equal amounts of green and over-ripe fruits were on the tree. In practice this criterion was difficult to achieve. Only on two occasions during the 2-year test did the proportion of firm-ripe fruit exceed 80% of total harvested fruit. Mean incidence of damage due to mechanical harvesting ranged between ≍2% and 12%. Nonuniformity of maturity of fruit on a given tree is a major hindrance to once-over harvesting of peaches.