bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Austrian Analysis of the Nazi Economic Recovery (1933-1939)
Authors: Bas David Sanz
Published: March 2021

Hitler came to power in 1933. By that time, the economic situation of Germany was critical: there were almost six million unem-ployed, prices were in a decreasing trend and production had reduced considerably. In other words, Germany was suffering the worst economic crisis of its history. The Nazi Party promised to solve this dramatic situation and the truth was that, after six years, the German economy reached full employment, the in-dustrial output doubled and the Government raised a strong army. This amazing development has always puzzled many historians. How did they achieve this? What was the secret of the Nazis? In opinion of many economists and historians the Nazi Recovery demonstrated the power of the State to overcome economic problems. Thus, according to this view, the State could solve even the worst economic crisis, if it applied the right policies. Is this view correct? Could we learn anything from this historical episode to overcome economic crises? Did the Nazis discover the secret of full employment? In this paper I will study the Nazi growth strategy and I will try to answer these questions. In the first part of this article, I will explain the concrete policies that were undertaken by the Nazi Government, in the second part I will analyze them and finally there will be a section with the main conclusions.

The German economy was severely hit by the Great Depression. During the second half of 1920’s there was a massive credit expansion process which brought about a huge boom that ended in a sharp depression.1 After four years of political and economic crisis, Hitler came to power and his main objectives were to solve this critical situation and to restore the national dignity. Beforehand, it is appropriate to look the evolution of the main macroeconomic magnitudes (Table 1).

As we can see, unemployment was reduced extremely quickly and at the same time real production increased. If we look in more detail, the industrial production doubled in this period. And what happened to prices? We can say that prices did not increase significantly: just 10% if we take the official prices and 20% if we trust John Klein’s estimations. It is not an exaggeration to say that any Prime Minister would like this economic development for his country. Let’s explain what policies they exactly undertook to achieve these results.
The business cycle: a definition
Authors: Demeester Tuur
Published: March 2021

The goal of this article is to properly define the economic phenomenon of the business cycle. The text is rooted in the tradition of the Austrian School of Economics, and the methodological framework builds on concepts developed by Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. This leads to the development of a few new methodological concepts, such as a re-interpretation of «inflation» and «deflation», and the re-introduction of «imaginary goods» as an important social phenomenon. The core observation of the article is that the business cycle is in fact a subclass of another kind of cycle, the «fraud cycle». Our conclusion is that in order to produce a business cycle, the occurrence of institutional fraud in the sphere of money and banking are both necessary and sufficient. The counter-argument that honest banking can also produce business cycles is refuted in Appendix I. We believe this article is significant in two ways: 1) it provides an unambiguous recipe for the long term extermination of the business cycle; and 2) it helps expand the scope of the Austrian School beyond economics into fields of law and morality.

Key words: Business Cycle, Fraud Cycle, Austrian School, money and banking.

JEL Classification: B53, B49, D01, K13.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es definir apropiadamente el fenómeno económico del ciclo económico. El resto está enraizado en la tradición de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, y el marco metodológico parte de los conceptos desarrollados por Aristóteles y Tomás de Aquino. Esto conduce al desarrollo de algunos conceptos metodológicos nuevos, tales como la reinterpretación de la «inflación» y la «deflación», y la reintroducción de los «bienes imaginarios» como un fenómeno social importante. La observación central de este artículo es que el ciclo económico es de hecho una subclase de otro tipo de ciclo, el «ciclo del fraude». Nuestra conclusión es que para producir un ciclo económico, la existencia de un fraude institucional en la esfera del dinero y la banca es una condición necesaria y suficiente. El Apéndice I refuta el contra-argumento de que una banca honesta también puede producir ciclos económicos. Creemos que este artículo es significativo por dos motivos: 1) ofrece una receta clara para la eliminación del ciclo económico; y 2) ayuda a expandir el ámbito de la Escuela Austriaca más allá del campo de la Economía hacia los campos del Derecho y la Moralidad.

Palabras clave: Ciclo económico, ciclo del fraude, Escuela Austriaca, dinero y banca.

Clasificación JEL: B53, B49, D01, K13.
El alto coste de una libra barata
Authors: Whyte Jamie
Published: March 2021

Todos los días, usted puede leer algún comentarista económico o político celebrando el hecho de que Gran Bretaña ha mantenido su propia moneda en lugar de unirse al asediado euro.

Esto, según reivindican, ha permitido que la libra esterlina pier-da valor, por lo que los productos británicos resultan más baratos para los extranjeros y, de ese modo, se estimula el crecimiento de las exportaciones. El argumento es que si Grecia y Portugal tuvie-ran su propia moneda nacional y no tuvieran la carga del euro, podrían seguir el mismo camino hacia la recuperación económica.

Al igual que la opinión económica estándar de comentaristas y políticos, esta es una idea necia. Cuando la libra esterlina se devalúa los exportadores británicos se benefician. O bien reciben más libras a cambio de las ventas denominadas en moneda ex-tranjera, o cae el precio en moneda extranjera de sus productos y venden más. Pero esta ganancia de los que venden a los extran-jeros se compensa por la pérdida de los que compran a los extran-jeros, que ahora deben pagar precios más altos. Las devaluacio-nes de divisas proporcionan efectivamente un subsidio para los exportadores financiado por un impuesto a los importadores.

Si usted se preocupa más por los exportadores que por los im-portadores, tal vez porque usted mismo es un exportador, es po-sible que celebre este resultado. Pero si es un espectador neutral, como seguramente son los comentaristas económicos y políticos, esta transferencia de riqueza de los importadores a los exporta-dores no debería ser una fuente de alegría para usted. En gene-ral, los británicos no están en mejor situación.
La refutación de la teoría cuantitativa del dinero
Authors: Rallo Juan Ramón
Published: March 2021

En las primeras páginas de su The Theory of Prices, Arthur Marget insiste en que los economistas tienden a confundir la ecuación cuantitativa —M*V=P*Q— con la teoría cuantitativa del dinero (Marget 1938, 9-39). Si bien, como asimismo sostiene Benjamin Anderson (Anderson 1917, 161), la ecuación cuantitativa es en realidad una identidad contable irrefutable que tan sólo pone de manifiesto que el conjunto de los pagos realizados en una econo-mía —M*V— es igual al conjunto de los cobros —P*Q—, la teoría cuantitativa asume la existencia de unas relaciones concretas entre las cuatro variables de la ecuación cuantitativa.

Aunque, como sucede con la teoría del capital, existen casi tantas teorías cuantitativas como economistas, Joseph Schumpeter, en su monumental Historia del análisis económico, tasaba en cuatro las proposiciones básicas que se encuentran presentes en cualquier teoría cuantitativa: a) la oferta monetaria (M) es una variable inde-pendiente de los precios (P) y del volumen de transacciones (Q); b) la velocidad del dinero (V) está determinada por factores ins-titucionales y, o bien no varía, o bien varía muy lentamente; c) la cantidad de transacciones (Q) no depende de la oferta mone-taria (M); y d) los cambios en la oferta monetaria (en M), a menos que vayan casualmente de la mano de cambios en la cantidad de transacciones (en Q), provocan variaciones mecanicistas en to-dos los precios de la economía, con independencia de cómo se haya producido esa variación en la oferta monetaria (Schumpeter 1954, 703).

En efecto, si algo pretende probar la teoría cuantitativa es que, invariadas las restantes circunstancias, un incremento de M provocará un aumento proporcional de P, y para ello resulta necesario asumir que M es independiente de V y de Q (y V y Q de M) y que el aumento de P es una consecuencia de M y no al revés.

Pese a la popularidad lograda por la teoría cuantitativa, las cuatro hipótesis de partida son falsas. No quiero con ello negar que, en general, los aumentos de M no se traduzcan en ciertos incrementos de P —como decía Hayek, «desde un punto de vista práctico, pocas cosas podrían ser más graves que el público de-jara de creer en las proposiciones básicas de la teoría cuantitati-va» (Hayek 1967, 3-4)—, pero en aras del rigor teórico es inadmi-sible que aceptemos a pies juntillas unos razonamientos muy de brocha gorda que nos ocultan las auténticas interrelaciones entre el dinero, el crédito y los bienes económicos. Por ello, en este ar-tículo me centraré en analizar y refutar cada una de las cuatro hipótesis básicas de la teoría cuantitativa.
Freedom, creativity and the future of cities
Authors: Melián Gonzalo , Álvarez Gabriel Calzada
Published: March 2021

What will the cities of the future be like? This is a question that does not have an unequivocal response. The cities of the future will be developed by people who have not been born yet or who are not devoted to shaping urban planning policy and markets. Furthermore, these cities have not yet been created and will be created thanks to a knowledge that does not yet exist today. All we can do is try to draw along the general (alternative) guidelines according to which those future cities might be constructed and the consequences of every alternative. This work tries to analyze the main problems caused by today’s urban planning models and its results. Later we will try to explain the different general policy frameworks used to develop urban areas. Finally, we will offer a figure of the type of urban development and the economic consequences of every alternative. In this final step the author will analyze the scope that is granted to human creativity and social cooperation in each case.
Key words: City, knowledge, creativity, entrepreneurship, prices, economic calculation, speculation, corruption, cartesian order, spontaneous order, developed or contractual law, customary law and urban planning.
JEL Classification: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32.
Resumen: ¿Cómo serán las ciudades del futuro? Esta es una pregunta que no tiene una respuesta inequívoca. Las ciudades del futuro serán desarrollados por personas que no han nacido aún o que no se dedican a la elaboración de las políticas de planificación urbana. Además, estas ciudades todavía no se han creado y se crearán gracias a un conocimiento que no existe aún hoy en día. Todo lo que podemos hacer es tratar de esbozar diferentes alternativas para la creación de las ciudades del futuro y las consecuencias de cada alternativa. Este trabajo pretende analizar los principales problemas causados por los modelos actuales de planificación urbana y sus resultados. Además vamos a tratar de explicar los diferentes marcos de política general utilizados para las espacios urbanos. Por último, se ofrecerán dos posibilidades de planeamiento urbano y las consecuencias económicas de cada alternativa. En esta parte final el autor analiza el alcance que se otorga a la creatividad humana y la cooperación social en cada caso.
Palabras clave: Ciudad, Conocimiento,  creatividad, Función Empresarial, Precios, Cálculo Económico, Especulación, Corrupción, Orden Cartesiano, Orden Espontáneo, Leyes Contractuales o desarrolladas, Ley Consuetudinaria y Planeamiento Urbano.
Clasificación JEL: R00, R40, R48, R50, R52, R58, K11, K12, K32.
Fallacies and economic errors in globalization discussions
Authors: Bas David Sanz
Published: March 2021

Globalization is a very interesting field of study for social scientists. As usual, there are several approaches to this endeavor (Keynesian, classical liberal, Marxist, etc.) and it could be studied from various angles (economical, historical, political, sociological, etc.). Therefore, controversies are guaranteed. However, in these discussions about globalization, several economic fallacies and errors normally appear. In this paper I want to point out some of these common mistakes that participants in globalization discussions are prone to make and I want to show why I believe they are wrong. In order to dothat, I am going to use logical claims to try to demonstrate my points. I am going to divide the fallacies into four groups. The first topic is trade. The second subject is economic statistics. The third point is poverty. The fourth group is scarcity of natural resources and population growth.
Key words: Globalization, free trade, protectionism, economic growth and natural resources, poverty, foreign aid, statistics.
JEL Classification: F35, C0, I32,I38, Q34, FI0.
Resumen: La globalización es un campo de estudio muy interesante para los científicos sociales. Como suele ocurrir hay muchas aproximaciones a esta cuestión (keynesianos, liberales clásicos, marxistas, etc.) y puede ser estudiada desde varios ángulos (económico, histórico, político, sociológico, etc.). Por tanto, las discusiones están garantizadas. Sin embargo, en estas discusiones suelen aparecer numerosas falacias económicas y errores. En este artículo quiero mostrar algunos de estos errores más comunes que tienden a cometer los participantes en discusiones sobre la globalización. Para elloutilizaré exclusivamente una argumentación lógica. Dividiré las falacias en cuatro grupos: comercio, estadísticas económicas, pobreza y escasez de los recursos naturales y crecimiento poblacional.
Palabras clave: Globalización, comercio libre, proteccionismo, crecimiento económico y recursos naturales, pobreza, ayuda exterior, estadísticas.
Clasificación JEL: F35, C0, I32,I38, Q34, FI0.
Socialismo y descivilización
Authors: Soto Jesús Huerta de
Published: March 2021

En las páginas 80 a 83 de mi libro Socialismo, cálculo económico y fun ción empresarial (4.ª edición, Unión Editorial, Madrid 2010) explico el proceso de profundización «vertical» y extensión «horizontal » de la división del conocimiento práctico empresarial que permite (y a la vez exige) el aumento de la población, impulsa la prosperidad y bienestar general, y hace avanzar la civilización.  de la creatividad empresarial en áreas cada vez más estrechas y específicas y con un nivel de detalle y profundización cada vez mayor; 2.º, en el reconocimiento del derecho de propiedad privada de los frutos del empresario creador en cada una de dichas áreas; 3.º, en el libre intercambio voluntario de los frutos de la es pecia - lización de cada ser humano, intercambio siempre mutuamente beneficioso para todos los que participan en el proceso de mer - cado; y 4.º, en el continuo crecimiento de la población de seres  hu manos, que permite «ocupar» y cultivar empresarialmente un nú mero cada vez mayor de nuevas parcelas del conocimiento empresarial creativo que enriquece a todos.
Según este análisis, todo aquello que garantice la propiedad privada de lo que es creado y aportado por cada cual al proceso productivo, que defienda la posesión pacífica de lo que cada uno concibe o descubre, y facilite (o no obstaculice) los intercambios voluntarios (siempre, mutuamente satisfactorios en el sentido de que suponen una mejoría para cada parte) genera prosperidad, aumenta la población, e impulsa el avance cuantitativo y cualitativo de la civilización. Y por el contrario, todo atentado a la po - sesión pacífica de los bienes y al derecho de propiedad sobre losmismos, toda manipulación coactiva en el libre proceso de intercambios voluntarios, en suma, toda intervención del estado en la economía de libre mercado siempre tiene efectos indeseados, destruye la iniciativa individual, corrompe los hábitos de comportamiento moral y responsable, infantiliza y hace irresponsable a las masas, impulsa la decadencia del cuerpo social, consume la riqueza acumulada, y bloquea la expansión del género humano y de la población, así como el avance de la civilización, incremen - tando la pobreza por doquier.
Austrian business cycle theory: are 100 percent reserves sufficient to prevent a business cycle?
Authors: Bagus Philipp
Published: March 2021

Economists in the tradition of the Austrian school have shown that one type of maturity mismatching can cause maladjustments and business cycles.1 When banks expand credit, by granting loans and creating demand deposits, they generate immediately withdrawable liabilities to finance longer-term loans. The newly created demand deposits do not represent a reduction of consumption, i.e., that characterized by real savings. As a con sequence, in terest rates are artificially reduced under the level they would have been in a free market reflecting real savings and time preference rates.2 Thus, entrepreneurs are prone to engage in more and longer projects than could be financed with the available supply of real savings. Before all projects that are financed by the credit expansion are finished, a bust occurs. An absence of realsavings to sustain the factors of production in the production pro cesses and to produce complementary and necessary capital goods becomes evident. As a result, malinvestments are liquidated and the structure of production is brought in line with consumer preferences again. This is the Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) in a nutshell.

As a remedy Austrian economists such as Selgin (1988) and White (1999) have argued that a free banking system would be a means to inhibit the excessive credit expansion that causes business cycles. They maintain that the competition between banks would limit the credit expansion of the banking system effectively. Other Austrians such as Rothbard (1991) and Huerta de Soto (2006) have gone further and advocate a 100 percent re - rerve banking system ruling out credit expansion altogether.3 In this article it is argued that a 100 percent reserve system can still bring about artificial booms by maturity mismatching if there is a central bank or government support and guarantees for the ban king system. Even if we accept the case for a 100 percent re - serve requirement, we see that the maturity mismatching of liabilities and assets (borrowing short and lending long) is itself perilous–and in the same sense that fractional reserves are perilous.
Heterogeneous entrepreneurship and the Sunday Times Rich List
Authors: Evans Anthony J. Evans , Baxendale Toby
Published: March 2021

It may appear surprising that economists devote such little attention to the heterogeneity nature of entrepreneurship, however there are several possible explanations. The concept represents a well-known tension between typical economic theory and the concept of entrepreneurship itself. When Baumol (1968) and Kirz-ner (1973) wrote their seminal works they were attempting to respond to a perceived neglect of the entrepreneur within neo classical economics. The explosion of entrepreneurship re search since then has not been comfortably reconciled with for mal mo - dels, and indeed empirical studies have a tendency to lapse into psychological profiling. It might be argued that such profiling (be it in terms of gender, race, age, experience, education, IQ, marital status, employment history, etc) does make entrepreneurs hetero - geneous, however this differs from the way in which we use the term. «Heterogeneity» does not merely mean «differentiated» but ties into a deeper methodological debate about the nature of scientific analysis. In short, heterogeneity is an aspect of the broa - der concept of subjectivism. At a basic level subjectivism implies that individuals can interpret events in different ways, and as a consequence of this we expect a diversity of action that is glossed over when people are modelled as homogenous agents.
Having said this, it’s important to recognise the diversity of approaches and methodologies within the economics profession. For example, although the neoclassical system is liable to eschew premises that aren’t tractable, Austrian-school economists do tend to emphasise subjectivism and heterogeneity. But whilst this is strikingly evident in capital theory (see Lachmann 1956) it is cu-rious to note that a similar attitude towards entrepreneurs them - selves is underplayed. In short, since Austrians emphasise the functional qualities of entrepreneurship they treat entrepreneurs as homogenous blobs. This paper intends to strike a middle ground between homogeneity and psychological particularism by de-constructing the entrepreneur (Evans and Baxendale 2008).
¡Basta! (A propósito de la Nota de Justicia y Paz de Octubre de 2011)
Authors: Rute José María de la Cuesta
Published: March 2021

Escribo estas letras desde mi confesada pertenencia a la Iglesia Católica a la que profeso el verdadero amor de un hijo a su ma-dre en la que ve una solicitud permanente por la felicidad de todo el género humano como corresponde a su condición de depositaria, y hasta cierto punto administradora, del misterio de la fe.
Escribo desde mi convicción del deber que a todo cristiano nos alcanza de participar en la evangelización de todas las gentes y en la  necesidad urgente de proceder así en todo momento, como nos aconseja San Pablo.
Escribo sintiéndome urgido por la enseñanza de la propia Je -rarquía eclesiástica, particularmente de Su Santidad Benedicto XVI, acerca del alcance universal del mandato evangelizador que alcanza a todos los hijos de la Iglesia y no sólo a los miembros de su jerarquía.
Escribo estas letras persuadido de que con ello enlazo con la más pura tradición de la Iglesia que desde siempre se ha aplica - do a instruir a los más necesitados a fin de que pudiesen vivir de la fe, en la que ella es maestra.
Escribo estas letras sin la menor pretensión de pasar por sabio ni de dar lecciones, pero sí con el convencimiento de que la com -plejidad de la vida actual y la especialización científica que lleva consigo nos hace a todos ignorantes en todas las ramas del saber en las que no hemos recibido instrucción ni ejercido aprendiza je. Y esto vale para todos los miembros de la Iglesia, tanto para los clérigos como para los laicos y ya ejerzan potestad por formar parte de la jerarquía ya pertenezcamos al pueblo de Dios que ire - mos a su presencia después de la gran tribulación y por su misericordia infinita. Y digo esto con plena conciencia de la sabiduría de la Iglesia en humanidad y de que esa sabiduría se media por el magisterio de la Iglesia ante el que todo el pueblo de Dios, todos los fieles no somos más que discípulos que hemos de estar atentos a sus enseñanzas.
Ludwig von Mises as currency school free banker
Authors: Salerno Joseph T.
Published: March 2021

The centennial of the publication of the first German edition of Ludwig von Mises’s The Theory of Money and Credit offers an excellent opportunity to reconsider a long-standing controversy within modern Austrian economics. This revolves around the question of whether Ludwig von Mises favored 100-percent gold reserve banking imposed by law or free banking based on gold as the ideal monetary system. In this paper, I suggest that this debate is fundamentally misfocused and conflates means and ends. I argue that Mises advocated free banking as the most suitable means for achieving the goal of suppressing the issue of fiduciary media, in the form of bank notes and demand deposits. This goal was first enunciated by the nineteenth-century British currency school and embodied in its famous «currency principle.» My thesis is that Mises was a proponent of both the currency principle and free banking and that he viewed the latter as the indispensable means to regulate the behavior of the money supply according to the former. In defending this thesis, I seek to reframe the debate on Mises’s monetary views in a more meaningful way and to contribute to its resolution.

Key words: Mises, Currency School, Free Banking, Currency Principle, Monetary Equilibrium.

JEL Classification: B31, B53, E42, E52.

Resumen: El centenario de la publicación de la primera edición alemana de The Theory of Money and Credit de Ludwig von Mises, ofrece una exce-lente oportunidad para reconsiderar una controversia duradera dentro de la economía austriaca moderna. Ésta gira en torno a la cuestión de si Ludwig von Mises apoyó una banca de reserva en oro del 100% impues-ta por ley o una banca libre basada en el oro como su sistema monetario ideal. En este trabajo, sugiero que este debate está fundamentalmente mal enfocado y confunde medios y fines. Sostengo que Mises defendió un siste-ma de banca libre como el medio más adecuado para lograr el objetivo de suprimir la emisión de dinero fiduciario en forma de billetes bancarios y depósitos a la vista. Este objetivo fue inicialmente enunciado por la Escue-la Monetaria del siglo XIX e incorporado en su famoso «principio mone-tario.» Mi tesis es que Mises fue proponente del principio monetario y de la banca libre, y que observó a esta última como el medio indispensable para regular el comportamiento de la oferta monetaria conforme al prime-ro. En la defensa de esta tesis, trato de replantear el debate sobre las ideas monetarias de Mises de una forma más relevante y contribuir de este modo a su resolución.

Palabras clave: Mises, Escuela Monetaria, Banca Libre, Principio Monetario, Equilibrio Monetario.

Clasificación JEL: B31, B53, E42, E52.
Andrei Shleifer on government: A rejoinder
Authors: Block Walter
Published: March 2021

Although Shleifer himself might not interpret his paper (1998) as an unwarranted and gratuitous attack on philosophical anar-chism, that is precisely its thesis, as shall be demonstrated below.

This author starts off by noting that, at least compared to the views espoused by the leading economists of the 20th century compared to the decades at its close, opinion has shifted in the direction of less and less government participation in the economy. However, his (1998, 134) treatment is marred by characterizing Hayek (1944) and Simons (1948) as advocates of free enterprise. They were, instead, advocates of moderate socialism (Block, 1996, 2002). And this is nothing compared to Shleifer’s (1998, 135) citation of Samuelson’s (1948) description of the «free enterprise system» as one of «tremendous vitality.» Skousen’s (1997) read on Samuelson is far more apt. Skousen finds Samuelson with his pants down around his ankles in the latter’s comparison of the economic systems of the U.S. and U.S.S.R., where this Nobel Prize winning economist (in 1970)1 expects the latter to catch and surpass the former.

What, then, is Shleifer’s thesis? He states (1998, 135): «This paper beings by evaluating the case for in-house provision of goods and services by employees of a benevolent government. It argues that the conditions under which government ownership is superior in a country with good contract enforcement are very limited, and involve particular cases where soft incentives are extremely valuable and competition is very limited.» We begin to get the hint, though, that for this author the question is not really one of government or private provision of goods and ser - vices. Rather, the often explicit and always implicit assumption is that government must be in control of theoretically all decisions in the market, and the only real question is whether government should do the actual provision, or, under its total and complete supervision and control, sub contract the actual work to the so called «private» sector. It is as if we are in the last days of the U.S.S.R., or Castro’s Cuba or North Korea, and it is a given that the government should remain in overall control. The only issue is whether this continued management should be exercised in the same old way, by government itself, or, should we turn over a new leaf and allow private firms to achieve «social goals» as articulated by government, through contracting out the actual work to private entrepreneurs.
Platelet-Rich Fibrin-Mesh Technique for Inguinal Hernia Repair: Results of a Feasibility Pilot Study
Authors: Di Nicola Valerio , Tebala Giovanni
Published: March 2021

Background: Open mesh repair is one of the most frequently performed general surgery operations worldwide. Unfortunately, the classic technique using stitches to fix the mesh is still associated with a high risk of chronic pain. We propose a new technique that uses autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) to fix the mesh.
Methods: PRF is prepared in theatre by centrifugation of the patient’s own blood and immediately applied to fix the mesh. In this feasibility pilot study, five patients were operated upon with the PRF-mesh repair technique. Postoperative pain was evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS) up to 6 months after surgery. Time to recovery was also recorded for all patients. VAS in this small group of patients was grossly compared with that in a historical cohort of patients who underwent Lichtenstein repair; due to the small sample size, no statistical comparison was performed.
Results: Postoperative pain remained at low levels and no patient experienced chronic pain, recurrence or any other complication within 6 months. All patients returned to their usual activities within 3 days after surgery. The VAS scores confirmed that PRF-mesh repair may be associated with less pain than the Lichtenstein technique.
Conclusions: PRF-mesh repair is a safe and effective option in the treatment of inguinal hernias as it couples the safety of physiologically enhanced healing with the efficacy of prompt fixation of the mesh.
Use of Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose as a Hemostatic Agent in Neurosurgery: Appraisals and Recommendations to Prevent Postoperative Complications and Facilitate Follow-Up
Authors: Franceschini Gianluca
Published: March 2021

Neurosurgical hemostasis can be performed with bipolar coagulation and with the support of several dedicated biomaterials including oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC; e.g., Surgicel®, Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Oxidized regenerated cellulose is a sterile absorbable fibrous biomaterial that has become a major local hemostatic agent thanks to its ease of use, favorable biocompatibility and bioabsorption characteristics.
However, some postoperative issues associated with its use, such as allergic reaction, seroma, foreign-body reaction with compressive neuropathies and misdiagnosis during follow-up, have been reported. These complications could compromise clinical outcomes with a negative impact on patient quality of life and sometimes require risky major surgical procedures.
An understanding of the specific properties of ORC combined with adequate surgical expertise and compliance with some basic rules are needed to optimize clinical outcomes and minimize postoperative issues.
Surgical Techniques Ensuring Success in Posterior Endoscopic Cervical Foraminotomy and Discectomy at C6-7 in Patients with Prominent Shoulders and Short Necks
Authors: Liu Kaixuan , Kadimcherla Praveen
Published: March 2021

Introduction: There is a steep learning curve for a successful posterior endoscopic cervical foraminotomy and discectomy (PECFD), an important surgery for cervical foraminal or lateral disc herniation, and cervical radiculopathy due to a small operation field. PECFD becomes even more challenging in patients who have prominent shoulders and/or short necks with C6–7-disc herniation, because of the difficulty to localize C6–7 vertebral structure under fluoroscopy.
The study objective is to prove that the PECFD can be performed safely and successfully to C6–7-disc herniation on patients with prominent shoulders and/or short necks following our novel surgical techniques under fluoroscopic guidance.
Materials and Methods: PECFD was performed on a patient who had an extruded foraminal disc herniation at C6–7 on the left with left arm pain and weakness. Due to his prominent shoulders and a short neck, the C6–7 anatomic site was not visible under traditional anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic views. The authors inserted a reference needle to C4–5 facets between C4 and C5 pedicles under AP and lateral fluoroscopic views. Following the reference needle, the C6–7 facets were easily located with an oblique fluoroscopic view. A large endoscopic cannula was used initially for adequate resection of C6–7 facets, followed by a small cannula for nerve root handling with minimal pressure and discectomy.
Results: The novel surgical techniques resulted in a complete resection of the C6–7-disc herniation and resolution of the patient’s radiculopathy with no postoperative complications.
Conclusion: PECFD can be safely and successfully applied for C6–7-disc herniation in patients with prominent shoulders and/or short necks using our novel surgical techniques.
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED BY PLAN INTERNATIONAL IN
KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Ochieng Alice , Nyaga Juster
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The study focuses on stakeholder's participation and sustainability of community development projects implemented
by Plan International in Kilifi County. The target population was 96 respondents and the study adopted census. Data
was collected by use of questionnaires. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and multiple regression
model. The findings indicated that all the three factors which include, interactive participation, functional
participation and passive participation are statistically significant in determining the sustainability of community
development projects. From the study it is recommended that; Plan International should ensure local communities are
involved when making decisions, goals and objectives should be stipulated by both Plan International and Local
community. Staff should have adequate skills when implementing projects and should be trained on continuous basis
and the organization should give community a chance to present their opinions. Plan International needs to reduce the
extent of engaging stakeholder passively, ensure there is interactive participation, coordinate functional participation
among stakeholders.
Keywords: Functional participation, Interactive participation, Passive participation, Stakeholders' participation,
Sustainability
Perjalanan Pahlawan Perempuan Film Wonder Woman (2017) dan Mulan (2020): Kritik Feminisme terhadap Psikoanalisis
Authors:   Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Kesenian Jakarta, Tandian Erina Adeline
Published: March 2021

Film Wonder Woman (2017) dan Mulan (2020) memiliki kemiripan pola struktur naratif. Namun, beberapa fase perjalanan pahlawan perempuan Maureen Murdock dirasa kurang relevan dalam menjelaskan struktur naratif dua film tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji alur perjalanan pahlawan perempuan kedua film. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kajian literatur dan pendekatan observasi sinema dengan analisis tekstual dalam visual. Terdapat delapan fase perjalanan pahlawan perempuan di kedua film: dunia biasa, kesadaran untuk pergi, mempersiapkan perjalanan, dunia laki-laki, cobaan, krisis, kebangkitan, dan kehidupan baru. Perjalanan pahlawan perempuan kedua film juga berisi kritik feminisme terhadap pandangan psikoanalisis.
HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PADA PASIEN TUBERCULOSIS PARU RELAPSE DI RUMAH SAKIT SANTA ELISABETH MEDAN TAHUN 2015
Authors: Br. Karo Mestiana
Published: March 2021

Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis relapse is pulmonary tuberculosis patients who relapse or recurrent back. Support family also processes that occur throughout life, in which the source and type of support affects the life cycle stage family. Goal: This study aimed to identify the relationship with the family support medication adherence in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis relapse in Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan. Methods: This study Using cross sectional research design, sampling is done by total sampling method with a total sample of 25 respondents. Result: The results of support family size of 52,0% and compliance drink pulmonary tuberculosis drug relapse 52,0%. Conclusion: Di suggest to support compliance is to involve all family members as supervisors drink medication after discharge from the hospital, assisting the patient to consul back and provide health education of patients taking the drug and dosage schedule is recommended by health professionals.
PENGARUH AKSES DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PERILAKU IBU HAMIL DALAM MELAKUKAN KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANCUR BATU TAHUN 2015
Authors: Manurung Oktafiana , Siallagan Ermawaty Arisandi
Published: March 2021

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have very bad criteria in terms of health, marriage, employment, education, equality with men. This condition is thought to lead to low maternal access to antenatal care. Goals : Antenatal care in accordance with antenatal care standards may decrease Maternal and Infant Mortality due to regular antenatal care can detect early problems that occur in the mother during pregnancy.Methods : The type of this research is analytical descriptive with cross sectional design which aims to analyze the influence of access and motivation of pregnant mother to mother behavior in doing antenatal visit. The research was conducted in Pancur Batu Puskesmas Working Area. The population is 181 people and the sample size is 61 people. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression test.Result : The result of this research indicate that physical accessibility variable is the availability of unrelated officer (p = 0,461) to mother behavior in antenatal visit, social accessibility variable (p = 0,005) and attitude (p = 0,023), and for motivation variable is motive P = 0.005) and expectations (p = 0.019) had a significant effect on maternal behavior in antenatal visits.Conclution : Based on the results of research suggested Head of Pancur Batu Puskesmas to conduct training to officers especially midwives who provide services mainly about hospitality in providing services and to officers implementing services further improve the communication of information and education so that every pregnant women have a good understanding that can eventually cause attitude Positive, high motivation and expectation that can affect the mother in conducting standardized antenatal visits.
PENGARUH KELAS IBU HAMIL TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU TENTANG PEMERIKSAAN DAN PERAWATAN KEHAMILAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BATAM TAHUN 2016
Authors: Simorangkir R.Oktaviance , Sumardiani Lilis
Published: March 2021

In the Working Area of Pancur Batu Puskesmas class, pregnant women begin to be implemented in 2016, but still found the low knowledge of pregnant women about the ideal pregnancy examination and there are pregnant women who show unimportant attitude checking pregnancy to health workers. Goals : The purpose of this research is to know the influence of maternal class on pregnant mother's knowledge and attitude about pregnancy examination and treatment. Methods : The study used a quantitative method with cross sectional design. The population of 151 pregnant women in Pancur Batu Community Health Center and 132 of them (63 pregnant women who had attended pregnant mother class and 69 pregnant women who never attended maternal class) were used as samples. Data analysis using independent t test at significance level α = 0,05. Result : The results showed the total range of knowledge scores of mothers who had followed the class of pregnant women is 7-13 with an average value of 10.08 ± 1.82, while the total range of scores of mothers who never follow the pregnant women's class is 1-9 with an average value 4,97,1,94. There is a maternal class effect on maternal knowledge of examination and treatment of pregnancy (p <3,82. There is a maternal class effect on maternal attitudes about examination and treatment of pregnancy (p3.13, while the total range of maternal scores that never follow the class of pregnant women is 27-47 with an average value of 35 , 410.001). The total score of attitudes of mothers who have attended the class of pregnant women is 41-56 with an average score of 48.24 <0.001). Conclution : It is expected that the Health Office to schedule Pancur Batu Puskesmas to carry out pregnant women's classes regularly and carried out 2 periods a year. Pancur Batu Puskesmas is expected to maintain the quality of pregnant women's classes and counseling invites all pregnant women to follow the class of pregnant women.
FAKTOR –FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PENYAKIT HIPERTENSI PADA LANJUT USIA DI POSKESKEL RENGAS PULAU MARELAN MEDAN TAHUN 2014
Authors: S R.Oktaviance
Published: March 2021

Peningkatan jumlah lansia mempengaruhi aspek kehidupan mereka antara lain perubahan – perubahan fisik, biologis, psikologis, sosial dan munculnya penyakit degeneratif akibat proses penuaan. Keluhan kesehatan lansia yang paling tinggi salah satunya adalah keluhan yang merupakan efek dari penyakit hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor –faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyakit hipertensi pada lanjut usia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei potong lintang (cross sectional survey). Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah kelompok lansia di posyandu lansia dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 83 orang. Uji yang digunakan adalah uji Chi-Square dan uji Regresi Logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 68,7% lanjut usia mengalami penyakit hipertensi dan variabel yang berhubungan dengan penyakit hipertensi pada lanjut usia adalah variabel pola konsumsi makan dan usia. Variabel yang dominan adalah jenis kelamin dengan nilai (p value = 0,016 dan OR= 18,281). Variabel confounding adalah variabel kebiasaan merokok dan kebiasaan konsumsi kopi. Saran untuk Poeskeskel Rengas Pulau marelan Medan perlu ditingkatkan peranan tenaga kesehatan dan kader di klinik dan Poskeskel dalam memberikan program promosi kesehatan dan penyuluhan (konseling mengenai pola diet pada lansia dengan hipertensi atau tidak hipertensi).
PENGARUH LAUGHTER THERAPY TERHADAP ANSIETAS MAHASISWA TINGKAT I STIKes SANTA ELISABETH MEDAN TAHUN 2016
Authors: Karo Mestiana Br
Published: March 2021

Background: Anxiety is a feeling that can be experienced by anyone, such as anxiety during examination, anxiety when talking ahead of the crowd and others. So also with students, where students experience a transition from adolescence to adulthood. Students have many tasks to learn and start thinking about their future. All of these can make the student vulnerable enough to experience anxiety. Excessive anxiety can disrupt the learning process so as to reduce student achievement. For that we need a way to overcome it, one of them is laughter therapy. Laughter therapy is an antidote to stress, pain and cause excitement.Goals: This study aims to determine the influence of laughter therapy on anxiety in the freshman of STIKes Santa Elisabeth Medan.Methods:The research used one group pre test and post test design. Sampling technique with quota sampling method as many as 11 people from DIII Nursing, 14 people from DIII Midwifery and 38 people from Ners. Instruments used for data retrieval are SOP (Standard Operational Procedure) and observation sheet.Result: The result of the research showed that pretest ansietas was in moderate level of 46 people (73%) and posttest at light level of 42 people (66,7%). Data analysis was done by using Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test with p= 0,000 (<0,05).Conclussion: The conclusion is the effect of laughter therapy on the anxiety of first grade students. Suggestions are given so that the students do laughter therapy regularly to reduce the level of anxiety so that they will feel relaxed.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DENGAN SIKAP TENAGA BASIC LIFE SUPPORT DI PUSKESMAS PANCURBATU KABUPATEN DELISERDANG
Authors: Novitarum Lilis , Simbolon Siti Meilan
Published: March 2021

Knowledge and attitudes are the result of out through a specific sensing of objects and social interaction so that the formation of a person's actions. Basic Life Support was given an early intervention in the treatment of patients in cardiac arrest (cardiac arrest). Goal : This study aimed to analyze the relationship between knowledge with attitude of health workers on basic life support in Puskemas Pancur Stone Deli Serdang. Methods: The method used is descriptive analytic research with cross sectional approach. Samples numbered 32 with a sampling technique is total sampling. Measuring instrument used in this study a questionnaire. Result : The results of statistical tests chi-square test, p value = 0.014 was obtained. P value <0.05, it indicates there is a relationship of knowledge with the attitude of health workers in health centers BLS Pancur Stone. Conclusion : Expected to health workers in health centers Pancur stone to further improve and understand basic life support and can take action BLS in the treatment of patients who suffered sudden cardiac arrest, so handled quickly and accurately, as well as a training / seminar on basic life support on a regular basis.
ASUHAN KEBIDANAN PADA NY. T USIA 28 TAHUN P1A2 POST CURETTAGE ATAS INDIKASI KEHAMILAN EKTOPIK TERGANGGU DENGAN TINDAKAN LAPAROTOMI DI RUMAH SAKIT SANTA ELIS
Authors: . Lismawati , Oktaviance Ria
Published: March 2021

Ectopic pregnancies are impaired including high-risk pregnancies that can be marked by either spotting or moderate bleeding that can be life-threatening to the mother. Based on worldwide WHO research, there is a maternal mortality of 500,000 lives per year and infant mortality in particular 10 million neonates per year. More than 60% of ectopic pregnancies occur in women aged 20-30 with low socio-economic and live in areas with high prevalence ofgonorrhea and tuberculosis prevalence. In Indonesia the maternal mortality rate is 330/100,000 live births. Maternal mortality is estimated at about 16,500-17,500 per year. One-third of them are due to falling-out services.Goals : Performing a Craving Care in Pregnant Women Mrs.T Age 28 years old G3P1A1 with Disturbed Ectopic Pregnancy using a seven step Varney approachMethods:Using descriptive method with case study approach implemented by author through approach of midwifery management. The case observed by the author in this Final Report is Mrs. T Age 28 years G3P1A1 with Disturbed Ectopic Pregnancy at Saint Elizabeth Hospital Medan Year 2018.Results: Gain real experience on the implementation of Midwifery care in pregnant women with Disturbed Ectopic Pregnancy at Saint Elizabeth Hospital Medan. Implementation of midwifery care in pregnant women with Disturbed Ectopic Pregnancy at Saint Elizabeth Hospital Medan is in accordance with the existing theory and hope can be used as input by students so as to provide broad insight into the quality of midwifery services according to midwifery care.Conclution : Standards through the approach of midwifery care management in pregnant women with Disturbed Ectopic Pregnancy.