bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave oven extraction of an essential oil
Authors: Craveiro A. A. , Matos F. J. A. , Alencar J. W. , Plumel M. M.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil, extracted by a current of air from the leaves of Lippia sidoides Cham, heated in a microwave oven for 5 minutes, was qualitatively identical with that obtained by conventional steam distillation for 60–90 minutes.
Terpenes fromOtacanthus coeruleusLindl.: Identification of β‐copaen‐4α‐ol and a new criterion for discriminating between isomeric copaene and ylangene structures
Authors: De Buyck L. F. , De Pooter H. L. , Schamp N. M. , De Bruyn Ré , Zhang Weiguo , Buděšínský M. , Motl O.
Published: November 2006

The structure of the new sesquiterpene alcohol β‐copaen‐4α‐ol, isolated as a major constituent of the volatile fraction ofOtacanthus coeruleusLindl., was assigned using NMR information. The otherwise difficult discrimination between copaene and ylangene structures can be made unambiguously by a13C‐NMR criterion. All13C‐chemical shifts of the carbon atoms in copaene‐ylangene pairs are nearly superimposable, except for those of C‐2 and C‐6 which show striking differences (11 ppm). These differences are rationalized by invoking sterically induced shifts caused by 1,4‐'flagpole'‐interactions between the hydrogen atoms on C‐6 and C‐9 (for copaenes) or on C‐2 and C‐9 (for ylangenes) in boatlike conformations. In the1H‐NMR spectra, the chemical shift of the ‘compressed’ hydrogen atoms H‐6 (in the copaene) and H‐2 (in the ylangene) shows a 0.5 ppm downfield shift in comparison with the chemical shift of the unhindered ones (H‐2 in the copaene and H‐6 in the ylangene).
The essential oil of Thymus moroderi pau ex martínez (labiatae)
Authors: Adzet T. , Vila R. , Batllori X. , Ibáñez C.
Published: November 2006

Thymus moroderi Pau ex Martínez, an endemic plant of eastern Spain, yielded 1.2% of essential oil on hydrodistillation. The major components were 1,8‐cineole (24.5%), camphor (22.8%), camphene (10.6%), α‐pinene (6.4%) and borneol (5%).
Constituents of the essential oil of Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (guss.) tutin from Turkey
Authors: Akgül Attila , Chialva Franco
Published: November 2006

Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana Guss. is a bushy plant widespread in most regions of Turkey. The composition of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation from aerial parts of the plant in full bloom was analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC‐MS. α‐Phellandrene was the main constituent of the oil (51.0%), followed by methyleugenol (24.8%), β‐phellandrene (5.0%) and p‐cymene (4.3%). Several trials, using different techniques, have confirmed the total absence of sesquiterpenes in the essential oil.
Extraction of essential oils by refining of plant materials. II. Processing of products in the dry state: Illicium verum Hooker (fruit) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum nees (bark)
Authors: Bernard Thierry , Perineau Francis , Delmas Michel , Gaset Antoine
Published: November 2006

Extraction of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hooker) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees) was studied by a new solvent extraction technique involving 1,1,2‐trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluorethane. Thus useful yields of concrete were obtained (21% and 12% respectively). Hydro distillation of the concretes made it possible to obtain essential oils with yields similar to those obtained by direct hydro distillation of plant materials (9.5% and 1.1% respectively). GC‐MS analysis indicated that the composition of products obtained was similar to that of essential oils obtained by direct hydro distillation.
The volatile components of tinned black perigord Truffles Tuber melanosporum vitt
Authors: Talou Thierry , Delmas Michel , Gaset Antoine
Published: November 2006

A dynamic headspace procedure based on cryogenic adsorption on Tenax GC trap followed by heat desorption was developed for isolating volatiles from tinned Black Perigord Truffles Tuber melanosporum. Vitt. The analysis carried out by HRGC‐MS allowed the identification of 36 volatile compounds reported for the first time in processed truffles. Although the major of identified compounds were previously characterized as fresh Black Truffle aroma components, the two flavours were described as very different.
New naturally occurring sesquiterpenes from Scotch spearmint oil (Mentha cardiaca Ger.)
Authors: Surburg H. , Köpsel M.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the redistillation residue of Scotch spearmint oil (type ‘midwest’, Mentha cardiaca Ger.) was investigated. In addition to a number of known sesquiterpene alcohols the new natural compounds β‐bourbonen‐13‐ol (1b) and endo‐1‐bourbonanol (2a) were identified, as well as l,5‐epoxysalvial‐4(14)‐ene (4) and its exo configurated isomer 5.
Variability in the monoterpenes of needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst
Authors: Schönwitz Roswitha , Merk Lydia , Ziegler H.
Published: November 2006

The monoterpenes from needles of 47 adult trees of Picea abies (L.) Karst., grown under natural conditions, were studied to get information about the tree‐to‐tree variation within three adjacent locations and the differences between the locations. For the absolute amounts of the monoterpenes the tree‐to‐tree variation ranged between 50% and 70%, expressed as the relative coefficient of variation. All three populations showed similar variations. When looking for different genotypes, at each location two groups of trees were observed, which were characterized by the ratio of myrcene to limonene.
Synthesis, identification and determination of glucosides present in green vanilla beans (Vanilla fragrans Andrews)
Authors: Leong G. , Uzio R. , Derbesy M.
Published: November 2006

A preliminary study showed the presence of gluocovanillin and other glucosides in green vanilla beans (Vanilla fragrans Andrews). The glucosides of vanillin, vanillic acid, ρ‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and ρ‐hydroxybenzoic acid have now been synthesized and their structures confirmed by mass spectrometry and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. A reversed phase (C‐18) HPLC method, using a photodiode array detector, enabled separation and characterization of the authentic substances and this method was applied to the determination of these glucosides in green vanilla bean extracts of various origin.
Additional volatile constituents of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) fruit
Authors: Frohlich Otmar , Schreier Peter
Published: November 2006

The volatiles of fresh carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) were separated from the fruit pulp by high‐vacuum distillation and subsequent solvent extraction (pentane‐dichloromethane, 2:1). In three fractions obtained by preseparation of the concentrated extract with adsorption chromatography on silica gel (pentane‐diethyl ether gradient) the volatiles were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and combined capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HRGC‐MS) as well as combined capillary gas chromatography‐FTIR spectroscopy (HRGC‐FTIR). Direct pentane‐dichloromethane extraction with subsequent liquid‐liquid distribution and diazomethane derivatization was used for separation of the volatile acids. In total, 126 aroma compounds were identified, of which 76 are reported for the first time as constituents of carambola fruit pulp. The major part of volatiles comprised esters and carbonyl compounds. Quantitative HRGC revealed (E)‐hex‐2‐enal (2.4 mg/kg) and methyl benzoate (1.9 mg/kg) as major aroma compounds.
Constituents of the essential oil of Monodora tenuifolia (Benth.) W. Ash root
Authors: Oguntimein Babajide , Ekundayo Olusegun , Laakso Into , Hiltunen Raimo
Published: November 2006

The volatile oil of the roots of Monodora tenuifolia (Benth.) W. Ash (Annonaceae) was analysed by means of gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 41 components were identified. The major components were two unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (15.3%) and three indole derivatives: 3‐prenylindole (5.6%), 6‐prenylindole (4.1%) and an unidentified indole derivative (5.6%). The essential oil contained predominantly sesquiterpenes (33.4%).
Composition of the essential oil of Salvia pisidica Boiss. et Heldr
Authors: Şarer E.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia pisidica Boiss. et Heldr., an endemic plant of southern Anatolia, was studied by GLC after liquid‐solid chromatography. The major components of the oil were sabinyl acetate, α‐and β‐thujone, 1,8‐cineole and camphor.
Aromatic plants of tropical Central Africa. II. A comparative study of the volatile constituents of Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Guill. et Perr.) Engl. and Zanthoxylum tessmannii Engl. leaves and fruit pericarps from the cameroon
Authors: Lamaty G. , Menut C. , Bessiere J. M. , Aknin M.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils of leaves and fruit pericarps of Zanthoxylum leprieurii (Guill. et Perr.) Engl. and Zanthoxylum tessmannii Engl. were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Those obtained from Z. leprieurii contain only monoterpenoids, mostly hydrocarbons; terpinolene represents almost 50% of the leaf oil and trans‐β‐ocimene is predominant in the fruits (44%). Both contain fairly large amounts of A‐3‐carene (⋍14%). As with Z. leprieurii, Z. tessmannii gives volatile oils which contain mainly monoterpenoids, the oil distilled from the leaves containing only hydrocarbons; among them, α‐pinene (40.4%), myrcene (27.1%) and trans‐β‐ocimene (22.4%) are the most important. The composition of the fruit oil is more diverse, with a fairly large proportion of oxygenated products (⋍46%) among which citronellol, geraniol and their acetates are the most abundant.
Mass spectrometric identification of unsaturated terpene hydrocarbons by GC–MS after derivatization with trioxo(tert‐butylimido)osmium(VIII)
Authors: Rücker G. , Neugebauer M. , Daldrup B.
Published: November 2006

The mass spectrometric identification of unsaturated mono‐ and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons during the GC–MS analysis of essential oils is often difficult owing to lack of characteristic fragmentation patterns and because of isomerization and molecular rearrangements. Reaction of mono‐ and sesquiterpenes containing one or two non‐conjugated double bonds with trioxo(tert‐butylimido)osmium(VIII) gives vicinal monoamino alcohols, bisamino alcohols and aminotriols after reduction of the intermediate osmate ester amides. These derivatives show characteristic mass spectra which can be used as a ‘fingerprint’ for the identification of the respective parent compound. Moreover, it seems possible to derive some key fragments from the mass spectra, which can indicate the presence of certain types of alkenoic unsaturation in the hydrocarbon. This is true for vicinal disubstituted exocyclic double bonds, isopropenyl double bonds and methylsubstituted endocyclic double bonds.
Identification and sensory analysis of volatile constituents of babaco fruit (Carica pentagona heilborn)
Authors: Barbeni Massimo , Guarda Pier Antonio , Villa Mario , Cabella Paolo , Pivetti Franco , Ciaccio Filippo
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of babaco fruit (Carica pentagona Heilborn) were investigated. Two different methods of isolation of the volatiles were employed: (a) reduced pressure steam distillation followed by dichloromethane extraction: (b) direct extraction of filtered babaco pulp with diethyl ether. HPLC fractionation of the extracts was carried out. The extracts were analysed by dual capillary gas chromatography and combined capillary GC‐MS. The identified volatiles included 9 hydrocarbons, 20 alcohols, 9 carbonyls, 9 acids, 60 esters, 3 lactones, 2 sulphur and 7 miscellaneous components. Quantitative analysis of the major components (butan‐1‐ol and hexan‐1‐ol) showed similar results for the two isolation methods. Combined GC‐sensory analysis was carried out: of the 21 main odours detected, 18 were tentatively assessed by linear retention index comparison with authentic chemical standards. The aroma of babaco appears to be due to the collective effect of a number of components.
Steam volatile leaf oils of Melaleuca globifera R. Br., M. lateriflora benth., M. symphyocarpa f. Muell. and M. uncinata R. Br.
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V. , Boland Douglas J.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Melaleuca globifera R. Br., M. lateriflora Benth., M. symphyocarpa F. Muell. and M. uncinata R. Br., isolated by steam distillation, were analysed by GC–MS. All oils were entirely terpenoid with 1,8‐cineole as their main component. M. uncinata exists in several chemical varieties which can be distinguished according to their 1,8‐cineole and eudesmol contents.
Composition of the herb essential oil of Hyptis spicigera Lam.
Authors: Onayade O. A. , Looman A. , Scheffer J. J. C. , Svendsen A. Baerheim
Published: November 2006

The essential oil isolated from aerial parts of Hyptis spicigera Lam., used for example in baths in northern Nigeria, was analysed by capillary GC. Forty‐three components of the oil were identified, among which many occurred in small quantities. The identity of the components was confirmed by GC–MS using an ion trap detector. The oil was characterized by a high content of β‐caryophyllene (68%) and the presence of C16 and C18 fatty acid methyl esters. The present paper describes the analysis of the essential oil of H. spicigera, family Lamiaceae, grown in Nigeria. Neither phytochemical nor pharmacological studies on the plant have been reported previously.
Volatile flavour components of glycyrrhizae radix (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Regel et Herder) from China
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Kameoka Hiromu
Published: November 2006

The composition of the volatile oil of Kanzou from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Regel et Herder growing in northeast China has been investigated by capillary GC, GC–MS and 1H‐NMR. The oil contained 81 volatile components of which 35.0% were terpenoid. The main constituents were octanoic acid (11.4%), paeonol (8.9%), octadecane (8.6%), benzaldehyde (7.5%), α‐terpineol (7.5%) and 4‐terpineol (7.2%).
Parthenolide and other volatiles in the flowerheads of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip.
Authors: Banthorpe D. V. , Brown G. D. , Janes J. F. , Marr I. M.
Published: November 2006

Extracts of the flowerheads of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. were analysed by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). Those components that could not be matched with MS data banks were isolated by column chromatography/HPLC and then characterized by 1H‐NMR. Extracts of the leaves and roots were subjected to a similar but less detailed examination for purposes of comparison which revealed that the flowerheads contained more than four times the quantity of the pharmacologically active sesquiterpene parthenolide than the leaves. Thirty‐nine other compounds (mostly terpenoids) were characterized.
Structure‐odour correlation, part XII1: Dehydrotheaspirane analogues
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Meisel Thomas
Published: November 2006

From isophorone (1) and camphor (2) the spiro ethers 3–8 were prepared via the yne‐diols 12–17 and the ene‐diols 18–23. The attempted ring closure of 21 and 22 with KHSO4 furnished only the carbonyl compounds 24 and 25. Under these conditions 23 gave a mixture of the isomers 8a and 8b. Olfactive evaluation showed that the odour goes stepwise with increasing substitution at C‐2 (3 → 4 → 5) or C‐5′ (6 → 7 → 8) from harsh, camphoraceous to fruity and finally nutty, woody notes. These sensations are comparable with those of the dehydrotheaspiranes (type B) showing that the methyl groups in a position to the osmophoric oxygen atom are particularly important for the odour profile. The strongly hindered interaction of the ether atom of 8a with the receptor in comparison to the situation of the isomer 8b effects a great difference in both odour quality and quantity of these isomers.
Essential oils of plants from Hispaniola: 5. the volatile leaf oil of Lepechinia uvbanii (briq.) epling (lamiaceae)
Authors: Zanoni Thomas A. , Adams Robert P.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from the leaves of Lepechinia urbanii (Briq.) Epling from the Dominican Republic is dominated by δ‐car‐3‐ene (32.55%), δ‐copaene (13.82) and δ‐cadinene (12.51) with lesser amounts of β‐phellandrene (4.54), γ‐cadinene (3.41) and allo‐aromadendrene (2.83). Fifty‐six of 59 components were identified. Oil yield was 0.46 g/100g fresh weight (0.46%).
Variation of essential oil constituents in Vitex trifolia species
Authors: Suksamrarn Apichart , Werawattanametin Kittipong , Brophy Joseph J.
Published: November 2006

The major monoterpenes found in Vitex trifolia L. leaf oil were 1,8‐cineole, terpinyl acetate, sabinene and α‐pinene, whereas the major sesquiterpene was caryophyllene. In V. trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham, leaf oil the major monoterpenes were 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, terpinyl acetate and sabinene, but the sesquiterpenes identified in V. trifolia were completely absent in this oil.
New sulphur components of rose oil
Authors: Omata Akihiko , Yomogida Katsuyuki , Nakamura Shoji , Ota Tadao , Toyoda Takaaki , Amano Akira , Muraki Shigeru
Published: November 2006

New sulphur compounds in Bulgarian rose essential oil were investigated as follows: the steam distilled oil of the rose petals was fractionated by distillation, column chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography. GC and GS‐MS were employed for identification.

In this analysis, 16 sulphur compounds were identified, and n‐butyl methyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide, n‐hexyl methyl disulphide, 3‐(4‐methylpent‐3‐enyl)thiophene, 3‐methyl‐2‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)thiophene, 3‐(4,8‐dimethyl‐nona‐3,7‐dienyl)thiophene, α‐mintsulphide, 4‐(4‐methylpent‐3‐enyl)‐1,2‐dithiacyclohex‐4‐ene, 1,2‐epithiohumulene, 4,5‐epithiohumulene and 4,5‐epithiocaryophyllene were identified for the first time in rose oil. These compounds were found to contribute significantly to the odour of rose essential oil.
Analysis of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Indonesia
Authors: Taroeno  , Brophy J. J. , Zwaving J. H.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. from Indonesia was examined by GC and GC‐MS. A major part of the oil consists of monoterpenes with sabinene and terpinen‐4‐ol as main constituents. Sesquiterpenes accounted for a small part of the oil with sesquiphellandrene being the principal constituent. In addition to these terpenes the oil contains a number of phenylbutanoids. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation contained about 25 % of these phenylbutanoids whereas the oil obtained by extraction with light petroleum had about 46 %, with trans‐l‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)but‐l‐ene, trans‐l‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)butadiene and trans‐4‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)but‐3‐ene‐l‐yl acetate as the main constituents.
Structure‐odour correlation, part XIV: Aldol reaction of acyl furans to α, β‐unsaturated furanyl ketones (naginata ketone analogues) and their olfactive properties
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Schulze Matthias
Published: November 2006

Starting from the acylfurans la‐4a by aldol reaction of the Mukaiyama type the aldols lc, If, 2c, 2e, 2f, 3d, 3f, 4d, were prepared via the silyl enol ethers lb‐4b. Dehydration of the aldols gave the α, β‐unsaturated ketones lg, lj, 2g, 2i, 2j, 3h, 3j. Their olfactive properties are described. The 2‐acyl‐5‐methylfurans 2g, 2i, 2j exhibit the most pleasant odours.
Hydroformylations of some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from essential oils
Authors: Chalchat J. C. , Garry R. Ph. , Lecomte E. , Michet A.
Published: November 2006

Hydroformylation in the presence of tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium carbonyl hydride RhHCO(PPh3)3 was performed on selected terpenes: terpinolene, S(—)limonene, α‐ and β‐cedrenes, α‐ and β‐caryophyllenes and caryophyllene oxide. Except for terpinolene, in which only the trisubstituted endocyclic bond was hydroformylated. the double bonds affected were always exocyclic. These new fragrant compounds may be of use in perfumery.
Composition of the essential oil of Egyptian Cupressus sempervirens L. cones
Authors: Kassem F. F. , Harraz F. M. , El‐Sebakhy N. A. , De Pooter H. L. , Schamp N. M. , Abou‐Shleib H.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Cupressus sempervirens L. cones, prepared by steam distillation, was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Forty‐nine compounds were identified, accounting for 98.8% of the oil. Its antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococeus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.
Essential oils from the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Egypt
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , Schamp N. M. , Aboutabl E. A. , El Tohamy S. F. , Doss S. L.
Published: November 2006

Essential oils of leaves of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks, P. chinensis Bunge and P. lentiscus L., prepared by hydrodistillation, and studied by GC and GC‐MS, showed qualitative and quantitative differences. All three were found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons. In P. lentiscus 4% sesquiterpene alcohols were found, and no monoterpene alcohols, whereas in P. khinjuk and P. chinensis 16% and 8% monoterpene alcohols respectively were detected, and no sesquiterpene alcohols.
Chemical composition of the essential oils from the gum and from various parts of Pistacia lentiscus l. (mastic gum tree)
Authors: Boelens Mans H. , Jimenez Rafael
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated by extraction of mastic gum and by hydrodistillation from leaves, and unripe and ripe fruits of Pistacia lentiscus L. was studied. Up to 250 constituents were detected in the oils. From these components, about 90 could be identified and quantified, comprising over 95% of the oils. The gum oil contained 90% monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the leaf oil 50% monoterpene hydrocarbons, 20% oxygen‐containing monoterpenes and 25% sesquiterpenes, whereas the fruit oils consisted of 90–96% monoterpene hydrocarbons and 2–3% sesquiterpenes. The main constituents of the gum oil were: 79% α‐pinene and 3% β‐myrcene; of the leaf oil: 11% α‐pinene and 19% β‐myrcene; of the unripe‐fruit oil: 22% α‐pinene and 54% β‐myrcene, and of the ripe‐fruit oil: 11% α‐pinene and 72% β‐myrcene. α‐Terpineol and terpinen‐4‐ol (together 15%) were the dominant monoterpene alcohols in the leaf oil. Undecan‐2‐one (0.1–0.6%) seems to be an olfactively important constituent of the oils. Dimyrcene (four isomers) occurred (0.5‐4.4%) in all the oils.
Polynuclear aromatic compounds and other constituents of the herb essential oil of Salvia coccinea juss. ex murr.
Authors: Onayade O. A. , Scheffer J. J. C. , Svendsen A. Baerheim
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from herb samples of Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murr. were analysed by GLC, LSC and GC‐MS. The plant material was collected from the same location in Ile‐Ife, Nigeria, in three consecutive years. About 40 components including polynuclear aromatic compounds and their alkyl derivatives were identified in some oil samples. Their major components were acenaphthene (18%), trans‐hex‐2‐enal (11%) and globulol (11%) in 1987, globulol (65%) and aromadendrene (11%) in 1988, and 2,5‐dimethoxy‐p‐cymene (29%) and globulol (16.5 %) in 1989. The polynuclear aromatic compounds detected most likely originate in the plants.
The needle essential oil of norwegian mountain juniper, juniperus communis L. var. Saxatilis Pall
Authors: Looman Anja , Svendsen Anders Baerheim
Published: November 2006

The needle essential oil of Norwegian mountain juniper, Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pall., was investigated by headspace capillary gas chromatography. The average ratio of α‐pinene: sabinene: limonene was generally 21:45:5 (n = 25). However, at two rather cold and weatherbeaten habitats some shrubs were found with quite different ratios of these compounds, viz. 42:24:7 (n = 1) and 51: > 1:24 (n = 5), and 82: > 1:4 (n = 2) and 53:20:2 (n = 3), respectively.
The essential oil of Satureja parnassica heldr. & sart. ex boiss subsp. Sipylea P. H. Davis
Authors: Tümen G. , Sezik E. , Baser K. H. C.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of Satureja parnassica Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss subsp. sipylea P. H. Davis (Lamiaceae) were studied for the first time. 47 Compounds, out of 67 detected, have been identified by means of capillary GC and GC‐MS. The identified components represent about 95.5% of the oil. The major constituents found were carvacrol (49.9%) and p‐cymene (20.1%). In addition 33.7% terpene hydrocarbons, 6.4% monoterpenic alcohols, and 1.6% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were present.
Essential oil analysis of sideritis pauli Pau
Authors: Burzaco A. , Velasco‐Negueruela A. , Pérez‐Alonso M. J.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil from two samples of Sideritis pauli Pau has been studied by GC, GC‐MS and IR after preparative GC. Forty‐two components have been identified in the volatile oils, and α‐pinene (48.0%) is the major one.
Study of the chemical composition of the essential oil, oleoresin and its volatile product obtained from ambrette (abelmoschus moschatus moench) seeds
Authors: Cravo L. , Périneau F. , Gaset A. , Bessière J. M.
Published: November 2006

A comparison of the chemical compositions of the essential oil, the oleoresin and the volatile product of the oleoresin of ambrette seeds (Abelmoschus moschatus Moench) is reported for the first time. The three samples have been investigated by OC‐MS and are similar. The main difference is the lack of the alcoholic compounds (aliphatic alcohols and farnesols) in the oleoresin.
The essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. chemotypes
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena , Carmeli Dafna , Eshel Amram , Schenk Hans Peter
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils of Artemisia judaica L. from southern Israel (Negev) and from the Sinai was investigated by means of GC and GC‐MS. Artemisia ketone and artemisia alcohol were predominant in two different Negev oil types, while piperitone was the major constituent of oils of A. judaica from the Sinai. The main difference between the chemotypes is the absence of most of the artemisyl‐skeleton type compounds from the Sinai populations.
Composition of the essential oil from the leaves of buddleia asiatica lour
Authors: Garg S. C. , Dengre S. L.
Published: November 2006

Buddleia asiatica Lour. (Loganiaceae) is distributed throughout India. The essential oil, obtained from the shade‐dried leaves of the plant by hydrodistillation in a yield of 0.3%, has been analysed by chromatographic spectroscopic and chemical methods. Eighteen components including various monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids were characterized and measured by area normalization. The oil has been found rich in β‐caryophyllene oxide (21.7%), citronellol (16.7%) and β‐caryophyllene (15.8%). Five minor components (3.1%) remained uncharacterized. The oil has been found to possess good in vitro antifungal, antibacterial and anthelmintic activity.
Seasonal Variation in the Composition of the Essential Oil of Crithmum maritimum L.
Authors: Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Pais M. Salomé. S. , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The seasonal variation in the composition of the essential oil of seafennel, Crithmum maritimum L., was studied by GC and GC‐MS. Monoterpenes were found to be the major components of the oil, amounting to 97%. The sesquiterpenes were present in a relatively small amount, constituting up to 2% of the total oil.

Although all monoterpenes showed fluctuations in their relative amounts, the most conspicuous ones were recorded for sabinene (7‐42%) and γ‐terpinene (26‐55%). For the sesquiterpenes and for dillapiole, the only substituted phenylpropane derivative identified in this oil, of which the concentration ranged from 0.1% to 7%, no defined pattern of fluctuation was observed.
Essential oils of endemic thymus species from Portugal
Authors: Salgueiro Lígia M. Ribeiro
Published: November 2006

In Portugal there are four endemic ‘taxa’ of Thymus: Th. villosus L. subsp. villosus, Th. lotocephalus G. López & R. Morales, Th. camphoratus Hoffmanns. & Link and Th. capitellatus Hoffmanns. & Link.

As a contribution to better knowledge, keys with taxonomic features and chemical composition of their essential oils are given.

It was possible to describe some chemotypes of those taxa for the first time.
Chiral compounds of essential oils. Part XI. Simultaneous stereoanalysis of lavandula oil constituents
Authors: Kreis Peter , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

Enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography using the column combination Carbowax 20 M/heptakis‐(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in OV 1701‐vinyl allows the simultaneous stereodifferentiation of trans‐ and cis‐linalol oxides (furanoid), camphor, octan‐3‐ol, oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol, linalyl acetate, lavandulol, terpinen‐4‐ol and linalol. The method is applied to commercially available as well as self‐prepared essential oils of Lavandula species. Chirality evaluation is discussed in view of quality assessment of these essential oils.
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of citronellol in essential oils by chiral GC analysis on a modified γ‐cyclodextrin phase
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena , Ikan Raphael , Weinstein Vera
Published: November 2006

The enantiomeric composition of citronellol (trifluoroacetyl derivative) was determined on a commercially available fused‐silica chiral capillary column, Lipodex E. Laboratory‐made geranium Bourbon oils yielded higher enantiomeric excesses of (–)‐citronellol than commercial Bourbon oils, and than Egyptian‐type oils. In addition high enantiomeric excesses of (–)‐citronellol from rose oil and (+)‐citronellol from citronella oil were detected.
Variations in the essential oil of artemisia judaica L. Chemotypes related to phenological and environmental factors
Authors: Putievsky Eli , Ravid Uzi , Dudai N. , Katzir Irena , Carmeli Dafna , Eshel Amram
Published: November 2006

The essential oil content and compositon of Artemisia judaica L. from the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) and the Negev Desert (southern Israel) are related to a variety of factors such as season, plant age, and different plant parts. Differences were found also from samples collected at various locations.

The contents fluctuated with the season, reaching the highest level during the late summer. Seasonal variations in the essential oil content occur one month earlier in Sinai plants than in Negev plants. The essential oil content in the leaves is higher than in the branches and flowers. No differences were found in the relative percentage of the components in the essential oil from different plant parts.

Essential oil of A. judaica plants from the two regions was of two distinct chemotypes. An artemisyl‐oil type was predominant in the Negev samples, while a piperitone‐oil type was predominant in those collected in southern Sinai. These differences were evident in samples collected in the wild in all seasons, over a period of two years. Seedlings grown in a controlled environment, from seeds collected in the two regions, exhibited the same differences. It is, therefore concluded that these differences reflect genetic differences between the two populations.
Enantiomeric 2‐methylbutanoates: Sensory evaluation and chirospecific analysis
Authors: Karl Volker , Schumacher Katja , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

Phenolic 2‐methylbutanoates are known to be characteristic components of various essential oils, but their optical purity is not known. Enantiomeric pseudoisoeugenyl 2‐methylbutanoates have been synthesized and their sensory properties are found to depend on the optical and geometrical isomerism of the components investigated. Furthermore, (S)‐2‐methylbutanoates have been detected as the genuine esters from Pimpinella anisum (L.), Arnica (unknown splecies) and Pimpinella saxifraga (L.), using ester hydrolysis and subsequent enantioselective MDGC analysis of the corresponding 2‐methylbutanoic acid.
Headspace analysis of the dried herb of passion flower (Herba Passiflorae) and dried flowers of lime tree (Flores Tiliae)
Authors: Buchbauer Gerhard , Jirovetz Leopold , Remberg Barbara , Remberg Gerd , Nikiforov Alexej
Published: November 2006

The headspace of the dried herb of Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) and that of the officinal lime tree drug (comprising of the dried flowers of Tilia cordata Mill. and/or T. platyphyllos Scop.; Tiliaceae) were investigated by GC, GC‐MS and GC‐FTIR. As main compounds of the headspace of P. incarnata limonene, cumene, α‐pinene, prezizaene, zizaene and zizanene, and of the headspace of lime tree flowers p‐cymene, fenchone, α‐thujone, β‐thujone, camphor, anethole and menthone were identified by GC retention time correlations and by their mass and/or IR spectra. Additionally, information on the odour impression of the headspace samples, and data obtained by a sniffing technique are given. No single compound has been found to be responsible on its own for the typical odour of these drugs.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XL. The composition of the coumarins and psoralens of Calabrian bergamot essential oil (Citrus bergamia Risso)
Authors: Mondello Luigi , Stagno d'Alcontres Ildefonsa , Del Duce Rosa , Crispo Francesco
Published: November 2006

The content of bergamottin, 5‐geranyloxy‐7‐methoxycoumarin, citropten and bergapten in Calabrian bergamot essential oil was determined by HPLC. 128 genuine bergamot essential oils, cold‐pressed during the year 1992, were analysed; for each sample the date and area of production of the fruits is known.

The percentage of bergamottin ranges between 1.02% and 2.75%. 5‐geranyloxy‐7‐methoxycoumarin between 0.08 and 0.22%, citropten between 0.14% and 0.35%, bergapten between 0.11 and 0.32%. The mean content of bergamottin and 5‐geranyloxy‐7‐methoxycoumarin did not vary during the production period, while that of citropten and bergapten decreased considerably from January to March. There does not seem to be any evident correlation between the production areas of the fruits and the coumarin composition. The presence of some peaks absent in genuine bergamot essential oils, has been detected in three bergamot oils, available on the market, probably because of lime oil addition.
The EC flavour directive and the worldwide harmonization of flavour regulations
Authors: van Berge P.
Published: November 2006

After an introductory note on the development of food and food risks, a short historical overview is presented on the implementation of flavour regulations in the United States and the European Community. With the emergence of global markets the establishment of global inventories of flavouring materials and adjuncts is proposed which should be reviewed by an Independent Global Expert Panel.
Volatiles formed during extrusion cooking of cereals
Authors: Pfannhauser W.
Published: November 2006

Triticale (Triticum durum × Secale) has been investigated as an unusual cereal for new types of extruded foodstuffs. High‐pressure, high‐temperature short‐time extrusion cooking of whole‐grain cereals causes the formation of different volatiles, some of which have characteristic flavour notes. Combined sensorial‐analytical techniques such as GC‐sniffing analysis and instrumental‐analytical methods (GC‐MS) have been used for identification of the powerful flavour substances. Two main groups of volatile substances have been identified: firstly compounds originating from the lipids of the germ by oxidation processes (e.g. hexenal, hexanol); secondly pyrazines formed by reactions of proteins and starch. Until now there are only a few reports on the volatiles formed by extrusion cooking available in the literature. By comparison with flavour compounds of fresh bread, some substances which are possibly precursors of bread flavour have been identified and characterized.
The volatile constituents of Acinus alpinus (L.) Moench ssp. meridionalis (Nyman) P. W. Ball growing in Spain
Authors: Velasco‐Negueruela Arturo , Pérez‐Alonso María José , Jiménez Salvador Mesa , García Felipe Martínez
Published: November 2006

Analysis of two samples of the oil of Acinus alpinus (L.) Moench subsp. meridionalis (Nyman) P. W. Ball revealed the following composition: monoterpene hydrocarbons (6.1%, 14.1%), oxygenated monoterpenes (1.7%, 1.9%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (83.1%, 79.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (9.1%, 4.7%). The main constituents found were germacrene‐D (56.8%, 43.2%), trans‐β‐caryophyllene (6.2%, 15.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.9%, 11.7%).
Chiral compounds of essential oils. Part XIII. Simultaneous chirality evaluation of geranium oil constituents
Authors: Kreis Peter , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

The chiral monoterpenoids cis/trans rose oxides, mennthone, isomenthone, linalol, α‐terpineol and citronellol are stereoanalysed simultaneously, using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (enantio‐MDGC) and the column combination polyethylene glycol/heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in OV 1701‐vi.

The method is applied to the chirality evaluation of these monoterpenoids from geranium oils of different origin. The enantiomeric ratios are discussed in view of the origin assessment of geranium oils.
Profiles of essential oils of new Citrus hybrids
Authors: Ruberto Giuseppe , Biondi Daniela , Piattelli Mario , Rapisarda Paolo , Starrantino Angelo
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition of the essential oils of seven new citrus hybrids, obtained by crossbreeding grapefruit with clementine, was analysed by GC–MS. A total of 58 components were detected, 48 of them fully characterized. Limonene is consistently the main component of all the essential oils of the hybrids and the parents. Hybrid–hybrid and parent–hybrid differences in oil composition are reported. Variations during the fruit development of the percentage of six classes (non‐oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, aliphatic aldehydes, aliphatic alcohols, and esters) representing the minor components are also described.
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) from Réunion
Authors: Vera Robert
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) growing in Reunion (Indian Ocean) was investigated using capillary GC and GC–MS. Two main components 7‐methoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene (Precocene I) and β‐caryophyllene, a large number of terpenoids and some chromenes are reported. Two new compounds, coumarin and phytol (a diterpene alcohol), were identified.
Essential oil composition of Tagetes ternifora H.B.K. and Tagetes laxa Cabrera
Authors: Zygadlo J. A. , Abburra R. E. , Maestri D. M. , Guzman C. A. , Grosso N. R. , Espinar L. Ariza
Published: November 2006

The volatile oils of Tagetes terniflora H.B.K. and T. laxa Cabrera from wild populations growing in mountainous regions of Argentina were examined. The main monoterpenes of both species were β‐ocimenes, tagetones and tagetenones.
The essential oils of two endemic Teucrium species from Madeira: T. abutiloides L'Hér. and T. betonicum L'Hér
Authors: Barroso José G. , Pedro Luís G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Antunes Teresa , Sevinate‐Pinto Isabel , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Teucrium abutilodes L'Hér. and of T. betonicum L'Hér. were obtained in almost similar yields (<0.5%). The oils were complex mixtures consisting mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, which amounted to 55% of the oil of T. abutiloides and to 45% of that of T. betonicum. However, large differences, both qualitative and quantitative, were observed with regard to the fraction of sesquiterpenes of these oils. Germacrene‐D (13%) and δ‐cadinene (11%) were the most abundant sesquiterpenes in the oil of T. abutiloides, and β‐caryophyllene (12%) in that of T. betonicum. Oct‐l‐en‐3‐ol was the main component of both oils (20% of the oil of T. abutiloides and 24% of that of T. betonicum).
Isolation of curcumin fromCurcuma longaL. rhizome
Authors: Verghese J.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the retrieval of curcumin fromCurcuma longaL. rhizome are reviewed and evaluated. Solvent extraction of the rhizome is the best route for obtaining the dye.
Chemotaxonomic characterization of a Thymus hybrid from Portugal
Authors: Salgueiro Lígia R. , da Cunha A. Proença , Paiva Jorge
Published: November 2006

Thymus × viciosoi (Pau) Morales (= Th. bracteatus forma viciosoi Pau; Th. Variabilis Hoffmanns. et Link) is a hybrid of Th. Pulegioides L. and Th. Zygis L. ssp. zygis, which was not known to occur in Portugal but was recently collected in the Serra da Nogueira, the northeastern mountainous region of this country.

The hybrid showed intermediate morphological features of the parental species: hairy stems only on the angles and some leaves not revolute, with globular glands beneath, which are typical features of Th. Pulegioides; or some leaves revolute, calyx 3–4 mm long, with the superior teeth up to 1 mm, not ciliate, and the calyx‐tube 1.5–2 mm long, which are features of Th. zygis ssp. Zygis.

The essential oil of the hybrid also possessed an intermediate composition compared with those of the parents. In that area of Portugal, the oil of Th. pulegioides is of a thymol‐type and the oil of Th. zygis ssp. Zygis is of a carvacrol‐type. The essential oil of the hybrid is a thymol/carvacrol‐type oil.
Essential oils from some lavandula hybrids growing spontaneously in north west italy
Authors: Peracino V. , Caramiello R. , Maffei M.
Published: November 2006

Essential oils were isolated from several Lavandula hybrids growing spontaneously in the north‐west Italian Alps. GC analyses were carried out to determine the percentage composition of the oils. The data obtained were statistically processed in order to partition the natural hybrids according to their oil composition. The results showed the presence of five distinct groups of plants characterized by high linalol, linalyl acetate, cis‐linalol oxide, trans‐linalol oxide, 1,8‐cineole, camphor and germacrene‐D contents in their oils.
Composition of the leaf essential oil from vepris heterophylla R. let.
Authors: Moulis C. , Fouraste I. , Keita A. , Bessiere J. M.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the leaves of Vepris heterophylla R. Let. (Rutaceae), were studied for the first time. Thirty‐three compounds, out of the forty‐four detected, were identified by means of capillary GC and GC‐MS. The C12 hydrocarbons, geijerene and pregeijerene (together about 20%), are the main constituents.
Headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers
Authors: Brunke E.‐J. , Hammerschmidt F.‐J. , Schmaus G.
Published: November 2006

The volatiles of white hyacinths were isolated by dynamic headspace trapping. More than 70 constituents could be identified by GC and GC‐MS. The principal constituents were benzyl acetate and (E, E)‐α‐farnesene. Beside these, sensorily important substances like indole, oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol and phenylacetaldehyde were identified. Minor traces of three substituted pyrazines could be detected by GC‐sniffing. The advantages of the simultaneous “closed‐loop stripping” technique using various adsorbing agents at the same time were demonstrated. By this means artefact formation and discrimination of individual components could be determined.
Volatile leaf oils of some south‐western and southern australian species of the genus eucalyptus. Part II—Subgenus symphyomyrtus, section dumaria, series torquatae
Authors: Bignell C. M. , Dunlop P. J. , Brophy J. J. , Jackson J. F.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus melanoxylon Maiden, E. brachycalyx Blakely, E. rugosa R. Br. ex Blakely, E. griffithsii Maiden, E. concinna Maiden & Blakely, E. corrugata Luehm., E. torquata Luehm. and E. pimpiniana Maiden, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC–MS. All species contained α‐pinene (6–39%), α‐pinene (3–10%), 1,8‐cineole (7–30%), p‐cymene (2–17%), aromadendrene (0.5–9%), trans‐pinocarveol (1‐11%) and β‐eudesmol (0.5–10%) as principal leaf oil components.
The essential oil from leaves of salvia canariensis L
Authors: Cañigueral Salvador , Iglesias José , Vila Roser , Virgili Albert , Ibáñez Carles
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Salvia canariensis L. obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated by GC–FID, GC–MS and GC–FTIR. The main constituents of the oil were the sesquiterpenes β‐caryophyllene (30%) and globulol (17%), together with the monoterpenes bornyl acetate (17%), α‐pinene (10%) and camphene (8%). The structure of globulol was assigned using IR, mass and mainly NMR spectroscopy, after isolation of the compound by column chromatography. The assigned NMR data of globulol are given.
Composition of the essential oil of artemisia argentea l′hér., an endemic species of the madeira archipelago
Authors: Figueiredo A. Cristina , Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. , Fontinha Susana S. , Looman Anja , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils from different aerial parts of Artemisia argentea L'Hér. was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The oils were isolated separately from flower heads, and from leaves collected during the flowering period and the vegetative phase of the plant. The composition of the oils did not differ to a large extent. The three oil samples consisted mainly of monoterpenes (67–73%). α‐Phellandrene (25–27%) was the dominant component of the oils analysed, while isopinocamphone (cis‐3‐pinanone; 7–12%) was the second most important monoterpene. The sesquiterpene fraction amounting to 21–27% of the oils, was dominated by β‐caryophyllene (5–8%) and β‐eudesmol (8% in each oil sample).
Constituents of the essential oil of blumea brevipes (oliv. & hiern) willd
Authors: Mwangi J. W. , Achola K. J. , Lwande W. , Hassanali A. , Laurent R.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil of Blumea brevipes (Oliv. & Hiern) Willd. isolated by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Sixty‐eight compounds constituting about 94% of the oil were identified. The main components were terpinen‐4‐ol (27.6%), germacrene‐D (15.4%), sabinene (8.0%) and α‐terpinene (5.5%). The essential oil composition of B. brevipes presented here (terpinenol‐germacrene‐type) is different from that of other Blumea/Laggera species.
Volatile constituent of the liverwortchiloscyphus pallidus(mitt.) engel & schuster
Authors: Toyota Masao , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: November 2006

The stem‐leaf liverwort,Chiloscyphus pallidus(Mitt.) Engel & Schuster (Jungermanniales) emits an intense smell reminiscent of the stink bug (Pentatomidae). An ether extract of this species which was collected in New Zealand, was analysed by GC‐MS. The major constituent was identified as (E)‐dec‐2‐enal by spectral data of its 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone and oxime‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. The stereochemistry was decided astransby1H‐NMR decoupling experiments of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone. Although it is well known that the stink bug emits (E)‐dec‐2‐enal as its characteristic smell, this was its first identification in the volatile constituents of liverworts.
Antimicrobial activities of the volatile oil of heteromorpha trifoliata (wendl.) eckl. & zeyh. (apiaceae)
Authors: Deans S. G. , Kennedy A. I. , Gundidza M. G. , Mavi S. , Waterman P. G. , Gray A. I.
Published: November 2006

Steam‐distilled volatile (essential) oil from Heteromorpha trifoliata (Wendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh. (Apiaceae) was tested for antimicrobial activities. Twenty‐five bacterial and four fungal species were used in this study as test organisms. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungal strains. The volatile oil exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against all the test organisms.
Chiral compounds of essential oils. Part XVII. simultaneous stereoanalysis of cymbopogon oil constituents
Authors: Kreis Peter , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

Using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (enantio‐MDGC) and the column combination polyethylene glycol/heptakis (2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐ 6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in OV 1701‐vi, the chiral monoterpenoids cis/trans‐rose oxides, linalol, citronellal, citronellol and terpinen‐4‐ol were stereoanalysed simultaneously. The method is applied to chirality evaluation of these compounds in Cymbopogon (Citronella) oils. The enantiomeric distributions are discussed as indicators to the authenticity of these essential oils.