bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leucocyte scintigraphy with 111In‐oxine for assessment of cell trafficking after extracorporeal photopheresis
Authors: Just Ulrike , Dimou Elke , Knobler Robert , Klosner Gabriele , Ivancic‐Brandenberger Erika , Greinix Hildegard , Becherer Alexander , Trautinger Franz
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an established therapy for transplant rejection, graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and systemic autoimmune disorders such as systemic sclerosis. Knowledge regarding the in vivo behaviour of the cells after reinfusion is very limited. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the path of 8‐MOP‐/UVA‐exposed radiolabelled cells after ECP treatment and reinfusion. In this prospective single‐centre study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and neutrophils of 10 patients undergoing ECP as part of their regular treatment were labelled separately with 111In‐oxine after exposure to 8‐MOP/UVA and prior to reinfusion. The fate of the labelled leucocytes was monitored at 10 min, 3.5 and 24 h following reinfusion with whole‐body scintigraphy. Comparison of distribution patterns showed that PBMC and neutrophils have different kinetic patterns after intravenous reinjection. The most prominent difference was immediate retention of PBMC but not of neutrophils in the lungs corresponding to a signal three times more intense. After 24 h, more than 80% of both cell populations could be detected in liver and spleen. By means of a novel tool allowing for tracking of 8‐MOP‐/UVA‐exposed leucocytes in ECP, we could show that organ‐specific homing of leucocytes after ECP can be visualized in vivo and that migration patterns differ between PBMC and neutrophils. Based on our results, further studies should (i) extend the morphometric studies described here to specific ECP‐responsive conditions and (ii) functionally address the interaction of ECP‐modified PBMC with pulmonary tissue in experimental models.
Parasites and mutualism function: measuring enemy‐free space in a fig–pollinator symbiosis
Authors: Al‐Beidh Sarah , Dunn Derek W. , Power Sally A. , Cook James M.
Published: March 2012

Mutualisms involve cooperation between species and underpin several ecosystem functions. However, there is also conflict between mutualists, because their interests are not perfectly aligned. In addition, most mutualisms are exploited by parasites. Here, we study the interplay between cooperation, conflict and parasitism in the mutualism between fig trees and their pollinator wasps. Conflict occurs because each fig ovary can nurture either one seed or one pollinator offspring and, while fig trees benefit directly from seeds and pollinator offspring (pollen vectors), pollinators only benefit directly from pollinator offspring. The mechanism(s) of conflict resolution is debated, but must explain the widespread observation that pollinators develop in inner, and seeds in outer, layers of fig flowers. We recently suggested a role for non‐pollinating figs wasps (NPFWs) that are natural enemies or competitors of the pollinators and lay their eggs through the fig wall. Most NPFW offspring develop in outer and middle layer flowers, suggesting that inner flowers provide enemy‐free space for pollinator offspring. Here, we test the hypothesis that NPFWs cannot reach inner flowers, by measuring wasp and fig morphology at the species‐specific times of NPFW attack in the field. We found that three species ofSycoscapterandPhilotrypesiswasps that parasitise pollinators could reach 34–73%, 75–92% and 82–97% of fig ovaries, respectively. Meanwhile,EukobeleaandPseudidarnesgall‐formers, despite having shorter ovipositors, can access almost all fig flowers (93–99% and 100%), because they attack smaller (younger) fig fruits. Our mechanistic results from ovipositing wasps support spatial patterns of wasp offspring segregation within figs to suggest that inner ovules provide enemy‐free‐space for pollinators. This may contribute to mutualism stability by helping select for pollinators to avoid laying eggs where they are likely to be parasitised. These outer flowers then remain free to develop as seeds, promoting mutualism persistence.
Streptococcus cristatus ArcA interferes with Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity in mice
Authors: Xie H. , Hong J. , Sharma A. , Wang B‐Y.
Published: March 2012

Xie H, Hong J, Sharma A, Wang B‐Y. Streptococcus cristatus ArcA interferes with Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity in mice. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 578–583. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as one of the major pathogens in chronic periodontitis, an infectious disease affecting the majority of the adult population. We have previously demonstrated that a surface protein, arginine deiminase (ArcA), of Streptococcus cristatus represses production of P. gingivalis long fimbriae and interrupts the formation of P. gingivalis biofilms in vitro. Our in vivo studies have also shown that the distribution of P. gingivalis and S. cristatus in human subgingival plaque is negatively correlated. The objective of this study was to determine if S. cristatus ArcA inhibits P. gingivalis colonization and attenuates its subsequent pathogenesis in alveolar bone loss in the murine oral cavity.

Material and Methods:  A wild‐type strain of S. cristatus (CC5A) and its arcA knockout mutant (ArcAE) were used as initial colonizers in the oral cavity of BALB/cByJ mice. Colonization of P. gingivalis on the existing S. cristatus biofilms was assessed by quantitative PCR, and P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone loss was measured 6 wk after P. gingivalis infection.

Results:  The presence of S. cristatus CC5A, but not its arcA mutant, attenuated P. gingivalis colonization in the murine oral cavity. In addition, P. gingivalis‐induced alveolar bone loss was significantly lower in mice initially infected with S. cristatus CC5A than in those infected with the arcA mutant.

Conclusion:  This study provides direct evidence that S. cristatus ArcA has an inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis colonization, which may in turn attenuate the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis.
DNA Immunization Against Proacrosin Impairs Fertility in Male Mice
Authors: García Lucila , Veiga María F. , Lustig Livia , Vazquez‐Levin Mónica H. , Veaute Carolina
Published: March 2012

Problem

Evaluation of proacrosin/acrosin ability to induce an immune response in male mice after genetic immunization and assessment of animal fertility.

Method of study

Mice received 50 μg per animal of a plasmid containing the human proacrosin cDNA (pSF2‐Acro) (control: empty plasmid, pSF2). The humoral response was evaluated by ELISA and immunocytochemistry. In vivo fertility was assessed by mating immunized males with control females. The effect of antibodies upon Ca+2‐ionophore‐induced acrosomal exocytosis (AE) and in vitro sperm–zona pellucida (ZP) binding was also studied.

Results

pSF2‐Acro‐immunized mice developed high levels of specific antibodies (P < 0.05) that recognized the sperm acrosomal cap. The number of fertile mice was lower (P = 0.027) in pSF2‐Acro‐immunized animals than in controls. Litter size was smaller (P < 0.05) in the pSF2‐Acro group compared with controls. A negative correlation (P < 0.05) between antibody levels and litter size was found. Antiproacrosin/acrosin antibodies inhibited sperm–ZP binding (P < 0.0001) and Ca+2‐ionophore‐induced AE (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

DNA immunization against proacrosin elicits an immune response in male mice associated with abnormal sperm functions and reduced fertility.
Treatment for a complicated crown‐root fracture with intentional replantation: a case report with a 3.5‐year follow up
Authors: Yuan Lin‐Tian , Duan Duo‐Mo , Tan Ling , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Wu Li‐An
Published: March 2012

Abstract –  Crown‐root fractures are always challenging for pediatric dentists because of their complicated treatments and uncertain prognosis. The purpose of this case report was to describe a severe crown‐root fracture successfully treated by multidisciplinary approaches including intentional replantation. After a 3.5‐year follow up, the patient felt comfortable and satisfied with her tooth, and the prosthesis was functionally and esthetically acceptable. It is recommended that multidisciplinary treatment with intentional replantation is effective and necessary for similar cases to be conservatively managed.
Early single‐channel aEEG/EEG predicts outcome in very preterm infants
Authors: Wikström Sverre , Pupp Ingrid Hansen , Rosén Ingmar , Norman Elisabeth , Fellman Vineta , Ley David , Hellström‐Westas Lena
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To characterize early amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) and single‐channel EEG (aEEG/EEG) in very preterm (VPT) infants for prediction of long‐term outcome.

Patients:  Forty‐nine infants with median (range) gestational age of 25 (22–30) weeks.

Methods:  Amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram/EEG recorded during the first 72 h and analysed over 0–12, 12–24, 24–48 and 48–72 h, for background pattern, sleep–wake cycling, seizures, interburst intervals (IBI) and interburst percentage (IB%). In total, 2614 h of single‐channel EEG examined for seizures. Survivors were assessed at 2 years corrected age with a neurological examination and Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II. Poor outcome was defined as death or survival with neurodevelopmental impairment. Good outcome was defined as survival without impairment.

Results:  Thirty infants had good outcome. Poor outcome (n = 19) was associated with depressed aEEG/EEG already during the first 12 h (p = 0.023), and with prolonged IBI and higher IB% at 24 h. Seizures were present in 43% of the infants and associated with intraventricular haemorrhages but not with outcome. Best predictors of poor outcome were burst‐suppression pattern [76% correctly predicted; positive predictive value (PPV) 63%, negative predictive value (NPV) 91%], IBI > 6 sec (74% correctly predicted; PPV 67%, NPV 79%) and IB% > 55% at 24 h age (79% correctly predicted; PPV 72%, NPV 80%). In 35 infants with normal cerebral ultrasound during the first 3 days, outcome was correctly predicted in 82% by IB% (PPV 82%, NPV 83%).

Conclusion:  Long‐term outcome can be predicted by aEEG/EEG with 75–80% accuracy already at 24 postnatal hours in VPT infants, also in infants with no early indication of brain injury.
Compared outcomes of very preterm infants born in 2000 and 2005
Authors: Guerrot Anne‐Marie , Chadie Alexandra , Torre Stéphanie , Rondeau Stéphane , Pinto Cardoso Gaëlle , Abily‐Donval Lénaig , Marret Stéphane ,   and the Perinatal Network of Haute‐Normandie
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To compare neonatal and 2‐year outcomes in very premature infants born 5 years apart.

Methods:  Prospective observational study of infants born before 33 weeks’ gestation in 2000 or 2005 admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in France. We collected perinatal data and evaluated motor, cognitive, neurosensory and behavioural outcomes at 2 years of age.

Results:  We included 170 infants in 2000 and 173 in 2005. The significant differences in neonatal outcomes were decreases in postnatal corticosteroid use and in percentage of infants with head circumference below the 3rd percentile on days 7 (25% vs. 13%) and 30 (30% vs. 17%). At 2 years of age, rates of follow‐up were 87% in 2000 and 94% in 2005. The cerebral palsy rate was 6% in both cohorts. The overall rate of motor disabilities diminished from 30% (41/137) to 18% (26/142), and the rate of mild motor disabilities decreased from 24% to 12%. Rates of cognitive, behavioural and neurosensorial impairments were similar.

Conclusion:  Between 2000 and 2005, motor impairments at 2 years of age diminished in very preterm children (but not cerebral palsy rates). We observed a reduced use of postnatal corticosteroids and a decreased percentage of neonates with head circumference below the third percentile.
Effects of hypothermia on NSE and S‐100 protein levels in CSF in neonates following hypoxic/ischaemic brain damage
Authors: Sun Jinqiao , Li Jin , Cheng Guoqiang , Sha Bin , Zhou Wenhao
Published: March 2012

Aim:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of hypothermia on neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and S‐100 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neonates with hypoxic/ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Methods:  Fifty‐one enrolled neonates with HIE were divided into two groups: hypothermia (n = 23) and control (n = 28). NSE and S‐100 protein were measured with immunoradiometric assays. Amino acid neurotransmitters were also measured by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Neurodevelopmental assessments were performed at 3 and 12 months of age.

Results:  Neuron‐specific enolase and S‐100 levels were lower, and neurodevelopment outcome was better in the hypothermia group compared with the control group. Among the infants who received hypothermia, CSF NSE and S‐100 were significantly higher in those who developed severe neurological impairment (mental development index or physical development index <70). There were no significant differences between the two groups in amino acid neurotransmitters.

Conclusion:  These results indicated that hypothermia was associated with decreased CSF NSE and S‐100 level and correlated with neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with HIE.
Environmental conditions and biotic interactions acting together promote phylogenetic randomness in semi‐arid plant communities: new methods help to avoid misleading conclusions
Authors: Soliveres Santiago , Torices Rubén , Maestre Fernando T.
Published: March 2012

Questions

Molecular phylogenies are increasingly used to better understand the mechanisms structuring natural communities. The prevalent theory is that environmental factors and biotic interactions promote the phylogenetic clustering and over‐dispersion of plant communities, respectively. However, both environmental filtering and biotic interactions are very likely to interact in most natural communities, jointly affecting community phylogenetic structure. How do environmental filters and biotic interactions jointly affect the phylogenetic structure of plant communities across environmental gradients?

Location

Eleven Stipa tenacissima L. grasslands located along an environmental gradient from central to southeast Spain, covering the core of the distribution area of this vegetation type in Europe.

Methods

We jointly evaluated the effects of environmental conditions and plant–plant interactions on the phylogenetic structure – measured with the mean phylogenetic distance index − of the studied communities. As an indicator of environmental conditions, we used a PCA ordination including eight climatic variables. Different metrics were used to measure the following processes: (1) competition/facilitation shifts at the entire community level (species combination index), and (2) the effect of microclimatic amelioration provided by the two most important nurse plants on neighbour composition (similarity indices and comparison of the phylogenetic pattern between canopy patches and bare ground areas).

Results

Biotic interactions and, to a less extent, environmental conditions affected the phylogenetic pattern of the studied communities. While positive plant–plant interactions (both at community level and the scale of individual nurse plants) increased phylogenetic overdispersion, higher rainfall increased phylogenetic clustering. The opposing effects of environmental conditions and biotic interactions could be the main cause of the overall random phylogenetic structure found in most of these communities.

Conclusions

Our results illustrate, for the first time, how an overall random phylogenetic pattern may not only be promoted by the lack of influence of either environmental filtering or biotic interactions, but rather by their joint and opposing effects. They caution about making inferences on the underlying mechanisms shaping plant communities from the sole use of their phylogenetic pattern. We also provide a comprehensive set of easy‐to‐measure tools to avoid misleading conclusions when interpreting phylogenetic structure data obtained from observational studies.
Sonic hedgehog signaling coordinates the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells by regulating cell cycle kinetics during development of the neocortex
Authors: Komada Munekazu
Published: March 2012

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) acts as a morphogen in normal development of various vertebrate tissues and organs. Shh signaling is essential for patterning and cell‐fate specification, particularly in the central nervous system. Shh signaling plays different roles depending on its concentration, area, and timing of exposure. During the development of the neocortex, a low level of Shh is expressed in the neural stem/progenitor cells as well as in mature neurons in the dorsal telencephalon. Shh signaling in neocortex development has been shown to regulate cell cycle kinetics of radial glial cells and intermediate progenitor cells, thereby maintaining the proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons in the neocortex. During the development of the telencephalon, endogenous Shh signaling is involved in the transition of slow‐cycling neural stem cells to fast‐cycling neural progenitor cells. It seems that high‐level Shh signaling in the ventral telencephalon is essential for ventral specification, while low‐level Shh signaling in the dorsal telencephalon plays important roles in the fine‐tuning of cell cycle kinetics. The Shh levels and multiple functions of Shh signaling are important for proper corticogenesis in the developing brain. The present paper discusses the roles of Shh signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells.
Female Orgasm(s): One, Two, Several
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Rubio-Casillas Alberto , Whipple Beverly , Buisson Odile , Komisaruk Barry R. , Brody Stuart
Published: March 2012

Introduction

There is general agreement that it is possible to have an orgasm thru the direct simulation of the external clitoris. In contrast, the possibility of achieving climax during penetration has been controversial.

Methods

Six scientists with different experimental evidence debate the existence of the vaginally activated orgasm (VAO).

Main Outcome Measure

To give reader of The Journal of Sexual Medicine sufficient data to form her/his own opinion on an important topic of female sexuality.

Results

Expert #1, the Controversy’s section Editor, together with Expert #2, reviewed data from the literature demonstrating the anatomical possibility for the VAO. Expert #3 presents validating women’s reports of pleasurable sexual responses and adaptive significance of the VAO. Echographic dynamic evidence induced Expert # 4 to describe one single orgasm, obtained from stimulation of either the external or internal clitoris, during penetration. Expert #5 reviewed his elegant experiments showing the uniquely different sensory responses to clitoral, vaginal, and cervical stimulation. Finally, the last Expert presented findings on the psychological scenario behind VAO.

Conclusion

The assumption that women may experience only the clitoral, external orgasm is not based on the best available scientific evidence.
Trusting the fair supervisor: the role of supervisory support in performance appraisals
Authors: Byrne Zinta S. , Pitts Virginia E. , Wilson Carolyn M. , Steiner Zachary J.
Published: March 2012

Applying social exchange theory and organisational support theory to a performance appraisal context, we hypothesised that perceived supervisory support would mediate the relationships between both interpersonal and informational justice, and trust in the supervisor. The data were collected from 526 full‐time working adults, who answered questions about the fairness of their organisation's current performance appraisal process. Using structural equation modelling, both calibration (n = 278) and cross‐validation (n = 248) field samples showed that perceived supervisory support mediated the justice–supervisor trust relationships. Our findings suggest that perceived supervisory support serves as a mechanism through which perceptions of interpersonal and informational justice foster trust in supervisors. Implications for organisational practice and areas for future research are discussed.
Critical Role of Truncated α‐Synuclein and Aggregates in Parkinson's Disease and Incidental Lewy Body Disease
Authors: Prasad Kavita , Beach Thomas G. , Hedreen John , Richfield Eric K.
Published: March 2012

The role of Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites and α‐synuclein (αSYN) in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unclear. We used postmortem human tissue, a panel of antibodies (Abs) and confocal microscopy to examine the three‐dimensional neurochemical anatomy of the nigrostriatal system. Abs were specific to truncated (tαSYN), phosphorylated and full‐length αSYN. The findings demonstrate the critical role of tαSYN in initiating aggregation, a role for other forms of αSYN in aggregate expansion, a reason for the wide variety of proteins present in different aggregates, an explanation for the laminar appearance of aggregates described historically using different methods, the existence of proximal greater than distal aggregation in the vulnerable nigrostriatal pathway, the independent transport of different forms of αSYN as cargo along axons and a possible sequence for the formation of Lewy bodies. Findings differed between incidental Lewy body disease and PD only quantitatively. These findings have implications for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of PD.
Extragastrointestinal manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection: Facts or myth? A critical review
Authors: TAN Huck‐Joo , GOH Khean‐Lee
Published: March 2012

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is reported to be associated with many extragastrointestinal manifestations, such as hematological diseases [idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and unexplained iron deficiency anemia (IDA)], cardiovascular diseases (ischemic heart diseases), neurological disorders (stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), obesity and skin disorders. Among these, the best evidence so far is in ITP and unexplained IDA, with high‐quality studies showing the improvement of IDA and ITP after H. pylori eradication. The evidence of its association with coronary artery disease is weak and many of the results may be erroneous. The role of H. pylori infection in affecting serum leptin and ghrelin levels has attracted a lot of attention recently and available data to date have been conflicting. There have also been many uncontrolled, small sample studies suggesting an association between H. pylori infection and neurological disorders or chronic urticaria. However, more studies are required to clarify such proposed causal links.
Microbial resource management of one‐stage partial nitritation/anammox
Authors: Vlaeminck S. E. , De Clippeleir H. , Verstraete W.
Published: March 2012

About 30 full‐scale partial nitritation/anammox plants are established, treating mostly sewage sludge reject water, landfill leachate or food processing digestate. Although two‐stage and one‐stage processes each have their advantages, the one‐stage configuration is mostly applied, termed here as oxygen‐limited autotrophic nitrification/denitrification (OLAND), and is the focus of this review. The OLAND application domain is gradually expanding, with technical‐scale plants on source‐separated domestic wastewater, pre‐treated manure and sewage, and liquors from organic waste bioenergy plants. A ‘microbial resource management’ (MRM) OLAND framework was elaborated, showing how the OLAND engineer/operator (1: input) can design/steer the microbial community (2: biocatalyst) to obtain optimal functionality (3: output). In the physicochemical toolbox (1), design guidelines are provided, as well as advantages of different reactor technologies. Particularly the desirable aeration regime, feeding regime and shear forces are not clear yet. The development of OLAND trickling filters, membrane bioreactors and systems with immobilized biomass is awaited. The biocatalyst box (2) considers ‘Who’: biodiversity and its dynamic patterns, ‘What’: physiology, and ‘Where’: architecture creating substrate gradients. Particularly community dynamics and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) still require insights. Performant OLAND (3) comprises fast start‐up (storage possibility; fast growth of anammox bacteria), process stability (endured biomass retention; stress resilience), reasonable overall costs, high nitrogen removal efficiency and a low environmental footprint. Three important OLAND challenges are elaborated in detailed frameworks, demonstrating how to maximize nitrogen removal efficiency, minimize NO and N2O emissions and obtain through OLAND a plant‐wide net energy gain from sewage treatment.
Delivering Tailored Smoking Cessation Support via Mobile Phone Text Messaging: A Feasibility and Acceptability Evaluation of the Quittext Program
Authors: JAMISON JAMES , SUTTON STEPHEN , GILBERT HAZEL
Published: March 2012

Text messaging has emerged as a potentially useful tool to help smokers quit. This paper evaluates smokers' preferences for the Quittext program, which examines the feasibility and acceptability of delivering tailored smoking cessation advice via mobile phone text messaging. Thirty smokers completed a web‐based smoking behavior questionnaire and received 6 weeks of tailored text messages. Feedback was obtained via questionnaires and semistructured interviews. Smokers reported a preference for positive support, tailoring message content, and the ability to interact with the system. Delivering quitting advice by text message was considered feasible and acceptable. This research contributes to the literature; however, further intervention evaluation is warranted, with larger controlled studies needed to fully assess program feasibility and its effect on quit rates.
Characterizing Fatigue: The Effects of Ethnicity and Acculturation1
Authors: CORDERO ELIZABETH D. , LOREDO JOSE S. , MURRAY KATE E. , DIMSDALE JOEL E.
Published: March 2012

It is unknown if fatigue measures like the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory‐Short Form (MFSI‐SF) appropriately describe fatigue in Hispanics, or if acculturation plays a role in fatigue. This study compared fatigue in community samples of Hispanics and Anglos. The MFSI‐SF and pertinent questionnaires were administered to adults in San Diego County via telephone survey. Some differences in fatigue were observed in initial comparisons between Hispanics and Anglos, including when acculturation was considered. When age and education were controlled, Hispanics reported less general fatigue than Anglos, regardless of acculturation status, p ≤ .01. Exploratory factor analyses indicate that the MFSI‐SF general fatigue subscale was problematic for Hispanics. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Contrasting patterns of nucleotide diversity for four conifers of Alpine European forests
Authors: Mosca Elena , Eckert Andrew J. , Liechty John D. , Wegrzyn Jill L. , La Porta Nicola , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Neale David B.
Published: March 2012

AbstractA candidate gene approach was used to identify levels of nucleotide diversity and to identify genes departing from neutral expectations in coniferous species of the Alpine European forest. Twelve samples were collected from four species that dominate montane and subalpine forests throughout Europe:Abies albaMill,Larix deciduaMill,Pinus cembraL., andPinus mugoTurra. A total of 800 genes, originally resequenced inPinus taedaL., were resequenced across 12 independent trees for each of the four species. Genes were assigned to two categories, candidate and control, defined through homology‐based searches toArabidopsis.Estimates of nucleotide diversity per site varied greatly between polymorphic candidate genes (range: 0.0004–0.1295) and among species (range: 0.0024–0.0082), but were within the previously established ranges for conifers. Tests of neutrality using stringent significance thresholds, performed under the standard neutral model, revealed one to seven outlier loci for each species. Some of these outliers encode proteins that are involved with plant stress responses and form the basis for further evolutionary enquiries.
Phospholemman Deficiency in Postinfarct Hearts: Enhanced Contractility but Increased Mortality
Authors: Mirza M. Ayoub , Lane Susan , Yang Zequan , Karaoli Themis , Akosah Kwame , Hossack John , McDuffie Marcia , Wang JuFang , Zhang Xue‐Qian , Song Jianliang , Cheung Joseph Y. , Tucker Amy L.
Published: March 2012

Phospholemman (PLM) regulates [Na+]i, [Ca2+]i and contractility through its interactions with Na+‐K+‐ATPase (NKA) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) in the heart. Both expression and phosphorylation of PLM are altered after myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. We tested the hypothesis that absence of PLM regulation of NKA and NCX1 in PLM‐knockout (KO) mice is detrimental. Three weeks after MI, wild‐type (WT) and PLM‐KO hearts were similarly hypertrophied. PLM expression was lower but fractional phosphorylation was higher in WT‐MI compared to WT‐sham hearts. Left ventricular ejection fraction was severely depressed in WT‐MI but significantly less depressed in PLM‐KO‐MI hearts despite similar infarct sizes. Compared with WT‐sham myocytes, the abnormal [Ca2+], transient and contraction amplitudes observed in WT‐MI myocytes were ameliorated by genetic absence of PLM. In addition, NCX1 current was depressed in WT‐MI but not in PLM‐KO‐MI myocytes. Despite improved myocardial and myocyte performance, PLM‐KO mice demonstrated reduced survival after MI. Our findings indicate that alterations in PLM expression and phosphorylation are important adaptations post‐MI, and that complete absence of PLM regulation of NKA and NCX1 is detrimental in post‐MI animals. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume #: 1–8
Developing a Practice‐Based Research Network by Integrating Quality Improvement: Challenges and Ingredients for Success
Authors: Baldwin Laura‐Mae , Keppel Gina A. , Davis Ardis , Guirguis‐Blake Janelle , Force Rex W. , Berg Alfred O.
Published: March 2012

Improving patient outcomes in community‐based settings is the goal of both the Clinical Translational Science Award program and practice‐based quality improvement (QI) programs. Given this common goal, integrating QI and outcomes research is a promising strategy for developing, implementing, and evaluating clinical interventions. This article describes the challenges and strengths illuminated by the conduct of a combined research/QI study in a nascent practice‐based research network. Challenges include research's exclusion of clinic patients who might benefit from the intervention; QI programs’ less uniform approach to intervention implementation; and the need for both academic and clinically relevant products and publications. A major strength is the increased likelihood of both engaging clinical practices in research and developing successful clinical interventions. Required elements for success include identification of enthusiastic clinical research “champions,” involvement of researchers with clinical experience, and adequate funding to support both research and clinical resources and dissemination. Combined Ql/research projects in the practice‐based research environment have the potential to improve and shorten the cycle from good idea to improved clinical outcomes in real‐world settings. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 351–355
Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 December 2011 – 31 January 2012
Authors:   Molecular Ecology Resources Primer Development Consortium,, ARIAS M. C. , ARNOUX E. , BELL JAMES J. , BERNADOU ABEL , BINO GIORGIA , BLATRIX R. , BOURGUET DENIS , CARREA CECILIA , CLAMENS ANNE‐LAURE , CUNHA HAYDÉE A. , D’ALENÇON E. , DING YI , DJIETO‐LORDON C. , DUBOIS M. P. , DUMAS P. , ERAUD C. , FAIVRE B. , FRANCISCO F. O. , FRANÇOSO E. , GARCIA M. , GARDNER JONATHAN P. A. , GARNIER S. , GIMENEZ S. , GOLD JOHN R. , HARRIS D. J. , HE GUANGCUN , HELLEMANS B. , HOLLENBECK CHRISTOPHER M. , JING SHENGLI , KERGOAT G. J. , LIU BINGFANG , McDOWELL JAN R. , McKEY D. , MILLER TERRENCE L. , NEWTON ERICA , PAGENKOPP LOHAN KATRINA M. , PAPETTI CHIARA , PATERSON IAN , PECCOUD J. , PENG XINXIN , PIATSCHECK F. , PONSARD SERGINE , REECE KIMBERLY S. , REISSER CÉLINE M. O. , RENSHAW MARK A. , RUZZANTE DANIEL E. , SAUVE M. , SHIELDS JEFFREY D. , SOLÉ‐CAVA ANTONIO , SOUCHE E.L. , VAN HOUDT J.K.J. , VASCONCELLOS ANDERSON , VOLCKAERT F. A. M. , WANG SHUZHEN , XIAO JIE , YU HANGJIN , ZANE LORENZO , ZANNATO BARBARA , ZEMLAK TYLER S. , ZHANG CHUNXIAO , ZHAO YAN , ZHOU XI , ZHU LILI
Published: March 2012

This article documents the addition of 473 microsatellite marker loci and 71 pairs of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequencing primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Barteria fistulosa, Bombus morio, Galaxias platei, Hematodinium perezi, Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (a.k.a. M. abdominalis Fab., M. grandii Goidanich or M. gifuensis Ashmead), Micropogonias furnieri, Nerita melanotragus, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Sciaenops ocellatus, Scomber scombrus, Spodoptera frugiperda and Turdus lherminieri. These loci were cross‐tested on the following species: Barteria dewevrei, Barteria nigritana, Barteria solida, Cynoscion acoupa, Cynoscion jamaicensis, Cynoscion leiarchus, Cynoscion nebulosus, Cynoscion striatus, Cynoscion virescens, Macrodon ancylodon, Menticirrhus americanus, Nilaparvata muiri and Umbrina canosai. This article also documents the addition of 116 sequencing primer pairs for Dicentrarchus labrax.
SLOW CONTINUOUS ULTRAFILTRATION IN A PATIENT WITH ANOMALY OF A PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Authors: Aperis Georgios , Paliouras Christos , Moschos Nikitas , Tsampikaki Eirini , Alivanis Polichronis
Published: March 2012

This paper describes an uncommon case of a patient with anomaly of a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). A 54‐year‐old man with a history of chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and hypertension was admitted to the hospital for worsening dyspnoea. During his hospital stay, heart failure was further deteriorated and he became anuric. Renal replacement therapy was then required. After multiple unsuccessful attempts of right subclavian vein catheterisation, a catheter was placed in the left subclavian vein. Chest X‐ray revealed the catheter in the left side of the thorax. Transthoracic cardiac ultrasound with agitated saline and chest MRI confirmed the diagnosis of PLSVC. The patient had nine sessions of slow continuous ultrafiltration. His heart and renal function were gradually improved. Nephrologists and health care professionals must be aware of this uncommon anatomic variant. Unnecessary manipulations can lead to serious complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and venous sinus thrombosis.
Contributions to the seed morphology and taxonomy of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from Thailand
Authors: RUENGSAWANG Kanokorn , CHANTARANOTHAI Pranom , SIMPSON David A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract  Seed morphology provides some of the most important characters for species delimitation in Justicia (Acanthaceae). The seed morphology of 30 species from Thailand was studied using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Variation was seen in size, color, and shape. The range in seed size is 0.71–4.52 mm in length and 0.74–4.48 mm in width. The color varies from pale to dark brown, pale yellow, yellowish red, or dark green. The shape varies from ovoid to ellipsoidal, orbicular, suborbicular, or heart‐shaped. Five different morphological types are proposed according to features of the testa. The seed morphology of each type is described, illustrated, and discussed according to its taxonomic significance. A key to identify the different types is also presented.
Phylogenetics of early branching eudicots: Comparing phylogenetic signal across plastid introns, spacers, and genes
Authors: BARNISKE Anna‐Magdalena , BORSCH Thomas , MÜLLER Kai , KRUG Michael , WORBERG Andreas , NEINHUIS Christoph , QUANDT Dietmar
Published: March 2012

Abstract  Recent phylogenetic analyses revealed a grade with Ranunculales, Sabiales, Proteales, Trochodendrales, and Buxales as first branching eudicots, with the respective positions of Proteales and Sabiales still lacking statistical confidence. As previous analyses of conserved plastid genes remain inconclusive, we aimed to use and evaluate a representative set of plastid introns (group I: trnL; group II: petD, rpl16, trnK) and intergenic spacers (trnL‐F, petB‐petD, atpB‐rbcL, rps3‐rpl16) in comparison to the rapidly evolving matK and slowly evolving atpB and rbcL genes. Overall patterns of microstructural mutations converged across genomic regions, underscoring the existence of a general mutational pattern throughout the plastid genome. Phylogenetic signal differed strongly between functionally and structurally different genomic regions and was highest in matK, followed by spacers, then group II and group I introns. The more conserved atpB and rbcL coding regions showed distinctly lower phylogenetic information content. Parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on the combined dataset of non‐coding and rapidly evolving regions (>14 000 aligned characters) converged to a backbone topology of eudicots with Ranunculales branching first, a Proteales–Sabiales clade second, followed by Trochodendrales and Buxales. Gunnerales generally appeared as sister to all remaining core eudicots with maximum support. Our results show that a small number of intron and spacer sequences allow similar insights into phylogenetic relationships of eudicots compared to datasets of many combined genes. The non‐coding proportion of the plastid genome thus can be considered an important information source for plastid phylogenomics.
In vitro and in vivo antitumoral action of metformin on hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qu Zhan , Zhang Yangde , Liao Mingmei , Chen Yuxiang , Zhao Jinfeng , Pan Yifeng
Published: March 2012

Aims:  Metformin is a biguanide that has been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. Several studies have shown that metformin is also effective in treating cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of metformin in HCC, and to investigate the potential molecular target(s) of metformin‐mediated antitumor activity.

Methods:  The antiproliferative effects of metformin were assessed in human HCC cell lines and normal human liver cells at various concentrations. Orthotopic xenograft tumors were established in athymic nude mice, and tumor growth was monitored after metformin treatment. Western blot analysis and cell cycle regulation were performed to determine the involvement of various mediators of apoptosis.

Results:  Metformin specifically inhibited the growth of HCC cells without affecting the growth of normal liver cells both in vitro and in vivo. Metformin caused cell cycle arrest in HCC cells, which resulted in caspase‐3 activation. Livin levels decreased in a dose‐dependent manner upon metformin treatment. Metformin activated 5′‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase, inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and downregulated Livin protein expression.

Conclusion:  Our findings indicate that metformin is effective at initiating apoptosis and inhibiting key survival signaling pathways in HCC cells. These data provide a foundation for further studies to evaluate metformin in the clinic either as a single agent or in combination with other first‐line agents as a treatment option for HCC.
Hepatitis A, B, C and E virus markers in Chinese residing in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Yan Jun , Kanda Tatsuo , Wu Shuang , Imazeki Fumio , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: March 2012

Aim:  Recently, the number of foreigners living in Japan has been increasing, with the majority originating from China. It is important for us to know the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers among them, as proper medical practices and vaccinations should be prepared when seeing them and their offspring.

Methods:  We examined the relationship between the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti‐HBs, anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV), anti‐hepatitis A virus (HAV) and anti‐hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and background such as age, birthplace and length of stay in Japan, of 568 Chinese residing in Tokyo, and also of 55 indigenous Japanese.

Results:  The prevalence of HBV and HAV markers in Chinese staying in Tokyo is higher than in indigenous Japanese (HBsAg, 10% vs 1.8%; anti‐HBs, 45% vs 9.0%; anti‐HAV, 90% vs 14%). There were no differences in anti‐HCV and anti‐HEV IgG between the two groups.

Conclusion:  Indigenous Japanese subjects have less immunity against HAV and HBV. The HBV carrier rate is higher in Chinese subjects, and attention should be paid to this issue in clinical practice. It might be important to control hepatitis viruses in Chinese subjects when doctors see them in Japan.
Evaluation of thrombelastographic platelet‐mapping in healthy cats
Authors: Blois Shauna L. , Banerjee Amrita , Darren Wood R.
Published: March 2012

Background

Thrombelastography (TEG) permits analysis of clot formation but it is not specific for platelet activity. TEG PlateletMapping (TEG‐PM) is a modification of TEG that uses adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) as platelet agonists to define the contribution of platelets to clot formation.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to determine values for TEG‐PM in healthy cats and the interassay variation of TEG‐PM.

Methods

TEG‐PM analysis was performed on blood specimens collected from 12 healthy cats and was repeated using a second blood specimen collected 2 hours later. Maximum amplitudes generated by thrombin (MAthrombin), fibrin (MAfibrin), ADP‐stimulated platelet activity (MAADP), and AA‐stimulated platelet activity (MAAA) were recorded.

Results

Mean ± SD for MAthrombin was 51.1 ± 8.5 mm, for MAfibrin was 32.3 ± 17.7 mm, for MAADP was 32.3 ± 15.0 mm, and for MAAA was 24.5 ± 12.2 mm. Mean MAADP and MAfibrin were not significantly different, whereas mean MAAA was significantly lower than mean MAfibrin. Results from the first and second specimens were not significantly different. Correlation between the first and second specimens was moderate for MAthrombin, MAfibrin, and MAADP, but was poor for MAAA. A high degree of variability (coefficient of variation 47.7–60.0%) was observed for MAfibrin, MAADP, and MAAA.

Conclusions

As MAADP and MAAAAA were the same as or lower than MAfibrin, a valid baseline to determine platelet‐stimulated clot formation could not be established. Considerable interassay variation and wide intervals for MAfibrin, MAADP, and MAAA values in this study indicate that TEG‐PM should be used cautiously in feline patients. Several preanalytical factors should be examined in further detail.
Improvement of glycemic control after periodontal treatment by resolving gingival inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Katagiri Sayaka , Nagasawa Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Takamatsu Hideyuki , Bharti Pariksha , Izumiyama Hajime , Uchimura Isao , Tagami Tadashi , Suzuki Takafumi , Nanbara Hiromi , Taniguchi Youichi , Hayakumo Sae , Koyanagi Tatsuro , Himeno‐Ando Akiko , Goto Maki , Kajio Hiroshi , Takahashi Yoshihiko , Izumi Yuichi , Noda Mitsuhiko
Published: March 2012

Aims/Introduction:  Chronic inflammation aggravates glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An increase or decrease in the release and activities of various inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and C‐reactive protein (CRP), are presumed to be responsible for inducing insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment incorporating topical antibiotics on glycemic control and serum inflammatory mediators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with periodontitis.

Materials and Methods:  Periodontal inflammation and periodontal tissue destruction were evaluated by bleeding on probing (BOP) and the probing pocket depth (PPD), respectively. A total of 41 patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis received periodontal treatment with the topical application of antibiotics four times within a 2‐month period. A periodontal examination, including PPD and BOP, and venous blood sampling were carried out at baseline and at 2 and 6 months after periodontal treatment. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and serum levels of high‐sensitivity (hs)‐CRP, TNF‐α and IL‐6 were analyzed.

Results:  A generalized linear model showed significant associations between the change in the HbA1c values at 6 months after periodontal treatment, and the change in the BOP, baseline TNF‐α levels and the baseline mean PPD.

Conclusions:  As BOP is a marker of total gingival inflammation, these results suggest that non‐surgical periodontal therapy with topical antibiotics in patients with mild periodontitis might improve glycemic control by resolving periodontal inflammation. Such treatments might be insufficient for the amelioration of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients with severe periodontitis. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (no. UMIN000006693). (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00209.x, 2012)
β-Cryptoxanthin suppresses UVB-induced melanogenesis in mouse: involvement of the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and melanocyte-stimulating hormone pathways
Authors: Shimoda Hiroshi , Shan Shao-Jie , Tanaka Junji , Maoka Takashi
Published: March 2012

Objective

β-cryptoxanthin (β-CPX) is a carotenoid that is widely contained in the fruits of citrus plants. We evaluated the effect of β-CPX on UVB-induced pigmentation and mRNA expression related to melanogenesis in mouse skin. In addition, changes in melanogenic molecules were evaluated in cultured melanocytes stimulated with prostaglandin (PG) E2, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and endothelin (ET)-1.

Methods

Mice were irradiated with UVB and were given β-CPX (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) orally for 14 days. Pigmentation was evaluated by skin colour change and microscopic observation. Total RNA was obtained from the skin and the expression of melanogenic mRNA was evaluated by RT-PCR. In cell culture studies, human melanocytes were cultured with β-CPX and melanogenic stimulants (PGE2, MSH and ET-1) for 6–10 days. Melanin contents, dendricity, melanogenic mRNA and phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were evaluated.

Key findings

β-CPX (10 mg/kg) significantly suppressed skin pigmentation and mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, ET-1 receptors, low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, PGE2 receptor (EP1), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), tyrosinase (Tyr), tyrosinase-related protein (Tyrp) 1 and microphthalmia transcription factor. β-CPX (10 µg/ml) suppressed melanogenesis induced by PGE2, MSH and ET-1. In the PGE2-stimulated melanocytes, mRNA expressions of EP-1, Tyr and Tyrp1 and phosphorylation of CREB protein were suppressed. In the ET-1-stimulated cells, only expression of CREB protein was suppressed. In the MSH-induced cells, mRNA expression of MC1R and Tyrp1 and protein expression of CREB were suppressed.

Conclusion

Oral administration of β-CPX was found to suppress UVB-induced melanogenesis. Suppression of melanogenic enzymes, receptors of melanogenic stimulators, expression and phosphorylation of CREB are thought to be involved in the mechanism.