bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing digital technology adaptation in Sri Lankan construction firms
Authors:   Department of Quantity Surveying, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Sri Lanka, Bandara D.M.U.S. , Jayasinghe J.A.S.K. , Coomasaru P.
Published: September 2024

The persisting reliance of the construction industry on traditional technologies has perpetuated inefficiencies, particularly in coordination and collaboration. Addressing the slow adoption of contemporary digital innovations, this study aims to both investigate the technical advancements and barriers impeding their integration into the Sri Lankan construction industry and find out how to facilitate their adoption. Drawing from a convenience sample of 72 professionals with diverse experiences and an expert group with over a quarter-century in the field, a mixed-methods analysis entailing NVivo for qualitative data and SPSS for quantitative insights was employed. The study spotlights Building Information Modelling (BIM), 3D printing, and augmented and virtual reality as acclaimed technological strides, with unmanned aerial vehicles being less recognised. Identified obstacles include high maintenance costs, skill deficits, and industry-specific challenges, with proposed strategies such as professional training, awareness campaigns, increased investments, and governmental support. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of digital technology for productivity, accuracy, safety, and innovation in construction, aiming to guide AEC firms in overcoming digital integration barriers and facilitating the adoption of these technologies.
Behavioural adaptations and housing modification: a case study of a low-income high-rise housing estate in Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Warakapitiya G.Y.D. , Coorey S.B.A. , Perera N.G.R. , Giridharan R. ,   School of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Kent, Canterbury
Published: September 2024

Rapid urbanisation and population growth have intensified housing challenges in Sri Lanka. In response, the government initiated Urban Regeneration Projects (URPs) to create a slum-free Colombo. These projects involved constructing high-rise housing blocks for relocating low-income settlements and freeing up land for urban development. Unfortunately, several initiatives encountered failures due to inadequate services, limited employment access, substandard living conditions, poor maintenance, and unforeseen social consequences. This research delves into the adaptive behaviours of relocated low-income families in high-rise housing. It examines the challenges they face in daily life and explores the measures they take to overcome these obstacles. The study employs a case study approach, utilising interviews, surveys, and observations within a selected low-income high-rise housing block. Basic housing needs such as sufficient indoor and outdoor space, privacy, social interaction, community living, physical comfort (light & ventilation), safety, and security, are crucial for residents. To meet these needs, inhabitants adapt through behavioural changes, including multifunctional use of space, shared space, family activity organisation, and extending domestic activities into semi-public zones. Privacy emerges as the most critical requirement, often prioritised over social interaction and physical comforts. Residents primarily address these needs through behavioural adjustments rather than extensive modifications, given the challenges posed by mass housing.
Building community resilience to economic impacts of climate change on livelihoods: the methodological perspective
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Koralage M.B , Kulatunga U. , Ingirige B. ,   Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, UK
Published: September 2024

Climate change increasingly impacts the livelihoods of communities worldwide, damaging their economies. This raises the necessity of investigating approaches to build community resilience to the economic impacts of climate change. Thus, this study aims to propose a suitable methodology for investigating the economic impacts of climate change on communities using Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs), an approach under system thinking. A systematic literature review of economic models of climate change was adopted as the best-suited secondary data collection method to identify economic parameters to be investigated. Then, following the philosophical position of interpretivism, with an abductive approach for theory development, is justified as suitable. Considering the credibility of the study, which had more than one data collection method, a multimethod qualitative study was conducted following a survey and case study research strategies. Four staged data collection was conducted following preliminary interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and expert interviews. Three data analysis techniques of content analysis, cross-case analysis and CLDs, were used to analyse the primary data. Then, the steps taken in this study to achieve reliability, validity, and generalisability are mentioned. These findings will be helpful for researchers in structuring research methodologies to apply system thinking in social science research, ensuring reliability, validity, and ethics.
Challenges in chemical anchoring carried out in the Sri Lankan context
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Pathiraja G.A.P.C.S.M. , Piyumra R.A. Dinithi , Disaratna P.A.P.V.D.S.
Published: September 2024

Adhesive anchoring has achieved rapid growth in the construction industry, due to the numerous advantages that it offers over conventional joining methods. Particularly, in Sri Lanka, the adhesive or Chemical Anchoring technique is widely used in the field of construction. This research investigated potential challenges that can be faced in Chemical Anchoring and carrying out strength tests in the Sri Lankan context to overcome those challenges while getting maximum output to the construction. Following the qualitative approach, eleven semi-structured expert interviews were carried out to collect the data while adopting manual content analysis as the analytical tool. According to the findings of expert interviews, poor workmanship is the basic challenge identified in Chemical Anchoring in the Sri Lankan context. It is the ground for most of the other challenges. Hence, proper supervision, adherence to manufacturers' recommendations, and the product manual designed for the Sri Lankan context will be the best approach to overcome them. With the use of designing software for Chemical Anchoring, under-design, and over-design which are the common errors in industry, that can be mitigated. The research study proposed solutions to issues in Chemical Anchoring process to enhance the performance in the construction sector.
A Conceptual framework to manage circular economy knowledge in construction projects
Authors:   School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Koralage M.B. , Udawatta N. , Karunasena G.
Published: September 2024

Circular Economy (CE) implementation in the construction industry has gained wider attention worldwide due to its ability to minimise the negative impacts of construction industry practices. However, gaps in CE knowledge have hindered CE implementation in the construction industry. Although the necessity of Knowledge Management (KM) for CE transition has been raised in numerous studies, existing literature has a dearth of CE KM studies, which is further limited in the construction context. Thus, this research aims to develop a conceptual framework to manage CE knowledge in construction projects by investigating required CE knowledge for construction professionals. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to achieve this aim by analysing the literature using manual content analysis. The findings of this research highlight the overlaying impact of knowledge and KM on financial, market, technology, policy, and culture-related enablers and barriers of CE implementation in the construction industry. Furthermore, the potential of knowledge on addressing context and concept-related barriers to implementing CE was discussed, and a bespoke KM cycle with seven steps has been established, highlighting the importance of the KM cycle for CE KM rather than using the KM process. Finally, a conceptual framework for CE KM of the construction industry has been developed, revealing a shell view of these concepts. These findings will be beneficial for construction practitioners to i). understand areas of knowledge to be improved, and ii). identify KM actions to initiate improvements to ensure the implementation of CE principles.
Fire under control: enhancing warehouse safety through strategic fire prevention and risk management
Authors:   Sri Lanka Ports Authority, Sri Lanka, Nadarajah S. , Kulatunga U. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Weerasooriya D. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Rathnasinghe A.P. ,   Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, England
Published: September 2024

Warehouse fires represent a global challenge, inflicting economic losses, damaging reputational integrity, disrupting business operations, leading to job losses, and negatively impacting the environment. Despite strict fire regulations and codes of practice aimed at safeguarding warehouse facilities, the prevalence of catastrophic fires persists globally, including notable incidents in Sri Lanka. This persistence prompts an inquiry into the adequacy and appropriateness of current protective measures. This research addresses the urgent need to discern the root causes of warehouse fires and the consequent damages to devise effective preventative strategies. Through a combination of literature review and semi-structured interviews with ten experts, this study employs manual content analysis to explore underlying factors. Key findings indicate that failures often stem from the absence, inadequacy, or improper maintenance of fire detection and protection systems, the specific nature of storage configurations, the size of the facilities, and the combustible characteristics and volume of stored goods. The study proposes adhering to the Construction Industry Development Authority (CIDA) fire regulations, which mandate the provision and maintenance of active and passive fire protection measures. It further recommends the regular execution of fire risk assessments, the enforcement of stringent housekeeping protocols, the strategic separation of commodities based on their class and compatibility, and the isolation of battery re-charging operations from storage areas as critical steps to mitigate fire risks in warehouses. These insights guide warehouse owners, tenants, fire risk assessors, and other professionals who enhance fire safety in warehouse settings.
Incorporating smart interior design concepts in Sri Lankan apartment construction
Authors:   Compass Project Consulting, Sri Lanka, Karunanayaka R.R. , Kumarathunga J.U. ,   Nawaloka Construction Company (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka, Gamage I. ,   Western Sydny University, NSW, Australia
Published: September 2024

Smart interior design can be interpreted as the integration of technology, innovative materials, and sustainable approaches in creating functional and aesthetically pleasing living spaces. In response to the global shortage of affordable housing, countries have begun to explore the potential of smart interior design for space-saving and cost-effective construction. This concept is still novel in Sri Lanka, where the retreat of the construction industry due the economic crisis has caused a recession in apartment construction. Thus, this research serves as a preliminary study that aims to investigate the adoptability of space-saving smart interior design concepts in Sri Lankan apartment construction, with an emphasis on the constraints faced and strategies to overcome them. The study adopted a qualitative research approach and primarily, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to define the implication of space-saving smart interior design along with the upsides of applying this technique into apartment construction. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the main constraints when incorporating this concept in Sri Lanka considering both design-stage and implementation-stage. A significant obstacle uncovered was the lack of demand for the use of this concept in Sri Lanka, stemming largely from the lack of awareness of its benefits. This study recommends that the concept of smart living should be promoted through education, small-scale construction and government intervention. The strategies proposed through this study serve towards enhancing the preparedness of incorporating this concept in Sri Lanka so that the benefits of the concept may be obtained while overcoming the constraints.
Influence of BOI approvals on cost and time aspect of apartment construction in Sri Lanka
Authors:   ALEC Engineering, Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE, Gurusinghe H.R. , Gallage S.D. , Dalugoda T.P. ,   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the influence of the Board of Investment (BOI) approval process on the cost and time aspects of apartment construction projects in Sri Lanka. The research aims to identify the specific challenges and factors associated with BOI approvals that impact project timelines and budgets. Utilising semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey, the study gathers insights from industry experts and practitioners, revealing that the BOI approval process varies with project types and involves diverse requirements such as UDA, SLTDA, and environmental approvals. Despite recent BOI initiatives to expedite approvals, delays persist, often leading to the expiration of BOI concessions and subsequent cost increases. A comprehensive framework was developed to summarise these findings, highlighting the critical cost and time-related factors at different project stages. The implications for industry practitioners include better preparation for BOI-related challenges, while academia and policymakers can use these insights to enhance understanding and refine regulatory processes. Limitations include a limited sample size and a focus on qualitative data. Future research could expand the scope and incorporate quantitative methods to validate and extend these findings.
O2E2: A framework for evolving cost estimation in BIM workflow
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Jayasena Himal Suranga
Published: September 2024

This study proposes a novel framework and workflow, termed Object-Oriented Evolutionary Estimating (O2E2), for integrating cost estimation with Building Information Modelling (BIM). An inductive approach to theory, informed by a systematic literature review, was adopted to synthesise the knowledge necessary to develop the proposed framework. The developed O2E2 framework facilitates data exchange using Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and enables the generation of evolving cost estimates through the design and construction process as BIM information evolves through different Levels of Detail (LOD). The framework separates elemental and construction operations cost estimation for improved accuracy and integrates cost estimates with project schedules via Object-to-Schedule Maps to facilitate comprehensive cost views within the BIM workflow. It relies on a single Model View Definition (MVD) within IFC for data exchange between cost-estimating software and other BIM tools. The framework adopts an agile approach, treating cost estimation at each LOD as a sprint within the overall workflow. Building on existing knowledge, this study presents a promising approach for BIM-based cost estimation, enabling more informed decision-making through the design and construction phases. Future research should focus on validating the framework through practical applications and evaluating its key components in individual studies.
Prototyping a coating based on ancient technology: a case study in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Agriculture Engineering & Environmental Technology, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, Weerasekara K.M.K.D. , Rathnayake R.M.K.M. ,   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Mendis M.S. ,   Department of Civil Engineering, NSBM Green University,Sri Lanka, Galabada H. ,   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Jayasinghe G.Y. ,   Department of Agriculture Engineering & Environmental Technology, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, Halwatura R.U. ,   Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a study on prototyping a coating based on ancient technology, specifically focusing on the techniques used in Sigiriya, an ancient rock fortress located in Sri Lanka. Sigiriya stands out for its remarkable paintings and innovative hydraulic systems, emblematic of an advanced ancient civilisation. Through an interdisciplinary approach merging archaeology, materials science, and chemistry, this research seeks to understand and replicate the coatings found on the Sigiriya paintings. By analysing the composition and properties of these coatings, a modern prototype was developed that mirrors the characteristics of the ancient coatings, offering insights into their longevity and preservation methods. The experimental emphasis of the research is on the production of a natural surface coating utilising wood apple gum and other natural extracts. The methods included coating formulation, application, and testing. There were five treatments in the study, each with different ratios (20%,40%,50%,60%, and 80%) of wood apple (Limonia acidissima) gum, Dorana (Dipterocarpus glandulosus) oil, sesame (Sesamum indicum)oil and Haldummala (Trachylobium verrucosum) mixes. This investigation explored the basic performance properties of coatings, looking closely at water resistance, viscosity, adhesion, pH levels, and aesthetic appeal. However, in treatment T1, the ratio of 20:80 of water: Dorana oil exhibited exceptional adhesion properties and displayed the maximum hardness level (8H). Some treatments also showcased promising indications of water resistance. The findings of this study hold the potential to significantly impact various sectors by providing eco-friendly alternatives, fostering innovation, creating cultural business prospects, and upholding traditional values.
Revamping the land acquisition process for infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka: strategies for streamlining the existing process
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Ruwanpura U.D.R.E. , Perera B.A.K.S. , Ranadewa K.A.T.O.
Published: September 2024

Land Acquisition (LA) is a process of acquiring lands before constructing infrastructure projects for public purposes. Infrastructure projects often experience delays attributed to prolonged land acquisition processes. Compulsory LA becomes necessary, requiring compensation for the affected parties to mitigate these delays. Hence, various laws and regulations are enacted in different countries including Sri Lanka to ensure the validity of the process. The prolonged LA process raises the grievances of project-affected parties and leads to project delays. This study aims to enhance the existing land acquisition process for Sri Lanka to acquire lands for infrastructure projects. In Sri Lanka Land Acquisition Act, no 9 of 1950 is currently used for LA. Delays in infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka are caused by the problems in LA and those problems were identified through three case studies. Here, expert interviews were conducted with six experts and nine semi-structured interviews with other stakeholders involved in the LA process. The main problem with extending the LA is the time wasted from Section 2 to Section 9. The study recommended that providing technological facilities and establishing grievance readdress committees are the key suggestions. This study contributes to theory by categorising different strategies into short-term, middle-term and long-term bases. It further emphasises the necessity of explicit discussions to change the LA law in Sri Lanka to meet the industry’s needs. Further, this study recommends implementing the suggestions in an action plan to revamp the land acquisition process for infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka.
Role of prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction in enhancing construction productivity: Sri Lankan perspective
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Madushan F. , Abeynayake M.D.T.E. , Illeperuma I.E.
Published: September 2024

Low productivity is an inherent characteristic of the construction industry. Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC) is widely acknowledged for its high level of productivity. Thus, this study focuses on increasing the Construction Productivity (CP) in Sri Lanka through the implementation of PPVC. Herein, the research objectives are to explore the role of PPVC in increasing the CP and investigate the barriers to implementing PPVC in Sri Lanka. The research aim was accomplished by collecting data through expert interviews and analysing it through manual content analysis. Findings revealed that in Sri Lanka, the average CP rate can be doubled by implementing PPVC. Overall, PPVC increases the CP by reducing labour, accelerating project duration, making project management much more effective and minimising wastage. Nonetheless, the use of PPVC is relatively limited in Sri Lanka. The high initial cost is the main barrier to the adoption. Findings identified the necessity of specialised machinery, production plants, and skilled labour as the main cost drivers. Complications and high costs in transporting PPVC modules are critical barriers to the implementation of PPVC in Sri Lanka. Additionally, less demand, lack of technical expertise and less enthusiasm for research and development act as barriers. Most of the contractors do not have the technical capability needed for PPVC. Moreover, less governmental support and material shortages hinder the adoption of PPVC. Having an in-depth understanding of the barriers forms the foundation to tailor strategies and overcome the challenges. Accordingly, this research sheds light on the realm of concurring PPVC in Sri Lanka.
Addressing traditional HRM challenges in the construction industry: insights from modern HRM literature
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Jayasinghe J.D.S.S. , Hadiwattege C. , Ilangakoon I.W.M.A.D.
Published: September 2024

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of any country. However, traditional Human Resource Management (HRM) practices within this sector face numerous challenges, including high labour turnover, skill shortages, and safety concerns, which adversely affect productivity and employee well-being. This study provides an extensive review of modern HRM literature designed to address these challenges towards enhancing organisational performance of the construction industry. The research methodology involved a comprehensive literature review spanning publications from 1990 to 2024, utilising search engines such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, and Science Direct. The findings reveal that traditional HRM practices, characterised by their administrative focus and reactive approach, have led to significant issues in the construction sector. In contrast, modern HRM practices, which emphasise strategic alignment, employee engagement, continuous learning, and leveraging technology, offer viable solutions. Specifically, practices such as Strategic HRM (SHRM), agile HRM, and data-driven HRM are particularly effective in managing the industry's unique challenges, including workforce mobility, economic fluctuations, and the integration of new technologies. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the potential of modern HRM practices to transform HRM in the construction industry. Future research should focus on empirically validating the impact of these practices on project performance and exploring innovative HRM strategies tailored to the sector's specific needs.
Training and development strategies to enhance the use of modern software in quantity surveying practice in Sri Lanka
Authors:   Department of Building Economics, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Pradeep W. , Thayaparan M. , Nanayakkara N.B.
Published: September 2024

Information technology (IT) has been developing day by day making a great impact on the construction industry including the Quantity Surveying (QS) profession. To perform the duties of the quantity surveyor in an innovative manner, software packages such as WinQS, Vector, Cost X, QSCAD, QSPlus, Masterbill, CATA, Planswift, Cubi cost, Revit, Excel and Autodesk Quantity take off, are introduced. The software is compatible with the task specialisation, speed up the performance and enhance the accuracy. Training programmes, seminars, workshops, software tutorials, higher education about software and Continuing Professional Development (CPD) are identified as approaches to integrate IT usage among the QS practices. This research aimed explore the gap between the awareness and practice of modern software in QS practices in Sri Lanka to propose suitable training and development strategies to achieve technological advancement. A mixed method approach was adopted to carry out this research using a survey as the main research strategy. Questionnaires were collected from 65 practising quantity surveyors in Sri Lanka to explore the gap between the level of awareness and practice of modern software. Five expert interviews were conducted with senior Quantity Surveyors who have been extensively using modern software in their practice. Gap analysis and manual content analysis were used to analyse primary data collected through questionnaires and interviews respectively. Development of the national construction guideline, professional training programmes, government concessionaries, professional degree programmes addressing modern software knowledge, and implementation of a marketing approach were the strategies recommended to address the training needs to achieve technological advancement in the QS practice in Sri Lanka.
Interests of China and India Regarding ASEAN: Rivalry or Parallel Courses?
Authors: Bochkov D. A
Published: September 2024

The paper examines whether the interests of China and India in relation to ASEAN reflect rivalry or rather co-exist in parallel without rigid confrontation. ASEAN occupies an important place among the key vectors of foreign policy of China and India in the Asia-Pacific region. ASEAN represents interest to China as an important trade and economic partner. The Associations is also important for China in regional security issues and the protection of the “first island line”. Strategically, deepening contacts with ASEAN is crucial for China in order to neutralize US plans to contain it. For India, the development of cooperation with ASEAN is aimed at balancing the strengthening of China's regional positions. Geopolitically, ASEAN is one of the key components of a “selfreliant foreign policy” of India, and enhances its role as a more active participant in key regional processes. New Delhi sees some potential for the development of joint transport, logistics and economic projects, and plans impetus to domestic economic development by strengthening trade relations with ASEAN. Despite the increasing rivalry between China and India for leadership in the region, Beijing and New Delhi are pursuing parallel courses with regard to ASEAN. ASEAN occupies an important place in the regional subsystem. Based on the concept of ASEAN-centricity, ASEAN plays one of the leading roles in the regional institutional architecture. Its members remain committed to a multi-vector approach and are interested in developing ties with all regional and non-regional actors, which help to uphold autonomy by maintaining foreign policy balance and benefit from multilateral economic cooperation.
Age and sources of melts of metavolcanic rocks of the Djagdagle formation of the northwestern part of the Bureya continental massif, Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Ovchinnikov R. О. , Sorokin А. А. , Sal’nikova Е. B , Kovach V. P. , Plotkina Yu. V. , Zagornaya N. Yu.
Published: September 2024

The paper presents the results of U–Pb (ID-TIMS) geochronologic, geochemical, Sm–Nd isotopic-geochemical studies of metavolcanic rocks of the Djagdagle formation, which are among the key elements in the structure of the Bureya continental massif. It was established that the age of metavolcanic rocks of the Djagdagle formation is 217 ± 7 Ma and corresponds to the Late Triassic. This fact contradicts the traditional ideas, according to which the Early Precambrian age is attributed to the Djagdagle formation. The results of Sm–Nd isotope studies of the considered metavolcanic rocks indicate the melting of rocks of continental crust with Paleoproterozoic model ages during the formation of their initial melts. The new geochronologic data and previously published data allow us to distinguish at least two stages of magmatic activity in the Triassic within the northwestern part of the Bureya massif ~243 and 219–201 Ma. On the basis of synchronous manifestation of Neoproterozoic, Early Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic magmatic events in the history of geologic development of the Bureya and Songnen– Zhangguangcai Range massifs, an assumption about their common geological history at least since the Late Neoproterozoic has been put forward. The close spatial position of metavolcanic rocks of the Djagdagle formation with Mongol–Okhotsk orogenic belt, their Late Triassic age (217 ± 7 Ma) and geochemical features allow us to link the formation of initial melts of metavolcanic rocks of the Djagdagle formation with within-plate magmatism in the rear zone of subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean beneath the northern (in modern coordinates) margin of the Bureya continental massif.
On current problems of the mechanism of liability of judges for disciplinary misconduct: Law enforcement practice, general approaches
Part 3. On disciplinary liability of retired judges
Authors: Kleandrov Mikhail I.
Published: September 2024

In the present article, the third in the series devoted to a perspective of disciplinary responsibility of judges features of the mechanism of disciplinary responsibility of the judges staying in resignation are considered. Two groups of the judges staying in resignation are considered: a) “vacationers” as pensioners or working in the positions permitted by the law; b) called according to the legislation for direct implementation of justice for a certain term. The author pays attention that disciplinary this type of responsibility of judges-retirees is conditional, in the law it is not called in any way, for violation set the bans and restrictions for the judges staying in resignation the only type of responsibility – the resignation termination is established that does not give the chance for perfect offense to apply adequate punishment. The author formulates the conclusions, proposals are made.
The U.S. supreme court and the ministerial exception doctrine
Authors: Pibaev Igor A.
Published: September 2024

In the article the author aims to consider the approach of US legislatures and courts in resolving the contradictions between the First Amendment and anti-discrimination laws. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees religious organizations, exercising their constitutional right to profess religion, to freely choose their ministers without any obstacles or supervision from the State. At the same time, American legislation establishes that employers, as a general rule, cannot be guided by such criteria as religion when making a decision on hiring. It is noted that two main ways of solving the contradiction have been developed. First, the formulation of a legislative exception in subsection 702 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Secondly, the judicial application of the doctrine of “ministerial exception” which is sometimes called a “church exception” suggesting the impossibility of applying the anti-discrimination legislation of the United States in the field of labor relations of religious institutions with their “ministers”. The article defines the genesis of the doctrine of “exceptions for ministers” and reviews the key decisions of the appellate courts and the Supreme Court of the United States, starting with the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1871 in the case “Watson v. Jones” to two key cases considered in the XXI century, “Evangelical Lutheran Church and School Hosanna-Tabor v. Equal Rights Commission employment Opportunities” (2012) and “Morrissey-Burrough v. Our Lady of Guadalupe School” (2020). Four criteria used by the Supreme Court to apply the “exception for ministers” are considered. As a result the author comes to the conclusion that in accordance with the approach adopted by the US courts, as soon as it is proved that the claim falls under the “exception for ministers”, further judicial review is excluded and the religious organization wins. The current judicial practice of the US Supreme Court on the “exception for ministers” seems to consider religious autonomy as the main value to be protected.
The Association Between Brain Metabolic Biomarkers Using 18F-FDG and Cognition and Vascular Risk Factors, as well as Its Usefulness in the Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Xiong Min , You Hongji , Liao Wang , Mai Yingren , Luo Xiaoming , Liu Yipei , Jiang Sheng-nan
Published: September 2024

Background:

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is valuable in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) workup.

Objective:

To explore the effectiveness of 18F-FDG PET in differentiating and staging AD and associations between brain glucose metabolism and cognitive functions and vascular risk factors.

Methods:

107 participates including 19 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 38 mild AD, 24 moderate AD, 15 moderate-severe AD, and 11 frontotemporal dementia (FTD) were enrolled. Visual and voxel-based analysis procedures were utilized. Cognitive conditions, including 6 cognitive function scores and 7 single-domain cognitive performances, and vascular risk factors linked to hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity were correlated with glucose metabolism in AD dementia using age as a covariate.

Results:

18F-FDG PET effectively differentiated AD from FTD and also differentiated MCI from AD subtypes with significantly different hypometabolism (except for mild AD) (height threshold p < 0.001, all puncorr < 0.05, the same below). The cognitive function scores, notably Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, correlated significantly with regional glucose metabolism in AD participants (all p < 0.05), whereas the single-domain cognitive performance and vascular risk factors were significantly associated with regional glucose metabolism in MCI patients (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

This study underlines the vital role of 18F-FDG PET in identifying and staging AD. Brain glucose metabolism is associated with cognitive status in AD dementia and vascular risk factors in MCI, indicating that 18F-FDG PET might be promising for predicting cognitive decline and serve as a visual framework for investigating underlying mechanism of vascular risk factors influencing the conversion from MCI to AD.
Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Air Quality in Rajsamand District, Rajasthan Using Cloud-Based Google Earth Engine Approach
Authors: Rathore Kamod Kanwar , Singh Suraj Kumar , Kanga Shruti , Sajan Bhartendu , Kumar Pankaj , Meraj Gowhar , Singh Saurabh
Published: September 2024

This study examines the spatial and temporal variations of key air pollutants in Rajsamand District, Rajasthan, from January 2015 to December 2019, using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI data. The pollutants analysed include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), and aerosols. The findings reveal significant impacts of marble mining activities on local air quality. CO levels increased notably near mining sites, with mean annual values rising from 0.022 mol/m2 in 2015 to 0.026 mol/m2 in 2019. NO2 concentrations peaked near urban and industrial areas, increasing from 0.00013 μg/m3 in 2015 to 0.00016 μg/m3 in 2019. Elevated HCHO levels were observed near mining clusters, with concentrations rising from 0.00018 μg/m3 in 2015 to 0.00021 μg/m3 in 2019, posing significant respiratory health risks. SO2 emissions, primarily from diesel machinery and blasting activities, increased from 0.00028 ppm in 2015 to 0.00031 ppm in 2019. CH4 concentrations, influenced by underground releases during mining, increased from 1795 ppm in 2015 to 1810 ppm in 2019. Aerosol levels, elevated due to dust emissions from mining, increased from 0.48 μg/m3 in 2015 to 0.51 μg/m3 in 2019. These results underscore the need for stringent air quality regulations and sustainable mining practices to mitigate environmental and health impacts in Rajsamand District.
A Likely Pathogenic variant in the KBTBD13 Gene: A Case Series of Three Patients with Nemaline Myopathy Type 6
Authors: van Kleef Esmee S.B. , Bouman Karlijn , Molenaar Joery P.F. , de Winter Josine M. , Duijkers Floor A.M. , Eftimov Filip , Verschuuren-Bemelmans Corien C. , van der Laan Tineke , Küsters Benno , Malfatti Edoardo , Kamsteeg Erik-Jan , van Engelen Baziel G.M. , Ottenheijm Coen A.C. , Doorduin Jonne , Voermans Nicol C.
Published: September 2024

Background: Nemaline myopathy type 6 (NEM6) or KBTBD13-related congenital myopathy is the most prevalent type of nemaline myopathy in the Netherlands and is characterised by mild childhood-onset axial, proximal and distal muscle weakness with prominent neck flexor weakness combined with slowness of movements. The most prevalent variant in the Netherlands is the c.1222C > T p.(Arg408Cys) variant in the KBTBD13 gene, also called the Dutch founder variant. Objective: To provide a comprehensive clinical and functional characterisation of three patients to assess the pathogenicity of a newly identified variant in the KBTBD13 gene. Results: We present three cases (Patient 1: female, 76 years old; Patient 2: male, 63 years old; and his brother Patient 3: male, 61 years old) with a c.1222C > A p.(Arg408Ser) variant in the KBTBD13 gene. Patient 1 was also included previously in a histopathological study on NEM6. Symptoms of muscle weakness started in childhood and progressed to impaired functional abilities in adulthood. All three patients reported slowness of movements. On examination, they have mild axial, proximal and distal muscle weakness. None of the patients exhibited cardiac abnormalities. Spirometry in two patients showed a restrictive lung pattern. Muscle ultrasound showed symmetrically increased echogenicity indicating fatty replacement and fibrosis in a subset of muscles and histopathological analyses revealed nemaline rods and cores. Slower muscle relaxation kinetics with in vivo functional tests was observed. This was confirmed by in vitro functional tests showing impaired relaxation kinetics in isolated muscle fibres. We found a genealogic link between patient 1, and patient 2 and 3 nine generations earlier. Conclusions: The c.1222C > A p.(Arg408Ser) variant in the KBTBD13 gene is a likely pathogenic variant causing NEM6.
Needle stick injuries and post-exposure prophylaxis practices among healthcare personnel working at tertiary care hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Kiddeer Muhammad , Basit Abdul , Ahmad Tawseef , Masood Imran
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers face a high risk of blood-borne infections due to needlestick injuries, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of needlestick injuries, reporting practices, and post-exposure prophylaxis measures among healthcare personnel in tertiary care hospitals in Punjab. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2019. Data were collected from healthcare personnel working in teaching hospitals across six randomly selected cities of Punjab. Data were collected from 600 healthcare personnel using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire, employing stratified random sampling to ensure representative sampling. Descriptive statistics were applied, and differences in needlestick injuries across demographic segments were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. RESULTS: Among the 600 respondents, 533 returned the complete questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 88.8%. The majority of respondents were female (n = 341, 64.2%). The mean years of service was 5.58 (±5.78), with most participants falling in the 0.5–5 years category (n = 338, 66.4%). The prevalence of self-reported needlestick injuries in the last six months was 35.25%. Most injuries occurred during sampling (n = 95, 35.85%), followed by recapping (n = 63, 23.77%). Reporting of needlestick injuries to the respective department was poor, with only 82 (21.87%) injuries reported. The frequency of needlestick injuries differed significantly across profession, working department, and education categories (p < 0.05). Sanitary staff were more likely to sustain needlestick injuries during garbage collection and waste handling. Post-exposure screening for blood-borne infections was received by 79 (42.93%) individuals, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was administered to 67 (36.41%). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of needlestick injuries among healthcare personnel occurred primarily during sampling and recapping. Reporting of NSIs was inadequate, and post-exposure testing and prophylaxis practices were substandard. Enhanced policies and protocols are necessary for effective NSI surveillance and the administration of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.
TT-Open-WBO-Inc: An Efficient Anytime MaxSAT Solver
Authors: Nadel Alexander
Published: September 2024

We present our anytime MaxSAT solver TT-Open-WBO-Inc, focusing on its evolution since the initial version that won both of the weighted incomplete tracks of MaxSAT Evaluation 2019 (MSE19). The solver’s MSE20 version claimed victory in these tracks at MSE20 and secured second place in both unweighted incomplete tracks. The major innovation in the MSE20 version was the integration of SAT-based local search. The contributions of this paper include: (1) Introducing a previously unpublished variant of the SAT-based local search algorithm Polosat, Polosat-OBV, applied by default already in the MSE20 version, and showing its superiority for weighted solving; (2) Describing and analyzing TT-Open-WBO-Inc’s unweighted component, not studied in previous work; (3) Demonstrating that integrating the local search algorithm SATLike into TT-Open-WBO-Inc as a preprocessor enables it to outperform the winners of MSE20 in all four incomplete tracks.
Boletín Económico Regional : Costa Caribe, II trimestre de 2024
Authors:   Sección Sucursales Regionales Estudios Económicos
Published: September 2024

Durante el segundo trimestre de 2024,la economía de la región Caribe ralentizó el desempeño de sus indicadores económicos. Actividades como el comercio minorista, impulsado por la mayor comercialización de vehículos, el transporte, y la ocupación hotelera, evidenciaron buenos resultados, efecto de la mejora de la confianza del consumidor y la baja gradual de las tasas de interés. Sin embargo, la producción minera e industrial cayeron consecuencia de las menores exportaciones de carbón y la contracción de la demanda, a la vez que la construcción se desaceleró por cuenta de la caída en el licenciamiento de vivienda. Por su parte, en el sector agropecuario se registró disminución en el abastecimiento de productos agrícolas y en el acopio de leche, en tanto que el sacrifico de ganado bovino y porcino crecieron. El comercio externo aumento en importaciones y exportaciones. Finalmente, en el mercado laboral se registró deterioró en la tasa de ocupación, y la inflación continuó con una tendencia a la baja en las ciudades de la región.
Tax Knowledge and Tax Behaviour of Individual Taxpayers in South Africa: A Scoping Review
Authors: Matshona Zanele , Sibanda Mabutho , Phesa Masibulele
Published: September 2024

This study examined the tax knowledge and behaviour of individual taxpayers in South Africa in light of the crucial link between understanding tax principles and compliance with tax regulations. Individuals’ compliance with tax laws is vital for economic development, with their contributions forming a significant part of overall tax revenue. The study employed a scoping review research methodology, offering a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature within the specified research domain. Secondary data from reputable sources such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Google, and published reports contributed to the study's foundation. The observation period spanned 2000 to 2023, encapsulating significant developments in the South African tax system, including the introduction of E-filing, changes in tax legislation, and adjustments to the tax rates for individuals. The study highlights that individuals exhibiting a positive attitude towards tax regulations and possessing a robust understanding of tax principles are more likely to comply with tax requirements. Tax knowledge encompasses awareness, comprehension, and familiarity with tax laws, policies, and regulations. It extends to the ability to apply tax laws to specific situations, make informed decisions regarding tax matters, and accurately compute individual tax assessments. The study underscores the critical role of tax knowledge in influencing compliance behaviour among individual taxpayers, providing valuable insights for policymakers and the tax authorities in shaping effective tax policies.
The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth based on East, West and Southern Africa
Authors: Fundji Owandjokuna Jovial
Published: September 2024

Financial inclusion plays a critical role in promoting economic growth. We conducted an empirical study to investigate the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth in East, West, and Southern Africa. The study goes from 2009 to 2021, using a unique econometric method known as fully modified ordinary least squares. The results of the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth based on all countries, in all the models estimated, show that financial inclusion has statistically significant effects on economic growth. The research sample is separated into two groups according to the income. Financial inclusion has a positive impact on economic growth in high-income countries. Similarly, the study demonstrates that financial inclusion positively affects economic growth in low-income countries. Financial inclusion is a strategy that is now being utilized in sub-Saharan Africa to stimulate economic growth. National education policies should incorporate financial education, covering fundamental principles like savings, investment, risk, interest, credit, and banking. Policymakers should also educate students about the benefits of having a bank or mobile money account. To attract foreign investment, legislative proposals should improve the business climate, infrastructure,institutions, fiscal policies, rule of law, and corruption. Public authorities should collaborate with banks to establish favorable interest rates for rural investors.