bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered pattern of Cul‐1 protein expression and neddylation in human lung tumours: relationships with CAND1 and cyclin E protein levels
Authors: Salon C , Brambilla E , Brambilla C , Lantuejoul S , Gazzeri S , Eymin B
Published: September 2007

The Cul‐1 protein is the scaffold element of SCF complexes that are involved in the proteasomal degradation of numerous proteins regulating cell cycle progression. Owing to this central role in cell growth control, aberrant expression of the components of SCF is thought to play a role during tumourigenesis. Nothing is known about Cul‐1 expression in human tumours. In this study, we have analysed its status in a series of 128 human lung carcinomas, comprising 50 non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs; 29 squamous cell carcinomas and 21 adenocarcinomas) and 78 neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumours (24 typical and atypical carcinoids, 19 large cell NE carcinomas and 35 small cell lung carcinomas), using immunohistochemistry. We report for the first time an altered pattern of Cul‐1 expression in human tumours; indeed, we show that Cul‐1 expression is up‐regulated in 40% (51/128) of all lung tumours as compared to normal lung tissues, including 34% (17/50), 75% (18/24) and 30% (16/54) of NSCLCs, carcinoids and high grade neuroendocrine lung carcinomas, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate that high levels of Cul‐1 protein are associated with a low KI67 proliferative index (p = 0.005) and with a decrease in the cyclin E oncoprotein (p = 0.0003), one of the major targets of SCF complexes. These data suggest that up‐regulation of Cul‐1 could protect cells from hyperproliferative signals through cyclin E down‐regulation. Cul‐1 is modified by neddylation, a post‐translational modification that grafts ubiquitin‐like Nedd8/Rub1 residues and controls Cul‐1 activity. We also provide evidence that neddylated forms of Cul‐1 are specifically expressed in high‐grade NE lung tumours and are associated with down‐regulation of the Cul‐1 inhibitor CAND1 (p = 0.03) and a high level of cyclin E (p = 0.0002). These data support the notion that alterations in the Cul‐1 neddylation/deneddylation pathway could contribute to the development of these highly aggressive lung tumours. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on post‐marketing safety study design to characterise time‐dependent adverse events
Authors: Narukawa Mamoru , Yafune Akifumi
Published: September 2007

Purpose

To investigate a suitable post‐marketing safety study design, that is number of patients and duration of exposure, to well characterise adverse events (AEs) profiles under limited resources, fixed patient‐months.

Methods

A simulation study is conducted to investigate a suitable study design that can appropriately characterise the shape of the hazard function of AEs using the Weibull model. The reliability of the estimates is evaluated by referring their bias and mean squared error (MSE).

Results

In general, patients should be followed for a longer period even if the number of patients is relatively small for characterising delayed AEs. Patients' drop‐out affects the estimation and deteriorates its reliability. For AEs that are likely to occur soon after the exposure, a study with relatively shorter duration and large number of patients is preferable.

Conclusions

It is important to evaluate statistically the appropriate study design in planning a safety study so that a good estimate of the hazard function would be obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
n‐Type emitter epitaxy for crystalline silicon thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Schmich E. , Lautenschlager H. , Frieß T. , Trenkle F. , Schillinger N. , Reber S.
Published: September 2007

Crystalline silicon thin‐film (cSiTF) solar cells are an attractive alternative to bulk silicon solar cells. At Fraunhofer ISE we follow the concept of the epitaxial wafer equivalent (EpiWE), where 20 µm of silicon are deposited epitaxially by high temperature atmospheric pressure CVD (APCVD) on a cheap silicon substrate. The EpiWE can then be processed using standard industrial cell production. Furthermore, it is possible to simplify the solar cell process when depositing the emitter by epitaxy in‐situ after the growth of the base. The epitaxial emitter could be an alternative method of n‐type emitter processing with adjustable emitter profile and short deposition time. This paper presents results of cSiTF solar cells with epitaxial emitters and photolithographic contacts, which prove the good performance of the emitter and the applicability of the EpiWE to conventional solar cell processes. Included in the discussion is a description of the CVD deposition principle developed at Fraunhofer ISE and the applied clean room solar cell process. The emitter doping profiles and concentrations, as well as the structural quality, are discussed in detail using SIMS and SEM data. The phosphorus out‐diffusion during cooling is prevented by cooling the samples in a PH3/H2 atmosphere. Moreover, a double‐layer emitter is formed having blue sensitive properties. The internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) show that the emitter can be passivated as well as a ‘standard’ emitter formed by POCl3 diffusion. Efficiencies up to 14·9 and 13·6% for large area cSiTF solar cells on highly doped Cz and mc, respectively, are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much does Gleason grade of follow‐up biopsy differ from that of initial biopsy in untreated, Gleason score 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer?
Authors: Choo R. , Danjoux C. , Morton G. , Szumacher E. , Sugar L. , Gardner S. , Kim M. , Choo C.M. , Klotz L.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE

To compare histologic grades between an initial biopsy and a follow‐up biopsy in untreated, Gleason score (GS) 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

In a prospective single‐arm cohort study, clinically localized, GS 4–7, prostate cancer was managed with active surveillance alone, provided that a pre‐defined definition of disease progression was not met. One hundred five (63%) of a total of 168 eligible patients underwent a follow‐up prostate biopsy during surveillance. Median time to a follow‐up biopsy was 22 months (range: 7–81). Histologic grades between these two biopsies were compared to evaluate the extent of histologic grade change.

RESULTS

On the follow‐up biopsy, GS was unchanged in 33 patients (31%), upgraded in 37 (35%), and downgraded in 34 (32%). Eleven (10%) had upgrading by 2 Gleason points or more. Eight (8%) had upgrading to GS 8 (none to GS 9 or 10); of these, six were among those with upgrading by 2 Gleason points or more. Twenty‐seven (26%) had no malignancy on the follow‐up biopsy. Negative follow‐up biopsy was more prevalent in patients with a small volume of malignancy in the initial biopsy and a low baseline PSA.

CONCLUSIONS

No consistent change in histologic grade was observed on the follow‐up biopsy at a median of 22 months in untreated, GS 4–7, clinically localized prostate cancer. Upgrading to GS ≥8 or by 2 Gleason points or more was relatively uncommon. Prostate 67: 1614–1620, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of global gene expression in the bone marrow microenvironment by androgen: Androgen ablation increases insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5 expression
Authors: Xu Chang , Graf Lynn F. , Fazli Ladan , Coleman Ilsa M. , Mauldin Denise E. , Li Danbin , Nelson Peter S. , Gleave Martin , Plymate Stephen R. , Cox Michael E. , Torok‐Storb Beverly J. , Knudsen Beatrice S.
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone. Androgen suppression treatment is initially highly effective, but eventually results in resistant cancer cells. This study evaluates the effects of androgen suppression on the bone and bone marrow (BM). In particular we questioned whether the androgen therapy could adversely facilitate prostate cancer progression through an increase growth factor secretion by the bone microenvironment.

METHODS

Global gene expression is analyzed on mPEDB DNA microarrays. Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐5 (IGFBP5) is detected by immunohistochemistry in mouse tissues and its regulation measured by qPCR and Western blotting in human BM stromal cells. Effects of extracellular matrix‐associated IGFBP5 on human prostate epithelial cells are tested in an MTS cell‐growth assay.

RESULTS

Castration increases expression of 159 genes (including 4 secreted cytokines) and suppresses expression of 84 genes. IGFBP5 is most consistently increased and the increase in expression is reversed by testosterone administration. IGFBP5 protein is detected in vivo in osteoblasts, BM stromal cells, and endothelial cells. Primary human stromal cell cultures secrete IGFBP5. In vitro, treatment of immortalized human marrow stromal cells with charcoal‐stripped serum increases IGFBP5 mRNA expression, which is reversed by androgen supplementation. IGFBP5 is incorporated into the extracellular matrix. Further, IGFBP5 immobilized on extracellular matrices of stromal cells enhances the growth of immortalized prostate epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Androgen suppressive therapy increases IGFBP5 in the BM microenvironment and thereby may facilitate the progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 67: 1621–1629, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted tyrosine iodination in a multi‐tyrosine vasopressin analog
Authors: Durr Jacques A. , Blankenship Mary , Chauhan Satendra S. , Pennington Michael W.
Published: September 2007

Iodination of the conserved 2‐tyrosine (Tyr2) residue in the pressin and tocin rings of arginine‐ or lysine‐vasopressin (AVP or LVP), and oxytocin, respectively, impairs binding to their respective receptors. Synthetic antagonists that have their Tyr2 either replaced by another amino acid or irreversibly blocked by an O‐methyl or O‐ethyl ether, but have, instead, an iodinatable phenol moiety outside the pressin/tocin ring, are used for radiolabeling. We explored another approach to avoid iodinating Tyr2 by capping this residue with a reversible O‐acetyl group, incorporated during peptide synthesis. The O‐acetyl‐Tyr2 LVP peptide, with a free iodinatable tyrosine attached to the ε‐amine of 8‐lysine, is iodinated at a neutral pH and purified by reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) at an acidic pH, conditions under which the O‐acetyl groups are stable. Deacetylation with hydroxylamine is selective, and leaves intact the disulfide bridge. The marked shortening of the HPLC retention time after deblocking produces a chemically homogeneous label, iodinated exclusively on the free tyrosine residue attached to the ε‐amine of LVP. Hitherto, this 125I labeled vasopressin agonist could be obtained only in low yield, via conjugation labeling with iodinated N‐t‐Boc‐tyrosine succinimidyl ester. This fully reversible tyrosine protection strategy does not require special equipment, and retains the conserved Tyr2, typical of vasopressin and oxytocin agonists. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation energy U (H) and pinning behavior of Yb‐impurity‐diffused YBa2Cu3O7–x
Authors: Öztürk K. , Çelik Ş. , Yanmaz E. , Savaşkan B.
Published: September 2007

Superconducting Y123 samples were prepared by the solid‐state reaction (SSR) method. To get a layer of Yb (thickness ∼4 μm) on the surface of one side of the sample an ultrahigh‐vacuum electron‐beam deposition system was used and Yb diffusion in Y123 was carried out thermally. The energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF) was used for the determination of the concentration of Yb atoms in the diffusion regions of Y123 samples. It was found that when the diffusing‐annealing temperature increased the transition became much sharper and the sharpest transition was observed for the sample diffused at 900 °C. The activation energy of all samples was estimated from the resistivity curves using the TAFF model. It has been revealed that the pinning properties and activation energy improve when the diffusion‐annealing temperature increases for a convenient temperature and also the activation energies of Yb‐diffused samples are larger than that of an undoped Y123 sample. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fetuses with Down syndrome have an enlarged anterior fontanelle in the second trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Paladini D. , Sglavo G. , Penner I. , Pastore G. , Nappi C.
Published: September 2007

Objective

Neonates with Down syndrome are known to have an enlarged anterior fontanelle. The aim of this study was to assess whether fetuses diagnosed with Down syndrome in the second trimester have larger anterior fontanelles in comparison with normal euploid fetuses.

Methods

The study population included 13 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 26 normal euploid fetuses analyzed between the 19th and the 23rd weeks of gestation. The anterior fontanelle was assessed by three‐dimensional ultrasound, with the midsagittal plane of the fetal head being the reference view for acquisition of the volume. Anteroposterior and laterolateral diameters, perimeter and area of the fontanelle were then measured offline; the diameters were normalized for biparietal diameter and the perimeter and area were normalized for head circumference. Non‐parametric statistical analysis was used to compare the mean values of all variables in the two groups of fetuses. Intra‐ and interobserver variability were also assessed.

Results

All variables except the fontanelle laterolateral diameter were significantly greater in Down syndrome fetuses than in controls, with anterior fontanelle perimeter/head circumferemce and fontanelle area/head circumference ratios showing the highest sensitivity for the detection of Down syndrome. Using a cut‐off of 2.1 for the fontanelle area/head circumference ratio, the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Down syndrome were 77% and 96%, respectively.

Conclusion

During the mid‐trimester the dimensions of the anterior fontanelle are significantly increased in fetuses with Down syndrome in comparison with normal euploid fetuses. This finding may be of help in the detection of trisomy 21 at the time of the anomaly scan. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model of a synthetic wind speed time series generator
Authors: Negra Nicola Barberis , Holmstrøm Ole , Bak‐Jensen Birgitte , Sørensen Poul
Published: September 2007

Wind energy has assumed a great relevance in the operation and planning of today's power systems due to the exponential increase of installations in the last 10 years. For this reason, many performed studies have looked at suitable representations of wind generation for power system analysis. One of the main elements to consider for this purpose is the model of the wind speed that is usually required as input. Wind speed measurements may represent a solution for this problem, but, for techniques such as sequential Monte Carlo simulation, they have to be long enough in order to describe a wide range of possible wind conditions. If these information are not available, synthetic wind speed time series may be a useful tool as well, but their generator must preserve statistical and stochastic features of the phenomenon. This paper deals with this issue: a generator for synthetic wind speed time series is described and some statistical issues (seasonal characteristics, autocorrelation functions, average values and distribution functions) are used for verification. The output of the model has been designed as input for sequential Monte Carlo simulation; however, it is expected that it can be used for other similar studies on wind generation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface synthesis and protocol conversion
Authors: Bhaduri Purandar , Ramesh S.
Published: September 2007

Given deterministic interfacesPandQ, we investigate the problem of synthesising an interfaceRsuch thatPcomposed withRrefinesQ. We show that a solution exists iffPand are compatible, and the most general solution is given by , where is the interfacePwith inputs and outputs interchanged. Remarkably, the result holds both for asynchronous and synchronous interfaces. We model interfaces using the interface automata formalism of de Alfaro and Henzinger. For the synchronous case, we give a new definition of synchronous interface automata based on Mealy machines and show that the result holds for a weak form of nondeterminism, called observable nondeterminism. We also characterise solutions to the synthesis problem in terms of winning input strategies in the automaton , and the most general solution in terms of the most permissive winning strategy. We apply the solution to the synthesis of converters for mismatched protocols in both the asynchronous and synchronous domains. For the asynchronous case, this leads to automatic synthesis of converters for incompatible network protocols. In the synchronous case, we obtain automatic converters for mismatched intellectual property blocks in system-on-chip designs. The work reported here is based on earlier work on interface synthesis in Bhaduri (Third international symposium on automated technology for verification and analysis, ATVA 2005, pp 338–353, 2005) for the asynchronous case, and Bhaduri and Ramesh (Sixth international conference on application of concurrency to system design, ACSD 2006, pp 208–216) for the synchronous one.
Biomechanical Comparison of Different Volar Fracture Fixation Plates for Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Sobky Kareem , Baldini Todd , Thomas Kenneth , Bach Joel , Williams Allison , Wolf Jennifer Moriatis
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of four volar fixed-angle fracture fixation plate designs in a novel sawbones model as well as in cadavers. Four volar fixed angle plating systems (Hand Innovations DVR-A, Avanta SCS/V, Wright Medical Lo-Con VLS, and Synthes stainless volar locking) were tested on sawbones models using an osteotomy gap model to simulate a distal radius fracture. Based on a power analysis, six plates from each system were tested to failure in axial compression. To simulate loads with physiologic wrist motion, six plates of each type were then tested to failure following 10,000 cycles applying 100N of compression. To compare plate failure behavior, two plates of each type were implanted in cadaver wrists and similar testing applied. All plate constructs were loaded to failure. All failed with in apex volar angulation. The Hand Innovations DVR-A plate demonstrated significantly more strength in peak load to failure and failure after fatigue cycling ( p value<0.001 for single load and fatigue failure). However, there was no significant difference in stiffness among the four plates in synthetic bone. The cadaveric model demonstrated the same mode of failure as the sawbones. None of the volar plates demonstrated screw breakage or pullout, except the tine plate (Avanta SCS/V) with 1 mm of pullout in 2 of 12 plates. This study demonstrates the utility of sawbones in biomechanical testing and indicates that volar fixation of unstable distal radius fractures with a fixed angle device is a reliable means of stabilization.
Probiotics for preventing relapse or recurrence in Crohn's disease involving the ileum: Are there reasons for failure?
Authors: Cabré Eduard , A. Gassull Miquel
Published: September 2007

In contrast to ulcerative colitis and pouchitis, benefits of probiotic therapy in preventing recurrence/relapse in Crohn's disease (mostly involving the ileum) are far from being proven. The lack of response in this setting does not seem attributable to a lower relevance of dysbiosis in ileal Crohn's disease, since this – or at least the presence of increased mucosal amounts of potentially pathogen bacteria – has been proven to occur in the ileum of Crohn's disease patients. Available data indicate that whereas in ulcerative colitis (and to a lesser extent in colonic Crohn's disease) the innate immune response is enhanced, it is constitutively depressed in ileal Crohn's disease. Therefore, attempts to modify the composition of intestinal microflora in colonic IBD or pouchitis by means of probiotics do make sense. In contrast, supplying additional bacteria (even being probiotics) to an ileum with decreased antibacterial defence does not seem reasonable. In fact, the presence of intestinal contents has been reported to be related to postoperative recurrence in ileo-caecal Crohn's disease, and antibiotic treatment in effective to prevent its development.
Effect of Knee Sleeve on Static and Dynamic Balance in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Chuang Shih‐Hung , Huang Mao‐Hsiung , Chen Tien‐Wen , Weng Ming‐Chang , Liu Chin‐Wei , Chen Chia‐Hsin
Published: September 2007

Patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) find that use of elastic knee sleeves gives them partial pain relief and a greater sense of joint stability. However, the scientific effects of knee OA patients wearing braces are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of knee sleeves on static and dynamic balance in knee OA patients. Fifty patients with knee OA were enrolled in the study and all subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Initially, subjects in group A did not wear a neoprene sleeve while receiving balance tests but then wore them to be re‐tested. Subjects in group B did just the reverse procedure. In this investigation, an instrument (KAT 2000; Breg Inc., Vista, CA, USA), which quantified motor control performance of the lower extremities was used and balance scores from the KAT 2000 software were obtained. The results revealed that the scores of patients wearing braces were significantly lower than those of patients without braces (p < 0.05). The finding of this study demonstrated that knee OApatients wearing knee sleeves could experience increased balance ability in both static and dynamic conditions. The improvement might prevent knee OA patients from falling down and increase their sense of security during physical activities.
Melioidosis Presenting with Isolated Splenic Abscesses: A Case Report
Authors: Lin Chun‐Yu , Chen Tun‐Chieh , Lu Po‐Liang , Lin Wei‐Ru , Chen Yen‐Hsu
Published: September 2007

Splenic abscesses caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei are rarely reported in Taiwan. Here we report a middle‐aged man who presented with fever, chills, and general malaise for several days. Abdominal echo revealed isolated splenic abscesses and he received antibiotics treatment according to the initial blood culture result, Serratia marcescens. However, fever did not subside. Then he was referred to our hospital and meropenem was prescribed. Fever subsided 5 days after the beginning of meropenem administration. Repeated fine‐needle aspiration of splenic abscesses drained out the pus, which was cultured as B. pseudomallei. He was finally diagnosed as a case of melioidosis based on microbiological evidence. Physicians must take melioidosis into consideration when splenic abscesses are encountered clinically.
Rare Anatomic Entity Of Quadricuspid Aortic Valve With Aortic Insufficiency: A Case Report
Authors: Chang Po‐Chih , Lin Ching‐Cheng , Lee Chee‐Siong , Wang Pao‐Hui , Chen Ying‐Fu
Published: September 2007

Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare congenital heart defect that often causes symptomatic aortic insufficiency in adulthood, imposing valve replacement. Herein, we describe one unusual case of QAV which underwent valve replacement uneventfully.
Nasal Septum Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Tai Shu‐Yu , Chien Chen‐Yu , Tai Chih‐Feng , Kuo Wen‐Rei , Huang Wan‐Ting , Wang Ling‐Feng
Published: September 2007

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the nasal septum is extremely rare. We present the case of a 56‐year‐ old male who complained of nasal bleeding and nasal obstruction for 1 month. A mass arising from nasal septum was found by endoscope. The tumor was removed under lateral rhinotomy and histopathologic examination revealed adenoid cystic carcinoma with cribriform pattern. He then had postoperative radiotherapy. No recurrence was noticed after 1 year of follow‐up. Despite its rarity, adenoid cystic carcinoma should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of nasal tumor.
Social Democracy in Twentieth Century Canada: An Interpretive Framework
Authors: Wiseman Nelson , Isitt Benjamin
Published: September 2007

Abstract.Social democracy changed over the course of the twentieth century in relation to changes in the structure of Canada's economy, society and state. In the following article, we advance a framework to interpret and understand this process of change, identifying four major periods in the development of social democracy: Social Gospel (1900–1925), Social Planning (1925–1950), Social Security (1950–1975) and Social Movements (1975–2000). These periods are neither exclusive nor rigidly drawn, but they are instructive in explaining the development of Canada's left-wing political tradition. Situating social democracy within the framework of Canada's political economy and intra-party debates, and also in an international and historical context, we trace the transition from a moral crusade against capitalism to the seasoned, yet vulnerable, electoralism of the contemporary NDP.

Résumé.La social-démocratie a évolué au cours du 20esiècle, en même temps que la structure de l'économie, de la société et de l'État canadien. Dans l'article ci-dessous, nous proposons un cadre pour interpréter et comprendre ce processus en décrivant quatre périodes majeures dans le développement de la social-démocratie : l'Évangile social (1900–1925), la planification sociale (1925–1950), la sécurité sociale (1950–1975) et les mouvements sociaux (1975–2000). Ces périodes ne sont ni exclusives ni rigides, mais elles aident à expliquer le développement de la tradition politique de gauche au Canada. En situant la social-démocratie dans le cadre de l'économie politique canadienne et des débats intrapartis, ainsi que dans un contexte international et historique, nous traçons la transition de la croisade morale contre le capitalisme à l'électoralisme chevronné mais vulnérable du NPD contemporain.
Ties Versus Institutions: Revisiting Foreign Interventions and
Secessionist Movements
Authors: Saideman Stephen M.
Published: September 2007

Abstract. This article is a response to one published by
Louis Bélanger, Érick Duchesne and Jonathan Paquin
challenging existing accounts for the patterns of external support for
secessionist movements. They assert that regime
type—democracy—provides a better explanation than either
vulnerability or ethnic ties. I take issue with their operationalization
of my arguments along with other aspects of their work. Here, I replicate
their study first using their data and importing my variable measuring not
just ethnic affinity with the secessionists but the possibilities of a
country having ties with either or both sides of an ethnic conflict. Then,
using my data, I again replicate their analyses. I find that ethnic ties,
properly measured, not only better accounts for the international
relations of secession but of ethnic conflict in general.

Résumé. Ce texte est une réplique
à l'article de Louis Bélanger, Érick Duchesne et
Jonathan Paquin, qui conteste les explications usuelles des variations
dans l'appui international aux mouvements sécessionnistes.
Selon eux, plus que la vulnérabilité ou les liens ethniques,
c'est le type de régime – soit la démocratie
– qui explique mieux le phénomène. Je remets en
question leur façon d'opérationnaliser mes arguments,
ainsi que plusieurs autres aspects de leur recherche. Afin de tester leurs
résultats, je reproduis d'abord leur étude en utilisant
leurs données et en y ajoutant ma variable qui mesure non seulement
les affinités ethniques avec les sécessionnistes, mais
également l'éventualité qu'un pays
entretienne des relations avec l'un ou l'autre des protagonistes
d'un conflit ethnique. Puis, je reprends leur analyse en utilisant
mes propres données. Il en ressort que, lorsqu'elle est
mesurée correctement, la variable des liens ethniques fournit une
meilleure compréhension non seulement des relations internationales
du phénomène de sécession, mais également des
conflits ethniques en général.
The Plurality of Meanings Shouldered by the Term “Aboriginality”: An Analysis of the Delgamuukw Case
Authors: Panagos Dimitrios
Published: September 2007

Abstract.There is an emerging consensus that group differentiated rights can protect collective identity, furnishing the state with important tools of accommodation. What happens, however, to the efficacy of these rights as tools of accommodation and their protective capacity if the identity they are meant to protect and accommodate is contested? In addressing this question, this paper explores the intersection of identity contestation and group differentiated rights in the Canadian context with specific reference to aboriginality and existing aboriginal rights. First, the paper offers a presentation of the plurality of meanings shouldered by the term “aboriginality”. Second, it traces the numerous decisions which comprise theDlegamuukwcase and examines the various explanations, descriptions and characterizations of aboriginality contained therein. In the process, it exposes that a particular understanding of this collective identity underpins the Court's ultimate characterization of aboriginal title, the aboriginal right at issue in this case. This represents a problematic interpretation, given that the version of aboriginality selected differs from the one put forward by the aboriginal litigants.

Résumé.Un consensus émergeant s'établit sur l'idée que les droits différenciés en fonction de l'appartenance à un groupe peuvent contribuer à la protection de l'identité collective, en fournissant à l'État d'importants outils d'accommodement. Qu'arrive-t-il, cependant, à l'efficacité de ces droits compris comme des outils d'accommodement, de même qu'à leur capacité de protection, si l'identité qu'ils sont censés protéger et accommoder est contestée? En répondant à cette question, cet article explore l'intersection entre la contestation identitaire et les droits différenciés en fonction du groupe dans le contexte canadien, avec, comme cas d'étude spécifique, l'autochtonie et les droits des autochtones. D'une part, il explore la pluralité de sens que revêt le terme “ autochtonie ”. D'autre part, il retrace les nombreuses décisions que comprend le casDelgamuukwet examine les diverses explications, descriptions et caractérisations de l'autochtonie qu'elles contiennent. Dans ce cadre, il souligne qu'une compréhension particulière de cette identité collective sous-tend l'ultime caractérisation par la Cour suprême du titre autochtone, soit le droit des autochtones qui est au cœur de ce procès. Ceci constitue une interprétation problématique puisque la version de l'autochtonie sélectionnée diffère de celle que prônaient les litigants autochtones.
Canadian Cyberparties: Reflections on Internet-Based Campaigning and Party Systems
Authors: Small Tamara A.
Published: September 2007

Abstract.Canadian political parties have been using the Internet as a campaign tool since the 1997 election.Rebuilding Canadian Party Politicsby Carty, Cross and Young (2000) presents one of the first analyses of Internet-based communications during a Canadian election. It is also one of the most important assessments of Canadian party systems. The book outlines the components that characterize the fourth party system, which they argue, began after the 1993 election. Regionalization is the defining characteristic of this emerging system. The book argues that the Internet, like other communication technologies, is important in this latest party system. Consistent with the notion of regionalized campaign communications, the authors suggest that Canadian political parties use the Internet to target campaign messages to different regional and sociodemographic groups and enter into private conversations with voters. Using original data collected from the 2004 federal election, this paper reflects on these claims. The paper builds the case that the use of the Internet as a campaign tool is not consistent with their argument. Internet-based campaign communications in Canada by the major parties is neither regionalized nor targeted. Rather, this technology makes campaign communication more transparent and centralized.

Résumé.Au Canada, les partis politiques utilisent Internet comme outil de campagne depuis l'élection de 1997.Rebuilding Canadian Party Politics, par Carty, Cross et Young (2000), présente l'une des premières analyses des communications sur Internet pendant une campagne électorale. Il constitue aussi l'une des plus importantes évaluations des systèmes des partis politiques canadiens. Le livre dégage également les éléments qui caractérisent le système à quatre partis qui est né, selon eux, après l'élection de 1993. La régionalisation est la caractéristique déterminante de ce nouveau système. Le livre soutient qu'Internet, comme les autres technologies de communication, est important pour ce nouveau système à quatre partis. Conformément à la notion de communications de campagne régionalisées, les auteurs suggèrent que les partis politiques canadiens utilisent Internet pour cibler les messages de campagne selon les différents groupes régionaux et sociodémographiques et engager des conversations privées avec les électeurs. Le présent article examine ces affirmations à partir des données recueillies lors de l'élection fédérale de 2004. Il établit que l'utilisation d'Internet comme outil de campagne ne cadre pas avec leur argument. Les campagnes de communication sur Internet menées par les principaux partis au Canada ne sont ni régionalisées ni ciblées. Cette technologie rend plutôt les communications des campagnes électorales plus transparentes et plus centralisées.
Interregionalism and International Relations
Authors: Mahant Edelgard
Published: September 2007

Interregionalism and International Relations, Heiner
Hänggi, Ralf Roloff and Jürgen Rüland, eds., Routledge
Advances in International Relations and Global Politics; London:
Routledge, 2006, pp. 364.

How do we explain a widespread international phenomenon that only
occasionally contributes to the geo-strategic or economic interests of the
participating states? This book is about interregionalism, the
international organizations and institutions that link regional
organizations from more than one region of the world (as, for example,
ASEM, also known as Asia-Europe Meeting) or that span across more than one
region, such as APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation) or FTAA (Free
Trade Area of the Americas). The fact is that few of these institutions
have accomplished much in concrete terms, yet they continue to
proliferate, as the four-and-a-half page list of acronyms at the beginning
of this volume amply demonstrates.
Like the Sound of a Drum: Aboriginal Cultural Politics in Denendeh
and Nunavut
Authors: Wilson Gary N.
Published: September 2007

Like the Sound of a Drum: Aboriginal Cultural Politics in Denendeh
and Nunavut, Peter Kulchyski, Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press,
2005, pp. xi, 305.

Much of the existing literature on politics in the Northwest
Territories (Denendeh) and Nunavut focuses on the dynamics of political,
economic and social change at the territorial level of government. This is
especially true if one considers the case of Nunavut. In recent years, a
number of books and articles have deepened our understanding of
territorial politics and the evolving relationship between the territories
and other levels of government in Canada. Very few studies, however, have
examined political developments in the territories from the perspective of
community politics. Like the Sound of a Drum: Aboriginal Cultural
Politics in Denendeh and Nunavut, by Peter Kulchyski, makes an
important contribution to this growing literature by exploring grassroots
local politics in several communities in the Northwest Territories and
Nunavut.
As Others See Us: The Causes and Consequences of Foreign Perceptions
of America
Authors: Dodds Graham G.
Published: September 2007

As Others See Us: The Causes and Consequences of Foreign
Perceptions of America, Stephen Brooks, Peterborough ON: Broadview,
2006, pp. 178.

As its title indicates, As Other See Us seeks to explain how
the United States of America is perceived abroad. Stephen Brooks argues
that while it is more important than ever to understand how foreigners
view America, academics and policymakers alike have tended to do a poor
job of it, because they overemphasize what America does and underemphasize
what America “is seen to be” (16). In other words, he suggests
that foreign interpretations of America are at least as important as
American actions or policy. For Brooks, perceptions matter a lot.
Rules, Rules, Rules, Rules: Multilevel Regulatory Governance
Authors: Lazar Harvey
Published: September 2007

Rules, Rules, Rules, Rules: Multilevel Regulatory Governance,
G. Bruce Doern and Robert Johnson, eds., Studies in Comparative Political
Economy and Public Policy; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, xi,
372.

The first stated purpose of this edited collection is to
“clarify conceptually the nature, causes, and dynamics of regulatory
governance in, or affecting, Canada” in a world where the
international, federal, provincial and local spheres are
“interacting, reinforcing and colliding.” The second is to
“contribute practically to the debate on what kinds of principles
and institutional approaches and changes can lessen the problems of
multilevel regulatory governance” (3).
Mondialisation et bien être
Authors: Gosciniak André S.
Published: September 2007

Mondialisation et bien être, Helliwell, John F.,
Presses de l'Université Laval, 2005, 105 pages.

L'ouvrage de John Helliwell est la compilation de trois
conférences données par l'auteur en 2000 ;
retravaillées et mises à jour, elles présentent la
réflexion de Helliwell sur la mondialisation et le bien-être,
ce dernier sujet étant le thème principal de l'ouvrage.
Le lien entre la mondialisation et le bien-être est faible, les deux
sujets étant traités souvent de façon
séparée. Par conséquent, le lecteur qui
s'attendrait à une analyse approfondie des effets de la
mondialisation sur le bien-être humain en sortira peut-être
déçu. Le phénomène de la mondialisation est
l'un des sujets de la réflexion de Helliwell, mais c'est
loin d'être le plus important – le livre concerne par
exemple beaucoup plus les relations bilatérales entre le Canada et
les États-Unis ou encore le rôle du Canada dans le monde
actuel et il faut attendre le troisième et dernier chapitre qui
constitue une réflexion sur la façon de “ combiner
bien-être national et bien-être mondial ” pour voir la
relation entre le contenu des deux premiers chapitres et la
mondialisation. Cependant, il faut rendre justice à l'auteur
qui prévient le lecteur que “ cet ouvrage met l'accent
sur le bien-être comme centre d'intérêt pour les
chercheurs et les responsables de l'élaboration des politiques
publiques ” (p. 1). En effet, ce serait une erreur grave de nier que
l'ouvrage de Helliwell a ses points forts et la réflexion de
l'auteur ne décevra pas un lecteur intéressé par
le sujet. Je me concentrerai d'abord sur la troisième partie
du livre, qui me semble la plus féconde.
Brazilian Politics
Authors: McAllister Mary Louise
Published: September 2007

Brazilian Politics, Alfred P. Montero, Cambridge: Polity
Press, 2005, pp. 167.

Brazil is a country of contrasts. This is one of the first, and most
ubiquitous, phrases that one encounters with respect to this intriguing
country. Visitors to Brazil soon echo this sentiment as they note its
cultural sophistication in the arts, technological expertise in a number
of industries, its vast, diverse territory, as well as its extreme
economic and social disparity. It is the ninth-largest economy in the
world, yet it is also one of the most inequitable; the top 1 per cent of
the population retains 40 per cent of the country's wealth (5). It is
fitting then that this reality provides the integrative theme in Alfred
Montero's primer on Brazilian politics. The topic is first introduced
with an effective depiction of Brazilian president “Lula” da
Silva as he struggles to bridge competing social and economic imperatives
when he attends the World Social Forum held at Porto Alegre, Brazil, and
the World Economic Forum at Davos, Switzerland. The text concludes with an
observation that the president's adoption of a pragmatic agenda in
order to secure economic growth through global markets will not adequately
satisfy the desperate and immediate need for social reform where millions
suffer and comparatively few prosper. Montero asserts that the root of
this misery can be traced to the state's historic pattern of
clientelistic politics, oligarchical rule and
bureaucratic-authoritarianism (25).
Political Culture and Institutional Development in Costa Rica and
Nicaragua: World-Making in the Tropics
Authors: Gonzalez Miguel
Published: September 2007

Political Culture and Institutional Development in Costa Rica and
Nicaragua: World-Making in the Tropics, Consuelo Cruz, New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 281.

Political Culture and Institutional Development is a
groundbreaking historical analysis that seeks to understand the role of
political culture, rhetorical discourses and identity formation in
explaining the divergent dynamics of democratic development in Costa Rica
and Nicaragua. In the same critical vein through which Jeffery Paige,
Edelberto Torres, Deborah Yashar, and Andres Perez-Baltodano—each
from different theoretical perspectives—have sought to discern the
contrasting dynamic of polities' formation in Central America, Cruz
advances an integrative, in-depth study nurtured by “elements of
rationalist, structural and cultural theories” (1).
Construire le politique. Contingence, causalité et
connaissance dans la science politique contemporaine
Authors: Couture Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2007

Construire le politique. Contingence, causalité et
connaissance dans la science politique contemporaine, Laurent McFalls
(avec la collaboration de Nicolas Liorzou, Julie Perreault et Anca Mot),
Presses de l'Université Laval, 2006, 319 pages.

Il y aura toujours un risque à encourir dans la
préparation d'un manuel dont l'ambition est de
présenter l'unité d'une discipline dont la
convergence n'est souvent qu'artificielle ou institutionnelle.
Très au fait de ce risque, Laurent McFalls précise
d'emblée que, la plupart du temps, les manuels proposent
“ un tour d'horizon plus ou moins superficiel et
aléatoire ” (p. xiv) ou versent dans le dogme brutal du
“ il y a ” (il y a des idéologies, il y a des
problèmes politiques, il y a des théories des relations
internationales) sans égard à la construction
épistémologique de cette “ réalité
”. Dans Construire le politique. Contingence, causalité
et connaissance dans la science politique contemporaine, McFalls et
son équipe relèvent le défi imposé par une
synthèse désireuse d'éviter ce pragmatisme qui
dissimule davantage qu'il ne révèle, pour inviter le
lecteur à une réflexion épistémologique et
philosophique sur les présupposés d'une discipline dont
le pluralisme engendre certainement une science saine, à
défaut d'un gai savoir.
Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia
Authors: Onder Nilgun
Published: September 2007

Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, Kathleen
Collins, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 376.

The long isolation of Central Asia finally ended with the collapse of
the Soviet Union. Five new independent states emerged from the ashes of
the Soviet Union, the very first time in history that the peoples of
Central Asia gained their own independent states modelled on the modern
state. This development caught the world, including Central Asians
themselves, by surprise. It changed the geopolitics of the entire Eurasia.
In the ensuing years, the Central Asian republics have undergone
simultaneous multiple transformations: state building; political regime
transformation; and transition from Soviet communism. Thus the new states
in Central Asia have provided scholars with new cases of multiple economic
and political transitions to study and compare. In recent years, there has
been a significant proliferation of English-language publications on
Central Asia. Kathleen Collin's book, a comparative historical study
of political development in Central Asia, is a major contribution. While
its focus is on Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, it often provides
examples from the other two Central Asian republics, namely Turkmenistan
and Kazakhstan. It is thoroughly researched and rich in information and
details. It also makes a significant contribution to the political science
literature on democratization, regime transition and consolidation.
Norms of Liberty: A Perfectionist Basis for Non-Perfectionist
Politics
Authors: Lindsay Peter
Published: September 2007

Norms of Liberty: A Perfectionist Basis for Non-Perfectionist
Politics, Douglas B. Rasmussen and Douglas J. Den Uyl, University
Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005, pp. xviii, 358.

As the sub-title here suggests, Rasmussen and Den Uyl seek to defend a
liberalism that does not shy away from deep moral commitments. Instead
they seek one with a “robust moral framework,” one that
rejects “the claim that … liberalism is necessarily connected
to moral minimalism or skepticism” (15). As they point out, this is
not an especially new idea, and indeed much of their argument for a more
philosophically invested liberalism is in general sympathy with the vision
Mill articulated 150 years ago. (They happily go back even further, to
Spinoza.)
Grain yield and quality of wheat under increased ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) at later stages of the crop cycle
Authors: CALDERINI D. F. , LIZANA X. C. , HESS S. , JOBET C. R. , ZÚÑIGA J. A.
Published: September 2007

The increase of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation could be a challenge for wheat production systems in Southern Chile, as in other areas. Previous reports have shown that increased UV-B radiation decreases wheat yield by affecting both grain number and grain weight. However, contrasting results have also been published showing no effect on wheat biomass and grain yield. In addition, little is known about the effect of higher UV-B radiation at particular periods of the crop cycle on grain quality traits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate grain yield, yield components and grain quality in response to increased UV-B radiation during key periods of yield component determination. Two experiments were carried out under field conditions in the Universidad Austral de Chile (latitude 39°62′S). Two spring wheat cultivars were exposed to two periods of supplemented UV-B radiation (280–320 nm): (i) between booting and anthesis,c. 20 days, and (ii) from 10 days after anthesis until physiological maturity,c. 40 days. Ultraviolet radiation was increased to levels of 3·8 and 4·9 kJ/m2/day in experimental years 1 and 2, respectively, by using UV-B lamps. At harvest, plants were sampled to quantify aboveground biomass, grain yield, grain number and average grain weight. In addition, protein and gluten concentration of grains were measured. Grain yield was not affected (P>0·05) by the UV-B increase at pre- or at post-anthesis treatments. Similar results were found for each yield component. In addition, grain protein and gluten concentration showed similar values in the increased UV-B and control treatments. Therefore, if increases in UV-B radiation take place during the latter stages of the crop cycle as is expected, the present results do not support the speculation that increases of UV-B radiation in Southern Chile will compromise wheat production systems.
The Meaning of κατακαλυπτω and κατα κεϕαλης εχων in 1 Corinthians 11.2–16
Authors: MASSEY PRESTON T.
Published: September 2007

For the past forty years NT scholars have been divided over the text of 1 Cor 11.2–16. Some see this pericope as addressing the issue of head coverings, while others see the issue as one of hairstyles. Although Stefan Lösch was the first to advocate the case for long flowing hairstyles, credit for starting this enduring controversy must be given to Abel Isaksson. This article investigates Isaksson's claim for the hairstyle thesis and concludes that a study of the verb κατακαλυπτω will permit a translation only of textile head coverings.