bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin as a biomarker linking obesity and adiposopathy to hematologic malignancies
Authors: Dalamaga Maria , Christodoulatos Gerasimos S.
Published: June 2015

Higher body mass index and adiposopathy have been associated with increased risk of hematologic malignancies such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative disorders, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Adiponectin is a multimeric protein of the white adipose tissue presenting anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, anti-atherogenic, cardioprotective, and anti-neoplastic properties. Its anti-neoplastic actions are manifested via two mechanisms: (i) direct action on tumor cells by enhancing receptor-mediated signaling pathways and (ii) indirect action by regulating inflammatory responses, influencing cancer angiogenesis, and modulating insulin sensitivity at the target tissue site. In the bone marrow milieu, adiponectin and its main receptors are expressed by the majority of bone marrow stromal cell populations influencing hematopoietic stem cells function. Adiponectin may represent a molecular mediator relating adiposopathy with leukemogenesis and myelomagenesis. Several epidemiological studies conducted to date relate hypoadiponectinemia to the risk of myeloid-derived hematopoietic cancer and multiple myeloma. Adiponectin may be a promising biomarker with potential diagnostic and prognostic utility in determining the likelihood of myeloma and leukemia progression in certain cohorts of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients and in myeloid hematologic malignancies, respectively. This review summarizes experimental and epidemiologic data regarding the role of adiponectin in hematologic malignancies in the context of adiposopathy. Enhancement of endogenous adiponectin, adiponectin replacement, or manipulation of adiponectin receptor sensitivity may be an attractive goal for prevention and an effective therapeutic strategy against hematopoietic cancer, specifically in overweight/obese individuals. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of the bone marrow microenvironment adiponectin in complex interactions involved in preleukemic and leukemic states.
Trans-free Shortenings through the Interesterification of Rice Bran Stearin, Fully Hydrogenated Soybean Oil and Coconut Oil
Authors: Shi Can , Chang Ming , Liu Ruijie , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo
Published: June 2015

Trans-free interesterified fat was prepared from binary blends of rice bran stearin (RBS) and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) with RBS/FHSBO mass ratio of 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30. Commercial lipozyme RM IM (10 wt% of total substrate) was used to catalyze the reaction. Coconut oil (CO, 20 wt% of RBS/FHSBO) was also added to increase the medium-chain fatty acids content. The enzymatic interesterified fats EIEF were evaluated for their physical properties (i.e., solid fat content (SFC), polymorphism and crystal morphology) and the bioactive phytochemical contents. The SFC curves after interesterification were flattened, indicating a wide plastic range. SFC of the EIEF with different ratio (RBS/FHSBO=50:50, 60:40 and 70:30) at 25 °C were 34.2, 25.7 and 17.8%, respectively, while the physical blends at the same ratio showed 41.4, 35.7 and 27.7%. From X-ray diffraction (XRD), β polymorphic form was observed in physical blends, whereas only β’ crystal form was discovered in EIEF, which is most desired for shortenings and margarines preparation. EIEF contained 416.7–602.4 mg/100 g oryzanol, 25.4–36.5 mg/100 g total tocopherols and 319.3–431.8 mg/100 g total phytosterols, which could confer health benefits. The results indicated that EIEF may have a potential use in shortenings and margarines preparation.
A Motivational Analysis of the ARCS Model for Information Literacy Courses in a Blended Learning Environment
Authors: Chang Nai-Cheng , Chen Huei-Huang
Published: June 2015

This study proposes an attention, Relevance, confidence, satisfaction (ARCS)-based research model that uses a set of ARCS-oriented certified digital general education information literacy (IL) materials for higher education initiated by the Ministry of Education (MoE) in Taiwan, to determine the motivation for learning in a blended learning environment. The research model is tested using an online questionnaire survey of 292 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the results. The partial least squares (PLS) method is used to validate the measurement and hypotheses. Brief comments and in-depth interviews with students who had scored very highly and very poorly in terms of their overall academic performance provided qualitative data on students’ learning motivation. The findings support the validity of the four motivational elements in the ARCS model. The quantitative and qualitative research results demonstrate that the motivation for taking IL courses, whether as a requirement or out of interest, is not a key factor in learning motivation. The results reveal that the ARCS-based digital materials, ARCS-based motivational course design for learning, and the student-centred, inquiring learning environment are critical components for achieving effective online IL courses and favourable learning outcomes.
The Use of Web 2.0 Services by Urban Public Libraries in Poland: Changes over the Years 2011–2013
Authors: Wójcik Magdalena
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses the possibilities for using social media in promoting public library services and describes the changes that occurred between 2011 and 2013. The results of an analysis of a group of Polish urban public libraries for the occurrence of Web 2.0 elements and social media references are presented. Quantitative analysis included the number of Web 2.0 elements in pages, the number of references to social networking sites and the number of users of various types of Web 2.0 library profiles. Qualitative analysis concerned the extent and type of information shared through social media. This article presents the scope of changes that have occurred in the use of Web 2.0 elements by Polish urban public libraries in recent years, as well as prospects for the further use of social media. It also shows the dynamics of change in terms of how public libraries use Web 2.0 services. This comparative study shows that over the 2 years studied the number of libraries using social media increased, as did the variety of tools and the frequency of their use. The study was conducted using a specific sample of public libraries in urban areas in one Polish province. The study is not representative of all public libraries in Poland. However, the author believes that the study shows certain trends that may be characteristic not only of libraries in the studied region, but also across the whole country, and the results could be widely used in practice to improve social media activity.
Synthesis of pyrazoles containing benzofuran and trifluoromethyl moieties as possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents
Authors: Farag Awatef A. , El Shehry Mohamed F. , Abbas Samir Y. , Abd-Alrahman Safaa N. , Atrees Abeer A. , Al-basheer Hiaat Z. , Ammar Yousry A.
Published: June 2015

Searching for new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents, we have prepared a series of novel pyrazoles containing benzofuran and trifluoromethyl moieties. The pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized via two routes starting from 5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl azo) salicylaldehyde. The first route involved the synthesis of 2-acetylbenzofuran and then treatment with aldehydes to afford the corresponding chalcones. The cyclization of the latter chalcones with hydrazine hydrate led to the formation of new pyrazoline derivatives. The second route involved the synthesis of benzofuran-2-carbohydrazide and then treatment with formylpyrazoles, chalcones and ketene dithioacetal derivatives to afford the corresponding pyrazole derivatives. Some of the synthesized compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.
Analyse par activation d'impuretés minérales dans les terphényles et leur dosage par spectrométrie γ
Authors: Aubouin G.
Published: June 2015

Das beschriebene Analysenverfahren betrifft die Bestimmung von 15 Radioelementen, die aus 13 als Spuren in Terphenylen vorhandenen inaktiven Elementen entstehen: Al, Cl, Ni, Μn, Cu, Na, Zn, Ga, Sb, Cr, Fe, Sc, Co. Nacheinander werden Einzelheiten der Bestrahlung, der chemischen Trennungen nach Veraschen und der Bestimmungen mitgeteilt.

Es folgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse, speziell im Hinblick auf die durch Strahlung verursachten Störungen; die Grenzempfindlichkeiten werden für die dem verwendeten Verfahren entsprechenden Bedingungen angegeben. Sie liegen in der Reihe der Elemente zwischen 5 · 10-4 und 10-9 g.
Strahlenchemische Veränderungen in Polymeren
Authors: Heusinger H. , Weber E.
Published: June 2015

Polystyrolfolien, denen 1,4-Di-[5-phenyl-oxyzolyl-(2)]-benzol (DPOO) als Additiv zugesetzt war, wurden in Gegenwart und unter Ausschluß von Luft bestrahlt.

Es zeigt sich, daß, nachdem der ursprünglich in der Folie gelöste Sauerstoff verbraucht ist, der durch Diffusion gelieferte Sauerstoff nur bis zu einer begrenzten Tiefe in das Polymere einzudringen vermag, da sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Sauerstofflieferung durch Diffusion und Sauerstoffverbrauch durch Reaktion einstellt. Dies ist zu folgern aus der Zerstörungsrate des DPOO sowie der Änderung des Polymerisationsgrades des Polystyrols und wird insbesondere durch Untersuchungen in Abhängigkeit von der Schichtdicke gestützt.

Der gefundene hohe G-Wert des gelösten DPOO im Vergleich zum DPOO in Substanz muß auf einen Energieübergang vom Polystyrol auf das Additiv zurückzuführen sein. Der Einfluß des Sauerstoffes kommt dadurch zum Ausdruck, daß in dem untersuchten Dosisbereich in Polystyrol nur in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff DPOO-Zerstörung auftritt.

Weiterhin ist ein Einfluß des Polymerisationsgrades des Polystyrols auf die Additivzerstörung festzustellen. Hierfür wird angenommen, daß der Polymerisationsgrad die Zahl der am DPOO gebildeten Radikale oder angeregte Zustände beeinflußt, da es sich zeigt, daß unterschiedliche Sauerstoffdiffusion diese Beobachtung höchstens teilweise zu erklären vermag.
Die Bildung von 32PCl3 und andere Reaktionen heißer Phosphoratome aus den Kernprozessen 31P(n, γ) und 35Cl(n, α)
Authors: Henglein A. , Drawe H. , Perner D.
Published: June 2015

In Phosphortrichlorid entfallen 85% (flüssig) bzw. 75% (gasförmig) der durch den 31P(n, γ)-Einfang induzierten 32P-Aktivität auf die 32PCl3-Retention, während der Rest in einer polymeren Form des Phosphors vorliegt. Halogene erhöhen die Retention auf fast 100% ; Tetrachlorkohlenstoff wirkt ebenfalls fördernd. Ein Teil der Retention (47% der Gesamtaktivität in der Gasphase) stammt aus Reaktionen heißer Rückstoßatome, der restliche Teil (28% der Gesamtaktivität) kommt durch die Rückchlorierung thermalisierter Phosphoratome zustande. Der erstere Anteil wird durch Argon und andere Moderatoren in hoher Konzentration unterbunden, der letztere durch kleine Mengen von Kohlenwasserstoffen, welche Cl-Atome abfangen. In der Gasphaae erfolgt der Zerfall der PCl3-Molekel in 99,8% aller Neutroneneinfänge. In flüssigen Lösungen des Phosphortrichlorids mißt man eine scheinbar höhere primäre Retention, was auf Rekombinationen der Fragmente unter der Käfigwirkung der umgebenden Molekeln zurückgeführt wird. Die Käfig- Rekombination findet um so leichter statt, je geringer die Reaktivität des Lösungsmittels mit Chloratomen ist.

Der Einfluß der kinetischen Anfangsenergie des 32P-Rückstoßatoms wurde an der Bildung von 32PCl, und CCl3
32PCl2 als Folge der Prozesse 35Cl
(n,γ)
und 31P(n, γ
)
in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bzw. verdünnten Lösungen von Phosphor und von Phosphortrichlorid in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff untersucht. Die 32PCl3-Bildung läßtsich in reinem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff viel leichter durch Fänger für 01-Atome inhibieren als in einer Lösung von PCI3 in CCI4. Dies zeigt, daß die drei Chloratome des PCI3 maßgeblich an den Reaktionen des abdissoziierten 32P-Atoms beteiligt sind; diese Reaktionen spielen sich auf eng begrenztem Raum ab. Die Diffusion von Radikalen spielt bei den Reaktionen der abgestoppten Rückstoßatome aus dem
n,
α-Prozeß in reinem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff eine größere Rolle.
Verwendung von Radionukliden zur Messung von Überführungszahlen in Elektrolytlösungen nach der Methode der Grenzflächenwanderung
Authors: Marx G. , Fischer L.
Published: June 2015

Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die neueren Verfahren, die zur Bestimmung von Überführungszahlen in Elektrolytlösungen in der Literatur beschrieben worden sind, wird die Möglichkeit der Verwendung von Leitisotopen diskutiert. Zur Probe wurde die Überführungszahl des H+-Ions einer wäßrigen 0,05 molaren HCl-Lösung bei 25° C in Kombination mit wäßriger KCl-Lösung (mit 42K markiert) nach der Methode der Grenzflächenwanderung gemessen. Die Übereinstimmung der Mcßwerte mit dem allgemein akzeptierten Wert von LONGSWORTH ist gut. Die Meßmethodik wird ausführlich beschrieben
Radiolysis of Ethyl Iodide in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Schindler Ralph N.
Published: June 2015

The 60Co-γ-radiolysis of ethyl iodide with and without additives has been investigated in the approximate range of 10-3 to 1 % decomposition.

Ethane formation in pure irradiated ethyl iodide occurs to only 50% by reactions under steady state conditions. The residual ethane results from diffusion controlled reactions in spurs. "Hot" processes are found to be of minor importance. Ethylene and butane production occurs in the spurs exclusively. The upper limit for ethylene formation via unimolecular elimination is estimated to G < 0.9.
Some Observations on the Szilard-Chalmers Process in Dichromates
Authors: Andersen T. , Maddock A. G.
Published: June 2015

The initial retentions of samples of monoclinic and triclinic potassium dichromate, irradiated under the same conditions, were found to be 82.4 and 89.5% respectively. Monoclinic solid solutions of K2Cr2O7 in (NH4)2Cr2O7, in the range 0-65 mole% of K2Cr2O7, gave initial retentions which were a smooth, though not linear, function of the composition. The curve could be extrapolated to the value found for the metastable pure monoclinic K2Cr2O7. Unlike (NH4)2Cr2O7, the tetramethyl ammonium salt did not show a decrease in retention on irradiation with ultraviolet light. The photolytic decrease in retention in the ammonium salt does not appear to be thermally reversible.

An entirely non-aqueous method of determining the retention in ammonium dichromate gave the same value as the aqueous procedure.
Hot-Atom Chemistry and Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Azide Crystals Containing Nitrogen-13 Recoil Atoms
Authors: Reitzner B. , Harbottle G.
Published: June 2015

The reactions of recoil 13N atoms produced by the (n, 2n) reaction in sodium azide have been studied: labelled azide and nitrogen (N2) are the principal products, with yields of about 30 and 65% respectively. The yield of azide shows little dependence on temperature. When samples of the irradiated salt are subjected to thermal decomposition, the specific activity of the nitrogen evolved first falls, then rises and shows a peak during the "induction period" for bulk decomposition. This behavior is interpreted in terms of displacement spike theory.
Influence of Electron-Accepting and Donating Ambient Atmospheres on the Thermal Annealing of Recoil Damage in Cobalt Chelates-bis-Salicylaldehyde-Triethylenetetramine Co(ni) Chloride, Hydrate
Authors: Bao K. A. , Nath Amar
Published: June 2015

The ambient atmosphere is found to influence the thermal annealing behaviour of neutron-irradiated bissalicylaldehyde- triethylenetetramine Co(III) chloride, hydrate. The electron-donors, acetone and ethyl alcohol vapours, accelerate the annealing process, while electron-acceptors like oxygen and nitric oxide gas retard it. Evidently, a donor-acceptor electron transfer takes place between the crystallite and the adsorbed molecules of the ambient gas or vapour. It supports an annealing mechanism invoking participation of free electrons.
Carboxylierung von Formiat unter der Strahlenwirkung von Radon
Authors: Getoff N. , Hernegger F.
Published: June 2015

Es wird über die Carboxylierung von Formiat bei Bestrahlung mit α-Strahlen (Radon) berichtet. Die Ausbeute des gebildeten Oxalates ist verhältnismäßig hoch und beträgt G (Oxalat) = 22,1 bei p
H 9.

In Gegenwart von n-Butanol bzw. Glyzerin als Konkurrenzpartner bei der Carboxylierung nimmt die Ausbeute des Oxalates stark ab. Für Radon samt Folgeprodukten wurde unter Berücksichtigung einer Reihe von Faktoren G (Fe3+) = 10,5 errechnet.
Metabolic comorbidities in Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Ferraù Francesco , Korbonits Márta
Published: June 2015

Cushing's syndrome (CS) patients have increased mortality primarily due to cardiovascular events induced by glucocorticoid (GC) excess-related severe metabolic changes. Glucose metabolism abnormalities are common in CS due to increased gluconeogenesis, disruption of insulin signalling with reduced glucose uptake and disposal of glucose and altered insulin secretion, consequent to the combination of GCs effects on liver, muscle, adipose tissue and pancreas. Dyslipidaemia is a frequent feature in CS as a result of GC-induced increased lipolysis, lipid mobilisation, liponeogenesis and adipogenesis. Protein metabolism is severely affected by GC excess via complex direct and indirect stimulation of protein breakdown and inhibition of protein synthesis, which can lead to muscle loss. CS patients show changes in body composition, with fat redistribution resulting in accumulation of central adipose tissue. Metabolic changes, altered adipokine release, GC-induced heart and vasculature abnormalities, hypertension and atherosclerosis contribute to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In paediatric CS patients, the interplay between GC and the GH/IGF1 axis affects growth and body composition, while in adults it further contributes to the metabolic derangement. GC excess has a myriad of deleterious effects and here we attempt to summarise the metabolic comorbidities related to CS and their management in the perspective of reducing the cardiovascular risk and mortality overall.
Constipation: an overlooked, unmanaged symptom of patients with pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma
Authors: Thosani Sonali , Ayala-Ramirez Montserrat , Román-González Alejandro , Zhou Shouhao , Thosani Nirav , Bisanz Annette , Jimenez Camilo
Published: June 2015

Objective

Pheochromocytomas (PHs) and sympathetic paragangliomas (PGs) are tumors that produce catecholamines, predisposing patients to cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal effects such as constipation. Objectives: i) determine the prevalence of constipation, its risk factors, and its impact on survival; ii) identify whether a systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives was effective for treatment of constipation.

Design and methods

We retrospectively studied 396 patients with PH/PG diagnosed in 2005–2014. The study population was patients with constipation as a presenting symptom; the control group was patients without constipation as a presenting symptom. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory was used to assess constipation and quality of life.

Results

Twenty-three patients (6%) had constipation. Constipation was associated with headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, weight loss, and excessive noradrenaline production (P<0.0001). Eighteen of these patients had non-metastatic primary tumors larger than 5 cm and/or extensive metastases. No statistically significant differences in age, sex, and genotype were noted between the study and control groups. In patients without metastases, resection of the primary tumor led to symptom disappearance. A systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives was associated with symptom improvement. Two patients who presented unmanaged constipation died because of sepsis from toxic megacolon.

Conclusions

Constipation is a rare and potentially lethal complication in patients with PH/PGs. Severe constipation can be prevented by recognizing and treating mild symptoms.
Asymmetric Hearing During Development: The Aural Preference Syndrome and Treatment Options
Authors: Gordon Karen , Henkin Yael , Kral Andrej
Published: June 2015

Deafness affects ∼2 in 1000 children and is one of the most common congenital impairments. Permanent hearing loss can be treated by fitting hearing aids. More severe to profound deafness is an indication for cochlear implantation. Although newborn hearing screening programs have increased the identification of asymmetric hearing loss, parents and caregivers of children with single-sided deafness are often hesitant to pursue therapy for the deaf ear. Delayed intervention has consequences for recovery of hearing. It has long been reported that asymmetric hearing loss/single-sided deafness compromises speech and language development and educational outcomes in children. Recent studies in animal models of deafness and in children consistently show evidence of an “aural preference syndrome” in which single-sided deafness in early childhood reorganizes the developing auditory pathways toward the hearing ear, with weaker central representation of the deaf ear. Delayed therapy consequently compromises benefit for the deaf ear, with slow rates of improvement measured over time. Therefore, asymmetric hearing needs early identification and intervention. Providing early effective stimulation in both ears through appropriate fitting of auditory prostheses, including hearing aids and cochlear implants, within a sensitive period in development has a cardinal role for securing the function of the impaired ear and for restoring binaural/spatial hearing. The impacts of asymmetric hearing loss on the developing auditory system and on spoken language development have often been underestimated. Thus, the traditional minimalist approach to clinical management aimed at 1 functional ear should be modified on the basis of current evidence.
Evaluation of Jamaican Knowledge of Diabetes and Health Beliefs
Authors: Hartzler Melody L. , Chen Aleda M.H. , Murphy Bethany L. , Rodewald Sarah J.
Published: June 2015

Background & Aims:The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that over 382 million people worldwide were affected by diabetes in 2013. The Caribbean region consistently is above the global average in regard to diabetes prevalence. Specifically, in Jamaica, researchers have found that the management of diabetes is not consistent with international guidelines, and in Caribbean culture, there are additional health beliefs that may need to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to (1) evaluate patient diabetes-related knowledge and health beliefs and (2) determine the association between diabetes-related knowledge and health beliefs in rural Jamaica.
Methods: Rural Jamaican patients with diabetes (N=48, mean age = 55.16±15.08) were asked to complete questionnaires for cross-sectional examination of knowledge and health beliefs during a medical mission trip to the parish of St. Elizabeth in Jamaica. Participants were asked to verbally complete the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy in Diabetes Scale (SKILLD, 10 items) and Health Belief Model-11 (HBM-11, 11 items), as well as a demographic instrument. Analyses were performed in SPSS v. 20.0. Descriptive statistics were performed for all items. Spearman or Pearson correlations, as appropriate, were utilized to assess associations. Differences in HBM subscales by demographic characteristics were assessed using paired t-tests.
Results: Participants had poor knowledge of diabetes, particularly regarding signs and symptoms of hyper/hypoglycemia, importance of foot and eye exams, fasting blood glucose levels, and long-term diabetes complications. Knowledge deficits were associated with educational attainment, as many participants had only completed primary school. Most participants indicated they were ready to take action regarding their health, but they perceived there were significant barriers to doing so. Also, older adults were more likely to believe that they could control their diabetes. There were no other differences in knowledge or health beliefs based on demographic characteristics.
Conclusions: Among this population of rural Jamaican patients, general knowledge regarding diabetes remains low, but patients want to take action regarding their diabetes. These results indicate a continued need to develop programs to provide diabetes-related education to patients living in rural Jamaica, as patients are ready to improve their management of diabetes.
Framing the Role of the Faith Community in Global Health
Authors: Strand Mark A. , Cole Andrew M.
Published: June 2015

Globalization has brought many people and organizations together. Healthcare is one of the fields that has been the most prominent in global collaboration. Healthcare professionals working from the framework of Christian faith have been participants and leaders in global health for many years. The current challenges in global health call for the active involvement of all concerned players, Christian healthcare professionals among them. In this paper, the authors suggest a unique framework for Christians involved in global health to make contributions to research, scholarship, and practice innovation in this field.
Shalom & Eirene: Fully Caring for the Afflicted Person
Authors: Landa Apolos
Published: June 2015

The biblical concepts and categories relating to the person portray the individual as a multidimensional relational totality. To be fully human is to be a constitutive part of the whole creation in an enhancing relationship with God, with others made in his image and likeness and with the rest of God’s creation. The ecosystem, culture-education, family and friends unavoidably influence the individual, as do the choices he or she has already made. Thus to be ‘a responsible partner’ with God in the creative process of becoming and making shalom, a person needs to be self-reconciled and then become reconciled one with another, in family, in community and in all other spheres of their immediate and cosmic context. It is this that proves a person to be truly reconciled with God and thus enabled him or her to become fully human.
The Gospel of Science
Authors: Downing Raymond
Published: June 2015

Medical missionaries have always been a part of global health. One of their greatest potential assets as global health workers was that they carried with them a spiritual under-standing of life. Although they didn’t always realize it, the people they came to serve, especially in Africa, also functioned within a spiritual understanding of life. In the early 19th Century, before medical science had much to offer, some of the medical missionaries were aware of this and recognized that their spirituality had something in common with people in Africa. However, as medical science grew in effectiveness, the role of spirituality in medicine began to diminish, even for medical missionaries themselves. By the early 20th century, their spiritual understandings, while often still very strong in the religious realm, had been replaced by science in the medical realm. How did this come about?
Practical Advice for Effective Healthcare Delivery: Three Principles to Promote Quality Child Healthcare Globally
Authors: Beracochea Elvira G
Published: June 2015

The MDGs have pointed out the large unfinished agenda of improving child health services. This short communication shows simple ways to expand and improve child health programs by improving prevention, education and early detection. The article presents a simple checklist to start improving the consistency, quality and efficiency of child healthcare delivery.
Internally Displaced Iraqi People in Kurdistan Urgently Need Global Heath Action: An Opportunity in Crisis
Authors: Asham Maha
Published: June 2015

In January, 2014 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) offensive on Iraq gave Christians, and other minorities a zero-sum ultimatum: convert to Islam, pay tax when ISIL ceased their assets, or get killed. Consequent massive waves of exudes displaced more than 2.5 million Iraqis sheltered in 2,857 informal sites including 32 camps across Iraq creating the most rapidly unfolding humanitarian crisis in the world. More than 800,000 Iraqis sought refuge in Kurdistan region northern Iraq. Rising insurgent violence threatens 400,000 more displacements by December 2015. At present, the humanitarian caseload to 5.3 million people.
The Chaldean Diocese assumed responsibility caring for tens of thousands displaced Iraqis flooding the city one June night, 2014. Today, the Chaldean Church is a lead humanitarian aid provider in and around Erbil having established and cares for 26 displacement centers and locations on ad-hoc basis.
While international humanitarian assistance made its way to the region, IDP who reach relatively safe areas are largely neglected. The provision of essential public health services have sharply deteriorated.
Health care and humanitarian relief in the region face three important challenges: mental and physical health issues imposed by atrocities of contemporary conflict, lack of data-driven assessment and reporting overshadowing persecuted Christians, and the neglect of victims especially those escaped ISIL captivity.
Global health platforms have an awesome responsibility still sitting on back burners. Suffering 5.3 Iraqis deserve honest competent advocates and players to bring their situation live to the world. God empowers and calls the Christian Global Health and Medical community to respond (2Cor 1:7-11 NIV).
A Eficiência das Explorações Leiteiras Micaelenses (Açores)
Authors: Almeida Bruno Aires da Silva , Silva Emiliana Leonilde Dinis Gil Soares da
Published: June 2015

A discussão no âmbito da Política Agrícola Comum marca a atualidade açoriana. Um cenário possível é o decréscimo de apoios, subsídios à quota leiteira, aos produtores açorianos. Para compensar esta quebra de rendimento urge que os produtores leiteiros melhorem a eficiências das suas empresas agrícolas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo conhecer os valores de eficiência e estimar o número de explorações eficientes em S. Miguel, ilha que contribui com 75% da produção regional. A produção de leite dos Açores representa 30% da portuguesa. Neste trabalho utilizaram-se 91 explorações micaelenses. Estimam-se a eficiência usando o Deap. Utilizam-se dois modelos de eficiência não paramétrica alternativos: considerando, ou não, os subsídios como output. No Modelo I verificou-se que 7 (7,69%) explorações são eficientes. O nível de ineficiência técnica é de 0,312, ou seja, pode reduzir-se até 31,2% dos gastos nos consumos sem penalizar a produção. A eficiência técnica baixa de 68,8% no Modelo I para 63,7% no Modelo II, em que apenas 5 (5,49%) explorações são eficientes. Este trabalho caracteriza a estrutura das empresas pecuárias, apresenta a metodologia DEA, os trabalhos mais relevantes nesta área, apresenta e discute os resultados. Finalmente, apresentam-se as considerações finais e a bibliografia.
Flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) de matas de Terra firme e de Várzea, do município de paragominas, estado do Pará, Brasil
Authors: REBÊLO José Manuel Macário , OLIVEIRA-PEREIRA Yrla Nívea
Published: June 2015

Neste trabalho, a riqueza e a abundância das espécies de Lutzomyia foram estudadas nas matas secundárias de terra firme e de várzea, no município de Paragominas, Estado do Pará. Os fiebotomíneos foram capturados das 18 às 6 horas em armadilhas luminosas CDC. Foram capturados 1.184 exemplares de 32 espécies, sendo 680 machos e 504 fêmeas. Na mata de terra firme foram encontradas 942 espécimens de 31 espécies, sendo as mais comuns L.complexa (41,1%), L. corossoniensis (11,6%), L. claustrei (5,7%), L. infraspinosa (5,7%), L. saulensis (5,1%), L. flaviscutellata (4,8%), L. davisi (3,5%) e L. wellcomei (3,3%). As demais espécies representaram juntas 19,2%. Na estação chuvosa a riqueza (24 espécies) e a abundância das espécies (38,8 espécimens/armadilha/noite) foram maiores do que na seca (16 espécies e 13, 83 espécimens/armadilha/noite). Na mata de várzea foram capturados 242 espécimens de 12 espécies, o domínio foi de L. saulensis (46,7%), L.complexa (36%) e L. shawi (7,4%). As demais espécies representaram juntas apenas 9,9%. A riqueza de espécies (9) foi maior na estação chuvosa do que na seca (6), mas a abundância de espécimens foi maior no período seco (6,5 espécimens/ armadilha/noite) do que no chuvoso (5,85 espécimens/armadilha/noite).
Respiratory characteristics of Hoplostenum littorale (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae)
Authors: AFFONSO Elizabeth Gusmão
Published: June 2015

Hematological parameters, intraerythrocytic phosphates, hemoglobin, and whole blood Bohr effect of the South American armored catfish Hoplostenum littorale were studied during different seasons of the year. In addition, the degree of dependence on air breathing was determined for this species. The hematological parameters presented seasonal variations, which were not correlated to oxygen, temperature, and water level oscillations. Five anodic hemoglobin fractions were detected in starch gel electrophoresis. In addition to ATP, GTP and Fe-GTP being detected, 2,3-DPG was also detected in red blood cells of H. littorale. The latter is an intraerythrocytic phosphate characteristic to red blood cells of mammalians. The increased production of 2,3-DPG could be associated with decreasing Hb-O2 affinity and both features could be related to environmental temperature increase. Whole blood Bohr effect was influenced by water temperature. This study confirms H. littorale to be continuous and not obligate air breather, under all dissolved oxygen level conditions.
Diversidade de Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) do parque nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brasil e seu uso no plano de manejo e conservação da área
Authors: AZEVEDO Celso Oliveira , HELMER José Luiz , MORATO Elder
Published: June 2015

Foram utilizadas prioridades de conservação de morfo-espécies e gêneros, importância relativa de sítios e prioridade média para estabelecer um modelo de conservação para o Parque Nacional Serra do Divisor no Estado do Acre, Brasil, baseado na fauna de Bethylidae. Foram instaladas armadilhas Malaise em 12 sítios amostrais nas regiões norte em novembro de 1996 e sul do março de 1997, sendo reconhecidas 102 morfo-espécies de 8 gêneros de Bethylidae, com maior diversidade na região norte do parque. As morfo-espécies exclusivas foram os táxons com maior prioridade de conservação. Os sítios S6, N9, N6 e N5 apresentaram os índices mais altos de importância relativa para conservação por terem sido mais diversos.
Efeito da farinha de resíduo de Peixe e de Frango no desempenho e na composição corporal de juvenis de Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818)
Authors: TERRAZAS Werner Damião Morhy , PEREIRA-FILHO Manoel , OLIVEIRA-PEREIRA Maria Inêz de
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho teve como objetivos testar o efeito de rações com um nível de farinha de resíduo de peixe e um de resíduo de frango, assim como a combinação de dois níveis desses ingredientes sobre o ganho de peso e composição corporal de juvenis de tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (rações experimentais) cada um com quatro repetições. As rações experimentais possuíam as seguintes formulações: R1 = 21% de farinha de resíduo de peixe; R2 = 14% de farinha de resíduo de peixe + 7% farinha de resíduo de frango; R3 = 7% de farinha de resíduo de peixe + 14% farinha de resíduo de frango e R4 = 21% de farinha de resíduo de frango. Em cada um dos 16 tanques, foram estocados 16 peixes distribuídos homogeneamente entre os tratamentos (p>0,05) com peso médio inicial de 13,9±0,4g, por um período de 120 dias. Os resultados para o desempenho e composição corporal dos peixes não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (ANOVA p>0,05), sendo que esses parâmetros mostraram melhores resultados quando houve a combinação das duas farinhas de resíduo.
Os solos de uma Topossequencia na ilha de Algodoal/ Maiandeua, nordeste do estado do Pará, Brasil: composição química e produção de matéria orgânica
Authors: RUIVO Maria de Lourdes P. , AMARAL Idême Gomes , RIBEIRO Elton Luciano da C. , GUEDES André Luis Santos
Published: June 2015

O estudo foi realizado na Ilha de Algodoal/Maiandeua no nordeste do Estado do Pará (00° 34' 35" S, 00° 40'00" S e 47° 39'35" WGr, 47° 3Γ25" WGr). Amostraram-se o solo e a matéria orgânica leve, nas profundidades de 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm c 10-20 cm, e a manta orgânica ao longo de uma toposseqüência com solos e cobertura vegetal diversificados. Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os componentes químicos da fração ácido fúlvico nos solos estudados.
Regeneração natural de três hectares de floresta ombrófila densa de terra firme na região do rio Urucu-AM, Brasil
Authors: LIMA FILHO Diógenes de Andrade , REVILLA Juan , COÊLHO Luiz de Souza , RAMOS José Ferreira , SANTOS José Lima dos , OLIVEIRA José Guedes de
Published: June 2015

Neste trabalho estudou-se a regeneração natural de três hectares, em floresta ombrófila de terra - firme na região do rio Urucu no município de Coari -Am ( 40 51' 18" e 40 52' 16" S; 650 17' 58" e 650 20' 01" W), abordando todos os indivíduos com altura total maior ou igual a 10cm até 3,0m e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) menor que 10cm. As espécies que mais se destacaram foram o Protium subserratum Engl. com valores médios de 30,55%, Inga receptabilis (Vahl.) Wild.com 15,85%, Oenocarpus bacaba com 12,35% e Oenocarpus bataua com 11,42%, entre as espécies arbóreas.
Problems in the regulatory policy of the drug market
Authors: Miziara Nathália Molleis , Coutinho Diogo Rosenthal
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE Analyze the implementation of drug price regulation policy by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber.METHODS This is an interview-based study, which was undertaken in 2012, using semi-structured questionnaires with social actors from the pharmaceutical market, the pharmaceuticals industry, consumers and the regulatory agency. In addition, drug prices were compiled based on surveys conducted in the state of Sao Paulo, at the point of sale, between February 2009 and May 2012.RESULTS The mean drug prices charged at the point of sale (pharmacies) were well below the maximum price to the consumer, compared with many drugs sold in Brazil. Between 2009 and 2012, 44 of the 129 prices, corresponding to 99 drugs listed in the database of compiled prices, showed a variation of more than 20.0% in the mean prices at the point of sale and the maximum price to the consumer. In addition, many laboratories have refused to apply the price adequacy coefficient in their sales to government agencies.CONCLUSIONS The regulation implemented by the pharmaceutical market regulator was unable to significantly control prices of marketed drugs, without succeeding to push them to levels lower than those determined by the pharmaceutical industry and failing, therefore, in its objective to promote pharmaceutical support for the public. It is necessary reconstruct the regulatory law to allow market prices to be reduced by the regulator as well as institutional strengthen this government body.
Geographies of Indigenous Leaders: Landscapes and Mindscapes in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Marker Michael
Published: June 2015

This essay features three stories of “place-based” leadership in two Indigenous communities in the Pacific Northwest. Author Michael Marker weaves together stories from Nisga'a Elders in the Nass Valley of British Columbia, Coast Salish Elders in Washington State, and his own experiences as a researcher, teacher educator, and community participant to connect the personal, the political, and the historical themes of Indigenous education. Marker identifies two salient concepts through the developing narrative: first, leaders from an Indigenous consciousness must invigorate traditional spiritual foundations, and, second, they must mobilize knowledge of the land and people—corroded by colonization—toward cultural renewal. Bringing to light the conflicts between local community yearnings and Western institutional goals when engaging in cross-cultural collaborations, this essay puts forth a decolonized approach to educational leadership, one that requires cultural renewal and respect for how a people experience landscape, history, and identity.

Erratum

Publisher's Note: Due to an editing error, the original published version of “Geographies of Indigenous Leaders: Landscapes and Mindscapes in the Pacific Northwest” by Michael Marker misstated the present status of the Lummi Day School. The earlier version stated on page 230 that “This school is currently a U.S. government institution that serves students from kindergarten through eighth grade.” The sentence has been corrected to read: “This school was a U.S. government institution that served students from kindergarten through eighth grade.”

Updated: 2015-09-30
The Examination of Relationship between Values and Consumer Emotional Attitudes and Inclination to Pay more Cost: (Case Study: Marivan Citizens and Tourists)
Authors: Mohammadyan Kamal , Amini Safyar , Mahdieh Omid
Published: June 2015

This study want to determine the buyer values relationship with willingness to pay higher price. The statistical society includes all of the buyers or luxury goods owners (iPhone mobile and Samsung galaxy) at Marivan city and city settlements and tourists in 2015. Because of the unlimited statistical society based on Morgan table, 384 people were determined as a statistical sample. Study is done by descriptive method from a survey kind. Compilation tool was questionnaire that was based on available random sampling and they were distributed after estimating prestige and perpetuity among respondents. Research gave the questionnaire to persons who were Marivan citizen or tourist and bought luxury goods (iphone mobile and samsung galaxy). It is used content validity method to estimate authenticity and it is used cronbach's Alpha to measure perpetuity question naire that optained 0/895 ammount. After questionnaire completion by applying SPSS 20software and statistical tests, person correlation coefficient and variance analyses and T-test were accounted and analyzed that it's hypothesises test result indicated that there is a relationship with social values variables and functional values with willingness to pay higher cost for luxury goods while there is not a relationship among symbolic values with willingness to pay higher cost for luxury goods.
Comparing the Quality of Services by Public and Private Banks in the View of Customers
Authors: Haghgooyan Zolfa , Jandaghi Gholamreza , Sharifi Leyli
Published: June 2015

Present paper aims at studying and comparing the quality of services by public and private banks of Qom Province in the view of customers. This is an applied study and it is a descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. Its population consists of customers of Qom Province public and private banks, SERVQUAL standard model is used in present study. It includes five aspects: Reliability, Tangibility, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy.To study the quality of services and their aspects in public and private banks, single population average test is used while two – population average test is utilized to compare the quality of services in private and public banks. The results from single population average tests indicate that the status of service quality and the aspects of SERVQUAL are desired in both Qom Province private and public banks. Likewise, the results for two – population average tests reveal that provided services by both public and private banks have similar quality and there is no difference between them in this regard. Concerning the SERVQUAL model, the findings indicate that physical environment of private banks is better than public peers. However, there is no difference between them in other aspects.
Exploration of Organizational Productivity in Developing Countries
Authors: Shafique Muhammad Nouman , Ahmad Naveed , Asghar Muhammad Shahid
Published: June 2015

Today, Human Resource have identified that competent and skillful employees are the valuable factor in growing and developing organizations. So, respecting their needs their needs management can lead employee job satisfaction. People are the most important in the hospitality organizations because they are the central to the hospitality and service; employees’ attitude, behaviors play a significant role to produce quality of services. Customer satisfaction and customers’ perception about the quality of services are significantly influenced by the attitudes and behaviors of employees to provide services. The most industries are creating comparative understandings to keep employees productive and committed at work. Job satisfaction includes evaluative and expectancy components. The job satisfaction as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience. Job satisfaction as affective response resulting from the evaluation of the work environment to enhance organizational productivity. Employees’ work performance is the degree to which employees are carrying out their jobs in a given tasks. This study contributes to better understanding of fairness perceptions by employees. There is large amount of research in this field, the organization focuses on to attain the expected performance from employees, because employees perform key role to achieve organizational goals.
Attitudes towards Work among Prison Inmates and the Long-Term Unemployed
Authors: Jaworska Anetta , Parol Robert
Published: June 2015

The article includes an analysis of differences in attitudes towards work in conditions of imprisonment and among employed and long-term unemployed men not detained in prison.The results of the analysis showed a moderate interaction effect of the factors: imprisonment and unemployment (F (1.407) = 6.16, p <0.05, Eta 2 = 0.36). It turned out that the environment of prison isolation and unemployment are mutually related, and the least favorable attitudes towards were shown by the men serving imprisonment sentence, having at the same time no employment opportunities.
Willingness to Communicate and its Relationship with Emotional Intelligence and Gender Differences
Authors: Gholami Leila
Published: June 2015

As a matter of fact, contemporary universal education gives prominence on authentic communication as an ultimate goal of language learning. Language teaching and learning processes are among the most important and complex human endeavors which is the result of the complicated nature of human beings. Therefore, a successful language learner is the one who is capable of dealing with complexities of teaching-learning processes. Various recent learner-fronted teaching methodologies have underscored the notion of learner-initiated communication which is known as willingness to communicate (WTC). To date, various variables have been discovered by scholars to be influential in the satisfactory flow of communication among students in the language classrooms. Another variable analyzed in the present study is the potential relationship between learners’ gender and WTC as well as their emotional intelligence (EQ-i). Therefore, the present study tries to investigate the possible go-togetherness between learners’ willingness to communicate and their emotional intelligence. Two questionnaires of Bar-On’s (1997) emotional quotient inventory and McCrosky’s (1992) willingness to communicate scale were administered to a total of 100 academic EFL learners. After obtaining the raw data, the SPSS software (version17) was used to change the data into numerical interpretable forms. Correlation analysis revealed that there is positive correlation between learner’s willingness to communicate and their emotional intelligence level. Furthermore, the findings characterized females as the outperforming group both in terms of emotional intelligence and willingness to communicate.