bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent activation of α7 nicotinic ACh receptors associated with stable induction of different desensitized states
Authors: Papke Roger L , Stokes Clare , Damaj M Imad , Thakur Ganesh A , Manther Khan , Treinin Millet , Bagdas Deniz , Kulkarni Abhijit R , Horenstein Nicole A
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose

GAT107 ((3aR,4S,9bS)‐4‐(4‐bromo‐phenyl)‐3a,4,5,9b‐tetrahydro‐3H‐cyclopenta‐[c]quinoline‐8‐sulfonamide) is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) and agonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)that can cause a prolonged period of primed potentiation of acetylcholine responses after drug washout. NS6740 is a silent agonist of α7 nAChRs that has little or no efficacy for activating the ion channel but induces stable desensitization states, some of which can be converted into channel‐active states by PAMs. Although GAT107 and NS6740 appear to stably induce different non‐conducting states, both agents are effective treatment for inflammation and inflammatory pain models. We sought to better understand how both of these drugs that have opposite effects on channel activation could regulate signal transduction.

Experimental Approach

Voltage‐clamp experiments were conducted with α7 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Key Results

Long‐lived sensitivity to a PAM or to an agonist was produced by NS6740 or GAT107 respectively. With sequential applications, these two drugs induced varying levels of persistent activation, which is a unique condition for a receptor that is known for rapid desensitization. The non‐conducting states induced by NS6740 or GAT107 differ in their sensitivity to an α7 nAChR‐selective antagonist and in how effectively they promote current.

Conclusions & Implications

Our data suggest that the persistent currents represent a dynamic interconversion between different stable desensitized states and the PAM‐inducible conducting states. However, the similarity of NS6740 and GAT107 effects on inflammation and pain suggests that the different stable non‐conducting states have common activity on signal transduction.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc
Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein stimulates epithelial sodium channels in endothelial cells of mouse thoracic aorta
Authors: Liang Chen , Wang Qiu‐Shi , Yang Xu , Niu Na , Hu Qing‐Qing , Zhang Bao‐Long , Wu Ming‐Ming , Yu Chang‐Jiang , Chen Xiao , Song Bin‐Lin , Zhang Zhi‐Ren , Ma He‐Ping
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is expressed in endothelial cells and acts as a negative modulator of vasodilatation. Oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) is a key pathological factor in endothelial dysfunction. In the present study we examined the role of ENaC in ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction and its associated signal transduction pathway.

Experimental Approach

Patch clamp techniques combined with pharmacological approaches were used to examine ENaC activity in the endothelial cells of a split‐open mouse thoracic aorta. Western blot analysis was used to determine ENaC expression in the aorta. The aorta relaxation was measured using a wire myograph assay.

Key Results

Ox‐LDL, but not LDL, significantly increased ENaC activity in the endothelial cells attached to split‐open thoracic aortas, and the increase was inhibited by a lectin‐like ox‐LDL receptor‐1 (LOX‐1) antagonist (κ‐carrageenan), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), and a scavenger of ROS (TEMPOL). Sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor, diminished the ox‐LDL‐mediated activation of ENaC, and this effect was abolished by inhibiting soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and PKG. Ox‐LDL reduced the endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation of the aorta pectoralis induced by ACh, and this reduction was partially restored by blocking ENaC.

Conclusion and Implications

Ox‐LDL stimulates ENaC in endothelial cells through LOX‐1 receptor‐mediated activation of NADPH oxidase and accumulation of intracellular ROS. Since the stimulation of ENaC can be reversed by elevating NO, we suggest that both inhibition of ENaC and an elevation of NO may protect the endothelium from ox‐LDL‐induced dysfunction.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc
Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects
Authors: Pelosi Paolo , Iovinella Immacolata , Zhu Jiao , Wang Guirong , Dani Francesca R.
Published: May 2017

Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are regarded as carriers of pheromones and odorants in insect chemoreception. These proteins are typically located in antennae, mouth organs and other chemosensory structures; however, members of both classes of proteins have been detected recently in other parts of the body and various functions have been proposed. The best studied of these non‐sensory tasks is performed in pheromone glands, where OBPs and CSPs solubilise hydrophobic semiochemicals and assist their controlled release into the environment. In some cases the same proteins are expressed in antennae and pheromone glands, thus performing a dual role in receiving and broadcasting the same chemical message. Several reports have described OBPs and CSPs in reproductive organs. Some of these proteins are male specific and are transferred to females during mating. They likely carry semiochemicals with different proposed roles, from inhibiting other males from approaching mated females, to marking fertilized eggs, but further experimental evidence is still needed. Before being discovered in insects, the presence of binding proteins in pheromone glands and reproductive organs was widely reported in mammals, where vertebrate OBPs, structurally different from OBPs of insects and belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, are abundant in rodent urine, pig saliva and vaginal discharge of the hamster, as well as in the seminal fluid of rabbits. In at least four cases CSPs have been reported to promote development and regeneration: in embryo maturation in the honeybee, limb regeneration in the cockroach, ecdysis in larvae of fire ants and in promoting phase shift in locusts. Both OBPs and CSPs are also important in nutrition as solubilisers of lipids and other essential components of the diet. Particularly interesting is the affinity for carotenoids of CSPs abundantly secreted in the proboscis of moths and butterflies and the occurrence of the same (or very similar CSPs) in the eyes of the same insects. A role as a carrier of visual pigments for these proteins in insects parallels that of retinol‐binding protein in vertebrates, a lipocalin structurally related to OBPs of vertebrates. Other functions of OBPs and CSPs include anti‐inflammatory action in haematophagous insects, resistance to insecticides and eggshell formation. Such multiplicity of roles and the high success of both classes of proteins in being adapted to different situations is likely related to their stable scaffolding determining excellent stability to temperature, proteolysis and denaturing agents. The wide versatility of both OBPs and CSPs in nature has suggested several different uses for these proteins in biotechnological applications, from biosensors for odours to scavengers for pollutants and controlled releasers of chemicals in the environment.
ASQ‐3 scores are sensitive to small differences in age in a Peruvian infant population
Authors: Chong K. C. , Zhou V. L. , Tarazona D. , Tuesta H. , Velásquez‐Hurtado J. E. , Sadeghi R. , Llanos F.
Published: May 2017

Objective

The Ages and Stages Questionnaires Edition 3 (ASQ‐3) are a well‐validated international screen for developmental delays in young children. However, previous studies demonstrate variable scores between children eligible to take the same ASQ‐3 interval. This study aimed to determine a relationship between age and ASQ‐3 score for each screening interval.

Methods

This was a baseline exploratory cross‐sectional study of infants under 2 years old evaluated for the Peruvian social programme Cuna Más. Participants were included in Cuna Más if they lived in districts with fewer than 2000 inhabitants or 400 homes, indicating a predominantly rural population. The appropriate ASQ‐3 screening interval was administered to each subject. Subjects were divided into four 2‐week chronological subgroups based on age within each 2‐month screening window and aggregated across all 12 screening intervals. Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance and Bonferonni post hoc test were used to compare differences between age subgroups. Linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between ASQ‐3 score and both aggregated and disaggregated age subgroup.

Results

A total of 5850 Peruvian infants were evaluated in 2013. Mean age was 13 ± 6.6 months, 50.7% were male and mean maternal education was 6.6 ± 4.0 years; 34.8% infants were stunted, 7.8% were underweight, 0.9% were wasted and 2% had age adjusted greater than 35 days for prematurity for ASQ‐3 interval assignment. Mean total ASQ‐3 was 42.2 ± 8.2. The ASQ‐3 allocated 49.6% with suspected delay in one or more developmental areas.

Before and after adjusting for wealth quintile, maternal education level, infant nutritional status and prematurity adjustment, age subgroup remained significantly associated with total ASQ‐3 score (β = 1.8, CI: 1.7–2.0, P < 0.001), sectional ASQ‐3 score (all P < 0.001) and inversely associated with one or more scores indicating suspected developmental delay (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The ASQ‐3 may underestimate the sensitivity of child development to small differences in age in this population.
Sacral nerve stimulation can be an effective treatment for low anterior resection syndrome
Authors: Eftaiha S. M. , Balachandran B. , Marecik S. J. , Mellgren A. , Nordenstam J. , Melich G. , Prasad L. M. , Park J. J.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Sacral nerve stimulation has become a preferred method for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients who fail conservative (non‐operative) therapy. In previous small studies, sacral nerve stimulation has demonstrated improvement of faecal incontinence and quality of life in a majority of patients with low anterior resection syndrome. We evaluated the efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of low anterior resection syndrome using a recently developed and validated low anterior resection syndrome instrument to quantify symptoms.

Method

A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing sacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of low anterior resection syndrome was performed. Procedures took place in the Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery at two academic tertiary medical centres. Pre‐ and post‐treatment Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Scores and Low Anterior Resection Syndrome scores were assessed.

Results

Twelve patients (50% men) suffering from low anterior resection syndrome with a mean age of 67.8 (±10.8) years underwent sacral nerve test stimulation. Ten patients (83%) proceeded to permanent implantation. Median time from anterior resection to stimulator implant was 16 (range 5–108) months. At a median follow‐up of 19.5 (range 4–42) months, there were significant improvements in Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Scores and Low Anterior Resection Syndrome scores (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Sacral nerve stimulation improved symptoms in patients suffering from low anterior resection syndrome and may therefore be a viable treatment option.
Laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision with trans‐abdominal individualized levator transection: interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Feng B. , Lu J. , Zhang S. , Yan X. , Li J. , Xue P. , Wang M. , Lu A. , Ma J. , Zang L. , Dong F. , He Z. , Yue F. , Sun J. , Hong X. , Zheng M.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPR) is challenging ‘conventional’ abdominoperineal excision (APR), yet the safety and efficacy of ELAPR is still under debate. We therefore developed a laparoscopic APR with trans‐abdominal individualized levator transection (LAPR‐TILT) approach and compared the outcome with a conventional laparoscopic APR (CLAPR).

Method

All eligible patients were entered a single‐centre randomized controlled trial to compare CLAPR and LAPR‐TILT. We assessed the first 185 patients, including operative findings, complications, histopathology and urogenital function.

Results

Ninety‐three patients in the CLAPR group and 92 patients in the APR‐TILT group were included for analysis. The APR‐TILT procedure took less time [137 (101–175) min vs 146 (102–187) min; P = 0.03], mainly owing to faster perineal dissection. APR‐TILT resulted in a reduced rate of bowel perforation (1.1% vs 8.6%; P = 0.04), circumferential resection margin positivity (1.1% vs 10.8%; P = 0.01) and postoperative wound complications (5.4% vs 16.2%; P = 0.02) compared with the CLAPR procedure. At a median follow‐up of 19 months after surgery, three patients (3.2%) in the CLAPR group had tumour recurrence while no tumour recurrence occurred in the LAPR‐TILT group. Patients who underwent LAPR‐TILT reported fewer urinary or sexual problems (LAPR‐TILT vs CLAPR, 10.9% vs 24.7% and 17.4% vs 38.7%, respectively).

Conclusion

Compared with CLAPR, LAPR‐TILT achieved better pathological results for factors that are surrogate parameters for local recurrence. LAPR‐TILT could also reduce the risk of urogenital dysfunction.
Effect of diltiazem on exercise capacity after heart transplantation
Authors: Varnado Sara , Peled‐Potashnik Yael , Huntsberry Ashley , Lowes Brian D. , Zolty Ronald , Burdorf Adam , Lyden Elizabeth R. , Moulton Michael J. , Um John Y. , Raichlin Eugenia
Published: May 2017

Background

Sinus tachycardia (ST) is common after heart transplantation (HTx). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of diltiazem treatment during the first year after HTx on heart rate (HR), cardiac allograft function, and exercise capacity.

Methods

From the total cohort, 25 HTx recipients started diltiazem treatment 4±2 weeks after HTx and continued it for at least 1 year (diltiazem group). Each study case was matched to a control. All patients underwent hemodynamic assessment and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) at 1 year after HTx.

Results

HR decreased in the diltiazem group from 99±11 bpm to 94±7 bpm (P=.03) and did not change in the controls (98±11 bpm vs 100±13 bpm, P=.14). The difference between the groups at 1 year after HTx was significant (P=.04). In the diltiazem group left ventricular (LV), stroke volume and ejection fraction increased (48±16 vs 55±17 mL, P=.02, and 60%±10% vs 62%±12% P=.03, respectively) but did not differ from controls. E/E' decreased (10.7±2.7 vs 7.3±1.9, P=.003) while cardiac index was higher (3.5±0.8 vs 3.1±0.5; P=.05) in the diltiazem group at 1‐year follow‐up. The absolute peak VO2 (21±4 vs 18±6 mL/kg/min; P=.05) and normalized peak VO2 (73%±17% vs 58%±14%; P=.004) were significantly higher in the diltiazem group.

Conclusions

This study showed that diltiazem treatment reduces ST, may improve cardiac allograft function and exercise tolerance during the first year after HTx.
Farmer producer organizations as farmer collectives: A case study from India
Authors: Bikkina Nalini , Turaga Rama Mohana R. , Bhamoriya Vaibhav
Published: May 2017

Small and marginal farmers in India have been vulnerable to risks in agricultural production. Several organizational prototypes are emerging to integrate them into the value chain with the objective of enhancing incomes and reducing transaction costs. Among these are Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). We explore the potential of FPOs as collective institutions through a case study of Avirat, one of the first FPOs in Gujarat. Our analysis suggests that FPOs have the potential to provide benefits through effective collective action. The main challenge, however, is to raise sufficient capital to maximize these benefits. We discuss the implications of our findings to policy.
What encourages community health workers to use mobile technologies for health interventions? Emerging lessons from rural Rwanda
Authors: Mwendwa Purity
Published: May 2017

This article explores the determinants of using mobile phone technologies for public health (mHealth) through a quantitative study with community health workers (CHWs) in rural Rwanda. A total of 72 CHWs from two districts in Rwanda who were using the mHealth tool, RapidSMS, were surveyed in June 2014. Using a socio‐technical approach, user, programme and technical characteristics were tested and deemed influential in determining use. Technical characteristics (reminders and alerts) were by far the strongest predicting factors of use. The user characteristic, age, had no influence on utilization, while supports though training and supervision (programme characteristics) revealed mixed findings. These findings illustrate the uniqueness of each context and reiterate the need to consider social and technical factors when implementing mHealth projects.
Quantitation of valve regurgitation severity by three‐dimensional vena contracta area is superior to flow convergence method of quantitation on transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Abudiab Muaz M. , Chao Chieh‐Ju , Liu Shuang , Naqvi Tasneem Z.
Published: May 2017

Background

Quantitation of regurgitation severity using the proximal isovelocity acceleration (PISA) method to calculate effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area has limitations. Measurement of three‐dimensional (3D) vena contracta area (VCA) accurately grades mitral regurgitation (MR) severity on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).

Methods

We evaluated 3D VCA quantitation of regurgitant jet severity using 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 110 native mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves and six prosthetic valves in patients with at least mild valvular regurgitation. The ASE‐recommended integrative method comprising semiquantitative and quantitative assessment of valvular regurgitation was used as a reference method, including ERO area by 2D PISA for assigning severity of regurgitation grade.

Results

Mean age was 62.2±14.4 years; 3D VCA quantitation was feasible in 91% regurgitant valves compared to 78% by the PISA method. When both methods were feasible and in the presence of a single regurgitant jet, 3D VCA and 2D PISA were similar in differentiating assigned severity (ANOVAP<.001). In valves with multiple jets, however, 3D VCA had a better correlation to assigned severity (ANOVAP<.0001). The agreement of 2D PISA and 3D VCA with the integrative method was 47% and 58% for moderate and 65% and 88% for severe regurgitation, respectively.

Conclusion

Measurement of 3D VCA by TEE is superior to the 2D PISA method in determination of regurgitation severity in multiple native and prosthetic valves.
High‐grade serous carcinoma of tubo‐ovarian origin: recent developments
Authors: Singh Naveena , McCluggage W Glenn , Gilks C Blake
Published: May 2017

Extra‐uterine high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with ovarian carcinoma, and is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Until recently our understanding of HGSC was very limited compared to other common cancers, and it has only been during the last 15 years that we have learned how to diagnose this ovarian carcinoma histotype accurately. Since then, however, there has been rapid progress, with identification of a precursor lesion in the fallopian tube, development of prevention strategies for both those with inherited susceptibility (hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome) and without the syndrome, and elucidation of the molecular events important in oncogenesis. This molecular understanding has led to new treatment strategies for HGSC, with the promise of more to come in the near future. In this review we focus on these recent changes, including diagnostic criteria/differential diagnosis, primary site assignment, precursor lesions and the molecular pathology of HGSC.
Phenotypic and molecular differences between giant‐cell tumour of soft tissue and its bone counterpart
Authors: Mancini Irene , Righi Alberto , Gambarotti Marco , Picci Piero , Dei Tos Angelo P , Billings Steven D , Simi Lisa , Franchi Alessandro
Published: May 2017

Aims

Giant‐cell tumour (GCT) of soft tissue (GCT‐ST) is a primary soft tissue neoplasm that is histologically similar to GCT of bone (GCT‐B). Recently, it has been reported that >90% of GCT‐Bs have a driver mutation in the H3F3A gene. As the relationship between GCT‐ST and GCT‐B is unclear, the aim of this study was to compare a series of GCT‐STs and GCT‐Bs with regard to the presence of H3F3A mutations and several immunophenotypic markers.

Methods and results

Eight GCT‐STs were retrieved from our institutional archives. Fifteen GCT‐Bs served as controls. Direct sequencing for H3F3A mutations in coding regions between codons 1 and 42, including the hotspot codons (28, 35, and 37), was performed on DNA extracted from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue. Tumours were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of CD14, CD33, RANKL, RANK, p63, and the osteoblastic markers SATB2 and RUNX2. None of the seven GCT‐STs that could be analysed showed H3F3A mutations, whereas 14 GCT‐Bs (93.3%) were mutated. All eight GCT‐STs were positive for RANK and RUNX2, whereas RANKL and SATB2 were detected in only two cases (25%). CD14 was detected only in mononuclear elements, whereas multinucleated giant cells and a proportion of the mononuclear population expressed CD33. Few mononuclear cells of GCT‐STs expressed p63. In comparison, GCT‐Bs showed higher expression of p63 (14 of 15 cases with >50% of positive mononuclear cells), RANKL, and SATB2, whereas CD14, CD33, RANK and RUNX2 were similarly expressed.

Conclusions

Although GCT‐ST and GCT‐B are similar in histological appearance, our results indicate that they are immunophenotypically and genetically distinct.
Corrosion behavior and microstructural evolution of BN–ZrO2–SiC composites in molten steel
Authors: Chen Lei , Zhen Li , Wang Yujin , Duan Xiaoming , Ouyang Jia‐Hu , Zhou Yu
Published: May 2017

The influence of SiC content on corrosion resistance and microstructural evolution of BN–ZrO2–SiC composites after corrosion in molten steel at 1600°C has been investigated. The corrosion resistance of BN–ZrO2–SiC composite decreases with increasing the SiC content. When the SiC content is more than 15 vol%, the corrosion rate begins to accelerate sharply. A resintered ZrO2 bilayer structure with a distinctly reduced porosity in the corrosion layer contributes significantly to the enhanced corrosion resistance. Thus, optimizing the SiC content and tailoring the microstructural feature of residual corrosion layer are effective ways to improve the corrosion resistance of BN–ZrO2–SiC composite.
Fabrication, characterization, and performance of YbDSB ternary compounds for IT‐SOFC applications
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Yildiz Esra , Kavici Bekir
Published: May 2017

(Yb2O3)x(Dy2O3)y(Bi2O3)1−x−y (0.04≤x+y≤0.20) powders (xYbyDSB) were synthesized by modified sol‐gel Pecchini method. The powders were characterized for structural, surface morphological, thermal, and electrical properties and power density measurements by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis/thermal gravimetry (DTA/TG), and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Lattice parameters and crystalline size of δ‐phase of Yb2O3‐ and Dy2O3‐doped Bi2O3 samples were calculated from the X‐ray diffraction data. Surface and grain properties of the related phases were determined by SEM analysis. In the investigated system, the maximum electrical conductivity was observed as σ=0.954 S cm−1 for 6% mol Yb2O3 and 6% mol Dy2O3 at 800°C among all δ‐YbDSB systems. Cathode supported electrochemical cell was fabricated and 6Yb6DSB was used as the electrolyte. Maximum power density of single cell with an active area of 1.5 cm2 is 72.50 mW/cm2 at 700°C.
Mixed extracts of green tea and orange peel encapsulated and impregnated on black tea bag paper to be used as a functional drink
Authors: Rasouli Ghahroudi Fatemeh , Mizani Maryam , Rezaei Karamatollah , Bameni Moghadam Mohammad
Published: May 2017

Herbal drinks have been considered among the known groups of functional drinks. The aim of this study was to encapsulate green tea and orange peel extracts using double emulsion followed by complex coacervation to be used in the preparation of a functional drink. All of the microcapsule formulations were spherically prepared without cracks in the walls and their sizes increased by decreasing the ratio of the core to the wall. Microcapsules under the best conditions of this study were used to coat the paper of a bag containing black tea. The results showed that theaflavin and its ratio to thearubigin as the quality indices for black tea have increased in comparison with the sample without encapsulation. This study resulted in the production of encapsulated mixed extracts of green tea and orange peel that can be used later for the preparation of a functional drink.
Are observer ratings of applicants’ personality also faked? Yes, but less than self‐reports
Authors: König Cornelius J. , Steiner Thommen Larissa A. , Wittwer Anne‐Marie , Kleinmann Martin
Published: May 2017

Although self‐report personality tests are a comparatively cheap and easy‐to‐administer personnel selection tool, researchers have criticized them for not predicting enough criterion‐related variance. Researchers have suggested using observer‐ratings of personality (e.g., as part of a reference check from a supervisor) because observer‐ratings have been reported to be more predictive. However, it is theoretically and empirically unclear whether supervisors also engage in faking (the intentional distortion of responses). Study 1 explored faking among managers who were first asked to imagine that a subordinate had to leave his/her job for private reasons and then to rate the personality of the subordinate. A week later, managers rated their subordinates honestly. A repeated‐measures MANOVA indicated that managers did fake. Study 2 (among supervisors of working students) replicated the above findings but also showed that there is less faking in supervisor‐ratings than in self‐ratings. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the validity of personality scales for predicting academic performance depends on self‐ versus observer‐ratings or on an applicant versus an honest condition. These two studies thus show that practitioners should not equate personality ratings obtained from observers in a selection context with honest personality ratings.
Literature review of trauma‐informed care: Implications for mental health nurses working in acute inpatient settings in Australia
Authors: Wilson Allyson , Hutchinson Marie , Hurley John
Published: May 2017

Trauma‐informed care (TIC) is increasingly recognized as an approach to improving consumers’ experience of, and outcomes from, mental health services. Deriving consensus on the definition, successful approaches, and consumer experiences of TIC is yet to be attained. In the present study, we sought to clarify the challenges experienced by mental health nurses in embedding TIC into acute inpatient settings within Australia. A systematic search of electronic databases was undertaken to identify primary research conducted on the topic of TIC. A narrative review and synthesis of the 11 manuscripts retained from the search was performed. The main findings from the review indicate that there are very few studies focussing on TIC in the Australian context of acute mental health care. The review demonstrates that TIC can support a positive organizational culture and improve consumer experiences of care. The present review highlights that there is an urgency for mental health nurses to identify their role in delivering and evaluating TIC, inclusive of undertaking training and clinical supervision, and to engage in systemic efforts to change service cultures.
Detecting antepartum and postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms and disorders in immigrant women: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Playfair Robyn L.R. , Salami Bukola , Hegadoren Kathy
Published: May 2017

A scoping review of the literature was conducted to compile existing evidence and identify gaps on detection methods and practices of antepartum and postpartum anxiety and depression symptoms and disorders in immigrant women. With the assistance of a health science librarian, four databases were searched between January and March 2016. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria and their findings were compiled using numerical summary and thematic analysis. No articles specifically addressing the screening of anxiety disorders or symptoms in antepartum or postpartum immigrant women were found. Some studies showed positive results for using translated tools. Other studies showed similarities in immigrant and non‐immigrant assessment. However, several challenges in detection existed. Some of these challenges include cultural appropriateness of some questions and the accuracy of interpretive services and instrument translation. Limited literature was found, indicating a need to design and test targeted strategies to ensure that immigrant women are provided with appropriate antepartum and postpartum emotional support and mental health services based on appropriate policies and practices.
Plumage colour and the expression of stress‐related genes in gull chicks
Authors: Diaz‐Real Javier , Kim Sin‐Yeon , Velando Alberto
Published: May 2017

In many bird populations, individuals show remarkable differences in feather colouration, which are often linked to individual differences in physiological traits, but the mechanisms maintaining this covariation are still unclear. Here, we investigate the variability of the melanic colouration in yellow‐legged gullLarus michahellischicks. In this species, hatchlings show high variability in the number and colour intensity of black spots in their plumage. In gulls, last‐laid eggs receive less antioxidants but higher levels of androgens than first eggs. We first explored whether these remarkable differences within the clutch affect the feather melanisation during embryo development. Melanic colouration was not related to laying order, but nestling males were darker and had a larger spotted area than nestling females. In chicks hatching from first‐laid eggs, the spot size and spot lightness were negatively correlated. We also explored the effect of the developmental environment, through a cross‐fostering experiment, on the expression of five stress‐related genes (SOD2, ALKBH3, HSPA8, NLRC5 and TRIAP1) and their link with melanic colouration. Post‐hatching hierarchy did not affect the expression of any of the tested genes, but paler chicks showed reduced expression in some studied genes (SOD2, ALKBH3 and HSPA8) in comparison to darker chicks. Our results suggest that melanic chicks suffer less stress during development.
The Physical and Cognitive Performance Test for Residents in Assisted Living Facilities
Authors: Bowen Mary Elizabeth , Rowe Meredeth , Ersek Mary , Ibrahim Said , Shea Judy A.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a new performance‐based instrument (Physical and Cognitive Performance Test for Assisted Living Facilities (PCPT ALF)) designed to assess the physical and cognitive skills associated with performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).

Design

There were three stages in this study: development of instrument items and validity testing, a feasibility pilot study, and a cross‐sectional trial to establish construct and criterion validity and reliability.

Setting

One 116‐bed assisted living facility (ALF).

Participants

After a pilot test with 10 residents, a cross‐sectional trial was conducted with 55 additional residents.

Measurements

The Barthel Index and Functional Independence Measure were used to estimate criterion validity. Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analyses (EFAs).

Results

Disattenuated correlations between the PCPT ALF and other tools were all greater than 0.72, supporting criterion validity. Internal consistency (physical ability, α = 0.95; cognitive support, α = 0.92) and 1‐week test–retest reliability (PCPT ALF, P = .93) were high, as was interrater reliability (IRR) (physical ability, 0.99; cognitive support, 1.00). In two EFAs, a one‐factor solution accounted for 64.1% of the variance for the physical ability subscale and 63.5% of the variance for the cognitive support subscale.

Conclusion

The findings provide early evidence of the PCPT ALF's validity and reliability. If confirmed, this study's findings may be used in future work to assess the success of interventions to prevent or slow decline in the skills associated with ADL and IADL performance in ALFs.
Initiation of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: which factors are associated with choice of anticoagulant?
Authors: Gundlund A. , Staerk L. , Fosbøl E. L. , Gadsbøll K. , Sindet‐Pedersen C. , Bonde A. N. , Gislason G. H. , Olesen J. B.
Published: May 2017

Background

The use of non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasing rapidly. We compared characteristics of AF patients initiated on NOACs versus vitamin K antagonists (VKAs).

Methods

Using Danish nationwide registry data, we identified AF patients initiating either a VKA or a NOAC from 22 August 2011 until 30 September 2016. We compared patient characteristics including age, gender, comorbidities, concomitant pharmacotherapy and CHA2DS2‐VASc and HAS‐BLED scores in patients initiated on a VKA, dabigatran, rivaroxaban or apixaban. Differences were examined using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

The study population comprised 51 981 AF patients of whom 19 989 (38.5%) were initiated on a VKA, 13 242 (25.5%) on dabigatran, 8475 (16.3%) on rivaroxaban and 10 275 (19.8%) on apixaban. Those patients initiated on apixaban had higher mean ± SD CHA2DS2‐VASc scores than those initiated on a VKA (3.1 ± 1.6 vs. 2.9 ± 1.6). Those initiated on dabigatran had lower mean CHA2DS2‐VASc scores (2.7 ± 1.6) than all other groups. Patients with a history of a prior stroke were significantly more likely to be initiated on a NOAC compared with a VKA [odds ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–1.43]. By contrast, patients with a history of myocardial infarction were less likely to be initiated on a NOAC compared with a VKA (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.67–0.77).

Conclusions

Atrial fibrillation patients who were initiated on apixaban had higher stroke risk scores than patients initiated on VKAs. Interestingly, opposite results were found for dabigatran.
How do you speak Taíno? Indigenous Activism and Linguistic Practices in Puerto Rico
Authors: Feliciano‐Santos Sherina
Published: May 2017

This paper analyzes emergent speech practices among Taíno activists in Puerto Rico. While historical narratives of the Caribbean and conventional knowledge have largely presumed that the Taíno, an indigenous population of the Caribbean, have been extinct, several persons in Puerto Rico are actively identifying with and mobilizing around this ethnic category. One of the Taíno‐identified challenges in such mobilization is that the Taíno language is no longer spoken and there is very little documentation from which to reconstruct it. Within this context, I consider the myriad ways in which Taíno activists understand what constitutes speaking Taíno and how this becomes emblematic of Taínoness. Such practices range from a reliance on speaking in what is understood by many Taíno as a Taíno style of Spanish to some Taíno organizations’ attempts at reconstruction through their studies of still spoken Arawakan languages.
Castilian Takes Backstage in the Balearic Islands: The Activation of Catalan Standardization Recursions in Facebook
Authors: Duane Lucas
Published: May 2017

This article explores the ideological consequences of recent language policy changes in the Balearic Islands, where Catalan and Castilian are the official languages. It will approach the intersection between minoritized language contexts and ideologies of standardization, focusing on negotiations of linguistic authority and linguistic differentiation at the individual level. In the frame of intense language ideological debates in the archipelago, I examine the interactions between members of two large Facebook communities to show how the ideological frame shifts toward one in which the relationship between Balearic varieties and the Catalan standard becomes central, and in which Castilian is only implicitly addressed.
Validity of different tools to assess sleep bruxism: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Casett E. , Réus J. C. , Stuginski‐Barbosa J. , Porporatti A. L. , Carra M. C. , Peres M. A. , de Luca Canto G. , Manfredini D.
Published: May 2017

This systematic review and meta‐analysis (MA) aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of questionnaires, clinical assessment and portable diagnostic devices compared to the reference standard method polysomnography (PSG) in assessing sleep bruxism (SB). Two reviewers searched electronic databases for diagnostic test accuracy studies that compared questionnaires, clinical assessment or portable diagnostic devices for SB, with the reference standard method PSG, comprising previous studies from all languages and with no restrictions regarding age, gender or time of publication. Of the 351 articles, eight met the inclusion criteria for qualitative, and seven for quantitative analysis. The methodology of selected studies was evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2). The studies were divided and analysed over three groups: three studies evaluating questionnaires, two regarding the clinical assessment of tooth wear and three covering portable diagnostic devices. The MA indicated that portable diagnostic devices showed the best validity of all evaluated methods, especially as far as a four‐channel EMG/ECG recording is concerned. Questionnaires and the clinical assessment can be used as screening methods to identify non‐SB individuals, although it is not that good in identifying subjects with SB. The quality of evidence identified through GRADEpro, was from very low‐to‐moderate, due to statistical heterogeneity between studies.
The potential role of in vivo optical coherence tomography for evaluating oral soft tissue: A systematic review
Authors: Gentile Enrica , Maio Claudio , Romano Antonio , Laino Luigi , Lucchese Alberta
Published: May 2017

Background

The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in dentistry enabled the integration of already existing clinical and laboratory investigations in the study of the oral cavity. This systematic review presents an overview of the literature, to evaluate the usefulness of in vivo OCT for diagnosing oral soft tissues lesions, to compare the OCT results with traditional histology, and to identify limitations in prior studies so as to improve OCT applications.

Methods

We performed a review of the literature using different search engines (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) employing MeSH terms such as “optical coherence tomography” and “OCT” in conjunction with other terms. We utilized the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) method to define our study eligibility criteria.

Results

Initial results were 3155. In conclusion, there were only 27 studies which met our selection criteria. We decided to allocate the 27 selected items into three groups: healthy mucosa; benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions; and oral manifestations of systemic therapies or pathological conditions.

Conclusions

Although the OCT is an easy‐to‐perform test and it offers an attractive diagnostic and monitoring prospect for soft tissues of the oral cavity, further studies are needed to complete the current knowledge of this imaging technique.
Nanostructured DPA-MPC-DPA triblock copolymer gel for controlled drug release of ketoprofen and spironolactone
Authors: Azmy Bahaa , Standen Guy , Kristova Petra , Flint Andrew , Lewis Andrew L , Salvage Jonathan P
Published: May 2017

Objective

Uncontrolled rapid release of drugs can reduce their therapeutic efficacy and cause undesirable toxicity; however, controlled release from reservoir materials helps overcome this issue. The aims of this study were to determine the release profiles of ketoprofen and spironolactone from a pH-responsive self-assembling DPA-MPC-DPA triblock copolymer gel and elucidate underlying physiochemical properties.

Methods

Drug release profiles from DPA50-MPC250-DPA50 gel (pH 7.5), over 32 h (37 °C), were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nanoparticle size was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and critical micelle concentration (CMC) by pyrene fluorescence. Polymer gel viscosity was examined via rheology, nanoparticle morphology investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the gel matrix observed using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM).

Key Findings

DPA50-MPC250-DPA50 copolymer (15% w/v) formed a free-standing gel (pH 7.5) that controlled drug release relative to free drugs. The copolymer possessed a low CMC, nanoparticle size increased with copolymer concentration, and DLS data were consistent with STEM. The gel displayed thermostable viscosity at physiological temperatures, and the gel matrix was a nanostructured aggregation of smaller nanoparticles.

Conclusions

The DPA50-MPC250-DPA50 copolymer gel could be used as a drug delivery system to provide the controlled drug release of ketoprofen and spironolactone.
Omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Behl Tapan , Kotwani Anita
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To review the competence of Omega-3 fatty acids in restricting the progression, thereby leading to prevention of diabetic retinopathy.

Key findings

Owing to their anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, Omega-3 fatty acids alleviate major aetiological agents. These fatty acids are renowned for their beneficial effects in various cardiovascular and other disorders; however, their potential to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy remains least explored.

Utilizing this potential, we may develop effective prophylactic agents which markedly inhibit the advent of retinal angiogenesis and prevent the apoptosis of retinal endothelial and neuronal cells, thereby averting retinal degeneration, hence safeguarding diabetic patients from this sight-threatening complication.
Melatonin successfully rescues hippocampal bioenergetics and improves cognitive function following drug intoxication by promoting Nrf2‐ARE signaling activity
Authors: Chen Li‐You , Renn Ting‐Yi , Liao Wen‐Chieh , Mai Fu‐Der , Ho Ying‐Jui , Hsiao George , Lee Ai‐Wei , Chang Hung‐Ming
Published: May 2017

Prolonged exposure to gamma‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) would cause drug intoxication in which impaired cognitive function results from enhanced hippocampal oxidative stress may serve as a major symptom in this deficiency. Considering melatonin possesses significant anti‐oxidative efficacy, this study aimed to determine whether melatonin would successfully promote the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 and antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2‐ARE) signaling, depress oxidative stress, and rescue hippocampal bioenergetics and cognitive function following drug intoxication injury. Adolescent rats subjected to 10 days of GHB were received melatonin at doses of either 10 or 100 mg/kg. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, biochemical assay, quantitative histochemistry, [14C]‐2‐deoxyglucose analysis, together with Morris water maze were employed to detect the molecular signaling, oxidative status, bioenergetic level, as well as the cognitive performances, respectively. Results indicated that in GHB‐intoxicated rats, enhanced oxidative stress, increased cholesterol level, and decreased anti‐oxidative enzymes activities were detected in hippocampal regions. Intense oxidative stress paralleled well with reduced bioenergetics and poor performance in behavioral testing. However, in rats treated with melatonin following GHB intoxication, all above parameters and cognitive function were gradually returned to nearly normal levels. Melatonin also remarkably promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus in a dose‐dependent manner, thereby increased the Nrf2‐ARE signaling‐related downstream anti‐oxidative enzymes activities. As melatonin effectively rescues hippocampal bioenergetics through depressing the oxidative stress by promoting Nrf2‐ARE molecular machinery, this study thus highlights for the first time that clinical use of melatonin may serve as a therapeutic strategy to improve the cognitive function in unsuspecting victims suffered from GHB intoxication injury.
Linking microscopic interactions with macroscopic effects
Authors: Wood Jennifer L. , Franks Ashley E. , Egidi Eleonora
Published: May 2017

Understanding how biotic interactions impact plant community assembly is a long‐standing goal in ecology, but studies of biotic interactions in this context are often limited to macro‐interactions. In this issue of Journal of Vegetation Science, Sonkoly et al. synthesize current knowledge regarding the impact of cyanobacteria on terrestrial plants and show that cyanotoxins can alter germination and establishment success in grassland communities.
Reconstruction of the Morasko meteoroid impact—Insight from numerical modeling
Authors: Bronikowska M. , Artemieva N. A. , Wünnemann K.
Published: May 2017

The Morasko strewn field located near Poznań, Poland comprises seven impact craters with diameters ranging from 20 to 90 m, all of which were formed in glacial sediments around 5000 yr ago. Numerous iron meteorites have been recovered in the area and their distribution suggests a projectile with the trajectory from NE to SW. Similar impact events producing crater strewn fields on average happen every 500 yr and pose a serious risk for modern civilization, which is why it is of utmost importance to study terrestrial strewn fields in detail. In this work, we investigate the Morasko meteoroid passage through the atmosphere, the distribution of its fragments on the ground, and the process of forming individual craters by means of numerical modeling. By combining atmospheric entry modeling, Pi‐group scaling of transient crater size and hydrocode simulations of impact processes, we constructed a comprehensive model of the Morasko strewn field formation. We determined the preatmospheric parameters of the Morasko meteoroid. The entry mass is between 600 and 1100 tons, the velocity range is between 16 and 18 km s−1, and the trajectory angle is 30–40°. Such entry velocities and trajectory angles do not deviate from typical values for near‐Earth asteroids, although the initial mass we determined can be considered as small. Our studies on velocities and masses of crater‐forming fragments showed that the biggest Morasko crater was formed by a projectile about 1.5 m in diameter with the impact velocity ~10 km s−1. Environmental consequences of the Morasko impact event are very localized.
What are interesterified fats and should we be worried about them in our diet?
Authors: Mills C. E. , Hall W. L. , Berry S. E. E.
Published: May 2017

Interesterified (IE) fats are used in a wide range of food products and were introduced as a replacement for trans fats, which are known to be detrimental to cardiovascular health. However, the effects of interesterification on metabolism and subsequent effects on cardiovascular health are not understood and previous studies have seldom investigated industrially‐relevant IE fats. No legislation currently exists regarding the labelling of IE fats in food products and therefore estimates of average consumption rates in the UK population are currently unavailable. In order to meet the urgent need for a systematic investigation of the health effects of consumer‐relevant IE fats, it is essential to estimate current IE fat intakes and to investigate biological mechanisms that might mediate acute and chronic cardiometabolic effects of commercially relevant IE fats.