bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographic characteristics of sable (Martes zibellina) distribution over time in Northeast China
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yang Li , Ai Lin , Yang Qiuyuan , Chen Minhao , Li Jingxi , Yang Lei , Luan Xiaofeng
Published: April 2017

Understanding historical context can help clarify the ecological and biogeographic characteristics of species population changes. The sable (Martes zibellina) population has decreased dramatically in Northeast China since the l950s, and understanding the changes in its distribution over time is necessary to support conservation efforts. To achieve this goal, we integrated ecological niche modeling and historical records of sables to estimate the magnitude of change in their distribution over time. Our results revealed a 51.71% reduction in their distribution in 2000–2016 compared with the potential distribution in the 1950s. This reduction was related to climate change (Pearson's correlation: Bio1, −.962, p < .01; Bio2, −.962, p < .01; Bio5, .817, p < .05; Bio6, .847, p < .05) and human population size (−.956, p < .01). The sable population tended to migrate in different directions and elevations over time in different areas due to climate change: In the Greater Khingan Mountains, they moved northward and to lower elevations; in the Lesser Khingan Mountains, they moved northward; and in the Changbai Mountains, they move southward and to higher elevations. Active conservation strategies should be considered in locations where sable populations have migrated or may migrate to.
Application of regional flow‐ecology relationships to inform watershed management decisions: Application of the ELOHA framework in the San Diego River watershed, California, USA
Authors: Stein Eric D. , Sengupta Ashmita , Mazor Raphael D. , McCune Kenny , Bledsoe Brian P. , Adams Stephen
Published: April 2017

Relationships between changes in streamflow and changes in biological condition are important considerations for water resources management decisions. The Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) framework offers a way to protect stream health by managing flow conditions. We demonstrate application of a regionally derived ELOHA framework to inform stakeholder defined management challenges in the San Diego River Watershed in southern California, USA—a large semi‐urbanized watershed that is undergoing land use changes. Using previously defined flow‐ecology relationships based on benthic invertebrate community composition, we: (1) assess how future land use changes will affect flow conditions and impact biological endpoints in the watershed; (2) demonstrate how flow–ecology relationships can be used to prioritize regions of the watershed into various flow management classes that can inform future planning decisions; and (3) evaluate how two future management decisions (specifically, modification of reservoir operations and implementation of low impact development strategies to reduce stormwater runoff) will affect in‐stream flow conditions in the watershed. Our study shows a successful transition of regionally derived flow targets to inform local decisions at a catchment or watershed scale, thereby avoiding the need to develop local flow–ecology relationships for every stream of interest (as would be required by other instream flow methods). Case studies are a critical bridge between the science of flow‐ecology and real‐world implementation, and this work illuminates an example of how to navigate technical and management challenges and provide road maps for broader applications by including local stakeholders in defining, interpreting, and implementing products of flow‐ecology analyses.
Landscape‐level wolf space use is correlated with prey abundance, ease of mobility, and the distribution of prey habitat
Authors: Kittle Andrew M. , Anderson Morgan , Avgar Tal , Baker James A. , Brown Glen S. , Hagens Jevon , Iwachewski Ed , Moffatt Scott , Mosser Anna , Patterson Brent R. , Reid Douglas E. B. , Rodgers Arthur R. , Shuter Jen , Street Garrett M. , Thompson Ian D. , Vander Vennen Lucas M. , Fryxell John M.
Published: April 2017

Predator space use influences ecosystem dynamics, and a fundamental goal assumed for a foraging predator is to maximize encounter rate with prey. This can be achieved by disproportionately utilizing areas of high prey density or, where prey are mobile and therefore spatially unpredictable, utilizing patches of their prey's preferred resources. A third, potentially complementary strategy is to increase mobility by using linear features like roads and/or frozen waterways. Here, we used novel population‐level predator utilization distributions (termed “localized density distributions”) in a single‐predator (wolf), two‐prey (moose and caribou) system to evaluate these space‐use hypotheses. The study was conducted in contrasting sections of a large boreal forest area in northern Ontario, Canada, with a spatial gradient of human disturbances and predator and prey densities. Our results indicated that wolves consistently used forest stands preferred by moose, their main prey species in this part of Ontario. Direct use of prey‐rich areas was also significant but restricted to where there was a high local density of moose, whereas use of linear features was pronounced where local moose density was lower. These behaviors suggest that wolf foraging decisions, while consistently influenced by spatially anchored patches of prey forage resources, were also determined by local ecological conditions, specifically prey density. Wolves appeared to utilize prey‐rich areas when regional preferred prey density exceeded a threshold that made this profitable, whereas they disproportionately used linear features that promoted mobility when low prey density made directly tracking prey distribution unprofitable.
Biodiversity and ecosystem function: making sense of numerous species interactions in multi‐species communities
Authors: Brophy Caroline , Dooley Áine , Kirwan Laura , Finn John A. , McDonnell Jack , Bell Thomas , Cadotte Marc W. , Connolly John
Published: April 2017

Understanding the biodiversity and ecosystem function relationship can be challenging in species‐rich ecosystems. Traditionally, species richness has been relied on heavily to explain changes in ecosystem function across diversity gradients. Diversity–Interactions models can test how ecosystem function is affected by species identity, species interactions, and evenness, in addition to richness. However, in a species‐rich system, there may be too many species interactions to allow estimation of each coefficient, and if all interaction coefficients are estimable, they may be devoid of any sensible biological meaning. Parsimonious descriptions using constraints among interaction coefficients have been developed but important variability may still remain unexplained. Here, we extend Diversity–Interactions models to describe the effects of diversity on ecosystem function using a combination of fixed coefficients and random effects. Our approach provides improved standard errors for testing fixed coefficients and incorporates lack‐of‐fit tests for diversity effects. We illustrate our methods using data from a grassland and a microbial experiment. Our framework considerably reduces the complexities associated with understanding how species interactions contribute to ecosystem function in species‐rich ecosystems.
An Unprecedented Pseudo‐[3+2] Annulation between N‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)aldimines and Aqueous Glutaraldehyde: Direct Synthesis of Pyrrole‐2,4‐dialdehydes
Authors: Ramaraju Panduga , Mir Nisar A. , Singh Deepika , Sharma Preetika , Kant Rajni , Kumar Indresh
Published: April 2017

A new method for the direct one‐pot synthesis of substituted pyrrole‐2,4‐dialdehdyes was developed. This overall pseudo‐[3+2]‐annulation reaction between glutaraldehyde and N‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)aldimines proceeds through proline‐catalyzed direct Mannich reaction/cyclization, followed by 2‐iodoxybenzoic acid mediated oxidative rearrangement of the in situ generated intermediate to give pyrrole‐2,4‐dialdehydes in high yields (up to 80 %).
Aluminum Open Cell Foams as Efficient Supports for Carbon Dioxide Methanation Catalysts: Pilot‐Scale Reaction Results
Authors: Frey Myriam , Bengaouer Alain , Geffraye Genevieve , Edouard David , Roger Anne‐Cécile
Published: April 2017

To control the highly exothermal nature of carbon dioxide methanation (ΔRH=−165 kJ mol−1), a reactor capable of efficiently evacuating the heat generated is essential. A pilot‐scale (≈75 cm3) structured bed filled with an aluminum open cell foam (OCF) was chosen for the many advantages of this kind of reactor (high surface/volume ratio, low pressure drop, intensification of mass and heat transfer). A coating procedure for aluminum OCF was first developed. Different catalytic test conditions allowed a low temperature increase with a maximal value of 25 °C, as well as the influence of reaction temperature, pressure and flow rate on the axial temperature profile along the bed, to be shown. Finally, a comparison of the data collected herein for a powder fixed bed shows that the methane productivity obtained is similar to that obtained for the same catalyst in the powder form, but a much lower temperature increase due to the reaction and a lower pressure drop where clearly observed when using the aluminum OCF‐supported catalyst.
Experimental investigations on castor biodiesel as an alternative fuel for single cylinder compression ignition engine
Authors: Deep Akash , Sandhu Sarbjot Singh , Chander Subhash
Published: April 2017

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the possibility of castor biodiesel to be used as alternative fuel for an existing compression ignition (CI) engine. The castor biodiesel was produced using the transesterification process and the important physico‐chemical properties of various blends were investigated. A series of experiments were carried out on a CI engine fuelled with various castor biodiesel and diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40, and B50), over the entire range of engine loading conditions. The comparative analysis of engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT); exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity; combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate, ignition delay, cumulative heat release, rate of pressure rise, and combustion duration, were carried out. Results were then compared with the base line data for diesel. Further investigations were conducted to estimate the extent to which the castor biodiesel could replace the mineral diesel. The comprehensive analysis of the data collected from the experimentation revealed that the 20% blend of castor biodiesel with diesel (B20) improved the thermal efficiency of the engine and lower exhaust emissions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1139–1150, 2017
Vaccines targeting preS1 domain overcome immune tolerance in hepatitis B virus carrier mice
Authors: Bian Yingjie , Zhang Zheng , Sun Zhichen , Zhao Juanjuan , Zhu Danming , Wang Yang , Fu Sherry , Guo Jingya , Liu Longchao , Su Lishan , Wang Fu‐Sheng , Fu Yang‐Xin , Peng Hua
Published: April 2017

Strong tolerance to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigens limits the therapeutic effect of the conventional hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccination in both preclinical animal models and patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. In contrast, we observed that clinical CHB patients presented less immune tolerance to the preS1 domain of HBV large surface antigen. To study whether targeting the weak tolerance of the preS1 region could improve therapy gain, we explored vaccination with the long peptide of preS1 domain for HBV virions clearance. Our study showed that this preS1‐polypeptide rather than HBsAg vaccination induced robust immune responses in HBV carrier mice. The anti‐preS1 rapidly cleared HBV virions in vivo and blocked HBV infection to hepatocytes in vitro. Intriguingly, vaccination of preS1‐polypeptide even reduced the tolerized status of HBsAg, opening a therapeutic window for the host to respond to the HBsAg vaccine. A sequential administration of antigenically distinct preS1‐polypeptide and HBsAg vaccines in HBV carrier mice could finally induce HBsAg/hepatitis B surface antibody serological conversion and clear chronic HBV infection in carrier mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that preS1 can function as a therapeutic vaccine for the control of CHB. (Hepatology 2017;66:1067‐1082)
Efficient estimation of factor models with time and cross‐sectional dependence
Authors: Heinemann Alexander
Published: April 2017

This paper studies the efficient estimation of large‐dimensional factor models with both time and cross‐sectional dependence assuming (N,T) separability of the covariance matrix. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator of the factor and factor‐loading space under factor stationarity is derived and compared to that of the principal component (PC) estimator. The paper also considers the case when factors exhibit a unit root. We provide feasible estimators and show in a simulation study that they are more efficient than the PC estimator in finite samples. In application, the estimation procedure is employed to estimate the Lee–Carter model and life expectancy is forecast. The Dutch gender gap is explored and the relationship between life expectancy and the level of economic development is examined in a cross‐country comparison.
Towards a new definition for “visiting friends and relatives”
Authors: Munoz Julio R. , Griffin Tom , Humbracht Michael
Published: April 2017

“Visiting friends and relatives” (VFR) is a tourism term used in academic and practitioner vernacular that refers to a substantial amount of activity and is yet commonly disregarded. This paper builds on previous literature that has demonstrated how a lack of understanding of what VFR encompasses facilitates the phenomenon to be undervalued and misunderstood. Without a clear conceptual definition, VFR continues to be presented with inconsistent and conflicting parameters, which creates discursive confusion rather than clarity and appreciation. This is important as tourism is often presented as a positive force for economic development in a wide range of communities, and VFR is almost routinely overlooked with high‐yield (hotel consuming) markets favoured; this is despite a growing body of literature that has explored the sustainability and positive community impacts of VFR activity and potential. A review of existing definitional work on VFR is provided, and a new conceptual definition is offered. Mobility influenced by a host is first distinguished from other forms of human movement; VFR is then positioned as a form of mobility influenced by a host that includes face‐to‐face interaction between a host and visitor who have a preexisting relationship. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Tourism taxation: A synthetic control method for policy evaluation
Authors: Biagi Bianca , Brandano Maria Giovanna , Pulina Manuela
Published: April 2017

To date, few studies have explored the relationship between tourism inflows and city taxes. This study investigates how the introduction of a city tax impacts on both national and international tourism demand by using the synthetic control method. The case study is based on a panel of Italian municipalities, for the time span 2006–2011. Results from estimations with the synthetic control method show that the introduction of a visitor tax leads to a decline in domestic tourism demand. In contrast, there is no effect on international tourism inflows.
Eddy current–nulled convex optimized diffusion encoding (EN‐CODE) for distortion‐free diffusion tensor imaging with short echo times
Authors: Aliotta Eric , Moulin Kévin , Ennis Daniel B.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To design and evaluate eddy current–nulled convex optimized diffusion encoding (EN‐CODE) gradient waveforms for efficient diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that is free of eddy current–induced image distortions.

Methods

The EN‐CODE framework was used to generate diffusion‐encoding waveforms that are eddy current–compensated. The EN‐CODE DTI waveform was compared with the existing eddy current–nulled twice refocused spin echo (TRSE) sequence as well as monopolar (MONO) and non–eddy current–compensated CODE in terms of echo time (TE) and image distortions. Comparisons were made in simulations, phantom experiments, and neuro imaging in 10 healthy volunteers.

Results

The EN‐CODE sequence achieved eddy current compensation with a significantly shorter TE than TRSE (78 versus 96 ms) and a slightly shorter TE than MONO (78 versus 80 ms). Intravoxel signal variance was lower in phantoms with EN‐CODE than with MONO (13.6 ± 11.6 versus 37.4 ± 25.8) and not different from TRSE (15.1 ± 11.6), indicating good robustness to eddy current–induced image distortions. Mean fractional anisotropy values in brain edges were also significantly lower with EN‐CODE than with MONO (0.16 ± 0.01 versus 0.24 ± 0.02, P < 1 x 10‐5) and not different from TRSE (0.16 ± 0.01 versus 0.16 ± 0.01, P = nonsignificant).

Conclusions

The EN‐CODE sequence eliminated eddy current–induced image distortions in DTI with a TE comparable to MONO and substantially shorter than TRSE. Magn Reson Med 79:663–672, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
2D multi‐spectral imaging for fast MRI near metal
Authors: Hargreaves Brian A. , Taviani Valentina , Litwiller Daniel V. , Yoon Daehyun
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To develop a fast 2D method for MRI near metal with reduced B0 in‐plane and through‐slice artifacts.

Methods

Multi‐spectral imaging (MSI) approaches reduce artifacts in MR images near metal, but require 3D imaging of multiple excited volumes regardless of imaging geometry or artifact severity. The proposed 2D MSI method rapidly excites a limited slice and spectral region using gradient reversal between excitation and refocusing pulses, then uses standard 2D imaging, with the process repeating to cover multiple spectral offsets that are combined as in other MSI techniques. 2D MSI was implemented in a spin‐echo‐train sequence and validated in phantoms and in vivo by comparing it with standard spin‐echo imaging and existing MSI techniques.

Results

2D MSI images for each spatial‐spectral region follow isocontours of the dipole‐like B0 field variation, and thus frequency variation, near metal devices. Artifact correction in phantoms and human subjects with metal is comparable to 3D MSI methods, and superior to standard spin‐echo techniques. Scan times are reduced compared with 3D MSI methods in cases where a limited number of slices are needed, though signal‐to‐noise ratio is also reduced as expected.

Conclusion

2D MSI offers a fast and flexible alternative to 3D MSI for artifact reduction near metal. Magn Reson Med 79:968–973, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Do we assess urethral function adequately in LUTD and NLUTD? ICI‐RS 2015
Authors: Gajewski Jerzy B. , Rosier Peter F.W.M. , Rahnama'i Sajjad , Abrams Paul
Published: April 2017

INTRODUCTION

Urethral function, as well as anatomy, play a significant role in voiding reflex and abnormalities in one or both contribute to the pathophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD). We have several diagnostic tools to assess the urethral function or dysfunction but the question remains, are these adequate?

METHODS

This is a report of the proceedings of Think Tank P1: ‘Do we assess urethral function adequately in LUTD and NLUTD?’ from the annual International Consultation on Incontinence—Research Society, which took place September 22–24, 2014 in Bristol, UK.

RESULTS

We have collected and discussed, as a committee, the evidence with regard to the urethra and the available relevant methods of testing urethral function, with the emphasis on female and male voiding dysfunction. We looked into previous research and clinical studies and compiled summaries of pertinent testing related to urethral function. The discussion has focused on clinical applications and the desirability of further development of functional tests and analyses in this field.

CONCLUSIONS

There are limitations to most of the urethral function tests. Future perspectives and research should concentrate on further development of functional testing and imaging techniques with emphasis on standardization and clinical application of these tests. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:935–942, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can we create a valid treatment algorithm for patients with drug resistant overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome or detrusor overactivity (DO)? Results from a think tank (ICI‐RS 2015)
Authors: Apostolidis Apostolos , Averbeck Marcio Augusto , Sahai Arun , Rahnama'i Mohammad Sajjad , Anding Ralf , Robinson Dudley , Gravas Stavros , Dmochowski Roger
Published: April 2017

AIMS

To review and assess the definitions of drug resistance and the evidence supporting treatment for drug resistant overactive bladder/detrusor overactivity (OAB/DO).

METHODS

Evidence review of the extant literature and consensus of opinion was used to derive the summary recommendations.

RESULTS

Drug resistance or drug refractory status has been inconsistently defined and reported in current evident sources. Recent publications use some correlation of lack of efficacy and or experienced side effects to define drug resistance. Algorithms based upon these definitions largely relate to the appropriate use of neuromodulation or botulinum neurotoxin, based upon patient selection and patient choice. Current treatment pathways are hampered by inability to consistently profile patients to optimize management, particularly after failure of initial pragmatic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research is recommended to better identify patient phenotype for purposes of directing optimized therapy for OAB/DO. Current treatment algorithms are influenced by extensive data generated from recent neuromodulation and botulinum neurotoxin trials.
Male bladder outlet obstruction: Time to re‐evaluate the definition and reconsider our diagnostic pathway? ICI‐RS 2015
Authors: Rademakers Kevin , Drake Marcus J. , Gammie Andrew , Djurhuus Jens C. , Rosier Peter F.W.M , Abrams Paul , Harding Christopher
Published: April 2017

The diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in the male is dependent on measurements of pressure and flow made during urodynamic studies. The procedure of urodynamics and the indices used to delineate BOO are well standardized largely as a result of the work of the International Continence Society. The clinical utility of the diagnosis of BOO is however, less well defined and there are several shortcomings and gaps in the currently available medical literature. Consequently the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society (ICI‐RS) held a think tank session in 2015 entitled “Male bladder outlet obstruction: Time to re‐evaluate the definition and reconsider our diagnostic pathway?” This manuscript details the discussions that took place within that think tank setting out the pros and cons of the current definition of BOO and exploring alternative clinical tests (alone or in combination) which may be useful in the future investigation of male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. The think tank panel concluded that pressure‐flow studies remain the diagnostic gold‐standard for BOO although there is still a lack of high quality evidence. Newer, less invasive, investigations have shown promise in terms of diagnostic accuracy for BOO but similar criticisms can be levelled against these tests. Therefore, the think tank suggests further research with regard to these alternative indicators to determine their clinical utility.
The association of LAMB1 polymorphism and expression changes with the risk of coal workers' pneumoconiosis
Authors: Ji Xiaoming , Wu Baiqun , Han Ruhui , Yang Jingjin , Ayaaba Esther , Wang Ting , Han Lei , Ni Chunhui
Published: April 2017

Background

Pneumoconiosis is a serious occupational disease worldwide, which is characterized by irreversible and diffuse lung fibrotic lesions. Laminin beta 1(LAMB1) is widely expressed in tissues and it is crucial for both lung morphogenesis and physiological function. In this study, we explored the association between LAMB1 rs4320486 and risk of pneumoconiosis in a Chinese population, as well as its mechanisms.

Methods

In this case‐control study, 600 CWP patients and 605 controls were genotyped for the LAMB1 rs4320486 polymorphism using TaqMan methods. Luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the LAMB1 transcriptional activities. The protein levels in cells and tissues were detected by western blot, and mRNA levels were determined by qRT‐PCR.

Results

Logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with LAMB1 rs4320486 CT/TT genotypes had a significantly decreased risk of CWP (adjusted OR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.64‐0.94), compared with individuals with CC genotypes. Luciferase assays showed that the LAMB1 rs4320486(C > T) substitution could decrease the expression of LAMB1. Compared with normal groups, mRNA levels of LAMB1 were up‐regulated in lung tissues of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, expressions of LAMB1 and α‐SMA were enhanced progressively, along with the development of lung fibrosis, while E‐cadherin decreased.

Conclusions

In this study, the functional LAMB1 rs4320486 mutation was associated with a decreased risk of CWP in a Chinese population, probably owing to the reduced activity of LAMB1 transcription. LAMB1 expression was increased in the progress of lung fibrosis, which suggests that LAMB1 may affect the initiation and progression of pneumoconiosis, or serve as a potential biomarker of pneumoconiosis for diagnosis and genetic susceptibility.
Drones and digital photogrammetry: from classifications to continuums for monitoring river habitat and hydromorphology
Authors: Woodget Amy S. , Austrums Robbie , Maddock Ian P. , Habit Evelyn
Published: April 2017

Recently, we have gained the opportunity to obtain very high‐resolution imagery and topographic data of rivers using drones and novel digital photogrammetric processing techniques. The high‐resolution outputs from this method are unprecedented, and provide the opportunity to move beyond river habitat classification systems, and work directly with spatially explicit continuums of data. Traditionally, classification systems have formed the backbone of physical river habitat monitoring for their ease of use, rapidity, cost efficiency, and direct comparability. Yet such classifications fail to characterize the detailed heterogeneity of habitat, especially those features which are small or marginal. Drones and digital photogrammetry now provide an alternative approach for monitoring river habitat and hydromorphology, which we review here using two case studies. First, we demonstrate the classification of river habitat using drone imagery acquired in 2012 of a 120 m section of the San Pedro River in Chile, which was at the technological limits of what could be achieved at that time. Second, we review how continuums of data can be acquired, using drone imagery acquired in 2016 from the River Teme in Herefordshire, England. We investigate the precision and accuracy of these data continuums, highlight key current challenges, and review current best practices of data collection, processing, and management. We encourage further quantitative testing and field applications. If current difficulties can be overcome, these continuums of geomorphic and hydraulic information hold great potential for providing new opportunities for understanding river systems to the benefit of both river science and management. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1222. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1222

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Water and Life > Methods
Mental Health Policy in Britain
Authors: Rogers Anne , Pilgrim David
Published: April 2017

The second edition of this acclaimed book offers a critical analysis of the transition from institutional to community care for people with mental health problems. Despite the almost complete abandonment of the old Victorian asylum system, the powerful cultural legacy of segregation remains potent in modern thought.

Rogers and Pilgrim analyse the impact of new policies introduced by the Labour government since it came to power in 1997, identifying both the processes and causes of policy change and assessing its value in the context of longer term debates about madness and distress.
Does nest box use reduce the fitness of a tree‐cavity dependent mammal?
Authors: Goldingay Ross L.
Published: April 2017

Nest boxes are frequently used in conservation programs for tree‐cavity dependent wildlife. There is growing concern that the poor insulation properties of nest boxes may produce an ecological trap, because species may require microclimates less extreme or less variable than those experienced inside nest boxes. I investigated the fitness consequences of nest box use in a non‐flying mammal. Fifty‐two of 104 squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) trapped over a 3‐year period used nest boxes. Population modelling of the capture data revealed that the probability of apparent survival increased with increasing nest box use. There was no difference in breeding frequency between females that used or did not use nest boxes. There was no evidence that offspring development was hindered within nest boxes. These findings may arise because: (1) gliders could access tree hollows during extreme temperatures, (2) ambient temperatures were mild during the study, (3) gliders construct leaf nests which insulate against low temperatures in winter, and (4) gliders breed between autumn and spring when temperatures are relatively benign. The estimate of annual survival of animals using nest boxes (0.60), was equivalent to estimates at locations where squirrel gliders were either reliant on nest boxes (0.54) or on tree cavities (0.55) for shelter. Studies such as this need to be conducted on a range of species across a range of locations to better understand the influence of nest box use on non‐flying mammals.
Clinical Issues‐May 2017
Authors: Fearon Mary C.
Published: April 2017

This Month

Standardized room layouts for minimally invasive surgery in a hybrid OR

Key words: room setup, equipment placement, no‐fly zone, collision.

Measuring fluids during minimally invasive surgery procedures

Key words: fluid distention media, hyponatremia, isotonic solution, hypotonic solution.

Magnetic resonance imaging safety zones

Key words: MRI, safety, zones, screening.

Robot‐assisted surgery competencies

Key words: robotics, credentialing, competency verification.
International Law and World Order
Authors: Chimni B. S.
Published: April 2017

In International Law and World Order, B. S. Chimni articulates an integrated Marxist approach to international law (IMAIL), combining the insights of Marxism, socialist feminism, and postcolonial theory. The book uses this approach to systematically and critically examine the most influential contemporary theories of international law, including new, feminist, realist, and policy-oriented approaches. In doing so, it discusses a range of themes relating to the history, structure, and process of international law. The book also considers crucial world order issues and problems that the international legal process has to contend with, including the welfare of weak groups and nations, the ecological crisis, and the role of human rights. This extensively revised second edition provides an invaluable, in-depth and updated review of the key literature and scholarship within this field of study. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of international law, international relations, international politics, and global studies.
Case Management for Children and Adolescents with Acquired Brain Injury in Community Settings: A Scoping Review
Authors: Young Jenny , Lukersmith Sue , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Stancliffe Roger
Published: April 2017

Background: Acquired brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children after infancy. Childhood brain injury has long-term consequences for children and parents, including challenges with returning to school, ongoing health and behaviour concerns, family functioning and demands on carers. Community-based case management interventions are a vital contribution to community supports.

Aims: This scoping study aims to scope and map the literature on case management, to identify how case management is described in the literature for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (0–17 years).

Methods: A scoping review was completed of published articles on case management from four major databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PUBMed and Embase) between 2005 and 2015. Articles were selected against inclusion criteria and reviewed.

Results: Eight articles of 2688 records met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Case management was provided by case managers and other health professionals. The case management interventions described were mapped to the International Classification of Health Interventions and the Brain Injury Case Management Taxonomy (BICM-T). Case management addressed a range of needs including return to school, family issues and ongoing medical needs. There were anecdotal reports of effectiveness of case management during the return to school process.

Conclusion: This scoping study reveals a lack of information on this topic. Improved reporting of case management interventions and more research on case management is needed for children and adolescents with brain injury.
The ELD: Applicability to Nanotechnology Risk and the Liability Implications of Environmental Damage
Authors: HESTER Karena , MULLINS Martin , FORD Robert , MURPHY Finbarr
Published: April 2017

This paper examines the potential impact of the European Union’s Environmental Liability Directive (ELD)1 on the nanotechnology (NT) sector. In terms of risk governance the ELD represents a new paradigm, affording the environment an enhanced status both in legal and indeed ontological terms. However, the nature of the NT industry itself is such as to create complexity in the implementation of the ELD. Whilst the field of nano-toxicology is making advances, debate still prevails around issues pertaining to exposure, (eco)-toxicity, metrics, potential impact and legal causation. Levels of uncertainty remain high and hence measuring environmental impact is problematic. The paper addresses the potential environmental liability exposures of NT manufacturers and producers pursuant to the provisions of the ELD and by extension highlights the importance of the insurability of the liability risk all of which bears significance for the sustainability of the industry. It also examines the legal and regulatory challenges of the application of the ELD in the context of the NT industry, highlighting the challenges which this pervasive technology presents for regulatory policy. A cursory discussion of the legal theoretical underpinning of the directive helps to explain the rationale of the directive.
The Obligation to Undertake an Environmental Assessment in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ: A Principle in Search of Autonomy
Authors: RUOZZI Elisa
Published: April 2017

The practice of carrying out an environmental impact assessment (EIA) has gained strength in international law and jurisprudence, finding application in the case law of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). If, on the one hand, the ICJ has recognized the customary nature of this principle, on the other its application poses a set of challenges, mainly linked to the autonomy of this obligation from other international environmental law norms. More precisely, the obligation at issue has been applied in connection with the due diligence and notification principles, creating uncertainty about its scope, as well as about its substantive or procedural nature. Likewise, the autonomy of the obligation to perform an EIA has been challenged in relation to the definition of the content and scope of the obligation itself, which in turn is linked to the existence of applicable treaty provisions or of soft law. This article discusses the impact of these elements on the reasoning of the Court in the cases at issue, in order to demonstrate how such lack of autonomy can undermine the coherence of the reasoning itself and, therefore, an effective application of the principle.
Social and Political Citizenship in European Public Opinion: An Empirical Analysis of T.H. Marshall’s Concept of Social Rights
Authors: Hooghe Marc , Oser Jennifer
Published: April 2017

Normative democratic theory assumes that political systems should ensure civil, political and social rights, and this claim has become more salient since the economic crisis that began in 2008. This conception of citizenship was developed most prominently by T.H. Marshall (1950), and it has been further elaborated by numerous other authors, resulting in a clear division between procedural/electoral democracy concepts and authors emphasizing egalitarian concepts of democracy. We use latent class analysis to assess democratic ideals among European citizens as reported in the 2012 European Social Survey. The findings demonstrate that a majority of Europeans consider political and social rights as equally important, while some citizens predominantly emphasize either political or social rights. Furthermore, the focus on social rights is not limited to those with left-leaning ideologies. Considering current manifestations of discontent about the politics of austerity, we discuss the implications of social citizenship concepts for democratic legitimacy in Europe.
Overweight dogs are more likely to display undesirable behaviours: results of a large online survey of dog owners in the UK
Authors: German Alexander J. , Blackwell Emily , Evans Mark , Westgarth Carri
Published: April 2017

Much of the global canine population is now overweight, and this can adversely affect health, lifespan and quality of life. Undesirable behaviours are also common in pet dogs, and these can adversely affect welfare, as well as being stressful to owners. However, links between obesity and behavioural disorders have never previously been explored. An online survey was conducted between June and August in 2014, coinciding with the broadcast of a National UK television programme, exploring dog health, welfare and behaviour. Information gathered included signalment, overweight status and the prevalence of a range of undesirable behaviours. Fisher's exact test and OR were used to determine associations between overweight status and owner-reported behaviours. A total of 17 028 responses were received. After data verification, the final dataset comprised 11 154 dogs, 1801 (16·1 %) of which were reported by owners to be overweight. Owners of overweight dogs were more likely to see them as ‘a baby’ (P < 0·0001) and allow them to sleep on their bed (P < 0·0001). Overweight dogs were also more likely to guard food (P < 0·0001) and steal food (P < 0·0001). Other undesirable behaviours more commonly reported in overweight dogs included barking, growling or snapping at strangers (P = 0·0011) and other dogs (P = 0·0015), being fearful of outdoors (P < 0·0001), and not always coming back when called (P = 0·0011). Finally, owners were more likely to report that unsociable behaviours adversely affected their dog's health (P < 0·0001). Overweight status is associated with a number of undesirable behaviours in dogs. Further studies are now required to explore the reasons for these associations.
VISUALIZING TAYZA, CAPITAL OF THE PETÉN ITZAS: TEASING MEANINGS FROM POSTCLASSIC POTTERY STYLES
Authors: Rice Prudence M.
Published: April 2017

A decade of public-works excavations on Flores Island—once Tayza, capital of the powerful Itza Maya confederacy in Postclassic- and contact-period Petén, Guatemala—has recovered large quantities of artifacts but without proper provenience controls. This important center is poorly understood in archaeological terms because of the dense modern construction that precludes systematic investigation. Thus, these excavated materials become critical despite their limitations for insights into the Itza settlement. Convenience samples of the slipped and decorated pottery from the salvage (and other) excavations were analyzed to interpret style and meaning through the combined perspectives of design structure analysis, information exchange, visual rhetoric, literary studies, and semiotechnology. Features examined include forms, types, colors, layouts, and motifs. The spatial distributions of these features over the island were assessed in terms of a quadripartite organization mentioned in Spanish accounts. It is proposed that the southeastern quadrant was the residential area of Itza royal elites, due to the presence of elaborate and innovative polychromes conveying messages of elite power. Pottery in the northern quadrants has more traditional decoration resembling that at mainland sites in the Lake Petén basin, and signals ordinary Itza identity. These differences, and the overall theoretical approach, might be testable on larger, better-excavated samples.
Absolute Dating of Copper and Early Bronze Age Levels at the Eponymous Archaeological Site Bubanj (Southeastern Serbia)
Authors: Bulatović Aleksandar , Vander Linden Marc
Published: April 2017

This paper reports the first radiocarbon (14C) dates obtained for the Eneolithic/Bronze Age site of Bubanj, Serbia. Despite featuring prominently in the existing typo-chronological schemes for southeastern Europe, the history of research and recent large-scale destruction of the site had prevented so far the acquisition of samples from secure archaeological contexts. We fill this documentary gap by presenting 10 new14C dates, covering the late 5th, 4th, and 3rd millennia cal BC. These dates are compared to the existing documentation from the literature, in order to assess the placement of Bubanj within its wider archaeological context.
Transformation of excess mortality in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Taiwan
Authors: Pan Y.-J. , Yeh L.-L. , Chan H.-Y. , Chang C.-K.
Published: April 2017

Background

Given the concerns regarding the adverse health outcomes associated with weight gain and metabolic syndrome in relation to use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), we aimed in this study to explore whether the increase in the use of SGAs would have any impacts on the trend of excess mortality in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD).

Method

Two nationwide samples of individuals with schizophrenia and BPD were identified in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database in 2003 and in 2008, respectively. Age- and gender-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for each of the 3-year observation periods. The SMRs were compared between the calendar year cohorts, by disease group, and by causes of death.

Results

The mortality gap for people with schizophrenia decreased slightly, revealing an SMR of 3.40 (95% CI 3.30–3.50) for the 2003 cohort and 3.14 (3.06–3.23) for the 2008 cohort. The mortality gap for BPD individuals remained relatively stable with only those aged 15–44 years having an SMR rising significantly from 7.04 (6.38–7.76) to 9.10 (8.44–9.79). Additionally, in this group of BPD patients aged 15–44 years, the natural-cause-SMR increased from 5.65 (4.93–6.44) to 7.16 (6.46–7.91).

Conclusions

Compared with the general population, the gap in the excess mortality for people with schizophrenia reduced slightly. However, the over 200% difference between the cohorts in the excess mortality for BPD individuals aged 15–44 years could be a warning sign. Future research to further examine the related factors underlying those changes is warranted.
Developing an international scoring system for a consensus-based social cognition measure: MSCEIT-managing emotions
Authors: Hellemann G. S. , Green M. F. , Kern R. S. , Sitarenios G. , Nuechterlein K. H.
Published: April 2017

Background

Measures of social cognition are increasingly being applied to psychopathology, including studies of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Tests of social cognition present unique challenges for international adaptations. The Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, Managing Emotions Branch (MSCEIT-ME) is a commonly-used social cognition test that involves the evaluation of social scenarios presented in vignettes.

Method

This paper presents evaluations of translations of this test in six different languages based on representative samples from the relevant countries. The goal was to identify items from the MSCEIT-ME that show different response patterns across countries using indices of discrepancy and content validity criteria. An international version of the MSCEIT-ME scoring was developed that excludes items that showed undesirable properties across countries.

Results

We then confirmed that this new version had better performance (i.e. less discrepancy across regions) in international samples than the version based on the original norms. Additionally, it provides scores that are comparable to ratings based on local norms.

Conclusions

This paper shows that it is possible to adapt complex social cognitive tasks so they can provide valid data across different cultural contexts.
Abhängigkeitspotenzial und andere Risiken von Opioidanalgetika im Alter
Authors: Wolter Dirk K.
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Übersicht über Suchtpotenzial und andere Risiken von Opioidanalgetika im höheren Lebensalter. Methodik: Narrativ review. Literaturrecherche in PubMed (Suchbegriffe: opioid analgesics UND abuse; opioid analgesics UND dependence; opioid analgesics UND addiction; opioid analgesics UND adverse effects; jeweils UND elderly) sowie aktuellen einschlägigen Standardwerken; Auswahl nach altersmedizinischer Relevanz und Aktualität. Ergebnisse: Die Verordnung von Opioidanalgetika (OA) hat in den letzten 25 Jahren massiv zugenommen, die weitaus meisten Verordnungen entfallen auf alte Menschen und Menschen mit chronischen Nicht-Tumorschmerzen (CNTS). Die diagnostischen Kriterien für die Opiatabhängigkeit in ICD-10 und DSM-5 sind für die OA-Behandlung von CNTS ungeeignet. Bei langfristiger OA-Behandlung bei CNTS kann eine spezifische Form von Abhängigkeit entstehen, die nicht mit der illegalen Opiat-(Heroin-)Sucht gleichzusetzen ist. Vorbestehende Suchterkrankungen und andere psychische Störungen sind die wesentlichsten Risikofaktoren. Weitere Nebenwirkungen sind zu beachten. Schmerztherapie bei Suchtkranken stellt eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Anwendung von OA bei CNTS verlangt eine sorgfältige Indikationsstellung. Die besondere Form der Abhängigkeit von OA ist nicht ausreichend erforscht und wird zu wenig beachtet.
Alterung des Gehirns: Charakterisierung mittels MRT
Authors: Wegener Susanne
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Unser Gehirn verändert sich mit zunehmendem Alter. Dieser physiologische Prozess kann mithilfe von Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) beschrieben werden. Im Laufe des Lebens kommt es zu Atrophie (Schrumpfen von Hirnstrukturen) sowie Auftreten von charakteristischen MRT-Signal-Hyperintensitäten in der weissen Substanz. Eine besonders starke oder frühe Ausprägung dieser Veränderungen kann pathologisch sein. Die Abgrenzung zwischen gesundem Altern und Prozessen mit Krankheitswert ist dabei nicht einfach. In diesem Mini-Review sollen normale Alterungsprozesse des Gehirns beschrieben und krankhafte Veränderungen aufgezeigt werden, die weiterer Abklärung und Behandlung bedürfen.
Knieprotheseninfekt mit Capnocytophaga canimorsus: Prothesenerhalt oder -wechsel?
Authors: Salvisberg Christian , Bartkowicki Waldemar , Imschweiler Thomas , Savoca Reto , Stoll Thomas
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Wir präsentieren den Fall einer 83-jährigen Patientin mit einer periprothetischen Knieprotheseninfektion mit Capnocytophaga canimorsus. Er ist die Erstbeschreibung einer erfolgreichen prothesenerhaltenden Behandlung eines periprothetischen Infekts mit C. canimorsus. Dieser Krankheitserreger kommt kommensalisch in Hunde- und Katzenspeichel vor und wird meist bei Tierbissen übertragen. Aufgrund seiner schlechten Kultivierbarkeit könnte C. canimorsus für einen Teil der Kultur-negativen periprothetischen Infekte verantwortlich sein.