bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОРФАННІ ХВОРОБИ В КАРДІОЛОГІЇ
Authors: Pіrogkova A. O. , Prokopovych O. A.
Published: June 2019

Орфанні хвороби – це рідкісні уроджені або набуті захворювання, які характеризуються тяжким, хронічним та прогресуючим перебігом, супроводжуються формуванням дегенеративних змін в організмі, зниженням якості та скороченням тривалості життя хворих.

Рідкісні захворювання на сьогодні діагностують частіше завдяки впровадженню новітніх методів діагностики, що дає змогу призначити адекватне і своєчасне патогенетичне лікування таким пацієнтам. Також необхідно вивчати нові механізми серцевих захворювань та застосовувати відповідне лікування.
СТАН, ПРОБЛЕМИ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПАЛІАТИВНОЇ ТА ХОСПІСНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Savka H. V.
Published: June 2019

У статті висвітлено та проаналізовано стан, проблеми і перспективи впровадження паліативної та хоспісної допомоги в Україні.
ОЦІНКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ СТУДЕНТІВ ВИПУСКНИХ КУРСІВ З МЕДСЕСТРИНСТВА В СІМЕЙНІЙ МЕДИЦИНІ
Authors: Kuzyk Z. V. , Prunchak N. I.
Published: June 2019

У статті проведено аналіз готовності студентів за спеціальністю «Сестринська справа» до самостійної практичної роботи на основі результатів анонімного анкетування випускників медичного коледжу. Відзначено роль постійної самоосвіти в подальшому професійному зростанні, оцінено особливості підготовки студентів IV курсів за спеціальністю «Сестринська справа».
СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ФІЗИЧНОЇ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ ХВОРИХ ПІСЛЯ АРТРОСКОПІЧНОЇ РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЇ ПЕРЕДНЬОЇ ХРЕСТОПОДІБНОЇ ЗВ’ЯЗКИ КОЛІННОГО СУГЛОБА
Authors: Doroshenko B. V. , Naida M. M. , Kitsak Y. M. , Liakhovych R. M.
Published: June 2019

У статті висвітлено основні принципи застосування методів реабілітаційного лікування хворих з ушкоджен­ням хрестоподібної зв’язки колінного суглоба. Проведено поглиблений аналіз наукових літературних джерел стосовно перебігу цього захворювання. Значну увагу приділено методології проведення фізичної реабілітації доопераційного та післяопераційного періодів.
ОЦІНКА РИЗИКУ ВИНИКНЕННЯ КАРДІОВАСКУЛЯРНИХ УСКЛАДНЕНЬ У ПАЦІЄНТІВ ІЗ ПОДАГРОЮ
Authors: Danchak S. V. , Prokopchuk O. V. , Pershyna L. V.
Published: June 2019

У статті наведено результати оцінки ризику виникнення кардіоваскулярних ускладнень у пацієнтів із подагрою.
Ficcionalização do testemunho em A morte do inimigo, de Hans Keilson
Authors: Andrade Patricia
Published: June 2019

Ao considerarmos as obras que compõem a Literatura de Testemunho, podemos observar a prevalência de textos autobiográficos relatando as atrocidades da perseguição nazista e dos campos de concentração. No entanto, há também muitas obras ficcionais, de teor autobiográfico ou não, que narram tais experiências e outras relacionadas aos sofrimentos causados pelo nacional-socialismo a grandes parcelas da população europeia. Ao analisarmos a obra Der Tod des Widersachers, de Hans Keilson, procuramos determinar os índices de ficcionalidade que a afastam de uma possível leitura autobiográfica e refletir sobre as implicações éticas e estéticas de Keilson haver ficcionalizado experiências próprias.
CLIL em alemão no Brasil e a competência de leitura dos graduandos em Letras/Alemão
Authors: Grilli Marina
Published: June 2019

Este artigo discute o papel em potencial do Ensino Integrado de Língua e Conteúdo (CLIL) na graduação em Letras/Alemão. No Brasil, muitos estudantes iniciam a graduação sem conhecimento prévio da língua alemã, e é sempre um desafio melhorar suas habilidades de leitura em cinco semestres de ensino de idiomas, ao menos até o nível B1. A pesquisa empírica parte da hipótese de que frequentar uma disciplina CLIL pode auxiliar os alunos a melhorar sua competência de leitura em alemão. Para tanto, examinou-se a competência de leitura de estudantes de Letras/Alemão em uma universidade brasileira. Após a categorização de seus erros, foram definidos os fatores que podem ter levado à melhoria da alfabetização.
Aplicaciones móviles oficiales en los clubes de fútbol españoles como herramienta de comunicación de contenidos
Authors: Cano Tenorio Rafael
Published: June 2019

Mobile communication is an essential part open new possibilities through the development of applications of football clubs. The study is an analysis of the management of the sections of applications of these entities, entities with a large media coverage, and which have a great impact. The methodology has been based on the technique of content analysis. The results as interest to improve the strategic management of mobile communication in sports organizations.
Fraturas na Excelência: o apagamento das ambiguidades das Relações Públicas
Authors: Silva Daniel Reis
Published: June 2019

Partindo das críticas sociais acumuladas nas últimas décadas sobre práticas abusivas de relações públicas, este artigo reflete, amparado em uma ampla revisão de literatura, sobre os motivos pelos quais tais denúncias ocupam lugar periférico nos estudos acadêmicos da área. Aborda como o modelo paradigmático adotado pelo campo, a Excelência, limita estudos sobre práticas controversas devido a uma abordagem evolutiva funcional que atrela eficiência, complexidade e ética, minimizando tentativas de explorar os impactos das relações públicas na conformação do mundo contemporâneo.
Psychosocial Evaluation of Candidates for Heart Transplant and Ventricular Assist Devices: Beyond the Current Consensus
Authors: Bui Quan M. , Allen Larry A. , LeMond Lisa , Brambatti Michela , Adler Eric
Published: June 2019

Advanced heart failure therapies, including heart transplantation and durable mechanical circulatory support, are available to a limited number of patients because of the scarcity of donors, expense, and large burden of care. The importance of psychological and social determinants of health, including cognitive status, health literacy, psychopathology, social support, medical adherence, and substance abuse, are emphasized in advanced heart failure and further amplified in the context of mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation. The psychosocial assessment of advanced heart failure therapy candidates remains largely subjective, requiring a multidisciplinary evaluation, which may include psychiatrists, social workers, case managers, financial coordinators, pharmacists, and clinicians. Objective tools—including the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation, Psychosocial Assessment of Candidates for Transplantation, and Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale—were developed and validated in limited populations to help standardize the evaluation process. Small, retrospective studies have inconsistently shown that these tools may predict clinical outcomes in the transplant population, with higher-risk scores associated with readmissions, rejection episodes, and infections. However, it has been more difficult to show that these tools can predict mortality, and their applicability to the mechanical circulatory support population is less studied. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation released a consensus statement in 2018 to promote consistency of psychosocial evaluation across advanced heart failure programs, but it lacks specific recommendations given the current state of evidence. This state-of-the-art review expands on the current consensus by critically reviewing current studies supporting available objective assessment tools, proposing a psychosocial evaluation framework that uses a multidisciplinary approach and offering future directions for research.
On the Complexity and Typology of Inflectional Morphological Systems
Authors: Cotterell Ryan , Kirov Christo , Hulden Mans , Eisner Jason
Published: June 2019

We quantify the linguistic complexity of different languages’ morphological systems. We verify that there is a statistically significant empirical trade-off between paradigm size and irregularity: A language’s inflectional paradigms may be either large in size or highly irregular, but never both. We define a new measure of paradigm irregularity based on the conditional entropy of the surface realization of a paradigm— how hard it is to jointly predict all the word forms in a paradigm from the lemma. We estimate irregularity by training a predictive model. Our measurements are taken on large morphological paradigms from 36 typologically diverse languages.
Meiji Prison Religion
Authors: Lyons Adam
Published: June 2019

This article examines the origins of prison proselytization in Japan in the 1870s and 1880s by exploring the relationship between the Great Promulgation Campaign (daikyō senpu undō 大教宣布運動) and the development of a modern carceral system. It argues that prison chaplaincy (kyōkai 教誨) developed as the “spiritual successor” to the Great Promulgation Campaign’s national instructor (kyōdōshoku 教導職) system. The article concludes that local activism on the part of Buddhists was the driving force behind the introduction of Buddhist teachings to prisons and that Buddhists mobilized in this way because they found it politically advantageous to position themselves as guardians of the public good.
Honda Chikaatsu’s Spiritual Learning as a Means of Bringing Blessings and Guiding the Nation
Authors: Namiki Eiko
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the purpose, content and reception of the healing and spirit-possession methods of Honda Chikaatsu 本田親徳 (1822–1890) and his followers. It investigates what the methods were intended for, how they were practiced, and how they were received by the government, the common people and the elite. These methods were for all intents and purposes meant to benefit and glorify the new Imperial Japan under the Meiji government that Honda venerated and adored. Although the modernizing Meiji government outlawed such magico-religious practices, spirit-possession methods—and healing methods in particular—were in high demand among the faithful at shrines such as those where Honda’s disciples served as priests. At the same time, some very prominent individuals were intrigued by Honda’s spirit-possession methods and the strategic benefits they promised.
Russia’s Regime-on-the-Move
Authors: Hale Henry E. , Lipman Maria , Petrov Nikolay
Published: June 2019

Russia’s political system must be understood as inherently dynamic, with constant regime change being essential to how the regime operates and survives. This regime change does not proceed monotonically toward ever tighter authoritarianism, but can move in both liberal and repressive directions at different times. While on aggregate the trend has been to greater authoritarianism under Putin, certain liberalizing moves have also been important that are meaningful for how ordinary Russians and elites experience their own regime, and greater repressiveness is not foreordained. We document two forms of endemic regime dynamism in Russia, each involving contingent, improvisational efforts at short-term recalibration in response to crises that are both endogenous and exogenous to the regime: structural improvisation and ideational improvisation.
A new species of Fossombronia (Marchantiophyta, Fossombroniineae,Fossombroniaceae) from high elevation mires in Latin America
Authors: CRANDALL-STOTLER BARBARA J. , BENAVIDES JUAN CARLOS , STOTLER RAYMOND EUGENE , FORREST LAURA LOWE
Published: June 2019

Several populations of a partially submerged, robust, morphologically distinct Fossombronia were personally collected in central Mexico and several high elevation subpáramo communities in Venezuela. Comparative morphological studies of these populations with the type collections of F. peruviana, F. herzogii, F. ptychophylla, and F. australis, and a phylogenetic analysis of three chloroplast loci in 18 morphologically defined species of the genus were conducted to determine the taxonomic status of these populations.  Both studies support the recognition of these populations as a new species of Fossombronia, which is named and described herein as Fossombronia delgadilloana. This new species resolves in a clade that is sister to F. peruviana, and is characterized by horizontal, planate, sub-longitudinally inserted leaves, widely dispersed antheridia, with basally expanded stalks, stipitate caulocalyces that lack lamellae, obovoid to ellipsoidal capsules, I-type inner capsule wall thickenings, and spores that are > 40µm, with reticulate distal wall ornamentation. Fossombronia herzogii is recognized as a new synonym of F. peruviana, and a new lectotype is designated for F. ptychophylla.
A new species of Lippia (Verbenaceae) from the inselbergs of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: CARDOSO PEDRO HENRIQUE , MENINI NETO LUIZ , SALIMENA FÁTIMA REGINA GONÇALVES
Published: June 2019

A new species of Lippia endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described and illustrated. Lippia diversifolia is currently known from the inselbergs of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro and is characterized by markedly tetragonal branches, of which the opposed sides are densely strigose and the other glabrescent, with indument alternating in the subsequent internode, leaf blade cartaceous to coriaceous, adaxial surface strigose, abaxial surface tomentose or strigose, peduncle 3.5–9 cm long, bracts strigose with apex acute, inconspicuous calyx, and white sessile glands along the whole plant. We provide field photographs, distribution map, conservation status and a table with the main characters that distinguish it from Lippia rubella, which is a morphologically similar species.
Lectotypifications of three Duroia names ( Rubiaceae, Gardenieae) of species occurring in Brazil
Authors: NASCIMENTO JANILDE DE MELO , SANTOS JOÃO UBIRATAN MOREIRA DOS , CONCEIÇÃO GONÇALO MENDES , PESSOA EDLLEY
Published: June 2019

During ongoing studies of the Brazilian species of Duroia, three names were detected that need formal typification. Lectotypes for Duroia duckei, D. fusifera, and D. saccifera are designed here. For each species, updated data on the collection localities (current city/state) are provided, along with the exact text of the protologue or type label, along with a discussion of the history of these names.
The genus Dolichopoda in Greece. A description of new species from the Ionian Regions and Peloponnisos (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae)
Authors: RAMPINI MAURO , RUSSO CLAUDIO DI , PAVESI FRANCESCA , COBOLLI MARINA
Published: June 2019

Description of five new Dolichopoda species from the Ionian area of Western Greece together with a description of the female for D. pavesii from Kefalonia island and the male of D. dalensi from North-eastern Peloponnisos are reported. Considering the other 6 species already documented in the area (including the North of the Peloponnisos), there is now a total of 11 recorded species of Dolichopoda which currently inhabit the underground areas of this zone. These new data, therefore, help better define the already high diversity of the genus in the Hellenic region (25 species in all) reinforcing the hypothesis that there was a central area of dispersion of the Dolichopoda in the ancient Aegean plate.
Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus
Authors: DE S. RAMOS LACAU LUCIMEIRE , VILLEMANT CLAIRE , BUENO ODAIR C. , DELABIE JACQUES H.C. , LACAU SEBASTIEN
Published: June 2019

The morphology of the eggs and larvae of the ant Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery is here described and discussed for the first time. Some morphological characteristics of the symbiotic fungus that covers the eggs, larvae, and pupae are also examined.
A new genus of Neothrombiidae (Acari: Trombidioidea) from Yemen
Authors: SABOORI ALIREZA , UECKERMANN EDWARD A. , VAN HARTEN ANTONIUS
Published: June 2019

Solistrus mitrae gen. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from an unknown host collected with a light trap at Al Kowd, Yemen. This is the first record of the family Neothrombiidae in Yemen. The new taxon is based on the larva; deutonymphs and adults remain unknown.
Mexican species of the genus Probles Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae)
Authors: KHALAIM ANDREY I. , RUÍZ-CANCINO ENRIQUE
Published: June 2019

Mexican species of the genus Probles Förster are reviewed. Twelve species have been discovered from Mexico, all belong to the subgenus Euporizon Horstmann and are new to science: P. alejandroi Khalaim, sp. nov., P. belokobylskii Khalaim, sp. nov., P. clypeola Khalaim, sp. nov., P. contrerasi Khalaim, sp. nov., P. juanitae Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., P. lunai Khalaim, sp. nov., P. megasoma Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., P. miquihuana Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., P. picus Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., P. spectabilis Khalaim & Ruíz-Cancino, sp. nov., P. xalapana Khalaim, sp. nov. and P. zacapoaxtlana Khalaim, sp. nov. One species, P. megasoma sp. nov., is also recorded from Costa Rica. An identification key to species of Probles occurring in Mexico is given.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Xyo pseudohystrix Travassos & Kloss, 1958 (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Hystrignathidae) from Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger, 1800) (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from USA and discussion on its taxonomic status
Authors: MORFFE JANS , GARCÍA NAYLA , DAVIS ANDREW K. , HASEGAWA KOICHI , CARRENO RAMON A.
Published: June 2019

The females of Xyo pseudohystrix Travassos & Kloss, 1958 (Nematoda: Oxyuridomorpha: Hystrignathidae) are redescribed and illustrated with the aid of SEM. New features of the cephalic end, arrangement of the cervical spines and genital tract were observed. The taxonomic status of the species is discussed on the basis of discrepancies with the generic diagnosis of Xyo Cobb, 1898. Due to the lack of proper information on the genus the status of incertae sedis is proposed. The identity of the males was confirmed by molecular studies and the morphology of the specimens previously assigned by Christie (1932) as males of Hystrignathus rigidus Leidy, 1858 correspond to the current species. New locality records are given for the states of Georgia and Ohio, USA. The phylogenetic position of the species is inferred on the basis of the D2-D3 segment of the LSU rDNA and SSU rDNA.
New species of Helicopsyche von Siebold 1856 (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Brazil, including the redescription of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) planorboides Machado 1957
Authors: DUMAS LEANDRO LOURENÇO , NESSIMIAN JORGE LUIZ
Published: June 2019

Helicopsyche has about 270 extant species widely distributed, with highest species diversity in tropical and subtropical areas. Currently, the genus is divided into six subgenera, with only two of them occurring in the Neotropical region. In Brazil, 28 species of Helicopsyche have been recorded, being nine in Cochliopsyche and 19 in Feropsyche. In this paper, we describe, diagnose and illustrate six new species of Helicopsyche subgenus Feropsyche from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: Helicopsyche bendego sp. nov., H. daome sp. nov., H. dinoprata sp. nov., H. luziae sp. nov., H. petri sp. nov., and H. shaamunensu sp. nov. Furthermore, H. (F.) planorboides is redescribed based on the holotype and additional specimens; the type series of this species is now deposited in the collection of the Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Finally, Helicopsyche (F.) catoles, H. (F.) guara and H. (F.) planorboides are reported for the first time from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, the last one also listed for Espírito Santo state, Brazil.
Cephalomalthinus simplicicornis (Wittmer, 1993) rev. stat. et comb. n.: a resurrected soldier beetle (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) from Taiwan based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: HSIAO YUN , TSAI CHENG-LUNG
Published: June 2019

The genus Cephalomalthinus Pic, 1921 is a diverse group of soldier beetles known from East Asia, with modifications on the male antennae, which are traditionally used for species delimitation. However, antennae are uniform in some Cephalomalthinus groups, thus making species identification difficult. In this study, both morphological and molecular data are applied to solve the generic classification and species status of Micropodabrus simplicicornis Wittmer, 1993, which was recently synonymized with Cephalomalthinus formosanus (Pic, 1910). We analyzed holotypes, multiple specimens and DNA barcodes to re-examine the validity of this synonymy. The results suggest that M. simplicicornis should be resurrected from the synonymy with C. formosanus, and a new combination, Cephalomalthinus simplicicornis (Wittmer, 1993) rev. stat. et comb. n., is proposed accordingly. The results highlight the value of multisource taxonomy and the discordance between molecular and morphological data.
Redescription of the Indo-West Pacific scorpionfish Scorpaena neglecta Temminck & Schlegel, 1843, a senior synonym of four nominal species (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae)
Authors: WIBOWO KUNTO , MOTOMURA HIROYUKI
Published: June 2019

The Indo-West Pacific scorpionfish Scorpaena neglecta Temminck & Schlegel (1843) is redescribed on the basis of two syntypes and 129 additional specimens from Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and Australia, and a lectotype is proposed. Four nominal species, Scorpaena fimbriata Döderlein in Steindachner & Döderlein, 1884, Scorpaena izensis Jordan & Starks, 1904, Scorpaena hemilepidota Fowler, 1938 and Scorpaenopsella armata Fowler, 1938, are regarded as junior synonyms of Scorpaena neglecta. Morphological changes with growth of S. neglecta are discussed.
Review of the genus Carlschoenherria (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) of the Philippines
Authors: CALCETAS ORLANDO A.
Published: June 2019

The genus Carlschoenherria Bezděk, 2016 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini) in the Philippines is reviewed. Three new species: Carlschoenherria adoradae Calcetas, new species, C. hadsallae Calcetas, new species, and C. gapudi Calcetas, new species are described, figured and compared with their close relatives. The following new combinations are proposed: Carlschoenherria palawana (Moser, 1915) new combination, C. philippinica (Brenske, 1894) new combination, C. argus (Burmeister, 1855) new combination, C. hastata (Arrow, 1938) new combination and C. vervex (Sharp, 1876) new combination. A new C. adoradae species-subgroup is proposed under the broader C. sulcipennis species-group. A key of the Carlschoenherria of the Philippines Islands, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java is provided.
Crickets of the subfamily Eneopterinae (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Sandakan, Sabah: one new species and calling songs of a sympatric species
Authors: TAN MING KAI , JAPIR RAZY , CHUNG ARTHUR Y.C. , ROBILLARD TONY
Published: June 2019

Orthoptera from Sandakan, Sabah are relatively understudied compared to some other parts of Borneo, and lack of information of species there can impede our understanding of the origins and biodiversity of orthopterans in Borneo and, in general, Southeast Asia. Based on a recent orthopteran survey in Sandakan, one new species of Lebinthus Stål is described: Lebinthus sandakan sp. nov. The male calling song of this new species is also presented. The calling song of Cardiodactylus borneoe Robillard & Gorochov, 2014 is also described for the first time.
Climate Assessments for Local Action
Authors: Kirchhoff Christine J. , Barsugli Joseph J. , Galford Gillian L. , Karmalkar Ambarish V. , Lombardo Kelly , Stephenson Scott R. , Barlow Mathew , Seth Anji , Wang Guiling , Frank Austin
Published: June 2019

Global and national climate assessments are comprehensive, authoritative sources of information about observed and projected climate changes and their impacts on society. These assessments follow well-known, accepted procedures to create credible, legitimate, salient sources of information for policy- and decision-making, build capacity for action, and educate the public. While there is a great deal of research on assessments at global and national scales, there is little research or guidance for assessment at the U.S. state scale. To address the need for guidance for state climate assessments (SCAs), the authors combined insights from the literature, firsthand experience with four SCAs, and interviews with individuals involved in 10 other SCAs to identify challenges, draw lessons, and point out future research needs to guide SCAs. SCAs are challenged by sparseness of literature and data, insufficient support for ongoing assessment, short time lines, limited funding, and surprisingly, little deliberate effort to address legitimacy as a concern. Lessons learned suggest SCAs should consider credibility, legitimacy, and salience as core criteria; happen at regular intervals; identify assessment scope, resource allocation, and trade-offs between generation of new knowledge, engagement, and communication up front; and leverage boundary organizations. Future research should build on ongoing efforts to advance assessments, examine the effectiveness of different SCA approaches, and seek to inform both broad and specific guidance for SCAs.
A High-Resolution 1983–2016 Tmax Climate Data Record Based on Infrared Temperatures and Stations by the Climate Hazard Center
Authors: Funk Chris , Peterson Pete , Peterson Seth , Shukla Shraddhanand , Davenport Frank , Michaelsen Joel , Knapp Kenneth R. , Landsfeld Martin , Husak Gregory , Harrison Laura , Rowland James , Budde Michael , Meiburg Alex , Dinku Tufa , Pedreros Diego , Mata Nicholas
Published: June 2019

Understanding the dynamics and physics of climate extremes will be a critical challenge for twenty-first-century climate science. Increasing temperatures and saturation vapor pressures may exacerbate heat waves, droughts, and precipitation extremes. Yet our ability to monitor temperature variations is limited and declining. Between 1983 and 2016, the number of observations in the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Tmax product declined precipitously (5900 → 1000); 1000 poorly distributed measurements are insufficient to resolve regional Tmax variations. Here, we show that combining long (1983 to the near present), high-resolution (0.05°), cloud-screened archives of geostationary satellite thermal infrared (TIR) observations with a dense set of ~15 000 station observations explains 23%, 40%, 30%, 41%, and 1% more variance than the CRU globally and for South America, Africa, India, and areas north of 50°N, respectively; even greater levels of improvement are shown for the 2011–16 period (28%, 45%, 39%, 52%, and 28%, respectively). Described here for the first time, the TIR Tmax algorithm uses subdaily TIR distributions to screen out cloud-contaminated observations, providing accurate (correlation ≈0.8) gridded emission Tmax estimates. Blending these gridded fields with ~15 000 station observations provides a seamless, high-resolution source of accurate Tmax estimates that performs well in areas lacking dense in situ observations and even better where in situ observations are available. Cross-validation results indicate that the satellite-only, station-only, and combined products all perform accurately (R ≈ 0.8–0.9, mean absolute errors ≈ 0.8–1.0). Hence, the Climate Hazards Center Infrared Temperature with Stations (CHIRTSmax) dataset should provide a valuable resource for climate change studies, climate extreme analyses, and early warning applications.
Attribution of Global Monsoon Response to the Last Glacial Maximum Forcings
Authors: Cao Jian , Wang Bin , Ma Libin
Published: June 2019

Investigation of global monsoon (GM) responses to external forcings is instrumental for understanding its formation mechanism and projected future changes. Coupled climate model experiments are performed to assess how the individual and full Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) forcings change GM precipitation. Under the full LGM forcing, the annual and local summer-mean GM precipitation are reduced by 8.5% and 10.8%, respectively, compared to the results in the preindustrial control run; and the reduction of Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer monsoon (NHSM) precipitation is twice as large as its Southern Hemisphere (SH) counterpart (SHSM). The NH–SH asymmetric response is mainly caused by the monsoon circulation change–induced moisture convergence rather than the reduction of moisture content, but the root cause is the continental ice sheet forcing. The NHSM precipitation changes dramatically differ among various single-forcing experiments, while this is not the case for their SH counterparts. The moisture budget analysis indicates the NHSM is dynamically oriented, but SHSM is thermodynamically oriented. The markedly different NHSM circulation changes are caused by different forcing-induced sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, including the North Atlantic cooling pattern forced by the continental ice sheet, the mega–La Niña–like pattern resulting from the greenhouse gas forcing, and the Indian Ocean dipole–like SST pattern caused by the land–sea configuration forcing. Moreover, the distinctive change of “monsoonality” in the Australian–Indonesian monsoon is predominantly forced by the exposure of the land shelf, which enhances precipitation during early summer (November–December) but weakens it in the rest of the year.
Roles of Dynamic Forcings and Diabatic Heating in Summer Extreme Precipitation in East China and the Southeastern United States
Authors: Nie Ji , Fan Bowen
Published: June 2019

Extratropical regional-scale extreme precipitation events (EPEs) are usually associated with certain synoptic perturbations superimposed on slow-varying background circulations. These perturbations induce a dynamically forced ascent that destabilizes the atmospheric stratification and stimulates deep convection, which further drives the perturbation by releasing latent heat. This study identifies the characteristics of large-scale perturbations associated with summer EPEs in two representative regions, East China (ECN) and the southeastern United States (SUS), and analyzes the roles of dynamic forcings and diabatic heating using the quasigeostrophic omega equation. Composites of 39 events in each region show that the upper-level absolute vorticity advection and tropospheric warm advection promote dynamically forced ascent in EPEs, and the moisture advection premoistens the local environment. The background circulation and synoptic perturbations in ECN and the SUS have significant differences. The background vorticity, temperature, and moisture advection form the quasi-steady mei-yu front in ECN, which provides favorable conditions for heavy rainfall. In the SUS, weaker background ascents are forced mainly through vorticity advection. In the synoptic scale, the EPEs in ECN are triggered by short-wavelength wave trains, and in the SUS the EPEs are triggered by longer wavelength potential vorticity intrusions. Although the amplitudes of the dynamically forced ascent in the two regions are similar, diabatic heating contributes much more to the vertical motion in ECN than the SUS, which indicates that there is stronger diabatic heating feedback there. The stronger diabatic heating feedback in ECN appears to be due to stronger moisture advection, convective environments with more humidity, and stronger coupling between convection and large-scale dynamics.
An Investigation of Hydrometeor Latent Cooling upon Convective Cold Pool Formation, Sustainment, and Properties
Authors: Mallinson Holly M. , Lasher-Trapp Sonia G.
Published: June 2019

Downdrafts extending from convective clouds can produce cold pools that propagate outward, sometimes initiating new convection along their leading edges. Models operating at scales requiring convective parameterizations usually lack representation of this detail, and thus fail to predict this convective regeneration and longer episodes of convective activity. Developing such parameterizations requires an improved understanding of the physical drivers of cold pools, and detailed studies of the roles of all the contributing microphysical processes have been lacking. This study utilizes a set of 12 simulations conducted within a single convective environment, but with variability in the microphysical fields produced by varying parameters influencing warm-rain or ice processes. Time-integrated microphysical budgets quantify the contribution of each hydrometeor type to the total latent cooling occurring in the downdrafts that form and sustain the cold pool. The timing of the onset of the cold pool is earlier in cases with a stronger warm rain process, but both graupel and rain were equally as likely to be the dominant hydrometeor in the downdraft first forming the cold pool. Graupel sublimation is the dominant term in sustaining the cold pool in all simulations, but the evaporation of rain has the strongest correlation to the cold pool expansion rate, depth, and intensity. Reconciling the current results with past studies elucidates the importance of considering: graupel sublimation, the latent cooling only in downdrafts contributing to the cold pool, and latent cooling in those downdrafts at altitudes that may be significantly higher than the melting level.
The Dominant Patterns of Intraseasonal Rainfall Variability in May–October and November–April over the Tropical Western Pacific
Authors: Pariyar Sunil Kumar , Keenlyside Noel , Chandra Bhatt Bhuwan , Omrani Nour-Eddine
Published: June 2019

The space–time structure of intraseasonal (10–90 day) rainfall variability in the western tropical Pacific is studied using daily 3B42 TRMM and ERA-Interim reanalysis data for the period 1998–2014. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of 10–90-day filtered daily rainfall anomalies identifies two leading modes in both May–October and November–April; together these modes explain about 11%–12% of the total intraseasonal variance over the domain in both seasons and up to 60% over large areas of the western Pacific in both climatological periods. The two leading modes in May–October are linearly related to each other and both are well correlated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) indices. Although the two leading EOF modes in November–April are linearly independent of each other, both show statistically significant correlations with the MJO. The phase composites of 30–80-day filtered data show that the two leading modes are associated with strong eastward and northward propagation of rainfall anomalies in May–October, and eastward and southward propagation of rainfall anomalies in November–April. The eastward propagation of rainfall anomalies in both seasons and southeastward propagation related with EOF2 in November–April is linked to the development of low-level moisture flux convergence ahead of the active convection. Similarly, the northward propagation in May–October is also connected with low-level moisture flux convergence, but surface wind and evaporation variations are also important. The wind–evaporation–SST feedback mechanism drives the southeastward propagation of rainfall anomalies associated with EOF1 in November–April. The different mechanisms for southeastward propagation associated with two leading modes in November–April suggest dynamically different relations with the MJO.
Shoulder Muscular Fatigue From Static Posture Concurrently Reduces Cognitive Attentional Resources
Authors: Stephenson Mitchell L. , Ostrander Alec G. , Norasi Hamid , Dorneich Michael C.
Published: June 2019

Objective

The goal of this work is to determine whether muscular fatigue concurrently reduces cognitive attentional resources in technical tasks for healthy adults.

Background

Muscular fatigue is common in the workplace but often dissociated with cognitive performance. A corpus of literature demonstrates a link between muscular fatigue and cognitive function, but few investigations demonstrate that the instigation of the former degrades the latter in a way that may affect technical task completion. For example, laparoscopic surgery increases muscular fatigue, which may risk attentional capacity reduction and undermine surgical outcomes.

Method

A total of 26 healthy participants completed a dual-task cognitive assessment of attentional resources while concurrently statically fatiguing their shoulder musculature until volitional failure, in a similar loading pattern observed in laparoscopic procedures. Continuous and discrete monitoring task performance was recorded to reflect attentional resources.

Results

Electromyography of the anterior deltoid and descending trapezius, as well as self-assessment surveys indicated fatigue occurrence; continuous tracking error, tracking velocity, and response time significantly increased with muscular fatigue.

Conclusion

Muscular fatigue concurrently degrades cognitive attentional resources.

Application

Complex tasks that rely on muscular and cognitive performance should consider interventions to reduce muscular fatigue to also preserve cognitive performance.
Thermal and structural modelling of arc welding processes: A literature review
Authors: Arora Hitesh , Singh Rupinder , Brar Gurinder Singh
Published: June 2019

This paper presents a state-of-the-art critical review of the thermal and structural modelling of the arc welding process. During the welding process, high temperature in the welding zone leads to generation of unwanted residual stresses and results in weld distortion. Measurement of the temperature distribution was a key issue and challenge in the past decade. Thermomechanical analysis is among the best-known techniques to simulate and investigate the temperature distribution, welding distortion and residual stresses in the weld zone. The main emphasis of this review is the thermal and structural modelling of welding processes and the measurement of welding residual stresses using different techniques. The study also provides information about the various types of heat sources and models used to predict the weld bead characteristics and thermomechanical analysis for different welding processes such as tungsten inert gas welding, metal inert gas welding and shielded metal arc welding.
Preparing for the next Arctic sovereignty crisis: The Northwest Passage in the age of Donald Trump
Authors: Lajeunesse Adam , Huebert Rob
Published: June 2019

Dating to the early Cold War, Canada and the US have disagreed on the status of the Northwest Passage. For Canada, the waters of the Arctic Archipelago are internal, historic waters. For the US, the sea route is an international strait. Despite this fundamental disagreement, cooperation between the two states in the Arctic has long been effective and friendly. In part, this can be attributed to decades of careful diplomacy, which has strategically set aside the intractable legal questions in favour of a comfortable “agree-to-disagree” arrangement. In the age of MAGA diplomacy under President Donald Trump, this successful system appears at risk. With discussion of Arctic freedom of navigation voyages for the US Navy becoming commonplace, and the old diplomatic safeguards breaking down in favour a new zero-sum foreign policy approach, Canada may soon face a new challenge to its Arctic sovereignty.
Western Europe and the collapse of Bretton Woods
Authors: De Groot Michael
Published: June 2019

This article contends that Western Europe played a crucial and overlooked role in the collapse of Bretton Woods. Most scholars highlight the role of the United States, focusing on the impact of US balance of payments deficits, Washington’s inability to manage inflation, the weakness of the US dollar, and American domestic politics. Drawing on archival research in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States, this article argues that Western European decisions to float their currencies at various points from 1969 to 1973 undermined the fixed exchange rate system. The British, Dutch, and West Germans opted to float their currencies as a means of protecting against imported inflation or protecting their reserve assets, but each float reinforced speculators’ expectations that governments would break from their fixed parities. The acceleration of financial globalization and the expansion of the Euromarkets in the 1960s made Bretton Woods increasingly difficult to defend.
External forces and Russian foreign policy: Simulation of identity narratives inside Putin’s regime
Authors: Janeliūnas Tomas , Kojala Linas
Published: June 2019

This article analyzes the impact of external factors on Russia’s foreign policy. Specifically, it identifies patterns in Russia’s foreign policy reactions to two kinds of developments: changes in US foreign policy, and fluctuating global oil prices affecting Russia’s economy. Our hypothesis is that US foreign policy, as it is perceived by Putin’s regime, is the key determinant of the Kremlin’s reactions, while the changes in economic trends, affected by oil price, influence the regime’s preference to choose more confrontational or more defensive ways of action. As the analysis shows, different versions of national identity narratives can be constructed within Putin’s regime: it acts as a closed political system that can produce different foreign policy reactions and even ideological narratives without major changes in the governing elite.
Numerical simulation for strain rate and temperature dependence of transverse tensile failure of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastics
Authors: Sato Mio , Shirai Sakie , Koyanagi Jun , Ishida Yuichi , Kogo Yasuo
Published: June 2019

In the present study, strain-rate and temperature dependence of the transverse tensile failure mode of unidirectional heat-resistant carbon fiber-reinforced plastics is numerically simulated by finite element analyses. In the analyses, interface failure and matrix failure are represented by cohesive zone modeling and continuum damage mechanics, respectively. For the continuum damage mechanics, Christensen's failure criteria of multi-axial stress states for each strain rate are applied to the matrix properties. Interfacial properties which are obtained by microbond test are introduced into cohesive zone modeling. A time-temperature superposition principle approach is applied in order to translate the difference in temperature as the difference in strain rate. The damage initiation depends on strain rate and temperature, while the cohesive zone modeling is assumed to be temperature- and time-independent. The initial damage starting points and the failure mode are predicted in numerical analysis. The transverse tensile strengths in analysis results are compared with the three-point bending testing results.
Introducing Extended Data on Terrorist Groups (EDTG), 1970 to 2016
Authors: Hou Dongfang , Gaibulloev Khusrav , Sandler Todd
Published: June 2019

This article introduces an extended data set of 760 terrorist groups that engaged in attacks during 1970 to 2016. Unlike most extant group data sets, the extended data on terrorist groups (EDTG) is not tied to terrorist groups and attacks listed in the RAND terrorism data; rather, EDTG is linked to terrorist groups and attacks given in the Global Terrorism Database. Terrorist groups’ variables in EDTG include ideology, main goals, start date, duration, base country, attack diversity, peak size, alternative endings (if relevant), and others. We display interesting features of EDTG through a series of tables and figures. Our EDTG-based survival analysis is at odds with some of the literature: for example, the demise of a leader and a larger share of transnational terrorist attacks increase the group’s odds of failure. After 2001, religious terrorist groups are more resilient than those with other ideologies. We also analyze terrorist group lethality and productivity.
Using Virtual Reality to Study Subjective Time in Crowded Versus Uncrowded Environments
Authors: Shimokawa Kazuma , Sugimori Eriko
Published: June 2019

Human density in different locations influences time estimation. In this article, we report three experiments investigating whether research in virtual reality (VR) environments would replicate this earlier finding. In our first experiment, 35 participants wore head-mounted VR displays and watched two videos showing a cityscape and a countryside. While watching each video, participants were asked to provide their perceptions of 30 seconds of time passage. Perceived time in the cityscape condition was longer than in the countryside condition. In our second experiment, 43 participants wore head-mounted VR displays and watched two videos showing a crowded and uncrowded Ikebukuro station. While watching these videos, participants were asked to provide their perceptions of 60 seconds of time passage. Perceived time in the crowded condition was longer relative to the uncrowded condition. In our third experiment, 21 participants wore head-mounted displays and watched two videos showing a crowded and uncrowded nature park. While watching the videos, participants were asked to provide their perceptions of 60 seconds of time passage. These repeated findings in VR environments of longer time perception in crowded versus uncrowded conditions were similar to data reported by who examined how location and human density affected subjective time in the real world. We discussed the implications of the VR tool in subjective time research and how people perceive and use VR environments in daily life.
Malnutrition in the elderly
Authors: Corcoran Clodagh , Murphy Craig , Culligan Eamonn P , Walton Janette , Sleator Roy D
Published: June 2019

Changes that occur naturally throughout the ageing process place the elderly population at greater risk of malnourishment. This review discusses the significance, causes, consequences and assessment of malnutrition in the elderly.
The child’s right to genital integrity
Authors: Townsend Kate Goldie
Published: June 2019

People in liberal societies tend to feel a little uncomfortable talking about male genital cutting, but generally do not think it is morally abhorrent. But female genital cutting is widely considered to be morally repulsive. This common social intuition – that male genital cutting is benign, but female genital cutting is impermissibly harmful – is mirrored in the policies of real-world liberal governments and real-world international liberal institutions. The difference in attitudes towards these practices could be explained by investigation into the cultural biases of people in liberal societies, where social preference is given to practices conducted by majority and established minority group members over those practised by members of marginalised groups. In this article, I argue that the intuition cannot be defended from a liberal position committed to equal children’s rights. I defend children’s equal right to bodily integrity. I claim that in practice children’s right to bodily integrity is conditional on it serving their greater interests – which sometimes require adults to interfere with children’s bodies in ways that we would not interfere with adults’ bodies. But, I argue, this practical conditionality ought not to mean that the state treat male and female children differently. I make a case for the child’s inviolable right to genital integrity, based on the relationship between the child’s genital integrity and their sexual and genital autonomy in adulthood. I outline and respond to potential criticisms, namely that (i) male genital cutting has medical benefits that outweigh its harms and that (ii) female genital cutting is more socially harmful than male genital cutting.
The Influence of Developmental Idealism on Marital Attitudes, Expectations, and Timing
Authors: Allendorf Keera , Thornton Arland , Mitchell Colter , Young-DeMarco Linda
Published: June 2019

Recent theory suggests that developmental idealism (DI) is an important source of variation and change in family behavior, yet this suggestion is largely untested at the individual level. This study examines the influence of DI beliefs and values on individuals’ entrance into marriage. We hypothesize that when individuals and their parents endorse DI, they enter into marriage later or more slowly. We also hypothesize that two pathways connecting DI to marriage are the instillation of older timing attitudes and expectations of marrying at older ages. We test these hypotheses using panel data collected in Nepal from 2008 to 2014. When young people and their parents endorsed DI, the young people valued older ages at marriage and expected to marry later. Young people’s own DI endorsement also delayed their entrance into marriage, but parents’ DI did not.