bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A practical primer for image-based particle measurements in microplastic research
Authors: Schnepf Uwe , von Moers-Meßmer Maria Anna Lioba , Brümmer Franz
Published: July 2023

Microplastics have been detected in large numbers around the world. Not only their sheer number threatens ecosystems, their biodiversity, and human health, but risks are also posed by particle characteristics such as size and shape. However, at the moment their measurement is neither comprehensive nor harmonized, making the data ineligible for risk assessment. To change this, we propose an image-based workflow, whose six steps are oriented to international guidelines and lessons learned from more developed research fields. Best practices for sample preparation, image acquisition, and digital image processing are reviewed to assure accurate and unbiased particle measurements. On behalf of this, we selected metrics to quantitatively characterize both size and shape. The size of microplastics should be estimated via the maximum Feret’s diameter. Particle shape can be measured via shape descriptors, for which we derive harmonized formulas and interpretation.Roundness,solidity, andelongationwere selected by applying hierarchical agglomerative clustering and correlation analysis. With these three shape descriptors, all currently charaterizable dimensions of particle shape can be measured. Finally, we present actions for quality control as well as quality assurance and give recommendations for method documentation and data reporting. By applying our practical primer, microplastic researchers should be capable of providing informative and comparable data on particle characteristics. From this improved data, we expect to see great progress in risk assessment, meta-analyses, theory testing, and fate modeling of microplastics.
Microplastics analytics: why we should not underestimate the importance of blank controls
Authors: Noonan Michael J. , Grechi Nicole , Mills C. Lauren , de A. M. M. Ferraz Marcia
Published: July 2023

Recent years have seen considerable scientific attention devoted towards documenting the presence of microplastics (MPs) in environmental samples. Due to omnipresence of environmental microplastics, however, disentangling environmental MPs from sample contamination is a challenge. Hence, the environmental (collection site and laboratory) microplastics contamination of samples during processing is a reality that we must address, in order to generate reproducible and reliable data. Here we investigated published literature and have found that around 1/5 of studies failed to use blank controls in their experiments. Additionally, only 34% of the studies used a controlled air environment for their sample processing (laminar flow, fume hood, closed laboratory, clean room, etc.). In that regard, we have also shown that preparing samples in the fume hood, leads to more microplastics > 1 μm) contamination than preparing it in the laboratory bench and the laminar flow. Although it did not completely prevent microplastics contamination, the processing of sample inside the laminar flow is the best option to reduce sample contamination during processing. Overall, we showed that blank controls are a must in microplastics sample preparation, but it is often overlooked by researchers.

Graphical Abstract
Beyond a literacy model for psychiatry in the mass media
Authors: Miller Gavin
Published: July 2023

Professional statements suggest that psychiatrists engage in media work to supply a general audience with medical knowledge informed by relevant professional expertise. However, media work may be motivated by interests other than disinterested service to the well-being of the public, such as fame, money and a platform for one's wider views. The role of media psychiatrist is also crucially shaped by the unpredictable needs of a complex media ecology and marketplace. Furthermore, the properties of the media, and different forms within them, bring implicit meanings such as the wider authorisation of therapeutic self-reflection or the promotion of para-social intimacy. Finally, the media psychiatrist may function as an entrepreneur, converting the currency of celebrity into new forms of cultural, social and political capital. Professional guidelines for media work should be updated in light of such observations.
Infrastructure and Dignity: Notes on the Becoming of the Chilean Revolt
Authors:   Vitrina Dystópica, Donoso Patricio Azócar , Retamales Hugo Sir
Published: July 2023

The result of the 2022 plebiscite in Chile indicates a new stage of the Chilean neoconservative and oligarchic reaction, as well as of the mood of the social forces that developed with the 2019 revolt. Drawing on political research collective Vitrina Dystópica's archive of dialogues, interviews, and interventions, this article proposes an analytical exercise that seeks to challenge the ongoing totalitarian coup of the political imagination. This exploration of the memory of struggles allows for gathering techniques, strategies, and moments of vitalization to affirm the affective defeat and recompose collective forces in new questions for the future, joy, and dignity. The reflections shared here take place in a concrete practice of political reorganization that the authors call espacio.tierra, and they argue that the revolt does not start on October 18, 2019, nor does it end with the plebiscite on September 4, 2022; rather, it exists in the affective infrastructures over which collective questions and practices are raised for the reproduction and multiplication of life.
Intellectual Property and the Politics of Public Good during COVID-19: Framing Law, Institutions, and Ideas during TRIPS Waiver Negotiations at the WTO
Authors: Fischer Sara E. , Vitale Lucia , Agutu Akinyi Lisa , Kavanagh Matthew M.
Published: July 2023

Context: To facilitate the manufacturing of COVID-19 medical products, in October 2020 India and South Africa proposed a waiver of certain intellectual property (IP) provisions of a World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement. After nearly two years, a narrow waiver agreement that did little for vaccine access passed the ministerial despite the pandemic's impact on global trade, which the WTO is mandated to safeguard.

Methods: The authors conducted a content analysis of WTO legal texts, key-actor statements, media reporting, and the WTO's procedural framework to explore legal, institutional, and ideational explanations for the delay.

Findings: IP waivers are neither legally complex nor unprecedented within WTO law, yet these waiver negotiations exceeded their mandated 90-day negotiation period by approximately 18 months. Waiver opponents and supporters engaged in escalating strategic framing that justified and eventually secured political attention at head-of-state level, sidelining other pandemic solutions. The frames deployed discouraged consensus on a meaningful waiver, which ultimately favored the status quo that opponents preferred. WTO institutional design encouraged drawn-out negotiation while limiting legitimate players in the debate to trade ministers, empowering narrow interest group politics.

Conclusions: Despite global political attention, the WTO process contributed little to emergency vaccine production, suggesting a pressing need for reforms aimed at more efficient and equitable multilateral processes.
Sin Taxes and Self-Control
Authors: Schmacker Renke , Smed Sinne
Published: July 2023

According to theory, “sin taxes” are welfare improving if consumers with low self-control respond at least as much to the tax as consumers with high self-control. We investigate empirically if demand response to soft drink and fat tax variations in Denmark depends on consumers’ self-control. We use a unique home-scan panel that includes a survey measure of self-control. When taxes increase, consumers with low self-control reduce purchases less strongly than consumers with high self-control. When taxes decrease, both groups increase their purchases similarly. The results show an asymmetry in price elasticities by self-control that is more pronounced when taxes increase. (JEL D12, D91, H25, H31, I12, I18, L66)
Special Economic Zones and Human Capital Investment: 30 Years of Evidence from China
Authors: Lu Fangwen , Sun Weizeng , Wu Jianfeng
Published: July 2023

By exploiting the large quantity and rich variety of special economic zones (SEZs) in China, this study investigates how such zones affect human capital investment. Results show that SEZs significantly increase the local high school enrollment rate, but the impact varies across zone types: technology-oriented zones encourage education, while export-led zones discourage it. The increased job opportunities and wage premiums inside SEZs for employees with high school education increase high school enrollment, while such opportunities and wages for employees with middle school education decrease enrollment. A very small portion of the impact, if any, can be attributed to increased income. (JEL I21, I26, J24, J31, O15, P23, R32)
Corporate Tax Breaks and Executive Compensation
Authors: Ohrn Eric
Published: July 2023

I analyze the effect of two corporate tax breaks, bonus depreciation and the Domestic Production Activities Deduction (DPAD), on executive compensation in publicly traded US firms. I find both tax breaks significantly increase executive compensation. For every dollar a firm benefits from the tax breaks, compensation of the firm’s top five highest-paid executives increases by $0.17 to $0.25. The tax breaks increase compensation primarily in firms with weaker governance structures, suggesting the compensation response is driven by executive rent extraction. (JEL D22, G34, H25, M12, M52)
The Costs of Misaligned Incentives: Energy Inefficiency and the Principal-Agent Problem
Authors: Blonz Joshua A.
Published: July 2023

In many settings, misaligned incentives and inadequate monitoring lead employees to take self-interested actions. This paper identifies and quantifies the costs of this principal-agent problem in the context of an energy efficiency appliance replacement program. I show that contractors (agents) hired by the electric utility (the principal) increase their compensation by intentionally misreporting program data to authorize the replacement of nonqualified refrigerators. I estimate that each unqualified replacement reduces program benefits by $106 and saves 30 percent less electricity than replacements that follow program guidelines. The same program without a principal-agent distortion would increase program benefits by $60 per replacement. (JEL D82, L68, L94, L98)
Voting for Democracy: Chile’s Plebiscito and the Electoral Participation of a Generation
Authors: Kaplan Ethan , Saltiel Fernando , Urzúa Sergio
Published: July 2023

This paper assesses the long-term consequences of voting for democracy. We study Chile’s 1988 plebiscite, which ended 15 years of dictatorship and reestablished democracy. Taking advantage of individual-level voting data, we implement an age-based regression discontinuity design comparing long-run registration and turnout rates across marginally eligible and ineligible individuals. We find plebiscite eligibility increased electoral turnout three decades later. The magnitude of the initial mobilization emerges as the mechanism. Plebiscite eligibility induced a sizable share of less-educated voters to register compared to other upstream elections. The event contributed to the emergence of one-party rule the 20 years following democratization. (JEL D72, D82, O17)
Argument analysis of the ethical claims made by the pharmaceutical industry regarding drug pricing
Authors: Kim Sarah , Nathanson Pamela , Feudtner Chris
Published: July 2023

Background: Extreme pharmaceutical prices in the United States, their causes, and their ethical implications have been the subject of extensive research and criticism. What has often been overlooked, however, is that the pharmaceutical industry itself often uses ethics language and concepts when offering explanations for their prices, a framing that has not yet been adequately assessed in the context of industry actions.

Methods: We conducted an argument analysis of publicly available pharmaceutical industry reports and U.S. Congressional testimony to extract commonly occurring claims regarding their pricing.

Results: Starting with the argument that drug research and development are costly, the claims and justifications made in these reports and testimony often invoke common ethical concepts such as benefit, harm, fairness, and autonomy. The arguments and associated rhetoric are, however, often self-contradictory or poorly reflected in the reality of pharmaceutical companies’ actions and experiences in the marketplace.

Conclusions: By delineating companies’ public-facing ethics language and identifying hypocritical discrepancies between industry rhetoric and actions.
The attitudes and practices of United Arab Emirates consumers towards food waste: A nationwide cross-sectional study
Authors: Kennedy Lynne , Safi Samir , Osaili Taareq. M. , Al Rajabi Ala , Alblooshi Ayesha , Al Jawarneh Dima , Al Kaabi Ahmed , Al Rubaei Fakhra , Albreiki Maitha , Alfadli Maryam , Alhefeiti Aseilah , Ezzat Faris MoezAlIslam , Allaham Kholoud , Junaidi Sameeha , Khan Moien AB
Published: July 2023

Background: Reducing global food waste is an international environmental, health, and sus-tainability priority. Although significant reductions have been achieved across the food chain, progress by UAE households and consumers remain inadequate. This study seeks to understand the association between consumer attitudes, knowledge, and awareness relating to food waste practice of residents living in the UAE. to help inform policy and action for addressing this national priority. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated semi-structured online questionnaire through stratified sampling (n =1052). The Spearman correlation coefficient was performed to determine the correlations. Two independent regression analysis were used to determine the association between food waste practice with: 1) knowledge and awareness and attitude subdomains, and 2) sociodemographic characteristics. Respondents (n=1072) largely reflect the socio-demographic characteristics and population distribution across the seven Emirates. Results: As expected, a significant and negative correlation was found between food waste practice knowledge and awareness and overall attitude. The regression models showed reduced food waste practice was associated with better knowledge, personal attitude, financial attitude (first model), older age and fewer adults in the household (second model). We found a significant and negative association of personal attitude (a commitment, intention), financial attitude (cost-saving motivation), and (existing) knowledge of Food waste (FW) with practice of food waste, indicating that better knowledge about FW, personal attitude or financial attitude was associated with reduction in undesirable food waste practice. While awareness and emotional attitude (moral concerns) were positively and significantly associated with food waste practice (undesirable behaviour).  Conclusions: Food waste poses significant challenges in the UAE, and addressing it requires a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing consumer behavior. By promoting knowledge, fostering positive attitudes, and considering socio-cultural factors, policymakers can develop effective strategies to reduce food waste in households and contribute to sustainable development goals.
PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES: LEGAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION
Authors: Shadzhe Azamat M. , Afamgotov Eduard M. , Gaidareva Inna N.
Published: July 2023

Article is devoted to the problems of development of private military companies in Russia. It shows the practice of private military companies in the current political situation in the world. The phenomenon of private military companies (PMCs) is a rather controversial and ambiguous topic. Over the past more than thirty years, PMCs have played an increasingly important role in local wars and regional conflicts. With further globalization of the world economy, the role of PMCs in future wars and armed conflicts will be increasing. The authors study international documents regulating the activities of these organizations. They point out the necessity of adopting a law to allow this type of activity on the territory of the Russian Federation. Private military companies actually exist within the country and their legalization would allow to introduce their activities into the legal field. Private military companies influence the sphere of human rights, is connected with corruption and dishonest performance of obligations in implementation of contracts. The penalties for establishing and participating in illegal armed groups are shown. The possibilities of their application, both in Russia and abroad, are highlighted.
LEGAL PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Goncharuk Galina V.
Published: July 2023

The relevance of the issue studied in the article lies in the fact that the achievement of food security in the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter also AZRF), to which there is no year-round access by land transport, is a challenge for the state in matters of ensuring national security. One of the ways to achieve food security in the Russian Arctic is the northern delivery. The purpose of the study is to propose a number of directions for the development of Russian Arctic legislation based on the analysis of the legal documents of the Russian Federation, international legal documents, as well as the positive experience of Canada in the field of food security regulation. The article considers the positive experience of Canada in regulating public relations in the field of pursuing a centralized food security policy, as well as in organizing public greenhouses and gardens, and analyzes the possibility of applying these foreign development directions in the legislation of the Russian Federation. In the final part of the article, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to apply a more systematic approach in the field of food security, linking legal documents adopted in various areas of public relations (health, social sphere, science and innovation in agriculture, development of transport infrastructure and rural settlements), into a single concept, a common action plan to achieve the global goal - food security. A separate place in this concept should be occupied by the processes of organizing the northern delivery and measures to develop their own agricultural production of vegetables and fruits in the territory of the Russian Arctic, according to the experience of Canada.
Emotional Intelligence of a Teacher as a Necessary Condition for the Education of Emotional Responsiveness in Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Shepeleva E. , Prokudina M. , Shafazhinskaya N.
Published: July 2023

The article is devoted to one of the most important aspects of psychological and pedagogical support of the process of educating younger schoolchildren, namely, the formation of an emotional component in the structure of a developing personality. Emotional responsiveness of children, its content and features of manifestation depend on many factors and conditions, among which a special place is occupied by the emotional intelligence of the teacher as the central subject of educational activity, managing and controlling the entire course of pedagogical communication, which, in turn, affects the mental development, behavior and further socialization of students. The authors of the article, based on the results of an empirical study, analyze the psychological and pedagogical resources of the emotional intelligence of a teacher, whose creative and cognitive components directly and indirectly determine the ability of a younger student to empathy, empathy, responsiveness, empathy.

In the proposed material, the emphasis is placed on the fact that the emotional intelligence of a teacher is an active motivating condition for the personal development of schoolchildren, and therefore requires a deeper study in the context of education in the educational environment of the school.
Metabolic syndrome in patients who have been subjected to isolation security measures and treated with atypical antipsychotics
Authors: Cynkier Przemysław , Markiewicz Inga , Kudlak Grzegorz , Antoniak Dorota , Heitzman Janusz
Published: July 2023

Cel pracy

Zasadniczym celem pracy była ocena częstości występowania zespołu metabolicznego oraz poszczególnych jego składowych u pacjentów odbywających środek zabezpieczający, leczonych lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi w mono- lub politerapii. Dodatkowe cele obejmowały analizę związków pomiędzy występowaniem zespołu metabolicznego a wiekiem pacjentów, rozpoznaniem psychiatrycznym, nadwagą lub otyłością, obecnością uzależnień od substancji psychoaktywnych.

Metoda

W badaniu uczestniczyło 61 pacjentów Kliniki Psychiatrii Sądowej, w tym 9 kobiet i 52 mężczyzn, odbywających środek zabezpieczający w okresie od września 2019r. do sierpnia 2021r. Dwukrotnie przeprowadzono pomiary wszystkich parametrów zespołu metabolicznego oraz BMI, na początku pobytu w Klinice i po półrocznym leczeniu atypowymi lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi. Następnie wykonano odpowiednie statystyczne analizy porównawcze.

Wyniki

Nie stwierdzono związku pomiędzy występowaniem zespołu metabolicznego a wiekiem badanych, diagnozą medyczną, uzależnieniami od substancji psychoaktywnych, w tym paleniem papierosów. Nie potwierdzono, aby przewlekłe stosowanie atypowych leków przeciwpsychotycznych przy równolegle prowadzonych oddziaływaniach profilaktycznych i prozdrowotnych w warunkach detencji prowadziło do rozwoju zespołu metabolicznego a także powodowało nasilenia jego objawów, poza wyraźnym wzrostem obwodu talii oraz wzrostem BMI.

Wnioski

Systematyczne pomiary BMI oraz obwodu talii podczas terapii atypowymi lekami przeciwpsychotycznymi mogą być trafnymi narzędziami w ocenie ryzyka zespołu metabolicznego. Długotrwałe hospitalizacje w ramach detencji powinny uwzględniać oddziaływania psychoedukacyjne ukierunkowane na minimalizowanie powikłań metabolicznych farmakoterapii.
Inquiry into the Effectiveness of Eight Discipline-Based Problem-Solving
Authors: Barsalou Matthew , Grabowska Marta , Perkin Robert
Published: July 2023

Purpose: The eight discipline (8D) report is a method for solving problems in industry and is based on an eight-step problem-solving process and is often called an 8D report. The 8D report has been covered in the literature; however, much of the literature on 8D reports only describes the use of 8D reports and fails to evaluate 8D reports empirically. The purpose of this research is to determine if the use of 8D reports combined with training within an organization leads to finding root causes more quickly.
Methodology/Approach: The research uses a mixed-methods approach. A case study describes the implementation of 8D reports in a manufacturing organization in the automotive industry. The paper then looks at five years’ worth of data after the implementation of an 8D-based process for addressing quality problems and determined if there is a significant difference in the time to find root causes after the implementation of 8D reports combined with training.
Findings: The research found that the time to solve problems was reduced between the early and later years after the implementation of an 8D process and related training. Faster problem resolution means resources can be redirected elsewhere, as well as a reduction in scrap or rework.
Research Limitation/Implication: The paper only looked at the use of 8D reports in the case study organization.
Originality/Value of paper: This paper provides evidence supporting the effectiveness of 8D reports as an approach to problem-solving. The case study aspect also provides guidance for managers seeking to implement 8D reports in their organizations.
Contribution of Information Sharing to Supply Chain Performance in Developing Country: Empirical Evidence from Manufacturing Plants in Vietnam
Authors: Phan Anh , Nguyen Ha Thu , Nguyen Hao , Matsui Yoshiki
Published: July 2023

Purpose: This study empirically investigates effect of information technology (IT) link on supply chain performance through information sharing, supplier development, and knowledge absorption from customers.
Methodology/Approach: The data sample including 135 Vietnamese manufacturing plants was collected through a paper-based questionnaire survey. Statistical techniques such as correlation and regression analysis are applied for hypotheses testing.
Findings: It was shown that supply chain performs better when focal firms invest in supplier development and knowledge absorption. Those activities are strengthened by developing IT link and information sharing with suppliers and by customers.
Research Limitation/Implication: Sample size is relatively small due to limited time and resources; subjective measurement of constructs are limitations that can be addressed in future research.
Originality/Value of paper: This paper fills the gap in literature related with application of supply chain information in developing countries. It indicated that IT links should be regarded as the platform for information sharing among supply chain partners which lead to higher supply chain performance.
Quality 4.0 in Digital Manufacturing – Example of Good Practice
Authors: Jokovic Zora , Jankovic Goran , Jankovic Slobodan , Supurovic Aleksandar , Majstorović Vidosav
Published: July 2023

Purpose: The ever-evolving market dynamics and the trend toward increased product individualization demand a high degree of adaptability in production management. This calls for novel approaches, such as Industry 4.0 (I4.0), which integrates the Quality 4.0 (Q4.0) model as well.
Methodology/Approach: I4.0 builds upon the foundation of digital manufacturing and entails three key dimensions: (i) The employment of advanced digital technologies to enable digital production, (ii) The development of smart products, which incorporate novel production methods and innovative features, and, (iii) The adoption of an intelligent supply chain, designed to facilitate the procurement of raw materials and the delivery of finished goods. In our research studies, we focus specifically on the first and third approaches.
Findings: A bilateral flow of information in collaborative manufacturing is facilitated through digital platforms that span the entirety of the production process, from the inception of cutting-edge product designs to the final delivery to end-customers, integrating quality management (QM) as well.
Research Limitation/Implication: The current study outlines a QM model developed for a digital factory in Serbia, utilizing the Q4.0 model, with particular emphasis on the workshop section, integrated within the Enterprise Resource Planning/Manufacturing Execution Systems module.
Originality/Value of paper: The manuscript serves as a notable illustration of best practices for digital manufacturing, and the implementation of a digital QM model within the metalworking industry.
Measuring Deterrence Motives in Dynamic Oligopoly Games
Authors: Fang Limin , Yang Nathan
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a novel decomposition approach for measuring deterrence motives in dynamic oligopoly games. Our approach yields a formalized, scale-free, and interpretable measure of deterrence motives that informs researchers about the proportion for which deterrence motives account of all entry motives. In addition, the decomposition leads to a set of conditions for counterfactual analysis where hypothetical scenarios with deterrence motives eliminated can be explored. We illustrate the use of our measure and counterfactual by conducting an empirical case study about the dynamics of coffee chain stores in Toronto, Canada. The inferred deterrence motives suggest that a noticeable proportion of entry motives can be attributed to deterrence; it can be as high as 43% for the increasingly dominant coffee chain, Starbucks, in certain types of markets. Finally, counterfactual analysis confirms that deterrence motives are indeed associated with Starbucks’ aggressive presence as the number of its outlets and its market share are markedly lower once these motives are eliminated.

This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4864 .
On the Other Side of Hedge Fund Equity Trades
Authors: Cui Xinyu , Kolokolova Olga , Wang Jiaguo (George)
Published: July 2023

Hedge funds earn positive ex post abnormal returns and avoid negative abnormal returns on their equity portfolios when trading in the opposite direction of highly diversified low-turnover institutional investors (quasi indexers). This pattern seems to be driven by the preferences of quasi indexers for high-market-beta stocks together with the ability of hedge funds to identify subsets of especially profitable trades. It remains pronounced when accounting for other determinants of hedge fund trades, such as stock liquidity, market anomalies, and major corporate events. Trading against other institutional investors or noninstitutions does not result in abnormal performance for hedge funds.

This paper was accepted by David Sraer, finance.

Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4877 .
Take the stress out of autoclave testing and validation
Authors: Morris Lee
Published: July 2023

Lee Morris explains the protocols around the testing and validation of autoclaves.
Seeing Bright Red
Authors: Birkett Leanne
Published: July 2023

Leanne Birkett tells us about one charity's goal to improve the lives and treatment of people in the north of England who are dealing with blood cancer.
Sensor Seeks Antimicrobial Resistant Bacterial Strain
Authors: Fowler David
Published: July 2023

Special polymers are designed to bond to bacteria
Funding Boost for Weight-Saving
Authors: Fowler David
Published: July 2023

Electric vehicles and urban delivery vans are initial target market for composite wheels
Q&A: Battery Technology and the Future of Electrification
Authors: Nathan Stuart
Published: July 2023

Battery development is a key component of our electric future. The Engineer asked four leading figures in the battery sector how they see this important technology developing in the coming years.
AI Scores on Road to Autonomy
Authors: Knight Helen
Published: July 2023

Sports data gives boost to robots
Nomgon Yazıtı’ndaki Kutlug Kagan’ın Kimliği Meselesi
Authors: EKREM Erkin
Published: July 2023

Moğolistan’da yeni keşfedilen yazıtlar Türkoloji camiasında heyecan uyandırmıştır. Bu yazıtların keşfini duyuran Uluslararası Türk Akademisi yetkilileri, yazıtların içeriği hakkında bazı bilgiler vermiş ve yazıttaki ifadelerde adı geçen kağanın kimliği konusunda bir tartışma başlatmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Çin kaynaklarından yararlanılarak Nomgon Yazıtı’ndaki “İnek yılı”, “Tengri oğlu” (Teŋri oγlu) ve “Kutlug Kagan” anahtar sözcükleriyle II. Gök Türk dönemi sınırları içinde, yazıtın sahibinin kim olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Neticede yazıtta anlatılan şahsın II. Gök Türk Kağanlığın kurucusu İlteriş Kağan değil, onun kardeşi ve ikinci kağan olan Kapgan Kağan olduğu ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.
COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab and cribriform fracture
Authors: Vasilica AM , Reka A , Mallon D , Toma AK , Marcus HJ , Pandit AS
Published: July 2023

Since the start of the pandemic, over 400 million COVID-19 swab tests have been conducted in the UK with a non-trivial number associated with skull base injury. Given the continuing use of nasopharyngeal swabs, further cases of swab-associated skull base injury are anticipated. We describe a 54-year-old woman presenting with persistent colourless nasal discharge for 2 weeks following a traumatic COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab. A β2-transferrin test confirmed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea and a high-resolution sinus computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a cribriform plate defect. Magnetic resonance imaging showed radiological features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): a Yuh grade V empty sella and thinned anterior skull base. Twenty-four hour intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring confirmed raised pressures, prompting insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The patient underwent CT cisternography and endoscopic transnasal repair of the skull base defect using a fluorescein adjuvant, without complications. A systematic search was performed to identify cases of COVID-19 swab-related injury. Eight cases were obtained, of which three presented with a history of IIH. Two cases were complicated by meningitis and were managed conservatively, whereas six required endoscopic skull base repair and one had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt inserted. A low threshold for high-resolution CT scanning is suggested for patients presenting with rhinorrhoea following a nasopharyngeal swab. The literature review suggests an underlying association between IIH, CSF rhinorrhoea and swab-related skull base injury. We highlight a comprehensive management pathway for these patients, including high-resolution CT with cisternography, ICP monitoring, shunt and fluorescein-based endoscopic repair to achieve the best standard of care.
Photonic generation of triangular waveform with tunable symmetry based on channelized frequency synthesis
Authors: Yan Miaoxia , Li Jing , Wang Xuehui , Pei Li , Ning Tigang , Zheng Jingjing , Wang Jianshuai
Published: July 2023

A symmetry tunable triangular waveform photonic generator based on channelized frequency synthesis is proposed and studied. The generator adopts a multichannel system architecture and harmonic amplitude control algorithm to physically isolate each subchannel. In a single subchannel, quadrature phase shift keying modulation and coherent dual-wavelength balanced detection are used to realize optical upconversion and suppress mixing interference in the process of frequency conversion. Therefore, the model has the characteristics of a high-order Fourier series fitting tunable function waveform output. The analysis results show that the Fourier series harmonic coefficients can be adjusted flexibly by the multivariable joint regulation algorithm. The relationship between the variables is analyzed and discussed. The feasibility of the scheme is verified by optical simulation; when the rms error (RMSE) ≤0.03, a 20%–80% tunable symmetry triangular waveform can be obtained.
Reconfigurable TE-pass polarizer based on lithium niobate waveguide assisted by Ge2Sb2Te5 and silicon nitride
Authors: Fei Yedeng , Xu Yin , Dong Yue , Zhang Bo , Ni Yi
Published: July 2023

On-chip polarization management components play a critical role in tackling polarization dependence in the lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform. In this work, we proposed a reconfigurable TE-pass polarizer based on optical phase change material (GST) and the LNOI wafer. The key region is formed by a hybrid GST–Si3N4 layer symmetrically deposited atop the centerline of the LNOI waveguide along the propagation direction where the GST is sandwiched in the middle of the Si3N4 layer. Whether the polarizer will take effect depends on the phase states of the GST layer and the graphene and aluminum oxide layers are coated atop the GST−Si3N4 layer as the microheater to control the conversion of phase states. The proposed device length is 7.5 µm with an insertion loss (IL)=0.22 dB and extinction ratio (ER)=32.8 dB at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Moreover, it also has a high ER (>25dB) and a low IL (<0.5dB) in the operating bandwidth of 200 nm. Such a high-performance TE-pass polarizer paves a new way for applications of photonics integrated circuits.
Ultraviolet photodetectors based on ZnO nanowires with SiO2/ZnO multilayers
Authors: Li Li , Jing Yuanyuan , Xu Yingtian , Peng Yue , Xu Chongyang , Fan Jie , Zhang He , Jin Liang , Zou Yonggang , Ma Xiaohui
Published: July 2023

Ultraviolet photodetectors (UV PDs) have been a frequently studied focus of optoelectronic semiconductor devices because of their large range of applications. As one of the most famous materials in third-generation semiconductors, ZnO-based UV PDs have received a great deal of attention in various research areas. Due to the carrier transport channel and higher exciton bond energy, ZnO nanowires (NWs) have better photoelectron sensitivity under UV light than ZnO films. Here, well-organized ZnO NWs were fabricated on ZnO-seeded substrates via a hydrothermal method. Multilayers of double SiO2/ZnO(S/Z) layers were designed on the NWs, and the Schottky barrier was introduced by the close contact of the ZnO NWs and gold electrodes to improve the performance of ZnO UV PDs. Characteristics of the dark current, photocurrent, rise time, decay time, photo-to-current ratio (S), and responsivity values (Rs) of the PDs were studied. Furthermore, multilayer UV PDs were achieved on both Si and quartz substrates. S of the ZnO S/Z-based UV PDs fabricated on a silica substrate can reach 55.57, which is better than the values of ZnO UV PDs reported previously. Compared with silica-based UV PDs with S/Z layers, quartz-based UV PDs with S/Z layers show a higher performance of Rs, which reach 12.62 A/W. ZnO NWs with multilayers and the Schottky contact between ZnO NWs and Au are promising candidates in high-sensitivity UV PDs.
Elliptically polarized light photoelasticity based on LCD
Authors: Xing Tonglu , Veetil Suhas P. , Lin Qiang , Chen Yuzhi , Liu Cheng , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: July 2023

We propose a three-wavelength elliptically polarized light photoelasticity method for high efficiency and low-cost stress measurement. By illuminating the sample with two different forms of elliptically polarized light for each wavelength sources, twelve images are acquired. From these images, phase delay and the principal internal stress difference are precisely computed using developed algorithms. Our proposed method based on an LCD panel has the unrivalled advantage that elliptically polarized light can be automatically adjusted, which reduces the mechanical rotation of the system, in contrast to the traditional six-step phase-shifting photoelasticity method, which requires manual rotation for circularly polarized light. In addition, the system has the potential to theoretically expand the area of illumination infinitely, thereby expanding the measurement area. The viability of the suggested methods is confirmed with numerical simulation and stress measurement.
Weakly supervised learning for pattern classification in serial femtosecond crystallography
Authors: Xie Jianan , Liu Ji , Zhang Chi , Chen Xihui , Huai Ping , Zheng Jie , Zhang Xiaofeng
Published: July 2023

Serial femtosecond crystallography at X-ray free electron laser facilities opens a new era for the determination of crystal structure. However, the data processing of those experiments is facing unprecedented challenge, because the total number of diffraction patterns needed to determinate a high-resolution structure is huge. Machine learning methods are very likely to play important roles in dealing with such a large volume of data. Convolutional neural networks have made a great success in the field of pattern classification, however, training of the networks need very large datasets with labels. This heavy dependence on labeled datasets will seriously restrict the application of networks, because it is very costly to annotate a large number of diffraction patterns. In this article we present our job on the classification of diffraction pattern by weakly supervised algorithms, with the aim of reducing as much as possible the size of the labeled dataset required for training. Our result shows that weakly supervised methods can significantly reduce the need for the number of labeled patterns while achieving comparable accuracy to fully supervised methods.
Nonlinear spectral compression in high-power narrow-linewidth polarization maintaining fiber amplifiers for SBS suppression
Authors: Liu Hang , Feng Yujun , Wang Yanshan , Wang Yao , Li Tenglong , Liu Shixing , Shi Xinglei , Wei Jiangcai , Yan Zilin , Peng Wanjing , Sun Yinhong , Shang Janli , Ma Yi , Gao Qingsong , Tang Chun
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we propose a method for narrowing the spectrum in high-power narrow-linewidth polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber amplifiers and investigate its potential for suppressing the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). In this method, in addition to common phase modulation to suppress SBS, precisely designed amplitude modulation is induced to generate self-phase modulation in a high-power PM fiber amplifier. In this co-modulation way, the spectrum can be gradually compressed along the fiber. Compared to phase modulation alone or fiber-Bragg-gratings (FBGs) based narrow-linewidth fiber oscillator schemes, in which the spectrum remains the same or broadens, this scheme can achieve a higher SBS threshold for the same output spectral linewidth. Experiments on a ∼ 3 kW peak power quasi-continuous wave (QCW) fiber amplifier show that the co-modulation scheme can compress the spectrum from 0.25 nm to 0.084 nm as output peak power increases from 13 W to 3.2 kW and enhances the SBS threshold by ∼1.7 times compared to traditional FBGs-based fiber oscillator schemes, and by ∼1.4 times compared to common phase modulation schemes. This co-modulation scheme has the potential for mitigating SBS in high-power fiber amplifiers.
EUV mask model based on modified Born series
Authors: He Pinxuan , Liu Jiamin , Gu Honggang , Zhu Jinlong , Jiang Hao , Liu Shiyuan
Published: July 2023

Mask model is a critical part of computational lithography (CL). Owing to the significant 3D mask effects, it is challenging to accurately and efficiently calculate the near field of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks with complex patterns. Therefore, a method based on the modified Born series (MBS) was introduced for EUV mask modeling. With comparable accuracy, the MBS method was two orders of magnitude faster than the finite-difference time-domain method for the investigated examples. Furthermore, the time required for MBS was further reduced when the mask pattern was slightly changed. The proposed method shows great potential for constructing an accurate 3D mask model in EUV CL with high efficiency.
Pulse-sampling fluorescence lifetime imaging: evaluation of photon economy
Authors: Zhou Xiangnan , Bec Julien , Ehrlich Katjana , Garcia Alba Alfonso , Marcu Laura
Published: July 2023

This Letter presents an experimental study comparing the photon rate and photon economy of pulse sampling fluorescence lifetime imaging (PS-FLIm) with the conventional time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique. We found that PS-FLIm has a significantly higher photon detection rate (200 MHz) compared with TCSPC (2–8 MHz) but lower photon economy (4–5 versus 1–1.3). The main factor contributing to the lower photon economy in PS-FLIm is laser pulse variability. These results demonstrate that PS-FLIm offers 25× faster imaging speed than TCSPC while maintaining room light rejection in clinical settings. This makes PS-FLIm a robust technique for clinical applications.
Two-mJ level, high-energy all-passive KGW/Tm:YLF Raman laser
Authors: Gelbach Nachmen , Neustadter Yaakov , Henig Menachem , Nahear Rotem , Noach Salman
Published: July 2023

This paper presents an all-passive external cavity KGW Raman laser in the 2-μm spectral range, pumped by a Tm:YLF laser at 1879.5 nm. The Raman laser emits two lines at 2197 nm and 2263 nm achieving maximum energy outputs of 1.86 mJ and 2.08 mJ, and conversion efficiencies of 40% and 45.3%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this laser performance is a new record in terms of energy per pulse and conversion efficiency, surpassing the two-mJ level for the first time by stimulated Raman scattering in the 2-μm range in an all-passive configuration.
Mollow triplets under few-photon excitation
Authors: Wu Bang , Wang Xu-Jie , Liu Li , Huang Guoqi , Wang Wenyan , Liu Hanqing , Ni Haiqiao , Niu Zhichuan , Yuan Zhiliang
Published: July 2023

Resonant excitation is an essential tool in the development of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for quantum information processing. One central challenge is to enable transparent access to the QD signal without post-selection information loss. A viable path is through cavity enhancement, which has successfully lifted the resonantly scattered field strength over the laser background under weak excitation. Here, we extend this success to the saturation regime using a QD-micropillar device with a Purcell factor of 10.9 and ultra-low background cavity reflectivity of just 0.0089±0.0001. We achieve a signal to background ratio of 55 and overall system responsivity of 3.01±0.08%, i.e., we detect on average 0.03 resonantly scattered single photons for every incident laser photon. Raising the excitation to the few-photon level, the QD response is brought into saturation where we observe Mollow triplets as well as the associated cascaded single photon emissions, without resorting to any laser background rejection technique. Our work offers a perspective on a QD cavity interface that is not restricted by the laser background.
Titel: Nachhaltige IT und ihr Potenzial für die Gestaltung der Arbeitswelt
Authors: Hofmann Josephine , Ricci Claudia
Published: July 2023

Nachhaltigkeit und Digitalisierung sind zwei der größten Herausforderungen, mit denen Gesellschaft, Politik und Industrie heute schon und in den nächsten Jahren verstärkt konfrontiert sein werden. Die Krisen der letzten wenigen Jahre, insbesondere die Corona-, die Ukraine- und die Energiekrise, haben dies sehr plastisch vor Augen geführt. Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert die wesentlichen Begrifflichkeiten, Rahmenbedingungen und stellt das Junktim von Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit in Form der „Doppelten Transformation“ auf Basis einer Metaanalyse vor. Schwerpunktmäßige Betrachtung unseres Beitrages ist das Potenzial der doppelten Transformation für die Gestaltung einer hybriden Arbeitswelt.

Dabei werden zwei Perspektiven auf das Zusammenspiel von Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit dargestellt: Einerseits wird die Rolle der Digitalisierung als Enabler einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beleuchtet, insbesondere mit Blick auf die Umsetzung digitaler Lösungen für eine nachhaltigere Arbeitswelt; im Kern Effekte von Homeoffice, Videokonferenzen und Stimulationsansätzen zur Förderung nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Arbeitsverhaltens. Andererseits zeigen wir in unserem Beitrag Ansätze und Beispiele aus der Literatur und aus der Praxis, wie IT sozial- und umweltgerecht gestaltet werden kann.