bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local environmental factors influence beta‐diversity patterns of tropical fish assemblages more than spatial factors
Authors: López‐Delgado Edwin O. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Villa‐Navarro Francisco A.
Published: November 2019

A major goal in ecology is to understand mechanisms that influence patterns of biodiversity and community assembly at various spatial and temporal scales. Understanding how community composition is created and maintained also is critical for natural resource management and biological conservation. In this study, we investigated environmental and spatial factors influencing beta diversity of local fish assemblages along the longitudinal gradient of a nearly pristine Neotropical river in the Colombian Llanos. Standardized surveys were conducted during the low‐water season at 34 sites within the Bita River Basin. Physical, chemical, and landscape parameters were recorded at each site, and asymmetric eigenvector maps were used as spatial variables. To examine the relative influence of dispersal and environmental variables on beta diversity and its components, distance‐based redundancy analysis (db‐RDA) and variation partitioning analysis were conducted. We proposed that spatial scale of analysis and position within the river network would constrain patterns of beta diversity in different ways. However, results indicated that in this system, high beta diversity was consistent among species assemblages no matter the scale of analysis or position within the river network. Species replacement (turnover) dominated beta diversity, an indication of the importance of species sorting. These findings suggested that conservation of fish diversity in tropical rivers requires maintenance of both habitat heterogeneity (spatial variation in habitat conditions) and connectivity at the scale of entire river basins.
Development of a Delonix regia decorticating machine
Authors: Ojolo S. J. , Orisaleye J. I. , Ogundare A. A. , Kadiri D.
Published: November 2019

Delonix regia has good potential for medicinal, nutritional, and energy applications. However, the manual process of decorticating Delonix regia is labor‐intensive, slow, and tedious. Mechanization of the decorticating process would be of value to its utilization for medicinal, food, feed, or fuel purposes. In this study, preliminary compressive strength tests were carried out on the D. regia pods to determine the force required to fracture the pods. Subsequently, a machine capable of separating the D. regia seeds from the pods was designed based on impact of beaters on pods. A prototype of the developed machine was evaluated to determine its performance in terms of decorticating efficiency, whole seed recovery, feed rate, and throughput. The compressive tests showed that a force of 602 N was required to fracture the D. regia pods in transverse orientation. The decorticating efficiency of the designed machine, which had a power rating of 6 kW, was 100.0%, and the whole seed recovery was estimated to be 98.4%. The throughput of the machine was 56.4 kg/h. The developed decorticating machine allows enhanced potential for medicinal and nutritional application of D. regia.
Flours from Swedish pulses: Effects of treatment on functional properties and nutrient content
Authors: Ferawati Ferawati , Hefni Mohammed , Witthöft Cornelia
Published: November 2019

Despite the high nutritional profile in pulses, pulse consumption in Sweden is still low. However, the recent increase in consumption of sustainable and locally produced food in Sweden is driving demand for a versatile, functional pulse‐based ingredient that can be incorporated into different food products. This study assessed different treatments (boiling, roasting, and germination) when preparing flour from domestically grown pulses (yellow pea, gray pea, faba bean, and white bean). Functional properties (water and oil absorption capacity, emulsion and foaming properties, and gelation concentration) of the flours produced following different treatments and their nutrient content (total dietary fiber, total choline, and folate content) were determined. Depending on pulse type, all treatments increased (p < .001) water absorption capacity up to threefold and gelation concentration up to twofold, whereas emulsion activity and foaming capacity decreased by 3%–33% and 5%–19%, respectively, compared with flour made from raw pulses. All treatments also had a significant effect (p < .001) on nutrient content. Total dietary fiber increased (p < .02) by 11%–33%, depending on treatment and pulse type. Boiling decreased (p < .001) total choline and folate content in all pulse flours, by 17%–27% and 15%–32%, respectively. Germination doubled folate content (p < .001) in flour from both pea types compared with flour from the raw peas. In conclusion, treated pulse flours could be useful in food applications such as coating batter, dressings, beverages, or bakery goods, to improve the content of fiber, total choline, and folate.
Career experiences of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields: A systematic literature review
Authors: Makarem Yasmeen , Wang Jia
Published: November 2019

This article offers a systematic review and synthesis of 28 empirical studies exploring the career experiences of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Three central questions guided this review, and findings show that theoretically, women's career experiences are mostly studied from behavioral and organizational perspectives. Methodologically, a balanced approach (both quantitative and qualitative) was adopted in these the studies. The empirical evidence suggests that STEM women's career experiences are largely shaped by their own personal characteristics (motivation, self‐efficacy, and passion) and influenced by their parents, male colleagues, and human resources (HR) practices. Meanwhile, STEM women continue to face a myriad of challenges in a predominantly masculine environment (gendered organizational culture, gender‐based stereotypes, struggle with work‐life balance, and lack of mentors). To cope with these challenges, STEM women in the reviewed studies use three types of strategies—conforming, impression management, and proactivity. Based on our review, we derive implications for theory and practice, as well as an agenda for future research.
Baseline findings and safety of infrequent vs. frequent screening of human papillomavirus vaccinated women
Authors: Louvanto Karolina , Eriksson Tiina , Gray Penelope , Apter Dan , Baussano Iacopo , Bly Anne , Harjula Katja , Heikkilä Kaisa , Hokkanen Mari , Huhtinen Leila , Ikonen Marja , Karttunen Heidi , Nummela Mervi , Söderlund‐Strand Anna , Veivo Ulla , Dillner Joakim , Elfstöm Miriam , Nieminen Pekka , Lehtinen Matti
Published: November 2019

Less frequent cervical cancer screening in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinated birth cohorts could produce considerable savings without increasing cervical cancer incidence and loss of life‐years. We report here the baseline findings and interim results of safety and accuracy of infrequent screening among HPV16/18 vaccinated females. The entire 1992–1994 birth‐cohorts (30,139 females) were invited to a community‐randomized HPV16/18‐vaccination trial. A total of 9,482 female trial participants received HPV16/18‐vaccination in 2007–2009 at age of 13–15. At age 22, 4,273 (45%) of these females consented to attend a randomized trial on frequent (ages 22/25/28; Arm 1: 2,073 females) vs. infrequent screening (age 28; Arm 2: 2,200 females) in 2014–2017. Females (1,329), who had got HPV16/18 vaccination at age 18 comprised the safety Arm 3. Baseline prevalence and incidence of HPV16/18 and other high‐risk HPV types were: 0.5% (53/1,000 follow‐up years, 104) and 25% (2,530/104) in the frequently screened Arm 1; 0.2% (23/104) and 24% (2,413/104) in the infrequently screened Arm 2; and 3.1% (304/104) and 23% (2,284/104) in the safety Arm 3. Corresponding prevalence of HSIL/ASC‐H and of any abnormal cytological findings were: 0.3 and 4.2% (Arm 1), 0.4 and 5.3% (Arm 2) and 0.3 and 4.7% (Arm 3). Equally rare HSIL/CIN3 findings in the infrequently screened safety Arm A3 (0.4%) and in the frequently screened Arm 1 (0.4%) indicate no safety concerns on infrequent screening despite the up to 10 times higher HPV16/18 baseline prevalence and incidence in the former.
Sintering of magnesium‐strontium doped hydroxyapatite nanocrystals: Towards the production of 3D biomimetic bone scaffolds
Authors: Scalera Francesca , Palazzo Barbara , Barca Amilcare , Gervaso Francesca
Published: November 2019

The development of biomimetic scaffolds is a challenging aim in the field of bone repair for fabrication of osteoconductive and osteoinductive scaffolds. Biogenic hydroxyapatite (HA) is not stoichiometric but is substituted by several ions. An approach to improve synthetic scaffolds biomimetism can be the doping with osteoinductive ions. To this aim, herein thermally stable magnesium‐strontium hydroxyapatite (HAMgSr) nanocrystals were synthesized and used for the fabrication of sintered highly porous scaffolds. The chemical and physical properties of the obtained scaffolds were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing. Three different substituting ions percentage were analyzed and among these, the copresence of Mg and Sr at 0.5 wt% has shown the best results in terms of thermal stability and mechanical properties. The potential utilization of these materials for bone regeneration purposes was preliminarily evaluated in vitro, by assaying proliferation of viable osteoblast‐like cells; the experimental evidences suggest that the scaffolds can be exploited as bone‐mimicking substrates suitable to support cell growth and proliferation. These observations underline the importance of the presence of Mg and Sr in scaffolds for bone remodeling as well as the good potential of the newly developed scaffolds for clinical use in tissue engineering.
Demographic differences in the utilization of clinical and direct‐to‐consumer genetic testing
Authors: Carroll Nikki M. , Blum‐Barnett Erica , Madrid Sarah D. , Jonas Cabell , Janes Kristen , Alvarado Monica , Bedoy Ruth , Paolino Valerie , Aziz Nazneen , McGlynn Elizabeth A. , Burnett‐Hartman Andrea N.
Published: November 2019

Genetic testing has increased over the last decade due to growth in the number of clinical and direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) tests. However, there is uncertainty about how increased DTC genetic testing affects disparities. Between November 2017 and February 2018, a nationwide electronic survey on experiences with genetic testing was conducted among adult Kaiser Permanente members. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing receipt of clinical and DTC genetic testing between groups by race and ethnicity. Invitations were sent to 57,331 members, and 10,369 surveys were completed. 22% of respondents had received genetic testing (17% DTC and 5% provider‐ordered). Non‐Hispanic Whites were more likely than other groups to have clinical genetic testing but were similar to Hispanics and non‐Hispanic Blacks in rates of DTC genetic testing. Among those who received any health‐related genetic test, 10% reported abnormal results. Of these, non‐Hispanic Whites were more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to speak to a medical professional about abnormal results. Results suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in the use of clinical genetic services persist. Additional research is needed to identify lessons learned from DTC genetic testing that may increase equity in the use of clinical genetic services.
Form and function of tentacles in pteriomorphian bivalves
Authors: Audino Jorge A. , Marian José E. A. R.
Published: November 2019

Tentacles are remarkable anatomical structures in invertebrates for their diversity of form and function. In bivalves, tentacular organs are commonly associated with protective, secretory, and sensory roles. However, anatomical details are available for only a few species, rendering the diversity and evolution of bivalve tentacles still obscure. In Pteriomorphia, a clade including oysters, scallops, pearl oysters, and relatives, tentacles are abundant and diverse. We investigated tentacle anatomy in the group to understand variation, infer functions, and investigate patterns in tentacle diversity. Six species from four pteriomorphian families (Ostreidae, Pinnidae, Pteriidae, and Spondylidae) were collected and thoroughly investigated with integrative microscopy techniques, including histology, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Tentacles can be classified as middle fold tentacles (MFT) and inner fold tentacles (IFT) according to their position with respect to the folds of the mantle margin. While MFT morphology indicates intense secretion of mucosubstances, no evidence for secretory activity was found for IFT. However, both tentacle types have appropriate ciliary distribution and length to promote mucus transportation for cleaning and lubrication. Protective and sensory functions are discussed based on different lines of evidence, including secretion, cilia distribution, musculature, and innervation. Our results support the homology of MFT and IFT only for Pterioidea and Ostreoidea, considering their morphology, the presence of ciliated receptors at the tips, and branched innervation pattern. This is in accordance with recent phylogenetic hypotheses that support the close relationship between these superfamilies. In contrast, major structural differences indicate that MFT and IFT are probably not homologous across all pteriomorphians. By applying integrative microscopy, we were able to reveal anatomical elements that are essential for the understanding of homology and function when dealing with such superficially similar structures.
Fragmentation pathways of deprotonated amide‐sulfonamide CXCR4 inhibitors investigated by ESI‐IT‐MSn, ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS and DFT calculations
Authors: Guo Zili , Jie Xiaokang , Zhu Peixi , Sun Jian , Gu Jinping , Su Feng , Bai Renren , Xie Yuanyuan
Published: November 2019

Amide‐sulfonamides provide a potent anti‐inflammatory scaffold targeting the CXCR4 receptor. A series of novel amide‐sulfonamide derivatives were investigated for their gas‐phase fragmentation behaviors using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in negative ion mode. Upon collision‐induced dissociation (CID), deprotonated amide‐sulfonamides mainly underwent either an elimination of the amine to form the sulfonyl anion and amide anion or a benzoylamide derivative to provide sulfonamide anion bearing respective substituent groups. Based on the characteristic fragment ions and the deuterium–hydrogen exchange experiments, three possible fragmentation mechanisms corresponding to ion‐neutral complexes including [sulfonyl anion/amine] complex (INC‐1), [sulfonamide anion/benzoylamide derivative] complex (INC‐2) and [amide anion/sulfonamide] complex (INC‐3), respectively, were proposed. These three ion‐neutral complexes might be produced by the cleavages of S–N and C–N bond from the amide‐sulfonamides, which generated the sulfonyl anion (Route 1), sulfonamide anion (Route 2) and the amide anion (Route 3). DFT calculations suggested that Route 1, which generated the sulfonyl anion (ion c) is more favorable. In addition, the elimination of SO2 through a three‐membered‐ring transition state followed by the formation of C–N was observed for all the amide‐sulfonamides.
Nonstationary influence of the North Atlantic tropical cyclones on the spatio‐temporal variability of the eastern United States precipitation extremes
Authors: Dhakal Nirajan , Jain Shaleen
Published: November 2019

In the eastern United States, the empirical probability distribution of extreme daily precipitation comprises heavy rainfall events stemming from North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs). At many locations, these events influence estimates of extreme value statistics (e.g., 100‐year event), thus have important bearing on the sizing of flood protection infrastructure and, in general, flood risk management and preparedness. Consequently, a characterization of location specific and regional patterns in precipitation extremes and changes therein has salience for both scientific and engineering concerns. To this end, analysis of seasonal and annual maximum daily precipitation at 667 long‐term stations across the eastern United States was pursued to ascertain recent changes in the extreme events over the 1950–2011 period. Three key results from this study illuminate less understood facets of recent changes in precipitation extremes: (a) an overall increase in the fraction of seasonal and annual maximum precipitation events linked to TCs, (b) a dramatic increase in the correlation between Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index and the leading principal component of extreme precipitation, and (c) changes in the spatial patterns of regions with highest TC‐related risk for heavy precipitation.
Think Globally, Act Locally: The Importance of Population‐Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equations for Muscle Mass Assessment
Authors: Barbosa‐Silva Thiago G. , Gonzalez Maria Cristina , Bielemann Renata M. , Santos Leonardo P. , Menezes Ana Maria B. ,   the COCONUT Study Group, Brazil
Published: November 2019

Background

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a convenient muscle assessment method, but its accuracy highly depends on population‐specific aspects of the adopted equation. We aimed to develop appendicular lean mass (ALM) prediction models for older South Americans and to compare their performances to those of reference equations in the same sample.

Methods

Cross‐sectional evaluation of 192 community‐dwelling Brazilian subjects ≥60 years old from the COMO VAI? study. Using measurements from single‐frequency and multifrequency devices (BIASF and BIAMF, respectively), new ALM prediction equations were developed (reference method: dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry [DXA]). Validity was assessed by bootstrapping. Four previously established equations were also tested, and the performances were compared using Bland–Altman analysis.

Results

Stepwise variable selection produced the following equations: ALMSF‐BIA = (2.08 × sex) + (0.04 × weight) + (0.24 × RI50) + (0.07 × Xc50) − 0.16; ALMMF‐BIA = (1.85 × sex) + (0.03 × weight) + (0.31 × RI50) + (0.04 × Xc50) + (0.01 × Z5) − 8.16, where ALM is estimated in kg; female sex = 0 and male sex = 1; weight is measured in kg; RI50 is the resistance index at 50 kHz measured in cm2/Ω); Xc50 is the reactance at 50 kHz measured in Ω; and Z5 is impedance at 5 kHz measured in Ω. The equations explained, respectively, 89% and 90% of the variability of ALMDXA in our sample, and their estimates were not significantly different from DXA measurements. Bland–Altman analysis revealed accurate and unbiased performances for both models, with similar limits of agreement (BIASF: ±2.58 kg; BIAMF: ±2.48 kg), and their validity was considered adequate by the bootstrap method. The reference equations, however, systematically overestimated ALM in our sample.

Conclusion

The proposed equations might represent practical options to estimate ALM in older noninstitutionalized South Americans. Further external validation, though, is required to verify the reproducibility of our findings.
A design of experiments concept for the minimization of nonspecific peptide adsorption in the mass spectrometric determination of substance P and related hemokinin‐1
Authors: Feickert Martin , Burckhardt Bjoern B
Published: November 2019

Substance P and hemokinin‐1 were predominantly examined by immunoassays with their limitation to differentiate appropriately between both peptides. The use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry is a promising, highly selective alternative. Adsorption processes have been identified in preliminary experiments to play a crucial role in the loss of mass spectrometry intensity of both peptides. Therefore, a design of experiments concept was created to minimize nonspecific peptide adsorption. For this purpose, the most critical influencing parameters—(1) the composition of the injection solvent as well as (2) the most suitable container material—were systematically and concordantly investigated. The addition of modifiers, such as formic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, and organic solvents, to the injection solvent led to a substantial gain of intensity of substance P and hemokinin‐1 compared to the start gradient as an injection solvent. Furthermore, the systematic investigation underlined the high impact of the container material, demonstrating polypropylene as the most favorable material. A conjoint injection solvent optimum was found to determine both peptides simultaneously by the conduction of a sweet‐spot analysis. The experimental design substantially reduced nonspecific peptide adsorption and enabled the simultaneous and selective determination of endogenous substance P and hemokinin‐1 plasma levels.
Examining the Discriminant Validity of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms: Results From a United Kingdom Population Sample
Authors: Hyland Philip , Karatzias Thanos , Shevlin Mark , Cloitre Marylène
Published: November 2019

Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) was added to the diagnostic nomenclature in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11). Although considerable evidence exists supporting the construct validity of CPTSD, the distinguishability of CPTSD symptoms from those of borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been questioned. The present study examined the discriminant validity of CPTSD and BPD symptoms among a trauma‐exposed population sample from the United Kingdom (N = 546). Participants completed self‐report measures of CPTSD and BPD symptoms, and their latent structure was assessed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). A three‐factor model with latent variables reflecting PTSD, disturbances in self‐organization (DSO), and BPD symptoms provided the best fit of the data, χ2(399, N = 546) = 1,650, p < .001; CFI = .944; TLI = .930; RMSEA = .077, 90% CI [.073, .081]. We identified multiple symptoms distinctive to individual constructs (e.g., disturbed relationships and suicidality) as well as symptoms shared across the constructs (e.g., affective dysregulation). The PTSD, β = .24; DSO, β = .23; and BPD, β = .27, latent variables were positively and significantly associated with childhood interpersonal trauma. The current findings support the discriminant validity of CPTSD and BPD symptoms and highlight various phenomenological signatures of each construct as well as demonstrate how these constructs share important similarities in symptom composition and exogenous correlates.
Harvest Effects on Blood Pythons in North Sumatra
Authors: Natusch Daniel J. D. , Lyons Jessica A. , Mumpuni  , Riyanto Awal , Shine Richard
Published: November 2019

Wildlife populations exposed to intense harvesting often exhibit shifts in attributes of the commercial offtake (e.g., numbers, body sizes, body condition, sex ratios, size at maturation, reproductive frequency). To look for such changes, we examined >2,500 specimens of field‐collected blood pythons (Python brongersmai) brought to 2 processing facilities in North Sumatra over 2 survey periods (1996–1997 and 2014–2015). Over the 18 years between our surveys, approximately 900,000 blood pythons were taken from Indonesia for the commercial trade; North Sumatra accounted for about 35% of that trade volume. Between survey periods, numbers of snakes brought to 1 processing facility decreased and mean body size increased, whereas at the second facility numbers and sizes of snakes remained the same. Overall, the pythons collected in 2015–2016 were thinner‐bodied than in 1996–1997, with fewer immature animals and a reduced size at maturation and reproductive frequency among females. Clutch size relative to maternal size decreased also. These temporal shifts in python demographics likely reflect a response to harvesting, although ecosystem changes may have played a role. Compared to other squamate reptiles, blood pythons may be more vulnerable to over‐harvesting because most snakes are intensively collected from discrete habitat patches (oil palm plantations), and the species can be targeted by specific hunting methods. To ensure sustainability of the harvest, we recommend minimum and maximum size limits for skins used in the commercial trade, and more intensive monitoring at processing facilities. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Association of Toll‐like 4 receptor gene polymorphism (rs4986790, rs4986791) with the risk of urinary tract infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Wen‐Lin , Xu Yong , Wan Shaw‐Pong
Published: November 2019

Recently published studies had shown that there may be a potential link between the Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4), and the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI); however, no consensus was reached. To further understand the relationship between TLR SNPs and urinary tract infections, we searched for related studies published in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science before October 30, 2018, for further systematic review and meta‐analysis. Our study accrued 10 case‐control studies, which included 1476 urinary tract infection patients and 1449 healthy controls in TLR4(rs4986790, rs4986791). R3.4.2 and Stata 15.0 software were used for the analysis. In general, there was no statistically significant association between rs4986790 and urinary tract infection in the four genetic models. However, in the subgroup analysis, the Asian population showed significantly difference in the allelic model (G vs A: OR = 1.88 [95% CI:1.42‐2.49], P = .03). In addition, there were also significant differences in the dominant model (GG + AG vs AA OR = 1.97 [95% CI:1.46‐2.66], P = .01). Due to the small number of available literatures, no meaningful conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between TLR4 (rs4986791) and the risk of urinary tract infections in general. Nevertheless, our meta‐analysis shows that in Asian populations, TLR4 (rs4986790) may be associated with risk of urinary tract infection.
Health information technology as a learning health system: Call for a national monitoring system
Authors: Colicchio Tiago K. , Del Fiol Guilherme , Cimino James J.
Published: November 2019

After over half a century of computer application development in medicine, the US health system has gone digital with an enthusiastic confidence for rapid improvements in care outcomes, especially those of quality of care, safety, and productivity. The bad news is that evidence for the justification of the hype around health information technology (HIT) is conflicting, and the expected benefits of a digital health system have not yet materialized. We propose a national system for monitoring HIT impact based on the paradigm of the learning health system (LHS): learning from practical experience through high‐quality, ongoing monitoring of care outcomes. Our proposal aims at leveraging current de facto standard research data repositories used to support large‐scale clinical studies by incorporating data needed for more robust HIT assessments and application of rigorous research designs that are now feasible on a large scale.
In vivo human head MRI at 10.5T: A radiofrequency safety study and preliminary imaging results
Authors: Sadeghi‐Tarakameh Alireza , DelaBarre Lance , Lagore Russell L. , Torrado‐Carvajal Angel , Wu Xiaoping , Grant Andrea , Adriany Gregor , Metzger Gregory J. , Van de Moortele Pierre‐Francois , Ugurbil Kamil , Atalar Ergin , Eryaman Yigitcan
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to safely acquire the first human head images at 10.5T.

Methods

To ensure safety of subjects, we validated the electromagnetic simulation model of our coil. We obtained quantitative agreement between simulated and experimental and specific absorption rate (SAR). Using the validated coil model, we calculated radiofrequency power levels to safely image human subjects. We conducted all experiments and imaging sessions in a controlled radiofrequency safety lab and the whole‐body 10.5T scanner in the Center for Magnetic Resonance Research.

Results

Quantitative agreement between the simulated and experimental results was obtained including S‐parameters, maps, and SAR. We calculated peak 10 g average SAR using 4 different realistic human body models for a quadrature excitation and demonstrated that the peak 10 g SAR variation between subjects was less than 30%. We calculated safe power limits based on this set and used those limits to acquire T2‐ and ‐weighted images of human subjects at 10.5T.

Conclusions

In this study, we acquired the first in vivo human head images at 10.5T using an 8‐channel transmit/receive coil. We implemented and expanded a previously proposed workflow to validate the electromagnetic simulation model of the 8‐channel transmit/receive coil. Using the validated coil model, we calculated radiofrequency power levels to safely image human subjects.
Engaging stakeholders to refine an activity pacing framework for chronic pain/fatigue: A nominal group technique
Authors: Antcliff Deborah , Keenan Anne‐Maree , Keeley Philip , Woby Steve , McGowan Linda
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Due to the current absence of a standardized guide for activity pacing, the concept of pacing is interpreted in various ways by healthcare professionals, patients and researchers. Consequently, the effects of pacing across different conditions are unclear. The present study aimed to undertake the second stage in the development of an activity pacing framework for chronic pain/fatigue.

Methods

The newly developed activity pacing framework was refined using a consensus method. A nominal group technique (NGT) was selected to engage stakeholders to reach agreement on the top 10 priorities for inclusion in the framework and accompanying appendices. Participants included patients with diagnoses of chronic pain/fatigue and healthcare professionals working in fields of chronic pain/fatigue.

Results

Ten participants were recruited via purposive sampling: four patients, two physiotherapists, two occupational therapists and two psychological wellbeing practitioners. The top priorities for the pacing framework included a clear definition of pacing, and stating the aims and context of pacing. The appendices were refined as a teaching guide, including priorities of detailing the stages of pacing, the overactivity–underactivity cycle/pain cycle and goal setting.

Conclusions

Incorporating a diverse panel of stakeholders was an effective and inclusive method to refine the activity pacing framework. The framework has been purposefully designed for wider use across patients with chronic pain/fatigue and by various healthcare professionals. The framework provides a comprehensive definition, background and manual for healthcare professionals to instruct activity pacing. Further study will test the clinical usability of the framework, to enable the standardization of activity pacing in future investigations.
Diagnostic utility of small fiber analysis in skin biopsies from children with chronic pain
Authors: Görlach Jonas , Amsel Daniel , Kölbel Heike , Grzybowsky Michelle , Rutsch Frank , Schlierbach Hannah , Vanlander Arnaud , Pogatzki‐Zahn Esther , Habig Kathrin , Garkisch Stefanie , Müller Verena , Fritz Thorsten , Ziegler Andreas , Hahn Andreas , Krämer Heidrun H. , Van Coster Rudy , Schänzer Anne
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Small fiber neuropathies (SFN) are associated with a reduction in quality of life. In adults, epidermal nerve fiber density (END) analysis is recommended for the diagnosis of SFN. In children, END assessment is not often performed. We analyzed small nerve fiber innervation to elucidate the potential diagnostic role of skin biopsies in young patients with pain.

Methods

Epidermal nerve fiber density and sudomotor neurite density (SND) were assessed in skin biopsies from 26 patients aged 7 to 20 years (15 female patients) with unexplained chronic pain. The results were compared with clinical data.

Results

Epidermal nerve fiber density was abnormal in 50% and borderline in 35% of patients. An underlying medical condition was found in 42% of patients, including metabolic, autoimmune, and genetic disorders.

Discussion

Reduction of epidermal nerve fibers can be associated with treatable conditions. Therefore, the analysis of END in children with pain may help to uncover a possible cause and guide potential treatment options.
Investigation on effect of process parameters on delamination during drilling of kenaf‐banana fiber reinforced in epoxy hybrid composite using Taguchi method
Authors: Rajaraman Giridharan , Agasti Santosh Kumar , Jenarthanan Mugundu Poornachary
Published: November 2019

Delamination is a serious issue during drilling of FRP composites. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of process parameters on delamination during drilling of kenaf and banana fiber reinforced in epoxy hybrid composite using Taguchi method. The FRP composite was fabricated by hand‐layup technique. The fabricated specimen was drilled using HSS drill bits (5, 10, 15 mm) coated with tungsten carbide. The contemplated process parameters are feed, and speed. The “Minitab 18” software was employed to investigate the data collected by taking advantage of the various statistical and graphical tools available. The trials were carried out by taking advantage of Taguchi's L‐9 factorial design orthogonal array. Through several steps, it was found that the optimum drilling parameters are spindle speed = 3000 rpm; feed = 150 mm/min. Thus, in this research, an attempt has been made to optimize the drilling parameters.
Hybrid cellulose‐inorganic reinforcement polypropylene composites: Lightweight materials for automotive applications
Authors: Reale Batista Mariana Desireé , Drzal Lawrence T. , Kiziltas Alper , Mielewski Deborah
Published: November 2019

Cellulose fibers are attracting considerable attention within the transportation industry as a class of reinforcing agents for polymer composites owing to their low cost, low density, high mechanical properties, and considerable environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to develop hybrid composites combining cellulose fiber with long glass fiber (LGF), short glass fiber (SGF), or talc in a polypropylene (PP) matrix to optimize the overall composite properties. Tensile, flexural, and notched Izod impact tests revealed that in general the mechanical properties decreased with increasing cellulose content, however, adding an optimum concentration of the cellulose fiber is a promising alternative to reduce or replace the utilization of inorganic fibers. Hybrid composites with 15 wt% LGF and 15 wt% Cellulose A exhibited an increase of 86% and 252% in tensile stress and Young's modulus, respectively, compared to neat PP X. Regarding the impact strength and the temperature at the maximum rate of decomposition, hybrid composites with 15 wt% SGF and 15 wt% Cellulose B exhibited 23% and 17% increase, respectively, compared to neat PP Z. The crystallization temperature (Tc) of all the composites increased compared to neat PP, revealing the fibers ability to act as nucleating agents and speed rate of part production which will result in lowering the manufacturing cost. For applications in automotive “under‐the‐hood” and body interior components, the hybrid cellulose‐inorganic reinforcement composite approach not only leads to superior weight and cost savings, but also environment benefits over the inorganic reinforced composites.
Simultaneously enhancing the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of BN/CF hybrid filled polypropylene/polystyrene composites via in situ reactive processing
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Ma Pengfei , Zhou Cong , Zhu Wenwen , You Feng , Yao Chu , Liu Fangjun
Published: November 2019

Thermal conductive and electrical insulating polymer composites are exerted a tremendous fascination on the field of thermal management. The effective utilization of fillers is indispensable to construct the thermal conductive pathway to fabricate high thermal conductive polymer composites. Herein, a facile approach involves selective localization of boron nitride (BN) and carbon fiber (CF) through in situ polymerization of styrene through reactive processing as well as double‐percolation structure design. These composites can be easily fabricated by blending the BN, CF with polystyrene during the polymerization of styrene monomer and secondary compounding with polypropylene (PP). The selective localization of BN and CF was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization. The cocontinuous structure of PP/PS was also confirmed by SEM observation. The thermal conductivity values was promoted from 0.22 W/mk for PP/PS blends to 0.62 W/mk for the in situ reactive blending composites with 14.5 wt% BN and 18 wt% CF. Moreover, the dielectric properties were also higher than that of the simple melt blending composites. Therefore, the method we proposed provides a potentially feasible plan to design and prepare the thermal conductive and electrical insulating composites for thermal management applications.
Pharmacological plasticity—How do you hit a moving target?
Authors: Parnham Michael J. , Geisslinger Gerd
Published: November 2019

Paul Ehrlich's concept of the magic bullet, by which a single drug induces pharmacological effects by interacting with a single receptor has been a strong driving force in pharmacology for a century. It is continually thwarted, though, by the fact that the treated organism is highly dynamic and the target molecule(s) is (are) never static. In this article, we address some of the factors that modify and cause the mobility and plasticity of drug targets and their interactions with ligands and discuss how these can lead to unexpected (lack of) effects of drugs. These factors include genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic variability, cellular plasticity, chronobiological rhythms, time, age and disease resolution, sex, drug metabolism, and distribution. We emphasize four existing approaches that can be taken, either singly or in combination, to try to minimize effects of pharmacological plasticity. These are firstly, to enhance specificity using target conditions close to those in diseases, secondly, by simultaneously or thirdly, sequentially aiming at multiple targets, and fourthly, in synchronization with concurrent dietary, psychological, training, and biorhythm‐synchronizing procedures to optimize drug therapy.
N‐Palmitoylglycine and other N‐acylamides activate the lipid receptor G2A/GPR132
Authors: Foster James R. , Ueno Shohta , Chen Mao Xiang , Harvey Jenni , Dowell Simon J. , Irving Andrew J. , Brown Andrew J.
Published: November 2019

The G‐protein‐coupled receptor GPR132, also known as G2A, is activated by 9‐hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9‐HODE) and other oxidized fatty acids. Other suggested GPR132 agonists including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have not been readily reproduced. Here, we identify N‐acylamides in particular N‐acylglycines, as lipid activators of GPR132 with comparable activity to 9‐HODE. The order‐of‐potency is N‐palmitoylglycine > 9‐HODE ≈ N‐linoleoylglycine > linoleamide > N‐oleoylglycine ≈ N‐stereoylglycine > N‐arachidonoylglycine > N‐docosehexanoylglycine. Physiological concentrations of N‐acylglycines in tissue are sufficient to activate GPR132. N‐linoleoylglycine and 9‐HODE also activate rat and mouse GPR132, despite limited sequence conservation to human. We describe pharmacological tools for GPR132, identified through drug screening. SKF‐95667 is a novel GPR132 agonist. SB‐583831 and SB‐583355 are peptidomimetic molecules containing core amino acids (glycine and phenylalanine, respectively), and structurally related to previously described ligands. A telmisartan analog, GSK1820795A, antagonizes the actions of N‐acylamides at GPR132. The synthetic cannabinoid CP‐55 940 also activates GPR132. Molecular docking to a homology model suggested a site for lipid binding, predicting the acyl side‐chain to extend into the membrane bilayer between TM4 and TM5 of GPR132. Small‐molecule ligands are envisaged to occupy a “classical” site encapsulated in the 7TM bundle. Structure‐directed mutagenesis indicates a critical role for arginine at position 203 in transmembrane domain 5 to mediate GPR132 activation by N‐acylamides. Our data suggest distinct modes of binding for small‐molecule and lipid agonists to the GPR132 receptor. Antagonists, such as those described here, will be vital to understand the physiological role of this long‐studied target.
Integrating approximate single factor graphical models
Authors: Fan Xinyan , Fang Kuangnan , Ma Shuangge , Zhang Qingzhao
Published: November 2019

In the analysis of complex and high‐dimensional data, graphical models have been commonly adopted to describe associations among variables. When common factors exist which make the associations dense, the single factor graphical model has been proposed, which first extracts the common factor and then conducts graphical modeling. Under other simpler contexts, it has been recognized that results generated from analyzing a single dataset are often unsatisfactory, and integrating multiple datasets can effectively improve variable selection and estimation. In graphical modeling, the increased number of parameters makes the “lack of information” problem more severe. In this article, we integrate multiple datasets and conduct the approximate single factor graphical model analysis. A novel penalization approach is developed for the identification and estimation of important loadings and edges. An effective computational algorithm is developed. A wide spectrum of simulations and the analysis of breast cancer gene expression datasets demonstrate the competitive performance of the proposed approach. Overall, this study provides an effective new venue for taking advantage of multiple datasets and improving graphical model analysis.
Effect of the Gap Between Copper Mold and Solidified Shell on the Fluid Flow in the Continuous Casting Strand with Mold Electromagnetic Stirring
Authors: Wang Yadong , Chen Wei , Jiang Dongbin , Zhang Lifeng
Published: November 2019

Considering the gap between the copper mold and the solidified shell (mold‐bloom gap), the electromagnetic field, fluid flow, solidification, removal of inclusions, and slag entrainment in the bloom continuous casting process with mold electromagnetic stirring (M‐EMS) are numerically investigated. As the mold‐bloom gap is considered, the electromagnetic force increases with the distance from the meniscus and reaches a maximum value near the stirrer center. With the distance further increasing, the electromagnetic force decreases continuously. With the mold‐bloom gap ignored, there are two peaks of the electromagnetic force along the distance below the meniscus. One is 40 mm above the stirrer center and the other is near the mold exit. When the mold‐bloom gap is considered, the velocity magnitude is higher and the temperature field on meniscus is more uniform. The net slag entrainment rate is 0.0144 kg s−1 and is higher than that ignoring the mold‐bloom gap. Inclusions are more removed with considering the mold‐bloom gap.
Retracted: Dissolution Behavior of Boron Nitride Inclusions and Segregation of Nb Element in Martensitic Ferritic Steel
Authors: Ma Yulin , Zhang Jun , Zhang Junjia , Yang Jiaqi , Liu Chunming , Wang Pengzhe
Published: November 2019

The solid solution strengthening of the B and N elements improves the creep resistance of the CB2 cast heat‐resisting steel, and the formation of boron nitride (BN) plays an important role in the strengthening results. The elimination of BN inclusions is usually the focus of BN research in steel, and the dissolution process of BN inclusions and the effect on Nb‐containing nitrides are ignored. Herein, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to study the changes of morphology and size of BN with temperature, and the mechanism of the influence of BN dissolution on the strength and ductility of CB2 steel is revealed. The BN particles having sharp corners become hollow spheres and then disappear when the temperature is raised from 1100 to 1200 °C. The dissolution of BN in CB2 steel is accompanied by an increase in strength and plasticity. When 1200 °C is selected as the heating temperature, the tensile strength and yield strength of CB2 steel are significantly increased. Furthermore, significant segregation of the niobium element occurs in the final stage of dissolution of BN inclusions. As the BN dissolves, the segregation of the Nb element is promoted.
Critical review on fly‐ash based geopolymer concrete
Authors: Meesala Chakradhara R. , Verma Nikhil K. , Kumar Shailendra
Published: November 2019

Due to enormous growth in industrial development, the consumption of cement is substantially increased in the recent times and the cement manufacturing industry produces annually about 1.35 billion tons of the greenhouse gas emissions which are about 7% of the total greenhouse gas emission by man‐made to the atmosphere. At the same time, the thermal power plants have been generating huge quantity of fly‐ash, which is not being recycled properly. This creates huge burden on solid waste management. Hence, to minimize the emission of CO2 from cement industry and to increase the utilization of fly‐ash, a geopolymer technology is one of the viable solutions. In terms of global warming, the geopolymer technology‐based fly‐ash activated by an alkaline activators not only have potential to significantly reduce carbon footprint of ordinary portland cement concrete, but also shows considerable promise for applications in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement. This paper provides a brief status of fly‐ash based geopolymer paste and concrete, encapsulates, and analyses critically the most significant research findings on various properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) over the past two decades. Also, it identifies the important factors to be considered in improving the performance of GPC at elevated temperatures as well as at ambient temperatures. Collation and analysis of more than 100 research papers in this area may provide a valuable stating document for further research.