bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the Insecticidal Capacity of Two Purpureocillium Lilacinum Strains against Tribolium Confusum
Authors: Barra Paula , Etcheverry Miriam , Nesci Andrea
Published: March 2015

Entomopathogenic fungi can regulate insect populations. They have extracellular enzymes that degrade cuticle components, mainly hydrocarbons, used as an energy source. The increase in insecticidal activity of fungi in a medium supplemented with cuticular hydrocarbons was assayed and the hydrolytic enzyme profiles of two strains of Purpureocillium lilacinum were evaluated. A spore suspension of P. lilacinum was inoculated in Petri plates with different values (0.99–0.97–0.95) of water activity (Aw) using the substrates gelatin, starch and tween-20. Growth rate on the different substrates and the enzymatic activity index for proteases, amylases and lipases at different incubation times, pH and Aw, was evaluated. Moreover, the insecticidal efficiency of strains grown in media supplemented with n-hexadecane and n-octacosane was analyzed. LT50 was calculated against adults of Tribolium confusum and showed that mortality increased about 15% when the strains grew in amended culture medium. High amylolytic activity was detected, but proteases were the main enzymes produced. Optimal protease production was observed in a range of acid and alkaline pH and lower Aw. The greatest growth rate was obtained in presence of gelatin. Lipase and amylase production was detected in small amounts. Fungal growth in media with hydrocarbon mixtures increased the pathogenicity of the two strains of P. lilacinum, with the strain JQ926223 being more virulent. The information obtained is important for achieving both an increase in insecticidal capacity and an understanding of physiological adaptation of the fungus.
Physical Routes to Primitive Cells: An Experimental Model Based on the Spontaneous Entrapment of Enzymes inside Micrometer-Sized Liposomes
Authors: D'Aguanno Erica , Altamura Emiliano , Mavelli Fabio , Fahr Alfred , Stano Pasquale , Luisi Pier
Published: March 2015

How did primitive living cells originate? The formation of early cells, which were probably solute-filled vesicles capable of performing a rudimentary metabolism (and possibly self-reproduction), is still one of the big unsolved questions in origin of life. We have recently used lipid vesicles (liposomes) as primitive cell models, aiming at the study of the physical mechanisms for macromolecules encapsulation. We have reported that proteins and ribosomes can be encapsulated very efficiently, against statistical expectations, inside a small number of liposomes. Moreover the transcription-translation mixture, which realistically mimics a sort of minimal metabolic network, can be functionally reconstituted in liposomes owing to a self-concentration mechanism. Here we firstly summarize the recent advancements in this research line, highlighting how these results open a new vista on the phenomena that could have been important for the formation of functional primitive cells. Then, we present new evidences on the non-random entrapment of macromolecules (proteins, dextrans) in phospholipid vesicle, and in particular we show how enzymatic reactions can be accelerated because of the enhancement of their concentration inside liposomes.
Ethyl 4,4''-Dibromo-5'-(butylamino)-2',6'-dinitro-[1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4'-carboxylate
Authors: Rocchi Damiano , González Juan , Menéndez J.
Published: March 2015

Ethyl 4,4''-Dibromo-5'-(butylamino)-2',6'-dinitro-[1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4'-carboxylate (2) which is a m-terphenyl derivative containing an hexasubstituted, highly functionalized substituted benzene core, has been synthesized.
Dimethyl 6-Amino-1-methyl-9H-carbazole-2,3-dicarboxylate
Authors: Haider Norbert , Tropper Katharina
Published: March 2015

The title compound (2) was prepared in high yield by catalytic transfer hydrogenation of the 6-nitro precursor (1), using hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen source. Under the conditions employed, the ester groups remain unaffected. The new compound was fully characterised by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and HRMS data.
Analysis of the Optimum Usage of Slag for the Compressive Strength of Concrete
Authors: Lee Han-Seung , Wang Xiao-Yong , Zhang Li-Na , Koh Kyung-Taek
Published: March 2015

Ground granulated blast furnace slag is widely used as a mineral admixture to replace partial Portland cement in the concrete industry. As the amount of slag increases, the late-age compressive strength of concrete mixtures increases. However, after an optimum point, any further increase in slag does not improve the late-age compressive strength. This optimum replacement ratio of slag is a crucial factor for its efficient use in the concrete industry. This paper proposes a numerical procedure to analyze the optimum usage of slag for the compressive strength of concrete. This numerical procedure starts with a blended hydration model that simulates cement hydration, slag reaction, and interactions between cement hydration and slag reaction. The amount of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) is calculated considering the contributions from cement hydration and slag reaction. Then, by using the CSH contents, the compressive strength of the slag-blended concrete is evaluated. Finally, based on the parameter analysis of the compressive strength development of concrete with different slag inclusions, the optimum usage of slag in concrete mixtures is determined to be approximately 40% of the total binder content. The proposed model is verified through experimental results of the compressive strength of slag-blended concrete with different water-to-binder ratios and different slag inclusions.
Understanding the Physicochemical Properties of Mitragynine, a Principal Alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, for Preclinical Evaluation
Authors: Ramanathan Surash , Parthasarathy Suhanya , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran , Magosso Enrico , Tan Soo , Mansor Sharif
Published: March 2015

Varied pharmacological responses have been reported for mitragynine in the literature, but no supportive scientific explanations have been given for this. These studies have been undertaken without a sufficient understanding of the physicochemical properties of mitragynine. In this work a UV spectrophotometer approach and HPLC-UV method were employed to ascertain the physicochemical properties of mitragynine. The pKa of mitragynine measured by conventional UV (8.11 ± 0.11) was in agreement with the microplate reader determination (8.08 ± 0.04). Mitragynine is a lipophilic alkaloid, as indicated by a logP value of 1.73. Mitragynine had poor solubility in water and basic media, and conversely in acidic environments, but it is acid labile. In an in vitro dissolution the total drug release was higher for the simulated gastric fluid but was prolonged and incomplete for the simulated intestinal fluid. The hydrophobicity, poor water solubility, high variability of drug release in simulated biological fluids and acid degradable characteristics of mitragynine probably explain the large variability of its pharmacological responses reported in the literature. The determined physicochemical properties of mitragynine will provide a basis for developing a suitable formulation to further improve its solubility, stability and oral absorption for better assessment of this compound in preclinical studies.
Cysteine Specific Targeting of the Functionally Distinct Peroxiredoxin and Glutaredoxin Proteins by the Investigational Disulfide BNP7787
Authors: Parker Aulma , Petluru Pavankumar , Nienaber Vicki , Badger John , Leverett Betsy , Jair Kamwing , Sridhar Vandana , Logan Cheyenne , Ayala Philippe , Kochat Harry , Hausheer Frederick
Published: March 2015

Glutaredoxin (Grx), peroxiredoxin (Prx), and thioredoxin (Trx) are redoxin family proteins that catalyze different types of chemical reactions that impact cell growth and survival through functionally distinct intracellular pathways. Much research is focused on understanding the roles of these redoxin proteins in the development and/or progression of human diseases. Grx and Prx are overexpressed in human cancers, including human lung cancers. BNP7787 is a novel investigational agent that has been evaluated in previous clinical studies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) studies. Herein, data from activity assays, mass spectrometry analyses, and X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that BNP7787 forms mixed disulfides with select cysteine residues on Grx and Prx and modulates their function. Studies of interactions between BNP7787 and Trx have been conducted and reported separately. Despite the fact that Trx, Grx, and Prx are functionally distinct proteins that impact oxidative stress, cell proliferation and disease processes through different intracellular pathways, BNP7787 can modify each protein and appears to modulate function through mechanisms that are unique to each target protein. Tumor cells are often genomically heterogeneous containing subpopulations of cancer cells that often express different tumor-promoting proteins or that have multiple dysregulated signaling pathways modulating cell proliferation and drug resistance. A multi-targeted agent that simultaneously modulates activity of proteins important in mediating cell proliferation by functionally distinct intracellular pathways could have many potentially useful therapeutic applications.
Determination of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Leaves from Wild Rubus L. Species
Authors: Oszmiański Jan , Wojdyło Aneta , Nowicka Paulina , Teleszko Mirosława , Cebulak Tomasz , Wolanin Mateusz
Published: March 2015

Twenty-six different wild blackberry leaf samples were harvested from various localities throughout southeastern Poland. Leaf samples were assessed regarding their phenolic compound profiles and contents by LC/MS QTOF, and their antioxidant activity by ABTS and FRAP. Thirty-three phenolic compounds were detected (15 flavonols, 13 hydroxycinnamic acids, three ellagic acid derivatives and two flavones). Ellagic acid derivatives were the predominant compounds in the analyzed leaves, especially sanguiin H-6, ellagitannins, lambertianin C, and casuarinin. The content of phenolic compounds was significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of the analyzed samples. The highest level of phenolic compounds was measured for R. perrobustus, R. wimmerianus, R. pedemontanus and R. grabowskii. The study showed that wild blackberry leaves can be considered a good source of antioxidant compounds. There is clear potential for the utilization of blackberry leaves as a food additive, medicinal source or herbal tea.
Fish Intake during Pregnancy and Foetal Neurodevelopment—A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Authors: Starling Phoebe , Charlton Karen , McMahon Anne , Lucas Catherine
Published: March 2015

Fish is a source of several nutrients that are important for healthy foetal development. Guidelines from Australia, Europe and the USA encourage fish consumption during pregnancy. The potential for contamination by heavy metals, as well as risk of listeriosis requires careful consideration of the shaping of dietary messages related to fish intake during pregnancy. This review critically evaluates literature on fish intake in pregnant women, with a focus on the association between neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring and maternal fish intake during pregnancy. Peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2000 and March 2014 were included. Eligible studies included those of healthy pregnant women who had experienced full term births and those that had measured fish or seafood intake and assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library were searched using the search terms: pregnant, neurodevelopment, cognition, fish and seafood. Of 279 papers sourced, eight were included in the final review. Due to heterogeneity in methodology and measured outcomes, a qualitative comparison of study findings was conducted. This review indicates that the benefits of diets providing moderate amounts of fish during pregnancy outweigh potential detrimental effects in regards to offspring neurodevelopment. It is important that the type of fish consumed is low in mercury.
Whither Shall We Go? The Past and Present of Black Churches and the Public Sphere
Authors: Barber Kendra
Published: March 2015

In this paper, I analyze the contemporary role of the Black Church in the public sphere. Some argue that despite the historical role of the Black Church in addressing racial inequality, it should not be involved in the public sphere, as there should be a clear separation between church and state. I argue that black churches are filling a gap created by the self-help ideology of a neo-liberal era where addressing the outcomes of contemporary racial inequality is left to private sector organizations, such as churches, rather than the federal government. I assert that the Black Church should remain engaged in the public sphere for two reasons: first, black churches are operating in the absence of state welfare rather than as an alternative to it and second, black churches are among the few institutions providing race-specific remedies that have been abandoned in a colorblind era.
Unique Sequence of Events Triggers Manta Ray Feeding Frenzy in the Southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Weeks Scarla , Magno-Canto Marites , Jaine Fabrice , Brodie Jon , Richardson Anthony
Published: March 2015

Manta rays are classified as Vulnerable to Extinction on the IUCN Red List for Threatened Species. In Australia, a key aggregation site for reef manta rays is Lady Elliot Island (LEI) on the Great Barrier Reef, ~7 km from the shelf edge. Here, we investigate the environmental processes that triggered the largest manta ray feeding aggregation yet observed in Australia, in early 2013. We use MODIS sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a concentration and photic depth data, together with in situ data, to show that anomalous river discharges led to high chlorophyll (anomalies: 10–15 mg∙m−3) and turbid (photic depth anomalies: −15 m) river plumes extending out to LEI, and that these became entrained offshore around the periphery of an active cyclonic eddy. Eddy dynamics led to cold bottom intrusions along the shelf edge (6 °C temperature decrease), and at LEI (5 °C temperature decrease). Strongest SST gradients (>1 °C∙km−1) were at the convergent frontal zone between the shelf and eddy-influenced waters, directly overlying LEI. Here, the front intensified on the spring ebb tide to attract and shape the aggregation pattern of foraging manta rays. Future research could focus on mapping the probability and persistence of these ecologically significant frontal zones via remote sensing to aid the management and conservation of marine species.
Field Efficacy and Transmission of Fast- and Slow-Killing Nucleopolyhedroviruses that Are Infectious to Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Takahashi Maho , Nakai Madoka , Saito Yasumasa , Sato Yasushi , Ishijima Chikara , Kunimi Yasuhisa
Published: March 2015

The smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an economically important pest of tea in Japan. Previous work showed that a fast-killing nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) isolated from A. orana (AdorNPV) and a slow-killing NPV isolated from A. honmai (AdhoNPV) are both infectious to A. honmai larvae. Field application of these different NPVs was conducted against an A. honmai larval population in tea plants, and the control efficacy and transmission rate of the two NPVs were compared. The slow-killing AdhoNPV showed lower field efficacy, in terms of preventing damage caused by A. honmai larvae against the tea plants, than the fast-killing AdorNPV. However, AdhoNPV had a significantly higher horizontal transmission rate than AdorNPV. These results show that AdorNPV is suitable as an inundative agent, while AdhoNPV is an appropriate inoculative agent.
Comparison of Current Regulatory Status for Gene-Based Vaccines in the U.S., Europe and Japan
Authors: Nakayama Yoshikazu , Aruga Atsushi
Published: March 2015

Gene-based vaccines as typified by plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant viral-vectored vaccines are expected as promising solutions against infectious diseases for which no effective prophylactic vaccines exist such as HIV, dengue virus, Ebola virus and malaria, and for which more improved vaccines are needed such as tuberculosis and influenza virus. Although many preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted to date, no DNA vaccines or recombinant viral-vectored vaccines expressing heterologous antigens for human use have yet been licensed in the U.S., Europe or Japan. In this research, we describe the current regulatory context for gene-based prophylactic vaccines against infectious disease in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. We identify the important considerations, in particular, on the preclinical assessments that would allow these vaccines to proceed to clinical trials, and the differences on the regulatory pathway for the marketing authorization in each region.
Home Water Treatment Habits and Effectiveness in a Rural Arizona Community
Authors: Lothrop Nathan , Wilkinson Sarah , Verhougstraete Marc , Sugeng Anastasia , Loh Miranda , Klimecki Walter , Beamer Paloma
Published: March 2015

Drinking water quality in the United States (US) is among the safest in the world. However, many residents, often in rural areas, rely on unregulated private wells or small municipal utilities for water needs. These utilities may violate the Safe Drinking Water Act contaminant guidelines, often because they lack the required financial resources. Residents may use alternative water sources or install a home water treatment system. Despite increased home water treatment adoption, few studies have examined their use and effectiveness in the US. Our study addresses this knowledge gap by examining home water treatment in a rural Arizona community. Water samples were analyzed for metal(loid)s, and home treatment and demographic data were recorded in 31 homes. Approximately 42% of homes treated their water. Independent of source water quality, residents with higher income (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] (1.00–1.64)) and education levels (OR = 1.49; 95%CI (1.12–2.12)) were more likely to treat their water. Some contaminant concentrations were effectively reduced with treatment, while some were not. We conclude that increased educational outreach on contaminant testing and treatment, especially to rural areas with endemic water contamination, would result in a greater public health impact.
Robust Parameter Estimation Framework of a Rainfall-Runoff Model Using Pareto Optimum and Minimax Regret Approach
Authors: Kim Yeonjoo , Chung Eun-Sung , Won Kwangjae , Gil Kyungik
Published: March 2015

This study developed a robust parameter set (ROPS) selection framework for a rainfall-runoff model that considers multi-events using the Pareto optimum and minimax regret approach (MRA). The calibrated parameter sets based on the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) for two events were derived using a genetic algorithm. We generated 41 combinations for weighting values between two events for the multi-event objective function and derived 41 Pareto optimum points that were considered as the ROPS candidates. Then, two different approaches for parameter selection were proposed to determine the ROPS among the candidates: one uses NSE only and the other uses four performance measures (NSE, peak flow error, root mean square error and percentage of bias). In the NSE-only method, five events, including two events from the calibration set and three events from the evaluation set, were used, and the ROPS was selected based on the regrets of both the calibration and the evaluation sets. In the multiple (i.e., four) performance measure method, only three events from the evaluation set were used and the ROPS was determined based on the regrets of twelve different cases, including three events with four measures. As a result, while single- and multi-event optimizations produced satisfying results for the calibration events, the optimized parameters from the single-event calibration do not perform well for another event, even one with the same criteria, such as NSE. The results of this study suggest that the optimized parameter set from the well-weighted objective function can successfully simulate not only hydrographs in general but also others, such as peak flow. In addition, the ROPS can be selected by considering the multiple performance measures of multiple validation events, as well as the NSE only of multiple calibration and validation events. Note that the study provides a framework that could be performed reasonably well with a limited number of events. While the computational resources might not be a limiting factor these days, it is still valuable to have such a tool for several reasons: one could utilize it for an operational decision making support tool, as the full searches for an optimal set of parameters might not be performed in the operational facility. It could also be used in a situation where one has a limited number of good-quality observational data for some reason.
Impact of Population Growth and Climate Change on the Freshwater Resources of Lamu Island, Kenya
Authors: Okello Cornelius , Tomasello Bruno , Greggio Nicolas , Wambiji Nina , Antonellini Marco
Published: March 2015

Demand for freshwater is rising with factors, such as population growth, land use change and climate variations, rendering water availability in the future uncertain. Groundwater resources are being increasingly exploited to meet this growing demand. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of population growth induced by land use change and climate change on the future state of freshwater resources of Lamu Island in Kenya where a major port facility is under construction. The results of this study show that the “no industrial development” population scenario (assuming the port was not constructed) would be expected to reach ~50,000 people by 2050, while the projected population upon completion is expected to reach 1.25 million in the same year when the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Program (LAPSSET) port reaches its full cargo-handling capacity. The groundwater abstraction in 2009 was 0.06 m3 daily per capita, while the demand is expected to raise to 0.1 m3 by 2050 according to the “LAPSSET development” projection. The modelling results show that the Shela aquifer in Lamu, which is the main source of water on the island, will not experience stress by 2065 for the “no industrial development” population scenario, whereas for the “LAPSSET development projection” population scenario, it will occur sooner (between 2020 and 2028). The modelling results show that the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) climate change scenarios will have a smaller impact on the effective water volume reserves than Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) for the “no industrial development”, while the impact is expected to be similar for the “LAPSSET development”, suggesting that population growth exacerbated by land use change will be a more significant driving force than climate change in affecting freshwater availability.
Relationship Between Guest Experience, Personality Characteristics, and Satisfaction: Moderating Effect of Extraversion and Openness to Experience
Authors: Bujisic Milos , Bilgihan Anil , Smith Scott
Published: March 2015

Based on the experience economy concept, this study develops a model that incorporates guest experiences, satisfaction, return intention, word of mouth (WOM), and personality traits. Quasiexperimental design has been used with the manipulation of different experience scenarios. This
allows for the testing of causal relationships between the different types of experiences and the three dependent variables of satisfaction, return intention, and WOM. The final elements of the proposed model are personality traits measured using the “Big Five” model. MANOVA was
utilized to test the effect of manipulations on the dependent variables. Additionally, the moderating effect of openness to experience and extraversion was tested. The second stage involved the creation of a structural equation model that tested the relationship between four different experience
dimensions.
The South Africa World Cup: The Ability of Small and Medium Firms to Profit from Increased Tourism Surrounding Mega-Events
Authors: Heere Bob , Van Der Manden Pieter , Van Hemert Patricia
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this study is to implement a microeconomic lens to examine how a mega-sport event affects small and medium businesses (SMEs) that hope to profit from the increased tourism associated with the event. Guided by stakeholder theory, local SME owners were interviewed before
and after the World Cup. Respondents suggested that the opportunities to take advantage of the World Cup were limited for SMEs because: a) limited or no access to the event and associated tourists, b) lack of knowledge and expertise to take advantage of opportunities, and c) the priority the
organizing committee gives to other stakeholders, such as sponsors and the FIFA. Due to these constraints, SMEs were not able to build lasting partnerships through the World Cup, nor were they able to make any profit from the event.
Perceptions of Authenticity at a Heritage Destination: An Examination of Visitor Perceptions of Authenticity at South Luogu Alley, Beijing
Authors: Day Jonathon , Shi Xiaolin (Crystal) , Cai Liping , Adler Howard
Published: March 2015

Authenticity, often cited as an important component of heritage tourism, is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. A central issue in understanding authenticity is to determine what is perceived to be authentic. The present study examined visitor perceptions of the authenticity of the
South Luogu Alley (SLA), a Hutong in Beijing. Described as a “must-see” destination for visitors to Beijing seeking to experience traditional “Hutong” culture, SLA has been redeveloped to incorporate both traditional and modern facilities. The inclusion of new building
materials, pseudotraditional architecture, and Western-influenced architecture has raised concerns about the authenticity of SLA. The present study examined perceptions of authenticity of 353 visitors to the SLA. A self-administered survey was used for the study. It examined perceptions of
specific elements of the destination and the destination as a whole. It also analyzed the impact of demographic factors and visitor experience on perceptions of authenticity. The present study found that for many visitors the external environment and architecture were most important elements
contributing to perceptions of authenticity. The study determined that visitors' understanding of authenticity is best described as “constructive” and that a variety of personal factors can influence perceptions of authenticity. It also found that visitors' criteria for authenticity
tend to be contextual.
Why Pay to View Wildflowers in South Africa?
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Viljoen Armand , Saayman Melville
Published: March 2015

This research identified viable target markets at two national parks in South Africa, using market segmentation based on motives to travel to the parks during the flower season. We surveyed international, domestic, and local wildflower-viewing visitors and labeled three distinct clusters based on their level of interest in the event:appreciators,observers,andadmirers. Our results show that such clustering is a useful research tool for producing a clear visitor profile. It enabled us to provide strategic insights for managing wildflower viewing, and similar natural events, according to the preferences of specific market segments.
Evaluation of the Determinant Factors of Innovation in Colombia's Tourist Product
Authors: Zuñiga-Collazos Alexander , Harrill Rich , Escobar-Moreno Nelcy R. , Castillo-Palacio Marysol
Published: March 2015

Colombia is a country that has achieved significant tourism growth in recent years, yet there is limited empirical evidence about its tourism development. Innovation in tourism products is one of the keys to Colombia maintaining positive tourism development. This empirical study analyzed
innovation in tourism products in 364 Colombia companies. The findings show that “changes or improvements to existing products or services” and “research and development to create new products” have a significant relationship with tourism product innovation in Colombia.
Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy
Authors: Phani M Kalyan , Kumar Anish , Jayakumar T , Arnold Walter , Samwer Konrad
Published: March 2015

The distribution of elastic stiffness and damping of individual phases in an α + β titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) measured by using atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is reported in the present study. The real and imaginary parts of the contact stiffness k* are obtained from the contact-resonance spectra and by using these two quantities, the maps of local elastic stiffness and the damping factor are derived. The evaluation of the data is based on the mass distribution of the cantilever with damped flexural modes. The cantilever dynamics model considering damping, which was proposed recently, has been used for mapping of indentation modulus and damping of different phases in a metallic structural material. The study indicated that in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy the metastable β phase has the minimum modulus and the maximum damping followed by α′- and α-phases. Volume fractions of the individual phases were determined by using a commercial material property evaluation software and were validated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) studies on one of the heat-treated samples. The volume fractions of the phases and the modulus measured through AFAM are used to derive average modulus of the bulk sample which is correlated with the bulk elastic properties obtained by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The average modulus of the specimens estimated by AFAM technique is found to be within 5% of that obtained by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The effect of heat treatments on the ultrasonic attenuation in the bulk sample could also be understood based on the damping measurements on individual phases using AFAM.
Skin Tissue Surface Morphology and Quality of RNA and Protein Extracted from Fresh and Stabilized Human Cleft Lip and Palate Tissue
Authors: Syazana Mohamad Shah Nurul , Wan Sulaiman Wan Azman , Halim Ahmad Sukari , Sarina Sulong
Published: March 2015

Cleft lip palate is a human congenital disorder worldwide and the study of this genetic disease requires molecular genetic analysis. This analysis required the use of nucleic acid and protein, thus good quality and quantity of its extraction is important. We are comparing RNA and protein extractions from tissue biopsy of cleft lip palate in both fresh and stabilized condition. Tissue morphology was also captured using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for any morphology differences. Tissue homogenization may destroy nucleic acid stability but not its morphology. Low RNA concentration from stabilized tissue was found. However, there was no crucial issue of protein extraction, degradation or concentration. Tissue morphology was slight different between normal and CL/P tissue.
Dislocated Extension â€“ Type Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Children: Single Centre Experience
Authors: Todorovic Lazar , Petrovski Mile , Dimov Aco , Simeonov Riste , Kamiloski Marjan , Jovcheski Lazo , Spasov Marko , Cvetanovska Vesna
Published: March 2015

Aim: The aim of this study is to show our experience in cases of dislocated extension type â€“ supracondylar humeral fractures and evaluate the results of their treatment in the period from 2000 to 2010 with a follow up of a maximum six months.Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical cases for the period 2000 â€“ 2010 was done. Children from 4 to 14 years of age with supracondylar fractures of the humerus â€“ extension type are included. The total number of patients treated at the Clinic for Pediatric Surgery was 230.Results: The results of the treatment were evaluated after the last control examination six months later. We noticed postoperative neurological damage in 10 cases (4.85%). In 14 patients (6.8%) we noticed long term deformities such as cubitus varus or cubitus valgus. Infection at the entering place of the needles occurred in 4 patients (1.94%), which did not indicate premature extraction of the needles and conversion of the treatment.Conclusion: As a conclusion, we can stress that our outcomes in treatment of dislocated suparacondylar fractures of the humerus in children meet the world standards.
The Diagnostic Value of Flow Cytometry Imunophenotyping in an Albanian Patient Population with a Preliminary Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Semanaj Valentina , Pecani Arbi , Dedej Teuta , Barbullushi Alma , Ylli Zamira , Curaj Teuta , Pulluqi Polikron , Caja Tatjana , Perolla Adela , Ivanaj Arben , Xhumari Pal , Sulcebe Genc
Published: March 2015

Objective: Based on the flow cytometry multiparametric immunophenotyping methodology we studied some useful cell marker criteria needed for the practical differentiation of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia from other chronic limphoproliferative diseases with a leukemic component.Materials and Methods: The applied methodology is a four color flow cytometry multiparametric immunophenotyping technique using EDTA blood samples taken from 84 consecutive patients diagnosed with CLL through a preliminary clinical and white blood cell examination. The following fluorescent stained monoclonal antibodies were used: CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11c, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD25, FMC7 and kappa/lambda light chains.Results: From the 84 individuals tested, 2 out of them (2.4%) resulted with a abnormal T-cell population while 82 (97.6%) showed a pathological B cell line. 58 (69.1%) patients resulted with typical CLL markers (CD19+CD5+CD23+) while 5 (5.9%) of them presented a non typical chronic lymphocytic leukemia profile (CD19+CD5+CD23-). 19 (22.6%) out of patients displayed an abnormal CD19+CD5- B cell population. A statistically significant correlation was found between the clinical stage of CLL and the positivity for the CD38 marker (p=0.04).Conclusion: Flow cytometry immunophenotyping is a fundamental examination for the final diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The expression of CD38+ in CLL patients stands for a more advanced clinical stage.
Percutaneous Interventional Treatment of Atrial Septal Defect Secundum in Macedonia
Authors: Milev Ivan , Idrizi Shpend , Zimbakov Zan , Ampova-Sokolov Vilma , Zafirovska Planinka , Nikolov Sashko , Angjuseva Tanja , Mitrev Zan
Published: March 2015

Background: Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disorder (CHD). While conventional open surgical treatment is the standard procedure in our country, percutaneous device closure with implantation of an atrial septal defect occluder is a promising alternative with very few peri and post procedural complications.Aim: The aim of the study was to present the rate of success and complications in percutaneous ASD closure with the implantation of an atrial septal defect occluder.Material and Methods: We treated 153 patients (ages 2-76; 65% female) with ASD secundum with percutaneous trans catheter closure using a septal occluder. Follow up was on a 3 month interval and assessment included clinical, electrophysiological and echocardiographic status. Results: The mean diameter of ASD obtained via balloon sizing was 16 Â± 16 mm. Multiple ASDs were found in 20 (13%) patients and deficitary aortic and anterior rim (< 5 mm) was present in 16 (10%) patients. Due to inadequate placement and/or sizing, the device was removed and replaced in seven patients (5%). During follow up, trivial shunt was present in 4 (2.6%) patients. The diameter of the right ventricle corrected for age was reduced by an average of 20% by the first month and in 130 (86%) of patients it had normalized by one year of follow up. During follow up, 16 (10%) patients reported transient headaches and 3 (1.9%) patients had transient atrial fibrillation (AF).Conclusion: In conclusion, the implantation of a septal occluder was found to be a safe procedure that resulted in improved hemodynamic parameters that result from right ventricular volume overload with favorable short- and mid-term results.
Assessment of the Level of GABA and Some Trace Elements in Blood in Children who Suffer from Familial Febrile Convulsions
Authors: Salah Osama N. , Abdelraouf Ehab R. , Abdelhameed Marwa H. , Dawood Ahmed A. , Hashish Adel F. , Kilany Ayman , Helal Suzette I.
Published: March 2015

Febrile seizure is one of the most common neurological problems during childhood. The etiology and pathogenesis of febrile seizure remain unknown. However, several factors such as vitamin B6 deficiency, electrolyte disturbances, and reduction in serum zinc, selenium, magnesium levels, and low gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of febrile seizure. The present study included twenty children from 10 families, 11 were male and 9 were female. Each family has at least 2 members with a history of febrile convulsion. All cases were subjected to the following: Determination of serum levels of copper, zinc, magnesium, selenium level in serum, and plasma level of Î³-aminobytaric acid (GABA). Serum levels of selenium and GABA were statistically significantly low in comparison with controls. Serum copper was statistically significantly higher in cases than controls, while serum zinc showed no significant changes in the cases of febrile convulsion compared with the control group. The mean Zn level in the serum of febrile convulsion was found to be at lower level than in the control group. The serum magnesium was significantly low in cases than controls. The logistic regression model in our study shows that Selenium and Magnesium have protective effects, while Copper has causative effect.
Cut-Off Values of Anthropometric Indices for the Prediction of Hypertension in a Sample of Egyptian Adults
Authors: Sarry El Din Azza Mohamed , Zaki Moushira Erfan , Kandeel Wafaa A. , Mohamed Sanaa Kamal , El Wakeel Khaled Helmi
Published: March 2015

Background: Obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, is closely associated with premature atherosclerosis and many metabolic modifications including insulin resistance dyslipidemia hypertension and diabetes. Cut-off values for abdominal obesity predicting future cardiovascular disease are known to be population specific.Objective: To identify cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements (BMI, WC, WHR and WHtR) that associated with hypertension in a sample of Egyptian adults.Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis. The blood pressure of 5550 Egyptian adults was measured (2670 females â€“ 2880 males).The subjects represented different geographic localities and different social classes. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, waist circumferences, and hip circumferences were also measured by practitioners.Results: The cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 30.08 for BMI, 87.75 for WC , 0.81 for WHR and 0.65 for WHtR, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 69.1; 60.7- 80.9; 48.6 -65.3; 53.4 and 61.4; 58.9, respectively. The cut-off values to detect hypertension in males were 27.98 for BMI, 95.75 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.57 for WHtR and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 62.8; 59.9 -71.9; 51.9 -64.6; 55.8 and 59.7; 55.8, respectively.Conclusion: The BMI, Waist circumference, WHR and WHtR values can predict the presence of hypertension risk in adult Egyptians.
Reproductive Outcome after Hysteroscopic Metroplasty in Patients with Infertility and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Tofoski Gligor , Georgievska Jadranka
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Reproductive outcome can be negatively affected in patients with congenital uterine anomalies (CUA), increasing the number of unsuccessful pregnancies and obstetric complications. Compared with the population with normally formed uterus, patients with CUA have higher abortion rate, higher fetal loss rate and decreased live birth rate. Hysteroscopic metroplasty (HM) is a standard, safe and minimally invasive method for the treatment of correctible types of congenital uterine anomalies.Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the reproductive outcome in group of patients with infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss and present CUA, before and after hysteroscopic metroplasty.Material and Methods: We analyzed 67 patients to whom 78 interventions hysteroscopic metroplasty were performed at the University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Skopje during a two year period, between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2011. Their reproductive outcome was monitored during a two-year period and the same group served as a control group, taking into account their previous reproductive history. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: Most common CUA were types 5b and 6 represented by 88 %. In a follow up period of two years, 33 of the patients become pregnant. There was a statistically significant decrease of abortion rate from 92% to 21.2%, as well as an increase in the term delivery rate from 0% to 69.7%.Conclusion: Treatment with hysteroscopic metroplasty is significantly improving the reproductive outcome in patients with CUA and previous fetal loss.
Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Fayed Sohair B. , Abd El Dayem Soha M. , Khalil Ensaf , El Kader Mona Abd , El Halim Eatemad Abd
Published: March 2015

Objective: To evaluate H. pylori infection and virulent strain in diabetic children. Patients: In this study 53 type 1 diabetics and 53 of normal volunteers were included. Methods: All studied children were subjected to assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), Anti H. pylori antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM), Anti-cytotoxin associated gene A antibodies (Anti Cag A IgG). Results: Anti H. pylori antibodies IgA, IgG, total antibodies and anti Cag A IgG were significantly higher in diabetics. Diabetic patients with positive anti Cag A IgG had a lower age of onset of diabetes, higher age of patients, body mass index (BMI) and HbA1. Conclusion: High prevalence of infection with the virulent strain of H. pylori among diabetic children with older age, large BMI, high HbA1 and younger age of onset of disease. The screening for the virulent strain in diabetic patients with poor metabolic control is mandatory. Control of diabetes is essential to present the infection with H. pylori.
Osteopoikilosis - Case report
Authors: Ruci Vilson , Serani Dorina
Published: March 2015

Osteopoikilosis is a rare bone anomaly usually benign which may be confused with other severe primary diseases or dangerous metastatic bone lesions. We present one new case describing typical radiological findings with no clinical signs or other associations. No malignant transformation or other complications happened in the last ten years. Osteopoikilosis is found in most cases incidentally, and in most cases is not associated with other serious medical complications. Screening of family members may be considered.
Individual Differences on Job Stress and Related Ill Health
Authors: Stefanovska Petkovska Miodraga , Velik Stefanovska Vesna , Bojadziev Marjan
Published: March 2015

Background: Work-related stress is becoming one of the key themes for attention because of its serious threats on workersâ€™ wellbeing, job dissatisfaction and absenteeism.Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the employees' individual differences in the perception of main workplace stressors, perceived job related stress and experienced health consequences.Methods: In a cross-sectional study a sample of 106 employees was surveyed within a private enterprise in Republic of Macedonia.Results: Analysis showed significant differences in experienced stress at work due to age, marital status, number of children, time spend in the current work position and working hours per day. Stressors such as: lack of personal knowledge and skills (60.4%), big pressure for last minute job completion (60.4%) and unstable work position (47.2%) were pointed out the most potential sources for job stress. The majority of employees who always experience health problems as a result of job stress were female (61.9%), on non-managerial position (85.7%), and 5 to 10 years in the current work position (42.9%).Conclusion: Employees are exposed to many potential work related stressors which differently affect their job satisfaction and result in ill health. A better understanding of the individual characteristics and potential stressors should subsequently help managers' better deal with this problem. This underlines the need for further research and design of stress reduction interventions.
Rock-Eval/TOC results for cuttings samples from the Paktoa C-60 well, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, northern Canada
Authors: Jiang C , Obermajer M , Su A
Published: March 2015

Cuttings samples were collected from the Paktoa C-60 well of Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin for Rock-Eval/TOC analysis. As the samples have been hand-picked based on the lithology of the corresponding intervals and have been washed lightly with tap water, effect of
drilling mud contamination on the Rock- Eval results, especially on Tmax and S2 values is considered minimal as evident from the shape of S2 peaks on hydrocarbon FID pyrograms.
Thermal maturity represented by Tmax indicates that the Tertiary Taglu sequence intersected at the Paktoa C-60 well is immature with respect to oil generation, even at the total depth of around 2400 m. A high content of volatile and semi-volatile hydrocarbons as reflected by production index (PI) is
determined in the 1293-1311.5 m interval where significant oil discovery was made from drill stem test (DST#4).
A situational analysis of training for behaviour change counselling for primary care providers, South Africa
Authors: Malan Zelra , Mash Bob , Everett-Murphy Katherine
Published: March 2015

Background: Non-communicable diseases and associated risk factors (smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet) are a major contributor to primary care morbidity and the burden of disease. The need for healthcare-provider training in evidence-based lifestyle interventions has been acknowledged by the National Department of Health. However, local studies suggest that counselling on lifestyle modification from healthcare providers is inadequate and this may, in part, be attributable to a lack of training.Aim: This study aimed to assess the current training courses for primary healthcare providers in the Western Cape.Setting: Stellenbosch University and University of Cape Town.Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with six key informants (trainers of primary care nurses and registrars in family medicine) and two focus groups (nine nurses and eight doctors) from both Stellenbosch University and the University of Cape Town.Results: Trainers lack confidence in the effectiveness of behaviour change counselling and in current approaches to training. Current training is limited by time constraints and is not integrated throughout the curriculum – there is a focus on theory rather than modelling and practice, as well as a lack of both formative and summative assessment. Implementation of training is limited by a lack of patient education materials, poor continuity of care and record keeping, conflicting lifestyle messages and an unsupportive organisational culture.Conclusion: Revising the approach to current training is necessary in order to improve primary care providers’ behaviour change counselling skills. Primary care facilities need to create a more conducive environment that is supportive of behaviour change counselling.