bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Flight Parameters in SIL Simulation Using Commercial Autopilots and X-Plane Simulator for Multi-Rotor Models
Authors: Welcer Michal , Sahbon Nezar , Zajdel Albert
Published: March 2024

Modern aviation technology development heavily relies on computer simulations. SIL (Software-In-The-Loop) simulations are essential for evaluating autopilots and control algorithms for multi-rotors, including drones and other UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). In such simulations, it is possible to compare the flight parameters achieved by flying platforms using various commercial autopilots widely used in the UAV sector. This research aims to provide objective and comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of different autopilot systems This article examines the simulated flight test results of a drone performing the same mission using different autopilot systems. The X-Plane software was used as an environment to simulate the dynamics of the drone and its surroundings. Matlab/Simulink r2023a provided the interface between autopilot software and X-Plane models. Those methods allowed us to obtain an appropriate comparison of the autopilot systems and indicate the main differences between them. This research focused on analyzing UAV flight characteristics such as stability, trajectory tracking, response time to control changes, and the overall effectiveness of autopilots. Various flight scenarios including take-off, landing, flight at a constant altitude, dynamic manoeuvrers and, flight along a planned trajectory were also examined. In order to obtain the most accurate and realistic results, the tests were carried out in various weather conditions. The aim of this research is to provide objective data and analysis to compare the performance of commercial autopilots. This method offers several advantages, including cost-effective testing, the ability to test in diverse environmental conditions, and the evaluation of autopilot algorithms without the need for real hardware. The findings of this study may have a considerable impact on how autopilot designers and developers choose the best platforms and technologies for their projects. Future research on this topic will compare the obtained data with flight test data.
Mats Made from Recycled Tyre Rubber and Polyurethane for Improving Growth Performance in Buffalo Farms
Authors: Masiello Antonio , di Cicco Maria Rosa , Spagnuolo Antonio , Vetromile Carmela , De Santo Giuseppe , Costanzo Guido , Marotta Antonio , De Cristofaro Florindo , Lubritto Carmine
Published: March 2024

This study focuses on anti-trauma mats designed for buffaloes’ comfort, using as raw materials rubber powder from end-of-life tyres (ELTs) and an isocyanate-based polyurethane resin binder. The first part of the study focused on mat formulation. Whilst it was possible to select a unique combination of raw materials and design features, it was necessary to investigate the relationship between three critical parameters affecting mat consistency and therefore buffalo comfort: binder quantity, mat thickness, and desired final mat density (bulk). In order to quantitatively assess the variation in hardness, various combinations were investigated within well-defined ranges based on the relevant literature. The results obtained from nine selected combinations indicate that increases in the three critical parameters do not induce a real phase transition in the final product consistency, although the hardness suggests an increasing trend. The mats consistently exhibited a moderately soft/hard consistency, offering environmental benefits in terms of increased rubber usage and potentially reduced chemical binder, depending on the desired thickness. The selected mixture showed excellent resistance to heavy chemical loads, suggesting reliability for frequent cleaning operations. The second part of the study involved field trials of the mats with calves. This involved monitoring their weight gain and appetite levels over a 90-day period. The results showed excellent growth performance compared to uncoated grids (i.e., weight gain was approximately 20% higher at the end of the observation period); this was similar to that achieved with the use of straw bedding. However, compared to straw bedding, the mats (i) exhibit long-term durability, with no signs of wear from washing or trampling over the months of the trial, (ii) allow for quick and efficient cleaning, and (iii) enable companies to save on labour, material (straw), and waste disposal costs, while maintaining (or even improving) the same welfare levels associated with the use of straw.
Sweet Pepper Leaf Area Estimation Using Semantic 3D Point Clouds Based on Semantic Segmentation Neural Network
Authors: Giang Truong Thi Huong , Ryoo Young-Jae
Published: March 2024

In the field of agriculture, measuring the leaf area is crucial for the management of crops. Various techniques exist for this measurement, ranging from direct to indirect approaches and destructive to non-destructive techniques. The non-destructive approach is favored because it preserves the plant’s integrity. Among these, several methods utilize leaf dimensions, such as width and length, to estimate leaf areas based on specific models that consider the unique shapes of leaves. Although this approach does not damage plants, it is labor-intensive, requiring manual measurements of leaf dimensions. In contrast, some indirect non-destructive techniques leveraging convolutional neural networks can predict leaf areas more swiftly and autonomously. In this paper, we propose a new direct method using 3D point clouds constructed by semantic RGB-D (Red Green Blue and Depth) images generated by a semantic segmentation neural network and RGB-D images. The key idea is that the leaf area is quantified by the count of points depicting the leaves. This method demonstrates high accuracy, with an R2 value of 0.98 and a RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) value of 3.05 cm2. Here, the neural network’s role is to segregate leaves from other plant parts to accurately measure the leaf area represented by the point clouds, rather than predicting the total leaf area of the plant. This method is direct, precise, and non-invasive to sweet pepper plants, offering easy leaf area calculation. It can be implemented on laptops for manual use or integrated into robots for automated periodic leaf area assessments. This innovative method holds promise for advancing our understanding of plant responses to environmental changes. We verified the method’s reliability and superior performance through experiments on individual leaves and whole plants.
WS-AWRE: Intrusion Detection Using Optimized Whale Sine Feature Selection and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Weighted Random Forest Classifier
Authors: Aldabash Omar Abdulkhaleq , Akay Mehmet Fatih
Published: March 2024

An IDS (Intrusion Detection System) is essential for network security experts, as it allows one to identify and respond to abnormal traffic present in a network. An IDS can be utilized for evaluating the various types of malicious attacks. Hence, detecting intrusions has become a significant research area in the contemporary era, especially with the evolution of technologies. With the progress of ML (Machine Learning)-based algorithms, researchers have striven to perform optimal ID. However, most of these studies lag in accordance with their accuracy rate. Thus, to attain a high accuracy rate in ID, the present study proposes ML-based meta-heuristic algorithms, as these approaches possess innate merits of determining near-optimal solutions in limited time and are capable of dealing with multi-dimensional data. The study proposes OWSA (Optimal Whale Sine Algorithm) for selecting suitable and relevant features. With an exclusive optimization process using the SCA (Sine Cosine Algorithm), this study proposes to combine SCA with WOA (Whale Optimization Algorithm) for mitigating the demerits of both, with its hybridization thereby achieving OWSA. Following this, AWRF (Artificial Neural Network Weighted Random Forest) is proposed for classification. The main intention of this process is to propose a weight-updating process for discrete trees in the RF model. The proposed approach is motivated by avoiding overfitting and attaining stability and flexibility. This approach is assessed with regard to performance via a comparative analysis, so as to uncover the best performance of this proposed technique in ID.
Pricing Contingent Claims in a Two-Interest-Rate Multi-Dimensional Jump-Diffusion Model via Market Completion
Authors: Melnikov Alexander , Mohammadi Nejad Pouneh
Published: March 2024

This paper investigates a financial market where asset prices follow a multi-dimensional Brownian motion process and a multi-dimensional Poisson process characterized by diverse credit and deposit rates where the credit rate is higher than the deposit rate. The focus extends to evaluating European options by establishing upper and lower hedging prices through a transition to a suitable auxiliary market. Introducing a lemma elucidates the same solution to the pricing problem in both markets under specific conditions. Additionally, we address the minimization of shortfall risk and determine no-arbitrage price bounds within the framework of incomplete markets. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges posed by the multi-dimensional jump-diffusion model and varying interest rates in financial markets.
Four Measures of Association and Their Representations in Terms of Copulas
Authors: Adès Michel , Provost Serge B. , Zang Yishan
Published: March 2024

Four measures of association, namely, Spearman’s ρ, Kendall’s τ, Blomqvist’s β and Hoeffding’s Φ2, are expressed in terms of copulas. Conveniently, this article also includes explicit expressions for their empirical counterparts. Moreover, copula representations of the four coefficients are provided for the multivariate case, and several specific applications are pointed out. Additionally, a numerical study is presented with a view to illustrating the types of relationships that each of the measures of association can detect.
Correction: Tamadon et al. Flow-Based Anatomy of Bobbin Friction-Stirred Weld; AA6082-T6 Aluminium Plate and Analogue Plasticine Model. Appl. Mech. 2020, 1, 3–19
Authors: Tamadon Abbas , Pons Dirk J. , Clucas Don
Published: March 2024

In the original publication [...]
Complementation of an Escherichia coli K-12 Mutant Strain Deficient in KDO Synthesis by Forming D-Arabinose 5-Phosphate from Glycolaldehyde with Fructose 6-Phosphate Aldolase (FSA)
Authors: Guitart Font Emma , Sprenger Georg A.
Published: March 2024

KDO (2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate) is a landmark molecule of the Gram-negative outer membrane. Mutants without KDO formation are known to be barely viable. Arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P) is a precursor of KDO biosynthesis and is normally derived from ribulose 5-phosphate by A5P isomerases, encoded by kdsD and gutQ genes in E. coli K-12. We created a kdsD gutQ-deficient double mutant of strain BW25113 and confirmed that these cells are A5P auxotrophs. Fructose 6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) is known to utilize (among other donors such as dihydroxyacetone or hydroxyacetone) glycolaldehyde (GoA) as a donor compound and to provide A5P in vitro when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the acceptor. We show here that this FSA function in vivo fully reverses the growth defect and the A5P deficiency in kdsD gutQ double mutants. Expression of both plasmid-encoded fsaA, fsaAA129S, or fsaB genes as well as a chromosomally integrated form of fsaAA129S led to maximal OD600 values of >2.2 when GoA was added exogenously (together with glucose as a C source) at a concentration of 100 µM (Ks values in the range of 4–10 µM). Thus, a novel bio-orthogonal bypass to overcome an A5P deficiency was opened. Lower GoA concentrations led to lower growth yields. Interestingly, mutant strains with recombinant fsa genes showed considerable growth yields even without exogenous GoA addition, pointing to yet unknown endogenous GoA sources in E. coli metabolism. This is a further example of the usefulness of FSA in rewiring central metabolic pathways in E. coli.
The Power of Place: Unleashing the Potential of Place-Based Green Energy Landscapes
Authors: Glockner William , Planinac Krista , Dimond Kirk
Published: March 2024

This research explores the role landscape architects can play in shaping renewable energy infrastructure in the Southwest United States. Conventional energy development often neglects the impacts on landscapes and communities, resulting in community frustration and project terminations. To address this issue and tackle the need for decarbonization, the Southwest Regional Virtual Workshop was convened to foster co-creation and generate innovative ideas for new energy solutions. The Southwest Regional Virtual Workshop (SRVW) aimed to unite landscape architects, architects, engineers, and energy professionals to craft place-based, at-scale, and environmentally sensitive solutions. Key insights from this study demonstrate landscape architects have the capacity to help transform renewable energy projects into attractive, engaging, and productive infrastructure. Their expertise in community engagement, site-specific design, and interdisciplinary collaboration positions them as ideal designers for energy landscapes that go beyond mere functionality. By adopting a landscape-centric approach, landscape architects can help seamlessly integrate energy infrastructure with the environment and aesthetics to gain steadfast community support. Harmonizing functionality with visual appeal can instill a deep sense of pride and ownership among community members, ultimately fostering increased acceptance of renewable energy development. In conclusion, landscape architects can expand upon their expertise to include energy and help create projects that align with the values of local communities and contribute to a resilient energy future.
Segmentation of Variants of Nuclei on Whole Slide Images by Using Radiomic Features
Authors: Sheikh Taimoor Shakeel , Cho Migyung
Published: March 2024

The histopathological segmentation of nuclear types is a challenging task because nuclei exhibit distinct morphologies, textures, and staining characteristics. Accurate segmentation is critical because it affects the diagnostic workflow for patient assessment. In this study, a framework was proposed for segmenting various types of nuclei from different organs of the body. The proposed framework improved the segmentation performance for each nuclear type using radiomics. First, we used distinct radiomic features to extract and analyze quantitative information about each type of nucleus and subsequently trained various classifiers based on the best input sub-features of each radiomic feature selected by a LASSO operator. Second, we inputted the outputs of the best classifier to various segmentation models to learn the variants of nuclei. Using the MoNuSAC2020 dataset, we achieved state-of-the-art segmentation performance for each category of nuclei type despite the complexity, overlapping, and obscure regions. The generalized adaptability of the proposed framework was verified by the consistent performance obtained in whole slide images of different organs of the body and radiomic features.
Gait Biomechanical Parameters Related to Falls in the Elderly: A Systematic Review
Authors: Silva Jullyanne , Atalaia Tiago , Abrantes João , Aleixo Pedro
Published: March 2024

According to the World Health Organization, one-third of elderly people aged 65 or over fall annually, and this number increases after 70. Several gait biomechanical parameters were associated with a history of falls. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to identify and describe the gait biomechanical parameters related to falls in the elderly. MEDLINE Complete, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL Complete were searched for articles on 22 November 2023, using the following search sentence: (gait) AND (fall*) AND ((elder*) OR (old*) OR (senior*)) AND ((kinematic*) OR (kinetic*) OR (biomechanic*) OR (electromyogram*) OR (emg) OR (motion analysis*) OR (plantar pressure)). This search identified 13,988 studies. From these, 96 were selected. Gait speed, stride/step length, and double support phase are gait biomechanical parameters that differentiate fallers from non-fallers. Fallers also tended to exhibit higher variability in gait biomechanical parameters, namely the minimum foot/toe clearance variability. Although the studies were scarce, differences between fallers and non-fallers were found regarding lower limb muscular activity and joint biomechanics. Due to the scarce literature and contradictory results among studies, it is complex to draw clear conclusions for parameters related to postural stability. Minimum foot/toe clearance, step width, and knee kinematics did not differentiate fallers from non-fallers.
Two Waves of Specific B Cell Memory Immunoreconstruction Observed in Anti-HHV1–3 IgG Kinetics after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Zdziarski Przemyslaw , Gamian Andrzej
Published: March 2024

Background: Humoral memory and specific antibody levels depend on the kind of antigen and individual immunofactors. The presence of IgM antibodies or a fourfold rise in specific IgG levels are generally accepted as diagnostic factors in the serology of acute viral infections. This basic model is not adequate for the herpes virome, especially after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), due to continuous, usually multifocal antigenic stimulation, various donor serostatuses, immunosuppression, and individual immunoreconstitution. Methods: A case–control study was conducted to identify active infection cases of human herpesvirus (HHV) (from 300 diagnosed immunocompromised patients) and to evaluate historically associated humoral factors to look at outcomes. We considered only the data of patients with meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other causes, and thereby to observe pathways and temporal relationships, not the statistical ones usually collected in cohorts. Despite the small number, such data collection and analysis methods avoid a number of biases and indicate cause and effect. Results: In this observational study, a retrospective analysis of data from 300 patients with clinical diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation showed a number of biases. Two well-differentiated cases (confirmed by a Tzanck test) with various diseases and conditioning evolutions of immune parameters showed an interesting pathway. Exponential decreases in specific IgGs after HSCT preceded virus replication were observed, with a cytopathic effect (shingles, VZV encephalitis and HSV-induced mucositis). The minima (lowest IgG levels) before herpesvirus reactivation were 234.23 mIU/mL and 94 RU/mL for VZV and HSV, respectively. This coincided with a low CD4 titer, but without other infectious processes. Other immune response parameters such as Treg, cytotoxic T cells, and complement and total IgG level were the same as they were before the transplant procedure. Interestingly, a second wave of immunoreconstitution with an anamnestic antibody response was not always observed. It coincided with prolonged herpes viral infection. A patient with lymphocyte depletion in conditioning showed an earlier second wave of immunoreconstitution (6th vs. 14th month). Conclusions: As is typical for infancy, the kinetics of the IgG level is unique after HSCT (the decline phase is first). Host microbiome factors (e.g., HHV1–3-serostatus) should be taken into account to predict risk of non-relapse mortality and survival after HSCT. The levels of specific antibodies help in predicting prognoses and improve disease management. A lack of differentiation and the confusing bias of the assessor (i.e., observer selection bias) are the main obstacles in statistical HHV1–3 research. Such time-lapse case studies may be the first to build evidence of a pathway and an association between immune parameters and HHV disease.
Thyroid Dysfunction in Advanced Heart Failure Patients and Its Correlation with Amiodarone Therapy: A Two-Year Study
Authors: Kuczaj Agnieszka , Warwas Szymon , Danel Anna , Przybyłowski Piotr , Hrapkowicz Tomasz
Published: March 2024

(1) Background: Advanced heart failure often accompanies ventricular arrhythmias, necessitating antiarrhythmic therapies. Amiodarone, commonly used for this purpose, may induce thyroid dysfunction due to its high iodine content. However, the prevalence and correlation of thyroid dysfunction with amiodarone in end-stage heart failure patients remain unclear. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and types of thyroid dysfunction and their association with amiodarone among 200 patients diagnosed with advanced heart failure eligible for transplantation. (2) Methods: Consecutively enrolled patients received treatment following the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and were followed-up for two years. Ventricular arrhythmias affected 58.5% of the cohort, with 24.5% receiving amiodarone therapy. (3) Results: Thyroid metabolism dysfunction was evident in 61 patients, notably overrepresented in women (p = 0.0028). Hyperthyroidism (34 patients) and hypothyroidism (27 patients) were observed, with a significant amiodarone-related correlation. Despite this, thyroid dysfunction was not associated with increased mortality among the studied group. (4) Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in advanced heart failure patients, with a notable proportion linked to amiodarone. However, its presence does not correspond to higher mortality rates. Understanding these associations is crucial for effective management in this patient population. Further exploration is warranted to refine approaches to thyroid dysfunction in refractory heart failure.
Machine Learning Models and Technologies for Evidence-Based Telehealth and Smart Care: A Review
Authors: Christopoulou Stella C.
Published: March 2024

Background: Over the past few years, clinical studies have utilized machine learning in telehealth and smart care for disease management, self-management, and managing health issues like pulmonary diseases, heart failure, diabetes screening, and intraoperative risks. However, a systematic review of machine learning’s use in evidence-based telehealth and smart care is lacking, as evidence-based practice aims to eliminate biases and subjective opinions. Methods: The author conducted a mixed methods review to explore machine learning applications in evidence-based telehealth and smart care. A systematic search of the literature was performed during 16 June 2023–27 June 2023 in Google Scholar, PubMed, and the clinical registry platform ClinicalTrials.gov. The author included articles in the review if they were implemented by evidence-based health informatics and concerned with telehealth and smart care technologies. Results: The author identifies 18 key studies (17 clinical trials) from 175 citations found in internet databases and categorizes them using problem-specific groupings, medical/health domains, machine learning models, algorithms, and techniques. Conclusions: Machine learning combined with the application of evidence-based practices in healthcare can enhance telehealth and smart care strategies by improving quality of personalized care, early detection of health-related problems, patient quality of life, patient-physician communication, resource efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, this requires interdisciplinary expertise and collaboration among stakeholders, including clinicians, informaticians, and policymakers. Therefore, further research using clinicall studies, systematic reviews, analyses, and meta-analyses is required to fully exploit the potential of machine learning in this area.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Synaptic Transistors: Methyl-Silsesquioxanes-Based Electric Double Layer for Enhanced Synaptic Functionality and CMOS Compatibility
Authors: Hwang Tae-Gyu , Park Hamin , Cho Won-Ju
Published: March 2024

Electrical double-layer (EDL) synaptic transistors based on organic materials exhibit low thermal and chemical stability and are thus incompatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes involving high-temperature operations. This paper proposes organic–inorganic hybrid synaptic transistors using methyl silsesquioxane (MSQ) as the electrolyte. MSQ, derived from the combination of inorganic silsesquioxanes and the organic methyl (−CH3) group, exhibits exceptional thermal and chemical stability, thus ensuring compatibility with CMOS processes. We fabricated Al/MSQ electrolyte/Pt capacitors, exhibiting a substantial capacitance of 1.89 µF/cm2 at 10 Hz. MSQ-based EDL synaptic transistors demonstrated various synaptic behaviors, such as excitatory post-synaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, signal pass filtering, and spike-number-dependent plasticity. Additionally, we validated synaptic functions such as information storage and synapse weight adjustment, simulating brain synaptic operations through potentiation and depression. Notably, these synaptic operations demonstrated stability over five continuous operation cycles. Lastly, we trained a multi-layer artificial deep neural network (DNN) using a handwritten Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology image dataset. The DNN achieved an impressive recognition rate of 92.28%. The prepared MSQ-based EDL synaptic transistors, with excellent thermal/chemical stability, synaptic functionality, and compatibility with CMOS processes, harbor tremendous potential as materials for next-generation artificial synapse components.
Holistic Characterization of MgO-Al2O3, MgO-CaZrO3, and Y2O3-ZrO2 Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Propulsion Systems
Authors: Shvydyuk Kateryna O. , Nunes-Pereira João , Rodrigues Frederico F. , Páscoa José C. , Lanceros-Mendez Senentxu , Silva Abílio P.
Published: March 2024

Aerospace propulsion systems are among the driving forces for the development of advanced ceramics with increased performance efficiency in severe operation conditions. The conducted research focused on the mechanical (Young’s and shear moduli, flexural strength, hardness, and fracture toughness), thermal (thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion), and electric (dielectric properties) characterization of MgO-Al2O3, MgO-CaZrO3, and stable YSZ ceramic composites. The experimental results, considering structural and functional traits, underscore the importance of a holistic understanding of the multifunctionality of advanced ceramics to fulfill propulsion system requirements, the limits of which have not yet been fully explored.
Influence of Raw Materials and Technological Factors on the Sorption Properties of Blast-Fuel Coke
Authors: Miroshnichenko Denis , Shmeltser Kateryna , Kormer Maryna , Sahalai Daryna , Pyshyev Serhiy , Kukhar Oleg , Korchak Bohdan , Chervinskyy Taras
Published: March 2024

The influence of raw material factors (component composition of batches, petrographic characteristics, indicators of proximate and plastometric analyses, granulometric composition) and technological factors (coking period, process temperature) on the sorption properties of the carbonized product (coke) was studied. Based on the research results, it is shown that such characteristics of coke as low humidity and ash, minimal yield of volatile matters, developed pore system and low cost make its use as a sorbent promising and economically justified. The obtained equations for predicting the sorption capacity by alkali and acid and adsorption activity by iodine, taking into account the content of vitrinite and the yield of volatile matters coal batch. They are characterized by high approximation coefficients r (0.912 and 0.927 and 0.937, respectively), so they can be recommended for predicting the indicated indicators.
ChokeSafe: Empowering Children with Life-Saving Choking-Management Skills
Authors: Tse Eleana , Plakitsi Katerina , Voulgaris Spyridon , Alexiou George A.
Published: March 2024

Choking stands as the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury deaths. This research aimed to evaluate the ability of young schoolchildren to grasp and remember choking-management techniques, as well as to compare the effectiveness of instructors. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of choking training on young children. We randomly selected 180 children aged 4–8 years and divided them into a training group (120 children) and a control group (60 children). We evaluated the students’ response to a choking incident with a specific scenario one day before, one day after, and two and seven months after the training, as well as once to the control group. Before the training, there was no significant difference between the groups. However, after the training, the training group’s scores showed a significant increase compared to their pre-training scores and those of the control group. Even at two- and seven-month post-training, the training group’s scores had decreased but remained higher than their pre-training scores and those of the control group. Choking training can benefit young children. Our research highlights the equal importance of both regular classroom teachers and specialized personnel in imparting these essential skills. However, further research is necessary to confirm these observations and explore methods for sustaining the acquired knowledge from the training.
Evolving Dimensions of Bullying in Children
Authors: Waseem Muhammad
Published: March 2024

Bullying remains a pervasive issue that affects many children worldwide, with devastating consequences that ripple through their lives and communities [...]
Morphometric Comparison and Prognostic Analysis of Permanent Maxillary Central Incisors with Eruption Disturbances—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jeong Yuri , Shin Jonghyun , Park Soyoung , Jeong Taesung , Lee Eungyung
Published: March 2024

Aims: The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the morphometrics of permanent maxillary central incisors with and without eruption disturbances, while simultaneously evaluating prognosis based on different factors. Materials and Methods: Seventy patients with unilateral permanent maxillary central incisor eruption disturbances were included. Within a group of 70 subjects, measurements were taken for both normally erupted central incisors and central incisors with eruption disturbances to determine the length of the roots and the volume of the teeth. Various factors, such as angulation of impaction, and vertical height of impaction, were assessed to investigate their correlation with surgical intervention. Results: Both the root length and tooth volume were significantly smaller in the eruption disturbance incisors than in the normally erupted incisors (p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in surgical intervention among cases with no clear physical barrier (primary retention) (p < 0.05) or when adjacent normally erupted central incisors exhibited more than 2/3 of root development (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study numerically demonstrated the delayed tooth development of the permanent maxillary central incisors with unilateral eruption disturbances compared to appropriately erupted incisors by measuring root length and tooth volume. The absence of obstacles and the degree of root development in adjacent erupted incisors might serve as factors for clinicians to determine the necessity and timing of surgical intervention.
Subjective Cognitive Decline and Genetic Propensity for Dementia beyond Apolipoprotein ε4: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sampatakakis Stefanos N. , Roma Maria , Scarmeas Nikolaos
Published: March 2024

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been described as a probable early stage of dementia, as it has consistently appeared to precede the onset of objective cognitive impairment. SCD is related to many risk factors, including genetic predisposition for dementia. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, which has been thoroughly studied, seems to explain genetic risk for SCD only partially. Therefore, we aimed to summarize existing data regarding genetic factors related to SCD, beyond APOE ε4, in order to improve our current understanding of SCD. We conducted a PRISMA systematic search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases using the keywords “subjective cognitive decline” and “genetic predisposition” with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the 270 articles identified, 16 were finally included for the qualitative analysis. Family history of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in regard to SCD was explored in eight studies, with conflicting results. Other genes implicated in SCD, beyond APOE ε4, were investigated in six studies, which were not strong enough to provide clear conclusions. Very few data have been published regarding the association of polygenic risk for AD and SCD. Thus, many more genes related to AD must be studied, with polygenic risk scores appearing to be really promising for future investigation.
Influence of Surface Roughness on Interfacial Properties of Particle Networks
Authors: Correia Elton L. , Brown Nick , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V. , Razavi Sepideh
Published: March 2024

The behavior of colloidal particles near fluid interfaces has attracted significant scientific interest, as particles minimize the contact area between the two fluid phases, stabilizing interfacial systems. This study explores the influence of surface roughness on the properties of particle monolayers at the air–water interface, focusing on colloidal silica particles and fumed silica particles of similar hydrodynamic diameter. This research involves comparing low-surface-area (LSA) and medium-surface-area (MSA) fumed silica particles with spherical colloidal silica particles (250 nm in diameter). Utilizing a Langmuir trough, the interfacial particle networks are compressed and expanded. Analysis of surface pressure isotherms reveals that fumed silica particle monolayers form networks at a lower particle surface coverage compared to spherical particles. The spherical particle monolayer exhibits a higher apparent surface elasticity, indicating greater resistance to the applied compression compared to fumed silica networks. Additionally, monolayers formed by fumed silica particles display hysteresis even after successive compressions and expansions due to irreversible particle interlocking and the formation of multilayered aggregates. These findings provide insights into the impact of surface roughness on the behavior of particle monolayers at fluid interfaces, offering valuable information for designing and optimizing mechanisms involved in emulsion and foam stabilization.
Systematic Investigation of the Explicit, Dynamically Consistent Methods for Fisher’s Equation
Authors: Khayrullaev Husniddin , Omle Issa , Kovács Endre
Published: March 2024

We systematically investigate the performance of numerical methods to solve Fisher’s equation, which contains a linear diffusion term and a nonlinear logistic term. The usual explicit finite difference algorithms are only conditionally stable for this equation, and they can yield concentrations below zero or above one, even if they are stable. Here, we collect the stable and explicit algorithms, most of which we invented recently. All of them are unconditionally dynamically consistent for Fisher’s equation; thus, the concentration remains in the unit interval for arbitrary parameters. We perform tests in the cases of 1D and 2D systems to explore how the errors depend on the coefficient of the nonlinear term, the stiffness ratio, and the anisotropy of the system. We also measure running times and recommend which algorithms should be used in specific circumstances.
Carbon Footprint and Carbon Sink of a Local Italian Dairy Supply Chain
Authors: Rossi Chiara , Grossi Giampiero , Lacetera Nicola , Vitali Andrea
Published: March 2024

The dairy industry’s contribution to global warming has been thoroughly examined. However, it is important to raise public awareness of emission hotspots and the possibility of mitigation in dairy supply chains. This study assessed the Carbon Footprint (CF) of five dairy products through a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment approach and evaluated the carbon sink potential of some practices. The functional units were 1 kg of fresh raw milk, yogurt, fresh cheese, mozzarella cheese, and aged cheese. The data collected were related to an extensive dairy farm, a cheese-factory, two markets, a delivery service, and a court of consumers. The CFs were 4.39, 5.10, 9.82, 8.40, and 15.34 kg CO2 eq. for fresh raw milk, yogurt, mozzarella cheese, fresh cheese, and aged cheese, respectively. The hotspots of the dairy supply chain considered herein refer to farm activities and energy consumption, whereas conservative agriculture practices and rotational grazing sequestered 1.60 ± 0.80 kg CO2 eq. per kg of dairy product consumed. The CF was reduced by 0.14 kg CO2 eq. for 1 kg of dairy product delivered at home compared to direct purchasing at a market. The carbon sink capacity of dairy farms appeared as a primary mean for mitigating climate change in the dairy supply chain.
Pupil Data Upon Stimulation by Auditory Stimuli
Authors: La Rosa Davide , Bruschini Luca , Tramonti Fantozzi Maria Paola , Orsini Paolo , Milazzo Mario , Crivello Antonino
Published: March 2024

Evaluating hearing in newborns and uncooperative patients can pose a considerable challenge. One potential solution might be to employ the Pupil Dilation Response (PDR) as an objective physiological metric. In this dataset descriptor paper, we present a collection of data showing changes in pupil dimension and shape upon presentation of auditory stimuli. In particular, we collected pupil data from 16 subjects, with no known hearing loss, upon different lighting conditions, measured in response to a series of 60–100 audible tones, all of the same frequency and amplitude, which may serve to further investigate any relationship between hearing capabilities and PDRs.
Development of Paclitaxel Proliposomal Dry Powder Inhaler (PTX-PLM-DPI) by Freeze-Drying Method for Lung Cancer
Authors: Borah Chinmoyee , Saikia Trideep , Bharali Alakesh , Lahan Madhuchandra , Biswas Nikhil , Sahu Bhanu P
Published: March 2024

Despite various efforts, a successful selective delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer is still lacking. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) systems based on proliposomes (PLMs) could be a potential system for the efficient delivery of paclitaxel to lungs. PLM-based DPI prepared with a freeze-drying method can therefore be an alternative. Paclitaxel-loaded PLM-based DPI (PTX-PLM-DPI) powders were prepared using the method of thin film deposition on a carrier followed by freeze drying. These were prepared using soya phosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol as the lipids and mannitol as the carrier. The reconstituted liposomes were evaluated in terms of size, morphology, drug entrapment, release and cytotoxicity. The DPI powders were evaluated for their flow property, surface topography, dose uniformity and in vitro lung deposition. Stable and free-flowing PTX-PLM-DPI powder was obtained that could be reconstituted into homogenous liposomal vesicles < 200 nm as confirmed by TEM and SEM studies. The liposomes showed drug entrapment of 92.64 ± 1.4% and diffusion-controlled release of up to 28% in 24 h. These liposomes showed better dose-dependent cytotoxicity in A549 cells in comparison to paclitaxel suspension with IC50 values of 46 ± 0.87 ng/mL and 154.9 ± 3.64 ng/mL, respectively. In vitro lung deposition studies of the PTX-PLM-DPI showed sufficient deposition with the fine particle fraction (FPF) of 50.86 ± 2.8% of particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 5 µ. Hence, it canbe concluded that PLM-based DPI prepared by freeze drying can be a promising, stable, safe and free-flowing system for the enhanced lung delivery of paclitaxel.
Wild-Type AmpC Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales Are a Risk Factor for Empirical Treatment Failure in Patients with Bloodstream Infection
Authors: Vassallo Matteo , Fabre Roxane , Lotte Laurene , Manni Sabrina , Pradier Christian
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Beta-lactamases are frequently prescribed for Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs). However, chromosomally encoded AmpC-producing Enterobacterales (AE) could overproduce beta-lactamases when exposed to third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs), with a risk of clinical failure. There are few available in vivo data on the subject. Our goal was to assess the potential role of AE as a predictive factor for clinical failure in patients with BSIs. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients admitted to Cannes hospital between 2021 and 2022 for BSIs due to Enterobacterales. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and main clinical and laboratory parameters during hospitalization were collected. The risk factors for clinical instability after 48 h or death, as well as for ineffective initial empirical therapy, were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: From January 2021 to December 2022, 101 subjects were included (mean age 79 years, 60% men, 97% with comorbidities, 17% with healthcare-associated infection, 13% with septic shock, 82% with qPitt severity score < 2, 58% with urinary tract infection, and 18% with AE). Septic shock [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) = 5.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47–22.19, p = 0.014] and ineffective initial empirical therapy [ORadj 5.54, 95% CI: 1.95–17.01, p = 0.002] were independent predictive factors for clinical instability or death. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases [ORadj 9.40, 95% CI: 1.70–62.14, p = 0.012], AE group [ORadj 5.89, 95% CI: 1.70–21.40, p = 0.006], and clinical instability or death [ORadj 4.71, 95% CI: 1.44–17.08, p = 0.012] were independently associated with ineffective empirical therapy. Conclusions: Infection with AE was associated with treatment failure. Empirical therapy may result in failure if restricted to 3GC.
Pre-Stroke Antihypertensive Therapy Affects Stroke Severity and 3-Month Outcome of Ischemic MCA-Territory Stroke
Authors: Lakatos Lehel-Barna , Bolognese Manuel , Österreich Mareike , Weichsel Laura , Müller Martin
Published: March 2024

Objectives: Whether different antihypertensive drug classes in high blood pressure (HBP) pre-stroke treatment affect dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), stroke severity, and outcome. Methods: Among 337 consecutive ischemic stroke patients (female 102; median age 71 years [interquartile range, [IQR 60; 78]; NIHSS median 3 [IQR 1; 6]) with assessment of dCA, 183 exhibited the diagnosis of HBP. dCA parameters’ gain and phase were determined by transfer function analysis of spontaneous oscillations of blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity. Results: Patients used beta-blockers (n = 76), calcium channel blockers (60), diuretics (77), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (59), or angiotensin-1 receptor blockers (79), mostly in various combinations of two or three drug classes. dCA parameters did not differ between the non-HBP and the different HBP medication groups. Multinomial ordinal logistic regression models revealed that the use of diuretics decreased the likelihood of a less severe stroke (odds ratio 0.691, 95% CI 0.493; 0.972; p = 0.01) and that beta-blockers decreased the likelihood of a better modified Rankin score at 3 months (odds ratio 0.981, 95% CI 0.970; 0.992; p = 0.009). Other independent factors associated with stroke outcome were penumbra and infarct volume, treatment with mechanical thrombectomy, and the initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score. Interpretation: In this cohort of ischemic minor to moderate stroke patients, pre-stroke antihypertensive treatment with diuretics was associated with a more severe neurological deficit on admission and pre-stroke treatment with beta-blockers with a poorer 3-month outcome. The antihypertensive drug class used pre-stroke did not impact dCA.
Cultural Divergence in Psychedelic Use among Medical Students: An ESPAD-Adapted Survey among Poles and Iraqis
Authors: Al-Imam Ahmed , Motyka Marek A. , Michalak Michal
Published: March 2024

Psychedelics can profoundly alter cognition and consciousness. Their use in Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq, is ambiguous. We aim to investigate psychedelic awareness and use among Iraqi and Polish medical students. We surveyed 739 university students from Poland (315) and Iraq (424) using 31 adapted questions from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). We conducted multivariable analyses based on binary logistic regression to identify the factors associated with psychedelic awareness and use. Most of the respondents were females (65.6%) and senior medical students (69.6%). Notably, the Polish students displayed a higher prevalence of psychedelic use (21.6% compared to 1.2%, p < 0.001), while the Iraqi participants exhibited a lower familiarity with psychedelics (p < 0.001). The multivariable model demonstrated a commendable level of statistical accuracy and satisfactorily conformed to the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (statistical accuracy = 91.61%, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.488, p-value = 0.848). Several factors emerged as correlates of increased psychedelic use, including lacking an intact religious belief system or commitment to its practice (OR = 7.26, 95% CI [2.33, 22.60]). Additionally, those who perceived a low risk associated with sporadic psychedelic use (3.03, [1.44, 6.36]) were likelier to engage in such behavior. Other factors included residing in Poland (2.82, [0.83, 9.55]), maintaining positive attitudes toward psychedelics (2.49, [1.20, 5.14]), frequent social nightlife activities (2.41, [1.26, 4.61]), male gender (2.05, [1.10, 3.85]), and cigarette or tobacco smoking (2.03, [1.06, 3.86]). Significant disparities exist between Poles and Iraqis, influenced by religiosity, perceptions of the usage risks, geographical location, gender, attitudes toward psychedelics, parental leniency, and social freedom, especially concerning nightlife activities. Addressing the factors influencing psychedelic usage is paramount to responsible psychedelic engagement and culturally sensitive interventions to prevent misuse.
Fast Power Coefficient vs. Tip–Speed Ratio Curves for Small Wind Turbines with Single-Variable Measurements following a Single Test Run
Authors: Corbalán Patricio A. , Chiang Luciano E.
Published: March 2024

Small wind turbines (SWTs) face tremendous challenges in being developed into a more reliable and widespread energy solution, with a number of efficiency, reliability, and cost issues that are yet to be resolved. As part of the development stages of an SWT, testing the resulting efficiency and determining appropriate working ranges are of high importance. In this paper, a methodology is presented for testing SWTs to obtain characteristic performance curves such as Cp (power coefficient) vs. TSR (tip–speed ratio), and torque vs. ω, in a simpler and faster yet accurate manner as an alternative energy solution when a wind tunnel is not available. The performance curves are obtained with the SWT mounted on a platform moving along a runway, requiring only a few minutes of data acquisition. Furthermore, it is only required to measure a single variable, i.e., the generator output voltage. A suitable physics-based mathematical model for the system allows for deriving the desired performance curves from this set of minimal data. The methodology was demonstrated by testing a prototype SWT developed by the authors. The tested prototype had a permanent magnet synchronous generator, but the methodology can be applied to any type of generator with a suitable mathematical model. Given its level of simplicity, accuracy, low cost, and ease of implementation, the proposed testing method has advantages that are helpful in the development process of SWTs, especially if access to a proper wind tunnel is prevented for any reason. To validate the methodology, Cp vs. TSR curves were obtained for an SWT prototype tested under different test conditions, arriving always at the same curve as would be expected. In this case, the test prototype reached a maximum power coefficient (Cp) of 0.35 for wind velocities from 20 to 50 km/h for a TSR of 5.5.