bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platform‐switched implants vs platform‐matched implants placed in different implant‐abutment interface positions: A prospective randomized clinical and microbiological study
Authors: Uraz Ahu , Isler Sila C. , Cula Serpil , Tunc Samet , Yalim Mehmet , Cetiner Deniz
Published: December 2019

Background

Placement of the implant‐abutment interface (IAI) away from the bone crest has been suggested to have positive impacts on maintenance of peri‐implant tissues.

Purpose

To assess the effects of platform‐switched and platform‐matched implants, taking into consideration the IAI at different positions relative to the bone crest, on clinical, radiographic, and microbiological outcomes during 12 months following functional loading.

Materials and Methods

The present prospective randomized study was performed upon 70 patients. Group I (n = 23) implants presenting a platform‐switched implant‐abutment connection design was inserted 1 mm subcrestally. Group II (n = 22) implants with similar properties were inserted crestally. Group III (n = 25) implants presenting a platform‐matched approach with an internal hexagon connection design was inserted crestally. The periodontal parameters were assessed at baseline, and 3, 6, and 12 months postloading. Radiographic marginal bone level (MBL) changes were analyzed at the 12‐month follow‐up. The amount of DNA copies of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Provetalla intermedia and total bacterial mean load in peri‐implant sulcus fluid (PISF) were assessed at the same periods.

Results

There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to the periodontal parameters for all time periods. At 12‐month follow‐up, the MBL changes were 0.16 ± 0.29 mm and 0.17 ± 0.23 mm for group I, 0.15 ± 0.25 mm and 0.17 ± 0.26 mm for group II, 0.17 ± 0.26 mm and for group III in mesial and distal sites, respectively. The mean total bacterial load was found significantly higher for group III compared to the other groups in the three interval times (P < .05).

Conclusion

Implants restored with platform‐switching and platform‐matching performed equally regarding clinical and radiographic outcomes. Platform‐matched implants inserted at the crestal level presented higher the mean bacterial total load in PISF.
Response to bronchodilator and clinical, pathophysiological features in patients with nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis
Authors: Lai Kefang , Yi Fang , Han Lina , Liu Baojuan , Zhang Xu , Xue Yongxin , Luo Wei , Chen Qiaoli
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Whether nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) shows response to bronchodilator (RB) remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the RB and its relationship with clinical and pathophysiological features in NAEB.

Methods

Fifty‐one patients with NAEB were assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive oral bambuterol hydrochloride (n = 34, 10 mg, once daily, for 3 days) or matched placebo (n = 17) randomly, of whom 48 patients (32 with bronchodilator and 16 with placebo) completed the study. Sputum induction, spirometry and cough reflex sensitivity were measured. RB was considered when cough Visual analogue scale (VAS) score decreased 30% or more after treatment. Cough reflex sensitivity was defined as the lowest concentration of capsaicin inducing five coughings or more (C5), and presented as Log C5.

Results

The responsive rate of patients with bronchodilator was significantly higher than that with placebo (34.4% vs 6.3%, P < 0.05). The VAS score decreased significantly in patients with bronchodilator (median: 6.0‐3.0, P < 0.01). There was a significantly higher median Log C5 (2.7 vs 1.3, P < 0.05), and a higher trend of decline in FEV1% predicted and MMEF% predicted after bronchial provocation in patients with RB as compared with patients without RB. No significant differences in baseline percentages of sputum eosinophil were found between patients with RB and that without RB.

Conclusions

One third of patients with NAEB respond well to bronchodilator treatment, which are related with lower cough reflex sensitivity and increased airway responsiveness. The relationship between NAEB and asthma needs to be investigated further.
Liver, simultaneous liver‐kidney, and kidney transplantation from hepatitis C‐positive donors in hepatitis C‐negative recipients: A single‐center study
Authors: Crismale James F. , Khalid Mian , Bhansali Arjun , De Boccardo Graciela , Khaim Rafael , Florman Sander S. , Shapiro Ron , Schiano Thomas D.
Published: December 2019

Transplantation of organs from hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐antibody (Ab) and ‐nucleic acid test (NAT) positive donors into HCV‐negative recipients has been proposed to expand the donor pool and shorten waiting times. Data on early single‐center outcomes are lacking. Nineteen liver (LT, including seven simultaneous liver‐kidney [SLKT]) and 17 kidney transplant (KT) recipients received organs from HCV (+) donors; of these, 13 were HCV NAT (+) in each group. All patients who received organs from HCV NAT (+) donors developed HCV viremia post‐transplant except for 2 KT recipients. Patients were treated with a variety of direct‐acting antiviral regimens, with high rates of sustained virologic response among those with at least 12 weeks of follow‐up past the end of treatment: 12/13 (92%) and 8/8 (100%) among LT/SLKT, and KT recipients. Median time to treatment start was 42 days (interquartile range [IQR] 35‐118 days) and 40 days (IQR 26‐73) post‐LT/SLKT and KT, respectively. One death occurred in a SLKT recipient unrelated to HCV or its treatment. There was no significant increase in rejection, proteinuria, or changes in immunosuppression in any group. Organs from HCV‐viremic donors can be utilized for HCV‐uninfected recipients with good short‐term outcomes.
MGMT promoter methylation is a rare epigenetic change in malignant effusions
Authors: Brunetti Marta , Panagopoulos Ioannis , Micci Francesca , Davidson Ben
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyse the promoter methylation status of the gene O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in malignant effusions, with focus on serous carcinoma.

Methods

Fresh‐frozen cell pellets from 81 effusions (42 peritoneal, 38 pleural, one pericardial), consisting of 71 carcinomas of different origin (33 ovarian, 23 breast, six lung, five uterine corpus and four cervical carcinomas) and 10 malignant mesotheliomas, were analysed for MGMT methylation using pyrosequencing analysis.

Results

MGMT methylation at all four cytosine‐guanine dinucleotide sites examined was detected in only 2/81 (2%) specimens, consisting of a high‐grade serous carcinoma with high frequency of methylation, and a breast carcinoma with low methylation frequency.

Conclusion

The findings in the present study suggest that MGMT methylation is a rare epigenetic change in malignant effusions of different origin.
Assessing competency for remote telecytology rapid on‐site evaluation using pre‐recorded dynamic video streaming
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Han Min , Dietz Robin , Xing Juan , Cuda Jacqueline , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Telecytology using real‐time microscopy has gained popularity for rapid on‐site evaluations (ROSE). Although proficiency testing is routinely used in cytopathology, no established means of competency assessment is currently available for telecytology. Our aim was to determine the feasibility of a dynamic (real‐time) platform to assess telecytology competency.

Methods

Remote Medical Technology dynamic (real‐time) video streaming platform for ROSE is used at our institution, and short video clips of telecytology cases were recorded using Camtasia Studio 8 software during different ROSE sessions. Selected MP4 videos (range 13‐88 seconds, mean 33 seconds), along with clinical histories, were used to build a multiple‐choice question test with one training case and 20 test cases, utilising Tutor (Philips) software to host the web‐based test. The test was voluntary for cytopathologists and cytotechnologists. Answers and feedback from test takers were analysed.

Results

Thirteen participants—four cytopathologists and nine cytotechnologists—previously trained to use telecytology, volunteered to take the test. Individual scores ranged from 10 (50%) to 19 (95%) with a median of 16 (80%). Most feedback received involved technical difficulties.

Conclusions

We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first tool to assess telecytology competency for ROSE using pre‐recorded dynamic streaming videos. Despite technical challenges related to incorporating videos into a web‐based test, the test was feasible and provided users with valuable feedback about their ROSE performance. Future effort will be devoted to establishing a more user‐friendly test platform and establishing a benchmark for passing scores.
Does the design of the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme intervention have fidelity to the programme specification? A document analysis
Authors: Hawkes R. E. , Cameron E. , Bower P. , French D. P.
Published: December 2019

Aims

To assess fidelity of the Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NHS‐DPP), a behavioural intervention for people in England at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, to the specified programme features.

Methods

Document analysis of the NHS‐DPP programme specification, including National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) PH38 diabetes prevention guidance. This was compared with the intervention design (framework response documents and programme manuals) from all four independent providers delivering the NHS‐DPP. Documents were coded using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication framework (describing service parameters) and the Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1.

Results

Providers demonstrated good fidelity to service parameters of the NHS‐DPP. The NHS‐DPP specification indicated 19 unique behaviour change techniques. Framework responses for the four providers contained between 24 and 32 distinct behaviour change techniques, and programme manuals contained between 23 and 45 distinct behaviour change techniques, indicating variation in behaviour change content between providers’ intervention documents. Thus, each provider planned to deliver 74% of the unique behaviour change techniques specified, and a large amount of behaviour change content not mandated.

Conclusions

There is good fidelity to the specified service parameters of the NHS‐DPP; however, the four providers planned to deliver approximately three‐quarters of behaviour change techniques specified by the NHS‐DPP. Given that behaviour change techniques are the ‘active ingredients’ of interventions, and some of these techniques in the programme manuals may be missed in practice, this highlights possible limitations with fidelity to the NHS‐DPP programme specification at the intervention design stage.
Modelling effects of climate change on Michigan brown trout and rainbow trout: Precipitation and groundwater as key predictors
Authors: Carlson Andrew K. , Taylor William W. , Infante Dana M.
Published: December 2019

Understanding how changes in stream temperature affect survival and growth of coldwater fishes, including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), is important for conserving coldwater stream fisheries in a changing climate. However, some contemporary stream temperature models assume spatially uniform (i.e. unrealistic) air–stream temperature relationships or demand hydrometeorological predictors (e.g. solar radiation and convection) that are expensive and often impractical for fisheries managers to measure. As such, we produced a relatively cost‐effective, management‐relevant modelling approach for predicting effects of changes in air temperature, precipitation and groundwater inputs on stream temperature and, consequently, the survival and growth of brown trout and rainbow trout in Michigan, USA. We found that precipitation‐ and groundwater‐corrected stream temperature models (mean adjusted R2 = .77, range = 0.65–0.88) performed better than linear air–stream temperature models (mean adjusted R2 = .59, range = 0.21–0.80). Stream temperature was projected to increase by 0.07–3.88°C (1%–22%) with simulated changes in air temperature, precipitation and groundwater inputs. The greatest warming was predicted for surface runoff‐dominated sites with limited groundwater‐driven thermal buffering, where thermal habitat suitability for salmonid survival and growth declined 20%–40%. However, groundwater‐dominated sites may not be immune to temperature warming, especially if groundwater temperature increases or groundwater inputs decline in a changing climate. Our modelling approach provides a reliable, cost‐effective method for predicting effects of climate change on brown trout and rainbow trout survival and growth, allowing for strategic management actions to increase the thermal resilience and sustainability of salmonid populations (e.g. groundwater conservation and riparian/watershed rehabilitation).
The effects of melatonin on signaling pathways and molecules involved in glioma
Authors: Neamati Foroogh , Asemi Zatollah
Published: December 2019

Glioblastoma is one of the most common brain tumors with high invasion and malignancy. Despite extensive research in this area and the use of new and advanced therapies, the survival rate in this disease is very low. In addition, resistance to treatment has also been observed in this disease. One of the reasons for rapid progression and failure in treatment for this disease is the presence of a class of cells with high proliferation and high differentiation, a class called glioblastoma stem‐like cells shown as being the source of glioblastoma tumors. It has been reported that several oncogenes are expressed in this disease. One important issue in recognizing the pathogenesis of this disease, and which could improve the treatment process, is the identification of involved oncogenes as well as molecules that affect the reduction of the expression of these oncogenes. Melatonin regulates the biological rhythm and inhibits the proliferation of malignant glioma cells due to antioxidant and anti‐apoptotic effects. Melatonin has been considered in biological processes and in signaling pathways involved in the development of glioma. The aim of this review is to investigate the effects of melatonin on signaling pathways and molecules involved in the progression of glioma.
Molecular basis for GTP recognition by light‐activated guanylate cyclase RhGC
Authors: Butryn Agata , Raza Hadeeqa , Rada Heather , Moraes Isabel , Owens Raymond J. , Orville Allen M.
Published: December 2019

Cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) is an intracellular signalling molecule involved in many sensory and developmental processes. Synthesis of cGMP from GTP is catalysed by guanylate cyclase (GC) in a reaction analogous to cAMP formation by adenylate cyclase (AC). Although detailed structural information is available on the catalytic region of nucleotidyl cyclases (NCs) in various states, these atomic models do not provide a sufficient explanation for the substrate selectivity between GC and AC family members. Detailed structural information on the GC domain in its active conformation is largely missing, and no crystal structure of a GTP‐bound wild‐type GC domain has been published to date. Here, we describe the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of rhodopsin–GC (RhGC) from Catenaria anguillulae in complex with GTP at 1.7 Å resolution. Our study reveals the organization of a eukaryotic GC domain in its active conformation. We observe that the binding mode of the substrate GTP is similar to that of AC–ATP interaction, although surprisingly not all of the interactions predicted to be responsible for base recognition are present. The structure provides insights into potential mechanisms of substrate discrimination and activity regulation that may be common to all class III purine NCs.

Database

Structural data are available in Protein Data Bank database under the accession number 6SIR.

Enzymes

EC4.6.1.2.
Impact of delirium on short‐term outcomes in hip fracture patients under a program of approach to delirium
Authors: Bielza Rafael , Zambrana Francisco , Fernández de la Puente Eva , Sanjurjo Jorge , Andreu Cristina , Thuissard Israel J. , Gómez Cerezo Jorge
Published: December 2019

Aim

We aimed to investigate the impact of delirium on short‐term outcomes in hip fracture patients. Special attention was given to patients with delirium and dementia.

Methods

A prospective observational cohort study was carried out in hip fracture patients aged ≥70 years who were admitted to a hospital unit where a multicomponents approach to delirium is established for all patients. Our population was split into delirium (n = 212) and non‐delirium cohort (n = 171) according to the Confusion Assessment Method. Patients with a previous diagnosis of dementia in an outpatient appointment were also assessed within the delirium cohort. The utility of the rehabilitation was measured with the Absolute Functional Gain index.

Results

A total of 383 patients were entered into the study. The median age was 86 years, and most patients were women (78.8%). Delirium patients were older, presented a lower previous Barthel Index (BI), had higher rates of dementia and came more frequently from nursing homes. Comparative analysis did not show differences in mortality, complications, length of stay or walking ability between the cohorts. However, lower BI on discharge, lower Absolute Functional Gain and the presence of nosocomial infections were found more frequently in the delirium cohort. In multivariate analysis, only the BI on discharge (P = 0.010) was lower in delirium patients. Within the delirium cohort, those suffering from dementia had worse BI on discharge (P = 0.017) and lower Absolute Functional Gain (P = 0.019).

Conclusions

Delirium was not associated with mortality, walking ability, length of stay and clinical complications in hip fracture patients. BI on discharge was the only short‐term outcome affected. In the delirium cohort, those suffering from dementia showed worse rehabilitation results. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 130–137.
Serum soluble sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin‐7 concentration as an indicator of liver macrophage activation and advanced fibrosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sakamoto Yuzuru , Yoshio Sachiyo , Doi Hiroyoshi , Kawai Hironari , Shimagaki Tomonari , Mori Taizo , Matsuda Michitaka , Aoki Yoshihiko , Osawa Yosuke , Yoshida Yuji , Arai Taeang , Itokawa Norio , Ito Takanori , Seko Yuya , Yamaguchi Kanji , Itoh Yoshihito , Mise Yoshihiro , Saiura Akio , Taketomi Akinobu , Kanto Tatsuya
Published: December 2019

Aim

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. Because liver fibrosis is associated with the long‐term prognosis of patients with NAFLD, there is an urgent need for non‐invasive markers of liver fibrosis. Sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin‐7 (Siglec‐7) is an immunomodulatory molecule expressed on various immune cells, including macrophages, which plays a key role in liver inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD. We aimed to determine whether serum levels of soluble Siglec‐7 (sSiglec‐7) could have utility at a marker of fibrosis in this patient population.

Methods

We examined serum samples from 93 NAFLD patients and 19 healthy donors for macrophage‐associated protein, including sSiglec‐7, soluble CD163, and YKL‐40, and examined their correlation with liver fibrosis scores, tissue elastography, and histological findings. Independent factors associated with advanced fibrosis were analyzed using a logistic regression model and a decision tree. To clarify the source of sSiglec‐7, we examined its expression in liver tissue‐derived macrophages and cultured monocyte‐derived macrophages.

Results

Serum sSiglec‐7 levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients compared with healthy donors, and correlated positively with sCD163 and YKL‐40 levels. Serum sSiglec‐7 was an independent diagnostic marker with high specificity (96.3%) for advanced fibrosis (F3 and F4) in NAFLD patients. Siglec‐7 was mainly expressed on CCR2+ macrophages in the liver, and sSiglec‐7 production by monocyte‐derived macrophages in vitro was increased after stimulation by pro‐inflammatory factors.

Conclusions

Elevated serum sSiglec‐7 could serve as an independent marker with high specificity for advanced liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
Evaluating the impact of patient and carer involvement in suicide and self‐harm research: A mixed‐methods, longitudinal study protocol
Authors: Littlewood Donna L. , Quinlivan Leah , Steeg Sarah , Bennett Carole , Bickley Harriet , Rodway Cathryn , Webb Roger T. , Kapur Navneet
Published: December 2019

Background

Patient and public involvement (PPI) is becoming more commonplace in mental health research. There are strong moral and ethical arguments for good quality PPI. Few studies have documented and evaluated PPI in self‐harm and suicide research. Inconsistent reporting of PPI makes it difficult to discern practices that deliver quality, effective and meaningful involvement. It is important to understand and address emotional support needs of PPI members contributing to sensitive topics such as suicide and self‐harm. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of PPI on self‐harm and suicide research and explore patients', carers' and researchers' experiences and views in relation to the quality of PPI practice and provision of appropriate support for PPI members.

Methods

This protocol outlines the longitudinal, mixed methodological approach that will be taken. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected via baseline and repeated questionnaires, document review and semi‐structured interviews. Both PPI members and researchers will be invited to participate in this study. The two‐year data collection period will enable evaluation of PPI throughout the entire research cycle. An integrated approach will be taken to data analysis, using inductive thematic analysis and descriptive and repeated measures analyses, to address specified study aims.

Dissemination

Findings from this study will inform practical guidance to support self‐harm and suicide researchers in effectively involving people with experiential knowledge in their research. Analyses will offer insight into the effect of PPI throughout the research process and assess changes in PPI members' and researchers' experiences of involvement across a two‐year period.
A cross‐sectional examination of factors associated with compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue across healthcare workers in an academic medical centre
Authors: Okoli Chizimuzo T. C. , Seng Sarret , Otachi Janet K. , Higgins Jacob T. , Lawrence Jessica , Lykins Amanda , Bryant Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Compassion satisfaction (CS) among healthcare professionals is a sense of gratification derived from caring for their suffering patients. In contrast, compassion fatigue, often a consequence of burnout (BO) and secondary traumatic stress (STS), is detrimental to healthcare professionals’ productivity and patient care. While several studies have examined CS, BO, and STS among healthcare professionals, the majority have assessed samples in specific disciplines. However, the comparative differences in these factors by discipline or work setting are not well known. The aims of this study were to examine the differences in CS, BO, and STS by discipline and work setting, and to assess demographic, work‐related, and behavioural factors associated with these outcomes. An electronic survey was administered (N = 764) at a large academic medical centre in the southeast United States. Questions elicited demographic variables, work‐related factors, behavioural/lifestyle factors, experience with workplace violence, and the Professional Quality of Life Scale. Findings of the study determined that the rates of CS, BO, and STS vary across healthcare disciplines and work settings. Demographic, work‐related, behavioural, and work setting (i.e., experience of workplace violence) factors were differentially associated with experiences of CS, BO, and STS. The results of the study suggest two potential areas for research, specifically workplace violence and sleep quality as a means of further understanding reduced CS and increased BO and STS among healthcare workers. These findings have important implications for future research and policy interventions to enhance healthcare workers’ health and safety.
Efficacy of low‐level laser therapy associated with fluoride therapy for the desensitisation of molar‐incisor hypomineralisation: Randomised clinical trial
Authors: Muniz Rosyara Silva Corrêa , Carvalho Ceci Nunes , Aranha Ana Cecília Correa , Dias Francilena Maria Campos Santos , Ferreira Meire Coelho
Published: December 2019

Background

Molar‐incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect.

Aim

To investigate the low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) associated with fluoride varnish for the desensitisation of teeth with MIH.

Design

A randomised clinical trial was conducted with 66 children, randomly allocated to the treatments: laser (L); fluoride varnish (FV); and laser + fluoride varnish (L + FV). The participants in the L group underwent two sessions of LLLT (48‐hour interval). The FV group received four applications of varnish at one‐week intervals. The L + FV underwent two sessions of LLLT and four applications of varnish. Prior to each session and one month after the onset of treatment, tooth sensitivity and its magnitude were evaluated. Intra‐ and inter‐group comparisons were performed (α = 5%).

Results

A significant reduction in the mean sensitivity score was found over time in all groups. After the final treatment, a significant difference was found between the L and L + FV groups (P = .011), with a lower score in the L + FV group (0.09), whereas no difference was found between the FV and L + FV groups (P = .095).

Conclusions

Fluoride varnish and the combination of treatments (L + FV) had greater desensitising action on teeth with MIH. Laser therapy demonstrated an immediate desensitising effect, whereas fluoride varnish had a late‐onset effect.
Currency hedging and quantitative easing: Evidence from global bond markets
Authors: Kryzanowski Lawrence , Zhang Jie , Zhong Rui
Published: December 2019

We examine the influence of quantitative easing (QE) in the United States on hedging effectiveness and performance (E&P) of international bond portfolios. During the QE period, the bond portfolios have significantly lower excess returns and variances, and their excess returns (variances) are positive (negative) with the U.S. Federal Reserve's (Fed's) mortgage‐backed securities holdings and are less positive (less negative) with the Fed's Treasury holdings. E&P is higher for optimal versus full hedging during the QE versus pre‐QE period and differs for portfolios from developed and emerging countries. Results are robust using other hedging E&P measures and excluding countries with their own QEs implementations.
Scientism recognizes evidence only of the quantitative/general variety
Authors: Kowalski Charles J. , Mrdjenovich Adam J. , Redman Richard W.
Published: December 2019

Rationale, aims and objectives

McHugh and Walker introduced a model of knowledge to demonstrate that EBM is a form of scientism that ignores important sources of knowledge thereby impairing the practice of medicine. We study the development of this model and explore additional applications.

Methods

Review of the relevant literature and identification of possible areas for fruitful application.

Results

We show that the McHugh and Walker model is closely related to the model of evidence considered earlier by Upshur et al. We also indicate that the utility of this model is not limited to showing scientism distorts clinical practice. Several representative applications are identified, including psychotherapy, the Salk polio vaccine trial, and the placebo effect.

Conclusions

Priority should be given to Upshur et al for the development of a model that has far‐reaching application to medical epistemology. It is shown that all four of the types of evidence considered—qualitative/personal, qualitative/general, quantitative/general, and quantitative/personal—are required to adequately characterize epistemology in medical research and practice.
GROWTH ACCOUNTING IN ECONOMIC HISTORY: FINDINGS, LESSONS AND NEW DIRECTIONS
Authors: Crafts Nicholas , Woltjer Pieter
Published: December 2019

There is now a large volume of growth accounting estimates covering the long run experience of advanced countries. However, most of the studies in economic history are not based on state‐of‐the‐art methods. There is a trade‐off between maintaining international comparability and achieving the best results for individual countries. A one‐size‐fits‐all approach will not always do justice to the variety of historical experiences since the conventional assumptions may sometimes be inappropriate. Nevertheless, growth‐accounting studies have produced some eye‐catching results which provide food for thought both for economic historians and for growth economists. These include (1) the finding that TFP growth was comparatively slow during the First Industrial Revolution, (2) Solow's famous conclusion that TFP growth accounted for 7/8ths of American labour‐productivity growth was atypical, (3) the impact of new general‐purpose technologies on growth typically takes a long time to materialize, ICT being the notable exception and (4) that capital‐deepening was much more important relative to TFP growth in east Asian than in western European catch‐up growth. Growth accounting is undoubtedly a valuable item in the cliometrician's toolkit. Nonetheless, we anticipate the introduction of more sophisticated methods and look forward to progress in understanding what explains marked differences in TFP performance.
You should know me better: Parents’ temperament‐insensitivity has negative motivational effects on Bedouin and Jewish adolescents
Authors: Assor Avi , Kanat‐Maymon Yaniv , Keren‐Pariente Shoshi , Katz Idit
Published: December 2019

Objective

We studied a recently conceptualized aspect of autonomy‐support and suppression, not examined so far: Sensitivity to temperament dispositions. Based on self‐determination theory, we hypothesized that, across cultures, disposition‐frustrating decisions would have similar negative effects on adolescents' intrinsic motivation to participate in decision‐related activities, and these negative effects would not be mitigated in collectivist‐hierarchical cultures, when parents make the decision.

Method

In Study 1 (n = 570, mean age = 15.2 years), Bedouin and Jewish adolescents were presented with work modes frustrating or supporting their shyness and sociability dispositions. For example, in one frustrating work mode condition, shy participants expected to work with strangers. Then, participants indicated their intrinsic motivation to participate in the activities. Study 2 (n = 278 Bedouins and Jews, mean age = 14.9 years) was an experiment using self‐report and projective measures, examining the effects of temperament‐supporting versus frustrating work modes, ostensibly chosen by parents, on adolescents' intrinsic motivation to participate in relevant activities.

Results

Both studies showed that, across cultures, frustrating work modes had negative effects on participants' intrinsic motivation. These effects were not moderated by cultural background.

Conclusions

Results suggest that belonging to a collectivist Bedouin culture endorsing deference and obedience to parental authority does not mitigate the negative motivational effect of parents' temperament‐insensitivity, and this type of autonomy‐support is important across cultures.
Bioecology of macrobenthic communities in the microtidal monsoonal Kodungallur–Azhikode Estuary, southwest coast of India
Authors: Jayachandran Paravanparambil Rajakumar , Bijoy Nandan Sivasankaran , Jima Mantodi , Sreedevi Odassery Krishnankutty , Philomina Joseph , Prabhakaran Meethal Parambath
Published: December 2019

A comprehensive study of the macrobenthic communities in the Kodungallur–Azhikode Estuary (KAE) was conducted during 2009–2011 period. A total of 18,846 organisms were collected, with 60% being malacostracans, followed by polychaetes (20%), molluscs (9%) and ‘others’ group (11%). A total of 79 species in 71 genera belonging to 49 families were identified, with 33 spp. being polychaetes, 26 spp. being malacostracans, 11 spp. being molluscs and 9 spp. being in the ‘others’ group. A single species of opportunistic amphipod (Americorophium triaeonyx) comprised more than 62.05% of the total numerical abundance of macrobenthos. The other dominant species were Obelia bidentata, Arcuatula senhousia, Cirolana fluviatilis, Prionospio cirrifera and Capitella sp. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results indicated environmental parameters such as water column salinity, turbidity, sediment Eh, substratum type, chlorophyll‐a concentration, depth and organic matter in sediment were the significant factors influencing the distribution of macrobenthic species in the KAE. The present study provides baseline information for future KAE benthic studies.
Patient awareness and quality of oral surgery referrals to specialist practice
Authors: Jadun S. , Syed N. , Drabu T. , Yates J.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Recent years have shown an increase in the number of patients referred from primary care to a secondary care setting for oral surgery treatment. Due to the high volume of referrals to specialist Oral Surgery services, it is paramount that the referrals from dentist to specialists be appropriate and of a high standard.

Materials and methods

The first part of this study assessed patients referred to two primary care settings for oral surgery procedures in Manchester, UK, and the second part examined the quality of the referrals undertaken.

Results

A total number of 500 referrals were evaluated from January 2016 to June 2016. The average waiting times for the patients was 3–4 weeks. The majority of patients understood why they had been referred and for what treatment. Less than half the patients were aware that they were to be treated under local anaesthetic. A significant number thought they would be treated either under IV sedation or GA. More than half the patients expected the treatment to be performed in a general dental practice although a number thought treatment would be undertaken in a hospital setting. The contact details were correct in 99%. The teeth to be treated were also largely correct for both practices (98%). Importantly, inappropriate radiographs were attached to more than half of the referrals.

Conclusion

A patient‐centred approach to specialist referrals would better equip patients to make informed decisions regarding the treatment to be provided. Furthermore, clarification of referrals to Oral Surgery services is required in some cases.
Transnational legal processes, the EU and RED II: Strengthening the global governance of bioenergy
Authors: Webster Emily
Published: December 2019

Climate change requires the transition to a global economy supported by clean energy. Bioenergy already has a share of the global energy market, which is slated to increase dramatically over the next several decades. Combined with the potential for the deployment of the climate technology bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), demand for bioenergy may rise significantly. The production of sustainable biomass is therefore crucial yet greatly dependent on domestic law and policy. The European Union is a large market for biomass and may, through its revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) influence the governance of bioenergy. This is due to its impact on private biomass producers beyond its territorial boundaries. The result is the emergence of a transnational legal process, and potentially a transnational legal order, that strengthens the sustainable production of biomass, thus balancing its benefits with the negative social and environmental externalities associated with its production.
Sputum transcriptomics implicates increased p38 signalling activity in severe asthma
Authors: Baines Katherine J. , Fricker Michael , McDonald Vanessa M. , Simpson Jodie L. , Wood Lisa G. , Wark Peter A.B. , Macdonald Heather E. , Reid Andrew , Gibson Peter G.
Published: December 2019

Background and objective

Severe asthma is responsible for a disproportionate burden of illness and healthcare costs spent on asthma. This study analyses sputum transcriptomics to investigate the mechanisms and novel treatment targets of severe asthma.

Methods

Induced sputum samples were collected in a cross‐sectional study from participants with severe asthma (n = 12, defined as per GINA criteria), non‐severe uncontrolled (n = 21) and controlled asthma (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 15). Sputum RNA was extracted and transcriptomic profiles were generated (Illumina HumanRef‐8 V2) and analysed (GeneSpring). Sputum protein lysates were analysed for p38 activation in a validation study (n = 24 asthma, n = 8 healthy) by western blotting.

Results

There were 2166 genes differentially expressed between the four groups. In severe asthma, the expression of 1875, 1308 and 563 genes was altered compared to healthy controls, controlled and uncontrolled asthma, respectively. Of the 1875 genes significantly different to healthy controls, 123 were >2‐fold change from which four networks were identified. Thirty genes (>2‐fold change) were significantly different in severe asthma compared to both controlled asthma and healthy controls. There was enrichment of genes in the p38 signalling pathway that were associated with severe asthma. Phosphorylation of p38 was increased in a subset of severe asthma samples, correlating with neutrophilic airway inflammation.

Conclusion

Severe asthma is associated with substantial differences in sputum gene expression that underlie unique cellular mechanisms. The p38 signalling pathway may be important in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, and future investigations into p38 inhibition are warranted as a ‘non‐Th2’ therapeutic option.
The relationship between β1‐adrenergic and M2‐muscarinic receptor autoantibodies and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Duan Xin , Liu Rong , Luo Xiao‐Liang , Gao Xiao‐Jin , Hu Feng‐Huan , Guo Chao , Wang Juan , Hu Xiao‐Ying , Chun Yu‐Shi , Yuan Jian‐Song , Cui Jin‐Gang , Yang Wei‐Xian , Qiao Shu-Bin
Published: December 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The concentrations of β1‐adrenergic receptor and M2‐muscarinic receptor autoantibodies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients and the relationship between the cardiac autoantibodies and clinical manifestations of HCM have rarely been reported.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We found that the concentrations of the two autoantibodies in HCM patients were significantly higher than those in control subjects. Furthermore, we found that the concentrations of the two autoantibodies could reflect myocardial injury and diastolic dysfunction in HCM patients to some extent and might be involved in the occurrence of arrhythmia. These findings might be valuable in exploration of the mechanisms of occurrence and progression of HCM.

Increasing attention is being given to the role of immunological mechanisms in the development of heart failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of serum β1‐adrenergic receptor autoantibody (β1‐AAb) and M2‐muscarinic receptor autoantibody (M2‐AAb) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and the relationship between β1‐AAb, M2‐AAb and clinical indices. One hundred and thirty‐four patients with HCM were recruited consecutively into the HCM group. Forty healthy subjects were assigned as the normal controls (NCs). Serum samples were collected to measure the concentrations of β1‐AAb and M2‐AAb by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The clinical data of HCM patients were collected. The serum concentrations of β1‐AAb and M2‐AAb of HCM patients were significantly higher than those of NCs. In HCM patients, those with a left atrial diameter ≥50 mm or moderate‐to‐severe mitral regurgitation had significantly higher concentrations of the two autoantibodies. Patients with a history of syncope had higher concentrations of β1‐AAb. Female patients and patients with a family history of sudden cardiac death or atrial fibrillation had higher concentrations of M2‐AAb. Maximal wall thickness, interventricular septum thickness and resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient were positively correlated with log β1‐AAb or log M2‐AAb in HCM patients. In conclusion, the serum concentrations of β1‐AAb and M2‐AAb of HCM patients were significantly higher than those of NCs. Being female, syncope, a family history of sudden death, atrial fibrillation, left atrial diameter ≥50 mm, moderate‐to‐severe mitral regurgitation, maximal wall thickness, interventricular septum thickness and resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient may affect the concentrations of the two autoantibodies.
Experimental and Numerical Study for Drillship Moonpool Gap Resonances in Stationary and Transit Conditions in Wave Flume
Authors: Feng Aichun , Magee Allan , Price W. G.
Published: December 2019

Experimental and numerical studies are performed to investigate drillship moonpool gap resonance in both stationary and transit conditions in a wave flume. This study contains an assessment of the influence of size and depth of the moonpool on the gap resonance phenomenon. An openfoam-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established, and the numerical data show good agreement with measurements from the model tests. Both piston and sloshing mode gap resonances are clearly observed. This study shows that the gap resonance frequency and wave elevation response amplitude operator (RAO) inside the moonpool are dependent on its dimensions, and the transit speed of the drillship and wave direction significantly influences the characteristics of gap resonances. It is noticed that the nearness of the wave flume sidewalls significantly influences the piston and sloshing wave elevation RAO at certain frequencies regardless of moonpool length and draft.
Transient Performance of the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm From System Dynamics Point of View
Authors: Zhang Haopeng
Published: December 2019

In this paper, the performance of the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is studied from the system dynamics point of view. The dynamics of the particles in PSO algorithm are considered as second-order systems. Depending on the selections of the parameters, the second-order systems have over-damped, critically damped, underdamped, or undamped responses. Different responses give the algorithm different types of performance. Therefore, in this paper, we derive the conditions for parameters in the PSO algorithm such that the particles have different responses. The exploration and exploitation of PSO are discussed numerically. Moreover, due to the fact that the discrete model of PSO is converted from a continuous model by certain sampling ratio, the sampling ratio variable is introduced to the PSO algorithm. With different sampling ratios, the stability region of the PSO algorithm is increased and the performance of the algorithm is changed. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the PSO algorithm with different selections of the parameters.
A modified Munger cell for testing long-term effects of predator-induced stress on prey: an example using Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) and its predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Phytoseiidae)
Authors: WEI XIAOYING , ZHANG ZHI-QIANG
Published: December 2019

Predators can influence prey directly by consuming them, or indirectly by inducing stress to them. In previous studies, the exposure of leaves or containers to predators is short term and the replacement of such predator-exposed units for any long-term experiments is laborious. This study aims to establish a new method to enable continuous predator-induced stress to prey by using a modified Munger cell, with Tyrophagus putrescentiae and its predator predator Neoseiulus cucumeris as an example.
Reliability and Validity of the Sit-to-Stand as a Muscular Power Measure in Older Adults
Authors: Sherwood Jennifer J. , Inouye Cathy , Webb Shannon L. , O Jenny
Published: December 2019

The study aims were to analyze the reliability and validity of the GymAware™ linear position transducer’s velocity and power measures during the sit-to-stand, compared with the Dartfish 2D videography analysis, and to assess the relationship of age and handgrip strength with velocity and power in 48 older men and women (77.6 ± 11.1 years). The results showed excellent agreement between GymAware- and Dartfish-derived sit-to-stand velocity (intraclass correlation coefficient2-1 = .94 and power intraclass correlation coefficient2-1 = .98) measures. A moderate and negative relationship was found between age and velocity (r = −.62; p < .001) and age and power (r = −.63; p < .001). A moderate and positive relationship was found between handgrip strength and velocity (r = .43; p = .002) and handgrip strength and power (r = .54; p < .001). The results show the GymAware velocity and power measures during the sit-to-stand in older adults to be reliable and valid.
Electrical and optical control of single spins integrated in scalable semiconductor devices
Authors: Anderson Christopher P. , Bourassa Alexandre , Miao Kevin C. , Wolfowicz Gary , Mintun Peter J. , Crook Alexander L. , Abe Hiroshi , Ul Hassan Jawad , Son Nguyen T. , Ohshima Takeshi , Awschalom David D.
Published: December 2019

Divacancies in a diode

Solid-state defects hold great promise as the building blocks for quantum computers. Most research has focused on defects in diamond, which are difficult to integrate with existing semiconductor technologies. An alternative two-vacancy neutral defect in silicon carbide (SiC) has a long coherence time but suffers from broad optical linewidths and charge instability. Anderson
et al.
fabricated these defects in a diode made out of commercially available SiC. Reverse voltage created large electric fields within the diode, tuning the frequencies of the defect's transitions by hundreds of gigahertz. The electric fields also caused charge depletion, leading to a dramatic narrowing of the transitions. The technique should be readily generalizable to other quantum defects.

Science
, this issue p.
1225
Structures of the AMPA receptor in complex with its auxiliary subunit cornichon
Authors: Nakagawa Terunaga
Published: December 2019

Regulating synaptic signals

In the brain, AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) are ion channels that play key roles in synaptic plasticity, cognition, learning, and memory. Two classes of subunits, the claudin family and the cornichon family, regulate AMPAR gating and trafficking. Previous structures have been presented of AMPAR bound to claudin homologs. Now, Nakagawa reports a high-resolution structure of AMPAR bound to the cornichon homolog CNIH3, determined by cryo–electron microscopy (see the Perspective by Schwenk and Fakler). In contrast to a predicted topology of three transmembrane helices and an intracellular amino terminus, CNIH3 has four transmembrane helices, and both the amino and carboxyl termini are extracellular. The structure reveals the architecture of the interaction interface between AMPAR and CNIH3 and suggests a role for lipids in regulating the assembly and function of the AMPAR-CNIH3 complex.

Science
, this issue p.
1259
; see also p.
1194