bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Learning and Extremal-Field Map Based Autonomous Guidance of Low-Thrust Spacecraft
Authors: Singh Sandeep , Junkins John
Published: August 2022

A supervised stochastic learning method called the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) is used to design an autonomous guidance law for low-thrust spacecraft. The problems considered are both of the time- and fuel-optimal regimes and a methodology based on ``perturbed back-propagation'' approach is presented to generate optimal control along neighboring optimal trajectories which form the extremal bundle constituting the training data-set. The use of this methodology coupled with a GPR approximation of the spacecraft control via prediction of the costate \textit{n}-tuple or the primer vector respectively for time- and fuel-optimal trajectories at discrete time-steps is demonstrated to be effective in designing an autonomous guidance law using the open-loop bundle of trajectories to-go. The methodology is applied to the Earth- 3671 Dionysus time-optimal interplanetary transfer of a low-thrust spacecraft with off-nominal thruster performance and the resulting guidance law is evaluated under different design parameters using case-studies. The results highlight the utility and applicability of the proposed framework with scope for further improvements.
Impacts of Maritime Continent Deforestation on ENSO Complexity
Authors: LEE TING HUI , Yu Jin-Yi , Lin Yong-Fu , Lo Min-Hui
Published: August 2022

During the past two decades, the Maritime Continent (MC) has experienced increased deforestation1. Here we show with idealized coupled climate model experiments that deforestation in the MC has the potential to change the complexity (i.e., event-to-event differences) of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in three key aspects: its spatial pattern, temporal evolution, and amplitude variation. The deforestation alters the relative strengths of the tropical and subtropical types of ENSO dynamics, leading to the changes in ENSO complexity. The strengths of the tropical and subtropical ENSO dynamics are comparable in the control run but the subtropical ENSO dynamics is intensified in the deforestation run. As a result, the deforestation run shows increases in Central Pacific and multi-year La Niñas and re-intensified El Niño events (resembling the 2014-15-16 Super El Niño) compared to the control run. The mechanism for these changes involves an anomalous local overturning circulation over the MC that alters the mean strength of the North Pacific subtropical high resulting in a strengthening of the subtropical ENSO dynamics. The intensified subtropical ENSO dynamics enables a MC-deforested world to produce more complex ENSO events.
The Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RA on Major Cardiovascular Conditions: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jogimahanti Arjun , Honan Kevin , Ahmed Talha , Leon-Novelo Luis , Khair Tarif
Published: August 2022

Objective
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists (GLP-1RA) are two common anti-hyperglycemic agents prescribed by clinicians. The effects on cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure (HF) hospitalization, stroke, myocardial infarctions, and other cardiovascular conditions are not well studied. The purpose of this study is to analyze existing data on the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RA on preventing these cardiovascular conditions.
Methods
A retrospective meta-analysis of all existing literature of the effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RA on the rates of the following categories was researched: primary cardiovascular outcomes, heart failure hospitalizations, atrial fibrillation, stroke, myocardial infarction, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), and heart failure symptoms. Hazard ratios for each category were obtained, and overall Hazard Ratio (HR)’s to determine overall statistical significance were computed.
Result
Both medication classes provided statistically significant reduction in preventing major cardiovascular events. Only SGLT-2 inhibitors provided statistically significant reduction in heart failure hospitalizations. Only GLP-1RA provided statistically significant reduction in preventing stroke. Neither medication class provided a statistically significant benefit in preventing myocardial infarctions or improving LVEF. More studies are needed on effects of either SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RA agonists on preventing HF symptoms or atrial fibrillation.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RA are important for improving both diabetic and cardiovascular health. In patients at risk for a major cardiovascular event, SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RA may be prescribed by clinicians. More studies must be performed to draw more conclusions.
Global Mittag-Leffler stability and synchronization control of fractional-order memristor-based neural networks with proportional delays
Authors: Liu Weide , Chen Yuhui , Kwan Trevor Hocksun , yao qinghe
Published: August 2022

This research addresses the global Mittag-Leffler stability and synchronization control problems of the fractional-order memristor-based neural network, which more accurately describes physical phenomena than integer-order networks system, and simultaneously exhibits complex dynamic behaviors. Specifically, the difficulties due to the processing of derivatives and inequalities of the fractional-order memristor have overcome these issues via fractional differential inclusion, set-valued mapping, and a new Lyapunov functional. Furthermore, the state feedback controller has been designed to flexibly solve the complex system external disturbance, which involves a generalized type of proportional time-delay control law that enables flexible parameter adjustment.Obtained the results demonstrate better exponential stabilizable and asymptotic synchronization over traditional integer-order neural networks. They are also a generalization and promotion of the predecessors on the dynamic behavior analysis of complex systems. Finally, the validity of the theoretical results has been verified by simulation examples.
WITHDRAWN: Identification and Prediction of Diabetic Macula Edema in Two-dimensional Fundus Images Using Raphe Assessment and Deep Convolution Neural Networks
Authors: Karkuzhali S. , Manimegalai D.
Published: August 2022

Diabetic Macula Edema (DME) is brought about by collection of extracellular liquid from hyper penetrable vessels inside the macula. DME is one of the main sources of visual impairment among diabetic patients. The patients who are influenced by diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) are well on the way to be influenced by DME. The presence of Exudates in macula area is the significant sign of essence of DME. The Optic Disc (OD) and Blood Vessels (BVs) are the retinal milestones divided to find macula and fovea locale. Area of macula focus is vital for portion the anomalies in the macula locale. The irregularity and its seriousness of the sickness in macula district can be distinguished solely after finding the macula place. Pictures from High Resolution Fundus (HRF) database are utilized for testing and examination. The Atanassov’s Intuitionistic fuzzy Sets (A-FIS) and morphological tasks are utilized to portion OD and BVs. With these retinal landmarks, macula is recognized by raphe assessment. The Exudates (EXs) present in macula district are portioned proficiently by inclination based versatile thresholding. Deep Convolution neural network used for classification of DME and non-DME affected images. The division of OD and EXs has accomplished SE of 95.21%, 98.2%, SPE of 82.36%, 97.4% and ACC of 99.21%, 99.23% separately.
A systematic study on three-roll continuous straightening process for LSAW pipes
Authors: Wang Chunge , Zhang Keke , Zhang Ning , Li Rongzhi , Ma Bangbang , Yu Gaochao , Zhao Jun , Huang Xueying
Published: August 2022

Aiming at the low efficiency and unstable accuracy of the current mold-pressing straightening for LSAW pipes, a three-roll continuous straightening process is proposed in this study, which uses the roller straightening instead of mold bending. According to the novel technology, the calculation model of theoretical straightening moment is derived based on the springback equation of plane bending with small curvature, and the calculation model of initial curvature is established for the new deflection detection method. Further, the numerical simulation analysis is carried out for the LSAW pipe case, and a straightening experimental platform is built for experiments. The research shows that the accuracy of theoretical moment equation required for straightening directly related to the initial curvature, rather than the fitting accuracy of deflection curve, and the low-order simple fitting curvature calculation model has the highest reliability. In order to control the section distortion and straightening blind area, the straightening roller should follow the equal diameter design principle, and the empirical formula of span estimation is given. Under the optimal conditions, the straightness of the corrected tubes can be controlled within 1.5‰ and the ovality of the section can be within 0.5%, which proves the feasibility and reliability of the new process. What’s more, the straightening system built in this work, including process analysis software, is conducive to the automation and popularization of the new process.
Can elastography predict early allograft dysfunction or loss after liver transplantation? A prospective study of diagnostic accuracy.
Authors: Andrade Guilherme Marques , Malbouisson Luiz Marcelo Sá , Vezozzo Denise Paranaguá , Carrilho Flair José , D’Albuquerque Luiz Augusto Carneiro , Farias Alberto Queiroz
Published: August 2022

Early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation is an important cause of allograft loss. There is a lack of data on applicability of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by elastography in early post-liver transplantation that can predict these complications. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of elastography to predict early allograft dysfunction or loss after liver transplantation. Sixty-one liver transplant patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent daily LSM over the first seven post-operative days. Early allograft dysfunction and loss occurred in 27 (44.2%) and 17 (27.8%) patients, respectively. C-statistic of each day of LSM showed high accuracy and no significant difference between them. For early allograft dysfunction, LSM>2.39m/s on the first day had c-statistics=0.83, sensitivity=0.41, specificity=0.97, positive predictive value=0.92, negative predictive value=0.67, positive likelihood ratio=13.85 to rule in, while a LSM<1.65m/s had c-statistics=0.83, sensitivity=0.96, specificity=0.50, positive predictive value=0.60, negative predictive value=0.94, negative likelihood ratio=0.07 to rule out. For early allograft loss, LSM>2.25m/s had c-statistics=0.93, sensitivity=0.76, specificity=0.98, positive predictive value=0.93, negative predictive value=0.91, positive likelihood ratio=33.65 to rule in, while a LSM<1.75m/s had c-statistics=0.93, sensitivity=0.94, specificity=0.94, positive predictive value=0.50, negative predictive value =0.97, negative likelihood ratio=0.09 to rule out. These results were internally validated with the bootstrap method. No methods (Olthof criteria, MELD, MELD-5, MEAF, BAR, biomarkers) performed better than elastography to predict early allograft loss. Elastography performed over the first week after liver transplantation can accurately predict early dysfunction and allograft loss.
Due attention should be paid to persistent trigeminal artery in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Sun Tao , Li Chuangfeng , Wang Wentao , Huang Yanxia , He Longshuang , Li Ning , Liu Jinlong , Yang Chao
Published: August 2022

Objectives: Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is a rare anastomoses vessel, and also a rarely reported culprit vessel in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). In this study, we aimed to analysis the incidence of PTA in TN.Methods: 297 patients with TN underwent high-resolution 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test between July 2020 and July 2022. The sequences included: axial cerebral TSE T2-weighted imaging, axial cerebral dark fluid T1/T2-weighted imaging, high-resolution T2-weighted SPACE sequences, high-resolution T2-weighted three-dimensional-time of flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF MRA) sequences. The images were interpreted by one radiologist and one neurosurgical professor. Incidence of PTA in patients with TN was calculated accordingly.Results: In the study, 4 cases of PTA were found in the right side of patients with TN, and 3 cases of the PTA were the culprit vessels of TN, one PTA was on the unaffected side but hardly contact to the trigeminal nerve. The incidence of PTA in TN was 1.35%, furthermore, the incidence of culprit PTA was 1.01%. Conclusions: High-resolution MRI could detect rare culprit vessels of TN, the incidences of PTA and culprit PTA in patient with TN were 1.35% and 1.01% in current study. The important role of PTA should be paid due attentions.
Dkk-1 (Dickkopf-1) level at admission predicts cardiovascular and major bleeding outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: jiali wang , wu shuo , xu feng , yin xinxin , zhang mei , pang jiaojiao , zhang tao , Zhang Yun , Chew Derek , chen yuguo
Published: August 2022

There has been no evidence about the prognostic significance of Dkk-1 (dickkopf-1) for ischemic cardiovascular and bleeding events in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). We aim to evaluate the prognostic effect of Dkk-1 at admission on 12-month risk of cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes in MI. Here we measured plasma Dkk-1 level centrally in 1364 MI patients from BIPass (BIomarker-based Prognostic Assessment for patients with Stable angina and acute coronary Syndromes) study. Dkk-1 was significantly associated with the increased risk of the composite of cardiac death, MI, and ischemic stroke (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.13 -1.66, p = 0.001), and major bleeding (HR 1.81, 95% CI:1.13 - 2.90, p = 0.013) after adjusting for clinical risk factors and prognostic biomarkers (hs-cTnT, NT-proBNP, and cystatin C). We first report that Dkk-1 at admission could predict cardiovascular events and major bleeding during 12-month follow-up after MI.Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04044066.
The prevention impact of the green algal extract against genetic toxicity and antioxidant enzymes alterations in Mozambique tilapia
Authors: Khalil Wagdy , Bassem Samah , Sabry Noha , Enshasy Hesham El , Temraz Tarek , Guerriero Giulia , Abdel-Gawad Fagr
Published: August 2022

Background: Algal studies are primary for ecological risk assessment and toxicology by evaluating lethal and sub-lethal toxic impacts of potential toxicants on inhabitants of numerous ecosystems. Dunaliella salina, a green marine alga, is characterized by its carotenoid accumulation and is widely used in many health and nutritional products. Our experiment was designed to evaluate algal extract's ability to inhibit genetic alterations induced by mutagen agents such as dioxin in the Mozambique tilapia. The expression of three stress genes was examined: heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), CYP1A1 as one of the main cytochrome P450 enzymes, and metallothionein (MT). That study exhibited a characteristic sensitivity to metal treatments. Liver samples were collected from all fish to analyze bio-indicators, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). While gills samples were used for DNA fragmentation assay.Results show that oxidative stress in the dioxin group's liver significantly changed indicators. However, the dioxin group significantly increased the SOD, MDA enzyme activities and ROS formation.Conclusions: Interestingly, the genes Hsp90, CYP1A1, and MT expression were significantly down-regulated in Dunaliella salina groups. Nevertheless, DNA fragmentation in gill organs was affected by exposure to Dioxin in fish. Thus, we concluded that methanolic extract of an isolated strain Dunaliella salina is effective against mutagen agent dioxin by inhibiting genetic alterations in fish organs and has an antioxidant defense system to conquer oxidative damage.
Effects of Cr stress on bacterial community structure and composition in rhizosphere soils of Iris tectorum
Authors: Zhao Wei , Yang Xiuqing , Xia Guodong , Wang Baichun , Gu Baojing , Zhu sixi
Published: August 2022

Heavy metal Cr pollution caused serious stress to soil bacterial community. However, the joint effects of Cr stress and different cultivation patterns on bacterial communities of rhizosphere soils remain unclear. In this study, Iris tectorum was selected as the research object, and combined with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, the effects of high Cr levels and different cultivation patterns on the structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil bacterial community of I. tectorum were analyzed. The results showed that iris had strong tolerance and enrichment to Cr. However, under Cr stress, the diversity and abundance index of rhizosphere bacteria decreased by 8.5% and 6.8% on average, and Sobs index decreased by 7.6%. Moreover, bacterial community changed by 20.1% due to the addition of Cr, further leading to a 15.9% decrease in the common species of the bacterial community, among which Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi and Acidobacteriota accounted for more than 74.8% of the total sequence. The abundance of bacterial community was significantly improved under two-cultivated pattern and three-cultivated pattern. Moreover, the two-cultivated pattern significantly enhanced the synergistic effect among the dominant species, thus improving the rhizosphere soil microenvironment. In conclusion, this study revealed that different cultivation patterns can change the composition and symbiotic relationship of rhizosphere bacterial communities of iris, thus alleviating the negative effects of Cr stress on diversity and abundance. These results provided a reference for understanding the response of rhizosphere bacterial communities under Cr stress under different cultivation modes.
Application of fixed point theorem and Homotopy analysis method to time fractional reaction-diffusion equation with non-singular kernel
Authors: Biswas Swapan , Ghosh Uttam
Published: August 2022

In order to analysis the fractional reaction-diffusion equation or non-homogeneous heat equation , we use Caputo– Fabrizio(CF) fractional derivative. The solution of reaction diffusion equation describes that how the heat propagate in the medium. The existence – uniqueness of the model solution are discussed using the method of fixed point theorem. Finally numerical approximation are performed with the help of Homotopy Analysis Method(HAM). Effect of heat propagation depends on order of the equation and memory of the kernel are shown by comparing the Caputo-Fabrizio and Caputo sense of derivative. Graphical presentations of solution are shown to observe some unusual irregularities of the equation for time fractional derivatives with singular and non-singular kernels.
Multi-center Assessment of CNN-Transformer with Belief Matching Loss for Patient-independent Seizure Detection in Scalp and Intracranial EEG
Authors: Peh Wei Yan , Thangavel Prasanth , Yao Yuanyuan , Thomas John , Tan Yee Leng , Dauwels Justin
Published: August 2022

Neurologists typically identify epileptic seizures from electroencephalograms (EEGs) by visual inspection. This process is often time-consuming, especially for EEG recordings that last several hours or even days. To expedite the process, a reliable, automated, and patient-independent seizure detector is essential. However, developing a patient-independent seizure detector is challenging as seizures exhibit diverse morphologies and characteristics across different patients and recording devices. In this study, we propose a patient-independent seizure detector to automatically detect seizures in both scalp EEG (sEEG) and intracranial EEG (iEEG). First, we deploy a convolutional neural network (CNN) with transformers (TRF) and belief matching (BM) loss to detect seizures in single-channel EEG segments (channel-level detection). Next, we extract regional features from the channel-level outputs to detect seizures in multi-channel EEG segments (segment-level detection). At last, we apply postprocessing filters to the segment-level outputs to determine the start and end points of seizures in multi-channel EEGs (EEG-level detection). We introduce the minimum overlap evaluation scoring (MOES) as an evaluation metric that accounts for minimum overlap between the detection and seizure, improving upon existing assessment metrics. We trained the seizure detector on the Temple University Hospital Seizure (TUH-SZ) sEEG dataset and evaluated it on five other independent sEEG and iEEG datasets. On the TUH-SZ dataset, the proposed patient-independent seizure detector achieves a sensitivity (SEN), precision (PRE), average and median false positive rate per hour (aFPR/h and mFPR/h), and median offset of 0.772, 0.429, 4.425, 0, and -2.125s, respectively. Across all four adult datasets (excluding neonatal and paediatric datasets), we obtained SEN of 0.617-1.00, PRE of 0.534-1.00, aFPR/h of 0.425-2.002, and mFPR/h of 0-1.003. Meanwhile, on neonatal and paediatric datasets, we obtained SEN of 0.227-0.678, PRE of 0.377-0.818, aFPR/h of 0.253-0.421, and mFPR/h of 0.118-0.223. The proposed seizure detector can reliably detect seizures in adult EEGs (to less extent in neonatal EEGs) and takes less than 15s for a 30 minutes EEG. Hence, this system could potentially aid the clinicians in reliably identifying seizures expeditiously, allocating more time for devising proper treatment.
Design and simulation of engineered Josephson parametric amplifier in quantum two-mode squeezed radar
Authors: Norouzi Milad , Hosseiny Seyed M. , Seyed-Yazdi Jamileh , Ghamat Mohammad H.
Published: August 2022

Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) engineering is a significant component in the quantum two-mode squeezed radar (QTMS), to enhance, for instance, radar performance and the detection range or bandwidth. In this study, we apply quantum theory to a research domain focusing on the simulation of QTMS radar. We simulate a proposal of using engineered JPA (EJPA) to enhance the performance of a QTMS radar. We define the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and detection range equations of the QTMS radar. The engineered JPA leads to a remarkable improvement of the quantum radar performance, i.e. a large enhancement in SNR of about 6 dB more than the conventional QTMS radar (with respect to the latest version of QTMS radar, and not to classical radar), a substantial improvement in the probability of detection through far fewer channels. Finally, we simulate signal transmission to target in QTMS radar and achieve a huge increase in QTMS radar range, from half a meter in the conventional JPA to 482 m in the current study.
Deconvolution of Bulk Transcriptomics Data Suggests Changes in Conjunctival Immune Cell Populations in Trachoma
Authors: Barton Amber , Holland Martin
Published: August 2022

Objective: Trachoma, a neglected tropical disease caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, progresses from repeated infections and conjunctivitis to scarring, trichiasis and blindness. It is yet unknown which immune cells are responsible for mediating pathogenesis. Our objective was to deconvolute bulk transcriptomics data in order to estimate how conjunctival immune cell populations change in active and scarring trachoma.
Results: Six deconvolution methods (quanTIseq, TIMER, MCP-counter, xCell, EPIC, and CIBERSORT) were used to estimate the relative abundance of cell populations in five bulk transcriptomic datasets. Cell types from each deconvolution method were mapped to one another using the Immunedeconv R package. In active disease, B cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were raised (direction of change the same for at least 75% of methods, p<0.05 for at least two methods by logistic regression). B cells and neutrophils were raised in trachomatous scarring and inflammation, while the relative abundance of CD8+ T cells was decreased. In those with scarring and no inflammation, monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils and CD8+ T cells were decreased compared with controls.
A Web-user interface design for mathematical model ofglucose-insulin system
Authors: Minani Frodouard , Harelimana Dominique , Bizimungu Theogene , Ntaganda Jean Marie , Haggar Mahamat Saleh Daoussa
Published: August 2022

This paper aims to present a design of a web-user interface for mathematical model ofglucose-insulin system. Nurses and administrative personnel can confirm the measured pa-rameters entered by Lab technician. These parameters include glucose and insulin concentra-tion in the heart, the liver and tissues. Measured and estimated parameters are stored in thedatabase, the system displays the results evaluated and calculated by the system to serve asa point of reference to allow users making appropriate, and timely decisions. The front end isdesigned to be user friendly and to ease the user's manipulation and the back end which is thehidden part embodies the database that stores measured and estimated parameters as well asthe mathematical model which is programmed to calculate automatically the parameters anddisplays the results finally.
Keywords: Web-user interface, Mathematical model, Glucose-Insulin system, Health subject,Medical Doctor tests
Reflective Film Mulches, Millet Barriers, and Pesticides: Effects on Watermelon Mosaic Virus, Insects, Nematodes, Soil-borne Fungi, and Yield of Yellow Summer Squash1
Authors: Chalfant R. B. , Jaworski C. A. , Johnson A. W. , Sumner D. R.
Published: August 2022

Field studies were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to determine the effects of various reflective film mulches, vegetal barriers of millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum), and soil- and foliar-applied pesticides on yields and control of the watermelon virus complex (WMV), insects, nematodes, and soil-borne pathogens affecting yellow summer squash (Cucurbita pepo var melopepo L. Alefi, ‘Dixie’). All film mulches used (aluminum; white and blue plastic; brown paper) significantly reduced WMV in both fruits and plants. The millet barrier caused a significant reduction in WMV infected plants. In 1974, the systemic insecticide, carbofuran (Furadan) and/or sprays of mineral oil, significantly reduced WMV in non-mulched plots. Brown paper mulch significantly increased infestation of pickleworms, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) and all mulches significantly reduced infestations of serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza munda Frick. Leafminers were also controlled with carbofuran. Film mulches had no significant effect on populations of plant-parasitic nematodes and plant-pathogenic fungi. Both groups of pests were controlled with DD-MENCS (a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene, 1,3-dichloropropane, methylisothiocyanate), but not with carbofuran or sodium azide. Film mulch increased squash yield 70 to 610% over the unmulched control. Plants in non-fumigated plots covered with aluminum and white plastic mulches produced significantly greater yields than plants in plots covered with blue plastic and brown paper mulches. Soil pesticides significantly increased yields over the non-fumigated control, and, averaged across main plots, DD-MENCS = DD-MENCS + carbofuran > carbofuran + sodium azide > sodium azide = nontreated check. The effects of film mulch were greatest in the non-fumigated check. Conversely, the effects of soil fumigation were negligible under film mulch and one could be substituted for the other.
Hormones in Pear Seeds I. Levels of Gibberellins, Abscisic Acid, Phaseic Acid, Dihydrophaseic Acid, and Two Metabolites of Dihydrophaseic Acid in Immature Seeds of Pyrus communis L.1
Authors: Martin G. C. , Dennis F. G. , MacMillan J. , Gaskin P.
Published: August 2022

Seeds from ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Winter Nelis’ and ovules from seedless ‘Bartlett’ pears were collected periodically between 25 days after full bloom and harvest. Extracts were analyzed for hormones by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using the technique of selected ion current monitoring. Levels of 6 gibberellins were low in all samples prior to appreciable embryo growth (25 days after full bloom). Content of gibberellins A17, A25, A45 and a presumed 3β-hydroxy gibberellin A45 rose dramatically during rapid embryo growth between 65 and 85 days after full bloom, while the gibberellin content of embryoless ovules of ‘Bartlett’ did not change during this period. Two unidentified gibberellin-like compounds, one isomeric with gibberellin A25 and the other corresponding to a hydroxy gibberellin A45, were detected 85 days after full bloom. Abscisic acid content was also maximal between 65 and 106 days, ovules of seedless ‘Bartlett’ exhibiting considerably higher concentration than seeds of either cultivar. Levels of 5 abscisic acid metabolites varied with seed type and sampling period. Phaseic acid levels remained low in ‘Bartlett’ seeds and ovules during all developmental stages but increased in ‘Winter Nelis’ seeds at 122 days. Concentration of cis, Trans-dihydrophaseic acid, although low, rose as ‘Winter Nelis’ seeds matured while ovules of seedless ‘Bartlett’ showed no such increase. Levels of 2 metabolites, tentatively identified as trans, trans-dihydrophaseic acid and a hydroxylated derivative of dihydrophaseic acid, varied only slightly with development. A third metabolite, characterized as a keto derivative of dihydrophaseic acid or a hydroxy-derivative of phaseic acid, was present in large quantities in unfertilized ovules during the early period of fruit growth, but increased in seeds only after 65 days. The possible roles of these compounds are discussed in relation to seed, fruit, and flower development.
Abscisic Acid Levels in Seeds of Peach. I. Changes during Maturation and Storage1
Authors: Bonamy P. A. , Dennis F. G.
Published: August 2022

cis, trans-Abscisic acid (ABA) was identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in a partially purified methanol extract of mature seeds of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). No germination of intact seeds occurred during seed maturation. Germination of excised embryos increased with maturity, but ABA content of embryonic axes and other seed parts was not related to germination potential. Drying and storage of seeds increased both free and bound ABA in the embryonic axes, but did not significantly affect ABA content of other seed portions. Free and bound ABA decreased on imbibition except for free ABA in the seed coat and bound ABA in the embryonic axis, Levels of free and bound ABA paralleled one another, suggesting that although the former may be converted to the latter, bound ABA is not a major source of free ABA.
Abscisic Acid Levels in Seeds of Peach. II. Effects of Stratification Temperature1
Authors: Bonamy P. A. , Dennis F. G.
Published: August 2022

The roles of free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in the breaking of dormancy in seeds of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were investigated. Concentrations were consistently 10- to 100-fold higher in the embryonic axes of seeds than in the seed coats or cotyledons. Free and bound ABA declined 75 to 95% during stratification at both 5° and 20°C, yet only the 5° treatment broke dormancy. Extracts of chilled seeds were less inhibitory to germination of non-dormant seeds than were extracts of non-chilled seeds, but ABA content of the extracts was sufficient to account for only a small part of their biological activity.
Effect of Fertilizer Applications on Yield of Rabbiteye Blueberries1
Authors: Austin M. E. , Brightwell W. T.
Published: August 2022

Rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade, cvs. Tifblue and Woodard) were fertilized with various ratios of nutrients for 6 years. ‘Tifblue’ responded to 4–8–8 (4.0 N–3.5 P–6.6 K), 5–10–10 (5.0 N–4.4 P–8.3 K), and cottonseed meal 7–2–2 (7.0N–0.9P–1.7K). ‘Woodard’ did not respond to any fertilizer.
A Seven-Parent Diallel Cross in Onions to Evaluate General and Specific Combining Ability and their Interaction with Years and Locations1
Authors: Hosfield George L. , Vest Grant , Peterson C. E.
Published: August 2022

A diallel analysis was used to estimate combining ability of several traits in onion (Allium cepa L.) and evaluate the importance of interactions of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) with locations and years. All possible crosses among 7 inbred lines of diverse origin and known horticultural performance were tested for 2 years at the same 3 locations for yield, maturity, bulb traits, and storage quality. Highly significant differences among crosses were detected for all traits. The partitioning of among-cross variation showed that all GCA main effects were highly significant, and SCA main effects were significant for all traits but ring thickness. Cross × environment interactions were primarily due to the interactions of GCA effects with environments. The GCA × year interaction was significant for bulb firmness and centers/bulb, and the GCA × location interaction was significant for yield. While first-order interactions involved only GCA effects, all traits showed significant second-order interactions of both GCA and SCA with years and locations. Variance components of GCA were predominant for all characters, and ratios of GCA to SCA ranged from 2:1 for centers/bulb to 13:1 for % of storage loss. Variance components of GCA × environmental interactions at all levels and for all traits were always smaller than those for GCA main-effect components. For the traits maturity and % of storage loss, the SCA × year × location component was larger than the SCA component. Correlations of GCA effects between environments suggested that significant interactions of GCA were sometimes due to a 1) change in rank of effects from environment to environment and 2) a change in rank and change in variance.
The Effect of Sampling Date and Daminozide on the Nutrient Composition of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Leaves1
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Pollard James E.
Published: August 2022

The effects of treatment with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) on seasonal nutrient accumulation in leaves of ‘McIntosh’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. McIntosh) were investigated. Leaf samples were collected on 6 dates, from June 18 through August 28, 1973 and on August 28, 1974, from trees treated for 5 and 6 years respectively with daminozide. Foliar concentration of N, P, K, B and Cu decreased during the growing season, while Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr and Mo increased. During 1973 the level of foliar Ca was significantly higher at the normal sampling time on August 28, in daminozide-treated trees while Fe was significantly lower in these trees. During 1974, Ca, B, Zn and Sr levels in daminozide-treated trees were significantly higher on the August 28 sampling date, while N was significantly lower. Evidence suggests that changes in foliar nutrient status occur as a result of long term use of daminozide.
Diallel Analysis of Sweet Potatoes for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt1
Authors: Collins W. W.
Published: August 2022

Eight clones of sweet potato Ipomoea batatas L. were evaluated for resistance to the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht) f. sp. batatas (Wr.) Snydor & Hanson and their reactions varied from extremely susceptible to extremely resistant. The 8 clones were used as parents in a modified diallel crossing design which generated 24 families each consisting of 10 full-sib clones. These 240 clones were evaluated for Fusarium wilt resistance in a randomized complete block design. They showed a gradation of resistance similar to the parents which is consistent with the theory of a quantitative mode of inheritance for this character. Diallel analysis of the 24 families revealed significant general and specific combining ability effects. Additive variance accounted for 87% of the total genetic variance while dominance variance accounted for only 13%. Broad-sense and narrow-sense heritabilities estimated for individuals and full-sib families from the diallel analysis were consistently greater than 70%. Narrow-sense heritability of individuals using the parent-offspring regression method was 50%. Results indicate that gains in Fusarium wilt resistance should be rapid and substantial in sweet potatoes.
Estimation of Heritability and Combining Ability for Fire Blight Resistance in Pear1
Authors: Bell Richard L. , Janick Jules , Zimmerman Richard H. , van der Zwet T.
Published: August 2022

Heritability estimates for fire blight resistance in pear were obtained by regressing progeny means on midparental phenotypes. Approximately half of the variability in resistance in pear was additive (h2 = 0.52), but there was also evidence for nonadditive genetic effects compatible with a proposed qualitative gene for sensitivity. A method was established to estimate relative average combining ability for fire blight resistance. Progeny means of individual parents were adjusted to the grand progeny mean of 8 intercrossed testers based on common progeny.
Fertility and Irrigation Effects on ‘Temple’ Orange. II. Fruit Quality1
Authors: Koo R. C. J. , Reese R. L.
Published: August 2022

Increased N and K rates resulted in higher acid content in juice of ‘Temple’ orange (Citrus hybrid). P fertilization lowered both soluble solids and acid contents, but the influence on acid was more pronounced as it was reflected in higher soluble solids-acid ratio. High N vs. low N treatment also caused a small but consistent reduction in juice content. Spring irrigation resulted in higher soluble solids content than fall irrigation. N treatments decreased and K treatments increased both fruit size and weight; irrigation treatments showed no consistent trends. High N and spring irrigation treatments caused increased intensity of orange color in rind. Incidence of creased fruit was increased by high N, low K, and spring irrigation treatments. No consistent trends were found in fruit storage decay with grove treatments and the data were significant only in certain years.
Seasonal Sugar Concentration in Two Peach Cultivars Differing in Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Lasheen Aly M. , Chaplin Carl E.
Published: August 2022

Levels of soluble sugars in bark, leaves, leaf buds and flower buds of 2 cultivars of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) differing in cold hardiness were compared throughout the year. Thirteen sugars — galactose, glucose, fructose, xylose, stachyose, sucrose, raffinose, rhamnose, maltose, trehalose, arabinose, ribose and mannose — were present in measurable and variable concentrations. In general, oligosaccharides accumulated, particularly in the bark, during fall and winter, whereas monosaccharides accumulated during periods of active growth. These data do not show significant differences between the 2 cultivars regarding the accumulation of these sugars and cold hardiness.
Studies on the Mechanism of Fruit Abscission in Apple and Peach1
Authors: Schneider G. W.
Published: August 2022

Translocation of l4C-sucrose from leaf to fruit was measured in ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Staymared’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) following the application of compounds reported to influence fruitlet abscission. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) reduced 14C translocation in both apple cultivars but reduced fruit set only in ‘Golden Delicious’. Ethephon reduced 14C translocation and fruit set of peach. Abscisic acid (ABA) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) reduced 14C-sucrose translocation in apple. Enclosing apple limbs in black cloth bags reduced fruit set and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) increased leaf water potential. One method of preliminary screening of compounds for apple fruit thinning may be based on their effect on 14C-sucrose translocation from foliage to fruit.
Influence of Nitrogen Form on Exudation Rate, and Ammonium, Amide, and Cation Composition of Xylem Exudate in Tomato1
Authors: Wilcox G. E. , Mitchell C. A. , Hoff J. E.
Published: August 2022

A shift from NO3 to NH4-N nutrition for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants resulted in a significant decrease in xylem exudation rate within 15 minutes. Ammonium treatment also decreased Ca and Mg concentration in exudate in the 1.5 to 2.5 hour interval after the shift, whereas free NH4 and amides increased in the same period. Potassium ion concentration did not change in the time interval from 15 minutes to 7 days following the change of N form. Reduced exudate concentration or reduced exudation rate resulted in large decreases in the total amount of K, Ca, and Mg delivered in the presence of NH4 relative to that of NO3, and offers a possible explanation for the observed deficiencies of these cations in shoot tissues of plants under conditions of NH4 toxicity.
Combining Ability of Three Lycopersicon Species for Resistance to Corynebacterium michiganense1
Authors: de Jong Jan , Honma S.
Published: August 2022

Estimates of heritability and general and specific combining ability for resistance of tomato to Corynebacterium michiganense (E. F. Sm.) H. L. Jens, were made, using a half diallel with 6 parental entries. Both the general and the specific combining abilities of the parents differed. Additive variation accounted for 74% (narrow sense heritability) of the total variation, suggesting that a large part of the observed variation is fixable in true-breeding strains.
Variations in Susceptibility of Apple Stems to Attack by Pine Voles1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Cummins James N.
Published: August 2022

Caged feeding tests of 77 Malus clones, representing 15 species and hybrid species, revealed 9 cultivars apparently less susceptible to feeding by pine voles than ‘Golden Delicious’. Malus X sublobata PI 286613 shoots were attacked least; other cultivars of special promise include ‘Charlotte’, ‘Hucker No. 1’, ‘N.Y. 11928’, ‘Robusta 5’, ‘Sissipuk’, and ‘Ivory’s Double Vigour’.
Quality and Condition of ‘Delicious’ Apples after Storage at 0°C and Display at Warmer Temperatures1
Authors: Hardenburg R. E. , Anderson R. E. , Finney E. E.
Published: August 2022

Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were examined after 0, 2, 4, and 6 months’ storage and after simulated retail display for 1 and 2 weeks at 4.4°, 13°, and 21°C. Apples displayed or marketed at 4.4° for 1 week developed less decay and scald than apples held at 21°, and were crisper, brighter, and about 0.55 kg (1.2 lb.) firmer. Apples softened much faster at 21° soon after harvest than after 4 or 6 months’ storage at 0°C. The sonic firmness index decreased significantly with both storage time and with increases in display temp. Weight losses from bulk apples during 1 week of display at 4.4°, 13°, and 21° averaged 0.2, 0.4, and 1.8%, respectively. The greatest loss of acidity was also at the warmest display temp. Apples displayed at 13° were of a quality and condition intermediate to those held at 4.4° and 21°. Apples stored in CA for 6 months and then displayed 2 weeks at 21° were firmer and more acid, and had a lower respiration rate than those stored in air. Refrigerated display of ‘Delicious’ apples is strongly recommended to retard deterioration and preserve their good quality and shelf life.
Response of Young ‘d’Anjou’ Pear Trees to Triazine and Triazole Herbicides and Nitrogen1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: August 2022

Weed control and supplemental N markedly increased vigor and yield of pear trees (Pyrus communis L. cv. d’Anjou). Under conditions of low soil N, simazine enhanced N uptake. Consequently, simazine increased tree vigor, leaf N, shoot growth, and fruit size in the absence of supplemental N. Fruit from the control (no N or simazine) treatment was denser, yellower, higher in soluble solids, and had less scald and rot than fruit from trees treated with simazine but no N. Amitrole plus simazine (A + S) produced the highest yield in trees receiving no N, and resulted in as much tree vigor as the other treatments with supplemental N. The data suggest that certain triazine and triazole herbicides may partially substitute for N fertilizer on young ’d’Anjou’ trees.
Comparison of Continuous and Alternating Bulb Temperature Treatments on Growth and Flowering in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Roh Seung Moon , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: August 2022

Optimum temperatures for rapid shoot emergence from non-cooled bulbs was a constant 12.8°C with ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ lilies. Twenty-four hour cycles of 1.7°/12.8°C delayed shoot emergence of both cultivars.

Using 115 days from shoot emergence to flowering as a standard, 6 weeks of 24 hour cyclic temperature treatments of 1.7°/12.8°C produced more flower buds in ‘Ace’ than did 1.7°/7.2° or 7.2°/1.7° treatments. In ‘Nellie White’ constant 1.7°, 1.7°/12.8°, or 12.8°/1.7° temperature treatments produced more flower buds than 1.7°/7.2° or 7.2°/1.7° treatment. Leaf number and plant height were not affected by alternating temperature treatments.

With ‘Nellie White’ an intercalation of 3 weeks at 15.6°C temperature treatment to bulbs after 1, 2, or 3 weeks of 4.4°C increased secondary flower bud (development) when compared to a continuous 4.4°C bulb treatment for 5 or 6 weeks. No differences in days to flower from potting and in plant height were obtained among the various temperature treatments in both ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’. Increases in total flower bud number were due to the increases in the secondary bud number.
Effect of Seed Quality and Seed Treatment on Yield of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)1
Authors: Short G. E. , Loria R. , Lacy M. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Miragreen’ garden pea seeds from individual seed lots were sorted into bleached, partially-bleached, and non-bleached categories. Seeds were either soaked for 48 hours in aerated water at 22°C, coated with thiram fungicide, or received no treatment. Seeds were planted in Conover loam soil where damping-off and seedling rot were primarily caused by Pythium ultimum Trow and Fusarium solani (Mort.) Sacc f. sp. pisi (Jones) Snyd. & Hans. No differences in germination in vitro were found among bleached, partially bleached, and non-bleached seeds. However, seedling emergence in the field was greater from untreated non-bleached seeds (69%) than from untreated bleached seeds (30%); emergence from partially bleached seeds (58%) was intermediate. Regardless of degree of bleaching, all seedlings were a normal green color after emergence, and appeared equal in vigor. Pea yields from untreated bleached seeds were less than from untreated non-bleached seeds, apparently because pea-emergence damping off was so much greater with bleached than with non-bleached seeds. No yield differences occurred with fungicide-treated seeds. Soaking partially bleached seeds for 48 hours in aerated water at 22°C prior to planting in April was as effective in improving emergence in artificially infested soil as coating seeds with thiram. However, when seeds were planted in mid-June, the thiram treatment gave higher seedling emergence than the soaking treatment. In general, high yields were achieved by early planting of seeds and minimum root rot.
Air and Soil Temperature Effects on Flowering of Citrus1
Authors: Hall Anthony E. , Khairi Mohamed M. A. , Asbell Charles W.
Published: August 2022

Interactive effects of air and soil temperature on flowering of 4- and 12-year-old ‘Frost Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded on trifoliate orange rootstocks [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were determined in controlled environments. Quiescent trees were subjected to 1 of 4 environmental treatments consisting of 2 day-night air temperature regimes in 2 glasshouses and 2 constant soil temperatures in each house. Total bud break was increased by warm soils (25°C) compared with cool soils (15°). In contrast, the initiation of flowers on the new shoots was mainly influenced by air temperature, with more flowers in cooler air (20/15°, day/night) than at temperatures of 30/15°. Lower air temperature, however, resulted in more leafless floral shoots while the greatest number of leafy floral shoots was produced with both warmer soil and higher air temperature.