bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of 1,3-Diaryl-2,2-dichloroaziridine Derivatives in the Presence of Phase-Transfer Catalyst under Low-Concentration Alkaline Conditions
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Rabiei Khadijeh
Published: October 2011

In this research, rapid and efficient preparation of 1,3-diaryl-2,2-dichloroaziridines through the reaction of Schiff base compounds with dichlorocarbene yielded in situ in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as phase-transfer catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation is described. The advantages of this reaction are very short reaction times, excellent product yields, simplicity of the method, and high purity of products.
Homo- and Heterochiral Aggregations of Samarium(III) Complexes with Acetate and Tripod Ligand Containing Three Imidazole Groups
Authors: Takahashi Saori , Murase Mami , Hagiwara Hiroaki , Matsumoto Naohide , Tsuchimoto Masanobu
Published: October 2011

Three SmIII complexes with tripod heptadentate N7 ligands containing three imidazole groups, [Sm(H3L2-Me)(ac)](ClO4)2·2MeOH·H2O (1), [Sm(H3L2-Me)(ac)](ClO4)2·2EtOH (2), and [Sm(H3L4-Me)(ac)](ClO4)2·MeOH (3), were synthesized and the crystal structures were determined, where H3L2-Me and H3L4-Me are the 1:3 condensation products of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and either 2-methyl-4-formylimidazole and 4-methyl-5-formylimidazole, respectively, and ac denotes acetate ion. Each SmIII ion is coordinated by a tripod heptadentate N7 ligand and two oxygen atoms of the acetate ion. Due to the screw coordination arrangement of the achiral tripod ligand to the SmIII ion, the complex-cation [SmIII(H3L2- or 4-Me)(ac)]2+ gives Δ- and Λ-enantiomorphs. In compounds 1 and 2, two adjacent [Sm(H3L2-Me)(ac)]2+ species with the same chirality are linked by an intermolecular imidazole···acetate hydrogen bond to form a homochiral 1D chain structure. Adjacent chains with the same chirality are stacked to give a conglomerate crystal in 1, while adjacent chains with opposite chiralities are stacked to give a racemic crystal in 2. In compound 3, two adjacent [Sm(H3L4-Me)(ac)]2+ species with the opposite chiralities are doubly bridged by two intermolecular imidazole···acetate hydrogen bonds to form a heterochiral dimer and the adjacent dimers are connected by ClO4− ion through the hydrogen bonds to form a racemic crystal.
Selective Heating of Pd-Modified Ordered Mesoporous Carbon CMK-3 by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Inagaki Satoshi , Onodera Kenzo , Tani Kensaku , Kubota Yoshihiro
Published: October 2011

Various microwave-heated heterogeneous catalytic reactions can be accelerated by choice of the catalyst supports and solvents. In this work, heterogeneous Pd catalysts supported on ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 and related catalysts were prepared. In the presence of these catalysts, the effect of microwave heating on Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling as a probe reaction was investigated. The CMK-3 worked efficiently as a “carbon nanoflask” under microwave irradiation, especially in nonpolar solvents such as toluene and o-xylene with a lower ratio of dielectric constant (ε′) to dielectric loss (ε′′) (=tan δ).
Undesorbed Dichloromethane in Zeolites Studied by Solid-State NMR
Authors: Kojima Natsuko , Hayashi Shigenobu
Published: October 2011

We have studied the state of adsorbed dichloromethane molecules not removed by evacuation in several H-type zeolites, ZSM5, mordenite, β, and Y, by means of solid-state NMR. The amount of undesorbed dichloromethane was determined by quantitative analysis of 1H MAS NMR spectra. The strength and the amount of Brønsted acid sites could not explain the amount of the undesorbed dichloromethane. The channel size is the most probable to determine the amount. The 1H and 13C MAS NMR spectra as well as the 2H static NMR spectra demonstrated that undesorbed dichloromethane is rather mobile.
FeCl3-mediated Direct Chalcogenation of Phenols
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Aihara Kiyoto , Kashihara Tetsuya , Takaki Ken
Published: October 2011

Direct sulfenylation and selenylation of phenols using a stoichiometric amount of FeCl3 under an oxygen atmosphere has been developed. The chalcogenated phenols were shown to be suitable for preparing S- and Se-containing compounds using the reaction of the remaining hydroxy group.
A Molecular Conductor Based on Axially CN-Substituted Cobalt Tetrabenzoporphyrin
Authors: Matsuda Masaki , Ohishi Hiroko , Tofuku Madoka , Muramoto Naho , Yamaura Jun-ichi
Published: October 2011

A molecular conductor based on axially CN-substituted cobalt tetrabenzoporphyrin is reported. The crystal structure is isomorphous with a phthalocyanine-based conductor, however, estimation of effectiveness of π–π overlap and electrical transport measurement reveal that a slight change in molecular structure of macrocyclic π-conjugated ligands has significant influence on intermolecular interaction and electrical properties.
One-pot Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles from Microemulsion Systems
Authors: Miyazawa Taiki , Matsuda Keigo , Fujimori Atsuhiro , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: October 2011

Manganese oxide nanoparticles can be obtained simply by mixing surfactant/water/oil ternary systems containing dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate, and n-hexane. This finding is valuable in the design of a one-pot synthesis of nanoparticles from microemulsion systems.
Study on Reactions of Long-Lived Phenoxathiin Radical Cation with Aliphatic Alcohols, Phenol and Phenyl Halides in Ambient Condition by Fused-Droplet Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yao Sheng-Jun , Wang Hao-Yang , Zhang Li , Zhang Jing , Guo Yin-Long
Published: October 2011

The reactions of phenoxathiin radical cations with diverse organic compounds in ambient conditions were realized by using fused-droplet electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the investigation, the phenoxathiin radical cation was prepared by electrospray ionization. The reactants included aliphatic alcohols, phenol and phenyl halides and the reaction studies showed the unique reactivity the of phenoxathiin radical cation towards neutral organic compounds in ambient conditions, which has not been revealed in previous studies.
Positive and Negative Electrospray Ionization-Collision-Induced Dissociation of Sulfur-Containing Zwitterionic Liquids
Authors: Podjava Anton , Mekss Peteris , Zicmanis Andris
Published: October 2011

The mass spectrometric properties of several (1,2-dimethyl-1 H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)-alkane-1-sulfonates (alkane=ethyl, propyl and butyl) are investigated in this study. These substances, named zwitterionic liquids (ZILs), were synthesized using classical transformations and analyzed in positive and negative electrospray ionization mode using collision-induced dissociation (0–50 eV). We have also performed regioselective deuterium labeling of the alkyl chain of 3-(1,2-dimethyl-1 H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)-propane-1-sulfonates. Thus, the mass spectra of isotopically-labeled compounds were used for the confirmation of fragmentation pathways of ZILs. Briefly, the data obtained in this study show that the fragmentation of ZILs is dependent on the alkyl chain length between the imidazolium ring and the sulfonate group. In positive electrospray mode, the main fragments are the imidazolium ring containing even electron ions. On the other hand, in negative electrospray mode, sulfur-containing radical-anions are dominant.
Sudden cardiac death, borderline myocarditis and molecular diagnosis: evidence or assumption?
Authors: De Salvia Alessandra , De Leo Domenico , Carturan Elisa , Basso Cristina
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Sudden unexpected death autopsy is sometimes non-conclusive both from a macroscopic and from a histological point of view, even if carried out according to the guidelines for sudden cardiac death examination. Molecular biology techniques are required in this setting and may play a crucial role in reaching the final diagnosis.

A case report

The postmortem examination and toxicology findings of the body of a young monk found dead in his cell were negative. Rare focal myocardial lymphocytic infiltrates were seen microscopically, associated with interstitial oedema. The findings were not sufficient to diagnose a myocarditis as the certain final cause of cardiac arrest. According to the recent guidelines for sudden cardiac death, a molecular investigation by polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed on samples of myocardium and spleen, with detection of parvovirus B19 DNA in the myocardium. Accordingly, a diagnosis of parvovirus B19 borderline acute myocarditis was put forward as the possible cause of sudden cardiac death.

Conclusion

In sudden death cases in which there is lack of a cause-effect relationship with the postmortem findings, the final report should be expressed as a descriptive association of evidence, not providing unreliable certainty, as the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology recommends.
Homicide law reform: Coke v Bumble – revisited and reassessed
Authors: Hodgkinson Sarah , Prins Herschel
Published: October 2011

This contribution is a sequel to an earlier paper in the journal by the second author. It examines the Government's remit to the Law Commission to suggest revision to the law relating to homicide, and the eventual somewhat muted implementation in the Coroners and Justice Act of 2009. These changes to the law of homicide, and more specifically the revisions to the partial defences of diminished responsibility and provocation, are critically reviewed, and are discussed in light of the future of homicide law reform. It is argued that more radical reform to the substantive law of homicide is needed, but this article also discusses the problems of implementing this more radical reform given the Government's reluctance to remove the mandatory life sentence for murder.
Audit of informed consent practice within a Community Mental Health Team
Authors: O'Donovan Rebecca , Schofield Chris
Published: October 2011

The letters from a Community Mental Health Team to patients' general practitioners were reviewed to identify the standard of informed consent documentation. A tool was developed to achieve the expected standards for informed consent documentation and its effects on practice evaluated. Statistically significant improvements were shown using our tool in documentation of discussion of risks; increased by 36% ( P ≤ 0.0017, CI 15–58%) benefits of the treatment plan, increased by 56% ( P ≤ 0.010–4, CI 38–74%) risks and benefits of no treatment, increased by 52% ( P ≤ 0.010–4, CI 33–71%); side-effects, increased by 25% ( P ≤ 0.0298, CI 3–47%) and written material improved by 28% ( P ≤ 0.0109, CI 7–48%). There are significant clinical implications for the results of this audit as informed consent is fundamental to good practice; this intervention is quick, simple and enables clinicians to demonstrate valid consent, protecting the patient and clinician.
Microfinance Decision Making: A Field Study of Prosocial Lending
Authors: Galak Jeff , Small Deborah , Stephen Andrew T.
Published: October 2011

Microfinancing, or small uncollateralized loans to entrepreneurs in the developing world, has recently emerged as a leading contender to cure world poverty. Our research investigates the characteristics of borrowers that engender lending through Kiva, a popular organization that connects individual lenders to borrowers through online microfinance. Lenders favor individual borrowers over groups or consortia of borrowers, a pattern consistent with the identifiable victim effect. They also favor borrowers that are socially proximate to themselves. Across three dimensions of social distance (gender, occupation, and first name initial), lenders prefer to give to those who are more like themselves.
Tell Me a Good Story and I May Lend you Money: The Role of Narratives in Peer-to-Peer Lending Decisions
Authors: Herzenstein Michal , Sonenshein Scott , Dholakia Utpal M.
Published: October 2011

This research examines how identity claims constructed in narratives by borrowers influence lender decisions about unsecured personal loans. Specifically, do the number of identity claims and their content influence lending decisions, and can they predict the longer-term performance of funded loans? Using data from the peer-to-peer lending website Prosper.com , the authors find that unverifiable information affects lending decisions above and beyond the influence of objective, verifiable information. As the number of identity claims in narratives increases, so does loan funding, whereas loan performance suffers, because these borrowers are less likely to pay back the loan. In addition, identity content plays an important role. Identities focused on being trustworthy or successful are associated with increased loan funding but ironically are less predictive of loan performance than other identities (i.e., moral and economic hardship). Thus, some identity claims aim to mislead lenders, whereas others provide true representations of borrowers.
Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self
Authors: Hershfield Hal E. , Goldstein Daniel G. , Sharpe William F. , Fox Jesse , Yeykelis Leo , Carstensen Laura L. , Bailenson Jeremy N.
Published: October 2011

Many people fail to save what they will need for retirement. Research on excessive discounting of the future suggests that removing the lure of immediate rewards by precommitting to decisions or elaborating the value of future rewards both can make decisions more future oriented. The authors explore a third and complementary route, one that deals not with present and future rewards but with present and future selves. In line with research that shows that people may fail, because of a lack of belief or imagination, to identify with their future selves, the authors propose that allowing people to interact with age-progressed renderings of themselves will cause them to allocate more resources to the future. In four studies, participants interacted with realistic computer renderings of their future selves using immersive virtual reality hardware and interactive decision aids. In all cases, those who interacted with their virtual future selves exhibited an increased tendency to accept later monetary rewards over immediate ones.
The Impact of an Item-Based Loyalty Program on Consumer Purchase Behavior
Authors: Zhang Jie , Breugelmans Els
Published: October 2011

The authors conduct an empirical investigation of a new retail loyalty program (LP), called an item-based loyalty program (IBLP), in which price discounts are replaced by reward point promotions that need to be accumulated and redeemed later. The main objective is to examine its impact on various aspects of consumer purchase behavior and a retailer's sales revenue. They find that after a retailer switched from a conventional LP to the IBLP, consumers became more responsive to reward point promotions than to price discounts of the same monetary value, were no longer responsive to competitors' reward point promotions, and exhibited stronger cumulative reward point effects. In addition, the new LP had a significantly different impact on “current” LP members and nonmembers (defined by their status right before the switch), resulting in decreased (increased) total spending by the former (latter) group, under the retailer's current promotion practice. Furthermore, it is critically important for retailers to offer sufficient promotions under the new LP to achieve its full potential; otherwise, they risk alienating their loyal customers. Finally, the IBLP reduced attrition among existing customers and attracted more new customers, which contributed to most of the retailer's sales revenue gain after adopting the IBLP.
Media Use by Children Younger Than 2 Years
Authors: Brown Ari ,   Council on Communications and Media
Published: October 2011

In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a policy statement addressing media use in children. The purpose of that statement was to educate parents about the effects that media—both the amount and the content—may have on children. In one part of that statement, the AAP recommended that “pediatricians should urge parents to avoid television viewing for children under the age of two years.” The wording of the policy specifically discouraged media use in this age group, although it is frequently misquoted by media outlets as no media exposure in this age group. The AAP believed that there were significantly more potential negative effects of media than positive ones for this age group and, thus, advised families to thoughtfully consider media use for infants. This policy statement reaffirms the 1999 statement with respect to media use in infants and children younger than 2 years and provides updated research findings to support it. This statement addresses (1) the lack of evidence supporting educational or developmental benefits for media use by children younger than 2 years, (2) the potential adverse health and developmental effects of media use by children younger than 2 years, and (3) adverse effects of parental media use (background media) on children younger than 2 years.
Immediate Loading in the Maxillary Arch: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Improve Success Rates: A Review
Authors: Chung Sean , McCullagh Anthony , Irinakis Tassos
Published: October 2011

The reliability of immediately loaded dental implants in the mandible has prompted many to investigate their application in the maxilla. Although the body of literature is growing, the long-term survivability of immediate loading in the maxilla is still pending. This review of literature investigates the status of immediate loading of dental implants in the maxilla to determine its predictability as a treatment option for partial and complete maxillary edentulism. Current terminology in the field is summarized first. Subsequently, the rationale and advantages of immediate loading in the maxilla are reviewed, and the relationships between immediate loading and osseointegration, primary stability, implant design, micromotion, immediate implant placement, and bone character are explored. The importance of a prosthodontically driven implant treatment plan emphasizing the role of splinting a high-precision and passively fitting implant restoration with reduced micromotion under function is summarized. The reliability and predictability of immediately loaded implants as a treatment option are proposed, and recommended guidelines for the successful delivery of immediately loaded implants in the maxilla are presented.
Cinema e Estado no Brasil: a Exposição Internacional do Centenário da Independência em 1922 e 1923
Authors: Morettin Eduardo
Published: October 2011

O artigo discute as relações entre Estado e cinema no contexto das comemorações dos cem anos da independência do Brasil a partir da Exposição Internacional do Centenário, ocorrida entre 1922 e 1923 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e examina o lugar ocupado pelo novo meio de comunicação dentro das ações idealizadas pelo governo para construir uma imagem do país diante da comunidade internacional.
Caracterização enzimática de isoformas de cisteíno protease de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818)
Authors: Mendonça Eduardo Gomes de , Visôtto Liliane Evangelista , Costa Natália Cristina Santos , Ribeiro Fabrício Rainha , Oliveira Joel Antônio de , Oliveira Maria Goreti de Almeida
Published: October 2011

Isoformas de cisteíno protease obtidas do intestino médio de lagartas de 5° instar de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner, 1818) foram caracterizadas. A isoforma solúvel foi chamada de Fração Solúvel enquanto a isoforma ligada à membrana celular, de Fração Insolúvel. As maiores atividades foram observadas em pH 3,6 a 45° C para a Fração Solúvel e pH 4,6 a 50° C para a Fração Insolúvel. Ao analisar o efeito de modificadores químicos, a Fração Solúvel mostrou-se insensível à aprotinina e E-64, porém teve sua atividade aumentada pela adição de EDTA e levemente inibida pela adição de íons Ca2+, mostrando se tratar de enzimas independentes de íons metálicos para sua atividade. A Fração Insolúvel também se mostrou insensível à aprotinina, porém teve sua atividade parcialmente inibida por E-64. A adição de EDTA levou a uma redução nos valores de atividade, demonstrando a necessidade de íons metálicos para a atividade dessas enzimas, porém não se trata de enzimas cálcio-dependentes, uma vez que sua atividade foi reduzida com a adição desse íon. Os valores de K M app e Vmáx app foram, respectivamente, 0,6398 mM e 42,556 nM s-1 para Fração Solúvel e 0,0413 mM e 10,854 nM s-1 para Fração Insolúvel. Esses resultados fornecem evidências da presença de cisteíno protease solúvel e ligada à membrana celular do intestino de lagartas de A. gemmatalis. O conhecimento e a caracterização das principais classes de proteases presentes no trato digestivo da lagarta da soja, bem como a interação dessas enzimas com inibidores de protease têm uma importante consequência aos programas de melhoramento de soja.
Efeito do silício na preferência para oviposição de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em plantas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Peixoto Marília Lara , Moraes Jair Campos , Silva Alex Antônio , Assis Franscinely Aparecida
Published: October 2011

O biótipo B de Bemisia tabaci destaca-se entre as pragas principais do feijoeiro. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a indução de resistência à mosca-branca pela aplicação de silício em feijoeiro. Foram testados 4 tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 (cultivares Carioca e Valente) x 2 (com e sem aplicação de silício) e 6 repetições. Dez dias após a emergência das plântulas, foram aplicados 500 ml de solução de ácido silícico a 1% no solo, na dosagem equivalente a 2 t SiO2/ha. Dez dias após a aplicação do silício, as plantas foram infestadas com adultos não sexados de mosca-branca em sala climatizada, sendo 100 moscas-brancas/vaso. Para o teste sem chance de escolha, o mesmo procedimento foi utilizado, com cada vaso coberto por gaiolas de tecido organza. Anteriormente à infestação, uma planta de cada vaso foi retirada, seca em estufa até peso constante para avaliação do teor de fenóis. Após 48 horas de infestação, os adultos liberados foram removidos das plantas para avaliação do número de ovos. Para isso, foi escolhida uma folha de uma planta/vaso, selecionando-se a terceira folha apical inteiramente desenvolvida. Após quinze dias, foi avaliado o número de ninfas de 3° e/ou 4° ínstar. Não houve resposta entre cultivares de feijoeiro à aplicação de silício. Foi observado menor número de ovos e menor número de ninfas nas plantas tratadas com silício no teste com chance de escolha. No teste sem chance de escolha, a aplicação de silício não afetou a oviposição da mosca-branca e o desenvolvimento das ninfas, bem como o teor de fenóis.
Efeitos da terra diatomácea sobre Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em batata inglesa
Authors: Assis Franscinely Aparecida , Moraes Jair Campos , Nascimento Amanda Maria , Françoso Jonas
Published: October 2011

A espécie Diabrotica speciosa é um crisomelídeo responsável por causar danos consideráveis à batateira, o que torna indispensável seu controle com inseticidas para minimizar os prejuízos causados à cultura. Assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da terra diatomácea sobre o comportamento alimentar e a mortalidade de D. speciosa em batata inglesa em condições de laboratório. Adotou-se o DIC com três tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo: 1 - testemunha; 2 - TD polvilhada (0,5 g/vaso) e 3 - TD pulverizada a 1%. As batateiras, cv. Emeraude, foram polvilhadas ou pulverizadas com TD, 30 dias após o plantio e, 24 horas após a aplicação, as plantas foram fornecidas aos insetos, sem e com chance de escolha. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, sendo a menor porcentagem de folíolos com injúrias observada em plantas que receberam a aplicação de TD pulverizada (teste sem chance de escolha) e TD polvilhada ou pulverizada (teste com chance de escolha). Também houve redução do número de injúrias foliares às 24 e às 48 horas (TD polvilhada ou pulverizada) e, às 72 horas, a redução foi observada somente com a aplicação da TD polvilhada. Com relação à ação inseticida da TD, foi verificado seu efeito após 48 horas, tanto via polvilhamento, quanto via pulverização. Assim, a aplicação de TD pode auxiliar no manejo de D. speciosa, contribuindo para conferir proteção às plantas de batata inglesa e aumentar a mortalidade desse inseto-praga.
Espaçamento entre fileiras e densidade de semeadura do sorgo forrageiro para a região norte de Minas Gerais
Authors: Albuquerque Carlos Juliano Brant , Pinho Renzo Garcia Von , Rodrigues José Avelino Santos , Brant Renata da Silva
Published: October 2011

Em razão da sua resistência à seca, o sorgo forrageiro na forma de silagem é considerado um dos cultivos mais comuns para a alimentação de ruminantes em propriedades da região Norte de Minas Gerais. Para um melhor manejo cultural do sorgo, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar três densidades de plantas e três espaçamentos entre fileiras na condição climática do semiárido. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos, em dois anos agrícolas. Em cada ano foram instalados experimentos em áreas contíguas, utilizando se, respectivamente, os espaçamentos entre linhas de 50 cm, 70 cm e 90 cm. Cada experimento foi conduzido sob o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com três repetições, sendo quatro cultivares e três densidades de semeadura. A viabilidade da redução do espaçamento entre fileiras no sorgo forrageiro é dependente da cultivar em função da condição climática. O aumento da densidade de semeadura proporciona redução na produtividade de matéria seca.
Efeito do tipo de corte e de sanificantes no escurecimento de pequi minimamente processado
Authors: Rodrigues Luiz José , Vilas Boas Eduardo Valério de Barros , Paula Nélio Ranieli Ferreira de , Pinto Daniella Moreira , Piccoli Roberta Hilsdord
Published: October 2011

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência dos sanificantes hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) e de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em diferentes concentrações sobre a vida de prateleira de pequi (Caryocar brasilense Cambess.) submetido a dois tipos de processamento mínimo: "caroço fatiado" e "caroço inteiro", e armazenados a 6 ± 1° C e 90 a 95% UR, durante 15 dias. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, disposto em um fatorial 2 x 6 x 5, ou seja, 2 tipos de processamento (caroços "fatiados" e "inteiros"), 6 tempos (0h, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 dias) e 5 tratamentos (controle, NaClO 50 ppm, NaClO 100 ppm, H2O2 4% e H2O2 6%), com 3 repetições. A cada três dias foram realizadas as análises: vitamina C, polifenoloxidase, peroxidase e cor (CIE L*a*b*). O pequi minimamente processado apresentou decréscimo nos teores de vitamina C ao longo do armazenamento. O caroço fatiado mostrou-se com maior atividade da enzima polifenoloxidase em relação ao inteiro. A interação significativa entre o corte, o sanificante e o tempo ocorreu para a variável peroxidase, tendo sido observado para o caroço fatiado tratado com os sanificantes H2O2 4 e 6% maior atividade dessa enzima. Observou-se a redução do valor de L*, durante o armazenamento do pequi minimamente processado, independente do sanificante utilizado, ocasionado pelo escurecimento do produto.
Carcass characteristics of broilers at 42 days receiving diets with phytase in different energy and crude protein levels
Authors: Nagata Adriano Kaneo , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Alvarenga Renata Ribeiro , Zangeronimo Márcio Gilberto , Donato Daniella Carolina Zanardo , Silva José Humberto Vilar da
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate carcass characteristics and quality of breast meat after the inclusion of phytase in broiler diets with different levels of apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) corrected for nitrogen and reduced crude protein (CP) supplemented with essential amino acids following the concept of ideal protein. A total of 1,500 Cobb broilers from 22 to 42 days (initial weight of 833 ± 7 g and final weight of 2741 ± 48 g) were distributed in completely randomized design in a factorial 3x3+1 experiment (three levels of AMEn - 2,950; 3,100 and 3,250 kcal/kg - and three levels of CP - 14, 16 and 18% - and an additional treatment - control without phytase, with 3,100 kcal/kg EMAn, 19.2% PB and 0.4% available phosphorus), in six replications of 25 birds each. At the end of the trial, two birds of each experimental unit were slaughtered in order to measure carcass yield and yields of parts and to determine the chemical composition of the breast meat. The levels of AMEn and CP of diets with phytase influenced (P<0.05) the carcass, breast and abdominal fat yield and humidity, protein and fat percentage in the pectoralis major muscle of the birds. The levels of 3,100 kcal AMEn/kg and 18% CP showed higher carcass and breast yield and lower abdominal fat deposition, although with higher fat percentage in the breast meat. It was concluded that the manipulation of the energy levels of diets with reduced crude protein supplemented with amino acids and phytase influenced the yields of parts of carcass and the breast meat quality of the broilers at 42 days.
Curvas de crescimento de fêmeas da raça nelore e seus cruzamentos
Authors: Gonçalves Tarcisio de Moraes , Dias Marco Aurélio Dessimoni , Azevedo Junior Jairo , Rodriguez Mary Ana Petersen , Timpani Vivian Dagnesi , Oliveira Antônio Ilson Gomes de
Published: October 2011

Seleção para características do crescimento pode ser feita após ajustadas funções de crescimento para todos os animais sob seleção. Porém, a curva de crescimento de fêmeas é influenciada pelas gestações e lactações subsequentes. Neste trabalho, métodos são descritos para selecionar uma função que ajuste a curva de crescimento de fêmeas bovinas considerando-se os efeitos de variação de peso corporal devido a gestação e a lactação. Foram utilizados dados provenientes do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, constituindo-se de 15.271 observações de pesos de 103 fêmeas, sendo 43 Nelore, 10 F1 Guzerá x Nelore, 29 F1 Red Angus x Nelore, 5 F1 Marchigiana x Nelore e 16 F1 Simental x Nelore. Comparou-se o ajuste das funções de Brody, Gompertz, Logística, Von Bertalanffy e Michaelis-Menten reparametrizada (MMr) aos efeitos do ganho de peso em função da idade, sendo adicionado a todas as funções o ganho de peso durante a gestação e a perda de peso na lactação de fêmeas da raça Nelore e Cruzadas. Ao ajustar as funções, observou-se um Coeficiente de Determinação Múltiplo Ajustado variando entre 0,7552 e 0,9267. Observou-se o menor Quadrado Médio do Resíduo e o Desvio Médio Absoluto para a função de MMr. Para descrição da curva de crescimento em função da idade das fêmeas, deve ser ajustada a função de MMr.
Nitrogênio e as características anatômicas, bromatológicas e agronômicas de cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha
Authors: Medeiros Lucilene Tavares , Pinto José Cardoso , Castro Evaristo Mauro de , Rezende Adauton Vilela de , Lima Cristiane Andrade
Published: October 2011

Com o objetivo de determinar algumas características anatômicas e físico-químicas de duas cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha, cvs. Marandu e MG-5 Vitória, colhidas aos 45 e 65 dias após o plantio, sob doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N), foi conduzido um experimento em vasos, em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, Lavras, MG. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x5, sendo dois genótipos, duas idades de corte e cinco doses de N (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/dm³), com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 tratamentos e 80 unidades experimentais (vasos). As variáveis estudadas foram: densidade de perfilhos, diâmetros polar e equatorial dos estômatos nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial das folhas, teores de PB, FDN e FDA e coeficientes de DIVMS. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que o aumento das doses de N influencia positivamente a produção de MS nas duas idades de corte. A idade de corte influencia o número de perfilhos, a densidade e os diâmetros polar e equatorial dos estômatos e a cv. Vitória mostra-se mais plástica nas características estomáticas comparada à cv. Marandu. As doses mais altas de N proporcionam aumentos nos teores de PB e DIVMS. Os menores intervalos entre corte proporcionam os menores teores de FDN e FDA.
Water relations and some aspects of leaf metabolism of Jatropha curcas young plants under two water deficit levels and recovery
Authors: Arcoverde Gabriela B. , Rodrigues Bruno M. , Pompelli Marcelo F. , Santos Mauro G.
Published: October 2011

Stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (E), relative water content (RWC), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), leaf carbohydrate soluble (LCS), free amino acids (FAA) and total protein (TP) content were measured under mild and severe drought stress in young potted Jatropha curcas L. in the greenhouse. The plants were kept for 12 days under three different water regimes, control (well hydrated), 50% irrigation control (mild stress) and 25% (severe stress), after rehydration were measured on the second and fourth day. Both mild and severe stress decreased g s and E; however, only severe stress reduced LCS, FAA and TP content and increased SOD activity (70%) and MDA content (60%) compared with the control. Moreover, under these conditions the plants showed severe leaf senescence. These results show that only severe drought stress decrease foliar metabolism in potted plants. These results show that severe drought decreased metabolism and leaf RWC, in potted plants. However, 48 h under a moderate stress is enough to drive the stomatal control is the main barrier against water loss. Finally, in the fourth day after rehydration the plants under a moderate and severe drought even had a g s and E reduced in both evaluation periods.
Modeling range dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes: invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Preisser Evan L. , Porter Adam , Elkinton Joseph , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: October 2011

Range expansion by native and exotic species will continue to be a major component of global change. Anticipating the potential effects of changes in species distributions requires models capable of forecasting population spread across realistic, heterogeneous landscapes and subject to spatiotemporal variability in habitat suitability. Several decades of theory and model development, as well as increased computing power and availability of fine‐resolution GIS data, now make such models possible. Still unanswered, however, is the question of how well this new generation of dynamic models will anticipate range expansion. Here we develop a spatially explicit stochastic model that combines dynamic dispersal and population processes with fine‐resolution maps characterizing spatiotemporal heterogeneity in climate and habitat to model range expansion of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae). We parameterize this model using multiyear data sets describing population and dispersal dynamics of HWA and apply it to eastern North America over a 57‐year period (1951–2008). To evaluate the model, the observed pattern of spread of HWA during this same period was compared to model predictions. Our model predicts considerable heterogeneity in the risk of HWA invasion across space and through time, and it suggests that spatiotemporal variation in winter temperature, rather than hemlock abundance, exerts a primary control on the spread of HWA. Although the simulations generally matched the observed current extent of the invasion of HWA and patterns of anisotropic spread, it did not correctly predict when HWA was observed to arrive in different geographic regions. We attribute differences between the modeled and observed dynamics to an inability to capture the timing and direction of long‐distance dispersal events that substantially affected the ensuing pattern of spread.
Fitting complex population models by combining particle filters with Markov chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Knape Jonas , de Valpine Perry
Published: October 2011

We show how a recent framework combining Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) with particle filters (PFMCMC) may be used to estimate population state‐space models. With the purpose of utilizing the strengths of each method, PFMCMC explores hidden states by particle filters, while process and observation parameters are estimated using an MCMC algorithm. PFMCMC is exemplified by analyzing time series data on a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) population in New South Wales, Australia, using MCMC over model parameters based on an adaptive Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm. We fit three population models to these data; a density‐dependent logistic diffusion model with environmental variance, an unregulated stochastic exponential growth model, and a random‐walk model. Bayes factors and posterior model probabilities show that there is little support for density dependence and that the random‐walk model is the most parsimonious model. The particle filter Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm is a brute‐force method that may be used to fit a range of complex population models. Implementation is straightforward and less involved than standard MCMC for many models, and marginal densities for model selection can be obtained with little additional effort. The cost is mainly computational, resulting in long running times that may be improved by parallelizing the algorithm.
Fear of Property Crime: Examining the Effects of Victimization, Vicarious Victimization, and Perceived Risk
Authors: Cook Carrie L. , Fox Kathleen A.
Published: October 2011

Fear of crime research has primarily focused on fear of crime in general or on fear of specific types of violent crimes. This study builds from this line of research by focusing exclusively on the night fear of six types of property crimes, including fear of burglary while away from home, vehicle theft, bicycle theft, property theft, vandalism, and vehicle burglary. This study examines the effects of victimization, vicarious victimization, and perceived risk on fear of property crime. Survey data from college students reveal that victimization and vicarious victimization were not significant predictors of fear of property crime, whereas perceived risk was a consistent and significant predictor of fear of all property crimes.
Louisa’s Birth
Authors: Mann Rachel
Published: October 2011

In this column, Rachel Mann shares the story of the birth of her third daughter, Louisa. After a previous pregnancy loss, Mann chose to give birth to her third baby in a hospital with attending care from an obstetrician. In spite of the high-risk medical environment, she was able to have an unmedicated, powerful birth. Mann’s careful planning, the support of her husband and doula, and her confidence in her ability to give birth helped make Louisa’s birth all that Mann hoped it would be.
Predicting Breastfeeding Duration Related to Maternal Attitudes in a Taiwanese Sample
Authors: Ho Yen-Ju , McGrath Jacqueline M.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine maternal attitudes and sociodemographic variables associated with Taiwanese mothers’ continuation of breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum. A sample of 140 in-hospital breastfeeding mothers was recruited in Taiwan. Participants completed the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) in the hospital prior to discharge. Postdischarge participants were contacted by telephone at 3 and 6 weeks postpartum to obtain information regarding their feeding method and duration. Findings revealed that in-hospital maternal breastfeeding attitudes are predictive of breastfeeding duration. Insufficient milk supply was the reason most often given for discontinuing breastfeeding. Women’s husband/partner was found to be the main source of breastfeeding support. We recommend health-care professionals add the IIFAS to their assessment to identify mothers at high risk for discontinuing breastfeeding and to develop and better evaluate breastfeeding promotion programs.
3.3 kV IGBT and diode chipset using lifetime control techniques and low-efficiency emitters
Authors: Netzel Mario , Lerner Ralf , Siemieniec Ralf , Lutz Josef
Published: October 2011

The adjustment of emitter efficiency by variation of doping profiles or application of lifetime control techniques such as irradiation of electrons and helium are two generally recognized concepts for the improvement of power device characteristics. In this work both concepts were studied by use of device simulation for the development of an IGBT and freewheeling diode chipset for 3.3 kV. Simulations were performed using an extended recombination model and recombination center data taken from measurements at different irradiated devices. Finally, this lead to the manufacturing of an IGBT using low-emitter efficiency and an irradiated freewheeling diode. The experimental results are in good accordance with the previously performed simulations and give evidence of the capabilities of present device simulation tools.
3D electrostatic field solution with dual mesh
Authors: Canova Aldo , Gruosso Guseppe , Repetto Maurizio
Published: October 2011

The paper presents an application of the "Finite formulation of electromagnetic field" to the analysis of electrostatic field. This new formulation proposes a direct expression of Maxwell laws in terms of global variables (fluxes, circulations, etc) and exploits duality present in these equations. In this way, it is well suited for the numerical solution of electromagnetic field and makes this process similar to the study of an electrical network. A field solver is thus implemented using tetrahedral elements and several comparisons versus analytical solutions are presented and discussed.
FPGA implementation of folded FIR filter architecture with changeable folding factor
Authors: Milentijevic Ivan , Ciric Vladimir , Tokic Teufik , Vojinovic Oliver
Published: October 2011

The application of folding technique to the bit-plane systolic FIR filter architecture that enables the implementation of changeable folding factor on to the fixed size array is described in this paper. The bit-level transformation of the original data flow graph (DFG), for the bit-plane architecture, that provides the successful application of the folding technique with changeable folding is presented at transfer function level The mathematical path that describes the transformation is given, and implications at the DFG level are discussed. Changeable folding sets are involved with aim to increase the throughput of the folded system reducing the folding factor according to the coefficient length. The folded FIR filter architecture is described in VHDL as a parameterized FIR filtering core and implemented in FPGA technology. The design "tradeoffs" relating on the occupation of the chip resources and achieved throughputs are presented.
Direct synthesis of the digital FIR full-band differentiators
Authors: Lekic Predrag , Micic Aca
Published: October 2011

In this paper, two methods for designing digital full-band FIR differentiators are presented. First of them, named Immediate, represents the efficient and general method for brusque designing the first and higher degree digital full-band FIR differentiators of even and odd order, with simultaneous approximation of the prescribed magnitude and group delay responses, using originally modified eigenfilter method. The proposed method presents an approach for the FIR differentiator frequency response approximation directly in the complex, and not in the real domain. The second method, named Intermediary, represents the efficient approach for oblique designing only the second and higher degree digital full-band FIR differentiators of odd order. The comparison of the characteristics and results of these two presented methods is performed. In order to illustrate the presented methods effectiveness, the numerical design examples of the first second degree full-band digital differentiators are given, too.
Electromagnetic field distribution of a nearby lightning discharge inside an overground wire conductive structure
Authors: Javor Vesna
Published: October 2011

Lightning is a major natural source of electromagnetic (EM) radiation and the most impressive one, but only from a secure distance. Its most dangerous effects happen in the case of a direct strike, but it can also make damages to electronic systems and equipment from the distances of up to 1.5km from the direct strike, i.e. in the case of a nearby discharge. Lightning EM field can be analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). One simple approximation [3] for external pulse field is used and parameters are calculated for the standard pulse function 1.2/50. EM field of a lightning discharge induces currents along conductive structures and resulting field can be obtained using program SPAN. Computer package SPAN for analysis of conductive structures, consisting of linear cylindrical segments, in external EM field of time harmonic plane wave of arbitrary direction and frequency, was made by the author [1,2]. Time response is obtained performing Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to the results of program SPAN in frequency domain. The results for EM field inside the structure and in the near field out of some cage structures on the ground in the case of a nearby lightning discharge are presented in the paper.
On the performance potential of speculative execution based on branch and value prediction
Authors: Mitrevski Pece , Gusev Marjan
Published: October 2011

Fluid Stochastic Petri Nets are used to capture the dynamic behavior of an ILP processor, and discrete-event simulation is applied to assess the performance potential of predictions and speculative execution in boosting the performance of ILP processors that fetch, issue, execute and commit a large number of instructions per cycle.
A new approach for system-level architecture exploration
Authors: Zivkovic Vladimir , van der , Deprettere Ed , de Kock
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we present a new design-space exploration approach which we call the symbolic program approach. The symbolic program approach is based on both the trace driven approach and the control data flow graph approach. As expected, the trajectory of the symbolic program approach appears somewhere in-between the two extremes mentioned above. Thus, it leads to the shorter simulation time while it can still give fairly accurate performance numbers. Moreover, it produces results that can be readily taken as input for further design. Keywords: System-level, design-space exploration traces, CDFG, symbolic programs.
Current mode approach: High performance 0.35 μm CMOS class AB push-pull current amplifier
Authors: Bouzerara Lyes , Belaroussi Mohand
Published: October 2011

A very high bandwidth class AB (Push-Pull) current amplifier using the compensation resistor technique is presented and analyzed. Such technique stands as a powerful method of bandwidth enhancement for general circuits using CMOS current mirrors. The proposed bandwidth is enhanced from 675 MHz for the uncompensated current amplifier to 745MHz for the compensated one without affecting the current gain and other design parameters such as power consumption and output swing. The circuit exhibits a current gain of 20 dB and consumes 1.48 mW for ?2.5V power supply voltage. All simulation results were performed using Hspice tool with 0.35^m CMOS TSMC parameters.
Layout considerations for high temperature SRAM cells in a SOI technology
Authors: Richter Sonja , Bormann Stefan , Nakov Valentin
Published: October 2011

Silicon-on-insulator technologies are well suited for high temperature circuit design, due to low leakage currents. The reduction of leakage currents is especially important in large repetitive structures such as memories. This paper describes the layout development of a high temperature SRAM cell in a SOI Technology. First, the differences between SOI technologies and standard CMOS processes are presented. It is then discussed, how SOI specific circuit element behavior affects the layout design of different parts of the SRAM cell. Solutions for SOI specific problems are presented and advantages and disadvantages of SOI technologies in static random access memory design are shown.