bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superconducting Magnets for Fusion Reactors
Authors: Bruzzone Pierluigi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Review of Superconducting Coils for Fusion

Crucial Issues for the Design of Fusion Magnets
Superconductors, Type I and II
Authors: Finnemore D. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Typical Examples

Physical Pictures for Type I and Type II Phenomena
Biomedical Telemetry
Authors: Šantić Ante
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Biotelemetry Systems

Modulation Modes

Power Sources

Biotelemetry Applications

Transmission Links and Propagation

Endoradiosondes

Passive Implanted Telemetry Devices

Active Implanted Telemetry Devices

Transponders

Packaging

Wildlife Tracking
Laser Applications in Medicine
Authors: Mendelson Yitzhak
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Laser Physics

Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Biological Tissues

Effect of Laser Radiation on Biological Tissues

Laser Delivery Systems

Types of Lasers Used in Medical Applications

Medical Applications of Lasers

Laser Safety

Laser Classifications
Medical Information Systems
Authors: Saranummi Niilo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Frame of Reference For MIS

State‐Of‐The‐Art in Mis

The Future
Patient Monitoring
Authors: Togawa Tatsuo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Conventional Patient Monitoring Techniques

Advanced Technology for Patient Monitoring
Physiological Models, Development
Authors: Bahill A. Terry
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Steps in the Modeling Process

Describe the System to be Modeled

Gather Experimental Data Describing System Behavior

Developing the Model

Make the Model

Validate the Model

Investigate Alternative Models

Emulate Something Not Used in the Model's Design

Acknowledgment
Electric Impedance Imaging
Authors: McLeod Christopher N. , Lionheart William R. B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Physical Theory

Reconstruction Algorithms

Tissue Impedance

Electronic Systems

Application Areas
Television and FM Broadcasting Antennas
Authors: Bendov O.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basics For TV and FM Antennas

Antennas for Television Broadcasting

Antennas for FM Broadcasting

Advanced Topics: Analog Versus Digital TV

Acknowledgment
Low‐Power Broadcasting
Authors: Morgan Chip
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions

General Guidelines

Low‐Power System Design

Antenna Stacking

Installation and Troubleshooting
Television Broadcast Reception
Authors: Sherratt R. Simon
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Vestigial Sideband Modulation

Spectrum Allocation

VHF Versus UHF Propagation

Receivers

Interference

Multipath Equalization

Digital Receivers
Analog Computers
Authors: Karplus Walter J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analog and Digital Processing

Classification of Analog Methods

Direct Analog Simulators

Indirect Analog Simulators
Automata Theory
Authors: Golubski Wolfgang , Merzenich Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Automata as Models for Computation

Languages, Grammars, and Automata

Hierarchies of Languages and Automata

Turing Machines

Pushdown Automata

Finite Automata
Bit‐Slice Computers
Authors: John Lizy K. , John Eugene B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bit‐Slice Computers

Application Specific Instruction Set Computers
CD‐ROMS, DVD‐ROMS, and Computer Systems
Authors: Ranky Paul G. , Ranky Mick F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Development: CD‐ROM and DVD

CD‐ROM Technology, Medium, and the Storage Density of Data

CD‐Recordable (CD‐R)

CD‐RW CD‐Erasable

CD‐Recordable Versus Mass Replicated (“Silver”) Compact Discs. An Analysis by the National Technology Alliance (USA)

Alternative, Internet/Intranet‐Based Technologies

CD‐ROM/DVD‐ROM Applications

What is Quicktime VR?

Smartdart: A Smart Diagnostic and Repair Tool Implemented In a Voice I/O Controlled, Interactive Multimedia, Mobile‐Wearable Computer‐Based Device for the Automobile (And Other) Industries

Digital Versatility Disc (DVD‐ROM)

CD‐ROM/DVD Drive Manufacturers and Current Drives

CD‐ROM/DVD Software Writers/Vendors and Current CD‐Recording Software

Acknowledgments
Computational Complexity Theory
Authors: Ogihara Mitsunori
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Birth of the Field

Computational Complexity Theory

The Turing Machines

Computational Complexity Theory
Computer Networks
Authors: Kshemkalyani Ajay D. , Singhal Mukesh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Networks

Evolution of Networks

Standards

Overview of Internetworking

Multiplexing

Switching Technologies

Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks

Emerging Networks and Protocols

Interaction with Other System Components

High‐Speed Network Protocols

Advanced Topics
Content‐Addressable Storage
Authors: Lu Cheng‐Chang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Implementation
Digital Storage
Authors: Agnew Gordon B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Digital Storage

Primary Storage

Secondary Storage

Virtual Memory

Moore's Law

Comparison of Memory Speed and Processor Speed

Developing Technologies
Fifth Generation Systems
Authors: Yokota Kazumasa
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Preliminary Study for the
FGCS
Project

Overview of R&D Activities and Results of the
FGCS
Project

Overview of the
FGCS
Follow‐On Project

Promoting Organization of the
FGCS
Project

Distribution of R&D Results and International Exchange Activities

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Harvard Architectures
Authors: John Lizy Kurian
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Perspective

Definition of Harvard Architecture

Modern Architectures with Harvard Style

Future Directions
Online Operation
Authors: Bertossi Alan A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Online Algorithms

Relevant Online Applications

Discussion and Future Directions
Printers
Authors: Groff Richard E. , Thieret Tracy E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Marking Technologies

Imaging Technologies

Conclusion
Program Assemblers
Authors: Dietz Henry
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is Assembly Language Used For?

An Overview of Assembly

Using Assembly Language

Assembler Technology

Conclusion and Topics for Further Research
Program Compilers
Authors: Golubski Wolfgang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Application Fields

Structure of a Compiler

Interpreter

Front End and Back End

Bootstrapping

Compiler Tools

Parallelizing Compilers

Implementing Imperative, Functional, Logical, or Object‐Oriented Languages

Just‐In‐Time Compilation
Program Interpreters
Authors: Chapman Richard O. , Chang Kai H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Development and Practice

Specification and Implementation
Programming Theory
Authors: Reddy Uday S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Functional Programs

Abstract Data Types

Imperative Programs

Procedures and Objects

Conclusion
Free and Open Source Software
Authors: Delozier Eric P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Background

Intellectual Property Issues

Licensing Software

Free and Open Source Distributions

The Free–Open‐Source Debate

Evaluating Free and Open Source Software

Conclusion
Smart Cards
Authors: Svigals Jerome
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is the Smart Card?

The
PC
Card

The
ISO
7816 Smart Card
Software Selection
Authors: Mamaghani Farrokh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Software Selection Process

The Analytic Hierarchy Process

Steps of the Analytic Hierarchy Process

A Hypothetical Example

Conclusions
Stock Markets
Authors: Patterson Douglas M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Secondary Market

Market Regulation

Negotiated Market

Third and Fourth Markets

Stock Clearing

Foreign Stock Markets

Derivatives
Time‐Sharing Systems
Authors: Unrau Ronald C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Resource Management

Lottery Scheduling
Universal Resource Locator
Authors: Voelker Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background

Syntax and Semantics

Relative Urls

Related Naming Schemes
Logo
Authors: Guzdial Mark
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Early History of Logo

Logo in Educational Research

Microworlds in Logo

Logo Today
Mumps
Authors: Walters Richard F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Evolution of M

Principal Characteristics of M

Review of Basic Language Elements

String Manipulation in M

Manipulation of M Sparse Arrays

Transaction Processing

Interaction with the Underlying Operating System

Error Management

Internationalization

Interfacing M to Other Standards

Example of An Application Written in M

Future Directions of M
Recursion
Authors: Brecht Timothy , McIlraith Sheila , Pitassi Toniann
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Acknowledgments
Vlsi Circuit Layout
Authors: Cho Jun Dong , Sarrafzadeh Majid
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Layout Methodology

Physical Design Flow

Partitioning

Floor Planning

Placement

Routing

Other Issues in Physical Design Flow

High‐Performance Layout Design with Submicron Technologies
Logic Synthesis
Authors: Chou Tan‐Li , Roy Kaushik
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Two‐Level Logic Synthesis

Multilevel Logic Synthesis

Sequential Circuit Synthesis

Logic Synthesis for FPGAs
Electrical and Timing Simulation
Authors: Visweswariah Chandu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Spice

Timing Simulation

Switch‐Level and Logic Simulation

Static Timing Analysis

Sensitivity Analysis

Circuit Optimization

Conclusion
Computer Games
Authors: Clements Douglas H. , Castleman Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Essential Technical Challenges

Case Study of Three Best Sellers

Social Context

Instructional Computer Games

Future Directions
Domestic Appliances
Authors: Shaout Adnan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Appliance Technology

Fuzzy Appliances

The Benefits of Fuzzy Logic in Appliances

The Negative Side

The Future

Conclusion
Facsimile Equipment
Authors: Pugh Alan R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Document Facsimile

Group 3 Facsimile Terminal Operation

Coding Scheme

Scanning Systems

Recording Methods

Group 3 Communication Protocols

Group 3 Error Correction Mode

Basic and Optional Features for Group 3

Group 4 Facsimile Terminals

Basic and Optional Features for Group 4

Group 3 Terminals on the Integrated Services Digital Network (
ISDN
)

Networks

PC Facsimile
Musical Instruments
Authors: Schaffer John Wm.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Analog Oscillators

Analog Synthesizers

Digital Synthesis

Digital Synthesizers

Sampling (Digital)

MIDI

Conclusions
Data Communication
Authors: Muhamed Rias
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Networking Concepts

Seven‐Layer Architecture

Physical Layer—Transmission Media and Data Encoding

Data Link Layer—Error Detection and Recovery

Medium Access Control Layer—Protocols for Sharing Resources

Network Layer—Routing, Congestion, and Flow Control

Data Communication Standards

Wireless Data Standards

Conclusion
Demultiplexing Equipment
Authors: Wang Michael R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

TDMA Networks

Optical Sources for TDMA Networks

Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Time‐Slot Interchange Switch

Clock Recovery Devices

Header Detection and Packet Switching
Digital Radio
Authors: Aalo Valentine A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital Cellular Radio

Channel Propagation

Wireless Transceiver Structure

Overview of Digital Radio Systems

Personal Communication Services
Radar Polarimetry
Authors: Sletten Mark A. , Mc Laughlin David J.
Published: September 2005

This article summarizes the fundamentals of radar polarimetry and gives examples of related applications and research. The mathematical foundation is described first. This discussion includes explanations of the various ways in which polarized and partially polarized electromagnetic waves can be described and how formalisms are used to express the polarimetric scattering properties of objects and surfaces. The scattering, Mueller, covariance, and coherency matrices embody these formalisms. Some practical aspects of polarimetric radar design are then discussed, and the article concludes by summarizing applications of polarimetry and areas of active research, including scattering studies, image classification, contrast enhancement, meteorology, and topographic mapping.
Telecommunication Signaling
Authors: Martikainen Olli , Naoumov Valeri , Samouylov Konstantin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Signaling System No. 7 (SS7)
Telecommunication Terminals
Authors: Zahedi Ali , Pahlavan Kaveh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is a Telecommunication Terminal?

Wired Telecommunication Terminals, Services, Standards, and Protocols

Wireless and Mobile Terminals, Services, and Standards

Abbreviations
Teletext
Authors: Kinghorn John R. , Tarrant David R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Teletext Principles

Teletext Specification

Signal Degradation and Error Protection

Teletext Decoders: Functions and Interfaces

Subtitles and Closed Captioning

Database Navigation and Access Time Improvements

VCR Programming and Start/Stop Control

Teletext Market Development

Other Teletext Standards

Further Developments in Teletext

Conclusion
Viewdata
Authors: Kibirige Harry M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Viewdata Service Provider

Viewdata Enabling Electronic Information Networks

Videotex Applications Data Nets

Viewdata and the Information Overload

Summary and Conclusions
Modulation Analysis Formula
Authors: Walker H. R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Preencoding the Data: NRZ Line Code Versus Biphase Modulation

Modulation Methods Compared

QPSK

FM

Appendix

Notes on References
Continuous‐Phase Modulation
Authors: Ertaş Tuncay
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Continuous‐Phase Modulation

Signal and System Descriptions

The Structure ofCPMSignals

BasicCPMTransmitter

Performance ofCPM

Topics inCPM
Packaging Rf Devices and Modules
Authors: Lee Y. C. , Zhang Wenge , Su Bingzhi , Feng Zhiping , Gupta K. C. , Park Chong‐Il
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

RF Packages

Performance of RF Packages

Reliability

Case Study

CAD Issues for RF Packaging

Advanced Packaging Concepts
Analog Processing Circuits
Authors: Báez‐López David
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Operational Amplifiers

Linear Circuits for Signal Processing

Integrators

Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing Circuits

Comparators

Hysteresis

Logarithmic Amplifiers

Concluding Remarks
Circuit Tuning
Authors: Schaumann Rolf
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sensitivity

Tuning Discrete Circuits

Tuning Integrated Circuits
Comparator Circuits
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez Angel , Delgado‐Restituto Manuel , De La Rosa José M. , Domínguez‐Castro Rafael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Comparator Behavior

One‐Step Voltage Comparators

Offset Cancellation in One‐Step Comparators

Multistep Voltage Comparators

Voltage Comparators with Positive Feedback

Basic Current Comparators

Advanced Current Comparators

Appendix I. Simplified Most Model

Acknowledgment
Counting Circuits
Authors: Tront Joseph G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Delay Circuits
Authors: Quintana José M. , Avedillo María J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Continuous‐Time Approach

Discrete‐Time Approach
Differential Amplifiers
Authors: De Veirman Geert A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Amplification of Difference and DC Signals

Bipolar Differential Pairs (Emitter‐Coupled Pairs)

MOS Differential Pairs (Source‐Coupled Pairs)
Digital Filters
Authors: Diniz Paulo S. R. , Petraglia Mariane R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital Filters

Sampling Rate

Frequency Response

Difference Equations

Finite Impulse Response Filters

Infinite Impulse Response Filters

Wave Digital Filters

Lattice Filters

Quantization Effects in Digital Filters

Digital Filter Implementation
Digital‐To‐Analog Conversion
Authors: Song Bang‐Sup
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of D/A Conversion

DAC Architectures

DAC Conversion Accuracy

High‐Resolution Techniques

Interpolative Oversampling Technique

DAC Applications
Digital Filter Synthesis
Authors: Aravena Jorge L. , Venkatachalam Vidya
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of the Problem

Direct Digital Design

Optimal Digital Filter Design
Discrete Event Systems
Authors: Cristea Paul Dan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Models of Discrete Event Systems

Control of Discrete Event Systems
Frequency Synthesizers
Authors: Goldberg Bar‐Giora
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Synthesizer Parameters

Synthesis Techniques
Harmonic Oscillators, Circuits
Authors: Linares‐Barranco Bernabé , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Ángel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ideal Resonator Mathematical Model

Real Resonator Mathematical Model

Amplitude Control by Limitation

Amplitude Control by Automatic Gain Control

Voltage Controlled Harmonic Oscillators

Frequency Control Loop

Further Considerations
IIR Filters
Authors: Lindquist Claude S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Description

Frequency‐Domain Algorithms

Time‐Domain Algorithms

Filter Orders

Design Examples

IIR Filter Realizations

IIR Filter Properties
Logic Design
Authors: Song Ning , Perkowski Marek A. , Chen Stanley
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mathematical Characterization

Combinational Logic Design

Sequential Logic Design

Microprocessor‐Based Design
Low‐Pass Filters
Authors: Choi Chiu H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Network Parameters
Authors: Chen Wai‐Kai
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Network Parameters
Noise Generators
Authors: Upadhyaya Shambhu J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Modeling of Noise

Noise Generation Techniques

Application of Noise Generators

Commercial Noise Generators

Acknowledgments
Overvoltage Protection
Authors: Jakwani Asif , Enjeti P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overvoltage Transients

Overvoltage Protection Devices

Overvoltage Protection for Switch‐Mode Power Supplies
Pulse‐Shaping Circuits
Authors: Myers Brent A. , Chester David B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theoretical Background

Implementation

DAC
Ramp Generator
Authors: Haworth L. I. , Murray A. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Generating a Ramp Voltage

Voltage‐Controlled Architectures

Using the 555
Rectifying Circuits
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Half‐Wave Rectifier Circuit

Full‐Wave Rectifier Circuit

Full‐Wave Bridge Rectifier Circuit

Voltage Regulation

Ripple

Filters

Ratio of Rectification

Appendix 1. Half‐Wave Rectifier Calculations

Appendix 2: Full‐Wave Rectifier Calculations

Appendix 3. Bridge Rectifier Ripple Calculations

Epilogue
Sample‐and‐Hold Circuits
Authors: Mehr Iuri , Sculley Terry , Itani Nadi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sample‐and‐Hold Performance Specifications

Implementation of Sample‐and‐Hold Circuits

Sample‐and‐Hold Circuits Using Bipolar and Diode Devices

Conclusions
Sequential Circuits
Authors: Shoji Masakazu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition and Structure

Memories

Classification of Sequential Circuits

Representation of Sequential Circuit Operation

Model of Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

Operation on the Set of Internal States

A New Look at Sequential Logic Circuits
Smoothing Circuits
Authors: Krein Philip T. , Hamill David C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Smoothing From an Energy Perspective

Passive Smoothing Filters

Active Smoothing

Acknowledgment
Summing Circuits
Authors: Domínguez‐Castro Rafael , Espejo Servando , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Angel , Baena Carmen , Valencia Manuel
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analog Adders

Digital Adders
Tunnel Diode Circuits
Authors: Newcomb Robert W. , Ahmadi Shahrokh
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Models and Equivalent Circuits

Oscillator

Amplifiers

Memory

Logic‐Circuit Applications
UHF Receivers
Authors: Bostian Charles W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

UHF Receiver Operation

Designing Superheterodyne Receivers for UHF
Wideband Amplifiers
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principles of Feedback

Negative Feedback

Miller Effect
Wiener Filters
Authors: Parlos Alexander G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Wiener Filters—Linear Optimal Filtering

Limitations of Wiener Filters

Wiener Filter Applications

A Practical Example: Electric Motor Response Filter
Logarithmic Amplifiers
Authors: Gilbert Barrie
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classification

Scaling of Logamps

The Translinear Logamp

Exponential AGC Logamps

Progressive‐Compression Logamps

Wideband Monolithic Logamps
Boundary‐Value Problems
Authors: Beker Benjamin , Cokkinides George , Kong Myung Jin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Brief History of Finite Differencing in Electromagnetics

Engineering Basics of Finite Differencing

Governing Equations of Electrostatics

Advanced Topics

Sample Numerical Results

Acknowledgments
Convolution
Authors: Paris Bernd‐Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Notation and Basic Definitions

Linear, Time‐Invariant Systems

Fundamental Properties

Numerical Convolution

Fast Algorithms for Convolution

Applications and Extensions
Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Marghitu Dan B. , Sinha S. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

First Order Differential Equations

Second Order Differential Equation

Differential Equations of Arbitrary Order

Partial Differential Equations

Applications
Duality, Mathematics
Authors: Gao David Yang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Framework and Canonic Equations

Fenchel–Rockafellar Duality

Lagrange Duality and Hamiltonian

Primal–Dual Solutions and Central Path

Duality in Fully Nonlinear Optimization

Conclusions
Graph Theory
Authors: Kagaris Dimitrios , Tragoudas Spyros
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Graph Theory Fundamentals

Algorithms and Time Complexity

Polynomial‐Time Algorithms
Function Approximation
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed N. , Yamany Sameh M. , Farag Aly A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classical Interpolation Techniques

Neural Network as Universal Approximator

Hypersurface Reconstruction as an Ill‐Posed Problem

Results

Applications
Nomograms
Authors: Harpen Michael D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Examples of Simple Nomograms

General Theory of Nomograms

Design Strategy
Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Deeba E. Y. , Khuri S. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Decomposition Method

ChandrasekharH‐Equation

Korteweg–DE Vries

Conservative Hyperbolic Systems

Klein–Gordon Equation
Polynomials
Authors: Stiller Peter F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Resultants

Resultants of Polynomials in One Variable

Resultant Methods for Systems of Polynomial Equations in Several Variables

Invariant Polynomials
Process Algebra
Authors: Cleaveland Rance , Smolka Scott A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Calculus of Communicating Systems

Behavioral Congruences for CCS

Equational Reasoning in CCS

Refinement Orderings for CCS

Computing Behavioral Relations for Finite‐State Systems

Other Process Algebras

Conclusion
Walsh Functions
Authors: Razzaghi Mohsen , Nazarzadeh Jalal
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Different Types of Piecewise Constant Basis Function

Walsh Function Generator

Relationship Between Walsh and Fourier Series
Time‐Domain Network Analysis
Authors: Vlach Jiri
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Kirchhoff's Laws

Nodal and Loop Equations

Solutions of Network Equations

Graphs

State Variables

Tableau

Modified Nodal Formulation

Simple Integration Methods

Advanced Integration Methods

Linear Networks

Nonlinear Networks

Switched Networks

Periodic Steady State
Frequency‐Domain Circuit Analysis
Authors: Biey Mario , Maio Ivan A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Frequency‐Domain Circuit Equations

State Equations

Network Functions

Two‐Sided Laplace and Fourier Transforms in Circuit Analysis

Applications of Frequency‐Domain Analysis
Network Theorems
Authors: Mathis Wolfgang , Pauli Rainer
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Superposition Theorems

Energy and Power

Weyl–Tellegen Theorem

Equivalence ofn‐Ports

Equivalent and Partially Equivalent Networks

Reciprocity

Interreciprocity

Duality

Bartlett Theorem and Other Symmetries
Analog Filters
Authors: Moschytz George S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Filter Categories

Transfer Function and Frequency Response

Cascaded ActiveRCBiquads

Sensitivity Properties ofLCLadder Filters

Active Inductorless Ladder Filters

Other Methods of Inductorless Filter Design
Network Equations
Authors: De Menna Luciano , Miano Giovanni
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Constitutive and Kirchhoff Equations

The System of Circuit Equations

Geometric Description of the Evolution of a Dynamic Circuits

Final Considerations
Network Analysis Using Linearization
Authors: Graffi Sergio , Setti Gianluca
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Simple Approach to Linearization

A More General Approach to Linearization
Qualitative Analysis of Dynamic Circuits
Authors: Wu Chai Wah
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Passivity

Stationary or Equilibrium Points

State Equations and Uniqueness and Existence of Solutions

Simple First‐ and Second‐Order Nonlinear Dynamic Circuits

No Finite Escape‐Time Criteria

Eventually Uniformly Boundedness of Trajectories

Stability of Equilibrium Points

Lyapunov Functions and Lyapunov's Direct Method

Content, Co‐Content, Energy, and Co‐Energy of Two‐Terminal Elements

Using Content and Energy to Derive the Qualitative Behavior of Dynamic Circuits

Unique Asymptotic Behavior

Qualitative Behavior of Dynamic Circuits Driven by Periodic Inputs

Manley–Rowe Equations

Duality
Chaotic Circuit Behavior
Authors: Kennedy Michael Peter
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Chaotic Circuits

Chaos in Autonomous Electronic Circuits

Nonautonomous Chaotic Circuits

Discrete‐Time Chaotic Circuits

Concluding Remarks
Circuit Analysis Computing
Authors: Rollins J. Gregory
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Purpose of Simulation

Circuits and Net Lists

Formulation of the Circuit Equations

Modified Nodal Analysis

Active Device Models

Types of Analysis

DC (Steady‐State) Analysis

Example Simulation

AC Analysis

AC Analysis Example

Transient Analysis

Transient Analysis Examples

Convergence Issues

The Jacobian Matrix Structure and Linear Solution

Fast Simulation Methods

Commercially Available Simulators
Homotopy Methods for Computing Dc Operating Points
Authors: Trajković Ljiljana
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dc Behavior of Nonlinear Electronic Circuits

Achieving Convergence in Circuit Simulators

Parameter Embedding, Continuation, and Homotopy Methods

Homotopies for Solving a Circuit's Dc Equations

Practical Implementations
Piecewise‐Linear Techniques
Authors: Leenaerts Domine M. W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Piecewise Linear Model Descriptions

Solution Algorithms

Multiple DC Operating Points
Symbolic Circuit Analysis
Authors: Konczykowska Agnieszka
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts

History of Symbolic Methods

Direct Symbolic Methods

Decomposition snd Hierarchical Analysis

Approximation Techniques

Different Types of Symbolic Analysis

Applications of Symbolic Analysis
Synchronous Converter to Boost Battery Voltage
Authors: Wells Eddy , Jordan Mark
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background

Disposable Alkaline Cell Performance

Achieving High Efficiency Over a Wide Dynamic Range

Generating Multiple Outlets

Conclusion
Automated Highways
Authors: Easa Said M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Features

Roadway Configuration

Functional Planning

Control Structure

Traffic Operations

Highway Capacity

Looking Ahead
Computer Vision
Authors: Wu Q. M. Jonathan , Stanley Kevin , Deravi Farzin , Liew Dewey
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Frame Grabbers

Image Processing

Image Understanding
Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Du Ruxu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Procedure of Fault Diagnosis

Sensors and Sensing

Sensor Signal Processing and Modeling

Sensor Signal Classification
Industrial Control
Authors: Karray Fakhreddine O.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Components of an Industrial Control System

Industrial Control Systems Architectures
Video on ATM Networks
Authors: Youn Jeongnam , Sun Ming–Ting
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Video Fundamentals

ATM Network

Video Over ATM Networks
Flat Panel Displays
Authors: Tannas Lawrence E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Flat Panel Display Major Technologies

New Reality in Flat Panel Display

Display Size

Three Ways to do Color

Matrix Addressing Problem

The Emergence of LCDS

The Liquid Crystal Display Advantage

Technical Challenge
Video Compression Standards
Authors: Apostolopoulos John G. , Wee Susie J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

System Issues in Video Compression

Principles and Practice of Video Compression

Current Video Compression Standards

Emerging Video Compression Standards

Summary and Additional Topics
Dielectric Measurement
Authors: Bartnikas R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

DC Conductivity Measurements

Permittivity and Loss Measurements on Lumped Capacitance Specimens

Permittivity and Loss Measurements on Distributed Parameter Specimens

Voltage Breakdown Strength Measurements

Concluding Remarks
Conduction and Breakdown in Gases
Authors: Boeck W. , Pfeiffer W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Structure and Characteristics of Gases

Ionization, Excitation, and Attachment

Discharge Development

Breakdown Characteristics

Breakdown in Nonhomogeneous Fields

Breakdown Characteristics for Transient Voltages

Flashover at Insulator Surfaces

High‐Frequency Breakdown
Cable Insulation
Authors: Ahmed Nezar , Srinivas Nagu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Cable Construction

Conductor

Insulation

Shield

Sheath

Jacket

Dielectric Constant and Losses

Cable Types

Splices (Joints) and Terminations

Cable Aging Processes

Cable Testing
Machine Insulation
Authors: Stone Gregory C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Rotating Machines

Stator‐Winding Insulation Systems

Rotor‐Winding Insulation Systems

Insulation System Requirements

Winding Life

Form‐Wound Stator Windings

Random‐Wound Stator Windings

Rotor Windings

Winding Testing and Monitoring
Transformer Insulation
Authors: Centurioni L. , Coletti G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dielectric Stresses in the Transformer Windings

Oil–Solid Barriers Insulating Systems

Dry Type and Cast Resin Transformer Insulating Systems

Conclusions
Insulation Testing
Authors: Emery F. Tim
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Typical High Voltage Coil Construction

Three Major Methods of Insulating and Processing High Voltage Stator Coils

Production Coil Testing

Power Factor Test

Coil Power Factor Test Procedure

Voltage Withstand Tests

DC Winding Resistance

DC Insulation Resistance

AC Voltage Ground Test

DC Voltage Ground Test

Coil Quality Control Electrical Tests

Power Factor Test

Strand Insulation Breakdown Test

60 Hz Voltage Breakdown of Groundwall Insulation

Voltage Endurance Test
Water Treeing
Authors: Jow Jinder , Eichhorn Robert M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electric Degradation and Failure Due to Water Treeing

Solutions to Inhibit Water Treeing and Restore its Damage

Factors Affecting Water Treeing

Water‐Tree Tests

Field‐Aged Performance—Utility Service Records

Insulating Materials Used in Underground Power Cables

Tree Morphology

Proposed Theories and Mechanisms of Water Treeing

Computer Simulation of Water Treeing

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Electrets
Authors: Gerhard‐Multhaupt Reimund
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Development and Classification of Electrets

Manufacture of Electrets: Charging and Poling Techniques

Materials Science of Electrets

Characterization and Properties of Electrets

Electret Applications
Continuing Education
Authors: Jones Edwin C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Defining Continuing Education

Need for Continuing Education

Topics for Discussion

Graduate Study

Continuing Education Programs

Distance Education

Career Development and Lifelong Learning

Conclusion
Electrical Engineering Curricula
Authors: Eisenstein Bruce A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Management Education
Authors: Richards Laurence D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Brief History

Management Philosophy

Educational Models

Issues in Management Education
Synchronous Motor Drives
Authors: Corzine Keith A. , Sudhoff Scott D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Machine Models

Power Converters

General Control Philosophy

Sensor Requirements

General Relationships for Analyzing Drive Systems

Voltage‐Source, Inverter‐Fed, Permanent‐Magnetic, Synchronous Machine Drives

Current‐Regulated, Inverter‐Fed, Permanent‐Magnet, Synchronous Machine Drives

Voltage‐Source Inverter‐Fed, Synchronous‐Reluctance, Machine Drives

Current‐Regulated, Inverter‐Fed, Synchronous‐Reluctance, Machine Drives

Semicontrolled, Inverter‐Fed, Wound‐Rotor, Synchronous Machine Drives
Turbogenerators
Authors: McCown William R. , Prole Aleksandar , Nelson Robert J. , Hurley Joseph D. , Chianese Richard B. , Guttromson Ross
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals

Excitation Source

Construction Features

Ventilation and Power Density

Basic Mechanical Design Considerations

Thermal Design

Dynamics and Vibration

Applicable Standards and Codes—Summary of Basic Requirements

Turbogenerator Applications

Siting of Turbogenerators and Transmission Interconnections

Operation of Turbogenerators
Compressed Air Energy Storage
Authors: Irimie Ioan‐Iulian , Irimie Sabina , Tulbure Ildiko‐Camelia
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Energy Conversion and Storage Systems

Means of Energy Storage by Compressed Air

Compressed Air—Energy Storage Medium and Energy Transfer Medium

Conclusion
Geothermal Power
Authors: Mock John E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Nature of Geothermal Resources

Applications of Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal Power Development

Future Developments
Hydrothermal Power Systems
Authors: Guan Xiaohong , Luh Peter B. , Ni Ernan , Li Renhou
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Problem Description

Solution Methodologies

Conclusions
Primary Cells
Authors: Atwater Terrill B. , Salkind Alvin J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electrochemical Thermodynamics

Electrochemical Kinetics

Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Modeling

Cell Design Characteristics

Performance Characteristics of Battery Systems
Solar Heating
Authors: Roy Sanjay K. , Liu Hongtan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Solar Radiation and Its Distribution

Energy Collection and Storage

Energy Conversion and Utilization

Modeling and Simulation

Resources
Thermionic Conversion
Authors: El‐Genk Mohamed S. , Paramonov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background

Work Function

Modes of Operation

Conversion Efficiency

Types of Thermionic Converters

Engineering Aspects of Thermionic Conversion

Application to Space Electric Power Generation

Application to Terrestrial Space Electric Power Generation
Waste‐to‐Energy Power Plants
Authors: Wilson David Gordon
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Problems of Solid‐Waste Production and Treatment

The Opportunities

Alternative Methods of Recovering Energy From Wastes

Conclusion
Acoustic Charge Transport Devices
Authors: Singh Vijay P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Surface Acoustic Wave Devices

Display Devices
Avalanche Diodes
Authors: Hollenhorst James N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

Impact Ionization

Current Transport and Avalanche Gain

Avalanche Multiplication Noise

Nonuniform Breakdown

Frequency Response

Saturation Effects

Receiver Sensitivity

Advanced APD Structures

Suggested Reading
Diamond‐Based Semiconducting Devices
Authors: Venkatesan V. , Glesener J. W. , Das K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Figures of Merit

Device Processing

Three‐Terminal Devices

Cold Cathode Devices

Miscellaneous Devices

Conclusion
Cathodes
Authors: Hinrichs C. H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory

Cathode Materials

Thermionic Cathodes

Field Emission Cathodes

Extended Schottky and Thermal‐Field Cathodes

Photocathodes

Thin Film Tunnel Cathodes

Plasma Electron Emitters
Crossed‐Field Amplifier
Authors: Chan Chung , McDowell Hunter L. , Riyopoulos Spilios
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

CFA Geometry

CFA Performance Limits

The Physics of Radiation Generation in CFAs
Epitaxial Growth
Authors: Cheng K. Y.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Liquid Phase Epitaxy

Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Selective Epitaxy

Unique Device Structures
Gyrotron
Authors: Ives R. Lawrence
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Theory of Operation

Basic Components

Amplifiers

Future Development
Heterostructure Devices
Authors: Ryzhii Victor
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Heterostructure Bipolar Transistors

Heterostructure Hot‐Electron Transistors

Heterostructure Field‐Effect Transistors

Heterostructure Lasers and Light‐Emitting Diodes

Quantum Well Photodetectors

Other Heterostructure Devices
High‐Field Effects
Authors: Hess K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Boltzmann Equation for High Field Semiconductor Transport

Hot Electron Effects in Semiconductors and Approximate Theory

Hot Electrons in Devices
Image Sensors
Authors: Philbrick Robert H. , Erhardt Herbert J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Imager Architecture

Image Sensor Performance
Photodetectors Quantum Well
Authors: Levine B. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory

Qwip Performance

Advanced Topics
Junction Gate Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Zolper John C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Jfet Operation

Acknowledgments
Light‐Emitting Diodes, Devices
Authors: Schubert E. F. , Miller J. N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Recombination and Emission Line Shape

Efficiency and Brightness of LEDs

Human Eye Sensitivity

Light‐Escape Problem

Led Structures and Fabrication

Novel Device Concepts
Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Horio Kazushige
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Principles

GaAs Mesfet Structures

High‐Speed and High‐Frequency Performance

Parasitic Effects

Mesfet Modeling
Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Lugli Paolo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Monte Carlo Device Simulation

Monte Carlo Process Simulation

MC Analysis of Circuit Yield
Quantum Devices
Authors: Zaslavsky A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Quantum Mechanical Density of States and Tunneling

Double‐Barrier Resonant Tunneling Structures

Cascaded Double‐Barrier Structures and Superlattices

Resonant Tunneling Nanostructures and Coulomb Blockade

Real‐Space Transfer Structures

Resonant Hot‐Electron and Bipolar Transistors

Quantum Device Oscillators

Quantum Device Memories

Quantum Device Logic

Optical Quantum Devices: Quantum Cascade and Quantum‐Dot Lasers

Future of Quantum Devices
Radiation Effects
Authors: Schwank James R. , Sexton Fred W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Space and Terrestrial Radiation

Single‐Event Effects

Total‐Dose Ionization Effects

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Resonant Tunneling Diodes
Authors: Maezawa Koichi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Operating Mechanism

Effects of Scattering

Operation Speed

Variations of
RTD
s

Applications
Solar Cells
Authors: Lammasniemi Jouko , Jain Raj K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Solar Radiation

Basic Operation of a Solar Cell

Fundamental Solar Cell Parameters

Fundamental Solar Cell Parameters

Losses and Cell Optimization

Solar Cell Materials and Structures

Concentrator Solar Cells

Nonsolar Applications for Photovoltaic Cells

Manufacturing of Solar Cells

Characterization of Solar Cells

Current Status of Solar Cell Efficiencies
Vacuum Microelectronics
Authors: Murphy R. Allen , Kodis Mary Anne
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Microwave Amplifiers and Vacuum Microelectronics

Field Emitter Arrays

Characteristics ofFEA–Cathode Microwave Tubes

Likely Research Directions
Accumulation Layers
Authors: Kuo Yue
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Surface and Bulk Accumulation Layers

Interface Accumulation Layers

Characterization of Mis Accumulation Layers

Applications
Conducting Materials
Authors: Brandt Lutz , Matijasevic Goran , Shearer Catherine , Gandhi Pradeep
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts of Electrical Conduction

Conductive Materials
Eddy Currents
Authors: Pratap S. B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Governing Equations

Skin Effect

Proximity Effect

Motion‐Related Eddy Currents

Anisotropic Conductors

Discussion of Anisotropic Conductivity

Model for Resistively Limited Eddy Currents in Anisotropic Conductors

Calculation of the Eddy Current Losses

General Model for Eddy Currents in Anisotropic Conductors

Use of Potentials in Calculations of Eddy Currents
Semiconductors, III–VI
Authors: Ohuchi F. S. , Olmstead M. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Crystal, Chemical Bonding, and Electronic Structure

Thin‐Film Growth

Properties of III–VI Materials and Thin Films Toward Device Applications

Acknowledgment
Semiconductors, IV–VI
Authors: Springholz Gunther , Bauer Günther
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Material Properties

Crystal Growth and Thin Film Deposition Techniques

Bandgap Engineering

Infrared Detectors

Infrared Diode Lasers

Thermoelectric Devices
Piezoelectric Devices
Authors: Smits J. G. , Ossmann W. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Piezoelectric Bimorphs

Ultrasonic Transducers for Medical Applications
Piezoelectricity
Authors: Ito Yukio , Uchino Kenji
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Piezoelectricity

History of Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectric Materials

Applications of Piezoelectric Materials
Transport in Semiconductors, Dynamics of Carriers in Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Systems
Authors: Khoie R. , Venkat R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Approximating the Dynamics of Real Electrons in Real Crystals

Time Scales in the Transport of Electrons in Semiconductors

Electronic Band Structure

Effective Mass of Carriers

Phonons and Lattice Dynamics

Scattering Phenomenon and Fermi “Golden Rule”

Scattering Relaxation Times

Scattering Rates from Fermi's Golden Rule

Mobility and Conductivity

Transport in Nano‐Structures
Pyroelectricity
Authors: Bhalla A. S. , Guo R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Methods for Determining Pyroelectric Coefficients
Seebeck Effect
Authors: Emin David
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thermoelectric Effects in Irreversible Thermodynamics

Seebeck Effect for Itinerant Carriers

Effects of Interactions on Itinerant Carrier's Seebeck Coefficients

Seebeck Coefficient for Phonon‐Assisted Electronic Hopping

Efficiency of Thermoelectric Power Generation
Semiconductor–Insulator–Semiconductor Structures
Authors: Zvanut M. E. , Stahlbush R. E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fabrication and Materials Issues

Extended Defects

Electrical Characterization

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

Summary and Future Trends
Ternary Semiconductors
Authors: Noufi Rommel , Tuttle John
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Experimental

PVD Process Description

Results and Discussion

Processing Challenges

New Directions

Generic Manufacturing Scenario

Concluding Remarks
Electrical Trees in Solids
Authors: Dissado L. A. , Mazzanti G. C. , Montanari G. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Physical Description

Tree Generation

Observable Features Accompanying Tree Formation

Discharges and Tree Shape

Discharge Patterns for Diagnosis

Theoretical Models of Tree Formation

Future Developments and Unresolved Questions
Photorefractive Properties of Gallium Arsenide and Superlattices
Authors: Leburton Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

k·pMethod and Brillouin‐Zone Partition

Effective Masses

Dielectric‐Constant Formulation

Comparison with Pseudopotential

The Zero‐Frequency Dielectric Constant: ɛ1(0)

Superlattice Electronic Structure

Interface‐Connection Rules

Results and Discussion

Exciton Effects in the Index of Refraction of Quantum Wells and Superlattices
Contracts
Authors: Fogarty Timothy
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Intention: the Key Quixotic Element

Contractual Exchange: Consideration

Other Contractual Requirements

Enforceability: Issues of Form, Evidence, and Procedure

Enforceability and the Reality of Assent

Contract Interpretation

Third Parties

Discharge of Contracts

Contractual Remedies

New Horizons
Cost‐Benefit Analysis and Business Case Development
Authors: Lerner Nancy B. , DiSera David P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Cost‐Benefit Analysis at All Project Stages

Steps in a Cost‐Benefit Analysis

Fundamentals of Financial Analysis

Conclusion