bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Latent Fingermarks on Surfaces of Food‐A More Realistic Approach
Authors: Hong Sungwook , Park Jae‐Hee , Park Ju‐Hee , Oh Han‐byeol , Choi Eun‐Ju , Cho Il‐Han , Mok Yoon‐Jung
Published: November 2018

Latent fingermark developing methods from food (mandarin, egg, banana, apple, potato, carrot, eggplant, onion, bell pepper, and tomato) surface has been studied by 10 methods, including powdering method, small particle reagent method, and cyanoacrylate fuming method. The foods were stored under two conditions (room temperature and refrigerator) before fingermark deposition and aged for 2, 24, 48, and 72 h before fingermark development. In most of the food surfaces used in this study, cyanoacrylate fuming with 80% relative humidity was superior to the powder or small particle reagent methods. The quality of the fingermarks varied depending on the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition (in the refrigerator or at ambient temperature) and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition. However, the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition did not show any correlation with the quality of the fingermark.
The Effect of Pretreatment (Spray Drying) on the Yield and Selected Nutritional Components of Whole Camel Milk Powder
Authors: Habtegebriel Haileeyesus , Wawire Michael , Sila Daniel
Published: November 2018

The effect of spray drying on the composition of camel milk powder was evaluated. A full factorial experimental design was used to see the effects of inlet temperature (160 °C, 140 °C, and 120 °C), atomization pressure (800, 600, and 400 bar) and feed flow rate (5, 4, and 3 rev/s) on cyclone and vitamin C recoveries. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to check classification of spray dried whole camel milk powders based on their processing conditions and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on the fatty acid profiles. The average proximate composition of the camel milk viz., fat, protein, lactose, and total solid were 3.0%, 3.21%, 3.01%, and 10.29% respectively. The powder yield (cyclone recovery) increased with increasing inlet temperature and decreasing feed flow rate. High outlet temperature and pressure decreased vitamin C recovery. As a result of PCA of the camel milk powders, they were classified into high heat treated and low heat treated milk powders while the MCA of the fatty acid profiles of camel milk powders were classified into high pressure and low pressure treated powders and it was concluded that higher atomization pressure caused increase in the content of fatty acids.

Practical Application

Drying of camel milk (using spray drying) can extend its shelf life. The spray drying process must be optimized in order to retain the nutritional properties of the milk and the techno‐functional characteristics of the powder. Here, the effect of the spray drying conditions on the yield and selected nutritional components of the milk powder was studied using a bench top spray dryer. However, there is need to translate these findings to an industrial volume dryer. These findings will play a big role in future spray drying operations since retention of important nutritional components is an important part of food processing.
Effect of Different Storage Conditions on Analytical and Sensory Quality of Thermally Processed, Milk‐Based Germinated Foxtail Millet Porridge
Authors: Sharma Nitya , Alam Tanweer , Goyal S.K. , Fatma Sana , Pathania Sheetaal , Niranajan Keshavan
Published: November 2018

Foxtail millet porridge was prepared using germinated grains and milk and was evaluated for its storage stability after thermal processing at ultra‐high temperatures (UHT) of 142 °C for 5 s and retort processing temperatures of 121.5 °C for 15 min. Various physical, chemical, and microbial changes of the porridge were studied for a storage period of 180 days at 25 ± 1 °C. Using consumer perception and survival analysis, the predicted shelf life of the UHT treated and retort processed foxtail millet porridge samples stored at 25 ± 1 °C was found to be 186 ± 9 days and 245 ± 15 days, respectively. Also, data from consumer liking, profiling, physical, chemical, and microbial parameters showed significant changes (P < 0.05) in the thermally treated packaged porridge samples over time. As the consumer overall acceptability decreased, the detection of positive attributes (thick and uniformly colored texture and appearance; grainy mouth texture; caramel taste and aroma) in the porridge decreased, while the detection of negative attributes (uneven, decolored, and curdled texture and appearance; sticky mouth texture; cooked, sour and off smell; cooked, sour and off taste) increased. The present study could establish a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the storage induced properties of UHT and retort processed porridge samples. The analytical evaluation of foxtail millet porridge found that UHT treated porridge was better in quality, but consumers preferred retort processed porridge.

Practical Application

The quality and sensory attributes, evaluated for UHT treated and retort processed porridge samples during the storage period of 180 days, were found to be contradictory. Based on the results of CATA sensory analysis, the shelf life of UHT treated and retort processed porridge samples was predicted to be more than 6 months. Therefore, both UHT treatment and retort processing can be effectively applied to prepare a ready to eat milk based porridge using germinated foxtail millet grains.
Development of a Sulfite‐Based Oxygen Scavenger and its Application in Kimchi Packaging to Prevent Oxygen‐mediated Deterioration of Kimchi Quality
Authors: Lee Jung‐Soo , Jeong Suyeon , Lee Hyun‐Gyu , Cho Chi Heung , Yoo SeungRan
Published: November 2018

A sulfite‐based oxygen scavenger (SOS) was developed with sodium metabisulfite and applied to kimchi packaging in an attempt to prevent oxygen‐mediated kimchi quality degradation. The results of the oxygen‐scavenging capacity test showed that the SOS had a competitive oxygen‐scavenging performance in comparison with commercial oxygen scavengers. The kimchi was packaged with and without the SOS and stored over 12 weeks at 0 and 10 °C for an SOS application test. The kimchi treated with the SOS showed a significantly lower (P < 0.05) headspace oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration and pressure inside the packages than the control. The pH and titratable acidity values indicated that the SOS did not retard the kimchi fermentation process. The Hunter L, a, and b values in the kimchi packaged with the SOS were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control. After 12 weeks of storage, the total aerobic bacteria counts were reduced by 1.32 and 2.97 log CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria counts were reduced by 2.22 and 4.42 log CFU/g, and total yeasts and molds counts were reduced by 1.76 and 3.04 log CFU/g at 0 and 10 °C, respectively, by the SOS compared to those in the control. These results demonstrated that the developed SOS inhibited oxygen‐mediated deterioration of the kimchi, but did not affect the kimchi fermentation. Therefore, our SOS can be used as an active food‐packaging technology for kimchi quality preservation.

Practical Application

A newly designed sulfite‐based oxygen scavenger was applied in kimchi packaging, and it showed remarkable preventive effects on the kimchi quality deterioration caused by oxygen. Accordingly, it can be used as an active food‐packaging technology to maintain kimchi quality during the storage period. Moreover, it can also be effectively utilized in the packaging of other high‐moisture foods such as meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.
Proanthocyanidins with a Low Degree of Polymerization are Good Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes Because of their Ability to form Specific Interactions: A Hypothesis
Authors: Vazquez‐Flores Alma A. , Martinez‐Gonzalez Alejandra I. , Alvarez‐Parrilla Emilio , Díaz‐Sánchez Ángel G. , de la Rosa Laura A. , González‐Aguilar Gustavo A. , Aguilar Cristóbal N.
Published: November 2018

Inhibition of target digestive enzymes is an accepted strategy to prevent diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are known for their ability to bind, inhibit, and precipitate enzymes, which makes them potential bioDrugs with an impact on the digestive process. PAC degree of polymerization (DP) is one of the structural features responsible for their differential inhibitory potency but the explanation for this phenomenon is still unclear. Pecan nut (Carya illinoinensis L.) kernels and nutshells are rich in oligomeric and polymeric PACs. We have used thiolysis and HPLC analyses to propose four theoretical model structures of PACs representative of four semipurified fractions obtained from pecan kernel and shell, which showed different inhibitory activity against intestinal lipases, amylases, and proteases. The noncovalent interactions between PACs and digestive enzymes were predicted by in silico methods through computational software. These observations are discussed in view of current literature on the biological effects of PACs with different DPs and allowed us to propose the hypothesis that “small oligomeric PACs could be digestive enzyme inhibitors due to their capacity to enter and bind the enzymes’ specific cavities better than polymers and oligomers of medium and high molecular weight.”
Capn4 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by regulating ZEB1 through the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Yun‐Long , Li Jing‐Bo , Li Ying‐Jie , Li Shao‐Jun , Zhou Shao‐Hua , Xia Hui
Published: November 2018

Background

Capn4 and ZEB1 play important roles in the metastasis of several types of cancer. However, the roles and relationship of Capn4 and ZEB1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unclear.

Methods

ESCC tumor tissues and corresponding normal esophageal epithelial tissues were obtained from 86 patients undergoing resection surgery at the Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Cell migration and invasion were examined via quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot assay.

Results

Our results indicate that both Capn4 and ZEB1 are significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues compared to corresponding adjacent tissues, and a positive correlation between expression and associated malignant characteristics was found. Silencing of Capn4 expression markedly inhibited ESCC invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and was accompanied by decreased ZEB1 expression. Furthermore, the anti‐metastasis role of Capn4 silencing was reversed by ZEB1 overexpression, whereas knockdown of ZEB1 decreased ESCC metastasis driven by the upregulation of Capn4. Mechanistically, Capn4 regulated ZEB1 expression via activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in ESCC cells.

Conclusion

Overall, our results show that enhanced Capn4 expression activates the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, resulting in increased ZEB1 expression and the promotion of ESCC cell metastasis.
Internal Information Quality and the Sensitivity of Investment to Market Prices and Accounting Profits
Authors: Heitzman Shane , Huang Mengjie
Published: November 2018

We ask whether the quality of internal information matters for investment decisions. We predict that investment is more sensitive to internal profit signals and less sensitive to external price signals when managers have higher‐quality internal information. Consistent with recent theoretical and empirical research, we proxy for internal information quality using observable information properties. We find that the sensitivity of investment to profitability is increasing, while the sensitivity of investment to market‐to‐book is decreasing in internal information quality. Our focus on internal information and decision making offers new and unique insights on the importance of information quality and complements the growing literature on the role of external reporting quality in reducing financing frictions.
Silymarin content and antioxidant activity of seeds of wild Silybum marianum populations growing in Greece
Authors: Arampatzis Dimitrios A. , Karkanis Anestis C. , Tsiropoulos Nikolaos G.
Published: November 2018

Selection of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) genotypes for commercial cultivation depends on wild population resources, rather than on selection of varieties. The evaluation of these populations could contribute to the development of new milk thistle varieties with desirable traits such as high silymarin content. Therefore, we conducted a study to evaluate 30 wild populations occurring naturally in Greece, based on seed silymarin content. Seeds were collected from populations growing in localities presenting different environmental conditions. In addition, we also investigated the diversity in levels of silymarin constituents, as well as observed correlations among them. Significant differences in silymarin content were recorded among the populations studied, with values ranging from 2.31 to 7.71% (avg. 3.31%), as well as in flavonolignan and taxifolin content. The mean taxifolin content was 4.96 mg/g, while the highest silybin A + silybin B content (21.77–31.39 mg/g of dry weight (dw)) was recorded in seeds from the “Spata” population originating from central Greece. Our results showed noticeable levels of diversity in silymarin content and composition in native milk thistle populations, indicating that a valuable gene pool for exploitation in milk thistle breeding programmes exists in Greece.
Evidence of Neolithic settlement in the foothills of the Western al‐Hajar Mountains
Authors: Bretzke Knut , Parton Ash , Lindauer Susanne , Kennet Derek
Published: November 2018

Systematic prospection and excavations in the Rustaq region of northern Oman, approximately 45 km from the coast in the foothills of the Western Hajar Mountains, have revealed an unexpectedly dense record of Neolithic sites. Besides surface scatters of lithic artefacts, excavation at the site of Hayy al‐Sarh recovered two stratified archaeological horizons (AHs). The upper horizon, AH I, contained pierced marine shells that provided an age of the archaeological material of about 6800 to 7500 years cal BP. Typologically the AH I lithic assemblage compares to the Suwayh facies defined at the coast 300 km to the east. Whether the marine shells and cultural affinities point towards exchange with coastal communities or possibly seasonal movement remains an open question at this state of research, but this new evidence for inland Neolithic settlement near Rustaq provides important new data that will help improve our understanding of spatial patterns of Neolithic demographic variability.
Three‐Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Aspiration Process: Evaluation of Two Penumbra Aspiration Catheters Performance
Authors: Chitsaz Alireza , Nejat Amir , Nouri Reza
Published: November 2018

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. AIS occur while cerebral arteries become blocked by embolism or thrombosis. Aspiration thrombectomy is a promising interventional device to extract massive clots from occluded cerebral arteries. The aim of this article is to develop a computer‐aided method to clarify the performance of aspiration catheter and identify the risks of aspiration for each specific AIS patient. In order to simulate the aspiration process, a three‐dimensional fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) method was developed. The blood clot was modeled as a porous media which composed of viscoelastic fibrin networks. The finite element method (FEM) was implemented to compute the blood flow dynamics in the simplified cerebral vessel. The introduced clot model was validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. Furthermore, the analytical solution of the flow through the partially porous pipe was considered to validate FEM. In this research, the performance of two model of the Penumbra aspiration catheter—4MAX and 5MAX—were were compared at three distinct suction pressures. The aspiration ratio of the clot, aspiration time, amount of free fragments, wall shear stress (WSS), and extracted volume of the blood were calculated to evaluate catheters performance. At suction pressure −50 kPa, the aspiration ratio of 5MAX catheter reached 86.58% within 1.36 s. However, in 4MAX case, aspiration ratio of 76.41% was achieved within 1.39. Also, 5MAX catheter created 6.11% fewer free fragments in comparison to 4MAX. Hence, the possibility of distal embolization of 4MAX model was greater. However, the risk of vessel wall rupture was higher in 5MAX by considering mean WSS.
Controversies on public space management projects in Geography teaching to educate pupils as dynamic citizens
Authors: Lupatini Marco
Published: November 2018

This paper presents the results of a qualitative analysis, based on the principles of action research in education, of three teaching sequences taught during Geography classes in Southern Switzerland. Each sequence included a controversy on a management project of a public space located in the daily life space of the pupils involved. Different studies have analysed the advantages of a teaching method based on the introduction of controversies into teaching sequences. They stress, for example, the role of this method in the following areas: furthering collective and cooperative learning; enabling pupils to construct personal informed opinions and reinforced statements; developing pupils’ autonomy and responsibility. The research underlying this paper aims to measure the impact of this method in terms of strengthening critical thinking competencies, and educating pupils as spatial actors and dynamic citizens. The Geography teaching sequences were planned, under my supervision, by three students of the Teaching Education Institution of Southern Switzerland, where I work as a lower secondary school teacher trainer, as part of their teacher‐training programme. Each student taught the planned teaching sequence in one of their classes. Altogether, three classes were therefore involved in this research study. The analysis was conducted on material produced by the pupils of the three classes during the teaching sequence.
A Bayesian Hidden Markov Model for Detecting Differentially Methylated Regions
Authors: Ji Tieming
Published: November 2018

Alterations in DNA methylation have been linked to the development and progression of many diseases. The bisulfite sequencing technique presents methylation profiles at base resolution. Count data on methylated and unmethylated reads provide information on the methylation level at each CpG site. As more bisulfite sequencing data become available, these data are increasingly needed to infer methylation aberrations in diseases. Automated and powerful algorithms also need to be developed to accurately identify differentially methylated regions between treatment groups. This study adopts a Bayesian approach using the hidden Markov model to account for inherent dependence in read count data. Given the expense of sequencing experiments, few replicates are available for each treatment group. A Bayesian approach that borrows information across an entire chromosome improves the reliability of statistical inferences. The proposed hidden Markov model considers location dependence among genomic loci by incorporating correlation structures as a function of genomic distance. An iterative algorithm based on expectation-maximization is designed for parameter estimation. Methylation states are inferred by identifying the optimal sequence of latent states from observations. Real datasets and simulation studies that mimic the real datasets are used to illustrate the reliability and success of the proposed method.
Depression diagnoses, but not individual differences in depression symptoms, are associated with reduced autobiographical memory specificity
Authors: Farina Francesca R. , Barry Tom J. , van Damme Ilse , van Hie Thijs , Raes Filip
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Difficulties recalling specific events from one's autobiographical past have been associated with a range of emotional disorders. We present the first examination of whether diagnoses of depression or individual differences in depression severity explain the most variance in autobiographical memory specificity. We also examine the contribution of other key cognitive factors associated with reduced memory specificity – rumination and verbal fluency – to these effects.

Methods

Participants with (n = 21) and without (n = 25) major depressive disorder completed self‐report measures of depression severity (Beck Depression Inventory version II; BDI‐II) and ruminative tendency (Ruminative Response Scale), a measure of verbal fluency, and the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) to assess memory specificity.

Results

People diagnosed with depression recalled significantly fewer specific memories in the AMT relative to healthy controls. In a linear regression, diagnostic status explained a significant amount of unique variance in specificity whereas BDI‐II scores did not. Diagnostic group differences in verbal fluency also explained a significant amount of variance in specificity.

Conclusions

Our findings extend our understanding of the mechanisms involved in reduced memory specificity but future research must explore the causal contribution of weak executive functioning to reduced memory specificity.

Practitioners points

Diagnoses of depression were associated with problems recalling specific events from one's past.

Problems with memory specificity amongst depressed people were associated with executive functioning difficulties.

Problems with specificity were not associated with individual differences in depression severity or ruminative tendencies.
Impact of mobile‐based mentoring, socio‐economic background and religion on girls’ attitude and belief towards antisocial behaviour (ASB)
Authors: Abimbade Oluwadara , Adedoja Gloria , Fakayode Bukola , Bello Lukuman
Published: November 2018

This study examined the impact of mobile‐based mentoring, socio‐economic background and religion on girl’s attitude and belief towards ASB in Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed method research design. The participants in the study comprised forty (40) students purposively selected from Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The platform (www.gcmentoringinitiative.org) was adopted for mobile‐based mentoring. One research question was raised and three null hypotheses were tested in the study at .05 level of significance. Data were analysed using content analysis for Focus Group Discussion, Analysis of Covariance and Estimated Marginal Means. The results reveal a significant main effect of socio‐economic background on girl’s attitude towards ASB. Also, there was no significant impact of mobile‐based mentoring on girl’s attitude towards ASB. Based on the findings, using mobiles in mentoring girls could significantly reinforce or change their belief in engaging in antisocial activities. Also, the socio‐economic background plays a significant role in determining the attitude and belief of girls in engaging in antisocial activities. Girls’ religion has little or no effect on their belief and attitude towards antisocial behaviours (ASB). Girls from low‐income family are susceptible to engage in ASB, while those from wealthy homes are less likely to engage in ASB.
Downregulation of long non‐coding RNA Opa interacting protein 5‐antisense RNA 1 inhibits breast cancer progression by targeting sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 by microRNA‐129‐5p upregulation
Authors: Zeng Huijuan , Wang Jingjie , Chen Tao , Zhang Kai , Chen Jing , Wang Lulu , Li Hanjun , Tuluhong Dilihumaer , Li Jieshou , Wang Shaohua
Published: November 2018

Several studies have shown an important role for long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) in breast cancer progression. The present study investigated the role of lncRNA Opa interacting protein 5‐antisense RNA 1 (OIP5‐AS1) in the progression of breast cancer. OIP5‐AS1 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues and in breast cancer cell lines, and OIP5‐AS1 downregulation inhibited the malignant behavior of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. For in‐depth exploration of the mechanism of OIP5‐AS1 in breast cancer, we found that expression of microRNA‐129‐5p(miR‐129‐5p), which was found to bind sites in the sequence of OIP5‐AS1, in breast cancer tissues was negatively correlated with OIP5‐AS1. Also, luciferase assays indicated that OIP5‐AS1 acted as a miR‐129‐5p sponge, resulting in upregulated expression of the sex‐determining region Y‐box 2 (SOX2) transcription factor. Our study showed that OIP5‐AS1 plays a critical role in promoting breast cancer progression and that OIP5‐AS1 downregulation targets SOX2 by miR‐129‐5p upregulation.
Formal Social Control in Changing Neighborhoods: Racial Implications of Neighborhood Context on Reactive Policing
Authors: Lanfear Charles C. , Beach Lindsey R. , Thomas Timothy A.
Published: November 2018

Public reports to the police are a key component of the formal social control process and have distinct interracial dynamics. This study examines the relationship between incident severity, neighborhood context, and participant race and patterns in the determination of probable cause and arrest in reactive police contacts. We utilize a complete record of police incidents in Seattle, Washington from 2008 through 2012 including information on race of reporters and targets and type of offense. These data are matched to longitudinal tract–level census data to evaluate how incident outcomes relate to neighborhood change. Results indicate that black targets are more frequently subject to arrest overall, particularly in changing neighborhoods and when reporters are white. For nuisance crimes such as public disturbances, probable cause is found more often for white reporters but less often in changing neighborhoods.
Considerations for community engagement when conducting clinical trials during infectious disease emergencies in West Africa
Authors: Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Allman Dan , Haire Bridget , Yakubu Aminu , Afolabi Muhammed O. , Cooper Joseph
Published: November 2018

Community engagement in research, including public health related research, is acknowledged as an ethical imperative. While medical care and public health action take priority over research during infectious disease outbreaks, research is still required in order to learn from epidemic responses. The World Health Organisation developed a guide for community engagement during infectious disease epidemics called the Good Participatory Practice for Trials of Emerging (and Re‐emerging) Pathogens that are Likely to Cause Severe Outbreaks in the Near Future and for which Few or No Medical Counter‐Measures Exist (GPP‐EP). This paper identified priorities for community engagement for research conducted during infectious disease outbreaks drawing on discussions held with a purposive sample of bioethicists, social scientists, researchers, policy makers and laypersons who work with ethics committees in West Africa. These perspectives were considered in the light of the GPP‐EP, which adds further depth and dimension to discussions on community engagement frameworks. It concludes that there is no presumptive justification for the exclusion of communities in the design, implementation and monitoring of clinical trials conducted during an infectious disease outbreak. Engagement that facilitates collaboration rather than partnership between researchers and the community during epidemics is acceptable.
Cell competition: Emerging mechanisms to eliminate neighbors
Authors: Nagata Rina , Igaki Tatsushi
Published: November 2018

Cell competition is a context‐dependent cell elimination through short‐range cell–cell interaction, in which cells with higher fitness eliminate neighboring less‐fit or oncogenic cells within the growing tissue. Cell competition can be triggered by many different factors such as heterozygous mutations in the ribosomal protein genes (which are called “Minute” mutations), elevated Myc, Yorkie/YAP, Wg/Wnt, JAK‐STAT, Ras, or Src activity, and loss of Mahjong/VprBP, endocytic pathway components, or apicobasal cell polarity. Studies on the mechanisms and roles of cell competition have suggested that cell competition can be divided into two types: selection of fitter cells or elimination of oncogenic cells. The former type of cell competition includes Minute or Myc‐induced cell competition that is considered to be dependent on the relative level of protein synthesis. The later type of cell competition includes tumor‐suppressive cell competition triggered by loss of cell polarity genes such as scribble (scrib) or discs large (dlg). Genetic studies in Drosophila during the past decade have provided significant progress in understanding the mechanisms of these phenomena. At the same time, these studies have now raised new questions; how do different mechanisms contribute or cooperate to drive cell competition, do common mechanisms exist in different types of cell competition, and what are the physiological roles of these cell competition phenomena?
Three‐dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation and management of paravalvular regurgitation
Authors: Kinno Menhel , Raissi Sasan R. , Olson Kristoff A. , Rigolin Vera H.
Published: November 2018

Paravalvular regurgitation is an uncommon but serious complication that can be encountered after either surgical or percutaneous valve replacement and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early detection and accurate assessment of paravalvular regurgitation are crucial to identify those who would benefit from intervention. Recent advances in 3‐dimensional echocardiography have increased the feasibility of percutaneous approaches for the management of paravalvular regurgitation. Percutaneous closure of paravalvular regurgitation has emerged as a favorable alternative for redo surgery in selected cases. This article will review the role of 3‐dimensional echocardiography in the assessment and management of paravalvular regurgitation.
A relational framework for investigating nexus governance
Authors: Stein Christian , Jaspersen Lena J.
Published: November 2018

Based on the assumption that the water, energy and food sectors are linked, the nexus concept drives research into the integration of governance systems. Nexus governance requires actors to engage across policy domains, governance levels and public, private and civic spheres. There is a need for a better understanding of how stakeholders navigate the inter‐organisational networks constituting a given nexus. In this article, we present a three‐dimensional relational framework and corresponding methods for investigating nexus governance. Drawing on mixed‐methods network research with organisations implementing water, energy, agricultural and environmental policies in the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia, we demonstrate how our framework for investigating network structure, relations and narratives can inform a relational understanding of nexus governance.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Headache and Migraine: Why to Prescribe and What New Research Is Critical for Advancing Integrated Biobehavioral Care
Authors: Kroon Van Diest Ashley M. , Powers Scott W.
Published: November 2018

Purpose of Review

To highlight current evidence supporting the prescription of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as part of first‐line preventive treatment for children and adolescents with headache and discuss a research strategy aimed at: (1) understanding how and why CBT works, and (2) developing effective and efficient approaches for integrating CBT into headache specialty, neurology, and primary care settings.

Recent Findings

Although preventive medications for pediatric headache and migraine are commonly prescribed, recent meta‐analyses and an NIH‐funded, multi‐center clinical trial suggests that the effect of pill‐taking therapies may be mostly due to a placebo effect. These findings have led to greater consideration of prescription of non‐pharmacological therapies as first‐line interventions (either alone or in combination with pill‐based therapy). A literature that extends back to the 1980s and includes recent clinical trials and meta‐analyses demonstrates that CBT decreases headache frequency and related disability in youth with headache and migraine and has a favorable benefit to risk profile with almost no negative side effects.

CBT has been repeatedly demonstrated as effective in treating pediatric headache and migraine. As such, it should be considered as part of first‐line preventive treatment for pediatric headache (either alone or in combination with a pill‐based therapy). We need to better understand how this therapy works and what makes it distinct (if anything) from the placebo effect. What we need to achieve is empirical support for efficient access to this evidence‐based treatment and clarity on how to match the intensity of non‐pharmacological intervention to the needs of our patients at the time they present for care.
In situ synthesis of leucite‐based feldspathic dental porcelain with minor kalsilite and Fe2O3 impurities
Authors: Salimkhani Hamed , Asghari Fesaghandis Erfan , Salimkhani Sharareh , Abdolalipour Behnam , Motei Dizaji Ali , Joodi Tohid , Bordbar‐Khiabani Aidin
Published: November 2018

K‐Feldspar was used as a raw material for in situ synthesis of leucite particles by solid‐state reaction method. Prior to synthesis of leucite, K‐Feldspar was treated by oxalic acid (C2H2O4) to eliminate Fe content. The parameters affecting the structure and amount of Fe in K‐Feldspar was investigated to reach an optimal leaching condition. Next, kasilite removal was studied by introducing CaF2 to the composition of dental porcelain. To synthesis leucite, the prepared materials were heated up to 1450°C for 3 hours until fusion phenomena occurred, then cooled down to 865°C to permit the leucite crystals nucleate and grow. To find out the chemical composition of powder, XRF, EDX, and Atomic absorption spectroscopy were used. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X‐Ray Diffractometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy were employed to study the structure of mineral. Spectrophotometry was chosen to analyze whiteness index of powder after acid treatment. Differential Thermal Analysis was employed to determine the crystallization temperature. Results indicated a dramatic decrease in Fe content (0.018%wt) by employing C2H2O4 as a leachant at 50°C. In addition, whiteness index of 91% was achieved through this procedure for raw feldspar. Finally, 1%wt of CaF2 prevented formation of kalsilite.
Configuration‐based approach for topological problems in the design of wireless sensor networks
Authors: Morais Vinicius , Mateus Geraldo Robson
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we deal with two routing problems that integrate coverage and cardinality constraints to optimize the wireless sensor networks lifetime. Problems based on arborescence and cycle topologies are defined on the design of that kind of network. We propose configuration‐based linear integer programming formulations and devise column‐and‐row generation (CRG) algorithms to evaluate the bounds. Computational experiments showed that configuration‐based formulations dominate the formulations being compared and indicate CRG as an alternative to solve related location–allocation problems in transportation and telecommunication networks.
Nutritional management of older hospitalised patients with pressure injuries
Authors: Eglseer Doris , Hödl Manuela , Lohrmann Christa
Published: November 2018

This cross‐sectional, multicentre study was conducted in hospitals to investigate nutritional interventions conducted in patients aged 70 years or older with (risk of) pressure injuries. A total of 1412 patients from 33 hospitals with 208 wards participated in the study. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and data on care dependency, malnutrition risk, risk for/prevalence of pressure injuries, and nutritional interventions. Data analyses were conducted by using descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, or independent t‐tests. According to the Braden Scale, 678 (48.0%) of the patients were at risk of developing pressure injuries, and 71 patients (5.0%) had at least one pressure injury (assessed by skin inspection). The most frequently conducted nutritional interventions in patients with pressure injuries were providing support during mealtimes (50.7%), food specifically desired by the patient (40.8%), and conducting a malnutrition screening (39.4%). One quarter of the patients with pressure injuries were referred to a dietitian. The provision of an energy‐enriched/protein‐enriched diet (18.3%), energy‐enriched/protein‐enriched snacks (12.7%), or oral nutritional supplements (8.5%) was rare. Nutritional care in older patients with risk of pressure injuries is suboptimal. Health care professionals need to raise awareness regarding the importance of nutrition in the management of patients with pressure injuries.
The clinical dynamic changes of macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of human wound healing and hypertrophic scar formation
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Jianzhang , Li Shengxu , Yu Zhou , Liu Bei , Song Baoqiang , Su Yingjun
Published: November 2018

The pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar (HS) is still poorly understood. Macrophages, especially the polarisation of that to M1 or M2, play a pivotal role in control of the degree of scar formation. Profiling of macrophage phenotypes in human specimens during long‐term period of wound healing and HS formation may provide valuable clinical evidence for understanding the pathology of human scars. Human wound and HS specimens were collected, the macrophage phenotype was identified by immunofluorescence, and biomarkers and cytokines associated with M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by RT‐PCR. The correlation between the macrophage phenotype and HS characteristics was analysed by linear regression analyses. We found excessive and persistent infiltration by M1 macrophages around the blood vessels in the superficial layer of the dermis at early wound tissues, whereas M2 macrophages predominated in later wound tissues and the proliferative phase of HS and were scattered throughout the dermis. The density of M1 macrophages was positively correlated with mRNA expression levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and IL‐6. The density of M2 macrophages was positively correlated with ARG1 and negatively correlated with the duration of HS. The sequential infiltration by M1 macrophage and M2 macrophages in human wound and HS tissues was confirmed.
Effect of MgO calcination temperature on the reaction products and kinetics of MgO–SiO2–H2O system
Authors: Li Zhaoheng , Xu Yudong , Zhang Tongsheng , Hu Jie , Wei Jiangxiong , Yu Qijun
Published: November 2018

MgO‐based binders have been widely studied for decades. Recently, the MgO–SiO2–H2O system was developed as a novel construction material, however, its reaction mechanism remains unclear. This paper investigated the reaction products and kinetics of MgO/silica fume (SF) pastes with MgO calcinated at different temperatures. The results indicate that MgO presented larger grain size after calcination at higher temperature. Mg(OH)2 and magnesium silicate hydrate (M–S–H) gel were formed when using MgO calcined at 850, 950, and 1050°C. However, only M–S–H gel was formed when using MgO calcined at 1450°C. The reaction kinetics of MgO could be described using α = 1 − e−k*t. The reaction rate of MgO increased with decreasing calcination temperature, increasing SF dosage, and the addition of sodium hexametaphosphate. Only M–S–H gel was formed when the reaction rate of MgO was below the demarcation line (about 0.250 × 10−6 s−1), and the corresponding demarcation area was around 14 days.
A novel soft tissue thickness measuring method using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Gürlek Önder , Sönmez Şule , Güneri Pelin , Nizam Nejat
Published: November 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to introduce a novel soft tissue thickness measurement method using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the new method with ultrasonic device applications and transgingival probing measurements.

Methods

Twenty‐five participants (12 female, 13 male, age range, 25‐51 years) were included the study. Soft tissue thickness in lateral incisor, canine, premolar, and molar regions were measured using transgingival probing (group T), ultrasonic device (group U), and CBCT scan measurements (group C). Differences and correlations between groups and agreement between measurement methods were evaluated.

Results

Soft tissue thickness was significantly lower in group U in premolar region, but was significantly higher in molar region compared with group C and group T (P < .05). There were significant positive correlations in lateral incisor and canine region, between group U and group C, in premolar region between group T and group C, and in molar region between group U and group C, and between group C and group T (P < .05). The highest agreement between measurement methods was evident between group T and group C.

Conclusion

Soft tissue thickness values in maxilla may differ depending on the measurement method and location of the measurement. Ultrasonic device, transgingival probing, and CBCT measures may not necessarily correlate in all locations. The high agreement between CBCT measurements and transgingival probing may suggest the newly introduced method as a promising technique for soft tissue thickness evaluation.

Clinical Significance

This study evaluated the relation between different soft tissue thickness measurement methods and demonstrated a novel method which can be used in any part of the mouth. The outcome also suggested that the measurement method and the location might affect the soft tissue thickness value obtained, and therefore might be important in clinical decision making.
Chronic wet cough in Aboriginal children: It's not just a cough
Authors: D'Sylva Pamela , Walker Roz , Lane Mary , Chang Anne B , Schultz André
Published: November 2018

Aim

Chronic respiratory disease is common among Aboriginal Australians. Chronic wet cough is an early marker of chronic disease in children but often goes undetected due, in part, to delayed health seeking by families. Currently, no studies have examined the reasons for delayed health seeking for children's chronic cough. To identify the barriers to, and enablers for, seeking medical help for chronic wet cough in Aboriginal children.

Methods

This was a qualitative study, gathering data through individual semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews and focus groups to ascertain Aboriginal family knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about seeking health care for chronic wet cough in children in a regional Kimberley town, Western Australia between October 2017 and March 2018.

Results

Forty Aboriginal community members participated. The three key barriers identified were: ‘Cough normalisation’, that is, 70% of participants considered chronic cough normal (with 53% of participants' previous interactions with doctors informing their understanding of chronic cough); the lack of health literacy information; and a sense of disempowerment (belief that no medical action would be taken and inability to challenge doctors). The key expressed enablers were provision of health literacy information and health practitioner training to assess and treat chronic wet cough in children. All participants reported that they would seek help for chronic wet cough once they were informed that it could signify underlying disease.

Conclusion

Results highlight the need for a culturally appropriate information and education to inform Aboriginal families and their health practitioners of the importance of chronic wet cough in children.
Medical Emergencies in Farmers
Authors: Reece Sharon C.M. , Thiruchelvam Deva , Redelmeier Donald A.
Published: November 2018

Background: Agricultural work involves hazards that may harm long‐term well‐being. We evaluated the risk of long‐term disability and death for agricultural workers compared to construction workers with similar demographics. We hypothesized that delays to emergency care and subsequent long‐term disability following injury might be worse for agricultural workers compared to those injured in construction.

Methods: We evaluated all adults severely injured on farms or on construction sites in Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 2009, and March 31, 2012, according to the Ontario Trauma Registry. We excluded individuals living outside of the province, those missing a valid health card number, or youth less than 17 years old. Our primary outcome was death or the subsequent application for disability support.

Results: In total, 353 patients were injured on a farm or construction site during the study period. Delays to emergency care exceeding 12 hours were more frequent for agricultural workers compared to construction workers (43% vs 23%, P <.001). After a 5‐year follow‐up, agricultural workers had a death or disability rate marginally higher than construction workers (23% vs 14%, P = .068), equivalent to a hazard ratio of 1.62 that was marginally statistically significant (95% confidence interval 0.96‐2.75, P = .072). The risk of death and disability was greatest for patients who had the longest delays to emergency care.

Interpretation: Agricultural workers experience a substantial delay in receiving emergency care and a marginally higher risk of death or disability in the years following injury compared to construction workers.
Increased rainfall and nitrogen alter colonization and extinction during postgrazing steppe succession
Authors: Yu Hong‐Wei , He Wei‐Ming
Published: November 2018

Question

Steppes may be sensitive to rainfall and nitrogen (N) pulses; however, their potential effects on local colonization and extinction during postgrazing steppe succession have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. We addressed how increased rainfall and N influenced plant species richness, gain, loss, and turnover in an ungrazed steppe.

Location

Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China.

Methods

We performed a five‐growing‐season field experiment, in which an ungrazed steppe was subject to nine different combinations of rainfall and N. The three rainfall levels were ambient amount of rainfall, a 14% increase in amount of rainfall, and a 28% increase in amount of rainfall; the three N levels were no N addition, an addition of 5 g N m−2 year−1, and an addition of 10 g N m−2 year−1. We determined successional changes at the taxonomic and functional levels by surveying plant species in the first and fifth growing seasons.

Results

(a) Increased rainfall and N addition did not affect plant species richness but did influence plant species loss, gain, and turnover. (b) At the taxonomic level, species loss, gain, and turnover decreased monotonically with increasing rainfall; N addition decreased species loss and turnover but did not influence species gain; the slope of the species loss–gain relation was approximately 1.0. (c) At the plant functional group level, increased rainfall favored C3 plants by sustaining species gain and decreasing species loss; N addition favored C4 plants by increasing the species gain and decreasing the species loss.

Conclusion

Increased rainfall and simulated N deposition could induce rapid colonization and extinction during postgrazing steppe succession, but maintain plant diversity homeostasis by equally affecting species colonization and extinction. Future rainfall enrichment and N deposition might strongly influence the relative abundance of different plant functional groups, thereby affecting successional changes under global change.