bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis, Decreased Cardiac Tissue Perfusion, in Patients with Coronary Artery Obstruction
Authors: Gonçalves Julia Leme , Giovanini Laís Pereira , Lopes Juliana de Lima , Cornélio Marilia Estevão , Lopes Marcos Venícios de Oliveira , Oliveira‐Kumakura Ana Railka de Souza
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVE

To verify the accuracy of the nursing diagnosis, decreased cardiac tissue perfusion, in patients with coronary artery disease.

METHODS

Clinical validation consisted of evaluation by 75 participants. Sensitivity and specificity measurements were performed by means of latent class analysis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of the diagnosis was 64.5%. Nausea, dizziness, and vomiting were sensitive and specific; altered heart rate was specific.

CONCLUSION

Four indicators were accurate for the nursing diagnosis.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Accurate defining characteristics contribute to reliable and precise assessment and enable nurses to diagnose and intervene in the outcome of the patient's clinical condition.
Recent cannabis use is associated with smaller hippocampus volume: High‐resolution segmentation of structural subfields in a large non‐clinical sample
Authors: Owens Max M. , Sweet Lawrence H. , MacKillop James
Published: January 2020

There is mixed evidence that individuals who use cannabis have reduced hippocampal and amygdalar gray matter volume, potentially because of small sample sizes and imprecise morphological characterization. New automated segmentation procedures have improved the measurement of these structures and allow better examination of their subfields, which have been linked to distinct aspects of memory and emotion. The current study applies this new segmentation procedure to the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (N = 1080) to investigate associations of cannabis use with gray matter volume in the hippocampus and amygdala. Results revealed significant bilateral inverse associations of hippocampal volume with recent cannabis use (THC+ urine drug screen; P < .005). Hippocampal subfield analyses indicated these associations were primarily driven by the head of the hippocampus, the first section of the cornu amonis (CA1), the subicular complex, and the molecular layer of the hippocampus. No associations were detected for age of cannabis initiation, the frequency of cannabis use across the lifespan, or the lifetime presence of cannabis use disorder. In one of the largest studies to date, these results support the hypothesis that recent cannabis use is linked to reduced hippocampal volume, but that this effect may dissipate following prolonged abstinence. Furthermore, these results clarify the specific subfields which may be most associated with recent cannabis use.
Correlation between work impairment, scores of rhinitis severity and asthma using the MASK‐air®App
Authors: Bédard Annabelle , Antó Josep M. , Fonseca Joao A. , Arnavielhe Sylvie , Bachert Claus , Bedbrook Anna , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Bosnic‐Anticevich Sinthia , Cardona Victoria , Cruz Alvaro A. , Fokkens Wytske J. , Garcia‐Aymerich Judith , Hellings Peter W. , Ivancevich Juan C. , Klimek Ludger , Kuna Piotr , Kvedariene Violeta , Larenas‐Linnemann Désirée , Melén Erik , Monti Ricardo , Mösges Ralf , Mullol Joaquim , Papadopoulos Nikos G. , Pham‐Thi Nhân , Samolinski Boleslaw , Tomazic Peter V. , Toppila‐Salmi Sanna , Ventura Maria Teresa , Yorgancioglu Arzu , Bousquet Jean , Pfaar Oliver , Basagaña Xavier ,   the MASK study group
Published: January 2020

Background

In allergic rhinitis, a relevant outcome providing information on the effectiveness of interventions is needed. In MASK‐air (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network), a visual analogue scale (VAS) for work is used as a relevant outcome. This study aimed to assess the performance of the work VAS work by comparing VAS work with other VAS measurements and symptom‐medication scores obtained concurrently.

Methods

All consecutive MASK‐air users in 23 countries from 1 June 2016 to 31 October 2018 were included (14 189 users; 205 904 days). Geolocalized users self‐assessed daily symptom control using the touchscreen functionality on their smart phone to click on VAS scores (ranging from 0 to 100) for overall symptoms (global), nose, eyes, asthma and work. Two symptom‐medication scores were used: the modified EAACI CSMS score and the MASK control score for rhinitis. To assess data quality, the intra‐individual response variability (IRV) index was calculated.

Results

A strong correlation was observed between VAS work and other VAS. The highest levels for correlation with VAS work and variance explained in VAS work were found with VAS global, followed by VAS nose, eye and asthma. In comparison with VAS global, the mCSMS and MASK control score showed a lower correlation with VAS work. Results are unlikely to be explained by a low quality of data arising from repeated VAS measures.

Conclusions

VAS work correlates with other outcomes (VAS global, nose, eye and asthma) but less well with a symptom‐medication score. VAS work should be considered as a potentially useful AR outcome in intervention studies.
Coexistence of nasal reactivity to allergens with and without IgE sensitization in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Eguiluz‐Gracia Ibon , Fernandez‐Santamaria Ruben , Testera‐Montes Almudena , Ariza Adriana , Campo Paloma , Prieto Ana , Perez‐Sanchez Natalia , Salas Maria , Mayorga Cristobalina , Torres Maria Jose , Rondon Carmen
Published: January 2020

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and local allergic rhinitis (LAR) are defined by nasal reactivity to aeroallergens with and without positive skin prick test (SPT), respectively. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether both types of allergen‐specific reactivity can coexist in the same individual.

Methods

Forty‐eight patients with perennial rhinitis symptoms and positive SPT with seasonal allergens only (discrepant group) were subjected to consecutive nasal allergen challenges (NAC) with seasonal (NAC‐S) and perennial allergens (NAC‐P). A nasal lavage was collected before and after the NACs to measure eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). A basophil activation test (BAT) with seasonal and/or perennial allergens was performed in ten patients from the discrepant group and in six seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), eight perennial local allergic rhinitis (LAR), six nonallergic rhinitis (NAR), and six healthy control (HC) individuals.

Results

All patients in the discrepant group tested positive in the NAC‐S, and 41 of them (85.4%), also in the NAC‐P (group A). Conversely, seven patients tested negative in the NAC‐P (group B). ECP in the nasal lavage increased after the NAC‐P in the group A (P = .004), but not in the group B. The BAT with seasonal allergens was positive in 100% of SAR and group A cases, whereas the BAT with perennial allergens was positive in 37.5% and 60% of LAR and group A cases, respectively. All NAR and HC subjects tested negative for the BAT.

Conclusion

This study shows that nasal reactivity to aeroallergens with and without positive SPT can coexist in the same patient. We propose the term dual allergic rhinitis for this rhinitis phenotype.
Ex situ hypothermic perfusion of nonhuman primate pancreas: A feasibility study
Authors: Prudhomme Thomas , Renaudin Karine , Lo Faro Maria Letizia , Cantarovich Diego , Kervella Delphine , Minault David , Hervouet Jérémy , Le Bas‐Bernardet Stéphanie , Karam Georges , Blancho Gilles , Branchereau Julien
Published: January 2020

Pancreatic static cold storage (SCS) is the gold‐standard method for pancreas preservation. Our main objective was to evaluate feasibility of hypothermic perfusion (HP) of nonhuman primates’ pancreases for potential organ transplantation. Seven baboon pancreases were tested. Animals were included in a study approved by the French Research Ministry of Health. Two groups were compared: the control group (n = 2) was preserved using conventional SCS for 24‐h and the perfusion group (n = 5) used HP for 24‐h, with three different perfusion pressures (PP): 15 (n = 3), 20 (n = 1), and 25 mm Hg (n = 1). In the control group, focal congestion of islets was observed after 6‐h. At 24‐h, ischemic necrosis and multifocal congestion also occurred. In the HP group, at 15 mm Hg PP, multifocal congestion of islets was present at 24‐h. At 20 mm Hg PP, no ischemic necrosis was found after 6‐h. At 12‐h and 24‐h, focal congestion of islets was seen. At 25 mm Hg PP, focal congestion of islets appeared after 12‐h. Immunostaining for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was normal and similar in controls and perfused pancreas transplants even after 24‐h. Apoptosis index represented by cleaved caspase 3 activity, was less than 1% in perfusion and control groups, even after 24‐h. HP of nonhuman primate pancreas is feasible and not deleterious as far as 24‐h compared to SCS. SCS for more than 12‐h was harmful for the transplants. Systolic perfusion pressure between 15‐20 mm Hg did not cause any pathological injury of the tested organs.
The importance of cytokines analysis in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma
Authors: Frenkel Shahar , Pe'er Jacob , Kaufman Ron , Maly Bella , Habot‐Wilner Zohar
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of the different diagnostic tests for vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL).

Methods

A cohort of 150 patients with a presumed diagnosis of VRL. Vitrectomy samples were analysed for cytology, monoclonality [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] and cytokine levels, and anterior chamber taps were analysed for cytokine levels. Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was diagnosed after confirming the clinical suspicion with vitreal or brain cytology.

Results

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was diagnosed in 78 patients. Vitreal cytology was positive for 53/132 patients (40.2%), 36/53 had positive cytology from both the eye and the brain. Additional 25 patients had positive brain cytology. Vitreal PCR for monoclonality was positive for 32/91 patients (35.2%). Vitreal cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)‐10/IL‐6 were >1 for 47/110 patients (43.1%). For cytology, PCR and cytokine analysis, the respective sensitivity was 73.6%, 46.0% and 81.4%, and the accuracy of the tests was 85.6%, 60.4% and 80.9%, respectively. All three tests were available for 79 patients. In this subset, for cytology, PCR and cytokine analysis the respective sensitivity was 79.5%, 41.0% and 82.1%, respectively, and the accuracy of the tests was 89.9%, 60.8% and 81.0%, respectively.

Conclusion

Cytokines analysis has an important role in the diagnosis of VRL. We suggest analysing cytokines levels in all cases suspected of VRL along with cytology and PCR analysis.
Electrolyte and transporter responses to angiotensin II induced hypertension in female and male rats and mice
Authors: Veiras Luciana C. , McFarlin Brandon E. , Ralph Donna L. , Buncha Vadym , Prescott Jessica , Shirvani Borna S. , McDonough Jillian C. , Ha Darren , Giani Jorge , Gurley Susan B. , Mamenko Mykola , McDonough Alicia A.
Published: January 2020

Aim

Sexual dimorphisms are evident along the nephron: Females (F) exhibit higher ratios of renal distal to proximal Na+ transporters' abundance, greater lithium clearance (CLi) more rapid natriuresis in response to saline infusion and lower plasma [K+] vs. males (M). During angiotensin II infusion hypertension (AngII‐HTN) M exhibit distal Na+ transporter activation, lower proximal and medullary loop transporters, blunted natriuresis in response to saline load, and reduced plasma [K+]. This study aimed to determine whether responses of F to AngII‐HTN mimicked those in M or were impacted by sexual dimorphisms evident at baseline.

Methods

Sprague Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice were AngII infused via osmotic minipumps 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, and assessed by metabolic cage collections, tail‐cuff sphygmomanometer, semi‐quantitative immunoblotting of kidney and patch‐clamp electrophysiology.

Results

In F rats, AngII‐infusion increased BP to 190 mm Hg, increased phosphorylation of cortical NKCC2, NCC and cleavage of ENaC two to threefold, increased ENaC channel activity threefold and aldosterone 10‐fold. K+ excretion increased and plasma [K+] decreased. Evidence of natriuresis in F included increased urine Na+ excretion and CLi, and decreased medullary NHE3, NKCC2 and Na,K‐ATPase abundance. In C57BL/6 mice, AngII‐HTN increased abundance of distal Na+ transporters, suppressed proximal‐medullary transporters and reduced plasma [K+] in both F and M.

Conclusion

Despite baseline sexual dimorphisms, AngII‐HTN provokes similar increases in BP, aldosterone, distal transporters, ENaC channel activation and K+ loss accompanied by similar suppression of proximal and loop Na+ transporters, natriuresis and diuresis in females and males.
EZH2 expression is dependent on MYC and TP53 regulation in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Neves Filho Eduardo Henrique , Hirth Carlos Gustavo , Frederico Igor Allen , Burbano Rommel Mario , Carneiro Thiago , Rabenhorst Silvia Helena
Published: January 2020

EZH2 is an important epigenetic regulator, but its role in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathogenesis and its relationship with MYC, BCL2, and TP53 expression, chromosomal rearrangements, and clinical features are still poorly understood. So, we investigated EZH2 expression and its associations with the immunophenotypic presentations, including MYC, BCL2, and TP53 expression, MYC, BCL2, and BCL6 translocation status, clinicopathological features, and therapeutic response to R‐CHOP in a series of 139 DLBCL cases. EZH2 positivity was associated with MYC and TP53 expression (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0000, respectively) and to high proliferative index (Ki67>70%, p = 0.0082). No associations were found among EZH2 expression and chromosomal translocation status. The non‐germinal center (nGC) DLBCL presented most of associations observed in the general sample; however, only TP53 immunodetection showed associations with EZH2 expression in the germinal center (GC) DLBCL. EZH2 expression had no impact on therapeutic efficacy in R‐CHOP‐treated patients. In conclusion, EZH2 seems to be upregulated by MYC, to rely on TP53 alterations, and is associated with high proliferative tumors in DLBCL, which might be dependent on GC or nGC subclassifications. Furthermore, it is not a therapeutic efficacy marker to R‐CHOP in our series.
Smart grid knowledges and the state
Authors: Lovell Heather , Powells Gareth
Published: January 2020

In this paper we call for a closer analysis of the role of the nation state in shaping the geographies of knowledge created through public–private infrastructure collaborations, focusing on the empirical case of smart grids. We draw on contributions from economic geographers and political scientists, identifying an empirical and analytical blind spot around how states shape knowledge production and mobility in regulated infrastructure economies. We argue that national state institutions have strong influence through their initial framing of what is relevant knowledge, and the geography of its applicability. The type of knowledge valued by the state institutions in our two case studies of public–private smart grid initiatives is that which can be rescaled to apply to national energy systems, by being stripped of its local context. In practice, however, many types of knowledge are produced through smart grid experiments, including tacit, context‐specific knowledge. In this short paper we demonstrate the need to be attentive to both corporate and policy theories about types of knowledge and their mobilities, in order to better understand the geographies of smart grid and other regulated infrastructure knowledges.
Five‐year survival follow‐up of a phase III randomised trial comparing ofatumumab versus physicians' choice for bulky fludarabine‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a short report
Authors: Miklos Udvardy , Strugov Vladimir , Lewerin Catharina , Grosicki Sebastian , Mazur Grzegorz , Steurer Michael , Montillo Marco , Kryachok Irina , Middeke Jan M. , Rekhtman Grygoriy , Stefanelli Tommaso , Vincent Ghislaine , Govindaraju Sameera , Österborg Anders
Published: January 2020

In 2014, an interim analysis of a phase 3 study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of ofatumumab in patients with bulky fludarabine‐refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (BFR CLL) as compared to physician’s choice. The five‐year follow‐up of this phase 3 trial showed that ofatumumab therapy resulted in a numerically but not significantly longer overall survival. As only few patients had the chance to receive a kinase inhibitor later, the study displays the survival of BFR CLL patients in the period prior to receiving small‐molecule inhibitors. Ofatumumab is a well‐tolerable treatment option in multiresistant advanced CLL.
Jung's Platypus and Hamlet's Complaint: A Place for Wonder in the Consulting Room
Authors: Masters Julian
Published: January 2020

When Guildenstern is confronted with Hamlet's dubious invitation to ‘play upon this pipe’ (a recorder) a constrictive attitude is cruelly but artfully exposed. At another time and place Jung imagines an incredulous response to a creature so absurd that it should not exist (but does): the duck‐billed platypus. Would the platypus, like Hamlet, have a complaint to make too? In this paper I use these examples, from very different kinds of literature, as touchstones to explore the ways in which the psychotherapeutic encounter can open up or, alternatively, shut down the way to ‘psychological understanding’, as Jung terms it. The paper addresses both the therapist's and patient's attitude to knowledge and in particular its relation to wonder which, I argue, can function in a way that can fruitfully open up the field for generative therapeutic change.
Efficacy of vibegron, a novel β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist, on severe urgency urinary incontinence related to overactive bladder: post hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, comparative phase 3 study
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Takeda Masayuki , Gotoh Momokazu , Yokoyama Osamu , Kakizaki Hidehiro , Takahashi Satoru , Masumori Naoya , Nagai Shinji , Minemura Kazuyoshi
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of a novel and selective β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist vibegron on urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) in patients with overactive bladder (OAB).

Patients and Methods

A post hoc analysis was performed in patients with UUI (>0 episodes/day) who were assigned to receive vibegron or placebo in a vibegron phase 3 study. Patients were subclassified into mild/moderate (>0 to <3 UUI episodes/day) or severe UUI (≥3 UUI episodes/day) subgroup. Changes from baseline in number of UUI episodes/day, in number of urgency episodes/day, and in voided volume/micturition were compared between the groups. The percentage of patients who became UUI‐free ('diary‐dry' rate) and the response rate (percentage of patients with scores 1 [feeling much better] or 2 [feeling better] assessed by the Patient Global Impression scale [PGI]) were evaluated.

Results

Changes in numbers of UUI episodes at week 12 in the vibegron 50 mg, vibegron 100 mg and placebo groups, respectively, were −1.35, −1.47 and −1.08 in all patients, −1.04, −1.13 and −0.89 in the mild/moderate UUI subgroup, and −2.95, −3.28 and −2.10 in the severe UUI subgroup. The changes were significant in the vibegron 50 and 100 mg groups vs placebo regardless of symptom severity. Change in number of urgency episodes/day was significant in the vibegron 100 mg group vs placebo in all patients and in both severity subgroups. In the vibegron 50 mg group, a significant change vs placebo was observed in all patients and in the mild/moderate UUI subgroup. Change in voided volume/micturition was significantly greater in the vibegron 50 and 100 mg groups vs placebo in all patients, as well as in the both severity subgroups. Diary‐dry rates in the vibegron 50 and 100 mg groups were significantly greater vs placebo in all patients and in the mild/moderate UUI subgroup. In the severe UUI subgroup, however, a significant difference was observed only in the vibegron 50 mg group. Response rates assessed by the PGI were significantly higher in the vibegron groups vs placebo in all patients and in the both severity subgroups. Vibegron administration, OAB duration ≤37 months, mean number of micturitions/day at baseline <12.0 and mean number of UUI episodes/day at baseline <3.0 were identified as factors significantly associated with normalization of UUI.

Conclusions

Vibegron, a novel β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist, significantly reduced the number of UUI episodes/day and significantly increased the voided volume/micturition in patients with OAB including those with severe UUI, with the response rate exceeding 50%. These results suggest that vibegron can be an effective therapeutic option for OAB patients with UUI.
Stathmin guides personalized therapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ju Wu‐tong , Ma Hai‐long , Zhao Tong‐Chao , Liang Si‐yuan , Zhu Dong‐wang , Wang Li‐zhen , Li Jiang , Zhang Zhi‐yuan , Zhou Ge , Zhong Lai‐ping
Published: January 2020

The survival benefit from docetaxel, cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is not satisfactory. Previously, we identified that stathmin, a microtubule‐destabilizing protein, is overexpressed in OSCC. Here, we further investigated its role as a biomarker that impacts on OSCC chemosensitivity. We analyzed the predictive value of stathmin on TPF induction chemotherapy and its impact on OSCC cell chemosensitivity. Then, we further investigated the therapeutic effects of the combination therapy of TPF chemotherapy and PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. We found that OSCC patients with low stathmin expression benefited from TPF induction chemotherapy, while OSCC patients with high stathmin expression could not benefit from TPF induction chemotherapy. Stathmin overexpression promoted cellular proliferation and decreased OSCC cell sensitivity to TPF treatment. In addition, inhibition of the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR signaling pathway decreased stathmin expression and phosphorylation. The combination therapy of TPF chemotherapy and PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR inhibitors exhibited a potent antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, stathmin can be used as a predictive biomarker for TPF induction chemotherapy and a combination therapy regimen based on stathmin expression might improve the survival of OSCC patients.
Luteolin suppresses bladder cancer growth via regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway
Authors: Iida Keitaro , Naiki Taku , Naiki‐Ito Aya , Suzuki Shugo , Kato Hiroyuki , Nozaki Satoshi , Nagai Takashi , Etani Toshiki , Nagayasu Yuko , Ando Ryosuke , Kawai Noriyasu , Yasui Takahiro , Takahashi Satoru
Published: January 2020

Luteolin is a natural flavonoid with strong anti–oxidative properties that is reported to have an anti–cancer effect in several malignancies other than bladder cancer. In this study, we describe the effect of luteolin on a human bladder cancer cell line, T24, in the context of the regulation of p21, thioredoxin‐1 (TRX1) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Luteolin inhibited cell survival and induced G2/M cell‐cycle arrest, p21 upregulation and downregulation of phospho(p)‐S6, which is downstream of mTOR signaling. Luteolin also upregulated TRX1 and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species production. In a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model using the rat bladder cancer cell line, BC31, tumor volumes were significantly decreased in mice orally administered luteolin compared to control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that increased p21 and decreased p‐S6 expression were induced in the luteolin treatment group. Moreover, in another in vivo N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN)‐induced rat bladder cancer model, the oral administration of luteolin led to a trend of decreased bladder tumor dimension and significantly decreased the Ki67‐labeling index and p‐S6 expression. Furthermore, the major findings on the metabolism of luteolin suggest that both plasma and urine luteolin‐3ʹ‐O‐glucuronide concentrations are strongly associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and mTOR signaling. Moreover, a significant decrease in the squamous differentiation of bladder cancer is attributed to plasma luteolin‐3ʹ‐glucuronide concentration. In conclusion, luteolin, and in particular its metabolized product, may represent another natural product‐derived therapeutic agent that acts against bladder cancer by upregulating p21 and inhibiting mTOR signaling.
Incorporating differences between genetic diversity of trees and herbaceous plants in conservation strategies
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon , Son Sungwon , Herrando‐Moraira Sonia , Tang Cindy Q. , Maki Masayuki , Kim Young‐Dong , López‐Pujol Jordi , Hamrick James L. , Chung Myong Gi
Published: January 2020

Reviews that summarize the genetic diversity of plant species in relation to their life history and ecological traits show that forest trees have more genetic diversity at population and species levels than annuals or herbaceous perennials. In addition, among‐population genetic differentiation is significantly lower in trees than in most herbaceous perennials and annuals. Possible reasons for these differences between trees and herbaceous perennials and annuals have not been discussed critically. Several traits, such as high rates of outcrossing, long‐distance pollen and seed dispersal, large effective population sizes (Ne), arborescent stature, low population density, longevity, overlapping generations, and occurrence in late successional communities, may make trees less sensitive to genetic bottlenecks and more resistant to habitat fragmentation or climate change. We recommend that guidelines for genetic conservation strategies be designed differently for tree species versus other types of plant species. Because most tree species fit an LH scenario (low [L] genetic differentiation and high [H] genetic diversity), tree seeds could be sourced from a few populations distributed across the species’ range. For the in situ conservation of trees, translocation is a viable option to increaseNe. In contrast, rare herbaceous understory species are frequently HL (high differentiation and low diversity) species. Under the HL scenario, seeds should be taken from many populations with high genetic diversity. In situ conservation efforts for herbaceous plants should focus on protecting habitats because the typically small populations of these species are vulnerable to the loss of genetic diversity. The robust allozyme genetic diversity databases could be used to develop conservation strategies for species lacking genetic information. As a case study of reforestation with several tree species in denuded areas on the Korean Peninsula, we recommend the selection of local genotypes as suitable sources to prevent adverse effects and to insure the successful restoration in the long term.
Evaluation and care of international living kidney donor candidates: Strategies for addressing common considerations and challenges
Authors: Shukhman Ellen , Hunt Julia , LaPointe‐Rudow Dianne , Mandelbrot Didier , Hays Rebecca E. , Kumar Vineeta , Schaefer Heidi , Al Ammary Fawaz , Henderson Macey L. , Nishio‐Lucar Angie , Cooper Matthew , Lentine Krista L.
Published: January 2020

End‐stage kidney disease patients in the United States may have family members or friends who are not US citizens or residents but are willing to serve as their living kidney donor in the United States (“international donors”). In July 2017, the American Society for Transplantation (AST) Live Donor Community of Practice (LDCOP) convened a multidisciplinary workgroup of experts in living donation care, including coordinators, social workers, donor advocates, administrators, and physicians, to evaluate educational gaps related to the evaluation and care of international donors. The evaluation of international living donor candidates is a resource‐intensive process that raises key considerations for assessing risk of exploitation/inducement and addressing communication barriers, logistics barriers, and access to care in their home country. Through consensus‐building discussions, we developed recommendations related to: (a) establishing program guidelines for international donor candidate evaluation and selection; (b) initial screening; (c) logistics planning; (d) comprehensive evaluation; and (e) postdonation care and follow‐up. These recommendations are not intended to direct formal policy, but rather as guidance to help programs more efficiently and effectively structure and execute evaluations and care coordination. We also offer recommendations for research and advocacy to optimize the care of this unique group of living donors.
Management of BK viremia is associated with a lower risk of subsequent cytomegalovirus infection in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Jorgenson Margaret R. , Descourouez Jillian L. , Lyu Beini , Astor Brad C. , Saddler Christopher M. , Mandelbrot Didier A. , Parajuli Sandesh
Published: January 2020

The risk of subsequent cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) after diagnosis of BK polyomavirus viremia (BKV) is unclear, and current evidence is conflicting. We reviewed all KTR transplanted at our institution between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2015. Follow‐up began 3 months after transplantation to avoid confounding effects of prophylaxis. Clinically significant BKV, defined as detectable BK viremia >1000 copies/mL via molecular diagnostic testing (PCR), was treated as a time‐varying exposure with 1‐year follow‐up. This viral load cutoff was chosen to ensure a more homogenous population that would be considered to have clinically significant BK viremia that necessitated management via immunosuppressive modification. Patients were then screened for subsequent CMV infection. 2435 RTX recipients met inclusion criteria; of these, 314 developed BKV during follow‐up (BK+). Lymphocyte depletion, tacrolimus maintenance, and biopsy‐proven rejection were significantly higher in the BK+ group. BK+ was associated with lower risk of subsequent CMV infection (BK+ HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22‐0.94, P = .03, relative risk reduction 55%). When adjusted for significant confounding factors, CMV incidence remained reduced in the BK+ population (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22‐0.98, P = .04). This large series of KTR demonstrates that BKV is associated with lower risk of subsequent CMV infection.
Using Real‐World Data to Guide Ustekinumab Dosing Strategies for Psoriasis: A Prospective Pharmacokinetic‐Pharmacodynamic Study
Authors: Pan Shan , Tsakok Teresa , Dand Nick , Lonsdale Dagan O. , Loeff Floris C. , Bloem Karien , de Vries Annick , Baudry David , Duckworth Michael , Mahil Satveer , Pushpa‐Rajah Angela , Russell Alice , Alsharqi Ali , Becher Gabrielle , Murphy Ruth , Wahie Shyamal , Wright Andrew , Griffiths Christopher E.M. , Reynolds Nick J. , Barker Jonathan , Warren Richard B. , David Burden A. , Rispens Theo , Standing Joseph F. , Smith Catherine H. ,   on behalf of the BADBIR Study Group, the BSTOP Study Group, the PSORT Consortium
Published: January 2020

Variation in response to biologic therapy for inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, is partly driven by variation in drug exposure. Real‐world psoriasis data were used to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for the first‐line therapeutic antibody ustekinumab. The impact of differing dosing strategies on response was explored. Data were collected from a UK prospective multicenter observational cohort (491 patients on ustekinumab monotherapy, drug levels, and anti‐drug antibody measurements on 797 serum samples, 1,590 measurements of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI)). Ustekinumab PKs were described with a linear one‐compartment model. A maximum effect (Emax) model inhibited progression of psoriatic skin lesions in the turnover PD mechanism describing PASI evolution while on treatment. A mixture model on half‐maximal effective concentration identified a potential nonresponder group, with simulations suggesting that, in future, the model could be incorporated into a Bayesian therapeutic drug monitoring “dashboard” to individualize dosing and improve treatment outcomes.
Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes during pregnancy is associated with increased perinatal mortality: a large population‐based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lee D. , Booth G. L. , Ray J. G. , Ling V. , Feig D. S.
Published: January 2020

Aim

To compare perinatal outcomes in women with undiagnosed diabetes with gestational diabetes alone, pre‐existing diabetes and women without diabetes, and to identify risk factors which distinguish them from women with gestational diabetes alone.

Methods

This population‐based cohort study included administrative data on all women who gave birth in Ontario, Canada, during 2002–2015. Maternal/neonatal outcomes were compared across groups using logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. A nested case control study compared women with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes with women with gestational diabetes alone to determine risk factors that would help identify these women.

Results

Among 995 990 women, 68 163 had gestational diabetes (6.8%) and, of those women with gestational diabetes,1772 had undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (2.6%). Those with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were more likely to be older, from a lower income area, have parity > 3 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 compared with gestational diabetes alone. Infants had a higher risk of perinatal mortality (OR 2.3 [1.6–3.4]), preterm birth (OR 2.6 [2.3–2.9]), congenital anomalies (OR 2.1 [1.7–2.5]), neonatal intensive care unit admission (OR 3.1 [2.8–3.5]) and neonatal hypoglycaemia (OR 406.0 [357–461]), which were similar to women with pre‐existing diabetes. The strongest predictive risk factors included early gestational diabetes diagnosis, previous gestational diabetes and chronic hypertension.

Conclusions

Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes who develop diabetes within 1 year postpartum are at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including perinatal mortality. This highlights the need for earlier diagnosis, preferably pre‐pregnancy, and more aggressive treatment and surveillance of suspected type 2 diabetes during pregnancy.
Making the Classroom Safe for Open‐Mindedness
Authors: Curzer Howard J. , Gottlieb Jessica
Published: January 2020

Abstract

For open‐mindedness to be an Aristotelian personal virtue, its possession must make agents better off. Unfortunately, open‐mindedness does not currently pay. The reasons include (1) novelty glut — taking seriously even a tiny percentage of the worthwhile, available ideas would be overwhelming; and (2) deception campaigns — we lack the time, sophistication, and knowledge to uncover the truth ourselves. Our best coping strategy is closed‐mindedness, that is, to ignore whatever we encounter unless vouched for by trusted experts. However, as Jessica Gottlieb and Howard Curzer argue in this article, student learning demands open‐mindedness. Although open‐mindedness is a personal vice, it is a student‐role virtue. Thus, teachers must buffer their classrooms against those features of the contemporary world that make open‐mindedness counterproductive. Teachers can counter these threats by using core practices that are general (such as facilitating classroom discussions) and content‐specific (for example, engaging students in scientific investigations). Core practices enable teachers to craft environments and experiences that make open‐mindedness great again.
The Moral Limits of Open‐Mindedness
Authors: Ferkany Matt A.
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Epistemologists have long worried that the willingness of open‐minded people to reconsider their beliefs in light of new evidence is both a condition of improving their beliefs and a risk factor for losing their grip on what they already know. In this article, Matt Ferkany introduces and attempts to resolve a moral variation of this puzzle: a willingness to engage people whose moral ideas are strange or repugnant (to us) looks like both a condition of broadening our moral horizons, and a risk factor for doing the wrong thing or becoming bad. Ferkany pursues a contractualist line of argument according to which such hazardous engagement is a virtue only when it matters to our interlocutors whether they can justify themselves to us on terms we can accept — for our sake or for the sake of their own virtue, not instrumentally or to get something out of us. When it does not so matter, openness can be unintelligent or gullible — in other words, not virtuous.
On the Ethics of Open‐Mindedness in the Age of Trump
Authors: Wahl Rachel
Published: January 2020

Is it always ethical to ask a person to be “open‐minded” in volatile political contexts? What might open‐mindedness entail and when might such an expectation be harmful? Drawing on observations and interviews related to a controversial dialogue that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, following the violent Unite the Right rally of August 2017, Rachel Wahl argues, first, that whether we might consider someone “open‐minded” has little to do with their participation in processes that formally affirm and even genuinely aim for this virtue. Second, the division between people who view civil dialogue as the key to social progress and people who aver that direct resistance is what is called for is rooted in deeply different conceptions of the social world and what ails the nation. This divide is at once a response to the political moment and to the human condition, as it is a manifestation of an enduring tension between openness and commitment. Third, the disposition to be what one might call “open‐minded” about this division is premised on how one understands one's self and life. While popular and philosophical conceptions of this division tend to valorize either openness or commitment, Wahl draws on René Arcilla's conception of a life of education in order to articulate how these might be integrated. The possibility of understanding one's life as an education illustrates what may have made it possible for one exemplary participant in the Charlottesville dialogue to be open‐minded even about the value of some expressions of open‐mindedness while maintaining his principled commitments.
Thermal tolerance varies with dim‐light foraging and elevation in large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopini)
Authors: Gonzalez Victor H. , Hranitz John M. , Percival Catherine R. , Pulley Kristen L. , Tapsak Stephen T. , Tscheulin Thomas , Petanidou Theodora , Barthell John F.
Published: January 2020

1. Thermal tolerance has a strong predictive power for understanding the ecology and distribution of organisms, as well as their responses to changes in land use and global warming. However, relatively few studies have assessed thermal tolerances for bees.

2. The present study aimed to determine whether the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of carpenter bees (Apidae: genus Xylocopa Latreille) varies with different patterns of foraging activity and elevation. In addition, the influence of body size, body water content and relative age was examined with respect to their CTmax and differences in thoracic temperature (Tth) among species were evaluated.

3. The CTmax of one crepuscular (Xylocopa olivieri) and two diurnal species (Xylocopa violacea and Xylocopa iris) of carpenter bees was assessed at sea level on the Greek island of Lesvos. To detect variation as a result of elevation, the CTmax of a population of X. violacea at 625 m.a.s l. was assessed and compared with that from sea level.

4. Xylocopa olivieri displayed a similar CTmax to that of X. violacea but lower than that of X. iris. Body size, body water content, and relative age did not affect CTmax. In X. violacea, CTmax decreased with elevation and all three species have high Tth independent of ambient temperatures.

5. The results of the present study are consistent with variations in CTmax predicted by broad spatial and temporal patterns reported for other insects, including honey and bumble bees. The implications of the results are discussed aiming to understand the differences in the foraging pattern of these bees.
Dentistry: Studying for a chosen career and the role of family, friends and support in that journey
Authors: Johnson Ilona , Jenkins Susan , Ginley Jennifer
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Well‐being issues are increasing amongst dental students. Social relationships can be important for student support during their studies. The aim of the study was to explore dental students' feelings towards studying dentistry, social networks and chosen support during this journey.

Materials and Methods

An anonymous electronic cross‐sectional survey was carried out. All dental students in a single dental school were invited to participate. Participation and answering questions was voluntary. Descriptive analyses were used for categorical data, and qualitative data were analysed thematically.

Results

In total, 109 students responded. One third reported having a family member from a healthcare profession but most were not related to dental professionals. The majority of students 83% liked the course, 14% said they felt “neutral”, and 5% said they did not like it. The following three themes explained this: (a) demands of the course, (b) being suited to dentistry (eg patient care) and (c) passion for dentistry as a career (or lack of). Most felt their peers were friendly (92%) and supportive (78%) but also competitive (64%). Irrespective of stress, 70% of participants sought help from family and two thirds sought help from student peers.

Discussion

Most students enjoy studying dentistry despite the demands of the course. Support, workload, feeling suited to the course and a passion for dentistry as a career can affect the experience.

Conclusions

Family and friends are an important source of support in this process. Further work is needed to explore mechanisms to help family and friends support students.
Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness: A Typology and Model of Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Authors: Gurău Călin , Dana Leo‐Paul , Light Ivan
Published: January 2020

This study addresses the diversity of extant models and theoretical interpretations of the immigrant entrepreneurship phenomenon. Combining an extensive literature review with the use of Bourdieu's theory of social practice, we develop a general model of immigrant entrepreneurship that identifies four different entrepreneurial paths, each characterised by a specific combination of personal resources, network embeddedness, individual habitus, and targeted opportunities. Through the interpretative lens of this model, foreignness can represent either a liability or a competitive advantage for the immigrant, depending on the entrepreneurial context and strategy. The proposed model provides useful insights into the phenomenon of immigrant entrepreneurship for academics, entrepreneurs and policy makers, offering a comprehensive framework which does not invalidate the extant models, but rather integrates them into a larger perspective.
Sex‐dependent association of urate on the patterns of striatal dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Baik K. , Chung S. J. , Yoo H. S. , Lee Y. H. , Jung J. H. , Sohn Y. H. , Lee P. H.
Published: January 2020

Background and purpose

The aim was to investigate the relationship between the serum urate (UA) levels and patterns of striatal dopamine depletion in patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods

In all, 167 de novo PD patients who underwent 18F‐fluorinated N‐3‐fluoropropyl‐2‐beta‐carboxymethoxy‐3‐beta‐(4‐iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography scans were enrolled. After quantifying dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in each striatal subregion, sex‐dependent patterns of striatal dopamine depletion were analysed by measuring (i) dopamine depletion in the other striatal subregions and posterior putamen (intersubregional ratio, ISR) and (ii) the interhemispheric asymmetry of dopamine depletion in the posterior putamen (asymmetric ratio, AR).

Results

The interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of sex and serum UA levels on the ISR but not on the AR. The ISR was negatively correlated with the serum UA levels in all patients with PD (r = −0.156, P = 0.045), and this association was more prominent in male PD patients (r = −0.422, P < 0.001). However, no significant association between the AR and serum UA levels was found in any of the patients. In addition, serum UA levels were significantly associated with DAT availability in the posterior putamen on both the more affected side (r = 0.312, P = 0.005) and the less affected side (r = 0.312, P = 0.005) only in male PD patients.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated the potentially close sex‐specific relationship between the serum UA levels and the anterior–posterior gradient of DAT patterns, suggesting a sex‐specific protective effect of UA on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in de novo PD.
Pooled cohort risk equation and subclinical cerebrovascular diseases
Authors: Nam K.‐W. , Kwon H.‐M. , Jeong H.‐Y. , Park J.‐H. , Kwon H. , Jeong S.‐M.
Published: January 2020

Background and purpose

In 2013, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) introduced a novel pooled cohort risk (PCR) model for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the PCR score and cerebral large‐ and small‐vessel diseases (cLVD and cSVD) in a healthy population,

Methods

We assessed consecutive health check‐up volunteers from 2006 to 2013. We calculated the estimated 10‐year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk as the PCR score based on the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. We evaluated both cSVD/cLVD, including the prevalence of cLVD, lacunes and cerebral microbleed (CMB), and the volume of white matter hyperintensity (WMH). In addition to PCR score, the risk factors that were associated with outcome variables at P < 0.10 in univariate analysis were included for further multivariable linear or regression analyses.

Results

A total of 2720 participants were evaluated (mean age, 57 years, male sex, 54%). In multivariable analysis, PCR score was associated with WMH volume [β = 0.361; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.320–0.402, P < 0.001], cLVD [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.66; 95% CI, 1.29–2.16, P < 0.001], lacunes (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.52–2.14, P < 0.001) and CMBs (aOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.40–2.19, P < 0.001). Furthermore, PCR score also showed dose‐response tendencies according to the burden of cLVD, WMH, lacunes and CMB.

Conclusions

A higher PCR score based on the ACC/AHA guidelines is closely associated with a higher prevalence and burden of cLVD and cSVD.
Incorporation of cellulose fiber in glass ionomer cement
Authors: Garoushi Sufyan , He Jingwei , Obradovic Jasmina , Fardim Pedro , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the effect of discontinuous cellulose microfibers with various loading fractions on selected physical properties of glass polyalkenoate (glass ionomer) cement (GIC). Fiber‐reinforced GIC (Exp‐GIC) was prepared by adding discontinuous cellulose microfiber (with an average length of 500 μm) at various mass ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mass%) to the powder of conventional GIC (GC Fuji IX) using a high‐speed mixing device. Fracture toughness, work of fracture, and compressive strength were determined for each experimental and control material. The specimens (n = 6) were wet stored (37°C for 1 d) before testing. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscope was used to examine the surface of fibers after treatment with cement liquid. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. The Exp‐GIC (5 mass%) specimen had statistically significantly higher fracture toughness (0.9 MPa.m1/2) than unreinforced material (0.4 MPa.m1/2). On the other hand, Exp‐GIC with 1 mass% displayed the highest compressive strength (116 MPa) among all tested groups. The use of discontinuous cellulose microfibers with conventional GIC matrix considerably increased the toughening performance compared with the particulate GICs used.