bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of X-rays on transcript expression of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells: role of calcium signaling in X-ray-induced endothelium damage
Authors: Wu Qibing , Fang Yang , Zhang Xinchen , Song Fei , Wang Yang , Chen Hongbo , Du Juan , Zheng Chang-Bo , Shen Bing
Published: April 2020

Radiation-induced brain edema is a serious adverse effect of radiotherapy. Although there are many causes of radiation-induced brain edema, the pathogenesis is not clear and clinical treatment is not ideal. Therefore, knowing the differential expression of the brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) transcriptome after brain radiotherapy may shed light on the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain edema. The present study used RNA-Seq technique to identify 383 BMEC transcripts differentially expressed (many 2-fold or higher; P < 0.05) between control and X-ray–treated primary cultured rat BMECs. Compared with controls, X-ray–treated BMECs had 183 significantly up-regulated transcripts and 200 significantly down-regulated transcripts. The differentially expressed genes were associated with the biological processes of the cell cycle, apoptosis, vascular permeability, and extracellular junctions. The functional changes identified in the X-ray–treated BMECs included Ca2+ signaling, phosphoinositide 3-kinase–Akt signaling, and methionine degradation. These results indicated that transcript expression was substantially affected by radiation exposure and the proteins encoded by these differentially expressed genes may play a significant role in radiotherapy-induced brain edema. Our findings provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced brain edema and may be helpful in the development of clinical treatment of this adverse reaction to radiotherapy.
Transit of asteroids across the 7/3 Kirkwood gap under the Yarkovsky effect
Authors: Xu Yang-Bo , Zhou Li-Yong , Ip Wing-Huen
Published: April 2020

The Yarkovsky effect plays an important role in asteroids drifting in the inner Solar System. In the main belt, many asteroids are continuously pushed by the Yarkovsky effect into regions of different mean motion resonances (MMRs) and then ejected after a period of time, due to the instability of MMRs. They are considered as the principal source of near-Earth objects. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the 7/3 MMR with Jupiter (J7/3 MMR) on the transportation of asteroids from the Koronis family and the Eos family that reside, respectively, on the inner and outer sides of the resonance using numerical simulations. The J7/3 MMR acts like a selective barrier to migrating asteroids. The fraction of asteroids that successfully cross through the resonance and the escape rate from the resonance are found to depend on the Yarkovsky drifting rate, the initial inclination and the migrating direction. The excitation of eccentricity and inclination due to the combined influence from both the resonance and the Yarkovsky effect are discussed. Only the eccentricity can be pumped up considerably, and it is attributed mainly to the resonance. In the observational data, family members are also found in the resonance and on the opposite side of the resonance with respect to the corresponding family centre. The existence of these family members is explained using our results of numerical simulations. Finally, the replenishment of asteroids in the J7/3 MMR and its transportation of asteroids are discussed.
Kognitionspsychologische Grundlagen und häufige methodische Fallstricke bei der Erforschung sport- und bewegungsinduzierter Effekte auf kognitive Leistungen
Authors: Oberste Max , Zimmer Philipp
Published: April 2020

Im Rahmen von neurodegenerativen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, als Folge von medizinischen Behandlungen (z. B. mit neurotoxischen Zytostatika) sowie im normalen Altersgang werden kognitive Leistungsminderungen beschrieben. Neben vielen anderen positiven Effekten von Sport und Bewegung scheinen diese sich auch positiv auf das zentrale Nervensystem auszuwirken. Das wissenschaftliche und klinische Interesse an Sport- und Bewegungsinterventionen, die auf eine Linderung kognitiver Symptome zielen, fordert von Sportwissenschaftlern sowie Sport- und Bewegungstherapeuten Kenntnisse im Umgang mit und bei der Interpretation kognitiver Leistungstests. Neben denen in der Klinik häufig eingesetzten Kurztests zur Beurteilung der globalen kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit, die z. B. Hinweise auf eine beginnende Demenz geben können, werden in der Forschung sehr spezifische Testverfahren genutzt, um spezifische kognitiven Subdomänen zu beurteilen. Das macht ein Verständnis der Abgrenzungen zwischen kognitiven Funktionsbereichen und Subdomänen für die Interpretation der Testergebnisse essenziell. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird ein Überblick über kognitionspsychologische Taxonomien gegeben. Bei der Auswahl geeigneter Testverfahren kann auf bestehende, etablierte Testbatterien aus den medizinischen Fachbereichen der betreffenden Patientenpopulation zurückgegriffen werden. Hierzu werden einige verbreitete Testbatterien exemplarisch genannt. Die Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zu den Effekten von Sport und Bewegung auf kognitive Leistungen kann durch Lerneffekte und Unterschiede zwischen den Versuchsgruppen hinsichtlich Zuwendung durch die Versuchsleiter (Hawthorne-Effekt) und / oder Erwartungen der Patienten hinsichtlich kognitiver Benefits (Placebo-Effekte) gefährdet sein. Es werden methodische Maßnahmen vorgestellt, durch die diese Gefährdungen der Validität reduziert bzw. vermieden werden können.
Peroral endoscopic septotomy for short-septum Zenker’s diverticulum
Authors: Repici Alessandro , Spadaccini Marco , Belletrutti Paul James , Galtieri Piera Alessia , Fugazza Alessandro , Anderloni Andrea , Carrara Silvia , Di Leo Milena , Pellegatta Gaia , Cappello Annalisa , Castoro Carlo , Ichkhanian Yervant , Khashab Mouen A. , Maselli Roberta
Published: April 2020

Background Treatments of Zenker’s diverticulum aim to dissect the cricopharyngeal muscle, removing the underlying source of dysfunction. This is difficult in patients with a short-septum (≤ 20 mm) diverticulum because the limited anatomical space restricts the operating area for either rigid or flexible endoscopic approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel third-space approach, peroral endoscopic septotomy (POES), for treating symptomatic patients with short-septum Zenker’s diverticulum.

Methods All patients with short-septum Zenker’s diverticulum who were referred for endoscopic repair from September 2017, were considered for the study. Outcomes included procedure-related adverse events and symptom improvement. The Dakkak – Bennett score was used to quantify dysphagia.

Results 20 patients (men 12, women 8; mean age 67.9 years [SD 14.3]) underwent POES. All procedures were performed with patients under deep sedation. Mean size of Zenker’s diverticulum was 17.5 mm (SD 3.0) and mean dysphagia score was 2.7 (SD 0.5). Average procedure time was 13.8 minutes (SD 5.1). No intra- or post- procedural adverse events occurred. Septal myotomy was successfully completed in all patients. Dysphagia significantly improved in 19 out of 20 patients. Dakkak – Bennett score improved to 0.3 (SD 0.5), P < 0.0001). No recurrences were reported in a mean follow-up time of 12.0 months (SD 3.7, range 6 – 20).

Conclusions POES may be considered as a potential alternative for the treatment of short-septum Zenker’s diverticulum. Further data are required to validate this technique and compare it with already available rigid and flexible approaches.
Immunohistochemistry of the Human Adrenal CYP11B2 in Normal
Individuals and in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Gomez-Sanchez Celso E. , Gomez-Sanchez Elise P. , Nishimoto Koshiro
Published: April 2020

The CYP11B2 enzyme is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of aldosterone.
Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CYP11B2 defines cells of the
adrenal ZG that synthesize aldosterone. CYP11B2 expression is normally
stimulated by angiotensin II, but becomes autonomous in primary
hyperaldosteronism, in most cases driven by recently discovered somatic
mutations of ion channels or pumps. Cells expressing CYP11B2 in young normal
humans form a continuous band beneath the adrenal capsule; in older individuals
they form discrete clusters, aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC),
surrounded by non-aldosterone producing cells in the outer layer of the adrenal
gland. Aldosterone-producing adenomas may exhibit a uniform or heterogeneous
expression of CYP11B2. APCC frequently persist in the adrenal with an
aldosterone-producing adenoma suggesting autonomous CYP11B2 expression in these
cells as well. This was confirmed by finding known mutations that drive
aldosterone production in adenomas in the APCC of clinically normal people.
Unilateral aldosteronism may also be due to multiple CYP11B2-expressing nodules
of various sizes or a continuous band of hyperplastic ZG cells expressing
CYP11B2. Use of CYP11B2 antibodies to identify areas for sequencing has greatly
facilitated the detection of aldosterone-driving mutations.
Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for Quantification of
Filgotinib, a Novel JAK-1 Inhibitor in Mice Plasma: Application to a
Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Zakkula Ashok , Pulipati Shobha , Dittakavi Sreekanth , Bestha Ram Murthi , Zainuddin Mohd , Trivedi Ravi Kumar , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: April 2020

Filgotinib is a selective JAK1 (Janus kinase) inhibitor, filed in Japan for
the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, we present the data of
development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) method for the quantitation of filgotinib in mice plasma as per the
FDA regulatory guideline. The method involves the extraction of filgotinib
along with internal standard (IS, tofacitinib) from mice plasma
(100 µL) using ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent. The
chromatographic analysis was performed using an isocratic mobile phase
comprising 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile (70:30,
v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min on a Hypersil Gold
C18 column. The UV detection wavelength was set at
λmax 300 nm. Filgotinib and the IS eluted at 5.56 and
4.28 min, respectively with a total run time of 10 min. The
calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.05 to
5.00 μg/mL (r
2+=≥0.992). The intra- and inter-day
precision and accuracy results were within the acceptable limits. Results of
stability studies indicated that filgotinib was stable on bench-top, in
auto-sampler, up to three freeze/thaw cycles and long-term storage
at −80°C. The validated HPLC method was successfully applied
to a pharmacokinetic study in mice.
5-Iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazoles as Versatile Building Blocks
Authors: Balova Irina A. , Danilkina Natalia A. , Govdi Anastasia I.
Published: April 2020

Copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition is a useful tool for the synthesis of both 1,2,3-triazoles and 5-iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazoles starting from either terminal alkynes or iodoalkynes. 5-Iodotriazoles have been recognized as very useful building blocks for the synthesis of diverse 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. Synthetic application of 5-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles through the creation of a new C–C, C–heteroatom, or C–D(T) bond along with the application areas of both iodotriazoles and products of their modification including radiolabeled compounds are discussed.

1 Introduction

2 Synthetic Approaches to 5-Iodo-1H-1,2,3-triazoles

3 5-Iodotriazoles in C–C Bond Formation

3.1 Intermolecular C–C Cross-Coupling

3.2 Intramolecular Cross-Coupling: Direct Arylation and C–I/C–I Homocoupling­

3.3 Other Transformations

4 5-Iodotriazoles in Radiolabeling, Halogen Exchange, and Heterocoupling Reactions

5 Summary
Synthesis of a Novel 1,4-Dicarbonyl Scaffold – Ethyl 3-Formyl-4,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylate – and Its Application to the Synthesis of Pyridazines
Authors: Zanatta Nilo , Marangoni Mário A. , Moraes Paulo A. , Camargo Adriano F. , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: April 2020

The 1,4-dicarbonyl scaffold ethyl 3-formyl-4,5-dihydrofuran-2-carboxylate was obtained through the rearrangement of the parent ethyl 2-(4,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl)-2-oxoacetate and applied to the synthesis of a series of 7-alkoxy-2,3-dihydrofuro[2,3-d]pyridazines. Twelve pyridazines­ were obtained in yields of up to 70%.
Brominated β-Alkoxyvinyl Trihalomethyl Ketones as Promising Synthons in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Mittersteiner Mateus , Zanatta Nilo , Bonacorso Helio G. , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: April 2020

5-Bromo- and 5,5-dibromo-1,1,1-trihalo-4-methoxypent-3-en-2-ones (brominated enones) have proven to be attractive building blocks for the construction of heterocyclic and polyheterocyclic compounds bearing a trihalomethyl moiety through interesting cyclocondensation, alkylation, and cycloaddition reactions. This review compiles all of the reactions conducted with these brominated enones since they were first disclosed in 2001.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis and Initial Applications

3 Synthesis Using First-Generation Intermediates

4 Synthesis Using Second-Generation Intermediates

5 Synthesis Using Third-Generation Intermediates

6 Conclusions
XperCT Sharpening Reconstruction for Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Guided Lung and Bone Interventions
Authors: Murphy Christopher M. , Ramoso L. Ray , Monroe Eric J.
Published: April 2020

C-arm cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a valuable tool for three-dimensional navigation and mapping in the interventional radiology suite owing to its flexible gantry positioning, real-time three-dimensional volume acquisition, and reduced contrast and radiation use. Reports of CBCT-guided bone and lung interventions are relatively infrequent, however, possibly due in part to the lack of dedicated bone and lung reconstruction algorithms and concerns regarding insufficient lesion conspicuity. Two cases of an ad hoc intraprocedural CBCT sharpening reconstruction are presented in this article.
The Effect of Chemotherapy on Stroke Risk in Cancer Patients
Authors: Kitano Takaya , Sasaki Tsutomu , Gon Yasufumi , Todo Kenichi , Okazaki Shuhei , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Kitamura Yuri , Sakaguchi Manabu , Sobue Tomotaka , Matsumura Yasushi , Hattori Satoshi , Mochizuki Hideki
Published: April 2020

Background Chemotherapy may be a cause of cancer-associated stroke, but whether it increases stroke risk remains uncertain. We investigated how chemotherapy affects stroke risk in cancer patients.

Methods Of 27,932 patients in a hospital-based cancer registry (which contains clinical data on all patients treated for cancer at Osaka University Hospital) screened between 2007 and 2015, medical records of 19,006 patients with complete data were investigated. A validated algorithm was used to identify stroke events within 2 years of cancer diagnosis. Patients were divided based on whether their initial treatment plan included chemotherapy. The association between chemotherapy and stroke was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and stratified Cox regression.

Results Of 19,006 patients, 5,887 (31%) were in the chemotherapy group. Stroke occurred in 44 (0.75%) and 51 (0.39%) patients in the chemotherapy and nonchemotherapy group, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis showed that patients in the chemotherapy group had a higher stroke risk than those in the nonchemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–2.75). However, this difference was insignificant after adjustment for cancer status using inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scores (HR 1.20; 95% CI 0.76–1.91). Similarly, in the stratified Cox regression model, chemotherapy was not associated with stroke after adjustment for cancer status (HR 1.26; 95% CI 0.78–2.03).

Conclusion In our study, the elevated stroke risk in cancer patients who received chemotherapy was presumably due to advanced cancer stage; chemotherapy was not associated with the increased risk of stroke.
Functionalized Polyelectrolytes for Bioengineered Interfaces and Biosensing Applications
Authors: Movilli Jacopo , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: April 2020

The possibility of tuning the chemical moieties and their density plays a fundamental role in targeting surface-confined molecular structures and their functionalities at macro and nanoscale levels. Such interfacial control is crucial for engineered coating formation and biorecognition purposes, where the type and density of ligands/receptors at the surface affect the overall binding affinities and the device performance. Together with the well-established self-assembled monolayers, a surface modification approach based on polyelectrolytes (PEs) has gained importance to provide desired characteristics at the substrate interface. This review presents the innovations of functional PEs, modified in a preceding synthetic step, and their wide applicability in functional (a)biotic substrates. Examples of 2D and 3D architectures made by modified PEs are reviewed in relation with the reactive groups grafted to the PE backbones. The main focus lies on the strategy to use modified PEs to form bioengineered coatings for orthogonally anchoring biological entities, manufacturing biocidal/antifouling films, and their combinations in functional biosensing applications.
A novel experimental apparatus for investigating bubbly flows in a slot geometry
Authors: Capponi Antonio , Crosby Andrew C. , Lishman Stephen , Llewellin Edward W.
Published: April 2020

Bubbly flows occur in a wide variety of industrial and environmental settings. While there is a broad literature that describes bubbly flow behavior in pipes and channels, flow in a high aspect ratio slot has received little attention. We describe the design and construction of a new experimental apparatus to investigate the processes associated with bubbly flows in a slot geometry. The apparatus is designed to perform scaled analog experiments to investigate the flow of bubbly magma through the sub-volcanic plumbing system, but it is sufficiently flexible to address many other flow scenarios. The main bubble column, which can be inclined up to 30° from the vertical, comprises a glass-walled slot 3 m wide and 2 m tall, with 3 cm gap width. A modular and flexible gas injection system allows the number, spacing, and diameter of the gas emission points to be varied, as well as gas injection flux, and a pumped recirculation system allows the concurrent liquid flow rate to be controlled and varied. A dedicated data acquisition system synchronizes high-speed videography with temperature and pressure data from different points in the apparatus. Preliminary data are presented to demonstrate the operation of the apparatus and to illustrate the types of fluid dynamic information that can be captured.
An electrochemical cell for 2-dimensional surface optical reflectance during anodization and cyclic voltammetry
Authors: Linpé W. , Harlow G. S. , Larsson A. , Abbondanza G. , Rämisch L. , Pfaff S. , Zetterberg J. , Evertsson J. , Lundgren E.
Published: April 2020

We have developed an electrochemical cell for in situ 2-Dimensional Surface Optical Reflectance (2D-SOR) studies during anodization and cyclic voltammetry. The 2D-SOR signal was recorded from electrodes made of polycrystalline Al, Au(111), and Pt(100) single crystals. The changes can be followed at a video rate acquisition frequency of 200 Hz and demonstrate a strong contrast between oxidizing and reducing conditions. Good correlation between the 2D-SOR signal and the anodization conditions or the cyclic voltammetry current is also observed. The power of this approach is discussed, with a focus on applications in various fields of electrochemistry. The combination of 2D-SOR with other techniques, as well as its spatial resolution and sensitivity, has also been discussed.
High infrared transparency up to 8-μm-wavelength in correlated vanadium Wadsley conductors
Authors: Choi Songhee , Kang Joongoo , Ryu Sangkyun , Jeen Hyoungjeen , Son Jaeseok , Lee Shinbuhm
Published: April 2020

Within industrial and military contexts, research on infrared transparent conductors (IR-TCs) has been limited due to the significant suppression of transparency by the free electron response. In this paper, we report that strong correlations between electrons play an important role in the development of a new strategy for fabricating IR-TCs. Metallic VO2(B) and V6O13 persistently exhibit transmittances 45% higher than that of Sn-doped In2O3 for a broad IR wavelength range of up to 8 μm. Based on electronic band structures determined quantitatively using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry, we propose that the enhancement in the IR-TC is attributed to the redshift of the plasma frequency induced by the correlated electrons.
Chaotic wave dynamics in weakly magnetized spherical Couette flows
Authors: Garcia Ferran , Seilmayer Martin , Giesecke André , Stefani Frank
Published: April 2020

Direct numerical simulations of a liquid metal filling the gap between two concentric spheres are presented. The flow is governed by the interplay between the rotation of the inner sphere (measured by the Reynolds number Re) and a weak externally applied axial magnetic field (measured by the Hartmann number Ha). By varying the latter, a rich variety of flow features, both in terms of spatial symmetry and temporal dependence, is obtained. Flows with two or three independent frequencies describing their time evolution are found as a result of Hopf bifurcations. They are stable on a sufficiently large interval of Hartmann numbers where regions of multistability of two, three, and even four types of these different flows are detected. The temporal character of the solutions is analyzed by means of an accurate frequency analysis and Poincaré sections. An unstable branch of flows undergoing a period doubling cascade and frequency locking of three-frequency solutions is described as well.
Moving bumps in theta neuron networks
Authors: Laing Carlo R. , Omel’chenko Oleh
Published: April 2020

We consider large networks of theta neurons on a ring, synaptically coupled with an asymmetric kernel. Such networks support stable “bumps” of activity, which move along the ring if the coupling kernel is asymmetric. We investigate the effects of the kernel asymmetry on the existence, stability, and speed of these moving bumps using continuum equations formally describing infinite networks. Depending on the level of heterogeneity within the network, we find complex sequences of bifurcations as the amount of asymmetry is varied, in strong contrast to the behavior of a classical neural field model.
Modeling escape from a one-dimensional potential well at zero or very low temperatures
Authors: Cheng Chungho , Salina Gaetano , Grønbech-Jensen Niels , Blackburn James A. , Lucci Massimiliano , Cirillo Matteo
Published: April 2020

The process of activation from a one-dimensional potential is systematically investigated in zero and nonzero temperature conditions. The features of the potential are traced through statistical escape from its wells, whose depths are tuned in time by a forcing term. The process is carried out for the damped pendulum system imposing specific initial conditions on the potential variable. While the escape properties can be derived from the standard Kramers theory for relatively high values of the dissipation, for very low dissipation, these deviate from this theory by being dependent on the details of the initial conditions and the time dependence of the forcing term. The observed deviations have regular dependencies on initial conditions, temperature, and loss parameter itself. It is shown that failures of the thermal activation model are originated at low temperatures and very low dissipation, by the initial conditions and intrinsic, namely, T = 0, characteristic oscillations of the potential-generated dynamical equation.
A microfluidic-multiwell platform for rapid phase mapping of surfactant solutions
Authors: Wang Haoyu , Khodaparast Sepideh , Carroll John , Kelly Caroline , Robles Eric S. J. , Cabral João T.
Published: April 2020

Measurement of the phase behavior and (meta)stability of liquid formulations, including surfactant solutions, is required for the understanding of mixture thermodynamics, as well as their practical utilization. We report a microfluidic platform with a stepped temperature profile, imposed by a dual Peltier module, connected to an automated multiwell plate injector and optical setup, for rapid solution phase mapping. The measurement protocol is defined by the temperature step ΔT ≡ T1 − T2 (≲100 °C), volumetric flow rate Q ≡ ΔV/Δt (≲50 μl/min), which implicitly set the thermal gradient ΔT/Δt (≃0.1–50 °C/min), and measurement time (which must exceed the intrinsic timescale of the relevant phase transformation). Furthermore, U-shaped microchannels can assess the reversibility of such transformations, yielding a facile measurement of the metastable zone width of the phase diagram. By contrast with traditional approaches, the platform precisely controls the cooling and heating rates by tuning the flow rate, and the absolute temperature excursion by the hot and cold thermal profile, which remain stationary during operation, thus allowing the sequential and reproducible screening of large sample arrays. As a model system, we examined the transition from the micellar (L1) to the liquid crystalline lamellar phase (Lα), upon cooling, of aqueous solutions of sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, a biodegradable anionic surfactant extensively employed in industry. Our findings are validated with quiescent optical microscopy and small angle neutron scattering data.
Spin–orbit torque generated by spin–orbit precession effect in Py/Pt/Co tri-layer structure
Authors: Hibino Y. , Hasegawa K. , Koyama T. , Chiba D.
Published: April 2020

In this report, current-induced spin–orbit torques (SOTs) in a permalloy (Py)/Pt/Co tri-layer system are investigated. In addition to the conventional SOTs generated from the spin Hall effect in the Pt layer, we observed a distinct existence of unconventional SOT acting on the in-plane magnetized Py layer in which the polarity of SOT reverses with the magnetization of perpendicularly magnetized Co. From its symmetry and experimental verifications, we conclude that this unconventional SOT, especially the damping-like torque term, originates from the additional spin current generated by the spin–orbit precession effect at the Pt/Co interface. Moreover, we reveal that the polarity of this SOT strongly depends on the interface structure of the ferromagnetic material/non-magnetic metal (NM), which can be controlled by the choice of NM material. The interface structure dependence shows a consistent result with first principle calculations of the spin–orbit precession effect that were previously reported. Our findings not only broaden the origin of the current-induced SOT but also pave the way for the design of high-efficient SOT-based devices.
Shrinkage induced flow during directional solidification of pure substance in a bottom cooled cavity: A study on flow reversal phenomena
Authors: Monde Aniket D. , Chawla Oaj , Kumar Virkeshwar , Karagadde Shyamprasad , Chakraborty Prodyut R.
Published: April 2020

Development and proposition of a numerical model to capture the shrinkage induced flow during directional solidification of a pure substance in a bottom cooled cavity are carried out. A novel numerical scheme involving fixed grid-based volume fraction updating is proposed to track the solid–liquid interface, considering the inclusion of the shrinkage effect. Directional solidification in bottom cooled orientation is of particular interest since shrinkage and buoyancy effects oppose each other. The results from the proposed numerical model indicated the existence of an unprecedented flow reversal phenomenon during the progression of the solidification process, caused by the opposing nature of shrinkage and buoyancy effects. The flow reversal phenomena predicted by the numerical model are validated by conducting experiments involving directional solidification of coconut oil in a bottom cooled cavity. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of the velocity field and interface growth are obtained using the particle image velocimetry technique and compared with three dimensional numerical results. Once the flow reversal phenomena are established through numerical and experimental evidences, case studies are performed, considering varying material properties, cold boundary temperatures, initial temperatures of the melt, and cavity heights to find the effect of each of these parameters on flow reversal phenomena. The parametric study also allowed us to check the robustness and consistency of the proposed model. The proposed model will serve as an important milestone toward the development of numerical models for capturing macro-scale shrinkage defects and prediction of composition heterogeneity during directional alloy solidification.
Rotationally resolved UV spectroscopy of the rotamers of indole-4-carboxylic acid: Evidence for charge transfer quenching
Authors: Yi John T. , Romero-Servin S. , Álvarez-Valtierra Leonardo , Plusquellic David F.
Published: April 2020

Rotationally resolved electronic spectra of two conformational isomers of jet-cooled indole-4-carboxylic acid (I4CA) and the deuterated forms of the acid (—COOD) and amide (—ND) groups have been obtained using a UV laser/molecular beam spectrometer. The in-plane orientation of the acid group defines the two lowest energy rotamers of I4CA. The S1 ← S0 origin bands of the two rotamers and four isotopologues have been fit to asymmetric rotor Hamiltonians in both electronic states. From the best-fit parameters, the positions of the H-atoms in the principal axis frames of each conformer have been determined and serve to unambiguously identify the syn forms (i.e., COH⋯O) of the cis and trans rotamers. The experimental S0 and S1 inertial parameters, hydrogen atom positions, and transition dipole moment (TDM) orientations are compared with the results of theoretical calculations. The TDM orientation indicates that the S1 state is the 1La state in contrast to most substituted indoles. The molecular orbital properties and natural charges are investigated to better understand the 1La/1Lb state reversal and the extent of photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer that impacts the rotamer-dependent fluorescence lifetimes.
Deep-learning-enabled geometric constraints and phase unwrapping for single-shot absolute 3D shape measurement
Authors: Qian Jiaming , Feng Shijie , Tao Tianyang , Hu Yan , Li Yixuan , Chen Qian , Zuo Chao
Published: April 2020

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) has become a more prevalently adopted technique in intelligent manufacturing, defect detection, and some other important applications. In FPP, efficiently recovering the absolute phase has always been a great challenge. The stereo phase unwrapping (SPU) technologies based on geometric constraints can eliminate phase ambiguity without projecting any additional patterns, which maximizes the efficiency of the retrieval of the absolute phase. Inspired by recent successes of deep learning for phase analysis, we demonstrate that deep learning can be an effective tool that organically unifies phase retrieval, geometric constraints, and phase unwrapping into a comprehensive framework. Driven by extensive training datasets, the neural network can gradually “learn” to transfer one high-frequency fringe pattern into the “physically meaningful” and “most likely” absolute phase, instead of “step by step” as in conventional approaches. Based on the properly trained framework, high-quality phase retrieval and robust phase ambiguity removal can be achieved only on a single-frame projection. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with traditional SPU, our method can more efficiently and stably unwrap the phase of dense fringe images in a larger measurement volume with fewer camera views. Limitations about the proposed approach are also discussed. We believe that the proposed approach represents an important step forward in high-speed, high-accuracy, motion-artifacts-free absolute 3D shape measurement for complicated objects from a single fringe pattern.
High mobility and high thermoelectric power factor in epitaxial ScN thin films deposited with plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Rao Dheemahi , Biswas Bidesh , Flores Eduardo , Chatterjee Abhijit , Garbrecht Magnus , Koh Yee Rui , Bhatia Vijay , Pillai Ashalatha Indiradevi Kamalasanan , Hopkins Patrick E. , Martin-Gonzalez Marisol , Saha Bivas
Published: April 2020

Scandium nitride (ScN) is an emerging rock salt III-nitride semiconductor and has attracted significant interest in recent years for its potential thermoelectric applications as a substrate for high-quality epitaxial GaN growth and as a semiconducting component for epitaxial single-crystalline metal/semiconductor superlattices for thermionic energy conversion. Solid-solution alloys of ScN with traditional III-nitrides such as AlxSc1−xN have demonstrated piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties and are actively researched for device applications. While most of these exciting developments in ScN research have employed films deposited using low-vacuum methods such as magnetron sputtering and physical and chemical vapor depositions for thermoelectric applications and Schottky barrier-based thermionic energy conversion, it is necessary and important to avoid impurities, tune the carrier concentrations, and achieve high-mobility in epitaxial films. Here, we report the high-mobility and high-thermoelectric power factor in epitaxial ScN thin films deposited on MgO substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Microstructural characterization shows epitaxial 002 oriented ScN film growth on MgO (001) substrates. Electrical measurements demonstrated a high room-temperature mobility of 127 cm2/V s and temperature-dependent mobility in the temperature range of 50–400 K that is dominated by dislocation and grain boundary scattering. High mobility in ScN films leads to large Seebeck coefficients (−175 μV/K at 950 K) and, along with a moderately high electrical conductivity, a large thermoelectric power factor (2.3 × 10−3 W/m-K2 at 500 K) was achieved, which makes ScN a promising candidate for thermoelectric applications. The thermal conductivity of the films, however, was found to be a bit large, which resulted in a maximum figure-of-merit of 0.17 at 500 K.
Flow separation around a square cylinder at low to moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Jiang Hongyi , Cheng Liang
Published: April 2020

Flow (of a Newtonian and incompressible fluid) separation around a square cylinder for Reynolds numbers (Re) in the range of 10–400 is investigated through direct numerical simulations. In contrast to the general belief that for a square cylinder, the flow would always separate at the leading and/or trailing edges of the cylinder, this study shows that the flow (both time-averaged and instantaneous) may not separate at the sharp corners for a certain range of moderate Re values. Instead, separation emerges at approximately a quarter of the cylinder length downstream of the leading edge at critical Re values of 100.36 and 96 for the time-averaged and instantaneous flows, respectively. With the increase in Re, the time-averaged separation location gradually moves toward the leading edge, while its instantaneous variation range reduces. The evolution of the separation pattern with Re is categorized with a fine Re resolution of 1. A critical point is identified at Re = 156 (for the time-averaged flow), where a saddle point emerges away from the upper/lower surface of the cylinder to give rise to wake flow entrainment to the upper/lower side of the cylinder. The rate of the entrained flow is governed by the location of the saddle point. The flow three-dimensionality occurring at Re > 165.7 affects the location of the saddle point but has almost no influence on the location of the separation point. The corresponding physical mechanism is explained.
Voltage-controlled three-state magnetic memory based on anisotropic magnetoresistance in a multiferroic heterostructure
Authors: Liu Mengli , Du Wei , Su Hua , Liu Bo , Meng Hao , Tang XiaoLi
Published: April 2020

An energy efficient technique has shown to produce a three-state magnetic memory cell in a [011]-poled Ni80Co20/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 (PMN-PT) heterostructure. Via the magnetic field deposition, a 45° magnetic easy axis of the NiCo film was induced in the film plane. By using a strong converse magnetoelectric coupling between the NiCo film and the PMN-PT, the magnetic moments of NiCo can be modulated to [001] and [1-10] directions of PMN-PT by selecting an appropriate electric field (E-field). Consequently, large, medium, and small anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) values are obtained by fixing a measuring current along the [001] direction. The required E-field significantly reduces due to the initial direction of NiCo along the 45° direction. The tunability of the AMR ratio is as large as ∼87%. These results indicate that an energy efficient approach to generate magnetic storage by using only a small E-field rather than a magnetic field with a high energy consumption was realized. This work shows great potential for the development of ultra-low power and high-density magnetoresistive memory devices.
11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans as PET-tracers for imaging of altered tryptophan metabolism in age-associated disorders
Authors: Zlatopolskiy Boris D. , Endepols Heike , Krasikova Raisa N. , Fedorova Olga S. , Ermert Johannes , Neumaier Bernd
Published: April 2020

The ageing of the world’s population is the result of increased life expectancy observed in almost all countries throughout the world. Consequently, a rising tide of ageing-associated disorders, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, represents one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The ability of mankind to overcome these challenges is directly dependent on the capability to develop novel methods for therapy and diagnosis of age-associated diseases. One hallmark of age-related pathologies is an altered tryptophan metabolism. Numerous pathological processes including neurodegenerative and neurological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, cancer and diabetes exhibit marked changes in tryptophan metabolism. Visualization of key processes of tryptophan metabolic pathways, especially using positron emission tomography (PET) and related hybrid methods like PET/CT and PET/MRI, can be exploited to early detect the aforementioned disorders with considerable accuracy, allowing appropriate and timely treatment of patients. Here we review the published 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans with respect to the production and also preclinical and clinical evaluation as PET-tracers for visualization of different branches of tryptophan metabolism.

The bibliography includes 159 references.
Expanding use of archaeology in climate change response by changing its social environment
Authors: Rockman Marcy , Hritz Carrie
Published: April 2020

Climate science has outlined targets for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions necessary to provide a substantial chance of avoiding the worst impacts of climate change on both natural and human systems. How to reach those targets, however, requires balancing physical realities of the natural environment with the complexity of the human social environment, including histories, cultures, and values. Archaeology is the study of interactions of natural and social environments through time and across space. As well, the field of cultural resources management, which includes archaeology, regularly engages with values such as site significance and allocation of funding that the modern social environment ascribes to its own history. Through these two approaches, archaeology has potential to provide both data for and methods of addressing challenges the global community faces through climate change. To date, however, archaeology and related areas of cultural heritage have had relatively little role in the global climate response. Here, we assess the social environment of archaeology and climate change and resulting structural barriers that have limited use of archaeology in and for climate change with a case study of the US federal government. On this basis, we provide recommendations to the fields of archaeology and climate response about how to more fully realize the multiple potential uses of archaeology for the challenges of climate change.
Evolution of male pregnancy associated with remodeling of canonical vertebrate immunity in seahorses and pipefishes
Authors: Roth Olivia , Solbakken Monica Hongrø , Tørresen Ole Kristian , Bayer Till , Matschiner Michael , Baalsrud Helle Tessand , Hoff Siv Nam Khang , Brieuc Marine Servane Ono , Haase David , Hanel Reinhold , Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Jentoft Sissel
Published: April 2020

A fundamental problem for the evolution of pregnancy, the most specialized form of parental investment among vertebrates, is the rejection of the nonself-embryo. Mammals achieve immunological tolerance by down-regulating both major histocompatibility complex pathways (MHC I and II). Although pregnancy has evolved multiple times independently among vertebrates, knowledge of associated immune system adjustments is restricted to mammals. All of them (except monotremata) display full internal pregnancy, making evolutionary reconstructions within the class mammalia meaningless. Here, we study the seahorse and pipefish family (syngnathids) that have evolved male pregnancy across a gradient from external oviparity to internal gestation. We assess how immunological tolerance is achieved by reconstruction of the immune gene repertoire in a comprehensive sample of 12 seahorse and pipefish genomes along the “male pregnancy” gradient together with expression patterns of key immune and pregnancy genes in reproductive tissues. We found that the evolution of pregnancy coincided with a modification of the adaptive immune system. Divergent genomic rearrangements of the MHC II pathway among fully pregnant species were identified in both genera of the syngnathids: The pipefishes (
Syngnathus
) displayed loss of several genes of the MHC II pathway while seahorses (
Hippocampus
) featured a highly divergent invariant chain (
CD74
). Our findings suggest that a trade-off between immunological tolerance and embryo rejection accompanied the evolution of unique male pregnancy. That pipefishes survive in an ocean of microbes without one arm of the adaptive immune defense suggests a high degree of immunological flexibility among vertebrates, which may advance our understanding of immune-deficiency diseases.
Curling of epithelial monolayers reveals coupling between active bending and tissue tension
Authors: Fouchard Jonathan , Wyatt Tom P. J. , Proag Amsha , Lisica Ana , Khalilgharibi Nargess , Recho Pierre , Suzanne Magali , Kabla Alexandre , Charras Guillaume
Published: April 2020

Epithelial monolayers are two-dimensional cell sheets which compartmentalize the body and organs of multicellular organisms. Their morphogenesis during development or pathology results from patterned endogenous and exogenous forces and their interplay with tissue mechanical properties. In particular, bending of epithelia is thought to result from active torques generated by the polarization of myosin motors along their apicobasal axis. However, the contribution of these out-of-plane forces to morphogenesis remains challenging to evaluate because of the lack of direct mechanical measurement. Here we use epithelial curling to characterize the out-of-plane mechanics of epithelial monolayers. We find that curls of high curvature form spontaneously at the free edge of epithelial monolayers devoid of substrate in vivo and in vitro. Curling originates from an enrichment of myosin in the basal domain that generates an active spontaneous curvature. By measuring the force necessary to flatten curls, we can then estimate the active torques and the bending modulus of the tissue. Finally, we show that the extent of curling is controlled by the interplay between in-plane and out-of-plane stresses in the monolayer. Such mechanical coupling emphasizes a possible role for in-plane stresses in shaping epithelia during morphogenesis.
Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries
Authors: Tomaskovic-Devey Donald , Rainey Anthony , Avent-Holt Dustin , Bandelj Nina , Boza István , Cort David , Godechot Olivier , Hajdu Gergely , Hällsten Martin , Henriksen Lasse Folke , Hermansen Are Skeie , Hou Feng , Jung Jiwook , Kanjuo-Mrčela Aleksandra , King Joe , Kodama Naomi , Kristal Tali , Křížková Alena , Lippényi Zoltán , Melzer Silvia Maja , Mun Eunmi , Penner Andrew , Petersen Trond , Poje Andreja , Safi Mirna , Thaning Max , Tufail Zaibu
Published: April 2020

Significance

Understanding the causes of rising inequality is of concern in many countries. Using administrative data, we find that the share of inequality that is between workplaces is growing in 12 of 14 countries examined, and in no country has it fallen. Countries with declining employment protections see growth in both between- and within-workplace inequalities, but this impact is stronger for between-workplace inequalities. These results suggest that to reduce market income inequality requires policies that raise the bargaining power of lower-skilled workers. The widespread rise in between-workplace inequality additionally suggests policy responses that target the increasing market power of firms in concentrated markets as well as curb the ability of powerful firms to outsource low skill employment.
A multiproducer microbiome generates chemical diversity in the marine sponge
Mycale hentscheli
Authors: Rust Michael , Helfrich Eric J. N. , Freeman Michael F. , Nanudorn Pakjira , Field Christopher M. , Rückert Christian , Kündig Tomas , Page Michael J. , Webb Victoria L. , Kalinowski Jörn , Sunagawa Shinichi , Piel Jörn
Published: April 2020

Bacterial specialized metabolites are increasingly recognized as important factors in animal–microbiome interactions: for example, by providing the host with chemical defenses. Even in chemically rich animals, such compounds have been found to originate from individual members of more diverse microbiomes. Here, we identified a remarkable case of a moderately complex microbiome in the sponge host
Mycale hentscheli
in which multiple symbionts jointly generate chemical diversity. In addition to bacterial pathways for three distinct polyketide families comprising microtubule-inhibiting peloruside drug candidates, mycalamide-type contact poisons, and the eukaryotic translation-inhibiting pateamines, we identified extensive biosynthetic potential distributed among a broad phylogenetic range of bacteria. Biochemical data on one of the orphan pathways suggest a previously unknown member of the rare polytheonamide-type cytotoxin family as its product. Other than supporting a scenario of cooperative symbiosis based on bacterial metabolites, the data provide a rationale for the chemical variability of
M. hentscheli
and could pave the way toward biotechnological peloruside production. Most bacterial lineages in the compositionally unusual sponge microbiome were not known to synthesize bioactive metabolites, supporting the concept that microbial dark matter harbors diverse producer taxa with as yet unrecognized drug discovery potential.