bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic plasticity in motoneurons from mice with glycine receptor mutations
Authors: Tadros M. A. , Farrell K. E. , Schofield P. R. , Brichta A. M. , Graham B. A. , Fuglevand A. J. , Callister R. J.
Published: January 2014

Inhibitory synaptic inputs to hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) are important for modulating excitability in brainstem circuits. Here we ask whether reduced inhibition, as occurs in three murine mutants with distinct naturally occurring mutations in the glycine receptor (GlyR), leads to intrinsic and/or synaptic homeostatic plasticity. Whole cell recordings were obtained from HMs in transverse brainstem slices from wild-type ( wt), spasmodic ( spd), spastic ( spa), and oscillator ( ot) mice (C57Bl/6, approximately postnatal day 21). Passive and action potential (AP) properties in spd and ot HMs were similar to wt. In contrast, spa HMs had lower input resistances, more depolarized resting membrane potentials, higher rheobase currents, smaller AP amplitudes, and slower afterhyperpolarization current decay times. The excitability of HMs, assessed by “gain” in injected current/firing-frequency plots, was similar in all strains whereas the incidence of rebound spiking was increased in spd. The difference between recruitment and derecruitment current (i.e., Δ I) for AP discharge during ramp current injection was more negative in spa and ot. GABAA miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) amplitude was increased in spa and ot but not spd, suggesting diminished glycinergic drive leads to compensatory adjustments in the other major fast inhibitory synaptic transmitter system in these mutants. Overall, our data suggest long-term reduction in glycinergic drive to HMs results in changes in intrinsic and synaptic properties that are consistent with homeostatic plasticity in spa and ot but not in spd. We propose such plasticity is an attempt to stabilize HM output, which succeeds in spa but fails in ot.
Altered Pulmonary Lymphatic Development in Infants with Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: McNellis Emily M. , Mabry Sherry M. , Taboada Eugenio , Ekekezie Ikechukwu I.
Published: January 2014

Pulmonary lymphatic development in chronic lung disease (CLD) has not been investigated, and anatomy of lymphatics in human infant lungs is not well defined.Hypothesis. Pulmonary lymphatic hypoplasia is present in CLD.Method. Autopsy lung tissues of eighteen subjects gestational ages 22 to 40 weeks with and without history of respiratory morbidity were stained with monoclonal antipodoplanin and reviewed under light microscopy. Percentage of parenchyma podoplanin stained at the acinar level was determined using computerized image analysis; 9 CLD and 4 control subjects gestational ages 27 to 36 weeks were suitable for the analysis.Results. Distinct, lymphatic-specific staining with respect to other vascular structures was appreciated in all gestations. Infants with and without respiratory morbidity had comparable lymphatic distribution which extended to the alveolar ductal level. Podoplanin staining per parenchyma was increased and statistically significant in the CLD group versus controls at the alveolar ductal level (0.06% ± 0.02% versus 0.04% ± 0.01%, 95% CI −0.04% to −0.002%,P<0.03).Conclusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, the findings show that there is an increase in alveolar lymphatics in CLD. It is suggested that the findings, by expanding current knowledge of CLD pathology, may offer insight into the development of more effective therapies to tackle CLD.
Ingredient of Biomass Packaging Material and Compare Study on Cushion Properties
Authors: Li Fangyi , Guan Kaikai , Liu Peng , Li Gang , Li Jianfeng
Published: January 2014

In order to reduce the white pollution caused by nondegradable waste plastic packaging materials, the biomass cushion packaging material with straw fiber and starch as the main raw materials had been synthesized. The orthogonal experiment was used to study the impact of mass ratio of fiber to starch, content of plasticizer, active agent, and foaming agent on the compressive strength of cushion material. Infrared spectrometer and theory of water’s bridge-connection were used to study the hydroxyl groups among the fiber and starch. The results were demonstrated as follows: the mass ratio of fiber to starch had the most significant impact on compressive strength. When the contents of the plasticizer, the foaming agent, and the active agent were, respectively, 12%, 0.1%, and 0.3% and the mass ratio of fiber to starch was 2 : 5, the compressive strength was the best up to 0.94 MPa. Meanwhile, with the plasticizer content and the mass ratio of fiber to starch increasing, the cushioning coefficient of the material decreased first and then increased. Comparing the cushion and rebound performance of this material with others, the biomass cushion packaging material could be an ideal substitute of plastic packaging materials such as EPS and EPE.
Proactive Schema Based Link Lifetime Estimation and Connectivity Ratio
Authors: Bachir Bouamoud , Ali Ouacha , Ahmed Habbani , Mohamed Elkoutbi
Published: January 2014

The radio link between a pair of wireless nodes is affected by a set of random factors such as transmission range, node mobility, and environment conditions. The properties of such radio links are continually experienced when nodes status balances between being reachable and being unreachable; thereby on completion of each experience the statistical distribution of link lifetime is updated. This aspect is emphasized in mobile ad hoc network especially when it is deployed in some fields that require intelligent processing of data information such as aerospace domain.
Ewing Sarcoma of the Kidney: A Rare Entity
Authors: Almeida Maria Fernanda Arruda , Patnana Madhavi , Korivi Brinda Rao , Kalhor Neda , Marcal Leonardo
Published: January 2014

Ewing sarcoma and primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) are high-grade malignant tumors typically found in children and adolescents. These tumors belong to the family of small round cell tumors and are of neuroectodermal origin. Primary Ewing sarcoma of the kidney is rare and because of that is an infrequent differential diagnosis in urologic malignancies. Renal PNET mostly presents with nonspecific symptoms such as hematuria and abdominal pain. The imaging findings are uncharacteristic. The diagnosis is based on the histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathologic findings. Once PNET has been diagnosed, multimodal treatment is indicated. Despite all treatment options, the prognosis of those with metastatic disease is poor.
The Liposuction-Induced Effects on Adiponectin and Selected Cytokines Are Not Affected by Exercise Training in Women
Authors: Yazigi Solis Marina , Artioli Guilherme Giannini , Montag Eduardo , de Salles Painelli Vitor , Saito Fábio Lopes , Lima Fernanda Rodrigues , Roschel Hamilton , Gualano Bruno , Lancha Junior Antonio Herbert , Benatti Fabiana Braga
Published: January 2014

It has been suggested that the abrupt liposuction-induced decrease in adipose tissue could affect adipokine secretion pattern. We hypothesized that exercise training could positively impact adipokine metabolism following liposuction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of liposuction on inflammation-related adipokines in women who were either exercise-trained or remained sedentary after surgery. Thirty-six healthy normal-weight women underwent an abdominal liposuction and two months after surgery were randomly allocated into two groups: trained (TR,n=18, four-month exercise program) and nontrained (NT,n=18). Inflammation-related adipokine serum levels (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and adiponectin) and abdominal and thigh subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) mRNA levels were assessed before (PRE) and six months after surgery (POST6). TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 serum levels were unchanged in both groups. In contrast, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA levels in scAT were increased, whereas adiponectin scAT mRNA and serum levels were decreased at POST6 (P<0.05, main effect for time). No changes were observed in mRNA levels of MCP-1, CD14, and CD68 in any of the groups. In conclusion, liposuction downregulates adiponectin scAT gene expression and serum levels and upregulates scAT gene expression of inflammation-related genes six months after surgery in normal-weight women, irrespective of exercise training.
Innovation through Wearable Sensors to Collect Real-Life Data among Pediatric Patients with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
Authors: Yan Kestens , Tracie Barnett , Marie-Ève Mathieu , Mélanie Henderson , Jean-Luc Bigras , Benoit Thierry , St-Onge Maxime , Marie Lambert
Published: January 2014

Background. While increasing evidence links environments to health behavior, clinicians lack information about patients’ physical activity levels and lifestyle environments. We present mobile health tools to collect and use spatio-behavioural lifestyle data for personalized physical activity plans in clinical settings.Methods. The Dyn@mo lifestyle intervention was developed at the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary time among children with cardiometabolic risk factors. Mobility, physical activity, and heart rate were measured in free-living environments during seven days. Algorithms processed data to generate spatio-behavioural indicators that fed a web-based interactive mapping application for personalised counseling. Proof of concept and tools are presented using data collected among the first 37 participants recruited in 2011.Results. Valid accelerometer data was available for 5.6 (SD=1.62) days in average, heart rate data for 6.5 days, and GPS data was available for 6.1 (2.1) days. Spatio-behavioural indicators were shared between patients, parents, and practitioners to support counseling.Conclusion. Use of wearable sensors along with data treatment algorithms and visualisation tools allow to better measure and describe real-life environments, mobility, physical activity, and physiological responses. Increased specificity in lifestyle interventions opens new avenues for remote patient monitoring and intervention.
Outcomes and Utilization of a Low Intensity Workplace Weight Loss Program
Authors: Carpenter Kelly M. , Lovejoy Jennifer C. , Lange Jane M. , Hapgood Jenny E. , Zbikowski Susan M.
Published: January 2014

Obesity is related to high health care costs and lost productivity in the workplace. Employers are increasingly sponsoring weight loss and wellness programs to ameliorate these costs. We evaluated weight loss outcomes, treatment utilization, and health behavior change in a low intensity phone- and web-based, employer-sponsored weight loss program. The intervention included three proactive counseling phone calls with a registered dietician and a behavioral health coach as well as a comprehensive website. At six months, one third of those who responded to the follow-up survey had lost a clinically significant amount of weight (≥5% of body weight). Clinically significant weight loss was predicted by the use of both the counseling calls and the website. When examining specific features of the web site, the weight tracking tool was the most predictive of weight loss. Health behavior changes such as eating more fruits and vegetables, increasing physical activity, and reducing stress were all predictive of clinically significant weight loss. Although limited by the low follow-up rate, this evaluation suggests that even low intensity weight loss programs can lead to clinical weight loss for a significant number of participants.
Distributed and Parallel Path Query Processing for Semantic Sensor Networks
Authors: Jung Sung-Jae , Seo Dong-Min , Lee Seungwoo , Kim Hwan-Min , Jung Hanmin
Published: January 2014

As the sensor networks are broadly used in diverse range of applications, Semantic Web technologies have been adopted as a means to manage the huge amount of heterogeneous sensor nodes and their observation data. Large amount of sensor data are annotated with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. As a consequence, efficient query processing over large RDF graph is becoming more important in retrieving contextual information from semantic sensor data. In this paper we propose a novel path querying scheme which uses RDF schema information. By utilizing the class path expressions precalculated from RDF schema, the graph search space is significantly reduced. Compared with the conventional BFS algorithm, the proposed algorithm (bidirectional BFS combined with class path lookup approach) achieves performance improvement by 3 orders of magnitude. Additionally, we show that the proposed algorithm is efficiently parallelizable, and thus, the proposed algorithm returns graph search results within a reasonable response time on even much larger RDF graph.
Research on Dynamic Integrity Measurement Model Based on Memory Paging Mechanism
Authors: Chang Chaowen , Chen Xin , Wang Shuai , Xiao Qinghai
Published: January 2014

In order to solve the existed problems of dynamic integrity measurement method, a dynamic integrity measurement model based on Memory Paging Mechanism is proposed in this paper. The model takes memory pages of executable subjects as measurement objects. When the pages are scheduled into memory, the measurement points are inserted, the pages are measured, and their integrities are verified. The model is able to insure the integrity and trust of each executable page and assure that the integrity of the whole executable subjects is not destroyed. To verify this model, XEN hypercall mechanism is used to acquire executable subjects’ pages scheduled into memory, and the integrity measurement and verification codes are put into hypercall handler. Accordingly, dynamic integrity measurement to executable subjects is implemented.
Study on Tar Generated from Downdraft Gasification of Oil Palm Fronds
Authors: Atnaw Samson Mekbib , Kueh Soo Chuan , Sulaiman Shaharin Anwar
Published: January 2014

One of the most challenging issues concerning the gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) is the presence of tar and particulates formed during the process considering its high volatile matter content. In this study, a tar sampling train custom built based on standard tar sampling protocols was used to quantify the gravimetric concentration of tar (g/Nm3) in syngas produced from downdraft gasification of OPF. The amount of char, ash, and solid tar produced from the gasification process was measured in order to account for the mass and carbon conversion efficiency. Elemental analysis of the char and solid tar samples was done using ultimate analysis machine, while the relative concentration of the different compounds in the liquid tar was determined making use of a liquid gas chromatography (GC) unit. Average tar concentration of 4.928 g/Nm3and 1.923 g/Nm3was obtained for raw gas and cleaned gas samples, respectively. Tar concentration in the raw gas sample was found to be higher compared to results for other biomass materials, which could be attributed to the higher volatile matter percentage of OPF. Average cleaning efficiency of 61% which is comparable to that of sand bed filter and venturi scrubber cleaning systems reported in the literature was obtained for the cleaning system proposed in the current study.
Room-Temperature Voltage Stressing Effects on Resistive Switching of Conductive-Bridging RAM Cells with Cu-Doped SiO2Films
Authors: Lin Jian-Yang , Wang Bing-Xun
Published: January 2014

SiO2or Cu-doped SiO2(Cu:SiO2) insulating films combined with Cu or W upper electrodes were constructed on the W/Si substrates to form the conductive-bridging RAM (CB-RAM) cells. The CB-RAMs were then subjected to a constant-voltage stressing (CVS) at room temperature. The experimental results show that the room-temperature CVS treatment can effectively affect the current conduction behavior and stabilize the resistive switching of the memory cells. After the CVS, the current conduction mechanisms in the high resistance state during the set process of the Cu/Cu:SiO2/W cell can be changed from Ohm’s law and the space charge limited conduction to Ohm’s law, the Schottky emission, and the space charge limited conduction. Presumably, it is due to the breakage of the conduction filaments during the CVS treatment that the conduction electrons cannot go back to the back electrode smoothly.
A Modular Cage System Design for Continuous Medium to Large ScaleIn VivoRearing of Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Morales-Ramos Juan Alfredo , Rojas Maria Guadalupe
Published: January 2014

A new stackable modular system was developed for continuousin vivoproduction of phytoseiid mites. The system consists of cage units that are filled with lima beans,  Phaseolus lunatus, or red beans,P. vulgaris, leaves infested with high levels of the two-spotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae. The cage units connect with each other through a connection cup, which also serves for monitoring and collection. Predatory mites migrate upwards to new cage units as prey is depleted. The system was evaluated for production ofPhytoseiulus persimilis. During a 6-month experimental period,20,894.9±10,482.5(mean ± standard deviation) predators were produced per week. The production consisted of4.1±4.6% nymphs and95.9±4.6% adults. A mean of554.5±59.8predatory mites were collected per harvested cage and the mean interval length between harvests was6.57±6.76days. The potential for commercial and experimental applications is discussed.
Free-Form Rapid Prototyped Porous PDMS Scaffolds Incorporating Growth Factors Promote Chondrogenesis
Authors: Díaz Lantada Andrés , Alarcón Iniesta Hernán , Pareja Sánchez Beatriz , García-Ruíz Josefa Predestinación
Published: January 2014

In this study, we present a promising approach for the rapid development of porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffold prototypes, with outer geometry defined from the design stage, according to the form of conventional implants or adapted to patients’ biostructures. The manufacture method is based on phase separation processes using materials obtained by casting within additive rapid prototyped molds. We include a comparative study of PDMS sponges obtained by different simple processes. Finalin vitroassessment is carried out using hMSCs (bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells), cultured onto porous PDMS scaffolds functionalized with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and equilibrated with a trophic factors medium produced by the cells. Results show that porous PDMS scaffold prototypes are excellent 3D platforms for hMSCs adhesion. Furthermore, this PDMS-3D niche, seeded with hMSCs and chondrogenic incubation medium during three weeks, showed a successful chondrogenesis determined by collagen type II expression. Thus, results show a versatile method to produce a 3D niche to address questions about cartilage and endochondral bone formation or skeleton tissues clinical approaches.
A Subgrid Parameterization for Wind Turbines in Weather Prediction Models with an Application to Wind Resource Limits
Authors: Fiedler B. H. , Adams A. S.
Published: January 2014

A subgrid parameterization is offered for representing wind turbines in weather prediction models. The parameterization models the drag and mixing the turbines cause in the atmosphere, as well as the electrical power production the wind causes in the wind turbines. The documentation of the parameterization is complete; it does not require knowledge of proprietary data of wind turbine characteristics. The parameterization is applied to a study of wind resource limits in a hypothetical giant wind farm. The simulated production density was found not to exceed1 W m−2, peaking at a deployed capacity density of5 W m−2and decreasing slightly as capacity density increased to20 W m−2.
A Compact UWB Diversity Antenna
Authors: Zhao Hui , Zhang Fushun , Wang Chunyang , Liang Jiangang
Published: January 2014

A compact printed ultrawideband (UWB) diversity antenna with a size of 30 mm × 36 mm operating at a frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz is proposed. The antenna is composed of two semielliptical monopoles fed by two microstrip lines. Two semicircular slots, two rectangular slots, and one stub are introduced in the ground plane to adjust the impedance bandwidth of the antenna and improve the isolation between two feeding ports. The simulated and measured results show that impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna can cover the whole UWB band with a good isolation of < −15 dB. The radiation patterns, peak antenna gain, and envelope correlation coefficient are also measured and discussed. The measured results show that the proposed antenna can be a good candidate for some portable MIMO/diversity UWB applications.
Aquagenic Wrinkling of the Palms and Cystic Fibrosis: An Italian Study with Controls and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations
Authors: Chinazzo C. , De Alessandri A. , Menoni S. , Romanisio G. , Rebora A. , Rongioletti F.
Published: January 2014

Aims: The primary aim was to determine the prevalence of aquagenic wrinkling of the palms (AWP) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to controls, and secondarily to evaluate genotype-phenotype correlations among CF subjects found to have AWP. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with CF underwent a hand immersion test in tap water. Twenty-three of their CF carrier relatives and 7 subjects with a negative genetic test for CF were recruited as controls. Secondary analyses explored associations with genotype, pulmonary function, and sweat electrolyte levels in all subjects with and without AWP. Additional information about atopic diathesis, hyperhidrosis of the palms and drug intake were also collected. Results: Thirty-one of the patients with CF (53.4%) exhibited AWP, in contrast to only 2 carriers (8.7%) and none in the control group. No correlation was found between CF genotype and AWP score severity. Twenty-three (39.7%) CF patients reported a history of hyperhidrosis, and in 17 of them (74%) AWP had been provoked. No correlation with history of atopy and lung function was noted. The difference between CF patients with hyperhidrosis and those without was highly significant (p = 0.016). Salt concentrations were significantly higher in patients with AWP. Conclusions: AWP is linked to CF and its diagnosis should lead the patients to a genetic or sweat test for CF. We found a significant association with hyperhidrosis and sweat electrolytes which supports the ‘hyperconcentrated sweat' pathogenetic theory of AWP.
Split Spinal Cord Malformation: Report of 5 Cases in a Single Chinese Center and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lao Lifeng , Zhong Guibin , Li Xinfeng , Liu Zude
Published: January 2014

Background: Split spinal cord malformation (SSCM) is rare in scoliosis. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of one-stage surgical treatment of congenital scoliosis (CS) in patients with SSCM in a single Chinese center. Method: A retrospective study of 5 cases who underwent surgery for CS with SSCM (2 type I and 3 type II) from March 2004 to March 2012. Patients included 4 females and 1 male with a mean age of 13.8 years. All patients underwent one-stage posterior fusion surgery with resection of a bony spur firstly in SSCM type I, but we did nothing to the SSCM in type II. Clinical symptoms and radiological changes were evaluated preoperatively and for at least 2 years postoperatively. Results: Preoperatively, 5 patients had variant neurological and other symptoms. They had a mean preoperative Cobb angle of 63 ± 20° and T5-T12 kyphosis of 30 ± 21°. The mean postoperative Cobb angle was 30.2 ± 19.8° with a correction rate of 57.2 ± 17.0%. At the 3-month follow-up the Cobb angle loss was 3.0 ± 6.8°, and at the 2-year follow-up the Cobb angle loss was 6.5 ± 9.7°. Hyperkyphosis was significantly corrected after surgery but correction loss was indicated at the 2-year follow-up (p < 0.01). There were no neurological deficit complications or deteriorated neurological signs postoperatively or at follow-up. Conclusions: One-stage surgical treatment of CS with SSCM could be safe and effective, but we need further multicenter studies with larger samples. Intraspinal intervention of bone spur was recommended in SSCM type I before deformity correction, while in SSCM type II it was needless.
Sedlacekvia kinchegaensis, a new species of a charismatic genus from Australia, with notes on its systematics (Coleoptera, Cleridae)
Authors: KOLIBÁČ JIŘÍ
Published: January 2014

Sedlacekvia kinchegaensis sp. nov., a new member of the hitherto monotypic genus Sedlacekvia Winkler, 1989 is described from an arid region of New South Wales, Australia. As the genus has not been associated with any subfamily of Cleridae yet, its classification within Clerinae and phylogenetic relation with Odontophlogistus Elston, 1923 (Cleridae: Clerinae) is proposed.
Solution-blended polyethersulfone–graphite hybrid composites
Authors: Ramanujam BTS , Radhakrishnan S
Published: January 2014

Solution-blended hybrid composites with carbon black (CB) as the second conducting filler in polyethersulfone (PES)-graphite have been prepared by first dissolving PES in dichloro methane. Addition of 1 wt% CB to solution-blended PES-7 wt% graphite results in decrease in the direct current electrical resistivity by four orders compared to the addition of 0 wt% CB. The particle size of graphite is reduced from few micron to nano level as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy analysis resulting in better dispersion. Without the addition of CB, the binary composite namely PES-7 wt% graphite exhibits finite conductivity due to increase in the contact between graphite particles as a result of reduction in the particle size. Comparison of electrical conductivity of PES-7 wt% graphite-2 wt% CB composites prepared by both solution-blending and powder-mixing routes proves the above-mentioned point. The alternating current behaviour, both conductance and effective dielectric constant studies shows that solution-blended composites exhibit higher value of conductance and effective dielectric constant at 0.01 Hz. This can only be attributed to better graphite dispersion in solution-blended composites. The enhancement is due to only particle size reduction of graphite that decreases the interparticular distance as the solution-blended binary composites with CB act as insulators up to 10 wt%. The charge transport at low concentrations of CB in solution-blended hybrid composites is dominated by the interfacial barriers and capacitance effects, while at higher concentrations it is mainly of hopping type at room temperature. The interfacial capacitance increases from 37.6 pF with 0 wt% CB addition to 96 pF with 2 wt% CB addition in PES-7 wt% graphite. Differential scanning calorimetry result suggests that more than 10°C enhancement in the glass transition temperature of PES is obtained for PES-7 wt% graphite-1 wt% CB.
A method for estimating rainflow fatigue damage of narrowband non-Gaussian random loadings
Authors: Cheng HW , Tao JY , Chen X , Jiang Y
Published: January 2014

We describe efforts to improve the accuracy of fatigue damage estimation methods of narrowband non-Gaussian random loading. The available analytical solutions are reviewed and briefly summarized, and the reasons for the occurrence of computational errors during nonlinear transformation-based methods are determined. The computational errors are mainly due to inconsistencies in the statistical moments above fourth order. A new approach is proposed for the evaluation of rainflow fatigue damage. This approach avoids the problem of transformation-based methods and provides accurate estimation for fatigue damage of narrowband leptokurtic non-Gaussian random loading. Additionally, the applicability of the proposed method to Gaussian random loading is investigated. Finally, two examples are carried out and comparisons are made to more commonly used methods to demonstrate the capabilities and brevity of the proposed algorithm.
Getting Ready to Move as a Couple
Authors: Broth Mathias , Keevallik Leelo
Published: January 2014

The article focuses on how students in a Lindy Hop dance class move into a complex mobile formation as a sequentially relevant response to a directive embedded in the teachers’ verbal and embodied instructions of the next task for practice. This sequence of actions accomplishes a transition from a stationary constellation of observing students to a mobile circle of practicing dance couples. The article describes in detail how instruction is turned into practice in an emergent way, in and through the simultaneous accountable production and reception of qualitative instruction, practice proposals, structuring instructions, and count-ins. The analysis shows how student behavior is oriented to the couple as a relevant mobile formation and how couples gradually become more synchronized with each other.
A statistical study on the combined effects of wall thermal mass and thermal resistance on internal air temperatures
Authors: Moffiet Trevor , Alterman Dariusz , Hands Stuart , Colyvas Kim , Page Adrian , Moghtaderi Behdad
Published: January 2014

Statistical analyses are important for real-world validation of theoretical model predictions. In this article, a statistical analysis of real data shows empirically how thermal resistance, thermal mass, building design, season and external air temperature collectively affect indoor air temperature. A simple, four-point, diurnal, temperature-by-time profile is used to summarise daily thermal performance and is used as the response variable for the analysis of performance. The findings from the statistical analysis imply that, at least for moderate climates, the best performing construction/design will be one in which insulation and thermal mass arrangements can be dynamically altered to suit weather and season.
Application of diffusion bonding model to superplastic γ-TiAl alloys
Authors: Wang X. F. , Luo Z. C. , Yu G. S. , Lin J. G.
Published: January 2014

In the present work, the superplastic characteristics of some γ-TiAl alloys were analysed on the bases of experimental data reported in previous work, and their suitability for diffusion bonding was examined. The constitutive equation ∊ = A DGb/ kT ( b/ d)p ( σ− σ 0/ G)n can be used to describe superplasticity in γ-TiAl alloys, and the equation predicts n=2, p=2, and activity energy Q=220 kJ mol−1. It is suggested that the diffusion bonding model for γ-TiAl alloys should be considered two stages, i.e. a plastic deformation stage and a void shrinkage stage including both a diffusion controlled process and a plastic controlled process. Theoretical predictions for obtaining good bonding conditions were in good agreement with experimental results. Using a theoretical bonding model, a prediction map showing the relationship among temperature, applied stress and time for high quality diffusion bonding of superplastic γ-TiAl alloys was obtained.
Application of small specimen testing technique for mechanical property assessment of discontinuously reinforced composites
Authors: Wanjara P. , Drew R. A. L. , Yue S.
Published: January 2014

The shear punch experiment is a small specimen testing technique that has been used to assess the flow properties, such as strength and ductility, of traditional engineering alloys when material availability is limited. In the present study, the applicability of a laboratory shear punch testing system, which was fabricated to evaluate the mechanical properties of different materials (steels, aluminium alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys and cobalt alloys), was extended to include tensile mechanical property assessment of discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites. In employing this testing technique to discontinuously reinforced composites, the shear punch load–displacement data were examined to identify the critical regions of the flow curve, i.e. elasticity followed by yielding, work hardening, ultimate tensile strength and fracture. The load–displacement curves and the fracture characteristics generated by shear punch testing were then compared with the conventional tensile data and failure behaviour in order to calibrate the method for composite materials. It was determined that the flow characteristics from shear punch testing can be used to predict the mechanical properties of discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites through linear correlations for the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and percent elongation.
The Bayeux ‘Tapestry’: Culottes, Tunics and Garters, and the Making of the Hanging
Authors: Owen-Crocker Gale R.
Published: January 2014

The overall effect of the ‘Tapestry’ is stylistically harmonious; however, in making a detailed study of the costumes, I have become aware of subtle graphic variations which suggest to me different hands at work, perhaps those of secondary artists interpreting a master plan. Some relate to the different sections of which the ‘Tapestry’ is constructed, some are more confined. I have also come to suspect occasional misunderstanding or rather free interpretation of the cartoon by the needleworkers. These suggestions are necessarily tentative. I would welcome readers' views.
Cutting the Exotic: A Study of Some Asian Trousers
Authors: Woolfitt Penelope
Published: January 2014

This is an edited version of a paper first given at the Costume Society Symposium, Oxford, July 2001
New and Recent books
Authors: Snowden James , Tarrant Naomi E. A.
Published: January 2014

These books are not available from the Costume Society but must be obtained from bookshops or the institutions concerned.
‘An Easy Day for a Lady …’: The Dress of Early Women Mountaineers
Authors: Strasdin Kate
Published: January 2014

… all mountains pass through three stages — An inaccessible peak — The hardest climb in the Alps — An easy day for a lady.

A. F. Mummery
Archaeology and Heritage Management in Europe: Trends and Developments
Authors: Willems Willem J. H.
Published: January 2014

The importance of archaeological heritage management in a united Europe has increased in recent years, and the archaeological scene is changing drastically. Causes of this development are, among others, the end of the political division of Europe and the ‘green debate’ with its effects on the way in which the archaeological heritage is being treated. Equally important are the effects of the. Malta Convention and the influence of lawmaking within the EU. This paper discusses recent developments and the need for cooperation at a European level, as well as the various opportunities, tasks and challenges of heritage management in the immediate future.
Proposals for a Practical System of Significance Evaluation in Archaeological Heritage Management
Authors: Deeben Jos , Groenewoudt Bert J. , Hallewas Daan P. , Willems Willem J. H.
Published: January 2014

Significance evaluation plays a central role in archaeological heritage management. In this paper, a practical approach is presented based on experiences and recent discussions in the Netherlands. A restricted number of values (perception, physical quality and intrinsic quality) are operationalized as criteria in order to evaluate archaeological phenomena. In this manner, a more transparent framework is created to help determine if a monument is worth preserving. In the process of selection, monuments worth preserving are scrutinized from the viewpoints of policy considerations and priorities in archaeological heritage management in order to select monuments deserving of sustained preservation. The form of this system of significance evaluation is such that it can be used by all government levels, that the process is understandable for non-archaeologists, and that its results remain relevant from a research perspective.
Chemical composition and lead isotopy of copper and bronze from Nuragic Sardinia
Authors: Begemann Friedrich , Schmitt-Strecker Sigrid , Pernicka Ernst , Schiavo Fulvia Lo
Published: January 2014

We present data on the chemical and lead isotope composition of copper and bronze objects from Nuragic Sardinia. The sample suite comprises, inter alia, objects from the hoard finds at Arzachena (21 objects), Bonnanaro (10), Ittireddu (34), and Pattada (20), all in northern Sardinia. With one exception, all ingot fragments (49) consist of unalloyed copper; the exception comes from Ittireddu and contains 11 per cent tin. In contradistinction, all implements (21) are made from standard bronze with a mean tin content of 10.8 per cent. A dozen sword fragments from the Arzachena hoard, all of fairly uniform small size, are pieces of a large number of different swords. The low tin content of only about 1 per cent would have made for poor weapons, confirming the archaeological identification of the fragments as pieces of votive swords. Scrap metal from Arzachena is remarkable for its wide range of trace element contents and lead isotope abundance ratios. It is dissimilar to all other metal samples investigated, possibly representing metal from local smelting experiments using a variety of different copper ores. Lead isotope data and trace element patterns, alone or in conjunction, do not allow us to tell oxhide ingots from plano-convex (bun) ingots. Most ingot fragments have a lead isotope signature similar to those of Cypriot copper ores but there are also a number of ingots whose lead isotope fingerprints are fully compatible with them being local products. Of the bronzes, none has lead with an isotopic composition characteristic of copper ingots from Cyprus. All contain local lead, suggesting the bronze implements were manufactured locally. Isotopically-fitting lead is found in copper and lead ore deposits from the Iglesiente-Sulcis district in south-west Sardinia and from Funtana Raminosa in central Sardinia.
Identification of ‘jet’ artefacts by reflected light microscopy
Authors: Allason-Jones L. , Jones J.M.
Published: January 2014

From the late second century AD to the end of the fourth century AD, black, shiny materials were popular in Britain and the Rhineland for the production of jewellery. In the past, in the absence of accurate, detailed analysis, all these products, irrespective of composition, have invariably been described as being made of ‘jet’. A project at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, has used the non-destructive technique of reflected light microscopy to identify the various black materials used by the Roman craftsmen. Long used for petrographic studies of coals and fossil fuels, this technique has proved very suitable for the analysis of small artefacts. The project initially focused on black objects from the area of Hadrian's Wall but was extended to look at objects from Rhineland sites as well as finds from other parts of Britain and the Continent. The project has revealed that a wide range of ‘jets’ and shales and varieties of coal from a diversity of geographical sources were used, and that the Rhineland objects were not carved from Whitby jet but from an unidentified source.
High-tech in the middle Palaeolithic: Neandertal-manufactured pitch identified
Authors: Koller Johann , Baumer Ursula , Mania Dietrich
Published: January 2014

Any new knowledge that goes beyond the stone tools and techniques used in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic is most significant as it reveals the cultural and technical capabilities of the people living in these periods. In 1963, two pitch finds were discovered in a lignite open-mining pit in the northern foothills of the Harz Mountains, in a layer the geological age of which was dated as being older than 80,000 years. The great significance of these finds was therefore immediately apparent. One of the finds showed a fingerprint as well as the imprints of a flint stone tool and the structure of wood cells. This was indicative of the pitch piece having served as an adhesive to secure a wooden haft to a flint stone blade.

Over 30 years later these finds were transferred to the Doerner Institut for investigation. The GC and GC/MS analyses revealed that, in both cases, birch pitches, well-known historical adhesives, had been used. These consist predominantly of pentacyclic triterpenoid components of the lupane type, with betulin forming the major component. The comparison with birch bark extracts showed that the biological peak profile (bio-marker) was surprisingly well preserved in these pitch finds and that hardly any degradation products were present.

Today, comparable pitches can easily be produced with modern technical methods, i.e. using airtight laboratory flasks and temperature control facilities. However, any attempt at simulating the conditions of the Neandertal period and at producing these birch pitches without any of these modern facilities will soon be met with many difficulties. This implies that the Neandertals did not come across these pitches by accident but must have produced them with intent. Conscious action is, however, always a clear sign of considerable technical capabilities.
Medieval pottery kilns in the Carpathian Basin
Authors: Vágner Zsolt
Published: January 2014

This article discusses tenth–sixteenth-century pottery kilns in the Carpathian Basin in the territory of medieval Hungary. Kilns are classified on the basis of their structure, building technique and firing technology and these characteristics are examined using archaeological evidence, ethnographical sources and also technological and pyrotechnical analysis. The archaeological and stratigraphical features and some methodological problems of medieval pottery kiln study are also discussed and a topographical analysis of the pottery kilns in relation to the workshops and settlements on the basis of archaeological and historical evidence is presented. The history of the development, origin and distribution of the types of medieval pottery kilns in the Carpathian Basin is also presented. There is a brief discussion of the contribution that pottery kiln studies can make to the understanding of workshop organization.
Controlled rolling of steel plate and strip.
Authors: Tanaka T.
Published: January 2014

The major purpose of controlled rolling is to refine grain structure and, thereby, to enhance both the strength and toughness of steel in the as-hot-rol1ed condition. If a survey is made of the development of controlled rolling, it can be seen that controlled rolling consists of three stages: (a) deformation in the recrystallization region at high temperatures; (b) deformation in the non-recrystallization region within a low temperature range above Ar3; and (c) deformation in the austenite–ferrite region. It is stressed that the importance of deformation in the nonrecrystallization region is in dividing an austenite grain into several blocks by the introduction of deformation bands within it. Deformation in the austenite-ferrite region gives a mixed structure consisting of equiaxed grains and subgrains after transformation and, thereby, it increases further the strength and toughness. The fundamental difference between conventionally hot-rolled and controlled -rolled steels lies in the fact that the nucleation of ferrite occurs exclusively at austenite grain boundaries in the former, while it occurs in the grain interior as well as at grain boundaries in the latter, leading to a more refined grain structure. In controlled-rolled steel a crystallographic texture develops, which causes planar anisotropies in mechanical properties and embrittlement in the through -thickness direction. The latter is shown to be the main cause of the delamination which appeared in the fractured Charpy specimens. Fundamental aspects of controlled rolling, such as the recrystallization behaviour of austenite, the retardation mechanism of austenite recrystallization due to niobium, microstructural changes accompanying deformation, factors governing strength and toughness, etc., are reviewed. The practice of controlled rolling in plate and strip mills is outlined.
Effects of vibration during solidification
Authors: Campbell J.
Published: January 2014

A review of the literature on the effects of vibration on solidification is presented in terms of a unifying concept, the frequency–amplitude f-a map. Some theoretical models are assessed in relation to data from the literature summarized on the f-a map, revealing a mechanical-fragmentation model as a best fit for dendritically solidifying alloys. For materials such as pure metals solidifying on a planar front the f-a map shows a close correlation between the theoretical threshold for cavitation and the onset of grain refinement. In general, there seems little evidence to suggest fundamental differences between ultrasonic, sonic, and subsonic vibration. The undoubted improvements to mechanical, corrosion, and other properties appear to be countered to date by troublesome side effects such as ejection of liquid from the melt (which is satisfactorily predicted and avoidable); occasional porosity when vibrating in a cavitation regime (predictable and potentially avoidable); coarsening of dendrite structure and second phases (explainable but unavoidable); and hot tearing (for which neither explanation nor avoidance seems yet to have been attained).
Writing a History of the British Museum Library
Authors: Harris P. R.
Published: January 2014

Philip Harris:Js history of the British Museum Library is to be published by the British Library in the late spring of I998. Here the author describes his sources.
Information and Modernity: the History of Information and the Eclipse of Library History
Authors: Black Alistair
Published: January 2014

The author argues that library history should not be seen as an aspect of the history of institutions but as a sub-set of ‘information history’, particularly considering the role of librarians in the modern state in surveillance and bureaucracy. This paper was read at the Library History Group's ‘Libraries and Modernity’ conference held as part of the Library Association's UmbrelLA4 meeting at UMIST, Manchester, in June I997.
Sobol'shchikov and the Modern European Library in 1859
Authors: Hoare Peter
Published: January 2014

v. I. Sobol'shchikov was a significant Russian librarian who undertook a tour of major European libraries in I859. His critical comments on libraries in Paris and London are considered here. This paper was read at the Library History Group's ‘Libraries and Modernity’ conference held as part of the Library Association's UmbrelLA4 meeting at UMIST, Manchester, in June I997.
‘The Finest Private Library in Europe’: a Brief Study of the Bibliophile Spencers of Althorp
Authors: Reid Peter H.
Published: January 2014

The library of the Spencer family at Althorp House was one of the richest and largest of the nineteenth century, thanks mainly to the ‘bibliomania’ of the second Earl Spencer. Financial problems forced the fifth Earl to sell the entire collection in the 1890s, though fortunately it was acquired whole by the John Rylands Library.
Whither Library History? A Critical Essay on Black's Model for the Future of Library History, With Some Additional Options
Authors: Davis Donald G. , Aho Jon Arvid
Published: January 2014

In a recent article published in this journal, Alistair Black argued that library history should be seen as an element of ‘information history’ and should also move away from what he perceives as its institutional bias. In this response, the present authors identify nine ‘types’ of library history and argue that these types are not as institutional as Black believes. They examine the ‘information science’ model proposed by Black and consider other possible models, such as the ‘history of the book’.
The Development of the Three Largest Chinese Libraries in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wang Bing
Published: January 2014

This article is an updated version of a lecture given at the Graduate School of Library and Information Studies, McGill University, Montreal, in October 2OO1. The aim is to describe briefly the history, cultural holdings, comprehensive services, international exchanges and contacts as well as the latest development trends of the three largest libraries in China, that is, the National Library of China, the Shanghai Library,l and the Nanjing Library. It shows the rapid development of Chinese librarianship in the last century and its bright future.