bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students: Analysis of interpersonal behavior using videotaped recordings in a 5‐minute interaction with a simulated patient
Authors: NISHIZAWA Yoshiko , SAITO Mikiko , OGURA Noriko , KUDO Seiko , SAITO Kumiko , HANAYA Michiko
Published: March 2006

Aim:  The aim of this paper was to study the non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students and to make a quantitative comparison of the communication techniques of nursing students and experienced nurses to provide guidance for education.

Methods:  Twenty‐six students (the student group) and 13 nurses (the nurse group) played the role of a nurse. The participants interacted with two simulated patients for 5 min each. The simulated patient was in a sitting position and the nurse started interaction from a starting point that was 3 m away from the patient. Videotaped recordings of these scenarios were recorded and analysed every second using record paper. The analysis items were the distance between the patient and the nurse, posture and position, utterance time, the direction of a nursing person’s face to the patient, facial expression, head nodding, gestures, and the self‐contact behavior of a nurse during interaction with a patient.

Results:  As 90% of the student group interacted in the standing position, significantly fewer students than the nurse group had their gaze level at the same level or lower than the client. The duration of upper limb and hand gestures was significantly shorter in the student group than for the nurse group.

Conclusions:  The finding that nursing students showed fewer non‐verbal communication behaviors than nurses suggests there is a pressing need for the development of an educational program in nursing science training to improve non‐verbal communications skills.
Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire to Assess Sexual Satisfaction, Control, and Distress Associated with Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Althof Stanley , Rosen Raymond , Symonds Tara , Mundayat Rajiv , May Kathryn , Abraham Lucy
Published: March 2006

Introduction

No validated questionnaires to assess the subjective aspects of premature ejaculation (PE) are currently in use. Clinical trials have generally only considered time, measured by ejaculatory latency, as an indicator of efficacy, but ejaculatory control, sexual satisfaction, and distress are important aspects of PE, which impact both the patient and his partner. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new questionnaire to measure the overall experience of PE.

Methods

The questionnaire was developed using four stages: item pool development, initial psychometric analyses, patient interviews, and final psychometric analyses.

Results

An item pool of 17 was generated and reduced to 10 items through the initial psychometric analyses. Patient interviews did not require addition of further items and resulted in only minor modifications to item wording for clarity. Final psychometric analyses of the 10-item measure confirmed a three-factor solution: sexual satisfaction, control, and distress. Reliability was good, both internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Convergent validity using intravaginal ejaculatory latency time was excellent: control domain (0.75), sexual satisfaction domain (0.60), and distress domain (0.68). Known-groups validity was very good, all domain mean scores being statistically significantly worse in men with PE compared with the men reporting no PE problems.

Conclusion

The Index of Premature Ejaculation is a reliable and valid questionnaire for the assessment of control over ejaculation, satisfaction with sex life, and distress in men with PE. This tool has the potential to add value to interpretations of improvements in ejaculation latency resulting from new treatments of PE.
Cultivation of Non‐timber Forest Products Alters Understory Light Availability in a Humid Tropical Forest in Mexico1
Authors: Trauernicht Clay , Ticktin Tamara , Herrera German López
Published: March 2006

The planting of non‐timber forest products (NTFPs) in the understory of tropical forests is promoted in many regions as a strategy to conserve forested lands and meet the economic needs of rural communities. While the forest canopy is left intact in most understory plantations, much of the midstory and understory vegetation is removed in order to increase light availability for cultivated species. We assessed the extent to which the removal of vegetation in understory plantations of Chamaedorea hooperiana Hodel (Arecaceae) alters understory light conditions. We also examined how any changes in light availability may be reflected by changes in the composition of canopy tree seedlings regenerating in understory plantations. We employed a blocked design consisting of four C. hooperiana plantation sites; each site was paired with an adjacent, unmanaged forest site. Hemispherical canopy photographs were taken and canopy tree seedlings were identified and measured within 12 3 × 2 m randomly placed plots in each site for a total of 96 plots (4 blocks × 2 sites × 12 plots). Plantation management did not affect canopy openness or direct light availability but understory plantations had a higher frequency of plots with greater total and diffuse light availability than unmanaged forest. Comparisons of canopy tree seedling composition between understory plantations and unmanaged forest sites were less conclusive but suggest that management practices have the potential to increase the proportion of shade‐intolerant species of tree seedlings establishing in plantations. Given the importance of advanced regeneration in gap‐phase forest dynamics, these changes may have implications for future patterns of succession in the areas of forest where NTFPs are cultivated.
Theory for Aquifer Test Analysis in Fractured Rocks Under Linear (Nonradial) Flow Conditions
Authors: Jenkins David N. , Prentice John K.
Published: March 2006

The flow of ground water in a fractured rock aquifer may be linear toward a natural production surface rather than radial toward a pumping well, if the well penetrates a fracture having a permeability many orders of magnitude greater than the permeability of the surrounding aquifer. The well and its hydraulically connected production surface are called an extended well. Flow lines in a linear system are parallel, and drawdown is a function of the perpendicular distance from the extended well and not a function of the radius of the pumped well. The location of a concealed fracture and hydraulic diffusivity of the linear system can be determined if drawdown data from two observation wells are available.

Linear flow has been recognized in fractured rock aquifers from aquifer test data in three widely separated areas of New Mexico and probably is the cause of the anomalous response observed in fractured rock aquifers in Mendocino and Placer Counties, California. Test data were curvilinear on semi‐log plots and straight lines on log‐log plots, suggesting that traditional methods of aquifer test analysis are not applicable. Straight lines could be fitted to arithmetic plots of pumped well and observation well data when plotted as drawdown versus √t, indicating that the flow in the vicinity of the test well is linear. Linear flow may be a common phenomenon that has been overlooked in the analysis of aquifer tests in fractured rock aquifers.
Application of the Area of Review Concept
Authors: Thornhill J. T. , Short T. E. , Sikha L.
Published: March 2006

The Underground Injection Control Program Regulations require that an “area of review” be determined for new injection wells.

Analytical equations may be used to determine pressure buildup in disposal zones. However, in reviewing areas that have numerous injection wells discharging into the same zone, care must be used to take into account the effect of all the injection wells on the pressure buildup.
Geochemistry of Thermal and Mineral Waters in the Cascade Mountains of Western North America
Authors: Forcella Lauren S.
Published: March 2006

Thermal and mineral waters from the Cascade Mountains can be divided, on a chemical basis, into three groups. Chemically homogeneous waters that issue from the geothermally attractive Central Cascades comprise Group 1. The individuality of Group 1 is exhibited by a neutral pH, total dissolved solids averaging 2650 parts per million (ppm), dominant Cl and Na ions, and less significant amounts of Ca, SO4, SiO2, HCO3, K, B, and Mg, listed in order of decreasing abundance. The chemistry and uniformity of these waters suggests that many of the dissolved constituents were derived through prolonged contact with Eocene marine sediments deposited in a Mesozoic structural embayment prior to volcanic events.

Acid‐sulfate waters from the vents of Mt. Lassen, Newberry Crater, and Mt. Hood represent Group 2. These fumarolic waters have a chemistry that results when H2S in rising volcanic steam oxidizes forming sulfuric acid. Basic brines discharge at the base of Mt. Lassen and Mt. Hood; these may be in hydraulic connection with the fumaroles.

The majority of Cascadian waters are included within Group 3, and are characterized by chemical inhomogeneity between individual points of discharge. Total dissolved solids average 1620 ppm, with dominant Cl, Na, HCO3, and SO4 ions, and less significant concentrations of Ca, SiO2, K, Mg, and B; the pH ranges from 6.2 to 9.7. The Cascade Province possesses complex volcanic stratigraphy and varying degrees of hydrothermal alteration. In addition, the thermal waters have been subjected to differing degrees of mixing and proximity to heat, thus chemical inhomogeneity might be expected.

Isotopic evidence indicates that all Cascadian thermal and mineral waters were oringinally meteoric. Wateres from Groups 1 and 3 individually show linear relationships between cl and Na; for both groups, cl/Na is similar to that of SMOW, suggesting some recycling of the dominant ions.
Ground‐Water Network Design for Northwest Kansas, Using the Theory of Regionalized Variables
Authors: Sophocleous Marios , Paschetto James E. , Olea Ricardo A.
Published: March 2006

The ground‐water observation well network in many parts of Kansas has been developed and expanded through the years without serious attempt to determine the adequacy of the network for any specified purpose or to assess its cost effectiveness. This study was undertaken to examine the existing well network in northwest Kansas and to determine the arrangement that offers the most satisfactory accuracy for the purpose of monitoring it. To achieve this goal, we have employed the theory of regionalized variables to estimate the amount of spatial variability of the water table. The error analysis produced by universal kriging indicates that a significant reduction in the number of wells could be achieved by employing a regular 4‐mile (6.4‐km) network, without affecting the present level of accuracy. It also indicates that it is not practical to reduce the estimation error in the water‐table surface uniformly throughout the region because to do so would increase the cost of monitoring wells drastically. For example, reducing the presently existing error by 50 percent throughout the area would require 16 times more wells than the currently existing well network.
Arizona Ground‐Water Reform: Innovations in State Water Policya
Authors: Hansen Scott , Marsh Floyd
Published: March 2006

The development of Arizona ground‐water policy has been evolutionary. Courts and the State legislature have responded to particular problems, but until recently have stopped short of a comprehensive framework for such policy. This paper identifies and describes the major political forces of change responsible for reform of ground‐water law in Arizona. Historical developments surrounding the development of such policy are examined to interpret these forces of change. A detailed historical account of the development of Arizona ground‐water policy provides a useful perspective from whichto examine the principal forces of change driving the reform of this portion of State water policy.

Arizona ground‐water policy has evolved from a previous policy of nonmanagement to “after the fact” management currently embodied in the 1980 Groundwater Management Act. Changing social attitudes and political challenges have continued to alter the institutional framework of the water policy‐making process ultimately shifting the arena from the judicial to the legislature. After nearly half a century of political conflict, judicial decision and legislative response, Arizona enacted a comprehensive ground‐water code.

Political forces characterized by repeated Federal threat affecting a major reclamation project and special interest group pressures resulting from a 1976 judicial decision combined with the physical realities of ground‐water exploitation to force reform in the State ground‐water policy. Due to high decision costs, such reform was achieved through structural decisions delegating the more difficult allocative decisions to special interests directly affected by the ultimate policy. In turn and out of political necessity, a far‐reaching, progressive legislative proposal for ground‐water policy became the product of a delicately negotiated compromise among competing water interests achieved through the process of agreement. After the major decision costs had been incurred through such negotiations, the reform initiative was then ratified by the State legislature as the 1980 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, absent the tremendous political costs otherwise inevitable to the legislative process.
Program HVRLV1—Interactive Determination of Horizontal Permeabilities within Uniform Soils from Field Tests Using Hvorslev's Formulae
Authors: Weyer K. U. , Horwood‐Brown W. C.
Published: March 2006

A computer program is presented for interactive, user‐oriented calculation of permeabilities from slug tests using Hvorslev's formulae for filters in uniform soil. The analysis scheme is cost‐efficient and allows for simple sensitivity analyses.
Alternative Boundaries in Solid Waste Management
Authors: Domenico P. A. , Palciauskas V. V.
Published: March 2006

Recent trends in solid waste management seem to favor the establishment of minimum performance criteria for waste facilities, as opposed to case by case detailed operational requirements. This implies some generally acceptable upper limit of contamination, say as provided by the primary and secondary Maximum Concentration Level (MCL's) developed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Not so easily defined is the compliance point at which the MCL's may be applied, which can range from the solid waste boundary (a containment option) to some alternative boundary outside the actual waste facility (a retardation option). In either case, it follows that any contaminant migration into the public domain beyond the acceptable boundary must enter below the MCL. The containment option would appear to be strictly a matter of engineering design of the waste facility. With the retardation option, however, there is need for a simplified procedure for assessment of the hydrogeologic environment responsible for retardation and attenuation of the contaminant stream. These are largely dilution and reaction processes. In this paper, some mechanisms of dilution are examined, including geometrical spreading of a contaminant plume, recharge from precipitation, and mixing with surface‐water bodies. This analysis focuses on average value calculations that constitute a semiquantitative measure of the dilution potential of waste sites prior to intensive investigations. For compliance and regulatory purposes, a simple model for maximum concentration predictions is developed for one‐dimensional steady flow and dispersion in directions perpendicular to the flow path. This model is reasonably operational with a minimum of data in that it avoids chemical reaction and the inherent fitted parameter known as longitudinal dispersion, and employs the actual measured concentration at the solid waste boundary as a boundary condition. The model thus provides a conservative estimate of whether or not minimum performance standards will be achieved at an alternative boundary.
Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts for Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Everett L. G. , Wilson L. G. , McMillion L. G.
Published: March 2006

The implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) may be enhanced by wider applications of vadose zone monitoring. More than 50 different vadose zone monitoring techniques are referenced. Fourteen different criteria are established for selecting alternative vadose zone monitoring methods. These monitoring methods are categorized according to premonitoring techniques, sampling methods and nonsampling methods which could be applied in the vadose zone. Two conceptual cases are presented covering vadose zone monitoring at a hazardous waste disposal impoundment. The rationale for the monitoring program at a new impoundment and for an active impoundment is presented. The material constitutes the first phase of a vadose zone monitoring manual.
Design Considerations for Earth Linings for Seepage Controla
Authors: Bouwer Herman
Published: March 2006

Darcy's equation and unsaturated‐flow theory are used to calculate flow through earth linings that are placed in ponds or channels to reduce seepage. The procedure utilizes the relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and pressure head of the underlying material as calculated from the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and the relation between water content and pressure head. The method enables the selection of the liner (thickness and hydraulic conductivity) that will keep seepage below a certain maximum limit. Since the hydraulic conductivity of clays is affected by the cationic composition and the salt concentration of the soil solution, the chemical composition of the liquid moving through the liner must be taken into account. This applies also to other chemicals, including solvents and other organic compounds that may be in the water. Travel times of water from the surface impoundment to the underlying ground water are calculated from the seepage rate and the corresponding water content in the vadose zone. Accumulation of solids (mine tailings, for example) can further reduce the seepage from the pond. Proper design of waste‐water ponds also requires analysis of the response of the underlying ground water (mound buildup) and the movement of pollutants in the vadose zone and aquifer. In view of the high costs of earth liners, prediction of the seepage is necessary to make sure that the selected lining material, the thickness of the liner itself, and the method of construction will produce the desired results.
Hand Calculator Program for Evaluating Theis Parameters from a Pumping Test
Authors: Paschetto James , McElwee Carl D.
Published: March 2006

Several automated techniques for analyzing pumping test data have been published recently. These techniques usually require the services of a computer. With the advent of more sophisticated hand‐held calculators, it is possible to implement these techniques on calculators. This paper presents a program written for an HP‐41C. With two memory modules, up to 44 drawdown‐time pairs can be handled simultaneously. The “best” T and S in the least squares' sense is obtained. The complete Theis equation is used so there is no time or distance limitation.
DOWN HOLE FLOWMETER ANALYSIS USING AN ASSOCIATED CALIPER LOG
Authors: Syms Margot C.
Published: March 2006

Abstract From flowmeter interpretation studies using wells with no available caliper data has emerged information which is also pertinent to flowmeter analysis in conjunction with a caliper log. A simple method for interpreting flowmeter and caliper log pairs incorporating this insight has been developed. Location of constant‐flow regions, inflow and outflow zones is done by manually comparing the shapes of the caliper and flowmeter logs. A flowrate log is then produced using quantitative volumetric flowrates calculated for several depths in the well. The log contains all the significant flow information without spurious noise and would be suitable for converting to an apparent hydraulic conductivity log.
Ground‐Water Age Distribution in Madrid Basin, Spain
Authors: Llamas M. Ramon , Simpson Eugene S. , Alfaro Pedro E. Martinez
Published: March 2006

The alluvial deposits that occupy the Madrid Basin in central Spain form an aquifer system covering an area of 5,000 km2 (2,000 mi2) and with thicknesses of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more. Average annual precipitation is 500 mm (15 in.) and average annual temperature is 15°C (59°F). The precipitation is sufficient to provide a net surplus to ground‐water recharge which, in turn, supports dry weather flow of major streams in the basin. A distribution of surface recharge and hydraulic conductivities were obtained from a previous study utilizing a two‐dimensional finite‐difference model of the same vertical cross section as this study. In this study a flow net and a discrete‐state compartment (or “mixing‐cell”) model were employed to calculate the age distribution of ground water circulating through the aquifer. Carbon‐14 decay ages were determined for nine ground‐water samples taken from eight locations. The ages obtained with the flow net and with the mixing‐cell models are mutually consistent and generally agree with the carbon‐14 decay ages. The calculated ages range from zero at the recharge boundaries to over 100,000 years at discharge boundaries in stream channels. The results obtained are to be regarded as preliminary. Their principal value will be to guide future C‐14 field sampling programs.
Pumping Tests in Patchy Aquifers
Authors: Barker J. A. , Herbert R.
Published: March 2006

A numerical simulation and analytical study of a constant‐rate pumping test, for a well situated at the centre of a disc of anomalous transmissivity and storage coefficient, have been used to aid in the interpretation of tests performed in a “patchy” aquifer in India. Equations describing the long‐time behaviour of drawdown show that Jacob's method can be employed to estimate the regional transmissivity from drawdowns measured at any point in the aquifer or in the pumping well. However, these equations also show that an average storage coefficient should be calculated from drawdowns measured outside the aquifer discontinuity.

The results of this study support the hypothesis that the average transmissivity of a heterogeneous aquifer can be calculated from rates of drawdown observed after long periods of pumping.
Programmable Hand Calculator Programs for Pumping Test Analyses by Least Squares' Method Using Jacob's Modification of Theis' Equation
Authors: Sayed Shabbir A. S.
Published: March 2006

Two programs are given for the CASIO FX‐502 programmable calculator for direct computation of transmissivity and storativity from time‐drawdown and distance‐drawdown data. These aquifer parameters are calculated from Jacob's modification of the Theis equation by the least squares' method. The programs also calculate drawdowns at various times and distances using the computed transmissivity and storativity.
Heat Storage in Aquifers Analyzed by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Wiberg Nils‐Erik
Published: March 2006

In the design of ground‐water heat pump systems the quantitative analysis of heat transport and heat storage is of great interest. A unified finite element approach to the transient nonlinear heat transport and heat storage problem is presented. The theory presented includes nonlinear physical properties and boundary conditions, coupled conductive and convective heat flow, freezing (phase change), and time‐dependent heat input and output. The given theory is applied to two problems. The first problem is a transient study during a few years of heat storage in saturated clay. A pure conductive theory is used due to the small amount of convective water flow in clay. The second problem deals with transient heat transport in an aquifer according to coupled conduction‐convection theory on a one‐dimensional model problem.
Investigation of Aldicarb in Ground Water in Selected Areas of the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin
Authors: Rothschild E. R. , Manser R. J. , Anderson M. P.
Published: March 2006

The goal of this study was to provide a preliminary assessment of the occurrence and movement of the pesticide aldicarb in ground water in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin. Aldicarb concentrations in ground water beneath three main study fields and two subsidiary fields were monitored during the period December 1980–August 1981. A total of 67 well points, some nested, and one multilevel sampler were installed for this study. In addition, 25 private wells and seven irrigation wells were sampled.

The data collected to date are limited both in space and time. However, several trends are evident: (1) highest concentrations of aldicarb were detected in shallow monitoring wells (those located immediately below the water table); (2) no aldicarb was detected in any of the deep monitoring wells (those located roughly 60 feet below the water table), although aldicarb was found in some of the irrigation wells finished at approximately the same depth; (3) aldicarb seems to be concentrated in roughly a 5‐foot layer near the water table, and (4) marked seasonal fluctuations in aldicarb concentrations occurred in several wells.
A New Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cl−, Br−, NO3−, SCN−, and I− at Sub‐ppm Levels in Ground Water
Authors: Stetzenbach Klaus J. , Thompson Glenn M.
Published: March 2006

Ion‐exchange high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet absorption detection is shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for analysis of some common anions in water. Sensitivity of measurement is approximately 50 ppb for NO−2, NO−3, Br−, I−, and SCN− while Cl− has a detection limit in the one to ten ppm range. Chromatograms require 8 to 13 minutes to complete. Analyses are performed on either of two stationary phases (Whatman SAX 10 μm or Brownlee anion exchange) depending on the anions of interest in the analysis and their interferences.
A Quantitative Model to Predict a Safe Yield for Well Fields in Kufra and Sarir Basins, Libya
Authors: Ahmad Moid U.
Published: March 2006

The Kufra and Sarir basins of Libya have huge ground‐water resources. Three well fields–Sarir, Kufra, and Jalo–have been constructed for irrigation purposes. The Tazerbo and West Sarir well fields are under construction. Wells in these well fields have tapped only a small portion of the total ground water available. The hydrological behavior of the Sarir well field (determined by using analytical and numerical models) indicated a leaky artesian aquifer and a significant partial penetration effect. Long and short‐term pump tests did not provide true estimates of the values of transmissivity and the coefficient of storage.

A steady‐state model of the Kufra and Sarir basins indicated a minimum of 80 m3/s of underflow entering from Tibesti, Chad and Sudan. A transient model was constructed to pump a total of 120 m3/s from 14 well fields. The simulation indicated that sufficient drawdown was available to last at least 50 years.
Salt‐Water Intrusion in the Nile Delta
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: March 2006

Egypt is presently involved in a comprehensive program of land reclamation. Surface water has already been exhausted in meeting the urgent needs of agricultural expansion. If irrigation efficiency were increased, large amounts of surface water would be saved. However, this entails complex social, technical and political problems outside the scope of this paper. Ground‐water development has priority over increasing irrigation efficiency (which would take a longer time).

This paper deals with identification of the intruded salt‐water wedge in the huge artesian Delta aquifer. The case is unique because most of this aquifer is invaded by salt water, and the major portion of its annual ground‐water recharge is derived from the direct seepage from the Nile River and the huge net of irrigation canals serving about 3 million acres (∼ 11,561 km2) of fertile land, as well as the infiltration of excess irrigation water. The annual overall ground‐water recharge to the aquifer was estimated as 6·40 km3/yr as explained later.

Methods of salt‐water control and various techniques of water resources management are discussed in this paper. Because of the great variation in the depth of the aquifer, two unconventional methods for identifying the salt‐water wedge are also presented.
The Noordbergum Effect and Characterization of Aquitards at the Rio Maior Mining Project
Authors: Rodrigues José Delgado
Published: March 2006

The planned exploitation of the Rio Maior lignite deposits will require a major dewatering program involving a thick leaky sand aquifer, and a heterogeneous and anisotropic aquitard complex. Diatomite, lignite, and clay are the main lithologies found in this aquitard complex. Characterization of the sand aquifer was accomplished by performing pumping tests with interpretations for steadystate and nonsteady‐state conditions. Aquitards were characterized by using both laboratory and field tests to determine hydraulic conductivity. Field methods were either those commonly adapted to leaky aquifers using water‐level data taken from observation wells tapping the underlying sand aquifer or those using water‐level data taken from piezometers located at the same distance from the pumping well and screened in the aquitard and in the aquifer. Field values of hydraulic conductivity are greater than laboratory values. In several piezometers the Noordbergum effect was observed during pumping tests. Redistribution of the loads originated by the pumping in the underlying sand aquifer is considered to be responsible for the reverse water‐level response in the overlying lignite‐diatomite complex. The Noordbergum effect has some influence in the application of the ratio method. On a practical basis, it seems reasonable to use the Noordbergum effect to compute drawdowns in the aquitards, and this leads to somewhat higher values for vertical hydraulic conductivities.
Pore‐Water Pressure in the Roof of an Underground Coal Mine in Illinois
Authors: Cartwright Keros , Hunt Cathy S. , Brower Ross D. , Nelson W. John
Published: March 2006

Most underground coal mines in Illinois are relatively dry despite their location in saturated rock lying hundreds of meters below the water table. This is probably due to the low permeabilities of the rock units associated with the coal seams. Little is known about how mines affect the groundwater system, so it is difficult to predict where a mine is likely to encounter an influx of ground water.

To obtain information on the hydrogeological character of the roof rocks, an array of piezometers was installed in roof‐bolt holes at two locations within an underground coal mine in central Illinois. Pressure vs. time measurements were obtained from piezometer arrays located in areas of the mine ranging from dry to wet conditions. Data collected from the piezometers indicate that water drainage from a saturated sandstone above the coal is largely controlled by local structural and stratigraphic features, and these features determine the distribution of wet and dry areas in the mine. Hydraulic conductivities of the sandstone were determined in the laboratory and in situ from drainage profiles and from tests of instantaneous head changes. Results of these tests indicated that dewatering in front of mining would not be successful in this mine.
Seepage from Oilfield Brine Disposal Ponds in Utah
Authors: Baker F. G. , Brendecke C. M.
Published: March 2006

Significant amounts of brine produced in conjunction with oil well operations in the Greater Altamont‐Bluebell field have been disposed of to surface impoundments. Mass balance calculations indicate that about 93% of this brine, a total of 4,430 acre‐feet (5·45 × 106 m3) over the ten‐year period studied, is lost through seepage, introducing a total salt load of 200 million pounds (90 × 106 kg) into the shallow aquifer system. Estimates of salt‐water plume movement indicate that potential adverse economic impacts on irrigators and other water users in the Duchesne River Valley could reach hundreds of thousands of dollars. Lining of disposal ponds and increased use of injection wells will reduce future contamination. A monitoring program should be set up to determine actual levels of contamination of domestic and agricultural water supplies.
Uses of Numerical Modeling in the Design and Licensing of Dewatering and Depressurizing Systems
Authors: Bair E. Scott , O'Donnell Timothy P.
Published: March 2006

Numerical models can be used to aid in the design and licensing of dewatering and depressurizing systems by simulating changes in hydraulic head produced by the interference patterns of various configurations and pumping rates of wells, wellpoints, or ejectors. The total quantity of water that must be pumped to achieve the desired objective can be approximated by modeling the inflow rate into a network of constant‐head nodes located around the perimeter of an excavation and assigning a hydraulic‐head value to these nodes equivalent to the average level to which the water table or potentiometric surface would be lowered by a dewatering or depressurizing system. As a result, it is possible to determine the decrease in the inflow rate as the flow system goes from the period of transient flow, when significant quantities of water are released from storage in unconfined aquifers and hydraulic gradients are steeper, to the period of steady‐state flow when no water is released from storage and hydraulic gradients are flatter. Based on the inflow rate data, simulations can be made showing the effectiveness of various pumping well configurations. In these simulations, the number, location, and pumping rates of wells can be varied to design a dewatering or depressurizing system that maximizes well interference and drawdown with a minimum number of wells. Decreases in the inflow rate during transient flow can be accounted for by adjusting well discharge rates during the transient flow period.

Simulation results can be used to determine the radius of influence of the system, calculate induced drawdown in nearby wells, determine the amount of time required for predrainage prior to construction, calculate the amount of induced infiltration from nearby surface‐water
Major Ion Characterization of Coastal Saline Ground Waters
Authors: Howard K.W.F. , Lloyd J. W.
Published: March 2006

The ages and origins of saline ground waters in coastal aquifers can be important indicators of local aquifer flow characteristics. Unfortunately, attempts to classify such waters using established trilinear diagram techniques are frequently inconclusive due largely to the dominance of sodium and chloride ions. In a study of saline ground waters from the Chalk limestone of eastern central England, an alternative, less conventional, dilution diagram procedure is employed which reveals previously unrecognized differences in local major ion chemical character. These differences are interpreted in terms of the origins of the saline ground waters and their histories of mixing. Significantly, the interpretations reinforce and, in some cases, refine earlier interpretations based on notably less extensive minor ion and environmental isotope data. It is concluded that the saline ground waters are associated with at least three periods of saline intrusion during the past 120,000 years.
Flow Pattern of a Karst Aquifer in the Molai Area, Greece
Authors: Ghikas Loannis Ch. , Kruseman Gideon P. , Leontiadis Loannis L. , Wozab David H.
Published: March 2006

After analysis of the geological, hydrological, hydrochemical, isotope, and pumping test data of the karst aquifer in the Mesozoic Tripolitza carbonates of the Molai area, it was concluded that the carbonates contain two flow systems. The western system discharges through the shore and submarine springs at Glyfada into the Gulf of Lakonia; its catchment, which has no exploitable reservoir, is connected to the springs by a narrow conduit related to a fracture zone in marbles that accompany the Molai fault. The eastern flow system, along the northern fringe of the Molai Plain, has a reservoir with acceptable (less than 120 m deep) pumping levels; its water quality, however, is variable. The system discharges, probably by dispersed seepage flow, into the Aegean Sea. The unusual characteristics of the karst in the Molai area can be explained by the continuous tectonic activity which has prevented the completion of various stages of karst development.
Ground Water for Oil‐Shale Development, Piceance Basin, Colorado
Authors: Alley William M.
Published: March 2006

Vast deposits of oil shale are contained in the Piceance basin in northwestern Colorado. The basin may contain as much as 40 million acre‐feet of stored water associated with these deposits, much of which may have to be drained for mining. Yet, most analyses of watersupply for oil‐shale development have focused on surface water with only brief mention of ground water.

This study used a synthetic streamflow model to investigate the effects of using conservative estimates of ground water on the required active storage capacity of a hypothetical reservoir on the White River. Results of the study indicate that use of ground water from mine drainage and/or auxiliary wells may have a significant impact on the size and timing of surface‐water reservoirs. Thus, ground water may be an important source of supply, particularly during early development of an oil‐shale industry. The study results strongly suggest that further investigations are needed on the physical availability of ground water as well as the institutional, legal and waterquality constraints on its use.
Steady Interface Upconing Beneath a Coastal Infiltration Gallery
Authors: Gupta A. Das
Published: March 2006

The upconing of the salt‐water interface in an unconfined coastal aquifer due to water withdrawal by an infiltration gallery is analyzed numerically based on the variational formulation of the problem. Sometimes in coastal areas, from the point of view of safe withdrawal of water on a long‐term basis, the use of an infiltration gallery is found to be feasible in preventing severe upconing of the interface that would have resulted from heavy pumpage by a vertical well. The numerical procedure presented here is capable of delineating profiles of the free surface and interface along with the length of the outflow face and quantity of freshwater flow to the sea. Full consideration of the nonlinear boundary conditions on the free surface and interface is included for a steady flow towards a gallery in both isotropic and anisotropic aquifers. The extent of upconing of the interface under different operating conditions of the gallery for different aquifer geometries has been studied. A general understanding of the flow phenomenon in the vicinity of the gallery has been established. The results of the analysis can be used to plan a water withdrawal scheme without causing contamination by salt water.
An Emergency Hydrogeologic Evaluation of a Chemical Dump Site
Authors: Reuter Greg J. , Saunders Wayne R. , Dalton Richard F. , Althoff William F.
Published: March 2006

In latter 1979, approximately 200 drums of assorted waste chemicals were dumped in a rural area of southern New Jersey. The spill site is underlain by a water‐table aquifer which is the source of potable water throughout the general area. Emergency response personnel of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) began a surface cleanup soon after the dumping, and requested Department geologists to investigate the dump site.

An integrated approach combining drilling and sampling, downhole logging, surface resistivity, ground‐water conductivity and laboratory analyses for the common organic solvents was used to promptly assess ground‐water contamination and the controlling hydrogeology. Using routine hydrogeologic techniques and standard field equipment, within four months the emergency spill had been assessed by Department geologists and the outlines of a ground‐water decontamination program were evident.
Pumping Effects of Wells in Fractured Granitic Terrain
Authors: Kohut A. P. , Foweraker J. C. , Johanson D. A. , Tradewell E. H. , Hodge W. S.
Published: March 2006

In two documented cases, pumping of large‐capacity, 13 to 16 l/s (200 to 250 USgpm) irrigation wells completed in fractured granodiorite of Jurassic age resulted in the occurrence of trough‐like cones of depression extending up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) away from the pumped wells. The longitudinal axes of the drawdown troughs developed along trends coinciding with areal intersections of the two prominent bedrock joint sets prevalent in the region and bisecting the angles between the sets. The drawdown troughs appear to extend preferentially away from the pumped wells in the general direction of increasing regional potentiometric head towards local recharge areas. Occurrence of this phenomenon indicates that fracture anisotropy in this terrain has a pronounced effect on the magnitude and direction of drawdown interference about a pumped well. To be effective, several monitor wells strategically placed may be required to adequately assess drawdown interference in crystalline terrain. Although large‐capacity wells may be effective in dewatering extended narrow zones in the granitic bedrock, several closely‐spaced pumping wells sited in series normal to the regional potentiometric gradient in conjunction with monitoring of peripheral observation wells are recommended as a first step in engineering situations where dewatering a large area of this type of fractured granitic body may be desired.
Updated Radioisotope Studies in Zimbabwean Ground Waters
Authors: Wurzel Peter
Published: March 2006

The Sabi Valley alluvial plain is the largest tract of alluvium in Zimbabwe. The ground‐water hydrology of the alluvial plain was studied by three independent methods: the classical approach of potentiometric surface construction and pump test analyses, the use of in‐borehole velocity and direction measurements with artificial radioactive isotopes applied to the point‐dilution techniques, and a natural and thermonuclear tritium survey.

The three methods of approach produce remarkably close values for the ground‐water throughflow within the plain. A safe yield figure of 2.5 cubic metres/sec is currently used with confidence for the ground‐water reservoir as a result of this study.
Velocity Plots and Capture Zones of Pumping Centers for Ground‐Water Investigationsa
Authors: Keely Joseph F. , Tsang Chin Fu
Published: March 2006

Nonpumping monitoring wells are commonly installed and sampled to delineate the extent of a contaminant plume and its chemical character. Samples from municipal and private pumping wells are frequently collected during ground‐water contamination investigations as well. Pumping wells are also employed for remedial actions.

To properly interpret sampling data from monitoring and pumping wells and to estimate their potential effectiveness in remedial actions, it is important to clearly define the geometry of that portion of the aquifer contributing water to the well (the capture zone). Velocity distribution plots by manual and computerized methods are illustrated and shown to be simple and of reasonable accuracy.
Experimental Study of Some Hydrogeophysical Properties of Unconsolidated Porous Media
Authors: Biella Giancarlo , Lozej Alfredo , Tabacco Ignazio
Published: March 2006

Laboratory investigations have been carried out on one‐ and two‐component artificial sand samples in order to estimate the relations between formation factor (F), porosity (φ), and permeability (K). The measurements were carried out by varying grain size and size distribution while keeping constant shape and packing; in our experimental conditions the measured formation factor approximated the intrinsic formation factor.

The relationship between formation factor and porosity (F = a ·φ−m) is independent of grain size and size distribution; the coefficient values are: a = 1·15, m = 1·42.

The relationship between permeability and formation factor has the general form K = r · F−s, where s is constant, and r is a function of the mean size d of the small component of the samples.

The K‐F relation can be established only if d is constant; in these conditions the relationship is an inverse one, and the negative trend is related to the variations in size distribution.
EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON POLIOVIRUS SURVIVAL IN GROUND WATER
Authors: Bitton G. , Pancorbo O. C. , Farrah S. R.
Published: March 2006

Abstract. Poliovirus survival was studied in ground water under hyperbaric pressures ranging from 500 to 4000 psi. It was found that, as compared to control samples incubated at atmospheric pressure, poliovirus was stable under hyperbaric pressures. The virus was, however, comparatively less stable in sea water subjected to 1000 psi pressure.
Major Procedural Discrepancies in Soil Extracted Nitrate Levels and Nitrogen Isotopic Values
Authors: Lindau Charles W. , Spalding Roy F.
Published: March 2006

Preliminary vadose zone nitrate extraction experiments have revealed the extractant (2N KCl) volume affects the determination of nitrate and its nitrogen isotope ratio.

In five cores, extractable NO3‐N concentrations increased an average of 1.7 times after the soil‐to‐extractant ratio was increased from 1:1 to 1:10. An increased extractant volume resulted in a large positive shift of stable nitrogen values (δ15N), which averaged +6.2%.

An underestimation of available NO3‐N for leaching and transport through the vadose zone and a biased source interpretation from the δ15N values probably would occur if a procedure which leads to incomplete extraction of nitrate is used.
Monitoring and Mathematical Modeling of Contaminated Ground‐Water Plumes in Fluvial Environments
Authors: Osiensky James L. , Winter Gerry V. , Williams Roy E.
Published: March 2006

Ground‐water monitoring to delineate a contaminant plume in fluvial hydrostratigraphic units often is uncertain. Fluvial deposits consist typically of interbedded layers of sands, silts and clays, with buried stream channel deposits of sands or gravels. The channel deposits are often interpreted erroneously to be discontinuous between test holes and in cross section due to their sinuosity. Erroneous conclusions pertaining to the areal continuity of these geometrically complex deposits are inevitable unless the investigator thoroughly understands the depositional environment(s).

The hydraulic conductivity of buried stream channel deposits may be several orders of magnitude higher than the matrix materials in which they are enclosed. The higher hydraulic conductivity of buried stream channel deposits has potentially significant ramifications with respect to ground‐water monitoring to delineate the geometry of a contaminant plume migrating through these deposits.

Ground‐water monitoring at uranium mill waste disposal sites located in fluvial environments began on a significant scale in about 1977. A uranium mill tailing disposal site located in such an environment in central Wyoming is among the first sites monitored. Thirty‐seven monitor wells were constructed at the site to delineate a seepage plume originating from one of the tailing ponds. This case history illustrates the need for a detailed under—standing of the hydrostratigraphy at a waste disposal site in order to interpret the meaning of ground‐water quality data effectively. Water quality data from monitor wells located on a hit or miss basis often are misleading. The hydrostratigraphic horizon from which a water quality sample is collected must be well defined before the sample analyses can be interpreted quantitatively.