bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Techniques in Rehabilitation of Core Stability Muscles among Patients with Mechanical Low Back Pain
Authors: Alarab Azzam , Shaheen Hamza
Published: August 2020

The study was designed to compare between the effect of strengthening exercises and mobilization techniques among patients with mechanical low back pain. Sixteen participants were included in this study, three patients for each group were excluded. They were classified into two groups. Group A, strengthening exercises, therapeutic massage, and group B, mobilization techniques, therapeutic massage. Each group had three sessions per week, for four weeks. The participants were assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).  Independent samples were collected, t-test was used to study the similarity of demographic data between groups, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to study the change between pre- and post-treatment. The Mann-Whitney test was used to study the comparison between the two treatments. The comparison revealed that for VAS there was a significant difference between groups in term of the strengthening exercises group (P >0.05). For ODI, there were no statically significant differences between groups (P <0.05), but the impact of both techniques suggests that strengthening exercises have a higher effect comparing to mobilization techniques on pain. The study indicated that the strengthening exercises were more effective than mobilization techniques on pain. And finally, the study revealed that there was no significant difference between both groups on ODI.
Preparing Law Students for the Future of Work, Technology, and Globalization
Authors: Ahmad Tashfeen
Published: August 2020

This paper aims to assist lecturers, universities, and their administrators in improving their law degrees. This is in the context of the future of work. This paper will reflect on how to tailor a law degree to improve the employability of students with this degree. This piece emerged as a viewpoint to identify best practices to prepare a law student for better employability. Significant benefits and opportunities can be unlocked if educators apply and incorporate the findings from this piece. Educators should rethink how they deliver law degrees, keeping in mind the emerging trends in their respective job markets. This paper offers insight into how to tailor an exciting law programme for the future of work.
Japanese Holly: A Host for Endomycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Wick Robert L. , Moore Laurence D.
Published: August 2020

Landscape-grown Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. ‘Helleri’) were found to be colonized by various endomycorrhizal fungi. Synthesis of Japanese holly endomycorrhizae with Glomus mosseae (Nicholson and Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, G. albidus Walker and Rhodes and other Glomus and Gigaspora spp. was accomplished under greenhouse conditions. The fungi inoculated to greenhouse-grown plants colonized roots exclusively intracellularly and produced vesicles and arbuscules typical of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Nitrogen Content of Helleri Holly as Influenced by Ambient Temperature and Nitrogen Fertilization Rate
Authors: Wright Robert D. , Blazich Frank A.
Published: August 2020

Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ were grown at 3 day/night temperature regimes 18°/14°, 14°/10° and 10°/6°C (64°/57°, 57°/50° and 50°/43°F) and 3 N rates, 10, 20, 80 ppm in a factorial arrangement. Total plant N increased over time at progressively higher rates as both temperature and N rate increased. Nitrogen rate had a greater influence on N accumulation than temperature and based upon the increase in percent N at the various N rates, a recommendation for timing fall fertilizer application is made.
Effects of Container Size and Transplanting Date on the Growth of Tree Seedlings
Authors: Appleton Bonnie Lee , Whitcomb Carl E.
Published: August 2020

Superior growth was obtained from deciduous and coniferous trees seeded into the largest volume propagation container. This effect remained evident through the second growing season for all species. In a second experiment, larger containers were in some cases better, but attempts to improve growth by means other than an increase in propagation volume proved futile. Earlier transplant dates were much less important than container size.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Use in Closed Structures
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Santlemann Paul W.
Published: August 2020

The herbicides Hyvar X (bromacil) WP, Pramitol (prometon) 5 PS and WP, Princep (simazine) WP and Karmex (diuron) WP were each applied at 3 rates to soil in closed structures with test plants held above the soil. Karmex (diuron) at the 11.25, 22.5 and 45 kg ai/ha (10, 20 and 40 lbs aia) rate did not damage 3 test species. Hyvar X (bromacil) at the 17 kg ai/ha rate (15 lbs aia) may also be safe. Pramitol (prometone) 5 PS or WP and Princep (simazine) damaged most test plants.
Effect of Localized Etiolation of Stock Plants on the Rooting of Rhododendron Cuttings
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Potter John R.
Published: August 2020

The basal portions (excluding leaves) of newly expanding shoots on stock plants of 11 Rhododendron cultivars were wrapped with aluminum foil to exclude light. After 11 to 14 weeks, cuttings were made by severing the shoots just above the base of the etiolated region. For 2 cultivars (‘Corsage’ and ‘Ramapo’), this localized etiolation of stock plants accelerated the development of adventitious roots and decreased the time to obtain well-rooted cuttings.
Leaf and Stem Cold Hardiness Estimates of Six Selections of Chinese Evergreen Oak over Two Winter Seasons
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Hierro Kassie Del
Published: August 2020

Two of six selections of Chinese evergreen oak (Quercus myrsinifolia Blume) were identified through laboratory cold hardiness estimations to possess more spring cold hardiness potential than the other selections tested. The leaves and stems of all selections had similar cold hardiness levels in the fall and midwinter. Data collected over two winter seasons revealed that leaves reached a cold hardiness level of − 15 to − 18°C (5 to 0°F) during the midwinter. The stems were slightly less cold hardy than the leaves and attained a cold hardiness level of − 12 to − 15°C (10 to 5°F). In the spring, however, the cold hardiness levels of the leaves of two of the selections were 5 to 9°C (9 to 16°F) more cold hardy than the other selections. while their stems were 6 to 9°C (11 to 16°F) more cold hardy than those of the other selections. The data indicated that these two selections of Chinese evergreen oak may be able to avoid injury when exposed to late spring frosts better than other selections included in the study.
Preemergent Weed Control in Container-grown Herbaceous and Woody Plants
Authors: Hood Larry R. , Klett James E.
Published: August 2020

Six herbicides were applied to four woody and two herbaceous plant species to evaluate weed control effectiveness, effect on plant growth and phytotoxicity level. Surflan (Oryzalin) at 2.3, 4.5, 6.8 kg ai/ha (2, 4, 6 lb ai/A), Devrinol (Napropamide) at 5.5, 9.1, 13.6 kg ai/ha (4, 8, 12 lb ai/A) and Dual (Metolachlor), Rout (Oxyfluorfen + Oryzalin) and Snapshot (Isoxaben + Oryzalin) at 3.4, 6.8, 10.2 kg ai/ha (3, 6, 9 lb ai/A) were applied to container-grown Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) (green ash) and Betula pendula (Roth.) (European white birch). Additionally, Surflan at 2.3, 4.5 kg ai/ha (2, 4, lb ai/A), Ronstar (Oxadiazon) and Devrinol at 5.52, 9.1 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A), Dual and Rout at 3.4, 6.8 kg ai/ha (3, 6 lb ai/A) were applied to container-grown Acer tataricum L. (Tatarian maple), Philadelphus virginalis L. (virginal mock orange), Hemerocallis L. sp. (daylily) and Clematis recta L. (clematis). Weed seed sown in both experiments included: Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail), Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass), Stellaria media (L.) Vill (common chickweed), Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medic (shepherdspurse) and Senecio vulgaris L. (common groundsel).

Plants were grown in 2.5 1 (# 1) black plastic containers in a medium of sandy loam topsoil, plaster sand and sphagnum peat (1:1:1 by vol). Good weed control occurred in most cases with all herbicides except Devrinol and Dual. No visual foliage injury occurred in any treatment but significant growth reduction was observed with the 10.2 kg ai/ha (9 lb ai/A) rate of Snapshot with Betula pendula (white birch). Growth reduction of tatarian maple was also observed with 6.8 kg ai/ha (6 lb ai/A) rate of Dual and 4.52 kg ai/ha (4 lb ai/A) rate of Surflan.
Calcium and Magnesium Nutrition of Containerized Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Coral Beauty’
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R. , Cairns Kenneth G.
Published: August 2020

Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Coral Beauty’ C.K. Schneid. were grown in a peat:perlite:sand container medium amended with either 4.8 kg/m3 (8 lb/yd3) dolomite, or combinations of CaSO4 and MgCO3 providing medium concentrations of 0.l, 0.5, 0.9, l.4 or 1. 8 kg/m3 (0.2, 0.9, 1.5, 2.4, 3.0 lb/yd3) Ca or Mg. Plant growth was greatest in plants grown with dolomite at the end of 4 months. At low [0.1 or 0.5 kg/m3 (0.2 or 0.9 lb/yd3)] Ca medium concentrations, growth was reduced as Mg medium concentration increased above 0.5 kg/m3 (0.9 lb/yd3). There were smaller adverse effects on dry weight as Ca medium concentration increased above 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) at low [0.1 or 0.5 kg/m3 (0.2 or 0.9 lb/yd3)] Mg. The smallest plants were associated with foliar Ca:Mg ratios less than 1 and, to a lesser extent, greater than 5.
Arcillite: Effect on Chemical and Physical Properties of Pine Bark Substrate and Plant Growth
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E.
Published: August 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of arcillite, a calcined montmorillonite and illite clay, on the physical and chemical properties of a pine bark growth substrate and plant growth. To accomplish this, Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’ and Rhododendron sp. ‘Sunglow’ were potted into pine bark substrate amended with 0, 27, 54, 67 or 81 kg/m3 (0, 45, 90, 112 or 136 lbs/yd3) arcillite. Plants were irrigated every l, 2, or 4 days. Container capacity, available water, and bulk density increased with increasing arcillite rate. Air space decreased with increasing arcillite rate. Total porosity and unavailable water were not affected by arcillite. Substrate NH4, NO3, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations increased with decreasing irrigation frequency. Substrate NH4, P, and K concentrations increased with increasing arcillite rate suggesting that arcillite improved retention within the container substrate. Azalea ‘Sunglow’ shoot dry weight decreased linearly with decreasing irrigation frequency and increased curvilinearly with increasing arcillite with maximum dry weight occurring at 67 kg/m3 (l12 lbs/yd2). Cotoneaster ‘Skogholm’ shoot dry weight increased linearly with increasing arcillite rate at 2 and 4 day irrigations and curvilinearly at 1 day irrigation with maximum weight at 67 kg/m3 (112 lbs/yd2).
Use of in vitro Cultures of Daphne cneorum L. for the Western Detection of Daphne Virus X
Authors: Wei C. , Green M.J. , Godkin S.E. , Monette P.L.
Published: August 2020

In vitro cultures of Daphne cneorum L. were successfully used as test samples for the detection of the viral coat protein of daphne virus X (DVX) by Western analysis. This powerful serological technique could thus be used where viral antigen concentrations may be very low, such as in the early screening of in vitro-cultured “heat therapy” tips from virus elimination programs. Western analysis was conducted on randomly selected D. cneorum plants from a commercial nursery and on in vitro cultures from a commercial micropropagation lab. All the plants and cultures tested were DVX-infected, supporting the view that this ornamental shrub may be universally infected with DVX.
Suitability of Five Horticulturally Important Armored Scale Insects as Hosts for an Exotic Predaceous Lady Beetle1
Authors: Bull Brenda C. , Raupp Michael J. , Hardin Mark R. , Sadof Clifford S.
Published: August 2020

Chilocorus kuwanae (Sylvestri) was imported from Korea to the United States for release against the euonymus scale (Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)). Field observations suggest that C. kuwanae feeds on a number of other armored scale insects, including white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targionni-Tozzeti)) and obscure scale (Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)). However, such observations have not been rigorously examined under controlled conditions. Our laboratory investigations indicate that C. kuwanae survives and reproduces well on San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)), in addition to euonymus scale. Fecundity was reduced in adults fed white peach scale. Few larvae survived to adulthood when fed oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii (Bouche)). Adults failed to reproduce on obscure scale; none of the larvae fed this host survived to the pupal stage.
Olivine: A Potential Magnesium Source for Container Production
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Shelton James E.
Published: August 2020

Fraser photinia, ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper and ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea were grown in pine bark amended with a factorial combination of five rates (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 kg/m3) (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 lbs/yd3) of olivine, a magnesium ortho silicate containing 27% Mg and four particle sizes of olivine. Calcium carbonate (38% Ca) at 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) was incorporated into all olivine treatments. A separate treatment utilizing 4.2 kg/m3 (7 lbs/yd3) dolomitic limestone (22% Ca, 11% Mg) was also included to serve as a comparison to dolomitic limestone. In general, Mg concentration in the media increased with increasing olivine rate and decreasing particle size. Media P, K and Ca concentration and pH were not affected by olivine rate or particle size, nor were they significantly different from the treatment containing dolomitic limestone. Foliar Mg increased with increasing olivine rate in all species. Foliar K decreased with increasing olivine rate for ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia. Top dry weight of ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper was not affected by olivine rate or particle size while top dry weight of ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia increased quadratically with increasing olivine rate, with the maximum occurring at 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lbs/yd3) and 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd3), respectively. These maximum top dry weights were significantly heavier than plants grown with dolomitic limestone.
Rooting Performance of Hardwood Stem Cuttings from Herbicide-treated Nursery Stock Plants
Authors: Catanzaro C. J. , Skroch W. A. , Henry P. H.
Published: August 2020

Bed-grown nursery stock was treated with preemergence herbicides semiannually for 3 years at maximum label use rates. Herbicides included Devrinol, Pennant, Ronstar, Southern Weedgrass Control, Surflan, Treflan, Ornamental Herbicide 2, Rout, and XL. Hardwood cuttings were taken after two and four herbicide applications (‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly), or after two and six applications (shore juniper, Pfitzer juniper, glossy privet). Herbicides did not affect rooting of cuttings or growth of stock plants of the taxa tested.
Propagation Container Size and Duration to Transplant on Growth of Two Ilex Species
Authors: Knight Patricia R. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H. , Tilt Kenneth M.
Published: August 2020

Stem cuttings of Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’ and Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ were direct stuck into cell packs [31 cm3 (2 in3)], rose pots [221 cm3 (14 in3)], quart pots [1048 cm3 (64 in3)], or #1 containers [2975 cm3 (182 in3)]. Cell pack, rose pot, and quart pot liners were transplanted 9 or 20 weeks later into #1 containers. Shoot growth and root distribution were influenced by container size and transplant time. When transplanted at 9 weeks after sticking, plants propagated in smaller container sizes (cell packs and rose pots) had similar root growth outside a quart container volume compared to plants propagated in larger container sizes (quart pots and #1 containers) 28.5 weeks after initial sticking. Plants propagated in cell packs and rose pots and transplanted into #1 containers 20 weeks after sticking had fewer new shoots and lower new shoot dry weights compared to plants propagated in quart containers and transplanted at either 9 or 20 weeks. Plants propagated in quart pots were similar in size regardless of transplant date.
Response of Tall Fescue to Plant Growth Regulators and Mowing Frequencies
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: August 2020

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinace Schred.) produces rapid growth during a 6- to 8-week period in early spring. A field experiment was initiated on tall fescue to determine the number of mowings that can be eliminated by the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) during this rapid growth period. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 lb/A) mid-March suppressed vegetative growth for 3 to 5 weeks and eliminated 3 mowings during the first 5 weeks after treatment during 1990 and 1991 and eliminated 2 mowings during 1993. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at this rate did not reduce the quality and density of tall fescue below the acceptable level. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.8 kg/ha (0.72 lb/A) eliminated 1 additional mowing during the 5 weeks after treatment in 2 of 3 years when compared with the 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 lb/A) rate. However, turf quality was consistently lower for 6 to 7 weeks after the tall fescue was treated with the 0.8 kg/ha (0.72 lb/A) rate. Embark (mefluidide) applied at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 lb/A) performed similarly to Primo (CGA 163935), except the quality and density of the turf were reduced below the acceptable level at various times during the study. There was no advantage in the use of Cutless (flurprimidol) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.12 lb/A) or paclobutrazole (PP 333) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.12 lb/A) on suppressing vegetative growth of tall fescue when compared with Embark (mefluidide) at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 lb/A) alone. Neither Limit (amidochlor) at 2.8 kg/ha (2.5 lb/A) nor paclobutrazol (PP 333) at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A) suppressed vegetative growth as effectively as Primo (CGA 163935) or Embark (mefluidide).
Micropropagation of Pieris floribunda
Authors: Starrett Mark C. , Blazich Frank A. , Acedo Juan R. , Warren Stuart L.
Published: August 2020

Shoot tips excised from actively growing stock plants of Pieris floribunda (Pursh ex Sims) Benth. and Hook. (mountain andromeda) in the adult growth phase, were surface disinfested, the terminal portions removed (decapitated), and the shoots placed horizontally on agar-solidified Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 8 ppm 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine (2iP), 80 ppm adenine hemisulfate, and 200 ppm NaH2PO4. Within 1 month, multiple shoot formation began and axillary shoots were excised from the original explants. These shoots were decapitated and placed on WPM with the aforementioned supplements. After 3 subcultures and 3 transfers (6 months), eight-node axillary shoots were excised, decapitated, and cultured on agar-solidified WPM supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 ppm 2iP. The greatest number of microcuttings ≥ 20 mm (0.8 in) having low hyperhydricity and moderate dry weight was produced at 4 ppm 2iP. Attempts at ex vitro rooting were unsuccessful and rooting was accomplished in vitro. In vitro rooting of microcuttings was optimal (75% rooting) when placed in WPM containing 15 ppm of the potassium (K) salt of 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) for 10 days followed by transfer to WPM lacking K-IBA. Rooted microcuttings were placed in a plug tray containing a sterile medium of 1 peat: 1 vermiculite (v/v) and transferred to high humidity (> 80% RH) for acclimatization. After 2 weeks under high humidity, plantlets were transferred to a glasshouse resulting in 49% survival.
Responses Of Eight Groundcover Species To Renovation By Mowing
Authors: Hodel D.R. , Pittenger D.R.
Published: August 2020

Eight species of groundcovers commonly used in the southwestern United States were subjected to renovation by mowing during a 2-year study: red apple, coyote bush, pink iceplant, trailing lantana, prostrate myoporum, trailing African daisy, dwarf rosemary and garden verbena. Plant response was evaluated monthly in terms of total height, thickness of thatch, density, and overall appearance. Six species responded favorably to mowing at a height of 10 cm (4 in) in that thatch and height were significantly reduced for up to several months with only a brief loss in aesthetic quality. Coyote bush, trailing lantana, prostrate myoporum and garden verbena responded well to March mowings, while pink iceplant and trailing African daisy responded well to June mowings. In the two species that did not respond favorably (red apple and dwarf rosemary), the 10 cm (4 in) mowing treatment significantly reduced thatch and height but their aesthetic quality and density were reduced to unacceptable levels for several months. These findings provide landscape managers, architects and designers with specific information needed to conduct effective, minimum input maintenance programs.
Consumer Marketing Preferences for Nursery Stock
Authors: Khatamian Houchang , Stevens Alan
Published: August 2020

Consumer preferences as influenced by type of packaging, size of container, and price when purchasing landscape/nursery plants were determined. From February to May 1991, nearly 1,100 questionnaires were completed through personal on-site interviews conducted at flower/garden shows and traditional garden centers. Consumers preferred by almost a two to one margin to purchase trees as balled & burlapped stock and by almost a three to one margin, to purchase shrubs in containers. Over 90% of respondants normally purchased nursery plants from garden centers where they make 60% of their plant purchases. Almost half, 48.6% of these same respondants also purchased nursery plants from discount stores where they made 22.8% of their plant purchases. In 1990, 45% of those surveyed spent $100–500 for nursery stock. Respondants were willing to spend an average of $98 on a single tree. The most important factors in purchasing nursery stock were plant quality, availability of professional help, and plant selection. Plant cost and size were less important.
Effect of Irrigation on Crabapple Growth and Water Relations During Field Production with In-Ground Fabric Containers
Authors: Kjelgren R. , Spihlman C. , Cleveland B.R.
Published: August 2020

Growth and water relations of irrigated and non-irrigated Malus sieboldii var. zumi produced with and without in-ground fabric containers in a field-nursery setting were investigated. Predawn and midday leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance were measured periodically through the season, and trunk increment, leaf area, root growth, and osmotic potential were measured in late season. Water potential became more negative and stomatal conductance decreased in non-irrigated treatments during an extended mid-summer drought that resulted in less trunk diameter growth and leaf area. Trees grown in fabric-containers, both irrigated and non-irrigated, exhibited no detectable differences in water relations over the season. These trees did have fewer roots and less leaf area than the trees grown without fabric containers, indicating that in-ground fabric containers can limit growth even when irrigated. Non-irrigated trees in fabric containers were nonetheless affected by water stress as they had the least trunk growth and most negative osmotic potential of all treatments. Careful management practices would suggest increased irrigation frequency during production with in-ground fabric containers to avoid water stress.
Evaluation of Eight Species of Cornus for Resistance to Dogwood Anthracnose
Authors: Sherald James L. , Stidham Tammy M. , Roberts Libby E.
Published: August 2020

Eight species and one cultivar of Cornus: C. florida L. (flowering dogwood), C. kousa (Buerger ex Miquel) Hance (Chinese dogwood), C. alba L. (Siberian dogwood), C. alternifolia L. (pagoda dogwood), C. sericea L. (red-osier dogwood), C. sericea ‘Flaviramea’ (yellow twig dogwood), C. racemosa Lam. (gray stem dogwood), C. amomum Mill, (silky dogwood), and C. mas L. (Cornelian cherry) were subjected to natural infection by Discula destructiva for two or three years. The area of exposure exhibited a 35% increase in mortality of native C. florida over a four year period. Only the eight C. florida test plants developed dogwood anthracnose symptoms and six of these plants died after three years. All other species remained free of dogwood anthracnose. Under more severe disease conditions other Cornus species may develop dogwood anthracnose. Ideally, resistance testing should be performed under laboratory or greenhouse conditions where inoculum and environmental conditions can be controlled.
Increasing Branching of Landscape Pear Trees With Promalin and Dikegulac-sodium
Authors: Jacyna Tadeusz , Starbuck Christopher J. , Ellersiek Mark R.
Published: August 2020

One-year-old trees of Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’, ‘Aristocrat’ and ‘Redspire’ on ‘OHF 97’ rootstock were treated in a nursery with foliar sprays of Promalin at 750 or 1500 ppm ai or dikegulac-sodium (Atrimmec) at 1440 or 2880 ppm ai in June 1989. Untreated trees of the three pear cultivars averaged less than one branch per tree at the end of the season, while ‘Bradford’ and ‘Aristocrat’ treated with Promalin at either concentration averaged over 10 and ‘Redspire’ averaged 9. Dikegulac promoted branching of all cultivars however, unlike Promalin, reduced tree height and resulted in visibly narrower branching angles.
Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Cleveland Brenda
Published: August 2020

Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.
Plant Growth and NOx-N in Leachate from Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Camille’
Authors: Conover C.A. , Satterthwaite L.N. , Poole R.T.
Published: August 2020

Dieffenbachia ‘Camille’ liners were planted and grown until “ready-for-market” in 1.6 liter pots containing Vergro Container Mix A without superphosphate. Plants were fertilized (FR) using 4, 8, 12, or 16 g 19N-2.6P-10K (0.14, 0.28, 0.42 or 0.56 oz 19–6–12) Osmocote 3-month release formula and were irrigated (IF) one, two or three times per week. Experiments were conducted during cooler months (20 weeks, January–May) and also during warmer months (13 weeks, June–September). Medium leachate samples were collected weekly for the duration of each experiment. Plant grade and top fresh weight (growth parameters) during the winter responded to an interaction between treatments (FR × IF). During the summer experiment, growth parameters were affected only by IF and were greatest at 3 irrigations per week. Weekly leachate characteristics (pH and electrical conductivity [EC], and P, NH4-N and NOx-N content) were affected only by FR, with increased fertilizer generally resulting in leachate with decreased pH and increased EC and increased P, NH4-N and NOx-N concentrations, in both winter and summer with the exceptions during the winter of P which increased with either an increase in FR or IF and of NOx-N which also increased with increased IF. Interaction occurred between FR and IF for total mg P leached during each experiment and for total mg NOx-N leached during the 20 week experiment, while total mg NOx-N leached during the 13 week experiment and total mg NH4-N leached in each experiment were affected only by FR.
Use of Paclobutrazol to Regulate Shoot Growth and Flower Development of ‘Roseum Elegans’ Rhododendron
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. , Bir Richard E. , Conner Joseph L. , Whitman Everett P.
Published: August 2020

‘Roseum Elegans’ rhododendron (Rhododendron sp. L.) were grown in 2.5 1 (#1) containers and treated with foliar sprays of 50, 100, and 200 ppm or root-zone drenches of 2.5 (0.89), 5.0 (1.78), 10.0 (3.55), and 20.0 (7.10) ppm (mg ai/plant) of paclobutrazol immediately following completion of the first flush of annual shoot growth. Shoot lengths of the subsequent growth flush following treatment were decreased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as either a drench or foliar spray. Drenches were more effective in suppressing shoot length with less active ingredient than were foliar sprays. The number of flower buds per plant increased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as a drench but not as a foliar spray. The highest drench rate resulted in 8.0 flower buds/plant, a 240% increase over non-treated plants. No phytotoxicity was observed from any of the treatments; however, inflorescence diameter, measured the year following treatment, was slightly (<1.1 cm, <7.5%) reduced with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as a drench. Flowering duration, the period from bud break to abscision of the last flower, increased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol for both application methods with a maximum increase of 5.6 days for the highest drench treatment. Length of shoot growth the year following treatment was reduced by as much as 33% with increasing paclobutrazol rates when applied as a drench but not as a foliar spray.
Wildflower Establishment in Seedbeds Created from an Industrial Co-product and Co-composted Municipal Waste
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Smith W. Gary. , Frett John J. , Devenney David
Published: August 2020

Ten cm (4 in) deep synthetic seedbeds created from co-composted municipal waste (CCMW), an industrial co-product (Iron-Rich material, IRM), CCMW:IRM (1:1, by vol), and surface tilled (2.5 cm; 1 in) soil were compared for establishment and growth of seven wildflower species. The IRM seedbed resulted in increased seedling emergence compared to other seedbeds. Percentage and rate of seedling emergence were similar in soil and CCMW:IRM seedbeds, but seedling shoot dry weight was greater in CCMW:IRM. By 400 days after planting, both IRM and CCMW:IRM seedbeds supported similar wildflower populations (200% and 490% greater than soil and CCMW seedbeds, respectively), but the population density of the wildflower species was more uniform in CCMW:IRM. Shoot dry weights per meter2 (10.8 ft2) at 400 days after planting were similar in all seedbeds.
Cyclic Sprinkler Irrigation and Pre-irrigation Substrate Water Content Affect Water and N Leaching from Containers
Authors: Karam Nabila S. , Niemiera Alexander X.
Published: August 2020

A series of sprinkler irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the influences of water application rate (WAR), pre-irrigation substrate water content (PSWC), and cyclic irrigation on water and N leaching from container-grown plants. Prior to experiments, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Apollo’), were glass house-grown in pine bark-filled 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. Prior to treatment, substrate was dried via evapotranspiration (ET) to targeted PSWCs. A simulated overhead irrigation system applied the daily water allotment in a single continuous application or cyclically (multiple applications); in most cases the respective ET volumes were applied to the substrate. Water application efficiency (WAE; water vol retained in substrate + water vol applied to substrate) was determined, and in some experiments, leachates were analyzed for EC, NO3-N and NH4-N. A negative linear relationship existed between WAR and WAE. Leachate NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations were unaffected by WAR, however, total N leached increased with increasing WAR. WAE of cyclic irrigation was 4% higher (absolute basis) than with continuous irrigation; WAE increased as the time interval between cyclic applications increased from 20 to 60 min. Regardless of how water was applied, WAE was inversely related to PSWC and application volume. These experiments showed that the most effective method to increase WAE is to irrigate at relatively low PSWCs; if irrigation occurs at relatively high PSWCs, then relatively low volumes should be applied.
Effect of Drought and Phenological Stage at Transplanting on Root Hydraulic Conductivity, Growth Indices, and Photosynthesis of Turkish Hazelnut
Authors: Roger Harris J. , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: August 2020

A single drought episode was applied to two groups of container-grown Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) seedlings which had concomitantly reached distinct phenological stages; 1) buds opening and no new root growth visible and 2) shoot extension well underway and new root growth just beginning. Two days after rewetting, root hydraulic conductivity was lower for plants exposed to drought, but there was no phenological stage effect. No differences in root hydraulic conductivity were apparent among well-watered plants of stage 1, 2 and a third stage, 3) shoot extension complete (buds set) and root growth well underway. Twenty five days after return to daily irrigation, those plants subjected to the drying treatment had smaller diameter trunks, but total plant height and dry weight of root-balls were similar. No differences in photosynthetic rate or stomatal conductance were evident 25 days after transplanting.
Clonal Stability of RAPD Markers in Three Rhododendron Species
Authors: Javed Iqbal M. , Paden D. W. , Lane Rayburn A.
Published: August 2020

Amplification profiles produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA sequences (RAPD) have the potential for species and cultivar identification. Since most rhododendron plants are vegetatively propagated, it is imperative that RAPD profiles be stable during this propagation. Three species of rhododendron, Rhododendron arborescens, R. atlanticum and R. yedoense var. poukhanense were used to produce species specific amplification profiles. Stability of amplification profiles among individually cloned plants of each species were studied. Ten plants of R. atlanticum, 9 of R. arborescens, and 10 of R. yedoense var. poukhanense were studied with 10 random primers. No polymorphism was observed among individual plants of R. atlanticum and R. arborescens with all the primers. The amplification product of one plant of R. yedoense var. poukhanense showed a difference of one band with one primer. The rest of the profiles with 9 primers were identical in all plants of this species. In order to ascertain that RAPD markers can indeed reveal real genetic differences among plants, F2 plants of two hybrids were analyzed. In contrast to the clonally propagated plants, extensive polymorphisms were observed among the individual F2 plants. Thus, RAPD analysis can be used to detect genetic variability. This stability of RAPD profiles in clonally propagated rhododendron indicates the usefulness of these markers in plant identification.
Effects of Regenerant Wastewater Irrigation on Growth and Ion Uptake of Landscape Plants
Authors: Wu Lin , Chen Janquo , Lin Hong , Van Mantgem Phillip , Ali Harivandi M. , Harding Janies A.
Published: August 2020

The effects of regenerant wastewater irrigation and high concentrations of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Cl− on growth and ion uptake of nine species of landscape plants were studied. Significant differences in chloride tolerance were detected among the species. Generally, the species that had greater uptake of chloride grew less than species that took up less amounts of chloride. Lace fern (Athyrium filix-femina Roth.) had the highest tissue chlorine (Cl) concentration and was the most affected. Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) also had high tissue Cl concentration, but showed no growth reduction. Its tolerance was attributable to a high tissue calcium (Ca) concentration. The data suggest that in the species tested, higher tissue Ca concentrations were positively correlated with plant tolerance to Cl. Overall, the CL− concentration in the wastewater seems to be the factor most likely to create problems for the landscape plants. However, severe negative effects will probably be noticed only for very sensitive plant species, but it is important to determine this before applying regenerant irrigation water.
Effect of Medium Physical Support, Shoot Length and Genotype on In Vitro Rooting and Plantlet Morphology of Sweetgum
Authors: Lin Xiaohong , Bergmann Ben A. , Stomp Anne-Marie
Published: August 2020

Adventitious shoots (1 cm and 2 cm long) from 10 clones of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were rooted on rockwool-supported Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and agar-solidified WPM in vitro. Shoots on rockwool-supported WPM had higher rooting frequency, shoot elongation, and leaf chlorophyll content than those on agar-solidified WPM. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that rockwool supplies more oxygen to the rooting zone. Taller shoots had significantly greater rooting frequency, more shoot elongation, and larger average area per leaf than shorter shoots. Genotype significantly influenced rooting frequency, shoot elongation, average area per leaf, chlorophyll content, and shoot fresh weight. An in vitro auxin pretreatment significantly increased rooting frequency over shoots grown on either agar-solidified or rockwool-supported WPM without auxin.
Tolerance of Containerized Landscape Plants to the Postemergence Herbicides Stinger, Manage and Basagran
Authors: Bachman Gary , Wilson Chris , Whitwell Ted
Published: August 2020

Stinger (clopyralid), Manage (MON 12051) and Basagran (bentazon) postemergence applications were evaluated for phytotoxicity on five species of landscape plants grown in containers. Stinger (clopyralid) was less injurious than Manage (MON 12051). Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) was injured from Stinger (clopyralid) application 3 and 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Manage (MON 12051) caused foliar damage to Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) (1992), Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) (1992 and 1993), and Dwarf Japanese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis procumbens Endl. ‘Nana’) (1993) at 3 and 6 WAT. Foliar applications of Basagran (bentazon) injured Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) in 1992 and Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) in both years. Manage (MON 12051) reduced the growth of Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) in both years. Hetzi Blue (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Hetzi Glauca’) growth index was reduced by Manage (MON 12051) in 1992. Stinger (clopyralid) reduced the growth of Dwarf Japanese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis procumbens Endl. ‘Nana’) at the highest rate in 1992. Parsons (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Parsoni’) and Blue Pacific (Juniperus conferta Parl. ‘Blue Pacific’) junipers were not affected by these herbicides in this study.
Differential Susceptibility of Six Euonymus Species and Cultivars to Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Authors: Jefferson David K. , Schultz Peter B.
Published: August 2020

The susceptibility of Euonymus species and cultivars to infestation by euonymus scale was studied in both field-grown and container plants. Significantly lower levels of euonymus scale were observed on Euonymus kiautschovicus ‘Manhattan’, E. japonicus, and E. fortunei in the field studies. In contrast, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ and E. japonicus ‘Microphyllus’ had the highest infestation levels, indicating greatersusceptibility to euonymus scale. In container studies, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ was the most susceptible of the species and cultivars; however, none of the remaining 5 differed significantly from one another
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Recovery of Container-Grown Red Oak and Blackgum Seedlings Under Different Fertilizer Application Methods
Authors: Struve Daniel K.
Published: August 2020

Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica L.) seedlings were grown under five fertilizer application methods: 60 or 30 g slow release fertilizer (21N-1.8P-8.3K: Woodace 21-4-10) with a daily application of 3.8 liters of 25 mg/liter N from a water soluble fertilizer (15N-6.9P-14.1K: 15-16-17 Peter's) or not, or 3.8 liters daily application of 25 mg/liter N from a water soluble fertilizer. The largest red oak and blackgum seedlings were grown under a combination of water soluble plus 60 g slow release fertilizer. Red oak N, P and K recovery rates ranged from 4.1 to 8.6%, 4.5 to 8.8% and 4.2 to 16.5%, respectively. Blackgum N, P and K recovery rates ranged from 12.1 to 19.2%, 15.5 to 23.6% and 13.7 to 37.8%. Plant growth (both dry weight and height) was more highly correlated with total plant nutrient content (mg N/plant) than with whole plant nutrient concentration (mg N/g dry weight), except for K in blackgum seedlings. The results suggest that red oak and blackgum seedling N and P nutritional status is more accurately predicted by plant height or dry weight than by tissue concentration.
Influence of Spacing on Yield of Buddleia and Salix Grown as Cut Flowers and Stems
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Dirr M. A.
Published: August 2020

Plants of Buddleia davidii ‘Black Knight’ were planted on 165, 80 or 45 cm (5.5, 3 or 1.5 ft) centers in September 1991 and plants of Salix alba ‘Britzensis’, Salix × erythroflexuosa ‘Scarlet Curls’ and Salix chaenomeloides were planted on 90, 60 or 30 cm (3, 2 and 1 ft) centers in April 1991. Stems of all taxa were harvested for three years. The number of harvested stems per plant decreased but the number of stems/m2 increased with increasing plant density in all taxa. No significant differences in stem length or stem diameter occurred except with Salix alba ‘Britzensis’ in which the longest stems occurred at the highest density, regardless of year of harvest.
Light Intensity and Drought Stress as Predisposition Factors for Dogwood Anthracnose
Authors: Erbaugh Dan K. , Windham Mark T. , Stodola Ann J.W. , Augé Robert M.
Published: August 2020

Light and drought stress were studied as predisposition factors for dogwood anthracnose. Disease progression was recorded as a percentage of leaves with lesions in two-year-old potted dogwood trees (Cornus florida L.) that had been inoculated with dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin sp. nov.) and subjected to four light (100%, 50%, 10% and 2% ambient light) and two drought treatments. Natural vs.artificial inoculation methods were compared and found to have similar effects on disease severity. Shade increased disease severity; maximum disease progression values for trees in thoroughly watered treatments were about 5% at 100% light and 50% light, 35% at 10% light, and 26% at 2% light. Drought increased disease severity on all shaded trees, where disease progression increased 625% in 50% light, 43% in 10% light and 31% in 2% light, compared to 100% light. Drought had no effect on disease severity of unshaded trees.
Bare Root Shade Tree Whip Production in Containers
Authors: Struve Daniel K.
Published: August 2020

A production system for producing bare root shade tree whips in containers is described. First year growth, transplant survival and regrowth of eight taxa were studied. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings grown in 2:2:1, 2:1:2 or 3:1:1 sand:Comtil (composted municipal sewage sludge):Isolite (by vol) bare root media had first year height growth (100 cm, approximately 40 in) similar to seedlings grown in a 3:0.5:0.5:1 pine bark:peat moss:Comtil:sand medium (by vol). In a 2:2:1 sand:Comtil:Isolite (by vol) medium, red oak seedling height growth was greatest when 60 g (2.1 oz) slow release fertilizer was applied per container. Red oak seedlings were easily bare-rooted by hand shaking the sand:Comtil:Isolite media from the root systems. The root systems of all the taxa were fibrous and had many intact root tips. Red oak seedlings could be successfully transplanted in fall or spring. Six of the eight taxa studied, all except blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.), could be successfully overwintered bare root in refrigerated storage. When spring transplanted to containers, survival averaged over 90% second season height growth increased over 60 cm (24 in).
Identification of Genetic Diversity among Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum Introductions
Authors: Gawel Nick J. , Johnson G.R. , Sauve R.
Published: August 2020

Loropetalum chinense (R.Br.) Olivo is an Asiatic evergreen shrub with many desirable landscape characteristics. It is fast-growing, tolerant to disease and insects, and produces an abundance of attractive flowers. Recently, the horticultural community has shown an increased interest in the species since several pink-flowering selections (L. chinense var. rubrum) have become available. Due to the relatively rapid introduction and commercialization of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, there has been some confusion concerning the identity and distinctness of cultivars. This research used Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) to examine the genetic diversity of 14 L. chinense var. rubrum accessions, and 2 accessions of L. chinense. Results indicate the presence of 4 groupings among the introductions, with many ofthe introductions having at least 1 or 2 other closely related selections. Most named introductions were closely related to other unnamed introductions.
Paclobutrazol Optimizes Leaf Size, Vine Length and Plant Grade of Golden Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) on Totems
Authors: Conover C. A. , Satterthwaite L. N.
Published: August 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine a Bonzi (0.4% paclobutrazol) rate that would optimize leaf size, vine length and plant quality of golden pothos [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) Bunt.] on totem poles in 20 cm (3.4 liter) pots. In Experiment 1, six rooted pothos cuttings were transplanted around a totem and fertilized with 10 g of 19N–2.6P–10K (0.35 oz 19–6–12) Osmocote. After one week, each pot was treated with a 250 ml (8.5 fl oz) drench of water containing Bonzi at 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 mg a.i. (paclobutrazol). Four mg of paclobutrazol per pot yielded the most desirable plants, based on average leaf size, vine length and plant grade. Experiment 2 was designed to refine the paclobutrazol application rate. Ten rooted cuttings of pothos were transplanted around a totem and fertilized at 10 g 19N–2.6P–10K (19–6–12) Osmocote. After one week, each pot was treated with a 100 ml drench of water containing paclobutrazol at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 4.0, 5.3, 6.6, or 7.9 mg. Paclobutrazol applied at a rate of 5.3 mg produced optimum leaf size and vine length and highest plant grades.