bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate
Authors: Pow‐Sang Julio M. , Pow‐Sang Julio E. , Benavente Victor
Published: February 2007

One hundred and twenty‐one transrectal ultrasound examinations of the prostate were performed between August and October of 1987. Indications included screening in 41 patients, evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction in 63 patients, evaluation of palpable nodules in 6 patients, and evaluation after transurethral resection of the prostate in 11 patients. A total of five patients were discovered to have prostate cancer after biopsy of a hypoechoic lesion in a normal feeling prostate by digital rectal examination. One patient was from the screening group, two patients with bladder outlet obstruction and two patients from the postransurethral resection group. All six patients with palpable nodules were diagnosed as having a cancer: Stage B2 on the rectal examination and two of the six patients were upstaged to Stage C by ultrasound criteria. In our hands transrectal ultrasound of the prostate is a valuable adjunct in the urological armamentarium with clear application in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer.
Management of anterior mediastinal tumors
Authors: Mark James B. D.
Published: February 2007

The most common neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum are thymomas, lymphomas, and germ cell tumors. Surgical exploration was the routine approach to the diagnosis and management of these tumors. This is no longer true. The appropriate initial treatment of these neoplasms varies from surgical resection to radiation therapy to systemic chemotherapy. Except for the small well‐encapsulated anterior mediastinal mass, it is imperative that a definitive tissue diagnosis be obtained before initiating treatment. An overview of these tumors and the specific approaches to their treatment are detailed.
Gynecologic tumor markers
Authors: Olt George J. , Berchuck Andrew , Bast Robert C.
Published: February 2007

The advent of monoclonal technology has increased the potential utility of antibody‐dependent tumor marker assays in gynecologic oncology. The availability of unlimited quantities of several pure monoclonal antibodies directed against novel epitopes on tumor‐associated antigens has permitted development of highly sensitive assays for serum markers. Traditional assays for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), NB/70K and TA‐4 have been improved. CA 125 has provided a useful first‐generation marker for monitoring ovarian cancer and triaging patients with pelvic masses, despite limitations in sensitivity and specificity. In the next decade, the challenge is to identify new markers that will complement CA 125 in monitoring ovarian cancer and facilitate screening for occult early‐stage disease. Strategies involving multiple markers and modalities may be required. Some markers may emerge through a more fundamental knowledge of the biology of gynecologic neoplasms, including the expression of growth factors and their receptors. Finally, the application of monoclonal antibodies to immunohistochemistry and radionuclide imaging also may provide new areas of diagnostic application for monoclonal antibodies in gynecologic oncology.
Advances in radiotherapy in the gynecologic malignancies
Authors: Dembo Alon J. , Balogh Judith M.
Published: February 2007

We review, for their wider applicability, four advances in the radiotherapeutic management of the gynecologic malignancies. Attempts at improving upon results obtained with radiotherapy by the addition of chemotherapy have usually followed one of two temporal strategies: Sequential chemotherapy‐radiotherapy (so‐called neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy), or chemotherapy given concurrently with radiotherapy. The pros and cons of both models are discussed. Recent work suggests that there is a differential response between the acutely reacting normal tissues, as well as tumor, and the late‐reacting normal tissues, which is dependent upon the radiation fraction size. The rationale and some important clinical applications are reviewed.

Advances in brachytherapy include the high dose rate treatment and the use of rigid templates to guide the accurate placement of the interstitial implant. The controversies surrounding these approaches require further study before the precise place of these techniques is known. Finally, in vulvar cancer, the addition of radiotherapy to surgery is being studied to permit less radical operations in early disease, and greater local tumor control in advanced disease.
Controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of early carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Loré John M.
Published: February 2007

Patients in whom the diagnosis of early carcinoma of the larynx is made and treated as outlined below have a good to excellent outlook (from 85 to 95% survival for glottic lesions). Metastases from lesions of the free edge of the vocal cord usually do not occur because of the paucity of lymphatics, whereas lesions of the supraglottis are more apt to metastasize to regional lymph nodes and local spread. The subglottic area on the other hand by in large has a more ominous prognosis. Carcinoma in situ is treated mainly by endoscopic surgery, whereas T1 lesions of the glottis can either be treated by surgery or radiation with comparable results. This author prefers conservation surgery for the majority of T1 lesions. Radiotherapy is utilized for selected patients with T1 glottic lesions.
Nonoperative techniques for tissue diagnosis in the management of thyroid nodules and goiters
Authors: Clark Kimberly C. , Moffat Frederick L. , Ketcham Alfred S. , Legaspi Adrian , Robinson David S.
Published: February 2007

As only 10% of thyroid nodules are malignant, the surgical oncologist is faced with the challenge of selecting for thyroidectomy only those patients likely to benefit therapeutically from surgery. Demonstration of nonfunction on scintigraphic thyroid scan increases the yield of cancer only by 15% to 20%. Aspiration cytology and needle biopsy are potent aids in selecting patients for thyroidectomy. In 1,504 patients for whom a benign or malignant cytological diagnosis was made prior to thyroidectomy, the sensitivity of this technique was 92.0%, specificity was 97.3%, and overall diagnostic accuracy 95.7%. Morbidity is minimal. The reliability of these techniques is dependent on proficient specimen procurement and the cytopathologist's expertise and experience. Differentiation of benign from malignant follicular and lymphocytic lesions is not possible with conventional cytology preparations; 28% of such “indeterminant” lesions prove to be cancer at thyroidectomy. Aspiration cytology is a simple, reliable technique for selection of patients with thyroid nodules for surgery.
Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: Watne Alvin L. , Starke Joseph , McQuitty Dwayne , Sohrabi Abdokarim
Published: February 2007

Follicular carcinoma deserves a careful preoperative evaluation and multidisciplinary therapy planning. Needle aspiration may be of less value than for other thyroid lesions. If the surgeon is suspicious of a carcinoma, a total lobectomy of the involved side and frozen section may be indicated. Lobectomy with or without isthmusectomy seems to be the minimal treatment for tumors confined to the lobe without nodal metastases. Total thyroidectomy is reserved for patients at high risk by nature of age, large lesions, angioinvasion, capsular invasion, or known metastatic disease where subsequent I‐131 therapy is considered likely. I‐131 scanning for metastatic disease is indicated in these high‐risk patients. I‐131 therapy is very valuable for treatment of metastatic disease; and in patients presenting with metastatic disease, total thyroidectomy may be indicated to maximize the therapeutic benefit of the I‐131. Judicious planning and care of these patients can result in a 50 to 70% total cure and as high as 85% long‐term survival.
Complications in management of thyroid cancer
Authors: Loré John M.
Published: February 2007

There are a number of complications related to the management of thyroid carcinoma, some due to the natural history of the disease regardless of its cell type and all too many which are iatrogenic. Three of these complications will be discussed: 1) airway problems, 2) related photation aspects, and 3) hypoparathyroidism.
Technical surgical considerations for CEA directed second‐look operations and hepatic tumor excision
Authors: Minton John Peter
Published: February 2007

Surgical removal of recurrent metastatic colon and rectal cancer has provided many individuals with disease‐free and treatment‐free long‐term survival of 5 or more years. Surgical removal of metastatic tumor from both lobes of the liver can be done with limited mortality and minimal complications when lesions are small and discovered early. Second‐look operations should be performed when a persistently rising carcinoembryonic antigen is observed in the period after colorectal cancer resection, even when all other tests are negative. Repeat operations may be beneficial when all detectable disease was removed at the previous operation.
Multiple operations for recurrent colorectal cancer
Authors: Sardi Armando
Published: February 2007

The benefit of an aggressive surgical approach in selective patients with recurrent colorectal cancer has been demonstrated by several investigators. The disease‐free 5 year survival is 30%, and in carefully selected series it is as high as 46%. These procedures can be performed safely with minimal morbidity and mortality by surgeons who are experienced in the techniques of radical surgery. It is important and should be our focus to try to identify those patients who will benefit the most from an aggressive surgical approach, by better definition of the biology of the tumor through tumor differentiation and DNA and oncogene analysis.
Experimental trials of immunotherapy for malignant melanoma
Authors: Reintgen Douglas , Becker Jeanne , Seigler Hilliard F.
Published: February 2007

Conventional treatment for metastatic melanoma consists of surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. New approaches toward treatment of this disease include the development of passive and active immunotherapeutic regimens. Malignant melanoma is particularly amendable to immunotherapy since the tumor is relatively immunogenic, expressing unique cell surface protein and lipid antigens. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of active specific immunotherapy documented increased survival of invasive Stage 1 and metastatic Stage 2 melanoma patients following immunization with tumor cell vaccines and BCG. Additional trials showed that the development of specific antibodies after immunization of Stage 2 patients with a viral oncolysate was correlated with an increased survival compared to matched controls given only BCG. Passive immunotherapy approaches using either lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells or tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) administered with interleukin 2 have also resulted in regression of disease with complete or partial remissions occurring in 25% of the patients. Additional studies have focused on the generation of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by stimulation with autologous tumor in vivo. Future trials will evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these specific cytologic T lymphocytes relative to LAK and TIL.
Role of immunotherapy in the treatment of bladder and renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Stone Nelson N. , Droller Michael J.
Published: February 2007

Much remains to be learned about the immune response in human neoplasia both in a phenomenological sense and in its therapeutic possibilities. Recruitment of immune response mechanisms in the defense against cancer development and in the cure of advanced disease, though theoretically sound, remains to be proven in demonstration of both its phenomenological and clinical efficacy

The most important steps in this regard will require an analysis of those mechanisms that may truly be active in human cancer. Their enhancement and effective delivery to various tumor sites, then reliable monitoring, and proof of their efficacy will be necessary to accomplish before any conclusive statement can be made as to the usefulness of immunotherapy in the treatment of genitourinary neoplasia and of human cancer in general.
Adjuvant systemic therapy for early breast cancer
Authors: Crown John , Norton Larry
Published: February 2007

Sytemic therapy (chemotherapy or hormonal therapy) as an adjuvant to modalities of local control is now an integral part of the management of almost all patients with primary brest cancer metastatic to axillary lymph nodes. In addition, recent data suggest an expanding role for such treatments in patients without axillary involvement. Although some node‐negative patients should probably not receive adjuvant therapy, the precise criteria to be used for selection are still under active discussion in the literature. Of the two types of systemic treatment, it is generally accepted that chemotherapy is indicated for premenopausal patients and that tamoxifen is useful for postmenopausal patients whose tumors contain estrogen or progesterone receptors. The recent analysis of several studies has suggested that chemotherapy may add to the benefits of tamoxifen in some postmenopausal patients as well. A possible role for tamoxifen in younger patients is beign evaluated. For patients at relatively low risk of systemic relapse (i.e., those with zero to three involved axillary lymph nodes), no chemotherapy regimen has yet shown an advantage over 6 months of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5‐fluorouracil. For patients at high risk, however, doxorubicin‐based regimens have demonstrated benefits. Highdose chemotherapies, some involving autologous bone marrow support, are being investigated for patients with ten or more involved nodes who are at very high risk of the eventual development of stage IV deasease.
Breast reconstruction following mastectomy
Authors: Chaglassian Ted
Published: February 2007

The aim of breast reconstruction is to adhere to the principles of oncologic management and to reconstruct breasts to the patient's satisfaction, both aesthetically and psychologically.
Breast cancer rehabilitation
Authors: Shea Bernadette , Kleban Pt, Rosalind , Knauer Cynthia J.
Published: February 2007

The Breast Surgery Rehabilitation Group (BSRG), established initially in 1970, assists patients at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) with physical and emotional recovery from breast cancer surgery and promotes return to preoperative activities. The team includes a physical therapist, social worker, and nurse. Attendance at sessions is prescribed by all physicians on the Breast Service. Problems such as threat to life by cancer and emotional impact of breast loss are addressed, in addition to aid in actual physical recovery from surgery with exercise instruction and interaction with other women in the group who have a similar diagnosis. The information and support provided in this way help the patient to achieve a sense of control in a situation that threatens their emotional and physical world.
Staging of pediatric cancers: Problems in the development of a national system
Authors: Fleming Irvin D.
Published: February 2007

The majority of the common pediatric cancers are managed on clinical protocols and are treated in pediatric oncology centers. For this reason these neoplasms are being staged by a variety of protocols depending on the protocol study. Examples of the evaluation and currently used staging systems for Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma are presented. The goal is to develop a nationally accepted staging system for these common pediatric tumors that is broadly accepted for treatment planning, determining prognosis, and comparing institutional end results. It is obvious that, if a nationally accepted staging system is to evolve, the leadership of the existing national clinic research trials must be part of the process. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sarcoma management based on a standardized TNM classification
Authors: Arlen Myron , Marcove Ralph
Published: February 2007

The proper management of soft tissue sarcomas, that offering the highest cure rate while attempting limb sparing should the extremities be involved, requires a standard approach best achieved with the TNM classification. Such staging of the sarcomatous lesion is based primarily on the histologic grade, followed by size and finally histologic classification. The definitive approach is surgical, with muscle group dissection employed at all sites, including the extremities, trunk, and head and neck region. Radiation therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy improves survival in all high‐grade lesions at risk for recurrence. Evaluation of the primary and recurrent lesion by computed tomography, magnetic resonance when necessary, and angiography offers the best approach for evaluation of the lesion in treatment planning. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical review of the models to study the biologic progression of bladder cancer
Authors: Schalken Jack A , Van Moorselaar Reindert J. A. , Bringuier Pierre Paul , Debruyne FRANS M. J.
Published: February 2007

For transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, clinical data indicate that invasive, metastatic tumors can arise through at least two different progression pathways. The majority of invasive, metastatic bladder neoplasms clinically present de novo, i.e., the patients have no history of malignant bladder disease. This implies that the highly malignant tumor cells either arise de novo or have undergone a rapid progression. Alternatively, a considerable fraction of patients with superficial bladder cancer process to invasive disease after a history of relatively benign superficial TCC. The molecular and cell biological basis of tumor progression is only poorly understood. Clearly, a better understanding of this progress could have profound clinical implications, since patients with superficial TCC with a high risk for progression would have to be treated more aggressively. We discuss the problems that are associated with tumor biological studies on early steps in the progression of TCC, especially from a “model system point of View”.
Comparative study of survival of screen‐detected compared with symptom‐detected lung cancer cases
Authors: Naruke Tsuguo , Kuroishi Tetsuo , Suzuki Takaichiro , Ikeda Shigefo
Published: February 2007

Survival rates were studied in 1,297 screen‐detected and 1297 symptom‐detected patients with lung cancer. Resections took place in 20 hospitals and institutions in the Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group. 60.6% of the screen‐detected lung cancer patients were from stage 0 to 11 and 39.4% were from stage III and TV. On the other hand, 27.1% of symptom‐detected patients were from stage 0 to 11 and 72.9% were stage III to IV. In the screen‐detected group, the tumor was peripheral in 83%, adenocarcinoma in 52.4% and the resectability rate was 66.5%. Five‐ and 10‐year survival rates were 32.4% and 22.5% respectively in the screen‐detected patients and 13.7% and 9.9% in symptom‐detected patients.
Induction chemotherapy for stage IIIA unresectable non‐small cell lung cancer: The toronto experience and an overview
Authors: Goldberg Melvyn , Burkes Ronald L.
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐nine patients with mediastinoscopy stage IIIA, N2 non‐small cell lung cancer received two cycles of MVP (mitomycin C, vindesine, cisplatin). Responders underwent thoracotomy for resection and two further courses of MVP.

Overall response rate was 64% (25 / 39) with three complete and 22 partial responses. Twenty‐two patients were resected, which included radical mediastinal node dissection. Eighteen resections were complete and four were incomplete. Pathologically, three patients (7.7%) had no remaining tumor. Toxicity included two postoperative deaths with B‐P fistula, mitomycin pulmonary toxicity in two patients, and four septic deaths. Twenty‐eight patients have died, 20 with recurrent or progressive disease. Of the 18 patients completely resected, eight have recurred with a median time to recurrence of 20.6 months. Sites of recurrence include two locoregional, five distant (two in brain) and one in both. Median survival of the entire 39 patients is 18.6 months, with a three year survival of 26%). The median survival for those patients completely resected was 29.7 months with a 3‐year survival of 40%.
Rehepatectomy of primary liver cancer
Authors: Wu Meng‐Chao , Chen Han , Yan Yi‐Qun
Published: February 2007

From January 1960 to July 1991, 72 patients underwent reoperation for recurrence of liver cancer. Hepatectomy was performed twice in 59 cases, three and four times each in nine and three cases. The 1,3, and 5‐year survival rates after the first operation were 98.6%, 69.9%, and 49.5%, respectively, while after the second operation these rates were 90.8%, 53.5%, and 36.1%, respectively. The 1,2, and 3‐year survival rates after the third operation were 100%, 85.6%, and 36.7%, respectively. The preliminary results of rehepatectomy are thus encouraging. The indications for reintervention, types of operation, prophylactic measures against tumor recurrence and metastases, and evaluation of rehepatectomy are discussed.
Pathology of APUDomas
Authors: Jadusingh Inderman H.
Published: February 2007

The pathology of APUDomas involves two main areas. The first is the biochemical aspects of these tumours and the use of biochemical tests to investigate a patient suspected of having an APUDoma, and the other is the histopathology of these tumours. This review is devoted to the histopathological considerations.
Reproduction and the APUD system
Authors: Wanke Irene E
Published: February 2007

Substantial evidence for involvement of the APUD system in the normal reproductive tract is limited to the prostate gland and uterine cervix. Most supportive data simply documents the presence of neuro‐endocrine cells in these tissues. A biological product(s) or role(s) remains to be discovered, but appears likely in the prostate. Tumors possessing cells with APUD characteristics have been described in many reproductive tissues including the prostate, cervix, endometrium, ovary, and testes. These tumors are generally aggressive in behavior, and optimum therapy needs to be determined.
Palliative treatment of neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: McKinnon J. Gregory
Published: February 2007

Effective palliation of patients with incurable neuroendocrine tumors requires both control of hormonal overproduction symptoms as well as control of tumor growth. Several important advances have been made in recent years toward these two goals. Octreotide and omeprazole have both been extremely effective in ameliorating hormonal symptoms of carcinoids, islet cell tumors and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Newer cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens and interferon have increased response rates over traditional therapy. More aggressive surgical extirpation of metastatic disease has also been beneficial.
Anesthesia considerations for pediatric cancer
Authors: McDowall Robert H.
Published: February 2007

The multidisciplinary approach to the care of children with cancer demands an understanding of all aspects of its treatment. Recognition of potential anatomic and physiologic derangements which may result from specific types of malignancy allows optimal preoperative preparation. Understanding the anesthetic implications of cancer chemotherapy, irradiation and surgery, and the medical complications which result, is essential. The anesthesiologist is involved in critical perioper‐ative issues during surgical resection in the operating room, but just as importantly plays a crucial role in a variety of procedures performed in remote locations. An awareness of special problems related to cancer and its treatment allows optimal anesthesia care while dealing with such issues as radical surgery, organ system failure, acute and chronic pain, and terminal illness.
Current management of Wilms' tumor
Authors: Ritchey Michael L. , Haase Gerald M. , Shochat Stephen
Published: February 2007

Most children with Wilms' tumor can now expect remarkably good survival. Current protocols have placed greater emphasis on reducing the morbidity of treatment for low‐risk patients reserving intensive treatment for selected high‐risk patients. This review addresses recent advances and current recommendations for the treatment of nephroblastoma. Controversial issues regarding the surgical management of these children are also discussed.
Nonrhabdomyosarcoma in children: Prognostic factors influencing survival
Authors: Rao Bhaskar N.
Published: February 2007

In approximately 90% of children with nonrhabdo soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) local control can be obtained by either surgery alone or with supplemental radiation. The disease‐free survival is, however, only about 50%. To determine factors influencing overall survival, we undertook a retrospective review of the 154 children with NRSTS. We used the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (1988), using invasiveness, size, and a Pediatric Oncology Group grading system. Using this system we documented that 72 (46%) were noninvasive (T1) lesions. Of these 72 patients 50 (70%) were ≤ 5 cm A, and only 9 (18%) had G3 lesions. Overall 7/72 (10%) have died. In contrast to the 82 patients with invasive (T2) lesions, 65 (79%) were > 5 cm (B), with approximately 80% G3. Of all T2 lesions, 56/82 were G3 (65%). Here, overall 58/82 (70%) have died, primarily because 49/58 had G3 lesions. Important prognostic factors include primarily G3 lesion 52/71 (73%) mortality, as compared to 13/83 (15%), G1‐2 dying. Children with invasive lesions tended to have larger tumors, 50/65, most of which were higher grades. We feel that patients with histologic grade G3 and T2 lesions should be enrolled in effective chemotherapy protocols.
Changing role of surgery in childhood lymphomas
Authors: Ternberg Jessie L.
Published: February 2007

The use of combinations of chemo‐ and radiotherapy have decreased the need for surgical staging of Hodgkin's disease. The goal of decreasing therapy while maintaining cure rates, however, recreates a need for staging. Attempts are being made to devise criteria to decrease the need for surgical staging or to decrease the extent of the procedure. Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma requires adequate tissue samples for analysis, for example, for immunophenotyping to determine treatment. Surgical resection in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma is inadequate for treatment but may be helpful. Debulking, however, is no longer recommended.
Geographic pathology of gastric dysplasia in China
Authors: Zhang Yin‐Chang
Published: February 2007

Six hundred seventeen cases of gastric dysplasia were studied morphologically and were grouped histogenetically into adenomatous, cryptal, regenerative, and globoid dysplasias. The characteristics and their relationships with various histological types of gastric carcinoma were analysed as well. Twenty‐four cases of gastric dysplasia showed malignant change, which was most commonly seen in regenerative dysplasia in five high‐incidence areas of gastric dysplasia in China. The causative factors of gastric dysplasia, especially regenerative dysplasia, were analysed in terms of foodstuffs and eating habits of the local inhabitants. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and classification of serosal invasion, as it relates to cancer cell shedding and surgical treatment in gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Junqing , Liu Qinghua
Published: February 2007

Surgery to the extent of R+ 1 [gastric resection plus removal of group 1 lymph nodes (N1) and part of group 2 lymph nodes (N2)] is adequate for cancer confined to the mucosa when the serosa is normal, while operation at the R2 level is adequate for cancer confined to the submucosa (SM) or the muscularis propria (PM) when the serosa is of the reactive type. As the status of serosal involvement advances from normal to reactive, nodular, tendonoid and colour diffused, the lymph node metastatic rate soars and the 5‐year survival rate declines in that order.

There were no peritoneally shed cancer cells in cases with normal or reactive serosa over the lesion. Shed cancer cells increased significantly when the serosal involvement exceeded 30 cm2.

The 2‐year survival rate of the patients who had serosal involvement increased by 23.1% when peritoneal lavage with 43d̀C distilled water was done. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose mitomycin C‐containing regimens in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Jin Maolin , Yang Boqin , Zhang Wei , Wang Yanmeng
Published: February 2007

In 136 patients (115 males and 21 females) with advanced gastric cancer confirmed histologically, a regimen of high‐dose mitomycin C plus tegafur or UFT was administered. Dosage of agents used and schedules were as follows: MMC 20 mg i.v. once a week up to a total of 60 mg, followed either by tegafur 600 mg/day p.o. to a total dosage of 20‐40 g, or by UFT 450 mg/day p.o., to a total dosage of 30 g. Patients' ages ranged from 24 to 75 years. Of this series, 70 patients were deemed inoperable, 21 patients underwent nonradical surgical operation, and the other 45 patients had postoperative recurrent disease. Of the 136 patients, 78 achieved complete tumour remission (CR) (21/136) and partial remission (PR) (57/136), yielding a response rate of 57.4%. The median duration of remission and survival was 5.2 (range 2‐16 + ) and 10.1 (range 3‐48 +) months. The main side effects were leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. None of these patients had liver or kidney function damage. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion with cisplatin in mice with peritoneal dissemination of B16 melanoma
Authors: Okuyama Toshiro , Endo Kazuya , Maehara Yoshihiko , Baba Hideo , Oshiro Tatsuo , Adachi Yosuke , Sugimachi Keizo
Published: February 2007

We designed a model of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer in mice. B16 melanoma cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity of C57 BL mice, the object being to search for an effective treatment for peritoneal dissemination, using hyperthermia combined with cisplatin.

Following the intraperitoneal administration of tumor cells, each mouse was subjected to continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) using the peritoneal cavity expander (PCE), with or without cisplatin in the perfusate under conditions of laparotomy. Effects of the therapy were evaluated, based on comparison of survival time between the control and treated groups.

There was no prolongation of mean survival periods for the groups given CHPP, with or without cisplatin, compared to findings in the no treatment control group. Optimal timing and doses of hyperthermia and cisplatin, or adding biochemical modulators to enhance the effects of cisplatin, will need to be determined to increase the efficacy of CHPP, with or without the concomitant administration of cisplatin. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hereditary ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Gallion Holly H. , Smith Simon A.
Published: February 2007

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the united states. Although the etiology of ovarian cancer is unknown, a number of factors including advancing age, nulliparity and environmental factors have traditionally been related to risk. More recently, genetic predisposition has been recognized as a strong risk factor for ovarian cancer. Three distinct hereditary syndromes have been identified: (1) breast‐ovarian cancer syndrome, (2) hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, and (3) site‐specific ovarian cancer. The mode of inheritance in these families is autosomal dominant with transmission occurring through either the maternal or paternal line. The breast‐ovarian and site‐specific ovarian cancer family syndrome have been linked to a gene on chromosome 17q that is called brca1. However, no simple genetic test can identify women at high risk of the disease. For this reason, genetic counseling, education and surveillance with currently available screening techniques should be made available to women at high risk of ovarian cancer by virtue of their family history. In selected individuals, prophylactic oophorectomy may be warranted. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary chemotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Omura George A. , Siller Barry S.
Published: February 2007

This review provides a perspective on primary chemotherapeutic approaches in epithelial ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy is not recommended in grade 1 or 2 stage i‐a or b. In other early‐stage cases, postoperative melphalan or intraperitoneal radioactive phosphorus remain standard of care, even though these treatments have not been shown in a randomized fashion to be superior to no further treatment. The role of platinum‐based chemotherapy in the same subgroup is currently under study.

Despite the introduction of cisplatin, leading to significantly improved response rates, responses have usually been brief in stage iii and iv cases with only a modest impact on overall survival and little improvement in long‐term survival. Systemic intensification with cisplatin has been difficult secondary to more toxicity and with no consistent improvement in survival. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is being evaluated as a component of initial management.

Recently a new drug, taxol, has been introduced; although it has not been a cure‐all, taxol will presumably become part of the primary chemotherapy of ovarian cancer in the 1990s. Issues of optimal dosing and combinations with taxol are being addressed. The combination of taxol and cisplatin appears promising. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Diagnostic procedures and pretreatment evaluation of soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Arca Marjorie J. , Sondak Vernon K. , Chang Alfred E.
Published: February 2007

The diagnosis and preoperative evaluation of patients with a suspected soft tissue sarcoma involve several important considerations to ensure optimal treatment outcomes. Biopsy techniques must involve the retrieval of adequate tissue to establish the histologic diagnosis and grade of the tumor without compromising the subsequent definitive surgical resection. CT or MRI techniques represent the gold standard to evaluate the local extent of disease which is necessary to ascertain surgical resectability and/or the need for radiation therapy. CT scanning of the lungs is mandated for all patients with sarcomas to evaluate for metastatic disease and, for patients with abdominal or re‐troperitoneal tumors, scanning of the liver should also be included. Accurate staging of these patients will help define overall survival. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathologic classification of soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Frable William J.
Published: February 2007

A number of immunological markers and chromosomal abnormalities are described to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of soft tissue sarcomas. Although the chromosomal abnormalities may be specific in some cases, they have only been reported in small series or single cases and their significance has not yet been established. None of the immunological markers described is either entirely specific or sensitive for a particular tumor type, and virtually none of these immunological reagents is currently approved for diagnostic use despite their widespread applications in pathology. They function in a supporting role to conventional tissue pathology, grading, and pathological and clinical staging of soft tissue sarcomas. Antibodies employed as an aid in diagnosis of soft tissue tumors should always be run in panels and never as single tests. New immunological markers and chromosomal abnormalities in soft tissue sarcomas should be carefully evaluated for their specificity and sensitivity and their usefulness in diagnosis and prognosis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic markers of prostate cancer: Utility of prostate‐specific antigen in diagnosis and staging
Authors: Lee Cheryl T. , Oesterling Joseph E.
Published: February 2007

The optimal tumor marker for prostate cancer would be effective for early detection, staging, and monitoring patients after definitive treatment. This marker would have a high sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for distinguishing men with benign prostatic hy‐perplasia (BPH) from men with early prostate cancer. Such a marker would consistently detect biologically significant disease, correlate with clinical and pathologic staging, and predict prognosis. In addition, this marker would be accurate at indicating cure or progression of disease after treatment. Certainly, the ideal marker also would be reproducible, inexpensive, generate results rapidly, be easy to perform, be accessible to clinicians, and tolerable to patients. Unfortunately, such a “super” marker does not exist at this time. However, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) has many of the aforementioned capabilities. This article will describe the current utility of PSA in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Southwest oncology group strategies in prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Crawford E. David , Hussain Maha , Deantoni Edward P. , Thompson Ian M. , Eisenberger Mario A. , Blumenstein Brent , Coltman Charles A.
Published: February 2007

The Southwest Oncology Group Genitourinary Committee evolved in 1978 from a combined gynecologie‐urologie cancer committee. A significant catalyst in this development was the growing interest in prosta‐tic carcinoma, with an initial focus on hormone refractory disease. Clinical studies have expanded into combined androgen blockade, untreated metastatic disease and localized prostate cancer. Since 1978, more than forty trials in prostatic carcinoma have been conducted. Currently, seven are in progress or under development. Conclusions and future directions are reviewed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Leslie Kenneth A. , Rossi Ricardo L. , Hepp Juan
Published: February 2007

Patients with carcinoma of the pancreas continue to be associated with a poor outcome, with surgical resection representing the only possibility of cure. The classic operation described by Whipple in 1935 has undergone many modifications with Traverso and Long‐mire reintroducing preservation of the pylorus in an attempt to decrease the sequelae from the gastrectomy and improve nutritional outcome. Since 1979, the Lahey Clinic has performed pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for the management of pancreatic and periampullary tumors as long as the duodenal margin is free of tumor and the antropyloric area appears viable. This article reviews the pattern of pancreatic tumor spread and the margins frequently involved with tumor. The management of distal biliary obstruction, our technique of pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy and our results of 106 pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduode‐nectomies for pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma are discussed. We feel that pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy can achieve results as a cancer operation similar to the standard Whipple operation while eliminating the side effects related to gastric resection and improve the nutritional status of the patient. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with regional chemotherapy plus hemofiltration
Authors: Muchmore James H.
Published: February 2007

Since 1989, 32 patients with advanced, inoperable pancreatic cancer were treated with regional chemotherapy in combination with ex‐tracorporeal hemofiltration. Eleven patients presented to diagnosis with locally advanced, inoperable cancer; and ten, in addition to their primary, had liver metastases. Three patients had recurrent liver metastases following a curative Whipple procedure. One patient had an incomplete resection with local residual disease, and a second had recurred locally following a curative resection. One patient came to diagnosis with an unresectable cystadenocarcinoma. Five patients had failed prior chemoradiotherapy and/or immunotherapy.

The patients underwent 83 cycles of regional chemotherapy plus hemofiltration, an average of 2.6 treatments per patient. Amongst 21 patients treated primarily with regional chemotherapy plus hemofiltration, two patients had complete responses (9%) and eight had partial responses (38%)—an overall total response rate of 47%. The average survival for patients with Stage II / III localized, inoperable disease is 13 months and that for Stage IV disease with only liver metastases is 9 months. Patients with recurrent disease following a curative procedure or having failed prior systemic therapies had little response from regional chemotherapy plus hemofiltration. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Therapeutic implications of prognostic factors in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Loree Thom R.
Published: February 2007

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a relatively indolent disease. Despite the usually favorable prognosis, differentiated thyroid cancer is fatal in some patients. In the past, treatment strategies were often based upon incomplete knowledge or inaccurate assumptions regarding the significance of the presenting characteristics of the tumor and patient. More recently, several large retrospective reviews have analyzed various presenting factors and have identified those that have prognostic significance and those that do not. Significant prognostic factors are age, primary tumor size, histology, grade, local tumor extension, and M stage. N stage appears to be a significant factor in older patients but not in younger patients. Gender, focality, and a history of prior irradiation are not significant prognostic factors. Using this knowledge, patients can be grouped into low, intermediate, and high risk groups.

Prognostic factor and risk group analysis has facilitated the development of more rational treatment algorithms. Low risk patients can usually be treated with lobectomy and suppression therapy. For high risk patients, total thyroidectomy and adjuvant radioiodine is advocated. Treatment for patients in the intermediate risk group should be individualized. Prognostic factor and risk group analysis makes a selective approach to differentiated thyroid cancer possible. Such an approach can spare many patients the morbidity and expense of unnecessarily aggressive treatment without compromising outcome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of a free phase boundary in an infinite bar with variable cross‐sectional area
Authors: Gavrilov S.N.
Published: February 2007

The dynamic processes in an elastic bar composed of a material, which is capable of undergoing phase transitions, are under consideration. We use a model of an elastic body with non‐convex strain energy potential. The admissible motions of the phase boundary along the bar are sought for. It is assumed that the phase boundary moves at a variable speed. The motion is caused by a non‐equilibrium initial condition for the phase boundary position. We obtain an analytical non‐self‐similar solution of the problem and investigate its properties. The results obtained in the framework of this full dynamic approach are compared with the results obtained in the framework of the kinetic (quasi‐static) approach.
Description of rotational molecular spectra by means of an approach based on rational mechanics
Authors: Ivanova E.A. , Krivtsov A.M. , Zhilin P.A.
Published: February 2007

In majority of publications the spectrum of diatomic molecules in far infrared spectral area is described as a purely quantum phenomenon, and the spectrum in near infrared spectral area is described by means of using a semi‐classical approach. In our work an attempt to describe the both spectra from mechanical point of view is presented. The approach is based on accounting of the inertia properties of an interatomic bond. In such approach a potential of interaction between atoms in a molecule is defined by a set of partial differential equations. Good agreement with known experimental data in far infrared spectral area and a qualitative explanation of a thin structure of a resonant peak in the near infrared spectral area is obtained.
Extended non‐linear relations of elastic shells undergoing phase transitions
Authors: Pietraszkiewicz W. , Eremeyev V. , Konopińska V.
Published: February 2007

The non‐linear theory of elastic shells undergoing phase transitions was proposed by two first authors in J. Elast. 79, 67–86 (2004). In the present paper the theory is extended by taking into account also the elastic strain energy density of the curvilinear phase interface as well as the resultant forces and couples acting along the interface surface curve itself. All shell relations are found from the variational principle of stationary total potential energy. In particular, we derive the extended natural continuity conditions at coherent and/or incoherent surface curves modelling the phase interface. The continuity conditions allow one to establish the final position of the interface surface curve after the phase transition. The results are illustrated by an example of a phase transition in an infinite plate with a central hole.
High-rate low-temperature dc pulsed magnetron sputtering of photocatalytic TiO2films: the effect of repetition frequency
Authors: Šícha J , Heřman D , Musil J , Strýhal Z , Pavlík J
Published: February 2007

The article reports on low-temperature high-rate sputtering of hydrophilic transparent TiO2thin films using dc dual magnetron (DM) sputtering in Ar + O2mixture on unheated glass substrates. The DM was operated in a bipolar asymmetric mode and was equipped with Ti(99.5) targets of 50 mm in diameter. The substrate surface temperature Tsurfmeasured by a thermostrip was less than 180 °C for all experiments. The effect of the repetition frequency frwas investigated in detail. It was found that the increase of frfrom 100 to 350 kHz leads to (a) an improvement of the efficiency of the deposition process that results in a significant increase of the deposition rate aDof sputtered TiO2films and (b) a decrease of peak pulse voltage and sustaining of the magnetron discharge at higher target power densities. It was demonstrated that several hundreds nm thick hydrophilic TiO2films can be sputtered on unheated glass substrates at aD = 80 nm/min, Tsurf < 180 °C when high value of fr = 350 kHz was used. Properties of a thin hydrophilic TiO2film deposited on a polycarbonate substrate are given.
Interwell coupling effect in Si/SiGe quantum wells grown by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wang Rui , Yoon Soon Fatt , Lu Fen , Fan Wei Jun , Liu Chong Yang , Loh Ter-Hoe , Nguyen Hoai Son , Narayanan Balasubramanian
Published: February 2007

Si/Si0.66Ge0.34coupled quantum well (CQW) structures with different barrier thickness of 40, 4 and 2 nm were grown on Si substrates using an ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV-CVD) system. The samples were characterized using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Blue shift in PL peak energy due to interwell coupling was observed in the CQWs following increase in the Si barrier thickness. The Si/SiGe heterostructure growth process and theoretical band structure model was validated by comparing the energy of the no-phonon peak calculated by the 6 + 2-bandk·p method with experimental PL data. Close agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental data was obtained.