bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repressive Developmentalism
Authors: Jerónimo Miguel Bandeira
Published: September 2017

The politics of planning development and the planning of politics were intertwined facets of late colonialism. This chapter shows that planning socio-economic development was a paramount political act, and that it was a form of imagining and enacting imperial permanence, both formal and informal. Idioms, repertoires, and techniques of developmentalism—and its close cousin, welfarism—became integral to the plural trajectories that constituted the multiple ends of empire. The politics and policies of late colonialism in the European empires were characterized by diverse modalities of repressive developmentalism, which was formed by multifaceted historical processes of entanglement between social control and repression on one hand, and development and welfare on the other. Repressive developmentalisms entailed two mutually constitutive processes in late colonialism: the securitization of idioms and repertoires of development, and the developmentalisation of idioms and repertoires of security.
Has Megaproject Management Lost Its Way?
Authors: Lenfle Sylvain , Loch Christoph
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates the management of uncertainty, of stakeholders, and of contractors, and then draws on history—the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and Cold War-era space and defense projects such as Polaris and Apollo—to show that knowledge of how to overcome these issues has long existed and could be used effectively in some megaprojects today. For example, Manhattan Project manager General Groves realized that big unforeseeable uncertainties in designing atomic weapons required discrete project management skills including flexibility, but these techniques have since been pushed aside in a managerial push for control that became the phased-planning or “stage-gate” process philosophy. While some successes in the 1940s and 1950s may not be repeated today with the same managerial methods, because stakeholder complexity was lower at a time when huge projects served “national priorities,” it is argued that some mid-twentieth-century managerial techniques would help improve modern megaprojects.
Iconic Urban Megaprojects in a Global Context
Authors: Santamaría Gerardo del Cerro
Published: September 2017

With a focus on the exemplary Bilbao case, this chapter shows how iconic architecture plays a fundamental role in the deployment of contemporary globalized urbanization and the increased desire of urban elites to surrender to the promise, and discontents, of iconic urban megaprojects (IUMPS). The chapter contends that the key to understanding the intensification and spreading of the belief by many urban elites worldwide that iconic architecture alone can revitalize an urban economy is to be found not in the financial feasibility and economic impacts of IUMPs, but rather in the force of iconic architecture to transform a city’s image. This explains why the planning and construction of IUMPs has grown into a standard policy choice by urban and regional elites in globalizing cities, and why politicians, business leaders, and others in local and regional growth machines fulfill their personal and professional ambitions by investing in and promoting IUMPs.
Private Provision of Public Services
Authors: Chung Demi
Published: September 2017

The first public–private partnership (PPP) motorway in Australia was open to traffic more than two decades ago, and yet no comprehensive evaluation of PPPs in the road transport sector has been sighted. It is the intention of this chapter to fill this gap. Although there have been noticeable advancements in contract design and use of incentive mechanisms to optimize risk allocation between the public and private sectors, Australian PPP motorways have yet to deliver an optimal outcome. It is questionable whether the current risk-shifting approach in the present PPP paradigm is suitable for providing infrastructure-based road services where long-term service provision is a requirement. In such cases, a proactive risk management approach may be preferred.
A Collective-Action Perspective on the Planning of Megaprojects
Authors: Gil Nuno
Published: September 2017

This chapter adopts a collective action perspective to study the planning of large infrastructure developments: so-called “megaprojects.” The research is grounded on the analysis of make-or-break issues that beset four megaprojects in the UK. First it is argued that megaprojects are organizational networks that at the core create large arenas of consensus-oriented collective action. The analysis shows how the conflation of resource scarcity, conflicting interests, and concerns with legitimacy complicates local searches for mutually consensual solutions and brings to the fore bargaining and political activity. The central contribution is a model that proposes a combination of four high-order coordination mechanisms for management to carry the actors along openly: relaxing performance targets, building organizational slack, espousing flexible designs, and creating a structure of umpires to settle disputes that could not be self-resolved. Implications for the megaproject performance debate are discussed.
Power and Sensemaking in Megaprojects
Authors: Clegg Stewart R. , Biesenthal Christopher , Sankaran Shankar , Pollack Julien
Published: September 2017

Megaprojects are complex achievements of organization, sensemaking, and management of power relations. Typically, engineering practice stresses rationality and linearity, exemplified in the nineteenth-century roots of modern management in writers such as Taylor and Fayol. A concern with contingency theory and the emergence of project management standards hardly changed these auspices. The emergent focus on soft systems theory and a more recent interest in the practice turn did begin to change megaproject management representations somewhat. In practice, megaprojects are occasions for much complex sensemaking, as Weick defines the concept. In turn, where there are different interests in different sensemaking, then power practices and relations need to be brought into focus. The chapter does this through discussing a number of studies in which these issues have been the focus.
Pathways to Ambidexterity
Authors: Raisch Sebastian , Zimmermann Alexander
Published: September 2017

The objective of this chapter is to develop a process perspective on ambidexterity that not only informs the specific research on reconciling the contradictory forces of exploration and exploitation, but also the broader theory on how organizations experience and address paradoxical tensions. We distinguish three stages of paradox management within ambidextrous organizations. During the initiation stage, organizational actors identify the paradoxical tensions and develop a strategic plan to address them. In the subsequent contextualization stage, they put the organizational structures, cultures, and processes in place, with which to address the paradox. During the implementation stage, the organizational actors manage the paradoxical tensions in their day-to-day activities. By comparing the structural, contextual, and sequential pathways that organizations take to navigate these stages, we review and expand current theorizing on exploration–exploitation tensions and derive promising avenues for future ambidexterity and paradox research.
The Paradoxes of Time in Organizations
Authors: Slawinski Natalie , Bansal Pratima
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the paradoxes related to time in organizational research. It uncovers two main assumptions in organizational time research. The first is that temporal dimensions are often viewed as trade-offs, including objective versus subjective, short versus long term, and fast versus slow, such that organizations must choose among them. The second assumption is that clock time, which views time as absolute, mechanical, and linear, is a dominant frame. Such approaches to time in organizational research have limited theorizing about organizations and their relationship with society and the natural environment. A paradox lens, which approaches contradictory elements as interrelated and persistent, offers opportunities to develop a richer understanding of temporality, and to unearth insights unavailable through a polarized view of time.
Integrating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment into Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Harned Melanie S. , Schmidt Sara C.
Published: September 2017

Many individuals receiving Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) meet criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating disorder associated with increased impairment in multiple domains of functioning. While DBT has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of mental health problems, it has historically been less effective at treating PTSD. This chapter describes an integrated treatment model that combines DBT with the DBT Prolonged Exposure (DBT PE) protocol, which is based on Prolonged Exposure therapy and is designed to increase formal and systematic targeting of PTSD during DBT. It reviews DBT’s stage model of treatment and describes how DBT is used in Stage 1 to stabilize and prepare high-risk and multi-problem clients for the DBT PE protocol in Stage 2. It then describes the rationale and procedures of the DBT PE protocol, highlights common clinical challenges, and reviews the developing evidence base for the treatment. Finally, it discusses common barriers to implementing DBT PE in routine practice settings and suggest potential solutions.
Sunlight, Divination, and the Dead in Aegean Ritual Tradition
Authors: Goodison Lucy
Published: September 2017

Study of orientation in Bronze Age Cretan buildings has revealed long-overlooked sunrise alignments at the Palace of Knossos; while the recording of dawn alignments at the Mesara-type tombs has challenged previous ideas about religious belief, suggesting a new, somatic agenda for discourse about ritual practices at the tombs. This chapter highlights a long-standing Aegean tradition from the Early Iron Age until late antiquity in which the sun was perceived as an active agent facilitating processes of prophecy and communication with the dead. Taking issue with disembodied visions of knowledge and presentist templates of religion centred on worship of abstract deities, it revisits material evidence from the Mesara-type tombs, and considers whether it is possible to trace in the prehistoric era early formulations of this tradition linking sunlight with divination and the dead.
Citizenship and the Franchise
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: September 2017

The struggle for universal suffrage has been a paradigmatic political struggle in the modern state, as people have striven to achieve full and equal citizenship. This chapter examines - from a conceptual, legal and historical perspective - the ‘selection’ of voters as one of the core hallmarks of citizenship in modern democracies. It explores the ways in which the ideas and practices of citizenship intersect with the right to vote, allowing us to probe the contribution of citizenship as a legal status underpinning the definition of the franchise to democratic self-government as a political ideal.
Performative Citizenship
Authors: Isin Engin
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines a perspective that broadens the conventional view of citizenship as a legal institution by expanding on its performative force. A performative perspective on citizenship as making rights claims across multiple social groups and polities reveals its creative and transformative possibilities. By focusing our attention on performative acts or on how people creatively perform citizenship and not merely follow rules, the chapter invites us to appreciate that how people perform citizenship plays an important role in contesting and constructing citizenship and in attaching meanings to rights. By highlighting that those perform citizenship are not always citizens in the conventional sense of members of a nation-state and that they do not always act in the context of democratic or Euro-American polities, the chapter illustrates how to study multiple meanings and functions of citizenship in and across multiple polities.
The Place of Territory in Citizenship
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: September 2017

The idea that political community implies a special connection to a particular territory supplies a key dimension of traditional conceptions of citizenship, and was consolidated under the modern state system. In a longer perspective, however, the development in modernity of a more abstract model of sovereign rule, together with the emergence of transnational political entities such as the European Union, has diluted the territorial relation. Yet post-territorial citizenship remains a matter of degree. It is not, nevertheless, a moot question, but one constantly tested in today’s more globalised political environment. Within this environment, a graduated language of commitment, perhaps one no longer even comfortable with the traditionally dichotomizing language of citizenship, may become better able to depict the nuances of our increasingly non-exclusive and fluctuating relationship to collective belonging and practice , and to the conceptions of place that have for so long stood behind collective belonging and practice.
Multiple Citizenship
Authors: Spiro Peter
Published: September 2017

Dual citizenship was historically disfavored by states. In the nineteenth century, the incidence of dual nationality threatened bilateral relations as states contested control over individuals. Although dual nationality persisted as states refused to harmonize nationality practice, states used expatriation, election, and renunciation as tools to suppress the status. Through international law doctrines and bilateral arrangements, the negative consequences of dual nationality were mitigated by the mid-twentieth century. However, sticky social norms against the status, the perception of emigrants as traitors to states of the Global South, and the largely unfounded association of dual nationality with security threats retarded acceptances of the status. More recently, a clear majority of states have come to tolerate and even embrace dual citizenship as advancing state policies, especially among immigrant-source states. Individuals increasingly value the status for instrumental and sentimental reasons. Even though dual citizenship challenges equality norms, this acceptance is unlikely to be reversed.
Political Membership and Democratic Boundaries
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: September 2017

The chapter focuses on citizenship as membership in a political community. It starts from a critical discussion of the “democratic boundary problem” and argues that principles of democratic inclusion need to be differentiated for various stages of the democratic process and different types of polities. Section 2 focuses on conceptual analysis and argues that – as a form of membership – citizenship creates categorical distinctions but not necessarily impermeable, stable or bright boundaries. Section 3 examines the variety of democratic polities and identifies birthright, residence and multilevel derivation as the characteristic membership rules for independent states, for municipalities and for subnational or supranational regions. The last section discusses the mismatch between territorial and membership boundaries in the international state system as the main reason for the increasing complexity of citizenship relations in the current world. My conclusion is that normative inclusion principles need to be sensitive not only to the diversity of interests, beliefs and values in liberal society, but also to the pluralism of self-governing polities and of individuals’ relations to these.
Inclusive Citizenship Beyond the Capacity Contract
Authors: Kymlicka Will , Donaldson Sue
Published: September 2017

There is deep tension within mainstream citizenship theory. On the one hand, citizenship is often defined in terms of social membership, such that all those affected or all those governed should be part of the demos. On the other hand, citizenship is often limited by an implicit “capacity contract” to those with sophisticated cognitive and linguistic capacities to engage in rational political deliberation, thereby excluding children, people with cognitive disabilities, and animals, who are relegated to a nebulous (and neglected) status of wardship. This chapter explores this tension between these two accounts, and argues that we should abandon the capacity contract as both theoretically arbitrary and politically pernicious. Citizenship should include all members of society, and this in turn requires new models of (interdependent) agency that enable all members to participate in shaping the society and laws by which they are governed.
The Political Dimensions of Water
Authors: Conca Ken , Weinthal Erika
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Water Politics and Policy. The politics of water is shaped by several factors, including its critical role in life-sustaining processes, its challenging physical properties as a flowing and often unpredictable resource that declines to “sit still” for governance, and the tensions among its many different social meanings—valuable commodity, lynchpin of cultures, foundational symbol in the world’s major religions, and secular symbol of national progress and global human rights. The chapter sketches some of the main historical trajectories in water politics, shaped not only by local hydrologic and socioeconomic circumstances but also by powerful transnational political, economic, and ideational forces. The chapter also sketches the development of social-science scholarship on water, including clustered research on irrigation development, managing common property resources, transboundary water relations, environmental history, cultural studies of water, and climate-driven challenges of resilience and adaptive capacity.
Moving Forward from Inequality and Discrimination
Authors: Cleveland Jeanette N. , Shore Lynn M. , Anderson Kemol , Huebner Lena-Alyeska , Sanchez Diana
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses diversity and diversity management within the United States and globally and presents the historical underpinnings of the systematic efforts to increase heterogeneity at the workplace. Starting with social exclusion, the authors describe the historical approaches to addressing the challenges that come with increasing diversity, including governmental endeavors, human resource management, diversity management, and inclusion. In addition, developments in other parts of the world such as Europe and Asia are compared, elaborating on the cultural differences that contribute to these variations. The chapter offers a brief review of the evolving definitions of discrimination and diversity management as well as the emerging group- and macro-level theories of diversity in the literature. Next, the parameters of a diverse and inclusive work environment are articulated along with how an ideal diverse inclusive workplace might be conceptualized. Finally, the authors provide a preliminary outline of steps to achieving this ultimate goal.
Family-Centered Positive Psychology
Authors: Sheridan Susan M. , Moen Amanda , Bhatia Sonya
Published: September 2017

Family-centered positive psychology is a framework for working with children and families that promotes strengths and builds capacity within individuals and systems. As an extension, family-centered services (FCS) focus on assessing family needs and supporting family goals using a strengths-based approach rather than a deficit-focused approach. In this chapter, we will provide a definition and description of the guiding principles associated with family-centered services. Two interventions aimed at building family strengths through collaborative family partnership models are the Getting Ready intervention and Conjoint Behavioral Consultation. These interventions and their research bases are described. Future research directions are presented, as understanding which components of family-centered services are most efficacious will influence the design and implementation of family-centered service delivery.
Catholic Piety from Ruusbroec and the Devotio Moderna to the Legacy of Pierre de Bérulle
Authors: van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines some of the main figures of Catholic piety from the Low Countries and France from the fourteenth to the early seventeenth centuries. The chapter begins with the mystical theology of Jan van Ruusbroec and then considers some of the figures associated with the Devotio Moderna. Later figures such as Francis de Sales and Pierre de Bérulle are then treated. Overall, the chapter chronicles the transition from a late-medieval exemplarist Christian spirituality to a more experiential variety of mysticism as we encounter it in the Modern Devotion and early-modern French spirituality. The chapter also notes ways in which these traditions were important for the later development of Catholic spirituality.
Islamic Legal Studies
Authors: Chaudhry Ayesha S.
Published: September 2017

This article examines the politics of knowledge production in the field of Islamic Studies, including Islamic Legal Studies, in the context of the Qur’an and Islamic law. It thinks broadly and freshly about Islamic Studies, categorizing it anew, by considering the study of the Qur’an as it relates to three forms of Islamic Studies: White Supremacist Islamic Studies (WhiSIS), Patriarchal Islamic Legal Studies (PILS), and Intersectional Islamic Studies (IIS). The article examines the fundamental assumptions of WhiSIS and PILS, uncovering their operational logics, before discussing the theoretical framework that underlies IIS’ approach to Islamic Studies. It analyzes the critiques that WhiSIS and PILS level against IIS, and the challenges that IIS poses for both WhiSIS and PILS. It concludes by considering the role of IIS in the future of Islamic Studies.
Anglo-Muhammadan Law
Authors: Hussain Syed Adnan
Published: September 2017

This article examines the historical origins, sources, and subject-matter jurisdiction of Anglo–Muhammadan law, along with its influence on the trajectories of Islamic law. After providing a short history of Anglo–Muhammadan law, the article discusses its subject matter. In particular, it considers the contributions of Syed Ameer Ali, especially in the area of trust law, or awqaf. It proceeds by looking at various sources of Anglo–Muhammadan law, which include textbooks and English translations of primary texts, case law, and legislation and custom. To give a sense of how Anglo–Muhammadan law operated in case law, the 1922 case of Narantakh v. Parakkal is analyzed. The article concludes with an overview of changes in Anglo–Muhammadan law in the immediate period after independence and partition of India.
Gothic Literature
Authors: Corazza Vittoria Dolcetti
Published: September 2017

This essay involves a review of Gothic literature through the presentation of the documents that have reached us today; the most important is the translation of the Bible completed by the Arian Visigoth bishop Ulfila in Moesia in the second half of the fourth century. To better understand the cultural background behind the composition of the Gothic documents, this essay also gives an overview of the cultural history of the Goths, in particular the process of their conversion to the Arian doctrine of Christianity, which came about in the multicultural, multiethnic environment in the Roman provinces of Dacia and Moesia. Particular attention is paid to the manuscript tradition that directs us to Ostrogothic Italy (in the fifth to sixth centuries), where the Bible enjoyed wide diffusion: it was copied several times, studied in Gothic and Latin exegetical schools, and used in the liturgy and catecheses.
The Early Agricultural Period
Authors: Vint James M. , Mabry Jonathan B.
Published: September 2017

Continuing research on the Early Agricultural period has bolstered our understanding of early farming technology, community structure, and chronology. Environmental factors clearly affected the pace of agriculture’s spread, as did social interaction and population movement. Recent projects have contributed new information on how irrigation communities were organized, and how early farmers worked on the landscape. Much of the research conducted over the past thirty years has been conducted under the aegis of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Methodological and theoretical advances have broadened the scope of study, but international and interdisciplinary cooperation remain goals to further this research.
Oral Traditions
Authors: Colwell Chip
Published: September 2017

Never before have oral narratives been more important in Southwest archaeology than they are today. Spoken histories—variously known as oral traditions, oral histories, Native literature, and verbal arts—play key roles in fostering a dialogue between descendant communities and archaeologists, affording broader anthropological understandings of Native cultures and their heritage, and providing novel and more informed understandings of the past. Ultimately, oral traditions are a cultural act of memory, often enveloped in metaphor but grounded in real historic events, personalities, and processes. Oral tradition and archaeology are, at base, not irreconcilably different, but rather two complementary ways of thinking and talking about the past.
Eastern Pueblo Archaeology
Authors: Snead James E.
Published: September 2017

The Eastern Pueblo region, home to numerous modern Indigenous communities and the archaeological remains associated with their ancestors, is one of the largest cultural areas in the Southwest. This terrain, including sites of extraordinary size and complexity, has been studied by archaeologists for more than 150 years, attracting the attention of such pioneers as Adolph Bandelier, A. V. Kidder, and Anna Shephard. This continuity of scholarship provides the distinctive opportunity to track long-term trends in research themes and aspects of archaeological practice. These traditions, with specific reference to the topics of migration, aggregation, and landscape, are explored in this chapter.
Narrative Histories
Authors: Lekson Stephen H.
Published: September 2017

Southwest archaeology is oddly ahistorical. Since the turn of the nineteenth century, the development of the field led away from history and toward process: first, the anthropological processes by which the ethnographic Pueblos evolved; and second (with New and Processual archaeology), the processes evident in the Southwest that could, shorn of historical background clutter, apply universally. For most of the twentieth century, attempts at narrative history were dismissed as “just-so stories.” It is now recognized that the Southwest in fact did have history—a narrative specific to the Southwest, with many events having little to do with ethnographic Pueblos. The derision of history as “just-so stories” seems hard to shake, while residual scientism imposes inappropriate and impossible standards of proof. This chapter reviews the checkered history of history in Southwest archaeology, and suggests some ways to understand the narrative history of the pre-Hispanic Southwest.
Climate
Authors: Ingram Scott E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter serves as an introduction to and reference for climate–human behavior studies in the Southwest. These studies investigate potential climatic impacts on social change and historical trajectories. To build foundational understanding, a representative climate–human behavior model is presented and evaluated, commonly used paleoclimatic data are detailed, and methods for identifying climate extremes (e.g., droughts, wet periods) in these data are described. Some extreme climate events and the challenge of identifying their influence (if any) on social change are noted. A familiarity with these aspects of climate–human behavior studies is essential for effectively evaluating interpretations of historical trajectories that invoke climatic influences.
Translating Tribal Values
Authors: Pasqual Theresa
Published: September 2017

Tribal governments in the Southwest employ a number of individuals to help with the preservation of tribal values and places. In this chapter, Theresa Pasqual, former director of Acoma Pueblo’s Historic Preservation Office and an Acoma tribal member, talks about her professional pathway, how Acoma has worked with other tribes to protect traditional cultural properties (TCPs), the challenges that tribes face in implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and how tribal values can be incorporated into the preservation process. Based on her long experience, she emphasizes the importance of stewardship, listening, and collaboration—with the latter including collaboration between tribes as well as with archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians. She also provides insights into the process for the recent successful nomination of Mount Taylor to the New Mexico Register of Cultural Historic Properties, the largest such property currently on the register.
Inheritance of Virulence, Construction of a Linkage Map, and Mapping Dominant Virulence Genes in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Through Characterization of a Sexual Population with Genotyping-by-Sequencing
Authors: Yuan Congying , Wang Meinan , Skinner Danniel Z. , See Deven R. , Xia Chongjing , Guo Xinhong , Chen Xianming
Published: September 2017

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the wheat stripe rust pathogen, is a dikaryotic, biotrophic, and macrocyclic fungus. Genetic study of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici virulence was not possible until the recent discovery of Berberis spp. and Mahonia spp. as alternate hosts. To determine inheritance of virulence and map virulence genes, a segregating population of 119 isolates was developed by self-fertilizing P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolate 08-220 (race PSTv-11) on barberry leaves under controlled greenhouse conditions. The progeny isolates were phenotyped on a set of 29 wheat lines with single genes for race-specific resistance and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from secreted protein genes, and SNP markers from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Using the GBS technique, 10,163 polymorphic GBS-SNP markers were identified. Clustering and principal component analysis grouped these markers into six genetic groups, and a genetic map, consisting of six linkage groups, was constructed with 805 markers. The six clusters or linkage groups resulting from these analyses indicated a haploid chromosome number of six in P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Through virulence testing of the progeny isolates, the parental isolate was found to be homozygous for the avirulence loci corresponding to resistance genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, Yr32, YrSP, YrTr1, Yr45, and Yr53 and homozygous for the virulence locus corresponding to resistance gene Yr41. Segregation was observed for virulence phenotypes in response to the remaining 19 single-gene lines. A single dominant gene or two dominant genes with different nonallelic gene interactions were identified for each of the segregating virulence phenotypes. Of 27 dominant virulence genes identified, 17 were mapped to two chromosomes. Markers tightly linked to some of the virulence loci may facilitate further studies to clone these genes. The virulence genes and their inheritance information are useful for understanding the host−pathogen interactions and for selecting effective resistance genes or gene combinations for developing stripe rust resistant wheat cultivars.
Opioid Use in Children and Adolescents After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair
Authors: Taylor Nicole , Frick Shannon , Killilea Samantha , Dugan-Frost Teri , Solodiuk Jean
Published: September 2017

Opioid overdose is a leading cause of death from unintentional injury in the United States. When more opioids are prescribed than needed, leftover opioids may be misused if not properly disposed. The purpose of this study is to describe the opioid use of subjects (aged 13–21 years) after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair. After obtaining IRB approval, we obtained consent from 100 subjects (over an 8-month period) undergoing ACL reconstructions performed by five sports medicine surgeons. The mean age of enrolled subjects was 16 years, most were female (60%) and white (72%). While in the hospital, many subjects received the following: a regional anesthetic technique through a single shot femoral nerve block (50%); ketorolac (89%); and acetaminophen (84%). One week after surgery, we interviewed subjects to determine the amount of opioid used (36%) as compared to the amount prescribed.
Effects of Hydrochloric Acid and Formic Acid Decalcification on Breast Tumor Biomarkers and HER2 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Clark Beth Z. , Yoest Jennifer M. , Onisko Agnieszka , Dabbs David J.
Published: September 2017

Biomarker analysis of metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) is routinely recommended by ASCO/CAP guidelines, and establishing a diagnosis of MBC often requires immunohistochemistry (IHC). The reliability of breast tumor biomarkers and breast-specific markers on decalcified tissues has not been extensively studied. We performed IHC studies on breast tumors exposed to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and formic acid (FA) decalcification solutions, and HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization on a subset of these tumors to establish a protocol for handling bone specimens with suspicion for MBC. Fifteen fresh cases of primary breast carcinoma and 8 HER2+ paraffin-embedded core biopsy cases were studied. Fresh tissue was divided into 5 fragments to approximate a bone core biopsy. One fragment (control) was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The remaining fragments were also exposed to FA or HCl decalcification for 1 or 5 hours. All fragments were embedded in 1 block and tested with an IHC panel. The known HER2+ cases were exposed to either 1 or 5 hours of FA, and HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization was also performed. Results were interpreted as follows: H-scores for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and GATA-3 were assigned from 0 to 300; HER2, cytokeratin 7, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, Pax-8, TTF-1, cytokeratin 20, and mammaglobin were scored from 0 to 3+; and Ki67 from 0% to 100%. Mean scores were compared using the t test or Wilcoxon test for paired samples. No significant differences in mean score were seen between NF and 1 hour FA for any IHC immunoreactivity. After 5 hours of FA, only Ki67 average score was significantly less than NF. Mean scores for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2, Ki67, and GATA-3 were significantly lower than NF in the tissue after either 1 or 5 hours of HCl. Mean scores for gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, mammaglobin, and cytokeratin 7 staining were not significantly lower than NF after 1 or 5 hours of HCl.
Microsatellite Instability: A Predictive Biomarker for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Chang Liisa , Chang Minna , Chang Hanna M. , Chang Fuju
Published: September 2017

Immunotherapy has shown promising results in various types of cancers. Checkpoint inhibitor drugs developed for cancer immunotherapy have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with advanced melanoma, non–small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancers, and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. In the latest announcement, the FDA has granted accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for pediatric and adult patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair–deficient solid tumors. This is the first time the agency has approved a cancer treatment based on a common biomarker rather than organ-based approach. MSI-H, either due to inherited germline mutations of mismatch repair genes or epigenetic inactivation of these genes, is found in a subset of colorectal and noncolorectal carcinomas. It is known that MSI-H causes a build up of somatic mutations in tumor cells and leads to a spectrum of molecular and biological changes including high tumor mutational burden, increased expression of neoantigens and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. These changes have been linked to increased sensitivity to checkpoint inhibitor drugs. In this mini review, we provide an update on MSI-related solid tumors with special focus on the predictive role of MSI for checkpoint immunotherapy.
Solitary Fibrous Tumors of the Head and Neck
Authors: Smith Steven C. , Gooding William E. , Elkins Matthew , Patel Rajiv M. , Harms Paul W. , McDaniel Andrew S. , Palanisamy Nallasivam , Uram-Tuculescu Cora , Balzer Bonnie B. , Lucas David R. , Seethala Raja R. , McHugh Jonathan B.
Published: September 2017

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) of the head and neck are uncommon. Lesions previously diagnosed in the head and neck as hemangiopericytomas (HPCs), giant cell angiofibromas (GCAs), and orbital fibrous histiocytomas (OFHs) are now recognized as within the expanded spectrum of SFTs. To better understand the clinicopathologic profile of head and neck SFTs, we performed a multi-institutional study of 88 examples. There was no sex predilection (F:M ratio 1.2), and the median patient age was 52 years (range: 15 to above 89 y). The sinonasal tract and orbit were the most common sites involved (30% and 25%), followed by the oral cavity and salivary glands (15% and 14%). Original diagnoses included HPC (25%), SFT (67%), and OFH (6%), with 1 SFT and 1 OFH noted as showing GCA-like morphology. On review, the predominant histologic pattern was classic SFT-like in 53% and cellular (former HPC-like) in 47%; lipomatous differentiation (8%) and GCA-like pattern (7%) were less prevalent. Subsets demonstrated nuclear atypia (23%), epithelioid morphology (15%), or coagulative necrosis (6%). Infiltrative growth (49%) and osseous invasion (82%) were prevalent among evaluable cases. Of the 48 SFTs with follow-up (median: 43 mo), 19 showed recurrence (40%). Of these, 4 patients were alive with disease and 4 dead of disease. Size and mitotic rate were negative prognosticators using a joint prognostic proportional hazards regression model. Three patients experienced metastasis, to lungs, parotid, bone, and skull base, including one case showing overtly sarcomatous “dedifferentiation.” As a group, SFTs present in a wide anatomic and morphologic spectrum in the head and neck. Only rare examples metastasize or cause death from disease. However, the fairly high local recurrence rate underscores their aggressive potential and highlights the importance of prospective recognition.
Quantitative Proton Spectroscopy of the Testes at 3 T
Authors: Storey Pippa , Gonen Oded , Rosenkrantz Andrew B. , Khurana Kiranpreet K. , Zhao Tiejun , Bhatta Rajesh , Alukal Joseph P.
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare testicular metabolite concentrations between fertile control subjects and infertile men.

Materials and Methods

Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed in the testes with and without water suppression at 3 T in 9 fertile control subjects and 9 infertile patients (8 with azoospermia and 1 with oligospermia). In controls only, the T1 and T2 values of water and metabolites were also measured. Absolute metabolite concentrations were calculated using the unsuppressed water signal as a reference and correcting for the relative T1 and T2 weighting of the water and metabolite signals.

Results

Testicular T1 values of water, total choline, and total creatine were 2028 ± 125 milliseconds, 1164 ± 105 milliseconds, and 1421 ± 314 milliseconds, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). T2 values were 154 ± 11 milliseconds, 342 ± 53 milliseconds, and 285 ± 167 milliseconds, respectively. Total choline concentration was lower in patients (mean, 1.5 mmol/L; range, 0.9–2.1 mmol/L) than controls (mean, 4.4 mmol/L; range, 3.2–5.7 mmol/L; P = 4 × 10−5). Total creatine concentration was likewise reduced in patients (mean, 1.1 mmol/L; range, undetectable −2.7 mmol/L) compared with controls (mean, 3.6 mmol/L; range, 2.5–4.7 mmol/L; P = 1.6 × 10−4). The myo-inositol signal normalized to the water reference was also lower in patients than controls (P = 4 × 10−5).

Conclusions

Testicular metabolite concentrations, measured by proton spectroscopy at 3 T, may be valuable as noninvasive biomarkers of spermatogenesis.
Clinical Parameter for Deciding the BRAFV600E Mutation Test in Atypia of Undetermined Significance/Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Rho Miribi , Kim Eun-Kyung , Moon Hee Jung , Yoon Jung Hyun , Park Vivian Y. , Han Kyunghwa , Kwak Jin Young
Published: September 2017

This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of a thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) to select thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) cytology for additional BRAFV600E mutation testing. Three hundred three thyroid nodules were included. Statistical analysis was performed at both patient and nodule levels according to BRAFV600E mutation positivity and clinical factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess independent associations between BRAFV600E mutation positivity and clinical factors. Of 303 AUS/FLUS nodules, 16 (5.3%) of 303 nodules had the BRAFV600E mutation. The frequency of the BRAFV600E mutation according to the TIRADS was 35.7% for category 5, 10.8% for category 4c, 2.5% for category 4b, 1.1% for category 4a, and 0% for category 3 nodules (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, BRAFV600E mutation positivity was significantly associated with high suspicion on the TIRADS (odds ratio, 15.247; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the ultrasonography patterns of the TIRADS can be used as a clinical parameter for deciding the BRAFV600E mutation test in thyroid nodules with AUS/FLUS cytology.
Graft Growth and Podocyte Dedifferentiation in Donor-Recipient Size Mismatch Kidney Transplants
Authors: Müller-Deile Janina , Bräsen Jan Hinrich , Pollheimer Marion , Ratschek Manfred , Haller Hermann , Pape Lars , Schiffer Mario
Published: September 2017

Background

Kidney transplantation is the treatment choice for patients with end-stage renal diseases. Because of good long-term outcome, pediatric kidney grafts are also accepted for transplantation in adult recipients despite a significant mismatch in body size and age between donor and recipient. These grafts show a remarkable ability of adaptation to the recipient body and increase in size in a very short period, presumably as an adaptation to hyperfiltration.

Methods

We investigated renal graft growth as well as glomerular proliferation and differentiation markers Kiel-67, paired box gene 2 and Wilms tumor protein (WT1) expression in control biopsies from different transplant constellations: infant donor for infant recipient, infant donor for child recipient, infant donor for adult recipient, child donor for child recipient, child donor for adult recipient, and adult donor for an adult recipient.

Results

We detected a significant increase in kidney graft size after transplantation in all conditions with a body size mismatch, which was most prominent when an infant donated for a child. Podocyte WT1 expression was comparable in different transplant conditions, whereas a significant increase in WT1 expression could be detected in parietal epithelial cells, when a kidney graft from a child was transplanted into an adult. In kidney grafts that were relatively small for the recipients, we could detect reexpression of podocyte paired box gene 2. Moreover, the proliferation marker Kiel-67 was expressed in glomerular cells in grafts that increased in size after transplantation.

Conclusions

Kidney grafts rapidly adapt to the recipient size after transplantation if they are transplanted in a body size mismatch constellation. The increase in transplant size is accompanied by an upregulation of proliferation and dedifferentiation markers in podocytes. The different examined conditions exclude hormonal factors as the key trigger for this growth so that most likely hyperfiltration is the key trigger inducing the rapid growth response.
Collective memory in primate conflict implied by temporal scaling collapse
Authors: Lee Edward D. , Daniels Bryan C. , Krakauer David C. , Flack Jessica C.
Published: September 2017

In biological systems, prolonged conflict is costly, whereas contained conflict permits strategic innovation and refinement. Causes of variation in conflict size and duration are not well understood. We use a well-studied primate society model system to study how conflicts grow. We find conflict duration is a ‘first to fight’ growth process that scales superlinearly, with the number of possible pairwise interactions. This is in contrast with a ‘first to fail’ process that characterizes peaceful durations. Rescaling conflict distributions reveals a universal curve, showing that the typical time scale of correlated interactions exceeds nearly all individual fights. This temporal correlation implies collective memory across pairwise interactions beyond those assumed in standard models of contagion growth or iterated evolutionary games. By accounting for memory, we make quantitative predictions for interventions that mitigate or enhance the spread of conflict. Managing conflict involves balancing the efficient use of limited resources with an intervention strategy that allows for conflict while keeping it contained and controlled.
A light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism insensitive to light intensity and polarization
Authors: Worster Susannah , Mouritsen Henrik , Hore P. J.
Published: September 2017

Billions of migratory birds navigate thousands of kilometres every year aided by a magnetic compass sense, the biophysical mechanism of which is unclear. One leading hypothesis is that absorption of light by specialized photoreceptors in the retina produces short-lived chemical intermediates known as radical pairs whose chemistry is sensitive to tiny magnetic interactions. A potentially serious but largely ignored obstacle to this theory is how directional information derived from the Earth's magnetic field can be separated from the much stronger variations in the intensity and polarization of the incident light. Here we propose a simple solution in which these extraneous effects are cancelled by taking the ratio of the signals from two neighbouring populations of magnetoreceptors. Geometric and biological arguments are used to derive a set of conditions that make this possible. We argue that one likely location of the magnetoreceptor molecules would be in association with ordered opsin dimers in the membrane discs of the outer segments of double-cone photoreceptor cells.
Progress and prospects of early detection in lung cancer
Authors: Blandin Knight Sean , Crosbie Phil A. , Balata Haval , Chudziak Jakub , Hussell Tracy , Dive Caroline
Published: September 2017

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. It is broadly divided into small cell (SCLC, approx. 15% cases) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, approx. 85% cases). The main histological subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, with the presence of specific DNA mutations allowing further molecular stratification. If identified at an early stage, surgical resection of NSCLC offers a favourable prognosis, with published case series reporting 5-year survival rates of up to 70% for small, localized tumours (stage I). However, most patients (approx. 75%) have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis (stage III/IV) and despite significant developments in the oncological management of late stage lung cancer over recent years, survival remains poor. In 2014, the UK Office for National Statistics reported that patients diagnosed with distant metastatic disease (stage IV) had a 1-year survival rate of just 15–19% compared with 81–85% for stage I.