bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Curve Resolution Applied to Hyperspectral Imaging Analysis of Chocolate Samples
Authors: Zhang Xin , de Juan Anna , Tauler Romà
Published: August 2015

This paper shows the application of Raman and infrared hyperspectral imaging combined with multivariate curve resolution (MCR) to the analysis of the constituents of commercial chocolate samples. The combination of different spectral data pretreatment methods allowed decreasing the high fluorescent Raman signal contribution of whey in the investigated chocolate samples. Using equality constraints during MCR analysis, estimations of the pure spectra of the chocolate sample constituents were improved, as well as their relative contributions and their spatial distribution on the analyzed samples. In addition, unknown constituents could be also resolved. White chocolate constituents resolved from Raman hyperspectral image indicate that, at macro scale, sucrose, lactose, fat, and whey constituents were intermixed in particles. Infrared hyperspectral imaging did not suffer from fluorescence and could be applied for white and milk chocolate. As a conclusion of this study, micro-hyperspectral imaging coupled to the MCR method is confirmed to be an appropriate tool for the direct analysis of the constituents of chocolate samples, and by extension, it is proposed for the analysis of other mixture constituents in commercial food samples.
La abducción como una posibilidad para proponer ideas nuevas en textos narrativos literarios
Authors: Ramírez Franco Maryory
Published: August 2015

Por lo general, el trabajo de textos narrativos en los estudiantes de educación básica y media ha sido un poco utópico, pues la sola actitud frente a la lectura refleja la manera tan esquemática en la que se ha trabajado la misma grado tras grado, por esta razón se evidencia la desmotivación frente a la literatura  y las metodologías tan esquemáticas que se presentan alrededor de la misma, limitándose al análisis de la forma, de quiénes son los personajes, sin trascender o realizar algún tipo de inferencia más elevado; por ello en el presente artículo se muestra el recorrido realizado durante cinco años con el método abductivo propuesto por Charles Sanders Peirce, y la manera en cómo éste fue abordado en el trabajo de grado del pregrado, hasta ser implementado como una estrategia didáctica para acercarse a textos narrativos enigmáticos en el aula de clases, con estudiantes de los grados noveno y décimo y con docentes en formación o en ejercicio, del área del lenguaje o afines.
Deberes ciudadanos y diversidad cultural: comprensión de los discursos de estudiantes y docentes desde la alteridad y la subjetividad
Authors: Muñoz García Pablo Alexander
Published: August 2015

El presente artículo hace parte de una amplia investigación cualitativa hermenéutica que buscó comprender la configuración de la educación política en las prácticas pedagógicas de la educación media en el Instituto Salesiano San Juan Bosco de Cúcuta. Se muestran los resultados de la categoría “deberes ciudadanos y diversidad cultural” con el objetivo de
comprender los relatos de los actores desde la alteridad y la subjetividad. Los resultados evidencian que los discursos de los participantes configuran una posibilidad para construir subjetividad, sentido de la
alteridad, sentido de lo público y sentido de lo político, y que representan un desafío a la participación en la esfera pública.
Representaciones sociales de los estudiantes sobre el trabajo docente
Authors: Santana Gaitán Luisa Carlota
Published: August 2015

Con el propósito de contribuir a la discusión y comprensión del hacer del docente, este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada con un grupo de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias y Educación de la Universidad Distrital acerca de las representaciones sociales que han construido sobre el trabajo de los docentes. Para su abordaje se asumió el enfoque estructural de Jean Abric, que permite identificar su núcleo y su estructura. La investigación de carácter cualitativo e interpretativo empleó técnicas interrogativas y asociativas. El análisis de contenido del corpus textual arrojó un campo representacional amplio del trabajo docente, que da cuenta del
sentido que se le otorga, del hacer que se le atribuye y del docente propiamente dicho. El núcleo de la representación social se centra en considerar al docente y su trabajo como portadores de valores éticos y morales desde los cuales se propende por la trasformación social.
Desarrollo de algoritmo para detección y comando de robots humanoides en tareas de recolección
Authors: Vargas Torres Germán Andrés , Castillo Estepa Ricardo Andrés
Published: August 2015

Este artículo presenta un algoritmo para comandar un grupo de robots humanoides Bioloid, organizándolos alrededor de un objeto de interés, detectado previamente por un sistema de visión externa. Los robots conforman un Sistema Multi-Agente (SMA) orientado hacia tareas de recolección cooperativa. Se detalla el desarrollo del SMA, así como cada componente del algoritmo de organización y la simulación en ambiente virtual. El algoritmo se subdivide en dos hilos dedicados: uno se encarga de visión de máquina (filtrado, detección de contornos y clasificación logrados a través de librerías de EmguCV) y cálculos en el espacio operacional, y el otro opera la comunicación inalámbrica ZigBee con los robots. Adicionalmente, los robots poseen su propio código embebido que les permite traducir una secuencia de instrucciones recibidas a patrones de marcha que los dirigen hacia el objeto de interés. El tiempo total de ejecución es tomado como la medida global de desempeño de interés.
Parámetros de configuración en módulos XBEE-PRO® S2B ZB para medición de variables ambientales
Authors: Vera Romero Carlos Alberto , Barbosa Jaimes Jhon Erickson , Pabón González Diana Carolina
Published: August 2015

Este artículo presenta información sobre la configuración de la comunicación inalámbrica mediante los protocolos del Instituto de Ingenieros Eléctricos y Electrónicos IEEE 802.4.15 y ZigBee®. Haciendo uso de los módulos de radiofrecuencia XBee-PRO® S2B ZBde Digi International Inc., se muestra la fase de diseño del enlace inalámbrico utilizando la topología estrella; se realiza la caracterización de los parámetros para configurar los dispositivos de radiofrecuencia que permiten la comunicación para la medición de los parámetros de algunas variables ambientales mediante el acoplamiento de diversos sensores utilizando el XBee Shield para la placa del microcontrolador Arduino Mega 2560. Se forman cuatro nodos, cada uno de los cuales permite medir cuatro variables: temperatura ambiental, humedad relativa, precipitación y radiación solar global. A su vez, el coordinador y una tarjeta Arduino Ethernet permiten visualizar los datos en tiempo real mediante un aplicativo en la red de área local.
DISEÑO DE UNA RED DE MUESTREO ESPACIAL QUE OPTIMIZA LA ESTIMACIÓN DE PARÁMETROS DE LA FUNCIÓN DE COVARIANZA PARA LA MEDICIÓN PLUVIOMÉTRICA EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE CUNDINAMARCA
Authors: Santa Guzman Luis Fernando , Pinzón Rodríguez Roverth Steven , Pulido Ávila Juan Sebastián , Gómez Rodríguez Luis Fernando
Published: August 2015

El muestreo espacial óptimo busca obtener una configuración de puntos en una región dada, que brinde la mayor y más confiable información acerca de la variable medida. En esta investigación se llevó a cabo una metodología que diseñó una red de muestreo espacial a través de la optimización de la estimación de los parámetros de la función de covarianza usando datos de pluviosidad del departamento de Cundinamarca obtenidos por el IDEAM para el año 2007. Se construyó un modelo de variabilidad mediante un análisis de dependencia espacial que sirvió de base para simular varios tamaños de muestra mediante el algoritmo de simulación Annealing cuyas matrices de Fisher y de covarianza de los parámetros estimados por máxima verosimilitud (ML) fueron comparadas con el fin de obtener la mejor estimación de los parámetros del proceso espacial. Para el proceso se implementaron rutinas en el software R 3.0.0. A pesar de que la matriz de Fisher no fue una buena aproximación a la matriz de covarianza de los estimadores ML, puede ser usada como criterio de diseño si la relación entre ellas es monótona, como resultado se encontró una mejor red de muestreo con estimación de parámetros óptima y que cumple con las recomendaciones establecidas por la Organización Mundial Meteorológica (OMM), sirviendo como base para reubicar estaciones de la red actual cuya implementación no satisface los propósitos de muestreo óptimo por la falta de criterios técnicos durante su diseño que provocaron defectos de traslape y discontinuidades espaciales de muestreo.
Production of phosphate biofertilizers
from bones by phosphate-solubilizing
bacteria Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Wyciszkiewicz Małgorzata , Saeid Agnieszka , Chojnacka Katarzyna , Górecki Henryk
Published: August 2015

In this paper, the production of phosphate biofertilizers from bones by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megaterium is presented. The biofertilizers used in this study contain phosphorus compounds that are in available form to plants as well as components of growth medium. The solubilization was performed under two conditions; with chlorides and with sulphates instead of chlorides. Three biofertilizer forms are proposed in relation to the doses of bones applied in the solubilization process (4, 10 or 20 g L-1). The solubilization degree varied according to the bacterial medium formulation and the bones doses. The replacement of chlorides with sulphates yielded a lower growth rate, and resulted, in a lower solubilization. The specific growth rate of the cells of B. megaterium in a sulphate medium was lower than compared with the specific growth rate of cell culture in a medium of chlorides of about 22.4, 39 and 14%, for 4, 10 and 20 g L-1 of bones concentration, respectively. In the stationary phase, the solubilization factor (SF) was higher (61.7%) for the solubilization process conducted in a medium with chlorides − Cbone
4 g L-1, compared with the solubilization process conducted in the medium of sulphates (52.7%).
Sovereignty as Trusteeship and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Fox-Decent Evan , Dahlman Ian
Published: August 2015

We explore two special challenges indigenous peoples pose to the idea of sovereigns as trustees for humanity. The first challenge is rooted in a colonial history during which a trusteeship model of sovereignty served as an enabler of paternalistic colonial policies. The challenge is to show that the trusteeship model is not irreparably colonial in nature. The second challenge, which emerges from the first, is to specify the scope and nature of indigenous peoples’ sovereignty within the trusteeship model. Whereas the interaction between states and foreign nationals is the locus of cosmopolitan law, the relationship between states and indigenous peoples is distinctive. In the ordinary cosmopolitan case, foreign nationals do not purport to possess legal authority. Indigenous peoples often do make such a claim, pitting their claim to authority against the state’s. We discuss how international law has attempted to come to grips with indigenous sovereignty by requiring states to include indigenous peoples in decision-making processes that affect their historical lands and rights. A crucial fault line in the jurisprudence, however, separates a duty to consult indigenous peoples from a duty to acquire their free, prior and informed consent (FPIC). The latter but not the former recognizes that indigenous peoples possess a veto over state projects on their lands, in effect recognizing in them a limited co-legislative power. We focus on recent jurisprudence from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and consider whether either the duty to consult or FPIC are enough to dispel the shadow of the trusteeship model’s colonial past. We suggest that they are a move in the right direction, and that implicitly they represent international law’s recognition that states are no longer the sole bearers of sovereignty at international law. In limited circumstances, international law recognizes indigenous peoples as sovereign actors.
Free Radical Production from Controlled Low-Energy Fires: Toxicity Considerations
Authors: Lowry WT , Peterson J , Petty CS , Badgett JL
Published: August 2015

Most fire departments respond within the first 5 min of notification of a fire. If fire victims are found at that stage by the firefighters, then incapacitation or death has occurred during the initial low-energy phase where smoke is being produced. Studies have shown that during this initial low-energy phase of the fire, gases commonly thought responsible for incapacitation or death are frequently not present in concentrations adequate to cause this result. In the current study free radicals, measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, were trapped in concentrations that we consider incapacitating, thus providing an explanation for “incapacitation without cause.” This finding points the way to the design of more efficient temporary protective equipment for those who are in a high fire hazard environment, such as airline passengers, and suggests the idea of establishing a thermodynamic marker for the relative toxicity of building materials.
Phenotyping Phosphoglucose Isomerase in West Coast Cervids for Species Identification and Individualization
Authors: Pex JO , Wolfe JR
Published: August 2015

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from 111 Columbia blacktail deer, 65 mule deer, 21 Sitka blacktail deer, 100 moose, 46 elk, 75 caribou, 46 reindeer, and 2 whitetail deer was examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Mule deer and Columbia blacktail deer exhibited a biallelic polymorphism at the PGI-1 locus. Allele frequencies were 0.18 and 0.82 for Columbia blacktail deer and 0.70 and 0.30 for mule deer. No PGI variation was present in the other cervids examined, except for a single caribou variant. PGI phenotyping can be of value in individualizing meat from mule and blacktail deer for wildlife law enforcement. Comparison of PGI mobilities can also be used to differentiate between several of the monomorphic species, and can differentiate between beef and all the cervids except elk.
Felt Tip Pen Writing: Problems of Identification
Authors: Fenner Masson J
Published: August 2015

At times the document examiner must compare questioned handwriting to samples of genuine writing which are written with a different kind of writing instrument than the questioned writing. This raises the question of whether or not individual writers change their handwriting habits as a result of the writing instrument used. The writing instrument of particular interest to the author was the broad point felt tip marker. A study of handwriting with various writing instruments revealed the acceptability of comparing ballpoint pen or fiber tip pen writings with questioned felt tip marker writings, with certain limitations.
Observations on ToxTrap Silica Gel Breath Capture Tubes for Alcohol Analysis
Authors: Bergh AK
Published: August 2015

Experimental studies were carried out to investigate the accuracy, precision, and reliability of ToxTrap silica gel tubes relative to the capture, from Intoxilyzers®, and subsequent analysis of alcohol derived from Simulator vapors or breath samples. Factors influencing analytical results, such as the presence of moisture in the tubes, were investigated. Comparisons were made between immediate, direct Intoxilyzer results and ToxTrap tube results obtained by a gas chromatographic technique.
Metropolitan Forensic Anthropology Team (MFAT) Case Studies in Identification: 3. Identification of John J. Sullivan, the Missing Journalist
Authors: Zugibe FT , Taylor J , Weg N , DiBennerdo R , Costello JT , DeForest P
Published: August 2015

Skeletal remains removed from an unmarked grave in El Salvador were intensively studied by a team of forensic science experts. Even though the skull, teeth, and several major bones were missing, a positive identification was made of the missing journalist. This was contrary to reports submitted to the State Department by Salvadorian officials. All of the methods used in this investigation, which includes a new method for simultaneously assessing sex and race by discriminant function analysis that was tested by application, are fully described. The international background of this case and information regarding the cause of death is discussed.
Identification of a Murder Weapon by a Peculiar Blunt Force Injury Pattern and Histochemical Analysis
Authors: Zugibe FT , Costello JT
Published: August 2015

Attempts to determine the instrument in the brutal killing of a middle-aged male resulted in the positive identification of an auto jack column as the actual instrument used. This was accomplished by the use of three modalities: (1) the edge of the jack column conformed exactly to a multi-curved laceration in the forehead (site of lethal injury), (2) blood found within this edge of the jack column afforded the same blood type as that of the victim, and (3) tissue sections made of the blood and debris from this edge of the jack column revealed tissue fragments containing human keratin (antihuman keratin technique) and positive staining with collagen stains.
Death at High Altitude in the Hypobaric Chamber
Authors: Spencer JD , Dixon JP , Wright DG
Published: August 2015

A small number of accidental and suicidal deaths have occurred in the hypobaric, or high altitude, chamber. A case of an unusual suicide in a hypobaric chamber is presented. The changes that resulted from decompression and hypoxia are discussed.
An Aqueous-Organic Extraction Method for the Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
Authors: Casale JF
Published: August 2015

A simple aqueous extraction method for the isolation and identification of psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is reported. This method employs a dephosphorylation of the phosphate ester to psilocin, which facilitates a greater product yield and simplifies identification. Psilocin extracted by this method is sufficiently concentrated and free of cocontaminants to allow identification by infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
A Review of The Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Fluids
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

NIDA Research Monograph 42 is a presentation of their second technical review on development of cannabinoid assays for detection in biological specimens, held in January 1980. In the introduction, the editor discusses the potential utility and significance of use of cannabinoid assays in humans. Whereas determination of past use of Cannabis is now a routine capability (if proper methods are used) he explains why determination of a state of intoxication is much more difficult. The analysis of whole blood and possibly breath or saliva are discussed as potential determinants of intoxication.
A Review of An Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra of Compounds of Forensic Interest
Authors: Poklis A
Published: August 2015

This index consists of 3687 eight-peak abbreviated spectra from 2787 compounds, which may be encountered during mass spectral analysis of forensic science samples. The collection was compiled at the Central Research Establishment, Aldermaston, U.K. with the help of forensic science laboratories worldwide.
Evaluation of Antisera for Bloodstain Grouping I. ABH, MN, and Rh
Authors: Gaensslen RE , Lee HC , Pagliaro EM , Bremser JK
Published: August 2015

Sixty-eight different commercially available blood grouping antisera and lectins with ABH, MN, and Rh D, C, E, c, and e specificities were serologically evaluated for their applicability to bloodstain antigen determination. The characteristics of the antisera were determined with red cells, with fresh bloodstains, and with series of aging bloodstains. The Rh antisera were tested under a variety of serological conditions and with bloodstains on various substrata. Additionally, studies on optimization of absorption-elution procedure variables were carried out, and some data on the storage characteristics of red cells and blood grouping antisera were gathered.
Illicitly Imported Heroin Products: Some Physical and Chemical Features Indicative of Their Origin. Part II
Authors: O'Neil PJ , Gough TA
Published: August 2015

Samples taken from seizures of imported illicit heroin preparations of known geographical origin have been examined. The typology developed in a previous survey of illicit heroin products is applicable to virtually all the samples studied in this work. On the basis of these observations it is possible to give an opinion as to the origin of some samples of illicit heroin of unknown provenance. The observation in the previous survey that unrelated samples of illicit heroin possess unique chemical profiles has been confirmed by the present results.
An Evaluation of Fused Silica Capillary Columns for the Screening of Basic Drugs in Postmortem Blood: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Koves EM , Wells J
Published: August 2015

Fused silica capillary columns (Durabond®) have been evaluated for the screening of more than 100 basic drugs in postmortem blood samples. The combination of these columns, nitrogen-phosphorus detectors, and SKF-525A (internal standard) allows for the simultaneous screening and quantitation of several basic drugs such as amphetamines, amitriptyline, and codeine. Approximately 2000 blood samples have been analyzed by this procedure. The use of capillary columns results in excellent baseline stability and this, together with an autosampler and data system, enables unattended overnight operation. “Double peaking” associated with splitless injection can be a problem as can sensitivity for some of the polar drugs; however, with the extraction procedure described and the equipment used, the screening of blood for basic drugs is improved when compared with packed column technology.
Psychiatric Evaluations of Sexual Offenders
Authors: Packard WS , Rosner R
Published: August 2015

Ninety-five defendants charged with sexual offenses were evaluated in a forensic psychiatry clinic. Their psychiatric diagnoses, as well as social, demographic, and criminal characteristics, were studied. Almost half were found to have personality disorders, while one-fifth were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia, affective disorder, or an atypical psychosis. Surprisingly few were diagnosed as having a paraphilia.
Geriatric Felons Examined at a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Rosner R , Wiederlight M , Schneider M
Published: August 2015

Descriptive statistics are presented on 25 defendants in the geriatric age range (aged 62 to 78 years old). Demographic variables, criminal charges, medical, neurological and psychiatric illnesses, prior criminal offenses, and final dispositions of the cases are tabulated, and implications for the criminal justice system and social services are discussed.
Variations in Vitreous Humor Chemical Values As A Result of Instrumentation
Authors: Coe JI , Apple FS
Published: August 2015

Urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured in common vitreous humor samples using a variety of instruments. There was found to be variation in values obtained by the different procedures for each of these constituents. The variation in electrolyte values between the different procedures can pose real problems in attempting to determine the presence of an antemortem dehydration or low salt condition. Possible reasons for these variations are discussed, and the normal range of values of both sodium and chloride for the different instrumentalities is provided. However, variations in values for both urea nitrogen and glucose would not pose any problems of interpretation for forensic science evaluations.
Microcomputers in Forensic Science
Authors: Neiburger EJ
Published: August 2015

In the last few years, there has been a revolution in computer technology. Small, inexpensive, and powerful microcomputers are assuming the work previously done by expensive and limited minicomputers and manual systems. New uses of microcomputers and several forensic science applications of user definable software is discussed. This paper also reviews basic computer systems and cautions for prospective users.
Determination of ABH Secretor Status by an Electronic Quantitation Method
Authors: Matsuzawa S , Kobayashi Y , Kobayashi R , Suzuki H
Published: August 2015

Blood Group A and B substances in secretor (Se) and nonsecretor (se) salivas were tested by means of an electronic data processing-hemagglutinin-inhibition test (EDP-HAIT) with immunoglobulin M (IgM) isohemagglutinins. Besides a difference in quantity, the blood group substances in Se saliva showed high binding efficiencies compared with those in se saliva. EDP-HAIT with IgG isohemagglutinins proved no difference in the binding efficiencies of Se and se salivas. The determination of secretor status by EDP-HAIT with IgM isohemagglutinin was accurate because the conclusion was obtained based on two different quantitative results. Secretor status of some salivas in gargled water could be determined by comparing the binding efficiencies.
Two Bite Mark Cases with Inadequate Scale References
Authors: Bernstein ML
Published: August 2015

Most literature addressing comparisons between epidermal bite marks and the perpetrator's bite pattern mandates fastidious coordination between the size of the compared reproductions. While ideal, this is not possible in every case and inability to control this variable in selected cases may not necessarily invalidate the comparison. The first case involves a known perpetrator. All photographic measurements were recorded with acceptable techniques to discover a serious discrepancy in arch size. The second case was degraded by the absence of a ruler in a tangentially made photograph of a bite mark. In both cases, the weight of the conclusions were lessened by these problems but the impartial handling of the evidence and explanation of discrepancies offered credibility to the analyses. Both cases illustrate that a technical infraction in processing and recording bite marks, though serious, need not automatically preempt the analysis.
Concentrations of Lidocaine and Monoethylglycylxylidide (MEGX) in Lidocaine Associated Deaths
Authors: Peat MA , Deyman ME , Crouch DJ , Margot P , Finkle BS
Published: August 2015

Concentrations of lidocaine and MEGX were determined in a variety of tissues and other samples collected at autopsy. In 13 of the cases examined in which lidocaine was associated with death, tissue concentrations were greater than 15 mg/kg. Tissue concentrations in other patients treated with lidocaine were significantly lower.
Mental Retardation, Organic Brain Dysfunction, and the Forensic Clinician: Some Practical Considerations
Authors: Travin S , Klein N , Protter B
Published: August 2015

Mental retardation as it is frequently interrelated with a variety of organic brain dysfunctions may present unclear clinical pictures. This has particular relevance for the forensic practitioner who often needs to present his findings to the court in a clearly demarcated manner. This paper outlines the more commonly encountered entities in this area with consideration to forensic science implications.
A Review of Euthanasia
Authors: Tuchler MI
Published: August 2015

This volume, edited by Judge Amnon Carmi of Haifa, Israel, presents a series of articles by distinguished scientists from Africa, Europe, the United States, and Israel, and makes a serious effort to cope with the technological and engineering advances in the field of medicine which have been responsible for the extraordinary amount of literature and litigation considering euthanasia.
A Review of Human Identification Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Reay DT
Published: August 2015

This is a good book that fuses the methods of human identification with anecdotal experiences of the authors. An occasional chapter has an almost whimsical approach to the subject which makes for enjoyable reading. I particularly enjoyed the chapter on the analysis of osseous material presumably from Jesse James and the melodrama in two acts concerning the identification of a notorious train robber, Ehner J. McCurdy.
Radiologic Examination of Anatomic Parts and Skeletonized Remains
Authors: Murphy WA , Gantner GE
Published: August 2015

During a 28-month interval, the radiographs of eight cases of skeletonized remains were evaluated by a radiologist. Radiologic evaluation of limited anatomic parts (four cases) was used to establish human or nonhuman origin and was helpful in the assessment of the relative social importance of the part. Radiologic evaluation of more complete skeletons (four cases) contributed data toward estimation of sex, age, stature, and past medical history. It confirmed the presumptive identity in two cases, excluded two possible identities in a third, and could still be useful if a presumptive identity is ever established for the fourth. Therefore, radiologic evaluation of skeletonized remains by a trained observer may be a useful adjunct to a forensic science investigation.
Applicability of Capillary Gas Chromatography to Substance Identification in Toxicology by Means of Retention Indices
Authors: Schepers P , Wijsbeek J , Franke JP , de Zeeuw RA
Published: August 2015

Three capillary columns, set up in a routine screening system, were tested in temperature-programmed runs. A narrow-bore fused silica capillary, Carbowax deactivated and with a methylsilicone liquid phase, was found to be unstable at higher temperatures, giving irreproducible results and retention indices that varied considerably from those obtained on packed columns. The two other columns, a wide-bore glass capillary and a narrow-bore fused silica capillary, were polysiloxane-deactivated and had a dimethylpolysiloxane liquid phase. Although both showed good stability, reproducibility, and load capacity, retention indices for various drugs still showed discrepancies as compared to corresponding values on packed columns.
A Review of Lawyers, Psychiatrists, and Criminal Law
Authors: Tuchler MI
Published: August 2015

The author has served the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice for two decades as an advocate in cases involving the insanity defense. As a guide to the author's identification and orientation, the Goldfine case is presented in detail as an example of the successful use of lay evidence to contradict an initial finding based on psychiatric testimony offered to establish incompetency to stand trial in a federal court.
A Review of Techniques of Crime Scene Inves tigation
Authors: Lundberg GD
Published: August 2015

The original publication of this book was entitled Crime Detection—Modern Methods of Criminal Investigation and was written by Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel in 1955. An English translation was made available. In 1965, the second edition appeared with the same title and authors plus Joseph D. Nickle as editor. Now, 16 years later, the third edition appears with a name change and a third author. Despite the fact that the esteemed Arne Svensson and Otto Wendel of the Criminal Investigation Department of Stockholm, Sweden, are still the two lead authors, this appears to be an almost entirely American book. The dozens of persons who are acknowledged as having contributed to this edition are nearly all from the United States or Canada.
Identification Cards and Systems That Incorporate Instant Films
Authors: Kraemer JI
Published: August 2015

A number of firms manufacture or market cameras and allied equipment for the production of driver's licenses, building passes, and other identification cards uith portraits. Systems that use instant film, other than those marketed by Polaroid Corp., are discussed with a view toward their classification and identification by document examiners. Polaroid products were discussed in a previous publication.
Shotgun Diagnosis: “It Ought to Be Something Else”
Authors: Froede RC , Pitt MJ , Bridgemon RR
Published: August 2015

The problems encountered by the surgeon, the radiologist, and the pathologist in the interpretation of radiopaque fragments within tissue are illustrated by a case report. Deformation, particularly flattening, of round pellets should be recognized as a gross radiographic pitfall. The potential and actual external and internal tissue damage resulting from a closerange shotgun blast are also discussed. Careful study of the radiographs, examination of the weapon and ammunition, and the information obtained from good investigation by trained law-enforcement officers should prevent possible misinterpretation.
Linking a Bloodstain to a Missing Person by Genetic Inheritance
Authors: Kuo MC
Published: August 2015

The use of the principles of genetic inheritance to link a bloodstain to a missing victim is discussed. Genetic marker typing can determine whether the parents of the missing victim are possible parents of the bloodstain source. Given a parental inclusion, it is possible to calculate the probability that a randomly selected couple would possess the necessary genetic combinations to be the parents of the person who bled. The applications of this concept using several genetic marker systems are examined. General formulas have been developed for the probability calculation using phenotype distribution frequencies and gene frequencies. This approach was applied to a homicide case in which it was shown that the victim's parents were among only 0.8% of couples from the general population who would be able to bequeath the genetic marker types found in the bloodstain. This evidence was helpful in producing a conviction of first degree murder.
The General Toxicology Unknown II. A Case Report: Doxylamine and Pyrilamine Intoxication
Authors: Wu Chen NB , Schaffer MI , Lin R-L , Kurland ML , Donoghue ER , Stein RJ
Published: August 2015

A general toxicology unknown case is presented to demonstrate our systematic approach. A 20-year-old male was found dead with multiple suicide notes. Overdose was suspected but substances were not known. Blood alcohol was negative. Urine was analyzed by enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique and was negative for all drugs assayed. Urine was then extracted with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) at pH 10 and back-extracted into 1.0N sulfuric acid. The acidic layer was adjusted to pH 10, and re-extracted with ethyl acetate: hexane (1:1). The residue was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) on a 3% OV-101 column. It was found to be negative for all commonly screened substances. However, several unknown peaks were observed. Electron impact mass spectra of these unknown peaks were obtained and searched for in our computer library of more than 25 000 mass spectra. These unknown peaks were identified as doxylamine and pyrilamine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The base peak and molecular ion for pyrilamine were at m/z 121 and 285, respectively. The base peak for doxylamine was at m/z 58. No molecular ion was observed for doxylamine. Both doxylamine and pyrilamine are antihistamines, but are promoted and used in the management of insomnia. Quantitation was performed on a GC using dexbrompheniramine as an internal standard. Blood concentrations for doxylamine and pyrilamine were 0.7 and 7.0 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations in other tissues were determined. Death was caused by combined doxylamine and pyrilamine intoxication; the manner of death was suicide.
Nonverbal Communication in Expert Testimony
Authors: Miller TH
Published: August 2015

I will try to show that nonverbal communication in the courtroom is a little noticed, yet powerfully important part of the communication process. My research suggests that nonverbal communication might, under certain circumstances and conditions, change the outcome of a trial. Second and probably most importantly, I will try to share with you the techniques and insights that I use as a consultant for law firms preparing for trial. I will explicate pretrial preparation; the importance of physical appearance and establishing your expert qualifications; and how to describe your research, use videotape, state your conclusion, transcend your ego, answer hypothetical questions, and handle cross-examination.
Time of Death Estimation in Blacktail Deer by Temperature and Aqueous Humor Glucose
Authors: Pex JO , Meneely KD , Andrews FC
Published: August 2015

Aqueous humor glucose and body temperature are utilized to estimate the postmortem interval. Sequential sampling of a 15-deer control study provided sufficient data to establish a 95% prediction interval for the first 8 h. Statistical analysis of 187-deer field study shows 94.7% to be inside the prediction interval.
How Individual are Personal Writing Habits?
Authors: Hilton O
Published: August 2015

Personal writing habits form the basis of all identifications. However, few if any are unique to a particular individual. This paper evaluates personal habits and considers the need for development of a unique combination of less common habits as the basis for writing identification.
Tool Mark Determination in Cartilage of Stabbing Victim
Authors: Rao VJ , Hart R
Published: August 2015

Striations produced on rib cartilages by a knife were conclusively matched with the individual characteristics of the cutting edge of the knife. This was accomplished using Dip-Pak $#x00AE; (cellulose acetate butyratE), Coe-Flex $#X00AE (polysulfide dental impression), and comparison microscopy. An absolute identification was made in which all significant striae matched the individual characteristics of the blade's cutting edge.
The Determination of Cocaine and Its Major Metabolite, Benzoylecgonine, in Postmortem Fluids and Tissues by Computerized Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Griesemer EC , Liu Y , Budd RD , Raftogianis L , Noguchi TT
Published: August 2015

An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of both cocaine and benzoylecgonine in postmortem fluid and tissue samples has been developed by using computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography using a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) detector. Both methods are accurate and sensitive and allow the determination of tissue concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine as low as 0.015 μg/mL.
The Lindbergh Case Revisited: A Review of the Criminalistics Evidence
Authors: Haag LC
Published: August 2015

The Lindbergh kidnapping case, now over half a century old, has been the subject of numerous books and articles, several films, and a current lawsuit. Doubts about the guilt of Bruno Richard Hauptmann raised in the late 1930s persist today. The identification of the body of the child found in the woods near the Lindbergh estate approximately two months after the kidnapping is still being questioned. Criticisms of the purported associations between the homemade ladder left at the scene with Hauptmann's tools and with wood in his residence are also still being voiced. The retention of the crucial pieces of physical evidence by the New Jersey State Police and their new accessibility as a result of an executive order makes a contemporary evaluation of these questions possible. In January of 1983 the author, at the invitation of the president of the American Academy, Anthony Longhetti, traveled to New Jersey, viewed the original crime scene, studied the trial exhibits and re-examined the major items of physical evidence exclusive of the kidnap and ransom notes. Certain criminalistic examinations carried out by the New Jersey State Police Forensic Science Bureau in 1977 were also reviewed in preparing this paper for the 1983 plenary session.
The Lindbergh Kidnapping: Review of the Autopsy Evidence
Authors: Baden MM
Published: August 2015

Review of the findings of the autopsy performed on the decomposed remains show the identification as the Lindbergh baby to be valid, but the cause of death as “fractured skull” to be less certain.
A Review of Society, Crime and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Wall JL
Published: August 2015

This book is a basic criminology textbook and, as such, is concerned with the study of crime and criminals. Presumably, this book is directed towards students of academic criminology programs who will ultimately work in various aspects of law enforcement and corrections. However, as the author points out, “Crime is a topic of enduring interest to most Americans.” The study of crime and criminals should certainly be of enduring interest to forensic scientists who are pursuing highly complex disciplines themselves and have supporting parts in the overall drama of crime.
Computer-Aided X-Ray Diffraction Identification of Crystalline Mixtures in Forensic Science Investigations
Authors: Fischer R , Nat R , Goebel R
Published: August 2015

X-ray diffraction analysis of multiphase mixtures is sometimes rather painstaking and time-consuming by conventional manual identification using search manuals and the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) file. This is the reason why a search match program has been developed in FORTRAN IV using a 32 kB Data General Nova 3/12 minicomputer with floppy disk storage to evaluate X-ray diffraction patterns in an on-line mode, regardless of intensities, permitting the mixture components to be determined from a compiled data file of forensically relevant substances. This paper discusses the problems of procedure, program setup, and results.
Human Remains Recovered from a Shark's Stomach in South Carolina
Authors: Rathbun TA , Rathbun BC
Published: August 2015

When a local fisherman landed a 243-cm (8-ft), 59-kg (130-lb) tiger shark off the coast of South Carolina, the stomach contents included human remains. The distal femur articulations, complete patella, and proximal fourth of the tibia and fibula with connective tissue and a few hairs were present. The forensic science analysis of this material raised some unique questions not usually confronted by a physical anthropologist. Estimations of time since death necessitated research into the feeding and movement habits of tiger sharks, the digestive mechanics and chemistry of the species, and possible alteration of the skeletal material. The fragmentation of the remains spurred extension of usual identification techniques and raised questions of level of confidence of the methods. The current techniques for diagnosis of sex, race, age, stature, and individualized features, and their utility in this case, are reviewed. Areas for further research are proposed.
Lingual Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Causing Death in a Four-Week-Old Infant
Authors: Hanzlick RL
Published: August 2015

A 12-mm spherical thyroglossal duct cyst at the base of the tongue caused the death of a four-week-old infant by obstructing the glottis. Previous case reports of this rare entity indicate that the supine position aggravates airway obstruction. Proof of a cause and effect relationship between such a cyst and death is difficult in the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) age group because of nonspecific findings associated with asphyxia and SIDS. Autopsy should include a thorough examination of the oral cavity to detect such lesions.
Phosphoglucomutase Types in Blood and Hair Roots Taken from Post-Transfusion Subjects
Authors: Lawton ME , Kerr LR
Published: August 2015

Pre- and post-transfusion blood samples were collected from 22 subjects together with the corresponding plucked hair samples taken 2 days and 2 weeks after the transfusion. The phosphoglucomutase1 (PGM1) subphenotypes of hlood and hair were determined by isoelectric focusing and the phenotypes confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Many of the post-transfusion blood samples showed an alteration in the PGM1 bands when compared with the pre-transfusion samples. However, the PGM1 types determined from the hair samples were identical to the corresponding pre-transfusion samples in all cases.
Ground Versus Earth, There Is a Difference
Authors: Liebler GE
Published: August 2015

Investigations of injuries and fires caused by electrical circuits and equipment can result in incorrect conclusions when grounding systems are neglected. The term ground is loosely used in electrical jargon as any zero reference point for voltage measurement. Power systems are usually grounded to the earth. Other electrical systems are sometimes grounded to the same earth through a low impedance circuit. Residential grounding systems are described and a simple method is proposed for the investigator's use in evaluating the grounding system for potential shock or equipment damage hazards.
Passport Examination
Authors: Levinson J
Published: August 2015

This article highlights some of the frequent questioned document problems with passports, and the primary types of examinations that are often most successful.
A Review of Handbook of Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Maples WR
Published: August 2015

When an investigation involves buried, or even scattered, human remains, archeological field methods are useful in recovering the remains, as well as reconstructing the exact circumstances of their deposition. Many forensic physical anthropologists have sufficient training (and inclination) to do their own archeology, while others prefer to call on colleagues for assistance in such cases. For several years, the editors have taught a course in forensic archeology and conducted various workshops on the subject. This handbook seems to have developed from these activities.
Comparative Study of Postmortem Barbiturates, Methadone, and Morphine in Vitreous Humor, Blood, and Tissue
Authors: Ziminski KR , Wemyss CT , Bidanset JH , Manning TJ , Lukash L
Published: August 2015

With the introduction of radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques, it has become toxicologically possible to determine drug concentrations in postmortem vitreous humor. This study demonstrates and confirms this toxicological feasibility. In 49 medical examiner's drug related cases, postmortem tissue levels of morphine, barbiturates, and methadone were compared to the vitreous humor.
A Review of Criminal Investigation—A Guide to Techniques and Solutions
Authors: Brunelle RL
Published: August 2015

This book is essentially a publication of numerous annotated biliographies which covers a very broad range of subjects in the field of criminal investigation. As such, it is a useful reference text for students or novices in this field. In the opinion of the reviewer, the text does not provide any new information of value to the experienced investigator or forensic scientist.
A Deaf Sex Offender
Authors: Harry B
Published: August 2015

Sex offenders are common among deaf criminals seen for psychiatric evaluation. This has previously been attributed to discretionary handling of deaf criminals within the criminal justice system. The author presents the case of a deaf sex offender which illustrates discretionary handling, but which also suggests altered psychosexual development. He then discusses several characteristics in the development and lives of deaf people that may contribute to an altered psychosexual development and an increased likelihood of committing sex offenses.
A Clandestine Approach to the Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone from Phenylpropenes
Authors: Dal Cason TA , Angelos SA , Raney JK
Published: August 2015

A number of published syntheses for the manufacture of controlled substances appear to be impractical for the average clandestine laboratory. A closer inspection of these syntheses may reveal modifications which greatly simplify their application. An excellent example of this is the preparation of phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P) from allylbenzene. In the prototype published method, oxygen is introduced into the reaction vessel by using a tank of compressed oxygen with a balloon for a gas reservoir. In our modification, oxidation is accomplished with a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. P-2-P has been prepared by both methods and a comparison made of the reaction mixtures at various times during their synthesis. Additionally, propenylbenzene, a by-product of these reactions, can be converted to P-2-P by modification of a second synthesis. Gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data are presented for each method.