bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice
Authors: Parsell Cameron , Jones Andrew , Head Brian
Published: May 2012

Parsell C, Jones A, Head B. Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice.

Many welfare states throughout the industrialised world have recently implemented policies to achieve targeted reductions in homelessness. These policy and welfare initiatives differ across national contexts. They are similar, however, in moving away from social programmes that have essentially ‘managed homelessness’ towards interventions that seek to permanently end homelessness. Australia has recently adopted similar homelessness policy objectives. This article examines the manner in which Australian homelessness policy has been converging with international policy directions. More specifically, the article scrutinises Australian social programmes adopted from the UK and USA as a means to achieve strategic goals of reducing homelessness. It argues that although Australian homelessness policy objectives are converging with international policy, Australian programmes modelled on international successes do not have some of the elements shown elsewhere to be crucial for achieving sustainable reductions in homelessness. This may become central to explaining programme outcomes in future years.

Key Practitioner Message:•Strategies aimed at permanently ending homelessness represent a significant shift to contemporary professional practice;•Homelessness programmes internationally are now characterised by their branding or identification with evidence‐based models;•It is important to critically scrutinise these models, examining their core elements and the manner in which they are appropriated and incorporated across jurisdictions.
Coexisting disadvantages across the adult age span: A comparison of older and younger age groups in the Swedish welfare state
Authors: Heap Josephine , Lennartsson Carin , Thorslund Mats
Published: May 2012

Heap J, Lennartsson C, Thorslund M. Coexisting disadvantages across the adult age span: a comparison of older and younger age groups in the Swedish welfare state

To experience coexisting disadvantages – the simultaneous lack of several different welfare resources – implies a hampered ability to manage one's living conditions. Here, we study coexisting disadvantages in the oldest population compared with younger age groups in Sweden, by drawing on two linked, nationally representative surveys (n = 5,392). The measurement of coexisting disadvantages included physical health, psychological health, frequency of social contact, cash margin and political resources. The highest odds of coexisting disadvantages were found after age 75 – age groups that are frequently excluded from studies of coexisting disadvantages. This pattern persisted when controlling for socio‐demographic and socio‐economic characteristics. The age pattern was partly driven by the high prevalence of physical health problems in the older population. However, even when excluding physical health problems, the odds of coexisting disadvantages were highest among people older than 85 – the fastest‐growing segment of the population in many Western countries.
The New Individualism and Contemporary Japan: Theoretical Avenues and the Japanese New Individualist Path
Authors: ELLIOTT ANTHONY , KATAGIRI MASATAKA , SAWAI ATSUSHI
Published: May 2012

Recent social theory has identified various institutional forces operating at a global level promoting novel trends towards “individualization”, “reflexive self‐identity” and “new individualism” (Beck and Beck‐Gernsheim, 2001; Giddens, 1991, 1992; Elliott and Lemert, 2009, 2009a). This article develops an exploratory overview of the theory of new individualism with reference to Japanese sociologies of self specifically and contemporary Japanese society more generally. Detailing the large‐scale societal shift in Japan from traditional forms of identity‐construction (based on a citizenship model of social order) to post‐traditional forms of identity‐construction (promoted by globalization and neoliberal policies), the article distinguishes between four discourses of the self in post‐war Japanese society: the age of the ideal; the age of the dream; the age of fiction; and, the age of fragmentation. Moreover, the article examines the Japanese employment system and the emergence of new individualist employment, as well as considering the emotional impacts of a rise in suicides in contemporary Japan. The argument is that the new individualist thesis can contribute to a sociological understanding of recent social transformations in Japan. However, situating new individualism in the context of Japan also highlights significant tensions in processes of new individualism, tensions between individual initiatives and institutional pressures.
High levels of population differentiation in Eurasian lynx at the edge of the species' western range in Europe revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses
Authors: Ratkiewicz M. , Matosiuk M. , Kowalczyk R. , Konopiński M. K. , Okarma H. , Ozolins J. , Männil P. , Ornicans A. , Schmidt K.
Published: May 2012

Large terrestrial carnivores are particularly prone to factors constraining levels of population genetic diversity because of their low densities and high spatial requirements. We studied the pattern of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population genetic variability in the westernmost part of its natural range from Scandinavia to the Carpathian Mountains (north‐central Europe) based on 190 samples using 613 base pair‐long sequences from the mitochondrial DNA control region (mtDNA‐cr). We examined whether the population history or contemporary habitat constraints of this large and mobile carnivore could have significantly affected its genetic structure. We recorded nine mtDNA haplotypes, including five not previously reported. Lynx from Latvia and Estonia had the highest variability with haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.81–0.88% and 0.44–0.47%, respectively. In contrast, there was no polymorphism present in peripheral populations from Norway and the Carpathian Mountains. Lynx populations were strongly differentiated [analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA): Φ
ST = 0.570, P < 0.001, F
ST = 0.464, P < 0.001)]. Spatial Analysis of Molecular Variance identified four separate groups of populations: (1) Norway, Finland and Estonia; (2) Latvia and North Eastern Poland; (3) the Białowieża Primeval Forest; (4) the Carpathians. The patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation suggested a number of discrete populations that are poorly connected by contemporary gene flow and could therefore be considered demographically independent. The peripheral location of these populations, habitat fragmentation and the strict territorial structure of lynx populations are factors likely contributing to the observed patterns. The study provides suggestions for active conservation/management decisions including translocations or reintroductions of lynx.
Consumer workers as immaterial labour in the converging media markets: three value‐creation practices
Authors: Moisander Johanna , Könkkölä Saara , Laine Pikka‐Maaria
Published: May 2012

This paper takes a practice‐based approach to consumer studies and focuses on the strategic and productive roles that consumers play as immaterial labour or consumer workers in the converging media markets. Based on a case study of a print media organization and its customers, the aim is to discuss the collaborative practices through which value is created in the market. By means of a textual analysis of online and interview data, three value‐creation practices are abstracted and illustrated: constructing a sense of belonging and collective identity, mutual helping and peer support, and building pride and self‐respect. Overall, the paper suggests that in global media environments, consumer‐customers are playing increasingly significant strategic roles in the practices and processes through which value is co‐created in the market. It is therefore concluded that the idea of consumers, and media audiences in particular, as recipients of communication and targets of marketing activities needs to be problematized and the dynamic strategic roles that consumers currently play in the market need to be acknowledged and actively incorporated into the business praxis of media corporations.
MPTP modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission and activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity via dopamine receptors
Authors: Zhu GuoQi , Huang YuYing , Chen Ying , Zhuang YingHan , Behnisch Thomas
Published: May 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 582–593.

Parkinson’s disease (PD)‐like symptoms and cognitive deficits are inducible by 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1, 2, 3, 6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Since cognitive abilities, including memory formations rely also on hippocampus, we set out to clarify the effects of MPTP on hippocampal physiology. We show that bath‐application of MPTP (25 μM) to acute hippocampal slices enhanced AMPA receptor‐mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (AMPAr‐fEPSPs) transiently, whereas N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated fEPSPs (NMDAr‐fEPSPs) were facilitated persistently. The MPTP‐mediated transient AMPAr‐fEPSP facilitation was antagonized by the dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonists, eticlopride (1 μM) and sulpiride (1 and 40 μM). In contrast, the persistent enhancement of NMDAr‐fEPSPs was prevented by the dopamine D1‐like receptor antagonist SCH23390 (10 μM). In addition, we show that MPTP decreased paired‐pulse facilitation of fEPSPs and mEPSCs frequency. Regarding activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity, 25 μM MPTP transformed short‐term potentiation (STP) into a long‐term potentiation (LTP) and caused a slow onset potentiation of a non‐tetanized synaptic input after induction of LTP in a second synaptic input. This heterosynaptic slow onset potentiation required activation of dopamine D1‐like and NMDA‐receptors. We conclude that acute MPTP application affects basal synaptic transmission by modulation of presynaptic vesicle release and facilitates NMDAr‐fEPSPs as well as activity‐dependent homo‐ and heterosynaptic plasticity under participation of dopamine receptors.
Proxyfan acts as a neutral antagonist of histamine H3 receptors in the feeding‐related hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus
Authors: Clapp RH , Luckman SM
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Centrally acting histamine H3 receptor ligands are proposed as potential treatments for obesity, although the value of inverse agonists at these receptors is still debated. Functional inhibition of H3 autoreceptors activates neurones in a hypothalamic ‘satiety’ centre. The H3 receptor antagonist, proxyfan was used as a tool to assess the action of histaminergic compounds in this model.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared the actions of histamine on feeding with those of an H3 receptor agonist (imetit) and inverse agonist (thioperamide) in rats and mice. Sites of action were identified by immunohistochemistry and the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was investigated using electrophysiological techniques.

KEY RESULTS Central histamine or thioperamide decreased fast‐induced feeding, whereas imetit increased feeding. Systemic thioperamide entered the brain to activate hypothalamic feeding centres and to reduce feeding without causing any adverse behaviours. Thioperamide activated neurones in the VMN through an action on histamine autoreceptors, whilst imetit had the opposite effect. Proxyfan administered alone did not affect either feeding or electrical activity. However, it blocked the actions of both thioperamide and imetit, acting as a neutral antagonist in this system.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The H3 receptor inverse agonist, thioperamide, potently reduced appetite without adverse behavioural effects. This action was blocked by proxyfan, acting as a neutral antagonist in this model and, therefore, this compound is useful in determining the selectivity of H3 receptor‐directed drugs. A major action of thioperamide is through presynaptic autoreceptors, inducing stimulation by endogenous histamine of postsynaptic H1 receptors on anorectic hypothalamic neurones.
Involvement of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide/Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channel pathway in cystitis‐related bladder pain in mice
Authors: Matsunami Maho , Miki Takahiro , Nishiura Kanae , Hayashi Yuko , Okawa Yasumasa , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Sekiguchi Fumiko , Kubo Lisa , Ozaki Tomoka , Tsujiuchi Toshifumi , Kawabata Atsufumi
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), generated by enzymes such as cystathionine‐γ‐lyase (CSE) from L‐cysteine, facilitates pain signals by activating the Cav3.2 T‐type Ca2+ channels. Here, we assessed the involvement of the CSE/H2S/Cav3.2 pathway in cystitis‐related bladder pain.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cystitis was induced by i.p. administration of cyclophosphamide in mice. Bladder pain‐like nociceptive behaviour was observed and referred hyperalgesia was evaluated using von Frey filaments. Phosphorylation of ERK in the spinal dorsal horn was determined immunohistochemically following intravesical administration of NaHS, an H2S donor.

KEY RESULTS Cyclophosphamide caused cystitis‐related symptoms including increased bladder weight, accompanied by nociceptive changes (bladder pain‐like nociceptive behaviour and referred hyperalgesia). Pretreatment with DL‐propargylglycine, an inhibitor of CSE, abolished the nociceptive changes and partly prevented the increased bladder weight. CSE protein in the bladder was markedly up‐regulated during development of cystitis. Mibefradil or NNC 55–0396, blockers of T‐type Ca2+ channels, administered after the symptoms of cystitis appeared, reversed the nociceptive changes. Further, silencing of Cav3.2 protein by repeated intrathecal administration of mouse Cav3.2‐targeting antisense oligodeoxynucleotides also significantly attenuated the nociceptive changes, but not the increased bladder weight. Finally, the number of cells staining positive for phospho‐ERK was increased in the superficial layer of the L6 spinal cord after intravesical administration of NaHS, an effect inhibited by NNC 55–0396.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Endogenous H2S, generated by up‐regulated CSE, caused bladder pain and referred hyperalgesia through the activation of Cav3.2 channels, one of the T‐type Ca2+ channels, in mice with cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Chinese Cities
Authors: Sugar Lorraine , Kennedy Christopher , Leman Edward
Published: May 2012

As some of the most rapidly urbanizing places in the world, China's cities have a unique relationship with global climate change. The economies found in Chinese cities are extremely resource and energy intensive; as a result, they produce significant levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article provides comprehensive and detailed emissions inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, which were found to be responsible for 12.8, 10.7, and 11.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita (t CO2‐eq/capita), respectively, in 2006. The majority of emissions were from electricity production, heating and industrial fuel use, and ground transportation. The prevalence of coal in the energy supply mix (including up to 98% in Tianjin) was a fundamental cause of high energy emissions. Non‐energy emissions from industrial processes were also significant, including emissions from cement and steel production.

The GHG inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin point to sectors requiring the most attention in terms of low‐carbon growth. Compared to ten other global cities, Chinese cities are among the highest per capita emitters, alluding to the important challenge China faces of reducing emissions while improving the quality of life for urban residents. Accordingly, this article concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and issues concerning low‐carbon growth in China, including the potential for renewable energy and the difficulties associated with emissions relocation and policy adoption.
A Strategy to Achieve CRT Response in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation without Obligatory Atrioventricular Node Ablation
Authors: HIMMEL FRANK , REPPEL MICHAEL , MORTENSEN KAI , SCHUNKERT HERIBERT , BODE FRANK
Published: May 2012

Background:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established method in patients with severe heart failure and wide QRS configuration, particularly during sinus rhythm (SR). In CRT patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), there is no general consensus regarding the need for atrioventricular node (AVN) ablation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of CRT in permanent AF with and without AVN ablation.

Methods:

New York Heart Association classification, QRS duration, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed before and after CRT with a follow‐up of 12 ± 3 months. Two hundred thirty patients in SR and 46 patients with permanent AF of 2.1 ± 0.5 years duration were studied. AVN ablation was performed only in AF patients with insufficient pharmacological rate control evidenced by ≤80 % ventricular stimulation.

Results:

Fifteen AF patients underwent AVN ablation. Biventricular pacing comparably improved functional status, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular end‐diastolic dimensions in all treated groups. Biventricular stimulation percentage was 10% lower in pharmacologically treated AF patients over 1 year as compared to patients in SR and to AF patients undergoing AVN ablation, which did not affect outcome in this patient population.

Conclusion:

In patients with permanent AF and CRT, an AVN ablation strategy might not be strictly required in all patients. (PACE 2012; 35:943–947)
The Phenotype of a CASQ2 Mutation in a Saudi Family with Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: AL‐HASSNAN ZUHAIR N. , TULBAH SAHAR , AL‐MANEA WALEED , AL‐FAYYADH MAJID
Published: May 2012

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) manifests with episodic syncope or sudden death in young patients following physical activity or emotional stress. The autosomal recessive form of CPVT is caused by mutations in the CASQ2 gene. In a consanguineous family, a novel homozygous CASQ2 mutation (p.L77P) was identified in a child with CPVT who required implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator due to episodes of syncope while on medical therapy. Genetic testing found the younger sibling, who had normal initial clinical screening, to be affected. Our cases underscore the importance of family screening through genetic testing to preemptively apply the appropriate medical intervention in CPVT. (PACE 2013; 36:e140–e142)
The Ultrastructure of Placus striatus and a Revision of the Family Placidae (Ciliophora)
Authors: Lipscomb Diana L. , Riordan Gavin P.
Published: May 2012

The first ultrastructural description of the genus Placus is presented. Each somatic kinetosome has a cone‐shaped axosomal plate, nonoverlapping postciliary microtubules, an anteriorly directed kinetodesmal fiber, and a radial ribbon of transverse microtubules, which extend laterally under the ciliary furrow and insert in the cortical ridge. A closed ring of paired kinetosomes encircles the cytostome. A brosse begins adjacent to the oral pairs and extends posteriorly for one‐fourth to one‐half the cell's length. Autapomorphies for Placus include bowling pin‐shaped toxicysts extruded onto a distinct area of the cell surface immediately posterior to the brosse, and a brosse kinety consisting of a single row of paired cilia. Placus and its sister taxon Spathidiopsis both have spiraling kineties composed of single cilia inserted into the side of the ciliary furrow. Spathidiopsis can be distinguished from Placus because it has a brosse consisting of two kineties (i.e. one composed of paired cilia, the other of single cilia), a row of rod‐shaped toxicyst‐bearing palps extending around one side of the oral area and along the length of the brosse, and a mid‐cell cortical inpocketing containing toxicysts and a segment of the brosse. A revised listing of species assigned to the family Placidae is given.
The role of anti‐Müllerian hormone in female fertility and infertility – an overview
Authors: GRYNNERUP ANNA GARCIA–ALIX , LINDHARD ANETTE , SØRENSEN STEEN
Published: May 2012

Anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) plasma levels reflect the continuous non‐cyclic growth of small follicles, thereby mirroring the size of the resting primordial follicle pool and thus acting as a useful marker of ovarian reserve. Anti‐Müllerian hormone seems to be the best endocrine marker for assessing the age‐related decline of the ovarian pool in healthy women; thus, it has a potential ability to predict future reproductive lifespan. The most established role for AMH measurements is before in vitro fertilization is initiated, because AMH can be predictive of the ovarian response, namely poor and hyper‐responses. However, recent research has also highlighted the use of AMH in a variety of ovarian pathological conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, granulosa cell tumors and premature ovarian failure. A new commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for measuring AMH levels has been developed, making results from different studies more comparable. Nevertheless, widespread clinical application awaits an international standard for AMH, so that results using future assays can be reliably compared.
How does the invasive/native nature of species influence tadpoles’ plastic responses to predators?
Authors: Pujol‐Buxó Eudald , San Sebastián Olatz , Garriga Núria , Llorente Gustavo A.
Published: May 2012

Synthesis

Anti–predator phenotypic plasticity is expected to be one of the major ecological forces driving survival and rapid evolution of prey facing new predators. This implies that biological invasions embody a perfect case for studying the tradeoffs and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Our manuscript reports on high prey–predator specificity in these reactions and an evolutionary dissociation between behavioral and morphological plasticity in anurans. Each species displayed a particular set of tradeoffs between plastic responses and their costs, but interestingly we also detected mild patterns in combinations using introduced predators. Given the speed at which these evolutionary changes become noticeable and their potential in reducing predation risk, the role of antipredator phenotypic plasticity is expected to be crucial for population dynamics during biological invasions.

Although the purely ecological impacts of biological invasions have been well studied, a less thorough effort has been made in terms of their evolutionary ecology. Previous studies show that anti‐predator phenotypic plasticity may be one of the major ecological forces driving survival and rapid evolution of prey facing new predators. In turn, this means that biological invasions embody a perfect case for studying the tradeoffs and evolution of phenotypic plasticity per se. Here, we studied the plastic responses of native (Pelodytes punctatus) and invasive (Discoglossus pictus) anurans facing a native (dragonfly Anax sp.) and two invasive (fish Gambusia holbrooki and crayfish Procambarus clarkii) predators. Marked responses were reported against the native predator from both the native and the invasive anuran, but they both responded mildly to the exotic predators as well. Native P. punctatus displayed a morphological reaction to invasive P. clarkii after scarcely 30 years of coexistence with this predatory crayfish and responded behaviorally to the invasive fish G. holbrooki. Invasive D. pictus reacted behaviorally to all predators, but unexpectedly only reacted morphologically to native Anax sp. All these results support high prey–predator specificity in these reactions and an evolutionary dissociation between behavioral and morphological plasticity in anurans. Each species displayed a particular set of tradeoffs between plastic responses and their costs, which is probably due to differences in ecological niche and evolutionary history, but interestingly we usually detected unexpected patterns in combinations using introduced predators. This suggests that perhaps singular plastic shifts usually occur when tadpoles face recently introduced species. Given the speed in which these evolutionary changes become noticeable and their potential in avoiding predation risk, this study supports that phenotypic plasticity might play an important role in population dynamics during biological invasions.
Environmentally‐contingent behaviour of invasive plants as drivers or passengers
Authors: Wilson Scott D. , Pinno Bradley D.
Published: May 2012

Invasive plants are often regarded as drivers that actively reduce diversity and alter ecosystem processes such as succession. Alternatively, invaders may be passengers that simply colonize openings produced by anthropogenic disturbance and are present only temporarily. Here we test whether the behaviour of invasive species as drivers or passengers is contingent on disturbance and nutrient availability. We created twelve experimental environments (three levels of annual disturbance × four levels of nitrogen availability) for 18 years in a grassland at the northern edge of the North American Great Plains. Out of 19 invasive species initially present, two perennials (Bromus inermis, a grass, and Cirsium arvense, a forb) acted as drivers, maintaining or increasing dominance, maintaining low species richness, and forming an invader‐ dominated successional sequence. Behaviour as drivers was environmentally contingent: Bromus behaved as a driver only in less disturbed environments, and the tendency of Cirsium to behave as a driver increased significantly with both disturbance and nitrogen availability. Most invasive species (90%), however, consistently behaved as passengers, disappearing or becoming rare. The importance of disturbance and fertility for starting invasions is well‐known, but our study shows that these factors also contribute to the behaviour of some invaders as drivers. The emergence of drivers and invader‐dominated successional sequences suggests that, as rates of invasion, disturbance and eutrophication continue to increase with human activity, invasive species that act as drivers may form low‐diversity communities that persist for decades.
Loss of adhesion/growth‐regulatory galectin‐9 from squamous cell epithelium in head and neck carcinomas
Authors: Fík Zdeněk , Valach Jaroslav , Chovanec Martin , Mazánek Jiří , Kodet Roman , Kodet Ondřej , Tachezy Ruth , Foltynová Eva , André Sabine , Kaltner Herbert , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Smetana Karel
Published: May 2012

J Oral Pathol Med (2013)42: 166–174

Galectins are potent effectors of cell adhesion and growth regulation. Their expression as comples network necessitates systematic study of each member of this family. Toward this aim, we here focus on the tandem‐repeat‐type galectin‐9. Its presence is monitored in normal squamous epithelium of the head and neck, the surgical margin, and four types of squamous cell carcinoma. Lectin presence was detected in cells of the basal layer of the epithelium. All galectin‐9‐negative epithelia showed aberrant positivity for keratins 14 and 19. The surgical margin presented either a normal pattern of galectin‐9 and keratin presence or a mosaic‐like presence/absence of galectin‐9 and aberrant expression of both keratins 14 and 19. All studied specimens of squamous cell carcinoma were negative for galectin‐9. When biotinylated galectin‐9, or its N‐terminal domain, was tested, no significant tissue reactivity for both probes was observed. Neuraminidase treatment generated reactivity to the N‐domain. In conclusion, galectin‐9 is expressed in the majority of samples of normal epithelium, along with regular presence of keratins 14 or 19. This lectin can represent a potential marker of normality in the cases of the studied squamous cell epithelia.
Patient‐reported outcome measures in burning mouth syndrome – a review of the literature
Authors: Ni Riordain R , McCreary C
Published: May 2012

Oral Diseases (2013) 19, 230–235

This review aims to investigate the patient‐reported outcomes currently used in the burning mouth syndrome literature and to explore whether any standardisation of such measures has taken place. Electronic databases were searched for all types of burning mouth syndrome studies using patient‐reported outcome measures. Studies were selected by predefined inclusion criteria. Copies of the papers obtained were thoroughly reviewed. A study‐specific data extraction form was used, allowing papers to be reviewed in a standardised manner. The initial literature search yielded a total of 173 citations, 43 of which were deemed suitable for inclusion in this study. Symptom severity and symptomatic relief were reported as a patient‐reported outcome measure in 40 of the studies and quantified most commonly using a visual analogue scale. Quality of life was reported in 13 studies included in this review. Depression and/or anxiety was reported in 14 of the studies. As is evident from the variety of questionnaires and instruments used in the evaluation of the impact of burning mouth syndrome on patients’ lives, no standardisation of patient outcomes has yet been achieved.
Ultrastructure and regeneration of midgut epithelial cells in Lithobius forficatus (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae)
Authors: Chajec Łukasz , Rost‐Roszkowska Magdalena M. , Vilimova Jitka , Sosinka Agnieszka
Published: May 2012

Lithobius forficatus (Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Lithobiidae) is a widespread species of centipede that is common across Europe. Its midgut epithelial cells are an important line of defense against toxic substances that originate in food, such as pathogens and metals. Despite this important role, the biology of the midgut epithelium is not well known. Here we describe the ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium, as well as the replacement of degenerated midgut epithelial cells. The midgut epithelium of L. forficatus is composed of digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. The cytoplasm of digestive cells shows regionalization in organelle distribution, which is consistent with the role of these cells in secretion of enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and accumulation of lipids and glycogen. Secretory cells, which do not reach the luminal surface of the midgut epithelium, possess numerous electron‐dense and electron‐lucent granules and may have an endocrine function. Hemidesmosomes anchor secretory cells to the basal lamina. Regenerative cells play the role of midgut stem cells, as they are able to proliferate and differentiate. Their proliferation occurs in a continuous manner, and their progeny differentiate only into digestive cells. The regeneration of secretory cells was not observed. Mitotic divisions of regenerative cells were confirmed using immunolabeling against BrdU and phosphohistone H3. Hemocytes associate with the midgut epithelium, accumulating between the visceral muscles and beneath the basal lamina of the midgut epithelium. Hemocytes also occur among the digestive cells of the midgut epithelium in animals infected with Rickettsia‐like microorganisms. These hemocytes presumably have an immunoprotective function in the midgut.
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults From Rural and Urban Areas of the United States: Findings From NHANES (2005‐2008)
Authors: Befort Christie A. , Nazir Niaman , Perri Michael G.
Published: May 2012

Purpose: Rural residents have higher rates of chronic diseases compared to their urban counterparts, and obesity may be a major contributor to this disparity. This study is the first analysis of obesity prevalence in rural and urban adults using body mass index classification with measured height and weight. In addition, demographic, diet, and physical activity correlates of obesity across rural and urban residence are examined.

Methods: Analysis of body mass index (BMI), diet, and physical activity from 7,325 urban and 1,490 rural adults in the 2005‐2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Findings: The obesity prevalence was 39.6% (SE = 1.5) among rural adults compared to 33.4% (SE = 1.1) among urban adults (P= .006). Prevalence of obesity remained significantly higher among rural compared to urban adults controlling for demographic, diet, and physical activity variables (odds ratio = 1.18, P= .03). Race/ethnicity and percent kcal from fat were significant correlates of obesity among both rural and urban adults. Being married was associated with obesity only among rural residents, whereas older age, less education, and being inactive was associated with obesity only among urban residents.

Conclusions: Obesity is markedly higher among adults from rural versus urban areas of the United States, with estimates that are much higher than the rates suggested by studies with self‐reported data. Obesity deserves greater attention in rural America.
Redefining the Role of the Pharmacist: Medication Therapy Management
Authors: Hilsenrath Peter , Woelfel Joseph , Shek Allen , Ordanza Katrina
Published: May 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore better use of pharmacists in rural communities as a partial solution to scarcity of physicians and other health care providers. It discusses expected reduction in public subsidies for rural health care and the changing market for pharmacists. The paper emphasizes the use of pharmacists as a backdrop for description of Medication Therapy Management (MTM). A pilot study of MTM is also reported.

Methods: This article explores rural health access, the market for pharmacists and MTM using the literature, and economic concepts to provide historical context for this new form of health care delivery. A small case study from a university‐based clinic provided primary data to demonstrate viability.

Findings: MTM can augment rural health by providing care for patients who receive increasing numbers of complex medications. It helps better integrate pharmacists into primary care and holds promise as a cost‐effective, if not cost‐saving alternative.

Conclusion: More constrained fiscal conditions are a virtual certainty going forward. The rural health community needs cost‐effective health care alternatives that can prosper with lower levels of public financial support. MTM is one such option.
Using Spatially Detailed Water‐Quality Data and Solute‐Transport Modeling to Support Total Maximum Daily Load Development1
Authors: Walton‐Day Katherine , Runkel Robert L. , Kimball Briant A.
Published: May 2012

Walton‐Day, Katherine, Robert L. Runkel, and Briant A. Kimball, 2012. Using Spatially Detailed Water‐Quality Data and Solute‐Transport Modeling to Support Total Maximum Daily Load Development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 949‐969. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00662.x

Abstract:  Spatially detailed mass‐loading studies and solute‐transport modeling using OTIS (One‐dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage) demonstrate how natural attenuation and loading from distinct and diffuse sources control stream water quality and affect load reductions predicted in total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Mass‐loading data collected during low‐flow from Cement Creek (a low‐pH, metal‐rich stream because of natural and mining sources, and subject to TMDL requirements) were used to calibrate OTIS and showed spatially variable effects of natural attenuation (instream reactions) and loading from diffuse (groundwater) and distinct sources. OTIS simulations of the possible effects of TMDL‐recommended remediation of mine sites showed less improvement to dissolved zinc load and concentration (14% decrease) than did the TMDL (53‐63% decrease). The TMDL (1) assumed conservative transport, (2) accounted for loads removed by remediation by subtracting them from total load at the stream mouth, and (3) did not include diffuse‐source loads. In OTIS, loads were reduced near their source; the resulting concentration was decreased by natural attenuation and increased by diffuse‐source loads during downstream transport. Thus, by not including natural attenuation and loading from diffuse sources, the TMDL overestimated remediation effects at low flow. Use of the techniques presented herein could improve TMDLs by incorporating these processes during TMDL development.
Using LiDAR Data Analysis to Estimate Changes in Insolation Under Large‐Scale Riparian Deforestation1
Authors: Greenberg Jonathan Asher , Hestir Erin L , Riano David , Scheer George J , Ustin Susan L
Published: May 2012

Greenberg, Jonathan Asher, Erin L. Hestir, David Riano, George J. Scheer, and Susan L. Ustin, 2012. Using LiDAR Data Analysis to Estimate Changes in Insolation Under Large‐Scale Riparian Deforestation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 939‐948. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00664.x

Abstract:  Riparian vegetation provides shade from insolation to stream channels. A consequence of removing vegetation may be an increase in insolation that can increase water temperatures and negatively impact ecosystem health. Although the mechanisms of riparian shading are well understood, spatially explicit, mechanistic models of shading have been limited by the data requirements of precisely describing the three‐dimensional structure of a riparian corridor. Remotely acquired, high spatial resolution LiDAR data provide detailed three‐dimensional vegetation structure and terrain topography over large regions. By parameterizing solar radiation models that incorporate terrain shadowing with LiDAR data, we can produce spatially explicit estimates of insolation. As a case study, we modeled the relative change in insolation on channels in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta under current conditions and under a hypothesized deforested Delta using classified LiDAR, rasterized at a 1‐m resolution. Our results suggest that the removal of levee vegetation could result in a 9% increase in solar radiation incident on Delta waters, and may lead to water temperature increases. General, coarse‐scale channel characteristics (reach width, azimuth, levee vegetation cover, and height) only accounted for 72% of the variation in the insolation. This indicates that the detailed information derived from LiDAR data has greater explanatory power than coarser reach‐scale metrics often used for insolation estimates.
Occupational exposure during pregnancy and the risk of hay fever in 7‐year‐old children
Authors: Christensen Berit Hvass , Thulstrup Ane Marie , Hougaard Karin Sørig , Skadhauge Lars R. , Hansen Kirsten Skamstrup , Schlünssen Vivi
Published: May 2012

Objectives

The prevalence of allergic diseases including hay fever has increased in the last decades, especially in Westernised countries. The aim of this study was to analyse whether occupational exposure during pregnancy is associated with development of hay fever in 7‐year‐old Danish children.

Methods

A total of 42 696 women and their children from the Danish National Birth Cohort were categorised according to maternal occupational exposure. Exposure information was obtained by combining job title in pregnancy with a commonly used asthma Job Exposure Matrix. Information on hay fever in the child was obtained by an internet questionnaire at follow‐up at 7 years of age.

Results

Adjusted logistic regression analyses showed no significant association between maternal occupational exposure during pregnancy and hay fever among the 7‐year‐old children. Stratifying for atopic status in the children did not change the results. The prevalence of hay fever was 10.0% in the atopic children compared with 3.6% in the non‐atopic children. Maternal atopic disposition increased the risk of hay fever in the offspring, odds ratio (OR) 2.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26; 2.74]. Rural residence during pregnancy decreased the risk for hay fever [OR 0.74 (95% CI 0.59; 0.92)] as did parity, OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.66; 0.80) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.48; 1.00) for 2nd and 3rd child, respectively, compared with the firstborn child.

Conclusion

The results suggest that occupational exposure among pregnant women in Denmark is not a risk factor for hay fever among young children.
Qualitative Action‐Project Method in Family Research
Authors: Marshall Sheila K. , Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Domene José F. , Young Richard A.
Published: May 2012

The qualitative action‐project method was developed in counseling psychology and health psychology. This article demonstrates the utility of this method for research with families and intimate partners. The article describes the action theory undergirding the method, along with the multiple phases of data collection involved in the longitudinal protocol. In parallel with the action theory used to guide this method, the protocol generates data from the three perspectives of action: manifest behavior, internal processes, and social meaning. Data analysis integrates, at the supraindividual level of analysis, observations of manifest behaviors with self‐reports of internal processes and social meanings to generate rich descriptions of family life. The article also describes types of research for which this method is suitable.
Enduring Themes of Qualitative Family Research
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: May 2012

Contemporary qualitative family research has a rich intellectual heritage that provides researchers with ideas and language that guide them in the procedures of their work and helps them to explain to themselves and to others the traditions on which their work is based. The characteristics of qualitative research that I discuss in this article are understanding experiences in context, immersion, interpretations grounded in accounts that individuals provide of their experiences, and research as action oriented. These characteristics have a strong philosophical base that extends from 19th century German philosophy to American pragmatism and interactionism to contemporary research. This article examines this heritage and shows that today's qualitative family researchers stand on the shoulders of giants.
Interview and Memoir: Complementary Narratives on the Family Ties of Gay Adults
Authors: Arnet Connidis Ingrid
Published: May 2012

Following a qualitative approach, 2 case studies are used to assess the merits of research interviews and memoirs as story sources for exploring gay men's ongoing family ties, especially with parents and siblings. Theoretical and methodological frameworks on narrative analysis and family relationships are examined and applied to studying the 2 cases. Each methodology contributes insights into the family lives of gay men, and each has methodological strengths and weaknesses. Using both helps paint a clearer, more inclusive picture of gay men in families. Suggestions for improving each narrative source for research purposes and implications for change are discussed.
Cardiac Changes in Horses with Atypical Myopathy
Authors: Verheyen T. , Decloedt A. , De Clercq D. , van Loon G.
Published: May 2012

Background

Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute, fatal rhabdomyolysis in grazing horses that mainly affects skeletal muscles. Postmortem examinations have shown that myocardial damage also occurs. Limited information is available on the effect of AM on cardiac function in affected and surviving horses.

Objectives

To describe electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes associated with AM in the acute stage of the disease and after follow‐up.

Animals

Horses (n = 12) diagnosed with AM in which cardiac ultrasound examination and ECG recording were available.

Methods

All horses underwent clinical examinations, serum biochemistry, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Four surviving horses underwent the same examinations after 2–10 weeks.

Results

All but 1 horse had increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and 10 horses had ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). All horses had prolonged corrected QT (QTcf) intervals on the day of admission and abnormal myocardial wall motion on echocardiography. One of the surviving horses still had VPDs and prolonged QTcf at follow‐up after 10 weeks.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The AM results in characteristic electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes and may be associated with increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and VPDs. In survivors, abnormal cardiac function still may be found at follow‐up after 10 weeks. Additional research in a larger group of horses is necessary to identify the long‐term effects of AM on cardiac function.
Evaluation of a Quality‐of‐Life Tool for Dogs with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Niessen S.J.M. , Powney S. , Guitian J. , Niessen A.P.M. , Pion P.D. , Shaw J.A.M. , Church D.B.
Published: May 2012

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) management primarily focuses on improvement in blood glucose concentrations and clinical signs. A tool to assess the psychological and social impact of DM and its treatment on quality of life (QoL) previously has only been validated for feline DM.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To validate a diabetic pet and owner‐centered individualized measure of impact of DM (DIAQoL‐pet) for diabetic dogs and their owners.

Animals/Subjects

A total of 101 owners of insulin‐treated diabetic dogs were recruited to complete the DIAQoL‐pet.

Methods

Discussions and pilot surveys with clinicians and owners of diabetic pets led to the design of 29 specific DM‐associated QoL questions. Each item was scored according to impact frequency and perceived importance. An Item‐Weighted‐Impact‐Score (IWIS) for each item was calculated, as was an Average‐Weighted‐Impact‐Score (AWIS) by averaging all IWISs. Principal component analysis and Cronbach's α calculation assessed the measure's reliability.

Results

The DIAQoL‐pet showed high reliability (Communalities ≥0.5; Cronbach's α 0.85). The AWIS was −2.74 ± 1.7 (mean ± SD). Areas reported as most negatively impacting QoL included: “worry” (IWIS ± SD: −5.92 ± 4.3), “difficulties leaving dog with friends or family” (−5.68 ± 5.1), “worry vision” (−5.58 ± 4.6), “boarding difficulties” (−5.18 ± 5.2), “worry hypoglycemia” (−4.95 ± 4.3), “social life” (−4.82 ± 4.4), “costs” (−4.11 ± 4.7), and “future care”(−4.07 ± 4.6). Eighty‐four percent of owners reported negative impact of DM on QoL.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The DIAQoL‐pet proved robust when used by owners of insulin‐treated diabetic dogs and identified specific areas most negatively impacting dogs' and their owners' QoL. This tool could be used as an additional assessment parameter in clinical and research settings.
Suicide by Cop in Film and Society: Dangerousness, Depression, and Justice
Authors: Stack Steven , Bowman Barbara , Lester David
Published: May 2012

Provoking police officers to kill oneself or “suicide by cop” (SBC) has received scholarly as well as public attention. The extent to which film representations of SBC reflect SBC in society in relation to danger, depression, and other features was assessed in this study. Data on cinematic portrayals of SBC are from 16 American films; corresponding data on SBC in the real world are taken from 19 empirical studies. While the demographic features of SBC in the real world are largely reflected in film, major differences exist on motivations and incident characteristics. Motives for cinematic SBC were unlike SBC in society, wherein, respectively, 0% vs. 35% had attempted suicide in the past, 6% vs. 47% were chronically depressed, and 77% vs. 7% had recently killed someone. Cinematic SBC events disproportionately involve murderous, dangerous persons who are not depressed, and their deaths convey a sense of justice. While such media distortions can be profitable and entertain the audience, they also contribute to public misunderstandings of the nature of deviance and hinder the development of effective suicide and violence prevention programs.