bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insect Growth Regulators and Thiodan for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 23 Apr, 9, 17, 24, 31 May, 14-15, and 20 Jun. CME 13411 was not sprayed on 31 May and 20 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first spray (4 nozzles/row), 75 gal/ acre the second spray (6 nozzles/row) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles/row). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 21 May and 27 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. The number of large leafmines (0.5 inch in length) were counted during a one minute visual search of each plot on 25 May. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 13 and 26 Jun and the fruit counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags. As the fruit ripened, each was rated 1 to 4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by inhibited or incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. The percent of unmarketable fruit was calculated with fruit rated 3 or 4 considered as unmarketable. Percentage data were transformed to arsine flf the square root of the proportion prior to analyses but are presented in tables in the original scale.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 3-yr-old stand of WL 316' alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used for this study. Treatments were applied 18 Jul using a tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 32 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples 1, 3, 8, 14, and 21 DAT were taken with 20 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 2-4 inches tall at treatment and 12 inches at the completion of the study. The weather was warmer than normal and we were in a severe drought. The first precipitation fell 72 h after application. Precipitation fell on 6 days during the study and totaled 0.67 inches. The drought conditions caused the alfalfa to be stunted (only 12 inches tall versus the expected 18-20 inches at 21 DAT) and pea aphids were virtually nonexistent. Cygon was the standard at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The plots, 68 × 68 ft, were in a 4-yr-old stand of'Cimarron' alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 10 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 3, 9, 11, 14, and 18 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Conservation of Stand, 1991
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Herbek J. H. , Murdock L. W.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides applied using 3 treatment regimes were evaluated for conservation of plant stand. Plots were 6 × 15 ft consisting of five 10.5 inch rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design and planted on 7 Sep 91 using standard agricultural practices. Each treatment consisted of some combination of the following application types using either Disyston 8 E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre or Furadan 4 F at 1.0 lb (AI)/ acre per application: Check = no application; pre = preplant, broadcast soil surface treatment using a COa powered plot sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre, followed by light incorporation with a cultipacker. All preplant treatments were applied 1 d before planting; Fall = foliar applied on 12 Oct 91 (35 days post plant) using ° COj powered sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre finished spray. Stand counts were derived by counting plants in 27V4 inches of row (2 ft2 in 10.5 inch rows) at 2 randomly-selected locations per plot, converting to plants per ft2, and averaging these values to obtain number of plants per ft2 for each plot. The fall count was taken on 10 Oct 89 and the final count at harvest on 29 Jun 90. The percent change (% change) in stand was computed as follows (Fall stand - Spring stand)/Fall stand.
Corn Rootworm Control in Three Minnesota Locations, 1991
Authors: Luedeman L. J. , Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticide performance trials were established at agricultural experiment stations located in Lamberton, Rosemount, and Morris, MN. Soil types in these locations are Vef loam in Lamberton, Waukegan silt loam in Rosemount, and Tara silt loam in Morris. Lamberton and Morris plots were established in corn planted 21 May and 15 May following trap crops the previous season. Rosemount plots were established in continuous corn planted 7 May. Each treatment plot measured 2 rows (76 cm row spacing) × 12.2 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Due to low WCR pressure, the central 3 m of the Lamberton plots were infested with WRC eggs @ 600 eggs/30.5 cm on 12 Jun using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). Lamberton consisted mainly of WCR, Morris mainly of NCR, and Rosemount a mixture of both species. All insecticides were calibrated in the laboratory to be accurately delivered at a tractor speed of 6.5 km/h (4 mph). Insecticides were applied at planting at each location using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Five roots per plot were dug from the Rosemount plots on 24 Jul, from the Morris plots on 26 Jul, and from the infested areas of the Lamberton plots on 30 Jul. Roots were rated for injury in a modified 1-6 Iowa rating scale (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means separated by DMRT.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Borer in Corn, 1991
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for second generation European corn borer were applied to irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, NE, on 2 Aug. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied with a Hahn Hi-Boy calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre at 30 psi. Granular formulated insecticides were applied with Noble granulator units mounted on the same Hahn Hi-Boy with 25 cm row banders. Twenty-four hs prior to application, 6 black headed egg masses on paper discs were pinned to the middle portion of 15 marked corn plants in each replicate. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. On 6 Sep, 15, marked plants per replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer larvae recorded. At time of application, about 80% of the plants were infested with a natural population of ECB egg masses or young larvae.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 2 May at Stoneville, MS (Trial 1) and 1 May at Elizabeth, MS (Trial 2). Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Trial 1 was applied after pretreatment counts were taken on 16 Jul and Trial 2 was applied on 27 Jul after a survey indicated a heavy aphid infestation. Total spray volume was 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2 TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by counting aphids within one square inch on the under surface of a leaf in the top third, middle third, and bottom third portion of 40 randomly chosen plants/treatment.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphids, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 8 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 14 May with plots consisting of 4 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 6 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two X-12 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 93.7 liters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. All plots were treated with Ammo 2.5 EC at 0.03 kg (AI)/ha on 5 Jun to induce a population outbreak of aphids. Treatments were applied on 17 Jun and samples were taken 2 and 7 DAT. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated in 2 plant horizons by sampling the plant terminal (all shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) and the first main stem leaf at the bottom of the plant. Twenty samples in each horizon were collected from each plot and held in 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 X magnification. Rainfall was recorded on 18 Jun (0.43 cm) and 23 Jun (3.23 cm).
Control of SPW in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Norman J. W. , Sparks A. N.
Published: March 2022

In Test 1 Temik and Thimet were applied to 6-row, irrigated plots (38 inch row widths), clay loam soil type, which accounted for approximately 0.3 acres each, replicated 4 times on 8 Mar. Applications were made either at-planting with a John Deere Max Emerge planter/applicator and/or side-dressed at bloom stage with a Gandy brand insecticide applicator. In Test 2 Temik at the rate of 3.0 lb(AI)/acre was applied side-dress at bloom. Gandy brand insecticide applicators were used to apply the material to the 4 replicated plots arranged in a randomized complete block. SPW (adults, eggs, immatures, and pupae) on leaves were checked once per wk and counts were based on a laboratory examination of 3 to 5 leaves per plot, 4th leaf from the top of each randomly-selected sampled plant. All counts were recorded as insects per leaf. Sidedress applications were made on May 21, followed 7 days later with an infurrow irrigation of approximately 4 acre-inches of water. Yields were machine harvested with a John Deere brand 2 row spindle harvester. Subsamples were extracted from each plot and ginned for fiber analysis and percent lint. Data were analyzed using Proc Anova of PC-SAS and mean separations with Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted 9 May at the Bill Whitehurst farm in Pitt Co. Soil temperature was 66°F and seeding rate was approx. 90 lb/acre in an Exum A fine sandy loam with 0.8% humic matter and a pH of 5.5. Plots were 4 rows (on 36 inches center) × 20 ft with 4 replications/treatment arranged in a randomized complete block. The pre-plant incorporated (PPI) Lorsban 4 E was applied just prior to planting by spraying a broadcast treatment over the plot with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at 40 psi. Immediately after application, the insecticide was lightly incorporated with a hand rake. The pegging-time applications of Lorsban 4 E were applied in a similar fashion, but were placed in a 16 inch band over the row and were not incorporated. A bicycle-wheel applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit was used to apply the at-pegging treatments on 16 Jul in a 16 inch band. Crowing conditions were dry in May and Jun, but Jul and Aug had above normal precipitation. This same wet weather also promoted increased leaching of pesticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 7 Sep by collecting 100 pods/plot at random from 5 plants in the 2 right-hand rows. Pods were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for freezing and subsequent examination. Peanuts were harvested 1 Nov, and yield was determined by harvesting the 2 left-hand rows of the plots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by DNMRT. All data were transformed Vx = 0.05 prior to analysis, but actual means are reported.
Liquid Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Lorsban 4 E, applied at different times and rates, was evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in 'NC 7' Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 13 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Lorsban 4 E was applied at planting time either broadcast preplant incorporated (broadcast, ppi) or banded preplant incorporated (band, ppi), or banded at early flowering time (14 Jun). Planting time broadcast treatments were applied just before planting, with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 17 psi through 8003VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Planting time banded applications were made in a 14-inch band with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through one 8004E nozzle per row. Both were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep with a land conditioner. Early flowering treatments were applied in 14-inch bands with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 22 psi through 2, 8002E nozzles per row, 1 on each side of the row, then lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Lorsban 15 C was applied as a 14-inch band at early flowering time as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Percent injury was determined for mature, immature, and total pods sampled. Yield was based on digging, combining (8 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Yellow Sugarcane Aphid Management on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: White C. A. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied aerially to plant cane varieties 'CP 74-383' (3 replications) and 'CP 70-331' (1 replication) at the Goldmine Plantation near Edgard, LA, for evaluation of control of secondary infestations of YSA. Experimental plots were 30 rows wide (1.8 m row spacing) and 152.4 m in length (0.84 ha) arranged in a randomized block design (4 replications). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Truck with a swath width of 18 m (10 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished form/ha. The first application was made when 60% of the stalks exhibited visible internodes above ground and infestations of sugarcane borer (SCB) exceeded the Louisiana State University recommended threshold of 5% of the stalks infested with live larvae in the leaf sheaths (17 Jun). Second (10 Jul), third (1 Aug), and fourth (21 Aug) applications were made when the SCB infestation exceeded this threshold in plots treated with Asana XL 0.66 EC. YSA infestations were monitored by counting the number of aphids on 20 randomly selected leaves of the whorl and 20 randomly-selected leaves 3 positions below the whorl in each plot each wk.
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Wilkinson W. B.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar spray and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of the tobacco aphid on flue-cured tobacco. Experimental plots, 1 row (4 ft) wide and 40 ft long, were established in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA. Tobacco was transplanted on 15 May into experimental plots that were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single, untreated, border rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5-ft alleys. Except for insect control, production practices followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Immediately after transplanting, a measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments at 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre). Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26.4 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 60 psi. Aphids were counted on 4 upper leaves of 10 plants/plot one day before the foliar treatment and 3, 7, and 14 DAT. On 23 Aug plant damage associated with aphid infestations was rated on a scale of 0 to 5 where 0 = no damage and 5 = most severe damage. Tobacco was harvested, cured, and yield determined. Aphid counts were transformed to log(x+l) before analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P=0.05) were separated by DMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Oconee County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Sta. , Sparks Beverl. , Bass Ma.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments were evaluated as follows: carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and acephate mound drenches; chlorpyrifos applied as an injected aerosol; acephate applied as a dry powder sprinkled over the mound; 1,1,1-trichloroethane poured into the mound; Amdro, Logic, and Finitron baits sprinkled around the base of the mound; grits sprinkled over the top of mound; and an untreated control. Each plot was a 0.2 acre circle marked with an orange surveyor stake at its center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.1 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.2 acre circle on 6 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 22 Jun, 18 Jul, and 19 Aug (2, 6, and 15 wk after treatment, respectively). Three replicates were used for each treatment, except there were five control replicates. Treatment was made between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm when the soil temperature averaged 85°F.
Apple, Grape Mealybug Control, 1991
Authors: Kahn A. D.
Published: March 2022

Mature apple trees were sprayed with a Metters airblast sprayer traveling 1.5 mph, with flip-over nozzles calibrated to apply 80 and 400 gal per acre. Plots consisted of 6 unreplicated half-acre blocks, with four trees chosen as subsamples from each plot. Trees were heavily infested with early instar GMB crawlers which had settled at the leaf petioles on vigorous shoots. Application was made 19 Jul and was evaluated 22 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for GMB control by counting nymphs dead and alive at the first 6 petioles (below the first fully unfurled leaf) on 4 shoots per subsampled tree (16 per treatment). Percent mortality was calculated.
Campylomma Control, 1991
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted, each in a different orchard. The test 1 orchard contained 'Bisbee Delicious' s 2 m tall, test 2 contained 'Golden Delicious' 2:6 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in both orchards. Test 1 had 8 treatments and 6 replications (3 tree per replicate); test 2 had 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and 350 psi in tests 1 and 2, respectively. Per acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Nymphs were sampled by limb tap onto a 45 cm × 45 cm, black cloth tray. In test 1, three taps per replicate (1 tap per tree) were made. In test 2, 2 taps/tree were made. Fruit evaluation was conducted before hand thinning, after hand thinning, and before fruit harvest. Pre- and post-thinning evaluation consisted of 40 fruit per replicate, and preharvest evaluation consisted of 80 and 120 fruit per replicate for tests 1 and 2, respectively. Fruit with one or more stings were considered culls.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet.
Published: March 2022

Mature 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in randomized block design. All treatments were applied 2 May and 26 Jun. Cold Power and Ray-Gard were also applied 10 May, 23 May, and 25 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample per replication. PP nymphs were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under 10 × magnification. Fruit damage by insects and mites was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Summer Control of Pear Rust Mite, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Mature 'Bartlett' trees in Fennville, MI (VanVorhees West-Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 100 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 10 May (PF), 21 May (IC). Guthion was applied to all treatments. Dates of PRM evaluation were 24 May, 30 May, 13 Jun, 28 Jun, 12 Jul, 26 Jul, 9 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves/replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine and examined under a stereo microscope for rust mite adults. On 21 Aug, 50 mature fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were harvested and examined for russetting damage from PRM. Evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table. White bud applications for this trial were not possible due to inclement weather.
Cherry, Borer Control with Insecticides, All Season, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied as trunk sprays to drip to mature trees near Fennville, MI (Crane's Block) with an FMC 1029 handgun sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 5 times. Applications were made as indicated in the table on 19 May and 10 Aug, and evaluated on 26 Oct. The trees were destructively sampled by removing bark on the trunk, from the scaffolds to the ground, then counting live borer larvae.
Evaluation of Lorsban 4 E for Grape Root Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Townsend Howard G.
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted in a 25-yr-old commercial ‘Catawba’ vineyard near Mountain Grove, MO. The experimental design was completely randomized with 2 replications. Each plot consisted of 3 rows each containing 66 vines. Lorsban 4 E was applied in a 3 ft wide band under the trellis row at the rate of 6.13 qt in 272 gal water/acre on 28 Jul 1987, 23 Jul 1988, and 25 Jul 1989. Because the grape root borer has a 2-year life cycle, evaluation for control of newly hatched larvae entering the soil was made by determining the number of adults emerging from the soil under treated and untreated vines 2 years after treatment. Evaluation consisted of examining the soil surface under all vines in the middle row of each plot for pupal exuviae on 15 Aug 1989, 9 Aug 1990, and 8 Aug 1991, after peak adult emergence had occurred.
Danitol Evaluated for Scale Control on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia.
Published: March 2022

Danitol was compared to Lorsban, Talstar, and Sevin for efficacy against CRS. Treatments were randomly assigned to 2 × 2 (= 4 tree) plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 15 × 24 ft spacing. Treatment applications were made on 5 Jun with an FMC 1229 FTM air blast sprayer with nozzling, pressure, and speed adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. At pre- and post-spray intervals, fully developed new leaves were randomly collected (8 leaves/tree) and examined separately under a microscope at 15 X for live crawler and sessile stage CRS. Sessile CRS were recorded as live if fluid issued from the insect’s body when probed with a needle.
Danitol Evaluated Against Mites on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia.
Published: March 2022

Danitol was compared to Vendex for efficacy against CRM and TCM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old grapefruit grove on 12 X 24 ft spacing. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff on 13 May using a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 PSI. For CRM, 16 fruit per tree (replicate) were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10 × handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. For TCM, 16 leaves per tree (replicate) were randomly sampled and processed through a mite-brushing machine. TCM were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks utilizing a binocular microscope at 15 X.
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for the control of citrus thrips during spring, 1990 in Field 12 (20-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. The field was divided into 3 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block (except 8 replicates for the untreated control, 3 in two blocks, 2 in the third); each replicate consisted of four trees. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct 1990 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study).
California Citrus Thrips Pesticide Efficacy Trial, 1991
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips were evaluated spring, 1991 in Field 12 (21-yr-old Atwood navel oranges) located at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gap. The field was divided into 4 blocks with one replicate of each treatment allocated randomly within each block; each replicate consisted of 4 trees. Ten outside fruit per tree from knee to eye level were sampled for citrus thrips infestation at 4 times during the critical period (the first 6 wks after petal-fall) during which citrus thrips fruit scarring occurs. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Aug 1991 on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study).
Rotations of Bacillus Thuringiensis and Esfenvalerate for Control of Cabbage Looper in Fall Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were set 14 Aug in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm on single row raised beds spaced 6.6 ft apart with plant spacing at 15 inches. Plots were 1 row, 20 feet long arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. A C02 pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart and directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant was used to apply insecticides at 40 psi in a volume equivalent to 20 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were made 26, 30 Aug, 2, 6, 9, 13, 15, and 20 Sep and evaluated 9 and 24 Sep. Evaluations were made by sampling 5 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of neonate, small, medium, and large larvae, and no. of damaged lower, middle, and head leaves (including 3 wrapper leaves) per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<50% of lower and middle leaves affected), 3 = moderate damage (>50% of lower and middle leaves affected), 4 = heavy damage (unmarketable head with <50% all leaves affected), and 5 = severe damage (unmarketable head with >50% of all leaves affected and >25% loss of leaf area). On 18 Oct determinations of % unmarketable heads attributable to insect damage were made. All data including log transformations of insect counts were subject to ANOVA.
Apple, Evaluation of Cygon 400 (Dimethoate) and Carzol 92 Sp (Formetanate Hydrochloride) for Control of White Apple Leafhopper in Virginia, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E.
Published: March 2022

Some fruit growers in Virginia experienced difficulty in controlling leafhoppers on apple in recent years. Treatments were applied to runoff with a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi on 8 May. Test trees were 4 year old 'Ace Red Delicious.' Plots (single trees) were arranged in a randomized block design. Each treatment and the control was replicated 4 times. The total number of live leafhoppers on 20 leaves from each replicate was determined on 9 May.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 19 Feb in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 18 Mar into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adults. SPWF adults were counted 24 and 72 hours after treatment.
Control of Thrips Tabaci on Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 16 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows on 36 inch centers with 18 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply applications of each treatment. Javelin at 1.0 lb/acre was added to M-pede, Cygon and the check treatments to control Lepidoptera and insure readable plants at harvest. Bond sticker-spreader was applied at .01% v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul, 6, 14, 27 Aug, 4, 11, 18 Sep and 2 Oct. Harvest evaluations for thrips were made on 8 Oct. Evaluations for thrips damage were made by randomly selecting 2 mature heads per plot, cutting them in half along the core, and peeling back 10 layers. Each layer was assessed for the presence of thrips injury. The overall damage rating (intensity of injury plus the number of layers injured) was also made on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 4 (each of the 10 leaves severely injured). Data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA. For analysis of damage ratings we used the average damage rating per replicate, transformed this to a rank, and analyzed ranks. For layers injured, we used the average number of layers per two plants in a replicate and then analyzed these averages.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller in String, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Nine pesticides or pesticide combinations were evaluated for their ability to control overwintered PLR larvae. The test was conducted in a commercial orchard located near Wenatchee. Test trees were four-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. First application of the first three treatments was applied on 8 Apr, at half-inch green-tip stage of fruit bud formation. Due to high winds, the first application of the remaining treatments was not made until 11 Apr, at tight cluster stage of fruit bud formation. The second application of Bt products and Cryolite was made on 18 Apr, at pink stage of fruit bud formation. The final application was made on 26 Apr, at full bloom stage of apple. Pre-treatment samples (4 Apr) consisted of four buds from each tree in a replicate (20 buds per replicate, 100 buds per treatment). In the laboratory buds were examined under magnification and the number infested recorded. The first post-treatment sample was taken on 22 Apr after the first two Bt treatments had been made. Each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded. The final post-treatment sample was taken on 15 May. Each tree was examined and the number of active leafroller feeding sites recorded. Wind and some rain during the test period interferred with application timing.
Insecticidal and Biological Control of Fall Armyworm in Florida Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 10 Sep with 10 in. between plants in double rows spaced 10 inches apart on raised beds mulched with polyethylene film. Three 240 ft beds on 6 ft centers were divided into four replicate blocks, containing nine, 15 ft single row treatment plots and one, 15 ft control plot (5 ft per row). One neonate fall armyworm was placed in each leaf whorl 1 week prior to treatment. Six weekly applications were made beginning on 2 Oct. Biosafe (nematodes) was applied the first 3 weeks only, followed by Lannate on subsequent dates. The first Biosafe application was made by automatic pipette to the whorl (into which 3.5 g of washed sand had already been introduced in treatment 3), and subsequently by hand-held trigger sprayer. Dipel 10 G was applied directly to the whorl from pre-weighed cups for the first two applications, followed by spray applications with Dipel 2 X. Remaining applications were made with a CO2 pressurized sprayer at a tank pressure of 40 psi, timed to deliver 100 gal/acre.
Control of Garden Egg Leaf Skeletonizer, Ghana, 1990
Authors: Owusu Ebenezer O.
Published: March 2022

Evaluation of insecticides for the control of the garden egg leaf skeletonizer was carried out at the experimental farm of the University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each replicate consisted of five main plots, four treated and one control (untreated). Individual plots consisted of five rows with each row containing five plants planted at a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm. Adequate soil moisture content was ensured by irrigating when necessary with a sprinkler. Spraying was effected when plants were six weeks old, and data taken on insect counts every week thereafter, for three weeks.
Evaluation of Wood-Ash for Garden Egg Borer and Leafminer Control, Ghana, 1990
Authors: Owusu Ebenezer O.
Published: March 2022

Wood-ash from cocoa tree was evaluated in the field for efficacy in control of pests of garden eggs. The experiment, which was carried out in a randomized complete block design, had four replicates with each consisting of five main plots, i.e. four treated and one untreated. Individual plots consisted of four rows with each row containing three plants at a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm. Treatments commenced two weeks after transplanting and were carried out at a bi-weekly interval until plants were twelve weeks old. Dimethoate 20 EC was used at a rate of 80 g Al/ha to assess the efficacy of the ash. Treatments consisted of T0 = untreated; T1 = Ash used throughout period of study; T2 = Ash used till 4 weeks i.e. when flower formation commenced, and dimethoate used for remainder of study; T3 = dimethoate used throughout period of study.
Management of Thrips on Potato, 1992
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Castillo J. G.
Published: March 2022

‘La Rouge’ potato seed pieces were planted into a Krome very gravelly loam soil in a 0.2 ha research plot at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 31 Jan. Fertilizer (1344 kg/ha of granular 8:16:16) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 21 Jan. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 22 Jan. Sencor 4 was applied (0.84 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 27 Jan for weed control. Plastic mulch was removed on 27 Jan and a furrow was dug in the center of each bed. Seed pieces were cut and dipped in 10 ppm Pro-Gib and then in Manzate 45 (0.26 kg/liter) on 29 Jan. Seed pieces were spaced 23 cm apart within beds on 1.8 m-center beds. Plants were irrigated twice per week (1.27 cm/irrigation) with overhead sprinklers. Four insecticide treatments and a nontreated check were compared. Treatments were: weekly applications of AC 303630 36 SC (0.11, 0.22, and 0.33 kg (AI)/ha); weekly applications of Guthion 2L (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Lannate 1.8 L (0.50 kg (AI)/ha) and SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray Oil (4.7 liters/ha); and nontreated check. All treatments were applied with Bond (2.0 liters/ha). Treatments were applied on six dates between 27 Feb and 2 Apr. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design.
Evaluation of Phorate in Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Verndale, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer
Published: March 2022

A systemic and a systemic plus foliar regime were evaluated in an irrigated commercial potato field. The insect control system being examined was based on a systemic insecticide, phorate, being applied at first layby and several foliars alone or in combination. Soils at this site were sandy loam of a mixture that did not cake with irrigation and compaction. The field was planted on 11 May using cut A-size certified ‘Russet Burbank’ potato. Plots were 4 rows, 0.9 m in width x 9.1 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design. There were 4 replications. The soil systemics were applied on 5 Jun when emergence was about 30%. Foliars were applied on 25 Jun, 12, 18 and 27 Jul using 2 liters of total material on 0.0134 ha.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Boylan-Pett W. , Bommarito M. , Ferrari B. , Kolarik P. , Scriber B. , Tindall M.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticides were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 10 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 7 May. Plots were 45 feet long and three rows wide. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two rows of potatoes treated with Temik applied in 8 inch bands at planting, or six feet of bare ground separated plots. ASC 66824 was applied with a hand-held single nozzle CO2 sprayer. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer. Both methods applied solutions at 30 gal/acre and 45 psi. Applications were done on 26 Jun, 2, 5, 15, and 21 Jul. Monitor + Asana + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), Danitol, Imidan + PBO, and AC 303630 were applied on 2 Jul but spraying was interrupted by wind. Remaining foliar treatments were applied on 5 Jul. Two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were sampled for all stages of CPB on 29 Jun, 6-10 Jul, 17 and 24 Jul. A visual defoliation assessment was done on 17 Jul. Potatoes were harvested from the middle row of each plot on 3 Sep, separated by size and weighed.
Summer Squash: Hydrated Lime as an Insect Repellent, 1991:
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Johnson F.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Prolific Straightneck’ summer squash was planted 24 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Plots consisted of 30 plants, 2 ft apart in 3 rows of 10 plants each. Rows were 4 ft apart. Three treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Asana and hydrated lime were applied on 31 May, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jun, and 4 Jul. Upper and lower leaf surfaces of all plants were sprayed with water immediately prior to applying treatments. Water and Asana applications were made with a 3 gal COa backpack sprayer operating at 25 psi and delivering 40 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from the top and from each side, by hand with a single hollow cone nozzle. Hydrated lime was applied with a crank-style duster at 50 lb/acre. SCB and SB data were collected from the 10 plants in the center row of each plot. MA were counted on 5 leaves from each of 4 center row plants per plot. The SVB infestation was assessed on 9 Aug by dissecting all plants in the row right of center in each plot and counting larvae. Fruit was harvested, counted and weighed on 12, 19, 26 Jul and 2, 9, 16, 23, and 29 Aug.
Soil Insect Control in Sweet Potatoes, Virginia, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Sweet potatoes were transplanted on 18 May in a commercial field owned by J. H. Drewer & Sons near Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 35 ft rows bordered on each side by an untreated row with 3 ft between rows. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a 5 nozzle flat fan boom backpack sprayer delivering 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Temik was applied in a 12 inch band with a hand-held shaker. The water volume for the Sevin foliar sprays was increased to 35 gal/acre on 10 Aug after the vines began to run. Foliar sprays were initiated when flights of wireworm adults were observed in the black light trap operated at Painter, VA. Treatments were applied on the dates indicated in the table. The center row of each plot was harvested on 8 Oct and yields (50 lb bu/acre) were determined. Twenty-five roots were randomly selected from the marketable roots in each plot and evaluated for insect damage. Damage due to Wireworm, Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetle feeding was analyzed together as WDS complex.
Effects of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 17 Jun at the University of California South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5 ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 week, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 1, 7, 15, 22, 29 Aug and 5, 7 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 30 Jul through 16 Sep, inclusive. On 16-18 Sep, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 10 Feb, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal spray treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 6, 16, 26, 31 Mar, 6, 13, 21 Apr, 4, 13, 19, 27 May, 3 and 11 June. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gal/acre were applied the first four applications (4 nozzles), 90 gal/acre the next three applications (6 nozzles) and 120 gal/acre for the remaining six applications (8 nozzles). The Bay NTN treatments were applied as soil drenches on 2-3 Mar. On 5 Jun the number of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants from the middle row of each plot on 8 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. One to two days following each insecticide application, a single, 1% inch square yellow sticky trap was placed in the middle row of each plot for 24 hrs and the number of whitefly adults trapped were counted. The traps were located adjacent to a plant 9-10 inches above the soil surface perpendicular to the ground surface and to the row. All fruit of marketable size was harvested on 18, 29 May and 9 Jun and the fruit was sized, counted and weighed.