bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of ‘foxy smelling compounds’ and 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines in grape juice
Authors: Panighel Annarita , Vedova Antonio Dalla , De Rosso Mirko , Gardiman Massimo , Flamini Riccardo
Published: June 2010

2′‐Aminoacetophenone (o‐AAP) was identified as the main cause of the aging note called ‘hybrid note’ or ‘foxy smell’ which is typical of non‐Vitis vinifera grapes. Together with methyl anthranilate (MA), this compound contributes to the typical foxy taint of wines made with non‐Vitis vinifera grapes. 3‐Alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines in grapes, with their herbaceous note and very low sensory thresholds, contribute to the aroma of several wines. In this study, a solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC/IT‐MS/MS) method for simultaneous detection of o‐AAP, MA and ethyl‐, isopropyl‐, sec‐butyl‐ and isobutylmethoxypyrazine in grape juice was developed. The method was applied to the study of several grape juices: the time required for analysis was less than 24 min, and the method was considered to be suitable for analysis of ‘foxy compounds’ and methoxypyrazines in grape juice. The high levels of MA and o‐AAP found in Clinton and Siebel grapes confirmed the ‘hybrid’ character of these varieties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling of lipids in Leishmania donovani using hydrophilic interaction chromatography in combination with Fourier transform mass spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Liang , T'Kind Ruben , Decuypere Saskia , von Freyend Simona John , Coombs Graham H. , Watson David G.
Published: June 2010

There is evidence from our current research on resistance to stibigluconate and from some previous observations that lipid composition may be altered in resistant Leishmania donovani and in order to explore this we required a comprehensive lipidomics method. Phospholipids can be analysed by direct infusion into a mass spectrometer and such methods can work very well. However, chromatographic methods can also be very effective and are extensively used. They potentially avoid ion suppression effects, associate lipid classes with a retention time range and deliver good quantitative accuracy. In the current study three chromatography columns were compared for their ability to separate different classes of lipid. Butylsilane (C‐4), Zic‐HILIC and a silica gel column were compared. The best results were obtained with a silica gel column used in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode with a mobile phase gradient consisting of (A) 20% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in acetonitrile (v/v) and (B) 20% IPA in 0.02 M ammonium formate. Using these conditions separate peaks were obtained for triglycerides (TG), phosphoinositols (PI), inositol phosphoceramides (IPC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylserines (PS), phosphatidylcholines (PC), sphingosines (SG), lysophosphatidyethanolamines (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC). The methodology was applied to the analysis of lipid extracts from Leishmania donovani and by coupling the chromatography with an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. It was possible to detect 188 lipid species in the extracts with the following breakdown: PC 59, PE 38, TG 35, PI 20, CPI 13, LPC 11, LPE 2 and SG 10. The fatty acid composition of the more abundant lipids was characterised by MS2 and MS3 experiments carried out by using an LCQ Deca low‐resolution ion trap instrument coupled with the silica gel column. The separation of lipids into well‐defined groups gives extra confidence in their identification and minimises the risk of ion suppression effects. High‐resolution mass spectrometry was necessary in order to be able to differentiate between acyl‐ and acyl‐alkyl‐lipids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and specific derivatization procedure to identify acyl‐glucuronides by mass spectrometry
Authors: Vaz Alfin D. N. , Wang Wei Wei , Bessire Andrew J. , Sharma Raman , Hagen Anne E.
Published: June 2010

A simple procedure is described to identify acyl‐glucuronides by coupled liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after derivatization to a hydroxamic acid with hydroxylamine. The reaction specificity obviates the need for isolation of the acyl‐glucuronide from an extract. Glucuronides derived from carbamic acids, and alkyl‐ and aromatic amines, are inert to the derivatization reaction conditions, making the hydroxamic acid derivative a fingerprint for acyl‐glucuronides. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joule Heating a Palladium Nanowire Sensor for Accelerated Response and Recovery to Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Yang Fan , Taggart David K. , Penner Reginald M.
Published: June 2010

The properties of a single heated palladium (Pd) nanowire for the detection of hydrogen gas (H2) are explored. In these experiments, a Pd nanowire, 48–98 µm in length, performs three functions in parallel: 1) Joule self‐heating is used to elevate the nanowire temperature by up to 128 K, 2) the 4‐contact wire resistance in the absence of H2 is used to measure its temperature, and 3) the nanowire resistance in the presence of H2 is correlated with its concentration, allowing it to function as a H2 sensor. Compared with the room‐temperature response of a Pd nanowire, the response of the heated nanowire to hydrogen is altered in two ways: First, the resistance change (ΔR/R0) induced by H2 exposure at any concentration is reduced by a factor of up to 30 and second, the rate of the resistance change – observed at the beginning (“response”) and at the end (“recovery”) of a pulse of H2 – is increased by more than a factor of 50 at some H2 concentrations. Heating nearly eliminates the retardation of response and recovery seen from 1–2% H2, caused by the α → β phase transition of PdHx, a pronounced effect for nanowires at room temperature. The activation energies associated with sensor response and recovery are measured and interpreted.
Reduction‐Sensitive, Robust Vesicles with a Non‐covalently Modifiable Surface as a Multifunctional Drug‐Delivery Platform
Authors: Park Kyeng Min , Lee Don‐Wook , Sarkar Bijay , Jung Hyuntae , Kim Jeeyeon , Ko Young Ho , Lee Kyung Eun , Jeon Hyesung , Kim Kimoon
Published: June 2010

The design and synthesis of a novel reduction‐sensitive, robust, and biocompatible vesicle (SSCB[6]VC) are reported, which is self‐assembled from an amphiphilic cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) derivative that contains disulfide bonds between hexaethylene glycol units and a CB[6] core. The remarkable features of SSCB[6]VC include: 1) facile, non‐destructive, non‐covalent, and modular surface modification using exceptionally strong host–guest chemistry; 2) high structural stability; 3) facile internalization into targeted cells by receptor‐mediated endocytosis, and 4) efficient triggered release of entrapped drugs in a reducing environment such as cytoplasm. Furthermore, a significantly increased cytotoxicity of the anticancer drug doxorubicin to cancer cells is demonstrated using doxorubicin‐loaded SSCB[6]VC, the surface of which is decorated with functional moieties such as a folate–spermidine conjugate and fluorescein isothiocyanate–spermidine conjugate as targeting ligand and fluorescence imaging probe, respectively. SSCB[6]VC with such unique features can be used as a highly versatile multifunctional platform for targeted drug delivery, which may find useful applications in cancer therapy. This novel strategy based on supramolecular chemistry and the unique properties of CB[6] can be extended to design smart multifunctional materials for biomedical applications including gene delivery.
An approach for serotonin depletion in pigs: Effects on serotonin receptor binding
Authors: Ettrup Anders , Kornum Birgitte R. , Weikop Pia , Knudsen Gitte M.
Published: June 2010

Depletion of central serotonin (5‐HT) levels and dysfunction in serotonergic transmission are implicated in a variety of human CNS disorders. The mechanisms behind these serotonergic deficits have been widely studied using rodent models, but only to a limited extent in larger animal models. The pig is increasingly used as an experimental animal model especially in neuroscience research. Here, we present an approach for serotonin depletion in the pig brain. Central serotonin depletion in Danish Landrace pigs was achieved following 4 days treatment withpara‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). On day 5, tissue concentrations of 5‐HT in seven distinct brain structures from one hemisphere: frontal and occipital cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, rostral, and caudal brain stem, were determined. The other hemisphere was processed for receptor autoradiography. Treatments with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kgpCPA caused average decreases in 5‐HT concentrations of 61% ± 14% and 66% ± 16%, respectively, and a substantial loss of 5‐HT immunostaining was seen throughout the brain. The serotonin depletion significantly increased 5‐HT4receptor binding in nucleus accumbens, but did not alter 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT2Areceptor or serotonin transporter binding in any brain region. In conclusion, 4 days treatment withpCPA effectively reduces 5‐HT levels in the pig brain. Further, whereas several 5‐HT markers did not change after thepCPA treatment, 5‐HT4receptors were consistently upregulated, indicating a greater susceptibility of this receptor to altered 5‐HT levels. This porcine model of serotonin depletion will be useful in future studies of cerebral serotonergic dysfunction. Synapse 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proactive parenting practices during early adolescence: A cluster approach
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Christensen Katherine J. , Day Randal D.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of the current study was to explore clusters of proactive parenting practices, and how they might vary as a function of parental demographics, the quality of the parent–child relationship, and the traits and behaviors of the adolescent child. Data were taken from the Flourishing Families Project, which includes 500 families with an early adolescent child (M age = 11.49). Findings suggested that there were four clusters of parents, and patterns were similar for mothers and fathers. Findings also suggested that proactive clusters varied primarily as a function of demographics of the parent (e.g., religiosity, ethnicity, education) and the traits and behaviors of the adolescent child (e.g., empathy, internalizing and externalizing behaviors). Discussion highlights the importance of using a typological approach to study parenting, and places particular emphasis on parents’ use of pre‐arming (alone, or in conjunction with other practices) in an attempt to avoid misbehavior before it occurs.
Microtubule destruction induces tau liberation and its subsequent phosphorylation
Authors: Miyasaka Tomohiro , Sato Sinji , Tatebayashi Yoshitaka , Takashima Akihiko
Published: June 2010

Neurofibrillary tangle‐bearing neurons, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, are mostly devoid of normal microtubule (MT) structure and instead have paired helical filaments that are composed of abnormal hyperphosphorylated tau. However, a causal relationship between tau phosphorylation and MT disruption has not been clarified. To examine whether MT disruption induces tau phosphorylation, stathmin, an MT‐disrupting protein, was co‐expressed with tau in COS‐7 cells. Stathmin expression induced apparent MT catastrophe and tau hyperphosphorylation at Thr‐181, Ser‐202, Thr‐205, and Thr‐231 sites. In contrast, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation, or phosphatase inhibition, led to significant tau phosphorylation without affecting MT structure. These findings suggest that MT disruption induces subsequent tau phosphorylation.
Credit market structure and bank screening
Authors: Agostino Mariarosaria , Gagliardi Francesca , Trivieri Francesco
Published: June 2010

Based on a large panel of Italian SMEs, this paper focuses on the relationship between firms' default probability and the amount of bank debt they obtain, evaluating whether and to what extent this link is affected by the degree of competition characterizing the local credit market where firms operate. Using a dynamic panel estimator, we find that higher bank competition implies a stronger influence of firms' riskiness on bank financing to SMEs. We provide two plausible interpretations of this finding: one resorting to more accurate screening by more competitive banks; the other alleging lower market power of incumbent banks, which may restrict their willingness to finance riskier firms.
The satiety effect of disguised liquid preloads administered acutely and differing only in their nutrient content tended to be weaker for lipids but did not differ between proteins and carbohydrates in human subjects
Authors: Potier Mylène , Fromentin Gilles , Lesdema Aurélie , Benamouzig Robert , Tomé Daniel , Marsset-Baglieri Agnès
Published: June 2010

Whether protein is the macronutrient with the strongest satiety effect remains a matter of debate because of the diversity of study designs employed. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of different liquid preloads made up of proteins, fats or carbohydrates only, under stringently controlled conditions, on satiety. Fifty-six subjects participated in the present study which consisted of four randomised test days, i.e. 1 d per macronutrient and one control day. During each test day, the subjects were required to consume the preload in full, and then their subsequent food intake was measured. The volunteers were divided into two groups: the first (T0) group, which consumed the preload immediately before lunch, and the second (T1) group, which consumed it 1 h beforehand. The main results showed that the participants consumed significantly less at lunch following the consumption of all three preloads than on the no-preload day, and consumed less after the consumption of the carbohydrate preload than after the consumption of the lipid preload. When energy from the preload was included, overall energy intake was significantly greater in all the three preload conditions than in the situation involving no preload, with only partial compensation for preload energy in all conditions. Total daily energy intake was highest after the lipid preload ingestion, but this could be a chance finding since it was not significantly higher than that observed after protein or carbohydrate preload ingestion. No significant effects of the interval between the preload and test meal ingestion were found. These results do not confirm the greater satiety effect of proteins than of carbohydrates, but partially confirm the weaker effect of fats.
Review Article: Democratic Inclusiveness: A Reinterpretation of Lijphart’sPatterns of Democracy
Authors: Ganghof Steffen
Published: June 2010

This contribution to the study of democratic inclusiveness advances three main claims, based on Lijphart’s original data. First, his measurement of executive inclusiveness is incoherent and invalid. Secondly, executive inclusiveness is best explained by the interaction of many parties and strong legislative veto points. This implies that executive inclusiveness should not be contained in either of Lijphart’s two dimensions of democracy. Thirdly, parties have incentives to economize on the costs of inclusive coalitions by avoiding strong legislative veto points, and these incentives are greater in parliamentary than in presidential systems. Hence, Lijphart’s favourite version of consensus democracy – characterized by a parliamentary system and a high degree of executive inclusiveness – is unlikely to be a behavioural-institutional equilibrium.
Balanced and unbalanced routes to dissipation in an equilibrated Eady flow
Authors: MOLEMAKER M. JEROEN , MCWILLIAMS JAMES C. , CAPET XAVIER
Published: June 2010

The oceanic general circulation is forced at large scales and is unstable to mesoscale eddies. Large-scale currents and eddy flows are approximately in geostrophic balance. Geostrophic dynamics is characterized by an inverse energy cascade except for dissipation near the boundaries. In this paper, we confront the dilemma of how the general circulation may achieve dynamical equilibrium in the presence of continuous large-scale forcing and the absence of boundary dissipation. We do this with a forced horizontal flow with spatially uniform rotation, vertical stratification and vertical shear in a horizontally periodic domain, i.e. a version of Eady's flow carried to turbulent equilibrium. A direct route to interior dissipation is presented that is essentially non-geostrophic in its dynamics, with significant submesoscale frontogenesis, frontal instability and breakdown, and forward kinetic energy cascade to dissipation. To support this conclusion, a series of simulations is made with both quasigeostrophic and Boussinesq models. The quasigeostrophic model is shown as increasingly inefficient in achieving equilibration through viscous dissipation at increasingly higher numerical resolution (hence Reynolds number), whereas the non-geostrophic Boussinesq model equilibrates with only weak dependence on resolution and Rossby number.
Extension of the Prandtl–Batchelor theorem to three-dimensional flows slowly varying in one direction
Authors: SANDOVAL M. , CHERNYSHENKO S.
Published: June 2010

According to the Prandtl–Batchelor theorem for a steady two-dimensional flow with closed streamlines in the inviscid limit the vorticity becomes constant in the region of closed streamlines. This is not true for three-dimensional flows. However, if the variation of the flow field along one direction is slow then it is possible to expand the solution in terms of a small parameter characterizing the rate of variation of the flow field in that direction. Then in the leading-order approximation the projections of the streamlines onto planes perpendicular to that direction can be closed. Under these circumstances the extension of the Prandtl–Batchelor theorem is obtained. The resulting equations turned out to be a three-dimensional analogue of the equations of the quasi-cylindrical approximation.
A shock solution for the nonlinear shallow water equations
Authors: ANTUONO MATTEO
Published: June 2010

A global shock solution for the nonlinear shallow water equations (NSWEs) is found by assigning proper seaward boundary data that preserve a constant incoming Riemann invariant during the shock wave evolution. The correct shock relations, entropy conditions and asymptotic behaviour near the shoreline are provided along with an in-depth analysis of the main quantities along and behind the bore. The theoretical analysis is then applied to the specific case in which the water at the front of the shock wave is still. A comparison with the Shen & Meyer (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 16, 1963, p. 113) solution reveals that such a solution can be regarded as a specific case of the more general solution proposed here. The results obtained can be regarded as a useful benchmark for numerical solvers based on the NSWEs.
Recurrent facial nerve palsy: the role of surgery
Authors: Doshi J , Irving R
Published: June 2010

Repeated episodes of acute idiopathic facial paralysis present both a diagnostic and a management dilemma. We discuss these issues with reference to four adult cases managed between 1999 and 2008, thus adding to the sparse literature on this subject. For such cases, our unit performs decompression of geniculate, labyrinthine and meatal segments of the facial nerve via a middle fossa approach. A short video, available on The Journal of Laryngology & Otology website, demonstrates the key stages of the operation.

We believe there is a role for surgical decompression in cases of recurrent acute facial weakness with three or more documented episodes, especially in the presence of progressive deterioration in function. Decompression of the geniculate, labyrinthine and meatal segments, via a middle fossa approach, is our favoured technique, and has achieved good results.
Acropora abundance and size in the Maldives six years after the 1998 mass mortality: patterns across reef typologies and depths
Authors: Lasagna Roberta , Albertelli Giancarlo , Morri Carla , Bianchi Carlo Nike
Published: June 2010

In 1998, in coincidence with high sea surface temperatures, Maldivian reef corals were severely affected by mass mortality following bleaching. Tabular Acropora corals, formerly abundant in shallow water, were nearly exterminated. Recovery started soon, and in 2004 Maldivian reefs appeared rich in tabular Acropora colonies again, especially at some sites. This study aimed at determining the degree of spatial variability of tabular Acropora abundance and size among reef typologies (ocean versus lagoon reefs) and depth zones (4–6, 10–12 and 16–18 m) 6 years after the mass mortality event. A total of 192 tabular Acropora colonies (Ø > 16 cm) were counted and measured in six sites. Their abundance differed between reef typologies and according to depth zones, with the highest values in deep lagoon reefs. Colony mean size differed only among depth zones, the largest colonies (up to 105 cm) being found in shallow reefs. Assuming a radial extension rate of 10 cm · yr−1, colonies larger than 65 cm can be interpreted as the survivors of the mass mortality of 1998; conversely, they may represent the result of enhanced growth rates in uncrowded situations as those characterizing the coral reefs of the Maldives in 2004.
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Angolan and Gulf of Guinea waters, tropical West Africa
Authors: Weir Caroline R , Collins Tim , Carvalho Inês , Rosenbaum Howard C.
Published: June 2010

Killer whalesOrcinus orcaare considered to be relatively uncommon in tropical waters. Few sightings have been reported from the west coast of Africa due to a paucity of survey coverage. We present data on 32 killer sightings from tropical waters off Angola (N = 18), Gabon (N = 7), São Tomé (N = 6) and Cameroon (N = 1), comprising a combination of dedicated survey sightings (N = 21) and reliable anecdotal records (n = 11). Killer whales were reported from coastal waters, the shelf edge and deep, oceanic areas. Sightings indicate a probable year-round occurrence of killer whales within the region. Mean group size was 5.6 animals. There was no difference in group size between sightings in waters >200 m deep and those on the continental shelf. No photo-identification matches were found between Angola, Gabon and São Tomé. Re-sightings of two individuals occurred annually in São Tomé during 2002–2004. Killer whales had external appearance consistent with the Type A nominate species form. Antagonistic encounters were recorded between killer whales and humpback whalesMegaptera novaeangliaeoff Angola, Gabon and Cameroon, and with sperm whalesPhyseter macrocephalusoff Angola. Predation on ocean sunfishMola molawas recorded in São Tomé, and possible predation on sharks was recorded twice in Gabon.
Taxonomy and ecology of some gammaridean species (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Tarifa Island, southern Spain
Authors: Krapp-Schickel T. , Guerra-García J.M. , Baeza-Rojano E. , Cabezas M.P.
Published: June 2010

On Tarifa Island (Strait of Gibraltar) several amphipod species were studied from intertidal algae: Ampithoe ferox, Apherusa mediterranea, Hyale spinidactyla, Hyale cf. youngi and Jassa cadetta. The allometric growth of gnathopod 2 in male is demonstrated for A. ferox. Jassa cadetta had been recorded previously only from the northern Adriatic Sea, while Hyale spinidactyla and Hyale cf. youngi had been only known from the Atlantic Ocean. Along the intertidal area, A. mediterranea and J. cadetta were dominant in the low levels located near the infralittoral area, while A. ferox, Hyale spinidactyla and Hyale cf. youngi were distributed in intermediate and upper levels, closer to the supralittoral zone. All the species showed the maximum peaks of abundance from April to October, coinciding with the maximum seawater temperatures.
A new species of otoplanid (Plathelminthes: Rhabditophora: Otoplanidae) from Sicily, Italy
Authors: Lanfranchi A. , Meini G. , Melai M.
Published: June 2010

A new species, Philosyrtis aegusae sp. nov., collected in the ‘Otoplanen-Zone’ of the sands of western Sicily, is described. The specimens show the typical morphological peculiarities of the subfamily Parotoplaninae (‘Turbellaria’: Otoplanidae), but differ clearly from the species already described. The body length of the sexually mature animals reaches 0.9–1.1 mm and they appear to belong to the genus Philosyrtis because of the general arrangement of testes and germo-vitellaria, and of the sclerotic apparatus. The vesicula granulorum is clearly distinct from the sclerotic apparatus unlike the other ten species belonging to the same genus. The male copulatory organ consists of a dorsal group of 7–8 spines similar in shape and length (33–40 mm), and a ventral group of at least 6 long thin spines with curved pointed tips. The new species differs from the already described species above all in its body dimensions, the shorter path of the vitellaries and especially the characteristics of the male sclerotic apparatus.
Influence of environmental and fishery parameters on loggerhead sea turtle by-catch in the longline fishery in the Azores archipelago and implications for conservation
Authors: Ferreira R.L. , Martins H.R. , Bolten A.B. , Santos M.A. , Erzini K.
Published: June 2010

Oceanic juvenile loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, foraging in Azorean waters, are incidentally caught in drifting longlines that target swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and blue shark, Prionace glauca. Data were recorded during a longline gear modification experiment conducted in 2000. The results show that the captures are not uniformly distributed in relation to fishing effort, with 81% of the loggerheads (N = 232) caught in one-third of the sets (N = 93). The highest turtle catch rates were around the eastern group of islands, an area characterized by the presence of mesoscale eddies induced by bathymetric features. High catch rates coincided with the presence of the thermohaline front, between August and October, and when targeting blue shark. To investigate the causes of these differences we fitted a general linear model to evaluate the influence of mean depth, minimum depth, sea surface temperature (SST), soak area, soak time, moon phase and wind force on turtle and target species catch rates. These results revealed that mean depth and SST were most important for loggerhead catch rates, while minimum depth was the only significant variable for swordfish and mean depth, SST, wind force, moon phase and soak time influenced blue shark catches. The distribution of loggerhead sea turtles can be predicted by monitoring fishing areas in relation to bathymetry and SST. The impact of longline fishing could be greatly and quickly reduced by regulating the blue shark fishery and by increasing fishermen awareness for sea turtle conservation.
Characteristics of the Ascophyllum nodosum stands and their associated diversity along the coast of Brittany, France
Authors: Gollety Claire , Thiebaut Eric , Davoult Dominique
Published: June 2010

The present study aimed at estimating the characteristics of the Ascophyllum nodosum stands along the coast of Brittany, France. Although both an ecologically and economically important macroalga on sheltered rocky shores of the North Atlantic, no study has simultaneously dealt with the variability of the densities, lengths and biomasses of A. nodosum together with a description of its associated algal and animal diversity. There were significant differences in mean lengths and variations in the length–population structures between sites. However, the biomasses and densities showed no significant differences. The biomasses are amongst the highest ones estimated over the entire species distribution. The algal and animal assemblages were typical of A. nodosum zones, but only the identity composition of the algal communities seemed to reflect site differences in environmental forces. The biomasses measured in the present study should help improve future macroalgae biomass and metabolism estimates on regional or global scales. Finally, the data will provide a reference state for future studies on the responses of fucoid canopies to environmental changes.
Prevalence ofLeucocytozoonspp, in the endangered yellow-eyed penguinMegadyptes antipodes
Authors: HILL A. G. , HOWE L. , GARTRELL B. D. , ALLEY M. R.
Published: June 2010

Yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island were identified with aLeucocytozoonspp. of a novel lineage in association with a high regional incidence of chick mortality (n=32, 100% mortality) during the November 2006 to January 2007 breeding season. Fourteen chicks from Stewart Island were examined post-mortem and histologically forLeucocytozooninfection. In addition, a survey of blood to detectLeucocytozoonspp. infections using PCR was performed on 107 yellow-eyed penguins from 4 distinct nesting areas on the South Island (Oamaru, Otago Peninsula, and Catlins) (n=95), and Stewart Island (n=12). The results of the study revealed that 2 of the 14 (14%) chicks necropsied showed severe, disseminated megaloschizont formation in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney and other tissues characteristic of leucocytozoonosis. Eighty-three percent (83%) of blood samples collected from Stewart Island penguins containedLeucocytozoonDNA, whereas samples from the 3 other nesting areas were negative for the blood parasite.Leucocytozoonspp. DNA sequences isolated from blood and tissues of adults (n=10) and chicks (n=7) were similar and grouped with other publishedLeucocytozoonspp. sequences but in a distinct cluster together with closely related isolates from a Western march harrier (Circus aerginosus) and common loon (Gavia immer). These findings suggest that yellow-eyed penguins on Stewart Island are infected with a regionally isolated, host-specificLeucocytozoonspp. which may contribute to the high chick mortality observed during this period.
Finding the Fifth Century: A Late Fourth- and Early Fifth-Century Pottery Fabric from South-East Dorset
Authors: Gerrard James
Published: June 2010

This paper describes a type of pottery made in the same region as Dorset Black Burnished Ware that can be shown to be current during the late fourth and early fifth centuries. This pottery — here named South-East Dorset Orange Wiped Ware — can be used as a diagnostic artefact to identify sites and features of the very late Roman period in Dorset. It also appears to be associated with a new architectural tradition typified by the ‘sunken featured buildings’ present at the late and post-Roman site of Poundbury.
Collaborative Governance and Civic Empowerment: A Discussion ofInvesting in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance
Authors: Lenkowsky Leslie
Published: June 2010

Whether as a solution to problems of political legitimacy or social mistrust, as a way of involving civil society, or as a method of crafting more effective “third way” policies, collaborative governance has been a topic of renewed interest for political scientists and policy intellectuals. Carmen Sirianni'sInvesting in Democracy: Engaging Citizens in Collaborative Governance(Brookings, 2009) is an important new book that raises many of these issues.Perspectives on Politicsis a forum for raising questions of interest to a broad range of political scientists. In this symposium, we have asked a number of prominent political scientists and policy analysts to assess the book and to address two broader questions: in what ways does the book draw from and add to political science scholarship, and in what ways does political science scholarship help to shed light on the book's core themes?
Response to Thomas A. Spragens's review of The Liberals' Moment: The McGovern Insurgency and the Identity Crisis of the Democratic Party
Authors: Miroff Bruce
Published: June 2010

Before I respond to Thomas Spragens's commentary on my book, I want to thank him for the thoughtful and gracious tenor of his review. Despite our differences about the legacy of the McGovern campaign of 1972, we agree that the campaign was a watershed in the development of contemporary liberalism and that it deserves reexamination by those who seek to address liberalism's future in American politics.
Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions
Authors: Sil Rudra , Katzenstein Peter J.
Published: June 2010

This article defines, operationalizes, and illustrates the value ofanalytic eclecticismin the social sciences, with a focus on the fields of comparative politics and international relations. Analytic eclecticism is not an alternative model of research or a means to displace or subsume existing modes of scholarship. It is an intellectual stance that supports efforts to complement, engage, and selectively utilize theoretical constructs embedded in contending research traditions to build complex arguments that bear on substantive problems of interest to both scholars and practitioners. Eclectic scholarship is marked by three general features. First, it is consistent with an ethos of pragmatism in seeking engagement with the world of policy and practice, downplaying unresolvable metaphysical divides and presumptions of incommensurability and encouraging a conception of inquiry marked by practical engagement, inclusive dialogue, and a spirit of fallibilism. Second, it formulates problems that are wider in scope than the more narrowly delimited problems posed by adherents of research traditions; as such, eclectic inquiry takes on problems that more closely approximate the messiness and complexity of concrete dilemmas facing “real world” actors. Third, in exploring these problems, eclectic approaches offer complex causal stories that extricate, translate, and selectively recombine analytic components—most notably, causal mechanisms—from explanatory theories, models, and narratives embedded in competing research traditions. The article includes a brief sampling of studies that illustrate the combinatorial potential of analytic eclecticism as an intellectual exercise as well as its value in enhancing the possibilities of fruitful dialogue and pragmatic engagement within and beyond the academe.
The Perils of Paradigm Mentalities: Revisiting Kuhn, Lakatos, and Popper
Authors: Walker Thomas C.
Published: June 2010

A common theme in the Centennial Issue of the American Political Science Review was how subfields have grown more specialized and insulated from one another. In this essay I argue that this trend has been hastened by the inappropriate incorporation of paradigm mentalities, first presented by Thomas Kuhn and later developed by Imre Lakatos. I show how paradigm mentalities help justify rigid opposition to theoretical alternatives and limit critical insight. While paradigm mentalities may be fitting for disciplines that demonstrate Kuhn'sconcrete scientific achievements,they constrain the study of political science and international relations in particular. I begin with a primer that compares Kuhn and Lakatos to Karl Popper. Next, I point to harmful consequences resulting from applying paradigm mentalities to the study of international relations. Among these is the tendency to act as if realism has earned the status of a paradigm and then invoke criteria of incommensurability and “subsumption” to deflect criticism. I conclude by discussing how Popper's model of science provides a better platform for the study of politics by encouraging theoretical and methodological pluralism.
Weapon of the Strong? Participatory Inequality and the Internet
Authors: Schlozman Kay Lehman , Verba Sidney , Brady Henry E.
Published: June 2010

What is the impact of the possibility of political participation on the Internet on long-standing patterns of participatory inequality in American politics? An August 2008 representative survey of Americans conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project provides little evidence that there has been any change in the extent to which political participation is stratified by socio-economic status, but it suggests that the web has ameliorated the well-known participatory deficit among those who have just joined the electorate. Even when only that subset of the population with Internet access is considered, participatory acts such as contributing to candidates, contacting officials, signing a political petition, or communicating with political groups are as stratified socio-economically when done on the web as when done offline. The story is different for stratification by age where historically younger people have been less engaged than older people in most forms of political participation. Young adults are much more likely than their elders to be comfortable with electronic technologies and to use the Internet, but among Internet users, the young are not especially politically active. How these trends play out in the future depends on what happens to the current Web-savvy younger generation and the cohorts that follow and on the rapidly developing political capacities of the Web. Stay logged on …
Experimenting in Democracy Promotion: International Observers and the 2004 Presidential Elections in Indonesia
Authors: Hyde Susan D.
Published: June 2010

Randomized field experiments have gained attention within the social sciences and the field of democracy promotion as an influential tool for causal inference and a potentially powerful method of impact evaluation. With an eye toward facilitating field experimentation in democracy promotion, I present the first field-experimental study of international election monitoring, which should be of interest to both practitioners and academics. I discuss field experiments as a promising method for evaluating the effects of democracy assistance programs. Applied to the 2004 presidential elections in Indonesia, the random assignment of international election observers reveals that even though the election was widely regarded as democratic, the presence of observers had a measurable effect on votes cast for the incumbent candidate, indicating that such democracy assistance can influence election quality even in the absence of blatant election-day fraud.
Ballots and Barricades: On the Reciprocal Relationship between Elections and Social Movements
Authors: McAdam Doug , Tarrow Sidney
Published: June 2010

Why do two cognate literatures—social movements and electoral studies—travel along parallel paths with little conversation between them? And what can be done to connect them in the future? Drawing on their work with the late Charles Tilly onDynamics of Contention(2001), Doug McAdam and Sidney Tarrow examine two important studies that approach (but do not effect such a linkage), propose a mechanism-based set of linkages between elections and social movements, and apply their approach in a preliminary examination of the relations between the American anti-war movement after 9/11 and the Democratic Party.
Changing Mass Priorities: The Link between Modernization and Democracy
Authors: Inglehart Ronald , Welzel Christian
Published: June 2010

A revised version of modernization theory implies that certain cultural variables (deeply-instilled attitudes among the public of a society) play an important role in democratization—and considerable empirical evidence supports this claim. Nevertheless, these variables are rarely used in econometric analysis of democratization. Why? One important reason is a tendency to view subjective mass orientations as volatile, relatively “soft” data. Analyzing data from many Large-N comparative survey projects, this article demonstrates that: (1) certain mass attitudes that are linked with modernization constitute attributes of given societies that are fully as stable as standard social indicators; (2) when treated as national-level variables, these attitudes seem to have predictive power comparable to that of widely-used social indicators in explaining important societal-level variables such as democracy; (3) national-level mean scores are a legitimate social indicator; and (4) one gets maximum analytic leverage by analyzing data from the full range of societies. We find numerous strong correlations between these subjective indicators and important societal attributes such as democracy, which suggest that causal linkages exist—but we do not attempt to demonstrate them here. Previous research has tested some of these linkages, finding support for causal interpretations, but conclusive tests of all the linkages shown here would require several book-length treatments. We briefly review some of the evidence supporting the conclusion that modernization leads to enduring mass attitudinal changes that are conducive to democracy.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2010

From its inception this journal has wrestled with an editorial and a disciplinary question that is also a fundamental question facing all political communities—the proper balance between inclusiveness and exclusivity. The journal was conceived as a medium of broad scholarly communication and publication. And we have recently been very deliberate in promoting the idea that Perspectives is a “political science public sphere.” At the heart of our editorial policies and our review process is the central question we ask of all authors: how does your piece speak to the broad readership of political scientists who are our primary audience?
Possible relations between meteors, enhanced electron density layers, and sporadic sodium layers
Authors: Dou X.‐K. , Xue X.‐H. , Li T. , Chen T.‐D. , Chen C. , Qiu S.‐C.
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we studied the possible relations between incoming meteors, sporadic E (Es) layers, and sporadic (or sudden) sodium atom layers (SSLs) using the data from the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC constellation, a meteor radar (Wuhan, 31°N, 114°E), and a sodium fluorescent lidar (Hefei, 31.8°N, 117.3°E). From a statistical point of view, a seasonal dependence of SSL correlates well with the annual variation of Es and is also consistent with seasonal meteor deposition except for February and March. It suggests that a “meteor‐Es‐SSL” chain could be reasonable if the recombination process were taken into consideration. Detailed study on the relationship between electron density profiles provided by the COSMIC radio occultation and the observations of SSLs by the University of Science and Technology of China via lidar illustrates that the appearance of Es accompanying SSL (i.e., 56.3%) is three times greater than that in the “normal” sodium layer. It also indicates that tides play an important role in causing the lower SSLs, which might be able to carry the upper dense electrons and ions in the Es layer formed by wind shear to the lower altitudes through downward phase propagations.
One‐dimenssional electromagnetic simulation of multiple electron beams propagating in space plasmas
Authors: Simões F. J. R. , Alves M. V. , Gaelzer R.
Published: June 2010

It is by now well known that electron beams play an important role in generating radio emissions such as type II and type III radio bursts, commonly observed by spacecraft in the interplanetary medium. Electron beams streaming back from Earth's bow shock into the solar wind have been proposed as a possible source for the electron plasma waves observed by spacecraft in the electron foreshock. Recent observations suggest that during the natural evolution of the foreshock plasma, multiple electron beams could be injected over a period of time, losing their individual identity to coalesce into a single beam. In this work, we use an electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell (PIC) code “KEMPO 1D, adapted” to simulate two electron beams that are injected into a plasma at different times. The first beam disturbs the background plasma and generates Langmuir waves by electron beam‐plasma interaction. Subsequently, another beam is inserted into the system and interacts with the first one and with the driven Langmuir waves to produce electromagnetic radiation. The results of our simulation show that the first beam can produce electrostatic harmonics of the plasma frequency, while the second beam intensifies the emission at the harmonics that is produced by the first one. The behavior of the second beam is strongly determined by the preexisting Langmuir wave electric fields. The simulations also show, as a result of the interaction between both beams, a clear nonlinear frequency shift of the harmonic modes as well as an increase of electromagnetic and kinetic energies of the wave‐particle system.
Vlasov‐Poisson simulations of electrostatic parametric instability for localized Langmuir wave packets in the solar wind
Authors: Henri P. , Califano F. , Briand C. , Mangeney A.
Published: June 2010

Recent observation of large‐amplitude Langmuir waveforms during a type III event in the solar wind has been interpreted as the signature of the electrostatic decay of beam‐driven Langmuir waves. This mechanism is thought to be a first step to explain the generation of type III radio emission. The threshold for this parametric instability in the typical solar wind condition has been investigated through 1D‐1V Vlasov‐Poisson simulations. We show that the amplitude of the observed Langmuir beatlike waveforms is of the order of the effective threshold computed from the simulations. The expected levels of associated ion acoustic density fluctuations have also been computed for comparison with observations.
Possible wave modes of wideband nonthermal continuum radiation in its source region
Authors: Grimald S. , Santolík O.
Published: June 2010

Nonthermal continuum (NTC) electromagnetic radiation is generated within the Earth's magnetosphere and radiated to the outer space. We present cases of a specific type of NTC, which appears as multiple wide bands on the spectrograms recorded by the Cluster spacecraft just outside the plasmapause. This NTC comes from several sources located in the plasmapause density gradient where the local upper hybrid frequency is close to the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. Analysis of one of these events at the eighth harmonic frequency indicates that, in the vicinity of the source, the electric field fluctuations are polarized in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field line. Hot‐plasma dispersion relation based on the measured electron distribution shows that the observed polarization excludes the presence the Langmuir mode and the ordinary mode. This analysis suggests that the observed waves can propagate in the L mode or, for perpendicular wave vectors, in the extraordinary Z mode or on a complex structure of hot‐plasma Bernstein modes coupled to the Z mode at the upper hybrid frequency.