bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underachievement and the Intelligent Creative Child
Authors: Wonderly Donald M. , Fleming Elyse S.
Published: January 2017

This study attempts to evaluate the desirability of pressuring creative children for academic achievement, and the personality theories underlying such decisions. Neither the emotional adjustment nor the personality characteristics of creative children were significantly affected by their achievement level. This suggests that arguments based on the effect that pressure for academic excellence will have on the personality of the creative child are without foundation.
CAI Course in the Early Identification of Handicapped Children
Authors: Cartwright Carol A. , Cartwright G. Phillip , Robine Gerald G.
Published: January 2017

114 college students enrolled in an introductory course in special education were randomly assigned to a conventional instruction (CI) or a computer assisted instruction (CAI) version of the course. The CAI group received all instruction by CAI; the CI group received instruction in the conventional lecture-discussion mode. The CAI students obtained significantly higher criterion test scores than the CI students. Also, the CAI students completed the 3 credit course in an average of 12 hours less time.
Observational Study of Ward Staff Behavior
Authors: Harmatz Morton G.
Published: January 2017

This article describes a behavioral observation procedure for the study of ward staff behavior. The procedure was employed in a fairly typical state school ward for young children with primary retardation and secondary physical disabilities. The data indicated that more than half of the ward personnel's time was spent on activities away from the children and, of the time spent with the children, most went toward nonsocial types of interactions. It appeared that time spent at nonchild related tasks (housekeeping, paperwork, etc.) tended to be more visible to superiors. It was suggested that child related behavioral goals be made highly visible and the staff be rewarded for accomplishment of those goals.
Issues in Social Interaction/Withdrawal Assessment
Authors: Greenwood Charles R. , Walker Hill M. , Hops Hyman
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to review severel practical and methodological issues related to the development of assessment instruments for child social interaction and social withdrawal. Specifically, the roles of (a) sociometric peer ratings, (b) behavioral observation measures, and (c) teacher ratings are discussed in relationship to their validity, reliability, and normative data characteristics. These measures are further discussed from the perspective of their usage in screening/identification and treatment evaluation. The role of normative data in facilitating screening/identification and treatment evaluation processes is also reviewed. Finally, the development of a social interaction assessment instrument for identifying socially withdrawn children is described.
Two Approaches to Identification of Gifted Students
Authors: Renzulli Joseph S. , Smith Linda H.
Published: January 2017

This investigation compared the efficiency and effectiveness of traditional and case study approaches to the identification of academically gifted students in the elementary grades. Time and cost analyses were carried out, as was an examination of the usefulness of various types of information included in case study formats. The results suggest that the case study approach is generally superior to the traditional approach because of its consideration of multiple sources of information. The case study approach was effective in identifying gifted minority students and was found to be less costly and time consuming than others have suggested.
US Court of Appeals Decision regarding Armstrong v. Kline: The 180 Day Rule
Authors: Stotland Janet F. , Mancuso Ellen
Published: January 2017

On June 21, 1979, Judge Clarence C. Newcomer, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, issued his decision and Order in the case of Armstrong v. Kline. Judge Newcomer held that the undisputed policy and practice of the Pennsylvania Department of Education of refusing to provide or fund the provision of a program of special education and related services in excess of 180 days per year to any handicapped student was in violation of Public Law 94-142. Also held to be in violation of the law was the Department's companion policy of instructing all hearing officers who preside at special education due process hearings that they were without the power to order or approve any educational programs exceeding 180 days per year. On July 15, 1980, the Appellate Court upheld the District Court in three separate opinions. This article describes the decision of the District Court, explains how the reasoning of the Appellate Court differs, and points out some of the implications of the Appellate Court's holding.
Year-round Special Education and Related Services: A State Director's Perspective
Authors: Makuch Gary J.
Published: January 2017

The position is taken that Public Law 94-142 is not the appropriate vehicle for guaranteeing free, appropriate human services to all handicapped people and their families; that the so-called “related” services are really primary or essential services that must be provided regardless of whether or not they are needed to enable a child to profit from special education; that interagency cooperation will be unattainable unless each human service agency is obligated by law to perform equally; and that total dependence on the education system will make services unavailable both prior to and subsequent to school age. The Right to Basic Human Services Act should be supported for the assistance it can provide to school systems serving handicapped people.
Psychiatric Hospitalization of Adolescents and Successful Mainstream Reentry
Authors: Bloom Robert B. , Hopewell Lou Ross
Published: January 2017

Eighty-eight adolescent patients of a state mental hospital were followed up 6 months after discharge. Within that period, 43% had been rehospitalized. The major differences between the recidivist and nonrecidivist groups were that, of those who were successful in staying in the mainstream, more returned to school, more had at least one biological parent in the home, fewer had had a significant family member hospitalized, and they had shorter hospitalizations prior to discharge. Type and severity of psychopathology, and personal and demographic variables did not differentiate between the two groups. A natural history of chronic hospitalization is posited and the potential of education to interrupt the rehospitalization “revolving door” is discussed.
Policy Issues in Special Education for Migrant Students
Authors: Hunter Bruce
Published: January 2017

Four general issues in migrant students' educational problems are discussed: access to services, availability of services, appropriateness of services, and continuity of services. The importance of changing educational policies in order to provide services to migrants is discussed, and statutes of six states which serve migrant students are examined. It is concluded that state statutes in these six states do not preclude interstate cooperation in order to solve problems of educating migrant handicapped students.
The ECS Interstate Migrant Education Project
Authors: Perry John
Published: January 2017

The Education Commission of the States Interstate Migrant Education Project, initiated in June 1976, evolved in response to a need for coordinated planning and implementation of migrant programs among states, ECS's preliminary review of the issue discovered a lack of data on migrant children identified, evaluated, and served by education programs. A seminar held in Phoenix in 1980 developed a number of specific suggestions for serving migrant children.
Issues in the Education of Migrants and other Mobile Handicapped Students
Authors: Sauer Richard A.
Published: January 2017

For years, educators of migrant students in New York State have been concerned about the difficulties of providing appropriate educational services to handicapped migrant children. Migrant educators and administrators lack training in the identification and referral process for handicapped children. They find the definitions and criteria used to classify handicapped children in many states confusing and state regulations too complex. They are also unable to use the Migrant Student Record Transfer System (MSRTS) effectively for the placement of handicapped migrant children in local special education programs. Each of these issues is addressed and possible solutions are proposed.
The Role of Gifts and Markers in the Development of Talent
Authors: Bloom Benjamin S.
Published: January 2017

Results of a 3-year study of development of talent are presented, with emphasis on the special qualities of Olympic swimmers, pianists, and research mathematicians who attained “world-class” status in their fields prior to the age of 35. Interviews with parents, teachers, and the subjects indicated that these children were perceived as having unusual characteristics relevant to their selected talent fields at an early age. While the parents or teachers attached great significance to these characteristics, it is debatable whether they were inherent gifts or markers used to justify particular courses of action. Each of these characteristics is discussed in some detail. It was concluded that the talent development process and the increasing commitment of these individuals to the talent area, supported by parents and teachers, appear to be the primary determinants of great talent development.
The Education of Children in Private Schools: A State Agency's Perspective
Authors: Grumet Louis , Inkpen Thom
Published: January 2017

The State of New York has utilized the private school sector for the education of children with handicapping conditions for some 20 years. As a state education agency, New York has had many appeals to the Commissioner of Education. The appeals to the Commissioner form the interpretative policy basis for implementing P.L. 94–142 in New York. The decisions of the Commissioner are summarized with respect to (a) least restrictive environment, (b) placements made by parents, (c) untimely appeals, and (d) exhaustion. The monitoring efforts of the State Education Department regarding private schools are also discussed as are the reasons for the state's prohibition on contracting with many private schools.
Should a Special Educator Entertain Volunteers? Interdependence in Rural America
Authors: Marrs Lawrence W.
Published: January 2017

Rural communities have a tradition of helping each other and of shared interdependence. The National Rural Independent Living Network is developing Community Independent Living Service Delivery Systems in over 500 communities by 1986. Strategies are provided for designing a volunteer program, recruiting and training volunteers, and linking volunteers with disabled persons.
Failure to Find Attention Differences between Learning Disabled and Normal Children on Classroom and Laboratory Tasks
Authors: Samuels S. Jay , Miller Nancy L.
Published: January 2017

Learning disabled (n = 17) and normal boys (n = 32) from grades 3, 5, and 6 were given laboratory tasks of attention. The tasks were visual and included signal detection and letter classification with and without distraction. The dependent measures on the laboratory tasks were accuracy and response latency. Findings indicated no difference between learning disabled students and normal students on the tasks, no difference in sustained attention, and no evidence of a developmental lag. The no-difference findings should not be viewed as the result of an insensitive design, since significant differences were found due to letter spacing and distracting stimuli, but these had equal effects on both groups. The same students were also observed for on-task behavior in the classroom. Differences in on-task behavior between the groups were not found either for academic or arts topics or for ability to sustain attention. A significant difference in attention was found in favor of special classes over regular, small groups (n < 9) over large, and teacher-directed over independent activities.
A Taxonomy of Community Living Skills
Authors: Dever Richard B.
Published: January 2017

A survey of experts in mental retardation was conducted to assess the forthcoming Taxonomy of Community Living Skills, a guide for curriculum developers and administrators. Items in five domains (personal maintenance and development, homemaking and community life, vocational, leisure, and travel) were rated. Responses were generally favorable. Comments and suggestions made by the experts provided a basis for a revision of the taxonomy and its theoretical exposition.
Six Postschool Case Studies of Mildly Learning Handicapped Young Adults
Authors: Zetlin Andrea G. , Hosseini Ashraf
Published: January 2017

Participant observation was conducted for 1 year with six mildly learning handicapped young adults following their graduation from high school Close attention was paid to the ways in which they managed the transition out of school and into more adult roles. During this year, all six floundered from job to job, class to class, and school to school. They expressed discontent and frustration with their present situation. They were at a loss to plan for the future and maintained an unrealistic appraisal of their skills. Their sense of self waxed and waned in keeping with their prospects, and the patience and frustration of family members vacillated as well.
Effects of Social Integration on Preschool Children with Handicaps
Authors: Jenkins Joseph R. , Odom Samuel L. , Speltz Matthew L.
Published: January 2017

This study examined the effects of (a) integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped children in preschools and (b) a condition designed to promote social integration. Fifty-six children with mild and moderate handicaps were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions: integrated/social interaction, integrated/child-directed, segregated/social interaction, and segregated/child-directed. Observation revealed a higher proportion of interactive play, as well as higher language development, in the social interaction conditions; and children in the integrated/social interaction condition received significantly higher ratings of social competence. These data suggest that structuring social interaction between higher and lower performing children can result in benefits to the lower performing students.
Feedback about Integrating Middle-School Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education Classes
Authors: York Jennifer , Vandercook Terri , Macdonald Cathy , Heise-Neff Cheri , Caughey Ellen
Published: January 2017

General educators, special educators, and classmates without disabilities were surveyed at the end of the first year that middle-school students with severe disabilities were integrated into general education classes in two suburban midwestern communities. Results of this preliminary study revealed many benefits for educators and students. Educators and classmates concurred that positive outcomes, particularly in the area of perceived social competence, were realized by the students with severe disabilities. Acceptance of these students by classmates was considered to have increased substantially. Educators felt the general class integration experiences were positive for themselves and for students, although there were differences in perspectives between general and special educators.
Reading Comprehension Instruction: Summarization and Self-Monitoring Training for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Malone Linda Duncan , Mastropieri Margo A.
Published: January 2017

Forty-five middle-school students with learning disabilities were randomly assigned to one of three reading-comprehension training conditions: (a) summarization training, (b) summarization training with a self-monitoring component, or (c) traditional instruction. All students were interviewed before and after training regarding the strategies they typically employ during reading comprehension; during one training session, “think aloud” protocols were collected. Results indicated that students with learning disabilities trained in summarization procedures performed statistically higher on all dependent measures. In addition, on some transfer measures, students who were trained in the monitoring component statistically outperformed those with only the summarization training.
Inclusive Schools Movement and the Radicalization of Special Education Reform
Authors: Fuchs Douglas , Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: January 2017

This article examines the inclusive schools movement and compares it to that of the REI. After contrasting the movements' respective advocates, goals, tactics, and understanding of and links to general education, we argue that the field's rhetoric has become increasingly strident and its perspective increasingly insular and disassociated from general education's concerns. We offer a pessimistic prediction about the current movement's success in forging a productive alliance with general education.
The Language-Minority Student and Special Education: Issues, Trends, and Paradoxes
Authors: Gersten Russell , Woodward John
Published: January 2017

Because of immigration pressures, the classrooms of many teachers include students from language-minority groups; these teachers often turn to special education for assistance. This article examines key issues and tensions in the areas of referral and special education instruction for these students. Potential solutions derive from two sources: first, the increasing consensus regarding effective approaches to bilingual education; second, the growing belief that these students need both systematic instruction in academic skills and a more “natural” approach to language to promote comprehension and use of English. The article discusses the collaborations needed in the fields of learning disabilities, bilingual education, and special education.
Accommodations for Individual Differences without Classroom Ability Groups: An Experiment in School Restructuring
Authors: Jenkins Joseph R. , Jewell Mark , Leicester Norma , O'Connor Rollanda E. , Jenkins Linda M. , Troutner Nina M.
Published: January 2017

This study examined an alternative approach for organizing reading and language arts instruction to accommodate individual differences in reading ability. The approach featured Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC), conducted without ability groups, with cross-age and peer tutoring, supplementary phonics instruction for some students, and classroom-based instruction from compensatory and special education teachers. Students in regular, remedial, and special education were included in an experimental and a control school. We found significant effects on reading vocabulary, total reading, and language scores in favor of the experimental school; but on several other measures, including behavior ratings, we did not detect treatment effects.
Broken Promises: Reading Instruction in the Resource Room
Authors: Vaughn Sharon , Moody Sally Watson , Schumm Jeanne Shay
Published: January 2017

Reading instruction and grouping practices provided for students with learning disabilities (LD) by special education teachers in the resource room were examined. Fourteen special education teachers representing 13 schools were observed three times over the course of 1 year and interviewed in the beginning and end of the school year. Results indicated that teachers primarily provided whole group reading instruction to relatively large groups of students (5 to 19), and little differentiated instruction or materials were provided despite the wide range (3 to 5 grade levels) of reading abilities represented. Most teachers identified whole language as their primary approach to reading, and little instruction that addressed word recognition or comprehension was observed.
Predicting Placement in Learning Disabilities Programs: Do Predictors Vary by Ethnic Group?
Authors: Artiles Alfredo J. , Aguirre-Muñoz Zenaida , Abedi Jamal
Published: January 2017

Notwithstanding the historical persistence of the disproportionate representation of ethnic minority students in special education, there is a scarcity of research on factors affecting the placement of minority students in these programs. The purpose of this study was to identify placement predictors in learning disabilities (LD) programs for Latino, African-American, and Anglo students. We used 12 predictor variables from two key domains (student and family) and used placement data from a national database of eighth-grade students. We found that although some factors predicted placement in LD programs for all ethnic groups, placement predictors also varied by student ethnicity. Based on these findings, we provide implications for research and practice from a sociocultural perspective.
Lying, a way of knowledge in Umberto Eco’s Numero zero
Authors: De Benedictis Raffaele
Published: January 2017

In Numero zero the main theme is lying. It is utilized as a sort of normative account of its epistemic implication foregrounding lying's problematization. Here Eco addresses the very duality of lying that is intertwined with the authenticity of language, and journalism is the ideal genre to tackle this problem. A lie is intrinsically linguistic and essentially semiotic because, at a material expression level and an immaterial content level, language violates the principle of non-contradiction since it is and it is not at the same time and in the same respect, due to the dualistic nature of signs that work toward the creation of meaning. It is because it is endowed with the ability to refer; it is not because it is never a true self, it lacks its own individuality. Thus, as a communicative/significative medium, language foresees and legitimizes the paradoxical duality between lie and truth insofar as it always requires the presence of the other; it requires the coexistence of the one (expression level) and the other (content level) to ultimately produce meaning. Numero zero sheds light on the hermeneutics of lies and fakes, and further gives a hint of the reverberations they produce in the world in which we live.
Trade Policy and Its Implications
Authors: Kong Duk Ahm
Published: January 2017

Adoption of relevant trade strategies has been the bone of contention in the post-colonial period particularly since the 1950s in developing countries. But what has been the real story behind the turn of economic events in respect of diverse economies such as Korea and India. Is Korea completely protection-free? Did export-led strategy led to higher growth in Korea? Is the slow growth in India mainly due to IS/ strategy? This article attempts to analyse various trade policies adopted since the 1970s in both India and Korea and will evaluate its performance in these two economies. While Korea had forged ahead in a rapid and sustained way in pushing up its exports thereby accelerating the overall growth rate of the economy, India, on the other hand, failed miserably to increase export momentum eventually resulting in its export share in world exports dwindling to an insignificant share at present. Enormous literature in this area support the argument that it is mainly because of the active state intervention Korea could march forward in conjunction with selective competition policies. Korean experience further suggests that both import-substitution and export-oriented policies when employed together and effectively would bear desired results.
Influence of poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Ali Umar , Abd Karim Khairil J Bt , Buang Nor A , Hashim Shahrir
Published: January 2017

In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of natural rubber nanocomposites filled with poly (methyl methacrylate) grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube. The use of various filler loadings (1, 2, 3, and 5 wt %) and melt blending method was employed. From the results, nanocomposite with 1 phr filler loading showed the optimal tensile strength of 4.92 MaP, while that of the carbon black N330 filled natural rubber with similar filler loading found to be 2.48 MaP. The nanocomposite with optimal tensile strength exhibited a good filler dispersion in the natural rubber matrix, which was depicted by the field emission scanning electron microscopy images. The thermal degradation temperature of the vulcanized neat natural rubber composite was increased from 380℃ to 462℃ with 1 phr filler loading. The polymer modified multiwalled carbon nanotube improved the mechanical and thermal properties of natural rubber, suggesting its potential as reinforcement filler in rubber industry.
Dental Identification in a Light Aircraft Accident
Authors: Hill I. R.
Published: January 2017

Six victims of a fatal light aircraft accident were identified dentally. This type of identification process, though less publicised than it is in airline accidents, is becoming increasingly accepted. This case illustrates the value of good cooperation between all of those involved if a conclusion is to be reached quickly, especially when the victims come from many different areas of the country.
Health and Safety in Hospitals
Authors: Lee Robert G.
Published: January 2017

This article comprises a survey of non-surgical accidents to patients, staff and visitors. It is based on empirical data of the nature and extent of the accident problems, which are contained in 6 tables and 1 bar chart. The potential liability at law for the type of accidents occurring is discussed throughout as is the currently topical position of health authorities under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
Same-Sex Partner Bereavement
Authors: Patlamazoglou Lefteris , Simmonds Janette G. , Snell Tristan L.
Published: January 2017

The experience of same-sex-attracted people who have lost a partner is neglected in the existing literature on bereavement. Previous research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer and questioning (LGBTIQ) populations tends to focus on the loss of a partner to HIV-related causes, and there is scant research concerning non-HIV-related bereavement. The purpose of this article is to investigate the non-HIV-related bereavement experiences of same-sex partners and to address the potential complications of disenfranchised grief. Coping with the loss of a same-sex partner and the impact of bereavement on subsequent relationships are also discussed. Implications for counseling of bereaved same-sex-attracted individuals are drawn, and recommendations for future psychological research on the experience of bereavement are made.
Wanted Live—A Police Computer System
Authors: Fraser G.
Published: January 2017

A first report on the Merseyside Computer Study by the Project Liaison Officer
Risk of Substance Abuse and Dependence among Young Adult Sexual Minority Groups Using a Multidimensional Measure of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Goldberg Shoshana , Strutz Kelly L. , Herring Amy A. , Halpern Carolyn T.
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We examined associations between two definitions of sexual minority status (SMS) and substance abuse and/or dependence among young adults in a national population.

Methods.

A total of 14,152 respondents (7,529 women and 6,623 men) interviewed during wave four of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were included in the study (age range: 24–32 years). We used two definitions of SMS based on self-reported attraction, behavior, and identity: 1-indicator SMS (endorsing any dimension) and 3-indicator SMS (endorsing all dimensions). Outcomes included nicotine dependence as well as ≥3 signs of substance dependence, any sign of substance abuse, and lifetime diagnosis of abuse or dependence for alcohol, marijuana, and a composite measure of other drugs. Weighted logistic regression models were fit to estimate the odds of each outcome for each of the sexual minority groups (compared with the heterosexual majority), controlling for sociodemographic covariates.

Results.

SMS women were more likely than exclusively heterosexual women to experience substance abuse and dependence, regardless of substance or SMS definition. In adjusted models for women, 3-indicator SMS was most strongly associated with abuse/dependence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range: 2.74–5.17) except for ≥3 signs of cannabis dependence, where 1-indicator SMS had the strongest association (AOR=3.35). For men, the 1-indicator SMS group had higher odds of nicotine dependence (AOR=1.35) and the 3-indicator SMS group had higher odds of ≥3 signs of alcohol dependence (AOR=1.64).

Conclusions.

Young adult female sexual minority groups, regardless of how defined, are at a higher risk than their heterosexual peers of developing alcohol, drug, or tobacco abuse and dependence.
Correlates of HIV Risk Behaviors among Homeless and Unstably Housed Young Adults
Authors: Logan Jennifer L. , Frye Alison , Pursell Haley O. , Anderson-Nathe Michael , Scholl Juliana E. , Korthuis P. Todd
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Homeless young adults are exposed to multiple risk factors for HIV infection. We identified HIV risk behaviors and their correlates among homeless young adults in Portland, Oregon.

Methods.

We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional survey of HIV risk behaviors among homeless young adults aged 18–25 years in 2010. Participants completed three study components: (1) an interviewer-administered survey of HIV risk behaviors; (2) a brief, client-centered HIV risk-based counseling session; and (3) rapid HIV testing.

Results.

Among 208 participants, 45.8% identified as racial/ethnic minority groups, 63.8% were male, and 35.7% self-identified as nonheterosexual. Six participants, all from sexual minority groups, had positive HIV screening results (two newly identified, four previously known) for a seropositivity rate of 2.9%. Female sex, belonging to a sexual minority group, frequent traveling between cities, depression, and alcohol use to intoxication were significantly associated with unprotected sex in univariate analysis. Female sex and high perceived risk of HIV were significantly associated with unprotected sex in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions.

Our findings support the need for enhanced HIV prevention interventions for homeless young adults.
Cardiovascular Disease among Black Americans: Comparisons between the U.S. Virgin Islands and the 50 U.S. States
Authors: Lee Hedwig , Kershaw Kiarri N. , Hicken Margaret T. , Abdou Cleopatra M. , Williams Eric S. , Rivera-O'Reilly Nereida , Jackson James S.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Consistent findings show that black Americans have high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related behavioral risk factors. Despite this body of work, studies on black Americans are generally limited to the 50 U.S. states. We examined variation in CVD and related risk factors among black Americans by comparing those residing within the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) with those residing in the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. (US 50/DC) and residing in different regions of the US 50/DC (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West).

Methods.

Using data from the 2007 and 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we compared CVD and CVD risk factor prevalence in non-Hispanic black people (≥20 years of age) in the USVI and US 50/DC, examining the relative contributions of health behaviors, health insurance, and socioeconomic status (SES).

Results.

Accounting for age, sex, education, health insurance, and health behaviors, US 50/DC black Americans were significantly more likely than USVI black people to report ever having a stroke and coronary heart disease, and to be hypertensive, diabetic, or obese While there was heterogeneity by region, similar patterns emerged when comparing the USVI with different regions of the US 50/DC.

Conclusion.

USVI black people have lower CVD and risk factor prevalence than US 50/DC black people. These lower rates are not explained by differences in health behaviors or SES. Understanding health in this population may provide important information on the etiology of racial/ethnic variation in health in the U.S. and elsewhere, and highlight relevant public health policies to reduce racial/ethnic group disparities.
Significance of Staph, Saprophytics as a Uropathogen in Adult Saudi Females
Authors: Khwaja Suraiya S , Al-Sibai Hisham , Liu Ching
Published: January 2017

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a well documented aetiological organism of urinary tract infections in young sexually active females. This report highlights its role as an added cause of urinary infection in Saudi women and its previously unrecognized importance as a uropathogen in this population. The diagnosis is based on laboratory identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci (novobiocin resistance), absence of haemolysis, and production of intense pigmentation.
Two-year-olds' expectation that lexical gaps will be filled
Authors: Momen Nausheen , Merriman William E.
Published: January 2017

Children tend to select unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds as the referents of novel names. This tendency has been hypothesized by some to derive from an expectation that unfamiliar kinds will be labelled. In Study 1, two-year-olds (N = 16) showed little evidence of such an expectation when they had to decide whether a visible picture of an unfamiliar object or a depicted object concealed in a box was the referent of a novel name. They tended to check the box before making a selection. This test was preceded by two tasks, the first requiring the same type of decision about familiar names and the second highlighting the status of unfamiliar objects as ‘new kinds of things’. In Study 2 (N = 16), the latter task was replaced by one in which toddlers had to decide whether unfamiliar kinds were more likely than familiar kinds to be the referents of novel names. After this experience, participants showed a moderately strong expectation that unfamiliar kinds would be labelled. In Study 3 (N = 60) this finding was replicated. In two other conditions, the task that preceded the test was replaced with direct teaching of novel names for unfamiliar kinds. These groups showed little expectation that lexical gaps would be filled. Although results are compatible with a restricted form of the lexical gap filling hypothesis, they do not support the broad form that has been advanced by some theorists.
An Examination of Paternal Influence on High-Achieving Gifted Males
Authors: Hébert Thomas P. , Pagnani Alexander R. , Hammond Daniel R.
Published: January 2017

The challenges facing contemporary boys are complex, highlighting the importance of positive paternal influence for young men to achieve success. This study examines the father-son relationships of 10 prominent gifted men of achievement to identify factors influencing talent development. Through biographical analysis, 6 significant themes were identified: unconditional belief in son, strong work ethic, encouragement and guidance, maintaining high expectations and fostering determination, pride in son's accomplishments, and mutual admiration and respect. Implications for parents and educators of high-achieving gifted males are discussed.
Problem-Based Learning: Where Did it Come from, What Does it Do, and Where is it Going?
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh A.
Published: January 2017

Problem-based learning, unbeknownst to many educators, has been around for two decades. A brief history of the evolution of PBL shows innovation comprised of four elements: an ill-structured problem, substantive content, student apprenticeship, and self-directed learning. Research evidence supporting its effectiveness is not numerous but tends to support that PBL is better than traditional instruction on a number of variables, including long-term information retention, conceptual understanding, and self-directed learning. PBL can be modified with integrity into elementary, middle, and high school classrooms for the gifted.
Effects of Self-Recording for On-Task and Academic Responding: A Long Term Analysis
Authors: McLaughlin T. F.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of the present study was to examine the immediate and long term effects of self-recording for on-task responding. Data were taken for both on-task and accuracy of performance in handwriting, spelling, and math with three behaviorally disordered elementary school students. The effects of self-recording were evaluated in a multiple-baseline design across subject-matter areas. The overall results revealed an increase in both on-task and academic performance when the students self-recorded their own on-task behavior. Only one pupil decreased his academic performance over that noted in baseline. Follow-up data taken during the first, second, and third school years yielded rates of on-task behavior over that of baseline, but not at the levels found in the self-recording condition. The practical aspects of the self-recording procedure were discussed.
Empirical Bases for Program Revision of Task Analysis
Authors: Foster Carol D. , Keilitz Ingo
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the procedures used to test, revise, and test again a program designed to train feminine hygiene skills to moderately retarded females. Emphasis was placed on developing systematic criteria for decisions concerning programs that require revision and identifying components of the program contributing to the lack of success. A multiple baseline across subjects was used to measure program effectiveness. During the first test of the program, one out of four subjects had acquired the skills taught in the program. Decisions on revisions were made according to a set of predetermined criteria. The second field testing of the program resulted in all eight subjects acquiring the skills taught. A systematic revision strategy was successful in improving the quality of the program.
Young children’s behavioral inhibition mediates the association between maternal negative affectivity and internalizing problems
Authors: Fang Haolei , Gagne Jeffrey Robert
Published: January 2017

Employing a multi-method approach, we investigated observed and parent-rated child behavioral inhibition (BI) and maternal reports of their own negative affectivity (NA) as predictors of young children’s internalizing problems. Participants were 201 children who were siblings between 2.5 and 5.5 years of age (mean = 3.86, standard deviation = 1.04) and their mothers. Due to the nested research design, multilevel model-fitting analyses were used to examine associations between predictors and internalizing problems, and to test a mediational process between maternal NA and internalizing problems. High levels of both observed and parent-rated child BI and greater maternal NA significantly predicted internalizing problems. Child age also moderated the association between parent-rated child BI and internalizing problems, with the association stronger for younger and mean age children, but not for older children. Additionally, parent-rated child BI was found to mediate the association between maternal NA and internalizing problems, and the mediational effect was stronger for younger children.
Temporal Bone Fractures: A Histopathologic Study
Authors: Khan Anwar A. , Marion Mitchell , Hinojosa Raùl
Published: January 2017

Trauma or injury to the skull, if of sufficient force, may produce a temporal bone fracture. However, terms such as basilar skull fracture, labyrinthine hemorrhage, or labyrinthine concussion are inadequate in that they do not describe the precise histopathologic lesion. We carried out a histopathologic study of the 14 ears in seven patients; all the patients suffered at least one temporal bone fracture. Our objective was to review the histopathologic findings of various fracture lines through the base of the skull and correlate these with the history and clinical findings.
Endoscopic Treatment of Tracheobronchial Malignancy
Authors: Shapshay Stanley M. , Dumon Jean‐Francois , Beamis John F.
Published: January 2017

Laser technology and the endoscope have been combined for the palliation of obstructive tracheobronchial malignant lesions. The neodymium‐yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Nd‐YAG) laser was used to treat 249 patients (447 operations), and the CO2 laser was used on 34 patients (59 operations). Hemorrhage, the major complication in both groups of patients, was more easily controlled with the Nd‐YAG laser. One patient in the CO2 laser group died, and one patient in the group being treated with Nd‐YAG laser bronchoscopy died. The Nd‐YAG laser can be applied more efficiently through a fiber system, with better optic control and secure hemostasis. The commonest indications for treatment were dyspnea, obstructive pneumonia, and hemoptysis. Extrinsic compression was the most frequent reason for failure. The Nd‐YAG laser, most often applied through open rigid bronchoscopes under general anesthesia, has become our treatment of choice for the palliation of tracheobronchial malignancy.
The Earplug Procedure
Authors: Thelin James W. , Davis William E. , Khoury‐Ghaffary Julie , Renner Lisa A. , Wood Rosann A. , Luterman Barry F.
Published: January 2017

In the measurement of hearing, a masking dilemma is a situation in which it is not possible to use masking to determine if the signal is crossing the head and activating the opposite cochlea. A nonmasking procedure, called the earplug procedure, was developed to rule out crossover for air‐conducted signals in patients with a masking dilemma. In the procedure, an earplug is inserted in the suspect ear in an attempt to increase the loss in that ear. If the loss is Increased significantly, then thresholds were obtained from the test ear and crossover is ruled out. If there was no significant threshold shift with the earplug, crossover is not ruled out and the uncertainty remains. Threshold shift criteria were developed for five test frequencies and for single test frequencies. The procedure correctly rules out crossover for a majority of unmaskable ears.
Short Latency Vestibular Evoked Response to Angular Acceleration Impulse in Human Beings
Authors: Elidan Josef , Sela Mordechai , Liebner Efraim , Sohmer Haim
Published: January 2017

Vestibular evoked response (VsEP) to acceleration stimuli were recorded in experimental animals and in human beings by scalp electrodes. The stimuli are angular acceleration impulses (up to 30,000 deg/sec2) transmitted to the skull by special devices. The short latency vestibular evoked response consisted of several waves during the first 10 msec. The first two waves (P1 and P2), which are the most consistent, have been shown in cats to originate from the vestibular nerve and nucleus, respectively. The middle latency response is believed to be of myogenic origin. It is hoped that the recording of VsEP in human beings will enable the localization of the site of lesion in vertiginous patients.
Maintaining Long‐Term Vessel Patency in Microvascular Surgery Using Tissue‐Type Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Romano John E. , Biel Merrill A.
Published: January 2017

The primary cause of free flap failure remains vascular thrombosis at the micro‐anastomosis site. Four‐hour local infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) has been proved to effectively lyse thromboses in microvascular studies of animals; however, rethrombosis occurs once the infusion of t‐PA has been terminated. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of 48 hours of a continous local t‐PA infusion in maintaining long‐term venous patency. Our previously described modified arterial inversion graft reanastomosed into the venous system was used in rabbits to form venous thrombi. Three mg of t‐PA was infused over 48 hours in eleven rabbits. Seven of eleven grafts were patent at 48 hours and four remained patent at 1 week. In comparing the patency rates in this study with the overall patency rate using the modified arterial inversion graft model (1/22), there are statistically significant differences at both 48 hours (p < 0.001) and 7 days (p < 0.05). We conclude that lengthening the infusion time of t‐PA may increase the long‐term patency rate in this animal model.
Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Nontypeable Hemophilus Influenzae in Children: The Effect of Serum Bactericidal Antibody
Authors: Bernstein Joel M. , Faden Howard S. , Ogra Pearay L.
Published: January 2017

The effect of serum bactericidal antibody on colonization with NTHI was studied in 26 children. Serum bactericidal antibody did not prevent colonization with NTHI in the nasopharynx. Antibody was detected in 53% before, 91% during, and 100% after documented colonization. The log titer of antibody was significantly higher during (1.18 ± 0.56), p < 0.002; and after (1.31 ± 0.29), p > 0.001 compared to before colonization (0.49 ± 0.51). The roles of secretory IgA and normal nasopharyngeal flora in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria are discussed.
Measles: An Epidemic of Upper Airway Obstruction
Authors: Manning Scott C. , Ridenour Brock , Brown Orval E. , Squires Janet
Published: January 2017

Between October 1989 and August 1990, Dallas County experienced an 11‐month epidemic of measles. Of 995 cases of pediatric measles diagnosed in the outpatient department of Children's Medical Center, 108 patients were admitted and 34 of these demonstrated significant upper airway obstruction at the time of admission. Airway problems ranged from mild inspiratory stridor with nasal flaring to frank obstruction and arrest in the emergency room, requiring intubation. Eight of the 34 airway patients were eventually diagnosed with bacterial tracheitis on the basis of endoscopic findings and culture results. The remaining patients had pictures more consistent with viral laryngotracheitis, but all patients were treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics to prevent possible progression to bacterial tracheitis. A total of nine patients overall required intubation for airway obstruction and all were successfully extubated. Large outbreaks of measles are becoming common again in populations of urban poor—largely unvaccinated children. The disease in these populations tends to occur at a younger age and may be more aggressive with more associated complications. Physicians must keep in mind the possibility of upper airway obstruction in a significant proportion of these patients. Early diagnosis on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, endoscopy, and radiographs is the key to timely appropriate management.
Mandibular Lingual Releasing Approach
Authors: Stringer Scott P. , Jordan J. Randall , Mendenhall William M. , Parsons James T. , Cassisi Nicholas J. , Million Rodney R.
Published: January 2017

The mandibular lingual releasing approach to oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors provides excellent visualization for resection while integrity of the mandibular arch is preserved. A lingual floor‐of‐mouth flap is created, which allows delivery of these structures directly into the neck without lip splitting, MAndibulotomy, or mandibulectomy. The procedure was carried out on 15 patients between 1987 and 1991, with followup ranging from 2 to 50 months. Nine patients had received previous radiation, whereas planned postoperative radiation was administered to five patients. The visualization afforded by this technique was very good, in that 12 patients had clear margins of resection. Three patients had close margins; recurrent disease developed in one of these patients 18 months later. Twelve of the patients were able to maintain their weight with an oral diet alone. Four postoperative fistulae occurred, three of these were in patients who had not been previously irradiated. The single fistula that did not spontaneously heal occurred in a patient who had received previous radiation and was also on long‐term corticosteroids. Mandibular osteoradionecrosis developed in two patients who received postoperative radiation. The complication rate after previous radiation is acceptable; however, there is risk of mandibular osteoradionecrosis after high‐dose postoperative radiation.