bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular Automata-Basics
Authors: Bhattacharya Simanti , Bagchi Angshuman
Published: May 2016

Cellular Automata (CAs) are spatially arranged systems, composed of units or cells having distinct information and all are under uniform condition. This system gradually progresses with time evolution based on the local information following a specific rule and achieves a configuration that reflects the global scenario. It very efficiently mimics large complex system, segmented into local units and hence makes the calculations easy. The local changes are integrated in a synchronized manner to give the final outcome with the essence of robustness associated with simple and uniform functions applied throughout. This has made CA to be successfully applied in various fields of scientific researches. This book chapter describes the fundamental properties of CA and its structures. Then it advances to the simple rule construction and local to global configuration. Finally it discusses the vast applicability of CA in different segments of science, specifically in the field of biological researches.
Sustainability of Public Key Cryptosystem in Quantum Computing Paradigm
Authors: Asawa Krishna , Bhardwaj Akanksha
Published: May 2016

With the emergence of technological revolution to host services over Internet, secure communication over World Wide Web becomes critical. Cryptographic protocols are being in practice to secure the data transmission over network. Researchers use complex mathematical problem, number theory, prime numbers etc. to develop such cryptographic protocols. RSA and Diffie Hellman public key crypto systems have proven to be secure due to the difficulty of factoring the product of two large primes or computing discrete logarithms respectively. With the advent of quantum computers a new paradigm shift on public key cryptography may be on horizon. Since superposition of the qubits and entanglement behavior exhibited by quantum computers could hold the potential to render most modern encryption useless. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the implications of quantum computing power on current public key cryptosystems and to show how these cryptosystems can be restructured to sustain in the new computing paradigm.
Introduction to Molecular Computation
Authors: Bagchi Angshuman
Published: May 2016

The present chapter deals with the topic Molecular Computation. The chapter first defines the basic terminologies associated with the processes. The chapter discusses the basic molecular biology and DNA and membranes. Emphases are given on the structural arrangements of DNA and the molecular architecture of biological membranes. The chapter also focuses on the molecular logic behind the applications of DNA and bimolecular membranes in computations. There are discussions on the current researches that are going on in the field of DNA and membrane computations. There are comparative analyses of the existing computational techniques with molecular computations. There are very few reports that deal with the underlying basics of molecular computation techniques. Thus the chapter may be a first hand guide for researchers interested in the field. The chapter is written for the benefits of both the biologists as well as computer scientists.
Lexical and grammatical development in trilingual speakers of isiXhosa, English and Afrikaans
Authors: Potgieter Anneke P.
Published: May 2016

Background: There is a dearth of normative data on linguistic development among child speakers of Southern African languages, especially in the case of the multilingual children who constitute the largest part of this population. This inevitably impacts on the accuracy of developmental assessments of such speakers. Already negative lay opinion on the effect of early multilingualism on language development rates could be exacerbated by the lack of developmental data, ultimately affecting choices regarding home and school language policies.Objectives: To establish whether trilinguals necessarily exhibit developmental delay when compared to monolinguals and, if so, whether this delay (1) occurs in terms of both lexical and grammatical development; and (2) in all three the trilinguals’ languages, regardless of input quantity.Method: Focusing on isiXhosa, South African English and Afrikaans, the study involved a comparison of 11 four-year-old developing trilinguals’ acquisition of vocabulary and passive constructions with that of 10 age-matched monolingual speakers of each language.Results: The trilinguals proved to be monolingual-like in their lexical development in the language to which, on average, they had been exposed most over time, that is, isiXhosa. No developmental delay was found in the trilinguals’ acquisition of passive constructions, regardless of the language of testing.Conclusion: As previously found for bilingual development, necessarily reduced quantity of exposure does not hinder lexical development in the trilinguals’ input dominant language. The overall lack of delay in their acquisition of the passive is interpreted as possible evidence of cross-linguistic bootstrapping and support for early multilingual exposure.
The relevance of the psychometrist category as a professional resource: Training-related issues
Authors: Van Eeden René , Van Deventer Vasi , Erasmus Helena
Published: May 2016

Orientation: The professional status of psychometrists places them in a position where they can provide a specialist function independently and their services should therefore be relevant to a variety of settings.Research purpose: The aim was to explore if the training of student psychometrists contributes to the relevance of this category in terms of the demographic profile of student psychometrists, the scope of services potentially provided by them and the content of training programmes.Motivation for the study: There is a paucity of research on training in the psychometrist category.Research design, approach and method: Data were obtained from the files of a cohort of student psychometrists who were registered in the Department of Psychology at the University of South Africa (UNISA). Follow-up surveys on training and work contexts were conducted amongst these students and their in-practice supervisors to confirm and supplement the data. In addition, a survey on the national availability of training programmes for psychometrists was conducted at South African universities.Main findings: Gender and racial skewness in terms of the demographic profile of the UNISA students seemed to reflect a national trend. In terms of the scope of services, training opportunities and perceived job opportunities for psychometrists seemed limited and despite the utilisation of the skills area in all the applied contexts, concerns related to the sectors being served were identified. With regard to the content of the training programmes, students and in-practice supervisors expressed a need for greater preparation in test use before related practical experience takes place. The importance of the university’s involvement during the practicum was also emphasised.Practical/managerial implications: Recommendations are made regarding the structure and content of training programmes. This information could be applied in adapting existing programmes and in developing new programmes.Contribution/value-add: Ultimately, these recommendations could contribute to the value of the psychometrist category as a professional resource relevant to a variety of settings.
Dealing with poverty, health and maternal child survival: The Organisation of African Independent Churches perspective
Authors: Molobi Victor M.S.
Published: May 2016

The Organisation of African Independent Churches (OAICs), as a representative of the African Independent Churches (AICs) across the African continent and in the Diaspora, disclosed that poverty has its own culture, and this was also confirmed by their undertaking of the Millennium Development Goals. AICs are commonly classified under the disadvantaged groups in the communities they inhabit. As a consequence, it cuts across their spectra as well. Members of these churches are domestic workers, cheap labour, factory workers, and unemployed. Often they come together with men of cheap labour and coupled as husbands and wives, forgetting their families in the rural regions where they came from. Many children are kept in these dark situations and poverty affects them badly, because for most of them they hold tempos without any guarantees for long lasting usage. This article will investigate how the AICs are affected and survive in these sites and the use of the OAIC in salvaging it. A participatory methodology will be used.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article has implications on the disciplines of development studies, gender studies, political science and government�s policymakers on the efforts the AICs are making in alleviating poverty among children and youth in a holistic manner.
Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2/Prostaglandin E2(COX-2/PGE2) Pathway Member Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Downregulation of Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) and 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Kochel Tyler J. , Goloubeva Olga G. , Fulton Amy M.
Published: May 2016

Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) are indicators of a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Using several independent publicly available breast cancer gene expression databases, we investigated other members of the PGE2pathway. PGE2is produced by COX-2 and actively exported by multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) into the extracellular microenvironment, where PGE2can bind four cognate EP receptors (EP1–EP4) and initiate diverse biological signaling pathways. Alternatively, PGE2is imported via the prostaglandin transporter (PGT) and metabolized by 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD). We made the novel observation that MRP4, PGT, and 15-PGDH are differentially expressed among distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes; this finding was confirmed in independent datasets. In triple-negative breast cancer, the observed gene expression pattern (high COX-2, high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH) would favor high levels of tumor-promoting PGE2in the tumor microenvironment that may contribute to the overall poor prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.
Substance Use Disorder in Early Midlife: A National Prospective Study on Health and Well-Being Correlates and Long-Term Predictors
Authors: Schulenberg John E. , Patrick Megan E. , Kloska Deborah D. , Maslowsky Julie , Maggs Jennifer L. , O'malley Patrick M.
Published: May 2016

This study used national multicohort panel data from the Monitoring the Future study ( N = 25,536 from senior year classes 1977–1997 followed up to the age of 35 years in 1994–2014) to examine how early midlife (age 35 years) alcohol use disorder (AUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are associated with adolescent and adult sociodemographics and health and well-being risk factors. Survey items adapted from DSM-5 diagnostic criteria were used to identify individuals who (a) showed symptoms consistent with criteria for AUD or CUD at age 35 years, (b) used the substance without qualifying for a disorder (nondisordered users), and (c) abstained from using alcohol or marijuana during the past five years. At age 35 years, the estimated prevalence of past five-year AUD was 28.0%, and that of CUD was 6.1%. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to identify variations in the relative risk of disorder symptoms as a function of sociodemographic characteristics, age 18 educational and social indices and substance use, and age 35 health and satisfaction indices and substance use. In the full models, age 18 binge drinking and marijuana use were found to be among the strongest predictors of age 35 AUD and CUD, respectively. Among age 35 health and well-being indicators, lower overall health, more frequent cognitive difficulties, and lower satisfaction with spouse/partner were consistently associated with greater risks of AUD and CUD. Some evidence was found for a J-shaped association between age 35 AUD or CUD status and health and well-being indices, such that nondisordered users were sometimes better off than both abstainers and those experiencing disorder. Finally, nondisordered cannabis use, but not CUD, was found to be more common in more recent cohorts. Implications are discussed regarding the importance of placing early midlife substance use disorder within the context of both adolescent substance use and adult health and well-being.
An EHR with Teeth
Authors: Halamka John , Spallek Heiko , Kalenderian Elsbeth
Published: May 2016

Citation: Kalenderian E, Halamka JD, Spallek H. An EHR with teeth.
Clinical Decision Support Tool for Parental Tobacco Treatment in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Shelov Eric , Bonafide Christopher , Bernstein Steven , Fiks Alexander , Bryant-Stephens Tyra , Jenssen Brian
Published: May 2016

To create and evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of a clinical decision support (CDS) tool within the electronic health record (EHR) to help pediatricians provide smoking cessation counseling and treatment to parents of hospitalized children exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS).

Mixed method study of first-year pediatric residents on one inpatient unit. Residents received training in smoking cessation counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) prescribing, and use of a CDS tool to aid in this process. The tool, which alerted when a patient was identified as exposed to SHS based on the history taken on admission or during a prior encounter, had the following capabilities: adding SHS exposure to the patient’s problem list; referral to Free Quitline through discharge instructions; and linking to a printable NRT prescription form. We measured feasibility by EHR utilization data. We measured acceptability and usability of the tool by administering questionnaires to residents.

From June-August 2015, the alert triggered for 106 patients, and the tool was used for 52 (49%) patients. 41 (39%) patients had SHS exposure added to the problem list, 34 (32%) parents were referred to the Quitline through discharge instructions, and 15 (14%) parents were prescribed NRT. 10 out of 15 (67%) eligible pediatricians used the tool. All clinicians surveyed (9 out of 10) found the tool acceptable and rated its usability good to excellent (average System Usability Scale score was 85 out of 100, 95% CI, 76-93).

A non-interruptive CDS tool to help residents provide smoking cessation counseling in the hospital was feasible, acceptable, and usable. Future work will investigate impacts on patient outcomes.
El hormigón erosionado De Neviges
Authors: Carrasco Rouco David
Published: May 2016

La iglesia de peregrinación en Neviges es un edificio en el que la experimentación con el hormigón se convierte en el tema central del proyecto. Es una obra singular, en ocasiones hermética y enigmática, cuyo carácter primitivo es debido necesariamente a las propiedades del material escogido y a su tratamiento tosco y elemental. Sus superficies erosionadas nos remiten a un origen incierto, lleno de fuerza y vitalidad. El artículo parte de la premisa de que estos rasgos primitivos aparecen de manera intencionada por la clara voluntad de su arquitecto de investigar este material antiguo y nuevo.
Dietary carnosic acid, selenized yeast, selenate and fish oil affected the concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, cholesterol and aldehydes in the brains of lambs
Authors: Rozbicka-Wieczorek Agnieszka J. , Krajewska-Bienias Katarzyna A. , Czauderna Marian
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other internal organs and tissues of the body. Thus, the objective of our studies was to evaluate changes in the concentration of fatty acids (FAs), cholesterol (CHOL), cholest-4-en-3-one (CHOL-4-3), tocopherols, malondialdehyde (MDA) and fatty aldehydes in the brains of lambs fed supplemented diets. Thirty male Corriedale lambs with a body weight of 30.5 ± 2.6 kg were allotted to five groups of six lambs and housed individually. After the preliminary period, for 35 days the animals were fed a diet containing 3 % rapeseed oil (RO) (the RO diet), a diet enriched with 2 % RO and 1 % fish oil (FO) (the FO diet) or the diets with combined addition of 2 % RO, 1 % FO, 0.1 % carnosic acid (CA) (the CA diet) and 0.35 ppm Se as the selenized yeast (SeY) (the CASeY diet) or selenate (SeVI) (the CASeVI diet). The CASeVI diet most efficiently increased the accumulation of FAs (including unsaturated FAs), CHOL-4-3 and fatty aldehydes in the lamb brain. This diet most effectively decreased the concentration of CHOL and MDA in the brain. The CASeY diet showed a different impact on the level of FAs, CHOL, CHOL-4-3, tocopherols, MDA and fatty aldehydes in the brain as compared with the CASeVI diet. The CA diet reduced the concentration of CHOL-4-3, the sums of fatty aldehydes, FAs, atherogenic- and thrombogenic-saturated FAs in the brain compared with the CASeVI diet; the CA diet most effectively increased the value of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) peroxidation index in the brain. The RO diet most efficiently increased the concentration of CHOL and values of the ratios of saturated FAs to PUFAs and long-chain n-6PUFAs to long-chain n-3PUFAs in the brain.The current studies provide new useful information for nutritionists carrying out further investigations aimed at improving farm-animal health, growth performance, reproductive system and the nutritional quality of feed for ruminants.
Local short-term variability in solar irradiance
Authors: Lohmann Gerald M. , Monahan Adam H. , Heinemann Detlev
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Characterizing spatiotemporal irradiance variability is important for the successful grid integration of increasing numbers of photovoltaic (PV) power systems. Using 1 Hz data recorded by as many as 99 pyranometers during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE), we analyze field variability of clear-sky index k* (i.e., irradiance normalized to clear-sky conditions) and sub-minute k* increments (i.e., changes over specified intervals of time) for distances between tens of meters and about 10 km. By means of a simple classification scheme based on k* statistics, we identify overcast, clear, and mixed sky conditions, and demonstrate that the last of these is the most potentially problematic in terms of short-term PV power fluctuations. Under mixed conditions, the probability of relatively strong k* increments of ±0.5 is approximately twice as high compared to increment statistics computed without conditioning by sky type. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation structures of k* increment fields differ considerably between sky types. While the profiles for overcast and clear skies mostly resemble the predictions of a simple model published by Hoff and Perez (2012), this is not the case for mixed conditions. As a proxy for the smoothing effects of distributed PV, we finally show that spatial averaging mitigates variability in k* less effectively than variability in k* increments, for a spatial sensor density of 2 km−2.
Limitations of ozone data assimilation with adjustment of NOx emissions: mixed effects on NO2 forecasts over Beijing and surrounding areas
Authors: Tang Xiao , Zhu Jiang , Wang ZiFa , Gbaguidi Alex , Lin CaiYan , Xin JinYuan , Song Tao , Hu Bo
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study investigates a cross-variable ozone data assimilation (DA) method based on an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) that has been used in the companion study to improve ozone forecasts over Beijing and surrounding areas. The main purpose is to delve into the impacts of the cross-variable adjustment of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions on the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) forecasts over this region during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A mixed effect on the NO2 forecasts was observed through application of the cross-variable assimilation approach in the real-data assimilation (RDA) experiments. The method improved the NO2 forecasts over almost half of the urban sites with reductions of the root mean square errors (RMSEs) by 15–36 % in contrast to big increases of the RMSEs over other urban stations by 56–239 %. Over the urban stations with negative DA impacts, improvement of the NO2 forecasts (with 7 % reduction of the RMSEs) was noticed at night and in the morning versus significant deterioration during daytime (with 190 % increase of the RMSEs), suggesting that the negative data assimilation impacts mainly occurred during daytime. Ideal-data assimilation (IDA) experiments with a box model and the same cross-variable assimilation method confirmed the mixed effects found in the RDA experiments. In the same way, NOx emission estimation was improved at night and in the morning even under large biases in the prior emission, while it deteriorated during daytime (except for the case of minor errors in the prior emission). The mixed effects observed in the cross-variable data assimilation, i.e., positive data assimilation impacts on NO2 forecasts over some urban sites, negative data assimilation impacts over the other urban sites, and weak data assimilation impacts over suburban sites, highlighted the limitations of the EnKF under strong nonlinear relationships between chemical variables. Under strong nonlinearity between daytime ozone concentrations and NOx emissions uncertainties (with large biases in the a priori emission), the EnKF may come up with inefficient or wrong adjustments to NOx emissions. The present findings reveal that bias correction is essential for the application of the EnKF in dealing with the data assimilation problem over strong nonlinear system.
Current and future levels of mercury atmospheric pollution on global scale
Authors: Pacyna Jozef M. , Travnikov Oleg , De Simone Francesco , Hedgecock Ian M. , Sundseth Kyrre , Pacyna Elisabeth G. , Steenhuisen Frits , Pirrone Nicola , Munthe John , Kindbom Karin
Published: May 2016

Abstract. An assessment of current and future emissions, air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of mercury world-wide are presented on the basis of results obtained during the performance of the EU GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project. Emission estimates for mercury were prepared with the main goal of applying them in models to assess current (2013) and future (2035) air concentrations and atmospheric deposition of this contaminant. The artisanal and small- scale gold mining, as well as combustion of fossil fuels (mainly coal) for energy and heat production in power plants and in industrial and residential boilers are the major anthropogenic sources of Hg emissions to the atmosphere at present. These sources account for about 37 % and 25 % of the total anthropogenic Hg emissions globally, estimated to be about 2000 tonnes. The emissions in Asian countries, particularly in China and India dominate the total emissions of Hg. The current estimate of mercury emissions from natural processes (primary mercury emissions and re-emissions), including mercury depletion events, were estimated to be 5207 tonnes per year which represent nearly 70 % of the global mercury emission budget. Oceans are the most important sources (36 %) followed by biomass burning (9 %). A comparison of the 2035 anthropogenic emissions estimated for 3 different scenarios with current anthriopogenic emissions indicates a reduction of these emissions in 2035 up to 85 % for the best case scenario. Two global chemical transport models (GLEMOS and ECHMERIT) have been used for the evaluation of future Hg pollution levels considering future emission scenarios. Projections of future changes in Hg deposition on a global scale simulated by these models for three anthropogenic emissions scenarios of 2035 indicate a decrease of up to 50 % deposition in the Northern Hemisphere and up to 35 % in Southern Hemisphere for the best case scenario. The EU GMOS project has proved to be a very important research instrument for supporting, first the scientific justification for the Minamata Convention, and then monitoring of the implementation of targets of this Convention, as well as, the EU Mercury Strategy. This project provided the state-of-the art with regard to the development of the latest emission inventories for mercury, future emission scenarios, dispersion modelling of atmospheric Hg on global and regional scale, and source – receptor techniques for Hg emission apportionment on a global scale.
Molecular composition of organic aerosols in central Amazonia: an ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry study
Authors: Kourtchev I. , Godoi R. H. M. , Connors S. , Levine J. G. , Archibald A. , Godoi A. F. L. , Paralovo S. , Barbosa C. G. G. , Souza R. A. F. , Manzi A. O. , Seco R. , Sjostedt S. , Park J.-H. , Guenther A. , Kim S. , Smith J. , Martin S. T. , Kalberer M.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Amazon basin plays key role in atmospheric chemistry, biodiversity and climate change. In this study we applied nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) for the analysis of the organic fraction of PM2.5 aerosol samples collected during dry and wet seasons at a site in central Amazonia receiving background air masses, biomass burning and urban pollution. Comprehensive mass spectral data evaluation methods (e.g., Kendrick Mass Defect, Van Krevelen diagrams, carbon oxidation state and aromaticity equivalent) were used to identify compound classes and mass distributions of the detected species. Nitrogen and/or sulfur containing organic species contributed up to 60 % of the total identified number of formulae. A large number of molecular formulae in organic aerosol (OA) were attributed to later-generation nitrogen- and sulfur-containing oxidation products, suggesting that OA composition is affected by biomass burning and other, potentially anthropogenic, sources. Isoprene derived organo sulfate (IEPOX-OS) was found as the most dominant ion in most of the analysed samples and strongly followed the concentration trends of the gas-phase anthropogenic tracers confirming its mixed anthropogenic-biogenic origin. The presence of oxidised aromatic and nitroaromatic compounds in the samples suggested a strong influence from biomass burning especially during the dry period. Aerosol samples from the dry period and under enhanced biomass burning conditions contained a large number of molecules with high carbon oxidation state and an increased number of aromatic compounds compared to that from wet. The results of this work demonstrate that the studied site is influenced not only by biogenic emissions from forest but also by biomass burning and potentially other anthropogenic emissions from the neighboring urban environments.
Addition of a channel for XCO observations to a portable FTIR spectrometer for greenhouse gas measurements
Authors: Hase Frank , Frey Matthias , Kiel Matthäus , Blumenstock Thomas , Harig Roland , Keens Axel , Orphal Johannes
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The portable FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer EM27/SUN, dedicated to the precise and accurate observation of column-averaged abundances of methane and carbon dioxide, has been equipped with a second detector channel, which allows the detection of additional species, especially carbon monoxide. This allows an improved characterisation of observed carbon dioxide enhancements and makes the extended spectrometer especially suitable as a validation tool of ESA's Sentinel 5 Precursor mission, as it now covers the same spectral region as used by the infrared channel of the TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) sensor. The extension presented here does not rely on a dichroic, but instead a fraction of the solar beam is decoupled near the aperture stop of the spectrometer using a small plane mirror. This approach allows maintaining the camera-controlled solar tracker set-up, which is referenced to the field stop in front of the primary detector. Moreover, the upgrade of existing instruments can be performed without alterating the optical set-up of the primary channel and resulting changes of the instrumental characteristics of the original instrument.
High net CO2 and CH4 release at a eutrophic shallow lake on a formerly drained fen
Authors: Franz Daniela , Koebsch Franziska , Larmanou Eric , Augustin Jürgen , Sachs Torsten
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Drained peatlands often act as carbon dioxide (CO2) hotspots. Raising the groundwater table is expected to reduce their CO2 contribution to the atmosphere and revitalise their function as carbon (C) sink in the long term. Without strict water management rewetting often results in partial flooding and the formation of spatially heterogeneous, nutrient-rich shallow lakes. Uncertainties remain as to when the intended effect of rewetting is achieved, as this specific ecosystem type has hardly been investigated in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange. In most cases of rewetting, methane (CH4) emissions increase under anoxic conditions due to a higher water table and in terms of global warming potential (GWP) outperform the shift towards CO2 uptake, at least in the short term.Based on eddy covariance measurements we studied the ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of CH4 and CO2 at a shallow lake situated on a former fen grassland in northeastern Germany. The lake evolved shortly after flooding, 9 years previous to our investigation period. The ecosystem consists of two main surface types: open water (inhabited by submerged and floating vegetation) and emergent vegetation (particularly including the eulittoral zone of the lake, dominated by Typha latifolia). To determine the individual contribution of the two main surface types to the net CO2 and CH4 exchange of the whole lake ecosystem, we combined footprint analysis with CH4 modelling and net ecosystem exchange partitioning.The CH4 and CO2 dynamics were strikingly different between open water and emergent vegetation. Net CH4 emissions from the open water area were around 4-fold higher than from emergent vegetation stands, accounting for 53 and 13 g CH4 m−2 a−1 respectively. In addition, both surface types were net CO2 sources with 158 and 750 g CO2 m−2 a−1 respectively. Unusual meteorological conditions in terms of a warm and dry summer and a mild winter might have facilitated high respiration rates. In sum, even after 9 years of rewetting the lake ecosystem exhibited a considerable C loss and global warming impact, the latter mainly driven by high CH4 emissions. We assume the eutrophic conditions in combination with permanent high inundation as major reasons for the unfavourable GHG balance.
Ocean colour opportunities from Meteosat Second and Third Generation geostationary platforms
Authors: Kwiatkowska Ewa J. , Ruddick Kevin , Ramon Didier , Vanhellemont Quinten , Brockmann Carsten , Lebreton Carole , Bonekamp Hans G.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Ocean colour applications from medium-resolution polar-orbiting satellite sensors have now matured and evolved into operational services. These applications are enabled by the Sentinel-3 OLCI space sensors of the European Earth Observation Copernicus programme and the VIIRS sensors of the US Joint Polar Satellite System programme. Key drivers for the Copernicus ocean colour services are the national obligations of the EU member states to report on the quality of marine, coastal and inland waters for the EU Water Framework Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Further applications include CO2 sequestration, carbon cycle and climate, fisheries and aquaculture management, near-real-time alerting to harmful algae blooms, environmental monitoring and forecasting, and assessment of sediment transport in coastal waters. Ocean colour data from polar-orbiting satellite platforms, however, suffer from fractional coverage, primarily due to clouds, and inadequate resolution of quickly varying processes. Ocean colour remote sensing from geostationary platforms can provide significant improvements in coverage and sampling frequency and support new applications and services. EUMETSAT's SEVIRI instrument on the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation platforms (MSG) is not designed to meet ocean colour mission requirements, however, it has been demonstrated to provide valuable contribution, particularly in combination with dedicated ocean colour polar observations. This paper describes the ongoing effort to develop operational ocean colour water turbidity and related products and user services from SEVIRI. SEVIRI's multi-temporal capabilities can benefit users requiring improved local-area coverage and frequent diurnal observations. A survey of user requirements and a study of technical capabilities and limitations of the SEVIRI instruments are the basis for this development and are described in this paper. The products will support monitoring of sediment transport, water clarity, and tidal dynamics by providing hourly coverage and long-term time series of the diurnal observations. Further products and services are anticipated from EUMETSAT's FCI instruments on Meteosat Third Generation satellites (MTG), including potential chlorophyll a products.
Culturas sin culturalismos: una versión compartida sobre la "episteme" antropológica
Authors: Vaquerizo Gómez Elena
Published: May 2016

Reseña: CÁTEDRA, María y DEVILLARD, Marie José. (eds.). 2014. Saberes culturales. Homenaje a José Luis García García. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Physical activity and bone: The importance of the various mechanical stimuli for bone mineral density. A review
Authors: Morseth Bente , Emaus Nina , Jørgensen Lone
Published: May 2016

Numerous studies have reported benefits of regular physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD). The effects of physical activity on BMD are primarily linked to the mechanisms of mechanical loading, but the understanding of the precise mechanism behind the association is incomplete. The aim of this paper was to review the main findings concerning sources and types of mechanical stimuli in relation to BMD. Mechanical forces that act on bone are generated from impact with the ground (ground-reaction forces) and from skeletal muscle contractions (muscle forces or muscle-joint forces), but the relative importance of these two sources has not been elucidated. Both muscle-joint forces and gravitational forces seem to be able to induce bone adaptation independently, and there may be differences in the importance of loading sources at different skeletal sites. The nature of the stimuli is affected by the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of the activity. The activity should be dynamic, not static, and the magnitude and rate of the stimuli should be high. In accordance with this, cross-sectional studies report highest BMD in athletes of high-impact activities such as dancing, soccer, volleyball, basketball, squash, speed skating, gymnastics, hockey, and step-aerobics. Endurance activities such as orienteering, skiing, and triathlon seem to be beneficial to a lesser degree, whereas low-impact activities such as swimming and cycling are associated with lower BMD than controls. Both the intensity and frequency of the activity should be varied and increased beyond the habitual level. Duration of the activity seems to be less important, and a few loading cycles seem to be sufficient.
Blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass: Results from the Tromsø Activity Study
Authors: Emaus Aina , Wilsgaard Tom , Furberg Anne-Sofie , Thune Inger
Published: May 2016

Aims: Modifiable lifestyle factors, as cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass, may prevent hypertension.However, it remains unclear whether blood pressure is associated with CRF, independently of body mass index (BMI). Thus, the purpose was to study the relationship between CRF, body composition and blood pressure among 40-44 year old men and women.Methods: During 2007-2008, 12,900 men and women aged 30-85 years attended the sixth survey of the Tromsø study. Blood pressure (mm Hg), height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured and body mass index (BMI kg/m2) was estimated. In a sub-study, the Tromsø Activity Study, CRF [VO2max (ml/kg/min)] was objectively measured using a treadmill test among 313 healthy men and women aged 40-44 years.Results: Among men and women participating in both studies, the mean BMI was 27.1 kg/m2 for men and 25.1 kg/m2 for women. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was 92.4 mm Hg for men and 86.0 mm Hg for women. The proportion defined as pre-hypertensive/hypertensive (systolic/diastolic blood pressure > 120/80) were 33% and 56% for women and men, respectively. The proportion of low, medium and high CRF for both sexes combined differed significantly (p < 0.0001) by BMI level (< 25 or ≥ 25 kg/m2). Increased fitness tended to reduce blood pressure among overweight and obese men (p trend = 0.03), whereas increased fitness tended to reduce blood pressure among normal weighted women (p trend = 0.01).Conclusion: Among healthy 40-44 year old men and women in this study, BMI was positively associated and CRF was negatively associated with blood pressure. Moreover, our results suggest that BMI may be a more important factor than CRF in predicting systolic blood pressure in both sexes. However, cardiorespiratoryfitness and weight control may both be important targets for prevention of hypertension
Prescription of antidepressants to patients on opioid maintenance therapy – a pharmacoepidemiological study
Authors: Hartz Ingeborg , Bramness Jørgen G. , Skurtveit Svetlana
Published: May 2016

Background and aims: Depression and anxiety are commonly reported among patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT). The aim of the present study was to describe aspects of prescription of antidepresant drug therapy among patients on OMT. Our research questions were: 1) What is the prevalence of antidepressant use according to age and gender? 2) Which antidepressants are used? 3) How are antidepressants used in terms of reimbursement codes, dispensed dose and duration of therapy?Methods: Pharmacoepidemiological data were retrieved from the complete national Norwegian Prescription Database which contains information on all prescription drugs (such as Anatomical Theraputical Chemical (ATC)-code, Defined Daily Dose (DDDs)), dispensed at pharmacies to individual patients. Norwegian OMT-patients (N=4374, 3035 men and 1339 women) who received methadone mixture, buprenorphine capsules or combined buprenorphine-naloxone capsules for at least 6 months in 2009 were included. Prevalence of antidepressant use in the studied patients was measured in terms of retrieval of prescriptions.Results: During 2009 21.7% of the studied patients filled at least one prescription for an antidepressant drugs (men: 21.2%; women: 22.9%). The subgroup of antidepressants most frequently dispensed was selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (33%), followed by the sedative antidepressants mianserin and mirtazapin (22%) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (20%). Except for TCAs, prescriptions of all antidepressant subgroups were reimbursed for either anxiety or depression in 90% of the cases. Overall, 46.9% of the antidepressant users were prescribed antidepressants in the category < 1 DDD per day and/or treatment < 3 months, with no gender difference.Conclusions: About one out of five OMT-patients filled a prescription for an antidepressant drug in 2009. Above 90% had their prescriptions reimbursed for either depression or anxiety. Use at low doses and/or sporadic use among half of the antidepressant users may reflect poor compliance or use for other maladies than the reimbursed disease code. Drug therapy for depression and anxiety among OMT-patients seems to be in line with recommendations for use; the SSRIs constitute the recommended drugs of choice due to their better effect/side effect profile, compared to the older antidepressants such as the TCAs.
Impairments, mastery, and loneliness. A prospective study of loneliness among older adults
Authors: Nicolaisen Magnhild , Thorsen Kirsten
Published: May 2016

Old age is commonly associated with loneliness as loss of partner and friends, retirement, deteriorating health and functional impairments may make way for loneliness. An ageing population may give rise to concern for growing numbers of lonely people. The study explores loneliness among older people 67-79 years old (N=699), living in their own homes, examining whether and how socio-demographic factors, subjective health, and mastery influence loneliness among people with no impairments and people with impairments. The study uses cross-sectional and longitudinal (five-year panel) data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation study (NorLAG), calculating the risk of loneliness at T1, and prospectively at T2. Mastery is the only factor significantly influencing the risk of loneliness both at T1 and T2, both for older people with impairments and for those without impairments. A high level of mastery is related to a lower risk of loneliness. Being married or cohabitant are related to a lower risk of loneliness, among those without impairments both at T1 and at T2, among those with impairments only at T1. Age, gender and subjective health were not independently related to loneliness at any time. The results suggest that the subjective feeling of mastery is important to avoid loneliness, both at T1 and prospectively at T2 in both groups
Dementia in the National Cause of Death Registry in Norway 1969-2010
Authors: Hjellvik Vidar , Engedal Knut , Handal Marte , Flaten Trond Peder , Langballe Ellen Melbye , Selmer Randi , Strand Bjørn Heine
Published: May 2016

Background: The prevalence of dementia is expected to increase markedly during the coming decades. Epidemiological studies involving the National Cause of Death Registry (NCDR) may be useful for exploring the aetiology of dementia. We therefore wanted to study developments in the reporting of dementia in the NCDR over the last four decades.Methods: We calculated the age- and gender specific proportion of deaths with dementia reported in the NCDR (dementia deaths) in the period 1969-2010, and the proportion of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease deaths in 1986-2010. Separate analyses were done for deaths occurring in nursing homes in 1996-2010. The proportion of dementia deaths where dementia was coded as underlying cause of death was also calculated.Results: The proportion of dementia deaths increased more than threefold in the period 1969-2010 among women (from 4% to 15%), and more than doubled among men (from 3% to 7%). In nursing homes the proportion increased from 17% to 26% for women and from 13% to 18% for men. The proportion of dementia deaths with Alzheimer’s disease reported in the NCDR increased from practically zero in 1986 to a maximum of 28% in 2005. The proportion of dementia deaths with dementia as underlying cause of death increased from a minimum of 6% in 1972 to a maximum of 51% in 2009.Conclusion: Although the reporting of dementia in the NCDR increased markedly from 1969 to 2010, dementia is still under-reported for old people and for deaths occurring in nursing homes when compared to prevalence estimates.
Pain in patients with dementia: A review of pain assessment and treatment challenges
Authors: Husebo Bettina S. , Achterberg Wilco P. , Lobbezoo Frank , Kunz Miriam , Lautenbacher Stefan , Kappesser Judith , Tudose Catalina , Strand Liv Inger
Published: May 2016

Pain represents a major treatment challenge in older people with dementia. The majority of healthy older people experience regular pain and around 50% take regular analgesics. Pain is likely to be equally prevalent in people with dementia, yet only a small minority are prescribed regular analgesics. This is a key issue since recent work has provided evidence that untreated pain may be a major contributor to reduced quality of life and increases the likelihood of emergence of behavioural and psychological symptoms such as agitation. Better assessment and treatment of pain may therefore substantially improve outcomes for people with dementia. In this context, we reviewed the literature and summarised the best available evidence regarding the frequency of pain and pain diagnosis in patients with dementia based on pain assessment and treatment recommendations for these individuals. Hardly any randomized, controlled studies of pain treatment efficacy in patients with dementia are available, with the consequence that most pain treatment recommendations are not based on the highest level of evidence.
Gestational diabetes, insulin resistance and physical activity in pregnancy in a multi-ethnic population – a public health perspective
Authors: Jenum Anne Karen , Richardsen Kåre Rønn , Berntsen Sveinung , Mørkrid Kjersti
Published: May 2016

Aims: To summarize findings from the STORK-Groruddalen Study regarding ethnic differences in the prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) by the WHO and modified International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria (no one hour value), insulin resistance, β-cell function and physical activity (PA) level. Methods: Population-based cohort study of 823 healthy pregnant women (59% ethnic minorities). Data from questionnaires, fasting blood samples, anthropometrics and objectively recorded PA level (SenseWear Armband), were collected at <20 (Visit 1) and 28±2 (Visit 2) weeks of gestation. The 75-g OGTT was performed at Visit 2. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) were estimated from venous fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide. Results: The GDM prevalence was 13.0% with the WHO and 31.5% with the IADPSG criteria. The ethnic minority women, especially South Asians, had highest figures. South and East Asian women had highest HOMA-IR at Visit 1 after adjustment for BMI. HOMA-IR increased from Visit 1 to Visit 2 irrespective of ethnic origin. Compared with Western European women, the absolute and percentage increase in HOMA-β from Visit 1 to Visit 2 was poorest for the South and East Asian women. All ethnic groups walked less and spent less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during weekend days compared with weekdays. South Asian women were least active, measured by steps and by time spent in MVPA. Conclusion: Alarmingly high rates of GDM were found, highest among South Asians. South Asian women were less physically active, more insulin resistant and showed poorer β-cell compensation compared with Western Europeans.
Do Norwegians with diabetes have a healthier diet than the general population?
Authors: Aas Anne-Marie , Johansson Lars , Bjerkan Kirsti , Lorentsen Nina , Mostad Ingrid Løvold
Published: May 2016

Objective: Review current knowledge about dietary habits among people with diabetes in Norway compared with the general population and nutrient- and food-based dietary recommendations. Method: Baseline dietary data from four intervention studies in subjects with type 2 diabetes, were merged (n=92) and compared with data extracted from a nationwide dietary survey, NORKOST, where participants with diabetes (n=115) were compared with a gender and age matched control group (n=575). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used for dietary assessment. An overview of previously published data from two studies among young people with type 1 diabetes was included for comparison. Results: Subjects with diabetes had an intake of carbohydrates in the lower recommended range and lower than the controls, which was reflected in a lower intake of added sugar, sweets, potatoes, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fruit juices. Subjects with diabetes had a fiber intake which was similar or higher than controls, but below the recommended intake. They reported a higher proportion of energy from protein and fat than controls, reflecting the higher intake of meat, fish, edible fats, and high-fat meat products. There was a higher intake of vegetables, fruits and whole grain among subjects with diabetes compared with controls, but also a higher intake of red meat. Conclusion: Compared with the recommendations, people with diabetes had a low intake of carbohydrates and a high intake of protein and fat, but they made more healthy choices regarding intake of selected food groups compared with the control groups.
Forord
Authors: Fretheim Atle
Published: May 2016

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