bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomorphology of Konza Prairie
Authors: G. (Jack) Oviatt Charles
Published: November 2023

Konza Prairie lies in the Flint Hills of eastern Kansas, a region of stream-dissected hills eroded from flat-lying to gently dipping, chert-bearing limestones and shales of Permian age. Konza Prairie is part of an erosional landscape produced during millions of years of exposure to weathering and to stripping by streams tributary to the Kansas River. The major drainage basins on Konza are Kings Creek, Shane Creek, Pressee Branch, Swede Creek (tributaries of McDowell Creek), and Deep Creek (Fig. 3.1). Also prominent is the bench and slope topography in the uplands created by the erosion of contrasting bedrock units-resistant limestone layers alternate with less-resistant mudstone layers in a layer-cake pattern (Fig. 3.2). Because the landscape is undergoing long-term erosion, surficial deposits are generally thin and relatively young, and they accumulate in temporary storage sites, such as ridgetops and valley bottoms, before being transported out of the system to the Kansas River. Previous work on the geology and geomorphology of Konza Prairie area has been mostly of a reconnaissance nature. The first systematic study of the geology of Riley and Geary Counties was by Jewett (1941), who mapped the geology at a scale of 1:126,720. Beck (1949) mapped the Quaternary deposits of Riley County, and Byrne et al. (1949) mapped the bedrock and Quaternary deposits at a scale of 1:31,680. Frye (1955) reviewed the sketchy history of erosion of the Flint Hills, and Mudge (1955) outlined drainage changes in northeastern Kansas related to glaciation. The history of glaciation in Kansas was summarized by Aber (1991).
Plant Populations Patterns and Processes
Authors: Hartnett David C , Fay Philip A
Published: November 2023

Long-term research on Konza Prairie has greatly increased our understanding of plant population structure, dynamics, and interactions in tallgrass prairie. It is well recognized that periodic fire, grazing, and a variable climate historically have been integral factors in shaping the structure of plant communities and directing the evolution and coevolution of their component species (Chapter 1, this volume). On Konza Prairie, landscape heterogeneity associated with the Flint Hills topography also interacts with these three primary factors to influence the distribution and abundance of plant species. These key factors have important direct, indirect, and interacting effects on tall-grass prairie plant life histories, population dynamics, species interactions, and community structure (Fig. 6.1). The structure and composition of the vegetation, in turn, influence populations of birds, mammals, and invertebrate consumers (Chapters 7, 8, this volume). Ultimately, these interactions drive local patterns of species abundance, migration, and extinction, imparting patterns to the distribution and abundance of species at the watershed and larger scales.
Animal Populations and Communities
Authors: Kaufman Donald W , Kaufman Glennis A , Fay Philip A , Zimmerman John L , Evans Edward W
Published: November 2023

Important consumers in tallgrass prairie include mammals (large ungulate grazers and a suite of small mammals), invertebrates (several guilds of aboveground insects and soil invertebrates), and birds (both grass- and woody-dependent species; see Chapter 7, this volume). These consumers represent abundant and ecologically important groups that vary considerably in space and time in their relative importance to the trophic structure and ecosystem dynamics of the prairie. A primary goal of the LTER Program is to understand the ecology of these populations and communities, their spatial distributions and temporal patterns of abundances, and the processes controlling their dynamics and structure. As is true for the flora, the population dynamics and evolution of animals in tallgrass prairie have been molded by the selective pressures associated with fire, large ungulate grazers, and an annually and seasonally variable climate. These factors directly, and indirectly through their effects on vegetation structure and composition, influence the spatial and temporal distributions of birds, mammals, and invertebrate consumers in tallgrass prairie.
Structure and Dynamics of Aquatic Communities
Authors: Gray Lawrence J , Dodds Walter K
Published: November 2023

North American prairie streams are characterized by variable flow regimes (Jewell 1927; Matthews 1988). Low-order streams alternate between stable flows during spring and early summer and intermittent flow to completely dry during late summer and winter. At any time, conditions may be interrupted by scouring floods (Chapter 10, this volume). Thus, the biotic communities occurring in prairie streams constantly are adjusting to a patchy environment created by the temporal and spatial variations in streamflow. The biota of the prairie is influenced heavily by high variation in abiotic factors. Perhaps stream communities experience the most variable conditions of all the prairie ecosystems.
Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre
Published: November 2023

This text fulfils a need for an advanced-level work covering both the theory and application of geostatistics. It covers the most important areas of geostatistical methodology, introducing tools for description, quantitative modelling of spatial continuity, spatial prediction, and assessment of local uncertainty and stochastic simulation. It also details the theoretical background underlying most GSLIB programs. The tools are applied to an environmental data set, but the book includes a general presentation of algorithms intended for students and practitioners in such diverse fields as soil science, mining, petroleum, remote sensing, hydrogeology, and the environmental sciences.
Assessment of Local Uncertainty
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre
Published: November 2023

Unlike in Chapters 5 and 6, which focused on deriving an optimal estimate and the associated error variance, in this chapter priority is given to modeling the uncertainty about the unknown. Such a model of local uncertainty allows one to evaluate the risk involved in any decision-making process, such as delineation of contaminated areas where remedial measures should be taken. From the model of uncertainty, one can also derive different estimates optimal for different criteria, each customized to the specific problem at hand, instead of retaining the somewhat arbitrary least-squares error estimate.
What Is the Meaning of a Memory-Systems Approach 7 Comments on Engelkamp
Authors: Nilsson Lars-Goran , Kormi-Nouri Reza
Published: November 2023

The notion that memory can be divided into different systems is relatively new. When Tulving (1972) made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory he paved the way for a more elaborate conceptualization, in which memory systems was a key term (Tulving, 1983, 1984, 1985). Tulving’s view of memory and the use of this key term has later been refined and developed in many steps (e.g., Tulving, 1993), and the term has been discussed and adopted by many others (e.g., Weinberger, McGaugh, & Lynch, 1985).
Emergent Complexities and Complex Emergencies in Folktales
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

Examples in the last chapter showed that compositional finalization of quoted proverbs creates the logical dimension of that genre. The proverbs’ concise elegance established the simple shape and transformational capabilities of this logic and allowed readers to observe its functional relationships with the other two dimensions of generic creativity, style and theme, in a nonnarrative world. In folktales, I enter a narrative world of logic, aesthetics, and ethics to find a much wider range of simple and complex works.
Baby Hunger and Sexual Pathology The Abductions of Robert Marcus and Stephanie Bryan
Authors: Fass Paula S
Published: November 2023

By the time the United States entered World War II, Americans had witnessed a full range of kidnap horrors. The loss of a child, his or her possible death and mutilation defined the terror of kidnapping. The issue of extortion, which had initially alarmed Christian Ross and his nineteenth century contemporaries, had receded in the context of the even greater threat to a child’s life and well-being contained in the newer twentieth century stories. Indeed, while ransom abductions had been the initial focus of publicity and had formalized the threat, kidnappings for ransom became, after the surge in the 1930s, increasingly less common as the source of concern. Because of the new federal laws and beefed-up local statutes, it had also become a very dangerous way to raise money.
The Moment of Proof
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

When Archimedes, while bathing, suddenly hit upon the principle of buoyancy, he ran wildly through the streets of Syracuse, stark naked, crying "eureka!" In The Moment of Proof, Donald Benson attempts to convey to general readers the feeling of eureka--the joy of discovery--that mathematicians feel when they first encounter an elegant proof. This is not an introduction to mathematics so much as an introduction to the pleasures of mathematical thinking. And indeed the delights of this book are many and varied. The book is packed with intriguing conundrums--Loyd's Fifteen Puzzle, the Petersburg Paradox, the Chaos Game, the Monty Hall Problem, the Prisoners' Dilemma--as well as many mathematical curiosities. We learn how to perform the arithmetical proof called "casting out nines" and are introduced to Russian peasant multiplication, a bizarre way to multiply numbers that actually works. The book shows us how to calculate the number of ways a chef can combine ten or fewer spices to flavor his soup (1,024) and how many people we would have to gather in a room to have a 50-50 chance of two having the same birthday (23 people). But most important, Benson takes us step by step through these many mathematical wonders, so that we arrive at the solution much the way a working scientist would--and with much the same feeling of surprise. Every fan of mathematical puzzles will be enthralled by The Moment of Proof. Indeed, anyone interested in mathematics or in scientific discovery in general will want to own this book.
An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

The essential nature of learning is primarily thought of as a verbal process or function, but this notion conveys that pre-linguistic infants do not learn. Far from being “blank slates” that passively absorb environmental stimuli, infants are active learners who perceptually engage their environments and extract information from them before language is available. The ecological approach to perceiving--defined as “a theory about perceiving by active creatures who look and listen and move around”--was spearheaded by Eleanor and James Gibson in the 1950s and culminated in James Gibson’s last book in 1979. Until now, no comprehensive theoretical statement of ecological development has been published since Eleanor Gibson’s Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (1969). In An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development, distinguished experimental psychologists Eleanor J. Gibson and Anne D. Pick provide a unique theoretical framework for the ecological approach to understanding perceptual learning and development. Perception, in accordance with James Gibson’s views, entails a reciprocal relationship between a person and his or her environment: The environment provides resources and opportunities for the person, and the person gets information from and acts on the environment. The concept of affordance is central to this idea; the person acts on what the environment affords, as it is appropriate. This extraordinary volume covers the development of perception in detail from birth through toddlerhood, beginning with the development of communication, going on to perceiving and acting on objects, and then to locomotion. It is more than a presentation of facts about perception as it develops. It outlines the ecological approach and shows how it underlies “higher” cognitive processes, such as concept formation, as well as discovery of the basic affordances of the environment. This impressive work should serve as the capstone for Eleanor J. Gibson’s distinguished career as a developmental and experimental psychologist.
An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Development
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

The ecological approach to visual perception (J.J. Gibson, 1966, 1979) provides the framework for the view of perceptual development we present here. It is a theory about perceiving by active creatures who look and listen and move around. It is a theory about everyday perceiving in the world, and it differs greatly from theories that begin with a motionless creature haplessly bombarded by stimuli. Perceiving creatures are part of a world from which they seek information and in which they use it. Perceiving begins at least as soon as an animal is born and well it should, for its function is to keep an animal in touch with the environment around it.

The ecological approach takes as its unit of study the animal in its environment, considered as an interactive system. The relations within this system are reciprocal, with the reciprocity including a species evolving in an environment to which it becomes adapted, and an individual acting in its own niche, developing and learning.
Hallmarks of Human Behavior
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

Behavior has distinctive properties observable in neither physiological pro cesses nor in any ultimate reduction to a lower level. Because behavior has such properties, we need a science of psychology that studies behavior in its own right. These properties are not just elements of action. They become apparent only when we have observed enough behavior to detect the persistent properties that reappear over time, in many guises and exemplars. We shall refer to these properties as “hallmarks of human behavior,” recognizing that they apply to the behavior of all of humankind, and perhaps of other animals as well. They make behavior special. It would take far more knowledge than psychologists now possess to program them in robots (if that could be done at all). They become ap parent in the behavior of very young infants, and they develop over the years as tasks differentiate and become lengthier, and exposure to new and different en vironments brings opportunities for wider experience and generalization.
The Representation of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

The tone model that I will propose makes use of the two binary features of Halle and Stevens (1971), [stiff] and [slack]. As I have pointed out in section 2.6, the advantage of the Halle-Stevens feature system is its ability to express the pitch of vowels and voicing of consonants as featurally the same phenomenon. Thus, [+stiff] specifies voicelessness in consonants and relatively high pitch in vowels, and [-stiff] specifies voicing in consonants and relatively low pitch in vowels. This captures directly the well-known correlation between tone registers (the yin yang registers in traditional Chinese philology) and the voice qualities of consonants. Under the interpretation of Halle and Stevens (1971), the feature [stiff] provides the articulatory instruction to raise the degree of stiffuess of the vocal cords, while the feature [slack] gives the opposite instruction. The two features combine to determine three states of vocal cord tension, which produces three distinct pitches: This view holds that [+stiff] and [+slack] are mutually exclusive on logical grounds.
Tone in Phonological Representation
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

The relationship between tone and other elements of phonological representation was a controversial issue in early generative study of the topic. Although it has proved successful in segmental phonology, the SPE conception of feature bundles has its problems in dealing with familiar tonological phenomena. The controversy has centered around the representation of tone. On one hand, the segmentalists maintain that tones are a property of vowels, or other tone-bearing sonorants, while on the other, the suprasegmentalists claim that tones are a property of suprasegmental entities such as syllables. Regarding the relationship between tonal features and segmental features, W. S.-Y. Wang writes,
Epilogue
Authors: Bao Zhiming
Published: November 2023

It has been observed that tone languages fall into two general types, the contour system and the level system, or using Pike’s (1948) term, the register system. The theory of tone proposed in this study vindicates the typological divide between the level systems characteristic of African languages, and the contour systems characteristic of Asian languages. In this section, I will explore the typological differences in light of the theory of tone proposed in this study.
Unconscious Emotion: Evolutionary Perspectives, Psychophysiological Data and Neuropsychological Mechanisms
Authors: Öhman Arne , Flykt Anders , Lundqvist Daniel
Published: November 2023

Emotions can be understood as action sets (e.g., Frijda, 1986; Lang, 1984) preparing the organism to act in some ways rather than in others. From this perspective, there is no clear boundary between emotion and motivation. Traditionally, motivation has been more related to action tendencies induced from internal states such as hunger, whereas emotion most often has been related to states elicited by external stimuli. A fundamental dimension in both emotion and motivation is that of approach—avoidance, ranging from a readiness to stay in a situation and engage in its potentialities to abandoning it because of the threats and dangers it implies (Lang et al., 1990). The functional advantage of these processes is that they allow for flexibility in the interaction between organism and environment. In effect, a primary function of emotion has been described as the decoupling of stimuli and responses (Scherer, 1994). Rather than the rigid stimulus—response relationship of signal stimuli and fixed action patterns described by ethologists (e.g., Tinbergen, 1951), emotions in many contexts allow flexible use of environmental support to achieve desired outcomes (e.g., Archer, 1979; Damasio, 1994). For example, when distressed, children seek the support and comfort of their parents whether by their own locomotion (crawling, walking, or running) or by vocal behavior prompting parental approach. However, the decoupling of stimulus and response is by no means absolute, because time for deliberation is not always an advantage. A predator, for example, strikes fast and hard, and the quicker defensive maneuvers are initiated by the potential prey, the better its chances to survive the encounter. Particularly in defensive circumstances, therefore, time is a critical issue, and then emotional activation and reflexive escape action may be virtually instantaneous.
A Semantic Basis For Navajo Syntactic Typology
Authors: Faltz Leonard M
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended as an exploration of the approach found in Faltz (1995) as applied to a number of typological features of the Navajo language. The intent is to show that a significant collection of such features, including features discussed in Faltz (1995) and Speas (1995), as well as some additional ones, form a coherent collection that can be understood by examining the way semantic interpretation is related to syntactic structure.
On A Bipartite Model of the Athabaskan Verb
Authors: McDonough Joyce
Published: November 2023

A concise and motivated model of verbal morphoiogy is essential to any investigation of the Athabaskan sound and morphosyntactic systems because assumptions about the morphophonemic structure necessarily underlie these analyses.
Monadic Verbs And Argument Structure In Aiitna, Slave, And Navajo
Authors: Rice Keren
Published: November 2023

Monadic verbs have been an important topic of research, both in linguistic theory in general (e.g., Perlmutter 1978; Rosen 1984; Grimshaw 1987, 1990; Van Valin 1990; Tenny 1994; Levin and Hovav Rappaport 1995) and in Athabaskan languages in paiticular (Hale and Platero 1996, Rice 1991). In this essay I focus on lexically monadic verbs in three Athabaskan languages, Ahtna, Slave, and Navajo. I concentrate in particular on how the syntactic position of nondiscourse participant subjects in these languages is dete1mined. I make the following claims:
Iconicity And Word Order in Koyukonathabaskan
Authors: Thompson Chad L
Published: November 2023

Koyukon and other Athabaskan languages are often described as being SOY languages. However, it is also well understood that Athabaskan languages some times allow deviations from this word order. Subject Object Inversion (SOI) in Navajo and other Athabaskan languages is a famous example of such deviation. Koyukon, an Athabaskan language spoken in the interior of Alaska, does not generally allow SOI, but it is not unusual for one to find postverbal constituents or adjuncts in texts. The present paper looks at such constituents, discusses the problems they pose for theories of iconicity, and, with support from a quantified analysis and from psycholinguistic evidence, suggests explanations for their usage.
Navajo as a Discourse Configurational Language
Authors: Willie MaryAnn , Jelinek Eloise
Published: November 2023

Baker (1996) defines “polysynthetic” languages as requiring registration of argument structure in the verbal morphology. The goal of this paper is to define the semantic features that underlie this typological propery, as manifested in Navajo. We argue that Navajo is a discourse configurational language, where nominals are adjuncts ordered according to the topic/focus articulation of the clause, while incorporated pronominal arguments in the verb-sentence carry the grammatical relations. We show that some properties of anaphora and focus in Navajo provide crucial evidence on argument structure in the language.
Biological Factors in the Development of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Hershberger Scott L
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence on the role of biological factors in the development of sexual orientation from sources as diverse as studies of lateral preference, cognitive abilities, and anthropometry. Homosexuality is a sexual attraction to someone of the same anatomical sex; heterosexuality is a sexual attraction to someone of the opposite sex. Closely allied to sexual attraction is fantasy. If someone has sexual fantasies about others of the same sex, then the fantasies are homosexual; if someone has sexual fantasies about others of the opposite sex, then the fantasies are heterosexual. If a person’s sexual attractions and fantasies are primarily homosexual, then that person may be labeled “lesbian” or” gay.” Conversely, if a person’s sexual attractions and fantasies are primarily heterosexual, then that person may be labeled “heterosexual.” When attraction and fantasy are directed to members of both sexes, a person may be labeled “bisexual.” Attraction and fantasy are not the only dimensions that could be used to define a person as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual, but they are typically the most reliable. Physiological responses to erotic stimuli are one alternative, but men and women respond differently to stimuli of different sensory modalities (Laan & Everaerd, 1995), thereby rendering difficult unambiguous comparisons between men and women. Same-sex sexual behavior or opposite-sex sexual behavior could serve as another criterion for sexual orientation, but personal and environmental constraints on sexual activity restrict its usefulness. Asking individuals whether they would self-identify lesbian, gay, or bisexual is another possibility, but this has the limitation that responses to this question are often based on social and political aspects of homosexuality and not sexual desire. Nonetheless, attraction/ fantasy, physiological responses, behavior, and self-identity are significantly, but not perfectly, positively correlated.
Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words
Authors: Armstrong Louis
Published: November 2023

Louis Armstrong has been the subject of countless biographies and music histories. Yet scant attention has been paid to the remarkable array of writings he left behind. Louis Armstrong: In His Own Words introduces readers to a little-known facet of this master trumpeter, band leader, and entertainer. Based on extensive research through the Armstrong archives, this important volume includes some of his earliest letters, personal correspondence with one of his first biographers in 1943-44, autobiographical writings, magazine articles, and essays. Here are Armstrong’s own thoughts on his life and career--from poverty in New Orleans to playing in the famous cafes, cabarets, and saloons of Storyville, from his big break in 1922 with the King Oliver band to his storming of New York, from his breaking of color barriers in Hollywood to the infamous King of the Zulus incident in 1949, and finally, to his last days in Queens, New York. Along the way Armstrong recorded touching portraits of his times and offered candid, often controversial, opinions about racism, marijuana, bebop, and other jazz artists such as Jelly Roll Morton and Coleman Hawkins. Indeed, these writings provide a balanced portrait of his life as a musician, entertainer, civil rights activist, and cultural icon. Armstrong’s idiosyncratic use of language and punctuation have been preserved to give the reader an unvarnished portrayal of this compelling artist. This volume also includes introductions to the writings, as well as an annotated index of names and places significant to Armstrong’s life.
Cognitive Rehabilitation In Old Age
Authors: Hill Robert D , Bäckman Lars , Neely Anna Stigsdotter
Published: November 2023

Cognitive deficits are part of the normal ageing process and are exacerbated by various diseases that affect adults in old age, such as dementia, depression, and stroke. A significant scientific and social effort has been expended to evaluate whether cognitive deficits can be remedied through systematic interventions. The editors, as well as the chapter authors, represent a variety of viewpoints that span theory as well as practice. Overall, they aim to address concepts in cognitive rehabilitation that are useful in intervention research—research which examines problems and issues in normal and pathological aging—and focusing on the application of cognitive training strategies in natural settings. Thus, the book is grounded in contemporary theory in cognitive ageing and is applicable to both the practicing clinician as well as the researcher. It is organized into four sections. The first highlights prominent theoretical principles; the second looks at cognitive rehabilitation strategies in normal ageing; the third examines the interplay between lifestyle patterns and cognitive function through applying a broad definition of lifestyle choices; and the fourth focuses on rehabilitation strategies that address issues in pathological (or diseased) ageing.
The Interplay of Growth and Decline
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul
Published: November 2023

As cognitive aging researchers, we care for our subjects. Most scientists and practitioners do, of course, but there seems to be a quite inordinate amount of sympathizing in cognitive aging circles. I usually look very much forward to testing people from our older adult research panel—they are so much different from the typical undergraduate student, who breezes into the lab and seems to want nothing more than to breeze out as quickly as possible. We get acquainted over a cup of coffee, and I usually get to hear some pretty interesting stories (thanks to my research subjects, I know more about nuclear waste management than is good for my sense of security, I have an inkling of the usefulness of Bach sonatas for the beginning piano player, and I will never consider a career switch to operating high-rise cranes). It is always quite distressing to see how these interesting, highly motivated, and articulate human beings then struggle with the cognitive tasks set before them—they certainly do not breeze through. This contrast between high performance in daily life and less than optimal performance in the laboratory has not been lost on most researchers in the field. Our laboratory data and our theories about basic effects of aging on cognition say one thing (decline, growing inflexibility, powerlessness); our hearts, and also our eyes, say another (accumulated experience, openness to life, potential).
The Feature Structure of Functional Categories
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

Focusing on the relation between functional categories and lexical and phrasal categories in Arabic dialects, Benmamoun proposes that universally functional categories are specified for categorial features which determine their relation with lexical categories. Language variation is attributed to differences with respect to the categorial feature specifications of functional categories and how they interact with lexical categories. The book brings new insights to issues related to the syntax of functional categories, the relation between syntax and the morpho-phonological component, and comparative syntax.
The Last Shall Be First: Religion, Oppositional Culture, and African-American Political Mobilization
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

I heard a loud noise in the heavens, and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosen, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first would be last and the last should be first.
Shaping the Policy Agenda
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana
Published: November 2023

In December 1988, a presidential commission appointed by Ronald Reagan announced a recommendation for a 51 percent pay increase for members of Congress. The recommendation also proposed salary increases for all other federal employees as well. The commission’s recommendation quickly filtered out to news media and radio talk show hosts. Talk show hosts around the nation immediately began discussing the news on the air and received angry phone calls from listeners who objected to the increase.
Ralph Waldo Emerson 1812-1892
Authors: Bosco Ronald A
Published: November 2023

The study of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s biography has long challenged both general readers and specialists in American literature. As the bibliographies printed in this volume indicate, Emerson, whose private and public writings alone now approach fifty printed volumes in modern editions, has been the subject of numerous book-length biographies. A recently published chronology of major events in his life extends to well over five hundred pages.1 A person who engaged in complex personal and intellectual relationships with many persons in America and abroad, who had something to say about every important religious and philosophical controversy, political and social event, and scientific discovery that came to his attention between the 1820s and the late 1870s, and who nearly filled four notebooks with the titles of books he considered essential to read, Emerson defies easy summary.2
Poe and Nineteenth-Century Gender Constructions
Authors: Person Leland S
Published: November 2023

Recent biographical assessments of Poe seem to be reaching a consensus, in J. Gerald Kennedy’s words, on the “compulsions—intellectual and imaginative—that shaped his work” (“Violence,” 534). Because these compulsions and the object relations they entail divide along gender lines, they represent a useful paradigm for beginning an overview of Poe and nineteenth-century gender constructions. Like Kennedy; Kenneth Silverman emphasizes the importance of Eliza Poe’s death (as well as the deaths of Fanny Allan and Jane Standard) on the youthful Poe, especially the way his mother’s death causes a life long fixation on women’s deaths and returns from the grave. Silverman accounts for the “peculiar cluster of dead-alive persons” in the poetry and fiction by appealing to modern theories of childhood bereavement. Adults “learn to live with the death of someone they have loved by gradually and painfully withdrawing their deep investment of feeling in the person. But children who lose a parent at an early age, as Edgar lost Eliza Poe, instead in vest more feeling in and magnify the parent’s image” (76). The grieving child, in other words, invests desire in the parent’s re turn from the dead.
Eye and Heart: Hemingway’s Education as a Naturalist
Authors: Beegel Susan F
Published: November 2023

In 1832 Ralph Waldo Emerson defined “Nature” as “all that is separate from us,” and, with few exceptions, criticism and biography of Ernest Hemingway to date exemplifies our separation of nature and culture(22). We belive that Hemingway’s most significant milieu was Paris in the 1920s and forger that he grew up in the midst of an environmental awakening as extreme as any America has experienced, in a town where other manifestations of the “back to nature” movement included the prairie architecture of Frank Lloyd Wrightm, the urban parkscapes of Frederick Law Olmstead, and the Tarzan stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs.
The Recommendation
Authors: Roberts Felicia D
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with phase 5 of the adjuvant therapy visit: the part of the visit when the doctor delivers and justifies recommendation for further treatment. By “recommendation” I am referring not only to the statement that contains the recommendation but also to the talk surrounding it. The recommendation itself is often a fairly straightforward matter, stated in a sentence such as, “Our recommendation is that you get chemo therapy of some kind.” This is not the main work that needs doing though. As evidenced by the extensive discussion (up to 1 hour) surrounding those simple statements, it is clear that the main work to be accomplished is to explain and justify the recommendation, to persuade the patient to take a particular course of action.
Experience and Plasticity in Brain Structure: Possible Implications of Basic Research Findings for Developmental Disorders
Authors: Greenough William T , Black James E , Klintsova Anna , Bates Kathye. , Weiler Ivan Jeanne
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews research on the effects of postnatal experience on the structure of the developing and adult brain. Because rare developmental disorders often occur with either genetic defects or prenatal neuropathology, we briefly dis cuss how early development establishes the foundation for neural plasticity systems and also influences the quality of experience utilized. The chapter then focuses on neural plasticity systems that appear predictably to incorporate aspects of experience into brain development or other systems that appear more individualized and not closely tied to development. Then we propose an integrative perspective of neural plasticity that moves beyond synapses to consideration of local tissue elements, cooperative neural circuits, and endocrine modulatory effects. We next describe a molecular process that may be involved in synaptic development and plasticity that appears to require the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the absence of which is associated with the fragile X mental retardation syndrome, a relatively rare (1:2,000) developmental disorder (Brown, 1996). Finally, we present an example of an experiential therapy for an acquired brain dis order, the effect of fetal alcohol exposure on the developing brain.
Plasticity, Localization, and Language Development
Authors: Bates Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The term aphasia refers to acute or chronic impairment of language, an acquired condition that is most often associated with damage to the left side of the brain, usually due to trauma or stroke. We have known about the link between left hemi sphere damage (LHD) and language loss for more than a century (Goodglass, 1993). For almost as long, we have also known that the lesion-symptom correlations observed in adults do not appear to hold for very young children (Basser, 1962; Lenneberg, 1967). In fact, in the absence of other complications, infants with congenital damage to one side of the brain (left or right) usually go on to acquire language abilities that are well within the normal range (Eisele and Aram, 1995; Feldman et al., 1992; Vargha-Khadem et al., 1994). To be sure, children with a his tory of early brain injury typically perform below neurologically intact age matched controls on a host of language and nonlanguage measures, including an average full-scale IQ difference somewhere between 4 and 8 points from one study to another (especially in children with persistent seizures; Vargha-Khadem et al., 1994). Brain damage is not a good thing to have, and some price must be paid for wholesale reorganization of the brain to compensate for early injuries. But the critical point for present purposes is that these children are not aphasic, despite early damage of a sort that often leads to irreversible aphasia when it occurs in an adult. In addition to the reviews by other authors cited above, my colleagues and I have also published several detailed reviews, from various points of view, of language, cognition, and communicative development in children with focal brain in jury (e.g., Bates et al., 1997, 1998; Elman et al., 1996; Reilly et al., 1998; Stiles, 1995; Stiles et al., 1998; Stiles and Thal, 1993; Thal et al., 1991). As these reviews attest, a consensus has emerged that stands midway between the historical ex tremes of equipotentiality (Lenneberg, 1967) and innate predetennination of the adult pattern of brain organization for language (e.g., Curtiss, 1988; Stromswold, 1995).
Restoring a Threatened Paradise
Authors: Smith Nigel J H
Published: November 2023

Successful economic development along the Amazon floodplain hinges on efforts to conserve and better manage the river’s unique biodiversity. At present, much of the biodiversity is being destroyed even before it can be identified, let alone studied and evaluated for the benefit of those living in the region. The sinuous forests of the floodplain are a cornucopia for food, livestock feed, medicines, building materials, fish bait, and a host of other uses. In addition, the forests are a largely untapped reservoir of plants for agricultural improvement. Seasonally flooded forests are home to several economically important fruit trees, such a<:ai, buriti, and yellow mombim. Future attempts to raise yields and to improve the quality of these trees will require extensive tapping of genetic resources. The loss of wild populations of these long-appreciated fruit, nut, and timber trees on the floodplain not only undercuts the income-generating capacity and nutrition of locals, but also forecloses options for crop improvement.
Brown V. Board Of Education(1954)
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: November 2023

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) shaped Americans’ understanding of constitutional law for the rest of the twentieth century. For nearly all of its history, the Supreme Court developed constitutional law in ways that preserved the status quo or obstructed legislative change sought by political liberals. Brown was different. Not incidentally, it provided an important ideological underpinning for the civil rights movement, which was already developing when the Court acted. President Harry S. Truman’s order de segregating the armed forces placed one branch of government on the side of civil rights.
The Epilepsies
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

The medical man who is not well-versed in neuropsychiatry might associate the name of Hughlings Jackson mainly with a particular variety of epilepsy. Jackson began to write on the subject as early as 1861, and he continued to probe the mysteries of this disorder until 1902. Epilepsy is one of the earliest affections mentioned in medical history but, until two centuries ago, its nature was a matter of conjecture. When Hughlings Jackson began to practice medicine, epilepsy, though no longer known as the ‘sacred disease’, was still regarded as a social disorder. Even when Jackson was Resident Medical Officer at the York Dispensary, a physician at St. Mary’s Hospital, London, produced a monograph on epilepsy in which he stated, “We should regard the fit as the flower of a noxious weed”. In the same publication the author also said: “It may be admitted that the epileptic paroxysm is peculiarly of a character to convey the impression that it is altogether beyond the ordinary range of physiological disturbances.”
Jackson’s Achievements Assessed by Other Neurologists
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Hughlings Jackson’s work has been the subject of many contributors to the neurological literature over and above formal monographs and lectures on aphasiology. Papers have also been written by colleagues and friends which referred to his personality rather than his philosophy. He has probably attracted more attention than most other neurologists of his time. Among the serious items of Jacksoniana was the dissertation in 1978 of Professor Kenneth Dewhurst of the University of the West Indies, Jamaica.1 It dealt with Hughlings Jackson’s contributions to psychiatry. Dewhurst discussed the various psychological states which had interested Jackson—notably the phenomenon of consciousness—and quoted the interpretation of his own views on the unconscious state which were formulated by Dr. D. Williams. Jackson’s rather ambiguous conception of hysteria was referred to; his description of epileptic dreamy states is relegated to the collection of psychiatric conditions which especially interested Jackson.
Clinical Features
Authors: Petersen Ronald C , Morris John C
Published: November 2023

It has become increasingly evident in recent years that prodromal states of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) likely exist. Clinical criteria for AD have been published and used worldwide-for example, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) and National Institute for Neurological Communitive Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (NINCDS/ADRDA) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., 1994; McKhann et al., 1984).
Normative Neuropsychology
Authors: Smith Glenn E , Ivnik Robert J
Published: November 2023

The ability to distinguish categories along the continuum from normal aging to disease is enhanced by neuropsychological assessment. In turn, the usefulness of neuropsychological assessment is enhanced by normative neuropsychological research to establish the psychometric properties of neuropsychological instruments. The Mayo Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) were undertaken to provide age-appropriate norms up to life’s oldest ages.
Introduction
Authors: Ford Cecilia E , Fox Barbara A , Thompson Sandra A
Published: November 2023

In “The Relevance of Repair to Syntax-for-Conversation,” Emanuel Schegloff (1979) offered discourse-functional linguists the opportunity to imagine the kind of linguistics that could emerge as a result of modern data-recording technology. He pointed to the profound reworking of linguistic methods and terms of analysis that such new forms of data might demand.
Cultivating Prayer
Authors: Capps Lisa , Ochs Elinor
Published: November 2023

A central function of language is to establish and maintain a sense of continuity and well-being throughout the life course. Language provides a medium for making sense out of past events and coping with the unpredictability of the future. This endeavor involves sorting out temporal-causal orderings of events (i.e., what did/ did not or will/will not happen) and imbuing them with moral castings (i.e., what should/should not have happened or should/should not happen). All levels of language are recruited to this end, including genre (Bakhtin 1981, 1986). Every community has a repertoire of genres that organize particular events and trajectories in terms of conventional structurings, understandings, and sentiments.
Hurricanes of the North Atlantic
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Called the greatest storms on the planet, hurricanes of the North Atlantic Ocean often cause tremendous social and economic upheaval in the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. And with the increasing development of coastal areas, the impact of these storms is likely to increase. This book provides a comprehensive analysis if North Atlantic hurricanes and what they mean to society. It is intended as an intermediary between hurricane climate research and the users of hurricane information. Topics include the climatology of tropical cyclones in general and those of the North Atlantic in particular; the major North Atlantic hurricanes, focusing on US landfalling storms; the prediction models used in forecasting; and societal vulnerability to hurricanes, including ideas for modeling the relationship between climatological data and analysis in the social and economic sciences.
Hurricane Characteristics
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Owing to substantial size and intensity, hurricanes are the single costliest and most destructive of all atmospheric storms. Of the ten costliest weather disasters in the history of the United States, six were the result of hurricanes. Powerful winds of the hurricane produce tremendous damage to natural and man-made structures. Trees are blown down and properties are destroyed. Huge waves raise the potential of total destruction to coastal communities. The associated torrential rains create catastrophic flooding to both coastal and inland areas. The combination of strong winds, flooding rains, storm surge, and tomadoe raises the specter of mass casualties. Destruction from hurricanes rivals the destruction from major earthquakes. Though typically formed and nurtured deep in the tropics, hurricanes can travel great distances to devastate cities and towns that have a temperate climate.
Hurricane Categories and Impacts
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Hurricanes are classified in a number of different ways. The most intense tropical cyclones are called major hurricanes, while the less intense ones are called regular hurricanes. Other classifications are based on developmental factors. Hybrid storms, subtropical cyclones, tropical-only hurricanes, and baroclinically-enhanced hurricanes represent categories of tropical cyclones that are distinguished by different developmental or structural characteristics. Hurricanes differ in fundamental ways from extratropical cyclones common in the middle latitudes. This chapter examines the development and growth of hurricanes. Consideration is given to the various categories of North Atlantic hurricanes. The impacts of hurricanes from wind, rain, and storm surge are considered.
Hurricanes of the Early 1990s
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin during 1995 and 1996 was well above the long-term average. Cumulatively the two seasons featured a record 20 hurricanes. Eleven hurricanes formed during 1995 and nine more followed in 1996. Many of the storms formed deep in the tropics from easterly waves. The extensive activity marked an abrupt change from the early 1990s, when consecutive seasons had below normal levels of activity; and much of the activity was baroclinically-enhanced. Tropical-only hurricanes were more common during the 1940s and the 1950s. The return of tropicalonly hurricanes to the North Atlantic basin is likely the result of several global and local factors including cool SST conditions in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (cold phase of ENSO) and warm SSTs in the tropical Atlantic. This chapter reviews the record-setting nature of the 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic hurricane seasons. The ample activity during the brief2-yearperiod is compared to the dearth of activity during the previous 4 years. Speculations on climatological factors related to the heightened activity are given. The presentation in this chapter follows the work of Kimberlain and Elsner (1998).