bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress and Ginsenosides: An Update on the Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: He Bo , Chen Deyun , Zhang Xiaochao , Yang Renhua , Yang Yuan , Chen Peng , Shen Zhiqiang
Published: April 2022

Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, so they have been widely used in the treatment of related diseases. Entry of a variety of endogenous or exogenous harmful substances into the body can lead to an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and reactive oxygen species, thus producing toxic effects on a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, oxidative stress can alter multiple signaling pathways, including the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB pathways. With the deepening of research in this field, various ginsenoside monomers have been reported to exert antioxidant effects through multiple signaling pathways and thus have good application prospects. This article summarized the research advancements regarding the antioxidative effects and related mechanisms of ginsenosides, providing a theoretical basis for experimental research on and clinical treatment with ginsenosides.
Morphine in Combination with Ketamine Improves Cervical Cancer Pain and Suppresses Immune Function via the JAK3/STAT5 Pathway
Authors: Jiang Yurong , Li Tong , Qian Yi , Zuo Xiaoming , Liu Jinmei
Published: April 2022

Background. The role of ketamine as an adjuvant for morphine in the treatment of cancer pain and immune functions has been confirmed. This study aimed to explore the role of morphine and ketamine on cancer pain and T cells of patients with cervical cancer (CC). Methods. T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CC patients by positive selection using anti-CD3 beads. The isolated T cells were assigned into three groups: the control group, the morphine group, and the morphine + ketamine (Mor + Ket) group. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ were analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-17 and the corresponding mRNA expression in vitro were determined using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. Western blotting was used for detection of JAK3/STAT5 pathway-related proteins after naltrexone treatment in vitro. Afterwards, all the patients were further divided into the morphine group and the Mor + Ket group in accordance with the principles of the randomized and double-blind method to assess pain intensity. Results. Our in vivo results showed that drug combinations relieved cancer pain more effectively than morphine intervention. The in vitro results demonstrated that the combination of morphine and ketamine may decrease CD4+ percentage, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17 via the JAK3/STAT5 pathway. Conclusions. Our finding indicated that morphine-ketamine combination could improve cancer pain and repress immune function via the JAK3/STAT5 pathway in the progression of CC.
Research on the Transformation from Financial Accounting to Management Accounting Based on Drools Rule Engine
Authors: Liu Rui , Wang Yuqin , Zou Jing
Published: April 2022

With the development of Internet economy and the advent of artificial intelligence era, the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting has become an inevitable trend of financial management among companies. In this paper, the significance of the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting is expounded under the background of artificial intelligence, and the current situation, problems and reasons of the transition are analyzed. In addition, the development of self-management accounting system based on Drools rule engine is put forward, including rule management, rule engine and so on. The core processes such as pattern matching and auto-billing are analyzed, and then the core subsystems such as data receiving and processing, accounting rule engine are designed in detail. Finally, the technological advancement and structural stability of this system are discussed, which can provide reference for promoting the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting under artificial intelligence.
Insights into Immune Escape During Tumor Evolution and Response to Immunotherapy Using a Rat Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Gil Del Alcazar Carlos R. , Trinh Anne , Alečković Maša , Rojas Jimenez Ernesto , Harper Nicholas W. , Oliphant Michael U.J. , Xie Shanshan , Krop Ethan D. , Lulseged Bethlehem , Murphy Katherine C. , Keenan Tanya E. , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Tolaney Sara M. , Freeman Gordon J. , Dillon Deborah A. , Muthuswamy Senthil K. , Polyak Kornelia
Published: April 2022

Animal models are critical for the preclinical validation of cancer immunotherapies. Unfortunately, mouse breast cancer models do not faithfully reproduce the molecular subtypes and immune environment of the human disease. In particular, there are no good murine models of estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer, the predominant subtype in patients. Here, we show that Nitroso-N-methylurea–induced mammary tumors in outbred Sprague-Dawley rats recapitulate the heterogeneity for mutational profiles, ER expression, and immune evasive mechanisms observed in human breast cancer. We demonstrate the utility of this model for preclinical studies by dissecting mechanisms of response to immunotherapy using combination TGFBR inhibition and PD-L1 blockade. Short-term treatment of early-stage tumors induced durable responses. Gene expression profiling and spatial mapping classified tumors as inflammatory and noninflammatory, and identified IFNγ, T-cell receptor (TCR), and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, CD74/MHC II, and epithelium-interacting CD8+ T cells as markers of response, whereas the complement system, M2 macrophage phenotype, and translation in mitochondria were associated with resistance. We found that the expression of CD74 correlated with leukocyte fraction and TCR diversity in human breast cancer. We identified a subset of rat ER+ tumors marked by expression of antigen-processing genes that had an active immune environment and responded to treatment. A gene signature characteristic of these tumors predicted disease-free survival in patients with ER+ Luminal A breast cancer and overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving anti–PD-L1 therapy. We demonstrate the usefulness of this preclinical model for immunotherapy and suggest examination to expand immunotherapy to a subset of patients with ER+ disease.

See related Spotlight by Roussos Torres, p. 672
Pronoun Use among Caregivers of People Living with Dementia: Associations with Dementia Severity Using Text Analysis of a Natural Language Sample
Authors: Bernstein Sideman Alissa , Wells Jenna L. , Merrilees Jennifer , Shdo Suzanne M. , Yee Claire I. , Possin Katherine L. , Levenson Robert W.
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Family caregivers of persons living with dementia (PLWDs) have extensive social, physical, emotional, and financial responsibilities. However, less is known about the relationship and interpersonal connection between caregivers and PLWDs. We examined caregiver pronoun use, as an index of the connection between the caregiver and PLWD and its associations with the caregiver’s and PLWD’s health and well-being. Methods: Caregivers of PLWDs (N = 320) were asked to describe a recent time they felt connected to the PLWD in their care. Responses were transcribed and coded to quantify pronoun use by category (we-pronouns, I-pronouns, and they-pronouns). Caregivers also reported on their depression, burden, and the PLWD’s dementia severity and marital satisfaction. Sixty-eight caregivers repeated the same survey 24 months after the initial survey. Results: Caregivers used less we-pronouns when the PLWD’s dementia was more severe, at both timepoints. Spousal caregivers used more we-pronouns and less I- and they-pronouns than nonspousal caregivers. There was an interaction between spousal relationship and dementia severity, such that spousal caregivers exhibited a stronger negative association between dementia severity and we-pronoun use. There were no associations between pronoun category and caregiver burden or depression. Discussion: Caregivers may feel increasingly disconnected from the PLWD as their dementia becomes more severe, as reflected by less we-pronoun usage. This study highlights the opportunity to explore relationship connection through text analysis.
Nivolumab-Induced de novo Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Manjunath Jaya , Mochel Mark , Nutan Fnu
Published: April 2022

An increasing number of checkpoint inhibitor-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus events have been reported. We present the first case of nivolumab-induced discoid lupus erythematosus in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient presents with violaceous hypopigmented plaques on the pinna bilaterally, hypopigmented plaques with central hyperpigmentation on the posterior neck, and other hypopigmented plaques on the face, forearms, and hands. For management, nivolumab was held for 2 months, and Plaquenil and topical steroids were added. Nivolumab was resumed with no further progression of DLE lesions and improvement of the skin. It is important to characterize cutaneous side effects to effectively manage them.
Physical Activity in Renal Disease and the Effect on Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Thompson Stephanie , Wiebe Natasha , Stickland Michael K. , Gyenes Gabor T. , Davies Rachelle , Vallance Jeff , Graham Michelle
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Exercise is an effective strategy for blood pressure (BP) reduction in the general population, but its efficacy for the management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not known. We evaluated the difference in 24-h ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) with exercise training in people with moderate to severe CKD. Methods: Participants with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 15–44 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and SBP >120 mm Hg were randomized to receive thrice-weekly moderate-intensity aerobic-based exercise over 24 weeks, or usual care. Phase 1 included supervised in-center and home-based sessions for 8 weeks. Phase 2 was 16 weeks of home-based sessions. BP, arterial stiffness, cardiorespiratory fitness, and markers of cardiovascular (CV) risk were analyzed using mixed linear regression. Results: We randomized 44 people; 36% were female, the median age was 69 years, 55% had diabetes, and the median eGFR was 28 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Compared with usual care, there was no significant change in 24-ambulatory SBP at 8 weeks (2.96 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval (CI): −2.56, 8.49) or 24 weeks. Peak oxygen uptake improved by 1.9 mL/kg/min in the exercise group (95% CI: 0.03, 3.79) at 8 weeks with a trend toward higher body mass index 1.84 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.10, 3.78) and fat free mass, but this was not sustained at 24 weeks. Markers of CV risk were unchanged. Conclusions: Despite an improvement in peak aerobic capacity and body composition, we did not detect a change in 24-h ambulatory SBP in people with moderate-to-severe CKD.
Tensões entre casa e rua - e a internet - nas tiras de André Dahmer
Authors: Queiroz Jozefh Fernando Soares
Published: April 2022

Este estudo analisa, primeiramente, o par oposicional casa versus rua, em tiras do artista brasileiro André Dahmer. Partindo da análise de dez tiras, soma-se à discussão o advento da internet, elemento que produz reflexões específicas e modifica as formas de interagir no espaço urbano e doméstico. À luz de discussões com teóricos como Barbieri (2017), Canclini (1999) e outros, observa-se que o imaginário coletivo construído sobre estes ambientes pode ser ressignificado por meio da leitura das tiras de Dahmer.
Robôs, morcegos e palhaços: representações da loucura nas histórias em quadrinhos
Authors: Lima Elton Silva de , Nascimento Mayk Andreele do
Published: April 2022

A loucura é um fenômeno investigado há décadas pela Psicologia. Seu conceito passou por inúmeras mudanças ao longo da história, mudanças essas influenciadas por diversos fatores históricos. Muitas obras em quadrinhos apresentam a figura do louco ao público leigo. A partir do trabalho de Michel Foucault, serão analisadas as representações da loucura em algumas obras em quadrinhos dos anos 1980, especialmente aquelas escritas pelos autores Alan Moore e Grant Morrison.
Biossíntese dos estrogênios
Authors: Halbe Hans Wolfgang
Published: April 2022

A síntese dos hormônios sexuais no organismo apresenta duas vias principais comuns aos órgãos secretores. A via progesterona-androstenediona é preferencial nas gônadas e placenta, ao passo que a via pregnenolona-deidroepiandrosterona é preferencial nas adrenais.
Arboreal wildlife bridges in the tropical rainforest of Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula
Authors: Flatt Eleanor , Basto Arianna , Pinto Carolina , Ortiz Johan , Navarro Kassandra , Reed Neil , Brumberg Hilary , Chaverri Marco Hidalgo , Whitworth Andrew
Published: April 2022

Linear infrastructures, especially roads, affect the integrity of natural habitats worldwide. Roads act as a barrier to animal movement, cause mortality, decrease gene flow and increase the probability of local extinctions, particularly for arboreal species. Arboreal wildlife bridges increase connectivity of fragmented forests by allowing wildlife to safely traverse roads. However, the majority of studies about such infrastructure are from Australia, while information on lowland tropical rainforest systems in Meso and South America remains sparse. To better facilitate potential movement between forest areas for the arboreal wildlife community of Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula, we installed and monitored the early use of 12 arboreal wildlife bridges of three different designs (single rope, double rope, and ladder bridges). We show that during the first 6 months of monitoring via camera traps, 7 of the 12 bridges were used, and all bridge designs experienced wildlife activity (mammals crossing and birds perching). A total of 5 mammal species crossing and 3 bird species perching were observed. In addition to preliminary results of wildlife usage, we also provide technical information on the bridge site selection process, bridge construction steps, installation time, and overall associated costs of each design. Finally, we highlight aspects to be tested in the future, including additional bridge designs, monitoring approaches, and the use of wildlife attractants.
“And My Sin Is Ever Before Me” (Psalm 51: 3)
Authors: Unger Daniel M.
Published: April 2022

The article highlights the added value with which the scene of David with the head of Goliath has accumulated in the seventeenth century. During this period these paintings were intended to represent the young David as a penitent saint atoning for his sins rather than the divinely supported triumph of the young shepherd over Goliath, the skilled and talented military hero. What is emphasized is the a-temporal nature of this iconography, using David, the boy who killed Goliath as atoning for his most grievous sin that he committed many years later when he was already king of Israel toward Uriah the Hittite. In what follows I would like to characterize the unique iconography developed in the early seventeenth century, which represents the young David as a penitent while Goliath’s head signals thememento mori. Goliath’s severed head stands for the skulls appearing in other visual representations of penitent saints.
Incarnating Image
Authors: Malton Sara
Published: April 2022

This essay examines the significance of Frederic Leighton’s illustrations of George Eliot’s historical novel of Renaissance Florence, Romola (1862–1863). Leighton’s illustrations form a crucial part of Eliot’s vision of her heroine’s movement toward spiritual liberation. Eliot and Leighton together figure this evolution as a pilgrimage that takes us from the Old Testament to the Gospel of John, concluding with one of the most significant moments in the life of Christ: his encounter with the Woman at the Well. Leighton’s depictions of the heroine and Eliot’s narrative powerfully combine to show how Romola’s connection to sacrificial love is combined with increasing authority, as she becomes imagined as the force who unites both the prophetic Old Testament with the manifestations of the New. Romola thus uniquely underscores the place of a complex Victorian aesthetic and print culture within a genealogy of cultural renderings of female agency and mobility.
The Holy Book Which Is a Book
Authors: Gibson Richard Hughes
Published: April 2022

For more than two centuries, publishers and critics have tried to design an English Bible that would be easy to hold and a delight to read. This essay tracks various attempts to design such a bible, beginning with early nineteenth-century printings that sought to declutter the bible page and to break the thick book into multiple volumes, before turning to early calls to revise the Authorized Version (a.k.a. the King James Version) so that it would be easier for modern audiences to comprehend. The latter half of the essay examines two recent efforts to reform the English Bible physically and textually, Adam Lewis Greene’s Bibliotheca (2016) and Robert Alter’s The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (2018), arguing that each makes important strides toward producing the long-awaited “readable Bible.”
Fisheries Subsidies and the World Trade Organization: A Concise History
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: April 2022

Fisheries play a critical role in global food security. Unfortunately, marine fish resources are significantly depleted, and widespread use of fisheries subsidies contribute to this depletion. Multilateral negotiations on fisheries subsidies began at the World Trade Organization in 2001 as part of the Doha Round. They have continued to this day with recent renewed emphasis. A successful wto agreement on fisheries subsidies will be necessary for sustainable fisheries, food security, and the continued relevance of the wto. Unfortunately, despite years of negotiations and a stable draft text, an agreement remains somewhat elusive.
Ethnic Federalism and Minority in Ethiopia
Authors: Kasse Getaye Mulugeta
Published: April 2022

Though the normative and empirical theory of designing a Territorial Autonomy to give a response to the demand of ethno-cultural groups is dominant, equivocally, it is problematic in addressing the needs of dispersed minorities. To this end, the Nonterritorial Autonomy political theory has acquired a significant level of attention in the last two decades as a promising response for intra-unit minorities, and the model can coexist with Territorial Autonomy. By examining the current Territorial Autonomy in the form of Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia, this article highlighted the conventional understanding of autonomy and territoriality for not being suitable for dispersed minorities inhabited in the regional states. Thus, alternative arrangements that can complement Territorial autonomy must be examined. The article defends the Nonterritorial Autonomy model as a novel solution to the complications faced by dispersed minorities in Ethiopia; concomitantly, it is complementary to Territorial Autonomy.
The Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar
Authors: Debnath Kunal , Chatterjee Souvik , Afzal Afnan Bint
Published: April 2022

The Rohingyas, one of the most vulnerable refugee groups in the world, have suffered from continuous state sponsored terrorism by the Burmese government since Myanmar’s independence in 1948. Religion and ethnic differences are often contemplated as the major reason for the Rohingya crisis. However, this paper argues instead of only focusing upon ethno-religious dimension of the Rohingya conflict, the geo-strategic and resource centric explanation also need to be addressed. For the above-mentioned purpose, this research analyses how the Rohingya crisis is robustly linked with geo-strategic factors and politics of natural resources. In this context, the role and activities of the Government of Myanmar and military force in the Rakhine province are explained. In addition, this paper also examines the geo-economic interests of some foreign forces in Rakhine state. Based on qualitative analysis, data are collected from both primary and secondary sources such as books, journal articles, reports of government, etc. The research shows that the Rohingya’s persecution, displacement have a possible connection with the resources and geo-strategic factors that are present in the Rakhine state. This study further implies, the resources and geo-strategic factors also influence the Myanmar’s policies and actions and the engagement of military forces in the Rohingya crisis. Therefore, this new geo-strategic and resource centric explanation which are often overlooked can provide a better understanding of the Rohingya crisis.
The Agencies of the ‘Co-Opted’
Authors: Peeters Goloviznina Marina
Published: April 2022

The article untangles the relationship between Indigenous Peoples organisations (ipo s) and the Russian government in domestic and international political forums over the 1990s-2020s. It links two debates on co-optation and Indigenous peoples’ rights norms contestation, offering a more nuanced view of them as complex, incremental, and dynamic processes in the Russian authoritarian regime. By proceeding from the bifurcation of the contemporary ipo sector, the analysis identifies and examines two groups of ipo s – ‘operational’ and ‘advocacy.’ The article argues that each group of ipo s still preserves some limited capacity to contest the state normative behaviour in the given political environment, yet differently. While ‘operational’ ipo s opt for discursive contestation through appropriation, the ‘advocacy’ ipo s express their dissent by acting as nomads. Both tactics enable each group to create opportunities to effect some progressive, albeit modest, policy and legislative changes.
This Mass Atrocity was Brought to You by the Ivory Trade: Linking Transnational Organized and International Crimes
Authors: Kersten Mark
Published: April 2022

Scant attention has been paid to the relationship between the perpetration of transnational organized crimes (toc s) and international crimes. This paper endeavours to instigate increased scrutiny of how these two crime sets interact. Relying on contributions from conflict and peace studies, I argue that it is useful to study their interaction within an international-transnational crime complex. To elaborate, I explore four conflicts in which an international-transnational crime complex is evident: Kosovo, Sierra Leone, northern Uganda, and Syria. Taken together, these cases demonstrate that these crimes types are linked irrespective of geographic location or the type of actors involved. The paper subsequently explores legal responses available to actors, including the International Criminal Court and specialized domestic units, which could link the prosecution and prevention of toc s and international crimes. The paper concludes with some reflections on the need to further interrogate—in both legal practice and scholarly work—international-transnational crime complexes.
Zimbabwe’s Contribution to the Transnational Judicial Dialogue on Corporal Punishment
Authors: Novak Andrew
Published: April 2022

On April 3, 2019, the Zimbabwe Constitutional Court found unconstitutional moderate corporal punishment on a juvenile male in State v Chokuramba. The decision in Chokuramba was a victory for transnational human rights litigation, as the Court widely cited and applied international and foreign law to discern a global trend, especially the precedents of near neighbors Namibia and South Africa in an important example of South-South dialogue. This article views litigation as a method of norm diffusion, in which transnational litigators serve as norm entrepreneurs who articulate and advance a right through international and foreign legal citations. In pleadings, whether as counsel, amici, or third-party intervenors, lawyers advance human rights norms by building a body of comparative jurisprudence that can be cited in later cases. Chokuramba was a foundational precedent in a Commonwealth-wide “norm cascade” toward abolition of judicial corporal punishment for juveniles.
Guest Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Kapust Daniel J. , Turner Brandon
Published: April 2022

Hobbes Studies presents a special issue dedicated to the career and work of Professor Johann Sommerville on the occasion of his retirement. This introduction provides a brief overview of Sommerville’s professional achievements and the major themes of his scholarly work over the past forty years. It closes with a very brief summary of the contributions made in his honor.
Does Gender Matter?
Authors: McPhillips Kathleen , McEwan Tracy , Death Jodi , Richards Kelly
Published: April 2022

Sociological and historical research into sexual violence against children has reported consistently that it is girls who have most often been the subject of sexual, psychological and physical violence in both familial and institutional settings in modernity. However, more recently, public inquiries have provided evidence that during the 20th century, boys were much more likely to be abused in particular kinds of religious settings. This has been substantiated in findings from inquiries in Australia, Ireland, the UK and the USA. This reverses the trend of child sexual abuse (CSA) demonstrated in family and community environments, where girls are more likely to be abused, although perpetrators are much more likely to be men across all settings (Dowling, Boxall, et al. 2021). The question of gender in relation to the experience and management of CSA therefore requires further examination. In this article we investigate whether gender is a specific dimension of CSA in religious institutions, and specifically the Roman Catholic Church, by two methods. We begin by firstly examining the literature that addresses gender representation, religion and CSA in relation to three central evidence-based indicators: prevalence, disclosure and trauma impacts. Secondly, we link this discussion to a case study of the Catholic Church in Australia, where we identify specific patterns of gendered child violence and we ask the question: are such gendered forms of violence related to Catholic socialisation processes and if so by which specific mechanisms does Catholic culture produce the conditions that facilitate the sexual abuse of children? This article will explore these questions by looking at the ways CSA in Catholic institutions are gendered and how this produced particular forms of knowledge and truth. We argue that gender is a central organising principle in Catholic bureaucracy, culture and theology. The analysis identifies five central factors underpinning the reproduction of a discourse of power and knowledge normalizing gendered patterns of CSA and addresses a gap in current research by addressing gender representation as the central factor in the prevalence, disclosure and trauma of religiously based CSA.
Gendered Violence, Religion and UK-Based Anti-Abortion Activism
Authors: Page Sarah-Jane , Lowe Pam
Published: April 2022

The United Nations view access to abortion as a fundamental human right. Yet increasingly in theUK, religiously-motivated activists undertake public displays opposing abortion, often outside abortion clinics, and precipitated through international campaigns like40 Days for Life(Lowe and Page forthcoming). Activists see their actions as an essential intervention; some explicitly frame this as a form of help. But examining this from the perspective of how bodies are gendered and regulated in the public sphere raises questions regarding whether this is a form of harassment, and therefore gendered violence. This article is based on aUKethnography. Using Kelly’s (1988) continuum of violence thesis, we examine whether this activism constitutes gendered violence, examining two different activities—prayer and graphic images. Despite these activities being distinct and contrasting, we argue that both should be understood as part of a continuum of violence, causing harm to those seeking abortion services.
“A Crocodile Spirit, Crocodile-Faced”: Discovery of Crocodile Remains in the Early Middle Kingdom Tombs of the North Asasif Necropolis in Western Thebes (Egypt)
Authors: Chudzik Patryk , Iwaszczuk Urszula
Published: April 2022

The recent discovery of Nile crocodile remains in the mortuary complexes of two high-ranking courtiers of Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II, located in the early Middle Kingdom necropolis in the valley of North Asasif, opened the way to an exploration of the role of reptile remains in funerary contexts. The skeletal remains, which were not mummified, consisted of fragments of the skull and mandible, loose teeth, and osteoderms. This paper explores the association that may have existed between the deceased and the crocodile god Sobek, whom the ancient Egyptians identified with pharaonic power, inundation and fertility. From the Middle Kingdom, Sobek, who was believed to have risen from the Primeval Waters, was merged with the sun-god Ra, and in the solar form of Sobek-Ra was made part of the eternal journey of the sun from the east to the west. This association was also reflected in the Spells of the Coffin Texts, in which the deceased became Sobek.
Diplomats vs. Locals
Authors: Praxmarer Lukas
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates the perception of diplomats by local inhabitants in the diplomatic quarter of Bern, Switzerland, well known as a ‘diplomatic site’. Through 16 semi-structured interviews with residents of the quarter, it was found that diplomats are perceived as a distant, separate community characterised by a lack of interest and effort to integrate into the host environment. In lieu of significant interactions, the perception was largely defined by the material dimensions of the diplomatic site and a generally positive understanding of diplomats. It is argued that this ambivalent, non-elitist, perception in Bern is two-dimensional, consisting of the personal, daily, spatially rooted, social experience of the diplomatic site situated within a wider societal narrative on diplomats and diplomacy, which should be accounted for in public diplomacy efforts. Future research should focus on investigating perceptions of diplomats outside of the diplomatic quarter to elucidate said societal narrative.
A Ming Minister’s Advice on Controlling and Selecting Military Commanders
Authors: Fang Jun
Published: April 2022

Qiu Jun (1421–1495) was an important Ming civil official who was also a prolific author. One of his works, the Daxue yanyi bu, devotes nineteen of its 160 chapters to military affairs. Qiu Jun puts particular emphasis on the importance of choosing the right commanders. The main body of this article consists of a translation of the passages from the Daxue yanyi bu dealing with rulers’ selection and management of military commanders. Qiu Jun’s opinions on the control and selection of generals are not always practicable, yet they shed considerable light on the Chinese state’s strategies to control the military, civil-military relations, and the military examination system in imperial China.
In the Face of Death
Authors: De Nutte Niels
Published: April 2022

Although Belgium has been a pioneer in dynamics related to the legalisation of euthanasia since the early 2000s, the historical work done on the subject is still very limited. Quite some work has, however, been done on the legal and ethical aspects and implications of euthanasia laws. Questions about societal dynamics in end-of-life issues’ acceptance and debate in the twentieth century in Belgium are to this day unanswered. It is clear, however, that before 1970, no advocacy groups on the matter existed. In this paper, we look at the scope, tone and volume of Belgian newspaper coverage in three events linked to euthanasia, which occurred prior to the emergence of advocacy groups on the subject. The three cases covered are the 1936 bill put forward by Lord Arthur Ponsonby on euthanasia in Great Britain, the 1949 trial of Dr. Herman Sander, the American physician who was charged with the murder of a patient suffering from cancer, and the 1950 release of the film “Meurtres” by Richard Pottier in which famed French actor Fernandel played a man mercy-killing his wife, based on the eponymous book written by Belgian novelist Charles Plisnier in 1943. With this paper, we shed light on the portrayal of euthanasia as a subject and the societal attitude that corresponds to it. The highly pillarised nature of 20th century Belgian newspapers makes this source material highly suited to this endeavour.
A Bowl of Good Tea in the Northern Song Dynasty: Using Modern Examples to Understand the Daguan chalun 大觀茶論
Authors: Li Kin Sum
Published: April 2022

Although tea has played an important role in Chinese culture in both historical and modern periods, the origins and history of tea cultures in China have not received much attention in English language scholarship. We can build a solid foundation for discussing how to prepare and appreciate tea in Chinese history by relying on the hints given in the Daguan chalun 大觀茶論 and associating them with the aesthetics and elite cultures in the Norther Song Dynasty. This article first proposes to conduct simulation experiments by using modern examples to help understand the diancha 點茶 (tea-tipping) process recorded in the Daguan chalun, attributed to Emperor Huizong 徽宗. It argues that, out of the multiple tea practices of the Northern Song period, the authors of the Daguan chalun aimed to establish and regulate a new, single standard and preference for making and drinking tea. By prioritizing the Jian’an 建安 Baicha 白茶, praising the Jian’an tea bowls, grading and categorizing tea types, and promoting the diancha practice, Huizong and his subordinates added much cultural and financial value to the tea. The composition and dissemination of the Daguan chalun assisted in their creation of a new elite culture.
New Serphitidae and Gallorommatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Microprocta) in the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber
Authors: RASNITSYN ALEXANDR P. , MAALOUF MOUNIR , MAALOUF RAMY , AZAR DANY
Published: April 2022

Three new serphitids (Microserphites libanensis sp. nov., Leptoserphites pabloi gen. et sp. nov. and Leptoserphites iriae gen. et sp. nov.) and a gallorommatid (Cretaceomma libanensis gen. et sp. nov.) from two different outcrops from the lower Barremian Lebanese amber are characterised, described, illustrated and their taxonomic positions are discussed. These serphitids and gallorommatid constitute the earliest records of these Cretaceous fossil families. Galloromma turolensis Ortega et al., 2011 is transferred to the genus Cretaceomma gen. nov.
Management of Penetrating Injury to the Esophagus Into the Aorta by a Fishbone
Authors: Zhou Fushuo , Zheng Zhi , Pan Youmin
Published: April 2022

A 66-year-old man was reported to have persistent chest pain for 4 hours after accidentally swallowing a fishbone. An isolated esophageal foreign body (EFB) was suspected in the community hospital. In our center, an emergency chest CT scan revealed an EFB in the upper part of the esophagus of the patient which penetrated the left esophageal wall as well as the distal aortic arch. However, the experience of the treatment strategy for this lesion is still not enough available. Considering the surgical trauma and the risk associated with advanced age of the patient, the option for open surgery was waived. In addition, there was also a risk of sudden death due to aortic rupture that could occur after direct removal of the fishbone. Therefore, emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair was performed and the fishbone was removed under an endoscope. The patient successfully pulled through without any discomfort, with no complications.
Validation of the Martin method to estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in Japanese populations and a modified method for laboratory information system application
Authors: Ishida Hidekazu , Yamamoto Yasuko , Saito Midori , Ishihara Yuya , Fujita Takashi , Ishida Mariko , Kato Yohei , Nohisa Yuzuru , Matsunami Hidetoshi , Takemura Masao , Hata Tadayoshi , Ito Hiroyasu , Saito Kuniaki
Published: April 2022

Objectives

High concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We validated the efficacy of the Martin method is useful in the estimation of LDL-C concentrations was validated in Japanese populations and derived a modified Martin method for easy laboratory information system applications.

Methods

We created 3 subject groups, including 2664 health check-up participants registered with the Resource Center for Health Science, 29,806 clinical patients (A) in the Gifu University Hospital, and 113,716 clinical patients (B) in the Fujita Health University Hospital. Each method to estimate serum LDL-C concentrations (Friedewald formula, Martin method and modified Martin method) was validated by correlation analysis with serum LDL-C concentrations measured using a direct method

Results

The correlation coefficients with the direct method in terms of the Friedewald formula, Martin method, and modified Martin method were 0.963, 0.972 and 0.970 in the health check-up participants; 0.946, 0.962 and 0.961 in clinical patients A; and 0.961, 0.979 and 0.978 in clinical patients B, respectively. Concordance ratios with using the direct method in the Friedewald formula, Martin method and modified Martin method were 82.8%, 85.5% and 85.3% in the health check-up participants; 76.4%, 80.5% and 80.2% in clinical patients A; and 76.1%, 82.6% and 82.6% in clinical patients B, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results show that the Martin and modified Martin methods display good performance in terms of the estimation of LDL-C concentrations among triglyceride concentrations of a wide range, and they may thus be useful for estimating LDL-C concentrations.
Assessment of Pediatric Residents’ Comfort Level With CellScope Oto to Examine Pediatric Ear Exams
Authors: Smola Cassi , Shah Nipam , Fowler Andrew , Gubbels Alexandra , Monroe Kathy
Published: April 2022

Examining a child’s tympanic membrane (TM) is challenging, but crucial for proper management of acute otitis media (AOM). CellScope Oto (CSO) is an attachment that turns a smartphone into an otoscope. We aimed to assess pediatric resident comfort level with ear exams using CSO to see whether comfort level and accuracy of diagnosis of AOM improved. A pre-post study of pediatric residents in a freestanding Pediatric Emergency Department was conducted to assess their comfort level of traditional otoscope and CSO via a Likert scale. Ear exams were recorded and rated by 2 faculty for accuracy of AOM diagnosis. A total of 18 pediatric residents participated, and 308 exams were collected, with 2% diagnosed as AOM. The median change in comfort level increased by +1.0 for interns and third years but remained unchanged for second years. There was substantial agreement by faculty raters of video ear exams. Overall, comfort level increased with accuracy of diagnosis of AOM.
The work is alive! Systems psychodynamics and the pursuit of pluralism without polarization in human relations
Authors: Petriglieri Gianpiero , Louise Petriglieri Jennifer
Published: April 2022

This article celebrates the vitality of the systems psychodynamic approach and its potential to humanize organization studies, management practice, and working lives. An approach is a deliberate movement: a way to move closer to, inquire about, and deal with something. The systems psychodynamic approach involves moving closer to organizations and workers through research and educational efforts to study and manage the unconscious dynamics of organizing. It aims to reveal the fears, needs, and wishes that underpin rigid structures and dysfunctions in groups, organizations, and institutions—and to foster more adaptive and functional ways of dealing with those impulses. Advocates refer to this approach as ‘the work’. This article tells the story of the work as we understand it. We tell it as a life, to highlight the work’s intent and evolution, its struggles and contributions, but mostly to make the point that the work is alive. It is alive as an academic enterprise and it is a way of life. An approach devoted to dismantling defenses, countering authoritarianism, and nurturing development and democracy, we argue, is more relevant than ever. And so is what we see as the purpose of the work: fostering pluralism without polarization in human relations.
Effects of Open Space Characteristics on the Spatial Distribution of Street Children: Experience from Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo Amos Oluwole , Odufuwa Bashir Olufemi , Afon Abel Omoniyi , Oladesu Johnson Olarinde
Published: April 2022

Against the background of seemingly uncontrollable social menace and environmental nuisance of street children, this study examined the effects of open space characteristics on the spatial distribution of street children in Ibadan, Nigeria. With open space types in the city as spatial units of data collection, enumeration of street children was carried out in each space type within 7 weekdays in the morning, afternoon and evening. Observation was also conducted to know the socio-economic and physical characteristics of the urban environment attracting the children. The study, which employed z-scores to compare the intensity of street children incidence across the spatial units, confirmed that the incidence was a function of the uses to which open space types were put as well as the disorderliness of urban physical environment (indiscriminate parking, formal and informal economic activities, and so on). The most important open space types that attracted street children were markets, mosque premises and junctions. Although, incidence of street children was a daily affair in Ibadan, it was highly pronounced in the evening on Saturday, Friday and Monday. The study recommended development of policy measures for regulating the use of open spaces, and giving adequate planning attention to roundabouts, religious centres (mosques in particular) and markets in urban centres. It also recommended public education and enlightenment programme on the negative effects of street children incidence by all stakeholders, and that the aspect of culture of the people that encourages child begging and alms giving should be discouraged in its entirety.
Order Matters: Rating Service Professionals First Reduces Tipping Amount
Authors: Chen Jinjie , Xu Alison Jing , Rodas Maria A. , Liu Xuefeng
Published: April 2022

As customer ratings have become ubiquitous and digital platforms can directly request ratings and tips from customers, it is important to understand how a customer rating influences tipping. The authors investigate whether, how, why, and when the order of rating and tipping affects both consumer behaviors in seven studies, including one quasi-field experiment, one archival data analysis, one randomized field experiment, and four randomized lab experiments. They show that asking customers to rate a service professional before tipping negatively impacts the tip amount but that tipping first does not affect subsequent rating scores. The authors propose that the negative effect of rating on tipping occurs because, when rating a service professional first, customers categorize their feedback as a reward for the service professional, which partially alleviates the felt obligation to tip, resulting in a smaller tip. This negative effect is more evident when customers (1) tip from their own pocket, (2) have higher categorization flexibility, or (3) perceive that the service professional benefits from the rating. Moreover, highlighting the consistency motivation after rating but before tipping can attenuate this effect. These boundary conditions not only support the proposed mechanism and evaluate alternative processes but also have significant practical implications.
A Grounded Theory on Interment Stress Among Filipino Older Adults
Authors: Laguilles-Villafuerte Salvacion
Published: April 2022

Older adults deal with age-related challenges concerning death and dying. Their cognitive and emotional interactions on burial arrangement, funeral expenses and body disposition encapsulate interment stresses. This grounded theory research underscored the development of interment stress among Filipino older adults (n = 26). A three-stage (Yielding, Inflowing and Discharging) model, ‘The spillway for cognitive and emotional interactions of interment stress’ represented interment stress as a cognitive and emotional interactive process experienced by older adults. The emergent model may be vital to offer death awareness and preparation, and a basis for creating appropriate programs to cope with the interment stress among older adults. This interment stress framework may also contribute to geriatric and gerontological psychology focused on promoting the older adults’ psychological well-being and assist in achieving harmonious aging. Ultimately, the findings hope to achieve advances on individuals’ and organizations’ management of older adults’ interment stress within personal, social and professional context.
FROM OLIGARCHS TO OLIGARCHY
Authors: Siegel David
Published: April 2022

Drawing heavily on theories about Russia's informal politics, American sanctions were designed to change Russian foreign policy by exploiting political conflict among oligarchs and the state elite; however, after nearly eight years of sanctions, Russian elites seem more united than ever. I propose that Russia's oligarchs—the ruthless self‐interested economic elite in Russia's informal political system—might sometimes act as a cohesive oligarchy, particularly when their wealth is threatened from external rather than domestic sources, as has been the case under Western sanctions. Through an in‐depth case study on the design and outcome of sanctions, this article seeks to develop a more dynamic theory of Russia's informal politics and explain the apparent cohesion among state and economic elites since 2014 as the result of a politics of wealth defense induced by Western sanctions.
Implementation of collaborative psychiatric care in a family medicine clinic: A quality assurance study
Authors: Shettler Joshua A , Ott Rick C , Reitz Randall S
Published: April 2022

In recent decades, numerous primary care clinics throughout the United States have implemented a collaborative care model of psychiatry in their practice. In this care model, patients with a psychiatric diagnosis meet with a team commonly composed of a primary care provider, behavioral health provider, and psychiatric consultants to develop a well-informed treatment plan. The St. Mary’s Family Medicine Center in Grand Junction, Colorado implemented this care model in March 2020. Here, we evaluated its implementation and assessed its efficacy in producing favorable patient outcomes. We performed retrospective chart reviews and database queries in the clinic’s electronic medical record system to gather relevant patient care information. We then analyzed this data through various statistical methods to assess the care model’s effects on patient outcomes. Through this, we found evidence that this care model facilitates brief referral times with psychiatric specialists, and that treatment plans created here may contribute to a reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in a variety of patients.