bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pathologic Confirmation in Subepithelial Tumors
Authors: Lee Kwan Hong , Yoo Chan Kyoo , Lee Hang Lak , Lee Kang Nyeong , Jun Dae Won , Lee Oh Young , Han Dong Soo , Yoon Byung Chul , Choi Ho Soon , Yoon Jai Hoon
Published: July 2021

Background/Aims: Subepithelial tumors (SETs) are small, mostly asymptomatic lesions with normal overlying mucosa, usually identified incidentally on endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathologic diagnosis of SETs, and to assess the diagnostic yield and impact of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) biopsy on the management of patients with SETs.Materials and Methods: We included 52 subepithelial lesions in this study during the study period. Inclusion criteria included size of the SET >2 cm, and a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) that cannot be excluded using EUS. We performed an endoscopic biopsy of each SET using the ESD technique.Results: The mean diameter of the lesions was 24.15±6.0 mm. The diagnostic yield of this method was 96.15%. Among the 52 participants, 45 were located in the stomach, four in the esophagus, and three in the duodenum. The pathologic diagnoses included: 17 leiomyomas, 13 GISTs, 11 ectopic pancreases, two carcinomas, two inflammatory fibroid polyps, two Brunner’s gland hyperplasia, two lipomas, one glomus tumor, and two remained undiagnosed. The mean duration of the procedure was 13.44±2.41 minutes. Three complications were associated with the procedure.Conclusions: Deep biopsy via ESD is useful in determining the histopathologic nature of SETs. This method minimizes the need for unnecessary surgery in benign SETs.
Network pharmacology to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of muscone in Xingnaojing injections for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Liu Zhuohang , Li Hang , Ma Wenchao , Pan Shuyi
Published: July 2021

Background

Xingnaojing injections (XNJI) are widely used in Chinese medicine to mitigate brain injuries. An increasing number of studies have shown that XNJI may improve neurological function. However, XNJI’s active ingredients and molecular mechanisms when treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) are unknown.

Methods

XNJI’s chemical composition was acquisited from literature and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. We used the “absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion” (ADME) parameter-based virtual algorithm to further identify the bioactive components. We then screened data and obtained target information regarding TBI and treatment compounds from public databases. Using a Venn diagram, we intersected the information to determine the hub targets. Cytoscape was used to construct and visualize the network. In accordance with the hub proteins, we then created a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network using STRING 11.0. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed according to the DAVID bioinformatics resource database (ver. 6.8). We validated the predicted compound’s efficacy using the experimental rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. The neuronal apoptosis was located using the TUNEL assay and the related pathways’ hub proteins were determined by PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results

We identified 173 targets and 35 potential compounds belonging to XNJI. STRING analysis was used to illustrate the protein–protein interactions and show that muscone played a fundamental role in XNJI’s efficacy. Enrichment analysis revealed critical signaling pathways in these components’ potential protein targets, including PI3K/AKT1, NF-kB, and p53. Moreover, the hub proteins CASP3, BCL2L1, and CASP8 were also involved in apoptosis and were associated with PI3K/AKT, NF-kB, and p53 signaling pathways. We showed that muscone and XNJI were similarly effective 168 h after CCI, demonstrating that the muscone in XNJI significantly attenuated neuronal apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt1/NF-kB/P53 pathway.

Conclusion

We verified the neuroprotective mechanism in muscone for the first time in TBI. Network pharmacology offers a new approach for identifying the potential active ingredients in XNJI.
Interventions to improve the well-being of family caregivers of patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review
Authors: Hovadick Ana Carolina , Jardim Viviane Rodrigues , Paúl Constança , Pagano Adriana , Reis Ilka , Torres Heloisa
Published: July 2021

Background

The family caregivers of patients on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) typically experience higher burden than the general population because of the nature of tasks these caregivers need to carry out as a part of homecare. This fact influences both the caregivers’ quality of life and the quality of their care toward the patient. Thus, this study aimed to review the effectiveness and limitations of interventions in improving the well-being of family caregivers of patients on HD and PD.

Methodology

A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (version 5.1.0). The Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, MEDLINE, VHL Regional Portal, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched queried for randomized controlled trials that developed interventions aimed at improving the well-being of family caregivers of patients undergoing HD and/or PD from 2009 to 2020. The study protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration no. CRD42020151161).

Results

Six studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which addressed caregivers of patients undergoing HD. All interventions reported in the included studies were carried out in group sessions, which addressed topics such as patient assistance and care, treatment complications, coping strategies, caregiver self-care practices, problem solving, and self-efficacy. The studies found significant improvement in the caregiver’s well-being.

Conclusions

Group session interventions are effective in improving the well-being of family caregivers of patients undergoing HD. In regard to PD, there is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for caregivers of patients with this treatment.
Clinical and prognostic relevance of CXCL12 expression in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wang Shi-sen , Xu Zi-jun , Jin Ye , Ma Ji-chun , Xia Pei-hui , Wen Xiangmei , Mao Zhen-wei , Lin Jiang , Qian Jun
Published: July 2021

Background

Accumulating studies have been made to understand the association between CXC chemokine ligand-12 (CXCL12)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, large-scale data analysis of potential relationship between CXCL12 and AML remains insufficient.

Methods

We collected abundant CXCL12 expression data and AML samples from several publicly available datasets. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to quantify immune cell fractions and the online website of STRING was utilized for gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The statistical analysis and graphical work were mainly performed via the R software.

Results

CXCL12 expression was extremely down-regulated in AML. Clinically, low CXCL12 expression was correlated with higher white blood cells (WBCs) (P < 0.0001), more blasts in bone marrow (BM) (P < 0.001) and peripheral blood (PB) (P < 0.0001), FLT3-internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITD) (P = 0.010) and NPM1 mutations (P = 0.015). More importantly, reduced CXCL12 expression predicted worse overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in all AML, non-M3-AML, and cytogenetically normal (CN)-AML patients in three independent cohorts. As for immune cell infiltration, high CXCL12 expressed groups tended to harbor more memory B cells and plasma cells infiltration while low CXCL12 expressed groups exhibited more eosinophils infiltration. GO enrichment and KEGG pathways analysis revealed the potential biological progress the gene participating in.

Conclusions

CXCL12 is significantly down-regulated in AML and low CXCL12 expression is an independent and poor predictor of AML prognosis. CXCL12 expression level correlates with clinical and immune characteristics of AML, which could provide potential assistance for treatment. Prospective studies are needed to further validate the impact of CXCL12 expression before routine clinical application in AML.
causalizeR: a text mining algorithm to identify causal relationships in scientific literature
Authors: Ancin-Murguzur Francisco J. , Hausner Vera H.
Published: July 2021

Complex interactions among multiple abiotic and biotic drivers result in rapid changes in ecosystems worldwide. Predicting how specific interactions can cause ripple effects potentially resulting in abrupt shifts in ecosystems is of high relevance to policymakers, but difficult to quantify using data from singular cases. We present causalizeR (https://github.com/fjmurguzur/causalizeR), a text-processing algorithm that extracts causal relations from literature based on simple grammatical rules that can be used to synthesize evidence in unstructured texts in a structured manner. The algorithm extracts causal links using the relative position of nouns relative to the keyword of choice to extract the cause and effects of interest. The resulting database can be combined with network analysis tools to estimate the direct and indirect effects of multiple drivers at the network level, which is useful for synthesizing available knowledge and for hypothesis creation and testing. We illustrate the use of the algorithm by detecting causal relationships in scientific literature relating to the tundra ecosystem.
Effect of Gender on the Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Services among Pastoralist Caregivers in Somali Region of Ethiopia
Authors: Oladeji Olusola , Oladeji Bibilola , Chamla Dick , Robins Ann , Belalahy Vololomanitra
Published: July 2021

Ethiopia has made great effort in recent years to improve maternal and child health outcomes, however the uptake of services by women in the pastoralist communities of the country is still very low. This study was a cross-sectional study aimed to identify the effect of gender on the utilization of health services among pastoralists women. The study was conducted in Somali Region of Ethiopia between February and March 2020. A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods was used, and study population were married caregivers aged 15years and above. Bivariate analysis was done using t test and chi-square to test association among variables and p value was set at significant level of 5%. Husbands were reported as the main influence of the respondents’ decision about almost all the key households’ activities including health care seeking and financial decision making. Almost all caregivers (93.6%) who used the health facility took permission from their husbands and the test of association shows significant relationship between level of education and permission from respondents’ husbands which decreases with increasing level of education, p<0.05) but not affected by age. The care givers visited the health facilities because of their children more than themselves(58 per cent compared to 49.5 per cent for themselves) due to fear of being attended to by male health work. The study demonstrated the negative effect of gender inequities on health care seeking behaviours with women having limited control over family resources and decision-making over their health or that of their children.
The Degree of the Graduate Students' usage of the Internet in Scientific Research from their Perspectives at the Jordanian Universities
Authors: Khalid Alqudah, , Rana H. Omush,
Published: July 2021

This study aimed at identifying the degree of graduate students' usage of the internet in scientific research from their perspectives at the Jordanian universities. The researchers used the survey method and developed the instrument of the study, a questionnaire consisted of (40) items. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The questionnaire was distributed to the sample which consisted of (440) students from Jordanian universities. The findings revealed that students' usage of the internet in scientific research and in identifying statement of the problem was at a medium degree; and their usage of the internet was high in preparing the chapter of the literature review and previous studies and in publishing scientific research papers, too and low in conducting team research. The results indicated that there are statistical significant differences attributed to gender on the four domains in favor of the females. No statistical significant differences were indicated attributed to the type of the college (scientific, literary) on the four domains of the instrument. The results also indicated that there are significant statistical differences attributed to the graduate program level in favor of the doctoral students.. The conclusion emphasized the necessity to hold training courses for the graduate students in the usage of the internet and data bases in scientific research.
The Potency of Unassociated Trichoderma spp and the Fungicides Antagonistic of the Late Blight of Potato by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De-Bary
Authors: Bansal Anuj , Biswas S. K. , Baboo Deepak , Singh Vikram
Published: July 2021

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world, belonging to the family Solanaceae and is an important starchy food crop in both sub-tropical and temperate regions. Potato plants are subjected to attack by numerous diseases wherever the crop is grown. Among them, late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de-Bary is of major cause of concern in potato production at present. An experiment was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The antifungal activity of different fungicides was evaluated in-vitro through the food poison technique. The experimental finding showed that radial growth of mycelium of Phytophthora infestans was inhibited by fungicides over control. At 100 ppm, the minimum radial growth of mycelium was found in Equation Pro treatment as 5.3, 8.2, 11.4, 14.2, 16.2, 18.4 and 22.6 mm over control against 12.3, 19.1, 26.1, 35.9, 42.5, 51.4 and 64.8 mm at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after inoculation respectively. Similarly, at 500 and 1000 ppm the minimum radial growth of mycelium was found in Equation Pro treatment. Efficacy of bio-control agents on the radial growth of Phytophthora infestans was evaluated using Dual Culture Methods. Among the different concentrations, 1000 ppm was found most effective than 100 and 500 ppm. Among the different bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum able to reduced maximum radial mycelial growth of fungus showing 4.6, 8.8, 10.1, 13.2, 15.6, 19.3 and 23.5 mm against 12.3, 19.1, 26.1, 35.9, 42.5, 51.4 and 64.8 mm at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after inoculation, respectively.
A Critical Analysis of Mode of Functioning of Women Collective Farming Groups in Palakkad District of Kerala State
Authors: Binth T. Shahlas , Hulagur Basavaraj , Goudappa S. B. , Deshmanya Jagrati B.
Published: July 2021

Collective farming aims to bring significant changes among farmwomen through increased agricultural production and productivity. The present study was undertaken to analyse the ‘mode of functioning of different women collective farming groups’ in Palakkad district of Kerala during 2017-2018 by the ex-post-facto research design with a sample size of 90 groups. The result revealed that the majority (67.78%) of the collective women groups were formed by the support of local self- governing bodies. The groups concentrated on location-based farming activities and the reason might be that these groups were operating at the grassroots level obliviously they got full support from the local bodies. Freedom of participation in the group process was expressed by 65.56 per cent of the participants. Three-fourth (75.56%) of respondents expressed that decision-making in groups done with consensus brings strong coherence among the members. Attendance of members in group meetings/activities was expressed by 84.44 per cent of the respondents. Further, the function of record maintenance was expressed by 92.20 per cent of the respondents which helped them to analyse and review the past activities with existing ones. There was 84.44 per cent of benefits sharing among the group members equally and the remaining 15.56 per cent of them were keeping some amount as corpus fund for the group. In nutshell, to strengthen the women collective farming groups, one must facilitate the groups to acquire strong communication process, decision making and mutual trust, transparency in benefit sharing, risk taking etc., which will help the groups to take up agriculture and allied activities in a sustained manner.
Evaluation of Pesticide Application Equipment Efficiency for Pests Control and Safety of the users, a Review
Authors: Azeez O. M.
Published: July 2021

The technical state of the equipment used for pesticide application could guarantee effectiveness of pesticide and the safety of the users. Different types of nozzles and the portable, tractor-drawn and aerial equipment are deployed through alternative methods of application. In particular, more vital information is needed to ensure better choice of equipment, especially the nozzles, and calibration to ensure the correct dosage is applied. More concern for inherent danger has engendered health and safety legislation leading towards linking packaging of pesticides with the application equipment to provide a closed transfer system minimizing operator exposure.  Synthetic pesticides are extensively deployed in the control of harmful pests and thus prevent crop yield losses or product damage in modern agriculture. Therefore pesticide of high biological activity usually exhibited long persistence in the environment and caused undesirable effects to human health. However, farmers may be exposed to the effect of pesticides even when performing activities not directly related to pesticide use. Hence, farmers can face major exposure from manual direct spray, drift from neighboring fields, or by contact with pesticide residues on the treated crop or soil. Production of cash crop is still dependent on pesticides to attain acceptable levels of high crop yield. However, poor insecticide coverage resulting from the use of inefficient application equipment, wrong timing, irregularity and wrong technique of spraying are capable of accelerating the rate at which insects develop resistance to insecticides. Hence, along with the screening of new insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, new spraying pumps are usually evaluated by the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), for their efficiency before they are recommended for use in the application of cocoa pesticides and spraying equipment in Nigeria.
Prevalence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Sickle Cell Anemiai Patient in KSA
Authors: Balbaid Eman AbdulAziz , Murad Manal abdulaziz , Abousada Hoda Jehad , Banjar Abdurrahman Yousuf , Taj Mashael Abdulghani , Bamohsen Nazeha Khalid , Alghubishi Somayah Ali , Alrsheedi Ahmed Jaza Mohson , Alshanbari Nada Faiez , Alsahaqi Raneem Siddiq Nasser , Alharbi Abdulmajeed Abdulaziz , Kudam Rana Abualqasim Mohammed , Alanazi Abdulmajeed Hadi , Alharbi Hassan Mansour , Alsulaimi Abdullah Matar
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a relatively common and severe complication of SCI and an independent risk factor for mortality. Sickle cell disease is considered one of the most common diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. When a healthy disease related to cardiovascular health is highlighted, sickle cell anemia may be the most common and related disease in high pulmonary pressure. In this study, we aimed to determine prevalence of PHTN in SCA patient, and associated risk factors with it.  

Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in kingdom of Saudi Arabia (General population, SCA patient and CVD patient), from 29/7/2020 till 15/11/2020. The study was depending on online self-reported questionnaire that included assessing the demographic factors as gender, nationality besides, disease-related information:  SCA patient , CVD patient and DM patient.

Results: we received 794 responses to our questionnaire where 93.5% of them were Saudi Arabian.  The prevalence of sickle cell anemia is 8.8%. Male represented 29.8% of patients while female represented 52.2% of patients. In SCA patients, the prevalence of PHTN was 31.8%. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN where 37.7% of patients having cardiac disease had PHTN compared with 6.2% of health patients (OD: 9.16, 95% CI: 5.5479 to 15.13, P=0.000) while diabetes mellitus increase risk for developing PHTN by more than seven fold (OD: 7.6, 95% CI; 4.7175 to 12.4, P=0.000) and disorder of nervous system by 12 folds (OD: 12.7; 95% CI: 7.6658 to 21.09, P=0.000).

Conclusion: we had found that the prevalence if SCA among Saudi Arabia is 8.8% with a higher prevalence in female than male. Moreover, the prevalence of PHTN in SCA patients was high about 31.8% which is much higher than its prevalence in normal individuals. Moreover, it was found that having cardiac disease is considered a risk factor for developing PHTN besides, having diabetic condition and disorder of nervous system which increased risk for developing PHTN in SCA by nine, seven and 12-fold respectively.
Ultrasonography: The Third Eye of Anaesthesiologist
Authors: Mahatme Kirti Gujarkar , Deshmukh Pratibha , Sable Parag , Chakole Vivek
Published: July 2021

Anesthesiology is an evolving branch. Most of the procedures done by anesthesiologists, are blind except for endotracheal intubation. Ultrasonography (USG) helps anesthesiologists to see the actual anatomy in real time and thus helps them to give safe anesthesia minimizing the complications in every aspect of the field like difficult airway, vascular access, regional anesthesia, chronic pain management and critical care.
In vitro Comparative Quality Evaluation of Formulated and Marketed Losartan Potassium 25 Mg Tablets
Authors: Hossain Md. Emran , Hossain Sukria , Sarker Md. Shahin , Rahman Mst. Mahfuza , Wahed Mir Imam Ibne
Published: July 2021

Background: The outcome of the drug therapy depends largely on the quality of the drug product. The lower quality of the drug product can be the reason for therapeutic failure. The present study was designed to evaluate the quality standard of Losartan Potassium tablet brands available in Bangladesh market to get an idea of quality standard of drug product people consuming in this country.

Materials and methods: Three brands of losartan potassium were chosen randomly. Tablets of each brand were collected from individual retail outlets to gauge the qualitative evaluation and compare them by in-vitro drug release study. They were subjected to various quality control tests to measure the hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time, potency, stability, and dissolution profile. All these tests were performed according to the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) specification. Researchers further formulated a batch of tablet of Losartan Potassium and compared them with the existing brands. The formulation was prepared by optimizing the existing one available in the USP. Test results of the existing brands were taken into consideration during the optimization of the formulation.

Results and discussion: Two brands passed the weight variation test, while one brand exceeded the range (±5%). The potency was determined instantly and 15 days after keeping the tablets in a stability chamber at 75% humidity and 60oC temperature. The potency of two brands degraded below the lower limit specified by the USP, while that of the remaining one was within the limits. Results of other tests were within the specified limits. Tablets prepared in the lab using an optimized formulation showed a better dissolution rate than the existing brands.

Conclusion: Some of the brands failed to meet the desired quality, so the quality control system of that companies should be upgraded and a proper monitoring system should be developed by the drug administration.
A Cross-sectional Observational Study on Pharmacoeconomic Burden of Asthma in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Hadia Rajesh , Shaikh Azrin , Ajay Twinkle , Philip Elizabeth , Joshi Dhaval , Rathod Trupal , Shah Arti , Rajput Hemraj Singh
Published: July 2021

Background: Asthma remains one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases. Even with significant advancement in the diagnosis and management of asthma, its control remains suboptimal. As the overall health expenditures are escalating, the healthcare community has become more sensitive to the concept of Pharmacoeconomic.

Objective: We aimed to assess the healthcare cost; economic burden associated with the management of asthma.

Methodology: A Prospective Observational Study was conducted in a Hospital of Vadodara, Gujarat, India with the sample of 120 patients. Patient’s data, financial data and the healthcare cost were collected while interviewing the patient. The healthcare costs included were direct medical cost, direct non-medical cost, and indirect cost.

Result: The average costs per asthmatic patient per month with severe, moderate and mild asthma were found to be USD 65.27, USD 50.89, and USD 48.85, respectively. The average overall cost with or without co-morbidity were calculated as USD 56 and USD 38, respectively. Out of USD 53.6, the average direct medical cost was USD 29.6, the average direct non-medical cost was USD 17.4, and the average total indirect cost was USD 6.6. The mean total cost for inpatient was calculated to be USD 105.12 and for outpatient it was USD 56.09. The 43% of the population had burden of illness less than 30% and 40% of the population had burden of illness between 60-80%. Only 6.6% of population had more than 80% of Pharmacoeconomic burden of asthma.

Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that the patients with severe asthma and/or co-morbidity have higher treatment cost. Out of the overall cost, the maximum cost borne by the patient was the direct medical cost. The hospitalization increased the total health care cost by about 47%. The 43% of the population has less than 30% of burden of asthma while only 6.67% of population had more than 80% of burden of asthma.
Impact of Physical Therapy in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy: A Case Report
Authors: Lalwani Shivani , Deshpande Shruti , Burhani Tasneem
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Breast Cancer is responsible for 2.09 million cases and 6,27,000 deaths worldwide, as per WHO. In India, women have one of the most common cancer, accounting for 14 per cent of all women's cancers.  Numerous risk factors are present, such as ethnicity, aging, hormones,  family medical history, genetic abnormalities, and unhygienic lifestyles. Side effects of cancer treatment may be alleviated by exercise interventions. Physical- therapy has been shown  to be effective in post-operative situations. It improves the functioning of the patient and the quality of life.

Presenting Symptoms and Diagnosis: Main symptoms from the patient were pain in the upper extremity, lack of control, power and range of motion. The main clinical results in this case have been a severe decrease in the range of shoulder joint motion. Reduced strength in the  upper extremity muscles and swelling (lymphoedema) in the upper extremity. Diagnosis of the case was Infiltrative Ductal Carcinoma that was confirmed by Ultrasonography and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. In such cases, behavioural approaches have been shown to be effective.

Therapeutic Intervention and Outcomes: Physical therapy intervention involves a variety of range of motion exercises, strengthening exercises, resistance conditioning, breathing exercises, lymphoedema treatment and scar management.

Conclusion: This intensive outpatient program is a successful way to enhance the mobility of the shoulder and ROM during the initial 6-week treatment cycle after surgery.
The Effectiveness of Different Clinical Methods of Application for In-office Bleaching Materials with Hydrogen Peroxide: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alghulikah Khaled , Alahmed Ahmed Abdulrahman , Muattish Arwa Zaid Bin , Almazyad Aseel Ahmad , Almalki Meshal Abdullah , Almaliki Ohood Ayoob
Published: July 2021

Background: In the past few years, there has been an increase in demand for esthetic dental treatment. Vital tooth-bleaching is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures requested by patients in daily dental practice. There are various materials and protocols for treating discolored teeth since the introduction of vital tooth-bleaching to dental practice. In-office bleaching can be performed clinically using hydrogen peroxide alone or it can be combined with carbamide peroxide as a home bleaching technique. Hence the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of different application protocols.

Methodology: A comprehensive search was performed using online databases (PubMed and ADA Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry) to obtain clinical trials relevant to the research question. The readers validated the studies that met the inclusion criteria. The included studies were evaluated using the risk of bias assessment instrument. In addition, the strength of recommendation of clinical trials was evaluated using Ex-GRADE.

Results: After reviewing 89 studies, duplicates were removed and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Finally 10 clinical studies were accepted in this review.  Acceptable sampling was performed to obtain the clinical trials with strong evidence.

Conclusion: A qualitative assessment for the included studies proved the hypothesis of the research in that the best clinical outcomes of in-office bleaching is achieved with a single application of hydrogen peroxide.
Who are less likely to return to work after getting injured on duty? A 12-month epidemiological evaluation in an orthopedic and traumatology center in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Daniel Wai-yip , Kwok Anthony Wai-leung , Wong Yiu-chung
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Cases of injury on duty (IOD) are common in Hong Kong, but literature on this group of patients is limited. This study aims to describe local IOD cases’ epidemiological characteristics and identify factors affecting return to work (RTW) outcomes.

Methods

This is a retrospective epidemiological study of IOD patients in the orthopedic and traumatology center of Yan Chai Hospital in 2016, using the hospital’s electronic clinical record analysis and reporting system; 323 out of the 10 730 patients (M:F = 206:117; mean age 46.9 ± 11.3) were included. Data on demographics, the injury episode, administrative procedures, treatment and rehabilitation were collected. Outcomes were measured by “RTW” and “time to RTW from injury.”

Results

Around 80% of patients had a successful RTW and the mean time to RTW was 10.6 ± 9.0 months. Patients who were female, divorced or widowed and living alone in a public rental flat were less likely to RTW. Psychiatric consultations (OR 13.70, P < .001), legal disputes (OR 8.20, P < .001) and more than 5 months of waiting time for physiotherapy (OR 3.89, P = .002) were the strongest among the numerous risk factors for non-RTW. An increase in one visit to the general outpatient clinic and the presence of legal disputes had lengthened the time to RTW by 4.8 days (P < .001) and 18.0 months (P < .001), respectively.

Conclusions

Several demographic, psychosocial and administrative factors were negatively associated with RTW in the local population. Recommendations were made for healthcare providers and policymakers accordingly.
Religious Disagreement
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: July 2021

Many people with religious beliefs, pro or con, are aware that those beliefs are denied by a great number of others who are as reasonable, intelligent, fair‐minded, and relatively unbiased as they are. Such a realization often leads people to wonder, “How do I know I'm right and they're wrong? How do I know that the basis for my belief is right and theirs is misleading?” In spite of that realization, most people stick with their admittedly controversial religious belief. This entry examines the epistemology of such belief retention, addressing issues of disagreement, agnosticism, skepticism, and the rationality of reflective religious belief.
Revelation in Hindu Religion
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: July 2021

Revelation in Hinduism comprises an ancient body of texts in Sanskrit, regarded as a sacred language, which was received by poet‐sages and communicated to the human community. This primary revelation is called Veda, knowledge. A further body of literature developed, known as tradition, one text of which, the
Bhagavadgītā
, is treated as equal to the Veda. A further revelation occurred in the early medieval period called Tantra. Much philosophical debate between rival schools based their arguments on different interpretations of revelation.
The use of collimator angle optimization and jaw tracking for VMAT‐based single‐isocenter multiple‐target stereotactic radiosurgery for up to six targets in the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system
Authors: Pudsey Lauren M. M. , Cutajar Dean , Wallace Alex , Saba Anastasia , Schmidt Laurel , Bece Andrej , Clark Catherine , Yamada Yoshiya , Biasi Giordano , Rosenfeld Anatoly , Poder Joel
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Island blocking occurs in single‐isocenter multiple‐target (SIMT) stereotactic radiotherapy (SRS) whenever targets share multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) leaf pairs. This study investigated the effect on plan quality and delivery, of reducing island blocking through collimator angle optimization (CAO). In addition, the effect of jaw tracking in this context was also investigated.

Methods

For CAO, an algorithm was created that selects the collimator angle resulting in the lowest level of island blocking, for each beam in any given plan. Then, four volume‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) SIMT SRS plans each were generated for 10 retrospective patients: two CAO plans, with and without jaw tracking, and two plans with manually selected collimator angles, with and without jaw tracking. Plans were then assessed and compared using typical quality assurance procedures.

Results

There were no substantial differences between plans with and without CAO. Jaw tracking produced statistically significant reduction in low‐dose level parameters; healthy brain V10% and mean dose were reduced by 9.66% and 15.58%, respectively. However, quantitative values (108 cc for V10% and 0.35 Gy for mean dose) were relatively small in relation to clinical relevance. Though there were no statistically significant changes in plan deliverability, there was a notable trend of plans with jaw tracking having lower gamma analysis pass rates.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that CAO has limited benefit in VMAT SIMT SRS of 2–6 targets when using a low‐dose penalty to the healthy brain during plan optimization in Eclipse. As clinical benefits of jaw tracking were found to be minimal and plan deliverability was potentially reduced, a cautious approach would be to exclude jaw tracking in SIMT SRS plans.
Meaning and purpose in Huntington’s disease: a longitudinal study of its impact on quality of life
Authors: Sokol Leonard L. , Troost Jonathan P. , Kluger Benzi M. , Applebaum Allison J. , Paulsen Jane S. , Bega Danny , Frank Samuel , Hauser Joshua M. , Boileau Nicholas R. , Depp Colin A. , Cella David , Carlozzi Noelle E.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Previous work in Huntington’s disease (HD) has shown that a sense of meaning and purpose (M&P) is positively associated with positive affect and well‐being (PAW); however, it was unknown whether HD‐validated patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) influence this association and how M&P impacts PROs in the future. Our study was designed to examine if HD‐validated PROs moderate the relationship between M&P and PAW and to evaluate if baseline M&P predicts 12‐ and 24‐month changes in HD‐validated PROs.

Methods

This was a longitudinal, multicenter study to develop several PROs (e.g., specific for the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social domains) for people with HD (HDQLIFE). The sample consisted of 322 people with HD (n = 50 prodromal, n = 171 early‐stage manifest, and n = 101 late‐stage manifest HD). A single, multivariate linear mixed‐effects model was performed with PAW as the outcome predicted by main effects for M&P and several moderators (i.e., an HD‐validated PRO) and interactions between M&P and a given PRO. Linear‐mixed models were also used to assess if baseline M&P predicted HD‐validated PROs at 12 and 24 months.

Results

Higher M&P was positively associated with higher PAW regardless of the magnitude of symptom burden, as represented by HD‐validated PROs, and independent of disease stage. In our primary analysis, baseline M&P predicted increased PAW and decreased depression, anxiety, anger, emotional/behavioral disruptions, and cognitive decline at 12 and 24 months across all disease stages.

Interpretation

These findings parallel those seen in the oncology population and have implications for adapting and developing psychotherapeutic and palliative HD interventions.
Fast Welding of Silver Nanowires for Flexible Transparent Conductive Film by Spatial Light Modulated Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Liang Chang , Sun Xiaoyan , Su Wenming , Hu Youwang , Duan Ji'an
Published: July 2021

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) conductors with fine flexibility and high conductivity have been considered to have a promising perspective in the area of flexible transparent electrode. However, many challenges still exist in improving the conductivity of AgNWs films, such as high temperature and time‐consuming. Herein, an efficient and rapid method to weld AgNWs by spatial light modulated femtosecond (fs) laser is proposed. The Gaussian laser beam is modulated into a line‐shaped laser beam with the length of 773 μm. Compared with traditional spherical lens focus irradiation welding, the welding efficiency can be improved up to tens of times. The mechanism of fs laser welding is mainly to use high‐energy laser beam irradiation to generate local field enhancement which causes local high temperature at the nanowire junction. After laser welding, the sheet resistance of AgNWs films can be reduced to 14.7 Ω sq−1 at the transmittance of 89.5% without substrate damage. The welded AgNWs films exhibit excellent electrical conductivity even after 10 000 bending cycles. Moreover, the welded AgNWs films are used to make a flexible transparent heater, showing superior sheet resistance uniformity.
Focus on Bioinspired Textured Surfaces toward Fluid Drag Reduction: Recent Progresses and Challenges
Authors: Tian Guizhong , Zhang Yaosheng , Feng Xiaoming , Hu Yushen
Published: July 2021

After a long period of biological evolution, natural creatures will inevitably evolve body surfaces suitable for the living environment. The functions of natural biological surfaces are abundant and powerful, including antiadhesion, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, anti‐icing, wear resistance, and other characteristics. In the context of coping with the energy crisis, inspired by natural biological surface microstructures, researchers explore biomimetic surface microstructures that reduce fluid drag and investigate the mechanisms of drag reduction. Herein, mainly the current state of research on biomimetic textured surfaces that can be applied to fluid drag reduction is reviewed and the microstructures’ morphology, drag reduction mechanisms, and the fabrication techniques of textured surfaces are discussed in detail. In particular, the experimental methods for measuring the drag reduction effect of textured surfaces are introduced, which is extremely rare. The article concludes with a summary of existing problems and future directions in the research of biomimetic surface drag reduction technology. This Review can provide a reference for practical application and laboratory research of drag reduction in marine transportation, military weapons, aviation, and pipeline systems.
High‐Temperature Ultrafast Sintering: Exploiting a New Kinetic Region to Fabricate Porous Solid‐State Electrolyte Scaffolds
Authors: Wang Ruiliu , Dong Qi , Wang Chengwei , Hong Min , Gao Jinlong , Xie Hua , Guo Miao , Ping Weiwei , Wang Xizheng , He Shuaiming , Luo Jian , Hu Liangbing
Published: July 2021

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) promise better safety and potentially higher energy density than the conventional liquid‐ or gel‐based ones. In practice, the implementation of SSBs often necessitates 3D porous scaffolds made by ceramic solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). Herein, a general and facile method to sinter 3D porous scaffolds with a range of ceramic SSEs on various substrates at high temperature in seconds is reported. The high temperature enables rapid reactive sintering toward the desired crystalline phase and expedites the surface diffusion of grains for neck growth; meanwhile, the short sintering duration limits the coarsening, thus accurately controlling the degree of densification to preserve desired porous structures, as well as reducing the loss of volatile elements. As a proof‐of‐concept, a composite SSE with a good ionic conductivity (i.e., ≈1.9 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature) is demonstrated by integrating poly(ethylene oxide) with the 3D porous Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 scaffold sintered by this method. This method opens a new door toward sintering a variety of ceramic‐SSE‐based 3D scaffolds for all‐solid‐state battery applications.
Self‐Assembling Films of Covalent Organic Frameworks Enable Long‐Term, Efficient Cycling of Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Jun Heuk , Kwak Myung‐Jun , Hwang Chihyun , Kang Kyeong‐Nam , Liu Nian , Jang Ji‐Hyun , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: July 2021

Despite their safety, nontoxicity, and cost‐effectiveness, zinc aqueous batteries still suffer from limited rechargeability and poor cycle life, largely due to spontaneous surface corrosion and formation of large Zn dendrites by irregular and uneven plating and stripping. In this work, these untoward effects are minimized by covering Zn electrodes with ultrathin layers of covalent organic frameworks, COFs. These nanoporous and mechanically flexible films form by self‐assembly—via the straightforward and scalable dip‐coating technique—and permit efficient mass and charge transport while suppressing surface corrosion and growth of large Zn dendrites. The batteries demonstrated have excellent capacity retention and stable polarization voltage for over 420 h of cycling at 1 mA cm−2. The COF films essential for these improvements can be readily deposited over large areas and curvilinear supports, enabling, for example, foldable wire‐type batteries.
Enhanced Responsivity of CsCu2I3 Based UV Detector with CuI Buffer‐Layer Grown by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyu , Zhang Lichun , Huang Yu , Zhou Zhiying , Xing Wenqiang , Zhang Jing , Zhou Fuwang , Zhang Dengying , Zhao Fengzhou
Published: July 2021

All‐inorganic Cu‐based perovskite CsxCuyIx+y thin films are deposited with vacuum thermal evaporation using CuI and CsI mixed powder with different proportion as evaporation sources. With CuI film as buffer‐layer, the as grown CsxCuyIx+y perovskite films only have CsCu2I3 phase owing to the epitaxy on CuI layer. And the thin film quality and optoelectronic properties of CsCu2I3 are also improved. Then, metal–semiconductor–metal UV detectors based on CsCu2I3 films with Au interdigital electrodes are fabricated and the enhancement of photoresponse performance is investigated in detail. The peak responsivity and specific detectivity of the detector are 49.22 mA W−1 and 2.49 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W−1, which are 74 and 138 times larger than that of the device without the CuI buffer‐layer, respectively.
Deep‐Blue Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence from Halogen‐Free Organic Materials through Cage Effect for Various Applications
Authors: Zhou Yusheng , Ma Jing , Zhang Peng , Liu Zhen , Chi Zhenguo , Liang Guodong
Published: July 2021

Organic room‐temperature phosphors with high performances are of great importance for broad range of potential applications. Herein, a new concept of cage effect is proposed to effectively promote room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) property of organic materials. A novel phosphor, bearing electron‐donating carbazole and electron‐accepting boronate ester moieties (CBBU) is designed and synthesized. CBBU crystals show multiple photoluminescence including concomitant fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and RTP. Further doping CBBU in boronate ester crystals (DB/CBBU) boosts remarkably deep‐blue RTP emission with CIE coordinates (0.15, 0.09) and a lifetime of 3.69 s, which is longer by four orders of magnitude than that of neat CBBU crystals. To the best of knowledge, it is the longest deep‐blue organic RTP materials reported so far. To understand this phenomenon, cage effect in terms of bending, twisting, and crowding degrees, as well as interaction of chromophores with cages has been taken into consideration. The results demonstrate that the strong cage effect alleviates effectively molecular motion of chromophores and then promotes simultaneously their RTP efficiency and lifetime. Similar results have also been found in a series of boronate ester derivatives. Furthermore, applications of the efficient RTP materials for temperature measurements, thermal transition detection, and UV sensing are exploited.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Functionalized 1H‐imidazo[1,5‐a]indol‐3(2H)‐ones via a Redox‐Neutral Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation between Indoles and Alkynes
Authors: Zhao Fei , Chen Jing , Qiao Jin , Lu Yangbin , Zhang Xiaoning , Mao Hui , Lu Shiyao , Gong Xin , Liu Siyu , Wu Xiaowei , Dai Long
Published: July 2021

Alkynes generally serve as C2 synthons in transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H annulations, herein, exploiting electron‐deficient alkynes as unconventional C1 synthons, the chemo‐ and regiospecific synthesis of functionalized 1H‐imidazo[1,5‐a]indol‐3(2H)‐ones via a redox‐neutral rhodium(III)‐catalyzed [4+1] annulation of N‐carbamoyl indoles has been achieved. This process is characterized by high chemo‐ and regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, good tolerance of functional groups, moderate to high yields and mild redox‐neutral conditions, thus affording a robust approach to access valuable 1H‐imidazo[1,5‐a]indol‐3(2H)‐ones.

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Transition‐Metal‐Free Visible Light‐Induced Imino‐trifluoromethylation of Unsaturated Oxime Esters: A Facile Access to CF3‐Tethered Pyrrolines
Authors: Chen Bin , He Han , Xu Jiawei , Guo Kang , Xu Ning , Chen Kang , Zhu Yingguang
Published: July 2021

A novel transition‐metal‐free iminotrifluoromethylation of unsaturated oxime esters has been achieved through Rhodamine B photoredox catalysis under mild conditions. This methodology provides facile access to various CF3‐tethered pyrroline derivatives in high efficiency. The gram‐scale reaction demonstrates the potential value of this protocol in organic synthesis.