bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrosative stress inhibits aminoacylation and editing activities of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase by S-nitrosation
Authors: Zheng Wen-Qiang , Zhang Yuying , Yao Qin , Chen Yuzhe , Qiao Xinhua , Wang En-Duo , Chen Chang , Zhou Xiao-Long
Published: May 2020

Structure and/or function of proteins are frequently affected by oxidative/nitrosative stress via posttranslational modifications. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) constitute a class of ubiquitously expressed enzymes that control cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we found the activity of human mitochondrial (mt) threonyl-tRNA synthetase (hmtThrRS) is resistant to oxidative stress (H2O2) but profoundly sensitive to nitrosative stress (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO). Further study showed four Cys residues in hmtThrRS were modified by S-nitrosation upon GSNO treatment, and one residue was one of synthetic active sites. We analyzed the effect of modification at individual Cys residue on aminoacylation and editing activities of hmtThrRS in vitro and found that both activities were decreased. We further confirmed that S-nitrosation of mtThrRS could be readily detected in vivo in both human cells and various mouse tissues, and we systematically identified dozens of S-nitrosation-modified sites in most aaRSs, thus establishing both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aaRS species with S-nitrosation ex vivo and in vivo, respectively. Interestingly, a decrease in the S-nitrosation modification level of mtThrRS was observed in a Huntington disease mouse model. Overall, our results establish, for the first time, a comprehensive S-nitrosation-modified aaRS network and a previously unknown mechanism on the basis of the inhibitory effect of S-nitrosation on hmtThrRS.
Mycophenolate mofetil as a successful treatment of corticosteroid-resistant immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis
Authors: Nakano Kenji , Nishizawa Masatoshi , Fukuda Naoki , Urasaki Tetsuya , Wang Xiaofei , Mitani Hiroki , Takahashi Shunji
Published: May 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now widely used to many malignant diseases, but some patients suffer from immune-related adverse events during or after ICI treatments. The monoclonal antibody infliximab is usually chosen as a salvage treatment to combat corticosteroid-resistant adverse events, but infliximab is not recommended as a response to hepatitis because of the potential risk of liver failure. An alternative treatment option has not been established. We treated a head and neck cancer patient (a 50-year-old Japanese male) who suffered from corticosteroid-resistant hepatitis during treatment with nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 ICI, and that was recovered by mycophenolate mofetil salvage therapy.
Novel mutation in the RAB3GAP1 gene, the first diagnosed Warburg Micro syndrome case in Syria
Authors: Tenawi Soubhi , Al Khudari Rawan , Alasmar Diana
Published: May 2020

Warburg Micro syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to mutation in the RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB18 and TBC1D20 genes. It is commonly seen in consanguineous marriages, characterized by optic (microcornea, microphthalmia, congenital cataracts), neurologic )microcephaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, severe mental retardation( and hypogonadism; some non-typical findings could be present (cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy). We report a novel homozygous mutation in the RAB3GAP1 gene in a 7-month-old boy from healthy nonconsanguineous parents from the same village in Syria, with bilateral congenital cataracts, hypogonadism, muscular hypotonia and severe developmental delay. Whole exome sequencing (WES) showed a homozygous mutation in the c.2195del p.(Pro732Glnfs*6) in exon 19 of the RAB3GAP1 gene, which is likely pathogenic and correlates with Warburg Micro syndrome type 1.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A VR-BASED RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING SYSTEM FOR INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS
Authors: Guo Yi , Mao Li , Zhang Gongsen , Chen Zhi , Pei Xi , Xu X George
Published: May 2020

To help minimise occupational radiation exposure in interventional radiology, we conceptualised a virtual reality-based radiation safety training system to help operators understand complex radiation fields and to avoid high radiation areas through game-like interactive simulations. The preliminary development of the system has yielded results suggesting that the training system can calculate and report the radiation exposure after each training session based on a database precalculated from computational phantoms and Monte Carlo simulations and the position information provided by the Microsoft HoloLens headset. In addition, real-time dose rate and cumulative dose will be displayed to the trainee to help them adjust their practice. This paper presents the conceptual design of the overall hardware and software design, as well as preliminary results to combine HoloLens headset and complex 3D X-ray field spatial distribution data to create a mixed reality environment for safety training purpose in interventional radiology.
An observational report of universal GeneXpert testing of inpatients with diagnosed or presumptive TB in the Philippines
Authors: Thi Aye Myat , Lee Nathaniel , Parris Victoria , Marin Flora P , Roy Lynsil , Calapis Rugaiya W , Ariyoshi Koya , Parry Christopher M , Cox Sharon E
Published: May 2020

Background

The Philippines is a high TB and multidrug-resistant TB burden country. Although the scale-up of GeneXpert testing is occurring, the benefits of universal Xpert-Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ rifampicin (MTB/RIF) testing in inpatients have not been documented.

Methods

Routine GeneXpert testing irrespective of priority criteria for testing was conducted within a prospective cohort of all adults with known or presumptive TB admitted to a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Manila. Study-specific TB diagnosis was decided upon bacteriological results, chest x-ray assessment, if already on anti-TB treatment (ATT) at admission and a cough duration of ≥2 wk.

Results

Of submitted sputum samples, 87.1% (277/318) had valid acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy and Xpert® MTB/RIF results. Xpert® MTB/RIF was positive in 97.7% (n = 87/89) of AFB-positive patients and 25.5% (n = 48/188) of AFB-negative patients. Bacteriological confirmation in smear negative cases not on ATT prior to admission was 25.2% (34/135). Rifampicin resistance was detected in 26/135 Xpert positive cases (19.3%), including nine who might not otherwise have been detected, representing a 53% increase in yield.

Conclusion

Universal GeneXpert testing in this setting enhanced the yield of bacterial confirmation, revealing a high incidence of rifampicin resistance and suggesting a need for further investigations in Xpert-negative/smear-positive patients who may not have mycobacterial TB.
Inoculum Dynamics and Infection of Citrus Fruit byPhyllosticta citricarpa
Authors: Tran Nga T. , Miles Andrew K. , Dietzgen Ralf G. , Shuey Timothy A. , Mudge Stephen R. , Papacek Dan , Chandra Kerri A. , Drenth André
Published: May 2020

Citrus black spot, caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, is characterized by fruit blemishes and premature fruit drop, resulting in significant economic losses in summer rainfall areas. The pathogen forms both conidia and ascospores during its life cycle. However, the occurrence of these spores and their contributions to infection of fruit in field conditions are not well understood. Our research using direct leaf litter monitoring and volumetric spore trapping in Queensland orchards revealed that pseudothecia and ascospores in leaf litter as well as trapped ascospores had low abundance, while pycnidia and conidia were highly abundant. Both P. citricarpa and endophytic Phyllosticta spp. were identified, with P. citricarpa being dominant. In replicated field trials, we determined that infection of Imperial mandarin fruit by P. citricarpa occurred from fruit set until week 20 of fruit development, with the key infection events taking place between weeks 4 and 16 in Queensland subtropical conditions. These results demonstrate that protecting fruit during weeks 4 to 16 significantly reduced P. citricarpa infection. We found no significant correlation between the disease incidence in fruit and P. citricarpa conidial abundance in leaf litter or ascospore abundance measured by volumetric spore trapping. Therefore, it is suggested that inoculum sources in the tree canopy other than those detected by spore trapping and direct leaf litter monitoring may play a major role in the epidemiology of citrus black spot. Improved knowledge regarding epidemiology of P. citricarpa and an understanding of propagules causing infection may aid in development of more effective disease management strategies.
Field Characterization of Partial Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot in Elite Maize Germplasm
Authors: Nyanapah James O. , Ayiecho Patrick O. , Nyabundi Julius O. , Otieno Washington , Ojiambo Peter S.
Published: May 2020

Forty-eight inbred lines of maize with varying levels of resistance to gray leaf spot (GLS) were artificially inoculated with Cercospora zeina and evaluated to characterize partial disease resistance in maize under field conditions from 2012 to 2014 across 12 environments in western Kenya. Eight measures of disease epidemic—that is, final percent diseased leaf area (FPDLA), standardized area under the disease progress curve (SAUDPC), weighted mean absolute rate of disease increase (ρ), disease severity scale (CDSG), percent diseased leaf area at the inflection point (PDLAIP), SAUDPC at the inflection point (SAUDPCIP), time from inoculation to transition of disease progress from the increasing to the decreasing phase of epidemic increase (TIP), and latent period (LP)—were examined. Inbred lines significantly (P < 0.05) affected all measures of disease epidemic except ρ. However, the proportion of the variation attributed to the analysis of variance model was most strongly associated with SAUDPC (R2= 89.4%). Inbred lines were also most consistently ranked for disease resistance based on SAUDPC. Although SAUDPC was deemed the most useful variable for quantifying partial resistance in the test genotypes, the proportion of the variation in SAUDPC in each plot was most strongly (R2= 93.9%) explained by disease ratings taken between the VT and R4 stages of plant development. Individual disease ratings at the R4 stage of plant development were nearly as effective as SAUDPC in discerning the differential reaction of test genotypes. Thus, GLS rankings of inbred lines based on disease ratings at these plant developmental stages should be useful in prebreeding nurseries and preliminary evaluation trials involving large germplasm populations.
Evaluation of In Vitro Wettability of Soft Contact Lenses Using Tear Supplements
Authors: Iwashita Hiroko , Itokawa Takashi , Suzuki Takashi , Okajima Yukinobu , Kakisu Koji , Hori Yuichi
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the interaction between tear supplements and soft contact lenses (SCLs), we measured the contact angles (CAs) on the SCLs using commercially available tear supplements.

Methods:

We used four daily disposable conventional hydrogel lenses (etafilcon A, etafilcon A+ polyvinylpyrrolidone, nelfilcon A, and omafilcon A containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [MPC]) and four silicone hydrogel lenses (narafilcon A, senofilcon A, delefilcon A, and stenfilcon A). The CAs on the SCLs were measured using a sessile drop technique and four different types of sessile drops, including saline, artificial tears, lubricants containing 2-MPC (MPC solution), and 0.1% hyaluronate acid (HA).

Results:

The CA values associated with the silicone hydrogel lenses were significantly (P<0.001) lower than those associated with the conventional hydrogel lenses with all four solutions. The mean CA of 0.1% HA was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of saline. The mean CA of the MPC solution was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of saline with the conventional hydrogel lenses but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of saline with the silicone hydrogel lenses.

Conclusions:

The CAs associated with the silicone hydrogel SCLs were higher with the use of the MPC solutions and HA in vitro. The measured CAs may depend on ingredient agents, surface treatment of the CLs, and components of the tear supplements.
Characteristics, Behaviors, and Awareness of Contact Lens Wearers Purchasing Lenses Over the Internet
Authors: Mingo-Botín David , Zamora Javier , Arnalich-Montiel Francisco , Muñoz-Negrete Francisco José
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

To describe the characteristics and hygiene habits of contact lens (CL) wearers who acquire CLs over the Internet, as well as their awareness of modifiable risk factors (RFs).

Methods:

A web-based survey was conducted among clients of an online CL sales platform during 6 months. Demographic data, CL hygiene-related awareness, and compliance were collected and analyzed.

Results:

The questionnaire was completed by 1,264 CL wearers: the average age was 40.8 years; most were women (71.1%), had myopia (76.4%), and wore monthly disposable CLs (63.6%). The frequency of eye examination was significantly lower among those buying the CL exclusively online (15.8% vs. 6.6%, P<0.001) and those who had begun CL use on their own (17.5% vs. 8.8%, P<0.001). Initiation to CL wear without the intervention of an eye care practitioner was more frequent in wearers with less experience. Common risk behaviors included water exposure (68.1% in swimming and 64.9% in the shower), use of the case (61.9%) and CL (65.1%) beyond the recommended replacement time, and reuse of the maintenance solution (31.9%). Ignorance of recommended hygiene increased the probability of risky behavior.

Conclusion:

There were no differences in compliance or awareness of risks between those purchasing exclusively online and other CL wearers. However, the growing frequency of self-taught initiation in CL wear among less-experienced online customers and online exclusive purchase was associated with a decrease in eye examination frequency and therefore worse compliance and increased risks. This finding underlines the importance of publicizing correct hygiene habits by all possible means so as to increase compliance.
Prevalence of Ocular Demodex Infestation in Children: An Epidemiological Survey in South China
Authors: Zhang Nuan , Liu Yan , Wen Kuiyao , Jin Ling , Chen Chuan , Chen Qianyun , Zeng Yangfa , Liang Lingyi
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for Demodex mite infestation of the eyelashes in Chinese children.

Methods:

A total of 1,575 children were surveyed from June 2017 to January 2019 and stratified into two age groups: 3 to 6 and 7 to 14 years. All subjects underwent routine eye examination and lash epilation for Demodex mite identification and counting using microscopy. Demographic data and lifestyle habits were also recorded.

Results:

Demodex mites were detected in 189 of 1,575 (12.0%) children, including Demodex folliculorum (D. folliculorum) in 180 (11.4%), Demodex brevis (D. brevis) in 11 (0.7%), and both mites in 2 (0.1%). The median number of D. folliculorum mites was 1 (interquartile range [IQR], 1–2) and that of D. brevis was 1 (IQR, 1–1). Children with Demodex infestation did not exhibit more ocular discomfort than those without (21.2% vs. 23.1%; P=0.56). However, lash abnormalities, including trichiasis, cylindrical dandruff, or scaly discharge at the lash root, were more prevalent in children with Demodex infestation (24.9% vs. 12.8%; P<0.001) and in the 7 to 14-year subgroup (33.7% vs. 12.8%; P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that autumn–winter was associated with a higher detection rate of Demodex infestation (all P<0.05). In the 3-6-year subgroup, children residing in rural regions exhibited a higher prevalence of Demodex infestation (P=0.03).

Conclusions:

Ocular Demodex infestation, with a low Demodex mite count, was found in healthy Chinese children aged 3 to 14 years.
Agreement of Corneal Endothelial Cell Analysis Between Konan-Noncon Robo SP-6000 and Tomey EM-3000 Specular Microscopes in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Jbara Doha , Achiron Asaf , Antman Gal , Buhbut Ortal , Hecht Idan , Tuuminen Raimo , Bahar Irit , Elbaz Uri
Published: May 2020

Purpose:

To compare corneal endothelium parameters taken by two common noncontact specular microscopes in healthy subjects.

Methods:

Healthy participants visiting the outpatient eye clinic at the Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel, were recruited prospectively. All participants underwent three consecutive corneal endothelial cell photographs with both the Konan-Noncon Robo SP-6000 and the Tomey EM-3000 specular microscopes. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was evaluated using the manual center technique in both machines. Bland–Altman graphs were used to assess the agreement between the devices, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) served to assess intraobserver variability for each device.

Results:

Recruited were 49 healthy subjects with a mean age of 48.9±15.6 years, 49 right eyes were included. The mean ECD was comparable between the Tomey EM-3000 and the Konan-Noncon Robo SP-6000 (2,713.2±242.4 vs. 2,700.8±300.5 cells/mm2, respectively, P=0.47) with a mean difference of 12.4 cells/mm2 (0.67%), a mean ECD absolute difference of 93.3 cells/mm2, and low 95% limits of agreement of −222.0 to +246.9 cells/mm2. A folded empirical distribution function curve showed that all differences fell within 525.4 cells/mm2, centered around a median of 13.3 cells/mm2. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high for both the Konan-Noncon Robo SP-6000 (0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89–0.95) and the Tomey EM-3000 (0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.93).

Conclusions:

The difference in endothelial cell measurements between the Konan SP-6000 and the Tomey EM-3000 specular microscopes through the center and the L-count analyzing techniques, respectively, is clinically small and not statistically significant. Nevertheless, caution should be taken when used interchangeably because ECD difference between the two machines can be as high as 525.4 cells/mm2.
Holistic Management of Older Patients With Hip Fractures
Authors: Nguyen Minh Ha , Lui Siew Kwaon
Published: May 2020

As the silver tsunami hits the world, older patients with hip fractures are expected to increase to 6.3 million by the year 2050, of which the majority will occur in Asia. The estimated global cost of hip fractures in the year 2050 is estimated to reach U.S. $130 billion. Hence, in addition to implementation of prevention strategies, it is important to develop an optimal model of care for older patients with hip fracture to minimize the huge medical and socioeconomic burden, especially in rapidly aging nations. This review summarizes the complications of hip fractures, importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation, as well as predictors of rehabilitation outcome in older patients with hip fracture.
Need and Rationale for Geriatric Fracture Programs
Authors: Sedlock Jennifer , Green Jaymie , Diegel-Vacek Lauren
Published: May 2020

Fragility fractures among the older adult population are common, costly, and one of the top acute care facility diagnoses for this age group. Approximately 150,000 older adults in the United States are admitted to a hospital for treatment of a fragility hip fracture annually, with an estimated cost of more than $10 billion to the healthcare system. On admission to the hospital, patient treatment may be delayed, fragmented, or inadequate, adversely impacting length of stay and short- and long-term patient outcomes. Development of a geriatric fracture program implementing standardized, evidence-based guidelines can streamline clinical pathways and care processes and has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective method to improve patient outcomes.
Adolescent Trichomonas vaginalis in a High-burdened Region of the Southern United States
Authors: Nolan Melissa S. , Lynn Mary K. , Lacroix Robin , Brownlee Josh , Kelly Desmond
Published: May 2020

Background

We evaluated the clinical management and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis–positive adolescents in upstate South Carolina.

Methods

An Epic electronic medical record report was generated to identify any physician-ordered T. vaginalis test from February 2016 to December 2017 for patients aged 12 to 18 years within the Prisma Health Upstate system. Utilizing a case-control study design of patients with a documented T. vaginalis diagnostic result, we reviewed records of patients with physician-ordered T. vaginalis tests for demographics, clinical disease course, sexually transmitted infection test results, treatment order and dosage, infection risk factors, comorbidities, pregnancy term, and neonatal birth outcomes.

Results

Of 789 male and female adolescents with physician-ordered T. vaginalis tests, 44% had a documented result. Of those with a document test result, 13% were T. vaginalis positive. Cases (n = 45) and randomly selected negative controls (n = 45) were all girls. Cases were more likely to be African American, symptomatic, and present with vaginal discharge, pain, and vulvar itch. T. vaginalis patients were more likely to have documented histories of chlamydia (P < 0.0001) and gonorrhea (P = 0.0191), with 18% having concurrent triple infections (T. vaginalis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea). All 26 pregnant girls with T. vaginalis delivered full-term, healthy infants.

Conclusions

We identified a disproportionally high burden of T. vaginalis infection, with an alarmingly high rate of triple infections, among a population of suspected high-risk adolescents. Our results indicate the need to clarify infection prevalence, develop pediatrician-focused education campaigns, and elucidate potentially modifiable risk factors for these high-risk patients.
Determining standardized causes of death of infants, children, and adolescents living with HIV in Asia
Authors: Sohn Annette H. , Lumbiganon Pagakrong , Kurniati Nia , Lapphra Keswadee , Law Matthew , Do Viet C. , Van Nguyen Lam , Truong Khanh H. , Wati Dewi K. , Ounchanum Pradthana , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Sudjaritruk Tavitiya , Ly Penh S. , Yusoff Nik K.N. , Fong Sieu M. , Mohamed Thahira J. , Nallusamy Revathy , Kumarasamy Nagalingaswaran , Kariminia Azar
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To implement a standardized cause of death reporting and review process to systematically disaggregate causes of HIV-related deaths in a cohort of Asian children and adolescents.

Design:

Death-related data were retrospectively and prospectively assessed in a longitudinal regional cohort study.

Methods:

Children under routine HIV care at sites in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam between 2008 and 2017 were followed. Causes of death were reported and then independently and centrally reviewed. Predictors were compared using competing risks survival regression analyses.

Results:

Among 5918 children, 5523 (93%; 52% male) had ever been on combination antiretroviral therapy. Of 371 (6.3%) deaths, 312 (84%) occurred in those with a history of combination antiretroviral therapy (crude all-cause mortality 9.6 per 1000 person-years; total follow-up time 32 361 person-years). In this group, median age at death was 7.0 (2.9–13) years; median CD4+ cell count was 73 (16–325) cells/μl. The most common underlying causes of death were pneumonia due to unspecified pathogens (17%), tuberculosis (16%), sepsis (8.0%), and AIDS (6.7%); 12% of causes were unknown. These clinical diagnoses were further grouped into AIDS-related infections (22%) and noninfections (5.8%), and non-AIDS-related infections (47%) and noninfections (11%); with 12% unknown, 2.2% not reviewed. Higher CD4+ cell count and better weight-for-age z-score were protective against death.

Conclusion:

Our standardized cause of death assessment provides robust data to inform regional resource allocation for pediatric diagnostic evaluations and prioritization of clinical interventions, and highlight the continued importance of opportunistic and nonopportunistic infections as causes of death in our cohort.
Haloflavibacter putidus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater
Authors: Feng Xi , Wang Yi-Ran , Zou Qi-Hang , Zhang Jin-Yu , Du Zong-Jun
Published: May 2020

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, gliding, rod-shaped (0.2–0.5×1.0-13.0 µm) and yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated PLHSN227T, was isolated from seawater collected near the coast of Yantai, PR China. PLHSN227T was found to grow at 15–37 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C) and pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum, 6.5–7.5) in the presence of 2–14 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 5.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that PLHSN227T represented a member of the family

Flavobacteriaceae

and exhibited the highest sequence similarity (94.6 %) to the type strain

Salegentibacter holothuriorum

NBRC 100249T. The chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that the sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and the major fatty acids included C19 : 0ω8c cyclo, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The major polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of PLHSN227T was 35.6 mol%. PLHSN227T showed the highest average amino acid identity value of 67.2 %, the average nucleotide identity value of 75.6 and 14.5 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization identity with

Mesonia algae

DSM 15361T. According to the phylogenetic data, PLHSN227T formed a distinct clade in the phylogenetic tree. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, it is considered that PLHSN227T represents a novel genus within the family

Flavobacteriaceae

, for which the name Haloflavibacter putidus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PLHSN227T (=KCTC 72159T=MCCC 1H00371T).
Marinobacter salinexigens sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from hadal seawater of the Mariana Trench
Authors: Ahmad Waqar , Zheng Yanfen , Li Yuying , Sun Wen , Hu Yuyao , He Xinxin , Liu Ronghua , Xue Chun-Xu , Zhang Xiao-Hua
Published: May 2020

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated ZYF650T, was isolated from the hadal seawater (9600 m) of the Mariana Trench. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that ZYF650T formed a lineage within the family

Alteromonadaceae

that was distinct from the most closely related species

Marinobacter mobilis

and

Marinobacter nitratireducens

with 16S rRNA gene sequences similarities of 98.0 and 97.7 %, respectively. Strain ZYF650T showed average nucleotide identity values of 75.7 % with

Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus

, 73.3 % with

Marinobacter mobilis

and 79.3 % with

Marinobacter nitratireducens

, and DNA–DNAhybridization values of 21.5, 21.3 and 22.0 % with

M. hydrocarbonoclasticus

,

M. mobilis

and

M. nitratireducens

, respectively, which were lower than the threshold for species delineation. Strain ZYF650T grew with 0–14 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 7–8 %) at a temperature range of 10–45 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0). The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-9 (Q-9). The polar lipids in ZYF650T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified polar lipids, two unidentified aminolipids and two phospholipids. The predominant fatty acids (more than 10 % of total fatty acids) were C18 : 1 ω9c (21.9 %), C16 : 0 (21.7 %), C12 : 0 3-OH (14.0 %), C16 : 1 ω9c (13.2 %) and C12 : 0 (12.2 %). The DNA G+C content of strain ZYF650T was 55.6 %. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strain ZY650T is considered to represent a novel specie of the genus

Marinobacter

in the family

Alteromonadaceae

, for which the name Marinobacter salinexigens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZYF650T (=JCM 33013T=MCCC 1K03552T).
Microbial metabolism of isoprene: a much-neglected climate-active gas
Authors: Murrell J. Colin , McGenity Terry J. , Crombie Andrew T.
Published: May 2020

The climate-active gas isoprene is the major volatile produced by a variety of trees and is released into the atmosphere in enormous quantities, on a par with global emissions of methane. While isoprene production in plants and its effect on atmospheric chemistry have received considerable attention, research into the biological isoprene sink has been neglected until recently. Here, we review current knowledge on the sources and sinks of isoprene and outline its environmental effects. Focusing on degradation by microbes, many of which are able to use isoprene as the sole source of carbon and energy, we review recent studies characterizing novel isoprene degraders isolated from soils, marine sediments and in association with plants. We describe the development and use of molecular methods to identify, quantify and genetically characterize isoprene-degrading strains in environmental samples. Finally, this review identifies research imperatives for the further study of the environmental impact, ecology, regulation and biochemistry of this interesting group of microbes.
Evaluation of Public Awareness, Knowledge and Attitudes towards Basic Life Support among Non-Medical, Adult population in Muscat City, Oman: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Aldhakhri Aisha Aldhakhri , Gu Can
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the level of public awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards BLS among non-medical adult Omanis in Muscat City, Oman and explored the association between knowledge and attitude and the socio-demographic characteristics.
DESIGN: Cross sectional design was used. Convenience sampling method in Muscat city from February to March 2020.
Setting: The study setting was based in Muscat City, Oman.
Participants: 426 Adults, non-medical Omanis, able to read and write Arabic Language, were included between February and March 2020.
METHODS: Adopted, validated, online Arabic questionnaire was used, including four parts of 37 questions on socio-demographic information, awareness, knowledge and attitude. The results were presented in tables with descriptions.
FINDINGS: Majority of participants were in age groups, 28-37 years (50.0%) and 18-27 years (35.7%); were female (57.0%); married (58.5%), single (39.9%); had secondary (31.5%), diploma (27.2%), bachelors(32.4%) education levels; and worked in government (28.6%), private sector (25.4%). Significantly, large proportion of them (62.0%) were aware about BLS. However, knowledge total scores were not normally distributed (0.917, P<0.001), with minimum, maximum, median and mean knowledge total score of 0 out of 15, 13 out of 15, 3 out of 15, 3.6 respectively. Also, attitude total scores were not normally distributed (0.976, P<0.001), with minimum, maximum, median and mean attitude total scores of 30 out of 65, 65 out of 65, 55 out of 65, 54.5 respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: The awareness of non-medical adults toward Basic Life Support was substantial, whereas, knowledge level toward BLS was very low despite of its differences with respect to socio-demographic characteristics. In contrast, all participants had positive attitude toward BLS. Therefore, this study is advocating the need for mandatory training in Basic Life Support for all non-medics in the country as well as incorporating Basic Life Support teaching in school curriculum.
Platelet-Rich Fibrin in third molar surgery. Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Salas Gaston , Lai Shuheng , Verdugo-Paiva Francisca , Requena Roberto
Published: May 2020

Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness and safety of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) in third molar surgery.

Data sources: A comprehensive search strategy is meant to be used in an attempt to identify all relevant RCTs, ongoing investigation reported in specialty congresses and trials regardless of language or publication status (published, unpublished, in press, and in progress). Search will be conducted in The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PUBMED; Embase; Lilacs, and also conduct a search through trial registries of the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Word Health Organization (WHO) and the ClinicalTrials.gov, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), grey literature search and specialty congress will be reviewed.

Eligibility criteria: We will include randomised trials evaluating the effect of PRF on wound healing after third molar surgery. Two reviewers will independently screen each study for eligibility, extract data, and assess the risk of bias using Cochrane 'risk of bias' tool. We will pool the results using meta-analysis and will apply the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.

Ethics and dissemination: As researchers will not access information that could lead to the identification of an individual participant, obtaining ethical approval was waived.

Keywords: platelet-rich fibrin; third molars; wound healing; systematic review
COVID 19: Real-time Forecasts of confirmed cases, active cases, and health infrastructure requirements for India and its states using the ARIMA model
Authors: Tyagi Rishabh , Bramhankar Mahadev , Pandey Mohit , Kishore M
Published: May 2020

Background

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease which has been declared a Pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th March 2020. The Indian public health care system is already overstretched, and this pandemic is making things even worse. That is why forecasting cases for India is necessary to meet the future demands of the health infrastructure caused due to COVID-19.

Objective

Our study forecasts the confirmed and active cases for COVID-19 until July mid, using time series Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. Additionally, we estimated the number of isolation beds, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) beds and ventilators required for the growing number of COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We used ARIMA model for forecasting confirmed and active cases till the 15th July. We used time-series data of COVID-19 cases in India from 14th March to 22nd May. We estimated the requirements for ICU beds as 10%, ventilators as 5% and isolation beds as 85% of the active cases forecasted using the ARIMA model.

Results

Our forecasts indicate that India will have an estimated 7,47,772 confirmed cases (95% CI: 493943, 1001601) and 296,472 active cases (95% CI:196820, 396125) by 15th July. While Maharashtra will be the most affected state, having the highest number of active and confirmed cases, Punjab is expected to have an estimated 115 active cases by 15th July. India needs to prepare 2,52,001 isolation beds (95% CI: 167297, 336706), 29,647 ICU beds (95% CI: 19682, 39612), and 14,824 ventilator beds (95% CI: 9841, 19806).

Conclusion

Our forecasts show an alarming situation for India, and Maharashtra in particular. The actual numbers can go higher than our estimated numbers as India has a limited testing facility and coverage.
State-by-State estimates of R0 at the start of COVID-19 outbreaks in the USA
Authors: Ives Anthony R , Bozzuto Claudio
Published: May 2020

We estimated the initial rate of spread (r0) and basic reproduction number (R0) for States in the USA experiencing COVID-19 epidemics by analyzing death data time series using a time-varying autoregressive state-space model. The initial spread varied greatly among States, with the highest r0 = 0.31 [0.23, 0.39] (95% CI) in New York State, corresponding to R0 = 6.4 [4.3, 9.0] (95% CI). The variation in initial R0 was strongly correlated with the peak daily death count among States, showing that the initial R0 anticipates subsequent challenges in controlling epidemics. Furthermore, the variation in initial R0 implies different needs for public health measures. Finally, the States that relaxed public health measures early were not those with the lowest risks of resurgence, highlighting the need for science to guide public health policies.
Prevalence Threshold and Temporal Interpretation of Screening Tests: The Example of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: Balayla Jacques , Lasry Ariane , Gil Yaron , Volodarsky-Perel Alexander
Published: May 2020

The curvilinear relationship between a screening test's positive predictive value (PPV) and its target disease prevalence is proportional. In consequence, there is an inflection point of maximum curvature in the screening curve defined as a function of the sensitivity and specificity beyond which the rate of change of a test's PPV declines sharply relative to disease prevalence. Herein, we demonstrate a mathematical model exploring this phenomenon and define the prevalence threshold point where this change occurs. Understanding where this prevalence point lies in the curve has important implications for the interpretation of test results, the administration of healthcare systems, the implementation of public health measures, and in cases of pandemics like SARS-CoV-2, the functioning of society at large. To illustrate the methods herein described, we provide the example of the screening strategies used in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, and calculate the prevalence threshold statistic of different tests available today. This concept can help contextualize the validity of a screening test in real time, thereby enhancing our understanding of the dynamics of the current pandemic.
Diagnostic power of chest CT for COVID-19: to screen or not to screen
Authors: De Smet K. , De Smet D. , Demedts I. , Bouckaert B. , Ryckaert T. , Laridon E. , Heremans B. , Vandenbulcke R. , Gryspeerdt S. , Martens G.A.
Published: May 2020

Structured abstract

Background

chest CT is increasingly used for COVID-19 screening in healthcare systems with limited SARS-CoV-2 PCR capacity. Its diagnostic value was supported by studies with methodological concerns and its use is controversial. Here we investigated its potential to diagnose COVID-19 in symptomatic patients and to screen asymptomatic patients in a prospective study with minimal selection bias.

Methods

From March 19, 2020 to April 20, 2020 we performed parallel SARS-CoV-2 PCR and CT with categorization of COVID-19 suspicion by CO-RADS, in 859 patients with COVID-19 symptoms and 1138 controls admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 unrelated medical urgencies. CT-CORADS was categorized on a 5-point scale from 1 (very low suspicion) to 5 (very high suspicion). AUC under ROC curve were calculated in symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients to predict positive SARS-CoV-2 positive PCR and likelihood ratios for each CO-RADS score were used for rational selection of diagnostic thresholds.

Findings

CT-CORADS had significant (P<0.0001) diagnostic power in both symptomatic (AUC=0.891) and asymptomatic (AUC=0.700) patients hospitalized during SARS-CoV-2 peak prevalence. In symptomatic patients (41.7% PCR+), CO-RADS ≥ 3 detected positive PCR with high sensitivity (89.1%) and 72.5% specificity. In asymptomatic patients (5.3% PCR+), a CO-RADS score ≥ 3 detected SARS-CoV-2 infection with low sensitivity (45.0%) but high specificity (88.8%).

Interpretation

CT-CORADS has meaningful diagnostic power in symptomatic patients, supporting its application for time-sensitive triage. Sensitivity in asymptomatic patients is insufficient to justify its use as screening approach. Incidental detection of CO-RADS ≥ 3 in asymptomatic patients should trigger reflex testing for respiratory pathogens.
Risk stratification of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through comparative studies of laboratory results with influenza
Authors: Mei Yang , Weinberg Samuel E , Zhao Lihui , Qi Chao , Frink Adam , Behdad Amir , Ji Peng
Published: May 2020

Background
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 overlaps with the flu season.

Methods
We compared clinical and laboratory results from 719 influenza and 973 COVID-19 patients from January to April 2020. We compiled laboratory results from the first 14 days of the hospitalized patients using parameters that are most significantly different between COVID-19 and influenza and hierarchically clustered COVID-19 patients based on these data. The clinical outcomes were compared among different clusters.

Results
Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen. Using these results, we sub-classified the COVID-19 patients into 5 clusters through a hierarchical clustering analysis. We then reviewed the medical record of these patients and risk stratified them based on the clinical outcomes. The cluster with the highest risk showed 27.8% fatality, 94% ICU admission, 94% intubation, and 28% discharge rates compared to 0%, 38%, 22%, and 88% in the lowest risk cluster, respectively. Patients in the highest risk cluster had leukocytosis including neutrophilia and monocytosis, severe anemia, higher BUN, creatinine, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and troponin.

Conclusions
There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza. Risk stratification in hospitalized COVID-19 patients using laboratory data could be useful to predict clinical outcomes and pathophysiology of these patients.
Low blood sodium increases risk and severity of COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study
Authors: Luo Yi , Li Yirong , Dai Jiapei
Published: May 2020

Background
Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infects human lung tissue cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), and the body sodium is an important factor for regulating the expression of ACE2. Through a systematic review, meta-analysis and retrospective cohort study, we found that the low blood sodium population may significantly increase the risk and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods
We extracted the data of serum sodium concentrations of patients with COVID-19 on admission from the articles published between Jan 1 and April 28, 2020, and analyzed the relationship between the serum sodium concentrations and the illness severity of patients. Then we used a cohort of 244 patients with COVID-19 for a retrospective analysis.
Results
We identified 36 studies, one of which comprised 2736 patients.The mean serum sodium concentration in patients with COVID-19 was 138.6 mmol/L, which was much lower than the median level in population (142.0). The mean serum sodium concentration in severe/critical patients (137.0) was significantly lower than those in mild and moderate patients (140.8 and 138.7, respectively). Such findings were confirmed in a retrospective cohort study, of which the mean serum sodium concentration in all patients was 137.5 mmol/L, and the significant differences were found between the mild (139.2) and moderate (137.2) patients, and the mild and severe/critical (136.6) patients. Interestingly, such changes were not obvious in the serum chlorine and potassium concentrations.
Conclusions
The low sodium state of patients with COVID-19 may not be the consequence of virus infection, but could be a physiological state possibly caused by living habits such as low salt diet and during aging process, which may result in ACE2 overexpression, and increase the risk and severity of COVID-19. These findings may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Interim Analysis of Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes among a Cohort of Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)
Authors: Kim Lindsay , Garg Shikha , O'Halloran Alissa , Whitaker Michael , Pham Huong , Anderson Evan J. , Armistead Isaac , Bennett Nancy M. , Billing Laurie , Como-Sabetti Kathryn , Hill Mary , Kim Sue , Monroe Maya L. , Muse Alison , Reingold Arthur , Schaffner William , Sutton Melissa , Talbot H. Keipp , Torres Salina M. , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Holstein Rachel A , Cummings Charisse , Brammer Lynette , Hall Aron , Fry Alicia , Langley Gayle E.
Published: May 2020

Background: As of May 15, 2020, the United States has reported the greatest number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths globally.
Objective: To describe risk factors for severe outcomes among adults hospitalized with COVID-19.
Design: Cohort study of patients identified through the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network.
Setting: 154 acute care hospitals in 74 counties in 13 states.
Patients: 2491 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during March 1-May 2, 2020.
Measurements: Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and underlying medical conditions.
Results: Ninety-two percent of patients had at least 1 underlying condition; 32% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission; 19% invasive mechanical ventilation; 15% vasopressors; and 17% died during hospitalization. Independent factors associated with ICU admission included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and 85+ years versus 18-39 years (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.53, 1.65, 1.84 and 1.43, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.34); obesity (aRR 1.31); immunosuppression (aRR 1.29); and diabetes (aRR 1.13). Independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality included ages 50-64, 65-74, 75-84 and 85+ years versus 18-39 years (aRR 3.11, 5.77, 7.67 and 10.98, respectively); male sex (aRR 1.30); immunosuppression (aRR 1.39); renal disease (aRR 1.33); chronic lung disease (aRR 1.31); cardiovascular disease (aRR 1.28); neurologic disorders (aRR 1.25); and diabetes (aRR 1.19). Race/ethnicity was not associated with either ICU admission or death.
Limitation: Data were limited to patients who were discharged or died in-hospital and had complete chart abstractions; patients who were still hospitalized or did not have accessible medical records were excluded.
Conclusion: In-hospital mortality for COVID-19 increased markedly with increasing age. These data help to characterize persons at highest risk for severe COVID-19-associated outcomes and define target groups for prevention and treatment strategies.