bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Glycoproteins Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa during Preparation and Storage of Platelet Concentrates: Detection by Binding Assays with Epitope‐Defined Monoclonal Antibodies and Physiological Ligands
Authors: Rivera J. , Sánchez‐Roig M.J. , Rosillo M.C. , Moraleda J.M. , Vicente V.
Published: March 2009

Preservation of the glycoprotein (GP) complexes Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa, because of their role as specific platelet receptors for adhesive proteins, is essential for the haemostatic efficacy of transfusions of platelet concentrates (PCs). We have combined binding assays with epitope‐defined monoclonal antibodies, and with the physiological ligands von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen (Fo), to investigate the total expression and functional status of these receptors, in PCs stored for up to 9 days. Routine preparation and storage for up to 5 days have no apparent effect on the surface expression and the functional status of GPs Ib/IX and IIb/IIIa. However, after prolonged storage for up to 9 days we found a 50% decrease in the level of the total and functional GP Ib/IX content of platelets. This finding parallelled a significant rise in plasma glycocalicin, a proteolytic fragment of GP Ib. In addition, long‐term storage promoted an impairment in the exposure of GP IIb/IIIa to Fo, and a 50% decrease in Fo binding capacity, without affecting the complex quantiatitvely. Finally, we also noticed a storage‐induced increase in the platelet surface expression of GMP 140, and after 9 days of storage there was a rise in mean platelet volume, and a significant reduction in pH levels.
High Prevalence of HBV Infectivity in Blood Donors Detected by the Dot Blot Hybridisation Assay
Authors: Nagaraju K. , Misra S. , Saraswat S. , Choudhary N. , Masih B. , Ramesh V. , Naik S.
Published: March 2009

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a significant cause for post‐transfusion hepatitis in India, in spite of the introduction of compulsory hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening. To understand the true HBV‐infective pool in the blood donor population, HBV DNA was detected by a 32P‐labelled dot blot hybridisation assay in 605 donor units that were negative for HBsAg by a third‐generation Elisa. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was estimated in all these samples and correlated with DNA positivity. The frequency of HBV DNA positivity in HBsAg‐negative units was very high (9.91%) and correlated well with the elevation in ALT (p<0.00005). However, the frequency of elevated ALT was high (11.9%), using the locally determined upper limit of normal, and half of the DNA‐positive samples had a normal ALT. Thus, ALT is a poor surrogate marker for HBV infectivity and efforts should be made to apply DNA detection systems in blood banks.
A Rare Leucine 40/Arginine40 Polymorphism on Platelet Glycoprotein IIIa Is Linked to the Human Platelet Antigen 1b
Authors: Walchshofer Sabine , Ghali Daniel , Fink Monika , Panzer‐Grümayer Eva Renate , Panzer Simon
Published: March 2009

A rare polymorphism on glycoprotein (GP) IIIa is reported. Sequencing of a 482‐base‐pair (bp) PCR product of the genomic DNA of GPIIIa revealed a single‐base exchange of a G?T polymorphism at base 12,569 that created an additional restriction site for MspI. This single‐point mutation (frequency in Caucasians 0.00386) is on the HPA‐1b gene (HPA‐1bvar) and codominantly inherited. The exchange of a G for a T results in a leucine‐to‐arginine substitution at amino acid 40 from the NH2 terminus. The binding of anti‐HPA‐1a and ‐1b antibodies to HPA‐lbvar platelets is not influenced.
Proficiency Testing of Factor VIII:C Activitiy Assays at the Canadian Red Cross Society National Reference Laboratory
Authors: Wasi Safia , Murray Shelley A. , Gill Peter
Published: March 2009

A national proficiency testing program has been established to monitor the accuracy and precision of factor VIII:C (FVIII:C) assays performed at the various Blood Services Centres of the Canadian Red Cross Society involved in the collection and processing of either donor blood designated for component production or plasma destined for fractionation. This paper describes the preparation, design, and results of the first four exercises involving 19 laboratories. The exercices were designed to allow the investigation of intralaboratory variability between replicate samples and precision of assays as well as the causes of interlaboratory variability. The implementation of this program has led to improved precision and interlaboratory agreement on FVIII:C assays. These improvements were achieved mainly as a result of a modification in the method for sample dilution, an increase in both replicate testing of the same sample and the number of sample dilutions, and a reduction in the number of reagent systems used by various centres.
Adsorption Filtration of Leukocyte‐Reduced Single Donor Platelet Units
Authors: AuBuchon J.P. , Burbank A. , Webber S. , O'Neill M.
Published: March 2009

The effect of adsorption filtration of leukocyte‐reduced single donor platelet (SDP) units collected on a CS‐3000+ with a TNX chamber was compared to filtration of SDP units prepared via an isoradial chamber. The leukocyte enumeration technique employed a Nageotte chamber and had a nominal lower detection limit of 0.05 leukocytes/μl (if no cells were seen, the concentration was recorded as 0.01 μl). Although the prefiltration leukocyte content of the TNX units was unexpectedly low (2.4±2.8 times 104 per unit), filtration reduced the leukocyte content further to no greater than 1.7±0.07 times 103 (p<0.05). (The full extent of the leukocyte removal could not be assessed as no leukocytes were seen in counting any of the 20 filtered TNX units.) The 20 isoradial (control) SDP units achieved similar leukocyte depletion, with a postfiltration leukocyte content of 2.7±2.5 times 103 (p>0.05, compared to filtered TNX units). Thus while significant leukocyte reduction occurred with adsorption filtration of both control and leukocyte‐depleted SDP units, comparison of the relative degree of reduction awaits application of more sensitive leukocyte counting techniques. This study documented, however, that additional leukocyte reduction can be obtained by applying adsorption filtration to SDP units with an already low leukocyte content.
Membrane Glycoproteins in Cryopreserved Platelets
Authors: Owens M. , Werner E. , Holme S. , Afflerbach C.
Published: March 2009

Although platelets stored by cryopreservation are effective in hemostasis, they acquire a number of functional defects during storage and preparation for transfusion. In addition to known acquired defects such as defective aggregation, decreased resistance to hypotonic shock, and disc‐spherocyte transformation, we have shown that cryopreserved platelets have decreased capacity to adhere to subendothelium, compared to liquid‐stored platelets. To investigate this decrease in adhesive capacity of cryopreserved platelets, we measured the major adhesive membrane glycoprotein, GPIb, and the principal aggregatory protein, GPIIb/IIIa, using flow cytometry in fresh platelets or in platelets cryopreserved in 5% DMSO. We also analyzed aggregation of cryopreserved platelets or liquid‐stored platelets in response to ristocetin as another measurement of GPIb functional capacity. We found that approximately 15% of cryopreserved platelets lost surface‐bound GPIb, while there was no measurable loss of GPIIB/IIIa during cryopreservation. The cryopreserved platelets also showed a significant decrease in aggregation to ristocetin, but no loss of response to the stronger agonist, thrombin. The loss of surface GPIb from cryopreserved platelets was modest in degree, approximately that reported for liquid‐stored platelets, and does not seem great enough to account for the observed functional changes in aggregation and adhesion.
The Lea Antigen and Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Marie , Shieh Shiow‐Hwa , Hwang Fu‐Yuen , Broadberry Richard E. , Liang Der‐Cherng
Published: March 2009

Neonatal jaundice is known to be more severe in Taiwanese infants than in Caucasian infants. Although ABO fetomaternal incompatibility and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been shown to play a role in the etiology of neonatal jaundice in some Taiwanese infants, the etiology in the majority of cases is unknown. In this study we found that in Taiwanese newborn infants, the red cell Lea antigen appeared later in infants who were jaundiced (peak serum bilirubin levels of >12 mg/dl during the first week of life) than in infants who were not. However, the Leb antigen, and hence the transferases encoded by the Se and Sew genes, did not appear to be similarly involved in the etiology of physiological jaundice. Thus it would appear that the Le gene‐specified transferase is less active or has a delayed function, in jaundiced infants. The relationship between the Le gene‐specified transferase and bilirubin has yet to be established.
Human Anti‐Factor VIII Antibodies: Epitope Localization and Inhibitory Function
Authors: Scandella Dorothea
Published: March 2009

Recombinant polypeptides derived from coagulation factor VIII (fVIII) have been used to determine the epitopes and characteristics of human pathologic anti‐fVIII antibodies. The results of immunoprecipitation assays indicate that 70% of patient plasmas contain antibodies to the A2 as well as the C2 domains of the fVIII protein. The same polypeptides were used for inhibitor neutralization assays to demonstrate that about 60% of plasmas contain 2 or 3 different antibodies which collectively make up the inhibitor titer. The results of neutralization assays indicate that there is a third important inhibitor epitope within the light chain outside C2. Anti‐A2 antibodies prevent normal function of the factor Xase complex of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Anti‐C2 antibodies prevent the binding of fVIII to phospholipid and to von Willebrand factor, both of which are important for normal fVIII function.
The Treatment of Factor VIII Inhibitors ‐ A General Overview
Authors: White Gilbert C. , Roberts Harold R.
Published: March 2009

The management of patients with classic hemophilia who develop inhibitory antibodies against transfused factor VIII has been the frequent subject of international and national conferences. While treatment of such patients cannot be considered as standardized, several therapeutic approaches are currently available. These include the induction of immune tolerance, removal or eradication of inhibitory antibodies by immune adsorption and/or immune suppression, neutralization of the inhibitor by porcine factor VIII or high doses of human factor VIII, and bypassing of the inhibitor using recombinant factor VIIa or other bypassing agents. In addition to currently available therapeutic strategies, other approaches are under investigation, including the use of selected factor VIII peptides that block the inhibitor; the use of immunologically mute factor VIII products, for example a human‐porcine factor VIII chimera not recognized by factor VIII inhibitors, and the use of anti‐idiotypic antibodies. The ability to recognize those patients destined to develop inhibitors is also under active investigation.
Induction of Immune Tolerance, the Future of the Registry
Authors: Ewing Nadia P.
Published: March 2009

Factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors are IgG antibodies that neutralize the procoagulant activity of FVIII, rendering hemorrhages difficult to manage. There may exist a genetic predisposition with consequent imbalance of T and B cell function. Efforts at inhibitor eradication in the last 20 years have produced a multitude of immune tolerance induction (IIT) protocols with variable outcome. Data derived from the International Registry indicate that inhibitor titer at outset of IIT and dose of FVIII concentrate used are important predictors of success. Future Registry activities should identify optimally standardized IIT regimens designed on the basis of patient likelihood to achieve tolerance and should provide further understanding of T and B cell interaction in the treatment process.
Pulse oximetric thresholds for tonsillectomy and adenotomy in children: significance of 1–2% decline in oxyhemoglobin saturation
Authors: MIYAMOTO YOSHIKAZU , KINOUCHI KEIKO , SANO MITSUHITO , IGUCHI NAOYA , ONO RIE , KITAMURA SEIJI , MASHIMO TAKASHI
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  We aimed to establish optimal overnight pulse oximetric thresholds for determining the indication of tonsillectomy and adenotomy (TA) in children by revising the definition of ‘desaturation’.

Methods:  One hundred and thirty four children scheduled for TA (TA group, 5.3 ± 1.4 years old) and 112 otherwise healthy children scheduled for elective minor surgery (control group, 5.4 ± 1.5 years old) were enrolled into this prospective study. Data were recorded and stored every 10 s using Nellcor N‐395. Desaturation/resaturation events were defined as x% change (x = 1–4) of SpO2 (oxyhemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry) in 10 s. The desaturation/resaturation indices were calculated as events per hour of total sleeping time. For each index, a wide range of temporary thresholds was set. The optimal thresholds for TA were the ones that maximized the weighted average for sensitivity, specificity (based on whether the index improved or not after TA), and the percentage of the control children whose indices were below the threshold.

Results:  For all the indices, the optimal thresholds that fulfilled the above condition were determined. Compared with the x = 3–4% results, the application of x = 1–2% approximately doubled the TA patients whose preoperative ‘positive’ indices improved after TA, with the weighted averages of 84.3–92.3% as described above.

Conclusions:  By defining desaturation/resaturation as a 1–2% change in SpO2 from the preceding value, children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy whose pulse oximetric indices are expected to improve after TA can be detected by pulse oximetry with relatively high sensitivity and specificity.
Does urodynamic verification of overactive bladder determine treatment success? Results from a randomized placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Malone‐Lee James G. , Al‐Buheissi Salah
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether subjects with or with no detrusor overactivity (DO) determined by urodynamic assessment respond differently to treatment with the antimuscarinic agent tolterodine (extended release formulation, ER).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Adult subjects with urinary frequency (average ≥8 voids/24 h) and urgency with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) underwent urodynamic assessment and were stratified according to whether they had DO (positive urodynamics) or not (negative urodynamics). Subjects in each urodynamic stratum were randomized to receive tolterodine‐ER (4 mg once daily) or placebo for 12 weeks. Diary cards were completed for 7 days before each study visit (at baseline, week 4, and week 12). The volume per void was recorded for 3 of the 7 days.

RESULTS

The difference between the positive and negative urodynamic groups in mean change in volume voided between baseline and 12 weeks was 5.38 mL (95% CI, −93 mL to +15.71 mL). This difference is within the pre‐stipulated range defined for equivalence (±20 mL, P = 0.31). There was also no significant difference in the change from baseline to 12 weeks between the urodynamics groups in mean number of voids per day or UUI episodes. However, there was significant improvement in the treatment group compared with the placebo group, in the number of voids per 24 h (P = 0.003) and in the mean change in volume voided (P = 0.03), from baseline to 12 weeks, but not in UUI episodes (P = 0.35).

CONCLUSIONS

Urodynamics status could not predict treatment outcomes between patients treated with tolterodine‐ER or placebo. The results add support to evidence suggesting that urodynamic assessment is not a prerequisite for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Therefore, we recommend that anticholinergic treatment may be initiated to patients with OAB symptoms without the need for urodynamics studies.
Hebrew as a partial null‐subject language*
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: March 2009

Abstract. To account for the tense‐wise and person‐wise uneven distribution of null subjects in Hebrew, we argue first that Hebrew finite T can have either a full phi set – with person and number, a partial one – with number only or no phi set at all. Second, Hebrew pro is argued to lack a person feature. Feature matching with T consequently fails when T has [person], but succeeds when T lacks [person], albeit with the subject interpreted impersonally. Third, ‘control’ of pro involves the assignment of a person feature to pro, rendering it capable of reference. Fourth, the fact that Hebrew pro can only be first or second person is an illusion: The speech act participants are associated with a functional head SAP0, to which the first and second person pronouns cliticize. Thus, there is no independently‐referring pro at all in Hebrew.
Report on Graduate and Undergraduate Programs in Conflict Resolution*
Authors: Katz Neil H.
Published: March 2009

Over the next generation, I predict, society's greatest opportunities will lie in tapping human inclinations toward collaboration and compromise rather than stirring our proclivities for competition and rivalries…. Universities can prepare able people with a broad view of their profession and with skills to help address its problems.
Useless Hours?
Authors: Behrman Cynthia F.
Published: March 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Selma Meyerowitz, Leonard Woolf

Francis West, Gilbert Murray: A Life
UNILATERALISM AND MULTILATERALISM IN A TRANSITIONAL WORLD: Lessons of the Arias Peace Plan
Authors: Andersen Robert B.
Published: March 2009

The Arias Peace Plan was able to further the process of peace in Central America in part because it was an ad hoc multilateral process composed of countries of the Central American region, thus representing a bridge from the region's tradition of unilateral intervention by the United States to the more recent experience of involvement by formal multilateral agencies such as the United Nations and the Organization of American States. The plan's success derived also from the fact that in each of the phases of the process—conceptualization, negotiation, and implementation‐Costa Rican president Oscar Arias and his team recognized and capitalized upon changing global and regional environments that were increasingly conducive to conflict resolution.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, AND PEACE AND CHANGE RESEARCH
Authors: Burgess Guy
Published: March 2009

This is a research note about the potential wonders of rapidly advancing technologies of telecommunications and information storage and retrieval. These technologies are making it possible (and affordable) to integrate the worldwide network of peace and change scholars into a single “virtual institute” in which geographic separation is no longer a meaningful barrier to collaborative work. They are also giving peace and change scholars an opportunity to enter an age in which they can have almost immediate access to any information they want! Much of what is needed to make these potential wonders a reality is already being put in place by computer hardware and software developers, university departments of computing and network services, and a relatively small core of peace and change scholars who are learning to exploit these new technologies. But these efforts are not enough. Computer technology will not significantly advance the field of peace research until a large fraction of scholars take an active role in (1) adapting available technologies to their specific needs, (2) contributing their knowledge in computer‐accessible form to the field as a whole, and (3) using the information to improve the quality of their work
ANTIWAR HAWKS AND PROWAR DOVES IN THE GULF WAR
Authors: Spencer Metta
Published: March 2009

Policies about the Gulf War cannot be understood merely in terms of support or opposition. Some militarists both in the Soviel Union and the United States opposed that war, while some erstwhile peace strategists supported it. The peace movement was divided primarily between proponents of common security and of collective securiy. Soviet militarists were strengthened by the domestically unpopular acceptance by the foreign ministry of the collective securiy model.
EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: Simoneti Styliani , Ackermann Alice
Published: March 2009

Political transformations in Central and Eastern Europe are relevant not only to institutional change but also to the transfiguration of a fragmented and degraded political self and group. In their search for democratization, Eastern Europeans are desperately seeking a new morally and psychologically empowered identity. The process of creating a new identity entails complex systems of group defenses (splitting, scapegoating, identification with the aggressor), which are already being expressed in the realm of politics (e.g., violation of minority rights, anti‐Semitism, ethnic violence, etc.). Short of celebrating the establishment of democracy in Eastern Europe, methodological and theoretical inquiry into Eastern European transformation should focus on the psychocultural parameters that have an impact on the process of identity formation and warn policymakers against serious political implications that this process is likely to have not only for Eastern but also for Western Europe. In lieu of these complex processes, the authors argue that traditional concepts of security become outdated against the rising manifestations of conflict and violence in Central and Eastern Europe. They therefore propose an expanded conception of security that encompasses a dimension pertinent to the psychocultural origins (e.g., identity crisis) of security threats (e.g., ethnic violence, extremism, migration).
LEARNING AND NONVIOLENT STRUGGLE IN THE INTIFADAH
Authors: Vogele William B.
Published: March 2009

This article examines the process of learning in the first two years of the Palestinian intifadah. During that period of the uprising, Palestinians deliberately employed a strategy of struggle that emphasized nonviolent action. Understanding how each side learns in such a situation of acute conflict is important both for the immediate prosecution of nonviolent struggle and for projecting the techniques to new forms such as national defense. An important conclusion raises a strong caution that the use of even limited violence in a nonviolent strategy tends to cloud the persuasive power of the strategy's nonaggressive intent. This, in turn, can undermine the movement's capacity to wield power against its opponent. Similarly, nonviolent strategists cannot ignore the particular balance of social resources in their situation.
SOCIAL CHANGE AS APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
Authors: Divinski Randy , Hubbard Amy , Kendrick J. Richard , Noll Jane
Published: March 2009

Recently, there have been calls for social scientists to use their skills in the service of social change. Yet colleges and universities resist integration of the roles of social change practitioner and academic. Those who would integrate activism and scholarship face formidable obstacles in reconciling the competing demands of two very different worlds. This article discusses the problem of integrating those roles and examines the obstacles to integration in both academic and activist organizations. The authors argue that the most difficult barriers to overcome exist in the academic world, although working with social movement groups also poses problems. They conclude with suggestions for how activist academics can further integrate their roles and create a social science of social change.
RECONCILIATION AS A PEACE‐BUILDING PROCESS IN POSTWAR EUROPE
Authors: Ackermann Alice
Published: March 2009

Reconciliation as a concept and as a political process has received virtually no attention in the literature on international relations, conflict studies, and peace research. In the context of this study, reconciliation refers to a process by which countries can establish structures and procedures for establishing durable peace with their adversaries once they have entered a postsettlement or postconflict phase. One of the major tasks of this article is to explore how reconciliation was realized as a policy process. Drawing on the Franco‐German case, the author reveals how reconciliation functioned as a peace‐building strategy to overcome the historical antagonism between the two countries through the use of cooperative linkages, community building, and the expansion of the societal and cultural ties between France and Germany.
HOW WARS END: The Vietnam War
Authors: Kimball Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

The contentious debate about how the U.S.‐Vietnam War ended is mired in partisan politics. The debate centers on two major issues: whether the antiwar movement or the diplomacy/strategy of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger helped to end the war or prolong it. The author tries to clarify the debate by examining the events leading to the 1973 Paris cease‐fire agreement within the context of historical generalizations concerning “war termination”—concluding that the accord conformed to standard patterns of war endings. By mid‐1972, the conditions required for bringing an end to the Vietnam War finally appeared. Neither American nor Vietnamese policymakers judged the military situation to be favorable; both sides considered their overall prospects to be better with a cease‐fire than without one; and the political and economic costs of the war to both sides were now seen as intolerable. In the United States, the antiwar movement had at last influenced public and official opinion to accept the termination of this tragic war. Commentaries follow by Melvin Small, Dee Garrison, Robert J. McMahon, and Robert D. Schulzinger.
W. AVERELL HARRIMAN, HENRY CABOT LODGE, AND THE QUEST FOR PEACE IN VIETNAM
Authors: Sieg Kent G.
Published: March 2009

America's search for a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War began in 1962 and continued until the signing of the Paris accords in 1973. The twilight period in the careers of two of America's most prominent statesmen became intertwined with this quest. Despite the respective tenures of W. Averell Harriman and Henry Cabot Lodge as ambassadors in charge of negotiations, both failed to achieve a peace agreement. However, they did try, against incredible odds, to succeed. This article surveys the personal papers of both these men to ascertain their involvement with Vietnam. Until very recently untapped by scholars, these document collections shed new light on the process that terminated the Indochina conflict.
AN EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION?
Authors: Smith E. Timothy
Published: March 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

The War within: America's Battle Over Vietnam, by Tom Wells.

Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era, by Kenneth J. Heineman.
THE PLACE OF DISSENT IN INQUIRY, LEARNING, AND REFLECTION
Authors: Schwartz Michael
Published: March 2009

Since the advent of the modern university in the United States, dissent has been a cherished, protected right. The university has had a long history worldwide as a corporate form. While dissent has been reserved for individual scholars, universities have only rarely engaged in dissent as corporate or institutional bodies. When they have done so, such institutions became “partisan camps” which tolerated no individual dissent. This essay argues that the campus antiwar movement of the 1960s was, in part, an effort to force corporate dissent upon the universities and constituted a substantial threat to academic freedom—one which the professoriate turned back. Current efforts by the political right or left to establish partisan camps on campuses are no less dangerous to the right of individual dissent.
DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: AN ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Toppen Joel J.
Published: March 2009

A significant body of research indicates that development and human rights are related. This “modernization theory of human rights” suggests that as poor countries achieve higher levels of socioeconomic development, human rights conditions improve. While it is clear that the human rights records of the most highly developed countries are quite good, this article examines whether levels of development are connected to human rights conditions in the rest of the world. Measures of economic and socioeconomic development are examined against two scales of political terror based on annual reports from Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department. The findings indicate that human rights and development are not significantly related in the less developed world and suggest that efforts to promote human rights need to go beyond assisting rights‐abusing states based on past notions of developmental aid.
SENATOR FRANK CHURCH, THE FORD ADMINISTRATION, AND THE CHALLENGES OF POST‐VIETNAM FOREIGN POLICY
Authors: Schmitz David F.
Published: March 2009

The end of the Vietnam War on April 30, 1975, appeared to Senator Frank Church to provide “an opportune time for some reflections on America's role in the world,” particularly for a reevaluation of the policies which led to that protracted, painful, and divisive conflict. Church, who had been a leading Senate critic of the war since 1965, and who chaired the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in 1975, quickly learned that his hopes for a new direction in American policy toward Asia, Africa, and Latin America were not to be realized. Rather, as Secretary of State Henry Kissinger affirmed in March 1975, there was to be no change in the assumptions that underpinned American policy. This article examines the efforts by Church to redirect American foreign policy after Vietnam. Church had long been frustrated by what he saw as the exaggeration of the Soviet threat in the Third World and by the character of U.S. intervention abroad. Watergate and the revelations of CIA efforts to assassinate foreign leaders and overthrow governments added to Church's sense of urgency. Yet, the Gerald Ford administration fought those who proposed new geopolitical strategies and ideas.
Conservative Churches and Fertility Innovation: A Cultural‐Ecological Approach to the Second Demographic Transition Among Nonblacks in the United States
Authors: Morrison Emory
Published: March 2009

This article investigates whether the prevalence of conservative churches, which has been associated with variation in demographic patterns in Western Europe (Lesthaeghe and Neels 2002), can explain geographic differences in family demographic patterns—specifically fertility—in the U.S. nonblack population. Lesthaeghe and Neels find that a second demographic transition (SDT)—characterized by increasing prevalence of nontraditional family and household structure—is hindered by the presence of strong conservative religious institutions. The high religiosity of the United States compared with Western Europe makes it an interesting test case for the theory. This article analyzes the relationship between nonblack fertility and rates of membership in conservative Protestant and Latter Day Saint churches (conservative churches) among nonblacks in U.S. counties and shows that conservative church membership indeed is an independent factor in geographic differences in family demographic patterns—especially with regard to the timing of parenting, but less so with regard to nonmarital childbearing.
Conceptions of God and the Devil Across the Lifespan: A Cultural‐Developmental Study of Religious Liberals and Conservatives
Authors: Jensen Lene Arnett
Published: March 2009

Utilizing a cultural‐developmental approach, this interview study examined how children, adolescents, and adults from religiously liberal and conservative groups conceptualize God and the Devil. Participants (N= 120) conceptualized God and the Devil along similar dimensions, including number (e.g., one, many), gender, central attributes (e.g., physical, supernatural), and evaluation (e.g., positive, neutral). Within‐subject differentiations of God and the Devil occurred on all dimensions. Religiously liberal and conservative groups differed on attributes, evaluations, and degree of control ascribed to God and the Devil. With respect to age, results suggest a rethinking of the Piagetian interpretation that children's conceptions of supernatural entities are more concrete, more anthropomorphic, and less abstract than those of adolescents and adults. The results instead point to the usefulness of a cultural‐developmental approach.
Subjective education in analytic training: drawing on values from the art academy
Authors: Dougherty Mary
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Kernberg and others have observed that psychoanalytic education has tended to promote the acquisition of theoretical knowledge and clinical technique within an atmosphere of indoctrination rather than of exploration. As a corrective, he proposed four models that correspond to values in psychoanalytic education: the art academy, the technical trade school, the religious seminary and the university. He commended models of the university and art academy to our collective attention because of their combined effectiveness in providing for the objective and subjective education of candidates: the university model for its capacity to provide a critical sense of a wide range of theories in an atmosphere tolerating debate and difference, and the art academy model for its capacity to facilitate the expression of individual creativity. In this paper, I will explore the art academy model for correspondences between artistic and analytic trainings that can enhance the development of the creative subjectivity of psychoanalytic candidates. I will draw additional correspondences between analytic and artistic learning that can enhance psychoanalytic education.
Evil acts not evil people: their characteristics and contexts
Authors: Horne Michael
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  The problem of evil has vexed philosophers and theologians for centuries and anthropologists, sociologists, psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists in more recent times. Numerous theories have been proposed but there is still little agreement on such basic questions as the nature of evil, what constitutes and motivates an evil act, and how we resolve conflicts between individuals and groups in which evil acts are being committed.

I am proposing that evil should be used as an adjective, and not as a noun. As such it should be employed to qualify acts of persons rather than their character. This change would enable us to eschew foundational explanations of evil and, therefore, to examine evil acts in their contexts and so better discern their nature and motivation.

I will contend that evil acts begin when an individual makes, or members of a group make, assertions about the ‘naturalness’ of their own acts and, correspondingly, the ‘unnaturalness’ of the acts of others. I will suggest that this results from the anxiety that ensues when they cannot adequately signify their experience of these acts. When this occurs, those so treated are dispossessed of their ‘personhood’, allowing members of the ‘natural’ group to violate their ‘boundaries' with impunity. These violations can range from the relatively innocuous such as being ignored to the extreme such as genocide. I am asserting that all these acts should be termed evil as they derive from the same semiotic process of ‘naturalizaton’.

I will discuss ways of preventing individuals or groups from embarking on the process of ‘naturalization’ and describe the types of contexts that might reduce or eliminate the commission of evil acts by those already engaged in their perpetration. To demonstrate these ideas I will use examples from my personal experience, from analytic theory and from the ‘troubles' in Northern Ireland.
Measurement of Temperature Increment in Compressive Quasi‐Static and Dynamic Tests Using Infrared Thermography
Authors: Guzmán R. , Meléndez J. , Aranda J. M. , Essa Y. E. , López F. , Pérez‐Castellanos J. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  During the plastic deformation of metals, part of the mechanical energy is retained in the material as plastic deformations and the rest is converted to heat. A temperature increment is a measure of the heat energy generated in the tested specimen. This temperature can be detected by measuring the infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the specimen surface. This study describes an attempt to improve the experimental procedure using IR thermography to measure the temperature increment as a function of the plastic strain of the studied materials. Tests were carried out under quasi‐static and dynamic load conditions (using a universal testing machine and a Split Hopkinson pressure bar). The method is applied on an Al alloy (Al6082), a Mg alloy (ZC71) and the same Mg alloy reinforced with ceramic particles (SiC, 12 vol%). The emissivity measurement of the studied materials is detailed, as well as the method of synchronising the IR camera with the testing machines. Finally, the influence of test conditions on the measured temperature is analysed.
Solitary plasmocytoma: improvement in critical organs sparing by means of helical tomotherapy
Authors: Chargari Cyrus , Kirova Youlia M. , Zefkili Sofia , Caussa Lucas , Amessis Malika , Dendale Rémi , Campana François , Fourquet Alain
Published: March 2009

Purpose: Helical tomotherapy (HT) was assessed in two patients with paramedullar solitary bone plasmocytoma. We compared doses delivered to critical organs, according HT plan or tridimensional conformal plan.

Methods and materials: One male (patient no. 1), 67 yr‐old and one female (patient no. 2), 37‐yr‐old, with histologically, biologically and radiological confirmed paramedullar solitary plasmocytoma have been treated in our department between November 2007 and February 2008 using HT. The prescription dose was 40 Gy in 20 fractions. This HT treatment planning was compared with a routine dosimetric work that was executed for a standard conformal radiotherapy treatment planning.

Results: Treatment tolerance was excellent, without any side effects. Both patients achieved 9‐month complete remission. HT resulted in substantial critical organs sparing. For patient no. 1, dose delivered to 20% of the total intestine volume was reduced from 28 Gy for conformal radiotherapy to 13 Gy for HT. Radiation dose delivered to 20% of the left kidney was reduced from 25 Gy to 7 Gy. For patient no. 2, volume of left lung that received at least 20 Gy was 12% for conformal radiotherapy vs. 6% for HT.

Conclusions: For paramedullar solitary plasmocytoma, HT has the potential to significantly improve the quality of the dose distribution both in terms of better dose homogeneity within the planning target volume and more efficient sparing of critical organs.
Change of oxalate form in pot‐grown napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) by application of calcium hydroxide
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mijanur , Ishii Yasuyuki , Niimi Mitsuhiro , Kawamura Osamu
Published: March 2009

Oxalate interferes with the absorption of calcium (Ca) in livestock. However, insoluble oxalate, which presents mostly as a complex combined with Ca, is not considered to be a problem in ruminants. The objective of this study was to test the possibility of increasing insoluble oxalate content in plants by increasing Ca supply in pot‐grown napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach). The plants were cut three times at approximately 2‐month intervals from summer to autumn. Four treatments (0, 30, 60 and 90 g m−2) of Ca(OH)2 were applied in three equal split doses: before transplanting and soon after the first two cuttings. At almost all of the cuttings, soluble oxalate in forage showed a decreasing trend and insoluble oxalate and Ca concentration showed a reverse trend with an increased rate of Ca(OH)2 application. Averaged over the three cuttings, the 90‐g Ca(OH)2 treatment was most effective in reducing soluble oxalate by increasing insoluble oxalate, with significant (P < 0.05) differences between the 0‐ and 90‐g Ca(OH)2 treatments. However, total oxalate content was not affected (P > 0.05) by the rate of Ca(OH)2 application. Moreover, Ca(OH)2 application did not affect dry matter yield and the concentrations of magnesium, potassium and sodium of plant material. It may be concluded that the level of soluble oxalate in plants can be partially replaced by formation of insoluble oxalate using Ca(OH)2 fertilizer.
Phenomenology of Religion
Authors: Ryba Thomas
Published: March 2009

Contemporary phenomenology of religion is afflicted by three vicissitudes: (a) neglect or criticism due to the hegemony of postmodern theories and methods in the study of religions, (b) a multiplicity of phenomenological methods in the study of religions, and (c) the perceived disconnection between philosophical and religious studies approaches to phenomenology. In this article, I intend to show that none of these afflictions are either necessary or fatal to phenomenology of religion. This is accomplished in three steps. After surveying the salient features of philosophical and religious studies approaches to the phenomenology of religion, I propose a general definition of ‘phenomenology of religion’ which demonstrates a unity in the midst of a diversity of approaches. I then argue that phenomenology, thus conceived, can answer the postmodern critiques and can once again become a viable approach to description of religions as well as a first methodological step toward theories of religion.
Feminist Theory and Jewish Studies
Authors: Glanzberg‐Krainin Deborah , Levitt Laura
Published: March 2009

This article examines the history of the relationship between feminist theory and Jewish studies; it considers feminist theory's role as a transformational force in Jewish studies. Feminist theory is an approach to Jewish studies that problematizes subjectivity and posits that identities are multiple, shifting, and frequently constructed through social discourses and practices. Feminist theory pays special attention to the complicated intersections between masculinist privilege and the institution of heterosexuality as the normative social relation defining family, community, and national identifications as well as designations of Jews, Jewishness, and Judaism even as it pays attention to other forms of social power including race, ethnicity, and class.
Identification of 24 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the double‐crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
Authors: FIKE JENNIFER A. , DEVAULT TRAVIS L. , RHODES OLIN E.
Published: March 2009

Twenty‐four polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the double‐crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus). The number of alleles ranged from two to 13 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.032 to 0.871. The use of these loci should enable researchers and biologists to learn more about the population structure and ecology of this species.
Optimization of Two-Phase Flow in Injection Nozzles: Interaction of Cavitation and External Jet Formation
Authors: Yuan Weixing , Schnerr Gu¨nter H.
Published: March 2009

The present investigation demonstrates the strong interaction of cavitating nozzle flow with the outside jet formation. Due to the strong sensitivity of cavitation on the imposed boundary conditions, simulations with restriction on the internal problem are qualitatively and quantitatively incorrect, so that phenomena like hydraulic flip and supercavitation cannot be revealed. Our results indicate the potential of cavitation for enhancement of atomization and spray quality.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Jet Control for Combustion Applications
Authors: Faivre Vincent , Poinsot Thierry
Published: March 2009

The purpose of the present study is to quantify experimentally the effects of forcing on the aerodynamic field in a model configuration : a non reactive jet of air. Such configurations are found in many combustion systems and constitute basic elements for many active control strategies. In the present work, jet control is achieved by adding either steady or pulsated swirl to the main jet through the actuators system. Results show that one of the strongest effects of the actuator is to enhance the mixing of the jet with the ambient fluid. This effect can be noted even if the flow rate in the actuator is low. A second aspect of research for this actuator is to use it in an unsteady regime to use smaller flow rates and minimize the control cost.
Numerical Simulation of Separation Control in Backward Facing Step Turbulent Flow
Authors: Guilmineau Emmanuel , Queutey Patrick
Published: March 2009

The control of turbulent separated flow over the backward-facing step is numerically investigated with various turbulence models ranging from one equation Spalart & Allmaras (1992), two-equation K-ω closures (Wilcox, 1988; Menter, 1993) to a full Reynolds stress transport model based on the Reynolds stress transport Rij-ω model (Deng & Visonneau, 1999). Results are compared with experimental data of Yoshioka et al. (1999) where the flow control was monitoring with alternating suction/injection at the step height. It is shown that the effect of that local perturbation is better represented using the Rij-ω turbulence model.
Near-Critical Swirling Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids in a Pipe
Authors: Rusak Zvi , Tichy John A.
Published: March 2009

The interaction between flow inertia and elasticity in high Reynolds number, axisymmetric, and near-critical swirling flows of an incompressible and viscoelastic fluid in a straight circular pipe is studied. The stresses of the viscoelastic fluid are described by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model (representing the low constant-viscosity Boger fluids). A nonlinear small-disturbance analysis is developed from the governing equations of motion in order to understand the complicated interactions between flow inertia and fluid viscosity and elasticity. The effects of the fluid viscosity, relaxation time, and retardation time on the flow development in the pipe and on the critical swirl for vortex breakdown are explored. It is found that increasing the relaxation time with other parameters being fixed increases the critical swirl for vortex breakdown whereas increasing the retardation time with other parameters being fixed decreases the critical swirl for breakdown. Also, when the relaxation and retardation times are the same the critical swirl is the same as that of a Newtonian fluid. The viscoelastic characteristic times also effect the size of the flow perturbation. These results may explain the changes in the appearance of breakdown zones as function of Reynolds numbers (swirl level) that have been recently observed in the experiments by Stokes et al. (2001) where Boger fluids were used. This work extends for the first time the theory of vortex stability and breakdown to include effects of non-Newtonian fluids.
Influence of Meridian Shape on Screw-Type Centrifugal Pump Performance
Authors: Tatebayashi Yasushi , Tanaka Kazuhiro
Published: March 2009

A screw-type centrifugal pump with a wide flow passage has been widely used for drainage of rainwater as well as slurries and mud to avoid the flow passage blockage with the congestion of solids. Due to the complicated configuration of this pump, the design method of this pump has not been established yet. The authors succeeded in predicting the internal flow numerically by using our own grid-generation system and a commercial 3-D N-S code, TASCflow, as a solver. In this study, the internal flow has been predicted numerically at the design point on the five impellers with different hub cone shapes in order to clarify the influence of meridian shape on the pump performance. In particular, the relationships among the pump characteristics, the back flow at the blade pressure surface and the back flow from the volute casing to the impeller exit have been discussed in the numerical results on the velocity and pressure distributions.