bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive birds in a novel landscape: habitat associations and effects on established species
Authors: Bonter David N. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Dickinson Janis L.
Published: October 2009

Studying the relationships among introduced species, their preferred habitats, and native species can be important for predicting the effects of invasions on native populations. Examining the colonization of North America by the Eurasian collared‐dove Streptopelia decaocto, we quantified the habitat characteristics of sites most likely to be occupied by this invasive bird species in the early stages of the invasion. Further, we studied the relationship between collared‐dove abundance and the abundance of other dove species in the study area, anticipating a negative effect on established species following the introduction of a potential competitor. Linking satellite‐derived landcover data with winter bird community data gathered from 444 study sites in Florida, USA from 1999 to 2008, we found that collared‐doves were more likely to occur in landscapes that had been highly‐modified by human activity than in forested landscapes. Collared‐dove abundance increased as the proportion of the landscape characterized as low‐intensity development and medium/high‐intensity development increased. The probability of collared‐doves occurring at a site was also related to the spatial proximity of other sites reporting doves (positive spatial autocorrelation). Contrary to our expectations, the site‐level abundance of four other dove species all increased with collared‐dove abundance throughout the sampling period. Interactions between collared‐doves and native species should be further studied in different environments as this invasive bird rapidly colonizes North America.
Face shape of unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: combining three‐dimensional surface imaging and geometric morphometrics
Authors: Weinberg SM , Naidoo SD , Bardi KM , Brandon CA , Neiswanger K , Resick JM , Martin RA , Marazita ML
Published: October 2009

Structured Abstract

Authors – Weinberg SM, Naidoo SD, Bardi KM, Brandon CA, Neiswanger K, Resick JM, Martin RA, Marazita ML

Objective – Various lines of evidence suggest that face shape may be a predisposing factor for non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P). In the present study, 3D surface imaging and statistical shape analysis were used to evaluate face shape differences between the unaffected (non‐cleft) parents of individuals with CL / P and unrelated controls.

Methods – Sixteen facial landmarks were collected from 3D captures of 80 unaffected parents and 80 matched controls. Prior to analysis, each unaffected parent was assigned to a subgroup on the basis of prior family history (positive or negative). A geometric morphometric approach was utilized to scale and superimpose the landmark coordinate data (Procrustes analysis), test for omnibus group differences in face shape, and uncover specific modes of shape variation capable of discriminating unaffected parents from controls.

Results – Significant disparity in face shape was observed between unaffected parents and controls (p < 0.01). Notably, these changes were specific to parents with a positive family history of CL / P. Shape changes associated with CL / P predisposition included marked flattening of the facial profile (midface retrusion), reduced upper facial height, increased lower facial height, and excess interorbital width. Additionally, a sex‐specific pattern of parent‐control difference was evident in the transverse dimensions of the nasolabial complex.

Conclusions – The faces of unaffected parents from multiplex cleft families displayed meaningful shape differences compared with the general population. Quantitative assessment of the facial phenotype in cleft families may enhance efforts to discover the root causes of CL /P.
Forces and moments on posterior teeth generated by incisor intrusion biomechanics
Authors: Sifakakis I , Pandis N , Makou M , Eliades T , Bourauel C
Published: October 2009

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Sifakakis I, Pandis N, Makou M, Eliades T, Bourauel C

Objectives –  To comparatively evaluate the extrusive forces and torquing moments on the posterior dentition generated during anterior intrusion with different intrusion techniques in the maxillary and mandibular dental arch.

Material and Methods –  Seven wire specimens were used for each of the following intrusive arches: Utility arch 0.016 × 0.016′ Blue Elgiloy®, Utility arch 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® and Burstone Intrusion arch 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA®. The wires were inserted on bracketed dental arches constructed on maxillary Frasaco models, segmented mesially to the maxillary canines. Simulated intrusion from 0.0–3.0 mm was performed on the Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (OMSS). The forces and moments were recorded in all three planes of space at 0.1 mm increments and the values at 3.0 mm for all wires were used for all statistical evaluations. The data were analyzed, separately for the forces and moments, by means of two‐way analysis of variance (anova) with forces and moments serving as the dependent variables and intrusion technique and jaw (maxilla or mandible) as the independent variable. Post hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the Tukey test at .05 error rate.

Results –  The 0.016 × 0.016′ Blue Elgiloy® utility arch exerted the highest posterior extrusive forces, 15% higher than the 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® utility and 40% higher in comparison with the 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® Burstone intrusion arch.The lowest posterior moment in the saggital plane was generated by the 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® Burstone intrusion arch. The 0.016 × 0.016′ Blue Elgiloy® utility arch exerted 15% higher posterior moments and the 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® utility 25% higher. Forces and moments were consistently larger for the mandible compared to the maxilla for the same intrusion technique.

Conclusions –  The upper Burstone 0.017 × 0.025′ TMA® intrusion arch exerted the lowest forces/moments on posterior teeth. The highest forces were generated by the 0.016 × 0.016‐inch Blue Elgiloy® utility arch and the highest moments by the lower 0.017 × 0.025‐inch TMA® utility arch.
When do nurse plants stop nursing? Temporal changes in water stress levels in Austrocedrus chilensis growing within and outside shrubs
Authors: Nuñez Cecilia I. , Raffaele Estela , Nuñez Martín A. , Cuassolo Florencia
Published: October 2009

Question: Does the proximity of shrubs affect seasonal water stress of young Austrocedrus chilensis trees (a native conifer of the Austral Temperate Forest of South America) in xeric sites?

Location: A. chilensis xeric forest in northwest Patagonia, Argentina.

Methods: We examined the dependence of predawn twig water potential on tree development (seedling to adult) and proximity to nurse shrubs during spring and summer. We analysed spatial associations of seedlings, saplings and adult trees with nurse shrubs, and also evaluated if trees affected shrub canopy vitality.

Results: Water stress in Austrocedrus trees was affected by shrub presence. Small trees (i.e.<0.5 m in height) growing in the open were most stressed, particularly in summer. Small trees growing within a shrub canopy had low water stress and little change between spring and summer. The opposite trend, however, was true for the medium‐height category (i.e. 0.5‐1.5 m in height); trees in this size category were more stressed when growing within the shrub canopy than in the open. Larger Austrocedrus trees (i.e.>2 m in height) were not affected by shrub presence. Austrocedrus trees were spatially associated with shrubs in all height classes; however, the percentage of living shrub canopy decreased with tree height.

Conclusions: In xeric areas of northwest Patagonia, the strength and direction of interactions between A. chilensis and shrubs, in terms of tree water stress, are dynamic and modulated by tree size and environmental conditions. Overall, positive effects of shrubs on early developmental stages appear to be more important than subsequent negative interactions, since nursing effects could generate a spatial association of shrubs and Austrocedrus trees that persists through later successional stages. These findings shed light on mechanisms behind successional changes, and have important conservation and management implications.
Review article: Convulsive and non‐convulsive status epilepticus: An emergency medicine perspective
Authors: Shah Amish M , Vashi Anita , Jagoda Andy
Published: October 2009

Status epilepticus (SE) is divided into convulsive and non‐convulsive types; both are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although convulsive SE is easily recognized, non‐convulsive SE remains an elusive diagnosis as physical signs are varied and subtle. Successful management depends on a comprehensive approach that involves diagnostic testing and pharmacological interventions while ensuring cerebral oxygenation and perfusion at all times. There are a limited number of well‐designed studies to support the development of evidence‐based recommendations for the management of SE, especially for the management of non‐convulsive status. Benzodiazepines, specifically lorazepam, continue to be the most commonly recommended first‐line therapy; best treatment for refractory status cases depends on resources available and must be tailored to the individual institution. In order to facilitate care, it is recommended that each institution develop a management protocol for these patients.
Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Ammonolysis of Two Novel Dimeric Transition Silylamide Complexes
Authors: Cheng Fei , Hope Christopher N. , Archibald Stephen J. , Bradley John S. , Clark Stephen , Francesconi M. Grazia , Kelly Stephen M. , Young Nigel A. , Lefebvre Frédéric
Published: October 2009

The preparation and molecular structures of two novel dimeric transition metal silylamide complexes {Li0.5Zr[NHSi(NMe2)3]1.5[NSi(NMe2)3]0.5[μ‐NSi(NMe2)3]}2 and {Li0.5Hf[NHSi(NMe2)3]1.5[NSi(NMe2)3]0.5[μ‐NSi(NMe2)3]}2 with a tetrahedral coordination environment are reported. Thermal ammonolysis of {Li0.5Zr[NHSi(NMe2)3]1.5[NSi(NMe2)3]0.5[μ‐NSi(NMe2)3]}2 in an autoclave yields a mesoporous partially lithiated silicon zirconium imide powder Si3Zr(N)(NH)x(NH2)y(NMe2)z with a surface area of 440 m2/g. A microporous partially lithiated silicon hafnium imide powder Si3Hf(N)(NH)x(NH2)y(NMe2)z with a surface area of 232 m2/g was obtained via a similar ammonolysis process of {Li0.5Hf[NHSi(NMe2)3]1.5[NSi(NMe2)3]0.5[μ‐NSi(NMe2)3]}2. Both of these silicon zirconium and hafnium imide powders have a disordered octahedral coordination environment. Pyrolysis of these zirconium and hafnium silicon imide powders leads to the formation of mixtures of porous zirconium or hafnium lithium silicon nitride ceramics with a regular octahedral coordination environment. They contain some residual lithium and exhibit a much reduced surface area due to an almost total collapse of the pores during the pyrolysis process.
Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3/MgO Composites with Enhanced Energy Storage Density and Low Dielectric Loss for Solid‐State Pulse‐Forming Line
Authors: Zhang Qingmeng , Wang Lei , Luo Jun , Tang Qun , Du Jun
Published: October 2009

(100−x) wt% Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3−xwt% MgO composites (10≤x≤30) were prepared using Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3powder and nanosized MgO powder (∼60 nm) by a solid‐state reaction. The energy storage density and dielectric loss were investigated for the purpose of a potential application in solid‐state pulse‐forming line. The results show that Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3/MgO composites exhibit a notably enhanced energy density and low dielectric loss, compared with pure Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3. The enhancement of the energy density is attributed to the notable increase in breakdown strength of the composites and the improvement of dielectric constant stability with regard to electric field. In the case ofx=30, the samples exhibited a breakdown strength of 33.1 kV/mm, an energy density of 1.14 J/cm3, a moderate dielectric constant of 270, and a low dielectric loss of 4 × 10−4.
Differential coronal rotation using radio images at 17 GHz
Authors: Chandra Satish , Vats Hari Om , Iyer K. N.
Published: October 2009

In the present work, we perform time-series analysis on the latitude bins of the solar full disc (SFD) images of Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) at 17 GHz. The flux modulation method traces the passage of radio features over the solar disc and the autocorrelation analysis of the time-series data of SFD images (one per day) for the period 1999–2001 gives the rotation period as a function of latitude extending from 60°S to 60°N. The results show that the solar corona rotates less differentially than the photosphere and chromosphere, i.e. it has smaller gradient in the rotation rate.
SURVEY ON OVERCOOKING RESISTANCE OF ITALIAN AND TUNISIAN SPAGHETTI
Authors: ZEPPA GIUSEPPE , ROLLE LUCA , GHIRARDELLO DANIELA
Published: October 2009

Texture properties of cooked pasta are generally recognized as the most important parameters in evaluating its overall quality. Published data concerning overcooking performances, however, are very scarce. To this end, a pasta shear test was performed at suggested cooking time and at 5, 10 and 20 min of overcooking. The most important spaghetti brands from Italy and Tunisia, the largest world pasta producers and consumers, were tested. The maximum cutting force at cooking times varies from 0.122 to 0.271 N/mm2 and the total work to cut from 0.113 to 0.291 mJ/mm2. Very important for consumers and foodservices are the differences for overcooking resistance among the brands. In fact, the maximum cutting force can reach up to 0.042 N/mm2 and the total work to cut up to 0.048 mJ/mm2, also with an overcooking time of 20 min. Generally, the highest values were shown by some Italian spaghetti, although Tunisian spaghetti and some low‐price Italian products have the lowest values. For a simple evaluation of overcooking resistance, a new index was also proposed.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Published data concerning cooking and, above all, overcooking performances of pasta are very scarce or absent. Generally, these data are obtained according to the American Association of Cereal Chemists method, but quality evaluation of pasta by consumers is performed only at the time suggested by producers. In this work, a pasta shear test was then performed at these suggested cooking times and at 5, 10 and 20 min of overcooking. Obtained results showed large differences on overcooking resistance among the brands. Also, a new overcooking index was defined in the work. This index can be very interesting for consumers and, above all, for foodservices, such as catering or school lunches, where course consumption is carried out a long time after it is cooked, thereby overcooking the product.
DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF NO‐FLATULENCE PINTO BEAN
Authors: SONG DANFENG , CHANG SAM K.C. , IBRAHIM SALAM A.
Published: October 2009

Raw pinto bean flour contained 0.38% raffinose and 3.34% stachyose on a dry weight basis. Bean flour was heated at 100C or 115C for 25 min, and then treated with crudeα‐galactosidase (60 Gal U/mL) produced by Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869. Crude enzyme completely hydrolyzed raffinose oligosaccharides in pinto bean flour and bean paste after 2 h treatment. Lipoxygenase and trypsin inhibitor activity were greatly inhibited (P < 0.05). Descriptive analysis showed that color, raw beany off‐flavor, bitterness and astringency of pinto bean paste increased significantly (P < 0.05) after the enzymatic treatment. There were no significant changes in stickiness, cooked bean aroma, nutty flavor, and sweetness of control pinto bean paste and enzymatic‐treated bean paste.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of dry edible beans is limited partly because of the presence of flatulence factors, especially the raffinose oligosaccharides. Crude fungal α‐galactosidases were very effective for removing raffinose oligosaccharides. However, the crude enzymes also contained other types of enzymes, which catalyzed undesirable reactions to produce low sensory quality products. Hence, more specific enzymatic methods for producing good sensory characteristics of the bean paste need to be developed before commercialization.
Improved Resolution of Ambient Flow through Fractured Rock with Temperature Logs
Authors: Pehme P.E. , Parker B.L. , Cherry J.A. , Greenhouse J.P.
Published: October 2009

In contaminant hydrogeology, investigations at fractured rock sites are typically undertaken to improve understanding of the fracture networks and associated groundwater flow that govern past and/or future contaminant transport. Conventional hydrogeologic, geophysical, and hydrophysical techniques used to develop a conceptual model are often implemented in open boreholes under conditions of cross‐connected flow. A new approach using high‐resolution temperature (±0.001°C) profiles measured within static water columns of boreholes sealed using continuous, water‐inflated, flexible liners (FLUTe™) identifies hydraulically active fractures under ambient (natural) groundwater flow conditions. The value of this approach is assessed by comparisons of temperature profiles from holes (100 to 200 m deep) with and without liners at four contaminated sites with distinctly different hydrogeologic conditions. The results from the lined holes consistently show many more hydraulically active fractures than the open‐hole profiles, in which the influence of vertical flow through the borehole between a few fractures masks important intermediary flow zones. Temperature measurements in temporarily sealed boreholes not only improve the sensitivity and accuracy of identifying hydraulically active fractures under ambient conditions but also offer new insights regarding previously unresolvable flow distributions in fractured rock systems, while leaving the borehole available for other forms of testing and monitoring device installation.
Social and Ecological Structures Supporting Adolescent Connectedness to School: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Waters Stacey K. , Cross Donna S. , Runions Kevin
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:Adolescence is a time of great change. For most young people, this is a healthy and happy experience; however, for some it is characterized by many health, social, and academic challenges. A student's feeling of connectedness to school helps meet these challenges. Little is known, however, about the school characteristics that promote this connection and, more importantly, how this connection occurs. This article reviews the connectedness literature and integrates health promotion, adolescent development, and ecological frameworks to describe how a school context fosters this connection.

METHOD:A systematic search and review process was used to retrieve scholarly articles pertaining to the research topic.

RESULTS:Each retrieved article was summarized, and a subsequent model was developed to define a school ecology and describe how this ecology influences a student's need to feel connected to school and the positive influence this connection has on adolescent health and well‐being.

CONCLUSIONS:Integrating developmental, ecological, and health promotion intervention theories and frameworks assists in the identification of interpersonal and organizational aspects of a school environment, which satisfy an individual's needs to feel autonomous, competent, and connected, and to improve health and well‐being outcomes for adolescents.
Lingual and Educational Policy toward “Homeland Minorities” in Deeply Divided Societies: India and Israel as Case Studies
Authors: HAREL‐SHALEV AYELET
Published: October 2009

In a bilingual or multilingual society, certain sectors may be regarded as disloyal should they speak the language of state enemies or be associated in one way or another with neighboring hostile countries. Within this framework, the present article analyzes how two deeply divided democracies, India and Israel, determined and implemented language and educational policies with respect to two major minority languages, Urdu and Arabic. A comparison is conducted between the policies of secular democratic India, regarding Urdu, a language of its Muslims minority, and of Israel, an ethnic democracy, regarding Arabic, the language of its Arab‐Palestinian minority. The findings indicate that both states have consigned the minority language to a marginal position on the public stage. Moreover, albeit that a certain level of autonomy in the educational sphere is given to the minority, the educational status of the minority is markedly low in comparison to the majority.

En una sociedad bilingüe o multilingüe, ciertos sectores pueden ser considerados como desleales si hablan el idioma de estados enemigos o fueran asociados de una u otra forma con países vecinos hostiles. Dentro de este marco, el presente artículo analiza como dos democracias sumamente divididas, India e Israel, determinaron e implementaron las políticas lingüisticas y educacionales de los dos más importantes idiomas minoritarios, el Urdu y el Árabe, respectivamente. Se lleva a cabo una comparación entre las políticas de la democracia secular de India, en lo que respecta al Urdu, un idioma de su minoría Musulmana, y de la democracia étnica Israelí, con respecto al Árabe, el idioma de su minoría Árabe‐Palestina. Las conclusiones indican que ambos estados han consignado el idioma minoritario a una posición marginal en el escenario de la vida pública. Además, el status educativo de la minoría es considerablemente bajo en comparación con el de la mayoría, aunque un cierto nivel de autonomía en la esfera educacional es dado al idioma.
The Politics of Economic Policy Making in Britain: A Re‐assessment of the 1976 IMF Crisis
Authors: ROGERS CHRIS
Published: October 2009

Many accounts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) crisis argue that British policy was determined by the exercise of structural power by markets, either through the creation of currency instability and the application of loan conditionality, or by acting as a catalyst for policy learning. This article reassesses economic policy making in Britain during the 1976 IMF crisis to show that policy change did not occur as a result of disciplinary market pressure or a process of social learning. It argues that state managers have to manage the contradictions between the imperatives of accumulation and legitimation, and can do so through the politics of depoliticization. It shows, via archival sources, how elements of the core‐executive had established preferences for deflationary policies, which were implemented in 1976 using market rhetoric and Fund conditionality to shape perceptions about the issues within the government's discretionary control.

Muchas explicaciones sobre la crisis del FMI sostienen que la política británica fue determinada, o bien, por el ejercicio de poder estructural vía el mercado a través de la creación de la inestabilidad cambiaria y la aplicación de préstamos condicionados, o por el intento de demostrar que sólo las políticas monetarias mantendrían la confianza, un reconocimiento que se espera alcanzar a través de un proceso de aprendizaje político. Este artículo reevalúa el diseño de políticas económicas en Gran Bretaña durante la crisis del FMI de 1976 para demostrar que el cambio en la política no ocurrió como resultado de una presión constante del mercado o un proceso de aprendizaje social. Argumenta que los administradores del estado deben manejar las contradicciones entre los fundamentos de la acumulación y legitimación y pueden hacer eso a través de la depolitización. Señala, como, en base a fuentes provenientes de archivos, los elementos del poder ejecutivo habían establecido preferencias por las políticas deflacionarias, las cuales fueron implementadas en 1976 utilizando la retórica del mercado y la condicionalidad del FMI para ubicar dentro del control discrecional del gobierno las percepciones acerca de asuntos públicos importantes.
Rock and a Hard Place: Public Willingness to Trade Civil Rights and Liberties for Greater Security
Authors: JENKINS‐SMITH HANK C. , HERRON KERRY G.
Published: October 2009

Our research examines the implications of political beliefs for the relationship between preferences for freedom and security. We briefly situate the relationship in historical context and relate it to today's struggle with terrorism. Then we examine the influence of political beliefs on normative preferences for how liberty and security should be related and for perceptions of how they currently are being balanced. Using original data from a national Internet survey of more than 3,000 respondents, we examine causal relationships among core, domain, and policy context beliefs for preferences about balancing freedom and security.
Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: the effect of personal control and social control
Authors: Chiu Tzu‐I , Spencer Gale A.
Published: October 2009

chiu t.‐i. & spencer g.a. (2009) Functional health status among rural and urban older adults in Taiwan: the effect of personal control and social control. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 202–210 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00194.x

Aim.  To assess the relationship between perceived social control/personal control and functional health status among older adults in rural and urban Taiwan.

Background.  The ageing of the population is poised to emerge as a preeminent worldwide phenomenon. It is assumed that even though older adults experience many decades of autonomy and independence, the potential for illness or bodily decline will induce a serious reduction in the level of perceived control in older adult populations.

Method.  This is a descriptive correlational study using a secondary data base, Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study. Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study is a nationally representative study of health outcomes in the Taiwanese population.

Results.  Both perceived levels of social control and personal control had a statistically significant relationship with functional health status. Functional health status was significantly higher for urban older adults than their rural counterparts.

Conclusions.  Personal control and social control were both found to be predictors of functional health status. Major findings are supported by previous studies.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses should create programs and plan activities to assist older adults to enhance their perceptions of social control or personal control in order to improve the health status of older adults and minimize associated health care costs.
Correlations of Antioxidant Activity against Phenolic Content Revisited: A New Approach in Data Analysis for Food and Medicinal Plants
Authors: Jacobo‐Velázquez D.A. , Cisneros‐Zevallos L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  This study presents a new approach to analyze data correlating total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds in foods. The correlation of both variables is a common practice found in the literature. The purpose of these correlations is to determine the contribution of phenolics to the total antioxidant activity of foods. When low R2 values are obtained, the general conclusion is that other compounds have a higher relevance than phenolics in the total antioxidant activity of the samples. However, these correlations do not consider differences in the phenolic profiles that can be qualitatively (type of phenolics present) and quantitatively (the relative amounts or proportions of phenolics present) among the samples under investigation. The new approach to analyze these simple correlations presented herein takes into consideration the phenolic profiles and provides information on the effectiveness of phenolics present in the samples to neutralize free radicals. Data obtained from carrots stored under conditions of air and hyperoxia (superatmospheric oxygen) are used to exemplify how to apply this new approach.
Lycopene Epoxides and Apo‐Lycopenals Formed by Chemical Reactions and Autoxidation in Model Systems and Processed Foods
Authors: Rodriguez Evelyn B. , Rodriguez‐Amaya Delia B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  To gain a better understanding of the reactions and the underlying mechanisms of the oxidative degradation of lycopene, the products formed by epoxidation with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), oxidative cleavage with KMnO4, and autoxidation in low‐moisture and aqueous model systems, under light exposure, at ambient temperature were identified. The presence of oxidation products was also verified in processed products (tomato juice, tomato paste, tomato puree, guava juice, “goiabada”). A total of 8 lycopene epoxides and a cyclolycopene diol were formed by the reaction of lycopene with MCPBA and 6 apo‐lycopenals were produced with KMnO4. Some of these oxidation products were not detected in the model systems and in the foods analyzed, but the acid‐catalyzed rearrangement product 2,6‐cyclolycopene‐1,5‐diol and apo‐12′‐lycopenal were found in all model and food systems and lycopene‐1,2‐epoxide and 2,6‐cyclolycopene‐1,5‐epoxide were found in the model systems and in all but 1 (“goiabada”) of the 5 foods analyzed. Other epoxides and apo‐lycopenals were found in some systems. The inability to detect an intermediate product could be due to a fast turn over. Increased Z‐isomerization was also observed and Z‐isomers of the oxidation products were detected.
Essential Oil of Artemisia Capillaris Induces Apoptosis in KB Cells via Mitochondrial Stress and Caspase Activation Mediated by MAPK‐Stimulated Signaling Pathway
Authors: Cha Jeong‐Dan , Moon Sang‐Eun , Kim Hye‐Young , Cha In‐Ho , Lee Kyung‐Yeol
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  Artemisia capillaris has been used in traditional Korean medicine for its variety of pharmacological activities. Previous studies have suggested that the essential oil of A. capillaris has chemopreventive potential, even though the mechanism of its action is unclear. This study examined whether or not the essential oil isolated from A. capillaris induces apoptosis in the human oral epidermoid carcinoma cells along with the possible mechanism(s) of the essential oil‐mediated cytotoxicity. The essential oil induced cell death of KB cells through apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased cell population in the sub‐G1 phase, the appearance of condensed and/or fragmented nuclei, and the generation of a cleaved PARP product. Treating the cells with the oil also caused changes in the mitochondrial level of the Bcl‐2 family proteins such as Bcl‐2 and Bax, thereby inducing the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Additional experiments using caspase or mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitors suggested the involvement of the p38/NF‐κB and JNK/Bcl‐2‐mediated pathways as well as caspase activation in the oil‐mediated apoptosis. Collectively, we believe that the essential oil of A. capillaris induces apoptosis in human oral cancer cells and that it might be a good resource for searching new drugs, especially anticancer drugs.
Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of Apple Skin Extracts
Authors: Huber G.M. , Rupasinghe H.P.V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  Lipid oxidation, especially the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, is a significant issue in the food industry impacting both food quality and health of consumers. Apple skin was investigated as a source of natural antioxidants. The phenolic compound composition and antioxidant properties of 21 selected apple genotypes were evaluated. The lipid stabilizing ability of the apple skin extracts was examined using an aqueous emulsion system of methyl linolenate. The total phenolic concentrations determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of methanolic extracts of skins of the apple genotypes varied from 150 to 700 mg/100 g DW. The antioxidant capacity measured by Folin–Ciocalteu (16.2 to 34.1 mg GAE/100 g DW), ferric reducing antioxidant power (1.3 to 3.3 g TE/100 g DW), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (5.2 to 14.2 g TE/100 g DW), and percent inhibition of oxidation of methyl linolenate (73.8% to 97.2%) varied among the apple genotypes. The apple skin extracts, specifically the crab apple varieties such as “Dolgo,” were revealed to be effective inhibitors of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid in a model system and thus can be considered as a potential source of natural food antioxidants.
Influence of Processing and Storage Time on the Lipidic Fraction of Taralli
Authors: Caponio Francesco , Summo Carmine , Pasqualone Antonella , Paradiso Vito Michele , Gomes Tommaso
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:  An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of processing and storage time on the lipidic fraction of taralli. The data obtained pointed out that the kneading phase caused a significant increase of the oxidized triacylglycerols and triacylglycerol oligopolymers, primary and secondary oxidation compounds, respectively, accompanied by a significant decrease of the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The successive baking step caused the degradation of a part of the oxidized compounds to volatile substances, as confirmed by the p‐Anisidine values, whereas the storage time determined a further significant increase of the level of oxidized triacylglycerols. Finally, the level of diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, and free fatty acids, indicative of hydrolytic degradation, did not show significant changes. The principal component analysis allowed one to clearly distinguish among samples obtained through processing conditions.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Results of the patients with thrombotic microangiopathies across Japan by ADAMTS13 analysis during 1998–2008
Authors: Fujimura Y. , Matsumoto M.
Published: October 2009

Background  Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) are pathological conditions, characterized by generalized microvascular occlusion by platelet thrombi, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Two typical phenotypes of TMAs are hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Severe deficiency of plasma ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:AC) is more specific for TTP but not for HUS.

Materials & Methods  Since 1998, our laboratory has functioned as a nationwide referral center for TMAs by analyzing ADAMTS13. Of 1564 tested patients from 426 hospitals, 919 were positive for TMAs. Levels of ADAMTS13:AC and the ADAMTS13‐neutralizing autoantibodies (ADAMTS13:INH) in these patients were determined by chromogenic act‐ELISA and/or by classic von Willebrand factor multimer assay.

Results  TMA patients consisted of two groups, those with severe (less than 3% of normal control) and those with non‐severe deficiency of ADAMTS13:AC. Additionally, both groups were divided into congenital (n = 65) and acquired (n = 854) TMAs. Of the congenital TMA patients, 41 had ADAMTS13:AC deficiency due to gene mutations, while the remaining 24 had the disease of unknown etiology. The 854 patients with acquired TMAs could be largely grouped into three categories: idiopathic TTP (n = 284), idiopathic HUS (n = 106), and secondary TMAs (n = 464). The secondary TMAs were observed in heterogeneous patient groups and were associated with drugs, connective tissue diseases, malignancies, transplantation, pregnancy, E. coli O157:H7 infection, and other factors. All of the patients with acquired severe ADAMTS13:AC deficiency were positive for ADAMTS13:INH.

Conclusion  Although TMAs are highly heterogeneous pathological conditions, one third of TMA patients have severe deficiency of ADAMTS13:AC. Platelet transfusions to such patients are contraindicated. Thus, rapid ADAMTS13:AC assays will be prerequisite in medical facilities where TMA patients are treated.
Washed/replaced (W/R)‐platelets
Authors: Azuma H. , Ikeda H.
Published: October 2009

The preventive effect of plasma‐reduction on transfusion‐related adverse reaction caused by platelet concentrate (PC) is still controversial and a consensus about how much plasma should be removed is yet to be reached. However, according to previously reported papers and survey, widely various adverse reactions are preventable by plasma‐reduced PC. Recently, a case series study of plasma‐reduced PC (washed/replaced‐PC, W/R‐PC) using new platelet additive solution (M‐sol), which can preserve platelet function longer than other additive solutions at as low as 5% plasma concentration, has been conducted in Hokkaido Red Cross Blood Center. W/R‐PCs suspended in M‐sol in the presence <20ml of plasma (approximately 5% plasma concentration) were transfused safely and eliminated a wide range of adverse reactions to conventional PC. However, platelets suspended in M‐sol with 30% plasma concentration failed to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions. We concluded that residual plasma volume of <20ml is preferable to elicit a satisfactory preventive effect and M‐sol might make it feasible for blood center to prepare plasma‐reduced PCs (<20ml of residual plasma) and bring them to hospitals.
Stem cell harvesting and transplantation
Authors: Worel N. , Mayr W. R.
Published: October 2009

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an accepted treatment for a variety of malignant and non‐malignant diseases. Today, peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) are increasingly used instead of bone marrow (BM) as stem cell source. Additionally, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been established as an alternative source of donor cells. Many differences between the distinct stem cell sources do exist. PBPC contain a higher amount of CD34 +  cells compared with BM and UCB, leading to more rapid engraftment with the disadvantage of a higher incidence of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease. In contrast to adults, children seem to have a better outcome after BM than PBPC transplantation. Therefore, especially patients with non‐malignant diseases and children should be transplated with BM. The disadvantage of the significantly lower CD34 +  cells count in UCB products can be overcome by transplantation of two different units. The risk for allogeneic BM and PBPC donors is considered negligible. Lethal and serious side‐effects because of the harvest procedure are rarely reported with an incidence of 1/10 000 and 7·25/10 000, respectively. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is widely administered to PBPC donors, but questions have been raised about its safety in respect of development of haematologic malignancies. To evaluate this concern, more long‐term safety data from larger prospective studies are needed. In the therapy with adult stem cells, a genotypic human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II identity between donor and recipient for the loci HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C, HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ is optimal; for UCB, HLA matching seems to be less important because of the relative low number of mature T cells in cord blood. The influence of other HLA‐linked or not HLA‐linked loci in stem cell transplantation (HLA‐DP, killer cell immunoglobulin receptor, …) is under investigation.
Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Spanish Children and Teenagers: The Impact of Psychosocial and Biological Factors
Authors: Hernández‐Alvarez Juan L. , Velázquez‐Buendía Roberto , Martínez‐Gorroño Ma. Eugenia , Garoz‐Puerta Ignacio
Published: October 2009

The research focused on the relationships between frequency of physical activity (FPA), general self‐efficacy perception and motor self‐efficacy perception (GSP and MSP), and cardiorespiratory adapting capacity (CAC). Participants in the study were 2,809 Spaniards between the ages of 9 and 17 (12.6 ± 2.8). Scales to assess GSP, MSP, FPA, and Ruffier's test to measure CAC was used. Results show high percentages of inactive population, especially in older girls; they also indicate a significant correlation (p < .01) between all the variables studied. Regression analysis shows that MSP and CAC explain the 19.1% variability in FPA (R2 = .191), with significant differences according to age and gender. CAC increasingly explains FPA from the age of 12 onwards and, especially, in boys older than 14.
Individual and Public Resilience and Coping With Long‐Term Outcomes of War1
Authors: Kimhi Shaul , Eshel Yohanan
Published: October 2009

The study focuses on the distinction between individual and public resilience, and their effects on long‐term negative (symptoms) and positive (posttraumatic recovery) war outcomes 1 year after the end of the war. Path analysis indicated the following: (a) Gender, age, economic situation, and exposure to traumatic war events significantly predicted recovery as well as symptoms. Being a female, an older person, lower economic situation, and higher exposure were associated with a lower level of recovery and a higher level of symptoms. (b) Individual and public resilience served as mediators between economic situation and exposure, and the two war outcomes. (c) The best predictor of recovery is public resilience whereas the best predictor of symptoms is individual resilience.
Purposes, Diversities, and Futures in MFT Doctoral Education
Authors: Woolley Scott R.
Published: October 2009

Doctoral education in marital and family therapy (MFT) plays a crucial role in the future of the field. In this article, I write about the purposes, diversities, and futures of MFT doctoral education from the perspective of having hired 18 full‐time MFT faculty over the last 13 years. I argue that the field needs well‐rounded doctoral‐level academics and clinicians who have a solid understanding of the foundations of the field and have mastery around theory, clinical practice, and scholarship in order to advance the profession of Marriage and Family Therapy.
Application and operational procedure for formulating guidelines on flood emergency response mapping for public use
Authors: Osti R. , Miyake K. , Terakawa A.
Published: October 2009

Dilemmas occur when residents and rescue workers have no choice but to act during flood events. During emergencies, such dilemmas always hinder the safe and smooth evacuation of people. To cope with such circumstances, the level of flood emergency preparedness in local communities, which are also generally the first responders to disasters, should be enhanced well in advance of any such events. Flood Emergency Response Maps (FERMaps) are considered tools that provide the necessary information to facilitate delivery of self‐help, mutual help and external help to mitigate the impacts of flood disasters during emergencies. These types of maps also help educate people and raise their awareness regarding potential flood risks during normal times. Here, a review of the currently available literature is provided, as well as a summary of the findings based on the results of a field survey. The data are presented in the form of outlines for use in preparing flood emergency response mapping guidelines, especially in the context of developing countries. This study emphasises the importance, suitability, features, developmental procedures and application methods of developing FERMaps for public use. It is hoped that the practical information provided here will benefit the formulation of operational strategies for disaster risk management projects or programmes being conducted by concerned agencies and communities worldwide.
Self‐inflicted oral injury in an infant with transverse myelitis
Authors: Almeida Daniela , Da Costa Kalini Nóbrega Neres , De Almeida Lima Castro Rodolfo , Almeida Marta Lua Pimentel Winz , Vianna Roberto , Antonio Andréa Gonçalves
Published: October 2009

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is an inflammatory disorder that affects the spinal cord. It is characterized by signs and symptoms of neurologic dysfunction in the motor and sensory tracts of the spinal cord bilaterally, resulting in weakness, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction with acute or subacute onset. We report on a child who had ATM and respiratory distress requiring ventilatory assistance who presented with severe self‐mutilation involving his lips. Other findings included bruxism that had caused mobility of the primary teeth. Comprehensive dental care was carried out under sedation. The management of the lip trauma was achieved by the use of a soft, plastic mouth guard, and corticosteroid ointment.
Oral findings and dental treatment in a child with West syndrome
Authors: Regis Rômulo Rocha , Rocha Cristiane Tomaz , Torres Carolina Paes , Queiroz Ivna Fernandes , De Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino
Published: October 2009

West syndrome (WS) is a rare, severe form of epilepsy that typically manifests early in infancy. It is considered a malignant condition that combines episodes of spasms that occur in clusters (infantile spasm), hypsarrhythmia on the electroencephalogram, and neuropsychomotor delay. Although WS has been widely investigated from a medical standpoint, few reports have focused on the oral findings in patients with this syndrome. This article reports the case history of a 7‐year‐old child diagnosed with WS. The major clinical features were generalized tooth wear and gingival enlargement, altered chronology and sequence of dental eruption, primary canine cusp‐to‐cusp relationship, ectopic dental eruption, and mildly arched palate. Multiple white spot lesions were also observed, possibly associated with poor oral hygiene, due to a fermentable carbohydrate‐rich diet, and continuous use of sugar‐containing medications. Dental care management of patients with special needs is discussed and the dental treatment for this child with WS is described.
Profound retinal ischaemia after ranibizumab administration in an eye with ocular ischaemic syndrome
Authors: Kofoed Peter Kristian , Munch Inger Christine , Larsen Michael
Published: October 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 808–810

Purpose:  To report the result of ranibizumab administration in an eye with ocular ischaemic syndrome.

Methods:  Fluorescein angiography, ocular pneumoplethysmography and retinal vessel calibre measurement.

Results:  An 85‐year‐old man with ocular ischaemic syndrome demonstrated vision loss, retinal vessel calibre constriction and profound retinal ischaemia after intravitreal ranibizumab.

Conclusion:  We advise against the use of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in eyes with ocular ischaemic syndrome.
Characterization of WAP2 gene in Aegilops tauschii and comparison with homoeologous loci in wheat
Authors: NING Shun‐Zong , CHEN Qi‐Jiao , YUAN Zhong‐Wei , ZHANG Lian‐Quan , YAN Ze‐Hong , ZHENG You‐Liang , LIU Deng‐Cai
Published: October 2009

Abstract  The Q/q gene, also known as WAP2, is an important gene for wheat domestication and is a member of the AP2 (APETALA2) class of transcription factors. In the present study, we first isolated the WtAP2 allele (where the superscript “t” refers to the speciese source, in this case “tauschii”) on chromosome 5D from Aegilops tauschii Coss., the D‐genome donor species of common wheat. We found that WtAP2 and the AP2 gene from Arabidopsis share a central core of the AP2 polypeptide, a highly basic 10‐amino acid domain, and an AASSGF box, although there are many differences in the 37‐amino acid serine‐rich acidic domain and the remaining regions. In addition, WtAP2 was highly homologous to the homoeologous loci on 5A and 5B of wheat at both the nucleotide and amino acid level. However, there were some variations that are probably related to gene function. In the first AP2 domain, the amino acids VYL on the 5D and 5A loci were replaced with LLR on 5B. In the 37‐amino acid serine‐rich acidic domain, WtAP2 on 5D had an extra amino acid insertion. There was also a variation at the 329 amino acid position, which is thought to be related to the appearance of free‐threshing wheat. At this position, the amino acid is isoleucine on 5A for the Q allele and valine for the q allele, whereas the amino acid is leucine on 5D and 5B. Furthermore, a Stowaway miniature terminal inverted repeat element (MITE) insertion was present in the ninth intron of WAP2 on 5B of all common wheats and partial tetraploid Triticum turgidum wheats. These results provide new clues for studies into the evolutionary biology of WAP2 and the origin of common wheat.