bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE SURVIVAL OF THE ARTILLERY DIVISION DURING COMBAT
Authors: Bakalov V. , Kuzmenko V. , Nikitchenko V. , Yarysh I.
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the survivability of the artillery unit during the combat operation. The brutality of the artillery unit is regarded as a random process. In our view, this random process is a Markov process that depends on time. Mathematical model of survivability of artillery unit based on non-stationary Markov process described by Kolmogorov equation was developed. The mathematical model allows to change probability of impressions of the artillery unit, time of their presence in combat positions and time of determination of positions of the enemy, which allows to determine vitality of the artillery unit in time during combat operations. The article considers two cases of survivability of an artillery unit during hostilities. In the first case, the entire artillery unit begins to fight on the uncertain positions of the enemy's artillery unit. The latter for some time determines the exact position of the attackers and, despite the fact that they entered the battle later, inflicts significant losses on the former. In the second case, the artillery unit is divided into two parts. The first part also begins the battle on the uncertain positions of the enemy's artillery unit. The second part enters the battle after determining the positions of the enemy artillery unit. In this case, the overall survivability of the first unit will be greater than the enemy's artillery unit. Ways to increase the survivability of the artillery unit during combat operations were shown. In our view, this approach can be used to create an interactive simulation of the artillery unit’s command. Such a complex is applicable in the training of commanders of artillery units.
ANTI-CORROSION PROTECTION OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT
Authors: Sуza О. , Savchenko О. , Korolev О. , Huta S.
Published: July 2022

Corrosion of metals is a key problem for military equipment, weapons and ammunition. Its pernicious impact leads to losses of both the metal itself and the fact that corrosion wear of parts of mechanisms, assemblies reduce the accuracy and reliability of their action, as a result, and the readiness of the equipment. Therefore, protection against corrosive destruction of military equipment, weapons and ammunition is an urgent aim of today.
To prevent corrosion processes, a rational method of protection is the use of inhibitors, which, at low capital costs, prevent the destruction of equipment, structures and mechanisms. Therefore, inhibitors are added to some lubricating oils that have long-term contact with metals and alloys, and wear of parts as a result, corrosion is reduced. Such lubricants can be used as corrosion protection by applying them on a metal surface. Inhibitors based on mustard oil are designed to protect the surfaces of steel equipment and communications operated in acidic and neutral working environments and have a high protective effect – 95-99.5%.
The article considers the issues of anticorrosion protection increase of steel surfaces by introducing an effective environmentally-safe corrosion inhibitor into the composition of anti-friction lubricant used in the operation and storage of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The introduction of the inhibitor increases the anti- corrosion properties of the lubricant by forming a protective adsorption film on the steel surface that prevents the corrosion activators from accessing the metal, which is confirmed by the results of the electronic spectrometry.
Germplasm, conservation and its potential role in crop improvement
Authors: Yali Werkissa
Published: July 2022

Genetic resources supply the basic mechanics that allow plants to convert soil, water, and sunlight into something useful for human consumption. One of the most sustainable approaches for conserving precious genetic resources in the long run is to use plant genetic resources in crop development, followed by adoption, cultivation, and consumption or marketing of improved cultivars by farmers. This review's goal is to describe the challenges surrounding the use of genetic resources in crop development. Crop genetic resources are the foundation of agricultural output, and their conservation and application have yielded major economic benefits. However, because crop genetic resources are essentially public assets, private incentives for conservation of genetic resources may fall short of meeting public goals. To effectively harness the existing resources in further valuable ways, a significantly greater characterization and knowledge of genetic diversity and its distribution is required. It's critical to plan collecting excursions and conservation operations efficiently. The value of diversity lies in its application. The most basic method of conservation is to combine multiple ex situ and in situ conservation strategies in a complimentary manner. Biotechnology provides us with a new set of tools for studying genetic resources, as well as conservation measures. The utilization of distantly related trait carriers as donors for the desired traits has become more possible thanks to gene technology. Given the restricted national plant breeding capacity, international germplasm exchanges will continue to be vital in influencing new climatic and climate conditions.
Initial Value Solvers for Direct Solution of Fourth Order Ordinary Differential Equations in A Block from Using Chebyshev Polynomial as Basis Function
Authors: Alabi M. O. , Olaleye M. S. , Adewoye K. S.
Published: July 2022

The numerical computation of fourth order ordinary differential equations cannot be gloss over easily due to its significant and importance. There have been glowing needs to find an appropriate numerical method that will handle effectively fourth order ordinary differential equations without resolving such an equation to a system of first order ordinary differential equations. To this end, this presentation focuses on direct numerical computation to fourth order ordinary differential equations without resolving such equations to a system of first order ordinary differential equations. The method is not predictor – corrector one due to its limitation in the level of accuracy. The method is order wise christened “Block Method” which is a self starting method. In order to achieve this objective, Chebyshev polynomial is hereby used as basis function.
A. P. Chekhov's short story “The willow”: dynamics of cultural codes
Authors: Kondratyeva Viktoriya V. , Larionova Marina Ch.
Published: July 2022

The story of A. P. Chekhov was written by Easter 1883. However, it is named after the main “character” of the pre-temple holiday — Pussy willow Sunday. This circumstance sheds light on the symbolism of the story: traditional-cultural and Easter elements, folk and book traditions intertwine here. These cultural codes do not exist without each other, and every writer who speaks Russian perceives them as an organic unity. The image of faith in the story has folklore and Christian connotations. Diffusion of cultural codes determines the hybridization of genre strategy of the story. It's an Easter story. It has the main signs of the genre: confinement to the holiday, didacticism, the spiritual rebirth of the hero, etc. However, Chekhov destroys reader's expectation of an Easter miracle, since a bloody crime becomes an extraordinary, astonishing phenomenon, and the criminal`s repentance leads him to suicide. The image of such a repentant sinner, “wrongful” in terms of the Easter story, includes elements of the genres of oral folk literature in the story`s structure: ballads (innocent victim, murder, suicide, motif of a tree at the crime scene, etc.) and legends (moral and ethical message, transformation and repentance of the hero, etc.).
Memory with a discarded key: Chukovsky about the Merezhkovskys
Authors: Fedotova Svetlana V.
Published: July 2022

The study deals with а late diary entry of K. Chukovsky about the Merezhkovskys. Based on a critical analysis of the existing interpretations of this fragment, a polemically pointed hypothesis is put forward that the brevity and paradoxicality of the recording corresponds to the genre and structure of the literary-absurdist anecdote, the meaning of which remains hidden from the reader. This allows us to consider it as a memory with the key discarded, the understanding of which requires the reconstruction of the biographical, historical-literary and value-semantic context of the dialogue about Repin and Blok, identified by Merezhkovskys as the “Moldovans”. The paper analyzes in detail personal and creative interaction of Chukovsky with Merezhkovskys before and after the revolution of 1917; it turns out that the meaning of the Merezhkovskys identification by Repin and Blok with the “Moldovans” in the “anecdote” of Chukovsky has a dual temporary nature: in the Repin’s case the events of 1900–1910 are updated; the Block’s case of retrospectively is comprehended from the point of ideological rupture of Merezhkovskys with the author of the poem “The Twelve”. The research allows concluding that “recollection” has a compressive and staging character: it contains layers of events of different times, representing in the form of an ethnic anecdote (self-)opposition of Merezhkovskys and Repin, Blok, Chukovsky, behind which hide the most important for Chukovsky issues of socio-cultural self-identity, psychology of creativity and personality, aesthetics and philosophy of life.
The works of Anton Chekhov and preferences of modern readers: on the cultural trends of decanonization
Authors: Zaitsev Viktor S.
Published: July 2022

The works of Anton Chekhov have been established in the Russian cultural canon and perceived as its integral part. At the same time, if we look at the history of the beginning of Chekhov’s texts in canonical corpus (starting with the October Revolution) we get a contradictory picture. In 1920–1930s writer's works, although marked by the presence of anti-Chekhov tendencies in literary criticism, were popular among mass readership. Surveys among library workers and soldiers of the Red Army attest to that fact. Since 1960, when anti-Chekhovism was over, we can see the opposite trend: a gradual decline of A. P. Chekhov's works popularity among readership. Chekhov's status of the classical writer remained unswerving until the 1990–2000s, however, the gap between “reverence” and “reading” was widened, resulting in periodical absence of his name in surveys on favorite and prominent Russian writers at the beginning of the 20th century. This referred to the street interviews among random respondents. That's why in January-April 2018 the author conducted a survey among the targeted audience — visitors of the A. P. Chekhov House-Museum in Moscow. Respondents were asked to name their favorite Chekhov works, quotes, and tell if they had Chekhov's books in their home libraries. Moreover, the author asked respondents when they were rereading the texts of the writer. Results of the survey showed an uneven acquaintance with Chekhov’s works with the prevalence of negative trends among museum's visitors: respondents read the writer’s works irregularly even if they have Chekhov`s books at home. They were not able to remember when and which texts of Chekhov they were rereading. All respondents had the greatest difficulties answering the question about favorite quotes of Chekhov's works. These facts combined with research from the early 2000s, sustain a conclusion about the nominal nature of presence of A. P. Chekhov in the list of “canonized” authors, and his actual “decanonization” that occurred at the turn of the 21st century.
Artistic originality of the story “Napoleonder” by P. M. Sadovsky
Authors: Sarieva Elena A.
Published: July 2022

The paper discusses a little-studied topic — storytelling work of Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky (real name Ermilov, 1818–1872), the leading artist of the Maly Theater. The difficulty of analyzing Sadovsky's stories is due to natural reasons — they were not written down by the author. It is safe to say that most of the stories were invented by him and presented in the form of monologues to be performed “in character” on behalf of a certain social type. This allowed building speech and creating images based on social and everyday life characteristics. Sadovsky's stories, born in direct communication with close friends, have always retained their plot, yet at the same time remained free improvisation. The listeners were visitors to Pechkin's Moscow coffee house, literary evenings in circles, salons, in divertissements of the imperial stage. One may consider two stories on historical themes — “The French Revolution of 1848” and “Napoleonder” as fully or partially restored. The study reconstructs and analyzes the story “Napoleonder”, in the plot of which the author shared the popular view on recent historical events, contradicting the literary tradition. The artistic originality of the story is due, on the one hand, to the fact that P. M. Sadovsky uses the traditions of folk tale, oral tradition, the method of “folk etymology”. On the other hand, the story is intended for improvisational performance in the image. A connoisseur of Russian estate dialects and soldier folklore P. M. Sadovsky rendered the story on behalf of a retired soldier. Performance of stories by P. M. Sadovsky, playing social types, determined the new tendencies of the improvisational story of the 1840s on the concert variety stage.
The struggle of generations in Mykola Yevshan’s aesthetic conception
Authors: Lesnaya Galina M.
Published: July 2022

The beginning of the 20th century in Ukrainian culture is characterized by a confrontation of generations, the essence of which so clearly expressed a literary critic Mykola Yevshan. Being the author of numerous articles about new phenomena in Ukrainian literature, Yevshan placed the idea of art renewal at the center of his aesthetic concept. The critic reflected his ideas on the essence of artistic creativity in a series of works on the pages of the journal “Ukrainska Khata”, which gave the name to the line of writers grouped around the issue. The paper examines the works of Yevshan “Issues of creativity”, “The struggle of generations and Ukrainian Literature”, “The social and artistic element in creativity”. In these literary critical articles, Yevshan opposes his concept of creativity with the ideology of ‘narodnichestvo’, one of the brightest exponents of which at that time was a literary critic Serhiy Yefremov. Yevshan was close to the ideas of F. Nietzsche, S. Freud, I. G. Fichte and many other trends of his time. Therefore, Yevshan’s aesthetic concept is based on the idea of exclusivity of the creator's personality, the essence of creativity, in his opinion, is to “educate the individual, give direction to all its activities” and the change of generations is a necessary condition for the development of art. The paper concludes that the issue of the struggle of generations, taking a central place in Yevshan’s aesthetic concept, became the starting point for his rethinking of the essence of art and its role in human life.
Vexilloids in the socio-cultural sphere of Russia and Britain
Authors: Sklizkova Ekaterina V.
Published: July 2022

State symbols are under the jurisdiction of heraldry and vexillology, applied historical disciplines. Being self-contained, vexillology has much in common with heraldry. Banner and coat of arms coincide in functions, being used as means of identification and manifestation of self. Flags are a very specific sign system and one of the most dynamic. They reflect changes in socio-cultural life of the nation and temporal characteristics, assist in attribution and investigation of cultural phenomena. As far as function is concerned the banner unites people according to some criterion and assimilates them into some social institution. Flags and coat of arms are inherently interconnected, though not all the banners are heraldic. Heraldic flags are divided into several types, different in form and size. Neither Russian nor European standards have strict rules of composition; both were very varied. As for Russia the flag has always been a very fluid issue. On the one hand that aspect of symbols has been disregarded and never followed a strict order, on the other, if and when banner is beheld, it becomes the object of worship and heated argument.
Thermal Energy Storage Characteristics of Paraffin in Solar Water Heating Systems with Flat Plate Collectors
Authors: Andriyanto  , Edho Pangestu  , Irfan Nul Hakim  , Jodi Aria Pratama  , Agus Sugiri  , Amrizal  , M. Dyan Susila  , Muhammad Irsyad
Published: July 2022

Indonesia is a tropical country with a relatively stable intensity of solar radiation throughout the year, ranging from 10 to 12 hours a day, and averaging 4.8 kWh/m²/day. This great potential can be used for heating water for bathing. Water heating technology based on solar collectors is now widely available in the commercial market. Additionally, thermal energy storage from solar radiation is performed using sensible heat and requires a large volume. Assuming that the water is not used until the afternoon, then the heated water is stored in the tube. A phase change material (PCM) was used in several studies to maximize thermal energy storage (TES) from solar radiation. Also, PCM uses latent heat to absorb and release heat. This is adjusted to the water temperature produced from the solar collector, which attains 70°C. Hence, the potential PCM used is solid paraffin, which is widely available in the market with melting temperatures of 40° to50°C. The study was conducted on a solar water heating system using an 80 cm x 50 cm flat plate collector, and thermal energy storage using paraffin wax. Meanwhile, the heat exchanger used a tube with a diameter of 1 inch arranged in series with a pipe length of 50 cm and 36 rods. The mass of paraffin used was 15 kg or 17.7 liters. Furthermore, the test was performed with variations in the flow rate of water, namely: 2, 3, and 4 lpm, and solar radiation of: 997.5 W/m², 1183 W/m², and 1399.8 W/m². From the results, the thermal energy storage process in PCM paraffin with an amount of 15 kg, took 3.2 hours with a total stored energy of 3.6 MJ. Moreover, solar radiation of 1,399.8 W/m² was used as an energy source and water with a flow rate of 4 lpm as a medium heat transfer. Therefore, this radiation has a very significant effect on the heat transfer process to the PCM, while the flow rate with a value of 2 to 4 lpm does not have.
An Unsteady Hiemenz Stagnation Point Flow of MHD Casson Nanofluid Due to a Superlinear Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Heat Transfer
Authors: Angadi Basettappa Vishalakshi  , Ulavathi Shettar Mahabaleshwar  , Giulio Lorenzini
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the study of an unsteady rear stagnation point flow of an inclined magnetohydrodynamics Casson nanofluid in the attendance of mass transpiration and thermal radiation in energy equation. Graphene nanoparticles are immersed in the flow of a fluid for getting better rate of heat transfer. In this problem is given in nonlinear partial differential equation form and then it is mapped into nonlinear ordinary differential equation form, the resulting equation solved analytically with Biot number and then expressed the solution in closed form incomplete gamma function. The dual nature is also observed in the shrinking sheet case for certain values of parameters. Further, one solution for stretching sheet case. Impact of different parameters, alternates the performance of the entire flow in both stretching and shrinking case, the results can be discussed with the help of graphical representations. These problems arise in engineering field and industrial applications namely extrusion process, metal thinning, glass blowing etc.
Experimental Study on Enclosed Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) Producing Optimum Power Output for Energy Production
Authors: Muhammad Qamaran Abdul Aziz  , Juferi Idris  , Muhammad Firdaus Abdullah
Published: July 2022

Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) is an emerging concept and showing its future possibility in power production by utilizing the vortex produced in its casing. GWVT performance showed comparable power efficiency and yield with conventional hydropower turbine, thus it is applicable in rural area due to its portability. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of actual physical experiment of enclosed GWVT via horizontal orientation. Conical GWVT was designed in fully enclosed system with conical turbine basin. Different flow rates (5.33 L/s, 6.01 L/s, 6.3 L/s and 6.45 L/s) were manipulated by controlling the mechanical valves and loads with 1 kg increment until the turbine was forced to stop. The optimum rpm and torque were then identified for energy production. The experimental results showed that the enclosed GWVT turbine produced at the best operating condition under flow rate of 6.3L/s with torque produced at 5.47 Nm., shaft angular velocity of 12.71 rad/s, actual power produced of 69.39W and efficiency of 16.06%. Power efficiency found in this study was comparable with the conventional GWVT turbine studies. Thus, it is feasible to operate GWVT in an enclosed casing. The result explained that the turbine worked the best at 6.3 L/s flow rate for the vortex formation to be more stable, thus harnessing more power. The results are useful as a pilot scale design prior to the actual turbine implementation in rural areas.
Air Flow Analysis and Effect of Angle on Rotation Vane Blade Through 90-Degree by Computational Fluid Dynamic
Authors: Wan Alif Mustaqim Wan Hashim  , Nurul Farhanah Azman  , Mohamad Nor Musa  , Syahrullail Samion  , Nor Azwadi Che Sidik  , Yutaka Asako
Published: July 2022

The effects of different angles of rotation vane blades on the flow characteristics in a pipe bend were numerically examined in this work using computational fluid analysis (CFD). The model's geometry included a straight inlet pipe of 1 m length, a 90° pipe bend with a 0.1 m cross-section diameter, a straight outlet pipe of 1 m length, and the installation of rotating vane blades at 10° and 33° angles. The simulation's input parameters include fluid viscosity (0.000017894 kg/m.s), fluid density (1.225 kg/m3), and inlet fluid velocity (10, 14, 20, 24, 26, and 30 m/s). The simulations' output parameters include velocity and pressure measured at two points: section A-A (before the pipe bend) and section B-B (after pipe bend). The findings demonstrate that the velocity and pressure distribution is somewhat uneven at section B-B owing to the presence of the rotating vane. The most efficient rotation vane blade angle is 10° since it has the lowest velocity, static pressure, and pressure drop.
A Study on the Effect of work-life balance conflict of working mothers on Parental Role Satisfaction: The Mediation Effect of mother’s child-rearing stress and parenting Guilt
Authors:   Academic Society of Global Business Administration, Zhi Pan , Um Sun Lee , Jo Dong Hyuk
Published: July 2022

As the number of dual-income women increases, the division of jobs, housework and parenting roles in work and family life is not properly supported, and they are experiencing a lot of difficulties with multiple roles. In particular, the patriarchal perception that still remains emphasizes the responsibility of housework and childcare to women. As a result, the double role burden of work and family is increasing work stress. Therefore, this study aims to confirm the relationship between work-life balance conflict, child-rearing stress, parenting guilt, and parental role satisfaction for working mothers with early childhood children. In this study, a survey was conducted through an online link for working mothers at work. A survey was conducted for two weeks from February 15, 2022, and a total of 235 surveys were collected. Of these, after removing 12 unfaithful responses and missing values, 313 cases were used as the final effective sample. For the collected data, the research hypothesis was verified using SPSS 24.0.
As a result of the study, first, the work-life balance conflict had a positive (+) effect on child-rearing stress. Second, the work-life balance conflict had a positive (+) effect on the parenting guilt. Third, child-rearing stress had a positive (+) effect on parenting guilt. Fourth, the parenting guilt had a positive (+) effect on the parental role satisfaction.Through this study, it will be possible to expand the scope of research on the work-life balance conflict of working mothers and provide basic data for desirable parenting behavior for children.
KANT DÜŞÜNCESİNDE İNSAN DIŞI TÜRLERE YÖNELİK BİR AHLÂKÎ İHTİMAMIN İMKÂNI
Authors: DÜZGÜN Oğuz
Published: July 2022

İnsan dışındaki türlere yönelik ahlâkî duruşun ne olması gerektiği sorusu çağdaş dönemde tartışılan önemli konulardan birisidir. Zira modern çağla birlikte doğaya yönelik hümanistik tahakküm iddiaları tüm çevresel yıkımlarıyla birlikte gün yüzüne çıkmıştır. Bu yıkımda, Immanuel Kant gibi düşünürlerin tesis edip temsil ettiği modern düşüncenin, insanın diğer türlerle ilişkisini özne-şey ilişkisi olarak tasarlamasının büyük payı bulunmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde Kant'ın düşüncesinin hayvan haklarının geliştirilmesi için zengin fırsatlar içerdiği de savunulmaktadır.. Bu bağlama uygun olarak makalede, hayvan haklarını dikkate alan bir ihtimam ahlâkının imkânının bulunup bulunamayacağı konusu, Kant’ın eserlerinden hareketle tartışılacaktır.
transformación empresarial de la Editorial Ercilla
Authors: Hernández Toledo Sebastián
Published: July 2022

Entre 1932 y 1942 operó en Chile Editorial Ercilla. Su ingreso al mercado editorial vino acompañado de un considerable aumento en la producción de libros, modernización y adquisición de nuevas maquinarias, así como el establecimiento de un circuito de traslado y venta de libros desconocido para el mercado chileno. En este artículo se analiza la transformación empresarial de la Editorial Ercilla. A partir de informes, publicaciones y memorias se examinan las ideas que motivaron al directorio para transformar esta empresa de una Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada a una Sociedad Anónima. En el artículo se identifican tres momentos centrales en el desarrollo empresarial de la editorial: la estructura administrativa en sus inicios, la posterior búsqueda de inversionistas para satisfacer la creciente demanda de libros en Chile, y los problemas laborales, crediticios y de competencia que causaron la quiebra.
Altura de planta y producción de brotes en pitahaya (Hylocereus sp.): comparación entre dos sitios de Costa Rica
Authors: Monge-Pérez José Eladio , Loría-Coto Michelle
Published: July 2022

l objetivo fue comparar la altura de la planta y la producción de brotes en pitahaya (Hylocereus sp.) cv. Orejona y su relación con las variables climáticas en dos sitios de Costa Rica. El ensayo se realizó en San Mateo, Alajuela, y en Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, de febrero 2017 a noviembre 2019. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de la planta (AP, en cm), número de brotes vegetativos (NBV), número de brotes reproductivos (NBR), precipitación pluvial (P, en mm), humedad relativa (HR, en %), temperatura promedio (Tp, en °C), temperatura máxima (Tmáx, en °C), y temperatura mínima (Tmín, en °C). No se presentaron diferencias significativas en AP y NBV entre ambos sitios. Sin embargo, NBR fue significativamente mayor en San Mateo (0,19) con respecto a Santa Cruz (0,02). No se presentaron diferencias significativas en P y Tmáx entre ambos sitios; pero HR fue significativamente mayor (82,13 %), y Tp y Tmín fueron significativamente menores (25,63 °C y 20,42 °C respectivamente) en San Mateo, en comparación con Santa Cruz (75,57 %; 27,43 °C; y 23,45 °C respectivamente). Se concluye que la variedad Orejona se adaptó
mejor a las condiciones de San Mateo. Se plantean algunas hipótesis que podrían explicar la diferencia en NBR entre ambos sitios.
Efectos de la pandemia por Covid-19 en el sistema de precios del sector camaronero ecuatoriano
Authors: Paredes Floril Priscilla Rossana , Bravo Bravo Glenda Lisseth , Delgado Naranjo Gloria Alina
Published: July 2022

El cultivo de camarón posee gran relevancia en el comercio exterior. Con el inicio de la cuarentena a nivel global por el virus de la Covid-19, este sector de la economía ecuatoriana presentó numerosos obstáculos; el principal fue cuando China, uno de los países de mayor destino de las exportaciones de camarón, encontró en el interior de los contenedores trazas del virus, y como consecuencia ordenó el retiro del producto de sus mercados, provocando un declive en los ingresos no petroleros del país percibidos por exportación de camarón. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto económico y financiero generado por la Covid-19 en el sistema de precios del camarón, durante el periodo 2019-2021, a través de las cifras estadísticas emitidas por la Cámara Nacional de Acuacultura (CNA), en relación con la exportación de camarón durante este periodo. Esta investigación tiene un enfoque mixto; se hace recopilación de la información mediante la encuesta de preguntas abiertas, documentos emitidos por organismos gubernamentales oficiales, y también se utiliza el método analítico-sintético. Los resultados reflejan la crisis en la que estuvo inmerso el sector camaronero, que dejó cuantiosas pérdidas monetarias para las empresas ecuatorianas, como consecuencia del declive del precio del camarón a nivel internacional. Sin embargo, a finales del 2021, Ecuador se posicionó como el primer exportador a nivel mundial, demostrando con esto un salto económico exponencial.
Cupid is not Doomed Yet: On the Stability of the Inner Moons of Uranus
Authors: Ćuk Matija , French Robert S. , Showalter Mark R. , Tiscareno Matthew S. , El Moutamid Maryame
Published: July 2022

Some of the small inner moons of Uranus have very closely-spaced orbits. Multiple numerical studies have found that the moons Cressida and Desdemona, within the Portia subgroup, are likely to collide in less than 100 Myr. The subsequent discovery of three new moons (Cupid, Perdita, and Mab) made the system even more crowded. In particular, it has been suggested that the Belinda group (Cupid, Belinda, and Perdita) will become unstable in as little as 105 yr. Here we revisit the issue of the stability of the inner moons of Uranus using updated orbital elements and considering tidal dissipation. We find that the Belinda group can be stable on 108 yr timescales due to an orbital resonance between Belinda and Perdita. We find that tidal evolution cannot form the Belinda–Perdita resonance, but convergent migration could contribute to the long-term instability of the Portia group. We propose that Belinda captured Perdita into the resonance during the last episode of disruption and reaccretion among the inner moons, possibly hundreds of Myr ago.
CALET Search for Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Waves during the LIGO/Virgo O3 Run
Authors: Adriani O. , Akaike Y. , Asano K. , Asaoka Y. , Berti E. , Bigongiari G. , Binns W. R. , Bongi M. , Brogi P. , Bruno A. , Buckley J. H. , Cannady N. , Castellini G. , Checchia C. , Cherry M. L. , Collazuol G. , Ebisawa K. , Ficklin A. W. , Fuke H. , Gonzi S. , Guzik T. G. , Hams T. , Hibino K. , Ichimura M. , Ioka K. , Ishizaki W. , Israel M. H. , Kasahara K. , Kataoka J. , Kataoka R. , Katayose Y. , Kato C. , Kawanaka N. , Kawakubo Y. , Kobayashi K. , Kohri K. , Krawczynski H. S. , Krizmanic J. F. , Maestro P. , Marrocchesi P. S. , Messineo A. M. , Mitchell J. W. , Miyake S. , Moiseev A. A. , Mori M. , Mori N. , Motz H. M. , Munakata K. , Nakahira S. , Nishimura J. , Nolfo G. A. de , Okuno S. , Ormes J. F. , Ospina N. , Ozawa S. , Pacini L. , Papini P. , Rauch B. F. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sakai K. , Sakamoto T. , Sasaki M. , Shimizu Y. , Shiomi A. , Spillantini P. , Stolzi F. , Sugita S. , Sulaj A. , Takita M. , Tamura T. , Terasawa T. , Torii S. , Tsunesada Y. , Uchihori Y. , Vannuccini E. , Wefel J. P. , Yamaoka K. , Yanagita S. , Yoshida A. , Yoshida K. , Zober W. V.
Published: July 2022

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station consists of a high-energy cosmic-ray CALorimeter (CAL) and a lower-energy CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic-ray nuclei from Z = 1 through Z ∼ 40, and gamma rays over the range 1 GeV–10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) since 2015 October. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM—the two Hard X-ray Monitors consisting of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators sensitive to 7 keV–1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma-ray Monitor BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV–20 MeV—and the high-energy CAL consisting of a charge detection module, imaging calorimeter, and the fully active total absorption calorimeter. The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented.
CLEAR: Boosted Lyα Transmission of the Intergalactic Medium in UV-bright Galaxies
Authors: Jung Intae , Papovich Casey , Finkelstein Steven L. , Simons Raymond C. , Estrada-Carpenter Vicente , Backhaus Bren E. , Cleri Nikko J. , Finlator Kristian , Giavalisco Mauro , Ji Zhiyuan , Matharu Jasleen , Momcheva Ivelina , Straughn Amber N. , Trump Jonathan R.
Published: July 2022

Reionization is an inhomogeneous process, thought to begin in small ionized bubbles of the intergalactic medium (IGM) around overdense regions of galaxies. Recent Lyα studies during the epoch of reionization show evidence that ionized bubbles formed earlier around brighter galaxies, suggesting higher IGM transmission of Lyα from these galaxies. We investigate this problem using IR slitless spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide-Field Camera 3 (WFC3) G102 grism observations of 148 galaxies selected via photometric redshifts at 6.0 < z < 8.2. These galaxies have spectra extracted from the CANDELS Lyα Emission at Reionization (CLEAR) survey. We combine the CLEAR data for 275 galaxies with the Keck Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph and MOSFIRE data set from the Texas Spectroscopic Search for Lyα Emission at the End of Reionization Survey. We constrain the Lyα equivalent width (EW) distribution at 6.0 < z < 8.2, which is described by an exponential form,

dN

/

d
EW
∝
exp
(
−
EW
)

/

W

0

, with the characteristic e-folding scale width (W
0). We confirm a significant drop in the Lyα strength (i.e., W
0) at z > 6. Furthermore, we compare the redshift evolution of W
0 between galaxies at different UV luminosities. UV-bright (M
UV < −21 [i.e., L
UV > L*]) galaxies show weaker evolution with a decrease of 0.4 ( ± 0.2) dex in W
0 at z > 6, while UV-faint (M
UV > −21 [L
UV < L*]) galaxies exhibit a significant drop of 0.7–0.8 (±0.2) dex in W
0 from z < 6 to z > 6. If the change in W
0 is proportional to the change in the IGM transmission for Lyα photons, then this is evidence that the transmission is “boosted” around UV-brighter galaxies, suggesting that reionization proceeds faster in regions around such galaxies.
Dust Production in a Thin Dense Shell in Supernovae with Early Circumstellar Interactions
Authors: Sarangi Arkaprabha , Slavin Jonathan D.
Published: July 2022

In supernovae (SNe), where the light curves show evidence of strong and early interaction between the ejecta and the circumstellar matter (CSM), the formation of new dust is estimated to take place in a dense shell of gas between the forward shock (FS) and the reverse shock (RS). For the first time, in this study the mechanism of dust formation in this dense shell is modeled. A set of nine cases, considering variations of the ejecta mass and the pre-explosion mass-loss rates, is considered, accounting for the diverse nature of interactions reported in such SNe. For a single main-sequence mass, the variation of ejecta mass was manifested as a variation of the H-shell mass of the star, lost due to pre-explosion mass loss. We find that the dust masses in the dense shell range between 10−3 and 0.8 M
⊙, composed of O-rich and C-rich grains, whose relative proportions are determined by the nature of interaction. Dust formation in the post-shock gas is characterized by a gradual production rate, mostly ranging from 10−6 to 10−3
M
⊙ day−1, which may continue for a decade, post-explosion. A higher mass-loss rate leads to a larger mass of dust, while a smaller ejecta mass (smaller leftover H shell) increases the efficiency of dust production in such SNe. Dust formed behind the RS, as in our calculations, is not subject to destruction by either the FS or RS and is thus likely to survive in a larger proportion than dust formed in the ejecta.
Direct Formation of Planetary Embryos in Self-gravitating Disks
Authors: Baehr Hans , Zhu 朱 Zhaohuan 照寰 , Yang 楊 Chao-Chin 朝欽
Published: July 2022

Giant planets have been discovered at large separations from the central star. Moreover, a striking number of young circumstellar disks have gas and/or dust gaps at large orbital separations, potentially driven by embedded planetary objects. To form massive planets at large orbital separations through core accretion within the disk lifetime, however, an early solid body to seed pebble and gas accretion is desirable. Young protoplanetary disks are likely self-gravitating, and these gravitoturbulent disks may efficiently concentrate solid material at the midplane driven by spiral waves. We run 3D local hydrodynamical simulations of gravitoturbulent disks with Lagrangian dust particles to determine whether particle and gas self-gravity can lead to the formation of dense solid bodies, seeding later planet formation. When self-gravity between dust particles is included, solids of size St = 0.1–1 concentrate within the gravitoturbulent spiral features and collapse under their own self-gravity into dense clumps up to several M
⊕ in mass at wide orbits. Simulations with dust that drift most efficiently, St = 1, form the most massive clouds of particles, while simulations with smaller dust particles, St = 0.1, have clumps with masses an order of magnitude lower. When the effect of dust backreaction onto the gas is included, dust clumps become smaller by a factor of a few but more numerous. The existence of large solid bodies at an early stage of the disk can accelerate the planet formation process, particularly at wide orbital separations, and potentially explain planets distant from the central stars and young protoplanetary disks with substructures.
The ELM Survey. IX. A Complete Sample of Low-mass White Dwarf Binaries in the SDSS Footprint
Authors: Brown Warren R. , Kilic Mukremin , Kosakowski Alekzander , Gianninas A.
Published: July 2022

We present the discovery of 17 double white dwarf (WD) binaries from our ongoing search for extremely low mass (ELM) < 0.3 M
⊙ WDs, objects that form from binary evolution. Gaia parallax provides a new means of target selection that we use to evaluate our original ELM Survey selection criteria. Cross-matching the Gaia and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) catalogs, we identify an additional 36 ELM WD candidates with 17 < g < 19 mag and within the 3σ uncertainties of our original color selection. The resulting discoveries imply the ELM Survey sample was 90% complete in the color range −0.4 < (g − r)0 < −0.1 mag (approximately 9000 K < T
eff < 22,000 K). Our observations complete the sample in the SDSS footprint. Two newly discovered binaries, J123950.370−204142.28 and J232208.733+210352.81, have orbital periods of 22.5 and 32 minutes, respectively, and are future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna gravitational-wave sources.
Great Refractor Domes: Pantheons of Astronomy
Authors: Smith Graeme H.
Published: July 2022

Height-to-diameter ratios of the enclosures of large refracting telescopes are contrasted with the classical domed structure of the Roman Pantheon. Enclosures whose domes do not sit upon a multi-storied drum, or atop an extended building complex, tend to evince a Pantheon-like ratio.
Viral infections in Pakistan: prevalence, factors affecting spread, and recommendations for control
Authors: Naseem Zehra , Ayub Maaha , Shah Sharaf Ali , Ali Syed Asad , Abidi Syed Hani
Published: July 2022

Pakistan is endemic to a number of viral infections, owing to its humid climate, topographical variation, soaring population, and lack of education and awareness. These viruses may have several different modes of transmission, including respiratory or airborne transmission, sexual transmission, blood-borne, fecal-oral transmission, vector-borne transmission, and transmission following an organ transplant. Although several different microorganisms are responsible for causing these infections, a few viruses are found more commonly in Pakistan and are primarily responsible for causing infections. In this study, we present a review of the most recent studies on different viruses, transmitted through various transmission routes, found commonly in Pakistan, along with the prevalence of each, and recommend control measures required against these viruses.
Oligoclonal bands: a laboratory diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
Authors: Rinawati Weny , Kumalawati July
Published: July 2022

The oligoclonal band indicates presence of antibodies specific to the disease, possibly due to the activation of certain clones of B lymphocytes. This intrathecal immunoglobin synthesis can be persistent for months to years, for example, in respons to paramyxoviruses, herpes virus, coxsackievirus, and Treponema pallidum; or can be synthesized for life, for example in multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). We report a case of SSPE in a 15-year-old male patient. The patient had myoclonic jerks that occurred in the thoracal femoral region. Necessary laboratory tests identified reactive anti-measles IgG, which indicates a previous measles infection or exposure to vaccination. This report describes the usefulness of the oligoclonal bands in the diagnosis of the neurodegenerative disease SSPE that is progressive and fatal to the central nervous system due to persistent measles virus infection in the gray and white matter.
Development of a colorimetric RT-LAMP assay for the detection of SARS-COV-2 isolated from Oman
Authors: Ali Haytham , Alkhaursi Khaddia , Holton Timothy
Published: July 2022

Introduction: A rapid and sensitive COVID-19 diagnostic test is required to aid in the prevention and control of the current COVID-19 pandemic spread. We developed a colorimetric, rapid, and sensitive RT-LAMP assay for the diagnosis of COVID-19 viral infection.
Methodology: Complete genome sequences of 41 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Oman were used in this study. Three primer sets (CoV_S1, CoV_S2, CoV_M1) were developed from all Omani SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available at the time, targeting the spike protein gene and the M gene. The primer set (CoV_S1) was found to be the most sensitive and specific among the three designed sets. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were compared to that of qRT-PCR. Direct testing of SARS-CoV-2 spiked saliva with the developed assay was evaluated. Lyophilized colorimetric assays were stored at room temperature and 4 °C and their ability to detect positive samples were tested for a period of 8 weeks.
Results: The RT-LAMP assay was validated by testing 145 COVID-19 clinical samples with a sensitivity of 96.9% and specificity of 94.7% when compared to the validated qRT-PCR assay. The assay specificity was tested against SARS-CoV Frankfurt 1 RNA virus and avian coronaviruses as they tested negative with the developed assay. The assay was lyophilized and managed to detect the positive samples colorimetrically when stored at 4 °C for up to 8 weeks.
Conclusions: The assay can be utilized in its current form as a screening assay with the advantages of being simpler, quicker, and cheaper than the qRT-PCR.
MRSA as an indicator of infection control measures in Turaif General Hospital, Northern Area-Saudi Arabia
Authors: Taha Ahmed E , Al-Ruwaili Najeh M , El-Masry Eman A , Saad Abeer E , Taher Ibrahim A
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Saudi Arabia can be considered a hot spot for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections with significant regional variations. As far as we know, this is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of MRSA in clinical samples obtained from Turaif general hospital (TGH), Northern Area-Saudi Arabia, and screening the resistance profile to the most regularly used antimicrobials as an indicator for evaluation of the implemented infection control measures.
Methodology: Totally, 410 Samples were collected from patients in TGH with clinically suspected nosocomial infections. MRSA isolates were identified by the classical bacteriological, biochemical, and cefoxitin-based methods as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Confirmation of isolates and testing of their antimicrobial susceptibilities were performed by the automated Vitek 2 compact system.
Results: Totally, 130 nosocomial isolates were detected. Staphylococcus aureus (29.23%) was the most frequently isolated Gram-positive pathogen. MRSA represented 39.47% of Staphylococcus aureus and 11.54% of all isolates. MRSA-causing surgical site infections were the most predominant type of MRSA nosocomial infections representing (25.00%). Recent antibiotic therapy, prolonged hospital stays, and indwelling devices were significant risk factors for the development of MRSA infections. Although all MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline, many isolates were resistant to other tested antimicrobials.
Conclusions: Hospital administrators should strengthen the ideal use of antibiotics according to the local hospital policy to control the selective drug pressure on Staphylococcus aureus strains with minimizing exposure to the risk factors by implementing the proper infection control policies.
Intrafamilial transmission and clustering of COVID-19: a socioepidemiological perspective
Authors: Jaramillo-Ramírez Hiram J , Kushida-Contreras Beatriz H , García-Aréstegui Aranza E , Licón-Martínez Gisel V , Gaxiola-García Miguel A
Published: July 2022

Introduction: The dynamics of COVID-19 transmission occurring in familial clusters may be related to sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of cases and contacts. The aim of this study was to identify the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in families with more than one documented case.

Methodology: Data of about 58 familiar clusters of COVID-19 was gathered and followed up clinically and by telephonic interview. Age, gender, social security plan, comorbidities, occupation, incubation, and symptoms were analyzed using Students’ t-test and Chi squared test.

Results: The contacts were younger and healthier than cases, and students were predominant (28%). Among the symptomatic contacts, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction yielded a positive rate of 69%. There were 2.93 contacts per case. Families with clustered cases had more family members when compared to families without clustered cases (4.2 vs. 3.3; p = 0.022). Mean age of contacts in families with clustered cases compared to families without clustered cases also showed differences (29.5 vs. 35.7; p = 0.047).

Conclusions: Characterization of cases and contacts amidst a pandemic is essential for the effective implementation of health policies and research perspectives.