bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissecting investment frequency: examining the role of social influence, investors’ perception of gender discrimination, involvement, access to information and risk tolerance
Authors: Singh Apoorva , Biswas Abhijeet
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The recent economic changes in India and the gender discrimination practices of the patriarchal society have forced Indian women to turn to the financial sector as an essential means of generating returns. This study aims to identify the factors influencing investors’ investment frequency in India’s two most recognized metropolitan areas.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors applied structural equation modeling to augment Allport’s consumer behavior model and the social influence theory for assessing the frequency of investments made by 690 investors. The direct and indirect linkages in the proposed model were evaluated using moderation and mediation techniques.

Findings

The study’s findings show that investors’ perceptions of gender discrimination practices and social influence considerably increase investors’ involvement, magnifying their investment frequency. In addition, access to reliable information reinforces the relationship between investors’ involvement and their frequency of investments, whereas the low-risk tolerance weakens this association.

Research limitations/implications

The findings could help policymakers, investors, financial media outlets, financial experts, educational institutions and society strengthen India’s financial sector by leveraging the linkage between the underlying constructs and investors’ behavior.

Originality/value

The aspects of involvement and gender inequality have not garnered enough attention in the previous studies on behavioral finance. The study delves deeper into investor behavior by establishing a link between the underlying constructs and broadening the horizons of prominent consumer behavior models. It also unfurls the moderating role of access to information and risk tolerance to comprehend the association better.
Safety first! Psychological safety as a driver of learning in functionally diverse, self-assembled teams
Authors: Wax Amy , Asencio Raquel , Bentley Jeffrey R. , Warren Catherine
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to explore psychological safety as a potential moderating mechanism for the relation between functional diversity and individual perceptions of learning, and functional diversity and team performance in self-assembled teams.

Design/methodology/approach

To test these relationships, the authors conducted a cross-level, time-lagged, quasi-experiment, using a sample of 143 self-assembled teams. In one condition, participants formed into functionally diverse teams, and in another condition, participants formed functionally homogeneous teams.

Findings

Results suggest that functional diversity and psychological safety have an interactive effect on both individual learning and self-assembled team performance, albeit in different directions. Specifically, low psychological safety was more deleterious for individuals on functionally diverse teams than functionally homogeneous teams when it came to perceptions of learning, but the opposite was true when it came to team performance.

Originality/value

The results of this study indicate that it is critical to train team members on developing psychological safety, both in traditional and functionally diverse contexts.
A technological biodiversity monitoring toolkit for biocredits
Authors: Ford Helen V. , Schrodt Franziska , Zieritz Alexandra , Exton Daniel A. , van der Heijden Geertje , Teague Jonathan , Coles Tim , Field Richard
Published: August 2024

Biodiversity is in crisis globally, and we consistently fail to hit global targets to stem its loss. Inspired by the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the biodiversity credit market offers an avenue for vital funding for biodiversity conservation projects around the world. Various biodiversity credit methodologies and standards are becoming available, and most will require the measurement and monitoring of biodiversity at scale.

Private investment in conservation through biodiversity credits entails specific needs for biodiversity data collection, including the need for biodiversity claims to be verifiable. We conceptualise these requirements around ‘SAGED’ criteria: Scalable, Accessible, Granular (data of appropriate spatial, taxonomic and temporal resolution), Evidenceable and Directly measured (where possible).

Measuring and monitoring biodiversity across ecosystems, ecoregions and taxa is expensive and time‐consuming with traditional survey methods. These methods often rely on access to experts with sufficient taxonomic and survey expertise, which is challenging in many parts of the world. Accordingly, we review biodiversity monitoring technologies and assess their readiness to fulfil key requirements of assessments for the purpose of nature accounting for biodiversity credits (particularly SAGED criteria).

We focus on monitoring technologies that are commonly cited by biodiversity credit methodologies, including (e)DNA metabarcoding, passive acoustic monitoring and various other remote sensing methods. We also explore the current limits of these techniques in obtaining appropriate biodiversity measures and metrics for biodiversity finance.

Synthesis and applications. Technological solutions for biodiversity monitoring are not (yet) a panacea but are key for evidenceable monitoring at scale. For current use in biocredit markets, we advise these are combined with ground validation and human‐collected ecological data. Developments in automation and machine learning will rapidly make these technologies more accessible and efficient.
Thirty Years of Legal Research: An Empirical Analysis of Outputs Submitted to RAE and REF (1990‐2021)
Authors: Johnson Phillip , Gibson Johanna
Published: August 2024

The external assessment of the research activities of universities in the United Kingdom began in 1986. In 1992, for the first time, the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) required institutions to submit books, articles and other ‘outputs’ for peer assessment and ultimately ranking. This exercise was followed by others in 1996, 2001 and 2008, and then by a revised approach, the Research Evaluation Framework (REF), in 2014 and 2021. We have conducted a long‐term longitudinal study of the ‘outputs’ submitted across these exercises for review by the law panels. By analysing these 30,028 outputs, and by using various methods of ranking journals and publishers, we are able to provide insights into the beliefs and prejudices of institutions and individual researchers regarding the publication of legal research over a 30‐year period.
Determination of soluble solids content in tomatoes with different nitrogen levels based on hyperspectral imaging technique
Authors: Zhang Yiyang , Zhang Yao , Tian Yu , Ma Hua , Tian Xingwu , Zhu Yanzhe , Huang Yanfa , Cao Yune , Wu Longguo
Published: August 2024

Tomato is sweet and sour with high nutritional value, and soluble solids content (SSC) is an important indicator of tomato flavor. Due to the different mechanisms of nitrogen uptake and assimilation in plants, exogenous supply of different forms of nitrogen will have different effects on the growth, development, and physiological metabolic processes of tomato, thus affecting the tomato flavor. In this paper, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique combined with neural network prediction model was used to predict SSC of tomato under different nitrogen treatments. Competitive adaptive reweighed sampling (CARS) and iterative retained information variable (IRIV) were used to extract the feature wavelengths. Based on the characteristic wavelength, the prediction models of tomato SSC are established by custom convolutional neural network (CNN) model that was constructed and optimized. The results showed that the SSC of tomato was negatively correlated with nitrogen fertilizer concentration. For tomatoes treated with different nitrogen concentrations, the residual predictive deviation (RPD) of CARS‐CNN and IRIV‐parallel convolutional neural networks (PCNN) reached 1.64 and 1.66, both more than 1.6, indicating good model prediction. This study provides technical support for future online nondestructive testing of tomato quality.

Practical Application

The CARS‐CNN and IRIV‐PCNN were the best data processing model. Four customized convolutional neural networks were used for predictive modeling. The CNN model provides more accurate results than conventional methods.
Leveraging genomic load estimates to optimize captive breeding programmes
Authors: Jensen Evelyn L. , Gray Rachel , Miller Joshua M.
Published: August 2024

Rapid biodiversity loss threatens many species with extinction. Captive populations of species of conservation concern (such as those housed in zoos and dedicated breeding centres) act as an insurance should wild populations go extinct or need supplemental individuals to boost populations. Limited resources mean that captive populations are almost always small and started from few founding individuals. As a result, captive populations require careful management to minimize negative genetic impacts, with decisions about which individuals to breed together often guided by the principle of minimizing relatedness. Typically this strategy aims to retain 90% of genetic diversity over 200 years (Soulé et al., Zoo Biology, 1986, 5, 101), but it has a weakness in that it does not directly manage for genetic load. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Speak et al. (Molecular Ecology Resources, 2024, e13967) present a novel proof‐of‐concept study for taking this next step and incorporating estimates of individual genetic load into the planning of captive breeding, using an approach that is likely to be widely applicable to many captive populations.
Circ‐PITX1 promotes non‐small‐cell lung cancer progression through regulating ETS1 expression via miR‐615‐5p
Authors: Guo Yang , Pan Jianfang , Gao Xiaofei , Zheng Yan
Published: August 2024

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), produced by reverse splicing, act as important players in human cancers. We aimed to assess the biological functions of circRNA pituitary homeobox 1 (circ‐PITX1) in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

qRT‐PCR was employed to determine RNA expression. Biological behaviors of NSCLC cells were assessed by CCK‐8, colony formation, EdU assay, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays. Glutamine catabolism was examined via the measurement of glutamine consumption, α‐ketoglutarate levels, as well as ATP levels. Protein levels were detected by western blot assays. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were performed to reveal the mechanism responsible for circ‐PITX1 regulating NSCLC cell malignancy. The murine xenograft model was established to investigate circ‐PITX1's effect on tumor formation.

Results

Circ‐PITX1 was overexpressed in NSCLC tissue samples and cells. Its low expression repressed NSCLC cell proliferation and motility. Moreover, our data revealed its downregulation inhibited glutamine catabolism and tumor formation and promoted cell apoptosis. In addition, circ‐PITX1 bound to miR‐615‐5p, and its inhibitory effect on tumor cellular behaviors could be reversed after decreasing miR‐615‐5p expression. The miRNA targeted E26 transformation specific‐1 (ETS1), whose upregulation abolished miR‐615‐5p overexpression‐induced effects in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, circ‐PITX1 positively modulated ETS1 production through interaction with miR‐615‐5p.

Conclusion

Circ‐PITX1 facilitated NSCLC progression via modulating miR‐615‐5p/ETS1 pathway.
Alternative Alpha Seeking Strategy with EVA Long‐Short: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market*
Authors: Kang Hyoung‐Goo , Lee Hyunyul , Han Byungsuk
Published: August 2024

Economic value added (EVA) is a useful concept for creating investment strategies for fund managers and scholars. This paper analyzes an alpha‐seeking strategy with EVA. We use a long‐short portfolio with high EVA and low EVA stocks. Using the normalized EVA, we construct a portfolio from the first to the fifth quintile and test the effectiveness of the strategy with the Carhart four‐factor model. We find the following: (1) The portfolios with high EVA stocks outperform those with low ones; (2) EVA‐based long‐short portfolio generates 6.5% return per annum. This paper provides an empirical basis for launching a new equity fund with EVA in Korea. This strategy suggestion could also be extended to introduce new EVA investment strategies in other global markets.
Arthropods to Eutherians: A Historical and Contemporary Comparison of Sparse Prenatal Microbial Communities Among Animalia Species
Authors: Hummel Gwendolynn , Aagaard Kjersti
Published: August 2024

Since the advent of next‐generation sequencing, investigators worldwide have sought to discern whether a functional and biologically or clinically relevant prenatal microbiome exists. One line of research has led to the hypothesis that microbial DNA detected in utero/in ovo or prior to birth/hatching is a result of contamination and does not belong to viable and functional microbes. Many of these preliminary evaluations have been conducted in humans, mice, and nonhuman primates due to sample and specimen availability. However, a comprehensive review of the literature across animal species suggests organisms that maintain an obligate relationship with microbes may act as better models for interrogating the selective pressures placed on vertical microbial transfer over traditional laboratory species. To date, studies in humans and viviparous laboratory species have failed to illustrate the clear presence and transfer of functional microbes in utero. Until a ground truth regarding the status and relevance of prenatal microbes can be ascertained, it is salient to conduct parallel investigations into the prevalence of a functional prenatal microbiome across the developmental lifespan of multiple organisms in the kingdom Animalia. This comprehensive understanding is necessary not only to determine the role of vertically transmitted microbes and their products in early human health but also to understand their full One Health impact. This review is among the first to compile such comprehensive primary conclusions from the original investigator's conclusions, and hence collectively illustrates that prenatal microbial transfer is supported by experimental evidence arising from over a long and rigorous scientific history encompassing a breadth of species from kingdom Animalia.
Multivariate brain‐cognition associations in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: Little Bethany , Flowers Carly , Blamire Andrew , Thelwall Peter , Taylor John‐Paul , Gallagher Peter , Cousins David Andrew , Wang Yujiang
Published: August 2024

Background

People with bipolar disorder (BD) tend to show widespread cognitive impairment compared to healthy controls. Impairments in processing speed (PS), attention and executive function (EF) may represent ‘core’ impairments that have a role in wider cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive impairments appear to relate to structural brain abnormalities in BD, but whether core deficits are related to particular brain regions is unclear and much of the research on brain‐cognition associations is limited by univariate analysis and small samples.

Methods

Euthymic BD patients (n = 56) and matched healthy controls (n = 26) underwent T1‐weighted MRI scans and completed neuropsychological tests of PS, attention and EF. We utilised public datasets to develop normative models of cortical thickness (n = 5977) to generate robust estimations of cortical abnormalities in patients. Canonical correlation analysis was used to assess multivariate brain‐cognition associations in BD, controlling for age, sex and premorbid IQ.

Results

BD showed impairments on tests of PS, attention and EF, and abnormal cortical thickness in several brain regions compared to healthy controls. Impairments in tests of PS and EF were most strongly associated with cortical thickness in the left inferior temporal, right entorhinal and right temporal pole areas.

Conclusion

Impairments in PS, attention and EF can be observed in euthymic BD and may be related to abnormal cortical thickness in temporal regions. Future research should continue to leverage normative modelling and multivariate methods to examine complex brain‐cognition associations in BD. Future research may benefit from exploring covariance between traditional brain structural morphological metrics such as cortical thickness, cortical volume and surface area.
Assessing patient autonomy in the context of TeamBirth, a quality improvement intervention to improve shared decision‐making during labor and birth
Authors: Neergheen Vanessa L. , Chaer Lynn El , Plough Avery , Curtis Elizabeth , Paterson Victoria J. , Short Trisha , Bright Amani , Lipsitz Stuart , Murphy Aizpea , Miller Kate , Subramanian Laura , Radichel Evelyn , Ervin John , Castleman Lindsay , Brown Erin , Yeboah Tracy , Simas Tiffany Moore , Terk Daniel , Vedam Saraswathi , Shah Neel , Weiseth Amber
Published: August 2024

Background

Respectful maternity care includes shared decision‐making (SDM). However, research on SDM is lacking from the intrapartum period and instruments to measure it have only recently been developed. TeamBirth is a quality improvement initiative that uses team huddles to improve SDM during labor and birth. Team huddles are structured meetings including the patient and full care team when the patient's preferences, care plans, and expectations for when the next huddle will occur are reviewed.

Methods

We used patient survey data (n = 1253) from a prospective observational study at four U.S. hospitals to examine the relationship between TeamBirth huddles and SDM. We measured SDM using the Mother's Autonomy in Decision‐Making (MADM) scale. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between any exposure to huddles and the MADM score and between the number of huddles and the MADM score.

Results

In our multivariable model, experiencing a huddle was significantly associated with a 3.13‐point higher MADM score. When compared with receiving one huddle, experiencing 6+ huddles yielded a 3.64‐point higher MADM score.

Discussion

Patients reporting at least one TeamBirth huddle experienced significantly higher SDM, as measured by the MADM scale. Our findings align with prior research that found actively involving the patient in their care by creating structured opportunities to discuss preferences and choices enables SDM. We also demonstrated that MADM is sensitive to hospital‐based quality improvement, suggesting that future labor and birth interventions might adopt MADM as a patient‐reported experience measure.
The efficacy and safety of selenium supplementation versus placebo in the treatment of Graves' orbitopathy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Sharabati Israa , Qafesha Ruaa M. , Hindawi Mahmoud D. , Amro Sarah , Ayesh Baraa M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Selenium is a trace element crucial for thyroid function, and has potential therapeutic benefits in Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Therefore, we aim to evaluate its efficacy and safety in GO patients to provide valuable insights into its role as a therapeutic option for this condition.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Patients

GO Patients treated with selenium compared to placebo.

Measurements

Clinical activity score (CAS), Graves' orbitopathy quality of life (GO‐QOL), eye symptoms and signs, and adverse events.

Results

Out of 1684 records screened, four randomised controlled trials were included. Selenium was superior at 6 months in lowering the CAS (MD = −1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−1.68, −0.85], p < .0001]), improving total GO‐QOL (RR = 2.54, 95% CI [1.69–3.81], p < .00001), and improving the visual and the psychological functioning scores (MD = 10.84, 95% CI [4.94–16.73], p = .003), (MD = 12.76, 95% CI [8.51–17.00], p < .00001) respectively. Similarly, it significantly improved these outcomes at 12 months. It also showed a significant decrease in the palpebral aperture at 6 months (MD = −1.49, 95% CI [−2.90, −0.08], p = .04). However, no significant differences were observed in proptosis, soft tissue involvement, ocular motility, and adverse effects.

Conclusions

Selenium is effective in reducing CAS and improving the palpebral aperture and GO‐QOL in patients with GO. Additionally, it is safe and has promising therapeutic implications. However, further research is needed to validate its long‐term efficacy and safety.
Cristiano of Arabia: Did Ronaldo increase Saudi Pro League attendances?
Authors: Schreyer Dominik , Singleton Carl
Published: August 2024

In December 2022, Cristiano Ronaldo, five‐time Ballon d’Or winner and the most‐followed person on Instagram, signed for Al‐Nassr in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This marked one of several expensive, recent interventions by the kingdom in global sports markets. We exploit the timing of this event to estimate superstar effects. Ronaldo alone increased stadium attendance demand, even before the influx of further stars in the summer of 2023. On average, Ronaldo filled an additional 20% of the seats in his home team's stadium when he played, 15% in the stadiums he visited, and 3% where he did not even play.
Developing new tools to de‐risk wildlife occupancy on private lands
Authors: Regan Shawn , Foster Benjamin T. , Yablonski Brian , Barker Kristin J. , Middleton Arthur D.
Published: August 2024

Private lands support much of the biodiversity in North America, but supporting wildlife can be costly for landowners. Innovative tools are needed to reduce the risks that wildlife pose to private landowners while conserving biodiversity. Here, we present a range of innovative tools that have effectively been used to “de‐risk” wildlife occupancy of private lands in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Lessons learned from these risk reduction strategies inform conservation more broadly by highlighting the importance of economic and risk‐management considerations to wildlife conservation on private lands. Incorporating de‐risking tools into the wildlife conservation toolbox can help conservation practitioners more strategically allocate resources to benefit wildlife and the private lands that help support them.
Impact of Heart Failure Etiology on Waitlist Mortality in Heart Transplant Candidates Supported With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Shah Manuj M. , Rodriguez Emily , Shou Benjamin L. , Jenkins Reed T. , Rando Hannah , Kilic Ahmet
Published: August 2024

Background

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has gained traction as a bridge to heart transplantation (HT) but remains associated with increased waitlist mortality. This study explores whether this risk is modified by underlying heart failure (HF) etiology.

Methods

Using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network registry, we conducted a retrospective review of first‐time adult HT candidates from 2018 through 2022. Patients were categorized as “ECMO”, if ECMO was utilized during the waitlisting period, or “No ECMO” otherwise. Patients were then stratified according to the following HF etiology: ischemic cardiomyopathy (CMP), dilated nonischemic CMP, restrictive CMP, hypertrophic CMP, and congenital heart disease (CHD). After baseline comparisons, waitlist mortality was characterized for ECMO and HF etiology using the Fine–Gray regression.

Results

A total of 16 143 patients were identified of whom 7.0% (n = 1063) were bridged with ECMO. Compared to No ECMO patients, ECMO patients had shorter waitlist durations (46.3 vs. 185.0 days, p < 0.01) and were more likely to undergo transplantation (75.3% vs. 70.3%, p < 0.01). Outcomes analysis revealed that ECMO was associated with increased mortality risk (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR]: 3.42, p < 0.01), a risk that persisted in all subgroups and was notably high in CHD (SHR: 4.83, p < 0.01) and hypertrophic CMP (SHR: 9.78, p < 0.01). HF etiology comparison within ECMO patients revealed increased mortality risk with CHD (SHR: 3.22, p < 0.01). Within No ECMO patients, hypertrophic CMP patients had lower mortality risk (SHR: 0.64, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

The increased waitlist mortality risk with ECMO persisted after stratification by HF etiology. These findings can help decision‐making surrounding candidacy for cannulation and prognostic evaluation.
Effectiveness of Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance for autistic children with developmental coordination disorder
Authors: Kangarani‐Farahani Melika , Thompson‐Hodgetts Sandy , Zwicker Jill G.
Published: August 2024

Aim

To determine if the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO‐OP) intervention is effective in improving motor skills of autistic children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and whether motor gains are maintained 3 months after therapy.

Method

In this quasi‐experimental study, we recruited 27 autistic children (8–12 years) with DCD without intellectual disability. The treatment group received CO‐OP intervention once weekly for 10 weeks, focusing on three child‐chosen motor goals. The waitlist group received CO‐OP 3 months later. Outcome measures included the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (child ratings of motor performance and satisfaction), Performance Quality Rating Scale (therapist‐observed movement quality), and the Bruninks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (motor ability).

Results

Non‐parametric analyses showed significant improvements (p < 0.013) in all outcomes. Follow‐up analysis revealed significant improvements in performance (p < 0.001, W = 0.69), satisfaction (p < 0.001, W = 0.72), and movement quality (p < 0.001, W = 0.62). Despite slight declines at follow‐up, overall improvements from pretest remained evident.

Interpretation

The CO‐OP intervention effectively improved motor skills of autistic children.
The effects of antihypertensive drugs on glucose metabolism
Authors: Li Zhe , Wei Hongxia , Li Ru , Wu Baofeng , Xu Ming , Yang Xifeng , Zhang Yi , Liu Yunfeng
Published: August 2024

Abnormal glucose metabolism is a common disease of the endocrine system. The effects of drugs on glucose metabolism have been reported frequently in recent years, and since abnormal glucose metabolism increases the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications, metabolic disorders, and infection, clinicians need to pay close attention to these effects. A variety of common drugs can affect glucose metabolism and have different mechanisms of action. Hypertension is a common chronic cardiovascular disease that requires long‐term medication. Studies have shown that various antihypertensive drugs also have an impact on glucose metabolism. Among them, α‐receptor blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers can improve insulin resistance, while β‐receptor blockers, thiazides and loop diuretics can impair glucose metabolism. The aim of this review was to discuss the mechanisms underlying the effects of various antihypertensive drugs on glucose metabolism in order to provide reference information for rational clinical drug use.
Mistletoes benefit from initiating cascading effects in a cactus–stem borers–arthropods system: A positive feedback
Authors: Guerra Patricia C. , Escobedo Víctor M. , Gianoli Ernesto
Published: August 2024

Parasitic plants may indirectly modify arthropod community structure by inducing resistance/susceptibility in host plants. In the Atacama Desert, the mistletoe Tristerix aphyllus initiates cascading effects on its cactus host, Echinopsis chiloensis, inducing susceptibility to stem‐borer beetles, whose brood chambers are colonized by a diverse arthropod community.

We evaluated whether those cascading effects initiated by Tristerix generate a positive or negative feedback loop on this parasitic plant. A positive or negative feedback loop would occur if the mistletoe‐elicited indirect effects on arthropod community result in increased or decreased mistletoe fitness, respectively. Specifically, by way of field sampling, experimental manipulation of number of brood chambers, and structural equation modelling, we assessed the indirect impact of number of brood chambers on Tristerix fitness mediated by its influence on the abundance of arthropod trophic guilds (omnivores, nectarivores, herbivores and predators).

We found that the number of brood chambers had a positive indirect effect on mistletoe fitness, likely mediated by the increased abundance of nectarivores. The number of brood chambers was positively associated with the abundance of predators, nectarivores and herbivores. However, nectarivores were the only trophic guild showing a positive association with both number of brood chambers and Tristerix fitness.

This positive feedback loop, together with the known pattern of specific disperser‐mediated cyclic reinfection of cacti by Tristerix, would indicate that mistletoe infection may ultimately threaten cactus survival.
Enhancing pre‐service teacher effectiveness: Integration of 21st‐century skills during off‐campus teaching experiences
Authors: Annan‐Brew Ruth Keziah , Ezugwu Ifesinachi Jude , Surman Stacy Hughey , Dadzie Justice
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the integration of 21st‐century skills into the teaching practices of pre‐service teachers during their off‐campus experiences. Focusing on essential skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity, self‐direction, and the use of technology, this research aims to identify which skills are most effectively applied by pre‐service teachers in real‐world settings. Data were collected from 370 final‐year pre‐service teachers using a cross‐sectional design and a tailored survey instrument adapted from Ravitz's work. The findings indicate that pre‐service teachers most frequently integrated technology use and self‐direction into their teaching practices. Conversely, skills such as critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and fostering creativity were less commonly applied. No significant gender differences were found in the application of these skills among pre‐service teachers in the Central Region of Ghana. These results reveal insights into the readiness and capabilities of future teachers to integrate essential 21st‐century skills into their teaching practices, underscoring the critical role of teacher education programmes in preparing educators for the demands of modern classrooms. The study highlights the importance of continuous professional development and the incorporation of innovative teaching methodologies to enhance educational outcomes.
Screening for depression in patients with epilepsy: What are the benefits for physicians and patients in the real‐life setting
Authors: von Wrede Randi , Witt Juri‐Alexander , Jessen Nina , Lossius Morten I. , Moskau‐Hartmann Susanna , Helmstaedter Christoph
Published: August 2024

Objective

Screening for depression in people with epilepsy (PWE) is highly recommended in order to avoid underdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, or delayed diagnosis of this highly impacting comorbidity. Here we evaluated the impact of reporting and suggesting depression via the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) on medical decision‐making, and thereby the value of a depression screening for good medical practice.

Methods

Of 445 BDI data sets, PWE with scores indicating moderate (BDI 19–29) to severe depressive disorder (BDI >29) were extracted and clinical reports were retrospectively reviewed regarding decisions on antidepressants, anti‐seizure medications (ASMs), and non‐pharmaceutical interventions.

Results

Sixty‐four PWE (14%; 56% female; mean age 39.7 years) showed elevated BDI scores, with 40 (63%) categorized as moderate depression and 24 (37%) as severe depression. Thirty‐nine percent of PWE already had a pre‐existing diagnosis of depression and 53% left the clinic with the diagnosis of depression, half of them with antidepressants. High depression scores were associated with any intervention in 53%, interventions with potentially mood affecting ASM in 19%, treatment with antidepressants in 11%, and non‐pharmaceutical interventions in 41%. Non‐pharmaceutical interventions were related to BDI scores. Changes of potentially mood‐affecting ASMs were more frequent in PWE with moderate scores, and introduction of antidepressants appeared as a trend related to higher depression scores.

Significance

The finding of an only weak relation between high depression scores, diagnoses of depression, and treatment consequences questions the diagnosis and treatment pathway and the clinical value of the BDI screening in PWE. Prospective standard procedures need to be established for depression diagnosis and treatment including follow‐up evaluations of the validity of the diagnosis and effectiveness of the decisions taken.
Osseous cyst‐like lesions in an unusual location in the equine distal phalanx
Authors: Fairburn Alison , Busschers Evita , Sherlock Ceri
Published: August 2024

Osseous cyst‐like lesions (OCLLs) of the distal phalanx commonly occur around midline. The dorsopalmar location can be challenging to identify radiographically; however, advanced imaging has shown they are typically located in the central and palmar thirds of the bone. This study reports unusually located OCLLs in the dorsal, axial aspect of the palmar processes of the distal phalanx in three horses, with communication with the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint confirmed by contrast arthrography in two horses. All horses were lame and had lameness localised to the distal limb with diagnostic anaesthesia. A rounded radiolucency with a surrounding rim of increased opacity was identified in the dorsal aspect of a palmar process on radiographs, with the palmaroproximal–palmarodistal oblique (PaPrPaDiO) view being most useful. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lesions were seen as hyperintense structure on T2*, T2 FSE and STIR sequences; a thin rim of intermediate signal surrounding a low signal centre was seen on T1 images. A rim of low T1/T2 FSE signal was seen in the surrounding bone in all cases, consistent with sclerosis, and mildly increased STIR signal was present in the surrounding trabecular bone in two cases. Two horses underwent standing cone‐beam computed tomography (CT) examination of the affected foot, revealing a well‐defined hypoattenuating region within the dorsal, axial aspect of the palmar process of the distal phalanx, with surrounding rim of increased attenuation. Contrast arthrography was performed in two cases, one using radiographs and the other CT, and confirmed communication of the cystic lesion with the DIP joint in both cases. Although advanced imaging provided further information and allowed other possible causes of lameness to be identified, careful assessment of radiographs allowed these unusually located OCLLs to be identified in all cases.
Efficient malware detection using hybrid approach of transfer learning and generative adversarial examples with image representation
Authors: Zhao Yue , Ullah Farhan , Chen Chien‐Ming , Amoon Mohammed , Kumari Saru
Published: August 2024

Identifying malicious intent within a program, also known as malware, is a critical security task. Many detection systems remain ineffective due to the persistent emergence of zero‐day variants, despite the pervasive use of antivirus tools for malware detection. The application of generative AI in the realm of malware visualization, particularly when binaries are depicted as colour visuals, represents a significant advancement over traditional machine‐learning approaches. Generative AI generates various samples, minimizing the need for specialized knowledge and time‐consuming analysis, hence boosting zero‐day attack detection and mitigation. This paper introduces the Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network for Zero‐Shot Learning (DCGAN‐ZSL), leveraging transfer learning and generative adversarial examples for efficient malware classification. First, a normalization method is proposed, resizing malicious images to 128 × 128 or 300 × 300 for standardized input, enhancing feature transformation for improved malware pattern recognition. Second, greyscale representations are converted into colour images to augment feature extraction, providing a richer input for enhanced model performance in malware classification. Third, a novel DCGAN with progressive training improves model stability, mode collapse, and image quality, thus advancing generative model training. We apply the Attention ResNet‐based transfer learning method to extract texture features from generated samples, which increases security evaluation performance. Finally, the ZSL for zero‐day malware presents a novel method for identifying previously unknown threats, indicating a significant advancement in cybersecurity. The proposed approach is evaluated using two standard datasets, namely dumpware and malimg, achieving malware classification accuracies of 96.21% and 98.91%, respectively.
DemocracyGuard: Blockchain‐based secure voting framework for digital democracy
Authors: Peelam Mritunjay Shall , Kumar Gaurav , Shah Kunjan , Chamola Vinay
Published: August 2024

Online voting is gaining traction in contemporary society to reduce costs and boost voter turnout, allowing individuals to cast their ballots from anywhere with an internet connection. This innovation is cautiously met due to the inherent security risks, where a single vulnerability can lead to widespread vote manipulation. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address these concerns and create a trustworthy electoral process. Blockchain offers a decentralized network of nodes that enhances transparency, security, and verifiability. Its distributed ledger and non‐repudiation features make it a compelling alternative to traditional electronic voting systems, ensuring the integrity of elections. To further bolster the security of online voting, we propose DemocracyGuard platform on the Ethereum blockchain, which incorporates facial recognition technology to authenticate voters. By leveraging these advancements, DemocracyGuard aims to provide a secure and resilient platform for online voting, paving the way for its broader adoption and revolutionizing the electoral landscape.
Fatigue prediction and optimization of laser peened turbine blade using artificial neural networks and ANFIS
Authors: Ayeb Manel , Turki Mourad , Frija Mounir , Fathallah Raouf
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the fatigue behavior prediction of Ti‐6Al‐4V thin‐leading‐edge turbine blade specimens treated with laser shock peening (LSP) using two advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methods: artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The study aims to estimate the endurance under high cycle loading conditions. First, using ABAQUS and MATLAB software, the modified Crossland criterion for uniaxial loading is applied to recalibrate endurance limit values based on modifications induced by the LSP process. Then, these techniques are employed to predict the modified Crossland criterion profile and endurance limit values influenced by the LSP treatment. Specifically, numerical values are used as training and testing data for these AI models. As a result, these AI methods provide highly accurate prediction and optimization of the modified Crossland criterion and endurance limits, demonstrating their reliability and effectiveness.
Evaluation of vibration‐induced local fatigue based on guided wave measurement
Authors: Xia Yunxian , Zhang Chao , Huang Yuxiang , Tao Chongcong , Ji Hongli , Qiu Jinhao
Published: August 2024

To investigate the local damage characteristics and properties of stiffness degradation in aluminum structures under vibration fatigue, an evaluation method of the fatigue property for local areas has been proposed by identifying the stiffness from the phase velocity obtained by the laser ultrasonic system. First, vibration fatigue tests were conducted on 2024‐O aluminum alloy components under four different stress levels. To address the issue of local damage characteristics under vibration fatigue, a scan window to achieve the local phase velocities within a small local region was employed, and then, the local stiffness can be calculated. By tracking the residual stiffness of the weakest region, the local damage factor was calculated. A unified model with normalized periods at different stress levels was carried out to predict the evolutionary trend. This approach offers a more efficient alternative to estimate local fatigue damage and residual life through the monitoring of local stiffness during maintenance.
An enhanced fatigue damage model based on strength degradation of composite materials
Authors: Liu Sanxing , Liu Zhi , Zhou Kai , Liu Ying , Xiong Xingjia , Liao Tao , Ye Nanhai
Published: August 2024

An enhanced nonlinear fatigue damage cumulative model proposed is based on the strength degradation characteristics of composites, aiming to investigate damage progression under fatigue loading. Building upon this foundation, given the assumption of a linear correlation between fatigue cumulative damage and stress level, a methodology is presented for extrapolating the damage curve of untested stress levels from that of tested stress levels. The model substantiates its reliability by validating against experimental data from several distinct material types. The reliability of the model has been validated using experimental data from multiple groups of materials. The experimental results indicate that the model can effectively reflect the fatigue damage development characteristics of composite materials. Simultaneously, the predicted stress levels derived from the proposed methodology show lesser deviation from the fitted data. Finally, a life prediction method founded on the proposed model is introduced, validated for its high prediction accuracy through experimentation.
Effects of a high‐phosphate diet on vascular calcification and abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice
Authors: Komuro Aya , Son Bo‐Kyung , Nanao‐Hamai Michiko , Song Zehan , Ogawa Sumito , Akishita Masahiro
Published: August 2024

Aim

Vascular aging is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and pathological aortic dilatation, playing a critical role in the morbidity and mortality of older adults. Vascular calcification, a phenotype of vascular aging, is frequently associated with AAA. However, this association remains unclear owing to the lack of animal models. This study investigated the effects of a high‐phosphate diet (HPD), a prominent trigger of vascular calcification in AAA.

Methods

Eight‐week‐old male mice were fed either a normal diet (ND; Ca 1.18%/P 1.07% = 1.10) or an HPD (Ca 1.23%/P 1.65% = 0.75) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, AAA was induced using CaCl2 application and angiotensin II (AngII) infusion for 4 weeks.

Results

The HPD resulted in more pronounced AAA formation than did the ND. Importantly, vascular calcification was observed only in the aorta of the HPD mice. Enhanced Runt‐related transcription factor 2 expression and apoptosis (downregulation of growth arrest‐specific gene 6/pAkt survival pathway), two major mechanisms of vascular calcification, were also observed. Furthermore, increased IL‐6 and F4/80 expression was observed in the aorta of HPD mice. In RAW264.7 cells, inorganic phosphate enhanced IL‐6 and IL‐1β expression under AngII priming. Ferric citrate, a phosphate binder, significantly inhibited HPD‐induced AAA formation.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that HPD induces vascular calcification and AAA formation, possibly through inflammation. This murine model suggests that vascular calcification induced by phosphate burden may be a therapeutic target for vascular diseases, including AAA. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 973–981.
Brokering Political Corporate Social Responsibility: Production Network Intervention Programmes in Post‐Reform Myanmar's Garment Industry
Authors: Bae Jinsun , Thein Htwe Htwe
Published: August 2024

Political corporate social responsibility (CSR) research focuses on how companies leverage their CSR efforts to improve public goods provision in countries where public governance is lacking. Previous studies, due to their limited analytical scope, have not thoroughly examined the dynamic nature of these governance gaps. Another missing puzzle is how certain actors in these countries, through their regular operations, independently facilitate political CSR opportunities—such as production network intervention (PNI) programmes. Positioning PNI programmes as brokers of political CSR, we investigate four such programmes in the Myanmar's garment industry during the early years of the country's reform. We conduct neo‐Gramscian analysis to examine how these programmes attempted to establish cultural and ideological leadership over CSR discourse and practice in the industry. We analyse the manufacturers’ responses to this contestation, which evolved with the introduction of a minimum wage, and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this study.
Proof of concept that melanoma nuclear count compares favourably with the benchmark histological prognostic feature, Breslow thickness
Authors: Gurr Charlotte , Bamford Mark , Oswald Nicola , Udensi Louisa , Ready Christopher , Gupta Kritika , Buhagiar Tiffany , Saldanha Gerald
Published: August 2024

Aims

Breslow thickness (BT) is the most important histological prognostic feature for melanoma prognosis, but it only captures tumour size in one dimension. Adding a further measurement in a different axis has been shown to improve prognostic value. It seems reasonable that further prognostic value could be obtained by estimating the number of invasive melanoma cells using nuclear count. The aim of this study was to show proof of concept that nuclear count has prognostic value independent of BT.

Methods and results

Melanoma cell nuclei were labelled with SRY‐related HMG‐box 10 (SOX10) protein, the sections scanned and StarDist machine‐learning algorithm used to count nuclei in 102 cases of primary cutaneous melanoma. Prognostic value was assessed using survival analyses. Nuclear count correlated strongly with T category, BT and calculated tumour area (each P < 0.001), suggesting that it was a valid marker of melanoma burden. Nuclear count was a predictor for overall survival in univariable analysis [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.25, confidence interval (CI) = 1.66–3.06, P < 0.001] and multivariable analysis (HR = 2.60, CI = 1.59–4.24, P < 0.001). BT and ulceration were significant in univariable analyses, but not in multivariable models with nuclear count. Models containing nuclear count showed the best fit. Similar results were seen for melanoma‐specific and metastasis‐free survival. Nuclear count was able to stratify melanomas within a given T stage.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated proof of concept that counting melanoma nuclei may be an improved measure of invasive tumour burden compared to BT. Future studies will need to refine methods of nuclear detection and also to confirm its prognostic value.