bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural, dielectric, and electrical study of bismuth ferrite-lithium vanadate
Authors: Sahu Meena Kumari , Mallick Priyambada , Satpathy Santosh Ku. , Behera Banarji
Published: August 2022

The composite, BiFeO3-LiVO3 was synthesized through a solid-state reaction technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the tetragonal structure at room temperature. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss increased with the rise in temperature. The Nyquist plot projected the contribution of bulk effect and a slight indication of grain boundary effect. The presence of a temperature-dependent relaxation process occurred in the material. Electrical modulus confirmed the non-Debye type relaxation and indicated the asymmetric peak broadening for the spread of relaxation time. The activation energies were calculated from the ac conductivity by linear fitting. The fitted Jonscher power law was very close which implied a similar type of charge carrier which exists in the conduction mechanism for the system. Thermistor parameters were evaluated using the grain resistance for different temperatures.
Research on the Influence of the Shape of an Object on Its Fluid Resistance
Authors: Zhao Zihao
Published: August 2022

In the chapter on Fluids in Edexcel Physics, it is mentioned that different shapes have different effects on fluid resistance. In this study, the effect of the shape of the object on the fluid resistance is studied. Experimental methods are mainly used. In the experiment, by studying the movement speeds of different shapes of iron blocks in water, the different fluid resistances of different shapes of iron blocks were inferred, and the influence of different shapes on fluid resistance was further speculated. In the course of the experiment, different shapes of iron blocks were used, and weights and measuring cylinders were also used. The amount of resistance received is determined by measuring the length of time it takes for different iron blocks to move at a constant distance in water under constant tensile force. The final conclusion is that the more square the object moves in the fluid, the greater the fluid resistance is. The more sleek streamlined an object is, the less fluid resistance it is subjected to as it moves through the fluid.
Analysis of Ketogenic Metabolic Interventions for Obesity
Authors: Wang Guorong
Published: August 2022

According to statistics and surveys by the World Health Organization, the obesity ratio of people in the world nearly tripled since 1975; in 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 and older were overweight. Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obesity prevention and intervention is a serious health problem facing humanity. This article is an analysis of interventions for obesity from the perspective of ketogenic metabolism, by supplementing exogenous ketones or increasing endogenous ketone levels. By analyzing experimental data on the metabolic mechanisms of ketones, exogenous ketones esters on body weight, food intake and satiety hormones, this paper concludes that exogenous ketones have a positive effect on interventions in obesity. A study of the literature revealed that the involvement of ketogenesis in the process of fat metabolism is still a very vague concept.
Analysis on the Catalytic Activity Improvement of Cu by Nano-Catalyst – Taking Ag and Cu Alloying as an Example
Authors: Xiu Heyang
Published: August 2022

In real life, nanotechnology has a wide range of uses, nanoparticles have large specific surface area, high activity, special foreign matter, small characteristics. Nanoparticles as catalysts is one aspect of the performance of nanomaterials. In this paper, taking Ag and Cu alloys as examples, the mechanism of nanocatalyzer is introduced, which significantly improves the catalytic activity of Cu, and the experimental application of converting mixed CO2/CO/H2 materials into methanol (CO2+3H2 →CH3OH+H2O) in industry is analyzed. In order to further optimize the activity of the catalyst, carbon nanotubes were introduced as the catalyst carrier, and single metal or alloy nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of the catalyst. Compared with the unsupported catalyst with the same alloy ratio, the catalytic activity of the prepared carbon nanotubes supported alloy nanocatalyst was significantly improved. Meanwhile, nanocatalysts have important applications in energy saving and environment protecting.
Morphological Structure Analysis of Taxus Based on Plant Biomechanics
Authors: Qin Xiru
Published: August 2022

Although biomechanics has been developing for years, the research breakthrough of biomechanics at this stage is mainly to solve life and health problems (e.g., vascular mechanics, molecular cell biomechanics, as well as tissue repair biomechanics). There is not much research on plants. This study mainly considers some cutting-edge biomechanical studies in plants in recent years, focusing on Taxus Linn, combined with the observed morphological characteristics of Taxus, and analyzes the physiological structure of Taxus from three aspects of roots, stems and leaves. The morphological development of Taxus root is correlated with the mechanical action of wind and soil, and adapts and evolves with the environment. The stress and strain of stem cells have an effect on the cell morphology and then the appearance and function of stem. The transportation of leaf can be simulated by hydrodynamic model, and relevant calculations are used to explain the length and structure of Taxus leaf. Understanding Taxus from the perspective of plant biomechanics takes on a critical significance in studying the growth mode of Taxus, its relationship with the environment and biological metabolism. According to the above analyses and results, there will also be traces of how to protect wild populations, how to breed scientifically, and how to maximize the extraction of plant metabolites.
Research on the Optimization of Defect Detection Based on Convolutional Neural Network Architecture
Authors: Ran Xinyi
Published: August 2022

Machine learning is a method generally used in defect detection of smart manufacturing. It uses data and algorithms to simulate the function of human’s brain, and the accuracy can be improved by repeated machine training. Neural networks such as convolutional neural network is an effective method used in machine learning to achieve defect detection in smart manufacturing. Through a systematic lecture review, this gives the architecture of the convolutional network and provides its model, which includes three layers: convolution layer, pooling layer and fully-connected layer, whose functions are determining the way of the neurons network connections, reducing the amount of parameters within activations by downsampling along with the spatial dimensionality of the inputs and produce class scores from the activations as well as suggesting the usage of Rectified Linear Unit to improve performance respectively, then points out two challenges of applying convolutional neural network in practical of defect detection, which is the class imbalance problem and insufficient data problem. Following these problems, three solutions namely, Objectlevel Attention Mechanism; PaDiM and SDD-CNN are discussed. In addition, this paper also identifies the topics for future study at the end.
Research Status of Autonomous Vehicle Path Planning
Authors: Shi Shangzhe
Published: August 2022

In recent years, many companies have been developing path planning algorithms and hardware for autonomous vehicles. This paper mainly introduces the latest research and applications of path planning algorithms and related hardware for autonomous vehicles. The introduced algorithms include improvements to Traditional Algorithms, Intelligent Optimization Algorithms, Reinforcement Learning Algorithms and Hybrid Algorithms, such as improving algorithm running speed, path planning ability, and environment learning speed. In terms of hardware research and application, due to the rise of sensor technology and 5G mobile communication technology, this paper mainly introduces the research and application status of multisensor, 5G mobile communication technology and lidar, including improving the measurement accuracy of sensors and the ability of sensors to identify surrounding areas.
An Application of Machine Learning Algorithms on the Finger Image Prediction
Authors: Liu Yifei
Published: August 2022

In recent years, using machine learning (ML) algorithm to analyze a picture, obtain its features, and finally identify what the picture is about is getting more and more important. This is because with the popularity of the electronic equipment and high-performance computing equipment, people began to pursue a more convenient and automatic life. The science of the image recognition frees people’s hands to a certain extent through the training of algorithms, thus making people’s life more convenient. This paper presents a comparison of two ML algorithms: Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with three different optimization methods on the data-set by measuring their test accuracy and their running time. The said data-set consists of a training-set of 1080 pictures (64 by 64 pixels) of signs representing numbers from 0 to 5 (180 pictures per number) and a test set of 120 pictures (64 by 64 pixels) of signs representing numbers from 0 to 5 (20 pictures per number). For the implementation of the ML algorithms, the data-set was partitioned in the following fashion: 90% for training phase, and 10% for testing phase. The hyper-parameters used for all the classifiers were manually assigned. Results show that most of the presented ML algorithms performed not bad with a test accuracy over 80%, and the CNN algorithm performed best among all the implemented algorithms with a test accuracy about 91.04%.
Review of the Application Status and Development Trend of Industrial Robots
Authors: Wang Fuzhe
Published: August 2022

With the progress of industrial civilization and the development of artificial intelligence technology, industrial robots are gradually approaching production workshop, and their status is improving day by day. This article will describe the current development status of emerging industrial robots and share their future development trends, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for industrial robot design departments and factories. Nowadays, industrial robots are developing rapidly in various countries, and have entered many emerging industries, such as aerospace, military and medical fields. The development trend of industrial robots in the future should mainly focus on five development directions: human-robot collaboration, artificial intelligence, new industrial users, digitization, and smaller and lighter robots.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for 2D Flappy Brid Game
Authors: Li Yueyang
Published: August 2022

In recent years, the prevailing of application of Deep Reinforcement Learning have granted the traditional game AI training a brand-new perspective. Google’s Alpha Go agent might mark the beginning of the trend. While many 2D games have been researched for effective trained agent to gain extraordinary performance, Flappy Bird is among, perhaps, the most popular one that could demonstrate the effectiveness of trained AI. This research has successfully trained a efficient agent using Deep-Q network that could outperforms its human counterparts. Although previous trainings have also granted successful results, due to the optimization in the memory array to store previous states, the training time has been largely reduced, which is useful for future agent training optimization.
Computation for Reinforcement Learning at the Mobile Edge Network
Authors: Zhao Zixu
Published: August 2022

Wireless Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is one of several promising models emerging in recent years. A wireless powered MEC network is researched in this paper. The proposed online offload framework based on deep reinforcement learning (DROO) draws lessons from the previous offload experience. As such, it fulfills the need to solve complex problems like MIP. The computational complexity will not surge with the increase of network size. DROO decomposes the original optimization problem into a secondary problem from design to unloading decision and a resource allocation sub-problem. It is suitable for the space without interruption, and there is no need to discretize the channel gain, so as to avoid the disaster caused by the problem of dimension. By studying the simulation results, the DROO algorithm is found that it can achieve almost perfect performance by designing and calculating the method at the current stage, but it also needs to reduce CPU execution latency by at least one order of magnitude, so as to ensure that the realtime system optimization is fading. It is really feasible to use MEC networks when wirelessly powered in the environment.
Bedürfnisse onkologisch erkrankter Kinder: Psychometrische Überprüfung des Erhebungsinstruments „KiWuF-PädOnk“ und erste Ergebnisse
Authors: Böcherer Sarah Magdalena , Burger Thorsten , Schepper Florian , Farin-Glattacker Erik
Published: August 2022

In der vorliegenden Querschnittstudie wurde ein neu konzipierter Bedürfnisfragebogen für 8- bis 13-jährige Krebspatienten psychometrisch überprüft (N = 117). Auf der Grundlage einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse wurden 4 Skalen mit insgesamt 19 Items gebildet. Die interne Konsistenz des Fragebogens ist zufriedenstellend. Die Teilnehmenden äußerten ein starkes Bedürfnis nach sozialer Teilhabe, Sicherheit und Kontrollerleben sowie nach Normalität. Der KiWuF-PädOnk liefert Informationen zu Bedürfnissen aus Patientensicht und fördert somit eine individuumszentrierte psychosoziale Versorgung.
Langzeitergebnisse der Extensor-indicis-Transposition bei Ruptur der
Extensor pollicis longus Sehne nach kindlicher Unterarmfraktur
Authors: Moeller Richard-Tobias , Mentzel Martin , Vergote Daniel , Bauknecht Simon
Published: August 2022

Hintergrund Eine seltene, aber typische perioperative Komplikation bei der
operativen Versorgung von kindlichen Unterarmfrakturen ist die Verletzung der
Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) Sehne. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die
Langzeitergebnisse nach Rekonstruktion der EPL-Sehne mit Transposition der
Extensor-indicis-Sehne (EI-Sehne) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen nach operativ
versorgter Unterarmfraktur vorgestellt.

Patienten und Methoden Im Zeitraum von 15 Jahren wurden 22 Kinder bis zum
Alter von 16 Jahren mit einer EI-Transposition analog zur Versorgung bei
Erwachsenen behandelt. In einer Nachuntersuchung wurden die
Bewegungsumfänge der Finger- und Daumengelenke, die Retropulsion des
Daumens und Zeigefingers, die Abduktion und Opposition untersucht.
Zusätzlich wurde die Handspanne und die Kraft im Grob-,
Schlüssel- und Spitzgriff gemessen. Das subjektive Beschwerdebild wurde
befragt und der DASH-Score erhoben.

Ergebnisse Die Ruptur der EPL-Sehne ist mit 1% aller operativ
versorgten kindlichen Unterarmfrakturen eine seltene Komplikation. 15 Patienten
mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 10,9 Jahren konnten durchschnittlich 66,5
Monate nach Transposition der EI-Sehne nachuntersucht werden. Signifikante
messtechnische Unterschiede fanden sich in der reduzierten Beweglichkeit des
Daumengrundgelenkes, der isolierten Streckfähigkeit des Zeigefingers,
einer reduzierten Spanne zwischen Daumen und Zeigefinger in der Palmarduktion
sowie eine reduzierte Kraft im Spitzgriff. Subjektiv wurden die
Seitendifferenzen von den Patienten und ihren Eltern im Alltag nicht
bemerkt.

Schlussfolgerung Die Transposition der EI-Sehne zur Rekonstruktion einer
rupturierten EPL-Sehne als seltene Komplikation nach kindlicher Unterarmfraktur
führt langfristig zwar zu einer messtechnisch signifikanten Reduktion
der Zeigefingerbeweglichkeit auf der betroffenen Seite, jedoch ohne subjektive
Einschränkungen der Kinder.
Recent Advances for Chiral Sulfoxides in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Dong Zhi-Bing , Yang Meng-Meng , Wang Si
Published: August 2022

Chiral sulfoxide is considered to be an ideal candidate ligand for transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions due to its ease of synthesis, stability, and exceptional S-stereological orientation control. This paper reviews the different types of asymmetrical reactions with chiral sulfoxide ligands in recent years, as well as a discussion of efficient methods for the preparation of some enantiomerically pure sulfoxides.

1 Introduction

2 Chiral Sulfoxides as Ligands in Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Catalysis

3 Synthesis of Chiral Sulfoxides

4 Conclusions
Total Full-Thickness Upper Eyelid Reconstruction: Combination of Mustardé Eyelid Switch Flap with a Bipedicled Periosteal and Tenzel Flap Technique
Authors: Trigaux Céline , Holtmann Christoph , Neumann Inga , Borrelli Maria , Geerling Gerd
Published: August 2022

Introduction In recent decades, two techniques for large full-thickness upper eyelid reconstruction have been described, the Cutler-Beard lid sharing flap and the Mustardé eyelid
switch flap. In the literature, modifications are being introduced to improve those techniques. Here, we present our approach for the reconstruction of total full-thickness upper eyelid
defects and compare it with these established upper lid reconstruction techniques.

Methods Three patients presented with upper eyelid tumors and required extensive excision resulting in total full-thickness upper eyelid defects. Reconstruction consisted of a
two-stage procedure: a Mustardé eyelid switch flap was performed followed by division of the rotation flap and lateral canthoplasty using a periosteal bipedicled flap and Tenzel flap.
Patients were followed-up every 3 months for at least 1 year. During every preoperative and postoperative check-up, palpebral fissure height, levator function, margin reflex distance, and
presence of lagophthalmos were measured.

Results Histopathological examination revealed a Merkel cell carcinoma in two cases and a Basal cell carcinoma in one case. Postoperatively, all patients showed a stable
reconstructed upper eyelid with preserved motility and satisfying aesthetic results when compared to the fellow eye. In one case, a lagophthalmos of 1.5 mm was observed, which was treated
conservatively to prevent exposure keratopathy.

Conclusion The eyelid switch flap combined with a bipedicled periosteal and a Tenzel flap is a good alternative for the reconstruction of total upper eyelid defects with the
advantage of leaving the contralateral eye untouched. It achieves satisfying anatomical results, including an upper eyelid margin with eyelashes and well-matched skin color.
Carbon Materials as Catalytic Tools for Oxidative Dehydrogenations and Couplings in Liquid Phase
Authors: Lenarda Anna , Wirtanen Tom , Helaja Juho
Published: August 2022

Carbocatalysis is a heterogeneous metal-free catalytic technique of high potential for current and future synthetic processes. Carbocatalysts entail heterogeneous materials based on sp2/sp3 interconnected carbons decorated with oxygen functional groups, defects, and other heteroatom dopants. In this short review, we cover a wide range of different carbocatalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation reactions, with particular emphasis on liquid-phase transformations that are relevant for synthetic organic chemists.

1 Introduction

2 Structures of Catalytic Carbon Materials

3 Oxidative Aromatizations with Activated Carbon

4 Oxidative Dehydrogenation CH–CH Couplings

5 Oxidative Dehydrogenation Coupling of Benzyl Amines

6 Oxidations of Alcohols

7 Other Oxidative Transformations by Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Materials

8 Asphaltene Oxide

9 Conclusions and Outlook
STA-A3 Bypass Using Radial Artery Graft for Progressive Cerebral Infarction of Bilateral ACA Region after STA-MCA Bypass Surgery for Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Hirano Yudai , Ono Hideaki , Inoue Tomohiro , Ohara Kenta , Tanishima Takeo , Tamura Akira , Saito Isamu
Published: August 2022

Direct revascularization surgery, such as superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, is effective in preventing ischemia and hemorrhage for moyamoya disease. On the other hand, when ischemia of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) region progresses after ipsilateral STA-MCA bypass, it is difficult to perform revascularization from the viewpoint of the donor artery. A 55-year-old woman with right hemiparesis was diagnosed with cerebral infarction due to moyamoya disease. Left STA-MCA bypass was performed with no postoperative complications, but memory impairment and decreased motivation were observed 2 months after the operation. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed new infarction in the bilateral ACA area and deterioration in the signal intensity of bilateral ACAs. Revascularization of the bilateral ACA regions was considered necessary, but the left STA was already used in the previous surgery. Therefore, STA-radial artery (RA)-A3 bypass using RA graft combined with right STA-MCA bypass was performed. STA-A3 bypass using an RA graft may be the optimal treatment for ischemia of the ACA region that progresses after STA-MCA bypass.
Feasibility of Metal Artifact Reduction on CT Angiography for Planning Direct Surgery of Tentorial dAVF after Onyx Embolization
Authors: Nakagawa Kanji , Toyota Shingo , Shimizu Takeshi , Murakami Tomoaki , Taki Takuyu
Published: August 2022

Although Onyx is approved as an embolic material for arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF), metal artifacts due to Onyx on CT remain problematic. We report the feasibility of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm on CT angiography (CTA) in the planning of direct surgery of dAVF after transarterial Onyx embolization. A 45-year-old male patient presented with right pulsatile tinnitus, and cerebral angiography demonstrated right tentorial dAVF. As the dAVF had not completely disappeared even after Onyx transarterial embolization, we planned direct surgery. Evaluation of the lesion was difficult on normal preoperative CTA because of Onyx artifacts, but CTA using MAR enabled a detailed planning of direct surgery. Direct surgery was performed through right retrosigmoid craniotomy. Referencing CTA using MAR, we identified the draining veins originating from the main drainer, which were coagulated and cut, achieving complete occlusion of the dAVF. His symptoms disappeared with no postoperative complications. CT angiography using MAR was useful for planning direct surgery after Onyx embolization. As the incidence of direct surgery after transarterial Onyx embolization for AVM or dAVF is increasing, MAR on CTA will become more important.
The Association between Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Offspring's Hearing Impairment
Authors: Cleary Erin M. , Kniss Douglas A. , Fette Lida M. , Hughes Brenna L. , Saade George R. , Dinsmoor Mara J. , Reddy Uma M. , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Varner Michael W. , Goodnight William H. , Tita Alan T. N. , Swamy Geeta K. , Heyborne Kent D. , Chien Edward K. , Chauhan Suneet P. , El-Sayed Yasser Y. , Casey Brian M. , Parry Samuel , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Napolitano Peter G. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: August 2022

Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between in-utero exposure to nicotine and subsequent hearing dysfunction.

Materials and Methods Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among gravidas with primary CMV infection was conducted. Monthly intravenous immunoglobulin hyperimmune globulin therapy did not influence the rate of congenital CMV. Dyads with missing urine, fetal or neonatal demise, infants diagnosed with a major congenital anomaly, congenital CMV infection, or with evidence of middle ear dysfunction were excluded. The primary outcome was neonatal hearing impairment in one or more ears defined as abnormal distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs; 1 to 8 kHz) that were measured within 42 days of birth. DPOAEs were interpreted using optimized frequency-specific level criteria. Cotinine was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in maternal urine collected at enrollment and in the third trimester (mean gestational age 16.0 and 36.7 weeks, respectively). Blinded personnel ran samples in duplicates. Maternal urine cotinine >5 ng/mL at either time point was defined as in-utero exposure to nicotine. Multivariable logistic regression included variables associated with the primary outcome and with the exposure (p < 0.05) in univariate analysis.

Results Of 399 enrolled patients in the original trial, 150 were included in this analysis, of whom 46 (31%) were exposed to nicotine. The primary outcome occurred in 18 (12%) newborns and was higher in nicotine-exposed infants compared with those nonexposed (15.2 vs. 10.6%, odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–4.20), but the difference was not significantly different (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.0, 95% CI 0.30–3.31). This association was similar when exposure was stratified as heavy (>100 ng/mL, aOR 0.72, 95% CI 0.15–3.51) or mild (5–100 ng/mL, aOR 1.28, 95% CI 0.33–4.95). There was no association between nicotine exposure and frequency-specific DPOAE amplitude.

Conclusion In a cohort of parturients with primary CMV infection, nicotine exposure was not associated with offspring hearing dysfunction assessed with DPOAEs.

Key Points
Zero-Profile Anchored Spacer (ROI-C) in the Treatment of Cervical Adjacent Segment Disease
Authors: Iampreechakul Prasert , Choochaimangkhala Punproom , Tirakotai Wuttipong , Hangsapruek Sunisa , Puthkhao Pimchanok , Tanpun Adisak
Published: August 2022

Background Self-locking stand-alone cages have increasingly been used in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) cervical degenerative disc disease. We studied clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent zero-profile anchored spacer (ROI-C)–assisted ACDF without anterior plate fixation in cervical adjacent segment disease.

Materials and Methods Fifteen patients suffering from cervical adjacent segment disease with various symptoms, such as radiculopathy, myelopathy, or both, were retrospectively evaluated. The cervical adjacent segment disease was confirmed by plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging. The patients underwent radiological evaluation to assess cervical curvature, intervertebral height, fusion, and subsidence. Clinical assessment was graded using a visual analog scale, Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association score, and the Neck Disability Index.

Results There were 19 levels of operation. Single-level ACDF was performed in 11 patients and two level in 4 patients. In the postoperative period, our study revealed significant improvement in the clinical outcome. The cervical curvature and intervertebral height were significantly improved at 12-months follow-up (p < 0.05). The fusion rate was 100%, whereas subsidence occurred in 5.3% but produced no symptoms. Of the 19 operated segment, 2 (5.3%) from 38 VerteBRIDGE plates had breakage. There was only one case of mild dysphagia, which resolved in less than 2 weeks.

Conclusion This study indicates that zero-profile anchored spacer (ROI-C) in the treatment of cervical adjacent segment disease provides improvement of clinical outcomes, restoration of lordosis, high fusion rate, and low incidence of dysphagia. However, subsidence and breakage of VerteBRIDGE plate occurred in 5.3% cases, but did not cause clinical symptoms.
Unraveling the Complexity of Liver Disease One Cell at a Time
Authors: Bader Gary D. , McGilvray Ian D. , MacParland Sonya A. , Atif Jawairia , Thoeni Cornelia
Published: August 2022

The human liver is a complex organ made up of multiple specialized cell types that carry out key physiological functions. An incomplete understanding of liver biology limits our ability to develop therapeutics to prevent chronic liver diseases, liver cancers, and death as a result of organ failure. Recently, single-cell modalities have expanded our understanding of the cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and intercellular cross-talk in liver health and disease. This review summarizes these findings and looks forward to highlighting new avenues for the application of single-cell genomics to unravel unknown pathogenic pathways and disease mechanisms for the development of new therapeutics targeting liver pathology. As these technologies mature, their integration into clinical data analysis will aid in patient stratification and in developing treatment plans for patients suffering from liver disease.
Iatrogenic Bowel Traversal during Percutaneous Drainage Catheter Placement: A Single-Center Retrospective Review of 3,507 Procedures
Authors: Nakanote Ken , Kaufman Claire , Weintraub Michael , Quencer Keith
Published: August 2022

Image-guided drainage catheter placement is a commonly performed procedure. While the complication rate is low, one potential complication is iatrogenic bowel traversal (IBT). Prior literature reported up to a 3.0% incidence of IBT events. This retrospective review examined image-guided percutaneous abscess catheter placements over 82 months to characterize the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of IBT. Of 3,507 catheters placed, there were 13 IBT events, conferring a 0.4% incidence. Rates of IBT were similar whether ultrasound and fluoroscopy or computed tomography was utilized for placement. Of these 13 IBT events, 2 were transgastric, 1 was transcolonic, and 10 were through small bowel. Of these events, one patient died of vasopressor refractory septic shock, four underwent operative repair of the enterotomy, and eight were managed with catheter placement and gradual downsizing. The Society of Interventional Radiology Adverse Event Severity Scale was utilized to further categorize IBT events with observed severity ranging from moderate to life threatening. Although overall incidence has decreased since 35 years ago, IBT events are potentially life-threatening adverse events and further study to identify and minimize risk factors is essential.
Gravitational effect on the nonlinear dynamics of a buoyant turbulent flame
Authors: Ozaki Yushi , Kawano Kazuki , Gotoda Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

This study numerically examines the gravitational effect on the nonlinear dynamics of a buoyant turbulent flame utilizing analytical methods based on complex networks and dynamical systems. A dense (sparse) network structure is formed in the near (far) field in low gravity, as shown by the degree and cluster coefficient in the spatial network. The global dynamics of the vertical flow velocity fluctuations in the intermittent luminous zone is synchronous with that of the temperature fluctuations in low gravity. The synchronized state disappears as the gravity level is increased, leading to a desynchronized state. These behaviors are clearly identified by the symbolic recurrence plots.
A model for spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis of plasma-activated Si surfaces for direct wafer bonding
Authors: Rauch N. , Andersen E. , Vicente-Gabás I. G. , Duchoslav J. , Minenkov A. , Gasiorowski J. , Flötgen C. , Hingerl K. , Groiss H.
Published: August 2022

In this work, the impact of plasma treatment on Si wafers with native oxide on top was systematically investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A general applicable three-layer optical model structure for ellipsometry data fitting was developed and employed on samples treated with the N2, O2, and N2/O2 mixture plasma. Oxide-growth, amorphization of crystalline Si, and the formation of a transition layer between the SiO2 and the amorphous Si were detected. The estimated thicknesses of produced layers were confirmed by complementary methods, which allow precise ultra-thin layers thicknesses detection, namely, angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The depth-resolved chemical composition and the direct thickness measurements of the produced amorphous structure revealed pronounced elemental gradients and the absence of sharp interfaces. Nitrogen gas used in the plasma process was found to be implanted mainly at the interface of the SiO2/transition layer in the form of Si3N4. However, it was verified that it is feasible to employ one general ellipsometry model consisting of SiO2/transition layer/amorphous Si on crystalline Si for all plasma species due to comparably low Si3N4 concentrations as well as its refractive index n and absorption k similarity to SiO2. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is nondestructive and can be efficiently applied to analyze whole wafers without any sample preparation. It can be concluded that the present approach to ellipsometry model development and verification is well suited for plasma-activated direct wafer bonding processes.
A review of physics of moving contact line dynamics models and its applications in interfacial science
Authors: Mohammad Karim Alireza
Published: August 2022

Despite several decades long research on moving contact line dynamics due to its remarkable role in interfacial science and technological fields, there is still a significant lack of comprehensive knowledge about the true nature of the contact line. The moving contact line is much more complex than just a geometric flow condition. Given the role of moving contact line physics in numerous emerging advanced technologies including bioprinting, tissue engineering, pharmaceutical industry, smart functional coatings, flexible electronics, and healthcare, it is needed for scientific community to direct their focus in advancement on better understanding of interfacial science and physics of moving contact line. Therefore, this review primarily concentrates on the current physical theories which describe the moving contact line dynamics. Moreover, numerous potential and ongoing applications of moving contact line dynamics linked to the interfacial science are thoroughly discussed. Finally, this review presents the future perspectives related to the current challenges in moving contact line dynamics.
Refinements to the boundary transformation vector representation of attractor shape deformation to enhance system parameter identification
Authors: Sloboda A. R. , Sloboda R. S.
Published: August 2022

A new method of quantifying parameter changes in chaotic systems using estimates of how the boundaries of Poincare sections deform was recently developed. Refinements that improve the number and quality of the boundary transformation vectors produced by this method are proposed and analyzed here. Collectively, these refinements offer the ability to better match closely spaced linear segments of Poincare sections typical of fractal geometry, better handle boundary gaps, and more uniformly sample the boundary, resulting in additional data. The refinements are tested using Poincare sections constructed in three ways for five different dynamical systems and are shown to enhance results in all cases.
Pressure-dependent photoluminescence of Eu-activated aluminate hydride Sr3−x
AxAlO4H:Eu2+ (A = Ca, Ba; x = 0, 1): Application of advanced U-determination technique for luminescence wavelength prediction
Authors: Wu Tong , Hua Hansen , Ueda Jumpei , Tanabe Setsuhisa , Matsuishi Satoru
Published: August 2022

The increasing attention on the unique properties of oxyhydride materials motivates the exploration of their potential applications in optical fields, and the theoretical studies of their luminescence properties are still under progress. Here, we report the experimental and theoretical high-pressure photoluminescence (PL) studies on Eu-activated Sr3–xAxAlO4H (A = Ca and Ba; x = 0 and 1) oxyhydride materials. Under hydrostatic pressures from ambient pressure up to 6.41 GPa, the luminescence band in all the samples exhibits redshift with increasing pressure and the highest energy-shift rate of −101.85 cm−1/GPa was observed in Sr3AlO4H:Eu2+. The asymmetric bands were deconvoluted into two peaks corresponding to the two Eu sites with different coordination environments. Although the shift rates of Eu2+ centers in Sr3AlO4H are not remarkable as expected for the large compressibility of hydride ion ligands, their pressure-dependences in opposite directions were successfully reproduced by constrained density functional theory calculations using the advanced on-site Coulomb interaction parameter (U) determination method. The lower shift rate as seen in conventional oxide phosphors indicates that Eu-4f and 5d level positions are determined by the interaction with less compressive oxide ion ligands. Therefore, the high shift rate required for pressure sensing applications is expected in more hydrogen-rich oxyhydrides and related hydride compounds.
Logarithmic Functions and the Natural Logarithmic Function
Authors: Pereyra Nicolas A.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, we will define logarithmic functions. We will then derive general properties of logarithmic functions. Then, we will define the natural logarithmic function. We will then derive general properties of the natural logarithmic function.
Trigonometric Functions
Authors: Pereyra Nicolas A.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, we will define the Trigonometric Circle and extend the concept of angle discussed in Sec. 10.6 to angles whose measurement can be any real number [rather than angles whose measurement have to be between “0” (zero) and “2 π” (Rfullturn)]. We will then define the trigonometric functions “cos (R),” “sin (R),” and “tan(R).” Then, we will derive some general properties of trigonometric functions.
Trigonometric Functions of a Sum
Authors: Pereyra Nicolas A.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, we will derive expressions for the trigonometric functions of a sum “Rα + Rβ” As stated above, trigonometric functions are fundamental in Physics and found throughout Physics. In particular, the expressions of trigonometric functions of a sum appear in many Physics applications and analyses.
Taxonomic classification of DNA sequences beyond sequence similarity using deep neural networks
Authors: Mock Florian , Kretschmer Fleming , Kriese Anton , Böcker Sebastian , Marz Manja
Published: August 2022

Taxonomic classification, that is, the assignment to biological clades with shared ancestry, is a common task in genetics, mainly based on a genome similarity search of large genome databases. The classification quality depends heavily on the database, since representative relatives must be present. Many genomic sequences cannot be classified at all or only with a high misclassification rate. Here we present BERTax, a deep neural network program based on natural language processing to precisely classify the superkingdom and phylum of DNA sequences taxonomically without the need for a known representative relative from a database. We show BERTax to be at least on par with the state-of-the-art approaches when taxonomically similar species are part of the training data. For novel organisms, however, BERTax clearly outperforms any existing approach. Finally, we show that BERTax can also be combined with database approaches to further increase the prediction quality in almost all cases. Since BERTax is not based on similar entries in databases, it allows precise taxonomic classification of a broader range of genomic sequences, thus increasing the overall information gain.
Simple shear extrusion as an efficient severe plastic deformation technique: A review
Authors: Ebrahimi Ramin , Rahimzadeh Lotfabad Faraz
Published: August 2022

Simple shear extrusion was designed in 2009 as a novel severe plastic deformation technique to obtain ultrafine-grained materials. During the past years, extensive work has been done to introduce and clarify this technique's characteristics and investigate its application in different areas of materials science and engineering. Owing to the inherent phenomenon of strain reversal associated with this technique and different available processing routes, this method is proven to be useful in material processing. This article aims to summarise the ability of this process to produce ultrafine-grained materials and discuss the potential of this process for industrialisation.
Measurements of rolling friction with a stringless pendulum
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: August 2022

Experimental results are presented on the coefficient of rolling friction, μ
R, measured for a variety of different balls using a stringless pendulum. A wide range of results was obtained, depending on ball stiffness, surface roughness, ball radius and ball speed. Soft balls dissipate energy as a result of hysteresis losses in the contact region and have relative high values of μ
R. Hard balls rolling on a hard surface dissipate energy by multiple collisions between asperities, with low values of μ
R that increase with rolling speed and surface roughness. The experiment is very easy to set up and would be a useful addition in a student laboratory or as a lecture demonstration.
Extension of the Morris–Shore transformation to arbitrary time-dependent driving fields
Authors: Zlatanov K N , Rangelov A A , Vitanov N V
Published: August 2022

The treatment of time-dependent dynamics of quantum systems involving multiple states poses considerable technical challenges. One of the most efficient approaches in treating such systems is the Morris–Shore (MS) transformation which decomposes the multistate dynamics to a set of independent systems of simpler interaction pattern and uncoupled spectator states. The standard MS transformation imposes restrictions on the time dependence of the external fields addressing the states, as it requires that both Rabi frequencies have the same time profile. In this work we treat the case of the time-dependent MS transformation, which opens prospects for a variety of physically interesting processes wherein the fields may have different time dependences. We explore the adiabatic and the double-adiabatic limit, in which we demonstrate population transfer between the MS states that results in population transfer from one set of states onto another. We demonstrate the generation of superposition states between the MS states by the techniques of half adiabatic passage and fractional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, which translate to superpositions of all the states of the involved levels.
Scrutinizing new physics in semi-leptonic B

c
→ J/ψτν decay
Authors: Tang Ru-Ying , Huang Zhuo-Ran , Lü Cai-Dian , Zhu Ruilin
Published: August 2022

We perform a global analysis of the b → cτν data using the recent lattice results on the B

c
→ J/ψ vector and axial-vector form factors. To explore the effects from the tensor operator of new physics beyond the Standard Model, we determine the tensor form factors by using the non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) relations between tensor and (axial-)vector form factors. Based on the lattice + NRQCD form factors, we fit the Wilson coefficients and the new physics couplings in R
2, S
1 and U
1 leptoquark models by including the recently measured R(Λ
c
) and imposing the relaxed constraint

B

(

B

c

→
J
/
ψ

)

<
30
%

in light of the recent studies on LEP1 data and B

c
lifetime. We give predictions for the experimental observables including R(J/ψ), P

τ
(J/ψ), F

L
(J/ψ) and

A

FB

(

J
/
ψ

)

as well as their q
2 distribution in new physics scenarios/models. Our results suggest that the longitudinal τ polarization fraction P

τ
(J/ψ) and the forward–backward asymmetry

A

FB

(

J
/
ψ

)

are useful for testing the R
2 leptoquark model.
Influence of structural parameters on the static performance of self-inductive radial displacement sensor
Authors: Li Hongwei , Ren Zongqiang , Chen Rui , Yu Wentao
Published: August 2022

The self-inductive displacement sensor has been widely used in active magnetic bearing systems for its excellent performance. However, there is a lack of studies on this sensor’s output characteristics according to the voltages directly from the coils, not from the processing circuit. Therefore, it needs to be further studied to improve the sensor theory and provide technical guidance for the sensor design. This paper analyzed the sensor’s working principle and designed some radial sensors with different nominal air gaps and coil turns. Then the effects of the nominal air gap and coil turns on the sensor coil’s output voltage and sensitivity were studied through the finite element simulation and experiments. According to the results, the number of coil turns could hardly affect the sensor’s static output voltage and sensitivity. The sensor sensitivity in the linear measurement range is proportional to the reciprocal of the nominal air gap length, but it is much less than the theoretical value. The results of this paper provide a valuable reference for the theoretical analysis and structural design of the self-inductive displacement sensor.
Variance correction principal component analysis—gross error detection with serially correlated data
Authors: Jeyanthi R , Devanathan Sriram
Published: August 2022

Process industries have complex measurement systems set up to measure process variables for control, dynamic optimization, online diagnostics, and real-time monitoring. Errors in measured process data are typically classified as random or fixed (gross) errors. Data reconciliation (DR) addresses random errors, whereas gross error detection and reconstruction (GEDR) addresses gross errors. In most GEDR techniques, data collected from sources are considered independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.). Most GEDR approaches consider data acquired from sources to be dispersed independently and identically (i.i.d.). Data acquired from multiple sources do not have to be independent in industrial manufacturing practice. They may have serial correlation due to control loops, process dynamics, feedback networks, etc. This paper proposes a new technique, variance correction (VC) principal component analysis (VCPCA) based measurement test, to identify gross errors in serially correlated data. The proposed technique uses a VC approach to estimate the variance of serially correlated data and a PCA-based estimator to calculate the residuals. The advantages of the proposed technique are assessed by comparing its performance with other existing methods like VC and pre-whitening approaches. The results demonstrated the superior performance of VCPCA and produced 99% success in all simulation trials in identifying gross errors and only 1% false identification.
Surface-potential-modulated piezoresistive effect of core–shell 3C-SiC nanowires
Authors: Uesugi Akio , Nakata Shinya , Inoyama Kodai , Sugano Koji , Isono Yoshitada
Published: August 2022

The effect of surface potential on the carrier mobility and piezoresistance of core–shell silicon carbide nanowires (SiC NWs) was investigated to realize small and sensitive SiC-microelectromechanical systems sensors. The p-type cubic crystalline SiC (3C-SiC) NWs were synthesized via the vapor–liquid–solid method and coated with silicon dioxide (SiO2) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dielectric shells to form core–shell structured NWs with different surface potentials. Four-point bending devices (FBDs) with a field-effect transistor (FET) configuration integrating a single core–shell 3C-SiC NW as the FET channel were fabricated to apply an additional electric field and strain to the core–shell 3C-SiC NWs. The fixed oxide charge densities of the SiO2 and Al2O3 shells showed positive and negative values, respectively, which were equivalent to electric fields of the order of several hundred thousand volt per centimeter in absolute values. In the core–shell 3C-SiC NWs with originally low impurity concentrations, the electric field induced by the fixed oxide charge of the shells can determine not only the electrical conduction but also the charge carriers in the NWs. Bending tests using the FBDs showed that the piezoresistive effect of the SiO2-coated NW was almost the same as that of the as-grown 3C-SiC NW reported previously, regardless of the gate voltage, whereas that of the Al2O3-coated NW was considerably enhanced at negative gate voltages. The enhancement of the piezoresistive effect was attributed to the piezo-pinch effect, which was more pronounced in the NW, where the carrier density at the core–shell interface is enhanced by the electric field of the dielectric.