bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative research between Australia and Japan: A comparison of the quality of health care in nursing facilities using actigraphy
Authors: Miyake Mari , Rock Anne , Tajika Aran , Hozu Shinichirou , Kanda Seiji , Ueda Teruko , Nishiyama Toshimasa
Published: November 2009

Aim:  Aging in Japan is advancing at a globally unprecedented rate. In Japan, the provision of high quality nursing care for aged people is needed. In the present study, we clarify the effect of different environments and nursing care service on the life rhythm of aged people in Japan and Australia.

Methods:  In Australia, cognitive rehabilitation with activities offered at nursing facilities focuses on resident care needs and the promotion of independence through Diversional Therapy (DT). The participants were nine nursing facility residents in Australia where DT is practiced (ANF). In Japan, 10 nursing facility residents (JNF) and 11 people living independently (JLI). Upon explanation of the research objective to the three groups and obtaining their consent, participants were equipped with wristwatch‐style actigraphs that were attached to the non‐dominant hand for 3 days.

Results:  The time period of most activity for ANF was 13.00–14.00 hours at 224.6 ± 75.5 counts/min, which was significantly higher when compared with the 136.8 ± 63.8 for JNF (P < 0.05). Wake after onset of sleep, defined as minutes awake at night after falling asleep, was 48.8 ± 40.1 for ANF, 102.2 ± 82.6 for JNF and 18.5 ± 11.7 min for JLI. The JNF group was observed to have the longest night wake time (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Employing actigraphs, sleep–wake assessments were conducted on aged people in three different lifestyle environments. This lifestyle difference was clear from the activity rhythm detected. Then, from a comparison of both countries, we were able to offer suggestions on life patterns of aged people brought about by the differences embodied in culture, environment and economic background.
Etiology and predictors of urinary incontinence and its effect on quality of life
Authors: Miu Doris KY , Lau Szeting , Szeto Samuel SL
Published: November 2009

Aim:  Urinary incontinence associated with dementia can result in medical comorbidities. We aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and to identify the etiology and factors associated with urinary incontinence in dementia patients.

Methods:  Patients with an Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of more than 10, attending the memory clinic were recruited. Basic demographic data, types and duration of dementia, use of cholinesterase inhibitor and other drugs with anticholinergic effects, carer stress and presence of urinary incontinence in the previous 6 months were recorded. Urodynamic studies were carried out in those patients with urinary incontinence.

Results:  One hundred and forty‐four subjects with a mean age of 78 years (standard deviation 6.8) were included. Forty‐eight (33.3%) had urinary incontinence. There was no statistically significant difference between continent and incontinent groups regarding age, MMSE, duration of dementia, use of cholinesterase inhibitor and of drugs with anticholinergic effects. Presence of nocturia of more than twice per night (odds ratio [OR] 4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7, 9.2), use of walking aids (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1, 5.9) and male sex (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.1, 5.2) were independent predictors of urinary incontinence. Urodynamic studies showed that 21 subjects had detrusor overactivity, 13 had bladder outlet obstruction, two with low compliance bladder, two with small bladder capacity, four with detrusor hyperactivity and impaired contractility.

Conclusion:  Urinary incontinence commonly occurs in dementia subjects. Poor mobility and presence of nocturia increase the risk of urinary incontinence. Correction of the possible reversible factors may help to reduce the prevalence of urinary incontinence in patients with dementia and reduce carer stress.
Scenery Picture Memory Test: A new type of quick and effective screening test to detect early stage Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Takechi Hajime , Dodge Hiroko H
Published: November 2009

Aim:  It is highly desirable to develop a neuropsychological screening test which is sensitive to the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is easy to administer at the primary care physician's (PCP's) office.

Methods:  Participants were 128 AD patients and 54 healthy volunteers. Brief cognitive screening tests were administered to the participants including the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), a Verbal Category Cued Memory test (CCMT) and the Scenery Picture Memory Test (SPMT). In the SPMT, a scenery picture of a living room containing 23 familiar objects was used. The administration of the SPMT comprised the first shallow memory session (Pict 1) and the second deep memory session (Pict 2). The area under the receiver–operator curve (AUC) was used to compare the efficacy of SPMT with other cognitive tests.

Results:  Pict 1, which requires less than 2 min to complete, had the same AUC as Pict 2, and showed significantly larger AUC than MMSE, CDT and VFT for all (MMSE 19–23) and very mild (MMSE ≥ 24) AD patients. When we conducted the similar analysis separately for those younger than 75 years and those aged 75 years or older, we obtained the same results as above among the older age group. Pict 1 showed larger AUC than CCMT in overall sample and also in the older age group, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:  The SPMT could be useful for detection of mild and very mild AD in settings even where time is limited.
Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues
Authors: Dixson Danielle L. , Munday Philip L. , Jones Geoffrey P.
Published: November 2009

While ocean acidification is predicted to threaten marine biodiversity, the processes that directly impact species persistence are not well understood. For marine species, early life history stages are inherently vulnerable to predators and an innate ability to detect predators can be critical for survival. However, whether or not acidification inhibits predator detection is unknown. Here, we show that newly hatched larvae of the marine fish Amphiprion percula innately detect predators using olfactory cues and this ability is retained through to settlement. Aquarium‐reared larvae, not previously exposed to predators, were able to distinguish between the olfactory cues of predatory and non‐predatory species. However, when eggs and larvae were exposed to seawater simulating ocean acidification (pH 7.8 and 1000 p.p.m. CO2) settlement‐stage larvae became strongly attracted to the smell of predators and the ability to discriminate between predators and non‐predators was lost. Newly hatched larvae were unaffected by CO2 exposure and were still able to distinguish between predatory and non‐predatory fish. If this impairment of olfactory preferences in settlement‐stage larvae translates to higher mortality as a result of increased predation risk, there could be direct consequences for the replenishment and the sustainability of marine populations.

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 68–75
Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications
Authors: Gerich J. E.
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 136–142 (2010)

Considerable data have accumulated over the past 20 years, indicating that the human kidney is involved in the regulation of glucose via gluconeogenesis, taking up glucose from the circulation, and by reabsorbing glucose from the glomerular filtrate. In light of the development of glucose‐lowering drugs involving inhibition of renal glucose reabsorption, this review summarizes these data. Medline was searched from 1989 to present using the terms ‘renal gluconeogenesis’, ‘renal glucose utilization’, ‘diabetes mellitus’ and ‘glucose transporters’. The human liver and kidneys release approximately equal amounts of glucose via gluconeogenesis in the post‐absorptive state. In the postprandial state, although overall endogenous glucose release decreases substantially, renal gluconeogenesis increases by approximately twofold. Glucose utilization by the kidneys after an overnight fast accounts for ∼10% of glucose utilized by the body. Following a meal, glucose utilization by the kidney increases. Normally each day, ∼180 g of glucose is filtered by the kidneys; almost all of this is reabsorbed by means of sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2), expressed in the proximal tubules. However, the capacity of SGLT2 to reabsorb glucose from the renal tubules is finite and, when plasma glucose concentrations exceed a threshold, glucose appears in the urine. Handling of glucose by the kidney is altered in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): renal gluconeogenesis and renal glucose uptake are increased in both the post‐absorptive and postprandial states, and renal glucose reabsorption is increased. Specific SGLT2 inhibitors are being developed as a novel means of controlling hyperglycaemia in T2DM.
Does diabetes‐related distress explain the presence of depressive symptoms and/or poor self‐care in individuals with Type 1 diabetes?
Authors: Lloyd C. E. , Pambianco G. , Orchard T. J.
Published: November 2009

Diabet. Med. 27, 234–237 (2010)

Aims  To examine the relationship between depressive symptomatology, diabetes‐related distress and aspects of diabetes self‐care in a cohort of individuals with Type 1 diabetes.

Methods  Individuals with Type 1 diabetes taking part in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES‐D) Scale and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale. Self‐care was measured by physical activity in the past week and over the previous year, frequency of blood glucose/urine testing, smoking status and alcohol intake.

Results  Clinically significant levels of depressive symptomatology (i.e. scores ≥ 16) were reported by 14% of the study population on the BDI and by 18% on the CES‐D. There were strong correlations between depressive symptoms and diabetes‐related distress (PAID scores) and physical activity. Multivariate analyses indicated that depression was independently associated with diabetes‐related distress scores and with physical activity, but not with frequency of blood glucose testing.

Conclusions  These findings have implications for clinical practice and treatment of both psychological morbidity and diabetes. There may be significant effects of depression on aspects of diabetes self‐care. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
MATCHING MODELS UNDER SCRUTINY: AN APPRAISAL OF THE SHIMER PUZZLE
Authors: Cardullo Gabriele
Published: November 2009

Abstract Two papers have recently questioned the quantitative consistency of the search and matching model. Shimer has argued that a textbook matching model is unable to explain the cyclical variation of unemployment and vacancies in the US economy. Costain and Reiter have found the existence of a trade‐off in the model's performance: any attempt to change the calibrated values to improve the model's ability to predict the business cycle jeopardizes its predictions of the impact of unemployment benefits on unemployment. In surveying the literature originating in these findings, I distinguish three different avenues that have been followed to correct the model: change in wage formation, change in the calibration and changes in the model specification. The last approach seems to achieve the best results both from a business cycle and from a microeconomic viewpoint.
The English genitive and double case
Authors: Payne John
Published: November 2009

Double case is a widespread phenomenon in which a feature, typically a case feature which originates on a noun phrase A, is realised externally to a feature which originates on a noun phrase B which is a subconstituent of A. Although not included in the above collection, examples of the English phrasal genitive such as [the girl who invited[me’s]]best friendand [a friend of[mine’s]]mother, in which the genitive case marker is realised externally to a pronoun in the accusative or genitive case, fit this paradigm exactly. In this paper, I argue therefore that any analysis of the English genitive must be consistent with the constraints imposed by the general typology of double case. Having outlined an edge‐feature analysis which satisfies these constraints, I further show that, in distinction to postlexical clitic analyses, it provides an account of Kruisinga’s observation that the English phrasal genitive, as in *the queens of England’s, is incompatible with (regular) plural marking.
Little old problems: adjectives and subjectivity in the English NP
Authors: González‐Díaz Victorina
Published: November 2009

This paper concentrates on the concomitances between semantics and syntax in the NP modifier slot. Through a corpus‐based study of the behaviour ofoldin two‐adjective premodifying strings (e.g.good old man,old dark coat), the paper provides empirical support to Matthews’ claims regarding the complexity of the NP internal syntax, and points to the need for a careful exploration of how processes of subjectivisation map onto the diachrony of complex NPs in English.
Conversion by the Numbers: Benefits and Pitfalls of Quantitative Modelling in the Study of Early Christian Growth
Authors: SCHOR ADAM M.
Published: November 2009

Proponents and critics of numerically modelling early Christian growth have missed many complexities of this approach. This study re‐examines quantitative modelling by conducting “thought experiments,” built from initial assumptions to population projections. First, an “apostolic mission” model assumes that Christianity grew via persuasive leaders; it projects a cubic growth curve. Second, a “values reproduction” model ties higher reproduction and conversion to certain Christian values; it projects an exponential curve. Next, a “social reaction” model links growth to interconfessional interactions; it projects a logistic curve. Such formal models reveal numerical parameters of conversion and the impact of various assumptions. Together, they illustrate the variability of early Christian population projections. They also showcase limitations of traditional quantitative modelling, which tends to oversimplify social conditions, to mischaracterise ancient religion, and to inspire teleological reasoning. Newer “network” models can overcome only some of these limitations. Used carefully, however, quantitative methods supplement familiar socio‐cultural approaches.
Present Value Model, Bubbles and Returns Predictability: Sector‐Level Evidence
Authors: McMillan David G.
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  Evidence regarding the validity of the present value model for stock prices has typically been assessed at index level. Moreover, such research typically rejects the model. In contrast research at the firm level is more supportive of the model. This paper, using the present value model as the base for analysis, considers sector level data. Three main objectives motivate the paper. First, to fill the gap in the research noted above. Second, to see if the recent technology bubble affected all other sectors. Third, to examine returns predictability using the present value model adjusted for the presence of bubbles. The results suggest, first, only limited support for the simple present value model, supporting the notion that as data are aggregated then the information content of dividends becomes obscured. Second, that the late 1990s bubble affected all sectors with the exception of the more traditional industrial sectors, which have seen significant price rises following the end of the early 2000s bear market. Third, a regime switching model that incorporates both a fundamental and bubble component demonstrates that when the bubble component is small the dividend yield acts as a reasonable predictor of sector returns, however, when the bubble is large prices become disconnected from dividends. The results here inform our knowledge of the present value model and should be of interest both to researchers attempting to model market behaviour and investors attempting to forecast it.
C1q enhances microglial clearance of apoptotic neurons and neuronal blebs, and modulates subsequent inflammatory cytokine production
Authors: Fraser Deborah A. , Pisalyaput Karntipa , Tenner Andrea J.
Published: November 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 733–743.

The expression of C1q, a recognition molecule of the complement system, is up‐regulated following neuronal injury and is detected early in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. This multimeric protein triggers an enhancement of phagocytosis of suboptimally opsonized targets by microglia, the phagocytic cells of the CNS, similar to other phagocytes, enhances the uptake of apoptotic cells in peripheral phagocytes, and suppresses inflammatory cytokine production in human monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells in the absence of activation of the entire complement cascade. The goal of this study was to determine if C1q could influence the inflammatory response to injury in the CNS, using primary rat microglia and neurons. The data show that microglia preferentially ingest apoptotic cells in comparison to live cells, like other professional phagocytes, that microglial ingestion of apoptotic neurons and neuronal blebs is enhanced by the presence of normal serum and that these enhanced levels of uptake are diminished in serum depleted of C1q. In addition, purified C1q bound to apoptotic neurons and neuronal blebs in a dose dependent manner, and alone triggered a significant enhancement of uptake by microglia. Microglia added to C1q coated wells or fed apoptotic neurons or neuronal blebs coated with C1q suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, while the presence of C1q enhanced levels of the chemokine MCP‐1/CCL2. The data are consistent with a protective role for C1q in the CNS during early stages of cell death by enhancing microglial clearance of apoptotic cells and suppressing proinflammatory cytokines.
Dual effect of the novel peptide antagonist K‐14585 on proteinase‐activated receptor‐2‐mediated signalling
Authors: Goh Fui Goon , Ng Pei Yuen , Nilsson Mary , Kanke Toru , Plevin Robin
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Here we have examined the effects of the novel peptide antagonist N‐[1‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)methyl]‐3‐(1‐pyrrolidinylmethyl)‐1H‐indol‐5‐yl]aminocarbonyl}‐glycinyl‐L‐lysinyl‐L‐phenylalanyl‐N‐benzhydrylamide (K‐14585) on proteinase‐activated receptor (PAR)2‐mediated intracellular signalling events.

Experimental approach: Using NCTC2544 cells expressing PAR2, we assessed the effects of K‐14585 on PAR2‐mediated [3H] inositol phosphate accumulation, MAP kinase activation, p65 NFκB phosphorylation and DNA binding and IL‐8 production.

Key results: Pretreatment with K‐14585 (5 µM) inhibited [3H] inositol phosphate levels stimulated by PAR2‐activating peptide Ser‐Leu‐Ile‐Gly‐Lys‐Val (SLIGKV‐OH) in PAR2‐expressing NCTC2544 cells. K‐14585 pretreatment did not influence PAR2‐mediated extracellular regulated kinase activation but inhibited p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. At a higher concentration (30 µM), K‐14585 alone stimulated p38 MAP kinase activation. These effects were replicated in EAhy926 cells, endogenously expressing PAR2, but not in parental or PAR4‐expressing NCTC2544 cells, suggesting these effects were PAR2‐dependent. SLIGKV‐mediated stimulation of p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was substantially reduced by the Gq/11inhibitor YM‐254890, without affecting K‐14585‐mediated phosphorylation. Pretreatment with K‐14585 inhibited PAR2‐mediated p65 NFκB phosphorylation and NFκB‐DNA binding. K‐14585 (30 µM) alone stimulated comparable NFκB reporter activity to SLIGKV‐OH. K‐14585 inhibited SLIGKV‐stimulated IL‐8 production, but given alone increased IL‐8. While SLIGKV‐induced IL‐8 formation was reduced by both SB203580 and YM‐254890, the response to K‐14585 was sensitive to SB203580 but not YM‐254890.

Conclusions and implications: These data reveal that K‐14585 has a duality of action functioning both as an antagonist and agonist due to either partial agonist actions or possible agonist‐directed signalling. The data also suggest two modes of p38 MAP kinase activation emanating from PAR2, one Gq/11‐dependent and the other Gq/11‐independent.
Factors influencing cord blood viability assessment before cryopreservation
Authors: Solomon Michael , Wofford Jonathan , Johnson Cory , Regan Donna , Creer Michael H.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:Cord blood (CB) viability determines product quality and varies with time and temperature of exposure before cryopreservation. Global viability assessment may not reflect viability of white blood cell (WBC) subsets, CD34+ cell viability, or hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells function.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:We compared trypan blue (TB) and acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining with flow‐cytometric (7‐aminoactinomycin D [7‐AAD]) viability in total WBCs (Tot‐AAD), granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and CD34+ cells and total nucleated cell, CD34+, and colony‐forming cell (CFC) recovery as a function of time and temperature (4, 24, and 37°C) before cryopreservation.

RESULTS:TB, AO/PI, and Tot‐AAD viability was concordant up to 72 hours (4°C) and 48 hours (24°C) postcollection; however, CD34+ viability was significantly higher due to loss of viable granulocytes. In contrast, at “physiologic” temperature (37°C), the decline in TB, AO/PI, and Tot‐AAD viability was significantly lower than the rate of viable CD34+ and CFC loss. At all times and temperatures, CFC recovery correlated best with CD34+ viability and recovery.

CONCLUSIONS:CB cell populations exhibit differential time‐ and temperature‐dependent susceptibility to in vitro cell death; consequently, global viability measurements using TB, AO/PI, or 7‐AAD (Tot‐AAD) significantly underestimate (4‐24°C) or overestimate (24‐37°C) CD34+ viability and CFC recovery. Our results demonstrate the limitations of global viability assessment with TB, AO/PI, and total AAD; endorse the routine use of CD34+ cell viability measurements; emphasize the importance of temperature control during shipment; and have implications with regard to establishing acceptable “cutoff” values for viability measurements and CB collection through processing time.
Beyond a Simple Case of Black and White: Searching for the White Male Effect in the African‐American Community
Authors: Rivers Louie , Arvai Joseph , Slovic Paul
Published: November 2009

Prior research focusing on risk perceptions has led to the observation that well‐educated and politically conservative white males tend to systematically perceive lower levels of risk from a wide range of hazards when compared to other members of society (e.g., white women, nonwhite women and men). While this “white male effect (WME)” is quite striking given that many policymakers fall into this group, a byproduct of this finding is that it deflects attention from the heterogeneity, in terms of people's concerns about risks, that exists in African‐American and other minority communities. The research reported here set out to explore this heterogeneity by asking a simple question: Can a phenomenon similar to the WME be found in the African‐American community? It can, and its implications for research and practice in risk management are discussed.
Do periodontopathogens disappear after full‐mouth tooth extraction?
Authors: Van Assche Nele , Van Essche Mark , Pauwels Martine , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: November 2009

Aim: To monitor the intra‐oral microbiological changes after full‐mouth extraction using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Material and Methods: Nine patients with severe, aggressive periodontitis, for whom a full‐mouth tooth extraction was the only remaining treatment option were recruited. Before and 6 months after extraction, microbial samples were obtained (tongue, saliva and subgingival plaque) and analysed by qPCR.

Results: The elimination of subgingival niches, by extraction of all natural teeth, resulted in a 3‐log reduction of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, and more modest reductions of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia. However, the detection frequencies of these periodontopathogens in saliva and on the tongue remained unchanged after full‐mouth tooth extraction.

Conclusion: In contrast to what has been believed so far, full‐mouth tooth extraction does not result in eradication of all periodontopathogens but only in a significant reduction. The clinical consequences of this observation remain speculative.
The critical‐size supraalveolar peri‐implant defect model: reproducibility in histometric data acquisition of alveolar bone formation and osseointegration
Authors: Lee Jaebum , Tran Quoc , Seeba Gary , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Susin Cristiano
Published: November 2009

Objective: The objective of this report is to present the reproducibility of outcomes assessments in the Critical‐Size Supraalveolar Peri‐Implant Defect Model.

Materials and Methods: Two examiners without specific experience in histological analysis and one experienced examiner performed the histometric evaluation. A comprehensive training program in data acquisition and histological analysis was established, the inexperienced examiners underwent approximately 12 h of training over multiple sessions. A custom‐designed image analysis software macro and a computer‐based image system were used to analyse digital images generated by a microscope camera system. Nine parameters for newly formed and resident bone were evaluated. Examiners performed histometric analysis using 36 histologic sections selected from critical‐size supraalveolar peri‐implant defects in 12 male Hound Labrador Mongrel dogs. Buccal and lingual measurements were performed in 72 sites. Intra‐ and inter‐examiner reproducibility were evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and means ± SD of the differences. Systematic errors were evaluated using an F‐test for equality of means and variances.

Results: Intra‐examiner reproducibility was high for all parameters evaluated, the lowest CCC observed being 0.87. Inter‐examiner reproducibility was also high, most CCCs exceeding 0.90. Minor systematic errors for intra‐ and inter‐examiner comparisons were occasionally observed. The results imply a high temporal stability because recordings were performed 3 months apart. Measurement errors were stable throughout the range of observations for all parameters.

Conclusions: High examiner reproducibility and temporal stability can be achieved for histometric data acquisition using the Critical‐Size Supraalveolar Peri‐Implant Defect Model. Examiner reproducibility should be routinely assessed, reported, and accounted for to assure the quality of evidence generated by preclinical studies
The Dutch periodontal screening index validation and its application in The Netherlands
Authors: Van der Velden Ubele
Published: November 2009

Objective: To provide evidence that the Dutch periodontal screening index (DPSI) is a valuable tool for the screening of the periodontal status and to evaluate the application of the DPSI by general practitioners in the Netherlands.

Material and methods: To assess the validity of the DPSI, an available data set was used consisting of 131 subjects with various degrees of periodontal breakdown in whom plaque, calculus, pocket depth, bleeding on probing and attachment loss was evaluated at all inter‐proximal sites. The application of the DPSI in general practice was studied in a random sample of 300 practising dentists in the Netherlands by means of a questionnaire.

Results: Full‐mouth inter‐proximal measurements showed that 19.1% of the subjects had 6 mm attachment loss at 2 sites. The DPSI identified 100% of the subjects with this condition. The results of the survey questionnaire showed that about 75% of the general dental practitioners were applying the DPSI, although only 15.1% were performing this consistently when a regular check‐up was performed. The mean time required for the assessment of the DPSI was 3 min.

Conclusion: The DPSI is valuable tool for the screening of the periodontal condition during general dental check‐ups.
Detection of periodontal bacterial DNA in serum and synovial fluid in refractory rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Martinez‐Martinez Rita E. , Abud‐Mendoza Carlos , Patiño‐Marin Nuria , Rizo‐Rodríguez Juan C. , Little James W. , Loyola‐Rodríguez Juan Pablo
Published: November 2009

Aim: To identify periodontal bacterial DNA (PBDNA) by PCR in subgingival dental plaque (SDP), serum and synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with periodontal disease (PD) patients and to explore the possible PBDNA transport pathways from mouth to joints.

Methods: This cross‐sectional prolective study involved 19 subjects with RA and PD. Informed consent, health and dental questionnaires were obtained. SDP, SF and serum samples were obtained, and leucocytes were isolated from blood. DNA was extracted and PCR assays to detect main PD species were carried out. Cultures on agar plates and broth, from each sample, were performed.

Results: Hundred percentage of patients showed PBDNA in SDP and SF and 83.5% in serum. Prevotella intermedia (89.4% and 73.6%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (57.8% and 42.1%) were the species most frequently detected in SDP and SF, respectively. In SDP, 4.05 different bacterial species were found followed by 1.19 in serum and 2.26 in SF. Culture onto agar plates and broth did not show any bacterial growth, leucocytes were not positive to PBDNA by PCR.

Conclusion: This study suggests that PBDNA could have a role on the RA aetiology. The possible pathway of transport of PBDNA from mouth to joints could be via the free form of DNA.
Application of an expanded multiplex genotyping assay for the simultaneous detection of Hemoglobin Constant Spring and common deletional α‐thalassemia mutations
Authors: KIDD J. L. , AZIMI M. , LUBIN B. , VICHINSKY E. , HOPPE C.
Published: November 2009

Hemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS) is the most common nondeletional α‐thalassemia variant causing HbH disease, making its detection crucial in populations at risk. Universal newborn screening for HbH is carried out in California. Identification of α‐thalassemia genotypes responsible for HbH and HbH‐CS requires rapid, accurate and cost‐effective genotyping methods suitable for population screening. We incorporated the HbCS mutation into our existing seven‐plex genotyping assay for common α‐thalassemia deletions. To assess the feasibility and diagnostic utility of this expanded multiplex gap‐PCR assay, we determined genotypic frequencies of HbCS in samples referred for α‐thalassemia testing between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2008. During the 3‐year study period, 1436 samples were genotyped for α‐thalassemia. HbH‐CS accounted for 23 (13%) of the 176 cases of HbH disease identified. In a subset of 145 newborns referred by the California NBS program with an elevated Hb Bart’s level at birth, HbH disease was confirmed in 134 (93%) and HbH‐CS identified in 13 (10%) of these. This expanded genotyping assay has proven to be a rapid, reliable and clinically useful diagnostic tool for the detection of HbH‐CS disease.
The Potential for Potential
Authors: Silzer Rob , Church Allan H.
Published: November 2009

It is very encouraging to see the stimulating commentaries in response to our article on identifying potential. These essays and the numerous recent published articles and conference presentations on potential reflect the widespread interest, as well as the challenges, of managing high-potential individuals in organizations. Based on our experience, and apparently also on the experience of commentary authors, many organizations and consulting firms are giving significant attention to this component of strategy-driven talent management (see also Oliver, Church, Lewis, & Desrosiers, 2009; Silzer & Church, in press; Silzer & Dowell, in press). Based on their insightful comments, it is clear that many of the commentary authors have been thinking about and working in the area of potential for a while.
Content Validation Is Useful for Many Things, but Validity Isn't One of Them
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: November 2009

Content-oriented validation strategies establish the validity of selection tests as predictors of performance by comparing the content of the tests with the content of the job. These comparisons turn out to have little if any bearing on the predictive validity of selection tests. There is little empirical support for the hypothesis that the match between job content and test content influences validity, and there are often structural factors in selection (e.g., positive correlations among selection tests) that strongly limit the possible influence of test content on validity. Comparisons between test content and job content have important implications for the acceptability of testing, the defensibility of tests in legal proceedings, and the transparency of test development and validation, but these comparisons have little if any bearing on validity.
A Thermomechanical Formulation and Solution of Lubricated Contacts Between Deformable Solids
Authors: Curnier A. R. , Taylor R. L.
Published: November 2009

A weak formulation of the simplified continuity and energy equations of lubrication coupled to the equilibrium and energy equations of thermoelastoplasticity is presented. A simultaneous numerical solution is proposed which is characterized by a consistent linearization of the lubrication equations, an implicit algorithm for the determination of the plastic region, and a finite element discretization for both the fluid and the solid.
The Wear of High Molecular Weight Polyethylene—Part II: The Effects of Reciprocating Motion, Orientation in the Polyethylene, and a Preliminary Study of the Wear of Polyethylene Against Itself
Authors: Brown K. J. , Atkinson J. R. , Dowson D.
Published: November 2009

The wear of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene against relatively smooth, dry stainless steel takes place by the same basic wear mechanisms whether unidirectional or reciprocating motion is used, but reciprocating motion produces slightly less wear overall. The effect of molecular orientation in the polyethylene has been studied and it has been shown that orientation perpendicular to the wearing surface is undesirable, whereas orientation parallel to the wear surface is mildly beneficial. The wear of polyethylene against itself is relatively severe and is largely determined by the temperatures reached by the rubbing surfaces.
A Refined Analytical Model for Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Cold Extrusion and Its Comparison With Experiment
Authors: Mahdavian S. M.
Published: November 2009

In a refined analytical model for the hydrodynamic lubrication of cold extrusion, effects of viscous heating in the inlet zone and surface temperature in the work zone are included to estimate extrusion pressure for both unsteady and steady lubrication. An experimental study indicates that a hydrodynamic lubricant film may be formed by reducing friction at the start of extrusion by a secondary lubricant. Theoretical estimation of unsteady extrusion pressure is in agreement for extrusion of aluminium billets lubricated with castor oil.
Abrasive Wear Mechanisms in Steels
Authors: Murray M. J. , Mutton P. J. , Watson J. D.
Published: November 2009

Abrasive wear tests have been carried out on three steels and a number of pure metals using a pin-on-drum instrument. Each steel was tested at several different hardness levels attained by varying the heat treatment and while the results show a relationship between abrasion resistance and hardness, this was not the linear relationship found by Kruschov and others. Single point scratch experiments and scanning electron microscopy were carried out in an attempt to elucidate the wear mechanisms in these different materials and from the results a model is suggested to account for the observed wear behavior.
Empirical Design Procedure for the Thermohydrodynamic Behavior of Journal Bearings
Authors: Seireg A. , Dandage S.
Published: November 2009

This paper describes an empirical procedure for predicting the performance of journal bearings based on experimental thermohydrodynamic consideration. The developed relationships are utilized to construct design nomograms for evaluating a modified Sommerfeld number which can replace the isoviscous Sommerfeld number in evaluating the performance characteristics of the bearing for any given oil and inlet temperature. The procedure is simple to implement and would consequently provide the designer with an alternative predictive method to consider in selecting the bearings parameters for critical applications.
Lubrication of a Cylinder on a Plane With a Non-Newtonian Fluid Considering Cavitation
Authors: Sinha Prawal , Singh Chandan
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of lubrication of rolling contact bearings considering cavitation with a non-Newtonian lubricant, obeying the power law model. Piezo-viscous and deformation effects are neglected. The analysis reveals, that as the flow behavior index increases, the load capacity increases and the point of cavitation as well as the point of maximum pressure is shifted towards the center of contact. It is also indicated that the present analysis may be considered as providing an approximation to human joint lubrication problem.
Flow Between a Smooth Stationary Disk and Grooved Rotating Disk
Authors: Missimer J. R. , Johnson W. S.
Published: November 2009

The radial outflow between a grooved rotating disk and a smooth stationary disk was examined analytically and experimentally with an emphasis on flow rate and drag moment. All investigations were conducted for a zero overall pressure differential across the disk. The analysis was based on an integral method with an area-averaged boundary condition on the grooved rotor. Nondimensionalization of the governing equations revealed that the radial inertia terms cannot in general be neglected. With the exception of the centrifugal acceleration terms, the radial inertia terms are usually neglected in this type of analysis. However, for higher flow rates these terms were found to make a significant contribution. A finite difference scheme was employed in the radial direction and a zero pressure differential across the disk was satisfied by an iterative solution technique. This technique required iteration on both the inlet flow rate to the gap and groove region until compatible flow rates in these two regions were obtained through convergence. The analytical predictions for the smooth rotor, a radially grooved rotor, and a rotor with grooves inclined at ± 20 degree to the radius are compared with experimental data generated using both air and 10 wt. motor oil as test fluids. The agreement between theory and experiment is generally good. A transition regime from laminar to turbulent flow is tentatively identified and plausibility arguments are presented to explain its existence.
Roller Skewing Behavior in Roller Bearings
Authors: Nypan L. J.
Published: November 2009

Measurements of roller skewing of a 1.15 length to diameter ratio roller in 118 mm bore roller bearings of 0.18 and 0.21 mm (0.0073 and 0.0083 in.) clearance operating with a 4450 N (1000 lb) radial load at shaft speeds of 4000, 8000, and 12,000 rpm with outer race misalignment of 0, 0.5, and −0.5 deg are reported.
Effect of Grain Flow Orientation on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of AISI M-50
Authors: Nahm A. H.
Published: November 2009

Accelerated rolling contact fatigue tests were conducted to study the effect of grain flow orientation on the rolling contact fatigue life of vacuum induction melted and vacuum arc remelted (VIM-VAR) AISI M-50. Cylindrical test bars were prepared from a billet with 0, 45, and 90 deg orientations relative to billet forging flow direction. Tests were run at a Hertzian stress of 4,826 MPa with a rolling speed of 12,500 rpm at room temperature, and lubricated with Type I (MIL-L-7808G) oil. It was observed that rolling contact fatigue life increased when grain flow line direction became more parallel to the rolling contact surface.
Some Observations in High Pressure Rheology of Lubricants
Authors: Bair S. , Winer W. O.
Published: November 2009

Experimental data are presented on viscosity, elastic shear modulus, and limiting shear stress of 12 liquid lubricants. The effect of adding a polymer V.I. improver to a base oil is discussed. The limiting stress of the amorphous material is shown to be dependent on the state history.
An Investigation of Free Rolling Resistance at Light Loads
Authors: Markho P. H.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the resistance to free rolling, under light loads, of a ball bearing ball on a flat track of unhardened En 31 steel using a pendulum arrangement in partial vacuum (5 – 50 Pa). The effect of air resistance (from experiments conducted in air) is demonstrated and results of tests at different frequencies and loads are presented. These include estimates of the effective hysteresis loss factor and of the coefficient of rolling resistance. A detailed examination of the amplitude decay curves shows that the damping, under the experimental conditions described, (i) can be represented neither by the Coulomb nor the viscous models; (ii) is practically independent of frequency (within the limited range possible with the apparatus); (iii) is appreciably dependent on contact load and oscillation amplitude, especially at the higher end of the load range investigated where a gradual transition to plastic behaviour is evident.
A Numerical Solution of the Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in an Elliptical Contact
Authors: Bru¨ggemann H. , Kollmann F. G.
Published: November 2009

A numerical solution for the calculation of thickness and temperature of film and traction coefficients between heavily loaded elliptical contact is developed. To start the calculation a Hertzian pressure distribution modified at the inlet and outlet regions is assumed and the surface deformations are calculated. The Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation are simultaneously solved by the finite difference method. The pressure distribution introduced is verified with the help of the condition of continuity and, if necessary, corrected. The dependence of the viscosity and the density of the lubricant on pressure and temperature is determined by empirical equations which are derived from experimental data. A time dependency of the viscosity is allowed for high viscosities. The distribution of temperature in the film is obtained for a selected example. The thicknesses of the oil film and the traction coefficients are compared with experimental results.
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Support Systems. Part I: Analysis
Authors: Walowit Jed A. , Pinkus Oscar
Published: November 2009

The present and its companion papers [6] offer analytical and experimental studies on the fundamental relationships governing the forces in an axially active, transversely passive electro-magnetic support system. By the use of some simplifying assumptions regarding the boundary conditions, solutions were obtained by means of a Schwarz-Christoffel transformation, which provides the field forces as a function of the relevant geometric and magnetic parameters. The existence of optimum geometric configurations for stiffness and tangential force per given surface area has been established and the analysis provides criteria for determining these configurations. The form of the solution is such that their application to actual magnetic bearing geometry can be performed with reasonable facility.
Dynamic Analysis of Rocking Journal Bearings With Multiple Offset Segments
Authors: Booker J. F. , Goenka P. K. , van Leeuwen H. J.
Published: November 2009

Novel “offset” designs offer greatly improved durability and reduced power loss in applications for which conventional journal bearings are only marginally satisfactory. They are particularly attractive for duty cycles which combine nonreversing loading with limited angular oscillation. Production applications presently include piston-pin / cross-head bearings for two-stroke Diesel engines. The present analysis combines impedance concepts with a generalized short bearing film model for partial arc bearings. A numerical example compares performance of offset and conventional designs for a specific application.
Theory of Lubrication With Ferrofluids: Application to Short Bearings
Authors: Tipei Nicolae
Published: November 2009

The momentum equations are written for viscous fluids exhibiting magnetic stresses. The velocity profiles are deduced; then from continuity, a pressure differential equation, equivalent to Reynolds equation is obtained. This equation is discussed with emphasis on the case when magnetic stresses derive from a potential, also when the pyromagnetic coefficient vanishes. The boundary conditions for lubrication problems are then formulated. In particular, short bearings with ferromagnetic lubricants are considered. A numerical example yields the pressure diagrams at low and moderate eccentricity ratios and for different speeds. In conclusion, it is shown that ferromagnetic lubricants may improve substantially the performance of bearings operating under low loads and/or at low speeds. However, a correct variation of the magnetic field, toward the center of the lubricated area, is required. Under such conditions, the extent of the active area of the film is increased and bearing stiffness and stability are improved.
An Evaluation of the Plane Strain Compression Test. III. Experimental Study of the Friction Test: The Role of the Metallurgical Parameters of Die and Sheet
Authors: Delamare F. , Kubie´ J.
Published: November 2009

This paper deals with the influence of the metallurgical parameters of dies and sheet on the friction shear-stress which could be measured by P.S.C.T. The metallurgical parameters of the dies have a marked effect on the kinetics of formation of transfer layers. The metallurgical parameters of the sheet have an effect both on the kinetics of formation, and the chemical nature of the transfer layers. Many parameters must be controlled to have good reliability in PSCT. Then the results can be correlated with boundary lubrication in cold rolling.
Evaluation of Polymers as Lubricants in the Extrusion of Aluminum
Authors: Suresh S. , Bahadur S.
Published: November 2009

The lubricating behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene powders in the extrusion of 1100-0 aluminum has been investigated in terms of the extrusion force requirement and the quality of extrudate surface finish. Extrusion experiments which provided a measure of the extrusion force and friction force with varying ram travel were performed under both ambient and high temperature conditions. From these data the variation of coefficient of friction with ram travel and normal pressure has been calculated using the analysis based on von Mises’ yield criterion and spherical velocity fields. The effect of polymer powder particle size on the extrusion force was investigated. The extrudate surfaces were examined by scanning electron miscroscopy in order to study the film formation capability of polymers and to get an insight into the mechanism of polymer lubrication.