bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NEXUS BETWEEN STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE OF LISTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
Authors: Ater Marial Dongrin
Published: February 2021

The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of strategic partnerships on the performance of listed commercial Banks in Kenya. Descriptive design was adopted. This research included all the employees of banks listed in the NSE. The source of information were both primary and secondary. The respondents agreed that diffusion of technology affect performance of listed banks in Kenya as shown by a mean of 0.7907. The participants revealed that creating a strategic alliance can permit complete admission to knowledge and proficiency in an area that a firm does not have as revealed by a mean of 0.6279. The study indicated that cost synergies affect performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya. The research recommends that the management of commercial banks should continue looking in to forming strategic partnerships, this will help in achieving cooperative objectives and at the same time reduce inter competition and business risks. The study further recommends that before partnership agreements are finalized it is extremely important to identify managers who are foreseen as credible across the company.
ATTITUDES OF A STAFF BEFORE AND AFTER EDUCATIONAL ACTION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFE SURGERY CHECKLIST
Authors: Dezordi Cátia Cristiane Matte , Benetti Sabrina Wagner , Pretto Carolina Renz , Drews Sandra Emilia , Meier Alcione Carla , Busatto Leticia , Stumm Eniva Miladi Fernandes
Published: February 2021

Aim: To evaluate attitudes about the safety atmosphere of a surgery staff before and after an educational action for the implementation of the safe surgery checklist. Method: Quantitative research of experimental type in the period of December 2016 to November 2017. A questionnaire of Safety Attitudes was applied, Surgical Center version for 101 professionals that work in the surgical center of a general hospital before and after na educational action for the implementation of the safe surgery checklist. The data analysis was done with the use of descriptive statistics. Results: Most of the items belonging to the SAQ/CC obtained increase in averages after the educational action. “Communication in the Surgical Atmosphere” was the most approached domain highlighted in the educational action and presented an increase of the averages in all itens; the item that didn´t obtain a satisfactory score in this domain was “The equipments of the surgical center are adequate”. The most pontuated descriptive measure after the educational action was “The transmission of information among professionals of the surgical center before the realization of a surgical procedure is important for the security of the patient”, with a lower deviant pattern. Conclusion: The educational action developed aiming at the implementation of the safe surgery checklist is importante to qualify the assistance to the patient in the surgical period with safety.
Transformational School principals: the missing piece of puzzle in ICT integration in teaching and learning
Authors: Ndiritu Anne Wairimu , Gichimu Willy Kimani , Ndiritu Caroline Njoki
Published: February 2021

ICT is a critical tool for expanding human skills and rests largely on a system of producing, distributing and utilising information and knowledge that in turn plays a great role in driving productivity and economic prosperity. Kenya as a developing country realizes this importance and has a ministry specifically dealing with ICT. The vision statement of the ministry of information and Technology as stated in its strategic plan 2013-2018 is to make Kenya a globally competitive knowledge-based economy.  This vision aims at shifting the current industrial development path towards innovation where creation, adoption, adaptation and use of knowledge remain the key source of economic growth. Research has shown that countries which have invested a lot in their human capital are far ahead of others in development.  This development is likely to be an illusion unless Kenya is able to achieve its educational goals. Education and training has been isolated in the vision 2030 as the only mechanism that will translate Kenya into a middle-income economy. This is because education is fundamental to development of human resource capacities for sustainable economic growth and development. Through impartation of new skills and knowledge in people, education is able to improve human capabilities and labour productivity. It is in this regard that the Kenyan government has invested a lot of funds in ICT infrastructure including digitization of educational materials through Kenya Institute of curriculum Development. Kenya’s   vision  of  education  service  provision  is  to  have  a  globally  competitive  quality education,  training and research  for Kenya’s sustainable development. This study focused on the influence of secondary school  managers on integration of ICT in teaching and learning in Githunguri subcounty, Kiambu County in Kenya.  The study targeted 40 schools with a total population of 245 male teachers and 282 female teachers. teachers.  A researcher developed questionnaire was issued to all the  40 school managers and to 100 teachers for triangulation purposes. Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).The study sort to establish if there is a relationship between management support and ICT integration in teaching and learning.  Pearson correlation coefficient was used in the analysis. A positive correlation coefficient of 0.560 was obtained between the level of school management support and the use of ICT in teaching and learning. The findings indicated that school managers influenced integration of ICT in teaching and learning. The study therefore suggested that effort should be made by all stakeholders to ensure that school managers come up with policies on ICT integration in their schools which should be in line with the National ICT policy.  KEY word: ICT integration, Teaching and learning, school managers, transformational leadership, challenging the process, secondary schools
Traditional Birth Attendants and Childbirth in Kenya
Authors: Mbutu Paschalia , Gichuhi Wanjiru , Nyamongo Grace
Published: February 2021

The first objective of this research was to explore the role played by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) during pregnancy and childbirth. The second objective was to establish perspectives of pregnant women regarding the role played by TBAs during childbirth. Eight TBAs out of 12 were selected using simple random sampling technique. These 8 TBAs were drawn from the environs of 10 sampled health facilities. To calculate the sample size for the pregnant women to be interviewed about their perspectives towards TBAs from the 10 sampled health facilities , this formula was used, 1230 x 15/100=184.5 rounded up to 185. According to 2009 census, the population of women at child bearing age (15 – 49 years) was 1230 in Kitui West Sub-County (KNBS et al.; 2009). The final sample size for pregnant women was 187 as shown under the discussion on sampling techniques. An in depth individual interview guide was used to gather information from the 8 TBAs and 165 pregnant women. Unstructured interview guide was used to gather information from 22 respondents who formed focus group discussion (FGD). To make a meaning from the raw data, it was transcribed and emerging themes and patterns according the objective of the study were picked. The Chi-square test analysis showed that more than a half of the women preferred to deliver at home assisted by a TBA. (χ2=1.572; df=2; p=0.036) where p=0.05. This was confirmed by the fact that 37 percent out of 135 respondents who attended ANC clinic and 90 percent out of 30 respondents who did not attend ANC clinic delivered at home assisted by TBAs.
Improving Pupils’ Genuine Love for Reading and Critical Thinking Using the Strategies of the Four-Pronged Approach
Authors: Palasan Antonieta Sevilla
Published: February 2021

This study aims at improving the language skills of pupils, particularly their Genuine Love for Reading (GLR) and Critical Thinking Skills (CTS), which are two components of the Four-Pronged Approach to English language teaching. The other two components are Grammar and Oral Language Development (GOLD) and Transfer Stage (TS) but they were not included in this study. The researcher conducted the study using the pre-test—post-test quasi-experimental research design in which fifth grade pupils were divided into two groups: the control group exposed to the regular teaching approach and the experimental group exposed to the instructional strategies of the four-pronged approach for 78 sessions. Prior to the conduct of the interventions, a pre-test was administered to determine the pupils’ level of GLR and CT. The researcher also prepared lessons plans that followed the instructional plan of the four-pronged approach, which were used during the 78 sessions. Results revealed that the experimental group’s Genuine Love for Reading (GLR) and Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) improved significantly as compared to those in the control group. The findings suggest that the strategies of the Four-Pronged Approach help enhance in English language abilities of pupils. Relevant recommendations are forwarded in light of the outcomes of the study.
ISRAELI STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: PAGES OF HISTORY (THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY)
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Karasova Tatiana A. , Fedorchenko Andrey V. ,   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Maryasis Dmitry A. ,   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW)
Published: February 2021

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.
LEBANON: A NEW PHASE OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Gorbunova Natalia M.
Published: February 2021

The events of recent years in Lebanon reflect important changes in the country’s political and social life. In this regard, it is important to understand what caused the new aggravation of the crisis in Lebanese society. Perhaps this is no longer just a crisis. What does the saltpeter explosion in the port of Beirut, which destroyed half of the capital, show? What reforms are demanded by the Lebanese who have taken to the streets of cities? What does the Lebanese political establishment offer its citizens and can it transform the country’s long-established traditional system of government and governance in order to overcome the main obstacles to its economic and social development? In theory, Lebanon could well become a modern, prosperous country it was in the past. But will the Lebanese elite be able to sign a new contract with society? Peaceful demands and protests of the Lebanese grew into direct confrontation with the security forces of the state. The radicalization of these protests forced the authorities to satisfy some of the demands of a significant part of the population, primarily young people. However, the main requirements — new parliamentary and presidential elections with the condition of admission to them of all candidates, regardless of their religious and party affiliation — were not even discussed in the ruling elite. Recent events in Lebanon have convincingly shown that the role and significance of this small Middle Eastern state in the political alignment of forces in the region far exceeds its size and is not without reason attracting the closest attention of the main international players. The struggle for influence in the Middle East depends not least on how and in what time frame the Lebanese Republic will restore its economy and the harmony of all sectors of society.
A NEW BOOK ON THE HISTORY OF KHAZAR QAGHANATE. REVIEW OF: ÖZCAN A. T. HAZAR KAĞANLIĞI VE ETRAFINDAKI DÜNYA
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Tishin Vladimir V.
Published: February 2021

The paper is a review of the book by Turkish researcher Altay Tayfun Özcan ‘The Khazar Kaganate and the Outside World’, published in 2019 (Özcan A. T. Hazar kağanlığı ve etrafındaki dünya. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2019. xvi, 380 s.). The publication can be considered a remarkable event, since in Turkish historiography works on the history of the Khazars are quite rare. In addition, the book of A. T. Özcan deserves attention because it represents an attempt to compile a generalizing work on the history of the Khazar Qaghanate, of which there are few to date (namely, works by D. M. Danlop, M. I. Artamonov, P. B. Golden, A. P. Novosel’tsev). The Turkish researcher focused his attention mainly on the event history of the Khazar Qaghanate, which determined the entire structure of the book. In the book the reader can find an original attempt to reconstruct the chronology and political history of the Khazars in the context of their relations with neighbouring peoples and states. The author also inevitably touches upon some issues that have only an indirect relationship to the Khazars, which also concerns the Rus and Hungarians. One should regret that the author did not provide either a historiographic survey or an overview of the source base for a book, though the bibliography used by the author is very significant. The book is based mainly on translations of historical sources, well known earlier. The author mostly avoids discussions of certain problems, choosing certain point of view based on sometimes not so sound criteria. The views on some issues presented in the book are original and deserve attention.
Oppression of Women in Pakistani Society: A Corpus-Based Study of Patriarchy in Sidhwa's The Pakistani Bride
Authors: Ali Arshad , Rashid Athar , Sultan Ameer
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with a corpus-based analysis of patriarchy in The Pakistani Bride, a novel written by Bapsi Sidhwa. The primary concern of the study is the adjectives used for the sketching of the Pakistani patriarchal society. Computer technology is widely used these days for the corpus analysis of literary texts such as novels, plays, poetry, etc. For this study, the text of the novel was collected from the internet and used for the corpus compilation. The corpus was analyzed using a corpus tool, AntConc. All the adjectives used in the text were analyzed and explained, highlighting the theme of patriarchy in the novel. The findings of the study suggest that patriarchy is a major theme of this novel, and adjectives play a crucial role in the description of gender discrimination, social constraints, and oppression of women.
Registration Laws of Housing Developers: A Major Obstacle in Achieving the Goal of Housing for All in Pakistan
Authors: Baig Mirza Shahid Rizwan , Nawaz Hafiz Muhammad Usman , Idrees Rao Qasim
Published: February 2021

Among other housing developers, the major housing developers are private housing companies and cooperative housing societies, these housing developers can become very effective to achieve the goal of housing for all, but unfortunately, these two have been used to do massive corruption in the housing industry of Pakistan. The major reason is that the legal framework, which is meant to regulate the housing developers, has become an instrument at the hands of housing developers of the housing to commit corruption in the housing industry. These housing developers can become very effective to achieve the goal of housing for all if some suitable amendments are introduced, and the legal framework is strengthened
Portrail of Afghan Refugees in the Wake of APS Attack
Authors: Ghafur Riaz
Published: February 2021

After the Russian invasion in 1979, most of the disturbed Afghans fled their homes. A huge number of refugees rushed to Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan. Their influx increases infrastructure problems in the targeted countries. According to the United nations available resources, more than 4 million registered Afghan refugees, took shelter in Pakistan. These refugees were given nominated spaces throughout Khyber Pakhtunkhwa & Baluchistan to live there. After the fall of Kabul, refugees remained in Pakistani provinces. During their stay, so many incidents took place in Pakistan. According to the intelligence reports, in many terrorists' activities, Afghan refugees found responsible. The recent attack of Army Public School showed a strong connection between Afghan refugees' involvement in the incident. Pakistani Media also portrayed them with angles.
Exploration of Public Perception About Drama Serial Meri Zaat Zarra-E-Benishan A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Zahra Sadaf , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din
Published: February 2021

The purpose of doing this study is to record and collect the views and thoughts of people about how women are portrayed by our media and to what degree this portrayal matches with real life situations females face and the treatments they get in their real lives. Several issues have been raised in past decades regarding denial of women's existence, brutality on women, resistance against the higher education for women, status of women in Islam, women rights and more. Few issues like higher education for women, forceful marriages, and injustice with women were considered for this study and respondents were asked about these issues and the acceptance or rejection of these issues by using Drama Serial "Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan" as a tool for content analysis. Respondents were asked about the situations in the drama and the real-life situations and incidents they face; close to the story line of this drama. The result of the study was somehow positive; it was found that the intellectual level of people is comparatively better than those from the last two decades. People have started being positively inclined towards giving basic rights to females and they appreciate higher education for women in a pretty higher ratio now.
How much Users Consider Information from Social Media Reliable: A Study regarding Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Ali Kainat , Kamal Musa
Published: February 2021

Social media has become a household name in the present age and this study aims to explore the reliability of information shared on social media. The researchers conducted a survey taking responses from 150 members of Peshawar Press Club. Also, Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp were selected for this study as these platforms are widely used in the area selected for the research. Of the respondents, 64% were males and 34% females. Almost 67% of the respondents agreed that news content shared on social media is reliable while 33% said it is not reliable. Also, 80% of the respondents considered Facebook as reliable social media platform, 15% marked Twitter, 49% opted for WhatsApp. The finding shows that majority of users use social media for being in contact with each other.
Role of Animated vs Oral Mother Goose Songs in Language Acquisition of Pre-School Kids
Authors: Qaddos Maira , Saleem Noshina , Khan Maham Zahid
Published: February 2021

The study is an attempt to explore the difference between the impact of oral mother goose songs (OMGS) and animated mother goose songs (AMGS) in language acquisition of pre-school kids. Two focus groups of fifteen mothers of pre-school kids in each are formed. Mothers of the focus group (oral) were advised to sing OMGS for their kids and mothers of the focus group (animated) were asked to show AMGS to their kids. The study concludes that role of OMGS is negative and AMGS is positive in terms of creating phonological awareness. OMGS and AMGS can both play a positive role in enriching the vocabulary of pre-school kids if screen time is limited, and parental monitoring is ensured. However, the role of OMGS is positive, and AMGS is negative in enhancing the speaking skills of pre-school kids.
هاوسه‌نگی ژینگه‌یی له‌ ژینگه‌ پارێزی بارانییه‌کاندا
Authors:   Harman Institute for Culture and Preservation of Environment, Arif Fakhir Ali
Published: February 2021

The Kurdish people's interest in the natural environment goes back to ancient times, due to the characteristics and survival of the natural environment of Kurdistan, which has been established in accordance with religious and scientific documents. The purpose of this study is how to develop the mindset and conservation of the natural environment within the framework of social reforms and its application to the behavior and life of the people concerned, on the other hand, to investigate the decisions on the protection of the natural environment, such as the Advanced Model In this age. And its adaptation to environmental principles originates from the religious and spiritual movement. As a result of merging into the national movement, it later became a moral constellation, and to this day, in addition to life changes, these practices, as a successful experience, can be considered one of the sources of the regulation of environmental protection law.
الفكر الصرفي عند الحلبي في كتاب عمدة الحفاظ في تفسير أشرف الألفاظ
Authors:   Arabic Department, Faculty of Arts, Soran University, EHMED DILAWER JEWHER , ABDULSAMAD ZYAD ABDULLAH ,   Arabic Department, Collage of Education, Salahaddin University
Published: February 2021

The morphological lesson is one of the pathways of reaching an understanding of the Qur’anic contents, as it is a level of linguistic levels from which one must start and rely on to analyze and interpret Qur’anic expressions. Among the vocabulary of the morphological lesson are the exaggeration formulas (Omdat Al heefadh fi Tafseer Ashraf Al Alfadh) that display the singular in a garment that includes the meaning of the word and what it can be augmented by meanings that they bear without other weights. The words and the connotations they perform that distinguish one use from another.
هندسة الضمائر وخرق المعيار النحوي في النادرات العينية لعبد الكريم الجيلي
Authors:   Department of Arabic, Koya University, Hassan hishyar zeki , mohemmad mahdiy husen
Published: February 2021

The paper provides a stylistic investigation of Abdul Karim al-Jili’s poem Alnnadirat Aleiniat fi Albadirat Alghibia. The poem is a Sufi poem that consists of 534 lines. It is one of the most important Sufi texts; it contains almost all the Sufi philosophies and behavioral practices. The research aims to uncover the creative aspect of language in terms of exclusivity, privacy and treatment. The study will discuss two aspects only: 1- The implementation of pronouns between the standard and stylistic violation 2- Text displacement and the Violation of the grammatical standard This approach is used to reveal the text displacement through examining the internal components of the text in order to show its implications.
مضامين و انديشه­هاى شعرى فقى قادر هه­مه­وند
Authors:   College of Languages, University of Salahaddin, Rashid Jihad Shukri
Published: February 2021

Abdul Qadir Rasool was one of the poets of the nineteenth century. He is known as Faqe. He was a talented poet but his works are still being disregarded and unknown to others. Searching and understanding his poems will clarify his new innovations in poetry. By analyzing the collected works and poems of Persian poets and Quranic verses, he could utilize conceptual semantics in his poetical works. His poems are the symbol of desire, sympathy, using the persuasive of metaphors and dominating words to spread splendid compound literary works. He was able to combine the impacts of both his life experience and the complicated community issues of sultan Aziz Ottoman era in his works intelligently. In this research, the researcher attempted to indicate the notions of the poet to give the ability to understand his concepts and his views, and they are important to understand ingenuity he innovated in his poems. Key words: Faqe Qader, Elegy, Saki poem, Blaming poem, Prison poems.
A Stylistic Study of Graphological and Grammatical Deviation in Selected English Postmodern Poems
Authors:   English Department, College of Education, University of Garmian, Murad Ibrahim A. , Amin Bahar Asi
Published: February 2021

Stylistics is a term that refers to the relation between linguistics and literature. One linguistic technique in stylistics to be applied in literature is a deviation, which means, put, neglecting some of the rules of a language in a piece of literary work. Such negligence, of course, aims at achieving a range of freedom for the writer to deal with the manoeuvring ideas he/she wants to put forward. This paper attempts to study graphological and grammatical deviation in selected English postmodern poems. It hypothesizes that English postmodern poets use graphological and grammatical deviation in their poems to attract their audience. It, therefore, is an attempt to apply these particular types of deviation to the selected poems. The topic is covered through eight sections. Section one presents the introduction concerning the difference between everyday and poetic language. The second section involves definitions of deviation. The third one is about deviation in the sense of poetry. Style and stylistics as two different terms are presented in section four. In the fifth one, graphological deviations are shown with examples. Grammatical deviation and examples are presented in section six. Section seven exhibits the plan of the research. Section eight concerns the analysis of the poems. The paper ends with the conclusions and the list of the references used. Keywords: deviation, graphological, grammatical, poems, postmodern, negligence.
The Iranian Foreign Policy towards Kurdistan Region–Iraq 2003-2018
Authors:   Department of Political Science, Faculty of Law Political Science and Management, Soran University, SOFI DASKO HASAN , SALIH AZAD OTHMAN ,   Political Science, Salahaddin University - Erbil
Published: February 2021

After the US invasion of Iraq and the fall of Ba’ath-regime in 2003, the Kurdistan Region-Iraq became one of the main issues in Iranian foreign policy in the region. Although there have been several changes in Iranian foreign policy respecting its relationship with the Kurdistan Regional Government at various times, there has been no change in its strategy towards the region regarding its political independence and the right to self-determination of its people. The significant historical, cultural, and neighbourly relations that exist between Iran and the Kurdistan Region could become the basis for relations between the two parties for the sake of common interests and benefits and to establish peace and stability in the region. The main objective of this research is as follows: to clarify Iranian foreign policy towards the Kurdistan Region-Iraq and to explain the future horizon of the relations between the two parties in light of the current reality and based on the vital interests of the two parties in general. Keywords: Iran, Kurdistan Region, Foreign Policy, Ba’ath Regime, Shi’ism.
The Dilemma of Motherhood and Domesticity in Gina Gionfriddo’s Rapture, Blister, Burn
Authors:   English Department, Faculty of Arts, Soran University, Ahmed Hawzhen R. , Shekh Mohamad Meram Salim
Published: February 2021

This paper is a study of feminist theatre as a rejection of masculine superiority in theatre and social life. It examines a modern play that depicts the role of women as mothers and the conflicts defining the status of motherhood. It investigates thematic trends and objectives of feminist theatre, a theatre that started with the birth of second-wave feminism. It analyzes the reflection of women’s social and political lives as represented by this theatre. To meet that end, it examines Gina Gionfriddo’s Rapture, Blister, Burn (2013) that depicts issues of unsettled identities, women empowerment, and the dilemma of motherhood. The study explores the way this Play represents an imaginary space where women can play a revolutionary role by questioning their domesticity and careers. The Play is written by a feminist playwright, has an all-woman cast, and is produced by a woman director. Rapture, Blister, Burn, meanwhile, portrays the possible ways whereby the new era showcases an acceptable resolution for the unsolved dilemma of domesticity and motherhood. This paper correspondingly interrogates the theatrical depictions of the women characters, who come up with limited life choices and are trapped in the socially constructed dilemmas of domestic lives and the way they combat the social restrictions.
Students' Perspectives Towards the most Effective Methods in Learning English Language among Kurdish People
Authors:   English Department, Faculty of Arts, Soran University, Hasan Sarwan Sedeeq , Ibrahim Mokhles Saleh ,   English Department, Faculty of Education, Soran University
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to shed light on the most challenging points in the process of learning the English Language in Kurdistan classes. It also attempts to find the most effective and best methods for learning the Language among Kurdish learners. The data was taken from two workshops and a questionnaire; the workshops took place in both Soran and Tishk international universities; 20 different methods were presented in the workshops as the best methods for learning the English Language. The questionnaire included 15 close-ended and 4 open-ended questions. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used for the analytic process. The main result in the study is visual and audio methods such as movies, songs, programs, videos, and any similar types are the best and most effective tools for learning the English Language. Besides, the grammatical based approached should be changed to a communicative approach in the classes by adding different communicative tools.
هۆكاری راپەڕینی خەڵكی رۆژهەڵاتی ئیسلامی دژی خەلافەتی عەبباسی(132-ــ232ك/749-ــ846ز) بەپێی سەرچاوە فارسییەكان
Authors:   Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Education, Soran Universit, Hasan Abubakir Dewana Hamad , Khidhir Musa Mohammed ,   History Department, College of Arts, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
Published: February 2021

This study is entitled “The reasons for khorasan egression against the Abbasid (Aliphat(A.D46-_ 749/A.H 232_ 132) a (( ording to Persian sources . It consists of preface and two studies. A preface was devoted to a brief investigationabout the study, its curriculum and the most important sources that we relied on. The first topic dealt with the most important movements that took place against the Abbasid caliphate. A second topic was devoted to examining the reasons for the establishment of these political, social, veligions and economic movements. The study ends with the most important results of the research.
KORELASI ANTARA STATUS GIZI DAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA KEJADIAN ANEMIA IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER III
Authors: Kamaruddin Mudyawati , Hasrawati  , Usmia Sitti , Jusni  , Misnawaty  , Handayani Ika
Published: February 2021

Kejadian anemia sering dijumpai selama kehamilan dan  menjadi penyebab utama peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas pada ibu hamil baik di Negara maju maupun Negara berkembang. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya anemia adalah defisiansi zat besi yang biasanya pada ibu hamil dihubungkan denganstatus gizi yang kurang memadai. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara status gizi dan kadar hemoglobin pada kejadian anemia ibu hamil trimester III. Metode penelitian dilakukan secara purposive sampling pada 30 sampel ibu hamil trimester III dengan kejadian anemia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ponre Kecamatan Gantarang Kabupaten Bulukumba. Faktor penentu status gizi yang diamati adalah Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) dan Lingkar Lengan Atas (LILA), yang dihubungkan dengan kadar Hemoglobin (Hb). Data  dianalisis dengan uji Spearman’s rho. Hasil analisis uji Spearman’s rho menunjukkan ibu hamil trimester III yang berstatus gizi (IMT) kurang, mengalami anemia ringan sebesar 10,0%, dan anemia sedang sebesar 3.3%, walau masih ada responden dengan Hb normal (tidak anemia) yang mengalami IMT kurang (3.3%). Sedangkan responden dengan IMT normal masih menunjukkan 3.3% responden yang tidak mengalami anemia, sedangkan anemia ringan mengalami peningkatan menjadi 40.0%, walau demikian tidak ditemukan anemia sedang. Penelitian ini menjadi menarik ketika nilai IMT responden yang beresiko obes juga mengalami anemia ringan sebesar 30%. Pada hasil pengukuran LILA yang beresiko mengalami KEK, menunjukkan responden yang mengalami anemia ringan sebesar 43.3% dan anemia sedang 3.3%, walau masih ada responden yang mempunyai Hb normal (tidak anemia) beresiko KEK. Adapun hasil pengukuran LILA yang tidak beresiko KEK, hanya terjadi pada responden yang mengalami anemia ringan (43,3%). Walaupun demikian, karakteristik ibu hamil yang meliputi pendidikan, umur dan pengetahuan terhadap status gizi mempunyai andil yang cukup signifikan dalam mencegah terjadinya anemia. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat mengenai pentingya  asupan makanan dan tablet Fe untuk perkembangan janin dan menjaga kesehatan ibu, utamanya berat badan yang meningkat sesuai usia kehamilan.
GAMBARAN EFEKTIVITAS PENANGANAN NYERI POST OPERASI APPENDISITIS DI RSUD UNDATA PALU TAHUN 2019
Authors: Afni Ismail Nur , Suciaty Salmah , Ramlan Ramli Ruslan
Published: February 2021

Angka kejadian nyeri pasca Apendektomi masih tinggi. Pasien yang mengalami nyeri yang cukup parah berdampak buruk terhadap lama perawatan dan produktivitasnya. Nyeri pasca Apendektomi sebaiknya ditekan hingga penderita bebas nyeri, karena nyeri tidak hanya mengakibatkan penderitaan pasca apendektomi saja, tetapi bila tidak tertangani dengan baik maka dapat berdampak dikemudian hari dan berisiko menimbulkan nyeri kronis, nyeri persisten dan depresi pasca operasi. Semakin parah nyeri yang dirasakan pasien di rumah sakit berarti terjadi penurunan efektivitas penanganan nyeri dan pelayanan kesehatan sehingga semakain buruk penilaian terhadap rumah sakit tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran efektivitas penanganan nyeri post operasi Appendisitis di RSUD Undata Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan time series. Subjek sebanyak 14 pasien yang telah menjalani operasi Appendisitis diambil secara consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pemeriksaan nyeri pada 6, 12, dan 24 jam post Operasi Appendisitis. Analisis data menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 25 dan Microsoft Office Excel 2016. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini ialah distribusi penderita post operasi Appendisitis berdasarkan kategori skor NRS pada 6 jamdan 12 jam post operasi apendisitis adalah sama yaitu terbanyak ditemukan pada penderita dengan NRS ≥4 sebanyak 14 orang (100.0%). Sedangkan pada 24 jam terbanyak ditemukan pada penderita dengan NRS ≤3 sebanyak 8 orang (57.1%) dan terendah pada penderita dengan NRS ≥4 sebanyak 6 orang (42.9%). Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat nyeri post operasi Appendisitis masih tinggi, yaitu sebanyak 100.0%. Penderita memiliki skor NRS ≥4 (tidak efektif) pada 6 dan 12 jam, dan 42.9% pada 24 jam post operasi Appendisitis.
Degrees of sets having no subsets of higher m- and tt-degree
Authors: Cintioli Patrizio
Published: February 2021

We consider sets without subsets of higher m- and [Formula: see text]-degree, that we call m-introimmune and [Formula: see text]-introimmune sets respectively. We study how they are distributed in partially ordered degree structures. We show that: each computably enumerable weak truth-table degree contains m-introimmune [Formula: see text]-sets; each hyperimmune degree contains bi- m-introimmune sets. Finally, from known results we establish that each degree a with [Formula: see text] covers a degree containing [Formula: see text]-introimmune sets.
Chapter 3. Complete Algorithms
Authors: Darwiche Adnan , Pipatsrisawat Knot
Published: February 2021

Complete SAT algorithms form an important part of the SAT literature. From a theoretical perspective, complete algorithms can be used as tools for studying the complexities of different proof systems. From a practical point of view, these algorithms form the basis for tackling SAT problems arising from real-world applications. The practicality of modern, complete SAT solvers undoubtedly contributes to the growing interest in the class of complete SAT algorithms. We review these algorithms in this chapter, including Davis-Putnum resolution, Stalmarck’s algorithm, symbolic SAT solving, the DPLL algorithm, and modern clause-learning SAT solvers. We also discuss the issue of certifying the answers of modern complete SAT solvers.
Chapter 5. Look-Ahead Based SAT Solvers
Authors: Heule Marijn J.H. , van Maaren Hans
Published: February 2021

The chapter on look-a-head architecture based solvers provides a state of the art description of how heuristics, data structures and learning in this context have evolved over the past year. Contributions on the results of various scientific teams working with this architecture are described and unified. It also provides insight on its weakness when applied to a certain type of problems which are not appropriate to solve using this architecture. It aims to describe the complementary role of this architecture and that of conflict driven solving mechanisms.
Chapter 6. Incomplete Algorithms
Authors: Kautz Henry , Sabharwal Ashish , Selman Bart
Published: February 2021

Research on incomplete algorithms for satisfiability testing lead to some of the first scalable SAT solvers in the early 1990’s. Unlike systematic solvers often based on an exhaustive branching and backtracking search, incomplete methods are generally based on stochastic local search. On problems from a variety of domains, such incomplete methods for SAT can significantly outperform DPLL-based methods. While the early greedy algorithms already showed promise, especially on random instances, the introduction of randomization and so-called uphill moves during the search significantly extended the reach of incomplete algorithms for SAT. This chapter discusses such algorithms, along with a few key techniques that helped boost their performance such as focusing on variables appearing in currently unsatisfied clauses, devising methods to efficiently pull the search out of local minima through clause re-weighting, and adaptive noise mechanisms. The chapter also briefly discusses a formal foundation for some of the techniques based on the discrete Lagrangian method.
Chapter 9. Preprocessing in SAT Solving
Authors: Biere Armin , Järvisalo Matti , Kiesl Benjamin
Published: February 2021

Preprocessing has become a key component of the Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving workflow. In practice, preprocessing is situated between the encoding phase and the solving phase, with the aim of decreasing the total solving time by applying efficient simplification techniques on SAT instances to speed up the search subsequently performed by a SAT solver. In this chapter, we overview key preprocessing techniques proposed in the literature. While the main focus is on techniques applicable to formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF), we also selectively cover main ideas for preprocessing structural and higher-level SAT instance representations.
Chapter 12. Automated Configuration and Selection of SAT Solvers
Authors: Hoos Holger H. , Hutter Frank , Leyton-Brown Kevin
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to the automated configuration and selection of SAT algorithms and gives an overview of the most prominent approaches. Since the early 2000s, these so-called meta-algorithmic approaches have played a major role in advancing the state of the art in SAT solving, giving rise to new ways of using and evaluating SAT solvers. At the same time, SAT has proven to be particularly fertile ground for research and development in the area of automated configuration and selection, and methods developed there have meanwhile achieved impact far beyond SAT, across a broad range of computationally challenging problems. Conceptually more complex approaches that go beyond “pure” algorithm configuration and selection are also discussed, along with some open challenges related to meta-algorithmic approaches, such as automated algorithm configuration and selection, to the tools based on these approaches, and to their effective application.
Chapter 22. Connections to Statistical Physics
Authors: Altarelli Fabrizio , Monasson Rémi , Semerjian Guilhem , Zamponi Francesco
Published: February 2021

This chapter surveys a part of the intense research activity that has been devoted by theoretical physicists to the study of randomly generated k-SAT instances. It can be at first sight surprising that there is a connection between physics and computer science. However low-temperature statistical mechanics concerns precisely the behaviour of the low-lying configurations of an energy landscape, in other words the optimization of a cost function. Moreover the ensemble of random k-SAT instances exhibit phase transitions, a phenomenon mostly studied in physics (think for instance at the transition between liquid and gaseous water). Besides the introduction of general concepts of statistical mechanics and their translations in computer science language, the chapter presents results on the location of the satisfiability transition, the detailed picture of the satisfiable regime and the various phase transitions it undergoes, and algorithmic issues for random k-SAT instances.
Chapter 25. Model Counting
Authors: Gomes Carla P. , Sabharwal Ashish , Selman Bart
Published: February 2021

Model counting, or counting the number of solutions of a propositional formula, generalizes SAT and is the canonical #P-complete problem. Surprisingly, model counting is hard even for some polynomial-time solvable cases like 2-SAT and Horn-SAT. Efficient algorithms for this problem will have a significant impact on many application areas that are inherently beyond SAT, such as bounded-length adversarial and contingency planning, and, perhaps most importantly, general probabilistic inference. Model counting can be solved, in principle and to an extent in practice, by extending the two most successful frameworks for SAT algorithms, namely, DPLL and local search. However, scalability and accuracy pose a substantial challenge. As a result, several new ideas have been introduced in the last few years that go beyond the techniques usually employed in most SAT solvers. These include division into components, caching, compilation into normal forms, exploitation of solution sampling methods, and certain randomized streamlining techniques using special constraints. This chapter discusses these techniques, exploring both exact methods as well as fast estimation approaches, including those that provide probabilistic or statistical guarantees on the quality of the reported lower or upper bound on the model count.
Chapter 27. Non-Clausal SAT and ATPG
Authors: Drechsler Rolf , Junttila Tommi , Niemelä Ilkka
Published: February 2021

When studying the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT), that is, the problem of deciding whether a propositional formula is satisfiable, it is typically assumed that the formula is given in the conjunctive normal form (CNF). Also most software tools for deciding satisfiability of a formula (SAT solvers) assume that their input is in CNF. An important reason for this is that it is simpler to develop efficient data structures and algorithms for CNF than for arbitrary formulas. On the other hand, using CNF makes efficient modeling of an application cumbersome. Therefore one often employs a more general formula representation in modeling and then transforms the formula into CNF for SAT solvers. Transforming a propositional formula in CNF either increases the formula size exponentially or requires the use of auxiliary variables, which can have an negative effect on the performance of a SAT solver in the worst-case. Moreover, by translating to CNF one often loses information about the structure of the original problem. In this chapter we survey methods for solving propositional satisfiability problems when the input formula is not given in CNF but as a general formula or even more compactly as a Boolean circuit. We show how the techniques applied in CNF level Davis-Putnam-Loveland-Logemann algorithm generalize to Boolean circuits and how the problem structure available in the circuit form can be exploited. Then we consider a closely related area of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for digital circuits and review classical ATPG algorithms, formulation of ATPG as a SAT problem, and advanced techniques for SAT-based ATPG.
Research perspectives on fully homomorphic encryption models for cloud sector
Authors: Mittal Sonam , Ramkumar K.R.
Published: February 2021

As there is a continuous delivery of big data, the researchers are showing interest in the applications of cloud computing concerning privacy, and security. On the other hand, many researchers and experts of cybersecurity have commenced on a quest for improving the data encryption to the models of big data and applications of cloud computing. Since many users of the cloud become public cloud services, confidentiality turns out to be a more compound problem. To solve the confidentiality problem, cloud clients maintain the data on the public cloud. Under this circumstance, Homomorphic Encryption (HE) appears as a probable solution, in which the information of the client is encrypted on the cloud in such a process that it permits few manipulation operations without decryption. The main intent of this paper is to present the systematic review of research papers published in the field of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) over the past 10 years. The encryption scheme is considered full when it consists of plaintext, a ciphertext, a keyspace, an encryption algorithm, and a decryption algorithm. Hence, the review mostly concentrates on reviewing more powerful and recent FHE. The contributions using different algorithms in FHE like Lattice-based, integer-based, Learning With Errors (LWE), Ring Learning With Errors (RLWE), and Nth degree Truncated polynomial Ring Units (NTRU) are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the challenges and gaps to be addressed in modeling and learning about competent, effectual, and vigorous FHE for the cloud sector and pays attention to directions for better future research.