bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hedysarum coronarium L. (sulla) as a Green Manure along with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Production
Authors: Akbarian Mohammad Mahdi , Mojaradi Tahereh , Shirzadi Fatemeh
Published: March 2021

Green manure as a source of soil organic matter is an important indicator of potential agricultural ecosystems capable of preventing erosion, reducing runoff, increasing soil permeability, improving ventilation, ameliorating the temperature, and enhancing the function of microorganisms. Therefore, to investigate the effects of green manure Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield in Kermanshah, an experiment was carried out as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was the use of Sula in two levels, namely application and non-application, while, the sub-factor was the application of N fertilizer at four levels of zero, 200, 400 and 500 kg/ha. The highest leaf area index was observed by 400 kg/ha N application along with green manure. Grains per ear determined using green manure and nitrogen fertilizer at levels of 0, 200, 400 and 500 kg/ha increased by 8, 10, 15, and 15%, respectively. The result showed that the Sulla green manure treatment increased the grain yield by 10% compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the highest grain yield was obtained under two treatments of 400 and 500 kg N/ha which was significantly different from other levels of N applications. The application of green manure application also increased the maize protein content by 8% with a rise in the highest levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Meanwhile, the application of Sulla as a green fertilizer or pre-planting had a positive impact on increasing soil organic matter and maize yield. Therefore, cultivation of Sulla can be considered a positive task towards sustainable agriculture.
Assessing potential cures: are there distinctive elements of value beyond health gain?
Authors: Hendriks Saskia , Pearson Steven D
Published: March 2021

Assessing the ‘value’ of potential cures can be challenging, as some have suggested that cures may offer distinctive benefits from noncurative treatments. We explore what these – previously unspecified – additional benefits may be. We suggest that three new elements of value seem distinctive to cures: liberation from the identity of being diseased, liberation from the stigma associated with the disease and liberation from the burden of ongoing therapy. However, including additional elements of value in health technology assessment may result in double counting and requires consideration of potential opportunity costs. We suggest health technology assessment should explore the relevance of these three elements of value and may have good reasons to – judiciously – integrate them through the deliberative process.
MODEL ESTIMATIONS OF CHLOROPHYLL SHARE IN PHYTOPLANKTON
Authors:   A.I. Abakumov Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Abakumov A.I. , Pak S.Ya. ,   S.Ya. Pak Institute of Automation and Control Processes
Published: March 2021

The article proposes and examines a dynamic model of phytoplankton biomass. The amount of chlo-rophyll content in phytoplankton changes in response to environmental situation. The model takes into account the dependence of biomass growth on environmental conditions, as well as the parameters phytoplankton photosynthetic activity.
O IMAGINÁRIO MÍTICO EM NARRATIVAS ORAIS AMAZÔNIDAS
Authors: Nobre Mariléia Da Silveira , Pessoa Fátima
Published: March 2021

Este artigo visa discutir, com base na escuta das narrativas de sujeitos amazônidas, agricultores da Vila de Caraparu, o funcionamento do imaginário que constitui o real sociohistórico como parte de suas condições de existência material. Mais especificamente, sobre um tipo de imaginário que produz a realidade da existência e circulação de entidades sobrenaturais que interferem na vida desses agricultores. Há, portanto, neste texto, um gesto de compreensão que busca reconhecer as regularidades de uma formação discursiva e ideológica que sustenta a crença nas regras que regem o cotidiano desses sujeitos e impõe a obediência a elas.
TRANSITANDO PELO ITINERÁRIO TERAPÊUTICO: DISCURSO E SABERES NA AMAZÔNIA TOCANTINA
Authors: Domingues Andrea Silva , Valente Marcia de Jesus Oliveira
Published: March 2021

Considerando as narrativas orais como fatos de linguagem que se materializam nos discursos, o artigo apresentado baseia-se nas narrativas dos moradores das margens e das matas do Rio Cupijó. Tendo como objetivo compreender o itinerário terapêutico e as práticas de cura de parte da Amazônia Tocantina, realizamos um estudo sobre as formas de fazer e os sentidos das práticas culturais em torno dos tratamentos de saúde, além da medicina convencional. Metodologicamente, trabalhamos com a análise de entrevistas orais que foram realizadas com moradores (as) da Vila Baia – Cametá-Pará. Categorias como memória, discurso e cultura são fundamentais neste estudo para a compreensão do passado e seu sentido no presente. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na interlocução da Análise de Discurso e da História Social, um caminho que nos levou a compreender como os sujeitos constituem a cultura na e pela linguagem como produtora de sentidos e resistência no tempo presente.
KANAIMÉ E PAJÉ EM TERRITÓRIO WAPICHANA: REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA ENTRE O BRASIL E A GUIANA INGLESA
Authors: Machado Ananda , Pereira Jama Peres
Published: March 2021

O artigo é o resultado parcial de uma pesquisa que tem buscado biografar vidas de indígenas Wapichana da fronteira entre o Brasil e a República Cooperativa da Guiana- Região Amazônica. As narrativas sobre o Kanaimé são recorrentes nessa região e fazem parte da biografia do indígena Wapichana entrevistado. Usamos a metodologia da história oral e assim essa biografia, aspráticas do Kanaimé e as narrativas relacionadas a sua origem e morte são vetores para discussões teóricas sobre a figura do narrador e como suas experiências e narrativas orais permanecem na memória, fazendo parte da vida e da identidade cultural dos Wapichana e de outros povos indígenas que vivem entre o Brasil e a Guiana Inglesa.
OS USOS DOS TERMOS MANDIOCA E MACAXEIRA NO ESTADO DO ACRE
Authors: Cordeiro-Oliveira Simone
Published: March 2021

Mandioca e macaxeira são duas formas utilizadas popularmente para designar a espécie Manihot esculenta Crantz no estado do Acre. Contudo, observamos que no processo de designação dos derivados da planta, a escolha de uma unidade léxica pela outra não ocorre de forma aleatória, mas obedece padrões específicos. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar os usos das unidades terminológicas mandioca e macaxeira presentes no corpus de estudo intitulado TERMani – Terminologia da Mandioca. O referido corpus foi utilizado para a constituição do Dicionário Terminológico Onomasiológico dos Termos Fundamentais da Mandioca (Cordeiro-Oliveira, 2019). Para a realização de nossa pesquisa buscamos subsídios teóricos em Wüster ([Felber, 1979], 1998), Cabré ([1993], 2005), Maciel (2001), Barros (2004), Krieger e Finatto (2004), Berber Sardinha (2004), Othero e Menuzzi (2005) e Orenha-Ottaiano (2008). Os dados foram analisados no programa WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 2015) versão 6.0 e revelaram uma regularidade quanto a escolha das unidades léxicas.
MULHER, QUEBRADEIRA DE COCO, MILITANTE NA AMAZÔNIA: CONSTITUIÇÃO SUBJETIVA E AUTORIA EM SOU FILHA DE QUEBRADEIRA DE COCO BABAÇU
Authors: Ribeiro Nilsa Brito , Mittmann Solange
Published: March 2021

Neste artigo, tomamos como objeto de estudo recortes da narrativa de vida de Cledeneuza Maria Bizerra Oliveira, liderança do Movimento Interestadual das Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu (MIQCB), publicada no livro Sou filha de quebradeira de coco babaçu. A fim de discutir a constituição subjetiva de uma mulher amazônida em sua vida de militância, abordamos o próprio da língua em sua equivocidade e realizamos gestos de análise de formulações indicativas de lugares ocupados, posições assumidas e designação de si – como professora, quebradeira de coco babaçu, filha de quebradeira de coco, esposa, líder sindical. Deparamo-nos com um sujeito que transita entre tempos, espaços e territorialidades que caracterizam campos simbólicos onde se produzem os sentidos. E pela autoria observamos a disputa por sentidos na luta política diária, onde não há fronteiras evidentes entre a constituição individual e a construção coletiva.
Necropolítica, resistência, sacrifício e terror
Authors: Bontempo Valéria Lima
Published: March 2021

MBEMBE, Achille. Necropolítica. São Paulo: N-1 Edições, 2018, 80p.  O filósofo camaronês, Achille Mbembe revela, em Necropolítica – Biopoder, soberania, Estado de exceção, política da morte, a influência da necropolítica na reconfiguração das relações entre resistência, sacrifício e terror, noção que diz respeito à subjugação da vida ao poder da morte. O poder político cuida de medidas sobre como a vida deverá ser gerida e também se encarrega de fazer a gestão sobre como e quem deve morrer.
Patterns and determinants of Elephant attacks on humans in Nepal
Authors: Ram Ashok , Mondol Samrat , Subedi Naresh , Lamichhane Babu Ram , Baral Hem , Laxminarayanan N. , Amin Rajan , Pandav Bivash
Published: March 2021

Attacks on humans by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is an extreme form
of Human-elephant conflict. It is a serious issue in southern lowland
Nepal where elephants kill more humans than any other wildlife. Detailed
understanding of elephant attacks on humans in Nepal is still lacking
which affected in devising appropriate strategies and actions for human
elephant conflict mitigation. This study documented spatio-temporal
pattern of elephant attacks on humans, factors associated with the
attacks and human/elephant behaviour contributing to deaths of victims
when attacked. We compiled all the documented incidences of elephant
attacks on humans in Nepal for last 20 years across Terai and Siwalik
region of Nepal. We also visited and interviewed 412 victim families
(274 fatalities and 138 injuries) on elephant attacks. Majority of the
victims were males (87.86%) and had low level of education. One fourth
of the elephant attacks occurred while chasing the elephants. Solitary
bulls or group of sub-adult males were involved in most of the attack.
We found higher number of attacks outside the protected area. People who
were drunk and chasing elephants using fire-crackers were more
vulnerable to the fatalities. In contrast, chasing elephants using fire
was negatively associated to the fatalities. Elephant attacks were
concentrated in proximity of forests primarily affecting the
socio-economically marginalized communities. Integrated settlement, safe
housing for marginalized community and community grain house in the
settlement should be promoted to reduce the confrontation between
elephants and humans. Conservation of elephant should be carried out in
entire landscape, extending beyond the boundary of protected areas to
reduce threats of elephant extinction.
Indication for management of oropharyngocutaneous fistulas after head and neck reconstruction using a “stick-shaped platysma flap” technique
Authors: Matsuura Mari , Rikimaru Hideaki , Rikimaru-Nishi Yukiko , Migita Hisashi , Tanaka Hiroaki , Oyama Mai , Kiyokawa Kensuke
Published: March 2021

Oropharyngocutaneous fistula is an unfavorable complication that may
occur after head and neck reconstruction. The authors used a
“stick-shaped platysma flap” technique to close these narrow and deep
intractable fistulas. It is a highly efficient and straightforward
method to close intractable fistulas with minimal morbidity.
The Recurring Debate in the United States over Mandatory Firm Rotation
Authors: Keyser John D.
Published: March 2021

In 2011, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board initiated a project to consider the imposition of mandatory firm rotation (MFR). While some believe that the idea of MFR began in the 1970s, the present study demonstrates that MFR was first explored during the SEC's investigation of the McKesson & Robbins scandal in the late 1930s. This study provides new insight into the significance of the McKesson & Robbins fraud in terms of its implications for the accounting profession. The possibility of MFR has been considered multiple times since audits of financial statements were mandated by the Securities Acts. The article describes these events, including the circumstances that led to consideration of MFR. The key arguments that arose during the PCAOB's MFR debate are traced to their historical origins.
Historical Development of the Standard Audit Report in the U.S.: Form, Scope, and Renewed Attention to Fraud Detection
Authors: Pandit Ganesh M. , Baker C. Richard
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical development of the standard audit report (SAR) in the United States from its emergence in the 19th century to its current version, and examine how the SAR came full circle to once again include attention to the risk of fraud. While prior research has addressed some of this history, this paper completes the picture to the present date. In the last 100+ years, the SAR has changed from a “certificate” to an “opinion.” The scope of the audit has shifted from being an “examination” to the lesser responsibility of an “audit.” The emphasis has shifted from absolute assurance to reasonable assurance. Over time, the relative responsibilities of management and auditors have been clarified in the report. Most importantly, the basis for opinion has now moved back to include an assessment of material misstatements caused by error and fraud.
Danilevsky – the Founder of Russian History of Philosophy
Authors: Dvernitsky Boris G.
Published: March 2021

The author of the article substantiates the opinion that N. Y. Danilevsky was the founder of specific Russian history of philosophy. The author traces the historiosophy development from its beginnings till present days, denoting the challenges and threats that modern Russia is facing, as well as the ways of their eliminating
Developing the Physically Educated Students: A 21st Century Challenge for Physical Educators
Authors: AHRABI FARD Iradge , EDGINTON Christopher R. , MARSTON Ripley E.
Published: March 2021

The 21st Century brings great hope, optimism and promise for the work of physical educators and the advancement of school physical education programs. Great accomplishments during the past century promoted great awareness for the need of enhancing fitness and the well-being of individuals through physical activities within our society. Physical educators can point to pride with the expansion of programs as well as efforts aimed toward promoting gender equity, inclusion, and the development of a student centered (rather than content centered) curriculum. However, during the last decades of the 20th Century physical education programs faced many challenges at schools. In fact, one could argue that physical education programs are in an era of decline. (Abstract taken from Overview)
Preliminary Study on Gross Motor Performance of Hong Kong Children Aged 6-8 Years
Authors: CHOI TSE Kang Chun
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Gross motor development is a critical component of elementary school physical education programs. This is also the foundation for active participation in later childhood and adult physical activities. This study aims to: (1) collect preliminary data on Hong Kong children's gross motor performance; (2) analyze Hong Kong Children's gross motor proficiency; and (3) introduce a gross motor test instrument to Hong Kong PE teachers. The Test of Gross Motor Development (Second Edition) (TGMD-2) (Ulrich, 2000) was chosen as the test instrument in this project. There were 15 girls and 15 boys selected for each age interval: 6-6 to 6-11, 7-6 to 7-11 and 8-0 to 8-11. Only 27.6% of the participants achieved the average level. 27.6% and 40% of them were below average and poor, respectively. No significant sex differences in the level of fundamental gross motor skills development. However, age differences were found in stationary dribble and overhand throw, 8 years old children got higher successful rate in the mature form of the two skills.大肌肉運動能力發展是小學體育課程的主要元素，這亦是青少年及成年時期積極參與體力活動的基石。本研究的目的是：(1)搜集香港兒童大肌肉運動能力數據；(2)分析香港兒童大肌肉運動能力表現；(3)介紹一套測試大肌肉運動能力的工具給香港體育老師。本研究選用了 '第二代大肌肉運動能力(TGMD-2)' 作測試工具。每一個年齡組別，即6-6至6-11，7-6至7-11及8-6至8-11均選取15男及15女作為研究樣本。總樣本為90人。研究發現，樣本中祗有27.6%在一般水平，另外27.6%及40%分別在低於及差的水平。在大肌肉運動能力的表現中，性別差異方面並不明顯。原地運球及擲球動作，年齡差異較明顯，八歲兒童成功掌握這兩個技能的百份比較年幼的兒童為高。
Student's Physcial Activity Preferences: Implications for the Design and Implementation of Physical Education Curriculum
Authors: MOKGWATHI Martin M.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Using a survey research method this paper examines the concerns and needs of youngsters with respect to physical education and sport in their schools. Participants were (574) boys and girls in the Community Junior Schools. These students were asked among other things to rank order their most preferred activity. The results show that most of the students still prefer team sport over more individualized programs. This could be a function of developmental needs since students at this age seem to prefer team sport rather than more individualized activities. The results also show that the students are very enthusiastic about physical education, it is therefore, incumbent upon us as curriculum developers to introduce activities that have a carry over to adult years.本文以調查方式進行探討青少年對體育及運動的需求，共有574名小學生接受調查，結果發現大部份學生喜愛團隊運動多於個人項目，整體而言，學生對體育運動的興趣均十分濃厚，課程編排需要把活動延伸至成人階段.
Somatotype and Body Fat Percentages among Malaysian Female Basketball Players
Authors: SOH Kim Geok , SOH Kim Lam
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This study sought to determine the somatotype and body fat content of elite Malaysian female basketball players. It also sought to differentiate the somatotype and body fat content by playing position - attack, centre and defence. The somatotype was determined using the Heath Carter Somatotyping method and the body fat content by the skinfold method. Twelve elite female basketball players who represented Malaysia in the 1997 SEA Games were selected as the subjects (mean age of 22.75±2.67 years). It was found that the players were predominantly meso-endomorphic with a mean somatotype of 4.49±1.20-3.45±0.77-2.91±0.89. The centre and defence players had meso-endomorphic bodies, but the attack players endo-mosomorphic bodies. The mean body fat content was 19.68%±4.93. The defence were the fattest, followed by the centre and attack players. Female American basketball players have a body fat content of 10 to 16% while the Malaysian players in this study 10% to 26%.本文旨在探討馬來西亞女子籃球選手的體型及體脂比例，並分析球員的位置，結果顯示：防守球員偏向接近肌肉型，脂肪比例平均為19.68%±4.93，對比美國籃球員而言，馬來西亞選手的體脂較高。
Recruitment of Disabled Athletes: Hong Kong Perspective
Authors: NG Patrick
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This paper is a further elaboration of the power point presentation at the CPISRA Conference and General Assembly held in November 2006 in Lisbon. Aging problem has been prevailing in the disabled sports globally and phenomenal particularly in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Paralympic Committee & Sports Association for the Physically Disabled (HKPC&SAPD) has organized and will continue the beneficial and affective programs in recruiting disabled athletes with a hope to attain more and the best athletes for Paralympics.

本文乃國際痙攣人士體育及康樂聯會於2006年11月在里斯本舉行研討會暨同人大會之延續。傷殘人士運動員老化已成世界性問題，該現象香港則始於2000年悉尼殘奧運後。本文描述香港殘奧會暨傷殘體協致力舉辦及持續推行各項有效活動，務求招募更多更佳傷殘運動員於殘奧運達致佳績。
Examination of Competitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence among College Varsity Athletes
Authors: ZENG Howard Z. , LEUNG Raymond W. , LIU Wenhao
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between competitive anxiety and self-confidence among collegiate varsity athletes. Participants were 96 athletes from a university in the United States, and their sport affiliations included baseball, volleyball, softball, track and field, and gymnastics. The following four questionnaires were administered to the participants: Competitive State Anxiety Inventroy-2, State Sport-Confidence Inventory, Sport Competition Anxiety Test for Adults, and Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory. Data were analyzed by Pearson product-moment correlations. Results showed that athletes who possessed a low level of competitive trait anxiety on a regular practice day tended to have low levels of cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety, as well as high levels of state self-confidence and state sport­-confidence on a competition day. In addition, athletes who possessed a high level of trait sport-confidence on a regular practice day tended to have low levels of cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety, and high levels of state self­-confidence and state sport-confidence on a competition day. The present investigation also found that cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety were the predictors to estimate athletes’ self-confidence and performance.

本文旨在檢驗大學生運動員的競賽焦慮與自信之間的相關聯繫，研究對象為美國一所大學的九十六名大學生運動員，他們所在的運動隊包括壘球、排球、棒球、田徑和體操。四個調查問卷(其中兩個用於測量競賽焦慮，兩個用來調查運動員的自信心)被用來收集數據。並採用佩爾森運動相關係數檢驗法對數據進行了分析。結果表明:在正常訓練日裡具有低水平特質性競賽焦慮的運動員傾向於在競賽之日具有低水平的認知性焦慮和軀體性焦慮，但具有較高水平的狀態運動性自信心。而在正常的訓練日具 有高水平的特質性運動自信心的運動員傾向於在競賽之日具有低水平的認知性焦慮與軀體性焦慮。本研究也證實了認知性焦慮與軀體性焦慮為兩項預測運動員自信心與競技表現的有效指示。
Learning and Teaching Experiences of Sport Education
Authors: LI Chung , CRUZ Alberto
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This paper aims to report a collaborative study project between a teacher training institute and two secondary schools in Hong Kong. It involves the initiation of an innovative curriculum model titled “sport education”. The study attached to the practice-referenced and interpretive research perspective with interviewing and video-taping of lessons as tools for data collection. It inquires how 2 experienced PE teachers and 12 secondary 4 students with “high-”, “average-” and “low-level” sports skill proficiency articulated their teaching and learning experiences with sport education. The findings revealed that both teachers accepted sport education for providing positive learning experiences for promoting students' generic skills and all round development. Students' active learning, motivation, self initiation, creativity and team cohesiveness were also enhanced. Most students satisfied with experiences of taking roles, performing duties, affiliating with teams, collaborating with others and accomplishing tasks. However, both teachers experienced difficulties of increase in workload. 3 students encountered unpleasant experiences of injury, unfair judgment of the referees and completing assignment after school illustrating their differences in expectation on physical education. Recommendations are made for overcoming these difficulties. The findings of this study provide qualitative insights on how sport education can better be implemented to enhance students' learning in physical education.

本文旨在報告一所師資培訓學院與兩所香港中學的一項協作研究計劃，該計劃涉及推展名為「競技運動教育」創新課程模式的研究。研究以實踐為本及詮釋理念為依據和利用訪談及課堂錄影為資料搜集工具，探討了2位資深體育教師和12位運動技能水平被介定為「高」、「中」及「低」學生對競技運動教育的教與學經歷。研究結果顯示2位體育教師接納此課程模式並提供學生正面的學習經驗，促進他/她們的共通能力和全人發展。此模式也能培養學生的主動學習、應激、自我驅動、創意和團隊內聚力。大部份學生對參與承擔角式、執行職責、加入團隊、與人合作和完成被指派工作等學習經歷也是正面的。但是，兩位老師均 經歷工作量增加的困難，其中3位同學也遇上不愉快的經驗如受傷、不公平的裁判判決和完成家課等。研究結果對推展競技運動教育以促進學生學習作出建議及質性啓示。
Implementation of Curriculum Planning on Inclusive Physical Education in Primary Schools in Hong Kong
Authors: LI Chunxiao , CHEN Shihui
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to examine how regular primary school PE teachers planning their inclusive physical education in Hong Kong. The questionnaires (IPESDQ) and cover letters with instructions for completing the questionnaire were delivered to 115 physical educators. A follow-up was made to contact nonrespondents two weeks and the final return rate of the survey was at 72.2% (n=83). Results showed most teachers (49.4%) used the curriculum guidance draft by themselves; only 10.4 % of teachers used individualized education plan (IEP), the most common teaching object (74.0%) was for understanding and enjoying exercise and sports; basketball, track and field, football, game, rope skipping, volleyball, badminton, and gymnastics were popularly used for teaching; Direct instruction strategy was popularly used by 72.7% of teachers and only 7.8% of teachers used inquiry teaching for inclusive physical education; Most teachers used sport skills (94.8%), attitude (92.2%) as evaluation contents. Perspectives for developing inclusive physical education service delivery were provided at last.
本研究採用修訂後的《融合體育教學》問卷，對小學體育教師進行了調查，目的在了小學體育教師如何規劃融合體育教學。83位教師回應了此次調查，經過統計後發現，49.4%的教師使用自己制定的課程綱要設計融合體育教學，僅有10.4%的教師採用個別化教學計劃(IEP); 教師普遍以瞭解和享受體育運動作為課堂教學目標(74.0%)；籃球，田徑，足球，遊戲，跳繩，排球， 羽毛球， 體操等教學內容受到教師的青睞；72.7%的教師採用直接教學法，僅有7.8%的教師使用探究式教學法；多數教師將運動技能(94.8%)，和態度(92.2%)作為評價學生學習的內容。
Evaluation and Development of Non-Exercise Prediction Models of Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Azerbaijan-Iranian Young Men
Authors: HOSSINI M. Khorshidi , VALIZADEH A. , BOLBOLI L. , MEAMARBASHI A.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to develop a regression equation to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) based on non-exercise (N-EX) data and to investigate the validity of these equations in healthy young men. One hundred healthy men (age: 18-26 years) were randomly separated in two equal groups (n=50). All participants, successfully completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) to assess VO2max (Mean = 45.56 ml × kg-1 × min-1, SD = 4.14). The N-EX data collected just before the maximal GXT including participants’ age; body mass index (BMI); perceived functional ability (PFA) to walk, jog, or run given distances; and current physical activity (PA-R) level. Methodological differences among these methods (new equation and GXT in the validation group) were analyzed with Bland-Altman (1986) method. A good correlation coefficients were observed between VO2max and body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.50), PFA (r = 0.71) and PA-R (r = 0.70) in the development group (p< 0.05). Multiple linear regression generated the following N-EX prediction equation: VO2max (ml × kg-1 × min-1) = 47.718 – (0.38516 × BMI) + (0.8541 × PA-R) + (0.2539 × PFA). When new VO2max prediction equation were applied to the validation group, high agreement were also observed between measured VO2max by GXT and predicted VO2max (mean±SD: 0.58±2.53) (p< 0.05). This study provided an N-EX regression model that yields relatively accurate results and it is a convenient way to predict VO2max in Azerbaijan–Iranian young men with a similar cardiorespiratory fitness level. Authors recommend further studies to elucidate generality of the new equation.

本研究旨在計算預測年青人最大攝氧量的公式，邀請了100位健康男士，分成兩組進行測驗。結果顯示，推算最大攝氧量的公式如下: VO2max (ml × kg-1 × min-1) = 47.718 – (0.38516 × BMI) + (0.8541 × PA-R) + (0.2539 × PFA) 。
Comparison of Australia, Singapore & Hong Kong Sport Policy
Authors: LAU Patrick WC , CHAN Eric CH
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.      

The present study investigates the sport policy between Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. The objective is to contrast current Hong Kong sport policy with Australia, Singapore through their respective sport administrative experiences, policy recommendations were made to provide references to the Hong Kong sport policy development in the next decade. The findings demonstrated that Australian and Singapore central sport agencies have worked closely with government departments, national sporting organizations and private sectors to deliver a wide range of sports to their citizens and elite training. Furthermore, based upon the Singapore experience, government’s strategic blueprint and new visions for the future sport development is imperative to the success of sport culture. Finally, sport industry is playing a significant role in both elite and mass sport development. Other policy suggestions are made in the study based upon the lessons from Australia and Singapore.

本文探討了澳洲、新加坡和香港的運動政策。目的是在運動管理系統、運動資金分配、競技運動與大眾運動參與等方面，分別將香港現行的運動政策與澳洲和新加坡的政策進行比較。最後藉著澳洲和新加坡的經驗，對香港未來十年的運動政策發展提出參考性的建議。研究發現澳洲和新加坡的主要管理機構都與政府部門、國家運動單項組織及私人機構長緊密合作，為國民提供了多元化的運動項目選擇和競技訓練。而且，新加坡的經驗進一步顯示政府的長遠規劃和新思維對運動成功發展具決定性影响。最後，運動產業化對競技運動和大眾運動參與的發揮了重要的作用。最後，文中亦基於澳洲和新加坡的經驗提出了其他政策建議。
Implementing Differentiated Instruction into the Physical Education Classroom
Authors: Kaldor Amanda , DEUTSCH Joe
Published: March 2021

Throw out the ball and blow the whistle, it’s easy to do. Use curriculum by following it step by step and not differ from a single lesson. These are common practices done by physical education teachers every day. It’s easy to continue to teach in the same way, with the same assessments, and not consider where students are at in their learning or how they learn best. In today’s classroom or gymnasium it is very difficult for students to reach their full potential while teaching in this traditional manner. Haager and Klinger (2005) suggest that “a major drawback of traditional instruction is that many teachers teach to the middle, which means the needs of a growing number of students will go unmet” (p. 19). One potential solution to this problem is differentiated instruction. (Abstract taken from first part of Introduction)
Model for Objective Sport Skills Tests in Schools: Physical Educator's Concern
Authors: LOUIE Lobo H.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Objective sport skill tests are common measurement tools for physical educators to evaluate their students' performance in school setting. Traditionally, students are being graded in accordance with their performance in the skill tests, such as throwing objects for distance, wall volley test, or dribbling through a test course. The present paper attempted to collect a variety of information on the objective sport skill testing from experienced scholars. Since most school physical educators are not researchers, it is necessary to provide them with user-friendly techniques. After an extensive review of the related literature in the field of measurement in physical education and exercise science, a model of objective sport skills testing was developed which served as a guideline for the physical educators to follow. It is hoped that such user-friendly procedures would enhance the teaching qualities in the school.運動技能測試是一種常用於測定學童運動能力的工具。一般的運動技能測試有傳球測驗、對牆擊球測試、射球測驗或擲遠測試等。由於學校體育工 作者日常工作繁忙，及並非專項學術研究者，故本文的目的是綜合有關運動技能測試的文獻，配合學校體育的情況，建議出一個給學校體育工作者適用的運動技能測試模式。
Investigation of Psychological Skills Use between Skilled and Less-skilled Amateur Archers in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Man Sau
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The current study is aimed to investigate the relationship between skilled and less-skilled amateur archers in Hong Kong based on their use of psychological skills. The Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999) was administered to 72 participants (42 skilled and 30 less-skilled; Mean age = 36.07, SD = 12.61, Range: 18.10 to 63.64 years). The TOPS is a 64-item self-report instrument that can assess a total of 16 psychological skills during practice and competition. Results from t-tests indicated statistically significant differences in the use of psychological skills automaticity during practice and competition between skilled and less-skilled archers. Two binary regression analyses were performed to further investigate the relationship between psychological skills use and skill level. Automaticity in competition and practice subscales were found to have statistically significant predictive powers in accounting for archers’ skill level achieved. The regression models indicated a range of 6.1% to 12.7% of variance accounted for skill level, and the model successfully classified 58.3% to 63.9% of cases per time. These findings link back to a number of skills learning theories that posit it is common to find the automatic stage of skill performance at the highest stage of learning (Haywood,2006).
本研究旨在暸解香港業餘射箭運動員技術水平與心理技能使用的關係。72名射箭運動員分為兩組(較高技術水平42人和一般水平30人) ，並填寫中文版運動表現策略量表 (TOPS) 。TOPS可檢測運動競賽和練習時所用的心理技能。t檢驗結果顯示心理 技能自動化(automaticity)在競賽和練習時的使用在不同技術水平的射手中有顯著差異。本文遂採用回歸分析以探討心理技能和射 手技術水平的預測和情形。研究結果發現心理技能自動化在競賽和練習的使用可有效預測射箭運動員的技術水平。
Do Senior Adults (50+) Know What Practices are Appropriate In Physical Education
Authors: BARNEY David , PRUSAK Keven , WILKINSON Carol
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate senior 50 and older adult’s knowledge of appropriate instructional practices (AIP) in physical education. This study is a continued line of studies assessing certain populations knowledge of AIP. Previous research has been conducted among Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) majors, parents, school administrators, elementary, middle school and high school students. For this study 372 senior adults were surveyed regarding their knowledge of AIP in PE. Surveys were distributed to the participants at the Huntsman Senior World Games. It was found that senior adults misidentified nine instructional practices from the survey. It was found that senior adults identified having winners and losers in games in PE class, students that misbehave should be punished with exercising, and playing dodge ball is OK for students to play. These instructional practices are considered inappropriate. The implications of this study reinforce that physical educators need to educate senior adults and that implementing appropriate instructional practices is an effective method to educate senior adults and the general public.
The Effects of Music on Student Step Counts and Time in Activity in College Basketball Activity Classes
Authors: BARNEY David , PRUSAK Keven , BREWER Lindsey
Published: March 2021

Music is a powerful influence in life. We hear music at work, in the car, at the mall, and in our homes. Music has also been found to have an affect during physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music on physical activity rates, via pedometers, of college-aged students in basketball class. For this study 106 college-aged students participated in this study. Two classes played basketball with no music playing during game play. Two other classes played basketball with music playing during game play. It was found that the two classes that played basketball with music took more steps and were in more time in activity.
Study on Health and Physical Fitness for Office Workers in Hong Kong: Phase II
Authors: CHUNG Pak Kwong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The study consisted of two phases: Phase I was designed to investigate the health and physical fitness status of office workers and phase II was conducted to examine the training effects of a circuit training program on health and physical fitness of the workers. In phase II，100 subjects (50 males & 50 females), randomly selected from the participants (112 males & 59 females, aged 30-49) of phase I, were randomly assigned to experimental groups and control groups (25 subjects per group). Subjects in experimental group received a 8-week, 2 times a week with 1 hour per session circuit training program while subjects in control group were not receiving any physical training. The ANCOVA analyses revealed that subjects in both gender of the experimental groups had significant (p < .05) improvement on the health and fitness indices which included grip strength, abdominal muscular strength and endurance, trunk flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, resting heart rate, and forced vital capacity. Body fat and stress levels (Pace of Life Index) were also significantly (p < . 05 ) reduced for both sexes after the 8-week circuit training. However, there were no training effects on general health concerns (General Well-Being Scale), cholesterol levels, and blood pressure in this study. As the related research indicated that workers with higher levels of physical fitness would have higher working ability and productivity, it was suggested that local office workers should give priority to regular physical activity. Circuit training, which consists of aerobic exercises, calisthenics, stretching, and muscular training in a workout period, is time saving and highly desirable for local office workers to promote their health and fitness.
Normative Study of Physical Fitness Test Battery in Secondary School: A Case Report
Authors: CHOW Bik C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This paper presents a normative study of physical fitness test battery for a local secondary school in New Territories. Test items include hand grip; 30-sec flexed knee sit-ups; sit and reach; endurance run of 800m (girls) and 1000m (boys); and Bailey Bridge test. In order to test for the validity of the Bailey Bridge test, 30-sec straight leg push-ups for boys and knee pushups for girls were also conducted. Norms presented in this paper are categorized by age and gender so that other physical education teachers in secondary schools can use these results for comparison.這篇文章介紹新界區一所中學推行之體適能測試獎勵計劃，測試項目包括手握力、三十秒仰臥起坐、坐前伸、女子800公尺、男子1000公尺跑及拾放豆袋。另外，男子三十秒直腳掌上壓及女子曲腳掌上壓爲附加項目，作用是檢定拾放豆袋測試之有效度，文章提供的常模標準是按性別和年齡組合，其他中學體育老師可利用這些標準作爲比較依據。
Expectations of Job Responsibilities of Recreation and Sports Managers
Authors: MAK Jennifer Yuen Ming
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to identify whether there were differences in the expectations of job responsibilities between different levels of recreation and sports managers towards the same post. The problem was divided into two sub-problems: (1) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of entry-level managers' job responsibilities between entry-level managers and middle-level managers; and (2) to determine the relationship in the perceived importance of middle-level managers job responsibilities between middle-level managers and top-level managers. Several items were found to have significant difference in the perceptions among the subjects.本文章探討不同康體管理人員對工作責任的期望。主要目的是了解初入職、中級階層及高級階層管理人員的看法，促使更有效率的康體管理。
Comparisons of the Physiological and Psychophysical Responses of Handweighted Walking with Three Different Arm Movements in Sedentary Chinese Women
Authors: NG Robert Siu Kuen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological and psychophysical responses during six 20-minute walking sessions at 1.34 m sec-1 and 6% gradient, that employed three different arm movements with and without a 0.45kg hand held weight (HHW) per hand, in fifteen sedentary Chinese college females (mean age = 25.1 ± 1.2 years). The sequence of test sessions was randomized and included two normal arm movements, two vigorous arm movements and two moderate arm pumping, walking with and without a 0.45kg HHW per hand. Dependent variables included oxygen uptake (V02, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Statistics used included three, 2-way ANOVA (2 loading conditions x 3 different arm movements) and Tukey's post hoc test. Significant differences were noted between protocols involving hand weights and no hand weights (p
Review of Historical, Geographical and Vocational Influences on the Selected Indigenous African Sports: The Challenges for the Sports Scientists
Authors: USEH Ushotanefe
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This paper evaluated and reviewed selected indigenous African sports of physical skills, their socio-cultural and the historical similarities. Attempt was made to channel a course for the sports scientists towards the development and growth of traditional African sports. This was a historical research with literature review of historical, anthropological, and sports texts, journals and published proceedings of sports events in Africa. The findings revealed similarities in the historical background of the Africans, despite the diversity of the ethnicity in the continent. Also revealed were similarities in vocations, cultures, environment and the indigenous sports of physical skills amongst Africans. Materials reviewed revealed that the sports scientists were not involved in the scientific development of indigenous African sports of physical skills. The African sports scientists and administrators should strive to identify what is beneficial and entertaining and sieve this from what is hazardous and still attempt to maintain the cultural heritage of the Africans.本文旨在探討南非的歷史背境、地理環境及職業文化等社會元素對本土運動發展的影嚮，並試從運動科研的層面，分析各種因素。初步資料顯示出運動科研參與本土運動的發展不高，本文作者又倡議當地運動政策主管人，應該尋找出一套有利發展本土運動的方案。
Sport and National Character in Asia
Authors: WATERS David J. , SMITH Daniel E.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Based on data derived from the International Sport Management Questionnaire (ISMQ) and the National Sport Development Index (NSDI), tendencies are revealed of a nation's development in three domains of sport. These domains (termed Mass Sport, Educational Sport, and Elite Sport) provide insight into national sport culture; low NSDI scores, for instance, divulge a sport delivery system for that domain which is at low level, is de-emphasised, or nonexistent. Data is provided for 14 Asian nations including overall NSDI score as well as the distinct domains mentioned above. From this data, ensuing discussion revolves around a concept of national character of sport for Asian nations such as Japan, China, and Hong Kong, among others.根據國際體育管理問卷調查(ISA/IQ)和國家體育發展指數(NSDI)的資料顯示，一個國家的體育發展主要表現在三個方面，即群眾體育、學校體育及競技體育。而從這三方面可以了解這一國家的體育文化。例如，NSDI評分低者，體育管理運作系統在這一方面往往處於較低水平，或者不重視，甚至是名存實亡的。這些調查資料涉及14個亞洲國家，包括其上述三個不同方面的狀況極其NSDI評分。根據這些資料，本文圍繞著日本、中國、香港等亞洲國家和地區的體育特征進行了討論。
Log-linear Adjusted Lower Limb Muscle Power of Boys and Girls
Authors: CHIA Michael , QUEK Jin Jong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The study investigated the log-linear muscle power of the lower limbs in a group of 13 to 14 year old boys and girls. Participants were 48 boys (stature: 1.69±0.05m; body mass: 57.9±11.8kg; lower limb muscle mass: 16.4±2.5kg) and 38 girls (stature: 1.59±0.06m; body mass: 57.7±7.6kg; lower limb muscle mass: 12.5±1.2kg). Lower limb muscle mass (LLMM) was determined using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometric (DEXA) procedure. Participants completed a 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) where peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were expressed in relation to LLMM using log-linear adjustment procedures. Boys and girls had similar log-linear adjusted PP (495W vs. 488W, p>0.05) and MP (423W vs. 422W, p>0.05) when they were expressed in relation to LLMM. However, common b exponents that defined the allometric relationship between PP and MP, and LLMM in both boys and girls were 1.26 (SE 0.15), and 1.21 (SE 0.15), respectively. These were markedly different from the b exponent of 1.0 used in the ratio standard, or the 0.67 value predicted from geometric similarity theory. Despite a similar interpretation of data (i.e. no sex difference in lower limb muscle power in boys and girls) using either allometric modeling, allometric modeling of sample-specific exercise data is recommended to produce an appropriate size-independent variable, to allow appropriate comparisons in performance between boys and girls.本文以對數一線性修正法對13 — 14歲少年下肢力量進行了研究。測試對象為48名男孩(身高為1.69 ± 0.05米，體重為57.9 ± 11.8公斤，下肢去脂體重為16.4 ±2.5公斤）和38名女孩(身高為1.59 ± 0.06米，體重為57.7 ± 7.6公斤，下肢去脂體重為12.5 ± 1.2公斤）。以雙光能X光吸收儀(DEXA)測定受試者下肢的去脂體重。受試對象在自行車功率儀上完成30秒溫蓋特無氧功率測試 (Wingate Anaerobic Test, WAnT)，以對數-線性修正法表示最高功率和平均功率與下肢去脂體重的關係。其結果顯不，男孩與女孩的最高功率分別為495瓦與488瓦(p>0.05)，平均功率分別為423瓦與422瓦(p>0.05)。根據對數-線性修正法所得的最高功率和平均功率與下肢去脂體重關係的b指數分別1.26 (SE為0.15)與1.21 (SE為0.15)，男女相同。此結果與常用標準比b指數為1，或應用幾何相似理論推測值0.67等方法所得的結果明顯不同。應用異速生長模型(對數-線性修正法)可測得與其實驗對象和運動形式相適應的形態機體指標，因而可較正確地比較少年男女之間的運動能力。
Analysis of Main Body-building Exercises in Aged Chinese
Authors: LIN Ai Cui
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.With increasing popluation in old people, more attention has been paid to the body-building exercises of the aged in terms of health and preventive diseases. This paper analyzed the main body-building exercises of the aged in order to offer references to the aged's exercises and promote their body-building exercises and health. The results showed that the main body-building exercises of the aged were aerobic sports such as walking, jogging, shadow boxing, and body-building dancing. The aged benefit a lot from these relevant activities.在人口老年化的今天，老年人的健身活動倍受人們關注。本文對現有有關我國老年人主要健身專案及作用的資料進行整理分析，試圖通過分析為老年人的體育健身活動提供一定的參考，以促進老年人的健身運動和身體健康。研究結果認為我國老年人主要健身活動為：散步跑步、太極拳等拳術、健身操、舞蹈等有氧運動，適宜的活動有益於增強老年人體質。人的衰老是必然規律。按照聯合國的規定，60歲以上的人稱為老年人，如果一個國家或地區的老年人佔該國家或地區的人口總數的10%以上，稱之為老年型國家或地區〔1〕。我國人口已經進入老齡化階段，老年人體質狀況倍受人們關注。隨著我國社會經濟的發展，群眾性體育運動的廣泛開展，人民生活條件和體質條件不斷改善，並且，自1994年12月原國家體委提出"全民健身計劃"以來，"發展體育運動，增強人民體質"開始深入人心〔2〕，體育促進健康的觀念也被廣泛接受，更多的老年人開始參加健身活動並從中受益。
Do Differences in Peak Oxygen Uptake in Men and Women Explain Recovery from Intermittent Exercise?
Authors: CHIA Michael
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of the study was to examine if differences in peak oxygen uptake between men and women explain their recovery from maximal effort intermittent exercise. 24 men (25.3±2.7yrs; 1.75±0.06m; 69.3±8.9kg) and 24 women (23.2±2.2yrs; 1.63±0.06m; 53.5±7.6kg) participated in the study. On separate occasions, participants completed a peak oxygen uptake (peak V02) treadmill test and five 20s cycle sprints, which were separated by a 45s recovery interval. Peak V02, PP and MP in the repeated sprints and blood lactate measurements were taken. Results showed that men had higher peak V02 than women (53.2±8.7 vs. 42.8±6.8 ml/kg BM/min, p
Transactional and the Transformational Leadership in Physical Education
Authors: HUNG Ying Hua Sakura , WANG Hsiu Hua
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Leadership is a universal human phenomenon and it is "one of the most observed and least understood phenomena on earth" (Burns, 1978, p.2). This article provides literature review of transactional and transformational leadership and tries to combine the leadership styles in physical education.領導是一種普遍的人類現象，它是一種最容易被看到，但卻是地球上最少被瞭解的現象(Bums, 1978, p.2)。本文比較領導理論中，新領導時期的交易領導與轉型領導觀點，提供體育從業人員，不論敎師、敎練、或行政工作者，在學術與應用上之參考。