bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observações preliminares sobre a fundação solitária de colônias de Bombus (Fervidobombus) atratus Franklin (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Garófalo Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2017

Foram observados os estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento de colonias começadas no laboratório por rainhas de Bombus atratus. Na construção da primeira célula para ovos, apenas cera, produzida pela rainha, foi utilizada,mas, em uma ocasião os ovos foram depositados no monte de pólen. A construção da célula para os ovos foi iniciada antes do pote de mel. Os ovos eram em geral depositados verticalmente em um caso, e em dois casos a célula foi aberta novamente e ovos adicionais acrescentados. Em cinquenta e dois por cento dos casos os ovos foram postos em duas subcélulas e, em sete por cento, em três ou quatro subcélulas. O processo de oviposição nas células, formadas por várias subcélulas, segue a seqüência: preparação da subcélula e oviposição na mesma. Após eclosão e algum crescimento as larvas foram alimentadas através de bolsas alimentares. Estas bolsas eram construídas lateralmente à massa de cria.
Estudo da regulação social em Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) postiça Latreille, em duas colônias (normal e com rainhas virgens, com especial referência ao polietismo etário (Hym., apidae, Meliponinae)
Authors: Simões Dércio , Bego Luci Rolandi
Published: March 2017

Foi estudada a divisão de trabalho entre as operárias de Nannotrigona (Scaptotrigona) postiça em uma colônia normal (com rainha físogástrica) e outra, com rainhas virgens. Os principais fatos observados foram:Do mesmo modo que ocorre em Apis, as atividades desempanhadas pelas operárias de S. postiça se modificam de acordo com a idade e, também, com as necessidades da colônia. A seqüência de atividades é semelhante entre a colônia normal e aquela com rainhas virgens. A alteração mais marcante é que existe uma antecipação de algumas atividades das operárias na colônia com rainhas virgens. A substituição da rainha físogástrica foi observada mostrando alguns aspectos comportamentais interessantes. Provavelmente, a aceitação da rainha em colônias de S. postiça se dê na fase em que a mesma encontra-se virgem. A longevidade média das operárias na colônia normal foi maior que na colônia contendo rainhas virgens.
Oligochaeta megadrili da Chapada do Guimarães, Mato Grosso
Authors: Righi Gilberto
Published: March 2017

De Mato Grosso, Chapada do Guimarães (aproximadamen te 15°55'S - 56°00'W) são estudadas as espécies de Oligochaeta, Octochaetidae: Dichogaster affinis, D. bolaui, D. saliens, D. servi, Acanthodrilidae: Wegeneriella divergens itapecu e Glossoscolecidae: Pontoscolex corethrurus. Novas variações de D. affinis e D. bolaui são registradas. D. servi é redescrita. A ocorrência destas especies é discutida.
Morphological modifications of corpuscles of Stannius of freshwater mud eel, Amphipnous cuchia in response to calcium: rich medium
Authors: Srivastav Ajai Kumar
Published: March 2017

Os corpúsculos de Stannius de Amphipnous ouchia após tratamento com cloreto de cálcio 0.8% mostram perda de conteúdo citoplasmático, células binucleadas e em degeneração.
Fidelidad y participación trófica de Agelaius cyanopus (Aves, Icteridae) en ambientes del Río Paraná medio (Argentina)
Authors: Beltzer Adolfo Héctor
Published: March 2017

Foram verificadas a participação ativa e dependência trófica de Agelaius cyanopus cyanopus Vieillot 1819 em ambientes de vegetação aquática flutuante e enraizada, nas quais a espécie tem sua principal fonte de alimento. Sua dieta constitue-se de sementes, insetos, peixes e crustáceos. As áreas de influência foram determinadas (vegetação aquática, matas de galeria e campos) e feitas algumas observações sobre os hábitos alimentares.
Oligochaeta megadrili da região centro-oeste de Mato Grosso, Brasil
Authors: Righi Gilberto
Published: March 2017

Dezesseis espécies de Oligochaeta são estudadas ,0ctochaetidae (5), Ocnerodrilidae (4) e Glossoscolecidae (7). Belladrilus (B. ) arua, sp. n., Rhinodrilus torquemadai, sp. n., Opisthodrilus adneae, sp. n., Glossodrilus tocantinensis pola, subsp. n. e Diaguita vivianeae, sp. n. são descritas. Dichogaster gracilis é redescrita. Novas observações sobre Nematogenia lacuum e Goiascolex pepus são apresentadas.
parathyroid gland of Rana cyanophlyctis during development
Authors: Krishna Lalit
Published: March 2017

No estágio inicial, objeto deste estudo, a glândula paratiróide de Rana cyanophlyctis é uma pequena bola sólida de células epiteliais. Durante a prometamorfose a glândula aumenta de tamanho por proliferação celular. No clímax da metamorfose a glândula parece ser ativa, como é evidenciado pela presença de núcleos hipercromáticos e núcleos picnóticos.
Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Eurypanopeus abbreviatus (Stimpson, 1860) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Xanthidae), em laboratório
Authors: Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia
Published: March 2017

0 desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Eurypanopeus abbreviatus (Stimpson, 1860) foi estudado a partir de larvas criadas em laboratório. Os experimentos foram realizados em uma câmara climática a 24±1°C, em água do mar com salinidade de 25º/oo, iluminação natural e utilizando-se náuplius recém eclodidos de Artemia salina, como alimento para as larvas. O desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de E. abbreviatus é constituído por quatro estágios de zoea e um de megalopa. Todos os estágios larvais foram detalhadamente desenhados e descritos. Além disso, é apresentado um estudo comparativo entre os caracteres morfológicos mais significativos de E. abbreviatus e E. depressus.
Alguns Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae, de Rondônia, Brasil
Authors: Righi Gilberto
Published: March 2017

Sete espécies de Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae, do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, são estudadas. Quatro espécies novas são descritas: Andiorrhinus rondoniensis, Rhinodrilus lourdesae, Goiascolex edgardi e Diachaeta (D.) adnae. Novas observações são adicionadas a Rhinodrilus elisianae e novas ocorrências de Pontoscolex (P) corethrurus e Goiascolex pepus são registradas.
Três espécies novas de Oligosarcus Gunther, 1864 e redefinição taxonômica das demais espécies do gênero (Osteichthyes, Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors: Menezes Naércio A.
Published: March 2017

Este artigo não contém resumo.
Pimelodella kronei (Ribeiro, 1907) e seu sinônimo Caecorhamdella brasiliensis Borodin, 1927: morfologia externa, taxonomia, e evolução (Teleostomi, Siluriformes)
Authors: Trajano Eleonora , Britski Heraldo A.
Published: March 2017

Pimelodella kronei (= Typhlobagrus kronei, Ribeiro, 1907) é um bagre com regressão de olhos e pigmentação, encontrado em cavernas do Alto Ribeira, município de Iporanga, SP, e considerado derivado do pimelodídeo epígeo P. transitória. Com o objetivo de se estudar as relações entre esses táxons, foram examinados 28 caracteres morfométricos e merísticos usualmente utilizados em estudos de taxonomia de peixes, além dos olhos e pigmentação, de amostras de P. kronei provenientes da caverna Areias (provável localidade-tipo) e Ressurgência das Bombas, e de P. transitória. Não foram encontradas diferenças que permitam uma separação segura das três populações mas apenas algumas tendências relacionadas à especialização à vida cavernícola em P. kronei; espinho dorsal mais curto, distancia inter-orbital maior, barbilhões mais frequentemente quebrados nesta última. Foi também examinado o holôtipo de Caecorhamdella brasi1íensis Borodin, 1927, descrita a partir de três exemplares provenientes da "Província de São Paulo". Verificou-se superposição com relação aos caracteres de P. kronei, pelo que consideramos C. brasiliensis um sinônimo desta. A alta variabilidade nos caracteres relacionados à vida subterrânea sugere que P. kronei é um cavernícola recente. Possivelmente uma ou mais populações de P. transitória ficaram isoladas em cavernas durante os períodos glaciais, secos, do Pleistoceno, dando origem, independentemente ou através de colonização única com posterior dispersão subterrânea, a populações cavernícolas especializadas (P. kronei lato sensu).
Bivalves e gastrópodes do Saco da Ribeira, Ubatuba - São Paulo. I. Levantamento, distribuição das espécies e características ambientais
Authors: Lopes Sônia Godoy Bueno Carvalho , Schaeffer-Novelli Yara
Published: March 2017

Realizou-se o levantamento das espécies de gastrópodes e de bivalves marinhos do "Saco da Ribeira", Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo (23º30'S e 45º07'W), Brasil, local protegido da ação de ondas, com praias arenosas e rochosas e infralitoral lodoso. Analisou-se a distribuição das espécies na área, em função de variáveis ambientais usualmente utilizadas em estudos ecológicos. Obteve-se um total de 79 espécies, das quais 28 são gastrópodes e 51 são bivalves. Registrou-se pela primeira vez, no litoral paulista, a ocorrência das espécies debivalves Lima thryptica Penna, 1971 e Tagalus oivisus (Spengler, 1794). A distribuição das espécies mais abundantes de gastrópodes em fundos não consolidados mostrou-se relacionada com os níveis da maré e com a disponibilidade de alimento, enquanto que a distribuição das espécies de bivalves mais abundantes mostrou-se relacionada com os níveis de maré, a granulometria e o hidrodínamismo da água do mar. Como estão ocorrendo perturbações ambientais na região, compararam-se os dados ambientais do presente estudo com os dados ambientais medidos anteriormente por outrospesquisadores, no mesmo local. Os resultados indicam que a única alteração expressiva ocorreu na granulometria da Praia do Saco da Ribeira, que passou de areia média para areia grossa.
Malacofauna da Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira" - USP. I. Moluscos de ambientes límnicos
Authors: Domaneschi Osmar , Myiaji Cintia , Motokane Marcelo Tadeu
Published: March 2017

Um levantamento da malacofauna de ambientes límnicos da Cidade Universitária "Armando de Salles Oliveira" (CUASO) (23º33'S; 46º43'W), São Paulo, Brasil, realizado de setembro a dezembro de 1989 e de abril a maio de 1990, revelou a presença dos Gastropoda Pomacea sp (Ampullariidae =Pilidae), Biomphalaria tenagophila (Planorbidae), Gundlachia concêntrica (Ancylidae), Physa marmorata e Physa cubensis (Physidae), Lymnaea columella (Lymnaeidae) e dos Bivalvia Eupera sp. e Psidium sp. (Psidiidae), Anodontitestrapesialis (Mutelidae), Diplodon delodontus expansus e Diplodon martensi (Unionidae). A distribuição, alguns aspectos da biologia, da ecologia e uma chave ilustrada para identificação dessas espécies são apresentados com o objetivo de facilitar a localização, o reconhecimento e a manutenção das mesmas em condições de laboratório para fins científicos e/ou acadêmicos.
Predicting Cardiovascular Events in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Pérez de Isla Leopoldo , Alonso Rodrigo , Mata Nelva , Fernández-Pérez Cristina , Muñiz Ovidio , Díaz-Díaz José Luis , Saltijeral Adriana , Fuentes-Jiménez Francisco , de Andrés Raimundo , Zambón Daniel , Piedecausa Mar , Cepeda José María , Mauri Marta , Galiana Jesús , Brea Ángel , Sanchez Muñoz-Torrero Juan Francisco , Padró Teresa , Argueso Rosa , Miramontes-González José Pablo , Badimón Lina , Santos Raúl D. , Watts Gerald F. , Mata Pedro
Published: March 2017

Background:

Although risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have been described, models for predicting incident ASCVD have not been reported. Our aim was to use the SAFEHEART registry (Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Cohort Study) to define key risk factors for predicting incident ASCVD in patients with FH.

Methods:

SAFEHEART is a multicenter, nationwide, long-term prospective cohort study of a molecularly defined population with FH with or without previous ASCVD. Analyses to define risk factors and to build a risk prediction equation were developed, and the risk prediction equation was tested for its ability to discriminate patients who experience incident ASCVD from those who did not over time.

Results:

We recruited 2404 adult patients with FH who were followed up for a mean of 5.5 years (SD, 3.2 years), during which 12 (0.5%) and 122 (5.1%) suffered fatal and nonfatal incident ASCVD, respectively. Age, male sex, history of previous ASCVD, high blood pressure, increased body mass index, active smoking, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels were independent predictors of incident ASCVD from which a risk equation with a Harrell C index of 0.85 was derived. The bootstrap resampling (100 randomized samples) of the original set for internal validation showed a degree of overoptimism of 0.003. Individual risk was estimated for each person without an established diagnosis of ASCVD before enrollment in the registry by use of the SAFEHEART risk equation, the modified Framingham risk equation, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association ASCVD Pooled Cohort Risk Equations. The Harrell C index for these models was 0.81, 0.78, and 0.8, respectively, and differences between the SAFEHEART risk equation and the other 2 were significant (
P
=0.023 and
P
=0.045).

Conclusions:

The risk of incident ASCVD may be estimated in patients with FH with simple clinical predictors. This finding may improve risk stratification and could be used to guide therapy in patients with FH.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02693548.
Deferred Versus Immediate Stenting in Patients With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Qiao Jianzhong , Pan Lingxin , Zhang Bin , Wang Jie , Zhao Yongyan , Yang Ru , Du Huiling , Jiang Jie , Jin Conghai , Xiong Enlai
Published: March 2017

Background

A number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of deferred stenting vs immediate stenting in patients with
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, but the findings were not consistent across these studies. This meta‐analysis aims to assess optimal treatment strategies in patient with
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results

We searched the PubMed,
EMBASE
, and the Cochrane Library for studies that assessed deferred vs immediate stenting in patients with
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. Nine studies including 1456 patients in randomized controlled trials and 719 patients in observational studies were included in the meta‐analysis. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of no‐ or slow‐reflow between deferred stenting and immediate stenting in randomized controlled trials (odds ratio [
OR
] 0.51, 95%CI 0.17‐1.53,
P
=0.23, I
2
=70%) but not in observational studies (
OR
0.13, 95%
CI
0.06‐0.31,
P
<0.0001, I
2
=0%). Deferred stenting was associated with an increase in long‐term left ventricular ejection fraction (weighted mean difference 1.90%, 95%
CI
0.77‐3.03,
P
=0.001, I
2
=0%). No significant differences were observed in the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (
OR
0.53, 95%
CI
0.27‐1.01,
P
=0.06 [randomized
OR
0.98, 95%
CI
0.73‐1.30,
P
=0.87, I
2
=0%; nonrandomized
OR
0.30, 95%
CI
0.15‐0.58,
P
=0.0004, I
2
=0%]), major bleeding (
OR
=0.1.61, 95%
CI
0.70‐3.69,
P
=0.26, I
2
=0%), death (
OR
=0.78, 95%
CI
0.53‐1.15,
P
=0.22, I
2
=0%),
MI
(
OR
=0.97, 95%
CI
0.34‐2.78,
P
=0.96, I
2
=35%) and target vessel revascularization (
OR
0.97, 95%
CI
0.40‐2.37,
P
=0.95, I
2
=24%), between deferred and immediate stenting.

Conclusions

Compared with immediate stenting, a deferred‐stenting strategy did not reduce the occurrence of no‐ or slow‐reflow, death, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization compared with immediate stenting in patients with
ST
‐segment elevation myocardial infarction, but showed an improved left ventricular function in the long term.
Cardioversion Efficacy Using Pulsed Biphasic or Biphasic Truncated Exponential Waveforms: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Schmidt Anders S. , Lauridsen Kasper G. , Adelborg Kasper , Torp Peter , Bach Leif F. , Jepsen Simon M. , Hornung Nete , Deakin Charles D. , Rickers Hans , Løfgren Bo
Published: March 2017

Background

Several different defibrillators are currently used for cardioversion and defibrillation of cardiac arrhythmias. The efficacy of a novel pulsed biphasic (
PB
) waveform has not been compared to other biphasic waveforms. Accordingly, this study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of
PB
shocks with biphasic truncated exponential (
BTE
) shocks in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or ‐flutter.

Methods and Results

This prospective, randomized study included patients admitted for elective direct current cardioversion. Patients were randomized to receive cardioversion using either
PB
or
BTE
shocks. We used escalating shocks until sinus rhythm was obtained or to a maximum of 4 shocks. Patients randomized to
PB
shocks received 90, 120, 150, and 200 J and patients randomized to
BTE
shocks received 100, 150, 200, and 250 J, as recommended by the manufacturers. In total, 69 patients (51%) received
PB
shocks and 65 patients (49%)
BTE
shocks. Successful cardioversion, defined as sinus rhythm 4 hours after cardioversion, was achieved in 43 patients (62%) using
PB
shocks and in 56 patients (86%) using
BTE
shocks; ratio 1.4 (95% CI 1.1–1.7) (
P
=0.002). There was no difference in safety (ie, myocardial injury judged by changes in high‐sensitive troponin I levels; ratio 1.1) (95% CI 1.0–1.3),
P
=0.15. The study was terminated prematurely because of an adverse event.

Conclusions

Cardioversion using a
BTE
waveform was more effective when compared with a
PB
waveform. There was no difference in safety between the 2 waveforms, as judged by changes in troponin I levels.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02317029.
Impact of Achieved Blood Pressure on First Stroke in Uncomplicated Grade 1 Hypertension
Authors: Qin Xianhui , Li Youbao , Sun Ningling , He Mingli , Tang Genfu , Yin Delu , Wang JiGuang , Liang Min , Wang Binyan , Huo Yong , Xu Xin , Xu Xiping , Hou Fan Fan
Published: March 2017

Background

We aimed to test the impact of achieved blood pressure (
BP
) on first stroke among patients with grade 1 hypertension and without cardiovascular diseases in the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial.

Methods and Results

A total of 3187 patients with uncomplicated grade 1 hypertension were included. The risk of outcomes was assessed according to: (1) the proportion of visits in which
BP
was reduced to <140/90 mm Hg, and (2) the time‐averaged systolic BP (
SBP
) or diastolic BP levels during the study treatment period. The median antihypertensive treatment duration was 4.6 years. Only 1.5% of the participants discontinued the treatments because of adverse reaction. Overall, the risk of stroke decreased with the increase of the proportion of study visits with
BP
<140/90 mm Hg (for per 5% increase; hazard ratio, 0.92 [95%
CI
, 0.87–0.98]). Consistently, compared with patients with time‐averaged
SBP
≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, the risk of stroke was lower in patients with time‐averaged
SBP
of 120 to <140 mm Hg (1.1% versus 2.9%; hazard ratio, 0.39 [95%
CI
, 0.22–0.69]) or diastolic BP <90 mm Hg (1.5% versus 2.7%; hazard ratio, 0.41 [95%
CI
, 0.17–0.98]). The beneficial results were consistent across age (<60 versus ≥60 years), sex, baseline
SBP
(<150 versus 150 to <160 mm Hg), study treatment groups (enalapril or enalapril‐folic acid), and hypertension subtypes (isolated systolic hypertension or systolic‐diastolic hypertension). However, a time‐averaged
SBP
<120 mm Hg (versus 120–140 mm Hg) was associated with an increased risk for stroke. Similar results were observed for composite cardiovascular events or all‐cause death.

Conclusions

Achieved
BP
<140/90 mm Hg was significantly associated with a decreased risk of stroke or all‐cause death in patients with uncomplicated grade 1 hypertension.
CCR7‐CCL19/CCL21 Axis is Essential for Effective Arteriogenesis in a Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia
Authors: Nossent A. Yaël , Bastiaansen Antonius J. N. M. , Peters Erna A. B. , de Vries Margreet R. , Aref Zeen , Welten Sabine M. J. , de Jager Saskia C. A. , van der Pouw Kraan Tineke C. T. M. , Quax Paul H. A.
Published: March 2017

Background

In order to identify factors that stimulate arteriogenesis after ischemia, we followed gene expression profiles in two extreme models for collateral artery formation over 28 days after hindlimb ischemia, namely “good‐responding” C57
BL
/6 mice and “poor‐responding”
BALB
/c mice.

Methods and Results

Although
BALB
/c mice show very poor blood flow recovery after ischemia, most known proarteriogenic genes were upregulated more excessively and for a longer period than in C57
BL
/6 mice. In clear contrast, chemokine genes
Ccl19
,
Ccl21a
, and
Ccl21c
and the chemokine receptor

CCR
7

were upregulated in C57
BL
/6 mice 1 day after hindlimb ischemia, but not in
BALB
/C mice.
CCL
19 and
CCL
21 regulate migration and homing of T lymphocytes via
CCR
7. When subjecting
CCR
7
−/−
/
LDLR
−/−
mice to hindlimb ischemia, we observed a 20% reduction in blood flow recovery compared with that in
LDLR
−/−
mice. Equal numbers of α‐smooth muscle actin–positive collateral arteries were found in the adductor muscles of both mouse strains, but collateral diameters were smaller in the
CCR
7
−/−
/
LDLR
−/−
. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analyses showed that numbers of
CCR
7
+
T lymphocytes (both
CD
4
+
and
CD
8
+
) were decreased in the spleen and increased in the blood at day 1 after hindlimb ischemia in
LDLR
−/−
mice. At day 1 after hindlimb ischemia, however, numbers of activated
CD
4
+
T lymphocytes were decreased in the draining lymph nodes of
LDLR
−/−
mice compared with
CCR
7
−/−
/
LDLR
−/−
mice.

Conclusions

These data show that
CCR
7‐
CCL
19/
CCL
21 axis facilitates retention
CD
4
+
T lymphocytes at the site of collateral artery remodeling, which is essential for effective arteriogenesis.
Gross Moist Stability Analysis: Assessment of Satellite-Based Products in the GMS Plane
Authors: Inoue Kuniaki , Back Larissa E.
Published: March 2017

New diagnostic applications of the gross moist stability (GMS) are proposed with demonstrations using satellite-based data. The plane of the divergence of column moist static energy (MSE) against the divergence of column dry static energy (DSE), referred to as the GMS plane here, is utilized. In this plane, one can determine whether the convection is in the amplifying phase or in the decaying phase; if a data point lies below (above) a critical line in the GMS plane, the convection is in the amplifying (decaying) phase. The GMS plane behaves as a phase plane in which each convective life cycle can be viewed as an orbiting fluctuation around the critical line, and this property is robust even on the MJO time scale. This phase-plane behavior indicates that values of the GMS can qualitatively predict the subsequent convective evolution. This study demonstrates that GMS analyses possess two different aspects: time-dependent and quasi-time-independent aspects. Transitions of time-dependent GMS can be visualized in the GMS plane as an orbiting fluctuation around the quasi-time-independent GMS line. The time-dependent GMS must be interpreted differently from the quasi-time-independent one, and the latter is the GMS relevant to moisture-mode theories. The authors listed different calculations of the quasi-time-independent GMS: (i) as a regression slope from a scatterplot and (ii) as a climatological quantity, which is the ratio of climatological MSE divergence to climatological DSE divergence. It is revealed that the latter, climatological GMS, is less appropriate as a diagnostic tool. Geographic variations in the quasi-time-independent GMS are plotted.
Quantifying the Effect of Horizontal Propagation of Three-Dimensional Mountain Waves on the Wave Momentum Flux Using Gaussian Beam Approximation
Authors: Xu Xin , Song Jinjie , Wang Yuan , Xue Ming
Published: March 2017

This work examines the influence of horizontal propagation of three-dimensional (3D) mountain waves on the wave momentum flux (WMF) within finite domains (e.g., the grid cell of general circulation models). Under the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation, analytical solutions are derived for hydrostatic nonrotating mountain waves using the Gaussian beam approximation (GBA), which incorporates both the wind vertical curvature effect and the height variation of stratification. The GBA solutions are validated against numerical simulations conducted using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). In the situation of idealized terrain, wind, and stratification, the WMF obtained from the GBA shows a good agreement with the numerical simulation. The effect of wind curvature in enhancing the WMF is captured, although the WKB-based GBA solution tends to overestimate the WMF, especially at small Richardson numbers of order unity. For realistic terrain and/or atmospheric conditions, there are some biases between the WKB GBA and simulated WMFs, arising from, for example, the missing physics of wave reflection. Nonetheless, the decreasing trend of finite-domain WMF with height, because of the horizontal propagation of 3D mountain waves, can be represented fairly well. Using the GBA, a new scheme is proposed to parameterize the orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) in numerical models. Comparison with the traditional OGWD parameterization scheme reveals that the GBA-based scheme tends to produce OGWD at higher altitudes, as the horizontal propagation of mountain waves can reduce the wave amplitude and thus inhibit wave breaking.
An Integrated Approach for Assessing Tropical Cyclone Track and Intensity Forecasts
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Xie Lian , Liu Bin , Guan Changlong
Published: March 2017

Track, intensity, and, in some cases, size are usually used as separate evaluation parameters to assess numerical model performance on tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts. Such an individual-parameter evaluation approach often encounters contradictory skill assessments for different parameters, for instance, small track error with large intensity error and vice versa. In this study, an intensity-weighted hurricane track density function (IW-HTDF) is designed as a new approach to the integrated evaluation of TC track, intensity, and size forecasts. The sensitivity of the TC track density to TC wind radius was investigated by calculating the IW-HTDF with density functions defined by 1) asymmetric, 2) symmetric, and 3) constant wind radii. Using the best-track data as the benchmark, IW-HTDF provides a specific score value for a TC forecast validated for a specific date and time or duration. This new TC forecast evaluation approach provides a relatively concise, integrated skill score compared with multiple skill scores when track, intensity and size are evaluated separately. It should be noted that actual observations of TC size data are very limited and so are the estimations of TC size forecasts. Therefore, including TC size as a forecast evaluation parameter is exploratory at the present. The proposed integrated evaluation method for TC track, intensity, and size forecasts can be used for evaluating the track forecast alone or in combination with intensity and size parameters. As observations and forecasts of TC size become routine in the future, including TC size as a forecast skill assessment parameter will become more imperative.
Effects of the diagnostic label ‘schizophrenia’, actively used or passively accepted, on general practitioners’ views of this disorder
Authors: Magliano Lorenza , Strino Antonella , Punzo Rosanna , Acone Roberta , Affuso Gaetana , Read John
Published: March 2017

Background:

General practitioners (GPs) play a key role in the care of somatic and psychiatric problems in people diagnosed with schizophrenia (PWS). It is probable that, like other health professionals, GPs are not all free of prejudices toward PWS. In clinical practice, GPs sometimes interact with clients diagnosed with schizophrenia by specialists, passively accepting this diagnosis. Other times, GPs interact with clients having symptoms of schizophrenia but who have not been diagnosed. In this case, GPs are expected to actively make a diagnosis. Giving the key role of GPs in the process of care, it is worthwhile examining whether passive acceptance and active usage of the diagnosis schizophrenia have differential effects on GPs’ attitudes toward people with this disorder.

Aims:

To investigate GPs’ views of schizophrenia and whether they were influenced by a ‘schizophrenia’ label, passively accepted or actively used.

Methods:

A total of 430 randomly selected GPs were invited to complete a questionnaire about their views of schizophrenia, either after reading a description of this disorder and making a diagnosis, or without being provided with a description but passively accepting the label ‘schizophrenia’ given in the questionnaire.

Results:

The GPs who passively accepted the label schizophrenia ( n = 195) and those who actively identified schizophrenia from the description ( n = 127) had similar views. Compared to the GPs who did not identify schizophrenia in the description ( n = 65), those who used the diagnosis, actively or passively: more frequently reported heredity and less frequently psychosocial factors as causes of the disorder; were more skeptical about recovery; were more convinced of the need for long-term pharmacotherapies; believed more strongly that PWS should be discriminated against when in medical hospital; and perceived PWS as more dangerous and as kept at greater social distance.

Conclusion:

The diagnosis ‘schizophrenia’, however used, is associated with pessimistic views. Stigma education should be provided to GPs.
Making public service motivation count for increasing organizational fit: The role of followership behavior and leader support as a causal mechanism
Authors: Jin Myung H. , McDonald Bruce D. , Park Jaehee , Trevor Yu Kang Yang
Published: March 2017

Many studies in public administration have modeled employees’ person–organization fit perceptions as a function of public service motivation, but previous work has not adequately addressed the causal relationship between these concepts. This article represents the first attempt to explain the “black box” that links public service motivation to person–organization fit. Given the various positive benefits associated with person–organization fit in the literature, an understanding of the mechanisms that underpin its relationship with public service motivation has important managerial implications for leaders regarding their interactions with individual employees. Extending the work-based affect model designed by Yu, we explore how PSM increases person–organization fit perceptions through employee followership and leader support as a potential causal chain. The results from a survey of 692 faculty members at a public university are consistent with the predicted three-path mediation model. Among these respondents, higher levels of public service motivation were associated with greater followership behavior, which, in turn, increased positive perceptions of person–organization fit through greater leader support.

Points for practitioners

This study suggests that having high levels of motivation to serve the public (i.e. public service motivation) does not directly influence how one perceives his or her fit with the organization. Instead, high public service motivation was associated with person–organization fit indirectly through its influence on active followership behaviors. Managerial actors are thus encouraged to pursue open communications with their subordinates to maintain high levels of public service motivation.
Encapsulation of dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-modified montmorillonite clay platelets in poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) particles
Authors: Xu Jingshui , Chen Denglong , Chen Qinghua , Zhang Zhong , Hu Xionglong , Bai Xin
Published: March 2017

Montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets were successfully encapsulated in poly(methyl methacrylate- co-ethyl acrylate) [poly(MMA- co-EA)] matrix by an in situ suspension polymerization, and evaluated for their plugging behaviors in single-sand pack tube models. Swelling behaviors of the poly(MMA- co-EA)/MMT nanocomposites in various salinity water were also investigated. Results showed that the poly(MMA- co-EA)/MMT nanocomposites had a spherical morphology and their particle sizes mainly range from 10 to 120 µm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. X-ray diffraction indicated that the existing of MMT layers in the polymer matrix was mainly in exfoliated form; this was consistent with transmission electron microscopy analysis. The thermal stability of poly(MMA- co-EA)/MMT nanocomposites were effectively improved after adding the MMT by thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the selected nanocomposites containing MMT (1.0 wt%) provided an effective plugging in sand pack tubes of high permeability, and plugging rate was up to approximately 85.0%.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Potential Supervised Injection Facility in San Francisco, California, USA
Authors: Irwin Amos , Jozaghi Ehsan , Bluthenthal Ricky N. , Kral Alex H.
Published: March 2017

Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) have been shown to reduce infection, prevent overdose deaths, and increase treatment uptake. The United States is in the midst of an opioid epidemic, yet no sanctioned SIF currently operates in the United States. We estimate the economic costs and benefits of establishing a potential SIF in San Francisco using mathematical models that combine local public health data with previous research on the effects of existing SIFs. We consider potential savings from five outcomes: averted HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, reduced skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), averted overdose deaths, and increased medication-assisted treatment (MAT) uptake. We find that each dollar spent on a SIF would generate US$2.33 in savings, for total annual net savings of US$3.5 million for a single 13-booth SIF. Our analysis suggests that a SIF in San Francisco would not only be a cost-effective intervention but also a significant boost to the public health system.
An Assessment of the Impact of a Multipronged Approach to Reducing Problematic Pain Clinics in Florida
Authors: Gau Jacinta M. , Brooke Erika J.
Published: March 2017

The present research evaluates recent changes to Florida law and policy to reduce problematic pain clinics (pill mills) and criminal diversion of prescription opioids. These changes entailed a multipronged effort linking regulatory and criminal-law approaches. Quantitative data from the Florida Department of Health and qualitative data from in-depth interviews with law-enforcement officers assigned to pill-mill taskforces reveal steep declines in pain clinics and pill mills. Respondents credit some regulatory enhancements for the reduction, although they describe some interagency cooperation problems and emphasize that despite success, many troublesome establishments continue to operate. The results suggest that Florida’s effort to reduce opioid diversion by tightening regulatory restrictions and law-enforcement scrutiny illustrates a multiagency approach to a problem spanning public health and criminal justice. This could be an example for other states seeking to combat problems that cannot be effectively addressed using regulatory or criminal law alone.
How Do Illicit Drugs Move Across Countries? A Network Analysis of the Heroin Supply to Europe
Authors: Giommoni Luca , Aziani Alberto , Berlusconi Giulia
Published: March 2017

Illicit drugs are trafficked across manifold borders before ultimately reaching consumers. Consequently, interdiction of cross-border drug trafficking forms a critical component of the European Union’s initiative to reduce drug supplies. However, there is contradictory evidence about its effectiveness, which is due, in part, to a paucity of information about how drugs flow across borders. This study uses a network approach to analyze international drug trafficking both to and within Europe, drawing on several perspectives to delineate the factors that affect how drug shipments move across borders. The analysis explicates how drug trafficking is concentrated along specific routes; moreover, we demonstrate that its structure is not random but, rather, driven by specific factors. In particular, corruption and social and geographical proximity are key factors explaining the configuration of heroin supply to European countries. This study also provides essential insights into the disruption of traffickers’ illicit activities.
Spectral Coefficient Analyses of Word-Initial Stop Consonant Productions Suggest Similar Anticipatory Coarticulation for Stuttering and Nonstuttering Adults
Authors: Maruthy Santosh , Feng Yongqiang , Max Ludo
Published: March 2017

A longstanding hypothesis about the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying stuttering suggests that stuttered speech dysfluencies result from a lack of coarticulation. Formant-based measures of either the stuttered or fluent speech of children and adults who stutter have generally failed to obtain compelling evidence in support of the hypothesis that these individuals differ in the timing or degree of coarticulation. Here, we used a sensitive acoustic technique–spectral coefficient analyses–that allowed us to compare stuttering and nonstuttering speakers with regard to vowel-dependent anticipatory influences as early as the onset burst of a preceding voiceless stop consonant. Eight adults who stutter and eight matched adults who do not stutter produced C1VC2 words, and the first four spectral coefficients were calculated for one analysis window centered on the burst of C1 and two subsequent windows covering the beginning of the aspiration phase. Findings confirmed that the combined use of four spectral coefficients is an effective method for detecting the anticipatory influence of a vowel on the initial burst of a preceding voiceless stop consonant. However, the observed patterns of anticipatory coarticulation showed no statistically significant differences, or trends toward such differences, between the stuttering and nonstuttering groups. Combining the present results for fluent speech in one given phonetic context with prior findings from both stuttered and fluent speech in a variety of other contexts, we conclude that there is currently no support for the hypothesis that the fluent speech of individuals who stutter is characterized by limited coarticulation.
Simulation of air flow–yarn interaction inside the main nozzle of an air jet loom
Authors: Osman Akil , Malengier Benny , De Meulemeester Simon , Peeters Jozef , Vierendeels Jan , Degroote Joris
Published: March 2017

The main nozzle of an air jet loom plays an essential role in the weft insertion process. This role involves sucking the weft yarn from the prewinder and launching it into the reed. Simulating the dynamic behavior of the weft yarn inside the main nozzle involves fluid–structure interaction (FSI). In this work, one-way and two-way FSI simulations of air flow–yarn interaction inside a main nozzle have been performed. A three-dimensional model of the flexible weft yarn, consisting of a chain of line segments, and a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the supersonic flow have been developed and coupled to perform these simulations. The results of the simulations are compared quantitatively and qualitatively with experimental results. Good agreement has been found between the results of the two-way FSI simulations and the experiment. The coupled fluid and structure models provide an effective numerical tool to optimize the geometry of the main nozzle based on the calculated motion and speed of the weft yarn.
Bias in Hiring Applicants With Mental Illness and Criminal Justice Involvement: A Follow-Up Study With Employers
Authors: Batastini Ashley B. , Bolaños Angelea D. , Morgan Robert D. , Mitchell Sean M.
Published: March 2017

Negative employer perceptions of job candidates with psychiatric and criminal backgrounds is one factor contributing to high unemployment rates among these groups. The current study replicated and extended Batastini et al., which evaluated stigmatizing beliefs toward hypothetical job applicants who had a known psychiatric and/or criminal history or neither (i.e., healthy control), as well as the effectiveness of a brief training component to mitigate biased attitudes. However, the current study addressed two major limitations of the original study by (a) including participants ( N = 259) who reported current, past, or expected hiring experience and (b) including employer benefits in the training component. Results were generally consistent with prior research suggesting that people with psychiatric and criminal histories experience greater stigma from employers; however, the brief educational training component demonstrated minimal impact on reducing negative attitudes regardless of the applicant’s identified psychiatric or criminal background.
Emotion Regulation as a Predictor of Juvenile Arrest
Authors: Kemp Kathleen , Thamotharan Sneha , Poindexter Brittney , Barker David , Tolou-Shams Marina , Houck Christopher D.
Published: March 2017

The current study examines emotion regulation as a novel dynamic factor of juvenile arrest as it compares with known static and dynamic risk factors. Participants included seventh graders at five urban public schools ( N = 420, Mage = 13, 53% male). The predictive relationship between adolescent self-, parent-, and teacher-report of baseline adolescent emotional competence and arrest at 30-month follow-up was assessed. Stepwise logistic regression analyses revealed that teacher report of emotion regulation strategies, minority status, and lifetime marijuana use were significant predictors of arrest. Findings indicate teacher report of emotion regulation competence in early adolescence may be an important consideration for prevention program development.
“Only the Most Morbid Among the Rich Will Find It Entertaining”: Interpreting 1930s Urban Homelessness in Museums
Authors: Katz Meighen S.
Published: March 2017

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) recent report on the relationship between culture and urban sustainability proposes that museums contribute to the larger civic project by “representing multicultural societies and giving minorities space within national narratives.”1 If, as the report suggests, cities rely on their cultural institutions such as museums to enable integration through narrative, then it is vital to consider how, and how well, this is actually being achieved. The American urban homeless of the 1930s present a viable case study as to the integration—or lack thereof—of one particular historical minority. Examining the interpretation of this select group allows us to then assess the forces at play in museum-based cultural and civic inclusion to draw some conclusions about the realities of this goal.
“Just the Way Things Are Around Here”: Racial Segregation, Critical Junctures, and Path Dependence in Saint Louis
Authors: Benton Mark
Published: March 2017

Saint Louis is hyper-segregated, meaning that at least 60 percent of the black-white population would have to relocate to end segregation. This article will use a derived critical juncture framework to analyze the history of segregation in Saint Louis. The complicated geography of Saint Louis is explained. Critical juncture theory and path dependence are explained. Using critical juncture theory, three periods in the history of Saint Louis segregation are analyzed: post-American Civil War, the zoning of Saint Louis City and County, and the suburbanization of whites and dislocation and reconcentration of blacks. These historical moments kept the Saint Louis Region on a path of residential segregation and racial animosity. A discussion is offered that takes into account the normalizing effect that dependent paths can have on attitudes, and a frank consideration of the possibility of desegregation is given.
Comparison of Relative Fit Indices for Diagnostic Model Selection
Authors: Sen Sedat , Bradshaw Laine
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to thoroughly examine the performance of three information-based fit indices—Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and sample-size-adjusted BIC (SABIC)—using the log-linear cognitive diagnosis model and a set of well-known item response theory (IRT) models. Two simulation studies were conducted to examine the extent to which relative fit indices can identify the generating model under a variety of data conditions and model misspecifications. Generally, indices performed better when item quality was stronger. When the IRT was the generating model, all three indices correctly selected the IRT model for all replications. When the true model was a diagnostic classification model, for all three fit indices, the multidimensional IRT model was incorrectly selected as frequently as 70% of the replications. The results of this study identify situations for researchers where commonly used—and typically well-performing—fit indices may not be appropriate to compare models for selection.
Predicting Customers Recommendation from Co-creation of Value, Customization and Relational Value
Authors: Kaur Sahi Gurjeet , Sehgal Sanjeewani , Sharma Rita
Published: March 2017

Executive Summary

There are countless illustrations where companies are involving their customers in the creation of products and delivery of services, commonly viewed as co-creation of value (CCV). The present work explores the value co-creation concept in the house construction business that requires maximum customer engagement with the service provider as compared to other subsectors in the real estate.

With this background, the present study examined the comprehensive framework of antecedents and consequences of CCV leading to customers’ recommendation in the housing sector. Moreover, the effect of CCV on customers’ recommendation of a service provider is also studied by analyzing the role played by relational value and customized offerings.

One of the main findings of the study is that the three pre-conditions, namely customer participation, customer expertise, and resource integration, significantly affect CCV. It was also found that when customers are allowed to participate and are provided with more choices, it leads to a higher level of trust. Thus, CCV has a significant impact on trust. Customers usually promote a service provider through positive word-of-mouth and make actual recommendations to others when he is able to ensure satisfactory services. Hence, the direct relationship of customer satisfaction with recommendation turns out to be significant. Another highlight of the study is that value co-creation is a platform where customers should proactively participate and architects must give shape to this proactiveness by acknowledging their ideas and suggestions. Any ignorance in this process may bring in negative effect of relational value on customer recommendation. Moreover, the effect of trust on customer recommendation is completely mediated by relational value.

Thus, the results of the study have some important implications for an architect. Customers ought to be provided with innovative and unique architectural designs such as inspiration taken from different western countries and fusion for bringing variety. Also, an architect should check the feasibility of designs and execution of the plan. An architect can create value from other resource partners involved in the network, that is, by giving reference of the best suppliers for accessories like modular fittings to be used in the kitchen or washroom. Relational value can be created by motivating customers as well as involving customers’ family members in key discussions. Also, being empathetic and understanding about any special need of the customer has a profound impact on the relational value. The customer should be periodically assured about the timely execution of the plans drafted since the completion of a house not only depends on the services of an architect, but also involves a whole network of resource partners, that is, appropriate material, labour, and other suppliers.