bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe Sepsis Mortality in a Community Teaching. Hospital: 1983–1985 and 1989–1990
Authors: Mcgee William T. , Steingrub Jay S. , Teres Daniel , Callas Peter
Published: November 2015

Despite better understanding of the pathophysiology and hemodynamic abnormalities of severe sepsis, mortality remains high. We examined the severity-adjusted outcome and use of pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) in patients with severe sepsis during 1983 to 1985 and 1989 to 1990 in an intensive care unit (ICU) staffed by full-time intensivists. A retrospective chart review was conducted on severe sepsis patients admitted to a multidisciplinary ICU of an 850-bed community teaching hospital. Patients were identified at ICU admission and at 24 and 48 hours after ICU admission. Patients were stratified by severity of illness using the Mortality Probability Model (MPM) and presence or absence of a pulmonary artery catheter within the first 48 hours of ICU admission. In the years 1983 through 1985 and 1989 through 1990, respectively, 245 and 132 patients with severe sepsis were identified. The severity-adjusted outcome and use of PAC was analyzed both within and between these two periods. The severity adjusted mortality from sepsis was unchanged over time (63% in 1983–1985 and 51% in 1989–1990; p = 0.491). Pulmonary artery catheter use increased from 52.2% in 1983 to 1985 to 64.4% in 1989 to 1990 ( p = 0.023). Invasive monitoring with PAC was used in a less severely ill population; during 1983 to 1985, mean severity estimated by MPM was 0.43 compared with an MPM of 0.32 in 1989 to 1990 ( p = 0.003). A significant increase in the therapeutic use of vasoactive drugs (65 vs 81%) to treat severe sepsis was observed over the two periods ( p = 0.0005). Outcome of severe sepsis was unchanged during the two periods. Applying an ICU severity-of-illness adjustment model, early employment of pulmonary artery catheters and increased use of vasopressors did not effect outcome in an intensivist-managed ICU. Insertion of pulmonary artery catheters in patients with less severe illness also did not impact outcome. Use of pulmonary artery catheters to monitor and guide treatment needs further rigorous prospective evaluation to define the specific conditions in severely septic patients for which this intervention is most applicable.
Pharmaceutical Care of Biotechnology: Distribution, Pharmacoeconomics, Product Evaluation, and Specialty Practice Considerations
Authors: Piascik Peggy
Published: November 2015

Providing biotechnology pharmaceutical care poses unique challenges for pharmacists. Biotechnology products often have special requirements for storage, dispensing, and administration which have traditionally limited their distribution to hospitals and clinics. The growing number of biotechnology products and the increasing use of these products in outpatient settings will provide opportunities for pharmacists who are prepared to deal with the special needs of these products. Biotechnology products are often expensive which has led to close scrutiny of their use. A careful analysis of these products, however, should consider both the cost of the products and the benefit to patients. Pharmacoeconomics provides the pharmacist with rigorous methods for determining the value of biologic products by carefully balancing the cost with the patient outcomes achieved. Providing biotechnology pharmaceutical care services requires substantial commitment on the part of pharmacists, but provides an opportunity to fill a need and develop a rewarding practice.
Opioid Drug-Drug Interactions: A Review
Authors: Liston Heidi L. , Markowitz John S.
Published: November 2015

Opioid analgesics are among the most commonly prescribed medications. Frequently, they are combined with other therapeutic agents and pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic interactions may ensue. This review summarizes published case reports and studies of potential opioid drug interactions. A MED-LINE computer literature search (1966-1998) was undertaken to retrieve all pertinent case reports and studies of opioid drug interactions published in the English language. The results of the search indicate that numerous compounds from various therapeutic classes may participate in clinically significant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Pharmacodynamic interactions usually involved additive central nervous system depression. Additionally, propoxyphene and tramadol can potentiate a hyperserotonergic state when coadministered with the SSRIs and MAOIs. Pharmacokinetic interactions typically involved inhibition or induction by specific hepatic cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes. Agents with enzyme inhibiting ability such as erythromycin, cimetidine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to potentiate the effects of certain opioid analgesics while codeine, which requires metabolic conversion via CYP 2D6 for pharmacological effectiveness, has reduced analgesic efficacy in the presence of inhibitors. The enzyme inducers rifampin and several anticonvulsants have been involved in the emergence of methadone withdrawal when added to existing methadone treatment. Additionally, enzyme inducers can increase the formation of the toxic metabolite of meperidine. Genetic polymorphism also potentially impacts the effectiveness of agents such as codeine since reduced active metabolite formation and analgesic efficacy has been demonstrated in individuals who lack CYP 2D6 activity.
Etiology, Detection, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sullivan Beverly A. , Henderson Scott T. , Davis Julie M. , Steffenson Martin B.
Published: November 2015

Healthy outcomes for both mother and child are expected and fortunately seen in most pregnancies. In some cases, serious or potentially serious problems arise during the pregnancy that mandate a need for both close monitoring and treatment interventions by health care providers. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is such a condition that may evolve during pregnancy. Women who experienced gestational diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes as are their offspring. As defined, GDM is a type of diabetes restricted to pregnant women in whom the recognition of glucose intolerance first occurs during pregnancy.1 Physicians and pharmacists who are trained in the management of diabetes can help guide the patient with GDM through the pregnancy and after delivery, monitor her and the infant. This article reviews the current concepts pertaining to the basic pathophysiology, detection, diagnosis, and management of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Ceramic Applications and Related Technology
Authors: Kojima T , Kato N , Ishida N , Taniguchi M
Published: November 2015

Ceramic applications for engine and related technologies are described in this paper. Silicon nitride leads the so-called new ceramics in their automobile applications. Its properties including excellent high-temperature strength, wear resistance and light weight have attracted much attention recently from engine designers.

Several components such as turbocharger rotor, rocker-arm tips and ball bearings have been commercially produced by using gas pressure sintered silicon nitride (GPSSN), a material of high strength and high reliability. Furthermore, other applications have been developed using related technology such as a new brazing technique.
GLOBALISATION-RESTRUCTURING AND INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Gupta S.P.
Published: November 2015

The paper discusses the challenges of transfonnation in India. The first restructuring required in India is building a world scale domestic market by opening its economy to new products and services. The second task is to build world class competitors by enabling the economy to upgrade itself. For this India should be able to develop, overtime, MNCs of Indian origin. India has to transform itself from a controlled planned economy to a market economy. The country must also allow mergers and acquisitions since none of the Indian firms have world scale operations. For competitiveness, there is an imperative need for improving total factor productivity in India.
Global Sourcing and Global Manufacturing Competitiveness
Authors: Sachdeva S.K.
Published: November 2015

We are at the beginning of a major change in global economy. The decade will see increasing polarisation of super regional trade agreements. With increasing world trade great opportunities are developing thrust on global manufacturing competitiveness and formation of international, multinational and transnational firms percolating various aspects of glolml sourcing for achieving internationalisation in their operations with utilisation of local resources and creating source partnering throughout the world.
Creating Creativity
Authors: Srivastava DR Manjari
Published: November 2015

The need for creativity has been, recognised by both academicians/theorists and practicing managers alike. Many different views and theories have been presented by various people. The author argues that though it is difficult to give a holistic view of creativity. To be creative, it is suggested that one require originality of ideas, expertise and motivation (inner drive or passion). These three are the important ingredients of creativity.

The author further suggests that besides originality, expertise and motivation, the ‘work environment’ of the organization plays a significant role in making its people creative. It is proposed that both individuals' creative ability and conducive work environment promotes a eating creativity.
Issues on e-learning developments in India
Authors: Ghosh Atanu
Published: November 2015

In the light of growth potential for e-learning, due to advent of Internet Technology in particular and Information Communication Technology in general; the developing countries like India should be able to exploit it to the full extent. This paper examines the need for India to embrace e-learning as a tool for education of large illiterate population and skill development of corporate sector through continuous training. The present scenario is reviewed and an account of negative and positive experiences is taken into consideration. The future potential is assessed and likely challenges of e-learning are addressed. Some of the competitive advantages for the country are highlighted.
An Integrated Approach for Effective Supply Chain Management A Case Study of Amul
Authors: Subrahmanyam N.
Published: November 2015

This paper outlines the importance and benefits and an organization can achieve through supply chain integration. These benefits an primarily in the area of achieving superior customer service levels and operating at lower working capital level, two of the most important drivers of business profitability. In the current dynamic environment, the market has realized that companies would survive based on their ability to keep up with continuous and unexpected changes. As a result, companies with in past looked at their down stream and upstream in isolation have realized that to increase market share. They need to manage both upstream and down stream at a time and develop a synergy between them.
Ethical Dilema for Union Management Co-operation on Change in Technology in the Context of Globalisation in Indian Industry.
Authors: Ray S.N.
Published: November 2015

Background situation that led to development of the article time has come to appreciate ethics not only as a moral but as a strategic concept. The business co-operation that will lead the way in the years to come will be the ethical co-operation. It is an activity based concept. Very few examples are there where managers, when confronted with an ethical dilemma, stood up for their convictions. It may be because of employment conditions and absence of social security system. So one has to compromise with oneself for survival. This article seeks to identify co-operation as well as innovative behaviour in human resource management that are still in the “infant tree” stage but are to grow inevitably into a big forest because of their potentiality to tap “the changing spirit of the times” to adopt innovative / upgraded technology in the context of globalization in Indian industry.
An Exploration Of The Punctuated Equilbrium Paradigm: The Case Of Indian Low Cost Airlines
Authors: Goel Preeti , Shukla A.K.
Published: November 2015

Over any resonable length of time, in any industry competition can be viewed as a process driven by innovation. By lowering the entry barriers, innovation allows new enterprises to compete with relatively established organizations. Thus the number of competitors in any industry keeps rising and falling as a function of innovation.

This phenomenon, which finds its roots in evolutionary biological sciences, can be explained by ‘model of punctuated equilibrium’. In the past explosive growths of many companies, at the expense of established players, endorse the dynamic nature of change process proposed by this model. The Indian domestic civil aviation industry is undergoing a similar change process. Thanks to an innovative strategy: Low Cost Flying. In this paper we have analyzed the defreezing of competitive structure of Indian domestic civil aviation industry to highlight how innovation affects the degree and nature of competition in an industry
The Effect of Information and Communication Technology on the Efficiency of Banking Industry in India
Authors: Adarsh  , Goyal D.P.
Published: November 2015

The explosive growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is swiftly changing the banking industry and stem competition between the increasing numbers of banks has resulted in huge investment on ICT. This paper discusses the effect of ICT on Banking Industry (services) in India. Two questionnaires were used to collect data from diverse customers and bank employees separately, at major banks in India. The customers and the bank employees accept as true that ICT has an effect on banking industry. The results of the study undoubtedly show the massive impact of ICT on the performance of the banking industry in India.
Are there Monthly and Turn-of-the-Month Effects in Indian Stock Market?: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Mangala Deepa , Sharma S.K.
Published: November 2015

The seasonal components of stock market returns have been extensively documented, yet the major part remains unexplained. The monthly effect has been reported in several international stock markets. The objective of this paper is to examine the existence of monthly effect and turn-of-the-month effect in Indian stock market by using S&P CNX Nifty index over the period from January 1994 to April 2005. The results reveal significantly high mean daily returns for days immediately before and during the first half of the month, especially, during the first few trading days of the month and indistinguishable from zero or even negative mean returns for the second half and the rest of the month. Turn-of-the-month is marked by abnormally high returns. This gives a strong evidence of existence of monthly effect and turn-of-the-month effect in Indian stock market.
Why Hospitals also Need Benchmarking Marketing Capabilities?
Authors: Sharma Anand , Dadwal Sumesh Singh , Mahal Sandeep Singh
Published: November 2015

The reduction in protectionist barriers in India has made the Indian business environment more competitive. In order to obtain competitive advantage health service providers (hospitals) should inculcate a market-based learning approach where they can identify and monitor value sources of competitive advantage, such as marketing capabilities, which can provide fact-based evidence to help managers recognize the need for capability improvements. Such a scenario demands an empirical study in India with regard to hospitals marketing. Keeping the factors in mind researchers conducted the study to know whether the hospitals in Chandigarh and surrounding areas formulate the strategies with respect to various marketing variables, viz., Product Development, Pricing, Customer Management, Marketing communication Staff, Marketing Information Management, Marketing Planning, Marketing Implementation, and Marketing Outcomes (Market-effectiveness and Current Profitability). In order to answer the question 'Do hospitals need benchmarking marketing strategies?’ the researchers have also tried to find out the impact of these marketing variables on Marketing Effectiveness and Current Profitability. From the analysis, the researchers have come to the conclusion that there is a preference for type of patients segments by the hospitals. The strategies followed by hospitals are strongly and positively related to the market-effectiveness and current profitability.
Forecasting Production of Natural Rubber in India
Authors: Chawla Deepak , Jha Vidhu Shekhar
Published: November 2015

In this paper an attempt is made to forecast the production of natural rubber in India by using monthly data for the period from January 1991 to December 2005. The forecasts are obtained up to December 2008 using Linear Trend Equation, Semi-log Trend Equation, Holt’s Method, Winter’s Method and ARIMA Model. The accuracy of forecast obtained through various methods is compared with the monthly actual production data of natural rubber for the period from January 2006 to March 2007, the last month for which actual production data were available. This period is also used as a hold-out sample. It is found that Winter’s method gives the best result followed by Holt’s method and Semi-log trend equation. The MAPE of Winter’s, Holt’s method, and Semi-log trend equation are 8.01 per cent, 8.09 per cent and 8.12 per cent respectively. It is therefore suggested that Winter’s method could be used for forecasting the natural rubber production in India. The forecasting method for production of natural rubber in India, as shown in this paper, can be a very useful tool for the Indian rubber industry professionals and policy makers in India.
Creating and Measuring Shareholder Value: A Study of CadiIa Healthcare Limited
Authors: Shukla Hitesh J.
Published: November 2015

Measurement of shareholder value creation has been the issue of discussion all around the world. This study aims at presenting an extensive picture of how shareholder value is created as a background to measuring business performance. To help one understand the concept better, the researcher uses the example of Cadila Healthcare Limited, and analyses its shareholder value creation and business performance for a period of five years from 2002-3 to 2006-7. The relationship between increase of equity market value and shareholder value added is also observed in this study. To know whether the firm could maintain its efficiency and effectiveness in future, satisfy the interest of shareholders, and utilize its resources in proper way or not, performance of business is measured through economic value added and some other financial indicators.
Determinants of Shopper Behaviour in E-tailing: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Prasad Ch. J. S. , Aryasri A.R.
Published: November 2015

Consumers’ decision-making process has been changed with the introduction of the Internet as on alternative channel for shopping. E-tailing is an emergent area of nascent organized retailing in India. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of shopper behaviour such as convenience, customer service, trust, web store environment, and web shopping enjoyment and to examine the influence of these factors towards willingness to buy and patronage of online retail stores. The study is purely based on primary data collected from a sample of 135 respondents by using simple random sampling technique from five leading software companies in Hyderabad. Necessary secondary data were used to reinforce the model. A structured non-disguised questionnaire was administered and responses were measured on the seven-point Likert scale. Statistical tools like mean, standard deviation, multiple correlations, multiple regressions, student t-test, and ANOVA were used to find out the strength of relationship and degree of association among the variables entered into the model. The results reveal that convenience, web store environment, online shopping enjoyment, and customer service have significant impact on the willingness to buy from online retail stores rather than perceived trust. Except trust and customer service, all other variables are significant with patronage of online retail stores. As not much work in India has been done in this context, the paper seeks to provide fruitful insights into the factors determining the prospects of e-tailing that can benefit academicians as well as marketers.
Spread Analysis Of Indian Banks For The Period 2006-11
Authors: Rao Dr. P. Hanumantha
Published: November 2015

The strong banking sector has always been one of the positives of Indian economy. During past few years banking industry in India has remained buoyed. The profitability of banks depends to a large extent on their spread margin i.e. on the difference between cost of returns and cost of funds. The cost of funds is a function of cost of deposits and cost of borrowing whereas return on funds is a function of return on advances and return on investment. The article attempts to analyze the various elements of spread margin of banks under five difference categories, viz, nationalized banks, SBI group, new private banks, old private banks and foreign banks operating India in last five years time from 2006-11.
Directors' Remuneration: Various Issues Relating To Firm Performance
Authors: Ghosh Ayan , Aggarwal Rashmi
Published: November 2015

The research paper dwells on the impact of directors' remuneration and performance of the firm and attempts to throw some new light in the existing research work. The paper uses a pooled regression analysis to check the significance and the type of relationship between the directors' remuneration and the performance of the firm. The study was done in the Indian perspective with financial data of twenty-five companies for seven years with varied profiles. Further areas of future research were also identified.
Book Review: Economic Restructuring, Technology Transfer and Human Resource Development
Authors: Baxi Chetan
Published: November 2015

Economic Restructuring, Technology Transfer and Human Resource Development, B.R. Virmani, Kala Rao, Response Books, A Division of Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., (1996) pp. 288, Price Rs. 395
Book Review: Coping with Technological Change
Authors: Baxi C.V.
Published: November 2015

Coping with Technological Change, Manik Kher, Response Books, A Division of Sage Publications, (1997), pp 200, Price Rs. 295 (Cloth) & Rs. 175 (Paper)
Book Review: Corporate Growth Through Mergers and Acquisitions (1998)
Authors: Baxi C.V.
Published: November 2015

Corporate Growth Through Mergers and Acquisitions (1998), S. Shiva Ramu, Response Books, pp. 299, Hardback
Performance of Iran's Oil Sector: Oil Revenues and Developmental Challenges, 1970–2003
Authors: Hassani Mohammad
Published: November 2015

This article addresses the evolution of Iran's oil revenues during the last three decades. Iran's oil revenues increased substantially due to 1974 oil shocks. So much so, the oil revenues became the main source of government export revenues for the investigated decades. However, there are a number of factors which have affected Iran's oil revenues such as world supply and demand, oil price fluctuations, country's production capacities, Iran-Iraq war, U.S-led sanctions and domestic consumption. The mentioned factors contributed to the performance of Iran's oil sector in GDP in post-revolution era.
The Musical Work as Discourse and Text
Authors: Deliège Célestin
Published: November 2015

For a musician, to talk of music as discourse and as text is essentially to talk of his art in terms of process and writing. Might there not, however, be a certain uneasiness in the employment of this notion of language? This question, whilst often mooted, has never received an unanimous response. For the musician, the text is above all a given, which he knows intimately and into which he pours his thoughts; it is the reference point for his craft. He conceives of it as the field in which his art operates and through which it is mediated. Historically, it is the text that reflects the slow tension of invention aimed at attaining coherence, the source of which has been the generation of an invariant. This manifests itself in the form of a thematic nucleus or Crundgestalt, the term used by Schoenberg to refer to the totality of the form's potential. The story of this invariant and its deployment in spawning variation is present throughout the history of polyphony. Having reached its zenith, however, the curve of thematic function plummeted in an instant. As a result, the relation of text to discourse, of writing to process, was hurled into profound disarray.
The Compositionality of Tonal Structures: A Generative Approach to the Notion of Musical Meaning
Authors: Horton Tim
Published: November 2015

This paper uses the concept of meaning as a basis for examining an important aspect of our understanding of pitch structure in tonal music: compositionality. It is argued that a fundamental requirement of a semantic theory is that the conception of meaning involved must be rich enough to incorporate complex meaning structures. This leads to a general discussion of the phenomenon of compositionality and an investigation of its relevance to tonal structure. Compositionality is a feature of the structure of objects whereby the content of a complex object is a function of the content of its constituent parts and the syntactic principles by which they are combined. It is claimed that tonal music exhibits compositionality with respect to the tonal functions of pitch events and various evidence is presented in support of this claim. Some aspects of tonal structure that are important for establishing compositionality – the context-independence of constituent parts, the relevance of syntactic structure and the rule-governed nature of syntactic combination – are described and illustrated in detail. Following this, some behavioural evidence is examined, specifically, the productivity and systematicity of our cognition of tonal structures. This enables brief comparisons to be made with the cognition of complex objects in other domains. Finally, it is proposed that compositionality has far-reaching consequences for the type of theory required to describe pitch structure in tonal music, an observation that entails a critique of the foundations of current tonal theory.
The Role of the Body in the Production and Perception of Solo Vocal Performance: A Case Study of Annie Lennox
Authors: Davidson Jane W.
Published: November 2015

The work described in this paper interprets the body movements of singers in an attempt to understand the relationships between physical control and the musical material being performed, and the performer's implicit and explicit expressive intentions. The work builds upon a previous literature which has suggested that the relationship between physical execution and the expression of mental states is a subtle and complex one. For instance, performers appear to develop a vocabulary of expressive gestures, yet these gestures – though perceptually discreet – co-exist and are even integrated to become part of the functional movement of playing. Additionally, there is the matter of how both musical and extra-musical concerns are coordinated between performer, co-performers and audience using body movements. A case study shows how, in the interaction between body style, musical expression and communication movements of both an individual and culturally-determined style are used. Many of these performance movements have clear functions and meanings: to communicate expressive intention (for instance, a sudden surge forwards to facilitate the execution of a loud musical passage, or a high curving hand gesture to link sections of the music during a pause); to communicate to the audience or co-performers a need for co-ordination or participation (for example, nodding the head to indicate “now” for the audience to join in a chorus of a song; or exchanging glances for the co-performer to take over a solo); to signal extra-musical concerns (for example, gesturing to the audience to remain quiet); and to present information about the performer's personality, with their individualized characteristics providing important cues (muted contained gestures, or large extravagant gestures, for example); to show off to the audience. From these results a theory is developed to explain how gestural elements help to make a performance meaningful.
La psychologie cognitive face à la musique contemporaine: Une contribution essentielle de Irène Deliège
Authors: Imberty Michel
Published: November 2015

Irène Deliège, through her approach to Boulez and Berio, was the first person to tackle the problem of the perceptual organisation of contemporary music. In 1987, she published, with A. El Ahmadi, an experimental study of the real time perception of Sequenza VI for alto solo, which she resumed in the 1989 article “Approche perceptive de formes musicales contemporaines” (“A perceptual approach to contemporary musical forms”), and which she completed in similar work on Éclat by Boulez. These articles were groundbreaking and are fundamental to a large proportion of musical cognitive psychology today, pushing it beyond studying uniquely tonal music and the theoretical limitations that this brings with it. In addition, she uses a method that I myself introduced in 1981 (albeit on tonal pieces, an Intermezzo by Brahms and a Prelude for piano by Debussy, La Puerta del Vino), that I also resumed in 1987 in relation to Sequenza III. She was to extend this work through other experiments based on the same issue in relation to the First Sonata for solo violin by Bach (1996, 2007, Deliège & Mélen 1994) and the solo for cor anglais which follows the Prélude to the 3rd act of Tristan et Isolde by Wagner (1998, 2007).

I would therefore like to attempt here a comparison of our results in relation to the two Sequenze and demonstrate the great value of the model developed by Irène.

I thereby pay hommage to her pioneering work.
Preparation of a Public Piano Performance: The Relation between Practice and Performance
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Ericsson K. Anders
Published: November 2015

This study investigated an expert pianist's nine-month preparation for a public music performance (recital) through the collection of practice diaries and MIDI recordings of the eight scheduled pieces. Recordings were made under the experimentally varied conditions of solitary performance and public performance. The practice diaries revealed that the expert (an advanced student performer) allocated practice time consistently across the entire preparation period and tended to use mornings to practice the pieces perceived as being more difficult. Total preparation time for each of the pieces could be predicted on the basis of the pianist's subjective ratings of complexity and independent ratings of complexity given by other experts. An analysis of the performance data showed that, near the time of the recital, variability in performance tempo was large between pieces but very small for multiple renditions of the same piece, even under the different experimental conditions. Thus, to attain a highly reproducible public performance, the expert allocated practice time in response to task demands and engaged in specific preparations that would safeguard the performance against unexpected problems.
Les principes du même et du différent comme organisateurs du groupement rythmique chez le nourrisson. Arguments theoriques
Authors: Mélen Marc
Published: November 2015

Le présent article propose une réflexion concernant l'étude du groupement rythmique chez le nourrisson et suggère de s'inspirer d'une théorie de la perception musicale. Cette démarche, ébauchée par Mélen (1993), est, ici, précisée et approfondie à la lumière des travaux de Mélen (1997). Après avoir redéfini les liens unissant le groupement auditif et la perception du rythme, les travaux relatifs au groupement rythmique chez le nourrisson sont résumés, en particulier ceux relatifs au groupement en fonction de la similarité des propriétés acoustiques des sons constituant les séquences. L'analyse des limitations caractérisant ces travaux conduit l'auteur à proposer une approche fondée sur une théorie de la perception musicale. Deux modèles généraux de la perception musicale, la théorie générative de la musique tonale (Lerdahl & Jackendoff, 1983) et le modèle même-différent (Deliège, 1987a, 1989, 1991), sont alors brièvement présentés. Les raisons conduisant à privilégier le modèle même-différent sont enfin exposés: indépendance du modèle par rapport à l'idiome musical; architecture basée sur des mécanismes cognitifs généraux, habituellement partagés par les adultes et les nourrissons; donnees empiriques, émanant des recherches consacrées aux nourrissons, susceptibles d'être référées aux principes du même et du different, en perception visuelle et en perception auditive.
Identity and The Terrorist Threat
Authors: Arena Michael P. , Arrigo Bruce A.
Published: November 2015

Many analysts would agree that terrorism is an ever-changing phenomenon. However, like all forms of human behavior, there are certain sociological and psychological elements of terrorism that remain constant. One such element is that of identity, which can serve to both inform and influence terrorist behavior through individuals' perceptions of themselves and their environment. This article relies on symbolic interactionism and five of its organizing concepts—symbols and objects, acts and social acts, meaning, role-taking and role-making, and the emergence of the self—to create an interpretative model for understanding terrorist behavior through identity theory. The conceptual framework is then used to examine the creation and maintenance of identities within three terrorist groups: the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Hamas, and the Tupamaros. Although these groups do not account for all of the terrorist attacks in the world, they do represent three diverse forms of terrorism (i.e., national, religious, and revolutionary) from three distinct regions of the globe (the West, the Middle East, and Latin America). Therefore, understanding their behavior through the identity prism can help to shed light on other terrorist groups—those that currently exist and those that have yet to emerge. Implications are proposed for the areas of law enforcement, public policy, research, and the model's general utility in assessing other forms of human behavior.
Biomechanical Properties of Commonly Used Autogenous Transplants in the Surgical Treatment of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Bohnsack Michael , Sürie Bert , Kirsch Ludger , Wülker Nikolaus
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of commonly used autogenous transplants for the surgical stabilization of chronic lateral ankle instability. We dissected the transplants (peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, Achilles and plantaris tendon, periosteal flap, fascia, corium) and the anterior talofibular ligament from 13 fresh anatomic specimens. After laser-assisted measurement of the transplant diameter, we assessed their biomechanical properties with a universal testing device. Biomechanical stability of the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and Achilles tendons was significantly higher than the other transplants. The stability parameters of the periosteal flap were in the range of the anterior talofibular ligament but inferior to the tendons. The application of a transplant with low biomechanical stability, such as the periostal flap, requires more postoperative immobilization as in a strong orthosis or cast.
Partial Calcanectomy: An Alternative to Below Knee Amputation
Authors: Bollinger Michael , Thordarson David B.
Published: November 2015

Twenty-two patients with non-healing wounds over the heel, with or without underlying osteomyelitis, had been unresponsive to conservative therapy. They were treated with a partial calcanectomy as an alternative to below knee amputation. Nine patients had a primary diagnosis of diabetes. Thirteen patients had osteomyelitis from various other causes. All patients had a minimum 12 months follow-up except three who were deceased. Average follow-up was 27 months (range, two to 80 months). All patients healed their wounds with no patient requiring subsequent below knee amputation. Twelve patients had delayed wound healing including all nine with diabetes. Eleven additional procedures were performed on the heels of nine patients. Of the 18 patients available for follow-up at this time (four patients had died), all were satisfied with their surgery. Twelve were using orthoses while six used athletic shoes. Pain with activity was described as none in six, mild in 10, moderate in one, and severe in one patient with RSD. Ability to walk improved in seven, did not change in 10, and decreased in one (due to unrelated problems with his diabetes). Only one patient would have chosen a below knee amputation in hindsight due to pain in his lower leg and ankle. Partial calcanectomy is a viable alternative to below knee amputation with a high satisfaction level for patients with large heel ulcers with or without osteomyelitis.
The Lapidus Procedure: A Prospective Cohort Outcome Study
Authors: Coetzee J. Chris , Wickum Daren
Published: November 2015

Background: Multiple reports are found in the literature about the surgical treatment of hallux valgus deformities. Few, however, are prospective outcome studies. The purpose of this study was to prospectively look at the functional outcome of patients with moderate and severe hallux valgus deformities (intermetatarsal angle of more than 14 degrees and a hallux valgus angle of more than 30 degrees) after the Lapidus procedure. Methods: Indication for surgery and inclusion into the study was failure of nonoperative management for metatarsus primus varus and painful hallux valgus deformities. Data was collected using the AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Scale, Visual Analog Pain Scale, clinical examination, weightbearing radiographs, and a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Data was collected preoperatively, 6 weeks after surgery, 6 months after surgery, and then yearly. One hundred and five feet in 91 patients were followed for an average of 3.7 years (range, 18 months to 6.2 years). Sixty-two patients were female and 29 were male. The average age at surgery was 41 years (range, 20 years to 71 years). Results: The AOFAS Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Scale scores increased from 52 preoperatively to 87 points at most recent follow-up ( p <.001). The average intermetatarsal angle preoperatively was 18 degrees and 8.2 degrees at most recent follow-up. Between the 1-year and 3.7-year follow-up visits, only .3-degree increase of the intermetatarsal angle was noted. The average hallux valgus angle preoperatively was 37 degrees and 16 degrees at most recent follow-up. Less than 1-degree increase in the hallux valgus angle was noted between the 1-year to 3.7-year follow-up visits. Complications included tarsometatarsal nonunion in seven patients. Five patients lost correction and all seven patients had a revision procedure done for pain. Removal of hardware was necessary in eight patients, minor wound problems occurred in two patients, superficial neuroma in two patients, and transfer metatarsalgia in four. Conclusions: The Lapidus procedure obviously is not the answer to all bunion deformities, but with proper technique and attention to detail it is an excellent alternative treatment for moderate to severe metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus deformities.
Human Factors and the Future of Work
Authors: Muckler Frederick A.
Published: November 2015

In future systems, human factors will be held at least partly accountable for job design, human performance, and the quality of work life. Inevitably, the specific future of technology, systems, and work is uncertain, but expectations of both maximum worker productivity and job satisfaction are societal requirements that surely will be demanded. It is doubtful that these goals will ever be fully met, but the degree to which they are achieved will be directly dependent upon the contributions of human factors.
The Application of Computer Aided Evaluative Techniques to System Test and Evaluation
Authors: Helm Wade R.
Published: November 2015

Determining the operational suitability of a complex system requires a substantial testing program and, consequently, yields large amounts of data. The different pieces of information, however, have different relative importances in terms of implications for required decisions. In addition, this data must be organized in a manner that accomplishes certain functions. A function of paramount importance is to monitor various aspects of system performance to determine how good the system is with respect to all factors relevant to operational acceptability. These questions about system performance necessary for effective decision making are not answered or summarized by single pieces of the available data. Yet, somehow the data must be organized to facilitate decision making and make meaningful statements about such factors. This paper reports on the feasibility of the application of computer aided evaluative techniques in combining precise pieces of test information into summary measures at differing levels of generality to facilitate decisions about system operability and acceptability.
Signaling from Neural Impulses to Genes
Authors: Fields R. Douglas
Published: November 2015

Nerve impulses regulate expression of genes that control receptors, channels, enzymes, and structural proteins. This activity-dependent feedback allows adaptation to changing requirements and environmental conditions. The signal transduction mechanisms carrying information from the cell membrane to the nucleus are becoming well characterized, but a more dynamic view of intracellular signaling is emerging to explain cellular responses to specific patterns of neural impulses. This review analyzes this interface between electrophysiology and molecular cell biology to examine the signals, substrates, and processes that enable the nervous system to regulate its structure and function as a consequence of its own operation.
CNS Myelin: Does a Stabilizing Role in Neurodevelopment Result in Inhibition of Neuronal Repair after Adult Injury?
Authors: Keirstead H. S. , Steeves John D.
Published: November 2015

The inhibitory properties of mature oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin for neurite outgrowth were clearly documented more than a decade ago in studies involving co-cultures of dissociated glial cells and neurons. Since then, in vitro and in vivo studies have begun to characterize some of the CNS myelin-associated inhibitors of neurite growth. Furthermore, experimental techniques for neutralizing or suppressing these inhibitory effects have been developed. The results of several experiments, involving the suppression of myelination in the developing or adult CNS, suggest that the relatively late appearance of CNS myelin during neural development may serve to stabilize and restrict axonal outgrowth (e.g., collateral sprouting) after appropriate axonal connections have been established. This suggested developmental role of myelin may consolidate and limit the degree of axonal plasticity within the adult CNS; consequently, however, it might also limit axonal regeneration after injury.
Convocations for the Gifted
Authors: Finkel Estelle
Published: November 2015

A convocation can give an added dimension to an existing program for the gifted and talented. For communities or districts without a formal program, a convocation can serve as an excellent vehicle to provide special activities for gifted children, at virtually no cost and without a requirement for a fully funded program.
An Arts Activities Approach: Counseling the Gifted, Creative, and Talented
Authors: Kenny Adele
Published: November 2015

In this series, which began May/June, 1986, Adele Kenny answers a long-felt need for a special activities guide for counseling the gifted, showing us how the arts might be employed as a counseling vehicle in both small group and classroom settings. The complete book, soon to be available through the GCT Catalog, will become an invaluable guide for parents, teachers, and guidance personnel who work with g/c/t students and who need practical strategies for preventive and developmental counseling geared specifically to the needs of the gifted, creative, and talented.
John Adam Hartley: An Add Story
Authors: Hartley Donna T.
Published: November 2015

This is just one story of Attention Deficit Disorder. It's not finished and won't be for awhile. John, who had been so unfortunate in those early years, partly from what we didn't know and partly from what we and the school system were unable to provide, had his life turned around by a type of school and teaching staff that is desperately needed in this country today. The numbers of these children are legion and their talents are wasted by our inability to educate them. The psychologist who first accurately diagnosed John explained it beautifully when he told us, “these kids normally go to jail, but given the right environment they can go anywhere.”
A Consideration of Axiomatic Statements
Authors: Cross Tracy L.
Published: November 2015

In this column, I would like to remind teachers, parents, and counselors of some of the most important influences on the psychological development of gifted students. With an awareness of these influences, adults can more effectively guide and nurture the development of these children in the social and emotional realms.
You Really, Truly, Have to “Be There”: Video Journalism as a Social and Material Construction
Authors: Bock Mary Angela
Published: November 2015

News organizations are turning increasingly to video journalism as survival strategy in the era of convergence. Video journalism, the process by which one person shoots, writes, and edits video stories, represents both a socially and materially constructed form of news and adds a new dimension to daily work practices. This qualitative project examines the daily work practices of video journalists in a variety of organizational settings, including newspapers and television stations. This project found that the material requirements of video journalism have the potential to shift control of some aspects of news narrative away from journalists and toward their sources.
Federal Reimbursement Policy for Water Resources and other Programs
Authors: Lin James C. Lough
Published: November 2015

Differences in reimbursement requirements among federal programs encourage unwise investment decisions by creating incentives for uneconomical design of individual programs, uneconomical use of existing facilities, uneconomical allocation of budgetary resources among program areas, and uneconomical allocation of national resources to the public sector. In addition, these differing federal subsidies have a tendency to increase the disparity among income groups. Comparison of actual and optimal reimbursement rules for water resource programs indicates that federal reimbursement policy has encouraged overinvestment in these programs and the selection of nonoptimal techniques of production. Analysis of the equity impact of federal cost-sharing policies suggests that subsidies for many federal programs have had an unfavorable effect on the distribution of income.
An ‘Internality’ Case for Efficient Transfers
Authors: Kesselman Jona Than
Published: November 2015

Previous efficiency arguments for redistribution have derived from an externality of some form. This paper investigates an ‘internality’ process–endogenous change of tastes by recipients of transfers–adapted from C. C. von Weizsäcker. Benevolent or paternalist preferences of donors do not enter the argument, unlike most previous theories. Taste change operates to alter the recipient's working behavior. His increased earnings make him no longer eligible for transfers. An income tax device or contingent loan repayment can be implemented to repay the original donors. Thus, Pareto superiority of the transfer may be established. Further consideration of information and enforcement costs suggests a case for collective action.