bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the composition of ultrathin, ternary alloy PtRuFe nanowires for the methanol oxidation reaction and formic acid oxidation reaction
Authors: Scofield Megan E. , Koenigsmann Christopher , Wang Lei , Liu Haiqing , Wong Stanislaus S.
Published: November 2014

We have synthesized novel ultrathin ternary PtRuFe nanowires (NW) and probed both their methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) activities as a function of chemical composition.
Investigating correlations in the altered metabolic profiles of obese and diabetic subjects in a South Indian Asian population using an NMR-based metabolomic approach
Authors: Gogna Navdeep , Krishna Murahari , Oommen Anup Mammen , Dorai Kavita
Published: November 2014

It is well known that obesity/high body mass index (BMI) plays a key role in the evolution of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
The effect of N-methylation on transition state mimetic inhibitors of the Plasmodium protease, plasmepsin V
Authors: Gazdik Michelle , O'Neill Matthew T. , Lopaticki Sash , Lowes Kym N. , Smith Brian J. , Cowman Alan F. , Boddey Justin A. , Sleebs Brad E.
Published: November 2014

An N-methylation strategy has been applied to transition state mimetics that are potent inhibitors of plasmepsin V to improve their physical characteristics and their ability to reduce the viability of Plasmodium parasites in culture.
Using Hansen solubility parameters to study the encapsulation of caffeine in MOFs
Authors: Paseta Lorena , Potier Grégory , Abbott Steven , Coronas Joaquín
Published: November 2014

In this work the application of Hansen solubility parameters in the study of caffeine encapsulation in metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has been initiated.
Domino reaction involving the Bestmann–Ohira reagent and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: efficient synthesis of functionalized pyrazoles
Authors: Ahamad Shakir , Gupta Ashis Kumar , Kant Ruchir , Mohanan Kishor
Published: November 2014

A mild, efficient and rapid domino reaction involving the Bestmann–Ohira reagent (BOR) and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has been developed for the synthesis of densely functionalized vinylpyrazoles.
Vertically-expanded imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine via dehydrogenative coupling
Authors: Firmansyah Dikhi , Banasiewicz Marzena , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: November 2014

The intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling mediated by potassium constitutes the general methodology leading to weakly emitting π-expanded heterocycles.
High catalytic activity of a PbS counter electrode prepared via chemical bath deposition for quantum dots-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Chen Yanli , Zhang Xiaolin , Tao Qiang , Fu Wuyou , Yang Haibin , Su Shi , Mu Yannan , Zhou Liying , Li Minghui
Published: November 2014

A PbS counter electrode (CE) has been fabricated by a chemical bath deposition method, and can function as a counter electrode with high catalytic activity for quantum dots-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs).
Bromophenazine derivatives with potent inhibition, dispersion and eradication activities against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
Authors: Garrison Aaron T. , Bai Fang , Abouelhassan Yasmeen , Paciaroni Nicholas G. , Jin Shouguang , Huigens III Robert W.
Published: November 2014

Bacterial biofilms are surface-attached communities of bacteria that are: (1) highly prevalent in human infections, and (2) resistant to conventional antibiotic treatments and host immune responses.
Integrated real-time optofluidic SERS via a liquid-core/liquid-cladding waveguide
Authors: Choi Jeongan , Lee Kang Soo , Jung Jin Ho , Sung Hyung Jin , Kim Sang Soo
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the realization of highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) via an integrated three-dimensional liquid-core/liquid-cladding waveguide.
Tuning emission and Stokes shift of CdS quantum dots via copper and indium co-doping
Authors: Liu Mingming , Yao Wei , Li Cun , Wu Zhenyu , Li Liang
Published: November 2014

Cu and In co-doped CdS QDs are synthesized and exhibit large Stokes shifts and tunable emission from green to near-infrared.
La0.7Sr0.3Fe0.7Ga0.3O3−δ as electrode material for a symmetrical solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Chen Yu , Jin Chao , Xiao Guoliang , Han Minfang , Chen Fanglin
Published: November 2014

La0.7Sr0.3Fe0.7Ga0.3O3−δ (LSFG) was employed as both anode and cathode in La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.83Mg0.17O3–δ-supported symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells, achieving 489 mW cm−2 at 800 °C with good cell performance stability and acceptable sulfur tolerance.
Temperature and concentration dependent fibrillogenesis for improved magnetic alignment of collagen gels
Authors: Shannon G. S. , Novak T. , Mousoulis C. , Voytik-Harbin S. L. , Neu C. P.
Published: November 2014

Collagen fibrils form the structural basis for a broad range of complex biological tissues and materials.
Metallohalide perovskite–polymer composite film for hybrid planar heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Xue Qifan , Hu Zhicheng , Sun Chen , Chen Ziming , Huang Fei , Yip Hin-Lap , Cao Yong
Published: November 2014

A polymer with tailored chemical functionality was used to control the film formation property of the CH3NH3PbI3perovskite semiconductor, leading to enhanced photovoltaic performance in a perovskite/fullerene based planar heterojunction solar cells.
Novel BiIO4/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst with highly improved visible-light-induced photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B degradation and photocurrent generation
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Liu Liyuan , Zhang Yihe , Tian Na
Published: November 2014

Novel BiIO4/BiVO4 heterojunction was successfully constructed for the first time. It exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of RhB and photocurrent generation.
X-ray irradiation-induced reversible wettability modification of titanium NRAs
Authors: Wang Weipeng , Xie Zheng , Li Zhengcao , Zhang Zhengjun
Published: November 2014

The reversible transition between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity in Ti NRAs induced by alternating X-ray irradiation and ethanol immersion was revealed.
Pot-in-pot reactions: a simple and green approach to efficient organic synthesis
Authors: Atkinson M. B. J. , Oyola-Reynoso S. , Luna R. E. , Bwambok D. K. , Thuo M. M.
Published: November 2014

A simple, flux controlled, technique to circumvent the tedium and wastage in organic synthesis is review. Pot-in-pot reactions, like matryoshka dolls, houses one reaction pot inside another.
Functionalization of graphene at the organic/water interface
Authors: Toth Peter S. , Ramasse Quentin M. , Velický Matěj , Dryfe Robert A. W.
Published: November 2014

A simple method for the deposition of noble metal (Pd, Au) nanoparticles on a free-standing chemical vapour deposited graphene monolayer is reported. Metal deposition can proceed using either spontaneous or electrochemically-controlled processes. The resultant nanoclusters are characterized using atomic force and electron microscopy techniques, and mapping mode Raman spectroscopy.
Thermodynamics of the self-assembly of non-ionic chromonic molecules using atomistic simulations. The case of TP6EO2M in aqueous solution
Authors: Akinshina Anna , Walker Martin , Wilson Mark R. , Tiddy Gordon J. T. , Masters Andrew J. , Carbone Paola
Published: November 2014

Molecular dynamics simulations of non-ionic triphenylene-based chromonic liquid crystal molecules demonstrate self-assembly of the molecules into stacks and “quasi-isodesmic” aggregation behaviour.
Direct, single-step synthesis of hierarchical zeolites without secondary templating
Authors: Wang Zhuopeng , Li Chao , Cho Hong Je , Kung Shih-Chieh , Snyder Mark A. , Fan Wei
Published: November 2014

Hierarchical ZSM-5 with a shell of stacked coffin-shaped crystals and a core of nanocrystal aggregates was synthesized by controlling the formation and self-assembly of zeolite precursors formed in the initial stage of crystallization. The formed hierarchical zeolite shows superior catalytic activity for reaction involving bulky molecules due to enhanced mass transport.
ZnxCd1−xS/bacterial cellulose bionanocomposite foams with hierarchical architecture and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production activity
Authors: Wang Peipei , Geng Zhibin , Gao Jianxiong , Xuan Ruifei , Liu Ping , Wang Yun , Huang Keke , Wan Yizao , Xu Yan
Published: November 2014

ZnxCd1−xS/bacterial cellulose bionanocomposite foams, organized by a bio-inspired strategy, exhibit excellent visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production activity, and flexible and easy recyclability.
Electrochemical co-deposition of sol–gel/carbon nanotube composite thin films for antireflection and non-linear optics
Authors: Liu Liang , Yellinek Shai , Tal Noam , Toledano Reut , Donval Ariela , Yadlovker Doron , Mandler Daniel
Published: November 2014

This work reports a method for electrodepositing sol–gel/CNT composite films. The deposition is highly selective to conductive surfaces, and the films exhibit non-linear optical properties and excellent antireflection performance.
Surface functionalization-enhanced magnetism in SnO2nanoparticles and its correlation to photoluminescence properties
Authors: Bonu Venkataramana , Das Arindam , Sardar Manas , Dhara Sandip , Tyagi Ashok Kumar
Published: November 2014

A high value of magnetic moment of 0.08 emu g−1at room temperature for SnO2nanoparticles (NPs) was observed.
Designing nanostructured strontium aluminate particles with high luminescence properties
Authors: Rojas-Hernandez R. E. , Rodriguez M. A. , Rubio-Marcos F. , Serrano A. , Fernandez J. F.
Published: November 2014

The particle size of SAED nanostructured particles, which are good candidates for the replacement of conventional micrometer-sized phosphors, can be tuned via a dry grinding process of initially synthesised nanostructured sheets with a thickness ≤ 1 μm obtained by combustion.
Effective Identification of Functional Hearing Loss Using Behavioral Threshold Measures
Authors: Schlauch Robert S. , Koerner Tess K. , Marshall Lynne
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Four functional hearing loss protocols were evaluated.

Method

For each protocol, 30 participants feigned a hearing loss first on an audiogram and then for a screening test that began a threshold search from extreme levels (–10 or 90 dB HL). Two-tone and 3-tone protocols compared thresholds for ascending and descending tones for 2 (0.5 and 1.0 kHz) and 3 (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz) frequencies, respectively. A noise-band protocol compared an ascending noise-band threshold with that for 2 descending tones (0.5 and 1.0 kHz). A spondee protocol compared an ascending spondee threshold with that for 2 descending tones (0.5 and 1.0 kHz). These measures were repeated without the participants feigning losses.

Results

With nonfeigning participants, ascending and descending threshold differences were minimal for all protocols. When the participants feigned a loss, the spondee protocol produced the largest average threshold difference (30.8 dB), whereas the other protocols produced smaller differences (19.6–22.2 dB).

Conclusions

Using both the screening test and a comparison of the initial audiogram with the screening test, the spondee and 3-tone protocols resulted in 100% true positives and 0% false positives for functional hearing loss. Either of these protocols could be used clinically or in occupational hearing conservation programs.
Comparison of spacetime defects which are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic
Authors: Klinkhamer F. R. , Sorba F.
Published: November 2014

Certain remnants of a quantum spacetime foam can be modeled by a distribution of defects embedded in a flat classical spacetime. The presence of such spacetime defects affects the propagation of elementary particles. In this article, we show explicitly that both topology and differential structure of the defects are important for the particle motion. Specifically, we consider three types of spacetime defects which are described by the same topological manifold \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}\times \big (\mathbb {R}P^3-\lbrace \text{point}\rbrace \big )$\end{document}R×RP3−{point} but which are not diffeomorphic to each other. We investigate the propagation of a massless scalar field over the three different manifolds and find different solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation.
Contributed Review: Optical micro- and nanofiber pulling rig
Authors: Ward J. M. , Maimaiti A. , Le Vu H. , Chormaic S. Nic
Published: November 2014

We review the method of producing adiabatic optical micro- and nanofibers using a hydrogen/oxygen flame brushing technique. The flame is scanned along the fiber, which is being simultaneously stretched by two translation stages. The tapered fiber fabrication is reproducible and yields highly adiabatic tapers with either exponential or linear profiles. Details regarding the setup of the flame brushing rig and the various parameters used are presented. Information available from the literature is compiled and further details that are necessary to have a functioning pulling rig are included. This should enable the reader to fabricate various taper profiles, while achieving adiabatic transmission of ∼99% for fundamental mode propagation. Using this rig, transmissions ranging from 85% to 95% for higher order modes in an optical nanofiber have been obtained.
Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping. I. Semi-infinite slab approximations
Authors: van Berkel M. , Zwart H. J. , Tamura N. , Hogeweij G. M. D. , Inagaki S. , de Baar M. R. , Ida K.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, a number of new approximations are introduced to estimate the perturbative diffusivity (χ), convectivity (V), and damping (τ) in cylindrical geometry. For this purpose, the harmonic components of heat waves induced by localized deposition of modulated power are used. The approximations are based on semi-infinite slab approximations of the heat equation. The main result is the approximation of χ under the influence of V and τ based on the phase of two harmonics making the estimate less sensitive to calibration errors. To understand why the slab approximations can estimate χ well in cylindrical geometry, the relationships between heat transport models in slab and cylindrical geometry are studied. In addition, the relationship between amplitude and phase with respect to their derivatives, used to estimate χ, is discussed. The results are presented in terms of the relative error for the different derived approximations for different values of frequency, transport coefficients, and dimensionless radius. The approximations show a significant region in which χ, V, and τ can be estimated well, but also regions in which the error is large. Also, it is shown that some compensation is necessary to estimate V and τ in a cylindrical geometry. On the other hand, errors resulting from the simplified assumptions are also discussed showing that estimating realistic values for V and τ based on infinite domains will be difficult in practice. This paper is the first part (Part I) of a series of three papers. In Part II and Part III, cylindrical approximations based directly on semi-infinite cylindrical domain (outward propagating heat pulses) and inward propagating heat pulses in a cylindrical domain, respectively, will be treated.
Explicit approximations to estimate the perturbative diffusivity in the presence of convectivity and damping. II. Semi-infinite cylindrical approximations
Authors: van Berkel M. , Hogeweij G. M. D. , Tamura N. , Zwart H. J. , Inagaki S. , de Baar M. R. , Ida K.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, a number of new explicit approximations are introduced to estimate the perturbative diffusivity (χ), convectivity (V), and damping (τ) in a cylindrical geometry. For this purpose, the harmonic components of heat waves induced by localized deposition of modulated power are used. The approximations are based upon the heat equation in a semi-infinite cylindrical domain. The approximations are based upon continued fractions, asymptotic expansions, and multiple harmonics. The relative error for the different derived approximations is presented for different values of frequency, transport coefficients, and dimensionless radius. Moreover, it is shown how combinations of different explicit formulas can yield good approximations over a wide parameter space for different cases, such as no convection and damping, only damping, and both convection and damping. This paper is the second part (Part II) of a series of three papers. In Part I, the semi-infinite slab approximations have been treated. In Part III, cylindrical approximations are treated for heat waves traveling towards the center of the plasma.
Ferroelectric precursor behavior of highly cation-ordered PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3 detected by acoustic emission: Tweed and polar nanoregions
Authors: Dul'kin Evgeniy , Salje Ekhard K. H. , Aktas Oktay , Whatmore Roger W. , Roth Michael
Published: November 2014

Highly ordered ferroelectric PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3 crystals were studied by acoustic emission over a wide temperature range. Acoustic emission was found at three characteristic temperatures: 330, 409, and ≈600 K, which are close to those, known from the same disordered crystals, containing polar nanoregions. The microstructure in our crystals contains structural “tweed” rather than nanoregions. The coincidence of acoustic emission temperatures points towards a close structural relationship between nanoregions and “tweed.” Under electric field, these temperatures shift similar to “critical end point” behavior. The obtained data prove that acoustic emission detects signals in a wider parameter space than previously expected.
Phase-coherent electron transport in (Zn, Al)Ox thin films grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Saha D. , Misra P. , Ajimsha R. S. , Joshi M. P. , Kukreja L. M.
Published: November 2014

A clear signature of disorder induced quantum-interference phenomena leading to phase-coherent electron transport was observed in (Zn, Al)Ox thin films grown by atomic layer deposition. The degree of static-disorder was tuned by varying the Al concentration through periodic incorporation of Al2O3 sub-monolayer in ZnO. All the films showed small negative magnetoresistance due to magnetic field suppressed weak-localization effect. The temperature dependence of phase-coherence length (lφ∝T−3/4), as extracted from the magnetoresistance measurements, indicated electron-electron scattering as the dominant dephasing mechanism. The persistence of quantum-interference at relatively higher temperatures up to 200 K is promising for the realization of ZnO based phase-coherent electron transport devices.
Suppressed expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the oviducts of lean and obese cows
Authors: Nahar Asrafun , Kadokawa Hiroya
Published: November 2014

Oviducts synthesise macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to promote sperm capacitation and embryogenesis. This study aimed to test a hypothesis that the oviducts of obese cows may express MIF at a lower level than those of normal and lean cows. Ampullar and isthmic oviduct sections were collected from lean (n = 5; body condition score (BCS) on a 5-point scale, 2.5), normal (n = 6; BCS, 3.0) and obese (n = 5; BCS, 4.0) Japanese Black cows. MIF mRNA and protein were extracted from ampullae and isthmuses and their levels measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frozen sections of ampullae and isthmuses by using antibodies to MIF. MIF mRNA and protein expression were lower in the obese and lean groups than in the normal group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry revealed that the primary site of MIF expression in the ampulla and isthmus is the tunica mucosa. In conclusion, obese cows have suppressed MIF expression in the ampullae and isthmuses of their oviducts, as hypothesised, but, unexpectedly, MIF expression was also lower in lean cows.
Development and calibration of a soil carbon inventory model for New Zealand
Authors: McNeill Stephen J. E. , Golubiewski Nancy , Barringer James
Published: November 2014

A soil organic carbon (SOC) and SOC change model for New Zealand is developed for use in national SOC inventory reporting. The foundation for the model is a generalised least-squares regression, based on explanatory variables of land use, soil–climate class, and erosivity. The SOC change model is based on the assumption that changes in SOC over a decadal timescale are usually restricted to transitions in land use. Improvements to the model are then considered that are intended to reduce the uncertainty of SOC changes through reduction of the standard error of the land-use effects. Stochastic gradient boosting is used to find data layers most strongly associated with SOC. The most influential of these were then used in a general least-squares model after stepwise refinement. The stepwise-refined model significantly reduced the standard error for SOC, but did not result in a consistent reduction in the standard error for land-use classes, nor did it result in an improvement in the SOC change model. The method of calculating SOC change from a transition between two land-use classes is described, along with the significance of the transition, by use of a multi-comparison significance procedure.
A general construction for parallelizing Metropolis−Hastings algorithms
Authors: Calderhead Ben
Published: November 2014

Significance

Many computational problems in modern-day statistics are heavily dependent on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. These algorithms allow us to evaluate arbitrary probability distributions; however, they are inherently sequential in nature due to the Markov property, which severely limits their computational speed. We propose a general approach that allows scalable parallelization of existing MCMC methods. We do so by defining a finite-state Markov chain on multiple proposals in a way that ensures asymptotic convergence to the correct stationary distribution. In example simulations, we demonstrate up to two orders of magnitude improvement in overall computational performance.
Evolutionary tipping points in the capacity to adapt to environmental change
Authors: Botero Carlos A. , Weissing Franz J. , Wright Jonathan , Rubenstein Dustin R.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Environmental variation is becoming more frequent and unpredictable as a consequence of climate change, yet we currently lack the tools to evaluate the extent to which organisms may adapt to this phenomenon. Here we develop a model that explores these issues and use it to study how changes in the timescale and predictability of environmental variation may ultimately affect population viability. Our model indicates that, although populations can often cope with fairly large changes in these environmental parameters, on occasion they will collapse abruptly and go extinct. We characterize the conditions under which these evolutionary tipping points occur and discuss how vulnerability to such cryptic threats may depend on the genetic architecture and life history of the organisms involved.
Signals from the surface modulate differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells through glycosaminoglycans and integrins
Authors: Wrighton Paul J. , Klim Joseph R. , Hernandez Brandon A. , Koonce Chad H. , Kamp Timothy J. , Kiessling Laura L.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells possess the extraordinary capacity to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cell types. Elucidating the signaling pathways that underlie hPS cell differentiation is important for understanding human development and advancing regenerative medicine. Growth factors and small molecules can influence hPS cell differentiation. Many protocols rely on these soluble cues while using substrata composed of numerous biomolecules (e.g. Matrigel). Complex substrata engage multiple types of cellular receptors, thereby obscuring the influence of distinct signals on hPS cell fate. Modular peptide-modified surfaces that interact with specific targets can selectively activate signaling pathways, thereby facilitating hPS cell differentiation. This strategy can be used to dissect how cross-talk between soluble and insoluble signals influences cell fate.
Respiration triggers heme transfer from cytochrome
c
peroxidase to catalase in yeast mitochondria
Authors: Kathiresan Meena , Martins Dorival , English Ann M.
Published: November 2014

Significance

We provide to our knowledge the first in vivo and in vitro evidence for H
2
O
2
-triggered heme transfer between proteins. Specifically, H
2
O
2
binds to and labilizes cytochrome
c
peroxidase (Ccp1)’s heme by oxidizing the proximal Fe ligand (His175), which activates Ccp1 to transfer its heme to apoCta1, and apoCcp1 subsequently escapes from mitochondria. This sequence of H
2
O
2
-activated heme labilization, heme transfer between proteins, and protein relocalization defines a previously undefined mechanism of H
2
O
2
signaling in cells. In contrast, established H
2
O
2
signaling mechanisms are dominated by thiol-based redox changes.
Monoallelic expression of the human
FOXP2
speech gene
Authors: Adegbola Abidemi A. , Cox Gerald F. , Bradshaw Elizabeth M. , Hafler David A. , Gimelbrant Alexander , Chess Andrew
Published: November 2014

The recent descriptions of widespread random monoallelic expression (RMAE) of genes distributed throughout the autosomal genome indicate that there are more genes subject to RMAE on autosomes than the number of genes on the X chromosome where X-inactivation dictates RMAE of X-linked genes. Several of the autosomal genes that undergo RMAE have independently been implicated in human Mendelian disorders. Thus, parsing the relationship between allele-specific expression of these genes and disease is of interest. Mutations in the human forkhead box P2 gene,
FOXP2
, cause developmental verbal dyspraxia with profound speech and language deficits. Here, we show that the human
FOXP2
gene undergoes RMAE. Studying an individual with developmental verbal dyspraxia, we identify a deletion 3 Mb away from the
FOXP2
gene, which impacts
FOXP2
gene expression in cis. Together these data suggest the intriguing possibility that RMAE impacts the haploinsufficiency phenotypes observed for
FOXP2
mutations.
Optimal resource allocation in cellular sensing systems
Authors: Govern Christopher C. , ten Wolde Pieter Rein
Published: November 2014

Significance

Cells continually have to sense their environments to make decisions—to stay put or move, to differentiate or proliferate, or even to live or die. However, they are thwarted by noise at the cellular scale. Cells use signaling networks to filter this noise as much as possible and sense accurately. To operate these networks, resources are required: time, protein copies, and energy. We present a theory for the optimal design of cellular sensing systems that maximize sensing precision given these resources. It reveals a new design principle, namely that of optimal resource allocation. It describes how these resources must be allocated so that none are wasted. We show that the chemotaxis network of
Escherichia coli
obeys this principle.
Body ownership causes illusory self-attribution of speaking and influences subsequent real speaking
Authors: Banakou Domna , Slater Mel
Published: November 2014

Significance

Under normal circumstances we consciously attribute authorship of our actions to ourselves, the sensation of agency. We describe an experiment where participants observed a virtual human character speak and falsely attributed the speaking to themselves. They later shifted the FF of their own voice toward the stimulus voice. This only occurred when the life-sized VB substituted their own and moved with their own movements. A further contribution to the effect was vibrotactile stimulation on the thyroid cartilage synchronized with the speaking. This suggests that agency can be self-attributed even in the absence of prior intention, feed-forward prediction, priming, and cause preceding effect. A critical contributor is the illusion of ownership over the VB that spoke.
Engineering the shape and structure of materials by fractal cut
Authors: Cho Yigil , Shin Joong-Ho , Costa Avelino , Kim Tae Ann , Kunin Valentin , Li Ju , Lee Su Yeon , Yang Shu , Han Heung Nam , Choi In-Suk , Srolovitz David J.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Most materials can be stretched to a small degree, depending on their elastic limits and failure properties. For most materials the maximum elastic dilatation is very small, implying that the macroscopic shapes to which an elastic body can be deformed is severely limited. The present work addresses the simple modification of any material via hierarchical cut patterns to allow for extremely large strains and shape changes and a large range of macroscopic shapes. This is an important step in the development of shape-programmable materials. We provide the mathematical foundation, simulation results, and experimental demonstrations of the concept of fractal cut. This approach effectively broadens the design space for engineered materials for applications ranging from flexible/stretchable devices and photonic materials to bioscaffolds.
GABAρ subunits confer a bicuculline-insensitive component to GFAP
+
cells of cerebellum
Authors: Pétriz Adriana , Reyes-Haro Daniel , González-González María Alejandra , Miledi Ricardo , Martínez-Torres Ataúlfo
Published: November 2014

Significance

Early postnatal development of the cerebellum involves a number of events that require signaling via the neurotransmitter GABA, which acts on specific receptors anchored in the plasma membrane. GABAergic transmission regulates the proliferation and migration of neuronal precursors of astrocytic lineage. Glial cells are known to express GABA-A receptors that include GABAρ subunits, but their expression pattern, functional properties, and trafficking dynamics remain unknown. This study found that a large number of glial cells express GABAρ in the cerebellum. Functional properties and intracellular trafficking of GABA-A receptors in glial cells grown in vitro suggest a different mechanism of GABAergic control of extrasynaptic transmission.
Overactive cannabinoid 1 receptor in podocytes drives type 2 diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Jourdan Tony , Szanda Gergő , Rosenberg Avi Z. , Tam Joseph , Earley Brian James , Godlewski Grzegorz , Cinar Resat , Liu Ziyi , Liu Jie , Ju Cynthia , Pacher Pál , Kunos George
Published: November 2014

Significance

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the United States, and one of the most significant long-term complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which currently lack fully effective therapy. Hyperglycemia and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are thought to be the two main drivers of this pathology. We have recently shown that selective blockade of peripheral cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB
1
R) delayed and attenuated the development of type 2 diabetes in a rat model. Here we show that the nephropathy-inducing effects of both hyperglycemia and activation of the RAS involve CB
1
R activation in glomerular podocytes, and that antagonism of peripheral CB
1
R could represent a novel, effective, and rational approach to both prevent and reverse diabetic nephropathy.
Acceptability judgments in bilectal populations
Authors: Papadopoulou Elena , Leivada Evelina , Pavlou Natalia
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the gradient nature of acceptability judgements and grammatical variants in the bilectal population of Cyprus, by comparatively discussing the findings of two recent experiments on (i) exhaustivity effects in Cypriot Greek clefts and embu ‘it is that’-structures (Leivada et al. 2013) and (ii) clitic placement and how it is affected by lexical and syntactic stimulation (Papadopoulou et al. 2014). The analysis lays emphasis on the intra-dialectal variation observed across speakers’ performance in both experiments. Variation is discussed in relation to socio-syntactic aspects of language use, such as (i) the existence of competing grammars (Tsiplakou 2007, in press) and competing motivations (Grohmann & Leivada 2012, to appear) in bilectal environments such as the one in Cyprus, (ii) the notion of gradience existent within a dialect–standard continuum (e.g. Cornips 2006 for Dutch, Leivada et al. 2013 for Greek), and (iii) syntactic/semantic factors that inform our participants’ performance. Keywords: acceptability judgments; clefts; clitics; Cypriot Greek; gradience; embu; exhaustivity; competing grammars
Pod and seed defensive coloration (camouflage and mimicry) in the genus Pisum
Authors: Aviezer Iris , Lev-Yadun Simcha
Published: November 2014

The small genusPisumis composed of two annual species,P.fulvumand the domesticated peaP.sativum. The domesticated pea has two main wild-type taxa:P.elatiusandP.humile. Members of the genusPisumare not well defended from herbivory by high levels of toxins like the seeds of many other legume species. We studied the color patterns in the pods and seeds of these three wild taxa (P.fulvum,P.elatiusandP.humile) in order to examine their potential for defensive coloration (camouflage and Batesian mimicry). All three taxa are polymorphic concerning pod and seed coloration. The mature pods of many individuals ofP.humileandP.elatiusmimic aposematic caterpillars, but some are plain green. The pods of some individuals ofP.elatiushave a zigzag or straight red marking along them that resembles the conspicuous dorsal markings of the local common venomous viper, potentially mimicking it. The pods of many individuals ofP.fulvumhave dark blotches that when compared to such patterns in animals, potentially function as camouflage. The seeds of all three species are camouflaged by either: (1) color matching with that of soil (especiallyP.fulvumandP.elatius), (2) disruptive coloration (especiallyP.humile), (3) variability in seed-coat color that may undermine the use of search images by visually oriented granivores that look for cryptic seeds (all taxa). The mature pods ofP.fulvumare also defended in many inflorescences by degenerated flowers that develop into sharp thorns. It seems that this species is still in the process of evolving this mechanical defense as the response to millennia of strong grazing pressure.
Olive oil storage during the fifth and sixth millennia BC at Ein Zippori, Northern Israel
Authors: Namdar Dvory , Amrani Alon , Getzov Nimrod , Milevski Ianir
Published: November 2014

Several occupation levels dating to the sixth to fifth millennia BC (the Wadi Rabah and pre-Ghassulian Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures as well as the Early Bronze Age IB–II) were found in a salvage excavation conducted at Ein Zippori in the lower Galilee. Pottery vessels from the different periods were sampled for organic residue analysis study and were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Olive oil was one of the most common organic residues detected in the vessels, from the levels of the Wadi Rabah occupation and onwards (sixth to fifth millennia BC). This find throws new light on the exploitation of olives in the southern Levant as well as on the large-scale production and consumption of olive oil in the Late Pottery Neolithic and pre-Ghassulian Chalcolithic times.
Activity of the phenolic pathway’s enzymes influenced by resistance-inducing chemicals in tomato plant
Authors: Raut S.A. , Borkar S.G.
Published: November 2014

Chemical elicitors, namely salicylic acid (SA), β-amino butyric acid (BABA), chitosan (CHT) and 2,6-dicholoroisonicotinic acid (INA), are known to play a role in the induction of plant resistance to pathogens by increasing the activity of enzymes of phenolic synthesis pathways such as peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase. These chemical elicitors applied to tomato as an 8 h seed treatment, 2 h seedling treatment and seed plus seedling treatment increased the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase. The highest increase in peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase activity was induced by the seed plus seedling treatment with 15 mM β-amino butyric acid. The increase in these enzyme activities was 70.5% and 39.3% higher, respectively, over control, whereas the highest increase in polyphenol oxidase activity was induced by the seed plus seedling treatment with 1.5 mM salicylic acid. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased 137.9% compared to the non-treated control. Similarly, seed treatment as well as seedling treatment with the elicitors particularly salicylic acid, β-amino butyric acid and chitosan elicited increased activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase of the phenolic syntheses pathways, which are known to be the basic components of the resistance induction mechanism.
Transforming professional learning and practice in assessment for learning
Authors: Poskitt Jenny
Published: November 2014

Assessing student learning is a complex process requiring teachers to have deep knowledge of the curriculum, assessment, and pedagogy. Changing political climates mean that teachers are expected to respond to new approaches or systems and adjust their classroom practice accordingly. Teachers often engage in professional learning (PL) to assist their knowledge and classroom practice, but what impact does PL have on their assessment practice as well as student learning and achievement?

This paper examines optimal PL principles, the New Zealand assessment policy context, and application of assessment for learning principles in a nation‐wide PL programme. Empirical data presented in relation to the five levels of Guskey%s (2002) model evaluating PL indicate successful outcomes at the classroom level. However, application of Carless’ (2005) theoretical framework on embedding PL changes in schools reveals an area of neglect: attending to system (macro) level needs. Collaborative partnerships between schools and the wider community are posited as essential determinants of assessment literacies and transformational PL in times of political change.
Estimating Proxy Economic Target Reference Points in Data Poor Single Species Fisheries
Authors: Pascoe Sean , Thebaud Olivier , Vieira Simon
Published: November 2014

Bioeconomic models have been developed and applied to a range of fisheries around the world. However, an even greater number of fisheries are relatively data poor, and development of traditional bioeconomic models is not feasible. For small scale fisheries, the cost of data collection and model development may exceed the additional value these models may generate. Fisheries biologists have grappled with similar issues and have developed a range of data poor methods for estimating reference points related to fishing mortality based on life history characteristics and other indicators. In other cases, catch and effort data may be sufficient to estimate sustainable biomass levels. However, model derived economic target reference points require robust biological models as well as appropriate economic information, both of which are often unavailable. In this paper, we extend the data poor work to move from biological to economic target reference points for single species fisheries. We show that the relationship between economic (maximum economic yield) and biological (maximum sustainable yield) reference points depends primarily on the cost : revenue ratio, and that, where unavailable, these can be inferred from fisheries characteristics. We show that good estimates of biomass and effort based economic target reference points can be achieved with limited data.

Received September 4, 2013; accepted August 10, 2014
Tespa1 negatively regulates FcεRI-mediated signaling and the mast cell–mediated allergic response
Authors: Wang Di , Zheng Mingzhu , Qiu Yuanjun , Guo Chuansheng , Ji Jian , Lei Lei , Zhang Xue , Liang Jingjing , Lou Jun , Huang Wei , Dong Bowen , Wu Songquan , Wang Jianli , Ke Yuehai , Cao Xuetao , Zhou Yi Ting , Lu Linrong
Published: November 2014

Antigen-mediated cross-linking of IgE on mast cells triggers a signaling cascade that results in their degranulation and proinflammatory cytokine production, which are key effectors in allergic reactions. We show that the activation of mast cells is negatively regulated by the newly identified adaptor protein Tespa1. Loss of Tespa1 in mouse mast cells led to hyper-responsiveness to stimulation via FcεRI. Mice lacking Tespa1 also displayed increased sensitivity to IgE-mediated allergic responses. The dysregulated signaling in KO mast cells was associated with increased activation of Grb2-PLC-γ1-SLP-76 signaling within the LAT1 (linker for activation of T cells family, member 1) signalosome versus the LAT2 signalosome. Collectively, these findings show that Tespa1 orchestrates mast cell activation by tuning the balance of LAT1 and LAT2 signalosome assembly.
Methodological Individualism in Ecology
Authors: Justus James
Published: November 2014

Methodological individualism has a long, successful, and controversial track record in the social sciences. Its record in ecology is much shorter but proving as successful and controversial with so-called individual-based models. Distinctions and debates about methodological individualism in social sciences clarify the commitments of this general, individualistic approach to modeling ecological phenomena and show that there is a lot recommending it. In particular, a representational priority on individual organisms yields a cogent albeit deflationary account of ecological emergence and helps reveal how quite disparate models and theories in ecology might be unified.
Understanding the Emergence of Population Behavior in Individual-Based Models
Authors: Weisberg Michael
Published: November 2014

Proponents of individual-based modeling in ecology claim that their models explain the emergence of population-level behavior. This article argues that individual-based models have not, as yet, provided such explanations. Instead, individual-based models can and do demonstrate and explain the emergence of population-level behaviors from individual behaviors and interactions.
Teleosemantics without Etiology
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: November 2014

The aim of teleosemantics is to give a scientifically respectable or ‘naturalistic’ theory of mental content. This paper focuses on one of the key concepts of teleosemantics: biological function. It has been universally accepted in the teleosemantics literature that the account of biological function one should use to flesh out teleosemantics is that of etiological function. My claim is that if we replace this concept of function with an alternative one and if we also restrict the scope of teleosemantics, we can arrive at an account of biologizing mental content that is much less problematic than the previous attempts.
Deception and the Evolution of Plasticity
Authors: Smead Rory
Published: November 2014

Recent models using simple signaling games provide a theoretical setting for investigating the evolutionary connection between signaling and behavioral plasticity. These models have shown that plasticity is typically eliminated in common-interest signaling games. In many real cases of signaling, however, interests do not align. Here, I present a model of the evolution of plasticity in signaling games and consider games of common, opposed, and partially aligned interests. I find that the setting of partial common interest is most conducive to the evolution of plasticity. Plastic individuals succeed by learning when to deceive others and when to trust others’ signals.
Sender-Receiver Systems within and between Organisms
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: November 2014

Drawing on models of communication due to Lewis and Skyrms, I contrast sender-receiver systems as they appear within and between organisms, and as they function in the bridging of space and time. Within the organism, memory can be seen as the sending of messages over time, communication between stages as opposed to spatial parts. Psychological memory and genetic memory are compared with respect to their relations to a sender-receiver model. Some puzzles about “genetic information” can be resolved by seeing the genome as a cell-level memory with no sender.
The Problem of Known Illusion and the Resemblance of Experience to Reality
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric
Published: November 2014

Are objects in convex passenger-side mirrors “closer than they appear”? If one adapts to inverting goggles, does the world go back to looking the way it was before, or does the world look approximately the same throughout the course of adaptation, only losing its normative sense of wrongness? The answers to these empirical, introspective questions might help cast light on the classic philosophical debate about the degree of resemblance between our visual experience of reality and things as they are in themselves.
Severe Tests in Neuroimaging: What We Can Learn and How We Can Learn It
Authors: Aktunc M. Emrah
Published: November 2014

Considerable methodological difficulties abound in neuroimaging, and several philosophers of science have recently called into question the potential of neuroimaging studies to contribute to our knowledge of human cognition. These skeptical accounts suggest that functional hypotheses are underdetermined by neuroimaging data. I apply Mayo’s error-statistical account to clarify the evidential import of neuroimaging data and the kinds of inferences it can reliably support. Thus, we can answer the question “What can we reliably learn from neuroimaging?” and make sense of how this knowledge can contribute to novel construals of cognition.
Clines, Clusters, and Clades in the Race Debate
Authors: Kopec Matthew
Published: November 2014

In this paper, I argue against Andreasen and Sesardic, who have both claimed that recent cluster results in population genetics serve as evidence that the human species contains, or at least once contained, subspecies. I show that the cluster results are in fact evidentially inert relative to each author’s preferred subspecies concept. I then sketch the kinds of biological facts that could be used to push the debate further.
Explanation as Condition Satisfaction
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: November 2014

It is shown that three common conditions for scientific explanations are violated by a widely used class of domain-independent explanations. These explanations can accommodate both complex and noncomplex systems and do not require the use of detailed models of system-specific processes for their effectiveness, although they are compatible with such model-based explanations. The approach also shows how a clean separation can be maintained between mathematical representations and empirical content.
Evolving Perceptual Categories
Authors: O’Connor Cailin
Published: November 2014

This article uses sim-max games to model perceptual categorization with the goal of answering the following question: To what degree should we expect the perceptual categories of biological actors to track properties of the world around them? I argue that an analysis of these games suggests that the relationship between real-world structure and evolved perceptual categories is mediated by successful action in the sense that organisms evolve to categorize together states of nature for which similar actions lead to similar results. This conclusion indicates that both strongly realist and strongly antirealist views about perceptual categories are too simple.
Empirical Adequacy in the Received View
Authors: Lutz Sebastian
Published: November 2014

I show that the central notion of Constructive Empiricism, empirical adequacy, can be expressed syntactically and specifically in the Received View of the logical empiricists. The formalization shows that the Received View is superior to Constructive Empiricism in the treatment of theories involving constants or functions from observable to unobservable objects. It also suggests a formalization of ‘full empirical informativeness’ in Constructive Empiricism.