bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial coherence and potential predictability assessment of intraseasonal statistics of wet and dry spells over Equatorial Eastern Africa
Authors: Gitau Wilson , Ogallo Laban , Camberlin Pierre , Okoola Raphael
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to derive components of the intraseasonal rainfall variations from the daily rainfall in the Equatorial Eastern Africa region and assess their spatial coherence, a pointer to their potential predictability. Daily rainfall observations from 36 stations distributed over Equatorial Eastern Africa and extending from 1962 to 2000 were used. The March to May and October to December periods commonly referred to as the long and short rainfall seasons respectively were considered.

Seasonal and intraseasonal statistics at the local (station) level were first defined. The stations were also grouped into near‐homogeneous (sub‐regional) zones based on daily rainfall. Similarly, seasonal and intraseasonal statistics were then derived at sub‐regional level using three different approaches. Inter‐station correlation coefficients of the intraseasonal statistics at local levels were finally computed and plotted as box‐plots.

For the two rainfall seasons, the two statistics showing the highest spatial coherence were the seasonal rainfall totals and the number of the wet days at sub‐regional level. The local variance explained for these two variables, as an average over all the sub‐regions, was more than 40%. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the mean rainfall intensity and frequency of dry spells of 5 days or more which showed the least coherence, with the local variance explained being less than 10% in each season. For each of the intraseasonal components of daily rainfall considered, the short rainfall season statistics were more coherent compared to the long rainfall season. Lag‐correlations with key indices depicting sea‐surface temperatures in the Pacific and Indian Oceans showed that the hierarchy between the rainfall statistics in the strength of the teleconnections reflected that of spatial coherence.
Effect of thermal and non‐thermal pasteurisation on the microbial inactivation and phenolic degradation in fruit juice: a mini‐review
Authors: Chen Yougui , Yu Li Juan , Rupasinghe HP Vasantha
Published: November 2012

Fruit juice has been traditionally preserved by thermal pasteurisation. However, the applied heat can cause detrimental effects on health‐promoting components such as phenolic compounds. Several non‐thermal technologies such as membrane filtration, pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultraviolet (UV) exposure are promising methods developed for liquid food preservation. In particular, the combination of UV and PEF has proven to be more effective for microbial inactivation and maintaining nutritional quality of fruit juice compared with individual applications. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sustained deficit irrigation affects the colour and phytochemical characteristics of pomegranate juice
Authors: Mena Pedro , Galindo Alejandro , Collado‐González Jacinta , Ondoño Sara , García‐Viguera Cristina , Ferreres Federico , Torrecillas Arturo , Gil‐Izquierdo Angel
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

No information exists on the consequences of water stress on the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) tree in terms of the quality and health/nutritional properties of its juice. In this study the influence of two different sustained deficit irrigation treatments on the colour, antioxidant activity and total phenolic compound, total anthocyanin, punicalagin and ellagic acid contents of pomegranate juice was assessed.

RESULTS

Control plants were irrigated at 75% ETo (crop reference evapotranspiration) in order to ensure non‐limiting soil water conditions, while others were subjected to sustained deficit irrigation at 43 and 12% ETo throughout the experimental period. Both moderate (43%) and severe (12%) water stress treatments led to pomegranate juices with a more yellowish colour, lower antioxidant activity and lower total phenolic compound, punicalagin and total anthocyanin contents than those from control plants.

CONCLUSION

Pomegranate juice from trees under sustained deficit irrigation was of lower quality and less healthful than that from trees without water stress. From a nutritional point of view, this means that a reduction in irrigation provides a dramatic decrease in bioactive phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins and punicalagin, and consequently a lower visual attraction of the juice owing to the weak red colour of the fruit. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality analysis of commercial fish oil preparations
Authors: Ritter Jenna C Sullivan , Budge Suzanne M , Jovica Fabiola
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Fish oil supplements have grown in popularity in recent years owing to their multiple health benefits, leading to rapid growth in the number of fish oil supplements available for consumers. When choosing a product, it is important that label claims for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are met, especially when a specific dosage is required. In this study the amounts of EPA and DHA in 16 of the top‐selling liquid fish oil products from the American marketplace were analysed and compared with their label claims. Peroxide value, a measure of oxidation, was also determined, along with lipid class.

RESULTS

This study found that over half of the supplements did not meet their label claims for EPA and DHA, and a quarter exceeded recommended limits for peroxide value.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that more stringent regulation is required for fish oil products. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Soil threshold values of total and available cadmium for vegetable growing based on field data in Guangdong province, South China
Authors: Sun Fang Fang , Wang Fu Hua , Wang Xu , He Wu , Wen Dian , Wang Qi Feng , Liu Xiang Xiang
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Human exposure to cadmium (Cd) is largely attributed to consumption of vegetables grown in polluted soils. In China, guidelines set for Cd in soils are uniform for different crops and diverse soil types, but not risk based. A high‐density sampling of 711 paired soil and vegetables was carried out across Guangdong, South China. We aimed to model the transfer of Cd from soil to leafy, rootstalk and fruit vegetables, and to set regional guidelines of Cd [total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) ‐extractable] in soil for vegetable safe production.

RESULTS

Both total and DTPA‐extractable Cd concentrations in soil were good predictors for Cd in vegetables. The transfer of Cd in soil to vegetables could be estimated by nonlinear models, with better fit when using DTPA‐extractable Cd than total Cd in soil. The calculated thresholds of soil total Cd were 2.42, 0.94 and 1.57 mg kg−1 whereas those of soil DTPA‐extractable Cd were 1.08, 0.33 and 0.63 mg kg−1 for leafy, rootstalk and fruit vegetable fields in Guangdong, respectively, all higher than the national soil Cd threshold.

CONCLUSION

Cadmium‐contaminated risk for vegetable production in Guangdong province might have been over‐estimated according to the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soil. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Reducing the thickness of left lateral segment grafts in neonatal living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kasahara Mureo , Sakamoto Seisuke , Shigeta Takanobu , Uchida Hajime , Hamano Ikumi , Kanazawa Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Megumi , Kitajima Toshihiro , Fukuda Akinari , Rela Mohamed
Published: November 2012

Liver transplantation is now an established treatment for children with end-stage liver disease. Left lateral segment (LLS) grafts are most commonly used in split and living donor liver transplantation in children. In very small children, LLS grafts can be too large, and further nonanatomical reduction has recently been introduced to mitigate the problem of large-for-size grafts. However, the implantation of LLS grafts can be a problem in infants and very small children because of the thickness of the grafts, and these techniques do not address problems related to thickness. We herein describe a technique for reducing the thickness of living donor left lateral grafts and successful transplantation in a 2.8-kg infant with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 19:226–228, 2013. © 2012 AASLD.
How Effective Are Project Management Methodologies? An Explorative Evaluation of Their Benefits in Practice
Authors: Wells Hany
Published: November 2012

This article investigates the benefits and supports provided by project management methodologies (PMMs) to project managers for the management and delivery of information technology/information system (IT/IS) projects. Using a qualitative approach, through case study strategy, the role of PMMs is examined in different business and project contexts. This article evaluates the benefit of PMMs based on their traits and characteristics and investigates PMMs in their operational context: where PMMs come from and how they support practitioners. The findings suggest a misalignment between the intended benefit of PMMs at the strategic level and the reported benefits by project managers at the project level. Additionally, it is shown that practitioners’ expertise, accountability, and attitudes all have a direct influence on the extent to which PMMs contribute to and benefit the management of projects.
Pymetrozine is hydroxylated by CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 conferring neonicotinoid resistance in Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Vontas John , Kaussmann Martin , Wölfel Katharina
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid in the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is linked to its hydroxylation by constitutively overexpressed CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme. Here, an investigation was conducted to establish whether CYP6CM1 functionally expressed in Sf9 cells also detoxifies pymetrozine, a selective homopteran feeding blocker known to be cross‐resistant to neonicotinoids in
whiteflies.

RESULTS

Incubation of pymetrozine with functionally expressed Bemisia CYP6CM1 and subsequent LC‐MS/MS analysis revealed a rapid formation of two pymetrozine metabolites by hydroxylation of its heterocyclic 1,2,4‐triazine ring system. Enzyme kinetics revealed a Km value of 5.9 ± 0.3 µM and a time‐dependent depletion of pymetrozine.

CONCLUSION

The known cross‐resistance between imidacloprid, other neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine in B. tabaci is most likely conferred by the very same detoxification mechanism, i.e. a monooxygenase‐based hydroxylation mechanism linked to the overexpression of CYP6CM1. These insecticide chemistries should not be alternated in whitefly resistance management strategies. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of Composite SiOx/Polymer Barrier Films
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Sun Zhihui , Ma Xinxin , Yang Chun Li
Published: November 2012

In this study, flexible polymer chains are incorporated into silicon oxide films by magnetron co‐sputtering two targets, namely, silica and dicyclopentadiene dioxide cured with maleic anhydride (DCPD/MA), to solve the brittle problems of these passive barrier packaging materials. Composite SiOx/polymer films are prepared on polyethylene terephthalate substrates by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron co‐sputtering to combine the flexible polymer groups in oxidation silicon coatings. The samples are prepared by changing the , the RF power ratio delivered to the individual target, from 0.1 to 10.

The barrier performance, mechanical properties and flexibility of the composite films are also investigated. The characteristics of the barrier differ from those of traditional passive packaging materials. Oxygen permeation measurements were carried out to verify the reasons for these differences and determine the structure of the films. The results showed that the active sites and double bonds existing in the composite films can scavenge oxygen and lengthen the lag time.

Folding test results indicated that the composite films have much better flexibility than the SiOx films, which is attributed to the DCPD/MA segments incorporated into the composite films and the new bonds produced between SiOx and DCPD/MA, as proven by the Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope spectra analysis results.

Tensile performance was improved significantly, and the trend of the stretch curves followed an approximate rule as the RF power ratio changed from 0.1 to 10. Moreover, two significant turning points in the stress–strain curves were observed as the films were stretched. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEVERITY OF STREAMFLOW ALTERATION
Authors: Carlisle D. M. , Nelson S. M. , Eng K.
Published: November 2012

Natural streamflows play a critical role in stream ecosystems, yet quantitative relations between streamflow alteration and stream health have been elusive. One reason for this difficulty is that neither streamflow alteration nor ecological responses are measured relative to their natural expectations. We assessed macroinvertebrate community condition in 25 mountain streams representing a large gradient of streamflow alteration, which we quantified as the departure of observed flows from natural expectations. Observed flows were obtained from US Geological Survey streamgaging stations and discharge records from dams and diversion structures. During low‐flow conditions in September, samples of macroinvertebrate communities were collected at each site, in addition to measures of physical habitat, water chemistry and organic matter. In general, streamflows were artificially high during summer and artificially low throughout the rest of the year. Biological condition, as measured by richness of sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and taxonomic completeness (O/E), was strongly and negatively related to the severity of depleted flows in winter. Analyses of macroinvertebrate traits suggest that taxa losses may have been caused by thermal modification associated with streamflow alteration. Our study yielded quantitative relations between the severity of streamflow alteration and the degree of biological impairment and suggests that water management that reduces streamflows during winter months is likely to have negative effects on downstream benthic communities in Utah mountain streams. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Late Outgrowth Endothelial Cells Resemble Mature Endothelial Cells and Are Not Derived from Bone Marrow
Authors: Tura Olga , Skinner Elizabeth M. , Barclay G. Robin , Samuel Kay , Gallagher Ronald C.J. , Brittan Mairi , Hadoke Patrick W.F. , Newby David E. , Turner Marc L. , Mills Nicholas L.
Published: November 2012

A decade of research has sought to identify circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in order to harness their potential for cardiovascular regeneration. Endothelial outgrowth cells (EOC) most closely fulfil the criteria for an EPC, but their origin remains obscure. Our aim was to identify the source and precursor of EOC and to assess their regenerative potential compared to mature endothelial cells. EOC are readily isolated from umbilical cord blood (6/6 donors) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (4/6 donors) but not from bone marrow (0/6) or peripheral blood following mobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (0/6 donors). Enrichment and depletion of blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that EOC are confined to the CD34+CD133−CD146+ cell fraction. EOC derived from blood mononuclear cells are indistinguishable from mature human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by morphology, surface antigen expression, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, proliferation, and functional assessments. In a subcutaneous sponge model of angiogenesis, both EOC and HUVEC contribute to de novo blood vessel formation giving rise to a similar number of vessels (7.0 ± 2.7 vs. 6.6 ± 3.7 vessels, respectively, n = 9). Bone marrow-derived outgrowth cells isolated under the same conditions expressed mesenchymal markers rather than endothelial cell markers and did not contribute to blood vessels in vivo. In this article, we confirm that EOC arise from CD34+CD133−CD146+ mononuclear cells and are similar, if not identical, to mature endothelial cells. Our findings suggest that EOC do not arise from bone marrow and challenge the concept of a bone marrow-derived circulating precursor for endothelial cells.
Moduli stabilization in type II Calabi-Yau compactifications at finite temperature
Authors: Liu Lihui , Partouche Hervé
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We consider the type II superstring compactified on Calabi-Yau threefolds, at finite temperature. The latter is implemented at the string level by a free action on the Euclidean time circle. We show that all Kähler and complex structure moduli involved in the gauge theories geometrically engineered in the vicinity of singular loci are lifted by the stringy thermal effective potential. The analysis is based on the effective gauged super-gravity at low energy, without integrating out the non-perturbative BPS states becoming massless at the singular loci. The universal form of the action in the weak coupling regime and at low enough temperature is determined in two cases. Namely, the conifold locus, as well as a locus where the internal space develops a genus-g curve of A

N −1 singularities, thus realizing an SU(N ) gauge theory coupled to g hypermultiplets in the adjoint. In general, we argue that the favored points of stabilization sit at the intersection of several such loci. As a result, the entire vector multiplet moduli space is expected to be lifted, together with hypermultiplet moduli. The scalars are dynamically stabilized during the cosmological evolution induced by the back-reaction of the thermal effective potential on the originally static background. When the universe expands and the temperature T drops, the scalars converge to minima, with damped oscillations. Moreover, they store an energy density that scales as T
4, which never dominates over radiation. The reason for this is that the mass they acquire at one-loop is of order the temperature scale, which is time-dependent rather than constant. As an example, we analyze the type IIA compactification on a hy-persurface
$$ \mathbb{P}_{{\left( {1,1,2,2,6} \right)}}^4 $$
[12], with Hodge numbers h
11 = 2 and h
12 = 128. In this case, both Kähler moduli are stabilized at a point, where the internal space develops a node and an enhanced SU(2) gauge theory coupled to 2 adjoint hypermultiplets. This shows that in the dual thermal heterotic picture on K3 × T
2, the torus modulus and the axio-dilaton are stabilized, though in a strong coupling heterotic regime.
Spatial segregation among age classes in cave salamanders: habitat selection or social interactions?
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Pennati Roberta , Manenti Raoul
Published: November 2012

Within species, individuals with different sexes, morphs and age classes often show spatial segregation. Both habitat selection and social processes have been proposed to explain intraspecific spatial segregation, but their relative importance is difficult to assess. We investigated spatial segregation between age classes in the cave salamanderHydromantes(Speleomantes)strinatii, and used a hypothetico‐deductive approach to evaluate whether social or ecological processes explain segregation pattern. We recorded the location and age class of salamanders along multiple caves; we measured multiple microhabitat features of different sectors of caves that may determine salamander distribution. We assessed age‐class segregation, and used generalized mixed models and an information‐theoretic framework, to test if segregation is explained by social processes or by differences in habitat selection. We found significant age‐class segregation, juveniles living in more external cave sectors than adults. Multiple environmental features varied along caves. Juveniles and adults showed contrasting habitat selection patterns: juveniles were associated with sectors having high invertebrate abundance, while adults were associated with scarce invertebrates and low temperature. When the effect of environmental features was taken into account, the relationship between juveniles and adults was non negative. This suggests that different habitat preferences, related to distinct risk‐taking strategies of age classes, can explain the spatial segregation. Juveniles require more food and select more external sectors, even if they may be risky. Conversely, adults may trade off food availability in favour of safe areas with stable micro‐climate.
A quasistatic evolution model for perfectly plastic plates derived by Γ-convergence
Authors: Davoli Elisa , Mora Maria Giovanna
Published: November 2012

The subject of this paper is the rigorous derivation of a quasistatic evolution model for a linearly elastic–perfectly plastic thin plate. As the thickness of the plate tends to zero, we prove via
Γ
-convergence techniques that solutions to the three-dimensional quasistatic evolution problem of Prandtl–Reuss elastoplasticity converge to a quasistatic evolution of a suitable reduced model. In this limiting model the admissible displacements are of Kirchhoff–Love type and the stretching and bending components of the stress are coupled through a plastic flow rule. Some equivalent formulations of the limiting problem in rate form are derived, together with some two-dimensional characterizations for suitable choices of the data.
Meeting the global demands of epidemiologic transition — The indispensable role of cancer prevention
Authors: Franceschi Silvia , Wild Christopher P.
Published: November 2012

The number of new cancer cases each year is projected to rise worldwide by about 70% by 2030 due to demographic changes alone, with the largest increases in the lower‐income countries. Wider adoption of specific aspects of westernized lifestyles would translate to still greater increases in certain cancer types. In many countries the burden of cancer and other non‐communicable diseases will add to communicable diseases and malnutrition to impose a “double burden” on the poorest. These trends represent major challenges to health, poverty, sustainable development and equality. Prevention is, however, possible based on implementing existing knowledge about risk factors and the natural history of the disease. Both primary and secondary cancer prevention offer therefore many opportunities to combat the projected increases. Tobacco control, reductions in obesity and physical inactivity, reduced consumption of alcohol, vaccination against hepatitis B and human papilloma viruses, safe sex, avoidance of environmental and occupational carcinogens and excessive sun exposure as well as the early detection and screening for breast, cervix and colorectal cancers would all make significant contributions. At the same time, for a number of major cancers (e.g., colon, prostate, kidney, pancreas, brain, lympho‐haematological malignancies) research is needed to identify as yet unknown risk factors whilst for existing prevention strategies additional work is needed on their implementation into health services. Finally, there is a remarkable opportunity for advances in understanding the molecular basis of carcinogenesis to provide new tools and insights into aetiology and prevention. It is only by complementing efforts to improve treatment with those aimed at prevention that the impending epidemic of this disease can be addressed.
BIPARTITE DIVISOR GRAPH FOR THE PRODUCT OF SUBSETS OF INTEGERS
Authors: HAFEZIEH R. , IRANMANESH MOHAMMAD A.
Published: November 2012

The bipartite divisor graph B(X), for a set Xof positive integers, and some of its properties have recently been studied. We construct the bipartite divisor graph for the product of subsets of positive integers and investigate some of its properties. We also give some applications in group theory.
INVERSE EIGENVALUE PROBLEM FOR EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE MATRICES OF SIZE 3
Authors: JAKLIČ GAŠPER , MODIC JOLANDA
Published: November 2012

A matrix is a Euclidean distance matrix (EDM) if there exist points such that the matrix elements are squares of distances between the corresponding points. The inverse eigenvalue problem (IEP) is as follows: construct (or prove the existence of) a matrix with particular properties and a given spectrum. It is well known that the IEP for EDMs of size 3 has a solution. In this paper all solutions of the problem are given and their relation with geometry is studied. A possible extension to larger EDMs is tackled.
Unfaithful minimal Heilbronn characters of L2(q)
Authors: Ginsberg Hy
Published: November 2012

When a minimal Heilbronn character θ is unfaithful on a Sylow p-subgroup P of a finite group G, we know that G is quasi-simple, p is odd, P is cyclic, NG(P) is maximal and either NG(P) is the unique maximal subgroup containing Ω1(P) or G/Z(G) ≅ L2(q) for q an odd prime with p dividing q − 1. In this paper we examine the exceptional case, where G/Z(G) ≅ L2(q), explicitly constructing unfaithful minimal Heilbronn characters from the non-principal irreducible characters of G.
A 4-year prospective observational follow-up study of course and predictors of course in body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Phillips K. A. , Menard W. , Quinn E. , Didie E. R. , Stout R. L.
Published: November 2012

Background

This report prospectively examines the 4-year course, and predictors of course, of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a common and often severe disorder. No prior studies have prospectively examined the course of BDD in individuals ascertained for BDD.

Method

The Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE) assessed weekly BDD symptoms and treatment received over 4 years for 166 broadly ascertained adults and adolescents with current BDD at intake. Kaplan–Meier life tables were constructed for time to remission and relapse. Full remission was defined as minimal or no BDD symptoms, and partial remission as less than full DSM-IV criteria, for at least 8 consecutive weeks. Full relapse and partial relapse were defined as meeting full BDD criteria for at least 2 consecutive weeks after attaining full or partial remission respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression examined predictors of remission and relapse.

Results

Over 4 years, the cumulative probability was 0.20 for full remission and 0.55 for full or partial remission from BDD. A lower likelihood of full or partial remission was predicted by more severe BDD symptoms at intake, longer lifetime duration of BDD, and being an adult. Among partially or fully remitted subjects, the cumulative probability was 0.42 for subsequent full relapse and 0.63 for subsequent full or partial relapse. More severe BDD at intake and earlier age at BDD onset predicted full or partial relapse. Eighty-eight percent of subjects received mental health treatment during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

In this observational study, BDD tended to be chronic. Several intake variables predicted greater chronicity of BDD.
Childhood and adult trauma both correlate with dorsal anterior cingulate activation to threat in combat veterans
Authors: Herringa R. J. , Phillips M. L. , Fournier J. C. , Kronhaus D. M. , Germain A.
Published: November 2012

Background

Prior studies of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest abnormal functioning of prefrontal and limbic regions. Cumulative childhood and adult trauma exposures are major risk factors for developing adult PTSD, yet their contribution to neural dysfunction in PTSD remains poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the neural correlates of childhood and adult trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) within a single model.

Method

Medication-free male combat veterans (n = 28, average age 26.6 years) with a wide range of PTSS were recruited from the community between 2010 and 2011. Subjects completed an emotional face-morphing task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Clinical ratings included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Combat Exposure Scale (CES). A priori regions were examined through multivariate voxelwise regression in SPM8, using depressive symptoms and IQ as covariates.

Results

In the angry condition, CAPS scores correlated positively with activation in the medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC; Brodmann area (BA) 10, z = 3.51], hippocampus (z = 3.47), insula (z = 3.62) and, in earlier blocks, the amygdala. CES and CTQ correlated positively with activation in adjacent areas of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; BA 32, z = 3.70 and BA 24, z = 3.88 respectively). In the happy condition, CAPS, CTQ and CES were not correlated significantly with activation patterns.

Conclusions

dACC activation observed in prior studies of PTSD may be attributable to the cumulative effects of childhood and adult trauma exposure. By contrast, insula, hippocampus and amygdala activation may be specific to PTSS. The specificity of these results to threat stimuli, but not to positive stimuli, is consistent with abnormalities in threat processing associated with PTSS.
Motor training of sixty minutes once per week improves motor ability in children with congenital heart disease and retarded motor development: a pilot study
Authors: Müller Jan , Pringsheim Milka , Engelhardt Andrea , Meixner Juliana , Halle Martin , Oberhoffer Renate , Hess John , Hager Alfred
Published: November 2012

Objective

Delay and impairment of motor development is reported in patients with congenital heart disease. This pilot study addressed the feasibility and effect of a low-dose motor training programme of 60 min once per week on motor ability in preschool children with congenital heart disease.

Patients and methods

In all, 14 children – including four girls, in the age group of 4–6 years – with various types of congenital heart disease performed the motor developmental test MOT 4–6 before and after 3 months of a playful exercise programme of 60 min once a week.

Results

At baseline, the motor quotient ranged from normal to slightly impaired (median 92.0; Quartile 1: 83.75; Quartile 3: 101.25). After intervention, motor quotient did not change significantly for the entire group (95.0 (88.0, 102.5); p = 0.141). However, in the subgroup of nine children with retarded motor development at baseline (motor quotient lower 100), seven children had an improved motor quotient after 3 months of intervention. In this subgroup, motor quotient increased significantly (p = 0.020) by 5%.

Conclusions

Overall, a short intervention programme of 60 min only once a week does not improve motor ability in all children with congenital heart disease. However, those with retarded motor development profit significantly from this low-dose intervention.
Psychometric Properties of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) in a Chinese-Speaking Population
Authors: Yang Zhihui
Published: November 2012

Background: Studies have shown that the intolerance of uncertainty may play a key role in the aetiology and maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Aims: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), which had already been validated in French and English versions. Method: In a large college student sample (N = 940), the factor analysis and regression analyses were performed on the IUS. Results: The IUS had excellent internal consistency (α = 0.90) and good test-retest reliability (r = 0.75) over a 5-week period. Factor analysis showed that the IUS had a four-factor solution. Finally, the regression analysis demonstrated that IU contributed significantly to worry, after controlling for demographic variables and levels of anxiety and depression. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the IUS was a sound scale for assessing IU and the intolerance of uncertainty was an important influencing factor on worry.
Centrosome Fine Ultrastructure of the Osteocyte Mechanosensitive Primary Cilium
Authors: Uzbekov R.E. , Maurel D.B. , Aveline P.C. , Pallu S. , Benhamou C.L. , Rochefort G.Y.
Published: November 2012

The centrosome is the principal microtubule organization center in cells, giving rise to microtubule-based organelles (e.g., cilia, flagella). The aim was to study the osteocyte centrosome morphology at an ultrastructural level in relation to its mechanosensitive function. Osteocyte centrosomes and cilia in tibial cortical bone were explored by acetylated alpha-tubulin (AαTub) immunostaining under confocal microscopy. For the first time, fine ultrastructure and spatial orientation of the osteocyte centrosome were explored by transmission electron microscopy on serial ultrathin sections. AαTub-positive staining was observed in 94% of the osteocytes examined (222/236). The mother centriole formed a short primary cilium and was longer than the daughter centriole due to an intermediate zone between centriole and cilium. The proximal end of the mother centriole was connected with the surface of daughter centriole by striated rootlets. The mother centriole exhibited distal appendages that interacted with the cell membrane and formed a particular structure called “cilium membrane prolongation.” The primary cilium was mainly oriented perpendicular to the long axis of bone. Mother and daughter centrioles change their original mutual orientation during the osteocyte differentiation process. The short primary cilium is hypothesized as a novel type of fluid-sensing organelle in osteocytes.
Evaluation of the fused silica thermal conductivity by comparing infrared thermometry measurements with two-dimensional simulations
Authors: Combis Patrick , Cormont Philippe , Gallais Laurent , Hebert David , Robin Lucile , Rullier Jean-Luc
Published: November 2012

A self-consistent approach is proposed to determine the temperature dependent thermal conductivity k(T) of fused silica, for a range of temperatures up to material evaporation using a CO2 laser irradiation. Calculation of the temperature of silica using a two-dimensional axi-symmetric code was linked step by step as the laser power was increased with experimental measurements using infrared thermography. We show that previously reported k(T) does not reproduce the temporal profile as well as our adaptive fit which shows that k(T) evolves with slope discontinuities at the annealing temperature and the softening temperature.
Local order parameters for use in driving homogeneous ice nucleation with all-atom models of water
Authors: Reinhardt Aleks , Doye Jonathan P. K. , Noya Eva G. , Vega Carlos
Published: November 2012

We present a local order parameter based on the standard Steinhardt–Ten Wolde approach that is capable both of tracking and of driving homogeneous ice nucleation in simulations of all-atom models of water. We demonstrate that it is capable of forcing the growth of ice nuclei in supercooled liquid water simulated using the TIP4P/2005 model using over-biassed umbrella sampling Monte Carlo simulations. However, even with such an order parameter, the dynamics of ice growth in deeply supercooled liquid water in all-atom models of water are shown to be very slow, and so the computation of free energy landscapes and nucleation rates remains extremely challenging.
Analysis of mobile ionic impurities in polyvinylalcohol thin films by thermal discharge current and dielectric impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Egginger M. , Schwödiauer R.
Published: November 2012

Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) is a water soluble polymer frequently applied in the field of organic electronics for insulating thin film layers. By-products of PVA synthesis are sodium acetate ions which contaminate the polymer material and can impinge on the electronic performance when applied as interlayer dielectrics in thin film transistors. Uncontrollable voltage instabilities and unwanted hysteresis effects are regularly reported with PVA devices. An understanding of these effects require knowledge about the electronic dynamics of the ionic impurities and their influence on the dielectric properties of PVA. Respective data, which are largely unknown, are being presented in this work. Experimental investigations were performed from room temperature to 125°C on drop-cast PVA films of three different quality grades. Data from thermal discharge current (TDC) measurements, polarization experiments, and dielectric impedance spectroscopy concurrently show evidence of mobile ionic carriers. Results from TDC measurements indicate the existence of an intrinsic, build-in electric field of pristine PVA films. The field is caused by asymmetric ionic double layer formation at the two different film-interfaces (substrate/PVA and PVA/air). The mobile ions cause strong electrode polarization effects which dominate dielectric impedance spectra. From a quantitative electrode polarization analysis of isothermal impedance spectra temperature dependent values for the concentration, the mobility and conductivity together with characteristic relaxation times of the mobile carriers are given. Also shown are temperature dependent results for the dc-permittivity and the electronic resistivity. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility to partly remove contaminants from a PVA solution by dialysis cleaning. Such a cleaning procedure reduces the values of ion concentration, conductivity and relaxation frequency.
One size does not fit all: the different experiences of those with chronic heart failure, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Corcoran Katherine J. , Jowsey Tanisha , Leeder Stephen R.
Published: November 2012

Introduction.
The Australian federal government is developing a policy response to chronic disease in Australia. The Serious and Continuing Illness Policy and Practice Study examined the experience of individuals with chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Western Sydney. This paper describes the disease-specific experiences of people interviewed.

Methods.
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 40 individuals aged 45–85 years with CHF, COPD or diabetes in 2008. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was performed, assisted by QSR Nvivo 8 qualitative data software.

Results.
Participants with CHF (n = 9) came to terms with the prospect of unpredictable sudden death. Participants with COPD (n = 15) were angry about limitations it imposed on their lives. Participants with diabetes (n = 16) experienced a steep learning curve in self-management of their condition surrounded by high levels of uncertainty.

Conclusion.
Although people with chronic illness share many experiences, a person’s overall experience of living with chronic illness is significantly shaped by the nature of their specific dominant disease. Policies for patient-centred care must take account of both generic and disease-specific elements.

What is known about the topic?
There is a large qualitative literature relating to the disease-specific experiences and needs of individuals with diabetes, and a growing literature on CHF and COPD . However, the extent to which patient experiences and responses are specific to one condition rather than generic to all is not clear.

What does this paper add?
This study identified that pushing one’s limits is central to the experience of living with COPD; this has not been reported elsewhere but is critical to our understanding of the behaviours and needs of people living with COPD. Such characteristics, when specific to a condition, are reported in this paper.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Understanding the different experiences associated with specific chronic diseases can enable healthcare services to tailor programs and services to people with those problems. This finding is particularly relevant where interactions are time limited, such as in general practice settings.
Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis of Dexoxadrol Analogues
Authors: Sax Michael , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: November 2012

A solid-phase synthesis of dexoxadrol analogues like-13 and unlike-13 bearing an oxo group in the 4-position of the piperidine ring has been developed using aminomethyl substituted polystyrene resin as solid support. The synthesis comprises a hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of imine 7b with Danishefsky’s diene 8 in the presence of the Lewis acid Yb(OTf)3 and a conjugate reduction of the double bond of 9b with LiBHEt3 and BF3. The cleavage of the product from the solid support was performed with 1-chloroethyl chloroformate. All transformations on the solid support and additionally the cleavage reaction had to be compatible with the large and acid labile acetalic 1,3-dioxolane moiety in 2-position of the piperidine ring. The oxodexoxadrol derivative 12 was obtained in an overall yield of 17 %.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Organic Electronic Materials – Case Studies in Methodology Translation and Scale-up
Authors: Seyler Helga , Haid Stefan , Kwon Tae-Hyuk , Jones David J. , Bäuerle Peter , Holmes Andrew B. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: November 2012

The continuous flow synthesis of functional thiophene derivatives was examined. Methodology for the lithiation of thiophene building blocks was developed using a commercial bench-top flow reactor. In addition, the advantages of flow processing were demonstrated in the synthesis of a high performance organic dye in gram scale.
Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Rapid and Selective Synthesis of 2’-Deoxy and 2’,3’-Dideoxynucleosides
Authors: Shen Bo , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: November 2012

A new photochemical flow reactor has been developed for the photo-induced electron-transfer deoxygenation reaction to produce 2′-deoxy and 2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides. The continuous flow format significantly improved both the efficiency and selectivity of the reaction, with the streamlined multi-step sequence directly furnishing the highly desired unprotected deoxynucleosides.
AtMYB44 positively modulates disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae through the salicylic acid signalling pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zou Baohong , Jia Zhenhua , Tian Shuangmei , Wang Xiaomeng , Gou Zhenhua , Lü Beibei , Dong Hansong
Published: November 2012

Plant MYB transcription factors are implicated in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we demonstrate that an R2-R3 MYB transcription factor, AtMYB44, plays a role in the plant defence response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000). The expression of AtMYB44 was upregulated upon pathogen infection and treatments with defence-related phytohormones. Transgenic plants overexpressing AtMYB44 (35S-Ms) exhibited greater levels of PR1 gene expression, cell death, callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves infected with PstDC3000. Consequently, 35S-M lines displayed enhanced resistance to PstDC3000. In contrast, the atmyb44 T-DNA insertion mutant was more susceptible to PstDC3000 and exhibited decreased PR1 gene expression upon infection. Using double mutants constructed via crosses of 35S-M lines with NahG transgenic plants and nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 mutant (npr1–1), we demonstrated that the enhanced PR1 gene expression and PstDC3000 resistance in 35S-M plants occur mainly through the salicylic acid signalling pathway.
Reducing barriers to testing for Chlamydia trachomatis by mailed self-collected samples
Authors: Buhrer-Skinner Monika , Muller Reinhold , Buettner Petra G. , Gordon Rose , Debattista Joseph
Published: November 2012

Background
Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible bacterial infection in Australia, where distance to health services can be a barrier. This study investigated the acceptability of a self-collection kit for chlamydia testing (sent by mail) and assessed the risk profiles of participants with respect to locality. Methods: In total, 2587 self-collection kits were distributed opportunistically or sent directly to participants upon request, as was a self-administered questionnaire. Results: The return rate was 13.2% (n = 341) for samples and questionnaires. The return rate did not differ with location (P = 0.522) but with mode of distribution (opportunistic: 9.7%; by request: 27.4%; P < 0.001). Although 37% of participants had previously been tested for chlamydia, 77.5% said that they would not have sought testing otherwise. The median age of participants was 22.6 years, 33.8% were male and 9.1% were of Aboriginal descent. Overall, 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.1–12.5) of participants were chlamydia-positive. Prevalence of chlamydia and Aboriginal participation increased with remoteness (P < 0.001), and self-reported condom use was significantly reduced for remote and very remote locations (P = 0.008). Within remote and very remote locations, 30.8% (95% CI = 9.1–61.4) of Aboriginal participants and 38.9% of nonIndigenous participants were chlamydia-positive (P = 0.718; 95% CI = 17.3–64.3). Discussion: Testing for chlamydia using a mailed self-collection kit opened access to a predominantly test-naïve population. The proposed model was able to reach remote populations. Actively requested kits were more likely to be returned.
Key informant perceptions of youth-focussed sexual health promotion programs in Australia
Authors: Newton Danielle , Keogh Louise , Temple-Smith Meredith , Fairley Christopher K. , Chen Marcus , Bayly Christine , Williams Henrietta , McNamee Kathleen , Henning Dorothy , Hsueh Arthur , Fisher Jane , Hocking Jane
Published: November 2012

Background
This paper explores key informant (KI) perceptions of the barriers to effective sexual health promotion programs in Australia and suggests strategies to overcome these barriers. Three types of sexual health promotion programs were explored in this study: those targeting all young people (under 30), Aboriginal young people, and young people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. Methods: The study utilised a qualitative approach and involved 33 semistructured interviews with sexual health professionals involved in funding or delivering Australian sexual health promotion programs or working clinically with individuals diagnosed with sexually transmissible infections. Results: Fourteen barriers to effective sexual health promotion programs were identified. Barriers included: difficulties associated with program evaluation, lack of involvement of the target community, the short-term nature of programs, problems with program resources and concerns about the content of programs. Additional barriers to programs targeting Aboriginal and CALD young people were also identified and included: a lack of cultural sensitivity; a failure to acknowledge differences in literacy, knowledge, and language skills; stigma and shame associated with sexual health; and the continued use of programs that lack inclusivity. KIs suggested strategies to overcome these barriers. Conclusion: Sexual health promotion in Australia suffers from several barriers that are likely to impede the effectiveness of programs. In particular, poor or nonexistent program evaluation and lack of community involvement are among the key areas of concern. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be useful in informing and shaping future Australian sexual health promotions.