bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protecting against harm: Safeguarding adults
Authors: Dalphinis Julie
Published: February 2016

Safeguarding adults is based on a network of law, policies and guidance which provides a framework for health professionals to play their part in supporting adults to live a life free from abuse and neglect. Practitioners may also be bound to follow local guidelines through their employment contract. This article will deal with three main aspects of safeguarding: the definitions of safeguarding adults work; its legal framework; and recognising when to act and what to do.
‘His knife and hands bloody’: Sweeney Todd’s journey from page to stage – melodrama, adaptation and the original 1847 manuscript
Authors: Winter Sarah A.
Published: February 2016

The Victorian stage life of Sweeney Todd, evolving from George Dibdin Pitt’s adaptation in 1847, has been fairly widely discussed in nineteenth-century theatre scholarship. However, the majority of previous examinations focus on a version of Dibdin Pitt’s melodrama available in John Dicks’ collection of plays from 1883. A much earlier manuscript from 1847 is archived in the British Library’s Lord Chamberlain’s Plays Collection, which became more openly accessible when Sharon Aronofsky Weltman reproduced the entire text in her special journal issue on the play (2011). The manuscript reveals that the inaugural text and performances starkly contrast with the 1883 version. Apart from Weltman’s publication, to date there has been minute critical attention to the 1847 text. This article offers a close analysis of the adaptation processes from Edward Lloyd’s penny blood to the melodramatic reworking, in order to provide the necessary re-examination of a canonical example of a Victorian stage villain. The transition in 1847 demonstrates how and why Todd took centre-stage, the synergy between Dibdin Pitt’s adaptation of the character and contemporary anxieties over urban crime, and that the barber’s theatre debut was the catalyst for fuelling his urban legend, which still remains in the present day.
Las imágenes de lo sagrado o cómo ser católico entre cambios y continuidades (c. 1875-1931)
Authors: Louzao Villar Joseba
Published: February 2016

¿Qué significó ser católico en la España de entre siglos? Cualquier intento de respuesta no puede ser en estos momentos más que un mero acercamiento parcial. Este trabajo pretende describir el catolicismo desde la perspectiva particular de la historia de la espiritualidad, remarcando la importancia que tuvieron las imágenes religiosas entre la devociones de los católicos españoles de entre siglos. Las imágenes religiosas no deben ser una mera anécdota dentro de la historia sociocultural religiosa, ya que fueron un recurso más en los planteamientos de «modernidad defensiva» de la Iglesia católica. Y es que la imaginería católica tuvo repercusiones en la vida cotidiana de los católicos y en su interpretación de la realidad. Detrás de las imágenes religiosas se encontraba una forma de entender el mundo y de relacionarse con él.
A vueltas con la Revolución Francesa. Viejos debates y nuevas propuestas
Authors: Vázquez de Prada Mercedes
Published: February 2016

Después de dos siglos de debate, la Revolución francesa sigue siendo una de las áreas intelectualmente más creativas y que suscita mayores polémicas. La historia de la Revolución Francesa sigue estando muy viva y proyecta su compleja trayectoria sobre la actualidad como antecedente de conflictos sociopolíticos y desafíos de la democracia. A medio camino entre estructuras, ideas y mentalidades, la historiografía y las investigaciones recientes prosiguen a buen ritmo en medio de un intenso debate. Este artículo repasa la evolución reciente de dichas polémicas historiográficas y algunos de los principales temas y tendencias actuales en la investigación sobre la Revolución. Tras la hegemonía revisionista del bicentenario se constata, sobre todo en Francia, una revitalización de la herencia clásica. La ampliación temática, la complejidad del análisis y una perspectiva global muestran que, lejos de estar superado, el debate historiográfico apunta la necesidad de profundizar en la interpretación de los sistemas interactivos que articulan los engranajes de la Revolución.
Reivindicar el pasado para transformar el presente y legitimar la revolución constitucional: Historicismo y diputados catalanes en las Cortes de Cádiz
Authors: Sánchez Carcelén Antoni
Published: February 2016

Durante el proceso constituyente gaditano la tradición constitucional medieval se erigió en un extraordinario recurso para legitimar el inmovilismo absolutista o, por el contrario, para validar la tarea legislativa de signo liberal, ya que la cultura constitucional de 1812 fue, además de católica, profundamente historicista. En buena medida porque en las continuas apelaciones de los diputados catalanes más destacados —de hecho, Capmany, Aner, Espiga, Dou y Creus fueron los únicos que se manifestaron al respecto de una manera significativa— a la historia de la Corona de Aragón, a la antigua constitución de la monarquía española y a las leyes fundamentales castellanas cabían tanto las propuestas serviles como las reformistas.
A sangre y fuego. Antonio Royo Villanova, maestro de administrativistas y de anticatalanistas
Authors: Pich Mitjana Josep , Contreras Ruiz José , Pastrana Piñero Juan
Published: February 2016

Este artículo es una aproximación a la trayectoria ideológica del catedrático, periodista, político y escritor Antonio Royo Villanova, y su posicionamiento en relación con el nacionalismo catalán. Influyente autor en el derecho Administrativo español, Royo Villanova mostró un persistente discurso anticatalanista a lo largo de su carrera periodística y política. Si bien fue un defensor de la descentralización administrativa, se opuso radicalmente a cualquier descentralización política y cultural. Su furibundo anticatalanismo le hizo uno de los políticos más populares de la II República. Después de su muerte, cayó en el olvido, a pesar de que su concepción del derecho administrativo español fue posiblemente la predominante en la academia española durante la primera mitad del siglo xx. La influencia de su pensamiento político, entre los defensores del unitarismo, así como su legado periodístico y académico son muy amplios. Fue un regeneracionista, un académico relevante defensor de la descentralización de la administración, siempre que no cuestionase la unidad española, un político que llegó a ministro y un maestro tanto de anticatalanistas como de administrativistas.
Eskola-inplikazioa: kontzeptua, neurketa, aldakortasuna eta testuinguruaren aldagaiak nahiz aldagai psikologikoak
Authors: Ramos Díaz Estibaliz , Fernández Zabala Arantza , Zuazagoitia Rey-Baltar Ana , Rodríguez Fernández Arantzazu , Ros Martínez de la Hidalga Iker
Published: February 2016

El estudio de la implicación escolar (school engagement) constituye en la actualidad una línea de investigación de gran interés en el ámbito de la psicología de la educación. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión teórica actualizada de las principales contribuciones que la literatura científica ofrece sobre la conceptualización y la medida de la implicación escolar. Además, se analiza la variabilidad de la implicación escolar en función del sexo y la edad/nivel educativo, así como su relación con variables contextuales (apoyo social percibido de la familia, amistades y profesorado) y psicológicas (autoconcepto y resiliencia). Aunque la conceptualización del constructo varía en los trabajos revisados, hay consenso general respecto a su naturaleza multifacética, que incluye tres dimensiones recogidas en la mayor parte de los instrumentos de medida: conductual, emocional y cognitiva. Se comprueba que la evidencia empírica predominante muestra que las variables analizadas en este estudio guardan una asociación directa con diversos indicadores de ajuste escolar, siendo constatable el incipiente aumento de estudios que incluyen la implicación escolar. Por último, se elaboran las conclusiones en el marco de la psicología positiva y se exponen las cuestiones pendientes más relevantes para futuras investigaciones.
PHDA: O que Há de Novo no DSM‑5
Authors: Oliveira Luís , Pereira Marcelino , Medeiros Maria , Serrano Ana
Published: February 2016

A Perturbação de Hiperatividade/Défice de Atenção (PHDA) caracteriza‑se por manifestações comportamentais que afetam o normal funcionamento/desenvolvimento da criança, do adolescente e do adulto, em diferentes contextos de vida.Segundo o Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – DSM), a PHDA apresenta a robustez clínica necessária para ser considerada uma perturbação específica do neurodesenvolvimento.Neste artigo descrevemos as principais características da PHDA, valorizando aspetos relacionados com a epidemiologia, semiologia, comorbilidades e avaliação, mas sobretudo debatemos as alterações operadas aos critérios de diagnóstico no DSM‑5, nomeadamente: especificadores, idade de início, ponto de corte, e comorbilidade com Perturbação do Espectro do Autismo.
Sobre la transmissió i la data dels goigs copiats al Ms. 1191 de la Biblioteca de Catalunya
Authors: Mahiques Climent Joan , Rovira i Cerdà Helena
Published: February 2016

El Ms. 1191 de la Biblioteca de Catalunya constitueix una col·lecció factícia de goigs copiats als segles xvii-xix. Alguns estudis filològics i bibliogràfics havien situat la redacció de la part més antiga del volum, corresponent als ff. 18r-55v, entre el final del segle xv i el final de la centúria següent; però els autors d’aquest article, a partir del contingut del manuscrit i de la seva anàlisi codicològica, proposen la datació d’aquests folis entre els anys 1601 i 1610. Els divuit poemes continguts en aquesta part són documentats a partir del segle XVII en tots els casos excepte en els Goigs de la Verge del Roser (inc. «Vostres goigs ab gran plaer»), obra medieval que coneixem a través de nombrosos testimonis cinccentistes o posteriors. Onze de les divuit poesies tenen en el Ms. 1191 l’únic testimoni conegut anterior al segle xviii, i una de les peces en qüestió ha romàs inèdita fins al dia d’avui. Ens referim a uns goigs en llaors de sant Magí (inc. «Màrtir sou de gran valia»), publicats per primera vegada en aquest article.
Der Anteil der Dinge an der Gesellschaft
Authors: Roßler Gustav
Published: February 2016

Wie lässt sich das Miteinander von Menschen und Dingen in Gesellschaft denken? Kann man Dinge als soziale Akteure betrachten? Gustav Roßler plädiert für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Dinge in der Soziologie. Er bezieht die verteilte Kognition in seine Überlegungen ein und schlägt Weiterentwicklungen zentraler Begriffe der Wissenschafts- und Technikforschung (Science and Technology Studies) vor, darunter Handlungsmacht (agency), Quasi-Objekte, Grenzobjekte, technische Objekte, epistemische Dinge, Akteurnetzwerke, heterogene Assoziationen sowie Objektinstitutionen.
Nicht-Besucherforschung
Authors: Renz Thomas
Published: February 2016

Trotz des politischen Anspruchs einer »Kultur für alle« besucht nur ein kleiner Teil der Bevölkerung in Deutschland regelmäßig öffentlich geförderte Kultureinrichtungen. Wie kann es mithilfe kulturpolitischer und kulturmanagerialer Strategien gelingen, neue Besucher_innen zu gewinnen? Erstmals wird mit diesem Band ein interdisziplinärer, theoretischer und empirischer Blick auf die »Nicht-Besucher« gelenkt. Praxisnah stellt Thomas Renz dar, mit welchen Instrumenten und Strategien des »Audience Development« Kulturpolitik und Kulturmanagement kulturelle Teilhabe fördern können und wie dieses Streben nach einem sozial diverseren Publikum die Kultureinrichtungen verändern wird.
Kulturmanagement und Social Media
Authors: Frank Simon A.
Published: February 2016

Für den Umgang mit Online-Medien, insbesondere Social Media, im deutschsprachigen Kulturbetrieb finden sich bislang nur zurückhaltende, fragmentarische Begründungsversuche, die bei näherer Betrachtung theoretische Inkonsequenzen aufweisen. Diese interdisziplinäre Studie von Simon A. Frank bewegt sich zwischen Kulturmanagement, -wissenschaft und Wirtschaftsinformatik. Sie entwickelt ein neues theoretisch fundiertes Konzept für Social Media im Kulturmanagement und zeigt, dass zwischen den tragenden Kunst- und Kulturtheorien, die derzeit das theoretische Fundament der Kultureinrichtungen bilden, sowie den aktuellen Internetpraktiken kein unversöhnlicher Gegensatz besteht.
Männlichkeit zwischen Gefühl und Revolution
Authors: Pilzweger Stefanie
Published: February 2016

Wie sind Politik, Emotionen und Geschlecht miteinander verflochten? Stefanie Pilzweger erzählt die Geschichte der bundesdeutschen 68er-Bewegung als »Gefühlsgeschichte« und zeigt so, dass Emotionen das Handeln der politischen Aktivisten motivierten und den historischen Verlauf der sozialen Bewegung maßgeblich prägten. Sie analysiert die Studentenbewegung als eine männlich codierte Protest- und Gefühlskultur: Da männliche Akteure das zeitgenössische Protestmilieu zahlenmäßig und inhaltlich dominierten, konnten sich auch »maskuline« Gefühlsregeln als konstitutiv für den kollektiven Emotionshaushalt durchsetzen.
Arquitectos latinoamericanos en la École des Beaux-Arts de París en el siglo XIX.
Authors: Jiménez-Madera Luis Manuel
Published: February 2016

En el presente artículo se identifican los arquitectos de origen latinoamericano que estudiaron en la École de Beaux- Arts de París en el siglo XIX. Este es un tema poco abordado en la bibliografía existente y cuyo estudio ha arrojado una primera identificación. Con el objetivo de reconocer a estos profesionales, se consultó la matrícula de alumnos arquitectos de la École, teniendo en cuenta inicialmente el lugar de origen para establecer una lista general. Sin embargo, dicha aproximación no es concluyente, puesto que hubo otras modalidades de acceso a la institución que no fueron registradas oficialmente (cursos introductorios, alumnos "oyentes", etc.). De cualquier manera, el análisis de los expedientes individuales de los alumnos registrados permitió establecer importantes datos generales como: la modalidad de los estudios seguidos, el tipo de inscripción o los registros de notas. De este modo, se identificaron treinta y ocho personajes, que conformaron el núcleo "oficial" de los exalumnos latinoamericanos de la prestigiosa institución parisina, entre los que figuran algunos de los principales arquitectos de sus respectivos países de origen.
Interference laser processing
Authors: Nakata Yoshiki
Published: February 2016

The most important component of quantum optics is laser interference. Interference patterns are formed by splitting a coherent beam into multiple beams and correlating them. This study introduces a variety of beam correlators and discusses their characteristics. Beam correlator basics such as interference region in terms of pulse width, group delay dispersion effects on pulse width, optical delay adjustment, and interference pattern simulation are explained. A discussion of the history of interference processing begins with the method in 1967 and continues through the advancement of shorter wavelengths and pulse widths. The recent techniques of solid-liquid-solid for 3D nanofabrication, duplicated structures with laser-induced periodic surface structure, processing inside transparent materials, and 2D and 3D periodic structures fabricated by photo-sensitization are also presented.
Development and verification of a mathematical model to quantify the joint spaces of the elbow
Authors: Glatzeder Korbinian , Müller Ralf , Hollinger Boris , Potthast Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the study was a development and verification of a model to quantify elbow joint spaces focusing on posterolateral rotatory instability. The model was tested for feasibility and applied to open and arthroscopic surgeries. A mathematical kinematic model was created, consisting of two segments representing the humerus and radius and ulna. Model calculations of the joint opening were compared with direct measurements on a mechanical model with attached marker arrays, and compared with values determined by a digital sliding caliper in order to evaluate the mathematical kinematic rigid body model of the elbow joint. Joint angles predicted by the mathematical model were compared with values determined by a two axis goniometer. The evaluation showed significant accordance (intercorrelation coefficient ≥0.8). The highest difference was 1.54° (root mean square: 0.46°) for all movement conditions. Ligament transaction at the open surgery situation affected an increase in joint opening (maximum joint opening: 10.9 mm±0.3). Distances in the ulnohumeral joint space (ligaments intact) under arthroscopic surgery situation varied between 4.0 and 6.8 mm (mean: 5.2 mm±1.0). Thus a possibility is created to achieve an objective assessment of joint space opening to provide a more complete description of the elbow kinematics using this approach.
Notes on the marine algae of the Bermudas. 15. Dichotomaria huismanii (Galaxauraceae, Rhodophyta), a new species in the D. marginata complex from the western Atlantic
Authors: Schneider Craig W. , Popolizio Thea R. , Spagnuolo Dylan S. , Lane Christopher E.
Published: February 2016

Using plastid-encoded rbcL and mitochondrial COI-5P sequence data, the species in Bermuda formerly recognized as Dichotomaria marginata was found to be a cryptic species in a wide complex of species all falling under the morphologically broad species concept for this supposed pantropical species. The new species, Dichotomaria huismanii, shows subtle anatomical and morphological differences when compared to D. marginata, and at present is only known from Bermuda. Bermuda specimens were compared with our isolates of D. marginata from St. Croix (Virgin Is.), as well as rbcL sequenced specimens with those from Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico in GenBank as D. marginata. Morphological and molecular characterization of D. marginata is provided along with the new species.
The invocation of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel attributed to Metrophanes metropolitan of Smyrna (BHG 1292)
Authors: Gielen Erika , Van Deun Peter
Published: February 2016

This article presents a critical edition and annotated English translation of the Invocation of the holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel by Metrophanes, who was bishop of Smyrna in the second half of the 9th century. The text has only been preserved in the 12th-century manuscript Oxoniensis, Bodleianus, Auctarium E.5.12 (Miscellaneus 77). This new reconstruction of the Greek text replaces the unreliable edition of 1887 by Basileios Georgiadès. In the notes accompanying the translation, references to expressions and Biblical quotes recurrent in the oeuvre of Metrophanes have been added.
An unedited antirrhetic discourse by the patriarch of Constantinople Kallistos I
Authors: Paidas Constantine
Published: February 2016

In the present study, the Διδασκαλία εἰς τὸ ῥητὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ὅτι ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐντὸς ἡμῶν ἐστι by patriarch Kallistos I is edited for the first time. It is given by two codices of Mount Athos, codex 8 of Hilandar monastery (ff. 169
Barbarians and brothers-in-arms
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: February 2016

The modern explanation of the Byzantine distinction between Roman and barbarian has focused on a dichotomy based on political allegiance to the emperor. In this interpretation, while individuals could change identity by changing loyalty, the categories themselves did not change. This essay argues that sixth-century Byzantine military elites had more complex opinions about identity and loyalty. In particular, they could accept that many who served the emperor loyally were in fact non-Romans and even barbarians, even if they liked them and refrained from using that term pejoratively. In fact, Byzantines could exhibit approval and fondness of non-Romans in loyal service to the emperor. The application of the pejorative label “barbarian” to non-Romans serving in the Byzantine military was limited to occasions when criticism was deemed appropriate (such as the misbehavior of the non-Roman) and those situations in which a reference to traditional barbarian tropes served a literary purpose.
EFLM WG-Preanalytical phase opinion paper: local validation of blood collection tubes in clinical laboratories
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Cornes Michael P. , Grankvist Kjell , Nybo Mads , Simundic Ana-Maria
Published: February 2016

The selection or procurement of blood collection devices in healthcare facilities is often an underestimated issue. This is probably due to different factors including the lack of knowledge of policymakers, hospital administrators and even laboratory managers about the importance of preanalytical quality and phlebotomy process, as well as to the absence of reliable guidelines or recommendations on how to precisely assess the quality of blood collection devices around the globe. With the awareness that a gap remains between manufacturers’ and local validation of blood collection devices, the Working Group for Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) has drafted a consensus document aimed to provide a set of essential requisites, technical criteria (e.g. presence of physical defects, malfunctioning, safety problems) and clinical issues for supporting laboratory professionals in organization blood collection tubes tenders and validating new devices before local routine implementation. The laboratory professionals should also make sure that the tenders accurately and strictly define the responsibilities for validation experiments and the potential consequences in the case the validation outcome shows that tubes due not fulfill the expectations.
CFD Simulation of Hydrogen Separation in Pd Hollow Fiber Membrane
Authors: Mansourpour Zahra , Ziaei-Halimejani Hooman , Sadeghnejad Seyed Morteza , Boskabadi Mohammadreza
Published: February 2016

In this article, hydrogen adsorption from gas mixture involve nitrogen and hydrogen by palladium hollow fiber membrane investigated and two dimensional model proposed for hydrogen adsorption in this model. This model has been evaluated based on equations (momentum and mass transfer) in all three parts (shell, membrane and tube) for existing gaseous compounds with using finite element method. The results of simulation validated by experimental data of hydrogen adsorption by palladium hollow fiber membrane. Modeling predictions shows good agreement with experimental data at different operating conditions such as different gas flows, temperature, pressure and etc. the result of simulation shows hydrogen separation efficiency increases with increasing temperature and pressure and decreases with increasing inlet rate. Also with using this model better performance of hollow fiber membranes can be obtained. In fact, hollow fiber membrane can be designed at different conditions and for different rates that it can save cost of various tests.
Analysis of SDWDM Ring Network and Enhancement Using Different Hybrid Optical Amplifiers and Modulation Formats
Authors: Anand Vineet , Sharma Anurag
Published: February 2016

In this paper, performance enhancement of super-dense wavelength division multiplexing (SDWDM) optical add–drop multiplexer optical ring network for six nodes, 50 wavelengths having channel spacing of 0.2 nm for 300 km unidirectional nonlinear fiber is successfully demonstrated. The performance of the designed system is enhanced by comparing different modulation formats (non-return to zero (NRZ), return to zero (RZ), soliton, chirped return to zero (CRZ), carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ)) and hybrid amplifiers (Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)–EDFA, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)–SOA, SOA, EDFA, EDFA–SOA) on the basis of eye diagram and bit error rate (BER). It has been observed that CRZ modulation format and EDFA-SOA shows the best results. It has been reported that EDFA-SOA/CRZ modulation format can achieve BER as better as e-13, which gives best performance. The effect of channel spacing on SDWDM system and performance degradation due to crosstalk is also evaluated.
Computerized vital signs analysis and late onset infections in extremely low gestational age infants
Authors: Mithal Leena Bhattacharya , Yogev Ram , Palac Hannah , Gur Ilan , Mestan Karen K.
Published: February 2016

Current clinical and laboratory diagnostics for neonatal infection are inadequate. An infant’s systemic inflammatory response may be identified earlier than clinical suspicion by a computerized algorithm (RALIS) incorporating multiple vital signs (VS). We tested the ability of RALIS to detect late onset infection (LOI) earlier than clinically suspected.

We conducted a retrospective review of infants enrolled in a birth cohort study at Prentice Women’s Hospital. VS data (heart rate, respirations, temperature, desaturation, bradycardia) were extracted from electronic records of 73 premature infants (born ≤28 weeks’ gestation; survived first month). RALIS generated a continuous output for the first 28 days of life. A score ≥5 for 6 h triggered an alert. The time of RALIS alert to time of clinical suspicion of infection (time culture sent) was measured for each episode of suspected and/or confirmed LOI.

Among the 73 infants followed with RALIS, there were 34 episodes of culture-positive LOI, seven culture-negative but treated episodes, and 13 false-positive culture (untreated) episodes. Twenty-five infants had no culture-positive or treated sepsis events during the observation period. There was a positive linear association between alert and culture (β=0.88, P<0.001). Mean absolute time difference between alert and culture was 59.4 h before culture. Sensitivity and specificity of RALIS for LOI were 0.82 and 0.44.

The RALIS algorithm is a sensitive indicator for early detection of infection in preterm infants. Further modifications to improve the specificity of the algorithm are needed prior to application of VS modeling to patient antibiotic treatment decisions.
Optical Detection of core-gold nanoshells inside biosystems
Authors: D’Acunto Mario , Dinarelli Simone , Cricenti Antonio , Luce Marco
Published: February 2016

Metal nanoshells having a dielectric core with a thin gold layer are generating new interest due to the unique optical, electric and magnetic properties exhibited by the local field enhancement near the metal – dielectric core interface. These nanoshells possess strong, highly tunable local plasmon resonances with frequencies dependent upon the nanoshell shape and core material. These unique characteristics have applications in biosensing, optical communication and medicine. In this paper, we developed a theoretical, numerical and experimental approach based on a scanning near optical microscope to identify nanoshells inside mouse cells. Taking advantage of the characteristic near-infrared transparency window of many biological systems, i.e. the low light absorption coefficient of biological systems between 750−1100 nm, we were able to identify a 100−150 nm diameter barium titanate-gold nanoshell inside the h9c2 mouse cells.
The second polymorph of triethylammonium 2,4,6-trisulfanylidene-1,3,5-triazinan-1-ide, C9H18N4S3
Authors: Wang Peizhi , Zeng Huahui , Wu Xiangxiang
Published: February 2016

C9H18N4S3, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.8444(3) Å, b = 15.7980(5) Å, c = 14.1803(4), β = 98.293(2)°, V = 2847.32(14) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt
(F) = 0.0510, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1466, T = 296 K.
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid use in the Nordic Countries: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis
Authors: Sagoe Dominic , Torsheim Torbj⊘rn , Molde Helge , Andreassen Cecilie Schou , Pallesen Ståle
Published: February 2016

Aims

To investigate the lifetime prevalence and moderators of non-medical AAS use in the five Nordic countries.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis and meta-regression using studies gathered from searches in PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and reference checks. Included were 32 studies that provided original data on 48 lifetime prevalence rates based on a total of 233,475 inhabitants of the Nordic countries.

Results

– The overall lifetime prevalence obtained was 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.4, I2 = 99.5, P < 0.001]. The prevalence for males, 2.9% (95% CI: 1.7-4.8, I2 = 99.2, P < 0.001), was significantly higher (Qbet = 40.5, P < 0.001) than the rate for females, 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.4, I2 = 90.5, P < 0.001). Sweden has the highest prevalence of AAS use: 4.4%, followed by Norway: 2.4%, Finland: 0.8%, Iceland: 0.7%, and Denmark: 0.5%. Country, sample type, and male sample percentage significantly predicted AAS use prevalence in a meta-regression analysis. No indication of publication bias was found.

Conclusion

– Though subject to some limitations, our findings suggest that non-medical AAS use should be regarded as a serious public health problem in the Nordic countries.
And that is where the fun ends – General practitioners' conceptualisation of the line between recreational and problem gambling
Authors: Egerer Michael Dieter , Marionneau Virve
Published: February 2016

Aims

Problem gambling is normally identified by fixed criteria of harm adapted from those of substance abuse and by focusing on the individual gambler. However, rigid definitions neglect institutional variations of gambling practices within different legislative configurations. This study proposes analysing the line between recreational and problem gambling by focusing on gambling behaviour and looking at the corruption of the defining factors of play (Caillois, 1958) in three different institutional contexts.

Design

A stimulated focus-group method (Reception Analytical Group Interview) was applied to seven groups of Finnish and French general practitioners each and three groups of German ones to study the variations of conceptualising the defining factors of play as introduced by Caillois.

Results

Corruption of play was distinguished by participants from all three countries as the dividing line between recreational and problem gambling, but cultural variations were found: the French and German GPs emphasised the loss of the exceptionality of gambling, whereas the Finnish GPs highlighted the invasion of the home by online gambling. Furthermore, the Finnish and German participants were more concerned about the use of gambling as an emotional regulator, while French GPs echoed the French medical model in discussing the adrenaline rush of problem gamblers.

Conclusions

Caillois' defining factors of play can be used to distinguish recreational from problem gambling and to offer a more encompassing definition of problem gambling. The perception of the line between recreational and problem gambling also seems to depend on the institutional and cultural context.
From cannabis to problem drinking? Use and abuse from youth to adulthood
Authors: Hyggen Christer , Hammer Torild
Published: February 2016

Aims

The transition from youth to adulthood is associated with changes in the consumption of drugs and alcohol. The aim is to explore the process of “maturing out” of high levels of alcohol consumption, substance use and alcohol related problems from youth to adulthood. We are particularly interested in the relationship between the use of cannabis and alcohol consumption in relation to indicators of adult roles and responsibilities and alcohol-related problems over the life-course.

Methods

We used data from the norwegian longitudinal panel survey Arbeid, Livsstil og Helse (ALH). The data contains information on alcohol and drug consumption, alcohol related problems and a range of indicators of adulthood like marriage and parenthood from surveys repeated in 1985, 1987, 1989, 1993, 2003 and 2010. The sample was nationally representative for the cohorts born 1965–1968 and thus contains individual histories from youth (17–20 years) to adulthood (42–45 years) with response rates ranging from 80% in 1985 to 53% in 2010 (total n=1997).

Results

Alcohol consumption is found to be substantially higher among users of cannabis than among nonusers throughout the period from youth to adulthood. The use of cannabis, the level of alcohol consumption and probability of experiencing alcohol related problems decrease as the cohorts grow older. Alcohol related problems are still associated with the level of involvement with cannabis: those with a current or previous involvement with cannabis report more alcohol related problems. Taking into account the decreasing trend of alcohol related problems with age we find that becoming a parent and/ or getting married reduces the risk of experiencing such problems.
Andel av befolkningen i Norge med et risikofylt alkoholkonsum målt gjennom Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
Authors: Halkjelsvik Torleif , Storvoll Elisabet E.
Published: February 2016

Aims

To estimate the proportion of the Norwegian population that according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines should be followed up by primary health care, based on three levels of risk drinking. We also investigated the relationship between risky drinking and demographic variables (gender, age and education).

MaterialS & METHODS

– In 2012 and 2013 Statistics Norway conducted 4048 telephone interviews on a random sample of the population aged 16–79 (55.3% response rate). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a screening instrument for primary health care, was used to identify potential problem drinking. We used descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis.

Results

Approximately 17% of the sample scored within the WHO-recommended limits for simple advice and/or further monitoring. Of these, 2% scored above the limit for the two most serious risk categories. Risky drinking was most prevalent among men, especially those aged 16–50. Among women, there was most risky drinking in the 16–30 age group. The regression analysis showed that age, gender and education predicted AUDIT sum scores.

Conclusion

A large proportion scored within the least serious risk group, where simple advice to cut down on alcohol is the recommended measure. This group mostly consisted of younger respondents (16–30 years), and a large majority were men (age categories 20 and older). These are individuals who do not necessarily have an alcohol problem, but are at increased risk for negative consequences such as injury during intoxication, and/or developing misuse or dependence over time.
Significant others in substance abusers' change talk during motivational interviewing sessions in the Finnish Probation Service
Authors: Sarpavaara Harri
Published: February 2016

Aims

This article explores the meanings substance-abusing clients attach to family and friendships during motivational interviewing (MI) sessions in Probation Service.

Data

The analyses are based on videotaped and transcribed data consisting of 82 MI sessions. This database involves the first two counseling sessions of 41 client-counselor pairs. Sessions were videotaped in 12 Probation Service offices in Finland between 2007 and 2009.

Methods

The analysis relies on coding of client's change talk utterances and qualitative semiotic framework.

Results

The meanings of the significant others were diverse from the point of view of the client's motivation: family appeared as a support for change, an aspiration, a sufferer, or an obstacle to change; and friendship appeared as an obstacle to change, a surmounted obstacle, a cause to change, or a support to change.

Conclusions

Significant others and their quality are important and diverse factors that promote or hinder change in substance abuser' change talk. Thus, it is suggested that the meaning of significant others should not be overlooked in MI and other substance abuse treatment.
Self-assembly of large RNA structures: learning from DNA nanotechnology
Authors: Stewart Jaimie Marie , Franco Elisa
Published: February 2016

Nucleic acid nanotechnology offers many methods to build self-assembled structures using RNA and DNA. These scaffolds are valuable in multiple applications, such as sensing, drug delivery and nanofabrication. Although RNA and DNA are similar molecules, they also have unique chemical and structural properties. RNA is generally less stable than DNA, but it folds into a variety of tertiary motifs that can be used to produce complex and functional nanostructures. Another advantage of using RNA over DNA is its ability to be encoded into genes and to be expressed in vivo. Here we review existing approaches for the self-assembly of RNA and DNA nanostructures and specifically methods to assemble large RNA structures. We describe de novo design approaches used in DNA nanotechnology that can be ported to RNA. Lastly, we discuss some of the challenges yet to be solved to build micron-scale, multi stranded RNA scaffolds.
p38γ and p38δ reprogram liver metabolism by modulating neutrophil infiltration
Authors: González‐Terán Bárbara , Matesanz Nuria , Nikolic Ivana , Verdugo María Angeles , Sreeramkumar Vinatha , Hernández‐Cosido Lourdes , Mora Alfonso , Crainiciuc Georgiana , Sáiz María Laura , Bernardo Edgar , Leiva‐Vega Luis , Rodríguez Elena , Bondía Victor , Torres Jorge L , Perez‐Sieira Sonia , Ortega Luis , Cuenda Ana , Sanchez‐Madrid Francisco , Nogueiras Rubén , Hidalgo Andrés , Marcos Miguel , Sabio Guadalupe
Published: February 2016

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem and the main cause of liver disease in Western countries. Although NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The disease begins with an excessive accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, which stimulates an inflammatory response. Alternative p38 mitogen‐activated kinases (p38γ and p38δ) have been shown to contribute to inflammation in different diseases. Here we demonstrate that p38δ is elevated in livers of obese patients with NAFLD and that mice lacking p38γ/δ in myeloid cells are resistant to diet‐induced fatty liver, hepatic triglyceride accumulation and glucose intolerance. This protective effect is due to defective migration of p38γ/δ‐deficient neutrophils to the damaged liver. We further show that neutrophil infiltration in wild‐type mice contributes to steatosis development by means of inflammation and liver metabolic changes. Therefore, p38γ and p38δ in myeloid cells provide a potential target for NAFLD therapy.
Dora Emilia Mora de Retana, a remembrance
Authors: Atwood John T.
Published: February 2016

It was with severe regrets that I learned of the untimely death of Dora Emilia Mora de Retana. In 1985 while completing the Orchidaceae for Flora of La Selva Biological Station, I started a search for a Costa Rican with whom to collaborate on a larger project. 
Joaquín Bernardo García Castro, 1944-2001
Authors: Warner Jorge
Published: February 2016

No nos recuperábamos del pesar causado por la muerte de la ex directora del Jardín Botánico Lankester, Dora Emilia Mora-Retana, cuando recibimos con gran dolor la noticia del fallecimiento de su gran amigo colaborador, el Dr. Joaquín García Castro.
Licaria leonis (Lauraceae), una nueva especie del Pacífico costarricense, y algunas notas sobre Licaria multinervis H. Kurz
Authors: Gómez-Laurito Jorge , Estrada Armando
Published: February 2016

 Una nueva especie de Licaria Aublet (Lauraceae) de las tierras medias de la vertiente pacífica de Costa Rica se describe y se ilustra en este artículo. Esta nueva especie es comparada con L. multinervis y se menciona que una especie no descrita de Endlicheria Nees puede ser solamente una forma inmadura de L. multinervis. 
New species and combinations in Costa Rican orchids. II
Authors: Dressler Robert L.
Published: February 2016

Se describen e ilustran Govenia viaria, de Monteverde hasta el área de Dota, y Palmorchis eidae, del área de Golfito, y se describe Dichaea elliptica, de Panamá y del sur de Costa Rica. Se pu- blica una nueva combinación para Chondroscaphe endresii, una especie distinta que se ha confundido con C. bicolor. Un concepto más amplio de Scaphyglottis requiere de nuevas combinaciones: Scaphyglottis bidentata, S. cuniculata y S. imbricata. Se publica el nombre nuevo Pleurothallis grammata, basado en Myoxanthus vittatus Pupulin y M.A.Blanco. 
Los hospederos de las plantas hemiparásitas de la familia Loranthaceae (S.L.) en Costa Rica
Authors: Lobo Silvia
Published: February 2016

S e p r e s e n t a u n a l i s t a a c t u a l i z a d a d e l o s h o s p e d e r o s d e l a s p l a n t a s h e m i p a r á s i t a s d e l a f a m i l i a L o r a n t h a c e a e ( s . l. ) e n C o s t a R i c a , c o n b a s e e n i n f o r m a c i ó n o b t e n i d a d i r e c t a m e n t e d e l o s e s p e c í m e n e s depositados en el Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica (CR). La lista incluye 58 familias de hospederos y 47 especies de hemiparásitas. 
Reposo y germinación de semillas de Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae): resultados de un estudio inédito y un experimento fallido
Authors: Morales Carlos O.
Published: February 2016

En Costa Rica, se determinó que para reproducir la especie arbórea Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae), las semillas seleccionadas deben tener una masa de 0,7 a 1,0 g. En general, mayor masa del fruto implica mayor masa de semillas viables, de modo que frutos más grandes podrán contener las mejores semillas. Algunas semillas de esta especie germinaron después de 13 años en reposo. Ahora existe evidencia de que las semillas de una cosecha dada están programadas para germinar en tiempos diferentes, lo que revela una estrategia reproductiva ventajosa a mediano y largo plazo. 
Sobralia quinata, a new species in Section Globosae
Authors: Dressler Robert L.
Published: February 2016

Hay varios especímenes de una Sobralia de la Sección Globosae colectados en Costa Rica, pero no se han podido identificar con certeza por la mala conservación de las flores. Ahora la floración de una p l a n t a e n e l J a r d í n B o t á n i c o L a n k e s t e r p e r m i t e l a d e s c r i p c i ó n d e l a p l a n t a c o m o u n a n u e v a e s p e c i e , S. quinata. 
Effect of Alignment on Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Metallic Junctions
Authors: Wincheski Buzz , Namkung Min , Smits Jan , Williams Phillip , Harvey Robert
Published: February 2016

Ballistic and spin coherent transport in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are predicted to enable high sensitivity single-nanotube devices for strain and magnetic field sensing. Based upon these phenomena, electron beam lithography procedures have been developed to study the transport properties of purified HiPCO single walled carbon nanotubes for development into sensory materials for nondestructive evaluation. Purified nanotubes are dispersed in solvent suspension and then deposited on the device substrate before metallic contacts are defined and deposited through electron beam lithography. This procedure produces randomly dispersed ropes, typically 2 – 20 nm in diameter, of single walled carbon nanotubes. Transport and scanning probe microscopy studies have shown a good correlation between the junction resistance and tube density, alignment, and contact quality. In order to improve nanotubes at specific locations on the substrate surface. Lithographic techniques are used to define local areas where high frequency electric fields are to be concentrated. Application of the aligned with the electric field lines. A second electron beam lithography layer is then used to deposit metallic contacts across the aligned tubes. Experimental measurements are presented showing the increased tube alignment and improvement in the transport properties of the junctions.
Black Athena and the Phoenicians
Authors: Bikai Patricia Maynor
Published: February 2016

Bernal's stated scholarly purpose is to open up new areas of research. He implicitly asks archaeologists to question whether what has been assigned as Greek is in fact Greek. This may indeed open up new areas in Near Eastern archaeology, as illustrated by the case of Al Mina. Bernal's basic thesis is that the Aryan model of Greek development had anti-Semetic underpinnings which denied the Phoneticians any role. However, other factors which Bernal ignores also contributed to the scholarly demise of the Phoneticians: (1) 'Hyphenization' such as the one Bernal himself uses, 'Egypto-Phonetician'; (2) the 'Bibliocentric' nature of much Near Eastern archaeology and the related lack of excavated material through which the role of the Phoneticians could be assessed; (3) religious anti-Phoenicianism. Finally, observations are made about the political implications of the book.
Kultura, moralność oraz duchowość w filozofii Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej
Authors: Kunisz Krzysztof
Published: February 2016

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie filozofii Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej oraz kilku podstawowych kategorii obecnych w jej systemie metafizycznym. Centralną ideą w jej dziełach jest idea onto-poiesis, oparta na tezie, że rzeczywistość rozumiana jako uniwersum wszystkich istot żywych jest jednością. Filozofia Tymienieckiej, choć otwarcie nawiązująca do tradycji fenomenologicznej, dystansuje się wobec niej, wprowadzając pojęcie aktu kreatywnego. W oparciu o to pojęcie Tymieniecka buduje swój system metafizyczny, opisując rzeczywistość jako trwającą w ciągłym konstruktywnym i uporządkowanym rozwoju. W tej rzeczywistości istotną rolę zajmuje człowiek i różne aspekty jego funkcjonowania w świecie. W niniejszym artykule zostały zaprezentowane trzy, obecne w filozofii Tymienieckiej, aspekty: kultura, moralność oraz duchowość.Artykuł został podzielony na kilka części. Pierwsza przedstawia biografię Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej oraz główne idee w jej filozofii. Druga ukazuje krytyczne poglądy polsko-amerykańskiej filozof na ejdetyczną i transcendentalną fenomenologię, oraz odróżnia kreatywny oraz konstytutywny akt świadomości. Następnie opisane zostają kategorie kultury oraz moralności. Ostatnia część prezentuje problem duchowości istoty ludzkiej oraz jej pęd ku transcendencji.System metafizyczny Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej stanowi spójny opis wielu aspektów świata i ludzkiej natury, przedstawiając tę ostatnią jako totalność duszy i ciała.
Zło brakiem dobra człowieka. Egzystencjalna koncepcja Martina Bubera
Authors: Jasiński Karol
Published: February 2016

Artykuł prezentuje filozoficzną koncepcję zła moralnego w myśli Martina Bubera (†1965) jako braku ukierunkowania życia. Źródłem inspiracji dla koncepcji Bubera były mity biblijne i perskie. Artykuł ma cztery części: 1) pojęcie mitu (świadectwo spotkania z Absolutem i narzędzie w odkryciu prawdy egzystencjalnej); 2) przesłanie mitów biblijnych (przeciwieństwa wpisane w naturę ludzką oraz wezwanie do ukierunkowania swego życia na Boga); 3) przekaz mitów perskich (niebezpieczeństwo kłamstwa egzystencjalnego oraz braku decyzji); 4) filozoficzne ujęcie zła (zło jako życie człowieka w chaosie możliwości i braku ukierunkowania swego życia na Boga).