bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical changes in wheat plants as affected by residues of dimethoate and pirimicarb
Authors: Abo‐El‐Seoud M.A. , Frost M.
Published: July 2002

Wheat plants were grown in field plots of 3×3m area. After growth period of two months, the growing plants were sprayed with dimethoate and pirimicarb at the recommended dose. Spraying was repeated after a further 45 days. Plant samples were taken at intervals of zero, three, six, nine, 12 and 15 days after each application. A gradual and continuous degradation of the applied pesticides had taken place in the treated wheat shoots up to the end of the experiment. However, dimethoate showed more residues and persistence rather than pirimicarb. The break down and metabolism of the applied pesticides was correlated with some biochemical changes in the sprayed plants. Sampling dates of three and six days after application were the most critical periods to affect plant metabolism. A decline was noticed in chlorophyll, sugars and carbohydrates, total proteins and RNA content of wheat shoots as a function of the applied pesticides. Free amino acids were accumulated in the sprayed plants, meanwhile the DNA content did not show observable changes as a consequence of the applied pesticides treatment.
Indicators of sustainable land use: concepts for the analysis of society‐nature interrelations and implications for sustainable development
Authors: Haberl Helmut , Schandl Heinz
Published: July 2002

Proposes two concepts for the empirical analysis of society‐nature interrelations: first, socio‐economic metabolism – the material and energy flows between societies and their natural environment and second, the colonization of nature – the sum of deliberate interventions into natural systems aimed at their “improvement” with respect to socio‐economic goals. Discusses empirical examples for sustainability indicators, focusing on landscape processes, and relates land use to the analysis of material and energy flows.
Regional modelling of particulate matter with MADE
Authors: Ackermann Ingmar J. , Hass Heinz , Schell Benedikt , Binkowski Francis S.
Published: July 2002

Describes the development and application of an aerosol model for regional air quality simulations. The aerosol model MADE is based on a modal concept and describes the chemical composition and the size distribution of atmospheric particulate matter. Primary as well as secondary aerosol components are considered in the model, which is fully integrated into the photochemical transport model EURAD. The model system has been applied to a European domain with different resolutions, using a one‐way nesting procedure. Simulations show the potential importance of secondary organics of anthropogenic and biogenic origin for the tropospheric particle loading. In addition it is shown that a reduction in precursor emissions for the inorganic ion fraction of PM (sulphate, nitrate and ammonium) does not necessarily lead to an equivalent reduction in PM2.5 mass concentrations, as for example a reduction in sulphate aerosol caused by reduced SO2 emissions might be compensated by enhanced formation of nitrate aerosols in certain regions.
Migration of DINP and DOP plasticisers from PVC sheets into food
Authors: Fouad M.M.K. , El Sayed A.M. , Mahdy A.N.
Published: July 2002

Over the last few decades, the use of plastics as packaging materials has increased due to their properties and processibility. On the other hand, as a result of contact of packed food with plastics, traces of plastic components may migrate into the food medium contaminating it and affecting consumers’ health. This work concerns the study of migration of DINP and DOP plasticisers from PVC sheets into foodstuffs. PVC sheets using either type of plasticisers with different concentrations were prepared and then put in contact with different food simulants. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine the loss in plasticised PVC sheets upon immersion in food simulants. Changes in mechanical properties of tested sheets were observed. IR was used in the detection of plastic components in food simulants. A comparison was held between the migration of DINP and DOP plasticisers into food simulants.
Electronic trading in the supply chain: a holistic implementation framework
Authors: Pawar Kulwant S. , Driva Helen
Published: July 2002

Discusses the effect of electronic commerce on the management of the supply chain. Particular emphasis is placed on electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI has in the past been confined to larger companies. However, as more companies are becoming switched on to the benefits, so it is becoming a prerequisite for all businesses. The benefits and costs associated with electronic commerce are highlighted using results from a survey and follow‐up cases. Analysis showed that the main benefit is faster transactions. Additionally, better co‐operation between trading partners, reduced administration costs and improved accuracy resulted. The impact of the Internet on electronic commerce, including possible future directions, is then discussed. The paper closes by proposing a framework to assist companies with the change towards introducing electronic commerce into the supply chain.
A structure for supply‐chain information flows and its application to the Alaskan crude oil supply chain
Authors: Hull Bradley
Published: July 2002

An effective supply chain requires a smoothly operating information system. Accurate information must flow among the links in a timely, coordinated fashion, which minimizes distortion. The system must incorporate supply‐and‐demand information, and constantly changing information about real world events that affect the chain. This paper provides a structure for these flows through a data flow diagram (DFD) and with a case study of its application to the Alaskan North Slope Oil (ANS) supply chain. The properties of this DFD are presented for push, pull and hybrid push/pull supply chains. Management can use the DFD approach to improve supply‐chain operations. Information flows can be rationalized and streamlined and feedback loops can be defined to measure performance. IT professionals can apply the generic nature of the DFD to a wide variety of logistics activities, including warehouse and carrier operations.
Outsourcing opportunities for data warehousing business usage
Authors: Preston David , Brohman Kathryn
Published: July 2002

IIntroduces a conceptual model developed to explore outsourcing of data warehouse usage by organizations. Data warehouse business users rely on reporting, ad hoc analysis, and data‐mining tools to support both operational and strategic decision making. Organizations have a vested interest in data warehousing; however, many organizations are constrained by the high costs associated with data warehouse development as well as the scarcity of complex skills required to use the data warehouse. One way to lower costs and gain access to scarce human skills is to outsource through the use of an application service provider. This paper presents the results of a theoretical evaluation conducted to explore data warehouse outsourcing of business usage (i.e. reporting, ad hoc analysis, and data mining). Results of this theoretical evaluation are summarized in a conceptual model that will be tested using field studies in future research.
Reinventing Logistics:
Authors: Cooper James , Stephan Robert
Published: July 2002

Business process re‐engineering (BPR) stresses the importance of taking
a process‐led approach to management compared with the functional
approach used by most companies. The implications of BPR for logistics
are vastly improved order fulfilment and reduced overheads. BPR′s
essence is to consider the process as a whole rather than a sequence of
tasks, which in many instances means using multi‐skilled personnel
rather than specialists in particular tasks. Concludes with the
observation that BPR seems set to give additional operational
responsibilities to logistics management as it develops within
organizations.
Volatile demand calls for quick response: the integrated supply
chain
Authors: Sabath Robert
Published: July 2002

Highlights the problems encountered by a traditional supply chain
system and shows how these problems can be eradicated by implementing an
integrated supply chain. Discusses the workings of an integrated supply
chain with the example of a US sports clothing manufacturer. Concludes
by including a supply chain diagnostic guide which can be used to assess
the efficiency of a company′s supply chain.
Marketing services to satisfy internal customers
Authors: Harrell Gilbert D. , Fors Matthew F.
Published: July 2002

Industrial marketing is generally viewed from the vantage point of
firms marketing to other firms. Yet organizations devote extensive
resources to situations where managers market their capabilities to
other units within the same firm. Presents a case study of industrial
health and safety to emphasize internal marketing concepts that managers
and staff professionals should use to strengthen their internal
contribution to company objectives. The case has implications for
managers who deal with internal marketing problems of many in‐house
services such as information systems, market research, data processing,
education and training and other functions. Staff unit managers in a
range of disciplines who want to serve internal publics better can
effectively market their services internally by understanding and
responding to internal decision processes and expectations. Moreover,
internal customers will receive higher quality services if these staff
functions focus their capabilities on meeting or exceeding management
expectations.
International comparisons of supply‐chain relationships
Authors: Harland Christine
Published: July 2002

There is increasing interest in inter‐firm relationships as more firms rely on resources outside their own firm to compete successfully. However, managers have not yet been provided with the concepts, frameworks, theories and best practice examples to help them know how to manage these relationships in different circumstances. Investigates one particular set of circumstances, namely international differences between relationships. Using field research in the European automotive aftermarket, makes comparisons between UK and Spanish relationships on what is expected by customers in those relationships, how good the understanding is between supplier and customer and how satisfied customers are. Many similarities between the relationships in the two territories are evident but the main difference is that the Spanish relationships are closer, more trusting and friendly than those in the UK. However, this appears to have little effect on the amount of misunderstandings in those relationships and the amount of customer dissatisfaction. Concludes, therefore, that trust, friendliness and other features of longer‐term co‐operative relationships will not guarantee greater understanding and greater satisfaction but rather that we have to understand the gap between expectations and perceptions of performance in relationships to make improvements that count.
Orthogonal software testing: Taguchi methods in software unit and subsystem testing
Authors: He Zhonglin , Staples Geoff , Ross Margaret , Court Ian , Hazzard Keith
Published: July 2002

Suggests that, in order to detect and correct software defects as early as possible, identifying and generating more defect‐sensitive test cases for software unit and subsystem testing is one solution. Proposes an orthogonal software testing approach based on the quality optimization techniques, Taguchi methods. This orthogonal approach treats the input parameters of a software unit or subsystem as design factors in an orthogonal arrays, and stratifies input parameter domains into equivalent classes to form levels of factors. Describes how test cases are generated statistically for each trial of factorial orthogonal experiments. The adequacy of the generated test cases can be validated by examining testing coverage metrics. The results of test case executions can be analysed in order to find the sensibility of test cases for detecting defects, to generate more effective test cases in further testing, and to help locate and correct defects in the early stage of testing.
Service level agreements as a contributor to TQM goals
Authors: Parish Robert J.
Published: July 2002

Service level agreements (SLAs) are informal contracts agreed between supplier and user of a service. Defines the performance required of the service and puts in place measurement mechanisms whereby actual performance against targets can be monitored. Through placing emphasis on closer communication between customer and supplier and providing objective measures of actual performance against targets, the adoption of SLAs can provide a significant contribution to an organization’s pursuit of TQM goals. Outlines the SLA process and illustrates benefits which accrue through the adoption of SLAs.
Constructing customised models and providing information to support IT outsourcing decisions
Authors: Akomode O. Joseph , Lees Brian , Irgens Christopher
Published: July 2002

Information technology (IT) outsourcing is a favourable option for enhancing core organisational competencies/activities. Provident decision making in selecting an optimum IT outsourcing vendor involves judgements about qualitative and quantitative factors. The paper discusses IT outsourcing and proposes a customised computer‐orientated model based on action research and analytical hierarchy process. The aims are to: specify, combine, structure, measure and prioritise key qualitative and quantitative risk elements in IT outsourcing; and provide relevant information to support managers in outsourcing decision making. The results are expected to help managers in minimising business risks and in improving quality of IT outsourcing.
Logistics management practices and development in Thailand
Authors: Goh Mark , Pinaikul Parooj
Published: July 2002

Many firms are starting to focus on the effective and efficient supply chain management in Asia. This empirical paper reports on the state of existing logistics management practices in Thailand. The main results reveal that firms prefer agile suppliers. Also, most of the logistics costs incurred are on transportation and warehousing. Firms that have instituted logistics departments are making an effort in upgrading their logistical systems and are more pervasive in using technology to manage logistics as compared to firms without formalised logistics departments. The factors hindering logistics development include inefficient logistics information systems, acute transportation bottlenecks, and the lack of logistics management expertise. Finally, future logistics managers need to be competent in modern technology and possess logistics specific skills.
Assessment of selected papers on the year 2000 problem
Authors: Vern Wong Jay , Labib Ashraf W.
Published: July 2002

Reviews two selected papers: “Circle of risk”, and “Time runs out”. Bases the selection of papers on several factors. The first paper on circles of risk, is quite relevant to the main theme of this issue, that is risk and crisis management. It offers a new modelling approach that could affect our perception of the extent of the millennium problem. The second paper summarises the state of the art related to the millennium problem from a global economic point of view. Criticism is embedded within the context of the summary of each paper.
Human intelligence: the key factor for successful intelligent manufacturing
Authors: Zhou Yuejin , Chuah K.B.
Published: July 2002

The study of intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Examines “human intelligence” as the key factor in IMS in the context of our present research into manufacturing automation and computerisation in PRC/HK industrial enterprises. Provides the definition of human intelligence according to relevant literature and in the context of our study, then briefly introduces the outline of IMS study in the West. Presents an analysis of the circumstances of a number of PRC/HK enterprises which the authors have studied in a recent series of industrial survey visits in mainland China and Hong Kong. Reports progress made in the study of human intelligence in manufacturing automation and computerisation. Puts forward a framework on how a manufacturing enterprise can emphasise the use of human intelligence and human resources to the full in the process of adopting advanced manufacturing and computer technologies.
Strategic business improvement approaches to capital expenditure processes in manufacturing
Authors: McAdam Rodney , McCarron Eamonn
Published: July 2002

Effective use of capital is an important strategic tool for any manufacturing company operating in today’s high technology and capital intensive environment. This purpose of this paper is to carry out an investigative study into strategic business processes for capital effectiveness practices (CEP) in industry, by means of a literature review, a survey of a sample of UK and US companies and a case study of the Chemco Corporation.
Measuring a manufacturing system’s performance using Saaty’s system with feedback approach
Authors: Yurdakul Mustafa
Published: July 2002

Provides a multi‐criteria performance measurement model to measure the profitability performance of a manufacturing system. In developing the model, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its extension system‐with‐feedback (SWF) approaches are used. The SWF approach, an extension of the AHP method, is recommended when independence among different elements of a system assumption is violated. In a manufacturing system, the system’s performance criteria are interrelated. When the level of a single system criterion is changed, other criteria must be considered simultaneously. Also, the relative importance of these criteria with respect to each other and their contribution to the overall profitability is directly affected by the competitive strategy applied by the manufacturing system. The performance evaluation model developed in this study includes the competitive strategy and interdependence between the system criteria in its hierarchical structure and achieves a more realistic and accurate representation of a manufacturing system.
Reassessing the management of the global supply chain
Authors: Ritchie Bob , Brindley Clare
Published: July 2002

Focuses on specific elements of supply‐chain and partnering arrangements to assess the contribution of these to managing the supply chain and making it more responsive to the changing business environment. The initial sections of the paper articulate the key elements of supply chain management, risk management and relationship marketing. A model is then developed that displays the complementarity of these elements. Conclusions are drawn from three case studies in relation to certain key elements of the model, with suggestions for further development of the model in terms of conceptual and applied research.
Integration of CAPP and PPC –
Authors: Kühnle Hermann , Braun Hans‐Jürgen , Bühring Jörg
Published: July 2002

Introduces concepts for the integration of Computer‐Aided Process
Planning (CAPP) and Production Planning and Control (PPC). Characterizes
the current situation regarding integration by a one‐way communication
from CAPP to PPC, since a revised link is not envisaged. Introduces a
new approach to full integration by the extension of functions within
both systems′ components as well as integration of both data and
information technology.
Distributed C3 Environment for Small to Medium‐sized Enterprises
Authors: Abdullah Hussein A. , Chatwin Chris R.
Published: July 2002

The adoption of integrated computer‐based manufacturing and management
techniques by small, traditional engineering companies often represents
an unaffordable and high risk investment strategy in technology that is
often not well understood by its recipients. Paradoxically, the
opportunity for complete success in a small to medium‐sized enterprise
(SME) is greater than in a large company which very often is incapable
of full integration due to the divisions and inertia implicit in a large
hierarchical organization. To derive full benefits from such an
investment the company must possess a meticulous understanding of its
market, fiscal environment, operations management, engineering and
technological skills, manufacturing facilities and product range. It
must adopt an appropriate implementation of CIM that does not debase
previous ad hoc investments in what are often termed
islands‐of‐automation or information technology. For success a
well‐planned stepwise approach is vital. Reports on the approach adopted
by a small to medium‐sized Scottish engineering company specializing in
the production of mechanical actuation systems. Over a three‐year period
the company embarked on a low‐cost, phased implementation of software
and hardware systems that exploit a database to integrate its design,
manufacturing the business operations. A major element in these systems
is the distributed Command, Communication and Control (C3) environment
which has transformed the effectiveness of operations. The company′s
investments were based on a prudent assessment of its current and
planned product range, existing and planned manufacturing facilities,
the scale of its operations and business objectives.
A computer‐aided inventory management system – part 1:
forecasting
Authors: Liu C.Y.D. , Ridgway Keith
Published: July 2002

Argues that the mathematical techniques embodied in existing
computer‐based inventory management systems software have not kept pace
with developments. Describes the development of ABC‐classified stock
analysis and demand forecasting modules, to be integrated into an
existing materials management system, which enable a major cutting‐tool
manufacturer to minimize its stockholding costs while providing a high
level of customer service.
An effective loading rule for FMS real time scheduling
Authors: Marcello Pelagagge Pacifico , Cardarelli Gino
Published: July 2002

FMS real time scheduling requires the concurrent solution of both loading and despatching problems. The loading strategy is the most critical and important scheduling decision in an FMS. Presents an effective loading rule (job‐group loading rule), based on experimental observations: a group of jobs, reflecting the ratios of the production mix, is loaded on the input warehouse every time that it is completely empty; all the jobs loaded on the input warehouse have to be accessible for the material handling system. Demonstrates how this job‐group loading works as a dynamic rule for real time scheduling of manufacturing systems, defining a part releasing policy able to guarantee reaching a periodic, steady state production. The capability of the job‐group loading rule has been verified when the FMS characteristics are closest to a real situation. Analyses the effects of the interferences on transport operations, the variability of machining times, the finite capacity of interoperational storage and the stops for preventive maintenance or breakdown. Research results show the capability in FMS management of real time scheduling based on the job‐group loading rule.
Networks and the diffusion/adoption of MRPII
Authors: Robertson Maxine
Published: July 2002

Considers the way in which firms first become aware of computer‐aided production management technologies, with reference to three case studies. Focuses on the process through which firms ultimately decide to invest in MRPII, in order to understand more fully the way in which MRPII has diffused within the UK. Highlights the way in which the decisions taken at the selection/adoption stage can affect eventual outcome in terms of successful implementation of MRPII. Suggests that if firms are to compete in global markets, they must adopt and adapt technologies and approaches that are suitable for their unique context and environment, rather than attempting to imitate a “best practice” template.
A comparison of two approaches for designing line type cellular manufacturing systems
Authors: Warren Liao T. , Chen L.J. , Chen Z.H. , Coates E.R.
Published: July 2002

Compares two approaches for designing production line cellular manufacturing systems, or “focused factories”. Production line manufacturing cells are dedicated to producing a set of similar products with machines that are arranged in a serial production line within the cell. Approach A requires the processing of batches of products in only one manufacturing cell, while approach B allows batches of product to be split and made simultaneously in different cells. Both design approaches consist of three stages. The first stage determines the best part routings among alternate routings to minimize the operating cost. At the second stage, a specific number of cells is obtained by using an ART1 neural network‐based cell formation module in approach A and a fuzzy rank order clustering (fuzzy ROC) module in approach B. At the third stage, production sequence is considered to find the best layout with lowest material handling cost. An example demonstrates that both approaches are effective in designing production line cellular manufacturing systems. Approach B gives a lower operating cost but a higher material handling cost than approach A. Both approaches should be analysed and compared, since the best approach depends on the operating and material handling costs for the application.
Striving for better operations management practices in New Zealand and Australian manufacturing firms
Authors: Batley Tom
Published: July 2002

Competition in New Zealand and Australian markets for manufactured goods has increased in the last five years. Reduced government licensing and trade barriers have been major causes of the increased competition. This has caused changes in the management practices of many manufacturing firms. There has been an increased focus on quality, service and productivity by firms needing to compete successfully. Looks at a survey designed to check the state of manufacturing practices in Australia and New Zealand carried out in 1994, in which the responses from manufacturers were checked by benchmarking visits and case studies were developed. The survey identified the use of best practices in each firm and compared this with business performance. The top 20 per cent of firms, with regard to their extent of use of best manufacturing practices, correlated strongly with the top 20 per cent of business performers. The study confirmed that “leaders” in the adoption of best practices generally enjoy better sales growth, superior export growth and positive cash flows.
Layout designs for robotic PCB assembly
Authors: Wang Collin
Published: July 2002

Describes three robot cell set‐ups which feature dynamic choice of pick‐and‐place points for retrieving and inserting components. Three robot cell set‐ups are: one‐magazine‐and‐one‐board (1M1B); one‐magazine‐and‐two‐boards (1M2B); and two‐magazines‐and‐one‐board (2M1B). Uses the same assembly sequence and component magazine assignment to evaluate the performances of these three set‐ups. Experimental results indicated that the 2M1B set‐up is more than two times superior to the 1m1B set‐up in all cases and is also superior to the 1M2B set‐up. The performance of the 1M1B set‐up is the least efficient.
Computer‐aided design system upgrade process: a case study
Authors: Nandkeolyar Udayan , Sohal Amrik S. , Burt Graham
Published: July 2002

Reports on the computer‐aided design (CAD) upgrade implementation process at PBR Automotive Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. Views the implementation as successful since many of the desired outcomes have been achieved or surpassed. The key success factors were detailed planning, user involvement and vendor support. These combined to create an atmosphere of excitement in the project and success. Reports on the future plans that include the development of an integrated information system at PBR which will involve customers and suppliers in addition to internal personnel. The CAD system upgrade serves as a launching board for the development of such a system.
A longitudinal survey of robot usage in Australia
Authors: Orr Stuart C.
Published: July 2002

Presents the findings of a longitudinal study of robot usage in Australia. The first stage was completed in 1990 and the second in 1993. In 1990, 74 companies were requested to give an interview, of which 32 agreed. The response rate was therefore 43 per cent. Of the 112 companies surveyed in 1993, 58 responded, giving a 52 per cent response rate. These companies had employee numbers ranging from ten through to 10,000 and included the general manufacturing, automotive, plastics moulding and electronics industries. Most of the findings were in favour of the adoption of industrial robots for Australian industry as it contributed to manufacturing competence. Some shortcomings in robot technology which were identified included; the capital outlay required, programming difficulties, availability of service and the current capacity of robot vision systems. The benefits of robots identified included productivity, flexibility, safety and quality increases.
Product variety strategy ‐ an environmental perspective
Authors: Tang Esther P.Y. , Yam Richard C.M.
Published: July 2002

Argues that the dichtomy between greater product variety to meet market requirement and a smaller range to save costs has always led to controversy among top executives. Researchers of different disciplines have approached the study of product variety in great depth but none of their work includes environmental considerations. Reports on a survey in Hong Kong which provides empirical evidence of the relationship between product variety and market performance. Concludes first, that previous work has seldom discussed the issues of product variety from an environmental perspective; second, that great product variety leads to irresponsible consumption patterns, i.e. waste; and, third, that firms have not considered the environmental impacts in formulating their product variety strategies.
A design process for tandem automated guided vehicle systems: the concurrent design of machine layout and guided vehicle routes in tandem automated guided vehicle systems
Authors: Hsieh Ling‐Feng , Sha D.Y.
Published: July 2002

Explains that a tandem automated guided vehicle (AGV) system is composed of several non‐overlapping closed loops. Stations or machines within each loop are served by a single dedicated vehicle. The transit area located between two adjacent loops serves as an interface and allows loads to be transferred from one loop to another. If a load needs to be delivered to a machine not located within the same loop, the load will need more than one vehicle to carry it to its destination. Develops a model to solve the machine partition and layout problems concurrently in tandem AGV systems. During the design process, the objective is to minimize the number of loops to reduce the setup costs of AGVs in the system. Naturally, the desirability of a prospective loop must be evaluated in terms of the number of machines it covers, the workload of each AGV, and the ratio of the flow within the loop to the total flow associated with that loop.Quality indicators Research implications** Practice implications** Originality** Readability**
Systems integration ‐ coping with legacy systems
Authors: Singh Valdew
Published: July 2002

Today systems integration has become a strategic issue of major concern. The aim is to facilitate sharing and dissemination of information across functional boundaries within the manufacturing enterprise. However, apart from the complexities involved in integrating closely related mission‐critical “islands of computerization”, which are predominantly domain specific, many organizations are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain, modify and augment them in this rapidly changing world. Without the provision for a higher degree of evolution and migration capability, these systems are in constant danger of being obsolete. Reports on the methodology conceived and the software toolset which has been developed by the author to facilitate the adaptability of integrated manufacturing systems in response to changing needs.
Training and empowerment improve performance: a case study
Authors: Sykes Geoff , Simpson Mike , Shipley Eric
Published: July 2002

Presents a case study, based on semi‐structured interviews and shopfloor observations, of an optical fibre manufacturer in the North of England which has recently been taken over by a German company. The company was a traditional manufacturing organization, hierarchical and functional, characterized by tension between management, supervisors and workforce. Despite a healthy order book and low labour costs management perceived a threat from European competitors who provided faster delivery and higher quality. Management introduced teamworking and empowerment and achieved some success in solving the problems; in effect it changed from a modern to a postmodern organization. Although theory corresponds with practice to some extent, explores some areas in which theory and practice seem mismatched. Casts doubt on the transferability of this company’s expertise to its German parent.
A hierarchical model of business competence
Authors: Baker J.C. , Mapes J. , New C.C. , Szwejczewski M.
Published: July 2002

Although widely used, the concept of business competence is not well defined. Proposes a hierarchical model which integrates the different types of competence which have appeared in the operations and general management literature in recent years. Proposes two new types of competence to complete the model, with illustrative examples from the Management Today/ Cranfield Best Factory Awards database.
Supply‐chain collaboration and success in technology implementation
Authors: Burgess T.F. , Gules H.K. , Tekin M.
Published: July 2002

Competitive success is increasingly linked to implementing change in a co‐ordinated manner within the organization and in the extended value network that embeds the organization. In particular, for manufacturers the successful implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) can be linked to collaborative buyer‐supplier relationships. Derives a model from the literature to link these aspects. Tests empirically major propositions from this model using data from 83 firms positioned at the top of the Turkish automotive industry supply chain. Establishes that companies with higher levels of AMT implementation collaborative more with their parts suppliers and companies are more successful in achieving their AMT implementation objectives if increased AMT implementation is coupled with more collaborate supplier relationships. Both AMT implementation levels and buyer‐supplier collaboration are shown to have significantly increased over a five‐year period. While AMT implementation levels of individual firms appear to have diverged, levels of buyer‐supplier collaboration appear to have converged during the five years.
The reality of concurrent new product development
Authors: Maylor Harvey , Gosling Ray
Published: July 2002

Many organisations have undergone change to make processes run concurrently in the design and redesign of new products, seeking improvement of their competitive position. Though there are many prescriptions available to the practitioner, few have been grounded in “what has worked best” across a range of industries. There has also been relatively little discussion of the downside to concurrency. This paper reports a study which shows that success is most closely associated with the level of usage of certain tools and techniques, all of which are within the power of the new product development manager to use. In doing so, it is shown that this gives far better chances of success than high levels of usage of technology. This has significant implications for firms’ investment policies for the future. The downside element also needs managing and is discussed, along with the highlighted importance of both project management and training.
On‐machine measurement of workpieces with the cutting tool
Authors: Zhan‐Qiang Liu , Venuvinod Patri K. , Ostafiev V.A.
Published: July 2002

A new system for on‐machine measurement of workpieces is described. The system is based on a fine touch sensor that enables the cutting tool itself to act as a contact probe to inspect the workpiece. The proposed measurement technology combines the Q‐setter with the fine touch sensor. This low cost measurement system is applied to automatic workpiece setup and improving workpiece dimensional accuracy on a CNC turning center. It is shown that using the proposed measurement system results in workpiece setting time decrease and workpiece machining accuracy improvement. The development of the on‐machine measurement system makes the fine touch sensor extremely attractive for CNC machine retrofitting.
The economics of air conditioning for precision manufacturing: a simulation model
Authors: Khouja Moutaz , Shelnutt J. William , Wilmot Michael
Published: July 2002

Extreme temperature and humidity are major causes of errors in industrial precision and in dimensional measurement. In addition, hot and/or humid workplaces have adverse effects on humans which include reduced work time due to more frequent and longer breaks, reduced production rates, and increased error rates. Managers considering investments in air conditioning their manufacturing facilities must weigh many uncertain benefits against more certain costs. In this paper, we identify the benefits resulting from air conditioning manufacturing facilities and develop a Monte Carlo computer simulation model to evaluate investments in air conditioning. The model uses projected incremental cash flows to compute net present value and internal rate of return. Simulation is used to take into account the uncertainty associated with projecting the benefits of air conditioning, deal with possible correlation among some benefits of air conditioning, and sensitize decision makers to the range of possible outcomes. The proposed model is programmed into user‐friendly menu‐driven software which is tested on actual cases and is illustrated in this paper.
Redesigning jobshops to cellular manufacturing systems
Authors: Onwubolu Godfrey C.
Published: July 2002

Grouping parts into families which can be produced by a cluster of machine cells is the cornerstone of cellular manufacturing, which in turn is the building block for flexible manufacturing systems. Cellular manufacturing is a group technology (GT) concept that has recently attracted the attention of manufacturing firms operating in a jobshop environment to consider redesigning their manufacturing systems so as to take advantage of increased throughput, and reductions in work‐in‐progress, set‐up time, and lead times; leading to product quality and customer satisfaction. Presents a similarity order clustering technique for the machine cell formation problem. The procedure is compared with many existing procedures using eight well‐known problems from the literature. The results show that the proposed procedure, which is attractive due to its simplicity, compares well with existing procedures and should be useful to practitioners and researchers.
Quality system design and development in the CIMS environment
Authors: Zhou Yuejin , Chuah K.B. , Lu Zhengkang
Published: July 2002

Quality is a fundamental assurance of enterprises’ survival and development. The design and development of a quality system in the environment of CIMS are a very important task in the process of CIM implementation. This paper addresses the development of a quality system and its implementation methodology in the environment of CIMS in China. The quality system is one of the subsystems in CIMS which generally includes a management information subsystem (MIS), an engineering information subsystem (EIS), a production information subsystem (PIS), a quality information subsystem (QIS), and database and network support subsystems (DNSS). This paper first introduces a model of the quality system and its detailed functions, then expounds the methodology and strategy of implementing it in a CIMS factory of China, and lastly examines the commonly encountered problems in its implementation and suggests ways to resolve these problems.
Product data management based on Web technology
Authors: Chu Xingjun , Fan Yuqing
Published: July 2002

At present, PDM (product data management) technology is on its way to application, and PDM vendors are demonstrating their PDM products on the market. At the same time, as the backbone of CE/CIMS, the PDM technology has caused academic concerns and has been regarded as the key to solving the problem of realizing CE/CIMS technology. Moreover, different ideas are being discussed. The author wants to present a new view of the PDM and its realization: the combination of the PDM and the Web. For this view, the author gives a specific method as to how to realize a PDM based on the Web.
Colonial models and the evolution of education systems ‐ Centralization and decentralization in Hong Kong and Macau
Authors: Tang Kwok‐Chun , Bray Mark
Published: July 2002

Within the analytical framework proposed by Margaret Archer, this paper charts the emergence and development of education systems during the twentieth century in Hong Kong and Macau. Although these two territories have much in common, in education they display considerable differences. During the twentieth century the Hong Kong authorities constructed a highly centralized system, which at the end of the century moved towards decentralization. In Macau, by contrast, government neglect led to an uncoordinated collection of imported systems. At the end of the century the Macau government endeavored to unify the sector, but faced major challenges and limitations.
The political power of school principals in Israel
Authors: Eden Devorah , Hertz‐Lazarowitz Rachel
Published: July 2002

This case study explored the way principals in Israel organized a forum and assumed roles beyond their educational responsibility. This occurred as an unexpected result of a state‐wide project that was initiated and operated by the Ministry of Education. The aim of the project was to strengthen local educational systems by developing local educational leaderships and by improving scholastic achievements. Participant observation, interviews, and reading of documents and newspapers revealed that the principals changed their role in a three‐phase process. First, the project unintentionally raised principals’ awareness of the social‐political nature of their work. Second, principals organized into an interest group that cooperated with other community groups. Third, they sought to revitalize their respective communities, beyond their educational leadership. They extended their turf from school to community, and their role from school leadership to community avant‐garde.
Structural and Vector Autoregressive Approaches to Modelling Real Estate
and Property Stock Prices in Singapore
Authors: Seow Eng Ong
Published: July 2002

Although studies have been conducted in the USA to test if
property‐related investment vehicles are an alternative for direct real
estate investment, there has been little research in Singapore. Tests
the existence of a relationship between property stocks and real estate
prices. Postulates a theoretical construct to analyse property stock
and real estate prices, and reports on methodology and findings before
drawing implications.
The inflation‐hedging characteristics of Australian commercial property: 1984‐1995
Authors: Newell Graeme
Published: July 2002

Examines the inflation‐hedging characteristics of Australian commercial property and property trusts over 1984‐1995. Using the Building Owners and Managers Association property indices for Australian office, retail and industrial property, assesses the role of actual, expected and unexpected inflation. Strong evidence of inflation hedging is evident for Australian office, retail and industrial property. After adjusting for differences in market balance using vacancy rates, slightly less evidence of inflation hedging by Australian office property is evident.
Mortgage design in the 1990s: theoretical and empirical issues
Authors: Leece David
Published: July 2002

Examines recent innovations in the UK mortgage market and links these to the theoretical and empirical literature on the choice of mortgage instrument by households. Low inflation rates and employment insecurity have led to a demand for more flexible payment and amortization scheduling. Estimates a multivariate logit and a probit model to highlight the underlying determinants of amortization rates (mortgage maturity) from 1987 to 1991. Sees affordability criteria and the susceptibility of a household to financial problems as important determinants of extended mortgage maturities while the absence of these problems encourages shorter maturities, consistent with lifecycle behaviour. These choices provide the underpinnings to subsequent mortgage market innovations.
The art and science of retail location decisions
Authors: Hernández Tony , Bennison David
Published: July 2002

Although formal techniques of locational analysis have been available for over 50 years, most retailers traditionally made no use of them, relying instead on intuition guided by experience and “common sense”. However, the simultaneous advent in the last 15 years of low cost computing and the increasing availability of retail related data of all types has given retailers the opportunity to take a much more rational approach to decision making. This paper examines the extent to which retailers have taken advantage of the potential released by these developments, and adopted more “scientific” rules based methodologies. The analysis is based on an extensive questionnaire survey of UK retailers conducted in 1998 which encompassed organisations operating altogether more than 50,000 outlets across eight sectors. The survey sought to identify the use made both of particular types of techniques, and of Geographical Information Systems, which act as a platform for them. It was complemented by a series of in‐depth interviews with location specialists in a number of major retail organisations.
Creating customer value in online grocery shopping
Authors: Anckar Bill , Walden Pirkko , Jelassi Tawfik
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that there are four different ways in which customer value can be created in electronic grocery shopping, but that the chosen business model will set limits to whether – and to what extent – the firm will be able to offer value‐adding services for consumers. The relationship between business models and customer value in online grocery shopping is exemplified, and some practical problems and opportunities in e‐grocering are highlighted by presenting the case of Nettimarket.com, a Finnish Internet grocery business that was founded by an entrepreneur with no previous experience of the industry. His company is a start‐up virtual grocery shop with a business model unattainable by the big industry players. The paper reports on the experiences of the company and the outlook of the entrepreneur after two and three years in business, respectively.
The efficacy of sales promotions in UK supermarkets: a consumer view
Authors: Gilbert D.C. , Jackaria N.
Published: July 2002

UK supermarkets need to be able to assess the current efficacy of the budget they allocate to promotional activities aimed at boosting sales. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to investigate consumer response to the four different promotional deals most commonly used in UK supermarkets: coupons, price discounts, samples and “buy‐one‐get‐one‐free”. Multi discriminant analysis was used on a study of 160 respondents to analyse whether there was an association between the four consumer promotional approaches and respondents’ reported buying behaviour. The findings indicate that only price discount promotions proved to be statistically significant on consumer’s reported buying behaviour. Purchase acceleration and product trial are found to be the two most influential variables related to a discount. For “buy‐one‐get‐one‐free”, while the result is not significant, the two variables, brand switching and purchase acceleration are statistically significant.