bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new way to ensure selective zirconium ion adsorption
Authors: Vasylyeva Hanna , Mironyuk Ivan , Strilchuk Mykola , Maliuk Igor , Mykytyn Igor , Tryshyn Volodymyr
Published: October 2021

This work studies the adsorption of zirconium ions by mesoporous titanium dioxide with surface arsenate groups. Experimental maximal adsorption values of zirconium ions were found to be 109.6 mg/g in neutral medium. This process depends on the interaction time, the equilibrium concentration of zirconium ions, and the acidity of the solution. Adsorption kinetics fit well into the kinetic model based on the pseudo-second-order equation (R
2 = 0.9984). Equilibrium adsorption of zirconium ions is well described by Langmuir’s adsorption theory (R
2 = 0.9856 and χ
2 = 1.307). Although zirconium ions are less actively adsorbed from a neutral medium than strontium or yttrium ions, in the 2% nitric acid only zirconium is adsorbed out of the mixture of zirconium, strontium, and yttrium. The results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry have shown that the investigated adsorbent selectively adsorbs zirconium ions from their mixture with strontium and yttrium in the range of solution acidity pH = 0–1. The average percentage of maximum extraction of zirconium ions is 94.3 ± 2.4%, and the highest percent of zirconium ions taken up from the mixture with strontium and yttrium is ∼98.4%. Investigated titanium dioxide selectively separate 90Zr from 90Sr with the presence of 1000-fold excess of stable 88Sr in radioactive liquid β
− source. This fact is extremely valuable for the age dating of 90Sr-containing device in nuclear forensics or the determination of 90Sr in low activity background samples.
Determination of radioprotective and genotoxic properties of sulfamide derivatives
Authors: Aygün Bünyamin , Alaylar Burak , Akıncıoğlu Akın , Alım Bünyamin , Kocaman Ebu Talip , Karadayı Mehmet , Abu Al-Sayyed Mohammed Ibrahim , Aksu Şeyma , Şakar Erdem , Özpolat Özgür Fırat , Göksu Süleyman , Güllüce Medine , Karabulut Abdulhalik
Published: October 2021

Some potential drug active substances with the ability to reduce the effects of radiation on human tissues and cells were investigated. For this purpose, eight different types of sulfamide derivatives were synthesized and nuclear radiation protection parameters were determined. Neutron radiation reduction parameters such as the half-value layer effective removal cross-sections, mean free path, and the number of particles passing through the sample were determined with GEANT4 code. Additionally, the gamma radiation attenuation parameters of the materials examined were determined using Phy-X/PSD software in the energy area of 0.015–15 MeV. These parameters are the half-value layer, mass attenuation coefficient, mean free path, exposure buildup factor and effective atomic number. Neutron radiation absorption experiments were applied using an 241Am-Be fast neutron source. All results obtained for neutron radiation were compared with paraffin and water. It has been found that the ability of sulfamide derivatives to absorb these radiations is superior to reference materials. To determine whether these derivatives could have adverse effects on human health, their genotoxic potential was determined using the Ames/Salmonella bacterial reversion test. The results showed that these derivatives can be considered genotoxically safe in tests at concentrations up to 5 mM. Thus, it is suggested that the derivative materials examined in this study can be used as active substances for a drug to be made for protection against both neutron and gamma radiation.
Nicotine induced ototoxicity in rat cochlear organotypic cultures
Authors: Zhao Yi , Liang Yue , Pan Chunchen , Tang Xiaomin , Sun Yuxuan , Xu Chenyu , Sun Jiaqiang , Sun Jingwu
Published: October 2021

Epidemiological evidence has shown that smoking is associated with an increased risk of hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the impact of nicotine on the cochlea remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of nicotine on cochlear cells using cultured cochlear basilar membranes. Cochlear basilar membranes were isolated from newborn rats, cultured, and treated with 1–100 ng/mL nicotine for 48 h. Cuticular plates and stereocilia bundle staining were used to evaluate hair cell (HC) loss. Spiral ganglion neuron and acoustic nerve fiber staining were assessed to evaluate cochlear neural injury. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging were employed to examine cochlear ultrastructural changes. Our results showed that compared to spiral ganglia and nerve fibers, HCs are more susceptible to nicotine-induced toxicity. HC loss was more severe in the basal turn than in the middle and apical turns, while nerve fibers and spiral ganglion cells were morphologically maintained. Ultrastructural changes revealed disordered and damaged stereocilia, swelling and decreased mitochondrial density, swelling, and degranulation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest that nicotine causes HCs’ degeneration and loss and may have implications for smoking-related hearing loss.
Carbon Removal to the Rescue?
Authors: Nicholson Simon
Published: October 2021

This article looks at the current state of carbon removal approaches and some of the politics that surround them. It outlines what carbon removal is, charts some of the major challenges and controversies, and sketches some of the work needed to ensure that carbon removal developments are attentive to environmental sustainability and social justice. It also examines some of the major carbon removal options that are either in development or in discussion, starting with biological approaches and then looking at engineered options.
A Path to Sustainable Food Systems
Authors: Fanzo Jessica
Published: October 2021

Agriculture systems, which account for a sizable share of global greenhouse gas emissions, are placing a growing burden on the environment while also contributing to increasingly common health problems. Climate change is making the situation worse by reducing agricultural productivity as well as the nutritional content of certain crops, which in turn is driving intensified production to meet global food demand. To break out of this potentially catastrophic feedback loop, societies must realign agricultural policies, financial incentives, and diets to promote health and environmental sustainability.
Breeding of black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus in muddy sites of a wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Mamedova Y. P. , Chaplygina A. B.
Published: October 2021

A stable group of birds has been formed at water treatment facilities. Sewage treatment sites are a well-known nesting place for long-legged waders. Black-winged stilts are included in the Bonn (Appendix II) and Berne (Appendix II) conventions, the AEWA agreement. Listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (1994, 2009) (status – vulnerable). In Ukraine, it is under protection on the territory of the natural reserve fund. The arrival of black-winged stilts waders at the nesting sites was recorded in the second-third decade of April (April 23, 2020; April 17, 2021). Immediately after returning to the nesting areas, the birds begin to build nests and lay eggs. The first eggs in this population were seen on 01.05.2020, 07.05.2021. The process of laying eggs lasted until the end of the first decade of July (08.07.2020). The average clutch size in the nests of Himantopus himantopus decreased from 3.8 ± 0.1 (2020) to 3.5 ± 0.1 (2021). The average egg sizes and their limits have been determined for long-legged waders. The chicks hatched from late May (30.05.2020), throughout June to the first decade of July (02.07.2020). The chicks were able to fly in a month – 29.06.2020. The muddy site of the wastewater treatment ponds of Kharkiv supported Black-winged Stilts until early August. Later, the birds started post-breeding movements. The last adults with juvenile birds were observed on 13.08.2020. Stilts in some years may stay until early October. The reproductive success of the black-winged stilt increased from 35.6% (2020) to 38.8% (2021). On average, 1.3 ± 0.2 (2020) and 1.4 ± 0.3 (2021) chicks fledged from the nests. In 2021, the number of nesting stilts increased, which is apparently due to rainy weather at the beginning of the reproductive period. For the purpose of more effective protection, the nesting settlements of the stilt should be protected and the appearance of people in the nesting places should be prohibited.
Diversity and dynamics of hydrophilic flora of Lowland Polissya (on the example of the Sluch River basin)
Authors: Grokhovska Y. , Volodymyrets V. , Konontsev S.
Published: October 2021

Study and analysis of hydrophilic flora diversity are important parts of environmental research due to various functions of vascular macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems, which deteriorate under the influence of anthropogenic activity and climate change. The aim of this study is to analyze the hydrophilic flora diversity (taxa, biology, ecology, and conservation status of species) and current population trends in the Sluch River basin, the largest tributary of the Horyn River (the Pripyat River basin), within the Polissya Lowland in the northern-west region of Ukraine. The list of hydrophilic flora is based on materials of the authors’ field researches in 2014–2020 within the upper and middle parts of the river basin, herbarium materials, and archive data. The study shows that the natural flora consists at least of 105 species of vascular plants belonging to 66 genera, 36 families, and 22 orders. Structural analysis shows the predominance of a few families in the systematic structure of the flora (Cyperaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Typhaceae) and genera (Potamogeton, Carex); the dominant categories are hemicryptophytes and geophytes, entomophiles and anemophiles, heliophytes and hygrohelophytes. C- and S-strategists are dominant. This is the generally typical taxonomic and ecological structure of the hydrophilic flora of water bodies in the Pripyat River basin. The list of rare species includes 20 species from 15 genera and 12 families, for instance, species listed as vulnerable in The Red Book of Ukraine (Juncus bulbosus, Utricularia intermedia, Nymphoides peltata). Even rare and vulnerable species can form numerous populations in some localities, for example, Nymphoides peltata and Calla palustris. Five alien species were identified (Acorus calamus, Elodea canadensis, Zizania latifolia, Bidens frondosa, and Echinocystis lobata), some of which tend to expand and displace aboriginal species. In the future, it will be important to further study the structure and changes in the hydrophilic flora of the region under conditions of anthropogenic impact, to monitor the dynamics of populations of alien species, and to develop conservation measures for rare species and communities.
Graduate Education in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Newton Richard
Published: October 2021

“The Buzz” examines scholarly topics in light of present-day concerns and challenges. This edition centers on the unique challenges of graduate education as a result of the restrictions of COVID-19. Those contributing to this discussion include Sarah E. Fredericks (associate professor of environmental ethics at the University of Chicago Divinity School), Steven Weitzman (Abraham M. Ellis professor of Hebrew and Semitic languages and literatures at the University of Pennsylvania), and Matthew Goff (professor of religion at Florida State University).
Leading Works in Religion and Law
Authors: Barrett Jacob
Published: October 2021

“The Experiment” presents scholars of religion with an opportunity to draw upon their training to reflect upon a contemporary issue. Editorial assistant Jacob Barrett engages with a recent edited volume from Routledge titled Leading Works in Law and Religion that, while focusing on the identity of the subfield of law and religion within the discipline of legal studies in the United Kingdom and Ireland, provides many sites for comparison with the religion and law subfield of religious studies in the United States context. Drawing upon the model set by the volume, Barrett imagines what a volume titled Leading Works in Religion and Law could look like and what the subfield of religion and law stands to gain from engaging in a project like the one done by its law and religion counterpart.
La experiencia cristiana en el itinerario de la catequesis. La aportación de Jean Mouroux
Authors: Pereda Raúl
Published: October 2021

El nuevo Directorio para la Catequesis pide poner la comunión con Cristo no solo como meta, sino como centro de todo el proceso formativo. También invita a dar más relevancia a la situación existencial y a la fase de crecimiento de cada catequizando. La metodología catequética actual, articulada en torno a la experiencia humana, la Palabra de Dios y las expresiones de fe, manifiesta algunas dificultades para integrar adecuadamente estos aspectos. Para lograr resolverlas, proponemos un modelo de catequesis elaborado a partir de la noción de experiencia cristiana de J. Mouroux: comprenderse a uno mismo en su relación con Dios.
Between idle chatter and the pursuit of wisdom. The idea of philosophy in the thought of Nicholas of Cusa
Authors: Grondkowska Barbara
Published: October 2021

Nicholas of Cusa wrote about philosophy with reserve, even some dislike, and defi ned it as idle chatter and earthly knowledge that leads to excessive pride. On the other hand, he associated philosophy with the most important human task, i.e. the pursuit of truth. The objective of this paper is to explain this disparity in the understanding of philosophy by means of a distinction between knowledge and wisdom. Analyzing passages from selected works by Nicholas of Cusa, the paper presents Cusanus’ concept of wisdom and emphasizes its Christocentric character and the close relationship between wisdom and immortality.
CURRENT ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF WEAPONS MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR FACILITIES
Authors:   Perm Military Institute of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Beloborodov Sergey , Neverov Aleksandr ,   Perm Military Institute of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Trofimenko Aleksandr ,   Perm Military Institute of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation
Published: October 2021

In the process of shooting, the barrel of the weapon gradually wears out and ceases to meet the tactical and technical requirements. The wear of the bore means a set of changes in its geometric dimensions and configurations. The process of wear of the barrels of different types of weapons is not the same and depends on the caliber of the barrel, the rate and mode of fire, while the wear of the barrel occurs unevenly both in the diametrical direction and along its length. The condition of the sur-face of the barrel bore is of great importance in the practical use of weapons. The correct flight of the bullet depends on the condition of the surface of the barrel bore. If the surface of the channel is smooth, smooth, without shells and other defects, then the bullet evenly cuts into the rifling. The rifling fields give it the correct axial rotation, and the dispersion when firing will be small. If the barrel bore is affected by shells, then the bullet in the barrel will experience unequal friction from different sides, so the dispersion increases, and the accuracy of the weapon's combat deteriorates. This implies the necessary regularity of ensur-ing the safety of the barrel bore to improve the accuracy of shooting, which in turn is supported by timely maintenance. The authors consider the information about the available mobile means of maintenance and repair of weapons. The de-velopments of domestic manufacturers in the field of production of new weapons maintenance tools were studied. The available weapons maintenance tools are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the issue of the need to reduce the time for maintenance of weapons and the development of methods for maintenance and repair of weapons with the design of new processes for cleaning weapons barrels that improve the quality of cleaning the barrel bore, namely the vibro-chemical cleaning method.
OPTIMIZATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION OF LOW ALTITUDE UAV AT REGIME OF AIR-GROUND
Authors:   Institute of Space Researches of Natural Researces of National Aerospace Agency, Agayev Fakhraddin , Asadov Hikmat ,   Institute of Space Researches of Natural Researces of National Aerospace Agency, Zulfigarli Peri ,   Institute of Space Researches of Natural Researces of National Aerospace Agency
Published: October 2021

The paper is devoted to questions on optimization of multi-frequency communication of air-ground type by utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles. The multi-frequency regime of communication of low altitude UAV with ground receivers located at different distances is considered. The known model for calculation of route losses, taking into account the probability of pres-ence or lack of direct vision and also losses of signal upon propagation on such distances is analyzed. The known model make it possible to calculate the total route losses but don’t provide any possibility to to realize any optimization procedure. The possi-bility for realization of regime of adaptation envisaging change of carrying frequency depending of distance, i.e. transfer to adap-tive multi-frequency communication regime is considered. Taking into account the known solutions on utilization of probability-convolutional estimates, the total probability of full communication upon presence or lack of direct vision zones is determined by help of such model. It was assumed that additional losses due to effect of environmental factors are lacked. The parameter χ, defined as losses at unit of distance is introduced. The solution is obtained in line of which χ reaches its minimum value. The multi-frequency communication regime is suggested in line which the carrier frequency changes depending on distance. The in-tegrated averaged parameter ср is suggested to research this regime. The target optimization functional is formulated taken into account the additionally introduced limitation condition. The solution of optimization task is calculated which provides for maxi-mum of target functional. In order to remove such a worst regime the quazy-optimum regime is suggested in line which the car-rier frequency is linearly increases on distance as far as receiver. The condition to reach gain in such regime is described.
GAS DYNAMICS OF STABLE COMBUSTION IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF A GTP WITH EXTERNAL HEATED COMPONENTS
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Shilova Alyona
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the study is due to the need to organize stable low-emission low-temperature combustion of a lean mixture in a single-zone uncooled combustion chamber, which is an integral part of a micro-gas turbine power plant. The stable position of the flame front in combustion chambers of this type mainly depends on the ratio between the average flow rate of the combustible-air mixture and the rate of turbulent combustion. This ratio depends on many factors, the main of which are the pressure and temperature of the components supply, the excess air ratio, the pulsating speed of the gas flow and autoturbulization of the flame, the consumption of the combustible-air mixture. In this work, we investigate the effect of external heating of the components on the expansion of the lower combustion limit and on the stable position of the flame front. The aim of the study is to obtain areas of breakthrough, stable position and flame blowout when organizing low-temperature lean combustion with large values of the excess air ratio; determination of the ranges of relative flow rate, at which a stable position of the flame front is observed, using experimental data and the results of numerical modeling; development of recommendations for determining the geometric appearance of a single-zone uncooled chamber of a micro-gas turbine power plant in the presence of air and fuel gas recuperators. As a result, the dependences of the normal combustion rate on the excess air ratio were obtained taking into account the lower combustion limit, the relationship between the average flow rate and the turbulent combustion rate in various combus-tion modes, and ranges for the relative flow rate in the region of low-temperature stable combustion. Based on the developed gas-dynamic model, the geometric and gas-dynamic parameters and characteristics of turbulent combustion in the flow in the combustion chambers of micro-gas turbine power plants with a capacity of 100 and 300 kW with external heating of air and fuel gas using a turbocompressor with a compression ratio of 3.0 are determined and analyzed.
Elastic and Inelastic Alpha Transfer in the \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C Scattering
Authors: Phuc Nguyen Tri Toan , Phuc Nguyen Hoang , Khoa Dao Tien
Published: October 2021

The elastic scattering cross section measured at energies \(E\lesssim 10\) MeV/nucleon for some light heavy-ion systems having two identical cores like \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C exhibits an enhanced oscillatory pattern at the backward angles. Such a pattern is known to be due to the transfer of the valence nucleon or cluster between the two identical cores. In particular, the elastic \(\alpha\) transfer has been shown to originate directly from the core-exchange symmetry in the elastic \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C scattering. Given the strong transition strength of the $2^+_1$ state of $^{12}$C and its large overlap with the $^{16}$O ground state, it is natural to expect a similar \(\alpha\) transfer process (or inelastic \(\alpha\) transfer) to take place in the inelastic \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C scattering. The present work provides a realistic coupled channel description of the \(\alpha\) transfer in the inelastic \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C scattering at low energies. Based on the results of the 4 coupled reaction-channels calculation, we show a significant contribution of the \(\alpha\) transfer to the inelastic \(^{16}\)O+\(^{12}\)C scattering cross section at the backward angles. These results suggest that the explicit coupling to the \(\alpha\) transfer channels is crucial in the studies of the elastic and inelastic scattering of a nucleus-nucleus system with the core-exchange symmetry.
Principals' Leadership Skills and Attitude towards Teaching among Public Elementary School Teachers in Sibulan District, Negros Oriental
Authors: Askin Wilfred P.
Published: October 2021

Leadership is a skill to develop by showing wisdom and emotions in inspiring others with dedication, integrity, and perseverance. This study intends to assess the principals' leadership skills and teachers' attitudes toward teaching among the public elementary schools in Sibulan District, Negros Oriental. This study employed a quantitative-correlational design through a survey questionnaire. Out of the 166 sample respondents, only 51 teachers responded to the survey with a margin of error of 12.5% at a 95% confidence interval. Results revealed that the teachers perceived the principals' leadership skills as excellent, with a composite mean of 3.78. At the same time, they have a very good attitude towards teaching with a composite mean of 3.69. Furthermore, results revealed a statistically significant correlation between the teachers' perception of the principals' leadership skills and their attitude towards teaching.
Procrastination in Relationship to Mental Health
Authors: Boncales Zadel Teresa P.
Published: October 2021

Procrastination is an act wherein one postpones activities or schedules or, worse, does not perform the tasks. The descriptive-correlational study aimed to determine the causes, mechanisms, consequences, and the correlation between procrastination and mental health among the senior high school students of Mahayag National High School. There were 280 respondents in this particular study. The first questionnaire measures one's procrastinating tendency, while the second measures one's mental health. The researcher underwent the Research Ethics Committee review procedures to ensure that the "do no harm" policy was duly observed and secured proper permission and consent. The results revealed that the respondents have a moderate level of procrastinating tendency. Regarding their mental health, mental health's positive effect cupped a good result, while the negative effect yielded a fair result. The researcher concluded that the respondents' most common procrastinating tendency is the ninja's cogon or ma. ana habit, running out of time and doing things intended to do days before. It is done in academic and household settings, manifested through watching television, going through social media accounts, and sleeping resulting in educational, psychological, and physiological consequences.
Determining the Role of Customer Satisfaction in Gaining Customer Loyalty among Cafés
Authors: Cuñado Allen Joshua P. , Painagan Cathlyn Mae , Cuñado Jeshnin Ann L. , Palmada Ella Marie D. , Mumar Zenar Jane A. , Naeg Raj A. , Pagod Jennifer M. , Lagrada Michelle Zenn G. , Abrau Sweetzel B. , Gamutan Reinalda Josephine O.
Published: October 2021

Café as an establishment primarily sells refreshing drinks, snacks, and light meals, with coffee being their flagship product. This type of business is steadily multiplying around the city of Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines. Customers have linked to business success as well as customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. This study was implemented to analyze the role of customers’ satisfaction in gaining customers’ loyalty, specifically among purposively selected cafés. The quantitative method of research approach was used with the aid of questionnaires. The data gathered were statistically treated making use of frequency, composite means, weighted mean, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The respondents included 210 customers from the purposively selected cafés. Results showed respondents to be very satisfied (VS) for the Product; for the price; for the place; for the service quality; and moderately satisfied (MS) for promotion. Results further showed that there is a significant degree of relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.
Mental Health Assessment Among Nursing Students in University of Bohol
Authors: Sanchez Princess Eddie Mae R. , Dacua Joy L. , Josol Erra Mae C. , Jumamoy Edravelle M. , Bohol Sheribelle Anne B. , Abucejo Pearly Joy P. , Pitlo Anna Rashica , Jamora Bonnibella L.
Published: October 2021

People faced numerous challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and their lives were changed, particularly those of the students. Mental health is a state of well-being in which individuals can cope with the normal adversities in life (WHO, 2004). Good mental health is crucial for students as it could lead to satisfactory academic performance. This study aimed to assess the mental health status of the University of Bohol College of Nursing Students. It delved into the demographic profile and the mental health of the respondents in terms of psychological, physical, and emotional aspects; and looked into the correlation/association between the respondents’ profile and mental health status.  It utilized the quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design aided with a modified questionnaire adapted from an article entitled “Here to Help, Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health” by the Canadian Mental Health Association. Two hundred randomly selected nursing students from the University of Bohol who were enrolled in the 2nd Semester, SY 2021- 2021 were included in the study. Results revealed that respondents have good mental health in terms of psychological, physical, and emotional aspects. When data were subjected to Spearman’s rank test of correlation and chi-square test of association, results revealed that age is significantly correlated to mental health and that the gender and year level has no significant association to mental health.
Transient infant movements (TIM): frequent infant non‐pathological developmental motor phenomena
Authors: Piscitello Ludovica Maria , Volponi Claudia , Santarone Marta Elena , Mariani Rosanna , Fusco Lucia
Published: October 2021

Objective. Lombroso and Fejerman, in 1977, described non‐epileptic movements in normal infants and named them “benign myoclonus of early infancy”, which were recently relabelled by Fernandez‐Alvarez as “benign polymorphous movement disorder of infancy” (BPMDI). The focus of our study was to describe, categorize and point out the peculiar clinical representations of these heterogeneous phenomena through our video footage, particularly to those less experienced in paediatric neurology.

Methods. We included all infants with a video‐EEG performed at our unit or a home video recording of “Fejerman‐Lombroso”, “benign myoclonus of early infancy”, “shuddering attacks” or “paroxysmal non‐epileptic movements”.

Results. Twenty‐one children were selected. Age at onset ranged between two and 13 months, age at disappearance ranged between seven and 16 months, age at recording ranged between four and 16 months, and duration of the phenomena ranged between two weeks and 19 months. In total, 85% infants had normal neurodevelopment at onset and follow‐up (mean follow‐up: 31.47 months) and 15% presented with neuropsychological or neurosensory deficits. We distinguished four different patterns of movements: movement of the head in 50%, shuddering attacks in 30%, tonic brief contractions of the trunk and limbs in 10%, and elevation of the shoulders in 10%.

Significance. These motor phenomena do not affect neurological status and are not associated with developmental delay. Considering that clinical interpretation may be challenging, especially relative to epileptic seizures, we present an explanatory video of these characteristic events. We also propose a new definition that is simple to remember: “transient infant movements” (TIM).
Non‐convulsive status epilepticus as an initial manifestation of herpes simplex virus encephalitis
Authors: Jeremić Marta , Arsenijević Mirjana , Jovanović Dejana , Berisavac Ivana
Published: October 2021

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSVE), manifesting with non‐convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), normocellular CSF findings and CT features of acute ischemic stroke, is a rare finding that can be hard to diagnose accurately. We present a case of HSVE and compare our results to those of previously published cases with the same pathology, in order to provide information to support more rapid and effective diagnosis and treatment. A Pubmed search of reported cases was conducted and five cases of HSVE manifesting with NCSE were found. Each of the cases, including ours, was compared in terms of clinical manifestations and CSF, CT and EEG findings. The clinical manifestations in our patient correlated with those of the other cases. EEG showing sharp fronto‐temporo‐centro‐parietal waves was only observed in our patient. Similar CT manifestations were found in one other patient, normocellular CSF was registered in three other cases and positive PCR for HSV in four patients. Information about the possible clinical manifestations and CT, EEG and CSF findings in patients with HSVE manifesting with NCSE is crucial for a fast diagnosis and successful treatment, leading to higher survival rates and fewer complications and neurological deficits.
The Investigation of Physical Properties of Composite Fertilizer Including Boron Micro Element
Authors: MUMCU ŞİMŞEK Havva , GULİYEV Rövşen
Published: October 2021

Fertilization is one of the most common applications in agricultural fields for achieving high yield. Fertilizer is the important input of agriculture. Raw material costs are nearly 80% of the production costs in chemical fertilizers. Because of high prices, fertilizer usage has started to decrease. The utilization of industrial wastes in the production reduces the costs. Not only is fertilizer expenditure significant, but also the physical properties should be considered. In this study, the physical characteristics of composited fertilizer containing boron which was obtained from the reaction between the diammonium phosphate and borogysum industrial waste were examined. Under laboratory conditions, diammonium phosphate was composited with borogysum at the mole ratio of 1:1 and during this process, the solid/liquid (S/L) ratio, temperature, time, pH of the pulp and speed were 1/3, 40°C, 90 min, 5.5 and 500 rpm respectively. The moisture content, grain (granule) size, tight and loose volume weights, granular fracture resistance and the agglomeration angle of the new product including boron were evaluated. As a consequence, the grain size was in range of 3 and 4 mm, loose volume weight was 1363.32 kg/m3, the granular fracture resistance was 2.92 kg/granule, agglomeration angle was 89.9 kg/granule and Granulometric Spread Index (GSI) and Uniformity Index (UI) were recorded as 16 and 76.9. These findings were compatible with National and International Standards.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure of Zinc Aluminum Hybrid Composite Cast Alloys
Authors: ASLAN Serdar
Published: October 2021

The matrix material ZA27 alloy was used in the production of metal matrix composite material. SiC and graphite were used as reinforcement materials in the study. ZA27 alloy with 10% SiC, 2.5% , 5% , 7.5% and 10% graphite and 10% SiC + 2.5% , 5%, 7.5%, 10% graphite reinforcement by weight hybrid composite material was produced. The microstructures were examined by SEM and EDS and the results were discussed. In the investigations, SiC and graphites had a heterogeneous nucleating effect during the solidification of the alloy. In addition, thin dendrites showed a tendency to become spherical by heat treatment.
Growing trees: The acquisition of the left periphery
Authors: Friedmann Naama , Belletti Adriana , Rizzi Luigi
Published: October 2021

We suggest here a Growing Trees approach for the description of the acquisition of various syntactic structures in Hebrew, based on the main results reported in Friedmann and Reznick (this volume) and on our own research on a corpus of natural productions. The heart of our account is that stages of acquisition follow the geometry of the syntactic tree, along the lines of the cartographic analysis of the clause, with early stages of acquisition corresponding to small portions of the adult syntactic tree, which keeps growing with the growth of the child. The lower parts of the tree are acquired first, and higher parts are acquired later. We propose three stages of acquisition connected to the development of functional layers of the syntactic tree. In the first stage, the IP is acquired, including the lexical and inflectional layers. This allows for the appearance of A-movement structures, including SV/VS alternations with unaccusative verbs, alongside SV sentences with unergative/transitive verbs. The second stage involves the acquisition of the lower part of the left periphery, up to QP, which allows for the acquisition of subject and object Wh questions, some adjunct questions, yes/no questions, and sentence-initial adverbs. In the third stage, the rich structure of the left periphery is completely acquired, including the higher CP field. This is the stage in which sentential embedding (of finite declarative and interrogative clauses), subject and object relative clauses, why questions, and topicalization appear. A further, different type of stage, which occurs on the already-grown tree and which is independent of structure building, is the acquisition of intervention configurations, allowing for the mastery of structures involving movement of a lexically-restricted object across an intervening lexically-restricted subject. The paper illustrates the fruitful dialogue between the science of syntax acquisition and the cartography of syntactic structures.
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE LAW IN PROMOTING SOCIAL JUSTICE
Authors: Eltjo Schrage
Published: October 2021

The first contribution published in this edition is an abridged version of the inaugural lecture delivered by Professor Eltjo JH Schrage on 24 August 2009 in Port Elizabeth. The Faculty of Law is honoured that such an internationally esteemed jurist accepted the appointment as first Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Law in 2009. Prof Eltjo JH Schrage was born in Groningen. He studied law at the University of Groningen, where he obtained his doctorandus, a degree which is analogous to our master’s degree. In 1975 he defended his doctoral thesis entitled Libertas est facultas naturalis. Menselijke vrijheid in een tekst van de Romeinse jurist Florentinus (Human liberty in a text of the Roman jurist Florentinus). His academic career commenced in 1969 at the Free University, Amsterdam. In 1980 he was appointed as professor at the Free University in Roman Law and Legal History. In 1998 he became the director of the Paul Scholten Institute at the University of Amsterdam. Some of his other academic appointments include the following:• Chairperson: International Study Group on the Comparative Legal History of the Law of Restitution;• Chairperson: International Study Group on the Comparative Legal History of the Law of Torts;• Visiting Professor: University of Cape Town;• Visiting Fellow: Magdalen College, Oxford University as well as visiting professor at Oxford;• Visiting Professor: University of the North (now Limpopo) in Polokwane; and• Visiting Fellow: Trinity College, Cambridge University as well as visiting professor, Cambridge. Prof Schrage has published extensively in International journals in Dutch, English, German French, and Italian. He has edited, written and contributed to more than 30 books, and written more than 100 articles. He has been the supervisor of numerous doctoral students, including Prof Marita Carnelley of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and erstwhile member of the Faculty of Law, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and Prof André Mukheibir, Head of Department, Private Law of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. He was also the promoter of the honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Amsterdam to the former chief justice of South Africa, Arthur Chaskalson in 2002. Prof Schrage has also acted as judge in the Amsterdam court since 1981. Prof Schrage is married to Anneke Buitenbos-Schrage and the couple have four children and one grandchild.
THE ABSOLUTE ANONYMITY OF A STATE WITNESS
Authors: BC Naudé
Published: October 2021

An important facet of the principle of open justice is the right of the accused to challenge the evidence given against him or her. When a witness testifies anonymously, the potential exists for an improper infringement of this right. Although the right to challenge evidence is not absolute, it is not easy to identify the circumstances that would provide justification for an infringement of this essential right. While the interests of justice is a determining factor, it is necessary for legislation to be put into place to set out specific circumstances to guide the courts whether or when to allow anonymous testimony. In addition, provision should be made for the appointment of an independent investigator to assist the court to investigate the credibility of the witness. Further, if witness anonymity orders are limited to serious cases and only allowed in exceptional circumstances, there is no reason why anonymous testimony should not be allowed.
THE BANK’S RIGHT TO CANCEL THE CONTRACT BETWEEN IT AND ITS CUSTOMER UNILATERALLY Bredenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 2010 4 SA 468 (SCA)
Authors: WG Schulze
Published: October 2021

Does a bank have the right to cancel the contract between it and its customer unilaterally? This was the crisp question put to the court in the recent decision in Bredenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd (2010 4 SA 468 (SCA); 2010 4 All SA 113 (“Bredenkamp: appeal”)). Before this case reached the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”), two lower courts were asked to pronounce on the same question (see Breedenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa 2009 3 All SA 339 (GSJ); 2009 5 SA 304 (GSJ) (“Bredenkamp: interim application”)); and Breedenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 2009 6 SA 277 (GSJ) (“Bredenkamp: main application”). (In passing it should be mentioned that Bredenkamp’s name was spelt incorrectly in the citation of both the interim and main applications; Bredenkamp’s name was correctly spelt in the citation of the decision of the SCA). The present discussion will refer to all three these decisions.
PROPOSALS REGARDING A WEAPONS REVIEW PROCESS IN SOUTH AFRICA (PART 2)
Authors: Ashley Moorhouse  , David Abrahams
Published: October 2021

This article forms the final part of a two-part series dealing with submissions regarding the implementation of a weapons review process in compliance of South Africa’s obligations under article 36 of Protocol I Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.Part I hereof was published in 2010 (Volume 31 1) Obiter 34-56 and dealt with the introductory and legal aspects of weapons review processes. Part 2, which follows hereunder, deals with the practical aspects of the weapons review process, namely the structure and composition of the review body and the various elements of the process of the review that need to be considered and regulated. The guidelines enunciated in this article attempt to ensure that South Africa complies with its international legal obligations under article 36. An overall conclusion of the series is dealt with at the end of this article.
DEFAMATION OF SCHOOL TEACHERS BY LEARNERS Le Roux v Dey 2011 3 SA 274 (CC)
Authors: J Neethling  , JM Potgieter
Published: October 2021

In Le Roux v Dey a vice-principal at a well-known secondary school in Pretoria instituted two separate claims for sentimental damages under the actio iniuriarum for insult (infringement of dignity) and defamation (infringement of reputation) against three school learners. The defendants published manipulated pictures of the plaintiff and the principal of the school depicting them both naked and sitting alongside each other with their hands indicative of sexual activity or stimulation. The school crests were superimposed over their genital areas. The plaintiff succeeded with both claims in the High Court (Dey v Le Roux 2008-10-28 case no 21377/06 (GNP)) butthe Supreme Court of Appeal (Le Roux v Dey 2010 4 SA 210 (SCA)) held that the separate claim for insult was ill-founded because in assessing damages for defamation, the court should also take the plaintiff’s humiliation into account. The Supreme Court of Appeal nevertheless confirmed the trial court’s award of R45 000. The defendants appealed to the Constitutional Court.
THE DUTY OF UTMOST GOOD FAITH IN ASSET-FORFEITURE JURISPRUDENCE – SOME LESSONS TO LEARN
Authors: Nkululeko Christopher Ndzengu  , John C von Bonde
Published: October 2021

The Constitutional Court has held that the provisions of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 that empower the State to apply ex parte for restraint and preservation orders regarding property involved in criminal activities do not per se violate the requirements of the audi alteram partem rule. However, the State still has to adhere to the normal procedural and other obligations imposed on applicants approaching courts for orders on an ex parte basis; one of these obligations is the duty of utmost good faith or uberrima fides. This article examines the application of this rule by SA courts. As respondents are diligent in seeking instances of nondisclosure of relevant information to warrant the application of the uberrima fides rule to their advantage, a high degree of openness and good faith is required from the State in order to avoid these ex parte orders being rescinded or discharged
SECTION 4(1)(b) OF THE DEEDS REGISTRIES ACT 47 OF 1937 AS A REMEDY FOR THE MISTAKEN TRANSFER OF LAND Bester NNO v Schmidt Bou Ontwikkelings CC [2012] ZASCA 125 (21 September 2012)
Authors: Maphuti Tuba
Published: October 2021

The deeds office practice was recently (dis)honoured by the Supreme Court of Appeal’s (SCA) decision in Bester NNO v Schmidt Bou Ontwikkelings CC, which was expected to address an “interpretative dearth” with regard to the application of section 4(1)(b) of the Deeds Registries Act 47 of 1937 (DRA). The main issue (for the purpose of this note) in this case related to two questions. The first question before the court was the applicability of the abstract theory of ownership to immovable property and how it impacts on the registration of such ownership in the deeds office. The second question dealt with the correct procedure in terms of the DRA to rectify a mistaken transferarising from an incorrect property description in the title deed. With reference to the second question, the SCA applied section 4(1)(b) as a remedy to rectify the mistaken transfer of the property. This note analyses the decision in Bester v Schmidt Bou with regard to the manner in which the respondent, Schmidt Bou Ontwikkellings CC (Schmidt Bou), applied for an order for rectification of the mistaken transfer of an incorrect property, and the court’s application of the relevant provisions of the DRA. The note will conclude with a discussion of alternative provisions of the DRA which could be applied to remedy the dispute in this case.
BEWYS VAN ’N GEBRUIKLIKE HUWELIK KRAGTENS ARTIKEL 3(1)(B) VAN DIE WET OP ERKENNING VAN GEBRUIKLIKE HUWELIKE 120 VAN 1998 Southon v Moropane [2012] ZAGPJHC 146
Authors: Pieter Bakker
Published: October 2021

Alle gebruiklike huwelike gesluit na die inwerkingtreding van die Wet op Erkenning van Gebruiklike Huwelike 120 van 1998 op 15 November 2000 moet voldoen aan die geldigheidsvereistes in artikel 3 van hierdie wet. Gebruiklike huwelike gesluit voor 15 November 2000 word erken as aan die tradisionele gewoonteregtelike vereistes vir ’n gebruiklike huwelik voldoen word (a 2). Om ’n geldige gebruiklike huwelike na 15 November 2000 te sluit moet die partye ouer as 18 jaar wees, beide moet toestem tot die sluiting van ’n gebruiklike huwelik en die huwelik moet “ooreenkomstig die gewoontereg beding en gesluit of voltrek word” (a 3(1)). As ’n minderjarige party ’n gebruiklike huwelik wil sluit, moet die party addisionele toestemming van sy of haar voog(de) of die Minister van Binnelandse Sake, afhangende van die geval, verkry (a 3(3)–(5)). Die wet laat poliginie toe en ’n man mag in ’n tweede of verdere gebruiklike huwelik tree as hy reeds ’n party tot ’n gebruiklikehuwelik is. Artikel 7(6) vereis dat hy ’n geskrewe kontrak wat sy huweliksgoedere-bedeling vir sy bestaande en toekomstige gebruiklike huwelike reguleer aan die hof vir goedkeuring voorlê. Nie-nakoming van artikel 7(6) affekteer egter nie die geldigheid van die tweede of verdere huwelik nie. Van al die vereistes vir ’n geldige gebruiklike huwelik na 15 November 2000 gesluit, verskaf artikel 3(1)(b) die meeste probleme. Dit is dan ook hierdie vereiste waarop die huweliks-ontkenner staatmaak wanneer hy die gevolge van sy huwelik of egskeiding wil ontduik. In die lig hiervan word die beslissing van die Suid-Gauteng-hoë hof, Southon v Moropane ([2012] ZAGPJHC 146) bespreek.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF CHILDREN TO BODILY INTEGRITY AND AUTONOMY
Authors: Emma du Plessis  , Glynis van der Walt  , Avinash Govindjee
Published: October 2021

This is the first of two articles focusing on the development and consequence of children’s constitutional rights to bodily integrity and autonomy, as expressed in South African legislation. While this particular contribution evaluates the core constitutional rights at play and analyses key legislative provisions giving effect to these rights in South Africa, the contribution which follows tackles a more specific issue: the inadequate regulation of the legal position of “saviour sibling” and“benefactor children” in South African law.