bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a radioimmunoassay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity
Authors: Steiner Jorg M. , Medinger Terry L. , Williams David A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop and validate a radioimmunoassay for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI).

Procedure

A double antibody radioimmunoassay for determination of fTLI was developed, using feline trypsin purified from feline pancreatic tissue, antiserum against feline trypsin raised in New Zealand White rabbits, and a commercially available precipitation solution. This assay was validated by determining detection limit, linearity, accuracy, and intra- and interassay variabilities. A control range was determined from samples of 21 clinically normal cats.

Results

The detection limit for fTLI in this assay was 1.9 μg/L. The linearity of the assay was evaluated by testing dilutional parallelism. Observed/expected values ranged between 95 and 127%. The accuracy of the assay was tested by measuring recovery of added trypsin. Observed/expected values ranged from 99 to 114%. Intra-assay variability ranged between 3.0 and 9.4%, and interassay variability ranged between 4.0 and 8.2%. The control range for serum fTLI was determined to be 17.1 to 48.6 μg/L.

Conclusion

The assay for fTLI described here is sensitive, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible.

Clinical Relevance

This assay may be of use for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic diseases in cats. Preliminary results of such research have been promising, and further clinical studies are in progress. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1417–1420)
Blood type AB in the feline AB blood group system
Authors: Griot-Wenk M. E. , Callan M. B. , Casal M. L. , Chisholm-Chait A. , Spitalnik S. L. , Patterson D. F. , Giger U.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess the genetics, frequency, and biochemistry of the AB blood type in cats.

Animals

Domestic shorthair and purebred cats in a breeding colony and privately owned catteries and blood samples from a large feline blood typing laboratory.

Procedures

Samples from cats with blood type AB were selected from the feline blood typing laboratory at the university. Breeding experiments and family studies were used for the genetic analysis of cats with blood type AB. Simple slide hemagglutination assays were used to type cats. Hemagglutination assays, flow cytometry, and ganglioside analysis by high-performance thin layer chromatography were applied to characterize the AB antigens.

Results

Type AB was rare (13/9,239 cats; 0.14% frequency) in cats of the United States and Canada. Type AB occurred only in breeds in which type B was also detected. Cats with type-AB blood express biochemical features of type-A and type-B antigens. Genetic analyses of families with blood type-AB cats are consistent with the hypothesis of 3 alleles: A, B, and AB. The AB allele is recessive to the A allele, but dominant over the B allele. There may be an additional genetic mechanism responsible for the inheritance of blood type AB in cats.

Conclusion

Blood type AB is an extremely rare and separately inherited type in the feline AB blood group system.

Clinical Relevance

Kittens with type-AB blood born to queens with type-B blood are at similar risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis as kittens with type-A blood because anti-A alloantiserum from blood type-B queens recognizes AB red blood cells. Furthermore, cats with type-AB blood are best transfused with type-AB or type-A blood. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1438-1442)
Culling associated with Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows
Authors: Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To estimate the extent to which cows infected with Neospora caninum were culled, compared with noninfected cows, and to identify differences in reasons for culling between infected and noninfected cows.

Animals

442 Holstein cows on a commercial dairy with 36% seroprevalence for N caninum.

Procedure

Culling of cows was done after first calving without knowledge of N caninum serologic status.

Results

Risk of a seropositive cow dying was not different from that of a seronegative cow (P = 0.50). Seropositive cows were culled 6.3 months earlier than seronegative cows, and had a 1.6 times greater risk of being culled, compared with seronegative cows (P = 0.004), after adjusting for culling risk associated with abortion. For cows culled for low milk production, culling risk for a seropositive cow was twice that for a seronegative cow (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

The economic impact of N caninum infection in dairy cattle can be expected to extend beyond that for abortion alone. Costs of the disease also may include premature culling and diminished milk production.

Clinical Relevance

Plans to control N caninum infection on dairies should include consideration that benefits may include reduction in premature culling and increase in milk production. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1559–1562)
Staining and morphologic features of bone marrow hematopoietic cells in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Garner Michael M. , Homer Bruce L. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Raskin Rose E. , Hall Betty J. , Weis Wayne A. , Berry Kristin H.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine optimal site for collection of bone marrow from desert tortoises, and to characterize cytologic staining and morphologic features of bone marrow hematopoietic cells.

Animals

16 desert tortoises.

Procedure

Bone marrow was obtained at necropsy from the pelvis, proximal portion of the humerus, femur, and thickened portions of the cranial to craniolateral and caudal to caudolateral margins of the carapace and plastron for histologic and cytologic examinations. Cytocentrifuged preparations of marrow cells were evaluated for reactivity to cytochemical stains.

Results

Histologic sections were adequate for evaluating acidophils, acidophil precursors, and erythrocyte precursors. It was difficult to differentiate among monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and blast cells, and eosinophils could not be differentiated from heterophils. Basophils were in rare, small clusters of 3 to 12 cells. A few lymphoid follicles were found in the pelvis and long bones.

Use of cytochemical staining accomplished differentiation between agranular heterophil precursors and granulated heterophils, and between granulated eosinophils and basophils. Monocytes, azurophils, and monoblasts had similar staining features. Staining of erythrocyte precursors with Sudan black B differentiated them from lymphocytes. Only a few small cells with periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasm were identified as thrombocytes. Lymphocytes did not stain with any of the cytochemical stains.

Conclusions

For histologic and cytologic evaluation of bone marrow hematopoietic cells, pelvis, proximal portion of the humerus, femur, and thickened portions of the peripheral cranial and caudal regions of the carapace and plastron are suitable sites to collect specimens. There are distinct cytochemical markers for heterophil, monocyte, and erythrocyte precursors, as well as later stage heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and azurophils. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1608–1615)
Specific antigens of Chlamydia pecorum and their homologues in C psittaci and C trachomatis
Authors: Baghian Abolghasem , Kousoulas Konstantin , Truax Robert , Storz Johannes
Published: January 2024

Objective

To analyze the antigenic cross reactivity of various proteins of strains of Chlamydia pecorum, C psittaci, and C trachomatis.

Samples and Procedures

Strains FC-Stra and LW-613 of C pecorum; strains B577, Fitz-9, and 6BC of C psittaci, and strain LGV-2 of C trachomatis were studied. Strains of C pecorum were propagated in Georgia bovine kidney cells, and other chlamydial strains were propagated in L cells or Georgia bovine kidney cells. Partially purified chlamydial elementary bodies propagated in RAG cells, a BALB/c cell line cloned from a renal adenocarcinoma of BALB/c mice, were used to immunize BALB/c mice for production of monoclonal antibodies. Rabbits were inoculated with yolk sack-propagated, purified elementary bodies to produce polyclonal antisera. The reaction of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera with chlamydial proteins was analyzed by use of immunoblot techniques.

Results

Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with a 90-kd protein of C psittaci and a 94-kd protein of C pecorum strains. One monoclonal antibody reacted strongly with a 67-kd protein of C pecorum and strain B577 of C psittaci, but weakly with proteins of strains 6BC and LGV-2. Another monoclonal antibody reacted with a 46-kd protein of 2 C pecorum strains and of strain B577 of C psittaci, but not with those of strains 6BC and LGV-2. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with a 20-kd protein of C pecorum and a 22-kd protein of C psittaci and LGV-2 strains. Polyclonal antisera reacted similarly with the proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies in the various chlamydial strains.

Conclusions

Reactions of several monoclonal antibodies with chlamydial antigens indicated that 67- and 46-kd proteins contain genus- and species-specific epitopes, respectively; a 94-kd protein of C pecorum is homologous to a 90-kd protein of C psittaci and C trachomatis strains; and a 20-kd protein of C pecorum corresponds to a 22-kd protein of C psittaci and C trachomatis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1720–1725)
Effect of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated proteoglycan metabolism in equine cartilage explant cultures
Authors: MacDonald Melinda H. , Benton Hilary P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the influence of activated equine neutrophils on sulfated glycosaminoglycan metabolism of equine articular cartilage in vitro.

Animals

Articular cartilage explants harvested from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 7 horses.

Procedure

Proteoglycan degradation and synthesis were measured bv release of glycosaminoglycan from the explants, and incorporation of [35Slsulfate into newly synthesized glycosaminoglycan.

Results

Activated equine neutrophils significantly increased the release of glycosaminoglycan from explant matrix and the magnitude of that response was influenced by duration of exposure. This response varied significantly between horses, but was detected as early as 3 hours after co-cultures were initiated. In addition to enhancing degradation, incubation of explants with activated neutrophils for 3 days caused significant inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis during a subsequent 3-hour pulse-labeling period. This response varied significantly between individual animals, but age was not a predictive factor.

Conclusion

Neutrophils may have a critical role in the process of cartilage degradation during equine inflammatory joint disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1738–1747)
Prospective evaluation of ground reaction forces in dogs undergoing unilateral total hip replacement
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Chambers Jonathan N. , Van Lue Stephen L. , Foutz Tim L. , Reece Lynn
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate clinical and biomechanical gait variables in a group of dogs before and after (for 1 year) total hip replacement.

Animals

16 dogs with degenerative joint disease of the coxofemoral joint secondary to hip dysplasia deemed candidates for total hip replacement.

Procedure

Before and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, each dog was trotted over a biomechanical force platform. Vertical force data evaluated for each stance phase of the treated and untreated hind limbs included peak force, impulse, and limb loading and unloading rates. Vertical peak and impulse data were also evaluated for the forelimbs. Measurements analyzed in the craniocaudal axis, divided into braking and propulsion phases, consisted of peak force and associated impulses. Also, orthopedic examination for each dog included subjective scoring for limb lameness at each evaluation period.

Results

Most ground reaction forces (GRF) were significantly lower before surgery for the proposed treated, compared with the proposed untreated, limb. This difference between limbs continued through postoperative month 1. Also at 1 month, some treated limb values were significantly lower than preoperative values. By 3 to 6 months, treated limb GRF increased so that no significant difference between limbs could be found. Vertical and craniocaudal propulsion impulse values were significantly higher in the treated than untreated limb from the 6-month evaluation period through the remainder of the study. Braking component of the craniocaudal axes measurements was unchanged throughout the study.

Conclusions

GRF indicated that dogs of this study had significantly increased loading function of the treated hind limb by 6 months after unilateral total hip replacement. Data also indicated that some force was transferred from the untreated to treated hip over the study period. Loading rates also increased over the study period, indicating increased willingness to load the treated hip over time. Craniocaudal axis data ndicated no improvement in braking forces with coxofemoral joint replacement, suggesting that the coxofemoral joint with degenerative joint disease did not have altered braking performance at a trotting gait. Comparison of subjective lameness scores and objective GRF indicated that visual grading of coxofemoral joint lameness is limited. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1781–1785)
Use of injectable lufenuron for treatment of infestations of Ctenocephalides felis in cats
Authors: Franc Michel , Cadiergues Marie-Christine
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether and for how long a single dose of a new injectable formulation of lufenuron would successfully control experimentally induced Ctenocephalides felis infestations in cats.

Animals

15 cats (3 groups of 5).

Procedure

Each group of cats was housed in a separate room. Each cat was infested with 150 fleas, and flea counts were checked weekly. Once flea populations had stabilized, cats were treated with lufenuron at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, SC (group 1) or 10 mg/kg, SC (group 2). Group-3 cats were not treated. Flea counts were checked weekly for 18 weeks, and effectiveness was determined by comparing flea counts for treated cats with flea counts for control cats. Cats were reinfested with fleas during weeks 19, 26, 36, and 49, and flea counts were again determined weekly.

Results

Effectiveness for both dosages of lufenuron was > 90% by 5 weeks after treatment, > 95% by 9 weeks after treatment, and > 98% by 13 weeks after treatment. Reinfestations performed during weeks 19 and 26 were well controlled (ie, > 90% reduction in flea counts, compared with control group) in both groups of cats treated with lufenuron. Reinfestations performed during week 36 were well controlled only in cats treated with lufenuron at the higher dosage. Reinfestations performed during week 49 were not controlled in either group of treated cats.

Conclusions

A single dose of the new injectable formulation of lufenuron should control flea populations in cats for up to 26 weeks, even among cats that are periodically reinfested with fleas. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:140–142)
Diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion, using a competitive ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies against variable segments 1 and 2 of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci serotype 1
Authors: Salti-Montesanto Viviane , Tsoli Eleana , Papavassiliou Periklis , Psarrou Evgenia , Markey Bryan K. , Jones Gareth E. , Vretou Evangelia
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop and evaluate a competitive ELISA (cELISA) specific for detection of antibodies to abortion strains of Chlamydia psittaci and C pecorum that is based on monoclonal antibodies against the 2 segments.

Procedure

Monoclonal antibodies were screened for binding to ELISA plates coated with elementary bodies, and were selected on the basis of positive competition with experimentally produced sera against C psittaci and lack of competition with anti-C pecorum sera. The cELISA was evaluated with field sera, and the results were compared with those obtained by complement-fixation testing and by an ELISA containing solubilized outer membrane complexes (A-ELISA).

Results

The cELISA detected 9 of 10 C psittaci-infected flocks (57/125 sera, 45.6%), and in 6 of 10 flocks (27.3% of the sera), it specified correctly the infecting chlamydial species. Regarding test sensitivity, the complement-fixation test detected 6 of 10 test-positive (19.2% of the sera) flocks, whereas 7 of 10 test-positive (48.8% of the sera) flocks were detected by use of the A-ELISA. The specificity of the test was satisfactory (100%), compared with the A-ELISA (72.2%).

Conclusions

The new cELISA is a sensitive and specific assay for antibodies against C psittaci abortion strains. It is rapid and easy to perform and does not require serum dilutions. The new cELISA is, therefore, suitable as a routine test for chlamydial diagnosis and seroepidemiologic studies, (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 228–235)
Prevalence of intestinal chlamydial infection in pigs in the midwest as determined by immunoperoxidase staining
Authors: Nietfeld Jerome C. , Leslie-Steen Pam , Zeman David H. , Nelson Dennis
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine prevalence of intestinal chlamydial infection in pigs and to compare prevalence of diarrhea in infected pigs with that in noninfected pigs to evaluate the importance of Chlamydia sp as causes of diarrhea in pigs.

Animals and Procedures

Intestines from 351 sick pigs submitted to 2 veterinary diagnostic laboratories and from 96 healthy pigs that were part of an Escherichia coli susceptibility study were examined by immunoperoxidase staining for chlamydial antigen. The proportion of Chlamydia-infected pigs in each group was calculated and compared. The proportion of Chlamydia-infected pigs with diarrhea was compared with the proportion of noninfected pigs with diarrhea.

Results

15% of the sick and healthy pigs were infected with Chlamydia sp. Prevalence of diarrhea was equal between infected and noninfected pigs. Chlamydia sp were the third most common pathogens identified, and prevalence of chlamydial infection increased after 3 weeks of age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Intestinal chlamydiosis is common in commercial pigs, but most, if not all, infections are subclinical. Without collaborative evidence, simply identifying Chlamydia sp in feces or the intestinal tract of pigs with enteritis or diseases of other organ systems should not be considered proof that the organism caused the clinical signs of disease. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:260–264)
Safety and efficacy of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine for protection of calves against S dublin infection
Authors: Fox Bryce C. , Roof Michael B. , Carter David P. , Kesl Lyle D. , Roth James A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis strain 54 (SC54) as a vaccine to protect calves against salmonellosis caused by S dublin.

Animals

40 head of clinically normal 3 to 5-week-old male Holstein calves that were culture negative for Salmonella sp.

Procedure

Calves were randomly assigned to 4 test groups of 10 calves each. Group 1 received 8.5 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of SC54 SC. Groups 2 and 3 received 1.13 × 109 CFU of SC54, SC and intranasally, respectively. Group 4 received saline solution as a vaccine control. All calves were challenge exposed orally with 1.74 × 109 CFU of virulent S dublin 14 days after vaccination. Clinical signs and Salmonella shedding were monitored for 28 days after vaccination. Calves were necropsied, and organs were cultured for Salmonella sp 14 days after challenge exposure.

Results

Calves of groups 2 and 3 had slightly high rectal temperature after vaccination. Salmonella dublin challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs of salmonellosis. All vaccinated groups had significantly (P< 0.05) lower rectal temperature, fecal shedding of S dublin, and recovery of S dublin from organs after necropsy. SC54 was not recovered from fecal or blood samples collected after vaccination or from injection site samples or organs collected at necropsy.

Conclusions

SC54 given intranasally or SC to calves was safe and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced clinical signs and bacterial shedding after oral challenge exposure with S dublin.

Clinical Relevance

SC54 has potential as an effective vaccine to aid in prevention of salmonellosis caused by S dublin in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58: 265–271)
Effect of optical defocus on visual acuity in dogs
Authors: Murphy Christopher J. , Mutti Donald O. , Zadnik Karla , Ver Hoeve James
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of optical defocus (such as what develops in spontaneous myopia and subsequent to cataract extraction) on visual acuity in dogs.

Animals

3 young adult male Beagles.

Procedure

The effect of optical defocus on visual acuity was determined by sweep visual evoked potential, using a within-subjects/repeated measures design in which each dog served as its own control. Dogs were positioned so that the eye being tested was 60 cm in front of the video display, and the target was centered on the area centralis. To create ametropia relative to the video screen, a series of concave and convex spherical lenses were placed 1 cm in front of the eye, and sweep visual evoked potential acuities were obtained.

Results

Maximal acuity was 7.0 to 9.5 cycles/degree. Defocusing by 2.0 diopters reduces Beagle grating acuity approximately 1 octave. Mimicking aphakia resulted in a marked depression of acuity to 0.7 cycles/degree or less.

Conclusions

Even mild degrees of ametropia have appreciable impact on the resolving power of the canine visual system.

Clinical Relevance

Spontaneous myopia is encountered in dogs and may be associated with impaired visual performance attributable to a reduction in visual acuity. Previous reports indicate the possibility of myopia in dogs to have a heritable component. On the basis of our results, refractive correction of aphakia is advisable, and refractive screening of dogs with demanding visual tasks (eg, service dogs, field-trial Labrador Retrievers) is recommended. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:414–418)
Relapsing bacteremia after blood transmission of Bartonella henselae to cats
Authors: Kordick Dorsey L. , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine persistence of bacteremia, pathogenicity, and immunoglobulin kinetics after blood transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats.

Animals

18 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats (16 weeks old) received blood or urine from 4 adult cats (2 SPF, 2 naturally infected with B henselae).

Procedure

SPF cats were inoculated with blood IV (n = 4), blood IM (n = 4), or urine sediment IM (n = 4) from 2 bacteremic cats (donors A and B). Control cats (2/route) received inoculum from culture-negative, seronegative SPF cats (donors C and D).

Results

6 cats (5 blood, 1 urine) were transiently febrile during the 213-day observation period. Two bacteremic cats developed CNS abnormalities. Transient anemia was the only hematologic abnormality. Bacteremia was induced in 7 of 8 blood recipients by postinoculation day (PID) 11. Urine recipients (n = 6) did not become bacteremic or seroconvert by PID 108, but when challenge exposed IV with blood, 4 of 6 became infected. All infected cats developed relapsing bacteremia. Initially, colony counts for donor-A recipients were 103 greater than those for donor-B recipients; however, during relapses, counts were similar. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic spacer region revealed no differences among isolates derived from recipient cats. Bartonella henselae-specific antibodies were detected between PID 15 and 18 in donor-A, compared with PID 46 and 181 in donor-B recipients. The peak geometric mean titer of donor-A recipients was 1,448, versus 406 for donor-B recipients.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Blood transmission of B henselae induced subtle clinical abnormalities; the biological behavior of the 2 donor strains differed; and relapsing bacteremia can persist in conjunction with variably high antibody titers. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:492–497)
Effect of intra-abdominally induced pressure on the urethral pressure profiles of healthy and incontinent bitches
Authors: Theus R. , Arnold S. , Hubler M. , Wiestner T. , Binder H. , Ruesch P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether reduced pressure transmission is of importance in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence in bitches.

Animals

20 sexually intact, continent bitches and 21 spayed, incontinent bitches.

Procedure

Urethral pressure profiles before (resting) and after (stressed) insufflation of gas in the abdominal cavity were recorded in bitches under general anesthesia. Differences (stressed minus resting) were calculated for all variables. On the basis of these values, the pressure transmission ratio was determined.

Results

Resting pressure profiles of incontinent bitches indicated significantly (P < 0.05) lower maximal closure pressure (4.5 ± 3.0 cm of H2O) than did those of continent bitches (11.2 ± 7.2 cm of H2O).The intra-abdominal pressure increase lead to a shortening of total profile length, which was equal in both groups and caused an increase in maximal urethral pressure. The change in maximal urethral pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in incontinent bitches (12.4 ± 4.1 cm of H2O) than in continent bitches (8.8 ± 4.5 cm of H2O). The profile areas and the pressure transmission ratios did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the 2 groups.

Conclusion

The effect of decreased pressure transmission on the urethra is not a factor in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence attributable to urethral incompetence in bitches. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:555–559)
Immunohistochemical localization of α1-acid glycoprotein in liver tissues of bovine fetuses, newborn calves, and sick or healthy adult cattle
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Motoi Yoshiko , Haritani Makoto , Kobayashi Masaru , Tamura Keiji , Takase Katsuaki , Oikawa Shin
Published: January 2024

Objective

To detect localization of α1-acid glycoprotein (α1,-AG) antigens in the liver tissue of cattle by use of immunoperoxidase technique.

Sample Population

Liver specimens from 6 bovine fetuses, 2 healthy bovine neonates, 2 healthy adult cattle, 3 cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses, and 2 cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL).

Procedure

3 cattle (with hepatic abscesses) were inoculated with a suspension of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the ruminal vein. Serum α1-AG concentration was determined by use of the single radial immunodiffusion method. Livers from fetuses, newborn calves, and adult or sick cattle were fixed in buffered 10% formalin, dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained by use of the avidin-biotin complex/immunoperoxidase technique.

Results

Sites of localization of the α1-AG antigen positive reaction (AGPR) in the liver obtained from bovine fetuses, neonates, or sick cattle were different. In fetal and newborn calves, the AGPR was detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Intensity of the reaction varied in direct proportion to α1-AG serum concentration. In adult cattle, the AGPR was particularly intense in hepatocytes adjacent to abscesses or EBL-induced tumors.

Conclusions

The pattern of distribution of cells with AGPR in the liver varied, depending on severity of inflammation. In the cattle with EBL, whether the AGPR was attributable to inflammation could not be clarified, although suppression of immunologic response to tumors may have been a cause of the observed reaction. This association suggests that the glycoprotein may be synthesized, mainly in hepatocytes. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:725–728)
Effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , Dorman David C. , Jamison Keith C. , Weigler Benjamin J. , Hawkins Eleanor C. , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether orally administered valacyclovir can be used safely and effectively to treat cats with primary, feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection.

Animals

14 specific-pathogen-free adult cats.

Procedure

Cats were infected with FHV-1 strain 87-727 (300 μl, 107 plaque-forming units/ml) by ocular and nasal inoculations, and were treated every 6 hours with dextrose (controls) or valacyclovir (60 mg/kg of body weight, PO). Virus shedding from both eyes and the oropharynx was monitored every 2 days by virus isolation, and subjective clinical scores were assigned daily for ocular and nasal discharge and conjunctival hyperemia. Urinalysis, CBC, and serum biochemical analysis were done prior to inoculation, and on days 2, 5, 7, 9, and 12 of infection. Differences in CBC and serum biochemical indices between groups were compared, as were differences between preinfection values and maximal postinfection values, rectal temperature, and scores for disease severity.

Results

All cats developed acute conjunctivitis and rhinitis typical of FHV-1 infection. Beginning between days 6 and 9, valacyclovir-treated cats became noticeably more lethargic and dehydrated than did cats of the control group. Total WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly lower in cats of the valacyclovir group. The experiment was terminated on day 12 for humane reasons. Histologic changes attributable to FHV-1 infection were similar in all cats. Additional histologic abnormalities seen only in the valacyclovir-treated cats were coagulative necrosis of the renal tubular epithelium, centrilobular atrophy and hepatic necrosis, and severe bone marrow depression.

Conclusions

Cats appear to be uniquely sensitive to the toxic effects of valacyclovir, and even high doses appear not to suppress FHV-1 replication in acutely infected cats.

Clinical Relevance

Use of valacyclovir is of questionable value in cats with acute FHV-1 infection and, at high doses, the drug may be toxic. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1141–1144)
Development of an automated turbidimetric immunoassay for quantification of bovine serum immunoglobulin G
Authors: Etzel L. R. , Strohbehn R. E. , McVicker J. K.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop an automated turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) for measurement of bovine IgG.

Sample Population

24 bovine serum samples.

Procedure

IgG concentration was determined by use of the TIA, and results were compared with those of the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method. Variables were determined, using commercially available reagents and a clinical biochemical analyzer. For the TIA, polyclonal goat anti-bovine IgG (Fc specific) serum, bovine IgG calibrator serum, and polyethylene glycol reaction buffer were used. Sample concentrations were determined by the instrument, using the linear regression method of least squares. The accuracy of this assay was validated by referencing to a purified bovine IgG standard and by recovery of control standards. Parallelism was documented by assay linearity and serial sample dilution linearity. Interference resulting from hemolyzed samples was examined.

Results

The TIA method correlated positively (r = 0.9957) and significantly (P < 0.05) with the RID method, yielding a regression equation with slope of 0.78708 and y-intercept of 1.02102. Bias attributable to hemolysis was not observed.

Conclusions

The TIA method is automated, accurate, and precise for bovine serum IgG quantification.

Clinical Relevance

This assay provides sample results in approximately 10 minutes and may be used as an alternative to the manual RID method. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1201–1205)
Plasma von Willebrand factor changes during various reproductive cycle stages in mixed-breed dogs with normal von Willebrand factor and in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease
Authors: Moser Janet , Meyers Kenneth M. , Russon Robert H. , Reeves Jerry J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) concentration changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease (vWd) and in mixed-breed dogs with normal vWf, and if so, whether alterations in vWf concentration are associated with changes in serum concentrations of reproductive hormones.

Animals

5 sexually intact female Doberman Pinschers with type-I vWd and 8 sexually intact female mixed-breed dogs with normal vWf.

Procedure

Concentrations of plasma vWf and serum progesterone and estradiol-17β were measured during the estrous cycle of nonpregnant dogs and during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine, total thyroxin, and free thyroxin were measured during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.

Results

Von Willebrand factor concentration did not change during the estrous cycle, but during pregnancy, vWf concentration gradually increased. Peak concentrations were obtained at parturition and were 103 and 92% higher in mixed-breed dogs and dogs with type-I vWd, respectively, than were mean prepregnancy (anestrus) values. At parturition, total triiodothyronine concentration decreased from the prepregnancy value. The increase in vWf concentration during pregnancy was positively associated with changes in concentration of estradiol-17β and was negatively associated with changes in concentration of progesterone.

Conclusions

The increase in vWf concentration in pregnant bitches may be associated with changes in concentrations of reproductive hormones. However, the increase in vWf concentration during pregnancy may involve other factors because vWf concentration did not change during the estrous cycle of nonpregnant dogs despite increases in concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:111–118)
Effect of pin hole size and number on in vitro bone strength in the equine radius loaded in torsion
Authors: Hopper Scott A. , Schneider Robert K. , Ratzlaff Marc H. , White Karl K. , Johnson Craig H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of pin hole size and number on the breaking strength of the adult equine radius when loaded in torsion to failure.

Sample Population

54 pairs of equine radii from adult horses.

Procedure

For test one, 12 pairs of radii were used to determine the effect of pin hole size on torsional breaking strength. A 6.35-mm hole was drilled in 1 radius, and a 9.5-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral radius. For test two, 36 pairs of radii were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n = 12) to determine the effect of pin hole number on the torsional breaking strength of the equine radius. One radius of each pair served as a control, and one, three, or six 6.35-mm transcortical holes were drilled in the contralateral radius. For test three, 6 pairs of radii had torsional forces applied directly to the transfixation pins, as opposed to the bone itself. One radius of a pair served as a control, and three 6.35-mm smooth Steinman pins were placed in the contralateral radius. All radii were loaded in torsion to failure, and the breaking strengths were recorded.

Results

Compared with the 6.35-mm hole, the 9.5-mm hole significantly decreased torsional strength of the radius. There was no significant difference in mean torsional strength between the control radii and the radii with 1, 3, or 6 transcortical holes or when the transfixation pins were loaded.

Conclusion

Use of up to three 6.35-mm transfixation pins can be used in a full-limb transfixation pin cast to optimize stiffness without a significant decrease (12%) in bone strength. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:201–204)
Effect of stimulus intensity on spine recorded somatosensory evoked potential in dogs
Authors: Cozzi Francesca , Poncelet Luc , Michaux Charles , Balligand Marc
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the effect of stimulus intensity on the characteristics of the spine recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in dogs.

Animals

11 healthy Beagles, 1 to 2 years old.

Design and Procedure

In 10 dogs, square-wave stimuli (0.1-ms duration, 4 Hz) were delivered through needle electrodes inserted close to the right tibial nerve at the tibiotarsal joint. A standard stimulus strength (reference effective stimulus [RS]) was established for each dog by determining the stimulus necessary to induce a maximal M wave (muscle evoked potential) in the plantar interosseus muscles. The polarity of the stimulating electrodes was then reversed, and an SEP was recorded at the level of the T13-L1 interarcuate ligament. Subsequently, stimuli at fractions (¼X, ½X) and multiples (2X, 4X) of RS were delivered. Recordings, using 10X RS stimuli, also were obtained in 2 dogs; in 1 of them, the recordings were obtained before and after curarization. In each instance, the latencies and the amplitudes of the first 3 reproducible deflections were measured and evaluated.

Results

The SEP waveform recorded at the T13-L1 level using RS was similar in all dogs; at least 3 deflections were recognized. Altering stimulus intensity did not significantly change latency of the first 3 peaks; conversely, amplitudes of the first 3 peaks increased (P < 0.01) when the stimulus intensity was increased from ¼X RS to 1X RS. Stimulation at 10X RS induced the recording of a large potential, which was suppressed by the curarization.

Conclusion

Only slight variations affect latency data through a wide range of stimulus intensities; latency measurement can be considered a robust tool in the vicinity of RS. Slight variations in the electrode position during an SEP session should not invalidate the results. Differences in the definition of the stimulus intensity among laboratories should not preclude the comparison of the results. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:217–220)
Oral malodor measurements on a tooth surface of dogs with gingivitis
Authors: Hennet Philippe R. , Delille Béatrice , Davot Jean Louis
Published: January 2024

Objective

To measure production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) responsible for halitosis on the crown surface of the maxillary fourth premolar of dogs with gingivitis.

Animals

28 dogs owned by veterinary students who complained that their dogs had halitosis.

Procedure

Clinical dental indices (plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index) were measured on the most diseased maxillary fourth premolar tooth. Production of VSC from the crown surface of the tooth was recorded by use of a portable sulfide monitor. Measurements were performed several times on each dog over a 2-month period, resulting in 98 series of measurements.

Results

Dogs with heavy amounts of plaque or calculus (plaque and calculus indices of 2 or 3) had significantly higher VSC readings than did dogs with no visible plaque and calculus accumulation. Significant (P = 0.0008) correlation was found between VSC measurements and plaque index, and significant correlations were found between VSC measurements and calculus index (P = 0.00118) and gingival index (P = 0.00475).

Conclusion

VSC production recorded on the crown of maxillary fourth premolar teeth of dogs with gingivitis is significantly correlated with the amount of plaque and calculus accumulation and with severity of gingivitis.

Clinical Relevance

VSC measurements on tooth surfaces could be used as a site-specific method to assess, in conjunction with clinical dental variables, effectiveness of dental hygiene products. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:255–257)
Stereospecific pharmacokinetics of free and proteinbound ketoprofen in serum and synovial fluid of horses after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Brink Palle , DeGraves Fred , Ravis William R. , Johansen Dorte , Campbell Jennifer D. , Duran Sue H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine intravascular and intrasynovial pharmacokinetics of the R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen after IV and IM administration to horses.

Animals

6 healthy adult mares.

Procedure

Horses were weighed and ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IV. Blood and synovial fluid samples were obtained and analyzed for concentrations of the R and S enantiomers by means of a modified reverse-phase stereospecific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. Three weeks later, the procedure was repeated, except that ketoprofen was given IM. Protein binding of ketoprofen enantiomers was determined by means of ultrafiltration. Nonlinear least squares methods were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results

Data obtained after IV administration best fit an open, two-compartment model. Mean ± SD S-to-R serum concentration ratios after IV and IM administration were 1.36 ± 0.214 and 1.34 ± 0.245, respectively. Intrasynovial concentrations of the R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen could be measured for only the first 3 hours after IV administration; concentrations were less than the limit of quantification by 4 hours after IV administration and at all times after IM administration. Extent of protein binding of the R enantiomer was not significantly different from extent of protein binding of the S enantiomer; extent of protein binding did not appear to be concentration dependent. Mean free S-to-free R serum concentration ratios, adjusted for protein binding, after IV and IM administration were 1.58 and 1.56, respectively.

Conclusions

The R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen are rapidly absorbed and eliminated, have low volumes of distribution, and are highly protein bound. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:739-743)
Analysis of the electroencephalogram in growing calves by use of power spectrum and cross correlation
Authors: Takeuchi Takashi , Sitizyo Kiitiro , Harada Etsumori
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine postnatal maturation of findings in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of calves and estimate the degree of electrophysiologic activity, using power spectrum and cross-correlation analyses of the EEG.

Animals

10 clinically normal Japanese Black calves ranging in age from 1 to 10 weeks.

Procedure

EEG were recorded at various stages of consciousness. Power spectrum and cross-correlation analyses were applied to a relaxed state EEG.

Results

After the second week of age, rhythmic waves with frequencies of 6 to 9 Hz (alpha rhythm-like pattern) appeared in the EEG during the relaxed state, and were recorded in the occipital and vertex areas; duration of appearance was < 30 seconds. By use of power spectrum analysis, power distribution of the 7.5-to 10-Hz frequency band in the occipital area significantly increased after the sixth week. The highest frequency (18 to 30 Hz) band increased in the frontal and occipital areas after the seventh week. Normalized cross-correlation coefficients at 0 time shift were > 0.6 throughout the experimental period. The normalized cross-correlation coefficients obtained from caudal interhemispheric sites increased after the second week, and were significantly greater than those in rostral sites.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Developmental changes in the EEG of calves during the first 10 weeks could be characterized by appearance of the alpha rhythm-like pattern and increase of the power distributions of the 7.5- to 10-Hz and 18- to 30-Hz frequency bands, which might be a useful indicator for estimating brain activity in young calves and as standard data for evaluating abnormal brain activity in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:777-781)
Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses
Authors: León L. A. Sosa , Hodgson D. R. , Carlson G. P. , Rose R. J.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To test effectiveness of an electrolyte paste in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid base alterations in response to furosemide administration.

Animals

6 Standardbreds.

Procedures

Horses received electrolyte paste or water only (control). The paste was given orally 3 hours after furosemide administration (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Water was given ad libitum soon after the paste and 3 hours after furosemide administration to treated and control groups, respectively. Paste Na+, K+, and Cl− composition was approximately 2,220, 620, and 2,840 mmol, respectively. The PCV and plasma concentrations of total protein ([TP]), [Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), and bicarbonate ([HCO3−]) were determined, and urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion, fecal water, and body weight changes were measured.

Results

At the end of a 6-hour period, the paste-treated group had higher water consumption, which resulted in lower plasma [TP]; net electrolyte losses also were substantially less. With paste administration, [Na+] was approximately 2 mmol/L above a prefurosemide value of 137.3 mmol/L; control horses had values similar to the prefurosemide value. Plasma [Cl−] remained at the prefurosemide value, but values in control horses decreased by 7 mmol/L with water consumption. Plasma [K+] remained approximately 0.8 mmol/L below prefurosemide values in both groups. Venous [HCO3−] returned to prefurosemide values after paste administration, but alkalosis persisted in control horses after consumption of water only. Body weight loss was less after paste administration.

Conclusions

Administration of electrolyte paste is advantageous over water alone in restoring fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance after fluid and electrolyte loss attributable to furosemide administration. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:898–903)
Use of laser flare-cell photometry to count anterior chamber canine leukocytes and latex beads in vitro
Authors: Krohne Sheryl G. , Reagan William J. , Welch Patrick M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether the cell measuring function of a laser flare-cell photometer is accurate and reproducible, using an in vitro model.

Sample Population

Leukocytes from 8 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure

Latex beads 11.9 and 6.4 μm in diameter were used to simulate canine WBC and RBC, respectively. Beads were diluted to known concentrations, placed in a model eye, and counted by use of the laser flare-cell photometer. A range of protein diluents from 0 to 2,000 mg/dl was used to suspend beads and simulate anterior uveitis, when cells and protein would be in the aqueous humor. A similar series of experiments were repeated, using leukocytes isolated from the blood of Beagles.

Results

The laser flare-cell photometer can count 6.4-μm beads reproducibly and linearly up to a total of 510 cells/mm3, and 11.9-μm beads up to 1,300 cells/mm3 over a protein range of 0 to 2,000 mg/dl. The instrument can also count canine leukocytes reproducibly and linearly up to 1,300 cells/mm3 over that protein range.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Cell and bead sizes and concentrations and protein concentrations were chosen to mimic the range observed in dogs with uveitis. Because the laser flare-cell photometer accurately counted these cells in a range of protein concentrations in the model eye, it has the potential for use in noninvasive quantitative evaluation and monitoring of uveitis in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1221–1226)
Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from Hawaiian green turtles
Authors: Work Thierry M. , Raskin Rose E. , Balazs George H. , Whittaker Scott D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To identify and characterize blood cells from free-ranging Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas.

Sample Population

26 green turtles from Puako on the island of Hawaii and Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu.

Procedure

Blood was examined, using light and electron microscopy and cytochemical stains that included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, Sudan black B, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue.

Results

6 types of WBC were identified: lymphocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils, basophils, and eosinophils (small and large). Morphologic characteristics of mononuclear cells and most granulocytes were similar to those of cells from other reptiles except that green turtles have both large and small eosinophils.

Conclusions

Our classification of green turtle blood cells clarifies improper nomenclature reported previously and provides a reference for future hematologic studies in this species. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1252–1257)