bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ThreadRadar visualization for debugging concurrent Java programs
Authors: Moseler Oliver , Kreber Lucas , Diehl Stephan
Published: May 2022

Due to non-deterministic behavior and thread interleaving of concurrent programs, the debugging of concurrency and performance issues is a rather difficult and often tedious task. In this paper, we present an approach that combines statistical profiling, clustering and visualization to facilitate this task. We implemented our approach in a tool which is integrated as a plugin into a widely used IDE. First, we introduce our approach with details on the profiling and clustering strategy that produce runtime metrics and clusters of threads for source-code artifacts at different levels of abstraction (class and method) and the entire program. Next, we explain the design of our visualization which represents the clusters in situ, i.e., embedded in the program text next to the related source-code artifact in the source-code editor. More detailed information is available in separate windows that also allow the user to configure thread filters interactively. In a demonstration study, we illustrate the usefulness of the tool for understanding and fixing performance and concurrency issues. Finally, we report on first formative results from a usability test and consequently implemented tool improvements.

Graphical abstract
Professionswissen von Sportlehrpersonen und Zusammenhänge mit motivationalen Orientierungen und Überzeugungen zum Lehren und Lernen im Sport
Authors: Büchel Sonja , Brühwiler Christian , Egger Patrick , Hochweber Ann Christin , Kolovou Dimitra , Perret Jacqueline
Published: May 2022

Während in gewissen Fächern Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Aspekten professioneller Kompetenz von Lehrpersonen nachgewiesen werden konnten, stehen entsprechende Befunde für das Fach Sport noch aus. Eine Voraussetzung dafür ist die Entwicklung standardisierter und valider Testinstrumente zur Messung fachbezogenen Professionswissens. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein Instrument zur Erfassung des fachlichen und fachdidaktischen Wissens von Sportlehrpersonen der Primarstufe und der Sekundarstufe I entwickelt und an einer Stichprobe von 339 Proband:innen empirisch geprüft. Zudem wurden Zusammenhänge mit weiteren Kompetenzaspekten der Sportlehrpersonen, den motivationalen Orientierungen und Überzeugungen, untersucht. Dabei wurde exemplarisch der curriculare Inhaltsbereich „Bewegen an Geräten – Rollen und Drehen“ fokussiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere das Fachwissen positiv mit motivationalen Orientierungen zusammenhängt. Hingegen weisen Überzeugungen keine bedeutsamen Zusammenhänge mit dem Professionswissen auf. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Instrumente empirisch valide sind. Im Rahmen der Studie wurde zu Händen der Auftraggeber:innen ein online zugänglicher Schlussbericht erstellt. Gewisse Ausführungen in vorliegendem Beitrag orientieren sich daran, da diese für das Verständnis und die Konsistenz zentral sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag stärkt im Vergleich zum Schlussbericht insbesondere die theoretische Verortung, spezifiziert die Fragestellungen, verdichtet die Ergebnisse und soll fokussiert einer breiteren Leserschaft zugänglich gemacht werden.
Decontamination practices of paediatric crowns: a systematic review
Authors: Hogerheyde T. , Walsh L. J. , Zafar S.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

A systematic review was conducted into paediatric crown decontamination practices using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines.

Method

After database retrieval using predefined search terms, two reviewers independently applied the selection criteria, extracted the data, and assessed for risk of bias. From 92 potentially eligible studies, 10 were included for analysis.

Results

Steam sterilisation (autoclaving) was used as the gold standard for reducing biological contaminants on paediatric crowns across in vivo studies. However, autoclaving was associated with microstructural changes such as crazing and contour alterations. Furthermore, several tooth coloured crowns were liable to undergo colour changes from steam sterilisation.

Conclusion

Ambiguous manufacturer guidelines on protocols for reprocessing and reuse after biological exposure raises concerns regarding cross contamination and leaves practitioners open to potential litigation. A better understanding of the compatibility of paediatric crowns and decontamination practices is needed. More research into alternative chairside technologies that use low temperature, such as hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilisation, is warranted.
Enforcing the ‘Community Interest’ in Combating Transnational Crimes: The Potential for Public Interest Litigation
Authors: Rose Cecily
Published: May 2022

Transnational criminal law treaties could give rise to public interest litigation concerning the breach of an obligationerga omnes partes, meaning an obligation owed by one state party to all other states parties. This article aims to contribute to scholarship on the subject oferga omnesor ‘community interest’ norms by exploring the potential for international litigation concerning non-compliance with obligations under two transnational criminal law treaties in particular: the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption. Transnational criminal law treaties have been overlooked in the existing literature on community interest norms, even though states parties have a common interest in ensuring compliance with the obligations assumed under these instruments, and the treaties have the potential, at least in theory, to give rise to public interest litigation. International courts and tribunals, as well as scholars, can and ought to engage in deeper analyses of what constitutes an obligationerga omnes partesunder a multilateral treaty.
A Data Visualisation Tool for Treatment Process Monitoring in Web Browsers
Authors: Chow Christopher W. K. , Liu Jixue , Li Jiuyong , Swain Nick , Saint Christopher P.
Published: May 2022

Traditional water quality–based processes of assessment using grab samples are simple to implement but far too retrospective and intermediate to adequately deal with water quality change situation. This case study demonstrated a customised software package using a web-based prototype portal with data integration, visualisation, prediction, and anomaly detection functions for complex real-time field monitoring data sets as a visualisation and decision support tool for treatment plant operators. The prototype was developed to analyse two-dimensional data obtained from a spectrophotometer (absorbance against wavelength) and data integrated from other sources (such as rainfall and temperature). It supports normal functions of time series data visualisation, such as, raw data plotting, zooming, smoothing, Boolean band etc. More importantly, it is specialised in supporting real-time monitoring of data quality, time series data comparison, anomaly detection, and future value prediction. The application of the prototype revealed that if this was placed in an operational environment, it has the potential to inform better operational decision by early detection of changes in water quality and impacts on the treatment process. This work demonstrated the potential usefulness of such real-time display and visualisation of online water quality data and the feasibility for prediction tools to provide an early warning system for process upsets.
Selbstvideographie im Vorbereitungsdienst: Eine Implementationsstudie zur Förderung der klassenführungsbezogenen Unterrichtswahrnehmung von Lehramtsanwärter*innen
Authors: Junker Robin , Holodynski Manfred
Published: May 2022

Klassenführung ist eine zentrale Komponente effektiven Unterrichtens. Jedoch haben Lehrkräfte vor allem zu Beginn der berufspraktischen Tätigkeit häufig Schwierigkeiten, mit klassenführungsbezogenen Herausforderungen umzugehen. Dies führt nicht selten zu Burnout oder beruflichem Dropout. Um solchen Entwicklungen entgegenzusteuern, sollten Lehrkräfte hinsichtlich ihres Unterrichts so früh wie möglich eine klassenführungssensible professionelle Wahrnehmung entwickeln. Dazu wurde eine entsprechende universitäre Qualifizierungsmaßnahme mit Selbstvideographieelementen anhand von 121 Lehramtsanwärter*innen in den Vorbereitungsdienst implementiert. Ziel der Studie war es herauszufinden, inwiefern und unter welchen Bedingungen sich die Maßnahme am besten auf die Entwicklung der professionellen Wahrnehmung, erhoben mit Hilfe eines validierten videobasierten Tests, auswirkt. Bei der Förderung der professionellen Wahrnehmung von Klassenführung konnte sich die Methode der Selbstvideographie inklusive anschließender Videoanalyse vor dem Hintergrund des hochsignifikanten Haupteffekts des Vorbereitungsdiensts nicht gegenüber dem Effekt von traditionellen Unterrichtsbesuchen durchsetzen. Ein ähnlicher Effekt zeigte sich bei dem Vergleich von Peer- und Expertenfeedback innerhalb der Selbstvideographiegruppe. Interessanterweise waren jedoch systematische Unterschiede in der Veränderung der professionellen Wahrnehmung auf Grundlage der standortspezifischen Implementationsbedingungen erkennbar. Die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die Übertragung von Innovationen in den Vorbereitungsdienst wird diskutiert.
Unterricht mit digitalen Medien?!
Authors: Kindermann Katharina , Pohlmann-Rother Sanna
Published: May 2022

Die medienpädagogische Kompetenz angehender Lehrkräfte für die Primarstufe ist bislang nur ansatzweise erforscht und erfordert spezifische Zugänge. Die hier vorgestellte quantitative Studie gibt einen Einblick, mit welchen mediendidaktischen Überzeugungen und motivationalen Orientierungen als zentrale und handlungsrelevante Bereiche professioneller Kompetenz Studierende der Grundschuldidaktik (N = 344) ins Lehramtsstudium starten, wie diese Konstrukte miteinander in Verbindung stehen und welche Prädiktoren dafür identifiziert werden können. In der Befragung wird das Tablet als exemplarisches digitales Endgerät gewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die angehenden Lehrkräfte als kompetent im Umgang mit dem Tablet einschätzen und dem Tableteinsatz in der Schule tendenziell positiv gegenüberstehen, wohingegen sie diesen im Kontext des Anfangsunterrichts kritisch sehen.
Rheology of partially solidified hypoeutectic aluminum copper alloys
Authors: Ravi Narayan Lakshmi , Hebert Rainer J.
Published: May 2022

This study presents oscillatory and rotational viscosity measurement results on Al-Cu alloys with the goal of achieving effective viscosity data of partially solidified alloys from fully liquid to nearly fully solid state. Rotational viscosity measurements indicate fragmentation of dendrites and a concomitant sudden drop in viscosity of the solid–liquid two-phase mixture upon cooling and increase in solid fraction. This measurement artifact is avoided with oscillatory measurements. The viscosity of partially solid Al-Cu over the hypoeutectic range is nearly composition independent when evaluated as a function of solid fraction. The oscillatory measurements yield a complex viscosity with the real part reflecting the elastic behavior and the imaginary part indicating the viscous part of the viscosity behavior. The measurements of the phase angle in this study reveal that the rheological behavior of the solid phase in the liquid–solid two-phase region resembles that of a liquid more than that of a solid phase.

Highlights

Oscillatory rheology is shown to be better suited to characterize partially solidified metal alloys than rotational rheology.

The viscosity of the liquid phase does not change measurably during solidification despite an increase in the solute content.

The solid phase in the liquid–solid two-phase region behaves rheologically more like a liquid than a solid.
Bamboo charcoal fused with polyurethane foam for efficiently removing organic solvents from wastewater: experimental and simulation
Authors: Wang Zeyu , Hu Liyong , Zhao Min , Dai Luyao , Hrynsphan Dzmitry , Tatsiana Savitskaya , Chen Jun
Published: May 2022

The development of a multifunctional oil adsorbing material which could effectively and quickly separate oily wastewater is one of the focuses in water environment restoration. In this study, bamboo charcoal (BC) was used as an improver to modify polyurethane (PU) foam. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the addition of BC could effectively improve the mechanical properties of PU. The adsorption data exhibited that the BC-loaded PU (BC/PU) foam composites effectively removed seven organic solvents (OSs, including octane, petroleum ether, soybean oil, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, n-hexane, cyclohexane), and the maximum adsorption capacity of BC/PU was 23.6 g g−1when BC content was 5%. The order of pseudo-second-order kinetic constants and maximum adsorption capacity of seven OSs was octane < petroleum ether < soybean oil < chlorobenzene < 1, 2-dichloroethane < cyclohexane < n-hexane. Based on the experimental data and density functional theory (DFT) simulation, the adsorption mechanism of OSs on BC/PU-5 was discussed. The EHOMOand μ of OSs calculated by DFT were highly correlated with absorption affinity (K2, Qeand Qmax). Hence, the contribution of OSs to the adsorption efficiency of BC/PU-5 may be mainly due to electron donor–acceptor (EDA) interaction and non-hydrophobic interaction. In addition, the adsorption capacity did not change significantly after repeated recycling 5 times. Overall, the prepared BC/PU foam composites could be used as a potential candidate for separating OSs in engineering applications.

Graphical Abstract
3D printed, plastic photocatalytic flow reactors for water purification
Authors: Zhou Ruicheng , Han Ri , Bingham Michael , O’Rourke Christopher , Mills Andrew
Published: May 2022

3D printing is known as a fast, inexpensive, reproducible method for producing prototypes but is also fast becoming recognised as a scalable, advanced manufacture process. Two types of lab-scale, 3D printed plastic, fixed-film, flow-through photocatalytic reactors are described, both of which are sinusoidal in shape, and only differ in that one has no baffles, reactor A, whereas the other has, reactor B. Both reactors are lined with a P25 TiO2/polylactic acid (PLA) coating, which, after UVA pre-conditioning, is used to photocatalyse the bleaching of circulating aqueous solutions of either methylene blue, MB, or phenol, PhOH, repeatably, without any obvious loss of activity. The rate of the photocatalysed bleaching of MB exhibited by reactor B shows a much lower dependence upon flow rate than reactor A, due to the greater lateral mixing of the laminar flow streams produced by the baffles. The photonic efficiencies of reactor A for the photocatalysed bleaching of MB and PhOH were determined to be 0.025% and 0.052%, respectively, and the photocatalytic space-time yields (PSTY) to be 0.98 × 10−4 and 1.49 × 10−4 m3 of reaction solution.m−3 reactor volume.day−1.kW−1, respectively. This is the first example of an all plastic, 3D printed photocatalytic reactor and demonstrates the advantages of 3D printing for prototyping. Given the 3D printing is a scalable process, possible potential areas of application are discussed briefly.

Graphical abstract
DIDACTIC NARRATIVE AND THE ART OF SELF-STRENGTHENING: READING THE BAMBOO MANUSCRIPT YUE GONG QI SHI 越公其事
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: May 2022

Yue gong qi shi 越公其事 is a recently published manuscript from the Tsinghua University collection. The manuscript provides a new version of the well-known story of King Goujian of Yue 越王句踐 (r. 496–464 b.c.e.), who turned defeat into victory and overcame Yue's formidable rival, the state of Wu 吳. My exploration of this text focuses on its two most notable aspects. First, the story about the policy of self-strengthening allegedly adopted by Goujian offers new insights into the evolution of political thought in the Warring States period. Second, the text allows deeper insight into the genre of didactic historical narratives that became prominent at a certain point of time between the Springs-and-Autumns (Chunqiu 春秋, 770–453 b.c.e.) and the Warring States (Zhanguo 戰國, 453–221 b.c.e.) periods.
Entropy pair realization
Authors: SALO VILLE
Published: May 2022

We show that the complete positive entropy (CPE) class
$\alpha $
of Barbieri and García-Ramos contains a one-dimensional subshift for all countable ordinals
$\alpha $
, that is, the process of alternating topological and transitive closure on the entropy pairs relation of a subshift can end on an arbitrary ordinal. This is the composition of three constructions. We first realize every ordinal as the length of an abstract ‘close-up’ process on a countable compact space. Next, we realize any abstract process on a compact zero-dimensional metrizable space as the process started from a shift-invariant relation on a subshift, the crucial construction being the implementation of every compact metrizable zero-dimensional space as an open invariant quotient of a subshift. Finally, we realize any shift-invariant relation E on a subshift X as the entropy pair relation of a supershift
$Y \supset X$
, and under strong technical assumptions, we can make the CPE process on Y end on the same ordinal as the close-up process of E.
Diffusioosmosis-driven dispersion of colloids: a Taylor dispersion analysis with experimental validation
Authors: Alessio Benjamin M. , Shim Suin , Gupta Ankur , Stone Howard A.
Published: May 2022

Diffusiophoresis refers to the movement of colloidal particles in the presence of a concentration gradient of a solute and enables directed motion of colloidal particles in geometries that are inaccessible, such as dead-end pores, without imposing an external field. Previous experimental reports on dead-end pore geometries show that, even in the absence of mean flow, colloidal particles moving through diffusiophoresis exhibit significant dispersion. Existing models of diffusiophoresis are not able to predict the dispersion and thus the comparison between the experiments and the models is largely qualitative. To address these quantitative differences between the experiments and models, we derive an effective one-dimensional equation, similar to a Taylor dispersion analysis, that accounts for the dispersion created by diffusioosmotic flow from the channel sidewalls. We derive the effective dispersion coefficient and validate our results by comparing them with direct numerical simulations. We also compare our model with experiments and obtain quantitative agreement for a wide range of colloidal particle sizes. Our analysis reveals two important conclusions. First, in the absence of mean flow, dispersion is driven by the flow created by diffusioosmotic wall slip such that spreading can be reduced by decreasing the channel wall diffusioosmotic mobility. Second, the model can explain the spreading of colloids in a dead-end pore for a wide range of particle sizes. We note that, while the analysis presented here focuses on a dead-end pore geometry with no mean flow, our theoretical framework is general and can be adapted to other geometries and other background flows.
High-resolution direct simulation of deep water breaking waves: transition to turbulence, bubbles and droplets production
Authors: Mostert W. , Popinet S. , Deike L.
Published: May 2022

We present high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) direct numerical simulations of breaking waves solving for the two-phase Navier–Stokes equations. We investigate the role of the Reynolds number (Re, wave inertia relative to viscous effects) and Bond number (Bo, wave scale over the capillary length) on the energy, bubble and droplet statistics of strong plunging breakers. We explore the asymptotic regimes at highReandBo, and compare with laboratory breaking waves. Energetically, the breaking wave transitions from laminar to 3-D turbulent flow on a time scale that depends on the turbulentReup to a limiting value$Re_\lambda \sim 100$, consistent with the mixing transition in other canonical turbulent flows. We characterize the role of capillary effects on the impacting jet and ingested main cavity shape and subsequent fragmentation process, and extend the buoyant-energetic scaling from Deikeet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 801, 2016, pp. 91–129) to account for the cavity shape and its scale separation from the Hinze scale,$r_H$. We confirm two regimes in the bubble size distribution,$N(r/r_H)\propto (r/r_H)^{-10/3}$for$r>r_H$, and$\propto (r/r_H)^{-3/2}$for$r<r_H$. Bubbles are resolved up to one order of magnitude below$r_H$, and we observe a good collapse of the numerical data compared to laboratory breaking waves (Deane & Stokes,Nature, vol. 418 (6900), 2002, pp. 839–844). We resolve droplet statistics at highBoin good agreement with recent experiments (Erininet al.,Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 46 (14), 2019, pp. 8244–8251), with a distribution shape close to$N_d(r_d)\propto r_d^{-2}$. The evolution of the droplet statistics appears controlled by the details of the impact process and subsequent splash-up. We discuss velocity distributions for the droplets, finding ejection velocities up to four times the phase speed of the wave, which are produced during the most intense splashing events of the breaking process.
Open Science for Non-Specialists: Making Open Science Meaningful Beyond the Scientific Community
Authors: Elliott Kevin C.
Published: May 2022

A major goal of the open science movement is to make more scientific information available to non-specialists, but it has been difficult to meaningfully achieve that goal. In response, this paper argues for two steps: (1) focusing on the scientific content that is most relevant to non-specialist audiences; and (2) packaging that content in meaningful ways for those audiences. The paper uses a case study involving a major environmental health issue (namely, PFAS pollution) to illustrate how the proponents of open science can work with groups like government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and extension services to implement these two steps.
ACORBA: Automated workflow to measure Arabidopsis thaliana root tip angle dynamics
Authors: Serre Nelson B. C. , Fendrych Matyáš
Published: May 2022

The ability of plants to sense and orient their root growth towards gravity is studied in many laboratories. It is known that manual analysis of image data is subjected to human bias. Several semi-automated tools are available for analysing images from flatbed scanners, but there is no solution to automatically measure root bending angle over time for vertical-stage microscopy images. To address these problems, we developed ACORBA, which is an automated software that can measure root bending angle over time from vertical-stage microscope and flatbed scanner images. ACORBA also has a semi-automated mode for camera or stereomicroscope images. It represents a flexible approach based on both traditional image processing and deep machine learning segmentation to measure root angle progression over time. As the software is automated, it limits human interactions and is reproducible. ACORBA will support the plant biologist community by reducing labour and increasing reproducibility of image analysis of root gravitropism.
Jaguars in the matrix: population, prey abundance and land-cover change in a fragmented landscape in western Mexico
Authors: Luja Víctor H. , Guzmán-Báez Diana Jatziri , Nájera Oyólsi , Vega-Frutis Rocío
Published: May 2022

Habitat fragmentation threatens biodiversity worldwide, particularly affecting large-bodied species that require vast territories and move across long distances, including most large felids. The jaguar Panthera onca has lost more than half of its habitat throughout its range and its subpopulations are becoming isolated, making them susceptible to local extinction. Knowledge about the status of its subpopulations in highly fragmented environments is lacking but urgently needed. Using camera traps during 2019–2020, we estimated number of individuals, age classes and sex ratio, occupancy, relative abundance and density of jaguars in Nayarit, western Mexico. We also determined the relative abundance of potential prey and estimated the land-cover change rate during 1999–2019, using GIS. We found that a resident subpopulation of five adult females, two adult males and one cub, at a high density (5.3 individuals/100 km2), is supported by at least 14 wild prey species. Natural habitat in the area is rapidly decreasing because of expanding agriculture and shrimp farming: agricultural areas increased from 39 to 50% and mangroves decreased from 35 to 26% of the study area over 20 years. The high jaguar population density and the diversity and relative abundance of remaining wild prey are remarkable, considering that natural habitat in the area is highly fragmented, shrinking rapidly and embedded in a matrix of human-dominated land-cover types. Effective conservation actions are needed urgently, including the protection of patches with native vegetation, reforestation to maintain connectivity between these patches, and the involvement of local communities.
On the sum of chemical reactions
Authors: HOESSLY LINARD , WIUF CARSTEN , XIA PANQIU
Published: May 2022

It is standard in chemistry to represent a sequence of reactions by a single overall reaction, often called a complex reaction in contrast to an elementary reaction. Photosynthesis$6 \text{CO}_2+6 \text{H}_2\text{O} \longrightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2$is an example of such complex reaction. We introduce a mathematical operation that corresponds to summing two chemical reactions. Specifically, we define an associative and non-communicative operation on the product space${\mathbb{N}}_0^n\times {\mathbb{N}}_0^n$(representing the reactant and the product of a chemical reaction, respectively). The operation models the overall effect of two reactions happening in succession, one after the other. We study the algebraic properties of the operation and apply the results to stochastic reaction networks (RNs), in particular to reachability of states, and to reduction of RNs.
A Four Carbon Organonitrate as a Significant Product of Secondary Isoprene Chemistry
Authors: Tsiligiannis Epameinondas , Wu Rongrong , Lee Ben H. , Salvador Christian Mark , Priestley Michael , Carlsson Philip T. M. , Kang Sungah , Novelli Anna , Vereecken Luc , Fuchs Hendrik , Mayhew Alfred W. , Hamilton Jacqueline F. , Edwards Peter M. , Fry Juliane L. , Brownwood Bellamy , Brown Steven S. , Wild Robert J. , Bannan Thomas J. , Coe Hugh , Allan James , Surratt Jason D. , Bacak Asan , Artaxo Paul , Percival Carl , Guo Song , Hu Min , Wang Tao , Mentel Thomas F. , Thornton Joel A. , Hallquist Mattias
Published: May 2022

Oxidation of isoprene by nitrate radicals (NO3) or by hydroxyl radicals (OH) under high NOx conditions forms a substantial amount of organonitrates (ONs). ONs impact NOx concentrations and consequently ozone formation while also contributing to secondary organic aerosol. Here we show that the ONs with the chemical formula C4H7NO5 are a significant fraction of isoprene‐derived ONs, based on chamber experiments and ambient measurements from different sites around the globe. From chamber experiments we found that C4H7NO5 isomers contribute 5%–17% of all measured ONs formed during nighttime and constitute more than 40% of the measured ONs after further daytime oxidation. In ambient measurements C4H7NO5 isomers usually dominate both nighttime and daytime, implying a long residence time compared to C5 ONs which are removed more rapidly. We propose potential nighttime sources and secondary formation pathways, and test them using a box model with an updated isoprene oxidation scheme.
A Seismic Tomography, Gravity, and Flexure Study of the Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of the Emperor Seamounts at Jimmu Guyot
Authors: Xu C. , Dunn R. A. , Watts A. B. , Shillington D. J. , Grevemeyer I. , Gómez de la Peña L. , Boston B. B.
Published: May 2022

The intraplate Hawaiian‐Emperor Seamount Chain has long been considered a hotspot track generated by the motion of the Pacific plate over a deep mantle plume, and an ideal feature therefore for studies of volcanic structure, magma supply, plume‐crust interaction, flexural loading, and upper mantle rheology. Despite their importance as a major component of the chain, the Emperor Seamounts have been relatively little studied. In this paper, we present the results of an active‐source wide‐angle reflection and refraction experiment conducted along an ocean‐bottom‐seismograph (OBS) line oriented perpendicular to the seamount chain, crossing Jimmu guyot. The tomographic P wave velocity model, using ∼20,000 travel times from 26 OBSs, suggests that there is a high‐velocity (>6.0 km/s) intrusive core within the edifice, and the extrusive‐to‐intrusive ratio is estimated to be ∼2.5, indicating that Jimmu was built mainly by extrusive processes. The total volume for magmatic material above the top of the oceanic crust is ∼5.3 × 104 km3, and the related volume flux is ∼0.96 m3/s during the formation of Jimmu. Under volcanic loading, the ∼5.3‐km‐thick oceanic crust is depressed by ∼3.8 km over a broad region. Using the standard relationships between Vp and density, the velocity model is verified by gravity modeling, and plate flexure modeling indicates an effective elastic thickness (Te) of ∼14 km. Finally, we find no evidence for large‐scale magmatic underplating beneath the pre‐existing crust.
Bottom‐Reached Near‐Inertial Waves Induced by the Tropical Cyclones, Conson and Mindulle, in the South China Sea
Authors: Ma Yonggui , Wang Dongxiao , Shu Yeqiang , Chen Ju , He Yunkai , Xie Qiang
Published: May 2022

Moored current observations in the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) captured two events of near‐inertial waves (NIWs) induced by the tropical cyclones Conson and Mindulle, which propagated to the seafloor from the base of the mixed layer. The time taken by the Conson‐induced near‐inertial kinetic energy (NIKE) to reach the bottom of the ocean was approximately 12 days. This NIKE was twice as fast as the Mindulle‐induced NIKE to reach the bottom of the ocean, which was mainly dependent on the properties of the NIWs deeply affected by the background vorticity. The NIWs in the upper layer induced by Conson/Mindulle showed a significant blue/red shift (1.07/0.85 ) as the observation site was located outside/within an exceptional anticyclonic eddy. The bottom NIWs showed an obvious blue shift, aligning with the result of ray tracing, which revealed that the bottom wave packets originated from higher latitudes. We estimated an NIW vertical energy flux of up to 0.22 m W m−2 in the abyssal ocean, which represents about 29% of the upper layer NIKE. The reached seabed NIWs had high vertical shear and might dissipate locally and play an important role in the maintenance of deep mixing of the SCS.
Understanding the Impact of Urban Expansion and Lake Shrinkage on Summer Climate and Human Thermal Comfort in a Land‐Water Mosaic Area
Authors: Deng Xiangwen , Cao Qian , Wang Lunche , Wang Wei , Wang Shaoqiang , Wang Lizhe
Published: May 2022

Wuhan has witnessed unprecedented urban expansion that encroached upon sizable inland lakes. However, the impacts of urban expansion on climate and heat stress for such a city with complex physiographic background (land‐water mosaics) remain understudied. Using a coupled urban‐lake‐atmospheric model, we first examined summer climate responses to urban expansion and lake shrinkage in Wuhan during 2000–2020. Second, multiple heat stress indicators were used to evaluate human thermal comfort in different contexts of interest. Results showed that the presence of water bodies reduced daytime maximum temperature, raised nighttime minimum temperature, and increased moisture content in urban and built‐up areas. Urban expansion alone led to summer warming of 0.9°C and drying of 0.9 g/kg, with local peak warming and drying up to 2°C and 1.4 g/kg. In comparison, urban expansion with lake shrinkage showed a reduced magnitude of warming of 0.8°C and increased magnitude of drying of 1.6 g/kg, with the maximum changes up to 1.4°C and 2.0 g/kg. The presence of water bodies reduced while urban expansion increased the frequency of occurrence of yellow and orange heat alert days; however, both increased the number of days exerting high thermal risks on outdoor workers and those days that were dangerous for outdoor pedestrians. Our study underlined that both urban expansion and water body existence exerted a strong influence on summer climate and heat stress in Wuhan, and highlighted that mitigation measures should be taken to alleviate the deleterious impacts of high temperature and humidity on human health.
Effect of a Scale‐Aware Convective Parameterization Scheme on the Simulation of Convective Cells‐Related Heavy Rainfall in South Korea
Authors: Park Haerin , Kim Gayoung , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Chang Eun‐Chul , Kim Joowan , Park Sang‐Hun , Lee Dong‐Kyou
Published: May 2022

In this study, the effect of a scale‐aware convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation of heavy precipitation in the gray‐zone was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We performed WRF simulations with the Kain–Fritsch (KF) scheme (non‐scale‐aware), Multiscale Kain–Fritsch (MSKF) scheme (scale‐aware), and explicit convection (i.e., no CPS). The MSKF scheme uses a scale‐aware parameter that modulates the convective available potential energy (CAPE) timescale and entrainment process in the KF scheme as a function of the horizontal grid spacing. The results of this study show that WRF simulations using explicitly resolved convection lead to overestimations and erroneous precipitation locations in the gray‐zone because the convection and atmospheric instability cannot be appropriately triggered and reduced. The CPS without scale‐awareness in the gray‐zone exaggerates the convection and distorts synoptic fields, leading to the erroneous simulation of heavy precipitation at high resolution. The MSKF scheme with scale‐awareness improves the simulation of convective cells‐related heavy rainfall by removing the atmospheric instability in the gray‐zone, reducing the role of the CPS, and increasing the role of the microphysics parameterization scheme (MPS) with decreasing grid spacing. In addition, the results of sensitivity experiments show that reducing the CAPE timescale leads to the faster development of convective cells, whereas decreasing the entrainment leads to precipitation overestimation. The modulated parameters in the scale‐aware MSKF scheme play a crucial role in balancing the effects of the CPS and MPS in the gray‐zone.
Statistical Characteristics of High‐Frequency Gravity Waves Observed by an Airglow Imager at Andes Lidar Observatory
Authors: Cao Bing , Liu Alan Z.
Published: May 2022

The long‐term statistical characteristics of high‐frequency quasi‐monochromatic gravity waves are presented using multi‐year airglow images observed at Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO, 30.3°S, 70.7°W) in northern Chile. The distribution of primary gravity wave parameters including horizontal wavelength, vertical wavelength, intrinsic wave speed, and intrinsic wave period are obtained and are in the ranges of 20–30 km, 15–25 km, 50–100 m s−1, and 5–10 min, respectively. The duration of persistent gravity wave events captured by the imager approximately follows an exponential distribution with an average duration of 7–9 min. The waves tend to propagate against the local background winds and show evidence of seasonal variations. In austral winter (May–August), the observed wave occurrence frequency is higher, and preferential wave propagation is equator‐ward. In austral summer (November–February), the wave occurrence frequency is lower, and the waves mostly propagate pole‐ward. Critical‐layer filtering plays a moderate role in determining the preferential propagation direction in certain months, especially for waves with a smaller observed phase speed (less than typical background winds). The observed wave occurrence and preferential propagation direction are related to the locations of convection activities nearby and their relative distance to ALO. However, direct wave generations are less likely due to the large distance between the ALO and convective sources. Other mechanisms such as secondary wave generation and possible ducted propagation should be considered. The estimated mean momentum fluxes have typical values of a few m2 s−2.
Identifying the Sources and Drivers of Nitrous Oxide Accumulation in the Eddy‐Influenced Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen‐Deficient Zone
Authors: Monreal Patrick J. , Kelly Colette L. , Travis Nicole M. , Casciotti Karen L.
Published: May 2022

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas, and oceanic sources account for up to one third of the total natural flux to the atmosphere. In oxygen‐deficient zones (ODZs) like the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP), N2O can be produced and consumed by several biological processes. In this study, the concentration and isotopocule ratios of N2O from a 2016 cruise in the ETNP were analyzed to examine sources of and controls on N2O cycling across this region. Along the north‐south transect, three distinct biogeochemical regimes were identified: background, core‐ODZ, and high‐N2O stations. Background stations were characterized by smaller variations in N2O concentration and isotopic profiles relative to the other regimes. Core‐ODZ stations were characterized by co‐occurring N2O production and consumption at anoxic depths, indicated by high δ18O‐N2O (>90‰) and low δ15N2Oβ (<−10‰) values, and confirmed by a time‐dependent model, which indicated that N2O production via denitrification was significant and may occur with a nonzero site preference. High‐N2O stations, located at the periphery of a mesoscale eddy, were defined by N2O reaching 126.07 ± 12.6 nM and low oxygen concentrations expanding into near‐surface isopycnals. At these stations, model results indicated significant N2O production from ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and denitrification from nitrate at the N2O maximum within the oxycline, while bacterial nitrification and denitrification from nitrite were insignificant. This study also represents the first in the ETNP to link N2O production mechanisms to a mesoscale eddy through isotopocule measurements, suggesting the importance of eddies to spatiotemporal variability in N2O cycling and emissions from this region.
Scaling Laws in Aeolian Sand Transport Under Low Sand Availability
Authors: Kamath Sandesh , Shao Yaping , Parteli Eric J. R.
Published: May 2022

Previous studies of wind‐blown sand have considered either fully erodible or non‐erodible soils, but the transport over sparsely sand‐covered soils is still poorly understood. The quantitative modeling of this transport is important for parameterizing Aeolian processes under low sand availability. Here we show, by means of numerical simulations, that the sand transport rate Q scales with the wind shear velocity u∗ as , where u∗t is the minimal threshold u∗ for sustained transport, d is particle size, g is gravity and ρf is air density, while u∗t and the empirical parameters a and b depend on the sand cover thickness. Our model explains the transition from the quadratic to cubic scaling of Q with u∗ as soil conditions change from fully erodible to rigid and provides constraints for modeling Aeolian transport under low sand availability.
Seismic Anisotropy in the Lower Mantle Transition Zone Induced by Lattice Preferred Orientation of Akimotoite
Authors: Guan Longli , Yamazaki Daisuke , Tsujino Noriyoshi , Tange Yoshinori , Higo Yuji
Published: May 2022

Seismic anisotropy has been widely observed near the subducting slabs in the lower mantle transition zone (MTZ) and is often interpreted by the lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of constituent minerals. Akimotoite is one of the dominant minerals near the cold subducting slabs. Therefore, we conducted the well‐controlled uniaxial and shear deformation experiments on the MgSiO3 akimotoite aggregates at 21–23 GPa and 900–1300°C by using the D111‐type Kawai‐type multianvil apparatus. We observed strong LPOs and the most dominant slip system of akimotoite is suggested to be (0001). The elastic wave velocities of deformed samples were calculated to be strong azimuthal and polarization anisotropy with the velocities of horizontally polarized shear waves greater than that of vertically polarized shear waves for the horizontal mantle shearing. Our results provide important implications for the origin of observed seismic anisotropies and the mantle flow directions in the lower MTZ.
Human organoids in basic research and clinical applications
Authors: Tang Xiao-Yan , Wu Shanshan , Wang Da , Chu Chu , Hong Yuan , Tao Mengdan , Hu Hao , Xu Min , Guo Xing , Liu Yan
Published: May 2022

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniature structures cultured in vitro produced from either human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) or adult stem cells (AdSCs) derived from healthy individuals or patients that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity, structure, and functions of human organs. The advent of human 3D organoid systems is now possible to allow remarkably detailed observation of stem cell morphogens, maintenance and differentiation resemble primary tissues, enhancing the potential to study both human physiology and developmental stage. As they are similar to their original organs and carry human genetic information, organoids derived from patient hold great promise for biomedical research and preclinical drug testing and is currently used for personalized, regenerative medicine, gene repair and transplantation therapy. In recent decades, researchers have succeeded in generating various types of organoids mimicking in vivo organs. Herein, we provide an update on current in vitro differentiation technologies of brain, retinal, kidney, liver, lung, gastrointestinal, cardiac, vascularized and multi-lineage organoids, discuss the differences between PSC- and AdSC-derived organoids, summarize the potential applications of stem cell-derived organoids systems in the laboratory and clinic, and outline the current challenges for the application of organoids, which would deepen the understanding of mechanisms of human development and enhance further utility of organoids in basic research and clinical studies.
Family history, obesity, urological factors and diabetic medications and their associations with risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in a large prospective study
Authors: Nair-Shalliker Visalini , Bang Albert , Egger Sam , Yu Xue Qin , Chiam Karen , Steinberg Julia , Patel Manish I. , Banks Emily , O’Connell Dianne L. , Armstrong Bruce K. , Smith David P.
Published: May 2022

Background

Prostate cancer (PC) aetiology is unclear. PC risk was examined in relation to several factors in a large population-based prospective study.

Methods

Male participants were from Sax Institute’s 45 and Up Study (Australia) recruited between 2006 and 2009. Questionnaire and linked administrative health data from the Centre for Health Record Linkage and Services Australia were used to identify incident PC, healthcare utilisations, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing reimbursements and dispensing of metformin and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prescriptions. Multivariable Cox and Joint Cox regression analyses were used to examine associations by cancer spread, adjusting for various confounders.

Results

Of 107,706 eligible men, 4257 developed incident PC up to end 2013. Risk of PC diagnosis increased with: PC family history (versus no family history of cancer; HRadjusted = 1.36; 95% CI:1.21–1.52); father and brother(s) diagnosed with PC (versus cancer-free family history; HRadjusted = 2.20; 95% CI:1.61–2.99); severe lower-urinary-tract symptoms (versus mild; HRadjusted = 1.77; 95% CI:1.53–2.04) and vasectomy (versus none; HRadjusted = 1.08; 95% CI:1.00–1.16). PC risk decreased with dispensed prescriptions (versus none) for BPH (HRadjusted = 0.76; 95% CI:0.69–0.85) and metformin (HRadjusted = 0.57; 95% CI:0.48–0.68). Advanced PC risk increased with vasectomy (HRadjusted = 1.28; 95% CI:1.06–1.55) and being obese (versus normal weight; HRadjusted = 1.31; 95% CI:1.01–1.69).

Conclusion

Vasectomy and obesity are associated with an increased risk of advanced PC. The reduced risk of localised and advanced PC associated with BPH, and diabetes prescriptions warrants investigation.
Resectability, conversion, metastasectomy and outcome according to RAS and BRAF status for metastatic colorectal cancer in the prospective RAXO study
Authors: Uutela Aki , Osterlund Emerik , Halonen Päivi , Kallio Raija , Ålgars Annika , Salminen Tapio , Lamminmäki Annamarja , Soveri Leena-Maija , Ristamäki Raija , Lehtomäki Kaisa , Stedt Hanna , Heervä Eetu , Muhonen Timo , Kononen Juha , Nordin Arno , Ovissi Ali , Kytölä Soili , Keinänen Mauri , Sundström Jari , Nieminen Lasse , Mäkinen Markus J. , Kuopio Teijo , Ristimäki Ari , Isoniemi Helena , Osterlund Pia
Published: May 2022

Background

Outcomes after metastasectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) vary with RAS and BRAF mutational status, but their effects on resectability and conversion rates have not been extensively studied.

Methods

This substudy of the prospective RAXO trial included 906 patients recruited between 2011 and 2018. We evaluated repeated centralised resectability assessment, conversion/resection rates and overall survival (OS), according to RAS and BRAF status.

Results

Patients included 289 with RAS and BRAF wild-type (RAS and BRAFwt), 529 with RAS mutated (RASmt) and 88 with BRAF mutated (BRAFmt) mCRC. Metastatic prevalence varied between the RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt groups, for liver (78%/74%/61%), lung (24%/35%/28%) and peritoneal (15%/15%/32%) metastases, respectively. Upfront resectability (32%/29%/15%), conversion (16%/13%/7%) and resection/local ablative therapy (LAT) rates (45%/37%/17%) varied for RASa and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Median OS for patients treated with resection/LAT (n = 342) was 83/69/30 months, with 5-year OS-rates of 67%/60%/24%, while systemic therapy-only patients (n = 564) had OS of 29/21/15 months with 5-year OS-rates of 11%/6%/2% in RAS and BRAFwt/RASmt/BRAFmt, respectively. Resection/LAT was associated with improved OS in all subgroups.

Conclusions

There were significant differences in resectability, conversion and resection/LAT rates according to RAS and BRAF status. OS was also significantly longer for RAS and BRAFwt versus either mutant. Patients only receiving systemic therapy had poorer long-term survival, with variation according to molecular status.

Clinical trial registration

NCT01531621/EudraCT2011-003158-24
Disruption of β-catenin-mediated negative feedback reinforces cAMP-induced neuronal differentiation in glioma stem cells
Authors: Chen Zhijie , Zhong Yingqian , Chen Jiehong , Sun Shuxin , Liu Wenfeng , Han Yu , Liu Xincheng , Guo Cui , Li Depei , Hu Wanming , Zhang Peiyu , Chen Zhuopeng , Chen Zhongping , Mou Yonggao , Yan Guangmei , Zhu Wenbo , Yin Wei , Sai Ke
Published: May 2022

Accumulating evidence supports the existence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) and their critical role in the resistance to conventional treatments for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Differentiation therapy represents a promising alternative strategy against GBM by forcing GSCs to exit the cell cycle and reach terminal differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated that cAMP triggered neuronal differentiation and compromised the self-renewal capacity in GSCs. In addition, cAMP induced negative feedback to antagonize the differentiation process by activating β-catenin pathway. Suppression of β-catenin signaling synergized with cAMP activators to eliminate GSCs in vitro and extended the survival of animals in vivo. The cAMP/PKA pathway stabilized β-catenin through direct phosphorylation of the molecule and inhibition of GSK-3β. The activated β-catenin translocated into the nucleus and promoted the transcription of APELA and CARD16, which were found to be responsible for the repression of cAMP-induced differentiation in GSCs. Overall, our findings identified a negative feedback mechanism for cAMP-induced differentiation in GSCs and provided potential targets for the reinforcement of differentiation therapy for GBM.