bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shelf slope, estuarine dynamics and river plumes in a generalized vertical coordinate, unstructured grid model
Authors: Verri Giorgia , Barletta Ivano , Pinardi Nadia , Federico Ivan , Alessandri Jacopo , Coppini Giovanni
Published: February 2023

Modeling the ocean from the open sea to the coasts requires an adequate choice of the vertical coordinate system.A category of generalized vertical coordinates, the so-called z∗ coordinates ([Stacey et al 1995; Adcroft and Campin 2004]), has been implemented into an unstructured grid, finite elements and layer integrated model which was previously z−geopotential coordinate based.Idealized and realistic test cases are shown to assess the vertical coordinate impact on key physical processes, i.e. the internal tide generation at a continental slope, a river plume shape and intensity and the salt water intrusion.To our knowledge this is the first work that uses the z∗ coordinates in an estuary and river plume with an unstructured grid model. Other studies have used the z∗ coordinates with unstructured grid models covering the global ocean ([Ringler et al 2013, Scholz et al 2019] as examples), but without assessing their performance for the small scale dynamics of estuaries and river plumes. Coastal ocean models are currently mostly based on the terrain following coordinates, used within optimised or hybrid approaches ([Zhang  et al 2015; Bruciaferri et al 2018, Fofonova et al 2021, Wise et al 2022] as examples).The results show that the z∗ coordinate model produces, with respect to z−geopotential coordinates, a stronger water column stratification. An idealized twin experiment configuration of the model to simulate the production of internal tides at the continental slope confirms that the z∗ coordinate model reproduces the expected internal tide fields while the z−geopotential model fails. A set of realistic experiments in the Po river delta coastal region, demonstrates that the representation of the dynamical processes at the coastal scales benefits from a very fine resolution of a few tens of centimeters at the surface (four layers of 25 cm are considered in the upper water column), that is only allowed by the z∗ formulation. 
It’s not all about drought: what “drought impacts” monitoring reveals about semiarid northeast Brazil
Authors: Walker David W. , Oliveira Juliana Lima , Cavalcante Louise , Kchouk Sarra , Ribeiro Neto Germano , Melsen Lieke A. , Fernandes Francisco Bergson P. , Mitroi Veronica , Gondim Rubens S. , Martins Eduardo Sávio Passos Rodrigues , van Oel Pieter R.
Published: February 2023

Drought impacts monitoring is conducted on the ground in much of Brazil by local observers at monthly and municipality scale. The monitoring was established to contribute towards the Brazilian Drought Monitor (https://monitordesecas.ana.gov.br/, established in 2014) with a multichoice questionnaire principally aimed at ground truthing the monthly map of drought condition, but with additional questions, including an open question, about drought impacts.Our research focussed on Ceará State in drought-prone semiarid northeast Brazil. In Ceará, over 3600 questionnaires were completed by agricultural extension officers since February 2019 based on their visits to a wide area of the municipalities. These local reports about drought impacts have been under-exploited by the Drought Monitor yet represent a rich resource of impact information. We aimed to understand what drought impacts were reported and if there were differences between these local reports and the Drought Monitor maps.We manually coded all the reports to deductively identify impacts and other useful information. Despite some spatial and temporal gaps, the data reveal: a catalogue of the most significant impacts experienced on the ground per municipality per month, impact drivers (including non-climatic drivers), and areas of greater/lesser vulnerability (i.e. where more/less impacts were reported despite matching drought condition).Analysis shows that impacts still occur, and are often normalised during non-drought periods. The impact drivers are either non-extreme hydrometeorological conditions or socially constructed vulnerability such as a lack of water infrastructure or poverty. The normalisation of “impacts” includes, in particular: a level of crop losses that is considered usual (up to 50% losses are acceptable) and consistently low reservoir levels (around 10% of capacity) around which the agricultural and domestic systems are adapted. The frequent non-correspondence of Drought Monitor drought severity and experienced drought severity suggests the Drought Monitor, and other Drought Monitors around the world based on traditional hydroclimatic indices, are not optimal for triggering emergency response, which they are often (mis)used for, though are relevant for triggering discussion and action on drought preparation, as is usually their principal aim.
Comprehensive statistical analyses and data-driven modeling of electron and proton auroras on Mars using EMM and MAVEN observations
Authors: Dhuri Dattaraj , Simoni Mathilde , Atri Dimitra , Alhantoobi Ahmed
Published: February 2023

Auroras are an important probe for characterizing the interaction of solar wind with the induced magnetosphere of Mars and understanding the evolution of Mars’s atmosphere. Since their first discovery in 2005, Mars auroras have been studied extensively, particularly using the observations from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN). Electron auroras with discrete and diffuse morphology are observed on the nightside of Mars whereas proton auroras are observed mainly on the dayside of Mars. Recently the Emirates Mars UV Spectrometer (EMUS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) has discovered new morphologies of sinuous electron auroras and patchy proton auroras on Mars. In this work, we perform comprehensive statistical analyses of aurora observations to understand the processes responsible for the varied auroral activity on Mars. We systematically isolate electron aurora regions from the nightside EMUS observations and characterize their occurrences and emissions with respect to the crustal magnetic fields, IMF, and electron energies measured by MAVEN. We also develop a purely data-driven model of proton auroras on Mars using MAVEN in-situ observations and UV limb scans between 2014-2022 to train an artificial neural network (ANN). We show that the ANN faithfully reconstructs the observed proton aurora limb scans profiles. We use the trained ANN to analyze the influence of Mars’ crustal magnetic field and IMF on the occurrence rates of the proton auroras using gradient-based attribution maps. 
Soil moisture dynamic in the regeneration gap cutting of a hornbeam-oak stand
Authors: Félegyházi Luca , Horváth Csenge Veronika , Kovács Bence , Kalicz Péter , Gribovszki Zoltán
Published: February 2023

The “Pilis Lék Experiment” is taking place since 2018 as a join project of the MTA Centre for Ecological Research and Pilisi Parkerdő Zrt. A 90-year old oak-hornbeam forest is under investigation in the experimental area near Pilisszentkereszt.Gap-cutting was applied with different sizes and shapes of gaps. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate how the shape (circular/elongated), size (small/large), method of cutting (in one/two steps) affect the microclimate of gaps and the regrowth in them. Also researched, which of the listed sizes and shape characteristics helps the preservation of biodiversity and habitat conditions of the forest the most.In this study we analyzed the soil moisture conditions of two selected gaps and their effects.We chose gaps with the same size, but different shapes. We started working with a large circle and a large elongated gap.The manual soil moisture mapping frequency was monthly.The field measurements were carried out with a Field Scout TDR300 soil moisture meter at the points of test transects already established.In addition to the evaluation of soil moisture measurements and regional meteorological data, the experiment is completed by laboratory tests on soil physical parameters taken at several measurement points in the gaps.The research investigates whether there are differences between the soil moisture conditions of the two gaps. How these differences manifest themselves and relate to the shape of gaps. The analysis also examines how dynamics of soil moisture affects the growth of oak seedlings, the composition of vegetation and the intensity of vegetation cover.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This article was made in frame of the project TKP2021-NKTA-43 which has been implemented with the support provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary (successor: Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary) from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, financed under the TKP2021-NKTA funding scheme.
A Siderian Snowball Earth? Multiscale and interdisciplinary Analyses of the Makganyene Formation, South Africa
Authors: Wimmer Sabine , Le Heron Daniel P. , Busfield Marie E. , Smith Albertus J.B.
Published: February 2023

Snowball Earth events, or at least intense glaciations, belong to one of the most important types of events in Earth’s Deep Time climate record. The Siderian (2.45–2.22 Ga) contained several such events, during which a diamictite-dominated succession named the Makganyene Formation was deposited in the Griqualand West Basin, South Africa. By comparison to their younger cousins in the Cryogenian, Siderian diamictites have been subject to comparatively less sedimentological investigation, although they have much potential in terms of reconstructing aspects of paleoclimate and former ice-sheet behaviour. In this study, multiscale and interdisciplinary analyses of both field and core data provide new insights into the sedimentology and deposition of the Makganyene and thereby aspects of its associated glaciation in the Siderian. Outcrop and core descriptions were supplemented by polarised light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic analyses, including element distribution maps for Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si and Ti. We propose that the deposits are the record of grounding zone wedge (GZW) deposition at the ice margin, with a contribution of iceberg-rain out, subglacial deposition and localised mass flow deposition playing a role. We show how interdisciplinary perspectives enrich the overall picture and allow a more accurate interpretation of the Makganyene Formation as a glacigenic sediment. 
Impact of sea-ice melt on DMS(P) inventories associated with algal community dynamics in Antarctic surface waters.
Authors: van Leeuwe Maria , Stefels Jacqueline , Meredith Michael , Webb Alison
Published: February 2023

The Southern Ocean is a hotspot of the climate-relevant organic sulphur compound dimethyl sulphide (DMS). Spatial and temporal variability in DMS concentration is higher than in any other oceanic region, especially in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). The MIZ is also an area of rich microalgal communities, including algal species that are renown for the production of dimethyl sulphoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS. The link between DMS and microalgae has been studied closely over a five-year period (2012 to 2017) near Rothera Station in Ryder Bay (Western Antarctic Peninsula). Algal community structure and spatial heterogeneity of DMS and DMSP was studied and linked with environmental conditions, including sea ice melt. Concentrations of sulphur compounds, particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a in the surface waters varied by orders of magnitude in time and space. Highest concentrations of DMS(P) were recorded in spring, associated with the dominance of autotrophic flagellates, including haptophytes and chlorophytes. These microalgae most likely originated from sea-ice communities, stressing the role of sea ice as a seeding vector for the spring bloom and as a potential source of DMS. The strong sea-ice signal in the distribution of haptophyte algal species and DMS(P) implies that DMS(P) production is likely to decrease with ongoing reductions in sea ice cover along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. This has implications for feedback processes on the region’s climate system.
The AutoICE Competition: Automatically Mapping Sea Ice in the Arctic
Authors: Stokholm Andreas , Buus-Hinkler Jørgen , Wulf Tore , Korosov Anton , Saldo Roberto , Arthurs David , Solberg Rune , Longépé Nicolas , Kreiner Matilde
Published: February 2023

The AutoICE Competition, launched on ESA’s AI4EO platform, brings together AI and Earth Observation practitioners to address the challenge of “automated sea ice mapping” from Sentinel-1 SAR data. Traversing the polar waters safely and efficiently requires up-to-date maps of the constantly moving and changing sea ice conditions showing the current sea ice extent, local concentration, and auxiliary descriptions of the ice conditions. For several decades, sea ice charts have been manually produced by visually inspecting and analysing satellite imagery.The objective of the AutoICE challenge is to advance the state-of-the-art for automatic sea ice parameter retrieval from SAR data to derive more robust and accurate sea ice maps. The challenge design and evaluation criteria have been created with input from machine learning experts and members of the International Ice Charting Working Group (IICWG). In this competition, participants are tasked to build machine learning models using the available state-of-the-art challenge dataset and to submit their model results for each of the three sea ice parameters: sea ice concentration, stage of development and floe size. The dataset made available in this challenge contains Sentinel-1 active microwave (SAR) data and corresponding Microwave Radiometer (MWR) data from the AMSR2 satellite sensor to enable challenge participants to exploit the advantages of both instruments and to create data fusion models. Label data in the challenge datasets are ice charts produced by both the Greenland ice service at the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) and the Canadian Ice Service (CIS). The challenge datasets also contain other auxiliary data such as the distance to land and numerical weather prediction model data. Two versions of the challenge dataset are available, a raw dataset and a ready-to-train dataset. The datasets each consist of the same 513 training and 20 test (without label data) scenes, however, the ready-to-train version has been further prepared for model training. In addition, a number of tools are made available to help the participants get started quickly, including access to machine learning computing resources on the ESA Polar Thematic Exploitation Platform (Polar TEP). The competition was initiated on the 23rd of  November 2022 and is expected to conclude on the 17th of April 2023.Here, we present the overall challenge, the underlying objective, the available state-of-the-art dataset and resources, the progress of the challenge and its results, as well as a sneak peek of our upcoming ASID-v3 dataset. 
Mesoscale and Submesoscale air-sea interactions in the lower North Atlantic trades
Authors: Conejero Carlos , Renault Lionel , Giordani Hervé
Published: February 2023

In the past decades, numerous studies have shown that oceanic mesoscale activity, over scales of O(50–250) km, has a strong influence on the atmosphere through both the Thermal FeedBack (TFB) and the Current FeedBack (CFB). However, at the submesoscale, over scales of O(1–10) km, both TFB and CFB are not well understood, mainly due to technical barriers (observation and simulation). Here, a realistic high-resolution coupled oceanic model (dx = 1 km), including tidal forcing and river discharge, and atmospheric (dx = 2 km) model in the lower North Atlantic trades region over a period of 1-year (from July 2019 to June 2020) is used to assess the atmospheric response to submesoscale processes. We used classic coupling coefﬁcients between the ocean and the atmosphere to quantify spatial and temporal variabilities of the TFB and CFB coupling. Our results show that, similar to oceanic mesoscale activity, at the submesoscale, both TFB and CFB have an imprint on the low-level wind, surface stress and turbulent heat fluxes. On the one hand, the linear relationship between surface wind (stress) curl and surface current vorticity existing at the mesoscale regime is also supported at the submesoscale. At submesoscale, CFB, as at the mesoscale, is acting as a sink of energy from the ocean to the atmosphere, acting as an submesoscale eddy killer. Furthermore, the magnitude of surface stress curl introduced by submesoscale processes is greater by ~17 % than that presented by mesoscale processes, which is explained by a reduction of the wind response by ~55 %. On the other hand, the linear relationship between wind stress magnitude, or latent heat flux, and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, widely present at the mesoscale, is also found at the submesoscale. Similar results are found when considering wind stress curl/divergence and crosswind/downwind SST gradients coupling coefficients. However, the magnitude of the corresponding TFB coupling at submesoscale is reduced by ~30 % with respect to those at mesoscale.Overall, our results emphasize the significant impact of both oceanic currents and strong SST fronts on the local wind/stress and latent heat flux response at the submesoscale regime.
Monitoring root water uptake for understanding tree water use dynamics during dry periods
Authors: Martinetti Stefano , Floriancic Marius , Carminati Andrea , Molnar Peter
Published: February 2023

Sufficient water supply to the roots is needed to sustain transpiration demand.  However, detailed measurements of water fluxes into the roots and the gradients in water potential driving these fluxes are rare, particularly in the field, mainly due to the difficulty in accessing roots and performing measurements on them. As a result, field monitoring of tree water use often neglects the root system, and the water fluxes from the soil to the shoot of trees remain a frontier in soil plant water relations.  This measurement gap and lack of understanding of water fluxes in roots makes it difficult to properly determine what drives root water uptake and how it might vary depending on rooting depth, soil matric potential and transpiration rate in the field.During dry summer 2022, we equipped beech and spruce trees with sap flow sensors and dendrometers on the stem and on roots accessing different soil depths. This allowed us to monitor water fluxes and potentials in the different plant parts, from the integrated fluxes in the stem to the water uptake of single roots. We conducted the measurements at the “Waldlabor” ecoydrological monitoring forest in Zurich, where we comprehensively monitor the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum of beech and spruce with dendrometers, sap flow sensors and frequently measured stem & leaf water potential as well as stomatal conductance. To uncover the roots with minimal disturbance we removed the soil with a special air pressurizer and vacuum pump that allowed soil removal without damaging the roots, installed sensors at roots accessing different soil depths and afterwards covered the roots with soil again. Soil matric potential was measured at 10, 20, 40 and 80 cm depth in proximity to selected roots. At the canopy level, we measured stomatal conductance and leaf water potential throughout the summer.Here, we demonstrate how the collected data help to understand to which extent trees diversify their water uptake depending on water availability at different soil depths. Because of the scarce precipitation and the limiting soil water availability during the summer, pre-dawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance as well as sap flow decreased, indicating a reduction in transpiration. Beech trees reduced their stomatal conductance more dramatically than spruce trees, thereby using soil water more quickly. The comparison of sap flow in the roots and the integrated signal measured along the stem reveals differences between roots, with roots accessing deeper soil upholding higher sap flow velocities than roots accessing shallow soil in both species.The results allow to assess the interplay between aboveground tree hydraulics and water status and belowground water uptake for beech and spruce under drying conditions.
Landform Evolution Modelling of Volcanic Landforms using Landlab: A case study of Olympus Mons
Authors: Sonowal Sharmistha , Narayan M Uma , Ahmad Adnan , Nair Archana M
Published: February 2023

 Landscape Evolution Models (LEM) play a vital role in illustrating the complex landscaperesponses to various geomorphic processes. These models favour replicating various evolutionprocesses over an extensive range of temporal and spatial scales. LEMs are also suitable forsimulating the effect of volcanic activity on landscape features. Olympus Mons, the largestshield volcano in our solar system, acts as the perfect landform for this analysis. TharsisVolcanic Landforms on Mars, such as Olympus Mons and Tharsis Montes, are consideredanalogues of basaltic shield volcanoes on Earth. The shield volcanoes of Tharsis are comparedto terrestrial Hawaiian volcanoes and Deccan volcanism and are often interpreted as hotspotplume volcanism. The stream power incision model (SPIM) is used in landscape evolutionmodels to simulate river incisions. In this study, we utilised LandLab software to performnumerical evolution modelling on Olympus Mons. The initial topography of the researchregion is established using a DEM, and the maximum elevation of Olympus Mons is 21241.0metres. The erodibility (Ksp) value, based on the lithological and climatic conditions, is takenas 1 𝑀𝑎– ¹ under Hawaiian conditions considering the basaltic type rock property of Olympusmons. With a concavity index value of 0.5 and zero upliftment, the model is run for 100000years to observe its evolution. Our results reveal a change in the maximum elevation of 21241.0to 21179.68, i.e., 124 m, due to the process of erosion. The results give an idea about how theoriginal volcanic landform, like that of Hawaii, must have shaped into the present landformdue to various geomorphic factors. 
Using climate stories to bridge the valley of death
Authors: van der Horst Sophie , van Veldhoven Felix , Boon Eva , Anker Jan-Willem , Kelder Timo , Klok Lisette , Goosen Hasse
Published: February 2023

Much of the scientific insights and information on climate change and adaptation do not reach decision-makers, companies, and citizens. In literature, this gap between science and society has been referred to as a ‘valley of death’. One of the reasons for the gap is that scientists and societal actors have different understandings and perceptions of what is usable. Climate services should shift from being science-driven, to services that are user-driven and science-informed. In line with this thought, practices such as co-creation and tailoring climate information to user contexts are suggested and described to increase the success of climate services. Within the EU funded REACHOUT project, we applied 'storytelling' techniques to create climate stories for six cities across Europe. This is a novel way to transform climate data (hazard maps and datasets) into information that is appealing to local users and citizens. The climate stories combine a narrative structure with visualizations to communicate scientific knowledge to an audience. Climate stories are currently being developed within REACHOUT to advance user-oriented climate services to support the implementation of the Green Deal. The initial results are promising as the climate stories are welcomed by the cities as an innovative means to communicate results from the project to the wider audience. For instance, the city of Athens, Milan and Logroño use climate stories about heat to increase awareness and initiate action. Climate stories have also been used within the Dutch Climate Impact Atlas to explain climate hazards and impacts to users. In our presentation, we will elaborate on our experiences with the development of climate stories, and discuss the best practices.
Future glacier and runoff evolution in the Tien Shan mountains
Authors: Van Tricht Lander , Zekollari Harry , Farinotti Daniel , Huss Matthias , Compagno Loris , Huybrechts Philippe
Published: February 2023

Glaciers and ice caps in the Tien Shan mountains play a crucial role in terms of water supply for irrigation, industry and drinking. The retreat of these ice masses can consequently have a major impact on downstream densely populated dry lowland areas. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how ice masses in the Tien Shan are reacting to climate change and how they will evolve in the future. In this study, we model the future evolution of all glaciers and ice caps in the Tien Shan mountains under CMIP6 SSP climate scenarios using the large-scale GloGEMflow model. The model is calibrated to match glacier-specific geodetic mass balances while accounting for debris cover under recent climatic conditions (downscaled climate reanalysis, ERA5). In our modelling framework, we rely on a total of six independent ice thickness datasets, of which the effect on the modelled future glacier evolution is analysed in detail. Our results reveal an exceptionally pronounced retreat of most of the ice masses under all climate scenarios (vs. other regions), which can be related to the specific climate regime. Since most of the precipitation on Tien Shan glaciers occurs in spring and early summer, temperature increases not only increase melt (as is the case in most regions around the world), but additionally strongly influence the precipitation type (solid vs. liquid). In all scenarios, the total runoff for the major river catchments in the Tien Shan is projected to drastically reduce by the end of the 21st century. Further, peak water is modelled to be reached before the middle of the century and the annual runoff peak is anticipated to shift from early summer towards late spring.
Study of Internal Tides characteristics in the Eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Makar Pragnya , Rao Ambarukhana Devendra , Badarvada Yadidya , Pant Vimlesh
Published: February 2023

Internal tides, internal waves of tidal frequency, are generated by the flow of barotropic tidal currents over topography. Arabian Sea is a region of the northwestern Indian Ocean bounded to the east by the Indian peninsula. Though Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal reside almost at the same latitudinal belt yet there is difference in the tide’s properties at the two basins. Internal tides in the Arabian Sea are complex and recent modeling studies have suggested that the semidiurnal internal tides show the largest seasonal variability among other regions in the world. However, the generation and propagation mechanism of internal tides, as well as their temporal variability, are unknown in this region. Therefore, we used in-situ observations collected at AD09 (8°N, 73°E) from November 2018 to December 2019 in this study. Salinity has a major role in governing the near-surface stratification, whereas temperature fluctuations govern the subsurface stratification at this location. The rectilinear zonal flow dominates the ellipticity of both semidiurnal and diurnal motions, indicating the generation of internal tides at the slopes. The maximum isopycnal displacement is observed during April at 100 m depth. Furthermore, the semidiurnal barotropic tides rotates in the clockwise direction, while the diurnal rotates in a counter-clockwise direction. Moreover, baroclinic semidiurnal tidal currents rotate anticlockwise at all depths, whereas diurnal tidal currents rotate both clockwise and anticlockwise at various depths. The strongest baroclinic currents, based on the magnitude of the semi-major axis for K1 are found near 100 m, dominated by rectilinear flow, whereas for M2, they are found at depths below 125 m. The maximum kinetic energy of the internal wave is observed at 90 m depth, and the analysis shows both diurnal and semidiurnal frequency dominates in the Arabian Sea, as the constituents M2, S2, K1, and O1 forms the most energetic part of the spectrum. In contrast, on the eastern part of the Indian peninsula in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal, semidiurnal frequency dominates. Arabian Sea exhibits remarkable seasonal variability driven by the Indian monsoon system and seasonal variations in stratification influence the properties of internal tides in this basin. Hence, the study provides a major insight into the characteristics of internal tides over eastern Arabian Sea region.
Effects of multiple climate change factors and their seasonal variation on the soil microbial community and its functions
Authors: Canarini Alberto ,   ClimGrass
Published: February 2023

The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and the associated increase in global warming and likelihood of severe droughts, is altering terrestrial carbon (C) and nutrient cycling, with potential feedback to climate change. Soil microbial communities and their functioning represent a major research area in this context. Microbes regulate important biogeochemical functions, including C fluxes between the biosphere and atmosphere and the availability of essential nutrients for plant growth, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). Thus, improving our ability to quantify microbial responses to climate change is of utmost importance. While each climate change factor has been widely studied individually, it was shown that their combined effect is difficult to predict from the simple knowledge of each single factor.In 2013, a climate change experiment (“ClimGrass”) was set up on a montane grassland in Austria, with the aim to assess the potential interaction of multiple climate change factors (warming, elevated CO2 and drought) on the functioning of managed grasslands. The experimental design followed a response surface model approach for warming and elevated CO2, with each factor having two levels of increase above ambient (+1.5 and +3°C for warming and +150 and +300ppm for elevated CO2). Drought was nested on this experimental design within a subset of treatments and implemented in multiple years. This design, combined with multiple harvests across seasons and years, allowed us to test the potential for interactive, non-linear and seasonal effects of multiple climate change factors.Across multiple years and seasons, we analyzed parameters related to soil microbial communities and their functions in relation to the biogeochemical cycles of C, N and P. By using a large range of approaches, from in situ stable isotope labelling to the analyses of functional genes, we covered different aspects related to the cycling and stability of C in soil and to major processes involved in nutrient cycling.In this talk, I will provide an overview of the multiple experiments carried out in ClimGrass. I will show that combined elevated CO2 and warming can have minor but important interactive and non-linear responses that cannot be predicted by studying each factor individually. Seasonality represents a major mediator of climate change effects on important microbial functions, an aspect that is often overlooked. I will also focus on the response of soil microbial communities to drought and the implications of combined warming and elevated CO2 treatments.
Estimations of eruption column height during Etna eruptions: a new database based on visible calibrated cameras
Authors: Scollo Simona , Prestifilippo Michele , Mereu Luigi
Published: February 2023

During the last decades, explosive activity of Mt. Etna (Italy) has increased. Those events produced powerful lava fountains which form high eruption columns rising up to 15 km above sea level and low intensity and long-lasting explosive activity producing weak plumes of few kilometres above the summit craters. During Etna explosive activity, the estimation of the eruption column height is very important for several reasons. This value is inserted in the Volcano Observatory Notices for Aviation (VONA) messages sent by the Istituto Nazionale di Geosifica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) as monitoring and surveillance duties. The column height is also one of the main eruption source parameters needed to run volcanic tephra dispersal models. Luckily, the column height is one of the easiest features that can be detected in real time using different ground-based instruments (e.g. cameras, radar and lidar) and satellite spectrometers. In this work, we analyse images of two visible calibrated cameras of the permanent video-surveillance system of INGV-OE. They are installed on the south and west sectors of Etna volcano flanks and the column height is estimated also considering the prevailing wind direction above the Etna summit craters. Data cover the period between 2014 and 2022 and were selected on the base of the VONA messages sent by INGV-OE. For the first time, this new database includes the time-variation of the column height for each explosive event. Our analysis, now free available, could be used in future to: i) analyse each explosive activity at Etna volcano; ii) validate new techniques aimed at estimating the eruptive column heights; iii) improve the modelling of eruption column; iv) estimate the mass eruption rate, another key parameter characterizing the explosive activity. 
Lifting the Fog into Space: Complementing Data Centers with Satellite On-Board Datacube Processing
Authors: Mishev Dimitar , Baumann Peter
Published: February 2023

In the ORBiDANSE project a datacube engine, rasdaman, has been ported to a cubesat, ESA OPS-SAT. Effectively, the satellite becomes a datacube service offering zero-coding query capabilities with the OGC Web Coverage Processing (WCPS) geo datacube analytics language and the ISO SQL/MDA (Multidimensional Arrays) SQL-embedded array analytics language.The datacube-enabled nanosat has been deployed, collecting data into an on-board datacube which has been queried successfully from ground. For the feasibility proof these queries included on-board cloud detection, histograms, timeseries analysis, edge detection, and more. In a preparatory step, the code was ported to Raspberry Pi because it contains a similar ARM processor as OPS-SAT. The port to the nanosat architecture was not straightforward and the lessons learnt have been cast into recommendations for payload architecture designers. Meantime, the codebases have been merged successfully, and the rasdaman codebase running on OPS-SAT is the same which normally is deployed in clouds (AWS, Google, etc.), supercomputing centers (such as the Taiwanese National High-Performance Computing Center and Forschungszentrum Jülich), and bare-metal servers (e.g. at Constructor University).This paves the way for on-board ad-hoc processing and filtering on Big EO Data, thereby unleashing them to a larger audience and in significantly shorter time. As such, the approach is substantially more powerful than deploying a trained neural network for some fixed task. In particular, the federation capabilities of rasdaman, in operational use for example in the Multipetabyte EarthServer federation, open revolutionary perspectives: not only can satellites form location-transparent federations which act as a single pool of information, but Earth and Space federations can be joined into a single planetary EO datacube resource. The capability of rasdaman to optimize analytics and fusion workloads distributed across highly asymmetric hardware allows combining cloud (such as data centers) and edge (such as satellites and drones) into a planetary fog computing setup.In our talk we will present the concept, its realization using rasdaman, the technical difficulties that had to be mastered, and the new avenues and opportunities that are being pursued next.ORBiDANSE was in part funded by the German Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport, OPS-SAT was funded by ESA. 
The influence of multiscale fractal geometry on the generation of turbulence
Authors: Ben Mahjoub Otman , Ouadoud Aziz
Published: February 2023

The present research aims to study the influence of multiscale fractal geometry on the generation and decay of turbulence by spaced fractal square grid (SFSG) in order to understand how the turbulent flow is modified when it is generated at different scales. Velocity measurements were made in an open-circuit suction wind tunnel at various positions downstream of the grid in the streamwise and spanwise direction for three different inlet velocities using a constant temperature hot wire anemometer. The SFSG pattern producing a multiscale forcing of velocity is new and is the one used as the basis for this project. It was found that this space-filling grid model with relatively low solidity has the ability to generate turbulence with high turbulence intensity and high Reynolds numbers compared to the turbulence generated by fractal square grid (FSG) and regular grids at the same flow velocity. A more comprehensive understanding of this type of multiple length scales in momentum and energy transport has a key role to understand the analysis of structural implications due to the pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere.
A conceptual framework to link some soil concepts: Soil Quality, Soil Health, Soil-based Ecosystem Services, Soil threats. A proposition from the EJP SOIL – SERENA project
Authors: Cousin Isabelle , Montagne David , Anton-Sobejano Rodrigo , Scammacca Ottone , De Haan Janjo , van den Elsen Erik
Published: February 2023

The EU Soil Strategy aims at providing EU soils in a healthy state by 2050, with the intermediate objective of 70% of healthy soils by 2030.  This ambitious objective urges both the monitoring of Soil Quality and Health over the whole of Europe, and the development of sustainable management practices to restore degraded soils.  The links between some soil concepts remain unclear and limit the evaluation of management practices to improve Soil Health and Quality. In the framework of the EJP SOIL programme, the SERENA project developed a framework to interconnect a set of key concepts like Soil Quality, Soil Health and Soil Ecosystem Services, and Soil Threats. Some definitions have first been browsed from the literature, and adaptations/syntheses have been proposed and ranked by the SERENA project participants in order to arrive at a set of definitions supported by scientist from participating EU countries. A conceptual framework has then been proposed, initially based on the framework proposed by the EJP SOIL project SIREN. It is mainly based on a 2 interlinked boxes representation, combining the ecosystem and the socio-economic system. Ecosystem Services (ES) are considered both as a supply, from the ecosystem, or as a use, by the socio-economic system, which is the part of the ES supply directly or indirectly used or experienced by the society (farmers, institutions, whole population). The Natural Soil Capital, consisting mainly as the below-ground processes and functions, determines the ES supply by the whole ecosystem under specific conditions and type of use, together with the aboveground processes and functions associated to the other components of the ecosystem. Society is also responsible for the pressures on the whole system: it can either increase threats on soils (through the increase of cultivated land areas or intensification of agricultural practices, for example), or improve Soil Quality, Soil Natural Capital, and ES supply (thanks to agricultural practices increasing soil carbon stocks, for example). The main originalities of the SERENA frameworks are: i) to consider both Soil Quality and Soil Threats at the interface between the ecosystem and the socio-economic system, ii) to conceptualise a Soil Health threshold as a specific level of Soil Quality to define either healthy or unhealthy soils. The proposed conceptual framework of the SERENA project is open to discussion in the whole Soil Science community. A common and shared framework as such would enable a homogeneous and more structured research about soil ecosystem services and a better communicability to policy-makers and the general public.
3D structure of low-angle normal faulting and related tectono-sedimentary processes in the SE South China Sea
Authors: Mohn Geoffroy , Legeay Etienne , Ringenbach Jean-Claude , Vetel William , Sapin François
Published: February 2023

This contribution explores the formation and evolution of hyper-extended basins controlled by low-angle normal faults active at <30°. Such extensional structures are documented worldwide in different geodynamic settings (e.g., continental passive margins, collapsing orogens) but contradict classical fault mechanic models questioning how such extensional structures can form. Based on a recent industrial 3D seismic reflection survey along Sabah (southern margin of the SCS, Dangerous Ground), here we investigate the 3D structure of low angle normal faults and the related pre-, syn- and post-tectonic stratigraphic architecture of hyper-extended rift basins. We mapped and analyzed in 3D the surface of several normal fault systems active at low-angle associated with the interpretation of an array of seismic profiles across the basins.The mapped faults show an average dip angle of 30° and appear planar, characterized by continuous reflections with no clear steepening at depth and sole-out at variable depths. They controlled the formation of two main depocenters (southern and northern basins) filled by up to 6 km of sediments including pre- to post-rift sequences. Intra-basement seismic reflectors dipping towards the north-west are observed, onto which extensional structures often seem to sole out. These reflectors are interpreted as interleaved thrust sheets from a dismantled accretionary wedge of the former Mesozoic active margin (Yanshan Arc).Results show polyphased syn-rift infill during the development of the low-angle normal faults. The first syn-tectonic sequence appears as chaotic and discontinuous packages that has been dismembered during the activity of extensional structures. The second syn- tectonic sequence represent the main filling succession associated with numerous second order normal faults that become gradually younger towards the central depocenter. Antithetic to the main extensional structure, secondary normal fault soling out at the top of the pre-rift succession is observed. It controls the formation of growth strata showing a thickening opposite to the low-angle normal faults. The overall structure describes the geometry of an extensional fishtail.Our results provide some key new elements on the 3D mechanisms of low-angle normal faulting and its control on sedimentary evolution as well as coeval crustal deformation.
Curlometer technique and applications
Authors: Dong Xiangcheng , Dunlop Malcolm , Shen Chao , Wang Tieyan , Robert Patrick , Eastwood Jonathan , Haaland Stein , Yang Yanyan , Tan Xin , Escoubet Philippe , Rong Zhaojin , Fu Huishan , De Keyser Johan
Published: February 2023

We review the range of applications and use of the curlometer, initially developed to analyze electric current density using Cluster multi-spacecraft magnetic field data; but more recently adapted to other arrays of spacecraft flying in formation, such as MMS small-scale, 4-spacecraft configurations; THEMIS close constellations of 3-5 spacecraft, and Swarm 2-3 spacecraft configurations. The method (and associated methods based on spatial gradients) has been shown to be easily adaptable to other multi-point and multi-scale arrays. Although magnetic gradients require knowledge of spacecraft separations and the magnetic field, the structure of the electric current density (for example, its relative spatial scale), and any temporal evolution, limits measurement accuracy. Nevertheless, in many magnetospheric regions the curlometer is reliable (within certain limits), particularly under conditions of time stationarity, or with supporting information on morphology (for example, when the geometry of the large scale structure is expected). A number of large-scale regions have been investigated directly, such as: the cross-tail current sheet, ring current, the current layer at the magnetopause and field-aligned currents. In addition, the analysis can support investigations of transient and smaller scale current structures (e.g. reconnected flux tubes, boundary layer sub-structure, or dipolarisation fronts) and energy transfer processes. The method is able to provide estimates of single components of the vector current density, even if there are only two or three satellites flying in formation, within the current region, as can be the case when there is a highly irregular spacecraft configuration. The computation of magnetic field gradients and topology in general includes magnetic rotation analysis and various least squares approaches, as well as the curlometer, and indeed the combination with plasma measurements and the extension to larger arrays of spacecraft have recently been considered. We touch on these extensions and on new methodology accessing the properties of the underlying formulism.
Are trends in total ozone consistent with stratospheric ozone trends from satellite observations? Are trends in total ozone consistent with stratospheric ozone trends from satellite observations?
Authors: Weber Mark , Arosio Carlo , Rozanov Alexei , Burrows John P. , Sofieva Viktoria , Coldewey-Egbers Melanie , Loyola Diego , Fioletov Vitali , Frith Stacey M. , Wild Jeannette D.
Published: February 2023

Total ozone is a measure of the protection of the biosphere from UV radiation. Extratropical total ozone recovery trends of about +0.5%/decade are consistent with the continuous decline in stratospheric halogen loading since the middle 1990s as a consequence of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments on phasing out ODS. Nevertheless, the recovery (or chemistry-related) trends in the northern hemisphere (NH) are compensated by changes in atmospheric dynamics leading to stable ozone levels since about 2000 (apart from year-to-year variability). The near-global (60°S-60°N) average total ozone level is currently about 2-3% below the 1964-1980 mean.Lower stratospheric ozone, the dominating contributor to the total ozone column and derived from limb satellite observations, shows globally (below 60° latitude) a slightly negative (but mostly statistically insignificant) trend of about -1.5%/decade since 2000, which is not consistent with the stable total ozone levels in the NH.  Some studies suggested that increases in tropospheric ozone compensate for negative lower stratospheric trends leading to stable column levels. The trend regression models applied to ozone profiles and total ozone also differ. For instance, proxies representing changes in atmospheric dynamics and transport have been included for total ozone, but not for ozone profiles, which may also lead to inconsistencies between total and stratospheric column trends.This presentation will report updated total ozone trends from five merged total ozone datasets up to 2022. The same regression model, including proxies representing atmospheric dynamics and transport, will be then applied to ozone profiles from the merged limb dataset (SAGE II-SCIAMACHY-OMPS) to evaluate the consistency between column and profile trends.
Snow depth sensitivity to mean temperature and elevation in the European Alps
Authors: Switanek Matthew , Schöner Wolfgang , Resch Gernot
Published: February 2023

Many of the gauged snow depth measurements in the European Alps began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We leverage this reasonably long period of record to investigate the historical sensitivity of snow depths as a function of precipitation, mean temperature, and elevation. By controlling for changes in precipitation, we can isolate the influence that different temperature changes have on snow depths at varying elevation bands. This simple, yet effective, approach to defining our historical sensitivity can provide a robust observational framework to evaluate the impact that a range of different future warming scenarios would have on snow depths across the Alps. As a result, adaptation and mitigation measures can be put in place for a variety of end users, such as ski tourism and water resource management. Furthermore, this provides an observational reference by which to evaluate the performance of climate model simulations.