bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterprise Calculation and Manufacturing Decline
Authors: Higgins Winton , Clegg Stewart R.
Published: March 2007

A link can be made between Weber's work on 'The sociological categories of economic action', a neglected resource for the sociology of organizations, and Karpik's concern with 'logics of action', or 'modes of rationality'. One dominant form of rationality, based on short-term calculation, is substantively irrational in its contribution to manufacturing decline in Western countries. Both authors contribute to a notion of formal rationality in decision-making routines in the enterprise, a rationality that in practice systematically skews and obfuscates the substantive issues of manufacturing strategy. Modern professional managers, themselves the products of developmental trends in contemporary capitalism, assert the priorities of an increasingly refined and operationalized formal rationality. In a democratic industrial development organized labour may enter the stage as the bearers of the antithesis, substantive rationality in the interests of industrial progress. This is the desirable political development in the interests of both economic welfare and economic democratization.
Organization, Gender and Culture
Authors: Mills Albert J.
Published: March 2007

Gender concerns have been almost totally ignored within organizational analysis. This paper attempts to redress that ignorance. It has four related tasks: (1) to illustrate examples of gender-blind approaches to the study of organizations; (2), by way of a selective review of the organizations and culture debate, to argue for the utility of an organizational culture focus for an understanding of gender; (3), to root an organizational culture focus, along with gender concerns, within a feminist materialist method of analysis; (4), to explore, by way of a strategic application of Clegg's (1981) 'rule' focus, the potential of a feminist materialist analysis for understanding the relationship between gender and organizational culture.
Eastern Asian Enterprise Structures and the Comparative Analysis of Forms of Business Organization
Authors: Whitley Richard D.
Published: March 2007

The economic success of different forms of business organization in East Asian countries emphasizes the variety of viable enterprise structures and suggests the need for a comparative analysis of how they develop and operate in different societal contexts. Major differences between East Asian business 'recipes' include the range of activities that are authoritatively coordinated, their patterns of development, the ways in which they are organized and controlled and the organization of inter enterprise relations. These differences suggest eight major dimensions on which dominant enterprise structures in different societies can be compared and how their development can be linked to major social institu tions.
Leadership as Social Integrative Action. A Study of a Computer Consultancy Company
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2007

In this paper it is suggested that leadership, at least in some types of organiza tions, can be conceptualized as social integrative action. Such action is seen as a synthesis of institutional and human relations-oriented leadership. A case study of a computer consultancy company, a professional service adhocracy, supports this argument. This paper also argues for viewing leadership as an expression of those values, virtues, norms and symbolic guidelines for understanding that are usually referred to as corporate culture or ideology. Leadership is consequently seen as subordinated to the cultural context. A less 'commander'- and micro-oriented view on managerial work (the leader as a boss, understood through focus on him/ her and the group) than those common in the literature is thus suggested.
The Problem of Contract Enforcement in Economic Organization Theory
Authors: Noorderhaven Niels G.
Published: March 2007

Recently, economists have directed attention to the phenomenon of organization. An important difference between the newly developed economic theories of organization, such as for example agency theory, and sociological theories of organization is the fact that economists explicitly employ an individual utility maximization assumption. In this paper, it is reasoned that this assumption, if used as in agency theory, entails logical inconsistencies if we try to explain the existence of the kind of agreements that purportedly form the basis of organiza tions. However, if the condition of uncertainty — to which agency theorists merely pay lip—service — is taken seriously, the observed inconsistencies can be reconciled. A classificatory scheme of four 'sources of obligation' is proposed for the analysis of the basis of agreements. Taking all four sources into consideration in the analysis of organizational agreements can help to avoid one-sided attention to, for example, formal, legally enforceable agreements. The findings of empirical research suggest that two basic dimensions lie at the root of the proposed classifi catory scheme. Further research is needed to check this supposition and its implications.
Organizational Size and Innovation
Authors: Damanpour Fariborz
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a meta-analytic review of the relationship between organiza tional size and innovation. Using 36 correlations derived from 20 published studies, the review finds a positive relationship between size and innovation. In addition, an examination of the effects of several moderating factors indicates that: (1) size is more positively related to innovation in manufacturing and profit- making organizations than in service and non-profit-making organizations; (2) the association between size and innovation is stronger when a non-personnel or a log transformation measure of size is used, than when a personnel or a raw measure of size is used; (3) types of innovation do not have a considerable moderating effect on the relationship between size and innovation; and (4) size is more strongly related to the implementation than to the initiation of innovations in organizations. The implications of the findings for theory development and future research are discussed.
Job Characteristics, Gender Stereotypes and Perceived Gender Discrimination in the Workplace
Authors: Snizek William E. , Neil Cecily C.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the processes underlying gender discrimination in a large Australian government research organization. It is specifically concerned with discrimination that occurs after the initial assignment of employees to career streams or ladders has occurred. When questioned, 37 and 41 percent of the women surveyed stated that they had regularly experienced promotional or day- to-day discrimination. Based on analyses of data collected from 625 women and 512 men, evidence is presented for a vested interest explanation as best account ing for promotional discrimination, as distinct from day-to-day discrimination. These findings highlight the need to recognize and treat different forms of gender discrimination in the workplace as analytically distinct.
Brewery and Brauerei: The Organizational Ecology of Brewing
Authors: Carroll Glenn R. , Preisendoerfer Peter , Swaminathan Anand , Wiedenmayer Gabriele
Published: March 2007

Germans and Americans differ in their beer drinking habits and customs. The organizational structures of their brewing industries also differ: Germany is notable for the highly fragmented nature of its industry, which contains many more breweries than the larger American industry. Yet the historical evolution of the two brewing industries is remarkably similar. In both Germany and the U.S., the number of breweries grew slowly for a long period, then expanded rapidly in the late 19th century, and finally declined severely for almost a century. Intrigued by this common pattern, we attempt to explain long-term organizational change in the two industries using the ecological perspective on organizations. We focus on the organizational ecology model of density-dependent legitimation and com petition. Our tests use life history data on all breweries known to have operated in the U.S. and Germany during the period 1861 to 1988. We estimate and report specific tests of the density model using stochastic rates of organizational founding and mortality. The findings are generally supportive of the model and suggest that the organizational evolution of both the German and American brewing industries was density dependent.
Analogical Reasoning and Knowledge Generation in Organization Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews and evaluates the cognitive status to which metaphors and analogies have been ascribed in the process of knowledge generation in organiza tion theory. Three perspectives are identified: metaphors as ways of thinking, metaphors as dispensable literary devices, and metaphors as potential ideological distortions. The main tenets of each one of them are reviewed and subsequently submitted to criticism. It is argued here that, despite their differing claims, the preceding perspectives converge on the assumption that there is a gap between metaphorical and scientific languages. The grounds for the existence of this gap are challenged in this paper, noting that the structure-mapping theory of analogy provides a methodology for developing metaphorical insights to yield scientific models and theories.
Understanding Professional Culture in Organizational Context
Authors: Bloor Geoffrey , Dawson Patrick
Published: March 2007

This paper formulates a new conceptual framework for understanding profes sional culture in organizational context. Our analysis begins with an attempt to identify the complex interplay between individual sense-making, group beliefs and culture. The process of professionalization and the development of profes sional cultures is described and the influence of professional belief systems on organizational culture is examined. The inter-relationship between four different types of professional subculture and organizational culture is illustrated in a case- study analysis of an Australian home-care service. The stability of an organiza tion's operating environment is identified as a major factor which facilitates and constrains the propensity for professional subcultures to radically transform or incrementally refine dominant organizational cultures. The paper concludes with a critical reappraisal of the significance of professional subculture as a determin ant of an organization's cultural system.
The Yellow Brick Road: Total Quality Management and the Restructuring of Organizational Culture
Authors: Tuckman Alan
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a critique of Total Quality Management. It is essentially in three parts: the first traces the rise of TQM through the western experience of Japanese development, the second examines the nature of TQM's promised cultural change and, finally, the very notion of 'quality' is questioned. Explor ing this development is likened — to use a metaphor from the work of Philip Crosby, one of the 'guru's of Total Quality — to a journey down the yellow brick road. As the development of TQM is rich in icons and symbolism, it is argued that it acts both to legitimate current changes in organization through the penetration of the market, and also as a market model of organization based on customer and supplier links. In contrast to the claim of TQM to challenge bureaucracy it argues that, while it might counter some of its dys functions, it can be located within a bureaucratization process.
Practice, Myths and Theories for Change: The Reconstruction of an East German Organization
Authors: Nilsson Karin
Published: March 2007

There have been many attempts to change organizations in East- and Central Europe in recent years. The transition perspective understanding of the situ ation in East and Central Europe has furthered such attempts. Here, it is assumed that the dominance of the transition perspective discourages the use of previous practices as a basis for organizational reconstruction, due to its emphasis on the importance of market economy experience. Instead, myths are likely to dominate. Furthermore, it is argued that there is little incentive in this context for organizations to change their theory for change, unless they were acquired by a Western firm adhering to an opposing theory.

Based on the differences over a length of time between constructions of an East German organization, it is suggested that the transition perspective emphasis on the importance of market economy experience may not only dis courage but, eventually, also further the use of previous practices as a basis for the re-construction of an organization, due to the expansion of the group of actors considered as competent constructors. The study also confirms that where a Western firm acquires a company in the East, it may indeed induce a shift in the Eastern company's theory for change.
The Social Constitution of Trust: Supplier Relations in Britain and Germany
Authors: Lane Christel , Bachmann Reinhard
Published: March 2007

Trust is analysed as a means to reduce uncertainty and risk in vertical inter-firm relationships. Both theoretically and with reference to empirical comparative research (Britain and Germany), it is shown that trust-based relations between buyer and supplier firms rarely evolve spontaneously on the level of individual interaction but are highly dependent on the existence of stable legal, political and social institutions.
Contractual Form in Domestic and International Strategic Alliances
Authors: García-Canal Esteban
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the factors that influence the adoption of a contractual form in strategic alliances within a transaction, cost framework. It is argued that joint ventures are preferred to contractual agreements as cooperation becomes increasingly complex. An analysis of 663 strategic alliances has confirmed this proposition while showing the differences that exist between domestic and international alliances. The former are more intensively influenced by variables relative to organizational complexity such as the number of partners and the number of functional areas; the latter being influenced to a greater extent by strategic complexity and the need to learn.
Organization Theory in the Age of Deconstruction: Dualism, Gender and Postmodernism Revisited
Authors: Knights David
Published: March 2007

This paper will focus on the problems and prospects for organization theory when some of its central concepts are in question under the 'weight' of the demise of an episteme of representation (Benhabib 1992). Fundamental con cepts such as 'action' and 'structure' have been examined critically over several years with the aim of removing either voluntarist or determinist and individualist or holistic tendencies (Giddens 1979; Knights and Willmott 1983, 1985). Though questioning the dualistic separation of these categories from a phenomenological or social constructionist perspective, these perspectives still presume an episteme of representation in which the categories of the dualism (subject and object) can be operationalized to represent phenomena with con crete existence in the world. Structure and agency remain in a relationship of exteriority with respect to one another (Game 1991). Organization theory, as conventionally constructed, can readily accommodate such a critique of dualism as long as the categories remain relatively durable, stable and in a relationship of exteriority to each other. However, the demise of an episteme of representation spells trouble for the durability and stability of these categories. Drawing on a range of discourses, the paper seeks to indicate a variety of solutions to the dualistic problematic ending with the work of the deconstruc tionist approaches of a limited sample of postmodern feminists.
Just How Managed is the McUniversity? Craig Prichard, Hugh Willmott
Authors: Prichard Craig , Willmott Hugh
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to illuminate ways in which the introduction and use of man agement knowledges and practices in U.K. universities overlaps, intersects and confronts established knowledge and practice in these sites. While broadly supportive of the general directionality of work in this field by other authors (Parker and Jary 1995; Winter 1995; Miller 1995) who argue that U.K. univer sities are becoming increasingly corporately managed around a 'Fordist' mass production arrangement, the paper offers an empirically based exploration of some of the contradictions and struggles that make this broad shift unstable, partial and by no means inevitable. In particular the paper critiques and extends points made by Parker and Jary's discussion (1995) of the changing character of U.K. universities. To do this, the paper begins by reviewing a range of conceptual resources that can be brought to bear on this issue. Following a brief discussion of Bourdieu and Giddens, we suggest that a framework out lined by Fiske (1993) offers a potentially illuminating resource for addressing the changing character of universities in the U.K. This conceptual resource is used to interpret empirical materials drawn from discussions with nearly 40 senior post-holders in two pre-1992 and two post-1992 universities. In the analysis of this material, we argue for the relevance and value of fore- grounding the way that management knowledge is at work in processes of change that are underway. We conclude that management knowledge and prac tice, which provides resources through which the life of the university is thought and done in new ways, at best only partially reconstitutes and displaces existing knowledge and practice.
Embedded Firms, Embedded Knowledge: Problems of Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer in Global Cooperative Ventures
Authors: Lam Alice
Published: March 2007

Research on global cooperative ventures has tended to focus on governance forms and task structures. This study highlights the importance of knowledge structures and work systems in influencing the success of collaborative ventures. Based on an empirical analysis of a close collaboration in the knowledge-intensive area between a Japanese and a British high-technology firm, it illustrates how the socially embedded nature of knowledge can impede cross-border collaborative work and knowledge transfer. The research has applied and extended Michael Polanyi's con cept of 'tacit knowledge' in a much wider context. It develops a conceptual frame work for analyzing the main differences and 'points of friction' between the Japanese 'organizational' and the British 'professional' models of the organization of knowledge in high-level technical work. It shows how the dominant form of knowledge held in organizations, its degree of tacitness, and the way in which it is structured, utilized and transmitted can vary considerably between firms in dif ferent societal settings. These differences are shown to have contributed to project failures, weakened the technological relationship between the partner firms over time and led to asymmetry in knowledge transfer.
Political-Military Partnership in Israel
Authors: Peri Yoram
Published: March 2007

Since the Six-Day War in 1967 a profound transformation has occurred in political- military relations in Israel. National consensus in the security sphere has collapsed. The authority and legitimacy of the political leadership have been shaken, and the army has acquired direct political roles, mainly through the establishment of a military government in the occupied territories. These developments have changed the early pattern of a nonpolitical citizen army, subordinate to the civil authorities, to a new pattern of political- military partnership. The intense politicization of the Israel Defence Forces undermined their former elevated and sacred position and made them a focus of public controversy. Thus, while Israel has remained a democracy, in spite of the protracted war, its armed forces have taken over functions far exceeding those of other professional armies in similar Western democracies.
Values of Closed Society
Authors: Parel Anthony
Published: March 2007

The premise of this essay is that although there can be a certain degree of openness in a good political society, the idea remains valid that all political societies, without exception, are fundamentally closed systems. This means that, no matter how progressive a political system believes itself to be, it exists ultimately for the protection and advancement of the values and interests of a particular exclusive group and not for the defense and advancement of the values of humanity as a whole. The demonstration is based on Bergson's thesis on the elan vital and on social obligations immanent in the individual. Hence the specific impact of Bergsonian evolutionism on the debates in political theory: (1) war and violence seem to be the most fundamental issue of political theory; (2) any exaggerated confidence in the strength of the intellect, viewed separately from intuition and love, does not offer a solution for the issue of war and violence; and (3) modern technology, if it is not guided by intuition and love for mankind, can destroy life. Consequently, the necessity arises for a political organization of the values of an open society, under conditions of the continuation of the manifestation of the values of the closed society.
Party activitis in the united states
Authors: Abramowitz Alan , McGlennon John , Rapoport Ronald
Published: March 2007

Despite diversity, there are important commonalities among the activists of each American state party—in demographic characteristics as well as ideological tendency. Using data from more than 17,000 delegates to state party conventions in 11 states, we find large party differences in minority representation, but smaller age and sex differences. Ideologically, Democratic state parties are consistently liberal, Republican ones consistently conservative; in both, party loyalty is high and unrelated to ideology. Over time, changes in state party activist ranks seem to be linked to the organizational needs that arise under conditions of political competition.
Ideological Thinking Among Party Activists
Authors: Marvick Dwaine
Published: March 2007

In this article, findings are discussed from a sequence of eight surveys of Los Angeles activists, made between 1963 and 1980, from a multi-tier survey of Munich activists in 1965, and from a multi-locale survey of candidates, translocal activists, and local party workers in India in 1967. Different patterns of ideological thinking among activists are identified, the stability of ideological self-ratings over time is measured, the link between ideological stance and views on policy issues is explored, and the implications of feeling "at odds" ideologically with others in one's non-political daily life as well as with fellow party activists and rival party workers are examined.
Scarcity and the Management of Political Conflict in Multicultural Polities
Authors: Heisler Martin O. , Peters B. Guy
Published: March 2007

Affluence provides means for dealing with difficult problems in relations between ethnic and regional subcultural groups by making it possible to separate them institutionally and to buy time or peace with resources. In some instances it may be possible to convert "status demands" into negotiable issues, leading to resource-based compromises. Severe macro- economic constraints, on the other hand, often preclude or make much more difficult the management of conflict between such groups through policy allocations. The distribution of resources-human as well as material-may vary with ethnic and/ or regional cultural cleavages. This has normative, distributive justice implications as well as practical policy ramifications. The raising and management of autonomy demands tend to be affected by such distributions in a manner that influences both institution design and policy allocation as responses to such demands.
How Civil War was Avoided in France
Authors: Dogan Mattei
Published: March 2007

France found itself on the brink of civil war at the end of May 1968. This analysis is based on two sources: the recently published memoirs of those who made history, and the results of a survey taken immediately after the crisis. The roles played by the leading historical actors resemble those in a Greek tragedy. The survey gives voice to the "silent majority," and indicates what the behavior ofthe masses would have been if a popular uprising or a military intervention had occurred. The recourse to elections- that is, the mobilization of electors and spectators-appears in retrospect to be the miraculous solution by which the agitating minorities were subdued and civil war avoided.
The Study of Crises in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Zimmermann Ekkart
Published: March 2007

This article provides a brief overview of various crisis approaches, presents a new theoretical framework for the study of crises and crisis outcomes in liberal democ racies, and discusses some possible operationalizations of basic theoretical variables. Also, some emphasis is placed on how to conceptualize and measure the "appro priate" dependent variable(s), a question that is of great importance for the development of a promising cross-national research design in the field of internal political crises. Finally, some of the methodological and epistemological issues that arise in applying the proposed methods to historical data are discussed.
Intégration Et Diversité
Authors: Hudon Raymond
Published: March 2007

Pour saisir adéquatement l'apport réel du fédéralisme dans la reconnaissance de la diversité d'une société, il s'impose avant tout de tenir compte de la nature et du rôle de l'Etat, fédéral ou unitaire. Le fédéralisme peut ainsi constituer une forme d'organisation politique qui résulte de compromis nécessités par la complexité et la diversité d'une société donnée. A travers l'examen du cas canadien, on perçoit cependant que des pressions dans le sens d'une intégration plus poussée donnent effectivement source à des tiraillements qui ne sont pas nécessairement résolus en faveur d'une reconnaissance entière, c'est-à-dire en droit et en fait, de la diversité. En ce sens, il est difficile de poser un lien nEcessaire entre fédéralisme et pluralisme.
The Role of the State and the Growth of Government
Authors: Von Beyme Klaus
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis of this article is that the changing role of the state can best be explained in terms of the growth of government. The growth of the state and its importance in Western society can be measured in the following areas: (1) growth of government agencies; (2) growth of state officials; (3) growth of taxation and the state's share of the national product; (4) growth of legislation and programs; (5) growth of government control over the economy. These aspects are reviewed and analyzed. Proceeding from the observation that even in those fields where the state is growing, the problems grow faster than the agencies that should tackle them, two basic strategies are recommended for the predicaments of Western democracy: fighting rising expectations to reduce overloads of the state and ungovernability; and creating new expectations via mobilization of new productive forces.
The Irony of Modern Conservatism
Authors: Staal Rein
Published: March 2007

Under scrutiny, modern conservatism often dissolves into a form of liberalism. This paradox appears, instructively, even in conservative thought at its best, in the political teachings of Michael Oakeshott and Leo Strauss. Both thinkers advance the claim that modern man faces a choice between Hobbesian liberalism and some form of mass democracy or totalitarianism. In this sense, both Oakeshott's traditionalism and Strauss's classicism are paradoxical or ironical. Conservatism is thus limited to preventing the decomposition of early, liberal modernity into later, radical modernity. Yet the success of the early modern project has produced a deracinated political culture in need of the qualities downplayed by modern conservatism: authority, community, a sense of place and of duty. The irony of modern conservatism suggests a reexamination of the conservative vocation in our times.
Leadership Recruitment Patterns in the Japanese House of Representatives: General Elections 1-30, 1890-1963
Authors: Kuroda Yasumasa
Published: March 2007

Efforts are made in the article to examine the process of leadership recruitment in the Japanese House of Representatives in the first 74 years of the Japanese Diet, that is since its inception in 1890, through the use of canonical analysis. The central question concerns what it takes to be a leader in the Diet, such as a cabinet member, for example.

Major findings include: (1) the recruitment process has become more "structured" over the years; (2) gerontocracy continues to prevail in the Diet; (3) the younger a Diet member enters politics, the better the chance he or she has of being recruited into a leadership position; (4) other important variables in the process include party identification, occupation, and travel overseas; and (5) the pattern of changes in the "structure of opportunities" for leadership in the Diet reflects the nature of the political path Japan has followed during the 74-year period. Thus, political leaders cannot be separated from the "transformation of need" in their society.
Bureaucratic Morality in the United States
Authors: Rohr John A.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the responsible use of administrative discretion is the most fundamental ethical issue for American bureaucrats; more fundamental than such highly visible issues as conflict of interest and financial disclosure. The argument is supported by references to academic literature, examples in administrative practice, and an analysis of the purpose behind the establishment of the Senior Executive Service in the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Although the responsible use of administrative discretion is not a problem confined to the United States, the formal separation of powers in the American Constitution gives the problem a peculiarly American orientation. Despite managerial doctrines on "unity of command," American bureaucrats receive conflicting "signals" from competing institutions of government. This problem does not stem from misconduct on the part of anyone, but from the primary legitimating symbol of American politics, the Constitution of the United States. Specific examples of this problem are given from such areas as the EPA Superfund, passive restraints in automobiles and surface mining regulations.
History, Structure, and Revolution in Vietnam
Authors: Woodside Alexander
Published: March 2007

The singularity of the Vietnamese revolution cannot be explained entirely by factors such as a racially discriminating colonialism or oppressive landlordism. These factors are to be found in many Asian and African countries which did not produce a Ho Chi Minh or a Vo Nguyen Giap. Vietnam's Confucian past is critically important. It was distinguished by (1) an incompletely centralized monarchy which generated both political and moral expectations that it could never satisfy; (2) a peculiarly bipolar political system in which the monarchy had to share power with a provincial intelligentsia which lived close to the peasantry; and (3) a transcendental neoConfucian philosophy, diffused through civil service examinations, which stressed the writings of the idealist philosopher Mencius. Large peasant rebellions, often advised by Confucian scholars, and bent on punishing rulers who did not exemplify the proper cosmic principles through "benevolent government," recurred in Vietnam before French colonialism. Ho Chi Minh and many of his associates were descendants of the provincial scholar class who might be so involved.
Global Models and North-South Relations
Authors: Chichilnisky Graciela
Published: March 2007

Global modeling has evolved remarkably in the last two decades. Such evolution led it to perform today's role as an experimental laboratory for the social sciences, and particularly for applications to policy planning. Two of the most interesting applications to policy are to resource economics and to economic models of North-South relations, i.e., the relationships between industrial and developing countries. Examples of North-South policy issues instigated by global modeling are developed in the context of a United Nations Model of Technology and North-South Relations which evolved from the Bariloche global model. Further applications of global modeling are then outlined.
The Debate over Electoral Systems
Authors: Blais André
Published: March 2007

The paper reviews the debate over the various dimensions of electoral systems. It presents the major options and the main empirical and normative arguments in support of each of them. The objective is to look at each option from the perspective of its proponents and to summarize their reasoning as accurately as possible. A good case can be made for each option. The paper also assesses the empirical arguments in the debate through a systematic review of the evidence. In most cases the evidence tends to substantiate the arguments, though often with nuances. Finally, the paper identifies the major values invoked in the debate. These values closely correspond to what the literature suggests as the basic functions of democratic representation.
Les politiques technologiques entre centre et périphérie: l'expérience des technopôles
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: March 2007

L'évolution récente des politiques technologiques semble s'appuyer sur un mouvement général de décentralisation politique. La multiplication des technopôles, en France comme dans la plupart des Etats industrialisés, tend à constituer un nouvel espace de déploiement pour les relations de la science et du politique. A ce titre, les technopôles sont censés redéfinir les rapports du centre et de la périphérie. Il s'agit cependant davantage d'un projet politique que d'une formule institu tionnelle ou géographique bien identifiée. Les technopôles permettent de reconstituer l'intervention publique sur de nouvelles bases tout en offrant un projet utopique de cité idéale. Le développement induit par les technopôles est cependant sujet à controverse et l'on peut s'inter- roger sur leur véritable impact sur le tissu socio-politique local. Les technopôles abolissent-ils la distinction entre centre et périphérie ou ne font-ils que reproduire les structures nationales des politiques technologiques?
Judicialization of Politics in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sunkin Maurice
Published: March 2007

The article examines recent judicialization of politics in the United Kingdom from two perspectives, namely: judicialization induced by the courts and judicialization induced by politicians and administrators. Using these two perspectives the article shows that judicialization takes many forms, occurs for many reasons, and is present at many levels of the United Kingdom system. Judicialization is likely to grow in importance as the influence of Europe grows.
Toward a Systematic Analysis of Government-Party Relationships
Authors: Blondel Jean
Published: March 2007

After reviewing existing literature on party government, this article identifies the main information gaps regarding this topic. It points out the most important elements that a systematic study on govern ment-party relationships cannot overlook. The underlying question the author asks is who, in fact, governs in modern Western democracies— ruling parties or national executives? To answer this question, the author establishes a series of institutional variables, such as form of government, type of party and electoral system, among others. Next, depending on these characteristics, he constructs a typology on the forms that the government-party relationship can assume in terms of the greater or lesser autonomy of the former vis-à-vis the latter. Most of the study is devoted to suggesting an analytical strategy allowing for a comparative study on the topic.
Party-Government Relations: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Casar María Amparo
Published: March 2007

Due to its endurance, the Mexican political system is a highly interesting case study. This article analyzes the relations between the government and the ruling party, the well-known Institutional Revolutionary Party. Among other issues, it examines the patterns of recruitment, the clientelistic networks, and the decision-making processes. The study concludes with a series of observations on the future of the relations between the government and the ruling party in Mexico.
The Pros and Cons of Teaching Ethics in the Public Schools
Authors: Harris Edward L. , Hoyle John
Published: March 2007

The schools may be asked to do far too much in reforming society; however, the teach ing of ethics and values is the most important job we have. This, according to these writers, who look at both sides of the values issue on the following pages.
An Examination of the Legal Context for Teaching Ethics
Authors: Janes Larry
Published: March 2007

American society is under girded by a system of public schools responsible for the inculcation of skills, knowl edge, and concepts to its youth. Many Americans strongly believe schools have another key function: to trans mit society's ethical values. But is that an infringement on First Amendment rights ?
Five Standards of Good Practice for the Ethical Administrator
Authors: Greenfield William D.
Published: March 2007

Educators have a moral obli gation to serve the interests of students, to make well- being the focus of the schoo To do this, principals can adopt five standards of goo practice that not only make them more effective adminis trators, but also improve faculty performance.
Principals and Programmers, Partners In the Use of Technology
Authors: Stover Nancy G.
Published: March 2007

Principals must become partners with television pro grammers if they are to effectively integrate this powerful medium into the curriculum, according to thi writer, who urges principals to view programmers as allies, not critics.
Understanding Cultural Diversity Can Improve Intercultural Interactions
Authors: Varney Sheldon S. , Cushner Kenneth
Published: March 2007

A study of U. S. demograph ics reveals a trend toward rapidly increasing cultural diversity. Clearly, this trend has the potential to cause serious misunderstandings among students, teachers, parents, and administrators in culturally diverse schools. Principals and staff members can, and should, be able to recognize and resolve cul turally-based school and community problems.
Utilizing Curriculum, Classroom Practice, Culture, and Climate
Authors: Reavis Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Administrator preparation programs should be restruc tured to include more hands- on types of activities. In addi tion, these programs should address several key ques tions in the areas of curricu lum, classroom practice, cul ture, and climate.
Scheduling: The Blueprint for Educational Success
Authors: Lohr Cherie , McGrevin Carol
Published: March 2007

Building the master schedule for the school has always been a major administrative function. It is also an impor tant instructional tool, and one that's too often over looked, say these writers.
Improving Student Assessment: Overcoming The Obstacles
Authors: Fielding Glen , Shaughnessy Joan
Published: March 2007

Training teachers in student assessment techniques is not enough to improve their test-making skills. Educators must overcome demands placed by classroom man agement, emphasis in broad content coverage, commit ment, and teacher load.
Athletics vs. Academics
Authors: Haynes Leonard L.
Published: March 2007

Youngsters must be helped to understand that the chal lenge of making a difference in the long run is more important than the false but highly polished promise of life as a professional athlete.
Using High School Sports As a Positive Public Relations Tool
Authors: Begel Dave
Published: March 2007

Sports events in high school can be wonderful occasions. They can serve to activate parents and the community. But sports must be viewed—and promoted—in an educational perspective, according to this writer, who offers some suggestions here.
Teaching in the Inner-City School: The Principal's Role
Authors: Kanpol Barry , Yeo Fred
Published: March 2007

Teacher education programs do not prepare prospective teachers for the realities of inner-city schools. Therefore, the responsibility lies with the administrator.
Addressing the Tracking Controversy by Promoting Educational Opportunity
Authors: DuFour Richard P. , Schwartz Wendell
Published: March 2007

Researchers have long con tended that tracking exag gerates the differences among learners and puts some students at a disad vantage. This school exam ined the tracking issue and revised their curriculum to offer educational opportuni ties for all students.
Changing Times, Changing Schools, Changing Leadership
Authors: Bradshaw Lynn K. , Buckner Kermit G.
Published: March 2007

Here's a look at a new program de signed to help principals and school leadership teams develop attitudes and skills to facilitate change.
Institutionalizing School Improvement: A Recipe for Success
Authors: Renihan Patrick J. , Renihan Frederick I.
Published: March 2007

School improvement is not a quick-fix effort; it is a long-term proposition. Here's a look at how a successful im provement effort can be structured.
The Battle of the Sexes: a Brawl in the Locker Room!
Authors: Krotee March L.
Published: March 2007

One of the most salient issues concerning the growth and development of modern in tercollegiate athletics is that of the apparent organizational conflict between the Associa tion for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Since its inception in 1972, the AIAW has been involved in a silent struggle for survival with its more established (1906) male counterpart (NCAA) which ap pears to be on the verge of unilaterally incorporating the inalienable rights of women's in tercollegiate athletics into their already-too-troubled and complex governance webb. The on-going battle of the opposing governance systems and their societal motivations, inten tions and ramifications are crucial for the social scientist to note and respond.
Male Coach/Female Coach: a Theoretical Analysis of the Female Sport Experience
Authors: Whitaker Gail , Molstad Susan
Published: March 2007

A model based on tenets of Social Exchange Theory (Blau, Homans) and Expectancy Value Theory (Rotter) was developed to examine the effects of a gender-homogeneous (female-only) vs. a moderately gender-heterogeneous (female athletes with male coach) sport environment on the female athlete. Based on the theoretical framework and review of the literature it was argued that in the gender-homogeneous environment, relatively high expectancy values are associated with the presence of female role models, the sense of career potential, the opportunity to exercise instrumentalism, the sharing and reinforcing of values, the richness of affiliative interaction, and the perceived personal value to the group. In the gender-heterogenous environ ment, suggested variables with high expectancy value included the potential for competitive success, the opportunity for visibility and recognition, and the attractiveness of male authority figures.
The National Football League Players Association's Proposed Alternative to Individual Player-Team Salary Negotiations
Authors: Lock Ethan , Hoffman Joel
Published: March 2007

In 1982, during negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement, the National Football League Players Association and Management Council engaged in a bitter dispute over the manner in which players were to be compensated. The League wanted to continue the traditional system of individual player-team negotiations. The union proposed a radically dif ferent system under which the union would negotiate a fixed percentage of league revenues for players. At a time when owners in all major sports are complaining that high salaries are undermining the financial structure of professional sports, the Players Association's "per centage of gross" system is a viable alternative to the current system of individual salary negotiations.
A Study of the Sport Specialization on High School Athletics
Authors: Hill Grant M. , Simons Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

This research considered the status, the underlying causes, and the effects of sport specialization at the high school level. A questionnaire was utilized to solicit the perceptions of 152 high school athletic directors in Illinois. Athletic directors perceived that specialization at the high school level has increased over the past ten years and predicted that it is likely to continue to increase over the next decade. Athletic directors perceived that specialization occurs at the high school level primarily because of the influence of adults and, because of the perception by athletes that specialization increases the possibility of both participating in state championships and of receiving a collegiate athletic scholarship. Directors were highly critical of coaches who promote specialization in their programs, however, they acknowledged that specialization enhances athletic performance for both individuals and teams. Finally, the findings suggest that athletic directors perceive that sport specialization is contrary to the basic purposes of high school athletics. Thus, schools should actively promote multi-sport participation in their athletic programs.
Traded, Waived, or Gassed: Failure in the Occupational World of Ice Hockey
Authors: Gallmeier Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Data presented from participant observation among minor league hockey players reveals how workers react to individual and collective failure in their occupational world. Failure on the group level refers to losing hockey games. Failure on the individual level involves not making the team. A player can fail to make the team by being gassed, by being traded, or by being placed on waivers. Each of these ways has a separate meaning with a distinct set of experiences, consequences, and reactions.

A continuum of failure in this occupational world is presented by describing the consequences of failed performance and the differing reactions among co-workers to each type of failure. Group reactions to failure in hockey involve the interruption of social relationships based on the ensuing separation from the status position previously held by the failed player. As one moves along this continuum of failure, co- workers view the failed player and react to him as if the failed no longer existed, as socially dead or at least socially very ill. This continuum of failure points out the interrelatedness of group and personal reaction to failure and how one feeds off and reinforces the other.
We Are the World, We Are the Quake: the Redefinition of Fans as Interpretive Community in Sportswriting About the 1989 Bay Area World Series and Earthquake Disaster
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

This study provides a unique look at the confrontation of societal priorities about sport and life. The study examines how the meaning of a sporting superevent changes in a community when it is confronted by a natural disaster such as a major earthquake. Press coverage of the 1989 baseball World Series played between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics is used as a case study to understand how sport is variantly placed into the context of everyday life as social conditions and interpretations of a disaster change. A reader-oriented critique of press coverage focuses on the changing construction of the interpretive community of sports fans during fourphases: (1) the pre-series period, (2) the pre-quake playing period, (3) the moratorium period, and the (4) the post-quake playing period. The often unrecognized struggles of the press to create interpretive communities of fans are most clearly seen in the context of this intervention of a natural disaster into the workings of an ongoing process of "naturalizing" sport into everyday life.