Sugar-sweetened beverage intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries
Authors: Lara-Castor Laura , Micha Renata , Cudhea Frederick , Miller Victoria , Shi Peilin , Zhang Jianyi , Sharib Julia R. , Erndt-Marino Josh , Cash Sean B. , Mozaffarian Dariush ,   Global Dietary Database, Bas Murat , Ali Jemal Haidar , Abumweis Suhad , Krishnan Anand , Misra Puneet , Hwalla Nahla Chawkat , Janakiram Chandrashekar , Liputo Nur Indrawaty , Musaiger Abdulrahman , Pourfarzi Farhad , Alam Iftikhar , DeRidder Karin , Termote Celine , Memon Anjum , Turrini Aida , Lupotto Elisabetta , Piccinelli Raffaela , Sette Stefania , Anzid Karim , Vossenaar Marieke , Mazumdar Paramita , Rached Ingrid , Rovirosa Alicia , Zapata María Elisa , Asayehu Tamene Taye , Oduor Francis , Boedecker Julia , Aluso Lilian , Ortiz-Ulloa Johana , Meenakshi J. V. , Castro Michelle , Grosso Giuseppe , Waskiewicz Anna , Khan Umber S. , Thanopoulou Anastasia , Malekzadeh Reza , Calleja Neville , Ocke Marga , Etemad Zohreh , Nsour Mohannad Al , Waswa Lydiah M. , Nurk Eha , Arsenault Joanne , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio , Sibai Abla Mehio , Damasceno Albertino , Arambepola Carukshi , Lopes Carla , Severo Milton , Lunet Nuno , Torres Duarte , Tapanainen Heli , Lindstrom Jaana , Virtanen Suvi , Palacios Cristina , Roos Eva , Agdeppa Imelda Angeles , Desnacido Josie , Capanzana Mario , Misra Anoop , Khouw Ilse , Ng Swee Ai , Delgado Edna Gamboa , Caballero Mauricio , Otero Johanna , Lee Hae-Jeung , Koksal Eda , Guessous Idris , Lachat Carl , De Henauw Stefaan , Rahbar Ali Reza , Tedstone Alison , Naska Androniki , Mathee Angie , Ling Annie , Tedla Bemnet , Hopping Beth , Ginnela Brahmam , Leclercq Catherine , Duante Charmaine , Haerpfer Christian , Hotz Christine , Pitsavos Christos , Rehm Colin , van Oosterhout Coline , Cerdena Corazon , Bradshaw Debbie , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Gauci Dorothy , Fernando Dulitha , Sygnowska Elzbieta , Vartiainen Erkki , Farzadfar Farshad , Zajkas Gabor , Swan Gillian , Ma Guansheng , Pekcan Gulden , Ibrahim Hajah Masni , Sinkko Harri , Barbieri Helene Enghardt , Sioen Isabelle , Myhre Jannicke , Gaspoz Jean-Michel , Odenkirk Jillian , Bundhamcharoen Kanitta , Nelis Keiu , Zarina Khairul , Biro Lajos , Johansson Lars , Steingrimsdottir Laufey , Riley Leanne , Yap Mabel , Inoue Manami , Szabo Maria , Ovaskainen Marja-Leena , Lee Meei-Shyuan , Chan Mei Fen , Cowan Melanie , Kandiah Mirnalini , Kally Ola , Jonsdottir Olof , Palmer Pam , Vollenweider Peter , Orfanos Philippos , Asciak Renzo , Templeton Robert , Don Rokiah , Yaakub Roseyati , Selamat Rusidah , Yusof Safiah , Al-Zenki Sameer , Hung Shu-Yi , Beer-Borst Sigrid , Wu Suh , Lukito Widjaja , Hadden Wilbur , Becker Wulf , Cao Xia , Ma Yi , Lai Yuen , Hjdaud Zaiton , Ali Jennifer , Gravel Ron , Tao Tina , Veerman Jacob Lennert , Chiplonkar Shashi , Arici Mustafa , Ngoan Le Tran , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Li Yanping , Trichopoulou Antonia , Barengo Noel , Khadilkar Anuradha , Ekbote Veena , Mohammadifard Noushin , Kovalskys Irina , Laxmaiah Avula , Rachakulla Harikumar , Rajkumar Hemalatha , Meshram Indrapal , Avula Laxmaiah , Arlappa Nimmathota , Hemalatha Rajkumar , Iacoviello Licia , Bonaccio Marialaura , Costanzo Simona , Martin-Prevel Yves , Castetbon Katia , Jitnarin Nattinee , Hsieh Yao-Te , Olivares Sonia , Tejeda Gabriela , Hadziomeragic Aida , de Moura Souza Amanda , Pan Wen-Harn , Huybrechts Inge , de Brauw Alan , Moursi Mourad , Maghroun Maryam , Zeba Augustin Nawidimbasba , Sarrafzadegan Nizal , Keinan-Boker Lital , Goldsmith Rebecca , Shimony Tal , Jordan Irmgard , Mastiholi Shivanand C. , Mwangi Moses , Kombe Yeri , Bukania Zipporah , Alissa Eman , Al-Daghri Nasser , Sabico Shaun , Gulliford Martin , Diba Tshilenge S. , Oh Kyungwon , Kweon Sanghui , Park Sihyun , Cho Yoonsu , Al-Hooti Suad , Luangphaxay Chanthaly , Douangvichit Daovieng , Siengsounthone Latsamy , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Rybak Constance , Luke Amy , Piaseu Noppawan , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Sundram Kalyana , Koster Jeremy , Baykova Donka , Abedi Parvin , Sandjaja Sandjaja , Fadzil Fariza , Bukhary Noriklil Bukhary Ismail , Bovet Pascal , Chen Yu , Sawada Norie , Tsugane Shoichiro , Rangelova Lalka , Petrova Stefka , Duleva Vesselka , Lindroos Anna Karin , Sipinen Jessica Petrelius , Moraeus Lotta , Bergman Per , Siamusantu Ward , Szponar Lucjan , Chang Hsing-Yi , Sekiyama Makiko , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Nagalla Balakrishna , Polasa Kalpagam , Boindala Sesikeran , El Ati Jalila , Silva Ivonne Ramirez , Dommarco Juan Rivera , Barquera Simon , Rodríguez-Ramírez Sonia , Illescas-Zarate Daniel , Sanchez-Romero Luz Maria , Ikeda Nayu , Zaghloul Sahar , Houshiar-rad Anahita , Mohammadi-Nasrabadi Fatemeh , Abdollahi Morteza , Chuah Khun-Aik , Mahdy Zaleha Abdullah , Eldridge Alison , Ding Eric L. , Kruger Herculina , Henjum Sigrun , Fernandez Anne , Suarez-Ortegon Milton Fabian , Al-Hamad Nawal , Janská Veronika , Tayyem Reema , Mirmiran Parvin , Kelishadi Roya , Lemming Eva Warensjo , Richter Almut , Mensink Gert , Wieler Lothar , Hoffman Daniel , Salanave Benoit , Kim Cho-il , Kuriyan-Raj Rebecca , Swaminathan Sumathi , Garriguet Didier , Dastgiri Saeed , Vaask Sirje , Karupaiah Tilakavati , Zohoori Fatemeh Vida , Esteghamati Alireza , Hashemian Maryam , Noshad Sina , Mwaniki Elizabeth , Yakes-Jimenez Elizabeth , Chileshe Justin , Mwanza Sydney , Marques Lydia Lera , Preston Alan Martin , Aguero Samuel Duran , Oleas Mariana , Posada Luz , Ochoa Angelica , Shamsuddin Khadijah , Shariff Zalilah Mohd , Jan Bin Jan Mohamed Hamid , Manan Wan , Nicolau Anca , Tudorie Cornelia , Poh Bee Koon , Abbott Pamela , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Sharma Sangita , Strand Tor , Alexy Ute , Nöthlings Ute , Carmikle Jan , Brown Ken , Waidyatilaka Indu , Lanerolle Pulani , Jayawardena Ranil , Long Julie M. , Hambidge K. Michael , Krebs Nancy F. , Haque Aminul , Keding Gudrun B. , Korkalo Liisa , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Freese Riitta , Eleraky Laila , Stuetz Wolfgang , Thorsdottir Inga , Gunnarsdottir Ingibjorg , Serra-Majem Lluis , Moy Foong Ming , Anderson Simon , Jeewon Rajesh , Zugravu Corina Aurelia , Adair Linda , Ng Shu Wen , Skeaff Sheila , Marchioni Dirce , Fisberg Regina , Henry Carol , Ersino Getahun , Zello Gordon , Meyer Alexa , Elmadfa Ibrahim , Mitchell Claudette , Balfour David , Geleijnse Johanna M. , Manary Mark , El-kour Tatyana , Nikiema Laetitia , Mirzaei Masoud , Hakeem Rubina 
Published: October 2023

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with cardiometabolic diseases and social inequities. For most nations, recent estimates and trends of intake are not available; nor variation by education or urbanicity. We investigated SSB intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries, stratified subnationally by age, sex, education, and rural/urban residence, using data from the Global Dietary Database. In 2018, mean global SSB intake was 2.7 (8 oz = 248 grams) servings/week (95% UI 2.5-2.9) (range: 0.7 (0.5-1.1) in South Asia to 7.8 (7.1-8.6) in Latin America/Caribbean). Intakes were higher in male vs. female, younger vs. older, more vs. less educated, and urban vs. rural adults. Variations by education and urbanicity were largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2018, SSB intakes increased by +0.37 (+0.29, +0.47), with the largest increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings inform intervention, surveillance, and policy actions worldwide, highlighting the growing problem of SSBs for public health in Sub-Saharan Africa.