bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytische und tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Bewertung des Proteins von Körnermais nach unterschiedlicher Trocknung
Authors: Huss W. , Deubelius Inge , Mühlbauer W.
Published: January 2011

Unter den klimatischen Bedingungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland müssen Maiskörner mit einer unterschiedlichen physiologischen Ausreifung geerntet werden. Als Kriterium zur Beurteilung des erreichten Reifestadiums liefert die Ermittlung des Zuckergehaltes ein zuverlässigeres Bild als die alleinige Berücksichtigung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes. Wegen der erhöhten Zuckergehalte ist bei nicht voll ausgereiften Maiskörnern die Gefahr einer thermischen Proteinschädigung durch Maillard‐Umsetzungen größer als bei reifem Erntegut.

Weitgehend unabhängig von den sehr unterschiedlichen Feuchtigkeitsgehalten des Ernteguts beginnt die Gefahr einer Proteinschädigung erst nach Unterschreiten eines kritischen Bereichs der Kornfeuchtigkeit. Dieser liegt bei Anwendung hoher Temperaturen der Trocknungsluft (≥ 180°C) zwischen 25 und 20%. Nur bis zur Absenkung der Kornfeuchtigkeit auf diesen Bereich läßt sich der günstige Trocknungseffekt stark erwärmter Luft ohne nachteilige Veränderungen der Proteinqualität ausnützen. Die zur Gewinnung eines lagerfähigen Guts mit 13–14% Feuchtigkeit nötige Nachtrocknung muß mit weniger stark erwärmter Luft (≤ 80°C) erfolgen.
Analytische und tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Bewertung des Proteins von Körnermais nach unterschiedlicher Trocknung
Authors: Huss W. , Deubelius Inge , Mühlbauer W.
Published: January 2011

Die mathematische Auswertung der Trocknungsversuche erfolgte anhand der ermittelten Lysingehalte, da sich diese als zuverlässigstes analytisches Kriterium zur Erkennung thermisch bedingter Proteinschäden erwiesen hatten.

Es wurden Funktionen der Lysinschädigung in Abhängigkeit von der Trocknungsdauer bei Lufttemperaturen zwischen 120 und 240°C ermittelt. Sie lieferten in Verbindung mit den zugehörigen Korntemperaturen die Grundlage für die Berechnung von Schädigungsgrenzfunktionen. Wird durch sachgemäße Führung des Trocknungsprozesses eine Überschreitung der Korntemperatur‐/Zeit‐Grenzwerte vermieden, die sich aus der für die Erhaltung von 90% des Ausgangsgehalts an Lysin berechneten Funktion ergeben, so kann erntefeuchten Maiskörnern die Feuchtigkeit bis zu einem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt von etwa 20% ohne Beeinträchtigung der ernährungsphysiologischen Qualität des Proteins unter Anwendung von Lufttemperaturen zwischen 140 und 220°C entzogen werden. Nach Absinken der Kornfeuchtigkeit unter 20% ist bis zur Erreichung der Lagerfähigkeit bei 12–14% Feuchtigkeit die Temperatur der Trocknungsluft auf maximal 80°C zu begrenzen.

Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen können wichtige Erkenntnisse für die konstruktive Gestaltung und für die Steuerung von Trocknungsanlagen abgeleitet werden. Die sich für die einzelnen Trocknungsverfahren ergebenden Konsequenzen werden besprochen. Optimale Voraussetzungen für eine Realisierung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bieten Gleich‐/Gegenstromschachttrockner oder Systeme mit einer Kombination von Warm‐ und Kaltlufttrocknung.
The value of fish meal, fish entrails silage, soyabean meal and urea as a protein source in concentrate mixtures for early weaned replacement calves
Authors: Opstvedt J.
Published: January 2011

Die Bewertung von Fischmehl, Fischsilage, Sojaschrot und Harnstoff als Proteinquellen in Mischfuttermitteln für Kälber

Heringsmehl und mit Essig‐ + Propionsäure (0,75 + 0,75%) konservierte Fischsilage (Eingeweide von Kabeljau und Seelachs) wurden im Vergleich zu Sojaschrot und Harnstoff + 0,4% Sulfat als Eiweißträger in Rationen für Kälber bei Heufütterung verglichen. Etwa 40% der gesamten Eiweißaufnahme entstammte den oben genannten Proteinquellen. Die Kälber erhielten die Versuchsrationen ab der 5. – 7. Lebenswoche. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt nahmen sie 0,4 kg Kraftfutter pro Tag auf. Der Versuch wurde bis zur 18. – 22. Lebenswoche durchgeführt.

Im Vergleich zu Sojaschrot zeigten die mit Heringsmehl gefütterten Kälber eine um 6% höhere Wachstumsrate bei gleichbleibender Energie‐ und Proteinverwertung. Die Wachstumsrate der mit Fischsilage gefütterten Tiere lag etwa 5% unter der der mit Sojaschrot gefütterten Kälber. Die Energieverwertung lag um 6% und die Proteinverwertung um 5% niedriger. Die Kälber, die Harnstoff + Sulfat erhielten, zeigten die gleich Wachstumsrate bei gleichzeitigem Einsatz von Mais als Kohlenhydratträger. Wurde dagegen Gerste als Kohlenhydratträger verwendet, blieb die Wachstumsrate um 8% zurück. Die Proteinverwertung lag bei Harnstoff + Sulfat‐Fütterung um etwa 5% niedriger als bei Sojaschrot‐Fütterung. Für die Energieverwertung ließ sich in dieser Hinsicht keine einheitliche Tendenz erkennen.

Es wird vermutet, daß der Wert der unterschiedlichen Proteinträger von dem Anteil an nicht abbaubarem Protein im Pansen abhängig ist.
The Effect of Dietary Composition on Transit Time in Rats
Authors: Raczynski G. , Eggum B. O. , Chwalibog A.
Published: January 2011

Der Einfluß der Rationszusammensetzung auf die Durchgangszeit bei Ratten

In Bilanzversuchen mit Ratten wurde die Durchgangszeit von sieben Rationen bei Anwendung von Glasperlen als Marker gemessen. Die Ratten wogen zwischen 130 und 140 g. Das Versuchsfutter wurde über drei Tage vor Anfang des Versuches an die Ratten verfüttert und wurde dann nach Zusatz von 3% Glasperlen als Marker weiter an die Tiere verfüttert. Man ließ die Tiere 12 Stunden hungern, bevor ihnen 12 g von dem Marker beigemischt im Futter verabreicht wurde. Die Freßzeit schwankte zwischen 9 und 11 Stunden. Der Hauptzweck des Versuches war, den Einfluß von verdaulichem Protein, Fett und Rohfasergehalt auf die Durchgangszeit zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Verdauungskanal wurden ebenfalls gemessen.

Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß signifikante Mengen vom Marker schon 9 Stunden nach Beginn der Fütterung im Kot wiedergefunden und daß 72 Stunden nach der Fütterung nur marginale Mengen wiedergefunden werden konnten.

Das Proteinniveau schien die Durchgangszeit nur schwach zu erhöhen. Der Fettgehalt, der durch Sojaölbeigabe auf 15 Prozent der Trockensubstanzmenge erhöht worden war, zeigte keinen Einfluß auf die Durchgangszeit. Der Rohfasergehalt beeinflußte dagegen die Durchgangszeit erheblich. Bei einer Fütterung mit einem kaseinreichen Futter betrug die Wiederfindungsrate von 50% des Markers 31.9 Stunden gegenüber 22.3 Stunden, wenn 15% der N‐freien Futtermischung durch Zellulose ersetzt worden war. Es wurde ebenfalls gezeigt, daß die Höhe der mikrobiellen Aktivität im Verdauungskanal die Durchgangszeit beeinflußte. Dieses wurde durch eine Fütterung mit oder ohne Beigabe von 0.7% Nebacitin gezeigt. Wenn dem Futter Nebacitin zugesetzt worden war, dauerte es um Stunden länger, bevor 50% der Glasperlen im Kot wiedergefunden wurden.
Untersuchungen zum Spurenelementstoffwechsel bei verschiedenen Rationen in der Jungbullenmast
Authors: Regius Agnes , Szücs E. , Szöllösi I. , Wéber A.
Published: January 2011

In 3‐faktorieller Anordnung (2 × 2 × 2) wurde mit insgesamt 28 Jungmastbullen ein Versuch in 4 Gruppen durchgeführt, um den Einfluß der unterschiedlichen Roheiweiß‐ und Rohfaserversorgung bzw. Kupferergänzung auf den Mineralstoffwechsel zu prüfen.

Zur Analyse des Mineral‐ und Spurenelementstoffwechsels (Spurenelementstatus) wurden Haar‐ und Kotproben gezogen sowie beim Schlachten der Tiere Leber‐, Niere‐, Großhirn‐ und Muskelgewebeproben entnommen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe der Varianzanalyse auf Haupt‐ und Wechselwirkungen der Versuchsfaktoren untersucht.

Durch die unterschiedliche Nährstoffversorgung veränderten sich mehrere Parameter des Spurenelementstoffwechsels signifikant. Die Kupferergänzung wurde im Cu‐Gehalt des Haares, Kotes, der Leber, Niere und des Großhirns deutlich widergespiegelt. Toxische Wirkungen konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Der Cu‐Gehalt im Muskelgewebe blieb dagegen unbeeinflußt.
Zum Protein‐ und Energiebedarf wachsender Spiegelkarpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Eckhardt O. , Becker K. , Günther K.‐D. , Meske Ch.
Published: January 2011

In einem 10‐wöchigen Fütterungsversuch unter intensiven Haltungsbedingungen bei 23,8°C Wassertemperatur wurden 16 verschiedene Futtermischungen an je 2 × 10 Spiegelkarpfen verfüttert. Die 16 Rationen wurden so zusammengesetzt, daß je 4 Fettstufen (0, 6, 12, 18% i.d. TS) mit 4 Proteinstufen (26, 34, 42, 50% i.d. TS) kombiniert waren. Dabei wurde Protein (Fischmehl) durch Weizenstärke und Fett (Sonnenblumenöl) durch Cellulose verdrängt, so daß bei gleichen Rp‐Gehalten eine Energiezulage in Form von Fett erreicht wurde. Die Fütterungsintensität betrug durchschnittlich 2,8% des Körpergewichtes.

Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß durch Energiezulage in Form von Fett bis 18% in der Ration deutliche Wachstumssteigerungen erreicht werden können, wobei diese um so ausgeprägter sind, je weniger Rohprotein die Ration enthält. Auch die Verwertungsparameter Ktot und PPW zeigen bei Fettzulagen eine Verbesserung, die jedoch nur bis zu einer Zulage von 12% zu sehen ist. Die Zusammensetzung des Zuwachses läßt erkennen, daß mit steigenden Fettzulagen fettere Fische erzeugt werden.

Bei Optimierung der Verwertungsparameter sind die besten Wachstumsergebnisse mit einer Ration erzielt worden, die 42% Rp und 12% Rft in der Futtertrockenmasse enthielt. Der Zuwachs enthielt hier nicht mehr als 10% Rft in der Frischsubstanz.
Bewegungsmessung an Tieren nach dem Prinzip der Magnetinduktion
Authors: Petry H.
Published: January 2011

Die Bewegungsaktivität von Versuchstieren läßt sich relativ einfach und zuverlässig durch die Anwendug des Vorganges der Magnetinduktion erfassen. Möglichkeiten der methodischen Verwirklichung dieses Meßprinzips werden aufgezeigt. Als besondere Anwendungsbeispiele werden die Registrierung der Motilität von Ratten (Gesamtmotilität einer Tiergruppe, Freßverhalten), die Bewegungsmessung bei Fischen (“Fischtest”), die Motilitätsmessung am Hühnerembryo und die Registrierung des Bewegungsverhaltens eines sich frei bewegenden Hundes ausführlicher beschrieben.
Genetic relationship between cultivated and wild hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) collected in northern Spain
Authors: Campa Ana , Trabanco Noemí , Pérez‐Vega Elena , Rovira Mercé , Ferreira Juan J.
Published: January 2011

With 3 figures and 3 tables

The genetic relationships between 40 wild hazelnuts collected in northern Spain and cultivated hazelnuts, including 62 local selections and 14 reference cultivars, were investigated using 13 microsatellite loci. Microsatellite analysis revealed considerable diversity; 91 different alleles were identified with a mean of 7 per locus, and polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.43 to 0.83 with a mean of 0.69. The plot obtained from principal coordinate analysis, the unrooted neighbour‐joining tree constructed, and the population structure analysis revealed a high level of differentiation between the locally cultivated forms and the remaining materials. Introgressions within these groups were detected in the three analyses. The results indicate that hazelnuts in northern Spain contain (i) a group of accessions clearly differentiated within the Spanish–Italian gene pool, (ii) a group with intermediate forms probably derived from hybridization and (iii) accessions probably derived through exchange with other geographical areas, especially north‐eastern Spain. The presence of these different groups within the local cultivated hazelnut germplasm has consequences for its preservation and use.
It's not just about the HbA1c, Doc! Understanding the psychosocial is also important in managing diabetes?
Authors: Greenfield Charlie , Gilles Marisa , Porter Cynthia , Shaw Peter , Willis Kathy
Published: January 2011

Objective:  Despite significant efforts at a primary care level, at least 35% of people with diabetes fail to meet health targets. It is assumed that these poor results are a consequence of the patient not understanding their disease or not caring. This study seeks to understand what really lies behind poor control.

Design setting and participants:  A qualitative study using semistructured interviews was conducted in a primary care setting in rural Western Australia. People living with diabetes for at least two years were specifically selected on the basis of whether they had either ‘good’ (HbA1c < 7%) or ‘poor’ (HbA1c > 8%) control.

Results:  Interviews revealed that people understood only too well their disease and their responsibilities. Frequently, either they did not choose to make diabetes a priority in their lives or were unable to make appropriate lifestyle changes which were demanded for good blood sugar control. Their life/social stresses often influenced their glucose control.

Conclusion:  Poor control in our study was not related to lack of knowledge but more to how diabetes was prioritised in their lives. Attention to the patients' priorities is required to accomplish improved glycaemic control.
Rural men's subjective well‐being and the role of social support and sense of community: Evidence for the potential benefit of enhancing informal networks
Authors: Kutek Stephanie M. , Turnbull Deborah , Fairweather‐Schmidt A. Kate
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To examine the effects of social support and sense of community on rural men's subjective well‐being, considering the main effects and stress‐buffer models.

Design:  Cross‐sectional population‐based survey, non‐probability sampling frame primarily convenience sampling.

Setting:  Community‐based setting.

Participants:  A total of 185 men aged 18+ years from rural South Australia.

Main outcome measures:  Subjective well‐being, measured by the Satisfaction With Life Scale.

Results:  Two‐step hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted, with subjective well‐being as the dependent variable, controlling for independent variables of age, living alone and farm employment. Social support was the most effective predictor of well‐being, followed by stress, and only a very modest contribution from sense of community; total variance explained was 56% (F(6,178) = 37.77, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.56, adjusted R2 = 0.55, R2 change = 0.07, P < 0.001). Stress partially mediated both the social support/well‐being and sense of community/well‐being relationships (mediation analysis).

Conclusions:  Results demonstrated the benefits of social support on well‐being using the stress‐buffer and main effects models, within a sample of rural men, and explored the relatively unexamined relationship between sense of community and well‐being. Rural men have considerable stress impacting their well‐being. This study identifies that it is critical for individuals, organisations and policy makers to be aware of the capacity of both social supports and sense of community to buffer stress and promote well‐being within rural men. Furthermore, structural, community‐based approaches might have greater capacity to cost‐effectively provide this support, contrasting with the growing trend towards individual‐based approaches for mental health.
Psychological distress of rural parents: Family influence and the role of isolation
Authors: Novello Denika J. , Stain Helen J. , Lyle David , Kelly Brian J.
Published: January 2011

Objective:  Research regarding psychological distress has often underestimated the importance of contextual social factors. This research aims to investigate patterns of psychological distress within the family system (parent dyads) across rural and remote communities and the influence of remoteness on such distress.

Design:  Self‐report survey data from the Australian Rural Mental Health Study was used to examine the distress levels of cohabitating parental figures in rural and remote Australia.

Setting:  The survey was conducted across rural and remote communities within New South Wales.

Participants:  The sample consisted of 129 adult couples (mean age = 42.66 years, SD = 8.11), 43 from Inner Regional areas, 48 from Outer Regional areas, 24 from Remote areas and 14 from Very Remote areas.

Main outcome measure:  Distress levels (Kessler‐10).

Results:  A significant association was detected between the levels of psychological distress among parents within a household. The strength of this relationship increased with increasing remoteness of residence.

Conclusions:  Identifying the influence of spousal factors on mental health in rural and remote areas allows health services in such regions to be aware of the needs of rural couples and families. These results support the need to consider partner/spouse mental health in clinical assessment and support the importance of household factors especially in remote communities.
Nursing workforce in very remote Australia, characteristics and key issues
Authors: Lenthall Sue , Wakerman John , Opie Tess , Dunn Sandra , MacLeod Martha , Dollard Maureen , Rickard Greg , Knight Sabina
Published: January 2011

Objective:  To describe the nursing workforce in very remote Australia, characteristics and key issues.

Methods:  Data were collected from four main sources: the refined CRANAplus database of remote health facilities; the 2006 census which provided population and percentage of Indigenous people in communities in very remote Australia; a national survey on occupational stress among nurses and an earlier study into violence and remote area nurses conducted in 1995. A descriptive analysis of the data was conducted.

Setting:  Health facilities in very remote Australia.

Results:  The registered nursing workforce in very remote Australia is mostly female (89%) and ageing, with 40.2% 50 years or over, compared to 33% nationally. Many (43%) are in remote Indigenous communities. Over the last decade, there has been a significant decrease in registered nurses with midwifery qualifications (55%) and in child health nurses (39%) in very remote Australia. Only 5% have postgraduate qualifications in remote health practice.

Conclusion:  The nursing workforce in very remote areas of Australia is in trouble. The workforce is ageing, the numbers of nurses per population has fallen and the numbers of midwives and child health nurses have dropped significantly over the last 15 years. As many of these nurses work in Indigenous communities, if these trends continue it is likely to have a negative effect on ‘closing the gap’ in Indigenous health outcomes.
Plasma reactive carbonyl species levels and risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Liu Shenglin , Shi Wang , Li Guolin , Jin Bo , Chen Yaqin , Hu Hui , Liu Li , Xie Fuxia , Chen Keke , Yin Dazhong
Published: January 2011

Background and Aim:  Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is still no large cohort study to explore the direct risk role of oxidative stress for NAFLD. This study is to test the hypothesis that elevated oxidative stress is a direct risk factor for the pathogenesis of NAFLD under controlling the potential effects of covariates.

Methods:  The levels of serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose and plasma reactive carbonyl species (RCS) were measured from 1204 Chinese Han adults, and the questionnaire and physical examination were administered to those with known and suspected risk factors for NAFLD.

Results:  Statistically significant high levels of blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, body mass index, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and plasma RCS were observed in NAFLD subjects compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.01). Multivariate‐adjusted odds ratio illustrated that, compared with the lowest quartile of plasma RCS levels, the highest quartile subjects had a 132% increase in the risk of developing NAFLD. Further results from multi‐interaction analysis demonstrated that the underlying mechanism of the risk of NAFLD by unhealthy physical conditions and lifestyles might be, at least in part, through the oxidative stress.

Conclusions:  Our findings provide credible evidence from a large population that oxidative stress, as indicated by plasma RCS levels, may be a direct risk factor for developing NAFLD.
Renal tubular dysgenesis and tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen in juvenile nephronophthisis
Authors: SUGIMOTO KEISUKE , TAKEMURA YUTAKA , YANAGIDA HIDEHIKO , FUJITA SHINSUKE , MIYAZAWA TOMOKI , SAKATA NAOKI , OKADA MITSURU , TAKEMURA TSUKASA
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The relationship between abnormalities of tubular architecture and tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (TIN‐ag) in juvenile nephronophthisis (J‐NPH) was evaluated.

Methods:  Sixteen J‐NPH patients were examined. Nephrocystin‐1, TIN‐ag, type IV collagen, Fas antigen and the C5b‐9 complement complex were stained by immunohistochemical methods.

Results:  Renal tubules of patients with J‐NPH showed morphological abnormalities of tubular basement membranes (TBM) and frequent apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells. Additionally, the C5b‐9 complement complex was deposited within the TBM in the absence of immunoglobulin deposition, suggesting complement‐dependent TBM injury. Localization of TIN‐ag in the TBM of J‐NPH patients disclosed a partial defect or discontinuity in 14 of the 16 patients, while type IV collagen immunoreactivity was relatively preserved. These findings suggest that tubulogenesis is disturbed during nephronogenesis in J‐NPH patients because of a defect in nephrocystin, an NPHP gene product. TBM defects induce further morphological abnormalities such as cystic dilation of tubules; as tubular function impairment advances, the incomplete tubules may be injured by C5b‐9 complement complexes, followed by apoptotic cell death.

Conclusion:  TIN‐ag, which is important in early nephrogenesis, lacks normal activity, and vulnerable and incomplete tubules with deficient TIN‐ag expression are formed. Removal of these defective tubules by apoptosis combined with the C5b‐9 complement complex could be the primary reason for progression to end‐stage renal disease in J‐NPH patients.
An open‐label, dose‐titration tolerability study of atomoxetine hydrochloride in Japanese adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Takahashi Michihiro , Takita Yasushi , Goto Taro , Ichikawa Hironobu , Saito Kazuhiko , Matsumoto Hideo , Tanaka Yasuo
Published: January 2011

Aims:  The main purpose of this first atomoxetine study in Japanese adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was to investigate the tolerability of an 8‐week treatment regimen.

Methods:  This was an open‐label, dose escalation study conducted in 45 Japanese patients aged at least 18 years with DSM‐IV‐defined ADHD. Patients received atomoxetine orally for 8 weeks. Atomoxetine administration was started at 40 mg/day (7 days), and subsequently increased to a maximum dose of 120 mg/day. Tolerability was assessed by discontinuation rate due to adverse events. Adverse events, laboratory tests, vital signs and electrocardiograms were collected. In addition, ADHD symptoms were assessed by using the Japanese version of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale‐Investigator Rated: Screening Version (CAARS‐Inv:SV) scores.

Results:  Thirty‐nine patients completed the study period. Atomoxetine was well tolerated with a 6.7% (3/45) discontinuation rate due to nausea, malaise and anorexia. The most commonly reported adverse events were nausea, nasopharyngitis and headache; there were no unexpected safety concerns. No deaths or serious adverse events were reported. Mean CAARS‐Inv:SV‐J total ADHD symptom scores decreased in a time‐dependent manner; the mean change from baseline to endpoint was −15.0 (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  This study showed that atomoxetine was well tolerated in these patients and suggested that atomoxetine at a maximum dose of 120 mg/day would be safe in Japanese ADHD patients.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale: A scale to measure competencies in cognitive therapy
Authors: Fujisawa Daisuke , Nakagawa Atsuo , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Sado Mitsuhiro , Tajima Miyuki , Hanaoka Motomi , Wright Jesse H. , Ono Yutaka
Published: January 2011

Aim:  This study aimed to test reliability and validity of the Japanese‐version Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale, a self‐rating scale that measures basic knowledge of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) concepts and methodology. Furthermore, we explored optimal cutoff score to demonstrate required standard of CBT competency.

Methods:  The reliability and validity of the scale was tested among 252 mental health professionals. The participants' number of readings relevant to CBT, as well as their experience in training and practice in CBT were used as external standards of competency.

Results:  The scale has good internal consistency (the Kuder‐Richardson formula 20 = 0.76). The total score of the scale was significantly correlated with experience in training and practice in cognitive behavioral therapy, and the number of relevant readings (Spearman's rho = 0.27, 0.28 and 0.44, respectively, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the total score of the scale and experience in general psychosocial care (Spearman's rho = −0.02, P = 0.76). The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis produced the area under curve (AUC) of 0.77 (SD = 0.05, P < 0.001), and a cutoff score of 31/32 produced sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 0.64 to discriminate trainees who have experience of 40 h or more of CBT training and five or more of relevant readings, from those who do not meet this standard.

Conclusion:  The Japanese‐version Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale was successfully validated. It has been demonstrated that the scale specifically assess knowledge in cognitive behavioral therapy. This scale would serve as a rough guide to assess competencies among beginner cognitive behavior therapists.
Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases hippocampal neurogenesis in rats
Authors: Ueyama Eiko , Ukai Satoshi , Ogawa Asao , Yamamoto Masakiyo , Kawaguchi Shunsuke , Ishii Ryouhei , Shinosaki Kazuhiro
Published: January 2011

Aim:  While the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression remain unclear, recent animal studies have suggested that hippocampal neurogenesis might be required for the effects of antidepressant treatments including antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. The aim of this study was to examine chronic rTMS effects on hippocampal neurogenesis in rats.

Methods:  Using a 70‐mm figure‐of‐eight coil, the stimulating parameters were set to 25 Hz and 70% of the rTMS device's maximum power. For 14 consecutive days, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and 1000 pulses of rTMS were administered daily. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus was examined with immunohistochemistry.

Results:  In the rTMS‐treated group, BrdU‐positive cells were significantly increased in the dentate gyrus.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis might be involved in the antidepressant effects of chronic rTMS.
Assessment of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale factor structure among middle‐aged workers in Japan
Authors: Sugawara Norio , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Sasaki Giro , Umeda Takashi , Takahashi Ippei , Danjo Kazuma , Matsuzaka Masashi , Kaneko Sunao , Nakaji Shigeyuki
Published: January 2011

Our aim was to assess the internal consistency and structural/construct validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale among middle‐aged employees in Japan. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 7284 workers, aged 49.0 ± 6.3 (mean ± SD) years old. Structural/construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. The 4‐factor structure reported in the general population was replicated, and a second‐order model with an overarching depression factor fitted well. These findings indicate that the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale is a valid and reliable measure of depressive symptoms for middle‐aged workers in Japan.
Comparison of diagnostic names of mental illnesses in medical documents before and after the adoption of a new Japanese translation of ‘schizophrenia’
Authors: Takahashi Tohru , Tsunoda Miho , Miyashita Mitsuhiro , Ogihara Tomomi , Okada Yatsuka , Hagiwara Tetsuya , Inuzuka Shin , Washizuka Shinsuke , Hanihara Tokiji , Amano Naoji
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The name of a disease entered in medical documents often differs from the true diagnosis in psychiatric practice. We examined the effects of different translations of ‘schizophrenia’ into Japanese on the usage of disease names in documents.

Methods:  We conducted a retrospective survey of the names of diseases used in the medical documents of 250 outpatients with schizophrenia or depression. These patients had attended our department of psychiatry between 1998 and 2000. We also investigated the names of the diseases of 226 outpatients who had first visited our department between 2003 and 2007. We defined the diagnosis (based on ICD‐10) as the ‘ICD‐10 disease name’ and the name of the disease written in medical documents as the ‘disease name in documents’. We classified the documents that were used to apply for national psychiatric care and welfare services as ‘official documents’ and those submitted to others as ‘private documents’.

Results:  Prior to 2000, the term ‘seishin‐bunretsu‐byo’ (‘split‐mind disease’; old translation of ‘schizophrenia’) was used in 72.3% of official documents and 3.6% of private documents. In 2003 and later, the term ‘togo‐shitcho‐sho’ (‘integration disorder’; new translation of ‘schizophrenia’) was used in 98.0% of official documents and 21.7% of private documents.

Conclusion:  The use of ‘togo‐shitcho‐sho’ in official documents has become established. On the other hand, terms such as ‘nervous breakdown’ and ‘depressive state’ are still commonly used in private documents after the adoption of the new Japanese translation of schizophrenia.
Collision tumor composed of mammary‐type myofibroblastoma and eccrine adenocarcinoma of the vulva
Authors: Wei Qing , Zhu Yanbo
Published: January 2011

Collision tumors of the vulva are uncommon. Mammary‐type myofibroblastoma is a rare benign tumor arising at extramammary sites with morphological and immunophenotypic features similar to the breast counterpart. Eccrine adenocarcinoma of the vulva is rare. The authors report here a true collision tumor containing a mammary‐type myofibroblastoma with intermingling components of eccrine adenocarcinoma occurring in the vulva. An 80‐year‐old woman presented with a subcutaneous nodule in the vulva. The tumor was well circumscribed but unencapsulated. The mammary‐type myofibroblastoma and the adenocarcinoma measured 4 cm × 3.5 cm × 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.8 cm, respectively. In the overlying superficial dermis there was an eccrine adenocarcinoma. It was composed of uniform basophilic cells arranged in tubules, solid nests, and cribriform growth patterns. The eccrine adenocarcinoma infiltrated the mammary‐type myofibroblastoma in the submucosa. The soft tissue lesion revealed a spindle cell proliferation composed of fascicles of myofibroblastic cells embedded in a collagenous stroma with a predominance of mast cells. Interspersed thick hyalinized collagen bundles separated the fascicles. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cell tumor strikingly stained for both CD34 and desmin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a vulva collision tumor composed of mammary‐type myofibroblastoma intermixed with primary eccrine adenocarcinoma in the English literature.
Left ventricular ejection fraction for the risk stratification of sudden cardiac death: friend or foe?
Authors: Santangeli P. , Dello Russo A. , Casella M. , Pelargonio G. , Di Biase L. , Natale A.
Published: January 2011

More than 450 000 Americans die suddenly each year from sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. A correct identification of these patients is crucial for a rational clinical management, because the demonstrated effectiveness of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICD) on the reduction of sudden cardiac death. Basing on the results of multiple clinical trials, left ventricular systolic function, measured as ejection fraction, is currently the only recommended tool to identify patients at higher risk of sudden death that would benefit from a prophylactic ICD. However, the systematic implementation of prophylactic ICD recommendations results in a substantial number of inappropriate ICD implantations, while failing to prevent the majority of sudden deaths occurring in the general population. That has been the case implementing arrhythmic risk stratification with a rough arrhythmic risk marker, such as ejection fraction, that lacks sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this viewpoint is to critically revise the value of ejection fraction in the identification of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death.
22q11.2 deletion presenting with severe hypocalcaemia, seizure and basal ganglia calcification in an adult man
Authors: Cao Z. , Yu R. , Dun K. , Burke J. , Caplin N. , Greenaway T.
Published: January 2011

We report a 40‐year‐old man who was found to have profound hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism when investigated for multiple, generalized, tonic/clonic seizures and a chest infection. Computed tomography scan of the brain revealed extensive symmetric bilateral calcification within the cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia. Molecular cytogenetic testing by fluorescent in situ hybridization using the commercial Vysis LSI DiGeorge/VCFS dual colour probe set showed a deletion of 22q11.2. The extraordinary feature of this case is the adult presentation of hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism and basal ganglia calcification due to 22q11.2 deletion.
Bacteria associated with an encrusting sponge (Terpios hoshinota) and the corals partially covered by the sponge
Authors: Tang Sen‐Lin , Hong Mei‐Jhu , Liao Ming‐Hui , Jane Wann‐Neng , Chiang Pei‐Wen , Chen Chung‐Bin , Chen Chaolun A.
Published: January 2011

Terpios hoshinota, a dark encrusting sponge, is known to be a competitor for space in coral reef environments, and facilitates the death of corals. Although numerous cyanobacteria have been detected in the sponge, little is known of the sponge‐associated bacterial community. This study examined the sponge‐associated bacterial community and the difference between the bacterial communities in the sponge and the coral partially covered by the sponge by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of samples isolated from the sponge covering the coralsFavia complanata, Isopora palifera, Milleporasp., Montipora efflorescensandPorites lutea. The sponge‐associated bacterial community was mainly (61–98%) composed of cyanobacteria, with approximately 15% of these alphaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria, although the proportions varied in different sponge samples. The dominant cyanobacteria group was an isolated group closely related toProchloronsp. The comparison of the bacterial communities isolated from sponge‐free and the sponge‐coveredP. luteashowed that covering by the sponge caused changes in the coral‐associated bacterial communities, with the presence of bacteria similar to those detected in black‐band disease, suggesting the sponge might benefit from the presence of bacteria associated with unhealthy coral, particularly in the parts of the coral closest to the margin of the sponge.
Plant production of anti‐β‐glucan antibodies for immunotherapy of fungal infections in humans
Authors: Capodicasa Cristina , Chiani Paola , Bromuro Carla , De Bernardis Flavia , Catellani Marcello , Palma Angelina S. , Liu Yan , Feizi Ten , Cassone Antonio , Benvenuto Eugenio , Torosantucci Antonella
Published: January 2011

There is an increasing interest in the development of therapeutic antibodies (Ab) to improve the control of fungal pathogens, but none of these reagents is available for clinical use. We previously described a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb 2G8) targeting β‐glucan, a cell wall polysaccharide common to most pathogenic fungi, which conferred significant protection against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans in animal models. Transfer of this wide‐spectrum, antifungal mAb into the clinical setting would allow the control of most frequent fungal infections in many different categories of patients. To this aim, two chimeric mouse–human Ab derivatives from mAb 2G8, in the format of complete IgG or scFv‐Fc, were generated, transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and purified from leaves with high yields (approximately 50 mg Ab/kg of plant tissues). Both recombinant Abs fully retained the β‐glucan‐binding specificity and the antifungal activities of the cognate murine mAb against C. albicans. In fact, they recognized preferentially β1,3‐linked glucan molecules present at the fungal cell surface and directly inhibited the growth of C. albicans and its adhesion to human epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, both the IgG and the scFv‐Fc promoted C. albicans killing by isolated, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in ex vivo assays and conferred significant antifungal protection in animal models of systemic or vulvovaginal C. albicans infection. These recombinant Abs represent valuable molecules for developing novel, plant‐derived immunotherapeutics against candidiasis and, possibly, other fungal diseases.
Temporal and spatial control of transgene expression using a heat‐inducible promoter in transgenic wheat
Authors: Freeman Jacqueline , Sparks Caroline A. , West Jevon , Shewry Peter R. , Jones Huw D.
Published: January 2011

Constitutive promoters are widely used to functionally characterise plant genes in transgenic plants, but their lack of specificity and poor control over protein expression can be a major disadvantage. On the other hand, promoters that provide precise regulation of temporal or spatial transgene expression facilitate such studies by targeting over‐expression or knockdown of target genes to specific tissues and/or at particular developmental stages. Here, we used the uidA (beta‐glucuronidase, GUS) reporter gene to demonstrate that the barley Hvhsp17 gene promoter can be induced by heat treatment of 38–40 °C for 1–2 h in transgenic wheat. The GUS enzyme was expressed only in those tissues directly exposed to heat and not in neighbouring leaf tissues. The induction of HSP::GUS was demonstrated in all organs and tissues tested, but expression in older tissues was lower. Generally, proximal root sections showed less GUS activity than in root tips. This heat‐inducible promoter provides the ability to investigate the function of candidate genes by overexpression or by down‐regulation of target gene expression (for example by RNAi) in selected tissues or developmental stages of a transgenic plant, limited only by the ability to apply a heat shock to the selected tissues. It also allows the investigation of genes that would be lethal or reduce fertility if expressed constitutively.
Famines Past, Famine's Future
Authors: Gráda Cormac Ó
Published: January 2011

Famine, like poverty, has always been with us. No region and no century has been immune. Its scars — economic, psychological and political — can long outlast its immediate impact on mortality and health. Famines are a hallmark of economic backwardness, and were thus more likely to occur in the pre‐industrialized past. Yet the twentieth century suffered some of the most devastating ever recorded. That century also saw shifts in both the causes and symptoms of famine. This new century's famines have been ‘small’ by historical standards, and the threat of major ones seemingly confined to ever‐smaller pockets of the globe. Are these shifts a sign of hope for the future?
The MDG Story: Intention Denied
Authors: Vandemoortele Jan
Published: January 2011

This article gives an insider's view of the origin of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the aim of which was two‐fold: to rescue the Millennium Declaration from oblivion and to expand the development narrative beyond economic growth. The former has been successful, but not the latter. Since its establishment, the MDG agenda has been permeated with the idolatry of literalism and sanitized to fit the conventional development paradigm. Statistics have been abused to fabricate evidence of success. The great paradox is that poverty is increasingly regarded as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon whilst its quantification remains essentially one‐dimensional, which reinforces a money‐metric perspective of the MDGs. The agenda has been cut back to a standard set of macroeconomic, sectoral or institutional reforms of a technical nature. However, the MDG agenda implies fundamental transformations in society, which are invariably driven by domestic politics and local actors. The world is off track, not because of insufficient economic growth but mostly because people in the bottom quintiles have benefited disproportionately little from national progress. As long as the world continues to turn a blind eye to the growing inequities within countries, the MDGs will be mission impossible. For the remaining period, their meaning is best described as ‘Minding Development Gaps’.
Inequality and Recession in Britain and the USA
Authors: Irvin George
Published: January 2011

For two of the richest English‐speaking countries, Britain and the United States, growing income inequality has been a persistent feature of the past thirty years, leading some economists to question the cosy assumption that as economic development proceeds, intra‐country inequality must ultimately fall. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain this phenomenon, the best known being that the technological revolution has driven a wedge between skilled and unskilled labour, but none is remotely convincing. Fundamentally, it is a question of political economy whether under conditions of stagnant real wages and a falling wage share, growth in deregulated, finance‐driven economies can last. The argument advanced here is that probably it cannot. The profit squeeze of the 1970s having given way to a neoliberal wage squeeze, growth came to depend on asset bubble driven consumption and investment. The Great Recession of 2008 raises questions not merely about neoliberal beliefs, but about whether future capitalist growth can occur unless investment is socialized.
Responding to the Global Credit Crisis: The Politics of Financial Reform
Authors: Seabrooke Leonard , Tsingou Eleni
Published: January 2011

This financial crisis emerged from an over-supply of financial innovation and an under-supply of financial regulation within the core advanced economies. Financial governance reform can focus on behaviour, acknowledge systemic implications and inherent limitations, and strive for more representation and accountability.
Influence of text cohesion on the persuasive power of expository text
Authors: KAAKINEN JOHANNA K. , SALONEN JONNA , VENÄLÄINEN PAULA , HYÖNÄ JUKKA
Published: January 2011

Kaakinen, J. K., Salonen, J., Venäläinen P. & Hyönä, J. (2011). Influence of text cohesion on the persuasive power of expository text. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology52, 201–208.

The present study examined how global text cohesion affects persuasion and memory for message arguments presented in expository text. Sixty‐nine participants who held a neutral prior attitude towards NATO read a persuasive text about NATO that was either high or low in global cohesion. After reading, participants voted whether Finland should seek NATO membership and filled in an attitude questionnaire. After a 1‐week delay they returned for a surprise recall task. The results showed that the high cohesion text was more persuasive than the low cohesion text. Moreover, attitude after reading but not text cohesion predicted later recall of the message arguments. The results show that global text cohesion increases text’s persuasive power and that readers who form a positive attitude have better memory of the persuasive arguments after a delay than readers who are less persuaded.
Party Elites' Perceptions of Voters and Public Opinion
Authors: Ekengren Ann‐Marie , Oscarsson Henrik
Published: January 2011

Given the vast amounts of research on party competition, party strategy, political communication and electoral campaigning, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the study of national party elites' perceptions of voters and public opinion. This article argues that the mindset of leading party officials, and more specifically their perceptions of voter and public opinion rationality, driving forces and knowledge, is a much‐neglected explanation for why parties adopt the electoral strategies they do. Analysed here are unique internal party documents from two Swedish parties during the period 1964 to 1991: the Social Democratic Party and the Conservative Party. A simple analytic framework is proposed for the study of party elite perceptions of voters and public opinion. In contrast to the overwhelmingly pessimistic view of voter rationality that still prevails in contemporary research, the findings presented in this article suggest that national party elites in general have had a surprisingly positive view of voters and, in particular, public opinion. Perceptions of voters and public opinion were largely unaffected by the parties' electoral fortunes, and did not become gloomier over time.
Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of the space‐time diffusion patterns of cholera epidemic in Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Osei Frank B. , Duker Alfred A. , Stein Alfred
Published: January 2011

This study analyses the joint effects of the two transmission routes of cholera on the space‐time diffusion dynamics. Statistical models are developed and presented to investigate the transmission network routes of cholera diffusion. A hierarchical Bayesian modelling approach is employed for a joint analysis of nonlinear effects of continuous covariates, spatially structured variation, and unstructured heterogeneity. Proximity to primary case locations and population density serve as continuous covariates. Reference to communities is modelled as a spatial effect. The study applied to the Kumasi area in Ghana shows that communities proximal to primary case locations are infected relatively early during the epidemics, with more remote communities infected at later dates. Similarly, more populous communities are infected relatively early and less populous communities at later dates. The rate of infection increases almost linearly with population density. A non systematic relation occurs between the rate of infection and proximity to primary case locations. It is discussed how these findings could serve as significant information to help health planners and policy makers in making effective decisions to limit cholera epidemics.
THE CONSTITUTION OF PHILISTINE IDENTITY: ETHNIC DYNAMICS IN TWELFTH TO TENTH CENTURY PHILISTIA
Authors: FAUST AVRAHAM , LEV‐TOV JUSTIN
Published: January 2011

The process and date of the Philistine settlement in Canaan have received a great deal of scholarly attention. As well, scholars have also devoted much attention to the expansion of Philistine interaction with Levantine societies prior to the Philistines' assimilation in the late Iron Age. While most studies view Philistine integration and acculturation as a gradual process, a close examination of the detailed faunal and ceramic evidence suggests otherwise. It appears that due to various processes of boundary maintenance, the Philistines maintained high ethnic boundaries with their neighbours for at least 150–200 years, before (quite suddenly) losing most of their unique traits in the tenth century BC.