bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of distinct splice variants of the stem cell marker prominin‐1 (CD133) in glial cells
Authors: Corbeil Denis , Joester Angret , Fargeas Christine A. , Jászai József , Garwood Jeremy , Hellwig Andrea , Werner Hauke B. , Huttner Wieland B.
Published: December 2008

Prominin‐1 (CD133) is a cholesterol‐interacting pentaspan membrane glycoprotein specifically associated with plasma membrane protrusions. Prominin‐1 is expressed by various stem and progenitor cells, notably neuroepithelial progenitors found in the developing embryonic brain. Here, we further investigated its expression in the murine brain. Biochemical analyses of brain membranes at early stages of development revealed the expression of two distinct splice variants of prominin‐1, s1 and s3, which have different cytoplasmic C‐terminal domains. The relative abundance of the s3 variant increased toward adulthood, whereas the opposite was observed for the s1 variant. Our combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of prominin‐1 in a subpopulation of Olig‐2‐positive oligodendroglial cells present within white matter tracts of postnatal and adult brain. Furthermore, immunohistological and biochemical characterization suggested strongly that the s3 variant is a novel component of myelin. Consistent with this, the expression of prominin‐1.s3 was significantly reduced in the brain of myelin‐deficient mice. Finally, oligodendrocytes expressed selectively the s3 variant whereas GFAP‐positive astrocytes expressed the s1 variant in primary glial cell cultures derived from embryonic brains. Collectively, our data demonstrate a complex expression pattern of prominin‐1 molecules in developing adult brain. Given that prominin‐1 is thought to act as an organizer of plasma membrane protrusions, they further suggest that a specific prominin‐1 splice variant might play a role in morphogenesis and/or maintenance of the myelin sheath. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ammonium‐evoked alterations in intracellular sodium and pH reduce glial glutamate transport activity
Authors: Kelly Tony , Kafitz Karl W. , Roderigo Claudia , Rose Christine R.
Published: December 2008

The clearance of extracellular glutamate is mainly mediated by pH‐ and sodium‐dependent transport into astrocytes. During hepatic encephalopathy (HE), however, elevated extracellular glutamate concentrations are observed. The primary candidate responsible for the toxic effects observed during HE is ammonium (NH4+/NH3). Here, we examined the effects of NH4+/NH3on steady‐state intracellular pH (pHi) and sodium concentration ([Na+]i) in cultured astrocytes in two different age groups. Moreover, we assessed the influence of NH4+/NH3on glutamate transporter activity by measuringD‐aspartate‐induced pHiand [Na+]itransients. In 20–34 daysin vitro(DIV) astrocytes, NH4+/NH3decreased steady‐state pHiby 0.19 pH units and increased [Na+]iby 21 mM.D‐Aspartate‐induced pHiand [Na+]itransients were reduced by 80–90% in the presence of NH4+/NH3, indicating a dramatic reduction of glutamate uptake activity. In 9–16 DIV astrocytes, in contrast, pHiand [Na+]iwere minimally affected by NH4+/NH3, andD‐aspartate‐induced pHiand [Na+]itransients were reduced by only 30–40%. Next we determined the contribution of Na+, K+, Cl−‐cotransport (NKCC). Immunocytochemical stainings indicated an increased expression of NKCC1 in 20–34 DIV astrocytes. Moreover, inhibition of NKCC with bumetanide prevented NH4+/NH3‐evoked changes in steady‐state pHiand [Na+]iand attenuated the reduction ofD‐aspartate‐induced pHiand [Na+]itransients by NH4+/NH3to 30% in 20–34 DIV astrocytes. Our results suggest that NH4+/NH3decreases steady‐state pHiand increases steady‐state [Na+]iin astrocytes by an age‐dependent activation of NKCC. These NH4+/NH3‐evoked changes in the transmembrane pH and sodium gradients directly reduce glutamate transport activity, and may, thus, contribute to elevated extracellular glutamate levels observed during HE. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropsychiatric profiles of patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Chia‐Jung , Chang Chia‐Chi , Lin Chia‐Chin
Published: December 2008

Background

Previous studies have reported several conflicting findings regarding neuropsychiatric symptoms when comparing patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with vascular dementia (VaD).

Objectives

The purpose was to: (1) compare the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms among patients with AD and VaD after controlling for demographic characteristics in difference setting and (2) rank and contrast the severity the common symptoms between the two groups in north of Taiwan.

Methods

This study was a cross‐sectional comparative design. Data were collected from clinical interviews using three instruments: the Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

Results

A total of 154 subjects participated in this study. The male subjects with VaD from the outpatient setting had lower NPI scores. In the OPD, the subjects with AD had more nighttime behavior than subjects with VAD. In the nursing home setting, the subjects with VaD had higher prevalence of depression, irritability, and appetite changes than subjects with AD. The subjects with AD had more euphoria and nighttime behavior than subjects with VaD. The average of total NPI scores for people with AD and VaD from the nursing home setting indicate higher scores. In the nursing home group, the VaD subjects evidenced significantly higher irritability scores than the AD subjects.

Conclusions

This was first care unit based study in north Taiwan. Our results showed the significant differences between AD and VaD groups of NPI symptoms. Understanding those differences may aid differential diagnosis of dementia subtypes and help develop proper interventions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate
Authors: Patrick Kennerly S. , Straughn Arthur B. , Perkins Jeb S. , González Mario A.
Published: December 2008

Objective

The following comprehensive review describes the evolution of stimulant drug formulations used in the treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Emphasis is placed on the basic and clinical pharmacology of the dl‐methylphenidate (MPH) transdermal system (MTS).

Methods

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic literature pertaining to MPH and amphetamine enantiomers was reviewed in the context of ADHD therapy and MTS as a treatment option.

Results

MTS incorporates MPH into an adhesive monolithic matrix, using the free base form of the drug to facilitate transdermal absorption. MTS technology minimizes contact dermatitis by eliminating to need for percutaneous penetration enhancers. After a lag time of approximately 2 h, plasma concentrations of the therapeutic d‐MPH isomer become detectable, then continuously rise over the course of the recommended 9 h wear time. Concentrations of l‐MPH typically attain 40–50% that of d‐MPH (vs. 1–2% following oral MPH). Unauthorized MTS removal poses some misuse liability and over 50% of MTS drug content remains in the discarded system.

Conclusions

While liquid or chewable MPH formulations overcome potential swallowing difficulties, as do sprinkled once‐daily extended‐release (ER) MPH products, only MTS addresses swallowing difficulties while also offering a flexible individualized MPH exposure time in a once‐daily MPH regimen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular determinants of efficacy for 5‐FU‐based treatments in advanced colorectal cancer: mRNA expression for 18 chemotherapy‐related genes
Authors: Gustavsson Bengt , Kaiser Christopher , Carlsson Göran , Wettergren Yvonne , Odin Elisabeth , Lindskog Elinor Bexe , Niyikiza Clet , Ma Doreen
Published: December 2008

5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based regimens remain a cornerstone in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the attendant toxicity prevents these regimens from reaching maximum therapeutic potential. In this retrospective analysis, we examined the pretreatment expression of 18 genes in archival tumor bank samples from patients with advanced CRC to determine if one or more of the selected genes showed promise as either a prognostic or predictive marker of 5‐FU‐based treatment outcomes. One hundred and forty‐four CRC patient samples (collected from 1983 to 2004) were analyzed via real‐time PCR for gene expression. Univariate analyses were used to correlate gene expression with efficacy and time‐to‐event variables. Low thymidine phosphorylase (TP), dihydrofolate reductase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), excision repair cross‐complementing 1 (ERCC1) and thymidylate synthase gene expression were associated with better time‐to‐progression in the entire population. Low TP, DPD and ERCC1 expression were independently associated with improved overall survival. Low TP gene expression was also predictive of response. This study suggests that TP gene expression in particular is a predictive as well as a prognostic biomarker for advanced CRC patients. Gene panels assessing pretreatment TP, DPD, ERCC1, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase gene expression may help improve the therapeutic potential of 5‐FU‐ or other novel antifolate‐based regimens. Further analysis of the prognostic or predictive value of these genes in prospective trials in CRC patients seems warranted. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Binary choice under social interactions: an empirical study with and without subjective data on expectations
Authors: Li Ji , Lee Lung‐fei
Published: December 2008

This paper examines two methods of modeling binary choice with social interactions: models assuming homogeneous rational expectations and models using subjective data on expectations. Exploiting a unique survey conducted during the 1996 US presidential election that was designed to study voting behavior under social context, we find that in various model specifications using subjective expectations consistently improves models' goodness‐of‐fit; and that subjective expectations are not rational as formulated by Brock and Durlauf. Specifically, members' characteristics are individually important in forming expectations. We also include correlated effect in the rational expectation model. This extension provides a remedy to the selection issues that often arise in social interaction models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocyte inflammatory and matrix remodeling response modulated by grafted ECM‐derived ligand concentration
Authors: Chung Amy S. , Waldeck Heather , Schmidt David R. , Kao Weiyuan John
Published: December 2008

Ligands presented on biomaterials are a common method to facilitate and control the host response. In a gelatin and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGdA) based semi‐interpenetrating network (sIPN), the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM)‐derived peptide amount on monocyte adhesion and subsequent protein and mRNA expression were examined. Peptide amount on the sIPN surface was controlled by varying the wt % ratio of the peptide‐PEG grafted gelatin to PEGdA. We hypothesized that increasing bioactive peptide amount would modulate human blood‐derived monocyte adhesion, cytokine expression, and gene regulation. Monocyte adhesion, release of gelatin degrading proteases matrix metalloprotease‐2 (MMP‐2), matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9), and proinflammatory protein interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and mRNA expression of these proteins were evaluated. We found RGD‐PEG grafted sIPNs with higher surface RGD concentrations showed increased adherent density. MMP‐2 and IL‐1β protein release was also influenced by the ligand concentration, as initial increase in protein concentration was observed at higher ligand concentrations. MMP‐9 protein showed an initial increase that subsided then increased. A decreased IL‐1β protein and mRNA expression was observed over time but MMP‐2 mRNA was not detected at any time though MMP‐2 protein concentrations showed an initial burst. Hence, monocyte behavior was modulated by surface ligand identity in tandem with ligand concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Potential use of mucins as biomaterial coatings. I. Fractionation, characterization, and model adsorption of bovine, porcine, and human mucins
Authors: Sandberg Tomas , Blom Hans , Caldwell Karin D.
Published: December 2008

Previously, we presented evidence that mucins have potential as biomaterial coatings. Here, we reveal substantial batch‐to‐batch variations for a frequently used commercial bovine salivary mucin preparation (BSM) and stress the importance of standardizing mucins intended for comparative purposes. “Mild” fractionation strategies, aiming at preserving natural mucin functions, were used to prepare two more defined BSM fractions as well as three mucin fractions from porcine gastric (PGM) and human salivary (MG1) sources. While the BSM and PGM were highly purified and mainly adopted random coil conformations in solution, the MG1 contained mucin‐bound components (1.6 wt% albumin) and appeared compact. Average molar masses and root‐mean‐square radii for the predominant BSM, PGM, and MG1 species spanned 0.8–4.2 MDa and 46–86 nm, respectively. An ellipsometric evaluation, using hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica, showed the mucin adsorption to be slow and related to mucin charge, size, conformation, and compositional complexity. The mass uptakes on hydrophobic silica averaged 2.6, 2.6, and 5.0 mg/m2, for BSM, PGM, and MG1, respectively. Finally, we find that stable mucin coatings can be formed on polymers of different wettability. The reported mucin preparations serve as platforms for a series of studies on the biocompatibility of mucin coatings. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2009
Surface‐modified nanoparticles as a new, versatile, and mechanically robust nonadhesive coating: Suppression of protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion
Authors: Holmes P. F. , Currie E. P. K. , Thies J. C. , van der Mei H. C. , Busscher H. J. , Norde W.
Published: December 2008

The synthesis of surface‐modified silica nanoparticles, chemically grafted with acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) groups, and the ability of the resulting crosslinked coatings to inhibit protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion are explored. Water contact angles, nanoindentation, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the cross‐linked coatings. Coatings showed a high degree of hydrophilicity combined with a remarkable hardness and stiffness in the dry state. Adsorption of the small protein lysozyme from buffer solution on coated silica wafers decreased significantly with increasing grafting density of the PEG groups on the nanoparticles and was completely inhibited at 0.6 chains nm−2. Coatings significantly reduced adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis HBH 276 in a parallel plate flow chamber with respect to bare glass (>90%), whereas adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AK1 was only marginally affected by the presence of the coating (<15%). Passage of an air‐bubble resulted in almost complete detachment (>93%) of both strains from coated glass, indicating that the adhesion strength between both bacterial strains and the coated surface was significantly reduced by the grafted PEG groups. These coatings thus provide a new method to prepare mechanically robust films with nonadhesive properties that will be extremely useful for the design of biocompatible surfaces in biomedical applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Mutagenic and clastogenic characterization of poststerilized poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) copolymer biosynthesized by Delftia acidovorans
Authors: Siew Ee Ling , Rajab Nor Fadilah , Osman Annuar Bin , Sudesh Kumar , Inayat‐Hussain Salmaan Hussain
Published: December 2008

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are naturally occurring biopolyesters that have great potential in the medical field. However, the leachables resulting from sterilization process of the biomaterials may exert toxic effect including genetic damage. Here, we demonstrate that although gamma‐irradiation of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐50 mol % 4‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB‐co‐4HB)] did not cause any change in the morphology by scanning electron microscopy, there was a significant degradation of this copolymer where the molecular weight was reduced by 37% after sterilization indicating the generation of leachables. Therefore, further investigation on the ability of the extract of this poststerilized copolymer to induce mutagenic effect was performed using Ames test (S. typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA1537) and umu test (S. typhimurium strain TA1535/pSK1002). Additionally, the capability of the extract to induce clastogenic effect was determined using Chinese hamster lung V79 fibroblast cells. Our results showed that with and without the presence of S9 metabolic activation, no mutagenic effects were observed in both Ames and umu tests when treated with P(3HB‐co‐4HB) extract. Similarly, treatment of P(3HB‐co‐4HB) extract in V79 fibroblast cells showed no significant production of micronuclei when compared with the positive control (Mitomycin C). Together, these results indicate that leachables of poststerilized P(3HB‐co‐4HB) cause no mutagenic and clastogenic effects. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Potential use of mucins as biomaterial coatings. II. Mucin coatings affect the conformation and neutrophil‐activating properties of adsorbed host proteins—Toward a mucosal mimic
Authors: Sandberg Tomas , Karlsson Ott Marjam , Carlsson Jan , Feiler Adam , Caldwell Karin D.
Published: December 2008

In continuation of our recent fractionation and characterization study on mucins of bovine salivary (BSM), porcine gastric (PGM), and human salivary (MG1) origin, this study evaluates the effect of mucin precoating on the conformation and neutrophil‐activating properties of host proteins adsorbed to a polyethylene terephthalate‐based model biomaterial. Microscopy combined with assays for the neutrophil releases of reactive oxygen species and human neutrophil lipocalin showed that mucin precoating greatly reduced the strong immune‐response normally induced by adsorbed immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), respectively. A similar finding was made for the proinflammatory fibrinogen. Although the total uptakes of these proteins depended on the mucin surface concentration, a detailed composite analysis suggested the fraction of surface‐exposed protein to be a stronger determinant of coating performance. The unexpectedly low neutrophil activation showed by composites containing near‐monolayer concentrations of exposed IgG and sIgA, respectively, suggested that these act synergistically with mucin on the surface. In support of this hypothesis, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements revealed that a preadsorbed BSM layer stabilizes IgG through complexation on a polymeric model surface. Our findings link well to the complex in vivo situation and suggest that functional mucosal mimics can be created in situ for improved biomaterials performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2009
Mitogen activated protein kinase‐dependent inhibition of osteocalcin gene expression by transforming growth factor‐β1
Authors: Kwok Sukyee , Partridge Nicola C. , Srinivasan Narasaimhan , Nair Shantikumar V. , Selvamurugan Nagarajan
Published: December 2008

TGF‐β (transforming growth factor‐beta) plays a key role in osteoblast differentiation and bone development. While the ability of TGF‐β to inhibit the expression of osteoblast differentiation genes has been well documented, the mechanism of this inhibition is not yet completely characterized. Runx2, a transcription factor necessary for expression of osteoblast differentiation genes is a central target of inhibition by TGF‐β. In this study, we found that TGF‐β1 inhibits expression of osteoblast differentiation genes without altering expression of Runx2. Transient transfection experiments determined that TGF‐β1 inhibited osteocalcin promoter activity and this effect is mediated through Runx2. We further identified that there was no change in protein expression, cellular localization, or DNA binding affinity of Runx2 after TGF‐β1‐treatment of osteoblasts, suggesting that Runx2 undergoes post‐translational modifications following TGF‐β1 treatment. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments identified increased phosphorylation of Runx2 when differentiating osteoblasts were treated with TGF‐β1. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors relieved the TGF‐β1‐inhibitory effect of Runx2‐mediated osteocalcin expression. Thus, our results suggest that TGF‐β1‐inhibition of osteoblast differentiation is dependent on the MAPK pathway and this effect is most likely mediated by post‐translational modification of Runx2 such as phosphorylation rather than other regulatory mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 161–169, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and fluoxetine (prozac) in treating depression: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sava Florin A. , Yates Brian T. , Lupu Viorel , Szentagotai Aurora , David Daniel
Published: December 2008

Cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility of cognitive therapy (CT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and fluoxetine (Prozac) for major depressive disorder (MDD) were compared in a randomized clinical trial with a Romanian sample of 170 clients. Each intervention was offered for 14 weeks, plus three booster sessions. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were obtained prior to intervention, 7 and 14 weeks following the start of intervention, and 6 months following completion of intervention. CT, REBT, and fluoxetine did not differ significantly in changes in the BDI, depression‐free days (DFDs), or Quality‐Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Average BDI scores decreased from 31.1 before treatment to 9.7 six months following completion of treatment. Due to lower costs, both psychotherapies were more cost‐effective, and had better cost‐utility, than pharmacotherapy: median $26.44/DFD gained/month for CT and $23.77/DFD gained/month for REBT versus $34.93/DFD gained/month for pharmacotherapy, median $/QALYs=$1,638, $1,734, and $2,287 for CT, REBT, and fluoxetine (Prozac), respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–17, 2009.
Research on precision‐calibration techniques for selected area electron diffraction patterns of pyrocarbon
Authors: Qi Lehua , Li Miaoling , Li Hejun , Xu Guozhong , Wang Chuang
Published: December 2008

The key techniques for determining orientation angle (OA) and interlayer space (d002) of pyrocarbon were investigated by analyzing selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. A series of algorithms, which mainly include the five‐point center‐determined technique, the integral factor for the ellipse detection, the background subtraction operation and the Gaussian multipeak fitting algorithm, were designed for intensity sampling, data correction, and data fitting. The contribution ratio of the reflection intensity to the average d002 was considered. The algorithms were programmed and applied to evaluate SAED patterns of pyrocarbon in C/C composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Results showed that the proposed techniques can be effectively used to measure various SAED patterns, with a beam stop image or not, of pyrocarbon. The azimuthal intensities along the (002) arcs essentially obey the Gaussian distribution, although this is not obvious for the lower textural pyrocarbon. It is necessary for accurate OA to use the Gaussian multipeak fitting algorithm. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of acute temperature change, confinement and housing on plasma corticosterone in water snakes, Nerodia sipedon (Colubridae: Natricinae)
Authors: Sykes Kyle Lea , Klukowski Matthew
Published: December 2008

Body temperature affects many aspects of reptilian behavior and physiology, but its effect on hormonal secretion has been little studied, especially in snakes. Major objectives of this study were to determine if acute changes in body temperature during confinement influenced plasma corticosterone levels and if initial body temperatures upon capture in the field were related to baseline corticosterone levels in water snakes (Nerodia sipedon). Water snakes were bled upon capture in the field and after one hour of confinement in a cooled, control, or heated incubator. Since little is known about the potential metabolic changes in response to stress in reptiles, plasma triglyceride levels were also measured. Upon completion of the field study, snakes were housed for 5–8 days without food to determine the effect of chronic stress on both corticosterone and triglyceride levels. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and plasma triglycerides were determined enzymatically. In the field, experimental alterations of body temperature during confinement had no effect on corticosterone levels. Similarly, there was no correlation between initial body temperature and baseline plasma corticosterone concentrations. However, post‐confinement corticosterone levels were approximately three‐times greater in females than males. Plasma triglyceride levels were not affected by temperature treatment, confinement, or sex. Compared to field values, both baseline and post‐confinement corticosterone levels were elevated after the chronic stress of short‐term laboratory housing but triglyceride levels decreased. Overall, these results indicate that sex but not body temperature has a major influence on the adrenocortical stress response in Nerodia sipedon. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:172–181, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evolutionary model for the origin of modularity in a complex gene network
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: December 2008

Scale‐free cellular networks are organized into a complex topology by massive interactions (links) between nodes, which can be typically characterized by a power‐law degree. In contrast, almost all cellular networks show the feature of modularity. The popular BA model (Barabasi and Albert) demonstrated the origin of scale‐free property by the attachment preference, but not for the origin of modularity. We propose a BBA model (Biological BA) by introducing the random link‐loss mechanism under the original BA model, showing that scale‐free and modularity can emerge as a derived property of the BBA model. Data analysis has shown that, roughly, the rate of gene network evolution can be described as a 2‐2‐1 pattern (adding two new genes and two new links with the cost of one link‐loss). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:75–82, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a nude mouse model for the study of antlerogenesis—mechanism of tissue interactions and ossification pathway
Authors: Li Chunyi , Gao Xiuhua , Yang Fuhe , Martin Shirley K. , Haines Stephen R. , Deng Xuming , Schofield John , Stanton Jo‐Ann L.
Published: December 2008

In a previous study (Li et al., 2001. J Exp Zool 290:18–30) a nude mouse model was established to investigate deer antler development. In that study we found nude mice could support the singularly implanted antlerogenic periosteum (AP) to form pedicle‐like, but not antler‐like, bony protuberances. To further develop the model and at the same time to use the updated model for the investigation of antler formation, three experiments were carried out in this study. The results showed that (1) antler‐like protuberances were successfully induced on the nude mouse heads via subcutaneous co‐transplantation of AP and deer skin, and subsequent exposure through wounding of the deer xenografts; (2) deer skin epidermis and its attached half thickness of dermis were sufficient to interact with the AP, and the interactions were capable of transforming adult scalp skin into velvet; (3) the putative initial inductive molecules were primarily derived from the AP cellular layer, rather than fibrous layer; (4) initiation of the ossification center in the avascular cartilage of each mouse “antler” took place via metaplasia, rather than classical endochondral ossification. Further research is required to identify means for effective stimulation of calcification of the “mouse antlers” in order to create the opportunity to investigate antler regeneration using the nude mouse model. Overall, the nude mouse model, once further developed, has the potential to become a powerful tool to study underlying mechanism of antlerogenesis and organogenesis/regeneration in general. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:118–135, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum: Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories
Authors: Hagmann Tobias , Hoehne Markus V.
Published: December 2008

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/jid.1482) was published online in Early View on 6 October 2008. A printing error was subsequently identified in the article.

Page 8, line 47: ‘that’ should read ‘khat’.
Autoreactive T‐cell receptor (Vβ/D/Jβ) sequences in diabetes are homologous to insulin, glucagon, the insulin receptor, and the glucagon receptor
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Robert
Published: December 2008

The hypervariable (Vβ/D/Jβ) regions of T‐cell receptors (TCR) have been sequenced in a variety of autoimmune diseases by various investigators. An analysis of some of these sequences shows that TCR from both human diabetics and NOD mice mimic insulin, glucagon, the insulin receptor, and the glucagon receptor. Such similarities are not found in the TCR produced in other human autoimmune diseases. These data may explain how insulin, glucagon, and their receptors are targets of autoimmunity in diabetes and also suggest that TCR mimicking insulin and its receptor may be targets of anti‐insulin autoantibodies. Such intra‐systemic mimicry of self‐proteins also raises complex questions about how “self” and “nonself” are regulated during TCR production, especially in light of the complementarity of insulin for its receptor and glucagon for its receptor. The data presented here suggest that some TCR may be complementary to other TCR in autoimmune diseases, a possibility that is experimentally testable. Such complementarity, if it exists, could either serve to down‐regulate the clones bearing such TCR or, alternatively, trigger an intra‐immune system civil war between them. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remodeling of murine intrasynovial tendon adhesions following injury: MMP and neotendon gene expression
Authors: Loiselle Alayna E. , Bragdon Gwynne A. , Jacobson Justin A. , Hasslund Sys , Cortes Zenia E. , Schwarz Edward M. , Mitten David J. , Awad Hani A. , O'Keefe Regis J.
Published: December 2008

Tendon injury frequently results in the formation of adhesions that reduce joint range of motion. To study the cellular, molecular, and biomechanical events involved in intrasynovial tendon healing and adhesion formation, we developed a murine flexor tendon healing model in which the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon of C57BL/6 mice was transected and repaired using suture. This model was used to test the hypothesis that murine flexor tendons heal with differential expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), resulting in the formation of scar tissue as well as the subsequent remodeling of scar and adhesions. Healing tendons were evaluated by histology, gene expression via real‐time RT‐PCR, and in situ hybridization, as well as biomechanical testing to assess the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint flexion range of motion (ROM) and the tensile failure properties. Tendons healed with a highly disorganized fibroblastic tissue response that was progressively remodeled through day 35 resulting in a more organized pattern of collagen fibers. Initial repair involved elevated levels of Mmp‐9 at day 7, which is associated with catabolism of damaged collagen fibers. High levels of Col3 are consistent with scar tissue, and gradually transition to the expression of Col1. Scleraxis expression peaked at day 7, but the expression was limited to the original tendon adjacent to the injury site, and no expression was present in granulation tissue involved in the repair response. The MTP joint ROM with standardized force on the tendon was decreased on days 14 and 21 compared to day 0, indicating the presence of adhesions. Peak expressions of Mmp‐2 and Mmp‐14 were observed at day 21, associated with tendon remodeling. At day 28, two genes associated with neotendon formation, Smad8 and Gdf‐5, were elevated and an improvement in MTP ROM occurred. Tensile strength of the tendon progressively increased, but by 63 days the repaired tendons had not reached the tensile strength of normal tendon. The murine model of primary tendon repair, described here, provides a novel mechanism to study the tendon healing process, and further enhances the understanding of this process at the molecular, cellular, and biomechanical level. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 833–840, 2009
Sustained hypoxia enhances chondrocyte matrix synthesis
Authors: Coyle Christian H. , Izzo Nicholas J. , Chu Constance R.
Published: December 2008

Articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with chondrocytes in the deeper zones existing under conditions of sustained hypoxia. Using a hypoxic chamber to provide controlled hypoxia, this study was performed to determine whether sustained hypoxia enhances the production of cartilage matrix proteins. Freshly isolated primary bovine articular chondrocytes were encapsulated in three‐dimensional alginate beads and maintained at 2% oxygen with media changes using media pre‐equilibrated to 2% oxygen. Immunolocalization of HIF‐1α was performed to verify hypoxic conditions. Sustained hypoxia resulted in an increase in proteoglycan synthesis after only 1 day, as measured by 35S‐sulfate incorporation. This increase was maintained for the duration of the 17 day study. After 17 days of hypoxic culture, increases in total type II collagen and COL2A1 gene expression were probed by indirect immunofluorescence, type II collagen ELISA, and real‐time qPCR; in addition, increased glycosaminoglycan deposition was observed as determined by chemical analysis. These studies show that sustained hypoxia enhances articular chondrocyte matrix synthesis and viability in three‐dimensional alginate culture. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 793–799, 2009
Late Holocene relative sea level rise and the Neoglacial history of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Long Antony J. , Woodroffe Sarah A. , Dawson Sue , Roberts David H. , Bryant Charlotte L.
Published: December 2008

In West Greenland, early and mid Holocene relative sea level (RSL) fall was replaced by late Holocene RSL rise during the Neoglacial, after 4–3 cal. ka BP (thousand calibrated years before present). Here we present the results of an isolation basin RSL study completed near to the coastal town of Sisimiut, in central West Greenland. RSL fell from 14 m above sea level at 5.7 cal. ka BP to reach a lowstand of −4.0 m at 2.3–1.2 cal. ka BP, before rising by an equivalent amount to present. Differences in the timing and magnitude of the RSL lowstand between this and other sites in West and South Greenland record the varied interplay of local and non‐Greenland RSL processes, notably the reloading of the Earth's crust caused by a Neoglacial expansion of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) and the subsidence associated with the collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet forebulge. This means that the timing of the sea level lowstand cannot be used to infer directly when the GIS advanced during the Neoglacial. The rise in Late Holocene RSL is contrary to recently reported bedrock uplift in the Sisimiut area, based on repeat GPS surveys. This indicates that a belt of peripheral subsidence around the current ice sheet margin was more extensive in the late Holocene, and that there has been a switch from subsidence to uplift at some point in the last thousand years or so. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and oil absorption of deep‐fat fried dough prepared from ball‐milled wheat flour
Authors: Thanatuksorn Pariya , Kajiwara Kazuhito , Suzuki Toru
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: High levels of oil in fried products has been recognized as causing health problems. The formation of microstructure during frying is one factor that influences oil absorption. Above the glass transition temperature (Tg), the physical properties of a polymer influences the formation of structure. The ball‐milling process changes the physicochemical properties of wheat flour constituents. The present study investigated the effects of physicochemical changes in wheat flour by the ball‐milling process on structure formation and oil absorption in wheat flour dough model.

RESULTS: Dough samples were made from wheat flour that had been ball‐milled for 0 to 10 h and then fried in frying oil at 150 °C for 1–7 min. Thermal properties of wheat flour, structure alteration, and textural properties of fried samples were evaluated. As compared with samples made of non‐milled flour, samples made from milled flour had smaller pores and higher oil absorption. The fracture force of a fried sample prepared from non‐milled flour was lower than that of a sample prepared from milled flour.

CONCLUSION: Ball‐milling affected the microstructure formation in fried wheat flour dough, and subsequently oil absorption. The crispness of a sample prepared from non‐milled wheat flour is higher than that of a sample prepared from ball‐milled wheat flour. This may be due not only to a plasticization effect, but may also be dependent on microstructure. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Lymph node assessment: Issues in pathology
Authors: Khalifa Mahmoud A. , Smith Andy
Published: December 2008

Metastasis to regional lymph nodes detected in cancer surgery specimens is a significant prognosticator and is also critical for subsequent planning of therapeutic options. Consequently, the status of regional lymph nodes has become a mandatory element of the synotic reporting on cancer resection specimens. Although pathologic reporting of lymph node metastasis is conceptually straightforward, several subtle processing and reporting issues deserve discussion. This review addresses pathology specific issues with particular emphasis on non‐breast, non‐cutaneous cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:260–264. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid autonomisation of a combined fibular‐ and anterolateral thigh flap transferred by a wrist carrier to an irradiated and vessel depleted neck
Authors: Wolff Klaus‐Dietrich , Mücke Thomas , Lehmbrock Jutta , Loeffelbein Denys J. , Kesting Marco R. , Hölzle Frank
Published: December 2008

In an irradiated and vessel depleted neck, we used the wrist carrier technique to provide flap perfusion until autonomisation took place. A combined anterolateral thigh‐ and osteocutaneous fibular flap was anastomosed to the radial vessels of an irradiated patient with a vessel depleted neck for reconstruction of the lower face. Periodical pedicle occlusion started immediately after surgery. On day 16, cutaneous blood flow and oxygenation were still reduced, but wound healing was uneventful. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99: 123–126. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Essential oil composition of Citrus medica L. Cv. Diamante (Diamante citron) determined after using different extraction methods
Authors: Gabriele Bartolo , Fazio Alessia , Dugo Paola , Costa Rosaria , Mondello Luigi
Published: December 2008

In this paper, we report the qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatile and the oxygenated heterocyclic fraction of citron (Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante (Diamante citron)). The fruits selected for the extraction were of three types: green citron of little size, green citron of big size, and yellow citron after 1 month from the harvest. The essential oils were extracted using three different methods. The nine samples of oil thus obtained were analyzed by high resolution GC (HRGC)‐flame ionization detection (FID), HRGC‐MS, and RP‐HPLC. They differ only in the quantitative composition, while the qualitative profile was the same. The volatile fraction of every sample of oil is characterized by a high content of limonene, γ‐terpinene, and monoterpene aldehydes and a lower content of α‐ and β‐pinene and myrcene, sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic aldehydes. Enantioselective (Es)‐GC analysis of the extracts allowed the determination of the enantiomeric distribution of five terpenoid compounds; a prevalence of four dextrorotatory isomers was observed. Oxypeucedanin was the main component of the oxygenated heterocyclic fraction in the extracts of green fruits, while citropten was the major oxygenated compound in the oil obtained from yellow citron.
Evaluation of electron capture detection in reversed‐phase HPLC for pharmaceutical analysis
Authors: Pereira Alberto S. , Szucs Roman , Sandra Pat
Published: December 2008

The coupling of RP‐LC to electron capture detection (ECDNi63) is described. To reduce the amount of mobile phase entering into the detector, interfacing was performed via a Scott‐type spray chamber. The performance of RP‐LC/ECDNi63 was evaluated for pharmaceutical analysis and the results show that the system is able to work in a routine environment using columns with 2 mm id and common amounts of the organic modifiers methanol or ACN in the mobile phase. Because of the high sensitivity and selectivity toward electrophilic compounds, the use of this detector opens possibilities for the analysis of impurities down to the 0.05% level of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).
In‐column preparation of a brush‐type chiral stationary phase using click chemistry and a silica monolith
Authors: Slater Michael D. , Fréchet Jean M. J. , Svec Frantisek
Published: December 2008

Brush‐type chiral stationary phases (CSP) have been prepared both from a silica monolith and, separately, from 10 μm porous silica beads via a process of in‐column modification including attachment of the chiral selector via copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Azide functionalities were first introduced on the pore surface of each type of support by reaction with 3‐(azidopropyl)trimethoxysilane, followed by immobilization of a proline‐derived chiral selector containing an alkyne moiety. This functionalization reaction was carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper (I) iodide. The separation performance of these triazole linked stationary phases was demonstrated in enantioseparations of four model analytes, which afforded separation factors as high as 11.4.
Difference frequency generation laser based spectrometers
Authors: Richter D. , Fried A. , Weibring P.
Published: December 2008

Tunable mid‐infrared laser sources are the key to precision optical trace gas detection. Difference‐frequency generation (DFG) based laser sources are among a few practical laser sources that have demonstrated ultra‐high detection sensitivities during real‐world applications when combined with appropriate signal enhancing and noise reduction spectroscopic techniques. This article will discuss the technical approaches, illustrate application examples of DFG sources, and offer perspectives to competing technologies.
Macromol. Theory Simul. 9/2008
Authors: Johnston‐Hall Geoffrey , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Monteiro Michael J.
Published: December 2008

Cover: The RAFT‐CLD‐T method allows rate coefficients for termination, ki,it(x), as a function of chain length and conversion to be determined. This work provides the basic experimental ground rules to obtain accurate ki,it(x). Further details can be found in the article by G. Johnston‐Hall, C. Barner‐Kowollik,* M. J. Monteiro* on page 460.
Relationship between various clinical outcome assessments in patients with blepharospasm
Authors: Jankovic Joseph , Kenney Christopher , Grafe Susanne , Goertelmeyer Roman , Comes George
Published: December 2008

The objective was to analyze the metric properties of the Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS) and a self‐rating patient response outcome scale, the Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI©), in blepharospasm patients. Data from a randomized, double‐blind, active‐control clinical trial in 300 patients with blepharospasm treated with either botulinum toxin type A (Botox®) or NT201 (Xeomin®) were used to evaluate the metric properties of the JRS and the BSDI compared with the Patient Evaluation of Global Response (PEGR) and Global Assessment Scale (GAS). The internal consistency of the BSDI was high, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.88, and the retest reliability of the BSDI single items was adequate, Spearman's rank coefficient = 0.453 < r < 0.595. The correlation between JRS sum score and BSDI weighted mean score was r = 0.487 (baseline) and r = 0.737 (control visit), respectively. Using the GAS and PEGR, the results suggest that a change of 2 points in the JRS and of 0.7 points in the BSDI are clinically meaningful. JRS and BSDI are objective indicators of clinical efficacy as suggested by their good validity when compared with physicians' and patients' rating scales. Both, JRS and BSDI, can be used to reliably assess blepharospasm in treatment trials. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Living with severe osteoarthritis while awaiting hip and knee joint replacement surgery
Authors: Parsons Gail Elizabeth , Godfrey Helen , Jester Rebecca Francine
Published: December 2008

Objectives: To explore the lived experiences of patients with severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip or knee joint while awaiting joint replacement surgery.

Methods: An exploratory qualitative approach using phenomenology was adopted for the purpose of the study. Unstructured interviews were carried out on a sample of six patients who had been referred to the National Health Service waiting list for a primary hip or knee replacement. The participants were invited to share their experiences and concerns relating to how they were coping with end‐stage OA of their hip or knee joint. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Narrative data were analysed using Giorgi's (1985) procedural steps to reveal themes which recurred in the participants' stories.

Results: Six themes emerged from the data, central to the experience of living with severe OA. They were: coping and living with pain; not being able to walk; coping with everyday activities; body image; advice and support available; and the effect of their disease upon family, friends and helpers. There were also a number of sub‐themes associated with each major theme.

Conclusions: This study suggests that there is an absence of generic support, guidance and information relating to the management of symptoms of OA for individuals awaiting hip and knee replacement surgery. Patients awaiting hip and knee joint replacement surgery often have difficulty in managing their symptoms. Support in general appears to be dependent on the availability of resources in the primary care setting. Potential patients who are fortunate to know or meet someone who has undergone a similar procedure learn from the experience of exchanging information between themselves, along with coping strategies in the management of their symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.