bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of kindergarten and their relationship with parental and children’s socio-demographic characteristics in Denmark
Authors: Specht Ina Olmer , Larsen Sofus Christian , Nielsen Ann-Kristine , Rohde Jeanett Friis , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal , Jørgensen Tanja Schjødt
Published: July 2023

In Danish outdoor kindergartens, children are spending most of the day outdoors often in forests or similar nature environments. These children are assumed to be healthier than children attending conventional kindergartens, however, factors related to choosing a specific type of kindergarten may explain the differences. To better understand this, we aimed to investigate parents reasons for choosing either outdoor or conventional kindergartens based on a mixed-method participatory Concept Mapping approach, and further if parental socio-demographics and early child characteristics differed prior to enrolling children to either type of kindergarten using a cohort register-based approach.

Parents of children attending outdoor kindergartens (n = 23) weighed reasons such as “physical setting, outdoor life, and freedom of movement” high, whereas “a good first impression of the kindergarten” was an important reason for parents choosing a conventional kindergarten (n = 22). In the register-based approach, 2434 and 2643 children attended outdoor or conventional kindergartens, respectively. The parents choosing outdoor kindergartens as well as their children differed according to most investigated characteristics, including origin (maternal non-Western: 4.2% vs. 21.9%, p < .0001), educational level (maternal long education: 45.6% vs. 33.0%, p < .0001), prematurity (5.1% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.004) and sex (females: 43.5% vs. 48.6%, p = <0.0013). In conclusion, parental reasons for choosing kindergarten as well as parental socio-demographics differed substantially among kindergarten type. These differences might cause selection bias if not considering when comparing health outcomes among children attending different kinds of kindergartens.
Out-of-pocket costs for families and people living with cerebral palsy in Australia
Authors: Henry Georgina , Webb Annabel , Galea Claire , Pearce Alison , Balde Isabelle , Garrity Fiona , Marmont Sophie , Espie James , Badawi Nadia , McIntyre Sarah
Published: July 2023

The most recent cost estimates of cerebral palsy (CP) in Australia did not include out-of-pocket costs for families. This study aimed to: 1) describe and estimate out-of-pocket costs for people with CP and their families by age and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) level; 2) measure financial distress. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design was used with qualitative approaches to analyse open-ended questions. A CP-specific out-of-pocket costs survey was co-designed with people with lived experience. Adults with CP and carers were recruited from Australian population-based CP Registers and via social media. Sociodemographic variables were analysed descriptively and median (IQR) expenses for health, assistive technology, personal care, housing, occupation, transport, leisure, respite and holidays, by age (0–6; 7–17; 18 years +) and gross motor function [GMFCS level I-II vs III-V] were calculated. The In Charge Financial Distress/Financial Wellbeing Scale measured financial distress. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate costs and financial distress. Additional out-of-pocket costs itemised in open-ended questions were charted. Comments were thematically analysed using the framework approach. 271 surveys were completed for children 0–6 years (n = 47), children/adolescents 7–17 years (n = 124) and adults (n = 100). 94% of participants had out-of-pocket costs associated with CP, with an overall annual median of $4,460 Australian dollars (IQR $11,955). After controlling for income, private insurance and disability funding, the GMFCS III-V group had costs two times higher than the GMFCS I-II group (2.01; 95% CI 1.15–3.51). Age was not significantly associated with costs. 36% of participants had high to overwhelming financial distress; this was not associated with age or GMFCS level after controlling for financial factors. Families had several additional disability costs. Open-ended responses revealed experiences of financial concern were influenced by funding scheme experiences, reduced income, uncertainty, access to support networks and an inability to afford CP-related costs. Cost estimates and financial distress indicators should inform policy, funding and clinical decisions when planning interventions to support people with CP and their families.
The Dutch chronic lower limb-threatening ischemia registry (THRILLER): A study protocol for popliteal and infrapopliteal endovascular interventions
Authors: Nugteren Michael J. , Hazenberg Constantijn E. V. B. , Akkersdijk George P. , Bakker Olaf J. , Dinkelman Maarten K. , Fioole Bram , van den Heuvel Daniel A. F. , Heyligers Jan M. M. , Hinnen Jan-Willem , Pierie Maurice , Schouten Olaf , Schreve Michiel A. , Verhoeven Bart A. N. , de Borst Gert J. , Ünlü Çağdaş
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is the end stage of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is associated with high amputation rates, mortality and disease-related health care costs. In infrapopliteal arterial disease (IPAD), endovascular revascularization should be considered for the majority of anatomical and clinical subgroups of CLTI. However, a gap of high-quality evidence exists in this field. The aim of the Dutch Chronic Lower Limb-Threatening Ischemia Registry (THRILLER) is to collect real world data on popliteal and infrapopliteal endovascular interventions.

Methods

THRILLER is a clinician-driven, prospective, multicenter, observational registry including all consecutive patients that undergo a popliteal or infrapopliteal endovascular intervention in seven Dutch hospitals. We estimate that THRILLER will include 400–500 interventions annually. Standardized follow-up visits with wound monitoring, toe pressure measurement and duplex ultrasonography will be scheduled at 6–8 weeks and 12 months after the intervention. The independent primary endpoints are primary patency, limb salvage and amputation free survival. Patients must give informed consent before participation and will be included according to predefined reporting standards. A data log of patients who meet the inclusion criteria but are not included in the registry will be maintained. We intend to conduct the first interim analysis two years after the start of inclusion. The results will be published in a scientific journal.

Discussion

Despite innovations in medical therapy and revascularization techniques, patients with CLTI undergoing endovascular revascularization still have a moderate prognosis. Previous prospective cohort studies were hampered by small sample sizes or heterogeneous reporting. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have high costs, potential conflicts of interest and give a limited reflection of daily practice. THRILLER aims to provide the largest prospective well phenotyped up-to-date dataset on treatment outcomes in CLTI patients to answer multiple underexplored research questions regarding diagnostics, medication, patient selection, treatment strategies and post intervention follow-up.
Classification of multiple emotional states from facial expressions in head-fixed mice using a deep learning-based image analysis
Authors: Tanaka Yudai , Nakata Takuto , Hibino Hiroshi , Nishiyama Masaaki , Ino Daisuke
Published: July 2023

Facial expressions are widely recognized as universal indicators of underlying internal states in most species of animals, thereby presenting as a non-invasive measure for assessing physical and mental conditions. Despite the advancement of artificial intelligence-assisted tools for automated analysis of voluminous facial expression data in human subjects, the corresponding tools for mice still remain limited so far. Considering that mice are the most prevalent model animals for studying human health and diseases, a comprehensive characterization of emotion-dependent patterns of facial expressions in mice could extend our knowledge on the basis of emotions and the related disorders. Here, we present a framework for the development of a deep learning-powered tool for classifying facial expressions in head-fixed mouse. We demonstrate that our machine vision was capable of accurately classifying three different emotional states from lateral facial images in head-fixed mouse. Moreover, we objectively determined how our classifier characterized the differences among the facial images through the use of an interpretation technique called Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping. Importantly, our machine vision presumably discerned the data by leveraging multiple facial features. Our approach is likely to facilitate the non-invasive decoding of a variety of emotions from facial images in head-fixed mice.
Geographical and spatial variations in bowel cancer screening participation, Australia, 2015–2020
Authors: Dasgupta Paramita , Cameron Jessica K. , Goodwin Belinda , Cramb Susanna M. , Mengersen Kerrie , Aitken Joanne F. , Baade Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Background

Participation in bowel cancer screening programs remains poor in many countries. Knowledge of geographical variation in participation rates may help design targeted interventions to improve uptake. This study describes small-area and broad geographical patterns in bowel screening participation in Australia between 2015–2020.

Methods

Publicly available population-level participation data for Australia’s National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) were modelled using generalized linear models to quantify screening patterns by remoteness and area-level disadvantage. Bayesian spatial models were used to obtain smoothed estimates of participation across 2,247 small areas during 2019–2020 compared to the national average, and during 2015–2016 and 2017–2018 for comparison. Spatial heterogeneity was assessed using the maximized excess events test.

Results

Overall, screening participation rates was around 44% over the three time-periods. Participation was consistently lower in remote or disadvantaged areas, although heterogeneity was evident within these broad categories. There was strong evidence of spatial differences in participation over all three periods, with little change in patterns between time periods. If the spatial variation was reduced (so low participation areas were increased to the 80th centile), an extra 250,000 screens (4% of total) would have been conducted during 2019–2020.

Conclusions

Despite having a well-structured evidence-based government funded national bowel cancer screening program, the substantial spatial variation in participation rates highlights the importance of accounting for the unique characteristics of specific geographical regions and their inhabitants. Identifying the reasons for geographical disparities could inform interventions to achieve more equitable access and a higher overall bowel screening uptake.
Genomic and phenotypic evolution of nematode-infecting microsporidia
Authors: Wadi Lina , El Jarkass Hala Tamim , Tran Tuan D. , Islah Nizar , Luallen Robert J. , Reinke Aaron W.
Published: July 2023

Microsporidia are a large phylum of intracellular parasites that can infect most types of animals. Species in theNematocidagenus can infect nematodes includingCaenorhabditis elegans, which has become an important model to study mechanisms of microsporidia infection. To understand the genomic properties and evolution of nematode-infecting microsporidia, we sequenced the genomes of nine species of microsporidia, including two genera,EnteropsectraandPancytospora, without any previously sequenced genomes. Core cellular processes, including metabolic pathways, are mostly conserved across genera of nematode-infecting microsporidia. Each species encodes unique proteins belonging to large gene families that are likely used to interact with host cells. Most strikingly, we observed one such family, NemLGF1, is present in bothNematocidaandPancytosporaspecies, but not any other microsporidia. To understand howNematocidaphenotypic traits evolved, we measured the host range, tissue specificity, spore size, and polar tube length of several species in the genus. Our phylogenetic analysis shows thatNematocidais composed of two groups of species with distinct traits and that species with longer polar tubes infect multiple tissues. Together, our work details both genomic and trait evolution between related microsporidia species and provides a useful resource for further understanding microsporidia evolution and infection mechanisms.
A screen of drug-like molecules identifies chemically diverse electron transport chain inhibitors in apicomplexan parasites
Authors: Hayward Jenni A. , Makota F. Victor , Cihalova Daniela , Leonard Rachel A. , Rajendran Esther , Zwahlen Soraya M. , Shuttleworth Laura , Wiedemann Ursula , Spry Christina , Saliba Kevin J. , Maier Alexander G. , van Dooren Giel G.
Published: July 2023

Apicomplexans are widespread parasites of humans and other animals, and include the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium species) and toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii). Existing anti-apicomplexan therapies are beset with issues around drug resistance and toxicity, and new treatment options are needed. The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is one of the few processes that has been validated as a drug target in apicomplexans. To identify new inhibitors of the apicomplexan ETC, we developed a Seahorse XFe96 flux analyzer approach to screen the 400 compounds contained within the Medicines for Malaria Venture ‘Pathogen Box’ for ETC inhibition. We identified six chemically diverse, on-target inhibitors of the ETC in T. gondii, at least four of which also target the ETC of Plasmodium falciparum. Two of the identified compounds (MMV024937 and MMV688853) represent novel ETC inhibitor chemotypes. MMV688853 belongs to a compound class, the aminopyrazole carboxamides, that were shown previously to target a kinase with a key role in parasite invasion of host cells. Our data therefore reveal that MMV688853 has dual targets in apicomplexans. We further developed our approach to pinpoint the molecular targets of these inhibitors, demonstrating that all target Complex III of the ETC, with MMV688853 targeting the ubiquinone reduction (Qi) site of the complex. Most of the compounds we identified remain effective inhibitors of parasites that are resistant to Complex III inhibitors that are in clinical use or development, indicating that they could be used in treating drug resistant parasites. In sum, we have developed a versatile, scalable approach to screen for compounds that target the ETC in apicomplexan parasites, and used this to identify and characterize novel inhibitors.
Grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit zwischen Deutschland, Belgien und den Niederlanden
Authors: Reis Heinz-Eckhard
Published: July 2023

Zur Jahreswende 1989/90 vereinbarten die Raumordnungsminister des Königreichs der Niederlande, des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen sowie Flanderns und der Wallonie eine Intensivierung der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit im Raum Maastricht-Heerlen-Aachen-Lüttich-Hasselt/Genk (MHAL-Region) in Form eines gemeinsamen Entwicklungsprojekts. Ziel der Initiative war die Erarbeitung einer grenzübergreifenden räumlichen Entwicklungsperspektive und eines Katalogs strategischer Projekte. Beides liegt jetzt im Entwurf vor.Der nachfolgende Beitrag will nicht nur über Zielsetzung, Inhalt und Organisationsform dieses Projeks informieren, das auch europaweit eine Vorbildfunktion hat. Darüber hinaus soll auf die bestehenden Schwierigkeiten staatsgrenzenüberschreitender Zusammenarbeit aufmerksam gemacht und sollen einige Überlegungen zu deren Lösung erörtert werden.
Regionalkonferenzen zwischen offenen Netzwerken und fester Institutionalisierung
Authors: Fürst Dietrich
Published: July 2023

Am Beispiel der nordrhein-westfälischen Regionalkonferenzen wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob netzwerkartige „intermediäre Organisationen“ in einer institutionalisierten Politiklandschaft ohne festere institutionelle Strukturen leistungsfähig sein können. Es zeigt sich, daß es weniger die Frage der Institutionalisierung sein dürfte, die über die Leistungsfähigkeit der Regionalkonferenzen entscheidet, als diejenige, wie die Regionalkonferenzen von den regionalen Akteuren wahrgenommen und behandelt werden: als Kommunikations- und Kooperationsforen oder als politische Vorentscheiderstrukturen.
Grasping with a Twist: Dissociating Action Goals from Motor Actions in Human Frontoparietal Circuits
Authors: Rens Guy , Figley Teresa D. , Gallivan Jason P. , Liu Yuqi , Culham Jody C.
Published: July 2023

In daily life, prehension is typically not the end goal of hand-object interactions but a precursor for manipulation. Nevertheless, functional MRI (fMRI) studies investigating manual manipulation have primarily relied on prehension as the end goal of an action. Here, we used slow event-related fMRI to investigate differences in neural activation patterns between prehension in isolation and prehension for object manipulation. Sixteen (seven males and nine females) participants were instructed either to simply grasp the handle of a rotatable dial (isolated prehension) or to grasp and turn it (prehension for object manipulation). We used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to investigate whether the experimental conditions could be discriminated from each other based on differences in task-related brain activation patterns. We also used temporal multivoxel pattern analysis (tMVPA) to examine the evolution of regional activation patterns over time. Importantly, we were able to differentiate isolated prehension and prehension for manipulation from activation patterns in the early visual cortex, the caudal intraparietal sulcus (cIPS), and the superior parietal lobule (SPL). Our findings indicate that object manipulation extends beyond the putative cortical grasping network (anterior intraparietal sulcus, premotor and motor cortices) to include the superior parietal lobule and early visual cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA simple act such as turning an oven dial requires not only that the CNS encode the initial state (starting dial orientation) of the object but also the appropriate posture to grasp it to achieve the desired end state (final dial orientation) and the motor commands to achieve that state. Using advanced temporal neuroimaging analysis techniques, we reveal how such actions unfold over time and how they differ between object manipulation (turning a dial) versus grasping alone. We find that a combination of brain areas implicated in visual processing and sensorimotor integration can distinguish between the complex and simple tasks during planning, with neural patterns that approximate those during the actual execution of the action.
Postsynaptic Calcium Extrusion at the Mouse Neuromuscular Junction Alkalinizes the Synaptic Cleft
Authors: Durbin Ryan J. , Heredia Dante J. , Gould Thomas W. , Renden Robert B.
Published: July 2023

Neurotransmission is shaped by extracellular pH. Alkalization enhances pH-sensitive transmitter release and receptor activation, whereas acidification inhibits these processes and can activate acid-sensitive conductances in the synaptic cleft. Previous work has shown that the synaptic cleft can either acidify because of synaptic vesicular release and/or alkalize because of Ca2+extrusion by the plasma membrane ATPase (PMCA). The direction of change differs across synapse types. At the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the direction and magnitude of pH transients in the synaptic cleft during transmission remain ambiguous. We set out to elucidate the extracellular pH transients that occur at this cholinergic synapse under near-physiological conditions and identify their sources. We monitored pH-dependent changes in the synaptic cleft of the mouse levator auris longus using viral expression of the pseudoratiometric probe pHusion-Ex in the muscle. Using mice from both sexes, a significant and prolonged alkalization occurred when stimulating the connected nerve for 5 s at 50 Hz, which was dependent on postsynaptic intracellular Ca2+release. Sustained stimulation for a longer duration (20 s at 50 Hz) caused additional prolonged net acidification at the cleft. To investigate the mechanism underlying cleft alkalization, we used muscle-expressed GCaMP3 to monitor the contribution of postsynaptic Ca2+. Activity-induced liberation of intracellular Ca2+in muscle positively correlated with alkalization of the synaptic cleft, whereas inhibiting PMCA significantly decreased the extent of cleft alkalization. Thus, cholinergic synapses of the mouse NMJ typically alkalize because of cytosolic Ca2+liberated in muscle during activity, unless under highly strenuous conditions where acidification predominates.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChanges in synaptic cleft pH alter neurotransmission, acting on receptors and channels on both sides of the synapse. Synaptic acidification has been associated with a myriad of diseases in the central and peripheral nervous system. Here, we report that in near-physiological recording conditions the cholinergic neuromuscular junction shows use-dependent bidirectional changes in synaptic cleft pH—immediate alkalinization and a long-lasting acidification under prolonged stimulation. These results provide further insight into physiologically relevant changes at cholinergic synapses that have not been defined previously. Understanding and identifying synaptic pH transients during and after neuronal activity provides insight into short-term synaptic plasticity synapses and may identify therapeutic targets for diseases.
Synaptotagmin-11 Inhibits Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis via Endophilin A1
Authors: Wang Yalong , Zhu Ying , Li Wanru , Yan Shuxin , Li Chao , Ma Kunpeng , Hu Meiqin , Du Cuilian , Fu Lei , Sun Jianyuan , Zhang Claire Xi
Published: July 2023

Synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis is a critical and well-regulated process for the maintenance of neurotransmission. We previously reported that synaptotagmin-11 (Syt11), an essential non-Ca2+-binding Syt associated with brain diseases, inhibits neuronal endocytosis (Wang et al., 2016). Here, we found that Syt11 deficiency caused accelerated SV endocytosis and vesicle recycling under sustained stimulation and led to the abnormal membrane partition of synaptic proteins in mouse hippocampal boutons of either sex. Furthermore, our study revealed that Syt11 has direct but Ca2+-independent binding with endophilin A1 (EndoA1), a membrane curvature sensor and endocytic protein recruiter, with high affinity. EndoA1-knockdown significantly reversed Syt11-KO phenotype, identifying EndoA1 as a main inhibitory target of Syt11 during SV endocytosis. The N-terminus of EndoA1 and the C2B domain of Syt11 were responsible for this interaction. A peptide (amino acids 314-336) derived from the Syt11 C2B efficiently blocked Syt11–EndoA1 binding bothin vitroandin vivo. Application of this peptide inhibited SV endocytosis in WT hippocampal neurons but not in EndoA1-knockdown neurons. Moreover, intracellular application of this peptide in mouse calyx of Held terminals of either sex effectively hampered both fast and slow SV endocytosis at physiological temperature. We thus propose that Syt11 ensures the precision of protein retrieval during SV endocytosis by inhibiting EndoA1 function at neuronal terminals.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEndocytosis is a key stage of synaptic vesicle (SV) recycling. SV endocytosis retrieves vesicular membrane and protein components precisely to support sustained neurotransmission. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of SV endocytosis remain elusive. Here, we reported that Syt11-KO accelerated SV endocytosis and impaired membrane partition of synaptic proteins. EndoA1 was identified as a main inhibitory target of Syt11 during SV endocytosis. Our study reveals a novel inhibitory mechanism of SV endocytosis in preventing hyperactivation of endocytosis, potentially safeguarding the recycling of synaptic proteins during sustained neurotransmission.
El papel de la UE frente al declive de la ?dinastía? de los Asad
Authors: Castaño Sergio
Published: July 2023

Los progresos realizados por la UE en sus relaciones con Siria, se han venido abajo tras los últimos acontecimientos que han tenido lugar en el país árabe. El Acuerdo Euromediterráneo, cuya firma venía dilatándose en el tiempo, ha quedado paralizado, junto con el resto de proyectos de colaboración bilateral, hasta que Siria pueda encontrar una solución a su actual conflicto, cuya superación, pasa por una salida de los actuales dirigentes y el inicio de un proceso democrático que permita la participación de todas las fuerzas políticas que durante décadas han permanecido reprimidas por el régimen dictatorial liderado por la familia al-Asad. AbstractThe progresses made by the EU in its relations with Syria have broken down after recent events that have taken place in the Arab country. Mediterranean Agreement, whose firm had been spreading itself over time, has been paralyzed, along with other bilateral cooperation projects, until Syria can find a solution to the current conflict, beyond which passes through an exit of the current leadership and the beginning of a democratic process that allows participation of all political forces that for decades have been repressed by the dictatorial regime led by the al-Asad.
Studies on the fusion of ligninolytic ezyme cDNAs and their expression
Authors: Xie Jun , Feng Lei , Xu Ning , Zhu Guohui , Yang Jun , Xu Xiaoli , Fub Shiyu
Published: July 2023

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) are two major peroxidases involved in lignin biodegradation. The cDNA mnp1 encoding a kind of MnPs, and cDNA clg5 encoding a kind of LiPs were fused to one cDNA mnp1- clg5 (rmc15) by over-lap PCR technology in this research. Then the recombinant cDNA rmc15 was cloned into a vector pTrcHisB to construct its efficient expression plasmid pTHmc15 in Escherichia coli. The E. coli transformed by pTHmc15 was induced by isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside. The expressed protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and a new one was observed with a molecular weight of about 77KD. Enzyme activities of MnP and LiP could not be observed in the unfolded fused protein. However, the enzyme activity of MnP was detected in the recombinant protein after it was refolded and activated by Ca2+ and heme, while the activity of LiP was not detected. These results show that the enzyme activity of the protein at N-terminal was not affected, but at C-terminal it was affected in the fusion protein of ligninolytic enzymes. Therefore, it is unfeasible to construct the gene of bifunctional ligninolytic enzyme with the fusion of the cDNA mnp1 encoding MnP and cDNA clg5 encoding LiP.
A Study of New Chinese Cosmetic Product Registration: Focusing on Technical Regulations for Pre-Market Approval
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Yun Eun-Hye , Jeong Yoon-Say
Published: July 2023

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the impact based on the latest Technical Barriers to Trade from the Chinese government in the cosmetics industry, which is heavily dependent on exports to China, and discovers estimated difficulties to continue imports under new regulations. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study compared the cosmetic regulations and import standards of three major cosmetic importing countries. It was conducted through a literature review, especially in new regulations, Cosmetics Supervision, and Administration Regulations from China. Findings – First, it highlighted the challenges that Korean exporters face due to the different regulatory standards for cosmetics in different countries. The new ordinances required excessive information disclosure, product efficacy evaluation reports, and localization using only Chinese local laboratories. These requirements could cause duplicate inspections, leak core technology, and hinder the technological development and quality improvement of the cosmetics industry. Lastly, the absence of clarity on the basis and standards for protecting the safety data of cosmetic ingredients adds to the registration burden for companies to continue exporting. Research Implications – Korean cosmetics exporters are firmly positioned in the Chinese market with experience and world-class technology, but new Chinese Cosmetics Supervision and Administration Ordinance may impact export values. However, there is currently insufficient data to measure the impact of the ordinance. To become the world’s top cosmetics exporter, the Korean cosmetics industry needs a gradual approach to resolve China’s import regulations, and close cooperation between exporters and government agencies is essential. Future analysis may be possible with more quantitative data.
A Study on the Interpretation and Application of SPS Agreement Article 8 and Annex C: Focus on WTO Dispute Cases*
Authors:   The Korea International Trade Research Institute, Lee Sung-Hyoung , Chun Cheong-Ghi
Published: July 2023

Purpose – This is a study of the adjective law of the SPS Agreement, which has recently attracted attention in the field of the WTO SPS Agreement, and the purpose of this study is the interpretation of Art. 8 and Annex C. Design/Methodology/Approach – Although there are many ways to interpret the SPS Agreement, this study analyzed the arguments of the parties and the interpretations of the panel and appellate body that appeared through WTO dispute cases related to this provision. Findings – The main issues in disputes related to Art. 8 and Annex C of the SPS Agreement were related to the interpretation of 'unreasonable delay' and 'like products'. ‘Unreasonable delay’ is interpreted as ‘unreasonable delay’ or ‘excessive delay’. The Judgment Criteria was not the duration of the delay, but whether the reasons for the delay were justified. Regarding the interpretation of ‘like products’, in the case of Korea - Radionuclides (DS495), for the first time among disputes related to the SPS Agreement, the interpretation of like products was an issue. The panel and the Appellate Body applied the same criteria to SPS Agreement and GATT 1994 Art. 3(4). Research Implications – Since the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, most disputes of the SPS Agreement have been related to substantive law, but recently, disputes related to adjective law have increased. Therefore, compliance with procedural law is required when adopting SPS measures.
ECONOMIC MECHANISMS OF TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN CONDITIONS OF COUNTRY RECONSTRUCTION
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Iyzefovych Vladyslava
Published: July 2023

Economic mechanisms of territorial development planning are considered. The problems of researching the economic mechanisms of planning the development of territories in the conditions of the reconstruction of the country and the directions of their effective effectiveness are determined, as well as the justification of measures for their successful implementation. The legal basis of the research in the field of territorial development planning is analyzed, the purpose of the study is determined – analysis of economic mechanisms of territorial development planning in the reconstruction of the country and determine proposals for improving these mechanisms in the transformation of public relations and regeneration of territories in the country. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods, in particular, analysis and synthesis, comparison, induction and deduction, observation, which provide an opportunity to analyze achievements in theory and practice in the field of territorial development planning. The processes of improvement of economic mechanisms of planning of development of territories in the conditions of reconstruction and regeneration of territories, legal maintenance of town-planning development are defined by actual. The normative- legislative documents in the field of territorial development planning are studied, which provide a certain basic basis and increase the efficiency of application of new tools and practices in the conditions of reconstruction of the country. The role of public administration and administration bodies in the formation of the economic basis for the effective development of the territories of Ukraine is determined, given the strengthening of the impact of martial law. Modern innovative approaches to the effective implementation of urban development in modern conditions of regeneration of spaces and the need for their economic support are updated. The importance of improving the economic mechanisms of territorial development planning and the formation of innovation and investment climate to address priorities and find solutions for spatial development at the local level is substantiated. The conclusion of the study is the need to introduce economic mechanisms for planning the development of territories, in particular, mechanisms for investment provision of territories, mechanisms for financial support of the processes of reproduction of territories, mechanisms for reproduction of the capital of territories, state economic support, which are innovative and investment capable and are the direction of the use of modern technologies at the level of each territorial community in the conditions of the reconstruction of the country.
Design of Digital Museum System Based on Optimized Virtual Reality Technology
Authors: Liu Dan
Published: July 2023

Although China's cultural characteristics were diverse, its museum supply is limited. Traditional institutions would be unable to meet the people's needs for culture dissemination, historic preservation, cultural exchange, and science and research in history's era of the internet. By utilizing VR Technology in the field of furniture decorating, a new viewpoint and method for the development of a virtual museum are unveiled. Using optimum VR Technology in museum exhibition design based on the ideas of architecture, atmospheric art, light settings, coloring style, and ecological design, humans may be presented with natural and cultural heritages. The advancement of completely separate HTML text languages, QuickTime Virtual Reality innovation, Interactive Virtual Model-based Linguistic, three-dimensional (3D) applications, and data interaction systems for the exhibition has done result from an inquiry into virtual reality's history, definition, application, and present state. Ultimately, the planned work's effectiveness is analyzed and compared to other related projects to maximize its efficacy. Using the Origins software, the results of this study are shown.
Sacituzumab Govitecan for the Treatment of HR+/HER2- Breast Cancer in Heavily Pre-treated Patients
Authors: Lucas Tylan ,   Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust: Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, London, UK, Chan Joshua ,   Oncology, University College London Medical School, London, UK, Chopra Neha ,   Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust: Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, London, UK
Published: July 2023

Metastatic hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer survival outcomes have improved significantly; however, once endocrine resistance develops, response rates to systemic treatments are limited. Within the developing field of antibody–drug conjugates, the TROPiCS-02 study showed a significant improvement in progression-free survival with sacituzumab govitecan compared with physician’s choice of chemotherapy in patients with endocrine-resistant, metastatic, HR+/HER2- breast cancer. Additionally, overall survival similarly improved (14.4 months versus 11.2 months, respectively). We discuss the role of sacituzumab govitecan and its role in practice, looking at the direct impact it has in metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer.
Paradoxical Tumefactive Worsening of Multiple Sclerosis After Natalizumab Initiation: A Case Report
Authors: Ahern Cathal ,   St Vincent’s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
Published: July 2023

Background: Natalizumab is a widely used anti-α4 integrin inhibitor for treating highly active multiple sclerosis. Although clinical and radiological relapses were observed in the pivotal natalizumab trials, severe disease activity after initiation of the drug is a rare phenomenon and has been reported only in isolated cases. Objective: To present a case of a patient who experienced a paradoxical increase in disease activity after the second dose of natalizumab. Methods: We describe the case, review the literature concerning similar cases and suggest possible mechanisms for this phenomenon. Results: Our case involves a patient who developed extensive tumefactive demyelinating lesions and multiple gadolinium-enhancing lesions detected on magnetic resonance imaging after receiving the second dose of natalizumab. A brain biopsy confirmed the presence of demyelination, and the patient’s condition improved after treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange. Tests for anti-natalizumab antibodies were negative. Conclusions: Paradoxical worsening can occur in the setting of natalizumab treatment, which warrants careful attention and should prompt anti-natalizumab antibody testing. We discuss potential mechanisms. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms and risk factors for paradoxical worsening and to develop strategies for mitigating this adverse effect with significant patient impact.
The Legal Force of Commercial Court Rulings: A Legal Fact or Terminological Inaccuracy in Law Enforcement?
Authors:   Assistant Judge of the Commercial Court of the Central District, Skoromnaya Lyubov N.
Published: July 2023

Sometimes, due to the inertia of the emerging judicial practice in the application of procedural legislation, arbitration courts lose sight of some significant procedural tools that are provided to them by the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. In practice, this creates difficulties in the execution and reversal of the execution of judicial acts. Let us examine this problem using the example of the arbitration court rulings.
Development of a Clinical Nursing Guide for Attending to Caregivers of Dementia Patients
Authors: Ceballos Marta Otero , Calderin Niurka Tamarit , Esperón Julia Maricela Torres , Reyes Rogelio Pérez , Otero Roymar Perez
Published: July 2023

Health promotion and health education play an essential role in individual self-care, as recognized by U.S. nursing theoretician Virginia Henderson who posited that the nursing profession helps people—whether healthy or ill—carry out activities that contribute to their own health or recovery, gaining independence as soon as possible. A three-stage methodological study led to design of a practical guide for nursing personnel who care for the primary caregivers of patients with dementia in the Havana, Cuba municipality of Marianao. Of the 14 human needs described by Henderson, the study addressed five that were deemed relevant, based on the professional experience of the authors and according to these caregivers’ own expressions, as well as the possibility of carrying out related community work in health promotion. From 2014 to 2018, Henderson's human needs were contextualized and linked to health promotion and mental health actions in a primary health-care setting.
Wpływ wojny w Ukrainie w 2022 roku na ramówkę TVN24
Authors: Grzegorzewski Krzysztof
Published: July 2023

Przedstawiony tekst jest charakterystyką zmiany ramówki popularnej polskiej telewizji informacyjnej TVN24 w czasie wybuchu wojny w Ukrainie. Autor, badacz programów telewizyjnych, punktem wyjścia uczynił ogólne rozważania na temat ramówek telewizyjnych oraz gatunków dziennikarskich w telewizji. Następnie dokładnie scharakteryzował stałą ramówkę tej telewizji w jej cyklu tygodniowym, z uwzględnieniem ewentualnych wyjątków. Na tej podstawie można dokonać właściwej analizy zmian ramówki, od jej niemal całkowitego zaniku w pierwszej fazie do całkowitego przywrócenia do pierwotnego kształtu. Zmieniała się nie tylko treść programów i ich charakter (wydania specjalne), lecz także bardzo zaburzone zostały ich cechy formalne. Analiza umożliwiła pokazanie, jak mogą działać media informacyjne w sytuacji kryzysowej, wywołanej nagłymi, doniosłymi i negatywnymi wydarzeniami.
Pressure oscillation and optimization of Underway Conductivity- Temperature-Depth profiler
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Zezheng , Chen Wanqian , Lv Jing , Sun Nan , Liu Chen , Du Libin
Published: July 2023

This paper analyzes the pressure oscillation phenomenon generated by the Underway Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler(UCTD)during the measurement process, and finds that the turbulent accumulation at the front end of the probe is the main cause of the pressure oscillation. Based on this, the probe structure is optimized. By establishing different probe structure models, designing orthogonal experiments, and using the finite element-based fluid analysis method, the flow resistance characteristics and internal flow field structure of the probe are analyzed, and the optimal solution is obtained. Then, the phenomenon of pressure oscillation is eliminated and the accuracy of measurement data is improved. The sea trial results show that the optimized probe structure can make the distribution of the flow field more uniform, eliminate the phenomenon of pressure oscillation, and effectively improve the validity and accuracy of data measurement.
Sea Cucumber Viscera Contains Novel Non-holostane-type Glycoside Toxins that Possess a Putative Chemical Defense Function
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Lu Zhen , Yan Zhi , Lin Ainuo , Han Shaoshuai , Li Yaxi , Yang Xiao , Li Xiaodong , Yin Xiuli , Zhang Ranran , Li Ke
Published: July 2023

Sea cucumbers frequently expel their guts in response to predators and an aversive environment, a behavior perceived as releasing repellents involved in chemical defense mechanisms. To investigate the chemical nature of the repellent, the viscera of stressed sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) in the Yellow Sea of China were collected and chemically analyzed. Two novel non-holostane triterpene glycosides were isolated, and the chemical structures were elucidated as 3ꞵ-O-[ꞵ-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-ꞵ-D- xylopyranosyl]-(20S)-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene-18(16)-lactone (1) and 3ꞵ-O-[ꞵ-D-quinovopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-ꞵ-D-xylopyranosyl]-(20S)-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene-18(16)-lactone (2) by spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses, exemplifying a triterpene glycoside constituent of an oligosaccharide containing two sugar-units and a non-holostane aglycone. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various doses of 1 and 2 from 4 dpf hours post fertilization to 96 dpf. Compound 1 exposure showed 96 h-LC50 41.5 µM and an increased zebrafish mortality rates in roughly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compound 2, with different sugar substitution, exhibited no mortality and moderate teratogenic toxicity with a 96 h-EC50 of 173.5 µM. Zebrafish embryos exhibited teratogenic effects, such as reduced hatchability and total body length. The study found that triterpene saponin from A. japonicus viscera had acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos, indicating a potential chemical defense role in the marine ecosystem.
Waipouaite, Ca3(V4.54+V0.55+)O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O, a new polyoxovanadate mineral from the Aranga Quarry, New Zealand
Authors: Elliott Peter , Kampf Anthony R.
Published: July 2023

Waipouaite, Ca3(V4.54+V0.55+)O9[(Si2O5(OH)2][Si3O7.5(OH)1.5]·11H2O, is a new mineral from the Aranga Quarry, Northland Region, New Zealand. It occurs in basalt as overgrowths on thompsonite-Ca and chabazite-Ca and as inclusions within calcite and okenite. It forms dark olive green to almost black prismatic crystals to 0.3 mm in length. Crystals are transparent to translucent with a vitreous luster. The Mohs hardness is ~2, and the measured density is 2.24(2) g/cm3. The new mineral is biaxial (+), with α = 1.620(5), β = 1.622(5), γ = 1.628(5) (white light). The calculated 2V is 60.2°. Dispersion could not be observed. The optical orientation is Z = b. Pleochroism is X blue-green, Y olive green, Z olive; X > Y >> Z. Electron microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula (based on 36 O apfu) (Ca2.90Na0.05K0.04Sr0.01)Σ3.00(V4.604+V0.445+)Σ5.04(Si4.97Al0.02)Σ4.99O21.45OH3.55·H2O11.00.

Waipouaite is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 12.843(3), b = 23.589(5), c = 11.560(2) Å, β = 115.54(3)°, V = 3160.0(13) Å3, and Z = 4. The eight strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å (I) (hkl)]: 11.78 (100) (020, 100), 9.54 (16) (011), 7.85 (19) (021), 6.29 (32) (031), 5.92 (31) (040), 5.22 (21) (122), 3.140 (18) (333), 2.850 (17) (180, 242). The crystal structure was refined using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray data to R1 = 6.85% for 6594 reflections with I>2σI. Waipouaite is the first natural polyoxovanadosilicate and has a novel structure based on [(V4+,V5+)5O17] polyoxovana-date units, which are unique in natural and synthetic phases. Synthesis of polyoxovanadosilicates has proved to be a great challenge, and the discovery of waipouaite demonstrates that these compounds can form under natural conditions.
A Study on the Influences of Japanese Buddhism on the Development of Japanese Tea Culture Contents
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Jhun Jae-hyun
Published: July 2023

These days, as countries short in natural resources, both South Korean and Japanese government and industries have acknowledged that both needs to invest in improving their presence in cultural enterprises to utilize their national powers more efficiently and have been in talks to find a practical method to do so. It should be noted that Dado(다도, 茶道, tea ceremony) is a very important asset as a business and as a central theme for multiple cultural enterprises. Japan has not only embr ced Tea ceremony as part of their cultural heritage but also has turned it into a great medium and utilized it in various business and content creations to raise its marketability. As seen above the reason why Dado has become so accessible to the public was due to the abundant amount of information provided via media and public services and the sales of various tea and tea related products. Enjoying tea is no longer a luxury but a part of every days life as a hobby or for fashion. South Korea should learn and absorb the strong points of Japanese practices and begin spreading the Dado spirit by naturally augmenting Dado into everyday activities.