bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive in Situ Liposomal Gel for Sustained Ocular Delivery of Difluprednate Using Two Steps Factorial Design
Authors: Bachupally Ajay Kumar , Areti Anka Rao
Published: December 2023

The goal of this investigation was to develop an in situ mucoadhesive ocular liposomal gel using Difluprednate prolonged-release drug delivery technology. Liposomal formulations were created using a Box-Behnken design to assess the effects of type and concentration of permeation enhancer, as well as the lecithin:cholesterol ratio, on entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, polydispersibility, and zeta potential. The optimum formulation had high entrapment efficiency (75.64%), appropriate vesicle size (110.3 nm) and polydispersibility (0.285), and desirable zeta potential (38.6 mv), with a 20% penetration enhancer and 4:1 lecithin to cholesterol ratio. Using this formulation, an in situ mucoadhesive gel was developed with gellan gum and Carbopol 934. The selected formulation (G2) demonstrated maximum viscosity (3864 cps) at physiological conditions, mucoadhesive force (0.395 N), and minimum viscosity (156 cps) at normal conditions. The release of Difluprednate was minimal (15.36%) after 30 minutes and maximal (69.82%) after 24 hours. Further testing for irritation and pharmacokinetics will be done on this formulation. The liposomal in situ gel was found to be non-irritating, have greater bioavailability, and demonstrate longer-lasting effects compared to the marketed product.
Formulation and Characterization of Bilastine Oral Disintegrated Tablets Using Natural and Synthetic Super Disintegrants
Authors: Noothi Sadhana , Malothu Narender , Vishnu P.
Published: December 2023

Bilastine (BLS) is a second-generation H1-antihistamine that is approved recently for the symptomatic treatment of chronic urticaria. The present investigation was to develop oral disintegrating tablets of BLS to produce a fast onset of action. In this study, an attempt was made to compare the effect of different natural and synthetic super disintegrants on the release profile of the formulation. The formulations (BF1-BF15) of BLS oral disintegrating tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using synthetic and natural super disintegrants (Chitosan, Fenugreek mucilage, Sodium starch glycolate, Ludiflash, Cross povidone) in three different concentrations (2, 4, and 6%). The formulated tablets were analyzed for pre-compression and post-compression parameters and in vitro drug release. The best formulation, F15 containing 6% Ludiflash as a super disintegrant, was found to have a maximum water absorption ratio and disintegration time and in vitro dissolution was found to be less than 5 min, ensuring faster disintegration and dispersion. The F15 formulation shows less disintegration and dispersion time because of its combined effect and formulation, which had a better drug release of 99.79% within 20 min. The dissolution pattern of various disintegrants used in the formulation was found to be in the order of Ludiflash>Cross povidone>chitosan>SSG>Fenugreek mucilage. Overall, the results show that the formulated oral disintegrating tablets of BLS with Ludiflash as a super disintegrant, indicating that this could be a feasible drug delivery for BLS.
Nanoformulated Epigallocatechin Gallate for its Potential Management of Oral Squammous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Surekha MKL , Sharon CF , Abraham Sindhu , Shwetha K
Published: December 2023

Oral cancer is considered the most active cancer in oral cavity. Potentially malignant lesions in the oral epithelium can eventually develop into oral squamous cell carcinoma. Treating these lesions in the early stages could be an approach for early management of oral cancer. Green tea catechin, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) has been reported to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. In the present work, oral gels containing nanosponges of EGCG were prepared. Nanosponges were formulated using different concentrations of PVA and evaluated for percentage yield, drug content, average particle size, polydispersibility index (PDI), zetapotential, and surface morphology. The nanosponges were then incorporated into mucoadhesive HPMC gel base to ease the application onto the oral lesions. These gels were further evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content and in-vitro drug permeation. The potential anti-cancer activity was studied on SCC-9 cell line using MTT assay. The drug content in the nanosponges and in the gel formulation was upto 96.25% and 96.59% respectively. The particle size determined by DLS was found to be 372.7nm with zeta potential of -19.89mV indicating good stability. Surface morphology as shown in SEM revealed the porous morphology of the nanosponges. In vitro drug permeation at the end of 6 h was 98.68%. MTT assay on SCC-9 cell line showed inhibitory activity of the formulation with 60.03µM as the IC50 value. The results of the study show promising potential of oral gels containing nanosponges of EGCG for the management of carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic oral lesions.
Gabapentin Novel Co-Crystals: an Attempt to Enhance Physicochemical Parameters
Authors: Samineni Ramu , Chimakurthy Jithendra , Billapati Manikanta , Bodduluru Sai Bhaskar , Kurra Sarath Sai Kumar , Madasu Venkata Guruvulu
Published: December 2023

Co-crystals are used to overcome the limitations of poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability of pharmaceuticals. The multiple components of co-crystals are interacting non-covalently with solvent where API properties are improved. The current research mainly focuses on formulating and evaluating Gabapentin (GBP) cocrystals with various coformers like L-Ascorbic acid and Acetyl salicylic acid. The current study of Novel co-crystals is prepared by using the co-grinding method in different stoichiometric ratios of 1:1 and 1:3. FTIR, PXRD, SEM, flow characteristics, inherent solubility, and in vitro dissolution are used to describe synthesized crystals. The FTIR analysis was interpreted that Gabapentin forms a hydrogen bond with the complimentary carboxyl groups of L-Ascorbic acid and Acetyl salicylic acid. PXRD analyses of GBP-L-ASC CF are showing a high degree of Crystallinity compared to other co-former Cocrystals. Flow properties for prepared Cocrystals are showing excellent while compared to pure drug. Particle size analysis by SEM revealed that 1:3 ratio prepared Cocrystals (GBP-ASA CF-2, and GBP-ASA CF-4) showed less size than 1:1 ratio prepared Cocrystals. GBP-ASA CF-2 and GBP-ASA CF-4 showed 44.63 folds and 59.12 folds increased solubility. The invitro dissolution test showed that GBP-ASA CF-4 and GBP-ASC CF-2 showed a higher dissolution rate (99.87%, and 97.84%) than pure Gabapentin. GBP-ASA CF-4 and GBP-ASC CF-2 showed modification in the chemical environment, intermolecular interactions were established, and improved flow properties with enhanced intrinsic solubility and invitro dissolution rate than a pure drug by decreasing Cocrystals particle size.
Quality by Design Approach for Optimization and Development of Gastro-Retentive Hollow Microspheres for Prasugrel
Authors: Srikar Grandhi , Nagamma I
Published: December 2023

Prasugrel (PSG) is used in minimizing the risk of atherothrombotic events in people with cardiovascular problems. Developing extended-release products for PSG is highly advantageous owing to its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. But, due to its insolubility in aqueous media with pH above 6.0, it becomes poorly bioavailable from the small intestine upon oral administration. Hence, an extended-release formulation which resides in gastric region until released completely is highly recommended. Polymeric hollow-microspheres with inherent floating property without lag time are highly preferable for the PSG kind of drugs. Emulsion solvent evaporation-diffusion technique was explored in this work to develop microspheres inner pores/hollowness. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to study the influence of various formulation and process factors on the critical quality attributes or responses of the PSG hollow-microspheres. Various formulations according to the BBD were developed and studied for quality control tests like floating time, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, particles size, drug release rate. Surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy indicated big dents and protrusions on the surface indicating inner hollowness. Design of experiments analysis was performed to develop regression equations for every response with the factors. Design validation by ANOVA indicated that all the factors were significant in having influence on every response at p < 0.05. The optimized microspheres were found to have 91.8% entrapment efficiency; 94.5% floating even after 24 h; and extended drug release for more than 18 hours. Ethyl cellulose hollow-microspheres for PSG were successfully optimized and developed by adopting quality by design approach.
Formulation of Candisartan Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets After Improving the Solubility by Solid Dispersion and Inclusion Complex Methods.
Authors: Pentu Narendra , Murahari Manikanta , Murthy G Narayana
Published: December 2023

This research work aimed to develop and evaluate the buccal tablets of Candesartan using various Mucoadhesive polymers viz. Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC K4M), Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose (Sodium CMC), Sodium alginate individually and in combination. Candesartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used in the treatment of hypertension. It shows the oral bioavailability of 15% due to the first-pass metabolism and has a biological half-life of approximately 9hrs. It is poorly absorbed after oral administration, and having poor solubility and wettability leads to poor dissolution. The solubility and dissolution rate were improved by preparing solid dispersions using Poloxamer 188 by melt agglomeration (MA), and inclusion complexes were made with β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) by kneading method. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method using selected mucoadhesive polymers loaded with drug, free (or) in drug carrier combination and were characterized by swelling studies, ex vivo, and in vivo mucoadhesive time, ex vivo Mucoadhesion force, in-vitro drug release studies. Based on the in vitro drug release data, the formulations containing the two drug-carrier combinations, Poloxamer 188 (MA 1:2) and β-CD (1:1 M), were selected optimized formulations. As per the X ray Diffraction studies drug and excipients are compatible with each other, solubility profile improvement was confirmed by increasing dissolution studies. Using solid dispersion and inclusion complexes methods, the drug’s wettability and dissolution profiles were improved.
Microwave Assisted Nanocomposite Loaded Cinnarizine for Improving Absorption in Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Mohanto Sourav , Ahmed Mohammed Gulzar , Bhunia Adrija , Bhowmick Mithun
Published: December 2023

Cinnarizine belongs to the Class II of Biopharmaceutical classification system, and its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be limited by various factors, with the most significant contributors being poor aqueous solubility and membrane permeability of the drug molecule, which further affects the oral bioavaibility. Bio nanocomposite is the process of complex formation between drug and polymers/excipients where microwave energy plays a significant role in reducing the particle size of materials. It breaks intermolecular bonding, which further reduces the particle size, enhanced the effective surface area, solubility, and bioavailability. In the present study, an attempt has been made to formulate and characterize the Cinnarizine loaded Bio-nanocomposites consisting of Xanthan and Guar gum for enhanced solubility of Cinnarizine and percentage drug release from nanocomposite that is satisfactory and bioavailability also comparable to better than other marketed formulations of Cinnarizine. The microwave assisted Cinnarizine loaded Xanthan gum-based nanocomposite formulation was shown a higher percentage of yield (80.80±0.8%), higher solubility (0.830±0.008), nano ranged hydrodynamic diameter (169.36 nm with Polydispersity Index 23.6%), zeta potential (34.4 mv). The transmission electron microscopy study of nanocomposite formulation showed crystal shape of Cinnarizine was completely changed in nanocomposite, showing embedded Cinnarizine crystals in the matrix. This In vitro study concluded that the preparation method of bio-nano composite was simple, reproducible, and provides good solubility in alkaline medium and drug content. Thus, Xanthan gum can be considered as an effective carrier for the crystallization of the drug, possessing suitable microstructural properties to prevent recrystallization of the drug.
Statistical Optimization and Evaluation of Extended Release Tablets for Divalproex Sodium
Authors: Sunitha Ramineni , Sivadasu Praveen , Gunda Raghavendra Kumar
Published: December 2023

The purpose of current experimental research is to optimize the quantities of macromolecules such as EudragitL/100-55, HPMC-K-100M for the development of divalproex sodium extended release tablets. Divalproexsodium, an anticonvulsant or epileptic agent. It was used in the effective management of bipolar disorders, Mania, seizures, convulsions, tremors/epilepsy. Divalproex sodium ER tablets were formulated with the help of EudragitL/100-55 and HPMC-K-100M in variable composition and variable amounts as per 32 factorial design technique. They were prepared by direct compression technique. Quantities of polymers required for exhibiting extended release of active agent from tablet were chosen as independent variables, in the similar way time required for drug release were chosen as dependent variables (t10%,t50%,t75%,t90%,). Nine formulations were created in accordance with the plan, formulated, and tested for quality control criteria. It is obvious from the results that all formulations meet the compendial restrictions. In order to estimate the kinetic parameters, data from the dissolution research was effectively suited to kinetic modeling. For the responses, polynomial equations were created and validated. The optimised formulation SOD5, which contains 31.25 milligrams of EudragitL/100-55 and 31.25 milligrams of HPMC-K-100M, exhibits resemblance to the commercial product of f2=85.91 and f1=2.25 (DIVALEX). SOD5 formulation follows zero order, and a non-fickian type release mechanism was discovered (n = 0.645).
Global Perspective on Software as a Medical Device (SAMD): Development Process, Associated Risks, and Legislative Aspects
Authors: Yetukuri Koushik , Umashankar M.S.
Published: December 2023

Software is now a crucial component of every product as technology continues to develop all elements of health care. It is widely integrated into digital platforms for both medical and non-medical uses. One of three forms of software connected to medical devices is software that, on its own, qualifies as a medical device. This article intends to provide an analysis and summary of recent research in the field of medical device development methodology, explore these investigations’ phases, and assess the risk and legal implications. The literature search was carried out to find peer-reviewed articles on content released between 2010 and 2021 in Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. based on criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Given the distinctive characteristics of software as a medical device (SaMD) that go beyond those of conventional medical hardware or devices, regulators across the globe started to realize the need to consent to a framework and set of guiding principles for the industry. This will allow all stakeholders, including regulated entities, to advance safe innovation and safeguard patient safety. From the time a product is first conceptualized until it is launched onto the market, the development of software as a medical device is incredibly complicated and greatly relies on the use of good manufacturing practices. The key issues that must be addressed in the future are the transparency of regulatory processes throughout the globe.
Statistical Optimization and in Vitro Evaluation of Nizatidine Floating Tablets
Authors: Latha S. Madhavi , Bhushan P. Bharghava
Published: December 2023

Nizatidine is a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist that is indicated in the management of Gastric Esophageal Reflux Disorder, Peptic Ulcer Disease, gastric and duodenal ulcer. The bioavailabilty of Nizatidine is around 70% and the drug suffers from low permeability issues due to its hydrophilic nature. The aim of this work was to formulate and develop non effervescent floating matrix tablets of Nizatidine to increase the bioavailability of the drug by increasing gastric residence time. NEGFMT of Nizatidine were prepared using Glyceryl Laurate (GL), lactose, aerosol and magnesium stearate. 32 full factorial design was employed for the design and optimization of formulations using Design Expert software. Amount of GL (X1) and percentage of lactose (X2) were taken as independent variables while percentage of drug release in 1 hour (Y1) and time to release 100% of the drug (Y2) were selected as dependent variables. Nizatidine granules were prepared using melt granulation technique and evaluated for flow properties and then compressed into NEGFMT. Prepared formulations were evaluated for various post compression parameters, dissolution studies and stability studies. The lower density of GL when compared to gastric fluid and its capability to sustain the release of drug makes it an ideal choice to prepare non effervescent floating matrix tablets. Response surface methodology of the statistical mathematical models showed a good correlation between the predicted and actual values. Optimized formulations were successfully developed based on full factorial design and statistical methods.
Preparation of Rilpivirine Nanosponges Using Different Methodologies
Authors: Aishwarya KVNR , Sivadasu Praveen
Published: December 2023

Rilpivirine is an analogue of a nucleoside that inhibits reverse transcriptase. Various polymers including ethyl cellulose (EC), -cyclodextrin (-CD), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30), cross-linkers including dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), glutaraldehyde (GTLD), stabilisers including kondagogu gum (kgg), olibanum gum (OLG), and solvents like ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), dist. water etc were used with different proportion with respective methods of preparation. Emulsion Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis, solvent synthesis, and the solvent diffusion method. It was decided that the solvent technique was the best option. FESEM imaging has been used to characterise nanosponges. The resultant batch (F8) made by the solvent approach was seen to have a nanoscale size distribution, a zeta potential of -12.2 mV, and a stable surface, as seen in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image. Because of this promising outcome, the EC polymer, DMC cross-linker, and KGG stabiliser were selected for the next stage of scale-up. However, the surface roughness and form irregularity of other batches created using methods such as Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method and Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis were shown by FESEM. The FESEM analysis proposed using the solvent approach to develop and scale up the batches further. Based on this finding, formulation development was continued, creating many batches using various ratios of polymer (EC): cross-linker (DMC), solvent (DMSO), and stabiliser (KGG).
Formulation and Evaluation of Minocycline Using Multiple Polymers
Authors: Chandra S. Nigama , Rao A. Anka , Surendra Amareswarapu. V
Published: December 2023

The present study was aimed at formulating and evaluating of controlled release tablets of Minocycline HCl using different polymers (guar gum, Xanthun gum and HPMC K100) at different proportions. The formulated controlled release tablets were evaluated for organoleptic properties and in vitro dissolution rate and then compared for optimum drug releasing formulation. The results of the in vitro drug release showed that the formulation containing Xanthun gum (1:1.5) has a zero-order drug release over a period of 24 h. In case of formulations containing guar gum and HPMCK100 the release of drug was found to be dependent on the relative proportions of guar gum and HPMCK100 used in matrix tablet. The in vitro analysis then further supported with in vivo studies, as well as, improving patient compliance. The drug release from the matrix occurred by combination of two mechanisms, diffusion of drug from tablet matrix and erosion of tablet surface, which was reflected from Higuchi’s model.
Herbal Formulation and Quality Control Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract
Authors: Swathi V. , Kumar Mahanta Sailendra , Suresh Kumar J.N. , Salma Sd. , Rani M. , Azam Aslam Sk. , Tipsy K.
Published: December 2023

Advantages of herbal medicine in disease control, prevention, health promotion, and extending one’s life span humanizing quality of life are increasing. Their safety is the primary consideration criterion for being used by the people. Herbal medicines often used either in combination or in extract from plants, which differ in organisms, growing conditions, and biologically active constituents. Literature review corroborated their management for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties and a few to remedy pain. This investigation was focused on the development of anti-inflammatory formulation ointment exploiting Moringa leaves and its evaluation. A cream was formulated using propylene glycol and stearyl alcohol as excipients. Cream evaluation was done for physical appearance, pH, thermal stability, and spreadability. Further, accelerated stability studies, microbiological studies, and irritancy tests were also performed. The prepared formulation yielded has a good physical appearance, palatability, optimal pH, and safer skin with good spreadability properties. Stability at altered conditions indicated no chances of infection.
Protective Effect of Psidium guajava L. Stem Bark on Aspirin Plus Pylorus Ligation-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats
Authors: Rao A. Anka , Jemimah G. , Sreekanth M.
Published: December 2023

Peptic ulcer is a problem worldwide and its prevalence is quite high in India. Several field studies from different parts of the country suggests its occurrence in 3-10 per thousand population. The present study was intended to evaluate the protective effect of ethanol extract of Psidium guajava L. stem bark on aspirin plus pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcers in rats. The ability of Psidium guajava L. stem bark to provide gastric protection was studied at two different oral doses, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight. Omeprazole (20 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard in the present study. The protective effect was assessed by determining and comparing the gastric volume, pH, free, total and bound acidity; ulcer number and its inhibition, ulcer severity, ulcer index and its protection, and gastric lesion. The ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava L. stem bark showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in gastric volume, free acidity, ulcer index as compared to control. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the Psidium guajava L. stem bark has a protective action against gastric ulcers.
In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Mitotic, Oxidant Activities of Polyherbal Extract of Laurus Nobilis, Illicium Verum, and Myristica Dactyloid
Authors: Mohammed Jahasultana , Jamullamudi Risy Namratha , P Niharika , Konidala Sathish kumar
Published: December 2023

Most diseases are not curable because of their degenerative nature. Natural product-based nutritional approaches are available to prevent such types of disorders. Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green leaves that belong to the flowering plant family Lauraceae. Illicium verum is a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southwest China. Myristica dactyloides a plant species belonging to the family Myristicaceae are used for this study. Crude polyherbal extract (PHE) of three different plant materials, Laurus nobilis, Illicium verum, and Myristica dactyloids, were prepared by maceration process. Phytochemical screening along with in-vitro anti-inflammatory, oxidant, mitotic and microbial activities were carried out. A dose-dependent response was observed, and significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity were recorded at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. In seed germination studies the polyherbal crude extract interaction inhibited the germination which was compared with the known anti-mitotic agent methotrexate. However, the seeds had shown germination when treated with water and solvent. The results of the present study indicated that PHE has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the PHE had shown synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These properties may help in managing harmful diseases by this PHE and further studies are warranted for exploring other possible beneficial effects.
Evaluation of Drug Usage in Lactation in the Community Settings of Vijayawada
Authors: Vijaya Kumar Ghanta , Lakshmi Akhila K. Jaahnavi , Pravallika M. , Satya Sree R. , Surendra K.
Published: December 2023

In this study, drug use patterns among lactating mothers were examined. A drug that is safe to take during pregnancy might not be safe for the nursing infant. All medications must be administered with the utmost care because many medications taken by breastfeeding mothers end up in breast milk. The main objective of this study is to ensure safety and rationality of medications prescribed during breastfeeding. A three-month cross-sectional observational study was done on the prescription trends in breastfeeding mothers. The Dr. Hale's Lactation Risk Category was used to assess each prescription based on the socio-demographic traits and risk categories of the drugs taken. The 60 study participants used a total of 364 different drugs. This cross-sectional study concluded that sample population primarily utilized medicines in categories L1 followed by L2, L3, L4 and L5 with L4 being the least frequently used and L5 drugs being not found. With a few notable exceptions, the drug usage pattern is relatively rational. During lactation, doctors were worried about giving safer medications and had greater faith in evidence-based medicine.
Assessment of Medication Adherence for Controlling Diabetes in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Anjana Male CH K V L S N , Dharani Prasad P. , Santhi Sri A. , Kasu Snehitha , Asha Prathi Mary , Nakka Anusha
Published: December 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and a rapidly growing public health problem that affects millions of people. It usually co-exists with other medical conditions, and its prevalence is increasing year by year reaching epidemic proportions. Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India. Patients’ adherence to their anti-diabetic medications is a critical and important factor to prevent serious undesirable complications and to reduce the health care resource utilizations. This study focuses on assessing the risk factors, evaluating disease progression, improving management and medication adherence through patient counselling. A prospective observational study was conducted in rural area of Mangalagiri for 6 months August–January (2018–19).Subjects satisfying study criteria are enrolled by obtaining signed inform consent form. Subject information was gathered by data collection form containing demographic details, prescribed medications and were secured. Each patient was counselled in every review. Morisky medication adherence scale-8 was filled by every subject before and after counselling. Medication adherence score was calculated by MMAS-8. Study identified that patient counselling was successful with significant changes in life style modifications, dietary patterns, decreased alcohol consumption. Medication adherence was also improved which was low at the commencement of the study. In this study there was a significant improvement in quality of health education and adherence to medication in diabetics taking part in an educational session focusing on the importance of anti-diabetes medication and adherence to it.
A Case Study on Relapsed Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Chandrakaladar K. , Bhavana L. , Priyanka A.M.V. , Kishore G. , Devi B. , Sreya K.
Published: December 2023

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects mature B cells. MCL has been found to have extranodal involvement in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. It is most commonly associated with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, but a leukemic presentation is unusual. Colon cancer and mantle cell lymphoma coexisting in the same gut is unusual. This study has been submitted as a case report for publication. After being diagnosed with recurrent mantle cell lymphoma, a 45-year-old male patient was admitted for the third cycle of treatment. A colonoscopy revealed mantle cell lymphoma, which had previously been treated with chemotherapy and now appears to be active in the ileocecal region. A biopsy was performed for further investigation. Histopathology reveals small intestine mantle cell lymphoma, and the patient is currently undergoing chemotherapy. After the third cycle of chemotherapy was planned with medical management, the patient was referred for oncologic treatment. We present a case of MCL with large nodules in the last 5 cm of the ileum, as well as the workup of this uncommon lymphoma, which clinicians may be asked to detect and manage. This report serves as a reminder to maintain a broad differential to account for uncommon diseases and pathology. Practising with a thorough understanding of medical principles and clinical acumen is critical for optimal patient care and, as demonstrated in this case, avoiding a potential surgical intervention that would delay appropriate chemotherapy.
Trends in Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching
Authors: Kodaparthi Ashwitha , Bastipati Suresh Babu
Published: December 2023

Quorum sensing (QS), controls the characteristics of microbe populations through the detection of the concentrations of signal molecules, which are not only released but also produced by bacteria. QS regulates both biochemical and physiological functions viz., release of quorum signal molecules, biofilm formation, reduction in virulence, production of bacteriocins and pathogenesis. The approach of hindering QS and impeding the formation and release of virulence factors, degrading biofilms, is termed quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) or quorum quenching (QQ). This tactic weakens the virulence, bypassing the elimination of pathogens, in so doing reducing the pressure on those pathogens and deferring the progress of resistance to drugs which are quorum quencher-mediated. Currently, there are striking developments, both practically and theoretically in the arena of QS and QQ. This chapter focusses on the most prominent studies on the diversity of QS and QQ signals, mechanisms related to QQ and QS, detection and measurement, recent trends in the field of QS and their ensuing applications in diverse fields of wide-reaching interests viz., industries, medicine, agriculture and food production, besides throwing a spotlight on the approaches used to technologically advance novel applications of QQ in diverse arenas.
Natural QSIs for Biofilm Control in Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Kameswaran Srinivasan , Ramesh Bellamkonda
Published: December 2023

Multidrug resistant strains of bacteria and fungi have emerged as a result of improper use of antibiotics in both humans and animals, despite the fact that the development of antibiotics has decreased morbidity and death caused by infectious diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of most concern when it comes to antibiotic resistance because of its inherent virulence, capacity to produce a high number of infections and ability to endure a variety of environmental circumstances. S. aureus has a variety of strategies to build antibiotic resistance, including the modification of drugs (β-lactamases), utilization of an alternate target site [penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a)], antibiotic efflux [norfloxacin resistance A (NorA)] and biofilm development. This has boosted interest in traditional medicine, which has been used for a long time to treat a variety of infectious diseases in various parts of the world. Because they include a complex blend of phytochemical components, plant extracts are a key source in the fight against microbial resistance because resistance to them develops extremely slowly. Additionally, phytochemical components found in plant extracts have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The goal of the current study is to energize efforts to find plant extracts and the phytochemicals they contain that can inhibit microbial resistance. In the future, S. aureus infections could be treated effectively and without evident adverse effects by using plant extracts and their purified ingredients.
Plant-based Quorum Sensing Inhibitors for Biofilm Control in Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Musini Anjaneyulu , Jhansi Vulise , Sreevalli Konda , Giri Archana
Published: December 2023

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a very contagious bacteria that induces devastating illnesses, is a multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogen. The stubborn nature of MRSA biofilms is one of the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of antibiotic treatment against outbreaks brought on by this resistant bacterium, which leads to an increasingly alarming situation globally. Quorum signalling activation and biofilm formation cause infections to become more resistant to antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat bacterial diseases. To overcome this reluctance, it is imperative to support newer therapeutic approaches. Natural substances derived from plants bind to quorum sensing (QS) receptors and interrupt the QS system of microbes by disrupting the production of biofilms and rupturing those that have already formed, hence decreasing the possibility of developing a resistance mechanism. This chapter’s objective is to offer a concise summary of scientific studies on plants and plant-derived compounds with putative anti-QS characteristics against S. aureus.
Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogens – a Global Concern
Authors: Surya Prakash D. V. , Gupta Istuti , Singhal Saloni , Pal Deepika , Munawar T. Mohammad
Published: December 2023

The “wonder drugs” to fight microorganisms are antibiotics. For decades, a range of antibiotics has been employed therapeutically and preventatively in a number of industries, including agriculture and animal husbandry. There is uncertainty because certain germs are developing resistance to standard antibiotics. In recent years, antimicrobial resistance has grown to be a serious clinical issue on a global scale. With the discovery of antibiotics, infections were no longer a potentially lethal issue for medical workers. A considerable number of mobile genetic variations and important resistant genes, however, speed up the development of widespread antimicrobial resistance as a result of incorrect or excessive antibiotic usage. This chapter describes the causes, progression and recent status of antibiotic resistance, as well as its regulation, mechanisms, epidemiology, methods for detecting antimicrobial resistance genes in clinically significant bacteria and problems, by looking at the literature that has already been published. Antibiotic resistance is rising alarmingly. As medications lose their effectiveness, a rising number of illnesses, including gonorrhea, tuberculosis and pneumonia, are becoming harder to cure and frequently incurable. Antibiotic use is associated with infections that are resistant to them. The majority of the increase in resistant bacteria can be attributed to the abuse of antibiotics. Since there aren’t many treatments for difficult-to-treat, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, there is a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality.
Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Environmental Systems: Implications for Global Public Health
Authors: Mogili Nitish Venkateswarlu , Divya Kakara , Kodavaty Jagadeeswar , Erva Rajeswara Reddy
Published: December 2023

Bacterial pathogenesis is linked to occurrence of number of human diseases and deaths. The development and usage of chemical agents, antibiotics, has been effective against various pathogenic bacteria. In recent years, antibiotic-resistant pathogens have become a major health concern. The persistence of such microbes makes chemical agent-based medical treatments ineffective and imposes economic burdens regarding exploration of alternatives to antibiotics that treat microbial infections. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are crucial to understanding the evolution of clinically important resistant bacteria. In addition, understanding the role of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and associated genes released into the aquatic environment through wastewater is imperative. The chapter focusses on the current status and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The role of biofilms in antibiotic resistance is discussed. Antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment and the effects of influencing environmental factors are highlighted.
Role of Quorum Quenching in Pathogen Control in Aquaculture
Authors: Mondal Sandip , Gautam Manish , Das Rakesh , Chakraborty Sagnik , Das Soma , Chakraborty Arnab
Published: December 2023

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector that provides a substantial portion of the world’s seafood supply. Despite its many benefits, the intensive culture of aquatic animals is also associated with the emergence and spread of bacterial diseases that can result in severe economic losses. Aquatic pathogens, especially bacteria, can proliferate in aquaculture systems, leading to decreased growth, increased mortality and a decrease in the overall health of aquatic organisms. Conventional methods of pathogen control in aquaculture, such as antibiotics, vaccines and disinfectants, have limitations due to the development of antibiotic resistance, vaccine failure and environmental concerns. Therefore, there is a need for alternative strategies that are effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly. One such approach is quorum quenching (QQ), which has the potential to control bacterial infections in aquaculture. This review aims to discuss the role of QQ in pathogen control in aquaculture. The review begins by defining quorum sensing (QS) and QQ and then explores the mechanisms of QQ. It then discusses the application of QQ in aquaculture and concludes with future perspectives on QQ in aquaculture.
Molecular Identification and Detection of Quorum Quenching Pathogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Munawar T. Mohammad , Gandhi Sakthivel , Surya Prakash D. V.
Published: December 2023

Soil health and fertility are directly threatened by plastic pollution, which is a major environmental problem that directly affects food security and human health. Little knowledge exists regarding the behaviour, characteristics and determination of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in soil. In actuality, most of the annual 300 million metric tons of plastic generated eventually finds its way into the environment, where the soil acts as a long-term sink for this plastic garbage. In plastic degrading bacteria, fungi and insects, the production and detection of freely moving chemical signals, such as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), mediate quorum sensing (QS) to control a variety of biological factors, including virulence factor synthesis. A novel enrichment technique has been developed to achieve the goal of isolating soil bacteria that can prevent QS by deactivating AHL. AHL-degrading bacteria have been discovered in soil samples. Autoinduer inhibitor A (aiiA) homologue genes were found in 12 isolates using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and three strains were chosen for additional examination. The aforementioned isolates showed rapid in vitro degradation of synthetic 3-oxo-C6-homoserine lactone, according to an assay for AHL inactivation. These isolates belonged to members of the genus Bacillus, according to 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis and morphological phenotypes. Our analysis indicates that the selection process may be used to separate soil Bacillus species, and some other Bacillus species in the soil showed quorum quenching (QQ) activity. The use of biosensors to detect QS signaling molecules has the potential to provide timely diagnostic information towards mitigating the multidrug-resistant bacteria epidemic.
Quorum Quenching in Anti-virulence Therapy
Authors: Menon Katherine Georgina , Preethi Mangala Guna , Nithin Pariki , Mallu Maheswara Reddy
Published: December 2023

The quest for new anti-virulence medications has been sparked by the rising antibiotic resistance rates of pathogenic bacteria. By interfering with vital components of bacteria, such as their cell walls, nucleic acids and protein biosynthesis, conventional antibiotics kill or restrict bacterial growth. This predictable selection force may lead to the rise of antibiotic-resistant microbial pathogens. Antibiotic treatment of microbial illnesses frequently results in a hostile environment in which bacteria evolve survival strategies, such as biofilm growth, which tends to result in multidrug resistance. These microorganisms typically interact with one another through a procedure known as quorum sensing (QS). By manipulating the expression of genes, particularly those determining virulence, depending on the density of bacterial cells, QS allows bacteria to interact with one another and governs the pathogenesis of many species. The pathogenic world uses the QS signalling system to determine population density and coordinate virulence gene development. Quorum quenching (QQ) was thus proposed for disease treatment and prevention by interacting with the bacterial QS system. Using QQ, it may be possible to create next-generation antibiotics that are particularly effective at preventing QS-mediated pathogenic infections by disrupting bacterial communication. This chapter gives a summary of the fundamental ideas and mechanisms of QS and discusses the application of QQ as a possible tactic in the fight against the threat of microbe pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance.
Quorum Quenching Applications in Plant Biotechnology
Authors: Rathnaprabha D. , Ganesh Adityah , Srividya A.
Published: December 2023

Quorum sensing is a signal transmission and recognition system used by bacterial cells for several biochemical and physiological functions, including pathogenicity, and is significant in resisting the plant immune system. While the molecules and the chemical reactions involved vary among different classes of bacteria, the system involves a molecule known as an auto inducer (AI), usually produced by the bacteria, which triggers specific expression pathways and responses in other bacterial cells. Some species of plants have been observed to produce chemicals that hinder or inhibit quorum sensing, a process termed quorum quenching. This approach offers a systemic and scalable approach for controlling plant pathogens. Quorum quenching can be induced in plants to enhance their resistance to pathogens by hijacking different aspects of the signalling system, offering multiple approaches ranging from the external application of quorum quenchers to the development of transgenic plants with quorum quenching mechanisms. This mechanism offers several advantages over conventional methods of pathogen control in agriculture, such as low toxicity for humans and low chances of development of drug resistance.
Raman spectroscopy of brain and skin tissue in a minipig model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Tipatet Kevin , Du Boulay Isla , Muir Hamish , Davison-Gates Liam , Ellederová Zdenka , Downes Andrew
Published: December 2023

We applied Raman spectroscopy to brain and skin tissues from a minipig model of Huntington's diseases.
Speciation of inorganic arsenic by μ-thin-layer chromatography coupled with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry based on an ion imprinted polymer
Authors: Sadat Shushtarian Mojgan , Givianrad Mohammad Hadi , Saber Tehrani Mohammad , Aberoomand-Azar Parviz
Published: December 2023

μ-Thin layer chromatography coupled with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (μ-TLC-LA-ICP-MS) based on an IIP (ion imprinted polymer) for the speciation of inorganic arsenic.
Following the temperature-induced activation of carbon-supported trigonal Pd3 nanoclusters for catalysis
Authors: Singh Siddhant , Sulaiman Kazeem O. , Mahwar  , Scott Robert W. J.
Published: December 2023

[Pd3(μ-Cl)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]Cl clusters activated at 150 °C are highly active and selective heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts for alkynol semihydrogenation.
Differences in interaction of graphene/graphene oxide with bacterial and mammalian cell membranes
Authors: Lanai Victor , Chen Yanyan , Naumovska Elena , Pandit Santosh , Schröder Elsebeth , Mijakovic Ivan , Rahimi Shadi
Published: December 2023

Weak bonding among bacteria phospholipids and less repulsive force when graphene materials approach, result in graphene materials interacting differently with the bacteria compared to mammalian cells.
Water-promoted selective photocatalytic methane oxidation for methanol production
Authors: Zhou Peng , Tang Songtao , Ye Zhengwei , Navid Ishtiaque Ahmed , Xiao Yixin , Sun Kai , Mi Zetian
Published: December 2023

Water molecules adsorbed on Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) can promote the electron transfer from InGaN to AgNPs, which enables the formation of partial Ag species with a lower oxidation state in AgNPs for the highly selective methanol production.
Alkaline-earth ion stabilized sub-nano-platinum tin clusters for propane dehydrogenation
Authors: Lu Zhenpu , Luo Ran , Chen Sai , Fu Donglong , Sun Guodong , Zhao Zhi-Jian , Pei Chunlei , Gong Jinlong
Published: December 2023

Ca-stabilized sub-nano-platinum–tin clusters for efficient propane dehydrogenation are constructed, and the presence of Ca modulates the properties of Pt by influencing the reduction extent of Sn species.
Computational design of an imine reductase: mechanism-guided stereoselectivity reversion and interface stabilization
Authors: Wu Kai , Yan Jinrong , Liu Qinde , Wang Xiaojing , Wu Piaoru , Cao Yiyang , Lu Xiuhong , Xu Yixin , Huang Junhai , Shao Lei
Published: December 2023

The stereoselectivity and thermal stability of imine reductase are manipulated through computational design, based on predicted catalytic mechanisms and subunit interfaces.