bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carl Schmitt Revisited by the United States and the Terrorist
Authors: Mendecka Karolina
Published: September 2019

In the article “Carl Schmitt Revisited by the United States and the Terrorist” it is shown that Carl Schmitt’s morals, standards and views can be noticed in the United States policy in the context of so-called “war on terror”. According to the article, Islamic terrorists are a mirror image of Schmittan revolutionary partisan. It is discussed how terrorists are, as a problem, treated by the USA, which in author’s opinion displays many Schmittan features. Schmitt is one of the few who claim that the sovereign state is above the legal order and can set boundaries. It is therefore shown that the USA seem to have rushed into Schmittan “state of exception”, where norms are suspended in order to achieve security, resembling the thinking of the G.W. Bush administration. It is illustrated how the USA seem to be following Schmitt’s ideology, especially by making exceptions to international rules, but also putting the terrorist outside of the scope of international regulations. Lastly, author tries to answer the question if it is justified to follow Schmitt and obey to the rule of law.
The Method of Reflective Equilibrium in Moral Reasoning
Authors: Smolak Marek
Published: September 2019

The paper analyses the nature of moral reasoning when balancing constitutional rights. The fundamental assumption is the idea that adequate moral reasoning based on the Weight Formula should demonstrate the reasons for adopting specific principles. This demonstration should be rational. Rationality can be achieved by applying J. Rawls’s methods of reflective equilibrium. The above method consists of background theory/approach. I propose to consider two background theories/approaches, namely Dworkin’s idea of integrity and the concept of the rule of law formulated by O. Raban. My aim is to argue that the latter is more accurate for moral reasoning when balancing constitutional rights than the former because it helps us to rationalize the broadly understood process of taking judicial decisions.
ORTODONCIA Y REABSORCIÓN RADICULAR, CONSIDERACIONES CLÍNICAS.
Authors: BARZALLO SARDI VINICIO
Published: September 2019

Esta revisión expone la reabsorción radicular inflamatoria que se produce durante un tratamiento de ortodoncia como un efecto relacionado a la respuesta biológica de los tejidos que permiten el movimiento dentario; así como las consideraciones clínicas que se deben tener antes, durante y después del tratamiento ortodóncico.

 

This review outlines the inflammatory root resorption that occurs during an orthodontic treatment as an effect related to the biological response of tissues to allow tooth movement as well as clinical considerations that must be taken before, during and after orthodontic treatment.
PROYECCIÓN DEL INSTRUMENTAL CON RESPECTO A LA ANATOMÍA DEL CONDUCTO RADICULAR
Authors: CORREA TORAL FRANCISCO
Published: September 2019

La preparación en endodoncia incluye la ampliación y conformación del espacio del conducto radicular así como la desinfección, y subsecuente obturación. A través de los años la instrumentación en endodoncia ha cambiado, tanto en las técnicas de preparación como en los materiales y métodos empleados para la fabricación de los instrumentos; iniciando con los instrumentos manuales de acero carbonado hasta llegar en la actualidad a las diferentes modificaciones de la aleación del Níquel – Titanio. Todos estos cambios se han realizado con el objetivo de respetar y adaptarse a las condiciones del conducto radicular, tanto en su forma, como diámetro. La presente revisión analiza los cambios del instrumental en endodoncia y la relación de dichos instrumentos con respecto a la anatomía del conducto radicular.

 

The preparation in endodontics includes enlargement and shaping the root canal space alongwith disinfection, and subsequent obturation. Through the years the instrumentation in endodontics has sufferedchanges in preparation techniques and the materials used for the manufacture of instruments; starting with carbon steel hand instruments until  today to various modifications of Nickel-Titaniumalloy. All these changes have been made in order to respect and adapt to the conditions of the root canal, both in form and diameter.The present review analyzes the state of affairs of the different modifications of endodontics instruments and their connection to the anatomy of the root canal.
RELACIÓN ENDOPERIODONTAL VERDADERA O CLASE III Y TRATAMIENTO REGENERATIVO. REPORTE DE UN CASO
Authors: ROMERO ESPINOZA KATHERINE
Published: September 2019

Dentro de la práctica odontológica existen pocas especialidades tan íntimamente relacionadas como son la Endodoncia y la Periodoncia, ya que tanto el tejido pulpar como el periodonto comparten una relación embriológica, anatómica, microbiológica y patológica. Las lesiones endoperiodontales, son una condición en las que la pulpa y el periodonto están interrelacionadas, manifestándose en ello pérdida de inserción periodontal, destrucción de hueso y periodontitis periapical. Al realizar la terapia periodontal el objetivo es la resolución de la afección en los tejidos de soporte del diente. La terapia endodóntica trata la enfermedad, los tejidos periapicales y pulpares afectados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico de lesión endoperiodontal verdadera, en el que se realizó inicialmente un tratamiento endodóntico, seguido del tratamiento periodontal con regenerativo de un defecto infraóseo utilizando biomateriales, específicamente membrana reabsorbible de colágeno y hueso bovino liofilizado. El seguimiento a un año indica resolución del defecto óseo, estabilidad dental, ausencia de enfermedad periodontal, lo que indica éxito en el tratamiento.
EVALUACIÓN DE LOS SISTEMAS RECIPROC, WAVEONE GOLD Y TÉCNICA MANUAL EN LA DESOBTURACIÓN DE CONDUCTOS RADICULARES.
Authors: MUÑOZ HUGO ROBERTO , MARTÍNEZ TREJO CLAUDETH
Published: September 2019

Planteamiento del Problema: La desobturación es clave durante un retratamiento endodóntico, por lo que contar con sistemas efcientes, efectivos y seguros en la remoción de material de obturación es importante. Actualmente, los sistemas reciprocantes son una alternativa para desobturar, sin embargo, es necesario evaluar su desempeño para corroborar su aplicabilidad.Objetivo: Determinar la efciencia, efectividad y la extrusión apical de residuos de los sistemas Reciproc y WaveOne Gold durante la desobturación de conductos, comparados con la técnica manual.Materiales y Métodos: Noventa conductos mesiales obturados provenientes de 45 molares inferiores extraidas fueron utilizados y asignados aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de 15 molares: Grupo Reciproc (lima R25/0.08); Grupo WaveOne Gold (lima Primary 25/0.07); y Grupo Manual (fresas Gates-Glidden/lima Hedstroem 25).  La efciencia de los sistemas fue medida con el tiempo necesario para alcanzar longitud de trabajo y para remover el material de obturación visible clínicamente. La efectividad se midió a través del porcentaje de área del conducto que se observó radiográfcamente cubierto aún con material de obturación. La extrusión apical de residuos se midió a través del peso en gramos del material extruido por el foramen apical. El test ANOVA y pruebas post-hoc (Tukey) a una signifcancia de p<0.05 fueron utilizados para establecer diferencias signifcativas entre los grupos.Resultados: Con relación a la efciencia, Reciproc alcanzó la longitud de trabajo y removió el material de obturación clínicamente visible signifcativamente más rápido que WaveOne Gold y que la técnica manual (p=0.0001). Con relación a la efectividad, Reciproc dejó signifcativamente menos área de conducto cubierta con material remanente que WaveOne Gold y la técnica manual (p=0.013). Con relación a la extrusión apical de residuos, Reciproc y WaveOne Gold extruyeron signifcativamente menos residuos que la técnica manual (p=0.0001).Conclusiones: Reciproc es más efciente y efectivo para la desobturación de conductos radiculares, comparado con WaveOne Gold y la técnica manual. Tanto Reciproc como WaveOne Gold extruyen menor cantidad de residuos a través del foramen apical comparado con la técnica manual.Implicaciones Clínicas: En la actualidad, los retratamientos endodónticos se han vuelto un procedimiento frecuente en la práctica endodóntica. Sin embargo, la desobturación de conductos suele ser un paso que presenta retos a muchos clínicos, difcultándose muchas veces alcanzar nuevamente la longitud de trabajo y remover completamente todo el material de obturación previo. Este estudio provee datos que podrían ser tomados en cuenta a la hora de seleccionar un sistema efciente, efectivo y seguro para realizar dicho procedimiento.
MOLARES EN C TRATADOS CON EL SISTEMA SELF ADJUSTING FLE Y SELLADO DE PERFORACIONES CON BIODENTINE: CONTROL DE DOS CASOS CLÍNICOS
Authors: PACHECO RAMÍREZ LUIS ARMANDO
Published: September 2019

La anatomía dentaria tiene diversas variaciones, de acuerdo a la raza, edad, sexo, etc. Y una de ellas son los conductos en forma de C, de mayor frecuencia en molares inferiores. La característica anatómica principal de este sistema es la presencia de una red o aleta que conecta los conductos independientes, mientras que el orifcio de entrada puede aparecer como una apertura simple en forma de arco de 180° 1-2. El presente artículo describe el diagnóstico y manejo clínico de dos molares inferiores con esta característica anatómica, haciendo uso del sistema Self Adjusing File (SAF) durante el tratamiento. Precisamente estos dos casos presentaban perforaciones a nivel endodóntico las cuales se solucionaron usando Biodentine.

 

AbstractDental anatomy has many variations, according to race, age, sex, etc. One of these are C shape canals, with major frequency in mandibular molars, the main anatomical characteristic of this system is the presence of a network or fn that connects the independent canals, while the entrances orifce can appear as a simple opening in the form of an arc of 180°. The present article describes the diagnosis and clinical management of two lower molars with this anatomical characteristic, using The Self Adjusting File during the treatment. Precisely these two cases presented perforations in the root canal which were solved using Biodentine.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Kecacingan Soil Transmitted Helminths Pada Anak Usia 1 – 5 Tahun Di Rw 07 Geringging Kecamatan Rumbai Pesisir
Authors: Kartini Sri , Kurniati Ilham , Jayati Nandriya Safarin , Sumitra Windra
Published: September 2019

Helminthiasis is a disease that occurs in the population in the tropics and subtropics area.One of the helminthiasis in humans is Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH). The prevalence of this disease is still to be a concern because the prevalence is quite high in children that is no exception in the children aged 1-5 years. The factors causing helminthiasis are included behavioral and environmental factors. This study aims to determine the factors that are related to STH helminthiasis incidence among others, the habit of washing hand of mothers, the habit of wearing footwear, the cleanliness of mother and child's nails, the availability of clean water, the availability of latrines and the availability of the trash. The sample is the total population of 55 children aged 1-5 years in RW 07 Geringging Rumbai Pesisir District. This research is an observational quantitative with cross sectional design.Data is taken from the result of questionnaire and human fecal sample. The data were analyzed using chi square test. The result of the research showing STH infected children were 7 people (12,7%). The types of the worm eggs that infect are Ascaris lumbricoides (7.2%), Trichuris trichiura (3.6%), and hookworm (1.8%). The result of statistical test showed that there was a relationship between hand washing habits (p = 0,039), children habit wearing footwear (p = 0,002), clean of mother and child nail (p = 0,041), clean water supply (p = 0,016) (p = 0,024) and there is no relation between garbage availability (p = 0,168)) to the occurrence of helminthiasis.

Keywords: Helminthiasis, washing hand of mothers, wearing children's footwear, cleaning mother's and children's nails, availability of clean water, availability of latrines
Straightforward chemical desymmetrisation of cis-(±)-4-O-protected-cyclopent-2-enol using resolving agents on column chromatography
Authors: Sidi Mohamed Bemba , Peyrottes Suzanne , Uttaro Jean-Pierre , MATHE Christophe
Published: September 2019

A simple and efficient procedure for the separation of cis-(+)- and cis-(−)-4-O-protected-cyclopent-2-enol, from the corresponding racemic mixture as starting material and using resolving agents, is described. The separation of diasteroisomers was accomplished by flash silica gel column chromatography. The enantiomers cis-(+)- and cis-(−)- of 4-O-protected-cyclopent-2-enol were obtained, in enantiomeric pure form, after elimination of the resolving agents.
A cytogenetic analysis in two species of Cassidinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Petitpierre Eduard
Published: September 2019

Two species of Cassidinae have been chromosomally analyzed, Cassida humeralis Kraatz, 1874 from France, with 2n = 18, 8 + Xyp meioformula and Anacassis fuscata (Klug, 1829) from Uruguay, with 2n = 30, 14 + Xy meioformula. The karyotype of the former is composed of similar meta/submetacentric autosomes, a small X-chromosome and a tiny y-chromosome, as many other Cassida and tribe Cassidini species, whereas that of the latter has four pairs of acro/telocentric autosomes at least and the remaining meta/submetacentrics including the X-chromosome and a tiny y-chromosome, which points out to its probable apomorphic origin by centric fissions, as found in some other species of the tribe Mesomphaliini.
Analysis of traditional preparation methods of buckwheat noodles in Japan
Authors: Asami Yuya , Yamashita Yoshinobu , Oka Takahiro , Terao Takanori , Ito Satoshi , Ikeda Sayoko , Nishihana Ayumi , Mitsumata Natsumi , Ikeda Kiyokazu
Published: September 2019

The present study was undertaken to clarify two subjects, i.e., one subject is to clarify the mechanical characteristics on thekukuri (kneading) and kiku-neri(forming into a chrysanthemum flower-like shape) processes on the preparation of buckwheat noodles; and another problem, to compare mechanical characteristics with buckwheat flours with different particle size.  The present study shows some factors which lie behind traditional methods preparing buckwheat noodles, i.e., some factors behind the kukuriand kiku-neriprocesses. Furthermore, this present study shows that the particle size of buckwheat flour may be an important factor affecting the mechanical characteristics of buckwheat noodles.
Formation of buckwheat genepool collection in Ukraine and directions of its usage
Authors: Tryhub Oleh , Burdyga Vitaliy , Kharchenko Yuriy , Havrylyanchyk Ruslan
Published: September 2019

The national collection of buckwheat in Ukraine consists of more than 2,000 samples.The material is studied, reproduced and preserved in special storage facilities with controlled environmental conditions and temperature, humidity of grain in the hermeticcontainers. The research work, conducted over the genepool, has allowed separating the source of valuable for selection treats: high yield and productivity, large grain, low-growing plant, high seedling vigor, resistance towards abscission and impact of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. As a result of the fulfilling research program "Plant genetic resources" following actions are conducted annually:allocation of 10-15 sources of selection and agronomic traits of plant productivity, grain quality, adaptability of the material, etc .;software research and breeding facilities standards, sources and donors of valuable traits for breeding and other research - about 100 collection samples; transmission of 1-2 educational collections (30-50 samples) to educational institutions.
Electrolyte and Haemogram changes post large volume liposuction comparing two different tumescent solutions
Authors: Vivek Kumar , Amiti Shah , Shivshankar Saha , Lalit Choudhary
Published: September 2019

Background: The most common definitions of large volume liposuction refer to total 5 l volume aspiration during a single procedure (fat plus wetting solution). Profound haemodynamic and metabolic alterations can accompany large volume liposuction. Due to paucity of literature on the effect of different tumescent solutions on the electrolyte balance and haematological changes during large volume liposuction, we carried out this study using two different wetting solutions to study the same. Materials and Methods: Total 30 patients presenting with varying degrees of localized lipodystrophy in different body regions were enrolled for the study. Prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted by Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi from January 2011 to June 2012. Patients were randomized into two groups of 15 patients each by using computer generated random numbers. Tumescent formula used for Group A (normal saline [NS]) was our modification of Klein’s Formula and Tumescent formula used for Group B (ringer lactate [RL]) was our modification of Hunstadt’s formula. Serum electrolytes and hematocrit levels were done at preinduction, immediate postoperative period and postoperative day 1. Result: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 15.0. Which showed statistically significant electrolytes and hematocrit changes occur during large volume liposuction. Conclusion: Statistically significant electrolytes and hematocrit changes occur during large volume liposuction and patients should be kept under observation of anaesthesist for at least 24 h. Patients require strict monitoring of vital parameters and usually Intensive Care Unit is not required. There was no statistical difference in the electrolyte changes using NS or RL as tumescent solution and both solutions were found safe for large volume liposuction.
Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine supplementation on the body composition and muscle strength in the elderly
Authors: Saka Bülent , Şahin Sevnaz , Kılıç Diclehan , Öztürk Levent , Yılmaz Hasan , Doğanay Mutlu , Türkyılmaz Serdar , Menteş Selahattin , Usluer Ozan , Arıkan Kürşat , Çomoğlu Selçuk , Güngör Levent , Ziyade Sedat , Kanat Özkan , Şeker Duray , Canoler Özgür , Gözke Eren , Akın Sibel , Sücüllü İlker , Tufan Fatih
Published: September 2019

Objective: Oral amino-acid-combination supplements have become a common intervention to maintain or potentially increase the lean body mass (LBM) in the elderly. Our aim was to determine the tolerance and efficacy of the 8-week beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate/arginine/glutamine (HMB/Arg/Gln) supplementation on anthropometrics, LBM, muscle strength, and gait speed in elderly patients.
Methods: In this longitudinal observational study, a total of 131 elderly patients were evaluated at two consecutive visits, including baseline (Week 0) and single follow-up (Week 8). The use of HMB/Arg/Gln was evaluated in terms of patient compliance, the efficacy on anthropometrics, LBM (kg, measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis-BIA), muscle strength (kg), gait speed, and safety.
Results: The mean (standard deviation, SD) age was 74.7 (6.8) years (57.3% of participants were males). Of the patients were diagnosed with malnutrition (according to the Subjective Global Assessment test). The main indications for the HMB/Arg/Gln supplementation were sarcopenia (45.8%) and cancer cachexia (42.0%). Only two patients stopped supplementation because of taste problem (1.5%). Overall, 79.4% of patients were still on HMB/Arg/Gln at the follow-up. The mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC, 25.3–27.0 cm, p=0.017), mid-upper-arm muscle circumference (MUAMC, 21.7–22.2 cm, p=0.006), hand grip strength (16.0–19.0 kg, p=0.0001), and gait speed (0.5–0.7 m/sec, p=0.008) were increased after the HMB/Arg/Gln supplementation. The adverse events were reported in 14 (10.7%) patients. No serious adverse events were reported in association with HMB/Arg/Gln.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that 8 weeks of the HMB/Arg/Gln supplementation applied twice daily were well tolerated and safe in the elderly. The supplementation seems to improve the MUAC, MUAMC, muscle strength, and gait speed.
Time span of a total parenteral nutrition bag: From consultation to the end of administration
Authors: Kelleci Çakır Burcu , Sürmelioğlu Nursel , Yalçın Nadir , Halil Meltem , Demirkan Kutay , Abbasoğlu Osman
Published: September 2019

Objective: A multidisciplinary nutrition support team (NST) aims to improve a patient’s nutritional status. Nutritional support should be initiated promptly in patients who need it. Parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions have a risk of being unstable until 24 hours after preparation. The aim of this study was to determine the time span of the PN process, which starts from a consultation with an NST until the end of the administration of the solution, to demonstrate the appropriateness of the practice.
Methods: In this study, the timing of each process including NST consultation, evaluation of the patient by NST, delivery of the order label to the pharmacy, compounding process, delivery of the bags to the services/units, storage in the services/units, and duration of administration were prospectively followed and recorded by three pharmacists in a university hospital for two weeks in January 2017.
Results: A total of 12 patients’ PN processes were followed and the duration of each stage was recorded by pharmacists. The mean duration of compounding PN±standard deviation (SD) was 5.18±0.87 minutes. The average (±SD) volume of PN was 1557±205.2 mL. The mean (±SD) duration of administration was recorded as 24 hours and 14 minutes±37.5 minutes. The mean (±SD) volume of residual PN solution was 106.9±30.3 mL and 41.6% of the waste was discarded as household waste rather than medical waste. The mean (±SD) room temperature during the administration of PN was 25.01±1.6°C.
Conclusion: With regard to stability problems of PN solutions, awareness among healthcare professionals should be raised in order to reduce the waiting period till administration. Minimizing waste-cost and the residual volume of PN is important to maintain the patients’ nutritional requirements.
The similarity-based method: a new object detection method for deterministic and ensemble weather forecasts
Authors: Rottner Lucie , Arbogast Philippe , Destouches Mayeul , Hamidi Yamina , Raynaud Laure
Published: September 2019

Abstract. A new object-oriented method has been developed to detect hazardous phenomena predicted by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. This method, called similarity-based method, is looking for specific meteorological objects in the forecasts, which are defined by a reference histogram representing the meteorological phenomena to be detected. The similarity-based method enables to cope with small scale unpredictable details of mesoscale structures in meteorological models and to quantify the uncertainties on the location of the predicted phenomena. Applied to ensemble forecasts, the similarity-based method can be viewed as a particular case of neighborhood processing, allowing spatialized probabilities to be computed. An application to rainfall detection using forecasts from the AROME deterministic and ensemble models is presented.
Comparison of the U37K′, LDI, TEX86H and RI-OH temperature proxies
in the northern shelf of the South China Sea
Authors: Wei Bingbing , Jia Guodong , Hefter Jens , Kang Manyu , Park Eunmi , Mollenhauer Gesine
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The temperature proxies U37K′, LDI, TEX86H and RI-OH are derived from lipid biomarkers, namely long-chain alkenones from coccolithophorids, archaeal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), long-chain diols ascribed tentatively to eustigmatophytes, and archaeal OH-GDGTs, respectively. The applicability of these proxies has been examined in the South China Sea (SCS), but most of these studies were focused on a single proxy and hence did not allow for a direct comparison between them. In this study, we investigated the above 4 proxies in the same set of surface sediment samples in the northern SCS shelf and related them to local sea surface temperature (SST), which allowed us to assess whether they represent certain seasons or are impaired by terrestrial influences, as well as to infer the preferred habitats of their source organisms. Terrestrial organic inputs appeared to have an impact on LDI, TEX86H and RI-OH proxies near the coast and lead to colder LDI and TEX86H derived temperatures, but a warmer RI-OH estimate in this region. After excluding samples influenced by terrestrial organic input, we found that LDI-derived temperature agreed well with annual SSTs, while U37K′ reflected mainly spring SST and both TEX86H and RI-OH indices were correlated with winter SST. The differential seasonal biases of these biomarker-derived temperatures observed here suggest that each biomarker’s source organism responds differently to regional marine environmental changes in an annual cycle. Specifically, marine eustigmatophytes are likely insensitive to nutrient variations and hence show the lowest seasonal variations, while coccolithophorids could have bloomed in late spring, when nutrient inputs by freshwater are usually highest. GDGT- and OH-GDGT-producing planktonic archaea likely thrive in winter, when conditions, such as relatively high nutrients levels, low light, and high concentrations of SPM in the upper water due to the enhancement of vertical mixing driven by a combination of surface cooling and strong winter monsoon winds, are favorable, although not clearly known.
Spatial-and temporal-patterns of global soil heterotrophic respiration in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Tang Xiaolu , Fan Shaohui , Du Manyi , Zhang Wenjie , Gao Sicong , Liu Shibin , Chen Guo , Yu Zhen , Yao Yitong , Yang Wunian
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Soil heterotrophic respiration (RH) is one of the largest and most uncertain components of the terrestrial carbon cycle, directly reflecting carbon loss from soil to the atmosphere. However, high variations and uncertainties of RH existing in global carbon cycling models require an urgent development of data-derived RH dataset. To fill this knowledge gap, this study applied Random Forest (RF) algorithm – a machine learning approach, to (1) develop a globally gridded RH dataset and (2) investigate its spatial- and temporal-patterns from 1980 to 2016 at the global scale by linking field observations from the Global Soil Respiration Database and global environmental drivers – temperature, precipitation, soil water content, etc. Finally, a globally gridded RH dataset was developed covering from 1980 to 2016 with a spatial resolution of half degree and a temporal resolution of one year. Globally, the average annual RH was 57.2 ± 0.6 Pg C a−1 from 1980 to 2016, with a significantly increasing trend of 0.036 ± 0.007 Pg C a−2. However, the temporal trend of the carbon loss from RH varied with climate zones that RH showed significant increasing trends in boreal and temperate areas, in contrast, such trend was absent in tropical regions. Temperature driven RH dominated 39 % of global land and was mainly distributed at a high latitude. While the areas dominated by precipitation and soil water content were mainly semi-arid and tropical areas, accounting for 36 % and 25 % of the global land, respectively, suggesting variations in the dominance of environmental controls on the spatial patterns of RH. The developed globally gridded RH dataset will further aid in understanding of the mechanisms of global soil carbon dynamics, serving as a benchmark to constrain global vegetation models. The dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8882567 (Tang et al., 2019a).
Routes of Atlantic Slave Voyages: Revised Framework and New Insights
Authors: Manning Patrick , Liu Yu
Published: September 2019

This study explores data on the Atlantic slave trade through a revised framework, focusing not simply on voyages of individual slave ships but on aggregating them by route, linking an African region of departure with an American region of arrival. The result shows a total of 40 slave routes, for which documented voyages are aggregated by decade from the 1650s through the 1860s. Within this framework, analysis is conducted at the level of documented voyages (by route and by decade) and also at the level of documented captive flows (by route and by decade). This intermediate frame of analysis lies between analysis of individual voyages and aggregate figures for the whole slave trade. Results of this analysis show the variation among routes: ten out of the forty routes account for 85% of the voyages. For each route, it is shown that the average numbers of captives departing Africa remained roughly constant from the 1650s through the 1830s; the same is true for the numbers of captives arriving in the Americas. These and other characteristics of the routes, as seen through voyages and captive flows, allow for new insights into the character and the changes in the Atlantic slave trade over two centuries.
The Land Question in China: Agrarian Capitalism, Industrious Revolution, and East Asian Development
Authors: He Wenkai
Published: September 2019

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Dialogue: Race in the Capitalist World-System, Review of Robinson’s Into the Tempest
Authors: Hanchard Michael G.
Published: September 2019

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Needed: A New International for a Just Transition and Against Fascism
Authors: Mestrum Francine
Published: September 2019

Mestrum draws from her extensive experience in the World Social Forum process to outline some of the reasons for past failures of left struggles to come together around the kind of fifth Internationale Amin proposes. A new Internationale, she argues “will require some serious and honest self-criticism and a downright rejection of all romanticism and naive utopianism…. we have to look for solutions beyond the easy slogans and assumptions.” Mestrum identifies important structural and ideological rifts in the global left. She is also wary of localized movements such as those advocated by Sklair, fearing that they could detract from the left’s ability to coalesce around a strong structural critique of globalized capitalism. What she sees as essential is the construction of “alter-globalist” identities and solidarity across issues and borders. This will require moving beyond abstract “anti-capitalist” ideology to build inter-connected campaigns that tackle the complex inter-connections among movement struggles. While cautioning against slogans, she sees lasting wisdom in Enlightenment principles of freedom, equality, and solidarity and modernity’s respect for universalism and diversity. These can help advance a politics of system change that is “emancipatory and transformative, geared towards the full realisation of individual and collective human rights for all.”
World Revolution or Socialism, Community by Community, in the Anthropocene?
Authors: Sklair Leslie
Published: September 2019

Like Robinson, Sklair is critical of Amin's state-centrism, and he sees the international system of hierarchical states: “The power of capitalist hegemony today is so overwhelming (allied as it is with the military and police powers of states) that the only viable strategy for change is by a process of negating, avoiding, and eventually consigning capitalism and the state to the dustbin of history.” He argues that, “Putting all our energies into world socialist revolution” (as Amin argues) “seems increasingly like a self-defeating strategy.” For Sklair, “[t]he only way out of this mess, the only chance of having a liveable planet for the generations to come …is to organise for small-scale socialist communities to create new forms of less destructive and hierarchical economy and society.” He envisions a project of locally-grounded “anarching,” where autonomous producer-consumer cooperatives (P-CCs) advance a “double strategy” that serves to “slow down capitalism” and to “bring into existence a new mode of production based on the different principles and [new] mentalities.” “[A] reconstructed political community could create more genuinely democratizing forms of economic, social, and political organization to encourage and facilitate networks of P-CCs [and…t]he transition from the present capitalist-statist hegemony to the new form of society.
Workers or Investors? Investigating the Reciprocity Aspects among Greek Social Enterprises Members
Authors: Kontogeorgos Achilleas , Chatzitheodoridis Fotios
Published: September 2019

In Europe 160 million people are members of social economy enterprises and mutual societies. Members that work at social enterprises usually are bound with an employee relationship with their organization; on the other hand participating in a social enterprise could be their only chance to find a job, especially for economies that face a long-term recession such as the Greek economy. Social enterprises and entrepreneurs invest in reciprocity which represents that positive actions will inspire reciprocal positive actions. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of reciprocity on members’ decision either to invest in social enterprises or to work for them acquiring in both cases the necessary shares. For this reason, a survey was conducted among Greek members of social enterprises listed in the Greek Social enterprises directory, to investigate their aspects about reciprocity and if these aspects affect their decision to work in a social enterprise or support financially them. The survey process returned 142 fully completed questionnaires. The analysis identified a sub group (5 over 27 items) of the questions used to measure reciprocity that can be used to classify participants into shareholders - members (investors) and shareholders - workers in social enterprises. It is worth mentioning that sex or other demographic characteristics of the respondents do not affect this classification while there are only aspects of positive reciprocity that have either positive or negative effect on the possibility to work in social enterprises. Social entrepreneurs and the Greek state could use these findings in order to direct and manage their expansion efforts.
A quem se dirigem os oradores no discurso jurídico? O auditório na construção de argumentos de defesa e acusação sobre o assassinato de uma adolescente
Authors: Sousa Maria Cordeiro , Souza Gilton Sampaio , Moreira Marília Cavalcante de Freitas
Published: September 2019

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a noção de auditório e sua aplicação em discursos jurídicos, com base nas perspectivas teóricas da Nova Retórica (PERELMAN; OLBRECHTS-TYTECA, 2014) e da abordagem dialógica da linguagem (BAKHTIN/VOLOCHINOV, 2012). O corpus é constituído por discursos de acusação e defesa, que são partes constituintes de um processo criminal sobre o assassinato da adolescente Francisca do Socorro, no ano de 1943, na cidade de Milagres/CE. Nos discursos, observamos que os diálogos se efetivam mais direcionados ao auditório social/particular (BAKHTIN/ PERELMAN), pois cada orador apresenta teses, às vezes opostas, direcionadas aos envolvidos no julgamento.
Why Kant Animals Have Rights?
Authors: Howe Alex
Published: September 2019

It has become increasingly common for animal ethicists to advance deontological theories of animal rights, as opposed to merely welfarist theories of animals’ moral significance. Kantians, however, have not been so quick to adapt. The gates to the Kingdom of Ends are closed to any who lack rational autonomy. Christine Korsgaard’s recent work, however, has made a concerted effort to find a place for animals within Kant’s Kingdom of Ends. I argue that Korsgaard can have animal rights or Kantian ethics, but not both.
Can “Conservation Hunting” Be Ethically Justified?
Authors: Sayce Matthew Colin
Published: September 2019

This article discusses the approaches of utilitarianism and deontological ethics toward “conservation hunting.” Specifically, how each moral theory deals with issues regarding age and functionality, when ending the life of the individual. An example is studied. Utilitarianism does not provide a robust enough framework to deal with both facets of the question pertaining to the individual. However, Kantian deontological ethics, as developed by Korsgaard, posits that humans have direct duties to nonhuman animals. Thus, deontological ethics is the moral theory that supports the view that humans have a duty to do better than hunt animals when trying to conserve them.
Witnessing Painful Pasts: Understanding Images of Sports at Canadian Indian Residential Schools
Authors: McKee Taylor , Forsyth Janice
Published: September 2019

Images are powerful tools for shaping perceptions of the past. In the context of sport at Canadian Indian residential schools, photographic images were consciously constructed and carefully selected and have been subsequently recirculated by contemporary media. Images of smiling, happy children at play at Canadian Indian residential schools have been used to lend credence to notions of sport as an unquestionable force for good without considering the context in which the images were created. In this paper, we explore how media, including online public repositories and newspapers, have taken up images of sport, specifically hockey, at Indian residential schools and how they evoke ideas about the nation and Indigenous–settler relations in Canada. We argue that photographs of residential school sports reinforce colonial narratives that lend ideological weight to settler colonial rule.
On the Cohomology of Relative Babach Algebras
Authors: Noreldeen Mohamed Alaa Hassan
Published: September 2019

We study the relative cohomology theory of Banach algebra and give some important basic theorem of it. More, we give discuss about some of properties which we require it in our investigation. At long last, we ponder the dihedral cohomology aggregate as definitions and hypotheses and we characterize the Banach S-relative dihedral cohomology gathering and some theorems.
Integral transforms connected with differential systems with a singularity.
Authors: Ignatiev Mikhail
Published: September 2019

We consider some integral transforms with the kernels expressed in terms of solutions of the system of differential equations \( y'=(x^{-1}A+B)y, \) where \(A\) and \(B\) are constant \(n\times n\), \(n>2\) , matrices. We study analytical and asymptotical properties of such transforms. We also study the transforms as operators acting in some functional spaces.
An inverse spectral problem for Sturm-Liouville operators with singular potentials on arbitrary compact graphs
Authors: Vasiliev S. V.
Published: September 2019

Sturm-Liouville differential operators with singular potentials on arbitrary com- pact graphs are studied. The uniqueness of recovering operators from Weyl functions is proved and a constructive procedure for the solution of this class of inverse problems is provided.
Predicción de la accidentabilidad en función de los comportamientos arriesgados y agresivos al volan- te: Diferencias según la edad y el género
Authors: Herrero-Fernández David , Oliva-Macías Mireia , Parada-Fernández Pamela
Published: September 2019

Abstract: Prediction of accident rate from risky and aggressive behavior behind the wheel: Differences by age and gender. Road accidents are one of the main causes of death in Spain. Risky and aggressive behavior behind the wheel are two of the most relevant predictive variables. This study had three aims: First, the psychometric adaptation of the Driving Survey (DS) in a Spanish sample; second, the analysis of the differences by age and gender in risky and aggressive driving, as well as in the self-perception of the driver and in the accident rate; and third, the analysis of the prediction of the accident rate based on the other variables. The results showed a factorial distribution, similar to the original version, with adequate values of both internal consistency and validity. Men scored higher than women in risky driving, while the youngest drivers scored higher in almost all variables. Finally, it was observed that both risky and aggressive behavior predicted accident rate significantly.Keywords: Risky driving; aggressive driving; accident rate; driving survey.Resumen: Los accidentes de tráfico constituyen una de las principales causas de muerte en España. Los comportamientos arriesgados y agresivos al volante se han perfilado como dos de las variables más relevantes. La presente investigación tuvo tres objetivos. Primero, la adaptación psicométrica del Driving Survey (DS) en una muestra española; segundo, el análisis de las diferencias por edad y género en comportamientos arriesgados y agresivos al volante, así como en la accidentabilidad; y tercero, el análisis de la predicción de la accidentabilidad en base a las anteriores variables. Los resultados mostraron una distribución factorial similar a la versión original, con unas propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en términos de consistencia interna y de validez. Los hombres puntuaron más alto en aspectos relacionados con conducción arriesgada, mientras que los más jóvenes puntuaron más alto en casi todos los indicadores evaluados. Finalmente, se encontró que tanto los comportamientos arriesgados como los agresivos predecían significativamente la accidentabilidad.Palabras clave: Conducción arriesgada; conducción agresiva; accidentabilidad; encuesta de conducción.
Diversidade da macrofauna Edáfica em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Paraná
Authors: Silva Tamyris Tavares da , Bueno Raquel de Oliveira , Couto Luciane Maria Vieira do , Souza Débora Cristina de , Bueno Paulo Agenor Alves
Published: September 2019

A fauna do solo ou fauna edáfica, compreende os invertebrados que vivem no solo durante toda a vida ou em algum estágio do ciclo biológico. A macrofauna é constituída pelos invertebrados com mais de 10 mm de comprimento ou com mais de 2 mm de diâmetro corporal e tem participação direta na dinâmica ecossistêmica, em processos de ciclagem de nutrientes e na estrutura e qualidade física do solo. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a diversidade da macrofauna do solo em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Montana no município de Corumbataí do Sul, Paraná, abrangendo os meses de agosto a dezembro de 2014. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de solo (três estratificações de profundidade) e de serapilheira pelo método TSBF, esta última acrescida de capturas por meio de armadilhas do tipo 'pitfall-traps', com posterior quantificação da fauna e identificação dos grupos taxonômicos. Foram encontrados 3572 indivíduos de macroinvertebrados no solo do fragmento, distribuídos em 16 unidades taxonômicas. O grupo mais abundante tanto em serapilheira quanto no solo foi Hymenoptera: Formicidae, como também ao longo dos meses. A diversidade da macrofauna variou ao longo dos meses e ao longo dos estratos do sistema solo-serapilheira revelando papel sazonal e espacial na diversidade da macrofauna.
Macronutrientes e produtividade da forragem hidropônica de milho fertilizado com soluções compostas por águas amarelas
Authors: Araújo Narcísio Cabral de , Oliveira Rui de , Coura Mônica de Amorim , Bandeira Francisco de Assis
Published: September 2019

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar os teores de macronutrientes e a produtividade na forragem verde hidropônica de milho cultivado em bagaço de cana-de-açúcar fertilizado com solução de urina humana associada à manipueira. O experimento foi realizado em uma casa de vegetação instalada no Campus I da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso composto por seis tratamentos distribuídos em quatro blocos. Os tratamentos consistiram por fertilizações com doses de 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5% de urina humana com pH ajustado para 6,4 com manipueira. Para efeito dos tratamentos foram avaliadas a produtividade e teores de nutrientes na parte aérea e substrato com raízes da forragem. Os resultados indicada resposta significativa (p < 0,05) para as massas verde e seca da parte aérea e teores dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e S) da forragem, de forma que as doses de urina humana associada à manipueira exerceram influência na incorporação destes elementos na parte aérea e substrato com raízes. Conclui-se que o uso da urina humana associada à manipueira mostrou-se eficaz para a fertilização do milho cultivado em sistema hidropônico, podendo substituir a solução nutritiva utilizada convencionalmente no cultivo da forragem hidropônica de milho.
Structural state recognition facilitates tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule ends
Authors: Reid Taylor A , Coombes Courtney , Mukherjee Soumya , Goldblum Rebecca R , White Kyle , Parmar Sneha , McClellan Mark , Zanic Marija , Courtemanche Naomi , Gardner Melissa K
Published: September 2019

The microtubule binding protein EB1 specifically targets the growing ends of microtubules in cells, where EB1 facilitates the interactions of cellular proteins with microtubule plus-ends. Microtubule end targeting of EB1 has been attributed to high-affinity binding of EB1 to GTP-tubulin that is present at growing microtubule ends. However, our 3D single-molecule diffusion simulations predicted a ~ 6000% increase in EB1 arrivals to open, tapered microtubule tip structures relative to closed lattice conformations. Using quantitative fluorescence, single-molecule, and electron microscopy experiments, we found that the binding of EB1 onto opened, structurally disrupted microtubules was dramatically increased relative to closed, intact microtubules, regardless of hydrolysis state. Correspondingly, in cells, the blunting of growing microtubule plus-ends by Vinblastine was correlated with reduced EB1 targeting. Together, our results suggest that microtubule structural recognition, based on a fundamental diffusion-limited binding model, facilitates the tip tracking of EB1 at growing microtubule ends.
What makes the hepatitis C virus evolve?
Authors: O'Brien Thomas R , Hartmann Rune , Prokunina-Olsson Ludmila
Published: September 2019

Polymorphisms in the IFNL4 gene that affect both the presence and the form of the coded protein are associated with changes in the hepatitis C virus.
The highs and lows of bird flight
Authors: Harrison Jon
Published: September 2019

Bar-headed geese lower their flight metabolic rates to fly in low-oxygen conditions.
RELACIONANDO O CAPITAL FÍSICO COM O DESEMPENHO ECONÔMICO: OUTRA PERSPECTIVA PARA A CONTINUIDADE DA ORGANIZAÇÃO
Authors: Frazão Danielly Marques , Barros Arthur Do Nascimento Ferreira , Tavares Márcia Ferreira Neves , De Aquino Joás Tomaz
Published: September 2019

O presente estudo teve como objetivo evidenciar a relação entre a manutenção do capital físico e o desempenho econômico das organizações. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados por meio do software Economática® entre o período de 2010 a 2016, referente as empresas listadas no Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão. Para a consecução do objetivo proposto, utilizou-se como metodologia o emprego da análise de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados permitem confirmar a hipótese de pesquisa, a qual afirma que existe uma relação positiva e significante entre as variáveis estudadas, fornecendo embasamento para discussões futuras e mais profundas, necessárias para o desenvolvimento da temática estudada e proporcionando argumentos para realização de mais pesquisas, visto a importância da mensuração do lucro pela manutenção do capital físico.