bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Codesigning a patient support portal with health professionals and men with prostate cancer: An action research study
Authors: Shemesh Benjamin , Opie Jacinta , Tsiamis Ellie , Ayton Darshini , Satasivam Prassannah , Wilton Paula , Gough Karla , Lewis Katrina , O'Brien Colin , Shub Max , Pomery Amanda , Mac Manus Christopher , Millar Jeremy , Evans Susan
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The supportive care needs of men with prostate cancer (PCa) have been well documented, but little is known about how an online portal may address these. This study sought to determine priority issues facing men with PCa, barriers and enablers to accessing care and whether health professionals (HPs) and men would support the inclusion of a patient‐reported outcome (PRO) comparator tool.

Methods

We conducted four online focus groups with HPs recruited from healthcare services in Victoria, followed by seven online codesign workshops with men with PCa, recruited through the Victorian Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry, Prostate Cancer Foundation Australia and the Cancer Council Victoria. Men were eligible to participate if they had lived experience of PCa and access to the internet. We analysed focus groups thematically. Workshops were analysed using descriptive‐content analysis.

Results

HPs (n = 39) highlighted that men had shifting priorities over time, but noted the importance of providing information to men in lay terms to assist in treatment decision‐making and side‐effect management. HPs identified key enablers to men accessing support services such as practice nurses, partners and having men share their stories with each other. HPs raised financial, cultural, geographic and emotional barriers to accessing supportive care. Inclusion of a PRO comparator tool received mixed support from HPs, with 41% (n = 16) supportive, 49% (n = 19) unsure and 10% (n = 4) not supportive. Men involved in workshops (n = 28) identified informational needs to assist in treatment decision‐making and side‐effect management as the top priority throughout care. Men described support groups and practice nurses as key enablers. Short consultation times and complex information were described as barriers. Unlike HPs, all men supported the inclusion of a PRO comparator tool in a portal.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that a patient support portal should provide information in lay terms that address the shifting priorities of men with PCa. Men with PCa would welcome the development of a portal to centralize support information and a PRO comparator tool to prompt health‐seeking behaviour. Future research will implement these findings in the development of a portal, and pilot and evaluate the portal within a population‐based sample.

Patient or Public Contribution

This project adopted a codesign approach including both men with PCa and HPs involved in PCa care. Men with PCa also formed part of the study's steering committee and consumer advisory groups. HPs were consulted in a serious of online focus groups. Subsequently, men with PCa and their support persons participated in workshops. Men with PCa were also involved in the preparation of this manuscript.
Molecular docking and dynamic insights on the adsorption effects of soy hull polysaccharides on bile acids
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Yang Lina , Xue Sen , Wang Shengnan , Zhu Lijie , Ma Tao , Liu He , Li Ruren
Published: April 2022

Molecular docking is a powerful tool that visualises interactions between receptors and ligands. This technique and experimental studies were used to explore the adsorption effects of soy hull polysaccharides (SHP) on bile acids (BAs). Docking sites and interactions between SHP and six BAs (deoxycholic acid, lycholic acid, taurine cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid and glycodesoxycholic acid) were identified by molecular docking. The docking sites were mainly O and H atoms, and interaction forces were mainly facilitated by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, with hydrogen bonds being the main bond type. BAs‐binding studies, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential results showed that hydrogen bonding was the main force mediating SHP and BAs adsorption. The hydrogen bonding was positively proportional to the adsorption capacity of BAs and negatively proportional to the absolute value of zeta potential. The molecular dynamic simulation of glycocholic acid and SHP was also performed. Hydrogen bond spacing and root mean square deviation analyses indicated that the glycocholic acid and SHP combination was stable. This study has the significance of preventing cardiovascular diseases by revealing the adsorption effects of SHP on bile acids BAs.
Stabilisation of water in water Pickering emulsion containing gelatin and maltodextrin by bitter vetch protein nanoparticles
Authors: Ansari Niloofar , Shekarchizadeh Hajar
Published: April 2022

The incompatibility between water soluble polymers is one of the interactions between the different constituents of the food systems, which eventually leads to system instability due to phase separation. The use of natural nanoparticles under the Pickering mechanism is a promising technique for the stabilisation of water‐in‐water (W/W) emulsions. In this study, bitter vetch protein nanoparticles (BPNs), which was produced by ultrasonic treatment, was used to stabilise W/W emulsion. Then additional tests were performed to investigate the structure and properties of the nanoparticles and stabilised emulsion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the size of BPNs to be about 60 nm. The zeta potential of protein nanoparticle solution was about 50 mV. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) confirmed that chemical structure and thermal behaviour of BPNs did not change during nanoparticle preparation process. BPNs could stabilise W/W emulsion containing gelatin and maltodextrin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed the stability of gelatin/maltodextrin emulsion containing BPNs. The drop test confirmed the presence of maltodextrin in the continuous phase of the emulsion. The stabilised W/W emulsion had 100% stability against stress and temperature of 80 °C. Rheology analysis showed the viscoelastic nature and pseudoplastic behaviour of the stabilised emulsion.
Influence of particle size and shape on the rate of hydrogen produced by Al‐doped SrTiO3 photocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Mingyi , Salvador Paul A. , Rohrer Gregory S.
Published: April 2022

Photocatalytic hydrogen production rates have been measured from Al‐doped SrTiO3 with a range of controlled shapes and sizes using a high‐throughput parallelized and automated photochemical reactor. It is found that the photocatalytic reactivity is influenced by crystal shape and that crystals with a {1 1 0} to {1 0 0} surface area ratio between 1.3 and 1.8 yield more H2 than crystals with other ratios. Crystals with a {1 1 0}/{1 0 0} surface area ratio of 1.8 generate hydrogen at 550 μmol h−1 g−1 at pH 7, whereas crystals with only {1 0 0} facets exposed generate hydrogen at 300 μmol h−1 g−1 under the same condition. It is likely that the surface area ratio provides the appropriate balance between the photoanodic reaction on the {1 1 0} surface and the photocathodic reaction on the {1 0 0} surface. In the size range of 250–450 nm, larger crystals produce hydrogen at a rate of 400 μmol h−1 g−1 at pH 7, whereas smaller crystals only produce 200 μmol h−1 g−1, suggesting that the larger crystals reduce the rate of electron–hole recombination or back reaction and that the widths of the space charges within the crystal are comparable to the particle radius.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and anti‐thermal quenching performance of Lu2Sr(1−x)Al4SiO12:xEu2+ phosphors
Authors: Ying‐Ying Tu , Zi‐Han Yang , Chun‐Hao Wang , Ting‐Wei Wang , Fa‐Chun Lu
Published: April 2022

With high‐temperature solid‐state reaction method, a series of Lu2Sr(1−x)Al4SiO12:xEu2+ phosphors have been synthesized. With Rietveld refinement method, the crystal structure of Lu2SrAl4SiO12 has been refined. Under the excitation of the ultraviolet and violet band light, Lu2Sr(1−x)Al4SiO12:xEu2+ emits the Eu2+ characteristic blue broadband light. The photoluminescence properties of concentration quenching, emission peak shift, reflectance spectra, and luminescence decay have been investigated. With the structure analyses, the corresponding physical mechanisms have been discussed. With the increased temperature, this phosphor shows well thermal stabilities. For the xEu = 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 phosphors, the strong anti‐thermal quenching performance has been observed. The reason for the anti‐thermal quenching of this phosphor has been discussed. The trap capture mechanism may be the suitable physical mechanism to explain the anti‐thermal quenching of this phosphor. This phosphor shows the potential applications in the white LED lighting fields.
The relationship between self‐assessment and performance in learning TPACK: Are self‐assessments a good way to support preservice teachers' learning?
Authors: Max Anna‐Lisa , Lukas Sarah , Weitzel Holger
Published: April 2022

Background

To purposefully integrate information and communication technologies (ICT) into contemporary teaching, teachers must have complex technological, pedagogical and content‐related knowledge (TPACK). TPACK could be fostered through diverse learning environments such as working in a makerspace as part of university teacher training. The development of TPACK in (preservice) teachers depends on how effectively they can assess their own knowledge and adapt their own learning process. Self‐assessment tools can be used to identify and assess their individual TPACK.

Objectives

The study presents data on TPACK development through project work in a makerspace. It examines the consistency of self‐assessment and performance tests in relation to TPACK and discusses the applicability of self‐assessment scales to self‐regulated learning.

Methods

TPACK self‐assessment takes place among preservice teacher students (N = 327) in a pre‐post design. This is complemented and contrasted with an external assessment in form of a self‐developed performance test (teaching vignettes).

Results

Self‐assessment and performance test show a TPACK‐increase resulting in the project work in the makerspace, with higher performing students benefiting more from the intervention than lower performing students. All students tend to overestimate their TPACK before and after the intervention, with low‐performing students overestimating themselves more than high‐performing students. Existing TPACK scales can serve as readily available self‐assessment tools, but should be complemented by other knowledge assessment measures. Furthermore, depending on the results of the self‐assessment, different learning opportunities should be made available so that preservice teachers with a lower TPACK still benefit from the project work in the makerspace.

Take Away

Self‐assessments accompanying the work in the makerspace could provide feedback information about TPACK‐related knowledge, learning processes and learning outcomes and thus support students in structuring their work. For this purpose, it seems necessary to improve the quality of self‐assessment to enable reliable reflection on preservice teachers' own learning process.
Limited evidence of a genetic basis for sex determination in the common creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus
Authors: Meuser Amanda V. , Pyne Cassandre B. , Mandeville Elizabeth G.
Published: April 2022

Sexual reproduction is almost universal in vertebrates; therefore, each animal species which uses it must have a mechanism for designating sex as male or female. Fish, especially, have a wide range of sex determining systems. In the present study, we aimed to identify a genetic basis for sex determination in the common creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) using genotyping‐by‐sequencing data. No sex‐associated markers were found by RADSex or a GWAS using GEMMA; however, Weir and Cockerham locus‐specific FST analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components revealed genetic differentiation between the sexes at several loci. While no explicit sex determination mechanism has been yet discovered in creek chub, these loci are potential candidates for future studies. Incompatible systems are thought to increase reproductive isolation but interspecific hybridization is common among groups such as cyprinid minnows; thus, studies such as ours can provide insight into hybridization and evolutionary diversification of this clade. We also highlight technical challenges involved in studying sex determination in evolutionary groups with extremely variable mechanisms and without heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
There's no place like home
Authors: Hall William J.
Published: April 2022

This Editorial comments on the article by Loveland et al. in this issue.
Accessory heads of the biceps brachii muscle: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Benes Michal , Kachlik David , Lev David , Kunc Vojtech
Published: April 2022

The anatomy of the biceps brachii muscle has been a subject of interest to many researchers. In particular, the presence of one or more accessory heads has been reported to be the most common variation of the biceps brachii muscle. In fact, contemporary knowledge is quite inconsistent and lacks a definitive summary. Taking this into account, the present study aims to investigate the overall prevalence of the accessory heads and related questions, such as their broad morphological features, population variance, sexual dimorphism, side distribution or the changes in prevalence rates over time. A literature search of major scientific databases was conducted and produced 78 eligible articles, including 10,603 upper limbs, for our study. Relevant data were extracted and consequently analysed with the use of random‐effects meta‐analysis. As a result, the accessory heads occur with an overall prevalence of 9.6% (95% CI 8–11%) and by far the most common is the presence of a single accessory head (8.4%; 95% CI 7–10%). Additional sub‐analyses revealed that accessory heads appear more frequently unilaterally and in males. Differences between the occurrence on the right or left side were not significant. Moreover, a decreasing trend in prevalence rates over time was observed, pointing towards an evolutionary adaptation. The innervation and blood supply of the accessory heads are nearly identical to that of the normal biceps brachii muscle. Although the accessory heads are usually asymptomatic, their potential presence must be kept in mind while interpreting various conditions. In addition, their direct clinical importance is speculated and is thought that they might be conductive to several pathological processes around the shoulder girdle and brachial region. While many of the morphological and morphometric aspects of the accessory heads are well documented, their functional value is still a matter for future investigations.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes of expectantly managed pregnancies with previable preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Can Esra , Oğlak Süleyman Cemil , Ölmez Fatma
Published: April 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to describe the maternal and fetal outcomes associated with expectant management following previable preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 24 weeks of gestation. We also analyzed the risk estimates of potential confounders to clarify whether these variables are contributed to the risk of postnatal mortality among these neonates.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included all pregnant patients who experienced previable PPROM before 24 weeks of gestation at a tertiary maternal‐fetal medicine center. We used the neonatal data from birth until discharge.

Results

A total of 128 women were enrolled. The survival to discharge rate was 60.9%. The median latency period (80 vs. 20 days, respectively, p < 0.001) was significantly longer, the median gestational week at delivery (34 vs. 25 weeks, respectively, p < 0.001) and median birth weight (2100 vs. 710 g, p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the survivor group than the non‐survivor group. Surviving neonates had significantly lower frequencies of anhydramnios at any time during the latency period than the non‐survivor neonates (38.4% vs. 86.0%, respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated an opposite correlation between the duration of latency period and gestational age at PPROM with earlier membrane rupture in pregnancies having a longer latency period, which additionally clarifies the higher gestational age at delivery. The antepartum factors that increased the possibility of postnatal mortality within our study included the gestational week at delivery, duration of the latency period, anhydramnios at any time during the latency period, and birth weight.
Factors affecting the recruitment of new obstetrician‐gynecologists in Japan: A report of the MIRAI Committee of the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Kai Kentaro , Koga Kaori , Yamamoto Makoto , Nakagawa Satoshi , Kojima Takashi , Togashi Kazue , Kurihara Yasushi , Sato Hiroki , Shozu Makio
Published: April 2022

Aim

There is a chronic shortage of obstetrician‐gynecologists in Japan. To increase the number of obstetrician‐gynecologists, it is crucial to increase the number of residents being recruited. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that led students and interns to specialize in obstetrics and gynecology through a questionnaire survey.

Methods

We sent a questionnaire to the obstetrics and gynecology departments of all the medical schools in Japan (N = 81) and collected data about the institutional background, including the location, total number of obstetrician‐gynecologists employed, and number of newly joined obstetrics‐gynecology residents and resigned obstetrician‐gynecologists and the educational and recruitment activities for medical students and interns. The net balance (increased or decreased) over the fiscal years 2013–2015 was considered a surrogate marker for the number of newly joined obstetrics‐gynecology residents. We used binomial logistic regression analysis to determine the factors related to a positive net balance of obstetrician‐gynecologists.

Results

We obtained responses from 59 (72.8%) medical schools. Medical students who observed deliveries were more likely to become obstetrician‐gynecologists than those who did not (95% confidence interval: 1.000–1.045, p = 0.052). Medical school location (rural or urban), providing medical students with preparatory lectures for national board examinations, and providing interns with experience as the first assistant during surgery were not associated with an increase in the number of newly joined obstetrician‐gynecologists.

Conclusions

The experience of observing deliveries may encourage medical students to become obstetrician‐gynecologists.
Warfarin is associated with higher rates of epistaxis compared to direct oral anticoagulants: A nationwide propensity score‐weighted study
Authors: Ingason Arnar B. , Rumba Edward , Hreinsson Johann P. , Agustsson Arnar S. , Lund Sigrun H. , Palsson Daniel A. , Reynisson Indridi E. , Gudmundsdottir Brynja R. , Onundarson Pall T. , Tryggvason Geir , Bjornsson Einar S.
Published: April 2022

Background

Although epistaxis is one of the most common side effects of oral anticoagulation, it is unclear whether epistaxis rates vary between different oral anticoagulants (OAC).

Objective

To compare rates of clinically relevant epistaxis between OAC.

Methods

Epistaxis event rates were compared between new users of apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin in a nationwide population‐based cohort study over a 5‐year study period, 2014–2019. Data was collected from the Icelandic Medicine Registry and the five major hospitals in Iceland. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to yield balanced baseline characteristics, and epistaxis rates were compared using Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and Cox regression.

Results

During the study period, 2098 patients received apixaban, 474 dabigatran, 3106 rivaroxaban, and 1403 warfarin. In total, 93 patients presented with clinically relevant epistaxis, including 11 (12%) major epistaxis events and one fatal epistaxis episode. Furthermore, seven patients (9%) with non‐major epistaxis later presented with major bleeding during the follow‐up period. Warfarin use was associated with higher rates of epistaxis compared to apixaban (2.2 events per 100‐person years (events/100‐py) vs. 0.6 events/100‐py, hazard ratio [HR] 4.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08–8.59, p < 0.001), rivaroxaban (2.2 events/100‐py vs. 1.0 events/100‐py, HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.28–4.01, p = 0.005), and dabigatran (2.2 events/100‐py vs. no events, HR n/a, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Warfarin treatment was associated with higher rates of clinically relevant epistaxis compared to direct oral anticoagulants.
Injury Prevention Activities in US Schools, School Health Policies and Practices Survey 2014
Authors: Miller Gabrielle F. , Wilson Lauren , Rice Ketra , DePadilla Lara , Mercado‐Crespo Melissa , Jones Sherry E.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Exposure to injury and violence early in life increases the risk of experiencing injury and violence later in life. In 2019, the top 3 leading causes of death among 15‐ to 18‐year‐olds in the United States were unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide. This study examines the extent to which schools promote injury and violence prevention.

METHODS

This study examined injury‐ and violence‐related school policies and practices using nationally representative data from the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study. The social ecological model served as the theoretical framework to identify level of impact.

RESULTS

For many injury‐related topics, more than 75% of schools nationwide had relevant policies and practices to address those topics. However, this study showed differences in schools' injury‐related policies and practices by urbanicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding and identifying gaps in school policies and practices is essential for reducing and preventing the injury and violence children experience. Collecting data on school policies and practices allows for better monitoring and evaluation to determine which are efficacious and aligned with the best available evidence.
Chromatically Altered Diminished‐Seventh Chords: Reframing Function through Dissonance Resolution in Late Nineteenth‐Century Tonality
Authors: HUTCHINSON KYLE
Published: April 2022

In this article I develop of a model for understanding chromatic harmonies beyond mixture and tonicisation as extensions of common‐practice procedures by emphasising the symbiosis between the vertical presence of fundamental dissonances (the tritone and diminished seventh) and their linear behaviour in resolving to consonances under dominant conditions. I describe how sonorities such as the major‐minor and half‐diminished seventh both carry historically engrained default tonal expectations but also contain latent fundamental dissonances in the form of the major sixth/minor third and tritone intervals, which permits extended enharmonic reinterpretation as chromatic variants of vii chords. Because these alterations of vii sound like traditional tonal sonorities, I speculate that Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss manipulate conventional common‐practice chords to behave anachronistically with respect to the expectations associated with their sonority, exploiting a subtle tension between those phenomenological expectations and the resolutions that coalesce. By emphasising the mechanics of functional dissonance resolution as a parameter that anchors these chromatic progressions in common‐practice tonal idioms, this approach suggests that these progressions, previously considered tonally disjunct, can also be described in functional terms through appeals to their voice‐leading behaviour, which in turn allows greater nuance in assessing the historiography of tonality in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially as it pertains to the notion of modernism.
Ethiopia's civil wars: Postcolonial modernity and the violence of contested national belonging
Authors: Matshanda Namhla Thando
Published: April 2022

This article investigates the historical and structural foundations of the war between the northern Tigray region of Ethiopia and the federal government. It does so by employing Mamdani's theoretical framework of rethinking the politics of national belonging. The article considers one of the central propositions in Mamdani's broad vision of political decolonisation, that of reimagining the relationship between nation and state in the face of violent contestations over national belonging. The article argues that the recurring civil wars in Ethiopia indicate that the country's ongoing pursuit of a nation‐state is a futile exercise that will continue to produce cycles of political violence. Despite not being colonised, Ethiopia has not escaped the destructive consequences of colonial modernity that the rest of the postcolonial world continues to grapple with. The article thus locates Ethiopia's protracted and violent search for nationhood within the narrative of postcolonial modernity in Africa.
“Cover up your arms, you’re triggering people”: A Mixed‐Methods Investigation of Shame in those who Self‐Injure
Authors: Brown Alexandra C. , Latham Cameron , Danquah Adam N. , Dunlop Brendan J. , Taylor Peter J.
Published: April 2022

Background

Shame can be a powerfully aversive emotion that is associated with a wide variety of mental health difficulties including non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI). This study used a novel mixed‐methods design (Qualitative Experiential Sequence Tracking; QUEST) to investigate the experiences of shame in a sample of individuals who self‐injure.

Methods

Six participants received prompts to complete brief online diaries three times per day over a period of 2 weeks. These diaries captured information about the experience of negative emotions, especially shame. Participants then underwent an individualised qualitative interview about their experiences over the previous 2 weeks.

Results

Thematic analysis suggested that participants experienced shame as a social and relational emotion. Further themes included shame being associated with feelings of failure, being trapped, dangerous or contaminated, and hidden or exposed. The phenomenology of shame, and coping with shame, were also themes. NSSI could occur as a response to shame, but often shame was triggered or exacerbated by the responses of others to NSSI.

Conclusions

Consistent with previous research, shame was described as an aversive emotion occurring within interpersonal and broader societal contexts and involving a negative self‐focus. A lack of compassion or understanding in response to NSSI, or anticipation of negative responses from others often triggered more intense shame than the NSSI itself. Future studies could use QUEST methodology with more diverse samples or different populations to further investigate experiences of shame.
On the Relation Between Religiosity and the Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories: The Role of Political Orientation
Authors: Frenken Marius , Bilewicz Michał , Imhoff Roland
Published: April 2022

Religious and conspiracy beliefs share the feature of assuming powerful forces that determine the fate of the world. Correspondingly, they have been theorized to address similar psychological needs and to be based on similar cognitions, but there exist little authoritative answers about their relationship. We delineate two theory‐driven possibilities. If conspiracy theories and religions serve as surrogates for each other by fulfilling similar needs, the two beliefs should be negatively correlated. If conspiracy and religious beliefs stem from the same values and cognitions, this would speak for a positive correlation that might be diminished—for example—by controlling for shared political ideologies. We approached the question with a meta‐analysis (N = 10,242), partial correlations from large Christian‐dominated datasets from Germany, Poland, and the United States (N = 12,612), and a preregistered U.S. study (N = 500). The results indicate that the correlations between religiosity and conspiracy theory endorsement were positive, and political orientation shared large parts of this covariance. Correlations of religiosity with the more need‐related conspiracy mentality differed between countries. We conclude that similarities in the explanatory style and ideologies seem to be central for the relation between intrinsic religiosity and endorsing conspiracy theories, but psychological needs only play a minor role.
Physical Separation, Social Distance, and Kinship Sentiments: An Exploration of Rural Parent–Teacher Relations in China
Authors: Xu Yanru , Raaper Rille
Published: April 2022

Research from various national contexts has shown that less privileged parents face various barriers when developing relationships with teachers compared to their more privileged counterparts. Chinese rural citizens have been disadvantaged within the hukou system, where existing studies have shown various and complex inequalities as regards rural parent–teacher relations. Such complexities, this article argues, might contribute to the ongoing discussions on the integration of Bourdieu's and Coleman's approaches to social capital. Informed by Bourdieu's three moments of field analysis, this study presents three core themes as regards Chinese rural parent–teacher relations: physical separation, social distance, and kinship sentiments. Through qualitatively exploring the life stories of a group of Chinese rural students before their entry to elite universities, this article bridges Bourdieu's social reproduction stance and Coleman's productive view in relation to social capital.
The influence of age and experience of (un)fairness on third‐party punishment in children
Authors: Lee Young‐eun , Warneken Felix
Published: April 2022

Third‐party punishment is an important mechanism to enforce norm‐following. However, the underlying process that explains the development of third‐party punishment is understood poorly. Here we examine to what extent age‐effects and contemporaneous experiences of receiving unfair offers influence third‐party punishment. In two studies, a total of N = 280 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds participated in a computer‐based task in which they received either fair or unfair offers from another peer. In the subsequent test phase, children could punish unfair offers as an unaffected third‐party. We found that with age, children become increasingly systematic in their decisions to punish unfair allocations. However, there was no strong evidence that an immediate experience of (un)fairness influenced children's punishment. Together, our results suggest that children develop a sophisticated application of fairness norms with age that is not easily swayed by their immediate experience of being treated unfairly.
Devices measuring transepidermal water loss: A systematic review of measurement properties
Authors: Klotz Tanja , Ibrahim Abdullah , Maddern Guy , Caplash Yugesh , Wagstaff Marcus
Published: April 2022

Objective

The objective of this review is to examine the reliability and measurement error of devices that measure transepidermal water loss (TEWL).

Introduction

TEWL is a physiological property of skin which increases when the epidermis is damaged. It is, therefore, a commonly utilised measure of skin barrier integrity. Devices measuring TEWL are available as open, semi‐open or closed chamber. Studies of reliability examine the consistency of measurement, and/or responsiveness whereas measurement error scores in absolute terms the amount of error due to sources of variation.

Inclusion criteria

Studies examining the reliability and/or measurement error of TEWL measurement devices were included. Studies that only report on measurement of TEWL outcomes without examination of reliability and/or measurement error were excluded.

Methods

The search strategy aimed to locate published and unpublished studies. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science, utilising identified keywords and limited to studies in English. Grey literature sources were searched to identify any unpublished documents. Study selection using the inclusion criteria was then assessed by two reviewers for methodological quality utilising the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) risk of bias tool to assess the reliability and measurement error of outcome measurement instruments.

Results

A total of 22 devices were examined in the 38 included studies. The quality of study design was on average rated as ‘Adequate’ however reliability and measurement error statistical methods were on average rated as ‘Doubtful’.

Discussion and conclusion

TEWL measurement devices were found to demonstrate good reliability and frequently correlated with other devices. However, measurement error was highly variable but improves under in vitro conditions. Future research should consider risk of bias factors when designing studies.
Epitope characterization of a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes KIR2DL1 allotypes
Authors: Falco Michela , Meazza Raffaella , Alicata Claudia , Canevali Paolo , Muntasell Aura , Bottino Cristina , Moretta Lorenzo , Pende Daniela , Lopez‐Botet Miguel
Published: April 2022

Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genes code for a family of inhibitory and activating receptors, finely tuning NK cell function. Numerous studies reported the relevance of KIR allelic polymorphism on KIR expression, ligand affinity, and strength in signal transduction. Although KIR variability, including gene copy number and allelic polymorphism, in combination with HLA class I polymorphism, impacts both KIR expression and NK cell education, only a precise phenotypic analysis can define the size of the different KIRpos NK cell subsets. In this context, reagents recognizing a limited number of KIRs is essential. In this study, we have characterized the specificity of an anti‐KIR mAb termed HP‐DM1. Testing its binding to HEK‐293T cells transfected with plasmids coding for different KIRs, we demonstrated that HP‐DM1 mAb exclusively reacts with KIR2DL1. Using site‐directed mutagenesis, we identified the four amino acids relevant for HP‐DM1 recognition: M44, S67, R68, and T70. HP‐DM1 mAb binds to a conformational epitope including M44, the residue crucial for HLA‐C K80 recognition by KIR2DL1. Based on the HP‐DM1 epitope characterization, we could extend its reactivity to all KIR2DL1 allotypes identified except for KIR2DL1*022 and, most likely, KIR2DL1*020, predicting that it does not recognize any other KIR with the only exception of KIR2DS1*013. Moreover, by identifying the residues relevant for HP‐DM1 binding, continuously updating of its reactivity will be facilitated.
Large igneous provinces track fluctuations in subaerial exposure of continents across the Archean–Proterozoic transition
Authors: Liebmann Janne , Spencer Christopher J. , Kirkland Christopher L. , Ernst Richard E.
Published: April 2022

Geological observations and numerical models imply that Archean continents were mostly submarine. In contrast, approximately one third of modern earth's surface area consists of subaerial continental crust. To temporally constrain changes in the subaerial exposure of continents, we evaluate the eruptive environment (submarine vs subaerial) of 3.4–2.0 Ga continental large igneous provinces (LIPs). Our results indicate that up until 2.4 Ga LIPs predominantly erupted onto submerged continents. This period of low freeboard was punctuated by local subaerial eruptions at 2.8–2.7 Ga and 2.5 Ga. From 2.4 Ga–2.2 Ga, extensive subaerial continental volcanism is recorded in six different cratons, supporting widespread subaerial continents at this time. An increase in exposed continental crust significantly impacts atmospheric and oceanic geochemical cycles and the supply of nutrients for marine bioproductivity. Thus, the 2.4–2.2 Ga high‐freeboard conditions may have triggered the earliest global glaciation event and the first significant rise of atmospheric oxygen.
Outcomes of laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the Omicron‐driven fourth wave compared with previous waves in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Davies Mary‐Ann , Kassanjee Reshma , Rousseau Petro , Morden Erna , Johnson Leigh , Solomon Wesley , Hsiao Nei‐Yuan , Hussey Hannah , Meintjes Graeme , Paleker Masudah , Jacobs Theuns , Raubenheimer Peter , Heekes Alexa , Dane Pierre , Bam Jamy‐Lee , Smith Mariette , Preiser Wolfgang , Pienaar David , Mendelson Marc , Naude Jonathan , Schrueder Neshaad , Mnguni Ayanda , Le Roux Sue , Murie Kathleen , Prozesky Hans , Mahomed Hassan , Rossouw Liezel , Wasserman Sean , Maughan Deborah , Boloko Linda , Smith Barry , Taljaard Jantjie , Symons Greg , Ntusi Ntobeko A. B. , Parker Arifa , Wolter Nicole , Jassat Waasila , Cohen Cheryl , Lessells Richard , Wilkinson Robert J. , Arendse Juanita , Kariem Saadiq , Moodley Melvin , Wolmarans Milani , Cloete Keith , Boulle Andrew ,   Western Cape and South African National Departments of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa Affiliations
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to compare COVID‐19 outcomes in the Omicron‐driven fourth wave with prior waves in the Western Cape, assess the contribution of undiagnosed prior infection to differences in outcomes in a context of high seroprevalence due to prior infection and determine whether protection against severe disease conferred by prior infection and/or vaccination was maintained.

METHODS

In this cohort study, we included public sector patients aged ≥20 years with a laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 diagnosis between 14 November and 11 December 2021 (wave four) and equivalent prior wave periods. We compared the risk between waves of the following outcomes using Cox regression: death, severe hospitalisation or death and any hospitalisation or death (all ≤14 days after diagnosis) adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, geography, vaccination and prior infection.

RESULTS

We included 5144 patients from wave four and 11,609 from prior waves. The risk of all outcomes was lower in wave four compared to the Delta‐driven wave three (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for death 0.27 [0.19; 0.38]. Risk reduction was lower when adjusting for vaccination and prior diagnosed infection (aHR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29; 0.59) and reduced further when accounting for unascertained prior infections (aHR: 0.72). Vaccine protection was maintained in wave four (aHR for outcome of death: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.10; 0.58).

CONCLUSIONS

In the Omicron‐driven wave, severe COVID‐19 outcomes were reduced mostly due to protection conferred by prior infection and/or vaccination, but intrinsically reduced virulence may account for a modest reduction in risk of severe hospitalisation or death compared to the Delta‐driven wave.
Loss to follow‐up of patients in HIV care in Burundi: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nshimirimana Clément , Ndayizeye Aimé , Smekens Tom , Vuylsteke Bea
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to assess the loss to follow‐up (LTFU) rates and associated factors amongst patients in HIV care in Burundi.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV‐positive patients aged ≥15 years who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) between January 2015 and July 2020, with 31 December 2020 as the end point. The outcome of LTFU was defined as failure of a patient to report for drug refill within 90 days from the last appointment. Study data were extracted from the national AIDS Info database. The LTFU proportion was determined using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log‐rank test, whereas LTFU risk factors were explored using the Cox regression model.

RESULTS

A total of 29,829 patients on ART were included in the analysis. Cumulative incidence of LTFU was 2.3% at 12 months, 6.5% at 24 months, 12.7% at 36 months, 19.0% at 48 months, 24.1% at 60 months and 25.3% at 72 months. The overall LTFU incidence rate was 11.2 per 100 person‐years of observation. The risk of LTFU was higher amongst patients who started ART after 2016 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65–1.85) or within 7 days after diagnosis (aHR 1.27, 95% CI 1.21–1.35).

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate the relatively high incidence of LTFU in the Burundi HIV programme. Interventions targeting patients with risk factors for LTFU are particularly necessary.
Axillary lymphadenectomy in dogs: A description of surgical technique
Authors: Rehnblom Erica R. , Skinner Owen T. , Mickelson Megan A. , Hutcheson Kyle D.
Published: April 2022

The axillary lymph center drains a large area; however, axillary lymphadenectomy is rarely reported in series detailing lymph node extirpation in dogs. No surgical technique has yet been described for axillary and superficial axillary lymphadenectomy. This study describes a technique for excision of nodes in the axillary lymph center of the dog. Two male neutered and two male intact cadavers weighing between 6.3 and 36.1 kg were used. With cadavers in dorsal recumbency and the shoulder extended, an incision was made in the caudal axillary region. Blunt dissection was used to separate the pectoralis profundus and latissimus dorsi muscles and loose connective tissue was dissected until the axillary lymph node was identified caudal to the brachial vein. The axillary lymphatic trunk was followed caudad from the axillary lymph node to identify the accessory axillary lymph node, deep to the lateral border of the pectoralis profundus muscle, for subsequent extirpation. Axillary lymph nodes were successfully removed in all axillae, and accessory axillary lymph nodes were located in 6/7 axillae and could not be visualized within the axillary lymphatic trunk in the remaining axilla. The described surgical technique allowed consistent identification of the axillary lymph node and the lymphatic trunk associated with the accessory axillary lymph node. This technique description provides a guide for surgeons to facilitate axillary and accessory axillary lymphadenectomy in the dog. While anatomic variation must be considered, the use of the axillary lymphatic trunk as a landmark may simplify identification of the small and inconsistent accessory axillary lymph node.
Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction
Authors: Lamb Trevor D.
Published: April 2022

The detection of light in the vertebrate retina utilizes a duplex system of closely related rod and cone photoreceptors: cones respond extremely rapidly, and operate at ‘photopic’ levels of illumination, from moonlight upwards; rods respond much more slowly, thereby obtaining greater sensitivity, and function effectively only at ‘scotopic’ levels of moonlight and lower. Rods and cones employ distinct isoforms of many of the proteins in the phototransduction cascade, and they thereby represent a unique evolutionary system, whereby the same process (the detection of light) uses a distinct set of genes in two classes of cell. The molecular mechanisms of phototransduction activation are described, and the classical quantitative predictions for the onset phase of the electrical response to light are developed. Recent work predicting the recovery phase of the rod's response to intense flashes is then presented, that provides an accurate account of the time that the response spends in saturation. Importantly, this also provides a new estimate for the rate at which a single rhodopsin activates molecules of the G‐protein, transducin, that is substantially higher than other estimates in the literature. Finally, the evolutionary origin of the phototransduction proteins in rods and cones is examined, and it is shown that most of the rod/cone differences were established at the first of the two rounds of whole‐genome duplication more than 500 million years ago.
Modeling and Prototype of a Machining Robot With R(3-RUH

R

)/UU

R

P Hybrid Module
Authors: Tian Xin , Zhao Tieshi , Sheng Yu , Peng Xiaoxiao , Li Erwei
Published: April 2022

Hybrid mechanisms combine the advantages of serial mechanisms and parallel mechanisms and have better stiffness and a larger workspace. In this paper, a novel workspace strongly coupled machining robot mechanism with a hybrid module is proposed. It is composed of a four-degrees-of-freedom (4DOF) R(3-RUHR)/UURP hybrid module and a 2-DOF (RRRP)R single-closed-loop serial rotation module, which has the advantages of small footprint, large workspace, high stiffness, and is ideal for machining robots applied to modular integrated manufacturing lines. However, due to the multi-closed loop between azimuth pitch rotations and hybrid module, the workspace is coupled, so that the mechanism has problems in building the forward and inverse position, kinematics, and dynamics analytical models, numerical solution calculation speed, and multi-solution. Based on the analysis of coupled characteristics of this mechanism, the concomitant motion neural network (NN) models of the 3-RUHR parallel mechanism and inverse position NN models of the (R(3-RUHR)/UURP)(RRRP)R hybrid robot are established using the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm with Bayesian regularization. Furthermore, the kinematics and dynamics models of the proposed hybrid robot are established using the equivalent screw method. And the correctness of position NN models, kinematics complete model, and dynamics complete model are verified through numerical examples, respectively. Finally, the prototype of this hybrid robot is further developed, and the coupled motion and multi-axis machining capability of the (R(3-RUHR)/UURP)(RRRP)R hybrid machining robot are verified by experiment. The hybrid mechanism and modeling method proposed in this paper can provide support for the application of machining robots with a small footprint, strongly coupled large workspace, and high stiffness.
Energy Transfer of an Axially Loaded Beam With a Parallel-Coupled Nonlinear Vibration Isolator
Authors: Lu Ze-Qi , Liu Wen-Hang , Ding Hu , Chen Li-Qun
Published: April 2022

Traditional vibration isolation of satellite instruments has an inherent limitation that low-frequency vibration suppression leads to structural instability. This paper explores a parallel-coupled quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator for an axially loaded beam, with the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of low-frequency isolation. A QZS contains two magnetic rings, which contribute negative stiffness, and one spiral spring, with positive stiffness, a combination that has high static stiffness to resolve the structural instability. The frequency response functions (FRFs) of power flow are used to measure the effectiveness of vibration isolation. The magnetic stiffness of the magnetic rings is calculated using the principle of equivalent magnetic charge. The heights, radii, and gap of the magnetic rings affect its stiffness. The parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolator of an axially loaded beam is modeled using an energy method. Based on the Galerkin truncation, harmonic balance analysis, and arc-length continuation, an approach is proposed to analyze the FRFs of power flow for the parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolation of an axially loaded beam. Numerical results support the analytical results. Both analytical and numerical results show that the power reduction of axially loaded beams with a parallel-coupled quasi-zero vibration isolation system is more significantly suppressed at low frequencies.
Who were the founders of synchrotron radiation? Historical facts and misconceptions
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio
Published: April 2022

Synchrotron radiation is now a gigantic worldwide enterprise involving tens of thousands of researchers. Quite famous in this field are the landmark accomplishments of illuminated pioneers like Dave Shirley. Somewhat less known, however, are the historical roots of the field—in particular, how its theoretical foundations were established: this causes widespread misconceptions. An objective and thorough historical analysis of all the key players and events can place current research in context and reveal interesting aspects of synchrotron radiation that help a wide audience gain understanding of this fascinating multidisciplinary domain.