bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction- and Liquid Chromatography-Based Method Development and Validation for Obtaining and Qualitative Determination of Apple Pomace Three Triterpene Acids using Analytical Quality by Design
Authors: Rubashvili Imeda , Tsitsagi Mzia , Chkhaidze Mariam , Ebralidze Ketevan
Published: June 2024

Background: Apple pomace has garnered significant attention within the life sciences domain due to its underutilized status as a waste material from apple processing. It represents a cost-effective and abundant source of triterpene acids due to its multifunctional clinical, nutritional, and pharmaceutical benefits.
Purpose: The present study aimed to develop and validate a new, selective, effective, robust and reproducible laboratory methodology based on extraction, purification and analytical procedures to obtain and determining three major triterpene acids – Ursolic acid (UA), Oleanolic acid (OA) and Betulinic acid (BA) into the dry extracted product from apple pomace.
Method: A new, cost-efficient, rapid, selective and high-yield two-stage ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure was developed and the effect of critical parameters: ultrasonic power, extraction time, solvent volume, temperature, and the amount of raw material on the extraction process were investigated. The dry column vacuum chromatography technique was used for purification to remove unwanted non-polar and polar impurities from the target bioactive compounds; A new, effective, specific, sensitive, and rapid HPLC analytical procedure was developed using analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach and validated according to ICH guidelines.
Conclusion: The method has a good accuracy (the mean recovery >95 %) and linearity (R2>0.999).  The limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 0.0001 mg/mL for UA, 0.00005 mg/mL for OA and 0.000025 mg/mL for BA.  The validation results confirm that the method is specific, precise and robust. The purity of the extracted and purified target product from apple pomace is not less than 93 %. The developed laboratory methodology is capable of being considered for industrial purposes and through the appropriate technology transfer process can be successfully transferred to the industrial scale.
Os contratos de obras e serviços de engenharia em uma Universidade Federal
Authors: Cavalho Samuel Silas dos Santos , Arenas Marlene Valério dos Santos
Published: June 2024

As contratações públicas no Brasil possuem entre suas finalidades a eficiência e a adequada entrega de bens e serviços aos interessados. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetiva apresentar um diagnóstico acerca dos contratos administrativos de obras e serviços de engenharia da Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (Unir). A metodologia adotada envolveu a análise de 149 contratos celebrados pela Unir no período de 2009 a 2022. Os resultados obtidos forneceram um perfil geral dos contratos analisados, incluindo valores das contratações, investimentos anuais e quantidade de contratos. A maioria dos contratos (75%) foi para obras, com foco na expansão da infraestrutura física da Unir e apenas 25% dos contratos foram para serviços de engenharia, principalmente projetos e instalações. Verificou-se um descompasso entre a expansão da infraestrutura e a manutenção predial, com apenas 14 contratos (9%) para essa finalidade. Os investimentos em obras variaram ao longo do período, com picos em 2014 e 2015 (R$ 30 milhões/ano). A partir de 2018, os investimentos se estabilizaram em torno de R$ 5 milhões/ano, 51% dos contratos foram realizados no Campus de Porto Velho capital do estado de Rondônia. Houve priorização da expansão da infraestrutura física em detrimento da manutenção predial, o que pode gerar problemas a longo prazo. Conclui-se que há necessidade de aprimorar o planejamento e a gestão das contratações na Unir, com foco na otimização dos recursos públicos. As conclusões indicam falta de critérios de governança, planejamento estratégico ou de critérios específicos para as contratações.
Influencia de la inteligencia emocional en la resolución de conflictos en el área laboral
Authors: Quintanilla-Gavilanes Jorge Aníbal , Moreira-Basurto Clemente Aladino , Quintanilla-Castellanos Jennifer del Pilar , Moreira-Cañizares Andrea Carolina
Published: June 2024

Hoy en día las organizaciones empresariales no solo se preocupan por lograr un nivel de competitividad y productividad que les de rentabilidad y ganancias, también le ponen especial atención a todo lo que concierne al talento humano que forma parte de su estructura y que es a través de estos es que se pueden conseguir los objetivos, por ello buscan que este talento humano cuente con capacidades técnicas y profesionales, pero a su vez buscan que estos cuenten con inteligencia emocional, que no es más que la capacidad que tiene un individuo para reconocer sus sentimientos y emociones, pero también la de los demás, logrando manejar y controlar cada una de estas. Objetivo: analizar la influencia que tiene la inteligencia emocional en la resolución de conflictos en el área laboral. Método: Investigación de tipo documental-bibliográfica. Resultados y conclusiones: La revisión de las bases teóricas permitieron conocer que la inteligencia emocional es un tema que actualmente tiene un gran auge dentro de las organizaciones tanto públicas como privadas, ya que a través de la inteligencia emocional los individuos pueden reconocer sus sentimientos y emociones, pero también la de los demás, lo cual genera una habilidad para poder controlarlas y manejarlas, por cuanto resulta de vital importancia que los individuos puedan tener inteligencia emocional ya que esto ayudara al momento de la resolución de conflictos, puesto los individuos pueden manejar mejor sus emociones y por ende llegar a resolver problemas con mayor facilidad y entendimiento.
Garantías de los estados de excepción para la ciudadanía a través del control de constitucionalidad 2022-2024 Caso Ecuador
Authors: Avendaño-Briones Ángel Vicente , Almeida-Briones Karen Estefanía , Muñiz-Torres Henry Miguel , Chávez-Atocha Juan Víctor
Published: June 2024

Las constituciones latinoamericanas, en su mayoría contemplan herramientas jurídicas que les permiten otorgar ciertos poderes supra a los gobernantes, bajo una cierta condición, este tipo de decretos son llamados estados de excepción o estados de sitio. Estos decretos, cuya base fundamental es declarar un estado de excepción en el que se suspenden cierta cantidad de garantías constitucionales en la nación que se aplique. El objetivo de esta investigación, es conocer los aspectos conceptuales que rigen y regulan estos decretos, así como sus regulaciones y excepciones, de igual manera mediante una metodología bibliográfica conocer los antecedentes de este tipo de normativa legal, así como las leyes que la regulan. Como principal hallazgo, se puede decir que los estados de excepción en el ecuador son de larga data y que han sido utilizados en su gran mayoría por situaciones de violencia y estallidos sociales que han atentado en contra de los intereses y seguridad de la nación y sus ciudadanos, por otro lado cabe destacar, que en el periodo desde el año 2022-2024 se han decretado algunos estados de sitio, conforme a lo establecido en la ley, y que el control constitucional es algo ambiguo y falta desarrollar más control de las garantías constitucionales.
NỒNG ĐỘ HOMOCYSTEINE HUYẾT THANH Ở BỆNH NHÂN BẠCH BIẾN KHÔNG PHÂN ĐOẠN VÀ CÁC YẾU TỐ LIÊN QUAN
Authors: Huỳnh Thị Công Nhận , Văn Thế Trung
Published: June 2024

Mục tiêu: Khảo sát sự khác biệt nồng độ homocysteine huyết thanh giữa bệnh nhân bạch biến không phân đoạn với người khỏe mạnh và mối liên quan giữa nồng độ homocysteine huyết thanh với các đặc điểm lâm sàng của bệnh nhân.
Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu bệnh – chứng trên bệnh nhân bạch biến không phân đoạn và người khỏe mạnh đến khám tại Bệnh viện Da liễu TPHCM. Chẩn đoán dựa vào khám lâm sàng và soi đèn Wood. Xét nghiệm máu định lượng nồng độ homocystein bằng xét nghiệm miễn dịch một bước sử dụng công nghệ vi hạt hóa phát quang.
Kết quả: 46 bệnh nhân bạch biến không phân đoạn và 44 người khỏe mạnh được đưa vào nghiên cứu. Nồng độ homocysteine ở nhóm bệnh nhân bạch biến không phân đoạn cao hơn nhóm chứng có ý nghĩa thống kê [13,40 (9,97 – 16,90)µmol/L và 9,92 (7,38 – 13,09)µmol/L; p<0,001]. Nồng độ homocysteine ở nhóm bạch biến tiến triển cao hơn có ý nghĩa so với nhóm ổn định [16,17 (14,51 – 19,97) và 11,89 (9,71 – 15,07)µmol/L; p<0,05], ở nhóm bạch biến có hiện tượng Koebner cao hơn có ý nghĩa so với nhóm không có hiện tượng Koebner [16,05 (12,14 – 23,73) và 12,46 (9,63 – 16,17)µmol/L; p<0,05].
Kết luận: Nồng độ homocysteine ở nhóm bệnh nhân bạch biến không phân đoạn cao hơn có ý nghĩa thống kê so với nhóm người khỏe mạnh. Có sự tăng có ý nghĩa thống kê nồng độ homocysteine ở nhóm bệnh nhân bạch biến tiến triển so với nhóm ổn định, nhóm có hiện tượng Koebner so với nhóm không có hiện tượng Koebner.
Ngày nhận bài: 29/06/2023
Ngày phản biện: 06/08/2023
Ngày chấp nhận đăng: 28/02/2024
PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE PEQUI:
Authors: Silva Oliveira Hérica , Pereira Santos Marilete , Gomes Martins Juvenal , Gomes Uchôas Elisabeth
Published: June 2024

O artigo analisa a dinâmica da produção de mudas de pequi e a importância socioeconômica desta cultura na região do Vale do Jequitinhonha. A pesquisa realizada teve caráter exploratório, sendo realizado uma revisão literária, por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas que fornecesse definições acerca do pequi, assim como suas características morfológicas. E ainda a compreensão socioeconômica que o pequi exerce sobre a região. Os resultados mostraram que os principais estudos em relação à produção de mudas de pequi estão relacionados à utilização de ácido gibérelico na concentração de 125 a 500 mg.dm-3. E outros autores defendem que a semeadura direta das sementes nas covas é a alternativa mais adequada para plantios de pequi. Este estudo foi baseado em 16 revisões bibliográficas, utilizando as seguintes plataformas: Scopus, Periódico Capes, Google acadêmico.. Foram revisados 16 artigos, onde 62 % dos autores enfatizaram a importância econômica e 38% a importância social. Estudos dataram de 1987 a 2023. Sendo que 44% estão direcionados ao Vale do Jequitinhonha.
O PARADIGMA AGROECOLÓGICO TAMBÉM TER A VER COM O ESPAÇO URBANO?
Authors: MAGALHÃES Fabiano Rosa de Magalhães
Published: June 2024

Artigo para compor o dossiê Encontro da Agrobiodiversidade.
Certificate of Analysis (CoA) and Calculations for Small-Molecule Drugs
Authors: Dong Michael W.
Published: June 2024

The Certificate of Analysis (CoA) is a crucial Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) document for a batch of drug substances or products in development or production. It contains essential quality information and a summary of specifications and testing results. This article describes the contents and associated calculations of CoAs for small-molecule drugs. It explains how these documents help to ensure drug quality in the supply chain.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING ENGLISH CARTOON FILM IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ NOUN VOCABULARY MASTERY
Authors: Islamiyah Nurul Fikri , Jumiaty Andi Asri , Burhanuddin Wildhan
Published: June 2024

The aims of this research was to find out How Effective the use of English Cartoon Film in Improving Students' Vocabulary mastery. This research conducted by used Quantitative method with a Pre-Experimental design with one group of pre-test and post-test. This research population consisted of eighth grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Mappakasunggu, with the research sample being Class VIII C, which consisted of 23 Students, selected by purposive sampling technique. The data from this research gathered through the supply of pre-test and post-test materials to be utilized as a comparison to find out how the improvement of students' vocabulary mastery before and after using English cartoon film with as a teaching/learning media. The results of this research revealed that using English cartoon films as a media of teaching and learning is effective for students in eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Mappakasunggu in improving their vocabulary mastery. This is demonstrated by how much the student's grades have improved. where the pre-test mean score of students is 42.17 and the post-test mean score of students is 70.43, indicating a 67.01% increase in students in this research. Furthermore, data analysis results show that the value of t-test (13.57) is greater than the value of t-table (2.074). Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that there is a significant difference in students' "vocabulary mastery before and after they use English cartoon film as a media of teaching and learning process," demonstrating that English cartoon film are effective for improving students' vocabulary mastery..
قراءة ومناقشة إسهامات وأطروحات توماس كون في مجال الابستمولوجيا من خلال كتابه: "بنية الثورات العلمية"
Authors: الحق عبد
Published: June 2024

تسعى هذه الورقة إلى عرض ومناقشة إسهامات وأطروحات توماس كون في مجال الابستمولوجيا من خلال كتابه "بنية الثورات العلمية" بحيث قدم كون في هذا الكتاب تصورا مغايرا لتاريخ العلم مؤكد أن العلم لا يتجه نحو التراكم والتوسع بقدر ما يعرف هذا الأخير قطائع وثورات بفضل ظهور براديغم جديد يشذو عن القواعد العلمية المتعارف عليها في العلم القياسي الذي تشتغل ضمنه الجماعة العلمية في زمن ما، والتي تحدد معايير الاشتغال العلمي في فهم وتناول الظواهر والمشكلات.
وعندما يظهر براديغم جديد فإنه برأي كون ينجم عن وجود أزمة في العلم القياسي، وهذه الأزمة هي المحفز والدافع الأكبر للثورة العلمية التي ينتج عنها نموذج إرشادي جديد يفسر المشكلات التي استعصت عن العلم القياسي، ولكن كون لا يعتبر البراديغم بما هو ثورة علمية تغير في منظومة العالم كما حال عند ألكسندر كويري، ولكنه تغير على مستوى تفسير وحل المشكلات التي عجز البراديغم القديم عن حلها واعترف جماعة العلماء بصعوبتها وتعقيدها.
وتراءى لنا مناقشة أطروحات توماس كون من خلال الانفتاح على ابستيمية ميشال فوكو نظرا لتقاطعها مع مفهوم البراديغم، علاوة على هذا قارنا بين منطق الثورة العلمية بين كون وألكسندر كويري من أجل إغناء النقاش وفتح أفق للتفكير والتحليل.
الكلمات المفتاحية: تاريخ العلم، البراديغم، العلم القياسي، الجماعة العلمية، الثورة العلمية.
مؤسسات التعليم العالي في السودان: تحديات الحرب وتحديات ما بعدها
Authors: بشير ايمان
Published: June 2024

تتناول هذه الورقة الآثار السلبية للحرب الحالية في السودان وبيئة ما بعد الحرب على مجمل أوضاع التعليم العالي في السودان وذلك من حيث النفقات التعليمية والبنى التحتية والالتحاق بالجامعات والمعاهد العليا. وذلك لسببين: أولاً، من المرجح أن تؤدي الحرب إلى إعاقة تراكم رأس المال البشري والتنمية الاقتصادية من خلال تدمير نظام التعليم في الدولة وخسارة البنية التحتية والأساتذة والموظفين. وثانياً، وهو الأقل ضرراً، احتمالات مواجهة نقص في الأموال المخصصة للتعليم العالي والعام معاً بسبب الظروف الاستثنائية لما بعد الحرب باستخدام المتاح من بيانات التعليم العالي في السودان ومتابعتي اللصيقة، بطبيعة عملي، لتأثيرات الحرب الجارية حالياً على التعليم العالي، إضافةً الى مقابلات عديدة أجريتها خلال فترة الحرب الحالية مع اساتذة وطلَّاب وموظفين تأثروا بالحرب، تم إجراء بعضها عبر الهاتف، لا سيما مع مخبرين رئيسيين،
سوف تحاول هذه الورقة، من جهة، رصد الآثار الرئيسية لهذه الحرب على مجمل عملية التعليم العالي في السودان، كما ستحاول، من الجهة المقابلة، رصد التحديات الممكنة التي من المرجح أن تواجهها هذه العملية التعليمية بعد انتهاء الحرب وعودة الاستقرار.
تستخلص الورقة نتائج أولية تشير إلى دعم قوي لفكرة أن الحرب مدمرة لنظام التعليم العالي في السودان ولبنياته الأساسية من حيث خفضها للنفقات المتاحة وخفضها لمعدلات الالتحاق بالمدارس الثانوية والجامعات وزيادتها لهجرة الأساتذة والموظفين. ومن النتائج كذلك أن فكرة خفض الأموال المتاحة للتعليم العالي خلال وبعد الحرب ستكون جذَّابة للحكومة القادمة مما سيلقى عبئاً إضافياً على مؤسسات التعليم العالي الحكومية. وتسلط هذه النتائج الضوء على أهمية إدخال معالجات هيكلية على مؤسسة التعليم العالي السودانية وإشراك القطاع التعليم الأهلي في معالجات مرحلة ما بعد الحرب.  
الكلمات المفتاحية: مؤسسة التعليم العالي، تحديات الحرب.
دراسة تحليلية لمدى حضور مؤشرات دالة على التربية الجغرافية في الوثائق التربوية الرسمية لمادة الجغرافيا بمستوى الجذع المشترك آداب.
Authors: علالي عادل , قفصي محمد
Published: June 2024

تناول هذا المقال دراسة تحليلية لمدى حضور التربية الجغرافية في الوثائق الرسمية وكتاب مسار الجغرافيا للجذع مشترك آداب، حيث ركزت هذه الدراسة التطبيقية أساسا على البعد المنهجي (كيفية تحليل مضمون الوثائق الرسمية والكتاب المدرسي،لتبيان مدى حضور التربية الجغرافية فيهم)، وذلك من خلال قراءة وتحليل هذه الوثائق أولا، ثم بناء شبكة لتحليل المضمون، مرورا بعرض النتائج المحصل عليها للتأكد من الفرضيات، وفي الأخير تقديم بعض  المقترحات والتوصيات.
نظام مدمج منخفض التكلفة للكشف عن السقوط وتنبيه الطوارئ باستخدام إنترنت الأشياء لكبار السن
Authors: صديق عائشة , صابر شاسيتا , أنجوم أفسانا , سيد علي سادية
Published: June 2024

كثيرًا ما يواجه كبار السن مشكلات كبيرة تتعلق بالسقوط، مما يؤدي إلى حدوث إصابات وفقدان الحرية. في هذا البحث، نقترح نظام إنترنت الأشياء المدمج وغير المكلف لاكتشاف حالات السقوط لكبار السن وتنبيهات الطوارئ. ووفقا لمنظمة الصحة العالمية، فإن السقوط هو السبب العالمي الثاني الأكثر شيوعا للوفيات الناجمة عن الإصابات غير المقصودة أو العرضية، وهو ما يمثل ما يقدر بنحو 646 ألف حالة وفاة سنويا. بالإضافة إلى الإصابات القاتلة، يمكن أن يؤدي السقوط إلى إصابات غير مميتة بما في ذلك كسور الورك، والتي يمكن أن تقلل بشكل كبير من القدرة على الحركة والحرية. يتكون النظام من جهاز سهل اللصق وقابل للفصل ويمكن ارتداؤه على الحزام أو في جيب القميص. مكونات هذه الأداة: مودم SIM800L GSM، ومستشعر جيروسكوبي MPU9250 ذو 9 محاور، ووحدة GPS، وزر الذعر، وبطارية قابلة لإعادة الشحن. يتم اكتشاف السقوط بواسطة مستشعر MPU9250، ويمكن إرسال تحذير للطوارئ عن طريق الضغط على زر الذعر. حيث تم تصميم النظام ليكون غير مكلف، وسهل التشغيل، ويمكن الاعتماد عليه، مما يجعله مناسبًا للتطبيق على نطاق واسع في رعاية المسنين. ووفقا للنتائج الأولية، يمكن للنظام تحديد السقوط بشكل موثوق وإصدار إنذارات الطوارئ، مما يثبت قدرته على زيادة سلامة ورفاهية كبار السن.
Developmental Study of Devotional Literature
Authors: Kamlesh Kumar and Dr. Shrikant Mishra
Published: June 2024

The culture of hedonism has corrupted humanity. Man's desires have spread so much that the entire world is now under its control. The splendor of the entire world cannot satisfy man's desires. Even the king of the earth, the mother of the seven seas, is not capable of satisfying the thirst of lust. This entire universe with its living and non-living beings is pervaded by God. Man should enjoy its things as per his need, but should not collect them with the feeling that 'all this is not mine'. Man was born with an inquisitive and ambitious nature, both these tendencies of man have achieved new stages of development very easily. By ease, I do not mean spontaneous development but artificial developmental form. Whatever progress man has made in knowledge and science, it is a result of man's continuous labour and infinite efforts. When man was born in the lap of the earth under the shade of the sky, he was no more than a helpless creature, how did a helpless crying creature start claiming to be the controller of the universe? Or how did man become the best creature in the universe? All these questions are still unanswered. Curiosity connected man to new steps of history and development. These steps were not only leading to the highest peak in the path of life but also helped in the upheaval of emotions. Some humans, out of arrogance, started considering themselves as the controllers of this universe and some declared themselves as almighty. Can a helpless creature like man be the controller of this universe? Big palaces and golden splendors, physical fitness arts, all of them remain only till this world, science is still thinking about whether they will be able to reach the next world. There is no limit to how long this thinking will continue. Only one question of birth and death is still a bone in the throat of scientists.
Evaluasi Estimasi Biaya Perangkat Lunak melalui Ekstraksi Katalog Dari Dokumen Spesifikasi Kebutuhan
Authors: Fanani mz Luqman , Rachman Andi Ikmal , B Suriansyah , Pratiwi Gita , Halid Agus , Nur Risal Alviadi
Published: June 2024

Estimasi biaya pembuatan perangkat lunak adalah tahap awal yang penting dalam siklus pengembangan perangkat lunak. Proses ini memerlukan analisis proyek yang teliti, dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi biaya dan waktu penyelesaian seperti kesalahan dalam melakukan identifikasi awal perangkat lunak seperti apa yang akan di bangun dan pemanfaatannya. Salah satu tantangan utama dalam penganggaran adalah kurangnya harga acuan yang jelas, yang sering kali mengakibatkan penggunaan data historis sebagai dasar perhitungan.Penelitian ini mengusulkan kombinasi metode untuk meningkatkan akurasi dan keandalan estimasi biaya, termasuk text summarization dan word2vec untuk analisis dan pembobotan kalimat, serta ekstraksi katalog untuk mengidentifikasi dokumen SRS sebagai fitur sistem, termasuk fitur ambiguitas. Tujuannya adalah menyediakan alat bantu yang lebih efektif untuk pembuatan penganggaran proyek perangkat lunak di masa mendatang, memastikan estimasi biaya yang sesuai dengan kompleksitas proyek dan penugasan tenaga ahli yang tepat. Dengan metode ini, diharapkan perusahaan dapat mengurangi risiko kesalahan perhitungan dan penugasan tenaga ahli yang tidak tepat, sehingga menghindari kerugian finansial dan penundaan proyek
Oil and Food Prices in Bangladesh: A Linear and Non-Linear ARDL Analysis
Authors: Alauddin Md. , Ferdous Refat , Nessa Hazera-tun- , Biswas Jyotirmay
Published: June 2024

Fluctuations in the oil price profoundly impact many other prices in the economy, as oil is used to produce numerous goods and services. While literature is ample regarding the linear relationship between crude oil prices and food prices, academic discussion on the presence of non-linear relationships is relatively evolving. This paper strives to explore the existence of both linear and non-linear relationships between crude oil price and food price in Bangladesh by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, respectively. The ARDL model indicates that the crude oil price has a linear and positive impact on food price inflation in Bangladesh. The NARDL model finds no asymmetric relationship between the two variables in the long run. As a result, in the long run, the response of food price inflation in Bangladesh is the same whether oil prices increase or decrease. However, the NARDL model reveals that the change in oil prices asymmetrically impacts food price inflation only in the short run. These findings are essential for further study, and the results can be used for policymaking to ensure food security in Bangladesh.
Do Students Perform Better in Online Delivery of Education? Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Hoque Nazmul , Basher Syed Abul , Haque A.K. Enamul
Published: June 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced educational institutions in Bangladesh to adopt online technology for higher education in just a couple of months, which otherwise would have taken years. This change creates a unique opportunity to examine student performance in online education. In addition to examining the effect of online education on student performance, this paper investigates if there is a systematic difference in grading. Transcript-level academic records of Business and Economics students from one of the leading private universities in Bangladesh for pre-pandemic and pandemic periods have been used in this paper. The multilevel nested panel structure of the data allows the elimination of individual, time, course, and instructor-level fixed effects that may bias the findings of the study. The results show that student-level grade points in online format are higher by about 0.208 (on a scale of 0 to 4) compared to student-level grade points in face-to-face format. This increase in grade points in the online format is driven by poorly performing students. Course level estimates show that the average grade points (AGP) increase by about 0.086 in the online format, which comes from a narrower distribution, indicating a systematic difference in grading in the online format.
Farm-Nonfarm Labour Mobility in Rural Bangladesh: Intersectoral Shift or Intergenerational Occupational Choice?
Authors: Dorosh Paul , Sen Binayak ,   BIDS, Asselt Joanna van , Ahmed Mansur
Published: June 2024

The paper argues that much of the farm-nonfarm labour mobility in rural Bangladesh is, in nature, an intergenerational occupational choice-induced change rather than a sectoral shift within the current generation. Bangladesh has a large share of youth (aged 15-29 years) in the labour force, and it experienced a major structural shift in employment between 1995 and 2010 as agricultural employment fell from 51.4 per cent to 42.3 per cent. Much of this shift has been due to changes in youth employment, as youth employment in agriculture fell from 49.8 per cent to 33.1 per cent. The cohort analysis (pseudo-panel) shows that the reduction in the share of the male youth population working in agriculture is due mainly to a sharp reduction in the percentage of youth who start out in agriculture rather than a shift by individuals from agricultural to non-agricultural employment during their lifetime. Analysis of correlates of the nonfarm orientation of rural youth indicates the importance of gender, human capital, access to electricity, proximity to cities, and migration opportunities. The results suggest the importance of supporting rural industry and service activities to meet the future demand for jobs for the rural youth.
Aprendizagem Colaborativa com Suporte Computacional
Authors: Castro Thais , Pimentel Mariano , Castro Alberto , Gadelha Bruno
Published: June 2024

Este artigo apresenta conceitos e questões de aprendizagem colaborativa com suporte computacional.
What Do Flutter Developers Ask About? An Empirical Study on Stack Overflow Posts
Authors: Wambua Anthony Wambua
Published: June 2024

Since Google launched Flutter, an open-source framework, in 2017, many companies and software developers have turned to its use owing to its cross-platform feature. Other attractive features include hot reloading, a rich widget library, and improved performance compared to other cross-platform frameworks. Despite the rise in the use and adoption of the framework, little has been done to understand developers’ challenges. This study aims to understand what Flutter developers post on Stack Overflow – a popular Q&A website for developers. Analyzing such posts would help us understand the challenges faced by Flutter developers. To meet this goal, the study used a topic modeling approach to analyze all “flutter” tagged posts between 2019 and 2023. This study revealed state management, widgets, navigation, packages, and persistence as some areas developers face challenges. Further, the study established that there is a growth in the number of Flutter-related posts and developers. While the Flutter framework is promising for companies and software developers, this study points out areas where Flutter trainers and developers should emphasize. Flutter Framework developers should provide more documentation and support as the language matures.
A questão da memória e do mal desde uma perspetiva antropológica. A propósito de “O Esplendor do Caos”, de Eduardo Lourenço
Authors: Nogueira Carlos
Published: June 2024

“O Esplendor do Caos” (1998) is the book by Portuguese thinker Eduardo Lourenço (1923-2020) that I return to most often, and I suppose that no other work by the author of “O Labirinto da Saudade” (1978) will keep me busy as much over the next few years. As I hope to show in this article, this work is a remarkable reflection on the nature and functions of social and individual memory, and on the evil and its inscription in individuals and in society.
Die Entwicklung der (Mit-)Täterschaftsdogmatik
Authors: Tzagkournis Georgios Michail
Published: June 2024

The clarification of the dogmatic prerequisites of (co-)perpetration is of crucial importance for criminal liability as well as for sentencing. The book offers an in-depth study of the fundamental principles of perpetrator dogmatic, in particular the concept of the dominance over the act, which contains stimulating suggestions and practice-relevant developments. The book also comprehensively presents the legal-historical development of the concept of the perpetrator from its origins to the present day. Particular attention is paid to the legal categorisation of the gang leader. From a comparative legal perspective, the Greek criminal law system is examined, where the formal-objective model of the perpetrator applies. Based on the model of the dominance over the act, the book defends a new dogmatic structure for the understanding of co-perpetration in Greek criminal law.
Internally Displaced Persons in Ukraine
Authors: Schäfer Kristina
Published: June 2024

Considering Ukraine’s relationship with Russia, this study demonstrates the complexities and costs of Ukrainian nation building and its effects on Ukrainian national belonging, amid the country’s recent challenges of war and displacement: from Russia's annexation of Crimea and the armed secessionist conflict in the Donbas in 2014 to Russia's war against Ukraine since 2022. Ukraine’s identity is strongly based on its language, pro-democratic and pro-European attitudes, and its emancipation from Russia. Based on narrative biographical interviews with internally displaced persons (IDPs) from the Donbas region, Kristina Schäfer analyses how their national belonging is constituted and how it has changed since the conflict. This book is an invaluable resource for social scientists, as well as for readers seeking a broad overview of national belonging and identity in Ukraine.
In Vitro Differentiation of Beige/Brown Adipocytes for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Bouchekioua Amine , Pourquié Olivier , Mayeuf-Louchart Alicia
Published: June 2024

Brown adipose tissue is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis, controlling temperature regulation in newborns and childhood, and then in adults under cold conditions. However, its physiological functions are broader and include endocrine functions, regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, as well as triglyceride clearance. BAT activity is inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI), and cold-induced thermogenesis is significantly lower in people with excess weight and obesity. Therefore, brown adipocyte transplantation represents a new perspective for the treatment of diabetes, obesity and their cardiovascular and metabolic consequences. Several strategies have been designed to obtain brown adipocytes in vitro, notably based on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In this chapter, we review the latest findings on the embryonic development of the different adipocyte lineages, which have laid the foundations for PSCs differentiation protocols. We discuss the most recent technologies and their limitations, and the pharmacological approaches to stimulate brown adipocyte activity in vivo.
Neurocysticercosis and the Central Nervous System: Advancements in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Prospects
Authors: Aderinto Nicholas , Olatunji Gbolahan , Kokori Emmanuel , Ajayi Yusuf Ismaila , Ezeano Chimezirim , Abdulbasit Muili , Isarinade Timilehin
Published: June 2024

Neurocysticercosis presents a formidable global health challenge. This parasitic infection induces cystic lesions, primarily in the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms and complications. Global prevalence varies, driven by socioeconomic conditions, cultural practices, and dietary habits, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Diagnosis remains challenging, relying on clinical, serological, and neuroimaging findings, with advanced tools like CT and MRI scans enhancing accuracy. Treatment strategies involve antiparasitic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgical interventions. Ongoing research explores innovative diagnostics and treatments, emphasising a comprehensive, individualised approach. A One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health, is crucial for effective prevention. Exploring the socioeconomic impacts, ethical considerations, and technology integration, including telemedicine, is paramount. Understanding cultural factors influencing healthcare-seeking behaviour contributes to culturally sensitive interventions. Technology integration can improve diagnostic capabilities and healthcare access, especially in regions with limited resources.
Weaponisation of Migration: Russia, Middle East, and Gaza
Authors: Aliyev Agil
Published: June 2024

Migration has been a fundamental part of human history. Depending on the circumstances of the move, International Law defines them as voluntary, involuntary, and internally or externally displaced. As a result of the world’s alteration, a new understanding of migration evolved. Following the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan after 9/11, the Arab Spring, the overthrow of regimes, the civil war in Syria, the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS), and the resulting European Refugee Crisis, the explicit purpose of this chaos became evident. International society has accepted these conflicts as a consequence of politics; other voices are ignored as conspiracies. Western countries have become home to more migrants, while migrant-producing countries have seen their populations decline. Aside from the military and humanitarian pressure that Europe and its allies are facing following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the countries of the former Soviet Union are also experiencing migration issues. Russia, “Big Brother,” remains active in these countries’ policies despite their independence after the USSR collapse. The Middle East has not yet restored its former designation as the “Cradle of Civilisation.” In light of the weaponisation of migration, this chapter analyses patterns and approaches to ongoing conflicts.
Arteriovenous Fistula Ultrasound Assessment
Authors: Dana Grosu Iulia , Bob Flaviu
Published: June 2024

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) ultrasound (US) assessment is the first-line tool in addition to the physical examination to surveil, screen, and diagnose complications of the vascular access (VA) of chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. The VA currently recommended by all guidelines as the “gold standard” for chronic HD patients is the AVF; therefore, creating long-lasting, complication-free fistulas is one of the targets considered by all nephrologists. US assessment is a noninvasive technique that offers detail regarding vascular morphology and hemodynamics, and may be performed at the patient’s bedside. The clinical settings in which US assessment is currently performed are the presurgical screening of veins and arteries (presurgical mapping) or the diagnosis of AVF complications, usually when there are relevant clinical signs and symptoms. Moreover, AVF point-of-care US examination (POCUS) is used to assist and aid nurses in the cannulation procedure, with the scope of minimizing accidents. The current chapter aims to provide a guidebook regarding the multiple situations in which AVF US may be performed and to highlight the importance of this tool for the purpose of maintaining the long-term functionality of the VA of HD patients.
Heat Stress Mitigation through Feeding and Nutritional Interventions in Ruminants
Authors: Kausar Razia , Imran Safdar
Published: June 2024

The livestock producers have been facing numerous challenges including feeding, management, diseases and environmental conditions. The changes in the environment, particularly heat stress, affect the comfort level that in turn affects production and reproduction. Heat stress in ruminants occurs due to an imbalance between heat dissipation rate and heat exposure from different sources. The external sources include environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, solar radiations, wind speed, wind direction and their indexes while internal sources of heat include metabolism. The high-producing ruminants consume more feed so higher metabolic rates produce more internal heat, which makes these animals prone to heat stress. Different heat stress mitigation strategies have been opted in the world. Nutritional interventions have been suitable and sustainable options. There are a number of nutrients/feed ingredients that may help in the mitigation of heat stress in ruminants. Supplementing ruminant feed with feed additives, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and balancing the energy and protein level of feed and managing feeding patterns and feeding frequency have been taken as part of solution to provide relief from effects of heat stress. The nutritional interventions as a regular practice help in possible sustainable mitigation of heat stress in ruminants through regulating metabolic heat production level.
Analytical Design of a Closed Control Loop Controller, Based on a Suboptimal Kalman-Busy Filter
Authors: V. Kim Yuri
Published: June 2024

The Analytical Design (AD) of a closed, negative feedback control loop, when only single design criteria (potentially achievable accuracy) can be considered at the first stage of development for the synthesis of desired system dynamics. Such an approach, based on a modified suboptimal Kalman-Busy Filter (KBF) with Bounded Grows of Memory (FBGM), was presented in several previous author’s papers. In some cases, the required optimal controller should work, mainly, in the stationary stabilization mode in stationary conditions and, actually, is a regulator. In these cases, FBGM can be essentially simplified to a stationary Kalman’s state estimator, with a switched matrix weight coefficient (transient/stationary). The coefficient can, practically, be found rather from the conventional conditions for providing the system sufficient dynamics, than from the solution of KBF Riccati eq. A successful tuning makes the steady state accuracy be close to the optimal, provided by the KBF. The estimator is used for the estimation/filtering and control/regulation purposes simultaneously. This approach is considered in the below chapter to draw developer’s attention. A simple example of the 2nd order unit, assuming regulation of system angular position and angular velocity is presented.
Biomass-Based Activated Carbon
Authors: A. Ahmad Abdulbari , Alwahbi Abdulraqeeb , A. Al Khatib Laila , Dammag Hani
Published: June 2024

Biomass is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source, which is easily regenerated, pollution-free, and widely available. It is also naturally carbonaceous and has low disposal costs. Biomass activated carbon (BAC) is a highly effective adsorbent that can remove a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as polar and nonpolar compounds in aqueous or gaseous environments. Additionally, it is also utilized for energy storage purposes. Converting biomass into activated carbon for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption is a practical solution for managing solid waste and reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Activated carbon is a microporous form of carbon that possesses a well-developed high internal surface area, pore volume, pore structure, and surface chemistry. The production of biomass-derived activated carbons is dependent on pyrolysis temperatures and physical and chemical activation conditions, which can alter their surface characteristics and adsorption behavior. Literature indicates that biomass-derived activated carbons possess a high surface and adsorption capacity, making them a suitable option for environmental remediation and energy storage.
Integrating On-Farm Animal Welfare Assessments into Regulatory Frameworks: Challenges and Solutions for Improved Animal Care
Authors: Kerketta Shilpi , Kumar Singh Abhishek , Kumar Chandan , Kumar Rajak Shailendra , Mandal Banani
Published: June 2024

Animal welfare is a complex issue of growing importance in global agriculture. This chapter examines the challenges of integrating on-farm animal welfare assessments into Indian regulatory frameworks. It reviews theoretical approaches such as ethology, the Five Freedoms, and ecofeminism, emphasizing animal-based measures like body condition scoring for direct evaluation of animal well-being. These challenges include achieving consistent standards across India’s diverse farming systems, ensuring economic feasibility for farmers, and bridging potential gaps in understanding between farmers and regulators. This chapter advocates for a collaborative approach, involving industry, government, animal welfare science, and consumers, to develop practical, science-based regulatory frameworks tailored to Indian agriculture. Furthermore, technology, including precision livestock farming and sensors, offers promising tools to enhance assessment accuracy, efficiency, and affordability. Drawing on global models from Canada, the EU, and New Zealand, this chapter advocates for integrating on-farm welfare assessments into India’s agricultural regulations, tailored to the specific conditions of smallholder farms and indigenous livestock. This chapter calls for a collaborative and science-based approach to drive continuous improvement in animal care on Indian farms, promoting both animal welfare and agricultural sustainability.
Cooling Effect of Urban Green Space: A Nature-Based Solution for Mitigation of Urban Heat
Authors: Soltanifard Hadi
Published: June 2024

Today, urban green space (UGS) is recognized as a nature-based solution to alleviate heat in urban environments by intensifying hot surfaces in urban areas. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cooling effect of UGS, its characteristics, mechanisms, and their implementation in urban planning and design to combat urban warming concerns. This chapter aims to outline relevant contents in three sections: (1) Cooling effects of UGS: mechanisms and dimensions, which will be allocated to explore the diverse mechanisms that contribute to the cooling performance of UGS in urban areas regarding their physical and spatial features; (2) Quantification of the cooling effect of UGS: methods and implementations. This section will focus on recent quantitative methods and implementations at an urban scale to apply in urban planning and design processes; and (3) Planning and design of cooling cities: urban greening challenges and strategies will provide an overview of urban planning and design approaches, current challenges and recommending effective integrated solutions to improve cooling efficiency.
Effects of Single-Session Practice Structure on Motor Skill Acquisition and Alpha and Beta EEG Oscillations
Authors: Porter Aubrey , Croce Ronald Victor , Smith Wayne
Published: June 2024

Background: Although it is known that practicing a motor skill updates the associated internal model, it is still unclear as to how cortical oscillations linked with the motor skill change under differing practice schedules. The current study investigated α- and β-power changes associated with motor skill acquisition. Objectives: Firstly, we investigated the behavioral effects of practice on motor learning and retention during repetitive (RP) and variable (VP) practice schedules on an anticipation timing task. Secondly, we investigated changes in cortical α (10 - 13 Hz) and β (15 - 30 Hz) event-related synchronization and desynchronization (ERS/ERD) under RP and VP during early (EP) and late (LP) stages of practice. Methods: To investigate the behavioral effects of practice on learning and retention, participants were pretested, post-tested at 5 min (retention), and tested twice at 30 min (one for longer retention, one for transfer to a novel velocity). To investigate electroencephalography (EEG) α and β power changes, data were collected from electrode sites T7, T8, C3, C4, CP3, CP4, FCz, AFz, and Pz. Results: Based on a 2 × 4 (practice group × test block) ANOVA, results indicated a significant learning effect for both group participants, with VP participants performing better on the 30-min transfer test. To investigate EEG α and β power changes, data were analyzed using separate, 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA (group [RP and VP] × practice trial blocks [EP and LP]). Power analyses revealed (1) attenuated α ERD at T7 (cognitive/verbal rehearsal), C3 (motor cortex), CP3, CP4, and FCz (pooled data representing premotor cortices), and AFz (frontal cortex and attentional processes) during LP, with greater changes observed in premotor activity (PMA), T7, and AFz electrode sites in RP participants. β frequency analysis, using beta modulation depth (BMD), revealed that participants in both groups had increased BMD at premotor, motor, and frontal electrode sites at LP, with RP participants exhibiting greater changes. Conclusions: Results are in accordance with previous research indicating that practicing under a VP schedule leads to superior motor skill transfer than practicing under an RP schedule. Moreover, lesser changes in α ERD along and lower BMD observed in VP participants might be responsible for a more adaptable and flexible motor program, allowing for greater skill retention and transfer in individuals practicing under VP conditions.
Legal Policy and Model of Criminal Responsibility in the Crime of Smuggling by Corporations in Indonesia
Authors: Afan Beny Arseno
Published: June 2024

The aim of this research is to determine criminal law policies and models of criminal responsibility for criminal acts of smuggling of goods by corporations in Indonesian criminal legislation. This research is normative legal research, namely research conducted using data in the form of theories, concepts and regulations regarding legal issues regarding criminal law policies to deal with the problem of criminal acts of smuggling goods committed by corporations. The results of the research conclude that criminal liability in criminal acts of smuggling by corporations in Indonesia refers to a legal scheme where corporations are the subject of criminal law and are regulated in Law no. 17 of 2006 concerning Amendments to Law no. 10 of 1995 concerning Customs. The additional models of responsibility that can be applied in smuggling cases include: first, the responsibility of corporate managers as perpetrators and administrators who are subject to criminal responsibility (identification theory) which is based on article 59 of the Criminal Code. Second, the model of corporate responsibility as perpetrators and administrators who are responsible (vicarious liability) is based on articles 82 and 85 paragraph 2 of the Limited Liability Company Law. Third, the model of corporate responsibility as perpetrator and also as responsible (stricht liability) which is based on the logical consequences of applying corporations as subjects of criminal law.
The Relationship between Business Actors and Consumers According to the Review of Electronic Transaction Law
Authors: Muhammad Noor Ridani  , Muhammad Syarif Hidayatullah  , Fuad Luthfi
Published: June 2024

This research aims to analyze the relationship between business actors and consumers in electronic transactions according to a review of electronic transaction law in Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research methods with a doctrinal type of research. Primary data is obtained from primary legal materials such as laws, government regulations, and court decisions. Meanwhile, secondary data is obtained from secondary legal materials such as books, scientific journals and legal articles. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The research results show that the relationship between business actors and consumers in electronic transactions is regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE), Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK), and statutory regulations. other related. Business actors have an obligation to provide correct and clear information about the products or services offered, as well as guarantee the security of electronic transactions. Consumers have the right to obtain correct and clear information about products or services, as well as the right to resolve disputes fairly.