bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in community healthcare institutions in Beijing, China
Authors: Fu Mengyuan , Wushouer Haishaerjiang , Nie Xiaoyan , Shi Luwen , Guan Xiaodong , Ross‐Degnan Dennis
Published: June 2020

Purpose

To evaluate potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) prevalence and predictors in community healthcare institutions (CHIs) for the elderly.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study, deriving data of patients aged ≥60 from 66 CHIs in Beijing, 2014‐2018. The system of Criteria of PIM for Older Adults in China was applied to identify PIMs. The primary outcome was the prevalence of visits with at least one PIM; secondary outcomes were the frequency and rate per thousand visits of specific PIMs. We used descriptive analysis and generalized linear models to analyzed PIMs and the predictors, and marginal effects methods were applied to estimate the mean adjusted PIMs prevalence.

Results

Overall, 4 528 884 elderly patient visits from 2014 to 2018 were eligible for inclusion. A total of 719 757 PIMs were detected, with 14.1% of the visits contained at least one PIM. PIM prevalence was significantly correlated with age, number of prescribed medications and number of diagnoses. Overall, 6.0 per thousand elderly patients in CHIs were exposed to at least one high‐risk PIM, while 117.5 per thousand were exposed to at least one low‐risk PIM. In 2018, 20% of GPs were responsible for more than half of overall PIM visits.

Conclusion

Prescribing of PIMs for older adults is common in CHIs in China, especially for patients who are aged, having multiple medications and diagnostic diseases. Strategies should be developed to enhance prescribing quality for geriatric patients, with special targeting of doctors responsible for a high number of PIMs.
Registration of ‘CP 11‐2248’ sugarcane for Florida organic soils
Authors: Zhao D. , Davidson R.W. , Gordon V.S. , Islam Md S. , McCord P.H. , Sandhu H.S. , Sood S. , Comstock J.C. , Baltazar M. , Singh M.P.
Published: June 2020

‘CP 11‐2248’ (Reg. no. CV‐193, PI 692134) sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum spp.) was developed by the USDA–ARS, the University of Florida, and the Florida Sugar Cane League, Inc., and released to Florida growers for organic (muck) soils in June 2018. CP 11‐2248 was developed from a polycross made at Canal Point, FL, on 16 Dec. 2009, with a breeding line CP 06‐2664 as the female parent. The male parent was unknown and could be any one of the clones used in the polycross. CP 11‐2248 was released for commercial use as an improved sugarcane cultivar because of its acceptable levels of resistance or tolerance to brown rust, orange rust, smut, leaf scald, and mosaic. CP 11‐2248 was moderately susceptible to ratoon stunting disease and Sugarcane yellow leaf virus in Florida. Based on the results of 19 harvests of three crops (plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon) in the final‐stage (i.e., Stage 4) replicated yield trials carried out at seven locations with muck soils in Florida, CP 11‐2248 had equivalent or slightly higher sucrose yield than check cultivars CP 96‐1252 and CP 00‐1101. CP 11‐2248 may be poor in response to freezing temperatures based on the field tests in north Florida for temporal sucrose deterioration.
Predicting Falls Using the Stroke Assessment of Fall Risk Tool
Authors: Yang Christine , Ghaedi Bahareh , Campbell T. Mark , Rutkowski Nicole , Finestone Hillel
Published: June 2020

Background

Falls in the inpatient stroke population are common, resulting in increased morbidity and slow rehabilitation progress. Falls may result from stroke‐specific neurologic deficits; however, assessment of these deficits is lacking in many fall screening tools.

Objective

To compare the ability to predict falls of the Stroke Assessment of Fall Risk (SAFR) tool, which includes items related to stroke‐specific neurologic deficits, and the commonly used Morse Fall Scale, which does not include these items.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Inpatient tertiary stroke rehabilitation unit.

Participants

Patients (N = 220) with acute stroke.

Main Outcome Measures

Falls were captured by the medical records from January 2017 to September 2018. Logistic regression analysis evaluated both screening tools for predicting falls by calculating sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC‐ROC) curve, and odds ratio (OR). We compared SAFR and Morse mean scores between fallers and non‐fallers using t‐tests.

Results

Forty‐eight (21.8%) patients experienced ≥1 fall. SAFR, but not Morse, scores showed a statistically significant difference between fallers and non‐fallers (P = .001 vs P = .24, respectively). Higher SAFR score was associated with higher odds of falls (OR 1.36, 95% CI [1.12, 1.64]), whereas Morse was not (OR 1.04, 95% CI [0.97, 1.12]). SAFR showed a statistically significant difference in hemi‐neglect between fallers and non‐fallers (P = .03). Sensitivity and specificity of SAFR were 47.9% and 76.7%, vs 45.8% and 68.0% for Morse, respectively. SAFR positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 36.5% and 84.1%, respectively, similar to Morse (28.6% and 81.8%). The AUC‐ROC was 0.65 for SAFR and 0.56 for Morse.

Conclusions

SAFR was significantly associated with fall risk and had better discrimination between fallers and non‐fallers than Morse. The neurologic‐specific hemi‐neglect component of SAFR, a component not present on the Morse, was a fall risk factor. Further research evaluating the predictive value of fall scales that include neurologic deficits is needed.
Atomic oxygen radical‐induced intracellular oxidization of mould spore cells
Authors: Tanaka Yuta , Oh Jun‐Seok , Hashizume Hiroshi , Ohta Takayuki , Kato Masashi , Hori Masaru , Ito Masafumi
Published: June 2020

The inactivation mechanism of mould spores using plasma‐generated neutral reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in this paper. Typical cell viability using a counting of colony‐forming unit assay indicated a major state of the spore cells. Both intracellular and extracellular damages have been investigated by a couple of well‐established cell visualization techniques: confocal fluorescence emission microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed in this paper that the combination of the spore cell viability with those visualization results strongly suggested an early stage of the cell inactivation when ROS can induce intracellular lipid peroxidation through both nanometer‐thick lipid cell membrane and less‐damaged several hundred nanometer‐thick cell wall.
Influence of MgF2 nanoparticles in the plasma polymer fluorocarbon‐based transparent nanocomposite thin films on the surface hardness properties
Authors: Kim Sung Hyun , Um Min Seop , Choi Woo Jin , Yang Yong Suk , Lee Sang‐Jin
Published: June 2020

In this study, the chemical structure at the interfaces of nanocomposite thin films, consisting of MgF2 nanoparticles and a plasma polymer fluorocarbon (PPFC) matrix, was analyzed to elucidate the relationship between fluorine dispersion and surface properties. Using self‐made MgF2–carbon nanotube–polytetrafluoroethylene ternary composite sputtering targets, MgF2 nanoparticles were successfully embedded in the PPFC matrix through sputtering. The spectrometric analysis showed that the fluorine atoms transfer at the nanoparticle interface created a carbon‐rich region in the PPFC polymer matrix, resulting in higher thin film hardness. The optimized MgF2 nanoparticle/PPFC matrix thin film showed that surface hardness reached 4.32 GPa, and it also exhibited high optical transparency and water repellency. MgF2–PPFC nanocomposite thin film could be applicable to protective optical coatings for display and automotive windows.
The determination of Plutella xylostella (L.) GSTs (PxGSTs) involved in the detoxification metabolism of Tolfenpyrad
Authors: Li Yifan , Sun Hong , Tian Zhen , Su Xinxin , Li Yue , Ye Xuan , Zhou Yifei , Zheng Shengli , Liu Jiyuan , Zhang Yalin
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Insect glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) play a crucial role in insecticide detoxification. However, there remains a distinct lack of information regarding the role of GSTs in the detoxification of Tolfenpyrad (TFP) in insects.

RESULTS

Real‐time quantitative PCR showed significant upregulation of PxGSTs after exposure to TFP for 6 h. An in vitro inhibition assay showed that TFP could inhibit PxGSTδ, PxGSTε and PxGSTσ, and the most pronounced inhibitory effect was on PxGSTσ. Metabolism assays displayed that PxGSTσ was superior to other test PxGSTs in metabolizing TFP. The molecular docking of TFP and PxGSTσ revealed that the H‐bond provided by the sidechains of Tyr107 and Tyr162 were key to the detoxification of TFP by PxGSTσ. Further tests using mutant PxGSTσ proteins at the sites of Tyr107 (PxGSTσY107A) and Tyr162 (PxGSTσY162A) corroborated that the individual replacement of Tyr107 and Tyr162 could greatly weaken the binding and metabolic abilities to TFP.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic interactions between the Plutella xylostella (L.) GSTs (PxGSTs) and TFP were deciphered. This study illustrates the molecular metabolism mechanism of PxGSTσ towards TFP and provides theoretical underpinnings for the design and optimization of novel TFP‐like insecticides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Review on essential oils, chemical composition, extraction, and utilization of some conifers in Northwestern Himalayas
Authors: Bhardwaj Kanchan , Islam Muhammad Torequl , Jayasena Vijay , Sharma Bechan , Sharma Somesh , Sharma Pankaj , Kuča Kamil , Bhardwaj Prerna
Published: June 2020

Essential oils (EOs) are regarded as alternative therapeutic agents for many diseases. In phytotherapy research areas, it is now well reported that conifers are the rich source of EOs. This review aims to update information on the biological sources and the best extraction processes of the significant constituents along with the traditional and therapeutic properties of the EOs from selected conifers of Himachal Pradesh, Northwestern Himalaya. In the present review, ten conifer species of high values have been selected. Results from several studies suggest that the conifers contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, ketones, alcohols, and esters, which are used in medicines, food products, and cosmetics as well as other commercial and industrial products. Traditionally, the EOs from the conifers have been reported to be used against fever, cough, bronchitis, skin diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and asthma. The pharmacological studies suggest that these EOs can be used as antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antitoxic, aphrodisiac, and astringent agents. It is, therefore, concluded that the EOs from the conifers might be one of the promising tools for the treatment of various diseases. Extensive research is required to ascertain the efficacy of the EOs from unstudied conifers.
Epidemiology of cancer‐related weight loss and sarcopenia in the UK and Ireland: incidence, prevalence, and clinical impact
Authors: Sullivan Erin S. , Daly Louise E. , Power Derek G. , Ryan Aoife M.
Published: June 2020

Background

Weight loss (WL) and sarcopenia are associated with negative oncological outcomes including poor treatment tolerance, decreased quality of life, and reduced survival. The number of patients affected by sarcopenia and WL in Ireland and the UK is unknown.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken to determine median rate of WL > 5% and computed tomography‐diagnosed sarcopenia in oncology populations. Gaps in the literature were supplemented using local data, collected as part of a 5 year prospective study. Rates of WL and sarcopenia in the population were extrapolated from these data based on incidence and prevalence of each cancer as per national cancer registries.

Results

We estimated that across Ireland and the UK, 128 892 cancer patients (34%) are affected by WL > 5% annually (121 641 UK; 7251 Ireland) and there are 133 707 annual cases of sarcopenia in cancer patients (35%) (126 265 UK; 7442 Ireland). Furthermore, we estimate that there are 716 124 and 771 589 cancer survivors with history of WL > 5% or sarcopenia, respectively.

Conclusions

Large numbers of patients are affected by cancer‐related malnutrition. Given the impact of malnutrition on oncological outcomes and long‐term frailty, there is an urgent need to improve access to cancer nutrition care.
Stratigraphic flux—A method for determining preferential pathways for complex sites
Authors: Curry Patrick J. , Welty Nicklaus R. H. , Yanites Allison J. , Varley Catharine , Quinnan Joseph A.
Published: June 2020

Experience with groundwater remediation over several decades has demonstrated that successful outcomes depend on quantitative conceptual site models (CSMs). Over the last 30 years, we have progressed from groundwater pump‐and‐treat remedies, which were largely designed based on a water supply perspective, to in situ and combined remedy strategies, which are only beginning to benefit from understanding the aquifer architecture and distribution of contaminant mass to assess plume maturity, mass flux, and more reliable means of fate and transport assessment. The U.S. Air Force funded the development of the Stratigraphic Flux approach to provide a framework for understanding contaminant transport pathways at its complex sites and enable more reliable and cost‐effective remediation. Stratigraphic Flux enables the development of quantitative, flux‐based CSMs that are founded in sequence stratigraphy, and high‐resolution hydraulic conductivity and contaminant distribution measurements. The result is a three‐dimensional graphical mapping of relative contaminant flux and classification of transport potential that is easy for all stakeholders to understand. The Stratigraphic Flux graphical model is based on a hydrofacies classification system that describes transport potential in three segments of the aquifer: transport zones—where the majority of groundwater flow occurs and transport rates are measured in feet per day; slow advection zones—where transport rates are measured in feet per year; and storage zones—where typically less than 1% of flow occurs, and diffusion dominates contaminant transport. The hydrofacies architectures are based on stratigraphy and transport potential is defined by grouping facies by orders of magnitude classes in hydraulic conductivity. By combining the hydrofacies architecture with contaminant concentration distributions, one can map relative contaminant flux to define and target the complex pathways that control contaminant transport and cleanup behavior. In this article, we describe the Stratigraphic Flux framework, focusing on the key information needed and the methods of analysis. We illustrate the results of its application to evaluate migration pathways for trichlorethylene and chromium at a former chrome pit at Air Force Plant 4 in Fort Worth, Texas. A comprehensive guidance document that describes the approach with a broad spectrum of tools and several site examples can be requested from the authors.
Vapor intrusion risk evaluation using automated continuous chemical and physical parameter monitoring
Authors: Kram Mark , Hartman Blayne , Frescura Cliff , Negrao Paulo , Egelton Dane
Published: June 2020

Vapor intrusion risk characterization efforts are challenging due to complexities associated with background indoor air constituents, preferential subsurface migration pathways, and representativeness limitations associated with traditional randomly timed time‐integrated sampling methods that do not sufficiently account for factors controlling concentration dynamics. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends basing risk related decisions on the reasonable maximum exposure (RME). However, with very few exceptions, practitioners have not been applying this criterion. The RME will most likely occur during upward advective flux conditions. As such, for RME determinations, it is important to sample when upward advective flux conditions are occurring. The most common vapor intrusion assessment efforts include randomly timed sample collection events, and therefore do not accurately yield RME estimates. More specifically, researchers have demonstrated that randomly timed sampling schemes can result in false negative determinations of potential risk corresponding to RMEs. For sites experiencing trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor intrusion, the potential for acute risks poses additional challenges, as there is a critical need for rapid response to exposure exceedances to minimize health risks and liabilities. To address these challenges, continuous monitoring platforms have been deployed to monitor indoor concentrations of key volatile constituents, atmospheric pressure, and pressure differential conditions that can result in upward toxic vapor transport and entry into overlying buildings. This article demonstrates how vapor intrusion RME‐based risks can be successfully and efficiently determined using continuous monitoring of concentration and parameters indicating upward advective chemical flux. Time series analyses from multiple selected 8‐ and 24‐hr time increments during upward advective TCE flux conditions were performed to simulate results expected from the most commonly employed sampling methods. These analyses indicate that, although most of the selected time increments overlap within the same 24‐hr window, results and conclusions vary. As such, these findings demonstrate that continuous monitoring of concentration and parameters such as differential pressure and determination of a time‐weighted concentration average over a selected duration when upward advective flux is occurring can allow for a realistic RME‐based risk estimate.
Developing an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Modified Siliceous Mesocellular Foam for Efficient and Easy Monitoring of Cadmium Ions
Authors: Bojdi Majid K. , Behbahani Mohammad , Ranjbari Somaye
Published: June 2020

In response to a mandatory demand to introduce sensitive technique to measure cadmium ion in ultra‐trace concentration, an electrochemical sensor by applying modified siliceous mesocellular foam (S‐MCF) with diphenylthiocarbazone as electrode material is developed. Several instrumental analysis including Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption examination, scanning electron microscopy, thermal evaluation and elemental analysis were applied to characterize the prepared electrode material. In the work, the prepared electrode with introduced mesoporous material is conjugated with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP‐ASV) for ultra‐trace measurement of Cd2+ ions. Cadmium ions interact strongly with active sites of diphenylthiocarbazone and a negative potential (‐0.9 V) was applied to reduce these ions. Based on the specific characteristic of the electrochemical sensor, this electrode material was applied to pre‐concentrate target ions on the modified electrode by the prepared mesoporous material. In order to measure Cd2+ at ultra‐trace concentrations, differential pulse‐ASV was utilized to oxidize the reduced Cd ions. Two dynamic linear range (DLR) for measurement of cadmium ions at ultra‐trace concentrations were seen within ranges of 0.01 to 1.0 nmol L−1 (with sensitivity of 13.23 μA/nmol L−1) and 1.0 nmol L−1 to 10.0 nmol L−1 (with sensitivity of 0.23 μA/nmol L−1). The method detection limit (MDL) of 2.5 pmol L−1 was acquired.
Optimal design of an electrochemical reactor for blackwater treatment
Authors: Varigala Siva , Krishnaswamy Srinivas , Lohia Chandra P. , Hegarty‐Craver Meghan , Grego Sonia , Luettgen Michael , Cid Clement A.
Published: June 2020

Electrolysis of blackwater for disinfection and nutrient removal is a portable and scalable technology that can lessen the need for cities to construct large‐scale wastewater treatment infrastructure and enable the safe onsite reuse of blackwater. Several systems for treating wastewater from single toilets are described in the literature, but there are few examples of systems designed to use electrolysis to treat blackwater from nearby toilets, which is a situation more common in densely packed urban living environments. In order to scale a single toilet electrolysis system to one that could service multiple toilets, computational fluid dynamic analysis was used to optimize the electrochemical reactor design, and laboratory and field‐testing were used to confirm results. Design efforts included optimization of the reactor shape and mixing to improve treatment efficiency, as well as automated cleaning and salt injection to reduce maintenance and service requirements.

Practitioner points

Design of a reverse polarity mechanism to enable in situ electrode cleaning and improve long‐term electrode performance.

Optimization of a hopper design and drainpipe location to collect and remove flaking precipitates and mitigate maintenance issues.

Design of an automated salt injection system to guarantee sufficient chloride levels for producing adequate chlorine residuals for consistent disinfection.
Deep learning: Computational aspects
Authors: Polson Nicholas , Sokolov Vadim
Published: June 2020

In this article, we review computational aspects of deep learning (DL). DL uses network architectures consisting of hierarchical layers of latent variables to construct predictors for high‐dimensional input–output models. Training a DL architecture is computationally intensive, and efficient linear algebra library is the key for training and inference. Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization and batch sampling are used to learn from massive datasets.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Deep Learning

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Neural Networks
Copper Coordination Polymers of N1,N4‐Bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)terephthalamide: Synthesis, Structures, DNA Binding and Cleavage, and Catalytic Activity for Oxidation of 1‐Phenylethanol
Authors: Hu Zhou‐Ping , Yu Wei‐Dong , Liu Xia , Tang Qing , Fang Zi‐Wei , Zhang Shou‐Chun
Published: June 2020

Two Cu coordination polymers [Cu(bpmt)Cl2·2DMF]n (1), [Cu(bpmt)(μ‐Cl)·DMSO]n (2) [bpmt = N1,N4‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)terephthalamide)], were synthesized and characterized. X‐ray single‐crystal diffractions revealed complex 1 exhibits a one‐dimensional (1D) chain in which central CuII ions are located in a six‐coordinate slightly distorted octahedral structure. Complex 2 features 1D chain composed of CuI–Cl bridges and all the central CuI ions are situated a twisted tetrahedral configurations. Multi‐spectroscopic DNA interaction studies indicate that the two complexes may bind to DNA via groove binding modes, and the calculated binding constants are 1.42 × 104 (1‐CT‐DNA) and 1.41 × 104 (2‐CT‐DNA). Both complexes are also capable of efficiently cleaving plasmid pBR322 DNA in the presence of H2O2 via an oxidative mechanism. Furthermore, 1 and 2 are employed as catalysts for the oxidation of 1‐phenylethanol to acetophenone. Complex 1 displays good catalytic potential with the conversion rate reaches 99 % using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant and CH3CN as solvent at 60 °C for 2.0 h.
A Statistical and Biophysical Toolbox to Elucidate Structure and Formation of Stress Fibers
Authors: Eltzner Benjamin , Hauke Lara , Huckemann Stephan , Rehfeldt Florian , Wollnik Carina
Published: June 2020

We are concerned with statistically validated early mechanically guided differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). This chapter reviews and extends methods of fixed and live imaging of hMSCs, automated reliable and unbiased near real-time filament extraction and digitization for massive data via the FilamentSensor, suitable aggregation of simple (area, mean orientation, aspect ratio and order parameter) and advanced (orientation mode persistence and orientation fields) data descriptors and methods of their non-euclidean inferential statistics. Exemplary, we study the morphology of stress fibers in fixed and live hMSCs within 24 h post seeding on elastic matrices exhibiting Young’s moduli of 1 kPa (soft, brain-like elasticity), 11 kPa (intermediate, muscle-like stiffness) and 30 kPa (hard, pre-calcified bone rigidity). The combination of these methods constitutes a novel integrated toolbox, where for instance, statistical insight may be used to guide experimental design.
Photonic Imaging with Statistical Guarantees: From Multiscale Testing to Multiscale Estimation
Authors: Munk Axel , Proksch Katharina , Li Housen , Werner Frank
Published: June 2020

In this chapter we discuss how to obtain statistical guarantees in photonic imaging. We start with an introduction to hypothesis testing in the context of imaging, more precisely we describe how to test if there is signal in a specific region of interest (RoI) or just noise. Afterwards we extend this approach to a family of RoIs and examine the occurring problems such as inflation of type I error and dependency issues. We discuss how to control the family-wise error rate by different modifications, and provide a connection to extreme value theory. Afterwards we present possible extension to inverse problems. Moving from testing to estimation, we finally introduce a method which constructs an estimator of the desired quantity of interest with automatic smoothness guarantees.
Efficient, Quantitative Numerical Methods for Statistical Image Deconvolution and Denoising
Authors: Luke D. Russell , Charitha C. , Shefi Ron , Malitsky Yura
Published: June 2020

We review the development of efficient numerical methods for statistical multi-resolution estimation of optical imaging experiments. In principle, this involves constrained linear deconvolution and denoising, and so these types of problems can be formulated as convex constrained, or even unconstrained, optimization. We address two main challenges: first of these is to quantify convergence of iterative algorithms; the second challenge is to develop efficient methods for these large-scale problems without sacrificing the quantification of convergence. We review the state of the art for these challenges.
Single Particle Imaging with FEL Using Photon Correlations
Authors: von Ardenne Benjamin , Grubmüller Helmut
Published: June 2020

Scattering experiments with femtosecond high-intensity free-electron laser pulses provide a new route to macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization at low material usage. In these experiments, the X-ray pulses are scattered with high repetition on a stream of identical single biomolecules and the scattered photons are recorded on a pixelized detector. The main challenges are the unknown random orientation of the molecule in each shot and the extremely low signal to noise ratio due to the very low expected photon count per scattering image, typically well below the number of over 100 photons required by available analysis methods. The latter currently limits the scattering experiments to nano-crystals or larger virus particles, but the ultimate goal remains to retrieve the atomic structure of single biomolecules. Here, we use photon correlations to overcome the issue with low photon counts and present an approach that can determine the molecular structure de novo from as few as three coherently scattered photons per image. We further validate the method with a small protein (46 residues), show that near-atomic resolution of $$3.3~{\AA }$$

3.3

Å

is within experimental reach and demonstrate structure determination in the presence of isotropic noise from various sources, indicating that the number of disordered solvent molecules attached to the macromolecular surface should be kept at a minimum. Our correlation method allows to infer structure from images containing multiple particles, potentially opening the method to other types of experiments such as fluctuation X-ray scattering (FXS).
Wavefront and Coherence Characteristics of Extreme UV and Soft X-ray Sources
Authors: Schäfer Bernd , Flöter Bernhard , Mey Tobias , Mann Klaus
Published: June 2020

The first part of this chapter comprises setups and results of the determination of wavefront and beam parameters for different EUV sources (free-electron lasers, HHG-sources, synchrotron radiation) by self supporting Hartmann-Sensors. We present here i.a. a sensor applied for alignment of the ellipsodial mirror at FLASH beamline 2, yielding a reduction of the rms-wavefront aberrations by more than a factor of 3. In the second part we report on the characterization of the Free-Electron-Laser FLASH at DESY by a quantitative determination of the Wigner distribution function. The setup, comprising an ellipsodial mirror and a moveable extreme UV sensitive CCD detector, enables the mapping of two-dimensional phase space corresponding to the horizontal and vertical coordinate axes, respectively. Furthermore, an extended setup utilizing a torodial mirror for complete 4D-Wigner reconstruction has been accomplished and tested using radiation from a multimode Nd:VO4 laser.
Multilayer Zone Plates for Hard X-ray Imaging
Authors: Osterhoff Markus , Krebs Hans-Ulrich
Published: June 2020

This chapter reviews progress both in the fabrication of multilayer zone plate optics for focusing X-rays, as well as in imaging experiments using these optics. The fabrication based on pulsed laser deposition is accompanied by analytical and numerical treatment of X-ray propagation to control volume diffraction effects. On the imaging side, different schemes are presented; these include scanning-scattering with focused X-rays, holography, as well as recent advances in lens-enhanced phase-reconstruction.
One-Dimensional Discrete-Time Phase Retrieval
Authors: Beinert Robert , Plonka Gerlind
Published: June 2020

The phase retrieval problem has a long and rich history with applications in physics and engineering such as crystallography, astronomy, and laser optics. Usually, the phase retrieval consists in recovering a real-valued or complex-valued signal from the intensity measurements of its Fourier transform. If the complete phase information in frequency domain is lost then the problem of signal reconstruction is severelly ill-posed and possesses many non-trivial ambiguities. Therefore, it can only be solved using appropriate additional signal information. We restrict ourselves to one-dimensional discrete-time phase retrieval from Fourier intensities and particularly consider signals with finite support. In the first part of this section, we study the structure of the arising ambiguities of the phase retrieval problem and show how they can be characterized using the given Fourier intensity. Employing these observations, in the second part, we study different kinds of a priori assumptions on the signal, where we are especially interested in their ability to reduce the non-trivial ambiguities or even to ensure uniqueness of the solution. In particular, we consider the assumption of non-negativity of the solution signal, additional magnitudes or phases of some signal components in time domain, or additional intensities of interference measurements in frequency domain. Finally, we transfer our results to phase retrieval problems where the intensity measurements arise, for example, from the Fresnel or fractional Fourier transform.
X-ray Focusing and Optics
Authors: Salditt Tim , Osterhoff Markus
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses fundamental concepts of X-ray optics and X-ray coherence, in view of the increasing number of X-ray applications requiring nano-focused X-ray beams. The chapter is meant as a tutorial to facilitate the understanding of later chapters of this book. After the introduction and an overview over focusing optics and recent benchmarks in X-ray focusing, we present refractive, reflective and diffractive X-ray optics in more detail. Particular emphasis is given to two kinds of X-ray optics which are particularly relevant for later chapters in this book, namely X-ray waveguides (XWG) and multilayer zone plates (MZP). Both are geared towards ultimate confinement and focusing, respectively, i.e. applications at the forefront of what is currently possible for multi-keV radiation. Since optics must be designed in view of coherence properties, we include a basic treatment of coherence theory and simulation for X-ray optics. Finally, the chapter closes with a brief outlook on compound (combined) optical schemes for hard X-ray microscopy.
Inverse Problems
Authors: Hohage Thorsten , Sprung Benjamin , Weidling Frederic
Published: June 2020

Generally speaking, inverse problems typically consist in the reconstruction of causes for observed effects. In imaging applications the cause is usually a probe and the effect are observed data. The corresponding forward problems then consists in predicting experimental data given perfect knowledge of the probe. In some sense solving an inverse problems means “computing backwards”, which is usually more difficult then solving the forward problem.
Integrating Climate Adaptation, Poverty Reduction, and Environmental Conservation in Kwale County, Kenya
Authors: Ambrosino Chiara , Hufton Ben , Nyawade Benson Okinyi , Osimbo Harriet , Owiti Phanuel
Published: June 2020

Shoreline erosion, flood surges, river sediments, and water pollution are only a few of the common threats to many coastal areas, with extreme climate-related events exacerbating the intensity and urgency of the resulting negative impacts. In addition, some coastal areas are excessively mined for sand, protective mangroves are destroyed, and coastal waters are overfished, affecting the well-being, safety, and livelihoods of local communities. These threats disproportionally affect the poorest and most marginalized groups, including women and children, leading to their increased vulnerability to climate change and adoption of negative coping mechanisms.

This chapter proposes an integrated people-centered approach, with a particular focus on women, to address the triple crisis – poverty, climate change, and nature – at the local level. Findings will be shared from a 2-year project implemented in the southernmost coastal region of Kwale County in Kenya, which aimed to achieve beneficial and interconnected social, environmental, and climate outcomes. The chapter discusses findings, successes, and lessons learned from the action and the requirement to position vulnerable groups at the center of initiatives designed to address the triple crisis. Limitations of the study and main recommendations for future programming in similar contexts are also shared.
Conformance-Based Doping Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Dimitrova Rayna , Gazda Maciej , Mousavi Mohammad Reza , Biewer Sebastian , Hermanns Holger
Published: June 2020

We present a novel and generalised notion of doping cleanness for cyber-physical systems that allows for perturbing the inputs and observing the perturbed outputs both in the time– and value–domains. We instantiate our definition using existing notions of conformance for cyber-physical systems. We show that our generalised definitions are essential in a data-driven method for doping detection and apply our definitions to a case study concerning diesel emission tests.
An Indigenous Australian Cultural Competence Course: Talking Culture, Race and Power
Authors: Fredericks Bronwyn , Bargallie Debbie
Published: June 2020

Cross-cultural training in its various forms has been around in Australia since the 1980s. It has primarily been viewed as a way of improving knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and a means to improving service delivery (Fredericks in Contemp Nurse 23:87–99, 2006, Aust J Indigenous Educ 37S:81–89, 2008; Fredericks & Bargallie in Int J Crit Indigenous Stud 9:1–14, 2016). This led to government departments that serviced Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples recognised as leaders in this arena, closely followed by other agencies who offered services.
International Students in Australia, Employability and Cultural Competence
Authors: Nguyen Tran , Hartz Donna
Published: June 2020

Employability is often defined as “a set of achievements—skills, understandings and personal attributes—that makes graduates more likely to gain employment and be successful in their chosen occupations, which benefit themselves, the workforce, the community and the economy” (Yorke in Employability in higher education: what it is, what it is not. The Higher Education Academy, York, 2006, p. 8).
The “Culture” in Cultural Competence
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: June 2020

Cultural competence is a journey and a pathway towards becoming competent in working with, and between, diverse cultural situations and contexts.
Holographic probes of inner horizons
Authors: Balasubramanian Vijay , Kar Arjun , Sárosi Gábor
Published: June 2020

Abstract

We study the inner horizons of rotating and charged black holes in anti-de Sitter space. These black holes have a classical analytic extension through the inner horizon to additional asymptotic regions. If this extension survives in the quantum theory, it requires particular analytic properties in a dual CFT, which give a prescription for calculating correlation functions for operators placed on any asymptotic boundary of the maximally extended spacetime. We show that for charged black holes in three or greater dimensions, and rotating black holes in four or greater dimensions, these analytic properties are in- consistent in the dual CFT, implying the absence of an analytic extension for quantum fields past the inner horizon. Thus, we find that strong cosmic censorship holds for all AdS black holes except rotating BTZ. To further study the latter case, we insert classical perturbations near the boundary at late times, producing shockwaves traveling along the inner horizon. We holographically compute CFT correlators in this background that probe a high energy scattering process near the inner horizon and argue that the shockwave does not destabilize the inner horizon violently enough to prevent signaling between different asymptotic regions of the Penrose diagram. This provides evidence that the rotating BTZ black hole does violate the strong cosmic censorship conjecture.
Innovative medizinische Betreuungskonzepte für Jugendliche mit extremer Adipositas
Authors: Wabitsch Martin , v. Schnurbein Julia , Vollbach Heike , Lennerz Belinda , Weyhreter Helmut , Wiegand Susanna , Kiess Wieland , Hebebrand Johannes , Brandt Stephanie
Published: June 2020

Für Jugendliche mit extremer Adipositas gibt es bislang kein überzeugendes, wissenschaftsbasiertes Behandlungs- und Betreuungskonzept, weder in Deutschland noch in anderen Ländern. Die betroffenen Jugendlichen haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für zahlreiche somatische Folgeerkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, orthopädische Störungen und das Schlafapnoesyndrom. Auch psychische Störungen wie Depression und Angststörungen, soziale Phobien und selbstverletzendes Verhalten können sich aufgrund der funktionellen Beeinträchtigungen und der Stigmatisierung entwickeln. Soziale Isolation einschließlich Schulvermeidung und Arbeitslosigkeit können die Folge sein. Trotz dieser negativen Auswirkungen der extremen Adipositas im Jugendalter sind diese Jugendlichen medizinisch schwer zu erreichen und zu behandeln. Nur ein kleiner Prozentsatz der Patienten sucht aktiv nach einer Behandlung.

In Kenntnis dieser Schwierigkeiten wurde von 2012–2019 die vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderte JA-Studie (Jugendliche mit extremer Adipositas) durchgeführt mit dem Ziel, die Versorgungskonzepte für diese vernachlässigte Gruppe von Jugendlichen zu verbessern. In unserem Beitrag zeigen wir mögliche Versorgungswege auf. Diese bestehen in der Begleitung der Jugendlichen und der Behandlung von Komorbiditäten, einer nachhaltigen Lebensstilintervention in einem geschützten Umfeld sowie einer Therapie zur Gewichtsreduktion durch Adipositaschirurgie. Übergeordnete Ziele für die Patienten bestehen dabei in einer Steigerung des Selbstwertgefühls, in der frühzeitigen Diagnose und Behandlung von Folgeerkrankungen und in einer Integration in den Ausbildungs- bzw. Arbeitsmarkt.
Simulation assisted process chain design for the manufacturing of bulk hybrid shafts with tailored properties
Authors: Coors Timm , Pape Florian , Kruse Jens , Blohm Thoms , Beermann Rüdiger , Quentin Lorenz , Herbst Sebastian , Langner Jan , Stonis Malte , Kästner Markus , Reithmeier Eduard , Nürnberger Florian , Poll Gerhard
Published: June 2020

To manufacture semi-finished hybrid workpieces with tailored properties, a finite element simulation assisted process chain design was investigated. This includes the process steps of cross wedge rolling, hot geometry inspection, induction hardening, and fatigue testing. The process chain allows the utilisation of material combinations such as high-strength steels with low-cost and easy to process steels. Here, plasma transferred arc welding is applied to supply the process chain with hybrid specimen featuring different steel grades. An overview of the numerical approaches to consider the various physical phenomena in each of the process steps is presented. The properties of the component behaviour were investigated via the finite element method (FEM) and theoretical approaches. At first, the manufacturing of a hybrid workpiece featuring a near net shape geometry with improved mechanical properties due to recrystallising the weld was computed, using the example of a cross wedge rolling process. The rolling process was designed by means of FEM to determine suitable process parameters and to reduce experimental testing. An optical multi-scale geometry inspection of the hot workpiece is meant to be carried out after each manufacturing step to detect potential undesired forming or cooling-induced deformations. Due to the heat transfer from the hot component to the ambient medium, an optical measurement is affected by the developing inhomogeneous refractive index field in air. To gain a basic understanding of the refractive index field and induced light deflection effects, computations were conducted using heat transfer and ray tracing simulations. According to the proposed process route, a subsequent local heat treatment of the hybrid component is required to adapt the mechanical properties by a spray cooling assisted induction hardening. The heat treatment step was computed via a 2D FEM calculation. After finishing by machining, the hybrid material shafts are examined in fatigue tests under load conditions. To predict the component’s lifetime under rolling contact fatigue, a damage accumulation model was combined with an FE simulation. The resulting residual stress state after quenching and the geometry after the finishing process were used as input data for the fatigue life calculations.
Metabolomic profiling of tumor-infiltrating macrophages during tumor growth
Authors: Umemura Naoki , Sugimoto Masahiro , Kitoh Yusuke , Saio Masanao , Sakagami Hiroshi
Published: June 2020

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are both key immunosuppressive cells that contribute to tumor growth. Metabolism and immunity of tumors depend on the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the intracellular metabolism of MDSCs and TAMs during tumor growth remains unclear. Here, we characterized CD11b+ cells isolated from a tumor-bearing mouse model to compare intratumoral TAMs and intrasplenic MDSCs. Intratumoral CD11b+ cells and intrasplenic CD11b+ cells were isolated from tumor-bearing mice at early and late stages (14 and 28 days post-cell transplantation, respectively). The cell number of intrasplenic CD11b+ significantly increased with tumor growth. These cells included neutrophils holding segmented leukocytes or monocytes with an oval nucleus and Gr-1hi IL-4Rαhi cells without immunosuppressive function against CD8 T cells. Thus, these cells were classified as MDSC-like cells (MDSC-LCs). Intratumoral CD11b+ cells included macrophages with a round nucleus and were F4/80hi Gr-1lo IL-4Rαhi cells. Early stage intratumoral CD11b+ cells inhibited CD8 T cells via TNFα. Thus, this cell population was classified as TAMs. Metabolomic analyses of intratumoral TAMs and MDSC-LCs during tumor growth were conducted. Metabolic profiles of intratumoral TAMs showed larger changes in various metabolic pathways, e.g., glycolysis, TCA cycle, and glutamic acid pathways, during tumor growth compared with MDSL-LCs. Our findings demonstrated that intratumoral TAMs showed an immunosuppressive capacity from the early tumor stage and underwent intracellular metabolism changes during tumor growth. These results clarify the intracellular metabolism of TAMs during tumor growth and contribute to our understanding of tumor immunity.
Frau F. sorgt zunehmend für sich selbst
Authors: Hochgerner Markus , Klampfl Petra
Published: June 2020

Aus ihren theoretischen Konzeptionen und ihrer grundsätzlichen Haltung ergibt sich für die Integrative Gestalttherapie (IG) die Notwendigkeit, verschiedene diagnostische Perspektiven einzunehmen und zu integrieren. Die Vielfalt der Perspektiven ermöglicht es, der Absolutsetzung einer Perspektive entgegenzuwirken, und fördert die Einsicht, dass kein Diagnosesystem – sei es noch so ausgefeilt – die Wirklichkeit eines Menschen erfassen kann.

Menschen mit defizitären oder traumatisierenden Entwicklungsbedingungen (besonders in den ersten Lebensjahren) haben eingeschränkte Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung ihrer strukturellen Fähigkeiten. Selbstregulierung, kreative Anpassung und Selbstaktualisierung in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen sind dadurch geprägt und die Lebensqualität oft deutlich beeinträchtigt.

Die Integration von Strukturdiagnostik in der IG-Diagnostik durch die Einbeziehung von OPD‑2 ermöglicht eine differenziertere Einschätzung und Orientierung über Ressourcen und Defizite von Patient*innen.

Die mehrperspektivische diagnostische Herangehensweise – unter Einbeziehung der in der Leitlinie des Gesundheitsministeriums vorgesehenen Diagnoseschritte bei besonderer Berücksichtigung des unmittelbaren Beziehungsgeschehens und der Entwicklungsgeschichte – ermöglicht eine differenzierte Sicht auf die ganze Person im therapeutischen Kontext und im Lebensumfeld. Das unterstützt eine auf die Person und ihre Verarbeitungsfähigkeit abgestimmte therapeutische Vorgehensweise, Schwerpunktsetzung und Beziehungsgestaltung, welche im therapeutischen Prozess dialogisch den jeweiligen Möglichkeiten und Bedürfnissen der Person angepasst werden kann. Menschen auf gutem Strukturniveau mit konflikthafter Thematik profitieren von anderen therapeutischen Angeboten als Personen mit strukturellen Defiziten.

Im folgenden Beitrag soll die Verschränkung von Grundkonzepten der Integrativen Gestalttherapie und zentraler Punkte psychodynamischer Diagnostik (nach OPD-2) skizziert werden. Anhand einer kurzen Fallvignette werden aus diagnostischer und therapeutischer Perspektive und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung struktureller Einschätzung wesentliche therapeutische Vorgehensweisen dargestellt.