bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Synthesis of Metal Ammonium Phosphates
Authors: Holdsworth Alistair F. , Eccles Harry , Halman Alice M. , Mao Runjie , Bond Gary
Published: September 2018

The synthesis of the high performance inorganic materials essential to the quality of modern day life is hindered by traditionalist attitudes and reliance on outdated methods such as batch syntheses. While continuous flow methods have been extensively adopted in pharmaceutical circles, they remain largely unexplored for the preparation of inorganic compounds, despite higher efficiency, safety and versatility. In this publication, we demonstrate a step-change for the synthesis of metal ammonium phosphates through conversion of the extant batch process to a low-temperature continuous regime, exhibiting a tenfold increase in throughput combined with a significant decrease in particle size.
A soy protein Lunasin can ameliorate amyloid-beta 42 mediated neurodegeneration in Drosophila eye
Authors: Sarkar Ankita , Gogia Neha , Glenn Neil , Singh Aditi , Jones Gillian , Powers Nathan , Srivastava Ajay , Kango-Singh Madhuri , Singh Amit
Published: September 2018

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder, also results from accumulation of amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) plaques. These Aβ42 plaques trigger oxidative stress, abnormal signaling, which results in neuronal death by unknown mechanism(s). We misexpress high levels of human Aβ42 in the differentiating retinal neurons of the Drosophila eye, which results in the Alzheimer’s like neuropathology. Using our transgenic model, we tested a soy-derived protein Lunasin (Lun) for a possible role in rescuing neurodegeneration in retinal neurons. Lunasin is known to have anti-cancer effect and reduces stress and inflammation. We show that misexpression of Lunasin by transgenic approach can rescue Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration by blocking cell death in retinal neurons, and results in restoration of axonal targeting from retina to brain. Misexpression of Lunasin downregulates the highly conserved cJun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Activation of JNK signaling can prevent neuroprotective role of Lunasin in Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration. This neuroprotective function of Lunasin is not dependent on retinal determination gene cascade in the Drosophila eye, and is independent of Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling pathways. Furthermore, Lunasin can significantly reduce mortality rate caused by misexpression of human Aβ42 in flies. Our studies identified the novel neuroprotective role of Lunasin peptide, a potential therapeutic agent that can ameliorate Aβ42 mediated neurodegeneration by downregulating JNK signaling.
Frequent functional activation of RAS signalling not explained by RAS/RAF mutations in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Wong Kwan Yeung , Yao Qiumei , Yuan Ling-Qing , Li Zhenhai , Ma Edmond Shiu Kwan , Chim Chor Sang
Published: September 2018

RAS mutations are frequent in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) but functional study in primary samples is scanty. Herein, in primary myeloma plasma cells of 17 suspected RRMM, functional activation of RAS signalling was studied by Western blot of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (phospho-ERK1/2). Moreover, activating mutations in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and ALK were studied by PCR and bidirectional direct sequencing. Furthermore, methylation of negative RAS signalling regulator genes, RASSF1A and RASD1, were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR. As evidenced by phospho-ERK1/2 over-expression, functional RAS activation was detected in 12 (75.0%) RRMM. Of patients with functional RAS activation, sequencing data showed only seven (58.3%) patients with one each had NRAS Q61H, NRAS Q61K, KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, KRAS G13D, KRAS Q61P, or BRAF V600E mutation, whereas five (41.7%) patients had no RAS/RAF mutation. Conversely, patients without functional RAS activation had no RAS/RAF mutation. Moreover, none of the patients with functional RAS activation had ALK mutations, or methylation of RASSF1A and RASD1. Collectively, functional activation of RAS signalling was present in majority of RRMM but only about half (58.3%) accountable by RAS/RAF mutations. If verified in larger studies, clinical investigations of MEK inhibitors are warranted regardless of RAS/RAF mutations.
Influence of switching rule on motor learning
Authors: Ishii Kotaro , Hayashi Takuji , Takiyama Ken
Published: September 2018

Humans and animals can flexibly switch rules to generate the appropriate response to the same sensory stimulus, e.g., we kick a soccer ball toward a friend on our team, but we kick the ball away from a friend who is traded to an opposing team. Most motor learning experiments have relied on a fixed rule; therefore, the effects of switching rules on motor learning are unclear. Here, we study the availability of motor learning effects when a rule in the training phase is different from a rule in the probe phase. Our results suggest that switching a rule causes partial rather than perfect availability. To understand the neural mechanisms inherent in our results, we verify that a computational model can explain our experimental results when each neural unit has different activities, but the total population activity is the same in the same planned movement with different rules. Thus, we conclude that switching rules causes modulations in individual neural activities under the same population activity, resulting in a partial transfer of learning effects for the same planned movements. Our results indicate that sports training and rehabilitation should include various situations even when the same motions are required.
Automatic analysis algorithm for acquiring standard dental and mandibular shape data using cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Hwang Jae Joon , Han Sang-Sun , Lee Chena , Jung Yun-Hoa
Published: September 2018

This study aims to introduce a new algorithm developed using retrospective cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data to obtain a standard dental and mandibular arch shape automatically for an optimal panoramic focal trough. A custom-made program was developed to analyze each arch shape of randomly collected 30 CBCT images. First, volumetric data of the mandible were binarized and projected in the axial direction to obtain 2-dimensional arch images. Second, 30 patients’ mandibular arches were superimposed on the center of the bilateral distal contact points of the mandibular canines to generate an average arch shape. Third, the center and boundary of a panoramic focal trough were obtained using smoothing splines. As a result, the minimum thickness and transition of the focal trough could be obtained. If this new algorithm is applied to big data of retrospective CBCT images, standard focal troughs could be established by race, sex, and age group, which would improve the image quality of dental panoramic radiography.
Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) successfully navigate through clutter after exposure to intense band-limited sound
Authors: Simmons Andrea Megela , Ertman Alexandra , Hom Kelsey N. , Simmons James A.
Published: September 2018

Echolocating big brown bats fly, orient, forage, and roost in cluttered acoustic environments in which aggregate sound pressure levels can be as intense as 100 to 140 dB SPL, levels that would impair auditory perception in other terrestrial mammals. We showed previously that bats exposed to intense wide-band sound (116 dB SPL) can navigate successfully through dense acoustic clutter. Here, we extend these results by quantifying performance of bats navigating through a cluttered scene after exposure to intense band-limited sounds (bandwidths 5–25 kHz, 123 dB SPL). Behavioral performance was not significantly affected by prior sound exposure, with the exception of one bat after exposure to one sound. Even in this outlying case, performance recovered rapidly, by 10 min post-exposure. Temporal patterning of biosonar emissions during successful flights showed that bats maintained their individual strategies for navigating through the cluttered scene before and after exposures. In unsuccessful flights, interpulse intervals were skewed towards shorter values, suggesting a shift in strategy for solving the task rather than a hearing impairment. Results confirm previous findings that big brown bats are not as susceptible to noise-induced perceptual impairments as are other terrestrial mammals exposed to sounds of similar intensity and bandwidth.
Characteristics of Cadmium Sorption by Heat-Activated Red Mud in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yang Tianxue , Sheng Lianxi , Wang Yongfeng , Wyckoff Kristen N. , He Chunguang , He Qiang
Published: September 2018

Red mud as a waste material is produced in large quantities by the aluminum industry. Heat activation has been used to enhance sorption capacity of red mud for its beneficial reuse as an effective sorbent. In this study, heat-activated red mud (HARM) was investigated for its Cd(II) sorption capacity under various process conditions (Cd concentration, pH and contact time) using response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis with RSM identified pH as the most important process parameter. The positive correlation between higher pH and greater Cd(II) sorption was likely due to: (i) decreased proton competition with Cd(II) for sorption sites at higher pH; (ii) enhanced sorption via ion exchange by monovalent Cd species from hydrolysis at higher pH; and (iii) improved thermodynamics of sorption at higher pH as protons are being released as products. Further analysis indicated the sorption process was thermodynamically favorable with a negative change in Gibbs free energy. Additionally, the sorption process exhibited a positive change in enthalpy, indicative of endothermic nature of sorption; this is consistent with sorption increase at higher temperature. These findings provide needed insight into the mechanisms underlying Cd(II) sorption by HARM for more effective applications of heat-activated red mud as sorbents for Cd(II) removal.
Marine microbial metagenomes sampled across space and time
Authors: Biller Steven J. , Berube Paul M. , Dooley Keven , Williams Madeline , Satinsky Brandon M. , Hackl Thomas , Hogle Shane L. , Coe Allison , Bergauer Kristin , Bouman Heather A. , Browning Thomas J. , De Corte Daniele , Hassler Christel , Hulston Debbie , Jacquot Jeremy E. , Maas Elizabeth W. , Reinthaler Thomas , Sintes Eva , Yokokawa Taichi , Chisholm Sallie W.
Published: September 2018

Recent advances in understanding the ecology of marine systems have been greatly facilitated by the growing availability of metagenomic data, which provide information on the identity, diversity and functional potential of the microbial community in a particular place and time. Here we present a dataset comprising over 5 terabases of metagenomic data from 610 samples spanning diverse regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. One set of metagenomes, collected on GEOTRACES cruises, captures large geographic transects at multiple depths per station. The second set represents two years of time-series data, collected at roughly monthly intervals from 3 depths at two long-term ocean sampling sites, Station ALOHA and BATS. These metagenomes contain genomic information from a diverse range of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and viruses. The data’s utility is strengthened by the availability of extensive physical, chemical, and biological measurements associated with each sample. We expect that these metagenomes will facilitate a wide range of comparative studies that seek to illuminate new aspects of marine microbial ecosystems.
A new dataset of computed-tomography angiography images for computer-aided detection of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Masoudi Mojtaba , Pourreza Hamid-Reza , Saadatmand-Tarzjan Mahdi , Eftekhari Noushin , Zargar Fateme Shafiee , Rad Masoud Pezeshki
Published: September 2018

The lack of publicly available datasets of computed-tomography angiography (CTA) images for pulmonary embolism (PE) is a problem felt by physicians and researchers. Although a number of computer-aided detection (CAD) systems have been developed for PE diagnosis, their performance is often evaluated using private datasets. In this paper, we introduce a new public dataset called FUMPE (standing for Ferdowsi University of Mashhad's PE dataset) which consists of three-dimensional PE-CTA images of 35 different subjects with 8792 slices in total. For each benchmark image, two expert radiologists provided the ground-truth with the assistance of a semi-automated image processing software tool. FUMPE is a challenging benchmark for CAD methods because of the large number (i.e., 3438) of PE regions and, more especially, because of the location of most of them (i.e., 67%) in lung peripheral arteries. Moreover, due to the reporting of the Qanadli score for each PE-CTA image, FUMPE is the first public dataset which can be used for the analysis of mortality and morbidity risks associated with PE. We also report some complementary prognosis information for each subject.
Adsorption efficiency enhancing of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers towards acidic polar drugs through the incorporation of a composite of graphene oxide nanosheets and Al30 polyoxocations: a comparative study
Authors: Tahmasebi Elham
Published: September 2018

Interaction of polar acidic drugs with GO/Al30 nanocomposite incorporated into electrospun PCL nanofibers as well nonpolar nonionizable ones with PCL nanofibers.
Decellularized orthopaedic tissue-engineered grafts: biomaterial scaffolds synthesised by therapeutic cells
Authors: Nie Xiaolei , Wang Dong-An
Published: September 2018

In orthopaedic surgery, the reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects is a constant challenge.
Gas-phase ozonolysis of furans, methylfurans, and dimethylfurans in the atmosphere
Authors: Li Mengke , Liu Yuhong , Wang Liming
Published: September 2018

Ozonolysis of methylfurans contributes significantly to their atmospheric degradation.
Palladium nanoparticle formation processes in fluoropolymers by thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors
Authors: Zeng Fan W. , Zhang Dajie , Spicer James B.
Published: September 2018

Palladium nanoparticles were synthesized directly in solid fluoropolymer films by thermal decomposition of a palladium acetylacetonate precursor molecularly infused in the fluoropolymer matrix.
Group-VIII transition metal boride as promising hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts
Authors: Wei Guang-Feng , Zhang Ling-Ran , Liu Zhi-Pan
Published: September 2018

A systematic bottom-up approach to search for acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst with high thermodynamic stability and high HER activity.
Viscoelastic subdiffusion in a random Gaussian environment
Authors: Goychuk Igor
Published: September 2018

Viscoelastic subdiffusion in a random Gaussian environment with decaying spatial correlations is studied from several different perspectives.
Computational model of wound healing: EGF secreted by fibroblasts promotes delayed re-epithelialization of epithelial keratinocytes
Authors: Andasari Vivi , Lü Dongyuan , Swat Maciej , Feng Shiliang , Spill Fabian , Chen Li , Luo Xiangdong , Zaman Muhammad , Long Mian
Published: September 2018

It is widely agreed that keratinocyte migration plays a crucial role in wound re-epithelialization.
Protective effects of astragaloside IV against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Zhang Xiaozheng , Chen Jun , Xu Pan , Tian Xin
Published: September 2018

Treatment with As-IV significantly decreased mPAP, RVP and RV/(LV + S) and attenuated the development of HPH.
Heavy doping of ceria by wet impregnation: a viable alternative to bulk doping approaches
Authors: Florea Mihaela , Avram Daniel , Maraloiu Valentin Adrian , Cojocaru Bogdan , Tiseanu Carmen
Published: September 2018

Heavy (≥20%) wet impregnation of ceria with metals of various valences represents a viable alternative to bulk doping methods.
Effect of confinement on water rotation via quantum tunnelling
Authors: Zhang Depeng , Zhang Zhiyuan , Jiang Wanrun , Gao Yi , Wang Zhigang
Published: September 2018

Water exhibits different behaviors in confined space compared to free space, which is critical for desalination, biosensing, and many potential applications.
A small heterobifunctional ligand provides stable and water dispersible core–shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs)
Authors: Salerno Gianluca , Scarano Simona , Mamusa Marianna , Consumi Marco , Giuntini Stefano , Macagnano Antonella , Nativi Stefano , Fragai Marco , Minunni Maria , Berti Debora , Magnani Agnese , Nativi Cristina , Richichi Barbara
Published: September 2018

A small heterobifunctional ligand provides easy to handle and hydrophilic QDs with enhanced colloidal stability.
Direct and converse piezoelectric responses at the nanoscale from epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films grown by polymer assisted deposition
Authors: Vila-Fungueiriño José Manuel , Gómez Andrés , Antoja-Lleonart Jordi , Gázquez Jaume , Magén César , Noheda Beatriz , Carretero-Genevrier Adrián
Published: September 2018

Nanoscaled direct and converse piezoelectric responses from sub-100 nm thick epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films grown by a water-based chemical method.
Serial hole transfer layers for a BiVO4photoanode with enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Li Linsen , Li Jinhua , Bai Jing , Zeng Qingyi , Xia Ligang , Zhang Yan , Chen Shuai , Xu Qunjie , Zhou Baoxue
Published: September 2018

The performance of BiVO4was highly enhanced by serial hole transfer layers of Fe2O3and NiOOH/FeOOH.
Shell-dependent blinking behavior and fluorescence dynamics of single ZnSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots
Authors: Guo Xing , Kuang Yanmin , Wang Sheng , Li Zhaohan , Shen Huaibin , Guo Lijun
Published: September 2018

Shell thickness regulates the exciton recombination dynamics, blinking behaviors and emission properties of ZnSe/CdS quantum dots.
Rhodium-catalyzed cyclization of acceptor-substituted biphenyl α-diazoketones: a study of the substitution effect on chemoselectivity
Authors: Chen Kuo-Hsin , Chiang Yi-Jung , Zhu Jia-Liang
Published: September 2018

A range of biphenyl α-diazoketones containing different α-electron withdrawing groups exhibits divergent chemoselectivity toward rhodium(ii) catalysis, delivering phenanthrols, benz[α]azulenones, aromatic ketones and/or 1,2-diketones in varying ratios.
Surface ligand coordination induced self-assembly of a nanohybrid for efficient photodynamic therapy and imaging
Authors: Su Pingru , Zhu Zhanwu , Fan Qiaohui , Cao Jing , Wang Yuepeng , Yang Xiaoxi , Cheng Bo , Liu Weisheng , Tang Yu
Published: September 2018

A novel photodynamic therapy nanohybrid has been successfully constructed by the self-assembly of heterogeneous up-conversion nanoparticles and MnFe2O4 nanoparticles through surface-ligand mediated coordination.
Preparation of self-healing polyurethane/functionalized graphene nanocomposites as electro-conductive one part adhesives
Authors: Hashemi Nasr Farzaneh , Barikani Mehdi , Salehirad Mehdi
Published: September 2018

One part moisture curable adhesives based on polyurethane/functionalized graphene nanocomposites were synthesized and showed good electrical conductivity, thermal stability, shear strength and self-healing properties.
Down-regulated LncR-MALAT1 suppressed cell proliferation and migration by inactivating autophagy in bladder cancer
Authors: Qi Jiude , Chu Yanfeng , Zhang Guangyan , Li Hongjun , Yang Dongdong , Wang Qi
Published: September 2018

Long non-coding RNA-metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript (LncR-MALAT) is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, which can affect the progression of tumor cells.
Long-term-stable, solution-processable, electrochromic carbon nanotubes/polymer composite for smart supercapacitor with wide working potential window
Authors: Ye Tongtong , Sun Ying , Zhao Xuan , Lin Baoping , Yang Hong , Zhang Xueqin , Guo Lingxiang
Published: September 2018

MWCNT–PBDTC, a solution-processable composite obtained through one-step synthesis, exhibited a wide working potential window, reversible color transition as well as outstanding cycling stability for a smart supercapacitor device.
Directing the hetero-growth of lattice-mismatched surface-mounted metal–organic frameworks by functionalizing the interface
Authors: Wang Zheng , Wannapaiboon Suttipong , Rodewald Katia , Tu Min , Rieger Bernhard , Fischer Roland A.
Published: September 2018

A new strategy was developed to grow hetero-structured surface-mounted metal–organic frameworks by engineering the mono-layer interface between two lattice-mismatched components.
Tunable antibiotic delivery from gellan hydrogels
Authors: Shukla Shashank , Shukla Anita
Published: September 2018

This work highlights the mechanical and drug release tunability of gellan hydrogels containing antibiotics and antibiotic loaded nanoparticles.
Delivery of mitoxantrone using a plant virus-based nanoparticle for the treatment of glioblastomas
Authors: Lam Patricia , Lin Richard D. , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: September 2018

Treatment of glioblastoma using a mitoxantrone-loaded plant virus nanotechnology as solo and combination therapy is reported.
Transforming the molecular orientation of crystalline lamellae by the degree of multi-fluorination within D–A copolymers and its effect on photovoltaic performance
Authors: Gao Jianhong , Wang Wei , Hu Yanqi , Zhan Chun , Xiao Shengqiang , Lu Xinhui , You Wei
Published: September 2018

Molecular orientation transformation of crystalline lamellae plays its role in photovoltaic performance conveyed by the degree of multi-fluorination of polymer donors.
Improved cooperative spectrum sensing model based on machine learning for cognitive radio networks
Authors: Li Zan , Wu Wen , Liu Xiangli , Qi Peihan
Published: September 2018

This study presents a new machine learning (support vector machine (SVM))‐based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) model, which utilises the methods of user grouping, to reduce cooperation overhead and effectively improve detection performance. Cognitive radio users were properly grouped before the cooperative sensing process using energy data samples and an SVM model. The resulting user group which participates in cooperative sensing procedures is safe, less redundant, or the optimised user group. Three grouping algorithms are presented in this study. The first grouping algorithm divides normal and abnormal users (malicious and severely fading users) into two groups. The second grouping algorithm distinguishes redundant and non‐redundant users. The third grouping algorithm establishes an optimisation model with the objective of minimising average correlation within subsets. All users are then divided into a specific number of optimised groups, only one of which is required for cooperative sensing in each time. The performances of the three algorithms were quantified in terms of the average training time, classification speed and classification accuracy. Experimental results showed the proposed algorithms achieved their intended function and outperformed a conventional machine learning‐based CSS model (proposed by Karaputugala et al.) in terms of security, energy consumption, and sensing efficiency.
Dynamical constraints on a dark matter spike at the Galactic centre from stellar orbits
Authors: Lacroix Thomas
Published: September 2018

In this work I use astrometric and spectroscopic data on the S2 star at the Galactic centre (GC) up to 2016 to derive specific constraints on the size of a dark matter (DM) spike around the central supermassive black hole Sgr A*. These limits are the best direct constraints on a DM spike at the GC for non-annihilating dark matter and exclude a spike with radius greater than a few tens of parsecs for cuspy outer halos and a few hundred parsecs for cored outer halos.
Structure and kinematics of Type II Cepheids in the Galactic bulge based on near-infrared VVV data
Authors: Braga V. F. , Bhardwaj A. , Contreras Ramos R. , Minniti D. , Bono G. , de Grijs R. , Minniti J. H. , Rejkuba M.
Published: September 2018

Context. Type II Cepheids (T2Cs) are radially pulsating variables that trace old stellar populations and provide distance estimates through their period-luminosity (PL) relation.

Aims. We trace the structure of old stellar population in the Galactic bulge using new distance estimates and kinematic properties of T2Cs.

Methods. We present new near-infrared photometry of T2Cs in the bulge from the VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea survey (VVV). We provide the largest sample (894 stars) of T2Cs with JHKs observations that have accurate periods from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) catalog. Our analysis makes use of the Ks-band time-series observations to estimate mean magnitudes and individual distances by means of the PL relation. To constrain the kinematic properties of our targets, we complement our analysis with proper motions based on both the VVV and Gaia Data Release 2.

Results. We derive an empirical Ks-band PL relation that depends on Galactic longitude and latitude: Ks0 = (10.66 ± 0.02) − (2.21 ± 0.03)·(log P−1.2)−(0.020±0.003)·l+(0.050±0.008)·|b| mag; individual extinction corrections are based on a 3D reddening map. Our targets display a centrally concentrated distribution, with solid evidence of ellipsoidal symmetry – similar to the RR Lyræ ellipsoid – and a few halo outliers up to ≳100 kpc. We obtain a distance from the Galactic center of R0 = 8.46 ± 0.03(stat.) ± 0.11(syst.) kpc. We also find evidence that the bulge T2Cs belong to a kinematically hot population, as the tangential velocity components (συl∗ = 104.2 ± 3.0kms−1 and συb = 96.8 ± 5.5kms−1) agree within 1.2σ. Moreover, the difference between absolute and relative proper motion is in good agreement with the proper motion of Sgr A✻ from VLBA measures.

Conclusions. We conclude that bulge T2Cs display an ellipsoidal spatial distribution and have kinematics similar to RR Lyræ stars, which are other tracers of the old, low-mass stellar population. T2Cs also provide an estimate of R0 that agrees excellently well with the literature, taking account of the reddening law.
Na2CO3-Catalyzed N-Acylation of Indoles with Alkenyl Carboxylates
Authors: Zhou Xiao-Yu , Chen Xia
Published: September 2018

The N-acylation of indoles has been accomplished via inorganic base catalysis. It provided an efficient and simple catalysis system for the preparation of N-acylindoles with alkenyl carboxylates as acylating agents. A broad variety of indoles undergo the smooth N-acylation using Na2CO3 as catalyst in MeCN at 120 °C to give the corresponding N-acylindoles in good to excellent yields.
Appendiceal Neoplasms
Authors: Hatch Quinton , Gilbert Erin
Published: September 2018

Appendiceal neoplasms are identified in 0.9 to 1.4% of appendiceal specimens, and the incidence is increasing. It has long been professed that neuroendocrine tumors (formerly carcinoids) are the most common neoplastic process of the appendix; recent data, however, has suggested a shift in epidemiology. Our intent is to distill the complex into an algorithm, and, in doing so, enable the surgeon to seamlessly maneuver through operative decisions, treatment strategies, and patient counseling. The algorithm for evaluation and treatment is complex, often starts from the nonspecific presenting complaint of appendicitis, and relies heavily on often subtle histopathologic differences.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Distal Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Kelley Katherine , Byrne Raphael , Lu Kim
Published: September 2018

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in occurrence, but comprise the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and affect between 15 and 20 individuals per million per year. Due to recent advancements in molecular classification of these tumors, medical therapy has provided improved outcomes to a historically surgically managed disease. This review article briefly discusses the molecular characteristics, medical and surgical therapies, and future of GIST management.
Use of Plasma with High Levels of lonised Calcium in the Production of Model Scale Goagulation Factor Concentrates
Authors: Farrugia A , Douglas S , James J , Whyte G , Herrington R
Published: September 2018

We have attempted to exploit the Ca2+ -dependent stability of factor VIII in producing factor VIII concentrates of higher yield. Plasma levels of ionised calcium were increased in two ways: (a) whole blood collection into half-strength citrate CPD anticoagulant, leading to free Ca2+ levels of ca 120 µM and (b) apheresis collection of plasma which was then recalcified to free Ca2+ levels
of ca 300 µM under heparin cover. Coagulation factor concentrates were prepared using model versions of our industrial scale manufacturing methods. Factor VIII yield was increased through low citrate collection. This did not compromise factor IX yield or thrombogenic potential. Use of recalcified heparinised plasma did not lead to any improvement in factor VIII yield and resulted in a marked drop in factor IX recovery, possibly from interference by
heparin of factor IX binding in ion-exchange chromatography. The benefits accruable through the use of half-strength citrate CPD anticoagulant support the continued evaluation of this preservative in large scale blood collection and fractionation. The deleterious effects of heparin in charge-mediated plasma fractionations may pose serious difficulties in harvesting vitamin K dependent factors.
Induction of Synthesis of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 byTissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Human Hepatic and Endothelial Cells
Authors: Fujii Satoshi , Lucore Charles L , Hopkins William E , Billadello Joseph J , Sobel Burton E
Published: September 2018

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) can modify fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in vivo. The present study was performed to determine whether pharmacologic concentrations of tissue-typeplasminogen activator (t-PA) can initiate negative feedback by stimulating PAI-1 synthesis. In both human hepatoma cells (Hep G2) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), t-PA increased the total concentrations and appearance of newly synthesized protein inconditioned media of free PAI-1 and PAI-1 complexed with t-PA in a dose and time dependent fashion judging from results after immunoprecipi-tation of metabolically labeled PAI-1. The t-PA effect was not attributable simply to release of stored or matrix-bound PAI-1. In HUVEC, Northern blot analyses indicated that t-PA increased steady-state levels of PAI-1 mRNA two-fold. In contrast PAI-1 mRNA expression was not increased in Hep G2 cells. Thus, mechanisms of stimulation appeared to differ in the two cell lines. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that increased PAI-1 synthesis and secretion in response to t-PA may limit or attenuate fibrinolysis locally or systemically in vivo.
DX-9065a, an Orally Active, Specific Inhibitor of Factor Xa, Inhibits Thrombosis without Affecting Bleeding Time in Rats
Authors: Hara Tsuyoshi , Yokoyama Asako , Tanabe Kiyoshi , Ishihara Hiroaki , Iwamoto Masahiro
Published: September 2018

We evaluated the antithrombotic effects of DX-9065a, a specific factor Xa inhibitor, using tissue thromboplastin-induced DIC (TP-DIC) and the arterio-venous shunt (AV shunt) in rats. Intravenous TP injection reduced the platelet counts and fibrinogen concentrations in blood. In the TP-DIC model, an intravenous dose of DX-9065a 0.23 mg/kg 1 min before TP injection suppressed the consumption of platelets and fibrinogen to 57% and 66%, respectively, and the production of FDP almost completely. In the AV shunt model, DX-9065a inhibited thrombus formation to 51% on intravenous administration of 0.23 mg/kg and to 60% when given orally at 23.3 mg/kg. Intravenous administration of 2.33 mg/kg of DX-9065a did not affect the bleeding time. These results suggest that Xa inhibition may be an appropriate approach for suppressing thrombosis without impairing haemostasis.
Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chen Emerson , Vaccaro Gina
Published: September 2018

Small bowel adenocarcinoma is a clinically and anatomically distinct gastrointestinal cancer that lacks prospective data to support its optimal management. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease and inherited conditions that cause gastrointestinal polyps are at especially high risk. Due to a lack of effective surveillance programs resulting in missed or delayed diagnoses only when symptoms develop, this disease is generally discovered at an advanced stage. Surgical resection is the only treatment modality with a chance of cure. Currently accepted treatment considerations are often generalized from large bowel and pancreatic–biliary cancers, due to some anatomic and clinical parallels. Additional research, however, is desperately needed to characterize the unique molecular differences of this disease to better prognosticate patients and establish rational clinical trials that would improve their outcomes.
Two-dimensional fluid simulation of a radio frequency capacitively coupled plasma in SiH4/N2/O2
Authors: Jia Wen-Zhu , Liu Rui-Qiang , Wang Xi-Feng , Liu Xiang-Mei , Song Yuan-Hong , Wang You-Nian
Published: September 2018

In plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, the substrate placed directly on a metallic electrode, such as an insulator, will often be processed by plasma, while it will also affect the plasma in return. In this paper, the effect of coating the electrode and dielectric ring by a dielectric layer (several mm) on a radio frequency capacitively coupled plasma sustained in a SiH4/N2/O2 gas mixture is investigated by means of a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model. The simulation results show that the introduction of the dielectric layer on the lower electrode can effectively suppress the edge effect, leading to the radial heterogeneity of the plasma, compared with modulating the pressure and electrode spacing. In addition, considering that the gas-phase deposition precursors have not been well confirmed in the SiH4/N2/O2 gas mixture, we have investigated the nitrogen-, silicon-, and oxygen-containing species as functions of the pressure and composition ratio of the mixed gas. It is found that SiH3O, SiH2O, O, N, and NO may be the most important deposition precursors rather than SiN and HSiNH2. Furthermore, we calculate the deposition rates of Si, O, and N atoms and find that those of Si and O atoms are greatly influenced by the pressure and gas composition ratio. However, the deposition rate of the N atom seems to be not sensitive to the external parameters owing to the fact that two main precursors N and NO of the N atom exhibit opposite trends as the external parameters change.
High-performance broadband vortex beam generator based on double-layered reflective metasurface
Authors: Ran Yuzhou , Liang Jiangang , Cai Tong , Ji Wenye , Wang Guangming
Published: September 2018

Wavefront manipulation is of great importance in the development of science and technology, and the generation of vortex beam is one of the most effective methods to improve the channel capacity and communication accuracy. However, current available vortex beam generators suffer from complex structure, large size, especially narrow bandwidth. To solve these issues, we propose a general strategy to enhance the bandwidth of the vortex beam generator by using double-layered reflective metasurface. The well-optimized double-layered reflective element possesses dual resonance, which realizes complete phase coverage (larger than 360 degrees) and a flat slope of the reflection phase, resulting in a broad bandwidth (8.5-11.5GHz). A compact and low-profile vortex-beam generator is proposed by combining the parabolic phase and the spiral phase plate phase. Both near field and far field experiments are performed to demonstrate the predesigned effects. A pure vortex beam is observed clearly with a topological charge of m=1 in a wide frequency window of 3 GHz (8.5-11.5GHz). More importantly, the working efficiency of the vortex beam is better than 90% at center frequency 10 GHz. The findings in this paper motivate the realization of high-performance reflective metasurfaces and other functional metadevices.
Above bandgap thermoreflectance for non-invasive thermal characterization of GaN-based wafers
Authors: Yuan Chao , Pomeroy James W. , Kuball Martin
Published: September 2018

GaN devices integrated with dissimilar substrates have transformed electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, an effective thermal resistance (TBReff) exists between the GaN layer and the dissimilar substrates typically, which can potentially cause a major heat transport bottleneck. A non-invasive method for monitoring the TBReff of bare wafers is a key enabler for process monitoring and for the reduction of TBReff through design optimization. The existing TBReff measurement techniques require metal deposition on the sample surface. Here, we demonstrate a generic non-invasive transient thermoreflectance technique which does not require modification of the GaN surface and can be applied to any GaN-based wafers, regardless of the substrate material. Above-bandgap pump and probe lasers are used to avoid any interference caused by sub-surface reflections, ensuring that this technique strictly follows the fundamental principle of thermoreflectance-based methods. Several GaN wafers on common substrates (SiC, Si, diamond, and sapphire) are measured to assess the validity of this technique.
Macroporous silicon formation by electrochemical anodization of n-type silicon without illumination
Authors: Fulton Alison Joy , Kollath Vinayaraj Ozhukil , Karan Kunal , Shi Yujun
Published: September 2018

This work reports the electrochemical anodization of low-doped n-type silicon in aqueous hydrofluoride (HF) solution without the use of external illumination to generate macroporous silicon with a thin mesoporous transition layer. We have shown that pore formation during the electrochemical anodization of low-doped n-Si in the dark is due to the avalanche breakdown mechanism. Studies of dissolution valence revealed a competition between divalent direct and tetravalent indirect dissolution processes. The effect of pore morphology on anodization parameters such as applied potential, HF concentration, and anodization time was systematically investigated. The fabricated porous silicon has well-separated and straight macropores of pore diameters ranging from 89 ± 9 to 285 ± 28 nm and with limited branching or interconnectivity. Pore diameter uniformity is maintained throughout the porous layer. XRD and Raman spectroscopy have shown that the porous Si fabricated here is highly crystalline, retaining its original crystallinity. The fabricated porous Si presented in this work with tunable pore sizes, depths, and surface features can have potential applications in various fields of microelectronics, photonics, and sensors.
Non-perturbing THz generation at the Tsinghua University Accelerator Laboratory 31 MeV electron beamline
Authors: Wang Dan , Su Xiaolu , Du YingChao , Tian Qili , Liang Yifan , Niu Lujia , Huang Wenhui , Gai Wei , Yan Lixin , Tang Chuanxiang , Antipov Sergey
Published: September 2018

In recent experiments at Tsinghua University Accelerator Laboratory, the 31 MeV electron beam, which has been compressed to subpicosecond pulse durations, has been used to generate high peak power, narrow band Terahertz (THz) radiation by transit through different slow wave structures, specifically quartz capillaries metallized on the outside. Despite the high peak powers that have been produced, the THz pulse energy is negligible compared to the energy of the electron beam. Therefore, the THz generation process can be complementary to other beamline applications like plasma wakefield acceleration studies and Compton x-ray free electron lasers. This approach can be used at x-ray free electron laser beamlines, where THz radiation can be generated without disturbing the x-ray generation process. In the experiment reported here, a high peak current electron beam generated strong narrow band (∼1% bandwidth) THz signals in the form of a mixture of TM01 and TM02 modes. Each slow wave structure is completed with a mode converter at the end of the structure that allows for efficient (>90%) power extraction into free space. In the experiment, both modes in these two dielectric-loaded waveguides TM01 (0.3 THz/0.5 THz) and TM02 (0.9 THz/1.3 THz) were explicitly measured with an interferometer. The THz pulse energy was measured with a calibrated Golay cell at a few μJ.
Dynamic amplification of extreme precipitation sensitivity
Authors: Nie Ji , Sobel Adam H. , Shaevitz Daniel A. , Wang Shuguang
Published: September 2018

Significance

Changes in precipitation extremes under climate change are subject to substantial uncertainty. Atmospheric moisture increases alone would make extreme rain events heavier at a well-understood rate of

∼
7
%
 

K

−
1

, but a component associated with storm dynamics is much less well-understood and can either amplify or reduce that moisture-driven intensification. This paper uses an idealized modeling framework to understand the coupling of these two components, simulating one actual heavy rain event in both the present climate and hypothetical perturbed climates. The increased heating due to increased moisture drives a dynamical increase in large-scale ascent, amplifying the moisture-driven response by as much as a factor of two for warmer climates.
Cancer-driving H3G34V/R/D mutations block H3K36 methylation and H3K36me3–MutSα interaction
Authors: Fang Jun , Huang Yaping , Mao Guogen , Yang Shuang , Rennert Gadi , Gu Liya , Li Haitao , Li Guo-Min
Published: September 2018

Significance

Somatic mutations converting glycine 34 of histone H3 (H3G34) to a large side chain-containing residue (e.g., arginine, valine) cause pediatric gliomas; however, the mechanism of this is unknown. Because H3K36me3 is involved in mismatch repair (MMR) by recruiting MMR protein MutSα to chromatin, we hypothesized that H3G34R/V mutations block H3K36’s interactions with both MutSα and H3K36-specific methyltransferases, leading to MMR deficiency. We show here that this is indeed the case. Structural analysis revealed that H3G34 resides in a narrow substrate channel of the H3K36 trimethyltransferase SETD2. Thus, H3G34R/V mutations impair the catalytic activity of SETD2. H3G34R/V mutations also block the H3K36me3–MutSα interaction. Cells harboring H3G34R/V mutations display a mutator phenotype. This study reveals the molecular basis of how H3G34 mutations cause pediatric gliomas.
Infrastructure to enable deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage in the United States
Authors: Edwards Ryan W. J. , Celia Michael A.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a crucial technology needed to limit warming to the 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement. However, deployment is lagging far behind estimates of what is required. We demonstrate an opportunity to significantly expand CCUS in the United States in the near-term, spurred by new financial incentives enacted in February 2018, by targeting the lowest-cost capture opportunities and by deploying only commercially proven technologies. The carbon dioxide pipeline transport network would serve near-term oil industry demand for carbon dioxide while also connecting multiple prospective long-term dedicated geological storage resources. This would be a flexible long-term infrastructure asset for carbon management in the United States that would enable and accelerate future CCUS deployment.
Distinct antiviral signatures revealed by the magnitude and round of influenza virus replication in vivo
Authors: Sjaastad Louisa E. , Fay Elizabeth J. , Fiege Jessica K. , Macchietto Marissa G. , Stone Ian A. , Markman Matthew W. , Shen Steven , Langlois Ryan A.
Published: September 2018

Influenza virus has a broad cellular tropism in the respiratory tract. Infected epithelial cells sense the infection and initiate an antiviral response. To define the antiviral response at the earliest stages of infection we used a series of single-cycle reporter viruses. These viral probes demonstrated cells in vivo harbor a range in magnitude of virus replication. Transcriptional profiling of cells supporting different levels of replication revealed tiers of IFN-stimulated gene expression. Uninfected cells and cells with blunted replication expressed a distinct and potentially protective antiviral signature, while cells with high replication expressed a unique reserve set of antiviral genes. Finally, we used these single-cycle reporter viruses to determine the antiviral landscape during virus spread, which unveiled disparate protection of epithelial cell subsets mediated by IFN in vivo. Together these results highlight the complexity of virus–host interactions within the infected lung and suggest that magnitude and round of replication tune the antiviral response.
Generating functions for 𝐾-theoretic Donaldson invariants and Le Potier’s strange duality
Authors: Göttsche Lothar , Yuan Yao
Published: September 2018

For a projective algebraic surface

X
X

with an ample line bundle

H
H

, let

M
H
X

(
c
)

M_H^X(c)

be the moduli space

H
H

-semistable sheaves

E

\mathcal {E}

of class

c
c

in the Grothendieck group

K
(
X
)

K(X)

. We write

c
=
(
r
,

c
1

,

c
2

)

c=(r,c_1,c_2)

or

c
=
(
r
,

c
1

,
χ
)

c=(r,c_1,\chi )

with

r
r

the rank,

c
1

,

c
2

c_1,c_2

the Chern classes, and

χ
\chi

the holomorphic Euler characteristic. We also write

M
H
X

(
2
,

c
1

,

c
2

)
=

M
X
X

(

c
1

,
d
)

M_H^X(2,c_1,c_2)=M_X^X(c_1,d)

, with

d
=
4

c
2

−

c
1
2

d=4c_2-c_1^2

. The

K
K

-theoretic Donaldson invariants are the holomorphic Euler characteristics

χ
(

M
H
X

(

c
1

,
d
)
,
μ
(
L
)
)

\chi (M_H^X(c_1,d),\mu (L))

, where

μ
(
L
)

\mu (L)

is the determinant line bundle associated to a line bundle on

X
X

. More generally for suitable classes

c
∗

∈
K
(
X
)

c^*\in K(X)

there is a determinant line bundle

D

c
,

c
∗

\mathcal {D}_{c,c^*}

on

M
H
X

(
c
)

M^X_H(c)

. We first compute some generating functions for

K
K

-theoretic Donaldson invariants on

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

and rational ruled surfaces, using the wallcrossing formula of [Pure Appl. Math. Q. 5 (2009), pp. 1029–1111].

Then we show that Le Potier’s strange duality conjecture relating
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Superscript 0 Baseline left-parenthesis upper M Subscript upper H Superscript upper X Baseline left-parenthesis c right-parenthesis comma script upper D Subscript c comma c Sub Superscript asterisk Subscript Baseline right-parenthesis">

H
0

(

M
H
X

(
c
)
,

D

c
,

c
∗

)

H^0(M^X_H(c),\mathcal {D}_{c,c^*})

and
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Superscript 0 Baseline left-parenthesis upper M Subscript upper H Superscript upper X Baseline left-parenthesis c Superscript asterisk Baseline right-parenthesis comma script upper D Subscript c Sub Superscript asterisk Subscript comma c Baseline right-parenthesis">

H
0

(

M
H
X

(

c
∗

)
,

D

c
∗

,
c

)

H^0(M^X_H(c^*),\mathcal {D}_{c^*,c})

holds for the cases

c
=
(
2
,

c
1

=
0
,

c
2

>
2
)

c=(2,c_1=0,c_2>2)

and

c

∗

=
(
0
,
L
,
χ
=
0
)

c^{*}=(0,L,\chi =0)

with

L
=
−

K
X

L=-K_X

on

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

, and

L
=
−

K
X

L=-K_X

or

−

K
X

+
F

-K_X+F

on

P

1

×

P

1

\mathbb {P}^1\times \mathbb {P}^1

and

P

2

^

\widehat {\mathbb {P}^2}

with

F
F

the fibre class of the ruling, and also the case

c
=
(
2
,
H
,

c
2

)

c=(2,H,c_2)

and

c
∗

=
(
0
,
2
H
,
χ
=
−
1
)

c^*=(0,2H,\chi =-1)

on

P

2

\mathbb {P}^2

.