bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Microorganism Mechanism: Test Evaluating of Microbial De-Oiling Efficiency
Authors: Li Tian Yang , Li Sheng Hua , Dong Hong Qing , Li Yong Bin , Liu Ai Qin
Published: July 2014

Microorganisms to improve oil recovery technology is a comprehensive technology of using beneficial activities and metabolites to enhance oil recovery. The obvious effect of field application and good economic benefits make it be active in the field of oilfield development in the long term. In this paper, through indoor experiments in different concentrations of microorganisms bacteria, different concentrations of nutrient solution and function time, evaluate oil sands de-oiling efficiency. Based on test results, optimize the compound of bacteria that from different sources and find out when the ratio of field and lab bacteria is 1:7, the de-oiling efficiency reach the peak of 86.47%, which further expand the mechanism of microorganisms enhanced oil recovery.
The Effect of Tube Materials on Metal Jet Initiating the Confined Composition B
Authors: Liu Hua Ning , Zheng Yu , Liu Jian Bo , Li Wen Bin
Published: July 2014

The implementation and validation of a numerical model of the confined Composition B initiated by a metal jet has been studied by AUTODYN-2D. Two different tube thicknesses were used representing strong and weak confinement initiating system. In another contrast, various materials such as Nylon, St45 and Tungsten alloy were adopted to investigate the influence of tube yield stress on the confined explosives initiation behaviour. The results show that, in both cases, the confined explosive is always more likely to be initiated than bare explosive, and the explosive initiation probability increases with the tube thickness and yield stress. The run to detonation generally increases with the increasing lateral confining strength, but decreasing jet tip velocity.
Research on Influence Factors of Hydraulic Support Moving Velocity in Coal Mining Based on AMESim
Authors: Li Hai Ning , Deng Dai An
Published: July 2014

In view of the high efficiency modernization coal demand, in this paper, the hydraulic support moving velocity influence factors were studied. Building simulation model of the thrust jack of hydraulic support with the simulation software AMESim, and run the simulation. Comparing the simulation results by setting different parameters value. It is concluded that the rated flow of pump station and hydraulic controlled check valve opening quantity will affect the speed of hydraulic support moving frame. This result provides reference for the optimal design of hydraulic support and improving the efficiency of coal mining. Key words: Moving velocity of hydraulic support; Rated flow; Hydraulic controlled check valve; AMESim 1 Tntroduction In the process of coal mining,the movement of hydraulic support needs in a timely manner with coal mining progresses, thrust jack plays a vital role for the movement of the hydraulic support. Therefore, it is very meaningful to research the influence factors of hydraulic support moving velocity With thrust control loop as the breakthrough point . 2 The working principle of the thrust control loop The movement of the hydraulic support and push the slide are achieved by thrust jack. Thrust jack is located in the middle part of the base of the hydraulic support, its end hinged with the base of the hydraulic support, the other end is connected with flexible scraper conveyor. When the hydraulic support moving, uninstall first, then the hydraulic controlled check valve make high pressure liquid into the piston rod cavity of thrust jack, the liquid in piston chamber flow back. At the same time, make thrust jack cylinder to move forward with the support of conveyor, thus, the whole hydraulic support is pulled to the coal wall, to complete the move. when pushing the slide, make high pressure liquid into the piston chamber , the liquid in piston rod cavity flow back, and, make the piston rod out with the support of hydraulic support. so,the conveyor is pushed to the coal wall,it is completed.
Finite Element Analysis of ROPS with Energy-Absorbing Structure for Engineering Vehicles
Authors: Feng Su Li , Zhang Qiu Ju , Tian Zhi Gang
Published: July 2014

This article addresses the design of ROPS model with energy absorbing structure based on dimensions of cross-section, mechanic properties and deformation pattern of ROPS. Afterwards, optimized buffer and energy-absorbing elements are installed on hexastyle ROPS of certain loader where roll-over accident can be simulated. Results indicate such structure can offer significantly improved protection. Installation of buffer and energy absorbing elements will not only absorb vast amount of motion during roll-over, but also will reduce deformation to ROPS. This has well coordinated the conflict between required rigidity and energy absorbing.
Research on Applied Technology in the Optimization of the Naval Gun Bracket with Mechanical Properties
Authors: Chen Shuai
Published: July 2014

In the paper, the three-dimension model of the naval gun including barrel, cradle, bracket .etc has been built in the environment of Pro/E, which Provides the necessary conditions for the building of the dynamics equivalent mode. Then, finite element analysis software ABAQUS had been used to create the finite element model of the naval gun. Apply the above model to simulate the process of shooting with an angular altitude of zero. The characteristics of structural dynamics response of the gun are obtained through analysis. Through the comparison from the result, the stiffness and strength of the naval gun is verified and the basis to improve the firing accuracy is provided. With the method of this thesis, much work such as verifying scheme, finding design bug, verifying firing accuracy, evaluating stiffness and strength of the gun can be done through simulation in the stage of gun design, then period of design is shorted and cost of design is also reduced.
A Series-Connected Lead Acid Batteries Analyzer with MCU-Controlled Charging/Discharging Processes
Authors: Wu Chuan Shih , Chen Bo Shiuan , Chen Tsair Rong , Juan Yu Lin , Chang Ching Feng
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a series-connected battery charging/discharging analyzer is developed to automatically test the batteries with a complete charging and discharging cycle. A micro-controller unit (MCU) is integrated to sample the battery voltage and current and calculate the charging efficiency. The charging and discharging processes are also controlled by the MCU according to the battery voltage and current. The charger provided by the battery manufacturer is used to charge the series-connected batteries. The voltage and current during testing procedure would be displayed on a LCD by the MCU. After the whole charging/discharging testing, the calculated charging efficiency would also be displayed on the LCD. From the experimental results, it is seen that the maximum voltage and current errors are about 0.23V and 0.1A respectively..
Single Phase DC to AC Inverter with Low Cost MOSFET Driver Circuit
Authors: Feng Shen Te , Li Po Ching , Chen Tsair Rong , Hu Chun Hung , Lee Yi Long
Published: July 2014

In this paper, a single phase dc to ac inverter with a low cost driver circuit was developed. The input source is a battery tank of four series-connected LiFePO4 batteries. The input DC power is then converted into the output AC power with 110Vrms and 60Hz. The proposed inverter is composed of a boost DC converter and a full bridge inverter. As for the circuit architecture, the boost converter is used to boost the battery tank voltage to 190V DC voltage bus. The DC voltage bus is then used to generate the output AC voltage by the full bridge inverter. A low price micro-controller unit HT66F50 was adopted for the controller of the proposed inverter. Moreover, instead of a common switch driver IC, a driver circuit with about 50% cost reduced was constructed for the full bridge inverter. A prototype with 300W rated output power was practically constructed and it can be seen that the total harmonic distortion is lower than 5%.
Austenite Recrystallization Model of High Ti Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Xiong Xue Gang
Published: July 2014

Through the thermal simulation test, the curves of austenite recrystallization kinetics is recorded, the influence of the parameters including deformation temperature, strain and strain rate on the austenite recrystallization fraction of Ti microalloyed steels is studied, the recrystallization kinetics equation is calculated, and the austenite recrystallization model of the test steel is obtained. The results improve that Ti inhibits both the dynamic and static austenite recrystallization in high Ti microalloyed steels.
Applied Technology in Asphalt Low Temperature Performance Evaluation
Authors: Xu Dong
Published: July 2014

Through BBR, DTT and independently developed Asphalt Thermal Cracking Test, several asphalt low temperature performance indexes(SHRP critical cracking temperature, Asphalt Thermal Cracking temperature, SHRP creep stiffness, m value, conventional ductility) were evaluated. The TSRST test was used as low temperature evaluating standard indicator. The theory of grey correlation is adopted to reach that TSRST fracture temperature has the highest correlation degree with Asphalt Thermal Cracking temperature. The SHRP critical cracking temperature has the second place of correlation degree with TSRST. Low temperature ductility has the lower correlation. Therefore it is more reasonable to adopt thermal cracking temperature than other general evaluations.
Research on Influences of "A Test of Different Initial pH from the Reaction" with Properties of Environment Materials on Distribution of Arsenic Speciation Arsenic-Ferric Precipitation
Authors: Ma Xing Guan , Wang Meng Qi
Published: July 2014

The distribution of arsenic speciation can be applied to elucidate the mechanism of removal arsenic during treatment the water containing arsenic with molysite. In this study, the effect of initial pH on the distribution of arsenic speciation in arsenic-ferric precipitation was determined by a five-step sequential extraction procedure. And then further explore the mechanism of arsenic removal with molysite. This experimental results showed that the main mechanisms governing the arsenic removal with ferric chloride were specific adsorption and coprecipitation. Besides, as pH increased from 5 to 9, the arsenic-ferric coprecipitation played a more and more important role in mechanism of arsenic removal with molysite. At the same time, the water soluble state As and the non-specific adsorption As were barely detectable, which suggested that physical absorption had almost no effect on arsenic removal.
Applied-Information Technology in Robust Synchronization of Uncertain Fractional-Order Complex Networks
Authors: Liu Jin Gui
Published: July 2014

This paper deals with robust synchronization of a class of uncertain fractional-order complex networks. Robust stability criteria of uncertain fractional-order system with is investigated based on LMI technique. Furthermore, robust synchronization of uncertain fractional-order complex networks is discussed based on the LMI technique. Finally, numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Data Processing and Information Technology with an Optimal Matching Model Used to Reconstruct Broken Pieces
Authors: Gu Wei
Published: July 2014

Splicing broken files played an important role in judicial evidence reconstruction, historical documents repair and military information obtainment and other fields. In this paper, we analyzed the reconstruction of broken pieces, which was modeled as an optimal matching problem. The Hamming distance was used as the matching degree of edge splicing. Firstly, we use the iterative threshold selection method to determine the gray scale threshold. Secondly, we chose the minimum summation of and as objective function. Then we use clustering analysis to classify the pieces into different lines, and selected the top and bottom position of the first line on each piece as decision variables. Finally, we took word width and column spacing into consideration and used row matching algorithm to splice lines into a complete image.
Empirical Study on the Marketing Strategy and Effect on the Platform of Social Media: Taking Tencent Microblog as Example
Authors: Chen Chih Chung
Published: July 2014

Microblog is one of the most important trends in Internet communication. But since microblog is a new phenomenon, we are still at the very beginning stage of exploring the ways and effects of marketing on microblog. The paper took Tencent enterprise microblog platform as example, using experiment to discover what kind of microblog text can effectively influence users’ attitudes and behaviors. It was found that advertising information can not significantly changed users’ attitudes toward the brand, but non-advertising information can significantly change users’ attitudes toward the company’s microblog, and ultimately change their attitudes toward brand. Some suggestions for business marketing on microblog were also proposed.
Application and Realization of Liquid Automatic Drip System with Metallographic Polishing
Authors: Huang Song Lin , Cui Jian Zhong
Published: July 2014

Metallographic examination is one of the essential means of materials science research. Metallurgical polishing is a significant preparation before metallographic examination. In this paper, a polishing liquid automatic drip system was designed and related experiments were conducted. The results show that, as a secondary automation equipment of polishing process, polishing liquid automatically supply system can meet the requirements of metallurgical polishing, reduce the labor intensity, improve efficiency and also reduce the polishing liquid consumables waste. It also shows that automation and computerization in the field of material is not only feasible, but also essential for materials science research.
Application of Improved ASM and AAM Fusion in Face Tracking
Authors: Gu Xue Jing , Zhang Yue Hua , Gao Bei Bei
Published: July 2014

Based on the active shape model(ASM) and active appearance model(AAM) algorithm, using the AAM texture matching for global search and ASM feature points localization of local search, a new algorithm that combining the characteristics of both is adopted. This algorithm ensures the accuracy of feature point positioning and enhanced the texture matching accuracy, improved the tracking accuracy and quickness when target partially obscured and nearby background change in the process of face tracking effectively. Experimental results show that the algorithm improved the precision and robustness greatly.
Data Processing in Attributes Reduction Based on Rough Sets and FCA
Authors: Peng Zhi Hao , Luo Wei , Deng An Sheng
Published: July 2014

Knowledge reduction is one of the basic contents in rough set theory and the most challenging problem in knowledge acquisition. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed, which aims to get all the reducts based on the attributes of the formal context. Experiments show that the algorithm is sound and accurate. Finally, further work and future perspectives are discussed.
Data Processing in Static Classifier Ensemble for Positive and Unlabeled Data Stream Classification Based Invasion Detection
Authors: Li Yan
Published: July 2014

In the research of invasion detection, Positive and Unlabeled Learning algorithms canreduce the amount of work for labeling training samples. The present data stream classificationalgorithms aim at totally labeled data stream. From the perspective of data stream, a novel invasiondetection algorithm which is based on positive and unlabeled data stream classification using staticclassifier ensemble is proposed in this chapter. The experimental results on different datasetsdemonstrate that the proposed invasion detection algorithm can achieve good detectionperformance with reduced labeled training samples.
Comparison Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of HSC and NSC after the Action of High Temperatures
Authors: Su Xiao Ping
Published: July 2014

With the wide application of high strength concrete in the building construction,the risk making concrete subject to high temperatures during a fire is increasing. Comparison tests on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete (HSC) and normal strength concrete (NSC) after the action of high temperature were made in this article, which were compared from the following aspects: the peak stress, the peak strain, elasticity modulus, and stress-strain curve after high temperature. Results show that the laws of the mechanical properties of HSC and NSC changing with the temperature are the same. With the increase of heating temperature, the peak stress and elasticity modulus decreases, while the peak strain grows rapidly. HSC shows greater brittleness and worse fire-resistant performance than NSC, and destroys suddenly. The research and evaluation on the fire-resistant performance of HSC should be strengthened during the structural design and construction on the HSC buildings.
Research on General Design of Virtual Maintenance Training Platform for Large Equipment Based on 3D Simulation
Authors: Chen Gang , Yang Fei Yang
Published: July 2014

The general design of virtual maintenance platform based on 3D simulation is given to solve the difficulty of maintenance training for large equipment. Firstly, primary functions of platform are defined by comparing common platform with application system. Secondly, component structure and interaction structure of platform are designed based on common thinking of subsystem-serverice. Finally, technology systems of platform including common simulation framework and training basing on 3D simulation are also presented to realize simulation software. It will provide beneficial reference for maintenance training simulation of other similar large weapon equipment.
Research on Roller Bearing with Fault Diagnosis Method Based on EMD and BP Neural Network
Authors: Guo Shu , Xu You Cai , Li Xin Shi , Tao Ran , Li Kun , Gou Min
Published: July 2014

In order to discover the fault with roller bearing in time, a new fault diagnosis method based on Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and BP neural network is put forward in the paper. First, we get the fault signal through experiments. Then we use EMD to decompose the vibration signal into a series of single signals. We can extract main fault information from the single signals. The kurtosis coefficient of the single signals forms a feature vector which is used as the input data of the BP neural network. The trained BP neural network can be used for fault identification. Through analyzing, BP neural network can distinguish the fault into normal state, inner race fault, outer race fault. The results show that this method can gain very stable classification performance and good computational efficiency.
A Privacy Preserving Scheme for Vehicle to Grid Networks Based on Homomorphic Cryptography
Authors: Sun Zhong Wei , Yan Wen Xiao
Published: July 2014

Vehicle–to-Grid (V2G) is an essential component of smart grid for their capability of providing better ancillary services. The operation is based on monitoring the status of individual Electric Vehicle (EV) continuously and designing an incentive scheme to attract sufficient participating EVs. However, the close monitoring might raise privacy concerns from the EV owners about real identity and location leakage. Based on the fully homomorphic encryption algorithm, a privacy preserving V2G communication scheme is put forward in the paper. The proposed protocol can achieve the identity and location privacy, security requirement of confidentiality and integrity of the communications.
A Remote Monitoring System Based on Measuring Instrument Cloud
Authors: Zhang Jun , Liu Yuan Sheng , Xue Lin
Published: July 2014

A remote lab room monitoring system based on measuring instrument cloud is presented in this paper. The system consists of cloud computing center, embedded front-end acquisition hardware, mobile terminal device, and network equipment. Measuring service software system located in cloud computing center sends control commands to front-end acquisition hardware and collects acquisition data. Then processing, analysis and integration of signals are completed in the cloud computing framework. Finally, all the information can be interacted with mobile terminals by Web service. The system can monitor environmental parameters of lab rooms located in different campuses, such as temperature, humidity, light, smoke, and flooding. When environmental parameters exceed the preset thresholds, light and audio alarms will be immediately switched on and the administrator will be noticed on Web management page.
An Empirical Study about the Effect of Industrial Agglomeration on Export - Based on Manufacturing Panel Data in Jiangsu Province
Authors: Wang Qi Zhen , Zhu Ying Ming
Published: July 2014

This article made empirical analysis of industrial agglomeration and export based on the manufacturing panel data during 2002-2011 in Jiangsu Province. The results indicate industrial agglomeration has a negative impact on export in the 29 industries. We should distinguish between the impact of industrial agglomeration and industry dispersed on export, and study different effect on export among concentration trends of manufacturing industries. On this basis, we propose some targeted recommendations.
The Impact of Ingredient Manufacturer’s Procedure Adaptability on Ingredient Brand Value: The Case of a Computer Manufacturer
Authors: Huang Lei
Published: July 2014

This paper focus on the difficult of ingredient manufacturers in our country, based on the relevant theories of manufacturer’s procedure adaptability and brand value for client, and takes case study on Quanta Computer and draws the conclusion that ingredient manufacturer’s procedure adaptability influence three dimensions of its brand value for client differently. Then, the paper constructs the ingredient suppliers’ brand value under the impact of procedure adaptability. The conclusion offers practical propositions for ingredient suppliers in our country.
Design on Operation Panel of Numerical Control Machine Tools
Authors: Ding Jia Jun
Published: July 2014

The operation panel of numerical control machine tools is an interactive interface between numerical control machine tools and opertators. In order to operation specification and easy to operating , based on ergonomics, by intergating the traditional operation panel of numerical control machine tools with computer keyboard , we design a novel operation panel of numerical control machine tools based on the traditional numerical control machine tools. By operating on the novel operation panel, the results the operation of the novel panel is easy and specified.
Application of Steer-by-Wire Technologies on Wheel Loader
Authors: Zhang Yong Ping , Luo Shi Jun , Fan Zhen , Shi Zhi Guo
Published: July 2014

Steer-By-Wire system connects and controls components in steer system to replace the traditional mechanical or hydraulic connection. The connection between the steering wheel and steered wheel is no more than mechanical or hydraulic. Their kinematics relation is controlled by software, therefore the parameters such as the transmission ratio and road feel can be modified in wide range which has great advantages. This paper introduces the structure and principle of wheel loader Steer-By-Wire system, explains the main advantages and key technologies of Steer-By-Wire system.
Research on Mechanical Manufacturing with Posture Optimization of Installation of the Bolts in Large Component Assembly
Authors: Huang Peng
Published: July 2014

To improve the assembly efficiency, an optimization model is proposed to achieve the optimal posture of the component of the bolts installation. The component is measured and aligned by an automatic system, which consists of some NC locators and coordinate measuring device. Based on the measurement data of the bolt hole and the end surface, the maximum diameter of the bolt that can pass through the joint hole is obtained by using morphology theory. The particle swarm optimization method is adopted to solve this problem, and the stability and efficiency of the calculated results are improved by controlling the initial distribution of particles. The numerical simulation experiment shows that the proposed method would be helpful to guide the alignment and docking of large components.
Research and Application of Parametric Design in Traditional Plug-Flow Aeration Tank with Drawing Methods
Authors: Yin Shi Jun , Sun Meng Qiu , Li Xiang , Sun Xu Fang , Tian Li Na , Liu Lin , Shang Ying Ying
Published: July 2014

By using the technology of CAD drawing and standard design calculation is very necessary and feasible. Designers can use the technology of parametric drawing, carries on two times of CAD development of the use of VBA language, the water processing graphics processing and engineering graphics rendering and completed in the computer, realize the parametric design of water treatment structures. Users only need to input the basic parameters that can be completed treatment structure graphics and rendering in CAD, reduce the processing procedure and time complexity. Based on the traditional plug flow aeration tank as an example, introduces the parametric design of traditional plug flow aeration tank by VBA.
Research on the Elevator System with Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Fuzzy Fault Tree
Authors: Xu You Cai , Li Xin Shi , Tao Ran , Guo Shu , Gou Min , Li Kun
Published: July 2014

This paper is aimed at the security problems of elevator system.Fuzzy fault tree analytic method is applied to study the reliability of the elevator system.First of all, the elevator system is divided into four subsystems, and then the paper take elevator fall accident as the top event as a example, applying the ascending method for qualitative analysis to find out 7 minimum cut sets in the fault tree and 15 bottom event structure importance sorting. Finally, the fuzzy fault interval probability come out through introducing the concept of fuzzy number in fuzzy set theory, using the triangular fuzzy number to describe the probability of basic event occurrence in the fault tree, making an quantitative interval probability calculation in middle events and top events in the fault tree..The results show that the fuzzy fault tree is an effective and practical method for reliability analysis when we are difficult or unable to obtain the accurate probability of bottom events in terms of the elevator system. Compared with the traditional method of fault tree, the calculated result is more scientific and reasonable, closer to the engineering practice.
The Advances of the Prediction of the Performance and Reliability of Rolling Bearings with Poor Information
Authors: Xia Xin Tao , Shi Bao Ji , Meng Yan Yan , Qiu Ming
Published: July 2014

For costly and dangerous experiments, growing attention has been paid to the study of the performance and reliability of rolling bearings with poor information. The existing reliability theory relying on the classical statistical theory and Bayesian theory will become ineffective if the probability distribution is unknown. In view of this, the developments of studies on forecasting methods for the performance and reliability of rolling bearings with poor information are summarized in this article.
Rationale for the Coadministration of Albendazole and Ivermectin to Humans for Malaria Parasite Transmission Control
Authors: Kobylinski Kevin C. , Alout Haoues , Foy Brian D. , Clements Archie , Adisakwattana Poom , Swierczewski Brett E. , Richardson Jason H.
Published: July 2014

Recently there have been calls for the eradication of malaria and the elimination of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Malaria and STHs overlap in distribution, and STH infections are associated with increased risk for malaria. Indeed, there is evidence that suggests that STH infection may facilitate malaria transmission. Malaria and STH coinfection may exacerbate anemia, especially in pregnant women, leading to worsened child development and more adverse pregnancy outcomes than these diseases would cause on their own. Ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) to humans for malaria parasite transmission suppression is being investigated as a potential malaria elimination tool. Adding albendazole to ivermectin MDAs would maximize effects against STHs. A proactive, integrated control platform that targets malaria and STHs would be extremely cost-effective and simultaneously reduce human suffering caused by multiple diseases. This paper outlines the benefits of adding albendazole to ivermectin MDAs for malaria parasite transmission suppression.
Towards ‘climate justice’? A critical reflection on legal subjectivity and climate injustice: warning signals, patterned hierarchies, directions for future law and policy
Authors: Grear Anna
Published: July 2014

The recent high-level emergence of ‘climate justice’ in the normative and policy discourse addressing the social and legal aspects of climate change is welcome. However, certain dangers of co-option face the concept as it gains institutional traction. Drawing on a critical theoretical reading of the patterns of climate injustice and their relationship with liberal legal subjectivity (and with the related themes of the politics of dis/embodiment, corporate juridical privilege, (neo)colonialism and the highly uneven structure of globalized world order), this article argues that ‘climate justice’ is more likely to sustain the necessary resistive critical energies if informed by critical legal reflection on historical and contemporary patterns of climate injustice, particularly as they emerge in relation to the privileged trope of liberal legal subjectivity and the juridical privileging of the corporate form. Future policy directions indicated by the analysis are briefly introduced.
The complex response of Arctic aerosol to sea-ice retreat
Authors: Browse J. , Carslaw K. S. , Mann G. W. , Birch C. E. , Arnold S. R. , Leck C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Loss of summertime Arctic sea ice will lead to a large increase in the emission of aerosols and precursor gases from the ocean surface. It has been suggested that these enhanced emissions will exert substantial aerosol radiative forcings, dominated by the indirect effect of aerosol on clouds. Here, we investigate the potential for these indirect forcings using a global aerosol microphysics model evaluated against aerosol observations from the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) campaign to examine the response of Arctic cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to sea-ice retreat. In response to a complete loss of summer ice, we find that north of 70° N emission fluxes of sea salt, marine primary organic aerosol (OA) and dimethyl sulfide increase by a factor of ~ 10, ~ 4 and ~ 15 respectively. However, the CCN response is weak, with negative changes over the central Arctic Ocean. The weak response is due to the efficient scavenging of aerosol by extensive drizzling stratocumulus clouds. In the scavenging-dominated Arctic environment, the production of condensable vapour from oxidation of dimethyl sulfide grows particles to sizes where they can be scavenged. This loss is not sufficiently compensated by new particle formation, due to the suppression of nucleation by the large condensation sink resulting from sea-salt and primary OA emissions. Thus, our results suggest that increased aerosol emissions will not cause a climate feedback through changes in cloud microphysical and radiative properties.
OH initiated heterogeneous oxidation of tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate: implications for its fate in the atmosphere
Authors: Liu Y. , Huang L. , Li S.-M. , Harner T. , Liggio J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A particle-phase relative rates technique is used to investigate the heterogeneous reaction between OH radicals and tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) at 298 K by combining Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (C-ToF-MS) data and Positive Matrix Factor (PMF) analysis. The derived second-order rate constants (k2) for the heterogeneous loss of TBEP is (4.44 ± 0.45) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, from which an approximate particle-phase lifetime was estimated to be 2.6 (2.2–2.9) days. However, large differences in the relative rate constants for TBEP to a reference compound were observed when comparing internally and externally mixed TBEP/organic particles, and upon changes in the RH. The heterogeneous degradation of TBEP was found to be depressed or enhanced depending upon the particle mixing state and phase, highlighting the complexity of heterogeneous oxidation in the atmosphere. The effect of gas-particle partitioning on the estimated overall lifetime (gas + particle) for several organophosphate esters (OPEs) was also examined through the explicit modeling of this process. The overall atmospheric lifetimes of TBEP, tris-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (TEHP) and tris-1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate (TDCPP) were estimated to be 1.9, 1.9 and 2.4 days respectively, and are highly dependent upon particle size. These results demonstrate that modeling the atmospheric fate of particle phase toxic compounds for the purpose of risk assessment must include the gas-particle partitioning process, and in future include the effect of other PM components on the evaporation kinetics and/or the heterogeneous loss rates.
Towards a consistent eddy-covariance processing: an intercomparison of EddyPro and TK3
Authors: Fratini G. , Mauder M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A comparison of two popular eddy-covariance software packages is presented, namely, EddyPro and TK3. Two approximately 1-month long test data sets were processed, representing typical instrumental setups (i.e., CSAT3/LI-7500 above grassland and Solent R3/LI-6262 above a forest). The resulting fluxes and quality flags were compared. Achieving a satisfying agreement and understanding residual discrepancies required several iterations and interventions of different nature, spanning from simple software reconfiguration to actual code manipulations. In this paper, we document our comparison exercise and show that the two software packages can provide utterly satisfying agreement when properly configured. Our main aim, however, is to stress the complexity of performing a rigorous comparison of eddy-covariance software. We show that discriminating actual discrepancies in the results from inconsistencies in the software configuration requires deep knowledge of both software packages and of the eddy-covariance method. In some instances, it may be even beyond the possibility of the investigator who does not have access to and full knowledge of the source code. Being the developers of EddyPro and TK3, we could discuss the comparison at all levels of details and this proved necessary to achieve a full understanding. As a result, we suggest that researchers are more likely to get comparable results when using EddyPro (v5.1.1) and TK3 (v3.11) – at least with the setting presented in this paper – than they are when using any other pair of EC software which did not undergo a similar cross-validation. As a further consequence, we also suggest that, to the aim of assuring consistency and comparability of centralized flux databases, and for a confident use of eddy fluxes in synthesis studies on the regional, continental and global scale, researchers only rely on software that have been extensively validated in documented intercomparisons.
Retrieval of daytime total columnar water vapour from MODIS measurements over land surfaces
Authors: Diedrich H. , Preusker R. , Lindstrot R. , Fischer J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A retrieval of total column water vapour (TCWV) from MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) measurements is presented. The algorithm is adapted from a retrieval for MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) from Lindstrot et al. (2012). It obtains the TCWV for cloud-free scenes above land at spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km and provides uncertainties on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The algorithm has been extended by introducing correction coefficients for the transmittance calculation within the forward operator. With that a wet bias of the MODIS algorithm against ARM-Microwave Radiometer data has been eliminated. An extensive validation against other ground-based measurements (GNSS-water vapour stations, GUAN Radiosondes) on a global scale reveals a bias between −0.8 and −1.6 mm and root mean square deviations between 0.9 and 1.9 mm. This is an improvement in comparison to the operational TCWV Level 2 product (bias between −1.9 and −3.2 mm and root mean square deviations between 1.9 and 2.7 mm).
A 1-D examination of decadal air–sea re-equilibration induced ocean surface anthropogenic CO2 accumulation: present status, changes from 1960s to 2000s, and future scenarios
Authors: Zhai W.-D. , Zhao H.-D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Based upon the well-understood carbonate system chemistry over global ocean surface (above the wintertime thermocline and shallower than upper 100 m), we investigated potentials of wintertime ocean surface DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) to rise in response to the decadal air–sea re-equilibration, and the corresponding anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rates. For a reference year 2000, the potentials of wintertime DIC to rise in response to the rising atmospheric CO2 mole fraction ranged from 0.28 to 0.70 μmol kg−1 ppm−1 (ppm = parts of CO2 per million dry air) over the global open ocean surface, while the global mean wintertime surface DIC increase rate was close to 1.0 μmol kg−1 yr−1. The decadal anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate within the surface ocean was estimated at 0.31 × 1015 g C yr−1 around the reference year 2000, accounting for a non-negligible component (likely 12 to 14%) of the recent oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. From 1960s to 2000s, this rate likely increased by 47% due to the accelerated atmospheric CO2 rise. However, the ocean surface anthropogenic CO2 accumulation potential under a unit atmospheric CO2 rise may have declined by 16% during the same period.
Objectified quantification of uncertainties in Bayesian atmospheric inversions
Authors: Berchet A. , Pison I. , Chevallier F. , Bousquet P. , Bonne J.-L. , Paris J.-D.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Classical Bayesian atmospheric inversions process atmospheric observations and prior emissions, the two being connected by an observation operator picturing mainly the atmospheric transport. These inversions rely on prescribed errors in the observations, the prior emissions and the observation operator. At the meso-scale, inversion results are very sensitive to the prescribed error distributions, which are not accurately known. The classical Bayesian framework experiences difficulties in quantifying the impact of mis-specified error distributions on the optimized fluxes. In order to cope with this issue, we rely on recent research results and enhance the classical Bayesian inversion framework through a marginalization on all the plausible errors that can be prescribed in the system. The marginalization consists in computing inversions for all possible error distributions weighted by the probability of occurence of the error distributions. The posterior distribution of the fluxes calculated by the marginalization is complicated and not explicitly describable. We then carry out a Monte-Carlo sampling relying on an approximation of the probability of occurence of the error distributions. This approximation is deduced from the well-tested algorithm of the Maximum of Likelihood. Thus, the marginalized inversion relies on an automatic objectified diagnosis of the error statistics, without any prior knowledge about the matrices. It robustly includes the uncertainties on the error distributions, contrary to what is classically done with frozen expert-knowledge error statistics. Some expert knowledge is still used in the method for the choice of emission aggregation pattern and sampling protocol in order to reduce the computation costs of the method. The relevance and the robustness of the method is tested on a case study: the inversion of methane surface fluxes at the meso-scale with real observation sites in Eurasia. Observing System Simulation Experiments are carried out with different transport patterns, flux distributions and total prior amounts of emitted gas. The method proves to consistently reproduce the known "truth" in most cases, with satisfactory tolerance intervals. Additionnaly, the method explicitly provides influence scores and posterior correlation matrices. An in-depth interpretation of the inversion results is then possible. The more objective quantification of the influence of the observations on the fluxes proposed here allows us to evaluate the impact of the observation network on the characterization of the surface fluxes. The explicit correlations between emission regions reveal the mis-separated regions, hence the typical temporal and spatial scales the inversion can analyze. These scales proved to be consistent with the chosen aggregation patterns.
Moraine-dammed lake failures in Patagonia and assessment of outburst susceptibility in the Baker Basin
Authors: Iribarren Anacona P. , Norton K. P. , Mackintosh A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age has resulted in the development or expansion of hundreds of glacial lakes in Patagonia. Some of these lakes have produced large (≥106 m3) Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) damaging inhabited areas. GLOF hazard studies in Patagonia have been mainly based on the analysis of short-term series (≤50 years) of flood data and until now no attempt has been made to identify the relative susceptibility of lakes to failure. Power schemes and associated infrastructure are planned for Patagonian basins that have historically been affected by GLOFs, and we now require a thorough understanding of the characteristics of dangerous lakes in order to assist with hazard assessment and planning. In this paper, the conditioning factors of 16 outbursts from moraine dammed lakes in Patagonia were analysed. These data were used to develop a classification scheme designed to assess outburst susceptibility, based on image classification techniques, flow routine algorithms and the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This scheme was applied to the Baker Basin, Chile, where at least 7 moraine-dammed lakes have failed in historic time. We identified 386 moraine-dammed lakes in the Baker Basin of which 28 were classified with high or very high outburst susceptibility. Commonly, lakes with high outburst susceptibility are in contact with glaciers and have moderate (>8°) to steep (>15°) dam outlet slopes, akin to failed lakes in Patagonia. The proposed classification scheme is suitable for first-order GLOF hazard assessments in this region. However, rapidly changing glaciers in Patagonia make detailed analysis and monitoring of hazardous lakes and glaciated areas upstream from inhabited areas or critical infrastructure necessary, in order to better prepare for hazards emerging from an evolving cryosphere.
Living with Cancer: An Experience of Profound Changes Brought on by Chemotherapy
Authors: Jaman Mewes Paula , Rivera María Soledad ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: develar las experiencias de mujeres chilenas con cáncer en tratamiento con quimioterapia. Materiales y método: estudio de investigación cualitativa fenomenológica según el pensamiento filosófico de Martín Heidegger. Se entrevistaron en profundidad a 10 mujeres entre 45 y 64 años, con diferentes diagnósticos de cáncer en tratamiento con quimioterapia. El análisis se realizó basado en el método de Streubert y Carpenter, triangulando con un investigador experto. Resultados: la experiencia de vivir con cáncer y con quimio- terapia significa estar “viviendo con un tratamiento que provoca cambios profundos en la vida de las mujeres”, siendo esta una categoría comprensiva esencial del estudio que contiene cuatro unidades de significados: 1) cambios en todas las dimensiones del “ser” de las mujeres tanto a nivel corporal como emocional y espiritual; 2) cambios en el “ser-sí-misma”: antes y durante la quimioterapia; 3) cambios de “ser” en el mundo; 4) cambios en la familia. Conclusiones: la comprensión en profundidad de lo vivido por las mujeres de este estudio confirma lo publicado en la literatura, y se constituye en un saber comprensivo que puede servir de guía para realizar cuidados de enfermería oncológicos humanos y personalizados basados en las necesidades de cada persona.
Variables Associated with the Onset of Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescent Public Middle-School Students in Cartagena, Colombia
Authors: Cogollo-Milanés Zuleima ,   Universidad de Cartagena
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas al inicio del consumo de cigarrillo en adolescentes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y método: estudio analítico observacional transversal con 1.100 estudiantes de básica secundaria de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Cartagena, matriculados durante el año 2012; la información se recolectó a través de la ficha demográfica, el inventario de consumo de cigarrillo y actitudes frente al mismo de la Encuesta Mundial Sobre Tabaquismo en jóvenes (Emta_Joven), la escala Apgar familiar, Rosenberg para autoestima y la escala de Zung de ansiedad. Se realizó análisis estadístico univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: participaron 1.090 estudiantes (de los 1.100 fueron descartados 10 por estar mal diligenciados) con edades entre 10 y 18 años, media = 12,3; 565 (51,8 %) estudiantes fueron de sexo masculino y 525 (48,2 %) de sexo femenino. El consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida se asoció a edades entre 13 y 18 años (OR = 2,86; IC95 %: 1,96-4,18), ser de sexo masculino (OR = 2,40; IC95 %: 1,63-3,56) y a alta intención de consumo de sustancias (cigarrillo, alcohol y marihuana) (OR = 3,18; IC95 %: 2,18-4,64). Conclusión: el consumo de cigarrillo alguna vez en la vida en estudiantes de media vocacional de Cartagena, Colombia, se asoció a tener alta intención de consumo de sustancias, ser adolescente y ser de sexo masculino.
Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Research Activities and Utilization: A Turkish Sample
Authors: Ertuğ Nurcan , Önal Hatice ,   Turgut Özal University
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: analizar el estado de la investigación en salud en Colombia, Ecuador y en Latinoamérica; sus implicaciones, la importancia de esta para tratar de impactar en políticas y estrategias de salud que mejoren el nivel de vida de las poblaciones y los asentamientos urbanos. Método: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos latinoamericanas Scielo, Redalyc, Bireme y Pubmed en los últimos 8 años. Resultados: se evidencia la trascendencia de las universidades como instituciones, que tienen la obligación de influir en lo social, lo humano y lo cultural, y transformen en entornos ligados a programas sociales y de gobierno en pro de una comunidad. Igualmente, se hace un análisis de las políticas de investigación, de organismos rectores y sus implicaciones en las instituciones formadoras de recurso humano a nivel superior. Conclusiones: es necesario fortalecer la reflexión crítica en los espacios académicos comprometidos con la transformación de las condiciones colectivas de la comunidad en los procesos de salud, enfermedad, promoción, prevención y atención, que tocan los hilos de la conciencia, afirmando que el individuo y la colectividad son responsables de “cuidar su salud”, mediante el abordaje transdisciplinario, teniendo en cuenta la normatividad ética que rige las investigaciones; fortaleciéndola mediante la consolidación de redes, divulgando los hallazgos.