bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O2 Inhibition of Ni‐Containing CO Dehydrogenase Is Partly Reversible
Authors: Merrouch Meriem , Hadj‐Saïd Jessica , Domnik Lilith , Dobbek Holger , Léger Christophe , Dementin Sébastien , Fourmond Vincent
Published: November 2015

Ni‐containing CO dehydrogenases (CODHs) are very efficient metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion between CO2 and CO. They are a source of inspiration for designing CO2‐reduction catalysts and can also find direct use in biotechnology. They are deemed extremely sensitive to O2, but very little is known about this aspect of their reactivity. We investigated the reaction with O2 of Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans (Ch) CODH II and the homologous, recently characterized CODH from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Dv) through protein film voltammetry and solution assays (in the oxidative direction). We found that O2 reacts very quickly with the active site of CODHs, generating species that reactivate upon reduction—this was unexpected. We observed that distinct CODHs exhibit different behaviors: Dv CODH reacts half as fast with O2 than Ch CODH, and only the former fully recovers the activity upon reduction. The results raise hope that fast CO/CO2 biological conversion may be feasible under aerobic conditions.
Unprecedented Strong Panchromic Absorption from Proton‐Switchable Iridium(III) Azoimidazolate Complexes
Authors: Henwood Adam F. , Hu Yue , Sajjad Muhammad T. , K. V. V. Thalluri Gopala , Ghosh Sanjay S. , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Robertson Neil , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: November 2015

Two new heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes bearing an aryldiazoimidazole ligand are reported. These complexes differ structurally with respect to the protonation state of the imidazole ring, but can be independently accessed by varying the synthetic conditions. Their structures have been unequivocally confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis, with surprising differences in the structural parameters of the two complexes. The strongly absorbing nature of the free diazoimidazole ligand is enhanced in these iridium complexes, with the protonated cationic complex demonstrating extraordinarily strong panchromic absorption up to 700 nm. The absorption profile of the deprotonated neutral complex is blueshifted by about 100 nm and thus the interconversion between the two complexes as a function of the acidity/basicity of the environment can be readily monitored by absorption spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations revealed the origins of these markedly different absorption properties. Finally, the protonated analogue has been targeted as an acceptor material for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications, and preliminary results are reported.
Selective Permeability of Uranyl Peroxide Nanocages to Different Alkali Ions: Influences from Surface Pores and Hydration Shells
Authors: Gao Yunyi , Haso Fadi , Szymanowski Jennifer E. S. , Zhou Jing , Hu Lang , Burns Peter C. , Liu Tianbo
Published: November 2015

The precise guidance to different ions across the biological channels is essential for many biological processes. An artificial nanopore system will facilitate the study of the ion‐transport mechanism through nanosized channels and offer new views for designing nanodevices. Herein we reveal that a 2.5 nm‐sized, fullerene‐shaped molecular cluster Li48+mK12(OH)m[UO2(O2)(OH)]60−(H2O)n(m≈20 andn≈310) (U60) shows selective permeability to different alkali ions. The subnanometer pores on the water–ligand‐rich surface ofU60are able to block Rb+and Cs+ions from passing through, while allowing Na+and K+ions, which possess larger hydrated sizes, to enter the interior space ofU60. An interestingly high entropy gain during the binding process betweenU60and alkali ions suggests that the hydration shells of Na+/K+andU60are damaged during the interaction. The ion selectivity ofU60is greatly influenced by both the morphologies of the surface nanopores and the dynamics of the hydration shells.
Adaptive video protection in large scale peer‐to‐peer video streaming over mobile wireless mesh networks
Authors: Ghaeini Hamid Reza , Akbari Behzad , Barekatain Behrang , Trivino‐Cabrera Alicia
Published: November 2015

Because video streaming over mobile handheld devices has been of great interest, the necessity of introducing new methods with low implementation cost and scalable infrastructures is a strong demand of the service. In particular, these requirements are present in popular wireless networks such as wireless mesh networks (WMN). Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) networks promise an efficient scalable network infrastructure for video streaming over wired and wireless networks. Limited resources of the peers in P2P networks and high error rate in wireless channels make it more challenging to run P2P streaming applications over WMNs. Therefore, it is necessary to design efficient and improved error protection methods in P2P video streaming applications over WMNs. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive unequal video protection method specially intended for large scale P2P video streaming over mobile WMNs. Using this method, different frames have different priorities in receivers along the recovery process. Moreover, we precisely and completely evaluate different aspects related to frame protection in these networks using five important performance metrics including video distortion, late arrival distortion, end‐to‐end delay, overhead and initial start‐up delay. The results obtained from a precise simulation in OMNeT++ show that the proposed adaptive method significantly outperforms other solutions by providing better video quality on mobile wireless nodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Triphos Ligand Derivative and the Corresponding PdII Complexes
Authors: Miller Deanna L. , Boro Brian J. , Grubel Katarzyna , Helm Monte L. , Appel Aaron M.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of the new bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)ethyl](hydroxymethyl)phosphine tridentate ligand LCH2OH/Ph is reported. The ligand reacts with [Pd(Cl)2(PhCN)2] to form [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)Cl]Cl. Exchange of the chloride ions for triflate (OTf–) using AgOTf yielded pure [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)OTf]OTf. In addition to spectral characterization, the free ligand, LCH2OH/Ph, and the PdII complex, [Pd(LCH2OH/Ph)OTf]OTf, were structurally characterized.
Atropisomerism of 2,2′‐Diaryl‐1,1′‐binaphthalenes Containing Three Stereo­genic Axes: Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Ehn Marcel , Vassilev Nikolay Georgiev , Pašteka Lukáš Félix , Dangalov Miroslav , Putala Martin
Published: November 2015

The rotational barriers of four 2,2′‐diaryl‐1,1′‐binaphthalenes have been determined on the basis of peak volume integration in variable‐temperature 1H EXSY NMR spectra. They were consistent with those determined at higher temperatures by complete line shape analysis. DFT calculations at the B2‐PLYP//B3LYP‐D3/6‐311++G(d,p) level provided relative enthalpy values in very good agreement with the experimentally measured data both for particular atropisomers and for transition states. Calculations showed that the simultaneous rotation of both aryl groups has a much higher barrier than the individual rotations. The tendency of the atropisomerization barriers to increase for the first three derivatives correlates with the sizes of the substituents in the ortho positions of the phenyl rings (methoxy < dimethylamino < methyl), whereas the barriers for the derivative bearing isopropyl groups are, surprisingly, in the same range as for that bearing methyl substituents. We assume that in the latter case tilting of the binaphthalene moiety is responsible for the lowering of rotational barriers.
An Experimental Design for Simultaneous Determination of Carbendazim and Fenamiphos by Electrochemical Method
Authors: Lima T. , Silva H. T. D. , Labuto G. , Simões F. R. , Codognoto L.
Published: November 2015

This study is aimed to develop an electroanalytical methodology using a boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDD) associated with experimental design in order to determine simultaneously and selectively carbendazin (CBZ) and fenamiphos (FNP) pesticides. In previous studies oxidation peaks were observed at 1.10 V (CBZ) and 1.20 V (FNP), respectively, with characteristics of irreversible processes controlled by diffusion of species (in pH 2.0 (CBZ) and pH 3.5 (FNP)) using a BR buffer 0.1 mol L−1 as support electrolyte. The differences between the potentials for both pesticides, (about 100 mV) indicate the possibility of selective determination of FNP and CBZ. However, employing an equimolar mixture of analytes, the peaks overlap to form a single oxidation peak. Thus, we used a 34 full factorial design with four parameters to be analyzed in three levels, in order to obtain the optimized parameters for the separation of the peaks. The best separation conditions were pH 5.0, square wave frequency of 300 s−1, pulse amplitude of 10 mV and scan increment of 2 mV. These parameters were used to obtain the calibration curves of CBZ and FNP. For CBZ the analytical curve was obtained in the concentration range of 4.95×10−6 to 6.90×10−5 mol L−1 with good sensitivity and linearity (0.175 A/mol L−1 and 0.999, respectively). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 1.6×10−6 mol L−1 and 5.5×10−6 mol L−1, respectively. For FNP the linear concentration interval was 4.95×10−6 to 3.67×10−5 mol L−1, with a sensitivity of 0,207 A/mol L−1 and linearity of 0.996. The LOD and LOQ were 4.1×10−6 mol L−1 and 13.7×10−6 mol L−1, respectively. Using these experimental conditions it was possible to separate the oxidation peaks of CBZ (Ep=1.08 V) and FNP (Ep=1.23 V). The electroanlytical method was applied in lemon juice samples. The recovery values were 110.0 % and 92.5 % for CBZ and FNP, respectively. The results showed that the developed method is suitable for application in foodstuff samples.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Electrochemical Detection of Single‐base Mismatches by Tagging Ferrocenecarboxylic Acid as a Redox Probe to DNA
Authors: Moradi Nasrin , Noori Abolhassan , Mehrgardi Masoud A. , Mousavi Mir F.
Published: November 2015

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed for sensitive detection of single base mismatches (SBMs) in a sandwiched dsDNA. Ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc), covalently conjugated to the dsDNA, was oxidized to Fc+ via the DNA‐mediated charge transfer from the underlying gold substrate, and reduced back to Fc by SECM tip generated ferrocyanide. The electrocatalytic oxidation of SECM tip‐generated ferrocyanide was sensitive to presence, as well as the type of SBMs. Apparent standard rate constants (k0app) values for different SBMs, both near the electrode surface and far from it, were evaluated by SECM. The method can detect SBMs independent of their position in dsDNA.
Controlling light quality and intensity can reduce N2O and CO2 emissions of mature aging rice
Authors: Xu Shengguang , Li Bing , Xia Yujie , Yu Lei , Lin Li , Chen Zebin , Li Yuwu
Published: November 2015

N2O, CO2, and CH4 are important greenhouse gases (GHGs) in paddy fields, and rice plants play an important role in GHG emissions in paddy fields. However, the relationship between light and rice plant GHG emissions is unclear. In this study, we monitored N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions of mature aging rice under different light qualities and intensities. The results showed that (i) under natural sunlight, the rice phyllosphere N2O emission rate was 22.94 μg pot–1 h–1, accounting for 60% of the whole rice plant total N2O‐N evaporation loss. The CO2 emission rates from the phyllosphere and the root system were 27.82 mg pot–1 h–1 and 8.02 mg pot–1 h–1, respectively. However, no CH4 net emission effects were observed. (ii) Under a constant LED monocolor light intensity (1600 Lux), red, blue, and white light can inhibit N2O and CO2 emissions from the rice phyllosphere, resulting in lower emissions than yellow light. White light can also inhibit N2O and CO2 emissions from rice roots. (iii) Within the range of 0‒6000 Lux, increases in light intensity can reduce rice phyllosphere CO2 emissions, but such increases also promote N2O emissions from the rice phyllosphere and the roots. In contrast, natural sunlight can promote rice phyllosphere N2O and CO2 emissions and can inhibit root N2O emissions. The measure of light control may be the key to low‐carbon technology for GHG emission reductions in mature paddy ecosystems. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Co‐Curricular Outcomes Assessment and Accreditation
Authors: Busby Katie
Published: November 2015

This chapter describes how assessment of co‐curricular student learning outcomes can be used as part of the institutional accreditation process and the opportunities institutional researchers and student affairs educators have to collaborate in those efforts.
Mapping to Curricular and Institutional Goals
Authors: Oaks D'Arcy J.
Published: November 2015

This chapter will discuss how institutional research professionals might integrate co‐curricular learning outcomes into larger measures of institutional effectiveness. By mapping co‐curricular learning outcomes to align with curricular and institutional goals, linkages can be made that demonstrate mission‐congruent activities and outcomes across the institution.
Direct Measures of Co‐Curricular Learning
Authors: Roberts Darby
Published: November 2015

This chapter explores the opportunities and challenges of using direct methods to measure co‐curricular learning.
Characterizing and Assessing Co‐Curricular Activities for Graduate and Professional‐School Students: Exploring the Value of Intentional Assessment Planning and Practice
Authors: Waryas Diane E.
Published: November 2015

This chapter explores the importance of systematic evaluation of co‐curricular activities directed at graduate‐ and professional‐ school students. Approaches to assessment and benefits of sound practice are presented along with the critical role that institutional researchers can play.
Effects of soap–water wash on human epidermal penetration
Authors: Zhu Hanjiang , Jung Eui‐Chang , Phuong Christina , Hui Xiaoying , Maibach Howard
Published: November 2015

Skin decontamination is a primary interventional method used to decrease dermal absorption of hazardous contaminants, including chemical warfare agents, pesticides and industrial pollutants. Soap and water wash, the most common and readily available decontamination system, may enhance percutaneous absorption through the “wash‐in effect.” To understand better the effect of soap–water wash on percutaneous penetration, and provide insight to improving skin decontamination methods, in vitro human epidermal penetration rates of four C14‐labeled model chemicals (hydroquinone, clonidine, benzoic acid and paraoxon) were assayed using flow‐through diffusion cells. Stratum corneum (SC) absorption rates of these chemicals at various hydration levels (0–295% of the dry SC weights) were determined and compared with the results of the epidermal penetration study to clarify the effect of SC hydration on skin permeability. Results showed accelerated penetration curves of benzoic acid and paraoxon after surface wash at 30 min postdosing. Thirty minutes after washing (60 min postdosing), penetration rates of hydroquinone and benzoic acid decreased due to reduced amounts of chemical on the skin surface and in the SC. At the end of the experiment (90 min postdosing), a soap–water wash resulted in lower hydroquinone penetration, greater paraoxon penetration and similar levels of benzoic acid and clonidine penetration compared to penetration levels in the non‐wash groups. The observed wash‐in effect agrees with the enhancement effect of SC hydration on the SC chemical absorption rate. These results suggest SC hydration derived from surface wash to be one cause of the wash‐in effect. Further, the occurrence of a wash‐in effect is dependent on chemical identity and elapsed time between exposure and onset of decontamination. By reducing chemical residue quantity on skin surface and in the SC reservoir, the soap–water wash may decrease the total quantity of chemical absorbed in the long term; however, the more immediate accelerated absorption of chemical toxins, particularly chemical warfare agents, may be lethal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methamphetamine induces the release of endothelin
Authors: Seo Jeong‐Woo , Jones Susan M. , Hostetter Trisha A. , Iliff Jeffrey J. , West G. Alexander
Published: November 2015

Methamphetamine is a potent psychostimulant drug of abuse that increases release and blocks reuptake of dopamine, producing intense euphoria, factors that may contribute to its widespread abuse. It also produces severe neurotoxicity resulting from oxidative stress, DNA damage, blood–brain barrier disruption, microgliosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Intracerebral hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke have been reported after intravenous and oral abuse of methamphetamine. Several studies have shown that methamphetamine causes vasoconstriction of vessels. This study investigates the effect of methamphetamine on endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) release in mouse brain endothelial cells by ELISA. ET‐1 transcription as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and transcription were measured following methamphetamine treatment. We also examine the effect of methamphetamine on isolated cerebral arteriolar vessels from C57BL/6 mice. Penetrating middle cerebral arterioles were cannulated at both ends with a micropipette system. Methamphetamine was applied extraluminally, and the vascular response was investigated. Methamphetamine treatment of mouse brain endothelial cells resulted in ET‐1 release and a transient increase in ET‐1 message. The activity and transcription of eNOS were only slightly enhanced after 24 hr of treatment with methamphetamine. In addition, methamphetamine caused significant vasoconstriction of isolated mouse intracerebral arterioles. The vasoconstrictive effect of methamphetamine was attenuated by coapplication of the endothelin receptor antagonist PD145065. These findings suggest that vasoconstriction induced by methamphetamine is mediated through the endothelin receptor and may involve an endothelin‐dependent pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular diversity and multifarious plant growth promoting attributes of Bacilli associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere from six diverse agro‐ecological zones of India
Authors: Verma Priyanka , Yadav Ajar Nath , Khannam Kazy Sufia , Kumar Sanjay , Saxena Anil Kumar , Suman Archna
Published: November 2015

The diversity of culturable Bacilli was investigated in six wheat cultivating agro‐ecological zones of India viz: northern hills, north western plains, north eastern plains, central, peninsular, and southern hills. These agro‐ecological regions are based on the climatic conditions such as pH, salinity, drought, and temperature. A total of 395 Bacilli were isolated by heat enrichment and different growth media. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis using three restriction enzymes AluI, MspI, and HaeIII led to the clustering of these isolates into 19–27 clusters in the different zones at >70% similarity index, adding up to 137 groups. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing led to the identification of 55 distinct Bacilli that could be grouped in five families, Bacillaceae (68%), Paenibacillaceae (15%), Planococcaceae (8%), Staphylococcaceae (7%), and Bacillales incertae sedis (2%), which included eight genera namely Bacillus, Exiguobacterium, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Planomicrobium, Sporosarcina, and Staphylococcus. All 395 isolated Bacilli were screened for their plant growth promoting attributes, which included direct‐plant growth promoting (solubilization of phosphorus, potassium, and zinc; production of phytohormones; 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate deaminase activity and nitrogen fixation), and indirect‐plant growth promotion (antagonistic, production of lytic enzymes, siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia). To our knowledge, this is the first report for the presence of Bacillus endophyticus, Paenibacillus xylanexedens, Planococcus citreus, Planomicrobium okeanokoites, Sporosarcina sp., and Staphylococcus succinus in wheat rhizosphere and exhibit multifunctional PGP attributes. These niche‐specific and multifarious PGP Bacilli may serve as inoculants for crops growing in respective climatic conditions.
Circular dichroism induced by Fano resonances in planar chiral oligomers
Authors: Hopkins Ben , Poddubny Alexander N. , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: November 2015

We present a general theory of circular dichroism in planar chiral nanostructures with rotational symmetry. It is demonstrated, analytically, that the handedness of the incident field's polarization can control whether a nanostructure induces either absorption or scattering losses, even when the total optical loss (extinction) is polarization‐independent. We show that this effect is a consequence of modal interference so that strong circular dichroism in absorption and scattering can be engineered by combining Fano resonances with planar chiral nanoparticle clusters.

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A note on weighted quadrature rules
Authors: Masjed‐Jamei Mohammad , Area Iván
Published: November 2015

In this paper, it is shown how to change the integration basis in some Gaussian (weighted) quadrature rules in order to obtain new quadrature models and improve classical results in the sequel. The main advantage of this approach is its simplicity, which can be implemented in any numerical integration package. Several remarkable numerical evidences are then given to show the advantage and efficiency of the proposed approach with respect to classical methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Polyurethane‐Based Solid Propellants Using Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Ahmed The late Abd El‐Shafey I. , Ali Amged A. , El‐Masry Ahmed M. , Tawfik Sayed M.
Published: November 2015

Mechanically‐activated nanocomposites (MANCs) of nano‐aluminum (nAl)/X (X=Cu, Ni, Zn, Mg, and graphite) were used as replacements for reference nAl powder and as catalytic ingredients in polyurethane (PU) propellants. The effects of their use on combustion heat, burning rate, and thermal decomposition were investigated. It was found that MANCs have catalytic effects and the modified propellants have enhanced the released heat, burning rate, and thermal decomposition properties. MANCs‐based propellants have improved the processing and the mechanical properties with acceptable safety aspects. They can be used for catalytic applications in solid propellants to improve their energetic, burning rate, and thermal decomposition characteristics.
Electronic properties of defects in high‐fluence electron‐irradiated bulk GaN
Authors: Duc Tran Thien , Pozina Galia , Son Nguyen Tien , Ohshima Takeshi , Janzén Erik , Hemmingsson Carl
Published: November 2015

Using deep‐level transient spectroscopy, deep levels and capture cross sections of defects introduced by high‐fluence electron irradiation of thick halide vapor‐phase epitaxy‐grown GaN has been studied. After irradiation with 2 MeV electrons to a high fluence of 5 × 1016 cm−2, four deep electron trap levels, labeled T1 (EC − 0.13 eV), T2 (EC − 0.18 eV), T3 (EC − 0.26 eV), T4, and a broad band of peaks, labeled T5, consisting of at least two levels were observed. These defects, except T1 and T3, were annealed out after annealing at 650 K for 2 h. The levels T1, T3, and the broad peak T5 exhibits electric field‐enhanced emission The capture cross section is found to be temperature independent for T2 and T3, whereas T1 shows a decreasing capture cross section with increasing temperature, suggesting that electron capturing to T2 is governed by a cascade capturing process.
The characterization of near‐surface defects evolved on aluminum–manganese alloys during hot rolling
Authors: Gali O. A. , Shafiei M. , Hunter J. A. , Riahi A. R.
Published: November 2015

Hot rolling laboratory experiments were performed on an Al–Mn alloy, utilizing a rolling tribo‐simulator to characterize the evolution of near‐surface defects induced by tribological interactions between the work roll and alloy surfaces. A ten pass hot rolling schedule was conducted on Al–Mn samples using an AISI 52100 work roll polished to a surface roughness (Ra) of 0.01 μm. Micro‐cracks formed on the alloy surfaces at the first pass were observed to initiate at grain boundaries and propagate less than 1.5 μm deep into the subsurface region. The faces of the micro‐cracks in the subsurface region were observed to be covered with MgO. The surface of the samples were observed to possess a top 90‐nm‐thick oxide‐rich layer, which was mostly composed of MgO. MgAl2O4 and Al2O3 were also observed on the alloy surface at this stage of rolling. After ten passes, near‐surface features on the Al–Mn alloy samples included MgO‐rich islands and transverse cracks. Cracks extended more than 2 μm deep into the subsurface. Crack faces were covered with surface deformation induced crevices as well as MgO. The near‐surface was also composed of nano‐crack induced damaged areas, filled with porous nanocrystalline oxides. These damaged areas extended 0.5 μm into the subsurface region beneath a 60‐nm‐thick MgO film. The nanocrystalline oxide layers possessed embedded aluminum nano‐particles. The microstructure of the near‐surface layer suggests that magnesium diffusion to the free surfaces and crack formation play an important role in its evolution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A description of piezoelectric effect in non‐polar materials taking into account the quadrupole moments
Authors: Ivanova Elena A. , Kolpakov Yaroslav E.
Published: November 2015

A method of the description of piezoelectric effect in non‐polar materials is suggested. This method is based on the model of unit cell possessing a non‐zero quadrupole moment and the zero dipole moment. The suggested theory contains several additional material tensors. A comparison of the suggested theory with the classical theory of piezoelectricity is carried out. The structure of the additional material tensors is determined for the crystal lattice with the hexagonal crystal symmetry of quartz. An analysis of dispersion relations is carried out. This analysis reveals that the quadrupole moment tensor has a qualitative influence on the behavior of solution. Namely, the quadrupole moments cause rather the redistribution of energy between the waves of different type than the wave damping. A method of determination of the additional material moduli is suggested. The method consists in using the dispersion relations containing the unknown material moduli and the experimental data on attenuation factor versus frequency.
High Rate of Organ/Space Surgical Site Infection After Hepatectomy with Preexisting Bilioenteric Anastomosis
Authors: Matsumura Masaru , Saiura Akio , Inoue Yosuke , Ishizawa Takeaki , Mise Yoshihiro , Takahashi Yu
Published: November 2015

Background

The clinical course of hepatectomy in patients with preexisting bilioenteric anastomosis (BEA) is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential influence of preexisting BEA on organ/space surgical site infection (SSI) after hepatectomy.

Methods

We analyzed consecutive hepatectomies performed between March 2005 and January 2015. Patients’ background, operative results, and complications were compared between hepatectomies with and without preexisting BEA.

Results

Twenty‐two hepatectomies with preexisting BEA were identified among 1745 hepatectomies. The rate of organ/space SSI was much higher in hepatectomies with preexisting BEA than in those without preexisting BEA (40.9 vs. 6.4 %, P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses identified four variables as independent factors associated with organ/space SSI: liver‐directed chemotherapy [odds ratio 5.06 (95 % confidence interval 2.29–10.54), P < 0.001], operative time ≥ 300 min [2.40 (1.30–4.54), P = 0.006], estimated blood loss ≥ 500 ml [2.34 (1.26–4.31), P < 0.001], and preexisting BEA [12.08 (4.54–31.32), P < 0.001]. A higher rate of organisms from intestinal flora was detected in organ/space SSI after hepatectomies with preexisting BEA (77.8 vs. 21.3 % without BEA, P = 0.002). Analysis of hepatectomies with preexisting BEA identified selection of antibiotics for prophylaxis as the sole risk factor for organ/space SSI (P = 0.049 for cefazolin versus other antibiotics targeting intestinal flora).

Conclusions

Preexisting BEA is an independent risk factor for the development of organ/space SSI after hepatectomy. Antibiotics targeting intestinal flora are strongly recommended for prophylaxis of infectious complications.
CLA‐Rich Chocolate Bar and Chocolate Paste Production and Characterization
Authors: Mayfield Sarah , Van de Walle Davy , Delbaere Claudia , Shinn Sara E. , Proctor Andrew , Dewettinck Koen , Patel Ashok
Published: November 2015

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an 18‐carbon fatty acid with multiple health benefits, including anti‐obesity and anti‐carcinogenic properties. CLA‐rich soy oil (CLARSO) can be produced through a heterogeneous catalysis process, and this oil was previously used to produce CLA‐rich margarines and shortenings. The objectives of this study were to produce CLA‐rich chocolate bars and pastes by replacing a portion of the fat with CLARSO and compare the rheological, textural, and thermal properties of these pastes/bars to controls made with either soy oil or traditional fats. CLARSO was used to prepare bars/pastes. Rheology, firmness, and thermal behavior of the pastes and fracturability, hardness, and thermal behavior of the bars were determined. The CLARSO chocolate pastes/bars contained no additional saturated fat relative to soy oil controls but the pastes had more solid‐like rheology and were firmer and the bars had a higher fracture force relative to soy oil controls. Relative to non‐soy controls, CLARSO pastes had similar rheology and CLARSO bars had similar fracturability, despite containing less saturated fat. The fat crystals of all samples were in the same polymorphic form. Therefore, it was successfully demonstrated that CLARSO has the ability to produce chocolate pastes/bars with similar physical properties as traditional products containing more saturated fat.
Bioactive Compounds and Stability of Organic and Conventional Vitislabrusca Grape Seed Oils
Authors: Assumpção Carolina Fagundes , Nunes Itaciara Larroza , Mendonça Tácila Alcântara , Bortolin Rafael Calixto , Jablonski André , Flôres Simone Hickmann , de Oliveira Rios Alessandro
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between organic and conventional grape seed oils extracted from different grapes (Bordô and Isabel). The physicochemical quality, bioactive compounds and oxidative stability of the oils were investigated. The organic samples exhibited the best color parameters, and all samples were within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius regarding their quality parameters. Only Bordô grape seed oils presented lutein and the best results regarding α‐ and β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol contents. All samples exhibited the same antioxidant activity results, but the Bordô ones exhibited higher oxidative stability. Overall, the results from this study suggest no differences between organic and conventional grape seed oils but between the grape varieties.
Soy Protein–Gum Karaya Conjugate: Emulsifying Activity and Rheological Behavior in Aqueous System and Oil in Water Emulsion
Authors: Shekarforoush Elhamalsadat , Mirhosseini Hamed , Sarker Md Zaidul Islam , Kostadinović Sanja , Ghazali Hasanah Mohd , Muhamad Kharidah , Samaram Shadi
Published: November 2015

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of mixing and conjugation of soy protein isolate (SPI) with gum karaya on the characteristics of the hybrid polymer (protein–gum) in both aqueous systems and oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. It was hypothesized that the covalent linkage of gum karaya with SPI would improve the emulsifying activity and rheological properties of both polymers. Conjugation occurred under controlled conditions (i.e., 60 °C and 75 % relative humidity, 3 days). The conjugated hybrid polymer produced smaller droplet with better uniformity, higher viscosity and stronger emulsifying activity than native gum karaya, suggesting the conjugated polymer provided a bulkier secondary layer with more efficient coverage around oil droplets, thereby inducing stronger resistance against droplet aggregation and flocculation. Emulsions containing the native gum karaya produced the largest droplet size among all prepared emulsions (D3,2 = 8.6 μm; D4,3 = 22.4 μm); while the emulsion containing protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) had the smallest droplet size (D3,2 = 0.2 μm; D4,3 = 0.7 μm) with lower polydispersity. The protein–gum conjugate (1:1 g/g) also showed the highest elastic and viscous modulus, the lowest polydispersity (span) and the highest emulsifying activity among all native, mixed and conjugated polymers. Therefore, the percentage of gum karaya used for production of O/W emulsion can be decreased by partially replacing it with the conjugated gum.
Photiou Tou Patriarchou Lexeon Synagoge
Authors: Photius
Published: November 2015

This work, first published in 1822, was edited by Peter Paul Dobree (1782–1825) who had been entrusted with the literary remains of the eminent classical scholar Richard Porson (1759–1808). It contains the text of a ninth-century Greek lexicon compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. The lexicon was a tool for Byzantine Greeks studying the works of ancient authors, whose language and vocabulary differed significantly from the day-to-day language spoken in the Byzantine Empire. The lexicon offers the modern scholar a wealth of information regarding ancient works that Photius had access to but are no longer extant. The edition is based on a transcription, made by Porson, of the only remaining manuscript of the lexicon: Codex Galeanus, in Trinity College Library, Cambridge. Volume 1 contains entries for the letters alpha to omicron. The edition has served as an important source for the study of Byzantine lexicography.
Études et leçons sur la Révolution Française
Authors: Aulard Alphonse
Published: November 2015

Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928) was the first French historian to use nineteenth-century historicist methods in the study of the French Revolution. Pioneered by German historians such as Leopold van Ranke, this approach emphasised empiricism, objectivity and the scientific pursuit of facts. Aulard's commitment to archival investigation is evidenced by the many edited collections of primary sources that appear in his extensive publication record. In these eight volumes of papers analysing the French Revolution (published 1893–1921), Aulard sought to apply the principles of historicism to reveal the truth and dispel myths. The work draws on earlier journal articles and lectures which Aulard delivered as Professor of the History of the French Revolution at the Sorbonne, a post he had held since 1885. Volume 3 (1902) surveys the history of the French provinces, the role of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror, and the unification of Monaco with France in 1793.
Participatory Mechanisms in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela: Deepening or Undermining Democracy?
Authors: Balderacchi Claudio
Published: November 2015

Through the comparative analysis of the participatory mechanisms established in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela, this study explores under which conditions such mechanisms are more likely to deepen or undermine democracy. While the informal participatory mechanisms established in Bolivia have produced, though imperfectly, significant democratic benefits, in Ecuador and Venezuela crucial participatory mechanisms have appeared to favour the concentration of power in the executive, contributing to the strangulation of representative institutions, the erosion of the separation of powers and the development of government-dominated social groups. By shedding light on the undemocratic manipulation of participatory mechanisms, an area still largely unexplored, this study contributes to a better understanding of the risks and opportunities associated with the deepening of democracy.
Evidence of no protection for a recurrent case of pathogen specific clinical mastitis from a previous case
Authors: Cha Elva , Hertl Julia , Schukken Ynte , Tauer Loren , Welcome Frank , Gröhn Yrjö
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of a previous case of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (CM) protects Holstein dairy cows against a recurrent case. Pathogens studied wereEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusspp.,Streptococcusspp.,Klebsiellaspp., andTrueperella pyogenes. A total of 40 864 lactations (17 265 primiparous and 23 599 multiparous) from 19 835 cows from 5 large, high milk producing New York State dairy herds were analysed. We estimated the effects of parity, calving diseases, milk yield, current season and number of CM cases in the previous lactation on the risk of a first CM case using generalised linear mixed models with a log link and Poisson error distribution. The aforementioned risk factors and the occurrence of previous cases of pathogen-specific CM within the current lactation were evaluated as risks for second and third cases of pathogen-specific CM. Cows with more CM cases in the previous lactation were at greater risk of pathogen-specific CM in the current lactation. Multiparous cows were at greater risk of a second CM case if they had suffered from a first CM case that was caused by the same pathogen as the second case. In contrast, a second CM case generally put cows at greater risk of a third case, irrespective of whether the third case was caused by the same or a different pathogen. Our results showed that a previous case of pathogen specific CM does not generally protect against a recurrent case.
Subannular tube insertion: anatomical considerations
Authors: Guidera A K , Benoiton L , McManus L , Dawes P J D
Published: November 2015

Objectives:

To assess the distance between the bony groove created during subannular tubes placement and the chorda tympani, and examine the depth of the hypotympanum and retrotympanum.

Method:

Grooves drilled in cadaver temporal bones at two levels were imaged to measure: the distance between the chorda tympani nerve and the tympanic sulcus, and the depth of the hypotympanum and the retrotympanum relative to the annulus.

Results:

The chorda tympani was between 0 and 5 mm from the groove cut across the annulus. The hypotympanum average depth was 2 mm (0.44–6.40 mm) and the retrotympanum average depth was 1 mm (0–2.53 mm).

Conclusion:

Grooves drilled across the tympanic sulcus should be placed at a point 20 per cent of the height of the tympanic membrane or lower; this will ensure least risk of injury to the chorda tympani nerve. The depth of the hypotympanum and retrotympanum dictates that the posteroinferior part of a subannular tube flange should be approximately 2 × 1 mm.
Obesity-associated cancer: an immunological perspective
Authors: Conroy Melissa J. , Dunne Margaret R. , Donohoe Claire L. , Reynolds John V.
Published: November 2015

Epidemiological studies have established an association between obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and a number of cancer types. Research has focused predominantly on altered endocrine factors, growth factors and signalling pathways, with little known in man about the immune involvement in the relevant pathophysiological processes. Moreover, in an era of exciting new breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, there is also a need to study the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutics in the complex setting of inflammatory-driven obesity-associated cancer. This review addresses key immune cell subsets underpinning obesity-associated inflammation and describes how such immune compartments might be targeted to prevent and treat obesity-associated cancer. We propose that the modulation, metabolism, migration and abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells and tumour-specific T cells might be therapeutically altered to both restore immune balance, alleviating pathological inflammation, and to improve anti-tumour immune responses in obesity-associated cancer.
Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk: review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kraan T. , Velthorst E. , Koenders L. , Zwaart K. , Ising H. K. , van den Berg D. , de Haan L. , van der Gaag M.
Published: November 2015

Background

Previous research has established the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic disorders. Whether cannabis use is related to transition to psychosis in patients at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to review the existing evidence on the association between cannabis use and transition to psychosis in UHR samples.

Method

A search of PsychInfo, Embase and Medline was conducted from 1996 to August 2015. The search yielded 5559 potentially relevant articles that were selected on title and abstract. Subsequently 36 articles were screened on full text for eligibility. Two random-effects meta-analyses were performed. First, we compared transition rates to psychosis of UHR individuals with lifetime cannabis use with non-cannabis-using UHR individuals. Second, we compared transition rates of UHR individuals with a current DSM-IV cannabis abuse or dependence diagnosis with lifetime users and non-using UHR individuals.

Results

We found seven prospective studies reporting on lifetime cannabis use in UHR subjects (n = 1171). Of these studies, five also examined current cannabis abuse or dependence. Lifetime cannabis use was not significantly associated with transition to psychosis [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.856–1.524, p = 0.37]. A second meta-analysis yielded an OR of 1.75 (95% CI 1.135–2.710, p = 0.01), indicating a significant association between current cannabis abuse or dependence and transition to psychosis.

Conclusions

Our results show that cannabis use was only predictive of transition to psychosis in those who met criteria for cannabis abuse or dependence, tentatively suggesting a dose–response relationship between current cannabis use and transition to psychosis.
An epidemiological review of gastrointestinal outbreaks associated withClostridium perfringens, North East of England, 2012–2014
Authors: DOLAN G. P. , FOSTER K. , LAWLER J. , AMAR C. , SWIFT C. , AIRD H. , GORTON R.
Published: November 2015

An anecdotal increase inC. perfringensoutbreaks was observed in the North East of England during 2012–2014. We describe findings of investigations in order to further understanding of the epidemiology of these outbreaks and inform control measures. All culture-positive (>105c.f.u./g) outbreaks reported to the North East Health Protection Team from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2014 were included. Epidemiological (attack rate, symptom profile and positive associations with a suspected vehicle of infection), environmental (deficiencies in food preparation or hygiene practices and suspected vehicle of infection) and microbiological investigations are described. Forty-six outbreaks were included (83% reported from care homes). Enterotoxin (cpe) gene-bearerC. perfringenswere detected by PCR in 20/46 (43%) and enterotoxin (by ELISA) and/or enterotoxigenic faecal/food isolates with indistinguishable molecular profiles in 12/46 (26%) outbreaks. Concerns about temperature control of foods were documented in 20/46 (43%) outbreaks. A suspected vehicle of infection was documented in 21/46 (46%) of outbreaks (meat-containing vehicle in 20/21). In 15/21 (71%) identification of the suspected vehicle was based on descriptive evidence alone, in 5/21 (24%) with supporting evidence from an epidemiological study and in 2/21 (10%) with supporting microbiological evidence.C. perfringens-associated illness is preventable and although identification of foodborne outbreaks is challenging, a risk mitigation approach should be taken, particularly in vulnerable populations such as care homes for the elderly.
Music, Multimedia and Spectacle: The one-man band and audience relationships in the digital age
Authors: Whittam Julian
Published: November 2015

The one-man band is a highly performative musical practice which combines visual spectacle and musical production. As digital and electronic technologies play an increasingly important role in our lives and change the ways in which music is produced, performed and consumed, the traditional one-man band with a bass drum on his back and cymbals between his knees provides an interesting model through which to examine both our relationship with technology and the importance of embodiment and visual spectacle in developing and maintaining audience/performer relationships. Furthermore, for digital performance artists, the model of the traditional one-man band can provide interesting inspiration for new works.
“MARKING WHITENESS” FOR CROSS-RACIAL SOLIDARITY
Authors: Snyder Greta Fowler
Published: November 2015

The dramatic difference in typical Black and White lifeworlds—or sets of “cultural givens” assumed by Black and White Americans and used to interpret experience—impedes the development of a cross-racial solidarity oriented toward racial justice. If such a cross-racial solidarity is to be realized, actors must reorient the average White lifeworld in ways that make Whites more receptive to Black claims. I identify, theorize, and assess a particular strategy for transforming the dominant White lifeworld, and thus facilitating cross-racial solidarity, that directly confronts contemporary Whiteness: “marking Whiteness.” The idea of “marking Whiteness” is abstracted from three different texts—the blog-turned-bookStuff White People Like, a satiric essay entitled “I Am a Martyr (And So Can You!): A Guide to White Male Victimhood” published inEsquiremagazine, and the sketch comedy phenomenonChappelle’s Show. Interventions that “mark Whiteness” make Whiteness hyper-visible—as is characteristic of “marked” groups—and portray average White behavior and ideas as integral to the systemic reproduction of racial injustice. “Marking Whiteness” renders the racial polity visible, and makes contemporary Whites’ complicity in racial injustice undeniable. While there are good reasons to be skeptical of the progressive credentials of any mass cultural product and popular texts are often subject to misinterpretation, popular culture should be recognized as an important site in lifeworld and solidarity construction and reconstruction.
MAKING A CIVIL RIGHTS CLAIM FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Authors: Berrey Ellen
Published: November 2015

The politics of affirmative action are currently structured as a litigious conflict among elites taking polarized stances. Opponents call for colorblindness, and defenders champion diversity. How can marginalized activists subvert the dominant terms of legal debate? To what extent can they establish their legitimacy? This paper advances legal mobilization theory by analytically foregrounding the field of contention and the relational production of meaning among social movement organizations. The case for study is two landmark United States Supreme Court cases that contested the University of Michigan’s race-conscious admissions policies. Using ethnographic data, the paper analyzes BAMN, an activist organization, and its reception by other affirmative action supporters. BAMN had a marginalized allied-outsider status in the legal cases, as it made a radical civil rights claim for a moderate, elite-supported policy: that affirmative action corrects systemic racial discrimination. BAMN activists pursued their agenda by passionately defending and, at once, critiquing the university’s policies. However, the organization’s militancy remained a liability among university leaders, who prioritized the consistency of their diversity claims. The analysis forwards a scholarly understanding of the legacy of race-conscious policies.