bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WAVE-INDUCED SHIP MOTIONS IN HARBOUR APPROACH CHANNELS
Authors: Van Wyk A.C. , Zwamborn J.A.
Published: June 2019

The results of scale-model simulation of wave-induced hull motions of large bulk carriers under conditions representative of those for coastal ports are presented and discussed to illustrate their usefulness in studies aimed at evaluating the optimum depth requirements for port approach channels.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A MOORING BUOY INSTALLED IN OPEN SHORE
Authors: Shigemura Toshiyuki , Hayashi Kenjiro
Published: June 2019

To investigate the dynamic behavior of a mooring buoy installed in an open shore, a simplified simulation model is developed, which consists of the surging and heaving motions of a mooring buoy. A series of the model tests is performed to examine the reliability of the developed model. The model tests verify that the developed model can predict the dynamic motion of a mooring buoy satisfactorily. Finally, simulation is made for the buoy installed in the west shore of Iwo-jima which failed during a stormy weather. This simulation indicates that the external loads enough to cause the failure has been loaded on the buoy at the moment of the failure.
FENDER SELECTION CRITERIA
Authors: Costa F. Vasco
Published: June 2019

Fenders are to be selected taking into account two quite distinct functions they have to fulfill: - During berthing manoeuvres fenders have to avoid damage to the ship and to the berthing structure; - After ships are already berthed and moored, fenders have to keep them quiet during loading and unloading operations. To fulfill the first function fenders have to be able, while deflecing, to absorb a very large amount of energy. To fulfill the second function fenders need to be able, while recovering their form, to dissipate a large amount of energy. Besides, they have to contribute to reduce or to increase the natural period of oscillation of already moored ships, depending on their tendency to oscillate in phase or out of phase with waves reaching the berths.
THE MEASURED PROPERTIES OF IRREGULAR WAVE BREAKING AND WAVE HEIGHT CHANGE AFTER BREAKING ON THE SLOPE
Authors: Seyama Akira , Kimura Akira
Published: June 2019

Wave height change of the zero-down-cross waves on uniform slopes were examined experimentally. The properties of shoaling, breaking and decay after breaking for a total of about 4,000 irregular waves of the Pierson-Moskowitz type on 4 different slopes (1/10, 1/20, 1/30 and 1/50) were investigated. The shoaling property of the zero-down-cross waves can be approximated by the linear wave theory. However, the properties of breaking and decay after breaking differ considerably from those for periodic waves. The wave height water depth ratio (H/d) at the breaking point for the zero-down-cross waves is about 30% smaller than that for periodic waves on average despite the slopes. Wave height decay after breaking also differs from that for periodic waves and can be classified into three regions, i.e. shoaling, plunging and bore regions. Experimental equations for the breaking condition and wave height change after breaking are proposed in the study. A new definition of water depth for the zero-crossing wave analysis which can reduce the fluctuation in the plotted data is also proposed.
KINEMATICS AND RETURN FLOW IN A CLOSED WAVE FLUME
Authors: Ramsden Jerald D. , Nath John H.
Published: June 2019

Stokes (1847) showed that finite amplitude progressing waves cause a net drift of fluid, in the direction of wave motion, which occurs in the upper portion of the water column. In a closed wave flume this drift must be accompanied by a return flow toward the wave generator to satisfy the conservation of mass. This study presents Eulerian velocity and water surface measurements soon after the onset of wave motion from 12 locations in a large scale flume. Waves with .67 < kh < 2.29 and .09 < H/h < .39 were produced in a water depth of 3.5 meters. Superimposing the return flow theory of Kim (1984) with seventh order stream function theory is shown to improve the velocity predictions. The measured return flows are a function of time and depth and agree with Kim's theory as a first approximation. The mean water surface set-down agrees with the theory of Brevik (1979) except for the nearly deep water waves.
WAVES IN TURNING WIND FIELDS
Authors: Van Vledder G.Ph. , Holthuijsen L.H.
Published: June 2019

A numerical model to compute to a high degree of accuracy nonlinear wave-wave interactions of wind generated waves supplemented with formulations of wind generation and white-capping, has been used to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of these physical processes on the directional response of waves in a turning wind field. After a sudden shift in wind direction the wave spectrum develops a secondary peak in the new wind direction. The initial peak of the spectrum either merges fairly quickly with this new peak or it slowly disappears, depending on the magnitude of the directional wind shift. The turning of the mean wave direction towards the new wind direction is caused by wind generation. The processes of nonlinear wave-wave interactions and white-capping tend to slow down the turning rate induced by the wind generation. The net turning rate of the mean wave direction in the model is twice as slow as in observations acquired in the central and southern North Sea.
THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW PROFILES ON LITTORAL BEACHES
Authors: Svendsen Ib A. , Lorenz Rene S.
Published: June 2019

The problem of combined cross-shore and longshore currents generated by waves in and around a surf zone is considered in its full three-dimensional formulation. The equations for the two current components are decoupled and it is found that for a cylindrical coast with no longshore variations the longshore current variation with depth and distance from the shoreline satisfies a Poisson equation. This equation is solved by a perturbation method and it is shown that the longshore velocities are always larger than the velocities found by classical theory. In the simple uncoupled case, the full 3-D current profile is constructed by combining the results with cross - shore velocities determined in previous publications. Also, the total velocities are larger than velocities found from simple depth averaged models.
NUMERICAL COMPARISON OF WAVE SYNTHESIS METHODS
Authors: Miles M.D. , Funke E.R.
Published: June 2019

A numerical comparison study is carried out on a variety of methods for synthesizing pseudo-random Gaussian wave records for laboratory wave generation. Three nonharmonic superposition methods and three time domain filtering procedures are compared to a harmonic FFT technique. The synthesis methods are evaluated on the basis of a statistical analysis of 16 standard wave parameters obtained from a set of 200 wave records. Second order group-bounded long wave components are also investigated.
STORM STATISTICS IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Salih B.A. , Burrows R. , Tickell R.G.
Published: June 2019

Effective planning of offshore activities requires statistical information detailing storm occurrences and durations (defined as exceedences of an Hs threshold). This information is often referred to as persistence. The frequency of storm events and the probability associated with a number of successive sea states being above (or below) a given threshold level is often required by engineers to estimate the potential work period and down-time as well as to incorporate the lead and lag times needed to stop and restart interrupted operations due to severe weather conditions. However, until recently, a lack of sufficiently long data bases has precluded any meaningful investigation of this nature. Unrepresentative or misleading results can follow from data records that were measured over only a limited number of years. Furthermore, significant distortions may be introduced if the data record is not continuous as data gaps interrupt the persistence pattern. As more recorded data have become available, concerted efforts have been ' made on this topic; most notably by Houmb and Vik who developed a probabilistic model describing the statistics of storm (and calm) durations and frequencies at varying levels of sea state intensity. The present study investigates the adequacy of the semi-empirical procedure proposed by Houmb and Vik and also discusses the development of two new modelling techniques. The performance of these models are examined against wave data measured at the BP Forties field in the North Sea. A number of new statistical descriptors relating to the profile and intensity of storms have also been developed. It is recognised that wave period (Tz) and directional information must ultimately be incorporated in a storm climate model. However, this is beyond the scope of the present discussion.
LONG WAVES IN A SPANISH HARBOUR
Authors: Lopez Jose C. Santos , Pina Gregorio Gomez
Published: June 2019

Short and Long Wave data recorded in Bilbao Harbour < Spain ) have been analyzed in order to study water movements at the inner basins under storms conditions . Some of the trends obtained in prototype have been correlated with model test (regular long wave and irregular short waves ) . This harbour has been chosen for this research on the one hand because of tha availability of the physical model and on thge other hand because of the means provided by the Bilbao Port Authority.
A PARAMETRIC HURRICANE WAVE PREDICTION MODEL
Authors: Young Ian R.
Published: June 2019

A spectral wave model based on a numerical solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation is used to create a synthetic data base on wave conditions within hurricanes. The results indicate that both the velocity of forward movement and maximum wind velocity within the storm play an important role in determining both the magnitude of the waves generated and also the spatial distribution of these waves. An equivalent fetch for hurricane wave generation which is a function of these two parameters is proposed. This concept, together with the standard JONSWAP fetch limited growth relationships, provide a simple means for estimating wave conditions within hurricanes.
LOCAL SCOUR AROUND CYLINDRICAL PILES DUE TO WAVES AND CURRENTS COMBINED
Authors: Kawata Yoshiaki , Ysuchiya Yoshito
Published: June 2019

Local scour depth around a pile due to waves only is small, but under waves and weak currents combined it became large. If the flow velocity increases, the maximum scour depth increases and may approach to that by running water. In the processes of the scouring, Karman vortex play an important role in deciding characteristics of a scour hole. In the case of the horseshoe vortex predominant, the maximum scour depth is found at the upstream end of a pile, but in the coupled field of waves and currents, the initial scouring position is a little apart from a pile in the offshore side and make an angle of about 45 degree in the shoreward direction. This depends on a vortex shedding from a pile. By using light weight aggregate, the effect of ripples on local scour depth is made clear.
COASTAL ENGINEERING 2006
Authors: Smith Jane McKee
Published: June 2019

*** Available Only Through World Scientific ***

http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/6439.html

This Proceedings contains 445 papers presented at the 30th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in San Diego, California, USA, 3–8 September 2006. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: Waves; Swash, Nearshore Currents, and Long Waves; Coastal Management, Risk, and Ecosystem Restoration; Sediment Transport and Morphology; and Coastal Structures. The individual papers cover a broad range of topics including theory, numerical and physical modeling, field measurements, case studies, design, and management. These papers provide engineers, scientists, and planners state-of-the-art information on coastal engineering and coastal processes.
Reversible Formation of Gold Halides in Single‐Crystal Hybrid‐Perovskite/Au Interface upon Biasing and Effect on Electronic Carrier Injection
Authors: Pospisil Jan , Guerrero Antonio , Zmeskal Oldrich , Weiter Martin , Gallardo Juan Jesus , Navas Javier , Garcia‐Belmonte Germà
Published: June 2019

Solar cells, light emitting diodes, and X‐ray detectors based on perovskite materials often incorporate gold electrodes, either in direct or indirect contact with the perovskite compound. Chemical interactions between active layers and contacts deteriorate the operation and induce degradation, being the identification of the chemical nature of such interfacial structures an open question. Chemical reactivity of gold in contact with the perovskite semiconductor leads to reversible formation of oxidized gold halide species and explains the generation of halide vacancies in the vicinity of the interface. Electrical biasing induces contact reaction and produces modifications of the current level by favoring the ability of perovskite/Au interfaces to inject electronic carriers. The current injection increment does not depend on the halogen source used, either extrinsically by iodine vapor sublimation of Au electrodes, or intrinsically by bias‐driven migration of bromide ions. In addition, the formation of a dipole‐like structure at the reacted electrode that lowers the potential barrier for electronic carriers is confirmed. These findings highlight adequate selection of the external contacts and suggest the need for a deeper understanding of contact reactivity as it dominates the operation characteristics, rather than being governed by the bulk transport properties of the charge carriers, either electronic or ionic.
Smart Nanostructured Materials based on Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers
Authors: Kim Jang Hwan , Jin Hyeong Min , Yang Geon Gug , Han Kyu Hyo , Yun Taeyeong , Shin Jin Yong , Jeong Seong‐Jun , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: June 2019

Nanoscale fabrication of smart materials relying on the molecular self‐assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) has been recognized as a valuable platform for various next‐generation functional structures. In this Progress Report, the recent advances in the BCP self‐assembly process, which has paved the way for viable applications of emerging nanotechnologies, are highlighted. Effective light‐induced self‐assembly based on photothermal annealing of high‐χ BCPs and conformal 3D surface nanopatterning exploiting chemically modified graphene flexible substrates are reviewed as the typical instances of advanced BCP‐based nanofabrication methodologies. Additionally, relevant potential application fields are suggested, namely, graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors, highly tunable refractive index metasurfaces for visible light, high‐sensitivity surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 2D transition metal dichalcogenide nanopatterning, sequential infiltration synthesis, and organic photovoltaics. Finally, the future research direction as well as innovative applications of these smart nanostructured materials is proposed.
One‐Transistor Memory Compatible with Si‐Based Technology with Multilevel Applications
Authors: Dai Mingzhi , Yang Wenwei , Li Ming , Zhang Lei , Huo Changhe , Dong Yemin , Webster Thomas J.
Published: June 2019

A more compact integrated‐circuit (IC) design is proposed to solve the difficulties experienced when conventional scale‐down methods for IC approache the physical limits of the device. Memory is a key component in ICs, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI) circuits. However, current cutting‐edge designs are not suitable for mass production. Here, a one‐transistor memory with additional electrode(s) directly connected to the channel is proposed as a memory and artificial synaptic device, meaning it can also be used to implement logic gates. The memory proves to be suitable for multilevel memory applications, and had a high current on/off state contrast (above 109). Its programming time is comparable to dynamic random‐access memory (DRAM). The charge‐trapping memory mechanisms used by the device are proposed to be based on channel–control gate junction charge injection. By using one transistor to replace DRAM, which has one transistor and one capacitor, this new memory has a smaller area and can be fabricated more simply. Thisfacile design can be easily adapted into the foundry as an IC logic gate, memory, or artificial synaptic devices for numerous healthcare applications.
Efficient Oxygen Reduction Catalysts of Porous Carbon Nanostructures Decorated with Transition Metal Species
Authors: Huang Xiaoxiao , Shen Tong , Zhang Teng , Qiu Hailong , Gu Xingxing , Ali Zeeshan , Hou Yanglong
Published: June 2019

Developing substitutes of noble metal catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is of vital importance for promoting low‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Transition metal species have been one of the hot areas of interest due to their low cost, high activity, and long‐term stability. The design of porous carbon nanostructures decorated with transition metal species plays a vital role in enhancing ORR catalytic performance. Here, the recent breakthroughs in porous carbon nanostructures decorated with transition metal species (including nanoparticles and atomically dispersed supported metal) are discussed. The porous nanostructures can provide large surface area as well as abundant pore channels, leading to sufficient exposure of active sites and efficient mass transfer. These nanostructures can be synthesized by several approaches, including the templated method, the self‐templated method, the impregnation process, and so on. Furthermore, the ORR performance and the exploration of active sites are also discussed for further enhancement of the ORR catalysts. Finally, the challenges and prospects are discussed, which would push forward the development of ORR catalysts in the near future.
Rapid microsphere‐assisted peptide screening (MAPS) of promiscuous MHCII‐binding peptides in Zika virus envelope protein
Authors: Smith Mason R. , Bugada Luke F. , Wen Fei
Published: June 2019

Despite promising developments in computational tools, peptide‐class II MHC (MHCII) binding predictors continue to lag behind their peptide‐class I MHC counterparts. Consequently, peptide–MHCII binding is often evaluated experimentally using competitive binding assays, which tend to sacrifice throughput for quantitative binding detail. Here, we developed a high‐throughput semiquantitative peptide–MHCII screening strategy termed microsphere‐assisted peptide screening (MAPS) that aims to balance the accuracy of competitive binding assays with the throughput of computational tools. Using MAPS, we screened a peptide library from Zika virus envelope (E) protein for binding to four common MHCII alleles (DR1, DR4, DR7, DR15). Interestingly, MAPS revealed a significant overlap between peptides that promiscuously bind multiple MHCII alleles and antibody neutralization sites. This overlap was also observed for rotavirus outer capsid glycoprotein VP7, suggesting a deeper relationship between B cell and CD4+ T cell specificity which can facilitate the design of broadly protective vaccines to Zika and other viruses.
Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium‐Catalyzed Aldehyde Acylation of Allylic Amines
Authors: Ohnishi Nagisa , Yasuda Shigeo , Nagao Kazunori , Ohmiya Hirohisa
Published: June 2019

A synergistic action of a thiazolium N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst and a palladium–bisphosphine catalyst has enabled the allylation between aldehydes acyl anions and allylic amines to afford β,γ‐unsaturated ketones, which are versatile synthetic intermediates for organic synthesis.
Facial aging trajectories: A common shape pattern in male and female faces is disrupted after menopause
Authors: Windhager Sonja , Mitteroecker Philipp , Rupić Ivana , Lauc Tomislav , Polašek Ozren , Schaefer Katrin
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Despite variation in lifestyle and environment, first signs of human facial aging show between the ages of 20–30 years. It is a cumulative process of changes in the skin, soft tissue, and skeleton of the face. As quantifications of facial aging in living humans are still scarce, we set out to study age‐related changes in three‐dimensional facial shape using geometric morphometrics.

Materials and methods

We collected surface scans of 88 human faces (aged 26–90 years) from the coastal town Split (Croatia) and neighboring islands. Based on a geometric morphometric analysis of 585 measurement points (landmarks and semilandmarks), we modeled sex‐specific trajectories of average facial aging.

Results

Age‐related facial shape change was similar in both sexes until around age 50, at which time the female aging trajectory turned sharply. The overall magnitude of facial shape change (aging rate) was higher in women than men, especially in early postmenopause. Aging was generally associated with a flatter face, sagged soft tissue (“broken” jawline), deeper nasolabial folds, smaller visible areas of the eyes, thinner lips, and longer nose and ears. In postmenopausal women, facial aging was best predicted by the years since last menstruation and mainly attributable to bone resorption in the mandible.

Discussion

With high spatial and temporal resolution, we were able to extract a shared facial aging pattern in women and men, and its divergence after menopause. This fully quantitative three‐dimensional analysis of human facial aging may not only find applications in forensic and ancient human facial reconstructions, but shall include lifestyle and endocrinological measures, and also reach out to studies of social perception.
Pathogenic variants in MT‐ATP6: A United Kingdom–based mitochondrial disease cohort study
Authors: Ng Yi Shiau , Martikainen Mika H. , Gorman Gráinne S. , Blain Alasdair , Bugiardini Enrico , Bunting Apphia , Schaefer Andrew M. , Alston Charlotte L. , Blakely Emma L. , Sharma Sunil , Hughes Imelda , Lim Albert , de Goede Christian , McEntagart Meriel , Spinty Stefan , Horrocks Iain , Roberts Mark , Woodward Cathy E. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Horvath Rita , Nesbitt Victoria , Fratter Carl , Poulton Joanna , Hanna Michael G. , Pitceathly Robert D. S. , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Doug M. , McFarland Robert
Published: June 2019

Distinct clinical syndromes have been associated with pathogenic MT‐ATP6 variants. In this cohort study, we identified 125 individuals (60 families) including 88 clinically affected individuals and 37 asymptomatic carriers. Thirty‐one individuals presented with Leigh syndrome and 7 with neuropathy ataxia retinitis pigmentosa. The remaining 50 patients presented with variable nonsyndromic features including ataxia, neuropathy, and learning disability. We confirmed maternal inheritance in 39 families and demonstrated that tissue segregation patterns and phenotypic threshold are variant dependent. Our findings suggest that MT‐ATP6–related mitochondrial DNA disease is best conceptualized as a mitochondrial disease spectrum disorder and should be routinely included in genetic ataxia and neuropathy gene panels. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:310–315
Mechanisms of voice control related to prosody in autism spectrum disorder and first‐degree relatives
Authors: Patel Shivani P. , Kim Jason H. , Larson Charles R. , Losh Molly
Published: June 2019

Differences in prosody (e.g., intonation, rhythm) are among the most obvious language‐related impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and significantly impact communication. Subtle prosodic differences have also been identified in a subset of clinically unaffected first‐degree relatives of individuals with ASD, and may reflect genetic liability to ASD. This study investigated the neural basis of prosodic differences in ASD and first‐degree relatives through analysis of feedforward and feedback control involved in the planning, production, self‐monitoring, and self‐correction of speech by using a pitch‐perturbed auditory feedback paradigm during sustained vowel and speech production. Results revealed larger vocal response magnitudes to pitch‐perturbed auditory feedback across tasks in ASD and ASD parent groups, with differences in sustained vowel production driven by parents who displayed subclinical personality and language features associated with ASD (i.e., broad autism phenotype). Both ASD and ASD parent groups exhibited increased response onset latencies during sustained vowel production, while the ASD parent group exhibited decreased response onset latencies during speech production. Vocal response magnitudes across tasks were associated with prosodic atypicalities in both individuals with ASD and their parents. Exploratory event‐related potential (ERP) analyses in a subgroup of participants during the sustained vowel task revealed reduced P1 ERP amplitudes in the ASD group, with similar trends observed in parents. Overall, results suggest underdeveloped feedforward systems and neural attenuation in detecting audio‐vocal feedback may contribute to ASD‐related prosodic atypicalities. Importantly, results implicate atypical audio‐vocal integration as a marker of genetic risk to ASD, evident in ASD and among clinically unaffected relatives. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1192–1210. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Previous research has identified atypicalities in prosody (e.g., intonation) in individuals with ASD and a subset of their first‐degree relatives. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying prosodic differences in ASD, this study examined how individuals with ASD and their parents responded to unexpected differences in what they heard themselves say to modify control of their voice (i.e., audio‐vocal integration). Results suggest that disruptions to audio‐vocal integration in individuals with ASD contribute to ASD‐related prosodic atypicalities, and the more subtle differences observed in parents could reflect underlying genetic liability to ASD.
Extracellular Vesicles in Glioma: From Diagnosis to Therapy
Authors: Basu Bhaskar , Ghosh Mrinal K.
Published: June 2019

Increasing evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from tumor cells play a key role in the overall progression of the disease state. EVs such as exosomes are secreted by a wide variety of cells and transport a varied population of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA species within the body. Gliomas constitute a significant proportion of all primary brain tumors and majority of brain malignancies. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents grade IV glioma and is associated with very poor prognosis despite the cumulative advances in diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies. Here, the authors describe the progress in understanding the role of EVs, especially exosomes, in overall glioma progression, and how new research is unraveling the utilities of exosomes in glioma diagnostics and development of next‐generation therapeutic systems. Finally, based on an understanding of the latest scientific literature, a model for the possible working of therapeutic exosomes in glioma treatment is proposed.
Koppel‐, Steck‐ und Einrastmechanismen
Authors: Nachtigall Werner
Published: June 2019

Neben „einfachen“ Maschinenelementen wie Hebel und Scharnier (beschrieben in Teil 1 dieses Artikels, BiuZ 2/19) geben insbesonders komplexere wie die hier geschilderten Koppel‐, Steck‐ und Einrastmechanismen Vergleichsmöglichkeiten auf der Suche nach biologisch‐technischen Analogien. Die technischen Vergleichspartner erweisen sich dabei oft als heuristisch bedeutsame Näherungen, können sie doch den nach Funktionen suchenden Biologen bei der Beschreibung komplexerer biomechanischer Systeme auf übersehene Elemente hinweisen. Eine zwangsläufige kinematische Kette zum Beispiel muss viergliedrig sein; eine in der Biologie scheinbar fehlende Drehachse kann sich etwa in einer dünnen knöchernen Biegestelle manifestieren.
Mit den Waffen der Chemie gegen Insekten
Authors: Menzel Randolf , Tison Lea
Published: June 2019

Die industrialisierte Landwirtschaft setzt zunehmend auf chemische Mittel bei der Bekämpfung von Nahrungskonkurrenten. Daraus ergeben sich eine Reihe von direkten und indirekten Wirkungen auf die Kulturlandschaft. Unter den Insektiziden sind es vor allem die Neonicotinoide, die die bestäubenden Insekten abtöten oder schädigen. Diese Insektizide binden an den nikotinischen Acetylcholin‐Rezeptor im Gehirn der Insekten und beeinträchtigen insbesondere die Gedächtnisbildung und den Abruf aus dem Gedächtnis. Lernvermögen und Gedächtnis sind essentielle Voraussetzungen für eine effektive Bestäubung. Untersuchungen an der Honigbiene ergaben, dass so geringe Dosen, wie sie von behandelten Pflanzen im Nektar und Pollen aufgenommen werden, das Lernvermögen, das Gedächtnis, die Navigation, die Sammelmotivation und die soziale Kommunikation massiv stören. Neben diesen direkten Wirkungen der Neonicotinoide auf Nicht‐Zielinsekten gehen eine Fülle von weiteren indirekten Wirkungen aus, die zu einer Verarmung der Umwelt führen, und dies nicht nur auf den behandelten Flächen. Die Ursache für diese großflächige Wirkung liegt an der Stabilität und der Wasserlöslichkeit der Neonicotinoide.
Ein Weg ohne Rückkehr?
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar
Published: June 2019

Die Lebendgeburt (Viviparie) evolvierte mehrfach unabhängig voneinander innerhalb der Wirbeltiere, besonders oft bei den Eidechsen und Schlangen. Dafür wurden verschiedene physiologische und anatomische Veränderungen entwickelt wie die Plazenta bei rein viviparen Arten. Fossile Meeresreptilien belegen, dass das marine Leben die Evolution der Viviparie begünstigt. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Entwicklung einer genetisch determinierten Geschlechtsbestimmung. Die Rückkehr von der Viviparie zur Eiablage (Oviparie) ist physiologisch und anatomisch sehr schwierig. Ob sie überhaupt möglich ist, ist noch nicht geklärt.
Nachhaltiger Umgang mit Gemüseresten durch vegetatives „Regrowing“
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: June 2019

„Was haben Salatstrunk, Zwiebelwurzel und Avocadokern gemeinsam? Sie landen direkt im Müll. Wer ahnt schon, welch ungeahntes Potenzial in ihnen steckt?“ [1]. Vor dem Hintergrund des nachhaltigen, wertschätzenden Umgangs mit Lebensmitteln wird am Beispiel von Frühlingszwiebeln (Lauchzwiebeln, Allium fistulosum, Amaryllidaceae) eine Versuchsreihe zum „Nachwachsenlassen“ von meristematischem Gewebe vorgestellt.
Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Denmark (1998–2008, 2007–2014)
Authors: Asgari Nasrin , Lillevang Soeren T. , Skejoe Hanne P. B. , Kyvik Kirsten O.
Published: June 2019

Epidemiological studies of the uncommon disorder neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) may be difficult to interpret because of the evolving nature of diagnostic criteria, differences in the definition and accuracy of NMOSD diagnosis, the completeness of case ascertainment, and variability in assays for the disease‐specific biomarker aquaporin‐4 (AQP4)‐IgG. A sub‐group of patients with the clinical syndrome NMOSD lack detectable AQP4‐IgG and in these cases an accurate diagnosis requires precise diagnostic algorithms and longitudinal follow‐up. Consecutive sets of criteria for NMO/NMOSD have been introduced during the two last decades. Such criteria need validation in different populations. Detection of other autoantibodies, such as IgG specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein or for glial fibrillary acidic protein in a sub‐group of AQP4‐IgG–negative NMOSD patients, has improved over the past decade and may lead to overlap of the clinical syndromes/phenotypes. This review begins by summarizing current knowledge on the widening clinical spectrum of NMOSD. Subsequently, we describe two epidemiological studies from Denmark carried out in two different decades (1998–2008 and 2007–2014) and comment on the differences in study design, patient ascertainment, and interpretation of results. These factors may explain some of the observed differences, reflecting the complexity and providing a clear example of this development.
Heterologous expression, purification, and functional characterization of recombinant ovine angiotensinogen in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Palanikumar Indumathi , Katla Srikanth , Tahara Nariyasu , Yui Midori , Zhang Rui , Ebihara Akio , Sivaprakasam Senthilkumar
Published: June 2019

Angiotensinogen (AGT), a glycosylated plasma noninhibitory serpin, serves as a precursor for angiotensin peptides which regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. AGT is specifically cleaved by renin to produce angiotensin‐I, the first product of the angiotensin‐processing cascade. Ovine angiotensinogen (oAGT) is considered an effective substrate for human renin and consequently finds application in clinical renin assays. In this study, oAGT was cloned into the genome of Pichia pastoris and expressed under the control of alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter for high‐level production. Compared to the shake flask study, the high cell density cultivation in bioreactor resulted in multifold increase in oAGT titer (420 ± 9.26 mg/L), which is its highest reported titer to date. We purified recombinant oAGT to homogeneity using two chromatography steps. The characterization studies revealed oAGT underwent a two‐state transition during thermal denaturation process as assessed by differential scanning fluorimetry, and the melting temperature (Tm) of the purified oAGT from P. pastoris was 48.3°C. Renin reactivity with recombinant oAGT from P. pastoris (0.51 nM angiotensin‐I/min) was slightly lower than the renin reactivity for recombinant oAGT from Escherichia coli (0.67 nM angiotensin‐I/min), possibly because of its mannosylated N‐glycan content. Enhanced production of functionally active recombinant oAGT using P. pastoris expression system reported in this study envisage the effective utilization of oAGT in clinical studies related to renin in near future.
Modeling and Simulation of Solid‐Bowl Centrifuges as an Aspect of the Advancing Digitization in Solid‐Liquid Separation
Authors: Hammerich Simon , Gleiß Marco , Nirschl Hermann
Published: June 2019

As a part of the Industry 4.0 initiative, the level of digitization in the process industry is increasing. Through a close link between analytics and dynamic modeling, digitization enables the optimization of processes and the model predictive control. In the field of solid‐liquid separation using centrifuges, the advancing digitization forces the development of methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and short‐cut models to deepen process understanding and process intensification. CFD should be seen as support for experiments to develop suitable short‐cut models for the process simulation. Based on the prerequisites, this article describes the development of dynamic models and their application using the example of solid bowl centrifuges. Therefore, the particulate level is first addressed by discussing critical material properties. Afterwards, the developed numerical algorithms to investigate centrifuges on different time and length scales will be presented. Finally, the mathematical modeling on the process level by using short‐cut models is shown and discussed for decanter and tubular centrifuges.
Proteomic profiling of key transcription factors in the process of neonatal mouse cardiac regeneration capacity loss
Authors: Wang Mangyuan , Hu ShengShou , Nie Yu , Song Jiangping
Published: June 2019

The heart lacks complete regeneration capacity. In mice, the cardiac apex can regenerate 1 day after birth, although 7 days after birth the repair occurs with a fibrous scar. However, the key transcription factors (TFs) related to this loss of regeneration capacity remain largely unknown. We aimed to find candidates for key TFs using proteomic profiling and comparison during loss of neonatal mouse cardiac regeneration capacity, with preliminary validation using western blotting (WB) and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). A total of 69 common discrepant TFs with similar variation trends in two TF response element experiments were identified, 18 of which were matched to known key signaling pathways of cardiac regeneration after pathway enrichment of downstream genes. Validation using RT‐qPCR‐selected DACH1, RBL1 (P107), and TBX20, and further validation with WB‐selected RBL1 (P107) and TBX20. We therefore identified two candidates for key TFs in the loss of mouse cardiac apex regeneration capacity. TBX20 has been biologically validated, and RBL1 (P107) needs to be validated in the future.
Brown adipose activation and reversible beige coloration in adipose tissue with multiple accumulations of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose in sporadic paraganglioma: A case report
Authors: Terada Eriko , Ashida Kenji , Ohe Kenji , Sakamoto Shohei , Hasuzawa Nao , Nomura Masatoshi
Published: June 2019

In pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, nontumorous high 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulations are observed in both beige and brown adipose tissues. Recognizing this feature of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation can help physicians make precise diagnoses and help them avoid the pitfalls of a false‐positive 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography result, preventing unnecessary interventions.
Synthesis of Small Lipid Nanoparticles Using an Inkjet Mixing System Aiming to Reduce Drug Loss
Authors: Inohara Kota , Asano Shusaku , Maki Taisuke , Mae Kazuhiro
Published: June 2019

An inkjet mixing system was investigated to synthesize lipid nanoparticles (LNP) by mixing lipid ethanol and aqueous saline solutions. The system was employed to help minimize drug loss. The quick mixing of the droplets enabled the synthesis of small LNP while reducing the excess amount of saline solution that would contain drugs. The system also features minimal usage of reagents. A high relative velocity of the droplets and moderate values of the impact parameter were necessary for successful mixing. Faster droplets should collide with the upper or horizontal level of slower droplets to promote mixing. A horizontal spin of the coalesced droplets was favored rather than a vertical spin.
Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Continuous Crystallization in Microfluidic Devices Using Microbubbles
Authors: Fatemi Naghmeh , Devos Cedric , De Cordt Glenn , Van Gerven Tom , Kuhn Simon
Published: June 2019

Introducing microbubbles in a microreactor for continuous crystallization increases the nucleation rate and also prevents clogging. Adding surfactants affects the microbubble generation as it reduces their size, increases their frequency of formation and consequently also the interfacial area per unit volume of reactor acting as heterogeneous surface for nucleation. Here, the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on both the microbubble generation and the continuous crystallization of paracetamol is investigated. It is observed that while SDS significantly enlarges the heterogeneous surface available for nucleation, the crystallization itself is inhibited by its presence.
Microporous Organic Polymer‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Spheres for Efficient Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Deka Namrata , Barman Jayshree , Deka Jumi , Raidongia Kalyan , Dutta Gitish K.
Published: June 2019

A facile and template‐free synthetic approach was utilized to obtain a series of nitrogen and oxygen‐doped microporous carbon spheres (CTS‐X‐700) from carbazole‐terephthalaldehyde based co‐polymer spheres (CTS). The inherent spherical morphology of the co‐polymer remained intact even after activation at high temperature (700 °C). The synthesized materials exhibit BET surface area of up to 1340 m2 g−1 with an interconnected porous network consisting of ultramicropores and supermicropores along with a small amount of mesopores. Moreover, a good balance of heteroatom surface functionalities (N content up to 3.2 % and O content up to 12 %) was maintained without compromising the porosity by systematically varying the activation conditions. These features result in a high specific capacitance value of 407 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 in aqueous acid electrolyte with a three‐electrode system and superior cycle stability of 100 % capacitance retention even after 10000 cycles. Furthermore, the high energy density (10.6 W h kg−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1) in an aqueous electrolyte of the assembled supercapacitor device further demonstrates the possible applications of the synthesized materials as high‐performance energy storage devices.
trans‐Hydroboration of Propargyl Alcohol Derivatives and Related Substrates
Authors: Longobardi Lauren E. , Fürstner Alois
Published: June 2019

The hydroboration of internal alkynes with pinacolborane as the reagent catalyzed by [Cp*RuCl]4 results in good to excellent levels of regio‐ as well as stereoselectivity, provided that the triple bond bears one linear and one singly‐branched substituent. In such cases, the reaction follows an unusual trans‐addition mode and places the boron entity distal to the branching point. The resulting alkenyl boronates, which are difficult to make otherwise, can be engaged in numerous enabling downstream processes.
Topology‐Selective Ullmann Coupling on Metal Surfaces by Precursor Design and Adsorbate‐Substrate Interaction: Towards the Control over Polymer versus Macrocycle Formation
Authors: Fan Qitang , Gottfried J. Michael
Published: June 2019

In polymerization reactions, controlling the formation of open‐chain versus cyclic product topologies is necessary because of the different properties of polymer chains and macrocycles. Here, we report a topology‐selective Ullmann coupling on metal surfaces with control of the ring/chain competition. The precursor employed is 4,4′′‐dibromo‐ortho‐terphenyl (DBOTP), which features a 60° bent feature and polymerizes into zigzag polyphenylene chains on both Au(111) and Ag(111) surface via Ullmann coupling. However, the cyclotrimerization of the precursor occurs only on Ag(111) but not Au(111). It is proposed that the cyclotrimerization reaction on Au(111) is blocked, because the necessary C−C coupling of two carbon radicals with different vertical heights is unfavored. Such height difference stems from the intrinsic steric repulsion between the two ortho‐substituted phenyl groups. On Ag(111), the stronger adsorbate‐substrate interaction reduces the extent of the tilting of the phenyl group, resulting in a smaller height difference of the carbon radicals and consequently in the increased probability for the formation of the cyclic trimer.
Experimental Research on the Regeneration of Incomplete Crystallographic KH2PO4 Crystal Enclosed by Singular Face
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Li Mingwei , Xiao Linhai
Published: June 2019

The phenomenon of thin surface layer growth during the regeneration of incomplete crystallographic potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In the present study, four sets of incomplete crystallographic KH2PO4 crystals enclosed by singular faces are designed to observe their regeneration characteristics in supersaturated solution. In all the crystals, even though every crystal face is singular surface, thin surface layers still grow from crystal edges or concave angles to repair themselves to convex polyhedrons. Through surface energy calculation, it is found that the thin surface layer growth encounters higher growth barrier than ordinary layer‐by‐layer growth. Here, an assumption is proposed that the incomplete crystal possesses a “potential of morphology repair”, which drives the thin surface layers growing to repair itself into complete form. This assumption is confirmed to some extent by a thin surface layer fragments experiment. The experiment implies that thin surface layer is the same as the ordinary crystal seed once separated from incomplete crystal, and its growth rate is one order slower than in incomplete crystal.
Natural selection drives leaf divergence in experimental populations ofSenecio lautusunder natural conditions
Authors: Richards Thomas J. , Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel , McGuigan Katrina
Published: June 2019

Leaf morphology is highly variable both within and between plant species. This study employs a combination of common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments to determine whether differences in leaf shape betweenSenecio lautusecotypes has evolved as an adaptive response to divergent ecological conditions.

We created a synthetic population of hybrid genotypes to segregate morphological variation between three ecotypes and performed reciprocal transplants where this hybrid population was transplanted into the three adjacent native environments. We measured nine leaf morphology traits across the experimental and natural populations at these sites.

We found significant divergence in multivariate leaf morphology toward the native character in each environment, suggesting environmental conditions at each site exert selective pressure that results in a phenotypic shift toward the local phenotype of the wild populations.

These associations suggest that differences in leaf morphology betweenS. lautusecotypes have arisen as a result of divergent selection on leaf shape or associated traits that confer an adaptive advantage in each environment, which has led to the formation of morphologically distinct ecotypes.
Evolutionary stasis of a heritable morphological trait in a wild fish population despite apparent directional selection
Authors: O'Sullivan Ronan James , Aykanat Tutku , Johnston Susan E. , Kane Adam , Poole Russell , Rogan Ger , Prodöhl Paulo A. , Primmer Craig R. , McGinnity Philip , Reed Thomas Eric
Published: June 2019

Comparing observed versus theoretically expected evolutionary responses is important for our understanding of the evolutionary process, and for assessing how species may cope with anthropogenic change. Here, we document directional selection for larger female size in Atlantic salmon, using pedigree‐derived estimates of lifetime reproductive success as a fitness measure. We show the trait is heritable and, thus, capable of responding to selection. The Breeder's Equation, which predicts microevolution as the product of phenotypic selection and heritability, predicted evolution of larger size. This was at odds, however, with the observed lack of either phenotypic or genetic temporal trends in body size, a so‐called “paradox of stasis.” To investigate this paradox, we estimated the additive genetic covariance between trait and fitness, which provides a prediction of evolutionary change according to Robertson's secondary theorem of selection (STS) that is unbiased by missing variables. The STS prediction was consistent with the observed stasis. Decomposition of phenotypic selection gradients into genetic and environmental components revealed a potential upward bias, implying unmeasured factors that covary with trait and fitness. These results showcase the power of pedigreed, wild population studies—which have largely been limited to birds and mammals—to study evolutionary processes on contemporary timescales.