bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2. Suprasegmental Phonology and Early Reading Development
Authors: Holliman Andrew J.
Published: February 2016

This chapter aims to disentangle the complex relationship between the different components of suprasegmental phonology and early reading development. Specifically, it considers the possibility that suprasegmental phonology may not be a unitary construct and explores whether the different suprasegmental components of stress or loudness, pitch or intonation, and duration or timing (Kuhn & Stahl, 2003, p. 5) are related to reading development in different ways. It draws primarily upon published research evidence and theory along with some pertinent unpublished data from two recent exploratory studies, which developed and employed a new, multi-component measure of suprasegmental phonological sensitivity. Conclusions are made regarding the need to consider disentangling different aspects of suprasegmental phonology not only theoretically but practically, in order to develop a more sophisticated understanding of its role in early reading development.
Chapter 3. Which Prosodic Skills are Related to Reading Ability in Adulthood?
Authors: Mundy Ian R. , Carroll Julia M.
Published: February 2016

Over the past decade researchers have demonstrated that prosodic language skills are an important predictor of reading ability and that these skills exert both indirect/distal effects and direct/proximal effects on children’s reading performance. This research has placed prosody at the cutting edge of two fundamental issues in reading research: the origins of phoneme awareness and the search for new independent predictors of reading ability. It is argued in this chapter that recent research conducted with skilled and impaired adult readers places prosody at the forefront of another key issue: the nature of dyslexia. This research, which parallels similar investigations into readers’ phoneme-level skills, indicates that while certain phonological processes contribute to reading failure, others remain counter-intuitively intact.
Chapter 8. Stress Production in Derived English Words as a Developmental Window
Authors: Jarmulowicz Linda
Published: February 2016

Accuracy of stress production in derived words improves during the primary school years; however, little is known about the error patterns in production of derived words, particularly in children with known phonologically-based reading problems. In this chapter, theoretical accounts of lexical stress (i.e., metrical phonology) and derivation (lexical phonology) are discussed. Next, a descriptive study of derived word errors in stress placement, syllabification, and segments in 3rd and 5th grade typically developing children and a group of children with dyslexia is presented. Stress accuracy in derived words by the children with dyslexia was similar to younger children. Error profiles revealed that children with dyslexia made proportionally more errors in syllabification than did either typically developing group. Inaccurate syllabification might negatively affect both stress assignment and lexical access.
Direct observation of charge re-distribution in a MgB2 superconductor
Authors: Wu Sheng Yun , Shih Po-Hsun , Ji Jhong-Yi , Chan Ting-Shan , Yang Chun Chuen
Published: February 2016

To study the origin of negative thermal expansion effects near the superconducting transition temperature TC in MgB2, low-temperature high-energy synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction was used to probe the charge redistribution near the boron atoms. Our results reveal that the in-plane hole-distribution of B− hops through the direct orbital overlap of Mg2+ along the c-axis at 50 K and is re-distributed out-of-plane. This study shows that the out-of-plane π-hole distribution plays a dominant role in the possible origin of superconductivity and negative thermal effects in MgB2.
ArabidopsisATHB17 coordinates nuclear and plastidic photosynthesis gene expression in response to abiotic stress
Authors: Zhao Ping , Cui Rong , Xu Ping , Mao Jie-Li , Chen Yu , Zhou Cong-zhao , Yu Lin-Hui , Xiang Cheng-Bin
Published: February 2016

Photosynthesis is sensitive to environmental stresses. How nuclear and plastid genome coordinate to cope with abiotic stress is not well understood. Here we report that ATHB17, anArabidopsisHD-Zip transcription factor, coordinates the expression of nuclear encoded photosynthetic genes (NEPGs) and plastid encoded genes (PEGs) in response to abiotic stress.ATHB17-overexpressing plants display enhanced stress tolerance, whereas its knockout mutant is more sensitive compared to the wild type. Through RNA-seq analysis, we found that ATHB17 down-regulated many NEPGs while up-regulated a number of PEGs. ATHB17 could directly modulate the expression of several NEPGs by binding to their promoters. Furthermore, we identifiedATSIG5, encoding a plastid sigma factor, as one of the target genes of ATHB17. Loss ofATSIG5reduced salt tolerance while overexpression ofATSIG5enhanced salt tolerance, similar to that ofATHB17. Taken together, our results reveal thatATHB17is an important coordinator between NEPGs and PEGs partially through ATSIG5 to protect photosynthesis machinery in response to abiotic stresses.
X-ray and neutron powder diffraction analyses of Gly·MgSO4·5H2O and Gly·MgSO4·3H2O, and their deuterated counterparts
Authors: Howard Christopher , Wood Ian G. , Knight Kevin S. , Fortes A. Dominic
Published: February 2016

We have identified a new compound in the glycine–MgSO4–water ternary system, namely glycine magnesium sulfate trihydrate (or Gly·MgSO4·3H2O) {systematic name:catena-poly[[tetraaquamagnesium(II)]-μ-glycine-κ2O:O′-[diaquabis(sulfato-κO)magnesium(II)]-μ-glycine-κ2O:O′]; [Mg(SO4)(C2D5NO2)(D2O)3]n}, which can be grown from a supersaturated solution at ∼350 K and which may also be formed by heating the previously known glycine magnesium sulfate pentahydrate (or Gly·MgSO4·5H2O) {systematic name: hexaaquamagnesium(II) tetraaquadiglycinemagnesium(II) disulfate; [Mg(D2O)6][Mg(C2D5NO2)2(D2O)4](SO4)2} above ∼330 K in air. X-ray powder diffraction analysis reveals that the trihydrate phase is monoclinic (space groupP21/n), with a unit-cell metric very similar to that of recently identified Gly·CoSO4·3H2O [Tepavitcharovaet al.(2012).J. Mol. Struct.1018, 113–121]. In order to obtain an accurate determination of all structural parameters, including the locations of H atoms, and to better understand the relationship between the pentahydrate and the trihydrate, neutron powder diffraction measurements of both (fully deuterated) phases were carried out at 10 K at the ISIS neutron spallation source, these being complemented with X-ray powder diffraction measurements and Raman spectroscopy. At 10 K, glycine magnesium sulfate pentahydrate, structurally described by the `double' formula [Gly(d5)·MgSO4·5D2O]2, is triclinic (space groupP\overline{1},Z= 1), and glycine magnesium sulfate trihydrate, which may be described by the formula Gly(d5)·MgSO4·3D2O, is monoclinic (space groupP21/n,Z= 4). In the pentahydrate, there are two symmetry-inequivalent MgO6octahedra on sites of \overline 1 symmetry and two SO4tetrahedra with site symmetry 1. The octahedra comprise one [tetraaquadiglcyinemagnesium]2+ion (centred on Mg1) and one [hexaaquamagnesium]2+ion (centred on Mg2), and the glycine zwitterion, NH3+CH2COO−, adopts a monodentate coordination to Mg2. In the trihydrate, there are two pairs of symmetry-inequivalent MgO6octahedra on sites of \overline 1 symmetry and two pairs of SO4tetrahedra with site symmetry 1; the glycine zwitterion adopts a binuclear–bidentate bridging function between Mg1 and Mg2, whilst the Mg2 octahedra form a corner-sharing arrangement with the sulfate tetrahedra. These bridged polyhedra thus constitute infinite polymeric chains extending along thebaxis of the crystal. A range of O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, including some three-centred interactions, complete the three-dimensional framework of each crystal.
The challenging case of the theophylline–benzamide cocrystal
Authors: Fischer Franziska , Schmidt Martin U. , Greiser Sebastian , Emmerling Franziska
Published: February 2016

Theophylline has been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, but due to its low water solubility reveals very poor bioavailability. Based on its different hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups, theophylline is an ideal candidate for the formation of cocrystals. The crystal structure of the 1:1 benzamide cocrystal of theophylline, C7H8N4O2·C7H7NO, was determined from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space groupP41with four independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules form a hunter's fence packing. The crystal structure was confirmed by dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. The possibility of salt formation was excluded by the results of Raman and1H solid-state NMR spectroscopic analyses.
Des différences, pourquoi? Transmission, maintenance and effects of phenotypic variance
Authors: Plard Floriane , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Coulson Tim , Tuljapurkar Shripad
Published: February 2016

Despite the observed distribution of variable individual phenotypes, survival and reproductive performance in wild populations, models of population dynamics often focus on mean demographic rates. Populations are constituted by individuals with different phenotypes and thus different performances. However, many models of population dynamics provide no understanding of the influence of this phenotypic variation on population dynamics.

In this paper, we investigate how the relationships between demographic rates and phenotype distribution influence the transmission and the upholding of phenotypic variation, and population dynamics. We used integral projection models to measure associations between differences of phenotypic trait (size or mass) among individuals and demographic rates, growth and inheritance, and then quantify the influence of phenotypic variation on population dynamics. We build an analytical and general model resulting from simplifications assuming small phenotypic variance. We illustrate our model with two case studies: a short‐ and a long‐lived life history.

Population growth rate r is determined by a Lotka style equation in which survival and fertility are averaged over a phenotypic distribution that changes with age. Here, we further decomposed r to show how much it is affected by shifts in phenotypic average as well as variance. We derived the elasticities of r to the first and second derivative of each demographic rate. In particular, we show that the nonlinearity of change in selective pressure with phenotype matters more to population dynamics than the strength of this selection. In other words, the variance of a given trait will be most important when the strength of selection increases (or decreases) nonlinearly with that trait.

Inheritance shapes the distribution of newborn phenotypes. Even if newborns have a fixed average phenotype, the variance among newborns increases with phenotypic variance among mothers, strength of inheritance and developmental variation. We explain how the components of inheritance can influence phenotypic variance and thus the demographic rates and population dynamics. In particular, when mothers of different ages produce offspring of different mean phenotype, the inheritance function can have a large influence on both the mean and variance of the trait at different ages and thus on the population growth rate.

We provide new tools to understand how phenotypic variation influences population dynamics and discuss in which life histories we expect this influence to be large. For instance, in our short‐lived life history, individual variability has larger effect than in our long‐lived life history. We conclude by indicating future directions of analysis.
Prioritizing management actions for invasive populations using cost, efficacy, demography and expert opinion for 14 plant species world‐wide
Authors: Kerr Natalie Z. , Baxter Peter W.J. , Salguero‐Gómez Roberto , Wardle Glenda M. , Buckley Yvonne M.
Published: February 2016

Management of invasive populations is typically investigated case‐by‐case. Comparative approaches have been applied to single aspects of management, such as demography, with cost or efficacy rarely incorporated.

We present an analysis of the ranks of management actions for 14 species in five countries that extends beyond the use of demography alone to include multiple metrics for ranking management actions, which integrate cost, efficacy and demography (cost‐effectiveness) and managers’ expert opinion of ranks. We use content analysis of manager surveys to assess the multiple criteria managers use to rank management strategies.

Analysis of the matrix models for managed populations showed that all management actions led to reductions in population growth rate (λ), with a median 48% reduction in λ across all management units; however, only 66% of the actions led to declining populations (λ < 1).

Each management action ranked by cost‐effectiveness and cost had a unique rank; however, elasticity ranks were often tied, providing less discrimination among management actions. Ranking management actions by cost alone aligned well with cost‐effectiveness ranks and demographic elasticity ranks were also well aligned with cost‐effectiveness. In contrast, efficacy ranks were aligned with managers’ ranks and managers identified efficacy and demography as important. 80% of managers identified off‐target effects of management as important, which was not captured using any of the other metrics.

Synthesis and applications. A multidimensional view of the benefits and costs of management options provides a range of single and integrated metrics. These rankings, and the relationships between them, can be used to assess management actions for invasive plants. The integrated cost‐effectiveness approach goes well ‘beyond demography’ and provides additional information for managers; however, cost‐effectiveness needs to be augmented with information on off‐target effects and social impacts of management in order to provide greater benefits for on‐the‐ground management.
Local and regional determinants of vascular epiphyte mortality in the Andean mountains of Colombia
Authors: Zuleta Daniel , Benavides Ana M. , López‐Rios Victor , Duque Alvaro
Published: February 2016

We present the first large‐scale assessment of vascular epiphyte mortality in the neotropics. Our goals were to explore the primary types of vascular epiphyte death and to identify local and regional determinants of epiphyte mortality in natural forests located 60 to 2900 m a.s.l. in the Colombian Andes.

Based on two consecutive annual surveys, we followed the fate of 4247 epiphytes to estimate the epiphyte mortality rate on 116 host trees at nine sites. A logistic regression analysis for proportional data with a binomial distribution of the error was applied to determine the probability of epiphyte death in relation to local and regional explanatory variables.

The overall epiphyte mortality rate was 7.5 ± 1.1% year−1 (mean ± standard error). Non‐mechanical factors, such as desiccation, accounted for a mortality rate of 1.9 ± 0.3% year−1. Mechanical factors, such as falling branches, accounted for a mortality rate of 5.6 ± 1.1% year−1. According to generalized linear modelling analyses, both local and regional factors played key roles in determining epiphyte mortality. The actual evapotranspiration (regional factor) and the mean epiphyte attachment height (local factor) were both consistently positively associated with the probability of epiphyte death. Additional variables identified as possible determinants of the epiphyte mortality were the temperature seasonality, annual temperature range, the height and number of branches of the tree and the abundance of large trees (DBH ≥10 cm).

Synthesis. The recorded high mortality rate indicates that natural epiphyte assemblages must be highly dynamic to avoid local extinction of species. Our study identifies actual evapotranspiration as an important driver of epiphyte mortality, and we highlight its importance in determining the fate tropical epiphyte communities may experience if evapotranspiration increases due to climate change. We hope our study addresses the paucity of research on non‐tree growth forms, typically ignored in vegetation dynamics, and encourages their inclusion in future studies that investigate the function of tropical ecosystems.
Stage‐dependent effects of exogenous TRAIL on atherogenesis: role of ER stress‐mediated sensitization of macrophage apoptosis
Authors: Liu Fangfang , Cheng Wen , Bi Xiaolei , Zhang Yun , Zhao Yuxia , Jiang Fan
Published: February 2016

Deletion of the gene of tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) in apolipoprotein E‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice increased atherosclerosis. However, the effect of TRAIL at a supra‐physiological level on early atherogenesis is unknown. ApoE−/− mice were divided into Early (high‐fat diet with concomitant TRAIL treatment for 4 weeks) and Late (high‐fat diet for 16 weeks with TRAIL being given during the last 4 weeks) groups. It was found that TRAIL stimulated atherogenesis in the Early group but not in the Late group. TRAIL did not change the intra‐plaque macrophage content in Early group, but decreased it in the Late group. In cultured macrophages, induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress increased death receptor 5 (DR5) expression and TRAIL‐induced apoptosis, which were mediated by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). The expression levels of CHOP, 78 kDa glucose‐regulated protein (GRP78) and DR5 were all elevated in the Late group. TRAIL treatment in vivo also increased intra‐plaque apoptotic only in Late lesions. Moreover, the chemical chaperone 4‐phenylbutyrate blocked the development of ER stress and upregulation of DR5 in Late lesions in vivo. In conclusion, TRAIL at a supra‐physiological level has a stimulatory effect on early atherogenesis, but not in the advanced lesions. The differential effects of TRAIL may be related to differences in ER stress, DR5 expression, and the sensitivity of macrophage apoptosis in response to TRAIL in early versus advanced lesions. The results presented here raise the possibility that treatment with exogenous TRAIL as a therapeutic agent may be detrimental in patients with increased risk of atherosclerosis.
Using Length of Stay to Control for Unobserved Heterogeneity When Estimating Treatment Effect on Hospital Costs with Observational Data: Issues of Reliability, Robustness, and Usefulness
Authors: May Peter , Garrido Melissa M. , Cassel J. Brian , Morrison R. Sean , Normand Charles
Published: February 2016

Objective

To evaluate the sensitivity of treatment effect estimates when length of stay (LOS) is used to control for unobserved heterogeneity when estimating treatment effect on cost of hospital admission with observational data.

Data Sources/Study Setting

We used data from a prospective cohort study on the impact of palliative care consultation teams (PCCTs) on direct cost of hospital care. Adult patients with an advanced cancer diagnosis admitted to five large medical and cancer centers in the United States between 2007 and 2011 were eligible for this study.

Study Design

Costs were modeled using generalized linear models with a gamma distribution and a log link. We compared variability in estimates ofPCCTimpact on hospitalization costs whenLOSwas used as a covariate, as a sample parameter, and as an outcome denominator. We used propensity scores to account for patient characteristics associated with bothPCCTuse and total direct hospitalization costs.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We analyzed data from hospital cost databases, medical records, and questionnaires. Our propensity score weighted sample included 969 patients who were discharged alive.

Principal Findings

In analyses of hospitalization costs, treatment effect estimates are highly sensitive to methods that control forLOS, complicating interpretation. Both the magnitude and significance of results varied widely with the method of controlling forLOS. When we incorporated intervention timing into our analyses, results were robust toLOS‐controls.

Conclusions

Treatment effect estimates usingLOS‐controls are not only suboptimal in terms of reliability (given concerns over endogeneity and bias) and usefulness (given the need to validate the cost‐effectiveness of an intervention using overall resource use for a sample defined at baseline) but also in terms of robustness (results depend on the approach taken, and there is little evidence to guide this choice). To derive results that minimize endogeneity concerns and maximize external validity, investigators should match and analyze treatment and comparison arms on baseline factors only. Incorporating intervention timing may deliver results that are more reliable, more robust, and more useful than those derived usingLOS‐controls.
Development and Validation of HealthImpact: An Incident Diabetes Prediction Model Based on Administrative Data
Authors: McCoy Rozalina G. , Nori Vijay S. , Smith Steven A. , Hane Christopher A.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To develop and validate a model of incident type 2 diabetes based solely on administrative data.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Optum Labs Data Warehouse (OLDW), a national commercial administrative dataset.

Study Design

HealthImpact model was developed and internally validated using nested case–control study design; n = 473,049 in training cohort and n = 303,025 in internal validation cohort. HealthImpact was externally validated in 2,000,000 adults followed prospectively for 3 years. Only adults ≥18 years were included.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Patients with incident diabetes were identified using HEDIS rules. Control subjects were sampled from patients without diabetes. Medical and pharmacy claims data collected over 3 years prior to index date were used to build the model variables.

Principal Findings

HealthImpact, scored 0–100, has 48 variables with c‐statistic 0.80815. We identified HealthImpact threshold of 90 as identifying patients at high risk of incident diabetes. HealthImpact had excellent discrimination in external validation cohort (c‐statistic 0.8171). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of HealthImpact >90 for new diagnosis of diabetes within 3 years were 32.35, 94.92, 22.25, and 96.90 percent, respectively.

Conclusions

HealthImpact is an efficient and effective method of risk stratification for incident diabetes that is not predicated on patient‐provided information or laboratory tests.
Evolving integral projection models: evolutionary demography meets eco‐evolutionary dynamics
Authors: Rees Mark , Ellner Stephen P.
Published: February 2016

Patterns of survival and reproduction determine fitness, and there is a rich body of theory linking demography with evolution. For example, selection analysis can be used to predict changes in trait values, and by approximating selection, equations describing trait dynamics derived and evolutionary endpoints predicted. Here, we provide an overview of how these methods can be used to understand evolutionary dynamics and selection in a structured population modelled by an integral projection model (IPM).

General expressions for selection are given, and we show how these can be approximated using eigenvalue sensitivities. Approximations for the dynamics of both the trait mean and variance are presented and compared to simulation results (IPMs and individual‐based models) for monocarpic perennials.

We describe how selection can be decomposed into components related to survival and reproduction and into components resulting from changes in demography versus changes in population structure. We show that, in an empirically based IPM, effects of changes in population structure can be a major component of the overall selection pressure. Most studies of selection in natural populations have focused entirely on selection due to changes in demography, so our results may help explain why directional selection is often predicted but no evolutionary response is observed.

The endpoints of evolution, what we expect to see in nature, are explored using ideas from adaptive dynamics theory. The key methods are based on evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) and convergence stability. Efficient methods for finding an ESS are described. We then extend these ideas to function‐valued traits, where it is assumed that an entire function can evolve, rather than a few parameters defining it.

By combining theory for IPMs with ideas from several different fields, we show how the dynamics of ecologically complex, evolving systems can be understood.
Inverse estimation of integral projection model parameters using time series of population‐level data
Authors: González Edgar J. , Martorell Carlos , Bolker Benjamin M.
Published: February 2016

Integral projection models (IPMs) allow us to describe quantitatively the dynamics of a population structured by a continuous variable. They rely on information gathered at the individual level by recording survival, reproduction and changes in some structuring variable over time. This requires the ability to track individuals over the course of their entire life cycle. When this is not feasible, we would like to use alternative information to infer a population's dynamics. Time series of population‐level data are an option.

An inverse modelling approach allows inferring the vital rates of a population when only population‐level data, in the form of a time series of the size of a population and the distribution of its individuals along a structuring variable, are available. The approach also allows incorporating estimates obtained through individual‐level data. Here, we explore how inverse modelling performs with simulated data and a relatively simple demographic model. We explore scenarios of data availability in terms of time‐series length, per‐year sample size and availability of independent vital‐rate estimates. We also test model performance in a real system using a 15‐year long data set from a chamaephyte plant,Cryptantha flava.

We show that an inverse model can provide accurate reconstructions of the vital rates in a scenario where no individual‐level information is available. Better results can be obtained if independent estimates on any vital rate are provided, as was the case forC. flavawhere high interannual variation is present. Parameter estimation becomes more difficult with shorter time series, but per‐year sample size can be greatly reduced without significantly affecting parameter accuracy.

Inverse modelling ofIPMs allow for the estimation of unobserved vital rates, which is important for systems where any or all of the vital rates are hard to quantify. It also helps to determine whether a forwardIPMis capturing the population dynamics: if the inverse version produces incorrect reconstructions of the vital rates, the forwardIPMcan be considered as inadequately describing the system.
Multi‐loci diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with high‐throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Ferret Yann , Caillault Aurélie , Sebda Shéhérazade , Duez Marc , Grardel Nathalie , Duployez Nicolas , Villenet Céline , Figeac Martin , Preudhomme Claude , Salson Mikaël , Giraud Mathieu
Published: February 2016

High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) is considered a technical revolution that has improved our knowledge of lymphoid and autoimmune diseases, changing our approach to leukaemia both at diagnosis and during follow‐up. As part of an immunoglobulin/T cell receptor‐based minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients, we assessed the performance and feasibility of the replacement of the first steps of the approach based on DNA isolation and Sanger sequencing, using a HTS protocol combined with bioinformatics analysis and visualization using the Vidjil software. We prospectively analysed the diagnostic and relapse samples of 34 paediatric patients, thus identifying 125 leukaemic clones with recombinations on multiple loci (TRG, TRD, IGH and IGK), including Dd2/Dd3 and Intron/KDE rearrangements. Sequencing failures were halved (14% vs. 34%, P = 0.0007), enabling more patients to be monitored. Furthermore, more markers per patient could be monitored, reducing the probability of false negative MRD results. The whole analysis, from sample receipt to clinical validation, was shorter than our current diagnostic protocol, with equal resources. V(D)J recombination was successfully assigned by the software, even for unusual recombinations. This study emphasizes the progress that HTS with adapted bioinformatics tools can bring to the diagnosis of leukaemia patients.
Large Bone Vertical Augmentation Using a Three‐Dimensional Printed TCP/HA Bone Graft: A Pilot Study in Dog Mandible
Authors: Carrel Jean‐Pierre , Wiskott Anselm , Scherrer Susanne , Durual Stéphane
Published: February 2016

Background

Osteoflux is a three‐dimensional printed calcium phosphate porous structure for oral bone augmentation. It is a mechanically stable scaffold with a well‐defined interconnectivity and can be readily shaped to conform to the bone bed's morphology.

Purpose

An animal experiment is reported whose aim was to assess the performance and safety of the scaffold in promoting vertical growth of cortical bone in the mandible.

Materials and methods

Four three‐dimensional blocks (10 mm length, 5 mm width, 5 mm height) were affixed to edentulous segments of the dog's mandible and covered by a collagen membrane. During bone bed preparation, particular attention was paid not to create defects 0.5 mm or more so that the real potential of the three‐dimensional block in driving vertical bone growth can be assessed. Histomorphometric analyses were performed after 8 weeks.

Results

At 8 weeks, the three‐dimensional blocks led to substantial vertical bone growth up to 4.5 mm from the bone bed. Between 0 and 1 mm in height, 44% of the surface was filled with new bone, at 1 to 3 mm it was 20% to 35%, 18% at 3 to 4, and ca. 6% beyond 4 mm. New bone was evenly distributed along in mesio‐distal direction and formed a new crest contour in harmony with the natural mandibular shape.

Conclusions

After two months of healing, the three‐dimensional printed blocks conducted new bone growth above its natural bed, up to 4.5 mm in a canine mandibular model. Furthermore, the new bone was evenly distributed in height and density along the block. These results are very promising and need to be further evaluated by a complete powerful study using the same model.
Balancing Effort and Information Transmission During Language Acquisition: Evidence From Word Order and Case Marking
Authors: Fedzechkina Maryia , Newport Elissa L. , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: February 2016

Across languages of the world, some grammatical patterns have been argued to be more common than expected by chance. These are sometimes referred to as (statistical) language universals. One such universal is the correlation between constituent order freedom and the presence of a case system in a language. Here, we explore whether this correlation can be explained by a bias to balance production effort and informativity of cues to grammatical function. Two groups of learners were presented with miniature artificial languages containing optional case marking and either flexible or fixed constituent order. Learners of the flexible order language used case marking significantly more often. This result parallels the typological correlation between constituent order flexibility and the presence of case marking in a language and provides a possible explanation for the historical development of Old English to Modern English, from flexible constituent order with case marking to relatively fixed order without case marking. In addition, learners of the flexible order language conditioned case marking on constituent order, using more case marking with the cross‐linguistically less frequent order, again mirroring typological data. These results suggest that some cross‐linguistic generalizations originate in functionally motivated biases operating during language learning.
Abstract Conceptual Feature Ratings Predict Gaze Within Written Word Arrays: Evidence From a Visual Wor(l)d Paradigm
Authors: Primativo Silvia , Reilly Jamie , Crutch Sebastian J
Published: February 2016

The Abstract Conceptual Feature (ACF) framework predicts that word meaning is represented within a high‐dimensional semantic space bounded by weighted contributions of perceptual, affective, and encyclopedic information. The ACF, like latent semantic analysis, is amenable to distance metrics between any two words. We applied predictions of the ACF framework to abstract words using eyetracking via an adaptation of the classical “visual word paradigm” (VWP). Healthy adults (n = 20) selected the lexical item most related to a probe word in a 4‐item written word array comprising the target and three distractors. The relation between the probe and each of the four words was determined using the semantic distance metrics derived from ACF ratings. Eye movement data indicated that the word that was most semantically related to the probe received more and longer fixations relative to distractors. Importantly, in sets where participants did not provide an overt behavioral response, the fixation rates were nonetheless significantly higher for targets than distractors, closely resembling trials where an expected response was given. Furthermore, ACF ratings which are based on individual words predicted eye fixation metrics of probe‐target similarity at least as well as latent semantic analysis ratings which are based on word co‐occurrence. The results provide further validation of Euclidean distance metrics derived from ACF ratings as a measure of one facet of the semantic relatedness of abstract words and suggest that they represent a reasonable approximation of the organization of abstract conceptual space. The data are also compatible with the broad notion that multiple sources of information (not restricted to sensorimotor and emotion information) shape the organization of abstract concepts. While the adapted “VWP” is potentially a more metacognitive task than the classical visual world paradigm, we argue that it offers potential utility for studying abstract word comprehension.
Guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kakushima Naomi , Kato Motohiko , Sakata Yasuhisa , Hoteya Shu , Kataoka Mikinori , Shimaoka Shunji , Yahagi Naohisa , Fujimoto Kazuma
Published: February 2016

Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society (JGES) has compiled a set of guidelines for endoscopic management of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding using evidence‐based methods. The major cause of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. As a result, these guidelines mainly focus on peptic gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding, although bleeding from other causes is also overviewed. From the epidemiological aspect, in recent years in Japan, bleeding from drug‐related ulcers has become predominant in comparison with bleeding from Helicobacter pylori (HP)‐related ulcers, owing to an increase in the aging population and coverage of HP eradication therapy by national health insurance. As for treatment, endoscopic hemostasis, in which there are a variety of methods, is considered to be the first‐line treatment for bleeding from almost all causes. It is very important to precisely evaluate the severity of the patient's condition and stabilize the patient's vital signs with intensive care for successful endoscopic hemostasis. Additionally, use of antisecretory agents is recommended to prevent rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis, especially for gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. Eighteen statements with evidence and recommendation levels have been made by the JGES committee of these guidelines according to evidence obtained from clinical research studies. However, some of the statements that are supported by a low level of evidence must be confirmed by further clinical research.
Bodily maps of emotions across child development
Authors: Hietanen Jari K. , Glerean Enrico , Hari Riitta , Nummenmaa Lauri
Published: February 2016

Different basic emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise) are consistently associated with distinct bodily sensation maps, which may underlie subjectively felt emotions. Here we investigated the development of bodily sensations associated with basic emotions in 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children and adolescents (n = 331). Children as young as 6 years of age associated statistically discernible, discrete patterns of bodily sensations with happiness, fear, and surprise, as well as with emotional neutrality. The bodily sensation maps changed from less to more specific, adult‐like patterns as a function of age. We conclude that emotion‐related bodily sensations become increasingly discrete over child development. Developing awareness of their emotion‐related bodily sensations may shape the way children perceive, label, and interpret emotions.
Cortical hyper‐excitability in healthy children: evidence from habituation and recovery cycle phenomena of somatosensory evoked potentials
Authors: Zanini Sergio , Martucci Lucia , Del Piero Ivana , Restuccia Domenico
Published: February 2016

Aim

To compare neurophysiological parameters of central nervous system excitability in healthy children/adolescents with those of healthy adults.

Method

Two experimental protocols were used in 19 healthy children/adolescents (10 males and 9 females, mean age 9y 11mo [SD 2y 9mo], range 5–15y) and 19 healthy adults (8 males and 11 females, mean age 36y 6mo [SD 7y 9mo], range 27–51y). First, we administered repetitive trains of innocuous electrical stimulation of the median nerve and analysed habituation (progressive attenuation) of the cervical and cortical responses. Second, we administered several blocks of two closely timed electrical innocuous stimuli of the median nerve (with interstimulus intervals set at 5, 10, and 20ms in each block) and analysed the recovery index (the percentage of the response to the second stimulus with respect to that to the first).

Results

Clear‐cut neurophysiological signs of cortical hyper‐excitability were found in children/adolescents but not in adults. In contrast with the adults, the children/adolescents did not attenuate cortical responses to repetitive stimulation, and presented with extremely shortened recovery cycle. At baseline, both groups presented with comparable cortical responses.

Interpretation

Healthy children/adolescents present cortical hyper‐excitability compared with healthy adults. These findings agree with previous findings that show an overall imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal and neurochemical mechanisms in favour of excitatory ones, in the healthy developing cerebral cortex.
Was the Revolution Tweeted? Social Media and theJasmine Revolution inTunisia
Authors: Lowrance Sherry
Published: February 2016

Tunisia's Internet freedom prior to the “Jasmine Revolution” that overthrew longtime authoritarian leader Zine el‐Abidine Ben Ali has been described as roughly on par with that of China. Despite that, Tunisia's revolution has been described as one of the first “Twitter” or Internet revolutions, in which Internet technologies are said to have played a significant role This article illuminates how Internet technologies were (and weren't) used in challenging the Ben Ali regime. Based on interviews with Tunisian activists in early 2013, the research sheds light on Internet activities bridging street activism and Internet dissent. Whether through Internet or traditional face‐to‐face means, building the capacity to mobilize street protests long before mass mobilization was crucial to Tunisia's successful revolution.
Harsh climate selects for small body size among Iceland's Arctic foxes
Authors: Yom‐Tov Yoram , Hersteinsson Pall , Yom‐Tov Elad , Geffen Eli
Published: February 2016

We studied the effect of the two environmental indices, the sub‐polar gyre (SPG), and winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), together with mean annual winter and summer temperatures and geographic location on mandible size and body mass of Arctic foxes in Iceland (6345 and 2732 specimens, respectively) during the year of their death. We predicted that when favorable conditions prevailed, large specimens would be selected for, and vice versa.

Body size and body mass were significantly affected by the environmental parameters (i.e. SPG, NAO, ambient temperature and cloud cover) prevailing during the year of death. The effect of environmental conditions on body size was much stronger in the less productive region of eastern Iceland, apparently because in areas where food availability is meager, even a small difference in climate may tilt the balance from food sufficiency to food shortage. Western Iceland comprises only a quarter of the total surface area of the country, but its productive seashores are twice as long as those of all the rest of the country combined. It is interesting to note that the effect of the SPG, a marine phenomenon in the oceans surrounding Iceland, is reflected in the condition of the foxes more than the other climatic variables we used in this study, which are largely land‐related. Because Arctic foxes in Iceland feed largely on marine birds and invertebrates, the SPG seems to encompass more accurate information regarding the direct ocean forces that affect food availability to the foxes.
Analysis of dental students' written peer feedback from a prospective peer assessment protocol
Authors: Tricio J. , Woolford M. , Escudier M.
Published: February 2016

Introduction

Peer assessment and feedback is encouraged to enhance students' learning. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse pre‐clinical and clinical dental students' written peer feedback provided as part of a continuous, formative and structured peer assessment protocol.

Materials and methods

A total of 309 Year‐2 and Year‐5 dental students were invited to participate in a peer assessment and peer feedback protocol. Consenting volunteer students were trained to observe each other whilst working in the skills laboratory (Year‐2) and in the dental clinic (Year‐5). Subsequently, they followed a structured protocol of peer assessment and peer feedback using specially designed work‐based forms during a complete academic year. The content of their written feedback was coded according to the UK General Dental Council domain, sign (positive or negative), specificity (task specific or general), and grouped into themes.

Results

A total of 108 participants (40 Year‐2 and 68 Year‐5) completed 1169 peer assessment work‐based forms (516 pre‐clinical and 653 clinical); 94% contained written feedback. The large majority (82%) of Year‐2 feedback represented the clinical domain, 89% were positive, 77% were task specific, and they were grouped into 14 themes. Year‐5 feedback was related mostly to Management and Leadership (37%) and Communication (32%), 64% were positive, 75% task specific, and they were clustered into 24 themes.

Discussion

The content of the feedback showed notable differences between Year‐2 and Year‐5 students. Senior students focused more on Communication and Management and Leadership skills, whilst juniors were more concerned with clinical skills. Year‐5 students provided 13% negative feedback compared to only 2% from Year‐2. Regulatory focus theory is discussed to explain these differences. Both groups provided peer feedback on a wide and different range of themes. However, four themes emerged in both groups: efficiency, infection control, time management and working speed.

Conclusion

A structured peer assessment framework can be used to guide pre‐clinical and clinical students to provide peer feedback focused on different domains, and on contrasting signs and specificities. It can also present an opportunity to complement tutors' feedback.
Costs of fear: behavioural and life‐history responses to risk and their demographic consequences vary across species
Authors: LaManna Joseph A. , Martin Thomas E.
Published: February 2016

Behavioural responses to reduce predation risk might cause demographic ‘costs of fear’. Costs differ among species, but a conceptual framework to understand this variation is lacking. We use a life‐history framework to tie together diverse traits and life stages to better understand interspecific variation in responses and costs. We used natural and experimental variation in predation risk to test phenotypic responses and associated demographic costs for 10 songbird species. Responses such as increased parental attentiveness yielded reduced development time and created benefits such as reduced predation probability. Yet, responses to increased risk also created demographic costs by reducing offspring production in the absence of direct predation. This cost of fear varied widely across species, but predictably with the probability of repeat breeding. Use of a life‐history framework can aid our understanding of potential demographic costs from predation, both from responses to perceived risk and from direct predation mortality.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics in a coevolving host–virus system
Authors: Frickel Jens , Sieber Michael , Becks Lutz
Published: February 2016

Eco‐evolutionary dynamics have been shown to be important for understanding population and community stability and their adaptive potential. However, coevolution in the framework of eco‐evolutionary theory has not been addressed directly. Combining experiments with an algal host and its viral parasite, and mathematical model analyses we show eco‐evolutionary dynamics in antagonistic coevolving populations. The interaction between antagonists initially resulted in arms race dynamics (ARD) with selective sweeps, causing oscillating host–virus population dynamics. However, ARD ended and populations stabilised after the evolution of a general resistant host, whereas a trade‐off between host resistance and growth then maintained host diversity over time (trade‐off driven dynamics). Most importantly, our study shows that the interaction between ecology and evolution had important consequences for the predictability of the mode and tempo of adaptive change and for the stability and adaptive potential of populations.
Validating new diagnostic imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia via anatomical likelihood estimation meta‐analyses
Authors: Bisenius S. , Neumann J. , Schroeter M. L.
Published: February 2016

Recently, diagnostic clinical and imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia (PPA) have been revised by an international consortium (Gorno‐Tempini et al. Neurology 2011;76:1006‐14). The aim of this study was to validate the specificity of the new imaging criteria and investigate whether different imaging modalities [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET)] require different diagnostic subtype‐specific imaging criteria. Anatomical likelihood estimation meta‐analyses were conducted for PPA subtypes across a large cohort of 396 patients: firstly, across MRI studies for each of the three PPA subtypes followed by conjunction and subtraction analyses to investigate the specificity, and, secondly, by comparing results across MRI vs. FDG‐PET studies in semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia showed atrophy in temporal, fusiform, parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, and amygdala, progressive nonfluent aphasia in left putamen, insula, middle/superior temporal, precentral, and frontal gyri, logopenic progressive aphasia in middle/superior temporal, supramarginal, and dorsal posterior cingulate gyri. Results of the disease‐specific meta‐analyses across MRI studies were disjunct. Similarly, atrophic and hypometabolic brain networks were regionally dissociated in both semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. In conclusion, meta‐analyses support the specificity of new diagnostic imaging criteria for PPA and suggest that they should be specified for each imaging modality separately.