bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Factors Measurement for Future Air Traffic Control Systems
Authors: Langan-Fox Janice , Sankey Michael J. , Canty James M.
Published: January 2010

Objective: This article provides a critical review of research pertaining to the measurement of human factors (HF) issues in current and future air traffic control (ATC). Background: Growing worldwide air traffic demands call for a radical departure from current ATC systems. Future systems will have a fundamental impact on the roles and responsibilities of ATC officers (ATCOs). Valid and reliable methods of assessing HF issues associated with these changes, such as a potential increase (or decrease) in workload, are of utmost importance for advancing theory and for designing systems, procedures, and training. Method: We outline major aviation changes and how these relate to five key HF issues in ATC. Measures are outlined, compared, and evaluated and are followed by guidelines for assessing these issues in the ATC domain. Recommendations for future research are presented. Results: A review of the literature suggests that situational awareness and workload have been widely researched and assessed using a variety of measures, but researchers have neglected the areas of trust, stress, and boredom. We make recommendations for use of particular measures and the construction of new measures. Conclusion: It is predicted that, given the changing role of ATCOs and profound future airspace requirements and configurations, issues of stress, trust, and boredom will become more significant. Researchers should develop and/or refine existing measures of all five key HF issues to assess their impact on ATCO performance. Furthermore, these issues should be considered in a holistic manner. Application: The current article provides an evaluation of research and measures used in HF research on ATC that will aid research and ATC measurement.
Relationship Between Plasma Protease Inhibitor Concentrations and Lipid Elevations in HIV Patients on a Double‐Boosted Protease Inhibitor Regimen (Saquinavir/Lopinavir/Ritonavir)
Authors: Rhee Martin S. , Hellinger James A. , Sheble‐Hall Sandy , Cohen Calvin J. , Greenblatt David J.
Published: January 2010

The relationship between plasma protease inhibitor (PI) trough concentrations and hyperlipidemic effects were evaluated retrospectively using data from 2 pilot clinical trials of a double‐boosted PI regimen (saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir) in 25 HIV patients. The patients' median age was 39 years (range, 25–60). At baseline, PI‐naive patients had a median viral load of 53 500 copies/mL and median CD4 of 296 cells/mm3, while PI‐experienced patients had 37 750 copies/mL and 214 cells/mm3. Plasma PI trough concentrations of saquinavir, lopinavir, and ritonavir at week 12 were 520, 4482, and 153 ng/mL, respectively. At week 12, median fasting lipids increased significantly from baseline: total cholesterol increased from 165 to 189 mg/dL (P = .0005) and the triglyceride increased from 113 to 159 mg/dL (P = .001). There were no associations between PI trough concentrations at week 12 and the percent total cholesterol change at week 12. No associations were found between PI trough concentrations and lipid changes in HIV patients on a double‐boosted PI regimen (saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir). Factors other than systemic exposure to PIs (such as host or genetic factors) may modulate the hyperlipidemic effect of PIs.
Risperidone Long‐Acting Injection: Pharmacokinetics Following Administration in Deltoid Versus Gluteal Muscle in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Thyssen An , Rusch Sarah , Herben Virginie , Quiroz Jorge , Mannaert Erik
Published: January 2010

Long‐acting injectable (LAI) risperidone for intramuscular injection into the gluteal muscle every 2 weeks is approved for schizophrenia. The deltoid muscle provides a more accessible injection site and could therefore facilitate patient acceptance of an injectable medication. Two studies in chronic schizophrenic subjects evaluated the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of LAI risperidone administered into the deltoid muscle. The pharmacokinetics following deltoid injection and bioequivalence between deltoid and gluteal administration were assessed in an open‐label, single‐dose, crossover, fully powered bioavailability study. Tolerability and safety of deltoid LAI risperidone were investigated in an open‐label multiple‐dose study in subjects who were previously being treated with gluteal injections of LAI risperidone. Patients received 4 sequential intramuscular injections of LAI risperidone, administered every 2 weeks into the deltoid muscle. Deltoid and gluteal injections of LAI risperidone were shown to be bioequivalent at equal doses with respect to peak and total plasma exposure and exhibited dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics, independent of injection site. In addition, deltoid injection was safe and well tolerated. Injection of LAI risperidone into the deltoid muscle can be considered an alternative route of administration, because deltoid and gluteal injections are interchangeable in terms of drug exposure, with no additional safety or tolerability issues.
Pharmacokinetics of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride in Healthy Chinese, Japanese, and Caucasian Men
Authors: Thyssen An , Sharma Om , Tianmei Si , Aquilina Joseph W. , Vandebosch An , Wang Shean‐Sheng , Mudumbi Ramagopal , Hsiao Hsiu‐Ling
Published: January 2010

Dapoxetine is a short‐acting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor developed for the on‐demand treatment of premature ejaculation and is approved in some European Union countries, as well as Mexico and Korea, for this indication. The pharmacokinetics of dapoxetine 30 mg and 60 mg in healthy Chinese (single dose), Japanese, and Caucasian men (single and multiple dose) were assessed in 2 studies. In the 3 ethnic groups, dapoxetine was rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations evident approximately 1 hour after dosing, independent of dose, dosing frequency (single or multiple dosing), or ethnicity. Dapoxetine was eliminated in a biphasic manner with an apparent mean terminal half‐life of 14 to 17 hours. There was a dose‐proportional increase in dapoxetine maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under concentration‐time curves (AUCs). The single‐dose pharmacokinetic parameters of dapoxetine metabolites were also similar for the 3 ethnic groups, as were the pharmacokinetics of dapoxetine and its metabolites following single and multiple dosing in Caucasian and Japanese men. Dapoxetine was well tolerated by all 3 ethnic groups.
Social Exclusion of Muslims in India and Deficient Debates about Affirmative Action
Authors: Alam Mohd Sanjeer
Published: January 2010

Many nations today grapple with problems of social exclusion along ethno-religious lines and face demands for some kind of affirmative action by disadvantaged ethnic, racial and religious groups. In India, caste inequalities among Hindus have long been recognised and substantive measures for redressing disadvantages of lower castes have been in place for decades. Since India’s Muslims, too, are faced with various types of social exclusion, there have been ongoing debates about the necessity of state intervention in the form of affirmative action for Muslims.

The article interrogates various strands of this debate. While relative socio-economic disadvantages among Muslims cannot be denied, how Muslims are currently presented as a marginalised and excluded community is shown to be too simplistic and actually leads to isolation. In view of the multi-dimensional nature of group disadvantage for Muslims, particularly spatial patterns observable across India, more careful understanding is needed to develop effective affirmative action policies. While deeply flawed reasoning grounds prevailing current arguments in favour of separate affirmative action for Muslims, the article suggests that the aim should be to achieve better development for all disadvantaged people from all communities in any particular space.
Angelman Syndrome at the Synapse: Meeting Report of the Angelman Syndrome Foundation’s 2009 Scientific Symposium
Authors: Williams Charles , Franco Lisa
Published: January 2010

Angelman syndrome is caused by disruption of the ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A gene (UBE3A). The gene encodes an ubiquitinating protein that is widely expressed in the body but has tissue-specific expression in brain neurons, resulting in transcription from only the maternal allele. The normal function of this protein is beginning to be delineated, but its protein targets and role in various cellular pathways remain elusive. Angelman syndrome mouse models lacking the protein in the brain provide insight into neuronal cell dysfunction, particularly in hippocampal neurons where dendritic structure and synaptic function become disturbed. The Angelman Syndrome Foundation’s 2009 symposium theme was thus ‘‘Angelman Syndrome at the Synapse,’’ and the event enabled neuroscientists and other researchers and clinicians to present their current research on the syndrome.
Separation of azimuthal effects for new-generation resistivity logging tools — Part I
Authors: Davydycheva Sofia
Published: January 2010

A symmetrization approach used in new-generation logging-while-drilling (LWD) resistivity tools separates the dipping anisotropy and dipping boundary effects. It deals with couplings between axial transmitters and tilted or transverse receivers. I have investigated the performance of two symmetrization schemes in full 3D scenarios for LWD and rigorously extended them to triaxial induction logging, including couplings between transverse transmitters and transverse receivers. Thus, I apply similar principles of data processing to new-generation wireline and LWD tools. The method enables separation of the formation response from the borehole eccentricity effect, which cannot be ignored for triaxial induction. The technique can accelerate and improve existing methods of formation interpretation by directly determining bed boundary positions, formation anisotropy azimuth, and tool eccentricity direction and by improving visual interpretation of raw tool data. The second objective of my investigation was a brief review of previously published work on a 3D finite-difference (FD) modeling approach, its latest development and its ability to simulate responses of new-generation resistivity tools in general 3D formations. This approach, based on the Lebedev staggered FD grid, handles arbitrary resistivity anisotropy effectively. Its high efficiency encourages its routine use for modeling. In addition, the method enables simultaneous multispacing and multifrequency computing at no cost. It makes the detailed investigation and further development of the separation technique possible.
Dispersion Control of Surface-charged Prussian Blue Nanoparticles into Greener Solvents
Authors: Ishizaki Manabu , Abe Makiko , Hoshi Yuji , Sakamoto Masatomi , Tanaka Hisashi , Kawamoto Tohru , Kurihara Masato
Published: January 2010

The insoluble Prussian blue pigment was dispersed into greener solvents as surface-charged nanoparticles via their surface modification using various alkylamines. The nanoparticles bore negative zeta potentials originated from the surface [FeIII–OH]− moieties and their surrounding protonated alkylamines, [R–NH3]+, and their dispersible nature into solvents was controllable depending on the alkyl-chain lengths.
Biotransformation of metal(loid)s by intestinal microorganisms
Authors: Diaz-Bone Roland A. , Van de Wiele Tom
Published: January 2010

Many metals and metalloids undergo complex biotransformation processes by micro-organisms in the environment, namely, Ge, As, Se, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Po. Though the human intestine harbors a highly diverse and metabolically active micro-bial community, the knowledge on metal(loid) biotransformation by gut microbiota is limited. Microbial metal(loid) metabolism in the gut is highly relevant when assessing health risks from oral exposure, as both the bioavailability and the toxicity of the ingested compound can be modulated. This review gathers and compares a broad selection of scientific studies on the intestinal biotransformation of metal(loid)s. It can be inferred that metal(loid) biotransformation by intestinal microbiota is a common process, resulting in both beneficial and adverse toxicological effects. Whereas for Hg the intestinal demethylation of methylmercury results in enhanced elimination, highly bioavailable and toxic arsenic and Bi species are formed by intestinal microorganisms. In either case, we conclude that the gut microbial potency should be considered to be taken up in toxicokinetic studies and models for assessing the health risks of oral metal(loid) exposure. This will allow the relevance of intestinal metal(loid) biotransformation to be assessed for human health risks.Keywords: colon microflora; biomethylation; metals; metalloids; risk assessment; speciation; thiolation; volatilization.
Organic forms of trace elements as feed additives: Assessment of risks and benefits for farm animals and consumers
Authors: Mantovani Alberto , Frazzoli Chiara , Cubadda Francesco
Published: January 2010

Essential trace elements (TEs) are major nutritional feed additives, required for the health and welfare of farm animals, especially under intensive husbandry conditions. Within the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), risk assessment of feed additives is carried out by the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), which is increasingly confronted with additives based on organic forms of TEs. Organic forms are expected to have higher bioavailability, hence, lower levels in feeds may be needed to meet farm animal requirements. On the other hand, higher bioavailability might also lead to enhanced deposition in edible tissues, hence, increased consumer exposure; specific organic forms might also have a different distribution in edible tissues or products. Higher consumer exposure is especially relevant to TEs with recognized health risks at excess levels (e.g., Se); exposure scenarios should take into account background dietary levels and other intake sources (e.g., supplements). Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for adults and children are the basis for risk assessment; when no UL is defined (e.g., for Mn), a conservative estimate should assess whether the organic form in feeds might significantly increase the consumer’s intake above the dietary background. In perspective, specific maximum allowable contents might be considered for organic forms of TEs in feeds, when supported by a robust database as well as by targeted analytical methods.
Through the eyes of a stray dog: encounters with the Other
Authors: Fulkov Marie , Tipton Teresa , Ishikawa Makoto
Published: January 2010

This article explores a spatial model of culture and the intercultural gaze. It is informed by action research carried out with 40 pre-service and practising non-specialist teachers in the Czech Republic. Personal and cultural identities were examined through discursive encounters with
various forms of others. The authors use the Japanese term nora inu, which refers to a stray dog constantly on the move, as a multi-layered metaphor for moving beyond narrative pedagogy towards a spatial view of cultural identity. The research was conducted as part of an education programme
devised for Shmei Tmatsu's exhibition Skin of the Nation at Galerie Rudolfinum in Prague in 2007. Our analysis of the discursive spaces created by the participants reveals cross-cultural challenges and supports the idea that culture is an interactive field in which intertextual space is co-inhabited
by intersections and border crossings between and through all others.
Culture, identity, representation: the economic policies of heritage tourism
Authors: Morris Christine Ballengee , Sanders James H
Published: January 2010

Two US arts educators explore their experiences in cultural tourism; retracing the historical foundations of heritage tourism in the United States and those craft and economic development initiatives that have exploited both natural resources and the public imagination regarding regional
populations' expressions and cultural representations. Focusing on Appalachian and Ozark mountain peoples, they offer recommendations for approaches to studying heritage tourism and suggest questions that might guide arts educators to embark on such inquiry.
Enhancing children's learning: the art perspective
Authors: Adu-Agyem J , Enti M , Peligah Y. S
Published: January 2010

This study, which was qualitative in nature, investigated what school children in Ghana had to say about their drawings. Observation and in-depth interviews were used to examine links between art and emotion. Parents' views about art lessons were investigated also. The aim of this article
is to transmit what we found out about the value of art for enhancing these children's learning. The data analysis revealed that art facilitated expression of emotion and experience. Theory in the literature suggests that learning is most effective when it links with emotional experience;
thus, we put forward an argument for effective learning in the context of art lessons. Art can also be used as a form of therapy or preventive medicine to contribute to children's psychological well-being and subsequently prepare them for learning.
Sexing up the secondary art curriculum: a strategy for discussing Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs of S&M and the black male nude in art classrooms
Authors: Chittenden Tara
Published: January 2010

Representations of the body present valuable resources for questioning how historical, political and social conditions function to shape attitudes and identities. Viewed within a framework of discourses about power, domination, pleasure and subordination, the explicit representation
of bodies and acts does not have to be delimited as pornographic exposure. In this article I suggest a strategy for viewing Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs which demonstrate their potential as a resource for engaging students with discourses of sexuality and race as a part of the secondary
art curriculum. I focus my discussion on two particular photographs: Joe (1978) from Mapplethorpe's sadomasochism series and Ajitto (1981) from his series of black male nudes. I demonstrate that these, sometimes problematic, artworks can offer students a point of intervention
into contemporary cultural debates about sexuality, race and subjecthood.
Lessons learned from the landscape: an integrated approach
Authors: Miraglia Kathy , Smilan Cathy
Published: January 2010

This article presents a multidisciplinary pedagogy that integrates art education and ecological studies toward the goal of fostering affection for the landscape. This approach to designing art curriculum was based on ecological and outdoor education Expeditionary Principles. Learning
objectives that are common to art education and Expeditionary Principles are discussed. A model for teaching environmental education through art was incorporated in the design of a graduate professional development course for teachers. Environment was utilized as context and content, highlighting
art-making from natural materials, multidisciplinary connections and multiple perspectives. The outcomes, lessons learned from moving beyond the classroom into the landscape are reviewed. Finally, utilization of materials from the natural environment and, perhaps more significantly, sustaining
the environment through purposeful use of resources in the curriculum, are discussed.
There's no I in YouTube: social media, networked identity and art education
Authors: Sweeny Robert W
Published: January 2010

Social media represent a paradigmatic shift in the use of digital technologies, and provide new possibilities for art educational application, implementation and interrogation. These technologies also challenge notions of authenticity, authorship and authority that have been central
to the modernist core of the field. Individuals who are using social media as a medium challenge the authenticity of the art object, the authorship of the artist and the authority of the museum/gallery system. This article first provides an overview of three forms of interaction of social
media: tagging, the mash-up and simulated environments. These forms then provide a context for discussion of the potential uses for social media within the field of art education, as well as pointing to the limitations of such technologies. Then there is a consideration of the pedagogical
possibilities and problems inherent to three specific aspects of social media: Flickr and the hyperlinked image; YouTube and the moving image; and Second Life and the immersive image. This examination of social media may help other art educators to understand the importance of networked digital
technologies in the lives of individuals and groups worldwide. More importantly, they may see pedagogical implications in the visualities such technologies produce, the identities formed in virtual environments and the epistemologies that develop from networked social media.
The effecting eye: An integrated approach to teaching history of photography
Authors: Wang ShiPu
Published: January 2010

This article describes and evaluates the curricular design and learning outcomes of History and Practice of Photography. This is an undergraduate course that integrates creative and theoretical components, which are traditionally taught separately, and often in different departments,
in the study of the history of photography. Through interrogating contemporary visual culture with their eyes, words and cameras, students simultaneously study history and theory, examine divergent representational strategies through photographic assignments and deploy digital technologies
as crucial tools for effecting personal, cultural and socio-political change. As such, the course offers a pedagogical shift away from the conventional delivery of art history surveys, in which lectures, examinations and research papers tend to predominate. This integrated approach sets out
to create a multifaceted learning experience that fosters students' visual literacy, critical thinking, creative exploration and technological proficiency, all in the context of one class. The author proposes this curricular design as a template that could be extrapolated from, and applied
to, other areas of visual studies in higher education.
Using an interactive art education application to promote cultural awareness: a case study from Turkey
Authors: Eristi Suzan Duygu
Published: January 2010

In this study interactive technologies were used to promote cultural awareness. A series of five interactive art lessons was developed and carried out with 47 primary students at a private school in Turkey. The lessons included use of the Internet, asynchronous video conferencing, e-mail
chatting. The students participated in an interactive learning experience with peers in Canada over a period of three weeks in which they exchanged cultural images and an instructional CD. They were interviewed later to examine their impressions. Most students stated that the interactive art
lessons involving audio-visual technologies had encouraged learning and promoted higher levels of understanding. A considerable number had changed their views about culture. They liked learning about student viewpoints from other countries and mentioned that combining traditional and new technologies
this way increases cross-cultural interaction.
Role of museums in managing design education: a case study
Authors: Lee Hyun-Kyung
Published: January 2010

This essay is the result of a case study that I conducted at a National Design Museum in the USA. Specifically, I reviewed collaboration between this museum and the public educational system intended to enhance K-12 students' understanding of design and improve overall quality of art
education. The focus is on identification of educational practice specifically geared toward maximizing the effectiveness of education in design in a design museum. It is significant to note that design museums help to engender appreciation of ordinary objects and enhance understanding of
how both they and mass-produced images have been used to effect social, political and technological change. This case study analyses a summer institute programme at the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum in New York City and explores the role and importance of design-based learning. The
finding overall was that design education is useful for K-12 students in terms of developing thinking processes. When they engage in the process of designing, they learn to observe, identify needs, seek and frame problems, work collaboratively, explore solutions, weigh alternatives and communicate
their ideas verbally and visually. The design process offers opportunities for self-assessment, critiquing work in progress, revision and reflection.
The A/R/T connection: linking art practice, research and teaching
Authors: Smith Jill
Published: January 2010

The engagement of art educators with art practice, research and teaching is increasingly under debate. In New Zealand, as in many western countries, the emphasis has historically been upon teaching and learning. Perhaps influenced by Eisner's enlightened approaches (1979, 1991) to educational
connoisseurship and criticism, art/s educators began, in the late 1970s, to explore theoretical concepts that lay behind practice. Since then, emerging visions have been identified that support the argument for broadening research practice. Examination of the arts-based and practitioner-based
forms of inquiry being advocated now prompted me, within the context of art education in New Zealand, to engage in an approach to A/R/T in which art practice, research and teaching interconnect in an ever-continuing cycle.
Reviews
Authors: Wilson Sandra , Whittaker Ian , Sderstrm Eva K , Houghton Nicholas
Published: January 2010

NeoCraft: Modernity and the Crafts, Sandra Alfoldy (ed.), (2007) Halifax, Nova Scotia: The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art & Design, 273pp., ISBN 978-0-919616-47-953995, Paperback, $39.95
The Craftsman, Richard Sennett, (2009) London:
Penguin, 336 pp., ISBN: 9780141022093, Paperback, 9.99
Clay in the Primary School, Peter Clough, (2007) London: A&C Black, 112 pp., ISBN 978-0-7136-8819-1, Paperback, 12.99
Thinking Through Craft, Glen Adamson, (2007) Oxford: Berg, 209 pp., ISBN 9781845206475,
Paperback, 15.99
Graphical Methods and Cold War Scientific Practice: The Stommel Diagram's Intriguing Journey from the Physical to the Biological Environmental Sciences
Authors: Vance Tiffany C. , Doel Ronald E.
Published: January 2010

In the last quarter of the twentieth century, an innovative three-dimensional graphical technique was introduced into biological oceanography and ecology, where it spread rapidly. Used to improve scientists' understanding of the importance of scale within oceanic ecosystems, this influential diagram addressed biological scales from phytoplankton to fish, physical scales from diurnal tides to ocean currents, and temporal scales from hours to ice ages. Yet the Stommel Diagram (named for physical oceanographer Henry Stommel, who created it in 1963) had not been devised to aid ecological investigations. Rather, Stommel intended it to help plan large-scale research programs in physical oceanography, particularly as Cold War research funding enabled a dramatic expansion of physical oceanography in the 1960s. Marine ecologists utilized the Stommel Diagram to enhance research on biological production in ocean environments, a key concern by the 1970s amid growing alarm about overfishing and ocean pollution. Before the end of the twentieth century, the diagram had become a significant tool within the discipline of ecology. Tracing the path that Stommel's graphical techniques traveled from the physical to the biological environmental sciences reveals a great deal about practices in these distinct research communities and their relative professional and institutional standings in the Cold War era. Crucial to appreciating the course of that path is an understanding of the divergent intellectual and social contexts of the physical versus the biological environmental sciences.
What Does It Mean to Go Public? The American Response to Lysenkoism, Reconsidered
Authors: Wolfe Audra J.
Published: January 2010

The American response to Lysenkoism took place at a crucial moment in the evolving relationship between science and the public. Like many professional scientific organizations in the early Cold War, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) resisted involvement in political issues. In contrast to similar societies in the physical sciences, however, the geneticists' silence cannot be explained solely by the fear of financial or political repercussions. Rather, the GSA's reluctance to engage in political discussion reflected an ongoing debate within the scientific community on the proper role for professional societies in political controversy. Those geneticists who did become embroiled in the controversy did so as individuals rather than as emissaries of the profession. Geneticists H. J. Muller, L. C. Dunn, and Theodosius Dobzhansky attempted to reach the public through a variety of outlets, including books, magazines, newspapers, and the radio, but their interventions were shaped by their individual personal and political commitments. The GSA, in contrast, attempted to combat the spread of Lysenkoism with the help of a public relations firm and a Golden Jubilee celebration of the rediscovery of Mendel's laws. The messy story of the American response to the Lysenko crisis demonstrates the limits of scientists' political involvement during the early Cold War.
Longevity, Aging, and Caloric Restriction: Clive Maine McCay and the Construction of a Multidisciplinary Research Program
Authors: Park Hyung Wook
Published: January 2010

Since the 1930s scientists from fields such as biochemistry, pathology, immunology, genetics, neuroscience, and nutrition have studied the relation of dietary caloric intake to longevity and aging. This paper discusses how Clive Maine McCay, a professor of animal husbandry at Cornell University, began his investigation of the topic and promoted it as a productive research program in the multidisciplinary science of gerontology. Initially, McCay observed the effect of reduced-calorie diets on life span and senescence while pursuing his nutrition research in the context of animal husbandry and agriculture. But when he received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and started to participate in the establishment of gerontology during the 1930s, the scope of his research was considerably expanded beyond his original disciplinary domain. It became a multidisciplinary research program that attracted scholars from a variety of scientific and medical disciplines. This paper argues that through this expansion McCay's research created a means of maintaining cooperation among the diverse and heterogeneous academic fields constituting gerontology.
Public accountability and performance of two border water utilities
Authors: Aguilar-Benitez Ismael , Saphores Jean-Daniel
Published: January 2010

We analyze the performance of two water utilities located at the USA–Mexico border with a focus on public accountability. We evaluate selected performance indicators and explain how public accountability mechanisms can be associated with those outcomes. We find strong hierarchical accountability relationships between policymakers and water services providers but weak feedback mechanisms from customers to policymakers; moreover, structural barriers to political accountability resulting in weak accountability mechanisms may explain different facets of the relatively poor performance of both water utilities. Our findings suggest the need for these water utilities to build a closer relationship with their customers and to implement customer service indicators to track their performance.
Institutions and transition: does a better institutional environment make water users associations more effective in Central Asia?
Authors: Gunchinmaa T. , Yakubov M.
Published: January 2010

Integrated water resource management (IWRM) is a widely recognized management framework that is currently being adopted throughout post-Soviet Central Asia to inform and guide national water sector reforms, and to keep up with the pace of the faster moving land reforms taking place in the region. With hydrographic principles and public participation being at the core of this framework, the process in the region has started with the reform of on-farm irrigation systems by creating water users associations (WUAs), transferring irrigation management to them and introducing irrigation service fees. This paper draws on the experiences, over four years, of three study WUAs set up in the Ferghana Valley in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Aiming to explore the differences in institutional environment and arrangements in these three countries for establishing WUAs, as well as assessing WUA performances (particularly from users' perspectives), the study reveals that it is not only the newly-established institutional arrangements in the irrigation sector but also their internal operations, coupled with other important factors such as size of area farmed, overall viability of agriculture and a wider economic context that crucially determine overall irrigation performance.
Does social-ecological context influence state-based water management decisions? Case study from Queensland, Australia (1980–2006)
Authors: Pearson Leonie J. , Collins Kerry
Published: January 2010

The past several decades have seen significant changes in how governments approach water management decisions. This paper reviews 12 major water management decisions in Queensland, Australia, during 1980–2006. The resilience paradigm was used to place the water management decisions in a social-ecological systems context rather than the traditional water resource context. The social-ecological context was interrogated through three parameters: scientific knowledge, environment and institutions for each of the decisions. Results indicate: (a) a trend for increased adoption of formalised integrative (social, economic and environmental factors) evaluation methods (such as benefit cost analysis and environmental impact assessment) in the scientific knowledge parameter of social-ecological context; (b) the environmental parameter (e.g. drought) influenced the timing of water decisions; and (c) a possible threshold was found within the institutional context, i.e. change of State leadership, which determined the regime or type of water decision under consideration e.g. supply or demand dominated management. These findings provide insight to policy makers and scientists on the importance of social-ecological context in the assessment of State water decisions.
Averting expenditures and valuation of damages: two methods for assessing the benefits of water filtration in Israel
Authors: Lavee Doron
Published: January 2010

This paper presents an economic benefit analysis of constructing a filtration plant to serve the Israeli National Water Carrier. The main focus of the paper is a comparison of two methods for evaluating the benefits of the filtration plant: direct valuation of damages caused by consumption of unfiltered water, and assessment of consumers' willingness to pay for high quality water by analysis of averting expenditures. We also compare the benefit estimates, as derived by the two methods, with the costs of constructing and operating the filtration plant. The central result is that according to both methods of benefit analysis, the benefits of filtration significantly outweigh costs. Another important result is that total public willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water quality is higher than the total damage costs of consumption of unfiltered water. In the last section of the paper, a proposal for dividing the financial burden of constructing and operating the plant between relevant parties is presented.
Water supply governance in Accra: “authentic” or “symbolic”
Authors: Suleiman Lina , Cars Göran
Published: January 2010

This paper uses a governance theory framework to analyse the introductory process for the private sector managing and operating the public water utility Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL). The analysis was performed from three standpoints: process inputs, process conduct and process outcomes. The consultation process on involvement of the private sector was hostile and resulted in a “light” form of private sector participation in the form of a management contract that can be considered a de facto compromise, although not deliberate, by stakeholders. The challenges in improving the water sector performance and water supply services are profound. Because of continuing institutional, social, political and legal constraints, the involvement of the private sector per se is not the solution to providing long-term improvement in water services. The article concludes that it is misleading to leapfrog from government to governance, calling for the transmission of a governance “recipe”, as conceptualised in the Western context, and to assume that it can work in an unaccommodating institutional context.
Economic value of conserving river water quality: results from a contingent valuation survey in Yamuna river basin, India
Authors: Nallathiga Ramakrishna , Paravasthu Rambabu
Published: January 2010

River Yamuna is an important river in India that flows through the national capital—New Delhi. The river water offers a variety of functional uses in its basin area. A progressive deterioration of river water quality had rendered it to become almost a channel of wastewater. However, there is a willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the conservation of river water quality among the citizens of the basin. This paper reports on an application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) for estimating the economic value of river water conservation (both for current water quality maintenance and for the restoration of river water quality). The results show that there exists a WTP for the conservation of river water quality, which is about 14.93% higher for water quality restoration than that for maintenance of current water quality. Some of the issues in undertaking the CVM studies in developing countries are also discussed in the paper.
Strong Logics of First and Second Order
Authors: Koellner Peter
Published: January 2010

In this paper we investigate strong logics of first and second order that have certain absoluteness properties. We begin with an investigation of first order logic and the strong logics ω-logic and β-logic, isolating two facets of absoluteness, namely, generic invariance and faithfulness. It turns out that absoluteness is relative in the sense that stronger background assumptions secure greater degrees of absoluteness. Our aim is to investigate the hierarchies of strong logics of first and second order that are generically invariant and faithful against the backdrop of the strongest large cardinal hypotheses. We show that there is a close correspondence between the two hierarchies and we characterize the strongest logic in each hierarchy. On the first-order side, this leads to a new presentation of Woodin's Ω-logic. On the second-order side, we compare the strongest logic with full second-order logic and argue that the comparison lends support to Quine's claim that second-order logic is really set theory in sheep's clothing.
The Axiom of Infinity and Transformations j: V → V
Authors: Corazza Paul
Published: January 2010

We suggest a new approach for addressing the problem of establishing an axiomatic foundation for large cardinals. An axiom asserting the existence of a large cardinal can naturally be viewed as a strong Axiom of Infinity. However, it has not been clear on the basis of our knowledge of ω itself, or of generally agreed upon intuitions about the true nature of the mathematical universe, what the right strengthening of the Axiom of Infinity is—which large cardinals ought to be derivable? It was shown in the 1960s by Lawvere that the existence of an infinite set is equivalent to the existence of a certain kind of structure-preserving transformation from V to itself, not isomorphic to the identity. We use Lawvere's transformation, rather than ω, as a starting point for a reasonably natural sequence of strengthenings and refinements, leading to a proposed strong Axiom of Infinity. A first refinement was discussed in later work by Trnková–Blass, showing that if the preservation properties of Lawvere's tranformation are strengthened to the point of requiring it to be an exact functor, such a transformation is provably equivalent to the existence of a measurable cardinal. We propose to push the preservation properties as far as possible, short of inconsistency. The resulting transformation V → V is strong enough to account for virtually all large cardinals, but is at the same time a natural generalization of an assertion about transformations V → V known to be equivalent to the Axiom of Infinity.
A Sacks real out of nowhere
Authors: Kellner Jakob , Saharon Shelah
Published: January 2010

There is a proper countable support iteration of length ω adding no new reals at finite stages and adding a Sacks real in the limit.
A phase semantics for polarized linear logic and second order conservativity
Authors: Hamano Masahiro , Takemura Ryo
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a polarized phase semantics, with respect to which the linear fragment of second order polarized linear logic of Laurent [15] is complete. This is done by adding a topological structure to Girard's phase semantics [9], The topological structure results naturally from the categorical construction developed by Hamano–Scott [12]. The polarity shifting operator ↓ (resp. ↑) is interpreted as an interior (resp. closure) operator in such a manner that positive (resp. negative) formulas correspond to open (resp. closed) facts. By accommodating the exponentials of linear logic, our model is extended to the polarized fragment of the second order linear logic. Strong forms of completeness theorems are given to yield cut-eliminations for the both second order systems. As an application of our semantics, the first order conservativity of linear logic is studied over its polarized fragment of Laurent [16]. Using a counter model construction, the extension of this conservativity is shown to fail into the second order, whose solution is posed as an open problem in [16]. After this negative result, a second order conservativity theorem is proved for an eta expanded fragment of the second order linear logic, which fragment retains a focalized sequent property of [3].
Lattice initial segments of the hyperdegrees
Authors: Shore Richard A. , Kjos-Hanssen Bjørn
Published: January 2010

We affirm a conjecture of Sacks [1972] by showing that every countable distributive lattice is isomorphic to an initial segment of the hyperdegrees, . In fact, we prove that every sublattice of any hyperarithmetic lattice (and so, in particular, every countable, locally finite lattice) is isomorphic to an initial segment of . Corollaries include the decidability of the two quantifier theory of , and the undecidability of its three quantifier theory. The key tool in the proof is a new lattice representation theorem that provides a notion of forcing for which we can prove a version of the fusion lemma in the hyperarithmetic setting and so the preservation of ω1ck. Somewhat surprisingly, the set theoretic analog
of this forcing does not preserve ω1. On the other hand, we construct countable lattices that are not isomorphic to any initial segment of .
A proof of completeness for continuous first-order logic
Authors: Yaacov Itaï Ben , Pedersen Arthur Paul
Published: January 2010

Continuous first-order logic has found interest among model theorists who wish to extend the classical analysis of “algebraic” structures (such as fields, group, and graphs) to various natural classes of complete metric structures (such as probability algebras, Hilbert spaces, and Banach spaces). With research in continuous first-order logic preoccupied with studying the model theory of this framework, we find a natural question calls for attention. Is there an interesting set of axioms yielding a completeness result?

The primary purpose of this article is to show that a certain, interesting set of axioms does indeed yield a completeness result for continuous first-order logic. In particular, we show that in continuous first-order logic a set of formulae is (completely) satisfiable if (and only if) it is consistent. From this result it follows that continuous first-order logic also satisfies anapproximatedform of strong completeness, whereby Σ⊧φ(if and) only if Σ⊢φ∸2−nfor alln < ω. This approximated form of strong completeness asserts that if Σ⊧φ, then proofs from Σ, being finite, can provide arbitrarily better approximations of the truth ofφ.

Additionally, we consider a different kind of question traditionally arising in model theory—that of decidability. When is the set of all consequences of a theory (in a countable, recursive language) recursive? Say that a complete theoryTisdecidableif for every sentenceφ, the valueφTis a recursive real, and moreover, uniformly computable fromφ. IfTis incomplete, we say it is decidable if for every sentenceφthe real numberφTois uniformly recursive fromφ, whereφTois the maximal value ofφconsistent withT. As in classical first-order logic, it follows from the completeness theorem of continuous first-order logic that if a complete theory admits a recursive (or even recursively enumerable) axiomatization then it is decidable.
Schnorr triviality and genericity
Authors: Franklin Johanna N.Y.
Published: January 2010

We study the connection between Schnorr triviality and genericity. We show that while no 2-generic is Turing equivalent to a Schnorr trivial and no 1-generic is tt-equivalent to a Schnorr trivial, there is a 1-generic that is Turing equivalent to a Schnorr trivial. However, every such 1-generic must be high. As a corollary, we prove that not all K-trivials are Schnorr trivial. We also use these techniques to extend a previous result and show that the bases of cones of Schnorr trivial Turing degrees are precisely those whose jumps are at least 0″.
Groups definable in linear o-minimal structures: the non-compact case
Authors: Eleftheriou Pantelis E.
Published: January 2010

Let = ⟨M, +, <, 0, S⟩ be a linear o-minimal expansion of an ordered group, and G = ⟨G, ⊕,eG) an n-dimensional group definable in . We show that if G is definably connected with respect to the t-topology, then it is definably isomorphic to a definable quotient group U/L. for some convex ∨-definable subgroup U of ⟨Mn, +⟩ and a lattice L of rank equal to the dimension of the ‘compact part’ of G.
On the complexity of Gödel's proof predicate
Authors: Chen Yijia , Flum Jörg
Published: January 2010

The undecidability of first-order logic implies that there is no computable bound on the length of shortest proofs of valid sentences of first-order logic. Some valid sentences can only have quite long proofs. How hard is it to prove such “hard” valid sentences? The polynomial time tractability of this problem would imply the fixed-parameter tractability of the parameterized problem that, given a natural number n in unary as input and a first-order sentence φ as parameter, asks whether φ has a proof of length ≤ n. As the underlying classical problem has been considered by Gödel we denote this problem by p-Gödel. We show that p-Gödel is not fixed-parameter tractable if DTIME(hO(1)) ≠ NTIME(hO(1)) for all time constructible and increasing functions h. Moreover we analyze the complexity of the construction problem associated with p-Gödel.