bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Alumina Feeding With the µ(I)-Rheology
Authors: Gylver Sindre Engzelius , Einarsrud Kristian Etienne
Published: May 2023

Efficient feeding and dissolution of alumina are necessary in order to maintain a stable Hall–Héroult process. One dose of alumina contains several thousand grains, and simulating the motion of individual particles is in practice impossible. The current work proposes to model the alumina dose through a continuous formulation, using the µ(I)-rheology. The rheology is implemented as a viscosity model in OpenFOAM and initial verification cases showed an average deviation below 0.1 pct, and a benchmark case had an average deviation of 7.4 pct. A parametric study, where grains were simulated to collapse on a flat surface identified the two rheology parameters $$\mu _2$$

μ
2

and $$I_{\text{0}}$$

I
0

to be of particular importance, accounting for more than 70 pct of the variation seen. Finally, three-phase cases simulating the feeding of a dose in cryolite were conducted, and the µ(I)-rheology was able to let the parts of the dose disperse into the melt and detach, which is in accordance with what has been seen in experiments. The current work was also able to couple the model with an earlier developed solidification model, hence, creating a framework for developing a full model for alumina feeding.
Orientability through the algebraic multiplicity
Authors: López-Gómez Julián , Sampedro Juan Carlos
Published: May 2023

This paper establishes some hidden connections between the theory of generalized algebraic multiplicities, $$\chi $$
χ
, and the notion of orientability of vector bundles. The novel approach adopted in it facilitates the definition of several invariants closely related to the first Stiefel–Whitney characteristic class through some path integration techniques.
Cribriform Morular Thyroid Carcinoma – Ultimobranchial Pouch-Related? Deep Molecular Insights of a Unique Case
Authors: Dettmer Matthias S. , Hürlimann Sandra , Scheuble Lukas , Vassella Erik , Perren Aurel , Wicke Corinna
Published: May 2023

A 44-year-old female patient with a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) was diagnosed with a cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma (CMTC). We observed within the very necrotic tumor a small but distinct poorly differentiated carcinomatous component. As expected, next generation sequencing of both components revealed a homozygous APC mutation and in addition, a TERT promoter mutation. A TP53 mutation was found exclusively in the CMTC part, while the poorly differentiated component showed a clonal evolution, harboring an activating PIK3CA mutation and copy number gains of BRCA2, FGF23, FGFR1, and PIK3CB—alterations which are typically seen in squamous cell carcinoma. The mutational burden in both components was low, and there was no evidence for microsatellite instability. No mutations involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, typically seen in papillary thyroid carcinomas, were detected. Immunohistochemically, all tumor parts were negative for thyroglobulin, providing further evidence that this entity does not belong to the follicular epithelial cell-derived thyroid carcinoma group. CD5 was negative in the poorly differentiated component, making a relation to intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma rather unlikely. However, since this marker was seen in the morules, a loss in the poorly differentiated component and a relation to the ultimobranchial body cannot be excluded either. After total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation, the patient was disease-free with no residual tumor burden on 2-year follow-up.
Examining the impact of urban compactness on work and social life disruption during COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nugraha Usep , Resosudarmo Budy P. , Nasrudin Rus’an
Published: May 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has hit urban areas particularly hard, yet there is a lack of research on the hypothesis that living in more compact cities can provide better support for work and social conditions during the pandemic. This study addresses this gap by examining whether city compactness can mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic on the work and social life of urban residents in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study uses a household phone survey combined with publicly available urban form data. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, supplemented with a matching technique to address potential selection bias, is employed. The results suggest that living in more compact locations can reduce the disruption to work and social life associated with COVID-19 in urban communities. This positive effect is particularly experienced by males, non-migrants, and individuals from wealthy families.
The Economic Performance of Reunited Families in Switzerland, 2013–2018
Authors: Galeano Juan , Gerber Roxane
Published: May 2023

Family migration has gained prominence as one of the main reasons for international mobility in both Switzerland and the rest of western European countries. However, research aimed at evaluating the economic performance of reunited families has been constrained by the unavailability of individual income and/or household composition data. The joint use of population registers and information about individuals’ social security contributions has allowed us to overcome this limitation. Using transition matrices and logistic models, we assess the economic performance of reunited families at the household level and evaluate differences based on the region of birth of the person initiating the process, as well as the financial situation of these families 5 years after the reunion. The results show a process of economic convergence between the three groups under analysis despite the initial differences in the income level of families, and that most reunited families achieve satisfactory living conditions. They also highlight the hybrid nature of Swiss-headed reunited families, which initially resemble those headed by a non-EU/EFTA person, in terms of the contributions their members make to the household income, but after 5 years they contribute similarly to EU/EFTA headed reunited families.
Vice Explanations for Conspiracism, Fundamentalism, and Extremism
Authors: Peels Rik
Published: May 2023

In the literature on conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism, we find so-called vice explanations for the extreme behavior and extreme beliefs that they involve. These are explanations in terms of people’s character traits, like arrogance, vengefulness, closed-mindedness, and dogmatism. However, such vice explanations face the so-called situationist challenge, which argues based on various experiments that either there are no vices or that they are not robust. Behavior and belief, so is the idea, are much better explained by appeal to numerous situational factors, like one’s mood or how orderly one’s environment is. This paper explores the situationist challenge to vice explanations for conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism in more detail by assessing the empirical evidence, analyzing the argumentation based on it, and drawing conclusions for where this leaves vice explanations. The main conclusion is that vice explanations for such extreme behavior and extreme beliefs need to be fine-tuned on various points, but that there is no reason to think that they have been discredited by empirical evidence. Moreover, the situationist challenge shows that sensitivity is needed for distinguishing when vice explanations for conspiracism, fundamentalism, and extremism are appropriate, when appeal to situational factors is more fitting, and when the two can be combined.
Experimental evaluation of the water-based enhanced oil recovery methods in ultra-tight reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Xiangchun , Luo Zixuan , Liu Junlong , Wang Jinghua , Shafieezadeh M. Mehdi
Published: May 2023

Water-based enhanced oil recovery methods have been developed to improve the oil production rate from ultra-tight reservoirs. By coupling the effect of surfactant as wettability alteration and water alternating gas injection method, we aimed to determine the most efficient enhanced oil recovery technique. We performed seven injectivity scenarios to measure the oil recovery factor by introducing the alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) as a surfactant agent during the active carbonated water alternating gas (ACWAG) injection. To consider the effect of slug size during water alternating gas injection, we used two different slug sizes (0.3, and 0.6). After the water breakthrough, a little oil volume was produced, and the maximum oil recovery factor at 1.5 Pore Volume (PV) was 26%. This issue corresponded to the water channeling after the breakthrough point. For smaller slug sizes (0.3), the maximum oil recovery factor (78%) was reached in smaller pore volumes. One of the exciting results wass the considerable influence of slug ratio during the water alternating gas (WAG) injection, in which it provided more oil recovery factor (83%) when the gas volume is higher than the water volume. Finally, by introducing the coupling effect of active carbonated water (made by LABSA surfactant) and WAG injection, the maximum oil recovery factor was 85%, corresponding to the better efficiency of active carbonated water in interfacial tension reduction. The results of this comprehensive investigation can be extended in ultra-tight sandstone reservoirs and can be applied as a further guideline in numerical simulations.

Graphical abstract
Organisational structure configurations, their application and contribution to business performance in Greek shipping companies
Authors: Lazakis Iraklis , Van Der Meer Robert
Published: May 2023

The maritime industry is the cornerstone of the transportation of goods worldwide, offering safe, secure and environmentally friendly operations. Greek-owned and managed shipping companies and their successful performance can also be attributed to their unique organisational structure. The present paper explores the operational and theoretical organisational features in relation to Greek shipping companies and establishes to which extent these contribute to their business performance. Primary and secondary sources of information are considered while also employing semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Two shipping companies each with a diverse fleet of vessels are examined through the development of 8 organisational structures and 12 company structural elements. It is found that Greek shipping companies’ structure is described by a hybrid organisational framework, combining the family-oriented strong leadership, internal company bonds, solid management, rapid adaptation to change and the attraction of loyal investors. Company A should further streamline the specialist organisational elements within operations (bunkering and chartering), technical and corporate functions (commercial, finance, training, IT, HR, insurance and legal) department while company B should upgrade the finance (accounts and invoice controls teams), HSQE (health, safety, environment, quality), operations (chartering element) and technical (purchasing, new building and performance teams) departments.
Effects of Nutrition and Exercise Interventions on Persons with Sarcopenic Obesity: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Reiter Lea , Bauer Silvia , Traxler Mariella , Schoufour Josje D. , Weijs Peter J. M. , Cruz-Jentoft Alfonso , Topinková Eva , Eglseer Doris
Published: May 2023

Background

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is an increasing phenomenon and has been linked to several negative health consequences. The aim of this umbrella review is the assessment of effectiveness and certainty of evidence of nutrition and exercise interventions in persons with SO.

Method

We searched for meta-analyses of RCTs in PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL that had been conducted in the last five years, focusing on studies on the treatment and prevention of SO. The primary endpoints were parameters for SO, such as body fat in %, skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), gait speed, leg strength and grip strength. The methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR and the certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE.

Results

Four systematic reviews with between 30 to 225 participants were included in the umbrella review. These examined four exercise interventions, two nutrition interventions and four interventions that combined nutrition and exercise. Resistance training was the most frequently studied intervention and was found to improve gait speed by 0.14 m/s to 0.17 m/s and lower leg strength by 9.97 kg. Resistance, aerobic, mixed exercise and hypocaloric diet combined with protein supplementation is not significantly effective on selected outcomes for persons with SO compared to no intervention. The low number of primary studies included in the reviews resulted in moderate to very low certainty of evidence.

Conclusion

Despite the lack in certainty of evidence, resistance training may be a suitable intervention for persons with SO, in particular for improving muscle function. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to strengthen the evidence.
Modeling evaporation with a meshfree collocation approach
Authors: Lee JungHoon , Bäder Dirk , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Eisenträger Almut , Kuhnert Jörg , Michel Isabel , Suchde Pratik , Klein Harald
Published: May 2023

In this paper, a new model for the below-boiling point evaporation process with a meshfree collocation method is developed. In order to capture the phase change process, two different approaches are proposed: multi-phase and single-phase. First, a multi-phase approach is considered, where a novel mass transfer model assumes that the diffusion driven by the vapor concentration gradient in the air phase near the interface is the primary driving force for the mass transfer between phases as both the liquid water and air/vapor phases are simulated. Then, a water-only single-phase approach is also proposed, in which only the liquid water phase is simulated. For this, appropriate free surface boundary conditions are developed based on the convective mass transfer theory to model evaporation and incorporate airflow effects without explicitly simulating the air phase. In order to validate the proposed models, a series of experiments with varying air temperature, relative humidity, and airflow rate is conducted. The numerical results show a good agreement with the evaporation rate measured in the experiments. The multi-phase simulations agree better with the experiments, while the single-phase simulations also produce good results with a much lower computational effort.
Bi-preference linkage-driven artificial bee colony algorithm with multi-operator fusion
Authors: Yu Haibo , Kang Yaxin , Kang Li , Zeng Jianchao
Published: May 2023

The artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) struggles in handling complex optimization problems with high dimensions in light of its search operators’ strong exploration and weak exploitation properties. To tackle this situation, in this study, we propose a bi-preference linkage-driven ABC algorithm with multi-operator fusion, named BPLABC. BPLABC couples a preference-free stochastic search operator with a global best-guided search operator in the employed bee phase to maintain the population diversity while enhancing the population quality. During the onlooker bee phase, a tailored bi-type elite-guided exploitation mechanism is employed to regulate the exploitation intensity of the promising elite nectar sources selected via a new roulette selection probability calculation paradigm. To discourage the onlooker bees from slipping into local traps, after the scout bee phase, an auxiliary adversarial search operator is assembled to tug certain promising elite solutions away from the present pseudo-global best solution. To illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of BPLABC, two sets of test suits consisting of 23 benchmark problems, 30 complex CEC2014 functions, and two real-world problems are picked for testing. Experimental results showed that BPLABC can achieve superior or equivalent performance to several representative ABC variants on the majority of the tested problems.
Enacting Culturally Relevant Pedagogy when “Mathematics Has No Color”: Epistemological Contradictions
Authors: Shultz Mollee , Close Eleanor , Nissen Jayson , Van Dusen Ben
Published: May 2023

Culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) seeks to improve equity in instruction and leverage students’ experiences by promoting academic success, cultural competence, and sociopolitical consciousness. We examine instructors’ perceptions of student identity to understand the ways undergraduate mathematics instructors are enacting or experiencing barriers to enacting CRP. Interviews with ten mathematics faculty at Hispanic-serving institutions identified two potential barriers to enacting CRP: first, instructors’ hesitance to communicate about student identity, especially with respect to race and gender; and second, instructors holding epistemologies that mathematics is culture-free. Despite these barriers, almost all interviewees implemented the academic success tenet of CRP. These barriers may prevent instruction around cultural competence and sociopolitical consciousness, which are the two tenets that most capitalize on students’ informal knowledge, identities, and cultural experiences. Changing discourse by taking more risks in conversation and inviting a more diverse range of people to the undergraduate mathematics community are potential ways to address these barriers.
Photothermal Catalytic CO2 Conversion: Beyond Catalysis and Photocatalysis
Authors: Fresno Fernando , Iglesias-Juez Ana , Coronado Juan M.
Published: May 2023

In recent years, the combination of both thermal and photochemical contributions has provided interesting opportunities for solar upgrading of catalytic processes. Photothermal catalysis works at the interface between purely photochemical processes, which involve the direct conversion of photon energy into chemical energy, and classical thermal catalysis, in which the catalyst is activated by temperature. Thus, photothermal catalysis acts in two different ways on the energy path of the reaction. This combined catalysis, of which the fundamental principles will be reviewed here, is particularly promising for the activation of small reactive molecules at moderate temperatures compared to thermal catalysis and with higher reaction rates than those attained in photocatalysis, and it has gained a great deal of attention in the last years. Among the different applications of photothermal catalysis, CO2 conversion is probably the most studied, although reaction mechanisms and photonic-thermal synergy pathways are still quite unclear and, from the reaction route point of view, it can be said that photothermal-catalytic CO2 reduction processes are still in their infancy. This article intends to provide an overview of the principles underpinning photothermal catalysis and its application to the conversion of CO2 into useful molecules, with application essentially as fuels but also as chemical building blocks. The most relevant specific cases published to date will be also reviewed from the viewpoint of selectivity towards the most frequent target products.
Greif zu – Entwicklung einer Greifstrategie für robotergestützte Objektübergaben mit und ohne Sichtkontakt
Authors: Langer Dorothea , Legler Franziska , Krusche Sebastian , Bdiwi Mohamad , Palige Selina , Bullinger Angelika C.
Published: May 2023

Robotergestützte Objektübergaben setzen derzeit Sichtkontakt des Roboters mit dem menschlichen Interaktionspartner voraus. Barrierefreie Anwendungsszenarien, z. B. bei Sichtverdeckung im Fertigungsprozess, erfordern jedoch Lösungen ohne Sichtkontakt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden dazu zwei Ansätze zur Entwicklung einer sicheren Greifstrategie für die Übergabe von Alltagsobjekten (mit und ohne potenziellem Verletzungsrisiko) erarbeitet und in einer Nutzerstudie mit sehenden sowie verblindeten Probanden überprüft. Die entwickelten Greifstrategien ermöglichten über alle Objekte hinweg in 97–99 % der Fälle eine erfolgreiche und sichere Objektübernahme durch den Menschen. Der Erfolg der Objektrückgabe an den Roboter war geringer und stark abhängig vom überreichten Objekt. Einfachheit, Komfort und Sicherheit wurden positiv wahrgenommen, wobei die Bewertung sehender Probanden signifikant positiver war. Die Studie erlaubt die Ableitung von Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die barrierefreie robotergestützte Objektübergabe ohne Sichtkontakt.

Praktische Relevanz: Die vorgestellte Studie stellt ein Vorgehen zur Entwicklung von Greifstrategien für die barrierefreie robotergestützte Objektübergabe, auch für Objekte mit potenziellem Verletzungsrisiko, ohne Sichtkontakt vor. Die positiven Ergebnisse in deren anschließender Bewertung durch Nutzer mit und ohne Sichtkontakt bekräftigen die sichere Anwendbarkeit der Greifstrategie in der Praxis. Die Ergebnisse leisten einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung barrierefreier Assistenzrobotik, die Objektübergaben bei Sichtverdeckung im Fertigungsprozess erlaubt, sowie potenziell als Unterstützung sichtbeeinträchtigter Personen einsetzbar ist.
A Model-Based Battery Charging Optimization Framework for Proper Trade-offs Between Time and Degradation
Authors: Appleton Sean , Fotouhi Abbas
Published: May 2023

This study aims at developing an optimization framework for electric vehicle charging by considering different trade-offs between battery degradation and charging time. For the first time, the application of practical limitations on charging and cooling power is considered along with more detailed health models. Lithium iron phosphate battery is used as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework. A coupled electro-thermal equivalent circuit model is used along with two battery health models to mathematically obtain optimal charging current profiles by considering stress factors of state-of-charge, charging rate, temperature and time. The optimization results demonstrate an improvement over the benchmark constant current–constant voltage (CCCV) charging protocol when considering both the charging time and battery health. A main difference between the optimal and the CCCV charging protocols is found to be an additional ability to apply constraints and adapt to initial conditions in the proposed optimal charging protocol. In a case study, for example, the ‘optimal time’ charging is found to take 12 min while the ‘optimal health’ charging profile suggests around 100 min for charging the battery from 25 to 75% state-of-charge. Any other trade-off between those two extreme cases is achievable using the proposed charging protocol as well.
State familism in action: aging policy and intergenerational support in Singapore
Authors: Zhan Shaohua , Huang Lingli
Published: May 2023

Singapore started to tackle the challenges of an aging society in the 1980s after its fertility declined to sub-replacement levels. A core component of the city-state’s aging policy is to foster intergenerational support, which is based on the value of filial piety, harmonious intergenerational relations, and the elderly as a resource. This paper introduces the concept of state familism to capture Singapore’s comprehensive efforts to strengthen the role of the family in old-age support while promoting mutual assistance across generations. The relevant policies range from the Central Provident Fund, housing, taxation, to old-age support packages. These efforts distinguish Singapore from other Asian countries where the role of the family is sometimes stressed more in rhetoric than in action. State familism in Singapore has drawn criticisms as it is perceived as an attempt to reduce the government’s responsibility. In the recent decade, the Singapore state significantly increased direct financial support for the elderly while keeping the policy of fostering intergenerational support in place. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of Singapore’s state familism for China and other countries.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The construction of the inheritance performance evaluation system for inheritors of intangible cultural heritage of traditional sports
Authors: Liu Rui
Published: May 2023

This paper shows the construction of a performance evaluation system for the inheritance of traditional sports intangible cultural inheritors. In order to ensure the scientific nature and rationality of the indicators, a theoretical model of performance evaluation content is first established. Then, based on the theoretical model, the preliminary selection of indicators is completed, and then the expert screening of indicators is further completed by Delphi method, and the weights of each indicator are established through analytic hierarchy. Finally, in order to verify the application effect of the indicator system in practice, this study conducts an empirical study on the system from the perspective of regional performance evaluation. The results show that the discriminating power and applicability of the evaluation indicator are effective, and the evaluation system has a very distinct epochal and people-centered character. In conclusion, the construction of this evaluation system is of great significance to improve the scientific and standardized level of evaluation of Intangible cultural heritage inheritors.
Auditing large language models: a three-layered approach
Authors: Mökander Jakob , Schuett Jonas , Kirk Hannah Rose , Floridi Luciano
Published: May 2023

Large language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI) research. However, the widespread use of LLMs is also coupled with significant ethical and social challenges. Previous research has pointed towards auditing as a promising governance mechanism to help ensure that AI systems are designed and deployed in ways that are ethical, legal, and technically robust. However, existing auditing procedures fail to address the governance challenges posed by LLMs, which display emergent capabilities and are adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks. In this article, we address that gap by outlining a novel blueprint for how to audit LLMs. Specifically, we propose a three-layered approach, whereby governance audits (of technology providers that design and disseminate LLMs), model audits (of LLMs after pre-training but prior to their release), and application audits (of applications based on LLMs) complement and inform each other. We show how audits, when conducted in a structured and coordinated manner on all three levels, can be a feasible and effective mechanism for identifying and managing some of the ethical and social risks posed by LLMs. However, it is important to remain realistic about what auditing can reasonably be expected to achieve. Therefore, we discuss the limitations not only of our three-layered approach but also of the prospect of auditing LLMs at all. Ultimately, this article seeks to expand the methodological toolkit available to technology providers and policymakers who wish to analyse and evaluate LLMs from technical, ethical, and legal perspectives.
Knowledge Graph Completion with Triple Structure and Text Representation
Authors: Liu Shuang , Qin YuFeng , Xu Man , Kolmanič Simon
Published: May 2023

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) describe objective facts in the form of RDF triples, each triple contains sufficient semantic information and triple structure information. Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC) is to acquire new knowledge by predicting hidden relationships between entities and adding the new knowledge to the KG. At present, the mainstream KGC approaches only applied the triple structure information or only utilized the semantic information of the text. This paper proposes an approach (TSTR) using BERT and deep neural networks to fully extract the semantic information of knowledge, and designs an aggregated re-ranking scheme that incorporates existing graph embedding approach to learn the structural information of triples. In experiments, the approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on three benchmark datasets, and outperforms recent KGC approaches on sparsely connected datasets.
The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1640-1660 [Volume I]
Authors: Roberts Stephen K.
Published: May 2023

This is Volume 1. Introductory Survey and Comittees of a 9-volume set providing the most comprehensive and complete study ever compiled about the turbulent period of the English and British Civil Wars and their aftermath.
Humour beyond human: eco-humour as a pedagogical toolkit for environmental education
Authors: Heidari-Shahreza Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2023

This article strives to open a window on ‘eco-humour’, an umbrella term for diverse forms of humour targeting ecological and environmental issues. It encourages readers to consider eco-humour as a valuable, pedagogical toolkit for environmental education and communication. To this aim, eco-humour is, first, put into perspective of humour scholarship. In particular, I discuss the critical and corrective potential of humour to address and possibly redress environmental issues. Pedagogical benefits of humour are, then, touched upon to pave the way for a discussion of ‘humour-integrated environmental education’. The paper also addresses UNESCO’s 2030 roadmap of education for sustainable development and the ‘sustainability’ component of Australian Curriculum to further justify and contextualise the use of eco-humour. Moreover, several university-based initiatives to integrate echo-humour into environmental education are considered. Likewise, I briefly address ‘humour-integrated language learning’ as an emerging approach in language education that may offer valuable insights into eco-humour curriculum integration. Finally, the article points out several practical considerations and future directions in humour-integrated environmental education.
Analysis of wave converging phenomena inside the shocked two-dimensional cylindrical water column
Authors: Xu Sheng , Fan Wenqi , Wu Wangxia , Wen Haocheng , Wang Bing
Published: May 2023

Due to the curvature of the droplet surface, the propagation of transmitted waves is complex inside a droplet impacted by an incident shock wave. The wave converging phenomena inside a two-dimensional water column impacted by different curved shock waves are explored in this paper by means of theoretical ray analysis and high-resolution numerical simulations. An analytical method describing the wave structure evolution characteristics inside the shocked water column is established. Hence, the morphological pattern and focus locations of these waves are theoretically obtained. The analysis shows that both the first and the second reflected waves focus inside the water column regardless of the convergent, planar or divergent nature of the incident shock wave shape. The dimensionless distances from focusing points to the column centre are derived as

${\kappa }/{( 3\kappa -{{M}_{0}}{{f}_{s}} )}$

for the former and

${\kappa }/{( 5\kappa -{{M}_{0}}{{f}_{s}})}$

for the latter, respectively. Here,

$\kappa$

,

$M_0$

and

$f_s$

represent the sound-speed ratio of the two phases, the incident shock wave strength and a function characterising the shock wave shape effect, respectively. Moreover, highly negative pressures due to the first reflected wave focusing and significant pressure oscillations due to the second reflected wave focusing are numerically tracked for three shapes of the incident shock. The effects of the incident shock wave intensity on the pressure variations at focus points are further studied. As the incident shock wave intensity increases, stronger negative pressure and higher pressure oscillation are induced. The converged incident shock wave can enhance the above phenomena, but the diverged one can weaken them.
The turbulence development of a vertical natural convection boundary layer
Authors: Ke Junhao , Williamson N. , Armfield S.W. , Komiya A.
Published: May 2023

Results from direct numerical simulations of a vertical natural convection boundary layer (NCBL) with

$Pr=0.71$

reveal that the turbulence development of such a thermally driven convective flow has two distinct stages: at relatively low Grashof number, the bulk flow is turbulent while the near-wall region is laminar-like or weakly turbulent; at sufficiently high Grashof number, the entire flow becomes turbulent in the sense of von Kármán (cf. Grossmann & Lohse, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000, pp. 27–56, for the ultimate turbulent regime). Investigations on the turbulence statistics show that the near-wall Reynolds shear stress is negligible in the weakly turbulent regime but will grow in magnitude as the flow transitions to the ultimate regime at higher Grashof number. Similar behaviour is also seen in the streamwise turbulence intensity, where it develops from a mono-peak profile into a dual-peak structure as the Grashof number increases. At higher Grashof number, the near-wall energetic site is shown to have an energy distribution similar to that of a canonical wall-bounded turbulence (e.g. Hutchins & Marusic, Phil. Trans. R. Soc.A, vol. 365, 2007, pp. 647–664), with a peak centred at fixed location and wavelength (

$y^+=18$

and

$\lambda ^+_x=1000$

) in viscous coordinates. Investigation on the spanwise spectra also suggests that the turbulent near-wall streaks emerge only at sufficiently high Grashof number, with constant spacing

$\lambda _z^+\approx 130$

. The extent of the weakly turbulent regime is identified using the maximum velocity location

$\delta_m$

and a laminar length scale

$\delta_u$

. The development of near-wall turbulence is also investigated by examining the turbulence kinetic energy budget. In the weakly turbulent regime, the near-wall turbulence is sustained predominantly by the pressure transport in addition to the shear production. At higher Grashof number, the flow becomes fully turbulent, and both turbulent transport and shear production become stronger, while the pressure transport is decreased. These results also reveal that the production–dissipation ratio

$P/\varepsilon$

of the NCBL would follow a fundamentally different trend to the canonical wall-bounded flows, which further supports that the near-wall turbulence generation is affected by the bulk flow.
Accountability from cyberspace? Scandal exposure on the Internet and official governance in China
Authors: Chen Shuo , Li Yiran
Published: May 2023

This article explores the effects of social media on government accountability under authoritarian regimes. It examines whether online discussions have a disciplining effect on officials' scandals. We use a unique dataset containing records of scandals discussed on microblogs in China to systematically study their effects on the government response process and officials' disciplining. We find that the government employs clear strategies: higher levels of online discussion lead to quicker government responses and more severe punishment of the officials involved. Scandals involving sexual and economic factors, which initially capture more attention, involve quicker responses and more severe punishments. Even when we exploit rainfall as the instrumental variable to mitigate the endogeneity, the results are still robust. Our findings highlight the accountability mechanism facilitated by social media and the power of social media empowerment.
What mysteries lay in spore: taxonomy, data, and the internationalization of mycology in Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum
Authors: Bolman Brad
Published: May 2023

Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo is best remembered for his monumental Sylloge Fungorum, the first ‘modern’ effort to compile all identified fungi within a single classification scheme. The existing history of mycology is limited and has primarily focused on developments within England, but this article argues that Saccardo and his collaborators on the Sylloge supported a vital transnational expansion of mycological knowledge exchange and played a crucial role in stabilizing the tangled knot of local naming and identification among the world's amateur and professional mycologists. Written in the ‘universal’ scientific language of Latin, the Sylloge served as an early database of fungal knowledge and symbolized a broader unification of mycological inquiry in a moment of expanded scientific correspondence. The article situates this proto-database in broader histories of big data in biology and shows how the Sylloge formed a globalizing foundation for the twentieth century's major collecting and taxonomic advances in mycology.
Twitter ou l'avènement d'un « Frankenstein 2.0 » ? L'impact des géants de la technologie sur la société et le poids des gouvernements face aux dérives technologiques
Authors: Fatah Lahcen
Published: May 2023

Depuis l'annonce du rachat de Twitter par Elon Musk, les risques quant à l'avenir du réseau social laissent entrevoir l'avènement d'un « Frankenstein 2.0 » – une notion qui fait référence aux grandes entreprises de technologie dont le contrôle échappe à leurs créateurs. Derrière cet événement se pose la question des dérives technologiques et de leurs impacts sur la société. C'est une occasion pour les gouvernements et en particulier celui du Canada, qui encourage l'ouverture des données et les politiques en faveur des technologies, de redéfinir les règles du jeu. En ce sens, quelques recommandations sont proposées en vue de consolider l'encadrement normatif des technologies au Canada. La loi sur l'intelligence artificielle et les données (LIAD), actuellement en discussion au sein du Parlement, devrait en effet aller plus loin concernant la transparence des systèmes automatisés et renforcer ses exigences en matière de gouvernance des données « algorithmiques ».
Author's Response
Authors: Fernández Sebastián Javier
Published: May 2023

First of all, I would like to thank my interlocutors for their interest in my work, and for their kindness in agreeing to participate in this Roundtable. It is a great honour for me to have three such distinguished scholars commenting on my book and offering their criticisms and remarks, which help me to refine and nuance some of its arguments. I also hope that this discussion will enable readers of The Historical Journal to get an idea of the content and limits of my book, but above all to raise their interest in recent developments in intellectual history in the wider Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking world, developments that go far beyond this modest contribution of mine. I will try to reply as briefly as I can.
Learning ‘To Read Again’
Authors: Posada-Carbó Eduardo
Published: May 2023

Javier Fernández Sebastián's latest book is truly a tour de force. While it offers a lucid appraisal of conceptual history, with a focus on the ‘conceptual revolution’ that the Iberian Atlantic underwent during the first half of the nineteenth century, it is also a serious statement on the profession – indeed, ‘no discipline’, as he tells us, can sustain itself ‘if it is not based on a theoretical reflection about its own status as a discipline’ (p. 17). His is an invitation to engage more fully with an approach to history that prizes above all the language of contemporaries to make sense of the past.
Rethinking Conceptual History in an Iberian Atlantic Perspective
Authors: Noronha de Sá Maria Elisa
Published: May 2023

Javier Fernández Sebastián's outstanding book, Historia conceptual en el Atlántico ibérico: lenguajes, tiempos, revoluciones, is already an essential reference for all those interested not only in conceptual history or the history of Ibero-American societies, but also in reflecting on history itself, as well as on the dilemmas and challenges involved in its writing. Its text is the fruit of a seasoned and remarkably erudite intellectual trajectory, which expresses the successful endeavour of uniting the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions in the historian's work. This bid is unambiguous in the structure of the book, as well as in the divisions and linkages among its sections and chapters, and is embodied in its very narrative and in the way it unfolds.
The Nucleus: Panel Discussion
Authors: Donn B.
Published: May 2023

My remarks will present some views of the behavior of the nucleus and problems with their explanation.

One thing we definitely know about comets is that there has to be a permanent structure which revolves around the sun in the comets orbit. Permanent means carrying over from apparition to apparition during the lifetime of the comet. I adopt some form of the “icy nucleus” model as proposed by Whipple. This structure reasonably fits most of the known cometary features although no completely consistent model accounting for all known phenomena in a satisfactory manner has yet been described. The icy nucleus does not appear to have any major flaws. It has a real advantageous feature in that detailed models can be constructed and their behavior more or less accurately predicted, e.g. (Donn 1963; Delsemme and Miller, 1971; Sekanina 1972, 1973; Huebner, 1975).
Comet Formation Induced by the Solar Wind
Authors: Whipple Fred L. , Lecar Myron
Published: May 2023

The current evidence concerning the nature of comet nuclei suggests that comets may be sizeable aggregations of interstellar grains. This is a progress report on an effort to find circumstances and processes whereby such aggregations might be formed in the solar system at distances far beyond the proto-planets during the early stages of solar-system development. Under investigation are interactions between the early solar “gale” and the surrounding interstellar gas and dust—the so-called “snowplow effect.” Compression of the gas and resultant motions of the dust coupled with the pressure radiation from the Sun and nearby new stars may, under certain idealized circumstances, produce a high enough concentration of dust for gravitational instability to occur in the dust, thereby producing km-sized coherent bodies. The likelihood or probability of actual comet formation by such processes remain to be determined.
Comets, Interstellar Clouds and Star Clusters
Authors: Donn B.
Published: May 2023

It is now a generally accepted concept that comets are a residue of the early history of the solar system from the time when the planets were forming. Because of the approximately 0.1% loss of material from the nucleus during perihelion passage near 1 A.U., lifetimes of short period comets are limited to 104-105 years. This requires an astronomically recent source of the comets seen at the present epoch. From the statistics of the aphelia of parabolic and long period comets, Oort (1951) proposed the existence of a comet cloud between 50,000 and 100,000 A.U. which serves as a reservoir from which presently observed comets have recently been perturbed. Although there are various difficulties with populating the cloud (Opik, 1973) and its subsequent evolution (I.A.U. Symposium 45, 1972; Everhart, 1974) it is the basis for nearly all current studies on the origin and evolution of comets.
Laboratory Observations of the Photochemistry of Parent Molecules: A Review
Authors: Jackson William M.
Published: May 2023

Many years ago K. Wurm (1) suggested that the photodissociation of stable molecules such as H2O, HCN, CH4, NH3, etc., could account for the observed cometary radicals. This postulate can be represented schematically by the following photochemical reaction,
Laser Induced Photoluminescence Spectroscopy of Cometary Radicals
Authors: Jackson W. M. , Cody R. J. , Sabety-Dzvonik M.
Published: May 2023

A relatively new technique called Laser Induced Photoluminescence Spectroscopy has been applied to laboratory studies of cometary radicals. This technique can be used to measure properties of radicals, to determine photodissociation processes in parent molecules, and to investigate reactions of radicals in specific vibration-rotation levels. Thus far, the LIPS method has been applied to the CN radical to determine: (1) the radiative lifetime and quenching constants for the B2Σ+ state and (2) the photodissociative formation of CN from several parent molecules.
The Coma: Panel Discussion
Authors: Malaise D.
Published: May 2023

Well, I just said that I disagree with nearly all that was said in the review paper. Now I have to illustrate this point a little, so I will first write something on the board.
The Wind-Sock Theory of Comet Tails
Authors: Brandt John C. , Rothe Edward D.
Published: May 2023

Type I or ionic comet tails on the average make an angle of a few degrees at the nucleus with the prolonged radius vector in the direction opposite to the comet’s orbital motion. This fact was explained by Biermann (1951) as the aberration angle caused by the comet’s motion in the outflowing solar wind plasma, and, as is well known, led to the discovery of the solar wind itself.
Reunifying Taiwan with China through Cross-Strait Lawfare
Authors: West Michael J. , Insisa Aurelio
Published: May 2023

Frames such as political warfare, sharp power and weaponized interdependence do not capture the full spectrum of China's “reunification” operations targeting Taiwan, particularly in regard to the fundamental legal domain. Making use of primary materials and elite interviews, Beijing's lawfare against Taiwan is examined as part of a matrix of military threats, covert infiltration and measures aimed at attracting Taiwanese public opinion. This study argues that China's multi-domain Taiwan strategy should be understood as hybrid influencing. A foundational element of this strategy is Chinese lawfare, which can be boiled down to three axiomatic principles – namely, to reframe the relationship between Beijing and Taipei as an internal dispute, to close down Taiwan's international space and to contain any right to self-determination. As distinct from Anglophone conceptions, Chinese lawfare seeks in essence to exploit the uncertainty of Taiwan's status under international law to make strategic gains – maximally, “to win without fighting.”
Overparenting and offspring depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ji Wongeun
Published: May 2023

Overparenting has been considered to contribute to offspring internalizing mental disorders from theoretical perspectives, which some empirical evidence has supported. However, existing findings are inconsistent. To facilitate the understanding of the association between overparenting and depression, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms, an examination of effect sizes is required. By employing the PRISMA method, a meta-analysis was conducted. Fifty-two articles were identified, with 38 studies examining depression, 30 studies examining anxiety, and 21 studies examining internalizing symptoms. The results show that overparenting is associated with offspring depression (mean age 19.94 years) (k = 133, r = .15, p < .001), anxiety (mean age 19.57 years) (k = 101, r = .14, p < .001), and internalizing symptoms (mean age 19.76 years) (k = 58, r = .19, p < .001). Moderator analyses show that the effect sizes are largely equal across SES groups, cultures, the age of offspring, child gender, and study design but may vary depending on the parental gender and report informants. Implications for interventions and future directions are discussed.
Fascist Claims to Sovereign Power: Law, Politics and the Romanian Legionary Movement
Authors: Cercel Cosmin Sebastian
Published: May 2023

This article aims to provide the basis for a theoretical framework conceptualising Romanian fascist ideology at work in relation to law and politics, by focusing on the way it operated within the movement's understanding of foundational concepts of state power, sovereignty and justice. In doing so, I investigate the relationship between fascism, understood here as both an ideology and a political movement, and constitutional law in the context of interwar Romania. I ask how the ideology – that is, the doctrinal body of Romanian ultranationalism, as well as political practice – related to core constitutional concepts such as sovereign power and popular sovereignty. Accordingly, I map the nexus between law and politics within the ideology of the Romanian main ultranationalist movement – the Legion of Archangel Michael and its paramilitary branch, the Iron Guard.