bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of Migration in Tanzania: The Case of Ileje District
Authors: Mulungu Christopher
Published: December 2022

As a former colonial labour reserve, the periphery and less developed district compared with other districts in Mbeya region and Tanzania at large, Ileje is still a major area of rural-rural and rural-urban migration. Out- migration in the district is increasing despite the introduction of various land reforms and crop innovations aimed at increasing productivity. Migration from Ileje is also increasing despite the area being turned into autonomous district in 1975 (formally part of Rungwe district). Th is occurs despite the growth of trading centres and non-agricultural employment. Also, as a result of an increase of population pressure, the number of people migrating to search for livelihoods away from their areas of domicile is rising with time. Due to soil erosion, coupled with inadequate replenishment of soil nutrients after harvests, the productivity of the land suffers immensely. This severe land degradation and poverty have led the Ndali and Lambya people, the major ethnic groups in Ileje district, to migrate especially to Mbozi district. Therefore, by using 496 heads of the households sampled, this paper attempts to answer the research question: what are the determinants of migration in Ileje district? The major finding is that population pressure is a major determinant of out-migration in Ileje district particularly its Bundali division. This is because most of the heads of households in the area have less than one acre of land with poor quality. In fact, land shortage and fragmentation is a threat to the people in the district. In order to reduce excessive soil erosion people should be encouraged by the government and other stakeholders to conserve that environment by planting trees in steep slopes especially in Undali hills and sustainable use of forest resources by introducing improved cooking stoves as well as management of forests so as to reduce the rate of tree cutting for fuel woods and commercial logging.
Understanding the Vulnerability of Crop Production to Climatic Stresses in the Great Ruaha River sub-Basin of Tanzania
Authors: Pauline Noah
Published: December 2022

This study broadens the understanding of crop production vulnerability to climatic stresses and other stresses compounding the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in rural spaces of Tanzania, using data collected over six months across two years, and compared to oral testimony covering the last 40 years (1970 to 2011). Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected covering the full spectrum of stresses and responses, such as climatic and non-climatic (e.g. poverty, education level, household income). The study employed focus group discussions and household questionnaire survey during data collection. The results show that crop yield has declined over the past four decades, because of climatic stresses, such as frequent droughts, prolonged dry spells and occasional extreme rains. Climate related stresses compound the already weak subsistence agriculture, in addition to other stresses, such as youth migration, lack of access to irrigation infrastructure and crop markets. Challenges noted in this study are complex (both climatic and non-climatic), which shows how complex the stresses affecting the lives of farmers are. Addressing them generally without defining the underlying contexts of each stressor makes it even more complicated when trying to enhance the adaptive capacity of the farmers. Thus, a holistic approach by targeting the whole system dealing with the agriculture sector is recommended.
Accessibility to Fresh Water Resources for Domestic Uses in the Era of Climate Change and Variability in Pangani District, Tanzania
Authors: Mwiturubani Donald
Published: December 2022

Access to clean and safe fresh water remain a challenge to many developing countries. Provision of fresh water both in terms of quantity and quality is a source of, and the condition for, a socio-economic development. Local communities in the coastal areas of Pangani district, Tanzania have already felt and are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and variability. This paper assesses the effects of climate change and variability on access to fresh water resources for domestic uses. Drawing from a sample of 109 respondents, 11 key informant interviews, three focus group discussions and observations from Bweni, Msaraza and Pangani Mashariki villages in Pangani district the fi ndings revealed that climate change and variability has negative impacts on the quantity and quality of fresh water resources in the area. Among the impact of climate change and variability on fresh water resources include rainfall decrease and variability, prolonged drought, an increase of salinity in Pangani River and natural wells. Th ese impacts have led to scarcity of fresh water in the district resulting into the increase of walking distances to the fresh water sources, increase of water prices, and opting for unsafe sources. To adapt to the impacts of climate change and variability people in Pangani district have opted to rainwater harvesting, construction of boreholes and dams and planting mangroves to reduce salinity intrusion. Participation of different stakeholders (governments, NGOs, communities) in the design and implementation of adaptation strategies to reduce impacts of climate change and variability and improve fresh water sources is recommended.
The Innovative Adaptation Structures of Agropastoral Communities to the Impact of Climate Change and Variability in Semi-Arid of Tanzania: A Case of Kiteto and Kilindi Districts
Authors: Mung’ong’o Henry , Mbonile Milline
Published: December 2022

The study made an investigation on agro-pastoralists’ resilience through innovative adaptation structures to the impacts of climate change and variability in semi-arid areas of Kiteto and Kilindi districts. Data were collected using household survey which sampled 384 households, Focus Group Discussion, In-depth interviews and field visits were also used to collect more detailed data. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents indicated the decline in grazing lands/pastures and water resources leading to the decrease in the number of livestock and crop productivity by about 91.1%) being the major effect of climate change and variability in the study areas. All these have resulted to food insecurity for about six years consecutively. Therefore, to increase resilience, agro-pastoralists have developed innovative adaptation strategies which varied from one village to another, however, most of them were similar in abating food insecurity and climate change vulnerability. Overall, the main innovated adaptation strategies in order of importance were seasonal mobility with their livestock, construction of traditional water points locally known as Njoro, the use of traditional by-laws for pastures conservation/rotational use, traditional Maasai constructed water reservoirs (Mboutu), reducing stock number by selling and women transporting water by donkeys from traditional wells/Njoro and all of which have increased their livelihoods in dry lands.
The Implications of Non-timber Forest Products’ Access By-laws on Household Food Security in Semi-arid Zones of Iringa District, Tanzania
Authors: Romward Haule Tiemo , Mwamfupe Asubisye
Published: December 2022

Local communities in semi-arid zones of Iringa district are vulnerable to household food insecurity. Their vulnerability is mainly due to their dependence on climatesensitive livelihood sources, especially rain-fed smallholder crop farming. Consumption and sale of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve (KFR) which is under Joint Forest Management (JFM) offer an opportunity to the local communities to improve their resilience to food insecurity. Though NTFPs are also affected by climate change they are more resilient compared to agricultural crops and livestock. Several management by-laws have been passed to protect KFR from anthropogenic degradation and loss. However, the extent to which the KFR access bylaws affect the availability of NTFPs for enhancing household food security had not been examined.. Findings indicated that 76.2% of the respondents were food insecure. Also, it was found that 40.9% and 20.1% of the food insecure households ate and sold NTFPs to enhance household food security respectively. The few types of NTFPs they were permitted to collect, low quantity of NTFPs to be collected, a few visiting days and license fee were reported to be the main KFR management by-laws which impacted on availability of NTFPs for enhancing household security. It is noteworthy that forest conservation by-laws should not compromise local communities’ access to NTFPs. Also, it is good to mainstream customary forest management laws in the formulation of the conventional forest management by-laws.
The Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security in Tanzania: A case Study of Kilosa District
Authors: Mang’enya Erasto
Published: December 2022

In Tanzania climate change is manifested through the increase in atmospheric temperature and uneven distribution of rainfall to most of the areas in the country. Farmers have reported the declining crop yields due to unpredictable climatic conditions. The main objective of the study was to investigate on the impact of climate change on food security. The specific objectives were to examine the agricultural practices that are carried out in Kilosa District and the activities that have been affected due to effects of climate change.. The study was carried out in Lunezi and Lumbiji villages whereby 120 respondents were selected for the study using simple random and purposively sampling. The finding of the study revealed that climate change has resulted in unpredictable rain, drought and floods, which have affected crop production. The study recommends on the use of improved seed varieties and irrigation farming, sensitization on environmental conservation and establishment of tree planting programs. The study concludes that the change in climate through human induced activities has affected accessibility and utilization of food resulting to food insecurity.
Contributions of Small Scale Paddy Irrigation Schemes to Household Food Security in Mvomero District, Tanzania
Authors: Jason Stanley , Francis Theresia
Published: December 2022

The Agricultural and Livestock Policy of Tanzania gives high priority to the promotion of food sufficiency and security through irrigated agriculture. The objective of this study was to assess the contributions of small scale irrigated rice production to household’s food security in Mvomero District; specifically on household’s food security status, the extent to which small scale irrigated rice production contributes to household’s food security and ways to improve sustainability of household’s food security situation in the study area. The study employed cross-sectional research design in two villages namely Sungaji and Mkingo in Mvomero District. Demographic characteristics and assets of households as well as agricultural production were collected using structured questionnaires from 55 irrigation scheme users. A systematic random sampling technique were used to obtain usersof irrigation schemes from the Village Registry Book (VRB) in the village and sampling process useda skip interval at every 8th household using random number table repeatedly. However, in order to get population sample within each village, probability proportional to size (PPS) was applied.Descriptive statistics methods were applied to analyze the data and to determine the association of the variables among irrigation scheme users in the study area. The findings indicates that 32 percent of the respondent acknowledged that irrigation schemes have increased agricultural production per unit area while almost 56.4 percent of the rice produced were served for food. However, monthly income weresignificantly correlated with the number of meals taken per day at p>0.041. Level of education and household size indicated a significant association with the number of meals per taken per day at p< 0.000 and p<0.002 respectively. On the basis of the findings, it is recommended that careful action is needed to improve irrigation infrastructure, extension services to farmers to increase productivity, market for their produce as well as access to loans/credit. Collaboration with all agriculture stakeholders is needed so as to improve the productivity to enhance household food security and community livelihood at large.
Assessment of Water Management and Development Scenarios in the Great Ruaha Catchment, Rufiji Basin
Authors: Nobert Joel
Published: December 2022

Water supplies have been declining sharply in the Great Ruaha catchment due to socio-economic development, over-abstraction, illegal use, and seasonal and inter-annual variations in climate. Despite the current pressure on water supplies, there are plans for significant agricultural expansion as a part of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor in Tanzania (SAGCOT), though significant uncertainty still revolves around the availability of water in the catchment. This paper aims to assess the water management and development scenarios in the catchment within the context of the current agricultural transformations. The baseline model was set up and calibrated for the Great Ruaha River (GRR) basin to simulate the existing conditions. The purpose of the baseline model was to describe the existing situation and provide a platform upon which future development intervention scenarios can be built and their impacts compared with. The model was calibrated using the observed records at Msembe gauging station and Mtera reservoir water level. The NedborAfstromnings Model (NAM) rainfall-runoff model was used to estimate the flows for sub-catchments with poor data. Five irrigation schemes were evaluated using social, environmental, and economic criteria using multi-criteria analysis techniques to assess how interventions affected the direction of change in environmental, social, and economic performance; and measure the magnitude of that change. The results indicated that the construction of the Lugoda dam, diversion canal from Ihefu wetlands, and improvement of irrigation schemes in the sub-basin are the best development and management scenarios. These will improve water availability for the expansion of the Madibira irrigation scheme; as well as ensure water availability for the Ruaha National Park (RNP), which experiences water shortage during the dry season.
Variability in Rainfall Onset, Cessation and Duration in Lukuledi River Catchment, Southern Coast of Tanzania
Authors: Mulamula Lilian , Valimba Patrick , Yanda Pius
Published: December 2022

Most rural coastal communities in Tanzania rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods, and yet have limited climatological information on inter-seasonal variability of rainfall onset, cessation, and duration. This paper analyses rainfall onset, cessation, and duration of the Lukuledi river catchment, which has nearly 87% of its community depending on rainfed agriculture; and where rainfall uncertainties are reported to have negatively impacted agricultural activities. The paper used daily rainfall data from 1970 to 2015, standard deviations, coefficients of variation, and Mann Kendall statistics to identify variabilities and trends of rainfall onsets, cessation, and duration. Onset-duration relationship was also established. Results show that rainfall onset is more variable than cessation, with standard deviation ranging from 22 to 29 days; while that of cessation was between 11 and 16 days. Coefficients of variation of the onsets were between 27% and 44%; while those of cessation ranged from 5% to 8%. The period between 1970 and mid-1980s had early onsets, which shifted to late onsets in post-1985, with increasing incidences of fake onsets. Onset and rainfall duration had negative correlation, whereby one of the stations (Narunyu) had a weak correlation, r (38) = -0.19, p = .24; and the remaining stations depicted very strong correlations: Nachingwea, r (44) = -0.88, p < .00001; Mahiwa, r (29) = -0.86; p < .00001; and Masasi, r (14) = -0.86, p = 0.000019. All this indicates that onsets can be good predictors of rainfall duration. Thus, we suggest the use of observed onset-duration relationship, in combination with climate forecasts, to enhance agricultural plans and decisions.
Trends and Frequencies of Extreme Rainfall Events in the Urban Catchments of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mzava Philip , Valimba Patrick , Nobert Joel
Published: December 2022

Understanding the characteristics of extreme rainfall events is necessary for proper planning and management of urban flooding impacts. In this paper, daily rainfall data from four key weather stations for the period 1967-2017 were used to investigate temporal variability in annual, seasonal, and extreme rainfall in the urban catchments of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The MannKendall trend analysis and Sen’s slope estimator were used to quantify the magnitudes and significance of long-term trends in rainfall. The frequencies of extreme rainfall events were modelled using the Generalized Pareto model. Results of trend analysis provided evidence of a decrease in total annual rainfall, with the highest decrement being 6.59mm per year. The statistical significance of the decrease in total annual rainfall was inconclusive. Observations of increase in both annual and seasonal maximum rainfall were also made; with the highest increments being 1.01mm and 0.79mm per event, for annual and seasonal maximum rainfall, respectively. The statistical significance of the increase in annual maximum rainfall was certain at 3 out of 4 stations. Frequencies of extreme rainfall events investigated using the R6 threshold provided reasonable results based on actual experience in the study area. Results indicated that most of the pluvial and fluvial flooding are from rainfall events with a 2 to 10-year return period. This is indicative of issues with the drainage systems in the area; either in their designed capacity or the reduction of their water carrying capacity due to anthropogenic factors.
Analysis of Geographical Accessibility to Healthcare Facilities Using Geospatial Techniques: The Case of Peri-urban Dwellers in Mbeya City
Authors: Ngowi Kizito , William Christopher
Published: December 2022

In spite of the tremendous achievements in the quality and quantity of health services attained globally, healthcare provision in developing countries remains a serious problem. Accessibility issues have been noted in peri-urban areas and measures to improve physical access to health services continue. This paper offers a comprehensive and analytical methodology of analysing geographical accessibility of healthcare facilities using geospatial techniques. The study employed ArcGIS Network Analyst to build a road network dataset and measure the shortest network-distance and travel-time to the closest healthcare via road networks. Walking speed was also assigned as 3km/hr throughout the whole network. Public transport speed limits of 30km/hr were assigned based on the roads speed limits of Mbeya City, without considering road condition and topography. A total of 70 healthcare facilities and 95 households’ settlement points (incidents) were loaded as input in the ArcGIS analyst tool. The findings show that most health facilities are not easily accessible by walking; and that there is a poor spatial accessibility to health facilities and wellbeing among residents in the peri-urban area. Thus, the local government authority is advised to improve the road infrastructure to enhance accessibility to sparsely distributed healthcare facilities.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Noe Christine
Published: December 2022

This is Volume 40 of the Journal of Geographical Association of Tanzania (JGAT). Its production is based on critical and original work that has been verified through a doubleblind peer review process. The Journal has a new Editorial Team from early 2020 and its determination is to raise up to the challenges of promoting quality research and publications, which are key to our engagements with theoretic and methodological debates in Geography and related social sciences fields. The Journal is published annually under the Department of Geography of the University of Dar es Salaam. However, paper manuscripts that link Geography with other disciplines across the world are encouraged to attract inter- and multi-disciplinarity in knowledge generation and application.
Analysis of the Challenges of Integrated Coastal Management Approach in the Eastern Coast of Tanzania
Authors: Sabai Daniel
Published: December 2022

Understanding the challenges that surround the adoption of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) approach may potentially help actors and facilitators of coastal-based development initiatives to devise sustainable plans for managing coastal and marine resources. This paper analyses the challenges that prevail in contexts where ICM approach was adopted in the eastern coast of Tanzania. It draws experiences from the Kinondoni Integrated Coastal Area Management Programme (KICAMP) to yield lessons that may potentially shed light to facilitators of community-based management initiatives in the coastal regions. The paper raises three main issues: (i) What is the essence of ICM approach? (ii) What are the key challenges associated with the adoption of ICM approach in Tanzania? (iii) What is the recommended manner of addressing emerging challenges? The paper is enriched with in-depth interview inputs from 7 technical personnel and 3 marine scientists who have served in ICM projects and programmes. Their views are complemented with accounts from 3 coastal residents; selected strategically on grounds of their long-term experiences in ICM programmes. Moreover, reports from the KICAMP and Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme (TCZCDP) provided additional input on the emerging challenges and possible measures for addressing them. The paper adopts a critical realist framework of analysis, the RRREI(C) model, to yield insights that depict prevailing and emerging ICM challenges. Captured challenges include: over-reliance on fisheries resources, over-expectations, emergence of gender-selective activities, cultural challenges, complexity of adopted monitoring programmes, non-sustainability of some developed projects, land use issues, the condition of attaching municipal staff to ICM projects, and diversification of activities.
Factors Influencing Farmers to Convert Productive Croplands into Woodlots in Mbeya Rural District, Tanzania
Authors: Jumanne Saumu , Sokoni Cosmas H. , Palela-Makawa Elizabeth
Published: December 2022

Recently, the Mbeya Rural district has experienced land fragmentation and scarcity due to population increase. However, it is paradoxical to see that farmers have been converting productive croplands into woodlots instead of practicing agricultural intensification on their already scarce croplands. This paper contributes to the understanding of changes that are experienced by farmers in Uporoto Highlands by analysing factors that influence them to convert productive croplands into woodlots. The selection of the research area was based on the rate of conversion of croplands into woodlots, and easy accessibility from main roads. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 366 farmers for household interviews, while purposive sampling was used to select the research area, key informants, and participant of focus group discussions (FGDs). Field observation and documentary review were also used to complement the collection of data. The paper employed a mixed method approach to capture both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were analysed with the aid of the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 21, to allow the generation of descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation functions, and multinomial regression analysis results. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The results suggest that the conversion of productive croplands into woodlots is influenced by market conditions, social/peer influence, institutional factors, nature and characteristics of trees, holding land for future use, farmers’ characteristics and urban to peri-urban expansion. The study recommends that agricultural institutions in the country should create enabling conditions that help farmers convert their productive croplands in a manner that does not threaten food security.
The Significance of the Diversification of Food Crops in Abating Impacts of Climate Variability: The Case of Rungwe District, Tanzania
Authors: Kalinga Atupakisye , Kangalawe Richard , Lyimo James
Published: December 2022

It is widely recognised that insufficient and unreliable rainfall threatens the status of food security among farmers in developing countries due to their dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Consequently, the need to understand the importance of the diversification of food crops in abating the impacts of climate variability becomes imperative. This paper studies the diversification of food crops as one of the major adaptation strategies of the impacts of climate variability and its implication on food security. Data were collected through documentary review, household interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and field observation. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis, while quantitative data were analysed by SPSS version 20 and Excel spreadsheet to summarize the results. The results show that the production of a variety of crops and the use of improved crop varieties were important aspects in the diversification of food crops that better cope with the impacts of climatic variability. The diversification of food crops has emerged to be one of the practices of climate smart agriculture (CSA), which helps farmers to adapt to the impacts of climate variability as it helps in reducing the risk of total crop failure. The study recommends that the government provide farmers with knowledge and skills about proper practices of CSA, and ensure improvement in extension services, which are important for accessing updated information related to impacts of climate variability, new technologies and associated adaptation strategies.
Spaces of Interaction Between Protracted Refugees in Nyarugusu Camp and the Surrounding Hosting Communities
Authors: Msoka Rosemary , Kweka Opportuna
Published: December 2022

Refugee camps are by essence temporary facilities to provide immediate support to those who have been forced to flee their country. However, the protracted nature of refugees in camps has led to a decline in humanitarian support, creating challenges in accessing sufficient food and other important needs such as energy for cooking. This paper studied everyday interactions between refugees in the Nyarugusu camp and the surrounding host communities in western parts of Tanzania. The fieldwork was conducted between March and December 2020, where a total of 45 semi-structured interviews and 12 FGDs were carried out, with observations being done in the refugee camp, host community villages and different markets where refugees and the host communities interact. Drawing from literature on space. and how spaces are constructed and function over time, particularly on how humanitarian spaces are constructed, the paper argues that encamped refugees’ interaction with host communities has led to the expansion of humanitarian space of support. The expansion of space by the mobility of refugees out of the camp to the host communities’ areas symbolizes power and control of space by refugees, hence proving that the power of space construction does not only end with those in planning authorities and decision-makers, but to different users of space. Despite challenging the formal support to refugees in camps, which is mainly North to South support, and which is increasingly being minimised due to protracted situations, the paper shows that this support is useful to encamped refugees as it helps them interact with host communities by giving refugees something to bargain with.
Association of Endogenous Metabolic End products & Clinicopathological traits of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: R Priya
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a widespread cancer and is associated with social and economic consequences. Clinico-pathological correlation improves patient survival and disease management. Our research intends to examine the relationships between OSCC and metabolic processes reflected by final catabolism products.

Methodology: In this cancer comparative retrospective analysis, metabolic byproducts in OSCC patients and healthy controls were compared. One way ANOVA analysis was done to record notable changes in OSCC patients by correlating along with disease's clinico-pathological traits.  

Result: Serum Urea and creatinine level were determined in a total of 109 subjects, 55 diagnosed as OSCC and 54 healthy subjects who had been reported to our hospital for the past two years. OSCC and healthy patients revealed blood urea levels with significant correlation (p=0.000). Serum creatnine was insignificant between two groups (p<0.68). Blood urea and creatinine was insignificant with random blood sugar (p<0.205), negative correlation with habits (p<0.953) and significant with metastasis (p=0.000).

Conclusion: OSCC in advanced stages have nearing higher serum urea levels, and is associated with nodal metastases. Deregulation of protein catabolism processes may be associated with invasive characteristics of OSCC, enabling aggressive behaviour in OSCC.
Trichoblastoma – A rare case of benign skin lesion
Authors: N Diwagar , SK Chander , S Sulochana , S Chitra
Published: December 2022

Trichoblastoma is a rare type of benign hair follicle tumor arising from follicular germinative cells, presenting as a solitary mass of brown/black nodule usually on head , neck and other extremities of body. It can arise at any age and sex, however, it is more common among adults between the ages of 40 and 50 years. It is a dermal, epithelial and stromal neoplasm consisting of proliferation of basaloid cells in a stroma resembling perfollicular fibrous tissue. Although benign, surgical biopsy is necessary to analyze under histopathological examination for diagnosing and differentiating trichoblastoma from basal cell carcinoma or harbor malignant characteristics. It typically has a favorable prognosis, with a very low incidence of recurrence, progression or association with malignancy. Here we present a case of a 67 year old female who presented with a nodular swelling  on the right side of nose for past 3 months. The swelling was painless. On examination the nodular swelling was 2 x 2 x 1cm and firm in consistency. An excision biopsy was done. Histopathological  examination showed features of trichoblastoma. This case is reported here due to its extreme rarity.
THE ROLE OF CHAMPION AND VETERAN TREES IN THE ECOTOURISM OF THE NORTH-WESTERN REGION OF AZERBAIJAN
Authors: NAZAROVA GULNAR
Published: December 2022

The presented article talks about champion and veteran trees located in the northwest of the Republic of Azerbaijan. These trees are very important for the ecological environment in the world. The article examines the significance of the named trees for the ecology of the Sheki-Zagatala, as well as ecological tourism, and offers suggestions for its progress.
MODERN APPROACHES IN LEARNING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Authors: ANATOLYEVNA BUSHUY TATYANA , RUZIQULOV FAZLIDDIN SHUKUROVICH
Published: December 2022

The authors of the article have critically analyzed the advanced methods of teaching and learning a foreign language (English). Having considered and summarized the accumulated experience, the authors tried to answer the controversial question of methodologists, psychologists, teachers: How to make training convenient and effective for both a teacher and a learner? The researchers believe that by adopting the recommended exercises, techniques, you can be not only tolerant, but also perform great skills in speaking, comprehension and even thinking in English. The work contains recommendations related to the process of language learning, based on a psychological basis. It is necessary to rely on the research conducted by neuroscientists and psychiatrists in order to achieve initial goal, namely: Fluency in foreign language communication. The effective life hacks, i.e., practical advice for learning a foreign language and technologies for their implementation, are analyzed in the article. In the article, analysis of some materials on the study of a foreign language have been made and expressions of our skepticism in the presentation of the phenomena of homonymy and polysemy, which is unacceptable for teaching sources. Many recommendations have points of contact: Reading of fiction, watching films in a foreign language, replenishing vocabulary with new words and expressions.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF BACOSIDE A ON BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER INTEGRITY
Authors: YALLAPPA B. S. , VEERANNA R. K. , SUGANTHI R. U. , RAVINDRA J. P. , AMALADHAS HEARTWIN P. , VAIBHAV A. B. , DAVID C. G.
Published: December 2022

Oxidative stress induced loss of neuronal function with age is related to disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB)integrity. The protective effect of Bacopa monnieri in combating oxidative stress induced dysfunction of BBB is being studied. We extracted, isolated and quantified bacoside A from bacopa leaf powder. An invivo trial was conducted in rats, which were treated with two doses of Bacoside A (200 and 400 mg/kg BW), through intra-peritoneal route for 7 consecutive days and the efficacy of the treatment was tested by studying the integrity of BBB using Evan’s Blue (EB) dye extravasation, antioxidant enzyme activity and Lipid peroxidation and expression of tight junction (TJ) protein occludin and ROS induced factor Nrf2in the brain. Bacoside A treatment for 7 days resulted in a dose dependent significant (p<0.001) decrease in concentration of EB into the brain indicative of minimum disruption in BBB integrity compared to control rats. Similarly, bacoside A significantly (p<0.001) increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. SOD, catalyse and GPx, with a concomitant significant (p<0.001) decrease in lipid peroxidation in brain. Further, a small dose depended increase in the relative mRNA expression of occludin and Nrf2 was observed in brain of rats treated with bacoside A. Hence, it is concluded that the beneficial effect of Bacoside A in restoring integrity of BBB could be associated with the increased expression TJ protein occludin and ROS induced transporter Nrf2 that might have strengthened the TJ and minimized ROS induced damage of the BBB.
AN INVENTORY OF NECROPHAGOUS FLIES FROM INDIA
Authors: OISHIK KAR . , NASKAR ATANU , PRAMANIK DEBDEEP , MUKHERJEE KOUSTAV , SARKAR SAIKAT , MUKHERJEE ARKA , GHOSH DEBJANI , SENGUPTA JAYITA , BANERJEE DHRITI
Published: December 2022

India has experienced an increase in violent murder cases in recent years. In 2021, there were over 29 thousand murders reported across India. Furthermore, more than 55 thousand attempted murder cases were filed in the country that year. A consistent increase in attempted murder cases was seen over the years till 2017. The reasons for death have been elucidated using necrophagous fly data in recent years. Forensic entomology focuses on the close bond between insects and corpses in addition to the use of insects in medicolegal investigations and as well as necrophagous flies play a crucial role in the decay of corpses. A checklist of necrophagous flies from India is hence provided. A total of 349 species belonging to 56 genera under 16 families are documented in this list along with their details of distribution. This is the first checklist of necrophagous flies from India which gives the complete scenario of the diversity of such flies from this megadiverse country. This checklist might serve as a new source of data on criminal cases and wildlife poaching in India.
Migracje ludności i ich skutki w regionie peryferyjnym (na przykładzie województwa lubelskiego)
Authors: Wesołowska Monika
Published: December 2022

W artykule przedstawiono ruch migracyjny ludności na obszarze województwa lubelskiego. Teren województwa potraktowano, ze względu na położenie, jako obszar peryferyjny. Nakreślono również skutki widoczne w sferze społecznej i gospodarczej wywołane migracją na tym terenie.
Kapitał terytorialny w zintegrowanym planowaniu rozwoju. Koncepcje współpracy
Authors: Przygodzki Zbigniew
Published: December 2022

Polityka ukierunkowana terytorialnie jest nowym sposobem realizacji polityki regionalnej. Podstawowym założeniem tego podejścia jest wykorzystywanie w polityce rozwoju terytorialnie zdefiniowanych zasobów materialnych i niematerialnych, które zyskały określenie kapitału terytorialnego. Pojęcie to zostało rozpoznane od strony teoretycznej i jest także mocno lansowane wśród praktyków polityki regionalnej. Nadal jednak zasadnicza trudność efektywnego działania i implementacji założeń w tym zakresie wynika z niskiego poziomu operacyjności proponowanych definicji. Z drugiej strony bardzo trudno jest w sposób aplikacyjny zdefiniować pojęcie kapitału terytorialnego, bowiem jest to kategoria złożona. Niewątpliwie jednak interesujące jest, w jaki sposób samorządy lokalne w tych warunkach radzą sobie z wdrażaniem postulatów polityki ukierunkowanej terytorialnie. Jest to ważne zarówno z perspektywy poznawczej, jak i w celu promowania najlepszych praktyk. Ponadto autor, wykorzystując wnioski z badań własnych prowadzonych metodą obserwacji uczestniczącej, proponuje w pracy typologie podejść do wdrażania zintegrowanego planowania rozwoju w Polsce, w odwołaniu do koncepcji kapitału terytorialnego na poziomie jednostek samorządu terytorialnego.
BAHAN AJAR DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TEKS SASTRA DRAMA DI KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 4 SINGARAJA
Authors: Lestari Ni Made Novia , Yasa I Nyoman , Dewantara I Putu Mas
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) Jenis – jenis bahan ajar guru dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama di kelas XI SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja, (2) Prosedur penggunaan bahan ajar guru dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama, (3) Evaluasi bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru Bahasa Indonesia kelas XI SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) jenis-jenis bahan ajar yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama yaitu. (a) Video dalam Youtube (b) Materi dalam Google Classroom (c) Materi dalam Web (d) Video Pembelajaran sendiri. (2) Prosedur penggunaan bahan ajar guru dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama yang mencakup tiga tahap prosedur, diantaranya (a) Memberikan konsep dasar drama melalui video dalam youtube, (b) Menyajikan modul untuk mengecek pemahaman siswa, dan (c) Menyajikan ringkasan materi dan video pembelajaran sendiri. (3) Evaluasi bahan ajar dalam pembelajaran teks sastra drama yaitu, (a) Menyesuaikan dengan KD (b) Karakteristik siswa, dan (c) Autentik dan menarik. Dari hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan penggunaan bahan ajar teks sastra drama di kelas XI SMA Negeri 4 Singaraja sudah dilakukan dengan sangat baik.

Kata Kunci: Bahan ajar; drama; teks sastra
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEKNIK DASAR PASSING BOLA VOLI MELALUI METODE VARIATIF UNTUK SISWA KELAS X SMK NEGERI 1 SITIUNG
Authors: Atik Rahmi , Prasetyo Dian Estu
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurangnya kemampuan siswa dalam menguasai teknik dasar Passing bola voli. sehingga diperlukan model pembelajaran yang dapat melatih kemampuan siswa  tersebut secara konkret dalam bentuk model pembelajaran. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut maka peneliti mengembangkan model pembelajaran teknik dasar passing bola voli melalui metode variatif, tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui karakteristik model  pembelajaran teknik dasar passing bola voli melalui metode variatif  untuk siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Sitiung yang valid dan efektif, dan mengetahui dampak model pembelajaran teknik dasar passing bola voli melalui metode variatif  untuk siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Sitiung terhadap hasil belajar
Pengelolaan Sport Massage Menjadi Unit Bisnis Program Studi Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi FIK Universitas Negeri Medan
Authors: Bangun Sabaruddin Yunis , Ilham Zulpikar , Riza Ade Ros
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

This research is a policy research that aims to study physical education, health and recreation, FIK Unimed in developing entrepreneurship independently and professionally, especially the sports massage clinic business. Supporting the implementation of BLU Unimed in managing a healthy business business with a sports massage clinic in the physical education, health and recreation (PJKR) study program. The hope of this activity is that many people are inspired by the existence of a sports massage clinic in the Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PJKR) study program, so that they are able to create a unique, professional and creative business needed by Students and Alumni of the Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation (PJKR). Medan State University. This research activity is carried out by means of tutorials and discussions for theory, as well as practice/practice in groups and discussions for practical experience. The results of the research obtained are the Management of Sport Massage as a Business Unit for the Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program, FIK State University of Medan obtained SOPs and guidelines for managing the Sport Massage Business Unit for the Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program. The conclusion of the Sport Massage Management activity as a Business Unit for the Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program at the State University of Medan provides various benefits of managing the entrepreneurial unit for both the Medan State University and the students of the Health and Recreation Physical Education Study Program.
KONTRIBUSI KOMPONEN FISIK DENGAN PERFORMA OLAHRAGA PETANQUE: STUDI META ANALISIS
Authors: Hanief Yulingga Nanda
Published: December 2022

Produktivitas riset tentang hubungan antara komponen fisik dengan performa olahraga petanque telah banyak dilakukan. Beberapa hasil riset menjelaskan bahwa komponen fisik sangat berkorelasi positif dengan performa olahraga petanque, utamanya pada teknik shooting. Namun, tidak sedikit hasil riset yang menyatakan sebaliknya, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis data secara inklusif untuk memberikan informasi secara menyeluruh tentang keterkaitan komponen fisik dengan performa olahraga petanque. Studi ini mengkaji tentang pengujian effect size dari komponen fisik terhadap performa olahraga petanque. Studi ini menggunakan metode studi meta analisis. Database pencarian artikel pada studi ini ialah google scholar dengan menggunakan kata kunci: hubungan, panjang lengan, kekuatan otot lengan, koordinasi mata-tangan, keseimbangan, dan shooting petanque. Analisis data dilakukan melalui tahapan identifikasi variabel, identifikasi nilai r, mentransformasi nilai r ke distribusi z yang merupakan effect size dari setiap studi, menghitung varians, menghitung Standar eror dari z, dan menghitung summary effect.  Perhitungan summary effect menggunakan software Jeffreys’s Amazing Statistics Program (JASP). Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa komponen fisik berhubungan sangat erat dengan performa olahraga petanque, khususnya pada teknik shooting dan pointing.
PENGARUH LATIHAN ABDOMINAL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN HEADING PEMAIN SEPAK BOLA U 19-21 GUNUNG MEDAN DHARMASARAYA
Authors: Rizki Muhammad , Ricky Zuhar , Burhan Maldin Ahmad
Published: December 2022

This research was motivated by the lack of good heading skills of U 19-21 soccer players in gunung Medan, Dharmasaraya. Efforts to overcome these problems require abdominal exercises. This study aims to determine whether abdominal exercise has an effect on the heading ability of dharmasaraya mountain soccer players. This research is a type of quantitative research using an experimental method approach. While the form of research design used is "one-group pretest-posttest design". The population of this study were all soccer players U 19-21 Gunung Medan dharmasaraya, totaling 16 people. The sample of this research is the dharmasaraya mountain soccer player. The data collection technique used in this study was a heading ability test. The data analysis technique used in this research is normality test and hypothesis testing through SPSS 20 at 0.06 level. The results showed that abdominal exercise had a good influence on the results of the heading ability of U 19-21 soccer players in Gunung Medan Dharmasaraya to learn, this can be seen from the acquisition of the average pretest and posttest scores obtained from U19 soccer players. 21 Gunung Medan dharmasaraya with an average pretest of 5.6 and posttest of 7.48. Based on the analysis carried out, obtained a significant value of abdominal exercise.
PENGEMBANGAN MODIFIKASI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL BERBASIS SEPAK BOLA UNTUK GERAK SISWA SD
Authors: Susanti Lili
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan sebuah model pembelajaran Permainan tradisional. Metode penelitian mengunakan  pengembangan, langkah dalam pelaksanaan mengacu pada tahap pengembangan dari ADDIE yang diadaptasi menjadi 5 tahap pengembangan yaitu; analisis (analyze), perancangan (design), pengembangan (development), implementasi (implementation), evaluasi (evaluation). Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, teknik analisis data deskriptif dengan persentase. Produk penelitian  berupa buku panduan  permainan tradisional berbasis sepak bola untuk gerak. pada uji validitas diperoleh data persentase dengan rata-rata 84,22% dikategorikan sangat valid, uji praktikalitas oleh guru PJOK dengan peresentase 84% dan siswa dengan persentase 78,74% dikategorikan praktis, sedangkan uji efektifitas dengan persentase 52,94% dikategorikan cukup efektif. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah diperoleh. Maka model pembelajaran modifikasi permainan tradisional berbasis sepak bola untuk gerak  dinyatakan layak untuk meningkatkan gerak pada siswa.
Imaginarios sociales y cultura de donación: Desafíos para el Sistema de Salud del Departamento De Jutiapa
Authors: Arana Sinthia S.
Published: December 2022

Objetivo: Comprender los imaginarios sociales de la población que influyen en los niveles de donación voluntaria de sangre en estudiantes universitarios del departamento de Jutiapa. Método: En el diseño de investigación se estableció una metodología cualitativa descriptiva con un enfoque fenomenológico, la selección de la muestra fue por conveniencia, para ello se realizó entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales en el tópico abordado y cinco grupos de discusión a estudiantes del Centro Universitario de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala del departamento de Jutiapa. Resultados: Uno de los resultados más significativos que se obtuvieron en el trabajo de campo; es poner en evidencia que dentro de los principales imaginarios se encuentran: temor a las agujas, temor a contagiarse alguna enfermedad infecciosa, temor a engordar o adelgazar, así mismo, se detectó que el principal riesgo de no contar con donantes voluntarios de sangre es que se incrementa la prevalencia de enfermedades infectocontagiosas; esto visualizó la necesidad de implementar estrategias de promoción de la donación voluntaria de sangre. Conclusión: Se constató que los imaginarios sociales están precedidos por una cultura de no donación, claramente infieren en los niveles de donantes voluntarios debido a que predisponen negativamente a la población a la no donación.