bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL ACCUMULATION OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS BY KIWIFRUIT I. LEAVES
Authors: SMITH G. S. , CLARK C. J. , HENDERSON H. V.
Published: April 2006

Summary

The accumulation of macro and micronutrients by leaves of 30 mature kiwifruit vines (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa Hayward) from two high‐producing orchards was recorded over a growing season. An assessment was also made of the extent of which mobilization of nutrients stored in the vine from the previous season contributed to the nutrient status of the leaves during the early part of the growing season.

The seasonal patterns for the concentrations of the various nutrients in the leaves could be broadly grouped into three types. Concentrations of potassium declined throughout the season, whereas nitrogen, phosphorus, copper and zinc concentrations declined initially but reached values which remained relatively constant by mid‐season. For calcium, magnesium, sulphur, boron, manganese and iron, concentrations in the leaves also declined initially but then increased for the remainder of the season. There was no apparent seasonal pattern for sodium or molybdenum. A strong association was found between soil temperature and the concentration of potassium in the leaf.

The period of greatest accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, copper and zinc by the leaves occurred from leaf emergence to fruit set. Magnesium, calcium, boron, iron and manganese differed from the other nutrients in that the rate of accumulation was relatively constant throughout the season. Experiments with excised one‐year‐old extension canes indicated that the mobilization of macro and micronutrients stored in the plant from the previous season could have supported 20 to 40% of the leaves on the vines during the first 30 d of growth.

The developing fruit had a marked effect on the potassium and nitrogen status of the leaves, particularly those close to fruit. The substantial losses of potassium (21 to 37%) and nitrogen (16 to 22 %) from the leaves after fruit set were sufficient to satisfy the requirements of at least 40% of the fruit on the vine. The much smaller losses of the other nutrients from the leaves (less than 15 % of the total quantity present) reflected their lower mobility in the plant and the small demand by the developing fruit for these elements.
EFFECT OF pH IN FLOWING NUTRIENT SOLUTION ON THE GROWTH AND PHOSPHATE UPTAKE OF WHITE CLOVER SUPPLIED WITH NITRATE, OR DEPENDENT UPON SYMBIOTICALLY FIXED NITROGEN
Authors: BREEZE V. G. , EDWARDS D. G. , HOPPER M. J.
Published: April 2006

Summary

The effect of solution pH (at values of 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and nitrogen source (plants supplied with nitrate, or dependent upon symbiotically fixed nitrogen) was examined for 56 d old nodulated white clover plants grown in flowing nutrient culture of controlled composition. Sequential harvests were made during the following 20 d period. No statistically significant effect of solution pH or nitrogen source was noted on dry weight, although plants grown at pH 4 were generally slightly smaller than the other plants. Within 5 d of the start of treatments, plants supplied with nitrate had higher fresh weights than those dependent on nitrogen fixation, and plants grown at pH 4 had smaller fresh weights than those grown at pH 5, 6 and 7. The response by fresh and dry weights to solution pH was not affected by nitrogen source. The amount of nitrogen fixed by plants grown at pH 4 was about 20% less than at pH 5, 6 and 7. Both shoots and roots of plants grown at pH 4 had lower phosphorus concentrations for both sources of nitrogen than the plants grown at pH 5 and above. Roots of plants dependent on nitrogen fixation at pH 5, 6 and 7 had much higher phosphorus concentrations than plants supplied with nitrate. Initially, phosphate uptake by plants dependent on nitrogen fixation exceeded that of plants supplied with nitrate at all pH values. Towards the end of the experimental period, uptake was greater by plants supplied with nitrate. For the 20 d experimental period, phosphate uptake was greatest at pH 5, followed by pH 6, 7 and 4 for plants supplied with nitrate, whereas for plants dependent on symbiotically fixed nitrogen, uptake was greatest at pH 7, followed by 6, 5 and 4; there was no difference between phosphate uptake with the two sources of nitrogen at pH 7.
KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A DUAL PHOSPHATE UPTAKE SYSTEM IN THE ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS OF ERICA HISPIDULA L.
Authors: STRAKER C. J. , MITCHELL D. T.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Mycelia of the endomycorrhizal fungus of Erica hispidula L. were grown in liquid culture media containing high (6 mM) or low (60 μM) concentrations of orthophosphate. Phosphate uptake rates were measured over the range 1 to 500 μ and were interpreted as being the consequence of a dual uptake system. The Vmax values of low P and high P status mycelia of the low‐affinity system (LA) were similar, whereas the Km of high P status mycelia was lower than that of low P status mycelia. The Km values of high P and low P status mycelia of the high‐affinity system (HA) were similar, whereas high P status mycelia showed a higher Vmax value than low P status mycelia. In low P status mycelia, the LA contribution to total uptake was 93% at 500μM and 25% at 1 μM external phosphate. The uptake systems were sensitive to pH and 2,4‐dinitrophenol. These results are compared with similar studies on saprotrophic fungi and mycorrhizal associations.
OXALIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY THE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS PAXILLUS INVOLUTUS (BATSCH. EX FR.) FR.
Authors: LAPEYRIE F. , CHILVERS G. A. , BHEM C. A.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Oxalic acid produced by an isolate of the mycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus (Batsch. ex Fr.) Fr. in still broth culture was assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Production of oxalic acid per unit of mycelium was influenced by nitrogen source and concentrations of exogenous calcium and bicarbonate ions. Nitrate‐grown mycelia produced large quantities of oxalic acid; ammonium‐grown mycelia produced small quantities regardless of what other ions were present. Calcium concentrations between 10 and 50 meq 1−1 slightly enhanced oxalic acid production in the presence of nitrate; concentrations between 250 and 500 meq 1−1 depressed production. Small additions of bicarbonate ions substantially increased oxalic acids production when nitrate was present. When calcium was present, most of the oxalic acid was associated with the mycelium, probably as calcium oxalate. In the absence of calcium, most of the oxalic acid occurred free in the culture medium. It is concluded that in calcareous soils, bicarbonate and nitrate are more important than calcium in stimulating oxalate production. The significance and underlying mechanisms of oxalate production are discussed.
PRODUCTION OF FREE STEROLS BY INFECTED TUBERS OF OPHRYSLUTEA CAV.: IDENTIFICATION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY‐MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: BARROSO J. , CHAVES NEVES H. , PAIS M. SALOMÉ S.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Ergosterol, 24–ethyl‐cholest‐7,22‐dien‐3‐β‐ol, campesterol, sitosterol and cycloartenol could be detected in the infected tubers of Ophrys lutea Cav. by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the corresponding O‐trimethylsilyl ethers and acetates. The uninfected tubers only contained demethylsterols. No free sterols could be detected in the endophyte maintained in pure culture.

The possible role of sterols in the stability of the host cell membranes in mycorrhizas of O. lutea is discussed.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN HERBICIDES ON SAPROPHYTIC SURVIVAL AND BIOLOGICAL SUPPRESSION OF THE TAKE‐ALL FUNGUS
Authors: MEKWATANAKARN P. , SIVASITHAMPARAM K.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Saprophytic survival and pathogenicity of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. tritici Walker were evaluated in sterile and unsterile Western Australian wheat field soil treated with the herbicides glyphosate, diquat + paraquat, or trifluralin. Survival in colonized straws and subsequent pathogenicity were not affected by the herbicide treatments in sterile soil. In unsterile soil, however, survival and pathogenicity were higher in glyphosate or diquat + paraquat‐treated than in untreated or trifluralin‐treated soil. Incorporation of untreated natural soil into fumigated soil, to give concentrations of 1 and 10% natural soil in the mix, reduced disease in comparison with that in 100% sterile or 100% natural soil. Disease in fumigated soil increased progressively with increasing concentrations of glyphosate‐treated, unsterile soil. Pre‐treatment of wheat plants or soil with glyphosate before exposure of the host to the fungal pathogen or to other soil micro‐organisms showed that the increase in disease following glyphosate treatment was not related to the direct effect of the herbicide on the host.
COMPARATIVE ABILITIES OF LEAF SURFACES TO NEUTRALIZE ACIDIC RAINDROPS I. THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM NUTRITION AND CHARCOAL‐FILTERED AIR
Authors: HUTCHINSON T. C. , ADAMS C. M.
Published: April 2006

Summary

The relative abilities of four species to neutralize acidic rain droplets placed on their leaf surfaces were examined. Rain droplets (50 μl) of pH 4.7, 3.8, 3.0 and 2.4 were used. Determinations of droplet pH on the leaf surfaces and on a control parafilm surface were made at intervals until the leaves dried. Neutralizing abilities of leaves of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), radish (Raphanus sativus), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and the arctic herb (Artemisia tilesii) were compared. The plants were grown in sand culture with calcium supplied at a range of five concentrations, from 48 to 480 ppm to alter the calcium status of the foliage. While the Ca2+ treatments strongly influenced the Ca2+ content of leaves, they did not influence the neutralizing ability of the leaves. However, sugar beet, which showed the least ability to neutralize, had the lowest foliar Ca2+ content of the species examined. At raindrop pH values of 4.7, 3.8 and 3.0, the species were all able to increase droplet pH substantially before drying. The effect appeared to be two‐phased, with a rapid initial neutralization probably due to solubilized surface particulates and evaporated leaf exudates, followed by a slower subsequent phase, probably due to droplet–cell wall exchange processes. At pH 2.4 only radish and sunflower were still able to neutralize, but this may have been due to leakage of the contents of damaged cells. In experiments comparing plants grown in filtered vs unfiltered air, and in sand vs soil in the greenhouse or outdoors, it was shown that charcoal filtering the air substantially reduced the neutralizing ability of the leaf surface. Surface wettability and the speed at which droplets dried out were important in determining the neutralizing ability of leaf surfaces.
Atypical fibrous histiocytoma of the skin and subcutis in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Marrogi A. J. , Dehner L. P. , Coffin C. M. , Wick M. R.
Published: April 2006

The authors have observed 15 examples of a distinctive fibrohistiocytic lesion in children and adolescents which they chose to designate as “atypical fibrous histiocytoma” (AFH). Patient ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 9.3 yr.). Only two cases were encountered in the first year of life, but 7 were seen in children under the age of 10 yr. The anatomic distribution of AFH showed a tendency for a truncal origin (66%), and none was located in the skin of the face, neck, or scalp. Tumor sizes ranged from 1 to 3 cm, and one‐third were 2 cm or greater in maximum dimension. Histologically, AFH was characterized by a multinodular, dermal or dermal‐subcuticular proliferation of spindle cells, with tapered, cytologically bland nuclei. However, nucleocytoplasmic ratios were increased when compared with those of normal fibroblasts. Nuclear chromatin was dispersed or vesicular; nucleoli were seen in a minority of cases, but mitotic activity was regularly present. Admixed giant cells were present but infrequent, cellularity was dense, and a storiform growth pattern was consistently seen. Mean followup in this group of cases averaged 75 mo. Seven patients (47%) had tumor recurrences after initial excision; in two of these, tissue margins had been free of involvement. The authors conclude that AFH of childhood is analogous to a lesion that has previously been reported as “benign fibrous histiocytoma” in adults. Complete excision and regular postoperative surveillance are recommended for these tumors.
Marjolin's ulcer: immunohistochemical study of 17 cases and comparison with common squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Min Kim Jong , Daniel Su W. P. , Kurtin Paul J. , Ziesmer Steve
Published: April 2006

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens of 17 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of Marjolin's ulcer (SCC‐MU), 6 cases of common SCC (SCC), and 5 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were stained with three monoclonal antikeratin antibodies (CAM 5.2, MAK‐6, and MA‐903), a monoclonal antivimentin antibody (V9), and a polyclonal anticarcinoem‐bryonic antigen antiserum (A115). Neoplastic cells of SCC‐MU, SCC, and BCC showed consistently negative staining for CAM 5.2. A wide range of reactivity, from negative to diffuse strong positivity, among neoplastic cells of SCC‐MU and SCC was noted with MAK‐6. Alternatively, neoplastic cells of SCC‐MU, SCC, and BCC consistently showed diffuse moderate to strong reactivity with MA‐903. These findings imply that SCC‐MU has largely high‐molecular‐weight keratins. They also showed a wide‐range of reactivity with V9. However, neoplastic cells of five of the six SCC and five cases of BCC were negative for V9. These findings suggest that neoplastic cells of SCC‐MU contain vimentin in higher frequency than in the more usual SCC.
Myoepithelial differentiation in benign sweat gland tumors
Authors: Eckert Fritjof , Betke Matthias , Schmoeckel Christian , Neuweiler Jörg , Schmid Ulrico
Published: April 2006

One hundred and two cases of benign sweat gland tumors of the skin were studied for the presence of myoepithelial cells specifically identified by a monoclonal antibody to alpha‐smooth muscle actin on paraffin‐embedded tissues. The monoclonal antibody gave a positive result in 12 of 12 cases of cylindroma, 14 of 16 cases of spiradenoma, 2 of 2 cases of apocrine tubular adenoma (papillary eccrine adenoma), 5 of 5 cases of apocrine hidrocystoma, 5 of 5 cases of hidradenoma papilliferurm, and in 10 of 10 cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. Rare myoepithelial cells were detected in only 1 of 10 cases of mixed tumor, apocrine type. There was no immunoreactivity for alpha‐smooth muscle actin in eccrine hidrocystoma (2 cases), mixed tumor of eccrine type (2 cases), syringoma (7 cases), hidroacanthoma simplex (1 case), eccrine poroma (14 cases), clear cell hidradenoma (15 cases), and in 1 case of eccrine syringofibroadenoma. Our data support the concept that myoepithelial cells are seen in most sweat gland tumors considered to differentiate toward the secretory coil of the normal sweat gland. In contrast, myoepithelial cells are absent in tumors showing differentiation toward the excretory (ductal) component of the gland.
Mutant p53 expression in solar keratosis: an immunohistochemical study
Authors: Sim C.S. , Slater S. , McKee P.H.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐eight solar keratoses from 32 patients were studied for expression of mutant p53 protein by an immunohistochemical technique. Twenty‐eight of the 38 solar keratoses (73.7%) showed positive and variable nuclear labelling, whereas 10 specimens were immunonegative. The nuclear immunopositivity which was seen in all variants was mostly diffuse in distribution. The adjacent “normal” epidermis of 8 keratoses showed positive mutant p53 labelling. Eight of the keratoses were associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of which only two were immunopositive. Cytoplasmic labelling was never a feature. The study demonstrates that mutant p53 protein is commonly expressed in all variants of solar keratosis and that its expression correlates with atypical keratinocyte proliferation. It is proposed that the demonstration of mutant p53 in the adjacent normal epidermis may be a potential marker of early neoplastic transformation.
Examination of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma for human herpesviruses by using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Brice Sylvia L. , Jester Joy D. , Friednash Marti , Golitz Loren E. , Leahy Maureen A. , Stockert Stephen S. , Weston William L.
Published: April 2006

The etiology of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma remains unknown, although an association with viral infection, in particular certain retroviruses and human herpesviruses, has been suggested. The purpose of this study was to examine skin biopsies of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma for the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, and human herpesvirus‐6 by using the polymerase chain reaction. Lesional skin biopsies from 30 patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma were studied. Control specimens included biopsies from 9 patients with lymphomatoid papulosis and 10 patients with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. DNA extracted from each specimen, as well as from a known positive control for each virus, was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction with viral‐specific primers. Each DNA specimen was also amplified with control primers for human β globin. The specificity of the amplified products was confirmed by Southern analysis. Neither Epstein‐Barr virus nor herpes simplex virus was detected in any of the patient specimens examined. Human herpesvirus‐6 was detected in one specimen of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and one specimen of lymphomatoid papulosis. These results do not support a role for any of these herpesviruses in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma.
Clear cell basal cell carcinoma: An unusual degenerative variant
Authors: Barr Ronald J. , Alpern Kenneth S. , Santa Cruz Daniel J. , Fretzin David F.
Published: April 2006

Clear cell basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is an unusual variant of BCC which is characterized by a variable component of large clear cells. Twenty cases are presented which are further subdivided into pure, mixed, or metatypical categories. Although initially thought to represent sebaceous or tricholemmal differentiation, electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the clear cell changes are a degenerative phenomenon, probably involving lysosomes.
Post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis: A light and electron microscopic study of 18 cases
Authors: Mukherjee Ashok , Ramesh Venkatesh , Shyam Misra Radhey
Published: April 2006

Post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, and is seen in patients with history of having been treated earlier for the visceral disease form, kala‐azar, caused by the same organism. The findings from 18 patients with PKDL are described in this study. The skin manifestations ranged from hypopigmented macules to infiltrated plaques and nodules. Histopathologic examination revealed a cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. The macrophages were scattered amidst the infiltrate without any localization. In hypopigmented lesions, the infiltrate was confined to the perivascular region in the superficial dermis and was composed mainly of lymphocytes and few plasma cells. In the nodular lesions, the infiltrate occupied the entire thickness of the dermis. Leishman‐Donovan bodies were scarce and identified in 16 cases after a prolonged search of Weigert's iron hematoxylin‐stained sections. In 2 cases, Leishman‐Donovan bodies were not demonstrable. Electronmicroscopic study revealed parasitized macrophages which showed no structural evidence of activation despite the active cellular response around them. The fine structure of the parasites in the histiocytes was also well maintained. This unusual tropical dermatosis is a unique example of change in organotropism of a parasite associated with a change in the host response.
Aluminum tattoo: a phenomenon that can resemble parasitized histiocytes
Authors: Elston Dirk M. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , McMahon James T.
Published: April 2006

We present a study of aluminum tattoos that resulted from aluminum chloride cauterization of biopsy sites. The stippled macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy and by means of X‐ray energy spectroscopy (XES) analysis. The light microscopic appearance may be striking, and may mimic the appearance of parasitized histiocytes, although the particles are larger and vary in size and shape. The basophilic particles are electron dense by electron microscopy. XES analysis demonstrated distinct emission peaks corresponding to aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus. Only a minor chloride emission peak was identified. The particles may represent an inorganic precipitate or an organic compound in which aluminum, calcium, and phosphate form a complex with protein.
Sweat gland adenomas: Immunohistochemical study with emphasis on myoepithelial differentiation
Authors: Wiley Elizabeth L. , Milchgrub Sara , Freeman Robert G. , Kim Elizabeth S.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐one dermal appendage tumors of sweat gland differentiation including 7 spiradenomas (SPA), 8 cylindromas (CYL), 8 acrospiromas (ACS), and 8 chondroid syringomas (CS) were analyzed using antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin (AE1, AE3, CAM 5.2, 34BE12), S‐100 protein, actin (ACT), and desmin (DBS) to characterize the immunocytochemical profile of benign sweat gland tumors. Cytokeratin expression was variable; AE1, 34BE12, AE3, and CAM 5.2 were present in 31, 24, 23, and 22 tumors respectively; 29 tumors contained EMA. Seventeen tumors, (6 SPA, 8 CYL, 2 ACS, 1 CS) stained with antibody to alpha smooth muscle actin, and 26 (7 SPA, 7 CYL, 4 ACS, 8 CS) expressed S‐100 protein. Although some prior studies had reported actin filaments on electron microscopy in both spiradenoma and cylindroma, these tumors have previously been considered to be negative for myoepithelial differentiation. All spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied demonstrated actin and/or S‐100 protein positivity in basal epithelial cells, consistent with myoepithelial differentiation. The organization of actin and S‐100 protein positivity displayed by the spiradenomas and cylindromas we studied suggests that the tumors are differentiated towards the secretory portion of the eccrine sweat gland.
Quantitative study of the human hair follicle in normal scalp and androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Alcaraz M. V. , Villena A. , Péerez de Vargas I.
Published: April 2006

We carried out a quantitative study of the matrix and dermal papilla of the human hair follicle of the scalp, both normal and in various degrees of androgenetic alopecia. A stereological study showed the measured parameters to decrease with increase in the degree of alopecia, particularly as regards the total volume of the matrix and its papilla. The ratio of the two volumes increased by 30%, indicating a much more marked decrease in size of the papilla than in the matrix size. The number of cell nuclei in the matrix and the papilla of alopecic scalp was found to be 30% and 50% smaller, respectively, than those of normal scalp. Finally, a morphometric study revealed enlarged nuclei in the matrix and papilla, as shown by their increased areas, perimeters, and maximal diameters.
Acquired perforating dermatosis of diabetes mellitus and renal failure: Further ultrastructural clues to its pathogenesis
Authors: Haftek M. , Euvrard S. , Kanitakis J. , Delawari E. , Schmitt D.
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural study of a typical case of acquired perforating dermatosis in a patient with renal failure and diabetes mellitus is reported. Crystal‐like microdeposits of an electron‐lucid material were detected in the upper dermis, close to the transepidermal channel. Compact macrophage conglomerations surrounded the deposits, and a strong histiocytic response was present. Mononuclear inflammatory cells of “activated”. type penetrated the acanthotie epidermis provoking basement membrane dissolution and widening of interkeratinocyte spaces. Collagen fibers were seen in the keratotic plug, indicating the process of transepidermal elimination. Our observation supports the hypothesis suggesting that some kind of storage phenomenon may be at the origin of perforating skin lesions in renal failure patients.
Cutaneous giant cell hyalin angiopathy
Authors: Martin Robert W. , Lumadue Jeanne A. , Corio Russell L. , Kalb Robert L. , Hood Antoinette F.
Published: April 2006

Giant cell hyalin angiopathy (GCHA) is an unusual histologic finding associated with inflammation. The lesion has previously only been reported immorally and is usually preceded by trauma. We report the first case of cutaneous GCHA. The eosinophilic, amorphous material (so‐called “hyalin”) stained for light chain products, suggesting that their deposition resulted from a reactive process associated with inflammation.
CD31 immunoreactivity in mesenchymal neoplasms of the skin and subcutis:
Authors: De Young Barry R. , Swanson Paul E. , Argenyi Zsolt B. , Ritter Jon H. , Fitsgibbon James F. , Stahl David J. , Hoover William , Wick Mark R.
Published: April 2006

CD31 has recently been reported as a specific marker of endothelial differentiation among non‐hematopoietic human neoplasms. In order to address this contention in particular regard to tumors of the skin and subcutis, the authors undertook a comparative study that surveyed 145 mesenchymal lesions. The antibodies used were directed against CD31 (clone JC/70A) and CD34 (clone My 10), and these were compared with binding of Ulex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA). Proliferations that were included in the category of vascular tumors included cavernous and capillary hemangiomas (17 cases); lymphangiomas (8); epithelioid (“histiocytoid”) hemangiomas (3), papillary endovascular hemangioendothelioma (1), angiosarcoma (7), and Kaposi's sarcoma of the mixed angiomatoid and spindle‐cell type (17). CD31‐immunoreactivity was observed in 35 of 53 vascular lesions; the neoplastic cells in a single angiosarcoma and the spindle cells in each case of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were not labeled. In all of the latter tumors, however, staining for CD31 was identified in the endothelia of angiomatoid areas and non‐neoplastic blood vessels. These results compared favorably with those' seen with anti‐(T).9H, which decorated 36 of 53 vascular tumors ‐ including S of 17 KS cases ‐ and UEA, which bound to the neoplastic cells of 36 lesions. In contrast, all of 92 non‐endothelial tumors included in ibis study (34 nerve sheath tumors [30 benign; 4 malignant]; 39 fibrohistiocytic neoplasms 11 benign; 28 malignant]; 9 smooth muscle tumors [6 benign; 3 malignant]; 7 glomus tumors; and 3 giant cell fibroblastomas) were negative for CD31. UEA labeled 3 non‐vascular neoplasms, whereas 38 lesions of that type were CD34‐positive. The latter proliferations were benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors, examples of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, or glomus tumors. Based on these results, it is concluded that CD31 is a relatively sensitive and specific marker for vascular lesions and that, it is worthy of inclusion in diagnostic antibody panels which are designed to separate endothelial tumors from other neoplasms of the skin.
Cutaneous Hodgkin's disease: an immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Cerroni Lorenzo , Beham‐Schmid Christine , Kerl Helmut
Published: April 2006

Studies of skin involvement in Hodgkin's disease are infrequent in the literature. In particular, immunophenotypic analyses of specific cutaneous infiltrates have been performed in only a few cases. We analyzed the clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of specific cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin's disease comparing histologic and immunophenotypic aspects of skin lesions with those of the nodal counterpart. Seven patients with Hodgkin's disease of the lymph nodes and specific cutaneous lesions, where both nodal and skin biopsies were available for histologic and immunohistochemical analyses, were included in this study. Immunohistochemical stains were performed with a 3‐step immunoperoxidase technique on routinely‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections. All 7 patients had nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease of the lymph nodes. In the skin, clinical presentations included reddish‐brown papules, plaques, nodules and ulcerated tumors. Histologic examination of cutaneous lesions showed features consistent with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease in 6 cases and unclassifiable Hodgkin's disease in one. Reed‐Sternberg cells and lacunar cells were present in 4 cases (57.1%). Immunohistochemical analysis of Hodgkin's and Reed‐Sternberg cells revealed a constant positivity for CD30 (BerH2) and negativity for CD45 (LCA) in both the lymph nodes and the skin. Staining with CD15 (M1) revealed positivity in 7/7 nodal samples and 5/7 skin biopsies. Cytoplasmic expression of immunoglobulin light chains (both lambda and kappa) was observed in one cutaneous case. The accompanying infiltrate was mostly composed of T‐lymphocytes admixed with variable numbers of monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils. Our results indicate that the histology of cutaneous specific manifestations of Hodgkin's disease correlates with that of the nodal counterpart in most cases. Classical Reed‐Sternberg cells, however, can be detected only in a proportion of the cutaneous lesions. Although the immunophenotype of Hodgkin cells and Reed‐Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes and the skin is similar, CD15‐negativity of Reed‐Sternberg cells can be observed in cutaneous infiltrates of Hodgkin's disease.
Angiogenesis in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: tumor vascularity is not an indicator of metastatic risk
Authors: Tahan Steven R. , Stein Amy L.
Published: April 2006

Background– Recent studies have shown that tumor growth beyond a certain size requires angiogenesis. Microvessel density has, moreover, correlated with metastatic risk in some tumors. Invasive squamous carcinoma (SCC) can develop in the epithelium of the lip and metastasize even when relatively small. This study investigates neovascularization and its relationship to metastatic risk in this tumor. Methods– All 41 primary SCCs of the lip diagnosed at our institution from 1960 to 1991 were immunostained for factor VIII. Microvessel grade (Mv) from 1+ to 4+ and the average number of vessel profiles (TMvD) in the highest density 200 × (0.785 mm2) and 400 × (0.196 mm2) microscopic fields were determined. TMvDs were compared with those of adjacent non‐tumor tissue (NTMvD). Normalized counts (TMvDns) were calculated as TMvD/NTMvD. TMvDs and TMvDnns of metastasizing (N=10) and non‐metastasizing (N = 31) tumors were compared (student t‐test). Results– In all SCCs TMvDs exceeded NTMvDs (50 vs.35 at 200 ×, P = 0. 0014, and 26 vs. 14 at 400 ×, P< 0.0001). Metastasizing and non‐metastasizing tumors did not, however, differ in Mv, TMvD, or TMvDn. Conclusions– Angiogenesis develops, but is not quantitatively related to metastatic risk, in primary invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.

Tahan SR, Stein AL. Angiogenesis in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: tumor vascularity is not an indicator of metastatic risk.
Pleomorphic hamartoma of the subcutis:
Authors: Shitabata Paul K. , Ritter Jon H. , Fitzgibbon James F. , Dehner Louis P. , Wick Mark R.
Published: April 2006

The authors report an example of an unusual subcuticular spindle cell tumor with histologic features which were most like those of “pleomorphic fibroma.” However, the tumor cells exhibited bifid differentiation immunohistologically, with conjoint reactivity for vimentin, S‐100 protein, Leu‐7 antigen (CD57), myelin basic protein, and desmin. A hamartomatous origin was favored for this lesion, given its overall morphologic features, circumscription, and apparently heterogeneous cellular lineages. Although speculative, it is thought that this unusual cutaneous mass may represent a subcuticular analogue of the benign Triton tumor (neuromuscular choristoma) of deep soft tissues.
Nucleolar organizer regions and image analysis nuclear morphometry of small cell (nevoid) melanoma
Authors: Kossard Steven , Wilkinson Barbara
Published: April 2006

Small cell (nevoid) melanomas may provide difficulties in diagnosis as their constituent cell type resembles a benign nevoid melanocyte. In the present study, 10 small cell melanomas were analyzed for the silver staining of their nucleolar organizing regions (AgNORs), and their nuclear area and perimeter were measured by computerized digital image analysis and compared with 10 superficial spreading melanomas lacking small cell differentiation and 10 dermal nevi. The average number of AgNORs per nucleus was 5.83 (SD ± 1.69) for small cell melanomas and was significantly different when compared with 8.49 (SD ± 1.58) for superficial spreading melanomas (p<0.05) and 2.71 (SD ± 0.50) for dermal nevi (p<0.05). Digital image analysis confirmed that the nuclear perimeter and nuclear area of cells in nevoid melanomas did not significantly differ from those of ordinary dermal nevi (p>0.05), but both group were significantly different from superficial spreading melanomas lacking a small cell morphology (p<0.05). Counting AgNOR numbers may be useful in evaluating small cell (nevoid) melanomas and provides a technique for differentiating their constituent cell from ordinary nevus cells. Nuclear morphometry determined by digital image analysis may help better define the nuclear size in small cell melanomas.
Photoaging versus intrinsic aging: A morphologic assessment of facial skin*
Authors: Bhawan J. , Andersen W. , Lee J. , Labadie R. , Solares G.
Published: April 2006

Histologic studies have become increasingly important in recognizing morphologic differences in photoaged versus intrinsically aged skin. Earlier histologic studies have attempted to evaluate these changes by examining anatomical sites which are not comparable, such as face and buttocks. As part of a multicenter study, we have quantitatively examined a panel of 16 histologic features in baseline facial skin biopsies from 158 women with moderate to severe photodamage. When compared to the postauricular area (photo protected), biopsies of the crow's feet area (photo exposed) had a twofold increase in melanocytes and a statistically significant increase in melanocytic atypia (p<.0001) and epidermal melanin (p< .0001). Other epidermal changes included reduced epidermal thickness (p<.01), more compact stratum corneum (p<.0001) and increased granular layer thickness (p<.0001) in the crow's feet skin. There was increased solar elastosis (p<.0001), dermal elastic tissue (p<.0001), melanophages (p<.0001), perivascular inflammation (p<.05) and perifollicular fibrosis (p<.01) but no change in the number of mast cells or dermal mucin in the photo exposed skin. Our data document quantitative differences in photoaged versus intrinsically aged facial skin and provides the groundwork for future studies to evaluate the efficacy of new treatments for photoaged skin.
Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma: A neoplasm associated with Maffucci's syndrome
Authors: Pellegrini Arthur E. , Drake Richard D. , Qualman Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

A case of a 21‐year‐old male with Maffucci's syndrome is presented in which the patient developed multiple cutaneous spindle cell hemangioendotheliomas (SHE). Recent reports suggest an association between spindle cell hemangioendotheliomas (SHE) and Maffucci's syndrome. Our case supports the interpretation that SHE is associated with Maffucci's syndrome.
Sebaceous adenoma with a cutaneous horn
Authors: Thornton Caroline M. , Hunt Steven J.
Published: April 2006

Cutaneous horns are common lesions that: usually represent actinic keratoses, verrucae, seborrheic keratoses, and squamous cell carcinomas. We present a remarkable example of a sebaceous adenoma with cutaneous horn formation. The solitary lesion occurred over the left clavicle of a 71‐year‐old man without evidence of the Muir‐Torre syndrome. There have been only three previous reports of sebaceous tumors (one sebaceous adenoma and two sebaceous carcinomas) producing cutaneous horns, the latter of which are actually pseudohorns, exophytic extensions of tumor without hyperkeratosis.
Prognostic evaluation of specific cutaneous infiltrates in B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Kaddu Steven , Smolle Josef , Cerroni Lorenzo , Kerl Helmut
Published: April 2006

The relationship between numerous histologic variables and survival was investigated in 54 consecutive lesions of specific skin infiltrates of B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) from 27 patients (16 males and 11 females, mean age 65 years, range 42–83 years). All patients were followed for up to 204 months or until death. Histopathologically, the infiltrates showed a patchy perivascular (35%), diffuse (31.5%), nodular (31.5%) or band‐like (1.9%) pattern. In 28% of the cases, an admixture of reactive cells within the infiltrate including eosinophils, histiocytes, neutrophils and plasma cells was observed. Cytomorphologically, small B‐lymphocytes with condensed chromatin predominated in most infiltrates. However, some biopsies showed a small but significant number of medium‐ or large‐sized neoplastic cells of the B‐lymphocyte lineage with variable cytomorphological features.

In a multivariate analysis, several histologic parameters within the infiltrates were found to show a significant association with long survival, namely, an infiltrate of moderate density, a nodular pattern, involvement of the lower dermis only, and presence of predominantly small B‐lymphocytes (more than 95%) with condensed chromatin. Histologic variables that independently correlated with relatively short survival included an infiltrate of severe intensity, a diffuse pattern, epidermal changes (especially acanthosis and ulceration), medium‐sized and large B‐lymphocyte (more than 5%), and reactive cells within the infiltrate (neutrophils, eosinophils, and plasma cells). Overall analysis of our results showed two histologic patterns with a significant prognostic impact (p<0.01; z=5.4). Pattern I (33 biopsies) correlated with relatively long survival (2‐year survival rate; 97%) and consisted of infiltrates showing predominantly small B‐lymphocytes (more than 95%) without reactive cells or epidermal changes. Pattern II (21 biopsies) indicated short survival (2‐year survival rate; 49%) and included all the rest of the biopsies i.e., infiltrates with medium‐ and large‐sized B‐lymphocytes (more than 5%), admixture of reactive cells, and epidermal changes. Results from our study suggest that histologic features in specific skin infiltrates of B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia may be helpful in identifying prognostically different subgroups of patients and planning therapeutic schedules.
The prognostic significance of basic fibroblast growth factor in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Al‐Alousi Suad , Barnhill Raymond , Blessing Karen , Barksdale Sarah
Published: April 2006

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a growth factor and an angiogenesis factor which may play a role in the evolution of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). In this study, we evaluated the distribution of bFGF in CMM using immunochemical methods and correlated the pattern of bFGF expression with the clinical course. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections of 46 CMMs were immunostained with a high‐affinity purified antibody raised against human bFGF. CMM were categorized into lesions that exhibited subsequent recurrence (local, regional and/or systemic) or recurrence‐free lesions. The minimum follow‐up time was 5 years. Expression of bFGF within the tumors and in peritumoral and intratumoral blood vessels was similar in the two groups. Comparable results were attained when 8 recurring vs 8 non‐recurring CMM, selected from the above tumors, were matched for age, gender, anatomic site and tumor thickness. These results suggest that the biologic behavior of CMM may not be predicted by immunoreactivity to bFGF in CMM cells or in the local tumor vasculature.
Spindle cell lipoma is strongly CD34 positive. An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Templeton Stephen F. , Solomon Alvin R.
Published: April 2006

Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm that may provide diagnostic difficulty to the histopathologist. Four retrospectively identified SCLs were evaluated immunohistochemically with a broad panel of antibodies (CD34, factor XIIIa, S‐100, actin and factor VIII). All four SCLs were strongly CD34 positive (95 to 100% of cells) and focally factor XIIIa positive (average 16% of cells). Tumor cells were S‐100, actin and factor VIII negative.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, neurofibroma, schwannoma and angiolipoma are CD34 positive tumors that have some similar histologic features to SCL and may be considered in the differential diagnosis. Differentiation is possible using a broad panel of immunostains and routine diagnostic criteria.
Myxoid dermatofibrohistiocytoma: an indolent post‐traumatic tumor composed of CD34+ epithelioid and dendritic cells and factor XIIIa+ dendrophages
Authors: Silverman Jeffrey S. , Brustein Sheryl
Published: April 2006

Factor XIIIa+ dendrophages and CD34+“deep dermal dendrocytes” are distinct subsets of embryonic dermal dendritic stem cells that persist in interstitial and adventitial sites in adult dermis. We encountered a unique myxoid dermal tumor composed of these two cell types. It arose after trauma to the thumb of a 49‐year‐old man and was locally excised. The patient is without recurrence at 18 months. The disc‐shaped tumor was lobulated, yellow, and mucoid and involved the margins. A fibrillar myxoid stroma contained mast cells, wispy collagen with medium‐to‐small vessels, and loosely deployed small eosinophilic tumor cells. The tumor cells were amitotic and had oval or bean‐shaped, bland nuclei; some cells were binucleated. The cells were epithelioid or dendritic with bipolar, stellate, and racquet‐shaped cytosomes whose tapering cell processes blended with fibrillar collagen. Vacuolated epithelioid cells focally formed vessel‐like luminal structures. All cells strongly expressed vimentin. Thirty percent of the tumor cells were elongated, dendritic factor XIIIa+ cells whose dendritic processes enshrouded mast cells or FXIIIa‐negative tumor cells. A subset of the FXIIIa+ cells also expressed MAC387 and lysozyme. The other 70% of the cells were CD34+. Many CD34+ cells were epithelioid with strong membrane and vacuolar decoration. Some CD34+ epithelioid cells had globular cytoplasmic inclusions. Other CD34+ cells were dendritic with multipolar fibrobroblast‐like cytosomes and weaker CD34+ membrane decoration. Actin and S‐100 were negative. Ki 67 was expressed in 1% of the tumor cells. Double stains for CD34 and Ki 67 showed that both CD34+ cells and FXIIIa+ dendrophages were Ki 67+, as were many papillary dermal vessel endothelial cells. The composition of the tumor by mast cells, FXIIIa+ dendrophages, and CD34+ primitive cells recapitulates the dermal microvascular unit. We propose the descriptive term myxoid dermatofibrohistiocytoma (MD) for this novel tumor. It appears to be an unusual response by dermal dendritic cells, perhaps due to continued stimulation by post‐traumatic cytokines. Clarification of its biology and nosology awaits identification and study of more cases.
Ossifying epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Kiryu Hiromaro , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Hori Yoshiaki
Published: April 2006

A case of small epithelioid hemangioendothelioma encapsulated by an egg‐shaped bony shell composed of newly formed mature lamellar bone is presented. A nodule measuring 10 × 5 × 5 mm was excised from inside of the right cheek muscle of a 46‐year‐old man. Histopathologically, the nodule consisted mainly of round‐to‐short spindled epithelioid cells with round nuclei and occasional cytoplasmic vacuoles associated will some foci of osseous metaplasia. Characteristically, egg shell‐like lamellar bone enclosed this lesion showing well‐circumscribed appearance. The main component cells were immunohistochemically stained positive for factor VIII‐related antigen, CD 34, UEA‐1, and vimentin, and proved to be vascular endothelial cells. The term ossifying epilhelioid hemangioendolhelioma is proposed for this unique lesion. This type of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma has not been previously reported to our knowledge, and differentiation from ossifying fibromyxoid tumor of soft parts is considered to be important.
Cornified cell envelope proteins and keratins are normally distributed in harlequin ichthyosis
Authors: Akiyama Masashi , Yoneda Kozo , Kim Soo‐Youl , Koyama Hirofumi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Long‐term survivors of harlequin ichthyosis (HI) have raised a controversy over the differences between HI and lamellar ichthyosis (LI). Abnormal lamellar granules and the failure of conversion from profilaggrin to filaggrin have been reported in HI. On the other hand, malformation of the cornified cell envelope as a result of mutation of keratinocyte transglutaminase has been found in LI. In the present study, we analyzed the distribution of keratins, filaggrin/profilaggrin and cornified cell envelope proteins in the epidermis in HI. We studied a newborn Japanese male with typical clinical features of HI. Electron microscopic observation of a skin biopsy specimen taken from the trunk revealed the presence of lipid inclusions within the cornified cells, the absence of lamellar granules in the granular layer keratinocytes, and a lack of extracellular lamellar structures between the first cornified cell and the granular cell. Immunohistochemical labeling showed a normal distribution of keratins (keratins 1,5, 10, and 14), filaggrin/profilaggrin and cornified cell envelope proteins (involucrin, small proline‐rich proteins, and loricrin) in the epidermis of lesional skin. The present observations of the patient's skin verified that keratins and cornified cell envelope proteins are normally expressed in HI, thus demonstrating a different pathogenesis between HI and LI.
Immunology of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a brief review of its history
Authors: Dupont Bo
Published: April 2006

Summary: The history of clinical marrow transplantation since 1968 is reviewed with an emphasis on immunological and immunogenetic aspects. The events leading to the creation of an international network of volunteer donor registries and the implementation of unrelated allogeneic marrow transplantation as a routine procedure are discussed. Current major issues which need to be resolved are addressed in order to set the stage for the topics covered in this volume of immunological Reviews.
Development and function of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells after bone marrow transplantation of severely immunodeficient mice
Authors: Wang Baoping , Simpson Stephen J. , Holländer Georg A. , Terhorst Cox
Published: April 2006

Summary: Bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments were performed in a strain of CD3E‐transgenii: mice, termed tge26, which are completely deficient in T‐cell and natural killer (NK) cell development. We found that an interaction of stromal cells and prothymocytes is required for the induction of a cortical thymic microenvironment. This induction takes place in a time window from fetal development to early neonates. Although the thymic environment is not required for NK‐cell development, we found that aberrantly educated αβ or γδ T lymphocytes can influence NK‐cell ontogeny. Surprisingly, BM transplantation of tge26 fetuses and neonates results in normal T‐cell development, but very low levels of NK cells. The poor NK‐cell reconstitution in fetal and neonatal stages could be explained by an inefficient migration of hematopoietic progenitor ceils to the BM. By contrast, migration of the progenitor cells to the thymus was efficient to initiate T‐cell development, BM transplantation of adult tgE26 mice resulted in abnormal T‐cell development which, in turn, caused an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the recipient mice. Studies in these BM chimeras have revealed that both αβ and γδ T cells can be pathogenic and, further, that Th 1‐like cytokines produced by these cells are causal factors in the pathogenesis of IBD.