bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed NN-Based Formation Control of Multi-Agent Systems: A Reduced-Order Appointed-Time Observer Approach
Authors: Feng Yuting , Sun Shuai , Lv Yuezu , Sun Changhao
Published: January 2024

Although the formation control of multi-agent systems has been widely investigated from various aspects, the problem is still not well resolved, especially for the case of distributed output-feedback formation controller design without input information exchange among neighboring agents. Using relative output information, this paper presents a novel distributed reduced-order estimation of the formation error at a predefined time. Based on the proposed distributed observer, a neural-network-based formation controller is then designed for multi-agent systems with connected graphs. The results are verified by both theoretical demonstration and simulation example.
Rowhammer Attacks in Dynamic Random-Access Memory and Defense Methods
Authors: Kim Dayeon , Park Hyungdong , Yeo Inguk , Lee Youn Kyu , Kim Youngmin , Lee Hyung-Min , Kwon Kon-Woo
Published: January 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the security vulnerability known as rowhammer in Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM). While DRAM offers many desirable advantages, including low latency, high density, and cost-effectiveness, rowhammer vulnerability, first identified in 2014, poses a significant threat to computing systems. Rowhammer attacks involve repetitive access to specific DRAM rows, which can cause bit flips in neighboring rows, potentially compromising system credentials, integrity, and availability. The paper discusses the various stages of rowhammer attacks, explores existing attack techniques, and examines defense strategies. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding DRAM organization and the associated security challenges.
IoT-Based Framework for Digital Twins in the Industry 5.0 Era
Authors: Awouda Ahmed , Traini Emiliano , Bruno Giulia , Chiabert Paolo
Published: January 2024

Digital twins are considered the next step in IoT-based cyber–physical systems; they allow for the real-time monitoring of assets, and they provide a comprehensive understanding of a system behavior, allowing for data-driven insights and informed choices. However, no comprehensive framework exists for the development of IoT-based digital twins. Moreover, the existing frameworks do not consider the aspects introduced by the Industry 5.0 paradigm, such as sustainability, human-centricity, and resilience. This paper proposes a framework based on the one defined as the outcome of a project funded by the European Union between 2010 and 2013 called the IoT Architectural Reference Model (IoT-A or IoT-ARM), with the aim of the development and implementation of a standard IoT framework that includes digital twins. This framework establishes and implements a standardized collection of architectural instruments for modeling IoT systems in the 5.0 era, serving as a benchmark for the design and implementation of an IoT architecture focused on digital twins and enabling the sustainability, resilience, and human-centricity of the information system. Furthermore, a proof of concept of a monitoring digital twin for a vertical farming system has been developed to test the validity of the framework, and a discussion of applications in the manufacturing and service sectors is presented.
A Fast Self-Calibration Method for Dual-Axis Rotational Inertial Navigation Systems Based on Invariant Errors
Authors: Sun Xin , Lai Jizhou , Lyu Pin , Liu Rui , Gao Wentao
Published: January 2024

In order to ensure that dual-axis rotational inertial navigation systems (RINSs) maintain a high level of accuracy over the long term, there is a demand for periodic calibration during their service life. Traditional calibration methods for inertial measurement units (IMUs) involve removing the IMU from the equipment, which is a laborious and time-consuming process. Reinstalling the IMU after calibration may introduce new installation errors. This paper focuses on dual-axis rotational inertial navigation systems and presents a system-level self-calibration method based on invariant errors, enabling high-precision automated calibration without the need for equipment disassembly. First, navigation parameter errors in the inertial frame are expressed as invariant errors. This allows the corresponding error models to estimate initial attitude even more rapidly and accurately in cases of extreme misalignment, eliminating the need for coarse alignment. Next, by utilizing the output of a gimbal mechanism, angular velocity constraint equations are established, and the backtracking navigation is introduced to reuse sensor data, thereby reducing the calibration time. Finally, a rotation scheme for the IMU is designed to ensure that all errors are observable. The observability of the system is analyzed based on a piecewise constant system method and singular value decomposition (SVD) observability analysis. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that this method can effectively estimate IMU errors and installation errors related to the rotation axis within 12 min, and the estimated error is less than 4%. After using this method to compensate for the calibration error, the velocity and position accuracies of a RINS are significantly improved.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Applied to Elemental Analysis of Aqueous Solutions—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Schlatter Nils , Lottermoser Bernd G.
Published: January 2024

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has evolved considerably in recent years, particularly the application of portable devices for the elemental analysis of solids in the field. However, aqueous analysis using LIBS instruments, either in the laboratory or in the field, is rather rare, despite extensive research on the topic since 1984. Thus, our comprehensive review aims to provide a clear overview of this research to offer guidance to new users. To achieve this, we examined the literature published between 1984 and 2023, comparing various settings and parameters in a database. There are four different categories of LIBS instruments: laboratory-based, online, portable, and telescopic. Additionally, there are four main categories of sample preparation techniques: liquid bulk, liquid-to-solid conversion, liquid-to-aerosol conversion, and hydride generation. Various experimental setups are also in use, such as double-pulse. Moreover, different acquisition settings significantly influence the sensitivity and therefore the detection limits. Documentation of the different methods of sample preparation and experimental settings, along with their main advantages and disadvantages, can help new users make an informed choice for a particular desired application. In addition, the presentation of median detection limits per element in a periodic table of elements highlights possible research gaps and future research opportunities by showing which elements are rarely or not analysed and for which new approaches in sample preparation are required to lower the detection limits.
Sustainable Connectivity—Integration of Mobile Roaming, WiFi4EU and Smart City Concept in the European Union
Authors: Kaššaj Michal , Peráček Tomáš
Published: January 2024

This article takes a comprehensive look at the integration of mobile roaming, WiFi4EU and the smart city concept within the European Union in the context of sustainability. These initiatives form key elements of the digital development and transformation of European cities. Starting with a brief look at the functioning of the European Union’s internal market, the article briefly analyzes the objectives of these projects, highlighting their interplay and benefits for citizens. It focuses on the development of smart cities and the importance of digital connectivity in the process of building smart cities. It discusses the WiFi4EU initiative, which provides funding for free public WiFi networks and promotes digital inclusion. It also looks at the core pillars of smart cities, including digital connectivity, efficient transport, environmental protection, innovation and citizen participation. The article discusses the challenges associated with this integration, such as ensuring interoperability of different technological solutions and data privacy. It also highlights the importance of cooperation between city authorities, local communities and European institutions to achieve successful digital urban development. The research emphasizes the economic sustainability implications of these integrated technologies, considering the potential for innovation, job creation and economic growth within the digital and tech sectors. The main method used in the writing process was the analysis method, which was complemented by the comparison and synthesis methods. The final discussion assesses the benefits and challenges that this integration brings for the development of cities and the improvement of the quality of life of citizens. By critically examining the convergence of mobile roaming, WiFi4EU and smart cities in the European Union, this study aims to provide insights into the transformative potential of sustainable connectivity. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions on urban development strategies, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that addresses both technological advancements and the imperative of sustainable practices for the benefit of current and future generations.
Landscape, Environmental Sustainability, and Climate Instability—The EDUSCAPE Project: University Research for Innovation in School Education
Authors: Caprari Giorgio , D’Onofrio Rosalba , Cocci Grifoni Roberta , Pellegrino Piera , Simionato Ludovica , Trusiani Elio
Published: January 2024

This article presents the main contents, methods, and results of the European project EDUSCAPE (Erasmus+) developed by a team of international researchers from four countries, just over a year and a half after its launch with a focus on SAAD/UNICAM contributions. Into the scientific-disciplinary frame of environmental education and climate adaptation, EDUSCAPE aims to integrate the polysemic, transversal, and multidisciplinary concept of landscape and its decline, as a promoter of new forms of knowledge in response to emerging dynamics, within the educational offer of school programs (6–15 years). This paper presents the general structure of the project, the methodology experimented (PBL educational approach), and the qualitative and quantitative intermediate results obtained so far (literature review, curriculum analysis, and needs analysis). To integrate landscape into school curricula and renew them, EDUSCAPE is preparing Didactic Units (DUs) as the final result of the project to provide theoretical foundations and practical solutions supporting teaching which will be tested in the schools of the partnership network. In general, this paper explores the possibility to disseminate the pedagogical and social role of the landscape through a new way of teaching based on a deeper exploration of the theme that can stimulate critical thinking in current and future generations regarding the global/local challenges of the 21st century.
Empirical Estimation of Landslide Runout Distance Using Geometrical Approximations in the Colombian North–East Andean Region
Authors: Roman Quintero Daniel Camilo , Ortiz Contreras Jose David , Tapias Camacho Mauricio Alberto , Oviedo-Ocaña Edgar Ricardo
Published: January 2024

Landslides represent geological hazards wherein a part of a slope loses its static equilibrium and initiates movement. Once this movement begins, it becomes crucial to evaluate the land-slide runout distance (LRD). Currently, there exist numerous tools for estimating LRD, among which geometrical approximations stand as one of the most popular. These empirical models are particularly useful for wide-scale studies, aiding in the scale-down of the problem by identifying the critical areas. This study examines the application of geometrical approximations in the Colombian north–east Andean region. Within this area, a sampling of 49 was conducted using photogrammetric techniques, enabling the morphometrical characterization of each study unit. The results showcase the relationship between geometrical characteristics and LRD in the studied area, considering both land use and geomorphological settings. By exploiting these relationships, the study compares the estimation of LRD using various empirical models, many of which are already employed by practitioners within the studied region. For instance, the relationships in literature display a relative error in the estimation ranging around −50% and 100%. Furthermore, this research proposes new relationships for estimating LRD, enhancing the error estimations in a range between 0% and 50%, highlighting both the advantages and limitations of such empirical estimations. Consequently, it contributes new data to enrich the field of LRD studies.
Contribution of Climatic Factors and Human Activities to Vegetation Changes in Arid Grassland
Authors: Tuo Mengyao , Xu Guoce , Zhang Tiegang , Guo Jianying , Zhang Mengmeng , Gu Fengyou , Wang Bin , Yi Jiao
Published: January 2024

Clarifying the changing trend in vegetation and its affecting variables is extremely valuable for natural resource management. Vegetation changes in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, which is situated in the centre of Inner Mongolia in northern China and is part of the arid steppe region, are extremely sensitive to climatic factors. In this study, we investigated the changes in vegetation in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone from the year 2000 to 2020 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The contribution of climatic conditions and human activities to the annual and growing season vegetation changes was quantified. The findings revealed that vegetation cover in the Yinshanbeilu grassland zone increased at a rate of 0.00267/a between 2000 and 2020. Throughout the year and during the growing season, precipitation had a greater influence on the growth of vegetation than other climatological factors. In most places, there was a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and precipitation, which negatively correlated with other climatic factors. The average rates at which precipitation, temperature, cumulative sunshine hours, and potential evapotranspiration contributed to changes in NDVI were 0.00173/a, −0.00027/a, 0.00006/a, and 0.00074/a, respectively, for the entire year, and 0.00180/a, −0.00001/a, 0.00021/a, and 0.00059/a for the growing season. The impact of climate change on vegetation activities was more pronounced, accounting for 84.76% of annual NDVI change and 97.36% of growing season NDVI change. Humans contributed 15.24% of total annual NDVI change and 2.64% of growing season NDVI change. This research’s findings serve as scientific support for preserving the environment in the Yinshanbeilu grassland region, as well as an essential reference for government decision making.
Study on the Mechanism of Safety Risk Propagation in Subway Construction Projects
Authors: Han Yuanwen , Shen Jiang , Zhu Xuwei , An Bang , Liu Fusheng , Bao Xueying
Published: January 2024

Under the development trend of complexity and systematization of metro construction, there is an increasing number of risk factors potentially affecting construction safety, which has led to frequent accidents in metro construction projects, and the road to high-quality and sustainable development of metro construction is full of challenges. One of the essential reasons is that the propagation mechanism of safety risk factors in metro construction under hidden and delayed effects is not yet clear. This paper combines the theory of complex network and propagation dynamics and constructs a subway construction safety risk propagation model based on considering the hidden and delayed characteristics of construction safety risk propagation, which reveals the dynamic propagation law of subway construction safety risk and puts forward feasible coping strategies. The findings evince that the delay time T significantly affects the propagation behavior of risk and the achievement of the equilibrium state in the network. The transmissibility of the risk factor within the hidden state holds a pivotal sway over the entirety of risk propagation, and the latency in transmission significantly expedites the propagation of risk throughout the network. It is recommended that project managers monitor and warn safety state nodes and hidden state nodes to block the spread of risk in the network and control the delay time of risk in the network in time to reduce the probability of risk occurrence. This study significantly promotes the resilient management of safety risks in metro construction.
Optimizing a Single-Slope Solar Still for Fresh-Water Production in the Deserts of Arid Regions: An Experimental and Numerical Approach
Authors: Al-Helal Ibrahim M. , Alsadon Abdullah , Marey Samy , Ibrahim Abdullah , Shady Mohamed R.
Published: January 2024

Solar desalination is a promising sustainable solution to overcome the scarcity of fresh water in the deserts of arid regions. The productivity of a solar still depends mainly on its design parameters and the meteorological conditions of its location (longitude and latitude angles). Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the main design parameters of a single-slope solar still for freshwater production in the arid climate of the central region of Saudi Arabia (24°4′ N, 32.89° E). Experiments were conducted on four identical solar stills, with the same basin surface area and air gap distances (d) of 14, 16, 18, and 20 cm, respectively. The stills operated using three basin water depths (h) of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm on clear sunny days. The performance and productivity of the four stills were evaluated. The results showed that reducing the air gap distance (d) and water depth (h) significantly enhanced the distillate freshwater yield, and the optimum ratio of the length/width is 2 and of the back/front wall height is 3.65. Specifically, at a low water depth (h) of 0.5 cm, the daily distillate yield of the solar still increased by about 11% when the air gap distance (d) decreased from 20 to 14 cm. For the lowest air gap distance (d) of 14 cm, the distillate yield increased by about 23% when h decreased from 1.5 to 0.5 cm. Using the measured parameters, several numerical correlations have been developed to estimate the desalination rate (mc) as a function of the solar irradiance (Is) and ambient temperature (Tam). The developed correlations can be used successfully to estimate the values of mc instead of the prohibitive experimental measurements. The stills showed excellent performance in the arid climate and reduced water salinity from 31,250 to 495 ppm. This should encourage decision-makers to expand investment in solar desalination to sustainably develop the deserts of arid regions.
Panorama of Coffee Cultivation in the Central Zone of Veracruz State, Mexico: Identification of Main Stressors and Challenges to Face
Authors: Gabriel-Hernández Loarry , Barradas Victor L.
Published: January 2024

Coffee is one of the most traded crops worldwide. In the state of Veracruz, Mexico, coffee has been a strategic crop due to its economic, social, environmental, and cultural characteristics that differentiate it from other crops, contributing to the economy of almost 86,000 producers. Several studies have shown that climate is the main cause of the decrease in coffee production and yield. Due to the multi-faceted importance of coffee for the state, the relationship of coffee production and yield with the variables of precipitation (mm) and temperature (°C) from 2003 to 2022 was analyzed through the implementation of a mathematical model that was able to identify that both the total volume of coffee production is decreasing on average at a rate of 7614.9 Mg year−1 as well as the yield, with a significant decrease of 0.106 Mg year−1. It was also found that the optimum temperature value is 18.7 °C, and the optimal precipitation is 1700 mm for the development of coffee. This model also shows that yield is more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation in the study area. Through the application of surveys to 360 producers in 16 coffee-growing municipalities, seven stressors were identified that together hinder the continuity of the coffee industry in the state. These stressors are (1) economic, (2) climatic, (3) land use, (4) technical, (5) social, (6) political, and (7) other. Finally, some strategies are herein proposed to improve coffee production towards greater sustainability, such as agricultural restructuring at the national, regional, and local levels as well as programs and policies to support producers for the continuity of the crop in the region.
A Bus Network Design Model under Demand Variation: A Case Study of the Management of Rome’s Bus Network
Authors: Gemma Andrea , Cipriani Ernesto , Crisalli Umberto , Mannini Livia , Petrelli Marco
Published: January 2024

This paper proposed a methodology to design bus transit networks that can be consistently adjusted according to demand variations both in level and distribution. The methodology aims to support the activities of service providers in optimizing the service capacity of the bus network according to a system-wide analysis. It stems from the changes imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Such an experience has imposed a rethinking of the methodology used for the optimal design of robust transit network services that are easy-to-adapt to demand variations without redesigning the whole network every time. Starting from an existing model, this design methodology is articulated in two parts: the first part for solving the problem with the maximum level of transit demand, aiming at giving an upper bound to the solution, and the second part, where the network is optimized for other specific transit demands. This method has been applied to a real context in the city of Rome, considering two levels of demand taken from COVID-19 experiences. They are characterized by the application of different policies regarding different timings for shopping and schools’ openings as well as by policies on smart working. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to design robust transit networks suited to comply with large demand variations. Moreover, the procedure is suitable and easy to implement, in order to adapt quickly to changes in demand without having to modify line routes, but adapting them in an optimal way, even when dealing with realistic-sized transit networks.
Determining Usage Intention for the Sustainability of Public Transport in Northern Cyprus Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Angın Mehmet , Ali Shaban Ismael Albrka , Yahia Hussin A. M.
Published: January 2024

Transportation plays an important role in serving economic, social, political, and population mobility. Public transport is gaining importance for providing sustainability, such as by reducing traffic congestion, noise levels, providing better air quality, and contributing to public health. Public transportation facilities are undeveloped in Northern Cyprus, and only buses and minibuses are available. Many people are ready to shift to public transportation if safe, reliable, and affordable transportation options are available. The theory of planned behaviour was used, and an online survey including 33 questions was conducted with the contributions of 385 participants. All variables of the theory of planned behaviour have a greater than 0.70 Cronbach’s alpha value; therefore, multiple linear regression analysis with the SPSS V27 program was conducted to detect the impact of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on behavioural intention. Note that 32.2% of intention is indicated by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. The study concluded that subjective norms and perceived behavioural control have a positive influence on behavioural intention. Attitude is not a predictor of behavioural intention. Subjective norms are the strongest (β = 0.438, p < 0.001), and perceived behavioural control is the weakest (β = 0.438, p < 0.001) predictor of public transport usage intention.
A Bottom-Up Methodology for Identifying Key Performance Indicators for Sustainability Monitoring of Unit Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Glišić Marija , Veluri Badrinath , Ramanujan Devarajan
Published: January 2024

With growing environmental concerns and regulatory requirements, manufacturers are increasingly required to monitor and reduce the environmental impacts of their production processes. Despite increasing digitalization and data-collection capabilities, manufacturers are challenged in collecting the right data and framing process improvement targets. To address this challenge, this paper presents a bottom-up methodology based on the life cycle assessment for identifying performance indicators with the goal of monitoring and reducing the overall environmental impacts of a manufacturing process. More specifically, process performance indicators are defined as a set of controllable process parameters, and their suitability for sustainability monitoring is evaluated based on their sensitivity, measurability, actionability, reliability, timeliness, and human-centricity with respect to a chosen environmental impact category. The bottom-up formulation of process performance indicators is demonstrated through a real-world case study on an infeed centerless grinding process in a large manufacturing company. Results from the case study show that the process performance indicators with regards to climate change impacts included (i) reduction in grinding time, (ii) reduction in total grinding power, (iii) reduction in sparkout time, and (iv) increase in batch size.
Industry 4.0—Premise for Sustainability: Implementation Degree in Manufacturing Companies from Romania
Authors: Gavrus Cristina , Petre Ioana Mădălina , Pârv Luminița
Published: January 2024

Industry 4.0 cannot be understood without sustainable development, being an essential condition for ensuring market success, economic growth, and minimal environmental impact. Considering the increase in interest for applying Industry 4.0 principles by industrial companies, the aim of this paper is to find the degree and benefits of implementing the new technologies by manufacturing engineering companies from Romania. The research methodology proposes testing the opinion of top managers regarding certain Industry 4.0 issues. Data processing and analysis was conducted by means of SPSS software. The obtained results revealed that industrial companies from Romania show quite a high interest in developing all the processes from a company regarding the entire process flow, from client order to product delivery. Moreover, small and micro companies that participated in this study have recorded notable scores in respect to implementing the principles of Industry 4.0, considering their flexibility and the communication among employees, which is more efficient than in case of large and medium companies. We concluded that this study facilitates an understanding of the degree of implementing Industry 4.0 principles by Romanian manufacturing companies that stands at the base of sustainable development of businesses.
Unfolding the Transitions in Sustainability Reporting
Authors: Li Yao , Rockinger Michael
Published: January 2024

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) have been widely embraced by organizations as a sign of their commitment to sustainability. In this study, we develop a novel SDG-related bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model, using the neural network methodology, to determine the thematic evolution of European banks’ sustainability reports. We train this model on the OSDG-CD corpus, which we extend by labeling approximately 10,000 sentences based on SDGs content. The classification capabilities of this model appear to be very effective. Analysts who use our methodology can make faster decisions about the sustainability claims of financial institutions. Our methodology can be extended to non-financial entities. By analyzing the sustainability reports of 98 listed banks covering the accounting periods ranging from 2010 to 2022, we can identify the temporal emphasis of the SDGs. By 2022, climate action had emerged as the most important focus theme. We further validate our classification methodology by establishing a strong correlation between the evolution of SDG prevalence and relevant macroeconomic indicators. We also reveal a difference in focus between various European regions. Finally, we use word counts and k-means cluster analysis to document changes in the objectives of banks by investigating their discussion content.
Sustainable Dyeing of Wool and Silk with Conocarpus erectus L. Leaf Extract for the Development of Functional Textiles
Authors: Nadeem Tayyaba , Javed Kashif , Anwar Faiza , Malik Mumtaz Hasan , Khan Asfandyar
Published: January 2024

Natural dyes derived from plants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes for textile coloration. This study examined the extraction of natural dyes from Conocarpus erectus L. leaves and their application on wool and silk fabrics. Aqueous extraction in an alkaline medium was used to obtain dyes from raw leaves, which were then applied to pre-mordanted silk and wool fabrics by applying the ultrasonic-assisted exhaust dyeing method. The dyed fabrics were evaluated for color strength (K/S) and CIELAB color coordinates. The color fastness (washing, rubbing, and light), ultraviolet protection factor, mosquito repellency, and antibacterial activity were established using standard testing protocols. The surface morphologies of silk and wool were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, the dyed fabrics displayed good color strength and color fastness properties. Moreover, the dyed wool samples revealed satisfactory antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) in both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods, good ultraviolet protection in terms of UPF, and good mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti. This study for the first time presented the application of a medicinal plant (Conocarpus erectus L.) in the field of textile dyeing and finishing. Hence, the use of Conocarpus erectus L. leaf dyes offers significant results on wool and silk fabrics and contributes to sustainable functional textile production.
The Impact of Proximity to Road Traffic on Heavy Metal Accumulation and Enzyme Activity in Urban Soils and Dandelion
Authors: Bartkowiak Agata , Lemanowicz Joanna , Rydlewska Magdalena , Sowiński Paweł
Published: January 2024

Urban soils usually comprise a mosaic of various types and usually present with elevated contents of heavy metals. This is due to their long-term accumulation in the soil, which is ensured by the continuous emission of pollutants, including from road traffic. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of traffic pollution on the state of the soil environment using a phytoindicator (Teraxacum officinale). The contents of selected heavy metals in the soil and dandelion organs and the activities of selected redox enzymes in the soil in the vicinity of a busy city road were determined. The degree and direction of the movement of heavy metal ions in plants were assessed using the translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation factor (BCF). Selected indicators (AF—absorption factor, CF—contamination factor, EF—enrichment factor, PN—Nemerow’s pollution index, PLI—pollutant load index) were used to determine possible heavy metal contamination in soils, and the adaptation mechanisms of dandelion were evaluated by assessing selected enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidising systems. The research results confirmed that the proximity of a busy street reduced the enzymatic activity of the soil and increased the content of heavy metals in the soil and in dandelion. The heavy metal content levels did not exceed the permissible standards for soils in communication areas. The indicators used did not provide a clear answer as to the degree of anthropogenic contamination with individual metals. The higher contents of the metals in question in the above-ground parts of plants suggest that they may be caused by the impact of atmospheric pollution and not by the metal contents in the soil.
Synergizing Wind and Solar Power: An Advanced Control System for Grid Stability
Authors: Boubii Chaymae , Kafazi Ismail El , Bannari Rachid , El Bhiri Brahim , Bossoufi Badre , Kotb Hossam , AboRas Kareem M. , Emara Ahmed , Nasiri Badr
Published: January 2024

In response to the escalating global energy crisis, the motivation for this research has been derived from the need for sustainable and efficient energy solutions. A gap in existing renewable energy systems, particularly in terms of stability and efficiency under variable environmental conditions, has been recognized, leading to the introduction of a novel hybrid system that combines photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. The innovation of this study lies in the methodological approach that has been adopted, integrating dynamic modeling with a sophisticated control mechanism. This mechanism, a blend of model predictive control (MPC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), has been specifically designed to address the fluctuations inherent in PV and wind power sources. The methodology involves a detailed stability analysis using Lyapunov’s theorem, a critical step distinguishing this system from conventional renewable energy solutions. The integration of MPC and PSO, pivotal in enhancing the system’s adaptability and optimizing the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) process, improves control efficiency across key components like the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), rectifier-sourced converter (RSC), and grid-side converter (GSC). Through rigorous MATLAB simulations, the system’s robust response to changing solar irradiance and wind velocities has been demonstrated. The key findings confirm the system’s ability to maintain stable power generation, underscoring its practicality and efficiency in renewable energy integration. Not only has this study filled a crucial gap in renewable energy control systems, but it has also set a precedent for future research in sustainable energy technologies.
An Experimental Investigation on the Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of R-134a on Microporous Cu-MWCNT Composite Surfaces
Authors: Pingale Ajay D. , Katarkar Anil S. , Madgule Mahadev , Bhaumik Swapan , Belgamwar Sachin U.
Published: January 2024

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibit outstanding physical properties, including high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and low electrical resistivity, which make them suitable candidates for a variety of applications. The work presented in this paper focuses on the pool boiling performance of refrigerant R-134a on microporous Cu-MWCNT composite surface layers. A two-stage electrodeposition technique was used to fabricate Cu-MWCNT composite coatings. In order to achieve variation in the surface properties of the Cu-MWCNT composite surface layer, electrodeposition was carried out at various bath temperatures (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C). All surfaces coated with the Cu-MWCNT composite demonstrated superior boiling performance compared to the uncoated surface. Heat transfer coefficient (HTC) values for Cu-MWCNT composite surface layers, prepared at bath temperatures of 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C, exhibited improvements of up to 1.75, 1.88, 2.06, and 2.22, respectively, in comparison to the plain Cu surface.
Lumbar Disc Degeneration Is Linked to Dorsal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness at the L1–L2 Intervertebral Disc Level Measured by MRI
Authors: Kanbayti Ibrahem Hussain , Al-Buqami Abdulrahman S. , Alsheikh Mohammad H. , Al-Malki Saad M. , Hadadi Ibrahim , Alahmadi Adnan , Almutairi Bander S. , Ahmed Hamzah H.
Published: January 2024

Background: Obese individuals have a higher risk of degenerative disc disease (DDD). Currently, body mass index is not sensitive enough to differentiate between muscle and fat distribution, and obesity-related health issues are linked to the way body fat is distributed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between the dorsal subcutaneous fat thickness (DSFT) of the lumbar spine, an alternative measurement tool of body fat distribution, and DDD. Methods: A total of 301 patients with DDD and 123 participants without the disease were recruited. Using length functions of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) console, the DSFT of L1 to S1 intervertebral disc levels was measured in mid-sagittal spin-echo T2 weighted image. The Mann–Whitney U test and Chi-squared test (X2) were utilized to examine any variations between the case and control groups. Logistic regression models were built to explore the association of the DSFT with DDD. Results: The logistical regression model showed a positive association between DDD and DSFT [OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02–1.64, p = 0.03]. In the stratified logistic regression analysis, a positive association was found between DDD and DSFT among younger participants and females [OR young: 1.48; 95% CI (1.02–2.20); p = 0.04—OR female: 1.37; 95% CI (1–1.88); p = 0.05]. Conclusions: Younger females with thicker DSFT at the L1–L2 level are more likely to develop DDD. This suggests that increased DSFT may be a contributing factor to DDD.
Reconstructing Modified and Alternative Theories of Gravity
Authors: Saha Dalia , Chakrabortty Manas , Sanyal Abhik
Published: January 2024

A viable radiation-dominated era in the early universe is best described by the standard (FLRW) model of cosmology. In this short review, we demonstrate reconstruction of the forms of F(R) in the modified theory of gravity and the metric compatible F(T) together with the symmetric F(Q) in alternative teleparallel theories of gravity, from different perspectives, primarily rendering emphasis on a viable FLRW radiation era. Inflation has also been studied for a particular choice of the scalar potential. The inflationary parameters are found to agree appreciably with the recently released observational data.
String Interactions as a Source of Collective Behaviour
Authors: Bierlich Christian
Published: January 2024

The discovery of collective effects in small collision systems has spurred a renewed interest in hadronization models, and is also a source for collective effects all the way to large collision systems, where they are usually ascribed to the creation of a Quark–Gluon Plasma. In this topical mini-review, the microscopic model for string interactions, based on the Lund string hadronization model, developed with exactly this aim in mind is reviewed, and some prospects for the future are presented.
Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them?
Authors: De Francesco Maria Antonia
Published: January 2024

Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sjögren’s syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.
The Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pick-Up and Delivery under Fuzziness Considering Fuel Consumption
Authors: Zacharia Paraskevi , Stavrinidis Stavros
Published: January 2024

The increasing interest in environmental protection has propelled reverse logistics as a challenging field in supply chain optimization. This paper addresses the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pick-up and delivery (VRPSDP) while considering fuzzy payloads, with the primary objective of minimizing fuzzy fuel consumption. The VRPSDP with fuzzy payloads poses a computationally intractable challenge, as it involves a fleet of vehicles departing from a central depot to both deliver and collect goods from a dispersed group of customers. To effectively tackle this problem, a genetic algorithm is applied that incorporates the concept of fuzziness. This problem diverges from the traditional VRPSDP by explicitly considering fuel consumption reduction towards environmental sustainability. To validate and assess the feasibility of the proposed approach, a series of test instances are utilized. The numerical results exhibit the efficiency of the proposed method and place emphasis on the influence of uncertainty in the quantities of goods collected and delivered by customers on the resulting solution.
Investigation of Prototheca bovis Infection and Its Correlation with Dairy Herd Improvement Data from a Dairy Farm in Central China
Authors: Chen Jie , Hu Xiuxiu , Li Guohong , Wan Pingmin , Shao Zhiyong , Jin Erguang , Liu Xiaohua , Yang Qian , Long Anying , Qian Yunguo
Published: January 2024

Prototheca bovis (P. bovis), an alga that has attracted considerable attention over the years as a causative microorganism of mastitis in dairy cows, exhibits limited susceptibility to specific aminoglycosides and antifungal agents, and no effective clinical treatment is currently available, thereby posing challenges for both prevention and treatment. To investigate the infection of P. bovis mastitis and its impact on raw milk production, a total of 348 raw milk samples were collected from August to December 2022 from a dairy farm in central China. P. bovis and other bacteria were detected, and the average infection rate of P. bovis in raw milk was 60.34% (210/348). The total number of colonies and the somatic cell count (SCC) of P. bovis positive samples were significantly higher than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). The daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield of the P. bovis positive samples were significantly lower than those of P. bovis negative samples (p < 0.01). A correlation analysis showed that P. bovis infection was negatively correlated with daily milk yield, 305-day milk yield, peak milk yield, and days to peak milk yield (p < 0.0001), while being positively correlated with the total number of colonies, SCC, milk loss, and protein percentage (p < 0.0001). These findings may help practitioners in comprehending the occurrence of Prototheca mastitis and developing more effective strategies for the prevention of P. bovis infections.
Size Distribution and Variation in Surface-Suspended Sediments in the North Passage Estuarine Turbidity Maximum of the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Assam Steve L. Zeh , Chen Yongping , Chu Ao , Okon Samuel Ukpong , Anteilla L. M. Genide , Eyezo’o Giresse Ze
Published: January 2024

One of the most important processes for mass movement in coastal areas is sediment transport; it plays a significant role in coastal morphology changes. This manuscript focuses on the distribution and variation in surface-suspended sediments in the North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary. Field data on surface-suspended sediment concentration (SSSC) and suspended particle size (SPS) were collected at fifteen hydrological sites over a period of three years, from 2016 to 2018. The main objective was to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of sediment and particle size and their potential impact on the estuary. Results indicate that extreme weather events have an influence on the hydrological conditions and sediment dynamics of the area. The intensity and range of SSSC variation in the North Passage seem to be determined by the magnitude of the current velocity, while the sediment load significantly impacted the sediment distribution pattern. This study demonstrates that surface sediment dynamics can be used as a basis for understanding the spatiotemporal variation in estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in the North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary.
Investigation of Hydraulic Performance and Arrangement Optimization of Non-Prismatic Water Conveyance Tunnel—A Case Study of Project X
Authors: Li Songping , Yuan Qun , Zhao Yuliang , Cui Hongtao , Su Xiaoyu , Peng Ao , Zhang Yisheng
Published: January 2024

The water conveyance tunnel is an important hydraulic structure in water conservancy projects. Typically, it manifests as a non-prismatic tunnel due to variations in the cross-sectional geometry, which give rise to an unpredictable flow pattern that significantly impacts the secure and stable operation of the tunnel. This study takes water conservancy project X as a case and investigates the hydraulic performances of a non-prismatic water conveyance tunnel using a scale model test and numerical simulation; the hydraulic performance, such as flow pattern, discharge, flow velocity, and water depth profile are analyzed for both free flow and submerged flow conditions. The results show that the simulation data fit well with the experimental value observed in the scale model test for free flow; however, a substantial discrepancy emerges under submerged flow conditions. This discrepancy is attributable to the presence of a vacuum in the distortional plan section. Notably, the effect of water entrainment phenomena on flow rate and velocity is diminished in the scale model test, emphasizing the advantage of numerical simulation in predicting hydraulic parameters for the prototype. On this basis, the optimization of the gate shaft arrangement is executed through numerical simulation; the results indicate that the vacuum issues in the contraction section were partially resolved through structure optimization. The simulation values are close to the experimental results, and the modified design of the tunnel can be used in a water conveyance project.
Natural Disasters Occurrence, Reduction, and Restoration in Mountain Regions
Authors: Chen Su-Chin
Published: January 2024

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report [...]
Biopolymer Gellan-Gum-Based TiO2: A Green Alternative Photocatalyst Approach for Removal of Pollutants
Authors: Xisto Marcelo Ribeiro , Damacena Dihêgo Henrique L. , de Araújo Francisca Pereira , Alves Durcilene , Honorio Luzia Maria Castro , Peña-Garcia Ramon , Almeida Luciano , de Oliveira Joziel Alves , Furtini Marcelo Barbosa , Osajima Josy Anteveli , Silva-Filho Edson Cavalcanti da
Published: January 2024

Titanium dioxide TiO2/gellan gum (GG) in different compositions (1, 3, and 5% GG) was investigated to degrade methylene blue (MB) under UV light. XRD, SEM, and EDS confirmed the anatase phase. The textural properties demonstrated the formation of mesopores. The band gaps were 3.2 eV, 3.0 eV, and 2.9 eV. A photodegradation of MB of 95% was observed using the lowest gum concentration. It was attributed to the photogenerated radicals and the specific surface area. The FTIR spectra showed the photostability of the catalyst after successive cycles. The toxicity tests demonstrated no toxicity after dye degradation. Therefore, TiO2/GG is promising for the treatment of water.