bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of adenomatous polyposis coli in proliferation and differentiation of colon epithelial cells in organoid culture
Authors: Yamazaki Daisuke , Hashizume Osamu , Taniguchi Shiho , Funato Yosuke , Miki Hiroaki
Published: February 2021

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a tumor-suppressing protein whose inactivation triggers the formation of colorectal polyps. Numerous studies using cell lines or genetically engineered mice have revealed its role in suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we performed genetic analyses of APC using a three-dimensional organoid culture of mouse colon epithelia, which enables the detailed examination of epithelial properties. Analyses of Apc-knockout colon organoids not only confirmed the importance of APC in suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling and regulating cell differentiation, but also revealed several novel features: a significant decrease in proliferating speed and an increase in cross-sectional area of cells. Moreover, we found a significant number of lysozyme-positive Paneth-like cells, which were never observed in wild-type colon tissues or organoids, but have been reported to emerge in colon cancers. Therefore, APC autonomously suppresses ectopic differentiation into lysozyme-positive cells, specifically in the colon epithelia. Colon organoids would be an ideal material to investigate the molecular mechanism and biological importance of the ectopic differentiation associated with cancer development.
The hidden influence of large particles on ocean colour
Authors: Davies Emlyn J. , Basedow Sünnje L. , McKee David
Published: February 2021

Optical constituents in the ocean are often categorized as water, phytoplankton, sediments and dissolved matter. However, the optical properties of seawater are influenced, to some degree, by scattering and absorption by all particles in the water column. Here we assess the relevant size ranges for determining the optical properties of the ocean. We present a theoretical basis supporting the hypothesis that millimetre-size particles, including zooplankton and fish eggs, can provide a significant contribution to bulk absorption and scattering of seawater and therefore ocean color. Further, we demonstrate that existing in situ instruments are not capable of correctly resolving the impact of such large particles, possibly leading to their optical significance being overlooked. These findings refresh our perspective on the potential of ocean color and invite new applications of remote sensing for monitoring life close to the ocean surface.
Complex precursor structures of cytolytic cupiennins identified in spider venom gland transcriptomes
Authors: Kuhn-Nentwig Lucia
Published: February 2021

Analysis of spider venom gland transcriptomes focuses on the identification of possible neurotoxins, proteins and enzymes. Here, the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis of cupiennins, small linear cationic peptides, also known as cytolytic or antimicrobial peptides, is reported from the venom gland transcriptome of Cupiennius salei by 454- and Illumina 3000 sequencing. Four transcript families with complex precursor structures are responsible for the expression of 179 linear peptides. Within the transcript families, after an anionic propeptide, cationic linear peptides are separated by anionic linkers, which are transcript family specific. The C-terminus of the transcript families is characterized by a linear peptide or truncated linkers with unknown function. A new identified posttranslational processing mechanism explains the presence of the two-chain CsTx-16 family in the venom. The high diversity of linear peptides in the venom of a spider and this unique synthesis process is at least genus specific as verified with Cupiennius getazi.
Decrease in sulfate aerosol light backscattering by reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols
Authors: Dubois C. , Cholleton D. , Gemayel R. , Chen Y. , Surratt J. D. , George C. , Rairoux P. , Miffre A. , Riva M.
Published: February 2021

Our laboratory experiments reveal a decrease in light backscattering by reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfate aerosol compared with inorganic sulfate, which can aid in quantifying the direct forcing of organic/inorganic sulfates.
Elucidation of copper environment in a Cu–Cr–Fe oxide catalyst through in situ high-resolution XANES investigation
Authors: Lais Tahmin , Lukashuk Liliana , van de Water Leon , Hyde Timothy I. , Aramini Matteo , Sankar Gopinathan
Published: February 2021

Local structure of copper ions in Cu–Cr–Fe mixed metal oxide revealed through in situ high-resolution XANES investigation.
KnowVolution of prodigiosin ligase PigC towards condensation of short-chain prodiginines
Authors: Brands Stefanie , Brass Hannah U. C. , Klein Andreas S. , Sikkens Jarno G. , Davari Mehdi D. , Pietruszka Jörg , Ruff Anna Joëlle , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: February 2021

One round of KnowVolution enhanced the catalytic activity of prodigiosin ligase PigC with short-chain monopyrroles, opening access to anticancer prodiginines.
Protective effects of polysaccharides from Panax ginseng on acute gastric ulcers induced by ethanol in rats
Authors: Liu Yanzhe , Sui Dayun , Fu Wenwen , Sun Lin , Li Yuangeng , Yu Ping , Yu Xiaofeng , Zhou Yifa , Xu Huali
Published: February 2021

GPS serves as an effective protective barrier against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats mainly through the excellent suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Selective methanol formationviaCO-assisted direct partial oxidation of methane over copper-containing CHA-type zeolites prepared by one-pot synthesis
Authors: Sogukkanli Sibel , Moteki Takahiko , Ogura Masaru
Published: February 2021

Catalytic CO-assisted partial oxidation of methane to methanol was demonstrated over Cu-CHA zeolites that were prepared by a one-pot synthesis approach feasible to prepare isolated metal sites.
Atmospheric plasma deposition of bioinspired catechol-rich polymers: a promising route for the simple construction of redox-active thin films
Authors: Aqil Abdelhafid , Ouhib Farid , Detrembleur Christophe , Moreno-Couranjou Maryline
Published: February 2021

The atmospheric aerosol assisted plasma polymerization of 4-vinyl-catechol allows the facile deposition of robust redox active catechol-rich films with promising properties as organic cathode materials for lithium ion battery.
Ratiometric fluorescent determination of palladium based on the C–N bond cleavage of allyl quaternary ammonium
Authors: Ou Zhize , He Liu , Gao Yunyan , Li Pingyi , Li Tianzhu , Zhang Jing , Dong Yitao , Zhou Weijuan , Zhang Yiqing
Published: February 2021

Allylpyridinium conjugated phenanthroimidazole is encapsulated into CTAC micelles, which can ratiometrically detect Pd0 with a LOD of 11.5 nM.
A metal-free approach to bipyridinium salt-based conjugated porous polymers with olefin linkages
Authors: Lin Jiawei , Bi Shuai , Fan Zhongxiong , Fu Zhenzhen , Meng Zhaohui , Hou Zhenqing , Zhang Fan
Published: February 2021

A metal-free bipyridinium salt-activated Knoevenagel condensation strategy was developed to synthesize olefin-linked conjugated porous polymers with π-extended networks, positively charged skeletons, high stability and antibacterial activity.
Photoluminescent sea urchin-shaped carbon-nanobranched polymers as nanoprobes for the selective and sensitive assay of hypochlorite
Authors: Zhang Xin , Qu Jian , Ding Shou-Nian
Published: February 2021

A photoluminescent sea urchin-like carbon nanobranched polymer has been prepared and applied for sensitive fluorescence recognition of hypochlorite.
Multiplexed optical barcoding of cells via photochemical programming of bioorthogonal host–guest recognition
Authors: Som Arka , Pahwa Meenakshi , Bawari Sumit , Saha Nilanjana Das , Sasmal Ranjan , Bosco Monica Swetha , Mondal Jagannath , Agasti Sarit S.
Published: February 2021

Barcoding provides abilities to learn about individual species within an apparently homogeneous population. We describe a light-mediated multiplexed cellular barcoding strategy through spatial programming of cucurbit[7]uril molecular recognition.
Encapsulation of multiple enzymes in a metal–organic framework with enhanced electro-enzymatic reduction of CO2 to methanol
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Li Jiajia , Ji Mingbo , Liu Yanrong , Wang Nan , Zhang Xiangping , Zhang Suojiang , Ji Xiaoyan
Published: February 2021

A multi-enzymatic reaction was integrated with NADH electro-regeneration to achieve the bioelectrocatalytic generation of methanol from CO2 in a sustainable manner.
A facile and versatile electro-reductive system for hydrodefunctionalization under ambient conditions
Authors: Huang Binbin , Guo Lin , Xia Wujiong
Published: February 2021

A facile electro-reductive hydrodefunctionalization system employing triethylamine as a sacrificial reductant is described, and the selectivity and capability of reduction can be conveniently switched by simple change of the reaction solvent.
The performance of conjugated polymers as emitters for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion
Authors: O’Shea Riley , Gao Can , Owyong Tze Cin , White Jonathan M. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: February 2021

Phenylene–ethynylene–anthracene copolymer was used as the emitter in triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion outperforming well-known poly(phenylene–vinylene)s.
Cobalt catalysed controlled copolymerization: an efficient approach to bifunctional polyisoprene with enhanced properties
Authors: Gong Dirong , Tang Fuming , Xu Yuechao , Hu Zhonghan , Luo Wanwei
Published: February 2021

Bifunctional polyisoprene with controlled molecular weight was obtained by coordination insertion polymerization.
Synthesis and characterization of supported stabilized palladium nanoparticles for selective hydrogenation in water at low temperature
Authors: Patel Anish , Patel Anjali
Published: February 2021

Zirconia supported vacant phosphotungstate stabilized Pd nanoparticles (Pd–PW11/ZrO2) are proved to be sustainable and excellent for the water mediated hydrogenation reaction with a very high substrate to catalyst ratio, TON and TOF.
Coarse graining and adsorption in bottlebrush–colloid mixtures
Authors: Corsi Pietro , González García Álvaro , Roma Elia , Gasperi Tecla , Capone Barbara
Published: February 2021

We present a comprehensive study based on computational methods, scaling theories and self consistent field computations to predict the adsorption properties in bottlebrush/colloid mixtures.
Crystal structures of hydroxymethylbilane synthase complexed with a substrate analog: a single substrate-binding site for four consecutive condensation steps
Authors: Sato Hideaki , Sugishima Masakazu , Tsukaguchi Mai , Masuko Takahiro , Iijima Mikuru , Takano Mitsunori , Omata Yoshiaki , Hirabayashi Kei , Wada Kei , Hisaeda Yoshio , Yamamoto Ken
Published: February 2021

Hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), which is involved in the heme biosynthesis pathway, has a dipyrromethane cofactor and combines four porphobilinogen (PBG) molecules to form a linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane. Enzyme kinetic study of human HMBS using a PBG-derivative, 2-iodoporphobilinogen (2-I-PBG), exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with the inhibition constant being 5.4 ± 0.3 µM. To elucidate the reaction mechanism of HMBS in detail, crystal structure analysis of 2-I-PBG-bound holo-HMBS and its reaction intermediate possessing two PBG molecules (ES2), and inhibitor-free ES2 was performed at 2.40, 2.31, and 1.79 Å resolution, respectively. Their overall structures are similar to that of inhibitor-free holo-HMBS, and the differences are limited near the active site. In both 2-I-PBG-bound structures, 2-I-PBG is located near the terminus of the cofactor or the tetrapyrrole chain. The propionate group of 2-I-PBG interacts with the side chain of Arg173, and its acetate group is associated with the side chains of Arg26 and Ser28. Furthermore, the aminomethyl group and pyrrole nitrogen of 2-I-PBG form hydrogen bonds with the side chains of Gln34 and Asp99, respectively. These amino acid residues form a single substrate-binding site, where each of the four PBG molecules covalently binds to the cofactor (or oligopyrrole chain) consecutively, ultimately forming a hexapyrrole chain. Molecular dynamics simulation of the ES2 intermediate suggested that the thermal fluctuation of the lid and cofactor-binding loops causes substrate recruitment and oligopyrrole chain shift needed for consecutive condensation. Finally, the hexapyrrole chain is hydrolyzed self-catalytically to produce hydroxymethylbilane.
Human NAA30 can rescue yeast mak3∆ mutant growth phenotypes
Authors: Drazic Adrian , Varland Sylvia
Published: February 2021

N-terminal acetylation is an irreversible protein modification that primarily occurs co-translationally, and is catalyzed by a highly conserved family of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The NatC complex (NAA30–NAA35–NAA38) is a major NAT enzyme, which was first described in yeast and estimated to N-terminally acetylate ∼20% of the proteome. The activity of NatC is crucial for the correct functioning of its substrates, which include translocation to the Golgi apparatus, the inner nuclear membrane as well as proper mitochondrial function. We show in comparative viability and growth assays that yeast cells lacking MAK3/NAA30 grow poorly in non-fermentable carbon sources and other stress conditions. By using two different experimental approaches and two yeast strains, we show that liquid growth assays are the method of choice when analyzing subtle growth defects, keeping loss of information to a minimum. We further demonstrate that human NAA30 can functionally replace yeast MAK3/NAA30. However, this depends on the genetic background of the yeast strain. These findings indicate that the function of MAK3/NAA30 is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human. Our yeast system provides a powerful approach to study potential human NAA30 variants using a high-throughput liquid growth assay with various stress conditions.
Preventive role of probiotic bacteria against gastrointestinal diseases in mice caused by Giardia lamblia
Authors: Al-Megrin Wafa A. , Mohamed Shadia H. , Saleh Moudy M. , Yehia Hany M.
Published: February 2021

Giardiasis is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases in the world. It is caused by Giardia, Giardia lamblia, a common and opportunistic zoonotic parasite. The aim of our work is to find a natural and safe alternative treatment for giardiasis, specifically, to determine if probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus helveticus) can contribute to treatment, and act as preventives. Sixty weanling albino mice, Mus musculus, were divided into control and experimental, probiotic-fed groups. We determined infection intensity, and cure and prevention rates of giardiasis through ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) of stool samples and histopathological comparison of intestinal tissue. In experimental groups, there was a significant reduction in infection intensity (P<0.001) on days 10, 15, and 20, while cure rate reached 87.5%. The control group showed no signs of reduced infection or cure and only the group treated with probiotics prior to infection showed significant prevention rates. In the experimental groups, intestinal changes due to giardiasis appeared 7 days post-infection. However, almost all of these changes disappeared by the 25th day. Our results suggest a beneficial and significant effect of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of giardiasis in mice.
Ddhd1 knockout mouse as a model of locomotive and physiological abnormality in familial spastic paraplegia
Authors: Morikawa Takuya , Ohishi Hiroaki , Kosaka Kengo , Shimojo Tomofumi , Nagano Akihiro , Taniguchi Itsuki , Fujioka Ryuta , Moriyama Kosei , Unoki Motoko , Takahashi Masatomo , Nakao Motonao , Izumi Yoshihiro , Bamba Takeshi , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Miura Shiroh , Shibata Hiroki
Published: February 2021

We have previously reported a novel homozygous 4-bp deletion in DDHD1 as the responsible variant for spastic paraplegia type 28 (SPG28; OMIM#609340). The variant causes a frameshift, resulting in a functionally null allele in the patient. DDHD1 encodes phospholipase A1 (PLA1) catalyzing phosphatidylinositol to lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). To clarify the pathogenic mechanism of SPG28, we established Ddhd1 knockout mice (Ddhd1[−/−]) carrying a 5-bp deletion in Ddhd1, resulting in a premature termination of translation at a position similar to that of the patient. We observed a significant decrease in foot–base angle (FBA) in aged Ddhd1(−/−) (24 months of age) and a significant decrease in LPI 20:4 (sn-2) in Ddhd1(−/−) cerebra (26 months of age). These changes in FBA were not observed in 14 months of age. We also observed significant changes of expression levels of 22 genes in the Ddhd1(−/−) cerebra (26 months of age). Gene Ontology (GO) terms relating to the nervous system and cell–cell communications were significantly enriched. We conclude that the reduced signaling of LPI 20:4 (sn-2) by PLA1 dysfunction is responsible for the locomotive abnormality in SPG28, further suggesting that the reduction of downstream signaling such as GPR55 which is agonized by LPI is involved in the pathogenesis of SPG28.
Generation of APOE knock-down SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells using CRISPR/Cas9: a novel cellular model relevant to Alzheimer’s disease research
Authors: Muñoz Sonia Sanz , Garner Brett , Ooi Lezanne
Published: February 2021

APOE ε4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A precise role for apolipoprotein E (apoE) in the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear in part due to its expression in multiple cell types of the brain. APOE is highly expressed in astrocytes and microglia, however its expression can also be induced in neurons under various conditions. The neuron-like cell line SK-N-SH is a useful model in the study of the cellular and molecular effects of apoE as it can be differentiated with retinoic acid to express and secrete high levels of apoE and it also shows the same apoE fragmentation patterns observed in the human brain. We previously found that apoE is cleaved into a 25-kDa fragment by high temperature-requirement serine protease A1 (HtrA1) in SK-N-SH cells. To further understand the endogenous functions of apoE, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate SK-N-SH cell lines with APOE expression knocked-down (KD). APOE KD cells showed lower APOE and HTRA1 expression than parental SK-N-SH cells but no overt differences in neuritogenesis or cell proliferation compared with the CRISPR/Cas9 control cells. This research shows that the loss of apoE and HtrA1 has a negligible effect on neuritogenesis and cell survival in SK-N-SH neuron-like cells.
Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on cytochrome-c release and inflammation in colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in Wistar albino rats
Authors: Alkhuriji Afrah F. , Alsaiari Seham G. , Alomar Suliman Y. , Alnafjan Alaa A. , Alobaid Hussah , El-Khadragy Manal F.
Published: February 2021

Colon cancer is one of the most common causes of deaths by cancer worldwide. Stem cells have immunosuppressive properties that promote tumor targeting and circumvent obstacles currently in gene therapy. Bone marrow stem cells are believed to have anticancer potential. The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a type of bone marrow stem cells, has been considered a potential therapy for patients with solid tumors due to their capability to enhance the immune response; MSC transplantation has received renewed interest in recent years. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiapoptotic effects of the MSCs on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced inflammation in the rat model of colorectal cancer. The rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control, treated with MSCs, induced by DMH, and induced by DMH and treated with MSCs. The MSCs were intra-rectally injected, and DMH was subcutaneously injected at 20 mg/kg body weight once a week for 15 weeks. The administration of MSCs into rats starting from day 0 of the DMH injection was found to enhance the histopathological picture. The MSC treatment resulted in fewer inflammatory cells than in the DMH group. Therefore, our findings suggest that BMCs have antitumor effects by modulating the cellular redox status and down-regulating the pro-inflammatory genes. Thus, BMCs may provide therapeutic value for colon cancer treatment.
Thermodynamic Review of Trigeneration Systems for Power, Heating and Cooling Requirements
Authors: Mishra Krishna Mani , Singh Onkar
Published: February 2021

Changing climate conditions have been burdening the present civilization with excessive cooling and heating requirements, apart from the industrial requirements for these. Trigeneration refers to simultaneous power, heating and cooling from any system. The requirement of heating and cooling if met from the low grade energy available in conventional gas/steam combined cycle power plant offers potential solution to the endangering environment for meeting heating and cooling needs. Present paper deals with the thermodynamic review of trigeneration technology and aims at introspection into its state of study across the world.
Innovative development opportunities for construction enterprises in the context of global challenges
Authors: Acri Ekaterina , Kornilova Anna , Selezneva Zhanna , Solopova Natalia
Published: February 2021

The specifics of industrial enterprises’ functioning in the construction sector of the Russian economy are of particular interest and have been a subject of active discussion over the past years. This article analyzes functioning of the construction complex companies in the context of new global challenges associated with the crisis phenomena in 2020 – the fall in oil prices and the coronavirus infection, as well as the transition to remote operation during the pandemic of basic economic branches. Nowadays, it is especially important to assess reserves for sustainable innovative development of industrial enterprises and predict consequences of the crisis phenomena. The authors investigate some organization forms for the innovative process, determine key efficiency factors of enterprises’ innovative activity and propose ways for its improvement.
Coordinating a fresh-product supply chain with demand information updating: Hema Fresh O2O platform
Authors: Yang Honglin , Peng Jiawu
Published: February 2021

Motivated by Hema Fresh’s new-retail case, we study the coordination of a two-echelon fresh-product supply chain consisting of a single supplier and a single retailer. Due to a long production lead time, the supplier has to make production decision in advance based on early demand information. The market demand can be updated during the supplier’s production lead time. Hence, the retailer would make order decision according to the latest demand information. Incorporating risk-sharing mechanism of overproduction and overstock, we propose a novel bi-directional risk-sharing contract to coordinate such a supply chain with demand information updating. We construct a two-stage optimization model in which the supplier first decides production quantity, and then the retailer decides final order quantity not exceeding the supplier’s initial production. In both the centralized and decentralized systems, we analytically derive the unique equilibrium of production and order decisions in a Stackelberg supplier-led game. We prove that the proposed contract can realize supply chain perfect coordination and explore how the proposed contract affects the members’ decisions. The theoretical results show that, by turning the risk-sharing proportions, the supply chain profit can be arbitrarily split between the members, which is a desired property for supply chain coordination. Compared with the single risk-sharing contract, the proposed contract results in a greater supply chain profit and achieves Pareto improvement for both members. Furthermore, we also explore how the risk preference and negotiating power affect the contract selection and the additional profit allocation of the supply chain. Numerical examples are presented to verify our theoretical results.
Präklinische und klinische Versorgungskonzepte in der Katastrophenmedizin
Authors: Kippnich Maximilian , Meybohm Patrick , Wurmb Thomas
Published: February 2021

Die Katastrophenmedizin steht komplexen Anforderungen gegenüber und wird künftig eine zunehmende Rolle spielen. Sie ist dominiert durch ein phasenweises Ungleichgewicht von vorhandenen und benötigten Ressourcen. Oberste Ziele sind die prioritätenorientierte Versorgung möglichst vieler Patienten und die zügige Rückkehr zur Individualmedizin. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt wichtige Prinzipien der katastrophenmedizinischen Einsatzplanung und Bewältigung.
Extrakorporale Behandlungsstrategien der Sepsis: die Rolle der Plasmapherese
Authors: Stahl Klaus , Bode Christian , David Sascha
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund Die Mortalität bei Sepsis bleibt hoch. Verschiedene Techniken zur extrakorporalen Zytokinelimination wurden als zusätzliche therapeutische Maßnahmen bei Sepsis und septischem Schock untersucht.

Ziele Zusammenfassung einer Auswahl extrakorporaler Blutreinigungstechniken und der aktuellen Erkenntnisse in der klinischen Anwendung mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem therapeutischen Plasmaaustausch.

Methoden Nicht systematische Literaturrecherche.

Ergebnisse Verschiedene extrakorporale Blutreinigungstechniken mit unterschiedlichen Evidenzniveaus hinsichtlich Zytokinelimination, Verbesserung der Hämodynamik und Verringerung der Mortalität werden derzeit klinisch eingesetzt. Die am ausführlichsten untersuchten Modalitäten umfassen die hochvolumige Hämofiltration/Dialyse mit und ohne High-Cut-off-Filter sowie Hämoadsorptionstechniken (einschließlich CytoSorb- und Polymyxin-B-Filter). Trotz teilweise ermutigender Beobachtungen bezüglich der Entfernung proinflammatorischer Zytokine und verbesserten Hämodynamik zeigten randomisierte Studien bislang keinen positiven Einfluss auf das Überleben. Aufgrund der Verwendung von Spenderplasma als Substitutionsflüssigkeit stellt der therapeutische Plasmaaustausch das einzige Verfahren dar, das zusätzlich verbrauchte protektive Faktoren ersetzen kann.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Anwendung extrakorporaler Blutreinigungsmethoden kann für Sepsispatienten außerhalb klinischer Studien bisher nicht empfohlen werden, da derzeit keine Beweise für ihre Wirksamkeit vorliegen. Zukünftige Untersuchungen sollten darauf abzielen, das untersuchte Patientenkollektiv hinsichtlich des klinischen Schweregrads, des Zeitpunkts der Intervention und verschiedener inflammatorischer (Sub-)Phänotypen zu homogenisieren.
Assessment of Right Heart Functions in Children with Mild Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Guliyeva Aynur , Cakir Erkan , Yazan Hakan , AlShadfan Lina , Sharifov Rasul , Temur Hafize Otcu , Karaarslan Utku , Yozgat Can Yilmaz , Erenberk Ufuk , Yakut Kahraman , Yozgat Yilmaz
Published: February 2021

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystemic disease that prevalently involves the lungs. Hypoxemia occurs due to the existing of progressive damage to the pulmonary parenchyma and pulmonary vessels. The condition may cause systolic and diastolic dysfunction to the right ventricle due to the effects of high pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). The study aimed to determine echocardiographic alterations in PASP, right ventricle (RV) anatomy, and functions in mild CF children.

Materials and Methods RV anatomy, systolic, and diastolic functions were evaluated with conventional echocardiographic measurements. Estimated PASP was used measured with new echocardiographic modalities, including pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), right ventricular ejection time (RVET), and their ratio (PAAT/RVET). The obtained echocardiographic data were statistically compared between the patient group and the control group.

Results The study consisted of 30 pediatric patients with mild CF and 30 healthy children with similar demographics. In patient group, conventional parameters disclosed differences in RV anatomy, both systolic and diastolic functions of RV compared with the healthy group. We did not compare the patient group with published standard data because of the wide range variability. However, new echocardiographic parameters showed notable increase in pulmonary artery pressure compared with values of control group and published standard data (p<0.001).

Conclusion Elevated PASP, RV failure, and Cor pulmonale usually begin early in children with mild CF. In addition to routine echocardiographic measurements to evaluate RV, we recommend the use of new echocardiographic modalities for routine examinations and in the follow up of children with mild CF.
Risk Stratification in COVID-19 Pneumonia – Determining the Role of Lung Ultrasound
Authors: Tombini Valeria , Di Capua Mirko , Capsoni Nicolò , Lazzati Andrea , Bergamaschi Marta , Gheda Silvia , Ghezzi Leonardo , Cassano Giulio , Albertini Valentina , Porta Lorenzo , Zacchino Massimo , Campanella Carlo , Guarnieri Linda , Cazzola Katia Barbara , Velati Marta , Di Domenico Sandro Luigi , Tonani Michela , Spina Maria Teresa , Paglia Stefano , Bellone Andrea
Published: February 2021

LUS patterns of COVID-19 pneumonia have been described and shown to be characteristic. The aim of the study was to predict the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, using a score based on LUS findings.

Materials and Methods An observational, retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to Niguarda hospital with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia during the period of a month, from March 2nd to April 3rd 2020. Demographics, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings were collected. LUS was performed in all patients. The chest was divided into 12 areas. The LUS report was drafted using a score from 0 to 3 with 0 corresponding to A pattern, 1 corresponding to well separated vertical artifacts (B lines), 2 corresponding to white lung and small consolidations, 3 corresponding to wide consolidations. The total score results from the sum of the scores for each area. The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation, no active further management, or death. The secondary outcome was discharge from the emergency room (ER).

Results 255 patients were enrolled. 93.7 % had a positive LUS. ETI was performed in 43 patients, and 24 received a DNI order. The general mortality rate was 15.7 %. Male sex (OR 3.04, p = 0.014), cardiovascular disease and hypertension (OR 2.75, p = 0.006), P/F (OR 0.99, p < 0.001) and an LUS score > 20 (OR 2.52, p = 0.046) were independent risk factors associated with the primary outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for an LUS score > 20 was performed with an AUC of 0.837. Independent risk factors associated with the secondary outcome were age (OR 0.96, p = 0.073), BMI (OR 0.87, p = 0,13), P/F (OR 1.03, p < 0.001), and LUS score < 10 (OR 20.9, p = 0.006). ROC curve analysis was performed using an LUS score < 10 with an AUC 0.967.

Conclusion The extent of lung abnormalities evaluated by LUS score is a predictor of a worse outcome, ETI, or death. Moreover, the LUS score could be an additional tool for the safe discharge of patient from the ER.
Rettungsdiensteinsätze am Lebensende: erste Ergebnisse eines sektorenübergreifenden Rückmelde- und Kontrollsystems
Authors: Günther Andreas , Swart Enno , Schmid Sybille
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund Informationen über den Verlauf von Rettungsdienstpatienten kann für Fortbildung und Strukturverbesserung nützlich sein.

Patienten/Material und Methoden Eine systematische Verlinkung von Sterberegister- und Rettungsdienstdaten identifiziert Sterbefälle nach ambulantem Kontakt mit dem Rettungsdienst
ohne notärztliche Beteiligung (AKRD) und bietet Anlass für individuelle Einsatznachbesprechungen.

Ergebnisse In den Jahren 2018 und 2019 erfolgten in der Stadt Braunschweig 115 409 Rettungsdiensteinsätze. Es verstarben 7185 Menschen, ihr Alter betrug im Median 78 (0 – 106) Jahre
(Min – Max), 3585 (49,9%) waren weiblich. Am Sterbetag oder am Vortag des Todes erfolgten 1003 Einsätze. Diese Patienten waren 78 (0 – 101) Jahre alt, 468 (46,7%) waren weiblich. Dabei
wurden 8 AKRD identifiziert. Diese Patienten waren 73 (30 – 90) Jahre alt, 2 waren weiblich.

Schlussfolgerung Sterbefälle nach AKRD waren ähnlich häufig wie international publiziert. Das System bietet verschiedene Nutzungs- und Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten.
Efficient Monofluoroalkylation of Thiophenols or Phenols with α-Bromo-α-Fluoroketones under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Wu Fanhong , Li Zhi , Fang Mougui , Liu Yunli , Liu Yecheng
Published: February 2021

An efficient nucleophilic substitution reaction between α-bromo-α-fluoroketones and thiophenols or phenols is reported for the synthesis of α-fluoro-β-ketosulfides or α-fluoro-β-ketone ethers in yields ranging from 78–93%. This method exhibits good functional group tolerance and a broad scope of nucleophilic substrates, including natural phenolic compounds.
Masses of the Lacrimal Gland: Evaluation and Treatment
Authors: Kim Jane S. , Liss Jason
Published: February 2021

Lacrimal gland lesions account for approximately 9 to 10% of all biopsied orbital masses. Potential causes include nongranulomatous and granulomatous inflammation, autoimmune disease, lymphoproliferative disorders, benign epithelial proliferation, malignant neoplasia, and metastatic disease. Inflammatory lesions and lymphoproliferative disorders are the most common and may be unilateral or bilateral; they may also be localized to the orbit or associated with systemic disease. Both benign and malignant epithelial lacrimal gland masses tend to be unilateral and involve the orbital lobe, but a more rapid onset of symptoms and periorbital pain strongly suggest malignant disease. On orbital imaging, both inflammatory and lymphoproliferative lesions conform to the globe and surrounding structures, without changes in adjacent bone, whereas epithelial lacrimal gland masses often show scalloping of the lacrimal gland fossa. Malignant epithelial lacrimal gland tumors can also have radiographic evidence of bony invasion and destruction. Masses of the lacrimal gland may be due to a broad range of pathologies, and a good working knowledge of common clinical characteristics and radiographic imaging findings is essential for diagnosis and treatment. All patients with inflammatory, lymphoproliferative, and epithelial neoplastic lesions involving the lacrimal gland require long-term surveillance for disease recurrence and progression.
Application of Polydioxanone Sutures in the Nuss Procedure
Authors: Xie Yimin , Ning Jinbo
Published: February 2021

Background/Purpose The Nuss procedure is the most common surgical repair for pectus excavatum (PE). Surgical steel wires are used in some modifications of the Nuss procedure to attach one or both ends of a support bar to the ribs. During follow-up, wire breakage was found in some cases. Patients with wire breakage may undergo prolonged bar removal surgery and may be exposed to excessive radiation.

In this study, we had a series of patients who received polydioxanone suture (PDS) fixations instead of steel wires. This retrospective study was conducted to explore the differences between these two fixation materials in the incidence of related complications and efficacies. Furthermore, we attempted to observe whether the two materials lead to similar surgical efficacy in the Nuss procedure, whether they have divergent effects on the bar removal surgery, and whether PDS can reduce the risks due to steel wire breakage as expected.

Methods We retrospectively studied PDS and surgical steel wires as fixation materials for the Nuss procedure in children with congenital PE and reviewed the outcomes and complications. A total of 75 children who had undergone Nuss procedure repairs and bar removals from January 2013 to December 2019 were recruited to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups: the PDS group, the unbroken wire (UBW) group, and the broken wire (BW) group, according to the fixation materials and whether the wires had broken or not. Moreover, we selected the duration of operation (DO), intraoperative blood loss (BL), bar displacement (BD), postoperative pain score (PPS), and incision infection as the risk indicators and the postrepair Haller index (HI) as the effectiveness indicator. These indicators were statistically compared to determine whether there were differences among the three groups.

Results One BD occurred in the PDS and BW groups while none took place in the UBW group. No incision infection was found in any of the groups. The PDS group had the shortest DO, while the DO in the UBW group was shorter than that in the BW group (p < 0.05). BL in the PDS group was less than that in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, no difference was observed in BL between the BW and UBW groups (p > 0.05). The PPS of the PDS group was less than that of the BW group (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were found between the other two groups. No statistical difference emerged in HI among the groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion PDS fixation results in a similar repair outcome and shows certain advantages in the DO, BL, and PPS; also, PDSs are safe and effective in the Nuss procedure.

Level of evidence Level III.
Physics and applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research
Authors: Kazakov Ye. O. , Ongena J. , Wright J. C. , Wukitch S. J. , Bobkov V. , Garcia J. , Kiptily V. G. , Mantsinen M. J. , Nocente M. , Schneider M. , Weisen H. , Baranov Y. , Baruzzo M. , Bilato R. , Chomiczewska A. , Coelho R. , Craciunescu T. , Crombé K. , Dreval M. , Dumont R. , Dumortier P. , Durodié F. , Eriksson J. , Fitzgerald M. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Gallart D. , Garcia-Muñoz M. , Giacomelli L. , Giroud C. , Gonzalez-Martin J. , Hakola A. , Jacquet P. , Johnson T. , Kappatou A. , Keeling D. , King D. , Kirov K. K. , Lamalle P. , Lennholm M. , Lerche E. , Maslov M. , Mazzi S. , Menmuir S. , Monakhov I. , Nabais F. , Nave M. F. F. , Ochoukov R. , Polevoi A. R. , Pinches S. D. , Plank U. , Rigamonti D. , Salewski M. , Schneider P. A. , Sharapov S. E. , Štancar Ž. , Thorman A. , Valcarcel D. , Van Eester D. , Van Schoor M. , Varje J. , Weiland M. , Wendler N. ,   JET Contributors,,   ASDEX Upgrade Team,,   EUROfusion MST1 Team,,   Alcator C-Mod Team
Published: February 2021

This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H–D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal 3He and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H–4He and H–D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D–3He plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research.
Anderson localization for long-range operators with singular potentials
Authors: Jian Wenwen , Shi Jia , Yuan Xiaoping
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we use the Cartan estimate for meromorphic functions to prove Anderson localization for a class of long-range operators with singular potentials.
Hot electron emission from waveguide integrated lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles
Authors: Rezaeifar Fatemeh , Chae Hyun Uk , Ahsan Ragib , Kapadia Rehan
Published: February 2021

Recently, it has been shown that hot-electron photoemission in waveguide-integrated graphene can occur at peak optical power densities many orders of magnitude lower than multiphoton and strong field emission. In this work, we study how the deposition of low-work function lanthanum hexaboride nanoparticles can alter the behavior of hot-electron emission from graphene and thin gold waveguide-integrated hot electron emitters. This approach is promising, as the graphene enables an electrically conductive platform on which to deposit the nanoparticles, while still enabling interaction between the nanoparticles and incident photons. Despite nonideal coatings of LaB6 nanoparticles on the waveguide integrated graphene and gold, there is a nearly order of magnitude improvement over previous graphene-based hot-electron emitters. This hybrid approach demonstrates how a combination of integrated photonics and low-work function coatings can improve the performance of the emerging class of hot-electron emitters.
Thermal transport by electrons and ions in warm dense aluminum: A combined density functional theory and deep potential study
Authors: Liu Qianrui , Li Junyi , Chen Mohan
Published: February 2021

We propose an efficient scheme that combines density functional theory (DFT) with deep potentials (DPs), to systematically study convergence issues in the computation of the electronic thermal conductivity of warm dense aluminum (2.7 g/cm3 and temperatures ranging from 0.5 eV to 5.0 eV) with respect to the number of k-points, the number of atoms, the broadening parameter, the exchange-correlation functionals, and the pseudopotentials. Furthermore, we obtain the ionic thermal conductivity using the Green–Kubo method in conjunction with DP molecular dynamics simulations, and we study size effects on the ionic thermal conductivity. This work demonstrates that the proposed method is efficient in evaluating both electronic and ionic thermal conductivities of materials.
Influence of Al content and surrounding medium on the energy output of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)/Al/wax explosives
Authors: Zhou Z. Q. , Chen J. G. , Yuan H. Y. , Nie J. X.
Published: February 2021

RDX/Al/wax explosives (RDX = cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine; (O2NNCH2)3) were studied in experiments designed to elucidate the effects of Al content and the surrounding medium on the energy output of aluminized explosives. Explosives with Al contents of 0%, 15%, and 30% were compared in water and concrete media. Results indicate that the explosive's bubble energy in water is higher (by 66%–90%) than the expansion energy in concrete. Heat, sound, and other energies in water (0.28–0.84 MJ kg–1) were much lower than that in concrete (1.49–2.81 MJ kg–1). For shock wave energy, the different media have much less impact on shock wave energy, with that in water being only 0.7%–7% higher than in concrete. The test data presented in this paper improve our understanding of how Al and the surrounding medium contribute to the energy output of the explosive, which is of great significance for improving the energy utilization efficiency of aluminized explosives in water and concrete.
High-precision optical fiber pressure sensor using frequency-modulated continuous-wave laser interference
Authors: Bai Lang , Zheng Gang , Sun Bin , Zhang Xiongxing , Sheng Qiming , Han Yuan
Published: February 2021

This work presents a high-precision fiber optic pressure sensor based on frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) laser interference. The pressure sensor is primarily composed of a diaphragm-type Fabry–Pérot (F–P) cavity, with the diaphragm fabricated using high-elasticity SUS631 stainless steel. The external air pressure causes the center of the elastic diaphragm to deform, and this deformation results in a change in the F–P cavity length. The FMCW laser-interference method was used to demodulate the change in the length of the cavity and realize high-precision pressure measurements. The experimental results showed that when the pressure measurement is in the range of 0 kPa–600 kPa, an accuracy of 3.8 Pa can be obtained. In addition, the sensor had very good linearity with pressure change (R2 = 0.999 94), repeatability, and stability.
Versatile and high temperature spectroscopic cell for operando fluorescence and transmission x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Eggart Daniel , Zimina Anna , Cavusoglu Gülperi , Casapu Maria , Doronkin Dmitry E. , Lomachenko Kirill A. , Grunwaldt Jan-Dierk
Published: February 2021

A modular high-temperature cell consisting of a plug-flow microreactor with a fixed catalyst bed and long heating zone has been established for operando x-ray absorption/fluorescence spectroscopic and diffraction studies. The functionality of the cell is demonstrated for two important areas: emission control using 2 wt. % Pd/Al2O3 acting as a three-way catalyst and direct conversion of methane to olefins and aromatics on a 0.5% Fe/SiO2 catalyst. The performance has been determined by online infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, respectively. In addition, the cell can be combined with optical spectroscopy, such as Raman spectroscopy. The catalyst, present as powdered/sieved samples, can be measured under reaction conditions at temperatures of up to 1050 °C. Another key aspect is a long isothermal heating zone with a small temperature gradient (<3 °C/mm at 1000 °C without reaction) including an inert zone for pre-heating of the reactant gas. Due to the small size of the microreactor and the heating system including a water cooling system, heating/cooling rates of up to 100 °C/min can be achieved. Moreover, due to the compact design and the autonomous control system, the high temperature operando setup fits to the space at the majority of synchrotron beamlines. In many cases, the concentration of the element of interest in the catalysts is low requiring x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements in the fluorescence measurement mode. Hence, the microreactor was designed to fit such needs as well. More specifically, the case of Fe-containing catalysts was particularly considered by using iron-free materials for the reactor housing.
Phase noise limited frequency shift impulsive Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Smith David R. , Field Jeffrey J. , Winters David G. , Domingue Scott R. , Rininsland Frauke , Kane Daniel J. , Wilson Jesse W. , Bartels Randy A.
Published: February 2021

We introduce a method to enable optical amplification of a coherent Raman spectroscopy signal, which we call radio frequency (RF) Doppler Raman spectroscopy. In this article, we consider the perturbation of a probe pulse in a sample due to an excited Raman vibrational coherence as a generalized Doppler shift, which connects a time-varying optical path length (the product of the propagation length and refractive index, OPL = n ℓ) with an optical frequency shift. Amplification of a Raman signal outside of the focused interaction is enabled by converting the Doppler frequency shift experienced by a laser probe pulse into a periodic timing jitter. This transit time perturbation is detected through the phase of a RF electronic signal measured at a harmonic of the probe pulse train with a method adapted from precision metrology techniques used to measure laser pulse train timing jitter. Measurement of a timing jitter allows access to much lower noise floors than other coherent Raman techniques, and by exploiting the new capability to scale the signal of a coherent Raman spectroscopic signal, this method opens the potential to detect very weak Raman signals that are currently not observable due to limits of illumination intensity imposed by laser damage to the specimen and noise.