bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ambiguity of Justice: Paul Ricoeur on Universalism and Evil
Authors: Dierckxsens Geoffrey
Published: January 2016

In this article I will examine Ricœur’s idea of the universal in his understanding of justice. Scholars recently discussed the extent to which Ricœur understands universal moral norms and universal rules of justice in his anthropology of human action (e.g., J. Michel, Paul Ricœur: une philosophie de l’agir humain, Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 2006), and argue that Ricœur stresses too much the idea of universal moral norms with regard to cultural and moral diversity (e.g., G. H. Taylor, “Ricoeur versus Ricoeur? Between the Universal and the Contextual,” From Ricoeur to Action. The Socio-Political Significance of Ricoeur’s Thinking, Todd S. Mei and David Lewin (eds.), (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2012). G. H. Taylor, “Reenvisioning Justice,” Lo Squarda 12 (2013): 65-80). In this article I will take part in the debate about universalism and approach Ricœur’s idea of the universal from a different angle, in placing it in light of his idea of evil. The point I will aim to make in this article is that Ricœur’s idea of the relation between justice and evil demonstrates what I understand as the ambiguity of justice, which highlights the difficulty of defining universal rules of justice. I will argue that this ambiguity is the following: justice aims at the establishment of social peace and in that sense it is the necessary remedy against human evil, but justice also implies power, and possibly violence, over others in that it relates to violent feelings of vengeance, to institutional mechanism of authority, and to a struggle of values. Yet if rules of justice relate to evil in the sense of power over others, so I argue, then it is problematic to define absolute criteria for rules of justice, i.e., for rules for social peace: because justice relates to particular values, which means that the risk of violence is inherent to institutional rules of justice, there is no ultimate universal set of such rules. This article therefore questions Ricœur’s understanding of universal rules of justice in Oneself as Another. Yet, I will also draw on a series of other texts of Ricœur on justice (i.a., The Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, The Just and Reflections on the Just), and argue that Ricœur’s idea of justice allows understanding how we find common sensibilities about justice through dialogue, a sensibility for the other, and narratives as a way of critique of existing moral norms and rules of justice.
Introduction
Authors: Dierckxsens Geoffrey
Published: January 2016

Introduction (française) au numéro sur les "frontières de la justice"
Short-Term Radiographic Complications and Healing Assessment of Single-Session Bilateral Tibial Tuberosity Advancements
Authors: Danielson Briana , Barnhart Matthew , Watson Adam , Kennedy Shawn , Naber Steve
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study is to report on the short-term radiographic complications and bone healing associated with single-session bilateral tibial tuberosity advancements (TTAs). This retrospective study consists of 74 client-owned dogs with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture that underwent consecutive single-session bilateral TTAs. Radiographs from 74 dogs (148 stifles) were evaluated for evidence of postoperative complications. One hundred forty-three of 148 stifles were scored for radiographic healing using a previously described scoring system. Variables evaluated for a relationship with radiographic complications and healing scores were: breed, age, body weight, sex, and TTA plate type. The overall radiographic complication rate was 17.6% (13/74). Twelve of the 13 radiographic complications were considered to be minor and one was major. Increasing body weight and use of a fork implant were statistically significant factors associated with an increased risk of complication. One hundred forty-three stifle radiographs met the inclusion criteria to be assessed for healing. The mean score was 2.96 out of 4.0. The overall radiographic complication rate and healing scores associated with single-session bilateral TTAs were found to be similar to those described for unilateral TTA.
Seizures as a Consequence of Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Two Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania infantum
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , Spada Eva , Perego Roberta , de Giorgi Giada Bagnagatti
Published: January 2016

Serum hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) was documented in two dogs with canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and seizures as the major clinical complaint. In both cases, laboratory abnormalities included mild non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperproteinemia with monoclonal gammopathy, and marked serum hyperviscosity. CanL was diagnosed using cytology in one case and indirect immunofluorescence assay and conventional polymerase chain reaction in the second. Specific therapy with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinolc led to short-term remission in both dogs and normalization of serum viscosity. Although dogs rarely develop HVS, it should be suspected if hyperproteinemia and monoclonal gammopathy are present. Since CanL manifests with a variety of clinical presentations, including seizures resulting from HVS-induced central nervous system hypoxia, it should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in animals with seizures as a primary presenting sign.
Comparison of Glucosamine Absorption After Administration of Oral Liquid, Chewable, and Tablet Formulations to Dogs
Authors: Maxwell Lara K. , Regier Penny , Achanta Satyanarayana
Published: January 2016

Glucosamine (GS) is commonly administered as a nutritional supplement to support joint function. Although many supplements are available, the effect of formulation on oral absorption in dogs is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of GS for liquid, chewable, and tablet formulations containing GS sulfate or hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate. In a randomized cross-over design, supplements were administered daily for 8 days with a 1 wk washout period between treatments. Liquid or Tablet A was administered to four dogs, whereas Liquid or Tablet B was administered to four additional dogs. When nutraceutical exposure was normalized to the administered dose of GS free base, similar relative bioavailabilities were determined for all three formulations. However, the dose-normalized maximum plasma GS concentration was higher for the liquid supplement (5.5 ± 0.5 μg/mL) than for the two tablets (3.1 ± 0.6 and 2.1 ± 0.6 μg/mL, P < 0.001). Similarly, the time at which maximal plasma GS concentrations occurred was shorter for the liquid formulation (0.7 ± 0.5 hr) than for the two tablets (4.2 ± 0.6 and 5.0 ± 0.6 hr, P < 0.001). These data show that the formulation of joint supplements affects the oral absorption of GS in dogs.
Evaluation of Bacterial Contamination of Clipper Blades in Small Animal Private Practice
Authors: Mount Rebecca , Schick Anthea E. , Lewis Thomas P. , Newton Heide M.
Published: January 2016

Nosocomial infections are a growing concern in veterinary hospitals, and identifying fomites is imperative to reducing the risk of pathogen transmission. In veterinary medicine, shaving of hair is necessary prior to many procedures. Contaminated clipper blades have been cited as potential fomites involved in the transmission of pathogens in veterinary and human medicine. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate bacterial contamination of clipper blades in veterinary practices. A secondary goal was to assess whether there was an association between bacterial contamination of clipper blades and clipper blade cleaning solutions, clipper blade cleaning protocols, clipper blade storage, and type of practice. Sixty clipper blades from 60 different practices were cultured. Information regarding blade cleaning solutions, protocols, and storage was collected from each practice. Fifty-one percent (31/60) of clipper blades sampled were contaminated with bacteria. Category of cleaning solutions had a significant association with bacterial contamination (P < 0.02). Cleaning frequency (P = 0.55), storage location (P = 0.26), and practice type (P = 0.06) had no significant association with bacterial contamination. This study documented bacterial contamination of clipper blades in veterinary practices, and clipper blades should be considered potential fomites.
Economic crises and market performance—A machine learning approach
Authors: Perles-Ribes José Francisco , Ramón-Rodríguez Ana Belén , Moreno-Izquierdo Luis , Sevilla-Jiménez Martín
Published: January 2016

This note analyzes the relationship between economic crises and tourism performance in Spain during the period 1970–2013 using machine learning techniques. Specifically, a regression tree is estimated to confirm that, although the dynamics of Spanish tourism performance is influenced by the general variables established by the literature, the crisis periods disrupt the natural functioning of these dynamics, provoking disturbances that affect the tourism market position of destinations to a greater extent than expected. Conversely, to other econometric techniques, machine learning approach allows us to achieve greater flexibility and enriches the information, estimating the interrelations and thresholds operating in this context.
“Indulging in Romance with Wagner”:Tristanin Lars von Trier’sMelancholia(2011)
Authors: Larkin David
Published: January 2016

Lars von Trier’s Melancholia (2011) makes extensive use of music from the Prelude to Tristan und Isolde. The deployment of cues in this film is analyzed against the backdrop of the director’s earlier output, in particular Epidemic, which has recourse to Wagner’s Overture to Tannhäuser.
Film Music Bibliography 2013/2014
Authors: Kosovsky Robert , Kulezic-Wilson Danijela , Sherk Warrren M.
Published: January 2016

Film Music Bibliography 2013 and 2014.
A Model of Research Paper Writing Instructional Materials for Academic Writing Course: Needs & Documents Analysis and Model Design
Authors: Ghufron M. Ali , Saleh Mursid , Warsono . , Sofwan Ahmad
Published: January 2016

This study aimed at designing a model of instructional materials for Academic Writing Course focusing on research paper writing. The model was designed based on the Curriculum at the English Education Study Program, Faculty of Language and Art Education of IKIP PGRI Bojonegoro, East Java, Indonesia. This model was developed in order to improve students’ skill in writing research paper which is one of the prerequisite tasks before graduating from university. The steps of this research and development consist of needs analysis, document analysis, model design, model development, and model experimentation. The researchers conducted needs analysis to the fifth semester students and three academic writing teachers, in order to generate information dealing with the students’ needs in academic writing course materials. The needs analysis and documents analysis were dug up through questionnaire, interview, and discussion among students and academic writing teachers. The documents analyzed in this study were syllabus, lesson plan, and the existing textbook. The model design used is derived from Borg and Gall (1983) and Sukmadinata (2008), in which there are four steps, i.e. (1) exploration phase; (2) model development phase; (3) model experimentation phase; and (4) dissemination and model implementation phase. The results of needs analysis questionnaire reveal that students need to be taught how to write academic writing in terms of journal article since it will be the final project of the students at the end of their study in university. Instructional materials with different strategies focused on research paper writing are needed by the students.
Evaluation of Harmful Substances and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury and Arsenic in Cosmetic Brands in Nigeria
Authors: Nduka John Kanayochukwu , Odiba Isaac Omoche , Aghoghome Eruemrejovwo Inspector , Umedum Ngozi Lilian , Nwosu Maduabuchi Joseph
Published: January 2016

Forty two different cosmetic samples consisting of 16 facial cosmetics, 6 soaps, 1 shower gel, 12 emulsions, 2 underarm cosmetics, 3 nail cosmetics and 2 perfumes were purchased from department stores and cosmetic shops within Onitsha Main Market and Eke-Awka in Anambra, Nigeria. Seven of these cosmetic (16.67%) were locally manufactured in Nigeria while thirty five (83.33%) were imported into Nigeria. The cosmetics were ashed before digestion and filtration. The filtrates were assayed for mercury and arsenic with AAS SearchTech AA320N. Hydroquinone presence was identified by chromatographic test while steroids, nitrite and N-nitrosamines were identified by colour test and together were assayed by UV-spectrophotometer (Spectrulab 21). The health risk assessment methods developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were employed to explore the potential human health risk of Mercury and Arsenic in cosmeticsamples. Results showed that two (2)  of the cosmetic samples contained mercury ( 0.003 + 0.000mg/kg and 0.07 + 0.00mg/kg)  while three cosmetic samples contained arsenic (0.002 + 0.000, 0.002+0.000 and 0.005 +0.000 mg/kg). Hydroquinone concentration ranged from 1.14 + 0.00 – 1.83 + 0.03 mg/kg (1.14E-02 – 1.83E-02 %).Steroid was found in only two samples with concentration of 16.70 + 0.74 mg/kg and 17.63 + 0.74 while N-nitrosamines and nitrite occurred in nine and eleven samples in the range of 4.66 + 0.09 – 43.52 + 0.47 and 0.87 + 0.02 – 13.42 + 2.90 respectively. The total cancer and non-cancer risk results indicated that although the chances of cancer risk and non-cancer risk resulting from the use of these cosmetic products were unlikely, build up of these heavy metals overtime on continuous usage could be detrimental.
Picard Approximation Method for Solving Nonlinear Quadratic Volterra Integral Equations
Authors: Ababneh O. Y. , Al-sawalha M. Mossa
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we use the Picard method for solving nonlinear quadratic Volterra integral equations by using approach of the self-canceling noise terms which is proposed by Wazwaz (Wazwaz, 2013) . The analytical solutions show that only two iterations are needed to obtain accurate approximate solutions.To illustrate the ability and reliability of the method, some examples
are given, revealing its effectiveness and simplicity.
European Spirometry Driving License in Poland—First Polish Spirometry Training in the Framework of ERS HERMES Spirometry Project
Authors: Tomalak Waldemar , Franczuk Monika , Kuca Paweł , Czajkowska-Malinowska Małgorzata
Published: January 2016

HERMES Initiative (Harmonized Education of Respiratory Medicine in European Specialties) was born in the European Respiratory Society in 2005 [...]
A Method Based on Bottleneck-Linear Assignment for Forming Complex Transport Formations
Authors: Xu Wang-Bao , Rong Gen-Xi , Liu Xiao-Ping , Huang Tian-Yun , Chen Xue-Bo
Published: January 2016

Cooperative transportation using multi-robots is a significant challenge in robotics. For the problem, each robot is required, in general, to reach a different task-point to form a transport formation, where all the task-points are determined according to the shape of the transported object and the number of robots. A method based on bottleneck-linear assignment is proposed to form complex transport formations. First, the optimal paths from each robot to all the task-points are calculated by a two-direction path algorithm, which is developed in this paper as the core of the task-points' assignment. Second, in order to optimize the travelling paths of the robots and the time taken to establish the formation, a bottleneck-linear assignment strategy is presented to assign the task-points for the robots. Finally, an improved artificial moment motion controller makes each robot move along a sub-optimal path to reach its task-point. Simulations indicate that the proposed method is feasible and efficient.
Washington Aqueduct: Serving Our Nation's Capital for Over 150 Years
Authors: Gorzalski Alexander S. , Spiesman Anne L.
Published: January 2016

Throughout its History, the Washington Aqueduct has Retained its Historic Character, Standing as a Testament to the Longevity of Great Engineering Works.
Conservation Is Not an Option
Authors: McGuire Michael J.
Published: January 2016

From where I sit, water conservation is not a theoretical concept. California is still in the grips of a mega‐drought, and conservation is now mandated in my state. I look out on my brown lawn and mourn the loss of an old, beautiful rose bush that could not hack the watering cutback of 50% in my household. Yes, I understand that a drought‐tolerant landscape is far better than turf, but no one mentions the cost of the conversion or the need for extra watering to get a Xeriscape garden to take hold. In any case, turf replacement is scheduled for next year. As I write this, the El Nino rains are just a forecast. By the time this column is published, I hope the forecast turns into a vastly improved water supply for the state and the southwestern United States.
Urban Development and Industrial Clustering in Pakistan: A Study Based on Geographical Perspective
Authors: Khalida Mahmood  , Razzaq Ahmed  , Nighat Bilgrami-Jafferi
Published: January 2016

The urban clusters serve as powerful magnets of economic opportunities and facilities for a large number of population. The only space they are able to grab are shanty town which are either very closely located or adjacent to major industrial zones in large cities of the world including Pakistan. Certainly these industrial estates capture the labor markets located nearby. These shanty towns have emerged as a result of in-migrant influx from the interior of the country and provinces. The clusters are geographical and sector wise concentration of numerous producers and ancillary agents, engaged in production, supply or trade activities. These are directly associated with the manufacturing of a specific product or set of products hence clusters constitute the core of industrial districts. An industrial district can now be defined as a geographical and spatial concentration of firms whose organization of products is marked by a dense network of local inter-firm relations. In order to investigate the urban development and geo-spatial agglomeration in Pakistan PCA has been run using eleven variables representing urban industrial infrastructure. The results reveal the significant role played by large industrial clusters contained in various urban centers of the country. This role is well reflected in the population potential of each of these urban centers.
Partir du droit pour aborder le problème de l’économie informelle
Authors: Panier Élise
Published: January 2016

En partant du récent projet de norme de l’OIT visant à favoriser la formalisation de l’économie informelle, cet article propose d’interroger la démarche institutionnelle à travers une réflexion sur le droit comme critère d’intelligibilité de la catégorie de l’informel. Sur la base d’une enquête réalisée au Togo, cette contribution présente les modalités nombreuses et complexes des manifestations du droit du travail et du droit de l’activité économique dans les deux espaces d’informalité du travail que sont la zone franche d’exportation et le secteur dénommé informel au Togo. Entre surformalisation spécifique et im-pénétration publique ou syndicale dans un cas, et intervention publique et syndicale relativement quotidienne dans l’autre, la manière de vouloir faire de l’économie informelle un objet d’intervention global, en distinguant l’emploi informel des unités économiques, n’est pas sans soulever des questions sur la pertinence de la démarche et le rôle de ce concept souvent critiqué mais, paradoxalement, d’usage permanent.
Investir la rue alors qu’on n’en a pas le droit
Authors: Lendaro Annalisa
Published: January 2016

Cette contribution questionne le caractère improbable d’une mobilisation qui conteste la fermeture discrétionnaire des frontières, menée par les demandeurs d’asile se trouvant sur l’île de Lampedusa (Italie) en juillet 2013. Ces migrants sont officiellement enfermés dans un centre de premiers secours et d’accueil. Pourtant, ils réussissent d’une part, à organiser une action collective qui se déroule dans l’espace public, et d’autre part, à obtenir des pouvoirs publics un arrangement qui leur est favorable. Après avoir rappelé les moments forts de la mobilisation, cet article propose d’analyser son déroulement et ses conséquences à la lumière de l’espace particulier au sein duquel il prend forme, et des ressources mobilisées et mobilisables par ses protagonistes. En nous appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée en 2013 et en 2014, nous nous proposons d’éclairer en quoi le mouvement des demandeurs d’asile étudié peut être considéré improbable, et de contribuer aux récents débats sur l’identité collective au sein des mouvements sociaux.
The ‘de novo’ DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3b compensates the Dnmt1-deficient intestinal epithelium
Authors: Elliott Ellen N , Sheaffer Karyn L , Kaestner Klaus H
Published: January 2016

Dnmt1 is critical for immediate postnatal intestinal development, but is not required for the survival of the adult intestinal epithelium, the only rapidly dividing somatic tissue for which this has been shown. Acute Dnmt1 deletion elicits dramatic hypomethylation and genomic instability. Recovery of DNA methylation state and intestinal health is dependent on the de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3b. Ablation of both Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b in the intestinal epithelium is lethal, while deletion of either Dnmt1 or Dnmt3b has no effect on survival. These results demonstrate that Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b cooperate to maintain DNA methylation and genomic integrity in the intestinal epithelium.
Efficient gate control of spin-valve signals and Hanle signals in GaAs channel with p–i–n junction-type back-gate structure
Authors: Miyakawa Takumi , Akiho Takafumi , Ebina Yuya , Yamamoto Masafumi , Uemura Tetsuya
Published: January 2016

Efficient gate control of spin-valve signals and Hanle signals was achieved in a GaAs channel with a p–i–n back-gate structure. Experiments showed that the amplitude of the spin-valve signal (ΔV
NL) under constant-injection-current conditions increased for a cross nonlocal geometry when the channel was depleted by the gate voltage (V
G). In contrast, the V
G dependence of ΔV
NL for a nonlocal geometry was complicated. The gate modulation efficiency of spin signals was approximately 50 times that with a graphene or Si channel.
Consideration on Na diffusion and recovery phenomena in potential-induced degradation for crystalline Si photovoltaic modules
Authors: Masuda Atsushi , Hara Yukiko , Jonai Sachiko
Published: January 2016

Potential-induced degradation (PID), which brings about a large rapid decrease in output power has been observed in megawatt-scale photovoltaic power plants. Na diffusion from a cover glass to a cell through an encapsulant is possibly the direct origin of PID for p-type crystalline Si photovoltaic modules. On the other hand, PID is suppressed when using an ionomer encapsulant instead of a conventional ethylene vinyl acetate encapsulant. Some researchers consider that the reason is the suppression of Na diffusion when using an ionomer encapsulant. However, there has been no direct observation of Na diffusion behavior to the best of our knowledge for the modules prepared using an ionomer encapsulant. In this study it was found for the first time that Na diffuses in p-type multicrystalline Si photovoltaic modules prepared using an ionomer encapsulant without PID, suggesting that Na diffusion is not a sufficient condition for PID to occur. Another feature of PID is the recovery phenomenon induced by applying reverse voltage after PID occurs. In this study it was also found that reverse voltage application in the initial stage is effective for suppressing PID.
Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellites for the spotted spiny lobster,Panulirus guttatus
Authors: Truelove Nathan , Behringer Donald C. , Butler IV Mark J. , Preziosi Richard F.
Published: January 2016

Microsatellite sequences were isolated from enriched genomic libraries of the spotted spiny lobster,Panulirus guttatususing 454 pyrosequencing. Twenty-nine previously developed polymerase chain reaction primer pairs ofPanulirus argusmicrosatellite loci were also tested for cross-species amplification inPanulirus guttatus.In total, eight consistently amplifying, and polymorphic loci were characterized for 57 individuals collected in the Florida Keys and Bermuda. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 20 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.409 to 0.958. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were found in one locus from Florida and three loci from Bermuda. Quality control testing indicated that all loci were easy to score, highly polymorphic and showed no evidence of linkage disequilibrium. Null alleles were detected in three loci with moderate frequencies ranging from (20% to 22%). These eight microsatellites provide novel molecular markers for future conservation genetics research ofP. guttatus.
Experimental modulation of external microbiome affects nestmate recognition in harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus)
Authors: Dosmann Andy , Bahet Nassim , Gordon Deborah M.
Published: January 2016

Social insects use odors as cues for a variety of behavioral responses, including nestmate recognition. Past research on nestmate recognition indicates cuticular hydrocarbons are important nestmate discriminators for social insects, but other factors are likely to contribute to colony-specific odors. Here we experimentally tested whether external microbes contribute to nestmate recognition in red harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus). We changed the external microbiome of ants through topical application of either antibiotics or microbial cultures. We then observed behavior of nestmates when treated ants were returned to the nest. Ants whose external microbiome was augmented with microbial cultures were much more likely to be rejected than controls, but ants treated with antibiotics were not. This result is consistent with the possibility that external microbes are used for nestmate recognition.
The feasibility and radiological features of sacral alar iliac fixation in an adult population: a 3D imaging study
Authors: Wu Ai-Min , Chi Yong-Long , Ni Wen-Fei , Huang Yi-Xing
Published: January 2016

Background:Surgical treatments for adult spinal deformities often include pelvic fixation, and the feasibility of sacral-2 alar iliac (S2AI) screw fixation has been shown previously. However, sometimes S2AI screw fixation cannot be applied due to the presence of an osteolytic lesion or trauma or because the biomechanical properties of only an S2AI screw is insufficient. Therefore, we questioned the feasibility of using sacral AI screws in other segments and determined whether S3AI and S4AI screws have the potential to be used for sacral fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and radiological features of sacral AI fixation in S1–S4 in an adult population using 3D imaging techniques.Methods:Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken of 45 patients and were imported into Mimics (Version 10.01, Materialise, Belgium) software to reconstruct the 3D digital images. Next, a cylinder (radius of 3.5 mm) was drawn to imitate the screw trajectory of a S1–4 AI screw, and every imitated screw in each segment was adjusted to a maximum upward and downward angle to acquire the feasible region. The parameters of the S1–4AI screw trajectories were measured.Results:Sacral AI screws could be successfully imitated using 3D digital imaging. The S4AI screw trajectory could be obtained in 19 of 45 patient images (42.2%), while the feasibility rates of S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw fixation were 100%, 100%, and 91.1% (41/45), respectively. The feasible regions of S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw trajectories were wide enough, while the adjustable angle of S4AI screws was very small.Conclusion:It is feasible to place S1–2AI screws in the entire adult population and S3–4AI screws in some of the adult population. Furthermore, our study suggested that 3D digital images are suitable to study the feasibility of new screw fixation.
An explicit solution for calculating optimum spawning stock size from Ricker’s stock recruitment model
Authors: Scheuerell Mark D.
Published: January 2016

Stock-recruitment models have been used for decades in fisheries management as a means of formalizing the expected number of offspring that recruit to a fishery based on the number of parents. In particular, Ricker’s stock recruitment model is widely used due to its flexibility and ease with which the parameters can be estimated. After model fitting, the spawning stock size that produces the maximum sustainable yield (SMSY) to a fishery, and the harvest corresponding to it (UMSY), are two of the most common biological reference points of interest to fisheries managers. However, to date there has been no explicit solution for either reference point because of the transcendental nature of the equation needed to solve for them. Therefore, numerical or statistical approximations have been used for more than 30 years. Here I provide explicit formulae for calculating bothSMSYandUMSYin terms of the productivity and density-dependent parameters of Ricker’s model.
Subionospheric propagation and peak currents of preliminary breakdown pulses before negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Farges Thomas , Cummer Steven A. , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk
Published: January 2016

We analyze broadband electromagnetic measurements of pulse sequences occurring prior to first return strokes of negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes. Signals generated by lightning discharges were recorded close to the thunderstorm by a magnetic field receiver and traveled up to 600 km to three distant electric field receivers. We found that amplitudes of observed preliminary breakdown pulses, as well as amplitudes of the corresponding return strokes, are attenuated approximately by 2 dB/100 km when propagating in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide over mountainous terrain. Propagation simulations show that there is a significant contribution of the sky wave signals in the waveforms observed beyond 500 km from their source. The estimated peak currents of the largest preliminary breakdown pulses reach over 60 kA. Such current pulses propagating through in‐cloud lightning leader channels in a strong electric field may be able to initiate terrestrial gamma ray flashes.
A coupled model for carbon and radiocarbon evolution during the last deglaciation
Authors: Mariotti Véronique , Paillard Didier , Bopp Laurent , Roche Didier M. , Bouttes Nathaëlle
Published: January 2016

Changes in the ventilation of the Southern Ocean are thought to play an important role on deglacial carbon and radiocarbon evolution but have not been tested within a coupled climate‐carbon model. Here we present such a simulation based on a simple scenario of transient deglacial sinking of brines—sea ice salt rejections—around Antarctica, which modulates Southern Ocean ventilation. This experiment is able to reproduce deglacial atmospheric changes in carbon and radiocarbon and also ocean radiocarbon records measured in the Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific Oceans. Simulated for the first time in a fully coupled climate‐carbon model of intermediate complexity including radiocarbon, our modeling results suggest that the deglacial changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and radiocarbon were achieved by means of a breakdown in the glacial brine‐induced stratification of the Southern Ocean.
Identifying magnetic reconnection events using the FOTE method
Authors: Fu H. S. , Cao J. B. , Vaivads A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Andre M. , Dunlop M. , Liu W. L. , Lu H. Y. , Huang S. Y. , Ma Y. D. , Eriksson E.
Published: January 2016

A magnetic reconnection event detected by Cluster is analyzed using three methods: Single‐spacecraft Inference based on Flow‐reversal Sequence (SIFS), Multispacecraft Inference based on Timing a Structure (MITS), and the First‐Order Taylor Expansion (FOTE). Using the SIFS method, we find that the reconnection structure is an X line; while using the MITS and FOTE methods, we find it is a magnetic island (O line). We compare the efficiency and accuracy of these three methods and find that the most efficient and accurate approach to identify a reconnection event is FOTE. In both the guide and nonguide field reconnection regimes, the FOTE method is equally applicable. This study for the first time demonstrates the capability of FOTE in identifying magnetic reconnection events; it would be useful to the forthcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.
Proton velocity ring‐driven instabilities in the inner magnetosphere: Linear theory and particle‐in‐cell simulations
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun
Published: January 2016

Linear dispersion theory and electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations are used to investigate linear growth and nonlinear saturation of the proton velocity ring‐driven instabilities, namely, ion Bernstein instability and Alfvén‐cyclotron instability, which lead to fast magnetosonic waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the inner magnetosphere, respectively. The proton velocity distribution is assumed to consist of 10% of a ring distribution and 90% of a low‐temperature Maxwellian background. Here two cases with ring speeds vr/vA=1 and 2 (vA is the Alfvén speed) are examined in detail. For the two cases, linear theory predicts that the maximum growth rate γm of the Bernstein instability is 0.16Ωp and 0.19Ωp, respectively, and γm of the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability is 0.045Ωp and 0.15Ωp, respectively, where Ωp is the proton cyclotron frequency. Two‐dimensional PIC simulations are carried out for the two cases to examine the instability development and the corresponding evolution of the particle distributions. Initially, Bernstein waves develop and saturate with strong electrostatic fluctuations. Subsequently, electromagnetic Alfvén‐cyclotron waves grow and saturate. Despite their smaller growth rate, the saturation levels of the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves for both cases are larger than those of the Bernstein waves. Resonant interactions with the Bernstein waves lead to scattering of ring protons predominantly along the perpendicular velocity component (toward both decreasing and, at a lesser extent, increasing speeds) without substantial change of either the parallel temperature or the temperature anisotropy. Consequently, the Alfvén‐cyclotron instability can still grow. Furthermore, the free energy resulting from the pitch angle scattering by the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves is larger than the free energy resulting from the perpendicular energy scattering, thereby leading to the larger saturation level of the Alfvén‐cyclotron waves.
Geodetic constraints on frictional properties and earthquake hazard in the Imperial Valley, Southern California
Authors: Lindsey Eric O. , Fialko Yuri
Published: January 2016

We analyze a suite of geodetic observations across the Imperial Fault in southern California that span all parts of the earthquake cycle. Coseismic and postseismic surface slips due to the 1979 M 6.6 Imperial Valley earthquake were recorded with trilateration and alignment surveys by Harsh (1982) and Crook et al. (1982), and interseismic deformation is measured using a combination of multiple interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)‐viewing geometries and continuous and survey‐mode GPS. In particular, we combine more than 100 survey‐mode GPS velocities with InSAR data from Envisat descending tracks 84 and 356 and ascending tracks 77 and 306 (149 total acquisitions), processed using a persistent scatterers method. The result is a dense map of interseismic velocities across the Imperial Fault and surrounding areas that allows us to evaluate the rate of interseismic loading and along‐strike variations in surface creep. We compare available geodetic data to models of the earthquake cycle with rate‐ and state‐dependent friction and find that a complete record of the earthquake cycle is required to constrain key fault properties including the rate‐dependence parameter (a − b) as a function of depth, the extent of shallow creep, and the recurrence interval of large events. We find that the data are inconsistent with a high (>30 mm/yr) slip rate on the Imperial Fault and investigate the possibility that an extension of the San Jacinto‐Superstition Hills Fault system through the town of El Centro may accommodate a significant portion of the slip previously attributed to the Imperial Fault. Models including this additional fault are in better agreement with the available observations, suggesting that the long‐term slip rate of the Imperial Fault is lower than previously suggested and that there may be a significant unmapped hazard in the western Imperial Valley.
Bimaterial interfaces at the Karadere segment of the North Anatolian Fault, northwestern Turkey
Authors: Najdahmadi B. , Bohnhoff M. , Ben‐Zion Y.
Published: January 2016

We image velocity contrast (bimaterial) interfaces along the Karadere Fault of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, toward the eastern part of the 1999 Izmit Mw 7.4 rupture in NW Turkey, using waveforms recorded by a local seismic network. Applying an automatic procedure for identification and picking of fault zone head waves (FZHW) and direct P arrivals, and manually revising the picks through particle motion analysis, we identify two different groups of FZHW as well as fault zone reflected waves (FZRW). The first group of FZHW has a moveout with respect to the direct P arrivals with distance traveled along the fault, indicating a deep bimaterial interface down to the base of the seismogenic crust with an average velocity contrast of ~3.4%. The second group of FZHW has a constant time difference from the direct P arrivals and is associated with a shallow local interface bounding a low‐velocity damage zone or basin structure that extends to a depth of 4–5 km. While the first group of FZHW exists on the slower crustal block, the second group of FZHW and the FZRW are present generally on both sides of the fault. These phases add to the richness and complexity of the early P waveforms observed at stations close to a large fault. The relatively low velocity contrast across the Karadere Fault compared to values to the west may have helped stopping the Izmit rupture.
Application of PMF receptor model merging with PAHs signatures for source apportionment of black carbon in the continental shelf surface sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China
Authors: Fang Yin , Chen Yingjun , Tian Chongguo , Lin Tian , Hu Limin , Li Jun , Zhang Gan
Published: January 2016

Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are byproducts generated from the incomplete combustion of organic materials, including fossil fuels and biomass. The similar production processes shared by BC and PAHs provide the possibility to infer the BC sources using the PAHs signatures. This study successfully utilized data sets of BC and PAHs analyzed from the continental shelf surface sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas to a standard receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to apportion the sources of BC in the sediment matrix. Results showed that combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., coal and oil/petroleum) accounted for an average level of 83 ± 5% of the total BC preserved, which was significantly higher than that from the biomass burning (17 ± 5%). The spatial distributions of the fossil BC concentrations and percentages differed significantly from those of the biomass BC, implying their different geochemical behaviors in the continental shelf regimes and further emphasizing the importance to effectively differentiate between fossil BC and biomass BC. In addition to the relative proportions of the BC subtypes (char‐BC/soot‐BC), the regional‐specific hydrodynamic conditions, including the cold cyclonic eddy, resuspension and coastal current, also exerted a significant influence on these spatial variations.
First dedicated hydrographic survey of the Comoros Basin
Authors: Collins C. , Hermes J. C. , Roman R. E. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: January 2016

The Comoros Basin, a region of eddies that propagate into the Mozambique Channel and subsequently the Agulhas Current, has not been well studied. This paper presents the findings from the first dedicated research cruise in the basin. ADCP data collected during the cruise show that the circulation in the Comoros Basin is dominated by the strong westward flowing North East Madagascar Current, which bifurcates twice: once upon encountering the Davie Ridge and again upon reaching the East African coast. One of the branches flows southward along the African coastline and appears to continue into the Mozambique Channel while the other branch turns northward to become the East African Coastal Current. The ADCP data also show evidence of a cyclonic eddy along the northwest coast of Madagascar. Water mass analysis indicates that all the major Indian Ocean water masses are present in the Comoros Basin. Surprisingly, North Atlantic Deep Water, a water mass previously assumed to only occur south of ∼16°S in the Mozambique Channel, was found to be present in the basin at depths below 2000 m. Antarctic Intermediate Water is found to enter the basin via two routes; from the west within the North East Madagascar Current and from the south within the northward flowing Mozambique Undercurrent.
Estimating error cross‐correlations in soil moisture data sets using extended collocation analysis
Authors: Gruber A. , Su C.‐H. , Crow W. T. , Zwieback S. , Dorigo W. A. , Wagner W.
Published: January 2016

Global soil moisture records are essential for studying the role of hydrologic processes within the larger earth system. Various studies have shown the benefit of assimilating satellite‐based soil moisture data into water balance models or merging multisource soil moisture retrievals into a unified data set. However, this requires an appropriate parameterization of the error structures of the underlying data sets. While triple collocation (TC) analysis has been widely recognized as a powerful tool for estimating random error variances of coarse‐resolution soil moisture data sets, the estimation of error cross covariances remains an unresolved challenge. Here we propose a method—referred to as extended collocation (EC) analysis—for estimating error cross‐correlations by generalizing the TC method to an arbitrary number of data sets and relaxing the therein made assumption of zero error cross‐correlation for certain data set combinations. A synthetic experiment shows that EC analysis is able to reliably recover true error cross‐correlation levels. Applied to real soil moisture retrievals from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E) C‐band and X‐band observations together with advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) retrievals, modeled data from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)‐Noah and in situ measurements drawn from the International Soil Moisture Network, EC yields reasonable and strong nonzero error cross‐correlations between the two AMSR‐E products. Against expectation, nonzero error cross‐correlations are also found between ASCAT and AMSR‐E. We conclude that the proposed EC method represents an important step toward a fully parameterized error covariance matrix for coarse‐resolution soil moisture data sets, which is vital for any rigorous data assimilation framework or data merging scheme.
Global Atmospheric Chemistry and Impacts from Aviation
Authors: Köhler Marcus O.
Published: January 2016

The atmosphere contains a large number of chemical trace compounds among which complex chemical processes take place. These processes form an important part of the natural global biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of chemically active pollutants can interfere in the natural chemical processes and result in impacts on the climate system or lead to the accumulation of substances hazardous to ecosystems. This chapter outlines the most important chemical processes taking place in the atmosphere with a view to the global scale and to an extent as they are of relevance to chemical interference caused by aircraft engine emissions. The effects caused by emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur compounds, and water vapor from subsonic aviation are discussed and placed into context with global atmospheric chemistry.
Adaptive sliding mode observation in a network of dynamical systems
Authors: Menon Prathyush P. , Edwards Christopher , Shtessel Yuri B.
Published: January 2016

This paper considers the problem of reconstructing state information in all the nodes of a complex network of dynamical systems. The individual nodes comprise a known linear part and unknown but bounded uncertainties in certain channels of the system. A supervisory adaptive sliding mode observer configuration is proposed for estimating the states. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is suggested to synthesise the gains of the sliding mode observer. Although deployed centrally to estimate all the states of the complex network, the design process depends only on the dynamics of an individual node of the network. The methodology is demonstrated by considering a network of Chua oscillators. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐Borne Endovascular Embolics Inspired by the Undersea Adhesive of Marine Sandcastle Worms
Authors: Jones Joshua P. , Sima Monika , O'Hara Ryan G. , Stewart Russell J.
Published: January 2016

Transcatheter embolization is used to treat vascular malformations and defects, to control bleeding, and to selectively block blood supply to tissues. Liquid embolics are used for small vessel embolization that require distal penetration. Current liquid embolic agents have serious drawbacks, mostly centered around poor handling characteristics and toxicity. In this work, a water‐borne in situ setting liquid embolic agent is described that is based on electrostatically condensed, oppositely charged polyelectrolytes–complex coacervates. At high ionic strengths, the embolic coacervates are injectable fluids that can be delivered through long narrow microcatheters. At physiological ionic strength, the embolic coacervates transition into a nonflowing solid morphology. Transcatheter embolization of rabbit renal arteries demonstrated capillary level penetration, homogeneous occlusion, and 100% devascularization of the kidney, without the embolic crossing into venous circulation. The benign water‐borne composition and setting mechanism avoids many of the problems of current liquid embolics, and provides precise temporal and spatial control during endovascular embolization.
Crisponi/CISS1 syndrome: A case series
Authors: Alhashem Amal M. , Majeed–Saidan Muhammad Ali , Ammari Amer N. , Alrakaf Maha S. , Nojoom Maha , Maddirevula Sateesh , Faqeih Eissa , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Garne Ester , Kurdi Ahmad M.
Published: January 2016

Crisponi/CISS1 syndrome (MIM#272430) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by major feeding difficulties, camptodactyly, and anhidrosis in early childhood; and the subsequent development of paradoxical cold‐induced sweating and scoliosis later in life. The syndrome is caused by biallelic mutations in CRLF1 or, much less commonly, CLCF1. Although genotype/phenotype correlation has been elusive, it has been suggested that the level of the mutant protein may correlate with the phenotypic severity. However, we show in this series of 12 patients from four families, all previously unpublished, that the homogeneity of the recently described c.983dupG (p.Ser328Argfs∗2) mutation in CRLF1 was associated with a highly variable degree of severity, and that the phenotype significantly overlaps with the recently described COG6‐related anhidrosis syndrome (MIM#615328). Another fifth previously unpublished family is also described with a novel mutation in CRLF1, c.605delC (p.Ala202Valfs*32). In Saudi Arabia the prevalence of the syndrome is probably underestimated due to the difficulty in making the diagnosis considering the complex phenotype with typical neonatal and evolutive features. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.