bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas Process Displacement Efficiency Comparisons on a Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Egermann P. , Robin M. , Lombard J.-M. , Modavi A. , Kalam M. Z.
Published: December 2006

Secondary- and tertiary-recovery processes based on gas injection can extend the life of waterflooded reservoirs by maximizing the oil recovery. However, the injection strategy needs to be studied carefully to optimize the overall sweep efficiency. In particular, the impact of possible water blocking on the recovery has to be addressed. For that purpose, a series of experiments was performed under reservoir conditions on a carbonate rock type to compare the displacement efficiencies of a secondary gas injection, a tertiary gas injection, and a simultaneous water-alternating-gas (SWAG) injection.

The experiments were carried out on composite cores consisting of several carefully selected reservoir core plugs of the chosen rock type. The operating pressure was lower than the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) and reflected the current reservoir pressure. Phase exchanges were monitored continually during the hydrocarbon recovery, including the chromatographic analysis of the produced gas.

The final oil recovery resulting from the three types of experiments was very good [approximately 90% original oil in place (OOIP) at surface conditions after 6 pore-volume (PV) injection] and quite similar within the expected experimental error, regardless of the sequence of gas injection. The low remaining oil saturation (ROS) values observed were consistent with competing processes of both viscous displacement of oil by gas and phase exchanges occurring between oil and gas. Because of the nature of the injected gas (rich gas from the first separation stage), a condensing/vaporizing process had to be considered. The SWAG injection speeds up the oil recovery by mobility control of the water phase. This enhances the sweep efficiency by viscous drive. A water-blocking effect was found to be negligible because it could be anticipated due to wettability consideration.

The influence of the fluid description (equation of state, or EOS) and the three-phase relative permeability model on the simulation results was studied. An excellent agreement between simulation and production data was obtained with both gas/oil relative permeability data measured at ambient conditions on a restored composite core and an appropriate EOS (with seven pseudos). The condensing/vaporizing process that strips the intermediate compounds from the oil phase to the gas phase was properly taken into account with this appropriate EOS. The influence of the three-phase permeability model (either "geometrical construction" or Stone1) on the results was found to be small.
Insuring the Portfolio Against Large Project Failure
Authors: DuBois James R. , Quarles Andrew I.
Published: December 2006

There is a growing body of literature in our industry that addresses the use of portfolio-management techniques to find "optimum" mixes of projects that meet company goals while managing risk. These investigations usually start by describing "risk" in some manner, then proceed to illustrate how combinations of properties can be chosen that minimize this risk function subject to the other goals of the company. The probabilities of meeting individual metric targets in discrete time frames also can and should be quantified.

This type of analysis is valid and useful, and it forms the backbone of project portfolio management. However, when dealing with risk and probability concepts, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that specific events will occur in time and that the portfolio must include enough flexibility to allow reaction to and recovery from these events.

Specifically, acceptable portfolio results may depend on a small number of projects performing at a certain level. Because the chance of these important projects not performing at this level may be relatively small, the risk is deemed "acceptable." If one of the projects subsequently fails to perform, what was once "acceptable risk" can become an exercise in salvaging a year or even saving a company.

This paper shows how portfolio-management techniques can be used to plan a portfolio robust enough to recover from the potential failure of a significant project. These techniques can lead us to make investment choices today that might not be obvious if projects are evaluated solely with their expected values; those choices, if made judiciously, can provide insurance against a possible future downside.

Portfolio analysis is a powerful technique, with applications far beyond the standard risk/reward exercise. The examples presented demonstrate how this analysis can be used to provide insight into the practical business questions that truly concern company management.
Modeling Original Water Saturation in the Transition Zone of a Carbonate Oil Reservoir
Authors: Ghedan Shawket G. , Thiebot Bertrand M. , Boyd Douglas A.
Published: December 2006

Accurately modeling water-saturation variation in transition zones is important to reservoir simulation for predicting recoverable oil and guiding field-development plans. The large transition zone of a heterogeneous Middle East reservoir was challenging to model. Core-calibrated, log-derived water saturations were used to generate saturation-height-function groups for nine reservoir-rock types. To match the large span of log water saturation (Sw)in the transition zone from the free-water level (FWL) to minimum Sw high in the oil column, three saturation-height functions per rock type (RT) were developed, one each for the low-, medium-, and high-porosity range.

Though developed on a different scale from the simulationmodel cells, the saturation profiles generated are a good statistical match to the wireline-log-interpreted Sw, and bulk volume of water (BVW) and fluid volumetrics agree with the geological model. RT-guided saturation-height functions proved a good method for modeling water saturation in the simulation model.

The technique emphasizes the importance of oil/brine capillary pressures measured under reservoir conditions and of collecting an adequate number of Archie saturation and cementation exponents to reduce uncertainties in well-log interpretation.
Oil- and Water-Content Measurements in Bitumen Ore and Froth Samples Using Low-Field NMR
Authors: Bryan J. , Mai A. , Hum F. , Kantzas A.
Published: December 2006

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry has been used successfully to perform estimates of oil and water content in unconsolidated oil-sand samples. This work has intriguing applications in the oil-sands mining and processing industry, in the areas of ore and froth characterization. Studies have been performed on a database of ore and froth samples from the Athabasca region in northern Alberta, Canada. In this paper, new automated algorithms are presented that predict the oil- and water-weight content of oil-sand ores and froths.

Suites of real and synthetic samples of bitumen, water, clay, and sand have also been used to investigate the physical interactions of the different parameters on the NMR spectra. Preliminary observations regarding spectral properties indicate that it may be possible in the future to estimate the amount of clay in the samples, based upon shifts in the NMR spectra. NMR estimates of oil and water content are fairly accurate, thus enhancing the possibility of using NMR for oil-sands development and in the oil-sands mining industry.
Acetaldehyde
Authors: Eckert Marc , Fleischmann Gerald , Jira Reinhard , Bolt Hermann M. , Golka Klaus
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties and Uses3.1.Addition Reactions3.2.Derivatives of Aldol Addition3.3.Reaction with Nitrogen Compounds3.4.Oxidation3.5.Reduction3.6.Miscellaneous Reactions3.7.Consumption4.Production4.1.Production from Ethanol4.2.Production from Acetylene4.3.Production from Ethylene4.3.1.Direct Oxidation of Ethylene4.3.2.Acetaldehyde as Byproduct4.3.3.Isomerization of Ethylene Oxide4.4.Production from C1Sources4.5.Production from Hydrocarbons5.Quality and Analysis6.Storage and Transportation6.1.Storage6.2.Transportation6.3.Other Regulations7.Economic Aspects8.Polymers of Acetaldehyde8.1.Paraldehyde8.2.Metaldehyde8.3.Polyacetaldehyde9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fiber Optics
Authors: Nakahara Tsuneo , Tanaka Shigeru , Nishimura Masayuki
Published: December 2006

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Structure of Optical Fibers2.1Basic Structure2.2Multimode Fibers2.3Single‐mode Fibers2.4Dispersion‐modified Fibers2.4.1Dispersion‐shifted Fibers2.4.2Nonzero Dispersion‐shifted Fiber2.4.3Dispersion‐flattened Fibers2.5Functional Fibers2.5.1Dispersion‐compensating Fibers2.5.2Rare‐earth‐doped Fibers2.5.3Polarization‐maintaining Fibers3.Raw Materials and Production3.1Silica Fibers3.1.1Preform Production3.1.1.1Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) Method3.1.1.2Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) Method3.1.1.3Vapor‐Phase Axial Deposition (VAD) Method3.1.1.4Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) Method3.1.2Fiber Drawing3.2.Non‐silica Fibers3.2.1Multicomponent Glass Fibers3.2.2Plastic Cladding Fibers3.2.3All‐plastic Fibers3.2.4Infrared Fibers4.Characterisitics of Optical Fibers4.1Transmission Loss4.2Dispersion4.3Multimode Dispersion4.3.1Chromatic Dispersion4.3.2Polarization Mode Dispersion4.4Nonlinearity5.Reliability of Optical Fibers5.1Mechanical Strength5.2Hydrogen‐induced Loss Increase5.3Radiation‐induced Loss Increase6.Applications of Optical Fibers6.1Optical Fiber Cables6.2Fiber Connection Technologies6.3Optical Fiber Sensors7.Future Prospects7.1New Fibers7.1.1Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)7.1.2Holey Fiber (HF)7.1.3Photonic Band‐gap Fiber (PBGF)7.2New Systems7.2.1Soliton System7.2.2Code Division Multiplex (CDM)

The optical fiber is one of the most important key technologies that support the current information technology (IT) era. Optical fibers are now widely used not only as an excellent transmission medium for optical communication but also as optical functional devices, such as optical amplifiers. Both optical fibers and their manufacturing technologies have evolved dramatically toward higher performance and improved productivity. Their applications have also been expanded from optical communication to a variety of fields, such as optical sensors. This article reviews various aspects of optical fibers: structures & materials, fabrication techniques, optical characteristics & reliability, and applications.
Adenoviral Gene Delivery from Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Architectures
Authors: Dimitrova M. , Arntz Y. , Lavalle P. , Meyer F. , Wolf M. , Schuster C. , Haïkel Y. , Voegel J.‐C. , Ogier J.
Published: December 2006

The alternate layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition of polycations and polyanions for the build up of multilayered polyelectrolyte films is an original approach that allows the preparation of tunable, biologically active surfaces. The resulting supramolecular nanoarchitectures can be functionalized with drugs, peptides, and proteins, or DNA molecules that are able to transfect cells in vitro. We monitor, for the first time, the embedding of a bioactive adenoviral (Ad) vector in multilayered polyelectrolyte films. Ad efficiently adsorbs on poly(L‐lysine)–poly(L‐glutamic acid) (PLL–PGA), PLL–HA (HA: hyaluronan), poly(allylamin hydrochloride)–poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PAH–PSS), and CHI–HA (CHI: chitosan) films; it preserves its transduction capacity (which can reach 95 %) for a large number of cell types, and also allows vector uptake into receptor‐deficient cells, thus abrogating the restricted tropism of Ad.
Evaluation by various experimental approaches of the crosslink density of urethane networks based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene
Authors: Sekkar V. , Narayanaswamy K. , Scariah K. J. , Nair P. R. , Sastri K. S. , Ang How Ghee
Published: December 2006

Crosslink density (CLD) is an important characteristic for elastomeric polymer networks. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the elastomers are critically dependant on the CLD. Several methods have been adopted for its determination, but swelling and stress–strain methods continue to be more popular because of the convenience associated with these techniques. In this article, the determination of CLD of allophanate–urethane networks based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene and toluene diisocyanate with swelling and stress–strain methods is reported. The Flory–Rhener relationship was applied to calculate CLD from the swelling data. CLDs were also calculated from the initial slope of the stress–strain curve (Young's modulus), Mooney–Rivlin plots, equilibrium relaxation moduli, and dynamic mechanical properties. A comparison was drawn among the values obtained with the various methods. Although the CLD values obtained from Mooney–Rivlin plots were slightly lower than those obtained from swelling data, the values obtained with Young's modulus and storage modulus were considerably higher. The values obtained with swelling and equilibrium relaxation moduli data were very close to each other. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3129–3133, 2007
On the inhibiting effect of phenolic compounds in the photopolymerization of acrylates under high‐intensity and polychromatic UV/visible lights
Authors: Mauguière‐Guyonnet F. , Burget D. , Fouassier J. P.
Published: December 2006

The photopolymerization of wood coatings under UV and visible light in industrial type conditions has been investigated. The inhibiting effect of the phenolic compounds found in wood extractives, especially quercetin, on the final properties of the coating (hardness, gel content) as well as the polymerization kinetics (rates, final conversion) has been discussed. Model clear‐coating formulations — based on an acrylate oligomer, a reactive diluent and a bis‐acylphosphine oxide as photo‐initiator — have been used. This article focuses on the influence of the nature of the acrylate oligomer (polyester, epoxy, polyurethane), the type of phenolic derivative (POHs) and the irradiation conditions (UV conveyor, Xe lamp). It appears that lead to through the strong inner‐filter effect in the presence of quercetin is responsible for the loss of all the observed properties. In order to mimic what happens at the wood–coating interface, the role of the diffusion of the phenolic derivatives have been also investigated and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3285–3298, 2007
Water‐soluble copolymers. III. Two‐step terpolymerization of acrylamide, acrylic acid, and acryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride
Authors: Peng Xiaohong , Peng Xiaochun , Shen Jiarui
Published: December 2006

Terpolymerization of acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and acryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DAC) was studied in aqueous solution by a two‐step polymerization method, consisting of adiabatic polymerization until reaching a maximum temperature and following retaining temperature for maturation. A redox agent:promotor triad‐initiating system was employed as an initiator. The effects of various parameters on terpolymerization were investigated. The optimum values were obtained at the DAC:AA molar feed ratio and the total monomer concentration, at the oxidant:reductant ratio and total redox agent concentration, and at the promotor concentration and redox agent:promoter ratio. The structure of the terpolymer was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 13C NMR spectroscopy. And the terpolymer composition was agreed favorably with feed ratio. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3278–3284, 2007
Development of nanocomposites of bentonite with polyaniline and poly(methacrylic acid)
Authors: Singhal Rahul , Datta Monika
Published: December 2006

Nanocomposites of bentonite with polyaniline (PANI), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), and poly(aniline‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PANI‐co‐PMAA) were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization technique. The nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopies, XRD, SEM, TEM, as well as TG‐DTA studies. The in situ intercalative polymerization of PANI, PMAA, and PANI‐co‐PMAA within bentonite layers was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, as well as TEM studies. XRD confirmed the intercalation of polymers and copolymer in bentonite. The average particle size of the nanocomposites was found to be in the range of 250–500 nm. The thermal stability was found be the highest for PANI‐co‐PMAA‐bentonite. The swelling behavior studies suggest that these nanocomposites hold potential for their utilization in absorption of toxic materials from waste water. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3299–3306, 2007
Hydrosilylation and dehydrocondensation reactions of methylhydridesiloxane to acrylic and methacrylic acids
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Zaikov G. , Pirckheliani N. , Tatrishvili T. , Meladze S. , Pachulia Z. , Labartkava M.
Published: December 2006

The hydrosilylation of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy) methylhydridesiloxane (degree of polymerization ≈ 53) with acrylic and methacrylic acid with various ratios of the initial compounds, in the presence of platinum hydrochloric acid, has been investigated. In the presence of platinum hydrochloric acid, competitive dehydrocondensation reactions take place with the formation of various oligomers with various chemical links. In the later stages of the reaction, three‐dimensional systems have been obtained. During dehydrocondensation, the reaction order, reaction rate constants, and activation energy have been determined. The structures of the synthesized oligomers have been determined with IR and NMR spectroscopy data. Gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray analyses of the synthesized oligomers have been carried out. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3243–3252, 2007
A novel approach to excellent UV protecting cotton fabric with functionalized MWNT containing water vapor permeable PU coating
Authors: Mondal S. , Hu J. L.
Published: December 2006

This research paper presented a novel approach of developing excellent protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation of cotton fabrics by means of water vapor permeable (WVP) coatings containing multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT), a stable and strongly UV absorbing species. The WVP of MWNT containing UV protective coatings of the present development are formed from solution polymer of hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU). MWNTs were dispersed in HPU solution by functionalization of MWNT. The nanotube containing HPU coating shows excellent protection against UV radiation, with only 1 wt % of MWNT (calculated based on solid content of the polymer), a UV Protection Factor (UPF) of 174 and with 2.5 wt % of MWNT a UPF of 421 was obtained, which stated excellent protection (UPF ≥50) according to the Australian/New Zealand standards. Scanning electron micrographs of coated fabrics surface showed a film like polymer coating, confirming the fabric surface was successfully coated by polyurethane. The coated fabrics would maintain very good water vapor permeability, hence confirmed the wearing comfort. Room temperature (20–23°C) range soft segment crystal melting of HPU enhances the permeability of coated fabrics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3370–3376, 2007
Relation between thermal conductivity and network formation with polymerizable liquid crystals
Authors: Kato Takashi , Nakamura Takashi , Agari Yasuyuki , Ochi Mitsukazu
Published: December 2006

The molecules with the mono‐ and bi‐function at the sides in the acrylic PLC mixtures were aligned by the rubbing method. The alignment was immobilized by the photo polymerization to result the homogeneous acrylic films, which have good alignment with the higher order parameters. The thermal conductivity along the molecular long axis direction showed the larger magnitude of 0.62 W/m · K, which is independent on ratio of the main chain and the side chain fractions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3169–3174, 2007
Effect of HIPS on polymorphism, melting, and crystallization behavior of sPS crystallized dynamically from melting state
Authors: Zhou Weihua , Lu Ming , Zheng Junjun , Zhang Zishou , Mai Kancheng
Published: December 2006

Syndiotactic polystyrene/highly‐impact polystyrene (sPS/HIPS) blends were prepared with a twin‐screw extruder. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X‐ray diffractometry were used to investigate the effect of the maximal melting temperature, the content of HIPS and cooling rates on the melting and crystallization behavior and crystal forms of sPS. The experimental results indicated that the addition of low content of HIPS induced the formation of more α‐crystal, whereas the addition of high content of HIPS favored the formation of β‐crystal for sPS/HIPS blends crystallized dynamically from low melting temperature. Both sPS and its blends produced only β‐crystal as crystallized from high melting temperature. The crystallization temperatures of sPS and its blends decreased as the melting temperature increased, favoring the formation of β‐crystal. Higher temperature of sPS crystallization favored the formation of more content of α‐crystal while lower temperature of sPS crystallization produced more content of β‐crystal. Cooling rates showed no significant effect on the crystal form of sPS and its blends, but influenced the melting behavior of both sPS and its bends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3353–3361, 2007
Effect of jet stretch on polyacrylonitrile as‐spun fiber formation
Authors: Ji Bao‐Hua , Wang Cheng‐Guo , Wang Yan‐Xiang
Published: December 2006

In this article, the effect of jet stretch ratio on the extrudate die‐swell effect of polyacrylonitrile spinning solution and the structure and properties of as‐spun fibers was systematically analyzed by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron microprobe analysis, and the measurement of die‐swell ratio, boiling‐water shrinkage, porosity, mechanical properties analysis, etc. It revealed the formation mechanism of the die‐swell effect and spin orientation and its influences on the structure and properties of as‐spun fibers. It showed that with the increase of the jet stretch ratio the die‐swell ratio became smaller, both the degree of spin orientation and the crystallinity increased, the microstructure of as‐spun fibers became compact and homogeneous, and the cross section tended to be circular. As a result, the breaking tenacity of as‐spun fibers and resultant precursors all increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3348–3352, 2007
Sorption‐induced release of antimicrobial isopropanol in EVOH copolymers as determined by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Cava D. , Sammon C. , Lagaron J. M.
Published: December 2006

This paper deals with the evaluation of the sorption‐induced release of an antimicrobial component, i.e., isopropanol, from two ethylene‐vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers as measured by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. Three different swelling agents were considered namely, water, methanol, and ethanol, whose kinetics of diffusion were also evaluated during sorption. From the transport behavior of the latter components, it was found that a pseudo‐Fickian diffusion process appeared to take place in all systems. The corresponding simultaneous polymer plasticization was easily followed by evaluation of the sorption‐induced thickness expansion and swelling rate. The data indicated that the swelling process appeared to lag the sorption of the penetrant during the first instances of the uptake most probably due to the existence of a Langmuir (antiplasticization) regime previously reported for these polymers. The crossed‐diffusion of entrapped antimicrobial isopropanol was related to a typical swelling‐induced release process, which was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the penetrant and on the composition of the polymer matrix. The results demonstrated both the usefulness of the ATR‐FTIR technique to uniquely characterize the complex phenomena that take place during sorption‐induced release and the suitability of EVOH copolymers for controlled release in antimicrobial applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3431–3437, 2007
Mouse mutants with neural tube closure defects and their role in understanding human neural tube defects
Authors: Harris Muriel J. , Juriloff Diana M.
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND: The number of mouse mutants and strains with neural tube closure defects (NTDs) now exceeds 190, including 155 involving known genes, 33 with unidentified genes, and eight “multifactorial” strains. METHODS: The emerging patterns of mouse NTDs are considered in relation to the unknown genetics of the common human NTDs, anencephaly, and spina bifida aperta. RESULTS: Of the 150 mouse mutants that survive past midgestation, 20% have risk of either exencephaly and spina bifida aperta or both, parallel to the majority of human NTDs, whereas 70% have only exencephaly, 5% have only spina bifida, and 5% have craniorachischisis. The primary defect in most mouse NTDs is failure of neural fold elevation. Most null mutations (>90%) produce syndromes of multiple affected structures with high penetrance in homozygotes, whereas the “multifactorial” strains and several null‐mutant heterozygotes and mutants with partial gene function (hypomorphs) have low‐penetrance nonsyndromic NTDs, like the majority of human NTDs. The normal functions of the mutated genes are diverse, with clusters in pathways of actin function, apoptosis, and chromatin methylation and structure. The female excess observed in human anencephaly is found in all mouse exencephaly mutants for which gender has been studied. Maternal agents, including folate, methionine, inositol, or alternative commercial diets, have specific preventative effects in eight mutants and strains. CONCLUSIONS: If the human homologs of the mouse NTD mutants contribute to risk of common human NTDs, it seems likely to be in multifactorial combinations of hypomorphs and low‐penetrance heterozygotes, as exemplified by mouse digenic mutants and the oligogenic SELH/Bc strain. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antifungal triazole derivative triadimefon induces ectopic maxillary cartilage by altering the morphogenesis of the first branchial arch
Authors: Di Renzo Francesca , Broccia Maria L. , Giavini Erminio , Menegola Elena
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND: The triazole derivative, triadimefon (FON), induces branchial arch abnormalities in post‐implantation rat embryos cultured in vitro, and cranio‐facial malformations in mouse fetuses. Ectopic maxillary cartilage has been also described as a typical FON‐related malformation. This work studies the morphogenesis of the ectopic cartilage in rat embryos and fetuses exposed in vivo to FON during the early postimplantation period. METHODS: Pregnant rats were treated with 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg FON on Day 9.5 of pregnancy (D9.5) and sacrificed at term (D20), during the early fetal period (D17) or at different embryogenetic periods (D10, D11, D12). The skeleton was examined after stain of bone and cartilage or of cartilage alone respectively at term or at D17. The neural crest cell (NCC) migration and compaction was investigated at D10 and D11 and the cranial nerve organization described at D12. RESULTS: Triadimefon is teratogenic in rats under the chosen experimental conditions. The malformations were at the level of the cranio‐facial and axial skeleton at term and of the hindbrain nerves in embryos. A NCC abnormal migration and compaction was observed at the level of the first branchial arch: in FON‐exposed embryos NCC were detected at the level of both maxillary and mandibular processes, whereas control embryos showed the immunostained tissue only at the level of the mandibular bud. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenic pathway, proposed to explain the ectopic cartilage, is the displacement of part of the NCC‐derived tissues at the maxillary region of the first branchial arch. Birth Defects Res (Part B). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectoplasmic specialization: a friend or a foe of spermatogenesis?
Authors: Yan Helen H.N. , Mruk Dolores D. , Lee Will M. , Cheng C. Yan
Published: December 2006

The ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is a testis‐specific, actin‐based hybrid anchoring and tight junction. It is confined to the interface between Sertoli cells at the blood–testis barrier, known as the basal ES, as well as between Sertoli cells and developing spermatids designated the apical ES. The ES shares features of adherens junctions, tight junctions and focal contacts. By adopting the best features of each junction type, this hybrid nature of ES facilitates the extensive junction‐restructuring events in the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis. For instance, the α6β1‐integrin–laminin 333 complex, which is usually limited to the cell–matrix interface in other epithelia to facilitate cell movement, is a putative apical ES constituent. Furthermore, JAM‐C and CAR, two tight junction integral membrane proteins, are also components of apical ES involving in spermatid orientation. We discuss herein the mechanisms that maintain the cross‐talk between ES and blood–testis barrier to facilitate cell movement and orientation in the seminiferous epithelium. BioEssays 29: 36–48, 2007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes
Authors: Poole Anthony M. , Penny David
Published: December 2006

Numerous scenarios explain the origin of the eukaryote cell by fusion or endosymbiosis between an archaeon and a bacterium (and sometimes a third partner). We evaluate these hypotheses using the following three criteria. Can the data be explained by the null hypothesis that new features arise sequentially along a stem lineage? Second, hypotheses involving an archaeon and a bacterium should undergo standard phylogenetic tests of gene distribution. Third, accounting for past events by processes observed in modern cells is preferable to postulating unknown processes that have never been observed. For example, there are many eukaryote examples of bacteria as endosymbionts or endoparasites, but none known in archaea. Strictly post‐hoc hypotheses that ignore this third criterion should be avoided. Applying these three criteria significantly narrows the number of plausible hypotheses. Given current knowledge, our conclusion is that the eukaryote lineage must have diverged from an ancestor of archaea well prior to the origin of the mitochondrion. Significantly, the absence of ancestrally amitochondriate eukaryotes (archezoa) among extant eukaryotes is neither evidence for an archaeal host for the ancestor of mitochondria, nor evidence against a eukaryotic host. BioEssays 29: 74–84, 2007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainability reporting in Norway – an assessment of performance in the context of legal demands and socio‐political drivers
Authors: Vormedal Irja , Ruud Audun
Published: December 2006

This article explores the influence of societal, political and regulatory characteristics and developments on the quality of corporate sustainability disclosures in Norway. The paper presents an assessment both of mandatory reporting under the Norwegian Accounting Act, and of voluntary reporting in annual and separate non‐financial reports, by the 100 largest firms in Norway. Our results reveal that only 10% of the companies comply with the legal requirements on environmental reporting, while only half of the firms comply with the legal reporting provisions on working environment and gender equality. The vast majority of firms also report unsatisfactorily on non‐financial issues in the voluntary disclosures assessed. Analysing the causes of these results, we contend that the situation is characterized by (1) an apparent lack of political and social drivers for sustainability reporting in Norway and (2) an absence of sufficient monitoring and enforcement of the environmental reporting legislation on the part of Norwegian authorities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Fast Batch to Continuous Solid‐Liquid Extraction from Plants in Continuous Industrial Extractor
Authors: Poirot R. , Prat L. , Gourdon C. , Diard C. , Autret J. M.
Published: December 2006

In this work, the continuous extraction of solute from vegetable matrix has been studied. An industrial apparatus was used to acquire information for process implementation. To this end, a batch study was conducted to obtain the extraction kinetics, and the behavior of the matter under pressure and raw plant transport were investigated. Coupling these elements allows the representation of the extraction yields according to time in the apparatus. A methodology for the change from batch to continuous extractor based on laboratory tests is proposed.
Two New Binary Lanthanide Polytellurides: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of CeTe1.90 and SmTe1.80.
Authors: Ijjaali Ismail , Ibers James A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Mixed Valent Tellurate SrTe3O8: Electronic Lone Pair Effect of Te4+.
Authors: Barrier N. , Malo S. , Hernandez O. , Hervieu M. , Raveau B.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure of K2Bi(PO4)(MoO4).
Authors: Zatovsky Igor V. , Terebilenko Katherina V. , Slobodyanik Nikolay S. , Baumer Vyacheslav N. , Shishkin Oleg V.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermal Stability of Cubic Boron Nitride Films Deposited by Chemical Vapor Deposition.
Authors: Yu J. , Zheng Z. , Ong H. C. , Wong K. Y. , Matsumoto S. , Lau W. M.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reversible Cation/Anion Extraction from K2La2Ti3O10: Formation of New Layered Titanates, KLa2Ti3O9.5 and La2Ti3O9.
Authors: Goenen Z. Serpil , Paluchowski Daniel , Zavalij Peter , Eichhorn Bryan W. , Gopalakrishnan J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of a New Octanuclear Iron—Sulfur Nitrosyl Cluster.
Authors: Kalyvas Harris , Coucouvanis Dimitri
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The New Silver(I)thioantimonate(III) [C4N2H14] [Ag3Sb3S7] and a New Structural Variant of the Silver(I)thioantimonate(III) [C2N2H9]2 [Ag5Sb3S8] Both Synthesized under Solvothermal Conditions.
Authors: Spetzler V. , Naether C. , Bensch W.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformations of Cyanoacetylenic Alcohols in the Presence of the Cyanide Ion.
Authors: Mal'kina Anastasiya G. , Shemyakina Olesya A. , Nosyreva Valentina V. , Albanov Alexander I. , Klyba Ludmila V. , Zhanchipova Elena R. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and Adaptable Silver Triflate Assisted Method for Trityl Protection of Alcohols in Solution with Solid‐Phase Loading Applications.
Authors: Lundquist Joseph T. IV , Satterfield Andrew D. , Pelletier Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regeneration of the Carbonyl Compounds from Their Semicarbazones Using Tetra‐n‐alkylammonium Bromates.
Authors: Baruah Akashi , Nath Utpal , Das Satya Sandhya , Das Pranab Jyoti
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrogen Bonding.
Authors: McGilvra Jeff D. , Unni Aditya K. , Modi Kriti , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Wittig Rearrangement/Aldol Reactions for the Synthesis of Glycolate Aldols.
Authors: Bertrand Myra Beaudoin , Wolfe John P.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aryl Trihydroxyborates: Easily Isolated Discrete Species Convenient for Direct Application in Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Cammidge Andrew N. , Goddard Victoria H. M. , Gopee Hemant , Harrison Nicola L. , Hughes David L. , Schubert Christopher J. , Sutton Benjamin M. , Watts Gary L. , Whitehead Andrew J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Sulfur Ylide Promoted Aldol/Epoxidation.
Authors: Hansen Jeffrey A. , Smith Colin R. , Linder Ryan J. , Huffman John C.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Arylspiro[2.4]hept‐5‐enes from Aryldibromocyclopropanes via Diallylation and Metathesis Reaction.
Authors: Lin Shaw‐Tao , Lee Chuan‐Chen , Hu Cheng‐Kwan
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Domino Synthesis of Indenols and Alkyl‐Indene Ethers under Modified Vilsmeier Conditions.
Authors: Singh Parvinder Pal , Reddy P. Bhaskar , Sawant Sanghapal D. , Koul S. , Taneja S. C. , Kumar H. M. Sampath
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Reaction Using Phosphonium Salts: Chlorination of Hydroxyheteroaromatics and Dehydration of Primary Amides.
Authors: Takahashi Tatsuya , Sugimoto Osamu , Koshio Jiro , Tanji Ken‐ichi
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct, Palladium‐Catalyzed, Multicomponent Synthesis of β‐Lactams from Imines, Acid Chloride, and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: Dhawan Rajiv , Dghaym Rania D. , St. Cyr Daniel J. , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Photochemical Synthesis, DNA Binding and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Cyano‐ and Amidino‐Substituted Derivatives of Naphtho‐Furans, Naptho‐Thiophenes, Thieno‐Benzofurans, Benzo‐Dithiophenes and Their Acyclic Precursors.
Authors: Starcevic Kristina , Kralj Marijeta , Piantanida Ivo , Suman Lidija , Pavelic Kresimir , Karminski‐Zamola Grace
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a New Water Soluble 2,2‐Bifunctionalized Spin Label and Its Application to Troponin C.
Authors: Hirayama Tasuku , Taki Masayasu , Nakamura Motoyoshi , Arata Toshiaki , Yamamoto Yukio
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zinc Tetrafluoroborate Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrroles by a Solvent‐Free Reaction.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Ghosh Sudip , Das Arijit
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Developing New Cleavage Strategies in a Fluorous Phase Pummerer Cyclative‐Capture Approach for the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: McCormick Rosemary A. , James Karen M. , Willetts Nigel , Procter David J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Axially Chiral Bis‐arylthiourea‐Based Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Friedel—Crafts Type Reactions.
Authors: Fleming Elimear M. , McCabe Thomas , Connon Stephen J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solventless Clay‐Promoted Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Indoles with α‐Amido Sulfones: Unexpected Synthesis of 3‐(1‐Arylsulfonylalkyl) Indoles.
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino , Torregiani Elisabetta
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Diazocarbonyl Compounds. Part 27. Thermolysis and Photolysis of Diazirines, Derivatives of 1,3‐Dioxane‐4,6‐dione.
Authors: Shevchenko V. V. , Khimich N. N. , Platz M. S. , Nikolaev V. A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dramatic Effects of the Substituents on the Solid‐State Fluorescence Properties of Structural Isomers of Novel Benzofuro[2,3‐c]oxazolocarbazole‐Type Fluorophores.
Authors: Ooyama Yousuke , Harima Yutaka
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Procedure for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Salehi Peyman , Baghbanzadeh Mostafa , Bahramnejad Mahboobeh
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential Unsymmetrical Aryl Coupling of o‐Substituted Aryl Iodides with o‐Bromophenols and Reaction with Olefins: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 6H‐Dibenzopyran Derivatives.
Authors: Motti Elena , Faccini F�orenza , Ferrari Ilaria , Catellani Marta , Ferraccioli Raffaella
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Rapid and Straightforward Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4‐quinolones from Acylated 2′‐Aminoacetophenones.
Authors: Ding Derong , Li Xin , Wang Xin , Du Yongli , Shen Jingkang
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinolines via Direct Intramolecular Reductive Ring Closure.
Authors: Chen Wuhong , Liu Bo , Yang Chunhao , Xie Yuyuan
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Heterocyclic Systems Based on 8‐R‐4,5‐Dihydro‐4,4‐dimethyl[1,2]dithiolo[3,4‐c]quinoline‐1‐thiones.
Authors: Medvedeva S. M. , Leshcheva E. V. , Shikhaliev Kh. S. , Solov'ev A. S.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CO2 Incorporation Reaction Using Arynes: Straightforward Access to Benzoxazinone.
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Fukushima Hiroyuki , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of ortho‐Aminophenols and ortho‐Aminothiophenols with 1,3,5‐Trinitrobenzene.
Authors: Dutov Mikhail D. , Vorob'ev Sergei S. , Serushkina Ol'ga V. , Shevelev Svyatoslav A. , Ugrak Bogdan I. , Kachala Vadim V.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 1‐Hydro‐ and 1‐Halosilatranes with Metal Salts.
Authors: Lazareva N. F. , Pestunovich V. A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Pigment from the Fruiting Bodies of the Basidiomycete Lactarius deliciosus.
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Long , Luo Du‐Qiang , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mature Homogeneous Erythropoietin‐Level Building Blocks by Chemical Synthesis: The EPO 114‐166 Glycopeptide Domain, Presenting the O‐Linked Glycophorin.
Authors: Chen Jiehao , Chen Gong , Wu Bin , Wan Qian , Tan Zhongping , Hua Zihao , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Antofine Using the Net [5 + 5]‐Cycloaddition of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Carbene Complexes and 2‐Alkynylphenyl Ketones as a Key Step.
Authors: Camacho‐Davila Alejandro , Herndon James W.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.