bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Plastic Solid Wastes in Mosul City and Their Reuse
Authors: Al-Tayyar Taha Ahmad
Published: July 2021

Moderately, plastic solid wastes become a main part of municipal solid waste production. Their importance lies due to non-degradable matter, not soluble, in addition to a light weight and large quantities. These characteristics make accumulate in increasing quantities on the surface of the globe and reach water bodies causing pollution in all its forms to wildlife and aquatic life. Six sectors including municipal and commercial areas were selected in Mosul city to study types of plastic waste and its compositions and characteristics. 432 samples of solid waste were collected and sorted to its components included plastic waste, weighted and measured their volumes. This study was accomplished from March 2018 up to August 2018. The study results showed that the plastic waste conforms 5% of dry weight and 12% of the volume of municipal solid waste. Fourteen types of plastic waste components were sorted from municipal solid waste. These include water bottles, soft drink bottles, oil containers, chairs, tables, water pipes, interior parts of vehicles, plastic bags, juice containers, plastic cups, CDs, Nylon, Acrylic and Silicone. Because of plastic waste is non-degradable matter, it will be accumulated on the surface of the earth and reach water resources causing pollution. Applying the sustainable development managements including, reducing the employment of plastic materials, reusing and recycling the components of plastic waste that must be done to increase their recycled products uses.
Evaluation of drought indices correlation for drought frequency analysis of the Mosul dam watershed
Authors: Al-Khafaji Mahmoud S , Al-Ameri Rusul A
Published: July 2021

In this paper, drought was evaluated for the Mosul Dam Watershed, Iraq, which is considered one of the most important dams in Iraq. The evaluation of drought was studied using two types of meteorological drought indices, namely Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Hydrological drought index which is Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Monthly precipitation and air temperature for the period 1979-2013 downloaded from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) were used as weather input data for the RDI and SPI. Streamflow obtained from the gauge station in the study area were used as input data for the SDI. The indices computed by the DrinC software for a 12-month time scale. The results were analysed and the Drought Frequency Patterns (DFPs) were computed for each index. The results showed that potential evapotranspiration plays a major role in causing drought, in addition to precipitation. The RDI gave more dry periods than the other two indices, as it depends on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Likewise, all indices are identical in that the period is divided into two parts: the first part, which extends from the beginning of the period 1979 to the end of the nineties 1990s, is considered wet and the second part, which extends to the end of the period 2013, is drier. The Hydrological Drought Index SDI gives a drought of greater severity (Moderate drought for the years 2002, 2003 and 2004) compared to the other two indices.
Drought severity trend analysis based on the Landsat time-series dataset of 1998-2017 in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region
Authors: Fadhil Al-Quraishi Ayad M. , Gaznayee Heman Abdulkhaleq A. , Messina Joseph P.
Published: July 2021

Drought is a natural hazard that significantly impacts economic, agricultural, environmental, and social aspects and is characteristic of Iraq’s climate, particularly the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR). For studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought severity in the IKR, a time-series of 120 Landsat images (TM, 7 ETM+, and OLI sensors) over twenty years (1998-2017) was assembled. Twenty separate mosaics of six Landsat scenes were used to derive the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The VCI index was employed to capture the drought severity in the study area. Results revealed that 1999, 2000, and 2008 were the most severe drought years. The results also indicated that severe droughts increased by 29.1%, 25.0%, and 26.9 through 1999, 2000, and 2008, respectively. Furthermore, a drop in precipitation averages occurred in the two years and significantly reduced the VCI values. Statistical analysis exhibited significant correlations between the VCI and each precipitation, and crop yield was 0.81 and 0.478, respectively. It can be concluded that the IKR experienced severe to extremely severe agricultural droughts, which caused significant reductions in crop yields, particularly in 2000 and 2008.
The importance of green infrastructure for improving the air quality of Ho Chi Minh city
Authors: Tan Hoi Huynh
Published: July 2021

Ho Chi Minh City is becoming one of the cities which has the highest level of air pollution in Vietnam. The Urban Air Quality Index (AQI) sometimes hits an alarming threshold that shows how contaminated the air is. Air pollution has been set as a major concern for the people of Ho Chi Minh City for more than 20 years after the promulgation of the city developing resolution by the government, by which managing urban is still a challengeable burdensome. Investigating 100 city dwellers upon the issue came uploads of comments of urban citizens towards concerning about alarming polluted air, lacking green spaces, seeking for improvable environmental policies and developing social infrastructures in medication, transport, eco-system, etc. There are some typical solutions like planting more trees, using fewer polluting means of transport, prioritizing the use of clean fuels, using the public transport system, and raising public awareness. Furthermore, generally, citizens can improve their living standards, also enhance their awareness to stop behaving badly to the environment due to ameliorate community consciousness and perform the main role in investing in friendly environmental goods. The research is completed by combining, analysing journal documents and uses methods of an interview as well as a survey to come up with the most effective solutions. To manage the urban environment well, limit pollution, and improve the environment, we need to have long-term strategies. In order to have a good environmental protection strategy, it requires the participation of urban residents. This strategy should be linked to the visions and resolutions in developing industrial planning, transportation, etc. The research initiates multiple solutions for improving the quality of the air in urban places, social medication, and a better environment in the future.
Modelling of Groundwater Quality of Tigris River Reach-in Baghdad-Iraq Using Groundwater Modeling System Software
Authors: Khayyun Thair Sharif , Sharif Mustafa Talib
Published: July 2021

The effect of the industrial effluents which discharge to the Tigris River reach in Baghdad city-Iraq, from the industrial and sewage sources on the quality of groundwater was studied for the right and left sides of the flood plain of the river. There are eight sources of pollution along the Tigris River reach in which the effluent discharges were treated partially. In this study, groundwater modelling system (GMS) software (MODFLOW and MT3DMS models) was used to simulate groundwater flow and solute transport. The study area was divided into 5776 cells with a grid size of 250m × 250m with three soils. Sixteen observation wells for the water level and TDS concentrations of the groundwater were used, obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources –Iraq. The MODFLOW and MT3DMS models were calibrated and validated. The validation model was used for the simulation of the groundwater quality for the next 24 years and for three scenarios: (i) concentration of contaminants remain the same, (ii) use of full treatment for accessing the value of TDS concentration to zero, (iii) increase the effluent discharge to the double. The simulation results show an increase in the TDS concentration for all three scenarios during the next 24 years. There are no significant differences in TDS concentration during the next 24 years for the second scenario (full treatment of effluent flow). The difference in TDS concentration was about 3%. TDS concentration change is from the recharge, advection, and dispersion and diffusion process of the groundwater contaminants. When the TDS concentration of the point sources of pollution will increase to double, there is a significant difference in the TDS concentration during the next 24 years which its value was about 13% (1138-1280 ppm). There is no improvement in groundwater quality, but in all three scenarios, the quality will not meet the Iraqi standard limitation of using the groundwater during the next 24 years. The areas of the Tigris River’s left side were affected by the industrial wastewater more than the right side of the river.
Experimental study of inorganic solute transport under different hydraulic gradients and various groundwater stresses
Authors: Mossa Tabarek N , Gzar Hatem A
Published: July 2021

In this study, a laboratory-scale model representing a phreatic aquifer with a horizontal base was designed to examine the effects of horizontal hydraulic gradient, artificial recharge, and groundwater pumping on solute transport processes aquifers. Three different scenarios included injection of sodium chloride solution, artificial recharge with fresh water, and groundwater pumping, were examined in a sand tank. One hundred eight samples for nine tracers (sodium chloride) experiments were collected from two different monitoring well’s depths. The measured concentrations were plotted against time (180 min) for each experiment. The results showed that through a higher horizontal hydraulic gradient, sodium chloride movement was enhanced, specifically in the same direction in which groundwater flows. When a constant artificial recharge was applied, the sodium chloride plume spread, and the solute concentration was decreased. Moreover, groundwater pumping speeds up the movement of sodium chloride plume in the direction of the pumping well. Such impacts of groundwater pumping and artificial recharge can be noticed more prominently when a higher hydraulic gradient is applied.
The zero-waste design for the municipal solid waste management in Baghdad city
Authors: Haleem Azhar M
Published: July 2021

Zero-waste is ideological for facing waste difficulties in our community. The purpose is to start developing and performed in different areas including waste management and treatment, mining, construction, and city development. The zero-waste idea has been welcomed by policymakers because it animates sustainable production and consumption, best recycling, and resource improvement. Experts in waste management systems, however, understand and implement it in different ways. The present study aims to imagine a zero-waste strategy within Baghdad city based on the available data and published in the literature to get an optimum resource recovery from generated waste, by assuming a recycling factory working at a capacity of 7500 tons/day, in three basic units (composting unit 5000 ton/day, composting unit 1500, ton/day, and inert materials unit 1000 ton/day), theses expected capacities of each unit built on Baghdad municipality percentages of each type of waste (57% organic materials, 23% energy sources materials, and 20% for inert materials such as construction waste). From the findings can be concluded that Baghdad city can reach the desired goal (zero-waste) by recycling its waste and implementing a comprehensive management system that includes education, sustainable production, and consumption. Very few investigations have been observed in the fields of zero-waste design, this study shows that the field of zero-waste knowledge is various, and a zero-waste concept is continually growing through different strategies, plans, procedures, and policies. The judgments of this study propose that zero-waste programs are applied in many countries without any holistic zero-waste strategy. The study indicates that countries might be ready to reach zero-waste purposes of explaining general zero-waste plans and by uniting and promoting zero-waste actions (in cities and manufacturers).
Diclofenac removal from wastewater by activated carbon
Authors: AL-Kindi Ghayda Y. , AL Ani Faris H. , Al-Bidri Noor Kh , Alhaidri Husam A.
Published: July 2021

Pharmaceuticals have been widely found in wastewater. Among them, diclofenac was detected at the highest frequency; in this study, the commercial activated carbon was used to remove diclofenac from synthetic wastewater. Various testing methods were applied to evaluate the efficiency of the activated carbon for removing diclofenac from residues wastewater such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). the operating conditions were determined by using a batch reactor with various parameters such as different pH, diclofenac concentration, and different mass of activated carbon. the result of operations conditions was: pH 5, diclofenac concentration is 1000 mg/l mass of activated carbon is 500gm/L, While, the difference of initial Ibuprofen concentration, flow rate, and bed depth was determined by packed bed reactor, it was found 2cm for bed height, and flow rate 25 l/hr, Diclofenac concentration, 625mg/l. from adsorption equilibrium and with Langmuir and Freundlich models, the kinetic constants were determined, also shown the pseudo-first-order gave the best result, and more suitable for the removal of Diclofenac by adsorbed activation carbon.
Mechanistic Understanding of Nitrogen Behaviour in Floating Treatment Wetlands: Abatement of Ammonia Flux
Authors: Al Lami Muwafaq H. , Whelan Mick J. , Boom Arnoud , Harper David M.
Published: July 2021

Nitrogen behaviour in domestic wastewater was investigated to develop a mechanistic understanding of ammonia dynamics in Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) and to improve design and operation. A critical FTW design (full coverage of the floating mat and maximum plant density) was evaluated to optimize treatment performance of a pilot-scale system in removing ammonia under different operational volumes. A system dynamics approach as a framework was employed for robust understanding of the treatment mechanisms and system performance in removing ammonia. The results revealed that ammonia removal was enhanced in FTWs and the magnitude of removal was controlled by the design examined. Findings suggest that a design code of full coverage of water surface with mat material, high plant density, and low water volume can be considered as a critical design for FTW system to remove ammonia from domestic wastewater. This design promoted nitrification as principal ammonia removal process even when plants were present. The contribution of nitrification to overall ammonia removal was estimated to be between 81 and 85%. Plant uptake contributed to 14-19% of the total N loss. Ammonia loss via volatilization was determined to be negligible in examined system. Kinetics parameters for ammonia removal were between 0.14-0.22 day-1 in FTWs compared to 0.01-0.02 day-1 in controls. Understanding the contribution of removal processes of N could be useful to improve treatment system design, and enhance treatment performance.
Greywater Environmental Management: A Review
Authors: Al-Husseini Tayseer H. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , AL-Obaidy Abdul Hameed M.J.
Published: July 2021

The growth in population leads to significantly increasing the water demand. Thus, the disparity between demand and supply for water has become an important problem in human life. One of the most effective solutions to overcome this disparity is to manage urban water. Greywater, a significant part of domestic wastewater or sewage, can play an essential role in the urban environment. To address this role, the current paper aims to provide families with some efficient, affordable and sustainable systems to treat greywater. For non-drinking services, treated greywater may be used in various applications such as irrigation, toilet-flushing, car-washing, etc. Around the world, there are several types of greywater treatment systems. A study of these processes has been undertaken to assess the most appropriate activities at the family and community level. The best techniques for treating greywater in this study, constructions wetland (C.W.) instead of other techniques, as this is a sustainable, low-cost and easy-to-apply technology. The use of grey water is important because it decreases the demand for fresh water and decreases treatment stress.
Polymeric Membrane with Nanomaterial’s for Water Purification: A Review
Authors: Salim Saja H. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Haider Adawiya J.
Published: July 2021

This review summarizes the work principles used for polymer membrane in water treatment. The performance of traditional polymeric films was improved after adding some nanometals such as nano silver AgNPs and gold AuNP’s and nanomaterials, especially the use of titanium dioxide, carbon nanotube and zinc oxide (TiO2, CNT, ZnO, …etc.), which is available, cheap and environmentally friendly. The theoretical aspects of the polymeric films coated with nanomaterials and the use of the advanced water treatment, removal of microorganisms, chemical compounds, heavy metals, and others are presented. The use of nanomaterials has helped to enhance the water resistance ability, suppress the accumulation of pollutants and contamination, enhance the reject efficiency and improve mechanical properties and thermal stability. Thus, the goal of the present work is to provide updated information regarding the membranes of the new nanocomposites (NC) and their contribution to water treatment applications.
Biological treatment of PAHs using genetically modified local bacterial isolates
Authors: Kazem Kazem M. , Hussein Amal A.
Published: July 2021

Bioremediation technology by microorganisms, which already presents in the contaminated soils, is considered one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants can be removed from the environment. Twelve decomposing bacterial isolates were isolated from three polluted sites (Al-Dora oil refinery, Middle Refineries Company from oil wells, and Karbala oil refinery). This study showed high efficacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of isolated bacteria appropriate to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decomposition. Primary and secondary screening of bacterial isolates has been performed using experiments based on the colour change in the medium resulting from the degradation of hydrocarbons in the nutrient medium. The screening results were three isolates that were characterized according to the basis of morphological and biochemical features and verified by Vitek 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The mutagenesis process has been carried out by UV irradiation with a wavelength of 254 nm on selected bacterial strains. Experiments have been conducted on PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene and acenaphthene. According to the Biodegradation Efficiency result for 28 days, the best phenanthrene degrading bacteria was (Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type (73.4%), Escherichia coli wild type (71.5%) and Sphingomonas paucimobilis wild type (68.8%). For naphthalin metabolism, the best degradation efficiency was (Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type (86.2%), Sphingomonas paucimobilis wild type (69%) and Escherichia coli wild type (63%). At the same time, acenaphethene great degradation efficiency was Sphingomonas paucimobilis wild type (72%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild type (71%) and Sphingomonas paucimobilis mutant type (66%). We conclude that random mutation’s effect did not increase the degradation ability for most bacterial isolate.
Leachate composition of lead and cadmium ions from solidified mortar mixed with Nanosilica
Authors: Farhan Rusel Zahraw , Ebrahim Shahlaa Esmail
Published: July 2021

Soils contaminated with Cd and Pb ions are a great problem that affects human health and the environment. Intending to decrease the environmental risk. Solidification/ stabilization (S/S) is one of the commonly used and economic remediation technologies to treat contamination by heavy metals in soils compared with other remediation technology. To understand the leaching mechanism from the (S/S) process, the EPA Semi-dynamic Tank Leaching method 1315 and unconfined compressive strength test was carried out to test the effectiveness and performance of the solidification process of contaminated sands with Pb and Cd ions by using ordinary Portland Cement locally produced and nanomaterial. Tow mix designs were performed on the contaminated sands at three different pollution concentrations and three ratios of synthesized Nanosilica from rice husk as additive replacement of cement. The Nanosilica as-prepared has amorphas form, average diameter equal to 52.83 nm and surface area around 618 m2/g. This paper discusses the effects of Nanosilica on leaching contamination from solidifying samples and compressive strength. The leaching rate of lead and cadmium ions from the test specimens demonstrated the effectiveness of nanoparticles in reducing the release of contaminant. Diffusion studies from the S/S matrixes indicated low and very low mobility of lead and cadmium ions respectively. For all test specimens, the mean leachability index was found to be higher than 9.
Treatment of agricultural irrigation water drainage channel by adsorption methods using Sawdust
Authors: Khaleefa Ali Seroor A. , Lazim Shyma M. , Nasret Hala H.
Published: July 2021

In this research, the possibility of treating the water of two main agricultural irrigation drainage channels were studied for reuse in irrigation purpose using the adsorption method by activated carbon prepared from sawdust, where the channels included Al-Dawoodi channel that agricultural water drainage and the KSD water channel that agricultural water drainage polluted with wastewater discharged into it from neighboring residential areas. The activated carbon was prepared from sawdust using chemical activation by sulfuric acid H2So4, then operated using Shaker device in three times (30,90,210) minutes by dosing (1,2,4) gm of activated carbon of sawdust. The results showed that the sawdust has been an essential material in removing contaminants, and suspended solids, from the water of both channels by removing (BOD5, COD, TSS), where for KSD and Al-Dawoodi the BOD5removal (81%, 85%), COD (79%, 69%), TSS (80%, 90.8%), respectively. The best removal was achieved at the lowest dose (1 gm) within (90 minutes). The use of activated carbon of sawdust led to the removal of unwanted odors of the KSD water channel and an increase in the salts in the water of both channels represented by an increase (EC, TDS, heavy metals (Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, So4) and SAR, either the pH were decreased within irrigation standards, so activated carbon of sawdust is considered a pre-treatment of some pollutants with good efficiency.
Effect of pH variation on the activity of green algae (Chlorella Vulgaris) and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) in remediation of toxic dye (Congo red)
Authors: Salman Jasim M , Naji Noor S. , Salah Maysoon M
Published: July 2021

The present study used two species of microorganism, algae (Chlorella Vulgaris) and bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), in the removal of toxic industrial dye(Congo red) and deal with the effect of pH variation on the activity of these organisms to remediation and reduces of dye in vitro. Algae (C.vulgaris) also bacteria(B.subtilis) isolated from habitats and cultured under controlled laboratory conditions and using different concentration of dye (50, 150 and 250 mg/l) used in different pH (4, 7 and 9) during different period times (3, 7, 9, 11 and 13 days) to algae and 7 days to bacteria to testing the ability of bioremediation. The results showed that the best pH for removal by Chlorella Vulgaris was (7) for a period of (13 days) at concentration (150)mg/l and with the complete removal (75%) and Bacillus subtilis best pH(7) complete removal(98%) at concentration (50)mg/l. The efficiency of the Chlorella Vulgaris and Bacillus subtilis in the removal of pollutants increased with the high value of many environmental factors such as pH.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for treatment of antibiotics in wastewater: A review
Authors: Mahdi Mahdi H , Mohammed Thamer J , Al-Najar Jenan A
Published: July 2021

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs that are used in human and veterinary medicine. Antibiotics are slow to be degraded, so they can live for a long time in water, and this leads to the possibility of bioaccumulation in the environment. After metabolism, antibiotics are released into the aquatic environment. These compounds can be removed in many different ways, but after reviewing the treatment by advanced oxidation process (AOPs), it was found that this treatment has the ability to completely remove antibiotics from wastewater. This paper provides an overview of the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for treatment of antibiotics in wastewater and has focused on Nonphotochemical processes (Ozonation), Photochemical Processes (such as photo-Fenton), heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2 / UV systems) were reviews. These methods achieved very high removal efficiency of antibiotics from industrial wastewater.
The potential use of the diatom Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith For the Removal of Certain Pollutants from Al-Rustumeyah Wastewater Treatment Plant in Baghdad-Iraq
Authors: Al-Hassany Jinan S. , Alrubai Ghaidaa H. , Jasim I M
Published: July 2021

The ability of Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith to reduce the concentration of nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate), phosphorus (orthophosphate) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater were examined. The wastewater was collected from the final sediment tank in the Rustumeyah wastewater treatment plant located south of Baghdad-Iraq. The diatom was cultured in wastewater after filtration. The culture was kept at 25 ± 2°C under the light intensity of 260 μE/m2/s. The tests were carried out in two cases (sterilized and non-sterilized) wastewater for ten days. For sterilized wastewater, the experimental results showed that the removal of ammonia and phosphor after 4-5 days of treatment was found to be 100%. At the same time, the removal of COD was found to be 85% 85%. For non- sterilized wastewater, higher efficiency of diatom was recorded. The study has covered the determination of algae in both treatments during the experiment period. In conclusion, the diatom Nitzschia palea has a good ability to treat ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus and (COD) in wastewater, and a higher efficiency was found in the non-sterilized sample. This study contributes to enhancing diatom’s growth and then its cost. Thus it can be used in the blue biotechnology context.
Effect of biological, organic and mineral fertilization on the concentrations of some macro and micro nutrients in cauliflower plant (Brassica oleracea L.)
Authors: Zbar Omar K. O. , Al-Falahi Muneer N. A. , ALbander Shahd M.
Published: July 2021

An experimental study was conducted at the University of Anbar in 2019, with a randomized complete block design RCBD with three replicates to study the effects of some fertilizers in concentration of some minerals in cauliflower. A bio-fertilizer of Azobacter chroococcum (P1), Pseudomonas fluorescents (P2) and mixture of P1 and P2 (P3). Organic fertilizers were of two levels, O1 and O2, where manual fertilizers are O, 50% and 100% of recommended dose. Results showed that fertilizers increased concentration of each of N, P, K and Fe in the vegetative parts of cauliflower, besides the significant effect of P3. Mineral and organic fertilizers increased same minerals in cauliflower vegetative tissue. However, the 50% and 100% of recommended mineral fertilizer were not significantly different.
study fish assemblages of Intertidal flats in Iraqi marine water
Authors: Al-Shamary Ahmed Chasib
Published: July 2021

The seasonal study of tidal fish assemblages in Iraqi marine waters, which lasted from January 2016 to December 2016, selected three stations for the first station name Fao Head and the second station Al-Gamouri and the third station for the Western waves Breaker, recorded the highest temperature in the second station and reached to 27c.

While the highest salinity concentration was recorded at the second station at 43ppt, a total of 2221 fish havecollected 40 species belonging to 28 families and 8 orders were recorded in three study stations and the highest number of species reached to 35 species in the second and third stations in autumn. The Photopectoralis bindus species dominate the highest number of individuals in autumn season reached to 284 fish in the second station, the maximum number of species reached to 33 species in summer at all the three stations. From the multivariate analysis, it was observed that the number of species was significantly correlated with some ecological factor with a total number of species and individuals.
Effect of food additives, Thepax and Labazyme on growth performance and immune response of young common carp Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Al-Mhanawi B H , Al-Niaeem K S , Al-Tameemi R A
Published: July 2021

This study was carried out for 60 day. A total number of 70 fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) with an average of 13.40±1.85 g and a length 11.07 ±1.27 cm were randomly divided into five treatments as a two tank treatment, similar to its contents of conventional ingredients (i.e., fishmeal, soybea soybean meal, corn, barley and wheat bran as well as vitamin mixture premix and carboxy methyle celloluse (CMC)). They differ in their content from food additives. They were commercially ready made in dietary T1 and T2 (Thepax 0.5, 1 gm/ kg), T3 and T4 (Labazyme 1, 2 gm/ kg) and control (0.0 gm/kg) of experimental diets. Data collected included fish weight and feed conversion ratio measured at the end of the study. The results found that the addition of food additives has significantly been affected by weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), with the best results obtained in fish food additives, pellets have been supplemented to Thepax 1 gm/ kg to enhance growth and immune responses.
Heterosis in sunflower using cytoplasmic male sterility
Authors: Abdul-Hamed Zeyad A , Abood Nihad M , Noaman Abdulsamad H.
Published: July 2021

A field trial was carried in the University of Anbar Alternation location in Iraq, the longitude 440and latitude 330. Eight cytoplasmic male sterile lines CMS, Female parents vis., A1, A3, A5, A11, and A21 and 3 tester restorers (Male parents which contains genes of fertility restoration and had mute- head (R-line) viz., (R1, R2, and R3) of sunflower were used in a Line x Tester mating system. In spring season 2018, to produce 15 hybrids. The genotypes seed 8 parents and 15 hybrids were planted in fall season 2018 using R.C.B.D. with three replicates. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes, parents, and hybrids in all studied characters. Parent A3 was disk area 194.31cm2, seed number of disk 934.40 seed and seed yield per disk 67.73 gm, while the parent A11 gave high value for weight 1000 seed 74.2 gm, while the tester R1 gave high value for most of the characters. Hybrid A3 x R3 gave high value for head area 249.13 cm2, for seed number of disk 1356.04 seed and seed yield per disk 94.71 gm, the hybrid A5 x R3 gave high heterosis for seed yield ratio 57.15%.
Coordination of Directional overcurrent, Distance, and Breaker failure relays using Genetic Algorithm including pilot protection.
Authors: Almuhsen Tahseen Ali Abd , Sultan Ahmed Jasim
Published: July 2021

Protection relays play an important role in the power systems to maintain stability, reliability, selectivity, and security for the power systems. In this paper, genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique with pilot protection (PP) and without pilot protection (WPP) has been used to obtain proper coordination and the optimum value of transmission lines protection relays between distance relays (DRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs), as well as the critical case for fails in high voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) during faults, so using breaker failure relays (BFRs) for IEEE-8 bus system. The main aim of the used PP to reduce the overall time of DOCRs. A comparison is made with previous work in literature to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm with PP and the total operation time of DOCRs in the network is minimized.
Design and Implementation of Intelligent Controller Based on hybrid renewable energy source
Authors: Hussein Areeg Fadhil , Akkar Prof. Dr. Hanan A. R.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the design and implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) that control a hybrid wind-solar system based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays. the controller designed to direct the output from the clean energy systems where the output might be from the wind, solar, the sum of the two systems, or from the battery charging system. The ANN designed and trained using MATLAB2019a, two training algorithms were explored Levenberg-Marquardt and Practical Swarm Optimization and the one with best training results have been chosen to be Co-Simulated on Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA XC6SLX9FTG256 using Xilinx System Generator (XSG) with MATLAB R2012b Simulink then the FPGA card Hardware Implementation using ISE Design Suite 14.7 program.
Towards a Near-Zero Energy Building using a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic System with Smart Energy Management Capabilities
Authors: Kh Abbas A , Obed A A , Abid A J
Published: July 2021

Renewable energy resources, despite their advantages, it is uncertain due to the fluctuations in the weather. Clouds, dust, rain, and heat will negatively affect photovoltaic panels’ production, which leads to the problem of power supply interruption and a decline in reliability. For that, it is required a standalone photovoltaic system with a smart energy management strategy. On the other hand, the load’s reactive power decreased the system’s efficiency and caused an overcurrent fault. So, it requires the adopt a mechanism to correct the power factor to enhance efficiency. The proposed system adopted two strategies: the first adopt an energy consumption management that determines the schedule’s consumption loads. This strategy includes the predicted supplied power for the current day and two days ahead according to the available energy based on the forecast of solar radiation and the batteries’ energy to update and correct the expected values.

Moreover, three operating modes are presented according to the battery state of charge (SoC). The second strategy is adopting an automatic power factor correction (APFC) unit. A capacitor bank is used, where the system adds one or more capacitors to enhance the power factor. The proposed system also offers an Internet of Things (IoT) technology to communicate between system components and implement remote monitoring and control. The simulation results showed an integrated system capable of saving energy and relying on a limited renewable energy source. Such a promised system will lead to near-zero energy buildings (NZEB) without affecting life quality.
Enhanced Distance Utilized ToA/RSS to Estimate Position using Trilateration in Outdoor
Authors: Mosleh Mahmoud F , Zaiter Mohammed J , Hashim Ali H
Published: July 2021

The subject of target localization is becoming increasingly important with the recent development in science and technology. In this paper, a proposed system included simple equipment on three transmitters. The case study chosen in this work is simulated using Wireless InSite (WI) software to model the campus with its all building. Three Transmitters (TXs) are installed in selected position while twenty Receivers (RXs) are deployed randomly as a target to estimate their position utilizing Time of Arrival (ToA) and Received Signal Strength (RSS) to estimate the distance, the distance error is then obtained and utilized to get the enhanced distance. Trilateration utilizes the enhanced distance to obtain the target location and AoA. The achieved result is addressed using specific equations to estimate the target positions. The accuracy can be assessed by estimating localization error, minimal localization error was found to be 0.2178 while maximum value was 2.8522.
Comparisons of Soft Decision Decoding Algorithms Based LDPC Wireless Communication System
Authors: Hussein Yasmeen M. , Mutlag Ammar H. , Al-Nedawe Basman M.
Published: July 2021

The Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) forward error correction code provides significant results that have been very close to Shannon limit. This paper compares the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of soft decision decoding algorithms of LDPC codes on AWGN channel. Devising soft decision decoding algorithms which are good in BER performance requires a comparison of probabilistic, log domain and Min-Sum methods. Simulations are conducted with different parameters using MATLAB workspace to evaluate the LDPC system performance. Results have shown that Min-Sum has outperformed the algorithms of Log Domain and Prob. Domain with a considerable amount of the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Finally, the optimal LDPC parameter values have been selected based on the achieved results which provide superior results.
Fatigue Limit Prediction Based on Hardness for Both Steel and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Assi Abdullah Dhayea , Alkalali Rawa Hamed M.
Published: July 2021

The values of the fatigue limit of the substance represent how resistant it is to the worst of all that this material was Ferrous and non-ferrous. The values of this limitation can be inferred by creating a Wohler curve (S-N curve) is called and requires testing many samples that require a long time and a great effort to reach the final result. This research has created two athletic models for steel and aluminum alloys, without the need to create the Wohler curve (S-N curve) for these alloys. The two proposed models are (Fatigue limit = 1.30 x Steel Hardness (BH) for steel alloys) and (Fatigue limit = 1.85 x Aluminum Hardness (BH) for Al-alloys). The results obtained from these two models were compared with the results of the Heller curve for steel alloy (HRB400) and aluminum alloy (AA2017) by following the method of rotational bending loading and this comparison showed a very reasonable result. The results were also compared with results extracted from previous models, and it was found that the previous models gave a less accurate fatigue limit compared to the Wohler curve.
Effects of phase change material on the performance of solar dryer used for Eruca Sativa
Authors: Nasir Kadhim Fadhil , Abduljabbar Inas Abdulsattar , Al-Mamoori Ameer Hassan , Al-Hamadani Haider
Published: July 2021

This work presents experimental investigations of the performance for a solar dryer with and without phase change material (PCM) used to dry Eruca Sativa foodstuffs. This dryer is consists of a solar collector with dimensions of (1000 mm as width by 1000 mm depth and by 1000 mm highest) which includes dryer chamber and the heat storage container inside it. The experimental work included the design and fabrication of the solar dryer, and the outdoor tests of the system. The experimental tests were performed under real outdoor weather conditions at the Technical College of Al-Mussaib located in Babylon, Iraq (32.5° N 44.3° E) during December 2019. Three modes of drying (natural drying, solar drying, and solar drying with PCM) were applied. The results showed that the moisture recorded lowest rating for using the solar dryer with PCMs by 17.3% with that of using the solar dryer without PCMs and 40% with using of natural solar drying. The maximum temperature in the drying chamber with PCMs was reached 45 ° C and while it was 40 ° C without PCMs and it was 20 ° C for sun drying. It found reducing of drying time with using of PCMs comparing with using others methods as: 5.3 hr, 7.3 hr, and 24 hr for solar dryer with PCMs, without PCMs, and sun drying respectively.
Experimental verification for the phases separation technique to improve the thermal performance of vertical and inclined wickless heat pipe
Authors: Temimy Alaa A. B. , Abdulrasool Adnan A.
Published: July 2021

A flow separation technique is tested experimentally for the thermal performance enhancement of the Thermosyphon Heat Pipe (THP). Flow separation for the vapor rising upward and the condensate flowing downward is used to eliminate the complex interactions between the two phases. Such interactions are found and discussed by previous numerical work published by the authors. Tubes Packing (TP) made of two parallel copper tubes welded contrary to each other with a neighboring openings at central disk are used to grantee the smooth flow through the THP. The THP is made with a suitable dimension for the evaporator, adiabatic and condensation sections. Different operating conditions of filling ratios, supplied heat and inclination angles are tested to monitor the THP thermal performance during transient and steady state operation. The experimental tests results showed that the insertion of TP into the THP enhanced the thermal performance of THP by reducing the transient operation time about 37% and the maximum averaged temperature in the evaporator section about 50%. Also, reduces the variation effects of the filling ratio and the inclination angle on the thermal performance. In general, the results showed that the insertion of the TP reduces the THP thermal resistance about 17% to 62% based on the operating conditions.
Study of Air Pollutions Caused by Exhaust Gases Emitted from Gasoline Vehicles in Erbil City
Authors: Barwari Ramzi Raphael Ibraheem
Published: July 2021

The environmental pollution caused by exhaust gas during parking in Erbil City’s Periodic Vehicle Inspection (PVI) was studied. The purpose of this research is to measure vehicle exhaust emissions from Erbil (PVI) gasoline vehicles. Tested the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of gasoline vehicles. The statistical results show that there are significant differences between emission rates based on vehicle characteristics (such as fuel type, model year, engine fuel supply system, and regular maintenance). In addition, these factors will also affect the emission level test results based on the Iraqi vehicle emission standards. In addition, the emissions of these exhaust gases also depend on factors such as engine combustion design and operating conditions, fuel grade, lubricants, local road conditions and other factors, and continue to affect the concentration of pollutants emitted by vehicles (such as carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbons) These pollutants are very toxic to the human body and cause environmental pollution. Accurate estimates of pollutant emissions are needed to ensure proper design and implementation of air quality plans. Emission factors (EFs) are empirical functions between pollutant emissions and their activities. In this review article, in connection with the development of EFs found in emission models used to generate emission inventories, techniques for measuring emissions from road vehicles are studied. The emission measurement technologies covered include those most widely used for road vehicle emission data collection, namely chassis and engine dynamometer measurements, remote sensing, road tunnel research, and portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The main advantages and disadvantages of each method with regard to emission modeling are presented. It also reviews ways in which EF can be derived from test data, with a clear distinction between data obtained under controlled conditions (engine and chassis dynamometer measurements using standard driving cycles) and measurements under real conditions.
The Effect of Different Transient Trigger Methods on the Performance of Double Controlled Hydraulic System
Authors: Mery Hadi O , Hassan Jafer M , Ekaid Ali L
Published: July 2021

Most of pressurized liquid pipelines are threatened by the hazards of a physical phenomenon that likely occurred in the hydraulic system when flow characteristic is rapidly changed. This change will make local energy imbalance which induced pressure wave travelling along the hydraulic system. Further, many devices are designed to control the hydraulic transients event. But, these devices still have incomplete performance because they dont be verified under different transient trigger conditions. In this paper, the performance of double controlled hydraulic system is verified by changing the transient trigger methods. Where, the double control of this system consisting of air vessel and HDPE forward configuration bypass. Moreover, four transients trigger scenarios are performed in this study and the performance of the hydraulic system for each scenario is investigated experimentally and numerically. Further, the experiments are revealed that the performance of hydraulic control system is highly affected by the way of the hydraulic transient is generated. Finally, the experimental and numerical results are well convergent by a total percentage is (92%).
Computer Vision for Elderly Care Based on Deep Learning CNN and SVM
Authors: Oudah M , Al-Naji A , Chahl J
Published: July 2021

Computer vision has wide application in medical sciences such as health care and home automation. This study on computer vision for elderly care is based on a Microsoft Kinect sensor considers an inexpensive, three dimensional, non-contact technique, that is comfortable for patients while being highly reliable and suitable for long term monitoring. This paper proposes a hand gesture system for elderly health care based on deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) that is used to extract features and to classify five gestures according to five categories using a support vector machine (SVM). The proposed system is beneficial for elderly patients who are voiceless or deaf-mute and unable to communicate with others. Each gesture indicates a specific request such as “Water”, “Meal”, “Toilet”, “Help” and “Medicine” and translates as a command sending to a Microcontroller circuit that sends the request to the caregiver’s mobile phone via the global system for mobile communication (GSM). The system was tested in an indoor environment and provides reliable outcomes and a useful interface for older people with disabilities in their limbs to communicate with their families and caregivers.
Design and Implementation of Upper Prosthetic Controlled remotely by Flexible Sensor Glove
Authors: Zaidan Alaa Hussein , Wail Mousa K. , Yaseen Amer Atta
Published: July 2021

The structuring and the employment for a wireless prosthetic hand adjusted by a flex sensor has been suggested. The prosthetic hand has been constructed for emulating the individual arm motion utilizing a hand mitt. The hand mitt subsists of 5 flexible sensors concerning overseeing the finger motions. The animator’s design utilized to prosthetic arm has servo-motors. The fingers motions are adjusted utilizing wires which operate similarly to the tissue for an individual hand. The prosthetic hand dominates from a faraway position utilizing using remotely unit. Prosthetic hand-design equipped with many sensors; these sensors make the prosthetic hand more intelligent. The first sensor is the force sensor resistance. The second sensor is an infrared temperature sensor. This hand contains many medical applications that can be modified to become wearable for people with missing upper limbs, and the possibility of being used by doctors to perform surgeries remotely within the specified range or much further by connecting it to the internet system in addition to industrial and military applications, which is practical and low-cost. Practically tested to imitate human hand freedom movements and holding with high accuracy.