bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between PM2.5 concentration and the severity of acute asthmatic exacerbation in hospitalized children: A retrospective study in Chongqing, China
Authors: Zhang Yueming , Xu Ximing , Zhang Guangli , Li Qinyuan , Luo Zhengxiu
Published: August 2023

Background

Ambient PM2.5 is associated with asthma exacerbation. The association between the concentration of PM2.5 and the severity of asthma exacerbation has yet to be thoroughly clarified. The study aims to explore the association between the piror 30 days average concentration of PM2.5 and the severity of acute asthma exacerbation in hospitalized children.

Methods

A total of 269 children with acute exacerbation of asthma were enrolled and divided into three groups according to the PM2.5 exposure concentrations: group 1 (PM2.5: <37.5 μg/m3), group 2 (PM2.5: 37.5–75 μg/m3), group 3 (PM2.5: ≥75 μg/m3), respectively. The ordered logistic regression modeling was conducted to explore the influence of daily PM2.5 concentration on the clinical severity of children's asthma exacerbation. Multiple linear regression was conducted to explore the association between the concentration of PM2.5 and the length of stay in the hospital (LOS). We also conducted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to explore the cutoff value of PM2.5 to predict the children's asthma exacerbation.

Results

There was no statistical difference among the three groups of children in gender, age, body mass index, ethnicity, the first diagnosis of asthma, allergic history, passive smoke exposure, or family history of asthma. There was a statistically significant difference in many hospitalization characteristics (p < 0.05) among the three groups of children. Significant differences were found in terms of accessory muscles of respiration (p = 0.005), respiratory failure (p = 0.012), low respiratory tract infectious (p = 0.020), and the severity of asthma exacerbation (p < 0.001) among the three groups. PM2.5 concentration was primarily positively correlated to neutrophile inflammation. The ordered multivariate logistic regression model showed that higher PM2.5 concentrations were significantly associated with greater odds of more severe asthma exacerbation in one and two‐pollutant models. The adjusted odds ratio of severe asthma exacerbation was 1.029 (1.009, 1.049) in the one‐pollutant model. The most significant odds ratio of severe asthma exacerbation was 1.050 (1.027, 1.073) when controlling NO2 in the two‐pollutant models. Multiple linear regression showed that PM2.5 concentration was significantly associated with longer LOS in both one‐pollutant and two‐pollutant models. By performing ROC analysis, the average daily concentration of 44.5 µg/m3 of PM2.5 (AUC = 0.622, p = 0.002) provided the best performance to predict severe asthma of children exacerbation with a sensitivity of 59.2% and a specificity of 63.8%.

Conclusion

The increased prior 30 days average concentration of PM2.5 was associated with greater asthma exacerbation severity and longer length of stay in the hospital of children with asthma exacerbation.
A meta‐analysis and mapping of global mpox infection among children and adolescents
Authors: Suvvari Tarun Kumar , Sandeep Mokanpally , Kumar Jogender , Satapathy Prakasini , Chenchula Santenna , Gandhi Aravind P. , Shamim Muhammad Aaqib , Schlagenhauf Patricia , Rodríguez‐Morales Alfonso J. , Sah Ranjit , Pradhan Keerti Bhusan , Rustagi Sarvesh , Hermis Alaa Hamza , Padhi Bijaya K.
Published: August 2023

Monkeypox (mpox) is a significant health concern affecting children and adolescents globally. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to synthesise the available evidence on the proportion of children and adolescents affected by the mpox virus. A comprehensive search was conducted in seven electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ProQuest, EBSCOHost, and Cochrane) to identify the original reports on mpox cases in children and adolescents till 15 January 2023. Descriptive reports on probable or laboratory‐confirmed mpox in children and adolescents (0–17 years old) were considered eligible. Studies not providing separate data for the above age group and case‐control studies were excluded. The primary outcome was pooled proportion of mpox cases among children and adolescents. Proportion meta‐analysis and heterogeneity between studies were determined using a restricted maximum likelihood estimator, and a random‐effects model was fitted to the data. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were also conducted. A drapery plot was also provided as a complementary figure to the forest plot. The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023392475). A total of 440 studies were identified, of which 37 were included in the review and 25 in the meta‐analysis (62,701 participants with 3306 children and adolescents). The pooled proportion of children and adolescents was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.30–0.63, I2:100%). The proportion of children and adolescents was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the ongoing pandemic 0.04 (95% CI: 0.00–0.32) than before 2022 0.62 (95% CI: 0.49–0.74). The meta‐regression showed that the higher the study's sample size, the lower the proportion of children among the mpox cases. Both overall and subgroup heterogeneity were high. Adolescents and children below 5 years are commonly affected by the ongoing pandemic. In conclusion, the high proportion of children affected by the mpox virus highlights the need for increased research and targeted interventions to prevent and control the spread of the virus in this population.
Sustainable energy development through non‐residential rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption: Empirical evidence from India
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Gupta Sanjeev , Dagar Vishal
Published: August 2023

Environmental deterioration and climate change are the key issues nowadays that hinder sustainable development, and the consumption of fossil fuel‐based energy sources significantly contributes to the issues. To achieve Sustainable Development Goal‐7 concerning sustainable and clean energy development, deploying non‐conventional energy sources is crucial. Solar energy is considered a significantly clean and sustainable energy source among renewable energy sources. Therefore, the present study attempted to investigate the key factors affecting the adoption of non‐residential Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (RSPV) systems in Chandigarh, India. The researchers used a descriptive research design to examine the current phenomena. The current study is premised on the perceptions of the users of the non‐residential RSPV system. The data was acquired through a self‐administered survey questionnaire. A complete response from 207 participants was used for analysis purposes. The researchers have used the Partial Least Square‐Structural Equation Modeling strategy to estimate measurement and structural models. The study found that nodal agencies and environmental organizations are crucial in disseminating information and motivations concerning RSPV adoption. The study revealed that the environmental concerns of the users, compatibility, environmental benefits, the immediacy of reward, and trialability were found to be significant drivers of the diffusion and adoption of non‐residential RSPV systems. The study concluded that a paucity of financial incentives and high upfront expenses had been significant blockades to the diffusion and adoption of non‐residential RSPV.
Manufacturing reshoring and sustainable development goals: A home versus host country perspective
Authors: Di Stefano Cristina , Fratocchi Luciano , Martínez‐Mora Carmen , Merino Fernando
Published: August 2023

After decades of offshoring their manufacturing activities, an increasing number of companies are revising their location strategies and implementing reshoring decisions, including backshoring (relocation in the home country) and nearshoring (relocation in the home region) alternatives. It has been recognized that reshoring strategies are consistent with the sustainable production approach, since they allow companies to produce goods in a manner that is socially beneficial, economically viable, and environmentally less harmful over the whole life cycle of those goods. Additionally, there are early indications that reshoring can also promote and support sustainable consumption approaches. Consequently, reshoring has a wide range of impacts in both the home and the host countries, also in terms of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, this topic has received little attention in the extant reshoring literature. This paper seeks to contribute to the discussion by adopting a two‐step approach. Initially, we analyze the very few contributions available on this topic; then, we identify and discuss which of the 17 SDGs are impacted by reshoring decisions at both the home and the host country level. It emerges that reshoring decisions have several and differentiated impacts in terms of SDGs. In general, these impacts are positive for home countries and negative for host ones. For this reason, a trade‐off emerges when a single relocation decision is taken and implemented. Based on this evidence, implications for scholars, managers and policy makers are presented and discussed.
Multi‐Component PtFeCoNi Core‐Shell Nanoparticles on MWCNTs as Promising Bifunctional Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Braun Tobias , Dinda Sirshendu , Karkera Guruprakash , Melinte Georgian , Diemant Thomas , Kübel Christian , Fichtner Maximilian , Pammer Frank
Published: August 2023

The development of commercially viable fuel cells and metal‐air batteries requires effective and cheap bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Multi‐component Pt−Fe−Co−Ni nanoparticles on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized by wet chemistry route via NaBH4 reduction of metal salts, followed by sintering at different temperatures. The catalyst demonstrates an excellent ORR activity and a promising OER activity in 0.1 m KOH, with a bi‐functional over‐potential, ΔE of 0.83 V, which is comparable to the values of Pt/C or RuO2. Furthermore, it shows outstanding long‐term stability in ORR and OER, namely diffusion limited current density at a potential of 0.3 V decreased just by 5.5 % after 10000 cycles in ORR. The results of the PFCN@NT300 indicate a significant effect of the substitution of Pt by the transition metal (TM) and the formation of nanoparticles on the catalytic performance, especially in the OER.
Oxygen Electrocatalysis by Transition Metal Nitrides: History, Current Trends and Future Prospects
Authors: Ayasha Nadeema , Ahuja Aakash , Mitra Sagar
Published: August 2023

The oxygen reduction and evolution reactions are considered the bottleneck in many electrochemical devices, i. e., fuel cells, water electrolyzers, and metal‐air batteries. The continuous focus has been on inventing and exploring cost‐effective and robust electrocatalysts. Few developed non‐precious metal/metal‐free materials, in fact, outperformed state‐of‐the‐art catalysts during the half‐cell study. However, most of these materials show limited activity during the full cell demonstration, restricting their deployment in commercial energy devices. In this direction, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have emerged as a potential alternative with peculiar electronic properties and the ease of tuning their intrinsic as well as extrinsic properties. High hardness, refractory nature, d‐band modulation ability and comparatively lower energy for the nitride formation are the other motivations to explore their effectiveness in oxygen electrocatalysis. Considering this, the minireview attempts first to present the properties of catalytic interest, followed by the most viable synthesis approaches in nanoengineering of the TMNs. Next, we provide key trends toward catalytic property modulation for oxygen electrocatalysis, the role of TMNs as potential catalytic support, followed by the effect of TMNs′ in situ autoxidation on the performance. Finally, we state the current limitations of TMNs toward oxygen electrocatalysis, followed by our vision for further advancements.
Polyaniline‐Coated Magnesium Ferrite Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, Fabrication Cost Analysis and Dye Sorption Behavior with Scale‐Up Design
Authors: Das Subhajit , Pal Anwesha , Debnath Animesh
Published: August 2023

In this research, polyaniline‐based magnesium ferrite nanocomposite (Pan−MgF−NC) was synthesized for the sequestration of cationic brilliant green (BG) dye. The Pan−MgF−NC revealed surface area of 56.19 m2/g and pore volume of 0.056 cc/g, with 20 to 40 nm of pore diameter. The impact of numerous parameters namely, solution pH, sorbent dose, dye initial concentration, and sonication time were explored and maximum dye abatement (90.28 %) was detected at solution pH of 8.0. The dominant mechanisms for the sequestration of BG onto Pan−MgF−NC were π‐π interactions, H‐bonding, and electrostatic attraction. The sorption kinetics of experimental data well fitted to pseudo second order analysis and Langmuir isotherm was the most consistent isotherm model with maximum uptake capability of 294.12 mg/g. Response surface methodology (RSM) was exhibited that the experimental BG removal (88.70 %) and model assimilated BG removal (89.13 %) are close to each other. Investigation related to scale‐up design also studied for large volume of industrial effluent. The laboratory scale fabrication cost of Pan−MgF−NC was found to be ∼85.00 USD/kg. The BG elimination efficacy with Pan−MgF−NC decreases from 90.13 % to 81.93 % after the fifth cycle, demonstrating the strong stability and reusability of Pan−MgF−NC.
Chiral Metal Salen Complexes as Chiral Electrocatalysts for Asymmetric Electrochemical Carboxylation of Acetophenone
Authors: Xiong Rui , Wang Ying , Zhu Jing‐Wei , Li Meng‐Han , Lu Jia‐Xing , Wang Huan
Published: August 2023

Asymmetric electrochemical carboxylation is the direct and effective method to fix and utilize CO2, and the selection of chiral catalysts is crucial. In this paper, a series of chiral metal salen complexes are prepared as chiral catalysts to achieve enantioselective conversion of acetophenone with CO2 to synthesis chiral 2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylpropionic acid under electrochemical conditions. Under the catalysis of NiIIL1, the enantiomeric excess (ee) value of 90 % and yield of 59 % are obtained. By cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic electrolysis, the effects of metal centers and tert‐butyl groups in ligand structures on the catalytic results are studied and the possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives Through Pechmann Condensation Reaction of Phenols and β‐Ketoesters using Basalt Fiber Functionalized with 7‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3‐disulfonic acid as a New, Environment Friendly and Recyclable Catalyst
Authors: Bagheri‐Harsini Shoele , Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Kharazmi Azin
Published: August 2023

In this paper, a series of coumarin derivatives were synthesized, through the Pechmann condensation reaction using basalt fiber functionalized with 7‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3‐disulfonic acid (BF@(CH2)3‐Cl‐ANDSA) as environmentally friendly and heterogeneous catalyst. The structure of the catalyst was identified by FT‐IR, XRD, EDS‐Mapp, FE‐SEM, and TGA analysis. The catalyst was found to be efficient for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives through Pechmann condensation. phenols were treated with β‐ketoesters to give coumarin derivatives, under green conditions. The current method has several advantages, such as non‐toxic, short reaction time, high thermal stability, recyclability, and reusability of the catalyst.
Comprehensive Biological, Photodegradation, Density Functional Theory, and Docking Exploration of Zn(II) and Mn(II) complexes of Piroxicam
Authors: Maha Nasir , Tajammal Affifa , Samra Malka M. , Irfan Ahmad , Laraib Nadeem , Basra Muhammad Asim Raza
Published: August 2023

The biological evaluation of coordination complexes is an active research area ascribed to structural modification and synergistic action due to metal ions. The mononuclear complexes of Zn(II) and Mn(II) piroxicam were evaluated for their encyclopedic biological activities, DFT, and docking exploration. Different antioxidant methods were used to assess their antioxidant potential. DNA cleavage and protein binding properties of the complexes were monitored through gel electrophoresis and UV‐visible spectrophotometry. The low IC50 value of both complexes implies more potency than the piroxicam. The percent cleavage and binding constant values indicated that the complexes bind with DNA and BSA more efficiently than the piroxicam. In SD rats, complexes were screened for analgesic, anti‐anxiety, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐hyperglycemic effects. The complexes demonstrated statistically significant results for in‐vivo analysis. Photodegradation results of the metal complexes under UV lamp exhibited abrupt degradation than the piroxicam. Docking results also validate a better propensity of both complexes to bind with DNA and BSA. Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces play a key role in stabilizing complexes in DNA and BSA binding pockets. These metal complexes have evident therapeutic potential more than piroxicam and could be promising drugs for relieving pain, anxiety, inflammation, and associated comorbidities with good pharmacodynamic properties.
Cytotoxicity of copper(I) complexes containing indole‐based thiosemicarbazones and triphenylphosphine
Authors: Arockia Doss Periyanayagam , Haribabu Jebiti , Balakrishnan Nithya , Swaminathan Srividya , Pino Jose A. , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Karvembu Ramasamy
Published: August 2023

The research and development department continues searching for effective and definite anticancer medications that would help eradicate cancer. The thiosemicarbazone ligands with indole fragment were utilized to create four new copper(I) complexes. Several spectral examinations and elemental analyses validated the formation of the complexes (1–4). Single crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) also proved that complex 4 had the expected tetrahedral structure. Complexes 1–4 were assessed for their cytotoxic property on different cell lines such as immortalized human vascular endothelial (EAhy.926), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG‐2), and bladder cancer (T24), and kidney epithelial normal cells extracted from an African green monkey (Vero). The complexes showed reduced toxicity towards healthy Vero cells while being active in cancer cell lines. While the standard cisplatin revealed IC50 values of 26.60 and 49.90 μM, the N‐phenyl substituted complex 3 displayed a superior cytotoxic effect with IC50 values of 13.82 and 24.93 μM towards EAhy.926 and HepG‐2 cells, respectively.
A Review on Multipurpose Potential of Bioactive Heterocycle Quinoxaline
Authors: Chawla Gita , Gupta Ojasvi , Pradhan Tathagata
Published: August 2023

In last few decades, nitrogen‐containing heterocycles have maintained their status as an important core of FDA‐approved drugs and medicinally active compounds. Quinoxaline is one such class of nitrogen‐containing scaffold that has become a subject of extensive research as it possess a plethora of biological activities. Molecular hybridization is a versatile and rational approach to drug design that involves the combination of two bioactive molecules possessing distinct intrinsic activity into a single scaffold for enhancing their therapeutic potential. In view of this, the advancement and potential of quinoxaline hybrids bearing thiazole, triazole, oxadiazole, pyrrolizines, pyrazole, etc. have attracted the keen attention of researchers to explore their therapeutic ability against different biological targets. The present review includes the research in the recent years (2018–2023) and addresses the graceful advancements in the studies related to quinoxaline‐based small molecules including their synthetic routes, biological activities and structure‐activity relationships. We anticipate that this review article will provide comprehensive knowledge of pharmacological importance of quinoxaline analogues and will fulfill the need of scientific community in designing and developing efficacious novel molecules.
Ir(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Alkylation of Aryl Ketone and Chromanone under Mild Conditions; Two‐Step Synthesis of Cytosporones B and N
Authors: Patel Pitambar , Roy Arup , Borah Gongutri
Published: August 2023

An Ir(III)‐catalyzed ortho‐C−H alkylation of aryl ketones with diazo Meldrum's acid was developed for the synthesis of 2‐(2‐alkanoylaryl)acetate derivatives. The reaction took place under mild atmospheric conditions with broad substrate scope. Further, the developed catalytic system was found to be suitable for the selective C5‐alkylation of flavanone and chromanone derivatives. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via initial Ir(III)‐catalyzed selective ortho‐alkylation followed by decarboxylative esterification with the alcohol to furnish the final product. Notably, the developed reaction was successfully applied in the total synthesis of cytosporones B and N in two steps starting from resorcinol.
Synthesis of CuMoS micro‐rods material as efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting
Authors: Kalusulingam Rajathsing , Selvam Mathi , Mikhailova T. S. , Popov Y. V. , Khubezhov S. A. , Pankov I. V. , Myasoedova Tatiana N.
Published: August 2023

In oxygen evolution reactions (OER) metal sulfides are the subject of extensive research. Copper‐molybdenum sulfides (CuMoS) that can be made a simple hydrothermal treatment are designed to reduce catalyst costs even more. Here, we demonstrate that binder free electrode composed of micro‐rod structure copper‐molybdenum sulfides on nickel foam (CuMoS/NF) can be employed as an active and robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting. CuMoS/NF catalyst displays an overpotential for OER of 358 mV (121 mV dec−1) and HER of 129 mV (101 mV dec−1) at current density of 10 mA cm−2. CuMoS/NF is stable for 60 hours with potential deviations in OER and HER of 2.8 % and 3.2 %, respectively. The active bifunctional CuMoS/NF electrode combination helps to fabricate a water electrolyser with 10 mA cm−2 current density at 1.65 V. CuMoS/NF//CuMoS/NF shows good stability over 60 hours with a potential deviation of 2.7 %. The earth‘s abundant non‐precious metal‐based electrode, and solar cell delivered continuous hydrogen and oxygen (1.65 V), making it possible to produce a significant quantity of hydrogen at a low‐cost and on a large‐scale.
Predictive TDDFT Methodology for Aromatic Molecules UV‐Vis properties: from Benchmark to Applications
Authors: Hédouin Matthieu , Luppi Eleonora , Ward Oliver , Harrowven David , Fressigné Catherine , Chataigner Isabelle
Published: August 2023

The absorption and emission properties of a series of 44 aromatic molecules have been investigated in Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) using different exchange‐correlation functionals. Solvent effects have been included within linear response (LR) and state specific (SS) polarisable continuum model (PCM). The comparison with experimental UV‐Vis data showed reasonable agreement for all the aromatic molecules when ωB97XD with SS‐PCM is used. In particular, we found an accurate linear correlation between experimental and theoretical results which is revealed in an equation for absorption and another equation for emission derived from a linear fitting between theoretical and experimental data. Through these linear equations we propose a simple, pragmatic and effective approach able to describe and predict the absorption and the emission of aromatic molecules with a reasonable computational cost.
Synergistic Effect of Nickel and Cobalt in Nanowire Array for High Energy Storage with Rapid Charge Transfer in Asymmetric Supercapacitor
Authors: Pandey Ravi Ranjan , Kashyap Yashvant , Andola Anshu , Nakanishi Hideyuki , Pandey Rakesh K.
Published: August 2023

We introduce a unique asymmetric supercapacitor design that combines a vertically aligned Ni−Co alloy‐type nanowire (NiCoNW) array electrode with a graphene flakes (GFs) electrode. The sandwiching of these two electrodes enables the device to operate at a high working potential window of 2.0 V. The improved response of the device is attributed to the asymmetric design and a high charge transfer in the NiCoNWs compared with pure metals. The optimized presence of Co in the alloy increases the rate of hydroxide formation in an alkaline solution during the gas evolution reaction. The use of GFs to modify the graphite electrode (GFs@Graphite) provided a more stable response at high current densities. We obtain extremely stable cyclic voltammetry (CV) plots even at very high scan rates (500 V/s) and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves with longer charge–discharge times. The highest capacitance achieved for the assembled device (Asy‐NiCoNWs/GFs@Graphite) is 339 F/cm3 (volumetric) at a current density of 5.0 A/cm3. In addition, a remarkable cycling retention of ∼100 % is observed after 10000 continuous potential cycles.
pH‐Dependent Synthesis of Pure‐Phase BiI3 and BiOI by Electrodeposition**
Authors: Kumar G. Mohan , Varma Deepak Suresh , Jothi Sathiskumar , Ramasamy Devaraj , Abrantes João C. C. , Rangarajan Murali
Published: August 2023

This study reports the electrochemical synthesis of different morphologies of bismuth iodide and bismuth oxyiodide on graphite surfaces from acidic baths containing bismuth nitrate, sodium nitrate, iodine and ethylene glycol by a simple pH control. Linear sweep voltammetry analyses determined the potential window for the reduction of iodine where bismuth ions do not get reduced. The concentration of the iodide ions in the bath is regulated by the applied potential. At pH 0.2 and 0.5, bismuth is predominantly present as free Bi3+ ions, which react with iodide to form bismuth triiodide. On the other hand, even at slightly elevated pH 1.0 and 2.0, bismuth is predominantly complexed by water, nitrates and ethylene glycol. These complexes react with the iodide ions to form bismuth oxyiodide. Pure triiodide phase comprising polygonal platelets is obtained at pH 0.2. Pure oxyiodide phase comprising novel microflower‐like morphology formed from interlinked nano‐disks is obtained at pH 2.0.
Functional Polymer Material with Efficient Optical Tunability
Authors: Kumar Rajan , Kumar Nishkarsh , Chandel Shubham , Tiwari Akash , Bag Arijit , Kumar Ghorai Pradip , Ghosh Nirmalya , Shunmugam Raja
Published: August 2023

The solvent dependent investigation for the bathochromic emission has an extensive report whereas the report on solvent independent material is limited. With approach for invention of photoluminescent material, the hydrothiolation was invoked for the growth of thermally clicked energy tuneable crosslinked photoluminescent polymeric materials. The observed CIE co‐ordinates for the crosslinked polymers were Poly‐BnNpAll (0.31, 0.48) and Poly‐BnNpAlk (0.34, 0.51). The respective quantum efficiency (Φ) for Poly‐BnNpAll and Poly‐BnNpAlk were 9.73 % and 6.14 %. The energy tunability and optical responses were validated through DFT calculations and fluorescence Mueller matrix (FLMM) analysis. From FLMM, the optical parameters ‐ fluorescence diattenuation and fluorescence polarizance revealed the excited molecular orientation is more organized relative to ground state. Such materials have scope for application as promoter during photocatalysis, chemosensing, etc.
Nanoarchitectonics of Boron‐Nitride‐Supported Phosphomolybdic Acid as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Conversion of Fructose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Chhabra Tripti , Bisht Balendu , Kumar Sahil , Krishnan Venkata
Published: August 2023

The catalytic conversion of lignocellulose derived products to value added chemicals are of high importance in the quest to solve energy crisis. In this work, we have prepared the phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) supported on boron‐nitride (BN) nanosheets via a facile hydrothermal process. A series of heterogeneous catalysts has been prepared by using varying quantities of BN and PMA. All the catalysts were examined for the conversion of fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) and one of them turns out to be the best catalyst. Different optimizations like catalyst amount, temperature and time have been performed using the best catalyst. Although the catalyst selectively forms 5‐HMF, the yield was relatively low, which could be explained using the zeta potential studies. However, it was interesting to note that an addition of H2SO4 (0.01 M) to the reaction mixture enhances the catalytic activity of the overall process and leads to the formation of levulinic acid (LA) in addition to 5‐HMF, which could be attributed to the increased acidity in the reaction mixture. Overall, this work provides deeper insights on the role of BN, PMA and H2SO4 in the conversion of saccharides to value‐added chemicals.
Stereolithography 3D Printed Carbon Microlattices with Hierarchical Porosity for Structural and Functional Applications
Authors: Kudo Akira , Kanamaru Kazuya , Han Jiuhui , Tang Rui , Kisu Kazuaki , Yoshii Takeharu , Orimo Shin‐ichi , Nishihara Hirotomo , Chen Mingwei
Published: August 2023

Hierarchically porous carbon microlattices (HPCMLs) fabricated by using a composite photoresin and stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing is reported. Containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) as porogens and multilayer graphene nanosheets as UV‐scattering inhibitors, the composite photoresin is formed to simple cubic microlattices with digitally designed porosity of 50%. After carbonization in vacuum at 1000 °C and chemical removal of MgO NPs, it is realized that carbon microlattices possessing hierarchical porosity are composed of the lattice architecture (≈100 µm), macropores (≈5 µm), mesopores (≈50 nm), and micropores (≈1 nm). The linear shrinkage after pyrolysis is as small as 33%. Compressive strength of 7.45 to 10.45 MPa and Young's modulus of 375 to 736 MPa are achieved, proving HPCMLs a robust mechanical component among reported carbon materials with a random pore structure. Having a few millimeters in thickness, the HPCMLs can serve as thick supercapacitor electrodes that demonstrate gravimetric capacitances 105 and 13.8 F g−1 in aqueous and organic electrolyte, reaching footprint areal capacitances beyond 10 and 1 F cm−2, respectively. The results present that the composite photoresin for SLA can yield carbon microarchitectures that integrate structural and functional properties for structural energy storages .
Polycrystalline Diamond Micro‐Hotplates
Authors: Thomas Evan L. H. , Stritt Jaspa , Mandal Soumen , Imboden Matthias , Williams Oliver A.
Published: August 2023

Micro‐hotplate structures are increasingly being investigated for use in a host of applications ranging from broadband infra‐red sources within absorption‐based gas sensors to in situ heater stages for ultra‐high‐resolution imaging. With devices usually fabricated from a conductive electrode placed on top of a freestanding radiator element, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between layers and electro‐migration within the heating element typically lead to failure upon exceeding temperatures of 1600 K. In an attempt to mitigate such issues, a series of hotplates of varying geometry have been fabricated from a single layer of mechanically robust, high thermal conductivity, and low CTE boron‐doped polycrystalline diamond. Upon testing under high vacuum conditions and characterization of the emission spectra, the resulting devices are shown to exhibit a grey‐body like emission response and reach temperatures vastly in excess of conventional geometries of up to 2731 K at applied powers of ⩽100 mW. Characterization of the thermalization time meanwhile demonstrates rapid millisecond response times, while Raman spectroscopy reveals the performance of the devices is dictated by cumulative graphitization at elevated temperatures. As such, both diamond and sp2 carbon are shown to be promising materials for the fabrication of next‐generation micro‐hotplates.
High‐Performance Flexible Graphene Oxide‐Based Moisture‐Enabled Nanogenerator via Multilayer Heterojunction Engineering and Power Management System
Authors: Chen Fandi , Zhang Shuo , Guan Peiyuan , Xu Yeqing , Wan Tao , Lin Chun‐Ho , Li Mengyao , Wang Caiyun , Chu Dewei
Published: August 2023

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in nanogenerators within the scientific community because their immense potential for extracting energy from the surrounding environment. A promising approach involves utilizing ambient moisture as an energy source for portable devices. In this study, moisture‐enabled nanogenerators (MENGs) are devised by integrating heterojunctions of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Benefiting from the unique structure, a larger ion concentration gradient is achieved as well as a lower resistance, which leads to enhanced electricity generation. The resulting MENG generates a desirable open‐circuit voltage of 0.76 V and a short‐circuit current density of 73 µA cm−2 with a maximum power density of 15.8 µW cm−2. Notably, the designed device exhibits a high voltage retention of more than 90% after 3000 bending cycles, suggesting a high potential for flexible applications. Moreover, a large‐scale integrated MENG array is developed by incorporating flexible printed circuit technology and connecting it to a power management system. This integrated system can provide ample energy to operate an electronic ink display and drive a heart rate sensor for health monitoring. The outcomes of this research present a novel framework for advancing next‐generation self‐powered flexible devices, thereby demonstrating significant promise for future wearable electronics.
Quick Subset Construction
Authors: Dusi Michele , Lamperti Gianfranco
Published: August 2023

A finite automaton can be either deterministic (DFA) or nondeterministic (NFA). An automaton‐based task is in general more efficient when performed with a DFA rather than an NFA. For any NFA there is an equivalent DFA that can be generated by the classical Subset Construction algorithm. When, however, a large NFA may be transformed into an equivalent DFA by a series of actions operating directly on the NFA, Subset Construction may be unnecessarily expensive in computation, as a (possibly large) deterministic portion of the NFA is regenerated as is, a waste of processing. This is why a conservative algorithm for NFA determinization is proposed, called Quick Subset Construction, which progressively transforms an NFA into an equivalent DFA instead of generating the DFA from scratch, thereby avoiding unnecessary processing. Quick Subset Construction is proven, both formally and empirically, to be equivalent to Subset Construction, inasmuch it generates exactly the same DFA. Experimental results indicate that, the smaller the number of repair actions performed on the NFA, as compared to the size of the equivalent DFA, the faster Quick Subset Construction over Subset Construction.
Biomechanical Study of the Addition of the Interferential Screw in the Repair of the Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon
Authors: Santa-María Ana L. , Agharbi Marzouk , Thams Carlos B. , Martel Oscar
Published: August 2023

The surgery of the biceps brachii anchors the tendon to the bone, usually using sutures and/or screws. The usual technique is to drill a tunnel in the radius and secure the tendon in it using a small metal piece (button). However, it is also possible to add an interference screw in the bone tunnel to increase the fixation capacity. The objective of this work has been to evaluate the improvement of the repair of the biceps brachii tendon with the use of an interference screw. To this end, reconstructions of the distal tendon were carried out using bones and tendons of animal origin and tested cyclically. The results indicate that adding the screw reduces the displacement and increases the loading capacity significantly. Therefore, the addition of the interference screw is recommended, especially in young and active patients.
Predictive Methodology to Optimize Knocking Behavior in the Transformation of Engines to Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Bermúdez-Tamarit Vicente , Gomez-Soriano Josep , Tolvett-Caro Sebastian , Luján Raúl
Published: August 2023

The growing concern about climate change has prompted national strategies with ambitious greenhouse gas emissions targets. Most of these targets aim at carbon neutrality by 2050. Different approaches propose electromobility as a mitigation measure to replace fossil fuels in vehicle propulsion systems; but, studies show that by 2050 only 31% of vehicles worldwide will be electric. Therefore, to achieve carbon neutrality goals, it will be necessary to develop cost-effective transition technologies that reduce emissions from the remaining fleet. A viable alternative is transforming and optimizing engines for cleaner fuels such as natural gas (NG) or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). This research proposes a predictive methodology to predefine engine conditions related to its compression ratio (CR) to avoid knocking when transforming engines to gaseous fuels.
Automatic Sight Distance Estimation for Overtaking Maneuvers
Authors: Jiménez Felipe , Ruiz Juan
Published: August 2023

New assistance systems, as a preliminary step towards automated driving, require a complete knowledge of the environment. To do this, perception sensors are used, but positioning on digital maps is also a valuable tool as a secondary sensor. In this sense, digital maps must contain increasingly greater precision and detail. A variable that is not usually included is the sight distance, which is conditioned by static and dynamic elements. This paper presents a method for its estimation considering the road geometry and other elements that can interfere with driver or sensors vision such as obstacles in the surroundings of the road or a vehicle in front of the ego vehicle (before an overtaking maneuver). The method is applied to data from a real road with the advantage of being able to work in real time so results could be obtained based on the dynamic elements detected by the vehicle’s sensors. From the sight distance information, the possibility of carrying out overtaking maneuvers is estimated.
On the Use of Carbon Fiber Composites for the Enhancement of the Rollover Resistance of Steel Buses
Authors: Lavayen-Farfán Daniel , Butenegro-García José Antonio , López-Boada María Jesús , Martínez-Casanova Miguel Ángel , Rodriguez-Hernandez Jorge Antonio
Published: August 2023

The increasing use of composites in vehicles in recent years is one of the current trends in the automotive industry. In particular, fiber composites are being used as reinforcements for the main structural elements of vehicles, due to their outstanding specific mechanical properties and low weight. When combined with metal parts, fiber composites can significantly enhance the crashworthiness of vehicle structures, by increasing their energy absorption capabilities and resistance to plastic deformations and permanent damage. This work presents CFRP reinforcements as a case study for enhancing the bending collapse behavior and crashworthiness of bus structures. The required calculations are based on a simplified “concept model” that includes the bending collapse behavior of the structural components, based on theoretical models calibrated with experimental results. The results demonstrate that the use of CFRP reinforcements improves the rollover crashworthiness of a bus structure, and need not be applied to the entire structure, but only to the critical parts where bending collapse is most likely to occur in a rollover accident.
Development of a Reactor Network Model to Predict Pollutant Emissions from Aviation Gas Turbines
Authors: Garcia-Oliver Jose M. , García Jaime Gimeno , Corzo Borja Martínez , Laboulais Javier Navarro , Leyland Penélope
Published: August 2023

The present work focuses on the prediction of pollutant emissions in gas turbine engines by means of a reactor network considering chemical kinetics. The network was developed based on the CFM56 -7B27/B1F aviation engine, calibrated with the pollutant emission data (EINOx, EICO and EIHC) provided by ICAO at maximum power and compared to other operating conditions. A study of local species formation in every reactor was carried out to analyze the differences and similarities between the model and experimental data.
An Intelligent Machine Learning Based Method for Tool Wear Estimation in the Vertical Broaching Process
Authors: Holgado Ibon , Pérez-Salinas Cristian , Ortega Naiara , de Lacalle L. N. López , del Olmo Ander
Published: August 2023

This work describes a machine vision system workflow to automatically estimate the broaching tool wear. The proposed system offers the possibility to evaluate the evolution of wear under different machining conditions and to decide when a tool should be replaced, guaranteeing the quality of the machined part and avoiding catastrophic tool breakage. In addition, the paper discusses the advantages of the proposed method over the traditional and widely used ISO 3685:1993 based methods, which are highly influenced by the operator. The proposed method uses a novel wear area segmentation technique based on Machine Learning artificial intelligence, generating highly reproducible values, saving technicians labor-intensive tasks, and obtaining values with high accuracy. The results show a strong relationship between the values obtained by the proposed automatic method and the experimental ones, with errors below 0.17% and 2.88% corresponding to the MSE and MAE respectively.
Light Scalars at FASER
Authors: Kling Felix , Li Shuailong , Song Huayang , Su Shufang , Su Wei
Published: August 2023

Abstract

FASER, the ForwArd Search ExpeRiment, is a currently operating experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) that can detect light long-lived particles produced in the forward region of the LHC interacting point. In this paper, we study the prospect of detecting light CP-even and CP-odd scalars at FASER and FASER 2. Considering a model-independent framework describing the most general interactions between a CP-even or CP-odd scalar and SM particles using the notation of coupling modifiers in the effective Lagrangian, we develop the general formalism for the scalar production and decay. We then analyze the FASER and FASER 2 reaches of light scalars in the large tan β region of the Type-I two Higgs double model as a case study, in which light scalars with relatively long lifetime could be accommodated. In the two benchmark scenarios we considered, the light (pseudo)scalar decay length varies in (10−8, 105) meters. Both FASER and FASER 2 can probe a large part of the parameter space in the large tan β region up to 107, extending beyond the constraints of the other existing experiments.
Genomic prediction in hybrid breeding: I. Optimizing the training set design
Authors: Melchinger Albrecht E. , Fernando Rohan , Stricker Christian , Schön Chris-Carolin , Auinger Hans-Jürgen
Published: August 2023

Key message

Training sets produced by maximizing the number of parent lines, each involved in one cross, had the highest prediction accuracy for H0 hybrids, but lowest for H1 and H2 hybrids.

Genomic prediction holds great promise for hybrid breeding but optimum composition of the training set (TS) as determined by the number of parents (nTS) and crosses per parent (c) has received little attention. Our objective was to examine prediction accuracy ($$r_{a}$$

r
a

) of GCA for lines used as parents of the TS (I1 lines) or not (I0 lines), and H0, H1 and H2 hybrids, comprising crosses of type I0 × I0, I1 × I0 and I1 × I1, respectively, as function of nTS and c. In the theory, we developed estimates for $$r_{a}$$

r
a

of GBLUPs for hybrids: (i)$$\hat{r}_{a}$$

r
^

a

based on the expected prediction accuracy, and (ii) $$\tilde{r}_{a}$$

r
~

a

based on $$r_{a}$$

r
a

of GBLUPs of GCA and SCA effects. In the simulation part, hybrid populations were generated using molecular data from two experimental maize data sets. Additive and dominance effects of QTL borrowed from literature were used to simulate six scenarios of traits differing in the proportion (τSCA = 1%, 6%, 22%) of SCA variance in σG2 and heritability (h2 = 0.4, 0.8). Values of $$\tilde{r}_{a}$$

r
~

a

and $$\hat{r}_{a}$$

r
^

a

closely agreed with $$r_{a}$$

r
a

for hybrids. For given size NTS = nTS × c of TS, $$r_{a}$$

r
a

of H0 hybrids and GCA of I0 lines was highest for c = 1. Conversely, for GCA of I1 lines and H1 and H2 hybrids, c = 1 yielded lowest $$r_{a}$$

r
a

with concordant results across all scenarios for both data sets. In view of these opposite trends, the optimum choice of c for maximizing selection response across all types of hybrids depends on the size and resources of the breeding program.
A hybrid patch decomposition approach to compute an enclosure for multi-objective mixed-integer convex optimization problems
Authors: Eichfelder Gabriele , Warnow Leo
Published: August 2023

In multi-objective mixed-integer convex optimization, multiple convex objective functions need to be optimized simultaneously while some of the variables are restricted to take integer values. In this paper, we present a new algorithm to compute an enclosure of the nondominated set of such optimization problems. More precisely, we decompose the multi-objective mixed-integer convex optimization problem into several multi-objective continuous convex optimization problems, which we refer to as patches. We then dynamically compute and improve coverages of the nondominated sets of those patches to finally combine them to obtain an enclosure of the nondominated set of the multi-objective mixed-integer convex optimization problem. Additionally, we introduce a mechanism to reduce the number of patches that need to be considered in total. Our new algorithm is the first of its kind and guaranteed to return an enclosure of prescribed quality within a finite number of iterations. For selected numerical test instances we compare our new criterion space based approach to other algorithms from the literature and show that much larger instances can be solved with our new algorithm.
Scalable monoids and quantity calculus
Authors: Jonsson Dan
Published: August 2023

We define scalable monoids and prove their fundamental properties. Congruence relations on scalable monoids, direct and tensor products, subalgebras and homomorphic images of scalable monoids, and unit elements of scalable monoids are defined and investigated. A quantity space is defined as a commutative scalable monoid over a field, admitting a finite basis similar to a basis for a free abelian group. Observations relating to the theory of measurement of physical quantities accompany the results about scalable monoids. We conclude that the algebraic theory of scalable monoids and quantity spaces provides a rigorous foundation for quantity calculus.