bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: White Gilbert C. , Roberts Harold R. , Key Nigel S.
Published: February 2020

Haemostasis—a component of the wound defence mechanism—is a process by which vessel wall components and platelets act in concert with procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins to form a plug of cells and cross-linked fibrin. The plug is later remodelled and replaced by new tissue as part of wound healing. These processes are very complex and involve highly controlled pathways of interaction between cells, glycans, and membrane-bound and soluble proteins of coagulation and fibrinolysis, as well as their cognate inhibitors. Thrombosis—this is an abnormal state leading to formation of a clot that partially or completely obstructs the flow of blood within the blood vessel; dislodgement leads to thromboembolism. To understand the biology of haemostasis and thrombosis, it is necessary to know the roles of the vessel wall, the platelets, the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and their respective inhibitors. Fibrinolysis and coagulation are interrelated: fibrin clots are normally lysed by plasmin locally released from plasminogen by the action of tissue plasminogen activator, and this process can be enhanced by some procoagulant factors (e.g. activated factor XII, and protein C). This system, so delicately controlled and normally maintained in a dynamic equilibrium, is strongly influenced by components involved in inflammatory and other defence mechanisms in the host. An integrated understanding of these processes offers the potential for improved means to predict the adverse complications of many diseases and ultimately to prevent their occurrence.
Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency
Authors: Baglin Trevor
Published: February 2020

An apparent bleeding tendency is a common clinical problem, with presentation varying from acute unexpected bleeding during or immediately after surgery or dental extraction, to spontaneous unusual or excessive bruising, purpura, epistaxis, or a chronic haemorrhagic tendency. Long-standing bleeding symptoms suggest a lifelong condition, whereas recent-onset bleeding suggests an acquired disorder. If a bleeding disorder has been diagnosed and characterized in another family member, then the cause of bleeding may be easily identified, but the absence of a family history does not exclude a heritable disorder. The commonest cause of an acquired bleeding disorder is antithrombotic therapy. Investigations for bleeding disorder include full blood count and film (severe bleeding rarely occurs in the absence of trauma with a platelet count of more than 20 to 30 × 109/litre), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen level, reptilase time (useful for determining if a prolonged APTT is due to heparin), individual factor assays, mixing studies (can indicate if prolongation of PT or APTT is likely due to a factor deficiency or an inhibitor), platelet function analysis, and (rarely) bleeding time. Aside from general supportive care, specific therapy can be given when a defined haemostatic abnormality is identified. Drugs that cause bleeding should be stopped. Overanticoagulation due to a vitamin K antagonist can be reversed with vitamin K and/or prothrombin complex concentrate; dabigatran and be reversed with idarucizumab; it will soon be possible to reverse factor Xa-inhibitors (e.g. with andexanet alfa). Vitamin K should also be given to critically ill patients and those with liver disease. Early and sufficient blood product support should be given to those with massive blood loss and/or dilutional coagulopathy.
Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function
Authors: Curry Nicola , Shapiro Susie
Published: February 2020

The platelet is the smallest circulating blood cell. In health, it plays a vital role in haemostasis, and in disease contributes to problems of bleeding and/or thrombosis. The number of platelets produced is under tight homeostatic control, regulated by the cytokine thrombopoietin. A normal platelet count lies within the range 150 to 450 × 109/litre. Thrombocytopenia is defined as a reduction in the number of circulating platelets to fewer than the normal reference range (typically <150 × 109/litre). Spontaneous bleeding is uncommon unless the platelet count falls below 10 to 20 × 109/litre or unless there is abnormal platelet function. Thrombocytopenia can be classified according to three main pathologies: (1) increased platelet destruction, (2) reduced platelet production, and (3) increased platelet sequestration. Disorders of increased platelet destruction may be immune mediated or nonimmune. Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired disorder affecting both adults and children, characterized by an isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100 × 109 /litre) for which no precipitant can be found. Primary ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion. Corticosteroids are the main first-line therapy for adult ITP, commonly prednisolone. Nonimmune causes of platelet destruction include microangiopathic haemolytic disorders such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Decreased platelet production—most cases are acquired, with common or important causes being toxins (drugs, alcohol), nutritional deficiencies (folate or vitamin B12), bone marrow infiltration, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Disorders of platelet distribution and platelet sequestration include splenomegaly and hypersplenism, haemodilution, and extracorporeal circulation. Disorders of platelet function are usually acquired. The most common causes are medications and toxins, systemic disorders, and haematological diseases. Congenital disorders are a rare cause of symptomatic bleeding.
Imaging in neurological diseases
Authors: Molyneux Andrew J. , Renowden Shelley , Bradley Marcus
Published: February 2020

The modern imaging techniques of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the demonstration of structural neurological disease have developed rapidly since their first introduction in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. They have undergone further technological evolution, particularly in the last 10 years, and continue to do so. A variety of both computed tomography- and magnetic resonance imaging-based techniques can provide anatomical, angiographic, and functional information. In addition, biochemical data may be obtained using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and microstructural information can be obtained using diffusion tensor imaging. The choice between computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging depends on several factors. This chapter explains the various applications of both techniques and the situations that can call for either, or both.
Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Balint Bettina , Bhatia Kailash
Published: February 2020

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are characterized by involuntary (and excessive) movements. The five main forms are chorea, tics, myoclonus, dystonia, and tremor, which can sometimes occur in combination. Some movement disorders are defined by their paroxysmal occurrence (paroxysmal movement disorders) or by their presence only during sleep, and there are other conditions that lie outside the conventional list but are part of the spectrum of movement disorders, for example, stiff person syndrome. It is important to remember that drugs can cause a variety of movement disorders, including some very distinct presentations, and also that all organic movement disorders can be mimicked by so-called psychogenic or functional movement disorders.
Ataxic disorders
Authors: Wood Nicholas
Published: February 2020

Ataxia is a feature of disorders of the cerebellum and its connections. It may be found in a large range of neurological conditions, in some of which it is the principal or main feature, but clinical assessment is complicated by the fact that few ataxic patients have disease restricted to the cerebellum alone. The term ataxia derived from the Greek means ‘irregularity’ or ‘disorderliness’. Unsteadiness can result from several causes, including poor vision, impairment of postural reflexes, or due to a deficiency of sensory input (i.e. sensory ataxia). This chapter focuses on the symptoms, signs, and the pathological and clinical features of the disorders of the cerebellum (and its connections).
Bacterial infections
Authors: van de Beek Diederik , Thwaites Guy E.
Published: February 2020

Bacterial meningitis occurs in many clinical situations, including spontaneous (the most important category), post-traumatic, and device-associated (relating to cerebrospinal fluid shunts and drains). Each of these is associated with a particular pattern of infecting organisms, clinical presentation, and outcome, but overall there is high morbidity and mortality. Spontaneous meningitis is the most important category. It can be divided into neonatal meningitis and meningitis of childhood and adulthood. Post-traumatic meningitis follows neurosurgery or fractures of the skull. Device-associated meningitis complicates the use of cerebrospinal fluid shunts and drains. Infection may also be considered as community acquired or nosocomial (hospital acquired or physician associated).
Human prion diseases
Authors: Mead Simon , Will R.G.
Published: February 2020

Prion protein (for proteinacious infectious particle) is a membrane-associated glycoprotein present in all mammalian species. Its normal function is unknown, but in prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) a misfolded polymer form of the protein, partially resistant to protease digestion, is deposited in the brain and associated—typically after long incubation periods—with neuronal dysfunction and death. Prion diseases have become the subject of intense scientific and public interest because they are caused by a biologically distinct disease mechanism and because of the implications for public health following the identification of a new human prion disease, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), and the evidence that it is caused by the transmission to humans of a cattle prion disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system
Authors: Scolding Neil
Published: February 2020

Metabolic diseases and their neurological complications require a knowledge of both general internal medicine and of neurology - one reason why they are often poorly handled clinically. They range from the neurological complications of hypercalcaemia to dramatic, serious, and not uncommon neurological picture of central pontine myelinolysis and its still uncertain metabolic cause(s); from the emergence of new(-ish) disorders such as superficial siderosis and E-induced water intoxication to the changing face and context of iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome, chemotherapy-induced nutritional and metabolic disruption. This brief and partial list helps to emphasize the importance and impact of acquired neurometabolic diseases. This chapter aims to deal with these, or to point elsewhere in this text to where they are covered.
Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome
Authors: Buckley Camilla , Vincent Angela
Published: February 2020

Since its first recognition in 2001, hundreds of patients have been identified with autoimmune limbic encephalitis (LE) associated with antibodies that immunoprecipitate voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC)-complex proteins. Preliminary epidemiology suggests that it is more common in men (2:1) and that the median age at onset is 65 years. The phenotype has been recognized mainly in patients over the age of 18 years at onset. The classic presentation is with subacute onset of short-term memory loss, seizures, disorientation, with psychological disturbance or hallucinations. Additional features that may occur are sleep disturbance, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromyotonia, but these would be more typical of Morvan’s syndrome.
Substance misuse
Authors: Potts Stephen
Published: February 2020

Many chemical substances are taken for their psychoactive properties, even if prescribed for other purposes. Such use and misuse of psychoactive substances is so highly prevalent that it inevitably impinges on medical practice. All physicians therefore need a general understanding of the ways in which substance misuse may interrelate with medical needs, as well as a specific understanding of the inter-relationships most relevant to their own area of medical practice. Use of psychoactive substances may lead to acute intoxication and its consequences, or the effects of chronic use and dependence. Acute intoxication is associated with accidents and with acute psychiatric and medical illness. Chronic misuse may cause medical harm, which is often linked to the route of administration. Injection of substances poses particular hazards.
Anxiety disorders
Authors: Liao Ted , Epstein Steve
Published: February 2020

Anxiety is a common feeling, but also the central symptom of several psychiatric disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety disorders are common and important in general medical practice as they often manifest with physical symptoms such as palpitations, chest pain, and dizziness that can be misdiagnosed as medical conditions and lead to unnecessary investigation and treatment. Anxiety disorder, especially phobic anxiety, can also lead to inability to adhere to medical treatments, for example, because of needle phobia interfering with blood tests and/or injected drugs treatment. Both pharmacological and psychological treatments are effective. For chronic anxiety, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the drugs of choice, with benzodiazepines being reserved for short-term use. If available, cognitive behaviour therapy is similarly effective. Anxiety disorders usually respond to treatment but often recur.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Lawrie Stephen M.
Published: February 2020

Schizophrenia is typically a severe chronic mental illness with a high morbidity and increased mortality. It has a complex aetiology including a substantial genetic component. Its clinical features include characteristic delusions and hallucinations. There are no diagnostic tests. The differential diagnosis is from manic states, organic brain disorders, and substance misuse. Whilst the management is complex, antipsychotic drugs are effective in reducing symptoms. The overall prognosis is poor; many patients live restricted lives and there is a high rate of suicide. However, some patients return to normal functioning. Importantly for physicians, people with schizophrenia die on average 10 years earlier than the general population, mainly because of cardiac and cerebrovascular disease, which is often inadequately treated.
Smoking cessation
Authors: Aveyard Paul
Published: February 2020

Smoking is harmful to health. The main harms are cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most people who smoke start in their teens, and some become addicted. Stopping smoking may be prompted by public policy or price rises, and while physicians have a role in lobbying for these, the main opportunity a physician has to help their patients stop smoking is during the medical consultation. Advising the patient to stop has some effect, but is more likely to be effective when combined with practical help, the best form of which is regular face-to-face meetings to support the patient combined with drugs that reduce craving. Helping a patient to stop smoking greatly reduces their risk of illness and early death.
Sport and exercise medicine
Authors: Speed Cathy
Published: February 2020

Physical activity through sport can promote health and well-being but can result in injury, illness, or both. Understanding the patient, their ideas, expectations, and concerns, their sporting goals, sporting level, psychology, and past history is essential to ensuring adherence to any management programme. The scope of sport and exercise medicine includes (1) injuries, including those impacting bone health; (2) illness in and caused by sport, ranging from sudden cardiac death to overtraining syndromes and exertional heat illnesses; (3) drugs in sport and doping—all high-performance athletes and associated staff need to be educated about the World Anti-Doping Association code, the dangers of doping, and testing protocols; and (4) exercise as medicine, which is an important part of most disease prevention and management strategies.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Braitman David V. , Bustillo Juan R.
Published: February 2020

Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic mental illness of unknown aetiology for which there is presently no cure. However, over a century’s worth of research has resulted in important pathophysiological and therapeutic findings. Though strongly heritable, schizophrenia is a highly polygenic illness involving very small effects across hundreds of common variants. Small reductions in brain volume have been repeatedly documented, as well as an increment in striatal dopaminergic release. The most reliably effective treatment involves agents that block dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum, which though similarly efficacious, vary in terms of their side-effect profile. Only one drug, clozapine, has been found to be effective in schizophrenia patients who fail with other antipsychotic drugs. There is clearly a need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating illness.
Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Holtzheimer Paul E. , Mayberg Helen
Published: February 2020

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) has potential as a therapeutic intervention for patients with severe treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This chapter reviews the evolution of the research support for SCC DBS. It begins with a key publication that posited a putative neural circuit hypothesis for depression and TRD; this line of research culminated in identification of the SCC as a key node involved in the antidepressant response to somatic interventions. The clinical testing of SCC DBS is then reviewed, from the first proof-of-concept study up to a large, multi-site, randomized clinical trial. The next steps in SCC DBS research are then highlighted via a focus on two papers that describe the development and early testing of a circuit-based, imaging-guided approach to SCC DBS for TRD.
Suicide
Authors: Wasserman Danuta , Sokolowski Marcus , Carli Vladimir
Published: February 2020

Suicide is a leading cause of death and is preventable. This chapter identifies landmark papers from three areas within the field of suicide prevention that are important for trainees, experienced clinicians, and policymakers alike. Firstly, it reviews papers on evidence-based suicide prevention strategies. Physician education, pharmacological and psychotherapy treatments, school-based suicide prevention programmes, and means of suicide restriction are found to be effective in preventing suicidal behaviours. Suicide prevention strategies that require further research on efficacy are identified, along with directions for future research. Secondly, several papers are analysed providing evidence that talking about suicide does not cause iatrogenic effects. Suicide research and prevention should not be hindered due to unsubstantiated concerns. Lastly, a paper discussing the genetics of suicidal behaviour provides an understanding of the diathesis of suicide. These landmark papers highlight the importance of suicide prevention and inform future research.
Iron kinetics following treatment with sucroferric oxyhydroxide or ferric citrate in healthy rats and models of anaemia, iron overload or inflammation
Authors: Floege Jürgen , Funk Felix , Ketteler Markus , Rastogi Anjay , Walpen Sebastian , Covic Adrian C , Sprague Stuart M
Published: February 2020

Background

The iron-based phosphate binders, sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SFOH) and ferric citrate (FC), effectively lower serum phosphorus in clinical studies, but gastrointestinal iron absorption from these agents appears to differ. We compared iron uptake and tissue accumulation during treatment with SFOH or FC using experimental rat models.

Methods

Iron uptake was evaluated during an 8-h period following oral administration of SFOH, FC, ferrous sulphate (oral iron supplement) or control (methylcellulose vehicle) in rat models of anaemia, iron overload and inflammation. A 13-week study evaluated the effects of SFOH and FC on iron accumulation in different organs.

Results

In the pharmacokinetic experiments, there was a minimal increase in serum iron with SFOH versus control during the 8-h post-treatment period in the iron overload and inflammation rat models, whereas a moderate increase was observed in the anaemia model. Significantly greater increases (P < 0.05) in serum iron were observed with FC versus SFOH in the rat models of anaemia and inflammation. In the 13-week iron accumulation study, total liver iron content was significantly higher in rats receiving FC versus SFOH (P < 0.01), whereas liver iron content did not differ between rats in the SFOH and control groups.

Conclusions

Iron uptake was higher from FC versus SFOH following a single dose in anaemia, iron overload and inflammation rat models and 13 weeks of treatment in normal rats. These observations likely relate to different physicochemical properties of SFOH and FC and suggest distinct mechanisms of iron absorption from these two phosphate binders.
Development of Moral Disengagement
Authors: Bussey Kay
Published: February 2020

Most people learn to distinguish right from wrong and good from bad in the early years. However, people do not always act in accord with this knowledge. Sometimes there is a mismatch between adopting moral standards and behaving in line with them. From the social cognitive theory view of moral agency, it is posited that this mismatch between standards and behavior is accommodated by invoking moral disengagement mechanisms. These mechanisms serve to exonerate immoral behavior, thereby reducing the discomfort and guilt that would typically be experienced when moral standards are violated. By justifying immoral behavior individuals are able to maintain their belief that they are moral people while behaving badly. This chapter examines the roots and developmental trajectory of moral disengagement. Social and cognitive factors associated with its development are examined along with its selective use in different contexts. Future research is needed to uncover the factors that support the use of moral disengagement mechanisms in certain contexts by some people.
The Development of Forgiveness
Authors: Enright Robert D. , Song Jacqueline Y.
Published: February 2020

The psychology of forgiveness originated from the creative and important work on the development of justice initiated by Piaget in 1932 and extended by Kohlberg in 1969. The scientific study of forgiveness is quite new, having emerged in print in 1989, with an examination of the developmental progression in children’s, adolescents’, and adults’ thinking about the necessary conditions for them to offer forgiveness to another person. In this chapter, the authors first review the definition of forgiveness, followed by this early cognitive work. They then turn to a discussion of the measurement of forgiveness correlates of forgiveness. The practical application of this construct is seen in the development of forgiveness therapy and forgiveness education, which the authors discuss in light of the empirical findings. Future directions for forgiveness studies are considered.
Youth Programs as Contexts for Development of Ethical Judgment and Action
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Walker Kathrin C. , McGovern Gina
Published: February 2020

Research shows that participation in youth development programs (like arts, leadership, technology, and activism programs) is related to moral-ethical development. This chapter describes how programs support this development. Part I examines three program ingredients that faciliate youth’s ethical learning: a culture of youth empowerment and principled relationships; youth’s experience of respectful, trusting, multifaceted relationships with adult staff; and program activities in which youth are moral actors and deliberate on ethical judgements and action. Part II examines developmental processes in three ethical domains: (1) youth develop responsibility by accepting substantive program roles (costume manager, committee chair) and taking ownership over role obligations, (2) youth develop an ethic of social justice through structured activities that cultivate awareness of their own and others’ lived experiences and that build skills for social action, and (3) program leaders respond to youth’s transgressive behavior (lying, fighting, bullying) by employing their trusting relationship to support ethical reflection and learning.
Globalization as a Context for Moral Development
Authors: McKenzie Jessica
Published: February 2020

Though the developmental psychology of globalization is an emerging field of study, little is known about whether and how globalization affects moral development. Drawing from interdisciplinary research across diverse world regions, the author argues that globalization alters moral development by transforming the socializers to which youth are exposed. This chapter begins by proposing the moral relevance of scholarship that addresses the impact of globalization on identity development and cultural values. The chapter then turns to the author’s research with adolescent–parent dyads in rural and urban Thai communities, the findings of which indicate that urban adolescents stand alone in moral reasoning and conceptions of the moral self. The double-gap in moral personhood across contexts of globalization (urban, rural), and across generations (adolescents, parents) in the urban Thai community, suggests that globalization affects constellations of moral reasoning among youth in rapidly changing cultural contexts. The chapter concludes by posing pressing questions for moral developmentalists in a globalizing world.
Culture and the Development of Moralities of Community
Authors: Miller Joan G. , Källberg-Shroff Malin
Published: February 2020

Community pertains to the bonds that individuals have with family and friends and is fundamental to the individual’s sense of self and well-being. This chapter provides evidence that concerns with community constitute a type of morality that is qualitatively distinct from the morality of justice and that moralities of community take culturally variable forms. The authors begin by highlighting respects in which, in privileging justice considerations, mainstream models of morality downplay concerns with community. They then present evidence for the existence of moralities of community and for cultural variation in its forms. This is followed by a discussion of work on the developmental emergence of moralities of community and the socialization processes through which moralities of community emerge. In a final section, the authors identify challenges for future research in addressing issues of social justice in family relations and achieving greater cultural sensitivity in policy interventions with children and families.
Dysregulation of Neuronal Protein Synthesis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ma Tao
Published: February 2020

Currently there is no effective cure or intervention available for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia. It is urgent to understand the basic cellular/molecular signaling mechanisms underlying AD pathophysiology to identify novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Many studies indicate impaired synaptic function as a key and early event in AD pathogenesis. Mounting evidence suggests that dysregulations in mRNA translation (protein synthesis) may contribute to the development of synaptic dysfunction and cognitive defects in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Protein synthesis happens in three phases (initiation, elongation, and termination) and is tightly controlled through regulation of multiple signaling pathways in response to various stimuli. Integral protein synthesis is indispensable for memory formation and maintenance of synaptic plasticity. Interruption of protein synthesis homeostasis can lead to impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity. This chapter reviews recent studies supporting the idea that impaired protein synthesis is an important mechanism underlying AD-associated cognitive deficits and synaptic failure. It focuses on three signaling cascades controlling protein synthesis: eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Findings from human and animal studies demonstrating an association between dysregulation of these pathways and AD pathophysiology are summarized and discussed.
The Muddled Distinction Between De Jure and De Facto Segregation
Authors: Boddie Elise C.
Published: February 2020

In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 declared unconstitutional voluntary, race-based plans to integrate public schools in Jefferson County, Kentucky and Seattle, Washington. The decisionrested on a critical distinction in constitutional law between “de jure” segregation—resulting from purposeful discrimination by the government—and “de facto” racial imbalance derived from unintentional or “fortuitous” actions by state and private entities. The Court held that de facto school districts could not voluntarily assign students to schools according to their race for purposes of promoting integration. In a vigorous dissent, Justice Breyer argued the “futility” of the de jure–de facto distinction, contending that both districts should have been afforded the constitutional flexibility to pursue voluntary remedies that address racial imbalance in their schools. This chapter takes up Justice Breyer’s dissent to explore the complicated origins of school segregation outside the South and the federal cases that adjudicated its constitutionality. Its central contribution is to recover the often confusing legal narratives about segregation in the period after Brown and how federal courts struggled to discern the constitutional boundaries between de jure and de facto discrimination. The chapter briefly describes the constitutional turns that facilitated the Court’s decision in Parents Involved, including the advent of the intent requirement in equal protection and “colorblindness” doctrine, which treats any use of race as presumptively unconstitutional, regardless of its integrative purpose.
Developing the Free Mind
Authors: Buss Emily
Published: February 2020

In the U.S. Supreme Court’s cases addressing students’ constitutional rights in school, the focus is near exclusively on the special constraints imposed on rights by the school context. Largely missing is any consideration of the special opportunities created by students as actively developing rights holders, despite the increasing attention to the significance of children’s ongoing development to their constitutional rights in other contexts. This chapter calls for similar attention to children’s development in the school context, and considers how that attention, generated by courts and then addressed by educators, might alter the scope and nature of children’s rights of expression, due process, privacy, and religious freedom in school. While educators will necessarily take the lead in preparing children to assume adult roles, it falls on courts to help define those adult roles to ensure that students’ experiences in school are designed to produce citizens with the inclination and competence to exercise the rights required to preserve our most basic constitutional values.
Varieties of Time in Comparative Historical Analysis
Authors: Kreuzer Marcus
Published: February 2020

In recent years, comparative historical analysis (CHA) has become more cognizant of the role time plays in analyzing the past. It has begun to distinguish between clock-like, reversible, and measurable physical time and social, irreversible, and qualitative historical time. This chapter elaborates on this distinction and shows how it has enriched and refined CHA’s temporal vocabulary and defines three distinct strands of CHA: eventful analysis, longue durée, and macrocausal analysis. Each of these strands configures physical and historical time in distinct ways and thereby makes a distinct contribution in understanding and explaining macrohistorical phenomena.
Contributions of Nonverbal Cues to the Accurate Judgment of Personality Traits
Authors: Breil Simon M. , Osterholz Sarah , Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja D.
Published: February 2020

This chapter summarizes research on nonverbal expressions of behavior (nonverbal cues) and how they contribute to the accuracy of personality judgments. First, it presents a conceptual overview of relevant nonverbal cues in the domains of facial expressions, body language, paralanguage, and appearance as well as approaches to assess these cues on different levels of aggregation. It then summarizes research on the validity of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues are good indicators of personality?) and the utilization of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues lead to personality impressions?), resulting in a catalog of those cues that drive judgment accuracy for different traits. Finally, it discusses personal and situational characteristics that moderate the expression and utilization of nonverbal cues and give an outlook for future research.
Account books as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Puyou François-Régis , Quattrone Paolo
Published: February 2020

Using examples from Rome, the Renaissance, and modernity, this chapter takes an historical view on how accounts allow organizations to coalesce. This phenomenon is described as a process of composition where the visual and material spaces of accounts prompt their users to perform ordered classifications of arguments that make organizations tangible. Organizing is thus conceived as the regular encounter between people and artefacts. Such encounters support the coexistence of different interconnected organizings, resulting from multiple engagements with the signs and words in account books, as illustrated by the outcomes of budgetary discussions between engineers and traders in a hydroelectric company.
Colour Chart as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Beyes Timon
Published: February 2020

This chapter dwells on the colour chart as technology of organization. Following Benjamin’s distinction between medium of perception and technical apparatus, the colour chart is discussed as a materialization of colour’s organizational forces. For one, the colour chart disciplines the unruly, unstable, and treacherous realm of colour into orderly, manageable, and commercially exploitable colours. Then, by way of manifold forms of charts and grids, colour becomes a technology of organizing the social. However, colour is a perennial force of disorganization. The history of the colour chart is thus also one of grappling with colour’s volatility and unruliness.
Elevator as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Bernard Andreas
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the rise of the elevator from the mid-nineteenth century onwards and its ramifications for the organization, perception, and imagination of multi-storey buildings. The early history of the elevator is of particular interest because it resides, as it were, in the gap between an old and a new organization of space, and registers its very points of transition. To reconstruct the elevator’s medial and organizational power, four main problem areas are identified: ‘breaches’, ‘hierarchies’, ‘controls’, and ‘interiors’. These areas address the specific verticality of the elevator building, the new hierarchical order of the storeys, the development of control elements, and the hermetic space of the elevator cabin.
Executive Dashboard as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Beverungen Armin
Published: February 2020

This chapter interrogates the executive dashboard as a contemporary example of the deployment of computation in management. Conceptualizing the dashboard as an interface, it explores how it reconfigures human–machine relations and their respective intelligences. The dashboard separates the executive manager and the computational system, as much as it augments both in their capacities for decision and control. Human decision making emerges as a residuality and an exception to computational processes, while decision making is also distributed within and delegated to the technical system. The dashboarding of human–machine intelligences produces a smartness characterizing contemporary computation, management, and organization.
Pen as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Hjorth Daniel
Published: February 2020

This chapter traces the signature (Agamben, 2009) of the pen as an answer to the desire to write—writing that, via memory, learning, and school is intimately tied up with knowledge. It then inquires into the two assemblages of hand–ink–pen, and pen–writing–expression. The desire to write holds these two assemblages together and the pen is the link, the object of desire, and the technology through which typically everything, despite the trembling hand, seems possible. The chapter follows the pen into organization theory where it has been central to the office, bureaucratic regulation, and control, but also to expression and freedom.
Prezi as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Skoglund Annika
Published: February 2020

Prezi, a zooming presentation tool, has been spoken and programmed into being according to well-known ideas of transmission, collaboration, and augmentation. This chapter traces the ‘productiveness’ in the shifts between these three themes, moving from transmission through collaboration towards the mobilization of technologies for the more-than-human, driven by how the Prezi technology has been envisioned as a sense-to-sense prosthesis. To end, it is argued that there is a correlating critical position of productiveness present in Prezi’s ‘alternative entrepreneurship’, i.e., the more-than-economic organization that the company seeks.
Pussyhat as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Just Sine Nørholm
Published: February 2020

This chapter retraces the organizational capacity of the pussyhat. How did this object interrelate with other media and technologies in the making of the Women’s March? And how does it continue to do so as the Women’s March transforms itself from a singular event to a social movement? In answering these questions, emphasis is placed on the material quality of the pussyhat as a knitted object. As a social technology, knitting marks identity, establishes collective bonds, and offers opportunities for social change. The chapter explores the interweaving of these three socio-technical functions in charging the pussyhat with affective organizational force.
Railway Tracks as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: De Cock Christian
Published: February 2020

The image of railway tracks expresses the intricate connections between the ‘thing world’ and the ‘social world’, between material objects and human organization. This chapter explores the dialectical nature of railway tracks: they speak of the future whilst evoking a sense of loss, thus encouraging reflection on the two poles of the social experience of technology—use and obsolescence. As such they are an ‘ambiguous marker of the modern condition’. The chapter aims to capture somehow this profound ambiguity through the works of various artists: Anselm Kiefer, Ivan Puig, and Andres Padilla Domene in particular.
Recommender System as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Kallinikos Jannis , Alaimo Cristina
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on technologies of personalization. It analyses the functioning and assumptions embedded in personalized recommendations and shows how recommender systems model user behaviour to procure the data that enable the comparison and assessment of user choices against the choices of other users. Personalization inherits some of the rationales of the organizational practice of customization which reframes and develops in several ways. The capacity to shape individual user behaviour online acquires a different force and a ubiquitous presence. As the chapter shows, personalization translates individuals into data profiles and disintegrates the fictional space of consumer choice in an endless repetition of clicks.
High Heels as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Zundel Mike
Published: February 2020

Increasingly contested as compulsory items of workers’ dress codes, high heels continue to code power and success. But as an aesthetic ideal high heeled shoes raise questions about commodification as well as social and economic control. As items of glamour they signal and sometimes replace affluence and independence. As objects of fetish high heeled shoes stand in as a reassuring spectacle. As markers of success they contribute to a model of female achievement that requires a transformation. But as prostheses the artifice and transformability of high heels allows for playfulness and re-appropriation, and for disruption wherever they insert incongruity into the otherwise fluid processes of (organized) life.
Whiteboard, Flipchart as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Metelmann Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter investigates the organizational media of the flipchart and whiteboard and their use practices in different scenes and frameworks, combining personal evidence and psychoanalytical theory. Thinking with Freud’s seminal notion of ‘Der Wunderblock’, the flipchart provides a permanent trace at the expense of a limited receptive capacity, while the whiteboard provides unlimited receptivity at the expense of the permanent trace. Furthermore, the chapter reflects on the two media as dispositives of ‘organizational scenes’ as well as missing links in the history of digitized knowledge with the World Wide Web as humanity’s unconscious.
Push Button as a mediating technology of organization
Authors: Duffner L. Roman
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyses push buttons as media of organization. These ubiquitous and often-trivialized technical objects are crucial for the organization of space and practice, providing means of control and participation beyond the local situation or the organizational boundary. A closer look at push buttons’ mediating activity reveals not only their agential force, but also points to opposing or contradicting properties and conditions that are unified in object-related practices, like the simultaneity of de-skilling and empowering or the situational complexity of simplified functions. These ambiguities show the variety of conditions that can become meaningful in the understanding of media and/in organizational practices.
Entrepreneurship and Identity
Authors: Fauchart Emmanuelle , Gruber Marc
Published: February 2020

A growing body of research indicates that the entrepreneur’s identity is core to our understanding of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes. Identity has gained in popularity over the course of the last decade, as entrepreneurship scholars have realized that the richness of the concept, its embeddedness in social and symbolic universes, and its strong theoretical roots in psychology and sociology promote theory building. This chapter reviews key works in entrepreneurship that draw on the identity concept, thereby creating a much-needed map of current research—which also offers several promising ideas for future research.
Age Identity and Organizations
Authors: Ainsworth Susan
Published: February 2020

Age is one of the major social identities by which people are categorized but it has received meagre attention within organization studies. Organizations, however, are one of the key contexts in which age identities—and the relations between them—are accomplished. Age also constitutes a special case of identity fluidity and temporality: people are expected to progress sequentially through age categories and the meanings attributed to physical change experienced over time trigger instability, threatening coherence and continuity of self. This chapter discusses the critical potential and challenges of age identity through a review of the literature organized around five main themes: generations and generational identity, age identity categories such as the ‘older worker’, the intersection of age with other social identities, the meanings and experiences of retirement, and finally, the identity changes associated with later life and its management. The author concludes by arguing that a focus on age identities can encourage broader critical reflection about the colonization by work and production across the whole of life.
Identity Work in Developing Collaborative Leadership
Authors: Simpson Barbara , Carroll Brigid
Published: February 2020

This chapter uses leadership development as a portal to understanding how identity work is collaboratively practised in organizations. At the same time it explores an organizationally sanctioned liminality that continuously produces identity work in the performative interweaving of travelling concepts. Advancing this link between leadership development and identity work, the authors engage a processual re-theorization that posits identity work as liminal practice—emergent, edgy, ephemeral, precarious, and fluid in nature—and leadership development as concerned with making visible the implicit identity work undertaken within this liminality. They illustrate their argument with insights from a leadership studio workshop, which sought to develop collaborative leadership within a recently formed public health and social care service where identity work continuously shapes, and is shaped by the development of a more inclusive and dynamic leadership practice.
Preserving the Generative Potential of Identity Scholarship
Authors: Corlett Sandra , McInnes Peter
Published: February 2020

The field of identity and, more specifically, identity work continues to blossom, encompassing contributions from different traditions of scholarship. Through an analysis of contributions in the areas of identity work and struggles, and space/place, this chapter suggests the field’s expansion in four respects: conceptual, theoretical, thematic, and methodological. The authors’ subsequent discussion draws on Barthes’ (1990 [1974]) distinction between readerly and writerly texts to examine critically the writing practices through which contributions are established, and through which dialogue between different traditions and perspectives is both delimited and opened up. They conclude by offering reflections on the challenges of publishing the type of complex, plural work they are advocating, and make suggestions regarding the possibilities for ensuring identity remains a generative means of exploring the dynamics of organization.
Discourse, Communication, and Identity
Authors: Kuhn Timothy , Simpson Jayne
Published: February 2020

Across theories of identity and subjectivity, discourse and communication are central, constitutive elements. This chapter clarifies conceptions of these notions and portrays them as separate yet connected. It then reviews four broad lines of theorizing identity in which discourse and communication are prominent: Social Identity Theory (SIT), narrative theorizing, critical/poststructural approaches, and emerging relational ontologies. In addition to drawing out contrasting conceptions of agency marking the four perspectives, the chapter shows how discourse and communication are central to the existence, persistence, and transformation of identities. To do so, the chapter employs illustrations from sports fandom, branding, and peer bullying. The key insight of the chapter is that, across these four traditions, discourse and communication are increasingly understood not as representational, but as constitutive: identities do not draw upon discourse and communication to express or represent themselves, but instead are generated, sustained, and altered exclusively in and through discursive and communicative practices.