bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estrutura e diversidade da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta superomontana, no Planalto de Poços de Caldas (MG)
Authors: Costa Malcon do Prado , Pereira José Aldo Alves , Fontes Marco Aurélio Leite , Melo Pablo Hendrigo Alves de , Pífano Daniel Salgado , Pellicciottii André Schatz , Pompeu Patrícia Vieira , Silva Rossi Allan
Published: June 2015

Foi realizado o levantamento da comunidade arbórea de uma floresta tropical superomontana, situada na Serra de São Domingos, no planalto de Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brasil (altitude de 1.200 m a 1.575 m; 21°46'25"S, 46'24"10"W), com o objetivo de avaliar as variações estruturais e variáveis ambientais relacionadas. Foram analisados aspectos da estrutura fisionômica (densidade, área basal e distribuição de tamanho das árvores) e comunitária (composição, distribuição e diversidade de espécies). Foram alocadas 22 parcelas de 5 x 100 m no fragmento para amostragem dos indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm, e coleta de dados topográficos e amostras de solo superficial (0-20 cm) para análises químicas e texturais. Foram registradas 53 famílias botânicas, 104 gêneros, 178 espécies e 1963 indivíduos, assim como três subgrupos de solos: Neossolos Litólicos, Cambissolos e Argissolos (distróficos e eutróficos), distribuídos ao longo da variação altitudinal do fragmento. Uma análise de correspondência canônica revelou um gradiente de distribuição das espécies arbóreas principalmente correlacionada com as variações altitudinais, o teor de Magnésio (Mg++) e saturação por alumínio (m).
"Hacer presente el saber de las maestras: prácticas educativas que crean y recrean la vida en las aulas"
Authors: Galvañ Dolo Molina
Published: June 2015

El texto recupera y reflexiona sobre algunas prácticas educativas desarrolladas por maestras vinculadas a la renovación pedagógica, que pueden servir como ejemplos vivos, ejemplos de la experiencia en la formación inicial y permanente del profesorado. Se trata de recuperar y hacer visible aquello que ya existe yfunciona en las escuelas para aprender de ello, pero también para enfrentar las limitaciones y los peligros en las que pueden quedar atrapadas estas prácticas para mantener abierta la vía del deseo y de la interrogación.Palabras clave: Genealogía; Autoridad Femenina; Saber de la experiencia.
 Entre o “gostar” de estar na escola e a invisibilidade juvenil: um estudo sobre jovens estudantes de Santa Maria, RS
Authors: Tomazetti Elisete Medianeira , Ramos Nara Vieira , Salva Sueli , Oliveira Adriano Machado , Schlickmann Vitor
Published: June 2015

Este artigo coloca em pauta os jovens estudantes de Ensino Médio da cidade de Santa Maria e algumas de suas perspectivas relacionadas ao processo de escolarização. Santa Maria, pela sua condição de cidade universitária, interfere significativamente na vida escolar dos jovens. Tomamos como referência para esse texto a pesquisa “Educação e Juventude: jovens das escolas públicas de Ensino Médio de Santa Maria”, realizada ao longo do ano de 2009, cujos dados são resultantes de entrevistas com 370 jovens do Ensino Médio, envolvendo escolas situadas na zona urbana e rural de Santa Maria. A metodologia definida pela investigação constitui-se de duas etapas, uma quantitativa, em que os dados foram levantados e analisados, e outra qualitativa, a que utiliza como método “grupos de diálogo”, técnica utilizada em outras investigações com jovens e que privilegia o diálogo e a expressão juvenil. O texto apresenta, inicialmente, uma discussão ampla acerca da juventude e dos processos de escolarização e, posteriormente, os dados e as análises correspondentes à referida pesquisa. Por fim, focalizamos e debatemos dois pontos: o “gostar” de estar na escola na perspectiva dos jovens e a invisibilidade da cultura desse segmento social no âmbito escolar.Palavras-chave: Jovens; Ensino Médio; Invisibilidade juvenil.
Educação Superior: universidade e o projeto de formação cidadã
Authors: Morosini Marília Costa , Fernandes Cleoni Maria Barboza
Published: June 2015

Este texto é resultante de reuniões de estudo e de pesquisa no Centro de Estudos de Educação Superior – CEES e de diferentes produções nos grupos de pesquisa  das autoras e se propõe a fazer uma discussão sobre a Educação Superior, universidade, a sociedade e a democratização das práticas sociais, compreendendo que é necessário mirar para processos de internacionalização do campo da Educação e, especialmente neste texto, do campo da Pedagogia Universitária. Contextualiza a temática na crise da modernidade, sinalizando implicações para o compromisso ético-político da universidade, da formação pedagógica de professores e sinaliza para condicionantes socioeconômicos, políticos e culturais.Palavras-chave: Educação Superior, Pedagogia Universitária, compromisso social; CEES.
Por uma pedagogia das grandes urgências planetárias
Authors: Andreola Balduíno Antonio
Published: June 2015

Paulo Freire escreveu, em sua Terceira Carta Pedagógica: “Se a educação sozinha, não transforma a sociedade, sem ela tampouco a sociedade muda.” (FREIRE, 2000, p.67). Nesta perspectiva, a educação não pode restringir-se aos problemas de sala de aula. Na sua necessária dimensão ético-política precisa contribuir para a solução de problemas hoje tão graves, que dizem respeito à própria sobrevivência da humanidade e do planeta como um todo. Trata-se, pois, de pensarmos a educação em termos de urgência máxima, ou de “situações-limite” plantarias. Objetivo principal deste artigo é o de buscar, tanto nas obras de diferentes autores, quanto em projetos inovadores, elementos para aquela que denomino “pedagogia das grandes urgências”. A pergunta que levanto, para mim e para os que me lerem, é esta: Qual a contribuição que nos cabe darmos, como educadoras e educadores, para a construção de um mundo mais humano e solidário, numa época que muitos estudiosos consideram caracterizada por diferentes e cruéis formas de barbárie?
Staging the Sherleys' Travails
Authors: Hutchings Mark
Published: June 2015

The remarkable Sherley brothers and their maverick diplomacy evidently appealed to early seventeenth-century readers, and dramatists recognised the theatrical potential their adventures offered. Scholars have been drawn to The Travailes of the Three English Brothers for its depiction of encounters with ‘others’, as a portrait of early modern England's ambitions beyond its shores. This article examines how, rather than serving as propaganda, as Thomas Sherley must have hoped, the theatrical treatment exposed the brothers to a sustained critique, deploying irony to undercut the heroic motives to which they laid claim and revealing the ideological fault lines at the heart of their enterprise.
Masking and Unmasking in Verdi's Falstaff: (Meta)Theatrical Tour de Force in L'Opéra de Tours
Authors: Fischer Susan L.
Published: June 2015

Gilles Bouillon's tour de force mise en scène of Verdi's opera Falstaff moves on the premise of ‘ Tutti gabàtti!’ (‘We are all fools’), heightened by the stage presence of a large reproduction of Ensor aux masques to underscore the idea of ‘the hypocritical face behind the mask’. The director emphasised theatrical naturalism to create living space and conceptual abstraction to engender an association of ideas. Given that in Falstaff, as Verdi affirmed, the impact is on notes and words, Bouillon enabled the soloists to function simultaneously as actors. Under Bouillon's direction, Falstaff turned out as the title role should be in performance: ‘rounded but never weighty’.
Dynamical feature extraction at the sensory periphery guides chemotaxis
Authors: Schulze Aljoscha , Gomez-Marin Alex , Rajendran Vani G , Lott Gus , Musy Marco , Ahammad Parvez , Deogade Ajinkya , Sharpe James , Riedl Julia , Jarriault David , Trautman Eric T , Werner Christopher , Venkadesan Madhusudhan , Druckmann Shaul , Jayaraman Vivek , Louis Matthieu
Published: June 2015

Behavioral strategies employed for chemotaxis have been described across phyla, but the sensorimotor basis of this phenomenon has seldom been studied in naturalistic contexts. Here, we examine how signals experienced during free olfactory behaviors are processed by first-order olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the Drosophila larva. We find that OSNs can act as differentiators that transiently normalize stimulus intensity—a property potentially derived from a combination of integral feedback and feed-forward regulation of olfactory transduction. In olfactory virtual reality experiments, we report that high activity levels of the OSN suppress turning, whereas low activity levels facilitate turning. Using a generalized linear model, we explain how peripheral encoding of olfactory stimuli modulates the probability of switching from a run to a turn. Our work clarifies the link between computations carried out at the sensory periphery and action selection underlying navigation in odor gradients.
A signature for success
Authors: Espinosa Joaquín M , Sullivan Kelly D
Published: June 2015

The expression pattern of 13 genes can predict whether cancer cells will be sensitive to drugs that inhibit a protein that represses the activity of p53.
N

‐Carboxylated‐2‐substituted Indoles and 2,3‐Disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐4‐quinolones from 2‐Alkynylbenzamides
Authors: Okamoto Noriko , Takeda Kei , Yanada* Reiko
Published: June 2015

The article describes the synthesis of indole involving Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides using hypervalent iodine reagent PhI(OAc)2 followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, and platinum(II)‐catalyzed 5‐
endo
cyclization of carbamate nitrogen atom toward an alkyne functionality. It also discusses the strategy for the synthesis of quinolone that involves Hofmann‐type rearrangement of 2‐alkynylbenzamides followed by a nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to an isocyanate intermediate, acid‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2]‐cycloaddition between the carbon‐carbon triple bonds of carbamates and aldehydes, and acid‐catalyzed intramolecular aminocyclization to the α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
Pd‐Catalyzed External‐CO‐Free Carbonylation: Preparation of 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenyl 3,4‐Dihydronaphthalene‐2‐Carboxylate
Authors: Konishi Hideyuki , Ueda Tsuyoshi , Manabe* Kei , Ciesielski Jennifer , Carreira Erick
Published: June 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of organic (pseudo)halides has received much attention because of its versatility for the synthesis of carbonyl‐containing compounds. This article discusses the preparation of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl 3,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate using Pd‐catalyzed external‐CO‐free carbonylation. It also discusses the characterization data of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl 3,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐2‐carboxylate.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Arene C‐H Bonds Using Azides as the Nitrogen Source
Authors: Park Sae Hume , Park Yoonsu , Chang* Sukbok
Published: June 2015

The article reports the practical procedure of the direct
C
‐
H
amination and amidation reaction of arenes using aryl sulfonyl azides as the source of the nitrogen functionality, which releases molecular nitrogen as the single by‐product. This reaction is catalyzed under mild conditions by a cationic rhodium complex [Cp*Rh(III)]2+(
SbF
6
)2 2‐ (Cp*, ?5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) without requiring external oxidants. This procedure offers a very efficient and practical route to aryl amines and amides.
Synthesis of Alkynyliodonium Salts: Preparation of Phenyl(phenylethynyl)iodonium Trifluoroacetate
Authors: Dixon Luke I. , Carroll* Michael A. , Ellames George J. , Gregson Thomas J.
Published: June 2015

Alkynyliodonium salts are highly versatile reactive intermediates and as such, have been used in a number of cycloaddition reactions including 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile‐oxides, diazoketones and azides as well as Diels‐Alder chemistry. This article discusses the preparation procedure of phenyl(phenylethynyl)iodonium trifluoroacetate.
Palladium‐catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Conjugated Enones
Authors: Zhou Feng , Chen Liang , Li* Chao‐Jun
Published: June 2015

The development of palladium‐catalyzed CC bond formation reactions has dramatically advanced the “state‐of‐the‐art” of organic synthesis. The well known palladium catalyzed CC bond formation reactions include the Heck reaction, the Stille reaction, the Suzuki reaction, the Trost–Tsuji reaction, and the Sonogashira‐coupling. This article describes the procedure to synthesize various 1,4‐addition products from the terminal alkynes and conjugated enones in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)
2
and PMe
3
Cross‐Coupling of Alkenyl/Aryl Carboxylates with Grignard Reagents via Fe‐Catalyzed C‐O Bond Activation
Authors: Li Bi‐Jie , Zhang Xi‐Sha , Shi* Zhang‐Jie , Dhanjee Heemal , Wood John L.
Published: June 2015

Transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are useful methods to construct
C
‐
C
bonds and have been widely used in organic synthesis. The coupling of carboxylates with Grignard reagents proceeds smoothly with high yield and efficiency under mild conditions. Both cyclic and acyclic alkenyl pivalates give good yields. In the presence of both an alkenyl or aryl ester, the alkenyl pivalate reacted selectively. Aryl pivalates are also capable of reacting, although in a lower yield; however, the reactions of inactivated alkenyl carboxylates such as 1‐cyclohexenyl pivalate have been unsuccessful under these conditions.
Preparation of 5‐Hydroxycyclopentenones Via Conjugate Addition‐Initiated Nazarov Cyclization
Authors: Brooks Joshua L. , Huang Yu‐Wen , Frontier* Alison J.
Published: June 2015

The Nazarov electrocyclization has become a versatile method for the synthesis of cyclopentenones with a broad range of substitution patterns, with excellent potential as building blocks for complex molecule synthesis. The article describes the synthesis and use of dienyl diketones as substrates in Nazarov cyclizations, initiated by 1,6‐conjugate addition of an amine or malonate nucleophile. A three‐step protocol is employed to prepare the dienyl diketones, and the cyclization produces 5‐hydroxycyclopentenones in high yields.
Synthesis of Arylboronic Pinacol Esters from Corresponding Arylamines
Authors: Qiu Di , Meng He , Jin Liang , Tang Shengbo , Wang Shuai , Mo Fangyang , Zhang Yan , Wang* Jianbo
Published: June 2015

The pinacol arylboronates can be accessed by Pd‐catalyzed borylation of arylhalides (Miyaura borylation), or by Ir‐ or Rh‐catalyzed direct borylation via aromatic CH bond activation. The article reports modified reaction conditions, under which the borylation is carried out in MeCN at 80°C without the use of BPO. In most cases, the modified reaction conditions give slightly improved yields.
One‐pot Preparation of (
S
)‐
N
‐[(
S
)‐1‐Hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐1,1‐diphenylpentan‐2‐yl]pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide from L‐Proline
Authors: Harnying Wacharee , Duangdee Nongnaphat , Berkessel* Albrecht
Published: June 2015

The development of economical and practical one‐pot multistep synthesis is described in this article, in which the reaction product from the initial step is used directly without purification for the next step, thus affording 5 directly from proline. Moreover, the chiral amino alcohol 2, as the coupling partner, can be prepared and used directly without purification from the corresponding amino acid ester 1. For the direct coupling process of proline with 2, the Boc‐protected proline is first generated in situ from proline and Boc2O (1 equiv).8 Successive treatment with ethyl chloroformate and the amino alcohol 2 yields the N‐Boc proline amide 4. Subsequent removal of the Boc‐group using concentrated HCl in MeOH‐CH2Cl2 as a clean, reliable and convenient deprotection method is another key feature of the procedure presented herein
EnantioselectiveRhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Pentenyl Isocyanate and 4‐Ethynylanisole: Preparation and Use of Taddol‐pyrrolidine Phosphoramidite
Authors: Oberg Kevin M. , Martin Timothy J. , Oinen Mark Emil , Dalton Derek M. , Friedman Rebecca Keller , Neely Jamie M. , Rovis* Tomislav
Published: June 2015

The procedure in this article describes an improved synthesis of Taddol‐ pyrrolidine phosphoramidite, a chromatography free synthesis of pentenyl isocyanate, and use of these compounds in the enantioselective rhodium‐ catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of pentenyl isocyanate and 4‐ ethynylanisole.
Synthesis and Use of a Trifluoromethylated Azomethine Ylide Precursor: Ethyl 1‐Benzyl‐
trans
‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidine‐3‐carboxylate
Authors: Allwood Daniel M. , Browne Duncan L. , Ley* Steven V.
Published: June 2015

The ylide precursor is prepared in a straightforward fashion in two synthetic steps from bulk, readily available starting materials and also it has been shown to perform well in cycloaddition reactions with a set of dipolarophiles that are typically used in mono‐, di‐ and tri‐substituted alkenes, alkynes and diimides. The CF3 group helps impart useful levels of regio‐ and diastereo‐control, with a clear preference for the least sterically encumbered transition state; leading to the 2,4 anti pyrrolidines and 2,4 substituted 3‐pyrrolines as the major isomers which are generally isolable from the mixture by flash column chromatography.
Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted 2‐aminothiazoles from α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones: Preparation of 5‐Benzyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐aminothiazolium Hydrochloride Salt
Authors: Gómez Antonio Bermejo , Ahlsten Nanna , Platero‐Prats Ana E. , Martín‐Matute* Belén
Published: June 2015

This article describes the synthesis of 4,5‐disubstitued 2‐aminothiazolium hydrochloride salts. The method is exemplified in the synthesis of 2‐aminothiazole 3 from a readily available enone. High yields of 5‐benzyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐aminothiazolium hydrochloride are obtained in 3 steps, avoiding difficult or expensive purifications. The key step of this process is the tandem allylic alcohol isomerization/C?Cl bond formation catalyzed by iridium, which is a highly efficient method to synthesize α‐(mono)chloroketones selectively.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Dimethyl‐3‐(
p
‐tolyl)‐1
H
‐pyrrolo[3,2‐
c
]pyridin‐2(3
H
)‐one by Cu(
II
)‐Mediated Direct Oxidative Coupling
Authors: Dey Chandan , Peter Kündig* E.
Published: June 2015

The
CuCl
2
‐mediated protocol was extended to the synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted aza‐oxindoles. Compounds containing the aza‐oxindole structural motif exhibit biological activities such as oral anti‐inflammatory activity, and potent
TrkA
kinase and
JAK
3 kinase inhibition. This article discusses the synthesis of 1,3‐dimethyl‐3‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[3, 2‐c]pyridine‐2,(3H)‐one by Cu(II)‐mediated direct oxidative coupling.
Preparation of (
R
)‐4‐Cyclohexyl‐2,3‐butadien‐1‐ol
Authors: Ye Juntao , Ma* Shengming , Wu Mingyao , Ma Dawei
Published: June 2015

Allenes have become an important class of compounds for the purposes of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science, therefore, methods for the efficient synthesis of allenes from easily available starting materials are highly desirable. This article discusses the preparation procedure of (R)‐4‐Cyclohexyl‐2,3‐butadien‐1‐ol
Discussion Addendum for: Formation of γ‐Keto Esters from β‐Keto Esters: Methyl 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxohexanoate
Authors: Bhogadhi Yashoda M. D. , Zercher* Charles K.
Published: June 2015

Methods for the preparation of donor‐acceptor (push‐pull) cyclopropanes for the purpose of incorporating a single carbon between two carbonyl groups have been developed by a number of research groups. This article describes the works of research groups for the formation of α‐keto esters from α‐keto esters
Ni‐catalyzed Reductive Cleavage of Methyl 3‐Methoxy‐2‐Naphthoate
Authors: Cornella Josep , Zarate Cayetana , Martin* Ruben
Published: June 2015

The Ni‐catalyzed reductive cleavage was distinguished by its wide scope, including challenging substrate combinations. This article describes a functional group tolerant Ni‐catalyzed reductive cleavage of aryl methyl ethers that occurs with a wide substrate scope. It is believed that such a reaction open up new perspectives in the field of CO bond‐cleavage, a less‐explored but vibrant area of expertise.
Indium‐Catalyzed Heteroaryl–Heteroaryl Bond Formation through Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Preparation of 2‐Methyl‐3‐(thien‐2‐yl)‐1
H
‐indole
Authors: Nagase Yuta , Tsuchimoto* Teruhisa
Published: June 2015

The article describes the synthesis of 2‐methyl‐3‐(thien‐2‐yl)‐1
H
‐indole on a 0.25 mmol scale carried out with 2‐methyl‐1H‐indole and 2‐methoxythiophene in a 1.3:1 molar ratio. The desired product is isolated as a pure form by column chromatography on silica gel. In order to obtain the pure product in such a large‐scale synthesis, the use of a slight excess molar amount of not 2‐methyl‐1H‐indole but 2‐methoxythiophene is important.
3‐Hydroxymethyl‐3‐phenylcyclopropene
Authors: Selvaraj Ramajeyam , Chintala Srinivasa R. , Taylor Michael T. , Fox* Joseph M.
Published: June 2015

The article describes the preparation of 3‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐phenylcyclopropene and modification was reported. This compound and related, prochiral cyclopropenes served as platforms for a number of enantioselective reactions, including enantioselective hydrostannation, hydroacylation, hydroboration, carbomagnesation and carbozincation reactions.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α− and β−Boc‐protected 6‐Hydroxy‐pyranones: Carbohydrate Building Blocks
Authors: Bajaj Sumit O. , Farnsworth Jamison R. , O'Doherty* George A.
Published: June 2015

As part of a larger effort aimed at using the tools of asymmetric synthesis for medicinal chemistry, chemists have been seeking new methods for the de novo asymmetric synthesis of carbohydrates. One broadly applicable asymmetric approach involves the use of α‐ and β‐6‐t‐butoxycarboxy‐2H‐pyran‐3(6H)‐ones as carbohydrate precursors. This article describes the enantioselective synthesis of α‐ and β‐Boc protected 6‐hydroxy‐pyranones.
Visible Light Communications (VLC) Technology
Authors: Ndjiongue Alain Richard , Ferreira Hendrik C. , Ngatched Telex M. N.
Published: June 2015

This article reviews the visible light communications (VLC), a technology in which the visible spectrum is modulated to transmit data. It presents the VLC communication system: the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver. The single and multichannel transceivers are presented. The channel for a system that uses a single light‐emitting diodes (LED) and the matrix representing the multicolor channel are discussed. Various modulation schemes, basic techniques used to implement a VLC system, and different causes of dimming are discussed. In addition, standardization of the VLC technology, applications, as well as challenges for VLC practical implementation and commercialization are reviewed.
Consequences of systematic model drift in DYNAMO MJO hindcasts with SP‐CAM and CAM5
Authors: Hannah Walter M. , Maloney Eric D. , Pritchard Michael S.
Published: June 2015

Hindcast simulations of MJO events during the dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign are conducted with two models, one with conventional parameterization (CAM5) and a comparable model that utilizes superparameterization (SP‐CAM). SP‐CAM is shown to produce a qualitatively better reproduction of the fluctuations of precipitation and low‐level zonal wind associated with the first two DYNAMO MJO events compared to CAM5. Interestingly, skill metrics using the real‐time multivariate MJO index (RMM) suggest the opposite conclusion that CAM5 has more skill than SP‐CAM. This inconsistency can be explained by a systematic increase of RMM amplitude with lead time, which results from a drift of the large‐scale wind field in SP‐CAM that projects strongly onto the RMM index. CAM5 hindcasts exhibit a contraction of the moisture distribution, in which extreme wet and dry conditions become less frequent with lead time. SP‐CAM hindcasts better reproduce the observed moisture distribution, but also have stronger drift patterns of moisture budget terms, such as an increase in drying by meridional advection in SP‐CAM. This advection tendency in SP‐CAM appears to be associated with enhanced off‐equatorial synoptic eddy activity with lead time. Systematic drift moisture tendencies in SP‐CAM are of similar magnitude to intraseasonal moisture tendencies, and therefore are important for understanding MJO prediction skill.
Effects of the passage of Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) observed by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Authors: Restano Marco , Plaut Jeffrey J. , Campbell Bruce A. , Gim Yonggyu , Nunes Daniel , Bernardini Fabrizio , Egan Anthony , Seu Roberto , Phillips Roger J.
Published: June 2015

The close passage of Comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) to Mars provided a unique opportunity to observe the interaction of cometary materials with the Martian ionosphere and atmosphere using the sounding radar SHARAD (SHAllow RADar) aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. In two nightside observations, acquired in the 10 h following the closest approach, the SHARAD data reveal a significant increase of the total electron content (TEC). The observed TEC values are typical for daylight hours just after dawn or before sunset but are unprecedented this deep into the night. Results support two predictions indicating that cometary pickup O+ ions, or ions generated from the ablation of cometary dust, are responsible for the creation of an additional ion layer.
Great earthquakes in low strain rate continental interiors: An example from SE Kazakhstan
Authors: Campbell G. E. , Walker R. T. , Abdrakhmatov K. , Jackson J. , Elliott J. R. , Mackenzie D. , Middleton T. , Schwenninger J.‐L.
Published: June 2015

The Lepsy fault of the northern Tien Shan, SE Kazakhstan, extends E‐W 120 km from the high mountains of the Dzhungarian Ala‐tau, a subrange of the northern Tien Shan, into the low‐lying Kazakh platform. It is an example of an active structure that connects a more rapidly deforming mountain region with an apparently stable continental region and follows a known Palaeozoic structure. Field‐based and satellite observations reveal an ∼10 m vertical offset exceptionally preserved along the entire length of the fault. Geomorphic analysis and age control from radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating methods indicate that the scarp formed in the Holocene and was generated by at least two substantial earthquakes. The most recent event, dated to sometime after ∼400 years B.P., is likely to have ruptured the entire ∼120 km fault length in aMw7.5–8.2 earthquake. The Lepsy fault kinematics were characterized using digital elevation models and high‐resolution satellite imagery, which indicate that the predominant sense of motion is reverse right lateral with a fault strike, dip, and slip vector azimuth of ∼110°, 50°S, and 317–343°, respectively, which is consistent with predominant N‐S shortening related to the India‐Eurasia collision. In light of these observations, and because the activity of the Lepsy fault would have been hard to ascertain if it had not ruptured in the recent past, we note that the absence of known active faults within low‐relief and low strain rate continental interiors does not always imply an absence of seismic hazard.
Large eddy simulation using the general circulation modelICON
Authors: Dipankar Anurag , Stevens Bjorn , Heinze Rieke , Moseley Christopher , Zängl Günther , Giorgetta Marco , Brdar Slavko
Published: June 2015

ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic) is a unified modeling system for global numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate studies. Validation of its dynamical core against a test suite for numerical weather forecasting has been recently published by Zängl et al. (2014). In the present work, an extension of ICON is presented that enables it to perform as a large eddy simulation (LES) model. The details of the implementation of the LES turbulence scheme in ICON are explained and test cases are performed to validate it against two standard LES models. Despite the limitations that ICON inherits from being a unified modeling system, it performs well in capturing the mean flow characteristics and the turbulent statistics of two simulated flow configurations—one being a dry convective boundary layer and the other a cumulus‐topped planetary boundary layer.
Balanced dynamics and convection in the tropical troposphere
Authors: Raymond David , Fuchs Željka , Gjorgjievska Saška , Sessions Sharon
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a conceptual picture of balanced tropical tropospheric dynamics inspired by recent observations. The most important factor differentiating the tropics from middle and higher latitudes is the absence of baroclinic instability; upward motion occurs primarily via deep convective processes. Thus, convection forms an integral part of large‐scale tropical motions. Since convection itself is small‐scale and chaotic in detail, predictability lies in uncovering the hidden hands that guide the average behavior of convection. Two appear, balanced dynamics and thermodynamic constraints. Contrary to conventional expectations, balanced dynamics plays a crucial role in the tropical atmosphere. However, due to the smallness of the Coriolis parameter there, nonlinear balance is more important in the tropics than at higher latitudes. Three thermodynamic constraints appear to play an important role in governing the average behavior of convection outside of the cores of tropical storms. First, convection is subject to control via a lower tropospheric buoyancy quasi‐equilibrium process, wherein destabilization of the lower troposphere by nonconvective processes is balanced by convective stabilization. Second, the production of precipitation is extraordinarily sensitive to the saturation fraction of the troposphere. Third, “moisture quasi‐equilibrium” governs the saturation fraction, with moister atmospheres being associated with smaller moist convective instability. The moist convective instability is governed by the balanced thermodynamic response to the pattern of potential vorticity, which in turn is slowly modified by convective and radiative heating. The intricate dance between these dynamic and thermodynamic processes leads to complex behavior of the tropical atmosphere in ways that we are just beginning to understand.
Bridging the gap between models and measurements of peat hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Morris Paul J. , Baird Andy J. , Belyea Lisa R.
Published: June 2015

Peat saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, declines strongly with increasing degree of decomposition, providing a potentially important negative ecohydrological feedback that may buffer peatlands from climate‐induced drying. However, the quantitative nature of this relationship is poorly understood. We measured downcore changes in Ksat and carbon‐to‐nitrogen concentration quotients (C/N) in 14 shallow (∼0.5 m deep, 0.1 m diameter) peat cores from a Swedish raised bog. We used the C/N measurements to approximate the fraction of original peat mass remaining. A linear mixed effects (LME) model predicts log10(Ksat) from (i) our C/N‐derived estimate of fractional remaining mass; (ii) depth; (iii) microhabitat (hummock, hollow); and (iv) location (treeless bog center, treed bog margin). The LME model indicated no significant random effects or interactions between predictors, so we derived a nonlinear multiple regression (NLMR) model to predict Ksat on its original scale. Both LME and NLMR models predict that Ksat decreases exponentially with depth and that Ksat is lower beneath hollows than beneath hummocks for equivalent depths below the surface. Fractional remaining mass was an important predictor in the LME model, but not in the NLMR model. The distinction between central and marginal areas of the bog was not an important predictor. We demonstrate for the first time that the relationship between fractional remaining mass and Ksat is log‐linear, and suggest revisions that should be made to peatland development models. In particular, depth—usually ignored in modeling studies—exerted a strong control over Ksat independently of decomposition and should be included explicitly in model algorithms.
Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in theUnitedStates and potential environmental implications
Authors: Gallegos Tanya J. , Varela Brian A. , Haines Seth S. , Engle Mark A.
Published: June 2015

Until now, up‐to‐date, comprehensive, spatial, national‐scale data on hydraulic fracturing water volumes have been lacking. Water volumes used (injected) to hydraulically fracture over 263,859 oil and gas wells drilled between 2000 and 2014 were compiled and used to create the first U.S. map of hydraulic fracturing water use. Although median annual volumes of 15,275 m3and 19,425 m3of water per well was used to hydraulically fracture individual horizontal oil and gas wells, respectively, in 2014, about 42% of wells were actually either vertical or directional, which required less than 2600 m3water per well. The highest average hydraulic fracturing water usage (10,000−36,620 m3per well) in watersheds across the United States generally correlated with shale‐gas areas (versus coalbed methane, tight oil, or tight gas) where the greatest proportion of hydraulically fractured wells were horizontally drilled, reflecting that the natural reservoir properties influence water use. This analysis also demonstrates that many oil and gas resources within a given basin are developed using a mix of horizontal, vertical, and some directional wells, explaining why large volume hydraulic fracturing water usage is not widespread. This spatial variability in hydraulic fracturing water use relates to the potential for environmental impacts such as water availability, water quality, wastewater disposal, and possible wastewater injection‐induced earthquakes.
Uncertainty in global groundwater storage estimates in a Total Groundwater Stress framework
Authors: Richey Alexandra S. , Thomas Brian F. , Lo Min‐Hui , Famiglietti James S. , Swenson Sean , Rodell Matthew
Published: June 2015

Groundwater is a finite resource under continuous external pressures. Current unsustainable groundwater use threatens the resilience of aquifer systems and their ability to provide a long‐term water source. Groundwater storage is considered to be a factor of groundwater resilience, although the extent to which resilience can be maintained has yet to be explored in depth. In this study, we assess the limit of groundwater resilience in the world's largest groundwater systems with remote sensing observations. The Total Groundwater Stress (TGS) ratio, defined as the ratio of total storage to the groundwater depletion rate, is used to explore the timescales to depletion in the world's largest aquifer systems and associated groundwater buffer capacity. We find that the current state of knowledge of large‐scale groundwater storage has uncertainty ranges across orders of magnitude that severely limit the characterization of resilience in the study aquifers. Additionally, we show that groundwater availability, traditionally defined as recharge and redefined in this study as total storage, can alter the systems that are considered to be stressed versus unstressed. We find that remote sensing observations from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment can assist in providing such information at the scale of a whole aquifer. For example, we demonstrate that a groundwater depletion rate in the Northwest Sahara Aquifer System of 2.69 ± 0.8 km3/yr would result in the aquifer being depleted to 90% of its total storage in as few as 50 years given an initial storage estimate of 70 km3.
The Changing Nature of Adult Education in the Age of Transnational Migration: Toward a Model of Recognitive Adult Education
Authors: Guo Shibao
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines the changing nature of adult education in the age of transnational migration and proposes recognitive adult education as an inclusive model that acknowledges and affirms cultural difference and diversity as positive and desirable assets.
Settlement Services in the Training and Education of Immigrants: Toward a Participatory Mode of Governance
Authors: Shan Hongxia
Published: June 2015

This chapter focuses on the shifting roles that settlement services play in immigrant training and education and advocates a mode of participatory governance.
Language Policies and Programs for Adult Immigrants in Canada: Deconstructing Discourses of Integration
Authors: Guo Yan
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines current issues in English as Second Language (ESL) policies and programs for adult immigrants in Canada from a critical multiculturalism perspective.
Race and Gender in Immigration: A Continuing Saga With Different Encryptions
Authors: Joaquin Edward , Johnson‐Bailey Juanita
Published: June 2015

The authors examine the U.S. contemporary immigrant and transnational migration phenomena and the historical immigrant experience using a postcolonial theoretical framework. In this chapter, the issues of race and gender and current political positions are discussed.
Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanostructures for Highly Sensitive Photoelectrochemical Detection of Dissolved Oxygen in Aqueous Media
Authors: Bellani Sebastiano , Ghadirzadeh Ali , Meda Laura , Savoini Alberto , Tacca Alessandra , Marra Gianluigi , Meira Rui , Morgado Jorge , Di Fonzo Fabio , Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: June 2015

Precise, reliable, and remote measurement of dissolved oxygen in aqueous media is of great importance for many industrial, environmental, and biological applications. In particular, photoelectrochemical sensors working in differential mode have recently demonstrated promising properties, in terms of stability, sensitivity, and application potential. Here, a new approach is presented, combining visible light sensitivity, efficient photocurrent generation, and solution‐processed fabrication methods of conjugated polymers, with charge carriers selectivity, energetic alignment favorable to efficient interfacial charge transfer and high surface area achievable by using metal oxide nanostructures. Extensive characterization and optimization of the hybrid organic/inorganic system are carried out, leading to the realization of an oxygen sensor device, based on nanostructured palladium oxide/poly[(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole]/[6,6]phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PdO/APFO‐3:PCBM) as materials of choice. State‐of‐the‐art sensitivity, amounting at −5.87 μA cm−2 ppm−1, low background signal, in the order of −4.85 μA cm−2, good electrochemical stability for more than 2 h of continuous functioning and high reproducibility of the signal over the pH 1 to 10 range, are reported, making the hybrid device suitable for several practical uses. The results fully validate the mixed organic/inorganic approach for photoelectrochemical applications, and pave the way for its further exploitation in fields like waste water treatment, environmental monitoring, and water splitting.
Bioinspired Graphene Actuators Prepared by Unilateral UV Irradiation of Graphene Oxide Papers
Authors: Han Dong‐Dong , Zhang Yong‐Lai , Liu Yan , Liu Yu‐Qing , Jiang Hao‐Bo , Han Bing , Fu Xiu‐Yan , Ding Hong , Xu Huai‐Liang , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: June 2015

Inspired by natural autonomous systems that demonstrate controllable shape, appearance, and actuation under external stimuli, a facile preparation of moisture responsive graphene‐based smart actuators by unilateral UV irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers is reported. UV irradiation of GO is found to be an effective protocol to trigger the reduction of GO; however, due to the limited light transmittance and thermal relaxation, thick GO paper cannot be fully reduced. Consequently, by tuning the photoreduction gradient, anisotropic GO/reduced GO (RGO) bilayer structure can be easily prepared toward actuation application. To get better control over the responsive properties, GO/RGO bilayer paper with a certain curvature and RGO patterns are successfully prepared for actuator design. As representative examples, smart humidity‐driven graphene actuators that mimic the cilia of respiratory tract and tendril climber plant are successfully developed for controllable objects transport.
Significant association between rare IPO11‐HTR1A variants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Caucasians
Authors: Zuo Lingjun , Saba Laura , Lin Xiandong , Tan Yunlong , Wang Kesheng , Krystal John H. , Tabakoff Boris , Luo Xingguang
Published: June 2015

We comprehensively examined the rare variants in the IPO11‐HTR1A region to explore their roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Five hundred seventy‐three to 1,181 rare SNPs in subjects of European descent and 1,234–2,529 SNPs in subjects of African descent (0 < minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.05) were analyzed in a total of 49,268 subjects in 21 independent cohorts with 11 different neuropsychiatric disorders. Associations between rare variant constellations and diseases and associations between individual rare variants and diseases were tested. RNA expression changes of this region were also explored. We identified a rare variant constellation across the entire IPO11‐HTR1A region that was associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Caucasians (T5: P = 7.9 × 10−31; Fp: P = 1.3 × 10−32), but not with any other disorder examined; association signals mainly came from IPO11 (T5: P = 3.6 × 10−10; Fp: P = 3.2 × 10−10) and the intergenic region between IPO11 and HTR1A (T5: P = 4.1 × 10−30; Fp: P = 5.4 × 10−32). One association between ADHD and an intergenic rare variant, i.e., rs10042956, exhibited region‐ and cohort‐wide significance (P = 5.2 × 10−6) and survived correction for false discovery rate (q = 0.006). Cis‐eQTL analysis showed that, 29 among the 41 SNPs within or around IPO11 had replicable significant regulatory effects on IPO11 exon expression (1.5 × 10−17≤P < 0.002) in human brain or peripheral blood mononuclear cell tissues. We concluded that IPO11‐HTR1A was a significant risk gene region for ADHD in Caucasians. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying naturalistic social gaze in fragile X syndrome using a novel eye tracking paradigm
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Frank Michael C. , Pusiol Guido T. , Farzin Faraz , Lightbody Amy A. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: June 2015

A hallmark behavioral feature of fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the propensity for individuals with the syndrome to exhibit significant impairments in social gaze during interactions with others. However, previous studies employing eye tracking methodology to investigate this phenomenon have been limited to presenting static photographs or videos of social interactions rather than employing a real‐life social partner. To improve upon previous studies, we used a customized eye tracking configuration to quantify the social gaze of 51 individuals with FXS and 19 controls, aged 14–28 years, while they engaged in a naturalistic face‐to‐face social interaction with a female experimenter. Importantly, our control group was matched to the FXS group on age, developmental functioning, and degree of autistic symptomatology. Results showed that participants with FXS spent significantly less time looking at the face and had shorter episodes (and longer inter‐episodes) of social gaze than controls. Regression analyses indicated that communication ability predicted higher levels of social gaze in individuals with FXS, but not in controls. Conversely, degree of autistic symptoms predicted lower levels of social gaze in controls, but not in individuals with FXS. Taken together, these data indicate that naturalistic social gaze in FXS can be measured objectively using existing eye tracking technology during face‐to‐face social interactions. Given that impairments in social gaze were specific to FXS, this paradigm could be employed as an objective and ecologically valid outcome measure in ongoing Phase II/Phase III clinical trials of FXS‐specific interventions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Occupational and environmental risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review
Authors: Sundaresan Agnes S. , Hirsch Annemarie G. , Storm Margaret , Tan Bruce K. , Kennedy Thomas L. , Greene J. Scott , Kern Robert C. , Schwartz Brian S.
Published: June 2015

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and disabling paranasal sinus disease, with a likely multifactorial etiology potentially including hazardous occupational and environmental exposures. We completed a systematic review of the occupational and environmental literature to evaluate the quality of evidence of the role that hazardous exposures might play in CRS.

Methods

We searched PubMed for studies of CRS and following exposure categories: occupation, employment, work, industry, air pollution, agriculture, farming, environment, chemicals, roadways, disaster, and traffic. We abstracted information from the final set of articles across 6 primary domains: study design; population; exposures evaluated; exposure assessment; CRS definition; and results.

Results

We identified 41 articles from 1080 manuscripts: 37 occupational risk papers, 1 environmental risk paper, and 3 papers studying both categories of exposures. None of the 41 studies used a CRS definition consistent with current diagnostic guidelines. Exposure assessment was generally dependent on self‐report or binary measurements of exposure based on industry of employment. Only grain, dairy, and swine operations among farmers were evaluated by more than 1 study using a common approach to defining CRS, but employment in these settings was not consistently associated with CRS. The multiple other exposures did not meet quality standards for reporting associations or were not evaluated by more than 1 study.

Conclusion

The current state of the literature allows us to make very few conclusions about the role of hazardous occupational or environmental exposures in CRS, leaving a critical knowledge gap regarding potentially modifiable risk factors for disease onset and progression.
Olfactory change after intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jing‐Jie , Liang Kai‐Li , Twu Chih‐Wen , Lin Jin‐Ching , Jiang Rong‐San
Published: June 2015

Background

Radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), but many side effects were reported in NPC patients receiving radiotherapy. This study was conducted to evaluate the long‐term effects of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on olfactory function.

Methods

The olfactory function of 41 NPC patients was assessed by a traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT‐TC). The patients also filled out a Taiwanese version of the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (TWSNOT‐22) questionnaire and received imaging examinations of the sinuses before IMRT and 1 year after IMRT. The sinus imaging was scored according to the Lund‐Mackay system.

Results

The mean UPSIT‐TC scores were 30.6 before IMRT and 28.0 after IMRT and the decrease in UPSIT‐TC scores was significant (p = 0.001). The mean TWSNOT‐22 scores were 32.1 before IMRT and 28.8 after IMRT. The change in TWSNOT‐22 scores was not significant, but the scores for item 5 “loss of smell or taste” significantly increased after IMRT (p = 0.035). The mean total computed tomography (CT) scores were 1.7 before IMRT and 3.2 after IMRT, and the mean ethmoid CT scores were 0.5 before IMRT and 1.2 after IMRT. The increase in total CT and ethmoid CT scores was both significant (p = 0.004 and 0.002). The decrease in UPSIT‐TC scores was moderately negatively correlated with the increase in total CT and ethmoid CT scores (r = −0.348 and −0.423).

Conclusion

Our results showed that the olfactory function of NPC patients was mildly impaired after IMRT, which can cause rhinosinusitis.