bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Value of Crowdsourcing: Can Users Really Compete with Professionals in Generating New Product Ideas?
Authors: Poetz Marion K. , Schreier Martin
Published: January 2012

Generating ideas for new products used to be the exclusive domain of marketers, engineers, and/or designers. Users have only recently been recognized as an alternative source of new product ideas. Whereas some have attributed great potential to outsourcing idea generation to the “crowd” of users (“crowdsourcing”), others have clearly been more skeptical. The authors join this debate by presenting a real‐world comparison of ideas actually generated by a firm's professionals with those generated by users in the course of an idea generation contest. Both professionals and users provided ideas to solve an effective and relevant problem in the consumer goods market for baby products. Executives from the underlying company evaluated all ideas (blind to their source) in terms of key quality dimensions including novelty, customer benefit, and feasibility. The study reveals that the crowdsourcing process generated user ideas that score significantly higher in terms of novelty and customer benefit, and somewhat lower in terms of feasibility. However, the average values for feasibility—in sharp contrast to novelty and customer benefit—tended to be relatively high overall, meaning that feasibility did not constitute a narrow bottleneck in this study. Even more interestingly, it is found that user ideas are placed more frequently than expected among the very best in terms of novelty and customer benefit. These findings, which are quite counterintuitive from the perspective of classic new product development (NPD) literature, suggest that, at least under certain conditions, crowdsourcing might constitute a promising method to gather user ideas that can complement those of a firm's professionals at the idea generation stage in NPD.
Importing Concepts from Biology into Political Science: The Case of Punctuated Equilibrium
Authors: Prindle David F.
Published: January 2012

From the 1950s to the 1990s, the “incrementalist” model dominated theories of policymaking. Since Baumgartner and Jones's Agendas and Instability in American Politics was published in 1993, however, the “punctuated equilibrium” model, borrowed from evolutionary biology, has supplanted the incrementalist model. But what do such alien models do to the discipline of political science, and what does the discipline do to the models, when they are thus imported? In this article, I first discuss the functions of concepts in political science, then discuss and analyze the creation and meaning of the concept of punctuated equilibrium in biology, then trace its transformation as it was initially adopted by political scientists, then analyze the manner in which its meaning developed and altered as it grew in popularity within the discipline, and finally assess its value to political science now. I will conclude with some general observations about the process of importing concepts from outside the discipline.
Policy Punctuations and Issue Diversity on the European Council Agenda
Authors: Alexandrova Petya , Carammia Marcello , Timmermans Arco
Published: January 2012

The European Council is the highest political body of the European Union and the main venue for setting the agenda on high politics. Using a new dataset of all content‐coded European Council Conclusions issued between 1975 and 2010, we analyze the policy agenda of the European Council and test hypotheses on agenda change and diversity over time. We find that the theory of punctuated equilibrium applies to the agenda of the European Council, which exhibits a degree of kurtosis similar to that found in policy agendas of other institutions located at the juncture between input and output of the policy process. Throughout the 36‐year period, agenda‐setting dynamics involved both small changes and major shifts but also more frequent medium‐sized negative changes than found elsewhere. Given capacity limits to the agenda, large expansions of attention to topics involved large cuts in attention. Cuts were more often medium in size in order to maintain some level of attention to the topics affected, even though issue disappearance from the European Council agenda has been frequent too. This relates to the functions of the European Council as venue for high politics, with expectations about issue attendance rising with increasing policy jurisdictions throughout the European integration process. Studying dynamics over time, we measured entropy to show how the agenda became more diverse but also displayed episodic concentration in an oscillating pattern. This can be accounted for by the nature of the European Council as a policy venue: increasing complexity of this institution pushed the members to produce a more diverse agenda, but capacity limits and the need to be responsive to incoming information led to concentration at specific time‐points.
Advances in Biometric Encryption: Taking Privacy by Design from Academic Research to Deployment
Authors: Cavoukian Ann , Chibba Michelle , Stoianov Alex
Published: January 2012

An organization should address ethical issues including privacy before deploying biometric systems. Threats to informational privacy rights related to potential data misuse, function creep, and the data linkage of personal information contained in diverse databases makes possible such unintended consequences as surveillance, profiling, and discrimination. Unlike passwords, biometric data are unique, irrevocable, and variable. Biometric encryption (BE) is highlighted as a prominent example of Privacy by Design, where privacy is embedded as a core functionality in the biometric system. BE binds a digital key to (or extracts the key from) the biometrics. Earlier technical challenges to this new technology, as well as recent advances, are presented. Lastly, an overview is provided of an application using facial recognition (FR) in a watch list scenario, known to be the first and largest successful deployment of BE using FR, in a casino context.
Cash at Your Fingertips: Biometric Technology for Transfers in Developing Countries*
Authors: Gelb Alan , Decker Caroline
Published: January 2012

In recent years, interest has soared in the development potential of well‐designed cash transfer programs. One particular application is the use of transfers by resource‐rich countries (as recently initiated by Iran) to distribute rents across their populations. An emerging body of research suggests that the development impact of such programs tends to be positive and that, especially when received by poor individuals or households, they can unlock constraints on economic activities, allowing a further increase in income. This paper considers the use of biometric technology to underpin transfer programs and how new technology is opening up possibilities for effective transfer programs that, up to now, have only been a theoretical option in the institutional conditions that prevail in many developing countries. Once implemented, biometric identification systems can be used to support a wide range of other development initiatives including banking, voting, health care, and general identification systems. The paper reviews some of the programs using these technologies and how it is enabling poor countries to leapfrog rich ones in the area of identity, much as the cellphone revolution did in the area of communications.
Analysis of molecular mechanisms and anti‐tumoural effects of zoledronic acid in breast cancer cells
Authors: Insalaco Lavinia , Gaudio Francesca Di , Terrasi Marianna , Amodeo Valeria , Caruso Stefano , Corsini Lidia Rita , Fanale Daniele , Margarese Naomi , Santini Daniele , Bazan Viviana , Russo Antonio
Published: January 2012

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the most potent nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate (N‐BPs) that strongly binds to bone mineral and acts as a powerful inhibitor of bone resorption, already clinically available for the treatment of patients with osteolytic metastases. Recent data also suggest that ZOL, used in breast cancer, may provide more than just supportive care modifying the course of the disease, though the possible molecular mechanism of action is still unclear.As breast cancer is one of the primary tumours with high propensity to metastasize to the bone, we investigated, for the first time, differential gene expression profile on Michigan Cancer Foundation‐7 (MCF‐7) breast cancer cells treated with low doses of ZOL (10 μM). Microarrays analysis was used to identify, describe and summarize evidence regarding the molecular basis of actions of ZOL and of their possible direct anti‐tumour effects. We validated gene expression results of specific transcripts involved in major cellular process by Real Time and Western Blot analysis and we observed inhibition of proliferation and migration through 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Matrigel assay. We then focused on changes in the cytoskeletal components as fibronectin 1 (FN1), actin, and anti angiogenic compounds as transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and thrombospondin 1 (THBS1). The up‐regulation of these products may have an important role in inhibiting proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis mediated by ZOL.
Nano‐regenerative medicine towards clinical outcome of stem cell and tissue engineering in humans
Authors: Arora Pooja , Sindhu Annu , Dilbaghi Neeraj , Chaudhury Ashok , Rajakumar Govindasamy , Rahuman Abdul Abdul
Published: January 2012

Nanotechnology is a fast growing area of research that aims to create nanomaterials or nanostructures development in stem cell and tissue‐based therapies. Concepts and discoveries from the fields of bio nano research provide exciting opportunities of using stem cells for regeneration of tissues and organs. The application of nanotechnology to stem‐cell biology would be able to address the challenges of disease therapeutics. This review covers the potential of nanotechnology approaches towards regenerative medicine. Furthermore, it focuses on current aspects of stem‐ and tissue‐cell engineering. The magnetic nanoparticles‐based applications in stem‐cell research open new frontiers in cell and tissue engineering.
Patterns of synchrony in natterjack toad breeding activity and reproductive success at local and regional scales
Authors: Aubry Aurélie , Bécart Emeline , Davenport John , Lynn Deirdre , Marnell Ferdia , Emmerson Mark
Published: January 2012

Empirical studies of the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations are required to better understand natural fluctuations in abundance and reproductive success, and to better target conservation and monitoring programmes. In particular, spatial synchrony in amphibian populations remains little studied. We used data from a comprehensive three year study of natterjack toadBufo calamitapopulations breeding at 36 ponds to assess whether there was spatial synchrony in the toad breeding activity (start and length of breeding season, total number of egg strings) and reproductive success (premetamorphic survival and production of metamorphs). We defined a novel approach to assess the importance of short‐term synchrony at both local and regional scales. The approach employs similarity indices and quantifies the interaction between the temporal and spatial components of populations using mixed effects models. There was no synchrony in the toad breeding activity and reproductive success at the local scale, suggesting that populations function as individual clusters independent of each other. Regional synchrony was apparent in the commencement and duration of the breeding season and in the number of egg strings laid (indicative of female population size). Regional synchrony in both rainfall and temperature are likely to explain the patterns observed (e.g. Moran effect). There was no evidence supporting regional synchrony in reproductive success, most likely due to spatial variability in the environmental conditions at the breeding ponds, and to differences in local population fitness (e.g. fecundity). The small scale asynchronous dynamics and regional synchronous dynamics in the number of breeding females indicate that it is best to monitor several populations within a subset of regions. Importantly, variations in the toad breeding activity and reproductive success are not synchronous, and it is thus important to consider them both when assessing the conservation status of pond‐breeding amphibians.
How do species interactions affect species distribution models?
Authors: Godsoe William , Harmon Luke J.
Published: January 2012

One of the most promising recent advances in biogeography has been the increased interest and understanding of species distribution models – estimates of the probability that a species is present given environmental data. Unfortunately, such analyses ignore many aspects of ecology, and so are difficult to interpret. In particular, we know that species interactions have a profound influence on distributions, but it is not usually possible to incorporate this knowledge into species distribution models. What is needed is a rigorous understanding of how unmeasured biotic interactions affect the inferences generated by species distribution models. To fill this gap, we develop a general mathematical approach that uses probability theory to determine how unmeasured biotic interactions affect inferences from species distribution models. Using this approach, we reanalyze one of the most important classes of mechanistic models of competition: models of consumer resource dynamics. We determine how measurements of one aspect of the environment – a single environmental variable – can be used to estimate the probability that an environment is suitable with species distribution models. We show that species distribution models, which ignore numerous facets of consumer resource dynamics such as the presence of a competitor or the dynamics of depletable resources, can furnish useful predictions for the probability that an environment is suitable in some circumstances. These results provide a rigorous link between complex mechanistic models of species interactions and species distribution models. In so doing they demonstrate that unmeasured biotic interactions can have strong and counterintuitive consequences on species distribution models.
True idiopathic splenomegaly ‐ a distinct clinical entity
Authors: Hesdorffer C. S. , Macfarlane B. J. , Sandler M. A. , Grant S. C. , Ziady F.
Published: January 2012

10 asymptomatic young male patients with moderate splenomegaly detected at a routine examination are presented. The history and clinical examination failed to reveal the aetiology of the splenomegaly. Further investigations, including screening for blood dyscrasias, clotting abnormalities and reticuloendothelial abnormalities were likewise unrevealing. Liver biopsies, rectal biopsies for bilharzia and bone marrow aspirates for Gaucher's Disease were found to be normal. Serology for malaria and Ebstein Barr Virus infection was also negative. Positive immunofluorescent tests for IgG antibodies specific for cytomegalovirus were found in 5 patients. We consider that these patients have splenomegaly which is not of a specific nature, but may be associated with a severe antigeneic response to the previous cytomegalovirus infection. In view of the otherwise negative findings these patients should be considered to have ‘True Idiopathic Splenomegaly’, a term which would indicate the benign nature of the splenic enlargement. This diagnosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic patients who have splenomegaly of undetermined origin.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura unresponsive to plasma infusion and plasma exchange, but responsive to splenectomy
Authors: Sturgess A. D. , Chong B. H.
Published: January 2012

A 60‐yr‐old female presented with typical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). She remained in coma with frequent seizures for 1 wk, with persisting severe thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, despite treatment with prednisolone, plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma, sulphinpyrazone and dipyridamole. Splenectomy induced haematological improvement within 1 d, there was cessation of fitting after 2 d, and full neurological recovery ensued over 3 wk. Laboratory studies did not reveal the presence of a platelet‐aggregating factor (PAF), stated to be present in some two‐thirds of cases. While plasma exchange and plasma infusion are beneficial in many cases, splenectomy appears still to be of value in unresponsive disease.
Treatment experience, frequency of dental visits, and children’s dental fear: a cognitive approach
Authors: Carrillo‐Diaz Maria , Crego Antonio , Armfield Jason M. , Romero‐Maroto Martin
Published: January 2012

Carrillo‐Diaz M, Crego A, Armfield JM, Romero‐Maroto M. Treatment experience, frequency of dental visits, and children’s dental fear: a cognitive approach. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 75–81. © 2012 Eur J Oral Sci

Cognitive elements play a key role in dental anxiety. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about how dental treatments and frequency of visits to the dentist are related to dental fear and its cognitive antecedents. This study aimed to explore the relationships between dental visits, past treatment experiences, expectations on the aversiveness/probability of negative dental events, and dental fear in children. The participants were 147 children (60% female; mean age = 12.0 yr) who completed a questionnaire comprising measures of dental treatment‐related experience (attendance, fillings, and extractions), perceived aversiveness and probability of dental events, and dental anxiety. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. A higher frequency of dental visits was associated with less dental fear and a decreased belief in the probability of negative events occurring during treatment. The type of treatments received was not directly linked to dental fear. However, having received fillings was significantly associated with the perceived probability of negative dental events, whereas extractions were positively associated with these expectations but negatively associated with the perceived aversiveness of possible dental events. Regular dental visits, as well as dental treatments, can influence, in different ways, cognitive elements associated with dental anxiety in children.
Flooding and groundwater dynamics in fens in eastern Poland
Authors: De Mars Hans , Wassen Martin J. , Venterink Harry Olde
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Dynamics in hydrology and water chemistry in the Biebrza mires (Poland) were examined by means of a sampling survey that was repeated four times between 1987 and 1992. The dynamics in the vertical stratigraphy of water types in the peat profile are considerable from close to the mire surface to a depth of 50 cm. Water composition in the root zone correlated best with vegetation types during extremely dry or wet conditions. In the root zone of groundwater‐fed rich fens with Caricetum limoso‐diandrae and Calamagrostietum strictae vegetation, specific groundwater types evolve from the interaction of discharging groundwater from below the root zone and the temporal influence of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The Caricetum limoso‐diandrae is fed by the continuous discharge of nutrient‐poor, relatively mineral‐rich water. The site conditions in the Calamagrostietum strictae are determined by occasional flooding and the presence of discharging mineral‐poor groundwater in the lower part of the root zone. In the Caricetum limoso‐diandrae and the Calamagrostietum strictae the maximum variations in water level were 56 and 86 cm, respectively. The composition of shallow groundwater of the Betuletum humilis/Caricetum rostratodiandrae fen is diluted most compared to other vegetation types by rainwater in wet periods. In periods of prolonged drought it has a water type that is affected by evapotranspiration and peat mineralisation. The water level varies by only 33 cm. In the Magnocaricion and Glycerietum maximae in the floodplain the water composition is determined by spring flooding of the river and the natural draw‐down that occurs in the following summer. Here, maximum variations in water level were 108 and 117 cm, respectively.
Fracture resistance of maxillary complete dentures subjected to long‐term water immersion
Authors: Takahashi Yutaka , Yoshida Kaneyoshi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: January 2012

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00616.x

Fracture resistance of maxillary complete dentures subjected to long‐term water immersion

Objective:  This study investigated the fracture resistance of maxillary acrylic resin complete dentures subjected to long‐term water immersion.

Materials and Methods:  Maxillary acrylic resin complete dentures were fabricated from five denture base resins. Half of the dentures were stored in water for 50 h, and the other half were kept in water for 180 days before testing. Ten specimens were fabricated per group. The flexural load at the proportional limit (FL‐PL) of the dentures was tested.

Results:  A two‐way anova revealed a significant difference in FL‐PL because of the denture base material variable. There were no significant differences in FL‐PL because of the effect of water immersion and the interaction between the effect of water immersion and the denture base material. The FL‐PLs of the dentures fabricated with the two conventional heat‐processed resins, the pour‐type autopolymerizing resin and the microwave energy‐processed resin were not significantly different from each other; they were significantly higher than the light‐activated resin in regard to their FL‐PL.

Conclusion:  The FL‐PLs of the maxillary acrylic resin complete dentures did not change after long‐tern water immersion, and the FL‐PL of the denture fabricated from the light‐activated resin was lower than those of the other materials.
Evaluation of pain intensity measurement during the removal of wound dressing material using ‘the PainVision™ system’ for quantitative analysis of perception and pain sensation in healthy subjects
Authors: Matsumura Hajime , Imai Ryutaro , Gondo Masahide , Watanabe Katsueki
Published: January 2012

Reducing pain caused by the removal of adhesive wound dressing materials is very important in clinical practice and is also one of the factors to consider when choosing dressing materials. A visual analogue scale is the most popular method for assessing pain, but it is subjective and is difficult to evaluate quantitatively or statistically. Recently, a new method for the quantitative measurement of pain intensity using a painless electrical stimulation system, PainVision™, has been developed. In this study, we evaluated pain intensity during the removal of wound dressing materials in healthy volunteers by comparing pain during the removal of wound dressing materials, which use acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesive and pain during the removal of materials, which use soft silicone adhesive, as evaluated using the PainVision™ system. Pain intensity was significantly lower with the dressing materials, which use soft silicone adhesive when measured with the PainVision™ system. The PainVision™ system promises to be useful for the quantitative assessment of pain caused by the removal of adhesive wound dressing materials. Further studies are needed to determine whether the PainVision™ system is also effective in measuring pain caused by the removal of wound dressing materials in actual wounds.
Translating the Use of An Enriched Environment Poststroke from Bench to Bedside: Study Design and Protocol Used to Test the Feasibility of Environmental Enrichment on Stroke Patients in Rehabilitation
Authors: Janssen H. , Ada L. , Karayanidis F. , Drysdale K. , McElduff P. , Pollack M. , White J. , Nilsson M. , Bernhardt J. , Spratt N. J.
Published: January 2012

Rationale

Environmental enrichment, a paradigm investigated extensively in animal models, is an intervention, which by design facilitates motor, sensory, social, and cognitive activity. It has been shown to improve poststroke motor and cognitive function in animal models of stroke. This is the first study to attempt to translate this intervention from the laboratory to the clinical setting.

Aims

The overall aim of this pilot study is to test the feasibility of using environmental enrichment with stroke patients in a rehabilitation setting. The aim is to enrich the environment of stroke survivors in a rehabilitation ward and measure changes in their activity (physical, cognitive, and social activity).

Design

Prospective nonrandomized block design intervention study.

Study

In the control phase we will determine the change in activity levels of patients treated in a usual rehabilitation environment over time. In the intervention phase structured observational techniques (behavioural mapping) will be used to quantify the change in activity levels of patients exposed to environmental enrichment.

Outcomes

The primary outcome is change in activity level. Additional data collected on entry to and exit from the study will include: cognitive function using a battery of cognitive tests, general function using the Functional Independence Measure, mood using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and boredom using the Stroke Rehabilitation Boredom Survey. Quality of life will be assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life 1 month postdischarge from rehabilitation. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry#*** ACTRN12611000629932.
Lymphoid tissue inducer cells: innate cells critical for CD4+ T cell memory responses?
Authors: Lane Peter J.L. , Gaspal Fabrina M. , McConnell Fiona M. , Kim Mi Yeon , Anderson Graham , Withers David R.
Published: January 2012

Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) are a relatively new arrival on the immunological cellular landscape, having first been characterized properly only 15 years ago. They are members of an emerging family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Elucidation of their function reveals links not only with the ancient innate immune system, but also with adaptive immune responses, in particular the development of lymph nodes and CD4+ T cell memory immune responses, which on one hand underpin the success of vaccination strategies, and on the other hand drive many human immunologically mediated diseases. This perspective article is not an exhaustive account of the role of LTi in the development of lymphoid tissues, as there have been many excellent reviews published already. Instead, we combine current knowledge of genetic phylogeny and comparative immunology, together with classical mouse genetics, to suggest how LTi might have evolved from a primitive lymphocytic innate cell in the ancestral 500‐million‐year‐old vertebrate immune system into a cell critical for adaptive CD4+ T cell immune responses in mammals.
Development of Soy‐Based Bread with Acceptable Sensory Properties
Authors: Ivanovski B. , Seetharaman K. , Duizer L.M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Consumption of soy protein has been associated with benefits related to numerous areas of health. Due to the widespread consumption of bread, one means of contributing to the health of individuals is through the incorporation of soy protein into bread. To this end, soy flour (SF) or soy protein isolates (SPIs) in 20% and 12% substitution levels, respectively, were added to flour during bread manufacture. The developed breads were tested using a consumer panel for acceptability, using a refined white bread as a control. These data were compared to attribute intensity data collected by the trained panel to identify specific flavor and texture characteristics affecting liking. The sensory profile of the 20% SF bread was acceptable and comparable to the control bread, despite a significantly stronger beany flavor. No significant differences in sensory properties of the SF and control breads were detected by the trained panel for many sensory attributes. The SPI bread, however, had a sensory profile that was significantly more firm, dense, sour, beany, bitter, and astringent with a strong aftertaste in comparison to the wheat control bread. Consumer liking scores for the SPI bread was significantly lower than the liking of the control and the SF added bread.

Practical Application:  Many soy‐enriched foods, while contributing positively to health, are considered unacceptable by consumers. This is due to negative sensory properties, such as beany, painty, and astringent notes, often perceived by consumers. This study provides information on the level of SF that can be included in bread in an amount that does not detract from consumer acceptability. This level also allows for a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) health claim to be made.
Analytical Methods for Gelatin Differentiation from Bovine and Porcine Origins and Food Products
Authors: Nhari Raja Mohd Hafidz Raja , Ismail Amin , Che Man Yaakob B.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Usage of gelatin in food products has been widely debated for several years, which is about the source of gelatin that has been used, religion, and health. As an impact, various analytical methods have been introduced and developed to differentiate gelatin whether it is made from porcine or bovine sources. The analytical methods comprise a diverse range of equipment and techniques including spectroscopy, chemical precipitation, chromatography, and immunochemical. Each technique can differentiate gelatins for certain extent with advantages and limitations. This review is focused on overview of the analytical methods available for differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatin and gelatin in food products so that new method development can be established.
THE DAWN OF A NEW IDENTITY: ASPECTS OF A RELATIONAL APPROACH TO PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH A TRANSSEXUAL CLIENT
Authors: King Angela
Published: January 2012

abstract

The importance of developing a certain consciousness in which one is present and autonomous while being intimately interconnected with larger meaning is an important dimension of a relational approach to psychotherapy. Based on the premise that both client and therapist bring something of themselves and of their respective past emotional experience to the therapeutic relationship, a relational approach to therapy is very attentive to the dynamics in the therapy room. It stresses the co‐creation of the therapeutic relationship at conscious, explicit verbal levels and unconscious, implicit levels of functioning, and establishes the therapist's emotional behaviour as a significant factor in fostering change (Aron, 1996).

Therapist responsiveness to client's affective impact is discussed with emphasis on its centrality to clinical practice and its relationship to countertransference. A case study of the psychotherapeutic journey with ‘Dawn’ (previously ‘David’), a 53 year‐old client who was awaiting sex‐reassignment surgery, is presented which illustrates how the therapist's struggle in the countertransference represents part of a complex relational body/mind system of parallel processes, re‐enactment and potential for therapeutic change.
A LOOK AT NARCISSISM THROUGH PROFESSOR HIGGINS IN PYGMALION
Authors: Plant David
Published: January 2012

abstract

Drawing upon Professor Higgins in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion as a template, and making use of clinical material, I will reflect upon the painful, poignant and self‐inflicted inner loneliness of the narcissistic individual. In order to master early trauma, the narcissistic person constructs an outwardly substantial self in which he seeks to control others and the way he is perceived by others. In so doing he renounces the more emotionally vulnerable parts of himself, the very parts he needs in order to develop a more authentic self and emotionally connect with others. Sometimes a crack appears in his defensive narcissistic structure with the possibility of something more life‐enhancing emerging.
Canine intravascular lymphoma with overt leukemia
Authors: Lane Laura V. , Allison Robin W. , Rizzi Theresa R. , Stern Adam W. , Snider Timothy A. , Moore Peter F. , Vernau William
Published: January 2012

A 6‐year‐old spayedLabradorRetrieverMix dog was evaluated for a 2‐week history of progressive generalized weakness and reluctance to stand. Physical examination revealed severe weakness with obtunded mentation, head tilt, bilateral nystagmus, and decreased vision.CBCfindings included mild nonregenerative anemia, marked thrombocytopenia, and a few atypical mononuclear cells on the blood film. The cells were 15–30 μm in diameter and had round to oval to reniform centrally placed nuclei with stippled chromatin, prominent nucleoli, and abundant basophilic cytoplasm with numerous discrete vacuoles and, occasionally, small azurophilic granules. Similar cells were found in bone marrow. On histologic examination of tissues collected at necropsy, neoplastic cells were detected in bone marrow, hepatic sinusoids, cerebral and meningeal vessels, and in capillaries of the heart, renal interstitium, small intestinal submucosa, and muscularis, and alveolar septa. A small discrete mass in the right atrium consisted of similar neoplastic cells, and the spleen was diffusely infiltrated. Tissue distribution was suggestive of intravascular lymphoma. Neoplastic cells in tissue sections were immunoreactive for vimentin,CD18,CD45, and granzymeBand lacked immunoreactivity for cytokeratin. Neoplastic cells on bone marrow aspirate smears and blood films lacked immunoreactivity forCD3,CD79a,CD1c,CD11b,CD11c,CD11d, andE‐cadherin. In the absence of immunophenotypic evidence for the neoplastic cells being derived fromB‐cell,T‐cell, or histocytic/dendritic lineages and the lack of clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangement(s), along with positive immunoreactivity for granzymeB, a tumor ofNKcells was considered likely. Based on current knowledge, this is the first report of canine intravascular lymphoma, of probableNKcell origin, with peripheral blood involvement.
Engaging Study Abroad Students in Intercultural Learning Through Blogging and Ethnographic Interviews
Authors: Lee Lina
Published: January 2012

The study involved 16 American undergraduate students who used weekly blogs and conducted ethnographic interviews with native speakers to develop their intercultural competence over the course of one semester abroad. Selected blog entries, post‐surveys, and final interviews were collected and analyzed to report the findings. The results show that blog tasks afforded additional opportunities for students to refl ect upon cross‐cultural issues and exchange cultural perspectives with native informants. Blog entries indicate that students demonstrated various stages of intercultural competence from understanding cultural differences to demonstrating attitudes of openness and appreciation for the target culture. The study concludes that the accessibility to networking, the option of using the first language (L1) for self‐refl ection, and effective strategies for interpersonal communication are essential to maximize the potential of blogs for intercultural learning.
Maladjustment and socio‐cognitive problem solving: The validity of quantitative and qualitative assessment
Authors: Pont H. B.
Published: January 2012

General socio‐cognitive problem‐solving deficits have become accepted as the basis for applied interventions with maladjusted children despite conflicting findings and problematic assessment procedures. This study used Kendall's deficit/distortion distinction to compare the performance of conduct disorder and non‐problem boys on means‐ends and optional thinking measures, using both quantitative and qualitative indices. Although quantitative problem/non‐problem deficits were found, the pattern of results did not support the notion of a consistent maladjustment deficit. The nature of the qualitative differences, however, suggested a more specific role for the assessment of socio‐cognitive problem solving with increased emphasis on context and problem differentiation.
Family structure and the mental health of Pakistani Muslim mothers and their children living in Britain
Authors: Shah Qurrat , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund
Published: January 2012

The relationship between family structure and mental health was examined in a British Pakistani Muslim community. Mothers completed an inventory of psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety while a teacher rated their children's behavioural adjustment. Mothers living in extended families reported feeling more depressed and anxious than those in nuclear families; their children, however, were better adjusted. The significance and reasons for the different patterns of association between family structure and psychological well‐being for mothers and children are discussed.
Performance of adults with Down's syndrome on the Children's Version of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test: A brief report
Authors: Wilson Barbara A. , Ivani‐Chalian Rebecca
Published: January 2012

We gave the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for Children (RBMT‐C) to 37 community dwelling adults with Down's syndrome. Ages ranged from 19 to 44 years (mean 29 years, SD 6 years). We wanted to know (a) if the test could be administered to this group and (b) how people with Down's syndrome compared with children aged 5 to 10 years. All subjects were able to participate in the test and all were ' off the floor'. Story recall was the hardest subtest for people with Down's syndrome, while remembering to deliver a message was the easiest. We discuss the possible use of this test in studies comparing older people with Down's syndrome with Alzheimer patients.
Clients' preferences for styles of therapy
Authors: Wanigaratne Shamil , Barker Chris
Published: January 2012

Clients' preferences for different styles of therapy were studied by showing videos depicting five different styles (psychodynamic, cognitive‐behavioural, humanistic, external and naive) to psychiatric day hospital patients. After seeing each video, clients rated credibility, personal preference, and the depth and smoothness subscales of the Session Evaluation Questionnaire. Credibility and personal preference were highly correlated. Overall, clients had clear differential preferences between styles. The cognitive‐behavioural style was preferred to other styles in all measures. There were only weak associations between individual difference variables and preferences.
Cognitive estimation in neurological disorders
Authors: Taylor Robert , O'Carroll Ronan
Published: January 2012

The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) was devised by Shallice & Evans (1978) in an attempt to quantify the tendency observed in some patients with frontal lobe lesions to produce bizarre estimates in response to questions to which people do not usually know exact answers (e.g. 'what is the height of a double‐decker bus?'), despite performing normally on standard intelligence tests. In the present study, the CET performance of a large number of patients suffering from head injury, brain tumour, ruptured aneurysm (anterior communicating artery and other), multiple sclerosis, dementia, encephalitis, Korsakoff's syndrome and anxiety/depression were compared with CET scores from 150 healthy controls. Patients with Korsakoff syndrome demonstrated significantly impaired CET performance. A subgroup of patients with discrete frontal lesions was compared with a group with localized non‐frontal lesions. No significant difference in CET performance was observed between anterior and posterior lesioned patients. The sensitivity of the CET to anterior brain dysfunction is called into question by the present findings.
Subjective well‐being of elderly women: Conceptual differences between cancer patients, women suffering from chronic ailments and healthy women
Authors: Rijken Mieke , Komproe Ivan H. , Ros Wynand J. G. , Winnubst Jacques A. M. , van Heesch Nicolette C. A.
Published: January 2012

Studies have shown that the mean scores on global subjective well‐being measures of cancer patients do not differ from the mean scores of other patient samples or samples of healthy individuals. These results give rise to speculations about the nature of the concept subjective well‐being. Therefore, we compared the structure of the concept subjective well‐being between three groups of elderly women (cancer patients, women suffering from chronic ailments and healthy women). This was done by examining the relationships between five dimensions of subjective well‐being (perceived physical health, self‐esteem, negative affect, optimism and loneliness) and two measures of global subjective well‐being (affective well‐being and life satisfaction) in each group of women.

The results clearly demonstrate the differences in the relative importance of the five dimensions for the global evaluation of well‐being between the three groups. The most notable finding was that perceived physical health appears to be more strongly related to global subjective well‐being, when the objective health status is worse. The unequal relative importance of dimensions of subjective well‐being should be taken into account when comparing the mean scores on subjective well‐being measures between populations with different states of health.
A collaborative model of training for parents of children with disruptive behaviour disorders*
Authors: Herbert Martin
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the heavy costs to individuals, families and the community of the disruptive behaviour disorders of childhood and adolescence. The financial costs of these potentially long‐term behavioural problems bear down heavily on the health, social and educational services. The human suffering they cause is immeasurable. However, not all is gloom. Psychological therapies, based broadly on social learning theory, have been shown to be effective in mitigating such problems for a significant number of children and their families. These methods, imbedded in a collaborative approach to training parents of children with conduct disorders, are illustrated in terms of their theoretical context and practical applications.
Parental satisfaction with intervention: Differences between respondents and non‐respondents to a postal questionnaire
Authors: Stallard Paul
Published: January 2012

Parental satisfaction with a child and adolescent psychology service was assessed by postal questionnaire. Follow‐up interviews were conducted with 88 per cent of the sample, 36 postal questionnaire respondents and 21 non‐respondents. Questionnaire non‐respondents were more likely to have dropped out of therapy, had fewer appointments, evaluated the service more negatively and differed from respondents in their particular sources of dissatisfaction. They were significantly more dissatisfied with where they met the psychologist and in what family composition they were seen whereas questionnaire respondents were more dissatisfied with the wait before first appointment and the total number of appointments offered. The implications for future studies are discussed and the need to assess the satisfaction of postal non‐respondents emphasized.
Childhood onset of spinal cord injury: Self‐esteem and self‐perception
Authors: Kennedy Paul , Gorsuch Nicola , Marsh Neal
Published: January 2012

The effects of spinal cord injury in childhood upon later psychological adjustment were investigated by comparing a group of 86 people injured as children with a control group (matched for time since injury and level of injury) of people injured as adults. It was hypothesized that adolescence is a crucial period in psychological development and that the effect of spinal cord injury on body image, self‐concept and social relationships during adolescence will have a long‐term negative effect on psychological well‐being. However, on overall measures of depression, self‐esteem and self‐perception, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between paraplegics and tetraplegics, between men and women, or between those who were involved in a significant intimate relationship and those who were not. These findings support previous research which has suggested that organic variables, such as age at injury and level of injury, are not predictive of long‐term psychological adjustment.
Acoustic Attenuation and Relaxation Phenomena in Steam at High Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Eden D. D. , Lindsay R. B. , Zink H.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this investigation is the measurement of ultrasonic attenuation in steam at high temperatures and at pressures above atmospheric in the search for possible relaxation mechanisms. An acoustic fixed path interferometer has been constructed to allow attenuation measurements up to temperatures of the order of 450 deg C and pressures around 100 atmospheres. Relaxation peaks have been identified in the pressure range from 1 to 10 atmospheres and over the temperature range from 235 to 400 deg C. These correspond to relaxation times of the order of 2 × 10−8 sec, which is probably too small to be of significance in the high-speed flow properties of steam under extreme conditions. The results reported here are in order of magnitude agreement with those obtained by Huber and Kantrowitz using the impact tube method.
Effects of Brine Dispersion in the Allen Salt-Velocity Method
Authors: Hooper L. J.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents information concerning the effect of brine dispersion on the Allen salt-velocity method of measuring flow. The data are presented from a variety of sources, theory, laboratory investigation, and field tests. Theory and tests show that brine injected into a conduit disperses as the square root of the distance traveled. As a result of this relationship, salt-velocity curves occupy a smaller percentage of the passage time as the test length increases. This results in smaller test errors for long test sections. Also indicated in this paper are the results of further tests which show the minimum limits for length of test sections with equipment commonly used.
The Role of Chemical Thermodynamics in Analyzing Gas-Side Problems in Boilers
Authors: Boll R. H. , Patel H. C.
Published: January 2012

Part 1 deals with equilibrium concentrations of twenty-nine gaseous and five condensed constituents which were calculated for the combustion gases from two coals. Temperatures ranged from 440 to 3140 F and fuel-air ratios from 90 to 130 per cent of theoretical air. Results are presented in graphical and tabular form paying particular attention to sodium, sulfur, and chlorine compounds. A few of the many possible inferences relevant to fouling, corrosion, and air pollution are pointed out. Starting from the equilibrium-gas-composition results of Part 1, the regions of thermodynamic stability of various sodium and iron compounds are obtained in Part 2 as functions of temperature and fuel-air ratio. It is shown that purely thermodynamic considerations impose an upper temperature limit upon corrosion mechanisms involving complex iron sulfates. An explanation is advanced for the severe fouling tendency of high alkali coals.
Corrosion of Superheaters and Reheaters of Pulverized-Coal-Fired Boilers, II
Authors: Cain Carl , Nelson Wharton
Published: January 2012

This paper deals with studies of high-temperature fireside corrosion of reheater and superheater tubes in pulverized-coal-fired boilers. Factors affecting the temperature range and rate of corrosion by molten complex alkali sulfates are described. The influence of sulfides, produced by reaction of complex sulfates with tube metal, on corrosion rate is discussed. The similarity of coal-ash to oil-ash corrosion mechanism is brought out. Methods for distinguishing liquid phase from gas-phase corrosion on ferritic alloys are presented.
A Study on Design Criteria and Matching of Turbomachines: Part B—Compressor and Pump Performance and Matching of Turbocomponents
Authors: Balje´ O. E.
Published: January 2012

The similarity concept, presented in Part A of this paper, for describing the characteristics of turbines is used to provide design and performance information on pumps and compressors, based on state-of-the-art knowledge. This information is preliminary in many cases because of incomplete knowledge on loss interrelations for compressors and pumps. The similarity concept is expanded to describe a technique which allows finding the optimum match for turbomachines operating in flow systems using several turbocomponents.