bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Free and Total Carnitine and Choline in Infant Formulas and Adult Nutritional Products by UPLC/MS/MS: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2014.04
Authors: Jing Wei , Thompson Joseph J , Jacobs Wesley A , Salvati Louis M
Published: June 2015

A single-laboratory validation (SLV) has been performed for a method that simultaneously determines choline and carnitine in nutritional products by ultra performance LC (UPLC)/MS/MS. All 11 matrixes from the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) were tested. Depending on the sample preparation, either the added (free, with a water dilution and filtering) or total (after microwave digestion at 120°C in nitric acid and subsequent neutralization with ammonia) species can be detected. For nonmilk containing products, the total carnitine is almost always equal to the free carnitine. A substantial difference was noted between free and total choline in all products. All Standard Method Performance Requirements for carnitine and choline have been met. This report summarizes the material sent to the AOAC Expert Review Panel for SPIFAN nutrient methods for the review of this method, as well as some additional data from an internal validation. The method was granted AOAC First Action status for carnitine in 2014 (2014.04), but the choline data are also being presented. A comparison of choline results to those from other AOAC methods is given.
Different Wavelengths of LEDs on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Wistar Rats
Authors: Hennes Gentil de Araujo  , Rodrigo Marcel Valentim da Silva  , Pablo Miranda Canela  , Nayrane de Farias Silva  , Fernando Claudino dos Santos-Filho  , Oscar Ariel Ronzio  , Maria Goretti Freire de Carvalho  , Sebastião David Santos-Filho  , Patrícia Froes Meyer
Published: June 2015

This study evaluates different wavelengths of LED therapy in Wistar rats skin injuries. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are phototherapeutic resource nowadays, since it is considered a good alternative to Low Level Laser Therapy in injury healing because of the lower cost. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided in five groups: Control, Red LED (630-780 nm), Green LED (490-565 nm), Blue LED (440-490 nm) and Yellow LED (590-630 nm). It´s a experimental research that it was performed during 4 weeks. Twenty-four hours after surgical injury (1cm²) was applied LED therapy for 6 minutes during five days. Red LED presented best anti-edematous effects in comparison to the other wavebands. The perimeters were reduced in all groups, but in Green and Red LED groups were significantly diminished (p
La alfabetización académica en la Universidad. Un estudio predictivo
Authors: Guzmán-Simón Fernando , García-Jiménez Eduardo
Published: June 2015

El proceso de alfabetización académica presenta en el sistema universitario español numerosas deficiencias en nuestros días, lo que es especialmente preocupante en el caso de los futuros maestros de Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria dada la influencia que este colectivo tendrá en la alfabetización de los alumnos en los primeros años de escolarización. Este estudio trata de determinar qué variables definen la alfabetización académica de los estudiantes universitarios y qué prácticas docentes y discentes pueden ayudar a explicarla. Un “Cuestionario sobre hábitos lectores y escritores” fue aplicado a una población de 513 estudiantes del Grado de Magisterio de Educación Infantil y Primaria de la Universidad de Sevilla. Los resultados de la aplicación de dicho Cuestionario nos han permitido describir las prácticas docentes y discentes que favorecen la alfabetización académica así como los propios niveles de alfabetización académica alcanzados por los alumnos. Para determinar la capacidad explicativa de las prácticas docentes y discentes (predictores) sobre la alfabetización académica (criterio) se ha utilizado un análisis de regresión para datos categóricos. Los predictores elegidos explican satisfactoriamente la variabilidad de los distintos niveles de alfabetización académica en los alumnos, que muestran valores diferentes para los matriculados en los grados de Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria.  Una conclusión que se deriva de este estudio es que la adquisición de determinadas estrategias de lectura y escritura crítica, por parte los futuros maestros, requiere de una instrucción específica más allá del desarrollo de la socialización académica en una comunidad de práctica, que les permita transformar el conocimiento y desarrollar una toma de conciencia y autorregulación intelectual.
Análisis de validez en la evaluación entre iguales: un estudio en educación superior
Authors: Pascual-Gómez Isabel , Lorenzo-Llamas Elena María , Monge-López Carlos
Published: June 2015

No son muy numerosas las investigaciones que se han realizado en España sobre la participación de los estudiantes en los procesos de evaluación entre iguales en el marco de la Educación Superior. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer con mayor precisión un proceso de evaluación participativa en el marco de un proyecto de aprendizaje cooperativo. Se recogieron datos de una muestra de 119 estudiantes matriculados en una asignatura del Grado de Magisterio en la Universidad de Alcalá. El procedimiento de recogida de datos fue online. Se diseñaron actividades de evaluación entre iguales y autoevaluación grupal. Los datos se compararon con las calificaciones emitidas por el profesor.  Los resultados del análisis de contraste de medias arrojan una diferencia significativa de 1-2 puntos entre ambas puntuaciones a favor del alumnado. A pesar de esta sobrevaloración, el análisis de contenido del instrumento de autoevaluación concluye la utilidad de esta investigación: este tipo de procesos mejora la capacidad formativa de los procesos de evaluación tanto para el discente como para el docente.
Implicación y regulación del trabajo del alumnado en los sistemas de evaluación formativa en educación superior
Authors: Hortigüela-Alcalá David , Pérez-Pueyo Ángel , López-Pastor Víctor
Published: June 2015

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cuál es la relación entre la utilización de sistemas de evaluación formativa en educación superior y la implicación y la organización y distribución del trabajo del alumnado a lo largo del cuatrimestre. La muestra utilizada es de3.304 alumnos, correspondientes a 50 asignaturas de 16 universidades españolas. Se utiliza la Escala de Sistemas de Evaluación perteneciente al cuestionario sobre metodología y evaluación en la formación inicial del profesorado, en el que se plantean diferentes cuestiones relacionadas con la vía de evaluación formativa. Se ha empleado un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo (medias, DT y varianzas) e inferencial (tablas de contingencia y ?2, correlaciones y ANOVA). El alumnado valora positivamente este sistema de evaluación recibido, asumiendo la necesidad de implicarse desde el comienzo en la asignatura y de buscar estrategias para regular su trabajo. También se demuestra que el alumnado que más veces ha participado en estas vías de evaluación presenta un nivel de implicación mayor, algo que también sucede con el alumnado de cuarto curso. Sin embargo, el hecho de haberse matriculado una o más veces en la misma asignatura no muestra relación significativa con una mayor o menor implicación
Interseismic deformation of the Shahroud fault system (NE Iran) from space‐borne radar interferometry measurements
Authors: Mousavi Z. , Pathier E. , Walker R. T. , Walpersdorf A. , Tavakoli F. , Nankali H. , Sedighi M. , Doin M.‐P.
Published: June 2015

The Shahroud fault system is a major active structure in the Alborz range of NE Iran whose slip rate is not well constrained despite its potential high seismic hazard. In order to constrain the slip rate of the eastern Shahroud fault zone, we use space‐borne synthetic aperture radar interferometry with both ascending and descending Envisat data to determine the rate of interseismic strain accumulation across the system. We invert the slip rate from surface velocity measurements using a half‐space elastic dislocation model. The modeling results are consistent with a left‐lateral slip rate of 4.75 ± 0.8 mm/yr on the Abr and Jajarm, strands of the Shahroud fault, with a 10 ± 4 km locking depth. This is in good agreement with the 4–6 mm/yr of left‐lateral displacement rate accumulated across the total Shahroud fault system obtained from GPS measurements.
Terrestrial OH nightglow measurements during the Rosetta flyby
Authors: Migliorini A. , Gérard J. C. , Soret L. , Piccioni G. , Capaccioni F. , Filacchione G. , Snels M. , Tosi F.
Published: June 2015

We present a study of the terrestrial hydroxyl nightglow emissions observed with the Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer on board the Rosetta mission. During these observations, the OH Δv = 1 and 2 sequences were measured simultaneously. This allowed investigating the relative population of the v = 1 to 9 vibrational levels by using both sequences. In particular, the relative population of the vibrational level v = 1 is determined for the first time from observations. The vibrational population decreases with increasing vibrational quantum number. A good agreement is found with a recent model calculation assuming multiquantum relaxation for OH(v) quenching by O2 and single‐quantum relaxation for OH(v) by N2.
Fractures on comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko observed by Rosetta/OSIRIS
Authors: El‐Maarry M. R. , Thomas N. , Gracia‐Berná A. , Marschall R. , Auger A.‐T. , Groussin O. , Mottola S. , Pajola M. , Massironi M. , Marchi S. , Höfner S. , Preusker F. , Scholten F. , Jorda L. , Kührt E. , Keller H. U. , Sierks H. , A'Hearn M. F. , Barbieri C. , Barucci M. A. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Bertini I. , Cremonese G. , Da Deppo V. , Davidsson B. , Debei S. , De Cecco M. , Deller J. , Güttler C. , Fornasier S. , Fulle M. , Gutierrez P. J. , Hofmann M. , Hviid S. F. , Ip W.‐H. , Knollenberg J. , Koschny D. , Kovacs G. , Kramm J.‐R. , Küppers M. , Lamy P. L. , Lara L. M. , Lazzarin M. , Lopez Moreno J. J. , Marzari F. , Michalik H. , Naletto G. , Oklay N. , Pommerol A. , Rickman H. , Rodrigo R. , Tubiana C. , Vincent J.‐B.
Published: June 2015

The Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) experiment onboard the Rosetta spacecraft currently orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko has yielded unprecedented views of a comet's nucleus. We present here the first ever observations of meter‐scale fractures on the surface of a comet. Some of these fractures form polygonal networks. We present an initial assessment of their morphology, topology, and regional distribution. Fractures are ubiquitous on the surface of the comet's nucleus. Furthermore, they occur in various settings and show different topologies suggesting numerous formation mechanisms, which include thermal insulation weathering, orbital‐induced stresses, and possibly seasonal thermal contraction. However, we conclude that thermal insolation weathering is responsible for creating most of the observed fractures based on their morphology and setting in addition to thermal models that indicate diurnal temperature ranges exceeding 200 K and thermal gradients of ~15 K/min at perihelion are possible. Finally, we suggest that fractures could be a facilitator in surface evolution and long‐term erosion.
Disappearance of the southeast U.S. “warming hole” with the late 1990s transition of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. , Chung Christine T. Y.
Published: June 2015

Observed surface air temperatures over the contiguous U.S. for the second half of the twentieth century showed a slight cooling over the southeastern part of the country, the so‐called “warming hole,” while temperatures over the rest of the country warmed. This pattern reversed after 2000. Climate model simulations show that the disappearance of the warming hole in the early 2000s is likely associated with the transition of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) phase from positive to negative in the tropical Pacific in the late 1990s, coincident with the early 2000s slowdown of the warming trend in globally averaged surface air temperature. Analysis of a specified convective heating anomaly sensitivity experiment in an atmosphere‐only model traces the disappearance of the warming hole to negative sea surface temperature anomalies and consequent negative precipitation and convective heating anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean associated with the negative phase of the IPO after 2000.
Stratospheric imaging of polar mesospheric clouds: A new window on small‐scale atmospheric dynamics
Authors: Miller A. D. , Fritts D. C. , Chapman D. , Jones G. , Limon M. , Araujo D. , Didier J. , Hillbrand S. , Kjellstrand C. B. , Korotkov A. , Tucker G. , Vinokurov Y. , Wan K. , Wang L.
Published: June 2015

Instabilities and turbulence extending to the smallest dynamical scales play important roles in the deposition of energy and momentum by gravity waves throughout the atmosphere. However, these dynamics and their effects have been impossible to quantify to date due to lack of observational guidance. Serendipitous optical images of polar mesospheric clouds at ∼82 km obtained by star cameras aboard a cosmology experiment deployed on a stratospheric balloon provide a new observational tool, revealing instability and turbulence structures extending to spatial scales < 20 m. At 82 km, this resolution provides sensitivity extending to the smallest turbulence scale not strongly influenced by viscosity: the “inner scale” of turbulence, l0∼10(ν3/ϵ)1/4. Such images represent a new window into small‐scale dynamics that occur throughout the atmosphere but are impossible to observe in such detail at any other altitude. We present a sample of images revealing a range of dynamics features and employ numerical simulations that resolve these dynamics to guide our interpretation of several observed events.
Pileup accident hypothesis of magnetic storm on 17 March 2015
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Shiota Daikou , Kilpua Emilia , Keika Kunihiro
Published: June 2015

We propose a “pileup accident” hypothesis, based on the solar wind data analysis and magnetohydrodynamics modeling, to explain unexpectedly geoeffective solar wind structure which caused the largest magnetic storm so far during the solar cycle 24 on 17 March 2015: First, a fast coronal mass ejection with strong southward magnetic fields both in the sheath and in the ejecta was followed by a high‐speed stream from a nearby coronal hole. This combination resulted in less adiabatic expansion than usual to keep the high speed, strong magnetic field, and high density within the coronal mass ejection. Second, preceding slow and high‐density solar wind was piled up ahead of the coronal mass ejection just before the arrival at the Earth to further enhance its magnetic field and density. Finally, the enhanced solar wind speed, magnetic field, and density worked all together to drive the major magnetic storm.
Dense plasma and Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves at Earth's dayside magnetopause
Authors: Walsh B. M. , Thomas E. G. , Hwang K.‐J. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Bonnell J. W.
Published: June 2015

Spacecraft observations of boundary waves at the dayside terrestrial magnetopause and their ground‐based signatures are presented. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft measured boundary waves at the magnetopause while ground‐based HF radar measured corresponding signatures in the ionosphere indicating a large‐scale response and tailward propagating waves. The properties of the oscillations are consistent with linear phase Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves along the magnetopause boundary. During this time period multiple THEMIS spacecraft also measured a plasmaspheric plume contacting the local magnetopause and mass loading the boundary. Previous work has demonstrated that increasing the density at the magnetopause can lower the efficiency of reconnection. Extending this further, present observations suggest that a plume can modulate instability processes such as the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability and allow them to form closer to the subsolar point along the magnetopause than without a plume. The current THEMIS observations from 21 September 2010 are consistent with a theory which predicts that increasing the density at the boundary will lower the Kelvin‐Helmholtz threshold and allow waves to form for a lower velocity shear.
Laboratory investigation of antenna signals from dust impacts on spacecraft
Authors: Collette A. , Meyer G. , Malaspina D. , Sternovsky Z.
Published: June 2015

We describe laboratory experiments which reproduce characteristic signals observed on spacecraft, believed to be caused by dust impact. A simulated spacecraft, including an antenna system using a facsimile of the preamplifier electronics from the STEREO/WAVES instrument, was bombarded by 10 km/s submicron‐sized dust at the University of Colorado Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust accelerator facility. Signal variation was investigated as a function of the DC potentials of both the spacecraft and the antennas. We observed (1) signals corresponding to modification of the spacecraft body potential, an important process believed to be responsible for the so‐called “triple hit” antenna signals on STEREO, (2) a few‐eV energy distribution for the electrons and ions released in the impact leading to (3) signals corresponding to direct recollection of a substantial fraction of the impact charge by the spacecraft antennas, even at modest antenna bias potentials. We also observe (4) an unexpected class of fast antenna signals, which do not appear to be caused by charge recollection by either the spacecraft or the antennas and may be induced by charge separation in the expanding plasma cloud. Similar signals are also commonly observed by the STEREO/WAVES instrument but have not previously been analyzed.
Long‐duration X‐ray emissions observed in thunderstorms
Authors: Eack Kenneth B. , Beasley William H.
Published: June 2015

In 1995, a series of four balloon flights with an X‐ray spectrometer and an electric field meter were conducted to examine if strong electric fields could accelerate, and perhaps multiply, cosmic ray secondary electrons and produce bremsstrahlung X‐rays. X‐ray intensities between 10 and 1000 times that of normal background were observed in conjunction with strong electric fields. Both negative and positive polarity electric fields (as referenced to the vertical field) produced X‐rays, which lasted for time scales on the order of tens of seconds. It was also observed that the increased X‐ray intensity would return to near background levels after lightning reduced the local electric field. The observations indicate that X‐rays observed above background are most likely produced by a runaway electron process occurring in the strong static electric field present in thunderstorms. The production of runaway electrons can occur over long periods of time without causing an electrical breakdown. This may provide a leakage current that limits the large scale electric field to values near the runaway threshold, especially in regions where the thunderstorm charging rate is low.
On the field‐to‐current conversion factors for large bipolar lightning discharge events in winter thunderstorms in Japan
Authors: Chen Long , Zhang Qilin , Hou Wenhao , Tao Yulang
Published: June 2015

In this paper we have simulated the far‐field waveform characteristic of large bipolar events (LBEs) occurred in winter thunderstorms in Japan and compared the field‐to‐current conversion factors (FCCFs) of LBEs with that of the lightning cloud‐to‐ground (CG) return stroke (RS) in summer thunderstorm. As for the physical process of LBEs, Wu et al. (2014) considered that LBEs may be very similar to the typical lightning RS (RS‐like process) or caused by an initial continuous current pulse (ICC‐like process) in upward lightning flashes. We assume that the lightning channel length of LBEs ranges from 500 m to 1000 m, and the height of tall object struck by LBEs is from 100 m to 300 m. By using the bouncing wave model, we found that only when the injected current waveform of LBEs is characterized with a symmetric Gaussian pulse, the simulated far‐field waveform of LBEs both for RS‐like process and ICC‐like process is similar to that observed by Wu et al. (2014). For striking tall objects with heights from 100 m and 300 m, the FCCFs of LBEs are positively correlated with its channel length and derivatives of injected current waveform, and the FCCF for RS‐like process is about similar to that for ICC‐like process. However, the FCCFs of LBEs are very different from lightning RS in summer thunderstorm; that is to say, the FCCFs developed for the well‐known lightning RS in summer thunderstorm are not suitable for LBEs.
Doxorubicin‐Loaded Single Wall Nanotube Thermo‐Sensitive Hydrogel for Gastric Cancer Chemo‐Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhou Minyu , Liu Shuhan , Jiang Yaqi , Ma Huanrong , Shi Min , Wang Quanshi , Zhong Wen , Liao Wangjun , Xing Malcolm M. Q.
Published: June 2015

Single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) based thermo‐sensitive hydrogel (SWNT‐GEL) is reported, which provides an injectable drug delivery system as well as a medium for photothermal transduction. SWNT‐hydrogel alone appears to be nontoxic on gastric cancer cells (BGC‐823 cell line) but leads to cell death with NIR radiation through a hyperthermia proapoptosis mechanism. By incorporating hyperthermia therapy and controlled in situ doxorubicin (DOX) release, DOX‐loaded SWNT‐hydrogel with NIR radiation proves higher tumor suppression rate on mice xenograft gastric tumor models compared to free DOX without detectable organ toxicity. The developed system demonstrates improved efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs which overcomes systemic adverse reactions and presents immense potential for gastric cancer treatment.
10q26.1 Microdeletion: Redefining the critical regions for microcephaly and genital anomalies
Authors: Choucair Nancy , Abou Ghoch Joelle , Fawaz Ali , Mégarbané André , Chouery Eliane
Published: June 2015

Distal 10q deletion syndrome is a well‐characterized chromosomal disorder consisting of neurodevelopmental impairment, facial dysmorphism, cardiac malformations, genital and urinary tract defects, as well as digital anomalies. Patients with interstitial deletions involving band 10q26.1 present a phenotype similar to the ones with the distal 10q deletion syndrome, which led to the definition of a causal 600 kb smallest region of overlap (SRO). In this report, we describe a male patient with an interstitial 4.5 Mb deletion involving exclusively the 10q26.1 segment. He had growth and psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, flat feet, micropenis, and cryptorchidism. The patient's deleted region does not overlap the 10q SRO. We reviewed the clinical phenotype of patients with similar deletions and suggest the presence of two new SROs, one associated with microcephaly, growth and psychomotor retardation, and the other associated to genital anomalies. Interestingly, we narrowed those regions to segments encompassing five and two genes, respectively. FGFR2, NSMCE4A, and ATE1 were suggested as candidates for facial dysmorphism, growth cessation, and heart defects, respectively. WDR11 was linked to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. Its haploinsufficiency could play a crucial role in the genital anomalies of these patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐electrospun nanofibers of PVA‐SbQ and Zein for wound healing
Authors: Cui Jing , Qiu Liying , Qiu Yuyu , Wang Qingqing , Wei Qufu
Published: June 2015

In this study, electrospun biocompatible nanofibers with random orientation were prepared by physically blending poly(vinyl alcohol)‐stilbazol quaternized (PVA‐SbQ) with zein in acetic acid solution for wound healing. PVA‐SbQ was used as the foundation polymer as well as crosslinking agent, blended with zein to achieve desirable properties such as improved tensile strength, surface wettability, and in vitro degradable properties. Moreover, vaccarin drug was incorporated in situ into electrospun nanofibrous membranes for cell viability and cell attachment. The addition of vaccarin showed great effects on the morphology of nanofiber and enhanced cell viability and proliferation in comparison with composite nanofibers without drug. The presence of PVA‐SbQ, zein, and vaccarin drug in the nanofibrous membranes exhibited good compatibility, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility and created a moist environment to have potential application for wound healing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42565.
Business process costs of implementing “gold” and “green” open access in institutional and national contexts
Authors: Johnson Robert , Pinfield Stephen , Fosci Mattia
Published: June 2015

As open access (OA) publication of research outputs becomes increasingly common and is mandated by institutions and research funders, it is important to understand different aspects of the costs involved. This paper provides an early review of administrative costs incurred by universities in making research outputs OA, either via publication in journals (“Gold” OA), involving payment of article‐processing charges (APCs), or via deposit in repositories (“Green” OA). Using data from 29 UK institutions, it finds that the administrative time, as well as the cost incurred by universities, to make an article OA using the Gold route is over 2.5 times higher than Green. Costs are then modeled at a national level using recent UK policy initiatives from Research Councils UK and the Higher Education Funding Councils' Research Excellence Framework as case studies. The study also demonstrates that the costs of complying with research funders' OA policies are considerably higher than where an OA publication is left entirely to authors' discretion. Key target areas for future efficiencies in the business processes are identified and potential cost savings calculated. The analysis is designed to inform ongoing policy development at the institutional and national levels.
A methodology for stochastic inventory models based on a zero‐adjusted Birnbaum‐Saunders distribution
Authors: Leiva Víctor , Santos‐Neto Manoel , Cysneiros Francisco José A. , Barros Michelli
Published: June 2015

The Birnbaum–Saunders (BS) distribution is receiving considerable attention. We propose a methodology for inventory logistics that allows demand data with zeros to be modeled by means of a new discrete–continuous mixture distribution, which is constructed by using a probability mass at zero and a continuous component related to the BS distribution. We obtain some properties of the new mixture distribution and conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the estimators of its parameters. The methodology for stochastic inventory models considers also financial indicators. We illustrate the proposed methodology with two real‐world demand data sets. It shows its potential, highlighting the convenience of using it by improving the contribution margins of a Chilean food industry. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐objective subway timetable optimization approach with minimum passenger time and energy consumption
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Li Keping , Li Xiang
Published: June 2015

Considering the service quality and energy efficiency, this paper develops a multi‐objective timetable optimization approach for subway system. First, we analyze the variation on the passenger flow at stations, and propose the concept of passenger waiting time. Second, we develop a speed‐profile‐generation approach to search for the energy‐efficient speed profile under the condition of a given section trip time. Then we formulate a multi‐objective timetable optimization model to minimize the passenger time and energy consumption by controlling section trip time and station dwell time, in which passenger time includes both waiting time and traveling time. We respectively employ the ideal‐point compromise approach, linearly weighted compromise approach and fuzzy linear programming approach to find the suboptimal solution, via performing a genetic algorithm. With the operation data from Beijing Yizhuang and 4‐Daxing subway lines of China, we conduct extensive case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of our model. The results show that the passenger waiting time and energy consumption can be reduced during both peak and off‐peak hours. The proposed model and algorithm can be developed to a decision support system for dispatchers to schedule trains in the real world. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment Resistant Epilepsy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Increased Risk for Females
Authors: Blackmon Karen , Bluvstein Judith , MacAllister William S. , Avallone Jennifer , Misajon Jade , Hedlund Julie , Goldberg Rina , Bojko Aviva , Mitra Nirmala , Giridharan Radha , Sultan Richard , Keller Seth , Devinsky Orrin
Published: June 2015

The male:female ratio in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) averages greater than 4:1 while the male:female ratio of ASD with epilepsy averages less than 3:1. This indicates an elevated risk of epilepsy in females with ASD; yet, it is unknown whether phenotypic features of epilepsy and ASD differ between males and females with this comorbidity. The goal of this study is to investigate sex differences in phenotypic features of epilepsy and ASD in a prospective sample of 130 children and young adults with an initial ASD diagnosis and subsequent epilepsy diagnosis. All participants were characterized by standardized diagnostic inventories, parent/caregiver completed questionnaires, and medical/academic record review. Diagnostic classifications of epilepsy, ASD, and intellectual disability were performed by board certified neurologists and a pediatric neuropsychologist. Results demonstrated a lower male:female ratio (1.8:1) in individuals with ASD and treatment‐resistant epilepsy relative to those with ASD and treatment‐responsive epilepsy (4.9:1), indicating a higher risk of treatment‐resistant epilepsy in females. Mild neuroimaging abnormalities were more common in females than males and this was associated with increased risk of treatment‐resistance. In contrast, ASD symptom severity was lower in females compared with males. Findings distinguish females with ASD and epilepsy as a distinct subgroup at higher risk for a more severe epilepsy phenotype in the context of a less severe ASD phenotype. Increased risk of anti‐epileptic treatment resistance in females with ASD and epilepsy suggests that comprehensive genetic, imaging, and neurologic screening and enhanced treatment monitoring may be indicated for this subgroup. Autism Res 2016, 9: 311–320. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mouse models of colorectal cancer as preclinical models
Authors: McIntyre Rebecca E. , Buczacki Simon J.A. , Arends Mark J. , Adams David J.
Published: June 2015

In this review, we discuss the application of mouse models to the identification and pre‐clinical validation of novel therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer, and to the search for early disease biomarkers. Large‐scale genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of colorectal carcinomas has led to the identification of many candidate genes whose direct contribution to tumourigenesis is yet to be defined; we discuss the utility of cross‐species comparative ‘omics‐based approaches to this problem. We highlight recent progress in modelling late‐stage disease using mice, and discuss ways in which mouse models could better recapitulate the complexity of human cancers to tackle the problem of therapeutic resistance and recurrence after surgical resection.
Altered resting perfusion and functional connectivity of default mode network in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Jann Kay , Hernandez Leanna M. , Beck‐Pancer Devora , McCarron Rosemary , Smith Robert X. , Dapretto Mirella , Wang Danny J. J.
Published: June 2015

Background

Neuroimaging studies can shed light on the neurobiological underpinnings of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Studies of the resting brain have shown both altered baseline metabolism from PET/SPECT and altered functional connectivity (FC) of intrinsic brain networks based on resting‐state fMRI. To date, however, no study has investigated these two physiological parameters of resting brain function jointly, or explored the relationship between these measures and ASD symptom severity.

Methods

Here, we used pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling with 3D background‐suppressed GRASE to assess resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and FC in 17 youth with ASD and 22 matched typically developing (TD) children.

Results

A pattern of altered resting perfusion was found in ASD versus TD children including frontotemporal hyperperfusion and hypoperfusion in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. We found increased local FC in the anterior module of the default mode network (DMN) accompanied by decreased CBF in the same area. In our cohort, both alterations were associated with greater social impairments as assessed with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS‐total T scores). While FC was correlated with CBF in TD children, this association between FC and baseline perfusion was disrupted in children with ASD. Furthermore, there was reduced long‐range FC between anterior and posterior modules of the DMN in children with ASD.

Conclusion

Taken together, the findings of this study – the first to jointly assess resting CBF and FC in ASD – highlight new avenues for identifying novel imaging markers of ASD symptomatology.
Continuously Conducted Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene in a Four‐Phase System
Authors: Spod Hendrik , Lucas Martin , Claus Peter
Published: June 2015

Currently, the production of nylon 6 and nylon 6.6 is based on the complete hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane over nickel or platinum catalysts and its subsequent oxidation at very low conversions to a mixture of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone. This mixture is further reacted to ϵ‐caprolactam or adipic acid. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out by selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene and subsequent hydration with acidic catalysts to cyclohexanol. A laboratory method for the selective hydrogenation of benzene in a continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) using a gas/liquid/liquid/solid system is presented.
Blind separation of fluorescence spectra using sparse non‐negative matrix factorization on right hand factor
Authors: Yang Ruifang , Zhao Nanjing , Xiao Xue , Yu Shaohui , Liu Jianguo , Liu Wenqing
Published: June 2015

Sparse non‐negative matrix factorization on right side factor (SNMF/R) has better performance in feature extraction than non‐negative matrix factorization. In this work, SNMF/R was first used to separate the overlapped three‐dimensional fluorescence spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mixtures in pure water, lake water, and river water, respectively. It is found that the similarity coefficients between the acquired three‐dimensional spectra and the corresponding reference spectra with random initials are all above 0.80; the recognition rate of SNMF/R is higher than that of PARAFAC and non‐negative matrix factorization algorithms, especially in the case of lake water and river water samples. In addition, SNMF/R does not need any initialization scheme designing during spectra separation. These results demonstrate that SNMF/R is an appropriate algorithm to separate the overlapped fluorescence spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic environment accurately and effectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Metabolism and Interference on Tryptophan Metabolism of Myclobutanil in Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Wang Yao , Qiu Jing , Zhu Wentao , Wang Xinru , Zhang Ping , Wang Dezhen , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: June 2015

Myclobutanil, (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(1H‐1, 2, 4‐triazol‐1‐ylmethyl) hexanenitrile is a widely used triazole fungicide. In this study, enantioselective metabolism and cytotoxicity were investigated in rat hepatocytes by chiral HPLC‐MS/MS and the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, respectively. Furthermore, tryptophan metabolism disturbance in rat hepatocytes after myclobutanil exposure was also evaluated by target metabolomics method. The half‐life (t1/2) of (+)‐myclobutanil was 10.66 h, whereas that for (−)‐myclobutanil was 15.07 h. Such results indicated that the metabolic process of myclobutanil in rat hepatocytes was enantioselective with an enrichment of (−)‐myclobutanil. For the cytotoxicity research, the calculated EC50 (12h) values for rac‐myclobutanil, (+)‐ and (−)‐myclobutanil were 123.65, 150.65 and 152.60 µM, respectively. The results of tryptophan metabolites profiling showed that the levels of kynurenine (KYN) and XA were both up‐regulated compared to the control, suggesting the activation effect of the KYN pathway by myclobutanil and its enantiomers which may provide an important insight into its toxicity mechanism. The data presented here could be useful for the environmental hazard assessment of myclobutanil. Chirality 27:643–649, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Konzepte zur Wiedergewinnung strategischer Metalle über die Gasphase
Authors: Binnewies Michael , Bokelmann Katrin , Gellermann Carsten , Gäth Stefan , Stauber Rudolf
Published: June 2015

Die Sicherung einer nachhaltigen Versorgung der Industrie mit Rohstoffen ist ein essentielles Thema, das zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Dies gilt auch für bestimmte kritische Metalle und Halbmetalle, ohne die zahlreiche technologische Produkte in der heutigen Form undenkbar sind. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Wiedergewinnung strategischer Metalle durch gezielte Überführung in die Gasphase. Solche Reaktionen können prinzipiell dazu dienen, Wertstoffe, die teilweise nur in sehr kleinen Anteilen in Abfällen enthalten sind, über die Gasphase anzureichern und so abzutrennen. Die thermodynamischen Grundlagen werden ebenso erläutert wie die Potenziale und Grenzen dieser Reaktionen.
A novel technique for detecting suspicious lesions in breast ultrasound images
Authors: Karimi Behnam , Krzyżak Adam
Published: June 2015

We present a new method for automatic detection of suspicious breast cancer lesions using ultrasound. The system is fully automated. It uses fuzzy logic and compounding for de‐noising. A fuzzy membership function based on the gray values of ultrasound images is applied for de‐noising, improving the quality of the image and increasing separation between foreground and background, thus making easier detection of lesions. A novel approach based on neural network is used for segmentation of ultrasound images, and correlation between ultrasound images taken from different angles allows overcoming the problem of shadowing. We consider a combination of morphological and texture features and use sequential forward search, sequential backward search, and distance‐based method to select the best subset of features. We rank the features using distance‐based method and use a combination of sequential forward search and sequential backward search to select the best features (bidirectional search). Finally, support vector machine classifier is used for detecting suspicious lesions. The results of experiments show that our system performs better than other state‐of‐the‐art computer‐aided diagnosis systems with the accuracy of 98.75%. Furthermore, we used concurrency to improve the computational efficiency. In concurrent implementation of de‐noising, segmentation, and feature selection and extraction, we assign each pixel of an ultrasound image to a different thread. We also benefit from multi‐core computing by running each classifier on a different thread. Concurrent implementation of our computer‐aided diagnosis system reduces overall computational time by 85%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On constructing DAG‐schedules with large areas
Authors: Roche Scott T. , Rosenberg Arnold L. , Rajaraman Rajmohan
Published: June 2015

The Area of a schedule Σ for a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a quality metric that measures the rate at which Σ renders 's nodes eligible for execution. Specifically, AREA(Σ) is the average number of nodes of that are eligible for execution as Σ executes node by node. Extensive simulations suggest that, for many distributions of processor availability and power, DAG‐schedules having larger Areas execute DAGs faster on platforms that are dynamically heterogeneous: the platform's processors change power and availability status in unpredictable ways and at unpredictable times. (Clouds and desktop grids exemplify such platforms.) While Area‐maximal schedules can provably be found for everyDAG, efficient generators of such schedules are known only for families of well‐structured DAGs. Our first result shows that the problem of crafting Area‐maximal schedules for general DAGs is NP‐complete, hence likely computationally intractable. We also provide an efficient algorithm that approximates optimal Area to within a factor of , where n is the number of tasks in the DAG—a factor that is likely interesting only for small DAGs. The lack of efficient Area‐maximizing schedulers for general DAGs has instigated the development of several heuristics for producing DAG‐schedules that have large Areas. We propose a novel polynomial‐time heuristic that produces schedules having quite large Areas; the heuristic is based on the Sidney decomposition of a DAG. (1) Simulations on DAGs having random structure yield the following results. The SIDNEY heuristic produces schedules whose Areas: (a) are at least 85% of maximal; and (b) are at least 1.25 times greater than previously known heuristics. (2) Simulations on DAGs having the structure of random LEGO®;DAGs (as formulated in earlier studies) indicate that the schedules produced by the SIDNEY heuristic have Areas that are at least 1.5 times greater than previously known heuristics. The ‘85%’ result is obtained from formulating the Area‐maximization problem as a linear program (LP); the Areas of DAG‐schedules produced by the SIDNEY heuristic are at least 85% of the Area value produced by the (unrounded) LP. (3) The reported results on random DAGs are essentially matched by a second heuristic, which produces DAG‐schedules by rounding the results of the LP formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting potential deadlocks in multithreaded programs
Authors: Babamir Seyed Morteza , Hassanzade Elmira , Azimpour Mona
Published: June 2015

In a multithreaded program, competition of threads for shared resources raises the deadlock possibility, which narrows the system liveness. Because such errors appear in specific schedules of concurrent executions of threads, runtime verification of threads behavior is a significant concern. In this study, we extended our previous approach for prediction of runtime behavior of threads may lead to an impasse. Such a prediction is of importance because of the nondeterministic manner of competing threads. The prediction process tries to forecast future behavior of threads based on their observed behavior. To this end, we map observed behavior of threads into time‐series data sets and use statistical and artificial intelligence methods for forecasting subsequent members of the sets as future behavior of the threads. The deadlock prediction is carried out based on probing the allocation graph obtained from actual and predicted allocation of resources to threads. In our approach, we use an artificial neural network (ANN) because ANNs enjoy the applicable performance and flexibility in predicting complex behavior. Using three case studies, we contrasted results of the current and our previous approaches to demonstrate results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed monitoring and workflow management for goal‐oriented workflows
Authors: Jander Kai , Braubach Lars , Lamersdorf Winfried
Published: June 2015

Business process management has often focused on business processes with a production or administrative focus, resulting in a task‐centric approach for modeling and execution of workflow based on the processes. However, the area of collaborative business processes exists, which includes important processes like research and development which have not been adequately addressed by the techniques offered for production workflows. For this, goal‐oriented processes have been proven useful to allow for a more flexible approach in modeling and executing workflow. In addition, distributed workflow management allows for a more flexible approach regarding organizational structures. However, the actual recording of action taken in a process is still relevant for workflow analysis and re‐engineering. As a result, this paper presents a distributed approach for generating, gathering, distributing, and storing events resulting from the execution of goal‐oriented workflows in a distributed workflow environment while allowing the real‐time association of occuring actions with business goals in the process using drill‐down analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient group key management for secure big data in predictable large‐scale networks
Authors: He Shuangyu , Wu Qianhong , Qin Bo , Liu Jianwei , Li Yan
Published: June 2015

It is challenging to secure group communications among large‐scale networks due to their network scale. We observe that in many large‐scale networks, the scale of actual group communication is nevertheless predicable and not very large. For instance, although the entire social network (e.g., Facebook) may have billions of users, the members in a concrete group are usually about tens to hundreds. We manage to secure group communication in such scenarios with efficient group management protocols. Technically, we achieve this goal by using a novel dual‐ring approach in which two rings of nodes are established, one active and one dummy. When some nodes leave, the remaining nodes can replace these nodes with dummy nodes, minimizing the required communications and computations after the protocol is set up and thus providing significant advantage over existing group key management protocols. Formal security arguments show that our protocols are secure under standard computational assumptions. Thorough analysis confirms that our protocols are efficient in computation and communication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mild and Robust Redox‐Neutral Pd/C‐Catalyzed Lignol β‐O‐4′ Bond Cleavage Through a Low‐Energy‐Barrier Pathway
Authors: Galkin Maxim V. , Dahlstrand Christian , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: June 2015

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Joseph Samec at Uppsala University. The image shows that native lignin β‐O‐4′ bond model compounds react at very mild and accurately tuned redox‐neutral conditions while other models have higher hydrogen and temperature demands. The Communication itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201500117.