bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of annealing temperatures on properties of sol‐gel grown ZnO‐ZrO2 films
Authors: Ivanova T. , Harizanova A. , Koutzarova T. , Vertruyen B.
Published: October 2010

Mixed ZnO‐ZrO2 films have been obtained by sol‐gel technology. By using spin coating method, the films were deposited on Si and glass substrates. The influence of thermal annealings (the temperatures vary from 400 °C to 750 °C) on their structural properties has been studied. The structural behavior has been investigated by the means of XRD and FTIR techniques. The results revealed no presence of mixed oxide phases, the detected crystal phases were related to the hexagonal ZnO and to crystalline ZrO2. The sol‐gel ZnO‐ZrO2 films showed polycrystalline structure with a certain degree of an amorphous fraction. The optical transmittance reached 91% and it diminished with increasing the annealing temperatures. The optical properties of the sol‐gel ZnO‐ZrO2 films, deposited on glass substrates are excellent with high transparency and better then those of pure ZrO2 films, obtained at similar technological conditions. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of Nd:Y3Al5O12 nanocrystals by low temperature glycol route
Authors: Kaithwas N. , Dave M. , Kar S. , Verma S. , Bartwal K. S.
Published: October 2010

Y3Al5O12, yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) single crystals are extensively used as host materials for solid‐state lasers. The materials in nano sizes are of immense importance due to their fascinating physical and chemical properties. Nanocrystals of Nd doped YAG were synthesized by low temperature glycol route. This method consists of a mixing of nitrates in an aqueous media at reasonably low temperatures. The Nd doping concentration was optimized and kept at 2 mol%. The prepared material was annealed at different temperatures. Single phase Nd:YAG nanocrystals were obtained at 850 °C. The prepared nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM techniques for the crystalline phase, crystalline size and structure. The crystalline sizes were obtained in the range of ∼20–30 nm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Natural hazard insurance in Europe: tailored responses to climate change are needed
Authors: Schwarze Reimund , Schwindt Manijeh , Weck‐Hannemann Hannelore , Raschky Paul , Zahn Ferdinand , Wagner Gert G.
Published: October 2010

This paper provides an overview of the existing systems of natural hazard insurance in Europe, their structural characteristics and peculiarities. It also 0discusses the difficulties of adaptation of these systems to climate change and the growing number of natural disasters. Using Germany, Austria and Switzerland as examples, the paper demonstrates that based on the status quo, the Swiss monopoly insurance system, which is embedded within a unique direct voting environment, is most able to reduce micro‐ and macroeconomic disruptions resulting from natural hazards. ‘Change in diversity’ is seen to offer the best chance to arrive at insurance systems that are prepared for climate change while being adapted to local particularities. Efforts to harmonize national and regional systems as well as top‐down EU initiatives are argued to be inadequate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Iodine‐Induced Solvothermal Formation of Viologen Iodobismuthates
Authors: Chen Yang , Yang Zhou , Guo Cheng‐Xin , Ni Chun‐Yan , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Li Hong‐Xi , Lang Jian‐Ping
Published: October 2010

Reactions of BiI3, KI, 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy) and alcohols (methanol, benzyl alcohol, 2‐propanol or propanol) in the presence of I2 and a small amount of water afforded four iodobismuthate complexes of N,N′‐dialkyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (viologen, V2+), [MV][BiI5] (1, MV2+ = N,N′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium), [BzV]2[Bi2I8(μ‐I)2] (2, BzV2+ = N,N′‐dibenzyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium), [iPV]2[Bi4I10(μ‐I)4(μ3‐I)2] (3, iPV2+ = N,N′‐diisopropyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium) and [PV]2[Bi4I8(μ‐I)8] (4, PV2+ = N,N′‐dipropyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium) under solvothermal conditions. The V2+ dications were formed from iodine‐induced C–O bond cleavage of alcohols followed by alkylation of 4,4′‐bipy. The Bi centre of the [BiI5]2– anion of 1 adopts a square‐pyramidal coordination geometry, whereas the [Bi2I10]4– anion of 2 consists of a dimeric structure comprising two edge‐sharing BiI6 octahedra. The tetranuclear [Bi4I16]4– anion of 3 has an incomplete double cubane structure in which two incomplete [Bi3(μ‐I)2(μ3‐I)2] cubane‐like fragments are fused by sharing two Bi and two μ3‐I atoms, whereas that of 4 contains a bent Bi4 chain in which the [Bi2I10]4– anion of 2 is fused with two BiI6 units through six shared μ‐I atoms. The optical, electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of 1–4 were also investigated.
Fabrication of and Drug Delivery by an Upconversion Emission Nanocomposite with Monodisperse LaF3:Yb,Er Core / Mesoporous Silica Shell Structure
Authors: Yang Yifei , Qu Yuqiu , Zhao Junwei , Zeng Qinghui , Ran Yingying , Zhang Qingbin , Kong Xianggui , Zhang Hong
Published: October 2010

Monodisperse, uniform, encapsulated mesoporous silicananocomposites with a LaF3:Yb,Er core and a mesoporous silica shell structure, which still exhibit green upconversion photoluminescence (PL) under 980 nm irradiation, have been successfully synthesized and investigated as potential drug delivery systems by using ibuprofen (IBU) as model drug.
Synthesis of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐Substituted Pyrido[2,3‐b]indoles by C–N, C–O, and C–C(sp) Bond Formation
Authors: Schneider Cédric , Goyard David , Gueyrard David , Joseph Benoît , Goekjian Peter G.
Published: October 2010

The synthesis of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐substituted α‐carbolines is described starting from the corresponding chloropyrido[2,3‐b]indoles by Buchwald–Hartwig and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions. Regioselective Sonogashira reactions on 2,4‐dichloropyrido[2,3‐b]indoles are also presented as an efficient route to unsymmetrically 2,4‐disubstituted α‐carbolines.
In vitro micronucleus screening of pharmaceutical candidates by flow cytometry in Chinese hamster V79 cells
Authors: Nicolette John , Diehl Marilyn , Sonders Paul , Bryce Steve , Blomme Eric
Published: October 2010

We previously reported a high concordance of in vitro micronucleus (MNvit) results obtained by flow cytometry to the known cytogenetic activity of ten commercially available compounds mentioned as validation compounds in an early draft of the OECD MNvit TG487 [Bryce et al.,2010; Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD),2007]. The current study investigated this method in Chinese hamster V79 cells with pharmaceutical compounds of unknown genotoxic potential. Twenty‐five compounds from several therapeutic areas such as oncology, neuroscience and immunological research were tested in the flow cytometry assay, and for comparison using the cytokinesis‐block microscopy assay. Five of these 25 compounds were considered positive for micronucleus induction by the microscopy assessment. In all cases, the results from the flow cytometry assessment matched the results of the microscopy assay. Thus, flow cytometry is a viable method for assessing the aneugenic/clastogenic potential of pharmaceutical drug candidates. The flow method offered several advantages over traditional microscopy. For instance, the ratio of micronuclei (MN) to 10,000 nuclei was evaluated in less than 2 min vs. 15 min to manually assess 600 binucleate cells. Evaluation by flow cytometry can be automated, freeing resources and eliminating scorer fatigue. The assay may also provide for mechanistic understanding of MN formation based on size and the ratio of nuclei with sub‐2N DNA content, allowing for discrimination between aneugenic and clastogenic compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sensitivity of hillslope bedrock erosion to precipitation
Authors: Owen Justine J. , Amundson Ronald , Dietrich William E. , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Sutter Brad , Chong Guillermo
Published: October 2010

Decoupling the impacts of climate and tectonics on hillslope erosion rates is a challenging problem. Hillslope erosion rates are well known to respond to changes in hillslope boundary conditions (e.g. channel incision rates) through their dependence on soil thickness, and precipitation is an important control on soil formation. Surprisingly though, compilations of hillslope denudation rates suggest little precipitation sensitivity. To isolate the effects of precipitation and boundary condition, we measured rates of soil production from bedrock and described soils on hillslopes along a semi‐arid to hyperarid precipitation gradient in northern Chile. In each climate zone, hillslopes with contrasting boundary conditions (actively incising channels versus non‐eroding landforms) were studied.

Channel incision rates, which ultimately drive hillslope erosion, varied with precipitation rather than tectonic setting throughout the study area. These precipitation‐dependent incision rates are mirrored on the hillslopes, where erosion shifts from relatively fast and biologically‐driven to extremely slow and salt‐driven as precipitation decreases. Contrary to studies in humid regions, bedrock erosion rates increase with precipitation following a power law, from ∼1 m Ma−1 in the hyperarid region to ∼40 m Ma−1 in the semi‐arid region. The effect of boundary condition on soil thickness was observed in all climate zones (thicker soils on hillslopes with stable boundaries compared to hillslopes bounded by active channels), but the difference in bedrock erosion rates between the hillslopes within a climate region (slower erosion rates on hillslopes with stable boundaries) decreased as precipitation decreased. The biotic‐abiotic threshold also marks the precipitation rate below which bedrock erosion rates are no longer a function of soil thickness. Our work shows that hillslope processes become sensitive to precipitation as life disappears and the ability of the landscape to respond to tectonics decreases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvial dunes: initiation, characterization, flow structure
Authors: Coleman S. E. , Nikora V. I.
Published: October 2010

Research into fluvial dunes spans disciplines, studies at grain to reach scales, and methodological approaches that include theoretical, experimental, numerical and field investigations. Despite significant research efforts to date, it remains difficult to provide definitive answers to some fundamental questions regarding dunes. This paper reviews three notable challenges that remain regarding fluvial dunes, namely scale‐consistent linking of bed morphologies with turbulent flow fields, the intriguing question of what causes trains of highly‐ordered sediment waves to form in beds of river sediments, and how to define the important characteristics of a dune‐covered bed, including lengths, shapes, and their statistical nature. In each case, the particular challenge is discussed and then recent research and ways forward are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adverse outcome pathways and ecological risk assessment: Bridging to population-level effects
Authors: Kramer Vincent J , Etterson Matthew A , Hecker Markus , Murphy Cheryl A , Roesijadi Guritno , Spade Daniel J , Spromberg Julann A , Wang Magnus , Ankley Gerald T
Published: October 2010

Maintaining the viability of populations of plants and animals is a key focus for environmental regulation. Population-level responses integrate the cumulative effects of chemical stressors on individuals as those individuals interact with and are affected by their conspecifics, competitors, predators, prey, habitat, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Models of population-level effects of contaminants can integrate information from lower levels of biological organization and feed that information into higher-level community and ecosystem models. As individual-level endpoints are used to predict population responses, this requires that biological responses at lower levels of organization be translated into a form that is usable by the population modeler. In the current study, we describe how mechanistic data, as captured in adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), can be translated into modeling focused on population-level risk assessments. First, we describe the regulatory context surrounding population modeling, risk assessment and the emerging role of AOPs. Then we present a succinct overview of different approaches to population modeling and discuss the types of data needed for these models. We describe how different key biological processes measured at the level of the individual serve as the linkage, or bridge, between AOPs and predictions of population status, including consideration of community-level interactions and genetic adaptation. Several case examples illustrate the potential for use of AOPs in population modeling and predictive ecotoxicology. Finally, we make recommendations for focusing toxicity studies to produce the quantitative data needed to define AOPs and to facilitate their incorporation into population modeling. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:64–76. © 2010 SETAC
Effects of dietary uranium on reproductive endpoints—fecundity, survival, reproductive success—of the fish Danio rerio
Authors: Simon Olivier , Mottin Elmina , Geffroy Benjamin , Hinton Thomas
Published: October 2010

Exposure to metal-contaminated water has been shown to result in a number of reproductive abnormalities in adult and larvae fish, such as failure of oocyte maturation and teratogenic effects. Recently, dietary uptake of metals by fish has been recognized as a critical route of exposure, however, the mechanisms of metal uptake and toxicity are poorly understood and in need of further investigation. The objectives of the present study are to quantify uranium (U dietary transfers from spiked artificial diets) in Danio rerio tissues and embryos, as well as establish its effect on reproduction and embryonic development. Uranium's environmental prominence is currently increasing because of new mining and milling activities. Uranium concentrations range from 0.02 µg/L in natural waters to 2 mg/L. The focus of this study was to examine the trophic transfer and effects of U following exposure modalities (dose, exposure duration 1 to 20 d). Two different isotopes were used to distinguish between chemical and radioactivity toxicity of U. Results showed that U trophic transfer was low (0.52%). Uranium tissue distributions showed that accumulation occurred in digestive organs (liver, digestive tract) following dietary exposure. High levels of U were measured in the gonads (female in particular, >20% of relative burden). High U accumulation levels in eggs indicated maternal transfer of the contaminant. Moreover, U trophic exposure led to a reduction in reproduction success as a function of U accumulated levels. High U exposure conditions strongly reduced the total number of eggs (50%) and their viability at 10 d (reduction of the clutch number, low quality of eggs). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:220–225. © 2010 SETAC
Anisotropy favoring triangulation CVD(MPFA) finite‐volume approximations
Authors: Pal Mayur , Edwards Michael G.
Published: October 2010

A family of flux‐continuous, control‐volume distributed multi‐point flux approximation schemes CVD (MPFA) have been developed for solving the general geometry‐permeability tensor pressure equation on structured and unstructured grids (Comput. Geo. 1998; 2: 259–290, Comput. Geo. 2002; 6: 433–452). The locally conservative schemes are applicable to the diagonal and full‐tensor pressure equation with generally discontinuous coefficients and remove the O(1) errors introduced by standard reservoir simulation schemes when applied to full‐tensor flow approximation. The family of flux‐continuous schemes is quantified by a quadrature parameterization. Improved numerical convergence for the family of CVD(MPFA) schemes for specified quadrature points has been observed for lower anisotropy ratios for both structured and unstructured grids in two dimensions.

However, for strong full‐tensor anisotropy fields the quadrilateral schemes can induce strong spurious oscillations in the numerical solution. This paper motivates and demonstrates the benefit of using anisotropy favoring triangulation for treating such cases. Test examples involving strong full‐tensor anisotropy fields are presented in 2‐D and 3‐D, which show that the family of schemes on anisotropy favoring triangulation (prisms in 3‐D) yield well‐resolved pressure fields with little or no spurious oscillations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetohydrodynamic effects on blood flow through an irregular stenosis
Authors: Abdullah Ilyani , Amin Norsarahaida , Hayat Tasawar
Published: October 2010

This paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects on the blood flow. Rheological properties of blood have been taken into account through the constitutive equations of a micropolar fluid. Unsteady nonlinear differential system is solved numerically by employing finite difference method. Explicit results of axial velocity, flow rate and wall shear stress are obtained and analyzed. It is found that an applied magnetic field reduces the blood flow rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice Boltzmann modeling of pore‐scale fluid flow through idealized porous media
Authors: Han Yanhui , Cundall Peter A.
Published: October 2010

In order to capture the hydro‐mechanical impacts on the solid skeleton imposed by the fluid flowing through porous media at the pore‐scale, the flow in the pore space has to be modeled at a resolution finer than the pores, and the no‐slip condition needs to be enforced at the grain–fluid interface. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a mesoscopic Navier–Stokes solver, is shown to be an appropriate pore‐scale fluid flow model. The accuracy and lattice sensitivity of LBM as a fluid dynamics solver is demonstrated in the Poiseuille channel flow problem (2‐D) and duct flow problem (3‐D). Well‐studied problems of fluid creeping through idealized 2‐D and 3‐D porous media (J. Fluid Mech.1959;5(2):317–328,J. Fluid Mech.1982;115:13–26,Int. J. Multiphase Flow1982;8(4):343–360,Phys. Fluids A1989;1(1):38–46,Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech.1999;23:881–904,Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech.2010; DOI: 10.1002/nag.898,Int. J. Multiphase Flow1982;8(3):193–206) are then simulated using LBM to measure the friction coefficient for various pore throats. The simulation results agree well with the data reported in the literature. The lattice sensitivity of the frictional coefficient is also investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Sesquiterpenoids from Artemisia anomala
Authors: Zan Ke , Shi She‐Po , Fu Qiang , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Zhou Si‐Xiang , Xiao Mei‐Tian , Tu Peng‐Fei
Published: October 2010

One new guaianolide, anomalactone A (1), and one new norcadinane sesquiterpene, anomallenodiol (2), along with two germacranolides, anomalactones B and C (3 and 4, resp.), were isolated from the aerial part of Artemisia anomala S. Moore. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses.
The Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoic Acid via Menthyl Chiral Auxiliaries
Authors: Xiang Ji‐Ming , Li Bao‐Lin
Published: October 2010

In the presence of titanium(IV) tetraethoxide ((EtO)4Ti), menthyl arylglyoxylates are prepared by transesterification of ethyl arylglyoxylates and natural (−)‐(1R,2S,5R)‐menthol. Using menthyl as a chiral auxiliary, the corresponding novel (R)‐menthyl 2‐aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoates are synthesized by the addition of Et2Zn with menthyl arylglyoxylates. The structures of the products are characterized by IR and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The diastereoselectivities are analyzed by HPLC. The addition reactions are completed with good yields and high diastereoisomeric excess (de up to 95%), and, after hydrolysis, the (R)‐2‐aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoic acids are obtained with high optical purities.
Trimethylsilyl Iodide‐Promoted Aza‐Prins Cyclization for the Synthesis of 4‐Iodopiperidines
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Das Sukant Kishore , Srinivas Rangavajjula , Yadav Jhillu S.
Published: October 2010

The aza‐Prins cyclization of homoallyl N‐tosylamine with aliphatic aldehydes gives trans‐2‐alkyl‐4‐iodo‐1‐tosylpiperidines. This method is chemoselective as it works only with the aliphatic aldehydes, and, in the case of aromatic aldehydes, the starting materials are recovered.
Stereoselective Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activities of Novel Isosteviol Derivatives with D‐Ring Modification
Authors: Wu Ya , Liu Cong‐Jun , Liu Xu , Dai Gui‐Fu , Du Jin‐Yu , Tao Jing‐Chao
Published: October 2010

Considerable interests have been attracted by isosteviol and its derivatives because of their large variety of bioactivities. In this project, a series of novel 15‐ and 16‐substituted isosteviol derivatives were stereoselectively prepared by means of functional interconversions in ring D of the tetracyclic diterpene isosteviol. All compounds synthesized were characterized by analysis of NMR, IR, HR‐MS data, and the configurations of 33 and 37 were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The antibacterial activities in vitro of these isosteviol derivatives were investigated; the synthetic compounds were more active against Gram‐positive than Gram‐negative bacteria, and were especially active against Bacillus subtilis. Among them, compound 27 (MIC=1.56 μg/ml) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and thus may be exploitable as a lead compound for the development of potent antibacterial agents.
Synthetic Studies on Camptothecins. Part 3
Authors: Kuang Yun‐Yan , Niu Jing‐Ze , Chen Fen‐Er
Published: October 2010

A concise and efficient asymmetric process for the total synthesis of (20S)‐7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (=SN‐38; 1f), an active metabolic form of the prodrug irinotecan, is described. This approach features the enantioselective cyanosilylation of indolizinone 4 into the corresponding cyanohydrin 5, mediated by a bifunctional thiourea‐based cinchona alkaloid under mild conditions, and I2‐catalyzed Friedländer condensation of the tricyclic lactone 6 and 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxy propiophenone (=1‐(2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyphenyl)propan‐1‐one).
Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins Acetylated with Monoterpenoid Acid from Albizia julibrissin
Authors: Zou Kun , Zhang Qing‐Ying , Wang Bin , Cui Jing‐Rong , Zhao Yu‐Ying , Zhang Ru‐Yi
Published: October 2010

Three new triterpenoid saponins, named julibroside J16 (2), julibroside J17 (3), and julibroside J21 (4), each of which possesses an oleanane triterpenoid aglycone of acacic acid, two monoterpenoid acids, and nine sugar moieties, together with one known saponin, julibroside II (1), were isolated from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin by chromatographic methods. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic means. Saponins 1, 2, and 4 showed inhibitory activities against Bel 7402 human cancer cell line in vitro.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ester‐Linked Hen Egg White Lysozyme Reveals the Effect of Missing Backbone Hydrogen Bond Donors on the Protein Structure
Authors: Eichenberger Andreas P. , Gattin Zrinka , Yalak Garif , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: October 2010

The three‐dimensional structure of a protein is stabilized by a number of different atomic interactions. One of these is hydrogen bonding. Its influence on the spatial structure of the hen egg white lysozyme is investigated by replacing peptide bonds (except those of the two proline residues) by ester bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations of native and ester‐linked lysozyme are compared with the native crystal structure and with NOE distance bounds derived from solution NMR experiments. The ester‐linked protein shows a slight compaction while losing its native structure. However, it does not unfold completely. The structure remains compact due to its hydrophobic core and a changed network of hydrogen bonds involving side chains.
Artabotryols A – E, New Lanostane Triterpenes from the Seeds of Artabotrys odoratissimus
Authors: Gupta Chitrasen , Prasad Subedar , Sahai Mahendra , Asai Teigo , Hara Noriyuki , Fujimoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2010

Six new lanostane triterpenes, artabotryols A, B, C1, C2, D, and E (1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, and 5, resp.) have been isolated from the seeds of Artabotrys odoratissimus (Annonaceae). Their structures have been established as (3α,22S,25R)‐3‐hydroxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐one (1), (3α,22S,25R)‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐ene‐3,26‐diol (2), (3α,22S,25R,26R)‐26‐methoxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐3‐ol (3a), (3α,22S,25R, 26S)‐26‐methoxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐3‐ol (3b), (3α,22S,25R)‐3,22‐dihydroxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐oic acid (4) and (3α,7α,11α,22S,25R)‐3,7,11‐trihydroxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐one (5) by spectroscopic studies and chemical correlations.
Alkylation Reactions at the Benzo Moiety of 2,4‐Dimethoxy‐3‐(phenylsulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalenes – Model Compounds of Colchicinoids
Authors: El Rayes Samir , Linden Anthony , Abou‐Hadeed Khaled , Hansen Hans‐Jürgen
Published: October 2010

Alkylation reactions of 3‐(X‐sulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalene‐2,4‐diols (X=Ph, morpholin‐4‐yl) and their dimethyl ethers were studied. The diols form with K2CO3/MeI in aqueous media the 1‐methylated benzoheptalenes, but in yields not surpassing 20% (Table 1). On the other hand, 2,4‐dimethoxybenzo[a]heptalenes can easily be lithiated at C(3) with BuLi and then treated with alkyl iodides to give the 3‐alkylated forms in good yield (Table 2). Surprising is the reaction with two equiv. or more of t‐BuLi since the alkylation at C(4) is accompanied by the reductive elimination of the X‐sulfonyl group at C(3) (Table 3). Most exciting is also the course of 2,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐(phenylsulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalenes in the presence of an excess of MeLi. After the expected exchange of MeO against Me at C(4) (Scheme 6), rearrangement takes place under formation of 4‐benzyl‐2‐methoxybenzo[a]heptalenes and concomitant loss of the sulfonyl group at C(3) (Table 4). In the case of X=morpholin‐4‐yl, rearrangement cannot occur. However, the intermediate benzyl anions of Type E (Scheme 8) react easily with O2 of the air to build up corresponding benzo[a]heptalene‐4‐methanols (Table 6).
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Two Novel Carbasugar Derivatives
Authors: Gümüş Ayşegül , Tanyeli Cihangir
Published: October 2010

Enzymatic resolution of racemic 1,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐7,7‐dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene (rac‐1) using various lipases in vinyl acetate as acetyl source was studied. The obtained enantiomerically enriched (+)‐(1,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐7,7‐dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐yl)methyl acetate ((+)‐2; 94% ee), upon treatment with Na in liquid NH3, followed by Amberlyst‐15 resin in acetone, provided (−)‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐en‐7‐one ((−)‐7), which is a valuable precursor for the synthesis of carbasugar derivatives. Subsequent Baeyer–Villiger oxidation afforded a nonseparable mixture of bicyclic lactones, which was subjected to LiAlH4 reduction and then acetylation. The resultant compounds (−)‐11 and (+)‐12 were submitted to a cis‐hydroxylation reaction, followed by acetylation, to afford the novel carbasugar derivatives (1S,2R,3S,4S,5S)‐4,5‐bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclohexane‐1,2,3‐triyl triacetate ((−)‐(13)) and (1R,3R,4R,6R)‐4,6‐bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclohexane‐1,2,3‐triyl triacetate ((−)‐(14)), respectively, with pseudo‐C2‐symmetric configuration. The absolute configuration of enantiomerically enriched unreacted alcohol (−)‐1 (68% ee) was determined by X‐ray single‐crystal analysis by anchoring optically pure (R)‐1‐phenylethanamine. Based on the configurational correlation between (−)‐1 and (+)‐2, the absolute configuration of (+)‐2 was determined as (1R,2R,4S).
Synthesis of 2,4,8‐Trisubstituted 1,7‐Naphthyridines by the Reaction of 4‐(1‐Aryl‐2‐methoxyethenyl)‐3‐isocyanopyridines with Excess Organolithiums
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kozuki Taketoshi , Fukamachi Shuhei , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: October 2010

A convenient method for the synthesis of 2,4,8‐trisubstituted 1,7‐naphthyridines 6 by the reaction of (E)‐4‐(1‐aryl‐2‐methoxyethenyl)‐3‐isocyanopyridines 4, which could be easily prepared from commercially available 3‐aminopyridine via aroylation of lithium (4‐lithiopyridin‐3‐yl)pivalamide with N‐methoxy‐N‐methylbenzamides, with excess organolithiums has been developed.
Synthesis of Pteroenone and Its Stereoisomers, a Defensive Metabolite of the Abducted Antarctic Pteropod Clione antarctica
Authors: Asao Hiroki , Nakamura Yoko , Furuya Yukito , Kuwahara Shigefumi , Baker Bill J. , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: October 2010

Four stereoisomers of (+)‐pteroenone, a defensive metabolite of the abducted Antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica, were synthesized by employing anti‐/syn‐selective aldol reactions as the key step. These compounds displayed no antifeedant activity against a generally benthic Antarctic fish that does not co‐occur with this pteropod.
Factors Affecting Leaf Litter Decomposition by Micropterna sequax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Rumbos Christos I. , Stamopoulos Dimitrios , Georgoulas Giorgios , Nikolopoulou Efi
Published: October 2010

Feeding behaviour and consumption rates of the caddisfly Micropterna sequax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) larvae were investigated under laboratory conditions. The consumption rates of M. sequax were measured at four temperatures (5.5, 9.5, 13 and 19 °C) and its feeding preferences among four leaf species (European beech, oak, chestnut and oriental plane) were studied. Furthermore, fresh and senescent conditioned or not beech leaves were offered to Micropterna larvae to assess the impact of the leaf age and conditioning on the larvae feeding rates. Temperature exerted a pronounced effect on the consumption rates of the larvae, the optimum temperature for feeding being 13 °C. In all the experiments, larvae showed a sound preference for chestnut leaves over the other leaves tested, with consumption rates of up to 0.55 mg leaf mg–1 animal d–1. Senescent beech leaves were clearly preferred against fresh ones, while no significant differences were recorded between the consumption rates of conditioned and non‐conditioned plant material. The role of physical and chemical characteristics of the leaves possibly involved in the larvae selectivity is also discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Critical Re‐Evaluation of the Lecanidae (Rotifera: Monogononta) of Thailand, with Description of a New Species
Authors: Segers Hendrik , Savatenalinton Sukonthip
Published: October 2010

To contribute to the biogeographical knowledge of rotifers, we critically re‐evaluate the species of Lecanidae recorded from Thailand. We report on a number of rare (L. armata Thomasson, L. bulla diabolica Hauer, L. chinesensis Zhuge and Koste) and one new species of Lecane. Lecane latissima Yamamoto is recognized as the senior synonym of Lecane thailandensis Segers and Sanoamuang, L. kostei De Ridder is reestablised as valid name for the cold‐water bipolar taxon formerly referred to as L. latissima. Some dubious and dated records of taxa are reconsidered. In total, we confirm 92 species of Lecane from the country, which is almost half of the world's diversity of the taxon, and a limited degree of endemics to various scales, from countrywide to Paleotropical. These results are in accord with the moderate endemicity model of distribution and diversity patterns in microscopic organisms.

A potential new avenue of research may be to unravel cryptic diversity in species complexes such as the L. ludwigii, L. lunaris, L. bulla, L. leontina and L. quadridentata species groups as models of tropical and subtropical micrometazoans. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient replication and generation of recombinant bovine adenovirus‐3 in nonbovine cotton rat lung cells expressing I‐SceI endonuclease
Authors: Du Enqi , Tikoo Suresh K.
Published: October 2010

Background

The rigorous evaluation of recombinant bovine adenovirus (BAdV)‐3 as a gene delivery vector requires quick and efficient method of isolating recombinants. This requires both a suitable cell line and an efficient method of rescuing recombinant BAdV‐3. To facilitate rapid isolation of recombinant BAdV‐3, we have developed an efficient system for generating recombinants using newly identified nonbovine cell line permissive for replication of BAdV‐3.

Methods

Nonbovine cotton rat lung (CRL) cells in comparison to Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells and VIDO R2 cells were analyzed for the production of progeny virus and DNA transfection efficiency. In addition, lentiviral expression system was used to generate stable nonbovine CRL cell line expressing endonuclease I‐SceI as examined by western blotting. Transfection of this cell line with circular or linear plasmid containing full‐length BAdV‐3 genome was used to generate recombinant BAdV‐3.

Results

We demonstrate that nonbovine CRL cells are permissive for replication of BAdV‐3 and can be efficiently transfected with plasmid DNA. Second, we constructed CRL cell line (VIDO DT1) expressing an intron‐encoding endonuclease I‐SceI. Finally, we demonstrate that transfection of VIDO DT1 cells with a circular plasmid containing recombinant BAdV‐3 genome flanked by I‐SceI recognition sites can efficiently rescue recombinant virus.

Conclusions

The use of circular molecular clones together with I‐SceI endonuclease expressing, BAdV‐3 permissive CRL cell line not only increased the viral genome transfection efficiency, but also reduced the viral rescue time and amount of DNA required for rescuing recombinant BAdV‐3s. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE SUPPLY RESPONSE OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMS IN THE MARGINAL ZONES OF KENYA
Authors: Kavoi M.M. , Hoag Dana L. , Pritchett James
Published: October 2010

Kenya's stated policy is to increase dairy production through sustained liberalization of output and input markets. The present study assessed dairy farmers' responsiveness to both market price factors and non‐price factors within a liberalized market environment. Econometric analysis used in the study is based on a profit function using farm household survey data collected for a year. Results showed that dairy farmers are more responsive to non‐price factors than to price factors. Hence the need for a consistent and a sustained liberalization program in the sub‐sector, as well as reinforcing liberalization policies in place by increasing public expenditure on rural infrastructure and other agricultural support services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction from copper(II) to copper(I) upon collisional activation of (pyridine)2CuCl+
Authors: Révész Ágnes , Milko Petr , Žabka Jan , Schröder Detlef , Roithová Jana
Published: October 2010

Electrospray ionization of dilute aqueous solutions of copper(II) chloride‐containing traces of pyridine (py) as well as ammonia permits the generation of the gaseous ions (py)2Cu+ and (py)2CuCl+, of which the latter is a formal copper(II) compound, whereas the former contains copper(I). Collision‐induced dissociation of the mass‐selected ions in an ion‐trap mass spectrometer (IT‐MS) leads to a loss of pyridine from (py)2Cu+, whereas an expulsion of atomic chlorine largely prevails for (py)2CuCl+. Theoretical studies using density functional theory predict a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of BDE[(py)2Cu+ ‐Cl] = 125 kJ mol−1, whereas the pyridine ligand is bound significantly stronger, i.e. BDE[(py)CuCl+ ‐py] = 194 kJ mol−1 and BDE[(py)Cu+ ‐py] = 242 kJ mol−1. The results are discussed with regard to the influence of the solvation on the stability of the CuI/CuII redox couple. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, and antifibrosis of hepatocyte growth factor in rats brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Shang Jingwei , Deguchi Kentaro , Ohta Yasuyuki , Liu Ning , Zhang Xuemei , Tian Fengfeng , Yamashita Toru , Ikeda Yoshio , Matsuura Tohru , Funakoshi Hiroshi , Nakamura Toshikazu , Abe Koji
Published: October 2010

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are strong neurotrophic factors. However, their potentials in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, and antifibrosis have not been compared. Therefore, we investigated these effects of HGF and GDNF in cerebral ischemia in the rat. Wistar rats were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Immediately after reperfusion, HGF or GDNF was given by topical application. BrdU was injected intraperitoneally twice daily 1, 2, and 3 days after tMCAO. On 14 day, we histologically evaluated infarct volume, antiapoptotic effect, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, and antifibrosis. Both HGF and GDNF significantly reduced infarct size and the number of TUNEL‐positive cells, but only HGF significantly increased the number of BrdU‐positive cells in the subventricular zone, and 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine ‐positive cells differentiated into mature neurons on the ischemic side. Enhancement of angiogenesis and synaptogenesis at the ischemic boundary zone was also observed only in HGF‐treated rats. HGF significantly decreased the glial scar formation and scar thickness of the brain pia mater after tMCAO, but GDNF did not. Our study shows that both HGF and GDNF had significant neurotrophic effects, but only HGF can promote the neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis and inhibit fibrotic change in brains after tMCAO. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A bedside assay to detect streptococcus pneumoniae in children with empyema
Authors: Strachan Roxanne E. , Cornelius Anita , Gilbert Gwendolyn L. , Gulliver Tanya , Martin Andrew , McDonald Tim , Nixon Gillian M. , Roseby Rob , Ranganathan Sarath , Selvadurai Hiran , Smith Greg , Soto‐Martinez Manuel , Suresh Sadasivam , Teoh Laurel , Thapa Kiran , Wainwright Claire E. , Jaffé Adam ,   on behalf of the Australian Research Network in Empyema (ARNiE)
Published: October 2010

Background

Empyema is a complication of pneumonia, commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Aims

To validate the utility of an immunochromatographic test for the detection of S. pneumoniae antigen in the pleural fluid of children with empyema.

Methods

Empyema patients had blood and pleural fluid cultured, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the S. pneumoniae autolysin gene, lytA, in pleural fluid. Pleural fluid was tested using the Binax NOW S. pneumoniae antigen detection assay and compared with lytA PCR results and/or culture in blood or pleural fluid.

Results

S. pneumoniae was detected by PCR in pleural fluid of 68 of 137 (49.6%) patients, by culture in 11 of 135 (8.1%) pleural specimens and 16 of 120 (13.3%) blood specimens. Pleural fluid Binax NOW testing from 130 patients demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.8% and specificity of 93.5% (positive predictive value of 93.4% and negative predictive value of 84.1%).

Conclusions

In pediatric empyema, high predictive values of pleural fluid Binax NOW S. pneumoniae antigen test suggest that this test may help rationalize antibiotic choice in these patients. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:179–183. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recommended management of vestibular causes of dizziness
Authors: Rea Peter
Published: October 2010

Most patients with vestibular causes of dizziness can now be treated with either drug therapy or vestibular physiotherapy. Mr Peter Rea discusses the various causes of dizziness and their appropriate management.
Nicotine replacement therapy options for smoking cessation
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Hajek Peter
Published: October 2010

A concise guide to the properties, adverse effects and prescription costs of the currently available NRT options for smoking cessation.
A fractured mosaic: Encounters with the everyday amongst refugee and asylum seeker women
Authors: Conlon Deirdre
Published: October 2010

In his critique of everyday life, Henri Lefebvre called for an understanding of the everyday as a complex, fragmentary and dynamic constellation. Apprehending everyday life in this way complements the calls – from scholars of migration geography in particular – to ground meta‐narratives of globalisation and mobility within the physical locales, material objects and social and spatial practices where the daily lives of migrants actually unfold. This paper takes up these issues by drawing on qualitative interview research conducted over an 11‐month period with asylum seeker and refugee women living in contemporary Irish society. Drawing on some of Lefebvre's ideas the paper examines how the presence and absence of material objects and textures of the everyday train and emplace participants in local contexts while simultaneously linking them in concrete and abstract ways to global transnationality. In this process, the ‘fractured mosaic’ that marks migrants' social, material and cultural everyday lives becomes crystal clear while illustrating the value of Lefebvre's perspectives for apprehending the intricate sociality and materiality of transnational migration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Returning home? Migration to birthplace among migrants after age 55
Authors: Lundholm Emma
Published: October 2010

As the large post‐war cohorts reach retirement age, there is a growing potential for later‐life migrants. Not only are these cohorts large in number; they are also healthier and can make plans for a substantially long period to enjoy retirement. Additionally, in Sweden this generation is largely one of urbanization, which means that many have a linkage to the rural areas where they grew up. Attracting this potential of returning retirees is one strategy to counteract population decline: in some rural areas, politicians target returning retirees as potential in‐migrants. Returning to one's origin is one potential motivation for migration later in life, once employment is no longer a restraining factor to a particular place, and it becomes possible to choose a place of residence more freely. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which returning to one's roots is a factor in interregional migration in Sweden in the age group of 55–70 years. Data consist of all persons in Sweden aged 55–70 during the period 2003–2005, including their permanent residence and parish of birth. The results indicate that approximately one out of five migrants in this group who move further than 30 km are return migrants while about ten per cent return to parish. The results further confirm that migration in this age group, particularly return migration, is oriented towards rural areas. People born in the rural areas are also more prone to return at older age compared to those born in urban settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and phase transition of lead‐free (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3‐based ferroelectrics via different Li+ introduction sources
Authors: Lei Na , Zhu Mankang , Wang Longfei , Yang Peng , Hou Yudong
Published: October 2010

Lead‐free 0.85(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3‐0.10(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3‐0.05BaTiO3 (BNKBT) ceramics with Li2CO3 or (Bi1/2Li1/2)TiO3 (BLT) added were fabricated by conventional solid oxide route. The XRD analysis indicated that Li2CO3 introduction led to increasing fraction of tetragonal phase while BLT introduction gave a reverse tendency. Meanwhile, the depolarization temperature Td of Li2CO3‐added BNKBT ceramics was clearly enhanced, while that of BLT‐added BNKBT ceramics went down as the added amount increased. The similarity in variation of the phase structure and the Td of BNKBT ceramics revealed the nature of the Li+ introduction source on phase structure in BNKBT ceramics.
Semi‐polar nitride surfaces and heterostructures
Authors: Strittmatter André , Northrup John E. , Johnson Noble M. , Kisin Mikhail V. , Spiberg Philippe , El‐Ghoroury Hussein , Usikov Alexander , Syrkin Alexander
Published: October 2010

This paper reviews semi‐polar GaN surfaces, of interest for light emitting devices, from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. Theoretical results on polarization charges at InGaN/GaN heterointerfaces and In incorporation into InGaN films are presented for polar (0001), semi‐polar (1122) and non‐polar (1100) surfaces. Specific features of semi‐polar InGaN/GaN structures are emphasized which can be beneficial for improving optical and transport properties of quantum‐well‐based light emitting devices. The analysis favours semi‐polar surfaces such as the (1122) surface as growth plane for long‐wavelength light emitters. Therefore, the experimental sections emphasize progress towards long‐wavelength LEDs and lasers by growth of InGaN/AlGaN/GaN(1122) heterostructures on large‐area GaN(1122)/m‐sapphire templates. The current status of such templates as grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy is presented. The implementation of an epitaxial lateral overgrowth method on such templates to improve device performances is demonstrated.
Wild flower harvesting on South Africa's agulhas plain: a mechanism for achieving sustainable local economic development?
Authors: Bek David , Binns Tony , Nel Etienne
Published: October 2010

Post‐apartheid South Africa is characterized by considerable spatial and social inequality and high levels of poverty and unemployment, particularly among historically disadvantaged groups. Since 1994, there has been much attention given to fostering local economic development (LED) to promote empowerment, job creation, economic growth and community development, with a primary focus on broad‐based Black Economic Empowerment. However, LED initiatives have achieved mixed success, with many projects foundering after optimism in their early stages. Focusing on South Africa's Western Cape Province, with its species‐rich Cape Floristic Region, this paper examines LED experience in relation to the concept of the ‘biodiversity economy’, which has received considerable attention recently among South African environmental bodies. The paper focuses specifically on operationalizing the biodiversity economy concept through the implementation of a ‘sustainable wild flower harvesting code of practice’ on the Agulhas Plain, where local communities, supported by transnational companies, are harvesting and marketing wild flowers to retailers in South Africa and the UK. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IRSE) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) monitoring the preparation of maleimide‐functionalized surfaces: from Au towards Si (111)
Authors: Sun Guoguang , Hovestädt Marc , Zhang Xin , Hinrichs Karsten , Rosu Dana Maria , Lauermann Iver , Zielke Claudia , Vollmer Antje , Löchel Heike , Ay Bernhard , Holzhütter Hermann‐Georg , Schade Ulrich , Esser Norbert , Volkmer Rudolf , Rappich Jörg
Published: October 2010

The IR ellipsometric technique was used to identify the surface species and to control the preparation of maleimide‐terminated surfaces. Because of higher s/n ratios for metallic substrates, the protocol was initially developed on Au surfaces, was later successfully transferred to technologically more relevant Si (111) substrates. The functionalized surfaces were achieved by electrochemical deposition of diazonium linker films and following chemical adsorption steps. Complementary XPS was also employed to detect the surface species in the process of preparation. The immobilization of different functional molecules was proven by interpreting the specific vibrational bands in IR spectra and additionally confirmed by XPS experiments. The surface homogeneity was investigated by FT‐IR synchrotron mapping ellipsometry. This work shows that the proposed protocol is an effective pathway to achieve the desired functionalized surfaces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.