bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Effect of the Knowledge Spillover and Innovation Performance of Textile Companies: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Djulius Horas , Gyu Choi Won , Juanim Juanim , Ratnamiasih Ina , Santy Raeni Dwi
Published: April 2022

Most studies on knowledge spillover hypothesis testing are limited to its occurrence and impact on improving the productivity or performance of the recipient companies. In this study a model is constructed of how to use knowledge spillovers from the provider to the beneficiary company, in the context of the textile industry in Indonesia. The model suggests that the knowledge obtained from the buyer may increase the innovation of domestic enterprise suppliers. The model also represents the possibility of knowledge spillover from labour turnover and the imitation process. A survey was carried out to measure the variables of the study conducted by distributing questionnaires to the marketing manager, human resource manager and operations manager of textile companies. The structural equation model was used to test the hypothesis. The results state that a company with better knowledge management can take advantage of knowledge spillover to produce innovative products that are more accepted by the market.
Functional Model of a Warp-Knitted Machine for Producing 3D Technical Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Michalak Andrzej , Mikołajczyk Zbigniew
Published: April 2022

The article describes the construction and testing of a functional model of an innovative warp – knitting machine for technical spatial knitted fabrics with an original structure. Design assumptions regarding the geometrical, kinematic and driving characteristics of the machine are described. The functional model as well as its physical implementation as a research stand are presented. The production phases of the 3D knitted fabric are also demonstrated. The research results are described and their importance for the construction of a machine prototype of the production version are emphasised.
Simulation of the Colour Appearance of Weft-Knitted Fabric by Extracting and Mapping Colour Textures of Coloured Spun Yarn
Authors: Cui Peng , Xue Yuan
Published: April 2022

In the present work, we propose a framework of simulating the colour appearance for weft- -knitted fabric. A self-developed image capturing apparatus was used to record an image of coloured spun yarn. Pierce’s loop model was used for the colour mapping of weft-knitted fabrics. According to the algebraic-geometric relation of Pierce’s loop model, the colour information of the coloured spun yarn is mapped onto the loop. We found there exist „black spots” on the simulated needle loop and sinker loop due to the mismatch between the pixels of the yarn and the arc of the loop, which can be resolved by the interpolation fitting procedure. Moreover, changing the loop length offers a way to control the pattern of weft-knitted fabric. Finally, the brightness values at different positions of the loop were calculated in HSV color space to generate virtually realistic textures of the simulated weft-knitted fabric.
Analysis of the Impact Resistance Capacity of 3D Spacer Fabrics Based on Impact Tests
Authors: Zawadzka Kinga , Barburski Marcin , Rutkowski Jacek
Published: April 2022

The article presents the structure influence of distance spacer fabric on the ability to protect against impact based on impact test results of selected packages made of spacer fabrics. The aim of testing these materials was to check their ability to suppress the impact force and absorb the energy in anti-impact vests. The purpose of using these textile materials in protective clothing would be to reduce the weight of the final product, and thus also to reduce heat stress during use. The article contains test results of the force received under an anvil and of the energy absorbed for each of the packages tested. The textile package developed, consisting of three layers, was classified as a protective material because it meets the requirements of EN 13158:2018 Protective clothing – Protective jackets, body and shoulder protectors for equestrian activities. The package provides protection at Level 1, the force received under an anvil during tests was 1.55 kN, and the package absorbed 24.96% of all impact energy. Additionally, the selected package was tested for air permeability.
Comparison of the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Viscose Treated with Various Natural Compounds for Medical Use
Authors: Šauperl Olivera , Tompa Jasna
Published: April 2022

This research is based on the use of a variety of natural compounds and their mixtures with chitosan in order to create an efficient textile product for sanitary/medical use which shows antimicrobial and antioxidant effectiveness at the same time. It is assumed that natural compounds showing antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy also do so even when applied on a non-woven viscose substrate intended for wound healing. A study of the effectiveness of the individual treatment was performed using antimicrobial (dynamic-stress test) and anti-oxidative (ABTS•+) testing. It was confirmed that the properties of functionalised viscose treated with different functionalisation formulations differ in dependence on the separate formulations. Results show that for a comprehensive insight into the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of functionalised viscose, a very detailed study of the results of antimicrobial and antioxidant testing is needed in order for it to be possible to create a textile material with the necessary functionality.
Influence of the Soaking Time on the Mechanical Properties of Coir as a Natural Composite Reinforcement
Authors: Arsyad Muhammad , Soenoko Rudy , Arman Arman
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to determine the effect of the long soaking of coir in sodium hydroxide solution on its mechanical properties. The materials used, namely coir, sodium hydroxide solution, polyester matrix, catalyst, and aquades. The coir was soaked in a sodium hydroxide solution for 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours. After that, coconut fibre was washed using distilled water, and then dried in an oven at 90 °C for 5 hours. Next, a single fibre tensile and pull out test was performed. Based on the results and discussion, it was concluded that immersing coconut fibre in sodium hydroxide solution for 7-hours gave the maximum tensile strength and interfacial shear strength of 223.91 N/mm2, and 9.8 N/mm2, respectively Coir as a composite reinforcement has the potential to be used for engineering material such as ceiling boards and fishing boat walls.
SACNN: Spatial Adversarial Convolutional Neural Network for Textile Defect Detection
Authors: Hou Wei , Tao Xian , Ma Wenzhi , Xu De
Published: April 2022

Constructing textile defect detection systems is significant for quality control in industrial production, but it is costly and laborious to label sufficient detailed samples. This paper proposes a model called ‘spatial adversarial convolutional neural network’ which tries to solve the problem above by only using the image-level label. It consists of two parts: a feature extractor and feature competition. Firstly, a string of convolutional blocks is used as a feature extractor. After feature extraction, a maximum greedy feature competition is taken among features in the feature layer. The feature competition mechanism can lead the network to converge to the defect location. To evaluate this mechanism, experiments were carried on two datasets. As the training time increases, the model can spontaneously focus on the actual defective location, and is robust towards an unbalanced sample. The classification accuracy of the two datasets can reach more than 98%, and is comparable with the method of labelling samples in detail. Detection results show that defect location from the model is more compact and accurate than in the Grad-CAM method. Experiments show that our model has potential usage in defect detection in an industrial environment.
Analysis of Motivational Conditions Behind Sustainable Consumption in China’s Uniform Market
Authors: Yinghua Zhang , Li Li , Xing Xue , Liu Xiao-Gang
Published: April 2022

A uniform is distinctive clothing worn by members of the same firm or organisation. In China, the market for professional garments is extremely large. However, as mandatory professional clothing, uniforms are frequently used, torn, and replaced, leading to textile waste. Further, the use of non-recyclable or non-biodegradable fabrics is bound to create greater environmental pressure. This study focuses on the textile material in the uniform market to analyse the motivational conditions behind sustainable fabric consumption. A total of 294 usable online surveys were obtained in 2019. Multi-item scales were adopted to measure five variables: corporate public image, corporate ethics, employee social status, environment awareness, and sustainable premium. Structural equation modelling was applied to test the hypothesises. Results reveal that the improvement of an employee’s social status can effectively facilitate the probability of utilising eco-friendly fabrics. This study can thus help increase the usage of eco-friendly fabric in China’s uniform market.
Effect of Stitch Structure on the Reading Performance of Fabric-Based Embroidered UHF RFID Tags
Authors: Xudong Yang , Yingxue Chen , Tingting Wang , Yong Zhang , Jiyong Hu
Published: April 2022

As the demand for low-cost rapid preparation techniques for RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) fabric tags is increasing, embroidery technologists have attempted to fabricate tag antennas. However, the effects of stitch structures on the performance of tag antennas have rarely been studied. Since the structure of an embroidered stitch is related to the embroidering process parameters and embroidery thread, this study chose a common stitch trace type to prepare two sets of UHF RFID tag antennae by changing the embroidery thread structure and stitch length, and then the electrical and gain properties of these antennas were analyzed. And again, the reading performance of the corresponding tag was evaluated. The results showed that the antennas embroidered with copper/PET wrapped yarns have higher energy transfer efficiency than those with single copper wire yarns. When the stitch length increases from 0.9 to 5 mm, the read range of the embroidered tag firstly increases and then decreases, due to the large embroidering process deviation of the tag antenna geometry, and the optimal stitch length for the read range is 1.7 mm, where the read range is 12.95 m. When the stitch length is 5 mm, the read range is minimum – 9.56 m. In summary, this study determined the embroidered thread structure and the process design of the stitch length in terms of the performance of a fabric-based embroidery antenna for an RFID tag as well as the read range.
Modelling the Impact of Moisture on the Thermal Conductivity of Cotton Jersey
Authors: Klemenčič Eva , Zavec Daniela , Slavinec Mitja
Published: April 2022

In the design of innovative, protective clothing, thermal comfort is of great importance. One of the key factors affecting thermal comfort is the thermal conductivity of clothing. This study aims to show through theoretical estimations that the effective thermal conductivity of moist clothing could expedite the development process. In this study, we present two theoretical models: a linear model and upgraded model. The upgraded model considers the thermal conductivity of air within the clothing and its volume porosity. For verification of the models presented, the impact of moisture on the thermal conductivity of cotton knit fabric was examined experimentally using the contact hot plate method. Correlation analysis shows that the upgraded model has an important advantage as it can predict the stabilisation of effective thermal conductivity.
Moisture Management Properties of Bi-Layer Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Udaya Krithika S.M. , Sampath M.B. , Rajwin A. Jebastin , Prakash C. , Senthil Kumar M. , Senthil Kumar P.
Published: April 2022

For investigation of the moisture management properties of bi-layer knitted fabrics, a special knitting structure made of the same or different combinations of yarns of cotton, polypropylene, Microdenier polyester and polyester staple fibre on the face and reverse sides fibre was studied. Moisture management properties, which determine the warm-cool feeling, of the fabrics produced were determined and statistical analysis made. The results indicated that the Microdenier polyester (inner) – Microdenier polyester (outer) fabric had a better moisture management property, providing high levels of comfort, and is recommended for summer, active and sportswear. The results were discussed together with one-way ANOVA test results at a 0.05 significance level. The results indicate that the Microdenier polyester yarn inner and outer layer of bi-layer knitted fabric shows a better moisture management property due to its appreciable wetting radius, as well its good absorption rate, wetting time and spreading speed of sweat, thus exhibiting a very higher level of the comfort property.
Effects of Breast Support and Gait Speed on Three-Dimensional Breast Displacement for Women with Small Breasts
Authors: Chen Xiaona , Sun Guangwu , Wang Jianping , Li Yanmei , Xie Hong
Published: April 2022

This paper investigated three-dimensional breast displacement under different breast support conditions and gait speeds for women with small breasts. The breast coordinates of fifteen female participants with small breasts (sizes ranging from A to C) were recorded during treadmill walking and running tests under two different sports bra conditions and a no bra condition. The results showed that although vertical breast displacement was always the greatest in each condition, mediolateral breast displacement was significantly greater than anteroposterior breast displacement. Mediolateral breast displacement was not effectively reduced in the two sports bra conditions compared to the no bra condition. It is recommended that sports bra designed for women with small breasts should aim to limit mediolateral breast displacement instead of anteroposterior breast displacement, on the premise of controlling vertical breast displacement. The findings also suggest that the effectiveness of sports bras at reducing side-to-side breast movement requires further optimisation.
Synthesis of Fluorescein Dye Using Microwave Radiations and its Application on Textile Substrates
Authors: Gupta Priya , Sharma Sanyog , Kumar Godara Sachin , Kaur Varinder
Published: April 2022

Energy conservation plays a vital role in overcoming the burning issues of global warming worldwide. The synthesis of organic dyes using the conventional method consumes high levels of energy, temperature, as well as solvents, which further leads to additional costs as well as increases in energy consumption. To save energy, time and cost, the synthesis of dye using microwave based energy might be a good option. In this study, a comparison was drawn between the conventional synthesis and microwave based synthesis of fluorescein dye. The resultant dyes were characterised using the different techniques of UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, colour values were evaluated for dyed wool and Nylon 6 fabrics. In view of this, the work in the present investigation is related to the synthesis of fluorescein with two different methods (conventional and microwave). This dye may be used for various applications in the textile industry.
Impact of Activator Content on the Process of Photodegradation of PP Non-Wovens
Authors: Mielicka Elżbieta , Witkowska Beata , Puchowicz Dorota , Kamińska Irena
Published: April 2022

The paper presents the test results of non-wovens modified by an activator in different concentrations, produced by the spun bonding method. The aim of the research was to assess the photodegradation process of modified PP non-wovens in dependence on the selected concentration of the modifying agent in the fibre mass and the possibility of introducing a new range of PP non-wovens in agriculture. Non-wovens having a mass per unit area of 100 g/m2 were exposed to sunlight during its highest intensity for a period of four months, and UV irradiance was tested in a xenon lamp with radiation doses corresponding to exposure to sunlight. The samples were exposed to the same energy value of visible and UV radiation in a given series of exposure. For the variants of non-wovens tested, the tensile strength and mass per unit area were tested and the surface topography of the non-wovens analysed. Microscopic analysis of fibre damage in the modified non-wovens was carried out after different degrees of exposure to light. It was observed that PP non-woven samples exposed outdoors degraded more intensively than those tested in the Xenotest.
Improving the Apparel Production Process by Using Simulation Modelling with a Waves Algorithm
Authors: Ünal Can , Kaya Ayşegül , Erdoğan Medine , Güngör Ayhan
Published: April 2022

In this study, a simulation study was carried out in order to increase the production efficiency of a company that produces hoodies. The simulation technique has been included in many studies for line balancing in the apparel industry. However, in this study, unlike others, an algorithm that can be easily applied is proposed for the software practitioner to use in the alternative model development process in order to increase the efficiency of an existing production line. Based on real production line data, a waves algorithm was applied in the simulation model, whose verification and validity processes were completed. In the results obtained with the help of the waves algorithm (acting according to two different assignment scenarios), it was determined that the average production values per person had increased.
Study of the Dielectric Properties and Conductivity of Double Coated Glass Fibre Felt Composites
Authors: Liu Yuanjun , Wang Caixia , Ma Yiping , Liu Yanyan , Wu Haiying , Zhao Xiaoming
Published: April 2022

Graphite/talcum powder double-coated glass fibre felt composites were prepared using glass fibre felt as the base material, graphite as the surface absorbing agent, talcum powder as the underlying absorbing agent, epoxy resin E44 as the adhesive and low molecular 650 polyamide as the curing agent. The influences of the surface graphite content and underlying talcum powder content on the dielectric properties and conductivity of glass fibre felt composites were the main focus of the investigation. Results showed that when the frequency is less than 103 Hz, the values of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant for double-coated glass fibre felt composites are largest when the surface graphite content is 50%. When the frequency is larger than 106 Hz, the value of the real part of the conductivity is largest when the graphite contents are 40% and 50%. When the frequency is less than 104Hz, the real part of the dielectric constant of the glass fiber mat composites is the largest when the talc content is 40%, and when talc content is 60%, the imaginary part of dielectric constant of glass fiber mat composites is the largest. The maximum loss tangent value for the composites occurs when the talcum powder content is 40%. When the frequency is larger, the value of the real part of the conductivity increases gradually.
Chemical Footprint of the Wet Processing of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Qian Weiran , Qiu Xiaoxiao , Guo Yiqi , Ji Xiang , Li Yi , Wang Laili
Published: April 2022

The chemical footprint (ChF) can identify the harmful effects of discharged chemical pollutants, helping producers to select environmentally friendly chemicals to reduce their negative environmental impact. This paper quantified and evaluated the ChF of the wet processing of cotton fabric with data collected from a dyeing enterprise. The results showed that the discharged sodium hydroxide caused the most severe impact in terms of both human toxicity and ecotoxicity due to the extensive usage and its high toxicity. The discharged sodium carbonate and dimethyl silicone oil also had a greater environmental impact. Comprehensive evaluation of human toxicity and ecotoxicity with a multi-objective grey target decision-making model indicated that the pretreatment process had the most significant impact, followed by the finishing process and dyeing process. More attention should be paid to the pretreatment process, such as the selection of environmentally friendly textile chemicals, in order to reduce the native impacts of the wet processing of cotton fabric.
Improvement in the Design and Methods of Calculation of Parameters of Vibration Multifaceted Gridirons of Natural Fibre Cleaners
Authors: Shukhratov Sharof , Milašius Rimvydas , Gafurov Kabuljon , Maksudov R. , Gafurov Jakhongir , Tojimirzaev Sanjar
Published: April 2022

The article outlines the operating concept of the recommended multifaceted gridirons on an elastic bearing support, analyses the excursion of the gridiron, justifies the characteristics and gives the results of comparative production tests. As well as the effective scheme and principle of work of cotton cleaner from large impurities are presented based on the research of fluctuations in the parameters of a grid-iron on an elastic support system. The obtained results of the recommended cotton cleaner were provided. Experiment results showed that the cleaning purificatory effect increases on average by up to 8.11% in comparison with the existing option of a fire grate; mechanical damage to seeds decreases by up to 1.09%, and free fibre in the seed-cotton decreases two times, to 0.113%. With an increase in the resistance of cotton from 19.7 Н up to 60 Н (average value), the movement of the gridiron increases from 0.65·10-3 m up to 3.2·10-3 m. This is due to the fact that in the interaction of raw cotton with vibroisolating conical grates, cotton-yarn is additionally shaken, increasing their direction of movement due to the taper rate of the gridirons, which leads to an increase in the cleaning effect.
Assessment of Polylactide Properties for Use in Knitted Clothing Products
Authors: Pinar Anna , Mielicka Elżbieta
Published: April 2022

The article presents the results of a study work on the assessment of selected structural and performance characteristics of weft knitted fabrics, produced from the commercial multifilament polylactide yarn PLA 6201D. The work was carried out on PLA materials with the aim of application in lightweight outerwear. The materials presented are examples of solutions used in the industrial process of the manufacturing and finishing of so-called seamlesswear products. The structure of the materials in the solutions of left-right stitch applied was determined by the indicator of the degree of filling of the knitted fabric “k”, used in the filling characteristics of the linear structure of knitting materials made from the same type of yarn. The functional properties of the materials were determined in the scope of selected indicators, important in the aspect of physiological comfort and clothing’s quality of wear. The PLA yarn was subjected to the assessment selected qualitative and hygroscopic indicators, which was carried out in relation to selected multifilament polyester yarns of similar linear mass.
Study of Parameters Influencing the Production and Improvement of the Launch System in a Production Department: Case Study in the Clothing Industry in Tunisia
Authors: Amira Lakhal , Nejib Sejri
Published: April 2022

This study was carried out in a clothing company to determine the parameters that influence the decline in production. The results showed that the parameter “Machine failures” had a 34.6% effect on production, and “lack of versatility” 19.7%, while the parameter “heavy launch” had an effect of 17.1%, “lack of supplies” 9%, touch-ups 3%, and “lack of cut parts” 2%. Indeed, the application of lean and six sigma tools and especially the D.M.A.I.C and TPM methods are two tools that improve efficiency and productivity in a production workshop. Thus, a grid was developed to monitor and maintain the effectiveness of improvement actions and for the continuity of the spirit of improvement within the production department without forgetting that teamwork makes it possible to improve the result.
Agustín y el uso de la fuerza para reintegrar en la Católica a los herejes
Authors: van Geest Paul , Eguiarte B. Enrique A. ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the violence applied to the Donatists, trying to answer three questions. The first is the about the development that Augustine experienced which finally led him to approve violence against the Donatists and to adopt the coge intrare (i. 112) as his device. The second question deals with the function Augustine envisaged for the use of violence and coercion in the process of returning heretics to the Catholic Church. Finally it traces the general and fundamental principles in Augustine’s way of thinking on violence. For this third question the article considers Augustine’s passages on coercion and violence in texts in which he speaks about administration of justice and medicine, and about the role of God at the Last Judgment.
Evidence-Based Selection, Development, and Testing of a Tailored Strategy to Improve Standardized Structured Reporting in Pathology: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Swillens Julie E. M. , Voorham Quirinus J. M. , Nagtegaal Iris D. , Hermens Rosella P. M. G.
Published: April 2022

Context.—

Standardized structured reporting (SSR) among pathologists results in more complete diagnoses and, subsequently, improved treatment decisions and patient outcomes. Therefore, SSR templates' usage is advocated in oncology guidelines. However, actual SSR usage varies widely. Previous studies have shown multiple impeding and facilitating factors regarding SSR implementation.

Objective.—

To select, develop, and test an evidence-based multifaceted strategy, tailored to the impeding and facilitating factors to improve SSR implementation in oncologic pathology.

Design.—

Six strategy elements to increase the use of SSR were selected on the basis of a barrier and facilitator analysis, literature review, and consecutive discussions with a nationwide expert panel and project team. In collaboration with a professional organization for developing SSR templates (PALGA), we developed elements and combined them in 1 multifaceted strategy and subsequently tested effectiveness and feasibility.

Results.—

The 6 strategy elements were as follows: (1) renewed Web site including SSR information; (2) e-learning including SSR instructions; (3) communication manual describing communication about SSR; (4) improved feedback process, including use of the “Feedback Button” within SSR templates and “Frequently Asked Questions” on the Web site; (5) information sheet on SSR updates within SSR templates; and (6) monthly telephone conversations to discuss audit and feedback information regarding local SSR usage. A significant change (12.4%) in SSR usage among test laboratories was noticed. After the first test, e-learning and the “Feedback Button” were deemed most feasible and effective. However, awareness of all elements could be increased.

Conclusions.—

Next steps will be to optimize the tailored strategy, to distribute it to all Dutch pathology laboratories, and to evaluate effectiveness and feasibility in a nationwide setting.
Koristi zdravljenja s statini odtehtajo njihove stranske učinke
Authors: Sotler Tadeja , Šebeštjen Miran
Published: April 2022

Zdravila iz skupine statinov so v zadnjih več kot 20 letih ena najpogosteje predpisovanih zdravil. Poleg znižanja koncentracije holesterola LDL namreč zelo pomembno znižajo srčnožilno obolevnost in umrljivost. Statini kompetitivno zavirajo aktivno mesto reduktaze HMG-CoA prvega in ključnega hitrost omejujočega encima v mevalonatni poti. Ta mehanizem je poleg zmanjšanja vrednosti holesterola LDL najverjetneje odgovoren tudi za večino stranskih učinkov, čeprav za to ni zanesljivih dokazov. Najpogostejši stranski učinki, ki so tudi vzrok za prekinitev zdravljenja, so povezani z mišičnimi bolečinami, čeprav natančne razširjenosti ne poznamo, saj ni enotne definicije teh stranskih učinkov. Drugi stranski učinki so še novo nastala sladkorna bolezen tipa 2, hepatotoksičnost, hemoragična možganska kap in nevrološke motnje. Vsem tem stranskim učinkom navkljub je korist zdravljenja s statini mnogo večja od navedenih stranskih učinkov. Kljub novim terapijam za znižanje holesterola LDL in zato zmanjšani srčnožilni umrljivosti bo terapija s statini še naslednjih nekaj let ostala prva izbira tako pri primarni kot tudi sekundarni preventivi, saj še ni dovolj podatkov o dolgoročni učinkovitosti in predvsem varnosti novih zdravil. Nikakor pa ne smemo zanemariti niti ekonomskega vidika, saj je stroškovna učinkovitost statinov v primerjavi z novimi zdravili zaenkrat še mnogo večja.
Placement Distance of Exit Advance Guide Sign on an Eight-Lane Expressway Considering Lane Changing Behavior in China
Authors: SU Xiaozhi , MA Yanfeng , LI Rui , SUN Xujiao , HAN Yanwen
Published: April 2022

The reasonable placement of the advance guide signs (AGSs) is important in improving driving efficiency and safety when exiting an expressway. By analysing the lane-changing process when approaching an exit on new two-way eight-lane expressways, we modified the tradi-tional AGS model lane-change distance formula. To this end, a field experiment was designed to explore the lane-change traversal time at the free flow condition (LOS 1). Considering the limitations of the experimental equip-ment, lane change distance at the worst levels of service was explored using VISSIM simulation. The results show that the eight-lane changing distance based on modified theoretical calculations, revealed a minor difference with VISSIM simulation in free flow condition. Further-more, placement distance at the worst levels of service are discussed. Then placement distance of all-level AGSs is recommended to be 3 km, 2 km, 1.2 km, and 0.8 km, considering the driver's short-term memory attenuation calculation formula. Determining the two-way eight-lane AGS placement distance from the perspective of LOS can provide a basis on which to supplement the existing stan-dards and references for the AGS placement distance af-ter the expressway expansion in China.
Experimental investigation on all-target electromagnetic scattering characteristics of hypervelocity HTV2-like flight model
Authors: Ma Ping , Han Yi-Ping , Zhang Ning , Tian De-Yang , Shi An-Hua , Song Qiang ,   Hypervelocity Institute, China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China,   School of Physics and Electronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
Published: April 2022

According to the requirements for target detection and recognition of hypervelocity vehicles in near space, the simulation and measurement of corresponding electromagnetic scattering characteristics of non-uniform plasma generated by hypervelocity targets are conducted. A numerical calculation method with dynamic plasma parameters is developed and hypervelocity HTV2-like models launched by the ballistic ranges are used to simulate complex shape target flying at a hypervelocity velocity. The high-precision shadow imaging systems and radar measurement systems of the ballistic range are used to measure the model postures, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the whole targets and their flow fields in both C band and X band. The experimental measurement results of the radar cross section (RCS) of the models and their flow fields under different experimental conditions are obtained. The results show that the numerical simulation methods of unsteady high-temperature ionized air flow can be used to simulate the unsteady thermal chemical flow fields around the head and body of the simplified hypervelocity HTV2-like flight models. The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the models and their plasma sheath differ by more than one order of magnitude under different experimental conditions. The total RCS of the model’s wake in the C band is much smaller than that of the model, and the total RCS of the model’s wake in the X band is significantly enhanced. The attitude angles of the models have great influence on their electromagnetic scattering characteristics and their RCSs with different attitude angles can differ by one order of magnitude. The electromagnetic scattering energy of the model in the C band is distributed mainly around the targets and their flow fields surrounding them. The X band electromagnetic scattering energy of the model is distributed mainly in the regions around the targets, surrounding flow fields and the wake flow fields. According to the experimental conditions of the ballistic range, the numerical simulation analyses of the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the models and flow fields around them are carried out, and the maximum error between simulation and experimental results is less than 4 dB, verifying the effectiveness of the modeling methods of simulating electromagnetic scattering characteristics of non-uniform plasma coated targets.
A point mutation in the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B constitutively activates the integrated stress response by allosteric modulation
Authors: Boone Morgane , Wang Lan , Lawrence Rosalie E , Frost Adam , Walter Peter , Schoof Michael
Published: April 2022

In eukaryotic cells, stressors reprogram the cellular proteome by activating the integrated stress response (ISR). In its canonical form, stress-sensing kinases phosphorylate the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2 (eIF2-P), which ultimately leads to reduced levels of ternary complex required for initiation of mRNA translation. Previously we showed that translational control is primarily exerted through a conformational switch in eIF2’s nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, which shifts from its active A-State conformation to its inhibited I-State conformation upon eIF2-P binding, resulting in reduced nucleotide exchange on eIF2 (Schoof et al. 2021). Here, we show functionally and structurally how a single histidine to aspartate point mutation in eIF2B’s β subunit (H160D) mimics the effects of eIF2-P binding by promoting an I-State like conformation, resulting in eIF2-P independent activation of the ISR. These findings corroborate our previously proposed A/I-State model of allosteric ISR regulation.
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on growth and leaf nitrogen metabolism of alfalfa in alkaline soil in Yinchuan Plain of Hetao Basin
Authors: Xudong Gu , Fengju Zhang , Teng Wang , Xiaowei Xie , Xiaohui Jia , Xing Xu
Published: April 2022

Alkaline soil is widely distributed in China. Its rational utilization is an effective measure to solve land shortage and improve the environment. Alfalfa is characterized by strong salt and alkali tolerance and high yield and protein content. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the main nutrients for plant growth, and N metabolism is one of the primary forms of plant metabolism, which plays a vital role in quality and yield formation. The exploration of the effect of N and P on N metabolism and alfalfa growth will provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization for alfalfa in the alkaline soil of the Yinchuan Plain of the Hetao Basin. Therefore, a 2-year experiment of N and P addition was conducted. Six treatments were set up with a randomized block design, including without N (WN), medium N (MN), high N (HN), without P (WP), medium P (MP), and high P (HP). It was found that the MN and MP treatments increased plant height, stem diameter, stem/leaf, dry/fresh, and dry matter of alfalfa. The HN and HP treatments inhibited alfalfa biomass formation. The MN and MP treatments increased key products and enzymes of leaf N metabolism of alfalfa and promoted activities of leaf nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and inhibited activities of leaf protease of alfalfa. The MN and MP treatments increased contents of leaf N, P, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), total chlorophyll, and protein and reduced leaf chlorophyll a/b and amino acid, results after HN and HP treatments were opposite. The correlation among leaf P, N, NO3−-N, amino acid, and protein reached significant levels (P < 0.01). It is suggested that MN and MP treatments can improve the yield and quality of alfalfa by increasing key products and enzymes of N metabolism and can be adopted to promote alfalfa production in the alkaline soil of the Yinchuan Plain of the Hetao Basin.
Achanduin Castle, Lismore, Argyll
Authors: Caldwell David H , Stell Geoffrey P , Bramwell Donald , Collins Geoffrey , Haggarty George , Hall Derek , Holmes Nicholas , Jones Andrew , Noddle Barbara , Ruckley Nigel
Published: April 2022

Excavations were undertaken at Achanduin Castle, Lismore, Argyll (NGR: NM 8043 3927), over six seasons from 1970 to 1975 under the direction of the late Dennis John Turner (1932–2013), henceforward referred to as DJT. Partly funded by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and with tools and equipment loaned by RCAHMS (now Historic Environment Scotland), the work was carried out in support of the RCAHMS’s programme of survey in the Lorn district of Argyll. Its purpose was to examine an apparently little-altered but much-ruined example of a castle of enclosure ascribable to a small but identifiably distinct group of rectangular, or near rectangular, courtyard castles. DJT concluded that it was built c 1295–1310 by the MacDougalls, and only later passed to the bishops of Argyll. The authors add their own observations on the excavations in a separate section. They note tenuous evidence for a pre-castle phase. The bulk of the report focuses on the erection and occupation of the castle, followed by abandonment, post-medieval occupation, collapse/demolition and recent times.
Human papilloma virus integration sites and genomic signatures in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mainguené Juliette , Vacher Sophie , Kamal Maud , Hamza Abderaouf , Masliah‐Planchon Julien , Baulande Sylvain , Ibadioune Sabrina , Borcoman Edith , Cacheux Wulfran , Calugaru Valentin , Courtois Laura , Crozes Carole , Deloger Marc , Girard Elodie , Delord Jean‐Pierre , Dubray‐Vautrin Antoine , Larbi Chérif Linda , Dupain Celia , Jeannot Emmanuelle , Klijanienko Jerzy , Lameiras Sonia , Lecerf Charlotte , Modesto Anouchka , Nicolas Alain , Rouzier Roman , Saada‐Bouzid Esma , Saintigny Pierre , Sudaka Anne , Servant Nicolas , Le Tourneau Christophe , Bièche Ivan
Published: April 2022

A prevalence of around 26% of human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has been previously reported. HPV induced oncogenesis mainly involving E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins. In some cases, HPV viral DNA has been detected to integrate with the host genome and possibly contributes to carcinogenesis by affecting the gene expression. We retrospectively assessed HPV integration sites and signatures in 80 HPV positive patients with HNSCC, by using a double capture‐HPV method followed by next‐generation Sequencing. We detected HPV16 in 90% of the analyzed cohort and confirmed five previously described mechanistic signatures of HPV integration [episomal (EPI), integrated in a truncated form revealing two HPV‐chromosomal junctions colinear (2J‐COL) or nonlinear (2J‐NL), multiple hybrid junctions clustering in a single chromosomal region (MJ‐CL) or scattered over different chromosomal regions (MJ‐SC) of the human genome]. Our results suggested that HPV remained episomal in 38.8% of the cases or was integrated/mixed in the remaining 61.2% of patients with HNSCC. We showed a lack of association of HPV genomic signatures to tumour and patient characteristics, as well as patient survival. Similar to other HPV associated cancers, low HPV copy number was associated with worse prognosis. We identified 267 HPV‐human junctions scattered on most chromosomes. Remarkably, we observed four recurrent integration regions: PDL1/PDL2/PLGRKT (8.2%), MYC/PVT1 (6.1%), MACROD2 (4.1%) and KLF5/KLF12 regions (4.1%). We detected the overexpression of PDL1 and MYC upon integration by gene expression analysis. In conclusion, we identified recurrent targeting of several cancer genes such as PDL1 and MYC upon HPV integration, suggesting a role of altered gene expression by HPV integration during HNSCC carcinogenesis.
Mesenchymal tumor cells drive adaptive resistance of Trp53−/− breast tumor cells to inactivated mutant Kras
Authors: van Weele Linda J. , Djomehri Sabra I. , Cai Shang , Antony Jane , Sikandar Shaheen S. , Qian Dalong , Ho William H. D. , West Robert B. , Scheeren Ferenc A. , Clarke Michael F.
Published: April 2022

As precision medicine increases the response rate of treatment, tumors frequently bypass inhibition, and reoccur. In order for treatment to be effective long term, the mechanisms enabling treatment adaptation need to be understood. Here, we report a mouse model that, in the absence of p53 and the presence of oncogenic KrasG12D, develops breast tumors. Upon inactivation of KrasG12D, tumors initially regress and enter remission. Subsequently, the majority of tumors adapt to the withdrawal of KrasG12D expression and return. KrasG12D‐independent tumor cells show a strong mesenchymal profile with active RAS‐RAF‐MEK‐ERK (MAPK/ERK) signaling. Both KrasG12D‐dependent and KrasG12D‐independent tumors display a high level of genomic instability, and KrasG12D‐independent tumors harbor numerous amplified genes that can activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Our study identifies both epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and active MAPK/ERK signaling in tumors that adapt to oncogenic KrasG12D withdrawal in a novel Trp53−/− breast cancer mouse model. To achieve long‐lasting responses in the clinic to RAS‐fueled cancer, treatment will need to focus in parallel on obstructing tumors from adapting to oncogene inhibition.
Police's and victim care officers' beliefs about memory and investigative interviewing with children: Survey findings from Malaysia
Authors: Chung Kai Li , Ding I Ling , Sumampouw Nathanael E. J.
Published: April 2022

Years of psychological research has demonstrated that the use of investigative interviewing methods based on up‐to‐date scientific evidence is important to ensure the reliability of child witnesses' statements. Ideally, professionals working with children are equipped with knowledge of memory functioning, as erroneous beliefs may impact how they handle cases of alleged abuse. Fifty police officers and 23 victim care officers serving the Royal Malaysian Police completed a 20‐statement questionnaire assessing beliefs about memory functions and child investigative interviewing. The police sample also read a child sexual abuse case vignette and listed the questions they would ask the alleged victim in an investigative interview. Consistent with findings from other parts of the world, the beliefs of child protection professionals were not always in line with the latest memory research. Directive‐type questions were used more than option‐posing and suggestive questions. Findings are considered in relation to variations in culture and legal systems.
Biogenesis of Exosomes Laden with Metallic Silver–Copper Nanoparticles Liaised by Wheat Germ Agglutinin for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics to Breast Cancer
Authors: Ashraf Sarmadia , Qadri Shahnaz , Akbar Shayista , Parray Aijaz , Haik Yousef
Published: April 2022

The anticancer property of silver–copper metallic nanoparticles (AgCu‐NPs) is of greater interest in cancer therapeutics; however, its off‐target toxicity limits its therapeutic application. Exosomes emerge as one of the leading idiosyncratic nanocarrier choices for cancer therapeutics due to their size, stability, and phenotypic diversity; however, to encapsulate NPs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) without disrupting their inherited functions is far from the expectations. Here, the loading strategy of AgCu‐NP conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (AgCu‐NP‐WGA) in exosomes during biogenesis for the targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics to breast cancer is reported. Based on the intrinsic mechanism of endocytosis of WGA, results show that internalization of WGA or AgCu‐NP‐WGA bypasses the lysosomal pathway and recycles in EVs. On the contrary, the transport of naked AgCu‐NPs to lysosomes; mechanistically, an acidic environment causes oxidation of AgCu‐NP. Next, the analysis of EVs harvested by differential centrifugation shows that only AgCu‐NPs‐WGA (Exo‐NP) retain their metallic state. Furthermore, Exo‐NP cytotoxicity results manifest that MCF10A‐derived Exo‐NPs are toxic to its homologous breast cancer cells (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB 231) and nontoxic to heterologous cancers NC1‐1975 and MCF 10A. In conclusion, this study shows the self‐assembly of AgCu‐NP in exosomes to target and deliver therapeutics for breast cancer.
Electron Trap Dynamics in Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Diethelm Matthias , Bauer Michael , Hu Wei‐Hsu , Vael Camilla , Jenatsch Sandra , Blom Paul W. M. , Nüesch Frank , Hany Roland
Published: April 2022

Semiconducting polymers are being studied intensively for optoelectronic device applications, including solution‐processed light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). Charge traps in polymers limit the charge transport and thus the PLED efficiency. It is firmly established that electron transport is hindered by the presence of the universal electron trap density, whereas hole trap formation governs the long‐term degradation of PLEDs. Here, the response of PLEDs to electrical driving and breaks covering the timescale from microseconds to (a few) hours is studied, thus focusing on electron traps. As reference polymer, a phenyl‐substituted poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) copolymer termed super yellow (SY) is used. Three different traps with depths between ≈0.4 and 0.7 eV, and a total trap site density of ≈2 × 1017 cm−3 are identified. Surprisingly, filling of deep traps takes minutes to hours, at odds with the common notion that charge trapping is complete after a few hundred microseconds. The slow trap filling feature for PLEDs is confirmed using poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene (MEH‐PPV) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as active materials. This unusual phenomenon is explained with trap deactivation upon detrapping and slow trap reactivation. The results provide useful insight to pinpoint the chemical nature of the universal electron traps in semiconducting polymers.
The Role of SnF2 Additive on Interface Formation in All Lead‐Free FASnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zillner Julia , Boyen Hans‐Gerd , Schulz Philip , Hanisch Jonas , Gauquelin Nicolas , Verbeeck Johan , Küffner Johannes , Desta Derese , Eisele Lisa , Ahlswede Erik , Powalla Michael
Published: April 2022

Tin‐based perovskites are promising alternative absorber materials for lead‐free perovskite solar cells but need strategies to avoid fast tin (Sn) oxidation. Generally, this reaction can be slowed down by the addition of tin fluoride (SnF2) to the perovskite precursor solution, which also improves the perovskite layer morphology. Here, this work analyzes the spatial distribution of the additive within formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI3) films deposited on top of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole transporting layers. Employing time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and a combination of hard and soft X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it is found that SnF2 preferably accumulates at the PEDOT:PSS/perovskite interface, accompanied by the formation of an ultrathin SnS interlayer with an effective thickness of ≈1.2 nm.