bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euroscepticisme, populisme, droites radicales : état des forces et enjeux européens
Authors: Ivaldi Gilles
Published: January 2015

Les élections européennes de mai 2014 ont été dominées par la poussée des forces eurosceptiques. La nature de cette mobilisation demeure toutefois profondément hétérogène, entre euroscepticisme « soft » mainstream et formes plus radicales d’opposition à la construction européenne, qu’incarnent en particulier les droites radicales populistes. L’analyse de ce succès suggère la conjonction d’un vote protestataire à l’échelle nationale sur fond de crise économique, et d’un rejet croissant de l’Union, notamment à l’ouest de l’Europe. Les enjeux européens ont occupé une place centrale dans l’offre programmatique des principaux acteurs de la droite radicale populiste européenne. Ces derniers ont articulé un discours protectionniste et anti-immigration, assorti d’une critique forte des plans d’austérité et de sauvetage de l’Euro, consolidant leur base électorale populaire. L’analyse de leurs performances montre cependant d’importantes variations, qui témoignent de la fragmentation de cette famille politique et de son incapacité à se constituer en force organisée au sein du Parlement européen.
Une démocratie de l'abstention. Retour sur le non-vote et ses conséquences politiques lors des scrutins municipaux et européens de 2014
Authors: Braconnier Céline , Dormagen Jean-Yves
Published: January 2015

L’abstention a constitué un facteur déterminant des scrutins de 2014. D’abord par son ampleur. En progression constante aux municipales, elle affecte aujourd’hui presque un citoyen sur deux. Elle s’est stabilisée à un niveau très élevé aux européennes puisque moins d’un Français sur trois y participe désormais. Cette situation produit de fortes inégalités sociales de participation électorale. Les plus jeunes, les moins diplômés, les plus instables professionnellement sont nettement sous-représentés dans les urnes, en 2014 comme, déjà, en 2008 et 2009. Enfin, la mobilisation différentielle, traditionnellement défavorable au camp qui gouverne, a été particulièrement marquée cette année, expliquant largement la défaite historique de la gauche qui a échoué à faire voter nombre des segments de son électorat sociologiquement composite.
L'évaluation à travers les émotions : le cas d' estime et de déception
Authors: Novakova Iva , Sorba Julie
Published: January 2015

Notre étude linguistique a pour objectif d’analyser de quelle façon les deux noms d’émotion estime et déception contribuent à l’expression de l’évaluation au sein du discours journalistique. Le corpus a été constitué dans le cadre du projet Emolex ( www.emolex.eu ). Notre approche fonctionnelle combine méthodologie lexico-statistique et analyse systématique de la combinatoire lexico-syntaxique. En outre, les analyses opèrent non seulement au niveau phrastique (associations lexicales et configurations actancielles spécifiques) mais aussi au niveau transphrastique (réseaux isotopiques récurrents, sous-genres textuels ou rubriques journalistiques, topiques spécifiques) afin d’élaborer le profil discursif de chacune d’entre elles.
Une subversion radicale du shî'isme originel
Authors: Lamote Thierry
Published: January 2015

Comment le shî'isme, traditionnellement mystique, initiatique et quiétiste, a-t-il pu aboutir à la révolution iranienne qui porta Khomeini au pouvoir ? Après avoir exploré les sources shî'ites du khomeinisme, nous envisagerons la place et la fonction du « juriste-théologien » à partir de la théorie lacanienne du lien social. Nous découvrirons alors que là où l'on tend à voir la domination d'un maître autoritaire ne règne en réalité que le savoir théologico-juridique « rationnel » : un savoir sans maître, qui prétend tout régenter.
La fin d'une illusion ? Le droit de la neutralité maritime à l'épreuve de la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Schnakenbourg Éric
Published: January 2015

Dans les années qui précèdent la Première Guerre mondiale, le droit de la neutralité est un sujet de réflexion important. Des conférences internationales permettent de définir un cadre légal devant assurer la sauvegarde des droits des non-belligérants dans un futur conflit. Mais dès août 1914, les parties en guerre commencent à prendre des mesures portant atteinte aux droits des neutres et de la neutralité. L’extension des marchandises comprises dans la catégorie de la contrebande et l’établissement d’un blocus particulièrement rigoureux rendent très difficile la pratique de la navigation et du commerce neutre. Si le droit de la neutralité tel qu’il existait en 1914 a bel et bien été violé, il ne disparaît pas et demeure une référence tout au long du conflit. En fait, le cadre juridique de la neutralité est soumis à l’épreuve du défi technologique et de l’intensité de la guerre moderne qui révèlent davantage ses carences que sa nullité intrinsèque.
L'Espagne devant la guerre mondiale, 1914-1919. Une neutralité profitable ?
Authors: Delaunay Jean-Marc
Published: January 2015

L’Espagne n’a participé à aucune des deux guerres mondiales. Sagesse d’un pays naguère au cœur de l’histoire ou marginalisation d’une nation décadente, marquée par une guerre civile permanente et des aventures ultramarines incertaines ? La neutralité déclarée en 1914 ne fut une surprise pour personne, même pas pour la France et la Grande-Bretagne, ses partenaires coloniaux. Le royaume d’Alphonse XIII, qui dut travailler économiquement de façon quasi exclusive pour l’effort de guerre des Alliés occidentaux, fut aussi un champ clos de manœuvres en tous genres (espionnage, sabotage, corruption) où la propagande des belligérants se développa sur fond de division idéologique des autochtones. L’Allemagne – même vaincue – allait profiter assez largement d’une méfiance cordiale historique envers les Français et les Britanniques. L’après-guerre démontra que cette neutralité, affublée de multiples adjectifs, ne fut guère profitable à l’Espagne, sauf à ses financiers.
La neutralité scandinave durant la Première Guerre mondiale : un pari plutôt risqué ?
Authors: Carrez Maurice
Published: January 2015

Dans l’optique d’une guerre courte, le statut de pays neutre, réaffirmé par les trois États scandinaves en 1914, semblait constituer une protection suffisante. Mais avec le prolongement du conflit, le blocus naval imposé par les belligérants se durcit, provoquant dans ces pays une grave crise économique et sociale. La montée du mécontentement menaça aussi la stabilité politique. Néanmoins, cette situation entraîna une démocratisation progressive de ces pays, annonciatrice des grandes réformes des années 1930. La neutralité ne fut donc pas en soi une panacée, mais les difficultés éprouvées lors de la Première Guerre mondiale ouvrirent la voie à des transformations nécessaires.
Les « buts de guerre » de la Perse neutre pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Bast Oliver
Published: January 2015

Comme la Perse, qui s’est proclamée solennellement neutre au début de la Grande Guerre, est devenue malgré tout l’un des théâtres du conflit, l’historiographie la représente comme un pion dépourvu de toute volonté propre dans le jeu des puissances belligérantes. La consultation des sources persanes permet de dresser un tableau diffèrent. À l’inverse des analyses habituelles, cet article se propose d’examiner la politique étrangère poursuivie par la Perse durant la guerre ainsi que dans l’immédiat après-guerre sans traiter la partie persane en quantité négligeable. Il conclut que, loin d’avoir été des hommes naïfs et stupides, ou, pire encore, de simples instruments entre les mains des Britanniques, les diplomates persans de l’époque ont su habilement poursuivre une politique étrangère délibérée et concertée visant à la réalisation de buts de guerre, ou plutôt, de buts de paix, précis et très ambitieux.
The Olympic City as a constructed ‘visual identity' represented as a positive ‘heterotopian' visual experience
Authors: Tzanoudaki Stephany
Published: January 2015

Cet article traite de la représentation visuelle de la « Ville olympique », comme reflet de l’identité urbaine, culturelle et sociale de la cité qui accueille les Jeux d’été. L’objet du débat est de déterminer si ce qui est appréhendé comme « Ville olympique », plus qu’un reflet fidèle de la réalité sociale et urbaine, n’est pas une identité construite. La ville olympique a toujours un rôle de représentation à jouer, impliquant un choix quant aux images de sa réalité qu’il conviendra de montrer ou, au contraire, de cacher. Cet article éclaire le caractère transitoire de la ville olympique comme identité visuelle, depuis l’ère moderne jusqu’à l’ère post-moderne, montrant que la ville olympique contemporaine reflète la crise des utopies (ère moderne) puis l’expérience des espaces développés comme hétérotopies (Foucault, 1967), prenant également en compte les phénomènes d’éphéméralisation, d’instantanéité et de mondialisation (ère post-moderne). Ce travail discute le rôle du design et de l’architecture dans cette représentation visuelle de la ville olympique et dans la constitution d’une identité visuelle propre, montrant qu’aujourd’hui cette identité reflète souvent une image éclectique, idéalisée, à la mode, de la ville hôte, avec une tendance à camoufler beaucoup d’autres aspects des réalités sociales et urbaines.
L'éducation physique au cinéma : une autre histoire (1943-2014) ?
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Lemonnier Jean-Marc
Published: January 2015

Après avoir évoqué la spécificité et les limites du corpus cinématographique dans le champ de l’histoire, cette étude s’intéresse aux représentations de l’éducation physique scolaire dans le second XX e  siècle. Le regard se pose sur les lieux, les tenues, les supports d’enseignement et les différents portraits d’enseignants dans quinze longs métrages français réalisés depuis la Libération. Il s’agit de mesurer l’écart entre la réalité et la fiction pour jauger de la distorsion historique. On perçoit alors que le cinéma propose une autre histoire de l’éducation physique, plus attachée à l’écume d’une réalité qu’à la profondeur des transformations successives, où les temporalités s’étirent au gré des propos des scénaristes et où les clichés laissent l’empreinte d’une matière scolaire qui piétine. Il traduit également, tout en participant à sa construction, l’histoire des mentalités d’une nation vis-à-vis de cette discipline, révélatrice de son atypie et de sa lente intégration scolaire.
Raymond Siener et l'enseignement naturel d'un corps flottant et fusiforme en natation : un pédagogue méconnu en éducation physique et sportive (1941-2012)
Authors: Auvray Emmanuel
Published: January 2015

En France, l’historiographie (1941-2012) de l’enseignement de la natation en éducation physique et sportive (EPS) montre qu’il existe des méthodes dominantes au sein de l’univers professionnel de cette discipline scolaire. Cet apprentissage est jalonné par deux principales méthodes : l’une basée sur une instruction instrumentée pour transmettre la brasse, et l’autre sur l’acquisition, sans appareil à suspension d’élèves, des invariants des nages sportives et utilitaires. C’est pour des raisons historiques, pédagogiques et axiologiques que ces méthodes s’imposent et se diffusent en EPS alors que d’autres restent plus longuement écartées par le législateur et méconnues des enseignants. Si l’enseignement naturel de Raymond Siener autour de l’apprentissage de la flottaison naturelle et de la posture fusiforme émerge sous Vichy (1940-1944), pour autant il n’intègre pas le curriculum formel avant 1967 et demeure inconnu des enseignants, contrairement à la conception évolutive et hégémonique de Raymond Catteau (1950-2008). Cette étude basée sur un corpus comprenant un ensemble d’archives telles que des textes officiels, des témoignages d’enseignants (n = 144), des ouvrages et des articles sur la natation, montre que la méthode de Raymond Siener a été écartée par le législateur pendant presque trente ans et est inconnue des enseignants d’EPS pour de multiples raisons comme le statut occupé par son concepteur, la « modernité » de cette méthode et sa dimension peu sécuritaire.
Hockey sur glace et tensions nationales en Roumanie
Authors: Danero Iglesias Julien , Constantin Pompiliu Nicolae
Published: January 2015

Fin 2011, un scandale frappe le monde du hockey sur glace roumain : lors d’un match contre la Hongrie, les joueurs de l’équipe nationale roumaine chantent l’hymne hongrois et se taisent pour l’hymne roumain. Quelques semaines plus tard, un joueur de l’équipe des moins de 16 ans est bousculé par ses coéquipiers parce qu’il leur demande dans les vestiaires de ne pas parler hongrois entre eux mais roumain le jour de la fête nationale. Dans ce contexte, l’article propose une étude de la réaction de la presse roumaine face à ce scandale et permet de voir comment se jouent l’inclusion et l’exclusion de la minorité hongroise dans le discours de la majorité roumaine du pays. Suivant une méthodologie inspirée par l’Analyse critique de discours telle que proposée par Ruth Wodak, l’article revient sur le pouvoir intégrateur du sport et le patriotisme partagé dans une société divisée comme la Roumanie d’aujourd’hui.
Worm-it: converting organic wastes into sustainable fish feed by using aquatic worms
Authors: Elissen H.J.H. , Hendrickx T.L.G. , Temmink H. , Laarhoven B. , Buisman C.J.N.
Published: January 2015

Due to overfishing and the use of one-third of wild fish catches for feeding farmed fish and livestock, there is a strong need for alternative sources of suitable proteins and lipids in fish feeds. Small freshwater worms of the speciesLumbriculus variegatuscan be such a source based on their high protein content, variable lipid content and amino acid pattern. In addition, their production can be combined with waste reduction, as they can be grown on safe organic wastes. In this article, it was investigated whether fatty acid (FA) profile of the worms changed with feed source. Profiles of worms grown on different feeds were highly similar, but also reflected profiles of feeds. Data suggest that the worms are capable of poly-unsaturated fatty acids bioaccumulation. The worms converted different organic wastes (fish faeces and food industry sludges) with an efficient feed conversion ratio of ~1.8 (dry to wet weight) resulting in a theoretical production of 0.1-0.14 kg of fish per kg of waste. Worm composition resembles that of other live feeds and the biomass contains important FAs. Safety of organic non-feed waste streams for worm production should be further evaluated.
Anthropo-entomophagy in Latin America: an overview of the importance of edible insects to local communities
Authors: Costa-Neto E.M.
Published: January 2015

Anthropo-entomophagy has evolved in many ways, from the point of view of collection, marketing and consumption, and for the insects’ organoleptic qualities. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico due to their sociocultural origin, stand out as the Latin American countries that have the habit of consuming insects by presenting both a biological and an ethnic diversity. Edible species are eaten both as immature (eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs) and in some cases as adults. They are ingested whole or in parts, as well as in the products they produce, such as honey, propolis, pollen, and wax. Many insect species are consumed not only as food but also as medicine, and this provides a relevant contribution to the phenomenon of zootherapy, as well as opening new prospects for the economic and cultural valorisation of animals usually regarded as useless. The ingestion of a variety of edible species contributes to the nutritional health of indigenous, traditional peoples, as well as those individuals who live in urban areas who use this kind of food resource, in accordance with their seasonal abundance. Some field studies corroborate that although the tradition of eating insects has faced several changes, it has been maintained for a long time thanks to intergenerational knowledge. However, the aversion to edible insects is the reason why a considerable amount of animal protein becomes unavailable since the phenomenon is regarded as ‘primitive peoples’ practice’. If the rich biosociodiversity found in Latin American countries is taken into account, then it can be said that the phenomenon of anthropo-entomophagy has been underestimated. Considering the nutritional qualities that insects have, they should be considered as renewable resources available for sustainable exploitation aiming at reducing the problem of malnutrition and hunger in many parts of the world.
Foreword: Why a Journal of Insects as Food and Feed?
Authors: Yen A.L.
Published: January 2015

The use of insects as a food source by people in different continents was generally viewed by European explorers as a novelty or as an indication of food shortages. In 1885, Vincent Holt advocated that insects could alleviate hunger amongst the poor in his rather quaint publication Why not eat insects? Human entomophagy was put into global perspective in 1951 by F.S. Bodenheimer when he published his book Insects as human food. Advocacy for the use of insects as human food or as animal feed was taken up by Gene DeFoliart, both in the scientific literature (e.g. DeFoliart, 1999) and in his online bibliography (DeFoliart, 2002). More recently, momentum has increased with involvement of the UN FAO through the 2008 workshop Insects bite back in Thailand (Durst et al., 2010), the 2012 FAO meeting Assessing the potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security in Rome, the release of the FAO report Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security (Van Huis et al., 2013), culminating in the successful first international conference, Insects to feed the world, in May 2014.
Liquid Spheres on Smartphones: The Personal Information Policies
Authors: Serrano Tellería Ana , Oliveira Marco
Published: January 2015

Data collected from the profiles and the digital identities has become a valuable currency for the mobile ecosystem, especially between users and providers. Services that required them are also described as the ground floor in direct linked with the infrastructures and as intermediate layers between networks, platforms and applications. The frontier debate between innovation and protection of privacy is shown off undefined and unstable. Therefore, a comparative analysis between ‘Privacy Terms and Conditions’ as well as the interrelation between operative systems (Apple iOS, Android, Blackberry and Windows Phone), social media platforms (Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and Google +) and applications (Instagram, WhatsApp, Line and Vine) have been carried out focusing on Privacy issues. Two main tendencies were appreciated in relation with the two principal operative systems: Apple iOS closed environment and Google Android open source. They reconfigure the functional structure and design of platforms and applications in different ways. The liquid spheres observed varied from the first approach that tried to control every action and personal information from the binomial operative system-device and the second one that allowed the user actions and information to be more susceptible to interact with any kind of applications and platforms while the system is linked to information aggregation services to collect the data. Prominent aspects were the various stages of synchronization between the different levels of personal information (contacts, profile, digital identity and localization). Focusing on the case of Portugal, other complementary conclusions obtained from focus group and surveys showed a strong circumstantial pattern behaviour and a concern about privacy issues taking care of some actions while admitted checking if they had the terms and conditions involved - which are too ambiguous - but not reading them. Described also by other international previous researches, they showed lack of rationality in some attitudes and performances and limitations on the extension between knowledge and action.
Recognizing the Importance of Brand Awareness on E-commerce Sales while Shopping on Internet: Empirical Analysis of European Countries
Authors: Al-Shatnawi Atallah , Al-Fawwaz Bader , Alsharafat Wafa
Published: January 2015

The reason to conduct this research is to investigate and recognize the importance of brand awareness on E-commerce sales while shopping on internet. Empirical analysis of seven top internet purchasing European countries is done by using the report of (Eurostat’s 2011). The units of analysis are those individuals who are residing in Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Netherland, Sweden and Norway making purchases from the internet. Data is collected from the report of Eurostat’s for the ten years from 2002 – 2011. To find out the relationship between explanatory and Dependent Variable (DV) in the online business world, the study has done statistical analyses which are implemented by using E-views 5 software. The main motive to carry out the study is to find out the impact and importance of brand image/ awareness in the minds of online shopper, when they go for shopping on internet. Findings of this study illustrate significant positive relationship between brand awareness an E-commerce sale. Findings are beneficial for those companies which are working on internet and selling their products or services, so with the help of results of this study they can be able to know European online shopper’s mind and can develop certain strategies in order to sell the most.
Designing an Intelligent Mobile Learning Tool for Grammar Learning (i-MoL)
Authors: Shuib Munir , Abdullah Amelia , Azizan Siti Norbaya , Gunasegaran Thenmolli
Published: January 2015

English is the most important second language in most non-English speaking countries, including Malaysia. A good English proficiency comes from good grasp of grammar. To conquer the problems of low English proficiency among Malaysians, it is important to identify the key motivators that could facilitate the process of grammar learning. In this digital age, technology can play a very important role and mobile technology could be one of it. Thus, this study aims at designing a mobile learning tool, namely the Intelligent Mobile Learning Tool for Grammar Learning (i-MoL) to act as the “on-the-go” grammar learning support via mobile phones. i-MoL helps reinforce grammar learning through mobile phone with game-like applications, inquiry-based activities and flashcard-like information. The intelligent part of i-MoL lies in its ability to map the mobile-based grammar learning content to individual’s preferred learning styles based on Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model (FSLSM). The instructional system design through the ADDIE model was used in this study as a systematic approach in designing a novel and comprehensive mobile learning tool for grammar learning. In terms of implications, this study provides insights on how mobile technologies can be utilized to meet the mobility demand among language learners today.
An Interactive Mobile Application for the Visually Impaired to Have Access to Listening Audio Books with Handy Books Portal
Authors: Meenakshi Avanthika , Sundar Shyam , Nancy Silviya
Published: January 2015

Mobile phones are used in almost all aspects of life by people. But in the case of visually impaired, they are still a step behind in using smart phones for various purposes. Having interactive android OS, navigation and travel aiding apps using sensors and voice user interfaces (VUI) or the voice response systems, we are still a step lagging in giving them an application for educational purposes. This paper proposes a complete new idea of having a portal where they can store audio books aided with interactive system so that they can use them whenever needed.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEW GREEN BUILDING CODE ON RESIDENTIAL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Kim Jin-Lee , Greene Martin , Kim Sunkuk
Published: January 2015

The new Green Building Code impacts the design and construction of building systems, which are vital for energy consumption estimation, especially since electricity prices are of great interest to today's consumers. Through the integration of energy consumption and utility bills, this paper presents the results of the economic impacts of installing various energy efficient systems required by the Green Building Code. Energy consumption prediction models are developed using multiple regression statistical methods based on electricity data collected from 110 single-family houses located in Los Angeles, California, USA. These prediction models have found a significant difference in electricity consumption of a single-family house prior to the introduction of the code and after its introduction. In addition, life cycle cost analysis on two of the featured systems, photovoltaic system and hybrid water heater, discovered that consumers can pay off their up-front investments in state-of-the-art energy efficient systems and appliances and earn a profit within the stated life cycle time period. The findings provide useful guidelines for making initial monetary decisions in the residential building industry.
Enseignement de la langue et de la littérature françaises médiévales en Ontario (Canada anglophone) : de l’utilité d’une troisième langue… morte
Authors: Denoyelle Corinne , Longtin Mario
Published: January 2015

Teaching Old French language and literature, away from the context of teacher's examination and ranking in France, requires a certain degree of innovation. It is especially true in the English speaking South West Ontario where the student body is both diverse and multiculturally rich. In that context, Old French language and literature are often seen as strange topics to focus on, especially since the textbooks are rarely adapted to their level of French, not to mention their knowledge of the specific history of the French medieval period. This article addresses some of the problems of teaching Old French language and literature as second language acquisition tools by suggesting approaches that have proven successful in our teaching practice. A hands on approach is especially productive, as students love to work directly from digitised manuscripts. Such an initiation to medieval writings in its manuscript context stimulates students' curiosity and offers them the extra motivation to discover an otherwise very abstract topic for any learner of French language and literature outside of France.
De la littérature latine à la littérature française : une transition victime du cloisonnement académique
Authors: Jaeck Lucile
Published: January 2015

Les premiers poèmes vernaculaires mis par écrit nous offrent déjà quelques chefs-d’œuvre de notre littérature, que ce soit dans le domaine hagiographique (Vie de saint Alexis), épique (Chanson de Roland) ou lyrique (œuvre de Guillaume IX d’Aquitaine). Leur caractère élaboré a poussé les médiévistes à interroger leur genèse, notamment à travers la culture écrite latine du xie siècle. Alors que cet angle de recherche est loin d’avoir porté tous ses fruits, il est aujourd’hui délaissé, victime des divisions disciplinaires et méthodologiques, ce qui n’est pas sans conséquence sur l’enseignement. Le présent article expose les différents cloisonnements universitaires qui entravent l’étude de la littérature médio-latine comme littérature de transition, mais aussi quelques initiatives ayant réussi à les dépasser. Il reviendra sur la motivation de la mise par écrit de la première littérature française puis sur la tradition littéraire et l’horizon d’attente dans laquelle elle s’inscrit, afin d’envisager les bases d’un indispensable questionnement pluridisciplinaire.
The Context of Paratext
Authors: Åström Fredrik
Published: January 2015

Based on two sets of data consisting of research articles from Web of Science, analyses were made on articles citing Genette and articles using the paratext concept. The purpose was to investigate the context in which the paratext concept is used and Genette is cited by analyzing the journals and research fields in which the articles were published, the literature these articles are based on, and the terminology used in the articles. This chapter presents the results, which show both close connections and similarities in citation patterns, namely, to literature studies and to the humanities in general. It is also possible to see signs of an increased interest in digital media and a widening of cultural expressions studied within the realm of the humanities, such as computer games, while Genette and paratextual theories are used to a much lesser extent in the social sciences. In addition to the empirical study, the relation between paratext studies and bibliometrics is briefly discussed.
The Margins of Bookishness
Authors: van Dijk Yra
Published: January 2015

In this chapter, the author approaches the paratexts of digital literature from a post-structuralist point of view, according to which a paratext cannot be seen as simply outside a work but rather collaborates with it and helps shape its place in the world. The paratext is in need of analysis and interpretation as much as the text itself, and even more so in the context of the World Wide Web, in which the paratext has become more hybrid and more widespread. It performs the double action of, on the one hand, disappearing and merging with the text itself and, on the other hand, expanding into an infinite online context. Current critical practice involves focusing only on paratexts that communicate authorial intention directly. Here, that approach will be expanded to take in the “texts” that cluster around a digital text and become part of it, even if there is no authorial consent. The social space in which print literature is printed, sold, bought and taught is partly replaced by these paratexts in digital literature, which is analyzed with concepts borrowed from the sociology of art. The author begins by evaluating the possibilities offered by the theoretical expansion of paratexts within the digital realm. That evaluation leads to the conclusion that, in general, and contrary to standard assumptions, digital-literary artists seem to use traditional rather than disruptive avant-garde strategies. It also gives insights into the ways in which a new and dynamic genre of art is produced, consumed and evaluated.
Mashup as Paratextual Practice
Authors: Nacher Anna
Published: January 2015

The main objective of this chapter is to contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the notion of paratext (Genette, 1997a). The author argues that in order to fully grasp the discourse of contemporary media objects, one has to focus on the networked, hyperconnective and fluid nature of today's media environments (Jenkins, 2008; Varnelis, 2008), where content itself often seems secondary to the modes of its circulation. In this regard, the concept of paratext still provides a valuable framework of analysis, especially when related to the widespread programming and coding procedures of contemporary Web services. In order to enable such a dynamic understanding of the notion in the contemporary digital media environment, Genette's proposition should be read not only (or primarily) as relating to the set of subtexts, “parasitic” texts, annotations and markers accompanying the “main” text, but first and foremost as a semiotic-technological apparatus enabling the circulation of digital content across different media platforms. Such a re-reading also calls for an updated understanding of digital media, with more prominence given to the relational characteristics of the objects, as well as to the fluidity and dynamics of the processes of circulation, rather than to digital “objects” as such.
Iterations and Evolutions
Authors: Hill Heather L. , Pecoskie Jen
Published: January 2015

Intertext and paratext are central to the creation of fantexts and fan communities. It is essential therefore to explore how intertext and paratext affect the production and consumption of fanfiction, which involves the communication of the reader and author. In this chapter, the authors examine one fanfiction platform as a case study using the Fifty Shades of Grey enterprise as a contextual pivot point in order to understand the impact of digital paratext and intertext as tools constructing the medium of fanfiction. Using computer-mediated discourse analysis, the authors explore textual elements of three fanfiction titles, focusing on the paratext, the reader and author interactions, and the intertext, here the relation of the fanfictions to Fifty Shades of Grey and other texts, including those published on the same fanfiction forum (Fanfiction.net). Findings indicate that fanfiction not only includes paratextual elements for author-reader communication, but also that paratext is integral to the creation of fanfiction. As fanfictions evolve, they themselves become intertextual root-texts from which new fanfiction develops.
Melodrama Remediated
Authors: Wilson Katherine C.
Published: January 2015

This chapter reconsiders some tenets of Genette's insightful framework for analyzing paratexts, by examining the transformation of paratexts on one kind of published play—a cheaper, nineteenth-century, English-language “Acting Edition”—after remediation into digital form for new purposes: not for producing theatre, but for studying old drama. Invoking Aiken's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Dion Boucicault plays as examples of general patterns, the author first fill in gaps in the inventory of print paratexts, delineating a species of theatrical paratext different from the literary paratexts spotlighted by Genette, that, together with the publisher's commercial communications, referred away from the single author or drama and rendered the publication into a hybrid literary-practical commodity. Moving to the twenty-first century, the chapter touches briefly on the pre-digital academic publishing formats, print anthologies and facsimile microform, which involved paratextual and market practices variously inherited by digital successors. While acknowledging the diverse array of digitized playbooks, the chapter concentrates on the proprietary database Literature Online produced by the Chadwyck-Healey division of a conglomerate corporation ProQuest, couching the remediated play paratexts within shifts in global capitalism. These for-profit paratexts partly reveal their political economy basis in fusion with the ideologies of the academic market and the materiality of their medium, including a new species of partly visible protocols that the author calls actuating marks. Overall, the chapter uses old melodrama to open new views of the performances of paratexts across textual media and embedded in political economy.
The Functionality of Paratexts on YouTube
Authors: Simonsen Thomas Mosebo
Published: January 2015

This chapter investigates paratexts and their functionality on YouTube. It is argued that YouTube content is in fact characterized by its dependence and usage of paratexts as part of YouTube's infrastructure. Paratexts are presented as being either auto-generated by YouTube or created by its users. They are furthermore identified through a distinction between spatial and temporal relationships. Based on these distinctions, a small survey of some of the most popular videos on YouTube is conducted in order to examine the appearance and functionality of paratexts. A principal argument of the chapter is that the functionality of the paratexts can be explained by what Genette characterizes as the paratext's illocutionary force, which is examined in relationship to YouTube's paratexts and, more specifically, the site's implementation of links. The chapter also argues that paratexts may be characterized as a necessary tool for creators on YouTube to apply to what is being described as a culture of visibility in which paratexts serve both a promotional and a social purpose.
Video Game Framings
Authors: Rockenberger Annika
Published: January 2015

This chapter discusses the applicability of the concept of ‘paratext' (as coined by Gérard Genette) to audio-visual media in general and to video games in particular. In the first section, some potential elements of a video game's ‘paratext' are singled out by means of ‘auto-ethnographic' description of the introductory sequence(s) of the first-person shooter game BioShock Infinite. Several segments of the game's ‘threshold' are differentiated employing a rather tentative ad-hoc terminology. In the second section, Genette's definitional stipulations, posing the point of reference for everyone actually using the term ‘paratext,' are reconstructed, clarified and constructively criticized. Here, the author also discusses potential objections to Genette's definitional criteria and briefly touches upon some media-theoretical constraints of his approach. Ensuing from these meta-terminological considerations, the author turns to the questionable use of ‘paratext' in video game studies. As critical examination reveals, the terminology in this field of research is rather vaguely connected to, and sometimes even completely detached from, Genette's definition. As an objection to such redefinitions of the term, the chapter suggests (1) that its use be restricted to communicative signals meeting the following criteria only: (a) functionally subservient to (which obviously implies specifically referring to) ‘the game proper,' (b) authorized by entitled members of the game's production collective, (c) verbal, (d) (at least partly) extra-diegetic. Additionally, (2) the chapter proposes supplementing ‘paratext' as an analytical tool with the higher-order umbrella term ‘framings' (as coined by Werner Wolf).
Thresholds of Transmedia Storytelling
Authors: Nottingham-Martin Amy
Published: January 2015

Much scholarly attention has been paid to how new media call for and influence the development of new literacies, but less focus has been given to exploring the underlying structure and mechanisms of projects that incorporate multiple media. Transmedia stories represent a particularly complicated and compelling type of multimedia project because of the high degree of integration among the components and resulting demand for sophisticated reading and interpretive practices. This chapter proposes a model for analysis of transmedia projects based on Gérard Genette's Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation and uses Scholastic, Inc.'s The 39 Clues as a case study for its application.
Ebooks and the Digital Paratext
Authors: Smyth Patrick
Published: January 2015

Since its publication in 1987, Gérard Genette's Paratexts has provided a productive means for engaging with those peripheral texts that frame, present, and bound a central work. However, advances in digital media and, in particular, the increasing prevalence of the ebook have altered or replaced many of the conventions outlined by Genette in Paratexts. This chapter explores these new paratextual conventions, employing case studies drawn from the “front lines” of the ebook revolution in concert with more recent scholarship in the field of paratextual studies. By examining the recent development of ebooks through the lens of the five paratextual dimensions outlined by Genette—spatial, temporal, substantial, pragmatic, and functional—this chapter argues that Paratexts continues to offer a crucial tool for the interpretation of texts in a new digital milieu.
Post-Book Paratext
Authors: Pressman Corey
Published: January 2015

The earliest artifacts of expression, represented by cave art and carved statuettes, had a paratext of their own that surrounded and supported their significance. However, there is a fundamental difference between the way these artifacts operated in society and the way writing and print operate. Writing and print are associated with a “print culture” centered on fixity, social isolation, and authority. This opposes a preceding emphasis on orality, fluidity, and social communication. However, the hegemony of print culture has been challenged by the binary revolution. The widespread success of e-readers, apps, the Web, and electronic reading in general indicates a nascent post-book era. The essential difference between a paper book and its electronic analog is the stripping of the former's paratextual elements. This chapter suggests that we should be deliberate about designing the paratext of our digital post-book experiences. We have the opportunity to reintroduce elements of pre-print orality, continuing what scholars have noted as the development of a “secondary orality” instigated by radio and television. An entire profession already exists whose mission is to design and implement platform-specific elements that attend to the delivery of content: interaction designers. These professionals can help us design the future of reading.
IL-33 Is Required for Disposal of Unnecessary Cells during Ovarian Atresia through Regulation of Autophagy and Macrophage Migration
Authors: Wu Jean , Carlock Colin , Zhou Cindy , Nakae Susumu , Hicks John , Adams Henry P. , Lou Yahuan
Published: January 2015

Physiological processes such as ovarian follicle atresia generate large amounts of unnecessary cells or tissue detritus, which needs to be disposed of rapidly. IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine gene family. Constitutive expression of IL-33 in a wide range of tissues has hinted at its role beyond immune defense. We have previously reported a close correlation between IL-33 expression patterns and ovarian atresia. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-33 is required for disposal of degenerative tissue during ovarian atresia using Il33−/− mice. Deletion of the Il33 gene impaired normal disposal of atretic follicles, resulting in massive accumulations of tissue wastes abundant with aging-related catabolic wastes such as lipofuscin. Accumulation of tissue wastes in Il33−/− mice, in turn, accelerated ovarian aging and functional decline. Thus, their reproductive life span was shortened to two thirds of that for Il33+/− littermates. IL-33 orchestrated disposal mechanism through regulation of autophagy in degenerating tissues and macrophage migration into the tissues. Our study provides direct evidence supporting an expanded role of IL-33 in tissue integrity and aging through regulating disposal of unnecessary tissues or cells.
HLA-A02:01–Restricted Epitopes Identified from the Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein VP11/12 Preferentially Recall Polyfunctional Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells from Seropositive Asymptomatic Individuals and Protect Humanized HLA-A*02:01 Transgenic Mice against Ocular Herpes
Authors: Srivastava Ruchi , Khan Arif A. , Spencer Doran , Vahed Hawa , Lopes Patricia P. , Thai Nhi Thi Uyen , Wang Christine , Pham Thanh T. , Huang Jiawei , Scarfone Vanessa M. , Nesburn Anthony B. , Wechsler Steven L. , BenMohamed Lbachir
Published: January 2015

The HSV type 1 tegument virion phosphoprotein (VP) 11/12 (VP11/12) is a major Ag targeted by CD8+ T cells from HSV-seropositive individuals. However, whether and which VP11/12 epitope–specific CD8+ T cells play a role in the “natural” protection seen in seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who have never had clinical herpes disease) remain to be determined. In this study, we used multiple prediction computer-assisted algorithms to identify 10 potential HLA-A*02:01–restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes from the 718-aa sequence of VP11/12. Three of 10 epitopes exhibited high-to-moderate binding affinity to HLA-A*02:01 molecules. In 10 sequentially studied HLA-A*02:01–positive and HSV-1–seropositive ASYMP individuals, the most frequent, robust, and polyfunctional effector CD8+ T cell responses, as assessed by a combination of tetramer frequency, granzyme B, granzyme K, perforin, CD107a/b cytotoxic degranulation, IFN-γ, and multiplex cytokines assays, were predominantly directed against three epitopes: VP11/1266–74, VP11/12220–228, and VP11/12702–710. Interestingly, ASYMP individuals had a significantly higher proportion of CD45RAlowCCR7lowCD44highCD62LlowCD27lowCD28lowCD8+ effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEMs) specific to the three epitopes, compared with symptomatic individuals (with a history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpetic disease). Moreover, immunization of HLA-A*02:01 transgenic mice with the three ASYMP CD8+ TEM cell epitopes induced robust and polyfunctional epitope-specific CD8+ TEM cells that were associated with a strong protective immunity against ocular herpes infection and disease. Our findings outline phenotypic and functional features of protective HSV-specific CD8+ T cells that should guide the development of an effective T cell–based herpes vaccine.
Houston's Novel Strategy to Control Hazardous Air Pollutants: A Case Study in Policy Innovation and Political Stalemate
Authors: Sexton Ken , Linder Stephen H.
Published: January 2015

Although ambient concentrations have declined steadily over the past 30 years, Houston has recorded some of the highest levels of hazardous air pollutants in the United States. Nevertheless, federal and state regulatory efforts historically have emphasized compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone, treating “air toxics” in Houston as a residual problem to be solved through application of technology-based standards. Between 2004 and 2009, Mayor Bill White and his administration challenged the well-established hierarchy of air quality management spelled out in the Clean Air Act, whereby federal and state authorities are assigned primacy over local municipalities for the purpose of designing and implementing air pollution control strategies. The White Administration believed that existing regulations were not sufficient to protect the health of Houstonians and took a diversity of both collaborative and combative policy actions to mitigate air toxic emissions from stationary sources. Opposition was substantial from a local coalition of entrenched interests satisfied with the status quo, which hindered the city's attempts to take unilateral policy actions. In the short term, the White Administration successfully raised the profile of the air toxics issue, pushed federal and state regulators to pay more attention, and induced a few polluting facilities to reduce emissions. But since White left office in 2010, air quality management in Houston has returned to the way it was before, and today there is scant evidence that his policies have had any lasting impact.
Fourth Order Exponential Time Differencing Method with Local Discontinuous Galerkin Approximation for Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Liang X. , Khaliq A. Q. M. , Xing Y.
Published: January 2015

This paper studies a local discontinuous Galerkin method combined with fourth order exponential time differencing Runge-Kutta time discretization and a fourth order conservative method for solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Based on different choices of numerical fluxes, we propose both energy-conserving and energy-dissipative local discontinuous Galerkin methods, and have proven the error estimates for the semi-discrete methods applied to linear Schrödinger equation. The numerical methods are proven to be highly efficient and stable for long-range soliton computations. Extensive numerical examples are provided to illustrate the accuracy, efficiency and reliability of the proposed methods.
Mixed Spectral Element Method for 2D Maxwell's Eigenvalue Problem
Authors: Liu Na , Tobón Luis , Tang Yifa , Liu Qing Huo
Published: January 2015

It is well known that conventional edge elements in solving vector Maxwell's eigenvalue equations by the finite element method will lead to the presence of spurious zero eigenvalues. This problem has been addressed for the first order edge element by Kikuchi by the mixed element method. Inspired by this approach, this paper describes a higher order mixed spectral element method (mixed SEM) for the computation of two-dimensional vector eigenvalue problem of Maxwell's equations. It utilizes Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) polynomials as the basis functions in the finite-element framework with a weak divergence condition. It is shown that this method can suppress all spurious zero and nonzero modes and has spectral accuracy. A rigorous analysis of the convergence of the mixed SEM is presented, based on the higher order edge element interpolation error estimates, which fully confirms the robustness of our method. Numerical results are given for homogeneous, inhomogeneous, L-shape, coaxial and dual-inner-conductor cavities to verify the merits of the proposed method.