bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion loop development of oil and gas piping system based on machine learning and group technology method
Authors: Rachman Andika , Ratnayake R.M. Chandima
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Corrosion loop development is an integral part of the risk-based inspection (RBI) methodology. The corrosion loop approach allows a group of piping to be analyzed simultaneously, thus reducing non-value adding activities by eliminating repetitive degradation mechanism assessment for piping with similar operational and design characteristics. However, the development of the corrosion loop requires rigorous process that involves a considerable amount of engineering man-hours. Moreover, corrosion loop development process is a type of knowledge-intensive work that involves engineering judgement and intuition, causing the output to have high variability. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the amount of time and output variability of corrosion loop development process by utilizing machine learning and group technology method.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the research objectives, k-means clustering and non-hierarchical classification model are utilized to construct an algorithm that allows automation and a more effective and efficient corrosion loop development process. A case study is provided to demonstrate the functionality and performance of the corrosion loop development algorithm on an actual piping data set.

Findings

The results show that corrosion loops generated by the algorithm have lower variability and higher coherence than corrosion loops produced by manual work. Additionally, the utilization of the algorithm simplifies the corrosion loop development workflow, which potentially reduces the amount of time required to complete the development. The application of corrosion loop development algorithm is expected to generate a “leaner” overall RBI assessment process.

Research limitations/implications

Although the algorithm allows a part of corrosion loop development workflow to be automated, it is still deemed as necessary to allow the incorporation of the engineer’s expertise, experience and intuition into the algorithm outputs in order to capture tacit knowledge and refine insights generated by the algorithm intelligence.

Practical implications

This study shows that the advancement of Big Data analytics and artificial intelligence can promote the substitution of machines for human labors to conduct highly complex tasks requiring high qualifications and cognitive skills, including inspection and maintenance management area.

Originality/value

This paper discusses the novel way of developing a corrosion loop. The development of corrosion loop is an integral part of the RBI methodology, but it has less attention among scholars in inspection and maintenance-related subjects.
Study of the effect of the Dienitro additive on the NOxand CO emissions in buses of collective transport to Diesel S-50 EGR and S-10 with SCR and EGR systems
Authors: Mader Michelle Maruska , Suski Cássio Aurélio
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Transport of people and goods has always been associated with the generation of some form of pollution, whether atmospheric, sound or visual. Managing the urban environment presents a major challenge: preserving environmental resources and also ensuring decent living conditions for the current population and for future generations. In the era of motorized and carbonized transport, vehicles are the main source of emission of atmospheric pollutants, mainly in large urban centers and important precursors of ozone. An important advance in minimizing vehicle emissions was the introduction of cleaner and additive fuels into the Brazilian market. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the Dienitro additive on the NOxand CO emissions in buses of collective transport, Diesel S-50 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and S-10 with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and EGR systems. Measurements of CO and NOxgas emissions were carried out using a gas analyzer in S50 and S10 diesel buses with an EGR and SCR systems from a company operating in the collective transport of Biguaçu.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, 20 measurements were performed without additives and 20 measurements with additivation in each bus, making it possible to calculate the average emission rate of CO and NOx, pollutant gases with toxic effect.

Findings

The usage of Dienitro additive in diesel engines resulted in a significant reduction in the emission of polluting gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), thus being efficient in reducing the emissions of these gases.

Originality/value

The Dienitro additive was first tested on diesel engines by public transport buses, and there is great potential for reducing the emission of toxic gases.
Psychological capital, organizational justice and health
Authors: Lupsa Daria , Baciu Loreni , Virga Delia
Published: November 2019

Purpose

This study is based on job demands-resources model and the conservation of resources theory explores the roleof psychological capital (PsyCap), as a personal resource, and organizational justice (distributive and procedural), as a contextual resource, in enhancing health through work engagement. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 193 Romanian social workers (87.60 percent women) from the national network was used to test two structural models.

Findings

Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that work engagement partially mediates the relationship between PsyCap and health, and work engagement totally mediates the relationship between organizational justice and health.

Research limitations/implications

The results emphasize the role of resources, PsyCap and organizational justice, in protecting the social workers’ health.

Practical implications

These findings support the necessity of combined evidence-based programs to develop social worker’s PsyCap and to maintain the optimum level of perceived organizational justice. These intervention programs can, in turn, enhance the work engagement and protect the health of employees in the workplace.

Originality/value

This study indicates a novel conceptual model that has two simultaneous predictors of work engagement and health. It provides insights into how contextual resources (organizational justice) potentiate the effect of personal resources (PsyCap) in enhancing health.
Work–life programmes and organisational outcomes: the role of the human resource system
Authors: Akter Kohinur , Ali Muhammad , Chang Artemis
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Empirical findings on the link between work–life programmes and organisational performance have been inconsistent, demanding further investigation of contextual factors. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses social exchange theory, strategic human resource (HR) management theory and stakeholder theory to examine the relationship between work–life programmes and organisational outcomes, using three performance measures: perceived organisational performance, financial performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It also investigates the moderating effect of HR systems on the work–life programmes–performance relationship. The hypotheses were tested in 192 organisations in Australia, using data from an HR manager survey and archival databases.

Findings

The findings support the hypotheses that work–life programmes are positively associated with all three measures of performance. The results partially support the moderating effect of HR systems on the relationship between work–life programmes and perceived organisational performance.

Originality/value

This study provides pioneering evidence for the moderating effect of HR system on the work–life programme–performance relationship. It also includes the rarely studied CSR as an outcome of work–life programmes.
Building intellectual structure of knowledge sharing
Authors: Goswami Anil Kumar , Agrawal Rakesh Kumar
Published: November 2019

Purpose

This study aims to build the intellectual structure of knowledge sharing (KS) research by objectively and systematically capturing and sketching the content of research papers published in the KS research area.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a systematic literature review for data collection, and content analysis and bibliometric techniques of citation and co-citation analysis for data analyses and interpretation.

Findings

Based on the study, the intellectual structure of KS research consisting of five themes has emerged. The five themes identified are: models, frameworks and understanding for KS, the behaviour-oriented perspective of KS, technology-oriented perspective of KS, KS barriers and KS and firm’s performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study has used published literature extracted from selected journals using the web of science database. More journals and databases may be included in future studies.

Practical implications

This study will give future researchers a comprehensive understanding of KS discipline and serve as a quick reference and resource for those interested in KS research. It identifies major areas of KS for the practitioners to enable them to focus and apply various organizational interventions to derive a competitive advantage. The identified themes in the intellectual structure of KS will also provide a holistic view and give multiple perspectives to practitioners so that they can better manage KS in their organizations.

Originality/value

This is among early studies aiming to extract the intellectual structure of KS in the broad area of knowledge management research.
Ghrelin receptor antagonism of fentanyl‐induced conditioned place preference, intravenous self‐administration, and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in rats
Authors: Sustkova‐Fiserova Magdalena , Puskina Nina , Havlickova Tereza , Lapka Marek , Syslova Kamila , Pohorala Veronika , Charalambous Chrysostomos
Published: November 2019

The extended occurrence of fentanils abuse associated with the dramatic increase in opioid fatal overdoses and dependence strongly emphasizes insufficiencies in opioid addiction treatment. Recently, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS‐R1A) antagonism was proposed as a promising mechanism for drug addiction therapy. However, the role of GHS‐R1A and its endogenous ligand ghrelin in opioid abuse is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of our study was to clarify whether the GHS‐R1A antagonist JMV2959 could reduce the fentanyl‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP), the fentanyl intravenous self‐administration (IVSA), and the tendency to relapse, but also whether JMV2959 could significantly influence the fentanyl‐induced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) in rats, that importantly participates in opioids' reinforcing effects. Following an ongoing fentanyl self‐administration, JMV2959 3 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally 20 minutes before three consequent daily 360‐minute IVSA sessions under a fixed ratio FR1, which significantly reduced the number of active lever‐pressing, the number of infusions, and the fentanyl intake. Pretreatment with JMV2959 also reduced the fentanyl‐seeking/relapse‐like behaviour tested in rats on the 12th day of the forced abstinence period. Pretreatment with JMV2959 significantly and dose‐dependently reduced the manifestation of fentanyl‐CPP. The fentanyl‐CPP development was reduced after the simultaneous administration of JMV2959 with fentanyl during conditioning. The JMV2959 significantly reduced the accumbens dopamine release induced by subcutaneous and intravenous fentanyl. Simultaneously, it affected the concentration of byproducts associated with dopamine metabolism in the NAC. Our findings suggest that GHS‐R1A importantly participates in the rewarding/reinforcing effects of fentanyl.
Role of aspirin‐triggered lipoxin A4, aspirin, and salicylic acid in the modulation of the oxidative and inflammatory responses induced by plasma from women with pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Gil‐Villa Aura María , Alvarez Angela M. , Velásquez‐Berrío Manuela , Rojas‐López Mauricio , Cadavid J Angela P.
Published: November 2019

Problem

Oxidative stress and inflammation are key events leading to pre‐eclampsia, involved in several maternal deaths. Low doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) are used in the prevention and treatment of pre‐eclampsia. The synthesis of aspirin‐triggered lipoxin (ATL) by cyclooxygenase‐2 acetylation is an alternative mechanism of ASA, which could explain the effectiveness of ASA treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ASA, salicylates, and ATL in the modulation of the oxidative and inflammatory responses induced by plasma from women with pre‐eclampsia.

Method of study

Plasma from 14 women with pre‐eclampsia and 17 normotensive pregnant women was probed for inducing oxidative and inflammatory responses on endothelial cells and U937 promonocytes. The role of ATL, ASA, and salicylic acid (SA) on these events was evaluated.

Results

Plasma from women with pre‐eclampsia induced TBARS and nitrotyrosine production on endothelial and U937 cells. Pre‐treatment with both ATL and ASA decreased the TBARS production, while ATL decreased the nitrotyrosine. Pre‐eclamptic plasma augmented the translocation of NF‐kB on U937 cells, which decreased by a high dose of ASA and SA. Finally, the pre‐eclamptic plasma increased the adhesion of leukocytes—PMN and monocytes—to endothelium, and we were able to determine a state of resolution of inflammation, since ATL decreased the PMN adhesion, and conversely, it increased the monocytes adhesion to endothelium.

Conclusion

Together, these results suggest that ATL could explain the beneficial actions of ASA and support further research on mechanisms, real efficacy, and rational use of ASA in pre‐eclampsia.
Low serum testosterone levels and the incidence of chronic kidney disease among male adults: A prospective population‐based study
Authors: Amiri Mina , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Rahmati Maryam , Amanollahi Soudmand Saber , Behboudi‐Gandevani Samira , Sabet Zari , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: November 2019

Background

Despite existing evidence regarding the role of testosterone as a protective factor for the kidney function in male adults, there are conflicting and inconclusive results on the influence of testosterone deficiency on developing chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and hazard ratio of CKD among male adults with low testosterone levels compared to controls with normal testosterone levels.

Materials and Methods

During a 15‐year follow‐up study, a total of 1277 eligible male adults aged 20‐80 year consisting of 605 males with low testosterone levels (< 350 ng/dL) and 672 controls with normal levels participating in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were recruited. Cox's proportional hazards models were applied to estimate hazard ratios of CKD between the groups after adjusting for confounders.

Results

The total cumulative incidence rate of CKD at the median follow‐up time of approximately 11.2 years was 21/1000 (95% CI: 18/1000, 25/1000) and 18/1000 (95% CI: 16/1000, 22/1000) in the low and normal testosterone groups, respectively (P = .2). The multivariate Cox model adjusted for age, body mass index, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking showed that HR of developing CKD in the male adults with low testosterone levels was significantly higher than those with normal levels (HR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.80).

Discussion and conclusion

This study shows a higher hazard ratio of CKD progression in male adults with hypogonadism compared to those with normal levels in their later life. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases in hypogonadal men can prevent the morbidity and mortality from CKD.
Climate change and the surgeon: what is the problem? Why is it so hard? What can be done?
Authors: Woodward Alistair
Published: November 2019

We know very well what causes climate change, and in general terms, what the dangers are. This is a new kind of environmental problem, it is not like taking lead out of petrol, and it is important to understand why responding to climate change is so challenging. But that is no reason to give up: in fact there are many opportunities to intervene, including actions that can be taken by surgeons and other health professionals.
“Changing behaviour, changing investment, changing operations”: Using citizen science to inform the management of an urban river
Authors: Cross Iain D.
Published: November 2019

Significant quantities of data are being collected by citizen scientists concerning environmental challenges. Networks of volunteers can collect data on spatial and temporal scales that may be beyond the resource and logistical capacities of the governmental bodies and other organisations that monitor and protect the environment. However, citizen science may be viewed with scepticism by decision makers and excluded from decision‐making because it is perceived as being of poor quality and lacking scientific credibility. This paper explores how citizen science has been used to inform the management of an urban river. It uses the example of the River Crane, a small urban river in London, UK, to demonstrate how data gathered through a volunteer project, Citizen Crane, supported decision‐making about the river. Through analysis of interviews with the project's leadership group, the paper examines how the project leadership team developed a high degree of credibility with stakeholders in the river management. This included drawing on the expertise of stakeholders to design the project and align the monitoring approaches with technical and scientific standards. Other factors of importance included open and professional communication between the Citizen Crane leadership team with regulators and businesses, and the development of shared understandings and expectations about the river's management. The leadership team drew on their professional experience to inform the design and management of the project, and to provide a conduit for data gathered by volunteer scientists to be embedded in decision‐making. The paper unpicks the ways in which citizen science challenges traditional notions of expertise in environmental decision‐making, and contributes to understanding how citizen science can support more legitimate and effective strategies for tackling complex socio‐environmental challenges.
Selected leukocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and uterine washings in cows before and after intrauterine administration of cefapirin and methisoprinol
Authors: Brodzki Piotr , Lisiecka Urszula , Brodzki Adam , Krakowski Leszek , Szczubiał Marek , Dąbrowski Roman , Junkuszew Andrzej , Bochniarz Mariola
Published: November 2019

The aim of the study was to evaluate the selected lymphocyte subpopulations TCD4, TCD8, BCD21, BCD25, CD18, CD11b, and MHC II in blood and uterine flush of cows with endometritis, before and after intrauterine (i.u.) administration of cefapirin and methisoprinol. The research was carried out on 28 cows with clinical endometritis. Animals were divided into four groups, each composed of seven cows, depending on the i.u. preparation used: Group A, cefapirin; Group B, methisoprinol; Group C, cefapirin and methisoprinol simultaneously; and a control group—without medication. The study was performed using flow cytometry method. Summarizing the results of the research, i.u. infusion of cefapirin caused a weakening of the effector phase of the local uterine immune response; however, it enhanced leukocyte chemotaxis and antigen presentation. After i.u. administration of methisoprinol, the stimulation of specific uterine immunity mechanisms was mainly observed. The use of both mentioned preparations showed the strengthening of specific uterine immunological mechanisms presumably caused by methisoprinol, despite the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic. Intrauterine use of immunostimulatory substances can improve the effectiveness of the endometritis treatment in cows by improving specific local mechanisms of uterine immunity. As a consequence, it may enhance the effector function of immune competent cells and finally eliminate inflammation.
Effect of different pulse numbers of transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor cortex excitability: Single‐blind, randomized cross‐over design
Authors: Tang Zhi‐Ming , Xuan Chun‐Yu , Li Xin , Dou Zu‐Lin , Lan Yu‐Jie , Wen Hong‐Mei
Published: November 2019

Aims

We aimed to investigate the effect of different pulse numbers of high‐frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the motor cortex on cortical excitability in healthy participants.

Methods

Fifteen healthy participants received 600 and 1200 pulses of 5‐Hz rTMS on separate days in a random order. Stimulation (duration, 2 seconds and interval, 1 seconds) was delivered over the left primary motor cortex for the hand, at 90% of resting motor threshold (rMT). The rMT and motor evoked potential (MEP) were measured before stimulation, and at 0 and 30 minutes after rTMS.

Results

No significant differences were observed between the two conditions for MEP (P = .919) or rMT (P = .266). Compared with baseline, MEP was increased significantly at 0 (P < .001) and 30 minutes (P < .001) after stimulation. After stimulation, rMT was decreased at 0 minute for the 600 and 1200 pulse conditions (P < .001), but had recovered by 30 minutes (P = .073).

Conclusion

Subthreshold 5‐Hz rTMS increased motor cortex excitability in healthy humans. However, the number of pulses may exhibit a ceiling effect in that beyond a certain point, that is, increasing the number of pulses may exhibit no further increase in cortical excitability.
Routine postoperative intensive care unit admission after colorectal cancer surgery for the elderly patient reduces postoperative morbidity and mortality
Authors: Fahim M. , Visser R. A. , Dijksman L. M. , Biesma D. H. , Noordzij P. G. , Smits A. B.
Published: November 2019

Aim

Older colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are at increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Routine postoperative overnight intensive care unit (ICU) admission might reduce this risk. This study aimed to examine the effect of routine overnight ICU admission after CRC surgery on postoperative adverse outcomes and costs in patients aged 80 years or older.

Methods

Patients aged 80 years or older who underwent CRC surgery in our centre were included in this observational cohort study. All patients in the period 2014–2017 with routine overnight ICU admission were assigned to the ICU cohort; all patients in the period 2009–2013 were assigned to the non‐ICU cohort. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to compare the primary composite end‐point (30‐day mortality, serious complications and readmission) between the groups. Cost data from the literature were used to perform a cost analysis.

Results

A total of 242 patients were included, 125 in the ICU cohort and 117 in the non‐ICU cohort. Routine overnight ICU admission was associated with a reduced risk of the composite end‐point (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22–0.87, P = 0.02) after adjusting for important confounders. In the ICU cohort 28% of patients experienced ICU events requiring intervention; this was not associated with postoperative morbidity or mortality. The 9% reduction in the incidence of serious complications in the ICU cohort is sufficient to offset the additional costs of routine overnight ICU admission.

Conclusion

Routine overnight ICU admission after CRC surgery in patients aged 80 years and older is associated with reduced risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity and seems to be cost‐effective.
Suppression of AMP‐activated protein kinase reverses osteoprotegerin‐induced inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by reducing autophagy
Authors: Tong Xishuai , Zhang Chuang , Wang Dong , Song Ruilong , Ma Yonggang , Cao Ying , Zhao Hongyan , Bian Jianchun , Gu Jianhong , Liu Zongping
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Osteoclasts (OC) are unique terminally differentiated cells whose primary function is bone resorption. We previously showed that osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits OC differentiation in vitro by enhancing autophagy via the adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway in vitro. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of AMPK mediated autophagy to regulate OPG‐mediated inhibition of OC differentiation and identify potential therapeutic targets associated with bone loss.

Materials and Methods

We used the AMPK activator AICAR to determine the relationship between AMPK activation and OC differentiation, and studied the role of AMPK‐mediated autophagy in OPG‐mediated inhibition of OC differentiation by using autophagy inhibitors or AMPK knockdown.

Results

AMP‐activated protein kinase activation caused LC3II accumulation and weakened OC differentiation activity. In contrast, inactivation of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine or Bafilomycin A1 could attenuate OPG‐mediated inhibition of OC differentiation via the AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway. Furthermore, the AMPK inhibitor compound C and knockdown of AMPK impaired OPG‐mediated inhibition of OC differentiation by inducing autophagy.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated that the AMPK signalling pathway functions as a critical regulator in the OPG‐mediated inhibition of OC differentiation, by inducing autophagy. Our results provide a basis for future bone‐related studies on the AMPK signalling pathway.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a fixed‐dose combination of phentermine/topiramate in adolescents with obesity
Authors: Hsia Daniel S. , Gosselin Nathalie H. , Williams Jenna , Farhat Nada , Marier J. F. , Shih Winnie , Peterson Craig , Siegel Robert
Published: November 2019

Aims

To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic characteristics of VI‐0521, a fixed‐dose combination of immediate‐release phentermine (PHEN) and extended‐release topiramate (TPM) in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with obesity, and to report weight loss and adverse events using this drug combination.

Materials and methods

This was a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐design, placebo‐controlled study in adolescents with obesity. A total of 42 adolescents were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to placebo, or to a mid‐dose (PHEN/TPM 7.5 mg/46 mg), or a top‐dose (PHEN/TPM 15 mg/92 mg) of VI‐0521. A total of 26 adolescents were included in the PK analysis (14 from the mid‐dose group and 12 from the top‐dose group).

Results

On day 56, arithmetic means of terminal elimination half‐life, apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent central volume of distribution (Vc/F) were consistent across dose levels for both PHEN and TPM. Arithmetic means of CL/F and Vc/F for PHEN and TPM administered as a combination in adolescents with obesity were within 10% to 30% of those previously assessed in adults with obesity enrolled in phase II and III studies. A higher proportion of adolescents in both the mid‐ and top‐dose groups (13.3% and 50.0%, respectively) compared with placebo (0.0%) reached ≥5% weight loss at day 56. The least squares (LS) mean change in systolic blood pressure from baseline to day 56 was −5.2 mmHg for the placebo group, −2.5 mmHg for the mid‐dose group, and − 5.5 mmHg for the top‐dose group. The LS mean change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline to day 56 was −2.4 mmHg for the placebo group, +3.8 mmHg for the mid‐dose group, and + 2.0 mmHg for the top‐dose group. Participants in the top‐dose group had increases in heart rate from baseline of 4.1 bpm, while participants in the mid‐dose group experienced a mean decrease in heart rate of 4.5 bpm at day 56. Both PHEN/TPM dose combinations were safe and well tolerated.

Conclusions

Treatment of adolescents with obesity using a fixed‐dose combination of PHEN/TPM for 8 weeks resulted in exposure to PHEN and TPM that was comparable to that observed in adults, statistically significant weight loss, and a tolerable safety profile. These data indicate that both mid‐ and top‐dose levels are appropriate for longer‐term safety and efficacy studies in adolescents.
Liraglutide reduces hyperglycaemia and body weight in overweight, dysregulated insulin‐pump‐treated patients with type 1 diabetes: The Lira Pump trial—a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Dejgaard Thomas F. , Schmidt Signe , Frandsen Christian S. , Vistisen Dorte , Madsbad Sten , Andersen Henrik U. , Nørgaard Kirsten
Published: November 2019

Aim

To investigate the efficacy of adding the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in overweight or obese persons with type 1 diabetes and non‐optimal glycaemic control.

Materials and methods

A 26‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial including 44 overweight or obese adults with type 1 diabetes randomized 1:1 to liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily (QD) or placebo added to CSII treatment. The primary endpoint was change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Secondary endpoints included change in insulin dose, CSII settings, glycaemic variability, body weight and patient‐reported outcome measures. Finally, adverse effects including hypoglycaemic events were registered.

Results

HbA1c was reduced by 5 mmol/mol (0.5%) from a baseline of 66 mmol/mol (8.2%) in patients treated with liraglutide compared with a non‐significant change of +2.3 mmol/mol (0.2%) from a baseline of 66 mmol/mol (8.1%) in patients treated with placebo (between‐group difference 7 mmol/mol [0.7%], P < 0.001). Liraglutide reduced total insulin dose by 8 units/day or 16% of total insulin dose (P = 0.008). Mean body weight was reduced by 6.3 kg (P < 0.001) compared with placebo. Concomitantly, time spent in glycaemic target range 4–10 mmol/L (71–180 mg/dL) increased while the risk of hypoglycaemia did not differ between groups at the end of treatment.

Conclusion

Liraglutide treatment reduced HbA1c, total daily insulin dose and body weight without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia in CSII‐treated patients with type 1 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control. Liraglutide may be considered a potential add‐on therapy to insulin in this subgroup of patients.
At what spatial scale(s) do mammals respond to urbanization?
Authors: Moll Remington J. , Cepek Jonathon D. , Lorch Patrick D. , Dennis Patricia M. , Robison Terry , Montgomery Robert A.
Published: November 2019

Spatial scale is fundamental in understanding species–landscape relationships because species’ responses to landscape characteristics typically vary across scales. Nonetheless, such scales are often unidentified or unreliably predicted by theory. Many landscapes worldwide are urbanizing, yet the spatial scaling of species’ responses to urbanization is poorly understood. We investigated the spatial scaling of urbanization effects on a community of 15 mammal species using ~60 000 wildlife detections collected from a constellation of 207 camera traps across an extensive urban park system. We embedded a bivariate Gaussian kernel in hierarchical multi‐species models to determine two scales of effect (a scale of maximal effect and a broader scale of cumulative landscape effect) for two biological responses (occupancy and site visit frequency) across two seasons (winter and summer) for each species. We then assessed whether scales of effect varied according to theoretical predictions associated with biological responses and species traits (body size and mobility). Scales of effect ranged from < 50 m to > 9000 m and varied among species, but not as predicted by theory. Species’ occupancy generally showed a weak response to urbanization and the scale of this effect was both highly uncertain and consistent across species. We did not detect any relationship between scales of effect and species’ body size or mobility, nor was there any evident pattern of scaling across biological response or seasons. These results imply that 1) urbanization effects on mammals manifest across a very broad spectrum of spatial scales, and 2) current theories that a priori predict the scale at which urbanization affects mammals may be of limited use within a given system. Overall, this study suggests that developing general theory regarding the scaling of species–landscape relationships requires additional empirical work conducted across multiple species, systems and timescales.
How does dyslexia impact on the educational experiences of healthcare students? A qualitative study
Authors: Ali Kamran , Kisielewska Jolanta , Subhan Mirza Mohammad Feisal , Tredwin Christopher
Published: November 2019

Aims

To explore the impact of dyslexia on the educational experiences of undergraduate students in medicine, dentistry, dental therapy and biomedical sciences.

Methods

It was a qualitative study based on semi‐structured interviews. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at a University in the South West region of the United Kingdom. Purposive sampling was used, and the participants included undergraduate students from the schools of medicine, dentistry and biomedical sciences.

Results

The sample consisted of fifteen undergraduate students including five from medicine; four from dentistry; three from dental therapy; and three from biomedical sciences. All students had a formal diagnosis of Dyslexia. The students shared their views and experiences regarding disclosure, transition into the university, learning environments, assessments and challenges after graduation.

Conclusions

This is the first study to explore the impact of dyslexia on the educational experiences of healthcare students from multiple programmes in a variety of educational settings. The findings show that the students were confident regarding disclosure of their dyslexia and had a formal diagnosis of dyslexia established during their school years. Although the participants experienced typical academic difficulties associated with dyslexia, problem‐based learning (PBL) was perceived to be enjoyable and less stressful than traditional lectures and no specific challenges were reported in acquisition of clinical, communication and team‐working skills.
Exploring the pedagogical affordances of a collaborative board game in a dual language immersion classroom
Authors: Poole Frederick , Clarke‐Midura Jody , Sun Chongning , Lam Kyle
Published: November 2019

In this study, we present an educational board game designed to promote both mathematics and Chinese language learning. We use text‐mining techniques to analyze dialog by 40 students, in six groups playing a board game in a dual language immersion context. Our findings provide evidence to support past claims and arguments that play and specifically play within board games can provide a learning environment in which students can experiment with concepts and language without fear of failure. In our study, we not only found that learners were willing and excited to use their L2 skills within the context of the game but also that the board game promoted peer learning, which subsequently provided support for both math and language development.
A survey of world language cooperating teachers: Implications for teacher development
Authors: Moser Kelly M. , García Paul A. , Davis‐Wiley Patricia , Hernández Todd A.
Published: November 2019

In an era of long‐standing world language teacher shortages, the preservice mentoring process has become even more critical. Using data from a national survey, this study provides a profile of PreK–12 world language cooperating teachers (CTs) and shares their beliefs about and perspectives on the teacher candidates with whom they work, their interactions with postsecondary stakeholders, their reasons for serving as CTs, and the challenges that inhibit the smooth and meaningful induction of new colleagues into the profession. Implications highlight opportunities for reform in world language teacher development.
Long‐term physiological and growth responses of Himalayan fir to environmental change are mediated by mean climate
Authors: Panthi Shankar , Fan Ze‐Xin , van der Sleen Peter , Zuidema Pieter A.
Published: November 2019

High‐elevation forests are experiencing high rates of warming, in combination with CO2rise and (sometimes) drying trends. In these montane systems, the effects of environmental changes on tree growth are also modified by elevation itself, thus complicating our ability to predict effects of future climate change. Tree‐ring analysis along an elevation gradient allows quantifying effects of gradual and annual environmental changes. Here, we study long‐term physiological (ratio of internal to ambient CO2, i.e., Ci/Caand intrinsic water‐use efficiency, iWUE) and growth responses (tree‐ring width) of Himalayan fir (Abies spectabilis) trees in response to warming, drying, and CO2rise. Our study was conducted along elevational gradients in a dry and a wet region in the central Himalaya. We combined dendrochronology and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) to quantify long‐term trends in Ci/Caratio and iWUE (δ13C‐derived), growth (mixed‐effects models), and evaluate climate sensitivity (correlations). We found that iWUE increased over time at all elevations, with stronger increase in the dry region. Climate–growth relations showed growth‐limiting effects of spring moisture (dry region) and summer temperature (wet region), and negative effects of temperature (dry region). We found negative growth trends at lower elevations (dry and wet regions), suggesting that continental‐scale warming and regional drying reduced tree growth. This interpretation is supported by δ13C‐derived long‐term physiological responses, which are consistent with responses to reduced moisture and increased vapor pressure deficit. At high elevations (wet region), we found positive growth trends, suggesting that warming has favored tree growth in regions where temperature most strongly limits growth. At lower elevations (dry and wet regions), the positive effects of CO2rise did not mitigate the negative effects of warming and drying on tree growth. Our results raise concerns on the productivity of Himalayan fir forests at low and middle (<3,300 m) elevations as climate change progresses.
Unifying macroecology and macroevolution to answer fundamental questions about biodiversity
Authors: McGill Brian J. , Chase Jonathan M. , Hortal Joaquín , Overcast Isaac , Rominger Andrew J. , Rosindell James , Borges Paulo A. V. , Emerson Brent C. , Etienne Rampal S. , Hickerson Michael J. , Mahler D. Luke , Massol Francois , McGaughran Angela , Neves Pedro , Parent Christine , Patiño Jairo , Ruffley Megan , Wagner Catherine E. , Gillespie Rosemary
Published: November 2019

The study of biodiversity started as a single unified field that spanned both ecology and evolution and both macro and micro phenomena. But over the 20th century, major trends drove ecology and evolution apart and pushed an emphasis towards the micro perspective in both disciplines. Macroecology and macroevolution re‐emerged as self‐consciously distinct fields in the 1970s and 1980s, but they remain largely separated from each other. Here, we argue that despite the challenges, it is worth working to combine macroecology and macroevolution. We present 25 fundamental questions about biodiversity that are answerable only with a mixture of the views and tools of both macroecology and macroevolution.
Personally meaningful recovery in people with psychological trauma: Initial validity and reliability of the Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC)
Authors: Rudd Bridey , Karatzias Thanos , Bradley Aoife , Fyvie Claire , Hardie Scott
Published: November 2019

Individual Recovery Outcomes Counter (I.ROC) is a brief tool measuring personal recovery designed for collaborative use within support. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a self‐report version of the I.ROC within a trauma population. A total of 107 adults attending trauma interventions in an NHS service in Scotland completed I.ROC alongside measures of self‐esteem, mental illness symptoms, and functional impairment. Scores on each measure were compared to evaluate the convergent validity of I.ROC. Internal consistency and factor analytical techniques were also used to assess the structural validity and reliability of the measure. Results of internal consistency, convergent validity, and factor analysis provide preliminary support for I.ROC’s validity within a trauma population. Previously proposed models were a poor fit for the current sample; principal components analysis suggested a three‐factor structure with acceptable internal consistency, comprising ten of the original twelve items (I.ROC‐10). Correlations with all measures reached significance for the original and modified I.ROC and its subscales. I.ROC appears to be a valid and reliable tool for use in measuring recovery within a trauma population, but further research is needed to examine the structural validity of I.ROC.
The effectiveness of pressure ulcer prevention programme: A comparative study
Authors: Al Mutair Abbas , Ambani Zainab , Al Obaidan Fadillah , Al Salman Khulud , Alhassan Hashmiah , Al Mutairi Alya
Published: November 2019

Hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) affect patients during hospitalisation, putting patients at risk for further complications. HAPU is one of the hospital quality indicators that require quality initiatives or programmes to minimise its occurrence and consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a developed quality improvement programme in preventing HAPUs. This is a retrospective comparative study, which tracked the outcomes of pressure ulcer prevention programme (PUPP) for 5 years from 2014 to 2018. Data from 50 441 patients were collected from different units in a tertiary hospital in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The programme focused on building a wound care team; providing education to hospital staff, patients, and their families; and continuous data monitoring, in addition to follow‐up visits after discharge. Implementation of the programme was successful showing a statistically significant reduction of HAPUs from 0.20% in 2014 to 0.06% in 2018 (P value <.001). The PUPP was effective in reducing the percentage of pressure ulcer cases. The programme can be extended and implemented in other hospitals.
Research Review: Do parent ratings of infant negative emotionality and self‐regulation predict psychopathology in childhood and adolescence? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective longitudinal studies
Authors: Kostyrka‐Allchorne Katarzyna , Wass Sam V. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S.
Published: November 2019

Background

Identifying low‐cost and easy to implement measures of infant markers of later psychopathology may improve targeting of early intervention for prevention. Because of their early manifestation, relative stability and overlap with constructs central to affect‐based dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology, negative emotionality and self‐regulation have been the focus of this research. We conducted a meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies examining the prospective association between infant temperament measured with parent ratings and child/adolescent psychopathology.

Methods

A systematic literature search for prospective longitudinal studies, which included measures of questionnaire‐assessed infant temperament (negative emotionality, self‐regulation, behavioural inhibition, surgency/extraversion, activity level) and symptoms of child or adolescent mental health (externalising, internalising) and neurodevelopmental problems (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], autism spectrum disorder [ASD]), was conducted. Standardised estimates of association were calculated and pooled in meta‐analyses.

Results

Twenty‐five studies (n = 28,425) met inclusion criteria. Small associations were seen between psychopathology aggregated across all domains and infant negative emotionality (r = .15; p < .001) and self‐regulation (r = −.19; p = .007). Effects were also significant but weaker for behavioural inhibition (r = .10; p = .027) and activity level (r = .08; p = .016). Surgency/extraversion was not significantly associated with psychopathology in general (r = −.04; p = .094); however, it was negatively associated with ASD (r = −.10, p = .015). Significant correlations were observed with some outcomes isomorphic with predictors, internalising problems and behavioural inhibition (r = .10; p = .013), ADHD symptoms and activity level (r = .19; p = .009).

Conclusion

Questionnaire‐based assessments of infant negative emotionality may have transdiagnostic potential to contribute to a risk index of later childhood psychopathology. Behavioural inhibition, surgency/extraversion and activity ratings may provide more specific predictive power. More data from prospective studies are required before the potential of self‐regulation and surgency/extraversion can be properly gauged.
Monitoring coffee roasting cracks and predicting with in situ near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Yergenson Nathan , Aston David Eric
Published: November 2019

The prediction of start and end times of the first and second crack events in roasting coffee is feasible with in situ near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Roasting samples analyzed herein consist of eight varieties of arabica coffee with different origins and processing methods, roasted with four temperature–time profiles. Real‐time analysis of recorded audio from coffee bean popping sounds provides a basis for determining the start and end times of each major event. A custom in situ diffuse reflectance probe improved NIR output, and partial least squares (PLS) regression generated a separate model for each crack event. The resulting PLS models show strong potential for process control implementation. A newly developed roast degree scale based on the progression through crack events is arguably more meaningful than common color cues to connect and correlate the complex chemistries and consumer qualities in roasted coffee.

Practical Applications

The first and second cracks are two sets of popping sounds that occur during coffee roasting. These events are commonly used as indicators of roast degree for determining the endpoint of the roast, but this judgment can be subjective. This work explores the use of NIR spectroscopy to predict the start and end of the two cracking events to provide a more robust method for controlling the roast based on the cracks. The predictions are used to generate a numerical roast degree scale, which provides a consistent method of comparing the roast degree of coffees from different origins or roasters.
Chemical composition, adulteration, total microbial load, and heavy metal in raw milk samples collected from dairy farms and urban areas in Lahore District, Pakistan
Authors: Arif Atta M. , Javed Imran , Ayaz Muhammad , Abdullah Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Rashid Anjum , Shahbaz Muhammad , Gondal Tanweer A. , Qaisarani Tahira B. , Iqbal Zafar , Salehi Bahare , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Martorell Miquel
Published: November 2019

The present study evaluated raw milk samples from dairy farms and urban areas in Lahore District, Pakistan, for the measurement of chemical composition, presence of adulterants, total microbial, and heavy metals loads. Measurements of chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the raw milk samples collected from urban areas showed the following mean values of 2.76 ± 0.29, 2.62 ± 0.18, 1.27 ± 0.08, 7.13 ± 0.30, 6.46 ± 0.26, and 0.47 ± 0.02 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively, while milk samples collected from dairy farms achieved the mean values of 4.82 ± 0.32, 5.02 ± 0.39, 3.36 ± 0.18, 13.19 ± 0.66, 6.67 ± 0.27, and 0.75 ± 0.05 for lactose, fat, protein, total solids, pH, and ash, respectively. Mean values of total plate count were 5.21 ± 0.28 CFU/ml for urban areas raw milk samples and 4.67 ± 0.27 CFU/ml for the dairy farm milk samples. Heavy metal mean concentrations for Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in urban areas milk samples from milk shop were 0.024 ± 0.005, 0.021 ± 0.006, 1.22 ± 0.25, 2.42 ± 0.57, and 0.044 ± 0.006 ppm, respectively. Conclusively, strategies should be adopted in order to prevent the heavy metal contamination in milk to further minimizes the health risks associated with heavy metal consumption.