bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The symptom burden of treatment‐naive patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Hanna Ehab Y. , Mendoza Tito R. , Rosenthal David I. , Gunn G. Brandon , Sehra Pamela , Yucel Emre , Cleeland Charles S.
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) may cause substantial local and systemic symptomatic morbidities, but many patients have high symptom levels before treatment begins. Knowledge of disease‐related (treatment‐naive) symptom status would aid in the evaluation of the symptomatic benefit or burden of HNC therapies.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively examined symptoms, quality of life, and health status reported by patients with HNC who were naive to any treatment. Symptoms were explored by anatomical site and disease factors were correlated with symptom severity and interference. A clustering algorithm was used to identify a subset of highly symptomatic patients, and the effects of disease site, tumor stage, and demographic variables on membership in this high‐symptom group were examined.

RESULTS

A total of 748 treatment‐naive patients with mucosal (434 patients), nonmucosal (272 patients), or skull base (42 patients) tumors were identified who had rated their symptoms using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. The majority of patients were white non‐Hispanic (82%) and male (68%), with a median age of 59 years. Approximately one‐third the patients had a high pretreatment symptom burden. Pain, fatigue, distress, and disturbed sleep were the most severe symptoms reported, regardless of tumor stage or site. Symptom burden was found to be higher among patients with more advanced disease. Predictors of a high symptom burden included having a mucosal tumor and being female.

CONCLUSIONS

The high prevalence of moderate to severe symptoms found in the current study demonstrates the importance of assessing patient‐reported symptoms routinely before treatment is initiated and emphasizes the need for symptom management in parallel with disease treatment. Baseline characterization of symptom status should be incorporated into clinical trials that may affect symptom burden. Cancer 2015;121:766–773. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Laplacian growth without surface tension in filtration combustion: Analytical pole solution
Authors: Kupervasser Oleg
Published: November 2014

Filtration combustion (FC) is described by Laplacian growth without surface tension. These equations have elegant analytical solutions that replace the complex integro‐differential motion equations by simple differential equations of pole motion in a complex plane. The main problem with such a solution is the existence of finite time singularities. To prevent such singularities, nonzero surface tension is usually used. However, nonzero surface tension does not exist in FC, and this destroys the analytical solutions. However, a more elegant approach exists for solving the problem. First, we can introduce a small amount of pole noise to the system. Second, for regularization of the problem, we throw out all new poles that can produce a finite time singularity. It can be strictly proved that the asymptotic solution for such a system is a single finger. Moreover, the qualitative consideration demonstrates that a finger with
of the channel width is statistically stable. Therefore, all properties of such a solution are exactly the same as those of the solution with nonzero surface tension under numerical noise. The solution of the Saffman–Taylor problem without surface tension is similar to the solution for the equation of cellular flames in the case of the combustion of gas mixtures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 31–42, 2016
Latent inhibition and facilitation of conditioned taste aversion in preweanling rats
Authors: Gaztañaga Mirari , Aranda‐Fernández P. Ezequiel , Díaz‐Cenzano Elena , Chotro M. Gabriela
Published: November 2014

Early in ontogeny, taste preexposure has been found to induce latent inhibition as well as produce a facilitation of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). In this study, the effect of taste preexposure on CTA was investigated in 13–14 day old rats as a function of taste preexposure (0, 1, or 3 trials) and unconditioned stimulus intensity (LiCl: 0, 0.15, or 0.30 M). After one conditioning trial, with the low intensity US, an aversion was only observed after taste preexposure (facilitation). When using the strong US, an aversion was found without preexposure while latent inhibition was observed with 3 preexposure trials. In conclusion, stimulus preexposure can either facilitate conditioning or produce latent inhibition in infant rats, depending on the amount of stimulus preexposure and the intensity of the US. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 96–104, 2015.
Application of the cis‐regulatory region of a heat‐shock protein 70 gene to heat‐inducible gene expression in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Kawaguchi Akane , Utsumi Nanami , Morita Maki , Ohya Aya , Wada Shuichi
Published: November 2014

Temporally controlled induction of gene expression is a useful technique for analyzing gene function. To make such a technique possible in Ciona intestinalis embryos, we employed the cis‐regulatory region of the heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene Ci‐HSPA1/6/7‐like for heat‐inducible gene expression in C. intestinalis embryos. We showed that Ci‐HSPA1/6/7‐like becomes heat shock‐inducible by the 32‐cell stage during embryogenesis. The 5′‐upstream region of Ci‐HSPA1/6/7‐like, which contains heat‐shock elements indispensable for heat‐inducible gene expression, induces the heat shock‐dependent expression of a reporter gene in the whole embryo from the 32‐cell to the middle gastrula stages and in progressively restricted areas of embryos in subsequent stages. We assessed the effects of heat‐shock treatments in different conditions on the normality of embryos and induction of transgene expression. We evaluated the usefulness of this technique through overexpression experiments on the well‐characterized, developmentally relevant gene, Ci‐Bra, and showed that this technique is applicable for inferring the gene function in C. intestinalis. genesis 53:170–182, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical Breakdown Properties and Space Charge Formation in High Temperature Region in Ultraviolet Ray Irradiated PVC
Authors: Miura Masakazu , Fukuma Masumi , Kishida Satoru
Published: November 2014

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most popular insulating material for electric wiring instruments. However, an exothermic reaction above 150 °C may cause deterioration of the insulating properties of PVC. Therefore, it is important to clarify the heat degradation in PVC, not only to investigate the ignition of electrical wiring products but also to use electrical products safely. It is known that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes chemical deterioration of PVC and an increase in its conductivity. Generally, it has been thought that the electrical breakdown properties, electrical conduction, and insulating performance are affected by space charge accumulation in an insulating material. A high temperature pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system usable up to 250 °C has been developed, and the PEA system can measure the space charge distribution and conduction current in the high temperature range simultaneously. In this investigation, the space charge distribution and conduction current were measured up to electrical breakdown in a non‐UV irradiated sample (normal PVC) and in 353 nm and 253 nm UV‐irradiated PVC samples in the range from room temperature to 200 °C in a DC electric field. In the short wavelength UV irradiated PVC sample (253 nm, 300 h), a deterioration of breakdown strength at 90 °C to 150 °C and negative packet‐like charges were observed at 60 °C and 100 °C, a positive charge accumulated in front of both the anode and cathode above 90 °C, and a higher electric field near the cathode side because the positive charge of the cathode side was greater.
Pressure Rise and Propagation Phenomena Due to Fault Arc in Container with Opened Pipe
Authors: Miyagi Tsukasa , Tanaka Shin‐ichi , Iwata Mikimasa , Amakawa Tadashi
Published: November 2014

This paper describes experimental and analytic studies on pressure rise and propagation phenomena due to high current arcs in a container with opened pipes. The shape of the experimental container was chosen taking into account underground common ducts. First, arcs were ignited in the container with varying diameter D and length L of the opened pipes and at arc currents of 4 kA to 12.5 kA and an arc duration of 0.1 s. Based on measured waveforms, the maximum pressure rise and the pressure oscillation frequency were obtained. It was found that there is a tendency for to increase with decreasing D and increasing L, and that D has a much greater impact on . In addition, the tendencies of with changing D and L can be approximately explained by Helmholtz resonance. Second, a CFD model for the container with opened pipe was developed based on the experimental results, and simulations were performed. The simulation results were found to correspond to the experimental pressure rise.
Negative First Return‐Stroke Current Peaks and Impulse Charge Transfer
Authors: Michishita Koji , Sato Hiroaki , Yokoyama Shigeru , Furukawa Seiji
Published: November 2014

For the effective and efficient insulation design of a power line, the return‐stroke current waveform parameters are indispensable. Charge transfer is one of the important parameters when damage to equipment on a power line due to the energy of lightning is discussed. The amount of charge transfer associated with a lightning flash or individual strokes can be estimated by using the electric field change obtained with a slow antenna. The authors observed the electric field waveforms in south Kyushu for the purpose of efficient acquisition of return‐stroke current parameters. In this paper, the authors discuss the relation between the negative first return‐stroke current peaks and the impulse charge transfer based on the observed electric field waveforms.
Discussion of paper ‘Development of a family of unconditionally stable explicit direct integration algorithms with controllable numerical energy dissipation’ by Chinmoy Kolay and James M. Ricles, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2014; 43:1361–1380
Authors: Chang Shuenn‐Yih
Published: November 2014

It seems that the explicit KR‐α method (KRM), which was developed by Kolay and Ricles, is promising for the step‐by‐step integration because it simultaneously integrates unconditional stability, explicit formulation, and numerical dissipation together. It was shown that KRM can inherit the numerical dispersion and energy dissipation properties of the generalized‐α method [1] for a linear elastic system, and it reduces to CR method (CRM), which was developed by Chen and Ricles [2] if ρ∞ = 1 is adopted, where ρ∞ is the spectral radius of the amplification matrix of KRM as the product of the natural frequency and the step size tends to infinity. However, two unusual properties were found for KRM and CRM, and they might limit their application to solve either linear elastic or nonlinear systems. One is the lack of capability to capture the structural nonlinearity, and the other is that it is unable to realistically reflect the dynamic loading. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic Simulation Tools for Post‐Genome Wide Association Studies of Complex Diseases
Authors: Chen Huann‐Sheng , Hutter Carolyn M. , Mechanic Leah E. , Amos Christopher I. , Bafna Vineet , Hauser Elizabeth R. , Hernandez Ryan D. , Li Chun , Liberles David A. , McAllister Kimberly , Moore Jason H. , Paltoo Dina N. , Papanicolaou George J. , Peng Bo , Ritchie Marylyn D. , Rosenfeld Gabriel , Witte John S. , Gillanders Elizabeth M. , Feuer Eric J.
Published: November 2014

Genetic simulation programs are used to model data under specified assumptions to facilitate the understanding and study of complex genetic systems. Standardized data sets generated using genetic simulation are essential for the development and application of novel analytical tools in genetic epidemiology studies. With continuing advances in high‐throughput genomic technologies and generation and analysis of larger, more complex data sets, there is a need for updating current approaches in genetic simulation modeling. To provide a forum to address current and emerging challenges in this area, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored a workshop, entitled “Genetic Simulation Tools for Post‐Genome Wide Association Studies of Complex Diseases” at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland on March 11–12, 2014. The goals of the workshop were to (1) identify opportunities, challenges, and resource needs for the development and application of genetic simulation models; (2) improve the integration of tools for modeling and analysis of simulated data; and (3) foster collaborations to facilitate development and applications of genetic simulation. During the course of the meeting, the group identified challenges and opportunities for the science of simulation, software and methods development, and collaboration. This paper summarizes key discussions at the meeting, and highlights important challenges and opportunities to advance the field of genetic simulation.
Pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorders during hospitalization and at discharge predicts clinical and psychosocial functioning at follow‐up
Authors: Pompili Maurizio , Innamorati Marco , Gonda Xenia , Serafini Gianluca , Erbuto Denise , Ricci Federica , Fountoulakis Kostas N. , Lester David , Vazquez Gustavo , Rihmer Zoltan , Amore Mario , Girardi Paolo
Published: November 2014

Objective

Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) usually report significant disability and psychosocial impairment. Both the nature and causes associated with this impairment are poorly understood. In particular, research examining the impact of pharmacotherapy on the different aspects of psychosocial functioning in bipolar patients is currently lacking. The aim of this study was to assess to what extent the psychotropic medications used during psychiatric hospitalization and at discharge can predict clinical psychosocial functioning and the severity of the illness at follow‐up in inpatients with bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods

Patients were 71 adult BD patients contacted on average 31 months after discharge who completed at the follow‐up a telephone interview based on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).

Results

All the subjects completed the follow‐up assessment between 5 and 75 months after discharge. The mean raw score for the HoNOS‐6 was 5.70 ± 5.37. Patients with more severe behavior problems more often had been prescribed atypical antipsychotics and anticonvulsants at discharge. Patients with more severe psychosocial functioning problems more often had a history of suicide attempts, and were more often prescribed anxiolytics during hospitalization and less often prescribed lithium at discharge.

Conclusions

Having been prescribed anxiolytics and atypical antipsychotics during hospitalization predicted reduced psychosocial functioning, whereas prescription of lithium at discharge was associated with better psychosocial functioning at follow‐up. Future studies are needed in order to investigate how psychosocial functioning may be related in the long‐term to pharmacological treatment in patients after discharge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of rainfall and slope on runoff, soil erosion and rill development: an experimental study using two loess soils
Authors: Fang Haiyan , Sun Liying , Tang Zhenghong
Published: November 2014

Runoff generation and soil loss from slopes have been studied for decades, but the relationships among runoff, soil loss and rill development are still not well understood. In this paper, rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in two neighbouring plots (scale: 1 m by 5 m) with four varying slopes (17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%) and two rainfall intensities (90 and 120 mm h−1) using two loess soils. Data on rill development were extracted from the digital elevation models by means of photogrammetry. The effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on runoff, soil loss and rill development were different for the two soils. The runoff and soil loss from the Anthrosol surface were generally higher than those from the Calcaric Cambisol surface. Higher rainfall intensity produced less runoff and more sediment for almost each treatment. With increasing slope gradient, the values of cumulative runoff and soil loss peaked, except for the treatments with 90 mm h−1 rainfall on the slopes with Anthrosol. With rainfall duration, runoff discharge decreased for Anthrosol and increased for Calcaric Cambisol for almost all the treatments. For both soils, sediment concentration was very high at the onset of rainfall and decreased quickly. Almost all the sediment concentrations increased on the 17.6% and 26.8% slopes and peaked on the 36.4% and 46.6% slopes. Sediment concentrations were higher on the Anthrosol slopes than on the Calcaric Cambisol slopes. At 90 mm h−1 rainfall intensity, increasingly denser rills appeared on the Anthrosol slope as the slope gradient increased, while only steep slopes (36.4% and 46.6%) developed rills for the Calcaric Cambisol soil. The contributions of rill erosion ranged from 36% to 62% of the cumulative soil losses for Anthrosol, while the maximum contribution of rill erosion to the cumulative soil loss was only 37.9% for Calcaric Cambisol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WORLD CLASS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Brill James H.
Published: November 2014

Increased competitive forces in domestic and foreign markets continue to cause government and industry to pursue strategies to achieve a competitive edge in the global marketplace. The premise of this paper is that an essential element for achieving a competitive edge is the practice of “World Class Systems Engineering” (WCSE).

This author's view is that WCSE is a prerequisite to delivering total quality products and services. Less than WCSE can be expected to manifest itself in diminished “bottom‐line” results.

This paper: (1) offers some observations on the current state of Systems Engineering; (2) provides a description of five essential elements of WCSE; and (3) asserts nine actions to achieve WCSE.

To achieve WCSE, requires total quality management, or in the words of Dr. Malcolm Currie, Chairman and CEO, Hughes Aircraft Company “cmi” (Continuous Measurable Improvement).
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TRAINING PROGRAM
Authors: Carlson Harry
Published: November 2014

The importance of Systems Engineering in the Aerospace Industry makes training in this field vital. Since such training is limited at Colleges, the industry must do it. The Lockheed two year training program includes courses to broaden the technical knowledge base, Systems Engineering Process training & on‐the‐job training assignments. The program includes careful student selection, the use of mentors, key subject seminars, and special student group events.
CAN SYSTEM ENGINEERING SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT?
Authors: Martin Frederick
Published: November 2014

The Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) are the lawyer's version of system engineering. But System engineering is a disciplined methodology for managing the risks and decisions involved in designing and implementing systems of optimum capability within the constraints of resources and time. Although it has come into widespread use in the defense industry and in some segments of the commercial industry this methodology has not been widely adopted by municipal governments as a tool for making decisions and managing complex projects. In this article I present a framework in which local governments can use the methods of system engineering to evaluate the environmental consequences of their projects. I shall illustrate this process by analyzing the tradeoffs in solid waste disposal. This analysis will show that by incorporating into the decision making process the environmental consequences of either landfilling or the conversion of solid waste to energy the public interest is best served with conversion to energy.
THE NEXT GENERATION OF SYSTEMS MODELING AND PROTOTYPING
Authors: Havlark Arlene E. , Mansfield Bruce M.
Published: November 2014

The engineering of large, complex systems is a difficult task. In the increasingly competitive arena of defense contracting, there is a need for easy‐to‐use tools to analyze tasks quickly. A multi‐year project at Boeing uses hierarchical model‐based reasoning and distributed systems to develop tools for early analysis of complex systems. These tools assist the earliest efforts of systems engineers to test alternative concepts, to derive system requirements, to identify potential problems, and to explore key system design issues.

The Process Flow modeling tool (pFlow) is a hierarchical, graphics‐based modeling and simulation tool. A Systems Prototyping Environment (SysPro) provides virtual communications, a thread‐based computing paradigm for the UNIXTM operating system, and computer language wrappers to assist engineers in evolving new systems. Moreover, it provides a formalized specification and migration path toward a final system design.
Functional Analysis of a Nuclear Waste Repository System*
Authors: Schelling F. J. , Sandoval R. P.
Published: November 2014

Systems engineering analysis results are presented and discussed for two related systems: (1) a geologic repository for the disposal of high‐level radioactive nuclear waste; and (2) an exploratory studies facility for use in site characterization.
On Definition and Use of Systems Engineering Processes, Methods and Tools
Authors: Stone Arthur , Scott Charles , Rahmani Shawn
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a case study on the development, and deployment of a systems engineering process for use on commercial avionics systems. The systems engineering process is presented in the context of the overall product development process, called the Common Process (CP) which identifies goals, objectives, major milestones and top level activities for the systems engineering, hardware engineering, software engineering, project management and authorization/budgeting processes. The systems engineering development plan is described. The scope of the systems engineer process, and its major activities are described. Emphasis is on using techniques that reduce cultural and organizational impact and improve the likelihood that the changes are accepted.
APPLICATION OF A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO OPTIMIZE THE DOD PROGRAM MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
Authors: Brewer Harold R. , Martin Patricia T.
Published: November 2014

The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) has utilized a traditional, functional systems engineering approach for weapon system development. However, the advent of the concurrent engineering philosophy highlighted that the success of a defense program could be enhanced by applying a systems engineering approach to managing or determining programmatic requirements. A Process Action Team was established at MICOM to develop an optimized systems engineering process for weapon systems development, which includes the philosophy of concurrent engineering. This paper presents a case study of the team's findings.
SEMP‐ET: A New Approach In Evaluating Systems Engineering Management Plans
Authors: Kuehl C. Stephen
Published: November 2014

This paper will address the creation of a MIL‐STD‐499B SEMP Evaluation Technique (ET) that can be objectively applied to any tailored SEMP DID structure. SEMP‐ET focuses upon the MIL‐STD‐499B Draft specification of a systems engineering process and expands its metrics definition around a practical contractor implementation. Often contractors go to DID boilerplates to produce program plans that can not be efficiently and effectively reviewed for approval.

SEMP‐ET is an attempt to standardize a technique for providing a timely approval feedback loop to the contractor. Based upon five quality levels (each having generically defined metrics), the SEMP‐ET provides an approval authority a flexible capability to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate a contractor's SEMP in a concise and consistent manner.

By using the five quality level scoring approach, strengths and weaknesses of the plan can be graphically displayed to determine whether the plan has to be modified for customer satisfied acceptance. SEMP‐ET embodies the direction given by the revised DoD 5000 series guidelines. However, more importantly, SEMP‐ET offers consistency in DID reviewing that can be data based and tracked for identification of good, sound System Engineering Management Plans.
A COMPUTER‐AIDED METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF EMBEDDED SOFTWARE
Authors: Warren Bruce A. , Dynamics General
Published: November 2014

As today's systems become more and more complex, software plays an increasingly important role. Complicated, high‐criticality functions, which were previously performed by cumbersome hardware systems, are now performed by software. As software becomes more important, it also becomes more important to develop techniques and tools to ensure that this software is safe and reliable. This paper describes a computer‐aided analysis methodology which was developed and implemented by Systems Engineers, in the analysis of a complex real‐time embedded software system.
SYSTEM ENGINEERING OF NAVAL AIR ASW SYSTEMS
Authors: Pariseau Richard J. , Stuebing Henry G.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes system engineering of Air Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Systems at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division Warminster. These Combat Systems are examples of time‐critical airborne applications that use distributed computer configurations. Structured interviews with the responsible system engineers were conducted to map working level processes(e.g. the time‐line method) into the formal Navy processes. The paper reports the results of these interviews. The paper concludes with an identification of areas where automation has the potential of significantly improving the system engineering process.
USING RDD TO SUPPORT THE SYSTEM ENGINEERING PROCESS
Authors: Mixon Hugh
Published: November 2014

Implementing a computer‐based System Engineering tool that changes the way an organization performs System Engineering poses challenges for that organization. Those challenges are magnified when the initial use of the tool is for a major military system development program and it involves implementing the tool by major subcontractors and the military project office. Potential payoffs from using such a tool, especially in the early phases of system development, are quite high. Using the RDD‐100 Requirements Driven Development tool (from Ascent Logic Corporation, San Jose, California) during the system engineering process can enhance engineering productivity by injecting structure into the requirements definition activities, providing a structured approach for high level system behavior modeling, allowing traceability between system requirements and system behavior, allowing individual users at various organizations to work on parts of the process, and facilitating the documentation of the system engineering process. This paper describes the process of implementing the RDD environment, establishing program development structure, and transferring externally generated engineering data into the RDD system.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING: A DATA MODEL VIEW
Authors: Crawford James I.
Published: November 2014

During the late 70's the U.S. Air Force sponsored a program called Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing or ICAM. The term ICAM Definition arose and was abbreviated to IDEF. Three IDEF modeling techniques were developed: IDEFO (process modeling), IDEF1 (data modeling) and IDEF2 (dynamics modeling). IDEF1X is an outgrowth of IDEF1. See Reference 1.

This paper presents an IDEF1X data model view of systems engineering. It shows some of the fundamental data elements of Systems Engineering and their logical relationships. The data model is applicable to any product development, from toys to space ships.

The model uses two particular data constructs (FUNCTION RELATION, and BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTIC) that provide the flexibility needed to use the highly structured world of databases to provide a tool for the highly unstructured and creative world of Systems Engineering. The model evolved over the past two years as a result of the author's participation in Martin Marietta's efforts to develop an integrated data base.

The lack of a widely accepted view of Systems Engineering data may partly account for the shortage of good Computer Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) tools and/or the lack of user acceptance of some of the CASE tools. The author hopes this paper will help stimulate dialog that will result in one or more widely accepted views upon which CASE tools can proliferate. The paper is organized into 6 topics:

Data modeling tutorial

A data model view of systems engineering

Anatomy of a performance requirement

Relation between data models and CASE tool functionality

Conclusions

Recommendation
BUILDING AND MANAGING THE REQUIREMENTS/VERIFICATION DATABASE
Authors: Sailor J. Douglas
Published: November 2014

The use of automated requirements management tools has become mandatory in current systems due to their size and complexity, and the need to insure that all requirements will be fulfilled. Traceability of requirements from the system level to the hardware or software “box” level forms the basis for any requirements manage system, and is accomplished by use of a Project Unique Identifier (PUID). Attached to each requirement statement are a number (50‐75) of attributes that relate to the nature, relationship, and verification of that requirement. This single electronic requirements database is used to produce specifications directly, provide requirement audit reports and error checking, provide requirement traceability matrices, provide critical resource summaries, and provide the status of verification and change activities. It forms an integral part of the closed‐loop verification process, and is therefore active throughout the entire system acquisition cycle.
MANAGING REQUIREMENTS EFFECTIVELY IN THE CONCURRENT ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Bukwa Russell , Rhodes Donna
Published: November 2014

The concurrent engineering environment can be characterized by three key factors: (1) a structured systems engineering approach employed by a cross‐functional development team; (2) the use of quality engineering techniques; and (3) an integrated development environment which facilitates and integrates systems analysis, development, and design. This paper will introduce the RMat Requirements Baseline Management System, developed and used by IBM Federal Systems Company (FSC) in Owego, New York. RMat's role in facilitating concurrent engineering will be discussed in the context of these key characteristics.
The Next Step: The Industrialization of Systems Engineering Tools
Authors: Young Arnie
Published: November 2014

This paper discusses the current trend of system engineering tools to focus on production‐oriented solutions rather than feature‐oriented products. This trend is spearheaded by engineers demanding more than a drawing and thinking aide ‐but rather tools that unify the product delivery life cycle and provide unambiguous communication between system engineers and designers ‐ tools that guarantee that the developed system reflects the one specified. This paper draws as a parallel, the industrialization of the CAD/CAM industry during the 1970s. Also, a correlation is shown between today's electronic CAE industry and how its set of tools are forcing systems engineers to rethink their definition of deliverables.
30 YEARS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
Authors: Bahill A. Terry , Wymore Wayne , Mirchandani Pitu
Published: November 2014

In 1961 at the University of Arizona Wayne Wymore founded the first academic department of systems engineering in the world. This department and the field has evolved in those years. This paper presents some current philosophies of the department.
A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CAPSTONE DESIGN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Scherer William T. , White Douglas J.
Published: November 2014

We describe the senior capstone design course in Systems Engineering at the University of Virginia. The capstone course is a major design experience for the students that involves the students in real design problems while working with real clients in order to expose the students to the practice of systems engineering. Working in groups with five or six members, the students apply the systems engineering aspects of systems and decision science, systems management and systems methodology toward open‐ended design problems. Our experience with the program for the first three years has led to considerable success, with numerous capstone groups receiving commendations from clients and the Department of Systems Engineering receiving ABET's first Award for Educational Innovation.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOOL INTEGRATION STANDARDS: THEIR IMPACT ON SYSTEM QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Sharon David
Published: November 2014

‐ CASE, Computer‐Aided Systems Engineering, is an excellent acronym to be applied to all the managerial, technical, maintenance and support activities in building new systems and enhancing existing systems. This paper will describe the key software engineering standards and technology trends affecting our ability to develop higher quality software more productively. The components of a complete CASE environment will be described along with the major technical and organizational issues in implementing CASE along with a reference model and description of each major CASE standards effort.
SAFETY AND RELIABILITY ISSUES IN SAFETY‐RELATED SYSTEMS
Authors: Zucconi Lin
Published: November 2014

The increasing number of accidents attributed to computer‐based systems is causing increased public awareness of the risk associated with these systems' use in safety‐related applications. Examples include the Therac‐25 medical LINAC deaths, the growing number of Airbus A320 crashes, the AT&T Long‐Lines disaster on Martin Luther King Day in 1990, the spate of regional telephone outages of the summer of 1991, and many more. How do safety and reliability sometimes conflict? What practical computer system and software development technologies and processes can be applied to increase the safety and reliability of computer systems? What are the technical and managerial issues contributing to the construction of less‐than‐safe computer‐based systems? How can systems engineers and software engineers work together to address the issues related safety and reliability of computer systems? This paper will address these topics and include an assessment of the best current state‐of‐the‐practice and of upcoming technologies that will carry us into the 21st century.
3.1.3 NEW CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION AND THE SPACE AND MISSILE SYSTEMS CENTER (SMC)
Authors: Rountree Richard C. , Castro Robert P. , Guillen Andrew T.
Published: November 2014

The Aerospace Corporation sponsors in‐house research to enhance and extend the corporation's core competencies. The objective of one Aerospace Sponsored Research (ASR) was to develop new concepts for systems engineering, consistent with Integrated Weapon System Management (IWSM)/ Integrated Product Development (IPD) environments, by addressing methodology, guidance and training, and computer‐aided tools. The ASR had five primary objectives including defining an Systems engineering/ Configuration Management (SE/CM) methodology, developing guidance and training, investigating computer‐aided SE/CM tools, maintaining Aerospace role introducing SE/CM concepts to the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC), and ensuring cross‐information flow of lessons learned between SMC System Program Offices (SPOs) and external customers. Significant accomplishments were made toward satisfying each of the stated objectives, especially achieving the opening of an operational SMC IPD Center.
6.3.1 The Use of Systems Engineering Tools in the Classroom
Authors: Buede Dennis M.
Published: November 2014

This paper clarifies the value of using state‐of‐the‐art systems engineering tools (SETs) in the classroom, both at the undergraduate and graduate level. The goals for using SETs in the classroom as well as the lessons I have learned from trial and error experiences while trying to use them effectively. These lessons learned are based upon my experiences using DesignIDEF (Meta Software), RDD‐100 (Ascent Logic), and CORE (Vitech Corporation) over the past four years in the classroom and on research projects with students. I conclude that the benefits of this activity far exceed the costs (which are not inconsiderable) and that each SET must be approached uniquely in designing classroom activities.
1.1.1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN WILDERNESS AREAS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Dolton Theodore A. , Hoy John P. , Martin Frederick
Published: November 2014

We describe how Systems Engineering (SE) can support our National Forests by applying SE methodology to creating a management plan for wilderness areas. We posit that a wilderness area is a large and complex system, and we are transferring a technology for engineering large complex systems to this new domain.

The National Forest Service (NFS) has developed its own planning process, known as the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), for developing or upgrading wilderness areas management plans. We analyze the LAC process as a planning and management tool for the NFS and compare it to a tailored SE process.

The key features in our SE are: (1) treating the wilderness as a system; (2) considering human use (recreational, business and educational) in balance with the natural characteristics, by incorporating a dual path process with one path for each; and (3) allowing a series of tradeoffs among alternates for the wilderness system management plan.
1.1.2 MAINTENANCE BUDGET ALLOCATIONS IN FISCALLY CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENTS USING RISK CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZED MAINTENANCE PLANNING (RCOMP)
Authors: Douglas Freddie , Fogle Frank R. , Mog Robert A. , Williamson A. Sean , Riggs Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2014

Budgetary considerations are forcing organizations to become more cost‐effective entities. Selected operations research techniques have been integrated into the Risk Constrained Optimized Maintenance Planning (RCOMP) tool to provide decision support for this process. The RCOMP tool allows for the exploration of tradeoffs between life cycle cost and total maintenance time and between net investment and total maintenance time for a system. The tool also facilitates the selection of the optimal mix of preventive and corrective maintenance as well as the most cost‐effective maintenance acquisition strategy.
2.1.4 DEVELOPING A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR THE HANFORD RETRIEVAL, TREATMENT AND IMMOBILIZATION DIVISION BASED ON DOD STANDARDS
Authors: Saladin Vincent L.
Published: November 2014

The DOE Systems Engineering effort is in the “Hot Seat” at the Hanford Nuclear Site. Hanford has been designated as the site at which the Systems Engineering approach for all DOE will be developed. Conditions are excellent for a major success or failure. Given that DOE does not have a standard in place defining Systems Engineering, and that the number of people with knowledge of Systems Engineering is limited, an overwhelming success will be difficult to come by.

This paper describes the approach taken by the DOE Retrieval, Treatment and Immobilization (RTI) Division Systems Engineering group to overcome the odds against success and implement Systems Engineering at the Hanford facility.
1.2.3 THE USE OF AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOL TO SUPPORT THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Authors: Sadler Gerald G. , Baker Loyd
Published: November 2014

A technical risk management system (TRMS) has been developed for the Fluids and Combustion Facility project which is a facility designed to support microgravity combustion and fluids experimentation aboard the International Space Station Alpha (ISSA). The TRMS incorporates Vitech Corporation's system engineering tool set, CORE, to capture and manage the evolving system design and risk identification, assessment, and abatement activities.
3.2.4 A PROCESS DRIVEN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Malcolm Nadine E. , McKennon Jane
Published: November 2014

A process driven approach allows construction of integrated concurrent engineering tool environments based on the tool requirements of the tasks to be performed on a program. Tool capabilities can be matched to task requirements and the semantics of tool to tool bridges can be derived from process semantics. Finally, the process can be tuned to take optimal advantage of the integration capabilities of the tools. Two examples show how very different bridges are needed between the same two tools in the context of two different processes.
4.2.1 Tailoring the Military Systems Engineering Methodology for the Commercial Market: A Case Study of the Westinghouse StreetLINK SYSTEM
Authors: Holub Brian L. , Phillips Paul A.
Published: November 2014

Military design methodologies produce systems that meet requirements, work reliably, and are maintainable. These military engineering and management practices have applicability to commercial markets for ensuring system quality, but cost and schedule constraints require the commercial developer to tailor them. Westinghouse Electronic Systems is an example of a defense contractor moving into the commercial marketplace. Their StreetLINK police mobile computing system is a new law enforcement data communications software tool. To develop StreetLINK, Westinghouse applied its knowledge of military systems engineering practices to the evolution of a commercial product. This paper describes the StreetLINK design process, covering mission requirements and functional analysis, requirements allocation and documentation, design synthesis and production, design reviews and meetings, product testing, and lessons learned. This experience provided insight into the differences and similarities between the established military engineering process and the newly explored commercial development process. For Westinghouse, this project developed a new commercial systems engineering paradigm.
2.3.1 Risk Management on the Advanced Tomahawk Weapon Control System: A Practical Application of Risk Management in Today's Defense Environment
Authors: Ford William C.
Published: November 2014

Risk management is formally recognized by the government's acquisition system as providing value added to major defense programs. Actually implementing such a process, however, must be done within both programmatic and cultural constraints. This paper will examine the risk management process used on the ATWCS program, its evolution, and some of the practical considerations that have affected its implementation and continued functioning.
3.3.1 Systems Engineering Process Standardization: A Road Map for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Wade James
Published: November 2014

Integrated product development (IPD) and concurrent engineering (CE) have been utilized by numerous companies to quickly and efficiently develop products. IPD makes use of analysis and product teams to address specific aspects of a product's design. Each team is allocated a portion of the overall budget, and in return is completely responsible for that aspect of the product, including cost, schedule, staffing, and product deliveries. However, simply forming and empowering a team will not necessarily produce quick and efficient product development. A “road map”, established top‐down from management, and worked bottom‐up by the teams is required to provide coordination during the design and development of the product. This “road map” is contained in the results of a NASA‐wide activity to establish common processes, products, and terminology in the management of technical programs and projects.
4.1.2 CULTURAL CHANGES AND LESSONS LEARNED IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT THE SPACE AND MISSILE SYSTEMS CENTER (SMC)
Authors: Rountree Richard C.
Published: November 2014

Substantial changes in the acquisition and associated systems engineering cultures have occurred in recent years at the Space and Missile System Center (SMC) and The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. Sources of these changes have mainly derived out of directives from the Department of Defense (DoD) and Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). These changes and directives have rejuvenated practice of a structured and disciplined systems engineering approach and introduced enhanced program management practices. Such practices have evolved from a blend of cultures associated with MIL‐STD‐499b (Draft), MIL‐HDBK‐499‐3 (Draft), Integrated Product Development (IPD), and Integrated Weapon System Management (IWSM). The 499b “Engine” and IPD guidance were implemented to various stages on several SMC programs. Emphasis was on conducting System Requirements Analysis (SRA), ensuring compatibility between requirements and tasking, and working in system acquisition teams according to IPD philosophy. Lessons learned from these early years of adopting to cultural changes represent mainly favorable results; i.e., cultural changes in business (government, industry) have proven to be efficient, systems engineering methodologies applied early provide program dividends. However, program “stove piping” (i.e., inward looking IPD team) is a dominant consideration and must be reckoned with.
2.2.2 Lessons Learned from Benchmarking and Planned Process Improvements
Authors: Fisher Gerard H. , Dobry Michael , Fisher Jack , Friedenthal Sanford
Published: November 2014

The NCOSE Benchmarking Working Group conducted a nationwide blind benchmarking of systems engineering processes and presented the results at the 1994 Symposium. Developing a comprehensive survey is far more difficult than one would expect. In the spirit of continuous improvement, the Benchmarking Working Group asked all 40 participants in the original survey to help us improve the process. This effort is sponsored by the Benchmarking Working Group to assist NCOSE members in future benchmarking efforts.
6.2.3 Industrial Collaboration Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model Description and Overview of Hughes Pilot Appraisal
Authors: Cusick Kerinia , Minnich Ilene
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the architecture and characteristics of the Industrial Collaboration Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model (IC SE‐CMM), and the application of the model to an organization in a pilot appraisal performed at Hughes Aircraft Company. The appraisal methodology is discussed both in general terms and the Hughes specific application. Findings from the appraisal are reviewed in general terms, as well as the lessons that were learned from performing the appraisal.
DEVELOPING A SINGLE PERFORMANCE INDICATOR FROM HIERARCHICAL METRICS
Authors: Jones James H.
Published: November 2014

A contemporary System Engineering task is development of process performance metrics. Executive management desires a single performance indicator that combines subsidiary metrics into a meaningful summary representation of organization health with respect to its mission. A purely mathematical approach can produce such an indicator, but when constituent metrics also contain subsidiary metrics, a multiple stage method is required. Because not all metric result customers are fully competent to audit the result, this paper sets forth a generally understandable method that “presells” the output to all involved parties through their approval of each model base before alternatives performance data are entered. The eminent decision support capability inherent in this method suits it for complex tradeoff analyses and System Engineering Maturity Modeling.