bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This book explores the free Black communities in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio and their associations with the Underground Railroad. Focusing on the Black settlements in Rocky Fork and Miller Grove in Illinois, Lick Creek in Indiana, and Poke Patch in Ohio, it considers how the Underground Railroad movement secretly operated in conjunction with free Blacks and their historic Black churches. The book uses vital elements of what it calls the “geography of resistance” to examine the mechanisms of escape from slavery from an alternative perspective. By drawing on geography in combination with archaeology, community and church histories, and traditional Underground Railroad stories, the book makes visible unrecognized parallel connections between free Black communities and larger better-known abolitionist centers.
Faith and Fraternity
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on pre-Civil War national political and fraternal organizations that operated through Black community leaders. It examines how the various African American organizations that fed into the Underground Railroad network, the Black churches, conferences, fraternal societies, and conventions, functioned as the public, often urban, action arm of the Underground Railroad. Black organizations and fraternal societies fostered interracial cooperation by holding convention meetings and other gatherings where participants representing Black churches or the Prince Hall Order of Free and Accepted Masons routinely interacted with Underground Railroad operatives. This chapter also shows that slaveholders and politicians, responding to demands by people of color to be released from slavery and its concomitant evils, enacted a series of fugitive slave laws that increasingly fueled the fires of rebellion and war. The Civil War ended a long strategic continuum among abolitionists and antislavery workers.
Destination Freedom
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

By focusing on the geography of resistance and its landscape features in four different Black settlements, this book has cast a different light on the nature of Black escape from slavery and the history of Underground Railroad activities. It has shown that free Blacks carried out much of the clandestine work of the Underground Railroad as they sought freedom in pre-Civil War America, thus contributing in a significant way to the efforts inside one of the world's most successful resistance movements. Whether urban or rural, Black settlements positioned at the borders between northern and southern states or at other critical junctures acted as the first line of freedom while simultaneously offering sanctuary to escaping captives. The book has also highlighted migration as a means of escape for fleeing slaves, as well as the crucial roles played by Black churches, Black families, and Black abolitionists in the success of the Black underground. This concluding chapter summaries the book's research strategies and the future implications of its findings for reshaping modern interpretation of the Underground Railroad.
The Police and the First May Day Strike for the Eight-Hour Day
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Chicago Police Department dealt with the first May Day Strike of 1867 demanding employers to adopt the eight-hour day. In the period after the Civil War, a new working class emerged in the United States. By the 1860s, this working class was coalescing both because an increasing number of people worked for wages and because those wage workers were increasingly coming together in a variety of collective ways to address their common problems. Chicago was a key center of both aspects of working-class formation; workers both formed unions and pushed for legislative reform. The division between skilled and unskilled workers was the central dividing line in the Chicago labor movement throughout this period, and it largely correlated with ethnicity. This chapter first considers labor's reaction to the growth of a wage labor economy that stripped even skilled workers of their independence before providing an overview of the May Day March that saw the Chicago Police Department confront large crowds of angry workers calling for the implementation of the eight-hour law.
Carter Harrison Remakes the Chicago Police Department
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Chicago Mayor Carter Harrison's reorganization of the Chicago Police Department to increase its legitimacy and usefulness during the first half of the 1880s. The events of the 1870s set the stage for an unprecedented strengthening of the police department in the first half of the 1880s. At the beginning of the decade, the police force was undermanned and lacked legitimacy among the majority of Chicago's population. The police were chastised by elite observers for corruption and inefficiency and viewed by the working class as little more than servants of the rich. This chapter discusses the measures adopted by Harrison to rehabilitate the police department's image, such as improving police technology; maintaining police neutrality in strikes; initiating civil service reform; giving the department a new set of social-service responsibilities; giving the police new incentives; and hiring a more ethnically representative group of police officers.
The Pullman Strike and the Matrix of State Institutions
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This epilogue examines how the Pullman Strike of 1894 exposed the Chicago Police Department's still quite limited ability to deal with a mass strike of such magnitude. The Pullman Strike was the largest and most important strike of the nineteenth century, with Chicago as its epicenter. It revealed as a failure George Pullman's attempt to apply a modified earlier version of order, based on the pre-police idea that a paternalistic system of organization could embed wage workers within an ordered system controlled by their employer. This strike also revealed the limits of police power, since the Chicago Police Department did not have the will or the force to break it. The Pullman Strike was primarily broken by the army, with the police department playing only a supporting role. The Pullman Strike also shows that municipal police departments were just one set of institutions within the broader matrix of state power, including the state militias and the military, that was built to maintain the businessmen's order in the nineteenth century.
“We Shall Then Live Together as One Great Family”
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Mormon communitarian practices in Utah after the public pronouncement in 1852 that Mormons practiced plural marriage. Mormons made little distinction between the home and the community outside it, but rather constituted that community as a kind of broad, privatized family they juxtaposed to a broader American “public” polity and state. Indeed, Mormons attempted to “live together as one great family,” constituting a privatized community governed by God through His government. Polygamy also accompanied a communitarian economic vision of communal property ownership that undermined notions of private property. In arguing for the compatibility of polygamy and Americanness, Mormons attempted to construct a vision of American citizenship and polity unrelated to marital structures. This entailed dissociating Americanness from the monogamous family and claiming that Church government itself was a perfection of American political principles.
Conclusion
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that Mormonism, troubled by its polygamous past, is a religion in process whose Americanization is doomed to be incomplete. Contemporary Mormonism still bears the legacy of the nineteenth-century conflict over plural marriage in ways that have proved difficult to escape, despite the fact that the mainstream Church has not practiced plural marriage for over one hundred years. Other sects, however, have continued the practice in earnest. As popular press and television attention to plural marriage has increased over the past few years, the Latter-day Saints Church has continued to struggle to define its relationship to contemporary polygamists. However, despite the contemporary Church's many attempts to distinguish itself from fundamentalist Mormons, contemporary mainstream Mormons are still widely associated with plural marriage.
Picked in Their Fresh Young Prime
Authors: Tarulevicz Nicole
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on food-related advertising. In the case of food advertising, the absence of local products is a direct consequence of the fact that the country is not able to produce its own food and water. For many postcolonial societies, buying local goods was a way to express a fledgling national identity and support the economy. Given the impossibility of doing so and the geographical limitations of Singapore, an alternative form of economic nationalism was instituted. It was, then, the consumption of foreign goods that formed the basis of nationalism. Food advertising is thus intimately bound with foreignness. The obvious foreignness of the foods purchased and the preparation techniques used have continued from the colonial period to the contemporary, made possible—and upheld—by Singapore's status as a port city.
Introduction
Authors: Chávez Karma R.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the scope of queer activism during the previous decades and the myriad issues they tackled, most notably immigration rights for binational same-sex couples. It examines in brief the instances where migration politics and queer politics meet in ways that challenge the mainstream inclusionary strategy and shift the political focus to other sites of activism, situating queer migration politics through the analytic of the coalitional moment. The type of inclusionary strategy and narrowly normative vision of politics reflected in advocacy for the rights of binational same-sex couples is what prompts queer activists and theorists to respond to and critique contemporary mainstream gay and lesbian politics. The chapter also delves into an exploration of these critiques and situates this book's study within the larger umbrella of queer migration studies.
Creating Community in the Midwest
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Fannie Barrier Williams' move to Chicago with her husband S. Laing Williams and how she built a strong local coalition that eased her entry into the segregated world of the white female club movement. It first considers how the Williams couple's introduction to Chicago's black community allowed Fannie secure a place in the privileged and cultured circle of black midwestern aristocracy. It then discusses Barrier Williams' meeting with Mary Jones, who together with her late husband John Jones advocated for black rights that benefited late-nineteenth-century migrants like Barrier Williams. It also eplores Barrier Williams' transition into the culture of the new generation of elite blacks, who faced far less racism than the so-called old guard had, and her involvement with the Prudence Crandall Literary Club and the Illinois Woman's Alliance. Finally, it describes the interracial cooperation that was displayed with the creation of the Provident Hospital and reflected the progressive nature of the Midwest.
The New Century
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Fannie Barrier Williams' role in linking the geographically distinct regions of the North and South, and particularly between black and white club women in the twentieth century. It begins with a discussion of southern women's adherence to their tradition of racial segregation and how elite northern black women beckoned their white allies to address the issue of racism in the organizations they joined. It then considers Barrier Williams' effort to more clearly define her place in the Chicago Woman's Club, chronicle the successful ascendency of black women in the public arena, and fashion a long-term career as a public intellectual. It also explores Barrier Williams' labor activism and how her friendship with Booker T. Washington as well as her commitment to his idea of black industrial education earned the ire of prominent blacks in Chicago. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Barrier Williams' feud with Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
“The Marrying Kind”
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the extent of gay rights activists' success in framing the gay marriage debate and in producing their preferred images for the news media. It first describes the linguistic and visual devices that news entities relied upon to represent gay and lesbian couples as “deserving” of marriage. It then explores how markers of gender, class, race, lifestyle, and sexuality were deployed to construct the human face of gay marriage and goes on to discuss the ways in which gay marriage ceremonies were ritualized and symbolized in news narratives. It also shows how “poster couples” selected by news producers and gay rights activists were legitimated in news narratives, but were also cast as “different” from the more “radical” community of non-married gays, relegating particular LGBT and queer identities to the margins. The chapter concludes by considering how news stories and images work together to produce new forms of gay desire.
Conclusion
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter highlights the limits of commercial media as a route to social change and critiques the institution of marriage as a route to inclusive citizenship. It first considers how gay marriage in the 2000s was interpreted as a case of trouble for “straight America,” a reflection of the larger anxieties over an institution that appears to be fragile and falling out of favor. It then examines how the same-sex marriage debate also meant trouble for gay rights activists who sought to influence news frames and images and for the LGBTQ community more generally. It argues that the images and narratives employed in both activist strategies and news media discourses may unwittingly work to stigmatize (unmarried) gays and lesbians—and especially bisexual, transgender, and queer citizens—who do not fit the “normative” mold in this new era of visibility.
“He Liked to Hear the Music of Others”
Authors: Hirschmann Wolfgang
Published: May 2017

Those seeking to understand Bach and his music in the context of his time face an apparently intractable situation: studying Bach's music in reference only to itself seems a logical impossibility. However, relating Bach to his German contemporaries will produce only misunderstandings. This chapter outlines some means for making the situation tractable by identifying the premises required for understanding Bach and his German contemporaries, rather than one or the other. It proposes taking a kind of ethnological perspective on Bach's music and the different cultural webs into which it has been incorporated in the past and in which it is embedded in the present.
Aesthetic Mediation and Tertiary Rhetoric in Telemann’s
Authors: Zohn Steven
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Telemann's VI Ouvertures à 4 ou 6, a set of overture-suites for strings (with optional horns in three works) published by the composer at Hamburg in 1736. It reads the VI Ouvertures as Telemann's attempt to historicize the overture-suite by mediating stylistically between a late seventeenth-century, Lulliste archetype and the modern galant idiom of the 1730s. It argues that the VI Ouvertures, as a multiwork opus, engages in what Elaine Sisman calls “tertiary rhetoric,”a kind of intertextual rhetoric in which self-contained works converse among themselves and with performers and listeners alert to such connections. Furthermore, the VI Ouvertures can be heard to mediate aesthetically between civic and bucolic, serious and humorous, and familiar and foreign.
The Famously Little-Known Gottlieb Muffat
Authors: Dunlop Alison J.
Published: May 2017

Gottlieb Muffat (1690–1770) is considered the most successful composer of keyboard music of J. S. Bach's generation to have worked in Vienna. His reputation is based on (1) the corpus of extant works, which is significantly larger than those of his Viennese contemporaries, including his teacher J. J. Fux (ca.1660–1741); (2) the dissemination of Muffat's music during his lifetime; (3) his financial success; and (4) G. F. Handel's extensive borrowings from his music. Yet despite his eminence, little is known of Muffat's life. This chapter evaluates the influence of family background, cultural ties, and social spheres on Muffat's activities as a composer, and draws comparisons with musicians working at the same time outside Habsburg domains, including J. S. Bach.
Bach versus Scheibe
Authors: Maul Michael
Published: May 2017

On May 14, 1737, Johann Adolph Scheibe (1708–76), a twenty-nine-year-old music theorist and composer in Hamburg, published a Sendschreiben (“letter”) describing the experience of a fictional musician with twelve living composers. Many readers were able to recognize one of the composers as Johann Sebastian Bach. Johann Abraham Birnbaum (1702–48), a professor of rhetoric at Leipzig University, took offense at Scheibe's rather critical remarks on Bach's style and published a vigorous defense. The resulting dispute, known as the Scheibe-Birnbaum affair, generated a number of publications over the next decade and has long been recognized as one of the most important documents regarding the reception of Bach's music before 1750. This chapter considers the Scheibe-Birnbaum affair and the hitherto unknown dimensions of the battle between Scheibe and Bach himself.
Anna Howard Shaw
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This first scholarly biography of Anna Howard Shaw (1847–1919) sheds new light on an important woman suffrage leader who has too often been overlooked and misunderstood. An immigrant from a poor family, Shaw grew up in an economic reality that encouraged the adoption of non-traditional gender roles. Challenging traditional gender boundaries throughout her life, she put herself through college, worked as an ordained minister and a doctor, and built a tightly knit family with her secretary and longtime companion Lucy E. Anthony. Drawing on unprecedented research, the book shows how these circumstances and choices both impacted Shaw's role in the woman suffrage movement and set her apart from her native-born, middle- and upper-class colleagues. The book also rehabilitates Shaw's years as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), arguing that Shaw's much-belittled tenure actually marked a renaissance of both NAWSA and the suffrage movement as a whole.
The Road to Independence (1871–1880)
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes events in the life of Anna Howard Shaw from 1871 to 1880. Shaw had a vision that God had called her to a larger life. However, with no independent means of wealth, her choices appeared to be limited to marrying or resigning herself to struggle along as an impoverished schoolteacher, living in her parents' home. To gain access to any formal education for herself, she would have to leave that home. At this point Anna turned to the only resource she did have beyond her own dreams, ingenuity, and determination—her sister Mary, who had married a successful entrepreneur. So it was that Anna made the difficult and seemingly selfish decision to leave her parents' home and move in with her sister to seek her options in the small town of Big Rapids, Michigan. On August 26, 1873, the Big Rapids District Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church enthusiastically licensed twenty-six-year-old “Annie Howard Shaw” as a local preacher. In June 1878 Shaw sailed for Europe. By then she had earned her education and possessed her first investments. This thirty-one-year-old daughter of impoverished immigrants returned to tour the great sights of the continent.
Creating Her Vision
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the middle years of Anna Howard Shaw's presidency—from planning for the 1909 the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Convention in Seattle through the 1912 convention in Philadelphia. While analyses critical of Shaw's presidency have most frequently used the upheavals of these years as the basis for judging Shaw as a failure as an administrator, the gains of these years as well as the full context and origins of these organizational conflicts have received scant in-depth attention. Class and race issues are especially significant for analyzing both Shaw's legacy as a leader and the positions of the suffrage movement as a whole. Money tensions had always haunted the NAWSA, but the fact that Shaw drew a salary for her presidency and had access to monies beyond the control of the NAWSA treasurer raised suspicions among the privileged leaders who linked financial need with corruption. That Shaw was also the strongest and most consistent supporter of universal suffrage brought additional resistance from those who were opposed to or willing to compromise on the extension of the franchise to African American and immigrant women.
“So Much Life”
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores conflicting developments in the context of tenant experience during the height of the Cold War. Set against a national background of McCarthyite repression, suburban growth, conservative gender ideology, and class stratification, the chapter discusses two fronts of tenant activity: the construction of labor-union cooperatives and the fight against “urban renewal.” It considers the dislocations of hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, many from vigorous working-class neighborhoods, in the name of slum clearance. It also examines the tenants' urbanist rebuttal to the postwar ideal of suburban housing as well as the gains they earned despite the losing fight over redevelopment. For example, tenants who mobilized to save their homes revitalized the local consciousness of tenants' rights and helped sustain a kind of pragmatic feminism at a time when women were typically excluded from politics. This “defensive” dimension of tenant activism became an arena in which a generation of what Frances Goldin called “premature feminists” engaged in no-holds-barred political contests.
The Rivalry Begins
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the history of the rivalry between the Federal League and the American and National leagues and how it culminated in a legal battle. The Federal League of Professional Base Ball Clubs was established in 1913, with the goal of challenging the supremacy of the two established major leagues. It was formed from the remnants of two failed 1912 ventures, the Columbian League and the United States League, through the initiative of John Powers, William McCullough, and Otto Stifel. This chapter first traces the beginnings of the Federal League, from its inception to its creation of franchises, recruitment of players, and team owners' efforts to elevate the stature of their fledgling circuit. It then discusses the origins of the Federal League's legal tussle with organized baseball, focusing on its use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to challenge the latter's blacklisting practices and the reserve clause and to convince the federal government to launch an antitrust probe of both leagues.
The Defense and Verdict
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the defense's arguments in the Baltimore Federals' Washington antitrust lawsuit against the American and National Leagues as well as the jury's verdict in the case. Organized baseball's attorney, George Pepper, discussed the substantive merits of the case, first by emphasizing to the jury the seriousness of Sherman Act cases and then attempting to minimize the impact of the plaintiff's evidence. Pepper's witnesses include Jim Gilmore, William B. Ward, Corry Comstock, and August Herrmann. After Pepper completed his argument, Charles Douglas issued a rebuttal on behalf of Baltimore. Then it was Justice Wendell Phillips Stafford's turn to make a decision: he delivered Baltimore a resounding victory, resolving every key question of law in the team's favor. This chapter first considers the defendants' witness testimony and each party's closing arguments before discussing Stafford's ruling on motions for a directed verdict as well as the jury instructions and verdict. It also describes organized baseball's response to the verdict.
Hillary Clinton in the News
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J.
Published: May 2017

The charge of inauthenticity has trailed Hillary Clinton from the moment she entered the national spotlight and stood in front of television cameras. This book shows how the U.S. media created their own news frames of Clinton's political authenticity and image-making, from her participation in Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign through her own 2008 presidential bid. Using theories of nationalism, feminism, and authenticity, the book tracks the evolving ways the major networks and cable news programs framed Clinton's image as she assumed roles ranging from surrogate campaigner, legislative advocate, and financial investor to international emissary, scorned wife, and political candidate. This study magnifies how the coverage that preceded Clinton's entry into electoral politics was grounded in her earliest presence in the national spotlight, and in long-standing nationalistic beliefs about the boundaries of authentic womanhood and first lady comportment. Once Clinton dared to cross those gender boundaries and vie for office in her own right, the news exuded a rhetoric of sexual violence. These portrayals served as a warning to other women who dared to enter the political arena and violate the protocols of authentic womanhood.
Introduction
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This book explores the life and work of Gregory Benford. Born in 1941 in Mobile, Alabama, Benford has strong roots in the American South. But as member of a military family, he spent much of his adolescence in other countries such as Germany and Japan. In the process he developed a cosmopolitan perspective, which gave rise to a lifelong fascination with “alien” cultures. Benford earned a doctorate in physics at the University of California, San Diego, and received his PhD in 1967. This book examines Benford's distinguished career as science fiction writer as well as his ideas on science and scientists “doing science,” the writing of science fiction, and the social and cultural issues raised by science. It also considers Benford's literary production in terms of its main categories.
Benford in His Own Words
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the series of essays Gregory Benford wrote for University of California Riverside's Eaton Conference from 1979 to 2009. It explores Benford's personal vision by connecting the various threads of his essays, including his analysis of J. G. Ballard's term of “experience” from the point of view of the “intuitionist” school of natural philosophy; the process of alien ingestion; the narrative and rhetorical devices needed to achieve what he calls that “falsely quiet” moment when the practicing scientist senses the possibility of alien encounter; the role of aliens in science fiction; his use of the cyberpunk phenomenon to denounce what he sees as the disturbing rise of fantasy as a cultural phenomenon; and the two-cultures gap in science fiction.
The Science Fiction Novel of Manners
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Gregory Benford's series of science fiction novels that could be classified as “science thrillers”: Cosm (1999), The Martian Race (1999), and Eater (2000). In these novels, some strange and often menacing occurrence (such as the approach of an alien object to Earth) triggers conflict between scientists, government interests, and global politics. Benford's scientific thrillers—in their detailed descriptions of how science works, how it is conducted in the laboratory, and how this interacts with personal conflicts and institutional politics—hearken back to an important current in his fiction that began with In the Ocean of Night and was perfected in Timescape (1980). Seamlessly integrating social activity and scientific research, Timescape represents a moment of supreme balance between the demands of science and of fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This book examines the process by which racial stereotypes about blacks developed and were perpetuated in music and dance, and particularly in what it calls onstage and backstage performances. It argues that the history of blacks in entertainment, or more specifically blacks as entertainment, contributed to the construction of race and identity for African Americans. To support this argument, the book goes back to the slave society that fostered the first American entertainment venue to challenge the notion that the minstrel shows constituted the first American entertainment genre. It shows that forced performances during slavery not only served as a means for blacks to construct their identity and retain their cultures, but also played a key role in constructing white stereotypes of blacks. These stereotypes of blacks, the book contends, were a reflection of whites' anxieties and their desire to control black bodies while justifying a deplorable institution of racial slavery.
Casting
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the manner in which African captives were forced to perform music, song, and dance during the Atlantic voyage. Within the Middle Passage, white slavers brought the slaves on deck for airing. While on deck, the slavers drenched the captives with salt water, inspected them for any hint of disease, and, ironically, made them sing and dance. Historically, music and dance during the Middle Passage were viewed as a form of exercise used to preserve the human cargo. This chapter analyzes those scenes to illustrate the transformation of the top deck of the ship into a stage upon which race and gender roles were prescribed and performed. It shows that European and American ideals of Africanness were forced upon the captives in order to transition the diverse populations into chattel. The coerced performances on slave ships distorted the normally sacred or ritualistic meanings of music, song, and dance.
Onstage
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the persistence of coerced performances, this time on stage, throughout plantation communities, small farms, and some urban communities. Drawing on slave narratives, travel journals, planter's writings, and publications, it shows how the erroneous perceptions of race in the United States were staged within the performing arts. It describes coercion and expectation to perform as an important component of the institution of slavery. Whites continually asserted negative racial stereotypes concerning music and dance while constantly forcing the slaves to perform. The chapter considers how these onstage performances veiled white fears of black rebellion while portraying a paternalistic society to Northerners, European observers, and abolitionists. It argues that the racial imagery within these public performances exhibited blacks' role as submissive in society while whites, the audience, remained superior.
Same Script, Different Actors
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of a distinct American entertainment culture, and specifically how scenes of blacks performing music and dance for whites directly influenced popular culture through the blackface minstrel show, fiction literature, travel narratives, and Southern folklore. It argues that these distorted images were recreated and further developed on the Northern stage through the rise of the American blackface minstrel show in the 1830s. It shows that white men performing in blackface in minstrel shows were mimicking black slaves while black slaves were presenting a facade of black culture that was forced upon them by white masters. Beyond the development of the blackface minstrel show as a major form of entertainment, scenes of enslaved blacks performing became the staple setting for popular fiction as well as proslavery and antislavery texts. This project recognizes blackface minstrelsy as a representation of whites imitating Southern white ideals and images of blackness.
Epilogue
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This book has explored the foundation and infiltration of racial stereotypes into the American entertainment culture. It has rejected the notion that African Americans should be used as scapegoats for the continuance of black stereotypes in popular culture, arguing that entertainment culture in the United States was largely founded and developed on negative racial imagery created and inserted into the public sphere by whites. While acknowledging that the African American community holds some responsibility for the continual proliferation of racist and sexist stereotypes in the mass media, the book contends that accountability must be placed within a larger cultural and historical context. This epilogue reflects on the continued proliferation of black stereotypes in popular culture, suggesting that it simply represents a continuation of an entertainment tradition that was created intentionally to express the antiblack, prowhite ideology of America's culture. Furthermore, the perceived inferiority of blackness was actively promoted through society's folk culture.
“Liberation Is Coming Soon”
Authors: Ross Ellen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the eighteenth-century Quaker reform Joshua Evans. Evans was an important voice in Quaker antislavery, Indian rights advocacy, and American peace history. He was a critic of the developing capitalist economy. He perceived that people were increasingly implicated in the exploitation and oppression of enslaved people, the poor, Indians, even animals, and the land itself. For Evans, war was the fundamental symptom of humans' alienation from God and the most potent catalyst for the ills afflicting eighteenth-century society. He objected to an interconnected market system that perpetuated war: an economy increasingly dependent upon slavery and overreliant on tariffs and foreign trade, the oppression of Indians, the export of grain to import rum, the cultivation of tobacco, and the production and consumption of luxury goods.
The Spiritual Journeys of an Abolitionist: Amy Kirby Post, 1802–1889
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents an analysis of Amy Kirby Post, an antislavery Quaker who quit her meeting in the mid-1840s to pursue “worldly” efforts to end slavery. It seeks to explore what led an individual whose Quaker coworshippers already accepted the wrongs of slavery to seek nonetheless a different path, one that she felt offered her a deeper bond between faith and action. What is clearest in examining the life of Post is that she was committed to finding a spiritual home that not only allowed her to pursue social justice on this earth, but also required her to do so. For her, faith had to demand, not simply permit, efforts to build a better world on earth as well as beyond it. During the first four decades of her life, witnessing against social ills in Quaker meetings seemed to satisfy her need to improve the world. But beginning in the 1840s, she embraced a more active sense of religious and political agency, which drew her into the Progressive Friends, spiritualism, and Unitarianism, as well as into an astonishing range of movements for social change.
Quaker Evangelization in Early Barbados
Authors: Block Kristen
Published: May 2017

The island of Barbados was the Quakers' first American “Cradle of Truth.” Beginning in 1656, and throughout the 1660s, missionaries brought their simple faith in the Truth and Inward Light to the island, where significant numbers of wealthy slaveholding planters and merchants were “convinced,” lending the Society of Friends legitimacy and status in Barbados. This chapter first draws on historical context to explore how the nascent evangelization movement would have connected to Quakerism's evolving trends in theology and spiritual symbolism: from personal revelation to communal consensus, from the supremacy of the Inward Light to the supremacy of scriptures. Such context next considers a general overview of Africanist literature on religious and communal life, an exploration of the shared cultural constructs that might have drawn potential converts to their masters' society. Finally, it puts this knowledge to practice by imagining the circumstances that would have led to everyday spiritual interactions between enslaved members of Quaker households and their masters.
Anthony Benezet
Authors: Jackson Maurice
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the global impact of Anthony Benezet's antislavery ministry, including Benezet's influence on black abolitionists outside the Society of Friends. More than any other individual's work in the eighteenth century, that of Benezet served as a catalyst, throughout the Atlantic world, for the initial organized fight against slave trade and the eventual ending of slavery. His written work, which combined Quaker principles and Enlightenment thinking with knowledge gained through a deep study of Africa and her history, and his own contacts with black people as a teacher and philanthropist influenced men from Benjamin Franklin to John Jay and Patrick Henry in North America; from Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp, and William Wilberforce in England; to Condorcet and the Abbé Raynal in France. His words helped inspire African-born Olaudah Equiano and Ottabah Cugoano to write, and students at his Quaker schools such as American-born blacks Richard Allen and Absalom Jones to organize.
Thomas Clarkson’s Quaker Trilogy
Authors: Andrews Dee E. , Lapsansky-Werner Emma Jones
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a reading of Thomas Clarkson's “Quaker Trilogy”— comprising A Portraiture of Quakerism, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-Trade, and The Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn—appearing between 1806 and 1813. These texts embodied the author's efforts in the wake of the French Revolution to reestablish abolition of the slave trade as a respectable and still international cause. In the Portraiture and the Memoirs, Quakers were unsurprisingly center stage. But in the History, they are central as well, though with little attention given to Quaker abolitionists' on-going struggle to raise the Friends' own consciousness about the dangers of slaveholding, or Quaker activists' sometimes “strategic deceptions” for achieving abolition. In the process, Clarkson not only slanted the Friends as the unambivalent agents of antislavery and himself as the premier chronicler of this great moment in British and American social activism, but he also designed a new kind of history: one that sought to combine the empirical drive of social science with the passion of social reform.
Gay-Made Space
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationships among spatiality, orientation, and corporeality by focusing on the ways in which a post-Soviet, gay social space is engendered, in part, via popular music. It first compares temporality and spatiality in relation to homosexuality in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras before discussing popular music's relationship to sexuality and the post-Soviet experiences of detemporalization and deterritorialization. It then assesses the importance of virtual, mediated, musical spaces in the creation of the self. It also analyzes how geographic spaces, cyberspaces, and media spaces, the material and the virtual, both conform to and act upon the embodiments of homosexuality, and how Russian gay men continually create and re-create salubrious spaces and places, in part via their experience as embodied subjects whose corporeal existence links them to others in shared spaces and places. The chapter shows that seeming binaries—inside/outside, here/there, now/then, us/them, East/West—as experienced via musical spaces do not preclude the formation of a situated, stable, sexual self, one affectively and physically connected to both sound and space.
A Lifetime of Struggle
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines C. Francis Jenkins' dispute with Thomas J. Armat over the Phantoscope patent that began in 1895. Armat partnered with Jenkins for a short period of time and then moved on to establish the Armat Moving-Picture Company, making millions while leaving Jenkins in a lifetime of aggravation. Before discussing the Jenkins and Armat controversy that led to the collapse of their partnership, this chapter provides a background on Armat and how he met Jenkins. It then considers Jenkins' early experimental work with the camera-projector as well as his collaboration with Armat on experiments that would result in the successful projection of motion pictures. It also looks at the patent-interference case pitting Armat vs. Jenkins, Armat's protest regarding the Smithsonian's photography exhibit, and Jenkins' demonstrations of his device at the Franklin Institute. The chapter concludes with an analysis of issues and evidence relevant to the Jenkins–Armat conflict, along with Henry D. Hubbard's defense of Jenkins.
Visionary Entrepreneur
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on C. Francis Jenkins' inventions that he sold through several business startups. Until the late 1920s, Jenkins had no significant outside corporate sponsors. To support himself, he began selling his inventions that reflected his broad interests. This chapter first discusses the incorporation of the Jenkins Automobile Company under the laws of Delaware in 1900 and its production of several steam-propelled vehicles, including automobiles and trucks. It then considers Jenkins' patents in the field of aeronautics, such as those for an “aeroplane or flying machine,” camera adaptations that resulted in improved motion pictures, airplane catapult, and altimeter; patents for milk bottles and home improvement accessories; and novelty inventions ranging froma mathematical pocket calculator to a Christmas-tree holder and talking signs. It also recounts Jenkins' “Ocean to Ocean” automobile tour in 1911.
American Visionary
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses C. Francis Jenkins' life and work, calling him a visionary for his breakthrough inventions in film and television. In a world of dramatic change in motion pictures and television, Jenkins was a pioneer. In film, he sold his controversial Phantoscope projector patent, which led to large-screen movie projection. In television, he bridged mechanical with electronic technology, later experiments related to fiberoptics, and electro-optical receivers. He was the only inventor who participated in the birth of both motion-picture photography and television. Over the period of 1894 through 1933, Jenkins filed nearly 300 patents, several granted after his death. This chapter provides an overview of Jenkins' youth, focusing on how his agrarian upbringing created within him an independent will, an untiring work ethic, and strong character. It then describes Jenkins' traits as a man, his legacy as an inventor, his career as entrepreneur and businessperson, and his works as an author. It also reflects on the relationship between Jenkins' approach of the late 1920s and modern technology.
Epilogue
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue summarizes C. Francis Jenkins' pioneering ideas that have all come to fruition, a testament that he was a man with a vision. Jenkins dreamed of uniting television and motion pictures with his patents and inventions. He saw the potential of television and film as educational and entertaining tools, a visual art of communication with the capability of unifying people and nations. He envisioned cities and individuals being connected by multiple systems and services, as well as television surpassing radio's success in terms of audience. This epilogue also asks speculative and rhetorical questions of alternative history related to Jenkins and his work, for example, what would happen if: Jenkins had been given a stronger management role in the Jenkins Television Corporation and the overall De Forest organization; the Great Depression had not occurred; or the Radio Corporation of America had followed Jenkins' electro-optical scanning theories instead of burying them in favor of Vladmir Zworykin's electronics.
Indefinite Dependence
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Puerto Ricans in Hawaiʻi filed labor complaints and protests. It shows that, unlike other labor groups in Hawaiʻi, Puerto Rican intra-colonials never had a dedicated local government representative—a leadership vacuum that resulted in both negative and positive effects on the Puerto Rican community in the islands. It describes the slow, cumbersome, and apathetic bureaucratic colonial communication hierarchy that Puerto Rican laborers had to endure in their home region, Washington, D.C., and the Territory of Hawaiʻi when they filed complaints about life in the islands. This is evident in the case of Pedro Guzman and twenty-five other Puerto Ricans who filed their complaint in 1919. The absence of an effective regional representative, coupled with the hierarchical grievance process, meant that Puerto Rican intracolonial needs were often ignored or disregarded. However, the lack of an official leader in the islands also gave Puerto Rican labor migrants a degree of control and independence over their labor experiences in Hawaiian sugar plantations.
Tensions of Colonial Cooperation
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Philippines's authority over labor complaints in Hawaiʻi, with particular emphasis on the position of resident labor commissioner that Filipino U.S. colonials in Hawaiʻi lobbied for and acquired in 1923. It first provides an overview of the U.S. government's Filipinization policy in 1913 before turning to early Philippine labor mediators. It then considers the creation of a permanent worker representative in the islands through the Philippine legislature. It also looks at the appointment of Cayetano Ligot as the first Philippine labor commissioner and the movement launched by Filipinos in Hawaiʻi to remove him from office. It shows that Ligot created more problems than solutions for Filipino laborers in Hawaiʻi, and that the Filipinization of the intra-colonial labor complaint process in the Pacific did not result in improved conditions for the average Filipino. Despite the collaboration between Philippine and Anglo-American leaders, Filipino intra-colonials in Hawaiʻi found ways to express their own desires and free will.
Conflicting Convictions
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the multiple roles that Philippine Protestant ethnic ministers such as Flaviano M. Santa Ana filled in Hawaiian plantation communities. Hawaiʻi's sugar plantations cut worker wages up to 20 percent due to the low value of sugar in 1921. Intracolonial Filipino laborers, who were already struggling to save enough of their salary to send monetary remittances to their loved ones in the Philippines, became upset at the change in wage scale and went on strike from 1924 to 1925. This labor stoppage, known as the Filipino Piecemeal Sugar Strike, was one of the largest Filipino labor strikes in Hawaiʻi, as well as one of the most legally aggressive reactions by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association during the first half of the twentieth century. This chapter considers how Filipino Protestant pastors at the Olaʻa plantation who were working for the Hawaiian Evangelical Association became middlemen for migrant laborers, sugar plantation management, and the Protestant church in the islands. It shows that these middlemen's positions of power were always tenuous and questioned by Filipinos.