bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Legal Context of Indigenous Peoples' Rights: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Rowland Julie
Published: July 2015

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a momentous step both for indigenous peoples and the nations in which they reside. For the first time, the global community recognizes the unique rights of indigenous peoples and aspires to protect those rights. The new declaration is shaped by the historical trends of international law, and it will be implemented within the context of local and national law. To provide a better understanding of the declaration and to prepare citizens for its implementation, this essay examines how the international legal approach to rights will affect its implementation. Additionally, this article assesses issues of interpretation that may occur when the declaration is implemented. An examination of the application of the declaration in the context of American law provides an example of potential conflicts that may arise between national law and the declaration. Other legal sources of indigenous rights are described to provide a fuller picture of the ways in which indigenous peoples can protect their rights. Overall, this essay aims to give scholars and the general public grounding in the legal context of the declaration for future research on and observation of the declaration as it is implemented globally.
Fiction
Authors: Wetzel Bill
Published: July 2015

Fiction
A Stream Is Always Giving Life: Communities Reclaim Native Science and Traditional Ways to Prevent Diabetes and Promote Health
Authors: Satterfield Dawn , DeBruyn Lemyra , Francis Carolee , Allen Aiko
Published: July 2015

Rare in Indian country just sixty years ago, type 2 diabetes mellitus is now woven into the fabric of losses in tribal communities across North America. Westernized lifestyles, with coincident obesity and physical inactivity, are powerful risk factors for this relatively new "disease of civilization." The web of causation is thicker and wider than obesity and physical activity alone, intertwined by historical, economic, environmental, and sociological roots. As diabetes-related morbidity, disability, and mortality continue to increase in communities around the globe, many tribal elders recall when diabetes was almost unknown. They remember being taught how to stay healthy, lessons that were part of their "traditional ecological knowledge," a symbolic and informational knowledge that is grounded in cultural values and practices, and refined through generations of observation, experimentation, and adaptation. In these conversations, the elders' traditional ecological knowledge richly illustrates the cultural capital that supported their survival and helped maintain the health of their communities even when they had to face challenging times.

The purpose of this article is to describe a number of dynamic, tribally driven efforts that draw on traditional ecological knowledge to address the problem of diabetes in American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
Cultural Capital and the Tribal Diabetes Prevention Programs
Authors: Teufel-Shone Nicolette
Published: July 2015

Since 1998, the US Congress has funded the Special Diabetes Programs for American Indians and Alaskan Natives (SDPI). These funds are administered by the Indian Health Service (IHS) and have been awarded to more than 330 IHS, tribal, and urban Indian health programs in thirty-five states to build or enhance diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment and prevention programs. Over the past thirteen years, these community-directed programs have emerged as models of intervention creativity, innovation, and persistence, with program staff drawing on their cultural capital to design culturally acceptable and locally relevant strategies. These programs have achieved measurable change in Native peoples' knowledge of the diabetes risk factors, access to much needed DM related services, and in some cases, helped reduce rates of DM-related morbidity and mortality. Yet, perhaps their greatest influence has been in understanding and shaping the context of behavioral change and in promoting normative shifts in food choices, activity patterns, DM screening, and DM self-management. Systematic qualitative data collection has not played a prominent role in the evaluation of the SDPI programs, and subsequently the role of cultural capital and the subtle normative shifts over the course of the SDPI programs have not been documented. This article offers a review of the qualitative accomplishments of the SDPI programs and some methodological suggestions for capturing the impact of cultural capital.
Politics of Culture in Urban Indigenous Community-Based Diabetes Programs
Authors: Howard Heather
Published: July 2015

This article examines community-based approaches to the prevention and management of diabetes in the indigenous urban community of Toronto. A critical perspective of the concept of cultural capital in health promotion is provided to move beyond a functional representation of culture in addressing health inequalities and the production of health. Community-based programs are contextualized within the historical, cultural, and social relations of indigenous community-building, approaches to service delivery, and regional and national bureaucratization of indigenous resources.
Introduction: Diabetes Programs and the Need for Cultural Capital
Authors: Joe Jennie , Young Robert
Published: July 2015

Introduction
American Masculinity in Crisis: Cordell Walker and the Indianized White Hero
Authors: FitzGerald Michael
Published: July 2015

American Indian stereotypes have varied according to each era's ideological necessities: Anglo-Americans made images of Natives into what they needed at the time. After Anglo-Americans broke from England, they needed a new identity to differentiate themselves from Europeans. The solution was to borrow attributes of American Indians to create an amalgam called "the New Man." This study examines the final (or current) stage in this amalgamation: the white man who can become native at will. Cordell Walker of the television series Walker: Texas Ranger is a half-Cherokee lawman. His "Indianness" is a secret identity that emerges whenever superhuman or spiritual qualities are needed. In addition, the series reflects issues of "American" masculinity: Walker appeared during a period when patriarchy faced cultural and political challenges from the women's movement. The reactionary political and religious ramifications of the television series are also examined.
Counting Context: C. E. Kelsey's 1906 Census of Nonreservation Indians in Northern California
Authors: Miller Larisa
Published: July 2015

C. E. Kelsey's census of nonreservation Indians in Northern California in 1905 to 1906 was the first enumeration of its kind. It counted 11,755 Indians that were not supported by the US government, which was far more than were thought to exist. Intended as the blueprint for implementing Kelsey's proposed policy of providing federal relief through land purchases, the census was later used for population studies. The census lacks explanatory documentation and scholars have introduced errors to the population totals. Using archival sources, this article explores the context and purpose of the census and identifies those subsequent errors.
Joyous Discipline: Native Autonomy and Culturally Conservative Two-Spirit People
Authors: Gilley Brian
Published: July 2015

The problem driving this essay is how we, as scholars, can account for the complexities of the seemingly unified elements that make up tribally specific identity held among many gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and two-spirit (GLBTQ2) American Indians while asking them to disrupt oppressive sex and gender stabilities within the communities to which they are committed. These unified elements are the social practices, identity categories and historical depths that allow tribal peoples to know who they are and force non-Indians to know who they are not. I do not seek to problematize Native GLBTQ2 as a sexuality, sexual or gender identity. Rather, I am seeking to problematize the forms of power that come to bear on our analysis of on-the-ground identity experience; the ways we position ourselves and are positioned from uneven locations of power. Further, I seek to analyze the ways in which academic constructions of Native and GLBTQ2 identities have the potential to endorse and overinvest in certain experiences and representations.
Loss of Voice at Oneida Indian Nation: Traditional Methods of Social Control in a Contemporary Native Community
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: July 2015

This ethnographic study explores how contemporary Oneida people are using traditional beliefs and practices that are prescribed and enshrined in Haudenosaunee oral traditions to further their political ends. The current tribal government seeks to engender control over its citizens, affairs, and properties by using traditions of oral history to claim legitimacy. An overarching contention is over the process of governance as engendered by the process of consensus. This traditional Haudenosaunee practice is at the heart of the matter of the legitimacy of modern tribal government as it is used by the Oneida Nation of New York, including the use of banishment as a form of social control to ground its authority. "Loss of voice" has resulted in the disenrollment of those Oneida people who have been banished after questioning the current tribal government's legitimacy and practices. This essay reviews the actions of the Oneida Indian Nation as an evolving tribal authority as it attempts to reconcile the role of tradition, examining how authority is maintained in ongoing governance of contemporary tribal development.
The Disappearing Turnout Gap between Native Americans and Non-Native Americans
Authors: Skopek Tracy , Garner Andrew
Published: July 2015

Past research has consistently found that American Indians have traditionally turned out to vote at lower rates than do other citizens. Using two separate data sets, we examine this "turnout gap" over the past several decades. We find that not only has Native American turnout increased generally, but that the "gap" between Native Americans and non-Native Americans has declined substantially, and that in recent elections this "gap" has largely disappeared. We then provide a preliminary and tentative examination of possible causes for the decline, including the role of Indian gaming, mobilization by political parties and candidates, and shifting political values among Native Americans.
Lyell Island (Athlii Gwaii) Case Study: Social Innovation by the Haida Nation
Authors: von der Porten Suzanne
Published: July 2015

The logging blockade on Lyell Island in British Columbia, Canada in 1985, together with the events surrounding it, was an important indigenous-led social innovation by the Haida Nation. The social innovation itself was three-fold: (1) it changed the way indigenous nations in Canada reasserted themselves as self-determining; (2) for the Haida Nation to assert their Aboriginal rights and title to the land and resources of Haida Gwaii was an important step, the first of many; and (3) it changed the way environmental campaigns were conducted, both in Canada and internationally.

In the 1980s relations between indigenous nations and the British Columbian and Canadian governments were embedded in an enduring, patriarchal-colonial sociopolitical and legal context. The Haida Nation's assertion of land rights and title was an initiative that changed the basic routines, authority flows and beliefs of the social system in British Columbia and Canada. The message that the Haida Nation's traditional territory was not to be exploited in a way that was incongruent with their visions of stewardship of their land had broad and lasting impact that clearly changed a larger institutional and sociopolitical context. The Haida not only created a precedent, but also a catalyst for action with regards to co-management, environmental advocacy, indigenous governance and Aboriginal rights.
Leading a Good Life: The White Earth Anishinaabeg in Transitional Times
Authors: Krausová Anna
Published: July 2015

Commentary
"Down to the Gila": A. J. Chandler's Desert Land Scheme and the Gila River Indian Reservation, 1891-1911
Authors: DeJong David
Published: July 2015

In the latter nineteenth century, few American Indians had rights that powerful economic interests were bound to respect. These speculative interests in central Arizona Territory's Salt River Valley understood this and influenced federal bureaucrats and policymakers to adopt a scheme giving them access to the natural resources of the Gila River Indian Reservation. Led by A. J. Chandler and his Detroit investors, speculators took advantage of a series of poorly written, loosely interpreted, and badly managed federal laws at the turn of the twentieth century and initiated a battle over control of scarce American Indian land and water resources. At stake was the economic and cultural survival of the Pima residing on the Gila River Indian Reservation.

While the Pima successfully stopped Chandler's scheme, they were unable to stop the economic transformation occurring around them. Lacking irrigation water needed to farm and sustain themselves, hundreds of Pima men cut thousands of acres of mesquite trees to sell. Chandler's scheme also hastened allotment in severalty of the reservation, encouraged the consolidation of the Pima to the central portion of the reservation, and provided Pima funds for the continued development of the off-reservation Salt River Project.

But while it is easy to catapult Chandler into the role of a villain, the founder of the city that bears his name was a product of the social Darwinist philosophies of his day. Subscribing to the theory of survival of the fittest, Chandler used every means available to his advantage. A century later, the City of Chandler and the Gila River Indian twist of irony, the Gila River Indian community today accepts delivery of Salt River Project water through A. J. Chandler's Consolidated Canal, and the northern branch of the Santan floodwater canal that a century ago was designed to carry water to Chandler's ranch, now delivers irrigation water to reservation lands directly west of the former Chandler ranch. In ways A. J. Chandler never could have imagined, water today does indeed flow "down to the Gila."
A Cautionary Note Regarding Indigenous Culture and Internet Search Technology
Authors: Liljeblad Jonathan
Published: July 2015

When Navajo President Joe Shirley Jr. addressed to the World Summit of the Information Society in 2005, he called for greater indigenous participation in the internet, with universal indigenous connectivity to assert indigenous "values, languages, traditions, and sovereignty." I argue, however, that such aspirations should be pursued with caution, as there are risks associated with internet technology and nuances that users must understand in order to use it effectively. My argument draws upon the work of Eli Pariser, who sees personal internet search, specifically, as problematic for any group that uses the internet as a means of discourse to address problems common to all group members.
Physiological Basis for Triazine Herbicide Tolerance in Bermudagrass, Seashore Paspalum, and Zoysiagrass
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Sidhu Sudeep S. , McCullough Patrick E.
Published: July 2015

Atrazine and simazine control weeds in warm‐season turfgrasses, but excessive injury limits applications to sensitive species. The objective of this research was to evaluate the physiological basis for differential tolerances of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to atrazine and simazine. In greenhouse experiments, hierarchical shoot mass reductions from the nontreated by species were: seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass for atrazine and seashore paspalum > bermudagrass = zoysiagrass for simazine. Atrazine and simazine treatments to soil only or foliar plus soil reduced shoot mass similarly, averaging 45% from nontreated, while foliar‐only treatments reduced shoot mass 22% from the nontreated. Species rank for root absorption of both herbicides after 48 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species had acropetal translocation of 14C‐atrazine and 14C‐simazine, but bermudagrass and zoysiagrass translocated ∼10% more 14C than seashore paspalum after 48 h. Hierarchical species rank for nonmetabolized 14C‐atrazine translocation to shoots after 8 h from high to low was seashore paspalum > bermudagrass > zoysiagrass. All species metabolized 14C‐atrazine to hydroxyatrazine and two unidentified metabolites in root and shoots. All species metabolized simazine to hydroxysimazine and two other metabolites in shoots. Seashore paspalum had less total metabolism of 14C‐simazine than bermudagrass and zoysiagrass and produced fewer metabolites in roots. Results suggest bermudagrass and seashore paspalum susceptibility to atrazine is associated with greater absorption and translocation of the parent herbicide to shoots than zoysiagrass. Seashore paspalum susceptibility to injury from simazine is associated with differences in absorption and metabolism from tolerant turfgrasses bermudagrass and zoysiagrass.
Physiological Basis for Glyphosate Tolerance in Hard Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Yu Jialin , Shilling Donn G. , Czarnota Mark A.
Published: July 2015

Glyphosate effectively controls susceptible biotypes of numerous weed species, but applications are often injurious to turfgrass. ‘Aurora Gold’ hard fescue (Festuca longifolia Thuill.) and ‘JS‐501’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) have enhanced tolerance to glyphosate compared with traditional varieties, but the mechanisms that convey tolerance are not well understood. The objectives of this research were to investigate the physiological basis for glyphosate tolerance in Aurora Gold hard fescue and JS‐501 perennial ryegrass. In greenhouse experiments, the estimated glyphosate rate required to reduce dry shoot mass 50% from the nontreated shoots at 4 wk after treatment measured >3360, >3360, 1850, and 1310 g acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1 for Aurora Gold, JS‐501, ‘Manhattan V’ perennial ryegrass, and ‘Stonehenge’ hard fescue, respectively. Absorption of 14C‐glyphosate was similar between hard fescue cultivars and averaged 5% of the applied radioactivity. However, Aurora Gold accumulated 20% less shikimate than Stonehenge when incubated at ≥250 μM of glyphosate in leaf disk assays. JS‐501 perennial ryegrass absorbed less 14C‐glyphosate than Manhattan V (13 vs. 22% of the applied) and accumulated ∼50% less shikimate. All cultivars translocated the majority of absorbed radioactivity out of the treated leaf. Based on these findings, glyphosate has less target‐site inhibition in Aurora Gold compared with a more susceptible hard fescue cultivar. The glyphosate tolerance of JS‐501 perennial ryegrass involves two mechanisms including less absorption and target‐site inhibition from a more susceptible cultivar.
Pyramiding rag3, rag1b, rag4, and rag1c Aphid‐Resistant Genes in Soybean Germplasm
Authors: Chandrasena Desmi , Wang Yang , Bales Carmille , Yuan Jiazheng , Gu Cuihua , Wang Dechun
Published: July 2015

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, poses a significant threat to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Use of resistant cultivars is one of the most effective control tactics. Pyramiding multiple resistance genes has great potential to provide durable resistance to soybean aphids. The objectives of this study were to evaluate soybean aphid damage on soybean lines containing individual or a combination of rag3, rag4, rag1b, and rag1c aphid‐resistant genes, and to identify the genetic interactions of these loci in the greenhouse and field conditions. A breeding population derived from a cross between advanced breeding lines, E08907 with rag3 and rag1b from PI 567598B and E09907 with rag4 and rag1c from PI 567541B, was evaluated for aphid resistance in four trials in the field and greenhouse. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to these genes were used for selection of 12 combinations of resistant genes. Lines with rag3 or rag1c alone or a combination of these genes confer a significant level of resistance. Additionally, additive × additive interaction between rag3 and rag1c was detected. Lines with rag4 or rag1b had lower levels of resistance in the greenhouse and field studies, and their combination (rag4+rag1b) is the least effective against soybean aphids.
Performance of a ‘Transitioned' Infiltration Basin Part 2: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removals
Authors: Natarajan Poornima , Davis Allen P.
Published: July 2015

Infiltration basins have been widely used for stormwater runoff management. However, their longevity could be compromised over time, up to the point of operational failure. This research study showed that a ‘failed' infiltration basin can ‘transition' into a wetpond/wetland‐like practice and provide water quality benefits. Performance evaluation over three years showed that the transitioned infiltration basin reduced the discharge event mean concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP), NOx‐N (nitrate + nitrite), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), organic‐N (ON), and total nitrogen (TN) during most storm events. Exports of TP, DP, ON, and TKN masses were observed only during the coldest periods. The cumulative mass removals were 61% TP, 53% DP, 63% PP, 79% NOx‐N, 51% TKN, 45% ON, and 64% TN. The dry‐weather nutrient concentrations combined with the environmental conditions at the transitioned basin indicated that sedimentation, adsorption, denitrification, and volume reduction were the removal mechanisms.
Soft sensor based on Gaussian process regression and its application in erythromycin fermentation process
Authors: Mei Congli , Yang Ming , Shu Dongxin , Jiang Hui , Liu Guohai , Liao Zhiling
Published: July 2015

Erythromycin fermentation process is a typical microbial fermentation
process. Soft sensors can be used to estimate biomass of Erythromycin
fermentation process for their relative low cost, simple development, and
ability to predict difficult-to-measure variables. However, traditional soft
sensors, e.g. artificial neural network (ANN) soft sensors, support vector
machine (SVM) soft sensors, etc., cannot represent the uncertainty
(measurement precision) of outputs. That results in difficulties in practice.
Gaussian process regression (GPR) provides a novel framework to solve
regression problems. The output uncertainty of a GPR model follows Gaussian
distribution, expressed in terms of mean and variance. The mean represents
the predicted output. The variance can be viewed as the measure of confidence
in the predicted output that distinguishes the GPR from NN and SVM soft
sensor models. We proposed a systematic approach based on GPR and principal
component analysis (PCA) to establish a soft sensor to estimate biomass of
Erythromycin fermentation process. Simulations on industrial data from an
Erythromycin fermentation process show the proposed GPR soft sensor has high
performance of modeling the uncertainty of estimates.
Epidemiological criminology
Authors: Ignjatovic Djordje
Published: July 2015

Paper deals with one of so-called ?new criminologies? - specific amalgam
composed by criminological and epidemiological experiences. First of all, the
author points the main characteristics of these two sciences and their
connections. After such explanations, he give examples of famous research in
the field of ?epidemiological criminology?. They show how many important
issues in criminology has been neglected until the end of the twentieth
century (evaluation of penal policy from the standpoint of epidemiology,
health status of inmates, suicides in penitentiary institutions, as well as
corporate victimization of the general public). This may be of particular
importance for the development of criminology in Serbia where several topics
for are repeated in scientific papers. The author, however, opposes the
constitution of a special scientific discipline - ?epidemiological
criminology? because he belives that criminology is the unique science with
specific subject and methodology.
Identity and total institution
Authors: Ljubicic Milana
Published: July 2015

This paper analyses a psychiatric institution resident?s identity (self)-
construction processes. Our quest was grounded on constructivist theoretical
paradigm that sees identity as a manner a person defines oneself in
accordance with offered social repertoire. In other words, the total
institution milieu offers limited range of identities to its residents. On
the other hand, the latter are not just passive subjects that identity is
imposed upon. They are able to use a number of adjustment mechanisms to the
knowledge about themselves - ranging from symbolic escape to open resistance
against the imposed image about them; to obedience, and we were interested to
understand the (supposed) complex dynamic of identity (re)-building in,
so-called, special or forensic patients. In order to understand this process
and attempting to discover, besides the manifest also the latent layer of the
story about self, the local, or personal, identity understanding was
examined.
The treatment of young people with multiple developmental disabilities and behavioural disorders
Authors: Ilic Zoran , Maljkovic Marija
Published: July 2015

One of the central questions within our modern social system is the reaction
to the problems of developmental and behavioural disorders found in young
people (children and youth) and their conflict with the law. This refers to
the immediate actions aimed not only to change and amend their behaviour, but
also on how to potentially harmonise their social environment. The
association of behavioural disorders with significant difficulties in social
functioning of young people and their frequent contact with other
developmental disabilities and mental disorders, makes these activities more
accepted, and from their point of view their success is significantly lower.
On the other hand, it is evident there is a lack of serious scientific papers
aimed at the promotion and development of programs tailored to the needs of
this treatment, in many ways heterogeneous population of young people.
Confusion among experts is increasingly apparent regarding the dilemma of how
to help children and young people with multiple problems, whose families are
not competent enough to take care of them, and at the same time ensure a safe
environment for members of the local community. One of the possible solutions
that one study has produced was a number of programs for children with
multiple problems, especially intensive programs resulting in the treatment
and institutionalisation of young delinquents. In question are the attempts
to resolve the increasingly visible problem of treatment for the not
criminally responsible children of young people with multiple behavioural
disorders for which a classic institutional and non-institutional treatment
has not yielded expected results. The main objective of our work is to
stimulate interest in scientific circles for the proper positioning of the
treatment of this population in our social system of social reaction to the
developmental problems of children and youth.
Trauma as a neglected etiological factor of mental disorders
Authors: Dimitrijevic Aleksandar
Published: July 2015

Throughout the history of mental health care field, trauma was prescribed
different and frequently opposing roles. In psychoanalysis, the attitude
toward trauma was ambiguous: it was considered a crucial factor, but at the
same time its role could happen to be minimized. In biological psychiatry, it
is seen as a dominant cause of some disorders and completely irrelevant for
the others. In this paper, two issues are discussed: frequency of traumatic
events in general population and among persons with mental disorders; and
hypothesized intrapsychic mechanisms that lead to detrimental consequences of
trauma on mental health. It is advocated that prevention of early, especially
attachment, trauma should be the focus of our work in dealing with mental
disorders.
Risk factors for hydrocephalus requiring external ventricular drainage in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage
Authors: Hughes Joshua D. , Puffer Ross , Rabinstein Alejandro A.
Published: July 2015

OBJECT

External ventricular drainage (EVD) after intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) without symptomatic hydrocephalus is controversial. The object of this study was to examine indicators or the timeframe for hydrocephalus in patients not immediately treated with EVD after IVH.

METHODS

Records from 2007 to 2014 were searched for “intraventricular hemorrhage” or “IVH.” Inclusion criteria were IVH after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), trauma, tumor, or vascular anomalies. Exclusion criteria were IVH with more than minimal subarachnoid hemorrhage, catastrophic ICH, layering IVH only, or hydrocephalus treated immediately with EVD. IVH was measured with the modified Graeb Score (mGS). An mGS of 5 indicates a full ventricle with dilation. Statistics included chi-square, Student’s t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests; receiver operating characteristics; and uni- and multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

One hundred five patients met the criteria; of these, 30 (28.6%) required EVD. Panventricular IVH was the most common pattern (n = 49, 46.7%), with 25 of these patients (51%) requiring EVD. The median mGS was 18 ± 5.4 (range 12–29) and 9 ± 4.5 (range 2–21) in the EVD and No-EVD groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Factors associated with EVD were radiological hydrocephalus at presentation, midline shift > 5 mm, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < 8, mGS > 13, third ventricle mGS = 5, and fourth ventricle mGS = 5. On multivariate analysis, GCS score < 8 [4.02 (range 1.13–14.84), p = 0.032], mGS > 13 [3.83 (range 1.02–14.89), p = 0.046], and fourth ventricle mGS = 5 [5.01 (range 1.26–22.78), p = 0.022] remained significant. Most patients treated with EVD (n = 25, 83.3%) required it soon after presentation [6.4 ± 3.3 (range 1.5–14) hrs]. The remaining 5 patients (16.7%) had a delayed EVD requirement [70.7 ± 22.7 (range 50–104.5) hrs].

CONCLUSIONS

In this study population, the risk for EVD was variable, but greater with mGS > 13, coma, and a dilated fourth ventricle. While the need for EVD occurs within the 1st day after IVH in most patients, a minority require EVD after 48 hours.
Corrective spinal surgery may be protective against stroke in patients with blunt traumatic vertebral artery occlusion
Authors: Foreman Paul M. , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Chua Michelle , Hadley Mark N. , Harrigan Mark R.
Published: July 2015

OBJECT

Approximately 10% of patients with blunt traumatic extracranial cerebrovascular injury have a complete occlusion of the vertebral artery (VA). Ischemic stroke due to embolization of thrombus from an occluded VA following cervical spine surgery has been observed. The risk of ischemic stroke with cervical spine surgery in the presence of an occluded VA, however, has never been determined.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of 52 patients with a VA occlusion following a blunt trauma was performed. Clinical and radiographic characteristics were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

Ten patients (19.2%) suffered an ischemic stroke attributable to a traumatic VA occlusion. Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients with ischemic stroke were significantly older (p = 0.042) and had a lower rate of cervical spine surgery (p < 0.005). Multivariate analysis found cervical spine surgery to be protective against ischemic stroke (OR 0.049 [95% CI 0.014–0.167], p = 0.014); increasing age and bilateral VA injury (bilateral occlusion or unilateral occlusion with contralateral dissection) were risk factors for ischemic stroke (OR 1.05 [95% CI1.02–1.07], p = 0.065 and OR 13.2 [95% CI 2.98–58.9], p = 0.084, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Traumatic VA occlusion is associated with a risk of ischemic stroke and mortality. Corrective cervical spine surgery potentially decreases the risk of ischemic stroke by stabilizing the spine and thereby reducing motion across the occluded segment of the VA and preventing embolization of thrombus. While a high stoke risk may be inherent to the disease, novel therapies should be investigated.
Accidental intracranial infusion of parenteral nutrition in a preterm neonate
Authors: Ahmadian Amir , Manwaring Jotham , Truong Devon , McCarthy Jeane , Rodriguez Luis F. , Carey Carolyn M. , Tuite Gerald F.
Published: July 2015

Vascular access in the neonate can be challenging, especially in preterm infants. When other access is not available, superficial scalp veins can be safely used for vascular access. However, rare and potentially catastrophic complications can occur due to unique features of the neonatal skull and soft-tissue anatomy. The authors report a rare complication of vascular access in a preterm infant, which led to the direct infusion of parenteral nutrition into the intracranial space. The child had an excellent outcome after open drainage and irrigation of bilateral intracranial spaces and the spinal thecal sac. Relevant anatomy is illustrated, and an outcome-based literature review is presented on this rarely reported condition. Surgical and conservative management strategies are discussed, along with clinical and radiographic follow-up. Drainage and irrigation is advocated in patients with mass effect, viscous effusions, or declining neurological examination findings.
Helmet Use Amongst Equestrians: Harnessing Social and Attitudinal Factors Revealed in Online Forums
Authors: Haigh Laura , Thompson Kirrilly
Published: July 2015

Equestrian activities pose significant head injury risks to participants. Yet, helmet use is not mandatory in Australia outside of selected competitions. Awareness of technical countermeasures and the dangers of equestrian activities has not resulted in widespread adoption of simple precautionary behaviors like helmet use. Until the use of helmets whilst riding horses is legislated in Australia, there is an urgent need to improve voluntary use. To design effective injury prevention interventions, the factors affecting helmet use must first be understood. To add to current understandings of these factors, we examined the ways horse riders discussed helmet use by analyzing 103 posts on two helmet use related threads from two different Australian equestrian forums. We found evidence of social influence on helmet use behaviors as well as three attitudes that contributed towards stated helmet use that we termed: “I Can Control Risk”, “It Does Not Feel Right” and “Accidents Happen”. Whilst we confirm barriers identified in previous literature, we also identify their ability to support helmet use. This suggests challenging but potentially useful complexity in the relationship between risk perception, protective knowledge, attitudes, decision-making and behavior. Whilst this complexity is largely due to the involvement of interspecies relationships through which safety, risk and trust are distributed; our findings about harnessing the potential of barriers could be extended to other high risk activities.
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels for Storage and Delivery of Reagents to Paper-Based Analytical Devices
Authors: Mitchell Haydn , Schultz Spencer , Costanzo Philip , Martinez Andres
Published: July 2015

The thermally responsive hydrogel N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide-cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was developed and evaluated as a reagent storage and delivery system for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs). PNIPAM was shown to successfully deliver multiple solutions to microPADs in specific sequences or simultaneously in laminar-flow configuration and was found to be suitable for delivering four classes of reagents to the devices: Small molecules, enzymes, antibodies and DNA. PNIPAM was also able to successfully deliver a series of standard glucose solutions to microPADs equipped to perform a colorimetric glucose assay. The results of these tests were used to produce an external calibration curve, which in turn was used to determine the concentration of glucose in sample solutions. Finally, PNIPAM was used to store the enzyme horseradish peroxidase for 35 days under ambient conditions with no significant loss of activity. The combination of PNIPAM and microPADs may allow for more complex assays to be performed on paper-based devices, facilitate the preparation of external calibration curves in the field, and extend the shelf life of microPADs by stabilizing reagents in an easy-to-use format.
Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania
Authors: Valiunas Deividas , Jomantiene Rasa , Ivanauskas Algirdas , Urbonaite Indre , Sneideris Donatas , Davis Robert
Published: July 2015

Although mainly known as pathogens that affect angiosperms, phytoplasmas have recently been detected in diseased coniferous plants. In 2008–2014, we observed, in the Curonian Spit of Western Lithuania and in forests of Southern Lithuania (Varena district), diseased trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo) with unusual symptoms similar to those caused by phytoplasmas. Diseased trees exhibited excessive branching, dwarfed reddish or yellow needles, dried shoots and ball-like structures. restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that individual trees were infected by Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma pini-related strains (members of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrXXI-A) or by Ca. Phytoplasma asteris-related strains (subgroup 16SrI-A). Of the nearly 300 trees that were sampled, 80% were infected by phytoplasma. Ninety-eight percent of the positive samples were identified as Ca. Phytoplasma pini-related strains. Strains belonging to subgroup 16SrI-A were identified from only few trees. Use of an additional molecular marker, secA, supported the findings. This study provides evidence of large-scale infection of Pinus by Ca. Phytoplasma pini in Lithuania, and it reveals that this phytoplasma is more widespread geographically than previously appreciated. This is also the first report of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrI-A in pine trees.
Comparison of Engineered Peptide-Glycosaminoglycan Microfibrous Hybrid Scaffolds for Potential Applications in Cartilage Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Romanelli Steven , Knoll Grant , Santora Anthony , Brown Alexandra , Banerjee Ipsita
Published: July 2015

Advances in tissue engineering have enabled the ability to design and fabricate biomaterials at the nanoscale that can actively mimic the natural cellular environment of host tissue. Of all tissues, cartilage remains difficult to regenerate due to its avascular nature. Herein we have developed two new hybrid polypeptide-glycosaminoglycan microfibrous scaffold constructs and compared their abilities to stimulate cell adhesion, proliferation, sulfated proteoglycan synthesis and soluble collagen synthesis when seeded with chondrocytes. Both constructs were designed utilizing self-assembled Fmoc-protected valyl cetylamide nanofibrous templates. The peptide components of the constructs were varied. For Construct I a short segment of dentin sialophosphoprotein followed by Type I collagen were attached to the templates using the layer-by-layer approach. For Construct II, a short peptide segment derived from the integrin subunit of Type II collagen binding protein expressed by chondrocytes was attached to the templates followed by Type II collagen. To both constructs, we then attached the natural polymer N-acetyl glucosamine, chitosan. Subsequently, the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate was then attached as the final layer. The scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro culture studies were carried out in the presence of chondrocyte cells for both scaffolds and growth morphology was determined through optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy taken at different magnifications at various days of culture. Cell proliferation studies indicated that while both constructs were biocompatible and supported the growth and adhesion of chondrocytes, Construct II stimulated cell adhesion at higher rates and resulted in the formation of three dimensional cell-scaffold matrices within 24 h. Proteoglycan synthesis, a hallmark of chondrocyte cell differentiation, was also higher for Construct II compared to Construct I. Soluble collagen synthesis was also found to be higher for Construct II. The results of the above studies suggest that scaffolds designed from Construct II be superior for potential applications in cartilage tissue regeneration. The peptide components of the constructs play an important role not only in the mechanical properties in developing the scaffolds but also control cell adhesion, collagen synthesis and proteoglycan synthesis capabilities.
Association of C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Disorder in a Chinese Population
Authors: Sun Mingxia , Zhang Liying , Chen Shanying , Liu Xinyu , Shao Xiaofei , Zou Hequn
Published: July 2015

Objective: To assess the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and explore the risk factors for an elevated hs-CRP level. We also provide the clinical utility of CRP to identify subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey in China. Subjects were divided into three subgroups: hs-CRP ≤ 1 mg/L, 1 mg/L < hs-CRP ≤ 3 mg/L and hs-CRP > 3 mg/L. Multiple linear regressions and logistic regression models were used. Results: In the Chinese population, 50.43% subjects had a low hs-CRP level, 30.21% subjects had an intermediate hs-CRP level and 19.36% subjects had an elevated hs-CRP level. Age, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity, a low LDL level, an elevated fasting glucose level, uric acid and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) were correlated with log-CRP. In multivariate analysis, relative risks of an elevated CRP level were 2.40 (95% CI 1.44–3.99, p = 0.001), 3.63 (95% CI 2.20–5.98, p < 0.001), 4.23 (95% CI 2.51–7.11, p < 0.001) and 6.23 (95% CI 3.45–11.26, p < 0.001) for subjects with 1, 2, 3, or more than 3 MetS components, respectively. The accurate estimates of the area under the receiver operating characteristic of hs-CRP for MetS was 0.6954 (95% CI, 0.67–0.72). Conclusion: Age, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity, a low LDL level, an elevated fasting glucose level, uric acid and ACR are correlated with log-CRP. The number of MetS components is a significant determinant of elevated CRP levels after adjusted for other potential confounders.
Predictors for Using a HIV Self-Test Among Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Kinney Samantha , Lea C. , Kearney Greg , Kinsey Anna , Amaya Carlos
Published: July 2015

Background: Approximately, two million migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSF) work in the United States annually. Several factors, such as lack of access to healthcare services and health behaviors, contribute to risk of HIV transmission. Relatively few studies have explored MSF knowledge of HIV transmission and testing options. Methods: A 12-question, self-administered survey of farmworkers (n = 178) from 19 migrant camps was conducted. The survey assessed knowledge of factors related to HIV transmission, testing, and intention to use a HIV home-test kit. Results: Participants with knowledge of treatment for HIV (p = 0.03) and that condom use protects against HIV (p = 0.04) were more willing to express intent to use a home test kit than those with less knowledge. Concern among farmworkers that HIV was a very or somewhat serious problem in their community was associated with expressing intent to use a home test kit (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 0.92–5.5). Respondents with less knowledge were less likely to use a home test kit. Conclusions: MSF were concerned about HIV in their community and would be willing to use to a home test kit. This pilot study provides a basis for additional research related to HIV testing within the MSF community.
Corporate Governance Provisions, Family Involvement, and Firm Performance in Publicly Traded Family Firms
Authors: Memili Esra , Misra Kaustav
Published: July 2015

This study examines the moderation effects of corporate governance provisions on the link between family involvement (i.e., family ownership and family management) in publicly-traded firms and firm performance by drawing upon agency theory, with a focus on principal-principal agency issues, and the extant family governance literature. We develop and test the hypotheses on 386 of the S&P 500 firms longitudinally. Findings support the hypotheses suggesting the moderation effects of the use of provisions (a) protecting controlling owners in terms of their sustainability of controlling status, and (b) protecting management legally on the inverted U-shaped relationship between family ownership and firm performance. We also found support for the moderation effects of provisions (c) protecting controlling owners in terms of their voting rights, (d) protecting noncontrolling owners, and (e) protecting management monetarily on the inverted U-shaped relationship between family management and firm performance. By this, our study provides empirical support for the principal-principal agency perspective on the corporate governance in publicly-traded family firms. As such, it suggests new avenues of research for both the corporate governance literature, as well as for the theory of the family firm. Our study also offers insights to policy directed toward monitoring the actions of large shareholders such as family and enhancing the overall shareholder value in publicly-traded family firms.
Generation of a Multicomponent Library of Disulfide Donor-Acceptor Architectures Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Drożdż Wojciech , Kołodziejski Michał , Markiewicz Grzegorz , Jenczak Anna , Stefankiewicz Artur
Published: July 2015

We describe here the generation of new donor-acceptor disulfide architectures obtained in aqueous solution at physiological pH. The application of a dynamic combinatorial chemistry approach allowed us to generate a large number of new disulfide macrocyclic architectures together with a new type of [2]catenanes consisting of four distinct components. Up to fifteen types of structurally-distinct dynamic architectures have been generated through one-pot disulfide exchange reactions between four thiol-functionalized aqueous components. The distribution of disulfide products formed was found to be strongly dependent on the structural features of the thiol components employed. This work not only constitutes a success in the synthesis of topologically- and morphologically-complex targets, but it may also open new horizons for the use of this methodology in the construction of molecular machines.