bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family “Divorce Heritage” and its Intergenerational Transmission
Authors: Catton William R.
Published: September 2012

Whatever nonparental influences in society may be fostering divorce or favoring marital permanence, within families the occurrence of divorce tends to raise the probability of divorce among the next generation. Important nuances of this linkage have gone unnoticed. By simulation, this article explores at the societal level the intergenerational consequences of various annual rates of divorce incidence. Compared to a low-rate context, exposing parents to higher annual incidence of divorce would raise the amount of divorcing among offspring couples, but even in the “peak-rate case” the operation of intrafamily divorce heritage would not suffice to make divorce in the offspring generation as abundant as parental generation divorce. Other forces have to be operating. Mixed divorce heritage reduces slightly the number of offspring divorces expected by linear interpolation between a no-divorce heritage and a bilateral divorce heritage. A nonlinear pattern calls attention to a possibly important distinction between divorce heritage and background divorce pressure, evokes the possibility of background permanence pressure, and raises holistic questions about the locations of thresholds and about forces that might push societies (not just persons or families) past them. System-level comparisons and analyses are needed.
The Accommodation of Chinese Immigrants in Early California Courts
Authors: Lammers John C.
Published: September 2012

Most histories today emphasize the overwhelming antagonism toward Chinese immigrants in the initial period of California history. Citing press accounts, congressional testimony, and the diaries of the time, historians have noted that anti-Chinese sentiments rested upon a host of social, political, and economic differences. These culminated in agitation on the part of the white working classes for the expulsion of the Chinese. When the Chinese were finally excluded by federal law in 1882, they had been subjected to a wide variety of racist laws, including taxation, prohibition of testimony, discriminatory employment practices, and inhuman treatment in communities, courts, and jails. But the earliest period of Chinese presence in California—especially in the legal sphere—was marked by notable incidents of tolerance and accommodation that have been largely overlooked. This article examines these instances of legal tolerance of Chinese immigrants. An explanation based on the development of frontiers is presented.
Economic Segmentation and Worker Earnings in a U.S.-Mexico Border Enclave
Authors: Hardesty Scarlett G. , Holmes Malcolm D. , Williams James D.
Published: September 2012

This study examines the effects of economic segmentation on worker earnings in El Paso, Texas, a city that is a major enclave on the U.S.-Mexico border. The investigation relies on the dual economy model, which maintains that the U.S. economy is divided into a monopoly and a competitive sector. This distinction is thought to be related to worker remuneration, with poorly paying jobs found primarily in the competitive sector. It is hypothesized that females and minority males are disproportionately located in the competitive sector and, therefore, that their income is negatively influenced. These hypotheses were tested using the 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Microdata file for the El Paso SMSA. In contrast to the dominant hypothesis this research found that women, particularly those of Mexican origin, were disproportionately located in the monopoly sector. However, women gained considerably less by virtue of monopoly sector employment than did males, especially those of Anglo origin. Generally the findings are consistent with the possibility that large monopoly sector firms strategically locate labor-intensive divisions in El Paso (and similar areas) because of the large supply of unskilled minority labor.
Ending a Career in a Declining Industry: The Retirement Experience of Male Auto Workers
Authors: Meyer Madonna Harrington , Quadango Jill
Published: September 2012

Since the late 1970s, global competition has severely undermined profit margins of American corporations. The result has been a loss of jobs for more than five million workers. While research has clearly documented the negative impact of economic conditions on younger workers, older workers appear to have a safety net afforded by seniority systems, wage guarantees, and the option of retirement. The auto industry, which has been particularly hard hit, has used early retirement incentives as one mechanism for resolving the industry's unemployment problems. This study of early retirement among auto workers demonstrates that the apparent protection afforded blue-collar unionized workers does not necessarily guarantee them income security. The data indicate that older auto workers feel significant pressures to withdraw from the labor force but that these early retirees subsequently feel less satisfied than other retirees with the timing of their retirement and that they pay a heavy financial penalty in terms of retirement income.
Marx and the Excess of the Signifier: Domination as Production and as Simulation
Authors: Ashley David
Published: September 2012

Lyotard's and Baudrillard's explicit and implied critiques of the effects of so-called “postmodernity” on the applicability of the Marxist emancipatory narrative are evaluated. This paper concludes that the Marxist critique of modernist forms of hegemony still has validity but that we must now acknowledge that Marxism is a modernist, not a universal, theoretical practice. The significance of this for contemporary Marxist critique is further analyzed.
Deconstruction and Marxist Inquiry
Authors: Dickens David R.
Published: September 2012

This study examines the relationship between deconstruction and Marxist inquiry. Derrida's philosophical conception of deconstruction is presented, followed by a discussion and assessment of the arguments for a Marx–deconstruction articulation. I argue that such an articulation is not supportable due to a fundamental incompatibility between Marxism and Derrida's Saussurean-based conception of language and meaning. Finally, I conclude that language-based approaches in general are of limited utility in reorienting Marxist theory and practice.
Concentrated Work Scheduling: Enabling and Constraining Aspects0
Authors: Gramling Robert
Published: September 2012

Utilizing time and space as active elements in human interaction, this article examines an emerging occupational phenomenon, concentrated work scheduling, which is often coupled with long-distance commuting. The analysis concentrates on the way in which this particular time/space management strategy enables and constrains work related activities for individuals, corporations and planning agencies.
Predicting the Educational Attainment of Los Angeles Women
Authors: Bourque Linda B. , Cosand Beverly J.
Published: September 2012

Social psychological variables such as identification and communication with significant others, perception of others' expectations, and self-perceptions influence the effect that social and family structural variables have on educational attainment. Using available data on Los Angeles women collected in 1973 and 1975, this article further investigates the relative role of structural and social psychological variables in predicting the educational attainment of women. With some modifications, findings replicate those of other studies. Women's perceptions of their mother's education and aspirations as well as their own educational aspirations predict the amount of education attained. Early heterosexual experience, pregnancy, and early first marriage decrease completed education.
Homeownership and Social Attachment
Authors: Blum Terry C. , Kingston Paul William
Published: September 2012

A multivariate analysis of survey data collected by Claude Fischer (1982) in northern California is used to test whether or not homeownership is associated with attitudes and behaviors that seem supportive of the prevailing social order. Homeownership has a zero-order relationship with each of three indicators of “social attachment”: Attitudes indicative of traditionalism; participation in voluntary organizations; and informal interaction with neighbors. While the bivariate relationships between homeownership and each of the three social binds are reduced when socioeconomic status variables, life cycle variables, ecological variables, and length of residence are controlled, the partial coefficients for homeownership remain statistically significant.
Autonomy and Delinquency
Authors: Agnew Robert
Published: September 2012

A number of theorists argue that delinquency stems from the adolescent's need for autonomy. In particular, the systematic blockage of this need in the United States is said to lead to delinquency by reducing social control and increasing the adolescent's level of frustration and anger. This theory is tested by examining the effect of the need for autonomy on delinquency among a national sample of adolescent boys. Data support the theory, indicating that (1) the need for autonomy is able to explain individual and group variations in delinquency, and (2) the effect of the need for autonomy is explained largely by level of social control and frustration/anger.
Violent Crime in the Western Energy-Development Region
Authors: Wilkinson Kenneth P. , Reynolds Robert R. , Thompson James G. , Ostresh Lawrence M.
Published: September 2012

Case studies of “boom towns” in the western United States and the theory of social disorganization predict positive effects of recent growth and energy development on the violent crime rate in small towns and rural areas. Regression results, with controls for local characteristics prior to the energy boom of the 1970s, give little evidence of additive effects of recent growth and energy development on the violent crime rate in nonmetropolitan counties of the major energy-producing states. Long-standing structural problems are better predictors of the violent crime rate than are recent changes associated with energy development.
Estimating Nonresponse Bias with Temporary Refusals
Authors: Smith Tom W.
Published: September 2012

The accuracy of survey results are always endangered by the presence of nonresponse bias. Although we have a precise measure of the extent of nonresponse, we seldom have any information on how the nonrespondents differ from the respondents. In this article we attempt to estimate the characteristics of nonrespondents and thereby estimate nonresponse bias by comparing cooperative respondents with converted respondents who are known as temporary refusals.
Socialization Values and Punishment Behavior
Authors: Hynes Eugene
Published: September 2012

This article reports the result of a test of Melvin Kohn's hypothesis that the more parents value self-direction in their children, the more likely will they be to punish them on the basis of the child's intent rather than on the consequences of the child's behavior. Data are from 309 parents in Dublin, Ireland, who were selected to provide a sample comparable to Kohn's. All the respondents had a sixth-grade son about whom they were interviewed. For both mothers and fathers there was a small correlation between their socialization values and their punishment behavior, but only for fathers was this correlation statistically significant. However, when we controlled for social class of the respondents, the correlations were reduced to insignificance. I conclude that the values/ behavior link in Kohn's theory is not supported.
Individual Discretion and Organizational Accountability: Evaluating the Performance of Public Bureaucrats
Authors: Stevenson William B.
Published: September 2012

Individuals within organizations have to confront the conflict between being accountable for their performance and trying to maintain autonomy and exercise discretion when accomplishing complex tasks. It is usually assumed that individuals, particularly professionals, face complex tasks that are difficult to evaluate and will resist attempts to control their performance through organizational rules. However, routinizing tasks and decentralizing decision-making authority to the individual may clarify rules and give individuals some control over their jobs, making the individual more amenable to the evaluation of performance. Hypotheses concerning the somewhat conflicting demands of job complexity and organizational control were tested by analyzing attitudes towards a performance appraisal system undergoing change in two United States federal agencies. Changes in attitudes were measured by a LISREL panel analysis over five points in time.
Industrialization and Income Change
Authors: Nelson Joel I. , Lorence Jon
Published: September 2012

Bluestone and Harrison's Deindustrialization of America (1982) focuses on the consequences for communities of industrial change. We explore this concern by examining the income implications of the dramatic shift in American industry from urban to rural settings. Using data from all existing counties in the United States, industrial change is examined during the 1960s—a historically important decade of unprecedented affluence and unprecedented change in rural-urban manufacturing employment. Regression analysis of shifts in median family income shows that although small towns benefit somewhat from the migration of industry or the expansion of existing facilities, these benefits are less than the income lost from a decline in manufacturing jobs in large metropolitan areas. The findings are consistent with Bluestone and Harrison's contention that industrial change results in a net loss of income to American workers. A major conclusion is that at the same time many American sociologists were celebrating alliances between business and labor, forces were at work undermining worker income and prosperity. Importantly, these forces were at work during a decade of widespread prosperity and prior to the recent difficulties in the American economy.
Vocabularies of Motives for Gambling Behavior
Authors: Smith Ronald W. , Preston Frederick W.
Published: September 2012

In an examination of the verbal explanations ordinary gamblers provide for their conduct, it was found that the motive of “play, leisure, and recreation” was most often given to explain their behavior, with the related motive of “relieving boredom and generating excitement” ranking a distant second. Significant variations in these responses were found according to sex and social class. Explanations of why other people gamble differed markedly from explanations of one's own gambling behavior. Regarding this finding, we suggest that respondents were providing socially acceptable vocabularies of motives to defend self by neutralizing the social stigma attached to gambling and/or by justifying one's monetary gains and losses.
Work Values, Job Characteristics, and Gender
Authors: Neil Cecily C. , Snizek William E.
Published: September 2012

This study uses ordinal regression analysis to examine the impact of gender on work values, after controlling for various organizational variables. The analysis is based on a complete enumeration of women in a large Australian organization, together with “representative” and “matched” samples of male employees. When organizational variables are controlled, women are shown to place greater importance on working relations, men on salary, job status, and prestige in the community. Type of work has a significant impact on work values, as does the interaction of gender and type of work, thus supporting the argument that the array of occupations studied may be an important factor in explaining conflicting prior findings concerning the influence of gender on work values. While gender differences in some work values remain after a variety of organizational variables are considered, a model based on work experiences may still be appropriate for explaining such observed differences.
Limiting Reciprocity among Relatives: Theoretical Implications of a Serendipitous Finding
Authors: Farber Bernard
Published: September 2012

This article draws some theoretical implications of the findings of a factor analysis of a scale for indicating the extent to which people embrace an axiom of amity (or prescriptive altruism) in kinship ties. Separate analyses were undertaken of two samples of persons aged sixty or over—one in Budapest, Hungary and the other American. The analysis yielded an unexpected pattern of results, namely, that the axiom of amity and the presupposition of distrust of kin refer to two separate factors. The results suggest that a duality exists in the minds of the interviewees in their conception of kinship reciprocity.

The presupposition of distrust of relatives lends itself to two alternative interpretations. In the Hungarian sample, the items with thehighest loadings on the Distrust factor dealt with exploitation by kin, and generally the Hungarians reported more agreement than did the United States with statements that kin are exploitive. In the U.S. sample, the items with the highest loadings on the Distrust factor refer to unfairness and incommensurability in exchange, and the U.S. sample reported more agreement with statements that exchanges among kin are unfair. One interpretation of these tendencies derives from the conceptualization of kinship as an element in a social system. The second interpretation is derived from the proposition that kinship systems express basic paradigms of exchange prevalent in a society.
Social Class, Occupational Conditions, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Gecas Viktor , Seff Monica A.
Published: September 2012

This study is an attempt at further specification of the relationship between social class and self-esteem. We argue that the effects of social class on self-esteem are largely experienced through occupational conditions which affect the self-evaluation dimensions of self-efficacy and self-worth. We examine these relationships, with the use of path analysis, for a sample of working men. The path model considers the direct and indirect effects of social class (socioeconomic status and education) on occupational conditions (work complexity; control over work; degree of supervision and routinization), on dimensions of self-evaluation (self-efficacy and self-worth), and on general self-esteem. We found the direct effect of our social class indicators on general self-esteem to be small and insignificant. But occupational prestige was significantly related to occupational conditions, which in turn were significantly related to self-worth and self-efficacy. Education had a direct effect on self-efficacy and self-esteem and an indirect effect on self-esteem via self-efficacy and job complexity. Of the two dimensions of self-evaluation, self-efficacy had a substantially stronger effect than self-worth on general self-esteem. These findings support our expectation that the effects of social class on self-esteem are largely mediated by occupational conditions which affect primarily the efficacy dimension of self-evaluation.
Kimball Young on Social Psychology, Rural Sociology, and Anthropology at Wisconsin, 1926–1940
Authors: Lindstrom Fred B. , Hardert Ronald A.
Published: September 2012

In 1968, former president of the American Sociological Association Kimball Young (1893–1972) gave a seminar at Arizona State University that was attended by both editors. The sessions were taped, for it was Young's intention to organize the tapes into a book that would document his life as a sociologist/social psychologist, a book to be called Man in Transition. The present article is the fourth in a series emerging from Young's tapes and subsequent notes.
Minorities, Women, and Institutional Change
Authors: Hill Richard J.
Published: September 2012

During the past decade within sociology, the opportunity structures and the sizes of the professional pools have been different for women from those for minorities. Women have progressed within our professional ranks. The progress of minorities has been more limited. Our experience suggests that affirmative action strategies need review and revision.
Formal Theory of Balance Revisited
Authors: Nagasawa Richard , Little Ronald L.
Published: September 2012

The conceptual clarity of the formal theory of balance and the extent to which its basic axioms provide insights into the dynamics of structural balance are examined. Our concern is with the logical adequacy of the theory, and our analysis suggests that some of the definitions of the theory serve more as rules of syntax or derivations than as definitions of terms per se. We suggest that the authors of the formal theory overlooked numerous implications and that some of the theory's axioms and provisos exhibit redundancy. It is concluded that the theory, despite its defects, serves as an example of theories that possess properties of completeness and clarity and thus opens the way for the next stage in cumulative science—testing its implications. It is suggested that by clarifying the formal theory more precise and better theories can be built in cumulative steps.
The Future of Sociology
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F.
Published: September 2012

A review of changes in sociology since World War II is provided from the author's perspective. Major shifts include the growth in sociology and social science in general of technical expertise, but also of challenges to sociology as a science that can do work. Some aspects have been facilitated, such as the availability of clerical help (machines) and typing (machines), but the basic problems of the science have not changed. A major limitation is that funding is rarely available for research of the scope required to describe behavior adequately, and the science is at a descriptive stage. Optimism is appropriate, however, as, with a knowledge of limitations, the potential for future achievement exists.
Middleman Minorities in the Syrian Mosaic
Authors: Zenner Walter P.
Published: September 2012

In this article, an aspect of the “middleman minority” situation will be explored: How do individuals of different minorities interact when they are competing within a single social field. The case that will be used here is that of the competition of Christians and Jews in Late Ottoman Syria for certain positions attached to the government and for key roles in international trade. Image management in the present instance includes stigmatization of one's rivals. The implications of this case for other studies of minorities is considered.
“Making it” in America
Authors: Bonacich Edna
Published: September 2012

This article takes the concept of “making it” in America as the central thrust behind immigrant entrepreneurship. The social values behind “making it” are dissected, and closely linked to the capitalist ethic of utilitarianism. Immigrant entrepreneurs are found to play the part of both oppressed and oppressors. They are tools of large corporations, their hard work used by the corporations to make money. On the other hand, the immigrants also oppress others, including workers of their own ethnic group, family members, and the American underclass. The dual oppressed-oppressor role makes the immigrants useful middlemen, as they oppress those beneath them for the benefit of those above. The article ends on a note of hope that seeing these relations clearly will enable people to break out of them.
Durkheim's and Spencer's Principles of Social Organization
Authors: Turner Jonathan H.
Published: September 2012

Durkheim's and Spencer's theoretical ideas are often considered to be antagonistic, primarily because contemporary sociology accepts Durkheim's portrayal of Spencer. This article argues that, in actual fact, Durkheim's and Spencer's principles on the causes of the division of labor are virtually the same and that their principles on the process of integration in differentiating social systems are complementary. Taken together, Spencer and Durkheim offer sociology some of its basic laws of human social organization.
Demystifying Loglinear Analysis
Authors: Pomer Marshall I.
Published: September 2012

Loglinear analysis has gained wide acceptance in sociology as the method of choice for the analysis of categorical data. Three alternatives which define interactions and deal with sampling variability in a different manner are developed here. Loglinear analysis and the three alternatives are applied to data on racial prejudice in the United States in 1946 and in 1963. Conventional loglinear analysis leads to the conclusion that the effect of time was the same in the North and the South, whereas the alternative approaches support a contrary conclusion that the time effect was greater in the South than in the North. For the analysis of interaction in the 2×2×2 table, two of the alternatives are simpler to apply and easier to comprehend than loglinear analysis. The third alternative clarifies the useful distinction between estimating the characteristics of the population and describing that population.
Toward an Integrated Theory of Gender Stratification
Authors: Collins Randall , Chafetz Janet Saltzman , Blumberg Rae Lesser , Coltrane Scott , Turner Jonathan H.
Published: September 2012

Determinants of gender stratification range through every institutional sphere and every level of sociological analysis. An integrated theory is presented which charts the connections and feedbacks among three main blocks of causal factors and two blocks of outcomes. The GENDER ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION block includes the degree of compatibility between productive and reproductive labor, and determinants of the gender segregation of productive labor (including flows from other blocks). The GENDER ORGANIZATION OF REPRODUCTION includes demographic conditions, the social control of reproductive technologies, and the class and gender organization of parenting. SEXUAL POLITICS includes historical variations in family alliance politics, erotic status markets, and violent male groups. On the outcome side, GENDER RESOURCE MOBILIZATION centers on gender income and property, household organization, sexual coercion, and the distinctiveness of gender cultures. GENDER CONFLICTS involve the conditions for both gender movements and counter-movements, which feed back into the prior blocks of causal conditions. Despite rises in women's gender resources in recent decades, it is likely that gender conflicts will go on in new forms. An integrated theory makes it possible to examine alternative scenarios and policies of change in gender stratification of the future.
Constructing State Autonomy: The Federal Trade Commission and the Celler-Kefauver Act
Authors: Luchansky Bill , Gerber Jurg
Published: September 2012

Though theory and evidence suggests that state agencies can be important social actors in their own right, few studies have attempted to account for their organizational strength. We examine the passage of a key piece of antitrust legislation, the Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950, and seek to account for the success of the Federal Trade Commission in expanding its regulatory mandate. We argue that the FTC was successful because it acted much like a social movement organization. Specifically, it defined mergers as a social problem, acted to spread this definition, mobilized resources, set the political agenda, and, finally, took advantage of a favorable opportunity structure. We close by suggesting other examples of initiatives by state agencies that might either verify or qualify our findings.
Goffman and Interactional Citizenship
Authors: Colomy Paul , Brown J. David
Published: September 2012

Goffman's analysis of the interaction order and his investigation of deference and demeanor are used to extend and revise the macrosociological theory of citizenship. Goffman's theorizing intimates that individuals claim and are typically accorded a complex of interactional rights and are simultaneously obliged to honor a complementary set of obligations. Taken together, these rights and obligations comprise what we call interactional citizenship. In principle alterations in the interaction order over time can be described and explained, and in this vein we propose that there has been a general, albeit incomplete and unevenly realized, expansion of interactional citizenship to virtually every category of social actor. There are limits to this expansion, however, and little reason to believe that interactional citizenship can ever be fully realized.
The Feminization of Etiquette Literature: Foucault, Mechanisms of Social Change, and the Paradoxes of Empowerment
Authors: Arditi Jorge
Published: September 2012

This paper explores the opening of a discursive space within the etiquette literature in the United States during the 19th century and how women used this space as a vehicle of empowerment. It identifies two major strategies of empowerment. First, the use or appropriation of existing discourses that can help redefine the “other” within an hegemonic space. Second, and more importantly, the transformation of that space in shifting the lines by which differentiation is produced to begin with. Admittedly, these strategies are neither unique nor the most important in the history of women's empowerment. But this paper argues that the new discourses formulated by women helped forge a new space within which women ceased being the “other,” and helped give body to a concept of womanhood as defined by a group of women, regardless of how idiosyncratic that group might have been.
Statistical and Social Facts from Quetelet to Durkheim
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: September 2012

The Rules of Sociological Method is most famous for its definition of the social fact Seen in relation to previous statistical writings on topics like suicide, though, Durkheim's work appears more to limit the domain of social facts than to create one. For Quetelet, Wagner, and Morselli, if suicide or marriage varied by age, sex, religion, climate, or race, that was enough to make a statistical fact Durkeim, rejecting their positivism, refused to speak of facts except in alliance with a distinctively sociological form of explanation.
Perceptual Control and Social Power
Authors: McClelland Kent
Published: September 2012

This article explores a new psychological perspective on human behavior, a cybernetic approach called “perceptual control theory” (PCT). After detailing the PCT model, I demonstrate one application of PCT to sociological theory by applying this perspective to questions of power and interpersonal control. I argue that social power should be distinguished from interpersonal use of force, coercion, incentives, or influence. Rather, power derives from an alignment of goals by humans acting as independent control systems. The article closes with a discussion of connections between PCT and several strands of current sociological theory.
Toward a Micro Corrective of Structural Differentiation Theory
Authors: Colomy Paul , Rhoades Gary
Published: September 2012

This article argues that the synthetic turn in recent discussions of the micro-macro problem provide a basis for critically assessing structural differentiation theory. That theory suffers from a macro bias, which is reflected in its inability to account for variable patterns of structural change, its neglect of how coalition formation and group negotiation and conflict affect the course of differentiation, and its constricted conception of the consequences of differentiation. A micro corrective, organized around an elaboration of the notion of institutional entrepreneurs, concepts taken from social movement theory, and empirical findings from comparative and historical case studies of structural change, is proposed. That corrective discusses the impact of an institutional project, entrepreneurial organization building, and strategies for enlisting support and defusing resistance on the establishment of new levels of differentiation.
Role Identities and Person Identities: Gender Identity, Mastery Identity, and Controlling One's Partner
Authors: Stets Jan E.
Published: September 2012

This research explores the relationship between gender identity, the mastery identity, and control over one's partner in intimate relationships. While gender identity is viewed as a role identity, that is, an identity that is tied to the social structure, the mastery identity is conceptualized as a person identity, that is, an identity that is tied to the person. Using a sample of college-age dating couples, a simultaneous equation model is estimated to determine the relationship between a role identity and a person identity, and how these identities mutually influence control over one's partner in interaction.
Differences in the Process of Self-Employment among Whites, Blacks, and Asians: The Case of Scientists and Engineers
Authors: Tang Joyce
Published: September 2012

This study examines the process of self-employment among scientists and engineers from 1982 to 1989. I use data from the Surveys of the Natural and Social Scientists and Engineers to investigate the effects of race, nativity, and recency of arrival on the “entry to” and “persistence in” self-employment. The analysis shows that native-born Asians and blacks with paid employment are less likely than comparable native-born whites to enter self-employment, while the opposite is true for post-1965 white immigrants. Among the self-employed, compared to native-born whites, post-1965 white immigrants have a higher tendency to remain in self-employment, and blacks are less likely to persist in self-employment. There is no significant difference between Asian immigrants and native-born whites in the likelihood of entering or staying in self-employment. The results are inconsistent with the opportunity structure approach and the cultural theory, but they provide some support for the “dual” discrimination hypothesis. Alternative interpretations are discussed in light of these findings.
A Smallest-Space Analysis of Employment Changes in Japan
Authors: Cheng Man Tsun
Published: September 2012

This paper examines Japanese employment changes at various career stages along firm, industry, and occupational dimensions, using the 1975 Social Status and Mobility data. Smallest-space techniques depict differences in workers' mobility patterns. Findings suggest the dichotomy of large versus small-firm sectors oversimplifies the labor-market structure, since mobility patterns vary not only according to firm size, but also to industry and occupation. At all career stages, government employees exhibit mobility patterns different from private-sector workers. Job movements are bounded by industrial origins, as most workers, except those from the traditional primary sector, remain in the same sector after shifts. This tendency is most evident during later career transitions. Workers' destinations are constrained by their past occupations. Mobility barriers between upper white-collar positions and production work are obvious. The persistence of upper white-collar occupations increases during later career transitions, but this is not the case for production occupations.
Hindu Men Talk about Controlling Women: Cultural Ideas as a Tool of the Powerful
Authors: Derné Steve
Published: September 2012

Hindu women's restrictions to the home and limited interactions with their husbands disadvantage Hindu women. These macro gender structures are constituted through microinteraction rituals. The article examines Hindu men's and women's microinteractions as a way of understanding Indian gender structure. Hindu men recognize their self-interest in these interaction rituals—they know that they benefit from women's subordination. Women's strategies of pursuing power and security in their husbands' families, moreover, often lead women into “bargains with patriarcy” that also contribute to the reconstitution of gender inequality in India.
Race, Class, and Family Structure: The Case of Family Income
Authors: Thomas Melvin E. , Horton Hayward Derrick
Published: September 2012

African Americans continue to represent one of the most disadvantaged groups in the United States, lagging behind whites on most measures of well-being. Most explanations for the black-white disparity focus on the continued effects of racial discrimination. Other explanations attribute disadvantage to differences in social class origins or family structures. This study provides a critical test of the “racial discrimination,” “social class,” and “family structure” perspectives in regard to family income using data from the 1968 and 1988 Current Population Surveys. Major findings include: 1) race continued to have a negative effect on family income after controls in both 1968 and 1988; 2) race declined in importance by a very modest amount from 1968 to 1988; 3) in both 1968 and 1988, the negative effect of race was stronger for higher-status African Americans than for lower-status African Americans; and 4) the negative effect of race was greater for married-couple families than for female-headed families. Explanations for the findings are offered.
Status Characteristics and Performance: An Assessment of their Effects on Acceptance of Influence
Authors: Margolin Leslie , Kimberly James C. , Whitt Hugh P.
Published: September 2012

According to the theory of status characteristics, both status characteristics and performance information are combined to arrive at a single evaluation of the group member (combining). In this paper, an alternative formulation is proposed which maintains that status characteristics are used as a means of forming evaluations of group members only when members do not have access to performance information. When such information is available, it is used in arriving at an evaluation for the person (balancing). Empirical assessment of these positions indicates that combining occurs when status characteristics and performance information are consistent and that balancing occurs when status characteristics and performance information are inconsistent. Implications for the empirical scope of the theory of status characteristics are considered.
Identificational Assimilation of Japanese Americans: A Reassessment of Primordialism and Circumstantialism
Authors: Matsuo Hisako
Published: September 2012

Using both quantitative and qualitative data collected in Portland, Oregon during 1989, this study tests two contradictory models of ethnic identity: primordialism and circumstantialism. Two questions are addressed: 1) does the third generation of Japanese Americans retain ethnic identity or has the group achieved complete identificational assimilation?; and 2) what factors impacted the group's identificational assimilation? The study suggests that there is attenuation of ethnic identity between successive generations. However, multivariate analyses indicate that the seemingly different ethnic identity of the second and third generations does not necessarily evidence the significance of generation in the identificational assimilation. Childhood and adult social networks are found to have the greatest effect on ethnic identity. This study also found that generational shift does not lead to identificational assimilation if and when successive generations are placed in the same circumstances.
The Third Party Standpoint, Postmodernism, and the Study of Social Transactions
Authors: Diekema David A. , Couch Carl J. , Powell Joel O.
Published: September 2012

The development of generic principles is advocated as the goal of sociology. Recent postmodern concerns with particularistic and local explanations are compared with the New Iowa School's commitment to uncovering generic forms of social life. While postmodern theorists such as Denzin, Ellis, Richardson, and Seidman advocate an epistemic approach that denies an interest in the development of generic principles, their analyses belie this epistemic commitment. The New Iowa School advocates the development of generic principles of social life and offers a methodological standpoint to achieve this goal—the third party standpoint.
The Criminalization of Hate: A Comparison of Structural and Polity Influences on the Passage of “Bias-Crime” Legislation in the United States
Authors: Jenness Valerie , Grattet Ryken
Published: September 2012

Violence born of hatred, bias, or prejudice has become the source of highly politicized public debate and subsequent mandates that “somebody do something.” Accordingly, many federal, state, county, and city officials have taken measures to curb hate-motivated violence through new legislation. This criminalization of hate is a fairly recent development in legal and criminal history, and it is not surprising that little scholarly attention has so far been paid to understanding the adoption of hate crime legislation throughout the United States. We describe the content and distribution of “hate crime” laws, also known as “bias crime” laws. Then, we rely upon a complete inventory of hate crime statutes in the United States and social indicator data to investigate the social forces shaping the adoption of one particular type of hate crime legislation, so-called “bias-motivated violence and intimidation” statutes. Logistic regression analyses are used to determine how various structural and political variables compare and interact in terms of their impact on the criminalization process. Our findings suggest that structural and political determinants of criminalization posited by contemporary theoretical arguments are insufficient to explain the recent criminalization of hate.
The Dominant Ideology and Brazilian Tabloids: News Content in Class-Targeted Newspapers
Authors: Schiff Frederick
Published: September 2012

A content analysis of the press in a middle-sized city in Brazil finds that the news agenda and local scope of the tabloid dailies are oriented to the working classes. Working-class-oriented tabloids tend to be the strongest ideological supporters of capitalist legitimacy and continued elite control in the midst of rapid industrialization and newspaper competition in the provincial capital of Curitiba. More serious papers oriented toward the middle classes tend to allow for less hegemonic points of view in the period after the end of the military dictatorship. Ideology variables are shown to be empirically powerful, second only to agenda-setting in explaining run-of-the-paper news content and second only to news values in predicting the most prominent news content for all sampled papers. Stories with dominant ideological themes are played prominently in all newspapers and, in addition, are run more frequently throughout the tabloids.
The International System, Labor-Force Structure, and the Growth and Distribution of National Income, 1950–1980
Authors: Fiala Robert
Published: September 2012

The primary goal of the present study is to use cross-national data on labor-force structure to examine the manner in which the international system shapes the character of national development, and the consequences of variation in development strategy for the growth and distribution of national income. A complementary goal is to illustrate the use of residual plots to overcome the “black box” character of cross-national studies, and thereby provide a bridge to case-study research. Multivariate analyses and residual plots provide results congruent with both world-political-economy and developmental perspectives, and indicate that the world economy may be used by lesser developed countries to obtain more rapid and equitable economic growth, although this was not a natural outcome of the world economy in the 1960s and 1970s.
Global Commodity Networks and the Leather Footwear Industry: Emerging Forms of Economic Organization in a Postmodern World
Authors: Korzeniewicz Miguel
Published: September 2012

This paper argues that an examination of global commodity networks (GCNs) is a useful way to capture emerging forms of economic organization in the global economy. GCNs are the transnational chains of economic enterprises involved at different stages in the production and consumption of a single commodity. The utility of examining GCNs is illustrated by investigating the roles of Argentine leather production, Brazilian shoe manufacturing, and American footwear consumption in shaping a leather-footwear GCN. The investigation finds both national and international variables important in the construction and operation of this GCN. The domestic political economy of Argentina and Brazil are important in shaping their respective roles of leather sourcing and shoe manufacturing, while postmodern consumption patterns in the United States are instrumental in driving the GCN.
Normal Accidents in Military Operations
Authors: Hicks Louis
Published: September 2012

Modern military forces experience a wide variety of accidents, including explosions, collisions, fratricide, and “friendly fire.” These accidents are examined as a problem of organizational structure by applying Perrow's theory of normal accidents to modern military operations. Modern combat operations score so highly on complexity and interdependence that they can be expected to trigger structurally induced normal accidents. As military operations become more tightly coupled and more complicated, system accidents may become more frequent. Some military technologies are sufficiently complex and tightly coupled for system accidents to be “normal,” that is, inevitable.
Duration in Parental Structures and High School Graduation
Authors: Wojtkiewicz Roger A.
Published: September 2012

This article extends research on the effects of living in nonintact family types during childhood and adolescence on high school graduation. Data from the National Survey of Families and Households show that not only do years spent in mother-only families have a negative effect on high school graduation but so do years spent in mother-stepfather and father-stepmother families. In addition, living only with grandparents or other relatives has a negative effect as does living on own. These effects are additive so that the more years spent in nonintact families, the lower the chances of graduating high school. The research also shows that the effects of years spent in nonintact families do not vary much by family type at birth, age at experience, gender, or year of birth. However, years in mother-stepfather families were negative for whites but not for blacks.
Class Conflict and Diplomacy: Haitian Isolation in the 19th-Century World System
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: September 2012

The article argues that Haiti's diplomatic isolation after its revolution and independence was due to two different processes, its place in the symbolic system of domestic politics in the United States, and its place in the lives and experience of people intensely concerned with Haiti in France, Britain, and Spain. The result was that the diplomatic isolation was ended first in the 1830s by Europe, by the countries materially damaged by the Hatian Revolution. It was ended later by the United States and its Spanish-American client states, who were only symbolically damaged by Haiti as an antislavery black power symbol after the Emancipation Proclamation in the 1860s. A theory of the politics of diplomacy with two parts, the role of a foreign country as a symbol in the domestic politics of other countries, and the role of people with extensive contact and interest in particular parts of another country in the diplomatic milieux of other countries, is developed to explain this case.