bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Dhuha Prayer in Forming Student Character
Authors: Sugianti Anggun , Mun'amah Anatun Nisa , Munip Al
Published: August 2023

This research is a descriptive qualitative research, the data collection was carried out using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Then after the data is collected, then data analysis is carried out using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are (1) through the implementation of Duha prayer, the character values of class II students include religious character, responsibility, discipline, and independence. The implementation of the Duha prayer at MTs Raudhatul Hasanah Sabak Barat is carried out in the planning, implementation and evaluation stages. Planning is in the form of preparing the necessary media in the form of a microphone, sound system, as well as methods for implementing Duha prayer. The implementation includes the practice of ablution, the practice of dhuha prayer, prayer and dhikr after prayer. Evaluation of the implementation of Duha prayer can be done daily or monthly. Daily assessment can be seen from the attitudes and behavior of students. (2) Supporting factors for the implementation of Duha prayer in the formation of class II student character include the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure, cooperation between all teachers and staff, and student enthusiasm. The inhibiting factors are the lack of a place to perform Duha prayer, uncertain weather conditions, students who arrive late, and students who are too active.
Pengaruh Sikap dan Pengetahuan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Kesiapan Berwirausaha Dengan Self-Efficacy Sebagai Variabel Intervening
Authors: Andika Isma  , Muhammad Rakib  , Nurul Mufida  , Mahmudatus Sholihah
Published: August 2023

This study aims to test the entrepreneurial readiness model by presenting self-efficacy as an intervening variable that mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial knowledge. The population in this study was all students of the Entrepreneurship Study Program of Makassar State University which amounted to 300 students with a sample of 43 students. The research method used is the Quantitative method. The propotional random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 43 respondents from the Entrepreneurship Students of Makassar State University. Data collection with questionnaires, data analysis through Path Analysis. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, this can be a source of information or reference for teaching staff or lecturers in order to direct and guide students regarding the development of Entrepreneurship readiness, students are expected to further deepen attitudes and knowledge related to business management. but also able to do business ventures and develop them.
Pengaruh Kreativitas dan Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha Melalui Motivasi Berwirausaha Pada Santri dan Santriwati Pondok Pesantren Ad-Daraaen Makassar
Authors: Andika Isma  , Muhammad Rakib  , Rusni Andriani  , Ina Septiani
Published: August 2023

Entrepreneurship is a creative ability, interest, and motivation. keen to see opportunities and always open to any input and positive changes that can keep the business growing. Business should have value and be useful. The purpose of this research is to explore creativity, interest, and motivation in entrepreneurship in Islamic boarding schools, as well as to support Islamic spiritual education in entrepreneurship education. This research is a quantitative research using a data processing approach for Islamic boarding schools in exploring the entrepreneurial process through education at Islamic boarding schools. In this study, data collection used a questionnaire filling technique by sending it to Islamic boarding schools, observing and studying documents. The results of the study show that entrepreneurship is internalized in Islamic boarding schools through religious and entrepreneurial values based on Worship (worship to Allah SWT) and Khidmah (piety to humanity), where all business and economic activities carried out aim to worship Allah SWT. and for the benefit of society.
Marketing Strategy at Middle Star Hotels in Makassar City
Authors: Hamka Rezky Amalia , Sutrisno Sutrisno , Arwin Arwin
Published: August 2023

This study aim For analyze the marketing strategy implemented by the Middle Star Hotels in face competition. This study is study qualitative in nature descriptive. Population in this study is internal and external parties external from Middle Star Hotels, meanwhile informant study this is Sales Executive, Senior Human Resource Office, and two Customers. Data collection techniques are carried out with technique observation and interview. Data analysis technique used is SWOT analysis, that is something tool analysis used for formulate a strategy or identification various factor strategic based on internal factors as well external. This study results show that position on the Cartecius Diagram appear that Middle Star Hotels located in cell I with use an aggressive strategy, with a winning strategy cost, with give cheap price, so increase power buy consumer,  this show that Middle Star Hotels face a number of opportunity and have various propelling force for get opportunities. Meanwhile, the position of Middle Star Hotels on the internal external matrix is also in cell I, namely position grow and develop or is in integration vertical which is position very competitive market in business powerful hospitality competitive tall between star hotels three other.
Modernisering og islampolitik i det nederlandske Indien
Authors: Jung Dietrich
Published: August 2023

Artiklen undersøger den hollandske kolonipolitik i Indonesien, hvis såkaldte eti-ske politik kan betragtes som en forløber for vestlige staters aktuelle involvering i stats- og nationsbygning i Mellemøsten. Det sker gennem en introduktion af Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936), som ud over at være kolonirådgiver også var Hollands førende orientalist og grundlægger af de moderne islamiske studier. Ved at fokusere på Hurgronjes liv og værk, som kan betragtes som en af Europas første områdespecialister, uddrages en række indsigter fra hans fejlslagne moderniseringspolitik, som også synes at have aktuel relevans for udenrigspoliti-ske beslutningstageres forsøg på at demokratisere Mellemøsten. Det gælder ikke mindst Hurgronjes måde at forholde sig til politiseringen af islam, der viser påfal-dende fællestræk med det ideologiske tankesæt, ud fra hvilket de liberale interna-tionalister har forsøgt at fremme demokrati i Mellemøsten.
Politologien på feltarbejde. Erfaringer fra en antropologisk inspireret studie af demokratisering i Marokko
Authors: Pruzan-Jørgensen Julie
Published: August 2023

Hvad kan antropologisk inspirerede tilgange tilføre studiet af demokratisering i Mellemøsten? Den metodisk/disciplinært orienterede artikel argumenterer for, at sådanne tilgange kan bibringe nye og uventede indsigter i lokale politiske dynamikker. På baggrund af en antropologisk inspireret marokkansk case studie fremhæves det, at demokratisering ikke nødvendigvis er det mest relevante prisme at nedlægge over politiske udviklinger i Marokko, idet demokratiseringsperspek-tivet risikerer at fordreje fokus normativt og at skygge for andre, væsentlige indsig-ter. Endvidere argumenteres der for nødvendigheden af, at studier af demokrati-sering i Mellemøsten i højere grad analyserer „Islam“ som en flertydig, dynamisk og forhandlet erfaringsramme.
Primary gastric leiomyosarcoma: a case report and literature review
Authors: Lee Yedaun
Published: August 2023

After separating gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors from true smooth muscle tumors of the GI tract, leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the GI tract has become a rare tumor. Gastric LMS is extremely rare and accounts for 0.1% of all cases of LMS in the GI tract. There are few English-language reports of gastric LMS describing radiologic findings. Here, we report a case of gastric LMS and review the recent literature focusing on radiologic findings. An 80-year-old female patient was referred for evaluation of a gastric mass accompanied by severe anemia. The physical examination revealed no specific findings except for an anemic conjunctiva. Laboratory data showed a low hemoglobin level of 5.1 g/dL. Endoscopy revealed a huge subepithelial mass in the posterior wall of the gastric body. Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic images showed an intraluminal protruding enhancing mass with an internal stalk appearance in the gastric body. There was no internal necrosis or calcification. The patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy and was diagnosed with primary gastric LMS. The diagnosis of gastric LMS is challenging due to its rarity. Our case report suggests that the presence of an internal stalk or spouting appearance can help prompt the radiologist to consider gastric LMS in the differential diagnosis.
Direct and Indirect Care of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Burden on Providers and Impact of Portal Messages
Authors: Mahmoud Rola , Callahan Katie , Schell Doug , Carron Suzanne , Chahin Salim
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) indirect patient-care time is often underreported and uncompensated. Data on time spent on indirect and direct care by MS providers is lacking.

METHODS:

A survey was designed to understand the practice patterns among MS providers in the United States, including time spent on direct and indirect patient care, as well as managing electronic medical record portal messages. The National MS Society and the American Academy of Neurology facilitated the distribution of the survey to MS providers.

RESULTS:

Most providers spent at least 1 hour on new and at least 30 minutes on follow-up direct patient care. For indirect patient care, 77% of providers spent more than 1 hour and 57% spent more than 2 hours per day. While some providers have support staff to help with portal messages, many do not have protected time or compensation for portal messages.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multiple sclerosis providers spent a higher-than-average time on direct and indirect patient care tasks, including portal messages, and most lack protected time or compensation for portal messages. These results highlight the potential impact of indirect patient care (notably portal messages) on provider workload and burnout. Better support, protected time and/or compensation for indirect patient care can help ease physician burden and decrease burnout.
Practical proposals for improving the legal mechanism of rehabilitation in case of illegal administrative prosecution.
Authors: Palatin Andrei
Published: August 2023

This article explores ways to improve the institute of rehabilitation of individuals and legal entities illegally brought to administrative responsibility in Russian administrative law. The substantiation is given that the institute of administrative and legal rehabilitation consists of a set of actions aimed at making a decision on the termination of administrative prosecution on rehabilitating grounds, restoring an innocent person in violated rights and compensation for the harm caused. Based on the analysis of practical proposals put forward by scientists, the necessity is substantiated and ways of implementing legal regulation of administrative and legal rehabilitation using public and civil law mechanisms are proposed. The main conclusions of the study are that the right guaranteed by Article 53 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation to everyone to compensation by the state for damage caused by illegal actions (or inaction) of public authorities or their officials should be reflected in the sectoral (administrative) legislation. For the development of the institute of rehabilitation, it is important to use the experience of countries that recognize in national administrative legislation the right to rehabilitation and compensation for damage caused to an individual or legal entity by illegal actions of the authorities of jurisdiction. Such experience is important for the development of the institute of rehabilitation in the Russian administrative legislation. The introduction of the institute of rehabilitation into the Russian administrative legislation will not only ensure the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, but also improve the quality of the administrative process (in terms of proceedings on administrative offenses).
The influence of psychoanalysis on the state-legal views of M.A. Reisner and A. A. Ehrenzweig: a comparative analysis of ideas
Authors: Nersesyants Anna Vladikovna
Published: August 2023

The subject of the research in the article is approaches to the integration of ideas, concepts and theoretical constructions of S. Freud's psychoanalysis into jurisprudence, which are proposed in the works of the soviet lawyer and public figure M.A. Reisner (who was one of the brightest representatives of the brief period of soviet freudo-marxism) and the american jurist A. A. Ehrenzweig (author of a number of works on psychoanalytic jurisprudence). Special attention is paid in the article to the significance for the legal theory and practice of the doctrine of S. Freud is about the unconscious processes taking place in the human psyche, which to a significant extent form both an individual and the culture of peoples. The similarity of the authors' approaches to understanding the role of the unconscious principles of the human psyche in motivating people's behavior, as well as to understanding the processes of the genesis of law and the state, is shown. Along with this, fundamental differences in the concepts of soviet and american scientists are revealed, demonstrating the vulnerability of the position of M.A. Reisner, for whom (unlike A.A. Ehrenzweig) the subject of law is a social class, not an individual. It is shown that M.A. Reisner in his psychological interpretation of law replaces psychology with class ideology. The conclusion is substantiated that it is necessary to involve the ideas of psychoanalysis in jurisprudence for a deeper understanding of the nature of man as a subject of law.
InterCriteria Analysis with weight coefficients of objects or criteria
Authors:   Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Atanassov Krassimir ,   "Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov" University, Mavrov Deyan ,   "Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov" University, Atanassova Vassia ,   Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2023

The idea of the InterCriteria Analysis (ICA) was generated by the authors in 2014. For the next (already 9) years, ICA has been an object of intensive research and applications. In the present paper, an extension of the ICA is introduced. In it, the criteria or the objects have their own weight coefficients, or priorities. In the particular case, when these coefficients are equal to 1, the standard ICA appears.
Intuitionistic fuzzy neural network with filtering functions. An index matrix interpretation
Authors:   ", Sotirov Sotir ,   Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov", Krawczak Maciej ,   Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,   Wyzsza Szkola Informatyki Stosowanej i Zarzadzania, Petkova Diana ,   Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Atanassov Krassimir ,   Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,   "Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov"
Published: August 2023

Biological neurons and their connection in neural networks have motivated the creation of the architecture of artificial neural networks. In the previously considered cases, the description of the neural networks and their connections are described with standard matrices where the values for the weighting coefficients and biases are placed. By recalculating them, the artificial neural network is trained. The paper presents an approach for describing multilayer neural networks with Intuitionistic Fuzzy Index Matrix (IFIM). The neural network input was described in IFIM form, then the weight coefficients of the connections between the nodes of the input vector, and then activation functions of the neurons. The use of IFIM extends the understanding and description as well as the structure and use of multilayer neural networks.
Environmental pH signals the release of monosaccharides from cell wall in coral symbiotic alga
Authors: Ishii Yuu , Ishii Hironori , Kuroha Takeshi , Yokoyama Ryusuke , Deguchi Ryusaku , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Minagawa Jun , Kawata Masakado , Takahashi Shunichi , Maruyama Shinichiro
Published: August 2023

Reef-building corals thrive in oligotrophic environments due to their possession of endosymbiotic algae. Confined to the low pH interior of the symbiosome within the cell, the algal symbiont provides the coral host with photosynthetically fixed carbon. However, it remains unknown how carbon is released from the algal symbiont for uptake by the host. Here we show, using cultured symbiotic dinoflagellate, Breviolum sp., that decreases in pH directly accelerates the release of monosaccharides, that is, glucose and galactose, into the ambient environment. Under low pH conditions, the cell surface structures were deformed and genes related to cellulase were significantly upregulated in Breviolum. Importantly, the release of monosaccharides was suppressed by the cellulase inhibitor, glucopyranoside, linking the release of carbon to degradation of the agal cell wall. Our results suggest that the low pH signals the cellulase-mediated release of monosaccharides from the algal cell wall as an environmental response in coral reef ecosystems.
Regulation of hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapse function by a Bcl11b/C1ql2/Nrxn3(25b+) pathway
Authors: Koumoundourou Artemis , Rannap Märt , De Bruyckere Elodie , Nestel Sigrun , Reissner Carsten , Egorov Alexei V , Liu Pengtao , Missler Markus , Heimrich Bernd , Draguhn Andreas , Britsch Stefan
Published: August 2023

The transcription factor Bcl11b has been linked to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with synaptic dysfunction. Bcl11b is highly expressed in dentate gyrus granule neurons and is required for the structural and functional integrity of mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remained unclear. We show in mice that the synaptic organizer molecule C1ql2 is a direct functional target of Bcl11b that regulates synaptic vesicle recruitment and long-term potentiation at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate C1ql2 to exert its functions through direct interaction with a specific splice variant of neurexin-3, Nrxn3(25b+). Interruption of C1ql2-Nrxn3(25b+) interaction by expression of a non-binding C1ql2 mutant or by deletion of Nrxn3 in the dentate gyrus granule neurons recapitulates major parts of the Bcl11b as well as C1ql2 mutant phenotype. Together, this study identifies a novel C1ql2-Nrxn3(25b+)-dependent signaling pathway through which Bcl11b controls mossy fiber-CA3 synapse function. Thus, our findings contribute to the mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders accompanied by synaptic dysfunction.
Endosomal dysfunction contributes to cerebellar deficits in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
Authors: Cook Anna A , Leung Tsz Chui Sophia , Rice Max , Nachman Maya , Zadigue-Dube Élyse , Watt Alanna Jean
Published: August 2023

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a rare disease that is characterized by cerebellar dysfunction. Patients have progressive motor coordination impairment, and postmortem brain tissue reveals degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a reduced level of cerebellar brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the pathophysiological changes underlying SCA6 are not fully understood. We carried out RNA-sequencing of cerebellar vermis tissue in a mouse model of SCA6, which revealed widespread dysregulation of genes associated with the endo-lysosomal system. Since disruption to endosomes or lysosomes could contribute to cellular deficits, we examined the endo-lysosomal system in SCA6. We identified alterations in multiple endosomal compartments in the Purkinje cells of SCA6 mice. Early endosomes were enlarged, while the size of the late endosome compartment was reduced. We also found evidence for impaired trafficking of cargo to the lysosomes. As the proper functioning of the endo-lysosomal system is crucial for the sorting and trafficking of signaling molecules, we wondered whether these changes could contribute to previously identified deficits in signaling by BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB) in SCA6. Indeed, we found that the enlarged early endosomes in SCA6 mice accumulated both BDNF and TrkB. Furthermore, TrkB recycling to the cell membrane in recycling endosomes was reduced, and the late endosome transport of BDNF for degradation was impaired. Therefore, mis-trafficking due to aberrant endo-lysosomal transport and function could contribute to SCA6 pathophysiology through alterations to BDNF–TrkB signaling, as well as mishandling of other signaling molecules. Deficits in early endosomes and BDNF localization were rescued by chronic administration of a TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, that we have previously shown restores motor coordination and cerebellar TrkB expression. The endo-lysosomal system is thus both a novel locus of pathophysiology in SCA6 and a promising therapeutic target.
The fraternal birth-order effect as a statistical artefact: convergent evidence from probability calculus, simulated data, and multiverse meta-analysis
Authors: Vilsmeier Johannes K. , Kossmeier Michael , Voracek Martin , Tran Ulrich S.
Published: August 2023

The fraternal-birth order effect (FBOE) is a research claim which states that each older brother increases the odds of homosexual orientation in men via an immunoreactivity process known as the maternal immune hypothesis. Importantly, older sisters supposedly either do not affect these odds, or affect them to a lesser extent. Consequently, the fraternal birth-order effect predicts that the association between the number of older brothers and homosexual orientation in men is greater in magnitude than any association between the number of older sisters and homosexual orientation. This difference in magnitude represents the main theoretical estimand of the FBOE. In addition, no comparable effects should be observable among homosexual vs heterosexual women. Here, we triangulate the empirical foundations of the FBOE from three distinct, informative perspectives, complementing each other: first, drawing on basic probability calculus, we deduce mathematically that the body of statistical evidence used to make inferences about the main theoretical estimand of the FBOE rests on incorrect statistical reasoning. In particular, we show that throughout the literature researchers ascribe to the false assumptions that effects of family size should be adjusted for and that this could be achieved through the use of ratio variables. Second, using a data-simulation approach, we demonstrate that by using currently recommended statistical practices, researchers are bound to frequently draw incorrect conclusions. And third, we re-examine the empirical evidence of the fraternal birth-order effect in men and women by using a novel specification-curve and multiverse approach to meta-analysis (64 male and 17 female samples, N = 2,778,998). When analyzed correctly, the specific association between the number of older brothers and homosexual orientation is small, heterogenous in magnitude, and apparently not specific to men. In addition, existing research evidence seems to be exaggerated by small-study effects.
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) improves ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Cong , Zhou Dawang , Zhang Qiang , Wei Hongyan , Lu Yuanzheng , Li Bo , Zhan Haohong , Cheng Jingge , Wang Chuyue , Yang Yilin , Li Shuhao , Hu Chunlin , Liao Xiaoxing
Published: August 2023

Background

Adverse left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) compromises cardiac function and increases heart failure risk. Until now, comprehension of the role transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays after MI is limited.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of TFEB on fibroblasts differentiation and extracellular matrix expression after MI.

Methods

AAV9 (adeno-associated virus) mediated up- and down-regulated TFEB expressions were generated in C57BL/6 mice two weeks before the MI modeling. Echocardiography, Masson, Sirius red staining immunofluorescence, and wheat germ agglutinin staining were performed at 3 days, and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after MI modeling. Fibroblasts collected from SD neonatal rats were transfected by adenovirus and siRNA, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), immunofluorescence, wound healing and Transwell assay were conducted. Myocardial fibrosis-related proteins were identified by Western blot. PNU-74654 (100 ng/mL) was used for 12 hours to inhibit β-catenin-TCF/LEF1 complex.

Results

The up-regulation of TFEB resulted in reduced fibroblasts proliferation and its differentiation into myofibroblasts in vitro studies. A significant up-regulation of EF and down-regulation of myocyte area was shown in the AAV9-TFEB group. Meanwhile, decreased protein level of α-SMA and collagen I were observed in vitro study. TFEB didn’t affect the concentration of β-catenin. Inhibition of TFEB, which promoted cell migration, proliferation and collagen I expression, was counteracted by PNU-74654.

Conclusions

TFEB demonstrated potential in restraining fibrosis after MI by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Characterization of bioactive and fruit quality compounds of promising mango genotypes grown in Himalayan plain region
Authors: Saroj Neetu , Prasad K. , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Kumar Vishal , Maurya Shubham , Maurya Poonam , Tiwari Rahul Kumar , Lal Milan Kumar , Kumar Ravinder
Published: August 2023

Twenty mango genotypes grown in the plains of the Himalayas were characterized by their physical, physiological, biochemical, mineral and organoleptic attributes: fruit firmness, weight, peel thickness, shape, dry seed weight, respiration rate, weight loss, and shelf life. Biochemical attributes such as soluble solids, total carotenoids, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and total sugars were also determined. In addition, mineral content and fruit-softening enzymes were measured, and an organoleptic evaluation was performed. Polygalactouronase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were measured from the pulp adjacent to the peel. Similarly, biochemical attributes and mineral content were evaluated using fruit pulp, while organoleptic evaluation included fruit pulp characters and the fruit’s external appearance. The results of the study showed that the ‘Malda’ genotype exhibited the highest total phenolic content (560.60 µg/100 g), total antioxidant (5.79 µmol TE/g), and titratable acidity (0.37%) among the tested genotypes. ‘Amrapali’ had the highest soluble solid content (25.20 °B), ‘Jawahar’ had the highest ascorbic acid content (44.20 mg/100 g pulp), ‘Mallika’ had the highest total flavonoid content (700.00 µg/g) and ‘Amrapali’ had the highest total carotenoid content (9.10 mg/100 g). Moreover, the genotypes ‘Malda’, ‘Safed Malda’and ‘Suvarnarekha’ had a shelf life of 4–5 days longer than other tested genotypes. The genotypes with high biochemical attributes have practical utility for researchers for quality improvement programmes and processing industries as functional ingredients in industrial products. This study provides valuable information on the nutritional and functional properties of different mango genotypes, which can aid in developing improved varieties with enhanced health benefits and greater practical utility for processing industries.
Maternal Mortality Crisis and Extension of Medicaid Postpartum Coverage
Authors: Adashi Eli Y. , O’Mahony Daniel P. , Cohen I. Glenn
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint discusses the maternal mortality crisis in the US, the need for an extension of Medicaid postpartum coverage, and the residual challenges across the US related to maternal health.
What to Know About EG.5, the Latest SARS-CoV-2 “Variant of Interest”
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This Medical News article discusses EG.5, the Omicron descendant that could soon dominate globally.
Telemedicine Visits in US Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Ulyte Agne , Mehrotra Ateev , Wilcock Andrew D. , SteelFisher Gillian K. , Grabowski David C. , Barnett Michael L.
Published: August 2023

Importance

Telemedicine in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) has the potential to improve access and timeliness of care. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to 2022, telemedicine coverage expanded, but little is known about patterns of use in SNFs.

Objective

To describe patterns of telemedicine use in SNFs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used 2018 to 2022 Medicare fee-for-service claims and Minimum Data Set 3.0 records to identify short- and long-term care SNF residents. Clinician visits were grouped into routine SNF visits (ie, regular primary care within SNF) and other outpatient visits (ie, with non-SNF affiliated primary and specialty care clinicians). Using a difference-in-differences approach, assessments included whether off-hours visits (measured as weekend visits), new specialist visits, psychiatrist visits, or visits for residents with limited mobility changed differentially between 2018 to 2019 and 2020 to 2021 for SNFs with high compared with low telemedicine use in 2020.

Exposure

Telemedicine adoption at SNF after 2020.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Number and proportion of telemedicine SNF and outpatient visits.

Results

Across 15 434 SNFs and 4 463 591 residents from the period January 2019 through June 2022 (mean [SD] age, 79.7 [11.6] years; 61% female in 2020), telemedicine visits increased from 0.15% in January 2019 to February 2020 to 15% SNF visits and 25% outpatient visits in May 2020. By 2022, telemedicine dropped to 2% of SNF visits and 8% of outpatient visits. The proportion of SNFs with any telemedicine visits annually dropped from 91% in 2020 to 61% in 2022. The facilities with high telemedicine use were more likely to be rural (adjusted odds ratio vs urban, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.77 to 2.40). Psychiatry visits differentially increased in high vs low telemedicine-use SNFs (20.2% relative increase; 95% CI, 1.2% to 39.2%). In contrast, there was little change in outpatient visits for residents with limited mobility (7.2%; 95% CI, −0.1% to 14.6%) or new specialist visits (−0.7%; 95% CI, −2.5% to 1.2%).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of SNF residents, telemedicine was rapidly adopted in early 2020 but subsequently stabilized at a low use rate that was nonetheless higher than before 2020. Higher telemedicine use in SNFs was associated with improved access to psychiatry visits in SNFs. A policy to encourage continued telemedicine use may facilitate further access to important services as the technology matures.
Agent‐Based Modeling
Authors: Johnson Liz
Published: August 2023

An agent‐based model (ABM) is a characterization and depiction of social phenomena that allows for the visualization of distributed, heterogeneous agent movements and interactions over time in the form of computer simulations. ABMs combine elements of complexity science, game theory, emergence, and evolutionary computer programming to generate social phenomena simulation. They can account for simple, complicated, complex, and complex adaptive phenomena in social systems. They can capture non linearity, self‐organization, emergence, adaptation, and feedback in research. ABMs are one of the most generalized frameworks for simulating complexity of social phenomena and a method for studying systems comprised of interdependent, interacting agents and emergent outcomes that arise from aggregate interactions.
Agonistic Democracy
Authors: Norval Aletta J.
Published: August 2023

Agonistic political theory follows the Greeks in taking contest and struggle to stand at the heart of politics, and seeks to work out the consequences of this insight for thinking about democracy, political subjectivity, the ethos of politics, and our relation to political norms and institutions. In “Homer's Contest” Nietzsche offers an interpretation of Greek culture that foregrounds a life of struggle and of victory as legitimate and as a source of joy. Drawing on Hesiod's
Works and Days
, Nietzsche draws a distinction between Eris as a goddess who leads men to fight hostile wars of extermination, and Eris who stirs men to the action of contest. Conflict, he points out, is treated as a precondition for the well‐being of the state. It is also a precondition for developing the capacities of citizens. “Every talent,” Nietzsche suggests, “must unfurl itself struggling.” The core of the Hellenic concept of contest is that “it abhors sovereign mastery, and fears its dangers; it desires, as
protection
against the one genius – a second genius”. As a consequence, while valuing conflict, agonism sets limits to competition, for, without it, one would have only the violent world of the evil Eris.
Alfarabi (870–950)
Authors: Butterworth Charles E.
Published: August 2023

Uncertainty about Alfarabi's place of birth and the early years of his life notwithstanding, there is general agreement that he was born in about 870 beyond the Oxus River – either in Fārāb, Kazakhstan or Faryāb, Turkestan. His full name is Abū Naṣr Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ṭarkhān Ibn Awzalagh al‐Fārābī. In the course of his life, Alfarabi resided in Bukhara, Marv, Harran, Baghdad, Aleppo, Cairo, and Damascus – where he died in 950. The son of an army officer in the service of the Samanids, Alfarabi studied Islamic jurisprudence and music in Bukhara. He then journeyed to Marv and began to study Aristotelian logic with Nestorian Christian monks, most notably, Yūḥannā Ibn Ḥaylān.
Aristocracy
Authors: Bandoch Joshua
Published: August 2023

A form of government in which the “best” rule. The term “aristocracy” derives from the Greek
aristokratia
, with
aristos
meaning “excellent” and
kratos
meaning “power.” The most important question centers on defining who the “best” are. Historically, one usually attained aristocratic status through birth or through “blood,” almost always only passing through males. It also was possible to attain aristocratic status by amassing enough wealth to buy an aristocratic title (and the land associated with it); often this was coupled with marrying recognized aristocrats to cement the newcomer's status as an aristocrat, which usually took three generations. Indeed, blood or wealth (or both) defined aristocratic status for much of history.
Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Authors: Collins Susan D.
Published: August 2023

Aristotle's influence in the history of political thought is surpassed perhaps by only one other philosopher, his teacher Plato. These two thinkers form the main branches of the tradition inaugurated by Plato's own teacher Socrates, a tradition that has shaped political thought from classical antiquity to the present. Aristotle himself was known as “the Philosopher” across the Islamic, Jewish, and Christian worlds of the medieval era and even in the period in which his thought seemed moribund, following the attacks of his greatest modern antagonist, Thomas Hobbes, it remained a powerful alternative to a modern tradition that rejected its central tenets. Today Aristotle's thought enjoys robust life in schools of virtue ethics, natural law, neo‐Aristotelian political theory, and various forms of communitarianism and republicanism.
Austin, J. L. (1790–1859)
Authors: James Stephen
Published: August 2023

English legal philosopher John Austin – a nervous, obsessive perfectionist prone to depression – spent five years in the British army (1806–11) before unsuccessful stints at the London bar (1818–25) and as the inaugural professor of jurisprudence at the University of London (1826–32). Strongly influenced by the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham, in his sole bookThe Province of Jurisprudence DeterminedAustin argued that jurisprudence is confined to the study of positive (i.e., human‐made) law, and pays special attention to its language, concepts, logic, and classifications. Austin famously defined “positive law” as a general command given directly or indirectly by a determinate, indivisible sovereign to a subject who would suffer an “evil” (i.e., a sanction) if s/he did not comply. These positive laws, or laws “properly” or “strictly so called,” had to be distinguished from laws “improperly so called,” a broad subset of which he termed “positive morality.”
Authority
Authors: Ciepley David
Published: August 2023

Authority is one of the most central and contested concepts in political thought, just as the exercise of authority is one of the most central and contested acts of political life. This entry reviews the multiple meanings of authority within political thought, provides historical background to the current debate over whether political authority can ever be legitimate, and reviews proposed revisions to the concept of political authority that have emerged from this debate.
Autonomy
Authors: McGovern Patrick
Published: August 2023

The concept of autonomy is central to understanding the various accounts of personhood, moral obligation, and responsibility, and how social and political policies and theories might be justified. It is a central concept in questions concerning social intervention in public and social policy education, welfare, and various medical policies and procedures. It is clear that definitions of autonomy form the nucleus of much of the debate over same‐sex marriage, the right to die, medical intervention, drug policy, and abortion legislation, to name just a few. Autonomy, as embodying the idea that humans author the rules and laws by which they govern themselves, is a central concept of modern political thought and debate.
Bachrach, Peter (1918–2007)
Authors: Jungkunz Vincent
Published: August 2023

Sometimes, an academic discipline needs to be challenged so as to make studying its subject matter more, not less, complicated. Peter Bachrach, an American political scientist whose work on power dynamics redefined the way scholars researched politics, helped initiate just such a challenge to his discipline. In fact, his article “Two Faces of Power” (written with Morton Baratz) continues to be the most cited scholarly article in the field of political science. To understand his wide and enduring influence, it is necessary to examine the intellectual context from which his critical theorization of power emerged.
Biopower/Biopolitics
Authors: Coole Diana
Published: August 2023

The concepts of biopower and biopolitics are now used extensively by political theorists. They refer to the broad field in which biological factors are drawn into the social domain as targets of political intervention and sites of ethical contestation. As knowledge of living matter and power over the components and conditions of human life move biological factors out of the realm of divine or natural fate, so individual bodies and entire populations have become integrated into new rationalities of governing. Here they are subjected to intrusive techniques of self‐discipline and regulative control; drawn into mass warfare that places life itself at risk but also into mass welfare regimes that enhance it; utilized in economic systems where biophysical capacities are exploited and recalibrated. Such is the domain of biopower.
Blackstone, William (1723–80)
Authors: Carrese Paul
Published: August 2023

William Blackstone was an English jurist and author ofCommentaries on the Laws of England(1765–9), a leading work of law and jurisprudence as well as indispensable authority for the framers of American state and federal constitutions. Blackstone inaugurated university study of English common law (versus civil or Roman law), and thus is father of the Anglo‐American legal profession educated in university law schools. TheCommentaries’ systematic statement of basic legal principles and individual rights, along with summaries of both statute and common‐law case law, made it the basic legal text in the Anglo‐American world for a century. After 1776 the new American constitutions enacted Blackstone's principles of a moderate constitutionalism devoted to liberty, including separation of powers, bills of rights, and independent courts within a complex, balanced constitution.
Bobbio, Norberto (1909–2004)
Authors: Terchek Ronald J.
Published: August 2023

The leading Italian neorealist, Norberto Bobbio, focuses on the promises, necessity, vulnerabilities, and failures of liberal democracy. Like conventional realists, Bobbio makes power the basic ingredient of politics, but unlike many realists, he associates power with normative standards, particularly democracy and freedom. For him, power is not a neutral phenomenon but a force that can enable or disable. Power is not lodged only in the state but rather is dispersed throughout society.
Burke, Edmund (1729–97)
Authors: O'Neill Daniel I.
Published: August 2023

Edmund Burke was an eighteenth‐century Anglo‐Irish author and statesman popularly known as the founding father of modern conservatism. His workReflections on the Revolution in France(1790), is regarded as the most important writ in the conservative canon. In this sense, Burke serves as the wellspring for a theoretical tradition every bit as rich as liberalism or Marxism, and is the foremost touchstone for a political ideology that has become increasingly important since the 1950s. However, the assessment of Burke as an icon of conservatism is complicated by several factors. First, the term “conservative” did not enter Anglophone political discourse until the nineteenth century, well after Burke's death. Second, Burke never wrote a systematic treatise on politics, preferring instead to respond in pamphlets, public letters, speeches, and personal correspondence to the political controversies of his day. This means that any attempt to construct a broader political philosophy from Burke's utterances must necessarily abstract to some extent from his particular concerns, in order to draw out their wider and more general significance. Third (and perhaps because of this), scholars have strongly disagreed with one another about the central political message(s) of Burke's oeuvre, with the consensus that he was in fact a “conservative” emerging triumphant only in the twentieth century, largely as the product of post‐World War II scholarship. Today, that consensus is itself under assault from some scholarly quarters. Nevertheless, these caveats and disagreements must be balanced against Burke's own deep concern to demonstrate that his life's work was intellectually coherent.
Caesaropapism
Authors: Kalkandjieva Daniela
Published: August 2023

The term “caesaropapism” is used to signify a specific mode of church–state relations where the secular power presides over the religious one and the state ruler functions as the head of the church. Though historically established in countries that have rejected the jurisdiction of the Roman pope, mainly England under Henry VIII and the German and Scandinavian states after the Reformation, this model is broadly associated with countries dominated by Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Orthodoxy).
Censorship
Authors: De Wilde Marc
Published: August 2023

Censorship is the suppression or changing of speech or writing that is considered to be harmful to the public good. The concept derives from the Latin
censor
, an office that was established in Rome in 443 bce. The censor was responsible for conducting the census, that is, counting and registering Roman citizens, and had the authority to review the membership of the citizen body and its various social ranks, demoting those deemed morally unworthy. Thus, from its ancient origins, the concept of censorship had political connotations: through censorship the membership of the political community and the entrance to its institutions were regulated and controlled.
Chartism
Authors: Niemi William L.
Published: August 2023

British Chartism was the first national working‐class movement for democracy. Chartism was named for supporters of the People's Charter, a document for constitutional reform published in 1838 as the product of a year of collaboration at ongoing political meetings at the Crown and Anchor Tavern on the Strand in London. William Lovett of the London Workingmen's Association was principal author; he then helped establish the political campaign. The six points of the People's Charter were universal (male) suffrage, equal electoral districts, abolition of the property requirement for members of parliament, payment for members of parliament, annual elections, and the secret ballot.
Coalition Theory
Authors: Debus Marc
Published: August 2023

Politics and policy‐making in modern democracies imply the search for compromises. In doing so, members of parliament with similar policy positions can form short‐term coalitions to increase the chances that their law proposals are supported by a majority in the legislature. While the latter behavior of parliamentary representatives can often be observed in presidential systems, the government in parliamentary systems needs the support of a majority in the legislature, either to get into or to remain in office. In order to win stable majorities in parliaments over a longer time period, the parliamentary groups of political parties can either form legislative coalitions that agree on specific policy goals, so that a minority government is supported by a parliamentary majority, or they form executive coalitions where the coalition parties are also represented in the government and, thus, additionally have to agree on the distribution of ministerial posts.
Collective Action
Authors: Stone Peter
Published: August 2023

A group engages incollective actionwhen its members coordinate their behavior in a way that benefits all of them. This collective action may, from the standpoint of outsiders to the group, prove desirable or undesirable. A group of rebels must engage in collective action in order to overthrow a tyrannical dictator. So must a group of Mafia hoodlums seeking to keep their activities clandestine.
Common Sense Philosophy
Authors: Hill Lisa
Published: August 2023

The so‐called philosophy of “common sense” was a school of epistemology pioneered by Claude Buffier (1661–1737) but developed and popularized by thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, particularly Thomas Reid (1710–96) and his followers Dugald Stewart (1753–1828), James Beattie (1735–1803), and Sir William Hamilton (1788–1856). Twentieth‐century proponents include G. E. Moore, Alvin Plantinga, and Nicholas Wolterstorff.
Comparative Political Thought
Authors: Godrej Farah
Published: August 2023

Comparative political theory (CPT) is a subfield of political theory. It is sometimes thought to be synonymous with the study of nonwestern political thought, or global political thought. In brief, it turns beyond western theoretical texts, ideas, and traditions, and seeks to make nonwestern resources a necessary component of the study of political theory, calling for the study of all civilizations, particularly those outside the west. Indeed, the term “comparative” may seem misleading, if it implies that this subfield only concerns itself with comparison between specific units or entities. Instead, we should understand the term “comparative” as it is used in describing the various fields of political science in the USA. “Comparative politics” describes that subfield which goes beyond the dominant realm of US politics. Similarly, in the case of political theory, Euro‐American or western thought is the dominant object of study; thus “comparative political theory” turns beyond this dominant tradition. There has been some debate about whether “comparative” is the best designation for a subfield that includes almost any mode of studying nonwestern thought. But the name has now become associated with a general inclusivity, openness toward, and curiosity about otherness.