bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koronavirüs Pandemisinin Kültüre Etkileri
Authors: GÜVEN Filiz
Published: November 2020

Topluluktan topluluğa göre karmaşık bir yapı arz eden kültürel davranışlar, kişinin geleneksel bir formda gerçekleştirdiği bir eylem olması yönüyle toplumların ve milletlerin şekillenmesindeki en önemli etkenlerden biridir. Bireyin atasıyla bağını vurgulamak üzere kullanılan kültür kavramı, geleneksel yaşamdan modern yaşama geçişle birlikte değişmeye başlayan toplumsallık kavramı sonrası yeniden gündeme alınmıştır. Özellikle 19. yüzyılda milletlerin köken arayışı ve kökenin kültür içindeki gizemi, antropoloji, halk bilimi gibi sosyal bilimlerin ilgi odağı haline dönüşmüştür. Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile toplumsallıktan bireyselliğe geçişin en önemli aşamalarından biri olan yirminci yüzyıl; yeni sosyal yaşamın şekillendiği, yeni iletişim yöntemlerinin geliştiği bir dönemi kapsamaktadır. İletişim teknolojisinde yaşanan bu değişim, dünyayı birbirinden haberdar bireylerin yaşadığı bir yer haline dönüştürürken gelişimini geç tamamlayan ya da tamamlamayan ülkeler; sözlü, yazılı ve elektronik kültürün iç içe geçtiği bir kompleks yaşama sahip olmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu süreç beraberinde yeni problemleri ve bu problemlere yönelik yeni çözümleri gündeme getirmiştir. Tüm bu kavram ve yaşam biçimlerindeki karmaşa nedeniyle kültürel öğelerin yerini yeni bir yapıya bıraktığı ve dolayısıyla binlerce yıldan beri getirilen ancak yeni şartlar nedeniyle kısa sürede unutulmaya yüz tutan kültürel öğeleri, korunma ve geleceğe aktarma konusu, genelde sosyal bilimlerin özelde halk bilimin sıklıkla dile getirdiği başlıklardan biri haline dönüşmüştür. Bu kapsamda çalışma, Covid-19 sürecinin sosyokültürel etkilerini, eski ve yeni kültürlerin mayalanma şeklini, sürecin devam etmesi durumunda değişebilmesi muhtemel kültürel davranışları, kültür-kimlik kavramları etrafında irdelemektedir. Bu noktada çalışmanın temel çıkış noktası, kültürel davranışları canlandırma amacıyla yapılan girişimlerin bir noktadan sonra amaçtan uzaklaşması, popüler olması öte yandan kültürün canlanmasının ihtiyaç merkezli olmakla birlikte bağlamdan bağımsız olmadığı görüşüdür.
Assessing the Career Conflict Options of Senior Secondary School Students of Ado-Odo Ota Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Idowu Samuel Adebayo , Ifedayo Tolu Elizabeth , Idowu Elizabeth Oluwatoyin
Published: November 2020

Career choice is one of the most important decisions that students make, and this decision will affect them throughout their lives. This study adopts a descriptive research survey method for assessing career conflict options of senior secondary school students in Ado-Odo Ota Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. The data contains questionnaires administered to 373 male and female secondary school students from three private schools and three public schools in the Ado-Odo Ota Local Government. The data obtained from the questionnaires were categorized into a Demographic Data Inventory, Career Choice Scale, and Support, Interference, and Lack of Engagement Scale. Demographic information was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and simple linear regression analysis was used to test the three hypotheses generated for the study at 0.05 alpha levels of significance. The findings suggest that parental formal education has a significant effect on the choice of careers of students, and that the profession of parents has a minor influence on the choice of careers of students. The results also indicate that the socio-economic status of parents does not affect the career choice of secondary school students. Based on the findings, this study recommends that parents be trained in career counseling to help parents direct their children in their career choices. Counseling units in the Ministry of Education should also coordinate orientation activities and provide information on the broad variety of career opportunities open to students. Finally, future research should be carried out on the contradictory effect of teachers and school counselors on the career choices of secondary school students.
Language Strength in Bilingual Children: The Child HALA Test
Authors: Dubiel Bozena , Guilfoyle Eithne
Published: October 2020

This study investigates potential shifts in relative language dominance in early sequential bilinguals across the primary school years. The subjects are thirty-eight Polish-English speaking children. We introduce a new test, the Child HALA, which measures shifts in relative language strength by comparing lexical accuracy and access between two languages. This test has been designed specifically for use with children, and is based on the HALA psycholinguistic tool (O'Grady, Schaffer, Perla, Lee, & Wieting, 2009). The aim is to examine its suitability, reliability and applicability in research on language acquisition and maintenance in young bilinguals. In particular, we attempt to evaluate whether the test will show a pattern of shifts in language dominance comparable to the outcomes of previous research (Kohnert, Bates & Hernandez, 1999; Kohnert & Bates, 2002, among others).

We find that the Child HALA test discovers reliable results across age groups and languages when compared with other studies that investigated lexical accuracy and access, and therefore may be considered as a reliable method in assessing language strength and maintenance in children. The results show that the children’s relative language dominance shifts from the initially stronger Polish to the more dominant English between the age of eight and eleven.
Written Narrative by Spanish Heritage Language Speakers
Authors: Abchi Verónica Sánchez , Bonvin Audrey , Lambelet Amelia , Pestana Carlos
Published: October 2020

This article aims to study narrative complexity in written texts produced by Spanish heritage speakers growing up in two linguistic regions of Switzerland. Texts produced in their heritage language by children living either in French- or German-speaking parts of Switzerland were analyzed and compared to texts written by Spanish speaking children growing up in a mostly monolingual context in Argentina. According to the literature, it was expected that children’s heritage language command and literacy abilities would mask their narrative competence in Spanish (i.e., that heritage speakers would show lower narrative complexity than their monolingual peers). The participants were 138 pupils aged between 9 and 12;5 (twelve years and five months), distributed in three groups: Spanish heritage language speakers living in German-speaking Switzerland (n=66), Spanish heritage language speakers living in French-speaking Switzerland (n=25), and a comparison Group made up of Spanish speakers growing up in a monolingual context (n=47). Heritage speakers’ parents also completed a questionnaire describing the children’s linguistic background. We did not find significant differences between groups in terms of story grammar components, suggesting that command of language and writing constraints do not affect narrative complexity development in heritage language speakers.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TOXICITY OF POLY CYCYLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH) IN AMBIENT AIR OF EGBEMA COMMUNITIES, IMO STATE.
Authors: Anyanwu G. C. , Chinweub A. J. , Uzoekwe S. , Odilora C. A.
Published: October 2020

Mosses plants (pleurozium schreberi) was used to trap Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in ambient air of oil producing areas of Egbema, where the distribution and assessment of pollution in ambient air from six locations where harvested for Six months (Dry Season). Gas chromatography was used to analyze the samples where the mean average of PAH recorded Pyrene with highest concentrations of 0.146(µg/kg) followed by Fluoranthane with 0.051(µg/kg) and their locations were recorded highest at AQOWH, AQEOJ with 2.86(µg/kg) followed by AQEWH and AQEWFS with 1.73(µg/kg) and 1.87(µg/kg) respectively. AQEOJ and AQOWH have largest variation spread of PAH in all locations, while Fluorathene recorded highest variation spread in all Locations. It is also noted that not only oil exploration generates PAH spread in Egbema, there are other vices that also contribute to daily exposures PAH which is associated with increased incidences of premature death, chronic asthma and as well as respiratory problems in children.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN NIGERIA MAIZE GRAIN
Authors: AREMU J.A. , OLADOYINBO F. , DUROSINMI L.M. , DARE E.O. , AKINLABI A.K.
Published: October 2020

Eight different improved varieties of maize grain from IITA, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria and a local maize from Bodija market, Ibadan were examined for their varietal differences. Proximate analysis of the improved varieties of the maize grain and the local maize were carried out. Elemental analysis of the improved varieties of the maize and the local maize were also carried out by using spectrophotometry method. The moisture content of the improved varieties of the maize ranged from 7.75-10.05% and the local maize was 9.25%. The ash content of the improved varieties maize varied from 1.45%-3.47% while the local maize gave 2.22%. The protein, oil, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents of the improved maize varieties ranged from 9.35-11.15%, 3.50%-8.42%, 1.40%-3.55% and 65.35%-73.82% respectively. Similarly, the local maize variety gave 9.40%, 4.25%, 1.55% and 73.55% for the protein, oil, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents respectively. The improved maize varieties gave higher results for protein, crude fiber and oil contents than the local maize variety. The elemental analysis showed that the sodium element in the improved varieties of the maize was found between 85.01-165.11 mg/100g while the local maize was 110.21 mg/100g. The magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper and zinc in the improved varieties of the maize were in the range of 27.51-35.54 mg/100g, 250,05-307.56 mg/100g, 1.49-1.64 mg/100g, 0.51-1.38 mg/100g, 2.52-7.59 mg/100g, 1.49-2.75 mg/100g and 4.25-11.03 mg/100g respectively except the ACR-85TZSR-Y-1 of the improved variety in which manganese was not detected while the mineral elements in the local maize were obtained as 110.21, 35.01, 247.52, 1.47, 0.63, 4.52, 2.75, 7.04 respectively. Most of the improved varieties showed higher values of the mineral elements than the local variety except sodium, manganese and copper where lower values were observed
BRIEF EVALUATION OF MASS LOSS INDEX, WATER ABSORPTION AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH REVERTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS OF PAPERBRICKS IMMERSED IN WATER
Authors: Abayomi Akinwande
Published: October 2020

With the need to develop alternative, lightweight cheaper bricks for masonry which will be durable, paperbrick produced with varying cement content of 3 – 18 wt. % and fixed sand content of 20 wt. % were immersed in water for seven days, it was observed that with increasing cement content and curing ages, compressive strength revertibility increased. Weight loss index also reduced with higher cement content and longer curing days and concluded that higher cement content and longer duration periods produce more water durable paperbricks.
TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF GHANA COMMERCIAL BANK, CIRCLE AND LA BRANCHES-ACCRA
Authors: Eleng David , Zachariah Daniel , Deborah Chiamaka , Tabe Enagu
Published: October 2020

The need to develop better leadership styles is becoming increasingly important in all organizations. With the changing demographics of today’s workplace, the role of the manager/leader in the bank is ever evolving and the demands on their all-encompassing role ever increasing. This study aimed at examining the effect of transformational leadership on employee’s performance, the case study of Ghana Commercial Bank, Circle and La Branches-Accra. The study design was a descriptive survey. The study used a sample size of forty (40) respondents who were employees. Convenience sampling was used as the sampling technique. Structured self-administered questionnaires were adopted. Statistical Package for Social Sciences and descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and percentages were used in presenting and analyzing the data. It was found that leader/manager encouraged employee’s participation to contribute to the decision-making process. The findings clearly revealed that majority of the respondents stated that leadership style was properly and carefully used to guide and motivate employees. It was revealed that most of the owners prepare their financial reports at the end of the period. According to the findings, most of the employees want their managers to be a team player, encourage them to perform as well as attend to their problems. It is recommended that leaders should endeavor to adopt the best style suitable to deal with fellow employees. Hence, they should be adaptive, sincere, easy to talk to, straight forward, alert to happenings around, be open minded and most importantly be accommodating and supportive so that the staff would be happy in the discharge of their duties.
AIRPORT MARKETING ATTRIBUTES AND PASSENGERS’ WORD OF MOUTH COMMUNICATION
Authors: Otobo Sonari , John Ekeke
Published: October 2020

Purpose: The study examined the effect of airport marketing attributes on word of mouth communication at the Sam Mbakwe Airport, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Design/Methodology: The descriptive survey research had a dataset of 150 domestic passengers found at the Sam Mbakwe Airport, Owerri during the study period in November, 2019. A well structured questionnaire containing 14 items in addition to 4 demographic items was used to elicit data from the respondents. With the help of SPSS, the data gathered was utilised to validate the model developed for the study empirically through statistical tests. Findings: The inferential statistical analysis revealed that airport terminal facilities and airport security and safety had significant effect on passengers’ word of mouth communication. Originality: The recognition of airport terminal facilities and airport security and safety as marketing attributes having effect on passengers’ behavioural intentions constitute a novel contribution in the context of Nigerian tourism industry. Practical Implications: The provision of airport facilities, safety and security measures which are part of the total tourism product could overwhelm governmental budgetary allocations. The appropriate level of government could seek and establish Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement with suitable local and international venture partners with a view to building and maintaining competitive airport infrastructure and security apparatus with the aim of enhancing air passengers’ satisfaction which is capable of promoting passengers’ word of mouth communication.
TOURISM ENTREPRENEURIAL OBJECTIVES, COVID-19 AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MARKETING STRATEGY
Authors: John Ekeke , Otobo Sonari
Published: October 2020

The achievement of entrepreneurial objectives by tourism entrepreneurs is dependent on the existence of a dynamic, attractive, safe and competitive tourism destination capable of creating and delivering memorable experiential value which enhances tourist satisfaction and subsequent behaviouralintentions. However, the menace occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic has posed a critical challenge and a bitter contradiction with the expectations and plans of tourism entrepreneurs all over the world. This explains why several attraction sites and other tourism and hospitality service organisations are either shut or operating at dismal operational levels with the consequent loss of jobs, leisure time as well as filing for bankruptcy claims, etc. The situation calls for a paradigm shift in destination marketing strategy. This present study seeks to situate the quest to achieve tourism entrepreneurial objectives during this austere and uncertain period (POST COVID-19) on the ability of tourism service providers to craft, implant and implement sustainable tourism marketing strategies. The study proposes academic, stakeholder and marketing implications.
ENVIRONMENTAL COST AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
Authors: Anselm Chiamogu , Okoye Janefrances
Published: October 2020

This study ascertained the extent environmental cost affects financial performance of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine the effect of: community development cost and environmental remediation cost on Tobin’s on oil and gas companies in Nigeria. Ex post facto research design was employed and data was obtained from annual reports and accounts for the periods 2011 to 2018. The hypotheses were tested using regression analysis with aid of e-view 9.0. The results of the empirical data analysis revealed that community development cost and environmental remediation cost has positive significant effect on Tobin’s. The study therefore recommended among others that government should give tax credit to organizations that participate and contribute towards community development in order to encourage community development and which would go a long way in enhancing firm performance.
Khusyuk Dalam Solat: Analisis Perbandingan Makna Khusyuk Diantara Tafsir Al-Jalalayn Dan Tafsir Melayu Nusantara
Authors: Mohammad Sai Mabruri , Bin Basir Aminudin , Sabri Haron Mohamad , Anwar Khairul
Published: October 2020

Khusyuk adalah salah satu sifat penting yang dijelaskan oleh al- Quran dan al-Sunnah dengan pengertian yang sangat luas dan mendalam. Bagi orang yang beriman, khusyuk adalah salah satu sifat yang perlu ada pada dirinya kerana sifat ini dapat membawa kejayaan dan kecemer- langan dalam hidupnya. Pada hakikatnya khusyuk mempunyai pengertian yang sangat luas serta berkait dengan hampir keseluruhan hidup manusia. Justeru apakah pengertian khusyuk yang sebenarnya. Apakah maksud khusyuk menurut pengertian yang dijelaskan dari sudut bahasa Arab? Apakah pula pengertian khusyuk yang dikupas dan yang ditafsirkan di dalam al-Quran?Lantaran itu, kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk menge- tahui dan meninjau dengan mendalam pengertian khusyuk dari kupasan dan huraian bahasa Arab. Kajian ini juga adalah untuk meneroka dan menganalisis penggunaan dan makna khusyuk yang terdapat dalam al- Quran. Bagi mencapai objektif ini maka metod kajian kualitatif digunakan, iaitu analisis dokumen. Analisis dokumen dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua jenis dokumen, iaitu primer dan sekunder. Dokumen primer dirujuk pada empat kitab tafsir berbahasa Arab. Sementara doku- men sekunder diperolehi daripada mucjam dan kamus bahasa Arab yang pelbagai serta laman sesawang yang berwibawa. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa khusyuk yang berasal daripada akar kata kha-sha-‘a dalam sem- bilan kamus bahasa Arab mempunyai 11 makna. Bahkan hampir semua sepakat menyamakannya dengan khudu’ dan membezakannya pada hati. Dalam al-Quran didapati ia disebut sebanyak 17 kali dalam 16 surah yang berbeza dan mempunyai pengertian yang luas. Para pentafsir mentafsirkan perkataan khusyuk ini sesuai dengan penggunaan perkataan khusyuk tersebut. Namun begitu, secara amnya semua pentafsir mentafsirkan perkataan khusyuk dengan khuduc dan tawadu’ serta perkataan-perkataan yang sama maksud dengannya sesuai dengan konteks ayat tersebut. Implikasi dari pengertian khusyuk menurut al- Quran dan al-hadith ini adalah sangat besar, khasnya dari sudut pema- haman kepada masyarakat. Dapatan ini dilihat dapat memberi sum- bangan baru bagi memahami pengertian khusyuk yang sebenar.
Peresepan Obat Antihipertensi dan Antidiabetik Oral Beserta Analisis Ketepatan pada Pasien Lansia
Authors: Saraswati Dewi , Fauzi Yuhansyah Nur , Utami Tri Fitri Yana
Published: November 2020

Program pengelolaan penyakit kronis (Prolanis) ditujukan kepada peserta usia diatas 60 tahun. Jenis penyakit yang termasuk dalam prolanis diantaranya hipertensi dan diabetes. Berdasarkan data Dinas Kesehatan (DINKES) Kabupaten Cilacap tahun 2018, hipertensi esensial menduduki urutan ke 5 dari 10 penyakit terbanyak dengan jumlah kasus hipertensi sebanyak 18.016 kasus. Jumlah kasus diabates melitus di Kabupaten Cilacap tahun 2018 sebanyak 4.806 kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengatahui pola peresepan obat diabetes melitus dan obat hipertensi pasien lansia peserta prolanis, mengetahui obat-obat yang berpotensi menimbulkan ketidaktepatan bila digunakan pada lansia berdasarkan kriteria beers 2019. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif non analitik, data dikumpulkan secara retrospektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pola peresepan obat diabetes melitus oral yaitu metformin 47 resep (16,85%), glimepirid 38 resep (13,62%). Terapi kombinasi obat diabetes melitus yaitu metformin dengan glimepirid 136 resep (48,75%). Pola peresepan obat hipertensi oral yaitu amlodipin 184 resep (66,95%), Irbesartan 10 resep (3,58%), captopril 10 resep (3,58%). Terapi kombinasi terbanyak yaitu amlodipin dengan irbesartan sebanyak 18 resep (6,45%). Hasil analisis berdasarkan kriteria beers 2019 yaitu glimepirid 221 resep (98,23%), clonidin 2 resep (0,89%), glibenklamid 1 resep (0,44%) dan glimepirid dengan clonidin 1 resep (0,44%).
The Directive on Ecodesign, the way forward regarding IPP ?
Authors: Misonne Delphine
Published: October 2020

The European Commission, in its communication of 18 June 2003, has paved the way for a shift in conceiving environmental policies on products. It does indeed plead for the adoption of an “integrated product policy” (IPP), a concept we shall summarize as being built around three keywords: life-cycle approach, involvement of stakeholders and diversification of instruments. What IPP means precisely is not so easy to master. One way to get a better idea of what the concept does really cover is to have a closer look at the way legislation is being developed at European level, regarding the environmental impact of products, after this turning point of June 2003. In that perspective, the Directive on establishing a framework for the setting of Eco-design requirements for Energy-Using Products is worth to be scrutinized.
Building a climate policy in Belgium: flexible mechanisms in a flexible state?
Authors: de Mulder Jan
Published: October 2020

On January 19th 2005 the Commission announced to take Belgium, Greece, Finland and Italy to the European Court of Justice for not fully transposing Directive 2003/87/EC on CO2-Emissions Trading (ET-directive) into national law. This should have been done by 31 December 2003. In the case of Belgium, the Commission was taking this action for the reason that in Belgium the Directive had been transposed only in the Brussels and Walloon Regions. At the moment of the Commission’s announcement the Flemish region was almost ready with its draft-legislation, but this was of course not sufficient to convince the Commission. This contribution gives an overview of the policy developments regarding the climate change issue, both at the federal level and at the regional levels in Belgium. The Flemish situation gets some particular attention.
Implications of the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol on other Conventions. The case of HFC-23 destruction
Authors: Schneider Lambert , Graichen Jakob , Matz Nele
Published: October 2020

The destruction of HFC-23 waste streams in new HCFC-22 production facilities under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is likely to have negative implications for both the mitigation of climate change and the protection of the ozone layer. These consequences were not foreseen when the Kyoto Protocol and its guidelines were drawn up. This paper describes the economic and environmental consequences of such CDM projects and looks for solutions which would make use of the cost-efficient abatement potential whilst avoiding negative environmental implications. Within the CDM, negative environmental effects could be avoided by introducing an adjustment factor depending on future market prices for certified emission reduction units and other parameters. Alternatively, the HFC-23 waste stream could be abated using financial support from multilateral funds which could possibly draw upon synergies with the financial mechanisms under the Montreal Protocol and the Stockholm Convention.
The Importance of International Environmental Enforcement Networks - INECE as an example
Authors: Gerardu Jo J.A. , Zaelke Durwood
Published: October 2020

There is a need for improved enforcement of environmental laws on a global scale. This is a fundamental component of promoting the rule of law and good governance to achieve sustainable development. The International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (INECE) is a trans-governmental network that fosters capacity building, education, and enforcement co-operation in furtherance of these goals. This article presents some of the results of more than 15 years of INECE activities.
NEEL: the Network of EU Environment Lawyers
Authors: Aitken Gill
Published: October 2020

The Network of EU Environment Lawyers (NEEL) was launched as a Presidency event in London on 3 and 4 October 2005. Participants came from almost every Member State and from some of the institutions and were enthusiastic about the potential for such a group. The two-day conference covered both the purpose and constitution of the Network and also lively discussion of a number of issues of importance to the members – particularly on transposition, implementation and enforcement of EU law with reference to the Habitats Directive, and the Environmental Liability Directive. Like this NEEL was born and now has terms of reference, a dedicated website community offering discussion forums, a directory of members, monthly discussion topics and a quarterly newsletter. The idea for such a network had an UK lawyer with responsibility for environmental issues who wanted more opportunities to compare ideas and practice with those drafting and interpreting environmental legislation in other Members States and Community institutions. The United Kingdom’s Presidency of the EU, from 1 July to 31 December 2005, then presented an ideal opportunity to invite governmental experts in environmental law to meet and collaborate on issues of mutual interest.
REACH - How far will the new chemicals legislation reach to protect human health and the environment from hazardous chemicals?
A comparison of the positions of the European Parliament and Council
Authors: Singhofen Axel
Published: October 2020

In 2001, the Commission presented the White Paper on a Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy. Council adopted its conclusions on the White Paper in June 2001; the European Parliament adopted a resolution on it in November 2001. Both institutions welcomed the strategy and asked for it to be strengthened in various aspects. In May 2003, the Commission submitted a draft proposal for internet consultation. As a result of strong industry pressure, the proposal was watered down significantly before its formal adoption in October 2003. Council started the legislative work in January 2004. Due to the change in legislature, the European Parliament started the legislative work only at the end of 2004 and voted in November 2005. This allowed the Council under the UK Presidency to come to a political agreement at an extraordinary meeting of the Competitiveness Council in December 2005.
The most fundamental deficiency of the former system was the lack of information on chemicals resulting in a lack of restrictive measures. So will REACH provide sufficient data and adequate structures to restrict and/or control chemical substances - so as to achieve a high level of protection of human health and the environment from hazardous chemicals?
REACH and the safe use of chemicals: definition and development of expo- sure scenarios
Authors: Bunke Dirk
Published: October 2020

Sustainable management of chemicals requires sufficient information on properties of substances and on the conditions of their safe use. Therefore, the so-called “chemical safety assessment” plays an important role in the registration procedure within the REACH proposal from October 2003. The chemical safety assessment aims to describe the potential effects of chemicals on human health in a structured way and the environment as well as the conditions which are necessary for their safe use. One part of the chemical safety assessment is the exposure assessment. It consists of two elements: development of exposure scenarios and exposure estimation. Exposure scenarios describe the conditions of use and are themselves results of the chemical safety assessment. Following the publication of the White Paper in 2001, discussion began on how to achieve a “workable” REACH. A plethora of recommendations were developed in order to make the registration more efficient without reducing quality in the course of this step. The grouping of “similar” uses and “similar” exposure situations is one important possibility. Several approaches for such groupings have been developed in the interim. Some of these concepts supplement the exposure scenario approach of REACH, others intend to replace this concept. “Categories” is the common heading for different approaches (use categories, exposure categories, use- and exposure categories…). Until now no definition for an exposure category has come into being. In some cases, suggestions for “(use/exposure) categories” are part of even broader proposals regarding further elements of the REACH proposal. This makes the discussion of these concepts more complex and difficult. This paper aims to give a short introduction to exposure assessment under REACH. It addresses key points of current discussion on exposure scenarios and exposure categories. Reference points are the REACH proposal from October 2003 (CEC 2003), experiences accrued in pilot trials on REACH, recent papers on several category approaches as well as the results of the workshop on the practical preparation for REACH in Arona, January 2005 (CEC 2005).
Risk management under REACH
Requirements of technical and organisational guidance for producers, importers and downstream users
Authors: Führ Martin , Krieger Natalie
Published: October 2020

The success of REACh will depend on whether or not the actors are willing and able to adopt the roles allocated to them under the new regime. Yet it would be naive to assume that the simple fact of enacting the Regulation will be sufficient to effect the necessary changes in the behaviour of the responsible parties. Within this context, a study on behalf of the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA) was performed. The study’s initial hypothesis was that support - in the form of (technical and organisational) guidance specific to each type of economic actor - can help to push forward the necessary innovation and co-operation processes to implement REACh in the intended way. Thus, transaction costs for each actor can be kept to a minimum and obstacles overcome. This also supports the central, structural objective of REACh to establish a “learning system”, particularly with regard to the interaction occurring between the producers and users of industrial chemicals. To this end, sufficient regulatory (dis)incentives are essential. For this reason, the question of possible amendments to the current draft of the Regulation was also addressed.
The UK Government’s Ship Recycling Strategy
Authors: Watkinson Roy , Wingfield Susan
Published: October 2020

The UK published a draft Ship Recycling Strategy for consultation in March 2006. Believed to be the first of its kind, the consultation paper has provoked significant comment from the European Commission, the shipping industry, NGOs and expert commentators. It is not unreasonable to ask why the UK set out on this particular path, especially when there is a concerted global effort to develop a new international instrument on the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships to deal with the well-publicised issues of conditions and standards at recycling facilities. This article explains the reasons behind the UK’s approach.
Challenges for eco-design, energy efficiency and waste treatment of electrical and electronic products against the background of requests for exemptions following requirements of Article 5 (1) (b) RoHS Directive
Authors: Zangl Stéphanie , Gensch Carl-Otto
Published: October 2020

The EU Directive 2002/96/EC on restriction of use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive) stipulates that from 1st July 2006 onwards new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market will not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). This restriction shall not apply to applications listed in the Directive’s Annex. Article 5 (1) (b) contains criteria for exempting materials and components from the abovementioned restriction in order to adapt the Annex to scientific and technical progress. Stakeholders have been invited to apply for exemptions from restriction of use according to the criteria in Article 5 (1) (b) against the background of adaptation of the Annex to scientific and technical progress. Prior to an amendment of the Annex, a public stakeholder consultation has to take place. Öko-Institut e.V. (the Institute for Applied Ecology) and Fraunhofer IZM (the Institute for Reliability and Microintegration) have been appointed by the European Commission to review the requests. This paper introduces the experience gained during this work, i.e. it outlines how the requirements of the RoHS Directive affect ecodesign, energy efficiency and waste treatment of domestic appliances and lighting (DAL) and what opportunities and drawbacks could arise as a consequence thereof.
Evaluation of the German Act on Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Bedke Nils , Dopfer Jaqui , Kellert Simone , Kober Detlef
Published: October 2020

The German Federal Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Act) of 1990 was comprehensively amended and broadened in 2001. Since the summer of 2005, a revised form of the Act has been in force. The precautionary and integrative approach of the German EIA Act initially awoke high expectations in the academic community. However, after first practical experiences had been gained, increasingly critical views were voiced.
Against this background as well as induced by research activities in Germany and in neighbouring countries, a research project was commissioned by the German Federal Environment Agency (funded by means of the federal environmental research plan). The intention of the analysis is to determine and evaluate the effects of the EIA on the implementation and realisation of approval procedures, to identify weak points as well as to develop improved instruments for an effective and efficient implementation. Generally speaking, the following research questions are investigated: What benefits and costs are associated with EIA? What deficiencies and positive effects are identifiable with regard to specific phases of the EIA? What incentives are available for the project participants to actually fulfil the legal requirements of the EIA? What modifications can be recommended with respect to the legal provisions and/or actual implementation?
The project is divided into two stages: stage 1 provided a feasibility study which was tendered in September 2006 along with the data collection concept for the EIA evaluation. Key points of this stage are presented in this article. In stage 2, the evaluation of the German EIA Act is carried out, which encompasses not only an analysis of numerous EIA documents, but also the associated actors such as employees of authorities, environmental associations and applicants.
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate: Blockade or Impe- tus for the International Climate Regime?
Authors: Holtwisch Christoph
Published: October 2020

The Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate [APP or AP6] is a very new phenomenon in international climate policy. It has important effects on the traditional climate regime formed by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [FCCC] and its Kyoto Protocol [KP]. From its own point of view, the APP is a grouping of key nations to address serious and long-term challenges, including anthropogenic climate change. The APP partners - Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and the USA - represent roughly half the world economy and population, energy consumption and global greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, this “coalition of the emitting” is – and will be – a central factor in international climate policy.
Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Resulting from their Use – The Challenges of a New Concept
Authors: Biber-Klemm Susette
Published: October 2020

The system of access and benefit sharing (ABS) – or more technically worded “Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits resulting from their utilisation” – is one of the most debated topics in the field of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Explained in a nutshell, the system institutionalises, on the basis of the national sovereignty over natural resources, conditions for access to and utilisation of genetic resources and – indirectly – also to traditional knowledge related to these genetic resources. It prescribes the well-known triad of Prior Informed Consent (PIC), Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and the benefit sharing. This article presents some of the current debates in more detail. In order to facilitate insight into the challenges of the system, the background and context of its evolution are described and analysed.
The Alpine Convention – an international agreement with widespread dimensions
Authors: Dette Birgit
Published: October 2020

The Alps are experiencing a dynamic development in different areas, such as economy, social development or cross-alpine traffic and at the same time are facing environmental changes that impair the living conditions of people as well as of its flora and fauna. It is therefore important that through the Alpine Convention an international treaty has been agreed upon for the protection of the Alps with an integrative approach, embracing ecological, economic and social aspects. This article provides an overview of the objectives and content of the Alpine Convention. It also takes a look at its genesis and implementation as well as the different stakeholders that are involved therein. The article further examines the specific characteristics of the Alpine Convention such as its mechanisms for dispute resolution and its aspects of public participation. In this context a parallel is drawn to the Aarhus Convention which is likewise an NGO-driven international Convention.
From IPPC to IED: Health and environment in Europe need a stronger Directive
Authors: Robesin Marga
Published: October 2020

On 9 September 2008 the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) of the European Parliament held a first discussion on the Proposal for a Directive on Industrial Emissions (IED) and the draft report of rapporteur Holger Krahmer. The proposal revises and merges seven separate existing Directives related to industrial emissions (the IPPC Directive and six sector Directives) into a single Directive. The current IPPC Directive and the proposed Directive have the same objective: achieving a high level of environmental protection by preventing or minimising industrial emissions into air, water or soil, with an integrated approach to pollution control. This high level of environmental protection is necessary to obtain an environmental quality in the EU that is healthy for its inhabitants and nature. The current situation is still far from satisfactory. The situation regarding air is even alarming. This causes serious damage to health, nature and economy. Effective and efficient instruments are therefore needed. The proposal for an IED aims at improving the existing legislation to ensure better implementation and enforcement of this legislation by national authorities yet can it succeed?
In the Netherlands many cases concerning air pollution by industrial installations have been brought to the Dutch administrative court (the Council of State). Although the situation in other Member States is different, the lessons learnt from these cases are not typical for the Dutch situation and for air pollution. They address issues that are relevant for answering the question as to whether the proposed IED indeed will improve the possibilities to achieve a high level of protection, such as by setting ambitious standards, adequate monitoring and enforcement as well as public participation in the decision making process.
This contribution focuses on the way in which the Proposal deals with the issue of ambitious standards.
Belgian environmental impact assessment systems: Legal frameworks and beyond
Authors: De Mulder Jan
Published: October 2020

As a result of a number of constitutional reforms in recent decades Belgium is now a federal state. The societal evolution and the historical devolution of competencies have resulted in a multi-actor policy approach at different policy levels: municipal, provincial, regional and national (federal). Competencies regarding particular policy fields like the environment are often not attributed to one policy level. The application of policy instruments in such a framework leads to complex processes and regulatory frameworks for decision-making within Belgium. The transposition of the consecutive EU Directives has resulted in a growing environmental impact assessment practice. (E)IA approaches and requirements are found in horizontal as well as in specific legislation.
The application of the impact assessment frameworks has raised questions about the coherence of both proponents and authorities have to deal with these institutional features. Institutions provide not only for frameworks; they are also stakeholders in decision-making and have an interest in impact assessment.
Most EIA legislation is, however, to be found at the regional level, except for the projects in the Belgian marine environment and nuclear installations which have remained a federal issue. Yet, for certain projects and even plans – e.g. on the North Sea coastline in Flanders, the only coastal region in Belgium – the decision-making process requires the application of both the federal and regional legislations.
Later on the transposition of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive of 2001 revealed a more profound “impact” on decision-making processes. The final adoption of federal and regional SEA legislation happened in the course of 2006-2008.
This article briefly outlines EIA and SEA (and emerging IA) regulations at the Belgian federal and regional policy levels. Furthermore, some particular issues regarding the involvement of stakeholders and consultants as an element of impact assessment quality requirements are explored.
Evaluation of the Federal German Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Act)
Authors: Bizer Kilian , Dopfer Jaqui , Führ Martin
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to provide a short synopsis of the results of the research project on “Evaluation of the Federal German EIA Act”. First of all, the analytical approach is elucidated, followed by the results of the individual stages of Environmental Impact Assessment and the general findings across all stages. Finally, recommendations are provided on the different policy options.
A survey of the Vietnamese environmental legislation on water
Authors: Zschiesche Michael , An Duong Thanh
Published: October 2020

In recent years there have been great changes in Vietnamese environmental legislation. Especially the 2005 Environmental Protection Act and the Water Law have been significantly impacted by these recent developments. This article outlines and explains the basics of the Vietnamese water environment legislation. Since the main environmental protection and water acts are accompanied by several additional legislations such as decrees and decisions, this article focuses on the basic structure of the Vietnamese environmental legislation on water rather than the many policies of the Vietnamese government on water (Master Plans, Strategy Plans etc.), on which such legislation is founded.
The direct effect of the Aarhus Convention as seen by the French ‘Conseil d’Etat’
Authors: Bétaille Julien
Published: October 2020

France ratified the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters on the 8th July 2002 and the Convention came into force on the 6th October 2002. Seen as an instrument of ‘environmental democracy’, the impact of the Convention in France has been relative. On the one hand, the Convention did not imply many legislative changes. The 2002 law relating to the ‘proximity democracy’ has provided the main legislative change due to the Convention through an improvement of the ‘public debate’ procedure. On the other hand, the judge has had an important role to play. Citizens and non-governmental organisations saw the Convention as an opportunity to improve their rights and invoked the Convention before the courts. It gave the judge the opportunity to interpret the Convention and fix its legal impact in French law. The judge limited direct effects of the Aarhus Convention to a few stipulations and “choose a soft interpretation of this treaty’s requirements”. This study focuses on the case law of the French administrative highest jurisdiction, the ‘Conseil d’Etat’. The ‘Cour de cassation’, never had to pronounce on any of the Aarhus Convention provisions. It is first of all necessary to understand how the ‘Conseil d’Etat’ assesses the direct effect of the treaties before analysing how the ‘Conseil d’Etat’ applies it to the Aarhus Convention.
Current discussions on the proposal for an Industrial Emissions Directive: Stronger role for Best Available Techniques?
Authors: Schaible Christian
Published: October 2020

In December 2007, the Commission presented its proposal for an Industrial Emissions Directive (IE-D).
The proposal revises the IPPC Directive and integrates 6 sectoral directives into the Industrial Emissions
Directive as annexes. The sectoral directives address Large Combustion Plants, Solvents, Waste Incineration and Titanium Dioxide. IPPC is the centre piece of this legislation, covering about 44,000 of the biggest industry installations. It is estimated that these installations are responsible for 83% of SO2, 55% VOC, 34% NOx and 25% of dioxins and mercury emissions in the EU, for example. Total annual damage costs relating to 5 key pollutants are estimated at between 53-164 billion EUR (health costs). This article summarizes current discussions on the proposal.
Aberthaw Power Station: An IPPC case study
Authors: James Lesley
Published: October 2020

The UK’s coal-fired power plants have a notorious history in the evolution of EU industrial policy, earning the UK the title of ‘the Dirty Man of Europe’. Prior to the introduction of the EU’s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) system of industrial management, the UK operated a very similar system but without the benefit of exposure to international standards. The first Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive was therefore a key driver in pushing up standards within the UK, closing the dirtiest plants and introducing some modest controls on SO2 and NOx.
Remarks on the Waste Framework Directive
Authors: Krämer Ludwig
Published: October 2020

Directive 2008/98/EC on waste was adopted on 19 November 2008. Member States are required to transpose it into their national legislation by 12 December 2010. This Directive replaces Directive 2006/12/EC which was itself a codification of Directive 75/442/EEC. This contribution only comments on some of the provisions of the new Directive, in particular those where the legal situation has changed with regard to the earlier legislation. While Directive 2006/12/EC had been constructed as a framework directive and had explicitly stated so, the new Directive 2008/98/EC makes no mention of its framework character. This means that for each specific directive it has to be examined whether the provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC – the definitions, the principles, etc – also apply to directives on specific waste streams. Art. 2(4) explicitly provides that specific rules on the management of particular categories of waste may be laid down by means of individual directives.