bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-parametric approach to the relation between the halo mass function and internal dark matter structure of haloes
Authors: Richardson Tamara R. G. , Corasaniti Pier-Stefano
Published: May 2023

Context. Galaxy cluster masses are usually defined as the mass within a spherical region enclosing a given matter overdensity (in units of the critical density). Converting masses from one overdensity definition to another can have several useful applications.

Aims. In this article we present a generic non-parametric formalism that allows one to accurately map the halo mass function between two different mass overdensity definitions using the distribution of halo sparsities defined as the ratio of the two masses. We show that changing mass definitions reduces to modelling the distribution of halo sparsities.

Methods. Using standard transformation rules of random variates, we derive relations between the halo mass function at different overdensities and the distribution of halo sparsities.

Results. We show that these relations reproduce the N-body halo mass functions from the Uchuu simulation within the statistical errors at a few percent level. Furthermore, these relations allow the halo mass functions at different overdensities to be related to parametric descriptions of the halo density profile. In particular, we discuss the case of the concentration-mass relation of the Navarro-Frenk-White profile. Finally, we show that the use of such relations allows us to predict the distribution of sparsities of a sample of haloes of a given mass, thus opening the way to inferring cosmological constraints from individual galaxy cluster sparsity measurements.
(433) Eros and (25143) Itokawa surface properties from reflectance spectra
Authors: Korda David , Kohout Tomáš , Flanderová Kateřina , Vincent Jean-Baptiste , Penttilä Antti
Published: May 2023

Context. Our knowledge of near-Earth asteroid (NEA) composition is important for planetary research, planetary defence, and future in-space resource utilisation. Upcoming space missions, for example, Hera, M-ARGO, or missions to the asteroid (99942) Apophis, will provide us with surface-resolved NEA reflectance spectra. Neural networks are useful tools for analysing reflectance spectra and determining material composition with high precision and low processing time.

Aims. We applied neural-network models on disk-resolved spectra of the Eros and Itokawa asteroids observed by the NEAR Shoemaker and Hayabusa spacecraft. With this approach, the mineral variations or intensity of space weathering can be mapped.

Methods. We built and tested two types of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The first one was trained using asteroid reflectance spectra with known taxonomy classes. The other one used silicate reflectance spectra with assigned mineral abundances and compositions.

Results. The reliability of the classification model depends on the resolution of reflectance spectra. Typical F1 score and Cohen's κC values decrease from about 0.90 for high-resolution spectra to about 0.70 for low-resolution spectra. The predicted silicate composition does not strongly depend on spectrum resolution and coverage of the 2-µm band of pyroxene. The typical root mean square error is between 6 and 10 percentage points. For the Eros and Itokawa asteroids, the predicted taxonomy classes favour the S-type and the predicted surface compositions are homogeneous and correspond to the composition of L/LL and LL ordinary chondrites, respectively. On the Itokawa surface, the model identified fresh spots that were connected with craters or coarse-grain areas.

Conclusions. The neural network models trained with measured spectra of asteroids and silicate samples are suitable for deriving surface silicate mineralogy with a reasonable level of accuracy. The predicted surface mineralogy is comparable to the mineralogy of returned samples measured in the laboratory. Moreover, the taxonomical predictions can point out locations of fresher areas.
Neutrosophic programming approach to multilevel decision-making model for supplier selection problem in a fuzzy situation
Authors: Adhami Ahmad Yusuf , Melethil Anas , Ahmad Firoz
Published: May 2023

In supply chain management, the selection of suppliers is vital and plays a valuable role in the performance of organizations. A hierarchical structure, with different levels in the selection of suppliers, is employed, wherein sequential decisions are made from the highest to the lowest level. Decision variables, called controlling factors, are divided into several categories. In the decision-making process, often because of the lack of confidence or uncertainty, It becomes challenging for decision-makers to give explicit/crisp values to any parameter, resulting in uncertainty in the problem. In this paper, we address a multi-level supplier selection problem with fuzzy supply and demand. To avoid decision conflicts, superior or upper-level decision-makers give tolerances that could be used as a possible relaxation. Thus, the problem is employed with fuzzy constraints. Based on a neutrosophic decision set, the neutrosophic compromise programming approach (NCPA) is used as a solution technique with the idea of an indeterminacy degree as well as different objectives for membership and non-membership degrees. Membership functions (Linear-type) are used to develop satisfactory solutions by fuzzily describing objective functions and controlling factors. A numerical illustration is provided to demonstrate the validity and appropriateness of NCPA.
Automated Classification of Free-Text Radiology Reports: Using Different Feature Extraction Methods to Identify Fractures of the Distal Fibula
Authors: Dewald Cornelia L.A. , Balandis Alina , Becker Lena S. , Hinrichs Jan B. , von Falck Christian , Wacker Frank K. , Laser Hans , Gerbel Svetlana , Winther Hinrich B. , Apfel-Starke Johanna
Published: May 2023

Purpose Radiology reports mostly contain free-text, which makes it challenging to obtain structured data. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques transform free-text reports into machine-readable document vectors that are important for creating reliable, scalable methods for data analysis. The aim of this study is to classify unstructured radiograph reports according to fractures of the distal fibula and to find the best text mining method.

Materials & Methods We established a novel German language report dataset: a designated search engine was used to identify radiographs of the ankle and the reports were manually labeled according to fractures of the distal fibula. This data was used to establish a machine learning pipeline, which implemented the text representation methods bag-of-words (BOW), term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), principal component analysis (PCA), non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), and document embedding (doc2vec). The extracted document vectors were used to train neural networks (NN), support vector machines (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) to recognize distal fibula fractures. The results were compared via cross-tabulations of the accuracy (acc) and area under the curve (AUC).

Results In total, 3268 radiograph reports were included, of which 1076 described a fracture of the distal fibula. Comparison of the text representation methods showed that BOW achieved the best results (AUC = 0.98; acc = 0.97), followed by TF-IDF (AUC = 0.97; acc = 0.96), NMF (AUC = 0.93; acc = 0.92), PCA (AUC = 0.92; acc = 0.9), LDA (AUC = 0.91; acc = 0.89) and doc2vec (AUC = 0.9; acc = 0.88). When comparing the different classifiers, NN (AUC = 0,91) proved to be superior to SVM (AUC = 0,87) and LR (AUC = 0,85).

Conclusion An automated classification of unstructured reports of radiographs of the ankle can reliably detect findings of fractures of the distal fibula. A particularly suitable feature extraction method is the BOW model.

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Citation Format
Maternal Morbidity Risk Factors in Nulliparas
Authors: Merriam Audrey A. , Metz Torri D. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Silver Robert M. , Haas David M. , Grobman William A. , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Wapner Ronald J. , Wing Deborah , Mercer Brian M. , Parry Samuel , Reddy Uma M. ,   +nuMoM2b Investigators
Published: May 2023

Objective For every incidence of maternal mortality, maternal morbidity is thought to occur in another 50 to 100 individuals in the United States. Multiple risk factors for severe maternal morbidity have been identified, but counseling about specific risk in pregnancy remains difficult, particularly nulliparous individuals as prior obstetric history is one of the factors influencing risk for severe maternal morbidity. The objective of this study is to examine the association between sociodemographic and laboratory assessments in the first trimester and maternal morbidity in nulliparas.

Study Design This was a secondary analysis of a large, multicenter prospective observational cohort of nulliparas. The primary maternal outcome was a composite of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), hemorrhage (transfusion, hemorrhage, hysterectomy, other surgery, readmission for bleeding), infection (endometritis, wound infection or dehiscence, pneumonia, sepsis, infection during labor and delivery, readmission for infection through day 14), venous thromboembolic events (VTE) (deep venous thrombosis, or pulmonary embolus), or maternal death within 14 days of delivery. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were compared between people with and without maternal morbidity. Relative risk and 95% confidence interval for maternal morbidity was calculated using log-binomial regression, adjusted for baseline characteristics that had a significant independent relationship with maternal morbidity with a p-value <0.05.

Results Of 9,445 pregnant people in the analysis, 18.2% (n = 1,716) experienced the composite maternal morbidity; the most common component was HDP (13.1%, n = 1,244) followed by infection (4.43%, n = 420), hemorrhage (2.27%, n = 215), VTE (0.12%, n = 11), and death (0.01%, n = 1). In a multivariable model, self-identified Black race, first trimester obesity, pregestational diabetes, chronic hypertension, and chronic kidney disease were significantly associated with the primary maternal outcome.

Conclusion More than one in six nulliparas experienced the composite maternal morbidities. Maternal morbidity was associated with self-identified Black race, obesity, and multiple preexisting medical comorbidities.

Key Points
Data Science Implementation Trends in Nursing Practice: A Review of the 2021 Literature
Authors: Wieben Ann M. , Walden Rachel Lane , Alreshidi Bader G. , Brown Sophia F. , Cato Kenrick , Coviak Cynthia Peltier , Cruz Christopher , D'Agostino Fabio , Douthit Brian J. , Forbes Thompson H. , Gao Grace , Johnson Steve G. , Lee Mikyoung Angela , Mullen-Fortino Margaret , Park Jung In , Park Suhyun , Pruinelli Lisiane , Reger Anita , Role Jethrone , Sileo Marisa , Schultz Mary Anne , Vyas Pankaj , Jeffery Alvin D.
Published: May 2023

Objectives The goal of this work was to provide a review of the implementation of data science-driven applications focused on structural or outcome-related nurse-sensitive indicators in the literature in 2021. By conducting this review, we aim to inform readers of trends in the nursing indicators being addressed, the patient populations and settings of focus, and lessons and challenges identified during the implementation of these tools.

Methods We conducted a rigorous descriptive review of the literature to identify relevant research published in 2021. We extracted data on model development, implementation-related strategies and measures, lessons learned, and challenges and stakeholder involvement. We also assessed whether reports of data science application implementations currently follow the guidelines of the Developmental and Exploratory Clinical Investigations of DEcision support systems driven by AI (DECIDE-AI) framework.

Results Of 4,943 articles found in PubMed (NLM) and CINAHL (EBSCOhost), 11 were included in the final review and data extraction. Systems leveraging data science were developed for adult patient populations and were primarily deployed in hospital settings. The clinical domains targeted included mortality/deterioration, utilization/resource allocation, and hospital-acquired infections/COVID-19. The composition of development teams and types of stakeholders involved varied. Research teams more frequently reported on implementation methods than implementation results. Most studies provided lessons learned that could help inform future implementations of data science systems in health care.

Conclusion In 2021, very few studies report on the implementation of data science-driven applications focused on structural- or outcome-related nurse-sensitive indicators. This gap in the sharing of implementation strategies needs to be addressed in order for these systems to be successfully adopted in health care settings.
Bilateral rod loosening and sequential distal migration after thoracolumbar junction fracture stabilisation.
Authors: DEMETRIADES Andreas K , Shekhar Himanshu
Published: May 2023

Distal rod migration remains uncommon and has been reported in a variety of anatomical locations, including the retroperitoneal region, the knee, and the pelvis. It is postulated that spinal fixation without fusion might allow the mechanical system some vulnerability to motion effects of the spine. Bilateral distal rod migration is rarer still. We report the interesting scenario of sequential and delayed bilateral rod migration 17 months after thoracolumbar fracture stabilisation.
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Ventral Petroclival Fissure: Anatomical Findings and Surgical Techniques
Authors: Xu Yuanzhi , Mohyeldin Ahmed , Lee Christine K. , Nunez Maximiliano Alberto , Mao Ying , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C.
Published: May 2023

Objective The endoscopic endonasal approach has emerged as an excellent option for the treatment of lesions involving the petroclival fissure (PCF). Here, we investigate the surgical anatomy of the ventral PCF and its application in endoscopic endonasal surgery.

Methods Sixteen head specimens were used to investigate the anatomical features of PCF and relevant technical nuances in translacerum, extreme medial, and contralateral transmaxillary (CTM) approaches. Two representative endoscopic endonasal surgeries involving the PCF were selected to illustrate the clinical application.

Results From the endoscopic endonasal view, the ventral PCF is presented as a lazy L sign, which is divided into two distinct segments: (1) upper (or petrosphenoidal) segment, which extends vertically from the foramen lacerum inferiorly to the junction of the petrosal process of sphenoid bone and petrous apex superiorly, and (2) lower (or petroclival) segment, which extends inferolaterally from the foramen lacerum to the ventral jugular foramen. Approaching both segments of the ventral PCF first requires full exposure of the foramen lacerum, followed either by exposure of the anterior wall of cavernous sinus and paraclival internal carotid artery for upper segment access, or transection of pterygosphenoidal fissure and Eustachian tube mobilization for lower segment access. Combined with a CTM approach, the lateral extension of the surgical access can be improved for both upper and lower segment PCF approaches.

Conclusion This study provides a detailed investigation of the microsurgical anatomy of the ventral part of PCF, relevant surgical approaches, and technical nuances that may facilitate its safe exposure intraoperatively.
Synthesis of New Chelating Phosphines Containing an Aryl Chloride Group
Authors: Holland Patrick L. , Genoux Alexandre , DiPrimio Daniel J. , Tereniak Stephen J.
Published: May 2023

The syntheses of bidentate and tripodal phosphine ligands containing aryl chlorides were achieved in 4 and 7 steps respectively, starting from diethyl malonate.
Functional α-Cyanostilbenes: Sensing to Imaging
Authors: Kanvah Sriram , Dahiwadkar Rahul , Kaloo Masood A.
Published: May 2023

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in cyanostilbenes due to their unique photophysical properties. The compounds emit light when aggregating, commonly called aggregation-induced emission (AIE). This remarkable feature makes cyanostilbenes ideal for various sensing applications, especially in aqueous environments. The detection of various analytes, such as metal ions and nitroaromatic compounds, has been accomplished using these compounds through various sensing mechanisms from chelation-enhanced fluorescence to fluorescence quenching. Furthermore, cyanostilbenes have shown great promise in biological imaging applications and have been employed for intracellular imaging, tracking, and targeting of sub-cellular organelles. The development and utilization of cyanostilbenes can significantly impact advanced sensing and imaging technologies in both analytical and biological fields. This potential stems from the unique properties of cyanostilbenes, such as their AIE characteristics, which sets them apart from other compounds and makes them highly useful for various applications. Further exploration and development of cyanostilbenes could lead to the creation of novel sensing and imaging technologies with wide-ranging applications in both academic and industrial settings.
Molecular mimicry between Zika virus and central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disorders: the role of NS5 Zika virus epitope and PLP autoantigens
Authors: França Laise Carolina , Fontes-Dantas Fabrícia Lima , Garcia Diogo Gomes , de Araújo Amanda Dutra , da Costa Gonçalves João Paulo , Rêgo Cláudia Cecília da Silva , da Silva Elielson Veloso , do Nascimento Osvaldo José Moreira , Lopes Fernanda Cristina Rueda , Herlinger Alice Laschuk , de Aguiar Renato Santana , da Costa Ferreira Junior Orlando , Figueira Fernando Faria Andrade , de Souza Jorge Paes Barreto Marcondes , De Mesquita Joelma Freire , Alves-Leon Soniza Vieira
Published: May 2023

Background Evidence indicates a strong link between Zika virus (ZikV) and neurological complications. Acute myelitis, optic neuritis, polyneuropathy, and encephalomyelitis that mimic inflammatory idiopathic demyelination disorders (IIDD) after ZikV infection have been reported in Brazil.

Objective The present study aims to investigate the possible occurrence of molecular mimicry between ZikV antigens and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) autoantigens, the most frequent IIDD of the central nervous system (CNS).

Methods A retrospective cohort study with 305 patients admitted due to suspected arbovirus infection in Rio de Janeiro was performed, all subjects were submitted to neurological examination, and a biological sample was collected for serologic and molecular diagnostic. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the peptides shared between ZikV antigens and MS autoantigens.

Results Of 305 patients, twenty-six were positive for ZikV and 4 presented IDD patterns found in MS cases. Sequence homology comparisons by bioinformatics approach between NS5 ZikV and PLP MS protein revealed a homology of 5/6 consecutive amino acids (CSSVPV/CSAVPV) with 83% identity, deducing a molecular mimicry. Analysis of the 3D structures revealed a similar conformation with alpha helix presentation.

Conclusions Molecular mimicry between NS5 Zika virus antigen and PLP MS autoantigens emerge as a possible mechanism for IDD spectrum in genetically susceptible individuals.
Theoretical analysis of low frequency dust cyclotron waves with dust charge variations
Authors: Bansal Sona , Gill Tarsem S.
Published: May 2023

The propagation of nonlinear dust cyclotron (DC) cnoidal waves having superthermal distributed electrons and ions in the presence of external magnetic field and adiabatic dust charge variation is investigated. The effect of dust charge variation is profoundly modified due to the presence of the superthermal electrons and ions. The dust charge variation parameter decreases with an increase in the superthermality index of ions. Adopting the reductive perturbation approach, it is shown that the dynamics of the cnoidal structure is modeled by a Korteweg–de Vries equation. It is found that only negative potential DC cnoidal and solitary structures are observed in such a plasma. The results further reveal that the cnoidal structures strongly depend on the degree of superthermality, dust charge variation parameter, temperature and number density of fluid particles, angle of obliqueness, as well as on the magnetic field strength. The numerical results confirm that as the dust charge variation enters the picture, amplitude as well as the width of the cnoidal waves enhances. Furthermore, the analysis is performed through Sagdeev potential, plane phase plot and spatial variation of potential to elucidate various aspects of the cnoidal wave dynamics in the presence of the adiabatic dust charge variation.
Temporal relation between human mobility, climate, and COVID-19 disease
Authors: Mendes Carlos F. O. , Brugnago Eduardo L. , Beims Marcus W. , Grimm Alice M.
Published: May 2023

Using the example of the city of São Paulo (Brazil), in this paper, we analyze the temporal relation between human mobility and meteorological variables with the number of infected individuals by the COVID-19 disease. For the temporal relation, we use the significant values of distance correlation t0(DC), which is a recently proposed quantity capable of detecting nonlinear correlations between time series. The analyzed period was from February 26, 2020 to June 28, 2020. Fewer movements in recreation and transit stations and the increase in the maximal temperature have strong correlations with the number of newly infected cases occurring 17 days after. Furthermore, more significant changes in grocery and pharmacy, parks, and recreation and sudden changes in the maximal pressure occurring 10 and 11 days before the disease begins are also correlated with it. Scanning the whole period of the data, not only the early stage of the disease, we observe that changes in human mobility also primarily affect the disease for 0–19 days after. In other words, our results demonstrate the crucial role of the municipal decree declaring an emergency in the city to influence the number of infected individuals.
Tunnel ionization within a one-dimensional, undriven plasma sheath
Authors: Hall Taylor , Hooper Russell , Patel Nishant , Pacheco Jose L.
Published: May 2023

In high density, high temperature plasmas, the plasma sheath that develops can result in extremely high electric fields, on the order of tens to hundreds of V/nm. Under the right conditions, these electric fields can reach magnitudes that can increase the probability of electron tunneling ionization to occur, resulting in one or more electron-ion pairs. The presence of tunneling ionization can then modify the development of the plasma sheath, as well as properties such as the ion and electron densities and plasma potential. The tunnel ionization process for hydrogen atoms is demonstrated, in this work, as implemented in a Sandia National Laboratories, particle-in-cell code Aleph. Results are presented for the application of the tunnel ionization process to a one-dimensional, undriven plasma sheath. Additional results for cases that consider warm ions and neutrals, the inclusion of electron–neutral collisions, and the injection of neutral particles, as well as the application to various plasma devices, will be discussed.
On the diodicity enhancement of multistage Tesla valves
Authors: Scheid Benoit
Published: May 2023

Tesla valve is a particular check valve that can be used as a fluidic diode, but has no moving parts, and shows promising applications in macro- and microfluidic systems. Fluidic diode indicates that the inflow direction of a Tesla valve affects the pressure drop, allowing fluid to pass easily in one direction while presenting higher resistance in the reverse direction. Although previous studies have shown that the diode performance of such valves can be significantly improved by placing a series of valve units in a compact cascade, the reason is still unclear. In this study, the effect of the internal flow, especially the inflow status of each valve unit, on the diode characteristics of a multistage Tesla valve is investigated numerically and experimentally. Through a proper mathematic treatment, we derived the limiting diodicity in terms of the number of units and demonstrated that the diodicity enhancement of a multistage Tesla valve with its number of units was mainly due to the distorted inflow from subsequent units. To further verify this hypothesis, we elongated the space between subsequent units and found as expected the diodicity declined. The results indicate that distorted inflow can enhance the diodicity of a Tesla valve.
Relativistic ratcheting on the surface of topological insulator Bi2Se3 attached to spiral multiferroic oxide
Authors: Yar Abdullah , Naz Bushra , Taif Usman Muhammad , Sabeeh Kashif
Published: May 2023

Relativistic ratcheting of Dirac fermions on the surface of topological insulator Bi2Se3 attached to a spiral multiferroic oxide is investigated. We find that the Dirac fermions on the surface of topological insulator Bi2Se3 exhibit pronounced Brownian motion, tuned by the strength of exchange field established by the interaction of spin degrees of Dirac fermions and multiferroic oxide. The surface Dirac fermions show ratchet effect as a net current under the influence of orthogonal, commensurate ac drives in the presence of a symmetric periodic potential set by the exchange field.
Novel supercell compounds of layered Bi–Rh–O with p-type metallic conduction materialized as a thin film form
Authors: Ohno M. , Fujita T. C. , Masutake Y. , Kumigashira H. , Kawasaki M.
Published: May 2023

Layered oxides have been intensively studied due to their high degree of freedom in designing various electromagnetic properties and functionalities. While Bi-based layered supercell (LSC) compounds [BinOn+δ]-[MO2] (M = Mn, Mn/Al, Mn/Fe, or Mn/Ni; n = 2, 3) are a group of prospective candidates, all of the reported compounds are insulators. Here, we report on the synthesis of two novel metallic LSC compounds [BinOn+δ]-[RhO2] (n = 2, 3) by pulsed laser deposition and subsequent annealing. With tuning the thickness of the sublattice from Bi2O2+δ to Bi3O3+δ, a dimensionality-dependent electrical transport is revealed from a conventional metallic transport in n = 2 to a localized transport in n = 3. Our successful growth will be an important step for further exploring novel layered oxide compounds.
Designed two dimensional transition metal borides (TM2B12): Robust ferromagnetic half metal and antiferromagnetic semiconductor
Authors: Yao Xiaojing , Wang Lizhen , Sun Yi , Lu Jinlian , Zhang Xiuyun
Published: May 2023

Two dimensional transition metal borides have been attracting broad interest due to its rich electronic and magnetic properties. Here, using first-principles calculations, we predict two transition metal boride monolayers, Cr2B12 and Mn2B12, composed of B12 icosahedra and transition metal atoms. It is found that both structures are thermodynamically stable with large cohesive energies and small formation energies. The Cr2B12 monolayer is a ferromagnetic (FM) quasi-half metal, and the Mn2B12 monolayer is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) semiconductor with a bandgap of 0.41 eV. The critical temperature is found to be 145 and 135 K for the Cr2B12 monolayer and the Mn2B12 monolayer, respectively. Moreover, the electronic and magnetic properties of both systems can be tuned by applying external strains. Upon applying biaxial tensile/compressive strain, the (half metallic) bandgap of both systems increases/decreases, and a quasi-half metal to half metal transition is found for the Cr2B12 monolayer under 5% tensile and 4% compressive strain. Furthermore, the critical temperatures of both systems are found to increase with compressive strain and decrease with tensile strain, which reaches 165 and 510 K for the Cr2B12 monolayer and the Mn2B12 monolayer under 5% compressive strain, respectively. The results provide a strategy for designing 2D transition metal borides with potential applications in electronic and spintronic devices.
Wall shear gradient dependent thrombosis studied in blood-on-a-chip with stenotic, branched, and valvular constructions
Authors: Li Yan , Li Yongjian , Li Jiang , Chen Haosheng
Published: May 2023

Thrombosis is the leading cause of death, while the effect of the shear flow on the formation of thrombus in vascular constructions has not been thoroughly understood, and one of the challenges is to observe the origination of thrombus with a controlled flow field. In this work, we use blood-on-a-chip technology to mimic the flow conditions in coronary artery stenosis, neonatal aortic arch, and deep venous valve. The flow field is measured by the microparticle image velocimeter (μPIV). In the experiment, we find that the thrombus often originates at the constructions of stenosis, bifurcation, and the entrance of valve, where the flow stream lines change suddenly, and the maximum wall shear rate gradient appears. Using the blood-on-a-chip technology, the effect of the wall shear rate gradients on the formation of the thrombus has been illustrated, and the blood-on-a-chip is demonstrated to be a perspective tool for further studies on the flow-induced formation of thrombosis.
Physical model for the frequency dependence of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB)
Authors: McPherson J. W.
Published: May 2023

A molecular physics-based model is presented for understanding the frequency dependence of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). The fundamental physics behind the frequency dependence comes from the relative dielectric constant ɛr, which is known to be frequency dependent. A small fractional power-law decrease in dielectric constant with frequency produces a lower local electric field with a significant improvement in TDDB lifetime with frequency.
Tunable second-order topological insulators in Chern insulators 2H-FeX2 (X = Cl and Br)
Authors: Feng Xiaoran , Cai Linke , Chen Zhiqi , Dai Ying , Huang Baibiao , Niu Chengwang
Published: May 2023

Engineering topological states in two-dimensional (2D) magnets is of pivotal importance to provide significantly rich physics and application potential. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that the second-order topological insulators (SOTIs) with robust nontrivial corner states can be realized in Chern insulators via the widely used strain engineering. The quantum anomalous Hall effect in Chern insulators of honeycomb 2H-FeX2 (X = Cl and Br) is revealed with a nonzero Chern number C=1 and the emergence of metallic chiral edge states. Remarkably, under compressive or tensile strains, topological phase transitions are proposed with the gap-closing in different valleys, giving birth to the 2D SOTIs or trivial insulating 2D magnets. Moreover, large valley polarizations are clearly shown. Our findings open up a promising way for exploring the first- and higher-order topology with intriguing effects.
Influence of small-scale turbulence on internal flamelet structure
Authors: Lipatnikov Andrei N. , Sabelnikov Vladimir A.
Published: May 2023

Direct numerical simulation data obtained from a highly turbulent (Kolmogorov length scale is less than a laminar flame thickness by a factor of about 20) lean hydrogen–air complex chemistry flame are processed, with the focus of the study being placed on flame and flow characteristics conditioned to instantaneous local values cFx,t of the fuel-based combustion progress variable. By analyzing such conditioned quantities, the following two trends are documented. On the one hand, magnitudes of fluctuations of various local flame characteristics decrease with increasing the combustion progress variable, thus implying that the influence of small-scale (when compared to the laminar flame thickness) turbulence on internal flamelet structure is reduced as the flow advance from unburned reactants to combustion products. On the other hand, neither local turbulence characteristics (conditioned rms velocities, total strain, and enstrophy) nor local characteristics of flame–turbulence interaction (flame strain rate) decrease substantially from the reactant side to the product side. To reconcile these two apparently inconsistent trends, the former is hypothesized to be caused by the following purely kinematic mechanism: residence time of turbulence within a large part of a local flamelet is significantly shortened due to combustion-induced acceleration of the local flow in the direction normal to the flamelet. This residence-time reduction with increasing cF is especially strong in the preheat zone (cF<0.3) and the residence time is very short for 0.3<cF<0.8. Therefore, small-scale turbulence penetrating the latter zone is unable to significantly perturb its local structure. Finally, numerical results that indirectly support this hypothesis are discussed.
Inside names
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Fiorin Gaetano
Published: May 2023

In this contribution, we offer a contextualist analysis of names whereby a name N is used as a felicitous
referential term in all and only those contexts of utterance in which N is intended to refer to a unique referent by all cognitive
agents that are relevant in the context. This analysis has important across-the-board virtues. It reduces the distance between
common nouns and names, under the insight that names are a highly specific case of a more general phenomenon consisting in the
pragmatic modulation of the meaning of common nouns. It successfully ties to an important body of syntactic evidence, and
contributes to elucidate, in an original and productive manner, many of the unsolved issues concerning the syntactic structure of
(complex) names. Finally, it makes a number of philosophical puzzles virtually dissolve without giving up rigid reference for
names, but crucially suggesting that the causal theory of reference becomes far-fetched once the linguistic structure of names and
their actual use in language and cognition have been carefully evaluated.
The cycle in language change
Authors: Tagliani Marta , Rabanus Stefan
Published: May 2023

Language change can be conceptualized as a cyclical process of continuous renewal of the involved elements which somehow change their nature, with respect to phonological or lexico-grammatical features. A crucial aspect of such diachronic evolution is that cyclical change takes place systematically and follows regular and unidirectional patterns of development. Once the change is complete, the same developmental path will be undertaken by new linguistic items in the same cyclical fashion. In this paper, we illustrate the concept of cyclical change by discussing two examples of linguistic cycles. A first instance of cyclical development is displayed at the phonological level by the diachronic changes in the obstruent consonant system taking place from Indo-European to German through the First and the Second Sound Shift: the cycle is completed in the Cimbrian dialects. A second instance is provided by the diachronic process known as Jespersen’s cycle ([1917] 1966): sentential negation, initially expressed through a single negative marker, is later reinforced by an additional one; eventually, this second element becomes the only negative marker available in the sentence while the original marker is deleted. The discussion of the negative cycle takes also into consideration the results of an empirical research conducted on two varieties of an Italo-Romance dialect spoken in northern Italy.
Language contact in the Balkan Sprachbund
Authors: Seguin Luisa
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the meaning-form interface in the BalkanSprachbund(BS), by researching five different languages: Italian, Russian,Bulgarian, Romanian, and Greek. I consider two models that account for recurring properties of the relevant languages in theSprachbund: convergence and diglossia. If convergence is the cause behind shared features typical of the BS, that predicts that Bulgarian and Romanian would be more transparent than Russian and Italian. Under the diglossic analysis, Koine Greek is assumed to be the source of shared features, which predicts that the BS languages, Romanian, Bulgarian and Greek, would be similar. To compare the two models, I investigate twenty-four opacity features, divided into five categories: Redundancy (one-to-many), Fusion (many-to-one), Discontinuity (one meaning split in two or more forms), Form-based Form (forms with no semantic counterpart: zero-to-one), and a group of typical BS features. The results are consistent with the diglossia model: Romanian,Bulgarianand Greek manifest similar features, which points in the direction of diglossia as the underlying cause of language similarity.
Contact-induced change and mobility
Authors: Cabanzo Esteban Acuña , Adamou Evangelia , Sutre Adèle
Published: May 2023

This paper takes as its starting point a contact-induced grammatical innovation at the level of attributive predications that has been reported for various Romani speakers, in Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and the United States. Adopting a cross-disciplinary approach, we present evidence both from a historical study that documents individual and family itineraries in the Americas during the first half of the twentieth century and from a multi-sited ethnographic study on biographical narratives. These studies reveal the existence of close links among individuals from geographically distant localities. We suggest that, in the absence of normative linguistic institutions, complex multilingual practices seem to have modified grammar at the level of the bilingual speaker and ultimately of the network as a whole. More generally, by considering a less-studied population engaged in transnational mobile practices, we seek to illustrate how mobility allows for linguistic change to spread rapidly and widely.
Lexical diversity and the issue of the basilect/acrolect distinction in Lingua Franca
Authors: Operstein Natalie
Published: May 2023

In their typological survey of pidgins, Parkvall and Bakker (2013)
observe that pidgin discourse is characterized by an exceptionally low type-token ratio. Taking this observation as its starting
point, the present paper examines the type-token ratio in Lingua Franca, a contact language traditionally classified as a pidgin.
The study is based on a unique mini-corpus consisting of parallel translations in Lingua Franca and four comparator languages:
Italian, Spanish, French and English. The paper shows that the type-token ratio of the Lingua Franca variety reflected in the
mini-corpus matches, and in parts surpasses, those of its Romance lexifiers and English. The study expands our knowledge of the
basilect/acrolect distinction in Lingua Franca and contributes to the discussion about the role of lexical diversity in the
typological categorization of contact languages.
Culture in a radically usage-based model of language change, with special reference to constructional attrition
Authors: Noël Dirk
Published: May 2023

This article offers theoretical and programmatic reflection on how the impact of culture on language change should be accounted for from a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammatical perspective, with a focus on how cultural change can cause constructions to disappear from a language. It approaches this question through an assessment of how culture is incorporated in Schmid’s (2020) Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization model of ‘the dynamics of the linguistic system’. Against the backdrop of various proposals on the effect of ‘democratization’ in Anglo-Saxon culture on subtractive historical developments in the modal domain of English, and based on a study of interpersonal variation in the intrapersonal longitudinal development of a declining modal construction, the paper argues that the influence of culture on language change is mediated by entrenchment and that culture has a more extensive impact on entrenchment than the EC-model currently allows for.
Influence of sex hormones status and type of training on regional bone mineral density in exercising females
Authors: Guisado‐Cuadrado Isabel , Alfaro‐Magallanes Víctor M. , Romero‐Parra Nuria , Rael Beatriz , Guadalupe‐Grau Amelia , Peinado Ana B.
Published: May 2023

The primary objective of this study was to examine the influence of hormonal ovarian profile and training characteristics on spine, pelvis, and total body bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of well‐trained females. Forty‐two eumenorrheic females, twenty‐eight monophasic oral contraceptive (OC) users and thirteen postmenopausal females participated in this study. Body composition was measured by total body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine BMD of the areas of interest. Endurance‐trained premenopausal females showed lower spine BMD compared to resistance‐trained premenopausal females (1.03 ± 0.1 vs. 1.09 ± 0.09 g/cm2; p = 0.025). Postmenopausal females reported lower BMD level in comparison to eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.079 ± 0.082 vs 1.19 ± 0.115 g/cm2; p = 0.005), spine (0.969 ± 0.097 vs 1.069 ± 0.109 g/cm2; p = 0.012) and total (1.122 ± 0.08 vs 1.193 ± 0.077 g/cm2; p = 0.018) and OC users whose duration of OC use was less than 5 years (OC < 5) in pelvis (1.235 ± 0.068 g/cm2; p < 0.001) and spine (1.062 ± 0.069 g/cm2; p = 0.018). In addition, lower BMD values were found in OC users who had been using OC for more than 5 years (OC ≥ 5) than eumenorrheic females in pelvis (1.078 ± 0.086 g/cm2; p = 0.029) and spine (0.966 ± 0.08 g/cm2; p = 0.05). Likewise, OC ≥ 5 showed lower values than and OC < 5 in pelvis (p = 0.004) and spine (p = 0.047). We observed a lower spine BMD value in premenopausal endurance‐trained females compared to premenopausal resistance‐trained females. Moreover, this research observed that prolonged use of OCs may reduce bone mass acquisition in the spine and pelvis, even in well‐trained females. Finally, postmenopausal showed lower BMD despite being exercising women.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04458662.

Highlights

Ovarian hormonal profile should be considered when assessing BMD in female athletes.

The duration of oral contraceptive use influences spine and pelvis regional BMD in exercising females.

Postmenopausal women show lower BMD when compared to premenopausal females despite being exercising females.
T helper 2 cells in asthma
Authors: Harker James A. , Lloyd Clare M.
Published: May 2023

Allergic asthma is among the most common immune-mediated diseases across the world, and type 2 immune responses are thought to be central to pathogenesis. The importance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells as central regulators of type 2 responses in asthma has, however, become less clear with the discovery of other potent innate sources of type 2 cytokines and innate mediators of inflammation such as the alarmins. This review provides an update of our current understanding of Th2 cells in human asthma, highlighting their many guises and functions in asthma, both pathogenic and regulatory, and how these are influenced by the tissue location and disease stage and severity. It also explores how biologics targeting type 2 immune pathways are impacting asthma, and how these have the potential to reveal hitherto underappreciated roles for Th2 cell in lung inflammation.
Qualitative inverse problems: mapping data to the features of trajectories and parameter values of an ODE model
Authors: Duan X , Rubin J E , Swigon D
Published: May 2023

Our recent work on linear and affine dynamical systems has laid out a general framework for inferring the parameters of a differential equation model from a discrete set of data points collected from a system being modeled. It introduced a new class of inverse problems where qualitative information about the parameters and the associated dynamics of the system is determined for regions of the data space, rather than just for isolated experiments. Rigorous mathematical results have justified this approach and have identified common features that arise for certain classes of integrable models. In this work we present a thorough numerical investigation that shows that several of these core features extend to a paradigmatic linear-in-parameters model, the Lotka–Volterra (LV) system, which we consider in the conservative case as well as under the addition of terms that perturb the system away from this regime. A central construct for this analysis is a concise representation of parameter and dynamical features in the data space that we call the P

n
-diagram, which is particularly useful for visualization of the qualitative dependence of the system dynamics on data for low-dimensional (small n) systems. Our work also exposes some new properties related to non-uniqueness that arise for these LV systems, with non-uniqueness manifesting as a multi-layered structure in the associated P
2-diagrams.
Digital LIGA: exploitation of droplet-on-demand inkjet printing to fabricate complex mechanical structures by electroforming
Authors: Sels Annelies , Blum Remo , Chandran Rajasundar , Montinaro Enrica , Schildknecht Jan , Chabart Mickael , Subramanian Vivek
Published: May 2023

A novel 3D fabrication technique called digital LIGA is proposed, integrating functional digital printing with 3D microfabrication via electrodeposition. This allows for the realization of complex multilevel metallic structures without problems associated with merging growth fronts. To achieve this, we developed a gold nanoparticle ink, compatible with a SU-8 photoresist, for printing the digitally-defined seed layers. Using this ink, selective printing of a conductive seed layer on a multi-level photoresist was used along with subsequent electrodeposition. Defect-free complex multilevel metallic 3D structures were successfully prepared via this method.
The sensitivity analysis of dynamic electric breakdown damage model and simulation of granite by high voltage electric pulse
Authors: Liu Weiji , Zhang Youjian , Zhu Xiaohua , Chen Mengqiu
Published: May 2023

The use of high-voltage electrical pulse (HVEP) technology for improving the rate of penetration in deep, complex formations has been reported; however, its rock fragmentation mechanism is not fully understood, and the parametric design of electric drilling tools is not perfect. This research paper realized the whole process of single-pulse HVEP rock-breaking by using the electric breakdown model, combining circuit parameter coupling, Kirchhoff’s law, electric breakdown criterion, heat transfer process, and solid mechanical field. The sensitivity simulation of HVEP rock-breaking parameters, which considers the structural parameters of pulse power supply, the deterioration of rock during the electrical breakdown process, the correlation between dynamic dielectric strength of rock and time, and rock heterogeneity, is analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the shape of the plasma channel has little relationship with the pulse peak voltage, and the rock-breaking volume of a single pulse is positively related to the pulse peak voltage; the electrode spacing is positively correlated with the breakdown voltage of the rock in a first-order function shape and has a positive correlation with the failure volume; large electrode spacing can promote HVEP rock-breaking; electrode tilt has little effect on the minimum breakdown voltage and failure volume, and its optimal design should be combined with the flow field analysis of the electric bit structure; the heterogeneity index of granite results in breakdown voltage amplitudes within 3 kV and differences in the fragmentation effect of HVEP. The research results can be used as theoretical support for optimizing HVEP matching drilling tools.