bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Id3 and Bcl6 Promote the Development of Long-Term Immune Memory Induced by Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine
Authors: Han Jiangyuan , Ma Yanlin , Ma Lan , Tan Daquan , Niu Hongxia , Bai Chunxiang , Mi Youjun , Xie Tao , Lv Wei , Wang Juan , Zhu Bingdong
Published: February 2021

Long-lived memory cell formation and maintenance are usually regulated by cytokines and transcriptional factors. Adjuvant effects of IL-7 have been studied in the vaccines of influenza and other pathogens. However, few studies investigated the adjuvant effects of cytokines and transcriptional factors in prolonging the immune memory induced by a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine. To address this research gap, mice were treated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) subunit vaccine Mtb10.4-HspX (MH) plus ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190–198>-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70), together with adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 or lentivirus-mediated transcriptional factor Id3, Bcl6, Bach2, and Blimp1 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Immune responses induced by the vaccine were examined at 25 weeks after last immunization. The results showed that adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-7 allowed the TB subunit vaccine to induce the formation of long-lived memory T cells. Meanwhile, IL-7 increased the expression of Id3, Bcl6, and bach2—the three key transcription factors for the generation of long-lived memory T cells. The adjuvant effects of transcriptional factors, together with TB fusion protein MH/LT70 vaccination, showed that both Bcl6 and Id3 increased the production of antigen-specific antibodies and long-lived memory T cells, characterized by high proliferative potential of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ secretion in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, after re-exposure to the same antigen. Overall, our study suggests that IL-7 and transcriptional factors Id3 and Bcl6 help the TB subunit vaccine to induce long-term immune memory, which contributes to providing immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection.
Probabilistic Characterization of the Vegetated Hydrodynamic System Using Non-Parametric Bayesian Networks
Authors: Niazi Muhammad Hassan Khan , Morales Nápoles Oswaldo , van Wesenbeeck Bregje K.
Published: February 2021

The increasing risk of flooding requires obtaining generalized knowledge for the implementation of distinct and innovative intervention strategies, such as nature-based solutions. Inclusion of ecosystems in flood risk management has proven to be an adaptive strategy that achieves multiple benefits. However, obtaining generalizable quantitative information to increase the reliability of such interventions through experiments or numerical models can be expensive, laborious, or computationally demanding. This paper presents a probabilistic model that represents interconnected elements of vegetated hydrodynamic systems using a nonparametric Bayesian network (NPBN) for seagrasses, salt marshes, and mangroves. NPBNs allow for a system-level probabilistic description of vegetated hydrodynamic systems, generate physically realistic varied boundary conditions for physical or numerical modeling, provide missing information in data-scarce environments, and reduce the amount of numerical simulations required to obtain generalized results—all of which are critically useful to pave the way for successful implementation of nature-based solutions.
Water Quality Indices: Current and Future Trends in Evaluating Contamination of Groundwater Resources
Authors: Alexakis Dimitrios E.
Published: February 2021

Groundwater and surface water contamination is related to the presence of chemical substances, which strongly influence the water suitability for human consumption as well as for industrial and agricultural uses [...]
A Stochastic Procedure for Temporal Disaggregation of Daily Rainfall Data in SuDS Design
Authors: Pampaloni Matteo , Sordo-Ward Alvaro , Bianucci Paola , Gabriel-Martin Ivan , Caporali Enrica , Garrote Luis
Published: February 2021

Hydrological design of Sustainable urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) is commonly achieved by estimating rainfall volumetric percentiles from daily rainfall series. Nevertheless, urban watersheds demand rainfall data at sub-hourly time step. Temporal disaggregation of daily rainfall records using stochastic methodologies can be applied to improve SuDS design parameters. This paper is aimed to analyze the ability of the synthetic rainfall generation process to reproduce the main characteristics of the observed rainfall and the estimation of the hydrologic parameters often used for SuDS design and by using the generally available daily rainfall data. Other specifics objectives are to analyze the effect of Minimum Inter-event Time (MIT) and storm volume threshold on rainfall volumetric percentiles commonly used in SuDS design. The reliability of the stochastic spatial-temporal model RainSim V.3 to reproduce observed key characteristics of rainfall pattern and volumetric percentiles, was also investigated. Observed and simulated continuous rainfall series with sub-hourly time-step were used to calculate four key characteristics of rainfall and two types of rainfall volumetric percentiles. To separate independent rainstorm events, MIT values of 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and storm volume thresholds of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 mm were considered. Results show that the proposed methodology improves the estimation of the key characteristics of the rainfall events as well as the hydrologic parameters for SuDS design, compared with values directly deduced from the observed rainfall series with daily time-step. Moreover, MITs rainfall volumetric percentiles of total number of rainfall events are very sensitive to MIT and threshold values, while percentiles of total volume of accumulated rainfall series are sensitive only to MIT values.
A Batch Experiment of Cesium Uptake Using Illitic Clays with Different Degrees of Crystallinity
Authors: Hwang Jeonghwan , Choung Sungwook , Shin Woosik , Han Weon Shik , Chon Chul-Min
Published: February 2021

Radiocesium released by the severe nuclear accident and nuclear weapon test is a hazardous material. Illitic clays play a key role in the spatial distribution of radiocesium in groundwater environments due to selective uptake sites at the illite mineral, such as frayed edge sites. However, the cesium uptake capabilities of illitic clays are diverse, which could be associated with the illite crystallinity. This study was performed to determine the cesium uptake of illitic clays and evaluate the crystallinity effects on cesium uptake using statistical approaches. A total of 10 illitic clays showed various crystallinity, which was parameterized by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 10 Å XRD peak ranging from 0.15 to 0.64. The uptake behavior of illitic clays was well fitted with the Freundlich model (i.e., r2 > 0.946). The uptake efficiency of illitic clays increased with the decrease in dissolved cesium concentrations. The cesium uptake was significantly correlated with the FWHM and cation exchange capacity, suggesting that the uptake becomes higher with decreasing crystallinity through expansion of the edge site and/or formation of ion-exchangeable sites.
Climate Change Adaptations for Food Security in Vulnerable Areas of the Egyptian Nile—For Tackling the Overlooked Nexus Hazards of Hydrological Extremes and Waste Pollutions
Authors: Chen Otto , Abdelhalim Ahmed , Liu Ying , Rico-Ramirez Miguel , Han Dawei
Published: February 2021

The Nile Delta has been suffering from complex environmental hazards caused by climate change and human-induced evolvements, which have led to adverse impacts on national food security. An unfavourable nexus between solid waste management issues and extreme hydrological events is examined mainly through extensive field investigation and literature research, which is an emerging issue affecting food safety and security whilst still being overlooked so far. The findings not only reveal the significance of the emerging issue but also support our proposed recommendations in the policy/legislation and technology sphere. This interdisciplinary research employs a holistic lens that covers diverse perspectives, including systemic problems, wastewater treatment, and environmental neuroscience, to explore the relationship between food, climate change, water management, and waste pollution, and to achieve novel discoveries for the practical adaptations of Egypt’s challenges.
Emergy Analysis and Ecological Spillover as Tools to Quantify Ecological Compensation in Xuchang City, Qingyi River Basin, China
Authors: Li Huiqin , Lv Cuimei , Ling Minhua , Gu Changkuan , Li Yang , Wu Zening , Yan Denghua
Published: February 2021

As an effective means to coordinate cost–benefit allocation of ecological protection between upstream and downstream cities, ecological compensation is often used to improve collaborative basin-wide freshwater resources management. Yet, due to the complex relationships between upstream and downstream ecosystem services, calculating eco-compensation is not an easy task. We used ecological spillover (the amount of local ecosystem services not used in the region and thus flows to downstream areas) and emergy analysis to determine the amount of eco-compensation that the city of Xuchang should pay to the upstream city of Xinzheng (Qingyi River Basin, China) from 2010 to 2014. Eco-compensation was determined by deducting the emergy of the local, self-supplied ecosystem services of Xuchang City, calculated using an ecological-water-footprint-based analysis, from the emergy of the total ecosystem services used in Xuchang, and monetized accordingly. The results showed that the self-supplied ecosystem services decreased from 2010 to 2014 and, thus, Xuchang relied more on the ecological spillover services flowing from Xinzheng. As a result, eco-compensation increased from 990 million Chinese Yuan (¥) in 2010 to ¥509 billion in 2014, mostly due to increased demands for water purification and reduced precipitation around Xuchang. This method can be further enhanced by introducing larger datasets and can be replicated elsewhere to accurately determine ecological compensation, ensuring basin-wide collaboration towards the sustainable management of freshwater resources.
Hydrogeological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Coastal Aquifer of Stromboli Volcanic Island (Italy)
Authors: Madonia Paolo , Campilongo Gloria , Cangemi Marianna , Carapezza Maria Luisa , Inguaggiato Salvatore , Ranaldi Massimo , Vita Fabio
Published: February 2021

Although groundwater is a strategic source in volcanic islands, most hydrogeochemical research on this topic has been focused on volcanic activity monitoring, overlooking general hydrogeological aspects. The same applies to one of the most studied volcanoes in the world, Stromboli Island (Italy). Here, we provide a hydrogeological scheme of its coastal aquifer, retrieving inferences about its potential use as a water supply source and for optimizing monitoring protocols for volcanic surveillance. Starting from the hydrogeochemical literature background, we analyzed new data, acquired both for volcano monitoring purposes and during specific surveys. Among these, there were saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements of selected rock samples and precise determinations of water table elevations based on GNSS surveys of wells. We identified a ubiquitous thin lens of brackish water floating on seawater and composed of a variable mixing of marine and meteoric components; inlets of hydrothermal fluids to the aquifer are basically gases, mainly CO2. Based on its hydrogeochemical character, the coastal aquifer of Stromboli could be used as a water supply source after desalinization by reverse osmosis, while the wells located far from the seashore are the most interesting for volcano monitoring, because they are less disturbed by the shallow geochemical noise.
Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage
Authors: Melville-Shreeve Peter , Cotterill Sarah , Newman Alex , Butler David
Published: February 2021

Water demand management often focuses on quantifying the benefits of water efficiency rather than the potential impact of reduced flows on the sewer network. This study assessed the impact of a high-density deployment of ultra-low flush toilets (ULFT). A pre-installation washroom survey was carried out in July 2018. Water demand and sewer network condition were assessed ahead of the installation of 119 ULFTs and a real-time monitoring system across seven buildings on the University of Exeter campus. ULFTs were flushed 257,925 times in 177 days saving an estimated 2287 m3 per annum (compared to traditional 6 litre WCs). The annual cost saving of this reduction is approximately £12,580/annum, assuming a volumetric cost of £5.50/m3 of water. Mean discharge to the sewer network reduced by 6 m3/day. In the six-month period, 95 maintenance issues were reported, equating to 1 in 2700 flushes (0.037%). However, the frequency of incidents decreased after an initial commissioning period. There is no evidence, from blockage reports or photographs of manhole flow conditions, that the risk of blockage in the sewer network increased as a result of the ULFT installation programme.
A Case Study of Flood Risk Evaluation Based on Emergy Theory and Cloud Model in Anyang Region, China
Authors: Wu Zening , Cui Yuhai , Guo Yuan
Published: February 2021

With the progression of climate change, the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall have increased in many parts of the world, while the continuous acceleration of urbanization has made cities more vulnerable to floods. In order to effectively estimate and assess the risks brought by flood disasters, this paper proposes a regional flood disaster risk assessment model combining emergy theory and the cloud model. The emergy theory can measure many kinds of hazardous factor and convert them into unified solar emergy (sej) for quantification. The cloud model can transform the uncertainty in flood risk assessment into certainty in an appropriate way, making the urban flood risk assessment more accurate and effective. In this study, the flood risk assessment model combines the advantages of the two research methods to establish a natural and social dual flood risk assessment system. Based on this, the risk assessment system of the flood hazard cloud model is established. This model was used in a flood disaster risk assessment, and the risk level was divided into five levels: very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk. Flood hazard risk results were obtained by using the entropy weight method and fuzzy transformation method. As an example for the application of this model, this paper focuses on the Anyang region which has a typical continental monsoon climate. The results show that the Anyang region has a serious flood disaster threat. Within this region, Linzhou County and Anyang County have very high levels of risk for flood disaster, while Hua County, Neihuang County, Wenfeng District and Beiguan District have high levels of risk for flood disaster. These areas are the core urban areas and the economic center of local administrative regions, with 70% of the industrial clusters being situated in these regions. Only with the coordinated development of regional flood control planning, economy, and population, and reductions in the uncertainty of existing flood control and drainage facilities can the sustainable, healthy and stable development of the region be maintained.
Treatment Updates in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies (ANCA) Vasculitis
Authors: Jain Koyal , Jawa Pankaj , Derebail Vimal K. , Falk Ronald J.
Published: February 2021

ANCA vasculitis is a small-vessel vasculitis (SVV) resulting in inflammation of small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Since the initial description of SVV, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of its pathogenesis. Over the last decade, we have made significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis and improving the treatment and prognosis of patients with ANCA vasculitis. Patient and renal survival has improved, and treatment is moving toward individualizing care, minimizing severe adverse events, and preventing relapse. This review focuses on treatment updates in ANCA vasculitis, duration of therapy, and management of relapses. We also describe the existing treatment protocols used at our institution.
Toward an Updated Taxonomy of the South American Chenopodiaceae I: Subfamilies Betoideae, Camphorosmoideae, and Salsoloideae
Authors: Brignone Nicolás F. , Denham Silvia S.
Published: February 2021

This paper is the first in a projected series of publications treating the Chenopodiaceae in South America. We present here a taxonomic revision of subfamilies Betoideae, Camphorosmoideae, and Salsoloideae in South America, where all representatives of these subfamilies are introduced. Our research is based on the study of herbarium material, type specimens, digital images, original publications, and field observations. The South American Chenopodiaceae flora includes only Beta vulgaris L. from Betoideae, Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze, Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott, and Maireana brevifolia (R. Br.) P. G. Wilson from Camphorosmoideae, and Salsola kali L., Salsola tragus L., and Soda inermis Fourr. from Salsoloideae. Lectotypes for Echinopsilon reuterianus Boiss., Kochia alata Bates, K. parodii Aellen, K. parodii var. elongata Aellen, K. parodii var. densa Aellen, K. parodii var. glabrescens Aellen, and Suaeda sieversiana Pall. are designated here, as well as a second-step lectotype for K. brevifolia R. Br. The distribution of all species is updated based on the revision and proper identification of many herbarium specimens and field observations. The distribution of M. brevifolia in Chile is here expanded. New synonyms for Bassia scoparia are proposed. A preliminary key to the genera of Chenopodiaceae in South America is also presented.
Aportes del pensamiento crítico latinoamericano al análisis de los movimientos sociales
Authors: Martinez Zahiry , Soto Pimentel Verónica , Gradin Agustina , Di Zacomo Dario
Published: February 2021

En este escrito recuperamos algunas conceptualizaciones que cuatro autores latinoamericanos, en sus tiempos y contextos históricos, han elaborado para analizar la desigualdad y los sujetos subalternos en América Latina. Hablamos de José Carlos Mariátegui (1894-1930), René Zavaleta (1937-1984), Rodolfo Kusch (1922-1979) y Arturo Escobar (1952). En cuanto estos autores se preguntan por la persistencia de la desigualdad en la región y los límites de los procesos de modernización para superarla, dándole un lugar protagónico a los/as sujetos subalternos/as que los resisten e intentan revertirlos, ensayamos su potencialidad teórica para abordar los movimientos sociales como actores y actrices de transformación social. Para ello, miramos el devenir de los movimientos de la economía popular y de los feminismos en la Argentina actual.
Acciones colectivas y políticas culturales de base comunitaria:
Authors: Gutiérrez Mariana Carla , Sorribas Patricia Mariel
Published: February 2021

En una investigación de corte sociológico analizamos alineamientos y resonancias entre marcos interpretativos del Programa Nacional Puntos de Cultura y las acciones colectivas en torno a la Cultura Comunitaria en Córdoba, Argentina. Basándonos en análisis de documentos, observaciones y entrevistas, diferenciamos dos etapas de la política cultural. En la primera, se evidencia mayor alineamiento de marcos entre el Programa Puntos de Cultura y organizaciones que intervienen a partir de expresiones artísticas y culturales en áreas consideradas ajenas a “lo cultural”. En la segunda, se transforma el discurso de la política proponiendo a las organizaciones mayor participación en la definición e implementación de la política pública. Esto propicia la alineación con los marcos de Cultura Viva Comunitaria, acción colectiva que surge con la intención de incidir en políticas y legislación vinculada a la Cultura Comunitaria. Finalmente se debaten las potencialidades de esas resonancias y las limitaciones de las iniciativas de incidencia.
Sentidos políticos y construcción de lo común en los territorios de resistencias a la minería del litio de Salinas Grandes y Laguna Guayatayoc.
Authors: Argento Melisa
Published: February 2021

La acelerada demanda global en torno al litio ejerce una presión extractivista sobre las reservas que se encuentran en los salares de la Puna argentina. El interés por el mineral para la elaboración de baterías de ion litio, expresa a su vez, una disputa geopolítica por el control y dominio de los futuros mercados de electromovilidad y el nuevo paradigma tecnológico. Los proyectos de exploración y explotación del litio en los salares de la puna en Argentina, entran en conflicto con la reproducción de la vida de las comunidades indígenas campesinas que allí habitan. Este artículo analiza el proceso de resistencia a la minería del litio en las comunidades de la cuenca de Salinas Grandes y Laguna Guayatayoc, las formas de organización y repertorios de movilización, así como los sentidos políticos territoriales que se consolidan, en la disputa por la defensa de los bienes comunes.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN NPK DALAM PENDEGRADASIAN LIMBAH CAIR KELAPA SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR
Authors: Pasaribu Rendy Parningotan
Published: February 2021

Proses pengolahan limbah cair minyak kelapa sawit menggunakan Anaerobic Baffled Reactor memiliki kekurangan dimana effluent pengolaham tersebut tidak seimbang dengan nutrient ataupun substrat yang tersedia di dalam limbah maupun lumpur aktif. Untuk penanganan masalah tersebut maka perlu dilakukan penambahan senyawa nitogen dan fosfor dalam bentuk NPK di dalam activator. Dilakukan 3 variasi perlakuan untuk NPK yaitu sebanyak 2,5 gr; 5 gr dan tanpa NPK. Nilai akhir COD tanpa NPK 2.198 mg/L; 2,5 gr NPK 843 mg/L; dan 5 gr NPK 731 mg/L. Nilai akhir TSS tanpa NPK 4,9 mg/L; 2,5 gr NPK 5,3 mg/L; dan 5 gr NPK 4,1 mg/L. Nilai akhir VSS tanpa NPK 4,76 mg/L; 2,5 gr NPK 6,186 mg/L; dan 5 gr NPK 6,15 mg/L. Dari hasil analisa dapat disimpulkan bahwa pendegradasian terbaik diperoleh pada penambahan 5 gram NPK.
PERBANDINGAN PRODUKSI UBIKAYU (Manihot esculenta Crantz) AKIBAT PENAMBAHAN PUPUK KCl DAN PEMBERIAN PUPUK MIKRO SAAT PANEN 7 BULAN
Authors: Najib Muhammad Fajrin
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi produksi ubikayu akibat penambahan unsur hara kalium dan unsur hara mikro saat panen 7 bulan. Lokasi penelitian di lahan bertipe tanah lempung berpasir, Desa Sukanegara, Tanjung Bintang, Lampung Selatan dari April sampai Februari 2018. Klon yang digunakan yaitu Klon BW-1 dengan jarak tanam 1m x 1m. Perlakuan disusun secara faktorial (2x2) dalam Rancangan Kelompok Teracak Lengkap (RKTL). Setiap perlakuan diulang tiga kali yang digunakan sebagai blok. Faktor pertama 2 taraf dosis pupuk KCl yaitu 200 kg ha-1 dan 300 kg ha-1. Faktor kedua 2 taraf pupuk mikro yaitu 0 kg ha-1 dan 20 kg ha-1. Variabel yang diamati yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot kering batang, bobot kering petiol, bobot kering daun, jumlah ubi, panjang ubi, diameter ubi, bobot ubi per tanaman dan kadar pati. Data dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi SAS 9.0. dengan taraf nyata 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan 300 kg KCl ha-1 menghasilkan rata-rata bobot ubi per tanaman yang lebih besar (1983,3 g) dibandingkan 200 kg KCl ha-1 rata-rata bobot ubi per tanaman (1450,0 g), begitu juga dengan panjang ubi yang diberi 300 kg KCl ha-1 menghasilkan rata-rata panjang ubi 25,15 ± 10,78 cm yang lebih panjang dibandingkan 200 kg KCl ha-1 rata-rata panjang ubi 21,27 ± 7,38 cm. Selajutnya pemberian 20 kg pupuk mikro ha-1 mampu menghasilkan menghasilkan rata-rata bobot ubi yang lebih besar (1.966,70 g) dibandingkan tanpa aplikasi mikro (1.466,70 g) begitu juga dengan diameter ubi 7 BST yang diberi 20 kg pupuk mikro ha-1 menghasilkan rata-rata diameter 30,73 ± 6,69 mm yang lebih besar dibandingkan tanpa aplikasi pupuk mikro rata-rata diameter ubi 35,16 ±8,45 mm. Namun aplikasi kedua dosis pupuk KCl dan aplikasi kedua dosis pupuk pupuk mikro tidak berpengaruh pada komponen ubi.
Denboratik kausara: -nez gero kausazko lokailuaren garapenaz
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio , Pérez Manuel
Published: February 2021

LABURPENA Lan honetan -nez gero atzizki multzoaren garapena dugu aztergai, lehen testuetatik hasi eta gaurdaino. Denbora lokailuetatik sortu diren beste kausazko lokailu asko bezala, -nez gero batez ere mintza-ekintzak eta antzekoak justifikatzeko erabiltzen da. Hala ere, kausa neutroagoak adierazteko ere erabiltzen da. Gaztelaniaz ez bezala, menpeko perpausaren kokagunea ez da aldatu azken mendeotan eta funtzio informatiboan ere ez dugu aldakuntza handirik ikusten. Sumatzen dugun garapen nagusia da beharbada edukizko kausazko neutroetan maizago erabiltzeko joera. Oro har, -nez gero kausazko menderagailuak, gazt. ya que-rekin baino, antz handiagoa du fr. puisque eta ing. since lokailuekin. RESUMEN Examinamos la evolución de -nez gero como nexo causal. Como es esperable en las causales de origen temporal, las cláusulas con ‑nez gero se usan sobre todo en causales que justifican actos de habla o similares. Sin embargo, también las encontramos en causales más neutras. La principal evolución observable en estos cinco siglos ha sido quizá un uso más frecuente en este segundo tipo de causales. La conjunción vasca se asemeja más a la conjunción puisque del francés o a since del inglés que a las causales castellanas de origen temporal. Al contrario que en castellano, no hay una tendencia diacrónica a cambiar de función informativa y de posición en relación a la cláusula principal. ABSTRACT We examine the evolution of -nez gero as a causal connector. As expected of causal connectors of temporal origin, -nez gero clauses are mostly used to justify speech acts and similar situations. However, they are also used in more neutral thematic causal clauses. The most noticeable evolution in the last five centuries has been an increase in the frequency of its use in the latter type of causal clauses. Also contrary to the evolution of ya que in Spanish, we do not observe any diachronic tendency for the subordinate clause to move from the left to the right of the main clause or, regarding informative function, from non-assertive to assertive. In all this, the Basque subordinator resembles more Fr puisque and Eng since than the Spanish causal conjunctions of temporal origin.
100 metroren azterketa memoria ikasketen ikuspegitik
Authors: Arroita Izaro
Published: February 2021

LABURPENA Lan honen xedea da Ramon Saizarbitoriaren 100 metro (1976) nobelaren irakurketa bat proposatzea memoriaren ikuspegitik. Horretarako, memoria ikasketetan funtsezkoak diren kontzeptu batzuk erabiliko ditugu, eta memoriaren errepresentazioa literaturan ikertzeko tresna analitikoak ere deskribatuko ditugu, narratologia kulturalaren esparruan. Memoriak funtzio ezberdinak betetzen ditu nobelan: heriotzaren aurrean protagonistari gogora datozkion oroitzapenek humanizatu egiten dute alferrik hiltzera doan gaztea. Beste plano batzuetan, gatazkaren eta zapalkuntzaren memoria komunikatiboaren sortze prozesua irudikatzen dute herritar anonimoen arteko elkarrizketa eta hitz aspertuek. RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la novela 100 metros (1976) de Ramon Saizarbitoria desde la perspectiva de los estudios de la memoria. Para ello, nos valdremos de algunos conceptos fundamentales de los estudios de la memoria, así como de herramientas analíticas como la narratología cultural. La memoria cumple distintas funciones en la novela: los recuerdos del protagonista ante la muerte humanizan a ese joven que va a morir en vano. En otros planos, las conversaciones banales de los ciudadanos anónimos representan la creación y el funcionamiento de la memoria comunicativa del conflicto y de la represión ABSTRACT The main goal of this paper is to examine Ramon Saizarbitoria’s novel 100 metro (1976) from the perspective of memory studies. In order to do so, we will describe some key concepts, and also some narratological tools that will give us a means of examining the literary representation of memory, which fulfils different functions in the novel: protagonist’s individual memories in the face of death reveal a character that is used to losing, and this makes the fugitive more human. By means of the contrast between different narrative levels and voices, anonymous citizens’ chitchats reflect the process of constructing and the functioning of communicative memory of the conflict and repression.
How to apply for PhD in most of the foreign Universities after completing your masters from India? Is it just like how you design your wardrobes in your own house?
Authors: Mukherjee Dattatreya , Tsagkaris Christos
Published: February 2021

As a MBBS student, I always keep myself updated about the current educations. I always scroll through different social networking sites like Linkedin, twitter, YouTube and I have realized that finding the PhD supervisor is just like how we design our clothes inside our wardrobes or how we a librarian keep the books in the library. Its hectic work but it increases the chance of acceptability just you got the right dress in the right time quickly from your designed wardrobes. What is the most common way to organize your wardrobes? First take out all your dresses. Then short out your dresses which you want to keep and which you want to donate. After that, wash your cloths and then seat for the final designing the wardrobes. There are many ways you can design. Summer clothes, winter cloths Or House Clothes, Professional Cloths, Party Clothes or Colour wise like all red clothes, all blue clothes. You can design it according to your convenience. Then place the clothes in the wardrobes. You put all your daily clothes in upper rack, rarely used clothes in lower rack. And yes, you have to change this design according to your convenience. And networking is very important. Like if you put your suits in the corner, you have to put your ties there. So, let’s do the naming now. Your all clothes are Research Data base like PhDportal.eu . Now the basis of which you are making the short out is your subject interest, you master’s thesis and your previous lab experiences. You have to make a list of all supervisors whom you are going to apply. For this you have to go though their profile and research works, papers, current projects etc. So, this the clothes which will be enter in the wardrobes. Now the main thing how to put the clothes in the right way in the wardrobes. So, make a excel sheet. Write headings Gross topics. Then who are the supervisors are working on that topics. Like, I am interested in CAR T cell therapy in Oncology, Cancer Vaccines and Stem cell Therapy in Oncology. So, these are the top heading. Then I will list all the supervisors who are working on CART cell therapy in Oncology like that. After that I will make letter of motivations. By this writing Letter of Motivations is easy. Because who are working on CART cell, their main frame of the letter will be same, certain number of changes is needed. Same is applicable for other categories too. So, through this I can send the emails to maximum number of supervisors in a least amount of time. Also don’t forget to make a good CV, CV in one paper and letter of recommendation. So, its just like the proper arrangements, its increase the acceptability in the less amount of time. Just like your designed organized wardrobes or an organized library. The rest of the time one can use in preparation of IELTS/TOEFL or GRE.
Sistem Ekonomi Islam Dengan Aspek Kehidupan MASYARAKAT MADANI DI TINJAU DARI HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Mayasari Dwika , Putri Sarah Wijayanti
Published: February 2021

Ekonomi Islam merupakan sarana dalam mewujudkan ekonomi masyarakat madani. Kegagalan sistem konvensional membuat terjadi penyimpangan dari nilai sosial dan nilai normatif moral masyarakat sehingga sistem itu dianggap gagal dalam membentuk sarana ekonomi masyarakat. Untuk itu instrumen ekonomi syari’ah merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam pembentukan ekonomi masyarakat madani melalaui instrumen baitul maal, lembaga zakat, lembaga wakaf, sedekah dan sebagainya.

Economic of Islam is supporting facilities for in realizing public chartered investment counsel madani. Fails of conventional system makes happened variation from value social and normative value of public morale so that the system is assumed to fails in forming faciliti public chartered investment counsel. For the purpose intstrument chartered investment counsel syari’ah is one of alternative in forming of public chartered investment counsel madani with instrument treasure house, religious obligatory institute, communal ownership institute, alms and all that.
Relaxation peaks of ZnO varistors and their correlations with electrical properties
Authors: Zhao Xia , Shi Weidong , Zhang Boyu , Guo Men , Shen Haibin
Published: February 2021

Many dielectrics exhibit a (polarization) relaxation response when a time-varying electric field is applied. In some frequency bands, the amplitude of the polarization changes rapidly, with a significant dielectric loss; the maxima in the change rate are referred to as relaxation peaks. ZnO varistors exhibit a dielectric response with several relaxation peaks, but the relationship between the relaxation peaks and electrical properties has not been established. To understand this relationship, dielectric spectroscopy measurements of ZnO varistors were conducted in the temperature range of −110 °C to 200 °C in the frequency range of 10−1–106 Hz. By changing two important dopants of Bi2O3 and Sb2O3, four relaxation peaks, named Peak A, Peak B, Peak C, and Peak D, were detected. It was found that peaks A, B, and D are indispensable for higher nonlinearity and lower leakage current density. The detection of all four peaks implies that ZnO varistors possess excellent electrical properties, that is, a high breakdown field (235.2 V mm−1), nonlinear coefficient (76.2), and low leakage current density (0.065 μA cm−2).
Dynamic characteristics and device degradation of GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with an AlInN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector
Authors: Ide Toshihide , Iida Ryousuke , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Wang Xue-Lun , Takada Noriyuki , Shimizu Mitsuaki
Published: February 2021

The dynamic characteristics of GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with an AlInN/GaN semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector has been reported for the first time. The max dynamic lasing frequency of 1.1 GHz with a wavelength of 415 nm and a threshold current of 7 mA has been demonstrated. Moreover, at the pulse lasing operation, both the steep lasing waveforms and the tailing spontaneous emission waveforms were observed in driven with the square pulse waveforms. The dynamic lasing frequency driven by the sine waveform seems to be related to this steep lasing waveform at the square pulse operation. During these dynamic measurements, the lasing characteristics of the VCSEL were gradually degraded, and the lasing power is decreased by −7 dB at the same bias condition after several hours.
ШАРҚ ФИЛОЛОГИЯСИДА БАЛОҒАТ ИЛМИ НАЗАРИЯСИНИНГ АСОСЧИЛАРИ
Authors: RUSTAMIY Salima
Published: February 2021

Жаҳон цивилизацияси ривожида аниқ фанлар билан бир қаторда тафсир, фиқҳ, ақоид, адаб масалаларини қамраб олган Қуръон илмлари ҳам муҳим мавқега эга бўлди. Ўрта аср олимларининг тилга оид назарий ва амалий масалаларни қамраб олган тилшуносликка оид қарашлари адаб илмлари таркибида луғат, сарф, наҳв, балоғат илмлари каби сертармоқ ва мураккаб илмий назариялар мажмуи сифатида ривожланиб, унинг ўрганиш объекти тил, тил ҳодисалари ва тил ифодаси бўлган нутқдан иборат бўлди. Тил — мураккаб рамзлар тизими сифатида баҳоланди. Мақолада адаб илмларидан ҳисобланган балоғат илми назарий асосларининг вужудга келиши ва ривожланишида муҳим ўринга эга бўлган балоғатшунос олимлар, уларнинг шу соҳага оид асарлари таҳлил қилинган. Жумладан, IX асрнинг биринчи ярмида Абу Убайда «Мажозу-л-Қуръон» асари билан балоғат илмига асос солган. Бу илм такомиллашиб борди ва XII асрда хоразмлик олим Абу Ёқуб Юсуф Саккокий маъоний, баён, бадиъ илмларини бир тизимга тушириб, «балоғат илми» деб атади. Балоғат илми назарий асосларининг вужудга келишида Абдулқоҳир Журжоний ва Юсуф Саккокий фан асосчиси сифатида эътироф этилади. Жалолиддин Қазвиний ва Саъдуддин Тафтазоний балоғат илмига оид назарий қарашларни ривожлантириш билан бирга унинг фан сифатида ўқитилишига катта ҳисса қўшган олимлардир. Мазкур илм араб, форс, туркий халқлар орасида кенг тарқалган ҳамда XIX–XX аср бошларигача ўқув даргоҳларида фан сифатида ўқитилган. Балоғат илмининг тил ҳодисаларига оид назарий қарашлари бугунги кун тилшунослигида ҳам долзарблик касб этади.
Mexico’s Monetary Policy Framework Under a Floating Exchange Rate Regime
Authors: Carstens Agustín G. , Werner Alejandro M.
Published: February 2021

The currency and financial crises experienced by the European Monetary System in 1992, by Mexico in 1994-95 and the recent emerging market crisis of 1997-1999 have reignited the debate on the viable exchange rate regimes for small open economies and, in particular, for emerging markets. After more than four years with the floating exchange rate regime, the Mexican experience provides an interesting case of study for other emerging economies considering the possibility of moving towards a more flexible exchange rate regime. In this paper we provide an overview of the transition towards the floating exchange rate regime, the functioning of this system in Mexico, the current monetary policy framework and the behavior of the economy in recent years.
COMPARISON OF INVENTORY MODELS UNDER NON-INSTANTANEOUS DETERIORATION RATE WITH PROBABILISTIC DEMAND AND SHORTAGES
Authors: Patel Shital S.
Published: February 2021

In this research, present an inventory model with non-instantaneous deterioration rate is consider i.e. depend on time. The purpose of this paper is to deliver a comparative study of diverse probabilistic environment, where demand is considered as a random variable follows probabilistic distributions. Shortages are allowed. The anticipated model is conveyed to highest profit of the formation. Mathematical analysis is carried out at the end to validate models. A parametric analysis is accomplished to explore the impact of key parameters.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN WEST TRIPURA DISTRICT, TRIPURA
Authors: Das Suman , Mipun B.S.
Published: February 2021

Soil quality is an assimilation of soil processes and evaluates the changes in soil condition. At present, soil quality is defined as “capacity of soil to function”. Among the soil properties, Soil physical properties are more important than other properties. Soil physical properties are essential for farmers to know about their agricultural lands for better utilization and profit maximization. After studying the areal distribution of individual soil physical properties, it is seen that soil properties are not evenly distributed in the study area. But through scientific implementation of land management system and proper utilization of land may improve soil physical properties (soil quality) and standard of living of farmers for better future.
A Modified General Diode Equation
Authors: Chakravorty Pragnan
Published: February 2021

The general diode equation or the non-ideal
diode equation is the foundation of circuit models of active devices for the
past several decades. Apart from the effect of p-n junction, this equation also
accounts for the series bulk resistance of a diode. Despite a reasonable
agreement of the equation with measured VI characteristics, it is shown here that
the equation is incompatible with basic theories of circuits and systems.
Therefore, a modification in the equation is proposed to remove this incompatibility.
This modified equation has an excellent agreement with the measured VI characteristics.
Handwritten Pashto Characters Dataset for Optical Character Recognition
Authors: mudaser wahidullah , Chan Jonathan H.
Published: February 2021

This work was presented at the 9th Joint Symposium on Computational Intelligence (JSCI9), organized by the IEEE-CIS Thailand Chapter, that aims to support research students and young researchers, to create a place enabling participants to share and discuss on their research prior to publishing their works. The event was open to all researchers who want to broaden their knowledge in the field of computational intelligence.

The Pashto character database developed in this work is available at GitHub - mudaser37/pashtoCharacterDataset
Xangô, Jurema e Umbanda: anotações sobre três formas de religião popular na região do Recife
Authors: Motta Roberto
Published: February 2021

Encontramos na área da cidade do Recife, no Nordeste do Brasil, três formas principais de religião popular, sincrética e mediúnica. O Xangô, influenciado pelas religiões da África Ocidental, pratica o culto aos orixás africanos, sincretizado aos santos do Catolicismo, através do sacrifício de animais e da festa, acompanhada pelo transe e pela dança. A Jurema gira em torno dos caboclos e dos mestres, que oferecem consolo e conselhos. A aspersão do consulente com fumaça de tabaco é rito frequente. Também característico é o consumo da jurema, bebida preparada com a raiz da árvore da jurema. A Umbanda, além de entidades sobrenaturais que são especialmente suas, cultua as entidades do Xangô e da Jurema. Estas devem passar por um processo de “branqueamento”. Supõe-se que sejam entidades primitivas, mas capazes de progredir através da doutrinação por espíritos evoluídos. Aí se encontra o vislumbre de uma atitude ascética, estranha ao Xangô e à Jurema. De acordo com nossos cálculos, Xangô, Jurema e Umbanda compreendem, respectivamente, 30%, 60%, e 10% de uma membresia de 150.000 pessoas. Aí não estão incluídos simpatizantes e frequentadores avulsos. O processo ritual é um campo de batalha socioantropológico. Transe, festa, dança ligam-se à organização e ao poder dentro dos grupos de culto e a concepções abrangentes de desenvolvimento pessoal e coletivo.
Caminhos dos sentidos: penitência e alaridos na romaria do Senhor dos Passos de São Cristóvão (Brasil, 1903-1978)
Authors: de Jesus Santos Magno Francisco
Published: February 2021

A procissão dos Passos na cidade de São Cristóvão é considerada a principal solenidade religiosa de Sergipe, estado do Nordeste brasileiro. Desde o século XIX, na segunda semana da Quaresma, a cidade passava por um período de júbilo, regozijava com romeiros se deslocando dos mais diversos recônditos no intuito de cumprir sua desobriga e renovar seus pedidos. Era uma romaria que reunia os segmentos populares e os principais nomes da elite açucareira da região. Era uma romaria oficial do Império do Brasil. Nessa pesquisa, o objeto é a reinvenção dessa romaria ao longo do século XX, provocando conflitos e inquietações entre diferentes segmentos sociais que tentaram se apropriar do evento. O principal conflito ocorreu entre os membros da antiga Ordem Terceira do Carmo, organizadora da romaria, e os frades franciscanos oriundos da Alemanha, que a partir de 1903 assumiram a Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Vitória e tentaram promover o processo de reforma devocional, combatendo as práticas devocionais tidas como inadequadas e o poder dos leigos na celebração. Essa querela envolveu religiosos, leigos, políticos republicanos, romeiros das camadas populares, membros das irmandades e intelectuais preocupados com os efeitos da modernização do estado e com a destruição das tradições.
Saboreando o néctar: Bem Viver e ontologia na prática do Movimento Hare Krishna no sul do Brasil
Authors: Silva Victor , Pacheco Carolina
Published: February 2021

Neste artigo indagamos o possível caráter político que reside no engajamento em práticas religiosas. Para isso buscamos compreender como o movimento Hare Krishna constitui uma ontologia própria que orienta a ação dos adeptos. O estudo foi realizado a partir de uma vivência de campo na rede de templos da ‘ISKCON Sul Yatra’ e da seleção de trechos de textos publicados na revista ‘Carta de Sankirtana’, produzida por integrantes do movimento. Nos inspiramos, ao analisar tais dados qualitativos, na concepção de ontologias políticas e na noção de ‘bem viver’, relacionando-as com a concepção nativa de ‘néctar’. Constatamos que são as principais atividades do movimento, a distribuição de livros e de alimentos, que implicam em engajamento coletivo na busca deste ‘néctar’. Identificamos, ainda, a característica juvenil como marcante do movimento Hare Krishna, pois a maioria de seus integrantes é constituída por jovens e o definimos, portanto, como coletivo juvenil. Concluímos, assim, que a ontologia do movimento Hare Krishna pode ser compreendida como política, pois exprime em si uma concepção de devir e, simultaneamente, provoca engajamento em atividades coletivas, baseado em sentimentos que são descritos, eles mesmos, como fatores de adesão.
The making of a visionary culture: connected histories among Marian apparitions in Portuguese-Brazilian world (1917-1936)
Authors: Silva de Moura Carlos André , Marroquim Dirceu Salviano Marques
Published: February 2021

This paper will analyze the shaping of supposed Marian apparitions in Pesqueira, a Brazilian city located in Pernambuco, as part of a series of events related to the devotions to Our Lady representations in modern and contemporary periods. Based on the propositions of Cultural History, regional newspapers, ecclesiastical documents, and personal letters were used in order to understand the relation of these events to political, economic, and social issues of the first half of the 20th century. The analysis will suggest that the events in Pesqueira were connected to other religious representations, such as the apparitions in Lourdes (France) and Fatima (Portugal), reinforcing the image of the 20th century as the “golden century” of apparitions to members and followers of the Catholic Church. Therefore, this work highlights the central performance of ecclesiastics, scholars, and devotees in the shaping of new devotions and cults in a specific space in Latin America.
The articulation between evolutionism and creationism in New Religious Movements: Two South American case studies
Authors: Campanha Vitor
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how certain religious perspectives present nuances between the concepts of creation and evolution. Although public debate characterizes them as polarized concepts, it is important to understand how contemporary religious expressions resignify them and create arrangements in which biological evolution and creation by the intervention of higher beings are presented in a continuum. It begins with a brief introduction on the relations and reframing of Science concepts in the New Religious Movements along with New Age thinking. Then we have two examples which allows us to analyze this evolution-creation synthesis. First, I will present a South American New Religious Movement that promotes bricolage between the New Age, Roman Catholicism and contacts with extraterrestrials. Then, I will analyze the thoughts of a Brazilian medium who disseminates lectures along with the channeling of ETs in videos on the internet, mixing the elements of ufology with cosmologies of Brazilian religions such as Kardecist spiritism and Umbanda. These two examples share the idea of ​​the intervention of extraterrestrial or superior beings in human evolution, thus, articulating the concepts of evolution and creation. Therefore, in these arrangements it is possible to observe an inseparability between spiritual and material, evolution and creation or biological and spiritual evolution.