bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with metastatic disease to the spine
Authors: Yeung Caleb , Heard Jeremy , Lee Yunsoo , McCurdy Michael , Narayanan Rajkishen , Kolowrat Samantha , Gibbons Liam , Hagan Tim , Canseco Jose A. , Hilibrand Alan S. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory D. , Kepler Christopher K.
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

The prevalence of depression and anxiety in cancer patients is approximately 15% and 20%. Unfortunately, depression has been demonstrated to negatively impact patients after spinal fusion surgeries and is associated with worse overall survival in cancer patients. The rates of depression and anxiety have yet to be reported in patients with metastatic spine disease. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of depression and anxiety in patients with metastatic spine disease.

Materials and Methods:

Patients >18 years of age at our institution who presented with metastatic spinal disease between 2017 and 2022 were identified through query search and verified by chart review of operative and biopsy notes. Patients who carried a depression and anxiety diagnosis were identified through a review of documentation in the electronic medical record. Demographic and surgical characteristics were recorded.

Results:

One hundred and fifty patients were identified. The average age and Charlson Comorbidity Index were 63.5 ± 13.0 and 8.34 ± 2.76, respectively. There were 84 (56.0%) males, 28 (18.7%) patients carrying a diagnosis of diabetes, and 40 (26.7%) current smokers. There were 127 (84.7%) surgeries performed for spinal metastases. The most common operative location was the thoracic spine (42.5%), while the sacrum was the least common (2.36%). Overall, 20.00% of our cohort carried a diagnosis of depression, 17.3% carried a diagnosis of anxiety, and 28.7% carried a diagnosis of either depression or anxiety. The most common primary cancers were lung (20.67%), breast (17.33%), and prostate cancers (15.33%).

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrates elevated rates of depression and anxiety in patients with spinal metastatic disease relative to the general population. When evaluating patients with spinal metastases, spine surgeons have an opportunity to screen for symptoms and place an early referral to a mental health professional.
Catastrophic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma following thrombolysis: An intersection of neurosurgical and cardiological challenges – An institutional experience
Authors: Soni Tushar V. , Patel Shreyansh J. , Shah Varshesh K. , Joshipura Kavan M.
Published: September 2024

Catastrophic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) following thrombolysis poses a complex intersection of neurosurgical and cardiological challenges. This case report presents the institutional experience of a 66-year-old female who developed rapid-onset compressive myelopathy after thrombolysis for inferior wall myocardial infarction with injection streptokinase. SSEH, although rare, demands prompt recognition due to its potential for permanent neurologic injury and mortality. The discussion highlights the clinical significance, anatomical considerations, and multidisciplinary approach requisite for accurate diagnosis and effective management of SSEH. The conclusion underscores the necessity for clinicians, particularly cardiologists administering thrombolytic therapies, to consider SSEH in postthrombolysis patients presenting with neurological deficits.
Odontoid remodeling with occipital condyle stabilization in patients with metastatic C2 involvement
Authors: Akgun Mehmet Yigit , Durmus Nazenin , Gunerbuyuk Caner , Gunara Sezer Onur , Oktenoglu Tunc , Sasani Mehdi , Ates Ozkan , Ozer Ali Fahir
Published: September 2024

The occipitocervical junction (OCJ) is a complex anatomical region crucial for protecting the lower brain stem, upper spinal cord, and lower cranial nerves. Instability in this area can lead to severe outcomes such as chronic pain, neurological deficits, or death. Various surgical techniques have been developed for OCJ stabilization, particularly using occipital condyle screws, which have shown promise in providing stability and preserving neck rotation. This article presents two cases of OCJ instability caused by metastatic involvement of the C2 vertebra, managed successfully with occipital condyle screw fixation. The first case involved a 22-year-old female with Ewing sarcoma metastasis, and the second case involved a 62-year-old male with multiple myeloma. Both patients exhibited significant improvements in neurological function and cervical stability postoperatively, with observable den remodeling. Our findings suggest that occipital condyle screw fixation is not only feasible but also effective in managing OCJ instability due to metastatic disease. Detailed preoperative evaluation and the use of advanced intraoperative imaging technologies, such as the O-arm and neuronavigation, are essential for maximizing safety and ensuring optimal outcomes. This study underscores the potential of occipital condyle screw fixation as a primary surgical method for stabilizing the OCJ in appropriate cases.
Trends and epidemiology of spine fractures in the super-elderly population in the United States
Authors: Cush Charles T. , Stefko Joseph M. , Jaworski Hayden M. , Lyons Joseph G.
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

Spine fractures occur commonly in the geriatric population. Super-elderly individuals (i.e., those 80 years of age and older) represent a growing segment of the population and are especially prone to these fractures. The contemporary epidemiology of spine fractures in the super-elderly population is incompletely described in the literature.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive epidemiology study used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to examine the incidence and recent trends of spine fractures occurring among super-elderly individuals in the United States (US) from 2011 to 2020. Annual, overall, and age-/sex-specific incidence rates (IRs) were analyzed. Average annual percent change (AAPC) estimates were calculated to indicate the magnitude/direction of trends in annual injury rates.

Results:

An estimated n = 385,375 super-elderly patients sustained spine fractures over the 10-year study period for an overall IR of 31.5 per 10,000 person-years at-risk. Lumbar fractures (IR = 16.3) were the most common, followed by thoracic (IR = 9.4) and cervical (IR = 6.9) fractures. Incidence was significantly higher in super-elderly females (IR = 35.6) than in males (IR = 24.8). Incidence was significantly higher in nonagenarians (IR = 50.7) and centenarians (IR = 42.6) than in octogenarians (IR = 26.8). Accounting for population growth yielded a significantly increasing incidence over the study period from 20.8 in 2011 to 40.3 in 2020 (AAPC = 8, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

This study suggests that the annual incidence of spine fractures in the oldest cohort of patients in the US (80 + years of age) increased significantly during the recent decade from 2011 to 2020. Increased IRs highlight the need for future research aimed at optimizing outcomes and quality of life in this frail and ever-growing segment of the population.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Natural Language Processing Artificial Intelligence Models as a Patient Education Tool for Stature Lengthening Surgery and Reconstruction
Authors: Xavier Jorden L. , Khoury Joseph , Phen Huai Ming , Fragomen Austin T. , Rozbruch S. Robert , Kahn Mani
Published: September 2024

Introduction:

While traditionally a treatment for congenital deformities, limb-lengthening surgery has recently been utilized as a cosmetic solution for patients with less-than-desirable heights. Despite a growing rise in popularity, stature-lengthening surgery carries a host of social stigmas and ethical concerns. With the emergence of natural language processing artificial intelligence (NLP AI) models such as ChatGPT, patients interested in stature-lengthening surgery may turn to these chatbots for medical information instead of primary care providers. This study seeks to evaluate the quality and readability of NLP AI model responses to common questions regarding stature-lengthening surgery to ensure proper patient education and direction toward a licensed orthopedic surgeon.

Materials and Methods:

Eleven questions regarding limb-lengthening surgery were posed to ChatGPT version 3.5. All named authors reviewed the AI responses independently and utilized the following scoring systems to assess readability and quality: DISCERN, ChatGPT Response Accuracy Scoring (CRAS) developed by Mika et al., Flesch–Kincaid Reading Ease (FRES), and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Cohen’s kappa was utilized to determine the inter-rater reliability between each reviewer’s assigned DISCERN and CRAS scores.

Results:

The average DISCERN score across all independent reviewers was 55.2 ± 5.63, with an inter-rater reliability of 0.293, indicating good scores with fair agreement, respectively. The average CRAS score across all senior reviewers was 1.60 ± 0.63 with inter-rater reliability being 0.014, indicating none to slight agreement. The average FRES score was 14.8 ± 2.24, and the average FKGL score was 18.9 ± 11.0, indicating a required reading level of a college graduate.

Conclusions:

The results of our study show that NLP AI models provide generally high-quality responses to patient questions regarding stature-lengthening surgery. However, notable flaws were identified, including a high required education level for proper comprehension as well as an inability to cite source material used for each response.
The Effect of Ketorolac on Bone Healing Rate Following Osteotomy in Pediatric Patients with Deformity or Limb-length Discrepancy
Authors: Bafor Anirejuoritse , Yassall Anthony , Hatfield Danielle , Iobst Christopher
Published: September 2024

Background:

The mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the results of testing in some animal fracture models have created concerns with bone healing when these drugs are used for perioperative orthopedic analgesia. Given that distraction osteogenesis patients require new bone to be formed, they would potentially be sensitive to the effects of NSAIDs such as Ketorolac. We sought to determine the relationship between the perioperative use of Ketorolac and the duration of healing in pediatric patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis for either limb lengthening or deformity correction surgery.

Materials and Methods:

A single-center retrospective chart review of 94 pediatric patients aged 17 years or younger who had undergone surgery for limb lengthening, deformity correction, or a combination of limb lengthening and deformity correction was carried out. We collected and analyzed patient demographics, details of surgery and pathology, perioperative pain management, duration of healing, and incidence of complications in this cohort of patients.

Results:

Patients were divided into three groups: a deformity correction group (n = 46), a limb lengthening group (n = 30), and a combined deformity correction and limb lengthening group (n = 18). The mean magnitude of deformity was 21°. Patients in the lengthening group had a mean lengthening of 4.1 cm. Patients in the combined group had a mean magnitude of deformity of 14.7° and a mean lengthening of 3.8 cm. Patients in all three groups received an average of 4 doses of ketorolac in the perioperative period. We found no correlation between the total amount of ketorolac used and the duration of healing among patients who had deformity correction, limb lengthening, or a combination of deformity correction and limb lengthening surgery (P = 0.82, 0.20, and 0.18, respectively). The correlation results also showed no sex variations in either group.

Conclusions:

Ketorolac can safely be used as an analgesic in pediatric patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis for limb lengthening, deformity correction, or a combination of both procedures.
Clinical, Demographic, Neuro Imaging Features, and Outcome of Subacute Sclerosing Pan Encephalitis in a Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Cornelius Leema P. , Venkateswaran K. J. , Jered Livinston K. , Neeraj E. , Surya Kumar S.
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurological disorder in children and young adults due to persistent infection caused by the defective measles virus. It is still common in developing countries such as India.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and demographic neuroimaging features, and outcomes of SSPE.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with SSPE during 2016–2020 was performed and the data were analyzed.

Results:

Of the 32 patients, 28 (87.5%) were men and four (12.5%) were women. The mean age of onset was 7.28 ± 2.19 years. The initial symptom was myoclonic and generalized seizures in eight (25%) each, behavioral problems in seven (21.9%), frequent falls in six (18.8%), and poor scholastic performance in three (9.4%). One-half of the cohorts had measles in the past and 91% had received the vaccine. Atypical presentations such as akinetic rigid syndrome, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) like presentations can occur. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain showed abnormalities in 14 (43.8%) and was normal in 10 (31.3%). The most common abnormality noted was hyperintensities in the frontoparietal region in six (18.8%). Electroencephalogram showed long interval periodic complexes in 21 (65.6%), burst suppression pattern in 7 (22%), and was normal in 4 (12.5%). At the time of diagnosis, 25 (78%) patients were in stage II, 5 (15.6%) in stage III, and 1 (3.1%) child in stage IV and stage I each. Five patients (15.6%) died, 10 (31.3%) lost follow-up, 12 (37.5%) were bedridden, and the disease was static in 5 children (15.6%).

Conclusion:

Myoclonic seizures and cognitive decline are the most common symptoms in children with SSPE. Knowledge about atypical presentations is essential to avoid unnecessary investigations.
SLC25A19 Mutation-Related Bilateral Striatal Necrosis and Limbic System Involvement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Yüksel Merve Feyza , Bektas Ömer , Akıncı Göktas Özben , Sahin Süleyman , Teber Serap
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Thiamine pyrophosphate is an activated form of thiamin and primary cofactor for a number of enzyme complexes. Several disorders have been identified so far, which are caused by abnormalities in thiamine transport and metabolism. Biotin–thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease caused bySLC19A3mutation is the most commonly encountered disorder in the literature. Progressive polyneuropathy with bilateral striatal necrosis is a rarer entity associated withSLC25A19mutation and eight cases have been defined in the literature so far. TheSLC25A19differs fromSLC19A3by causing progressive neuropathy if not treated and lifelong thiamine replacement can slow progression of polyneuropathy. Here, we aimed to present a patient who presented with acute encephalopathy attacks triggered by infection and had bilateral strial necrosis and limbic system involvement in cerebral MR imaging,SLC25A19gene mutation in the genetic testing and neuropathy development during follow-up and to review patients withSLC25A19-related bilateral striatal necrosis in the literature.
Acute Leucoencephalopathy with Restricted Diffusion: A Novel Cause of Encephalopathy and Hypertension in Children
Authors: Kamate Mahesh , Detroja Mayank
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:

Acute leucoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion is emerging as an important cause of acute encephalopathy in children. Recently, we found few children with his condition had associated refractory hypertension. This association has not been described in the past.

Method:

Retrospective chart review of patients with Acute leucoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion who also had documented hypertension was done and the clinical details, investigations done, course and outcome was analysed.

Result:

A total of 3 out of 21 children were found to have hypertension. Hypertension was recorded during first week of illness and lasted for 1-3 weeks. One child had refractory hypertension and required three antihypertensive drugs to control it. Detailed work up for other causes of hypertension was negative in all children.

Conclusion:

Acute leucoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion in children can present with hypertension. The hypertension can be refractory requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs but transient in nature.
Incidental Neuroendocrine Tumors of Appendix: Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Nazir Mir Wajahat Un , Shah Javid Rasool , Shah Khalid Manzoor , Bashir Nusrat , Bilal Sheikh
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Our aim is to study the data of patients who underwent appendectomy for clinically diagnosed acute appendicitis, and the neuroendocrine tumor was detected as an incidental finding.

Methods:

A retrospective Data of 1728 patients who underwent appendectomy for clinical diagnosis of appendicitis over a period of four years was evaluated in the department of pathology. The records of patients, who were reported as neuroendocrine tumors on histopathology, from those 1728 patients, were examined in detail in terms of demographic data, size of tumor, histopathological diagnosis and grading, status of margins, depth of invasion, lymphovascular emboli, perineural invasion, and immunohistochemical features. All the cases of neuroendocrine tumors were followed up for any recurrence or revised treatment.

Results:

Neuroendocrine tumors were detected incidentally in 8 (0.46%) out of 1728 appendectomy specimens. There was a male predominance, with 6 (75%) cases being males and 2 (25%) females. The clinical presentation in all cases was resembled acute appendicitis. The mean age was 18.25 (range: 3–31). The mean size was 8.75 mm (range: 6 mm–1 cm). Revised hemicolectomy was done in two patients. In both the reoperated cases, no residual tumor was detected.

Conclusion:

Neuroendocrine tumors of the appendix usually present as acute appendicitis and are detected incidentally on appendectomy specimens operated for acute appendicitis. Hence, careful and meticulous histopathological examination of all appendectomy specimens is mandatory to detect a hidden neuroendocrine tumor and to detect various adverse histopathological findings which will determine further treatment.
Initial Clinical Outcome of Breath-hold Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Liver Tumors: A Single-Institutional Experience
Authors: Katano Atsuto , Noyama Tomoyuki , Morishima Kosuke , Yamashita Hideomi
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the initial clinical outcomes of breath-hold stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver tumors based on the experience of a single institution. The study assessed treatment response, toxicity, and survival rates to determine the safety and efficacy of breath-hold SBRT in this patient population.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent breath-hold SBRT as the primary treatment for liver tumors at a single institution between April 2020 and April 2021. Clinical characteristics, treatment parameters, and clinical outcomes, including local control (LC), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and patient-reported outcomes, were collected from electronic medical records. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and multivariate analysis.

Results:

Sixteen patients were included in the study, with a median follow-up duration of 8.2 months. The OS rates at 6 and 12 months were 100% and 67.1%, respectively. No local relapses were observed during the follow-up period, and the intrahepatic control rate at 6 months was 50.0%. Grade 3 radiation-induced adverse events occurred in two patients, and Grade 2 events were observed in eight patients. No Grade 4 or higher adverse events were reported. Five patients experienced worsening Child–Pugh scores after treatment.

Conclusions:

The results indicate that breath-hold SBRT is a safe and effective treatment option for liver tumors, with comparable outcomes to recent studies. The study demonstrated acceptable LC and low toxicity rates. However, the median follow-up duration was relatively short, and further long-term studies are needed to assess the durability of LC and toxicity rates. In addition, larger-scale studies comparing breath-hold SBRT with other treatment modalities are necessary.
Tailgut Cyst Adenocarcinoma in a Young Female
Authors: Manikandan Muthu , Aashita  , Kapoor Anuja , Yadav Vikas
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Tailgut cysts (TGCs) are rare congenital anomalies which arises when TGC fail to regress on the 56th day of normal embryological development. TGC present as a space-occupying lesion in the presacral space. The diagnosis is challenging because of its rarity. Malignant transformation of TGC can occur rarely. In literature <30 cases of adenocarcinoma are reported as of now. Here, we present the case of TGC adenocarcinoma with a fistulous tract formation with vagina. A 23-year-old female presented with complaints of abdominal pain associated with fever and vomiting initially. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen shows thick-walled hypodense lesion in midline displacing rectum. Marsupialization of cyst done at the outside hospital. The patient presented to us with complaints of per vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain 6 months postsurgery. On evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abdomen, it shows complex cystic lesion in the presacral space. Excision of mass done. Histopathological evaluation shows moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from hindgut cyst. The patient presented with recurrent disease near cervix 3 months postsurgery with complaints of abdominal pain. The patient was planned for chemotherapy but was lost to follow up. TGC present as a space-occupying lesion in the presacral space. There are a wide variety of benign and malignant conditions developed in this space. The clinical features include urinary obstruction, obstipation, sciatica, low back ache, and rectal bleed. Malignant transformation of TGC is very rare. The most common type of malignancies is adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor. There are <30 cases of TGC adenocarcinoma reported in the literature. MRI is the gold standard in the diagnosis. Biopsy is controversial due to the fear of tumor seeding. Surgery is the definitive management in TGC. In benign lesions, only surgery has lifelong expectancy. Adjuvant radiotherapy ± chemotherapy has been tried with good outcome in some malignant cases. TGCs are rare congenital anomalies which usually get missed on the diagnosis. Benign lesions have good outcomes only with surgical resection. There are risks of malignant transformation; hence, early surgical resection should be done. Malignant lesions have poor outcomes. Adjuvant radiotherapy ± chemotherapy has been tried with good outcomes.
Medial End Clavicular Osteochondroma- An Unusual Case
Authors: Reddy G. Swetha , Reddy P. Amith , Adla Deepthi Nandan Reddy
Published: September 2024

Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone tumor, which could present as a sessile or pedunculated type and, in solitary or multiples, hereditary multiple exostoses (a genetic disorder, autosomal dominant inheritance). Clinical presentation is mostly asymptomatic, but if symptomatic, it presents in a wide spectrum, such as compression of adjacent vessels, nerves, deformities, fractures, bursa formation, and malignant transformation. Cancerous transformation is indicated by the thickness of the cartilage cap of >3 cm in children, >2 cm in adults, sudden onset of pain, and sudden/rapid growth of lesion (after growth plate closure). Surgical management is indicated for typical symptomatic lesions, complications, malignant transformation, and cosmetic reasons. The common treatment of choice is the excision of a tumor with a significant free margin.
Clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological analysis of Becker’s nevus (BN): A case series in Indian skin
Authors: Mani Siddharth , Khandare Manish , Raut Aradhana , Paul Benjith
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Becker’s Nevus (BN) is a cutaneous hamartoma characterized by localized hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis, primarily affecting adolescent males. The condition is associated with increased androgen receptor activity and may present with variations such as follicular BN and atypical site involvement. Despite its benign nature, accurate diagnosis through non-invasive methods like dermoscopy is crucial. Material and Methods: This study, conducted from September 2020 to January 2022, analyzed six male patients with clinically diagnosed BN. Dermoscopic examination using a non-contact polarized light dermatoscope was followed by punch biopsies. Four dermatologists independently evaluated the dermoscopic findings, which were then correlated with histopathological features. Results: All patients exhibited a prominent pigmentary network, with perifollicular hypopigmentation and terminal hair in the majority. Histopathology revealed acanthosis and increased basal layer pigmentation in all cases. Follicular BN variants were observed in two patients. Conclusion: Dermoscopy proved effective in identifying specific features of BN, reducing the need for invasive biopsies. This study enhances the understanding of BN's dermoscopic and histopathological characteristics, particularly in Indian patients.
Dowling-Degos disease: a classic presentation of a rare disease
Authors: Das Abhijit , Dhabal Arunima , Malakar Arpita , Kar Chinmay
Published: September 2024

Dowling-Degos disease (DDD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by acquired, reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. It is a rare condition with very few cases reported in the literature. Although clinically similar to a number of other reticulate pigmentary disorders, it has some characteristic dermoscopic and histopathological features that aid in its diagnosis. We describe the case of an Indian female presenting with classical clinical, dermoscopic, and histological features of DDD.
Rokhlin dimension: Permanence properties and ideal separation
Authors: M Sureshkumar , Vaidyanathan Prahlad
Published: September 2024

We study the Rokhlin dimension for actions of residually finite groups on C*-algebras. We give a definition equivalent to the original one due to Szabó, Wu and Zacharias. We then prove a number of permanence properties and discuss actions on

C_{0}(X)

-algebras and commutative C*-algebras. Finally, we use a theorem of Sierakowski to show that, for an action with finite Rokhlin dimension, every ideal in the associated reduced crossed product C*-algebra arises from an invariant ideal of the underlying algebra.
Biological control of Aulacaspis tubercularis and Kilifia acuminata infested mango trees by Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Helmy Samah M.Y. , Tharwat Asmaa A. , Gaber Nevien M.
Published: September 2024

The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) against Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) and Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae and Coccidae) infested mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) in Faculty of Agriculture-Cairo University-Giza Governorate by double release, 50 individuals of 2nd larval instar of C. carnea for each release and counts were recorded at 15, 30 and 45 days, post-treatment. Results indicated that in the first release, there was an effective reduction percentage in the population of both scale insects in autumn. The mean reduction percentages 45 days after treatment in A. tubercularis were 86.08, 78.40 and 76.07%, respectively. While, in K. acuminata, the mean reduction percentages were 81.48, 77.78 and 75%, respectively. In the second release, in spring, the mean reduction percentages 45 days after treatment in A. tubercularis were 81.48, 77.78, and 75%, respectively. However, in K. acuminata, the mean reduction percentages 45 days after treatment were 84.37, 66.6 and 75.1%, respectively. C. carnea has proven to be a highly efficient biocontrol agent against scale insects A.tubercularis and K. acuminata.
Marketing information sources amongst oil palm fresh fruit bunch processors in Ovia Northeast Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: S.O. Konkwo  , A.A. Dickson
Published: September 2024

This study assessed marketing information sources among fresh fruit bunch (FFB) processors in Ovia North-East Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting the respondents and data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.  Results showed that mean age, household size, farming experience and annual income were 47 years, 5 persons, 9 years, N 2,941,935.55 and 6 hectares respectively. Again, the study found that the most available marketing information to the respondents were information on where to sell FFB products, when to sell finished products and current market price of products based on the 97.5% respective response distribution on the variables. The major source of marketing information to the respondents was through phone calls (87.5%) while information from fellow dealers was the most preferred (ẍ = 4.30) source. Furthermore, there was significant relationship between age (r = -0.276; p = 0.013), farm size (r = 0.506; p = 0.000), annual income (r = 0.304; p = 0.006) and the available sources of marketing information to the respondents. The study concluded that the major source of marketing information to the respondents was through phone calls that were made directly to retailers/dealers of processed products.   The need for initial identification of information sources available to end users was strongly recommended by this study before the actual dissemination of relevant information in order to ensure wider coverage and timely reception.
The potential of museums and cultural heritage centres in facilitating the Sino- Malawi diplomacy
Authors: Lusaka Mwayi , Chiwaura Henry
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the potential of museums and cultural heritage centers in facilitating Sino- Malawi diplomacy. Studies elsewhere have shown that heritage plays an important role in diplomacy between nations. Desktop survey, interviews, exhibition analysis and archival research were used to collect data to determine the potential of museums and cultural heritage centers in diplomacy. The paper engaged with cultural diplomacy as its theoretical and analytical framework. This paper notes that lack of a centralized national museum in the Malawi’s capital city, Lilongwe, and the lack of initiatives to engage community museums and local cultural heritage centers hinder efforts at cultural exchange which is crucial for promoting cultural diplomacy between China and Malawi. The paper argues that proper and adequate engagement with a national museum and cultural heritage centers have a potential to reinforce good relations between China and Malawi through cultural exchange framed as cultural diplomacy.
Periscoping Public Administration in Nigeria: A Corner Stone of National Development
Authors: Ogu .Ogechukwu , Iloanya Kenneth
Published: September 2024

The study examines theeffect of public administration on national development. human capital development, and education in Nigeria. . . The population of the study includes various stakeholders in public administration, education, and security sectors across Nigeria. A sample size of 500 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression models. The findings revealed that public administration significantly influences crime control (F-cal = 319.790, p-value = 0.000) and human capital development (F-value = 38.087, p-value = 0.000), indicating that 97.6% and 82.6% of the variances in these areas can be explained by public administration, respectively. Additionally, human capital development significantly impacts education (F-cal = 4.476, p-value = 0.067), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.988 for education and public administration, 0.909 for human capital development, and 0.710 for crime control. The study concludes that public administration plays a crucial role in fostering sustainable national development through its influence on crime control and human capital development. Recommendations include comprehensive policy interventions to reform public institutions, enhance transparency, accountability, and professionalism, and increase investment in education infrastructure and vocational skills development.
The History of Rural Service Programme in Kenya, 1903 - 1978
Authors: Amatsimbi Herbert
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the historical development of the Rural Service Programme (RSP) in Kenya, from 1903 to 1978. Originally referred to as the vocational programme, the RSP was founded in 1903 by the Friends African Mission (FAM) in Kenya and ceased operations in 1978. The aim of this paper was to analyse the available written records on the dynamic history of RSP. The collected data was qualitatively evaluated for accuracy and detail, resulting in a descriptive overview of the findings. The analysis reveals a gap in knowledge on RSP’s economic policy. Research findings revealed that FAM's vocational programme focused on generating income not only to sustain the mission but also to provide profits for the American Friends Board of Foreign Mission (AFBFM). The economic welfare of African converts was not given priority in the initial vocational programme, leading to conflict between African converts and FAM missionaries. To address this conflict, the vocational programme was rebranded as RSP and shifted its focus to meeting the economic needs of African converts. However, following Kenya's independence, the management of RSP was handed over to African East African Yearly Meeting (EAYM) leaders. Under African leadership, RSP encountered protracted conflict that eventually resulted in its collapse in 1978.
Effect of the combined use of docetaxel, cisplatin and apatinib mesylate on serum tumor markers and prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Shen Miao , Cheng Jianxia , Kong Jianping
Published: September 2024

Purpose: To examine the impact of combining docetaxel and cisplatin injections with apatinib mesylate tablets on serum tumor markers and prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer patients.
Methods: A total of 121 advanced ovarian cancer patients admitted to Jiande First People's Hospital, Jiande, China between June 2014 and December 2022 were enrolled in this study. Of these, 59 patients treated solely with docetaxel and cisplatin injections comprised control group while 62 patients who received apatinib mesylate tablets in conjunction with docetaxel and cisplatin injections formed the study group. Serum tumor marker levels, serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels in peripheral venous blood were evaluated. Furthermore, improvements in ascites, efficacy, incidence of adverse reactions, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores and quality of life (QoL) scores were recorded. The Kaplan-Meier method was implemented for survival analysis.
Results: After chemotherapy, serum tumor markers (CEA, CA199, CA125, CA153), VEGF and MMP-2 significantly decreased from pre-chemotherapy levels. The study group showed greater reduction than control group (p < 0.05), and also exhibited superior abdominal effusion treatment efficacy and overall effectiveness (p < 0.05). Adverse reactions were rarer in the study group (p < 0.05). The study group's KPS and QoL scores after chemotherapy exceeded those of the control group, with regard to baseline improvement (p < 0.05). Additionally, the study group had a higher 3-year survival rate (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Although docetaxel and cisplatin injections exhibit significant efficacy in managing advanced ovarian cancer, the adjunctive use of apatinib mesylate tablets augments the efficacy and offers superior safety as well, rendering the combination a potential strategy for improved management of advanced ovarian cancer.
Prevention of stress related mucosal damage using intravenous omeprazole
Authors: Sun Tiefeng , Xiao Qing , Gu ChaoFeng , Diao Xiaomin
Published: September 2024

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of using intravenous injection of omeprazole to prevent stress-related mucosal damage (SRMD) in critically ill patients.
Methods: 80 critically ill patients from the Eighth People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, China were recruited and randomly divided into control and study groups comprising 40 patients each. Control group received conventional symptomatic treatment comprising nutritional support, acid-base balance regulation, electrolyte level monitoring and correction, maintenance of fluid and electrolyte equilibrium, respiratory function management, and anti-infection measures. Study group received intravenous injection of omeprazole (20 mg/day) and conventional symptomatic treatment for 3 months. Treatment effect, gastric pH, and gastroscopic observation of the two groups of patients were recorded.
Results: The study group demonstrated significantly higher treatment efficacy (97.5 %) compared to control group (80 %, p < 0.05). Pre-treatment gastric pH did not differ significantly between  the groups (p > 0.05). After treatment, the study group exhibited significantly higher pH levels (p < 0.05). Normal endoscopic findings increased to 85 % in the study group compared to 20 % in control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Intravenous omeprazole significantly prevents SRMD in critically ill patients, improves gastric pH regulation and reduces abnormal endoscopic findings. Larger-scale, multicenter, and long-term studies are needed to validate the findings of this study.
Effect of tetrandrine tablets on cytokines, immune function, blood gas and respiratory function in patients with stage II pneumoconiosis
Authors: Wang Yan , Li Hongliang , Song Li , Liu Xiuwu
Published: September 2024

Purpose: To investigate the impact of tetrandrine tablets on cytokines, immune function, blood gas and respiratory function in patients with stage II pneumoconiosis.
Methods: 136 subjects with stage II pneumoconiosis diagnosed and treated in People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi City, China were divided into control and study cohorts, each with 68 individuals. Patients in control cohort received conventional symptomatic treatment, while study cohort additionally received tetrandrine tablets orally 3 times per day, for 4 weeks. Lung function, serum indicators and blood gas indicators were determined before and after treatment.
Results: After treatment, the levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC in both groups were significantly increased in both cohorts, with significantly higher values in study cohort. In both cohorts, there were higher post-treatment numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio than before treatment, but with significantly higher values in study cohort (p < 0.05). After treatment, there were significantly raised levels of peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), minute ventilation (VE) and tidal volume (VT) in the two cohorts, with higher values in the study group cohort (p < 0.05). Moreover, treatment resulted in a significant reduction in partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), with significantly lower levels in study cohort (p < 0.05). After treatment, concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), and tumor necrosis factor beta-1 (TNF-β1) in study cohort were significantly reduced, relative to pre-treatment.
Conclusion: Tetrandrine tablets are efficacious in stage II pneumoconiosis patients. The drug is beneficial in improving immune function, reducing levels of inflammatory mediators, and improving lung function and blood gas indicators in patients. Future studies incorporating additional parameters and a larger number of patients will be required to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of this treatment protocol.
Synergistic antifungal activity of combinations of Artemisia annua extract with fluconazole against resistant strains of Candida albicans
Authors: Ngwu Maria , Ngwu Godwin , Okorie Chibundo , Emencheta Stephen , Odimegwu Damian , Attama Anthony , Ibezim Emmanuel
Published: September 2024

Purpose: To elucidate how fluconazole and the methanol extract of Artemisia annua interact to inhibit the growth of fungi.
Methods: Five hundred clinical samples of Candida albicans were isolated from patients attending three tertiary health facilities in Enugu State, Nigeria, namely, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku Ozala, Bishop Shanahan Hospital (BSH), Nsukka, and Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Enugu. Out of the five hundred clinical samples collected, eight genetically proven C. albicans isolates were employed for this study. The synergy between Artemisia annua and fluconazole was characterized by checkerboard analyses and fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FIC).
Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing results show that most isolates were resistant to selected azoles employed in the study. Based on fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, specific mixtures of the extract and FLU had synergistic effects on isolates of resistant Candida albicans.
Conclusion: When combined with fluconazole, the extract of A. annua demonstrated better inhibition than fluconazole alone against resistant C. albicans. This suggests a promising strategy for tackling the challenge of emerging fungal antibiotic resistance.
An overview of polypharmacology: A multifaceted approach to drug development
Authors: Samman Waad A.
Published: September 2024

The idea of polypharmacology describes the ability of a molecule to interact with two or more targets at once. When compared to  traditional single-targeting compounds, it has numerous advantages. Several proteins and pathways are involved in the initiation and  progression of complex and multifactorial diseases such as cancer. A chemical must be promiscuous, or able to interact with various  targets, to be considered polypharmacologic. It must also be able to avoid attaching to anti-targets, which would cause off-target  negative effect. Researchers anticipate whether or not a developed molecule will be promiscuous by looking for specific structural traits  and physicochemical qualities. Promiscuity is determined using cutting-edge, modern computational techniques. The "one drug, multiple  targets" polypharmacology paradigm has many uses, particularly in drug repurposing which is the process of developing an  already-approved medication for novel use. Details on how one might purposefully introduce promiscuity into compounds to make them  polypharmacologic are also provided in this review.
Anti-atherogenic effect of Channa striatus fish extract in high cholesterol-fed rabbits
Authors: Hakim Muhammad Nazrul , Yee Pang Chong , Cheema Manraj Singh , Keong Yong Yoke , Ahmad Zuraini
Published: September 2024

Purpose: To determine the effect of aqueous extract of Channa striatus on plasma lipids concentrations, pro-inflammatory cytokines  levels, adhesion molecules and arterial plaque formation in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Methods: New Zealand rabbits (n = 30, females) were divided into five groups of six rabbits each as follows: cholesterol control group (0.5  % cholesterol); normal control group (normal diet), positive control group (0.5 % cholesterol + 5 mg/kg atorvastatin); and treatment  groups (0.5% cholesterol + 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg C. striatus extracts, respectively) for 6 weeks. Blood was taken every 2 weeks and analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride (TG),  tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Atherogenic index (AI) was calculated based on LDL:HDL ratio.  
Results: Cholesterol feeding for 6 weeks resulted in significantly increased TC, LDL, HDL, AI, TG, TNFα and IL-1β when compared to C.  striatus-fed rabbits. Serum LDL was 26.34 ± 1.43 mmol/L in C. striatus group to 30.52 ± 0.82 mmol/L in cholesterol group (p < 0.05). C.  striatus extract (250 mg/kg) increased HDL by approximately 400 % (6.23 ± 1.76 mmol/L from 0.72 ± 0.18 mmol/L), decreased AI value (4.6  in C. striatus group to 10.4 in cholesterol group). Also, IL-1β and TNF-α concentration also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced with C.  striatus administration. Interestingly, down-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and reduced plaque formation were observed  with C. striatus feeding.
Conclusion: Channa striatus extract is effective in reducing atherogenesis. This could be due to the high HDL  level produced in 250 mg/kg dose group, and strongly suggests the significance of HDL in preventing atherogenesis even if other lipid  profiles remain unchanged
Evaluation of net radiation in Uyo, Calabar and Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ekanem I. E. , Umoh A. A. , Akpan U. E. , Atat J. G.
Published: September 2024

Knowledge of net radiation is essential in any location that requires a solar energy technology application. This work evaluates net radiation in three cities of close boundaries (Uyo, Calabar, and Port Harcourt) in southern Nigeria. The atmospheric data for the period of 20 years (2000-2020) were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The mean values of the surface albedo, net shortwave and longwave radiation were computed using Mathematical tools and SPSS packages. The result obtained showed that the highest value (0.694, 0.687, and 0.685 for Uyo, Calabar and Port Harcourt respectively) of the albedo was in the rainy season with its peak in August while its lowest values of 0.489, 0.577 and 0.594 for Uyo, Calabar and Port Harcourt respectively were in the dry season within November to March. The net radiation Rn was observed to vary directly with the net shortwave and longwave radiation but indirectly with albedo. The highest net radiation values obtained were 6.512 MJm-2day-1, 4.52 MJm-2day-1 and 4.313 MJm-2day-1 for Uyo, Calabar and Port Harcourt correspondingly. The lowest were 2.717 MJm-2day-1, 2.144 MJm-2day-1 and 2.308 MJm-2day-1 for Uyo, Calabar and Port Harcourt respectively. Solar energy applications are encouraged in these cities since the albedo results are higher than the minimum standard of 0.3.
Comparative evaluation of primers and DNA extraction techniques for PCR amplification of 16s rDNA of bacterial isolates from petrochemical industrial effluent
Authors: Ajuzie C.U. , Obuekwe I.S. , Aso R.E.
Published: September 2024

The investigation delved into a comparative assessment of primers employed in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying bacterial DNA sourced from diverse sampling locations within the effluent of Eleme Petrochemical Industry. Two extraction methodologies, namely ethanol precipitation and guanidium thiocyanate ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) sarcosyl buffer (GES), were scrutinized. Comparative analysis of DNA yield and quality indicated a superior recovery with the GES method in contrast to ethanol extraction. The prominent bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas and Bacillus, exhibited yields of 611.6 and 615.5 ng/μl and DNA quality of 25.35 and 24.55 ng/μl (260/280), 28.99 and 31.43 (260/230) using GES. Conversely, ethanol precipitation yielded 90.2 and 0.2 ng/μl with DNA quality of 1.65 and 0.21 (260/280), 1.57 and 0.00 (260/230) for Pseudomonas and Bacillus, respectively. Successful amplification, validated through ethidium bromide on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, was achieved. Genus-level identification of isolated bacterial organisms encompassed Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Serratia, Micrococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Vibrio, Proteus, Achromobacter, Citrobacter, and Flavobacterium. The comparative assessment of PCR primers unveiled V6V8F and V6V8R as the most suitable for amplifying bacterial DNA. These primers facilitated the amplification of 16S rDNA fragments from all bacterial isolates with an anticipated size of 500 base pairs.