bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEXUAL AMBIGUITY AND THE IDENTITY OF THE NARRATOR IN CALLIMACHUS‘HYMN TO ATHENA
Authors: MORRISON A. D.
Published: March 2010

This paper re-examines the narratorial voice in Callimachus' ‘mimetic’ Hymn to Athena and argues that we should see it as complex and experimental (cf. the voices of his hymns to Zeus and Apollo). The portrayal of a narrator whose sex is ambiguous (with some elements pointing to a female celebrant as the narrator, others to a male scholar-poet) is in fact closely connected to the subject-matter of the myth which the narrator tells — the blinding of Teiresias for seeing Athena bathing naked, characters who are themselves sexually ambiguous. The nature and function of this myth, and its portrayal of Athena, raise important questions about the representation of the gods, for example in poetry, and about Hellenistic attitudes to the divine.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS INSCRIPTION
Authors: SHARPLES R. W.
Published: March 2010

The new inscription dedicated to his father by the Aristotelian commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias does not help us in establishing his dates more precisely. It does, however, show conclusively for the first time that his post was at Athens, and strongly suggests that at the end of the second century AD the term diadokhos ‘successor’ was applied to the imperially appointed holders of the chairs of philosophy at Athens. It also provides us with a possible candidate for the authorship of works attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias but not apparently by him, notably On fevers.
VALERIUS ANTIAS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROMAN PAST
Authors: RICH JOHN
Published: March 2010

This paper offers a reconsideration of the date of composition, structure and character of the history of Valerius Antias. Ancient testimony establishes c. 80–60 BC as the date of composition, and attested book numbers show that the bulk of the work was devoted to the recent past. Antias did invent freely, but the extent of his inventions may not have been as great as commonly supposed. He also carried out archival research, particularly in the record of senatorial decrees, and for the Middle Republic used this material to construct an annual framework for his narrative. As a result, Antias' history had greater amplitude of treatment than those of his predecessors, which accounts for the extent of Livy's debt to him.
Caspase-Dependent Conversion of Dicer Ribonuclease into a Death-Promoting Deoxyribonuclease
Authors: Nakagawa Akihisa , Shi Yong , Kage-Nakadai Eriko , Mitani Shohei , Xue Ding
Published: March 2010

Deadly Diced DNA

Mammalian cells undergoing programmed cell death, or apoptosis, destroy DNA with the deoxyribonuclease known as DFF40. Cells of the worm
Caenorhabditis elegans
also undergo cell death but they do so without a DFF40 enzyme.

Nakagawa
et al.

(p.
327
; see the Perspective by

Liu and Paroo

; see the cover) searched for other nucleases that might be involved in worm apoptosis by systematically depleting nucleases with interfering RNA. They found the ribonuclease Dicer, known for its role in sequence-specific silencing of gene expression, was cleaved by a protease that changed Dicer's catalytic activity. The remaining C-terminal fragment switched from being a ribonuclease to a deoxyribonuclease. Thus, caspase activation leads to DNA degradation in the worm as well.
Multiplex Nested PCR for Detection ofXanthomonas axonopodispv. allii from Onion Seeds
Authors: Robène-Soustrade Isabelle , Legrand Delphine , Gagnevin Lionel , Chiroleu Frédéric , Laurent Annie , Pruvost Olivier
Published: March 2010

Bacterial blight of onion (BBO) is an emerging disease that is present in many onion-producing areas. The causal agent,Xanthomonas axonopodispv. allii, is seed transmitted. A reliable and sensitive diagnostic tool for testing seed health is needed. Detection ofX. axonopodispv. allii was achieved using a multiplex nested PCR assay developed using two randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) sequences corresponding to pilus assembly genes (pilWandpilX) and theavrRxvgene, respectively. The multiplex nested PCR was used with a large collection ofX. axonopodispv. allii strains pathogenic to onion and/or otherAlliumspecies isolated in different regions of the world. The internal primers used in the multiplex PCR assay directed amplification for all 86X. axonopodispv. allii strains tested, resulting in a 401-bp amplicon, a 444- to 447-bp amplicon, or both amplicons, depending on the strain. No amplification was obtained for 41 unrelated phytopathogenic bacteria and for 14 saprophytic bacteria commonly isolated from onion leaves and seeds. MostXanthomonasstrains also did not produce amplicons, except for nine strains classified inX. axonopodisgenetic subgroup 9.1 or 9.2 and not pathogenic to onion. Nevertheless, sequence signatures distinguished most of these strains fromX. axonopodispv. allii. The assay detectedX. axonopodispv. allii in seed lots with contamination levels of 5 × 102CFU g−1or higher. The sensitivity threshold of the multiplex nested PCR assay was found to be 1 infected seed in 27,340 seeds. This PCR-based assay should be useful for certifying that commercial seed lots are free of this important seed-borne pathogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Enterobacter cloacae
subsp.
cloacae
Type Strain ATCC 13047
Authors: Ren Yan , Ren Yi , Zhou Zhemin , Guo Xi , Li Yayue , Feng Lu , Wang Lei
Published: March 2010

Enterobacter cloacae
is an important nosocomial pathogen. Here, we report the completion of the genome sequence of
E. cloacae
ATCC 13047, the type strain of
E. cloacae
subsp.
cloacae.
Multiple sets of virulence determinant and heavy-metal resistance genes have been found in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first complete genome sequence of the
E. cloacae
species.
Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria
Authors: Williams Kelly P. , Gillespie Joseph J. , Sobral Bruno W. S. , Nordberg Eric K. , Snyder Eric E. , Shallom Joshua M. , Dickerman Allan W.
Published: March 2010

The phylogeny of the large bacterial class
Gammaproteobacteria
has been difficult to resolve. Here we apply a telescoping multiprotein approach to the problem for 104 diverse gammaproteobacterial genomes, based on a set of 356 protein families for the whole class and even larger sets for each of four cohesive subregions of the tree. Although the deepest divergences were resistant to full resolution, some surprising patterns were strongly supported. A representative of the
Acidithiobacillales
routinely appeared among the outgroup members, suggesting that in conflict with rRNA-based phylogenies this order does not belong to
Gammaproteobacteria
; instead, it (and, independently, “
Mariprofundus
”) diverged after the establishment of the
Alphaproteobacteria
yet before the betaproteobacteria/gammaproteobacteria split. None of the orders
Alteromonadales
,
Pseudomonadales
, or
Oceanospirillales
were monophyletic; we obtained strong support for clades that contain some but exclude other members of all three orders. Extreme amino acid bias in the highly A+T-rich genome of
Ca
ndidatus
Carsonella prevented its reliable placement within
Gammaproteobacteria
, and high bias caused artifacts that limited the resolution of the relationships of other insect endosymbionts, which appear to have had multiple origins, although the unbiased genome of the endosymbiont
Sodalis
acted as an attractor for them. Instability was observed for the root of the
Enterobacteriales
, with nearly equal subsets of the protein families favoring one or the other of two alternative root positions; the nematode symbiont
Photorhabdus
was identified as a disruptor whose omission helped stabilize the
Enterobacteriales
root.
Timing of aneurysm surgery: the International Cooperative Study revisited in the era of endovascular coiling
Authors: Lawson Matthew F , Chi Yueh-Yun , Velat Gregory J , Mocco J D , Hoh Brian L
Published: March 2010

Objective

The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery demonstrated that subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients who underwent surgery on post-hemorrhage days 4–10 had worse outcomes than patients treated on days 0–3 and days 11–14. Based on these findings, it was concluded that patients who present with SAH on days 4–10 should have aneurysm surgery delayed until after day 10. Since the study, coiling has become a treatment option and it is unclear whether these results apply to this new treatment modality. Our institution is a regional referral center for SAH, and patients are transferred at different time points after hemorrhage. We wanted to determine whether patients that arrive on days 4–10 were safe to undergo coiling immediately rather than waiting until after day 10.

Methods

We reviewed 119 consecutive SAH patients who underwent coiling between January 2006 and June 2008. Factors of age, gender, Hunt–Hess grade, Fisher score, aneurysm size and aneurysm location were included in a regression analysis to determine the effect of day of coiling on clinical outcome at discharge.

Results

Of 119 study patients, 86% had coiling on post-hemorrhage days 0–3, and 12% on days 4–10. Patients in these cohorts did not differ in any demographic factors. Age and Hunt–Hess grade were the only predictors of mortality (age p=0.0001, Hunt–Hess p=0.0110) and poor outcome, defined as death or discharge to a skilled nursing facility (age p=0.0001, Hunt–Hess p=0.0001). Day of coiling had no effect on mortality (p=0.5731) or poor outcome (p=0.1861).

Conclusions

Coiling of ruptured aneurysms can be performed safely on patients who arrive on post-hemorrhage days 4–10, and treatment need not be delayed after day 10, as the results of the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery Study initially suggested.
Dietary Change during Development in the Freshwater Calanoid Copepod Epischura lacustris Forbes
Authors: Chow-Fraser Patricia , Wong C. Kim
Published: March 2010

The diet of the freshwater calanoid copepod Epischura lacustris from C2 to adult stage was examined with predation experiments, grazing experiments, and stomach content analyses. There was a transition from an exclusively herbivorous diet in early copepodid stages to an omnivorous diet in adults. Laboratory predation experiments revealed that C2 and C3 were incapable of ingesting Bosmina (0.25–0.35 mm), but from C4 to C6, ingestion rate of Bosmina increased with developmental stage. The order or prey selection for adult Epischura was Bosmina over Diaptomus and Cyclops. Grazing rate on small algae (<10 μm) increased with developmental stage. Zooplankton remains were only found in the guts of stages older than C2; cladocerans and crustacean eggs were the most common zooplankton food. Algae with longest linear dimensions greater than 10 μm (e.g. Sphaerocystis, Dinobryon, and diatoms) were common in the guts of all developmental stages of Epischura. The occurrence of small unicells (<10 μm) in the guts decreased with developmental stage.
Diel Vertical Movements and Feeding Activity of Zooplankton in St. Georges Bay, N.S., Using Net Tows and a Newly Developed Passive Trap
Authors: Harding G. C. , Vass W. P. , Hargrave B. T. , Pearre Jr. S.
Published: March 2010

Newly developed plankton traps, designed to passively collect vertically mobile plankters, sampled ascending plankton but failed to collect many species during descent. This discrepancy may be behavioral with passively sinking organisms reacting to the trap surface with an upward avoidance reaction. Simultaneous use of conventional net tows and semiautomated traps allowed us to interpret the vertical movements of plankton more fully than by either method alone. Asynchronous vertical movement of the Pseudocalanus population is suspected because the percentage of trapped animals with food in their guts was usually higher in the downward moving fraction of the population. Migratory behaviors ranged from dusk and dawn ascent with midnight sinking to reverse migrations where the night level inhabited is deeper than the day depth. Noctural dispersal of herbivore and omnivore populations over depth probably reflects predator avoidance by presenting less dense aggregations to vertically mobile predators. Sightless predators reside in deeper waters than their prey during daylight presumably because they are larger and more vulnerable themselves to visual predation. Visual predators descend to greater depths than their prey at night. All the migration patterns observed can be explained in evolutionary terms simply by competition for food and avoidance of predators.
Different Adaptation Strategies of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Populations to Extreme Climates with Special Reference to some Cold Norwegian Rivers
Authors: Jensen Arne Johan , Johnsen Bjørn Ove
Published: March 2010

Some of the salmon rivers on the western and northern coasts of Norway are very cold, and the sea temperature outside these rivers is almost always higher than that in the river. Growth rates of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr and smolt ages and sizes have been examined in three such cold rivers. We found indications that the lower temperature limit for growth of Atlantic salmon is not a fixed temperature, but varies from population to population according to the temperature regime of their environment. Smolts are small, with average sizes of 12–13 cm total length. Females dominated in number among the smolts, but the dominance was less pronounced than in most other rivers. Strategies used by Norwegian salmon in cold rivers are therefore different from those employed by salmon in the northern extremes of the salmon's range in Canada.
Factors Influencing the Microdistribution of Two Sympatric Species of Plecoptera: An Experimental Study
Authors: Williams D. Dudley
Published: March 2010

The responses of nymphs of two species of perlid stoneflies to manipulation of some important features of their microhabitats were studied in laboratory stream tanks fitted with an infrared beam interruption system. The activity of both Paragnetina media (Walker) and Phasganophora capitata (Pictet) was significantly affected by current speed and substrate size, and by an interaction between the two. Regression analysis showed that activity for P. capitata was highest at 15 and 75 cm/s and minimal between 25 and 50 cm/s, while that for P. media was highest at 15 cm/s and lowest at 25 cm/s and above. For P. media there was a significant negative relationship between substrate size and activity at a current speed of 15 cm/s. The relationship between the activity of P. capitata and substrate size was not linear. Addition of trout skin mucus to the stream tanks caused an increase in the levels of activity of P. media but a decrease in the activity of P. capitata. Addition of nymphs of the mayfly Ephemerella subvaria to the tank containing P. media produced no effect. These findings suggest mechanisms that establish different microdistributions for sympatric species.
A Distance Constraint Model for the Prediction of Protein Tertiary Structure
Authors: Foster E. A. D.
Published: March 2010

Given only the primary structure of a globular protein, the tertiary structure is predicted using current nonlinear programming techniques. The model is constructed in the geometrical space of distances between points. The residues are positioned by the minimization of a simple function of their hydrophobicity classes, given constraints on their near-neighbour distances and bounds on their far-neighbour distances. Disulfide bond information or chemically derived substructures may also be utilized, where appropriate. Tertiary structures for pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and lysozyme are calculated, and are found to have global structures similar to those from X-ray diffraction studies. The model is compared with other distance constraint models, and properties of this class of model are explored.
Evolutionary Relationship of a Fish C Type Lactate Dehydrogenase to Other Vertebrate Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes
Authors: Rehse Peter H. , Davidson William S.
Published: March 2010

It is assumed that the genes for the three types of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (A, B, and C) arose from an ancestral lactate dehydrogenase gene by a mechanism involving gene duplications. The currently accepted model was originally proposed by Holmes in 1972 (FEBS Lett. 28: 51–55). The main points in this proposal are as follows: (1) the ancestral lactate dehydrogenase was an A type; (2) the gene for this A type lactate dehydrogenase duplicated to produce the A and B forms; and (3) the C isozymes of fish and warm-blooded vertebrates are derived from B types by successive, independent gene duplication events. More structural data have become available since this model was first put forward, and Li et al. (1983. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 7029–7032) have shown that rodent C type lactate dehydrogenases appear to be ancestral to the A and B forms. We have extended Li's reevaluation of the evolutionary relationships among vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase isozymes. Our analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in the rates of evolution along the A, B, or C lineages. This confirms that a C type rather than an A type lactate dehydrogenase was the ancestral form. A duplication of the gene for this C type gave rise to the gene which, by a further gene duplication, yielded the A and B type lactate dehydrogenase genes. In addition, amino acid compositional data reveal that the C type lactate dehydrogenase from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the C type lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of rodents are homologous proteins that are the result of divergent evolution via speciation events rather than by independent gene duplications. This novel interpretation of lactate dehydrogenase isozyme evolution is discussed with respect to the tissue specificities of C type lactate dehydrogenases in vertebrates.
Evolution of Multifunctionalism in Enzymes: Specialist versus Generalist Strategies
Authors: McGlade Jacqueline , Allen Peter
Published: March 2010

New ideas concerning nonequilibrium thermodynamics and the concepts of dissipative structures are seen to have profound implications for evolutionary theory. In particular we stress the idea that organisms possess a hierarchy of adaptive possibilities, which result from a construction of nonlinear systems each capable of structural evolution. The genome carries information capable of many "morphogeneses, " as evidenced in enzyme variants. Data are presented to underline the important functional differences of these variants, and an argument put forward to support the latent multifunctional capacity of such macromolecules. A theoretical treatment of the evolution of multifunctional enzymes in the form of specialist versus generalist strategies is given, and it is shown that given considerations about volume swept, binding time, and cost of production, a generalist enzyme will do best in a dilute (or not spatially organized) system, and a specialist enzyme will do best in a dense or channelled environment. The implications of such strategies and stochastic softening of selection upon mutants are then discussed as an alternative to a strict neo-Darwinian approach to evolution.
Spatial Distribution of Entrained Fish Larvae in a Power Plant Discharge Canal
Authors: Jude D. J. , Mansfield P. J. , DeBoe S. F. , Tesar F. J.
Published: March 2010

Larval fish were sampled with plankton nets during June and July at 1-, 3-, and 5-m depths at three stations in the 6-m-deep discharge canal of the Monroe electricity-generating plant on western Lake Erie. Of nine species, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) accounted for 96% of all larval fish collected in June and, along with freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), 78% of those taken in July. Densities of fish larvae at the three depths, and at two of the three stations sampled, were not significantly different. Mean densities of gizzard shad and total fish larvae in June were significantly higher at one station. Fluctuating and significantly lower velocity at that station, causing the flowmeter not to turn while the net was still filtering water, was suspected of causing inflated densities. Generally sizes of larvae were not stratified by depth or station; differences that were found were small. Thus, we concluded that to obtain samples with representative species, densities, and sizes of entrained fish larvae, a stationary net should be positioned where the water has uniform high velocity and is well mixed.
A highway cut failure in Cretaceous sediments at Maymont, Saskatchewan
Authors: Krahn J. , Johnson R. F. , Fredlund D. G. , Clifton A. W.
Published: March 2010

In 1973 the Saskatchewan Department of Highways began construction of a crossing over the North Saskatchewan River at Maymont, Saskatchewan. The south approach to the river required a cut some 20 m in depth at the top edge of the valley and when the excavation reached the design elevation a massive failure occurred on one of the backslopes. The major portion of the slip surface followed a slickensided clay shale zone. An analysis of the failure indicates residual angles of shearing resistance were being mobilized. The reason for mobilizing only the residual strength is attributed to previous shearing arising from glacial ice-thrusting.The sliding occurred entirely within the sediments of the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation, but the strengths mobilized were essentially the same as those mobilized by slides in the marine Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw and Lea Park Formations. Negative water pressures arising from the stress change due to excavating did not appear to influence the stability. Direct shear box tests on natural slickensided surfaces gave strengths higher than required for a safety factor of unity. The testing of precut surfaces gave results that seem to correlate more closely with the field residual strengths. Furthermore, the Maymont case history clearly illustrates the need for identifying geological details and demonstrates the engineering significance of glacial ice-thrusting.
Design of dykes to protect against debris flows at Port Alice, British Columbia
Authors: Nasmith H. W. , Mercer A. G.
Published: March 2010

In 1973 and again in 1975 the town of Port Alice on Northern Vancouver Island was damaged by debris flows from the steep mountain slopes behind the town. The flows were triggered during heavy rains by small earth slumps that flowed down steep narrow gullies in bedrock and scoured additional debris from the channel. The debris flowed rapidly while confined to the gully and slowed down and came to rest on the fan on which the town is built. Dykes to protect the town from future debris flows were designed and built. Model studies were used to assist in designing the system of dykes.
Icings and seepage in frozen glaciofluvial deposits, District of Keewatin, N.W.T.
Authors: Veillette J. J. , Thomas R. D.
Published: March 2010

Icings resulting from spring water, presumably flowing through taliks in permanently frozen granular deposits, were observed at four locations within a portion of north-central Keewatin in 1976. Three icings leave remnants persisting throughout the summer. The remnants exhibit morphological and tonal characteristics that permit their identification on airphotos at a scale of 1:60 000. In this continuous permafrost environment, the presence of taliks acting as sub-permafrost water conduits is suggested by field observations at two of the four locations. At one location spring discharge was observed in February, March, May, and July, unusually high permafrost temperatures were recorded at a depth of 3 m above a suspected talik, and "wet sand," beneath a permafrost cover, was revealed by drilling.
Repeated compressive loading of a sand
Authors: Gaskin P. N. , Raymond G. P. , Addo-Abedi F. Y. , Lau J. S.
Published: March 2010

Twelve repeated load drained triaxial tests to at least 105 cycles on a sand are reported. A threshold stress of about 50% of the static failure strength was found. Below the threshold stress, the permanent deformation and resilient modulus reached constant values. Above the threshold stress, the permanent deformation began to increase rapidly and the resilient modulus to decrease as the number of stress cycles increased. The importance of keeping the traffic stress in the pavement below the threshold stress is outlined.
A catastrophic glacial outburst flood (jökulhlaup) mechanism for debris flow generation at the Spiral Tunnels, Kicking Horse River basin, British Columbia
Authors: Jackson Jr. Lionel E.
Published: March 2010

Debris flows have blocked rail and highway routes in the upper Kicking Horse River valley, British Columbia, a number of times during this century. The origins of debris flows from the most troublesome tributary basin were investigated following the debris flows and floods of September 6, 1978. A jökulhlaup (catastrophic glacial outburst flood) origin was determined for the debris flows and flood of this event. An investigation of weather records prior to debris flows of 1962, 1946, and 1925 indicates a similar origin for the 1946 and 1925 events.
Surpressions interstitielles développées par le fonçage dans les sols cohérents
Authors: Peignaud M.
Published: March 2010

The Laboratoire Régional des Ponts et Chaussées, Angers (France) has investigated the excess pore pressures developed during the driving of a piezometer probe at different rates on four sites. Attention is drawn to the important differences between the pore pressures measured during penetration and at rest.During driving, negative excess pore pressures are measured. When the piezometer is stopped the pore pressures become large and positive. For the soils tested, i.e., plastic to highly plastic clays, the maximum excess pore pressure at rest may be estimated from the total overburden pressure. [Journal translation]
Undrained shear strength in the surficial weathered crust
Authors: Lefebvre Guy , Paré Jean-Jacques , Dascal Oscar
Published: March 2010

Most geotechnical engineers feel that the undrained shear strength measured by the field vane in the surficial weathered crust cannot be fully mobilized during the failure of an embankment built of soft clay deposits. Consequently, the vane strength in the crust is generally reduced by some arbitrary means before stability calculations are performed. This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at evaluating the available undrained shear strength in the crust. In situ shear box and plate loading tests as well as triaxial compression and extension tests indicate that the available undrained shear strength in the crust is of the same magnitude as the vane strength measured in the intact clay immediately below the crust. This paper also proposes a method to account for the effect of the embankment confinement in the central portion of the foundation. The proposed methodology is checked by a back analysis of the failure of the Olga test embankment built at Matagami, Quebec. Key words: vane test, vane test correction, weathered crust, shear box, plate loading test, embankment stability.
Geotechnical aspects of Corani reservoir enlargement
Authors: Code J. A. , Afif M.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes geotechnical aspects of a reservoir enlargement project located in the headwaters of the Amazon Basin, in the Andean Cordillera of central Bolivia. This reservoir serves the Corani and Santa Isabel hydroelectric stations, which harness in sequence 1409 m of head below reservoir level. The project involved raising the existing Corani dam and constructing a diversion scheme to convey water from the adjacent Malaga River watershed into the enlarged reservoir. The Corani dam was raised 5 m by adding a zoned earth–rockfill section to the existing embankment dam and constructing a concrete overflow spillway that incorporated the existing masonry structure. The Malaga diversion scheme involved construction of four intakes, 1.7 km of canals, and 12.1 km of tunnels. The tunnels were driven through a wide variety or rock types ranging from good-quality quartzites to squeezing shales. The project was completed in 1984. Key words: dam raising, tunnel, grouting, shotcrete, canal, squeezing shales, underseepage, hydropower, spillway.
Predicting settlement at a damsite on a tunnel valley deposit in Alberta
Authors: McClung J. E. , Mollard J. D.
Published: March 2010

During investigations for a damsite on the Sand River, Alberta, an 80 m thick silt deposit in a valley some 500 m across was encountered. The most distinctive feature of the deposit is the uniformity of the silt, with thicknesses of up to 50 m occurring as a single layer uninterrupted by seams of significantly different material. The silt unit is believed to be the result of very uniform, prolonged depositional conditions in a subglacial river. The silt consists largely of silica grains between 10 and 60 μm, and although it contains clay, in some aspects its behaviour is close to that of sand.Evidence suggests that the present valley is a tunnel valley formed by meltwaters flowing through the underside of a glacier. The implications for the engineering geology of the damsite investigated are discussed and some geotechnical properties of this unusual silt deposit are presented, particularly as they affect settlement prediction. Key words: tunnel valley, glacial silt, earth dam, settlement, airphoto interpretation.
Identification of suitable nontraditional tropical and residual paving materials in relation to the environment
Authors: Gidigasu M. D. , Asante S. P. K. , Dougan E.
Published: March 2010

Results of laboratory and field construction and pavement performance studies have revealed that some apparently substandard or borderline—by temperature zone standards—tropical gravel materials can be used successfully for the construction of low-cost pavements in subhumid climatic zones.The geotechnical characteristics of suitable paving materials have been defined from results of studies carried out on satisfactory and poor road sections over a period of 5–6 years.Important correlations were found between the bearing strength (CBR) on the one hand and some moisture index properties as well as the products of the fines content and these index properties on the other.It is shown that the product of the fines content and some moisture index properties form a useful basis for identifying suitable materials for pavement construction in the moist subhumid climatic zone of Ghana.The paper is a contribution to the identification and characterization of nontraditional tropical and residual paving materials in relation to the environment. Key words: pavements, California bearing ratio (CBR), index properties, fines content, subhumid climate.
Effects of dilatancy and yield criteria on displacements around tunnels
Authors: Ogawa T. , Lo K. Y.
Published: March 2010

Analytical elastoplastic solutions for stresses and displacements around a circular opening have been developed, using two different yield criteria and a nonassociated flow rule. The effects of dilatancy and postpeak decrease in strength are included in these solutions. It is shown that the two different yield criteria lead to practically identical results, while the dilatancy angle plays an important role in controlling radial displacement. Four case histories, one in soft fractured rock and three in a heavily overconsolidated stiff clay, are analyzed. The calculated radial displacements along the crown line are consistent with results of field measurements. Key words: tunnels, elastoplastic analysis, stress, strain, dilatancy, yield criteria, postpeak strength, nonassociated flow rule, soft rock, stiff clay.
A simple procedure for computation of vertical soil stresses for surface regions of arbitrary shape and loading
Authors: Thompson J. C. , Lelievre B. , Beckie R. D. , Negus K. J.
Published: March 2010

Based on the Boussinesq formula, exact formulae are derived for the vertical stress beneath the corner of an arbitrarily shaped triangular surface region subjected to vertical pressures with a uniform, linear, or quadratic distribution. These formulae are the basis of a proposed analysis technique in which any arbitrarily shaped loading region is approximated by a set of triangular regions. Computer algorithms that take advantage of the highly repetitive, yet simple, mathematical operations can readily be implemented on the computational facilities currently available to most engineers. Key words: triangular or arbitrarily shaped load regions, vertical stress distribution, computer solution.
Efficiency of pile groups in tension
Authors: Madhav Madhira R.
Published: March 2010

Groups of piles provided to support tall structures such as transmission towers, chimneys, stacks, etc. are subjected to pullout forces. The uplift capacity of a single pile in clay or sand can be estimated rationally and reliably by methods available. In this note, the interaction between two identical piles in tension is studied by modelling the soil as a homogenous, linearly elastic medium and by using the boundary integral technique. The reduction in individual pile capacity due to the existence of another pile is quantified and found to depend on the spacing and length-to-diameter ratio of the pile, and the type of variation with depth of pile-soil interface strength. Efficiencies of typical pile groups are computed. The predictions compare well with model and full-scale test results. Key words: axial capacity, boundary element method, efficiency, groups, interaction, piles, uplift.
Seismic cone penetration testing in the near offshore of the MacKenzie Delta
Authors: Campanella R. G. , Robertson P. K. , Gillespie D. , Laing N. , Kurfurst P J
Published: March 2010

A study was performed in the shallow waters of the MacKenzie Delta area near Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T., Canada, to evaluate equipment, test procedures, and techniques using a seismic cone penetrometer and operating on the landfast ice in winter. Seismic cone penetration testing was performed to determine the compressional and shear wave velocities of the subsurface sediments using a downhole technique. Several seismic sources and receivers were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. Typical results are presented and briefly discussed. Key words: downhole, seismic, P-wave, S-wave, velocity, in situ, measurement, shallow offshore, cone penetration test.
VIBRATION SPECTRUM OF QUANTUM IMPELLERS
Authors: FAN HONG-YI , WU HAO
Published: March 2010

For the first time, we construct a quantum impeller model, then we adopt the invariant eigen-operator (IEO) method to derive its vibration spectrum. Vibration spectrum of the quantum impeller composed of two types of laminae is also deduced. It seems to us that IEO method greatly simplifies the derivation.
COUNTING STATISTICS OF NONEQUILIBRIUM TUNNELING PROCESS USING FUNCTIONAL RENORMALIZATION GROUP
Authors: XU QING-QIANG , GAO BEN-LING , XIONG SHI-JIE
Published: March 2010

We develop a scheme to investigate the flux of nonequilibrium transport based on the full counting statistics and nonequilibrium functional renormalization group method. As an illustrative example, we study the charge transfer in the system of an interacting quantum dot connected to two noninteracting reservoirs via tunneling. Within the lowest approximation in functional renormalization group, we obtain the cumulant generating function analytically.
ELASTOOPTICAL SPECTRA OF NOVEL L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DEHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTALS
Authors: KRISHNAKUMAR V. , NAGALAKSHMI R. , MANOHAR S. , OZGA K. , CLAUDET B. , PIASECKI M. , KITYK I. V. , KOCSIS L. , PISAREK J.
Published: March 2010

We have established highly anisotropic features of the piezooptical coefficient behavior in L-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate (LLMHCl) single crystals (a semiorganic material with space group P2 1). These coefficients show substantial anisotropy for the diagonal and off-diagonal tensor coefficients. The XRD analysis, FTIR, optical and FT Raman spectra were performed. Following the obtained data, principal role of the phonon sub-system was established.
FORCES, MOMENTS, ROTATIONS, AND DISPLACEMENTS OF POLYNOMIAL-SHAPED CURVED BEAMS
Authors: GIMENA LAZARO , GONZAGA PEDRO , GIMENA FAUSTINO
Published: March 2010

This paper deals with curved beams with polynomial free geometry. The problem is approached analytically and the differential equations that govern the mechanical behavior of curved beams are presented. A system of twelve linear ordinary differential equations is solved using either an analytical or a customized numerical method with boundary conditions. Results of the different components of forces, moments, rotations, and displacements are given and plotted in the examples for different polynomial-shaped beams of the fourth degree. It is concluded from the present analyses that the parabolic shape has better response to distributed loads than the other polynomial-shaped beams considered.
EFFECT OF FATIGUE LOADING ON BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN CFRP SHEETS AND STEEL PLATES
Authors: LIU H. B. , ZHAO X. L. , AL-MAHAIDI R.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes a series of tests on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) sheet bonded steel plates. The specimens were tensioned to failure after enduring a pre-set number of fatigue cycles at various load ratios (defined as the ratio of the maximum load in the fatigue test to the corresponding static strength). The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of fatigue loading on bond strength and failure modes. Both normal modulus (E = 240 GPa ) and high modulus (E = 640 GPa ) CFRP sheets were used in the tests. The experimental results were compared with those for specimens subjected to static tension alone. It was found that the failure modes of the CFRP-sheet bonded steel plates were not affected greatly by the fatigue loading except for those bonded with high modulus CFRP, where fiber fracture extended over more than one cross-section. The fatigue loads appear to have less effect on the bond strength of high modulus CFRP-sheet bonded steel plates. Reduction in bond strength from 10% to 20% was observed for normal modulus CFRP-sheet bonded steel plates when the load ratio is less than 30%.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF A PLATE ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION SUBJECTED TO LANDING AIRPLANES' FORCES
Authors: KOSTANTAKOPOULOS T. G. , MICHALTSOS G. T.
Published: March 2010

This paper deals with the problem of the dynamic behavior of a plate on elastic foundation under the action of forces produced by a landing airplane. A partially plastic impact is postulated for the contact between the airplane and the plate. The Winkler model is used to simulate the ground's elastic behavior, by which the foundation reaction is proportional to the plate deflection, along with dampers for energy dissipation. Two models are used for the airplane, i.e. a simplified mass-load model and a mass-dashpot-spring model, and their influences on the dynamic response of the plate are evaluated. Moreover, various parameters concerning the salient features of the airplane and its landing on the plate are studied with conclusions drawn. The efficiency of the methodology proposed herein was demonstrated in the numerical study.
SEISMIC CONTROL OF MULTI-ADJACENT-BUILDING SYSTEMS
Authors: ZOU L. , BUTTERWORTH J. W. , MA X.
Published: March 2010

Proposed herein is a new vibration-reduction technique for multi-adjacent-building systems subjected to earthquake excitations. Based on a three-building model, three different connecting methods are presented for reducing the seismic response of the multi-building system. After the equation of motion is derived, a numerical example is employed to demonstrate the seismic performances of the controlled systems. The vibration-reduction mechanism, the vibration-reduction effect, and the influential parameters are also studied. Numerical results show that the method of coupling adjacent structures is a viable and attractive vibration-reduction strategy for seismically excited structures.
AN IMPROVED BI-DIRECTIONAL EVOLUTIONARY TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION METHOD FOR FREQUENCIES
Authors: ZUO Z. H. , XIE Y. M. , HUANG X.
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a topology optimization method for dynamic problems with an improved bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) technique. The sensitivity derivation for the frequency optimization problem in the case of multiple eigenvalues and for the stiffness–frequency optimization problem is proposed. Algorithms for a filter scheme, sensitivity history-averaging, and sensitivity global-ranking are used in the present method. Techniques for adaptively removing alternative elements and eliminating singular and single-hinged elements are proposed. Solution-convergence and localized modes are discussed through numerical examples. Results show that the improved BESO method is capable of solving the frequency optimization problem and the multi-objective optimization problem for stiffness and frequency effectively.
REPRESENTATIONS OF INTEGERS BY TERNARY QUADRATIC FORMS
Authors: KANE BEN
Published: March 2010

We investigate the representation of integers by quadratic forms whose theta series lie in Kohnen's plus space [Formula: see text], where p is a prime. Conditional upon certain GRH hypotheses, we show effectively that every sufficiently large discriminant with bounded divisibility by p is represented by the form, up to local conditions. We give an algorithm for explicitly calculating the bounds. For small p, we then use a computer to find the full list of all discriminants not represented by the form. Finally, conditional upon GRH for L-functions of weight 2 newforms, we give an algorithm for computing the implied constant of the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture for weight 3/2 cusp forms of level 4N in Kohnen's plus space with N odd and squarefree.
SEXTENARY QUADRATIC FORMS AND AN IDENTITY OF KLEIN AND FRICKE
Authors: ALACA AYŞE , ALACA ŞABAN , WILLIAMS KENNETH S.
Published: March 2010

Formulae, originally conjectured by Liouville, are proved for the number of representations of a positive integer n by each of the eight sextenary quadratic forms [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text].
THE TRANSCENDENCE OF SERIES RELATED TO STERN'S DIATOMIC SEQUENCE
Authors: COONS MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

We prove various transcendence results regarding the Stern sequence and related functions; in particular, we prove that the generating function of the Stern sequence is transcendental. Transcendence results are also proven for the generating function of the Stern polynomials and for power series whose coefficients arise from some special subsequences of Stern's sequence.
Desmoglein 2-mediated adhesion is required for intestinal epithelial barrier integrity
Authors: Schlegel Nicolas , Meir Michael , Heupel Wolfgang-Moritz , Holthöfer Bastian , Leube Rudolf E. , Waschke Jens
Published: March 2010

The integrity of intercellular junctions that form the “terminal bar” in intestinal epithelium is crucial for sealing the intestinal barrier. Whereas specific roles of tight and adherens junctions are well known, the contribution of desmosomal adhesion for maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier has not been specifically addressed. For the present study, we generated a desmoglein 2 antibody directed against the extracellular domain (Dsg2 ED) to test whether impaired Dsg2-mediated adhesion affects intestinal epithelial barrier functions in vitro. This antibody was able to specifically block Dsg2 interaction in cell-free atomic-force microscopy experiments. For in vitro studies of the intestinal barrier we used Caco2 cells following differentiation into tight enterocyte-like epithelial monolayers. Application of Dsg2 ED to Caco2 monolayers resulted in increased cell dissociation compared with controls in a dispase-based enterocyte dissociation assay. Under similar conditions, Dsg2 antibody significantly decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased FITC-dextran flux, indicating that Dsg2 interaction is critically involved in the maintenance of epithelial intestinal barrier functions. As revealed by immunostaining, this was due to Dsg2 ED antibody-induced rupture of tight junctions because tight junction proteins claudins 1, 4, and 5, occludin, and tight junction-associated protein zonula occludens-1 were partially removed from cell borders by Dsg2 ED treatment. Similar results were obtained by application of a commercial monoclonal antibody directed against the ED of Dsg2. Antibody-induced effects were blocked by absorption experiments using Dsg2-Fc-coated beads. Our data indicate that Dsg2-mediated adhesion affects tight junction integrity and is required to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier properties.
IGF-1 prevents ANG II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy via Akt- and Foxo-dependent inhibition of the ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 expression
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Semprun-Prieto Laura , Sukhanov Sergiy , Delafontaine Patrice
Published: March 2010

Congestive heart failure is associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin system and skeletal muscle wasting. Angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown to increase muscle proteolysis and decrease circulating and skeletal muscle IGF-1. We have shown previously that skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of IGF-1 prevents proteolysis and apoptosis induced by ANG II. These findings indicated that downregulation of IGF-1 signaling in skeletal muscle played an important role in the wasting effect of ANG II. However, the signaling pathways and mechanisms whereby IGF-1 prevents ANG II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy are unknown. Here we show ANG II-induced transcriptional regulation of two ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1) that precedes the reduction of skeletal muscle IGF-1 expression, suggesting that activation of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 is an initial mechanism leading to skeletal muscle atrophy in response to ANG II. IGF-1 overexpression in skeletal muscle prevented ANG II-induced skeletal muscle wasting and the expression of atrogin-1, but not MuRF-1. Dominant-negative Akt and constitutively active Foxo-1 blocked the ability of IGF-1 to prevent ANG II-mediated upregulation of atrogin-1 and skeletal muscle wasting. Our findings demonstrate that the ability of IGF-1 to prevent ANG II-induced skeletal muscle wasting is mediated via an Akt- and Foxo-1-dependent signaling pathway that results in inhibition of atrogin-1 but not MuRF-1 expression. These data suggest strongly that atrogin-1 plays a critical role in mechanisms of ANG II-induced wasting in vivo.