bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fruit oils of four plant species of Turkish origin
Authors: Erciyes A. T. , Karaosmanoglu F. , Civelekoglu H.
Published: July 2007

The characteristics of fatty oils recovered from seeds of four plant species of Turkish origin have been investigated. Seed oils ofRhus coriaria L. andEcballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. showed a close resemblance to those of previously published reports. Oil extracted from the seed ofCeltis australis L. andGundelia tournefortii L. show characteristics similar to fruit oils of the plant families to which they belong. In the focus of their technological evaluation,Ecballium elaterium seed oil can be regarded as a typical drying oil, while the others show characteristics of semidrying oils.
Determination of fat in infant formula by robotic automated method
Authors: Lee Theresa W. , Bobik Emil , Malone William
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of fat in infant formula using a commercially available robotic system. The procedure and chemistry at large are the same as the manual method,Official Methods of Analysis 16.064, by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Both liquid and powder forms of milk‐protein‐based and soy‐protein‐based matrices were analyzed in this study. The robotic operations are described in detail. The evaluation of the accuracy is accomplished by comparing the data obtained by the robotic automated method to those obtained by the official manual method. The analysis of variance does not indicate a statistically significant difference (p‐value 0.0620, mean difference 0.0056%) between the mean results of the two methods for the milk‐protein‐based infant formula. The results of other matrices tested by both methods agreed within 1% relative of each other. The precision of the robotic automated method is slightly better than the manual method as shown by the overall relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.167% vs 0.269%. The ruggedness of the instrument has been satisfactory. The results of this study suggest that the robotic automated method is suitable for this application.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with diimide from hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Chandrasekhara Rao T. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: July 2007

Methyl esters of 10‐undecenoic, oleic, linoleic and castor oil fatty acids were hydrogenated with hydroxylamine‐ethyl acetate reagent under nitrogen, without change in position and configuration of double bonds. The fatty acid ester was also found to participate in the generation of diimide. No hydrazide was formed.
Development of a new soybean variety for human consumption
Authors: Banafunzi N. M. S. , Mena A.
Published: July 2007

During the past five years, the state of Guerrero has conducted an extensive research project to increase the protein content of local diets through development of soybean varieties that can be locally grown and easily assimilated into local diets. Guerrero is the location of Acapulco, host city for the World Conference on Soya Processing and Utilization. This article explains Guerrero’s project and the development of a new soy variety for human consumption. Conference registrants will have an opportunity to visit Guerrero’s soya fields. This report was prepared by Dr. Nuren M.S. Banafunzi, professor of plant breeding and head of the Agricultural Research Division at the Instituto Superior Agropecuario Autonómo del Estado de Guerrero (ISAAEG) and A. Man, professor and investigator of oil crops at the ISAAEG.
The effect of soybean moisture during storage on the lipid composition of extracted crude oil
Authors: Chapman G. W. , Robertson J. A.
Published: July 2007

The quality of soybean oil extracted from seed stored under constant temperature and relative humidity for 42 days was evaluated over a wide range of moisture levels. Storage of soybeans at 9, 13 and 18% moisture had little affect on the major lipid components (neutral lipids), even though seed stored at 18% moisture became infected with mold. The level of phospholipid in the extracted crude oil decreased during the last 3 weeks of storage in seeds stored at 13 and 18% moisture from 4 to 2.5% of the total oil. During the same period, the level of free fatty acids, (FFA) (primarily 16∶0 and 18∶2) in these samples increased. This study indicated that the increase in FFA during seed storage at high moisture levels was the result of soybean lipase and possibly phospholipase activity. These findings suggested that soybeans should be kept at less than 13% moisture for long‐term on‐farm storage to preserve oil quality.
Determination of molecular species of oil triacylglycerols by reversed‐phase and chiral‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Semporé G. , Bézard J.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the determination of molecular species of oil triacylglycerols. The method is based on the analytical separation of the enantiomericsn‐1,2‐andsn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols, derived from triacylglycerols, by high‐performance liquid‐chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral column containing N‐(R)‐1‐(α‐naphthyl)ethylaminocarbonyl‐(S)‐valinecarbonyl‐(S)‐valine as stationary phase. Model triacyl‐glycerol molecules comprising three known fatty acids were isolated from peanut oil and cottonseed oil by a combination of argentation‐TLC and reversed‐phase HPLC and submitted to partial chemical deacylation. The derivedsn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerols were analyzed and fractionated as 3,5‐dinitrophenyl urethane derivatives by reversed‐phase HPLC according to chainlength and unsaturation. From thesn‐1,2(2,3)‐diacylglycerol composition and the diacylglycerolsn‐1,2‐andsn‐2,3‐enantiomer composition, the individual molecular species of four peanut oil triacylglycerols and one cottonseed oil triacylglycerol were identified and quantitated. The method can be applied to triacylglycerols of any other oil or fat.
Effect of heat inactivation of lipoxygenase on lipid oxidation in lake herring (coregonus artedii)
Authors: Wang Ya‐Jane , Miller Lynne A. , Addis Paul B.
Published: July 2007

The role of lipoxygenase in causing lipid oxidation in lake herring was studied. Lipid oxidation was measured by assaying for 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), and lipoxygenase activity was measured by a spectrophotometric (470 nm) method. Lipoxygenase activity was highest in light muscle, lowest in skin and intermediate in dark muscle. Light muscle contained the highest percentage of phospholipids (PL) and the least total lipid. The percentage of PL was lowest and total lipids were highest in the skin. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were found in larger amounts in PL than in triglycerides. Heat treatment rapidly inactivated lipoxygenase. After a 5‐min heating period, lipoxygenase was totally inactivated in most cases. TBARS data indicated that samples heated at 80°C for 1.5–2.0 min were more stable than samples heated at 80°C for 2.5–5.0 min, suggesting that heat accelerated nonenzymatic oxidation.
Bleaching of cottonseed and soybean oils by hydrogen generatedin situ
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. B. , Gupta P. K. , Basu A. K.
Published: July 2007

Bleaching of cottonseed and soybean oils has been effected by hydrogen generatedin situ by the action of aqueous copper sulfate solution on zinc dust. Yellow color bodies are bleached more readily by this process than the red bodies. Color reduction up to a level of 70–74% is attainable by this method.
Mechanism of palm oil bleaching by montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations
Authors: Kheok S. C. , Lim E. E.
Published: July 2007

The mechanism of bleaching by a nonswelling montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations was studied in the bleaching of palm oil. Montmorillonite clay was activated by 2 parts of H2SO4 at concentrations of 10‐40%. Chemical composition, bleaching ability, specific surface area and phosphorus content were studied. The study showed that an initial increase in bleaching ability by clay activated by an increasing addition of H2SO4 was due to acid leaching of organic matter and impurities in the clay. The consequence of acid leaching in this case tends to expose active sites for adsorption. Acid leaching also removed Al3+, causing charge deficiency in the clay lattice and, hence, promoting the adsorption properties of the clay. A drop in bleaching efficiency at higher additions of H2SO4 was observed. This was due to exces‐sive acid leaching of Al3+, causing collapse of the clay lattice struc‐ture.
Study of the seed oil of brachystegia nigerica hoyle and A.P.D. jones
Authors: Obasi N. B. B. , Ndelle K. N.
Published: July 2007

The characteristics ofB. nigerica and its fixed seed oil are reported. Fatty acid composition, as determined by gas‐liquid chromatography, was: lauric, 0.24%; myristic, 0.45%; palmitic, 13.18%; stearic, 19.80%; oleic, 20.84%; linoleic, 43.65%; arachidic, 1.14%; and arachidonic, 0.90%. A study of the nonsaponifiable fraction showed it to be rich in sterols. Ergosterol and sitosterol were identified.
Determination of lead in frying oils by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Ibrahim Hosny
Published: July 2007

Two methods for determination of lead in frying oils by direct current plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry were investigated. The first method is based on the formation of an oil‐water emulsion followed by aspiration of the sample directly into the plasma. The second method involves extraction of lead from oil into an aqueous ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid phase before measurement. The methods were applied to the determination of lead in used frying oil samples collected from different parts of Cairo, Egypt.
Evaluation of soy oil lutein isotherms obtained with selected adsorbents in hexane miscellas
Authors: Palaniappan S. , Proctor A.
Published: July 2007

Bleaching of soy oil hexane/miscellas by adsorption of the lutein was examined. Quantitative differences in the adsorption behavior between a bleaching clay, alkaline rice hull ash and acid rice hull ash were measured by comparing the constants,K andn, of Freundlich isotherms. All the isotherms were dose‐dependent withK being inversely related andn directly related, to adsorbent mass. Overall, the bleaching clay performed better than the ashes. Alkaline ash had a largerK value than acid ash, but then value of acid ash was greater.

Equations of lutein adsorption were derived based on initial concentrations on lutein and the amount adsorbed per gram. Logarithmic plots produced constants,Ki and ni which were the intercept and slope, respectively. As adsorbent dose increased,Ki decreased andni increased for each adsorbent studied. These findings may have applications in the processing of dilute miscellas where low temperature, low viscosity oil refining is desired.
Antioxidative activities of tocotrienols on phospholipid liposomes
Authors: Yamaoka Masakazu , Carrillo Maria Josette H. , Nakahara Toro , Komiyama Kanki
Published: July 2007

Antioxidative activity of tocotrienol (Toc3) was studied in the oxidation of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes. The objective was to measure the differences in the antioxidative activities betweenα‐Toc3 andα‐tocopherol (α‐Toc), and betweenγ‐Toc3 andγ‐Toc. When each antioxidant was added to the already prepared DLPC liposome solution, the antioxidative activity of Toc3 was larger than that of Toc. However, when incorporated into the liposomal membrane, the antioxidative activities of Toc3 and Toc were the same and were intermediate between those of the added Toc3 and Toc.

When added to the liposome solution, the consumption of Toc3 during the induction period was larger than that of Toc. When incorporated into the liposomal membrane, the consumptions of Toc3 and Toc were the same and were intermediate between those of the added Toc3 and Toc.

These results suggest that the reactions of Toc3 and Toc with phospholipid peroxide within the membrane are inhibited to a different degree depending on the dosing manner of Toc3 and Toc. Namely, the degree of inhibition decreases in the following order: Toc(added)> Toc(incorporated)= Toc3(incorporated)> Toc3(added).
Improved productivity of a radiotracer detergency method by increased automation
Authors: Shebs W. T. , Rankin J. G. , Incaprera C. F. , Herndon K. H. , Lester R. S.
Published: July 2007

Productivity of a radiotracer detergency test method which generates several thousand samples per year has been substantially improved by automating record‐keeping, data capture, data analysis storage and report generation. A group of programs has been written to acquire large amounts of data from liquid scintillation counters, a gamma counter and pH meters. The programs also maintain detailed records of each sample (swatch of fabric), provide current status of all swatches entered into the system, and make all calculations necessary to generate final test results. A Burcon microcomputer operating in a time‐sharing mode allows multiple users to perform laboratory operations simultaneously. The programs (written in PL/I) are all interactive and the terminal screen displays provide a list of possible responses (menu) at each step. These menus, combined with careful design of the screen displays, minimize the amount of operator training necessary to complete processing successfully. The amount of operator time required to complete data processing has been reduced by ca. 35% and the automating of record‐keeping and other tasks has further improved productivity and reduced turnaround time. A brief description of the component programs is included.
Process engineering economic evaluation of the ethanol extraction of cottonseed: Preliminary analysis
Authors: Abraham G. , Decossas K. M. , Hron R. J. , Kuk M. S.
Published: July 2007

This preliminary analysis was undertaken to determine if the operations being developed for the aqueous ethanol extraction of cottonseed oil are economical and whether further research of this process should be pursued. Results of the conversion of hypothetical hexane extraction plants to ethanol extraction, in the plant capacity range of 300‐600 tons of cottonseed flakes/day and operating 150‐350 days annually, show that two unconventional operations, namely, chill‐separation of miscella exiting the extractor and reduction of oil in recycled ethanol by reverse osmosis, require less energy and are less expensive than conventional alternatives. However, additional work is needed to determine the overall efficiency of an alcohol process as compared to a conventional hexane process.
Chemical and physical analyses of oils from four species of cucurbitaceae
Authors: Badifu G. I. O.
Published: July 2007

The seed oils ofCucumeropsis mannii, two varieties ofLagenaria sicceraria andTelfairia occidentalis were evaluated. The oil contents by mechanical expression were 33.2%, 33.4%, 34.2% and 32.8% from the roasted kernels ofC. mannii, L. sicceraria var. 1,L. sicceraria var. 2 andT. occidentalis, respectively. Lower oil contents (26.4‐28.6%) were obtained from unroasted kernels of the species. The difference in oil yield between the unroasted and roasted kernels was significant (p ≤ 0.05). Roasting of the kernels did not affect the quality factors of the oils, except for the color. The color of oil from roasted kernels was golden, whereas that from unroasted kernels was pale yellow. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic. The oils from the varieties ofL. sicceraria were more unsaturated (80.2‐80.3%) than the oils fromC. mannii (71.4%) andT. occidentalis (69.3%). The smoke (149.5‐180.1°C) and flash (204.8‐291.5°C) points varied considerably among the oils.Cucumeropsis mannii andT. occidentalis kernel oils failed a cold test, while the oils fromL. sicceraria passed.
FTIR estimation of free fatty acid content in crude oils extracted from damaged soybeans
Authors: Lanser A. C. , List G. R. , Holloway R. K. , Mounts T. L.
Published: July 2007

A user‐interactive computer‐assisted Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method has been developed for estimation of free fatty acids (FFA) in vegetable oil samples by deconvolution of the infrared (IR) absorbances corresponding to the triglyceride ester and FFA carbonyl bonds. Peak areas were used to determine FFA as a percentage of the total carbonyl areas in weighed standards of refined, bleached, deodorized soybean oil containing from 0 to 5% added oleic acid. These data for percent FFA by FTIR were compared to corresponding FFA data obtained by two titration methods‐the AOCS Official Method Ca 5a‐40 and the Official Method with a slight modification. Correlation coefficients were 0.999 for the Ca 5a‐40, 0.999 for the modified and 0.989 for the FTIR methods. FFA in samples of crude soybean oils extracted from damaged beans (0.5 to 2.1% FFA) were measured by FTIR and compared to data obtained by titration of the same samples (correlation coefficient, 0.869).
Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Duval S. , Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the reanalysis of serum lipids from previous studies in which deuterated fatty acids were administered to a single person. Samples were reanalyzed to determine if the deuterated fatty acids were converted to deuterium‐labeled conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 9c, 11t‐18∶2) or other CLA isomers. We found 11‐trans‐octadecenoate (fed as the triglyceride) was converted (Δ9 desaturase) to CLA, at a CLA enrichment ofca. 30%. The 11‐cis‐octadecenoate isomer was also converted to 9c, 11c‐18∶2, but at <10% the concentration of the 11t‐18∶1 isomer. No evidence (within our limits of detection) for conversion of 10‐cis‐or 10‐trans‐octadecenoate to the 10,12‐CLA isomers (Δ12 desaturase) was found. No evidence for the conversion of 9‐cis, 12‐cis‐octadecadienoate to CLA (via isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from four single human subject studies, data from some 30 similar human studies have convinced us that the existence of a metabolic pathway in one subject may be extrapolated to the normal adult population.
Fatty acid esters from betulinol
Authors: Erä V. , Jääskeläinen P. , Ukkonen K.
Published: July 2007

Betulinol esters were prepared from stearic‐, lauric‐, palmitic‐, oleic‐ and tall oil fatty acids via the acid‐chloride and direct con‐densation routes. The degree of esterification was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared (IR) and acid value measurements. The use of esters for air‐dried, polyure‐thane and plastisol coatings was evaluated.
Distribution of aflatoxin‐containing cottonseed within intact locks
Authors: Lee L. S. , Russell T. E.
Published: July 2007

Location of aflatoxin‐containing seeds within locks ofAspergillus flavus contaminated bolls was determined. Of the 141 seeds examined from 22 intact locks, 78 exhibited bright greenish yellow fluorescence (BGYF) on the linters. Twenty‐four seeds contained aflatoxins ranging from 0.231 to 151.3 μg of toxin per gram of seed. Twenty‐one of these aflatoxin‐positive seeds had linters exhibiting BGYF, and three had nonfluorescent linters. With one exception, aflatoxin contamination was concentrated in only one or two highly contaminated seeds in the apex half of tight locks, and the rest of the three to five seeds were negative. Explanations for this type of infection are discussed.
The safety of household products
Authors: Gilbert A. H.
Published: July 2007

When detergents were essentially soap, it was easy to assume that they were perfectly innocuous in use. Even later, when synthetic actives and phosphate builders appeared, it wasn't necessary to carry out extensive testing to confirm their safety. However, nowadays one has to say with certainty that a detergent product is not only safe to use but also to manufacture and release into the environ‐ment. This is a big, often long and expensive, job. A battery of tests have had to be developed and every likelihood covered as far as pos‐sible. The kinds of tests used will be briefly discussed and examples given of the lengths to which manufacturers go to ensure the safety of our products.
Synthesis of 100‐gram quantities of highly purified mixed acid triglycerides
Authors: Quinn J. G. , Sampugna J. , Jensen R. G.
Published: July 2007

Monopalmitin, mono‐olein, and monostearin have been synthesized in quantities of up to 100 grams with recoveries ranging from. 80%‐85%. The monoglycerides were reacted with a 0.5 molar excess of pyridine and fatty acid chloride to produce 1, 3,‐diglycerides. The recoveries ranged from 60%‐70% and, in addition, considerable amounts of triglyceride were obtained from this reaction. Partial glycerides were converted to 100‐gram batches of triglyceride in a similar manner with recoveries ranging from 80%‐90%. Purification of the partial glycerides was achieved by crystallization. In addition to this technique, certain triglycerides were purified by elution through a column of alumina. Purity of the glycerides, as determined by TLC, G‐LC, and pancreatic lipolysis, was estimated to be at least 99%.
Deterioration of cottonseed meats during storage
Authors: Harris W. B. , Wamble A. Cecil
Published: July 2007

This work has shown that the prevention of a rise in free fatty acid content during the storage of cottonseed meats is of first importance. No significant effects of storing cottonseed meats upon oil color or gossypol content were found despite the free fatty acid rise. Storage of cot‐tonseed meats is shown to be practical if storage conditions are favorable. This means that the meats should be relatively dry and not allowed to become heated. Screening the meats and stor‐ing only the coarser fraction will improve the storage performance. A useful formula was developed to aid in understanding and predicting the free fatty acid rise which occurs under uniform conditions. The effects of adding fresh screenings from linter motes to the meats stream were found to be minor and unimportant.
Preparation and properties of various salt forms of plant phosphatidyl inositols
Authors: Carter Herbert E. , Weber Evelyn J.
Published: July 2007

The Ca and Mg content of flax and corn phosphatidyl inositol fractions has been determined. Procedures were devised to prepare various salt forms of phosphatidyl inositol. The divalent cations were exchanged for monovalent ions (Na or K) on chelating resin columns. With the Folch wash procedure the Na or K forms of phosphatidyl inositol were completely converted to the Ca form. The nature of the metal ion associated with the phosphatidyl inositol had a striking influence on the solubility properties of the lipid. The differences in mobility on silicic acid columns of the various salt forms were utilized to free the phosphatidyl inositol from nitrogenous contaminants.
Evaluation of mathematical distribution methods for the determination of triglyceride composition
Authors: Blank M. L. , Privett O. S.
Published: July 2007

The triglyceride composition of a number of animal and vegetable fats was determined directly by means of selective argentation and lipase hydrolysis, and compared to that given by the 1,3‐random,2‐random method of analysis described by Vander Wal [JAOCS37, 18 (1960)].

Exceptions to the basic assumption of the 1,3‐random,2‐random method that the fatty acids in the 2‐position are distributed randomly are reported.

The analyses of some fats determined by the 1,3‐random,2‐random method agreed closely with those determined by the direct method, but the overall results indicated that methods based on mathematical distribution patterns generally are not as precise as direct methods.
Antigenic properties of a synthetic protein complex with glycolipids and related substances
Authors: Taketomi Tamotsu , Yamakawa Tamio
Published: July 2007

Erythro‐sphingosine was obtained from sphingomyelin by alkaline hydrolysis. N‐p‐nitrobenzoyl‐sphingosine, N‐p‐aminobenzoyl‐dihydrosphingosine and dihydrosphingosine‐protein were synthesized.

It was found that dihydrosphingosine‐protein can produce a specific antibody which can be detected by the complement fixation test and by Ouchterlony's double diffusion method in agar. The determining factor of dihydrosphingosine may be due to the hydroxy groups at C1 and C3.

In the course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the cross‐reactivity of rabbit antisera against spinal cord, and with psychosine‐protein in particular, was observed by the complement fixation test and by the Arthus reaction.
Chemical comparison of a mexican soybean variety with a us variety
Authors: Eldridge A. C.
Published: July 2007

The proximate analysis, protein, amino acid, and fatty acid composition and flavor evaluation of mature seeds of a commercial variety soybeans grown in Mexico and of one grown in the United States were compared. The study indicated very little difference between the two varieties.
Inhibition ofClostridium botulinum by aliphatic amines and long chain aliphatic aminodiamides
Authors: Huhtanen C. N. , Micich T. J.
Published: July 2007

N‐substituted aminodiamides of the general structure, RNHCO (CH2)x ‐CONH(CH2)yN(CH3)2, and the corresponding N‐sulfopropyl derivatives were studied for their inhibiting effect on growth ofClostridium botulinum in culture media. With R = C16H33, more activity was observed with x = 2, 3, or 4 and y = 2, 3, or 4 than with R = C12H25 or C10H21 . There was little or no correlation of activity with the length of the x or y chains, but the addition of the sulfopropyl group resulted in decreased inhibitory activity. The C3 to C18 saturated aliphatic amines used for synthesizing the aminodiamides were effective inhibitors ofC. botulinum; tetradecyl‐, pentadecyl‐, and hexadecylamines were the most active with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.8 μ/ml‐The ratio of molecular weights of the diamides to the corresponding aliphatic amines indicated that most if not all of the inhibitory activity of the aminodiamides could be attributed to the amine moiety.
Prognostic Factors Affecting Locoregional Recurrence in Patients with Stage IIIB Noninflammatory Breast Cancer
Authors: Gülben Kaptan , Berberoğlu Uğur , Cengiz Aziz , Altınyollar Hüseyin
Published: July 2007

Background

The aim of the present study was to identify the clinicopathological factors affecting locoregional recurrence (LRR) in patients with clinical stage IIIB noninflammatory breast cancer (NIBC).

Methods

The records of 120 stage IIIB NIBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and then modified radical mastectomy followed by radiotherapy were evaluated. In this retrospective cohort, the effects of age, menopausal status, clinical tumor size, clinical response to NAC, pathological axillary status, number of positive axillary lymph nodes, pathological response to NAC, grade, lymphovascular invasion, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, Her‐2‐neu status, and p53 status on LRR were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The clinical response rate of 120 patients was 79.2% (17.5% complete and 61.7% partial), with a complete pathological response rate of 12.5%. The median follow‐up was 28 months (range: 10–74 months). The LRR rate was 13.3%. Based on the univariate analysis, the clinical tumor size, clinical response rate, pathological axillary status, four or more positive axillary lymph nodes, lymphovascular invasion, and estrogen receptor status were factors that significantly affected LRR. In the multivariate analysis, however, only the clinical response rate and the number of positive axillary lymph nodes were found to be statistically significant independent factors.

Conclusions

Effective local control of disease can be achieved in patients with stage IIIB NIBC using a combination of NAC, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, a worse clinical response after chemotherapy and four or more positive axillary lymph nodes affect LRR negatively in these patients.
Glucose control in the intensive care unit: how it is done
Authors: Harper Jane
Published: July 2007

Hyperglycaemia occurs in the majority of critically-ill patients, partly because patients are hypercatabolic and consequently have increased glucose levels and partly because of insulin resistance. Hyperglycaemia is associated with increased mortality in critical illness. In 2001 it was shown that mortality and other complications of critical illness can be decreased by adopting ‘tight’ glycaemic control (4·1–6·4 mmol/l). The critical care world adopted tight glycaemic control enthusiastically, until it became apparent that profound life-threatening hypoglycaemia could result. Most clinicians, currently, have adopted regimens aiming to control glucose between 4 and 8 mmol/l. Practising this regimen safely requires attention to detail. Patients must be provided with energy as well as insulin; preferably via the enteral route, but parenterally if necessary. Insulin is administered according to a relatively simple scale that is adjustable by nursing staff according to patients' glucose results. Frequent glucose measurement is essential to success, along with using visual charting that makes sudden changes in blood glucose levels obvious. There are several ‘champions’ of safe implementation of glucose control in the intensive care unit at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital who are educators and who feed results back to staff regularly. Further studies will clarify the ultimate role of tight glycaemic control, but it can be done safely with meticulous attention to detail.
Singular limits in polymer-stabilized liquid crystals
Authors: Bauman P. , Phillips D. , Shen Q.
Published: July 2007

We investigate equilibrium configurations for a polymer-stabilized liquid-crystal material subject to an applied magnetic field. The configurations are determined by energy minimization, where the energies of the system include those of bulk, surface and external field. The Euler–Lagrange equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions defined on a perforated domain modelling the cross-section of the liquid-crystal–polymer-fibre composite. We analyse the critical values for the external magnetic field representing Fredericks transitions and describe the equilibrium configurations under any magnitude of the external field. We also discuss the limit of the critical values and configurations as the number of polymer fibres approaches infinity. In the case where, away from the boundary of the composite, the fibres are part of a periodic array, we prove that non-constant configurations develop order-one oscillations on the scale of the array's period. Furthermore, we determine the small-scale structure of the configurations as the period tends to zero.
Extension of order-preserving maps on a cone
Authors: Burbanks Andrew D. , Nussbaum Roger D. , Sparrow Colin T.
Published: July 2007

We examine the problem of extending, in a natural way, order-preserving maps that are defined on the interior of a closed cone K1 (taking values in another closed cone K2) to the whole of K1.

We give conditions, in considerable generality (for cones in both finite- and infinite-dimensional spaces), under which a natural extension exists and is continuous. We also give weaker conditions under which the extension is upper semi-continuous.

Maps f defined on the interior of the non-negative cone K in RN, which are both homogeneous of degree 1 and order preserving, are non-expanding in the Thompson metric, and hence continuous. As a corollary of our main results, we deduce that all such maps have a homogeneous order-preserving continuous extension to the whole cone. It follows that such an extension must have at least one eigenvector in K – {0}. In the case where the cycle time χ(f) of the original map does not exist, such eigenvectors must lie in ∂K – {0}.

We conclude with some discussions and applications to operator-valued means. We also extend our results to an ‘intermediate’ situation, which arises in some important application areas, particularly in the construction of diffusions on certain fractals via maps defined on the interior of cones of Dirichlet forms.
On certain Glasner sets
Authors: Haili H. Kamarul , Nair R.
Published: July 2007

A sequence of integers S is called Glasner if, given any ε > 0 and any infinite subset A of T = R/Z, and given y in T, we can find an integer n ∈ S such that there is an element of {nx : x ∈ A} whose distance to y is not greater than ε. In this paper we show that if a sequence of integers is uniformly distributed in the Bohr compactification of the integers, then it is also Glasner. The theorem is proved in a quantitative form.
Density-dependent incompressible viscous fluids in critical spaces
Authors: Danchin R.
Published: July 2007

We study the unique solvability of density-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the whole space RN (N ≥ 2). The celebrated results by Fujita and Kato devoted to the constant density case are generalized to the case when the initial density is close to a constant: we find local well posedness for large initial velocity, and global well posedness for initial velocity small with respect to the viscosity. Our functional setting is very close to the one used by Fujita and Kato.
On the use of Hadamard expansions in hyperasymptotic evaluation: differential equations of hypergeometric type
Authors: Kaminski D. , Paris R. B.
Published: July 2007

We describe how a modification of a common technique for developing asymptotic expansions of solutions of linear differential equations can be used to derive Hadamard expansions of solutions of differential equations. Hadamard expansions are convergent series that share some of the features of hyperasymptotic expansions, particularly that of having exponentially small remainders when truncated, and, as a consequence, provide a useful computational tool for evaluating special functions. The methods we discuss can be applied to linear differential equations of hypergeometric type and may have wider applicability.
Asymptotic behaviour of liquid–liquid dispersions
Authors: Walker Christoph
Published: July 2007

Based on earlier results on existence, we study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to the coalescence-breakage equations, including the volume-scattering phenomenon and high-energy collisions. The solutions are shown to converge towards one particular equilibrium, provided the kernels satisfy a kind of reversibility. We also derive stability of these equilibria in a suitable topology.
A Young measure approach to a nonlinear membrane model involving the bending moment
Authors: Bocea Marian , Fonseca Irene
Published: July 2007

An integral representation of a relaxed functional arising in the derivation of a nonlinear membrane model accounting for the density of bending moments is obtained in terms of a special class of parametrized probability measures (bending Young measures). A complete characterization of this class is given.
A note on non-degenerate umbilics and the path formulation for bifurcation problems
Authors: Furter Jacques-Elie , Sitta Angela Maria
Published: July 2007

Path formulation can be used to classify and structure efficiently multiparameter bifurcation problems around fundamental singularities: the cores. The non-degenerate umbilic singularities are the generic cores for four situations in corank 2: the general or gradient problems and the Z2-equivariant (general or gradient) problems. Those categories determine an interesting ‘Russian doll’ type of structure in the universal unfoldings of the umbilic singularities.

One advantage of our approach is that we can handle one, two or more parameters using the same framework (even considering some special parameter structure, for instance, some internal hierarchy). We classify the generic bifurcations that occur in those cases with one or two parameters.
Vortices and the lower critical field for a Ginzburg–Landau model of superconductors with ferromagnetic interactions
Authors: Alama Stan , Bronsard Lia
Published: July 2007

We study a Ginzburg–Landau functional for a vector-valued order parameter that carries a spin and couples directly to the magnetic field. We verify that spin coupling reduces the lower critical field Hc1, the smallest value of the applied field strength at which vortices penetrate the superconductor, and discuss the related phenomena of a ‘spontaneous vortex phase’ for sufficiently strong spin coupling, predicted by physicists. The method uses energy methods and a priori bounds to confine the vortices and spin transitions to very small balls
Spectral concentration phenomena for the Laplace operator with the Dirichlet boundary condition on a cavity
Authors: Boccuto A. , Pacelli G. , Recchioni M. C. , Zirilli F.
Published: July 2007

Let D1 ⊂ R3 be a non-empty simply connected open bounded set and Γ = ∂D1 be its boundary. We assume Γ to be a C2 surface and let (Γn)n∈N be a sequence of surfaces, such that Γn is closed, , and the surface measure of Γ\Γn is positive for n ∈ N. The set D1 is the cavity associated with (Γn)n∈N. Let HΓn, n ∈ N, HΓ be the self-adjoint operators on L2 associated with the minus Laplace operator with Dirichlet boundary condition on Γn, n ∈ N and on Γ, respectively. Note that, roughly speaking, HΓ is the operator associated with minus the Laplacian on R3\Γ with the Dirichlet boundary condition on Γ. A similar statement holds for HΓn, n ∈ N. We show that the spectral measure, dEΓn (λ), λ ∈ R, associated with the operator HΓn, n ∈ N, when n → +∞ converges to the spectral measure dEΓ (λ), λ ∈ R, associated with the operator HΓ. That is in a sense made precise later we prove that Σ (HΓn) → Σ (HΓ) when n → +∞, where Σ (HΓ) and Σ (HΓn), n ∈ N, are the spectra of HΓ and HΓn, n ∈ N, respectively. Moreover, we show that the point spectrum of HΓ is made of an infinite number of positive eigenvalues of finite multiplicity and that the point spectrum of HΓn, n ∈ N, is empty and that the essential spectrum of HΓn, n ∈ N, and of HΓ is continuous and is contained in [0, +∞). Under the extra hypothesis that Γ is a C4 surface and that the Gaussian curvature of Γ is positive at every point of Γ, we prove that the essential spectrum of HΓ is a continuous spectrum and is given by [0, +∞). So that the convergence of dEΓn (λ), λ ∈ R to dEΓ (λ), λ ∈ R, when n → +∞ can be interpreted as a spectral concentration phenomenon that consists in the fact that the limit of the spectrum of operators with purely continuous spectrum is the spectrum of an operator that is made of eigenvalues embedded in a continuous spectrum.
Existence, uniqueness and non-uniqueness of weak solutions of parabolic initial-value problems with discontinuous nonlinearities
Authors: Deguchi Hideo
Published: July 2007

We deal with the initial-value problem for parabolic equations with discontinuous nonlinearities and establish the existence of its weak solution. Next, we show that for a suitable class of initial data, the weak solution is locally or globally unique in time. Lastly, we prove that there exist at least two different weak solutions in general if initial data do not belong to this class.
Self-similar boundary blow-up for higher-order quasilinear parabolic equations
Authors: Galaktionov V. A. , Shishkov A. E.
Published: July 2007

We study evolution properties of boundary blow-up for 2mth-order quasilinear parabolic equations in the case where, for homogeneous power nonlinearities, the typical asymptotic behaviour is described by exact or approximate self-similar solutions. Existence and asymptotic stability of such similarity solutions are established by energy estimates and contractivity properties of the rescaled flows.

Further asymptotic results are proved for more general equations by using energy estimates related to Saint-Venant's principle. The established estimates of propagation of singularities generated by boundary blow-up regimes are shown to be sharp by comparing with various self-similar patterns.
Lp–Lq decay estimates for Cauchy problems of linear thermoelastic systems with second sound in three dimensions
Authors: Wang Ya-Guang , Yang Lin
Published: July 2007

Lp–Lq decay estimates of solutions to Cauchy problems of linear thermoelastic systems with second sound in three spatial variables are studied. By carefully analysis of the different effects of higher, middle and lower frequencies in phase space, the asymptotic behaviour of characteristic roots of coefficient matrices is obtained. Then, with the help of the information on characteristic roots and the interpolation theorem, a decay estimate of parabolic type for the coupled system of the potential part of displacement, temperature and heat flux is obtained. Finally, Lp–Lq decay estimates of hyperbolic type for the original thermoelastic systems with second sound are obtained.
Decaying positive solutions to a system of nonlinear elliptic equations
Authors: Chen Fenfei , Yao Miaoxin
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the second-order nonlinear elliptic system

with α, γ < 1 and β ≥ 1, is considered in RN, N ≥ 3. Under suitable hypotheses on functions fi, gi, hi (i = 1, 2) and P, it is shown that this system possesses an entire positive solution , 0 < θ < 1, such that both u and v are bounded below and above by constant multiples of |x|2−N for all |x| ≥ 1.
On the structure of the Whittaker sublocus of the moduli space of algebraic curves
Authors: Girondo Ernesto , González-Diez Gabino
Published: July 2007

We prove the compactness of the Whittaker sublocus of the moduli space of Riemann surfaces (complex algebraic curves). This is the subset of points representing hyperelliptic curves that satisfy Whittaker's conjecture on the uniformization of hyperelliptic curves via the monodromy of Fuchsian differential equations. In the last part of the paper we devote our attention to the statement made by R. A. Rankin more than 40 years ago, to the effect that the conjecture ‘has not been proved for any algebraic equation containing irremovable arbitrary constants’. We combine our compactness result with other facts about Teichmüller theory to show that, in the most natural interpretations of this statement we can think of, this result is, in fact, impossible.
Uniform boundary stabilization of the dynamical von Kármán and Timoshenko equations for plates
Authors: Menzala G. P. , Pazoto A. F.
Published: July 2007

The full nonlinear dynamic von Kárm´n system depending on a small parameter ε > 0 is considered. We study the asymptotic behaviour of the total energy associated with the model for large t and ε → 0. Introducing appropriate boundary feedback, we show that the total energy of a solution of the corresponding damped model decays exponentially as t → +∞, uniformly with respect to the parameter ε > 0. As ε → 0, we obtain a damped plate model for which the energy also tends to zero exponentially. The limit system can be viewed as new variant of the so-called Timoshenko model. It consists of a second-order hyperbolic equation for transversal vibrations of the plate coupled with a first-order ordinary differential equation whose solution appears as coefficient of the plate model and takes into account (when ε → 0) the contribution of the tangential components.
The two-well problem with surface energy
Authors: Lorent Andrew
Published: July 2007

Let Ω be a bounded Lipschitz domain in R2, let H be a 2 × 2 diagonal matrix with det(H) = 1. Let ε > 0 and consider the functional

over AF ∩ W2,1(Ω), where AF is the class of functions from Ω satisfying affine boundary condition F. It can be shown by convex integration that there exists F ∉ SO(2) ∪ SO(2)H and u ∈ AF with I0(u) = 0. Let 0 < ζ1 < 1 < ζ2 < ∞,
.

In this paper we begin the study of the asymptotics of mε ≔ infBF∩W2,1Iε for such F. This is one of the simplest minimization problems involving surface energy for which we can hope to see the effects of convex integration solutions. The only known lower bounds are lim infε→0mε/ε = ∞.

We link the behaviour of mε to the minimum of I0 over a suitable class of piecewise affine functions. Let {τi} be a triangulation of Ω by triangles of diameter less than h and let denote the class of continuous functions that are piecewise affine on a triangulation {τi}. For the function u ∈ BF let be the interpolant, i.e. the function we obtain by defining ũ⌊τi to be the affine interpolation of u on the corners of τi. We show that if for some small ω > 0 there exists u ∈ BF ∩ W2,1 with

then, for h = ε(1+6399ω)/3201, the interpolant satisfies I0(ũ) ≤ h1−cω.

Note that it is trivial that , so we reduce the problem of non-trivial (scaling) lower bounds on mε/ε to the problem of non-trivial lower bounds on .
Multiple solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equations via flow invariance and Morse theory
Authors: Liu Zhaoli , Wang Zhi-Qiang , Weth Tobias
Published: July 2007

We prove the existence of multiple bound states of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation −Δu + V(x)u = f(u). Here the linear potential V is continuous and bounded from below, and the nonlinearity f is of asymptotically linear type. We show that, under certain assumptions on the spectrum of the Schrödinger operator −Δ + V and the asymptotic behaviour of f(u)/u, the above equation has at least four non-trivial solutions, two of them sign changing.
Generalized Halphen systems
Authors: Joshi Nalini , Pickering Andrew
Published: July 2007

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Halphen studied a remarkable sequence of higher-order linear equations with doubly periodic coefficients, generalizations of a certain Lamé equation, having the property that quotients of solutions are single valued. Here we consider further generalizations where, instead of the Weierstrass ℘-function, the coefficients depend on the first Painlevé transcendent. Using these equations, we obtain new higher-order systems of nonlinear equations having the Painlevé property. We also give new results on the interpretation of the Painlevé tests with regard to the representations of solutions, general and particular, afforded by various branches, and to understanding the corresponding pattern of compatibility conditions.
“LET NATURE BE YOUR TEACHER”: TEGETMEIER'S DISTINCTIVE ORNITHOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Sayer Karen
Published: July 2007

ONE OF THE GIVENS OF NATURALhistory is that it is the observation of wild nature. However, that way of stating the case establishes a boundary between nature and culture, wild and domestic, whereas humans, as Douglas Sackman observes, have shaped what they call nature “into forms that [are] valuable to themselves or others” (171). This shaping of nature is particularly true of William Bernard Tegetmeier's (1816–1912) lavishly illustratedThe Poultry Book(1873). A new edition of a work that had sold for one shilling per part in fifteen monthly parts through 1866 to 1867, it carried thirty chromolithograph color plates and ran to three hundred and ninety-two pages. Texts likeThe Poultry Bookbelonged to the wider circulation of ideas between the discourses of art, literature, and science that led eventually both to the protection of birds in the wild (Kean 113–15) and to their increasingly scientific management in agriculture.
A Shield for Reducing the Thermal Signal from Heating Holders DuringIn SituEnergy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Analysis
Authors: Eswaramoorthy Santhana K. , Howe James M. , Phillipp Fritz
Published: July 2007

This article describes a simple shield that can be placed on typical commercial heating holders to reduce the thermal signal during heating to reasonable levels forin situenergy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The improved temperature capability provided by the shield is demonstrated by initial compositional analysis results obtained across a solid–liquid interface on Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloy powder particles. Considerations in the design of and improvement for the shield are discussed.