bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prescription Opioid Use Among Populations of Reproductive Age: Effects on Fertility, Pregnancy Loss, and Pregnancy Complications
Authors: Flannagan Kerry S , Sjaarda Lindsey A , Mumford Sunni L , Schisterman Enrique F
Published: September 2020

Prescription opioid use is common among men and women of reproductive age, including during assisted-reproduction procedures. Opioid use disorder and chronic use are associated with harms to fertility and pregnancy outcomes, but it is unclear whether these associations extend to common short-term patterns of prescription opioid use. We conducted a literature review using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies of nonchronic, nondependent opioid use and reproductive endpoints including fertility, pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications (i.e., preterm birth, birth weight, gestational diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Seventeen studies were included. Although results of the studies suggest possible harms of short-term opioid use on fertility and pregnancy loss, methodologic limitations and the small number of studies make the literature inconclusive. This review highlights important data gaps that must be addressed to make conclusions about potential reproductive effects of short-term opioid use. These include the need for additional data on opioid use before clinically recognized pregnancy; accurate measurement of opioid exposure by multiple means with detailed information on the types and quantity of opioids used; assessment of important confounders, including opioid use indication, comorbidities, and use of other medications and substances; and studies of paternal opioid use, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. A primary limitation of this review targeting studies of nonchronic opioid exposure is the possibility that selected studies included populations with unspecified chronic or dependent opioid use. Efforts to understand the impact of the prescription opioid epidemic should address potential reproductive harms of these medications among people of reproductive age.
The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Accumulation of Stress Among Black Men in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Thorpe Roland J , Cobb Ryon , King Keyonna , Bruce Marino A , Archibald Paul , Jones Harlan P , Norris Keith C , Whitfield Keith E , Hudson Darrell
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

Among the multiple factors posited to drive the health inequities that black men experience, the fundamental role of stress in the production of poor health is a key component. Allostatic load (AL) is considered to be a byproduct of stressors related to cumulative disadvantage. Exposure to chronic stress is associated with poorer mental health including depressive symptoms. Few studies have investigated how AL contributes to depressive symptoms among black men. The purpose of the cross-sectional study was to examine the association between AL and depressive symptoms among middle- to old age black men.

Research Design and Methods

This project used the 2010 and 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study enhanced face-to-face interview that included a biomarker assessment and psychosocial questionnaire. Depressive symptoms, assessed by the endorsement of 3 or more symptoms on the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression 8-item scale, was the outcome variable. The main independent variable, AL, score was calculated by summing the number values that were in the high range for that particular biomarker value scores ranging from 0 to 7. black men whose AL score was 3 or greater were considered to be in the high AL group. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

There was a larger proportion of black men in the high AL group who reported depressive symptoms (30.0% vs. 20.0%) compared with black men in the low AL group. After adjusting for age, education, income, drinking, and smoking status, the prevalence of reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms was statistically significant among black men in the high AL group (PR = 1.61 [95% CI: 1.20–2.17]) than black men in the low AL group.

Discussion and Implications

Exposure to chronic stress is related to reporting 3 or more depressive symptoms among black men after controlling for potential confounders. Improving the social and economic conditions for which black men work, play, and pray is key to reducing stress, thereby potentially leading to the reporting of fewer depressive symptoms.
Melt-affected ocean crust and uppermost mantle near Hawaii—clues from ambient-noise phase velocity and seafloor compliance
Authors: Doran A K , Laske G
Published: September 2020

We present models of crustal and uppermost mantle structure beneath the Hawaiian Swell and surrounding region. The models were derived from ambient-noise intermediate-period Rayleigh-wave phase velocities and from seafloor compliance that were estimated from continuous seismic and pressure recordings collected during the Hawaiian Plume-Lithosphere Undersea Mantle Experiment (PLUME). We jointly inverted these data at the locations of over 50 ocean-bottom instruments, after accounting for variations in local bathymetry and sediment properties. Our results suggest that the crystalline crust is up to 15 km thick beneath the swell and up to 23 km thick closer to the islands. Anomalously thick crust extends towards the older seamounts, downstream of Hawaii. In a second region, anomalies immediately to the south of Hawaii may be associated with the leading edge of the shallow Hawaiian magma conduit. In a third region, thickened crust to the immediate west of Hawaii may be related to Cretaceous seamounts. Low seismic velocities identified in the uppermost mantle to the northeast of Hawaii may be linked to the Molokai fracture zone and may be manifest of complex non-vertical pathways of melt through the upper lithosphere. Velocity anomalies decrease in amplitude towards the surface, suggesting that melt becomes focused into conduits at depths between 20 and 40 km that escape the resolution capabilities of our data set.
Seismic evidence for a fossil slab origin for the Isabella anomaly
Authors: Dougherty Sara L , Jiang Chengxin , Clayton Robert W , Schmandt Brandon , Hansen Steven M
Published: September 2020

A teleseismic receiver function image of a slab-like feature that extends from the Pacific coast to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada beneath central California connects the expected location of the subducted remnant of the Monterey microplate to the high-velocity Isabella anomaly in the upper mantle. The observed structure indicates that this anomaly is a relic of the subduction zone that preceded capture of the Monterey microplate by the Pacific plate and is not due to the delamination of the lithosphere beneath the Sierra Nevada Mountains, as had been previously proposed. The fossil slab connection is also supported by surface wave tomographic images. The images are derived in part from a new linear broad-band array across the western part of central California.
Semigroups of Isometries of the Hyperbolic Plane
Authors: Jacques Matthew , Short Ian
Published: September 2020

Motivated by a problem on the dynamics of compositions of plane hyperbolic isometries, we prove several fundamental results on semigroups of isometries, thought of as real Möbius transformations. We define a semigroup $S$ of Möbius transformations to be semidiscrete if the identity map is not an accumulation point of $S$. We say that $S$ is inverse free if it does not contain the identity element. One of our main results states that if $S$ is a semigroup generated by some finite collection $\mathcal{F}$ of Möbius transformations, then $S$ is semidiscrete and inverse free if and only if every sequence of the form $F_n=f_1\dotsb f_n$, where $f_n\in \mathcal{F}$, converges pointwise on the upper half-plane to a point on the ideal boundary, where convergence is with respect to the chordal metric on the extended complex plane. We fully classify all two-generator semidiscrete semigroups and include a version of Jørgensen’s inequality for semigroups. We also prove theorems that have familiar counterparts in the theory of Fuchsian groups. For instance, we prove that every semigroup is one of four standard types: elementary, semidiscrete, dense in the Möbius group, or composed of transformations that fix some nontrivial subinterval of the extended real line. As a consequence of this theorem, we prove that, with certain minor exceptions, a finitely generated semigroup $S$ is semidiscrete if and only if every two-generator semigroup contained in $S$ is semidiscrete. After this we examine the relationship between the size of the “group part” of a semigroup and the intersection of its forward and backward limit sets. In particular, we prove that if $S$ is a finitely generated nonelementary semigroup, then $S$ is a group if and only if its two limit sets are equal. We finish by applying some of our methods to address an open question of Yoccoz.
Sustained Cross-reactive Antibody Responses After Human Papillomavirus Vaccinations: Up to 12 Years Follow-up in the Finnish Maternity Cohort
Authors: Kann Hanna , Lehtinen Matti , Eriksson Tiina , Surcel Heljä-Marja , Dillner Joakim , Faust Helena
Published: September 2020

Background

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause several human cancers. Bivalent (Cervarix) and quadrivalent (qGardasil) HPV vaccines both contain virus-like particles of the major oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18, but also cross-protect against some nonvaccine types. However, data on long-term sustainability of the cross-reactive antibody responses to HPV vaccines are scarce.

Methods

Serum samples donated 7–12 years after immunization at age 16–17 years with bivalent (n = 730) or quadrivalent (n = 337) HPV vaccine were retrieved from the population-based Finnish Maternity Cohort biobank. Serum antibody levels against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, and 73 were determined using multiplex pseudovirion binding assay. Antibody avidity was assessed using ammonium thiocyanate treatment.

Results

Seropositivity for HPV31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59, 68, and 73 was increasingly common (P ≤ .001; χ 2 test for trend for each of these types) when women had high anti-HPV16 antibody levels. For 8 nonvaccine HPV types seropositivity was more common among recipients of bivalent than quadrivalent vaccine, in particular for HPV31, 35, 45, 51, 52, and 58 (P < .001). Antibody avidity was higher in the quadrivalent vaccine recipients for HPV6, 11, and two of the nonvaccine types, but lower for HPV16 and 18 (P < .001).

Conclusions

Both vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibodies detectable even 12 years after vaccination. Cross-reactive seropositivity is more common in women with high anti-HPV16 antibody response and in the bivalent vaccine recipients.
Reliability of Total Nucleated Cell Counts in the Setting of Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Pearson Lauren N , Schmidt Robert L , Cahoon Kenneth , Pelt Christopher E
Published: September 2020

Background

Total nucleated cell (TNC) count and differential are used to classify joint effusions as inflammatory or noninflammatory. Further diagnostic evaluation and management is contingent on this classification. TNC count can be measured by automated analyzers or by manual assessment using a hemocytometer. Studies have raised concerns regarding the accuracy of TNC counts measured by automated instruments, particularly in the setting of joint arthroplasty. The objective of this study was to determine whether metallosis, a complication of total hip arthroplasty in which metal debris accumulates in periprosthetic tissues and synovial fluid, is associated with inaccurate TNC counts in synovial fluid.

Methods

We compared the accuracy of cell counts measured by the Sysmex XN-1000 and Beckman Coulter Iris iQ200 with the gold standard of manual assessment using a hemocytometer in synovial fluid from patients with suspected metallosis and in fluid obtained from controls from patients with native joints and a history of arthroplasty for other indications.

Results

TNC counts produced by automated analyzers were associated with increased levels of discordance (relative to manual counts) in patients with metallosis. Metallosis was not associated with increased levels of discordance for RBC counts or WBC differentials. The Sysmex XN flagged all but 1 metallosis sample for manual verification of the results.

Conclusions

Automated methods are generally reliable for analysis of synovial fluid. TNC counts can be inaccurate in the context of metallosis following total hip arthroplasty. Laboratories should correlate automated cell counts with a microscopic assessment of the specimen, as recommended by instrument manufacturers.
Practical Approach in Verification of Security Systems Using Satisfiability Modulo Theories
Authors: Zbrzezny Agnieszka M , Szymoniak Sabina , Kurkowski Miroslaw
Published: September 2020

The paper presents a novel method for the verification of security protocols’ (SPs)time properties. The new method uses a translation to satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) problem. In our approach, we model protocol users’ behaviours using networks of synchronized timed automata. Suitably specified correctness properties are defined as a reachability property of some chosen states in an automata network. Then, the network of timed automata and the property are translated to an SMT problem and checked using an SMT-solver and a BMC algorithm. We consider the most important time properties of protocol executions using specially constructed time conditions. The new method was also implemented and experimentally evaluated for six well-known SPs. We also compared our new SMT-based technique with the corresponding SAT-based approach.
One-Class-Based Intelligent Classifier for Detecting Anomalous Situations During the Anesthetic Process
Authors: Leira Alberto , Jove Esteban , Gonzalez-Cava Jose M , Casteleiro-Roca José-Luis , Quintián Héctor , Zayas-Gato Francisco , Álvarez Santiago Torres , Simić Svetlana , Méndez-Pérez Juan-Albino , Luis Calvo-Rolle José
Published: September 2020

Closed-loop administration of propofol for the control of hypnosis in anesthesia has evidenced an outperformance when comparing it with manual administration in terms of drug consumption and post-operative recovery of patients. Unlike other systems, the success of this strategy lies on the availability of a feedback variable capable of quantifying the current hypnotic state of the patient. However, the appearance of anomalies during the anesthetic process may result in inaccurate actions of the automatic controller. These anomalies may come from the monitors, the syringe pumps, the actions of the surgeon or even from alterations in patients. This could produce adverse side effects that can affect the patient postoperative and reduce the safety of the patient in the operating room. Then, the use of anomaly detection techniques plays a significant role to avoid this undesirable situations. This work assesses different one-class intelligent techniques to detect anomalies in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Due to the difficulty of obtaining real data from anomaly situations, artificial outliers are generated to check the performance of each classifier. The final model presents successful performance.
A MicroRNA Expression Signature as Prognostic Marker for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Liu Ping , Chernock Rebecca D , Yang Zhenming , Lang Kuhs Krystle A , Lewis James S. , Luo Jingqin , Li Hua , Gay Hiram A , Thorstad Wade L , Wang Xiaowei
Published: September 2020

Background

Improved prognostication of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) may facilitate individualized patient management. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a prognostic signature based on microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) analysis.

Methods

We collected tumor specimens for miRNA-seq analysis from OPSCC patients treated at Washington University in St Louis (n = 324) and Vanderbilt University (n = 130). OPSCC patients (n = 79) from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program were also included for independent validation. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to identify miRNAs associated with disease outcomes. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results

By miRNA-seq profiling analysis, we identified a 26-miRNA signature. Based on computed risk scores of the signature, we classified the patients into low- and high-risk groups. In the training cohort, the high-risk group had much shorter overall survival compared with the low-risk group (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.37 to 6.10, P < .001). Subgroup analysis further revealed that the signature was prognostic for HPV-positive OPSCCs (HR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.65 to 5.71, P < .001). Multivariable analysis indicated that the signature was independent of common clinicopathologic factors for OPSCCs. Importantly, the miRNA signature was a statistically significant predictor of overall survival in independent validation cohorts (The Cancer Genome Atlas Program cohort: HR = 6.05, 95% CI = 2.10 to 17.37, P < .001; Vanderbilt cohort: HR = 7.98, 95% CI = 3.99 to 15.97, P < .001; Vanderbilt HPV-positive cohort: HR = 8.71, 95% CI = 2.70 to 28.14, P < .001).

Conclusions

The miRNA signature is a robust and independent prognostic tool for risk stratification of OPSCCs including HPV-positive OPSCCs.
Capacity of proton beams in preserving normal liver tissue during proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tsai Yu-Lun , Takei Hideyuki , Iizumi Takashi , Okumura Toshiyuki , Sekino Yuta , Numajiri Haruko , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Sakae Takeji , Sakurai Hideyuki
Published: September 2020

Unirradiated liver volume (ULV) preservation rate is an important factor associated with radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing proton beam therapy (PBT). The purpose of this study is to identify the predictors for ULV preservation and quantify the capacity of proton beams in normal liver sparing during PBT. We reviewed planning data of 92 patients with single intrahepatic HCC tumors undergoing PBT. The potential clinical and planning factors that may affect ULV preservation were involved in multiple linear regression for ULV preservation rate. The significant factors were determined to be predictors and their influences were quantified. The median ULV preservation rate was 62.08%. All the assessed clinical factors showed significant effects on ULV preservation rate: clinical target volume (CTV), P < 0.001; portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), P = 0.010; left lobe tumor, P = 0.010. In contrast, none of the planning factors demonstrated significance. The coefficients of significant factors in multiple linear regression were 60.85 for intercept, −0.02 for CTV, −9.01 for PVTT and 8.31 for left lobe tumors. The capacity of proton beams to spare normal liver tissue during PBT for HCC is mainly affected by clinical factors. The baseline of the ULV preservation rate is 60.85%, decreasing 0.02% with each milliliter of CTV increase and 9.01% for tumors with PVTT, and increasing 8.31% for tumors limited to the left lobe. Further clinical studies should be carried out to correlate our dosimetric findings with clinical outcomes.
Robot-assisted resection of GIST in the proximal jejunum
Authors: Oh Myeong Hun , Lee Byoung Chul
Published: September 2020

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare. Although most commonly found in the stomach, GISTs in the jejunum are among the rarest subtypes. A 46-year-old woman presented to the surgical department with proximal jejunal mass found in the examinations after abdominal pain and melena. Computed tomography imaging showed a 2.3 cm sized well-defined heterogenous enhancing mass in the proximal jejunum, and GIST was strongly suspected. The jejunal mass was identified 5 cm below the ligament of Treitz intraoperatively. She underwent robotic-assisted jejunal resection with intracorporeal robot-sewn anastomosis. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged on the seventh postoperative day. A robotic approach for GIST in the proximal jejunum is a safe and feasible procedure with good surgical outcomes.
On the relation between mini-halos and AGN feedback in clusters of galaxies
Authors: Richard-Laferrière A , Hlavacek-Larrondo J , Nemmen R S , Rhea C L , Taylor G B , Prasow-Émond M , Gendron-Marsolais M , Latulippe M , Edge A C , Fabian A C , Sanders J S , Hogan M T , Demontigny G
Published: September 2020

A variety of large-scale diffuse radio structures have been identified in many clusters with the advent of new state-of-the-art facilities in radio astronomy. Among these diffuse radio structures, radio mini-halos are found in the central regions of cool core clusters. Their origin is still unknown and they are challenging to discover; less than 30 have been published to date. Based on new VLA observations, we confirmed the mini-halo in the massive strong cool core cluster PKS 0745−191 (z = 0.1028) and discovered one in the massive cool core cluster MACS J1447.4+0827 (z = 0.3755). Furthermore, using a detailed analysis of all known mini-halos, we explore the relation between mini-halos and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback processes from the central galaxy. We find evidence of strong, previously unknown correlations between mini-halo radio power and X-ray cavity power, and between mini-halo and the central galaxy radio power related to the relativistic jets when spectrally decomposing the AGN radio emission into a component for past outbursts and one for ongoing accretion. Overall, our study indicates that mini-halos are directly connected to the central AGN in clusters, following previous suppositions. We hypothesize that AGN feedback may be one of the dominant mechanisms giving rise to mini-halos by injecting energy into the intra-cluster medium and reaccelerating an old population of particles, while sloshing motion may drive the overall shape of mini-halos inside cold fronts. AGN feedback may therefore not only play a vital role in offsetting cooling in cool core clusters, but may also play a fundamental role in re-energizing non-thermal particles in clusters.
The brown dwarf population in the star-forming region NGC 2264
Authors: Pearson Samuel , Scholz Aleks , Teixeira Paula S , Mužić Koraljka , Eislöffel Jochen
Published: September 2020

The brown dwarf population in the canonical star-forming region NGC 2264 is so far poorly explored. We present a deep, multiwavelength, multiepoch survey of the star-forming cluster NGC 2264, aimed to identify young brown dwarf candidates in this region. Using criteria including optical/near-infrared (IR) colours, variability, Spitzer mid-IR colour excess, extinction, and Gaia parallax and proper motion (in order of relevance), we select 902 faint red sources with indicators of youth. Within this sample, we identify 429 brown dwarf candidates based on their IR colours. The brown dwarf candidates are estimated to span a mass range from 0.01 to 0.08 M⊙. We find rotation periods for 44 sources, 15 of which are brown dwarf candidates, ranging from 3.6 h to 6.5 d. A subset of 38 brown dwarf candidates show high-level irregular variability indicative of ongoing disc accretion, similar to the behaviour of young stars.
The dynamics of the broad-line region in NGC 3227
Authors: Devereux Nick
Published: September 2020

Archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the Seyfert 1 nucleus of NGC 3227 obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) are re-examined in order to constrain a viable photoionization model for the broad-line region (BLR). The results imply that the BLR is a partially ionized, dust-free, spherical shell that is collapsing, supersonically, at the free-fall velocity due to its proximity to a supermassive black hole. The BLR is ionization bounded at the outer radius, coincident with the dust reverberation radius, and transforms into an X-ray emitting plasma inside the Balmer reverberation radius as the central UV–X-ray source is approached. Only 40 M⊙ of Hydrogen are required to explain the Balmer emission-line luminosity, but it is compressed by gravity into a column measuring 5.5 × 1024 atoms cm−2. Assuming radiatively inefficient accretion, the X-ray luminosity requires ∼10−2 M⊙ yr−1. However, the mass inflow rate required to explain the luminosity of the broad H α emission line is ∼1 M⊙ yr−1. The very large disparity between these two estimates indicates that 99 per cent of the inflowing gas must be re-directed into an outflow, and on a very short time-scale corresponding to ∼40 yr. Alternatively, the radiative efficiency of the inflow has been overestimated, or the X-ray luminosity has been underestimated, a distinct possibility if the BLR is indeed Compton-thick.
Pre-selection of the candidate fields for deep imaging of the epoch of reionization with SKA1-low
Authors: Zheng Qian , Wu Xiang-Ping , Guo Quan , Johnston-Hollitt Melanie , Shan Huanyuan , Duchesne Stefan W , Li Weitian
Published: September 2020

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be the first low-frequency instrument with the capability to directly image the structures of the epoch of reionization (EoR). Indeed, deep imaging of the EoR over five targeted fields of 20 sq deg each has been selected as the highest priority science objective for SKA1. Aiming at preparing for this highly challenging observation, we perform an extensive pre-selection of the ‘quietest’ and ‘cleanest’ candidate fields in the southern sky to be suited for deep imaging of the EoR using existing catalogues and observations over a broad frequency range. The candidate fields should meet a number of strict criteria to avoid contaminations from foreground structures and sources. The candidate fields should also exhibit both the lowest average surface brightness and smallest variance to ensure uniformity and high-quality deep imaging over the fields. Our selection eventually yields a sample of 7 ‘ideal’ fields of 20 sq deg in the southern sky that could be targeted for deep imaging of the EoR. Finally, these selected fields are convolved with the synthesized beam of SKA1-low stations to ensure that the effect of sidelobes from the far-field bright sources is also weak.
Bi-directional streaming of particles accelerated at the STEREO-A shock on 2008 March 9
Authors: Fraschetti F , Giacalone J
Published: September 2020

We present an interpretation of anisotropy and intensity of supra-thermal ions near a fast quasi-perpendicular reverse shock measured by Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead (ST-A) on 2008 March 9. The measured intensity profiles of the supra-thermal particles exhibit an enhancement, or ‘spike’, at the time of the shock arrival and pitch-angle anisotropies before the shock arrival are bi-modal, jointly suggesting trapping of near-scatter-free ions along magnetic field lines that intersect the shock at two locations. We run test-particle simulations with pre-existing upstream magnetostatic fluctuations advected across the shock. The measured bi-modal upstream anisotropy, the nearly field-aligned anisotropies up to ∼15 min upstream of the shock, as well as the ‘pancake-like’ anisotropies up to ∼10 min downstream of the shock are well reproduced by the simulations. These results, in agreement with earlier works, suggest a dominant role of the large-scale structure (100s of supra-thermal proton gyroradii) of the magnetic field in forging the early-on particle acceleration at shocks.
Unfolding the X-ray spectral curvature of Mkn 421 for further clues
Authors: Goswami Pranjupriya , Sahayanathan Sunder , Sinha Atreyee , Gogoi Rupjyoti
Published: September 2020

The X-ray observations of Mkn 421 show significant spectral curvature that can be reproduced by a log-parabola function. The spectra can also be fitted by an analytical model considering synchrotron emission from an electron distribution that is accelerated at a shock front with an energy-dependent diffusion (EDD model). The spectral fit of NuSTAR and Swift-XRT observations using EDD model during different flux states reveals that the model parameters are strongly correlated. We perform a detailed investigation of this correlation to decipher the information hidden underneath. The model predicts the synchrotron peak energy to be correlated with the peak spectral curvature, which is consistent with the case of Mkn 421. Expressing the energy dependence of the diffusion in terms of the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence energy index, it appears that the turbulence shifts from Kolmogorov/Kraichnan type to Bohm limit during high flux states. Further, the correlation between the best-fitting parameters of EDD model lets us derive an expression for the product of source magnetic field(B) and jet Doppler factor(δ) in terms of synchrotron and Compton peak energies. The synchrotron peak energy is obtained using the simultaneous Swift-XRT–NuSTAR observations, whereas the Compton peak energy is estimated by performing a linear regression analysis of the archival spectral peaks. The deduced δB varies over a wide range; however, it satisfies reasonably well with the values estimated solely from the spectral peak energies independent of the EDD model. This highlights the plausible connection between the microscopic description of the electron diffusion with the macroscopic quantities deciding the broad-band spectrum of Mkn 421.
The radio structure of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 Mrk 783 with VLBA and e-MERLIN
Authors: Congiu E , Kharb P , Tarchi A , Berton M , Caccianiga A , Chen S , Crepaldi L , Di Mille F , Järvelä E , Jarvis M E , La Mura G , Vietri A
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we present the analysis of new radio and optical observations of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 783. $1.6\, \mathrm{GHz}$ observations performed with the e-MERLIN interferometer confirm the presence of the diffuse emission previously observed. The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) also detects the nuclear source both at $1.6\, \mathrm{GHz}$ (L band) and $5\, \mathrm{GHz}$ (C band). While the L-band image shows only an unresolved core, the C-band image shows the presence of a partially resolved structure at a position angle of 60○. The brightness temperature of the emission in both bands (${\gt}10^6\, \mathrm{K}$) suggests that it is a pc-scale jet produced by the active galactic nucleus. The relatively steep VLBA spectral index (αVLBA = 0.63 ± 0.03) is consistent with the presence of optically thin emission on milliarcsecond scales. Finally, we investigated two possible scenarios that can result in the misalignment between the kpc and pc-scale radio structure detected in the galaxy. We also analysed the optical morphology of the galaxy, which suggests that Mrk 783 underwent a merging in relatively recent times.
Are Ly α emitters segregated in protoclusters regions?
Authors: Hough Tomás , Gurung-López Siddhartha , Orsi Álvaro , Cora Sofía A , Lacey Cedric G , Baugh Carlton M
Published: September 2020

The presence of neutral hydrogen in the interstellar medium (ISM) and intergalactic medium (IGM) induces radiative transfer (RT) effects on $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ photons that affect the observability of Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs). We use the galform semi-analytic model of galaxy formation and evolution to analyse how these effects shape the spatial distribution of LAEs with respect to $\rm {H}\,\alpha$ emitters (HAEs) around high-density regions at high redshift. We find that when a large sample of protoclusters is considered, HAEs showing also $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ emission (HAEs + LAEs) populate the same regions as those that do not display the $\rm {Ly}\,\alpha$ line at $z$ = 2.2. We compare against the protocluster USS1558-003, one of the most massive protoclusters located at $z$ = 2.53. Our results indicate that the strong depletion of HAEs + LAEs present in the high-density regions of USS1558-003 may be due to cosmic variance. We find that at $z$ = 2.2 and $z$ = 3.0, RT of the ISM produces a strong decline (30–50 per cent) of the clustering amplitude of HAEs + LAEs with respect to HAEs towards the protoclusters centre. At $z$ = 5.7, given the early evolutionary state of protoclusters and galaxies, the clustering of HAEs + LAEs has a smaller variation (10–20 per cent) towards the protoclusters centre. Depending on the equivalent width and luminosity criteria of the emission-line galaxy sample, the IGM can have a mild or a null effect on galaxy properties and clustering in high-density regions.
Towards a realistic explosion landscape for binary population synthesis
Authors: Patton Rachel A , Sukhbold Tuguldur
Published: September 2020

A crucial ingredient in population synthesis studies involving massive stars is the determination of whether they explode or implode in the end. While the final fate of a massive star is sensitive to its core structure at the onset of collapse, the existing binary population synthesis studies do not reach core collapse. Instead, they employ simple prescriptions to infer their final fates without knowing the pre-supernova core structure. We explore a potential solution to this problem by treating the carbon-oxygen (CO) core independently from the rest of the star. Using the implicit hydrodynamics code $\mathrm{\tt {KEPLER}}$, we have computed an extensive grid of 3496 CO-core models from a diverse range of initial conditions, each evolved from carbon ignition until core collapse. The final core structure, and thus the explodability, varies non-monotonically and depends sensitively on both the mass and initial composition of the CO core. Although bare CO cores are not perfect substitutes for cores embedded in massive stars, our models compare well both with $\mathrm{\tt {MESA}}$ and full hydrogenic and helium star calculations. Our results can be used to infer the pre-supernova core structures from population synthesis estimates of CO-core properties, thus to determine the final outcomes based on the results of modern neutrino-driven explosion simulations. A sample application is presented for a population of Type-IIb supernova progenitors.
Cross-Sectional Association Between Exclusive and Concurrent Use of Cigarettes, ENDS, and Cigars, the Three Most Popular Tobacco Products, and Wheezing Symptoms Among U.S. Adults
Authors: Schneller Liane M , Quiñones Tavárez Zahíra , Goniewicz Maciej L , Xie Zidian , McIntosh Scott , Rahman Irfan , O’Connor Richard J , Ossip Deborah J , Li Dongmei
Published: September 2020

Introduction

This study assessed the association of exclusive and concurrent use of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and cigars with ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms among a nationally representative sample of US adult current tobacco users.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 3 (W3) were used. The weighted prevalence of self-reported ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms for noncurrent users compared with users of cigarettes, ENDS, cigars, and any combination of these products (polytobacco use of these tobacco products) were presented for 28 082 adults. The cross-sectional association of tobacco use with self-reported wheezing symptoms was assessed using weighted multivariable and ordinal logistic regression with consideration of complex sampling design.

Results

Significantly higher odds of ever had wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time in the past were observed among current cigarette (adjusted odds ratio: 2.62, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.35, 2.91), ENDS (1.49, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.95), and polytobacco users (2.67, 95% CI: 2.26, 3.16) compared with noncurrent users. No associations were seen for cigar use. Polytobacco use was associated with a higher odds of ever wheezing when compared with exclusive ENDS (1.61, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.17) and exclusive cigar use (2.87, 95% CI: 1.93, 4.26), but not exclusive use of cigarettes.

Conclusions

Ever wheezing is associated with the use of cigarettes, ENDS, and polytobacco use of cigarettes, ENDS, and/or cigars, but not cigar use. The association of polytobacco use and wheezing appears to be driven by cigarette use.

Implications

Cross-sectional associations with ever and past 12-month wheezing symptoms were found to be the strongest among cigarette users, exclusively or in combination. Future longitudinal research is needed to better understand how cigarette use interacts with other tobacco and nicotine products and contributes to respiratory symptoms.
Augmenting Markets with Mechanisms
Authors: Antill Samuel , Duffie Darrell
Published: September 2020

We explain how the common practice of size-discovery trade detracts from overall financial market efficiency. At each of a series of size-discovery sessions, traders report their desired trades, generating allocations of the asset and cash that rely on the most recent exchange price. Traders can thus mitigate exchange price impacts by waiting for size-discovery sessions. This waiting causes socially costly delays in the rebalancing of asset positions across traders. As the frequency of size-discovery sessions is increased, exchange market depth is further lowered by the traders’ reduced incentive to bid aggressively on the exchange, further delaying the rebalancing of positions, and more than offsetting the gains from trade that occur at each of the size-discovery sessions.
Impression Formation in the Human Infant Brain
Authors: Krol Kathleen M , Grossmann Tobias
Published: September 2020

Forming an impression of another person is an essential aspect of human social cognition linked to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function in adults. The current study examined the neurodevelopmental origins of impression formation by testing the hypothesis that infants rely on processes localized in mPFC when forming impressions about individuals who appear friendly or threatening. Infants’ brain responses were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy while watching 4 different face identities displaying either smiles or frowns directed toward or away from them (N = 77). This was followed by a looking preference test for these face identities (now displaying a neutral expression) using eyetracking. Our results show that infants’ mPFC responses distinguish between smiling and frowning faces when directed at them and that these responses predicted their subsequent person preferences. This suggests that the mPFC is involved in impression formation in human infants, attesting to the early ontogenetic emergence of brain systems supporting person perception and adaptive behavior.
Pathways to Heroin Use: Commentary on McCabe et al.
Authors: Compton Wilson M. , Lopez Marsha F.
Published: September 2020

Rates and patterns of transition from opioid analgesic to illicit opioid (ie, heroin) use is of great clinical significance. Exposure to opioid analgesics, and whether use is therapeutic or outside a doctor's orders, may have overlapping yet different patterns of transition to heroin use. Yet, this topic is rarely examined in longitudinal studies. With data from the landmark Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, McCabe and colleagues have now studied the transition from adolescent use of opioid analgesics (both medical and nonmedical) to heroin over a seventeen year follow up for adolescents first recruited from 1975 to 2000. Key findings include an overall association of both nonmedical and medical use of opioid analgesics with transition to heroin use, with particular concerns about early nonmedical use. Of note, more recent cohorts apparently have an increased risk of transition to heroin, suggesting a need for minimizing opioid prescribing and for screening of youth and young adults for prior nonmedical opioid analgesic use before prescribing opioids. New research is also suggested to address such questions as: What is the time course of exposure to the start of heroin use? How does the frequency and dosage of exposure matter? Continued analyses of MTF data, as well as exploration of other data are needed to address these and related compelling issues.
Does an elbow arthrogram change management after closed reduction of mildly displaced lateral condyle fractures in children?
Authors: Swarup Ishaan , Chan Calvin , Mehta Nishank , Lawrence John T.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an elbow arthrogram after closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of lateral condyle fractures results in a change in surgical management. This is a retrospective review of lateral condyle fractures managed with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation followed by an elbow arthrogram at our institution between 2008 and 2019. Chart and radiographic review was performed and operative notes were reviewed to determine rates of subsequent intervention after arthrogram. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. This study included 47 patients. The majority of patients were male (34 patients, 72%), and the mean age at time of injury was 5.5 ± 2.6 years. The mean radiographic displacement was 2.6 mm (range 0.8–6.9 mm). All fractures were managed by fellowship-trained pediatric orthopaedic surgeons with an average of 10.5 years of experience (range 0–32 years). Fractures were stabilized with percutaneous pins in 44 patients (94%) and percutaneous screws in three patients (6%). No patients had subsequent changes in management after an elbow arthrogram. There were no complications related to performance of the arthrogram. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation is often indicated for mildly displaced lateral condyle fractures. Articular reduction after percutaneous fixation is commonly assessed using an elbow arthrogram; however, it did not change surgical management in any case reviewed over the 10-year study period. While there seems to be little risk of performing an arthrogram, the clinical utility should be further evaluated.
Risk Factors and Prevalence of Limb Deficiencies Associated With Amniotic Band Sequence: A Population-based Case-control Study
Authors: Syvänen Johanna , Raitio Arimatias , Nietosvaara Yrjänä , Heiskanen Susanna , Lahesmaa-Korpinen Anna-Maria , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Gissler Mika , Helenius Ilkka
Published: September 2020

Background:

Limb deficiencies associated with amniotic bands comprise a wide range of congenital anomalies. The association of maternal medication and the risk of amniotic band sequence (ABS) has not yet been addressed.

Methods:

This nationwide population-based case-control study used national registers on congenital anomalies, births and induced abortions, cross-linked with information on maternal prescription medicine use obtained from the registers on Reimbursed Drug Purchases and Medical Special Reimbursements. All cases with congenital limb deficiency associated with amniotic bands born between 1996 and 2008 were included in the study. Five controls without limb deficiency matched for residency and time of conception were randomly selected from the Medical Birth Register.

Results:

In total, 106 children with limb deficiency associated with ABS were identified and compared with 530 matched controls. Young maternal age (less than 25 y) increased the risk of limb deficiencies [odds ratio=1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 2.80]. Primiparity was also associated with increased risk [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.42; 95% CI: 1.52, 3.88]. After adjusting for maternal age, pregestational diabetes, and parity, maternal use of beta-blockers (adjusted OR=24.2; 95% CI: 2.57, 228) and progestogens (adjusted OR=3.79; 95% CI: 1.38, 10.4) during the first trimester of pregnancy significantly increased the risk of limb deficiencies associated with amniotic bands.

Conclusions:

Primiparity significantly increased the risk of limb defects associated with amniotic bands. Also, a novel association on increased risk of ABS with maternal use of progestogens or beta-blockers during the first trimester of pregnancy was observed.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Modic Change and Clinical Assessment Scores in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Surgery for Disk Herniation
Authors: MacLean Mark A. , Kureshi Nelofar , Shankar Jai , Stewart Samuel A. , Christie Sean D.
Published: September 2020

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:

To examine the relationship between preoperative Modic change (MC) and postoperative clinical assessment scores for patients receiving lumbar discectomy or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar disk herniation.

Summary of Background Data:

Lumbar disk herniation is a risk factor for MC development. MC on spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been associated with worse preoperative and postoperative clinical assessment scores.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed data for 285 primary single-level surgeries. Preoperative and 12-month postoperative assessment scores were recorded using the visual analog scale leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary. MC subgroup on preoperative MRI was recorded by a single neuroradiologist.

Results:

One hundred seventy-nine patients (female, 56%; age—53±13 y) with preoperative MRI were included. Age and sex were similar across MC subgroups. The sample prevalence of MC on preoperative MRI was 62%, and MC2 was the most common subgroup (35%). No differences in preoperative assessment scores were identified, regardless of presence or absence of MC. For the overall cohort, improvement in assessment scores were observed: Short Form-36 improved an average of 8.2 points [95% CI (95% CI), 5.8–10.7], Oswestry Disability Index by 11.3 points (95% CI, 8.7–14.0), and visual analog scale by 2.8 points (95% CI, 2.1–3.5). In nearly all cases, MCID values were met, even when stratifying by MC subgroup. Few differences in postoperative assessment scores were identified when comparing across MC1, MC2, or no MC groups.

Conclusions:

Statistically and clinically significant improvement in postoperative clinical assessment scores was observed for both lumbar discectomy and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion groups. MC on preoperative MRI was not associated with worse preoperative or postoperative clinical assessment scores.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
ICU Recovery Clinic Attendance, Attrition, and Patient Outcomes: The Impact of Severity of Illness, Gender, and Rurality
Authors: Mayer Kirby P. , Boustany Heba , Cassity Evan P. , Soper Melissa K. , Kalema Anna G. , Hatton Kolpek Jimmi , Montgomery-Yates Ashley A.
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

The primary purpose is to characterize patients attending ICU recovery clinic and then describe their trajectory of cognitive and emotional health in 1 year.

Design:

Retrospective observational study to assess attendance, attrition, and patient outcomes.

Setting:

ICU Recovery Clinic.

Patients:

Adult patients recently admitted to ICU for sepsis or acute respiratory failure and who were referred to clinic.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Thirty-eight patients (63%) attended ICU recovery clinic with a mean age of 53.2 ± 16 years (range, 20–82 yr), 42% female and mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores at an ICU admission of 9.4 ± 2.9 participated in outcomes. Twelve patients (32%) were lost to follow up and 12 patients (32%) were transferred to different providers before the end of 1 year. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were negatively associated with health-related quality of life at baseline (r = –0.41; p = 0.033; n = 28) and short term (r = –0.40; p = 0.037; n = 27). Male patients had higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (mean difference = 2.4; t = 2.779; p = 0.008) and longer hospital length of stay (mean difference = 9.3; t = 2.27; p = 0.029). Female patients had higher scores on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (mean difference = 7.2; t = 2.74; p = 0.01) and Impact of Events Scale-Revised (mean difference = 18.9; t = 2.74; p = 0.011) at the initial follow-up visit. Patients never attending clinic were more likely to live further away, have a tracheotomy, and spent longer time in the ICU.

Conclusions:

Attendance and attrition in ICU recovery clinic are related to patient factors (living in rural area) and ICU factors. Data suggest different recovery trajectories exist based on gender, severity of illness, and self-reported outcomes.