bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting in the Workplace
Authors: Secret Mary
Published: August 2005

This study introduces parenting in the workplace (PIW) child care options and considers such arrangements within the context of changing work and family life relationships and boundaries. In the study, representatives from 55 businesses of various sizes and industries reported positive workplace experiences with employees who brought children to work and personally cared for them at their work sites while performing routine job duties. A lack of child care resources is the major reason for the practice. Compared with 67 businesses who do not offer PIW, the PIW business representatives reported no disadvantage in business outcomes, more regard for workplace innovation and collegial relationships, and more positive attitudes toward work-family integration. The study helps employers and employees assess the potential of PIW as viable child care arrangements within their workplaces. Furthermore, findings support a recommendation that PIW arrangements should be included in the current menu of child care options and research topics.
A Typology of Intergroup Competencies
Authors: Ramsey V. Jean , Latting Jean Kantambu
Published: August 2005

The authors propose a theoretically and empirically grounded typology of 14 intergroup competence skills that may be applied across social group differences. The skills are classified according to two dimensions—approach (reflection and action) and focus (self, relationships, context, and organizational patterns). Self-related skills include becoming aware of one’s cultural values and assumptions, committing to personal change, processing emotions, and reframing one’s mental models. Relationship skills include empathizing with multiple perspectives, differentiating intent from impact, engaging in inquiry and openness, and engaging in responsible feedback. Contextual (critical consciousness) skills include connecting the personal to the cultural and societal and addressing dominant/nondominant group dynamics. Organizational skills include identifying systemic patterns, identifying one’s role in perpetuating patterns, surfacing undiscussables, and advocating and engaging in systemic change.
Remote Monitoring of Resin Transfer Molding Processes by Distributed Dielectric Sensors
Authors: Hegg Michael C. , Ogale Anil , Mescher Ann , Mamishev Alexander V. , Minaie Bob
Published: August 2005

Feed-forward adaptive control of resin transfer molding (RTM) processes is crucial for producing a high yield of usable parts for industrial applications. The enabling technique for this process is non-invasive monitoring of the fill-front position and the degree of cure of the resin as it is injected into the mold. Successful implementation of a sensing system capable of meeting these criteria will result in a high yield of composite parts that can be used for the next generation of aircraft. This article articulates the possibility of a hybrid sensing system for multiparameter monitoring during RTM processes. It addresses the fundamental engineering trade-offs between penetration depth and signal strength, discussing how to account for fringing electric field (FEF) effects present in the system. FEF effects hinder the measurement accuracy of the sensor system. This article describes how these effects are addressed using a mapping algorithm that is developed using numerical simulations of the experimental setup. The experimental setup utilizes a rectangular RTM tool and a water-glycerin mixture which simulates mechanical properties of epoxy resins, prior to cure. Modeling of the FEF effects helps to achieve high measurement accuracy of the fill front location.
Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester-Isocyanate Hybrid Polymer Network and Its E-Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite
Authors: Gunduz Gungor , Erol Demet , Akkas Nuri
Published: August 2005

In this research, a conventional propylene glycol-based unsaturated polyester is synthesized and modified with diphenylmethane-4,40-diisocyanate (MDI), which leads to the formation of a hybrid polymer network (HPN). The effect of this modification on the mechanical properties is studied experimentally. The optimum molar ratio of MDI to unsaturated polyester which had the highest toughness is found to be NCO/OH 1/4 0.45 using compression testing. In the second stage of the research, E-glass-reinforced unidirectional composites are produced with pure unsaturated polyester (UP) and an optimum amount of HPN. Tensile and bending tests are applied to the neat unsaturated polyester, the HPN resins, and to the composites prepared from these resin matrices. For pure polyester, the tensile strength at rupture is 27 MPa with a Young’s modulus of 920 MPa, whereas the tensile strength and the modulus of HPN are 42 and 860 MPa, respectively. In unsaturated polyester composites, a tensile strength of 500 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 27,800 MPa are obtained while in HPN composites, the tensile strength and the modulus are 685 and 26,300 MPa, respectively. Hence, an increase in toughness is achieved for both resin matrices and composites by the use of MDI. The bending strength and the modulus of elasticity are 60.7 and 2464 MPa for UP resin, and 65.7 and 2871 MPa for the HPN resin. The corresponding values for UP composites are 858 MPa and 29.8 GPa, and are 1141 MPa and 37.5 GPa, respectively for the HPN composite.
Explaining Deviant Behaviour: The Social Context Of `Action' and `Infraction' Accounts in the Probation Service
Authors: Hardiker Pauline , Webb David
Published: August 2005

The most familiar sociological image of the probation officer sees him firmly committed to some variant of a psycho-pathological view of deviancy in which both society and volition are disregarded. It was from this assumption that the research sprang, the purpose being to examine the treatment ideologies held by probation officers. But from focussed interviews, it was clear that explanations of deviancy offered by the probation officers were wider than anticipated, encompassing both determinist and voluntarist accounts of behaviour. It is suggested that the structural context of probation work - utilitarian justice and casework treatment notions - creates more `space' for offering a greater variety of explanations than has often been appreciated. And, in offering these explanations probation officers do not necessarily reinterpret their clients' accounts which were sometimes accepted and at other times rejected.

How the cases were explained appears to depend on the circumstances of the case. The more serious the offender's criminal history or his personal or social problems, the more likely it was that the probation officer thought in determinist terms offering an `action' account. But equally, the respondents recognised the sometimes voluntary nature .4 delinquency, though this was generally in less serious cases.
Sociology and Utopia
Authors: Levitas Ruth
Published: August 2005

The theme of this paper is that the content, form, location and social role of utopia vary with the material conditions in which people live. These variations have been obscured by definitions of utopia in terms of its function in catalysing social change, which has also produced the illusion that the contemporary Western world lacks utopias. By defining utopia with reference to its meaning to author and audience as an expression of their desires and aspirations, it is possible to trace a series of shifts in the English utopia, to relate these to one another and to the social context, and to show that the `absence' of contemporary utopias is simply another transformation of this kind. From being a spatially-located wish-fantasy, utopia moved through the function of social criticism to being a temporally-located catalyst of social change. These changes depended on perceptions of society-in-time as increasingly malleable and open to human control, culminating in the nineteenth century belief in progress. Utopia now appears to have reverted to the role of wish-fantasy as a result of a prevalent fatalism and a shift away from an evolutionary perspective, a change which, paradoxically, allows it to be more utopian by tying it less closely to reality. Utopia as a catalyst of social change depends on an optimism which is now absent.
The `Alternative Route' Reconsidered: Part-Time Further Education and Social Mobility in England and Wales
Authors: Raffe David
Published: August 2005

Part-time further education has been described as an `alternative route' for those from less favourable educational and social backgrounds. The concept of the `alternative route' is examined critically, and two interpretations of it are tested on data collected from a sample of adult males in England and Wales interviewed in 1972. Men from middle class backgrounds, or with high (but not the highest) school attainments, have been most likely to enter part-time courses. As influences on entry, class background and school attainment interact, suggesting that part-time education has been more of an alternative route in educational terms for the middle class than for the working class. Analysis of occupations later entered by part-time students, however, suggests that part-time education was most strongly associated with occupational achievement among those with poor school attainments. This, and the interactive patterns of recruitment in terms of class background and school attainment, produced a positive association between part-time education and net upward intergenerational occupational mobility that was strongest among those from working class backgrounds.
Another Common-Sense Conception of Deviancy
Authors: Rock Paul
Published: August 2005

Any sociological description is an organisation of perspectives which necessarily throws certain ideas out of focus. The sociology of deviance has characteristically ignored one major quality of crime, its capacity to inflict distress upon people. Not all crimes impose suffering, and not all forms of inflicted suffering are illegal, but the criminal law is conventionally held to be concerned with the regulation of damage to the physical or material self. In its neglect of that quality, sociology has distorted its analysis of a number of problems. One such problem, that of motivation, is examined in this paper. It is argued that many deviant acts produce discomfort in others and a description of motives must comprehend how that discomfort is defined and tolerated by the deviant.
Recovery and Retrieval in Organizational Analysis
Authors: Perry N.
Published: August 2005

This paper argues that books by Warner and Low and Selznick on the sociology of organizations have been misinterpreted and that a reassessment is overdue. This is undertaken via an analysis of both the original texts and the process of misinterpretation. One implication is that organizational sociology is, in part, a product of those bureaucratic and labelling processes that it affects to describe and that the agenda of issues with which it deals has been unduly delimited as a result.
Trade Unionism and the Insurance Clerk
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: August 2005

This paper attempts to demonstrate that changes in the class situation of insurance workers were important amongst the factors explaining the rapid increase in the density of TUC affiliated unionism amongst insurance clerks from the late 1960's onwards. The clerical class position is situated in terms of Marxist categories, and related to the Weberian categories of `work' and `market' situation. There then follows a brief history of insurance unionism. I then chart the economic difficulties of the insurance industry from the late `fifties onwards; these were followed by the widespread rationalization of the insurance labour force - in particular, the introduction of the computer. I argue that the application of `modern managerial techniques' and computer technology has transformed the nature of the insurance labour force - and thus the `work' and `market' situation of the insurance clerk. In conclusion, I briefly review other factors - e.g. government policy - which, together with the changes in class situation, have contributed to the growth in trade union membership amongst insurance workers.
The Search for the `Invisible' Pedagogy
Authors: King Ronald
Published: August 2005

The `invisible' pedagogy is the name given by Bernstein to that which may be practised in pre-schools and infants' schools. An examination of the `invisible' pedagogy and its supposed origins in a `new' middle class, which Bernstein uses to explain its nature, is made using original research in infants' schools. This suggests that the concept has doubtful theoretical utility, and these doubts are extended to the related concepts of classification, frame and educational knowledge codes. The reasons for this concern the holistic nature of the concepts, the structuralist nature of the theory they form, the neglect of social meanings, and its non-empirical basis.
Role-Programme Models and the Analysis of Institutional Structure
Authors: Skvoretz John , Fararo Thomas J. , Axten Nick
Published: August 2005

Our aim is the development of a formal basis for the analysis of institutional structure. While the concept of an institution is a central one in sociology, there has been much doubt about its analytical utility (Buckley, 1967: 161). The notion of a role-programme model, set out and discussed in this paper, appears to offer a precise analytical version of the institution concept. Its formal basis rests on representational techniques developed in information science. The approach is presented and exemplified with reference to a common institution, the restaurant, specifically waitress-customer interaction patterns, and its main implications for the analysis of institutional structure are discussed.
Values, Analysis and the Study of Revolution: I
Authors: Tristram Robert J.
Published: August 2005

In two consecutive issues of Sociology an analysis is offered of the relationship between values and analysis. By analysis is meant three fundamental stages and characteristics of socio-historical research, viz., identification, description and explanation. In examining these analytical stages and characteristics different expressions for the dimensions of values are elucidated and the various possibilities for the intrusion of values are discussed. The first part of the paper focuses upon the relationship between values and identification and description; the next is concerned with the relationship between values and explanation. Throughout the paper the relationship between values and the three analytical stages and characteristics is illustrated by reference to studies in the history and sociology of socio-political revolutions. This paper cannot claim to be an exhaustive analysis but it does seek to clarify the relationship between values and analysis and, in so doing, to provide some insight into the study of revolution. The latter is, however, a by-product of the analysis. The main aim is to provide methodological clarification.
National Wage Rate Claims and Settlements: An Exploratory Study of Trade Union Bargaining Power
Authors: Halfpenny Peter , Abell Peter
Published: August 2005

Have British Trade Unions increased their power since the Second World War? To answer this question the concept of power is analysed. Three logically independent but contingently connected dimensions are distinguished: potential power, the exercise of power and the result of power. The bargaining power of a Trade Union is defined, independently of its potential power, as its exercise of power in institutionalized national wage rate bargaining with employers. A simplified model is devised, where bargaining power is operationalized in terms of preferences (claims) and the results of power (settlements). Application of this model to nine groups of workers represented by five large British Trade Unions shows that there has been no linear increase in their bargaining power over the period 1947 to 1970.
Misreading Weber: The Concept of `Macht'
Authors: Wallimann Isidor , Rosenbaum Howard , Tatsis Nicholas , Zito George
Published: August 2005

Max Weber's definition of power (Macht), as presented in English by several texts, is examined in the light of the German original. Differences and similarities are discussed and an attempt is made to convey the sense of Weber's original and full definition. Examples of research based on operationalizations of earlier (incomplete) versions are then evaluated.
Class Perceptions and Social Identification of Industrial Supervisors
Authors: Child John , Pearce Sandra , King Lisa
Published: August 2005

This paper examines the class position of 156 Birmingham first-line supervisors, and how the supervisors perceive that position. It concludes that they occupy a class position which is only marginally superior to that of manual workers. In their perceptions, however, they range from ascribing a middle class position for themselves to a working class one. These perceptions are assessed in terms of six indicators. The less that supervisors see their role and standing in the firm falling short of what they believe to be appropriate, and the closer they identify themselves with senior management, the higher tends to be the class position they see themselves occupying. It would be an oversimplification, the paper suggests, to conclude that the supervisors studied belong in a straightforward manner either to a proletarianized middle class or to a working class group which has adopted middle class characteristics.
Why Don't Sociologists Make More Use of Official Statistics?
Authors: Bulmer Martin
Published: August 2005

This paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of using official statistics - from administrative sources, vital registration, population censuses and government social surveys - in sociological inquiry. In recent years influential critiques of such data by Cicourel, J. D. Douglas, Hindess and other have come to hold powerful sway in sociology. Yet their criticisms have been exaggerated, overdrawn and extended illegitimately far beyond fields such as suicide and crime in which they were originally developed. The advantages of such official data are here reasserted, by means of examples drawn from the study of health, wealth, occupation, social class and race and ethnicity. Significant and meaningful empirical regularities have been shown using such data. Facts do not speak for themselves, but neither does theory speak for itself. The conceptual difficulties are not so intractable as critics of the use of official data tend to suggest. Traditions of the use of official statistics in social science stemming from the works of Ernest Burgess, William F. Ogburn, S. R. Steinmetz and Oscar Morgenstern are discussed. The past achievements and future potential of research using such data are suggested.
`Cultural Creation': Unsociological Aspects of Goldmann's Sociology of Culture
Authors: McHoul A. W.
Published: August 2005

The concern of this paper is to locate certain troubles and contradictions within Lucien Goldmann's avowedly sociological programme for the investigation of culture. It will be seen that these turn, generally, upon Goldmann's insistence on maintaining a central methodological position for the category of the subject and, more particularly, upon his conception of the subject as individual (rather than collective) subject. Part of these methodological troubles is seen to be connected with Goldmann's use of a metaphor connecting Piaget's individual/environment distinction with the distinction between social groups and history. To this degree, the paper is generally concerned with the severance of sociological studies of culture from psychologistic and belletrist preoccupations.
Vertical Mobility in Britain: A Structured Analysis
Authors: Hope Keith
Published: August 2005

Earlier work (Hope, 1974, 1975a) demonstrated `no change' in social mobility between the Glass inquiry of 1949 and the Oxford inquiry of 1972. However the mobility investigated was that known as exchange mobility (other synonyms being pure, perfect, fluidity and circulation mobility), which is defined as departure of observed mobility from perfect mobility. When the man in the street speaks of mobility he usually means something much more specific, namely mobility up or down a vertical hierarchy. The present paper investigates the meaning of perfect mobility by disaggregating the model for it into discrete, additive components, and it shows how the vertical dimension may be represented in a mobility analysis by just one of the many degrees of freedom which are associated with exchange mobility. Implications for comparative analysis, and also for investigation of the relations between vertical and class mobility, are discussed.

The theoretical developments of this paper stem from the apparently novel observation that the `additive model' of status inconsistency analysis is formally identical with the `perfect mobility' model of social mobility analysis.
From Feudal Honour to Bourgeois Reputation. Ideology, Law and the Rise of Industrial Capitalism
Authors: O'Malley Pat
Published: August 2005

IN a recent paper, Berger et al argue that traditional concepts of honour and reputation have been eroded as a consequence of subjective adaptations to modern industrial society. However, historical analysis of English libel laws suggests that honour and reputation are ideological elements whose contents are broadly specified by distinct modes of production. Thus feudal honour was an aristocratic class ideology which was necessarily transformed by the rise of commodity relations. Moreover, subsequent commodification of honour in English law derives from and reflects the emergence of capitalist forces rather than more general forces of modernization. The corollary of this observation is that in modern socialist laws, honour and reputation differ substantially from the parallel concepts in English and United States law, strongly reflecting a specifically socialist ideology.
`Objective' Interests and the Sociology of Power
Authors: Benton T.
Published: August 2005

In the first section of this paper I note a parallel between certain problems generated by Steven Lukes's `three-dimensional' view of power, and what I call the `paradox of emancipation' in certain traditions of Marxist thought. Lukes's critique of what he calls the `one' and `two-dimensional' views of power is next reviewed, and Lukes's own `three-dimensional' view subjected to analysis and criticism. Lukes's definition of power in terms of interests is identified as a major source of difficulty, and three distinct ways of constructing a distinction between `real' interests and `subjective' interests, or preferences are identified in Lukes's work. In the fourth section of the paper I present an alternative conception, or `view' of power which, I argue, sustains the essential features of Lukes's critique of the one- and two-dimensional views, but which, by severing the definitional tie between power and interests, avoids the value dependence of Lukes's own view of power. Finally, I make explicit a view of interests which runs counter to that which, I hold, Lukes, Connolly, et al. have in common with more orthodox political scientists. I go on to indicate the place of this concept in the formation and re-formation of personal and social identities, and briefly indicate its bearing on what I earlier called the `paradox of emancipation'.
Social Policy, Social Administration and the Social Construction of Welfare
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: August 2005

Teaching and research in social administration have been dominated by the study of the public social services. Some of the limitations of this approach have been exposed by the perpetuation and growth of inequality in welfare state societies. Existing conceptions of social policy do not provide an adequate framework for the study of the social production and exploitation of inequality. The tendency to equate social policy with the institutionalized welfare state has reinforced the insular tendencies in British social administration, overemphasized the importance of government in the distribution of resources and fostered a false image of the benevolent state as the embodiment of welfare principles.

Alternative definitions of social policy are needed to ensure that the analysis of welfare is more comprehensive than that carried out so far within the framework of social administration. It is argued that the essential aspect of social policies are their distributional implications or outcomes. Social policies may be made implicitly or explicitly, by a wide range of social institutions and groups, including the state. The task of social policy analysis is to evaluate the distributional impact of existing policies and proposals and the rationales underlying them. In such analyses attention will be focussed less on the problems of individuals or clients, than on the behaviour of organizations, professions and classes in order to balance descriptions of the institutional framework through which the welfare state is administered with analysis of the social production and maintenance of inequality. Unless social policy teaching and research adapts its tools and methods to take account of these social factors it is likely to become increasingly detached from the real world of social welfare.
Matriarchate as Utopia, Myth, and Social Theory
Authors: Greisman Harvey
Published: August 2005

After a relative silence of nearly four decades, matriarchal theory has been the subject of renewed interest in the social sciences. This paper traces the origins of matriarchal theory to its proximate roots in the nineteenth century speculative literature, and analyzes its impact on the development of utopian models for the restructuring of society along feminist and humanist lines.
The Dominant Segment of the British Business Elite
Authors: Useem Michael , Mccormack Arlene
Published: August 2005

Defining the business elite to consist of the directors of approximately one thousand of the largest British companies, it is proposed that those who serve simultaneously on two or more of these boards constitute a distinct class segment. Because the interlocking-directorship network that is the foundation of this segment overarches nearly all large firms, and because its members have an exceptional span of experience and influence in corporate matters, it is anticipated that the dominant segment plays a leading role in carrying the collective needs of large enterprise to both government and the non-profit sector. This thesis is examined using information collected from a variety of sources on 1,972 directors of 196 large companies. It is found that dominant segment members are far more likely than other company directors to serve on advisory and governing bodies associated with a variety of government and non-profit organizations. It is also found that dominant segment members disproportionately enter these governing circles because of their favourable position in both the formal business associations, exemplified by the Confederation of British Industry, and informal associations of business leaders, most visibly manifest in exclusive-club networks. The observed patterns suggest that the dominant segment is positioned to promote the class-wide interests of all large companies. Some revision is required in the prevailing conceptions of the relations between big business and the state.
Adult Political Socialization in the USSR: A Study of Attitudes of Soviet Workers to the Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Authors: Zaslavsky V. , Z
Published: August 2005

A survey of the attitudes of first generation Soviet workers on the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia demonstrates the significance of three social institutions - the Soviet army, the Communist party and closed enterprises - in adult socialization and in the production of strong support for the Soviet regime as a whole. The concept of `embeddedness in the regime', which refers to the number and strength of social ties between an individual (or a group) and the existing political regime, is suggested as an analytically useful concept in the analysis of Soviet society.
Objectives in Teaching and Using Research Methodology
Authors: Burgess Robert G.
Published: August 2005

This article examines the state and status of methodology teaching. The links between the state of the discipline, patterns of teaching, styles of assessment and the uses of methodology are explored. A series of questions are raised concerning the place of methodology in the sociology curriculum. It is suggested that these questions have to be answered by all sociologists and not just methodology teachers.
Methods for Whom?
Authors: Rose David
Published: August 2005

The problems of deciding upon objectives and strategies for courses in research methods, at whatever level they are taught, are inevitably inscribed within a more general set of intellectual and political problems with which all sociologists are familiar. Beyond these general intellectual and political elements which influence us are the particular institutional settings in which we do our teaching and research and which equally affect decisions made on the content of courses. In what follows attention is given to some of these factors and their inter-relationships.
The Assessment of Skills in Research Methods
Authors: Marsh Catherine
Published: August 2005

In scrutinizing the effectiveness of the teaching of research methods, it is important to devote some time to considering how the skills are assessed. The three hour unseen examination is particularly unsuitable to assessment in this area; it constrains teaching in a detrimental fashion and assesses fluent ability to talk about how research is or should be done rather than the competence of any individual to do it. Evidence is adduced from recent compendia of syllabuses of research methods courses that this style of assessment is still popular, however.
The Efectiveness of Graduate Education in Sociology: Employment in Central Government Research
Authors: Clarke R. V.G.
Published: August 2005

It is argued that those with postgraduate training in sociology are generally not well-prepared for careers in government research. Many exclude themselves from such a role because of their hostility to the process of government and others have an antipathy to the kind of empirical work that is needed. Others though not unsympathetic to such an approach lack training in basic methodology. A more significant problem is that they have little understanding of the constraints on research in a government department. It is suggested that a solution to these problems might be found through greater collaboration between universities and central and local government research units in the postgraduate training of sociologists.
Visionaries and Virtuosi: Competence and Purpose in the Education of Sociologists
Authors: Abrams Philip
Published: August 2005

Recent discussion and policy have tended to separate the problem of procuring research competence from consideration of the nature and purposes of sociology and to pursue it with close reference to the presumed needs of various possible users of research. This paper argues that sociologists should set their own consideration of the issue firmly within the framework of a commitment to the intellectual problems and purposes of sociology as a discipline. And that if that is done suitable educational strategies for promoting competence can be revised; a possible strategy focussed on undergraduate work and the Ph.D. is outlined. It is suggested that the real problem is not that of competence but certain unrealistic expectations hidden in the demand for usefulness.
Socio-Logic
Authors: Mann Michael
Published: August 2005

This article argues that there is only one correct form of sociological method. Its form is dictated neither by questions arising from epistemology nor from the choice of methodological technique. Instead it puts forward a sequence of necessary operations which are called `socio-logic'.
Teaching Ethnographic Data Analysis on Postgraduate Courses in Sociology
Authors: Halfpenny Peter
Published: August 2005

To appreciate the analytic issues posed by ethnographic data, students must be taught to set those issues against the sociological approach within which the analysis is embedded, for sociology is a pluralistic discipline characterized by many different approaches and the meaning and importance of analytic techniques differ across approaches. Some of the approach-based differences in the analysis of ethnographic data are briefly described.

Three different teaching methods and four different objectives in research methods courses are identified. Time constraints on postgraduate courses and the deficiencies of undergraduate research methods training strongly suggest that the teaching method most remote from real research be adopted in pursuit of the most limited objective. Yet, it is argued, this suggestion should be resisted in favour of the teaching method that actively engages students in, and thereby gives them the ability to do, independent research.
Teaching Social Science Data Analysis: A Political Scientist's View
Authors: Sanders David
Published: August 2005

The paper argues that it is necessary to teach social scientists `data analysis' rather than `statistics'. Instruction in statistical principles needs to be closely integrated with the use of appropriate software packages and secondary data sets. It is also suggested that a discussion of interval level techniques such as correlation and regression should precede the introduction of the supposedly simpler technique of cross tabulation. The merits of intensive short course module teaching are also briefly examined.
The Rules are Different Here
Authors: McCabe Barbara Coyle
Published: August 2005

Homeowners associations (HOAs) are quickly becoming the most common and fastest growing units of local governance in the United States. Like the cities to which they are often compared, HOAs provide services, regulate activities, levy taxes, and ultimately elect their governing bodies. Because the courts view HOAs as business enterprises rather than as governments, HOAs'governing provisions are not required to conform to basic democratic principles for participation. This article uses theories from the new institutionalism to compare the typical governing provisions of cities and HOAs to consider how these provisions shape civic life in urban areas.
Adapting Intergovernmental Management to the New Age of Terrorism
Authors: Stever James A.
Published: August 2005

Twentieth century progressivism produced intergovernmental models that do not work in this era of terrorism. Their shortcomings surfaced during the Gulf War, with efforts to involve the National Guard in disaster relief, and are now quite apparent. Four assumptions should guide the adaptation of existing intergovernmental models: (a) recognizing the new linkage between intergovernmental relations and the military; (b) mastering new proactive methods rather than waiting on the slow processes of incremental reform; (c) accepting new values (timeliness, flexibility, and containment of the deadly consequences of terrorism) to constrain 21st century intergovernmental relations; and (d) rebuilding the shattered intergovernmental context.
Nonincremental Change in An Urban Environment
Authors: Main Thomas J.
Published: August 2005

Must change in urban politics be incremental, as structuralist analysts have claimed? Welfare policy in New York City under Giuliani suggests not. The city's welfare policy has undergone the following major changes: a sharp reduction in the PA caseloads; creation of the country's largest work experience program; striking organizational restructuring; and the introduction of a new information management system. The key factors that made these dramatic changes possible were New York City's highly competitive political environment in the early 1990s; the development of a popular set of public ideas related to reciprocal obligations; a policy feedback effect of welfare policy of the Dinkins years; and the emergence of Giuliani as a skillful policy entrepreneur. Another crucial factor was the unforeseen effect of the 1989 city charter revision that eliminated the only institution that had historically been a counterbalance to the mayor's power. The result suggests that a nonincrementalist theory of political change can be usefully applied at the local level of American politics.
Classical Pragmatism Does Not Need an Upgrade
Authors: Shields Patricia M.
Published: August 2005

In 2003, Administration& Society published Patricia Shields's “The Community of Inquiry: Classical Pragmatism and Public Administration.” Shortly thereafter, Hugh Miller responded with “Old Pragmatism Needs and Upgrade” in the Disputatio Sine Fine section of Administration& Society. He argued that scholars like Shields, Evans, and Snider should incorporate the ideas of Richard Rorty into their scholarship. Miller's article was followed by a series of 9 essays debating the merits of Dewey and Rorty for public administration. This article summarizes the debate and argues that Classical Pragmatism does not need an upgrade.
Work Demands and Work-to-Family and Family-to-Work Conflict
Authors: Voydanoff Patricia
Published: August 2005

This article uses a demands-and-resources approach to examine relationships between three types of work demands and work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: time-based demands, strain-based demands, and boundary-spanning demands. The analysis is based on data from 2,155 employed adults living with a family member who were interviewed for the 1997 National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW). The results indicate consistent positive relationships between the three types of demands and work-to-family conflict. Strain-based demands show the strongest relationships with family-to-work conflict. In addition, work-to-family conflict partially mediates relationships between several demands and family-to-work conflict. Thus, work demands reveal direct and indirect relationships with family-to-work conflict.
In Good Company: Problematic Sources and Biblical Historicity
Authors: Henige David
Published: August 2005

Advocates of robust biblical historicity often express concern that critics of this view act from partisan purposes, and should instead treat biblical testimony as innocent until and unless it can be demonstrated otherwise—virtually an impossible task in light of the exiguity of the evidence. These claims are seldom undergirded by a canvas of extra-biblical materials and even then, never beyond the ancient Near East. This article draws a small sample of examples from a variety of times and places to argue that the incidence of error, fraud, and misplaced trust is well beyond the point that would justify this deferential treatment. It urges those who would too readily accept the reliability of the biblical account of early Israel to canvass more widely before committing themselves.
Reading and Retelling Naaman’s Story (2 Kings 5)
Authors: Kim Jean Kyoung
Published: August 2005

Biblical interpretations of Naaman’s story have focused on main characters such as Elisha or Naaman in order to highlight Naaman’s conversion or God’s universal love. But Naaman’s story could not have been possible without the slave girl who sparked the events leading to Naaman’s healing despite a situation that might have involved risks for her. Nevertheless, the slave girl has remained as an insignificant figure in the text as well as in biblical interpretations. By focusing on the important role of the slave girl, this article retells Naaman’s story in order to draw a fresh message that can be used to provide a paradigm for women (and girls) in modern faith communities.
Who Speaks in Isaiah 55.1? Notes on the Communicative Structure in Isaiah 55
Authors: Paganini Simone
Published: August 2005

Although most exegetes consider God or Lady Wisdom to be the speaker in Isa. 55.1-3, the one who speaks in v. 1 is the personified Lady Zion. She is present in this first scene of the chapter, as an analysis of the enclitic personal pronoun ((see PDFfor character) (v. 5) makes clear. She answers her God after being addressed several times in ch. 54 and therefore begins a dialogue which is continued by YHWH himself and closed by a commentator.
A Critical Psychology of the Postcolonial
Authors: Hook Derek
Published: August 2005

Of the theoretical resources typically taken as the underlying foundations of critical social psychology, elements, typically, each of Marxism, feminism, psychoanalysis and post-structuralism, one particular mode of critique remains notably absent: postcolonial theory. What might be the most crucial contributions that postcolonial critique can make to the project of critical psychology? One answer is that of a reciprocal form of critique, the retrieval of a ‘psychopolitics’ in which not only is the psychological placed within the register of the political, but—perhaps more challengingly—the political is also, strategically, approached through the register of the psychological. What the writings of Fanon and Biko make plain in this connection is the degree to which the narratives and concepts of the social psychological may be reformulated so as to fashion a novel discourse of resistance, one that opens up new avenues for critique for critical psychology, on the one hand, and that affords an innovative set of opportunities for the psychological investigation of the vicissitudes of the postcolonial, on the other.
In Defense of ‘Culture’
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: August 2005

The concept of ‘culture’, as used in anthropology and related fields, has been under continual and mounting criticism for several decades. This paper argues that while this concept needs indeed to be scrutinized and problematized, we are nonetheless much better off with it than without it. By rejecting it, we would jeopardize, in particular, the vital interests of immigrants, refugees and other crossers of cultural boundaries, who need to learn about cultural differences to be able to flourish, or even survive (socially), in a new environment. Drawing on autobiographical cross-cultural literature, the paper shows how the experience of transcultural lives and transcultural ‘selves’ vindicates the ‘culture’ concept, despite its limitations, and how this experience points to a need for cross-cultural education, rather than for the abandonment of the concept of ‘culture(s)’. At the same time, the paper shows how the results of linguistic semantics and pragmatics, and especially those of the so-called ‘natural semanticmetalanguage’ (NSM) theory developed by the author and colleagues, allow us to better identify different cultural assumptions, values and understandings associated with different languages and to articulate different ‘cultural scripts’ in a way which would reflect the perspective of cultural insiders while being intelligible to outsiders. It also shows how the theory of ‘cultural scripts’, which is an offshoot of the NSM theory of language and thought, helps to refine the ‘culture’ concept and to make it more theoretically viable and more workable in practical applications.
Violated Trust: Conceptualizing Prosecutorial Misconduct
Authors: Schoenfeld Heather
Published: August 2005

In the past decade, investigations into wrongful convictions have uncovered multiple incidents of prosecutorial misconduct during trial. This article proposes a theoretical explanation of prosecutorial misconductwith the goal of promptingfurther research. The theory builds from the characterization of prosecutors as agents of trust and prosecutorial misconduct as a violation of the norms of trust. Utilizing theories of occupational crime, the theory explains how the structure of the trust relationship creates motivation and opportunities for misconduct. Motivation to engage in misconductstems fromprosecutors’definitionsofsuccess, whichare influencedbythe reward structure and the availability of techniques of neutralization. Opportunities for misconduct arise because of the organization of the prosecutorial role and weak sanctions for prosecutors’misbehavior. Given the motivation and opportunity, prosecutors’ decision to engage in misconduct depends on their evaluation of existing opportunities, which is influenced by their workplace subculture and their values and beliefs.
Interaction Patterns of Adolescents With Depression and the Important Adults in Their Lives
Authors: Draucker Claire Burke
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to describe common interaction patterns between adolescents who are depressed and the important adults in their lives, with special attention given to interactions that influence the course of the teens’ depression. Data are drawn from an ongoing grounded theory study of the management strategies and service usage patterns of adolescents who are depressed. The sample includes 52 young adults between the ages of 18 and 21 who experienced depressive symptoms as adolescents, 4 of their parents, and 8 professionals who work with youths. All participants discussed how both adolescents and adults ignore, hide, or minimize the adolescents’distress by putting up a façade. The three common interaction patterns that were identified (maintaining the façade, poking holes in the façade, breaking down the façade) are responses to the façade. The author discusses interaction patterns and their influence on the course of the adolescents’ depression.
Participant Diaries as a Source of Data in Research With Older Adults
Authors: Jacelon Cynthia S. , Imperio Kristal
Published: August 2005

Solicited participant diaries are an excellent source of data that has not been given sufficient attention as a data collection strategy for qualitative research. In a recent grounded theory study designed to explore strategies used by older adults to manage their chronic health problems, solicited diaries, when combined with an initial and follow-up interview, provided a rich source of data about day-to-day activities of participants. There were three options for maintaining the diary: written, audiotaped, or telephone conversation. The solicited diaries were guided by a set of open-ended questions designed to encourage participants to focus on daily activities and reflect on their values. The authors provide examples of data from participant diaries and suggestions for incorporating solicited participant diaries into data collection strategies for qualitative research.
Learning Shock
Authors: Griffiths Dorothy S. , Winstanley Diana , Gabriel Yiannis
Published: August 2005

This article develops a theory for a phenomenon we have termed ‘learning shock’. This refers to experiences of acute frustration, confusion and anxiety experienced by some students, who find themselves exposed to unfamiliar learning and teaching methods, bombarded by unexpected and disorienting cues, and subjected to ambiguous and conflicting expectations. The article examines the incidence of learning shock among a group of full-time students studying towards a Masters in Business Administration and aims to identify some of the causes of learning shock as well as some of its principal manifestations. It further examines some of the coping strategies used by these students and the relative effectiveness of such strategies. Our findings suggest that one of the foremost factors contributing to learning shock can be the experience of working and learning as part of a multi-cultural syndicate group, something that is a regular feature of MBA degrees. We examine some of the reasons why such syndicate groups can become dysfunctional to learning. The article concludes with some recommendations on the management of learning shock.