bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic and Local Administration of Antimicrobial and Cell Therapies to Prevent Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus epidermidis-Induced Femoral Nonunions in a Rat Model
Authors: Lovati Arianna B. , Drago Lorenzo , Bottagisio Marta , Bongio Matilde , Ferrario Marzia , Perego Silvia , Sansoni Veronica , De Vecchi Elena , Romanò Carlo L.
Published: July 2016

S. epidermidisis responsible for biofilm-related nonunions. This study compares the response toS. epidermidis-infected fractures in rats systemically or locally injected with vancomycin or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in preventing the nonunion establishment. The 50% of rats receiving BMSCs intravenously (s-rBMSCs) died after treatment. A higher cytokine trend was measured in BMSCs locally injected rats (l-rBMSCs) at day 3 and in vancomycin systemically injected rats (l-VANC) at day 7 compared to the other groups. At day 14, the highest cytokine values were measured in l-VANC and in l-rBMSCs for IL-10.µCT showed a good bony bridging in s-VANC and excellent both in l-VANC and in l-rBMSCs. The bacterial growth was lower in s-VANC and l-VANC than in l-rBMSCs. Histology demonstrated the presence of new woven bone in s-VANC and a more mature bony bridging was found in l-VANC. The l-rBMSCs showed a poor bony bridging of fibrovascular tissue. Our results could suggest the synergic use of systemic and local injection of vancomycin as an effective treatment to prevent septic nonunions. This study cannot sustain the systemic injection of BMSCs due to high risks, while a deeper insight into local BMSCs immunomodulatory effects is mandatory before developing cell therapies in clinics.
A Cell-Penetrating Peptide Targeting AAC-11 Specifically Induces Cancer Cells Death
Authors: Jagot-Lacoussiere Léonard , Kotula Ewa , Villoutreix Bruno O. , Bruzzoni-Giovanelli Heriberto , Poyet Jean-Luc
Published: July 2016

AAC-11 is an antiapoptotic protein that is upregulated in most cancer cells. Increased expression of AAC-11 confers a survival advantage when cancer cells are challenged with various stresses and contributes to tumor invasion and metastases, whereas its deregulation reduces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The antiapoptotic effect of AAC-11 may be clinically relevant as its expression correlates with poor prognosis in several human cancers. Thus, inactivation of AAC-11 might constitute an attractive approach for developing cancer therapeutics. We have developed an AAC-11–derived cell-penetrating peptide, herein named RT53, mimicking in part the heptad leucine repeat region of AAC-11, which functions as a protein–protein interaction module, and that can prevent AAC-11 antiapoptotic properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of RT53. Our results indicate that RT53 selectively kills cancer cells while sparing normal cells. RT53 selectively inserts into the membranes of cancer cells, where it adopts a punctate distribution and induces membranolysis and release of danger-associated molecular pattern molecules. Systemic administration of RT53 inhibited the growth of preexisting BRAF wild-type and V600E mutant melanoma xenograft tumors through induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Toxicological studies revealed that repetitive injections of RT53 did not produce significant toxicity. Finally, RT53-killed B16F10 cells induced tumor growth inhibition in immunocompetent mice following a rechallenge with live cancer cells of the same type. Collectively, our data demonstrate that RT53 possesses tumor-inhibitory activity with no toxicity in mice, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of melanoma and probably other cancers. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5479–90. ©2016 AACR.
Identification of a Natural Killer Cell Receptor Allele That Prolongs Survival of Cytomegalovirus-Positive Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Dominguez–Valentin Mev , Gras Navarro Andrea , Rahman Aminur Mohummad , Kumar Surendra , Retière Christèle , Ulvestad Elling , Kristensen Vessela , Lund-Johansen Morten , Lie Benedicte Alexandra , Enger Per Øyvind , Njølstad Gro , Kristoffersen Einar , Lie Stein Atle , Chekenya Martha
Published: July 2016

By affecting immunological presentation, the presence of cytomegalovirus in some glioblastomas may impact progression. In this study, we examined a hypothesized role for natural killer (NK) cells in impacting disease progression in this setting. We characterized 108 glioblastoma patients and 454 healthy controls for HLA-A,-B,-C, NK-cell KIR receptors, and CMV-specific antibodies and correlated these metrics with clinical parameters. Exome sequences from a large validation set of glioblastoma patients and control individuals were examined from in silico databases. We demonstrated that the KIR allele KIR2DS4*00101 was independently prognostic of prolonged survival. KIR2DS4*00101 displayed 100% concordance with cognate HLA-C1 ligands in glioblastoma patients, but not controls. In the context of both HLA-C1/C2 ligands for the KIR2DS4 receptor, patient survival was further extended. Notably, all patients carrying KIR2DS4*00101 alleles were CMV seropositive, but not control individuals, and exhibited increased NK-cell subpopulations, which expressed the cytotoxicity receptors CD16, NKG2D, and CD94/NKG2C. Finally, healthy controls exhibited a reduced risk for developing glioblastoma if they carried two KIR2DS4*00101 alleles, where protection was greatest among Caucasian individuals. Our findings suggest that KIR2DS4*00101 may offer a molecular biomarker to identify intrinsically milder forms of glioblastoma. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5326–36. ©2016 AACR.
A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, OBP-801, and Celecoxib Synergistically Inhibit the Cell Growth with Apoptosis via a DR5-Dependent Pathway in Bladder Cancer Cells
Authors: Toriyama Seijiro , Horinaka Mano , Yasuda Shusuke , Taniguchi Tomoyuki , Aono Yuichi , Takamura Toshiya , Morioka Yukako , Miki Tsuneharu , Ukimura Osamu , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: July 2016

The prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with metastasis is poor. There have been no therapeutic improvements for many years, and an innovative therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer has been awaited to replace the conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Here, we show a candidate method for the treatment of bladder cancer. The combined treatment with a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, OBP-801, and celecoxib synergistically inhibited cell growth and markedly induced apoptosis through the caspase-dependent pathway in high-grade bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, the combined treatment induced expression of death receptor 5 (DR5). We identified that knockdown of DR5 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed apoptosis by the combined treatment. Therefore, we conjectured that the apoptosis induced by OBP-801 and celecoxib is at least partially dependent on DR5. However, it was interesting that the combined treatment drastically suppressed expression of DR5 ligand, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). These data suggest that there is no involvement of TRAIL in the induction of apoptosis by the combination, regardless of the dependence of DR5. Moreover, xenograft studies using human bladder cancer cells showed that the combined therapy suppressed tumor growth by upregulating expressions of DR5 and Bim. The inhibition of tumor growth was significantly more potent than that of each agent alone, without significant weight loss. This combination therapy provided a greater benefit than monotherapy in vitro and in vivo. These data show that the combination therapy with OBP-801 and celecoxib is a potential novel therapeutic strategy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2066–75. ©2016 AACR.
Mother-Infant Emotion Regulation at Three Months: The Role of Maternal Anxiety, Depression and Parenting Stress
Authors: Riva Crugnola Cristina , Ierardi Elena , Ferro Valentino , Gallucci Marcello , Parodi Cinzia , Astengo Marina
Published: July 2016

Background: While the association between anxiety and postpartum depression is well known, few studies have investigated the relationship between these two states and parenting stress. Furthermore, a number of studies have found that postpartum depression affects mother-infant emotion regulation, but there has been only one study on anxiety and emotion regulation and no studies at all on parenting stress and emotion regulation. Therefore, the primary aim of our study is to identify, in a community sample of 71 mothers, the relationship between maternal depression, anxiety, and parenting stress. The second aim is to examine the relationship between anxiety, postpartum depression, and parenting stress and mother-infant emotion regulation assessed at 3 months. Methods: Mother-infant interaction was coded with a modified version of the Infant Caregiver and Engagement Phases (ICEP) using a microanalytic approach. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were administered to the mothers to assess depression, anxiety, and parenting stress, respectively. Results: Analysis revealed correlations between anxiety and depression, showing that parenting stress is associated with both states. In a laboratory observation, depression was correlated with both negative maternal states and negative dyadic matches as well as infant positive/mother negative mismatches; anxiety was correlated with both negative maternal states and infant negative states as well as mismatches involving one of the partners having a negative state. Multiple regression analysis showed that anxiety is a greater predictor than depression of less adequate styles of mother-infant emotion regulation. Parenting stress was not shown to predict such regulation.
Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Configuration for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Glineur David , Boodhwani Munir , Hanet Claude , de Kerchove Laurent , Navarra Emiliano , Astarci Parla , Noirhomme Philippe , El Khoury Gebrine
Published: July 2016

Background—

Bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) have demonstrated superior patency and improved survival in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. However, the optimal configuration for BITA utilization and its effect on long-term outcome remains uncertain.

Methods and Results—

We randomly assigned 304 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting using BITA to either in situ or Y grafting configurations. The primary end point was 3-year angiographic patency. Secondary end points included major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (ie, death from any cause, stroke, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization) at 7 years. More coronary targets were able to be revascularized using internal thoracic arteries in patients randomized to Y grafting versus in situ group (3.2±0.8 versus 2.4±0.5 arteries/patient;
P
<0.01). The primary end point did not show significant differences in graft patency between groups. Secondary end points occurred more frequently in the in situ group (
P
=0.03), with 7-year rates of 34±10% in the in situ and 25±12% in the Y grafting groups, driven largely by a higher incidence of repeat revascularization in the in situ group (14±4.5% versus 7.4±3.2% at 7 years;
P
=0.009). There were no significant differences in hospital mortality or morbidity or in late survival, myocardial infarction, or stroke between groups.

Conclusions—

Three-year systematic angiographic follow-up revealed no significant difference in graft patency between the 2 BITA configurations. However, compared with in situ configuration, the use of BITA in a Y grafting configuration results in lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events at 7 years.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01666366.
National Survey of UK Consultant Surgeons’ Opinions on Surgeon-Specific Mortality Data in Cardiothoracic Surgery
Authors: Jarral Omar A. , Baig Kamran , Pettengell Christopher , Uppal Rakesh , Taggart David P. , Darzi Ara , Westaby Stephen , Athanasiou Thanos
Published: July 2016

Background—

In the United Kingdom, cardiothoracic surgeons have led the outcome reporting revolution seen over the last 20 years. The objective of this survey was to assess cardiothoracic surgeons’ opinions on the topic, with the aim of guiding future debate and policy making for all subspecialties.

Methods and Results—

A questionnaire was developed using interviews with experts in the field. In January 2015, the survey was sent out to all consultant cardiothoracic surgeons in the United Kingdom (n=361). Logistic regression, bivariate correlation, and the χ
2
test were used to assess whether there was a relationship between answers and demographic variables. Free-text responses were analyzed using the grounded theory approach. The response rate was 73% (n=264). The majority of respondents (58.1% oppose, 34.1% favor, and 7.8% neither) oppose the public release of surgeon-specific mortality data and associate it with several adverse consequences. These include risk-averse behavior, gaming of data, and misinterpretation of data by the public. Despite this, the majority overwhelmingly supports publication of team-based measures of outcome. The free-text responses suggest that this is because most believe that quality of care is multifactorial and not represented by an individual’s mortality rate.

Conclusions—

There is evident opposition to surgeon-specific mortality data among UK cardiothoracic surgeons who associate this with several unintended consequences. Policy makers should refine their strategy behind publication of surgeon-specific mortality data and possibly consider shift toward team-based results for which there will be the required support. Stakeholder feedback and inclusive strategy should be completed before introducing major initiatives to avoid unforeseen consequences and disagreements.
Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Serban Maria‐Corina , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Zanchetti Alberto , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Howard George , Antal Diana , Andrica Florina , Ahmed Ali , Aronow Wilbert S. , Muntner Paul , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Graham Ian , Wong Nathan , Rysz Jacek , Banach Maciej ,   for the Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta‐analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group
Published: July 2016

Background

Quercetin, the most abundant dietary flavonol, has antioxidant effects in cardiovascular disease, but the evidence regarding its effects on blood pressure (
BP
) has not been conclusive. We assessed the impact of quercetin on
BP
through a systematic review and meta‐analysis of available randomized controlled trials.

Methods and Results

We searched
PUBMED
, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and
EMBASE
up to January 31, 2015 to identify placebo‐controlled randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of quercetin on
BP
. Meta‐analysis was performed using either a fixed‐effects or random‐effect model according to I
2
statistic. Effect size was expressed as weighted mean difference (
WMD
) and 95%
CI
. Overall, the impact of quercetin on
BP
was reported in 7 trials comprising 9 treatment arms (587 patients). The results of the meta‐analysis showed significant reductions both in systolic
BP
(
WMD
: −3.04 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −5.75, −0.33,
P
=0.028) and diastolic
BP
(
WMD
: −2.63 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −3.26, −2.01,
P
<0.001) following supplementation with quercetin. When the studies were categorized according to the quercetin dose, there was a significant systolic
BP
and diastolic
BP
‐reducing effect in randomized controlled trials with doses ≥500 mg/day (
WMD
: −4.45 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −7.70, −1.21,
P
=0.007 and −2.98 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −3.64, −2.31,
P
<0.001, respectively), and lack of a significant effect for doses <500 mg/day (
WMD
: −1.59 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −4.44, 1.25,
P
=0.273 and −0.24 mm Hg, 95%
CI
: −2.00, 1.52,
P
=0.788, respectively), but indirect comparison tests failed to significant differences between doses.

Conclusions

The results of the meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant effect of quercetin supplementation in the reduction of
BP
, possibly limited to, or greater with dosages of >500 mg/day. Further studies are necessary to investigate the clinical relevance of these results and the possibility of quercetin application as an add‐on to antihypertensive therapy.
Prevalence of Eligibility Criteria for the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial in US Adults Among Excluded Groups: Age <50 Years, Diabetes Mellitus, or a History of Stroke
Authors: Bress Adam P. , Tanner Rikki M. , Hess Rachel , Gidding Samuel S. , Colantonio Lisandro D. , Shimbo Daichi , Muntner Paul
Published: July 2016

Background

Adults <50 years old, with diabetes mellitus, or a history of stroke were not enrolled in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (
SPRINT
). Estimating the size and characteristics of these excluded groups who meet the other
SPRINT
eligibility criteria may provide information on the potential impact of providers extending the
SPRINT
findings to these populations.

Methods and Results

We analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012 (n=25 076) to estimate the percentage and characteristics of
US
adults ≥20 years in 3 populations (age <50 years, diabetes mellitus, or history of stroke) excluded from
SPRINT
who otherwise meet the trial eligibility criteria: age ≥50 years, systolic blood pressure (
SBP
) 130–180 mm Hg, high cardiovascular disease risk, and not having trial exclusion criteria. Overall, 1.0% (95%
CI
0.8–1.3) of
US
adults age <50 years, 25.4% (95%
CI
23.4–27.6) with diabetes mellitus, and 19.0% (95%
CI
16.0–22.4) with history of stroke met the other
SPRINT
eligibility criteria. Among
US
adults with
SBP
≥130 mm Hg, other
SPRINT
eligibility criteria were met by 7.5% (95%
CI
6.1–9.2) of those age <50 years, 32.9% (95%
CI
30.5–35.4) with diabetes mellitus, and 23.0% (95%
CI
19.4–27.0) with history of stroke. Among
US
adults meeting the other
SPRINT
eligibility criteria, antihypertensive medication was being taken by 31.0% (95%
CI
23.9–41.3) of those <50 years, 63.0% (95%
CI
58.2–67.6) with diabetes mellitus, and 68.9% (95%
CI
59.4–77.1) with a history of stroke.

Conclusions

A substantial percentage of
US
adults with diabetes mellitus or history of stroke and a small percentage <50 years old meet the other
SPRINT
eligibility criteria.
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibition Improves Myocardial Angiogenesis and Perfusion in a Swine Model of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Potz Brittany A. , Sabe Ashraf A. , Elmadhun Nassrene Y. , Clements Richard T. , Robich Michael P. , Sodha Neel R. , Sellke Frank W.
Published: July 2016

Background

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) has been reported to be cardioprotective during stressful conditions.

Methods and Results

Pigs were fed a high‐fat diet for 4 weeks to develop metabolic syndrome, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to their left circumflex artery to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Two weeks later, animals received either: no drug (high cholesterol control group [HCC]) or a GSK‐3β inhibitor (GSK‐3β inhibited group [GSK‐3βI]), which were continued for 5 weeks, followed by myocardial tissue harvest. Coronary blood flow and vessel density were significantly increased in the GSK‐3βI group compared to the HCC group. Expression levels of the following proteins were greater in the GSK‐3βI group compared to the HCC group: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 , vascular endothelial cadherin, γ‐catenin, β‐catenin, protein kinase B, phosphorylated forkhead box O1, and superoxide dismutase 2.

Conclusions

In the setting of metabolic syndrome, inhibition of GSK‐3β increases blood flow and vessel density in chronically ischemic myocardium. We identified several angiogenic, cell survival, and differentiation pathways that include β‐catenin signaling and AKT/FOXO1, through which GSK‐3β appears to improve vessel density and blood flow. These results may provide a potential mechanism for medical therapy of patients suffering from coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome.
Two new water beetles from the South African Cape (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)
Authors: BILTON DAVID T.
Published: July 2016

Pterosthetops nitidus sp. nov. and Oomtelecopon namaqum sp. nov. are described from the Western and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa respectively. Diagnostic notes are provided for each species, together with details of occupied microhabitats.
Sinobatis brevicauda n. sp., a new deep-water legskate (Rajiformes, Anacanthobatidae) and first generic record from the western Indian Ocean
Authors: WEIGMANN SIMON , STEHMANN MATTHIAS F.W.
Published: July 2016

A new deep-water legskate, Sinobatis brevicauda, is described based on two specimens caught on the remote Saya de Malha Bank in the central western Indian Ocean. The new species is easily distinguished from all other described anacanthobatids by the short tail. It is the only Sinobatis species described from the western Indian Ocean and differs from the other anacanthobatid legskates in this area by its large size and light coloration. All other species of Sinobatis are described from the eastern Indian and, particularly, western Pacific oceans. In addition to the short tail, the new species clearly differs from its morphologically closest congener, the Australian S. bulbicauda, in a bicolored white and grayish ventral coloration with gray and white blotches (vs. uniformly pale or white and skin somewhat translucent) and a filamentous tail without flattened, bulbous tip. Furthermore, it is distinguished by several morphometric and meristic differences, e.g. a longer body (length 65% TL vs. 39–61% TL), longer head (dorsal length 34% TL vs. 21–31% TL, ventral length 41% TL vs. 23–36% TL), longer snout (preorbital length 28–29% TL vs. 14–26% TL, preoral length 30% TL vs. 16–28% TL, prenasal length 28% TL vs. 14–25% TL), and fewer diplospondylous (102–112 vs. 121–142) and total (131–141 vs. 148–168) vertebrae. S. brevicauda clearly differs from the other anacanthobatids in the western Indian Ocean, Anacanthobatis marmorata and Indobatis ori, by having a much shorter tail, strongly different coloration, much larger size, and in many morphometric and meristic differences.
On the genus Cosmopelma Simon, 1889 (Araneae, Barychelidae)
Authors: MORI ANDRE , BERTANI ROGERIO
Published: July 2016

Among neotropical mygalomorph spider families, Barychelidae is one of the most neglected in taxonomic studies. Most genera have never been revised and only the original descriptions are available. Herein, one of these more obscure genera, Cosmopelma Simon, 1892, with two described species in Brazil and Venezuela, is revised. The type species C. decoratum Simon, 1889 is redescribed, and the male is described for first time. A new species, C. ceplac sp. nov., is described, and new occurrences are presented. Additionally, C. dentatum Fischel, 1927, whose holotype is lost, is considered a nomen dubium. Cosmopelma is an endemic genus, known only from the state of Bahia in northeastern Brazil.
The European species of Foersterella Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae), including the description of two new species
Authors: HANSSON CHRISTER
Published: July 2016

The European species of Foersterella Dalla Torre 1897 (Hymenoptera: Tetracampidae) are treated, including two previously described species, F. erdoesi Bouček and F. reptans (Nees), and two new species, F. angusticornis sp. nov. and F. fuscicornis sp. nov. Morphological concepts of the species are based mainly on characters in the male antenna, which females lack, and with the exception of F. erdoesi females are currently not possible to identify to species. A key for the identification of species is included, as well as illustrations to facilitate the identification.
Characterization of Thermal Oxides on 4H-SiC Epitaxial Substrates Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Seki Hirofumi , Yoshikawa Masanobu , Kobayashi Takuma , Kimoto Tsunenobu , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: July 2016

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured for thermal oxides with different electrical properties grown on 4H-SiC substrates. The peak frequency of the transverse optical (TO) phonon mode was blue-shifted by 5 cm−1 as the oxide-layer thickness decreased to 3 nm. The blue shift of the TO mode indicates interfacial compressive stress in the oxide. Comparison of data for the oxide on a SiC substrate with that for similar oxides on a Si substrate implies that the peak shift of the TO mode at the SiO2/SiC interface is larger than that of SiO2/Si, which suggests that the interfacial stress for the oxide on the SiC substrate is larger than that on the Si substrate. For the SiO2/SiC interfacial region (<3 nm oxide thickness), despite the fact that the blue shift of the TO modes becomes larger while approaching the oxide/SiC interface, the peak frequency of the TO modes red-shifts at the oxide/SiC interface. The peak-frequency shift of the TO mode for the sample without post-oxidation annealing was larger than that for the samples post-annealed in a nitric oxide atmosphere. The channel mobilities are correlated with the degree of shift of the TO mode when the oxide thickness is <3 nm. It appears that the compressive stress at the SiO2/SiC interface generates silicon suboxide components and weakens the Si-O bonds. As the result, the TO mode was red-shifted and the oxygen deficiency increased to relax the compressive stress in the oxide with <3 nm thickness. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements provide unique and useful information about stress and inhomogeneity at the oxide/SiC interface.
States and ontological security: A historical rethinking
Authors: Zarakol Ayşe
Published: July 2016

In this brief essay, I explore the relationship between ‘states’ (or more broadly, institutions of political authority) and ontological security. Drawing from historical examples, I argue that it is a mistake to assume that all ‘states’ seek ontological security: this generalisation applies only to those polities that claim to be the main ontological security providers. I then develop a typology of institutional ontological security provision arrangements as have existed throughout history, arguing that another reason the concept of ontological security is valuable for international relations (IR) is because it offers a way to compare systems across time and space without assuming the primacy of politics or religion. In summary, IR does not have to limit its use of the concept of ontological security to a synonym for ‘state identity’ – ontological security can offer much more than that by helping the discipline reach across time and space.
Encountering the stranger: Ontological security and the Boston Marathon bombing
Authors: Combes ML deRaismes
Published: July 2016

Since 9/11, the rise of Islamist extremism has taken hold of the national imagination as the greatest threat facing the USA. The 2013 Boston Marathon bombing seemed to add a new chapter to the War on Terror with the ‘introduction’ of homegrown terrorists who wantonly kill innocent Americans, just as the 19 hijackers did. They are evil. Yet, the narrative of the Tsarnaevs that emerged shortly after the attack crafted a far more ambiguous relationship to these threatening bodies. What allows for such ambiguity, given the Tsarnaevs’ murderous acts? In this article, I look at how identity demarcation was used directly after the bombing as a form of securitization, paying particular attention to the role of the stranger. Contributing to both identity and ontological security theory, I argue that analyzing the discursive (re)presentation of the liminal and its mediation between inclusion and exclusion best captures the multifaceted nature of security, which includes both ontological and material well-being. I show that the particular manner in which the stranger shows up in the portrayal of the Boston attack helps steer American identity practice(s) down specific paths of meaning-making that are not as clear-cut as ‘righteous Self’ versus ‘evil Other.’
Ontological security, self-articulation and the securitization of identity
Authors: Browning Christopher S , Joenniemi Pertti
Published: July 2016

The concept of ontological security has made increasing headway within International Relations, in particular through its ability to offer alternative explanations of the forces underpinning security dilemmas and conflict in world politics. While welcoming the insights already provided by its application, this article argues that the concept’s use to date has been too much geared to questions of identity-related stability, with change viewed as disturbing and anxiety-inducing. In contrast, the article calls for a more open understanding that: (i) links ontological security to reflexivity and avoids collapsing together the concepts of self, identity and ontological security; (ii) avoids privileging securitization over desecuritization as a means for generating ontological security; and (iii) opens out the concept beyond a narrow concern with questions of conflict and the conduct of violence more towards the theorization of positive change.
An introduction to the special issue: Ontological securities in world politics
Authors: Kinnvall Catarina , Mitzen Jennifer
Published: July 2016

The research community of ontological security scholars is vibrant and wide-ranging, defined by a conceptual core and by the themes through which scholars register their disagreements. In this special issue we have collected some of the work that has been produced or inspired by discussions and meetings during the last few years. The goal is to showcase some of the breadth of insights and possibilities on the topic of ontological securities and insecurities in world politics. Thus far, International Relations scholarship on ontological securities in world politics has been varied, focusing on different referent objects (individual, society, group, state), different political outcomes (cooperation, conflict, violence; stability or change) and different methods (quantitative, qualitative, discursive). While on the face of it such differences would seem to pose a challenge to the goal of developing a coherent research agenda, we have found the range of work and diversity among ontological security scholars to be exceptionally productive, leading already to cross-fertilisation and the deepening of our own approaches, while also inspiring new collaborations. The articles in this special issue discuss the subjective and foundational dimensions of ontological security in philosophical, existential and empirical terms and approach the ‘level-of-analysis’ problem from new perspectives.
Influence of surface activated carbon nano fiber on thermo-mechanical properties of high performance polymeric nano composites
Authors: Ajeesh G , Bhowmik Shantanu , Sivakumar Venugopal , Varshney Lalit , Kumar Virendra , Abraham Mathew
Published: July 2016

This investigation highlights the influence of plasma modified carbon nano fiber (CNF) on the various properties of poly ether ketone (PEK). CNFs were modified with oxygen plasma under low pressure to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. Significant changes are evident in the elemental composition of oxygen and carbon on the plasma modified CNFs as observed by X-ray photo electron spectroscopy. Based on results from compression and tensile strength, significant change in the mechanical properties of the composites is observed. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) reveals that the storage modulus increases on reinforcing modified CNF in PEK. The increase in modulus is noticeable only up to 1.5% wt reinforcement of CNF, while higher percentage of reinforcement leads to decline in properties. DMTA studies also clearly shows that the dispersion of CNF is not uniform after 1.5% of CNF reinforcement. However, differential scanning calorimeter and thermo gravimetric analysis studies reveal that the thermal properties of the CNF reinforced composite do not vary significantly. Thermal conductivity results show a substantial increase in the thermal conductivity of polymeric composites on increasing the reinforcements. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that there is uniform dispersion of CNF in PEK. TEM also clearly shows that higher percentage of CNF leads to agglomeration. Physico-chemical analysis indicates that the contact angle increases on increasing the reinforcements. These findings would be highly useful to make way for PEK composites for high temperature and high strength application.
They Protect Our Homeland but Neglect Our Community
Authors: Metcalfe Christi , Wolfe Scott E. , Gertz Evelyn , Gertz Marc
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

Terrorism is becoming a priority among police agencies in many Western democracies. Scholars argue that increasing homeland security responsibilities can erode police–community relations, in that people perceive the police as neglecting local crime problems for homeland security concerns.

Methods:

Using Israel as a case study, we evaluate, through path analyses, whether Israeli Jews who perceive that the Israeli National Police (INP) values homeland security more than its crime responsibilities have lower evaluations of police legitimacy and, in turn, are less willing to cooperate with the police.

Results:

The findings demonstrate that those who believe the INP neglects its crime responsibilities for homeland security view the police as less legitimate, and lower evaluations of police legitimacy decrease willingness to cooperate. The overall indirect effect of perceived neglect on cooperation is not significant.

Conclusions:

Based on the findings, it is clear that perceptions of what the police ought to be doing influence legitimacy evaluations, even when controlling for key antecedents of legitimacy. The implications of these findings for policing terrorism and legitimacy studies are discussed.
Spacer fabric-based exuding wound dressing – Part II: Comparison with commercial wound dressings
Authors: Yang Yadie , Hu Hong
Published: July 2016

In this study, a three-layered composite structure based on spacer fabric was designed for absorbent wound dressings. The fabrication and selection of spacer fabrics were discussed in Part I. In this part, two selected spacer fabrics were further modified by covering a polyurethane or a polystyrene electrospun nanofibrous membrane onto their outer layer surface to form the final spacer fabric-based dressing products. In order to confirm the performance of these new spacer fabric-based dressings, the comparisons were conducted with three types of commercial wound dressings. The comparison indicators included the water contact angle, wettability, absorbency, air permeability and water vapor transmission rate. The results showed that in addition to very good water vapor and air permeability, the developed spacer fabric-based dressings had better absorbing properties than commercial foam dressings. Furthermore, their wettability was also good for application as wound dressings. The study has paved a new way to produce advanced wound dressings using three-dimensional textile structures.
When It’s Bad to Be Friendly and Smart
Authors: Landy Justin F. , Piazza Jared , Goodwin Geoffrey P.
Published: July 2016

Morality, sociability, and competence are distinct dimensions in person perception. We argue that a person’s morality informs us about their likely intentions, whereas their competence and sociability inform us about the likelihood that they will fulfill those intentions. Accordingly, we hypothesized that whereas morality would be considered unconditionally positive, sociability and competence would be highly positive only in moral others, and would be less positive in immoral others. Using exploratory factor analyses, Studies 1a and 1b distinguished evaluations of morality and sociability. Studies 2 to 5 then showed that sociability and competence are evaluated positively contingent on morality—Study 2 demonstrated this phenomenon, while the remaining studies explained it (Study 3), generalized it (Studies 3-5), and ruled out an alternative explanation for it (Study 5). Study 6 showed that the positivity of morality traits is independent of other morality traits. These results support a functionalist account of these dimensions of person perception.
Purpose and Process in Exemplary Teen Writings
Authors: Olthouse Jill M. , Sauder Adrienne E.
Published: July 2016

Exemplary adolescent creative writers’ stories and poems demonstrate a connection between personal purposes for writing and the development of advanced technical skills. This hermeneutic analysis of 33 student texts (which were chosen because of their relation to the topic of literacy) reveals three main reasons for writing (remembrance, reinvention, and communion) as well as an understanding of the writing process as fickle. Writings that focus on remembrance include depictions of qualia through sensory imagery and poetic techniques. Writings that express reinvention and communion reveal an understanding of the history of words, forms, and the canon. Writings that depict writing as fickle invite discussions of the writing process and the value of perseverance, observation, and empathy. A practical implication of this research is that creativity and identity development through writing are compatible with comprehension, analysis, and technical mastery.
How Do Forensic Clinicians Decide? A Delphi Approach to Identify Domains Commonly Used in Forensic Juvenile Treatment Planning
Authors: Hillege Sanne L. , van Domburgh Lieke , Mulder Eva A. , Jansen Lucres M. C. , Vermeiren Robert R. J. M.
Published: July 2016

Adolescents in forensic care display wide varieties of complex psychiatric, psychological, and contextual problems. Based on large amounts of information, clinicians need to consider, integrate, and prioritize these offender characteristics to construct individual treatment trajectories. So far, scientific knowledge on how these treatment decisions take place is scarce. Current study uses a qualitative design for detecting implicit knowledge of clinicians on which offender characteristics they consider while making treatment decisions. Using the Delphi method, 34 experienced clinicians working in forensic care facilities in the Netherlands were asked about the most important domains of offender characteristics that influence their treatment planning. Eight domains were identified as being crucial in treatment planning: Mental health problems, Personal characteristics, Family, Offense, Motivation, Treatment, School/Work/Housing, and Peers/Spare time. Based on current results, focus on a broad spectrum of individual and contextual characteristics is recommended. Moreover, protective factors and comorbid problems on multiple domains should be considered.
Beyond the Bioclimatic Law
Authors: Liang Liang
Published: July 2016

Almost a century ago, observed geographic patterns of plant phenology (such as leaf-out and flowering) were summarized in Hopkins’ Bioclimatic Law. This law describes phenology as varying along climatic gradients by latitude, longitude, and altitude. Yet phenological patterns are not only affected by contemporary climatic differences across space, but also by underlying geographic variations in plant genetics that arise from long-term climatic adaptation. The latter influence on geographic patterns in phenology has been undervalued to this day, mainly due to the difficulty of quantifying it. This study outlines a methodology for bridging this knowledge gap through delineating geographic adaption patterns using common garden and cloned plant phenology. Through synthesizing existing literature, typical geographic adaptation patterns in both spring and autumn phenology of many temperate tree species are identified. Under uniform environment, spring leaf-out of colder climate-adapted populations of a certain species is either earlier than warmer climate-adapted ones due to lower thermal requirements, or later because of higher chilling (for dormancy release) demands. The former leads to a countergradient pattern as it is opposite to an in situ observation, while the latter leads to a cogradient pattern. Autumn leaf senescence, on the other hand, expresses a consistent cogradient pattern that is related to latitude and constrained by the populations’ varied photoperiod requirements. These geographic adaptation patterns allow a clearer understanding of geographical variations in phenological responses to climate change, and provide a theoretical basis for spatially explicit phenological models. In addition, given that these adaptive patterns reveal genotype-based variabilities, they are potentially useful for more accurately tracking phenology-dependent ecosystem processes (e.g. species distribution) and non-weather-related vegetation changes. As a unique subfield of physical geography with broad environmental implications, this line of research needs to be further developed by furnishing a stronger and more explicit spatial structure into current phenological studies.
Medialized Clavicular Bone Tunnel Position Predicts Failure After Anatomic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Male Patients
Authors: Eisenstein Emmanuel D. , Lanzi Joseph T. , Waterman Brian R. , Bader Julia M. , Pallis Mark P.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Recent radiographic data have suggested that medialized conoid tunnel placement greater than 25% of absolute clavicular length is correlated with early failure after anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstructions. A comparison with a larger active duty military cohort of clinical and radiographic outcomes can serve as a basis for standardizing surgical technique.

Purpose:

To establish the ideal radiographic tunnel position for anatomic coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction and to elucidate variables associated with early loss of reduction and ability to return to active-duty military service.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A retrospective review of the military’s electronic medical record between the years 2000 and 2013 was performed. All anatomic coracoclavicular reconstructions at a single institution were included for analysis, and nonanatomic or revision reconstructions were excluded. Radiographic failure was defined as 6 mm of superior clavicle displacement on immediate postoperative films.

Results:

A cohort of 38 patients underwent 39 anatomic coracoclavicular reconstructions. Average follow-up time was 26 months (range, 1.2-92 months). A total of 20 radiographic failures were identified, with an average conoid tunnel ratio of 0.27. When conoid tunnel ratios were compared with a reference ratio of 0.20 to 0.25, increased risk of failure was statistically significant with lateralization greater than 0.20 ( P = .018; odds ratio [OR] = 40 [95% CI, 1.05-999.06]) or with medialization of 0.251 to 0.30 ( P = .002; OR = 39 [95% CI, 1.58-944.36]) or greater than 0.30 ( P = .029; OR = 21 [95% CI, 0.77-562.15]). Medialization of the trapezoid position greater than 0.16 (vs a range of 0.13-0.16) was also found to be significant for failure ( P < .023; OR = 8 [95% CI, 1.33-48.18]). However, these significant findings did not correlate with symptoms or ability to return to duty ( P > .05).

Conclusion:

The optimal technique for treating acromioclavicular separations has yet to be determined. Recently, anatomic coracoclavicular reconstruction has demonstrated biomechanical superiority to previously described methods. The findings of optimal tunnel positioning in anatomic reconstructions from this large active-duty military cohort can assist preoperative planning to reduce failure rates when treating these difficult injuries.
Accuracy of Palpation-Guided Catheter Placement for Muscle Pressure Measurements in Suspected Deep Posterior Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg
Authors: Winkes Michiel B. , Tseng Carroll M. , Pasmans Huub L. , van der Cruijsen-Raaijmakers Marike , Hoogeveen Adwin R. , Scheltinga Marc R.
Published: July 2016

Background:

A diagnosis of lower leg deep posterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome (dp-CECS) is made by a dynamic pressure measurement. The insertion of a pressure catheter is guided by anatomic landmarks (freehand) or by ultrasound. The catheter tip is ideally positioned in the tibialis posterior muscle (TP). The accuracy of in vivo catheter placement using lower leg magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy patients suspected of having dp-CECS has never been studied.

Purpose:

To analyze whether a freehand catheter insertion results in accurate positioning in the TP as confirmed by MRI in patients with suspected dp-CECS.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Catheters were inserted into central portions of the TP using a standard puncturing technique guided by lower leg anatomic landmarks. After timed muscle pressure measurements during a standard provocative treadmill running test, lower leg MRI scans were obtained and evaluated by 2 skilled radiologists. Catheter tip placement was termed accurate (in the TP), suboptimal (in the deep posterior compartment but outside the TP), or inaccurate (outside the deep posterior compartment).

Results:

Between March 2013 and September 2014, a total of 24 patients (8 male, 16 female; mean age, 30 years [range, 18-54 years]) underwent an intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurement, followed by MRI. Cardinal symptoms were pain during exertion (20% very severe, 53% severe, and 20% moderate) and tightness (29% very severe, 43% severe). Symptoms were bilateral in 74% of patients. Nine of the 24 patients were diagnosed with dp-CECS based on elevated ICPs. Of the 24 patients, catheter tip placement was accurate in 10 (42%), whereas suboptimal placement was achieved in 9 (38%). Five procedures were inaccurate (transition zone between the deep and superficial compartments, n = 3; in the superficial lower leg compartment, n = 2). Signs of a hematoma were found in 38% of the patients, although there were no associated clinical symptoms.

Conclusion:

Palpation-guided placement of catheters for TP pressure measurements is suboptimal in more than half of the patients with suspected lower leg dp-CECS. Optimizing the pressure catheter tip positioning technique may improve diagnostic accuracy in dp-CECS.
The Effect of Eliciting Repair of Mathematics Explanations of Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Liu Jia , Xin Yan Ping
Published: July 2016

Mathematical reasoning is important in conceptual understanding and problem solving. In current reform-based, discourse-oriented mathematics classrooms, students with learning disabilities (LD) encounter challenges articulating or explaining their reasoning processes. Enlightened by the concept of conversational repair borrowed from the field of linguistics, this study designed an intervention program to facilitate mathematical reasoning of students with LD. Conversational repair, an ability to repair communicative breakdowns or inaccuracies, was designed in an implicit–explicit continuum to elicit self-explanation from students with LD in the context of mathematics word problem solving. Using a multiple-baseline across participants design, the study found that the intervention was effective for improving students’ mathematical reasoning and problem-solving ability measured by their self-explanation and word problem–solving performance. It provided implications for future studies concerning the use of conversational repair in mathematics classroom discourse for individuals with LD.