bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book review: Sasanka Perera. 2020. The Fear of the Visual? Photography, Anthropology, and Anxieties of Seeing
Authors: Karlekar Malavika
Published: June 2021

Sasanka Perera. 2020. The Fear of the Visual? Photography, Anthropology, and Anxieties of Seeing. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. 260 pp. Photographs, references, index. Rs 850 (hardback).
Book review: Swargajyoti Gohain. 2020. Imagined Geographies in the Indo-Tibetan Borderlands: Culture, Politics, Place
Authors: Bose Priya
Published: June 2021

Swargajyoti Gohain. 2020. Imagined Geographies in the Indo-Tibetan Borderlands: Culture, Politics, Place. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 246 pp. Figures, bibliography, index. €98.99 (eBook).
II: Perspectives on the lockdown from Delhi’s night shelters
Authors: Mathson Gideon Thomas
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 lockdown was a frenetic period for inmates of the night shelters in Delhi. The difficulty in maintaining employment, social distancing, sanitation, safety measures and sanity that were regarded as critical factors could not be ensured. Yet, it was apparent that the residents’ experiences during this time varied, and their lives were differentially affected by the pandemic. The following piece presents glimpses from encounters with the residents of these night shelters that took place soon after the lockdown.
Gold governance and goldsmithery: Economic sociology of an informal manufacturing sector in India
Authors: Kanungo Sruti , Chakrabarti Anindita
Published: June 2021

In India, gold’s uniqueness lies in its dual demand for ‘sacred’ ritual purposes as well as ‘profane’ economic security. As a scarce commodity, gold is continuously monitored and regulated by the state. This study investigates how communities associated with the craft and trade of gold jewellery cope with state regulations, an aspect that has largely gone undocumented in sociological literature. The article traces the transformation of the goldsmithing sector in post-independence India. The repeal of the Gold Control Act 1968 in 1990 and high demand during the post-liberalisation period gave a tremendous fillip to the gold jewellery sector. The study captures the occupational recasting as a new community of goldsmiths emerged during this period replacing the traditional goldsmithing castes. It contributes to the under-studied field of goldsmithing in India providing an ethnographic account of a triadic relationship between an informal manufacturing sector, state regulation and a self-organised workforce based on regional ties and village networks.
Self-Reported Change in Antisocial Attitudes and Reoffending Among a Sample of 2,337 Males Convicted of Violent Offenses
Authors: Juarez Tanyia , Howard Mark V. A.
Published: June 2021

Antisocial attitudes are among the strongest predictors of reoffending; however, there is little evidence to show that treatment-induced changes in antisocial attitudes correspond to changes in individuals’ risk of recidivism. This study examined relationships between within-treatment change in antisocial attitudes derived from the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) and reoffending among a large sample of males convicted of violent offenses ( N = 2,337). Residual change scores (RCS) and categories of clinically significant change (CSC) were used as indices of within-treatment change. A number of MCAA factor scores significantly predicted general and violent reoffending when assessed before and after treatment. RCS calculations of within-treatment change on the Violence and Antisocial Intent factors were also significantly associated with general reoffending outcomes. There was no evidence that within-treatment change on any measure had predictive validity for violent reoffending.
The Impact of Student Choice to Engage in Cooperative Learning on the Final Exam While Controlling for Early Exam Performance and ACT in Introduction to Psychology
Authors: Williamson Manda J. , Garbin Jonah
Published: June 2021

Background:

Researchers suggest benefits for cooperative learning, but often fail to control for choosing to engage cooperatively, ACT scores or early course performance.

Objective:

To observe the effects of choosing cooperative work on exam performance in an Introduction to Psychology Course, while controlling for early exam performance and ACT.

Method:

Data from 261 students assessed the interaction between choice to work cooperatively, alone or being required to work alone while controlling for ACT Score and performance on early tests, respectively.

Results:

We observed an interaction between Group and ACT on final exam scores, indicating students who worked cooperatively showed the greatest exam benefits at lower ACT scores. Additionally, a trend toward a significant interaction was found between group and early exam performance, indicating a possible benefit for choosing to work cooperatively for low performers.

Conclusion:

Choosing to engage in cooperative learning may decrease ACT-indicated skill differences and early exam success on final exam performance.

Teaching Implications:

To decrease the impact of ACT-influenced effects on exam scores, choice to complete cooperative learning activities should be offered in Introduction to Psychology courses.
Conflict Resolution and Emotional Expression in Sibling and Mother-Adolescent Dyads: Within-Family and Across-Context Similarities
Authors: Ferrar Saskia J. , Stack Dale M. , Baldassarre Katrina S. , Orsini Arielle , Serbin Lisa A.
Published: June 2021

Early adolescents (aged 12-15) were observed during dyadic conflict discussions with their siblings ( n = 23) and mothers ( n = 32) in their homes. The verbal conflict behaviors and affect of family members were coded continuously. Sequential analyses identified temporal associations between individuals’ affect and their own and their partners’ verbal conflict behaviors. In addition, within-family and across-context similarities in behavior were examined. Results revealed that while many links between emotion and behavior were consistent with previous research (e.g., attack/assert when frowning/upset, withdraw/concede when sad), several differences emerged depending on the relationship (sibling vs. mother-adolescent) and position in the family (e.g., adolescent vs. mother). Furthermore, many within-family similarities were observed in responses to emotion, while adolescents showed few similarities in their behavior across contexts. Results are discussed in relation to the developmental context of early adolescence and family systems theory.
Bias-Based Cyberbullying in Spanish Adolescents and Its Relation to Social and Emotional Competencies and Technology Abuse
Authors: Zych Izabela , Llorent Vicente J.
Published: June 2021

Some studies suggest that sexual and ethnic-cultural minority groups are at high risk of cyberbullying, but almost all of them focused on general cyberbullying without including specific bias-based behaviors. This study analyzed psychometric properties of a bias-based cyberbullying measure, described prevalence rates of bias-based cyberbullying in ethnic-cultural and sexual majority and minority groups, and discovered if social and emotional competencies and technology abuse predicted bias-based cyberbullying. A survey was answered by a representative sample of 2,139 adolescents from Andalusia (Spain). The measure of bias-based cyberbullying was found to have good psychometric properties. Bias-based cyberbullying victimization and being a cyberbully/victim were common among the immigrants and sexual minorities. The majority group and Roma ethnicity showed similar prevalence rates, with more perpetration than the immigrants and sexual minorities. Social and emotional competencies were protective, and technology abuse was a risk factor for bias-based cyberbullying. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Relationship between dietary factors and recurrent aphthous stomatitis in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Xu Kaiyuan , Zhou Chongchong , Huang Fan , Duan Ning , Wang Yanyi , Zheng Lichun , Wang Xiang , Wang Wenmei
Published: June 2021

Objective

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), a common oral mucosal disorder characterized by chronic, inflammatory, and ovoid ulcers, has a complex etiology. The purpose of the study was to investigate the specific dietary factors influencing the prevalence of RAS.

Methods

A total of 754 participants aged 18 to 59 years were enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional study. An anonymous questionnaire was adopted to investigate the distribution of RAS, dietary factors, self-reported trigger factors, and therapeutic methods.

Results

Among all participants, the prevalence rate of RAS was 21.4%. Univariable analysis showed that fruit, dairy products, vegetables, and water, but not fried foods, fermented foods, spicy foods, and eggs, were preventive factors against RAS. After adjusting for age and sex, multivariable regression analysis suggested that fruit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.430, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.218–0.847) and water (aOR = 0.294, 95% CI = 0.119–0.726) were protective factors against RAS.

Conclusion

This study found that the consumption of fruit and water was negatively associated with RAS. These results imply a potential adjunctive and complementary role of food in RAS treatment and some feasible means of RAS prevention.
Red blood cell distribution width and serum CA-125 level as prognostic markers in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: He Fang , Zhao Ping , Chu Yan , Zhao Na , Cheng Jiexi
Published: June 2021

Objective

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a primary cause of hospitalization and death in COPD. Serum CA-125 and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) are related to AECOPD. We investigated correlations between serum markers and AECOPD.

Methods

In total, 132 patients with AECOPD were included from January 2017 to December 2019. Participants were followed for 1 year. Patients were assigned to the poor prognosis (n = 40) or good prognosis (n = 92) group. We collected serum samples and general clinical information and conducted routine blood tests. We used logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analyses to assess differences between groups.

Results

We found significant differences between groups (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) for age (1.046, 1.005–1.09), RDW (2.012, 1.339–3.023), and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125; 1.022, 1.006–1.039); these remained risk factors for AECOPD prognosis in multivariate analyses. RDW and CA-125 in combination was significant in ROC curve analysis. The AUC of RDW, CA-125, and these combined were 0.691, 0.779, and 0.772, respectively. Patients with RDW >12.75% and CA-125 >15.65 U/mL were predicted to have poor prognosis.

Conclusions

We found that RDW and CA-125 are potential prognostic indicators for AECOPD.
Knowledge exchanges, trust, and secretive geographies in merger and acquisition processes
Authors: Bathelt Harald , Henn Sebastian
Published: June 2021

Our current understanding of knowledge generation over geographical distance relies heavily on studies that focus on producer–user or headquarter–subsidiary settings. Less attention has been paid to the geographical particularities of knowledge exchanges in mergers and acquisitions, which involve high costs and an extraordinary degree of risk and uncertainty with potentially significant (positive or negative) consequences for the respective firms and regions alike. To keep the risks associated with such complex long-distance transactions at bay, buying firms strongly depend on robust knowledge about the structure and value of the target units while the sellers require reliable knowledge about the goals of the acquisition and the price the buyer is willing to pay. This paper aims to investigate the spatiality of related knowledge exchanges during merger and acquisition procedures by analyzing the role of face-to-face contacts and investigating the mechanisms to establish trust in undertaking such risky endeavors. Our empirical analysis focuses on national and international corporate acquisitions and takeovers involving firms located in Germany. It is based on semi-structured in-depth interviews with actors involved in mergers and acquisitions, conducted since 2012. We distinguish between the two extremes of relational and auction-based merger and acquisition procedures and systematically analyze in a process perspective (a) the conditions under which knowledge is exchanged over distance, (b) the importance of temporary proximity and how secretive geographies of meetings evolve, and (c) the ways in which trust is created and uncertainties are reduced.
Beriberi in Brazil: A Disease That Affects Indigenous People
Authors: Assunção Anne Karine Martins , Branco Maria dos Remédios Freitas Carvalho , Santos Thiago de Sousa , Costa Silmery da Silva Brito , Júnior José de Jesus Dias , Soeiro Vanessa Moreira da Silva , Araújo Adriana Soraya , Queiroz Rejane Christine de Sousa , Frota Maria Tereza Borges Araújo , Caldas Arlene de Jesus Mendes , de Oliveira Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves , Santos Alcione Miranda dos
Published: June 2021

Background:

Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of thiamine deficiency. It is multicausal and typically associated with poverty and food insecurity among vulnerable populations, such as indigenous people.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to carry out a spatial analysis of reported cases of beriberi among indigenous people in Brazil.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study using time series data on suspected cases of beriberi reported to the Ministry of Health via the FormSUS between July 2013 and September 2018. Indigenous villages were georeferenced, and Kernel density estimation was used to identify patterns of the spatial distribution of beriberi cases.

Results:

A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country of which 210 (50.7%) were indigenous people. All the cases in indigenous people occurred in states located in the Legal Amazon (Maranhão, Roraima, and Tocantins). Kernel density estimation showed high-density areas in Tocantins and Roraima.

Conclusions:

This is the first nationwide study of reported cases of beriberi. The findings can be used to guide actions that contribute to the monitoring and prevention of beriberi among indigenous people.
Effectiveness of Interprofessional Consultation-Based Interventions for Delirium: A Scoping Review
Authors: Monaghan Caitlin , Martin Grace , Kerr Jason , Peters Mary-Lynn , Versloot Judith
Published: June 2021

Background:

Interprofessional geriatric consultation teams and multicomponent interventions are established models for delirium care. They are combined in interprofessional consultative delirium team interventions; however, insight into this novel approach is lacking.

Objective:

To describe the effectiveness and core components of consultation-based interventions for delirium.

Method:

Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ProQuest. Data on core intervention components, outcomes, facilitators, and barriers were extracted.

Results:

10 studies were included. Core intervention components were systematic delirium screening, ongoing consultation, implementation of non-pharmacologic and pharmacological interventions, and staff education. Of the included studies, 1/6 found a significant reduction in delirium incidence, 1/2 a reduction in delirium duration, and 2/3 found a reduction in falls. Facilitators and barriers to implementation were discussed.

Conclusion:

There was consistency in team structure and core components, however intervention operationalization and effectiveness varied widely. There is some evidence that this model is effective for reducing delirium and its sequelae.
Structural Validation for the Developmental Model of Computational Thinking
Authors: Tsai Meng-Jung , Liang Jyh-Chong , Lee Silvia Wen-Yu , Hsu Chung-Yuan
Published: June 2021

A prior study developed the Computational Thinking Scale (CTS) for assessing individuals’ computational thinking dispositions in five dimensions: decomposition, abstraction, algorithmic thinking, evaluation, and generalization. This study proposed the Developmental Model of Computational Thinking through validating the structural relationships among the five factors of the CTS. To examine the model, a questionnaire including the CTS was administered to 472 middle school students. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the construct of the measurements, and a PLS-SEM analysis was used to validate the structural relationships among the factors. The results confirmed that the 19-item CTS has good item reliability, internal consistency, and construct reliability for measuring computational thinking (CT). In the Developmental Model of CT, decomposition and abstraction significantly predict all other three CT dispositions, suggesting that they are the two fundamental factors required for CT development. Moreover, a significant linear prediction path was shown starting from algorithmic thinking, evaluation, until generalization. Thus, a multi-level model was confirmed for the conceptual framework of CT. This model suggests a possible sequence for CT development which may provide a guideline for the teaching objectives of CT for different learning stages in different school levels. Decomposition and abstraction are especially suggested to be emphasized in school curricula before teaching algorithmic thinking or algorithm designs.
In Need of a Leader: Bolesław Piasecki’s Charismatic Leadership in the 1930s
Authors: Mrzygłód Izabela
Published: June 2021

This article is part of the special cluster, “National, European, Transnational: Far-right activism in the 20th and 21st centuries”, guest edited by Agnieszka Pasieka.

Bolesław Piasecki, the leader of the Polish National Radical Movement (RNR), was one of the influential far-right activists in the 1930s. This article examines his political leadership through the lens of Weberian charismatic authority, enhanced by Anthony Ammeter’s framework for analyzing the power dynamics of leadership. Through a close investigation of the development of his political career, the article shows—in contrast to much of the existing literature—that Piasecki’s power was forged through triangular interactions between his skills and influential personality, the expectations and needs of his associates, and as a result of a series of events in which he displayed the ability to wield political impact. This approach sheds light on the ways in which political leadership is reliant on a wider network of relationships and shows that Piasecki’s charismatic authority was to a large extent an image constructed by his closest associates. At the same time, it shows parallels and connections between the RNR and other European fascist movements. This approach enables us to define and specify more precisely the nature of the RNR, and dig deep into the complex dynamics lying behind the final failure of the movement and Piasecki’s leadership.
Image detection and parameterization for different components in cross-sections of radial tires
Authors: Liu Chen , Dong Yude , Wei Yanli , Wang Jiangtao , Li Hongling
Published: June 2021

The internal structure analysis of radial tires is of great significance to improve vehicle safety and during tire research. In order to perform the digital analysis and detection of the internal composition in radial tire cross-sections, a detection method based on digital image processing was proposed. The research was carried out as follows: (a) the distribution detection and parametric analysis of the bead wire, steel belt, and carcass in the tire section were performed by means of digital image processing, connected domain extraction, and Hough transform; (b) using the angle of location distribution and area relationship, the detection data were optimized through coordinate and quantity relationship constraints; (c) a detection system for tire cross-section components was designed using the MATLAB platform. Our experimental results showed that this method displayed a good detection performance, and important practical significance for the research and manufacture of tires.
Idealization through interactive modeling and experimental assessment of 3D-printed gyroid for trabecular bone scaffold
Authors: Tripathi Yogesh , Shukla Mukul , Bhatt Amba D.
Published: June 2021

Porous scaffolds assisted bone tissue engineering is a viable alternative for reconstruction of large segmental bone defects caused by bone pathologies or trauma. In the current study, we intend to develop trabecular bone scaffolds using gyroid architecture. An interactive modeling framework is developed for the design of three-dimensional gyroid scaffolds using advanced generative tools including K3DSurf, MeshLab, and Netfabb. The suggested modeling approach resulted in uniform and interconnected pores. Subsequently, fused deposition modeling 3D-printing is employed to fabricate the scaffolds using poly lactic acid material. The pores interconnectivity, porosity, and surface finish of the fabricated scaffolds are characterized using micro-computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, to assess the performance of scaffolds as a bone substitute, compression, and in-vitro biocompatibility tests on sterilized scaffolds are conducted. Compression tests reveal mechanical strength in the range of native bone while human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells show high proliferation after 72 h of incubation. Based on these results, the fabricated gyroid scaffolds can be said to possess favorable properties for trabecular bone scaffold.
Fighting the Infodemic on Two Fronts: Reducing False Beliefs Without Increasing Polarization
Authors: Dan Viorela , Dixon Graham N.
Published: June 2021

Actors aiming to remedy the effects of health misinformation often issue corrections focused on individual outcomes (i.e., promoting individual health behaviors) rather than societal outcomes (i.e., reducing issue polarization). Yet, for highly politicized health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, such interventions run the risk of exacerbating societal cleavages, driving those holding opposing views further apart from one another. Interventions yielding individual benefits but causing societal harm are certainly not ideal. But is the design of such dual-focus corrections even possible? We believe this to be the case. Here, we delineate an agenda for future research that should help social scientists in identifying the characteristics of corrections that might reduce false beliefs without increasing polarization.
Critical Analysis of Apixaban Dose Adjustment Criteria
Authors: Vu Anh , Qu Tao T. , Ryu Rachel , Nandkeolyar Shuktika , Jacobson Alan , Hong Lisa T.
Published: June 2021

Apixaban is indicated for the prevention of ischemic stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), as well as for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Dose adjustment is based on age, weight, and serum creatinine in NVAF, while there are no recommended adjustment criteria for VTE. Such adjustment is unconventional compared to other commonly used medications. The objective of this manuscript is to critically analyze each apixaban dosing adjustment criterion and its associated outcomes. PubMed articles from March 2013 to March 2020 were selected with search terms “apixaban,” and “dose adjustment,” “adjustment,” or “adjustment criteria.” Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated increased apixaban exposure in patients >65 years of age, those with extreme body weights, and those with advanced renal impairment, though post-hemodialysis dosing may off-set the elevated apixaban exposure. However, clinical data show that among patients >75 years, <60 kg, and with estimated glomerular filtration rate <50 mL/min, including those on dialysis, there is no reduction in apixaban safety or efficacy. Published literature describes variable dosing strategies utilized in clinical practice. Overall, apixaban dose adjustment criteria may need to be re-evaluated.
Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation Protocol of Abuse Questionnaires: The Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS)
Authors: da Rocha Raíza Wallace Guimarães , de Oliveira Daniel Canavese , Liebel Vitor Adriano , Pallu Patricia Helena Rubens , Hegarty Kelsey , Signorelli Marcos Claudio
Published: June 2021

Establishing rigorous translation and cross-cultural adaptation (TCCA) processes for abuse questionnaires is challenging. We propose a methodological TCCA protocol for abuse questionnaires based on our current adaptation of the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) into Brazilian Portuguese. This 10-step protocol includes: (a) conceptual analysis; (b) double-blinded forward translation; (c) comparison of forward translations; (d) back-translation; (e) developer analysis; (f) specialist committee review; (g) comparison of specialist reviews; (h) cognitive interviews; (i) final reconciliation; and (j) presenting the final version to the developer. We aim to rigorously implement this protocol to achieve a reliable Brazilian Portuguese version of the CAS.
Re-use of erlotinib in a patient using osimertinib after erlotinib, case report
Authors: Gursoy Pinar
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Most patients with non-small-cell lung cancer tumors that have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have deletion mutations in exon 19 or exon 21, or both.In recent years, targeted therapies in lung cancer have increased survival, but the development of resistance to these drugs poses a major problem. Thesubstitution of methionineforthreonine at position 790 (T790M) mutation,is primarily responsible for this resistance. However, after osimertinib used in T790M positivepatients treatment options are generally limited to chemotherapy.

Case report

We reported the efficacy of erlotinib, which we reapplied due to the disappearance of the resistance mutation after osimertinib in a 68-year-old patient using osimertinib after erlotinib. Management and outcome: In the patient using erlotinib due to exon 19 deletion when progression was observed and T790M positivity was detected, osimertinib treatment was initiated. However, when T790M was found to be negative with rebiopsy in progression after osimertinib, a complete response was achieved by restarting erlotinib.

Discussion

The strategy of restarting erlotinib treatment with negative T790M mutation detected in biopsies of patients with osimertinib resistance may be an acceptable treatment option.
Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 by spray drying using maltodextrin, whey protein concentrate and trehalose
Authors: Agudelo-Chaparro Jacqueline , Ciro-Velásquez Héctor J , Sepúlveda-Valencia José U , Pérez-Monterroza Ezequiel José
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to microencapsulate Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( L. rhamnosus) ATCC 7469 with whey protein concentrate (WPC), maltodextrin and trehalose by spray drying and to assess the impact of microencapsulation on cell viability and the properties of the dried powders. Spray-drying conditions, including inlet air temperature, air flow rate and feed pump, were fixed as independent variables, while probiotic survival, moisture content, water activity and effective yield were established as dependent variables. The survival of encapsulated L. rhamnosus by spray drying was optimized with response surface methodology, and the stability of the powder was assessed. The optimum spray-drying conditions were an inlet air temperature, air flow rate and feed pump rate of 169 °C, 33 m3/h and 16 mL/h, respectively, survival of 70%, air aspiration of 84% and outlet air temperature of 52 °C, achieving an overall desirability of 0.96. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the produced powder were acceptable for application with regard to residual water content, hygroscopicity, water activity, and particle size. The results indicated that a protein-trehalose-maltodextrin mixture is a good wall material to encapsulate L. rhamnosus, showing important thermal protection during the drying process and increasing survival. However, a decrease in this capacity is observed at an air outlet temperature of approximately 101 °C. The possible effects of the wall materials and the drying conditions on survival are also discussed.
A mixed-methods examination of the gap between intelligence and adaptive functioning in autistic young adults without intellectual disability
Authors: Matthews Nicole L , Christenson Kyla , Kiefer Sarah , Smith Christopher J
Published: June 2021

This study examined adaptive functioning, strategies used to develop adaptive functioning skills, and areas where additional services could benefit autistic young adults without intellectual disability. Participants were 21 autistic young adults and at least one parent of each young adult. Quantitative analyses replicated previous reports of an adaptive functioning disadvantage relative to intellectual functioning such that adaptive functioning standard scores were significantly lower than intelligence quotient scores. Qualitative analysis utilized grounded theory methodology and yielded a conceptual model describing the nature and development of adaptive functioning in this demographic. Together, findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the gap between intellectual and adaptive functioning in autistic young adults without intellectual disability.

Lay abstract

Adaptive functioning describes the age-appropriate skills necessary for independent living. Research suggests that autistic children, adolescents, and adults who do not have an intellectual disability demonstrate adaptive functioning challenges relative to their intellectual ability. Thus, even though many of these individuals have the intellectual capacity to excel in mainstream educational and vocational settings, their adaptive functioning challenges may serve as an obstacle to independence. The research on adaptive functioning in autistic adults is focused on statistical analysis of standardized assessments (e.g. parent-report on multiple choice questionnaires). Qualitative research that examines the narratives of young adults and their parents is needed to better understand adaptive functioning in young adults and their resulting service needs. This study combined statistical analysis of standardized assessments with qualitative analysis of interview responses from autistic young adults without intellectual disability and their parents. Findings replicated previous reports of adaptive functioning challenges and identified influences on adaptive functioning development, consequences of independence, and service needs. Taken together, findings indicate the need for interventions and services that facilitate adaptive functioning development in autistic adolescents and young adults and provide insight into potential intervention targets and strategies.
Conceptualising inclusive education in Saudi Arabia through conversations with special education teachers
Authors: Gibbs Kathryn , Bozaid Ali
Published: June 2021

In the last decade, inclusive education (IE) has become a trending topic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This small-scale, qualitative Saudi study reports on how some teachers view IE in their country and whether students with a disability (autism) could be educated in mainstream schools. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted and recorded using a smartphone. The analysis of interview data identified three themes related to IE and the concept of mainstream schooling for students with autism. Findings showed that the participants had some knowledge and understanding of IE. However, whether students with autism could be taught by general education teachers in mainstream schools reported mixed results. Some teachers spoke positively about the possibility, while others focused on existing barriers. These included the need for general education teachers to receive specialised training and professional learning in the form of authentic mentoring networks, training in special needs education to link theory with practice and how the scarcity of classroom resources hampers quality educational experiences and outcomes for some students. These findings provide a starting point for further research into the emerging phase of IE in Saudi Arabia.
Acculturation and attitudes toward code-switching: A bidimensional framework
Authors: Yim Odilia , Clément Richard
Published: June 2021

Aims and objectives:

Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another within a single speech event, is often performed by bilinguals who have mastered a communicative competence in two languages. It is also a social strategy – using linguistic cues as a means to index social categories and group solidarity. Code-switching is, therefore, linked to attitudes, seen as a reflection of the speaker and their values and identities. Traditionally perceived negatively, attitudes toward code-switching have been shown to be acceptable in certain cases, such as in multilingual contexts. However, it has yet to be determined empirically whether attitudes toward code-switching are associated with individual social characteristics, including cultural identity and identity negotiation. Adopting the bidimensional model of acculturation, the goal of the study was to investigate the relationships among cultural identity and code-switching attitudes. Specifically, we sought to examine whether the bidimensional framework can be used to characterize and distinguish biculturals and whether such distinctions result in differences in code-switching attitudes and other related factors.

Data and analysis:

Cantonese-English bilinguals ( n = 67) reported their language background and completed questionnaires relating to identity and code-switching.

Findings:

The findings suggest the bidimensional model was successful in classifying biculturals versus non-biculturals and, additionally, that biculturals could be differentiated according to their strength of cultural identification, which we designated as strong biculturals, Canadian-oriented biculturals, Chinese-oriented biculturals, and weak biculturals. Findings also revealed significant group differences in code-switching attitudes and other factors, such as code-switching comfort and preference, among the bicultural subgroups.

Implications:

The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching is linked to bicultural identity. The results conclude that a more nuanced classification of biculturals is meaningful, as individual differences in cultural identification among biculturals are linked to significant differences in code-switching comfort, code-switching preference, code-switching attitudes, and multicultural attitudes.
Effect of dynamic loads and vibrations on lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Hua Xia , Thomas Alan
Published: June 2021

Lithium-ion batteries are being increasingly used as the main energy storage devices in modern mobile applications, including modern spacecrafts, satellites, and electric vehicles, in which consistent and severe vibrations exist. As the lithium-ion battery market share grows, so must our understanding of the effect of mechanical vibrations and shocks on the electrical performance and mechanical properties of such batteries. Only a few recent studies investigated the effect of vibrations on the degradation and fatigue of battery cell materials as well as the effect of vibrations on the battery pack structure. This review focused on the recent progress in determining the effect of dynamic loads and vibrations on lithium-ion batteries to advance the understanding of lithium-ion battery systems. Theoretical, computational, and experimental studies conducted in both academia and industry in the past few years are reviewed herein. Although the effect of dynamic loads and random vibrations on the mechanical behavior of battery pack structures has been investigated and the correlation between vibration and the battery cell electrical performance has been determined to support the development of more robust electrical systems, it is still necessary to clarify the mechanical degradation mechanisms that affect the electrical performance and safety of battery cells.
The role of prejudicial stereotypes in the formation of suspicion: An examination of operational procedures in stop and search practices
Authors: Minhas Rashid , Walsh Dave
Published: June 2021

One of the current and visible controversies in UK policing that challenges the heart and foundation of the principle of law is arguably the apparent disproportionate use of stop and search powers involving ethnic minority communities. Prior research found that differential exposure by the police to certain types of suspected offenders led to the development of cognitive scripts that operate as stereotypes and which may play a role in informing suspicions concerning police stops and searches. Focusing on whether police officers use negative stereotypes to inform suspicions when conducting stops and searches, this study examined more than 2,100 stop and search records held by a police force in England, in addition to conducting 20 semi-structured interviews with frontline serving police officers from the same force. It was found that the use of stop and search powers is consistent with: (a) the use of stereotypes with respect to age, appearance, and social class; and (b) the disproportionate recorded use of stop and search powers involving Black, Asian and Mixed communities. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Book review: Tambe, A. 2019: Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws
Authors: Carvalho Thaís de
Published: June 2021

Tambe, A. 2019: Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. xii+ 202pp. US$99.00 cloth, US$24.95 paperback, US$14.95 eBook. ISBN: 978-0-252-04272-0 (cloth), 978-0-252-08456-0 (paperback), 978-0-252-05158-6 (eBook).
Transcriptome Analysis and the Prognostic Role of NUDC in Diffuse and Intestinal Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jeong Sang-Ho , Park Miyeong , Park Sun Yi , Park Jiho , Kim Tae-Han , Lee Young-Joon , Jung Eun-Jung , Ju Young-tae , Jeong Chi-Young , Kim Ju-Yeon , Ko Gyung Hyuck , Kim Minhye , Nam Ki Taek , Goldenring James R.
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

There have been few studies about gene differences between patients with diffuse-type gastric cancer and those with intestinal-type gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of signet ring cell gastric cancer (worst prognosis in diffuse-type) and well-differentiated gastric cancer (best prognosis in intestinal-type); NUDC was identified, and its prognostic role was studied.

Materials and Methods:

We performed next-generation sequencing with 5 well-differentiated gastric cancers and 3 of signet ring cell gastric cancer surgical samples. We performed gene enrichment and functional annotation analysis using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery bioinformatics resources. Immunohistochemistry was used to validate NUDC expression.

Results:

Overall, 900 genes showed significantly higher expression, 644 genes showed lower expression in signet ring cell gastric cancer than in well-differentiated gastric cancers, and there was a large difference in adhesion, vascular development, and cell-to-cell junction components between the 2 subtypes. We performed variant analysis and found 52 variants and 30 cancer driver genes, including NUDC. We analyzed NUDC expression in gastric cancer tissue and its relationship with prognosis. Cox proportional hazard analysis identified T stage, N stage, and NUDC expression as independent risk factors for survival ( P < 0.05). The overall survival of the NUDC-positive group was significantly higher (53.2 ± 0.92 months) than that of the NUDC-negative group (44.6 ± 3.7 months) ( P = 0.001) in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.

Conclusion:

We found 30 cancer driver gene candidates and found that the NUDC-positive group showed significantly better survival than the NUDC-negative group via variant analysis.
Novel Experimental Technique to Create Size-Controlled Retroperitoneal Bleeding in the Infrarenal Aorta of Anesthetized Pigs
Authors: Pirouzram Artai , Hamam Leonardo , Wallin Göran , Larzon Thomas , Nilsson Kristofer F.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) with a contained retroperitoneal hematoma is potentially fatal. Physiological studies are difficult to perform in patients suffering from life-threatening conditions such as rAAA. A translational model of the condition is therefore needed. The aim was to develop and validate an endovascular animal model for retroperitoneal bleeding of the abdominal aorta with contained hematoma.

Methods

In anesthetized pigs, a puncture hole was made in the posterolateral portion of the infrarenal aorta by an Outback re-entry catheter device. The hole was gradually enlarged using angioplasty balloons to a specific diameter of either 4 mm ( n = 6), 6 mm ( n = 7), or 8 mm ( n = 6). Onset of bleeding was verified by angiography and macroscopically examined on completion of the experiments. Survival up to 180 min was the primary outcome. Hemodynamic and metabolic markers in arterial blood were secondary outcomes.

Results

Aortic injury with a contained retroperitoneal hematoma was achieved in all animals. Survival rate at 180 min after onset of bleeding was higher in the 4 mm group compared to the 6 mm ( P = 0.021) and 8 mm groups ( P = 0.002), but not when comparing the 6 mm and 8 mm groups. Systemic hypotension, arterial acidosis, and lactatemia were provoked in the 6 mm and 8 mm groups but not in the 4 mm group.

Conclusions

A porcine model for a controlled contained left posterolateral retroperitoneal bleeding was created using endovascular methods and validated. This model makes it possible to study the pathophysiology of a retroperitoneal hematoma.
Telemedicine Implementation in COVID-19 ICU: Balancing Physical and Virtual Forms of Visibility
Authors: Pilosof Nirit Putievsky , Barrett Michael , Oborn Eivor , Barkai Galia , Pessach Itai M. , Zimlichman Eyal
Published: June 2021

Objective:

This case study examines the implementation of inpatient telemedicine in COVID-19 intensive care units (ICUs) and explores the impact of shifting forms of visibility on the management of the unit, staff collaboration, and patient care.

Background:

The COVID-19 crisis drove healthcare institutions to rapidly develop new models of care based on integrating digital technologies for remote care with transformations in the hospital-built environment. The Sheba Medical Center in Israel created COVID-19 ICUs in an underground structure with an open-ward layout and telemedicine control rooms to remotely supervise, communicate, and support the operations in the contaminated zones. One unit had a physical visual connection between the control room and the contaminated zone through a window, while the other had only a virtual connection with digital technologies.

Methods:

The findings are based on semistructured interviews with Sheba medical staff, telemedicine companies, and the architectural design team and observations at the COVID-19 units during March–August 2020.

Results:

The case study illustrates the implications of virtual and physical visibility on the management of the unit, staff collaboration, and patient care. It demonstrates the correlations between patterns of visibility and the users’ sense of control, orientation in space, teamwork, safety, quality of care, and well-being.

Conclusions:

The case study demonstrates the limitations of current telemedicine technologies that were not designed for inpatient care to account for the spatial perception of the unit and the dynamic use of the space. It presents the potential of a hybrid model that balances virtual and physical forms of visibility and suggests directions for future research and development of inpatient telemedicine.
Avenues to News and Diverse News Exposure Online: Comparing Direct Navigation, Social Media, News Aggregators, Search Queries, and Article Hyperlinks
Authors: Wojcieszak Magdalena , Menchen-Trevino Ericka , Goncalves Joao F. F. , Weeks Brian
Published: June 2021

The online environment dramatically expands the number of ways people can encounter news but there remain questions of whether these abundant opportunities facilitate news exposure diversity. This project examines key questions regarding how internet users arrive at news and what kinds of news they encounter. We account for a multiplicity of avenues to news online, some of which have never been analyzed: (1) direct access to news websites, (2) social networks, (3) news aggregators, (4) search engines, (5) webmail, and (6) hyperlinks in news. We examine the extent to which each avenue promotes news exposure and also exposes users to news sources that are left leaning, right leaning, and centrist. When combined with information on individual political leanings, we show the extent of dissimilar, centrist, or congenial exposure resulting from each avenue. We rely on web browsing history records from 636 social media users in the US paired with survey self-reports, a unique data set that allows us to examine both aggregate and individual-level exposure. Visits to news websites account for about 2 percent of the total number of visits to URLs and are unevenly distributed among users. The most widespread ways of accessing news are search engines and social media platforms (and hyperlinks within news sites once people arrive at news). The two former avenues also increase dissimilar news exposure, compared to accessing news directly, yet direct news access drives the highest proportion of centrist exposure.
Kerion celsi due to Microsporum audouinii: a severe form in an immunocompetent girl
Authors: Deh Aminata , Diongue Khadim , Diadie Saer , Diatta Boubacar-Ahy , Diop Khadim , Ndour Niar , Ndiaye Maodo , Diallo Moussa , Niang Suzanne-Oumou
Published: June 2021

A 9-year-old girl presented a large inflammatory cup-shaped scalp lesion with alopecia surrounded by pustules, dander, and suppuration associated with an occipital inflammatory lymphadenopathy for 1 month. Wood’s light exam was positive as well as KOH mount showing ectothrix type hair involvement. Hair and pus culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) added with chloramphenicol and supplemented with cycloheximide isolated a dermatophyte species identified as Microsporum audouinii according to the colonies features. Species identification was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) and the patient was treated for kerion celsi with terbinafine tablets 125 mg per day associated with a ketoconazole-based shampoo. The evolution was favorable, with hair regrowth after 2 months.
Validity of load rate estimation using accelerometers during physical activity on an anti-gravity treadmill
Authors: Nazirizadeh Susan , Stokes Maria , Arden Nigel K , Forrester Alexander IJ
Published: June 2021

Introduction

A simple tool to estimate loading on the lower limb joints outside a laboratory may be useful for people who suffer from degenerative joint disease. Here, the accelerometers on board of wearables (smartwatch, smartphone) were used to estimate the load rate on the lower limbs and were compared to data from a treadmill force plate. The aim was to assess the validity of wearables to estimate load rate transmitted through the joints.

Methods

Twelve healthy participants (female n = 4, male n = 8; aged 26 ± 3 years; height: 175 ± 15 cm; body mass: 71 ± 9 kg) carried wearables, while performing locomotive activities on an anti-gravity treadmill with an integrated force plate. Acceleration data from the wearables and force plate data were used to estimate the load rate. The treadmill enabled 7680 data points to be obtained, allowing a good estimate of uncertainty to be examined. A linear regression model and cross-validation with 1000 bootstrap resamples were used to assess the validation.

Results

Significant correlation was found between load rate from the force plate and wearables (smartphone: [Formula: see text]; smartwatch: [Formula: see text]).

Conclusion

Wearables’ accelerometers can estimate load rate, and the good correlation with force plate data supports their use as a surrogate when assessing lower limb joint loading in field environments.