bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposing Changes in Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Variability Produced by Orbital and Anthropogenic Forcing
Authors: He Jiazhi , Sun Weiyi , Wang Bin , Liu Jian , Ning Liang , Yan Mi
Published: September 2024

Future projections indicate that Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) faces a “wetter and more variable” climate. However, the reasons remain uncertain. The Last Interglacial (LIG) climate provides a potential analog for future warming. Investigating ISMR responses to these two warming scenarios could help understand the causes of ISMR changes. Using PMIP4 simulations, we find that ISMR became “wetter and more stable” during the LIG, contrasting the future climate. The opposing changes in ISMR variability are related to divergent changes in the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitudes, ENSO‐ISMR relationships, and ENSO‐induced large‐scale atmospheric circulation anomalies. During the LIG, orbital forcing weakened ENSO variability and its impacts on ISMR. A westward positioning of ENSO shifted the atmospheric circulation anomalies westward, suppressing extreme ISMR anomalies. These processes are supported by atmospheric model simulations. Our results suggest that different warming patterns (dynamic effects) are more critical than moisture‐increasing effects in controlling regional climate variability.
Why Is Decadal Climate Variability Predominantly Observed in the Niño4 Region?
Authors: San Sieu‐Cuong , Tseng Yu‐Heng , Ding Ruiqiang , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: September 2024

This study investigates why observed decadal‐scale climate variability is predominantly pronounced in the Niño4 region compared to other equatorial Pacific areas using both observation and model sensitivity experiments. The initial shift to the negative phase of Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability (TPDV) is primarily driven by the upward and eastward migration of isopycnal negative temperature anomalies along the equator. Subsequently, the wind fields associated with the negative phase of the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) induce anomalous vertical currents in the equatorial Pacific. This leads to anomalous upwelling and downwelling of mean temperature in the Niño4 and Niño3 regions, respectively, thereby strengthening and weakening the corresponding subsurface‐produced sea surface temperature anomalies. Our findings clarify the roles of subsurface temperature anomalies in the phase reversal of TPDV and PMM in amplifying decadal variance, specifically in the equatorial central Pacific.
Surface Rupture of the 2008 Mw 6.6 Nura Earthquake: Triggered Flexural‐Slip Faulting in the Pamir‐Tien Shan Collision Zone
Authors: Patyniak M. , Landgraf A. , Dzhumabaeva A. , Baikulov S. , Williams A. M. , Preusser F. , Abdrakhmatov K. E. , Arrowsmith J R. , Strecker M. R.
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the intricate relationship between earthquake sources and seismogenic surface ruptures in a complex tectonic setting with active faults in the continental collision zone between the southern Tien Shan and the northern Pamir Mountains in Central Asia. The study focuses on the 2008 Mw 6.6 Nura earthquake along the Pamir Frontal Thrust, where the seismogenic surface rupture occurred unexpectedly within the footwall and 10 km away from the source thrust fault. This discrepancy raises questions about the interactions and potential trigger mechanisms between tectonic structures during earthquake rupture. Using unmanned aerial vehicle photography and field inspection, our investigation integrates detailed fault‐zone mapping with tectono‐geomorphic observations to unravel potential interactions between subsurface structures and surface‐deformation phenomena. Our findings suggest that a combination of slip along deep‐seated basement faults and remotely triggered flexural slip within folded Paleogene strata led to surface rupture of overlying Quaternary glacial deposits. Geomorphological and geochronological analyses coupled with systematic displacement measurements furthermore reveal evidence of similar past ruptures within the regional fault system, suggesting a recurrence interval of 1.7 kyr and a Holocene vertical offset rate of 0.4 mm/yr. The analysis of the Nura rupture zone contributes significantly to evaluate linkages between surface and subsurface structures regarding fault‐zone behavior and seismic hazard assessments. Importantly, our results highlight the critical role of on‐site investigations in regions with poorly defined surface ruptures, where misinterpretation may lead to the underestimation of the impact of seismic events and limitations in assessing earthquake history and strain accumulation.
Seeing invisible objects with intelligent optics
Authors: Nape Isaac , Forbes Andrew
Published: September 2024

Transparent objects are invisible to traditional cameras because they can only detect intensity fluctuations, necessitating the need for interferometry followed by computationally intensive digital image processing. Now it is shown that the necessary transformations can be performed optically by combining machine learning and diffractive optics, for a direct in-situ measurement of transparent objects with conventional cameras.
Noncontact excitation of multi-GHz lithium niobate electromechanical resonators
Authors: Wang Danqing , Xie Jiacheng , Guo Yu , Shen Mohan , Tang Hong X.
Published: September 2024

The demand for high-performance electromechanical resonators is ever-growing across diverse applications, ranging from sensing and time-keeping to advanced communication devices. Among the electromechanical materials being explored, thin-film lithium niobate stands out due to its strong piezoelectric properties and low acoustic loss. However, in nearly all existing lithium niobate electromechanical devices, the configuration is such that the electrodes are in direct contact with the mechanical resonator. This configuration introduces an undesirable mass-loading effect, producing spurious modes and additional damping. Here, we present an electromechanical platform that mitigates this challenge by leveraging a flip-chip bonding technique to separate the electrodes from the mechanical resonator. By offloading the electrodes from the resonator, our approach yields a substantial increase in the quality factor of these resonators, paving the way for enhanced performance and reliability for their device applications.
Impact of Kangaroo mother care on autonomic cardiovascular control in foetal-growth-restricted preterm infants
Authors: Tian Yueyang , Inocencio Ishmael M. , Sehgal Arvind , Wong Flora Y.
Published: September 2024

Background

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is WHO-recommended for low-birth-weight infants, yet its impact on autonomic cardiovascular control in preterm foetal growth-restricted (FGR) infants remains unclear. We hypothesised that KMC would promote autonomic cardiovascular control, benefiting preterm FGR infants with reduced baseline autonomic function compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants.

Methods

Autonomic control was assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) in low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands using spectral analysis. Preterm FGR (n = 22) and AGA (n = 20) infants were assessed for 30-min before and 60-min during KMC. Comparisons were made between FGR and AGA infants; and between infants with baseline HRV below and above median.

Results

Overall, no significant HRV changes were observed during KMC for FGR or AGA infants compared to baselines. Infants with low baseline HRV LF showed increased HRV during KMC (p = 0.02 and 0.05 for the entire group and FGR group, respectively). This effect was absent in the AGA group regardless of baseline HRV. Infants with high baseline HRV had decreased HRV during KMC.

Conclusions

Infants with low baseline HRV, suggesting reduced autonomic control, are more likely to benefit from KMC with increased HRV. Further, this effect is stronger in FGR than AGA infants.

Impact

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is WHO-recommended for low-birth-weight infants, yet its impact on autonomic cardiovascular control in preterm foetal growth-restricted (FGR) infants is unclear.

Preterm infants with low baseline heart rate variability (HRV) are more likely to benefit from KMC and increase their HRV suggesting improved autonomic control.

This effect is stronger in preterm FGR infants than those with appropriate growth for age.
Cardiovascular events among men with prostate cancer treated with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis
Authors: Matsukawa Akihiro , Yanagisawa Takafumi , Parizi Mehdi Kardoust , Laukhtina Ekaterina , Klemm Jakob , Fazekas Tamás , Mori Keiichiro , Kimura Shoji , Briganti Alberto , Ploussard Guillaume , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Miki Jun , Kimura Takahiro , Rajwa Pawel , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: September 2024

Background

Androgen-receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) have dramatically changed the management of advanced/metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). However, their cardiovascular toxicity remains to be clarified.

Objective

To analyze and compare the risks of cardiovascular events secondary to treatment of PCa patients with different ARPIs.

Methods

In August 2023, we queried PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify randomized controlled studies (RCTs) that analyze PCa patients treated with abiraterone, apalutamide, darolutamide, and enzalutamide. The primary outcomes of interest were the incidence of cardiac disorder, heart failure, ischemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and hypertension. Network meta-analyses (NMAs) were conducted to compare the differential outcomes of each ARPI plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) compared to standard of care (SOC).

Results

Overall, 26 RCTs were included. ARPIs were associated with an increased risk of cardiac disorders (RR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.13–2.68, p = 0.01), heart failure (RR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.05–5.91, p = 0.04), AF (RR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.14–4.07, p = 0.02), and hypertension (RR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.67–2.54, p < 0.01) at grade ≥3. Based on NMAs, abiraterone increased the risk of grade ≥3 cardiac disorder (RR:2.40, 95% CI: 1.42–4.06) and hypertension (RR:2.19, 95% CI: 1.77–2.70). Enzalutamide was associated with the increase of grade ≥3 AF(RR: 3.17, 95% CI: 1.05–9.58) and hypertension (RR:2.30, 95% CI: 1.82–2.92).

Conclusions

The addition of ARPIs to ADT increases the risk of cardiac disorders, including IHD and AF, as well as hypertension. Each ARPI exhibits a distinct cardiovascular event profile. Selecting patients carefully and vigilant monitoring for cardiovascular issues is imperative for those undergoing ARPI + ADT treatment.
SWOT analysis of the dental hygiene profession in Pakistan—past, present, and future
Authors: Damani Iqra , Taimoor Shazia , Umer Fahad , Sukhia Rashna Hoshang , Sadiq Ali
Published: September 2024

Background

Pakistan faces a significant burden of oral diseases, which can be effectively reduced through preventive measures. Dentistry in Pakistan predominantly focuses on corrective dental procedures, increasing the treatment costs and widens disparities in oral healthcare access. To address this gap and meet the country’s oral health needs, Aga Khan University initiated a Dental Hygiene program aimed to expand and diversify the oral health workforce and improving access to quality care in various healthcare settings. Due to limited awareness of this profession in the country, the program encounters significant challenges.

Aim

This article aims to present a SWOT analysis of the Dental Hygiene profession in Pakistan and propose evidence-based strategic changes to address these challenges and improve future outcomes.

Methods

A SWOT analysis was conducted to identify the internal strengths, weaknesses, external opportunities, and threats related to the Dental Hygiene profession, gathering both quantitative and qualitative data through a survey of relevant stakeholders (Consultants, Dental hygiene graduates, dental auxiliaries, fresh dental graduates, and prospective students) using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap).

Results

A total of 267 respondents participated in the survey, providing insights into the current state of the Dental Hygiene profession.

Conclusion

The analysis reveals that the Dental Hygiene profession in Pakistan requires robust advocacy, increased collaboration with dentists, opportunities for higher education, and the establishment of proper legislative frameworks to prevent professional transgression beyond the scope of practice.
Exploring the structural landscape of DNA maintenance proteins
Authors: Schou Kenneth Bødkter , Mandacaru Samuel , Tahir Muhammad , Tom Nikola , Nilsson Ann-Sofie , Andersen Jens S. , Tiberti Matteo , Papaleo Elena , Bartek Jiri
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Evolutionary annotation of genome maintenance (GM) proteins has conventionally been established by remote relationships within protein sequence databases. However, often no significant relationship can be established. Highly sensitive approaches to attain remote homologies based on iterative profile-to-profile methods have been developed. Still, these methods have not been systematically applied in the evolutionary annotation of GM proteins. Here, by applying profile-to-profile models, we systematically survey the repertoire of GM proteins from bacteria to man. We identify multiple GM protein candidates and annotate domains in numerous established GM proteins, among other PARP, OB-fold, Macro, TUDOR, SAP, BRCT, KU, MYB (SANT), and nuclease domains. We experimentally validate OB-fold and MIS18 (Yippee) domains in SPIDR and FAM72 protein families, respectively. Our results indicate that, surprisingly, despite the immense interest and long-term research efforts, the repertoire of genome stability caretakers is still not fully appreciated.
Quantifying concentration distributions in redox flow batteries with neutron radiography
Authors: Jacquemond Rémy Richard , van der Heijden Maxime , Boz Emre Burak , Carreón Ruiz Eric Ricardo , Greco Katharine Virginia , Kowalski Jeffrey Adam , Muñoz Perales Vanesa , Brushett Fikile Richard , Nijmeijer Kitty , Boillat Pierre , Forner-Cuenca Antoni
Published: September 2024

The continued advancement of electrochemical technologies requires an increasingly detailed understanding of the microscopic processes that control their performance, inspiring the development of new multi-modal diagnostic techniques. Here, we introduce a neutron imaging approach to enable the quantification of spatial and temporal variations in species concentrations within an operating redox flow cell. Specifically, we leverage the high attenuation of redox-active organic materials (high hydrogen content) and supporting electrolytes (boron-containing) in solution and perform subtractive neutron imaging of active species and supporting electrolyte. To resolve the concentration profiles across the electrodes, we employ an in-plane imaging configuration and correlate the concentration profiles to cell performance with polarization experiments under different operating conditions. Finally, we use time-of-flight neutron imaging to deconvolute concentrations of active species and supporting electrolyte during operation. Using this approach, we evaluate the influence of cell polarity, voltage bias and flow rate on the concentration distribution within the flow cell and correlate these with the macroscopic performance, thus obtaining an unprecedented level of insight into reactive mass transport. Ultimately, this diagnostic technique can be applied to a range of (electro)chemical technologies and may accelerate the development of new materials and reactor designs.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of fast electron heating in solid-density matter via XFEL
Authors: Sawada H. , Yabuuchi T. , Higashi N. , Iwasaki T. , Kawasaki K. , Maeda Y. , Izumi T. , Nakagawa Y. , Shigemori K. , Sakawa Y. , Curry C. B. , Frost M. , Iwata N. , Ogitsu T. , Sueda K. , Togashi T. , Hu S. X. , Glenzer S. H. , Kemp A. J. , Ping Y. , Sentoku Y.
Published: September 2024

High-intensity, short-pulse lasers are crucial for generating energetic electrons that produce high-energy-density (HED) states in matter, offering potential applications in igniting dense fusion fuels for fast ignition laser fusion. High-density targets heated by these electrons exhibit spatially non-uniform and highly transient conditions, which have been challenging to characterize due to limitations in diagnostics that provide simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we employ an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) to achieve spatiotemporally resolved measurements at sub-micron and femtosecond scales on a solid-density copper foil heated by laser-driven fast electrons. Our X-ray transmission imaging reveals the formation of a solid-density hot plasma localized to the laser spot size, surrounded by Fermi degenerate, warm dense matter within a picosecond, and the energy relaxation occurring within the hot plasma over tens of picoseconds. These results validate 2D particle-in-cell simulations incorporating atomic processes and provide insights into the energy transfer mechanisms beyond current simulation capabilities. This work significantly advances our understanding of rapid fast electron heating and energy relaxation in solid-density matter, serving as a key stepping stone towards efficient high-density plasma heating and furthering the fields of HED science and inertial fusion energy research using intense, short-pulse lasers.
Second harmonic generation at a time-varying interface
Authors: Tirole Romain , Vezzoli Stefano , Saxena Dhruv , Yang Shu , Raziman T. V. , Galiffi Emanuele , Maier Stefan A. , Pendry John B. , Sapienza Riccardo
Published: September 2024

Time-varying metamaterials rely on large and fast changes of the linear permittivity. Beyond the linear terms, however, the effect of a non-perturbative modulation of the medium on harmonic generation remains largely unexplored. In this work, we study second harmonic generation at an optically pumped time-varying interface between air and a 310 nm Indium Tin Oxide film. We observe a modulation contrast at the second harmonic wavelength up to 93% for a pump intensity of 100 GW/cm2, leading to large frequency broadening and shift. We experimentally demonstrate that a significant contribution to the enhancement comes from the temporal modulation of the second order nonlinear susceptibility. Moreover, we show the frequency-modulated spectra resulting from single and double-slit time diffraction could be exploited for enhanced optical computing and sensing, enabling broadband time-varying effects on the harmonic signal and extending the application of Epsilon-Near-Zero materials to the visible range.
Quantitative localisation of titanium in the framework of titanium silicalite-1 using anomalous X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Rzepka Przemyslaw , Signorile Matteo , Huthwelker Thomas , Checchia Stefano , Rosso Francesca , Bordiga Silvia , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: September 2024

One of the biggest obstacles to developing better zeolite-based catalysts is the lack of methods for quantitatively locating light heteroatoms on the T-sites in zeolites. Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) is a Ti-bearing zeolite-type catalyst commonly used in partial oxidation reactions with H2O2, such as aromatic hydroxylation and olefin epoxidation. The reaction mechanism is controlled by the configuration of titanium sites replacing silicon in the zeolite framework, but these sites remain unknown, hindering a fundamental understanding of the reaction. This study quantitatively determines heteroatoms within the zeolite-type framework using anomalous X-ray powder diffraction (AXRD) and the changes in the titanium X-ray scattering factor near the Ti K-edge (4.96 keV). Two TS-1 samples, each with approximately 2 Ti atoms per unit cell, were examined. Half of the titanium atoms are primarily split between sites T3 and T9, with the remainder dispersed among various T-sites within both MFI-type frameworks. One structure showed significant non-framework titanium in the micropores of a more distorted lattice. In both samples, isolated titanium atoms were more prevalent than dinuclear species, which could only potentially arise at site T9, but with a significant energy penalty and were not detected.
The scaffolding function of LSD1 controls DNA methylation in mouse ESCs
Authors: Malla Sandhya , Kumari Kanchan , García-Prieto Carlos A. , Caroli Jonatan , Nordin Anna , Phan Trinh T. T. , Bhattarai Devi Prasad , Martinez-Gamero Carlos , Dorafshan Eshagh , Stransky Stephanie , Álvarez-Errico Damiana , Saiki Paulina Avovome , Lai Weiyi , Lyu Cong , Lizana Ludvig , Gilthorpe Jonathan D. , Wang Hailin , Sidoli Simone , Mateus Andre , Lee Dung-Fang , Cantù Claudio , Esteller Manel , Mattevi Andrea , Roman Angel-Carlos , Aguilo Francesca
Published: September 2024

Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1), which demethylates mono- or di- methylated histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me1/2), is essential for early embryogenesis and development. Here we show that LSD1 is dispensable for mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal but is required for mouse ESC growth and differentiation. Reintroduction of a catalytically-impaired LSD1 (LSD1MUT) recovers the proliferation capability of mouse ESCs, yet the enzymatic activity of LSD1 is essential to ensure proper differentiation. Indeed, increased H3K4me1 in Lsd1 knockout (KO) mouse ESCs does not lead to major changes in global gene expression programs related to stemness. However, ablation of LSD1 but not LSD1MUT results in decreased DNMT1 and UHRF1 proteins coupled to global hypomethylation. We show that both LSD1 and LSD1MUT control protein stability of UHRF1 and DNMT1 through interaction with HDAC1 and the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7), consequently, facilitating the deacetylation and deubiquitination of DNMT1 and UHRF1. Our studies elucidate a mechanism by which LSD1 controls DNA methylation in mouse ESCs, independently of its lysine demethylase activity.
Advancing EDGE Zones to identify spatial conservation priorities of tetrapod evolutionary history
Authors: Pipins Sebastian , Baillie Jonathan E. M. , Bowmer Alex , Pollock Laura J. , Owen Nisha , Gumbs Rikki
Published: September 2024

The biodiversity crisis is pruning the Tree of Life in a way that threatens billions of years of evolutionary history and there is a need to understand where the greatest losses are predicted to occur. We therefore present threatened evolutionary history mapped for all tetrapod groups and describe patterns of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species. Using a complementarity procedure with uncertainty incorporated for 33,628 species, we identify 25 priority tetrapod EDGE Zones, which are insufficiently protected and disproportionately exposed to high human pressure. Tetrapod EDGE Zones are spread over five continents, 33 countries, and 117 ecoregions. Together, they occupy 0.723% of the world’s surface but harbour one-third of the world’s threatened evolutionary history and EDGE tetrapod species, half of which is endemic. These EDGE Zones highlight areas of immediate concern for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and communicators looking to safeguard the tetrapod Tree of Life.
An artificial intelligence accelerated virtual screening platform for drug discovery
Authors: Zhou Guangfeng , Rusnac Domnita-Valeria , Park Hahnbeom , Canzani Daniele , Nguyen Hai Minh , Stewart Lance , Bush Matthew F. , Nguyen Phuong Tran , Wulff Heike , Yarov-Yarovoy Vladimir , Zheng Ning , DiMaio Frank
Published: September 2024

Structure-based virtual screening is a key tool in early drug discovery, with growing interest in the screening of multi-billion chemical compound libraries. However, the success of virtual screening crucially depends on the accuracy of the binding pose and binding affinity predicted by computational docking. Here we develop a highly accurate structure-based virtual screen method, RosettaVS, for predicting docking poses and binding affinities. Our approach outperforms other state-of-the-art methods on a wide range of benchmarks, partially due to our ability to model receptor flexibility. We incorporate this into a new open-source artificial intelligence accelerated virtual screening platform for drug discovery. Using this platform, we screen multi-billion compound libraries against two unrelated targets, a ubiquitin ligase target KLHDC2 and the human voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7. For both targets, we discover hit compounds, including seven hits (14% hit rate) to KLHDC2 and four hits (44% hit rate) to NaV1.7, all with single digit micromolar binding affinities. Screening in both cases is completed in less than seven days. Finally, a high resolution X-ray crystallographic structure validates the predicted docking pose for the KLHDC2 ligand complex, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method in lead discovery.
BRCA genetic testing and counseling in breast cancer: how do we meet our patients’ needs?
Authors: Dubsky Peter , Jackisch Christian , Im Seock-Ah , Hunt Kelly K. , Li Chien-Feng , Unger Sheila , Paluch-Shimon Shani
Published: September 2024

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes that have been linked to inherited susceptibility of breast cancer. Germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (gBRCAm) are clinically relevant for treatment selection in breast cancer because they confer sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. BRCA1/2 mutation status may also impact decisions on other systemic therapies, risk-reducing measures, and choice of surgery. Consequently, demand for gBRCAm testing has increased. Several barriers to genetic testing exist, including limited access to testing facilities, trained counselors, and psychosocial support, as well as the financial burden of testing. Here, we describe current implications of gBRCAm testing for patients with breast cancer, summarize current approaches to gBRCAm testing, provide potential solutions to support wider adoption of mainstreaming testing practices, and consider future directions of testing.
DeepMIP-Eocene-p1: multi-model dataset and interactive web application for Eocene climate research
Authors: Steinig Sebastian , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , de Boer Agatha M. , Chan Wing-Le , Donnadieu Yannick , Hutchinson David K. , Knorr Gregor , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Morozova Polina , Niezgodzki Igor , Poulsen Christopher J. , Volodin Evgeny M. , Zhang Zhongshi , Zhu Jiang , Evans David , Inglis Gordon N. , Meckler A. Nele , Lunt Daniel J.
Published: September 2024

Paleoclimate model simulations provide reference data to help interpret the geological record and offer a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of current models under diverse boundary conditions. Here, we present a dataset of 35 climate model simulations of the warm early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; ~ 50 million years ago) and corresponding preindustrial reference experiments. To streamline the use of the data, we apply standardised naming conventions and quality checks across eight modelling groups that have carried out coordinated simulations as part of the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). Gridded model fields can be downloaded from an online repository or accessed through a new web application that provides interactive data exploration. Local model data can be extracted in CSV format or visualised online for streamlined model-data comparisons. Additionally, processing and visualisation code templates may serve as a starting point for advanced analysis. The dataset and online platform aim to simplify accessing and handling complex data, prevent common processing issues, and facilitate the sharing of climate model data across disciplines.
Temporal stability of the rumen microbiome and its longitudinal associations with performance traits in beef cattle
Authors: Lima Joana , Martínez-Álvaro Marina , Mattock Jennifer , Auffret Marc D. , Duthie Carol-Anne , Cleveland Matthew A. , Dewhurst Richard J. , Watson Mick , Roehe Rainer
Published: September 2024

The rumen microbiome is the focus of a growing body of research, mostly based on investigation of rumen fluid samples collected once from each animal. Exploring the temporal stability of rumen microbiome profiles is imperative, as it enables evaluating the reliability of findings obtained through single-timepoint sampling. We explored the temporal stability of rumen microbiomes considering taxonomic and functional aspects across the 7-month growing-finishing phase spanning 6 timepoints. We identified a temporally stable core microbiome, encompassing 515 microbial genera (e.g., Methanobacterium) and 417 microbial KEGG genes (e.g., K00856—adenosine kinase). The temporally stable core microbiome profiles collected from all timepoints were strongly associated with production traits with substantial economic and environmental impact (e.g., average daily gain, daily feed intake, and methane emissions); 515 microbial genera explained 45–83%, and 417 microbial genes explained 44–83% of their phenotypic variation. Microbiome profiles influenced by the bovine genome explained 54–87% of the genetic variation of bovine traits. Overall, our results provide evidence that the temporally stable core microbiome identified can accurately predict host performance traits at phenotypic and genetic level based on a single timepoint sample taken as early as 7 months prior to slaughter.
Biomechanical changes of tree shrew posterior sclera during experimental myopia, after retrobulbar vehicle injections, and crosslinking using genipin
Authors: Bianco Gianfranco , Girkin Christopher A. , Samuels Brian C. , Fazio Massimo A. , Grytz Rafael
Published: September 2024

Myopia is a common ocular condition characterized by biomechanical weakening revealed by increasing creep rate, cyclic softening scleral thinning, change of collagen fibril crimping, and excessive elongation of the posterior sclera resulting in blurred vision. Animal studies support scleral crosslinking as a potential treatment for myopia control by strengthening the weakened sclera and slowing scleral expansion. While multiple studies investigated aspects of the biomechanical weakening and strengthening effects in myopia and after scleral crosslinking, a comprehensive analysis of the underlying mechanical changes including the effect of vehicle injections is still missing. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of biomechanical changes by scleral inflation testing in experimental myopia, after retrobulbar vehicle injections and scleral crosslinking using genipin in tree shrews. Our results suggest that biomechanical weakening in myopia involves an increased creep rate and higher strain levels at which collagen fibers uncrimp. Both weakening effects were reduced after scleral crosslinking using genipin at doses that were effective in slowing myopia progression. Vehicle injections increased mechanical hysteresis and had a small but significant effect on slowing myopia progression. Also, our results support scleral crosslinking as a potential treatment modality that can prevent or counteract scleral weakening effects in myopia. Furthermore, vehicle solutions may cause independent biomechanical effects, which should be considered when developing and evaluating scleral crosslinking procedures.
A Gaussia luciferase reporter assay for the evaluation of coronavirus Nsp5/3CLpro activity
Authors: Vlachou Asimenia , Nchioua Rayhane , Regensburger Kerstin , Kirchhoff Frank , Kmiec Dorota
Published: September 2024

Human coronaviruses (hCoVs) infect millions of people every year. Among these, MERS, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 caused significant morbidity and mortality and their emergence highlights the risk of possible future coronavirus outbreaks. Therefore, broadly-active anti-coronavirus drugs are needed. Pharmacological inhibition of the hCoV protease Nsp5 (3CLpro) is clinically beneficial as shown by the wide and effective use of Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir, ritonavir). However, further treatment options are required due to the risk of drug resistance. To facilitate the assessment of coronavirus protease function and its pharmacological inhibition, we developed an assay allowing rapid and reliable quantification of Nsp5 activity under biosafety level 1 conditions. It is based on an ACE2-Gal4 transcription factor fusion protein separated by a Nsp5 recognition site. Cleavage by Nsp5 releases the Gal4 transcription factor, which then induces the expression of Gaussia luciferase. Our assay is compatible with Nsp5 proteases from all hCoVs and allows simultaneous measurement of inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of the tested compounds. Proof-of-concept measurements confirmed that nirmatrelvir, GC376 and lopinavir inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Nsp5 function. Furthermore, the assay accurately predicted the impact of Nsp5 mutations on catalytic activity and inhibitor sensitivity. Overall, the reporter assay is suitable for evaluating viral protease activity.
Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries
Authors: Bruns Hendrik , Dessart François J. , Krawczyk Michał , Lewandowsky Stephan , Pantazi Myrto , Pennycook Gordon , Schmid Philipp , Smillie Laura
Published: September 2024

Misinformation surrounding crises poses a significant challenge for public institutions. Understanding the relative effectiveness of different types of interventions to counter misinformation, and which segments of the population are most and least receptive to them, is crucial. We conducted a preregistered online experiment involving 5228 participants from Germany, Greece, Ireland, and Poland. Participants were exposed to misinformation on climate change or COVID-19. In addition, they were pre-emptively exposed to a prebunk, warning them of commonly used misleading strategies, before encountering the misinformation, or were exposed to a debunking intervention afterwards. The source of the intervention (i.e. the European Commission) was either revealed or not. The findings show that both interventions change four variables reflecting vulnerability to misinformation in the expected direction in almost all cases, with debunks being slightly more effective than prebunks. Revealing the source of the interventions did not significantly impact their overall effectiveness. One case of undesirable effect heterogeneity was observed: debunks with revealed sources were less effective in decreasing the credibility of misinformation for people with low levels of trust in the European Union (as elicited in a post-experimental questionnaire). While our results mostly suggest that the European Commission, and possibly other public institutions, can confidently debunk and prebunk misinformation regardless of the trust level of the recipients, further evidence on this is needed.
Performance evaluation of indented macro synthetic polypropylene fibers in high strength self-compacting concrete (SCC)
Authors: Yaqin Chen , Haq Saud Ul , Iqbal Shahid , Khan Inamullah , Room Shah , Khan Shaukat Ali
Published: September 2024

Concrete is used worldwide as a construction material in many projects. It exhibits a brittle nature, and fibers' addition to it improves its mechanical properties. Polypropylene (PP) fibers stand out as widely employed fibers in concrete. However, conventional micro-PP fibers pose challenges due to their smooth texture, affecting bonding within concrete and their propensity to clump during mixing due to their thin and soft nature. Addressing these concerns, a novel type of PP fiber is proposed by gluing thin fibers jointly and incorporating surface indentations to enhance mechanical anchorage. This study investigates the incorporation of macro-PP fibers into high-strength concrete, examining its fresh and mechanical properties. Three different concrete strengths 40 MPa, 45 MPa, and 50 MPa, were studied with fiber content of 0–1.5% v/f. ASTM specifications were utilized to test the fresh and mechanical properties, while the RILEM specifications were adopted to test the bond of bar reinforcements in concrete. Test results indicate a decrease in workability, increased air content, and no substantial shift in fresh concrete density. Hardened concrete tests, adding macro-PP fibers, show a significant increase in splitting tensile strength, bond strength, and flexural strength with a maximum increase of 34.5%, 35%, and 100%, respectively. Concrete exhibits strain-hardening behavior with 1% and 1.5% fiber content, and the flexural toughness increases remarkably from 2.2 to 47.1. Thus, macro PP fibers can effectively improve concrete's mechanical properties and resistance against crack initiation and spread.
New insights into lipid and fatty acid metabolism from Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Greig Justin C. , Tipping William J. , Graham Duncan , Faulds Karen , Gould Gwyn W.
Published: September 2024

Raman microscopy can reveal metabolic signatures and heterogeneity at the single cell level.
Piezoelectric PVDF and its copolymers in biomedicine: innovations and applications
Authors: Andrey Vodyashkin , Koshevaya Ekaterina , Mstislav Makeev , Parfait Kezimana
Published: September 2024

In recent years, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has emerged as a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications across various fields.
Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy of the ClSS radical
Authors: Chang Ching-Hua , Tsai Chen-Han , Endo Yasuki
Published: September 2024

The observed spectrum of ClSS showing the fine and hyperfine splittings. Each line splits into two due to the Doppler doubling. ClSS is a member of a series of radicals ClOO, ClSO, and ClSS with the 2A″ ground electronic state.
CRISPR for companion diagnostics in low-resource settings
Authors: Qian Xu , Xu Qiang , Lyon Christopher J. , Hu Tony Y.
Published: September 2024

New point-of-care tests (POCTs), which are especially useful in low-resource settings, are needed to expand screening capacity for diseases that cause significant mortality: tuberculosis, multiple cancers, and emerging infectious diseases.
Self-assembly of DNA G-quadruplex nanowires: a study of the mechanism towards micrometer length
Authors: Fan Yiqi , Li Jiachen , Jiang Min , Zhao Jing , He Lei , Wang Yong , Shao Fangwei
Published: September 2024

The G-quadruplex (GQ) formed by guanine-rich DNA strands exhibits superior thermal stability and electric properties, which have generated substantial interest in applying GQ DNA to bioelectric interfaces.
Size-dependent catalytic activity for CO oxidation over sub-nano-Au clusters
Authors: Wang Yuqi , Xu Haoxiang , Zhu Jiqin , Cheng Daojian
Published: September 2024

Gold (Au) nanocatalysts present outstanding activity for many reactions and have long attracted much attention, but the size effect of sub-nano-clusters on catalytic activity lacks systematic research.
Unlocking nature's antioxidants: a novel method for synthesising plasmalogens
Authors: Tromans Jay , Zhang Bian , Golding Bernard T.
Published: September 2024

A method for synthesising vinyl ethers (>99% Z) is combined with protecting group 1,4-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl for the synthesis of plasmalogens.
Phosphorus- and nitrogen-codoped carbon dots (PN-CDs) catalyze Vis-NIR-light-induced photoATRP
Authors: Feng Mengna , Zhou Mengjie , Zhang Wenjie , Shi Ge , He Yanjie , Qiao Xiaoguang , Pang Xinchang
Published: September 2024

P-doping extended the absorption wavelength of carbon dots (CDs) from the UV-Vis to the NIR region. P-CD-catalyzed NIR-ATRP resulted in a well-controlled polymerization process, as well as temporal control and chain fidelity.
Interface engineering of Co2B–MoO3/MOF heterojunctions with rich cobalt defects for highly enhanced NaBH4 hydrolysis
Authors: Shang Chenxi , Shi Luyan , Zhou Shuqing , Muhammad Sheraz , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Hu Huancheng , Yang Xiulin
Published: September 2024

A self-sacrificial template strategy was designed to synthesize Co2B–MoO3/MOF with rich cobalt defects. The high hydrogen generation rate (6893.1 mL min−1 g−1) stems from the synergy between Co2B and MoO3, coupled with rich Co defects.
(C13N3H14)2MBr4 (M = Zn, Cd): two novel hybrid metal halides with balanced integrated nonlinear optical performance
Authors: Wu Jiajing , Fu Yi-Fan , Liu Wenlong , Guo Sheng-Ping
Published: September 2024

Two new hybrid metal halides (C13N3H14)2MBr4 (M = Zn, Cd) were obtained by three-in-one-strategy, exhibiting comprehensive high-performance NLO properties. Besides, the composition-structure-NLO properties relationship is well studied.
Exploiting decarbonylation and dehydrogenation of formamides for the synthesis of ureas, polyureas, and poly(urea-urethanes)
Authors: Luk James , Goodfellow Alister S. , More Nachiket Deepak , Bühl Michael , Kumar Amit
Published: September 2024

We report here new methods to make non-isocyanates polyureas and poly(urea-urethanes) from diformamides feedstock with the extrusion of H2 and CO.
Re-entrant percolation in active Brownian hard disks
Authors: Evans David , Martín-Roca José , Harmer Nathan J. , Valeriani Chantal , Miller Mark A.
Published: September 2024

Weak activity in active Brownian particles enhances percolation but stronger motility breaks up the clusters. Effective pairwise potentials accurately reproduce the radial distribution functions but the active system has higher-order correlations.
Mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of high-nickel, single-crystal cathodes influencing the cycling stability of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Lee Steven , Lee Dongsoo , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: September 2024

Removing cobalt lowers the electronic conductivity of high-nickel cathodes. A mismatch between electronic and ionic conductivities in the cathode composite leads to reaction inhomogeneity and peculiar cycling behavior in all-solid-state batteries.
Achieving high electrical conductivity, energy storage capacity and cycling stability in ammoniated Mo2TiC2Tx MXenes as an anode for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Liu Jingya , Xu Xin , Wang Hongkang , Wang Peng-Fei , Wu Kai , Cheng Yonghong , Xiao Bing
Published: September 2024

This work demonstrated that ammoniated double-transition metal o-MXenes show superior performances in both Li+ diffusion dynamics and charge transfer kinetics at the electrode–electrolyte interface to carbide double-transition metal o-MXenes.
Na[Mn0.36Ni0.44Ti0.15Fe0.05]O2 predicted via machine learning for high energy Na-ion batteries
Authors: Sekine Saaya , Hosaka Tomooki , Maejima Hayato , Tatara Ryoichi , Nakayama Masanobu , Komaba Shinichi
Published: September 2024

We optimize the composition of transition metal layered oxides for high energy Na-ion batteries using machine learning trained by our experimental data.
Restraining unfavorable phases via reduced spatial hindrance of ultra small-sized molecules to enable high-performance quasi-two-dimensional perovskite solar cells
Authors: Li Dengxue , Rao Shiyu , Hu Biao , Du Canqiang , Hong Jiajie , Hu Xiaotian , Chen Yiwang , Hu Ting
Published: September 2024

A facile approach is proposed by utilizing a series of small molecules with different spatial hindrance to suppress low-n phases and explore the underlying regulatory kinetics mechanisms.
Flexible and antibacterial conductive hydrogels based on silk fibroin/polyaniline/AgNPs for motion sensing and wound healing promotion under electrical stimulation
Authors: Liu Ruiqi , Bi Siwei , Zhang Linna , Li Xiaoyi , Dai Kang , Wang Haibo , Zhang Zhenyu , Gu Jun
Published: September 2024

Flexible conductive hydrogel-based electronic skin (E-skin) for simultaneous biotherapeutics applications and sensing is one of the current research directions.
Potent BODIPY-based photosensitisers for selective mitochondrial dysfunction and effective photodynamic therapy
Authors: Walter Edward R. H. , Leung Peter Kam-Keung , Lee Lawrence Cho-Cheung , Lo Kenneth Kam-Wing , Long Nicholas J.
Published: September 2024

Mitochondria-targeting BODIPY photosensitisers with excellent singlet oxygen generation efficiencies showed potent photocytotoxicity towards cancer cells through inducing reactive oxygen species overproduction and selective mitochondrial dysfunction.
Dynamic monitoring of the light-soaking effect of organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells doped with alkali metal ions
Authors: Wei Qianwen , Zhang Guijun , Liu Guangsheng , Mahmoodi Tahmineh , Li Qi , Lu Junlin , Luo JingJing , Feng Qisong , Wang Juan , Jia Baohua , Yang Yu , Wen Xiaoming
Published: September 2024

This work investigates the light-soaking effects in perovskites using time-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy. Alkali metal ion doping can enhance the photobrightning effect in perovskites by slowing down ion migration.
Electrochemical host–guest interactions in a disordered oligosilyl coordination polymer
Authors: Anayah Rasha I. , Diamond Brian G. , Hendon Christopher H. , Thoi V. Sara
Published: September 2024

A disordered zirconium-oligosilyl coordination polymer exhibits coordination-dependent charge transfer.
Dynamic weighting factor assignment method for the predictive control of electrical drives
Authors: Bándy Kristóf , Stumpf Péter
Published: September 2024

This article presents an innovative approach for real‐time allocation of weighting factor values in model predictive control of electrical drive systems. In the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method, the cost associated with a specific variable is determined based on its corresponding set of predictions. This approach can be employed to optimize weighting factor values for a given system or even enhance performance metrics in comparison to conventional approaches that employ fixed weighting factors. Furthermore, the method determines the optimal value of weighting factors in real‐time with low added calculation complexity. The proposed method is able to provide reliable constant weighting factors for a given working point as well. The practical application of this method is demonstrated through a case study of an LC filter equipped PMSM drive; the system encompasses six independent variables that require regulation. Experimental results utilizing both two and three level voltage source inverters and using various transient and steady‐state situations prove the feasibility of the proposed dynamic weighting factor assignment method.
X-ray reverberation as an explanation for UV/optical variability in nearby Seyferts
Authors: Papoutsis M. , Papadakis I. E. , Panagiotou C. , Dovčiak M. , Kammoun E.
Published: September 2024

Context. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are known to be variable across all wavelengths. Significant observational efforts have been invested in the last decade in studying their ultraviolet (UV) and optical variability. Long and densely sampled, multi-wavelength monitoring campaigns of numerous Seyfert galaxies have been conducted with the aim of determining the X-ray/UV/optical continuum time lags. Time-lag studies can be used to constrain theoretical models. The observed time lags can be explained by thermal reprocessing of the X-rays illuminating the accretion disc (known as the X-ray reverberation model). However, the observed light curves contain more information that can be used to further constrain physical models.

Aims. Our primary objective is to investigate whether, in addition to time lags, the X-ray reverberation model can also explain the UV/optical variability amplitude of nearby Seyferts.

Methods. We measured the excess variance of four sources (namely Mrk 509, NGC 4151, NGC 2617, and Mrk 142) as a function of wavelength using data from archival long, multi-wavelength campaigns with Swift, and ground-based telescopes. We also computed the model excess variance in the case of the X-ray reverberation model by determining the disc’s transfer function and assuming a bending power law for the X-ray power spectrum. We tested the validity of the model by comparing the measured and model variances for a range of accretion rates and X-ray source heights.

Results. Our main result is that the X-ray thermal reverberation model can fit both the continuum, UV/optical time lags, as well as the variance (i.e. the variability amplitude) in these AGNs, for the same physical parameters. Our results suggest that the accretion disc is constant and that all the observed UV/optical variations, on timescales of days and up to a few weeks, can be fully explained by the variable X-rays as they illuminate the accretion disc.