bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary changes of thermal conditions in Poland, 1951-2015
Authors: Owczarek Małgorzata , Filipiak Janusz
Published: June 2016

The main subject of the research whose outcomes are presented in this paper is the spatial and temporal variability of thermal conditions in Poland during the period from 1951 to 2015. The analysis revealed the occurrence of symptoms indicating a systematic and sustained warming. Significant growth is observed in mean and extreme temperatures and their extreme percentiles, as well as in annual number of hot days, warm waves and their duration. In turn, downward trends are noted in series of the annual number of frost days, as well as in the number of cold waves and their duration. The results obtained confirm the thermal pattern determined for the whole region, especially for the southern part of the Baltic Sea basin.
Ground thermal regime on the Kaffiøyra Plain (NW Spitsbergen) in the period from 1 September 2012 to 31 August 2014
Authors: Araźny Andrzej , Przybylak Rajmund , Kejna Marek
Published: June 2016

The article presents the results of ground temperature measurements taken at 1 cm to 100 cm below ground level on the Kaffiøyra Plain (NW Spitsbergen) from 1 September 2012 to 31 August 2014. Observations of thermal conditions were carried out at three sites located in characteristic polar ecotopes: on a beach, in tundra and on a moraine. The results of ground temperature measurements for the Kaffiøyra Plain were compared to the observations of weather conditions at the nearby meteorological station in Ny-Ålesund. The variability of ground temperature was analysed in annual, seasonal and diurnal courses. These reflected the prevailing meteorological conditions at the time. Substantial differences in ground thermal conditions were found between the ecotopes, which was due to the morphological diversity of the ground, its moisture content, vegetation and snow cover, as well as the depth of the permafrost.
Effect of North Atlantic Oscillation on the hydrological conditions of Lake Morskie Oko (Carphatian Mountains)
Authors: Wrzesiński Dariusz , Choiński Adam , Ptak Mariusz
Published: June 2016

The paper presents the effect of North Atlantic Oscillation of macroscale atmospheric circulation (NAO) on the hydrological conditions of Lake Morskie Oko located at an altitude of 1392.8 m a.s.l. in the highest range of the Carpathians. The paper applied detailed hydrometric information from the years 1971-2010 concerning water level fluctuations, water temperature, terms of the commencement and end of ice phenomena and ice cover, as well as meteorological data concerning air temperature and atmospheric precipitation, and monthly and seasonal NAO indices. The performed analysis suggests that the majority of analysed hydrological characteristics of Lake Morskie Oko was not prone to variability of NAO intensity in its various phases. The situation results from the local conditions, particularly responsible for the course of processes and phenomena in Lake Morskie Oko, simultaneously obscuring the effect of macroscale factors.
Der am-Progressiv und parallele am V-en sein-Konstruktionen:
Authors: Flick Johanna
Published: June 2016

The German am progressive (am Arbeiten sein ›to be working‹) is a multi-word unit (at + enclitic definite article + infinitive/verbal noun) expressing progressive meaning. It is the result of a relatively young grammaticalization. This article takes up a constructional perspective and shows that the am progressive must be analyzed as conventionalized pairing of form and meaning and hence as a construction. It will be shown that this partial schematic construction is closely associated with other parallel expressions, i. e. die Stimmung ist am Kochen (›the atmosphere is boiling up‹) or die Verhandlungen sind am Laufen (›the negotiations are being conducted‹) which we can find in contemporary German. While the am progressive takes up its place at the grammatical side of the constructional network, these lexically specified phrases are closer to the lexical pole. The article addresses the question how variable these potential micro constructions are. Since not every verb is equally compatible with the progressive meaning it will additionally be discussed how the verbal semantic affects productivity. In order to empirically attest the variability of the am progressive and its related constructions a corpus study using data from the German Reference Corpus was conducted. By the means of collostructional analyses it will be revealed which verbs are attracted to the am progressive. Furthermore, the data show which kinds of constructions have already been entrenched as new knot in the constructional network.

Ich bedanke mich bei Renata Szczepaniak und Melitta Gillmann für die ausgedehnten und hilfreichen Diskussionen über den am-Progressiv sowie bei Fabian Barteld für die methodische Unterstützung. Mein Dank gilt außerdem den zwei anonymen Gutachtern/Gutachterinnen, die den Aufsatz mit ihrer konstruktiven Kritik bereichert haben.
Alexander, Samson und die Tyrerin
Authors: Marshall Sophie
Published: June 2016

Biblical allusions in the ›Vorauer Alexander‹ are seen as background setting underscoring Alexander’s role in God’s design. This essay will show how these allusions generate paradigmatic structures of equivalence between Alexander and examples from the bible, hence producing contemporaneous effects of similarity and opposition. Regarding Schmid’s theory of non-temporal linking in narration, the analysis of the text brings out a discursive commentary on Alexander. He fails to fit adequately into the equation with Samson. Through the Tyrian woman, a model for reading figurative words in a Christian way, the equivalences give guidance on reading the exchange of symbolic gifts between Darius and Alexander.
The sensing of bacteria: emerging principles for the detection of signal sequences by formyl peptide receptors
Authors: Bufe Bernd , Zufall Frank
Published: June 2016

The ability to detect specific chemical signatures released by bacteria and other microorganisms is a fundamental feature of immune defense against pathogens. There is increasing evidence that chemodetection of such microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) occurs at many places in the body including specific sets of chemosensory neurons in the mammalian nose. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a unique family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can detect the presence of bacteria and function as chemotactic receptors. Here, we highlight the recent discovery of a vast family of natural FPR agonists, the bacterial signal peptides (or signal sequences), thus providing new insight into the molecular mechanisms of bacterial sensing by human and mouse FPRs. Signal peptides in bacteria are formylated, N-terminal protein signatures required for directing the transfer of proteins through the plasma membrane. After their cleavage and release, signal peptides are available for FPR detection and thus provide a previously unrecognized MAMP. With over 170 000 predicted sequences, bacterial signal peptides represent one of the largest families of GPCR ligands and one of the most complex classes of natural activators of the innate immune system. By recognizing a conserved three-dimensional peptide motif, FPRs employ an unusual detection mechanism that combines structural promiscuity with high specificity and sensitivity, thus solving the problem of detecting thousands of distinct sequences yet maintaining selectivity. How signal peptides are released by bacteria and sensed by GPCRs and how these processes shape the responses of other cells and whole organisms represents an important topic for future research.
Lupus anticoagulant testing using two parallel methods detects additional cases and predicts persistent positivity
Authors: Simmons Daimon P. , Herskovits Adrianna Z. , Battinelli Elisabeth M. , Schur Peter H. , Lemire Susan J. , Dorfman David M.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is characterized by laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [e.g. lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (ACL), and/or antiβ2-glycoprotein I (aB2GPI)] in a clinical setting of thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis recommends two different testing modalities to detect LA. To evaluate these recommendations in a clinical setting, our hospital, a tertiary care center with a specialized coagulation laboratory, added the dilute Russell’s viper venom time to be performed in parallel with the PTT-lupus anticoagulant to detect LA.

Methods:

Results of aPL testing were collected on all patients who had LA testing for one year. Chart review was performed to correlate LA results with ACL, aB2GPI, and clinical history.

Results:

Patients who were initially LA positive by both PTT-lupus anticoagulant and dilute Russell’s viper venom time were more likely to be persistently positive. Patients who were positive for ACL and aB2GPI were likely to be positive by both LA methodologies. No single method was absolutely sensitive, as cases of APS were detected by PTTLA only, DRVVT only, and both methods.

Conclusions:

The addition of a second testing method for LA provides additional diagnostic information and may be helpful in stratifying risk of thrombosis.
Geometric accuracy of topographical objects at Polish topographic maps
Authors: Ławniczak Radzym , Kubiak Jarosław
Published: June 2016

The objective of research concerned verifying the accuracy of the location and shape of selected lakes presented on topographical maps from various periods, drawn up on different scales. The area of research covered lakes situated in North-Western Poland on the Międzychód-Sieraków Lakeland. An analysis was performed of vector maps available in both analogue and digital format. The scales of these studies range from 1:50 000 to 1:10 000. The source materials were current for the years 1907 through 2013. The shape and location of lakes have been verified directly by means of field measurements performed using the GPS technology with an accuracy class of RTK. An analysis was performed of the location and shape of five lakes. The analysed water regions were vectorised, and their vector images were used to determine quantitative features: the area and length of the shoreline. Information concerning the analysed lakes obtained from the maps was verified on the basis of direct field measurements performed using a GPS RTK receiver. Use was made of georeferential corrections provided by the NAVGEO service or a virtual reference station generated by the ASG EUPOS system. A compilation of cartographic and field data formed the basis for a comparison of the actual area and the length of the shoreline of the studied lakes. Cartographic analyses made it possible to single out the most reliable cartographic sources, which could be used for the purposes of hydrographical analyses. The course of shorelines shows the attached map.
The Multiplanar Nature of Frequency
Authors: Berg Thomas
Published: June 2016

As reflected by the distinction between types and tokens, frequency is standardly conceived of in a two-dimensional fashion. This conception draws on the linguistic hierarchy in that token frequency is calculated at a higher structural level than type frequency. The fact that the linguistic hierarchy consists of more than two levels raises the possibility of investigating frequency from a multiplanar angle. This approach is illustrated with a three-level analysis of derivational affixes in English, German, and Dutch. The lowest level represents the number of affix types, the intermediate level the number of words of which these affixes are a part, and the highest level the textual frequency of these affixed words. The three languages exhibit significant variation. While English shows a consistent increase, German shows a consistent decrease in the suffix-to-prefix ratios from the lower to the higher levels. Dutch is inconsistent in displaying an increase from the lowest to the intermediate level but a decrease from the intermediate to the highest level. A good part of the explanation for this difference lies in the disparate role of prefixing in the three languages. The multiplanar approach provides novel perspectives on a number of issues such as the locus of linguistic change. Preliminary evidence suggests that the loss of a lower-level unit may be accompanied by “collateral damage” at the higher level.
Classification of Serbian texts based on lexical characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: Zörnig Peter , Kelih Emmerich , Fuks Ladislav
Published: June 2016

We study lexical properties of different Serbian text types (poems, rock songs, different kinds of spoken language, prose, scientific and journalistic texts). We investigate characteristics and text parameters based on the frequency of word forms (relative frequencies, repeat rate,
Fibroblast growth factor 21 – a key player in cardiovascular disorders?
Authors: Lenart-Lipińska Monika , Duma Dariusz , Hałabiś Magdalena , Dziedzic Marcin , Solski Janusz
Published: June 2016

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a newly discovered adipokine, synthesized by several organs, mostly by the liver, which was introduced as a potent metabolic regulator and insulin-sensitizing factor. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that FGF21 improves glucose and lipids metabolism and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, data obtained from human studies have shown contradictory results, in which circulating FGF21 levels were often elevated in obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes (DM2) and other conditions connected with insulin resistance. This increase in basal FGF21 concentrations observed in patients with obesity and other conditions related to insulin resistance was being explained as a compensatory response to the underlying metabolic disturbances or tissue resistance to FGF21 action. Furthermore, the results of clinical trials have shown that increased FGF21 concentrations were associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk and had a prognostic value in CV outcomes. In recent years, it has been reported that FGF21 may exert cardioprotective effects. This mini-review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about the role of FGF21 in CV disorders, and discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-atherogenic properties of this compound.
Behavior of Beam-to-Column Connections with Angles. Part 2-Numerical Analysis
Authors: Ghindea M. , Cătărig A. , Ballok R.
Published: June 2016

Based on the results of experimental tests, presented in the first part of this paper, Part 1-Experimental Investigations (Ghindea M., Catarig A., Ballok R.) advanced numerical simulations were performed using FEM based software Abaqus. The recently arise of high speed computers and advanced FEM software packages allow to create and solve extensively detailed 3D models. The aim of this second part of the paper is to develop accurate FEM models for better approach of the studied beam-to-column connections. The paper presents the designed numerical models and the results for four bolted beam-to-column connections using top-and-seat and/or web angle cleats, in different configurations. The objective of this paper is to achieve functional numerical models which, by faithfully running, reproduce the experimental results. Thus, calibrating the numerical results with the experimental ones it can be perform then parametric studies, achieving reliable results for similar configurations of joints. The results obtained after numerical simulations were compared with experimental data. The behavior moment-rotation curve and the deformation process of the experimental captured specimens were virtually reproduced with minimum deviation.
Steady-State Three - Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer for Thermal Bridges Assessment
Authors: Brata Silviana , Maduta Carmen , Pescari S.
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a study on using the steady-state three-dimensional heat transfer software HEAT3 for evaluating the heat flow of heat transfer through different elements of the building envelope in order to establish the linear thermal transmittance of the linear thermal bridge. The linear thermal transmittance is obtained according to the one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer calculation formula for the plane walls using the heat flow values obtained through the method specified above. The results presented in this paper are part of a wider study on evaluating the heat transfer through building’s envelope elements by evaluating as accurate as possible the thermal bridges effect of the most common building structures. As a case study, it was considered the steady-state heat transfer through an opaque outer wall of a building considering the thermal bridges for the following elements: outer walls intersection, inner and outer wall intersection and outer wall with intermediate floor intersection.
Geometric Non-Linear Approach to Stiffness State of Semi–Rigid Structures
Authors: Corina Moldovan
Published: June 2016

Present contribution intends to emphasize the contribution of geometric non-linearity to the stiffness state of semi-rigid multi–storey steel structures. Though semi-rigidity of beam – column connections involves a nonlinearity at constitutive bending momentrelative rotation level, the geometric nonlinearity associated to deformed conFigure uration at element level is less referred to. The main objective of the study is to express the stiffness state of geometric non-linear elements semi-rigidly connected at its ends. Stiffness state is, in its term, expressed by element level stiffness matrix considering the six degrees of freedom of the planar element. Regarding the reference system, both local and global systems are employed allowing a simple and direct transition from element level vectorial relations to their structural level forms. The three fundamental vectorial relations (static equilibrium, kinematic compatibility, material constitutivity) emphasize that the principle of virtual work holds in the case of semi-rigidly connected skeletal structures as well.
Noun classes and grammatical gender in Wolof
Authors: Babou Cheikh Anta , Loporcaro Michele
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we propose a reassessment of Wolof noun morphology and morphosyntax. Wolof is usually said to possess a total of 10 noun classes (8 for the singular, 2 for the plural), marked today exclusively on agreement targets. We provide evidence that two more plural noun classes must be recognized, which have so far been misinterpreted as “collective” rather than plural: the evidence we provide is morphosyntactic (from verb agreement) as well as morphological (from class-related asymmetries in the paradigm of the indefinite article). As for method, the main thrust of the paper consists in showing that an accurate analysis of the Wolof data must make use of the three distinct notions “noun class”, “inflectional class” and “agreement class” (or gender). Under the analysis defended here, Wolof turns out to have a fairly complex gender system, featuring 17 distinct gender values. Our analysis – and especially the discussion of Wolof so-called “collectives” – also bears on the general theoretical issue of how to establish the values of the number category.
Discourse functions of focus marking in Avatime
Authors: van Putten Saskia
Published: June 2016

Avatime is a Kwa language spoken in Ghana.
Properties of Symmetric Boolean functions
Authors: Haviarová L. , Toman E.
Published: June 2016

In the present paper we consider symmetric Boolean functions with special property. We study properties of the maximal intervals of these functions. Later we show characteristics of corresponding interval graphs and simplified interval graphs. Specifically we prove, that these two graphs are isomorphic for symmetric Boolean function. Then we obtain the vertex degree of these graphs. We discuss also disjunctive normal forms.
Estimating the parameters of lifetime distributions under progressively Type-II censoring from fuzzy data
Authors: Khoolenjani N. B. , Chatrabgoun O.
Published: June 2016

The problem of estimating lifetime distribution parameters under progressively Type-II censoring originated in the context of reliability. But traditionally it is assumed that the available data from this censoring scheme are performed in exact numbers. However, some collected lifetime data might be imprecise and are represented in the form of fuzzy numbers. Thus, it is necessary to generalize classical statistical estimation methods for real numbers to fuzzy numbers. This paper deals with the estimation of lifetime distribution parameters under progressively Type-II censoring scheme when the lifetime observations are reported by means of fuzzy numbers. A new method is proposed to determine the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of interest. The methodology is illustrated with two popular models in lifetime analysis, the Rayleigh and Lognormal lifetime distributions.
A Novel Quadrature Signal Estimation Method for a Planar Capacitive Incremental Displacement Sensor
Authors: Yu Jian-Ping , Wang Wen , Li Xin , Zhou Zhao-Zhong
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a novel phase-shift arctangent (PSA) interpolation method to improve the measurement accuracy of a planar capacitive incremental displacement sensor. Signals of planar capacitive micro-sensors acquire waveform errors, including sensitivity differences and phase-shift errors, because of static errors and dynamic disturbances. In the proposed PSA scheme, such errors are removed completely by loading a particular arctangent function. Moreover, measuring efficiency of the proposed planar capacitive sensors is improved by combining coarse measurement and fine estimation. Experiments show unanimous results to model-based fitting. When electrode length is four times the gap distance, applying the PSA interpolation method decreases waveform errors from more than 4 % to 1.72 %.
A Feature Extraction Method for Vibration Signal of Bearing Incipient Degradation
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Ouyang Huajiang , Gao Hongli , Guo Liang , Li Dan , Wen Juan
Published: June 2016

Detection of incipient degradation demands extracting sensitive features accurately when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is very poor, which appears in most industrial environments. Vibration signals of rolling bearings are widely used for bearing fault diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a feature extraction method that combines Blind Source Separation (BSS) and Spectral Kurtosis (SK) to separate independent noise sources. Normal, and incipient fault signals from vibration tests of rolling bearings are processed. We studied 16 groups of vibration signals (which all display an increase in kurtosis) of incipient degradation after they are processed by a BSS filter. Compared with conventional kurtosis, theoretical studies of SK trends show that the SK levels vary with frequencies and some experimental studies show that SK trends of measured vibration signals of bearings vary with the amount and level of impulses in both vibration and noise signals due to bearing faults. It is found that the peak values of SK increase when vibration signals of incipient faults are processed by a BSS filter. This pre-processing by a BSS filter makes SK more sensitive to impulses caused by performance degradation of bearings.
Transient Infrared Measurement of Laser Absorption Properties of Porous Materials
Authors: Marynowicz Andrzej
Published: June 2016

The infrared thermography measurements of porous building materials have become more frequent in recent years. Many accompanying techniques for the thermal field generation have been developed, including one based on laser radiation. This work presents a simple optimization technique for estimation of the laser beam absorption for selected porous building materials, namely clinker brick and cement mortar. The transient temperature measurements were performed with the use of infrared camera during laser-induced heating-up of the samples’ surfaces. As the results, the absorbed fractions of the incident laser beam together with its shape parameter are reported.
Development of a Wearable Sensor System for Dynamically Mapping the Behavior of an Energy Storing and Returning Prosthetic Foot
Authors: Hawkins James , Noroozi Siamak , Dupac Mihai , Sewell Philip
Published: June 2016

It has been recognized that that the design and prescription of Energy Storing and Returning prosthetic running feet are not well understood and that further information on their performance would be beneficial to increase this understanding. Dynamic analysis of an amputee wearing a prosthetic foot is typically performed using reflective markers and motion-capture systems. High-speed cameras and force plates are used to collect data of a few strides. This requires specialized and expensive equipment in an unrepresentative environment within a large area. Inertial Measurement Units are also capable of being used as wearable sensors but suffer from drift issues. This paper presents the development of a wearable sensing system that records the action of an Energy Storing and Returning prosthetic running foot (sagittal plane displacement and ground contact position) which could have research and/or clinical applications. This is achieved using five standalone pieces of apparatus including foot-mounted pressure sensors and a rotary vario-resistive displacement transducer. It is demonstrated, through the collection of profiles for both foot deflection and ground contact point over the duration of a stride, that the system can be attached to an amputee’s prosthesis and used in a non-laboratory environment. It was found from the system that the prosthetic ground contact point, for the amputee tested, progresses along the effective metatarsal portion of the prosthetic foot towards the distal end of the prosthesis over the duration of the stride. Further investigation of the effective stiffness changes of the foot due to the progression of the contact point is warranted.
Crystal structure of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, C13H10N2OS
Authors: El-Hiti Gamal A. , Smith Keith , Hegazy Amany S. , Alanazi Saud A. , Kariuki Benson M.
Published: June 2016

C13H10N2OS, monoclinic, P21/c (no 14), a = 14.182(3) Å, b = 5.9674(6) Å, c = 26.683(4) Å, β = 101.162(17)°, V = 2215.4(6) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt
(F) = 0.0634, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.1514, T = 150 K.
The Social Media Experiences of Long-term Patients: Illness, Identity, and Participation
Authors: Ytre-Arne Brita
Published: June 2016

The present article investigates the meanings of social media use for long-term patients, focusing on a group of Norwegian bloggers diagnosed with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). This severe illness can confine patients to their homes for long periods of time, drastically reducing possibilities to participate on most social arenas and leaving Internet use as a rare opportunity for connection with the outside world. A qualitative analysis of interviews with ME bloggers investigates the meanings of social media use in this particular situation. Drawing on perspectives from research on patients’ Internet use, this phenomenon is analysed as management of identity narratives in the face of illness. However, the article further argues that the concept of participation provides a relevant supplementary perspective that highlights the societal and political relevance of these practices.
Materialist Perspectives on Digital Technologies
Authors: Pötzsch Holger
Published: June 2016

The present article brings critical media research and science and technology studies (STS) into dialogue with approaches to digital literacy and digital competencies in educational contexts. In particular, it focuses on material aspects of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as technical infrastructure, economic conditions, ecological consequences, and code-based as well as embodied forms of impact, and argues that digital applications and devices have ambiguous and often contradictory affordances and effects that need to be addressed in academic literature and pedagogical practice. The main objective is to inform on-going debates on the nature and content of digital literacy and digital competence from a critical materialist vantage point, and to facilitate learning and teaching about, rather than with, digital technologies by highlighting salient issue areas in need of continued critical attention.
Data Journalists Using Facebook
Authors: Appelgren Ester
Published: June 2016

On Facebook there are interest groups created by journalists, for journalists, that focus on the journalistic profession and work methods. One example is the Swedish group, “Datajournalistik” (in English, “Data Journalism”), which was created in 2012. This article builds on Granovetter’s theory on the strength of weak ties and is focused on the skill development process taking place in the group. A content analysis has been carried out of all posts that received comments in order to explore the social functions of the group. The results indicate both a significant need for knowledge exchange and a need for self-affirmation. At the time of the study, the group was unique in the Nordic countries and as such has played a major role in data journalism’s development process in the Nordic region.
High Stakes
Authors: Carlsen Benedicte , Riese Hanne
Published: June 2016

Researchers are key sources of an increasing amount of research news in the media. Hitherto, the meagre empirical literature on researchers’ media performances has been divided in two strands: one indicating that researchers are generally motivated to report their research in the media, and the other paradoxically reporting negative experiences of and conflict with journalists. The aim of the present study was to explore Norwegian researchers’ motivations for participating in and experiences of journalistic interviews. We find that researchers’ main reason for seeking media coverage is that they want their findings to be of use to society. This makes it essential to avoid errors or misleading framing of the news report. Despite strong motivations to do so, the researchers experience that communicating through the media is stressful and that their motivations for seeking media attention are in conflict with the motives of some research journalists. The study reveals a link between researchers´ motivation for seeking media coverage and their experiences of conflict with journalists.
Application of nanoparticles to reverse multi-drug resistance in cancer
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhang Haijun , Chen Baoan
Published: June 2016

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) poses a large obstacle to various human malignancies. For a long period, combination of multiple therapeutic agents has been the conventional method used to reverse MDR in cancer. However, it is still not an effective method as rather than cancer its serious side effects causes patient’s death. Nanoparticles (NPs) are emerging as a class of therapeutics for cancer, including overcoming MDR. In the present review, we focus on the application of NPs to reverse MDR in cancer. Several kinds of NPs developed for the reversal of MDR are summarized. In addition, investigations in vitro and in vivo are also shown to highlight the advancement in the application of NPs to reverse MDR.
Progress in stellarator research at IPP-Kharkov
Authors: Moiseenko Vladimir E. , Lozin Oleksiy V. , Shapoval Anatoliy M. , Dreval Mykola B. , Kulyk Yuliya S. , Mironov Yuri K. , Romanov Vladyslav S. , Pashnev Valeriy K. , Sorokovoy Eduard L. , Petrushenya Andriy A. , Ozherel’ev Fedir I. , Kozulya Mykhailo M. , Konovalov Volodymyr G. , Maznichenko Sergiy M. , Garkusha Igor E.
Published: June 2016

A new antenna of ‘crankshaft’ type has been installed in the Uragan-2M device in order to increase the plasma density and heating below the ion cyclotron frequency. Antenna operation is modelled by 1D code, which solves boundary problem for time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations in radially non-uniform plasma cylinder. In recent experiments with this antenna, the SXR, CV, OV and OII emission measurements indicate that the light impurity radiation barrier is overcame at this device. Plasma with a temperature of ~50 eV exists during a short period of a few milliseconds. Then the radiation collapse comes owing to strong influx of impurities to the plasma column. A new magnetic diagnostics has been installed at Uragan-3M. Using it the poloidal magnetic field is measured and the shift of toroidal current in major radius is registered. A miniature pinhole camera array for spatially and temporally resolved measurements of soft X-ray (SXR) plasma emission has been recently installed on the U-3M. Different shapes of the SXR emission profile has been observed in different discharge conditions.
Ambient fields generated by a laser spark
Authors: Rohlena Karel , Mašek Martin
Published: June 2016

The electric and magnetic fields surrounding a laser spark formed after an optical breakdown due to a focused nanosecond laser beam in a gaseous environment are examined in order to assess their possible influence on the processes going on in the gas medium, mainly chemical reactions triggered by the spark plasma radiation. The magnetic field is generated by the standard mechanism of crossed electron density and temperature gradients, the electric field is supposed to be produced by the plasma polarization due to its radial expansion across the self-generated magnetic field. A simple model of spark plasma formation near the tip of the focal cone is assumed, with a delayed breakdown, which allows the focused laser light to sweep the whole volume of the forming spark right down to the focal caustic and thus to form a centimeter long plasma cone. In this conical geometry, the value of plasma electric dipole moment is evaluated as a measurable quantity as well as approximate values of the electric and magnetic field near the focal caustic, where they both tend to grow in magnitude.
Experiments and simulations on the possibility of radiative contraction/collapse in the PF-1000 plasma focus
Authors: Akel Mohamad , Cikhardt Jakub , Kubes Pavel , Kunze Hans-Joachim , Lee Sing , Paduch Marian , Saw Sor Heoh
Published: June 2016

Experimental studies of discharges in the plasma focus facility with neon filling and respective numerical simulations employing the radiative Lee code are reported. The pinch currents exceed the Pease-Braginskii current, which indicates that radiative losses are larger than heating and that contraction of the formed plasma should occur. Both of these effects were indeed observed. Parallel numerical simulations were crucial for the identification of such an effect.
Modelling of new generation plasma optical devices
Authors: Litovko Irina V. , Goncharov Alexy A. , Dobrovolskiy Andrew N. , Naiko Lily V. , Naiko Irina V.
Published: June 2016

The paper presents new generation plasma optical devices based on the electrostatic plasma lens configuration that opens a novel attractive possibility for effective high-tech practical applications. Original approaches to use of plasma accelerators with closed electron drift and open walls for the creation of a cost-effective low-maintenance plasma lens with positive space charge and possible application for low-cost, low-energy rocket engine are described. The preliminary experimental, theoretical and simulation results are presented. It is noted that the presented plasma devices are attractive for many different applications in the state-of-the-art vacuum-plasma processing.
Tricholoma ustaloides (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Poland
Authors: Halama Marek , Ważny Rafał , Czosnykowska-Łukacka Matylda , Dobosz Tadeusz
Published: June 2016

The current distribution of Tricholoma ustaloides Romagn. in Poland is presented, based on literature data and the results of mycological investigations in oak-hornbeam forest associations in the Kotlina Raciborska basin. The paper reports the morphology of the discovered basidiomata, the habitat where they were found, and ITS sequence data for the specimens, and briefly discusses similar species and the ecology of the presented fungus. The location given in the paper is currently the only known station of T. ustaloides in Poland. The importance of secondary habitats for survival of this taxon is stressed.
A new species of Stellilabium (Orchidaceae) from southern Colombia
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Trejo Ramiro Medina
Published: June 2016

A new species of Stellilabium Schltr. is described and illustrated based on Colombian material. The novelty is distinguished from the similar S. pogonostalix (Rchb. f.) Garay & Dunst. and S. alticola Dodson & Escobar by its ovate lip, which is broadest near the middle. An identification key for the Colombian Stellilabium species is provided.
Anthoporia, a new genus in the Polyporales (Agaricomycetes)
Authors: Karasiński Dariusz , Niemelä Tuomo
Published: June 2016

A new genus, Anthoporia Karasiński & Niemelä, is proposed for the brown-rot polypore Polyporus albobrunneus Romell [= Antrodia albobrunnea (Romell) Ryvarden]. The new genus is separated from Antrodia P. Karst. s.str. in several morphological features, and it is only distantly related to Antrodia serpens (Fr.) P. Karst. (generic type of Antrodia) in recently published phylogenies. Additionally, Anthoporia albobrunnea (Romell) Karasiński & Niemelä is described and illustrated based on material collected in Białowieża National Park in northeastern Poland.
Honeydew Moth Cryptoblabes gnidiella (MILLIÈRE, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): an adventive species frequently imported with fruit to Poland
Authors: Dawidowicz Łukasz , Rozwałka Robert
Published: June 2016

Cryptoblabes gnidiella is an opportunistic species native to the Mediterranean region. This species has been reported from several dozen host plants, including many cultivated plants, especially fruit (e.g. grapes, lemons or pomegranates). It is considered a serious pest together with accompanying insects such as mealybugs. It is also suspected of being a vector of certain pathogens. The Honeydew Moth constitutes a threat not only to crops in the Mediterranean basin but is also becoming a problem in other parts of the world with a suitable climate, where this species has been accidentally imported. The records given here are from the time of year when pomegranates are commonly available on supermarket shelves. These data show that the import of this species is quite common and that the lack of such information hitherto may be due to its having been overlooked. This paper presents the first records of Cryptoblabes gnidiella in Poland.
Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from the Fiji Islands, part 2
Authors: Razowski Józef
Published: June 2016

Forty-seven species are discussed. One new genus (Daedaluncus gen. n.) and 15 new species (Adoxophyes vitilevu sp. n., Adoxophyes niuwudi sp. n., Atriscripta strigana sp. n., Helictophanes saccifera sp. n., Loboschiza oxybela sp. n., Epinotia prepuncus sp. n., Daedaluncus fijiensis sp. n., Coenobiodes vitiae sp. n., Tritopterna rakiraki sp. n., Spilosoma oligospina sp. n., Strepsicrates rotundata sp. n., Eccoptocera platamon sp. n., Herpystis sunia sp. n., Herpystis spinoa sp. n., Cryptophlebia ferrugulla sp. n.) are described and illustrated.
Rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina (LINNAEUS, 1758) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) as a host of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps bassiana LI, LI, HUANG & FAN, 2001 (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)
Authors: Bartnik Czesław , Michalcewicz Jakub , Kubiński Radosław
Published: June 2016

The paper describes, for the first time, the occurrence of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps bassiana (anamorph: Beauveria bassiana) on the imago of the endangered beetle Rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina from the Low Beskid Mountains (the Carpathians, SE Poland). Furthermore, an isolate of the saprotrophic fungus Hypoxylon fragiforme was obtained as a result of laboratory tests on R. alpina specimens. Relationships between the identified fungi and R. alpina are discussed.
The Effect of Concurrent Visual Feedback on Controlling Swimming Speed
Authors: Szczepan Stefan , Zatoń Krystyna , Klarowicz Andrzej
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Developing the ability to control the speed of swimming is an important part of swimming training. Maintaining a defined constant speed makes it possible for the athlete to swim economically at a low physiological cost. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concurrent visual feedback transmitted by the Leader device on the control of swimming speed in a single exercise test. Material and methods. The study involved a group of expert swimmers (n = 20). Prior to the experiment, the race time for the 100 m distance was determined for each of the participants. In the experiment, the participants swam the distance of 100 m without feedback and with visual feedback. In both variants, the task of the participants was to swim the test distance in a time as close as possible to the time designated prior to the experiment. In the first version of the experiment (without feedback), the participants swam the test distance without receiving real-time feedback on their swimming speed. In the second version (with visual feedback), the participants followed a beam of light moving across the bottom of the swimming pool, generated by the Leader device. Results. During swimming with visual feedback, the 100 m race time was significantly closer to the time designated. The difference between the pre-determined time and the time obtained was significantly statistically lower during swimming with visual feedback (p = 0.00002). Conclusions. Concurrently transmitting visual feedback to athletes improves their control of swimming speed. The Leader device has proven useful in controlling swimming speed.
The Development of the Sports Careers of the Best Decathletes in the World and in Poland in the Years 1985–2015
Authors: Dziadek Bartosz , Iskra Janusz , Przednowek Krzysztof
Published: June 2016

Introduction. The main goal of the study was to examine the changes in the scores achieved by a group of the best decathletes in Poland and in the world over the duration of their entire sports careers. Material and methods. The study examined the careers of 25 top decathletes in Poland and 25 top decathletes in the world who achieved their best scores in the decathlon in the years 1985-2015. Changes in their performance were analysed using three research protocols, which explored the relationships between the decathletes’ performance and their age, the number of years of training completed, and the number of years elapsed before and after the decathletes achieved their personal best scores. In order to analyse the data, some basic descriptive statistics, performed segmented regression, and computed fixed-base and chain indices were calculated. Conclusions. The findings of the current study indicate that decathletes achieve the best outcomes between the ages of 25 and 30. Furthermore, it was found that the time when the personal best scores were attained was preceded by the greatest increases in the level of performance and followed by the largest decreases in performance. Determining the way performance outcomes change in particular years of the career of a decathlete can help manage their training in different phases of their career more effectively.
Possibilities of Implementing Traditional Polish Games and Play in the Process of Physical Education According to Pe Teachers
Authors: Cieśliński Igor , Chaliburda Ireneusz
Published: June 2016

Introduction. Physical education programmes are primarily based upon sports that originated in the Western European tradition. Implementing indigenous traditions such as traditional Polish games and play is an excellent opportunity to make those programmes more modern and attractive. In order to make use of the value and potential of these activities, it is necessary to introduce them into the programmes of Polish schools. This study sought to show the chances of traditional Polish forms of activity becoming a permanent part of physical education lessons and make present and future PE teachers aware of the fact that such forms of activity exist. Material and methods. The study included 125 PE teachers (62 females and 63 males) from randomly selected schools in eastern Poland. It was carried out with the use of a diagnostic survey, which included an original questionnaire designed by the author consisting of questions regarding the subjects’ knowledge of traditional Polish games and play, their place and role in national culture, as well as the possibility of using them in physical education. Correspondence analysis was employed to examine the data. Results. The research revealed that the participants of the study were relatively poorly prepared to be promoters and continuers of traditional Polish games, play, and sports. This mainly stemmed from the fact that they were hardly aware of the role of those forms of activities in the process of physical education and had little knowledge of traditional forms of physical activity that originate in indigenous culture. Conclusions. The teachers examined are insufficiently prepared to introduce traditional Polish games, play, and sports into the process of physical education. It is necessary to broaden the programme and educational offerings in the field of national heritage regarding traditional forms of physical activity that come from national cultures.
Pulverization of end-of-life tires by ultra-high pressure water jet process
Authors: Wang Zefeng , Kang Yong , Wang Zhao
Published: June 2016

Crumb rubber (CR), as a final product from end-of-life tires through size reduction process, has proved an appropriate end product for accumulated discard waste tires all around the world. Unlike pre-existing pulverization methods, such as ambient or cryogenic grinding and solid-state shear extrusion, an entire cool pulverization process utilizing ultra-high pressure water jet (UHPWJ) was proposed in this paper. Pulverization experiments under various processing parameters were designed and conducted. The particle size distributions of produced CR were obtained using laser particle analyzer. Microscopic morphologies of CR and rubber fracture surface were observed under scanning electron microscopy. The crosslink density and gel fraction of produced CR were experimentally determined. Influence of four main processing parameters as pump pressure, transverse velocity, standoff distance and impacting angle was discussed in detail, and the most suitable processing parameters were recommended. The results show that the particle size distribution of produced CR with UHPWJ is between 45 μm and 200 μm, and the surface of CR is coarse and porous. High compressive shear effect and erosion are the main mechanisms in UHPWJ pulverization. Besides, the produced CR has already been partly devulcanized after UHPWJ pulverization, and polymer degradation occurred in the meanwhile.