bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital security vulnerabilities and threats implications for financial institutions deploying digital technology platforms and application: FMEA and FTOPSIS analysis
Authors: Edu Abeeku Sam , Agoyi Mary , Agozie Divine
Published: August 2021

Digital disruptions have led to the integration of applications, platforms, and infrastructure. They assist in business operations, promoting open digital collaborations, and perhaps even the integration of the Internet of Things (IoTs), Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing to support data sourcing, data analytics, and storage synchronously on a single platform. Notwithstanding the benefits derived from digital technology integration (including IoTs, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing), digital vulnerabilities and threats have become a more significant concern for users. We addressed these challenges from an information systems perspective and have noted that more research is needed identifying potential vulnerabilities and threats affecting the integration of IoTs, BDA and CC for data management. We conducted a step-by-step analysis of the potential vulnerabilities and threats affecting the integration of IoTs, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing for data management. We combined multi-dimensional analysis, Failure Mode Effect Analysis, and Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity for Ideal Solution to evaluate and rank the potential vulnerabilities and threats. We surveyed 234 security experts from the banking industry with adequate knowledge in IoTs, Big Data Analytics, and Cloud Computing. Based on the closeness of the coefficients, we determined that insufficient use of backup electric generators, firewall protection failures, and no information security audits are high-ranking vulnerabilities and threats affecting integration. This study is an extension of discussions on the integration of digital applications and platforms for data management and the pervasive vulnerabilities and threats arising from that. A detailed review and classification of these threats and vulnerabilities are vital for sustaining businesses’ digital integration.
The decline and likely loss of a population of the Northern Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus tridactylus in Tyagarah Nature Reserve on the New South Wales Far North Coast
Authors: Milledge David , Graham Norman , Smith Jill
Published: August 2021

A population of the Northern Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus tridactylus in Tyagarah Nature Reserve on the far north coast of New South Wales was first recorded in 1985. In 1992, a cage-trapping study captured 15 individuals in the central section of the reserve and the population was estimated at 80–90 individuals at that time. A subsequent cage-trapping study in 2004 captured four individuals in the southern section of the reserve, but further cage- and camera-trapping surveys in 2009 and 2012 failed to detect any individuals. Additional camera-trapping surveys between 2012 and 2015 and more intensive surveys between 2015 and 2016 also failed to detect any individuals. The lack of detections from targeted surveys over seven years between 2009 and 2016 suggests that the Tyagarah population of the subspecies has been lost. Reasons for this loss are unclear but may be due to a combination of factors including isolation of the reserve by urban development and highway upgrades, a lack of fire for 40 years, competition for food with the local population of the Australian Brush-turkey Alectura lathami, prolonged drought and possibly, predation by the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and non-target effects of predator control programs.
Effect of Extrusion and Steam Pressure on Fiber and Nutritional Properties of Pineapple Peels
Authors: Ishak Zuwariah , Bakri Noor Fadilah Mohd , Maarof Syahida , Hassan Hadijah , Razali Rodhiah , Hashim Mohd Fakhri
Published: August 2021

Research finding on modification of pineapple peel through extrusion and steam pressure have led to increasing fiber and nutritional properties of the pineapple powder. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of extrusion processing and steam pressure on soluble and insoluble fiber contents, antioxidant activities, sugar profile and proximate contents. The extrusion of Morris pineapple peel increased soluble dietary fiber (SDF-2.8 folds), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF-1.2 folds) and total dietary fiber (TDF-1.3 folds). Steam pressure treatment also show the same trends of fiber modification in Morris peel (SDF-3.4 folds, IDF-1 folds, TDF-1.2 folds). The sugar profile showed that fructose and glucose increased after fiber modification. Total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH test) had been used to determine antioxidant activity in both processing method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that protein, crude fiber and moisture content affected by extrusion and steam pressure process of pineapple peel. It can be conclude that modification of fiber through extrusion and steam pressure is able to alter fiber and nutritional properties of pineapple peel.
Amino Acid Profile and Vitamin C Content of Selected Condiments Used as Thickeners in Soup Preparation
Authors: Zubairu Lawal Halima , Chima Madu Paschal , Daniel Opaluwa Obaje , Yahaya Mohammed,
Published: August 2021

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the amino acid profile and determine the vitamin C content of the condiments named Detarium microcarpum (DM), Cissus populnea (CP), Grewia mollis (GW) and Parkia biglobosa (PB).

Study Design: The condiments obtained from Gwagwa market, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja were used for this study to analyze and determine the amino acid profile and vitamin C content.

Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Abuja, Nigeria at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development [NIPRD], from February 2020 to September 2020.

Methodology: The amino acid profile of the condiments was analyzed using methods described by (Maria et al., 2004). The samples were dried to constant weight, defatted, hydrolyzed, evaporated in a rotary evaporator and loaded into the Applied Biosystems PTH Amino Acid Analyzer while the Ascorbic acid content of the condiments was determined by titration method.

Result: The result indicated that non- essential amino acids are higher in concentration in all the samples (PB - 33.77, DM - 27.51, GM - 18.21 and CO - 25.86) compared to the essential amino acids (PB -27.16, DM - 19.46, GM - 1 6.47 and CO - 22.38) and semi-essential amino acid (PB - 22.22, DM - 16.59, GM - 9.64, CO - 14.01). Among the essential amino acids, leucine is the predominant acid, while glutamic, aspartic acids were found to be the major non-essential amino acids in the samples. High concentrations of aspartic acid, glutamic acid valine, alanine and leucine predominate in all the samples analyzed. The sample Parkia biglobosa has the highest concentration of vitamin C with 0.3 mg/L followed by Detarium Microcarpum 0.18 mg/L, Grewia Mollis 0.12 mg/L and Cissus populnea 0.11 mg/L.

Conclusion: Results indicate that these condiments contained amino acids in appropriate quantities that can serve as supplementary potential sources of essential amino acids to man and appreciable amount of vitamin C.
Assessing the Attitude of Farmers towards Improved Fodder Production Technologies in Jhansi District of Bundelkhand Region
Authors: Singh Pragya , Verma Arjun Prasad , Gupta Gaurendra , Chand Khem
Published: August 2021

The present study was carried out in 2020 with the aim of assessing farmer's attitude towards improved fodder production technology in Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region. An ex post Facto research design was used in the present study. Three villages from Babina block were selected purposively for investigation of farmer’s attitude towards various fodder based technological intervention. From each village, 20 farmers were purposively selected. Thus, a total of 60 farmers were selected for the present study. The results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged in middle age category (58.33%), more than one third had middle class education (36.67%), medium family size (53.34%), semi-medium land holding (41.67%), percentage of the respondents involved in dairy+crop farming (100%), medium herd size (53.33%), medium experience in dairy farming (51.67%) and medium annual income i.e. Rupees 155000 to 350000 (53.34%). The results revealed that majority of the participants who had high, moderate and low attitude towards improved fodder production technologies were 16.67, 23.33 and 15.00% respectively. It was concluded that, there was an inclination of positive response and concern for improved fodder technologies among respondents and vast majority of the respondents (85.00 %) had a moderately to highly favorable attitude.
A Qualitative Assessment of the Risks of Transmission of Microorganisms to Humans Resulting from the Consumption of Raw Milk and Raw Cream in Norway
Authors: Kruse Hilde , Håvarstein Sigve , Kapperud Georg , Lassen Jørgen , Lunestad Bjørn Tore , Nesbakken Truls , Rimstad Espen , Robertson Lucy , Skjerve Eystein , Wasteson Yngvild
Published: August 2021

Pasteurisation of all consumer milk became mandatory in Norway in 1953, and this has been an important component of the protective measures that have reduced the incidence of milk and food borne diseases. In 2004, a complete recast of the hygiene legislation addressing both food hygiene and veterinary aspects was adopted by the European Union, the so-called “Hygiene package”. According to this legislation, each member state may, on its own initiative, prohibit or restrict the marketing of some foods like raw milk or raw cream, intended for direct human consumption within its territory. In response to this, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) commissioned the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomitéen for mattrygghet), to prepare a risk assessment regarding the consumption of raw milk and raw cream. In response, an ad hoc Working Group of experts was appointed with the mandate to draft a risk assessment which should include the following components: identification and characterization of microbiological hazardous agents present in Norwegian raw milk; characterization of the public health consequences of these agents; assessment of the probability of transmission of these agents to humans by distribution of raw milk and cream. Additionally, the risk assessment should identify potential hazards to human health from the importation of raw milk, identify hazards associated with equipment used for production and storage of raw milk, and assess the risks associated with the potential transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes.

 

Observations concerning infections related to consumption of raw milk and raw cream in Norway, other European countries and North America, show that a number of pathogenic microorganisms, including emerging pathogens, can occur in raw milk and raw cream. These pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins may represent a real threat to human health. The panel concluded that the risks associated with E. coli O157:H7 and other EHEC, C. jejuni and L. monocytogenes in raw milk and cream are high. Furthermore the importation of raw milk to Norway may result in the (re)introduction of microorganisms, which have been eradicated, or never previously have been present, in Norway. This can have serious consequences for both human and animal health.
Assessment of Creatine in Sports Products
Authors: Frølich Wenche , Børsheim Elisabet , Raastad Truls , Frøyland Livar , Halvorsen Ragnhild , Iversen Per Ole , Lillegaard Inger Therese L. , Lyche Jan Ludvig , Mansoor Azam , Meltzer Helle Margrete , Narvhus Judith , Haugen Margaretha
Published: August 2021

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) conducted an assessment of creatine in sports products (e.g. supplements). The evaluation has been performed by an ad hoc group, and assessed by the VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy.

 

The evaluation of safety and possible risks of creatine supplementation in this opinion is based on previous reports, 23 original papers and 14 reviews from literature searches.

 

Marketing and sales of sport products are increasing in the Nordic countries, with creatine supplements being one of four most common categories. In addition to be used by athletes,   the use of creatine supplements seems to increase among general exercisers and young people. Creatine supplements are mainly used for their supposed effects on muscles  mass and high intensity and short duration sport performances. Supplementation has been shown to result in higher concentration of creatine phosphate in the muscles, which is the limited substrate.

 

For athletes, it is recommended a loading dose of 10-20 g/day for 4-7 days and a maintenance dose of 2-5 g/day for weeks or months. Some athletes continue the maintenance dose for   several years. It is well documented that creatine supplementation has positive effects on muscle mass combined with strength training and performance during maximal exercise.  There are however large individual variation in the response, and there are responders and non-responders.

 

The new scientific literature, including long term studies, is in line with the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) opinion from 2004.

 

VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy supports the EFSA conclusion that supplementation of creatine in doses below 3 g/day is unlikely to pose any risks if the purity of the creatine compound is adequate. 

 

Scientific long-term studies with doses up to 5-10 g/day in adult athletes have shown no harmful effects, but there are no dose-response studies indicating a safe upper limit for creatine. 

 

The potential negative effects (impaired kidney function, weight gain and gastrointestinal disturbances) which have been published in non scientific journals and anecdotal reports  have not found support in controlled systematic studies on healthy subjects. It has  been indicated that individuals with impaired kidney functions should refrain from creatine supplements.

 

Creatine-monohydrate is the most studied form of creatine supplements, and only creatine monohydrate has been included in the scientific investigations on adverse effects.
Efficacy of Novel Organic Liquid Nutrient and Novel Plus Organic Liquid Nutrient on Quantitative Traits of Indian Bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]
Authors: Champaneri D. D. , Patel N. K. , Desai C. S. , Desai D. H.
Published: August 2021

Background: Indian bean is established as a prime vegetable crop in India and it attracts a huge market in its seasonal time period due to its multiple uses. Using of organic liquid fertilizer is demand of recent era. Concept of application of organics is vegetable crops is recent trend as it improves yield and helps to extent growth without any adverse effects on ecosystem.

Methods: In this experiment, two organic based nutrient formulations viz. Novel organic liquid nutrient and Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient were applied as a foliar spray at 30 days after sowing and 60 days after sowing on Indian bean variety Gujarat Navsari Indian Bean 22 and evaluated its effects on different growth parameters and yield parameters. The experiment was arrayed with Randomized Block Design having three replications and seven treatments i.e., No spray (T1), 0.5 % Novel organic liquid nutrient (T2), 1.0 % Novel organic liquid nutrient (T3), 1.5 % Novel organic liquid nutrient (T4), 0.5 % Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient (T5), 1.0 % Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient (T6) and 1.5 % Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient (T7).

Result: Treatment T6 executed maximum plant height and highest number of branches. Maximum fresh weight (30.87 g per plant) and dry weight (8.01 g per plant) were also registered under the same treatment T6. Similar treatment has proved to be superior for acquiring highest pod weight, maximum number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant and pod yield per individual plot. In terms of apex total pod yield per plot (3,641 g) and pod yield per hectare (5,619 kg) treatment T6 have performed the best as well. Predominantly, application of 1.0 % Novel Plus organic liquid nutrient on Indian bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] as a foliar spray had positive effects in aspects of growth as well as yield parameters.
Water Related Diseases in Adamawa Region, Cameroon: A Prospective and Retrospective Case Study
Authors: Fodouop Siméon Pierre Chegaing , Gingir Beatrice , Nodem Steve Francky Sohanang , Yaou Fadimatou Mouni , Roselyne Tepongning Nzangue , Talom Binjamen Tangue , Donatien Gatsing
Published: August 2021

Water related disease is defined as any significant or widespread adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders, caused directly or indirectly by the condition, or changes in the quantity or quality of any water. This crossectional and analytical study, carried out from July to December 2019 at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital and Protestant Hospital aimed to determine the prevalence of water related diseases in the Vina Division. Retrospective data of patients records covered the period of five years (2014 to 2018) were analyzed in order to identify common water related diseases in the study area. Document review technique was adopted in this study; outpatients/inpatients registers were reviewed and information on socio-demographic characteristics of each individual patient were collected. Also, the bacteriological characterization of stool samples collected from patients was done to identify the most frequent bacteria responsible for water related disease in the area, followed by an antibacterial susceptibility testing of some isolated bacteria using standard methods. Results show that, out of 153073 patients recorded from 2014 to 2019, 63750 were clinically diagnosed for water related diseases, giving a prevalence of 41%.  Overall, typhoid fever and malaria were the most prevailing water related diseases confirmed clinically with a prevalence of 43%. Parasitic infections were the least prevailing (3.7%). The study revealed that, females was more prone to water related cases than males. Bacteria were more sensitive to streptomycin and resistant to amoxicillin. This study shows that water related diseases are a major health problem in the Vina Division. Routinely monitoring of drinking water sources is recommended to the different users in order to limit the spread of water related diseases.
Lipolytic Activities of Bacteria and Fungi Isolated from Soil Samples
Authors: Fashogbon Racheal Oluwayemisi , Adebayo Bose , Musa Victoria , Femi-Ola Titilayo
Published: August 2021

This study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Microbiology Laboratory, Ado-Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria between July, 2018 to March, 2019. Due to the diverse biotechnological importance of lipases as a biocatalytic enzyme, extracellular production of microbial lipases has to gain lots of interest. This study, therefore, focused on the physicochemical parameters of lipase producing microorganisms from different soil samples. Microorganisms were isolated from four different soil samples using Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The isolates were identified and characterized. Production, an assay for Lipase enzymes, purification, the effect of pH, Temperature and metal ion was investigated. The isolates were culturally, morphologically and biochemically characterized. Two of the bacteria strains (Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp.) and four fungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton sp.) isolates were able to produce lipid using Sudan Black B Fat staining techniques. Fusarium sp. isolated from dumpsite soil had the highest specific lipase activity (21.16 µmol/min/ml) while Bacillus sp. isolated from red oil spill soil had the highest lipase activity (0.59 µmol/min/mg). The specific activity of partially purified lipase for Fusarium sp. was 2.39 µmol/min/mg while Bacillus sp. had a specific activity of 2.46 µmol/min/mg. 30oC - 50oC, pH 7.0 to 9.0 and KCl2 (139.672%) supported the highest production of lipase by the Bacillus sp. and Fusarium sp. This study demonstrated that the Bacillus sp. produced a high amount of lipase activity followed by Fusarium sp. Extensive and persistent screening for new microorganisms and their lipolytic activities will help to provide faster ways to solve most environmental soil pollution.
Hydrolyse des aminoacyl‐tARN par la phosphodiesterase du venin
Authors: Yot P. , Gueguen P. , Chapeville F.
Published: July 2002

The influence of the esterification of the 3′(2′) hydroxyl group of tRNA on the hydrolysis by venom phosphodiesterase (Crotalus adamanteus) was studied. It was shown that this esterification does not change the rate of hydrolysis. At pH 7–8, no significant differences were observed either when the α amino group of the attached amino acid was free or blocked, or when the aminoacid contained a free carboxyl group or a second amino group (glutamic acid or lysine). Aminoacyl‐AMP or oligopeptidyl‐AMP can be prepared by this method.
Hefe‐phosphofructokinase: Reversible molekulare umwandlung und aufbau aus subeinheiten
Authors: Liebe St. , Kopperschläger G. , Diezel W. , Nissler K. , Wolff J. , Hofmann E.
Published: July 2002

In alkaline media fragmentation of phosphofructokinase occurs, leading to a variety of catalytically inactive products. These seem to be oligomers of subunits with 60,000 daltons. A model of the complex subunit structure of yeast phosphofructokinase is suggested. The various catalytically active forms of the enzyme are considered as polymers of 180,000 monomers, which themselves are enzymatically active and which are composed of three 60,000 subunits.
Separation of two forms of cytochrome P450 adrenal cortex mitochondria
Authors: Jefcoate C.R. , Hume R. , Boyd G.S.
Published: July 2002

The separation of two distinct forms of cytochrome P450 from adrenal cortex mitochondria has been achieved by the following steps; (1) lyophilisation (2) iso‐octane extraction, (3) (NH4)2SO4 fractionation in the presence of sodium cholate. The fraction precipitating between 25–35 percent (NH4)2SO4 gave a difference spectrum with 11‐deoxycorticosterone (11‐DOC) but not with 20α‐hydroxycholesterol (20α‐HOC). This fraction showed high 11β‐hydroxylase activity but low activity for side chain cleavage of cholesterol (S.C.C.). The fraction precipitating between 45–60 percent (NH4)2SO4 gave a difference spectrum with 20α‐HOC but not with 11‐DOC and exhibited high S.C.C. activity but low 11β‐hydroxylase activity. The absorption spectrum of the 45–60 percent fraction indicated a preponderance of high spin hemoprotein (λmax 395 nm).
Zur Bedeutung des Zinks in der Leucinaminopeptidase aus Rinderaugenlinsen
Authors: Kettmann Ursula , Hanson H.
Published: July 2002

Leucine aminopeptidase of bovine lens is a zinc metallo‐enzyme. A zinc content of 5.0 – 7.6 g‐atoms of Zn/M.W. 3.2 × 106 was estimated by labelling with 65Zn and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. By continuous dialysis against o‐phenanthroline zinc was almost completely removed. The enzymatically inactive “apo”‐enzyme could not be reactivated by addition of Zn2+. The binding of cadmium, manganeous and cobaltous ions was investigated. With some probability manganese is bound at an other site than zinc. The effect of pH and buffer ions on the binding of zinc to leucine aminopeptidase was demonstrated.
Transferts d'acides gras et de proteines entre membranes cytoplasmiques et mesosomes de Bacillus subtilis var. Niger
Authors: Bureau Gilbert , Mazliak Paul
Published: July 2002

Mesosomal fatty acids can be transferred to the protoplasts, but protoplasts seems to give essentially amino acids to mesosomes.
Distribution cellulaire des facteurs d'elongation EF1 du germe de ble
Authors: Quintard B. , Julien R.
Published: July 2002

Two heavy forms (EF1H, mol. wt, 250 000) are found in cytosol while ribosome‐bound factors contain a light form (EF1L, mol. wt, 45 000) with the greatest activity and a heavy form (mol. wt, 160 000) which might well be an intermediary in the recycling of ribosomal factor EF1L to soluble factor EF1H.
Actin polymerization induced by calspectin, a calmodulin‐binding spectrinlike protein
Authors: Sobue Kenji , Kanda Keiko , Inui Makoto , Morimoto Kouichi , Kakiuchi Shiro
Published: July 2002

We have purified from a membrane fraction of bovine brain a calmodulin‐binding protein (calspectin) that shares a number of properties with erythrocyte spectrin: It has a heterodimeric structure with M
r 240 000 and 235 000 and binds to (dimeric form) or crosslinks (tetrameric form) F‐actin. We show that calspectin (tetramer) is capable of inducing the polymerization of G‐actin to actin filaments by increasing nucleation under conditions where actin alone polymerizes at a much slower rate. Thus, brain calspectin behaves in the same manner as erythrocyte spectrin, supporting the idea that, in conjunction with actin oligomers it comprises the cytoskeletal meshwork underlying the cytoplasmic surface of the nerve cell.
Virion‐associated RNA polymerase of bacteriophage Φ6 synthesizes three complete transcripts of double‐stranded RNA genome in vitro
Authors: Emori Yasufumi , Iba Hideo , Okada Yoshimi
Published: July 2002

Three single‐stranded RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro by a virion‐associated RNA polymerase of bacteriophage Φ6 were sequenced at their 5′‐ and 3′‐termini. The sequences agreed with those of the + strands of the 3 double‐stranded RNA segments [FEBS Lett. (1982) 141,111–115]. The results show that the transcription by Φ6 RNA polymerase initiates exactly at the 3′‐ends of the template RNAs (− strands of the genomic RNA) and terminates exactly at the 5′‐ends.
Non‐vectorial phosphorylation by the bacterial PEP‐dependent phosphotransferase system is an artifact of spheroplast and membrane vesicle preparation procedures
Authors: Robillard G.T. , Lageveen R.G.
Published: July 2002

These data demonstrate that the phenomenon of non‐vectorial phosphorylation [Saier, M.H. jr and Schmidt, M.R. (1981) J. Bacteriol. 145, 391–397] is an experimental artifact which arises during the conversion of whole cells to spheroplasts or membrane vesicles. It can be explained by a certain population of particles which are not properly sealed. There is no need to envoke two orientations of enzyme II in the membrane, one of which would have no physiological significance.
Association of cap binding protein‐related polypeptides with cytoplasmic RNP particles of chick embryonic muscle
Authors: Chakraborty Dipak , Mukherjee Asok K. , Sarkar Satyapriya , Lee Kevin A.W. , Darveau Andre , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: July 2002

Cap binding protein (CBP)‐related polypeptides were identified in different cytoplasmic RNP particles of embryonic chick muscles using monoclonal antibody to purified CBP. A single immunoreactive peptide (M
r 78000) was present in preparations of both free mRNP particles and a novel 10 S translation inhibitory RNP particle. In contrast, proteins isolated from these particles showed two new low‐M
r immunoreactive peptides (M
r 43000 and M
r 29000). No CBP related protein could be detected in polysomal mRNP, although an immunoreactive M
r 43000 CBP‐related protein was present in polysomes. The relevance of the association of different CBP‐related polypeptides with cytoplasmic RNP particles and polysomes are discussed.
Biosynthesis of acid α‐glucosidase in late‐onset forms of glycogenosis type II (Pompe's disease)
Authors: Steckel Friedhelm , Gieselmann Volkmar , Waheed Abdul , Hasilik Andrej , von Figura Kurt , Elferink Ronald Oude , Kalsbeek Roelof , Tager Joseph M.
Published: July 2002

Cultured human skin fibroblasts from control persons and from patients with the generalized and late‐onset forms of Pompe's disease were labelled with radioactive leucine and the incorporation of radioactivity into acid α‐glucosidase and cathepsin D was analysed by immunoprecipitation, gel electrophoresis and fluorography. When the labelling was carried out for 6–12 h in the presence of NH4Cl, the labelling of secreted α‐glucosidase relative to that of secreted cathepsin D in fibroblasts from patients with the late‐onset form of Pompe's disease was < 15% of that in fibroblasts from control persons. However, when the fibroblasts were labelled for < 1 h, the relative rate of incorporation of radioactivity into acid α‐glucosidase was rather similar in the two types of fibroblasts. In fibroblasts from patients with the generalized form of Pompe's disease no incorporation of radioactivity into acid α‐glucosidase could be detected.
Purification and partial characterization of α‐pheromone‐binding protein from a mating‐type cells in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Fujimura Hiroaki , Shimizu Tatsuro , Yoshida Kazuo , Yanagishima Naohiko
Published: July 2002

Two kinds of proteinacious substances which bind to α pheromone were isolated from heat‐shock extract of a mating type cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One has M
r ∼300 000 and the other M
r 58 000. We purified the smaller binding protein by successive application of DEAE and CM‐cellulose chromatography, gel filtration, and isoelectrofocusing. The purified binding protein showed a single band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This binding protein was detected in a cells but not in α cells.
Efficient translation and polyribosome binding of 125I‐labelled rabbit globin messenger ribonucleoprotein
Authors: Butcher P.D. , Arnstein H.R.V.
Published: July 2002

Rabbit polyribosomal globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) was labelled under mild conditions, using 125I and Iodogen, in the protein moiety so that the fate of mRNA‐associated proteins could be followed during translation. 125I‐mRNP was shown to retain functional activity in the nuclease‐treated reticulocyte lysate translation system under optimal labelling conditions. Polyribosome binding of 125I‐mRNP and its sensitivity to cycloheximide indicated a functional‐ and translation‐dependent binding of mRNP proteins. The results constitute a successful and direct approach to the study of mRNA‐associated proteins in translational control.
5S RNA‐Protein complex is involved in ribosomal subunit association
Authors: Metspalu Ene , Ustav Mart , Villems Richard
Published: July 2002

The immobilized tRNA‐50 S ribosomal subunit protein (TP50) complex binds the smaller ribosomal subunit. We constructed tRNA · TP50·5 S [32P] RNA and tRNA·TP50·t [32P] RNA complexes and investigated the accessibility of the 32P‐labelled tRNAs to ribonuclease T1. It was found that in this complex both 5 S RNA and tRNA are attacked by T1 RNase. In sharp contrast, the addition of 30 S subunit protects 5 S RNA as well as tRNA from degradation. We suggest that 5 S RNA‐TP50 complex is exposed to the ribosomal interface and is involved in subunit interaction.
Vitamin D stimulates (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity in chick small intestine
Authors: Cross Heide Sing , Peterlik Meinrad
Published: July 2002

Vitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 raise (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity (ouabain‐sensitive 86Rb+ uptake) in cultured embryonic and 4‐week‐old chick small intestine. Vitamin D stimulation of the sodium pump, which requires genomic action of the sterol, may lead to enhanced Ca2+ extrusion via a basolateral Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism, and, in addition, may provide a proliferative signal in undifferentiated enterocytes.
Functional groups of elongation factor 2 involved in interactions with guanosine nucleotides and ribosomes
Authors: Nurten Rüstem , Aktar Neş'e Bilgin , Bermek Engin
Published: July 2002

Treatment of rat liver EF‐2 with N‐ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) did not affect the direct interactions of the factor with guanine nulceotides or with ribosomes, but inhibited the binding of guanosine 5′‐(β,γ‐methylene)triphosphate (GuoPP(CH2)P) to the EF‐2‐ribosome complex. The amino group reactive reagent 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS), however, inhibited specifically the direct interactions of EF‐2 with guanine nucleotides, but not the binding of GuoPP(CH2)P to the EF‐2‐ribosome complex. The different sensitivities of EF‐2 to MalNEt and to TNBS suggested that the binding sites involved in the binary vs. ternary complex might correspond to different conformational states or might even be distinct physical entities.
Evaluation of H2O activity in the free or phosphorylated catalytic site of Ca2+‐ATPase
Authors: Dupont Yves , Pougeois Richard
Published: July 2002

The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase catalyses a reversible calcium transport coupled to phosphate transfer between ATP and water. It has been proposed [Biochemistry (1980) 19, 4252–4261] that the reactivity of the acyl‐phosphate bond is dependent on the water activity within the catalytic site. We have tested this hypothesis and found that the polarity in the free catalytic site is lower than that of water, a further and large decrease is observed when the enzyme is phosphorylated by Pi. Phosphorylation by ATP indicates that this polarity change is specifically associated with the formation of the ADP‐insensitive phosphoenzyme
Hydrophobic properties of Tetrahymena calmodulin related to the phosphodiesterase activity
Authors: Inagaki Masaki , Naka Michiko , Nozawa Yoshinori , Hidaka Hiroyoshi
Published: July 2002

We have examined hydrophobic properties of Tetrahymena CaM using the uncharged probe, n‐phenyl‐1‐naphthylamine (NPN) fluorescence. The maximal flurorescence intensity of Tetrahymena calmodulin (CaM) is < 1/12 of the bovine brain CaM. In the phosphodiesterase activation, the potency of Tetrahymena CaM, which was represented by reciprocals of the quantity of CaM required for half‐maximal activation of enzyme was 22.7% respectively, of that of the bovine brain CaM. Here, Tetrahymena CaM had less hydrophobic groups exposed in the presence of Ca2+. Then Ca2+‐CaM dependent enzymes require much amount of Tetrahymena CaM, comparing with the bovine brain CaM.
Rapid reduction in parvalbumin concentration during chronic stimulation of rabbit fast twitch muscle
Authors: Klug Gary , Reichmann Heinz , Pette Dirk
Published: July 2002

Chronic indirect stimulation of fast twitch rabbit muscle induced a rapid reduction in parvalbumin concentration. When compared to the unstimulated contralateral muscle, parvalbumins were reduced to 55% following 6 days of stimulation. Prolonged stimulation further reduced parvalbumins so that they were undetectable after 28 days. The time course of these changes appears to be related with the previously observed changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The amino acid sequence of the α‐subunit of a mitogenic lectin from seeds of Lathyrus odoratus
Authors: Sletten Knut , Kolberg Jan , Michaelsen Terje E.
Published: July 2002

We have determined the complete amino acid sequence (54 residues) of the light chain of the mitogenic, glucose‐ and mannose‐specific lectin from the seeds of Lathyrus odoratus. The covalent structure was elucidated by Edman degradation on the whole chain as well as on fragments derived from cleaving the chain with BNPS‐skatole and of peptides derived after tryptic digestion of the citraconylated chain. The amino acid sequence revealed a high homology to the light chains of lectins from Pisum sativum and Lens culinaris.
Isolation and characterization of a 7 S RNP particle from mature Xenopus laevis oocytes
Authors: Pieler Tomas , Erdmann Volker A.
Published: July 2002

Mature oocytes of Xenopus laevis contain a 7 S RNP particle consisting of two components, ribosomal 5 S RNA and a protein of M
r ≈45 000. The structure of the free 5 S rRNA and the 7 S RNP complex has been studied by diethylpyrocarbonate modification of adenines. A74, A77, A90, A100 and A103 of the 5 S rRNA are protected upon association of the protein.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐factor prevents formation of glycoproteins in a cells
Authors: Orlean Peter , Seebacher Gabi , Tanner Widmar
Published: July 2002

α‐Factor inhibits incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into water‐soluble and into SDS‐extractable glycoproteins to about 90%. The incorporation into chitin is not affected and the same is true for [14C]phenylalanine incorporation into protein. The inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis is specific for a cells.
Probing eukaryotic RNA polymerases B with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Vilamitjana J. , Baltz T. , Baltz D. , Barreau C.
Published: July 2002

Monoclonal antibodies directed against RNA polymerase B of the fungus Podospora comata were selected on the basis of different subunits recognition and inhibitory effect on enzyme activity. A library of 10 antibodies biased toward B180, B145, B39, B23,5 and B11 subunits was constructed. Most of these anitbodies also recognize yeast, wheat germ and calf thymus RNA polymerase B. Subunits bearing antigenic determinants are not always homologous in Podospora and yeast enzyme. As some of these antibodies strongly inhibit enzyme activity they constitute potent probes for functional studies of corresponding subunits.
Isolation of a brain peptide identical to the intestinal PHI (peptide HI)
Authors: Tatemoto Kazuhiko , Carlquist Mats , McDonald Thomas J. , Mutt Viktor
Published: July 2002

The isolation of a brain peptide identical to the intestinal peptide PHI (peptide HI) is described. The peptide was isolated from porcine brain extract using a chemical assay method based on its C‐terminal isoleucine amide structure. The complete amino acid sequence of the peptide was found to be: This sequence is identical to the intestinal peptide thus demonstrating PHI to be a brain‐gut peptide. The role of PHI in the central nervous system as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator is discussed.
Acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in the fast or slow muscles of the chicken and the pigeon
Authors: Chatonnet Arnaud , Bacou Francis
Published: July 2002

Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were examined in various skeletal muscles of the chicken and the pigeon. In chicken pectoralis m., AChE was found to be restricted to endplate containing segments, and no asymmetric form could be detected in aneural samples. In the chicken muscles studied, a relation has been established between globular (G1,G2,G4) forms or asymmetric (A8, A12) forms, and muscle fibre types. Asymmetric forms are preponderant in fast‐twitch muscles, whereas in slow tonic muscles 80% of the AChE activity is due to globular forms. However, comparison with pigeon muscles shows that AChE chicken muscle patterns may not be generalized.
Distribution of progesterone‐binding cytochrome P450 and steroid‐17α‐hydroxylase/C‐17,20‐lyase within different compartments of the rat testis
Authors: Kühn-Velten Nikolaus , Staib Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Progesterone‐binding capacity of cytochrome P450 and rate of progesterone consumption by cytochrome P450‐dependent hydroxylases are highest in the Leydig cell fraction but are also detectable in the non‐Leydig cell fraction of interstitial cells as well as in seminiferous tubules from rat testis. The Leydig cell compartment, however, contributes only to a minor extent to the total progesterone binding and hydroxylation within the whole testis.
Isolation of cytochrome b from the cytochrome bc1 complex of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides GA
Authors: Gabellini Nadia , Hauska Günter
Published: July 2002

Cytochrome b has been isolated from the cytochrome bc
1 complex of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides GA. It represents the largest of the 3 polypeptides of this complex (40, 34, 25 kDa). Spectral heterogeneity is lost, but redox heterogeneity is retained to some extent, and the pH‐dependence of the midpoint potential is preserved during isolation.
(5‐demethyl)‐Bacteriorhodopsin analogue: its formation and light‐driven proton pump action
Authors: Muradin-Szweykowska M. , Amsterdam L.J.P.van , Rodenburg L.J.M. , Lugtenburg J. , der Bend R.L.van , Dam K.van
Published: July 2002

The binding of the isomers (all‐trans, 13‐cis, 11‐cis and 9‐cis) of 5‐demethylretinal to bacterioopsin and the light—dark adaptation as well as the light‐driven proton pump action of the resulting bacteriorhodopsin analogue were studied. The (5‐demethyl)‐bacteriorhodopsinis formed ≈ 3‐times faster than unmodified bacteriorhodopsin and shows an efficient light‐driven proton pump action. These findings show that upon binding of retinal to bacterioopsin the protein forces the chromophore to adopt a more planar ring‐chain conformation than in free retinal.
Phospholamban of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of two functionally distinct proteolipids
Authors: Chiesi Michele , Gasser Jürg , Carafoli Ernesto
Published: July 2002

Phosphorylation of phospholamban by either a cAMP‐dependent or a calmodulin‐dependent kinase stimulates the Ca2+ transporting activity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. It has now been found that phospholamban consists of 2 distinct proteins; one is the specific substrate for the cAMP‐dependent phosphorylation, and the other for the calmodulin‐dependent kinase. In spite of functional diversity, the 2 polypeptides share a number of properties. Among them, the proteolipid character, M
r, resistance to trypsinization, and subunit composition.
Immunoelectron microscopy of ribosomes carrying a fluorescence label in a defined position
Authors: Stöffler-Meilicke Marina , Epe Bernd , Steinhäuser Klaus G. , Woolley Paul , Stöffler Georg
Published: July 2002

By coupling fluorescein to a defined amino acid of a single ribosomal protein and incorporating this protein into the ribosome, we have obtained ribosomes labelled at a single, defined position. A fluorescein‐specific antibody preparation was used to locate the fluorescein residues bound to the two cysteines at positions 58 and 63 of protein S17 and to the cysteine at position 86 of protein L6. This study demonstrates the advantages which accrue from the combination of electron microscopy and fluorimetry.
Proteins of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome
Authors: Appelt Krzysztof , Tanaka Isao , White Stephen W. , Wilson Keith S.
Published: July 2002

The structure of protein L6 from the large subunit of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome is described at a nominal resolution of 6 Å. The protein appears to be compact, with an axial ratio significantly below 2:1.
The amino acid sequence of two small ribosomal proteins from Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Tanaka Isao , Kimura Makoto , Kimura Junko , Dijk Jan
Published: July 2002

The low‐M
r proteins (tentatively called protein I and II) were purified from 2 M NaCl extracts of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome. Their amino acid sequences have been determined from the peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin, and by cleavage with CNBr, using the micro‐DABITC/PITC double‐coupling method [FEBS Lett. (1978) 93, 205–214]. Protein I contains 56 residues and has an M
r of 6514. Protein II had 37 residues with an M
r of 4361. The amino acid sequence of protein I shows significant similarity to L32 from E. coli, whereas that of protein II is slightly, if at all, related to ribosomal protein L34 from E. coli.
Immunocytochemical localization of the elongation factor Tu in E. coli cells
Authors: Schilstra Maria J. , Slot Jan W. , van der Meide Peter H. , Posthuma George , Cremers Alfons F.M. , Bosch Leendert
Published: July 2002

The localization of the elongation factor Tu (EF‐Tu) in ultrathin cryosections of E. coli cells was determined with the electron microscope using a highly specific immunological labellin technique. EF‐Tu is distributed almost homogeneously throughout the cytoplasm. Although it has often been suggested that EF‐Tu could be part of a putative prokaryotic cytoskeleton, we did not find any evidence for supramolecular assemblies, such as fibres or filaments, containing a large amount of EF‐Tu. EF‐Tu was not observed in association with the outer cell membrane and periplasmic space. A topological relationship with the inner membrane is not apparent in our micrographs. In cells in which the EF‐Tu level is raised significantly, the protein piles up in discrete cell regions.
Dependence on Na+ of control of cytoplasmic pH in a facultative alkalophile
Authors: McLaggan Debbie , Selwyn Michael J. , Dawson Alan P.
Published: July 2002

Regulation of the cytoplasmic pH of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum is dependent on the presence of Na+ in the medium. The data suggest that above 500 μM external Na+ the cells are able to regulate the cytoplasmic pH by the operation of a Na+ cycle involving a Na+/H+ antiport and a route for rapid Na+ entry. Our data indicate that the rate of entry of Na+ is subject to control by the cytoplasmic pH via feedback inhibition.
The amino acid sequence of delta haemolysin purified from a canine isolate of S. aureus
Authors: Fitton John E. , Hunt D.F. , Marasco J. , Shabanowitz J. , Winston S. , Dell Anne
Published: July 2002

The amino acid sequence of a staphylococcal delta haemolysin purified from a canine isolate has been determined by a combination of chemical and mass spectroscopic sequence methods. The toxin molecule consists of 26 amino acids residues and is compared with the sequence of a delta haemolysin purified from a human isolate. The two sequences are found to be homologous although amino acid differences are observed in 9 of the 26 residues.
Sensitivity of thermoacidophilic archaebacteria to α‐sarcin
Authors: Sanz J.L. , Amils R.
Published: July 2002

The protein synthesis machinery of Sulfolobus solfataricus, a thermoacidophilic archaebacterium, is insensitive to most of the known antibiotics that interfere with elongation. α‐Sarcin, a cytotoxic protein, inhibits protein synthesis on eukaryotic systems by cleaving a specific sequence of the large rRNA. α‐Sarcin is capable of inhibiting protein synthesis on S. solfataricus producing a fragment under conditions similar to those which produce it in yeast ribosomes. This result suggests the presence on S. solfataricus of the sequence necessary for the enzymatic hydrolysis promoted by α‐sarcin.
Evidence for a metalloprotein stucture of plasma membrane 5' ‐nucleotidase
Authors: Harb Jean , Meflah Khaled , Duflos Yves , Bernard Serge
Published: July 2002

To point out the metalloprotein structure of bovine liver plasma membrane 5'‐nucleotidase we studied the inhibition mechanism of the purified enzyme by EDTA: this apparently non‐competitive inhibition seems to be dependent on EDTA concentration, pH, temperature and incubation time. When the restoration of activity was assayed by addition of divalent cations or by gel filtration, the inhibition became progressively irreversible with time. Incubation of the enzyme with [14C]EDTA allowed us to observe, after gel filtration as well as after sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, that the chelating agent is bound to 5'‐nucleotidase.
Topographical relationships of polypeptides in the photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas viridis investigated by reversible chemical cross‐linking
Authors: Peters Jürgen , Welte Wolfram , Drews Gerhart
Published: July 2002

The B1020 antenna pigment—protein complex of Rhodopseudomonas viridis was isolated and found to contain two polypeptide subunits of apparent M
r 8000 and 12000. Near‐neighbour relationships between both antenna 8‐kDa and 12‐kDa polypeptides were revealed by reversible chemical cross‐linking. Cross‐linked homooligomers, probably up to the respective hexamer, were observed. Subunit M of the photochemical reaction center (RC) and the membrane‐bound cytochrome c‐553/558 were cross‐linked in high yield at a 1:1 stoichiometry. The heavy subunit H of the RC was cross‐linked to the 8‐kDa polypeptide.
Evidence that the insulin receptor‐associated protein kinase acts as a phosphatidylinositol kinase
Authors: Machicao E. , Wieland O.H.
Published: July 2002

Insulin receptor preparations from human placenta at various states of purity were shown to catalyze insulin‐stimulated phosphate incorporation from [γ‐32P]ATP into endogenous (membrane) and exogenous phosphatidylinositol. Our data suggest that the insulin receptor associated protein (tyrosine) kinase can act as a phosphatidylinsositol kinase, and that this mechanism may be of physiological importance in signal transduction of insulin.