bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport mechanism and magnetothermoelectric power of electron-doped manganites La0.85Te0.15Mn1−xCuxO3 (⩽x⩽0.20)
Authors: Ang R. , Sun Y. P. , Yang J. , Zhu X. B. , Song W. H.
Published: October 2006

We present the results of a systematic study of the transport mechanism and magnetothermoelectric power (MTEP) of electron-doped manganites La0.85Te0.15Mn1−xCuxO3 (0⩽x⩽0.20). Two peaks are observed in thermoelectric power S(T) curves for x<0.10 samples. For x>0.10 samples, the very large S value with over 100μV∕K at low temperatures appears, which is attributed to the destruction of ferromagnetic (FM) order and the strong carrier localization at low temperatures due to Cu doping. In addition, a sign variation of S(T) for Cu-doped samples is also observed, which may originate from the narrowing of the concomitant σ(eg↑−2p) band. Particularly, an anomalous behavior of S(T) is observed in x=0.10 sample, which is suggested to be related to the contribution of spin polarization and phonon drag. Based on the results of resistivity ρ(T) and S(T), the transport mechanism in the high-temperature paramagnetic region for all the samples and low-temperature FM insulating region below TC for the samples with x⩽0.10 can be described by the variable-range-hopping model. However, in the intermediate-temperature FM metallic region below TC, ρ(T) and S(T) of the samples with x⩽0.10 are well fitted by the formula ρ=ρ0+ρ2.5T2.5 and S=S0+S3∕2T3∕2+S4T4, respectively, implying the importance of electron-magnon scattering. As to the MTEP, only a negative MTEP peak close to TC is observed in the whole measured temperature range for the samples with x>0.10, which is suggested to originate from the spin alignment induced by applied magnetic fields. However, for x⩽0.10 samples, an additional positive MTEP peak is induced by Cu doping below TC besides a large negative MTEP peak in the vicinity of TC, which is ascribed to the enhancement of electron-magnon interaction caused by the Cu doping and the decrease of magnetic entropy around TC, respectively.
Polymorphic barium thioaluminate electroluminescent phosphor materials
Authors: Stiles J. A. R. , Kamkar M.
Published: October 2006

Polymorphic barium thioaluminate crystal phases have been synthesized and their luminescent properties have been evaluated in hybrid electroluminescent devices. The electroluminescent devices employ mixed phase thin film europium activated barium thioaluminate phosphors and thick film dielectric layers. The crystal structures of two polymorphic phases were determined and x-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the relative quantity of three barium thioaluminate crystal phases that were found in the synthesized phosphor films. The electroluminescent properties of these mixed phase films as a function of the relative concentrations of the three identified phases are reported.
Quantum confinement of the thermodynamic functions for the formation of electrons and holes in CdSe nanocrystals
Authors: Ehlert Oliver , Tiwari Archana , Nann Thomas
Published: October 2006

The particle size dependent thermodynamic functions for the formation of electrons and holes are addressed for semiconductor CdSe nanocrystals (NCs). We recorded the temperature dependent absorbance spectra for a size series of colloidal CdSe NCs in a polymer composite material and analyzed the band-gap behavior. We report the analytical investigation of the temperature dependent band gap as a function of the particle size using two common theoretical approaches. The band gap as a function of temperature and particle size is mainly influenced by the large entropic values for the formation of electrons and holes.
Excitonic transfer in coupled InGaAs∕GaAs quantum well to InAs quantum dots
Authors: Mazur Yu. I. , Liang B. L. , Wang Zh. M. , Guzun D. , Salamo G. J. , Zhuchenko Z. Ya. , Tarasov G. G.
Published: October 2006

Peculiar mechanism of carrier transfer, excitonic trapping, from quantum well (QW) states to quantum dot (QD) states is clearly observed for the intentionally designed strained InAs:In0.3Ga0.7As∕GaAs QD:QW structure. This transfer occurs very efficient at low excitation densities and low temperatures and explains the excitation density and nonmonotonic temperature dependences of the QW photoluminescence.
Alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayer formation guided by nanoimprinted Si and SiO2 templates
Authors: Yasseri Amir A. , Sharma Shashank , Kamins Theodore I. , Xia Qiangfei , Chou Stephen Y. , Pease R. Fabian W.
Published: October 2006

Alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on surface relief created by nanoimprinting and etching recesses into Si and SiO2. Rather than exhibiting the isolated domains seen on unpatterned surfaces after limited formation time, the SAM on nanoimprinted surfaces became continuous and uniform after only a short (∼5–10min) reaction time. The hydrocarbon chains are densely packed and nearly vertically oriented. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicates complete hydrolysis and elimination of Cl from the octadecyltrichlorosilane precursor. The results suggest that the pattern edges enhance the nucleation rate, leading to the rapid coverage, and provide in-plane order within the SAM.
Fabrication of dislocation-free tensile strained Si thin films using controllably oxidized porous Si substrates
Authors: Kim Jeehwan , Xie Ya-Hong
Published: October 2006

A method to fabricate strained Si films is reported via the oxidation of a thin Si film on a porous Si substrate. The Si film can be put under tensile stress in a controllable fashion through the expansion of the porous Si upon low temperature oxidation. The thin Si layer on porous Si substrate can be fabricated using a self-limiting anodization of epitaxially grown intrinsic Si on a heavily doped p-type Si substrate. Tensile strain of up to ∼1% is observed in 100nm thick Si films, making it suitable for the various device applications based on strained Si.
Characterization of atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3∕GaAs interface improved by NH3 plasma pretreatment
Authors: Lu Hong-Liang , Sun Liang , Ding Shi-Jin , Xu Min , Zhang David Wei , Wang Li-Kang
Published: October 2006

Al 2 O 3 thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition on HF-cleaned and NH3 plasma-treated GaAs surfaces, respectively. The precursors used for Al2O3 films are trimethylaluminum and water. Effects of NH3 plasma pretreatment on the electrical and structural properties of Al2O3∕GaAs interface were investigated by C-V measurements, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The C-V measurements showed that the electrical property is improved after NH3 plasma pretreatment. X-ray photo electron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that GaAs oxides and elemental As are greatly decreased and the GaAs surface can be efficiently protected during NH3 plasma pretreatment and atomic layer deposition of Al2O3.
Cytogeography of Brunonia australis Sm.ex R.Br.
Authors: Peacock WJ , Smith-White S
Published: October 2006

Cytological analyses of populations of Brunonia australis
(Goodeniaceae) have shown interchange hybridity to be a dominant feature of the disjunct
populations on the eastern and south-eastern margins of the pan-Australian range. Most
reciprocal translocations are population specific and in any one population only one inter-
A conspectus of Elaeocarpaceae in Papuasia.
Authors: Coode MJE
Published: October 2006

The results of a study of all genera in the family Elaeocarpaceae as found in Papuasia
are presented. Keys to all accepted taxa are provided, many epithets are reduced to
synonymy and an attempt is made to interpret the remaining 28 specific epithets that
are inadequately described and whose types are lost or unavailable. The following new
taxa are described and illustrated:
Aceratium sinuatum, A. tomenrosum, Dubouzetia galorei, D. kairoi, Elaeocarpus badius, E.
bakaianus, E, buderi, E. dolichostylus ssp. collinus, E. marafunganus, E. murukkai, E.
neobritannicus, Sericolea calophylla ssp. grossiserrata, S. collinsii, S. pachyphylla, Sloanea
pulchra ssp. morobensis, S. pulleniana, S. streimannii. Notes on morphological features
of interest are given.
A review of Drosera in Papuasia.
Authors: Conn BJ
Published: October 2006

A key to
the species of Drosera present in Papuasia and notes on range extensions, including the
recent discovery of Drosera banksii in the Western Province, are presented. A description
of D. banksii is also given.
Aristida L. (Poaceae, Aristideae) in Australia.
Authors: Lazarides M
Published: October 2006

A morphological study, based on types and a range of representative material, is presented
for 47 species and 1 variety constituting the genus Aristida in Australia as accepted here.
Inherent problems of extreme variability and areas of complexity suggest a need for genetic
solutions. A. intricata Blake, A. contorta var. hirsuta (Henr.) Eichler, A. ramosa var.
scaberula Henr. and A. ramosa var. speciosa Henr. are reduced to synonymy. The following
are reported as new or confirmed records: A. exserta Blake in Western ~ustralia;
A. calycina R.Br., A. holathera Domin and A. polyclados Domin in Western Australia
and Northern Territory; A. latifolia Domin, A, nitidula (Henr.) Blake ex Black and A.
jerichoensis (Domin) Henr. var. jerichoensis in New South Wales; A. jerichoensis var.
subspinulijera Henr. in South Australia; A. utilis F. M. Bail., A. perniciosa Domin, A.
longicollis (Domin) Henr., A, hirta Domin, A. helicophylla Blake, A. superpendens Domin
and A. sciuroides Domin in the Northern Territory. Published records of the following
require deletion or confirmation: A. jerichoensis and A. gracilipes Henr. in the Northern
Territory; A. biglandulosa Black and A. schultzii Mez in Queensland; A. echinata Henr.
in Northern Territory and South Australia; A. ingrata Domin, A. longicollis (Domin)
Henr, and A. armata Henr. in New South Wales.
A revision of the genus Digitaria Haller (Paniceae: Poaceae) in Australia.
Authors: Webster RD
Published: October 2006

The DELTA computer system is used in the
presentation of a revision of the genus Digitaria in Australia. Thirty-eight species are
recognized, new species being D. imbricata, D. lanceolata, D. minima and D. oraria.
Methods used in the production of the computerized taxonomic output are described.
Characters used in the keys and descriptions are discussed and where necessary illustrated
by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Species are grouped into sections
and a key is given to these categories. Section descriptions are listed in alphabetic order.
Two keys for the species are given. The first is a standard morphological key and the
second is based entirely on vegetative and anatomical characters. Species descriptions are
listed in alphabetical order. It is concluded that the DELTA system provides an efficient
means of accumulating, storing, editing, manipulating and presenting classical taxonomic
data.
A new species of Acronychia (Rutaceae) form Australia.
Authors: Hartley TG , Williams JB
Published: October 2006

The new species A littoralis T. Hartley & J. Williams, from
coastal north-eastern New South Wales, is described and illustrated.
Xanthoparmelia elixii (Lichens), a new species from Australia and New Zealand.
Authors: Filson RB
Published: October 2006

The new lichen Xanthoparmelia elixii R. Filson in
the lichen family Parmeliaceae is described from Southern Australia and New Zealand.
Chromosome numbers for Australian Gingidia (Apiaceae)
Authors: Webb CJ , Hair JB
Published: October 2006

A chromosome number of 2n = 22 is reported for both Gingidia algens and
G. harveyana from Kosciusko National Park, Australia.
Eucalyptus deuaensis (Myrtaceae), a new species of Mallee Stringybark from Deua National Park, South-eastern NSW.
Authors: Boland DJ , Gilmour PM , Brophy JJ
Published: October 2006

A new species, Eucalyptus deuaensis Boland & Gilmour,
is described. Its taxonomic position is in subgenus Monocalyptus, section Renantheria,
series Capitellatae, following the informal classification of Pryor and Johnson (1971). The
species is somewhat unusual in that it is a gum-barked 'Stringybark', i.e. its fruit and
seedling morphology conform with those species normally having their trunks clothed with
Stringybark. E. deuaensis is known only from the type locality, near Mongamulla Moun-
tain, where the population extends over several hectares on steep rhyolitic cliffs. Analyses
of the oil composition of the adult leaves were not definitive for the species, but suggested
similarities with other stringbark species. The ecology, distribution, taxonomic affinities
and conservation status are discussed.
New species of Praparmelia (Lichenised Ascomycotina) from Australia and New Zealand.
Authors: Elix J.A. , Johnston J
Published: October 2006

The species, Parmelina
neodamaziana from eastern Australia and Parmelina stevensiana from southern and east-
ern Australia and New Zealand, are described as new. In addition, the new combinations
Canoparmelia pruinata, Parmelina conlabrosa and Parmelina labrosa have been made.
Taxonomic notes on three Australian and Norfolk Island species of Glycine Willd. (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) including the choice of a Neotype for G.clandestina Wendl.
Authors: Tindale MD
Published: October 2006

Explanations are made for the choice of a neotype
from Kurnell, Botany Bay, N.S.W., Australia. A new combination is made for
G. microphylla from Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia
and Tasmania) and Norfolk Island. A new species, G. arenaria, is described from the East
Kimberley District of Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. The three species are
illustrated in detail. Keys are provided to distinguish these taxa from their allies.
A revision of Homalocalyx, F.Muell. (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven LA
Published: October 2006

The endemic Australian genera Homalocalyx F. Muell. and Wehlia F. Muell. (both Myrtaceae, Chamelaucieae) are found to be congeneric. The enlarged genus Homalocalyx comprises eleven species of which only two already have valid names in Homalocalyx. New combinations are effected for the six accepted, previously described, species of Wehlia, and three species are described as new: H. chapmanii, H. echinulatus and H. inerrabundus.
Variation in Banksia oblongifolia Cav. (Proteaceae)
Authors: Conran JG , Clifford HT
Published: October 2006

Banksia oblongifolia Cav. is presently regarded as a variable
species. The variation, however, appears to be discontinuous, thereby permitting the rec-
ognition of two taxa differing in seedling and adult morphology and ecology. Differences
are reported between these taxa in plant height, leaf length, branch length, stem number,
seed set and shape, as observed for populations growing in the field, and cotyledon length,
leaf length, plant height and lignotuber development, under cultivation. A new varietal
combination, Banksia oblongifolia var. minor (Maiden & Camfield) Conran & Cliff, is
recognised and circumscribed for one of the taxa. Banksia oblongifolia var. oblongifolia
is redefined. The relationships between the two taxa are discussed.
The recongnition and geograpic distribution of Gossypium nelsonii (Malvaceae)
Authors: Stewart J , Fryxell PA , Craven L.A.
Published: October 2006

Field and
herbarium observations support the recognition of Gossypium nelsonii Fryx. as a species
distinct from G. australe F. Muell. Herbarium records indicate the range of G. nelsonii
to be from the Ormiston Gorge area in the Northern Territory to the Richmond area in
Queensland.
Dodonaea biloba (Sapindaceae). a new species from South-eastern Queensland, Australia.
Authors: West JG
Published: October 2006

A new species of Dodonaea. D. biloba,
from south-eastern Queensland, is described and illustrated and its affinities within the
genus are discussed.
An algorithm for assembly of ordered restriction maps from single DNA molecules
Authors: Valouev Anton , Schwartz David C. , Zhou Shiguo , Waterman Michael S.
Published: October 2006

The restriction mapping of a massive number of individual DNA molecules by optical mapping enables assembly of physical maps spanning mammalian and plant genomes; however, not through computational means permitting completelyde novoassembly. Existing algorithms are not practical for genomes larger than lower eukaryotes due to their high time and space complexity. In many ways, sequence assembly parallels map assembly, so that the overlap–layout–consensus strategy, recently shown effective in assembling very large genomes in feasible time, sheds new light on solving map construction issues associated with single molecule substrates. Accordingly, we report an adaptation of this approach as the formal basis forde novooptical map assembly and demonstrate its computational feasibility for assembly of very large genomes. As such, we discuss assembly results for a series of genomes: human, plant, lower eukaryote and bacterial. Unlike sequence assembly, the optical map assembly problem is actually more complex because restriction maps from single molecules are constructed, manifesting errors stemming from: missing cuts, false cuts, and high variance of estimated fragment sizes; chimeric maps resulting from artifactually merged molecules; and true overlap scores that are “in the noise” or “slightly above the noise.” We address these problems, fundamental to many single molecule measurements, by an effective error correction method using global overlap information to eliminate spurious overlaps and chimeric maps that are otherwise difficult to identify.
Differential sensitivities of transcription factor target genes underlie cell type-specific gene expression profiles
Authors: Johnson Kirby D. , Kim Shin-Il , Bresnick Emery H.
Published: October 2006

Changes in transcription factor levels and activities dictate developmental fate. Such a change might affect the full ensemble of target genes for a factor or only uniquely sensitive targets. We investigated the relationship among activity of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1, chromatin occupancy, and target gene sensitivity. Graded activation of GATA-1 in GATA-1-null cells revealed high-, intermediate-, and low-sensitivity targets. GATA-1 activity requirements for occupancy and transcription often correlated. A GATA-1 amino-terminal deletion mutant severely deregulated the low-sensitivity gene
Tac-2
. Thus, cells expressing different levels of a cell type-specific activator can have qualitatively distinct target gene expression patterns, and factor mutations preferentially deregulate low-sensitivity genes. Unlike other target genes, GATA-1-mediated
Tac-2
regulation was bimodal, with activation followed by repression, and the coregulator Friend of GATA-1 (FOG-1) selectively mediated repression. A GATA-1 mutant defective in FOG-1 binding occupied a
Tac-2
regulatory region at levels higher than wild-type GATA-1, whereas FOG-1 facilitated chromatin occupancy at a distinct target site. These results indicate that FOG-1 is a determinant of GATA factor target gene sensitivity by either facilitating or opposing chromatin occupancy.
Vitamin K-dependent proteins in
Ciona intestinalis
, a basal chordate lacking a blood coagulation cascade
Authors: Kulman John D. , Harris Jeff E. , Nakazawa Noriko , Ogasawara Michio , Satake Masanobu , Davie Earl W.
Published: October 2006

We have isolated and sequenced several cDNAs derived from the sea squirt
Ciona intestinalis
that encode vitamin K-dependent proteins. Four of these encode γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain-containing proteins, which we have named Ci-Gla1 through Ci-Gla4. Two additional cDNAs encode the apparent orthologs of γ-glutamyl carboxylase and vitamin K epoxide reductase. Ci-Gla1 undergoes γ-glutamyl carboxylation when expressed in CHO cells and is homologous to Gla-RTK, a putative receptor tyrosine kinase previously identified in a related ascidian. The remaining three Gla domain proteins are similar to proteins that participate in fundamental developmental processes, complement regulation, and blood coagulation. These proteins are generally expressed at low levels throughout development and exhibit either relatively constant expression (Ci-Gla1, γ-glutamyl carboxylase, and vitamin K epoxide reductase) or spatiotemporal regulation (Ci-Gla2, -3, and -4). These results demonstrate the evolutionary emergence of the vitamin K-dependent Gla domain before the divergence of vertebrates and urochordates and suggest novel functions for Gla domain proteins distinct from their roles in vertebrate hemostasis. In addition, these findings highlight the usefulness of
C. intestinalis
as a model organism for investigating vitamin K-dependent physiological phenomena, which may be conserved among the chordate subphyla.
Hereditary family signature of facial expression
Authors: Peleg Gili , Katzir Gadi , Peleg Ofer , Kamara Michal , Brodsky Leonid , Hel-Or Hagit , Keren Daniel , Nevo Eviatar
Published: October 2006

Although facial expressions of emotion are universal, individual differences create a facial expression “signature” for each person; but, is there a unique family facial expression signature? Only a few family studies on the heredity of facial expressions have been performed, none of which compared the gestalt of movements in various emotional states; they compared only a few movements in one or two emotional states. No studies, to our knowledge, have compared movements of congenitally blind subjects with their relatives to our knowledge. Using two types of analyses, we show a correlation between movements of congenitally blind subjects with those of their relatives in think-concentrate, sadness, anger, disgust, joy, and surprise and provide evidence for a unique family facial expression signature. In the analysis “in-out family test,” a particular movement was compared each time across subjects. Results show that the frequency of occurrence of a movement of a congenitally blind subject in his family is significantly higher than that outside of his family in think-concentrate, sadness, and anger. In the analysis “the classification test,” in which congenitally blind subjects were classified to their families according to the gestalt of movements, results show 80% correct classification over the entire interview and 75% in anger. Analysis of the movements' frequencies in anger revealed a correlation between the movements' frequencies of congenitally blind individuals and those of their relatives. This study anticipates discovering genes that influence facial expressions, understanding their evolutionary significance, and elucidating repair mechanisms for syndromes lacking facial expression, such as autism.
Inhibition of homologous recombination by a cohesin-associated clamp complex recruited to the rDNA recombination enhancer
Authors: Huang Julie , Brito Ilana L. , Villén Judit , Gygi Steven P. , Amon Angelika , Moazed Danesh
Published: October 2006

Silencing within the yeast ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats protects the integrity of this highly repetitive array by inhibiting hyperrecombination and repressing transcription from foreign promoters. Using affinity purification combined with highly sensitive mixture mass spectrometry, we have analyzed the protein interaction network involved in suppressing homologous recombination within the rDNA locus. We show that the Net1 and Sir2 subunits of the RENT (regulator of nucleolar silencing and telophase exit) silencing complex, and Fob1, which recruits RENT to the nontranscribed spacer I (NTS1) region of rDNA, are physically associated with Tof2. In addition to RENT components and Fob1, Tof2 copurified with a two-subunit complex composed of Lrs4 and Csm1. Tof2, Lrs4, and Csm1 are recruited to the NTS1 region by Fob1 and are specifically required for silencing at this rDNA region. Moreover, Lrs4 and Csm1 act synergistically with Sir2 to suppress unequal crossover at the rDNA and are released from the nucleolus during anaphase. Together with previous observations showing that Csm1 physically associates with cohesin, these findings suggest a possible model in which RENT, Tof2, and Lrs4/Csm1 physically clamp rDNA to the cohesin ring, thereby restricting the movement of rDNA sister chromatids relative to each other to inhibit unequal exchange.
Functional characterization ofMuscaglutamate‐ and GABA‐gated chloride channels expressed independently and coexpressed inXenopusoocytes
Authors: Eguchi Y. , Ihara M. , Ochi E. , Shibata Y. , Matsuda K. , Fushiki S. , Sugama H. , Hamasaki Y. , Niwa H. , Wada M. , Ozoe F. , Ozoe Y.
Published: October 2006

Ligand‐gated chloride channels (LGICs) are important targets for insecticides and parasiticides. Genes encoding subunits of two LGICs, a glutamate‐gated chloride channel (MdGluCl‐α) and a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel (MdRdl), were cloned from house‐flies (Musca domesticaL.). These genes were first expressed independently inXenopus laevisoocytes by cRNA injection in order to investigate the pharmacology of these ligand‐gated channels using two‐electrode voltage‐clamp electrophysiology. It was found thatl‐glutamate and GABA activated the MdGluCl‐α homo‐oligomers with an EC50value of 30 µmand the MdRdl homo‐oligomers with an EC50value of 101 µm, respectively. Both channels were chloride ion‐permeable, and the MdRdl channel was more sensitive to chloride channel blockers, such as γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (γ‐HCH), fipronil and picrotoxinin, than the MdGluCl‐α channel. MdGluCl‐α required only 1–2 days of incubation after cRNA injection to be expressed in oocytes, whereas 4–7 days of incubation was necessary to achieve MdRdl expression. However, when the cRNA of MdGluCl‐α was injected at a dose of 1% (w/w) 1 day after the injection of the cRNA of MdRdl, a significant increase in the current amplitude of responses to GABA was observed, and the incubation period necessary for MdRdl expression became shorter. These results suggest that MdGluCl‐α assists in the expression of MdRdl when the two are coexpressed.
The effect of repellents Ocimum forskolei and deet on the response of Anopheles stephensi to host odours
Authors: WAKA M. , HOPKINS R. J. , GLINWOOD R. , CURTIS C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract The behavioural response of Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) to incubated host odours (from human and goat) and to human odour in combination with a repellent plant, Ocimum forskolei (Labiatae), or deet (N, N, diethyl‐toluamide) (20%) was tested in a dual‐port olfactometer. An. stephensi was significantly attracted to both host odours compared with air alone, but showed no preference when given a choice between both host odours simultaneously. In choice tests, the addition of deet to human odour did not significantly divert mosquitoes to human odour alone, but did divert them to goat odour. O. forskolei combined with human odour diverted mosquitoes to goat or human odour alone. Combinations of human odour and O. forskolei, and human odour and deet were both as unattractive as air alone, and attracted mosquitoes equally when offered simultaneously. The results indicate that use of O. forskolei as a repellent would be beneficial in reducing vector biting if used in communities in areas with partially zoophilic mosquito species such as An. stephensi, and where animals are present.
Preaching in Old English: Tradition and New Directions
Authors: Corradini Erika
Published: October 2006

The following article explores vernacular preaching in early medieval England until 1250. It offers an overview of the research carried out in the field and points to new directions. Traditional approaches to the study of Old English homiletics here under scrutiny reveal that the art of preaching in the Middle Ages has not as yet been studied in its continuity and that research has often contributed to widening the gap between early and late medieval sermon literature. The present paper shows that new methodologies need to be applied to the study of preaching in order to highlight the contacts between early and late medieval preaching and move towards a more homogeneous study of vernacular homilies in the Middle Ages.
AGGREGATION OF MULTIPLE REINFORCEMENT LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Authors: JIANG JU , KAMEL MOHAMED S. , CHEN LEI
Published: October 2006

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully used in many fields. With the increasing complexity of environments and tasks, it is difficult for a single learning algorithm to cope with complicated problems with high performance. This paper proposes a new multiple learning architecture, "Aggregated Multiple Reinforcement Learning System (AMRLS)", which aggregates different RL algorithms in each learning step to make more appropriate sequential decisions than those made by individual learning algorithms. This architecture was tested on a Cart-Pole system. The presented simulation results confirm our prediction and reveal that aggregation not only provides robustness and fault tolerance ability, but also produces more smooth learning curves and needs fewer learning steps than individual learning algorithms.
AN INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE FOR WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT BASED ON LEARNING AND PLANNING
Authors: FERREIRA HUGO M. , FERREIRA DIOGO R.
Published: October 2006

The ability to describe business processes as executable models has always been one of the fundamental premises of workflow management. Yet, the tacit nature of human knowledge is often an obstacle to eliciting accurate process models. On the other hand, the result of process modeling is a static plan of action, which is difficult to adapt to changing procedures or to different business goals. In this article, we attempt to address these problems by approaching workflow management with a combination of learning and planning techniques. Assuming that processes cannot be fully described at build-time, we make use of learning techniques, namely Inductive Logic Programming (ILP), in order to discover workflow activities and to describe them as planning operators. These operators will be subsequently fed to a partial-order planner in order to find the process model as a planning solution. The continuous interplay between learning, planning and execution aims at arriving at a feasible plan by successive refinement of the operators. The approach is illustrated in two simple scenarios. Following a discussion of related work, the paper concludes by presenting the main challenges that remain to be solved.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WEB SERVICES MIDDLEWARE TO SUPPORT FAIR NON-REPUDIABLE INTERACTIONS
Authors: COOK NICK , ROBINSON PAUL , SHRIVASTAVA SANTOSH K.
Published: October 2006

The use of open, Internet-based communications for business-to-business (B2B) interactions requires accountability for and acknowledgment of the actions of participants. Accountability and acknowledgment can be achieved by the systematic maintenance of an irrefutable audit trail to render the interaction non-repudiable. To safeguard the interests of each party, the mechanisms used to meet this requirement should ensure fairness. That is, misbehavior should not disadvantage well-behaved parties. Despite the fact that Web services are increasingly used to enable B2B interactions, there is currently no systematic support to deliver such guarantees. This paper introduces a flexible framework to support fair non-repudiable B2B interactions based on a trusted delivery agent. A Web services implementation is presented. The role of the delivery agent can be adapted to different end user capabilities and to meet different application requirements.
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF COLLAGEN ORIENTATION IN THE SUPERFICIAL ZONE FOR STUDYING EARLY DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Authors: Wu J. P. , Kirk T. B. , Peng Z. , Miller K. , Zheng M. H.
Published: October 2006

Collagen fibres in the superficial zone are critical to the durability and stability of articular cartilage. Early osteoarthritis is often characterized by lesions on the surface of articular cartilage as a result of deterioration or degeneration of the collagen meshwork in the superficial zone. Therefore, traditional histology employing visual inspection of the microstructure of collagen fibres is one of the methods frequently used to evaluate the physiological state of articular cartilage in the medical field. However, traditional histology is often limited to 2D observations. It requires physical sectioning and dehydration of articular cartilage for stereological study. In addition, visual inspection is subjective and time consuming. Confocal microscopy provides a way to study the three-dimensional collagen structure in bulk hydrated articular cartilage. Utilizing fibre optical laser scanning confocal microscopy, the aim of the present study was to apply the spectral moment as a method for quantitatively describing the orientation of the collagen fibres in the superficial zone in relation to the physiological status of the cartilage, such as distinguishing normal cartilage from the early osteoarthritic cartilage.
RELATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SURGICAL WIRES AND CABLES USED IN SPINAL FIXATION AND THE GRIPPING TECHNIQUES USED FOR THEIR TENSILE TESTS
Authors: Krishna Vaibhav , Chou Siaw Meng
Published: October 2006

Surgical wires and cables have been extensively used for spinal fixation. They are used in conjunction with spinal instrumentation to stabilize the spine. This paper seeks to explore the best method for clamping stainless steel wire and stainless steel cable for tensile test and to compare the relative mechanical material properties of Sofamor Danek Axis (SDA) stainless steel wire with SDA stainless steel cable using the most suitable gripping method found, in order to determine which is mechanically more superior/effective for spinal fixation. Utilization of mechanical grips with sandpaper lining has been found to be an effective method for clamping wires for tensile test. For cables, the problem of stress concentration and premature failure during tensile test has been overcome by embedding both ends of the cable in carbon fibre.
TOTAL REALITY OF CONORMAL BUNDLES OF HYPERSURFACES IN ALMOST COMPLEX MANIFOLDS
Authors: SPIRO ANDREA
Published: October 2006

A generalization to the almost complex setting of a well-known result by Webster is given. Namely, we prove that if Γ is a strongly pseudoconvex hypersurface in an almost complex manifold (M, J), then the conormal bundle of Γ is a totally real submanifold of (T* M, 𝕁), where 𝕁 is the lifted almost complex structure on T* M defined by Ishihara and Yano.
CURVATURE SUBMODULES FOR GRASSMANN STRUCTURES WITH TORSION
Authors: BOKAN N. , RAKIĆ Z.
Published: October 2006

A complete decomposition of the space [Formula: see text] of the curvature tensors over tensor product of vector spaces into simple modules under the action of the group G = GL(p, ℝ) ⊗ GL(q, ℝ) is given. We use these results to study geometry of manifolds with Grassmann structure and Grassmann manifolds endowed with a connection whose torsion is not zero. We show that Oscr M a manifold is an example of a manifold with Grassmann structure. Owing to this fact, we consider results of Miron, Atanasiu, Anastasiei, Čomić and others from representation theory point of view and connect them with some results of Alekseevsky, Cortes, and Devchand, as well as of Machida and Sato, and others. New examples of connections with torsion defined on four-dimensional Grassmann manifold are given. Symmetries of curvatures for half-flat connections are also investigated. We use algebraic results to reveal obstructions to the existence of corresponding connections.
SPECIAL GRAPHS
Authors: DEVCHAND CHANDRASHEKAR , NUYTS JEAN , WEINGART GREGOR
Published: October 2006

A specialp-form is a p-form which, in some orthonormal basis {eμ}, has components φμ1⋯μp = φ(eμ1,…,eμp) taking values in {-1, 0, 1}. We discuss graphs which characterize such forms.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BRANCHED EPITAXIAL III–V NANOTREES
Authors: KARLSSON LISA S. , LARSSON MAGNUS W. , MALM JAN-OLLE , WALLENBERG L. REINE , DICK KIMBERLY A. , DEPPERT KNUT , SEIFERT WERNER , SAMUELSON LARS
Published: October 2006

In this review we discuss the morphology and crystal structure of branched epitaxial III–V semiconductor structures, so called nanotrees, based on our own work with GaP , InAs and GaP/InP . These structures are formed by epitaxial growth in a step-wise procedure where each level can be individually controlled in terms of diameter, length and composition. Poly-typism is commonly observed for III–Vs with zinc blende, wurtzite or combinations thereof as the resulting crystal structure. Here we review GaP as an example of zinc blende and InAs of wurtzite type of growth in terms of nanotrees with two to three levels of growth. Included are also previously unpublished results on the growth of GaP/InP nanotrees to demonstrate effects of heteroepitaxial growth with substantial mismatch. For these structures a topotaxial growth behavior was observed with InP wires crawling along or spiraling around the GaP nanowires acting as a free-standing substrates.
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Forecasts as Revealed by Singular Vectors
Authors: Peng Melinda S. , Reynolds Carolyn A.
Published: October 2006

Singular vector (SV) sensitivity, calculated using the adjoint model of the U.S. Navy Operation Global Atmosphere Prediction System (NOGAPS), is used to study the dynamics associated with tropical cyclone evolution. For each model-predicted tropical cyclone, SVs are constructed that optimize perturbation energy within a 20° by 20° latitude/longitude box centered on the 48-h forecast position of the cyclone. The initial SVs indicate regions where the 2-day forecast of the storm is very sensitive to changes in the analysis. Composites of the SVs for straight-moving cyclones and non-straight-moving cyclones that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere during its summer season in 2003 are examined. For both groups, the initial-time SV sensitivity exhibits a maximum within an annulus approximately 500 km from the center of the storms, in the region where the potential vorticity gradient of the vortex first changes sign. In the azimuthal direction, the composite initial-time SV maximum for the straight-moving group is located in the rear right quadrant with respect to the storm motion. The composite based on the non-straight-moving cyclones does not have a preferred quadrant in the vicinity of the storms and has larger amplitude away from the cyclones compared with the straight-moving storms, indicating more environmental influence on these storms. For both groups, the maximum initial sensitive areas are collocated with regions of flow moving toward the storm.

While the initial SV maximum is located where the potential vorticity gradient changes sign, the final SV maximum is located where the potential vorticity gradient is a maximum. Examinations of individual cases demonstrate how SV sensitivity can be used to identify specific environmental influences on the storms. The relationship between the SV sensitivity and the potential vorticity is discussed. The results support the utility of SVs in applications to phenomena beyond midlatitude baroclinic systems.
The Will of the Parties Versus the Will of the People?
Authors: Booysen Susan
Published: October 2006

The article investigates the politics of defections and alliances in South Africa in the period 2000 to 2004. The analysis links the debates on defections within proportional representation with the associated changes in party representational strengths, and the political imperatives of consolidating parties and stabilizing party systems. The analysis tracks the issue of disproportionality over time, covering defections and elections in the period, through the 2004 national and provincial elections. Defections were used in conjunction with party alliances to forge power shifts. The defections created the direction and momentum for party political realignment that carried over into post-defection elections. The cumulative practical result of the defection–alliance–election chain of events in South Africa was a party system that was further stabilized in the dominant-party mode, combining with both modest opposition consolidation and fragmentation among the microparties.
Contrary prostaglandins: the opposing roles of PGD2 and its metabolites in leukocyte function
Authors: Sandig Hilary , Pease James E , Sabroe Ian
Published: October 2006

Traditionally, PGD2 has been considered to be a pro-inflammatory mediator, acting via classical PG receptors, such as the PGD2 receptor (DP). PGD2 is degraded rapidly in vitro and in vivo to a variety of metabolites, the majority of which were thought, until recently, to be physiologically inactive. Several “inactive” metabolites, particularly 15d-PGJ2, have been shown to have wide-ranging effects on leukocytes and other cell types, however, and a potentially important anti-inflammatory role for PGD2 has now been recognized, and the complexity of PGD2 signaling is beginning to be elucidated. PGD2 and its metabolites are biologically active over a broad concentration range, and, intriquingly, it appears that there are marked concentration-dependent variations in the consequences of signaling by these eicosanoids, which have the potential to exert pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. For example, the actions of PGD2 can influence multiple stages in the life of the mature eosinophil, from causing its release from the bone marrow to inducing its recruitment and activation and, ultimately, regulating its apoptosis. This review is concerned with the diverse responses induced in leukocytes by PGD2 and its metabolites and the signaling mechanisms which are thought to be responsible for them.
Reconstruction of the anterior oral cavity using the platysma myocutaneous island flap
Authors: Manni Johannes J. , Bruaset Ingolv
Published: October 2006

The platysma myocutaneous island flap has demonstrated high versatility and reliability when used to close defects in the oral cavity in a series of ten patients. The surgical technique for this one‐stage reconstructive procedure is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this flap, the results, and complications are discussed.
Bioinhibition of human fibroblast cultures sensitized to Q‐switch II dye and treated with the Nd:YAG laser: A new technique of photodynamic therapy with lasers
Authors: Castro Dan J. , Ward Paul H. , Saxton Romaine E. , Fetterman Harold R. , Castro Donna J.
Published: October 2006

Kodak Q‐switch II dye has recently proven to be nn effective biostimulative agent on normal human fibroblast cultures. The potential for this dye as a new chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of connective tissue diseases and wound healing with the Nd:YAG laser was examined. Two normal fibroblast cell lines were first sensitized to a nontoxic dose of Q‐switch II dye, then subjected to treatment with an Nd:YAG laser at 1, 060 nm, with varying levels of energy and temperatures determined by a reproducible method of dosimetry. The results indicate that Q‐switch II dye at nontoxic doses of 0.1 μg/ml enhances the cytotoxic effects of the Nd:YAG laser at temperatures as low as 36 °C. Furthermore, at physiological temperature ranges as low as 24 °C to 34 °C, cell duplication was inhibited, but cell viability was not affected. Similar results were not observed when fibroblast cultures were treated with the laser alone. These observations suggest that Q‐switch II dye is an effective chemosensitizing agent for the Nd:YAG laser and could potentially be used to reduce collagen deposits in conditions such as keloids and hypertrophic scars.
Treatment of thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Chonkich George D. , Petti George H.
Published: October 2006

In a review of thyroid surgery performed at Loma Linda University and its affiliated hospitals during the past 20 years, 254 (26%) of the thyroid surgery patients had thyroid carcinoma. The majority of these patients underwent total thyroidectomy and received postoperative radioactive iodine. At the present time, there is considerable disagreement in the literature regarding the extent of treatment needed for what, in many cases, is a low‐grade malignancy. In the present series, there are a significant number of patients with extensive disease in which aggressive treatment is warranted to improve the chance of cure. We believe that total thyroidectomy with central node dissection is the minimum surgical procedure required.
Defect reconstruction and cerebrospinal fluid management in neurotologic skull base tumors with intracranial extension
Authors: Jackson C. Gary , Netterville James L. , Glasscock Michael E. , Hampf Carl R. , Carrasco Vincent N. , Haynes David S. , Strasnick Barry , Fisher Jack
Published: October 2006

Intracranial extension (ICE) is the spread of tumor into the subarachnoid space through dura or along cranial nerve roots. The single‐stage removal of the skull base tumor with its ICE has been confounded by cerebrospinal fluid management and defect reconstruction.

The purpose of this report is to review a current protocol for managing the cranial base tumor and its ICE as a unit. The ventricular shunting paper of 19871 is retracted.

All tumors were managed at a single stage. Defect reconstruction was size dependent. Ninety‐eight neurotologic skull base tumors with ICE were managed from 1971 to 1991. The new protocol was initiated in 1987. Results specific to this group are highlighted. For glomus tumors, cerebrospinal fluid leak rates have been dramatically reduced overall from 14.5% to 4%. The leak rates for nonglomus tumors, overall, have improved slightly. Complications are discussed.

The development of this surgical approach protocol improves the functional outcome in patients of surgeons who aspire to disease “cure” rather than “control.”
A canine model for studying laryngospasm and its prevention
Authors: Henderson Pamela S. , Cohen James I. , Jarnberg Per‐Olof , Smith James D. , Stevens Wendell
Published: October 2006

Laryngospasm, if prolonged, can result in serious sequelae due to the lack of a uniformly effective treatment. Prevention, therefore, through pharmacologic intervention, is an attractive concept. In order to study the effects of various drugs in preventing laryngospasm, a reliable animal model capable of producing sequential, repetitive episodes of laryngospasm is necessary. In this study, the canine model of laryngospasm previously described by Aviv, et al. was modified to overcome technical factors which limited its use in this regard. Details of the technique and the results from eight animals will be presented. Results in two animals with the use of prophylactic topical lidocaine will also be discussed. The reliability and reproducibility of this model make it ideal for the study of laryngospasm and open the way for investigation into its prevention.
Infant botulism: Considerations for airway management
Authors: Wohl Daniel L. , Tucker John A.
Published: October 2006

Infant botulism is a national problem with over 1000 confirmed cases in the United States since it was first recognized as a distinct clinical entity in 1976. The disease is characterized by a progressive, symmetrical descending paralysis of cranial nerves with eventual involvement of axial and trunk muscle innervation. Most infants progress to complete respiratory failure.

An initial report in 1979 recommended early tracheotomy for avoidance of long‐term intubation complications. However, over the past 10 years at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, analysis of airway management in 11 patients with infant botulism revealed a median intubation time of 16 days. Following extubation, all patients progressed to complete respiratory recovery without adverse laryngotracheal sequelae. Otolaryngologists consulted for the airway management of infants with botulism should adopt a conservative approach with meticulous monitoring of endotracheal tube sizes and leak pressures. Tracheotomy is rarely required.