bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Expert Framework for Diagnosis of Typhoid
Authors: Celestine Okpokpong Nathaniel Ntebong , Abdulrahman Umar Farouk Ibn , Akpabio Itoro
Published: October 2017

Typhoid fever is a disease that is caused by bacteria called salmonella typhi. It is also known as Enteric fever, Typhoid fever is been characterized by high fever, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, etc. It is often treatable when diagnosed early, but if left untreated could lead to other medical complications like intestinal haemorrhaging which may require major surgeries and could even lead to death. This paper proposes a method of diagnosis of Typhoid Fever using Fuzzy Logic. The system was built with twenty input membership functions, one output membership function and about two hundred inference rules which was simulated with MATLAB R2013 and therefore 97.5 % accuracy was obtained. The centroid method was used for the defuzzification. Although there are many systems in existence, this work is however based on the assumption that a system with a higher number of inference rules will make diagnosis a better.
Miten sanoilla toimitaan – J. L. Austinin klassikko suomeksi
Authors: Hakulinen Auli
Published: October 2017

Arvioitu teos:

J. L. Austin: Näin tehdään sanoilla. Harvardissa 1955 pidetyt William James -luennot. Alkuperäisteos How to do things with words 1962. Suomentanut Risto Koskensilta. Tampere: niin & näin 2016. 186 s. isbn 978-952-7189-05-4.
Suunvuoro
Authors: Lappalainen Hanna
Published: October 2017

Tänä vuonna paitsi juhlitaan satavuotiasta Suomea myös vietetään reformaation merkki­vuotta. Sen ajoitus perustuu Martti Lutherin teeseihin, jotka hän naulasi lokakuussa 1517 Wittenbergin linnankirkon oveen. Vaikka viime aikoina 500 vuoden takaisiin tapahtumiin on viitattu reformaatio-sanalla, monelle tutumpi ilmaus on uskonpuhdistus. Sanan uskonpuhdistus taustaa valottaa katsauksessaan Tuomo Fonsén.

Reformaatiolla ei ollut pelkästään teologisia vaikutuksia vaan myös merkittäviä yhteis­kunnallisia seurauksia. Luther painotti sitä, että kansan tulee saada lukea Raamattua omalla kielellään, mikä johti kirjakielen kehittämiseen monelle sellaiselle kielelle, jota aiemmin oli käytetty vain suullisesti. Kuten tiedämme, näin tapahtui myös Suomessa. Muutamaa irrallista suomenkielistä virkettä lukuun ottamatta tällä tietoa vanhimmat suomenkieliset tekstit ovat 1540-luvulta. Yksi näistä on Sebastian Münsterin Cosmographia­teokseen (1544) sisältyvä Isä meidän -rukous, jonka kielellisiä erityis­piirteitä Petri Kallio esittelee havaintokirjoituksessaan.

Suomen kielen varhaisvaiheita valottavat myös Aino Kärnä ja Lauri Marjamäki, jotka tarkastelevat katsauksessaan sitä, miten vanhojen latinan kielioppien vaikutus näkyy ensimmäisissä suomen kieliopeissa. Varhaisten eurooppalaisten kielioppien systemaattiset digitoinnit avaavat uusia näkökulmia suomenkin kielioppeihin, sillä aiemmin läheskään kaikki niiden esikuvat eivät ole olleet kohtuuvaivalla tutkijoiden saatavilla.

Aila Mielikäinen puolestaan tarkastelee artikkelissaan 1800-luvun lopun murre­tutkimuksia. Hän selvittää, millaista metakieltä niissä käytetään. Kielenpiirteiden kuvailuissa on havaittavissa yhtymä­kohtia nyky­maallikoiden metakieleen, eikä ihme, sillä sekä pioneeritutkijoiden että ei-kielitieteilijöiden ongelma on sama: miten puhua kielen­ilmiöistä, joille ei tiedä nimitystä? 1800-luvun kansallisessa hengessä pyrkimyksenä oli etsiä näille ilmiöille suomen­kielisiä nimityksiä.

Nyky­kirjoittajien haasteet ovat ainakin osin erilaisia kuin Agricolalla ja hänen aikalaisillaan. Tämän numeron avaakin artikkeli, joka on vankasti kiinni tässä ajassa. Satu Erra ja Kimmo Svinhufvud tarkastelevat, millaisia kirjoittamisen ideologioita on löydettävissä lukion opetussuunnitelmasta ja ylioppilaskokeen määräyksistä. Aihe on tärkeä, sillä juuri nuo dokumentit ohjaavat sitä, miten kirjoittamista opetetaan. Vaikka tarpeet ja haasteet ovatkin muuttuneet 500 vuodessa, kirjoittamisen merkitys ei ole ainakaan vähentynyt.

 

***

 

Virittäjän toimitussihteerinä on toiminut syksystä 2012 maisteri Armi Sinerkari. Haluan kiittää häntä lämpimästi koko toimituksen puolesta erinomaisesta yhteistyöstä ja ammattitaitoisesta toiminnasta Virittäjän hyväksi sekä toivottaa menestystä uusiin tehtäviin. Samalla on ilo esitellä uusi toimitussihteerimme, maisteri Henna Leskelä, joka ottaa ohjat käsiinsä nelosnumerosta lähtien.

 

Hanna Lappalainen
POLUSI UDARA DALAM RUMAH SEKITAR JALAN RAYA: INTRUSI NO2 DARI TRANSPORTASI DAN GANGGUAN PERNAPASAN PADA PENGHUNI RUMAH
Authors: Handika Rizki Andre
Published: October 2017

Urbanisasi telah menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor sehingga diperkirakan efekpencemaran udara meluas mempengaruhi kualitas udara dalam rumah. Iklim Indonesia yang tropis turutmemperparah keadaan tersebut, khususnya rumah-rumah di sekitar jalan utama. Penelitian ini dilakukan untukmengetahui hubungan transportasi di jalan raya terhadap paparan NO2, sekaligus insidensi gangguanpernapasan pada 50 rumah sampel di Kawasan Karees, Bandung. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metodepengukuran NO2 secara pasif dan wawancara. Diketahui dapur memiliki konsentrasi tertinggi dengan rerata45,82 ?g/m3 (27,57 103,46), kemudian ruang tamu 35,73 ?g/m3 (21,03 70,36), ruang keluarga 34,00 ?g/m3(SD 7,092), serta kamar tidur yang rerata konsentrasinya 29,76 ?g/m3 (SD 7,548). Adapun sumber paling utamapenyebab terpaparnya NO2 di ruang tamu berasal dari luar rumah (r = 0,559). Ruang keluarga bersumber daribeberapa ruangan (r = 0,647) dengan yang paling potensialnya ruang tamu. Sedangkan kamar tidur bersumberdari ruang keluarga (r = 0,700,), kemudian dapur berasal dari aktivitas memasak yang berlangsung. Hubunganinsidensi gangguan pernapasan terhadap NO2 dalam rumah dilakukan melalui pendekatan yang menggunakansudut pandang insidensi pada ibu/pembantu rumah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah bahwa insidensi memilikihubungan yang cukup kuat terhadap variabel asmatik (OR = 10,43) dan keberadaan di dalam rumah (OR =6,32). Dengan ANOVA one ways diketahui, untuk ruang tamu dan ruang keluarga rumah penderita asma,konsentrasi NO2 pada rumah penderita yang sering kambuh berpengaruh dibandingkan rumah yang jarangkambuh.Kata Kunci: kendaraan bermotor, konsentrasi NO2, sekitar jalan raya, intrusi ke dalam rumah.
ANALISIS SPASIAL BESARAN TINGKAT EROSI PADA TIAP SATUAN LAHAN DI SUB DAS BATANG KANDIS
Authors: Rusnam Rusnam
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus dan September 2013 di Sub-DAS Batang Kandis didistrik Koto Tangah Kota Padang dan juga di AMGIS (Sistem Informasi Manajemen PertanianGeographic) Laboratory. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung laju erosi dan menentukantingkat bahaya erosi dan mengatur arahan konservasi tanah dan konservasi tanah untolerateduntuk pengendalian erosi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah USLE (UniversalSoil Loss Equation) dengan pendekatan Sistem Informasi Geografis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitianini menunjukkan bahwa dari seluruh areal sub-DAS Batang Kandis daerah, diketahui bahwakriteria tingkat bahaya erosi sangat tinggi adalah areal terkecil dengan luas 53,292 hektar , sekitar0,97 % . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar sub-DAS Batang Kandis memiliki nilai erosiyang masih bisa ditoleransi. Tingkat erosi terbesar di Sub-DAS Batang Kandis terjadi pada satuanlahan KCB sama dengan 1368.246 ton/ha/tahun. Dari hasil identifikasi berdasarkan arahrehabilitasi lahan dan konservasi tanah, maka diperoleh bahwa satuan lahan KCB dan KCLadalah prioritas utama sebagai daerah yang memerlukan tindakan konservasi .Keyword: Erosi, USLE, Unit Tanah, Sistem Informasi Geografis, Rehabilitasi Lahan danKonservasi Tanah
KINERJA BIOSAND FILTER BERBAHAN DASAR BATUAN ANDESIT DALAM MENURUNKAN KONSENTRASI BOD DAN COD PADA AIR TANAH DANGKAL
Authors: Edwin Tivany , Dewilda Yommi
Published: October 2017

Air tanah dangkal merupakan opsi sumber air bersih yang umum digunakan masyarakat. Tingginya kadar Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) dan Chemical Oxygen demand (COD) terkadang ditemukan pada air tanah dangkal yang menandakan tercemarnya air tersebut. Oleh karena itu diperlukan teknologi tepat guna pengolahan air yang relatif murah dan efisien untuk skala rumah tangga masyarakat seperti biosand filter. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja biosand filter dalam menurunkan parameter BOD dan COD pada sampel air tanah dangkal dari sumur penduduk. Biosand filter didesain dengan dimensi reaktor 30x30x90 cm dengan perbandingan ketinggian media pasir halus:pasir kasar:kerikil sebesar 50:5:5 cm. Media yang digunakan merupakan batuan andesit yang mudah ditemukan di daerah Sumatra Barat. Debit air yang dialirkan pada biosand filter adalah 0,6 L/menit. Waktu penumbuhan biofilm selama 21 hari dan pengoperasian reaktor selama 14 hari. Setelah dilakukan analisis, reaktor biosand filter mampu menyisihkan parameter BOD dan COD. Efisiensi penyisihan konsentrasi BOD oleh reaktor biosand filter sebesar 75%-87%, dan efisiensi penyisihan konsentrasi COD oleh reaktor biosand sebesar 65%-70%. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa reaktor biosand filter cukup efektif dalam menyisihkan parameter BOD dan COD.Kata-kata Kunci : Air Tanah Dangkal, Andesit Biosand Filter, BOD, dan COD,
PENGARUH VEGETASI DALAM MEREDAM TINGKAT KEBISINGAN LALU LINTAS JALAN RAYA DI KAWASAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM (TWA) PUNTI KAYU PALEMBANG
Authors: Yosieguspa Yosieguspa
Published: October 2017

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh vegetasi terhadap tingkat kebisingan. Sumber kebisingan berasal dari suara kendaraan yang melintas di jalan raya tersebut. Alat yang digunakan untuk meredam tingkat kebisingan dalam penelitian ini adalah Sound Level Meter (SLM). Posisi SLM kejalan raya diatur dengan jarak 20 m, 40 m, dan 60 m. Pengaruh waktu selama satu hari mulai pukul 07.00 sampai 17.00 terhadap kebisingan dilakukan untuk mendapatkan profil (pola) tingkat kebisingan selama satu hari di jalan raya Kol. H. Barlian Km. 07 Palermbang. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapat bahwa parameter vegetasi yang berperan dalam meredam vegetasi yaitu kerapatan vegetasi dan tinggi batang bebas cabang. Dimana hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh kebisingin (Y) terhadap parameter vegetasi yaitu kerapatan vegetasi (X1) dan tinggi batang bebas cabang (X2) terlihat pada persamaan Y = 58.4 - 7.6 X1 - 1.186 X2. Parameter vegetasi mempunyai kontribusi besar terhadap pengurangan intensitas kebisingan adalah kerapatan vegetasi yaitu mampu mengurangi kebisingan 7.6dB(A) dan tinggi batang bebas cabang dapat mengurangi kebisingan sebesar 1.186 dB(A).Kata kunci : Kebisingan, vegetasi, kendaraan dan jarak
UJI PERSAMAAN LANGMUIR DAN FREUNDLICH PADA PENYERAPAN Mn(II) OLEH KOMPOSIT Fe3O4-ZEOLIT
Authors: Lisa Mona
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui metode adsorpsi yang sesuai untuk menentukan kapasitas serap maksimum Mn(II) oleh komposit Fe3O4-zeolit pada larutan uji menggunakan persamaan Langmuir dan Freundlich. Konsentrasi Mn(II) pada larutan dikur dengan alat Spektroskopi Serapan Atom (SSA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk proses adsorpsi yaitu pada saat berat komposit 0.4 g Fe3O4 -zeolit dan lamanya waktu kontak 60 menit pada kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm. Koofisien determinan (R2) untuk persamaan Langmuir yaitu 0.934 dan lebih besar dari R2 dari persamaan Freundlich. Artinya penyerapan Mn(II) pada larutan oleh komposit Fe3O4-zeolit ditentukan dengan mengikuti persamaan Langmuir. Kapasitas penyarapan maksimum Mn(II) pada larutan uji yaitu sebesar 181,8 mg/g. Sehingga, komposit Fe3O4 -zeolitdapat direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi Mn(II) pada air ataupun air limbah.Kata kunci : Mn(II), adsorpsi, AAS, Langmuir, Freundlich
PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN REHABILITASI DRAINASE PADA IRIGASI GUNUNG NAGO DISEPANJANG JALAN ALAI-BYPASS KOTA PADANG
Authors: Istijono Bambang , Hesna Yervi
Published: October 2017

Akibat bencana alam gempa bumi Sumatera Barat 30 September 2009 terjadi kemacetan di sepanjang jalan Alai-Bypass yang berdampingan dengan drainase Irigasi Gunung Nago di Kota Padang. Selanjutnya Pemerintah berkaitan dengan kegiatan mitigasi bencana, membuat jalur evakuasi tsunami dengan melaksanakan pelebaran jalan Alai-Bypass yaitu memperbaiki sistem drainase Irigasi Gunung Nago sepanjang 2 km dengan penutup beton.Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (Amdal) merupakan kajian mengenai dampak besar dan penting suatu kegiatan yang diperlukan sebagai proses pengambilan keputusan. Penerapan dilapangan kajian Amdal pada kegiatan ini belum sepenuhnya diterapkan.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisa dokumen kontrak apakah didalamnya diatur mengenai Amdal, melakukan survai menggunakan pendekatan wawancara dan observasi lapangan untuk mengamati dampak yang terjadi serta mengklasifikasikan dampak yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian, selama pelaksanaan kegiatan terdapat dampak negatif dan positif. Kegiatan ini tidak sepenuhnya menerapkan kajian Amdal, sehingga terjadi beberapa dampak negatif yang dirasakan masyarakat berupa penurunan kualitas udara 74%, 100% masyarakat mengalami kemacetan lalulintas, penurunan kualitas air 65%, penurunan pendapatan masyarakat yang memiliki usaha sebesar 65%, 81% aksesibiltas masyarakat terganggu. Sedangkan dampak positif berupa kesempatan kerja bagi masyarakat disekitarnya dan drainase berfungsi optimal.Saran kepada pengambil kebijakan, pada kegiatan yang sifatnya rehabilitasi yang memungkinkan terjadi dampak kepada masyarakat, diperlukan kegiatan Amdal, utamanya kegiatan di perkotaan.Kata kunci: rehabilitasi, drainase, Amdal, dampak positif dan negatif
KEANEKARAGAMAN SPESIES LALAT (DIPTERA) DAN BAKTERI PADA TUBUH LALAT DI TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR SAMPAH (TPA) DAN PASAR
Authors: Putri Yunita Panca
Published: October 2017

Lalat adalah jenis Arthropoda yang termasuk ke dalam ordo Diptera. Sebagai vektor mekanis lalat membawa bibit-bibit penyakit melalui anggota tubuh seperti rambut-rambut pada kaki, badan, sayap dan mulutnya. Beberapa penyakit yang dapat ditularkan melalui makanan oleh lalat ini adalah disentri, kholera, typhoid, diare dan gatal-gatal pada kulit. berbagai macam bakteri terutama bakteri enterik seperti disentri basiler (Shigella), kolera, typhoid, paratyphoid (Salmonella),anthrax dan berbagai macam kokus. (Suraini, 2011). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai Mei 2015. Lokasi pengambilan sampel lalat di Pasar Induk Jakabaring Palembang dan TPA Sukawinatan Palembang. Di Pasar diperoleh 5 spesies lalat, yaitu Musca domestica, Chrysomia megacephala, Lucilia sp, Sarcophaga sp dan Fannia sp. Di TPA diperoleh 4 spesies lalat, yaitu Musca domestica, Chrysomia megacephala, Lucilia sp, dan Fannia sp. Dari isolasi bakteri dari permukaan luar tubuh lalat di Pasar diperoleh bakteri dari genus Proteus, Salmonella, Providencia dan Citrobacter. Sedangkan di TPA diperoleh bakteri dari genus Salmonella, Providencia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter dan Vibrio.Kata kunci : jenis lalat (Diptera), Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Akhir (TPA), Pasar, Bakteri.
FITOREMEDIASI LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA DAN NAJAS INDICA
Authors: Mutmainnah Fadila
Published: October 2017

Fitoremediasi merupakan salah satu upaya mereduksi cemaran Timbal (Pb) dari perairan dengan memanfaatkan tumbuhan. Hydrilla verticillata dan Najas indica merupakan tumbuhan air yang tergolong submerge yang banyak dijumpai di Sumatera Selatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Riset Terpadu PascaSarjana Universitas Sriwijaya. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan pola faktorial dengan 2 faktor, yaitu macam jenis tanaman yaitu Hydrilla verticillata dan Najas indica, serta macam konsentrasi yaitu kontrol, 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l. Perlakuan ini dilakukan dengan 3 kali ulangan. Analisa kandungan Pb didalam tumbuhan dan di dalam air dilakukan pada hari ke 5, hari ke 10, hari ke 15 dan hari ke 20 dengan metode analisa AAS yang dilakukan di di laboratorium penelitian Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Sriwijaya. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisa laboratorium dilakukan Analisis Varian (ANAVA), jika berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncans (DNMRT) pada taraf 5% dan dilakukan perhitungan kecepatan penyerapan Hydrilla verticillata dan Najas indica. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Hydrilla verticillata dan Najas indica memiliki kemampuan meremediasi timbal (Pb). Hydrilla verticillata memiliki ketahanan lebih baik dalam mengakumulasi timbal jika dibandingkan Najas indica, Hydrilla verticillata memliki kemampuan bertahan lebih lama dalam meremediasi timbal daripada Najas indica, sebaliknya Najas indica memiliki kemampuan meremediasi terhadap timbal (Pb) lebih cepat daripada Hydrilla verticillata. Kata kunci: fitoremediasi, timbal (Pb), Hydrilla verticillata, Najas indica.
Pengembangan Pengelolaan Sampah Perkotaan dengan Pola Pemanfaatan Sampah Berbasis Masyarakat
Authors: Raharjo Slamet , Ihsan Taufiq , Yuned Sri Rahmiwati
Published: October 2017

Bukittinggi generates around 471,01 m3/day of municipal solid waste (MSW), in which only 55,7 % is managed by the local government. As many other cities, Bukttinggi is facing a problem of implementing recycling practice. Meanwhile, there are abundant of waste from coming from districts around the border area. Such problems result in a high generation of waste that must be transfered to landfill. In order to reduce the waste generation, Bukittinggi needs a 20 years-planning of MSW development which is based on recycling management (2016-2030). It includes technical aspect and non technical aspect. The purpose of this study is to increase service coverage by developing community-based recycling facilities (TPS 3R). Developing area is divided into 3 zones. The level of service in zone 1 is increased to 100% by practicing waste reduction management in TPS 3R.. 3R target is set at 20 % of total waste generation at the end of the planning year with management system such as takakura composting, rotary klin composting and dry garbage bank. Planning with community-based waste recycling will decrease the amount of waste management facilities.Keywords: Waste Management, Bukittinggi, technical aspect, non technical aspect, 3RAbstrakKota Bukittinggi dengan timbulan sampah 471,01 m3/hari dan hanya terlayani 55,7% dari total sampah. Permasalahan persampaan yang ada di Kota ini yaitu masih rendahnya praktek pemanfaatan sampah, selain itu adanya sampah kiriman dari kabupaten tetangga yang menyebabkan jumlah timbulan sampah meningkat, sementara Kota Bukittinggi tidak memiliki TPA sendiri. Untuk itu diperlukan perencanaan pengembangan pengelolaan sampah Kota Bukittinggi selama 20 tahun perencanaan (2016-2035) meliputi aspek teknis dengan pola pemanfaatan sampah. Pengelolaan persampahan yang direncanakan yaitu meningkatkan daerah pelayanan dengan dibagi menjadi 3 zona yaitu zona I, II dan III berdasarkan kawasan strategis kota dan tingkat pelayanan menjadi 100% pada zona prioritas (Zona I) dengan melakukan reduksi sampah melalui pengolahan di TPS 3R berdasarkan target 3R, 20% di akhir tahun perencanaan dengan sistem pengolahan berupa pengomposan dengan sistem takakura susun dan rotary kiln serta bank sampah untuk sampah kering yang bisa didaur ulang. Berdasarkan analisis perbandingan, adanya pengolahan sampah dapat mengurangi jumlah sarana prasarana pengelolaan sampah.Kata kunci: Pengelolaan, Bukittinggi, Aspek Teknis dan Non Teknis, 3R
ELEKTROKOAGULASI MONOPOLAR UNTUK MENYISIHKAN ORGANIK DAN MINYAK LEMAK AIR BUANGAN DOMESTIK (GREY WATER)
Authors: Nur Ansiha , Jatnika Agus
Published: October 2017

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical technology to treat organic and inorganic wastewater without the use of chemicals so as not to increase the burden of environmental pollution. Electrocoagulation performance is influenced by electrode type, current density and number of electrodes. The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness of COD and oil grease removal from domestic waste water (grey water) through electrocoagulation process. The experiment was conducted in batch using monopolar electrode configuration, with aluminum electrodes 95,7%. In this research, electric current density 21-104 A/m2, detention time and pH were varied. The optimum condition was obtained at current density of 104 A/m2 for 15 minutes with COD and oil grease removal consecutively are 87.48% and 77.50%. The result of this electrocoagulation process shows COD and oil grease concentration of 15.02 mg/L and 4.20 mg/L are under the standard of Ministry of Environment Decree No. 112 Year 2011 grade 3, to be used for watering plants and flushing the hotel toilet.Keywords: electrocoagulation, aluminum electrode, monopolar, current density, grey waterABSTRAKElektrokoagulasi merupakan teknologi elektrokimia untuk mengolah limbah organik dan anorganik tanpa menggunakanbahan kimia sehingga tidakmenambah bebanpencemaran lingkungan.Kinerja elektrokoagulasi dipengaruhi oleh jenis elektroda,kerapatanarusdan jumlah elektroda.Tujuanpenelitian ini untuk mengetahuiefektifitas penurunan organik (COD) dan minyak lemak dari airbuangan domestik (grey water) melalui proses elektrokoagulasi. Percobaan dilakukan secara batch menggunakan konfigurasi susunan elektroda monopolar, dengan jenis elektrodaberupaplat alumunium 95,7%.Variasi penelitian pada reaktor batch adalah terhadap kerapatan arus listrik21-104 A/m2, waktu detensi dan pH.Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada kerapatan arus 104 A/m2pada menit ke-15 denganpenyisihanCOD dan minyak lemakyaitusebesar 87,48% dan 77,50%. Hasil proses elektrokoagulasiini menunjukkan nilai COD sebesar 15,02 mg/L dan minyak lemak 4,20 mg/Lberada di bawah baku mutu Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 112 Tahun 2011kelas 3, untuk dimanfaatkan untuk penyiraman tanaman dan penggelontoran toilet hotel.Kata kunci: elektrokoagulasi, elektroda aluminium, monopolar, kerapatan arus, grey water
EFISIENSI METODE MULTI SOIL LAYERING (MSL) DALAM PENYISIHAN COD DARI LIMBAH CAIR HOTEL (Studi Kasus: Hotel �X� Padang)
Authors: Elystia Shinta , Indah Shinta , Helard Denny
Published: October 2017

ABSTRAKDalam penelitian dilakukan pengolahan limbah cair Hotel yang bersumber dari dapur dan laundri dengan metode Multi Soil Layering (MSL). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan efisiensi penyisihan COD dan mempelajari pengaruh faktor variasi material organik dalam campuran tanah pada lapisan anaerob dan variasi Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) terhadap efisiensi pengolahan limbah cair hotel dengan metode MSL. Dua buah reaktor MSL berdimensi 50 x 15 x 100 cm dengan lapisan batuan yang sama pada kedua reaktor berupa kerikil berukuran 35 mm serta lapisan anaerob berupa campuran tanah dengan arang (reaktor 1) dan campuran tanah dengan serbuk gergaji (reaktor 2) dengan rasio komposisi 2 : 1. Limbah dialirkan pada masing-masing reaktor dengan variasi HLR 500, 750, dan 1.000 l/m2hari. Konsentrasi COD sebelum diolah adalah 132,600201,240 mg/l, setelah diolah dengan MSL konsentrasi berubah menjadi 12,48088,920 mg/l. Secara umum, variasi material organik dalam campuran tanah tidak begitu berpengaruh pada penyisihan COD. Variasi HLR cukup berpengaruh, dimana HLR 500 l/m2hari memberikan efisiensi penyisihan COD yang lebih tinggi. Efisiensi penyisihan COD yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini berturut-turut pada reactor 1 berkisar antara 55 -90 % dan pada reactor 2 berkisar antara 56-89%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kedua reaktor mampu menyisihkan COD pada limbah cair hotel.Kata Kunci: COD, limbah cair hotel, multi soil layering (MSL)ABSTRACTResearch COD removal from hotel wastewater stemmed from laundry and kitchen with Multi Soil Layering method (MSL) was conducted. The aim were to observe COD removal efficiency and to study the effect of organic material variation in soil as the anaerob layer as well as the effect of various hydraulic loading rate (HLR). In this research, there were two MSL reactors with dimension of 50 x 15 x 100 cm. Aerob layers of both reactors in the form of gravel 3-5 mm sized while anaerob layers are composed from soil mixed with charcoal (reactor 1) and soil mixed with sawdust (reactor 2) with ratio 2:1. HLR of wastewater for each reactor are 500, 750, and 1.000 l/m2day. Concentration of COD was 132,600-201,240 mg/l. COD concentration successively reduced to 12,480-88,920 mg/l.This result indicated both reactors can cast aside COD and also neutralize hotel liquid waste pH. In general, organic material variation of in soil mixture, that is sawdust and charcoal did not show any significant influence. HLR of 500 l / m2/day allowed the best removal efficiency at each contaminant parameters. As a whole efficiency removal of COD at this research successively at reactor 1 ranged from 55-90%, and 56-89%.Key Words:COD, hotel wastewater, multi soil layering (MSL)
PENGARUH BEBAN PAJAK TANGUHAN, LEVERAGE TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA RIIL
Authors: Rahmanto Kresnanda
Published: October 2017

This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the effect of deferred tax expense and leverage to earnings management through manipulation of real activity in the manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2016. The sample in this study are 127 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2010-2016 period. The method of analysis used is descriptive statistics, hypothesis test using multiple regression analysis. The results of this study prove that variable deferred tax expense and leverage simultaneously have a significant effect on earnings management through real activities manipulation. However partially deferred tax expense is not affected and leverage has significant negative effect.Keywords: Deferred Tax Expense, Leverage, Earnings Management, Real Activity.
Culture Matters: The Arts, the Classroom Environment, and a Pedagogy of Entewate`Nikonri:Sake : A Study in a First Nations Pre-School
Authors: Smith-Gilman Sheryl
Published: October 2017

This article brings to light the close relationship between culture, learning and the arts.  It recounts the quest of a First Nations (Mohawk) early childhood center in their development of a culturally relevant curriculum whereby culture and Indigenous ways of learning would be seamlessly woven into daily practice. Step by Step Child and Family Center embraced the Reggio Emilia approach. The educators acknowledged how Reggio Emilia’s major tenets resonated with Indigenous values as well as seeing congruence in ways of teaching, learning and how relationships are intrinsically interwoven into practice. This research shows how the provocation of the Reggio Emilia approach, and a focus on the arts, provided meaning-making for this community. The study has implications for teacher development, early childhood pedagogy, and may be useful for other Indigenous communities who seek to maintain cultural traditions and identity in educational practices.
Writing as a Tool for Transformation
Authors: Stong Jesse
Published: October 2017

The author (Social Worker, Art Educator, Theatre Artist) discusses the creation and evolution of the Identity Writing workshop; a life writing exercise that helps students, artists, and teachers integrate their personal/political experiences of change into meaningful and authentic artistic expressions. Reflections stemming from the junctions between the author’s personal and professional lives provide compelling insights into moments of transformation through art-making. A simple writing activity is included for new, emerging, or established artists and creative teachers.
A Story of CBAE for Future Art Educators
Authors: Whiteland Susan
Published: October 2017

A community-minded university professor tells the story of five students who were involved in an independent-studies course that involved painting a large wall mural at a behavioral health center. The experiential learning in studio core content was combined with curriculum appropriate for future art educators that included art criticism, recognition of diversity, contemporary art themes, and civic involvement. Through problem solving, collaboration, and learning from one another, the students gained valuable knowledge that they felt could help them in their future art classrooms. Their reflections suggest community art education has something to offer curriculum for future art educators.
Exposer le patrimoine de la Retirade: la pédagogie au croisement des logiques sociales et institutionnelles. Étude de cas à Argelès-sur-Mer
Authors: Soulier Virginie
Published: October 2017

Abstract: Seventy-five years after the Spanish Civil War, the CIDER (Centre d’interprétation et de documentation sur l’Exil et la Retirade) of Argelès-sur-Mer retraces the history of that traumatic past. Reporting on the confinement of 200,000 Spanish Republicans in a barbed wire camp raises many heritage-related issues. This forced exile of half-a-million refugees is one of the most substantial European exoduses to occur during the last century. Many individuals are still affected and it still resonates today. This article discusses CIDER’s museographical project.  If social and institutional logic clash between times of emergence, construction and valorization in the course of patrimonialization, they overlap in the pedagogical aspect of the permanent exhibition. KEYWORDS: Museum study; museology; informal education; immigration; heritage; memorial; monument; Spanish Civil War; citizenship; Résumé: Soixante-quinze ans après la Guerre civile espagnole, le Centre d’interprétation et de documentation sur l’Exil et la Retirade (CIDER) d’Argelès-sur-Mer présente l’histoire de ce passé traumatique. Rendre compte de l’enfermement de plus de 200 000 Républicains espagnols dans un camp de barbelés soulève de nombreux enjeux patrimoniaux. Cet exil forcé d’un demi-million de réfugiés représente l’un des exodes européens les plus importants du siècle dernier. Il touche encore de nombreuses personnes et demeure en résonance avec l’actualité. Le présent article vise à rendre compte du projet muséographique du CIDER. Les logiques sociales et institutionnelles s’affrontent entre les moments d’émergence, de construction et de valorisation dans le processus de patrimonialisation, mais elles se recouvrent dans la perspective pédagogique de l’exposition permanente.MOTS CLES: Muséologie; éducation non formelle; immigration; patrimoine; memorial; Guerre d’Espagne; citoyenneté
Project-Based Museum-School Partnerships in Support of Meaningful Student Interest- and Equity-Driven Learning Across Settings
Authors: Rahm Jrène
Published: October 2017

Abstract: In this paper, I focus on two teachers’ experiences with project-based museum-school partnerships that they participated in with their students. The partnerships implied collaborations with scientists, archaeologists, and artists in their classrooms, as well as informal educators from museums tied to the projects. The projects made new ways to engage in student interest-driven cross-setting learning available to the students and teachers. The participating teachers seemed to suggest a need to move towards the co-design of such partnerships in the future with youth—a process that could be initiated in teacher education programs or supported through innovative approaches to professional development.KEYWORDS:  Museum-school partnership; project-based learning; cross-setting learning;archaeology education; science education; arts education, robotic.Résumé: Je traite dans cet article de l’expérience de deux enseignants dans le cadre de projets de partenariats musée-école auxquels ont participé leurs étudiants. Ces partenariats exigeaient de collaborer avec des scientifiques, des archéologues et des artistes en salles de cours, sans oublier des éducateurs officieux des musées impliqués. Les projets ont exploré de nouvelles voies d’apprentissage croisé axé sur les intérêts des étudiants, accessibles aux étudiants et aux enseignants. Il appert que les enseignants participants jugent nécessaire de privilégier à l’avenir ce type de partenariats concertés avec la jeunesse, un processus qui pourrait être initié dans le cadre de programmes de formation des enseignants ou soutenu par le biais d’approches novatrices dans le domaine de perfectionnement professionnel.MOTS CLES: Programme de partenariat entre l’école et la musée; apprentissage basé au projet; apprentissage de cadre transversal; éducation archéologique; la formation artistique en sciences; la robotique;
Evaluation from a gender perspective: learning from british and Swedish development cooperation systems
Authors: Espinosa-Fajardo Julia
Published: October 2017

Gender equality was introduced into international development evaluation two decades ago. Over these years, there have been different experiences in incorporating gender issues into the evaluative exercises. In this paper, we analyze the evaluative experience of British and Swedish development cooperation systems –two of the most outstanding in relation to gender and evaluation- during the period 2000-2010 and we study how they have included gender equality in evaluation. We especially explore the incorporation of gender issues in their political commitment, evaluation procedures, methodologies and practices. And, according to this analysis, we present some learning in order to enlighten next evaluation exercises and to contribute to the improvement and accountability of the development cooperation policies.
Foreign Aid and Microfinance: A new policy proposal for financing development
Authors: Lacalle-Calderón Maricruz , Alfonso-Gil Javier , Rico-Garrido Silvia
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we review and compare the potential and limitations of foreign aid and microfinance as a top-down and bottom-up approaches to financing the development process in poor countries. We not only sustain that reviewing foreign aid is a must for the future of the least-developed countries but also posit that microfinance is a complementary and financially sustainable approach that creates better incentives for development. After calculating the potential effects of microfinance over employment and GDP through a simple empirical exercise, we propose a policy recommendation of redirecting a very small share of official development aid (ODA) resources to microfinance in order to provide options for the most underprivileged populations.
Construction of International Cooperation strategies: An inquiry into the learning experience
Authors: Cabeza-Pulles Dainielis , Coral-Guerrero Carmen Amelia
Published: October 2017

The present research is the product of a collection of primary information in the context of the formulation of the International Cooperation strategy of the Municipality of Pasto, for the purpose of determining the path of construction of this process, its impact and challenges and, above all, the learning achieved through the participatory formulation of the International Cooperation strategy. The methodology of the research is of a qualitative interpretative study, which allowed to rebuild from the sight of actors the participatory formulation of the strategy of International Cooperation, rescuing the importance of participation in all levels, recognizing the team working and the generation of partnerships, trust and commitment in the pursuit of strengthening and sustainability of the process of internationalization of the Municipality. Finally, the research concluded with a series of reflections concerning the formulation of strategies for International Cooperation.
Inequality and Mortgage Debts in Colombia
Authors: Guerrero-Pino Yolanda
Published: October 2017

This article examines the impact of internal variables of the financial system (FS) regarding the economic inequality in Colombia during the 1993 through the 2010 period. It begins with the integration of two perspectives about the inequality induced by financial debts and the social responsibility of the FS. This investigation was done with an auto-regressive and distributed backwardness model, and a Granger Test. The results indicate that the economic inequality grows if the mortgage debt, the real estate dations as payment of debts, and the banking asset interest rates grow. Likewise, if the price of low status housing decreases, the economic inequality increases.
Macroeconomic Policy Reforms and Economic Performance in Malawi 1960-2013
Authors: Chirwa Themba Gilbert , Odhiambo Nicholas M.
Published: October 2017

The paper discusses the role that government policies and macroeconomic reforms have played in influencing economic growth in Malawi during the period 1960-2013. The study identifies a Stateregulated economic system that dominated the Malawian economy, in which economic growth patterns were influenced mainly by activities financed by the State. Two fundamental challenges are identified that have led to a subdued performance of the economy – the crowding-out effect of State-interventionism affecting private sector-led growth; and regulatory arbitrage that has created an environment for rent-seeking behaviour. The study concludes that policy inconsistencies in implementing economic policies and reforms in Malawi have been instrumental in influencing the suboptimal growth patterns of the Malawian economy.
Good Living as an alternative to development in Latin America
Authors: Cubillo-Guevara Ana Patricia , Hidalgo-Capitán Antonio Luis , García-Álvarez Santiago
Published: October 2017

In this article we show the theoretical-regulatory basis of Good Living, understood as a transformation proposal of Latin American socioeconomic systems that aims to overcome the problems of bad development (alienation, inequality and unsustainability). So to achieve the objectives of identity, equity and sustainability, we propose a political strategy of the creation of a plurinational, post-capitalist and biocentric society.
Natural resources and development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Zambia after the privatization of mines
Authors: Aguirre-Unceta Rafael
Published: October 2017

An extensive academic literature has been produced for the last twenty-five years on the socalled «natural resource curse» that presumes negative economic and political consequences of the exploitation of such type of resource, in particular in less developed countries. Other authors have come up with policy proposals to counteract these adverse effects and get a beneficial impact from the resource in countries, as the African ones, that don’t have many other options to reinforce the public financial capacity and promote development. Nevertheless, it is not easy to implement these normative policy proposals in the context of weak institutions. At this regard, the article examines the evolution and the policies followed in a poor African country with mining resources (Zambia), especially after the privatization of the extractive industry at the end of the past century.
Asimetrías e intensidad de la integración caribeña
Authors: González Germán H. , Álvarez Stefania S.
Published: October 2017

La intensificación de la integración es un hecho deseable política y económicamente para los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, la existencia de asimetrías en el nivel de ingreso dificulta su concreción. Estas últimas cuestiones toman una importancia crucial en la zona del Caribe. Los principales resultados obtenidos son que se verifica una intensificación de la integración de facto acompañando a los esfuerzos institucionales y que dicha intensificación se vio auspiciada por la formación de dos grupos internamente convergentes. Este proceso resulta más aproximado a la conformación de clubes que a la reducción de asimetría, propuesta como meta en los acuerdos firmados.
Policy processes in rural sanitation: the case of CLTS in India
Authors: Hueso Andrés , Fernández-Baldor Álvaro
Published: October 2017

Against a backdrop of an ineffective rural sanitation campaign by the Indian Government, in the late 2000s several stakeholders tried to introduce an innovative participatory approach called Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). However, these efforts faced complicated political processes that determined their success.In this research, these processes are analyzed, using Budni block in the state of Madhya Pradesh as a case study, with a theoretical framework focused on political narratives, agents and interests.The efforts to introduce CLTS in Madhya Pradesh were sterile, as they jeopardised the interests of important agents. Locally, Budni block was an exception. Through a collaboration between two key agents —a high level block Government officer and UNICEF— who were able to promote the CLTS narrative successfully and to manage strategically the interests of those involved, it was possible to implement a coherent campaign coherent CLTS sanitation.
Policy Coherence for Development within the EU
Authors: Chicharro Alicia
Published: October 2017

The European policy of development cooperation falls within the framework of the principlesand objectives of the external action of the Union, without shifting the responsibility of MemberStates in this area, but the Union and Member States cooperation policies for the development thatcomplement and reinforce each other.
Thus, the EU not only faces the challenge of Policy Coherence for Development in the horizontal plane, when their decisions concerning other jurisdictional areas that may affect partner countries, but also in the vertical plane, when it comes to coordinating their work with Member States and international organizations.
Being solidarity one of the values on which the European Union is founded, the European regional framework becomes the most suitable level to increase the effectiveness of European aid, assuming responsibility for coordination and management of policy coherence.
Economía Política del Desarrollo y el Subdesarrollo. Revisitando la Teoría de la Dependencia
Authors: Hidalgo-Capitán Antonio Luis
Published: October 2017

En este ensayo hemos respondido a la pregunta de por qué algunas economías son desarrolladas y otras subdesarrolladas. Para ello hemos construido de una explicación inspirada en las ideas de los autores de la Teoría de la Dependencia; explicación que parte de las hipótesis de que ambos fenómenos tienen causas comunes y causas opuestas y simétricas, y que los mismos son el resultado de un proceso histórico que llega hasta nuestros días. Así, hemos identificado como causas del subdesarrollo: la explotación colonial; la explotación comercial; la explotación financiera; la maldición de la abundancia; la estructura social dual heredada; la ausencia de un Estado Social de Derecho permanente; y el apartheid global. Mientras que serían causas del desarrollo: la explotación colonial; la explotación comercial; la explotación financiera; la distribución de recursos escasos; la estructura social plural; la presencia permanente de un Estado Social de Derecho; y el apartheid global.CITAR COMO:Hidalgo-Capitán, A. L. (2012). Economía Política del Desarrollo y el Subdesarrollo. Revisitando la Teoría de la Dependencia. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 1 (1): 4-27
The International Community and Haiti: a story of mischief. The role of international cooperation 1990-2010
Authors: Herbst Natalia
Published: October 2017

The article analyzes the actions of international cooperation, bi and multilateral, received by Haiti since the 1990s, and how this defines the (im)possibilities of sustainable development, considering the upsurge of South-South cooperation since 2004. Given that conditions show that North-South cooperation hasn’t been able to achieve its goals, an analysis of the available funds and its allocation will be made, based on author’s elaboration data regarding sectorial allocation of funds for the 1990-2004 period. The conclusions will consider the lessons learned from the studied period, which gain new meaning in the context of the post-earthquake reconstruction.CITE AS:Herbst, N. (2013). La comunidad internacional y Haití: una historia de desamor. El rol de la cooperación internacional 1990-2010. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 2 (1): 24-45
Empowerment or legitimation? The Angolan Conselhos de Auscultação e Concertação Social
Authors: Hueso-González Andrés
Published: October 2017

The Conselhos de Auscultação e Concertação Social (CACS) of Angola are spaces of participatory governance, where local authorities have to consult and be accountable to society. Despite limitations in the creation, design and implementation of these spaces, they have great potential for transformation, as they institutionalize the participation of society in local governance. Power dynamics determine to what extent the CACS are participatory and the relevance of the processes of change they open up. Therefore, the social stakeholders should seize the opportunity of political dialectics engaging critically with the CACS.The study contributes to understanding the dynamics, challenges and opportunities arising around the CACS. In general, it highlights the importance of examining the different types of power and deepening in the local context and dynamics when you are studying participatory spaces of local governance.CITE AS:Hueso-González, A. (2012). ¿Empoderamiento o legitimación? Los Conselhos de Auscultação e Concertação Social de Angola. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 1 (2): 76-99
New York, Monterrey and Paris: three contradictory logics facing the challenges of development in the first decade of the century
Authors: Unceta-Satrústegui Koldo , Martínez-Herrero María José , Zabala-Erratzi Idoye
Published: October 2017

This paper analyzes the contradictory logics raised along the first decade of xxi century from major international forums which have debated about Development Cooperation. For this purpose, we have studied the different approaches proposed since the adoption of the Millennium Declaration until the recent High Level Forum in Busan, differentiating among the questions related to the Goals, those relating to Finance, and these that have to do with the management and Aid Effectiveness. The paper concludes that these logics have lacked a shared diagnosis of some of the major problems. This has promoted inconsistent practices and a scarcely coherent approach, which makes it difficult a consistent progress in this field.CITE AS:Unceta-Satrústegui, K., Martínez-Herrero, M.J., Zabala-Erratzi, I. (2012). Nueva York, Monterrey y París: tres lógicas contradictorias para enfrentar los retos del desarrollo en la primera década del siglo. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 1 (2): 100-116
The cultural approach in the development discourse
Authors: Maciá-Martínez Irene , De-Angelis Alessia
Published: October 2017

We will try to analyse scope of the theoretical reflections making emphasis in the cultural element within the development discourse. Our analysis is carried out through a short study of different branches of Sociology and Anthropology interpretative perspectives regarding the development concept. Focusing the attention on cultural diversity, we want to analyse the presence of this matter in development policies. In the first place, we have carried out researches about the suitability of some universal values and its cross-cultural potential. Secondly, we have analysed how pluralism has shaped the development discourse and the language used for International Cooperation.
Social control and as supply-side harm reduction strategies. The case of an indigenous community in Peru
Authors: Garcia-Yi Jaqueline
Published: October 2017

Traditional coca uses have taken place in Peru and Bolivia from three thousand years. International organizations have urged the implementation of “zero-coca” growing policies in those countries, although without tangible results. Supply-side harm reduction strategies are currently being implemented in Bolivia, which rely on social control to limit, although not totally abolish coca growing. In this article, the different motivations for traditional coca growing are extensively reviewed, and the data from a survey conducted with 496 farmers in an indigenous community is examined, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the coca-growing problem and to evaluate if social control could potentially influence the scale of coca growing in Peru. The results suggest that social control variables, such as attachment, involvement, and beliefs, seem to limit coca-growing areas. Those factors have been largely overlooked and may offer an opportunity to reduce coca areas if explicitly considered in anti-drug policy design.CITE AS:García-Yi, J. (2014). Social control and as supply-side harm reduction strategies. The case of an indigenous community in Peru. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 3 (1): 58-82