bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moore a Stevenson: spór o znaczenie terminów wartościujących
Authors: Mejbaum Barbara
Published: June 2020

The article provides a critical analysis and a comparison of G. E. Moore and Ch. L. Stevenson’s accounts of meaning of evaluative terms. The author shows how these two accounts are interrelated and points out that although Moore never accepted emotivism himself he did not preclude the recognition of that theory as true in the future.
Paternalizm w rehabilitacji
Authors: Sidor-Rządkowska Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

MALGORZATA SIDOR-RZADKOWSKA
Hans Küng i etyka wiary
Authors: Gniazdowski Andrzej
Published: June 2020

Andrzej Gniazdowski tries to describe and analyse some ideas of a famous German theologian Hans Küng. Küng strives for more enlightened and democratic system inside the catholic church. He says that what matters in a world is not a “free church” but the “church of freedom”.
Percepcja wartości w etyce G.E. Moore’a
Authors: Przybył Bartosz
Published: June 2020

The aim of the present article is to reconstruct the theory of the moral perception held by G.E. Moore, with a special regard to its ontological and epistemological features. The author tries to prove first that Moore’s theory of ethical reality has been strongly influenced by his ontology and epistemology. Secondly, he indicates that the two mentioned views are interdependent ones. However the article is intended not only to give an account of the doctrine of Moore but also to be a particular interpretation of it. A discerning analysis of Moore’s act of the moral perception shows that he understood it on the analogy with the sense perception. The author tries therefore to interpret the theory of the moral perception in the sense-data language.
System naturalnej normatywności Philippy Foot
Authors: Kuźniar Adrian
Published: June 2020

It is a critical study of Philippa Foot’s conception of natural normativity set forth in her recent book Natural Goodness (Clarendon Press, Oxford 2001). The book is essentially devoted to two main subjects. The first one consists of presentation of a new, naturalistic and objectivistic, metaethical standpoint. When viewed from this standpoint, evaluations of characteristics and operations of all living things (including moral evaluative judgements of human features and actions) share the same structure. In virtue of that structure, goodness or badness ascribed to an individual organism are determined by the relation of that individual to its life form. The second significant theme of Natural Goodness deals with the relationship between morality and practical rationality. Goodness of an act is a necessary condition of that act being practically rational. The author’s general assessment of Ph. Foot’s book is rather negative. Her argument seems to lack methodological order, coherence and intellectual clarity. The very conception of natural normativity seems to contain a lot of fundamental flaws. It precludes, e.g. the possibility that any living thing could be evaluated as bad.
Erotyka i seks w fantastyce i futurologii
Authors: Lem Stanisław
Published: June 2020

The biologic value of every function in the organism depends on its contribution to the totality of homeostatic activity of the organism. On the table of values determined by such anatomic and physiological characteristic different cultures impose their own normative valorisation, which can be in conflict with the biological facts. The point is a culturalisation of the harmony of living functions which is subject of a following rule: functions which are in a small distance of their biological aim are neglected and put into a state of cultural neutrality, like e.g. respiration which has never been valuated in categories of Good and Evil. On the other hand, functions separated by a longer causal chain from their biological aim are subject of intensive normative valuations. Such is the situation with the sex. Culturalisation of a function is never a valuation performed in an isolation, but consists always in the introduction of a function into an axiological coordinate system of a given culture. The cultural normatives assume at least a polarity of valuations, e.g. the sex, situated in some cultures at the pole of the „sacrum” was subject of its positive sublimation, and in other cultures (e.g. Christianity) has had a negative valuation. The sexual drive damped by the culture finds its expression not in a „revolt of biology against. culture”, but in a definite subcultural heterodoxy within given culture. In such a case it leads to a reversal of the plus and minus signs which have been established in an authoritarian way, or to connections of things which, according to the cultural directives, should be considered incompatible (therefore, e.g. participation of sex in rituals of a „black mass”).
Przyczynek do aretologii Plotyna
Authors: Przybysławski Artur
Published: June 2020

Aretology is discussed here in the necessary context of the whole Plotinian philosophy. Aretology is presented in two parts: first one concerning lower virtues, and the second one concerning higher virtues. The center of Plotinian aretology is different in case of either kind of virtues. Virtues generating that ,,resemblance” are presented as necessary conditions of getting back (epistrofe) to the One.
Czym są i gdzie bytują obiektywne wartości moralne
Authors: Ślipko Tadeusz
Published: June 2020

The answer is given here to the question about the place where moral values exist. It is based on the Augustinian and Thomist ethical tradition. The author defines moral values as the ideal patterns of human moral behaviour. Their objective existence is founded in the rational human nature treated in the metaphysical categories. Finally, author situates moral values in the sphere of the relative beings. Their essence consists in “being toward” (esse ad).
Dziecko - przedmiot metafizyczny. Od historii do genetyki
Authors: Sahaj Tomasz
Published: June 2020

Tomasz Sahaj
Constitución y políticas públicas para erradicar la violencia de género en España: de las musas al teatro
Authors: Ruiz González José Gabriel
Published: June 2020

El Pacto de Estado en materia de Violencia de Género, aprobado en 2017 por el Parlamento español, recoge la tesis ratificada por Naciones Unidas de que la violencia contra la mujer es un abuso de derechos humanos, reforzando el estatus normativo de la víctima, al vincular sus derechos a los valores constitucionales y obligar al Estado a garantizarlos. El presente artículo, partiendo del marco normativo español, analiza los mecanismos vertebradores de las políticas que han de desarrollar las distintas administraciones para determinar si, una vez conseguido el consenso político contenido en el Pacto de Estado de 2017, se cuenta con los instrumentos precisos que permitan la cooperación interadministrativa para la erradicar la violencia contra la mujer.
Fases del procedimiento administrativo de ejecución para el cobro de créditos fiscales en México, sus fines y alcances
Authors: Becerra Valenzuela Emigdo Julian , Olmeda García Marina Del Pilar , García Ojeda Raquel Fernanda
Published: June 2020

Este trabajo, es uno de los productos de una línea de investigación amplia que han desarrollado los autores en una Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, de derecho constitucional y derecho administrativo, el objetivo de esta parte del estudio, es analizar las fases del procedimiento administrativo de ejecución en el cobro de créditos fiscales en México, sus fases y alcances con la intención de proponer orientaciones y recomendaciones a su problemática. Se exponen, los aportes de discusión y debate sobre los retos e implicaciones que conlleva este procedimiento administrativo. El propósito es aportar fundamentos y orientaciones para el mejoramiento de la impartición de justicia en materia administrativa.
Controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas no brasil: alguns parâmetros para a atuação do judiciário na concretização de direitos fundamentais sociais
Authors: De Andrade Luiz Gustavo
Published: June 2020

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo do exercício de cada uma das funções-poderes estatais, verificando a prevalência de uma sobre a outra, ou porque tal exercício seja demasiado, de modo que um dos Poderes passe a superar os outros, ou porque os outros não dão ao exercício a intensidade que seria normal. Em um país de Modernidade Tardia, como o Brasil, a ineficiência de políticas públicas básicas leva, sem dúvida, a uma judicialização de questões afetas à concretização dos direitos sociais. Constatou-se que esse ativismo judicial, calcado e plasmado na esteira do pós-positivismo, vem encontrando frontal resistência na classe política, que se insurge contra os supostos ataques do Judiciário, àquilo que chama de soberania do voto, para fazer referência à legitimidade dos atos dos administradores, porquanto fundados em mandato de representação política democraticamente conquistada. O procedimento metodológico adotado consistiu no estudo de casos da jurisprudência, em especial da Suprema Corte brasileira, a qual, aos poucos, tem firmado posicionamentos que representam importantes parâmetros para se verificar o limite da atuação jurisdicional. Conclui-se que o estado de coisas inconstitucional, o mínimo existencial e a não-intervenção em questões meramente políticas constituem parte de tais parâmetros.
A "cura gay" sob a ótica dos direitos humanos e sexuais: questões jurídicas acerca das terapias de reorientação sexual no Brasil
Authors: Streit Vieira Victor Hugo
Published: June 2020

A proposta deste trabalho é analisar as controvérsias acerca da Resolução 01/99 do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, ato normativo que proibiu psicólogos de praticarem as chamadas terapias de reorientação sexual, popularizadas como “cura gay”. A partir dos conceitos de direitos sexuais e políticas sexuais, entendidos aqui como pressupostos necessários para uma compreensão mais holística da gestão social da questão no Brasil, tomou-se como foco os recentes embates em torno da Resolução 01/99 no âmbito do poder judiciário, abordando-se a legítima competência normativa do CFP para a edição do ato, assim como sua efetiva constitucionalidade material, sob a ótica do direito constitucional interno e também dos Sistemas Universal e Interamericano de Proteção aos Direitos Humanos. Tratou-se ainda da questão específica da homossexualidade egodistônica, sua retirada das principais classificações internacionais de doenças e as perspectivas de práticas terapêuticas apropriadas. A pesquisa se deu através de revisão bibliográfica orientada acerca da questão, busca em documentos e jurisprudência de órgãos internos e internacionais. Na medida em que diversas tentativas de revogação da Resolução 01/99 vem ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, seja por via legislativa ou judicial, evidencia-se a importância do debate em torno das terapias de reorientação sexual para a defesa de direitos fundamentais.
Sumario Bilíngüe
Authors: Table of Contents Bilingual
Published: June 2020

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La responsabilidad patrimonial derivada de la inactividad de la administración pública en el ordenamiento peruano: notas para el estudio de su régimen jurídico
Authors: Huapaya Tapia Ramón , Sanchez Povis Lucio Andrés
Published: June 2020

Los autores proponen la revisión de la problemática jurídica de la inactividad o pasividad administrativa en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano y las consecuencias de la responsabilidad patrimonial derivadas de dicha omisión, entendida como el incumplimiento ilícito de un deber legal de actuación o de las funciones administrativas asignadas a entidades públicas. Para ello se pasa revista al concepto de inactividad administrativa, su tipología y a la responsabilidad patrimonial imputable a la Administración Pública como resultado de dicha omisión, inercia o pasividad. Se cierra el análisis con la problemática procesal de la exigencia de la responsabilidad patrimonial a la Administración Pública, derivada de las notables deficiencias de nuestra Ley que regula el proceso contencioso-administrativo.
Recaptura por el Derecho Administrativo del derecho social fundamental a la educación en contextos de encierro punitivo
Authors: Bloj Vanesa Ingrid , Gandini Brenda Carolina
Published: June 2020

Abordamos el derecho a la educación en contextos de encierro punitivo, con el objetivo de demostrar que en estos ámbitos pasa a ser visto como un “beneficio”. La metodología consiste en un análisis de las "patologías" del sistema. Comenzamos con un estudio dogmático abstracto, que nos permitió concluir en que el “estimulo” planteado en la Ley de Ejecución Penal argentina es inconstitucional por ser irrazonable. Pasamos, tras haber advertido índices reveladores de falencias en el sistema, a un estudio de campo sobre la experiencia del Programa de Educación Universitario en Prisiones de nuestra Universidad, a través de entrevistas realizadas a los integrantes del mismo y una visita al aula universitaria de la unidad penal de Coronda para conversar con los estudiantes. En el estudio de campo ratificamos nuestras hipótesis y tomamos conocimiento de obstáculos burocráticos e inherentes a la lógica carcelaria a los que se enfrentan los estudiantes privados de su libertad. Así, confirmamos que no se trata sólo de un problema de desviaciones normativas, sino que tiene un correlato en la aplicación. Finalmente, concluimos en la necesidad de superar los obstáculos encontrados y, con la intención de ser propositivas, pensamos en modos de superarlos.
La formación teológica en América Latina antes del Concilio
Authors: Costadoat Jorge
Published: June 2020

La formación teológica de los seminaristas latinoamericanos antes y después del Vaticano II experimentó cambios importantes. Este artículo se centra en la que fue esta formación antes del Concilio. En una primera parte se reseñan las indicaciones que dio el Magisterio a su propósito. Además, se recuerdan los deseos («vota») que los obispos hicieron llegar a Juan XXIII sobre esta formación. En una segunda parte se da cuenta de la cristología que se impartió en los seminarios y, en particular, del contenido y propósito del tratado De Verbo incarnato. Se concluirá que, en definitiva, esta cristología se orientó a la formación de sacerdotes que pudieran celebrar la eucaristía como sacrificio satisfactorio a Dios por los pecados.
Pasang Surut, Arus dan Gelombang Berdasarkan Data Pengukuran Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler di Perairan Pulau Cilik, Karimunjawa
Authors: Indrayanti Elis , Wijayanti Diah Permata , Siagian Hendry Syahputra Ropinus
Published: June 2020

Pulau Cilik merupakan gugusan pulau di Karimunjawa yang menjadi salah satu destinasi wisata bahari di Indonesia. Perairan ini kaya akan terumbu karang dan ikan berwarna-warni dengan  tutupan karang hidup yang masih tinggi. Proses hidrodinamika seperti pasang surut, arus laut dan gelombang laut secara langsung maupun tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap kondisi terumbu karang, oleh karena itu penelitian ini perlu dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasang surut, arus laut dan gelombang berdasarkan data pengukuran Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) di Perairan Pulau Cilik, Karimunjawa. Pengukuran dilaksanakan selama 7x24 jam dengan interval waktu 600 dt dan sample rate 300 dt. Posisi ADCP pada -5.8177°S  dan 110.5096°E. Kedalaman total pengukuran 14 m dengan kedalaman aktif pengukuran 12 m, yang terbagi menjadi 6 lapisan kedalaman yaitu 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 8 m, 10 m, dan 12 m.  Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa Perairan Pulau Cilik, Karimunjawa memiliki tipe pasang surut campuran condong harian tunggal dengan nilai formzahl sebesar 2.55. Kecepatan arus bervariasi dengan rata-rata pada seluruh lapisan antara 5.57–6.35 cm/dt, sedangkan arahnya bi-directional yaitu memiliki dua muka arah (timur dan barat-barat daya). Tinggi dan periode gelombang yang didapatkan pada saat pengamatan relatif kecil. Cilik Island Waters in Karimunjawa is one of the marine tourism destinations in Indonesia. These waters are rich in coral reefs and colorful fish with high live coral cover. Hydrodynamic processes as tides, ocean currents, and waves influence the performance of coral reef through direct or indirect effects. Therefore this research needs to be done. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of tides, ocean currents, and waves based on Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurement data in Cilik Island Waters, Karimunjawa. Measurements were carried out for 7 x 24 hours (2 April 2017 - 9 April 2017) with a time interval of 600 s and a sample rate of 300 s. The ADCP position is -5.8177 ° S and 110.5096 ° E. The total depth is 14 m with an actual measurement depth of 12 m, which is divided into 6 layers of depth namely 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 8 m, 10 m, and 12 m. Result shown that  Cilik Island, Karimunjawa, have a single mixed daily tidal type with a formzahl value of 2.55. Current velocity varies with the average in all layers between 5.57-6.35 cm/s, while the direction is bi-directional, which has two faces (east and west-southwest). The height and wave period obtained at the time of observation are relatively small.
Hubungan menonton video mukbang autonomous sensory meridian response, keinginan makan dan uang saku dengan asupan makan dan status gizi mahasiswa
Authors: Margawati Ani , Wijayanti Hartanti Sandi , Faizah Nur Azkiyati , Syaher Miladita Ilmanda
Published: June 2020

Background: College students are susceptible to the effects of obesity due to the wrong lifestyle. Nowadays, watching Mukbang autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) video has been trending habit especially among college students. The food video increases visual stimulus will stimulate the brain. The audio stimulus can influence eating behavior when hungry. Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine the correlation of watching Mukbang ASMR video and pocket money with food intake and nutritional status of Diponegoro University students.Methods: This study was an observational research with cross-sectional design. Subjects were 60 Diponegoro University student aged 20 – 23 years old, selected by consecutive sampling. Independent variables is the habit of watching Mukbang ASMR video, food craving, and pocket money and the dependent variable are food intake and nutritional status by BMI. Data collected were done by interviews direct questionnaire about the habit of watching Mukbang ASMR video, FFQ, FFQ fast food and 3 x 24 hour recall and measure weight and height. Analysis using Rank Spearman and Chi Square correlation test.Results: This study found the reason subject watched Mukbang ASMR was because the sound produced by the video was satisfying. Watching Mukbang ASMR videos when hungry is significantly related to the subject's desire to eat (p = 0.044). The frequency of watching, the desire to eat after watching the ASMR Mukbang video and pocket money are not related to the adequacy of nutrient intake and nutritional status of the subject.Conclusion: Watching ASMR Mukbang videos and pocket money has no effect on student intake and nutritional status.
Status gizi dan perkembangan anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Davidson Sarah Melati , Khomsan Ali , Riyadi Hadi
Published: June 2020

Background: Malnutrition in children under five causes a variety of developmental disorders. The nutritional need for children aged 3-5 age is very critical to reach optimum growth and development. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the association between nutritional status using WAZ, HAZ, WHZ index with gross motor, fine motor, passive communication, active communication, cognitive, self-help ability and social behavior development childred aged 3-5 years old. Methods: Data was obtained from a study entitled Improving Child Growth and Development through Nutrition and Psychosocial Intervention in Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Setting in Rural Areas and was fully funded by the Nestle Foundation (NF), Switzerland. The study design was cross-sectional, with 120 children aged 3-5 years old as subjects. Locations and subjects were selected purposively in Bogor District. Nutritional status was assesed by WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ index. Child development was assessed by using Bina Keluarga Balita questionnaire.Results: Most of the subjects had good nutritional status dan development level. WAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor dan cognitive development (p<0.05). HAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor, active communication skills and cognitive development (p<0.05). WHZ indicator significantly associated with fine motor and cognitive children (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with child development.
Microbiology quality and shelf life analysis of enteral formulas based on tempeh flour and yam flour
Authors: Annisa Wahyu Ilmi , Ardiaria Martha , Rahadiayanti Ayu , Fitranti Deny Yudi , Dieny Fillah Fithra , Afifah Diana Nur , Nissa Choirun
Published: June 2020

Background: Critically ill patients have an increased risk of developing infection. Enteral formula that given to patients must meet food safety which includes microbiology quality. In powder form, powder formula is a solution to suppress microbial growth, although it is still susceptible to oxidation. Shelf life is useful to determine the oxidation status. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the value of TPC, Salmonella, E. coli and shelf life of enteral formula.Methods: This study was a completely randomized experimental design of one factor, namely the length of storage for values of TPC, Salmonella and E. coli with variations in storage for 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours at room temperature. Data on the TPC test was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis. The temperature used for shelf life with TBA based-Arrhenius equation is 250C, 350C, and 450C for 28 days.Results: There was a difference in the length of storage of 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours on the value of TPC. The TPC value at 0 and 1 hour did not exceed the normal limit. The value of Salmonella was negative/25 g and < 3/g for E. coli. The shelf life of enteral formulas was respectively 250C, 350C and 450C for 44.89, 28.26 and 18.32 days.Conclusion: The longer the length of storage, the higher the TPC value. In accordance with the Indonesian standard (SNI), there is no contamination of Salmonella and E. coli in the enteral formula. The longest shelf life is at 250C.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extracts from the leaves and tubers of Amorphophallus pusillus
Authors: Van Hong-Thien , Nguyen Hong Hai-My , Huynh Nguyen Tuong-An , Le Van-Son , Tran Gia-Buu
Published: June 2020

Amorphophallus pusillus is a rare species which is found only in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve. In this study, we determined 7 flavonoid compounds in tuber and leaf of A. pusillus, including of vitexin, orientin, vitexin 2?-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, schaftoside, and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Furthermore, we have proved the antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts obtained from A. pusillus leaves and tubers in the first time. The data revealed that ethanol extracts could inhibit the growth of 6 tested microorganisms, such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. These data suggested the potential application of ethanol extracts isolated from this species as natural antimicrobial agents for treatment of infection caused by bacteria, especially in dermatologic and enteric infections.
Constant sign and nodal solutions for superlinear (p, q)–equations with indefinite potential and a concave boundary term
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Zhang Youpei
Published: June 2020

We consider a nonlinear elliptic equation driven by the (p, q)–Laplacian plus an indefinite potential. The reaction is (p − 1)–superlinear and the boundary term is parametric and concave. Using variational tools from the critical point theory together with truncation, perturbation and comparison techniques and critical groups, we show that for all small values of the parameter, the problem has at least five nontrivial smooth solutions, all with sign information and which are linearly ordered.
New genetic diversity for endangered bottlenose dolphin subspecies along the Argentine coast
Authors: Loizaga Rocío , Grandi Florencia , Cunha Haydée , Crespo Enrique
Published: June 2020

This study analyzed mtDNA sequences of two bottlenose dolphin subspecies found along the northern Patagonian coast, Argentina: the endangered Tursiops truncatus gephyreus and the data deficient Tursiops truncatus truncatus. Three haplotypes were recovered from nine samples. The most frequent haplotype represented the coastal morph, also two haplotypes showing falcate dorsal fin, a characteristic describing the oceanic morph. This finding suggests that both morphs may exist in sympatry in Argentina. Furthermore, sampling was extended beyond the species’ previously known range, including individuals as far as seven hundred kilometers to the south. Therefore, new genetic data, despite being preliminary, hint at an unexpectedly higher genetic diversity of matrilines than previously anticipated.
The molecular characterization of anisotropic Herz-type Hardy spaces with two variable exponents
Authors: Guo Qingdong , Wang Wenhua
Published: June 2020

In this article, the authors establish the characterizations of a class of anisotropic Herz-type Hardy spaces with two variable exponents associated with a non-isotropic dilation on

ℝ

n

{{\mathbb{R}}}^{n}

in terms of molecular decompositions. Using the molecular decompositions, the authors obtain the boundedness of the central δ-Calderón-Zygmund operators on the anisotropic Herz-type Hardy space with two variable exponents.
Some aspects of human consent to sex with robots
Authors: Levy David
Published: June 2020

Part of the ethical debate about sex with robots concerns whether sex with a robot is rape of that robot. It therefore makes sense for us to debate what should be the boundaries of consent, decades from now, i.e. consent given by humans to robots. How will the sexbot landscape look in situations when it is the human who is consenting, or not, to a sexual invitation or advance by the robot? The sexbot will have responsibilities towards its human partner, and there will be moral and legal consequences if it fails to deliver on those responsibilities. An unresolved ethical argument employed by many of those who deplore the coming advent of sex robots is that robots are unable to proffer a meaningful indication of sexual consent, and therefore a human deciding to have sex with a robot is committing rape of the robot. A parallel question, as yet to be addressed, is under what circumstances should a robot be considered to be acting in a sexually inappropriate or illegal manner towards a human? And this question embraces some others, including: “How can a robot determine, with any degree of certainty, whether or not a proximate human wants or at least consents to sex?”; “What behaviours by a robot are permissible within the #MeToo context when the robot is exploring a proximate human’s current level of sexual interest in the robot?”; and “If a robot oversteps the accepted bounds of sexual behaviour with a human, who is responsible and what should be the legal consequences?” We discuss these issues and speculate on how the sex robots of the future will be able to conform to the ethics of consent.
Recent advances in reactions promoted by amino acids and oligopeptides
Authors: Triandafillidi Ierasia , Voutyritsa Errika , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: June 2020

During the last 20 years, Organocatalysis has become one of the major fields of Catalysis. Herein, we provide a recent overview on reactions where the use of amino acids and peptides as the organocatalysts was employed. All aspects regarding aldol reactions, Michael reactions, epoxidation, Henry reactions and many others that are crucial for the reaction conditions and reaction mechanisms are discussed.
The Fascinating & Controversial New Science of CRISPR
Authors: Wollert David
Published: June 2020

CRISPR (also known as CRISPR-Cas9) is a powerful biotechnology tool that gives scientists unprecedented access to the genetic makeup of all living organisms, including humans. It originally evolved as an adaptive immune system in bacteria to defend against viruses. When artificially harnessed in the laboratory it allows scientists to accurately and precisely edit genes, almost as if using a word processor. In mice, CRISPR has already been used to treat diabetes, muscular dystrophy, cancer, and blindness. CRISPR has made cultured human cells immune to HIV, and a variety of CRISPR experiments involving human embryos are well under way. But CRISPR is not limited to biomedical applications. It is also revolutionizing the food industry and many areas of biological research. This article provides science educators a broad and up-to-date overview of CRISPR, including its discovery, application, and bioethical challenges. It is imperative that science educators help prepare students, both majors and nonmajors, for this compelling new era of biology.
Incorporating Writing into College Biology Using Student-Created Open Educational Resources
Authors: Roper Lindsey K. , Belk John , Smith Rebekah
Published: June 2020

This article details a set of team-based assignments in a college-level integrated English and human biology course. In this semester-long assignment sequence, student teams rotate through a series of activities to create open educational resources for a nonmajors, general education human biology class. These student-generated materials facilitate engagement with course content at high cognitive levels in order to “write the book” for the class. Finally, an end-of-semester synthesis project asks students to compile and present their finished work for wider distribution via student-made websites.
Guided Journaling: Focused Writing to Enhance Learning during a STEM Short-Term Study Abroad Course
Authors: Panvini Darlene
Published: June 2020

More students are enrolling in STEM short-term study abroad courses, yet the structure of these programs poses pedagogical challenges for faculty needing to cover an entire course in a few weeks. Challenges include lack of pedagogical resources and research; the need to intentionally intervene to structure learning so that students can process, connect, and reflect to promote deeper thinking; little time for preparation or content front-loading; and finding balance between faculty-led instruction and experiential activities. To address these challenges while teaching a short-term study abroad course in Costa Rica, daily guided journaling worksheets (GJWs) fostered learning through intentional writing by sharpening student focus, connecting study abroad experiences with concepts from the texts, capturing thinking, promoting student reflection, and elucidating student concerns. The GJWs incorporated thinking routines, content graphic organizers, and a variety of writing prompts. Overall, the GJWs documented student learning in a format that allowed for prompt assessment and feedback while overcoming some of the challenges related to teaching a short-term study abroad course. With relevant and situational modifications, GJWs can be a beneficial tool for other types of experiential teaching situations such as internships, practicums, co-ops, field trips, laboratory activities, and community-based learning.
“Indebted to No One”
Authors: Abrams Ellen
Published: June 2020

In 1894, Ohio mathematician Benjamin Franklin Finkel founded The American Mathematical Monthly to engage a broader audience of mathematicians than were involved with the newly formed American Mathematical Society. Along with mathematical puzzles, articles, and discussions, the first ten volumes of the Monthly included biographies of American mathematicians who worked as teachers, writers, and broadly skilled practitioners. Although the details about each mathematician were different, their biographies often followed a similar narrative template to contemporary depictions of the self-made man. This article argues that the story of the self-made mathematician, as presented in early issues of the Monthly, helped ground mathematics in day-to-day American life while asserting ties to different forms of masculinity. Such assertions were particularly significant in the late nineteenth century when a professional mathematics community was taking shape in the United States, and its leaders were becoming increasingly focused on “modern,” abstract forms of research. By marshalling a variety of cultural tropes tied to self-making, physical labor, rural identity, and manhood, biographies in the Monthly offered a particular image of American mathematics at a time when the boundaries of the category “mathematician” were shifting, and what it meant to be an American mathematician had yet to be defined.
Methodology and Experience of Building the Retrospective Corpus of Lithuanian Broadcast Media
Authors: Nevinskaitė Laima
Published: June 2020

The article aims to introduce the corpus of broadcast media (radio and television), which was compiled in the framework of the project Lithuanian Language: Ideals, Ideologies and Identity Shifts to the academic community. The corpus includes about 63 hours of transcribed recordings from 1960 to 2010. The article discusses theoretical principles of corpus sampling, which were based on the criteria of time periods and genres; the methodological issues encountered when constructing the sampling scheme; shares the practical experience of selecting and gathering recordings to be included into the corpus; and presents the actual structure of the corpus.One of the main requirements for any corpus is its representativeness and balance. One possible way to achieve them is to distinguish objectively defined text types and to build the corpus along these lines. Thus the composition of the corpus of the broadcast media was designed on the basis of two criteria: periods of broadcast media development and genre. There are three periods distinguished: Soviet 1960–1987, transitional 1988–1992 and contemporary 1993–now. In respect of genre, three groups of programs are included: talk programs (further subdivided into the types of interview, debate and talk-show); documentaries, features and journal programs; information programs. The article discusses problems that were encountered when trying to implement the corpus along these lines: problems of availability of materials due to technological peculiarities of different periods and organisational factors of archive institutions; the issue of balance between the periods; the problems of genre comparability and different extent of diversity of genres in different periods, and continuity of genres.Finally, the composition and the size of the corpus are presented (63 hours of recordings, about 350 thousand words). The paper concludes that despite the limited availability of materials and other problems discussed above which is why the corpus cannot be regarded as perfectly representative and balanced, it is sufficient for research into public language change. This was confirmed by tentative research studies done on its basis. The corpus meets the usual technical requirements: the transcriptions have been made in CLAN software developed within the CHILDES project, the recordings have been transcribed, coded and morphologically annotated following the conventions of the CHILDES project, the speakers have been assigned individual codes, and the transcriptions have been linked to the sound/image files.
Multilingual Advertising in Lithuanian Magazines in 1993–2013
Authors: Nevinskaitė Laima
Published: June 2020

The article presents a quantitative analysis of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines 1993–2013. The analysis includes those advertisements where alongside Lithuanian separate elements in a foreign language are used, and monolingual non-Lithuanian advertising. The sample included advertisements from four magazines of different profiles (a news magazine, a TV magazine, a women’s magazine, and a business lifestyle magazine) from years 1993/1994, 1998, 2003 and 2013, in total 1995 unique advertisements.A general conclusion is made that the amount of multilingual advertising in Lithuanian magazines has increased. Although as early as 1993/1994 the magazines contained a fair amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements, those years were atypical, since non-Lithuanian advertisements were by Lithuanian advertisers mostly and the models of bilingual advertisements were different than the models that prevailed in the later periods. In 1998 there were less non-Lithuanian advertisements than in 1993/1994 and since then their amount was continuously increasing. The trend of increase of multilingual advertising is best confirmed not by the dynamics of its amounts in single magazines, which was different from magazine to magazine, but by its increase within separate product categories and within the flow of advertisements by Lithuanian companies.In 2013, the proportion of non-Lithuanian advertisements in different magazines, without including into this number the names of companies and products, was 11–42 percent. The use of other languages in advertisements was related to product category (the biggest amount of non-Lithuanian advertisements were in categories associated with prestige, modernity, technological progress, and certain lifestyles); country of origin (advertisements by foreign producers were more likely to contain foreign text elements); size (full-page advertisements were more likely to be bi- or multilingual); structure (monolingual non-Lithuanian advertisements predominantly contained company/product name only or company/product name plus slogan/product type).English is the most often used foreign language in Lithuanian advertisements; French, German, Italian are also used; some other languages are used in single cases only. English is used by advertisers from all countries of origin and it is used mostly to create a modern identity of the brand. Other languages, judging by the product categories they are used in, are associated with ethnocultural stereotypes of those countries.
The use of attributive clauses in spoken Lithuanian
Authors: Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė Laura , Balčiūnienė Ingrida
Published: June 2020

The syntactic features of spoken Lithuanian are still under-researched due to insufficient data bases, limited technologies, and research methodologies. During the last years, the "Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian" (developed at Vytautas Magnus University; 225,000 words; 80 hours of digitalized audio recordings) has been syntactically annotated, and this has enabled complex automatized syntactic analysis. In the present paper, one of the first such studies is presented and its results are discussed. The corpus linguistics methodology has been employed.The paper deals with the frequency and basic types of attributive clauses in spoken Lithuanian language. The results of the study have highlighted that attributive clauses tend to be more frequent (up to 15% of all subordinate clauses) in public speech, and they are significantly less frequent (up to 7% of all subordinate clauses) in private spontaneous speech.The position of a subordinate clause after the head noun is unmarked and the most frequent in public speech and spontaneous private speech. Consequently, 65% and 88% of all attributive adjectives followed the head noun in private spontaneous speech and in public speech. Since in Lithuanian the word order is not so strict, in private spontaneous speech constructions with a subordinate clause before the head noun are used.The analysis of subordinating conjunctions and relative pronouns has revealed that in public speech the link between a subordinate clause and an independent clause tends to be expressed by the relative pronoun "kuris", "kuri" (‘which’). Namely, in public speech, this pronoun is employed in 85% of all attributive clauses. The number of relative pronouns in private spoken speech reaches only 30%, whereas the subordinating conjunction "kur" (‘where’) has been used in the majority of attributive clauses (51%).The findings of the study reveal the main tendencies in the distribution and frequency of attributive clauses and suggest that the usage of attributive clauses depends, to a large extent, on the register of spoken language.
Mixed speech at work: a case study
Authors: Pinkevičienė Dalia
Published: June 2020

The paper delves into the situated usage of mixed speech produced by adult Lithuanians at work, the environment hardly ever sociolinguistically researched in Lithuania. By mixed speech, Lithuanian speech interspersed with occasional insertional elements from other languages is meant. The study aims to see how more diverse linguistic resources that are now available in Lithuania are used to construct and negotiate social relations and social identities in the talk at work. The case study, which is a part of an ongoing larger scale project on Lithuanian workplace discourse, draws on digital audio recordings of naturally occurring spontaneous conversations between employees collected by a volunteer in a media-related company in Vilnius. The recordings containing elements of languages other than Lithuanian (English and Russian) have been transcribed and analysed using Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS), an in-depth qualitative approach that combines the application of the interpretive methods of discourse analysis with insights into social and cultural issues. The paper argues that mixed speech in Lithuanian workplace discourse is creatively used as group or individual stylistic choice to construct certain social images and to perform various functions: for instance, mixed speech containing Russian insertions, slang and swear words serves as an index of belonging to the group (or a community of practice), whereas English is a necessary tool for doing well in a contemporary work environment and presenting oneself as an expert in one’s professional field; English insertions tend to be employed when things need to be quickly and efficiently done while Russian is still used more extensively for off-task talk, such as small talk, gossiping, humour and jokes, which constitute an integral part of the talk at work. It can be hypothesised, however, that the range of functions performed by English insertions is gradually expanding as the command of Russian among co-workers is decreasing. The study depicts mixed speech as a means of negotiating social identities of a friendly and supportive colleague, a skilled and experienced professional, a creative, playful and adaptive communicator, and an open-minded, educated and sophisticated person.
Quelle pragmatique enseigne-t-on en ce moment (2017) en Roumanie en filière LEA?
Authors: Şerbǎnicǎ Florinela
Published: June 2020

En Roumanie, l’enseignement du français langue étrangère au niveau de licence se réalise dans le cadre des deux filières: Langues et littératures ainsi que Langues Étrangères Appliquées (LEA). Initiée il y a plus d’une vingtaine d’années, la filière LEA a connu un réel succès auprès du public étudiant roumain et fonctionne actuellement dans plusieurs universités à côté de la formation littéraire traditionnelle. A travers une analyse panoramique de quelques documents de référence utilisés dans les universités roumaines (plans d’enseignement et fiches des disciplines), nous nous proposons de parvenir à une meilleure projection du cours de Pragmatique que nous assurons dans notre université, avec une sélection des contenus, méthodes et supports didactiques qui illustre mieux les principes de la filière LEA et qui offre à nos diplômés des compétences professionnelles appropriées au marché du travail actuel. Ce travail liminaire est une première exploration des fiches de formations dans lesquelles on retrouve des thèmes liés à la pragmatique.

What pragmatics are we currently teaching (2017) in Romania in applied foreign languages study programmes?

In Romania, French as a foreign language at the undergraduate level is taught in two study programmes: Languages and Literatures and Applied Foreign Languages (LEA). Initiated more than twenty years ago, the LEA programmes have been a real success with Romanian students and, alongside traditional courses in literature, are currently implemented in several universities. Having analysed some key reference documents of Romanian universities (mainly syllabi and course descriptions), I propose how to achieve better results in a course on pragmatics offered at the University of Piteşti. My proposals focus specifically on the selection of contents, methods and teaching aids aimed at equipping our students with professional skills appropriate to the current job market.

Key words: course description; language and literature; LEA; syllabus; pragmatics.
Visy, kity, abū. Is the lengthening of the word ending typical of all Vilnius residents?
Authors: Čičirkaitė Ramunė
Published: June 2020

The current article analyzes the variability of length of /i/ and /u/ in stressed word endings characteristic to Lithuanian residents of Vilnius. Some Vilnius residents of Lithuanian origin pronounce these vowels as long or semi-long, though in written language they are written as short vowels.

In the Lithuanian standardization ideology, such variability is characterized negatively and is referred to as the lengthening of the word ending. It is socially stigmatized, associated with the speech of uneducated Vilnius residents, speakers that belong to the working class, have a lower social status, or are affected by a Slavic language.

The main goal of this survey was to identify the length of the stressed /i/ and /u/ in word endings and to determine with which social categories their longer variants correlate in Vilnius speech.  A computerized sound analysis programme was applied to study 800 variants of /i/ and /u/ vowels, which were selected from interviews with 40 Vilnius city dwellers of different age, gender, professional activity, and social status.

The analysis has revealed that in the Lithuanian speaking community of Vilnius the length of stressed vowels in word endings functions as a marker of speaker’s age, professional activity, and educational background. A statistically significant higher average length of /i/ and /u/ is typical of those Vilnius residents who are older, educated, and work in traditional industries or manufacturing, but not for service providers.
Conversational strategies in children’s talk
Authors: Daraškienė Inga , Hilbig Inga
Published: June 2020

The aim of this article is to investigate linguistic and non-linguistic conversational strategies and their realisations, employed by five year olds in peer interactions. 5 hours and 49 minutes of recorded children’s talk were used for the analysis. The data were processed using Transana software, and qualitative conversation analysis was applied. The analysis reveals that children are more inclined to use conversational strategies that motivate cooperation and solidarity rather than competition or dominance in a conversation. Dialogues mostly involve comments and questions, followed by repetitions of both speaker’s own or the interlocutor’s words. Jokes are also used to maintain or restart conversations and to support or restore friendly relationships. Strategies that break the symmetry of conversation are rarely applied. The conversation is sometimes interrupted when opposing the partner or establishing a leader role. Silence as a conversation strategy also serves to communicate disagreement with partner’s statements. Overall, the research subjects appear to be pragmatically competent interlocutors, adhering to the main principles of adult conversation: able to wait for their turn in conversation, choose and change its topic appropriately, involve the interlocutor in it or regain his/her attention if needed, and solve communicational break-downs and conflicts. However, the results presented are to be confirmed by further studies and through more various child-to-child conversations.