bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of an Expressed Gene in Dipylidium caninum
Authors: MIRANDA RODRIGO R. C. , COSTA‐JÚNIOR LIVIO M. , CAMPOS ARTUR K. , SANTOS HUDSON A. , RABELO ÉLIDA M. L.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Recombinant DNA studies have been focused on developing vaccines to different cestodes. But few studies involving Dipylidium caninum molecular biology and genes have been done. Only partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA gene are available in databases. Any molecular work with this parasite, including epidemiology, study of drug‐resistant strains, and vaccine development, is hampered by the lack of knowledge of its genome. Thus, the knowledge of specific genes of different developmental stages of D. caninum is crucial to locate potential targets to be used as candidates to develop a vaccine and/or new drugs against this parasite. Here we report, for the first time, the sequencing of a fragment of a D. caninum expressed gene.
Climatic Conditions and Gastrointestinal Nematode Egg Production: Observations in Breeding Sheep and Goats
Authors: TORINA A , FERRANTELLI V , SPARAGANO O A E , REALE S , VITALE F , CARACAPPA S
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Parasitic egg production was studied in sheep and goats affected by parasitic gastroenteritis. The herds studied were located at different altitudes and in different climatic conditions. Samples were taken every month and the number of eggs per grams of feces was calculated. Observation of preliminary data shows that the maximum peak of egg production was during the winter period, whereas in other countries winter is a period of hypobiosis. This study shows that understanding peak time of infection related to different climatic and environmental conditions will help improve anthelminthic treatments and animal health strategies.
Successful Infestation by Amblyomma pseudoconcolor and A. cooperi (Acari: Ixodidae) on Horses
Authors: CHACON SAMUEL C. , FACCINI JOÃO LUIZ H. , BITTENCOURT VÂNIA R.E.P.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The host relationships for most species of the genus Amblyomma are poorly known in Brazil. The ability of A. pseudoconcolor and A. cooperi to successfully feed on horses was investigated during ongoing research on the life cycle of these two species, which are primarily associated with wildlife. Results of these experiments suggest that horses are potential hosts for the adult stages of both species.
Effect of Various Acupuncture Treatment Protocols upon Sepsis in Wistar Rats
Authors: SCOGNAMILLO‐SZABÓ M V R , BECHARA G H , FERREIRA S H , CUNHA F Q
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Sepsis is a syndrome characterized by infection and generalized inflammatory response that can lead to organ failure and death. In this study we standardize a model to investigate acupuncture's effects upon sepsis. the objectives were to study the use of acupuncture in the infectious process and to formulate acupuncture's treatment protocol for sepsis. The CLP (cecal ligation and puncture) model in rats was used to induce sepsis through bacterial entrance into the peritoneal cavity. An acupuncture treatment protocol that enhanced survival and reversed the neutrophil impairment migration toward the peritoneal cavity in rats with sepsis was achieved. It seems that acupuncture can be used for the treatment of experimental infectious processes. The effects of acupuncture and related mechanisms are discussed.
Immunization of Bovines Using a DNA Vaccine (pcDNA3.1/MSP1b) Prepared from the Jaboticabal Strain of Anaplasma marginale
Authors: DE ANDRADE G M , MACHADO R Z , VIDOTTO M C , VIDOTTO O
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Anaplasma is a tick‐borne ehrlichial pathogen of cattle that causes the disease, anaplasmosis. In the present study, a total of 11 Anaplasma marginale seronegative calves were assigned into two groups: one immunized (G1, n= 6) and one nonimmunized‐control (G2, n= 5). Six calves were immunized by using a DNA vaccine containing the gene of a major surface protein, MSP1b, encoded by the plasmid identified as pcDNA3.1/MSP1b. Calves received three intramuscular inoculations of 100 μg of pcDNA3.1/MSP1b at a 20‐day interval. The control group received buffer phosphate at the same schedule as the experimental group. The immune response elicited by immunization with pcDNA3.1/MSP1b was evaluated in mice and calves. Twenty days following initial immunization, specific serum antibody from four BALB/c mice bound MSP1b in immunoblots. Sixty days after the last immunization, all calves were challenged with cryopreserved A. marginale at a dose of 104 parasites/mL/animal by intravenous injection. Results of packed cell volume (PCV) and detection of infected erythrocytes in all experimental groups revealed that the decrease of PCV and detection of infected erythrocytes occurred at 28 to 42 days after challenge. Mean temperature values did not increase over 39.85°C. Antibodies developed by immunized bovines from G2 were detected 14 days after challenge. MSP1b was characterized during the immunization period and MSP2 was the most predominant polypeptide at the challenge period. DNA of A. marginale was detected in all groups just after challenge by nested PCR assay. It can be concluded that all immunized bovines were partially protected against homologous challenge.
Local Utilization of Metacresolsulfonic Acid Combined with Streptomycin in the Treatment of Actinomycosis
Authors: SILVA L A F , FIORAVANTI M C S , OLIVEIRA K S , ATAYDE I B , ANDRADE M A , JAYME V S , RABELO R E , ROMANI A F , ARAÚJO E G
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The effectiveness of combining metacresolsufonic acid with streptomycin in the treatment of actinomycosis, diagnosed either clinically or in the laboratory, was evaluated in 12 bovines and 2 equines. Eighty‐seven percent of treated animals were considered clinically cured and did not show any signs of relapse after a six‐month follow‐up period. Therapeutic diagnosis by clinical observation was the procedure of choice when it was not possible to obtain laboratory diagnosis.
Immunization of Bovines with Concealed Antigens from Haematobia irritans
Authors: BAUTISTA CARLOS R. , GILES ISABEL , MONTENEGRO NATIVIDAD , FIGUEROA JULIO V.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: To evaluate an immunization procedure using antigens from Haematobia irritans intestine (AgHiI), four bovines (group I) were inoculated with AgHiI mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant containing Lactobacillus casei, three bovines (group II) received AgHiI, and three bovines (group III) received saline solution. At day 35, blood was collected from each animal to feed H. irritans flies. There was no difference in the fly mortality observed in the three groups. The percentage of reduction of eggs oviposited by each female in 8 days (%RE), as compared with group III, was 29.45 for group I and 11.02 for group II. Antibody levels (AbL) to AgHiI were higher in group I than in groups II and III. A high correlation between %RE and AbL was observed.
Immune Response to Babesia bigemina Infection in Pregnant Cows
Authors: GARCÍA T D , FIGUEROA M J V , RAMOS A J A , ROJAS M C , CANTÓ A G J , FALCÓN N A , ÁLVAREZ M J A
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Babesiosis is a tick‐borne disease of cattle caused by Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis and is transmitted by the tick vector Boophilus microplus. In this study, we investigate B. bigemina infection regarding the clinical infection, T cell distribution, and cytokine profile during the acute phase of an experimental infection in pregnant cows.
The Caribbean Amblyomma Program: Some Ecologic Factors Affecting Its Success
Authors: PEGRAM RUPERT , INDAR LISA , EDDI CARLOS , GEORGE JOHN
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The Caribbean Amblyomma Program has been operational for 8 years. However, owing to funding availability, some islands did not commence eradication activities until late 1997. During the past 2 years, 6 of the 9 islands (St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Anguilla, Montserrat, Barbados, and Dominica) under the program have attained the status of provisional freedom from the tropical bont tick (TBT). There are several administrative and technical reasons why the attainment of the program goals took longer than originally anticipated. This paper examines some of the ecologic factors that necessitated the prolongation of the treatment period and the recrudescence of TBT infestation in some islands. The introduction and subsequent spread of the cattle egret, Bulbucus ibis, in the 1960s and 1970s was most likely closely associated with the dissemination of the TBT in the region. At the national or island level, variations in land use are believed to have had a major impact on the eradication efforts in the different islands. Two islands, Antigua and Nevis, both opted out of sugar production several decades ago for economic reasons. Unfortunately, however, land from former sugar estates was not developed for other agricultural purposes and it became “unimproved free‐grazing” areas for livestock. Thus, in both Antigua and Nevis, large numbers of livestock tend to become feral or free‐ranging, making compliance with the mandatory treatment schedules impossible. In contrast, St. Lucia has large tracts of land allocated to banana plantations and St. Kitts to sugar plantations. Thus, feral or free‐ranging livestock were rarely a problem in these islands. These differences in land use management are compared and discussed in relation to their perceived profound impact on TBT eradication efforts in the region.
Identification of catalytic converter kinetic model using a genetic algorithm approach
Authors: Pontikakis G N , Stamatelos A M
Published: December 2004

The need to deliver fast-in-market and right-first-time design for ultra-low-emission vehicles at a reasonable cost is driving the automotive industries to invest significant manpower in computer-aided design and optimization of exhaust after-treatment systems. To serve the above goals, an already developed engineering model for the three-way catalytic converter kinetic behaviour is linked with a genetic algorithm optimization procedure, for fast and accurate estimation of the set of tuneable kinetic parameters that describe the chemical behaviour of each specific washcoat formulation. The genetic-algorithm-based optimization procedure utilizes a purpose-designed performance measure that allows an objective assessment of model prediction accuracy against a set of experimental data that represent the behaviour of the specific washcoat formulation over a typical legislated test procedure.

The identification methodology is tested on a demanding case study, and the best-fit parameters demonstrate high accuracy in matching the measured test data. The results are definitely more accurate than those usually obtained by manual or gradient-based tuning of the parameters. Moreover, the set of parameters identified by the genetic algorithm methodology is proven to describe in a valid way the chemical kinetic behaviour of the specific catalyst, and this is tested by the successful prediction of the performance of a smaller-size converter.

The parameter estimation methodology developed fits in an integrated computer-aided engineering methodology assisting the design optimization of catalytic exhaust systems that extends all the way through from model development to parameter estimation, and quality assurance of test data.
Analysis and simulation of clutch engagement judder and stick-slip in automotive powertrain systems
Authors: Crowther A , Zhang N , Liu D K , Jeyakumaran J K
Published: December 2004

Clutch engagement judder and stick—slip are investigated analytically and numerically to examine the influencing factors on these phenomena. Models are developed for a four degree-of- freedom (4DOF) torsional system with slipping clutch and for a powertrain with automatic transmission system. Stability analysis is performed to demonstrate that clutch judder is dependent on the slope of the friction coefficient and the analysis is verified with numerical simulations. An algorithm for modelling stick—slip is developed and is used in numerical simulations which show that the likelihood of stick—slip is increased by clutch pressure fluctuations, judder approaching engagement, and external torque fluctuations. Numerical simulations for second to third gear up shifts demonstrate that the likelihood of stick—slip to occur from clutch engagement is increased by clutch applied pressure fluctuations, judder approaching engagement, and external torque fluctuations and that the likelihood of stick—slip occurring is decreased dramatically by applied pressure ramps proximus to the engagement point.
East Asian social policy in the wake of the financial crisis: farewell to productivism?
Authors: Holliday Ian
Published: December 2004

English

For some years, a productivist strand characterised debates about a possible East Asian welfare model. However, recent policy initiatives, prompted partly by the Asian financial crisis and partly by far wider economic, social and political changes, cast doubt on the continuing validity of the productivist thesis in an East Asian context. This article reviews the evidence, and argues that while social policy has some nonproductivist tendencies in South Korea and Taiwan in particular, they are not as substantial and significant as is sometimes held. It concludes that it is not yet time to discard productivism, which remains plausible and useful in analysing social policy systems in the region.
Trust in UK pensions policy: a different approach?
Authors: Ring Patrick John
Published: December 2004

English

This article discusses the nature of trust and its importance for pensions policy. Trust in the financial services sector has suffered in the face of a ‘pensions crisis’. Government's response focuses on ‘empowering’ consumers through education, information and pensions simplification, to create a domain of ‘active trust’ (Giddens, 1994). This approach is likely to fail many, and government must focus on rebuilding trust in its own ability to manage long-term pensions policy. It is argued that this should involve a greater role for government as a provider, but in any event the first step is a meaningful dialogue with the public.
A Focus on Fluency: How One Teacher Incorporated Fluency With Her Reading Curriculum
Authors: Griffith Lorraine Wiebe , Rasinski Timothy V.
Published: December 2004

Reading fluency has been identified as a key goal for the elementary school reading curriculum. Despite its theoretical importance in reading development and research that has demonstrated its effectiveness in improving reading performance, many teachers are not familiar with effective methods of instruction for reading fluency and ways for integrating reading fluency with the overall classroom reading curriculum. This article details the three‐year journey of one fourth‐grade teacher to make reading fluency an integral part of her reading curriculum. Using Readers Theatre, partner reading, writer's craft passages, and a limited focus on timed readings helped her develop a fluency curriculum that students found engaging and productive. Data from three years of implementation of the fluency curriculum indicate that students have made substantial gains in various aspects of reading development. Moreover, those gains have been greater than those found in years prior to the implementation and integration of fluency instruction with the reading curriculum.
Curriculum‐based Readers Theatre: Setting the Stage for Reading and Retention
Authors: Flynn Rosalind M.
Published: December 2004

This article explains how and why to involve teachers and students as playwrights “commissioned” to write, revise, read, rehearse, and perform Readers Theatre scripts that fulfill a dual purpose: They must inform (about curriculum topics) and entertain. Curriculum‐Based Readers Theatre (CBRT) differs from traditional Readers Theatre in that its script topics come directly from classroom curriculum content, not from published scripts or stories. CBRT scripts can be created specifically to address a wide variety of local, state, and national standards of learning. They can also be created to accommodate large casts (i.e., an entire class), with many possibilities for all students to read and speak. CBRT challenges students to create an accurate script that will evoke audience interest. This motivates students to infuse their writing with humor, contemporary references and expressions, sarcasm, and other uses of language. Repeatedly reading and rehearsing scripts based on curriculum content increase the likelihood that students will practice fluent reading, retain information, and perform better on assessments. Theatrical skills such as vocal volume, expression, and effective use of gestures are also among CBRT goals. CBRT classroom activities merge drama, theater, writing, reading, speaking, listening, and content learning.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Sonogashira–Hagihara Cross‐Couplings of Arenesulfonyl Chlorides and Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Reddy Dubbaka Srinivas , Vogel Pierre
Published: December 2004

For the first time, conditions have been found for the palladium‐catalyzed desulfitative carbon‐carbon cross‐coupling of arenesulfonyl chlorides with aryl‐ and alkylacetylenes. Pd2(dba)3/P(t‐Bu)3 and CuI provide the best catalyst for reactions in refluxing THF and in the presence of K2CO3.
A Novel Practical Synthesis of C‐2‐Arylpurines
Authors: Itoh Takahiro , Sato Kimihiko , Mase Toshiaki
Published: December 2004

Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of halopurines with arylboronic acids would be one of the most efficient methods to synthesize C‐2‐arylpurines. However, as this approach implied some potential disadvantages, we needed to devise a more efficient process. Starting with 4‐amino‐2‐chloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine, readily prepared from 5‐nitrouracil, seemed to potentially obviate our concerns, and the applicability of the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling was examined in detail. Considerable competitive hydrolysis occurred simultaneously with the desired reaction under the aqueous conditions typically employed in the Suzuki–Miyaura protocol. Excellent yields were obtained with 1,1′‐bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphino)ferrocene (=D‐t‐BPF) under anhydrous conditions. Tolerance of various arylboronic acids was also found. Subsequent reduction with H2/Pd‐C of one of the coupling adducts, 4‐amino‐5‐nitro‐2‐phenylpyrimidine, gave the diamine, which was further condensed with activated acid derivatives to afford a wide variety of the 2‐phenylpurine derivatives in excellent yields.
Cross‐Coupling of Triallyl(aryl)silanes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides: An Alternative Convenient Biaryl Synthesis
Authors: Sahoo Akhila K. , Oda Takuro , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2004

Cross‐coupling of a diverse range of aryl bromides with triallyl(aryl)silanes is effective in the presence of PdCl2/PCy3 and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in DMSO‐H2O to give various biaryls in good yields. It is worthwhile to note that the all‐carbon‐substituted arylsilanes, stable towards moisture, acid, and base and easily accessible, serve as a highly practical alternative to their aryl(halo)silane counterparts. A catalyst system consisting of [(η3‐C3H5)PdCl]2 and 2‐[2,4,6‐(i‐Pr)3C6H2]‐C6H4PCy2 and use of TBAF⋅3 H2O in THF‐H2O are effective especially for the cross‐coupling with aryl chlorides. Both of the catalyst systems tolerate a broad spectrum of common functional groups. The high efficiency of reactions is presumably due to the ready cleavage of the allyl groups upon treatment with TBAF⋅3 H2O and an appropriate amount of water. Diallyl(diphenyl)silane also cross‐couples with various aryl bromides and chlorides in good yields, whereas allyl(triphenyl)silane gives the cross‐coupled products in only moderate yields. Through sequential cross‐coupling of bromochlorobenzenes with different arylsilanes, a range of unsymmetrical terphenyls are accessible in good overall yields.
Palladium‐ and Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of α‐Bromoalkenylphosphonates with Arylboronic Acids and Lithium Alkenylborates
Authors: Kobayashi Yuichi , William Anthony D.
Published: December 2004

The coupling reaction of the α‐bromoalkenylphosphonates with organoboranes was investigated. The palladium‐catalyzed arylation took place successfully with arylboronic acids, while alkenylation proceeded with lithium alkenylborates and a nickel catalyst. In addition, an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of the diene prepared by the alkenylation afforded the corresponding adduct.
Nonaflates from 8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones as Building Blocks for Diversity‐Orientated Synthesis: Preparation, Heck‐Couplings and Subsequent Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Högermeier Jens , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich , Brüdgam Irene , Hartl Hans
Published: December 2004

A series of bicyclic alkenyl nonaflates was prepared in good yields by deprotonation of the corresponding 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones and a sulfur relative with LDA followed by trapping with nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (NfF). The resulting compounds undergo Heck couplings to methyl acrylate under standard conditions, generally providing bicyclic dienes in satisfactory yields. For nonaflates 2 and 12 a novel base‐promoted fragmentation reaction to substituted furan derivatives was observed. Several Diels–Alder reactions of the bicyclic dienes were conducted leading to polycyclic compounds. Whereas the diastereofacial selectivity with respect to the oxygen or sulfur bridge of the dienes is excellent, the exo/endo selectivity strongly depends on the substitution patterns of the bicyclic diene and the dienophile. The results presented demonstrate the potential of bicyclic nonaflates to serve as versatile building blocks in diversity‐orientated synthesis.
Suzuki–Miyaura and Related Cross‐Couplings in Aqueous Solvents Catalyzed by Di(2‐pyridyl)methylamine‐Palladium Dichloride Complexes
Authors: Nájera Carmen , Gil‐Moltó Juan , Karlström Sofia
Published: December 2004

Di(2‐pyridyl)methylamine‐based palladium dichloride complexes 4 are versatile catalysts for different types of cross‐coupling reactions in water or aqueous solvents under aerobic conditions. The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of arylboronic acids can be performed with bromoarenes under water reflux using K2CO3 as base or at room temperature or 60 °C in aqueous methanol using KOH as base. For aryl chlorides the corresponding cross‐couplings with arylboronic acids can be carried out in refluxing water with K2CO3 as base and TBAB as additive to provide biaryls and heterobiaryls. Arylboronic acids react with benzylic chlorides and allylic substrates such as chlorides, acetates or carbonates also in refluxing water with K2CO3 as base or at room temperature in aqueous acetone and KOH as base, to give diarylmethanes and arylpropenes. Trimethylboroxine and alkylboronic acids are coupled with bromo‐ and chloroarenes under water at reflux with K2CO3 as base and TBAB as additive to furnish methyl‐ and butylarenes. These cross‐couplings have also been performed in shorter times under microwave irradiation. Several important intermediates such as, 4′‐methylbiphenyl‐2‐carbonitrile, 4‐biphenylacetic acid, 3‐(3‐methylphenyl)benzoic acid, 4,5‐diphenyl‐2‐methyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone and 2‐(4′‐fluorobenzyl)thiophene have been prepared under aqueous and aerobic conditions in good yields.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Unactivated Alkyl Halides and Pseudohalides with Organometallic Compounds
Authors: Netherton Matthew R. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: December 2004

Until recently, there had been a widespread perception that unactivated, β‐hydrogen‐containing alkyl halides/pseudohalides are not suitable partners for nickel‐catalyzed coupling reactions. During the past several years, a number of reports have dispelled this misconception by demonstrating that a diverse array of electrophiles and organometallic reagents can in fact be efficiently cross‐coupled.
Nickel‐2,2′‐Bipyridyl and Palladium‐Triphenylphosphine Complex Promoted Synthesis of New π‐Conjugated Poly(2‐hexylbenzotriazole)s and Characterization of the Polymers
Authors: Tanimoto Akitoshi , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: December 2004

A nickel(0) complex (Ni‐bpy) promoted dehalogenative polycondensation of 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐hexylbenzotriazole gives the new π‐conjugated polymer, polybenzotriazole [P(BTz)]. Palladium‐triphenylphosphine [Pd(PPh3)4] catalyzed the copolymerization between 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐hexylbenzotriazole with 2,5‐diethynyl‐1,4‐dihexyloxybenzene and 9,9′‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐bis(trimethylene borate) to give the corresponding polymers P(BTz‐AE) and P(BTz‐F), respectively. The number average molecular weights, Mn, of the polymers ranged from 3000 to 7400. P(BTz‐AE) showed a photoluminescence (PL) peak at 500 nm in CHCl3 with a high quantum yield of PL (87%).
Hard sphere compressibility factors for equation of state development
Authors: Wu Guang‐Wen , Sadus Richard J.
Published: December 2004

New molecular simulation data are reported for the compressibility factors of hard spheres covering the isotropic liquid, metastable fluid and solid ranges of density. These data provide a comprehensive set of values for the development of hard‐sphere equations of state. In particular, they represent a substantial increase in the data available at high isotropic liquid densities. A comparison is reported with examples of accurate hard sphere equations. In contrast to literature comparisons, which are weighted towards existing lower density data, including these new higher density data indicates that the overall accuracy of current equations of state is considerably less than previously reported. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 309–313, 2005
Wax precipitation modeled with many mixed solid phases
Authors: Heidemann Robert A , Madsen Jesper , Stenby Erling H. , Andersen Simon I.
Published: December 2004

The behavior of the Coutinho UNIQUAC model for solid wax phases has been examined. The model can produce as many mixed solid phases as the number of waxy components. In binary mixtures, the solid rich in the lighter component contains little of the heavier component but the second phase shows substantial amounts of the lighter component dissolved in the heavier solid. Calculations have been performed taking into account the recrystallization of the solid alkanes into a second solid form. The Coutinho UNIQUAC model has been used to describe the lower‐temperature solid phases. The higher‐temperature mixed solid phase has been assumed to be either an ideal solution or to be described by Coutinho's Wilson activity coefficient model. This procedure accounts for more of the known behavior of mixed n‐alkane solids. Comparison is also made with results assuming that all of the solid phases, both high‐temperature and low‐temperature forms, are pure. Model calculations compare well with the data of Pauly et al. for C18 to C30 waxes precipitating from n‐decane solutions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 290–308, 2005
Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy: Connective tissue abnormalities in the skin support overlap with Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Authors: Kirschner Janbernd , Hausser Ingrid , Zou Yaqun , Schreiber Gudrun , Christen Hans‐Jürgen , Brown Susan C. , Anton‐Lamprecht Ingrun , Muntoni Francesco , Hanefeld Folker , Bönnemann Carsten G.
Published: December 2004

Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) is caused by mutations in the three genes coding for the alpha chains of collagen VI and characterized by generalized muscle weakness, striking hypermobility of distal joints in conjunction with variable contractures of more proximal joints, and normal intellectual development. The diagnosis is supported by abnormal immunoreactivity for collagen VI on muscle biopsies. As patients with UCMD show clinical characteristics typical of classical disorders of connective tissue such as Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS), we investigated the ultrastructure of skin biopsy samples from patients with UCMD (n=5). Electron microscopy of skin biopsies revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in all cases, including alterations of collagen fibril morphology (variation in size and composite fibers) and increase in ground substance, which resemble those seen in patients with EDS. Our findings suggest that there is a true connective tissue component as part of the phenotypic spectrum of UCMD and that there is considerable clinical as well as morphological overlap between UCMD and classic connective tissue disorders. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Rational Approach to Maximize Success Rate in Target Discovery
Authors: Schneider Martin
Published: December 2004

To overcome the problem of high attrition rates in the drug discovery process, an efficient strategy how to identify, select, characterize and validate the most suitable drug targets before embarking on the resource‐intense steps of lead discovery and lead optimization is mandatory. We have implemented such an efficient strategy consisting of (i) Target Selection based on gene expression analyses of drugable target genes in clinical samples and relevant in vitro model systems, to identify candidate targets with a specific tissue distribution and presence in human disease; (ii) Target Assessment exploiting the three‐dimensional structure of proteins for detailed binding site analysis, to estimate the drugability of the protein for small‐molecule inhibitor binding as well as selectivity profiles; and (iii) Target Validation providing evidence for a functional role in in vitro model systems, thus corroborating the biological hypothesis underlying the therapeutic concept. This rational approach has led to the discovery of drug targets for Lead Discovery, maximizing the likelihood for achieving target‐selective inhibition by small‐molecule inhibitors with minimal in vivo side effects and a therapeutic effect based on a sound biological hypothesis.
How users assess Web pages for information seeking
Authors: Tombros Anastasios , Ruthven Ian , Jose Joemon M.
Published: December 2004

In this article, we investigate the criteria used by online searchers when assessing the relevance of Web pages for information‐seeking tasks. Twenty‐four participants were given three tasks each, and they indicated the features of Web pages that they used when deciding about the usefulness of the pages in relation to the tasks. These tasks were presented within the context of a simulated work‐task situation. We investigated the relative utility of features identified by participants (Web page content, structure, and quality) and how the importance of these features is affected by the type of information‐seeking task performed and the stage of the search. The results of this study provide a set of criteria used by searchers to decide about the utility of Web pages for different types of tasks. Such criteria can have implications for the design of systems that use or recommend Web pages.
Static magnetic fields alter arteriolar tone in vivo
Authors: Morris Cassandra , Skalak Thomas
Published: December 2004

This study was designed to directly quantify the effect of localized static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the diameter of microvessels in adult rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Microvascular networks in the exteriorized rat spinotrapezius microvasculature were exposed to a localized, uniform 70 mT SMF for 15 min. Arteriolar vessel diameters were measured; and the extent of vessel contraction, microvascular tone, was calculated before exposure, immediately after exposure, and 15 and 30 min after removal of the field. A calculated value of high tone corresponds to vessels that are vasoconstricted and a calculated value of low tone refers to vessels that are vasodilated. Vessels with initial tone <15% showed an increasing trend in tone and, conversely, vessels with initial tone >15% showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in tone 15 and 30 min following application, respectively. Further classification of the data with regards to the initial vessel diameter demonstrated that vessels with initial diameters <30 μm and initial tone <15%, smaller diameter vessels that are initially vasodilated, showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in tone immediately, 15 and 30 min following SMF exposure. Additionally, <30 μm vessels with >15% initial tone, smaller diameter vessels that are initially vasoconstricted, demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in tone 30 min after SMF exposure. Vessels with initial diameters >30 μm had no significant response to the SMF. These results imply that SMF exposure influences arteriolar diameters, and therefore microvascular tone, in a restorative fashion acting to normalize the tone to the median tone value of 15% following exposure. Because this response occurs primarily in the resistance arterioles, which significantly influence tissue perfusion, SMF application could be efficacious for the treatment of both ischemic and edematous tissue disorders involving compromised microvascular function. Bioelectromagnetics 26:1–9, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of evoked potentials recorded from mouse hippocampal slices by very low repetition rate pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Wieraszko Andrzej
Published: December 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Bioelectromagnetics 25:537–544 Bioelectromagnetics(2004) 25(7) 537–544
From correspondence to cyberspace: Changes and challenges in distance education
Authors: Bower Beverly L. , Hardy Kimberly P.
Published: December 2004

Higher education has provided students with distance learning opportunities for over 150 years. This chapter traces the evolution of distance learning and provides an overview of some of the challenges inherent in learning in an online environment.
New roles for student support services in distance learning
Authors: Floyd Deborah L. , Casey‐Powell Deborah
Published: December 2004

This chapter describes exemplary community college student services programs and proposes a model designed to help community colleges reconfigure their support services for distance learners while also improving
their services to on‐campus students.
On the fundamental communication abstraction supplied by P2P overlay networks
Authors: Cramer Curt , Fuhrmann Thomas
Published: December 2004

The disruptive advent of peer‐to‐peer (P2P) file sharing in 2000 attracted significant interest. P2P networks have matured from their initial form, unstructured overlays, to structured overlays like distributed hash tables (DHTs), which are considered state‐of‐the‐art. There are huge efforts to improve their performance. Various P2P applications like distributed storage and application‐layer multicast were proposed.

However, little effort was spent to understand the communication abstraction P2P overlays supply. Only when it is understood, the reach of P2P ideas will significantly broaden. Furthermore, this clarification reveals novel approaches and highlights future directions.

In this paper, we reconsider well‐known P2P overlays, linking them to insights from distributed systems research. We conclude that the main communication abstraction is that of a virtual address space or application‐specific naming. On this basis, P2P systems build a functional layer implementing, for example lookup, indirection and distributed processing. Our insights led us to identify interesting and unexplored points in the design space. Copyright © 2004 AEI.
Increased expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in rat liver after common bile duct ligation
Authors: Shen Hong , Fan Yijun , Yang Xi , Burczynski Frank J. , Li Ping , Gong Yuewen
Published: December 2004

Liver disease associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been increasingly diagnosed and recognized as one of the major causes of death in CF during recent years. The autosomal‐recessive disorder of CF results from mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that encodes the CFTR protein. Due to its existence and multifunction in biliary epithelial, over‐ or less‐expression of CFTR in the liver may play an important role in the development of CF liver disease (CFLD). The aim of current study is to investigate the expression of CFTR in the liver of common bile duct ligated (BDL) rats. After BDL, there was an increase in the abundance of CFTR mRNA and protein. Immunohistochemical staining also demonstrated an increased intensity of CFTR staining in the liver tissue section. In conclusion, there is an increased expression of CFTR in the liver after common BDL. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD44 promotes resistance to apoptosis in murine colonic epithelium
Authors: Lakshman Minalini , Subramaniam Venkateswaran , Wong Sophie , Jothy Serge
Published: December 2004

Dysregulated expression of CD44 isoforms occurs consistently in colon carcinogenesis, and this change occurs also in most other types of cancer. One of the basic features of malignant transformation is the acquisition of resistance to apoptosis. We previously found that the colonic epithelium of mice, deficient in CD44 is predisposed to apoptosis. In this study, we asked whether the expression of CD44 alters the response of the colon to an apoptotic stimulus, and what are the mechanisms involved. For this, we assessed the susceptibility of the murine colon to apoptosis by total body irradiation to induce apoptosis. Apoptotic and concomitant changes relevant to the mechanisms of apoptosis were monitored by molecular markers of apoptosis. We found enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis in CD44 deficient colonic epithelium based on an increase in the number of apoptotic bodies, and activation of caspase 3. This was not associated with alterations in proliferations as shown by comparable Ki‐67 expression and BrdU labeling. Furthermore, upregulated active caspase 3 in CD44 deficient colon was accompanied by concomitant molecular alterations in caspase 9 and not caspase 8, and this indicated the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis execution. Overall, this is the first report demonstrating CD44 mediated resistance to apoptosis in the colonic epithelium in vivo. This implicates CD44 in promoting cell transformation into a malignant phenotype, in conjunction with other anti‐apoptotic factors. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of macrophage elastase (MMP‐12) gene expression by statins
Authors: Arikan Meltem C. , Shapiro Steven D. , Mariani Thomas J.
Published: December 2004

The statins (including mevastatin and lovastatin) are a widely prescribed class of serum‐cholesterol lowering drugs that function by inhibiting 3‐hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity and cellular sterol synthesis. Statins are also widely being appreciated for their inhibitory effects upon inflammation, primarily mediated through direct regulation of inflammatory gene expression. Here we report that statins are also capable of increasing the expression of macrophage elastase (MMP‐12). The induction of MMP‐12 in mouse macrophages by statins is specific for HMG CoA reductase inhibition, rescued by mevalonate and not observed after inhibition of subsequent steps in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Modulation of cholesterol metabolism may lead to changes in MMP‐12 expression and subsequent impacts during physiological and pathophysiological states. We conclude that statins, in addition to their previously described anti‐inflammatory properties, may promote the production of some proteinases from activated macrophages. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of thyroid hormones on energy metabolism of rat slow‐ and fast‐twitch muscles
Authors: Bahi L. , Garnier A. , Fortin D. , Serrurier B. , Veksler V. , Bigard A.X. , Ventura‐Clapier R.
Published: December 2004

Thyroid hormone (TH) is an important regulator of mitochondrial content and activity. As mitochondrial content and properties differ depending on muscle‐type, we compared mitochondrial regulation and biogenesis by T3 in slow‐twitch oxidative (soleus) and fast‐twitch mixed muscle (plantaris). Male Wistar rats were treated for 21 to 27 days with T3 (200 μg/kg/day). Oxidative capacity, regulation of mitochondrial respiration by substrates and phosphate acceptors, and transcription factors were studied. In soleus, T3 treatment increased maximal oxygen consumption (Vmax) and the activities of citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome oxidase (COX) by 100%, 45%, and 71%, respectively (P < 0.001), whereas in plantaris only Vmax increased, by 39% (P < 0.01). ADP‐independent respiration rate was increased in soleus muscle by 216% suggesting mitochondrial uncoupling. Mitochondrial substrate utilization in soleus was also influenced by T3, as were mitochondrial enzymes. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was elevated in soleus and plantaris by 63% and 11%, respectively (P < 0.01), and soleus creatine kinase was increased by 48% (P < 0.001). T3 increased the mRNA content of the transcriptional co‐activator of mitochondrial genes, PGC‐1α, and the I and IV COX subunits in soleus. The muscle specific response to thyroid hormones could be explained by a lower content of TH receptors in plantaris than soleus. Moreover, TRα mRNA level decreased further after T3 treatment. These results demonstrate that TH has a major effect on mitochondrial content, regulation and coupling in slow oxidative muscle, but to a lesser extent in fast muscle, due to the high expression of TH receptors and PGC‐1α transcription factor. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computerized morphometry of the cirrhotic liver: Comparative analysis in primary biliary cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and posthepatitic cirrhosis
Authors: Vertemati Maurizio , Minola Ernesto , Goffredi Maria , Sabatella Guido , Gambacorta Marcello , Vizzotto Laura
Published: December 2004

Fibrosis and nodular regeneration are the hallmarks of liver cirrhosis. To assess the degree of fibrosis and the severity of the structural changes affecting parenchymal and extraparenchymal components in liver cirrhosis, a computerized morphometric model has been applied to liver specimens from patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis, posthepatitic and alcoholic cirrhosis. Fifty‐eight hepatectomy specimens from patients undergoing liver transplantation for cirrhosis were analyzed: 17 alcoholic, 28 posthepatitic (HBV‐related and HCV‐related cirrhosis), and 13 primary biliary cirrhoses. Liver specimens were fixed in 10% neutral‐buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with chromotrope‐aniline blue method and monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratin 7 and CD31. Volume fractions of parenchymal compartment and fibrosis were stereologically determined on the specimens stained with chromotrope‐aniline blue method. Volume fractions of portal bile ducts, proliferated bile ductules, and hepatocytes with biliary metaplasia were measured on cytokeratin 7 stains, while volume fractions of capillary units have been evaluated on CD31 staining. Volume fraction of fibrosis was higher in primary biliary cirrhosis than in the other disease‐induced cirrhosis. The main differences were related to immunohistochemical staining. Volume fraction of hepatocytes with biliary metaplasia was higher in HCV‐related cirrhosis, whereas volume fractions of biliary structures were more prominent in HBV‐related cirrhosis. Primary biliary cirrhosis was characterized by a reduced number of bile ducts and by a wider expression of cytokeratin 7 into periportal hepatocytes. Capillary units were more prominent in primary biliary cirrhosis than alcoholic and posthepatitic cirrhosis. Our computerized morphometric model well describes and quantifies the morphological alterations of the liver and it could represent an adjunctive tool to evaluate the degree of dysplastic phenomena involving parenchymal and extraparenchymal compartments. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65:113–121, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphism of human papillomavirus type 31 isolates infecting the genital tract of HIV‐seropositive and HIV‐seronegative women at risk for HIV infection
Authors: Gagnon Simon , Hankins Catherine , Tremblay Cécile , Pourreaux Karina , Forest Pierre , Rouah Fabrice , Coutlée François
Published: December 2004

The genomic polymorphism of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) for types other than 16 has not been extensively described. We describe here the genomic polymorphism of high‐risk HPV type 31 in 79 women (62 HIV‐seropositive, 17 HIV‐seronegative) by PCR‐sequencing of the long control region (LCR), E6 and E7. LCR polymorphism was generated by 25 (6.4%) single‐nucleotide variations over 391 bases. Each variant compared to the prototype contained from 2 to 13 variations (mean of 9.4 ± 3.3, median of 10). Considering the number of variation sites in each region of HPV genome, the LCR was more variable than E6 (13 over 496 nucleotide (nt), P = 0.03) and E7 (9 over 296 nt, P = 0.03). Non‐synonymous nucleotide variations were found in 31 (75.6%) of 41 isolates and were observed at six positions in E6. Each of the 8 HPV‐31 E7 variants contained from 2 to 5 mutations (mean of 4.29 ± 1.11, median of 5) compared to the prototype. Three non‐synonymous E6 and E7 variations were within cysteine arrays. The LCR prototype was significantly over‐represented in Caucasian women (14 (25%) of 56) compared to women of African descent (0 (0%) of 15 women, P = 0.03). Four (23.5%) of 17 women with persistent versus 6 (25.0%) of 24 women with transient infections were infected by the prototype (P = 1.00). HPV‐31 LCR was more polymorphic than oncogenes and was associated with ethnicity. J. Med. Virol. 75:213–221, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver histology in patients with HBsAg negative anti‐HBc and anti‐HCV positive chronic hepatitis
Authors: Sagnelli Evangelista , Pasquale Giuseppe , Coppola Nicola , Marrocco Cecilia , Scarano Ferdinando , Imparato Michele , Sagnelli Caterina , Scolastico Carlo , Piccinino Felice
Published: December 2004

The liver histology of 68 consecutive anti‐HCV/HCV‐RNA positive chronic hepatitis patients who were HBsAg/anti‐HBs negative, anti‐HBc positive (Case bC group) was compared with that of 68 anti‐HCV/HCV‐RNA positive chronic hepatitis patients who were HBsAg/anti‐HBc negative (control C group). The patients were pair‐matched by age (±5 years), sex, and risk factors for the acquisition of parenteral infection. Case bC group showed a significantly higher mean fibrosis score (2.3 ± 1.1) than control C group (1.5 ± 1.1, P < 0.001) and more histological evidence of cirrhosis (22% vs. 7.3%, P < 0.05). In addition, the patients in Case bC group showed more severe inflammation of the portal tracts (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 3.0 ± 1.1, P < 0.005) and there was a higher prevalence of patients with rhomboid‐shaped hepatocytes (26.4% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.005), acidophilic bodies (33.8% vs. 1.4%, P < 0.0001), sinusoidal inflammation (29.4% vs. 10.3%, P < 0.01), lymphoid follicles in the portal tracts (72% vs. 44.1%, P < 0.05), Kupffer cell proliferation (29.4% vs. 11.8%, P < 0.05), bile duct damage (44.1% vs. 10.3%, P < 0.0001), and ductular proliferation (30.9% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.001) than in control C group. No difference in these histological features was observed between HBV‐DNA negative and positive patients in Case bC group. The data suggest that anti‐HBc positive patients with HCV chronic infection have a significantly higher degree of liver fibrosis, and that hepatocellular apoptosis, bile duct damage, and ductular proliferation correlate with the presence of this antibody in the serum. J. Med. Virol. 75:222–226, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.