bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archetypal energy landscapes: Dynamical diagnosis
Authors: Despa Florin , Wales David J. , Berry R. Stephen
Published: December 2004

Recent studies have identified several motifs for potential energy surfaces corresponding to distinct dynamic and thermodynamic properties. The corresponding disconnectivity graphs were identified as “palm tree,” “willow tree,” and “banyan tree” patterns. In the present contribution we present a quantitative analysis of the relation between the topography and dynamics for each of these motifs. For the palm tree and willow tree forms we find that the arrangement of the stationary points in the monotonic sequences with respect to the global minimum is the most important factor in establishing the kinetic properties. However, the results are somewhat different for motifs involving a rough surface with several deep basins (banyan tree motif), with large barriers relative to the energy differences between minima. Here it is the size of the barrier for escape from the region relative to the barriers at the bottom that is most important. The present results may be helpful in distinguishing between the dynamics of “structure seeking” and “glass forming” systems.
Surface solvation for an ion in a water cluster
Authors: Herce David H. , Perera Lalith , Darden Thomas A. , Sagui Celeste
Published: December 2004

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to study the structural, dynamical, and thermodynamical properties of ions in water clusters. Careful evaluations of the free energy, internal energy, and entropy are used to address controversial or unresolved issues, related to the underlying physical cause of surface solvation, and the basic assumptions that go with it. Our main conclusions are the following. (i) The main cause of surface solvation of a single ion in a water cluster is both water and ion polarization, coupled to the charge and size of the ion. Interestingly, the total energy of the ion increases near the cluster surface, while the total energy of water decreases. Also, our analysis clearly shows that the cause of surface solvation is not the size of the total water dipole (unless this is too small). (ii) The entropic contribution is the same order of magnitude as the energetic contribution, and therefore cannot be neglected for quantitative results. (iii) A pure energetic analysis can give a qualitative description of the ion position at room temperature. (iv) We have observed surface solvation of a large positive iodinelike ion in a polarizable water cluster, but not in a nonpolarizable water cluster.
Quantum mechanical investigation of rovibrational relaxation of H2 and D2 by collisions with Ar atoms
Authors: Uudus Nyamsuren , Magaki Shino , Balakrishnan N.
Published: December 2004

We report quantum mechanical calculations of cross sections and rate coefficients for rovibrational relaxation of H2 and D2 by collisions with Ar atoms over a wide range of temperatures including the ultracold limit. Limiting values of the rate coefficients for vibrational and rotational quenching at zero temperature were computed and sensitivity of the results to the choice of the interaction potential is investigated. We also demonstrate dramatic change in the behavior of the rate coefficients at low temperatures when the van der Waals potential supports a quasibound level very close to the dissociation threshold.
Simulation study of the coil-globule transition of a polymer in solvent
Authors: Polson James M. , Moore Neil E.
Published: December 2004

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the coil-globule transition for a system composed of a bead-spring polymer immersed in an explicitly modeled solvent. Two different versions of the model are used, which are differentiated by the nature of monomer-solvent, solvent-solvent, and nonbonded monomer-monomer interactions. For each case, a model parameter λ determines the degree of hydrophobicity of the monomers by controlling the degree of energy mismatch between the monomers and solvent particles. We consider a λ-driven coil-globule transition at constant temperature. The simulations are used to calculate average static structure factors, which are then used to determine the scaling exponents of the system in order to determine the θ-point values λθ separating the coil from the globule states. For each model we construct coil-globule phase diagrams in terms of λ and the particle density ρ. The results are analyzed in terms of a simple Flory-type theory of the collapse transition. The ratio of λθ for the two models converges in the high density limit exactly to the value predicted by the theory in the random mixing approximation. Generally, the predicted values of λθ are in reasonable agreement with the measured values at high ρ, though the accuracy improves if the average chain size is calculated using the full probability distribution associated with the polymer-solvent free energy, rather than merely using the value obtained from the minimum of the free energy.
Structure of protonated water clusters: Low-energy structures and finite temperature behavior
Authors: Kuo Jer-Lai , Klein Michael L.
Published: December 2004

The structure of protonated water clusters H+(H2O)n (n=5–22) are examined by two Monte Carlo methods in conjunction with the OSS2 potential [L. Ojamäe, I. Shavitt, and S. J. Singer J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5547 (1998)]. The basin-hopping method is employed to explore the OSS2 potential energy surface and to locate low-energy structures. The topology of the “global minimum,” the most stable low-energy structure, changes from single ring to multiple ring to polyhedral cage as the cluster size grows. The temperature dependence of the cluster geometry is examined by carrying out parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulations. Over the temperature range we studied (25–330 K), all water clusters undergo significant structural changes. The trends are treelike structures dominating at high temperature and single-ring structures appearing in slightly lower temperatures. For n⩾7, an additional transition from single ring to multiple rings appears as the temperature decreases. Only for n⩾16 do polyhedral structures dominate the lowest temperature range. Our results indicate very dynamic structural changes at temperature range relevant to atmospheric chemistry and current experiments. The structures and properties of medium-sized protonated clusters in this temperature range are far from their global minimum cousins. The relevance of these findings to recent experiments and theoretical simulations is also discussed.
Improved pseudobonds for combined ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methods
Authors: Zhang Yingkai
Published: December 2004

The pseudobond approach offers a smooth connection at the quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical interface which passes through covalent bonds. It replaces the boundary atom of the environment part with a seven-valence-electron atom to form a pseudobond with the boundary atom of the active part [Y. Zhang, T. S. Lee, and W. Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 46 (1999)]. In its original formulation, the seven-valence-electron boundary atom has the basis set of fluorine and a parametrized effective core potential. Up to now, only the Cps(sp3)–C(sp3) pseudobond has been successfully developed; thus in the case of proteins, it can only be used to cut the protein side chains. Here we employ a different formulation to construct this seven-valence-electron boundary atom, which has its own basis set as well as the effective core potential. We have not only further improved Cps(sp3)–C(sp3) pseudobond, but also developed Cps(sp3)–C(sp2,carbonyl) and Cps(sp3)–N(sp3) pseudobonds for the cutting of protein backbones and nucleic acid bases. The basis set and effective core potential for the seven-valence-electron boundary atom are independent of the molecular mechanical force field. Although the parametrization is performed with density functional calculations using hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation functional, it is found that the same set of parameters is also applicable to Hartree-Fock and MP2 methods, as well as DFT calculations with other exchange-correlation functionals. Tests on a series of molecules yield very good structural, electronic, and energetic results in comparison with the corresponding full ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.
Formation of long-lived fluorofullerene trianions in collisions with Na
Authors: Boltalina Olga V. , Streletskii Alexey V. , Ioffe Ilya. N. , Hvelplund Preben , Liu Bo , Nielsen Steen Brøndsted , Tomita Shigeo
Published: December 2004

The first experimental observation of long-lived triply charged fluorofullerene anions in the gas phase obtained from C60F48 is reported. The existence of a Coloumb barrier trapping the third electron in the trianion is supposed to be responsible for detection of the species which is estimated to have negative third electron affinity.
The effects of surface temperature on the gas-liquid interfacial reaction dynamics of O(3P)+squalane
Authors: Köhler Sven P. K. , Allan Mhairi , Kelso Hailey , Henderson David A. , McKendrick Kenneth G.
Published: December 2004

OH/OD product state distributions arising from the reaction of gas-phase O(3P) atoms at the surface of the liquid hydrocarbon squalane C30H62/C30D62 have been measured. The O(3P) atoms were generated by 355 nm laser photolysis of NO2 at a low pressure above the continually refreshed liquid. It has been shown unambiguously that the hydroxyl radicals detected by laser-induced fluorescence originate from the squalane surface. The gas-phase OH/OD rotational populations are found to be partially sensitive to the liquid temperature, but do not adapt to it completely. In addition, rotational temperatures for OH/OD(v′=1) are consistently colder (by 34±5 K) than those for OH/OD(v′=0). This is reminiscent of, but less pronounced than, a similar effect in the well-studied homogeneous gas-phase reaction of O(3P) with smaller hydrocarbons. We conclude that the rotational distributions are composed of two different components. One originates from a direct abstraction mechanism with product characteristics similar to those in the gas phase. The other is a trapping-desorption process yielding a thermal, Boltzmann-like distribution close to the surface temperature. This conclusion is consistent with that reached previously from independent measurements of OH product velocity distributions in complementary molecular-beam scattering experiments. It is further supported by the temporal profiles of OH/OD laser-induced fluorescence signals as a function of distance from the surface observed in the current experiments. The vibrational branching ratios for (v′=1)/(v′=0) for OH and OD have been found to be (0.07±0.02) and (0.30±0.10), respectively. The detection of vibrationally excited hydroxyl radicals suggests that secondary and/or tertiary hydrogen atoms may be accessible to the attacking oxygen atoms.
Evaporation of a thin liquid film
Authors: Babin V. , Hołyst R.
Published: December 2004

Evaporation of a thin (submicrometer size) liquid film confined between two solid substrates is studied using diffuse interface hydrodynamic model supplemented by the van der Waals equation of state. The time and space evolution of the basic thermodynamic quantities such as temperature, density, entropy, chemical potential, and entropy production is presented. The values of numerical parameters chosen correspond to those of argon. The time and space scales studied range from picoseconds to microseconds and from nanometers to micrometers correspondingly.
Performance of diffusion Monte Carlo for the first dissociation energies of transition metal carbonyls
Authors: Diedrich Christian , Lüchow Arne , Grimme Stefan
Published: December 2004

Fixed node diffusion Monte Carlo (FNDMC) calculations are carried out for the first ligand dissociation energies of the prototype transition metal carbonyls Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4, and Fe(CO)4N2. Since Hartree–Fock theory performs particularly badly for these type of compounds they are difficult to treat with conventional ab initio methods. We find that a Kohn–Sham determinant from a standard density functional provides a balanced description of the fermionic nodal hyper surfaces of all compounds involved in the dissociation reaction. With one exception, the experimental dissociation enthalpies are reproduced by FNDMC within the statistical accuracy of the method.
Myosin I and adaptation of mechanical transduction by the inner ear
Authors: Holmes K. C. , Trentham D. R. , Simmons R. , Gillespie Peter G.
Published: December 2004

Twenty years ago, the description of hair-cell stereocilia as actin-rich structures led to speculation that myosin molecules participated in mechanical transduction in the inner ear. In 1987, Howard and Hudspeth proposed specifically that a myosin I might mediate adaptation of the transduction current carried by hair cells, the sensory cells of the ear. We exploited the myosin literature to design tests of this hypothesis and to show that the responsible isoform is myosin 1c. The identification of this myosin as the adaptation motor would have been impossible without thorough experimentation on other myosins, particularly muscle myosins. The sliding-filament hypothesis for muscle contraction has thus led to a detailed understanding of the behaviour of hair cells.
Introduction
Authors: Holmes K. C. , Trentham D. R. , Simmons R. , Holmes K. C.
Published: December 2004

Introduction
GENERALIZED LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION OF ARMA MODELS
Authors: KAVALIERIS L. , HANNAN E. J. , SALAU M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract. Two multistage methods for estimating scalar ARMA models are investigated. Both estimate innovations using an autoregression; these are used to obtain initial ARMA parameter estimates by regression and finally the initial estimates are refined by generalized least squares or nonlinear optimization to achieve efficiency. We provide a proof of the generalized least squares procedure.
STATIONARY TANGENT: THE DISCRETE AND NON‐SMOOTH CASE
Authors: KEICH U.
Published: December 2004

Abstract. In Keich (2000),we define a stationary tangent process, or a locally optimal stationary approximation, to a real non‐stationary smooth Gaussian process. This paper extends the idea by constructing a discrete tangent – a `locally' optimal stationary approximation – for a discrete time, real Gaussian process. Analogously to the smooth case, our construction relies on a generalization of the recursion formula for the orthogonal polynomials of the spectral distribution function. More precisely, we use a generalization of the Schur parameters to identify the stationary tangent. By way of discretizing, we later demonstrate how this tangent can be used to obtain `good' local stationary approximations to non‐smooth continuous time, real Gaussian processes. Further, we demonstrate how, analogously to the curvatures in the smooth case, the Schur parameters can be used to determine the order of stationarity of a non‐smooth process.
A General Approach to Hedging Options: Applications to Barrier and Partial Barrier Options
Authors: Bermin Hans‐Peter
Published: December 2004

In this paper we consider a Black and Scholes economy and show how the Malliavin calculus approach can be extended to cover hedging of any square integrable contingent claim. As an application we derive the replicating portfolios of some barrier and partial barrier options.
Animal Action in the Space of Reasons
Authors: Hurley Susan
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  I defend the view that we should not overintellectualize the mind. Nonhuman animals can occupy islands of practical rationality: they can have context‐bound reasons for action even though they lack full conceptual abilities. Holism and the possibility of mistake are required for such reasons to be the agent's reasons, but these requirements can be met in the absence of inferential promiscuity. Empirical work with animals is used to illustrate the possibility that reasons for action could be bound to symbolic or social contexts, and connections are made to simulationist accounts of cognitive skills.
Charting Control‐Space: Comments on Susan Hurley's ‘Animal Action in the Space of Reasons’
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Hurley is right to reject the dichotomy between intentional agents and mere stimulus/response habit machines, and she is also right in thinking that it is important to map the space of systems for the adaptive control of behaviour. So there is much in this paper with which I agree. My disagreement concerns folk psychology. Hurley thinks that control space can be charted by asking whether and to what extent animals are intentional agents. In contrast, I doubt that the concepts of folk psychology, especially folk psychology construed as an interpretative practice, are the right mapping tools. If the main function of folk psychology is to make sense of one another, co‐ordinate joint action, or make decisions about moral and legal responsibility, then there is no point in applying folk psychological notions to nonhuman minds. These interpretative functions simply do not arise for our interaction with non‐human minds, and if folk psychology serves largely as a social tool serving them, there is no need to apply it to non‐humans, nor is there a reasonable expectation that we can usefully do so. If folk psychology does not even carve our sensing and control mechanisms at the joints, if it is not a good theory of human cognitive architecture, then it is not likely to be well‐suited for describing those of nonhuman agents.
Interiority and Epiphany: A Reading in New Testament Ethics
Authors: Williams Rowan D.
Published: December 2004

Our “true self” is not an interior space but a product of the labors of time and the recognition of others. But how, then, do we move beyond rivalry to a genuinely common good beyond opposition and negotiation? Wise Stoics and Cynics had an answer. So did the Christian Church, based on Jesus’ offer of unconditional access to God for all—a non‐competitive justifying grace. A twofold ethics and spirituality is displayed in Paul and Matthew. Action is judged not by performance nor by motive and intention but “according to its fidelity to the character of God, its ‘epiphanic’ depth”.
Julian of Norwich—Incorporated
Authors: Bauerschmidt F.C.
Published: December 2004

The fourteenth‐century anchoress Julian of Norwich currently enjoys an immense popularity, both among scholars and among those interested in personal spiritual growth. This essay argues that part of the reason for Julian’s popularity is that she is read under the category “mystic,” a category constructed to disembed religious thinkers from their traditions so as to give them a universal availability, yet which finally disembodies and depoliticizes them. The essay then offers a reading of Julian’s Revelation of Love which shows that Julian’s theology is a thoroughly embodied one, highly conscious of and concerned for the body of Christian believers for whom she writes.
The Body Politic of Christ: Theology, Social Analysis, and Bonhoeffer’s Arcane Discipline
Authors: Harvey Barry
Published: December 2004

As the world moves further into a postmodern era, the church often seems at a loss to articulate its own raison d’etre. Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s discussion of the early church’s “arcane discipline” provides a suitable basis for an ecclesiology and modus vivendi that can help Christians respond critically and faithfully to a world come of age as it seeks to sequester the life of the church within its global dispensation. This response takes the concrete form of a distinctive body politic that resembles in many ways the way of life of cultivated by diasporic Judaism.
Two Theologies of Death: Anthropological Gleanings
Authors: Kelsey David H.
Published: December 2004

Theologies of death by Karl Rahner and Eberhard Jungel are closely analyzed to test the hypothesis that the coherence of Christian theological anthropology depends on holding in dialectical balance the implications of three distinct ways in which God relates to humankind (as creator, as redeemer and as eschatological consummator) held in dialectical equipoise. Connections are shown between Rahner’s focus on creation/consummation (subordinating the redemption‐relation) and his unintended undercutting of sola gratia; and between Jungel’s focus on creation/redemption (subordinating consummation) and his evacuating the ontological status of the creature. Four positive morals are drawn for doing anthropology.
Homosexuality and the Practices of Marriage
Authors: McCarthy Matzko David
Published: December 2004

The essay considers gay and lesbian relationships in terms of Christian practices of marriage. It treats marriage on three levels as it is understood within the Christian tradition: marriage as a set of practices which contribute to the common good, the morality of the sexual act, and Scripture. The essay concludes that sexual orientation is not a sufficient category for judgments about homosexual relationships, and that the practices of marriage provide clearer moral determinations of particular cases.
Anthropomorphism and the Apophatic God
Authors: Insole Christopher
Published: December 2004

This paper is a warning‐shot across more sloppy contemporary invocations of an apophatic God. Such apophatic approaches are thought to avoid anthropomorphic projections onto God of parochial and problematic notions of the human subject. Developing an analysis of two views of the human subject given by Charles Taylor, I suggest that modern constructions of the apophatic God look very much like a projection of an intellectually‐compromised and culturally‐pervasive notion of the subject. I call this subject the “romantic monad”, suggesting Ally McBeal as an example.
Irenaeus, Derrida and Hospitality: On the Eschatological Overcoming of Violence
Authors: Boersma Hans
Published: December 2004

God's hospitality or welcome of human beings into eternal life can be approached by means of Western (kataphatic) or Eastern (apophatic) strategies. I explore Derrida's understanding of "pure hospitality", which contains parallels with apophatic theology. I then appeal to Irenaeus's eschatology, which exhibits a fruitful tension between kataphatic and apophatic elements, to provide a transcendent warrant for human hospitality. On the one hand, the Bishop's millenarian opposition to Gnosticism implies the continuation of the substance of creation in the eternal Kingdom. On the other hand, Irenaeus's emphasis on deification and visio Dei suggests a future of "pure hospitality" and openness.
Moral Theology with the Saints
Authors: Keating James , Mccarthy David M.
Published: December 2004

The article explores the way that the lives of the saints, and the church's remembrance and veneration of them provide a practical setting for moral reflection, for drawing near to God amid the ordinary, and for living graced and virtuous lives. It reviews recent developments in a theology of sanctity and inquires about the difference that the saints make to moral reasoning. Finally, it considers the life of Venerable Solanus Casey, O.F.M. Cap. as an extended example of the article's thesis.
The Mystery of the Spirit in Three Traditions: Calvin, Rahner, Florensky Or, You Keep Wondering Where the Spirit Went
Authors: Rogers Eugene F.
Published: December 2004

Nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century North Atlantic theology has seen a succession of Trinitarian revivals. Some observers take as an index of a theologian's success whether he or she has much interesting to say about the Holy Spirit, and some, including Robert Jenson, have also noted a tendency to announce the Spirit and talk about the Son. While Rogers shares that concern, he qualifies the characterization to note that authors in three traditions sometimes admit the charge and demur, claiming that is how it should be, citing passages in Calvin, Rahner, and Pavel Florensky. Of these the boldest is Florensky, who anticipates Jenson's critique but, writing in 1913, makes it not of Barth but of Eastern Orthodox theology (usually seen as a model to follow here), even in its liturgy. Rogers leaves this puzzle unresolved.
Labouring under an illusion? The labour process of software development in the Australian information industry
Authors: Barrett Rowena
Published: December 2004

In this paper a case study of a small firm engaged in producing packaged software in the Australian ’information industry’ is conducted in order to shed light on the nature of control over the labour process of software development. It is shown that the interplay of human agency and structural forces means employees are largely unaware of the exercise of control over their work.
Some ’real’ problems of ’virtual’ organisation
Authors: Hughes John A. , O’Brien Jon , Randall Dave , Rouncefield Mark , Tolmie Peter
Published: December 2004

This paper presents an ethnographic study of organisational change in a retail bank considering issues surrounding the supposed emergence of the ’virtual organisation’. It outlines emerging problems in organisational work as a consequence of the shift toward ’virtuality’ and questions the explanatory value of such theoretical stances.
An ahrensburgian‐type tanged point from shieldaig, wester ross, scotland, and its implications
Authors: BALLIN TORBEN BJARKE , SAVILLE ALAN
Published: December 2004

Summary A newly recognized tanged flint point from Shieldaig in north‐west Scotland is described and discussed in terms of its potential as an indicator of Lateglacial human settlement.
Text and image in celtiberia: the adoption and adaptation of written language into indigenous visual vocabulary
Authors: ROSE FIONA A.
Published: December 2004

Summary This study is concerned with the relationships between text and image in central Spain during the period second century BC–second century AD. Three discrete relationships are isolated, each one representative of a unique strategy for communicating with both written and figured language. The paper argues that the Celtiberian populi adopted Roman epigraphic practice into a pre‐existing visual vocabulary, reconfiguring written communication into an indigenous framework that met local predilections.
Locke on Primary and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Rickless Samuel C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: In this paper, I argue that Book II, Chapter viii of Locke’Essay is a unified, self‐consistent whole, and that the appearance of inconsistency is due largely to anachronistic misreadings and misunderstandings. The key to the distinction between primary and secondary qualities is that the former are, while the latter are not, real properties, i.e., properties that exist in bodies independently of being perceived. Once the distinction is properly understood, it becomes clear that Locke’s arguments for it are simple, valid and (in one case) persuasive as well.
Obligation as Self‐Determination: A Critique of Hegel and Korsgaard
Authors: Shelton Mark
Published: December 2004

Abstract: In this paper I argue that both Hegel's and Korsgaard's attempts to ground moral obligation in the inherent necessity of committing to being a self‐determining agent fall short of accounting for the full strength of our considered sense of moral obligation. I examine the differences between their accounts in order to show that their efforts suffer from a common inadequacy, namely, overlooking that there are two distinct ways we can value things as self‐determining agents. I maintain that accounting for the actual stringency of moral judgment depends on explaining the superiority of one of these ways of valuing over the other.
Sometimes The World is Not Enough: The Pursuit of Explanatory Laws in a Humean World
Authors: Ward Barry
Published: December 2004

Abstract:A novel motivation for a Humean projectivist construal of our concept of scientific law is provided. The analysis is partially developed and used to explain intuitions that are problematic for a Humean reductionist construal of lawhood. A possible non‐Humean rejoinder is discussed and rejected. In an appendix, further intuitions that are problematic for Humean reductionists are explained projectively.
Functionalism and Causal Exclusion
Authors: Gene Witmer D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Recent work by Jaegwon Kim and others suggest that functionalism leaves mental properties causally inefficacious in some sense. I examine three lines of argument for this conclusion. The first appeals to Occam's Razor; the second appeals to a ban on overdetermination; and the third charges that the kind of response I favor to these arguments forces me to give up “the homogeneity of mental and physical causation”. I show how each argument fails. While I concede that a positive theory of mental causation is desirable, there is no reason to think that functionalism renders such a theory unattainable.
The Search for Solutions to Truancy and Other Forms of School Absenteeism
Authors: Reid Ken
Published: December 2004

This article explores current thinking and practice on approaches to attendance and truancy in schools. The author argues that despite a wide and sometimes, innovative range of initiatives and approaches there is little evidence that attendance rates within a lot of individual schools are improving. He explores possible reasons for this and offers some ideas for consideration at a national level which might lead to even further and better practice within schools and, amongst the caring professions in order to reduce, combat and prevent truancy and other forms of non–attendance from their existing levels. He argues that this is a difficult and complex task but has some constructive recommendations to make for work at national and local level.
Will the Introduction of Teaching Standards in Professional Values and Practice Put the Heart Back into Primary Teacher Education?
Authors: Mead Nick
Published: December 2004

In the light of the introduction of teaching standards in professional values and practice in September 2002, this study compares two sets of data from B.Ed. and PGCE primary courses, in order to examine the existing opportunities for values education within teacher education in one institution. The findings highlight a qualitative difference in the process of personal and professional development experienced by the two groups of students. Implications of the findings for university training partnerships, university tutors and professional studies programmes are then considered. The conclusion reached is that the introduction of teaching standards in professional values and practice may be the next landmark in the process vs. competence debate about teacher education, and may provide the opportunity to put human development back into the heart of teacher education.
The nation as an artichoke? A critique of ethnosymbolist interpretations of nationalism*
Authors: Özkirimli Umut
Published: December 2004

Abstract.The aim of this article is to offer a critique of ethnosymbolism in the light of recent approaches to nations and nationalism. The article will engage with ethnosymbolist interpretations on three different levels. Since ethnosymbolists present their approach as an attempt to revise the modernist analysis from within, it will first address their critique of modernism. It will then assess the analytical contributions of ethnosymbolism, focusing in particular on four issues: the antiquity of nations and national feelings, the importance of the past for the present and the related issue of the role of elites in nation‐formation, the notorious issue of resonance and the plurality of ethnic pasts. Finally, it will question the normative implications of ethnosymbolism and conclude that ethnosymbolism is more an attempt to resuscitate nationalism than to explain it.
National identity and economic development: reiteration, recapture, reinterpretation and repudiation*
Authors: Bond Ross , McCrone David , Brown Alice
Published: December 2004

Abstract. This article attempts to move beyond assumptions that nationalism is essentially cultural and/or narrowly political, and that it is primarily past‐oriented and defensive. We do this by examining evidence relating to the creative (re)construction of the nation from a contemporary economic perspective. Paying particular attention to Scotland and Wales, we show that the mobilisation of national identity within this process of (re)construction is not exclusive to those who seek greater political autonomy. National identity is also mobilised, often in a ‘banal’ fashion, by non‐political national institutions such as economic development agencies. We argue that, within the strategies and discourses of economic development, historic national characteristics are reconciled with contemporary needs and aspirations through four processes: reiteration, recapture, reinterpretation and repudiation.
A Classroom Investigation: Can Video Improve Intermediate‐Level French Language Students’ Ability to Learn about a Foreign Culture?
Authors: Herron Carol , Dubreil Bastien , Corrie Cathleen , Cole Steven P.
Published: December 2004

This study examines the effects of video on cultural knowledge at the intermediate level. Fifty‐one intermediate‐level French students viewed 8 videos. A pretest/posttest design assessed long‐term gains in cultural knowledge and in the learning of cultural practices and cultural products from exposure to a curriculum with a video component. Eight postvideo tests measured the students’ ability to retain information and to make inferences. A questionnaire assessed perceptions of cultural learning. Results indicated a significant gain in cultural knowledge with posttest scores significantly higher than pretest scores. On the short‐answer and free‐recall portions of the 8 postvideo tests, the students’ ability to make inferences or retain information did not improve significantly in either an advance organizer (AO) or a non‐AO condition. For free recall, scores were significantly higher for mentions of cultural practices than for products. The students believed that they learned more cultural practices than products. The results support using video to enhance cultural knowledge.
Toward a Socioliterate Approach to Second Language Teacher Education
Authors: Hedgcock John S.
Published: December 2004

This article proposes that effective language teacher preparation should facilitate candidates’ access to the shared knowledge, discursive practices, and instructional processes of language teaching (LT) as an inherently disparate discipline. Whereas the reflective orientation widely embraced in North American teacher education programs should be preserved, reflective practice should be promoted within a socioliterate framework. The author explores the position that teacher education must be grounded partly (though not exclusively) in what is commonly called “theory,” but that this theoretical dimension should be developed by systematically examining socioeducational practices. A genre–based, sociorhetorical approach to LT discourse, it is argued, can build candidates’ awareness of knowledge–construction practices, enhance their declarative knowledge, and develop their professional skills. By modeling analytic and reflective processes that focus on disciplinary knowledge, teacher education can help LT candidates to shape their own professional literacies, enabling them to participate meaningfully in the profession's many conversations.
The Role of an Interactive Book Reading Program in the Development of Second Language Pragmatic Competence
Authors: Kim Daejin , Hall Joan Kelly
Published: December 2004

The development of pragmatic competence in another language is significant to second (L2) and foreign language (FL) learners’ ability to communicate successfully in the target language. Although a great deal of research has focused on defining and comparing the content of pragmatic competence across culture groups, far less attention has been given to examining its development. Our study is a partial response to this gap. The purpose of the study was to investigate the connection between Korean children's participation in an interactive book reading program and their development of pragmatic competence in English. We found that their participation led to significant changes over a 4–month period in the mean number of words, utterances, and talk management features as measured by the changes in children's use of these during role play sessions. The findings suggest that participation in such reading programs provides opportunities for the development of at least some aspects of L2 pragmatic competence.
Comparing Theories of Language Learning Strategies: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Hsiao Tsung–Yuan , Oxford Rebecca L.
Published: December 2004

This study compared classification theories of language learning strategies. Results from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the data measured by the ESL/EFL version of the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning and collected from 517 college EFL learners indicated that of the strategy theories examined, Oxford's 6–factor strategy taxonomy is the most consistent with learners’ strategy use, although this model did not produce a fully adequate fit to the data. The findings suggest that other possible approaches to strategy classification should be considered. These approaches include (a) differentiating strategies for using a language (“language use strategies”) from strategies for learning it (“language learning strategies”), (b) recognizing the importance of the learning environment, (c) slightly modifying the prevalent strategy classification theories by reclassifying particular strategies, (d) ensuring that the language skills are obvious in each strategy item, and (e) creating a task–based strategy inventory. This study also illustrates how CFA can be applied to the comparison of current strategy theories.
Factors Affecting How Second Language Spanish Students Derive Meaning from Context
Authors: Frantzen Diana
Published: December 2004

Although first language (L1) and second language (L2) research has indicated that the meanings of unknown words can be derived from the contexts in which they occur, research has also found limitations to the value of context. Using data gathered in a classroom experiment on L2 vocabulary acquisition (Frantzen, 1998), the present study sought to determine some of the reasons why the context in which a word appears does not always lead a language learner to an accurate interpretation of its meaning. It expands the existing research by using a natural, intact, unmanipulated text as the context (an aspect underrepresented in current L2 word inferencing literature). Analysis of the students’ answers, their self–reported guessing strategies, the contexts in which the words appeared, and the text's glossing revealed that the “blame” for the incorrect answers may be placed on: (a) the context itself, (b) the students’ behavior, and in a minor way (c) the story's glossing. Numerous patterns are presented and discussed in light of other L1 and L2 research and new patterns are reported.
Higher–Level and Lower–Level Text Processing Skills in Advanced ESL Reading Comprehension
Authors: Nassaji Hossein
Published: December 2004

This study investigated the role of higher–level syntactic and semantic processes and lower–level word recognition and graphophonic processes in adult English as a second language (ESL) reading comprehension. In particular, the study examined the extent to which these processes can discriminate skilled from less–skilled readers in a sample of fairly advanced ESL readers. Measures of reading comprehension, syntactic, semantic, word recognition, phonological, and orthographic processing skills were used. One–way discriminant function analysis revealed that lower–level component processes, such as word recognition and graphophonic processes, in addition to higher–level syntactic and semantic processes, contributed significantly to the distinction between skilled and less–skilled ESL readers. These findings suggest that efficient lower–level word recognition processes are integral components of second language reading comprehension and that the role of these processes must not be neglected even in highly advanced ESL readers.
Assessing Intervention Responsiveness: Conceptual and Technical Issues
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: December 2004

Implementing an intervention responsiveness approach to the identification of learning disabilities (LD) requires specification of procedures for the assessment process. In this article, the author uses examples in the literature to explore conceptual and technical issues associated with options for specifying three assessment components: the timing of the measurement of student response to intervention; the criterion for demarcating learning as inadequate (below which students are identified as LD); and the nature of the intervention. Then, the author summarizes research contrasting alternative assessment methods within an intervention responsiveness approach to LD identification. Conclusions are drawn, and future related work is described.
Problem‐Solving Model for Decision Making with High‐Incidence Disabilities: The Minneapolis Experience
Authors: Marston Doug , Muyskens Paul , Lau Matthew , Canter Andrea
Published: December 2004

The problem‐solving model (PSM) is used in the Minneapolis Public Schools to guide decisions regarding: (1) interventions in general education, (2) referral to special education, and (3) evaluation for special education eligibility for high‐incidence disability areas. District implementation was driven by four themes: the appropriateness of intelligence tests and the IQ‐achievement discrepancy for determination of eligibility, bias in assessment, allocation of school psychologist time, and linking assessment to instruction through curriculum‐based measurement. This article describes how the PSM was designed as a three‐stage process to measure response to intervention and used in the special education eligibility process. Program evaluation data collected since initial implementation in 1994 is reported in the areas of child count, achievement, referral, eligibility, and disproportion. The authors discuss the limitations of conducting PSM research in school settings, barriers to implementation of PSM, and make suggestions for enhancing treatment integrity.
Bringing Research‐Based Practice in Reading Intervention to Scale
Authors: Denton Carolyn A. , Vaughn Sharon , Fletcher Jack M.
Published: December 2004

Multiple consensus reports have provided converging evidence regarding effective instruction for students who have difficulty learning to read. Evidence‐based instruction in general education classrooms must be in place in order to implement response‐to‐intervention models. Despite the well‐developed knowledge base supporting the value of interventions that have been demonstrated to have positive outcomes, these interventions are not widely employed in typical classroom instruction, and models of service delivery for students with reading and learning disabilities implemented in schools are often ineffective. Recent research has demonstrated that this need not be the case, but there are many obstacles to change. Large‐scale implementation of effective educational practices for struggling readers depends on a research agenda that directly addresses questions related to scaling and sustaining educational innovations. We suggest that reform depends on collaboration among researchers, educational practitioners, teacher educators, and policymakers, with the common goal of improving outcomes for students who might otherwise experience reading failure.
Explaining Corporate Environmental Performance: How Does Regulation Matter?
Authors: Kagan Robert A. , Gunningham Neil , Thornton Dorothy
Published: December 2004

How and to what extent does regulation matter in shaping corporate behavior? How important is it compared to other incentives and mechanisms of social control, and how does it interact with those mechanisms? How might we explain variation in corporate responses to law and other external pressures? This article addresses these questions through an study of environmental performance in 14 pulp and paper manufacturing mills in Australia, New Zealand, British Columbia, and the states of Washington and Georgia in the United States. Over the last three decades, we find tightening regulatory requirements and intensifying political pressures have brought about large improvements and considerable convergence in environmental performance by pulp manufacturers, most of which have gone “beyond compliance” in several ways. But regulation does not account for remaining differences in environmental performance across facilities. Rather, “social license” pressures (particularly from local communities and environmental activists) and corporate environmental management style prod some firms toward better performance compliance than others. At the same time, economic pressures impose limits on “beyond performance” investments. In producing large gains in environmental performance, however, regulation still matters greatly, but less as a system of hierarchically imposed, uniformly enforced rules than as a coordinative mechanism, routinely interacting with market pressures, local and national environmental activists, and the culture of corporate management in generating environmental improvement while narrowing the spread between corporate leaders and laggards.
Appellate Court Supervision in the Federal Judiciary: A Hierarchical Perspective
Authors: Haire Susan B. , Lindquist Stefanie A. , Songer Donald R.
Published: December 2004

In this article, we examine factors that influence appellate supervision in the lower tiers of the federal judicial hierarchy. Drawing on the insights of agency theory, we develop a framework to assess the determinants of circuit panel decisions to affirm or reverse federal district court rulings. Our analysis of U.S. Courts of Appeals' published civil rights decisions over a 29-year period (1971–1999) offers support for several hypothesized relationships. As expected, the outcome of appellate review varied with the level of agreement between the preferences of the circuit (as principal) and the policy position of the trial court (as agent). In addition, we found that circuits were more likely to affirm trial court decisions that were contrary to the preferences of the federal district court judge, suggesting that circuit judges may rely on ideological signals when evaluating appeals before them. We also hypothesized that the monitoring activities of circuits would be influenced by individual circuits' relationship with their principal, the Supreme Court. Consistent with these expectations, panels were more likely to reverse district court rulings that were incongruous with the policy predisposition of the High Court. In addition, as Supreme Court scrutiny of a circuit increased, the likelihood of a circuit panel subsequently reversing a district court also increased. Although further inquiry is necessary to clarify the interpretation of this result, the finding does suggest that district courts are more likely to engage in decision making that deviates from circuit preferences when that circuit faces more intense supervision from the Supreme Court.