bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Saccharina japonica–Undaria pinnatifida Mixture and Minoxidil on Hair Growth Promoting Effect in Mice
Authors: Park Ki Soo , Park Dae Hwan
Published: November 2016

Background Algae have traditionally been used for promotion of hair growth. Use of hair regrowth drugs, such as minoxidil, is limited due to side effects. The aim of this study was to examine a mixture of Saccharina japonica and Undaria pinnatifida (L-U mixture) on hair growth and to compare the promoting effect of hair growth by a 3% minoxidil and a L-U mixture.

Methods To evaluate the hair growth-promoting activity, saline, 50% ethanol, 3% minoxidil, and the L-U mixture were applied 2 times a day for a total of 14 days on the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice after depilation. Analysis was determined by using a high-resolution hair analysis system, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and H&E staining.

Results On day 14, the hair growth effect of the L-U mixture was the same as that of the 3% minoxidil treatment. The L-U mixture significantly (P<0.05) stimulated hair growth-promoting genes, as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor -1. Increase of VEGF was observed in the L-U mixture group compared with minoxidil and the negative control. In contrast, the L-U mixture suppressed the expression of transforming growth factor-β1, which is the hair loss-related gene. In histological examination in the L-U mixture and minoxidil groups, the induction of an anagen stage of hair follicles was faster than that of control groups.

Conclusions This study provides evidence that the L-U mixture can promote hair growth in mice, similar to the effect from minoxidil, and suggests that there is potential application for hair loss treatments.
The Relationship between the Size and the Invasion Depth of Tumors in Head and Neck Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Sam Yong , Hwang Won Joo , Kim Kyung Pil , Kim Hong Min , Hwang Jae Ha , Kim Kwang Seog
Published: November 2016

Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which occurs in keratinocytes of the epidermis and is the second most common skin cancer, has a more invasive growth pattern and higher potential to metastasize than basal cell carcinoma. Total excision of the primary tumor is the treatment of choice. For clear excision of the tumor, invasion depth is one of the most important factors. This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between the size and the invasion depth of cutaneous SCC.

Methods Twenty-six cases were collected for this prospective study. Frozen biopsies were examined after complete resection of the tumor, followed by histological confirmation by pathological examination. The major and minor axis lengths of the tumor, the invasion depth, and the level of invasion were measured. Recurrence or metastasis was recorded through regular follow-up.

Results The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Significant results were observed for the relationship between the major and minor axis lengths and the invasion depth of the tumor (0.747, 0.773). No cases of recurrence or metastasis were observed.

Conclusions In head and neck cutaneous SCC, the invasion depth of the tumor is closely related to the major and minor axis lengths of the tumor. Therefore, the invasion depth of the tumor can be estimated by measuring the size of the tumor, and a standard vertical safety margin for head and neck cutaneous SCC can be established, which could be helpful in the development of a preoperative reconstruction plan.
Use of a Temporary Shunt as a Salvage Technique for Distal Extremity Amputations Requiring Repair by Vessel Grafting during Critical Ischemia
Authors: Ince Bilsev , Dadaci Mehmet , Altuntas Zeynep
Published: November 2016

Background Although the use of temporary shunts in proximal extremity amputations has been reported, no study has described the use of temporary shunts in distal extremity amputations that require vein grafting. Moreover, the total volume of blood loss when temporary shunts are used has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of a temporary shunt for distal extremity amputations requiring repair by vessel grafting with an ischemia time of >6 hours. This study also aimed to determine the total volume of blood loss when temporary shunts were used.

Methods Patients who underwent distal major extremity replantation and/or revascularization with a vessel graft and who experienced ischemia for 6–8 hours between 2013 and 2014 were included in the study. A 6-Fr suction catheter was cut to 5 cm in length after the infusion of heparin, and secured with a 5-0 silk suture between the distal and the proximal ends of the artery. While bleeding continued, the bones were shortened and fixed. After the complete restoration of circulation, the arterial shunt created using the catheter was also repaired with a vein graft.

Results Six patients were included in this study. The mean duration of ischemia was 7.25 hours. The mean duration of suction catheter use during limb revascularization was 7 minutes. The mean transfusion volume was 7.5 units. No losses of the extremity were observed.

Conclusions This procedure should be considered in distal extremity amputations requiring repair by vessel grafting during critical ischemia.
Fascial Free Flap for Reconstruction of the Dorsolateral Hand and Digits: The Advantage of a Thin Contour
Authors: Lee Min Gue , Kim Jin Soo , Lee Dong Chul , Roh Si Young , Lee Kyung Jin , Choi Byeong Kyoo
Published: November 2016

Background Fascial free flaps have been widely used for reconstruction of the hand because they are thin. However, studies reporting objective data regarding the advantages of this approach are lacking. Thus, we report our experience with such flaps.

Methods Forty-five cases of fascial free flaps between November 2006 and March 2014 were reviewed. Nine cases involving reconstructed dorsal or lateral defects were included. Four anterolateral thigh fascial free flaps and 5 lateral arm fascial free flaps were examined. Maximal flap contour was assessed by measuring reconstructed tissue thickness at the central area from the surface of the skin to below the bone in a vertical manner using ultrasonography and X-ray data. Contralateral regions were examined in the same manner and a comparative analysis was performed. A questionnaire survey regarding aesthetic satisfaction was also administered.

Results All reconstructed parts had a thicker contour than the contralateral side. The average relative percentage of reconstructed tissue thickness was found to be 152% using ultrasonography and 143% using X-ray imaging. According to the aesthetic satisfaction survey, the average rate of satisfaction for patients was 62%, and satisfaction with the flap contour was 72%.

Conclusions Using a fascial free flap, the reconstructed tissue was approximately 1.5× as thick as the contour of the normal side, which led to positive responses regarding aesthetic satisfaction.
Microdissected Prefabricated Flap: An Evolution in Flap Prefabrication
Authors: Taş Süleyman
Published: November 2016

When traditional flap techniques are not feasible, we apply flap prefabrication, which is more complicated and sophisticated but supplies large and thin flaps. There are some disadvantages to the technique that require improvement, such as venous congestion after flap transfer, which requires months for neoangiogenesis and necessitates a vascular carrier. Here, the author presents a new technique, called as ‘microdissected prefabricated flap,’ to successfully produce a safe, large, and thin flap. This technique is based on the microdissection of the perforators to the greatest extent possible, spreading them out into the subdermal level and using them as a carrier. The details and the application of this technique are presented and reported.
A Refined Technique for Management of Nasal Flaring: The Quest for the Holy Grail of Alar Base Modification
Authors: Agrawal Kapil S , Pabari Mansi , Shrotriya Raghav
Published: November 2016

“A smile is happiness you'll find right under your nose”– Tom Wilson. This quote holds true just for patients, not for surgeons. The correction of the nose always poses a challenge to the cosmetic surgeon. Deformities of the external and internal nose may be congenital or acquired and may be secondary to soft tissue and/or osseo-cartilaginous abnormalities, leading to aesthetic and/or functional consequences. Alar flare poses a common problem, sometimes alone and sometimes in conjunction with other external deformities. Alar base reduction is generally considered when the interalar distance exceeds the intercanthal distance. It has been well documented that this simple additional procedure brings about a substantial enhancement in the nose. Various techniques have been described and used in the past, each having their benefits and drawbacks, with the modified Weir wedge excision, Aufricht nasal sill excision, and Bernstein V-Y advancement being the common ones. We hereby describe a technique that is simple yet effective in achieving the desired results and at the same time aims at preventing relapse to obtain satisfactory long term results.
Jackie Feldman. A Jewish Guide in the Holy Land: How Christian Pilgrims Made Me Israeli
Authors: Weissman Deborah
Published: November 2016

No abstract is available.
De arqueología menorquina: Maria Lluïsa Serra Belabre y los círculos talayóticos de Sant Vicenç d’Alcaidús (Alaior, Menorca).
Authors: Torres Gomariz Octavio
Published: November 2016

Maria Lluïsa Serra Belabre (1911 – 1967) fue una arqueóloga menorquina que dedicó su vida al patrimonio cultural de la isla que la vio nacer. Directora de la Casa de Cultura de Maó (Menorca), entre otros muchos cargos que desempeñó, estudió incansable la historia de Menorca a través de sus archivos, bibliotecas y yacimientos arqueológicos. En este trabajo se abordará únicamente su labor investigadora en el campo de la arqueología balear, especialmente en su análisis de las formas arquitectónicas de las comunidades insulares prehistóricas, a través de sus trabajos publicados en múltiples congresos y revistas. De entre todos los yacimientos en los que intervino para su estudio, destaca indudablemente Sant Vicenç d’Alcaidús (Alaior, Menorca), clave interpretativa para sus teorías sobre las viviendas talayóticas.

Maria Lluïsa Serra Belabre (1911 – 1967) was a Minorcan archaeologist who devoted her life to the cultural heritage of the island where she was born. Director of the Cultural Centre of Mahon (Minorca), among many other positions she held, she studied the history of Menorca tirelessly through their archives, libraries and archaeological sites. In this paper, her research will be addressed only in the field of Archaeology of Balearic Islands, especially in its analysis of the architectural forms of prehistoric island communities, through their numerous conferences and papers published in journals. Of all the sites in which she intervened, he highlights Sant Vicenç d’Alcaidús (Alaior, Minorca), stands out as the interpretive key to her theories on Talayotic houses.
AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF BOATS OF CENTRAL VIETNAM
Authors: Pham Charlotte Minh Ha
Published: November 2016

Despite a growing academic literature on maritime trade, shipping and navigation in the South China Sea, there is little information about how local societies negotiated their maritime environment, or how it influenced their daily life. This is most particularly the case for Vietnam, often considered through its history as an agrarian state. Nonetheless, with a coastline of over 3400 km located along a major shipping route between Malacca and China, Vietnam has a long lasting historical connection with its maritime environment and an exceptional boat diversity. Yet again, little is known about local boatbuilding traditions, boat use, seafaring skills and navigation, related maritime activities, about the organisation and role of the many harbours that dotted the coast of central Vietnam.As a step in the development of maritime archaeology in Vietnam, a combined approach in the research of archives and ethnography can contribute to build up knowledge about maritime aspects of life in Vietnam, and can also provide context and understanding for potential maritime archaeological finds. At the same time it can push the boundaries of maritime archaeologists to incite research that goes beyond nautical technology.
Foreignization in News Translation: Metaphors in Russian Translation on the News Translation Website InoSMI
Authors: Van Poucke Piet , Belikova Alexandra
Published: November 2016

Journalistic texts, as a rule, contain a considerable number of metaphorically used expressions. This paper investigates the handling of metaphors in Russian translations of journalistic texts in order to reveal the different translation strategies used by the translators. The research is conducted in three consecutive steps. First, we identify all metaphors in a twofold corpus of 60 original Dutch, English and Finnish newspaper articles on the one hand, and their corresponding 60 translations into Russian on the other. Secondly, we compare the use of metaphors in the translations with their source texts in order to establish the translation strategies and to determine to which extent the metaphorical expressions in the target texts display a higher degree of foreignness than those used in the source texts. Finally, we analyze the cases of foreignization in the target texts in order to find an explanation for the use of this translation strategy. The investigation shows how foreignization is adopted by the translators in a certain number of specific contexts, making the Western discourse on Russian subjects more visible to the reader, especially in these cases where the source text contains metaphors that suggest a critical interpretation of the Russian state, society or the leaders of the country.
Quantifying β-catenin subcellular dynamics and cyclin D1 mRNA transcription during Wnt signaling in single living cells
Authors: Kafri Pinhas , Hasenson Sarah E , Kanter Itamar , Sheinberger Jonathan , Kinor Noa , Yunger Sharon , Shav-Tal Yaron
Published: November 2016

Signal propagation from the cell membrane to a promoter can induce gene expression. To examine signal transmission through sub-cellular compartments and its effect on transcription levels in individual cells within a population, we used the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as a model system. Wnt signaling orchestrates a response through nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the cell population. However, quantitative live-cell measurements in individual cells showed variability in nuclear β-catenin accumulation, which could occur in two waves, followed by slow clearance. Nuclear accumulation dynamics were initially rapid, cell cycle independent and differed substantially from LiCl stimulation, presumed to mimic Wnt signaling. β-catenin levels increased simultaneously at adherens junctions and the centrosome, and a membrane-centrosome transport system was revealed. Correlating β-catenin nuclear dynamics to cyclin D1 transcriptional activation showed that the nuclear accumulation rate of change of the signaling factor, and not actual protein levels, correlated with the transcriptional output of the pathway.
An NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism for subcellular segregation of sensory inputs in the tadpole optic tectum
Authors: Hamodi Ali S , Liu Zhenyu , Pratt Kara G
Published: November 2016

In the vertebrate CNS, afferent sensory inputs are targeted to specific depths or layers of their target neuropil. This patterning exists ab initio, from the very beginning, and therefore has been considered an activity-independent process. However, here we report that, during circuit development, the subcellular segregation of the visual and mechanosensory inputs to specific regions of tectal neuron dendrites in the tadpole optic tectum requires NMDA receptor activity. Blocking NMDARs during the formation of these sensory circuits, or removing the visual set of inputs, leads to less defined segregation, and suggests a correlation-based mechanism in which correlated inputs wire to common regions of dendrites. This can account for how two sets of inputs form synapses onto different regions of the same dendrite. Blocking NMDA receptors during later stages of circuit development did not disrupt segregation, indicating a critical period for activity-dependent shaping of patterns of innervation.
Structure of protein O-mannose kinase reveals a unique active site architecture
Authors: Zhu Qinyu , Venzke David , Walimbe Ameya S , Anderson Mary E , Fu Qiuyu , Kinch Lisa N , Wang Wei , Chen Xing , Grishin Nick V , Huang Niu , Yu Liping , Dixon Jack E , Campbell Kevin P , Xiao Junyu
Published: November 2016

The ‘pseudokinase’ SgK196 is a protein O-mannose kinase (POMK) that catalyzes an essential phosphorylation step during biosynthesis of the laminin-binding glycan on α-dystroglycan. However, the catalytic mechanism underlying this activity remains elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of Danio rerio POMK in complex with Mg2+ ions, ADP, aluminum fluoride, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man trisaccharide substrate, thereby providing a snapshot of the catalytic transition state of this unusual kinase. The active site of POMK is established by residues located in non-canonical positions and is stabilized by a disulfide bridge. GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc-β4-Man is recognized by a surface groove, and the GalNAc-β3-GlcNAc moiety mediates the majority of interactions with POMK. Expression of various POMK mutants in POMK knockout cells further validated the functional requirements of critical residues. Our results provide important insights into the ability of POMK to function specifically as a glycan kinase, and highlight the structural diversity of the human kinome.
Caracterização genotípica de fatores de virulência de Escherichia Coli enterotoxigênica isoladas de água para consumo humano
Authors: Cestari Silvia Emanoele , Schuroff Paulo Alfonso , De Lima Nicole Ribeiro , Burgos Tatiane Das Neves , Dambrozio Angélica Marim Lopes , Pelayo Jacinta Sanchez
Published: November 2016

Introdução: As doenças veiculadas pela água são principalmente causadas por patógenos entéricos, sendo o patotipo Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC) de grande importância em países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Detectar a presença de genes de virulência relacionados à ETEC em cepas de E. coli isoladas de água para consumo humano. Metodologia: 295 cepas de E. coli obtidas de água de 27 municípios do norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil, entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2005, foram testadas quanto a presença de genes que codificam para as enterotoxinas LT-I (lt-I), ST-a (st-a) e ST-b (st-b) e para os fatores de colonização CFA/I (cfa/I), CFA/II (cfa/II), K88 (faeG) e K99 (fanC) através da técnica da PCR. Resultados: Das 295 cepas de E. coli estudadas, 36 (12,2%) apresentaram o gene lt-I, uma (0,34%) o gene st-a e três (1,02%) o st-b. Quanto aos fatores de colonização, três cepas (1,02%) foram positivas para o gene faeG, quatro (1,36%) para cfa/I, duas (0,68%) para cfa/II e nenhuma apresentou o gene fanC. Uma cepa (0,34%) foi positiva simultaneamente para os genes lt-I e st-b e outra (0,34%) para os genes lt-I e faeG. Conclusão: Logo, cinquenta e uma (17,29%) cepas apresentaram, pelo menos, um gene que codifica enterotoxina e/ou fator de colonização relacionado à ETEC. Sendo assim, o cuidado com a qualidade microbiológica da água para consumo humano é fundamental, evitando que a mesma torne-se veículo de
transmissão de bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, como ETEC.
Perfil epidemiológico das pacientes com câncer de mama atendidas em uma unidade de saúde em São Francisco do Conde, Ba
Authors: Reis Flávia Prazeres , Santos Maria Edilene Góes , Sena Wilma Dos Reis , Santana Rozânia , De Freitas Tânia Santanna , Da Silveira Helson Freitas , Junior Howard Lopes Ribeiro
Published: November 2016

Introdução: o câncer de mama consiste em um tumor maligno que se desenvolve no tecido mamário, consistindo na neoplasia mais
comum no Brasil e no mundo. Objetivo: O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o perfil de mulheres com câncer de mama atendidos
no Centro de Referência à Saúde da Mulher (CRESAM) localizado em São Francisco do Conde, na Bahia. Metodologia: a presente
pesquisa trata-se de um estudo exploratório do tipo descritivo e quantitativo, utilizando-se de dados secundários obtidos a partir de
prontuários clínicos de 32 mulheres com câncer de mama assistidas pelo CRESAM no período compreendido entre julho de 2009 a
julho de 2015. Resultados: os principais resultados indicaram que houve uma predominância de mulheres na faixa de idade de 50 a
59 anos, negras e pardas, com ensino médio completo, com estado civil casada e com 03 ou mais filhos e não possuem histórico de
fatores de risco associados ao câncer de mama. Identificamos que essas pacientes utilizaram, predominantemente, a mamografia
para o diagnóstico do câncer de mama, tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado para carcinoma ductal invasivo, não apresentando
metástase, realizaram a cirurgia de mastectomia com esvaziamento linfonoidal e utilizaram, preferencialmente, o tratamento de
quimioterapia, radioterapia e hormonioterapia. Conclusão: vê-se que há uma eminente necessidade de orientação do serviço de
saúde do município de São Francisco do Conde, consoante ao perfil de atendimento observado nesta pesquisa, a fim de estimular
o fomento de novos investimentos nas estratégias de diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama na atenção básica a fim de modificar
o perfil de morbimortalidade dessa doença na população sanfranciscana.
Capillary pressure across a pore throat in the presence of surfactants
Authors: Jang Junbong , Sun Zhonghao , Santamarina J. Carlos
Published: November 2016

Capillarity controls the distribution and transport of multiphase and immiscible fluids in soils and fractured rocks; therefore, capillarity affects the migration of nonaqueous contaminants and remediation strategies for both LNAPLs and DNAPLs, constrains gas and oil recovery, and regulates CO2 injection and geological storage. Surfactants alter interfacial tension and modify the invasion of pores by immiscible fluids. Experiments are conducted to explore the propagation of fluid interfaces along cylindrical capillary tubes and across pore constrictions in the presence of surfactants. Measured pressure signatures reflect the interaction between surface tension, contact angle, and the pore geometry. Various instabilities occur as the interface traverses the pore constriction, consequently, measured pressure signatures differ from theoretical trends predicted from geometry, lower capillary pressures are generated in advancing wetting fronts, and jumps are prone to under‐sampling. Contact angle and instabilities are responsible for pronounced differences between pressure signatures recorded during advancing and receding tests. Pressure signatures gathered with surfactant solutions suggest changes in interfacial tension at the constriction; the transient surface tension is significantly lower than the value measured in quasi‐static conditions. Interface stiffening is observed during receding fronts for solutions near the critical micelle concentration. Wetting liquids tend to form plugs at pore constrictions after the invasion of a nonwetting fluid; plugs split the nonwetting fluid into isolated globules and add resistance against fluid flow.
Contrasting seasonal responses of sulfate aerosols to declining SO2 emissions in the Eastern U.S.: Implications for the efficacy of SO2 emission controls
Authors: Paulot F. , Fan S. , Horowitz L. W.
Published: November 2016

Stringent controls have reduced U.S. SO2 emissions by over 60% since the late 1990s. These controls have been more effective at reducing surface
in summer (June, July, and August) than in winter (December, January, and February (DJF)), a seasonal contrast that is not robustly captured by Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5 global models. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM3 chemistry‐climate model to show that oxidant limitation during winter causes
(DJF) to be sensitive to primary
emissions, in‐cloud titration of H2O2, and in‐cloud oxidation by O3. The observed contrast in the seasonal response of
to decreasing SO2 emissions is best explained by the O3 reaction, whose rate coefficient has increased over the past decades as a result of increasing NH3 emissions and decreasing SO2 emissions, both of which lower cloud water acidity. The fraction of SO2 oxidized to
is projected to keep increasing in future decades, delaying improvements in wintertime air quality.
Multiscale analyses of solar‐induced florescence and gross primary production
Authors: Wood Jeffrey D. , Griffis Timothy J. , Baker John M. , Frankenberg Christian , Verma Manish , Yuen Karen
Published: November 2016

Solar‐induced fluorescence (SIF) has shown great promise for probing spatiotemporal variations in terrestrial gross primary production (GPP), the largest component flux of the global carbon cycle. However, scale mismatches between SIF and ground‐based GPP have posed challenges toward fully exploiting these data. We used SIF obtained at high spatial sampling rates and resolution by NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 satellite to elucidate GPP‐SIF relationships across space and time in the U.S. Corn Belt. Strong linear scaling functions (R2 ≥ 0.79) that were consistent across instantaneous to monthly time scales were obtained for corn ecosystems and for a heterogeneous landscape based on tall tower observations. Although the slope of the corn function was ~56% higher than for the landscape, SIF was similar for corn (C4) and soybean (C3). Taken together, there is strong observational evidence showing robust linear GPP‐SIF scaling that is sensitive to plant physiology but insensitive to the spatial or temporal scale.
Abrupt reorganization of North Pacific and western North American climate during the last deglaciation
Authors: Lora Juan M. , Mitchell Jonathan L. , Tripati Aradhna E.
Published: November 2016

Dramatic hydroclimate shifts occurred in western North America during the last deglaciation, but the timing and mechanisms driving these changes are uncertain and debated, and previous modeling has largely relied on linear interpolations between equilibrium snapshot simulations. Using a published transient climate simulation and a range of proxy records, we analyze the region's climate evolution in order to identify the mechanisms governing hydroclimate shifts. A rapid loss of ice around 14,000 years ago causes an abrupt reorganization of the circulation, which precipitates drying and moistening of southwestern and northwestern North America, respectively. The atmospheric circulation transitions between two states on a timescale of decades to centuries, during which time the westerly jet shifts north by about 7°. In contrast to previous studies, we find that changes in the water budget of western North America prior to this event are not attributable to variations in the position of the jet, but rather to the intensity of moisture transport into the continent.
Increased stream discharge after the 3 September 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee, Oklahoma earthquake
Authors: Manga Michael , Wang Chi‐Yuen , Shirzaei Manoochehr
Published: November 2016

Earthquakes influence hydrogeological processes and properties in Earth's crust, some of which affect surface waters. We document increased discharge in a stream after the 3 September 2016 Mw 5.8 earthquake near Pawnee, Oklahoma, an event likely induced by underground wastewater disposal. Discharge increased by an order of magnitude and remained elevated until the change was obscured by rain 1 week later. Given the earthquake magnitude and distance from the stream, by comparison with previous examples of responses to earthquakes, increased discharge after this earthquake is expected. While the mechanism increasing discharge cannot be confirmed, the observations require changes in physical properties of the subsurface. Fluid injection may thus influence hydrogeological properties of shallow groundwater systems and aquifers indirectly by inducing seismicity, if the induced seismic events are large enough.
Dependence of the neutron monitor count rate and time delay distribution on the rigidity spectrum of primary cosmic rays
Authors: Mangeard P.‐S. , Ruffolo D. , Sáiz A. , Nuntiyakul W. , Bieber J. W. , Clem J. , Evenson P. , Pyle R. , Duldig M. L. , Humble J. E.
Published: November 2016

Neutron monitors are the premier instruments for precisely tracking time variations in the Galactic cosmic ray flux at GeV‐range energies above the geomagnetic cutoff at the location of measurement. Recently, a new capability has been developed to record and analyze the neutron time delay distribution (related to neutron multiplicity) to infer variations in the cosmic ray spectrum as well. In particular, from time delay histograms we can determine the leader fraction L, defined as the fraction of neutrons that did not follow a previous neutron detection in the same tube from the same atmospheric secondary particle. Using data taken during 2000–2007 by a shipborne neutron monitor latitude survey, we observe a strong dependence of the count rate and L on the geomagnetic cutoff. We have modeled this dependence using Monte Carlo simulations of cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere and in the neutron monitor. We present new yield functions for the count rate of a neutron monitor at sea level. The simulation results show a variation of L with geomagnetic cutoff as observed by the latitude survey, confirming that these changes in L can be attributed to changes in the cosmic ray spectrum arriving at Earth's atmosphere. We also observe a variation in L with time at a fixed cutoff, which reflects the evolution of the cosmic ray spectrum with the sunspot cycle, known as solar modulation.
Tidally induced variations in vertical and horizontal motion on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, inferred from remotely sensed observations
Authors: Minchew B. M. , Simons M. , Riel B. , Milillo P.
Published: November 2016

To better understand the influence of stress changes over floating ice shelves on grounded ice streams, we develop a Bayesian method for inferring time‐dependent 3‐D surface velocity fields from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical remote sensing data. Our specific goal is to observe ocean tide‐induced variability in vertical ice shelf position and horizontal ice stream flow. Thus, we consider the special case where observed surface displacement at a given location can be defined by a 3‐D secular velocity vector, a family of 3‐D sinusoidal functions, and a correction to the digital elevation model used to process the SAR data. Using nearly 9 months of SAR data collected from multiple satellite viewing geometries with the COSMO‐SkyMed 4‐satellite constellation, we infer the spatiotemporal response of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, to ocean tidal forcing. Consistent with expected tidal uplift, inferred vertical motion over the ice shelf is dominated by semidiurnal and diurnal tidal constituents. Horizontal ice flow variability, on the other hand, occurs primarily at the fortnightly spring‐neap tidal period (Msf). We propose that periodic grounding of the ice shelf is the primary mechanism for translating vertical tidal motion into horizontal flow variability, causing ice flow to accelerate first and most strongly over the ice shelf. Flow variations then propagate through the grounded ice stream at a mean rate of ∼29 km/d and decay quasi‐linearly with distance over ∼85 km upstream of the grounding zone.
Linear model predictive control for transport‐reaction processes
Authors: Xu Qingqing , Dubljevic Stevan
Published: November 2016

The article deals with systematic development of linear model predictive control algorithms for linear transport‐reaction models emerging from chemical engineering practice. The finite‐horizon constrained optimal control problems are addressed for the systems varying from the convection dominated models described by hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) to the diffusion models described by parabolic PDEs. The novelty of the design procedure lies in the fact that spatial discretization and/or any other type of spatial approximation of the process model plant is not considered and the system is completely captured with the proposed Cayley‐Tustin transformation, which maps a plant model from a continuous to a discrete state space setting. The issues of optimality and constrained stabilization are addressed within the controller design setting leading to the finite constrained quadratic regulator problem, which is easily realized and is no more computationally intensive than the existing algorithms. The methodology is demonstrated for examples of hyperbolic/parabolic PDEs. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2644–2659, 2017
Visible‐Light‐Induced Intramolecular Chloroetherfication of Electron‐Enriched Styrenes
Authors: Lin Run , Sun Hongnan , Yang Chao , Xia Wujiong
Published: November 2016

A novel visible‐light‐induced intramolecular chloroetherfication of electron‐enriched styrenes is described. This approach provides a mild, alternative access to the synthesis of chlorinated tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
Polysulfates [SnO3n+1]2−: With the [S6O19]2− Anion, has the End been Reached?
Authors: Schindler Lisa Verena , Becker Anna , Wieckhusen Maria , Klüner Thorsten , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: November 2016

The S6O192− ion was obtained both as rubidium and ammonium salt from the reaction of the respective sulfate with SO3. It is the largest polysulfate ion known to date and exhibits a chain of six vertex‐connected [SO4] tetrahedra. The unique compound was comprehensively characterized and the bonding within the anion was elucidated by theoretical investigations.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed γ‐Dihalomethylenation of Enals by Single‐Electron Transfer
Authors: Yang Wen , Hu Weimin , Dong Xiuqin , Li Xin , Sun Jianwei
Published: November 2016

An N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed dihalomethylenation of enals is described. It is a rare example of merging NHC catalysis with single‐electron chemistry, a challenging topic with limited previous success. The versatile carbon‐centered trihalomethyl radicals have been demonstrated, for the first time, to be compatible with an NHC‐bound intermediate, thus leading to efficient and regioselective intermolecular C−C bond formation. The mild process provides straightforward access to unsaturated δ,δ‐dihalo esters.
Bioorthogonal Probes for the Study of MDM2‐p53 Inhibitors in Cells and Development of High‐Content Screening Assays for Drug Discovery
Authors: D'Alessandro Pier Luca , Buschmann Nicole , Kaufmann Markus , Furet Pascal , Baysang Frederic , Brunner Reto , Marzinzik Andreas , Vorherr Thomas , Stachyra Therese‐Marie , Ottl Johannes , Lizos Dimitrios E. , Cobos‐Correa Amanda
Published: November 2016

To study the behavior of MDM2‐p53 inhibitors in a disease‐relevant cellular model, we have developed and validated a set of bioorthogonal probes that can be fluorescently labeled in cells and used in high‐content screening assays. By using automated image analysis with single‐cell resolution, we could visualize the intracellular target binding of compounds by co‐localization and quantify target upregulation upon MDM2‐p53 inhibition in an osteosarcoma model. Additionally, we developed a high‐throughput assay to quantify target occupancy of non‐tagged MDM2‐p53 inhibitors by competition and to identify novel chemical matter. This approach could be expanded to other targets for lead discovery applications.
Synthetic Mucin‐Like Glycopeptides as Versatile Tools to Measure Effects of Glycan Structure/Density/Position on the Interaction with Adhesion/Growth‐Regulatory Galectins in Arrays
Authors: Artigas Gerard , Hinou Hiroshi , Garcia‐Martin Fayna , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: November 2016

Functional pairing of cellular glycoconjugates with tissue lectins is a highly selective process, whose determinative factors have not yet been fully delineated. Glycan structure and modes of presentation, that is, its position and density, can contribute to binding, as different members of a lectin family can regulate degrees of responsiveness to these factors. Using a peptide repeat sequence motif of the glycoprotein mucin‐1, the principle of introducing synthetic (glyco)peptides with distinct variations in these three parameters to an array‐based screening of tissue lectins is illustrated. Interaction profiles of seven adhesion/growth‐regulatory galectins cover the range from intense signals with core 2 pentasaccharides and core 1 binding for galectins‐3 and ‐5 to a lack of binding for galectin‐1 and also the galectin‐related protein, which was included as a negative control. Remarkably, the two tandem‐repeat‐type galectins‐4 and ‐8 were distinguished by core 1 sialylation, as the two separated domains were. These results encourage further synthetic elaboration of the glycopeptide library and testing of the network of natural galectins and rationally engineered variants of the lectins.
Association testing of vasopressin receptor 1a microsatellite polymorphisms in non‐clinical autism spectrum phenotypes
Authors: Procyshyn Tanya L. , Hurd Peter L. , Crespi Bernard J.
Published: November 2016

Variation in the AVPR1a gene, which codes for a receptor for the neurohormone vasopressin, has been found to relate to autism risk. Interestingly, variation in this gene also relates to differences in social behaviour in non‐clinical populations. Variation in this gene may affect expression of AVPR1a receptors in brain areas involved in social behaviour. Here, we tested whether AVPR1a variation was associated with Autism Quotient (AQ) scores, a questionnaire that measures non‐clinical manifestations of autism, in a population of 873 healthy university students. The AVPR1a RS1 and RS3 microsatellites were examined, and variants were categorized as “long” or “short”. The RS3 long/long genotype was significantly associated with a higher AQ score (i.e., a more autistic‐like phenotype) for the combined population and for females only. Further examination showed that this relationship was due to a specific RS3 variant, termed the “target allele”, which previous research has linked to reduced altruism and increased marital problems in healthy individuals. We also observed that the relationship between RS3 genotype and AQ score was mainly due to the “attention switching” (the ability to shift attention from one task to another) component of the questionnaire; this ability is commonly impaired in autism spectrum disorders. Overall, our study establishes continuity between the existing AVPR1a research in clinical and non‐clinical populations. Our results suggest that vasopressin may exert its effects on social behaviour in part by modulating attentional focus between social and non‐social cues. Autism Res 2017, 10: 750–756. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidental brain MRI findings in an autism twin study
Authors: Monterrey Julio C. , Philips Jennifer , Cleveland Sue , Tanaka Serena , Barnes Patrick , Hallmayer Joachim F. , Reiss Alan L. , Lazzeroni Laura C. , Hardan Antonio Y.
Published: November 2016

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest the prevalence of asymptomatic “incidental” findings (IF) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is similar to that of neurotypically developing (NT) controls. However, given the causes of IF may include both genetic and environmental factors, a twin study would facilitate comparing brain IF between ASD and NT subjects. MRI scans were examined to assess the prevalence of brain IF in twin “case pairs” (at least one twin with diagnosis of ASD) and twin “control pairs” (NT). Fifty case pairs and thirty‐two control pairs were analyzed. IF were found in 68% of subjects with ASD, 71% of unaffected ASD siblings, and in 58% of control subjects (P = 0.4). IF requiring clinical follow‐up occurred more frequently in subjects with ASD compared to NT controls (17% vs. 5%, respectively; P = 0.02). The concordance rate of IF in twins was 83%. A mixed effects model found younger age, male sex, and “family environment” to be significantly associated with IF. There was no difference in the prevalence rate of IF between ASD subjects and NT controls. More IF required clinical follow‐up in ASD subjects compared to NT controls. The prevalence rate of IF observed in this twin study was higher than rates previously reported in singleton studies. Our results suggest the shared environment of twins – perhaps in utero – increases the risk of brain IF. Brain MRI in the initial work‐up of ASD may be indicated in twins, especially in males. Autism Res 2017, 10: 113–120. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant neural networks for the recognition memory of socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Oh Jooyoung , Chun Ji‐Won , Kim Eunseong , Park Hae‐Jeong , Lee Boreom , Kim Jae‐Jin
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit several cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. Problems with recognition memory can hinder socially adaptive behavior. Previous investigations have suggested that altered activation of the frontotemporal area plays an important role in recognition memory impairment. However, the cerebral networks related to these deficits are not known. The aim of this study was to elucidate the brain networks required for recognizing socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia performing an old–new recognition task.

Methods

Sixteen patients with schizophrenia and 16 controls participated in this study. First, the subjects performed the theme‐identification task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In this task, pictures depicting social situations were presented with three words, and the subjects were asked to select the best theme word for each picture. The subjects then performed an old–new recognition task in which they were asked to discriminate whether the presented words were old or new. Task performance and neural responses in the old–new recognition task were compared between the subject groups. An independent component analysis of the functional connectivity was performed.

Results

The patients with schizophrenia exhibited decreased discriminability and increased activation of the right superior temporal gyrus compared with the controls during correct responses. Furthermore, aberrant network activities were found in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients.

Conclusions

The functional connectivity analysis showed aberrant connectivity in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients with schizophrenia, and these aberrations possibly contribute to their low recognition performance and social dysfunction. These results suggest that the frontopolar and language comprehension networks are potential therapeutic targets in patients with schizophrenia.
Continuous Long‐Term Bioelectrochemical Chain Elongation to Butyrate
Authors: Raes Sanne M. T. , Jourdin Ludovic , Buisman Cees J. N. , Strik David P. B. T. B.
Published: November 2016

We demonstrate here the long‐term continuous bioelectrochemical chain elongation from CO2 and acetate by using a mixed microbial culture. The role of applied current (3.1 vs. 9.3 A m−2) on the performance was investigated. The main product was n‐butyrate which was continuously produced over time. Trace amounts of propionate and n‐caproate were also produced, but no alcohols were detected during the whole course of the experiment (163 days). Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems controlled with more current (9.3 Am−2) showed a butyrate concentration that was 4.5 times higher (maximum 0.59 g L−1) and increased volumetric production rates (0.54 g L−1 day−1) compared to the low‐current reactors (0.12 g L−1 day−1), at 58.9 and 71.6 % electron recovery, respectively. Biocatalytic activity of the microbial consortia was demonstrated. This study revealed that the solid‐state electrode does control the chain elongation reaction as an essential electron donor and determines the performance of MES systems. This study highlights MES as a promising alternative for acetate upgrading.
Generalized L1 penalized matrix factorization
Authors: Arendt Rasmussen Morten
Published: November 2016

Traditionally, chemometric models consists of parameters found by solving a least squares criterion. However, these models can suffer from overfitting, as well as being hard to interpret because of the large number of active parameters. This work proposes the use of a generalized L1 norm penalty for constraining models to obey certain structural properties, including parameter sparsity and sparsity on pairwise differences between parameter estimates. The utility of this framework is used to modify principal component analysis, partial least squares, canonical correlation analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance type of models applied to synthetic and chemical data. This work argues that L1 norm penalized models offers parsimony, robustness and predictive performance, and reveals a path for modifying unconstrained chemometric models through convex penalties.
Biocompatibility and Nanotoxicity of Layered Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials
Authors: Kenry  , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: November 2016

Layered two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), layered metal oxides (LMOs), black phosphorus (BP), and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), have attracted tremendous interest recently owing to their unique structural morphologies and outstanding physicochemical properties. Consequently, these nanomaterials have been actively explored for different biological and biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing. As increasing efforts have been focused on identifying the potential bioapplications of layered 2D nanomaterials, one of the fundamental aspects that is of considerable interest and ought to be studied in greater depth is their biocompatibility and nanotoxicity. In addition, as the elucidation and understanding of the physicochemical properties of this new class of nanomaterials are still in their infancy, information on both in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and nanotoxicity is still scarce and remains poorly understood. As such, there is an immediate need to explore and establish the biocompatibility and nanotoxicological profiles of these nanomaterials in order to develop and optimize them for specific bioapplications. Here, in this Focus Review, we will provide a broad overview of recent advances on the biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of layered 2D nanomaterials. First, a wide range of established and emerging layered 2D nanomaterials actively investigated for bioapplications will be introduced. Next, the different physicochemical aspects governing the biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of these nanomaterials, such as lateral size, concentration, exposure time, number of layers, and chemical composition and surface functionalization, will be evaluated. Finally, we will summarize the review and provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities facing this important field.