bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Religion on the Partner Selection Strategies of Emerging Adults
Authors: Braithwaite Scott R. , Coulson Gwen L. , Spjut Kersti , Dickerson Will , Beck Austin R. , Dougal Kelli , Debenham Cassidy , Jones Dustin
Published: June 2013

Previous research has suggested that religiosity is associated with positive marital outcomes, but the underlying reasons for this association are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that religion influences marriage via partner selection strategies. Specifically, we hypothesized that proximal (more than distal) religiosity would predict partner selection strategies that facilitates positive marital outcomes; we also conducted exploratory analyses examining the influence of religious affiliation. Using a novel methodology that allowed for an examination of explicit and implicit attitudes, we tested our hypotheses using a large sample of emerging adults ( N = 437). Findings indicate that religion influences partner selection preferences, but the effect is not uniformly positive. Religious affiliation, not individual level religiosity (distal or proximal), was the most robust predictor of mate-selection preferences. Possible explanations for these findings and implications for intervention are discussed.
Childhood Risky Family Environments and Romantic Relationship Functioning Among Young Adult Dating Couples
Authors: Maleck Sarah , Papp Lauren M.
Published: June 2013

This study evaluated associations between dating partners’ risky family backgrounds in childhood and current romantic relationship functioning. One hundred young adult dating couples ( N = 200) self-reported childhood risky family environments (e.g., conflict, nonnurturing behavior, neglect) and current relationship satisfaction. Partners also engaged in laboratory-based conflict, which was subsequently coded for positive and negative interaction qualities. Results revealed a positive linkage between males’ and females’ risky family backgrounds. Actor–Partner Interdependence Modeling, which accommodated dyadic data and controlled for neuroticism levels, indicated that males’ riskier family backgrounds were associated with their female partners’ greater observed negative interaction qualities (e.g., conflict) and with their partners’ lower observed positive interaction (e.g., support, communication skills). Experiencing interparental divorce during childhood moderated the results, with riskier family backgrounds holding more negative implications for subsequent young adult romantic relationships when the parents remained together during childhood compared to when the parents divorced.
Notes on the Sacred
Authors: Nancy Jean-Luc
Published: June 2013

In a sequence of aphorisms, Jean-Luc Nancy interrogates the speculative suture between the sacred and truth. The sacred is indexed to an encounter or a point of intensity via which the subject approaches what cannot be grasped in itself, but solely in and as this unfinishable approach. The chance of this encounter is accorded to every subject and no longer confiscated by a religion or an exclusive regime of thought. In parallel, the sacred enters into a novel matrix with the ordinary wherein neither supersedes the other. These aphorisms demonstrate that the ordinary supplies a point of access to the sacred because the sacred is itself one of the nomadic folds of the ordinary.
Is progressive early digit mobilization intervention beneficial for patients with external fixation of distal radius fracture? A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kuo Li-Chieh , Yang Tai-Hua , Hsu Ying-Ya , Wu Po-Ting , Lin Cheng-Li , Hsu Hsiu-Yun , Jou I-Ming
Published: June 2013

Objective:

To investigate whether progressive early digit mobilization resulted in better outcomes for hand stiffness and related functional results, as well as the effects on the bone healing process.

Design:

Prospective, pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

A university hospital in southern Taiwan.

Participants:

Twenty-two patients with distal radius fracture randomized into two groups: early digit mobilization or control.

Interventions:

The intervention group received 45 minutes per treatment session and three sessions per week until the external fixator was removed 6 weeks after fracture. The control group received usual home programmes. After removing fixators, both groups received regular rehabilitation programmes until 12 weeks after surgery.

Main measures:

Hand strength, dexterity and functional outcomes were obtained using a dynamometer, Purdue pegboard and self-report assessment, respectively, and X-rays of the distal radius were taken to reveal bone healing 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. A motion tracking system measured various kinematic parameters.

Results:

The recovery rates between the groups showed statistically significant differences in both thumb workspace (81.55% vs. 69.54%, P = 0.04) and finger workspace (89.22% vs. 59.97%, P = 0.03) 12 weeks after injury. However, no statistical differences were found in finger dexterity, strength and self-reported outcomes. The radiographic assessment showed no significant differences between the groups for radial inclination, radial height and volar tilt throughout the examinations.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that early rehabilitative intervention for digits is applicable for distal radius fracture treatment, and does not produce additional bone deformities.
Using Cartoons to Teach Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Mills Adam J. , Robson Karen , Pitt Leyland F.
Published: June 2013

Changing curriculum content requirements, based on shifting global perspectives on corporate behavior and capitalism as well as business school accreditation requirements, mean that many marketing instructors have attempted to introduce discussions of organizational ethics, corporate social responsibility, and corporate governance into their classes. How these issues are addressed will, of course, depend on the instructor, the course, the level of the students, and the time available during the course to discuss the issues. Whether ethical issues in marketing are introduced as part of an existing class discussion, as a separate weekly subject topic, or as an entirely dedicated course, we recognize that it can be difficult to get students actively engaged and involved. In this paper, we present an alternative and interactive in-class exercise using group analysis and discussion of imagery and symbolism—understood as a reflection of public sentiment—in political cartoons. We introduce theories of cartoon analysis as social commentary, describe the exercise and methods, and then illustrate an example of the exercise as conducted with our own students. We conclude by noting the method’s limitations and considering alternative pedagogical applications of the analytical framework.
A Psychometric Assessment of the Businessweek, U.S. News & World Report, and Financial Times Rankings of Business Schools’ MBA Programs
Authors: Iacobucci Dawn
Published: June 2013

This research investigates the reliability and validity of three major publications’ rankings of MBA programs. Each set of rankings showed reasonable consistency over time, both at the level of the overall rankings and for most of the facets from which the rankings are derived. Each set of rankings also showed some levels of convergent and discriminant validity, but each has room for improvement, particularly Businessweek, which relies heavily on subjective surveys of students and recruiters, and Financial Times, whose methodology may be simplified and streamlined, ceasing to measure facets that are empirically superfluous. Together the three publications blanket the student process— U.S. News & World Report captures incoming student quality clearly with GMAT scores, Businessweek captures whether the students are happy while at their respective business schools, and U.S. News captures salaries and Financial Times captures return on investment, as short-term and longer term indicators of graduates’ early career successes.
Piracy Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students
Authors: Dionísio Pedro , Leal Carmo , Pereira Hélia , Salgueiro Maria Fátima
Published: June 2013

The unauthorized duplication of books through photocopies and Internet downloads, especially in the case of academic books, is currently one of the most challenging problems facing the publishing industry. Photocopying has become widespread with these texts, apparently without major ethical concerns on the part of students. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the purchase of pirated books in an academic context. To explore these factors, this study conducted a survey among Portuguese university and graduate students. The structural equation modeling framework was used to test the research hypotheses and to validate the proposed model. The outcome of this research resulted in a comprehensive integrated framework based on the effects that gender, education stage, pricing, social influence, perceived country economic conditions, and perceived risk had on the purchase behavior for pirated books. Ultimately, the outcome provided a set of recommendations in terms of marketing education.
Comparison of pharmacological and electrical cardioversion in permanent atrial fibrillation after prosthetic cardiac valve replacement: A prospective randomized trial
Authors: Chen Wen Sheng , Gao Bing Ren , Chen Wen Qin , Li Zhen Zhen , Xu Zhi Yi , Zhang Yan Hua , Yang Kun , Guan Xin Qiang
Published: June 2013

Objective

To compare the efficacy of electrical versus pharmacological cardioversion following prosthetic cardiac valve replacement in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

Patients with permanent AF who had undergone prosthetic cardiac valve replacement, who had a cardiothoracic ratio ≤0.5 and a left atrial diameter ≤50 mm for ≥6 months after surgery were randomly divided to receive either electrical or pharmacological cardioversion. Patients in the electrical cardioversion group were given direct-current synchronized electrical defibrillation under general anaesthesia. Patients in the pharmacological cardioversion group were given oral combination therapy with amiodarone, captopril and simvastatin for 3 months.

Results

A total of 115 patients received either electrical cardioversion ( n = 59) or pharmacological cardioversion ( n = 56); reversion to sinus rhythm occurred in 98.3% and 26.8%, respectively. Recurrence rates were similar in the two groups (3.4% and 6.7% for electrical and pharmacological cardioversion, respectively). No deaths or severe complications were reported.

Conclusion

Electrical cardioversion has a favourable safety profile and appears to be a more effective method than pharmacological cardioversion for the treatment of permanent AF after cardiac valve replacement, once the heart has returned close to its normal size.
Music motivation and the effect of writing music: A comparison of pianists and guitarists
Authors: MacIntyre Peter D. , Potter Gillian K.
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine a set of motivation variables within guitar and piano players. We also tested for motivational differences among three groups: those who write music, those who plan to write music in the future, and those who do not write nor intend to write. An international sample of 599 musicians was obtained (guitar: N = 292, piano: N = 307) through the use of an online survey. Self-Determination Theory, a prominent perspective in the motivation literature, was utilized along with other motivational constructs, including perceived competence, musical self-esteem, effort, desire to learn, willingness to play, and possible musical selves. Findings revealed differences between pianists’ and guitarists’ levels of motivational intensity, desire to learn, introjected regulation, perceived competence and willingness to play. Results also indicated that the group who write music had significantly higher levels of musical self-esteem, willingness to play, motivational intensity, desire to learn, and perceived competence. Findings from this study suggest that pianists and guitarists both are intrinsically motivated, but for different reasons. The underlying motivational needs that are met by the instrument’s “culture” appear to focus on competence for pianists and on autonomy and relatedness for guitarists.
Contact mechanics of frictional lap joints
Authors: Thaitirarot Anothai , Hills David A , Dini Daniele
Published: June 2013

In this article, we consider the interfacial characteristics of a lap joint formed using friction grip bolts. The joints consist of two elastically similar laps pressed in contact by a constant normal force and subjected to oscillatory bulk load at the free end of the laps. It is found that application of the normal load causes the contact area to jump to a characteristic length and the points where separation occurs are fixed. Bulk load applied at the free ends causes a smooth change in the size of contact and the development of the slip zones. The trends of energy dissipation with extent of contact and magnitude of tension and compression force, at various friction coefficients, have been found.
Analytical expressions for the notch stress intensity factors of periodic V-notches under tension by using the strain energy density approach
Authors: Afshar Reza , Berto Filippo , Lazzarin Paolo , Pook Les P
Published: June 2013

This article presents the notch stress intensity factors of a wide range of finite-width flat plates with periodic edge notches. A broad series of notch configurations, varying from shallow to very deep notches, complete range of notch spacing and wide range of notch opening angles, is considered. The significance of sharp notch approximation for the case of blunt notches with a very small notch radius is also demonstrated. Overall, more than 1200 models are carried out. Due to the desirability of analytical expressions for notch stress intensity factors evaluation, the numerical results, obtained from the strain energy density approach, are used to find some simple analytical expressions for the prediction of notch stress intensity factors of periodic sharp notches. The use of a coarse mesh in the finite element models and multiscaling are the promising advantages of such a method underlined in this study.
Analytical simulation of high-speed impact onto composite materials targets
Authors: Sanchez Paradela Laura , Sanchez-Galvez Vicente
Published: June 2013

This article presents a relatively simple analytical model aimed at simulating high-speed penetration into composite materials targets. The model is based on a set of basic hypotheses common to other previous analytical models developed in our department and elsewhere. However, this new model is of a more refined nature acquisition that allows for reliable results without requiring the use of parametric data needed in previous models. For the first time, the model provides a qualitative explanation of the sudden drop of energy absorbed by the target with impact velocities slightly higher than the ballistic limit. A qualitative explanation, experimentally observed, of the shape of woven fabric laminates after impact is also noted. The model predictions of both ballistic limit and residual velocity after perforation reasonably agree with experimental results, in spite of the use of static data of the target material. Thus, this model may serve as a useful tool for a primary stage of composite armour design, permitting a large number of parameters to be screened before using higher cost numerical and experimental approaches.
Art and Aesthetics: From Modern to Contemporary
Authors: Erjavec Aleš
Published: June 2013

The author sketches the development of the relationship between art and aesthetics in the past four decades. He takes as his starting point the change that artists established in the sixties in relation to philosophical aesthetics. He argues that 1980 represented a historical threshold as concerns transformations both in art and its philosophy. He then discusses three theories of art and aesthetics— Nicolas Bourriaud’s “relational aesthetics” from the nineties, Jacques Rancière’s aesthetic project from the following decade, and the very recent “theory of contemporary art” developed by Terry Smith. In the author’s opinion, these three aesthetic or art theories not only disprove the pervasive opinion that contemporary aesthetics understood as philosophy of art is once more separated from contemporary art and the art world, but also manifest their factual import and impact in contemporary discussions on art.
Fire retardancy of polyurea and silylated α-zirconium phosphate composites with ammonium polyphosphate
Authors: Cai Guipeng , Wilkie Charles A
Published: June 2013

The thermal stability and fire performance of polyurea with silylated α-zirconium phosphate and ammonium polyphosphate are studied. The addition of ammonium polyphosphate reduces the thermal stability of the composites with and without silylated α-zirconium phosphate. The peak heat release rate reduction is lower in microscale combustion calorimetry than in cone calorimetry, which suggests that some physical process, like the formation of a barrier, is the process by which fire retardancy is obtained. Based on cone calorimetry, the peak heat release rate reduction does not depend on the loading of the silylated zirconium phosphate, and the combination with ammonium polyphosphate is less effective than ammonium polyphosphate alone.
Transfusion-Associated Graft Versus Host Disease in the Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Jawa Randeep S. , Young David H. , Stothert Joseph C. , Kulaylat Mahmoud N. , Landmark James D.
Published: June 2013

Transfusion associated-graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion. It carries a very high mortality rate. Although the phenomenon has been well described in immunocompromised patients, this review focuses on the immunocompetent host. Cases of TA-GVHD continue to be reported following a variety of surgical procedures, especially cardiac procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Additional risk factors for TA-GVHD include blood component transfusion in populations with limited genetic diversity, the use of directed donations from family members, and the transfusion of fresh blood. As there is no effective treatment, the focus is on prevention.
Childhood Abuse and Criminal Behavior
Authors: Watts Stephen J. , McNulty Thomas L.
Published: June 2013

This article draws on general strain theory (GST) to develop and test a model of the childhood abuse–crime relationship. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health),1 we find that early childhood physical and sexual abuse are robust predictors of offending in adolescence, for the full sample and in equations disaggregated by gender. GST is partially supported in that the effects of childhood physical abuse on offending for both females and males are mediated by an index of depression symptoms, whereas the effect of sexual abuse among females appears to be mediated largely by closeness to mother. The effect of childhood sexual abuse among males, however, is more robust than among females and it persists despite controls for low self-control, ties to delinquent peers, school attachment, and closeness to mother. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Promoting Adaptive Expertise
Authors: De Arment Serra T. , Reed Evelyn , Wetzel Angela P.
Published: June 2013

Special educators face numerous challenges as their roles change, evidence-based practices increase, educational priorities shift, and accountability grows. How can teacher education for special educators prepare candidates for the realities of practice and promote professional commitment to continuous learning? This article reviews the literature on adaptive expertise, proposes a conceptual framework, and presents implications for special educator preparation to promote cognitive and metacognitve skills and adaptive dispositions that are critical to professional growth and effectiveness.
Measuring Teacher Effectiveness Through Meaningful Evaluation
Authors: Sledge Ann , Pazey Barbara L.
Published: June 2013

While teacher quality is recognized as a critical component in school reform and the pursuit of new teacher evaluation systems has gained national attention, the question of whether proposed teacher assessment models recognize and account for the unique roles and responsibilities of special education teachers has gone largely unnoticed. The purpose of this article is to (a) provide a review of current efforts to reform practices in teacher assessment, (b) describe recommendations for emerging teacher evaluation systems that accurately distinguish between effective and ineffective teachers, and (c) consider the difficulties of implementing these reform measures in the evaluation of teachers who serve students with disabilities. Important consideration is given to understanding the unique roles and responsibilities of the special educator, as well as the use of observation protocols to evaluate instructional practices in the general and special education setting. In addition, this article elucidates the difficulties of incorporating valid measures of student performance as a component of the teacher evaluation process for special education teachers. A summary of recommendations for policy makers serves as the conclusion.
Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Breast Milk Levels of IgA, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2
Authors: Nikniaz Leila , Ostadrahimi Alireza , Mahdavi Reza , Hejazi Mohammad amin , Hosseini Salekdeh Ghasem
Published: June 2013

Background:

Effects of probiotics on the immunological composition of breast milk have been investigated in a few previous studies.

Objectives:

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of synbiotic (probiotic plus prebiotic) supplementation on immunoglobulin A (IgA), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) levels of breast milk and on diarrhea incidence in infants.

Methods:

In this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial, we recruited 80 lactating mothers who were exclusively breastfeeding their 3-month-old infants. We randomly divided the mothers into 2 groups to receive a daily synbiotic supplement (n = 40) or a placebo (n = 40) for 30 days. Demographic and clinical data (ie, health status) were obtained through an interview. The IgA levels of breast milk were detected by nephelometry, and the levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were measured using a commercial Platinum ELISA kit.

Results:

The breast milk IgA increased significantly from 0.41 ± 0.09 to 0.48 ± 0.15 g/L in the supplemented group ( P = .018), while in the placebo group, no significant changes were observed. Although the breast milk TGF-β1 levels did not change significantly, the TGF-β2 levels of breast milk increased significantly from 270 ± 37.8 to 382 ± 43.7 pg/mL in the supplemented group ( P = .043). Also, the incidence of diarrhea in infants decreased significantly in the supplemented group while no significant changes were observed in the placebo group after the experimental period.

Conclusion:

Synbiotic supplementation may have positive effects on the immune composition of breast milk and the reduction of diarrhea incidence in infants.
Impact of Male-Partner-Focused Interventions on Breastfeeding Initiation, Exclusivity, and Continuation
Authors: Mitchell-Box Kristen M. , Braun Kathryn L.
Published: June 2013

Informal sources of support, particularly the male partner, have more influence on breastfeeding behaviors than formal support from health care providers. This systematic review examined the impact of male-partner-focused breastfeeding interventions on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and continuation. Four unique interventions were identified that were tested through randomized controlled studies or quasi-experimental design. These 4 provided breastfeeding education to fathers, with breastfeeding outcomes reported by the mother. Three of the 4 studies compared initiation rates between intervention and control conditions, and 2 showed significantly higher rates of breastfeeding initiation in the intervention group. Although studies were inconsistent in their categorization and reporting of full, partial, or no breastfeeding, significantly higher rates of breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and/or continuation were seen for 2 interventions. Because all 4 interventions found at least 1 breastfeeding outcome to be superior in the treatment group, breastfeeding education should be offered to male partners. Future studies should test if intervention effectiveness can be increased if education is supplemented with other activities. Future studies also should use controlled designs and validated outcome measures.
Preparation and thermomechanical characterisation of graphene nanoplatelets/low-density polyethylene composites
Authors: Pinto F , Carotenuto G , Meo Michele
Published: June 2013

The thermomechanical properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites were investigated and characterised to understand the effect of nanoscaled reinforcement in the thermoplastic matrix. Results show that the presence of the filler does not produce a change in the microscopic structure of the polymer. However, on a macroscopic scale, graphene platelets limit the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in an increase in stiffness and in some cases, strength of the composite. Orientation of Graphene Nanoplatelets in the LDPE matrix was evaluated by testing composites made with two different manufacturing techniques (compression moulding and blown extrusion). A comparison between experimental data and predictions using the Halpin–Tsai model shows that the orientation of the nanoplatelets due to the extrusion process leads to better mechanical properties than those obtained with the randomly oriented graphene resulting from the compression moulding technique.
Facebook Use and Political Participation
Authors: Tang Gary , Lee Francis L. F.
Published: June 2013

Some recent studies have illustrated a positive relationship between social media use and political participation among young people. Researchers, however, have operationalized social media usage differently. This article adopts a multidimensional approach to the study of the impact of social media. Focusing on Facebook (FB), the most widely utilized social networking site in Hong Kong, this study examines how time spent on FB, exposure to shared political information, network size, network structural heterogeneity, and direct connection with public political actors relate to young people’s online and offline political participation. Analysis of a survey of university students ( N = 774) shows that participation is explained most prominently by direct connection with public political actors, followed by exposure to shared political information. These two variables also mediate the impact of other dimensions of FB use on political participation.
Teacher Evaluation, Performance-Related Pay, and Constructivist Instruction
Authors: Liang Guodong , Akiba Motoko
Published: June 2013

Using statewide longitudinal teacher survey data collected in 2009 and 2010, this study examined the characteristics of teacher evaluation used to determine performance-related pay (PRP), and the association between PRP and improvement in the practice of constructivist instruction. The study found that 10.9% of middle school mathematics teachers in Missouri received PRP in 2009 and the average amount was US$1,463. The teachers were mainly evaluated by principals who conducted classroom observations and held face-to-face meetings to assess their teaching practice and professional development activities. After controlling for the background characteristics, this study found a modest yet positive association between PRP and improvement in teacher practice of constructivist instruction from 2009 to 2010.
Making sense of the smell of Bangladesh
Authors: Zeitlyn Benjamin
Published: June 2013

This article draws links between the sense of smell, aesthetic choices concerning clothes, ideas about modernity and the aspirations of young British Bangladeshis. In doing so it highlights the preconscious and conscious factors that inform the identities that British Bangladeshis express. The article argues that despite its importance for our sense of belonging, the sense of smell has been neglected in accounts of identity. This discussion leads to a critique of Bourdieu’s notion of habitus and illustrates the ways in which the conscious elements of habitus draw upon the unconscious. Dispositions towards the smell of Bangladesh feed into ways in which British Bangladeshis express their identities through aesthetic choices and in turn reveal preferences for different discourses of modernity.
Child labour, agency and family dynamics
Authors: André Géraldine , Godin Marie
Published: June 2013

In the last three decades, the development of the artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector has been increasing in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), bringing more and more urban families into this flourishing business sector, and among them, children. This article aims to look at the often unconceivable, and as a result neglected, social agency of children even when they are involved in activities which are, in the international legislation on children’s rights, categorized as one of the worst forms of child labour. To do so, it relies on the results of a socio-anthropological collective research project on children’s mining activities which was carried out in a small locality called La Ruashi in the city of Lubumbashi (Province of Katanga). The article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these child mining-related activities by looking at different spheres of social relations within which children are embedded. Examining the set of social relations that children have with their families, the broader community and their ‘peers’, several ‘family portraits’ are offered, highlighting a heterogeneity of social interpretations regarding this form of child work. It is shown that for families from a middle-class background, this kind of work is often socially disruptive, at the forefront of intergenerational conflict. As for families from lower classes, social changes induced by children’s mining activities are often better incorporated into the family habitus. Common dynamics, encountered in all families irrespective of class belonging, is also portrayed.
Voicing the child? A case study in Finnish early childhood education
Authors: Alasuutari Maarit
Published: June 2013

Contemporary Nordic early childhood education and care takes as its starting point the individual and ‘competent’ child and emphasizes the aim to take account of children’s views. It is also common in educational settings that the child’s views are documented and thus transformed into contexts in which they are discussed between the adults. In light of a case study of 22 parent–teacher meetings in Finnish early childhood education and care the article discusses the position of the child’s voice in this context. The theoretical framework is based on a relational view of childhood and the child’s voice, on theories of face-to-face and institutional interaction and on discursive psychology. The article highlights the multifaceted relational processes in which the child’s participation is embedded in adult-led institutional practices.
The question-and-answer logic of historical context
Authors: Fear Christopher
Published: June 2013

Quentin Skinner has enduringly insisted that a past text cannot be ‘understood’ without the reader knowing something about its historical and linguistic context. But since the 1970s he has been attacked on this central point of all his work by authors maintaining that the text itself is the fundamental guide to the author’s intention, and that a separate study of the context cannot tell the historian anything that the text itself could not. Mark Bevir has spent much of the last 20 years repeating a similar counter-argument. Although ‘study the linguistic context’ might be a useful heuristic maxim, Bevir says, it does not express a necessary or sufficient condition for understanding. But Skinner is right, and one of the figures he has consistently identified as a formative inspiration, R. G. Collingwood, has already (in his work of the 1930s) shown why. What Collingwood calls his ‘logic of question and answer’ explains why the historian cannot answer his characteristic ‘intention’ question about past texts without knowing the context of problems to which authors think they are offering solutions. The study of context is neither ‘prior’ (as Bevir incorrectly supposes) nor ‘separate’ (as Skinner inaccurately says), but it is, as Skinner maintains, nevertheless impossible to grasp an author’s intention without it. This ‘logic of question and answer’ also explains why, in history, dismissing the study of context is in fact a pre-judgement of evidence yet unseen.
Moralizing biology
Authors: Meloni Maurizio
Published: June 2013

In recent years, a proliferation of books about empathy, cooperation and pro-social behaviours (Brooks, 2011a) has significantly influenced the discourse of the life-sciences and reversed consolidated views of nature as a place only for competition and aggression. In this article I describe the recent contribution of three disciplines – moral psychology (Jonathan Haidt), primatology (Frans de Waal) and the neuroscience of morality – to the present transformation of biology and evolution into direct sources of moral phenomena, a process here named the ‘moralization of biology’. I conclude by addressing the ambivalent status of this constellation of authors, for whom today ‘morality comes naturally’: I explore both the attractiveness of their message, and the problematic epistemological assumptions of their research programmes in the light of new discoveries in developmental and molecular biology.
An in-line model for predicting front end bending in hot plate rolling and its experimental verification
Authors: Byon Sang M , Lee Youngseog
Published: June 2013

In this article, we present an in-line model that can be used for predicting the front end bending of a material frequently produced by hot plate rolling under asymmetric rolling conditions. The in-line model was formulated by examining the relationship between asymmetric rolling conditions and front end bending slope and by expressing front end bending slope as a function of asymmetric rolling conditions as well as roll-bite profiles (shape factor and reduction ratio). We also performed a pilot hot plate rolling test to verify the usefulness of the proposed in-line model. Before the rolling test began, a board-shaped specimen that had been heated in a reheating furnace at 1100 °C was half submerged, horizontally, in a bathtub filled with cold water to derive temperature variation of the specimen along the specimen’s thickness direction, which is one of the asymmetric rolling conditions that produce front end bending. Results show that front end bending slopes formulated as a double-linear function of asymmetric rolling conditions as well as roll-bite profiles (i.e. shape factor and reduction ratio) were successful. The proposed in-line model computed immediately the amount of front end bending whenever the roll-bite profiles and asymmetric rolling conditions changed during rolling. The results predicted by the in-line model were within 6.5%–10.3% of the front end bending slopes measured from the pilot hot plate rolling test.
Optimal gear shift strategies for fuel economy and driveability
Authors: Ngo Viet Dac , Colin Navarrete Jose A. , Hofman Theo , Steinbuch Maarten , Serrarens Alex
Published: June 2013

This paper aims at designing optimal gear shift strategies for conventional passenger vehicles equipped with discrete ratio transmissions. In order to study quantitatively an optimal trade-off between the fuel economy and the driveability, the vehicle driveability is addressed in a fuel-optimal gear shift algorithm based on dynamic programming by three methods: method 1, weighted inverse of power reserve; method 2, constant power reserve; method 3, variable power reserve. Furthermore, another method based on stochastic dynamic programming is proposed to derive an optimal gear shift strategy over a number of driving cycles in an average sense, hence taking into account the vehicle driveability. In contrast with the dynamic-programming-based strategy, the obtained gear shift strategy based on stochastic dynamic programming is real time implementable. A comparative analysis of all proposed gear shift methods is given in terms of the improvements in the fuel economy and the driveability. The variable-power-reserve method achieves the highest fuel economy without sacrificing the driveability.
Economic crisis and public attitudes toward science: A study of regional differences in Spain
Authors: Sanz-Menéndez Luis , Van Ryzin Gregg G.
Published: June 2013

Although there is little theory about the effects of economic conditions on public support for science and technology (S&T), some evidence suggests that an economic crisis could produce a decline in support for S&T because of more pressing priorities, such as jobs and social services. But the public may also view S&T as a strategic pathway out of an economic slump. We test these competing hypotheses employing two national surveys from Spain, implemented before (2006) and after (2010) the onset of a severe economic crisis. We find that, in regions hit hardest by the crisis (compared to less-affected regions), trust in the benefits of S&T increased substantially, as did general public interest in S&T. Similarly, residents of the hardest-hit regions were more likely after the crisis to choose S&T (out of a list of policy areas) as a priority for government, and somewhat more likely to express support for increases in government S&T spending. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
The half-life of a “teachable moment”: The case of Nobel laureates
Authors: Baram-Tsabari Ayelet , Segev Elad
Published: June 2013

Some science-related events stimulate public interest, and create a teachable moment in which the underlying science temporarily becomes more interesting. Here, media attention, expressed by Google News reference volume, and changes in information seeking behavior, expressed by Google Trends, were used to estimate the length of a teachable moment for 2004–2011 Nobel Prize announcements. On average, Nobel Prize announcements attracted the attention of online users for no longer than a week. News coverage declined slower and occasionally displayed seasonal trends. There was a 50% drop in searches between the day of the announcement and the following day, and an analogous pattern for news coverage of all laureates varying for different disciplines. The affordances of using publicly available online data to identify the most effective teachable moments relating to science are discussed.
Ethical issues in family violence research in healthcare settings
Authors: Paavilainen Eija , Lepistö Sari , Flinck Aune
Published: June 2013

Research ethics is always important. However, it is especially crucial with sensitive research topics such as family violence. The aim of this article is to describe and discuss some crucial issues regarding intimate partner violence and child maltreatment, based on the authors’ own research experiences. We focus on and discuss examples concerning the definition of family violence, research design, ethical approval, participant recruitment and safety and data collection and processing. During the research process, the significance of teamwork is emphasized. Support provided by the participants to each other and support given by experienced researchers within the team is very important for high ethical standards.
Patient participation in special care units for persons with dementia
Authors: Helgesen Ann Karin , Larsson Maria , Athlin Elsy
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to explore the experience of nursing personnel with respect to patient participation in special care units for persons with dementia in nursing homes, with focus on everyday life. The study has an explorative grounded theory design. Eleven nursing personnel were interviewed twice. Patient participation is regarded as being grounded in the idea that being master of one’s own life is essential to the dignity and self-esteem of all people. Patient participation was described at different levels as letting the resident make their own decisions, adjusting the choices, making decisions on behalf of the residents and forcing the residents. The educational level and commitment of the nursing personnel and how often they were on duty impacted the level that each person applied, as did the ability of the residents to make decisions, and organizational conditions, such as care culture, leadership and number of personnel.
Nurses’ perception of ethical climate, medical error experience and intent-to-leave
Authors: Hwang Jee-In , Park Hyeoun-Ae
Published: June 2013

We examined nurses’ perceptions of the ethical climate of their workplace and the relationships among the perceptions, medical error experience and intent to leave through a cross-sectional survey of 1826 nurses in 33 Korean public hospitals. Ethical climate was measured using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey. Although the sampled nurses perceived their workplace ethical climate positively, 19% reported making at least one medical error during the previous year, and 25% intended to leave their jobs in the near future. Controlling for individual and organizational characteristics, we found that nurses with a more positive perception of the ‘patient’ dimension of ethical climate were less likely to have made medical errors. Nurses with a more positive perception of the ‘patient’, ‘manager’, ‘hospital’ and ‘physician’ dimensions of ethical climate were less likely to leave their current job. Enhancing workplace ethical climate could reduce medical errors and improve nurses’ retention in public hospitals.
A retrospective study of brain lesions in goats submitted to three veterinary diagnostic laboratories
Authors: Allen Andrew L. , Goupil Brad A. , Valentine Beth A.
Published: June 2013

A retrospective study of brain lesions in goats was conducted to identify the range of lesions and diseases recognized and to make recommendations regarding the best tissues to examine and tests to conduct in order to maximize the likelihood of making a definitive diagnosis in goats that may have had clinical signs referable to the brain. One hundred thirty-nine goats with a brain lesion were identified. The most common lesion, in 52.5% of the goats, was suppurative inflammation. Approximately two-thirds of these goats had encephalitic listeriosis. Other goats were found to have suppurative inflammation in association with septicemia, pituitary abscesses, dehorning injury, and otitis. Thirty goats (21.6%) were diagnosed with polioencephalomalacia. Twenty-one goats (15.1%) were diagnosed with nonsuppurative inflammation. In more than half of these goats, no definitive diagnosis was made, while 8 were infected with Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and 1 with Rabies virus. However, few goats were tested for rabies. Based on these findings, it is recommended that, in addition to appropriate handling of the brain, the head should be examined with attention paid to the sella turcica and the temporal bones for evidence of a pituitary abscess and otitis, respectively. Histologic examination should include multiple areas of the brain, including the brainstem, for lesions of encephalic listeriosis; the cerebral cortex, for lesions of polioencephalomalacia; and the hippocampus, for Negri bodies associated with Rabies virus infection. Consideration should be given to collecting samples of other tissues including, but not limited to, the spinal cord and liver for ancillary testing if warranted.
Cutaneous mycosis in a Barbastelle bat (Barbastella barbastellus) caused by Hyphopichia burtonii
Authors: Simpson Victor R. , Borman Andrew M. , Fox Richard I. , Mathews Fiona
Published: June 2013

A rare barbastelle bat ( Barbastella barbastellus) died shortly after being found in emaciated condition in Devon, England. The skin over the muzzle and face was grossly thickened, crusty, and in places was sloughing and ulcerated. There were numerous nodules up to 3 mm in diameter on both wings and ear pinnae. Histologically, multiple foci of epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and crateriform erosions containing masses of fungal spores and septate hyphae were found in the wing. Epidermal hyperplasia and follicular hyperkeratosis, with fungal masses within keratinized follicles and also in fissured stratum corneum, were found in the pinna. Hyphae did not invade the dermis, and there was no inflammation, but there was multifocal serous exudation and crusting. No parasites or other significant organisms were identified. Microscopic and multiple cultural analyses of face and wing lesions demonstrated (10/10) a fine, septate fungus bearing laterally oval to clavate conidia; morphologically and culturally this was entirely consistent with Hyphopichia burtonii, and polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing gave 100% identity with the type strain. The organism isolated was morphologically consistent with that repeatedly seen in histology sections and demonstrates that although H. burtonii has not previously been recognized as a dermatophyte, it clearly has the ability to invade the skin of live bats. Although not identical, the lesions in this case show similarity with those of white nose syndrome and therefore H. burtonii should be considered as a potential pathogen of bats.
Climate Urgency
Authors: Hansen James E.
Published: June 2013

This composite of two presentations by Dr. Hansen outlines crucial topics in climate research and implores our President to support and defend the rights of young people and future generations. Unless urgent actions are undertaken to curtail fossil fuel emissions, today’s children and future generations will inherit a world in which irreversible climate effects are underway and largely out of their control. The tragedy of this situation is that the actions needed to avoid climate problems are economically beneficial for most people—but they are resisted by a powerful fossil fuel industry that uses its financial clout for undue influence on our governments.
Immunohistochemical Profiling of ALK Fusion Gene–Positive Adenocarcinomas of the Lung
Authors: Sakai Yasuhiro , Nakai Tokiko , Ohbayashi Chiho , Imagawa Naoko , Yanagita Emmy , Satake Rumiko , Nitta Atsushi , Kajimoto Kazuyoshi , Sakuma Toshiko , Itoh Tomoo
Published: June 2013

Our aim was to determine whether or not non-small-cell lung cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC); even in small samples, it is essential in view of the side effects attendant on new therapeutics. Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) with the EML4-ALK fusion gene has been described as demonstrating mucinous cribriform/acinar growth and signet-ring cells, sometimes partially simulating SQCC. We investigated the relation among morphology, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, and immunophenotype in 321 ADCs by tissue microarray using SQCC markers cytokeratin (CK)5/6, CK14, desmocollin-3, desmoglein-3, p40, p63 versus ADC markers thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1 and napsin A. Unlike 312 ALK-negative ADCs, 9 ALK-positive cases were negative for 4 SQCC markers. Only 1 ALK-positive ADC showing assertive morphology was positive for CK5/6 and p63 as well as for TTF-1 and napsin A. Coexpression of TTF-1/p40 was not observed, unlike that of TTF-1/p63 reported previously. There was no statistically significant difference between ALK-negative and ALK-positive ADC by immunohistochemical profiling.