bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining the natural history of tumefactive demyelination: A retrospective cohort of 257 patients
Authors: Fereidan‐Esfahani Mahboubeh , Decker Paul A , Weigand Stephen D. , Lopez Chiriboga Alfonso S. , Flanagan Eoin P , Tillema Jan‐Mendelt , Lucchinetti Claudia F , Eckel‐Passow Jeanette E. , Tobin W. Oliver
Published: July 2023

Objective

To describe demographic, clinical, and radiographic features of tumefactive demyelination (TD) and identify factors associated with severe attacks and poor outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective review of TD cases seen at Mayo Clinic, 1990–2021.

Results

Of 257 patients with TD, 183/257 (71%) fulfilled the 2017 multiple sclerosis (MS) McDonald criteria at the last follow‐up, 12/257 (5%) had myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD), 0 had aquaporin‐4‐IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorders (AQP4+ NMOSD), and 62/257 (24%) were cryptogenic. Onset before age 18 was present in 18/257 (7%). Female to male ratio was 1.3:1. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal (CSF) bands were present in 95/153 (62%). TD was the first demyelinating attack in 176/257 (69%). At presentation, 59/126 (47%) fulfilled Barkhof criteria for dissemination in space, 59/100 (59%) had apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) restriction, and 57/126 (45%) had mass effect. Despite aggressive clinical presentation at onset, 181/257 (70%) of patients remained fully ambulatory (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] ≤4) after a 3.0‐year median follow‐up duration. Severe initial attack‐related disability (EDSS ≥4) was more common in patients with motor symptoms (81/143 vs. 35/106, p < 0.0001), encephalopathy (20/143 vs. 2/106, p < 0.0001) and ADC restriction on initial MRI (42/63 vs. 15/33, p = 0.04). Poor long‐term outcome (EDSS ≥4) was more common in patients with older onset age (41.9 ± 15 vs. 36.8 ± 15.6, p = 0.02) and motor symptoms at onset (49/76 vs. 66/171, p < 0.0001).

Interpretation

Most TD patients should be considered part of the MS spectrum after excluding MOGAD and NMOSD. Motor symptoms and older age at presentation portend a poor outcome.
Clinically studied or clinically proven? Memory for claims in print advertisements
Authors: Murphy Dillon H. , Schwartz Shawn T. , Alberts Kylie O. , Siegel Alexander L. M. , Carone Brandon J. , Castel Alan D. , Drolet Aimee
Published: July 2023

Advertisers often use specifically chosen wording to convey the effectiveness of their product and we investigated memory accuracy for the scientific claims put forth by product advertisements. Participants were shown a cognitive enhancement product advertisement and were tested on their memory for various details. Critically, we were interested in participants' memory for a phrase describing the product as either “clinically proven” (indicating the product is effective) or “clinically studied” (which is ambiguous). Generally, both younger and older adults demonstrated poor memory for this detail and were more likely to remember the product as having been “proven” to be effective than to have been “studied”. Thus, we demonstrate the fallibility of memory and the potential for reliance on schematic knowledge in the absence of a veridical record of one's memory for the advertisement. We suggest that ambiguous efficacy claims be carefully considered by consumers so as not to be misled.
Rational Design of Covalent Multiheme Cytochrome‐Carbon Dot Biohybrids for Photoinduced Electron Transfer
Authors: Zhang Huijie , Casadevall Carla , van Wonderen Jessica H. , Su Lin , Butt Julea N. , Reisner Erwin , Jeuken Lars J. C.
Published: July 2023

Biohybrid systems can combine inorganic light‐harvesting materials and whole‐cell biocatalysts to utilize solar energy for the production of chemicals and fuels. Whole‐cell biocatalysts have an intrinsic self‐repair ability and are able to produce a wide variety of multicarbon chemicals in a sustainable way with metabolic engineering. Current whole‐cell biohybrid systems have a yet undefined electron transfer pathway between the light‐absorber and metabolic enzymes, limiting rational design. To enable engineering of efficient electron transfer pathways, covalent biohybrids consisting of graphitic nitrogen doped carbon dots (g‐N‐CDs) and the outer‐membrane decaheme protein, MtrC from Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 are developed. MtrC is a subunit of the MtrCAB protein complex, which provides a direct conduit for bidirectional electron exchange across the bacterial outer membrane. The g‐N‐CDs are functionalized with a maleimide moiety by either carbodiimide chemistry or acyl chloride activation and coupled to a surface‐exposed cysteine of a Y657C MtrC mutant. MtrC∼g‐N‐CD biohybrids are characterized by native and denaturing gel electrophoresis, chromatography, microscopy, and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy. In the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, visible light irradiation of the MtrC∼g‐N‐CD biohybrids results in reduced MtrC. The biohybrids may find application in photoinduced transmembrane electron transfer in S. oneidensis MR‐1 for chemical synthesis in the future.
Surface Growth of Boron Nitride Nanotubes through Boron Source Design
Authors: Zhou Zhengyang , Zhang Kai , Xiao Guang , Wang Ying , He Qian , Wang Nanyang , Wu Liyun , Yao Yagang
Published: July 2023

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are promising materials due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Fabrication technologies based on gas‐phase reactions reduce the control and collection efficiency of BNNTs due to reactant and product dispersion within the reaction vessel. A surface growth method that allows for controllable growth of BNNTs in certain regions using a preburied boron source is introduced. This work leverages the high solubility of boron in metals to create a boronized layer on the surface which serves as the boron source to confine the growth of BNNTs. Dense and uniform BNNTs are obtained after loading catalysts onto the boronized substrate and annealing under ammonia. Confirmatory experiments demonstrate that the boride layer provides boron for BNNTs growth. Furthermore, the patterned growth of BNNTs is realized by patterning the boronizing region, demonstrating the controllability of this method. In addition, the Ni substrate with BNNTs growth exhibits better performance in corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity than pure Ni. This study introduces an alternative strategy for the surface growth of BNNTs based on boron source design, which offers new possibilities for the controllable preparation of BNNTs for various applications.
Efficient and Scalable Large‐Area Organic Solar Cells by Asymmetric Nonfullerene Acceptors Based on 9H‐Indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine‐2,3,8‐Tricarbonitrile
Authors: Gopikrishna Peddaboodi , Rhee JinHyeong , Yoon Seongwon , Um DuHyeon , Jin Hyunjung , Jun Yongseok , Choi Huijeong , Son Hae Jung , Kim BongSoo
Published: July 2023

It remains challenging to fabricate efficient, scalable large‐area organic solar cells (OSCs) owing to the unfavorable morphology of photoactive blend films. To address this challenge, two asymmetric nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) IPC1CN‐BBO‐IC2F and IPC1CN‐BBO‐IC2Cl are synthesized, where 12,13‐bis(2‐butyloctyl)‐3,9‐diundecyl‐12,13‐dihydro‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐e]thieno[2′“,3′”:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2‐g]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno‐[3,2‐b]indole (BBO) is the molecular core, and two types of end groups are appended to its ends, namely the 9H‐indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine‐2,3,8‐tricarbonitrile (IPC1CN) end group and one of 2‐(5,6‐dihalo‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile end groups (IC2F or IC2Cl). These NFAs facilitate effective tuning of light absorption and energy levels, offer high carrier mobilities, and allow for the formation of appropriate morphologies. Note that these benefits apply even to large‐area devices, unlike typical Y6‐based NFAs. In addition, a random copolymer PM6‐PBDBT(55) is synthesized and its energy levels are optimally matched with those of the asymmetric NFAs. The blade‐coated 1 cm2‐area OSCs based on PM6‐PBDBT(55):IPC1CN‐BBO‐IC2Cl exhibit a PCE of 14.12%, which is higher than that of PM6‐PBDBT(55)‐IPC1CN‐BBO‐IC2F‐based OSCs. More importantly, the PM6‐PBDBT(55):IPC1CN‐BBO‐IC2Cl‐based large‐area (58.50 cm2) modules yield an impressive PCE of 11.28% with a small cell‐to‐module loss in fill factor. These results suggest that a combination of the asymmetric molecular design using the IPC1CN group and the terpolymer strategy will pave a new path for fabricating highly efficient and scalable large‐area OSCs.
Composite Flexible Sensor Based on Bionic Microstructure to Simultaneously Monitor Pressure and Strain
Authors: Wang Meng , Lin Zhaohua , Ma Suqian , Yu Yingqing , Chen Boya , Liang Yunhong , Ren Lei
Published: July 2023

To achieve the human sense of touch, a strain sensor needs to be coupled with a pressure sensor to identify the compliance of the contacted material. However, monitoring the pressure‐strain signals simultaneously and ensuring no coupling effect between the two signals is the technical bottleneck for the flexible tactile sensor to. Herein, a composite flexible sensor based on microstructures of lotus leaf is designed and manufactured, which integrates the capacitive pressure sensor and the resistance strain sensor into one pixel to realize the simultaneous detection of pressure and strain. The electrode layer of the capacitance sensor also plays the role of the resistance strain sensor, which greatly simplifies the structure of the composite flexible sensor and obtains the compact size to integrate more easily. The device can simultaneously detect pressure and deformation, and more importantly, there is no coupling effect between the two kinds of signals. Here, the sensor has high pressure sensitivity (0.784 kPa−1 when pressure less than 100 kPa), high strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 4.03 for strain 0–40%), and can identify materials with different compliance, which indicates the tactile ability as the human skin performs.
Construction of Porous Perovskite Oxide Microrods with Au Nanoparticle Anchor for Precise Metabolic Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zhang Heyuhan , Shi Fangying , Yan Yinghua , Deng Chunhui , Sun Nianrong
Published: July 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive illness, and early diagnosis and treatment can help delay its progression. However, clinics still lack high‐throughput, low‐invasive, precise, and objective diagnostic strategies. Herein, the Au nanoparticles anchored porous perovskite oxide microrods (CTO@Au) with designed superior properties is developed to construct a high‐throughput detection platform. Specifically, a single metabolic fingerprinting is obtained from only 30 nL of serum within seconds, enabling the rapid acquisition of 239 × 8 high‐quality fingerprints in ≈ 2 h. AD is distinguish from health controls and Parkinson's disease with an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.000. Moreover, eight specific metabolites are identified as a biomarker panel, based on which precise diagnosis of AD is achieved, with an AUC of 1.000 in blind test. The possible relevant pathways and potential mechanism involved in these biomarkers are investigated and discussed. This work provides a high‐performance platform for metabolic diagnostic analysis.
Toward Corneal Limbus In Vitro Model: Regulation of hPSC‐LSC Phenotype by Matrix Stiffness and Topography During Cell Differentiation Process
Authors: Kauppila Maija , Mörö Anni , Valle‐Delgado Juan José , Ihalainen Teemu , Sukki Lassi , Puistola Paula , Kallio Pasi , Ilmarinen Tanja , Österberg Monika , Skottman Heli
Published: July 2023

A functional limbal epithelial stem cells (LSC) niche is a vital element in the regular renewal of the corneal epithelium by LSCs and maintenance of good vision. However, little is known about its unique structure and mechanical properties on LSC regulation, creating a significant gap in development of LSC‐based therapies. Herein, the effect of mechanical and architectural elements of the niche on human pluripotent derived LSCs (hPSC‐LSC) phenotype and growth is investigated in vitro. Specifically, three formulations of polyacrylamide gels with different controlled stiffnesses are used for culture and characterization of hPSC‐LSCs from different stages of differentiation. In addition, limbal mimicking topography in polydimethylsiloxane is utilized for culturing hPSC‐LSCs at early time point of differentiation. For comparison, the expression of selected key proteins of the corneal cells is analyzed in their native environment through whole mount staining of human donor corneas. The results suggest that mechanical response and substrate preference of the cells is highly dependent on their developmental stage. In addition, data indicate that cells may carry possible mechanical memory from previous culture matrix, both highlighting the importance of mechanical design of a functional in vitro limbus model.
Interelectrode Talk in Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Ma Jun , Zhang Shu , Zheng Yue , Huang Tianpeng , Sun Fu , Dong Shanmu , Cui Guanglei
Published: July 2023

Solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries have been identified as a strategic research direction for the electric vehicle industry because of their promising high energy density and potential characteristic safety. However, the intrinsic mechanical properties of solid materials cause inevitable electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure of electrodes and electrolytes during charging and discharging; these failure mechanisms include lithium penetration and formation of cracks and voids, which pose a serious challenge for the long cycle life of solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries. Here, a short overview of the recent advances with a view to understand this challenge is provided. Furthermore, new insights into the cross‐talk behavior between the cathode and lithium‐metal anode are provided based on the non‐uniform Li+ flux inducing interactional electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure. Furthermore, guidelines for designing stable solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries and research directions to figure out the interelectrode‐talk‐related electro‐chemo‐mechanical failure mechanism are presented, which can be significant for accelerating the development of solid‐state lithium batteries.
Realization and Control of Bulk and Surface Modes in 3D Nanomagnonic Networks by Additive Manufacturing of Ferromagnets
Authors: Guo Huixin , Deenen Axel J. M. , Xu Mingran , Hamdi Mohammad , Grundler Dirk
Published: July 2023

The high‐density integration in information technology fuels the research on functional 3D nanodevices. Particularly ferromagnets promise multifunctional 3D devices for nonvolatile data storage, high‐speed data processing, and non‐charge‐based logic operations via spintronics and magnonics concepts. However, 3D nanofabrication of ferromagnets is extremely challenging. In this work, an additive manufacturing methodology is reported, and unprecedented 3D ferromagnetic nanonetworks with a woodpile‐structure unit cell are fabricated. The collective spin dynamics (magnons) at frequencies up to 25 GHz are investigated by Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) microscopy and micromagnetic simulations. A clear discrepancy of about 10 GHz is found between the bulk and surface modes, which are engineered by different unit cell sizes in the Ni‐based nanonetworks. The angle‐ and spatially‐dependent modes demonstrate opportunities for multi‐frequency signal processing in 3D circuits via magnons. The developed synthesis route will allow one to create 3D magnonic crystals with chiral unit cells, which are a prerequisite toward surface modes with topologically protected properties.
Molecular‐Additive‐Assisted Tellurium Homogenization in ZnSeTe Quantum Dots
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Paritmongkol Watcharaphol , Mills Harrison A. , Hassan Yasser , Zhu Tong , Wang Ya‐Kun , Liu Yuan , Wan Haoyue , Park So Min , Jung Euidae , Tam Jason , Lyu Quan , Cotella Giovanni Francesco , Ijaz Palvasha , Chun Peter , Hoogland Sjoerd
Published: July 2023

Addition of aqueous hydrohalic acids during the synthesis of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is widely employed to achieve high‐quality QDs. However, this reliance on the use of aqueous solutions is incompatible with oxygen‐ and water‐sensitive precursors such as those used in the synthesis of Te‐alloyed ZnSe QDs. Herein, it is shown that this incompatibility leads to phase segregation into Te‐rich and Te‐poor regions, causing spectral broadening and luminescence peak shifting under high laser irradiation and applied electrical bias. Here, a synthetic strategy to produce anhydrous‐HF in situ by using benzenecarbonyl fluoride (BF) as a chemical additive is reported. Through in situ 19F NMR spectroscopy, it is found that BF reacts with surfactants in tandem, ultimately producing intermediary F···H···trioctylamine adducts. These act as a pseudo‐HF source that releases anhydrous HF. The controlled release of HF during nucleation and growth steps homogenizes Te distribution in ZnSeTe lattice, leading to spectrally stable blue‐emitting QDs under increasing laser flux from ≈3 µW to ≈12 mW and applied bias from 2.6 to 10 V. Single‐dot photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and analyses of the absorption, PL and transient absorption spectra together with density functional theory point to the role of anhydrous HF as a Te homogenizer.
Direct Ink Writing of Enzyme‐Containing Liquid Crystal Elastomers as Versatile Biomolecular‐Responsive Actuators
Authors: Velasco Abadia Albert , Bauman Grant E. , White Timothy J. , Schwartz Daniel K. , Kaar Joel L.
Published: July 2023

The combination of enzymes and chemically responsive smart materials presents considerable opportunities in anti‐fouling, sensing or medicine. Among stimuli‐responsive polymers, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as a leading actuator platform due to their inherent programmability, realizing large shape transformations upon exposure to stimuli. Herein, three different hydrolytic enzymes are immobilized into acid‐responsive LCEs, which impart the LCEs with sensitivity to three distinctive classes of biomolecules: lipids, carbohydrates, and peptides. Dye‐doped biocatalytic LCEs readily switch their color and shape upon exposure to the appropriate substrate. Twisted nematic patterning and direct ink writing are used to showcase the versatility of shape changes the enzyme‐containing LCEs may undergo. Multiplexed responsiveness is also demonstrated using a connected array of 3D printed disks, each containing a different enzyme, highlighting the excellent chemical selectivity of the LCEs. This work presents a novel platform of versatile bioresponsive color‐switchable actuators that may have application in a wide range of fields.
Atomistic Understanding of the Coherent Interface Between Lead Iodide Perovskite and Lead Iodide
Authors: Rothmann Mathias Uller , Lohmann Kilian B. , Borchert Juliane , Johnston Michael B. , McKenna Keith P. , Herz Laura M. , Nellist Peter D.
Published: July 2023

Metal halide perovskite semiconductors have shown great performance in solar cells, and including an excess of lead iodide (PbI2) in the thin films, either as mesoscopic particles or embedded domains, often leads to improved solar cell performance. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope micrographs of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films reveal the FAPbI3:PbI2 interface to be remarkably coherent. It is demonstrated that such interface coherence is achieved by the PbI2 deviating from its common 2H hexagonal phase to form a trigonal 3R polytype through minor shifts in the stacking of the weakly van‐der‐Waals‐bonded layers containing the near‐octahedral units. The exact crystallographic interfacial relationship and lattice misfit are revealed. It is further shown that this 3R polytype of PbI2 has similar X‐ray diffraction (XRD) peaks to that of the perovskite, making XRD‐based quantification of the presence of PbI2 unreliable. Density functional theory demonstrates that this interface does not introduce additional electronic states in the bandgap, making it electronically benign. These findings explain why a slight PbI2 excess during perovskite film growth can help template perovskite crystal growth and passivate interfacial defects, improving solar cell performance.
A Novel 3D‐Printed/Porous Conduit with Tunable Properties to Enhance Nerve Regeneration Over the Limiting Gap Length
Authors: Redolfi‐Riva Eugenio , Pérez‐Izquierdo Míriam , Zinno Ciro , Contreras Estefania , Rodríguez‐Meana Bruno , Iberite Federica , Ricotti Leonardo , Micera Silvestro , Navarro Xavier
Published: July 2023

Engineered grafts constitute an alternative to autologous transplant for repairing severe peripheral nerve injuries. However, current clinically available solutions have substantial limitations and are not suited for the repair of long nerve defects. A novel design of nerve conduit is presented here, which consists of a chitosan porous matrix embedding a 3D‐printed poly‐ε‐caprolactone mesh. These materials are selected due to their high biocompatibility, safe degradability, and ability to support the nerve regeneration process. The proposed design allows high control over geometrical features, pores morphology, compression resistance, and bending stiffness, yielding tunable and easy‐to‐manipulate grafts. The conduits are tested in chronic animal experiments, aiming to repair a 15‐mm long gap in the sciatic nerve of rats, and the results are compared with an autograft. Electrophysiological and nociception tests performed monthly during a 4‐month follow‐up show that these conduits allow a good degree of muscle functional recovery. Histological analyses show abundant cellularization in the wall and in the lumen of the conduits and regenerated axons within all rats treated with these grafts. It is suggested that the proposed conduits have the potential to repair nerves over the limiting gap length and can be proposed as strategy to overcome the limitations of autograft.
Multicolor Mechanoluminescence in Sr2Ga2GeO7: Pr3+ for Stress Sensing and Anticounterfeiting
Authors: Xiao Binli , Xiong Puxian , Wu Sheng , Jiang Dongliang , Chen Kang , Xiao Yao , Shao Peishan , Wang Yinzhen
Published: July 2023

Mechanical luminescence (ML) is the conversion of mechanical energy into light energy when a material is subjected to a force. It is challenging to develop ML materials with tunable luminescent properties by single ion doping, which have broad application prospects in the fields of stress sensing and dynamic signature anticounterfeiting. In this study, a Pr3+ doped Sr2Ga2GeO7 tunable ML material is reported. Due to the traps resulting from unequal substitution of Pr3+–Sr2+ in [SrO6] heptahedra, the deep/shallow traps redistribution occurs towards a multicolor ML from red to green. In addition, even after continuous friction sliding force (15 N), the ML intensities can be recovered after ultraviolet pre‐irradiation, indicating that Sr2Ga2GeO7: Pr3+ has excellent ML emission stability. Based on thermoluminescence analysis, potential PersL and ML mechanisms are further elaborated by a lattice engineering (trap regulation) strategy. In all, the development of single‐ion doped multicolor ML materials may have crucial research value and show a variety of potential applications in the fields of anticounterfeiting and information encryption.
Origin of the Unusual High Optical Nonlinearities Observed in Glassy Chalcogenides
Authors: Dory Jean‐Baptiste , Ibnoussina Meryem , Raty Jean‐Yves , Jager Jean‐Baptiste , Verdy Anthonin , Coillet Aurélien , Colman Pierre , Albanese Anthony , Tomelleri Martina , Cluzel Benoit , Noé Pierre
Published: July 2023

Nonlinear photonics integrated at the chip scale opens the path to new applications in an increasing number of fields such as all‐optical computing, high bit rate communications on chip, or embedded sensing with frequency combs and super‐continuum sources. All these applications require materials having the best trade‐off between optical losses, Kerr refractive index, and compatibility with current nanofabrication facilities. Although optimizing the nanofabrication process can minimize linear optical losses to some extent, optimizing the Kerr index of the materials remains challenging because a clear understanding of the link between atomic structure and optical nonlinearities is still missing. This is precisely what this work addresses for chalcogenide glasses based on thin films of Ge‐Sb‐Se alloys, a promising class of materials fully compatible with large‐scale integration technology from the microelectronics industry. By coupling nonlinear Kerr index metrology with ab initio molecular dynamics calculations of amorphous models, this work unveils the unique molecular patterns in these alloys that are responsible for their unusual nonlinear polarizability. This provides for the first time valuable rules for the design of new optical materials with improved Kerr index enabling miniaturization and implementation of future nonlinear photonic devices that can then operate at significantly lower power.
The Pyrrolidine‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions of Azlactones,N,O‐Acetals and Alcohols: One‐Pot Synthesis of α,β‐Diamino Esters
Authors: Hu Haipeng , Wu Xin , Wang Beining , Zhao Liuying , Wang Junyu , Jiang Zhiyu
Published: July 2023

A pyrrolidine‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of azlactone,N,O‐acetal and alcohol for the synthesis of α,β‐diamino ester was reported. TheN,O‐acetal served as the imine equivalent to occur Mannich reaction with azlactone, and the in situ generated α‐functionalized azlactone subsequently underwent a ring‐opening process in the presence of alcohol. A series of α,β‐diamino esters were obtained in 36–99% yields under mild reaction conditions. The product could be synthesized on gram‐scale and transformed into the α,β‐diamino acid.
Halogenation/Cyanation vs. Cyanation/Halogenation of Alkenes Using ICN and BrCN
Authors: Furusawa Ikumi , Suzuki Takumi , Yu Yan , Arai Takayoshi
Published: July 2023

In a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3]‐catalyzed reaction of alkenes with cyanogen halides (XCN), BrCN proceeds in a cyanation/bromination manner, in which a cationic CN character is realized. The reaction using ICN switched the mode to iodination/cyanation for enamide substrates and electron‐enriched styrenes. The origin of the iodination/cyanation is the B(C6F5)3‐enhanced σ‐hole generated on ICN.
Sustainable Laser‐Induced Graphene Electrochemical Sensors from Natural Cork for Sensitive Tyrosine Detection
Authors: Vaughan Eoghan , Santillo Chiara , Setti Michele , Larrigy Cathal , Quinn Aidan J. , Gentile Gennaro , Lavorgna Marino , Iacopino Daniela
Published: July 2023

Cork laser induced graphene (cork‐LIG) electrochemical sensors are fabricated by direct laser writing of natural cork sheets. Laser writing is performed with a hobbyist visible laser. The obtained cork‐LIG structures display graphene‐like Raman signatures, high conductivity, and fast electron‐transfer rates. After a 10 min electrochemical pretreatment, electrodes are used for detection of Tyrosine (Tyr) in the presence of uric acid, dopamine, ascorbic acid, urea, and glucose. linear detection of tyrosine is achieved in the 5–150 µm range with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.03 µm. Calibration of dopamine detection is achieved with a LOD of 1.1 µm. Finally, the cork‐LIG electrochemical sensors show linear response of Tyr in artificial sweat in the relevant physiological range of 5–250 μm (sensitivity, 1.8×10−2 A m−1). The LOD is calculated as 3.75 μm. These results open the door to the exploitation of renewable materials such as cork for the development of high‐quality, green sensors for the monitoring of health and wellbeing parameters.
High‐Performance Colorful Organic Photovoltaics with Microcavity Resonance Color Filter
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhong Ziping , Li Yibin , Li Zhong'an , Zhou Jie , Zhu Rihong , Yu Jiangsheng , Li Gang
Published: July 2023

Microcavity resonance is an effective technique for making promising semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST‐OPVs) even more aesthetically attractive with high color saturation, by tailoring the visible transmittance spectrum to narrow the transmission peak. In this study, a distinctive microcavity resonance color filter (CF) structure of silver/ bismuth(III) fluoride /silver (Ag/BiF3/Ag) is integrated upon the rear transparent electrode, which simultaneously achieves high color purity and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) for colorful OPVs. By precisely regulating the thickness of the BiF3 layer, colorful OPVs with a wide color gamut and high color purity are achieved, including the colors of indigo, blue, bluish‐green, green, orange, and red, as well as compound color devices with dual or multiple transmission peaks in the visible region. A recorded PCE of 16.27% is obtained for the indigo OPV, with the Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage 1931 coordinates of (0.164 and 0.087) and a maximum transmittance of 18.7% at the transmission peak wavelength of 393 nm. Furthermore, colorful OPVs as color reflectors are systematically investigated under different light incident surfaces. The improved stability of colorful OPVs is attributed to the excellent moisture resistance of BiF3. The colorful OPVs with desired transmitted/reflected colors, and wide color gamut show great potential for future energy harvesting solutions.
Investigating oil solubilization into nonionic micelles by Raman multivariate curve resolution
Authors: Wentworth Ciera M. , Myers Ryan L. , Cremer Paul S. , Zarzar Lauren D.
Published: July 2023

Hydrophobic hydration, whereby water spontaneously structures around hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules, plays a key role in the process of surfactant micelle formation and micellar oil solubilization. Using vibrational Raman multivariate curve resolution spectroscopy, we characterized changes in the hydrophobic hydration occurring within nonionic alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactant Tergitol NP‐12 micelles as a function of oil solubilization. We report trends in the changes of hydrophobic hydration depending on the chain length of the oil as well as the presence of a halogen atom in the oil chemical structure. Changes in hydrophobic hydration directly correlate to changes in the physical properties of the micellar solution, including cloud point and micelle hydrodynamic diameter. We compare hydrophobic hydration of Tergitol NP‐12 to nonionic linear alkyl ethoxylate surfactant Makon TD‐12 and ionic sodium dodecyl sulfate and observe similar trends; the molecular structure of the oil has the largest impact on the hydrophobic hydration. We believe these studies contribute to a fundamental understanding of the importance of hydrophobic hydration in surfactant and oil aggregates, especially as it relates to micellar oil solubilization, and provide insight into how the molecular solubilizate can impact micellar structure, size, and stability.
Self‐reported respiratory health symptoms and respiratory protection behaviors of young adult hog producers in the United States
Authors: Gibbs Jenna L. , Sheridan Carolyn , Sullivan David , Rautiainen Risto , Nonnenmann Matthew W. , Wyatt Todd A.
Published: July 2023

Introduction and Methods

In this study, we evaluated self‐reported respiratory symptoms during agricultural work, respiratory protection use and experience, and perceived value of receiving respirators using Gear Up for Ag Health and Safety Program™ pre‐ and post‐surveys from 703 to 212 young adult hog producers in the United States. To our knowledge, this is one of the most extensive survey data sets on self‐reported respiratory symptoms and respiratory protection behaviors of collegiate‐aged young adults working in US livestock production.

Results

About one‐third (37%) of young adult hog producers stated that they have experienced cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chills after working in dusty areas on the farm. Most (76.2%) stated that they were already “always” or “sometimes” wearing filtering facepiece (N95‐style) respirators, even before participating in an outreach program. About one‐third (30%) reported experience wearing a cartridge‐style respirator but only 5% reported having been fit‐tested for a respirator. Young adult male producers were significantly more likely to report use of both respirator types when compared to females, both before and after the program. Male producers were also more likely than females to engage in high‐risk farm tasks where respirators are recommended, such as cleaning out grain bins and mixing or grinding feed. Following an educational program, males and females reported using the respirators that they received at similar rates, and 20% of overall participants purchased additional respiratory protection.

Discussion

The study found that young adult hog producers in postsecondary education are already wearing respirators with some frequency and at rates higher than previously reported by agricultural workers. More research is needed to make effective task‐based respirator‐use recommendations and investigate some significant gender differences among young adult hog producers observed in this study.
Long‐term treatment outcomes in refractory rhinitis medicamentosa managed with nasal surgery
Authors: Li William , Misra Shibalik , Harvey Richard John , Kalish Larry
Published: July 2023

Background

Limited treatment options exist for refractory Rhinitis Medicamentosa (RM). The role of surgery after failed medical management is not well defined. Mucosal contact points and restricted airflow often perpetuate decongestant use. This study assessed the long‐term outcomes of nasal surgery in patients with refractory RM.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of refractory RM treated with nasal surgery was performed with ≥12 months follow‐up. Refractory RM was defined as nasal decongestant use once per day continuously for ≥4 weeks despite medical therapy. Patients with concomitant sinus disease and nonrhinitis conditions were excluded. Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT22), Nasal Symptom Score (NSS), and nasal medication use were assessed. Patients who ceased decongestants were compared with ongoing users.

Results

A total of 56 patients (age 48.4 [5.0] years, 50% female) were assessed. Median follow‐up was 3.4(1.6–6.2) years. Total cessation of decongestants was achieved in 91.1%, while 5.4% had intermittent use, and 3.6% reported daily use. Ongoing users had higher odds of concomitant asthma (40.0% vs. 3.9%; odds ratio [OR], 16.33 [1.7–159.75]; p = 0.036), reduced symptom improvement (ΔSNOT22, ‐4.6 [15.7] vs. 27.1 [17], p = 0.009 and ΔNSS, ‐1.0 [4.2] vs. ‐6.6 [5.1], p = 0.025), and greater ongoing use of nasal corticosteroid (60.0% vs. 5.9%; OR 24.0 [2.8–203.1]) and saline sprays (40% vs. 3.9%; OR 16.3 [1.7–159.8]) but showed no difference in allergy status (OR, 0.7[0.1–7.1]), previous surgery (OR, 1.0[0.1–10.2]), gastroesophageal reflux (OR 1.0[0.1–10.2], or underlying anxiety/depression (OR 6.1[0.8–45.9]) compared with those who ceased.

Conclusion

Surgically re‐establishing a nasal airway was associated with long‐term decongestant cessation and symptom improvement in medically refractory RM.
Associations of reproductive factors and exogenous estrogens with global and domain‐specific cognition in later life
Authors: Lee Jillian K. , Frank Ryan D. , Christenson Luke R. , Fields Julie A. , Rocca Walter A. , Mielke Michelle M.
Published: July 2023

INTRODUCTION

Few studies have comprehensively examined the impact of reproductive factors (i.e., reproductive window, parity, hormonal contraception [HC], and menopausal hormone therapy [MHT]) on global and domain‐specific cognition in later life.

METHODS

We studied a population‐based sample of 2458 women (median age 74.2 years) residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota; participants underwent a clinical evaluation and comprehensive cognitive testing.

RESULTS

The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition. Higher parity was associated with greater cognitive decline in all domains. Ever HC use was associated with less decline in all domains. Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores except visuospatial; results were driven by women who initiated MHT 5 or more years after menopause. Additional adjustments for APOE and vascular‐related covariates did not attenuate the results.

DISCUSSION

Multiple reproductive risk factors are associated with cognitive decline in later life.

Highlights

The length of a woman's reproductive window was not associated with cognition longitudinally.

Greater parity was associated with greater cognitive decline longitudinally.

Ever HC use was associated with less decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores longitudinally (all p < 0.01).

Ever MHT use was associated with greater decline in global cognition and all domain‐specific z‐scores except visuospatial longitudinally (all p < 0.01).

The greatest cognitive decline was among women who initiated MHT more than 5 years after menopause.
Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery
Authors: Tang Xuefeng , Zhang Ying , Han Xiaojun
Published: July 2023

Therapeutics based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have become a promising class of methods for various diseases’ treatments in recent years. The safe and effective delivery of mRNA into target cells is the premise of the clinical translation of mRNA. Due to the protonation of ionizable lipids in acidic conditions, the ionizable lipid nanoparticles (iLNPs) have lower toxicity and higher endosomal escape efficiency than permanent cationic lipid nanoparticles (cLNPs). They not only exhibit excellent delivery ability in commercial COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines but also are highly potential carriers for delivering mRNA drugs. This review summarizes the composition, preparation, stability of mRNA iLNPs, and the recent progress in the mRNA delivery by iLNPs. According to the structure characteristics of ionizable heads, the ionizable lipids are classified into tertiary amine, quaternary amine, imidazole core, piperidine core, piperazine core, and diketopiperazine core‐based head lipids. Their design, optimization, and applications on mRNA delivery are discussed. The current status of representative clinical trials based on mRNA iLNPs delivery is also analyzed. The challenges and prospects of mRNA iLNPs delivery in clinical applications are proposed at the end.
Reforming the Uniformity of Solid Electrolyte Interphase by Nanoscale Structure Regulation for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qian‐Kui , Sun Shu‐Yu , Zhou Ming‐Yue , Hou Li‐Peng , Liang Jia‐Lin , Yang Shi‐Jie , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: July 2023

The stability of high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries depends on the uniformity of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anodes. Rationally improving SEI uniformity is hindered by poorly understanding the effect of structure and components of SEI on its uniformity. Herein, a bilayer structure of SEI formed by isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) additives in localized high‐concentration electrolytes was demonstrated to improve SEI uniformity. In the bilayer SEI, LiNxOy generated by ISDN occupies top layer and LiF dominates bottom layer next to anode. The uniformity of lithium deposition is remarkably improved with the bilayer SEI, mitigating the consumption rate of active lithium and electrolytes. The cycle life of lithium metal batteries with bilayer SEI is three times as that with common anion‐derived SEI under practical conditions. A prototype lithium metal pouch cell of 430 Wh kg−1 undergoes 173 cycles. This work demonstrates the effect of a reasonable structure of SEI on reforming SEI uniformity.
Preparation of modified polylactic acid fiber containing anti‐hydrolysis agents
Authors: Yang Hee Jin , Kim Young Kwang , Son Jung A , Choi Ik Sung , Lim Sang Kyoo
Published: July 2023

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising alternative to petroleum‐based polymers due to its biodegradability. However, its low mechanical properties in the presence of moisture are a challenge for textile applications. In this study, we investigated the effects of two anti‐hydrolysis agents, an epoxy‐based agent (ADR) and an aromatic carbodiimide‐based agent (ZIKA), on the mechanical properties and hydrolysis resistance of PLA fibers. A melt‐spinning process was used to prepare anti‐hydrolysis fibers by adding 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of ADR and ZIKA to PLA. The topology of ADR/PLA and ZIKA/PLA was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Analysis of the compound chip revealed that ADR formed a branched chain in PLA, while ZIKA produced a linear molecular structure. The hydrolysis resistance of the fibers was evaluated by analyzing their crystallinity, hydrothermal shrinkage behavior, morphology, and tensile strength. ZIKA/PLA fibers showed higher orientation and crystallinity than ADR/PLA fibers. After hydrolysis, the tensile strength of ADR 0.5%/PLA fibers decreased by 31%, while that of ZIKA 0.5%/PLA fibers decreased by only 5% due to the linear molecular structure of ZIKA/PLA. Our findings indicate that ZIKA is more effective than ADR in producing hydrolysis‐resistant PLA fibers with high crystallinity, orientation, and mechanical durability.
EvaluatingMaskR‐CNN models to extract terracing across oceanic high islands: A case study from Sāmoa
Authors: Quintus Seth , Davis Dylan S. , Cochrane Ethan E.
Published: July 2023

Lidar datasets have been crucial for documenting the scale and nature of human ecosystem engineering and land use. Automated analysis methods, which have been rising in popularity and efficiency, allow for systematic evaluations of vast landscapes. Here, we use a Mask R‐CNN deep learning model to evaluate terracing—artificially flattened areas surrounded by steeper slopes—on islands in American Sāmoa. Mask R‐CNN is notable for its ability to simultaneously perform detection and segmentation tasks related to object recognition, thereby providing robust datasets of both geographic locations of terracing features and their spatial morphometry. Using training datasets from across American Sāmoa, we train this model to recognize terracing features and then apply it to the island of Tutuila to undertake an island‐wide survey for terrace locations, distributions and morphologies. We demonstrate that this model is effective (F1 = 0.718), but limitations are also documented that relate to the quality of the lidar data and the size of terracing features. Our data show that the islands of American Sāmoa display shared patterns of terracing, but the nature of these patterns are distinct on Tutuila compared with the Manu'a island group. These patterns speak to the different interior configurations of the islands. This study demonstrates how deep learning provides a better understanding of landscape construction and behavioural patterning on Tutuila and has the capacity to expand our understanding of these processes on other islands beyond our case study.
BF3⋅Et2O‐Catalyzed Selective C‐4 Alkylation of Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones Employing p‐Quinone Methides
Authors: More Devidas A. , Ghotekar Ganesh S. , Muthukrishnan M.
Published: July 2023

The direct C‐4 alkylation of isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐one moiety is a challenging transformation in organic synthesis. Here we present a practical and efficient synthesis of C‐4 alkylated isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones through conjugate addition of isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones to p‐quinone methides for the first time. The process is facilitated by Lewis acid catalysis and this operationally straightforward, mild, metal‐free and one‐pot transformation provides a wide range of C‐4 alkylated isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones at ambient temperature in good to excellent yields.
Modelling the Bitcoin prices and media attention to Bitcoin via the jump‐type processes
Authors: Morozova Ekaterina , Panov Vladimir
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we present a new bivariate model for the joint description of the Bitcoin prices and the media attention to Bitcoin. Our model is based on the class of the Lévy processes and is able to realistically reproduce the jump‐type dynamics of the considered time series. We focus on the low‐frequency setup, which is for the Lévy‐based models essentially more difficult than the high‐frequency case. We design a semiparametric estimation procedure for the statistical inference on the parameters and the Lévy measures of the considered processes. We show that the dynamics of the market attention can be effectively modelled by the Lévy processes with finite Lévy measures, and propose a data‐driven procedure for the description of the Bitcoin prices.
Advanced Electrode Materials for Potassium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Chen Ziyu , Shen Qianqian , Xiong Jianzhen , Jiang Jiangmin , Ju Zhicheng , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: July 2023

Potassium‐ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) overcome the limitations of potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) and integrate the advantages of both, including high energy density, high power density, low cost, long cycle life, and stable electrochemical performance. However, the development of PIHCs is hindered by thermodynamic instability and kinetic hysteresis. Additionally, the dynamic mismatch between anode and cathode materials poses an urgent challenge. To this end, many research works related to material development have been dedicated to overcoming the drawbacks. In this review, the energy storage mechanism of PIHCs is briefly introduced. Moreover, the research progress and achievements of anode and cathode materials in recent years are reviewed, including carbon‐based materials, MXenes, transition metal materials, Prussian blue and its analogues. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PIHCs are proposed, together with guiding significant research directions in the future.
Selective inhibitory effects of suberosin on CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes
Authors: Paudel Sanjita , Jo Hyoje , Lee Taeho , Lee Sangkyu
Published: July 2023

Suberosin is a natural phytoconstituent isolated from Citropsis articulata, especially employed for its anticoagulant properties. Although metabolic studies assessing suberosin have been conducted, it is possible interactions with drugs and food have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we analyzed the selective inhibitory effects of suberosin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using a cocktail probe assay. Various concentrations of suberosin (0–50 μM) were incubated with isoform‐specific CYP probes in human liver microsomes (HLMs). We found that suberosin significantly inhibited CYP1A2‐catalyzed phenacetin O‐deethylation, exhibiting IC50 values of 9.39 ± 2.05 and 3.07 ± 0.45 μM with and without preincubation in the presence of β‐NADPH, respectively. Moreover, suberosin showed concentration‐dependent, but not time‐dependent, CYP1A2 inhibition in HLMs, indicating that suberosin acts as a substrate and reversible CYP1A2 inhibitor. Using a Lineweaver‐Burk plot, we found that suberosin competitively inhibited CYP1A2‐catalyzed phenacetin O‐deethylation. Furthermore, suberosin showed similar inhibitory effects on recombinant human CYP1A1 and 1A2. In conclusion, suberosin may elicit herb–drug interactions by selectively inhibiting CYP1A2 during the concurrent administration of drugs that act as CYP1A2 substrates.