bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
27.1.6 Sulfur Ylides (Update 2014)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods of synthesis and new applications for thiocarbonyl S-oxides (sulfines) and thiocarbonyl S-imides. In general, thiocarbonyl S-oxides are more stable and in many instances can be isolated. The in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-imides are efficient “sulfur-transfer agents” via the isomeric thiaziridines, formed as products of electrocyclic ring closure. Stable thiocarbonyl S-imides, derived from hexafluorothioacetone, are useful 1,3-dipoles and are applied in the preparation of fluorinated five-membered heterocycles.
27.21.3 Diazo Compounds (Update 2014)
Authors: Heydt H.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 27.21 and deals with the synthesis of diazo compounds and their applications in organic synthesis. The current chapter covers the literature published between 2004 and 2013. The focus of the work presented here is on new methods for the synthesis of diazoalkanes, improvement of established methods (including new variations and examples), and on some important applications of these compounds, especially relating to stereoselective synthesis.
31.42 Product Class 42: Arylphosphines and Derivatives
Authors: Stankevič M. , Pietrusiewicz K. M.
Published: May 2016

This manuscript is a revision of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of arylphosphines. Classical routes to arylphosphines involve the formation of the required C—P bonds from P-electrophilic, P-nucleophilic, and P-radical precursors. Newer methods are based on hydrophosphination and coupling processes catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Methods involving reductions and decomplexations of tetracoordinate phosphorus precursors and modifications of the carbon skeleton in existing arylphosphines are also included.
31.1.2 Fluoroarenes (Update 2015)
Authors: Harsanyi A. , Sandford G.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.1) describing methods for the synthesis of fluoroarenes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2007–2014, with a particular emphasis on transition-metal-mediated fluorination processes.
35.1.1.4.3 Synthesis by Substitution of Other Halogens (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 35.1.1.4, describing the synthesis of chloroalkanes from other haloalkanes, and covers the literature up until late 2013.
35.1.1.5.13 Synthesis by Substitution of Oxygen Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This update summarizes reactions wherein compounds containing C—O bonds are transformed into chloroalkanes via nucleophilic substitution at the sp3-hybridized carbon atom. It covers the literature up until late 2013.
35.2.1.3.5 Synthesis by Substitution of Carbon Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P.
Published: May 2016

This update summarizes reactions wherein an alkyl radical is formed by cleavage of an appropriately functionalized C—C bond, followed by trapping of this intermediate by a bromine atom source to afford a bromoalkane. It covers the literature up until late 2013.
35.2.1.8.10 Synthesis by Addition to π-Type C—C Bonds (Update 2014)
Authors: Yin Q. , You S.-L.
Published: May 2016

This is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.2.1.8) on the preparation of bromoalkanes by additions to π-type C—C bonds, covering material published from 2004 to the end of 2013. Methods for carbobromination, including bromocyclization and asymmetric intramolecular carbobromination, are presented.
39.18.2 Alkaneselenols (Update 2013)
Authors: Santi C.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of alkaneselenols. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2001–2012; some applications of alkaneselenols in organic synthesis are also discussed.
40.1.1.5.4.5 Substitution on the Amine Nitrogen (Update 2013)
Authors: Scammells P. J.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution that describes methods for the dealkylation and substitution of amines. It focuses on the literature published up to early 2012.
3.1.1.4 Cyclic Alkenes as Reaction Components
Authors: Coeffard V. , Guiry P.
Published: May 2016

This chapter collates the relevant literature on intermolecular Mizoroki–Heck reactions of cyclic alkenes leading to the enantioselective and non-enantioselective construction of functionalized alicyclic compounds or heterocycles.
3.1.2.2 Formation of Heterocycles
Authors: Stewart S. G.
Published: May 2016

The formation of heterocycles through the Heck cross-coupling reaction has been studied extensively as it allows potential efficient access to a large variety of compounds. High-yielding production of heterocyclic frameworks is of paramount importance in natural product based research as well as in medicinal chemistry programs. In particular, the intramolecular Heck reaction has been used extensively for this purpose. Cyclization methods producing the five-membered pyrrole ring contained within the indole ring system are by far the most common, possibly due to the plethora of such compounds found in nature and their corresponding biological activity. In most examples discussed in this chapter, the mechanism by which the intramolecular Heck cross coupling operates is through the standard oxidative addition, migratory insertion, C—C bond rotation, syn-β-hydride elimination, and reductive elimination pathway. However, sometimes this “standard” Mizoroki–Heck catalytic cycle is not always followed, and rare examples such as anti-elimination or oxidative Heck reaction (intramolecular Fujiwara–Moritani reaction) are further emphasized when they arise.
3.1.2.3 Stereoselective Formation of Tertiary and Quaternary Centers
Authors: Broggini G. , Borsini E. , Piarulli U.
Published: May 2016

The intramolecular Heck (or Mizoroki–Heck) reaction represents a well-established methodology for the construction of isolated, fused, bridged, or spiroannulated rings of various sizes. Its asymmetric version has become a powerful tool for the synthesis of both tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. Within this chapter, intramolecular asymmetric Heck reactions are discussed in sections according to the following subdivision: (i) the substitution level of the stereocenter that is formed, i.e. the formation of tertiary stereocenters (by reaction of monosubstituted alkenyl carbon atoms) or quaternary stereocenters (by reaction of disubstituted alkenyl carbon atoms); (ii) the structure of the alkenyl substrate, i.e. acyclic or cyclic alkenes, leading to fused bi- or polycyclic products; (iii) the nature of the aryl or vinyl reagents, i.e. iodides, bromides, or trifluoromethanesulfonates; and (iv) reaction of prochiral substrates in the presence of chiral ligands, or control of the configuration of the newly formed stereocenter by existing elements of stereogenicity (use of chiral substrates).
3.2.2 Intramolecular Coupling via C(sp2)—H Activation
Authors: Suna E. , Shubin K.
Published: May 2016

This chapter focuses on transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular C—H activation/C—C bond formation with a remote tethered carbon atom. All of the reviewed examples feature the in situ transformation of the aryl or hetaryl C—H bond into a reactive carbon—metal bond. Palladium, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium species are used as catalysts. Several classes of cyclization reactions are covered, including addition to multiple bonds (alkenes, alkynes, and ketones) and cross coupling with (pseudo)halides.
2.2.2 [4 + 2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Voskressensky L. , Festa A.
Published: May 2016

The Diels–Alder reaction, with its diverse and extremely rich synthetic potential, is a powerful protocol in synthetic strategies toward natural and unnatural carbo- and heterocycles. This chapter describes multicomponent reaction sequences in which a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction is a key step. In contrast to Section 2.1.7, the focus here is on cycloaddition reactions not involving α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Examples are described both where the [4 + 2] cycloaddition is the first step in the multicomponent sequence and where the [4 + 2] cycloaddition is a later step in the sequence, with the requisite diene and/or dienophile being formed in the initial steps.
1.1.3 Tandem Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Authors: Fleischer I. , Mejía E.
Published: May 2016

This overview encompasses the most recent developments in the field of tandem hydroformylation reactions up to late 2012. The combination of the hydroformylation of alkenes and a subsequent transformation of the corresponding aldehydes gives access to a broad range of functionalities, relevant for both academy and industry. The chapter is subdivided according to the type of functionalization following the hydroformylation step.
1.1.7 Cyclopropanation of Alkenes with C-1
Authors: Belderrain T. R. , Nicasio M. C.
Published: May 2016

Cyclopropanation of alkenes is a direct route for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. This can be achieved by various methodologies. Specifically, this chapter is intended to provide an overview of the use of one-carbon reagents in cyclopropanation; thus, only synthetic methodologies regarding the use of methylene-transfer reagents are discussed.
1.3.1 Stereoselective (Nucleophilic) Methylation of Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Goldfuss B.
Published: May 2016

Direct nucleophilic 1,2-methylations of aldehydes or ketones with polar methylmetal systems (e.g., methyllithium or Grignard reagents) are rarely (enantio)selective, due to fast background reactions. However, procedures with special chiral additives or even catalytic versions based on methylzinc or methyltitanium intermediates enable high and reliable selectivities with many substrates. Most modern are nickel and rhodium catalysts in cooperation with trimethylaluminum, providing catalytic and highly stereoselective methylations of aldehydes and ketones.
2.1.2 Aldol Reactions
Authors: Clapés P.
Published: May 2016

The asymmetric aldol addition reaction is a cornerstone transformation in organic chemistry and one of the most useful methods for C—C bond formation. Aldolases and catalytic antibodies catalyze aldol and retroaldol reactions with high stereoselectivity and catalytic efficiency. Therefore, they constitute very useful tools in chemical research and the production of complex, multifunctional chiral compounds, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as their derivatives and analogues. In addition, carboligating enzymes and antibodies offer a unique tool to perform asymmetric C—C bond formation in a sustainable, environmentally benign fashion. This review describes the different methodologies and procedures used for enzymatic C—C bond formation by aldol reaction. These include the asymmetric catalytic aldol additions of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), 1-hydroxyalkan-2-ones (i.e., dihydroxyacetone, hydroxyacetone, and 1-hydroxybutan-2-one), pyruvate, glycine, acetaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde as the nucleophilic components to a variety of electrophilic aldehyde structures.
2.1.3 Acyloin, Benzoin, and Related Reactions
Authors: Pohl M. , Wechsler C. , Müller M.
Published: May 2016

This chapter gives a broad overview of different thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) dependent enzymes and their applicability in organic synthesis as a practical alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions. Complementary to known nonenzymatic umpolung reactions, enzymatic versions of the benzoin condensation, the asymmetric cross-benzoin condensation, the resolution of racemic 2-hydroxy ketones via C—C bond cleavage, the synthesis of bis(α-hydroxy ketones), the homocoupling of aliphatic aldehydes, the Stetter reaction, and aldehyde–ketone cross-benzoin reactions have been developed. The broad diversity of the products from enzymatic transformations is nicely complemented by the possible subsequent diversity-oriented chemistry. Starting from simple, commercially available aldehydes, many different chiral building blocks can be selectively obtained in a few steps, thus mimicking the diversity-oriented biosynthesis of natural biosynthetic pathways.
2.1.4 Enzymatic Carboxylation and Decarboxylation
Authors: Lewin R. , Thompson M. L. , Micklefield J.
Published: May 2016

Carboxylation reactions utilizing whole cells or purified carboxylase/decarboxylase enzymes enable the regioselective formation of new C—C bonds under more benign conditions than are typically used in nonenzymatic transformations such as the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. A wide variety of substrates have been used in enzymatic carboxylation reactions including phenols, styrenes, pyrroles, and indoles.

Enzymatic decarboxylation can be used to transform simple achiral carboxylic acid substrates into more valuable homochiral building blocks through stereoselective C—H or C—C bond formation. For example, arylmalonate decarboxylases catalyze the enantioselective decarboxylative protonation of α-aryl- and α-alkenylmalonic acids under mild conditions and with excellent enantioselectivity. In addition, thiamine diphosphate dependent decarboxylases catalyze C—C bond formation with a broad range of α-keto acid and aldehyde substrates to produce homochiral α-hydroxy ketones.
2.3.1 Addition of Hydrogen to C=C Bonds: Alkene Reduction
Authors: Faber K. , Hall M.
Published: May 2016

Ene-reductases are flavoproteins which catalyze the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. The substrate scope is broad and includes α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acid derivatives, and nitro compounds, which upon reduction yield the corresponding saturated products in high enantiopurity.
2.4.1 Amino Acid and Amine Dehydrogenases
Authors: Bommarius A. S. , Au S. K.
Published: May 2016

α-Keto acids can be reductively aminated to α-amino acids via amino acid dehydrogenase catalysis, with NAD(P)H as cofactor. Regeneration of the oxidized cofactor NAD(P)+ back to NAD(P)H is required for synthesis and is commonly achieved via formate dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide or glucose dehydrogenase catalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Recently, amine dehydrogenases, which reductively aminate ketones to amines, have been developed via protein engineering. Both amino acid and amine dehydrogenases are exquisitely enantioselective, leading to (S)- or (R)-amino acids or (R)-amines.
2.5.1 Ketone and Aldehyde Reduction
Authors: Moody T. S. , Mix S. , Brown G. , Beecher D.
Published: May 2016

The modern organic chemist increasingly uses biotransformations to solve synthetic problems. In particular, stereoselective reduction of prochiral ketones using enzymes has moved from an academic curiosity to a commercial success. Bioreduction using both whole-cell microbial and recombinant systems has proven to be a robust and reliable alternative to other asymmetric chemical methods, resulting in green, economic, and scalable processes for the chemical industry. This review highlights bioreduction applications available to the modern practical chemist.
2.5.2 Carboxylic Acid Reductase
Authors: Lamm A. S. , Venkitasubramanian P. , Rosazza J. P. N.
Published: May 2016

This chapter highlights the versatility of carboxylic acid reductase and its ability to efficiently catalyze the bioconversion of a wide range of natural and synthetic carboxylic acids into their corresponding aldehydes and alcohols.
1.1.3 Arylation Using a Palladium(II) Catalyst
Authors: Zhang M. , Su W.
Published: May 2016

This chapter focuses on the synthesis of biaryl C—C bonds via palladium(II)-catalyzed direct arylation of arenes with aryltin, arylboron, and arylsilicon reagents and aromatic carboxylic acids. Due to the ubiquity of C—H bonds in organic molecules, these methods represent an efficient and straightforward approach to biaryl C—C bonds. The chapter is organized based on the type of arylating reagent used.
1.1.6 Vinylation Using a Rhodium(III) Catalyst
Authors: Satoh T. , Miura M.
Published: May 2016

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed oxidative and non-oxidative couplings of a wide range of arenes possessing a directing group with alkenes and alkynes are summarized in this chapter. The reaction takes place regioselectively at the ortho position to give rise to the corresponding ortho-vinylated arenes or benzannulated products.
1.1.8 Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation Using Alkenes
Authors: Shibata T. , Tsuchikama K.
Published: May 2016

This review summarizes metal-catalyzed arene C—H bond activation using alkenes as alkylating reagents. Inter- and intramolecular reactions are covered, with examples leading selectively to either linear or branched products described.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Richard
Published: May 2016

Capital punishment is a historical universal—it has been practised at some point in the history of virtually all known societies and places. That is not to say, however, that it is a historical constant—the use, form, function and meaning of execution has varied greatly across different historical contexts.1 This is likewise true for an important— although relatively neglected—aspect of capital punishment: the fate of the criminal body after execution. The treatment and understanding of the criminal corpse has differed across time and place, but it has always been a potent force and throughout its history it has been harnessed for the ends of state power, medical science and criminal justice, amongst many other things. By examining execution and the executed body across a wide temporal and geographical span, this collection of essays provides a fresh perspective on the history of capital punishment, and in the process it seeks to add considerable detail to our knowledge of penal practice in early modern Europe, and to allow us to rethink some of the most commonly cited drivers of penal practice and change.
The Gibbet in the Landscape: Locating the Criminal Corpse in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Dyndor Zoe
Published: May 2016

In the late 1740s a group of smugglers known as the Hawkhurst gang committed a number of violent crimes that included several brutal murders. At least 75 of the gang were subsequently hung or transported for smuggling, robbery and murder. Of those in receipt of the death sentence, 14 were subjected to the further punishment of hanging in chains (or gibbeting), thereby inflicting further ignominy on the offenders.1 Hanging in chains was usually reserved for murderers, and occasionally mail robbers. However, between 1747 and 1750 members of the Hawkhurst gang were also gibbeted for crimes including smuggling and robbery. Gibbeting was an infrequently used punishment, but the violent circumstances of the Hawkhurst gang’s crimes coupled with the authorities’ desire to punish smugglers on the south coast led to the large number of gibbetings, and consequently a peak in the use of the punishment in the 1740s. These gibbetings reflected the increasingly severe measures taken to eradicate the crime of smuggling. They were temporally and spatially specific, reflecting the nature of the crimes and the circumstances that led to the hanging in chains. This study provides an insight into the extreme use of a particular punishment, showing that judicial penalties were adapted to fit the circumstances of the crimes and reflect how the offences were perceived.
Crowd Spatial Patterns at Bus Stops: Security Implications and Effects of Warning Messages
Authors: Solymosi Réka , Borrion Hervé , Fujiyama Taku
Published: May 2016

As demonstrated throughout this book, the risk of certain types of crime can increase in congested spaces. Contact crimes, crimes which require the offender to make physical contact with the victim, are especially common in more crowded transport networks and can discourage many would-be passengers (Brand and Price, 2000). Pickpocketing makes up a substantial portion of this, accounting for around 50 per cent of all crime on London’s transport network (Transport for London, 2012). Other chapters in this volume have emphasized the link between pickpocketing and bus stops, and this chapter will delve deeper into the mechanics of crowding at bus stops, and implications for pickpocketing and risk.
OPEN Introduction: Address as Social Action Across Cultures and Contexts
Authors: Norrby Catrin , Wide Camilla
Published: May 2016

The introduction provides a brief overview of address research, particularly focusing on address practices in Europe. It also serves to contextualize the six chapters of the volume, all of which present up-to-date empirical research of address and social relations in a variety of contexts and languages including Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Italian and Swedish.
Damage threshold of coating materials on x-ray mirror for x-ray free electron laser
Authors: Koyama Takahisa , Yumoto Hirokatsu , Miura Takanori , Tono Kensuke , Togashi Tadashi , Inubushi Yuichi , Katayama Tetsuo , Kim Jangwoo , Matsuyama Satoshi , Yabashi Makina , Yamauchi Kazuto , Ohashi Haruhiko
Published: May 2016

We evaluated the damage threshold of coating materials such as Mo, Ru, Rh, W, and Pt on Si substrates, and that of uncoated Si substrate, for mirror optics of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs). Focused 1 μm (full width at half maximum) XFEL pulses with the energies of 5.5 and 10 keV, generated by the SPring-8 angstrom compact free electron laser (SACLA), were irradiated under the grazing incidence condition. The damage thresholds were evaluated by in situ measurements of X-ray reflectivity degradation during irradiation by multiple pulses. The measured damage fluences below the critical angles were sufficiently high compared with the unfocused SACLA beam fluence. Rh coating was adopted for two mirror systems of SACLA. One system was a beamline transport mirror system that was partially coated with Rh for optional utilization of a pink beam in the photon energy range of more than 20 keV. The other was an improved version of the 1 μm focusing mirror system, and no damage was observed after one year of operation.
Population status of the Southwest China Serow Capricornis milneedwardsii: A case study in Cat Ba Archipelago, Vietnam.
Authors: Thuc Phan Duy , Baxter Greg , Smith Carl , Hieu Dao Ngoc
Published: May 2016

The Southwest China Serow is a browsing caprine that, although found in Myanmar, Cambodia, northern Thailand,
Laos, central and southwest China and Vietnam, is listed as near threatened and is in decline throughout its range.
This animal also lives in an isolated population on the Cat Ba Archipelago in northern Vietnam. Anecdotal reports suggest
that it is declining rapidly in that location and there is little chance that natural immigration will sustain the population.
This study applied a systematic approach to provide a holistic view of conservation status of the Southwest China
Serow in its range and determine the number of serow that may currently live in Cat Ba national park, and to quantify
the factors that affect its distribution.
There are no estimates of the population size and status of the Southwest China Serow over its range so far. A
comprehensive census survey was initially conducted in Cat Ba Archipelago. Only 26–28 serows were found in the
archipelago and these were clustered close to ranger stations and further from villages as a result of high hunting
pressure.
This suggests that poaching is an important determinant of the distribution and survival of this species on Cat Ba
Archipelago. It also supports the deployment of more rangers to protect the remaining serows from hunting. These
findings also suggest it is necessary to improve farming practices for local people through financial and technical support
so they have no need to exploit wild serows.
Key words: Cat Ba Archipelago, conservation planning, isolated population, karst landscape, poaching, population status,
threatened species, Vietnam.
Approaches to strategic risk analysis and management of invasive plants: lessons learned from managing gamba grass in northern Australia
Authors: Adams Vanessa M. , Setterfield Samantha A.
Published: May 2016

Given the environmental damages caused by invasive species, it is critical to allocate limited management budgets carefully. To address this need, there are a variety of approaches for analysing invasive species risk and designing management strategies; these range from pre–border risk assessment through to local-scale prioritisation of management actions. Risk assessment can be broadly characterised into three components: risk analysis, risk characterisation and risk management. For each component we give a brief review of current approaches and then present innovative tools being developed and applied in northern Australia. We use gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth.) as a case study to contrast the benefits of the different approaches presented. With our case study, we demonstrate the practical application of novel risk management tools, with results from these tools that are being used locally to prioritise management actions. Lastly, we note that for even greater benefit to be achieved, the new spatial prioritisation approaches presented must be accompanied by further development of data and methods to accommodate planning for multiple weed species and incorporation of further human dimensions (e.g. social and cultural values).
The effects of sildenafil citrate on feto–placental development and haemodynamics in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: López-Tello Jorge , Arias-Álvarez María , Jiménez-Martínez Maria-Ángeles , Barbero-Fernández Alicia , García-García Rosa María , Rodríguez María , Lorenzo Pedro L. , Torres-Rovira Laura , Astiz Susana , González-Bulnes Antonio , Rebollar Pilar G.
Published: May 2016

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of sildenafil citrate (SC) to improve placental and fetal growth in a diet-induced rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Pregnant rabbits were fed either ad libitum (Group C) or restricted to 50% of dietary requirements (Group R) or restricted and treated with SC (Group SC). The treatment with SC improved placental development by increasing vascularity and vessel hypertrophy in the decidua. The assessment of feto–placental haemodynamics showed higher resistance and pulsatility indices at the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in fetuses treated with SC when compared with Group R, which had increased systolic peak and time-averaged mean velocities at the MCA. Furthermore, fetuses in the SC group had significantly higher biparietal and thoracic diameters and longer crown–rump lengths than fetuses in Group R. Hence, the SC group had a reduced IUGR rate and a higher kit size at birth compared with Group R. In conclusion, SC may provide potential benefits in pregnancies with placental insufficiency and IUGR, partially counteracting the negative effects of food restriction on placental development and fetal growth. However, the present study also found evidence of a possible blood overflow in the brain that warrants further investigation.
Making, Collecting and Reading Music Facsimiles before Photography
Authors: Loughridge Deirdre
Published: May 2016

Facsimiles of musical autographs are typically thought to require photography, and to have a primary purpose of clarifying composers’ intentions. But there was a robust culture of music facsimile prior to photography. Made by transfer lithography, these facsimiles served different purposes and reading habits. The activity of collecting handwriting samples was paramount, as was the idea that handwriting was a mirror of character. This article surveys ways of using and finding meaning in composer autographs in the 1820s to the 1840s, focusing especially on music facsimiles in Paris. Here, composers used facsimiles to help shape their public image, and publishers used them to entice consumers. When facsimiles reproduced documents of friendship, they crossed private and public expression in ways that could be advantageous or problematic, as seen through a look at the publication in facsimile of a Rossini waltz by the Revue et gazette musicale and the ensuing legal battles.
Effect of martensite–austenite constituent on toughness of simulated inter-critically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone in X70 pipeline steel
Authors: Di X.J. , An X. , Cheng F.J. , Wang D.P. , Guo X.J. , Xue Z.K.
Published: May 2016

The inter-critically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (ICCGHAZ) of X70 pipeline steel with different second peak temperature and heat input was simulated in this study by means of Gleeble3500 simulator. The volume fraction, size, shape and distribution of martensite–austenite (M–A) constituent were analysed. The toughness of ICCGHAZ and corresponding fractographs were examined. The results showed that the distribution of M–A was strongly influenced by second peak temperature, and M–A constituent with necklace structure at lower second peak temperature led to worse toughness. The volume fraction and size of M–A were strongly affected by heat input, the volume fraction of M–A constituent increased with the increase of heat input; the volume fraction and size of M–A were key factors of toughness deterioration; the interfacial energies and the initiation of crack were related to the shape of M–A constituent.
Laser-assisted friction stir processing of IN738LC nickel-based superalloy: stir zone characteristics
Authors: Mousavizade S. M. , Pouranvari M. , Ghaini F. M. , Fujii H. , Chung Y. D.
Published: May 2016

Friction stir processing (FSP) of high softening-temperature materials such as nickel-based superalloys is considered to be difficult. Laser heating of a localised area ahead of the FSP tool was used to provide sufficient plasticity during the FSP of IN738LC nickel-based superalloy. The stir zone (SZ) microstructure of the friction stir processed and laser-assisted friction stir processed were characterised. Laser-assisted friction stir processing (LAFSP) produced a defect-free pass, but FSP resulted in generation of a discontinuity in the SZ. Both lower volume fraction of partially dissolved γ′ precipitates and coarser grain structure of SZ in LAFSP led to more ductility of the SZ material and elimination of the defects.
Welding distortion and inherent deformation under temporary tacking and its released states
Authors: Ma N. , Huang H. , Yin X. , Guo N.
Published: May 2016

In the present study, the detailed welding distortion of bead welded plates under temporary tacking state and released state was predicted by thermal elastic-plastic finite element model (FEM) and also measured by the digital image correlation (DIC) method. It was found that the residual welding angular distortion can be reduced to about 50–60% by temporary tacking, while the residual transverse shrinkage and longitudinal shrinkage are less affected. Further, the welding distortion with different ratios of temporary tacking length to weld length for various dimensions of bead welded plates was quantitatively investigated by FEM. The inherent deformations which are described by the integrated values of residual plastic strains were proved to be the same before and after releasing the temporary tacking. The effect of temporary tacking on the welding distortion and inherent deformation were analysed in details.
Electrode life of aluminium resistance spot welding in automotive applications: a survey
Authors: Zhang W. J. , Cross I. , Feldman P. , Rama S. , Norman S. , Del Duca M.
Published: May 2016

Short electrode life has been one of the crucial issues for aluminium resistance spot welding in high-volume automobile manufacturing. A fair amount of heat may be generated at the electrode/workpiece interface because of the high electrical contact resistance of the aluminium oxide layers. Correspondingly, rapid electrode degradation is observed due to severe Cu–Al alloying, pitting and cavity during welding. This issue has not yet been fully addressed. This survey focuses on the current studies of understanding and development of electrode life improvement specifically on those that extend electrode life via optimising the electrical contact resistance at the interface, including altering the surface conditions of the workpiece, weld parameters development and weld equipment selections, and new electrode designs, and etc.
Early experiences of accredited clinical informatics fellowships
Authors: Longhurst Christopher A , Pageler Natalie M , Palma Jonathan P , Finnell John T , Levy Bruce P , Yackel Thomas R , Mohan Vishnu , Hersh William R
Published: May 2016

Since the launch of the clinical informatics subspecialty for physicians in 2013, over 1100 physicians have used the practice and education pathways to become board-certified in clinical informatics. Starting in 2018, only physicians who have completed a 2-year clinical informatics fellowship program accredited by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education will be eligible to take the board exam. The purpose of this viewpoint piece is to describe the collective experience of the first four programs accredited by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education and to share lessons learned in developing new fellowship programs in this novel medical subspecialty.
Comparison of Composition, Protein, Pasting, and Phenolic Compounds of Brown Rice and Germinated Brown Rice from Different Cultivars
Authors: Pal Priyanka , Singh Narpinder , Kaur Parmeet , Kaur Amritpal , Virdi Amardeep Singh , Parmar Naincy
Published: May 2016

Physical characteristics, amino acids composition, protein profiling, pasting characteristics, and phenolic compounds of brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) from different paddy cultivars (PB1, PS44, PB1509, PB1121, and PS5) were investigated. L* (lightness) decreased, but a* (redness and greenness) and b* (yellowness and blueness) increased with germination. Protein and ash content increased, whereas fat and amylose contents decreased with germination. GBR showed lower hardness and gumminess than BR. Foam stability and water absorption capacity from GBR flour were higher compared with BR flour. Accumulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid, histidine, arginine, proline, methionine, and acidic amino acids increased significantly with germination, and increase was related to change in accumulation of glutelin and prolamins. The accumulation of prolamins and glutelin acidic and basic subunits decreased with germination. GBR flour showed lower pasting viscosities compared with BR flour. Ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin were present in both fractions of the bound form. GBR showed improved nutritional quality that varied in different cultivars. PB1121 was observed to be the best for producing GBR owing to greater changes brought in protein content, essential amino acids, catechin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and foam stability.
Barley Stripe Rust Resistance QTL: Development and Validation of SNP Markers for Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei
Authors: Esvelt Klos K. , Gordon T. , Bregitzer P. , Hayes P. , Chen X. M. , del Blanco I. A. , Fisk S. , Bonman J. M.
Published: May 2016

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for barley stripe rust resistance were mapped in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a ‘Lenetah’ × ‘Grannelose Zweizeilige’ (GZ) cross. GZ is known for a major seedling resistance QTL on chromosome 4H but linked markers suitable for marker-assisted selection have not been developed. This study identified the 4H QTL (log of the likelihood [LOD] = 15.94 at 97.19 centimorgans [cM]), and additional QTL on chromosomes 4H and 6H (LOD = 5.39 at 72.7 cM and 4.24 at 34.46 cM, respectively). A QTL on chromosome 7H (LOD = 2.04 at 81.07 cM) was suggested. All resistance alleles were derived from GZ. Evaluations of adult plant response in Corvallis, OR in 2013 and 2015 provided evidence of QTL at the same positions. However, the minor QTL on 4H was not statistically significant in either location/year, while the 7H QTL was significant in both. The single-nucleotide polymorphism markers flanking the resistance QTL were validated in RIL from a ‘95SR316A’ × GZ cross for their ability to predict seedling resistance. In 95SR316A × GZ, 91 to 92% of RIL with GZ alleles at the major 4H QTL and at least one other were resistant to moderate in reaction. In these populations, at least two QTL were required to transfer the barley stripe rust resistance from GZ.
Accuracy and repeatability of axes for femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty: a cadaver study
Authors: Duffy Siobhan A. , Goudie Stuart T. , Deakin Angela H. , Payne Anthony P. , Deep Kamal
Published: May 2016

Background:

This study measured the three bony axes usually used for femoral component rotation in TKA to compare accuracy and repeatability of different measurement techniques.

Methods:

Fresh cadaver limbs (n=8) were used. Three observers (student/fellowship-trainee/consultant) identified the posterior condylar (PCA), anteroposterior (AP) and the transepicondylar (TEA) axes, using a computer navigation system to record measurements. The AP axis was measured before and after being marked with an ink line. The TEA was measured by palpation of the epicondyles both before and after an incision was made in the medial and lateral gutters at the level of the epicondyles, allowing the index finger to be passed behind the gutters. For all axes and each observer the repeatability coefficient (rc) was calculated. The TEA was then identified after dissection of all the soft tissues and was the reference to compare the accuracy of the other palpated axes.

Results:

Identification of the PCA was the most repeatable (rc: 1.1°) followed by the AP after drawing the ink line (4.5°), then the AP before the link line (5.7°), and last the TEA (12.3°) with no improvement after incisions (13.0°). The PCA was within 3° of the reference TEA 71% of the time, the AP axis 62%, and TEA less than 50% of the time.

Conclusions:

This study echoed previous studies in demonstrating that palpating the PCA intraoperatively is highly precise. The line perpendicular to the AP axis most closely paralleled the reference TEA when measured after being identified with an ink line. The palpated TEA was variable irrespective of observer experience.
Reclaim Northside
Authors: Teixeira Samantha , Sing Evaine
Published: May 2016

Urban decline, disinvestment, and blight have not traditionally been addressed by the environmental conservation movement. In this article, we describe an environmental justice-focused intervention located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that aimed to increase community empowerment to address urban environmental injustices by training residents to reclaim vacant land. We use a case study approach to illustrate resident perceptions of the impact of vacant land and urban decay. The results suggest that these residents viewed vacancy as an important indicator of community well-being and social inequality. We use a social and environmental justice framework to describe results and implications for practitioners and researchers.
No-touch, Single-move Technique to Reverse the Needle While Suturing
Authors: Algadiem Emran A.
Published: May 2016

The aim of the study is to promote the “no-touch” surgical technique while suturing and to describe an easy way to reverse the needle while suturing. We have provided a step-by-step description of how to handle a needle while suturing using the no-touch technique. We have also provided figures for each step. The described technique is an easy, single-move, no-touch technique to reverse the needle.
Ten-Year Cleft Surgery in Nepal: Achievements and Lessons Learned for Better Cleft Care Abroad
Authors: Roldán J. Camilo , Pape Hans-Dieter , Koch Heribert , Koller Michael
Published: May 2016

Background:

Cleft lip and palate surgery abroad is devoid of global consensus regarding standards of therapy, follow-up, and outcome. Cleft surgery in Nepal during a 10-year sustained program provided the opportunity to inform on the need for such standards.

Methods:

Medical records were evaluated from the cleft clinic at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital, Sankhu, Kathmandu, Nepal, from 1997 to 2007. Four groups were identified for analysis: total cohort, total surgical cohort (TSC), primary program patients (PPP; patients had not been operated on before), and nonprimary program patients (non-PPP; patients operated on elsewhere before). Patient demographics, diagnostic, primary and secondary surgery (corrective surgery), and follow-up were evaluated.

Results:

One thousand forty-five patients were eligible for surgery. Three hundred twenty-three of 1,045 patients (30.9%) did not seek treatment, although scheduled for surgery. One thousand two hundred one procedures were performed in 722 patients [TSC; 845 PPP (70.4%); 356 non-PPP (29.64%)]. Corrective procedures were performed in 257 of 1,201 [3.5% (30 of 845 procedures in 509 patients) PPP vs 63.7% (227 of 356 procedures in 213 patients) non-PPP]. One hundred six lips were completely reoperated on (1 PPP vs 105 non-PPP), and 42 palates underwent a total revision (5 PPP vs 37 non-PPP). The surgical outcome of the TSC group in terms of complication rate was similar to the one in developed countries.

Conclusions:

The high rate of corrective surgery reveals the need for global regulatory mechanisms and the need for nongovernmental organizations to introduce strategies for delivering sustained cleft care until achieving full rehabilitation. The World Health Organization should establish standards for cleft care delivered in less developed countries.
The Development of Tracheal Intubation Proficiency Outside the Operating Suite During Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Training: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Cumulative Sum Analysis
Authors: Ishizuka Maki , Rangarajan Vijayeta , Sawyer Taylor L. , Napolitano Natalie , Boyer Donald L. , Morrison Wynne E. , Lockman Justin L. , Berg Robert A. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Nishisaki Akira
Published: May 2016

Objective:

Tracheal intubation is a core technical skill for pediatric critical care medicine fellows. Limited data exist to describe current pediatric critical care medicine fellow tracheal intubation skill acquisition through the training. We hypothesized that both overall and first-attempt tracheal intubation success rates by pediatric critical care medicine fellows improve over the course of training.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study at a single large academic children’s hospital.

Materials and Methods:

The National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database and local QI database were merged for all tracheal intubations outside the Operating Suite by pediatric critical care medicine fellows from July 2011 to January 2015. Primary outcomes were tracheal intubation overall success (regardless of number of attempts) and first attempt success. Patient-level covariates were adjusted in multivariate analysis. Learning curves for each fellow were constructed by cumulative sum analysis.

Results:

A total of 730 tracheal intubation courses performed by 33 fellows were included in the analysis. The unadjusted overall and first attempt success rates were 87% and 80% during the first 3 months of fellowship, respectively, and 95% and 73%, respectively, during the past 3 months of fellowship. Overall success, but not first attempt success, improved during fellowship training (odds ratio for each 3 months, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.17; p = 0.037) after adjusting for patient-level covariates. Large variance in fellow’s tracheal intubation proficiency outside the operating suite was demonstrated with a median number of tracheal intubation equal to 26 (range, 19–54) to achieve a 90% overall success rate. All fellows who completed 3 years of training during the study period achieved an acceptable 90% overall tracheal intubation success rate.

Conclusions:

Tracheal intubation overall success improved significantly during the course of fellowship; however, the tracheal intubation first attempt success rates did not. Large variance existed in individual tracheal intubation performance over time. Further investigations on a larger scale across different training programs are necessary to clarify intensity and duration of the training to achieve tracheal intubation procedural competency.
Isolation and characterization of electrochemically active subsurface Delftia and Azonexus species
Authors: Jangir Yamini , French Sarah , Momper Lily M. , Moser Duane P. , Amend Jan P. , El-Naggar Mohamed Y.
Published: May 2016

Continental subsurface environments can present significant energetic challenges to the resident microorganisms. While these environments are geologically diverse, potentially allowing energy harvesting by microorganisms that catalyze redox reactions, many of the abundant electron donors and acceptors are insoluble and therefore not directly bioavailable. Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a metabolic strategy that microorganisms can deploy to meet the challenges of interacting with redox-active surfaces. Though mechanistically characterized in a few metal-reducing bacteria, the role, extent, and diversity of EET in subsurface ecosystems remains unclear. Since this process can be mimicked on electrode surfaces, it opens the door to electrochemical techniques to enrich for and quantify the activities of environmental microorganismsin situ. Here, we report the electrochemical enrichment of microorganisms from a deep fractured-rock aquifer in Death Valley, California, USA. In experiments performed in mesocosms containing a synthetic medium based on aquifer chemistry, four working electrodes were poised at different redox potentials (272, 373, 472, 572 mV vs. SHE) to serve as electron acceptors, resulting in anodic currents coupled to the oxidation of acetate during enrichment. The anodes were dominated byBetaproteobacteriafrom the familiesComamonadaceaeandRhodocyclaceae.A representative of each dominant family was subsequently isolated from electrode-associated biomass. The EET abilities of the isolatedDelftiastrain (designated WE1–13) andAzonexusstrain (designated WE2–4) were confirmed in electrochemical reactors using working electrodes poised at 522 mV vs. SHE. The rise in anodic current upon inoculation was correlated with a modest increase in total protein content. Both genera have been previously observed in mixed communities of microbial fuel cell enrichments, but this is the first direct measurement of their electrochemical activity. While alternate metabolisms (e.g. nitrate reduction) by these organisms were previously known, our observations suggest that additional ‘hidden’ interactions with external electron acceptors are also possible. Electrochemical approaches are well positioned to dissect such extracellular interactions that may be prevalent in the subsurface.
Kinematic analysis of cell lineage reveals coherent and robust mechanical deformation patterns in zebrafish gastrulation
Authors: Pastor-Escuredo David , Lombardot Benoît , Savy Thierry , Boyreau Adeline , Goicolea Jose M. , Santos Andrés , Bourgine Paul , del Álamo Juan C. , Peyriéras Nadine , Ledesma-Carbayo María J.
Published: May 2016

Digital cell lineages reconstructed from 3D+time imaging data provide unique information to unveil mechanical cues and their role in morphogenetic processes. Our methodology based on a kinematic analysis of cell lineage data reveals deformation patterns and quantitative morphogenetic landmarks for a new type of developmental table. The characteristic spatial and temporal length scales of mechanical deformation patterns derived from a continuous approximation of cell displacements indicate a compressible fluid-like behavior of zebrafish gastrulating tissues. The instantaneous deformation rate at the mesoscopic level of the cell’s neighborhood is spatially and temporally heterogeneous. The robustness of mechanical patterns results from their cumulative history along cell trajectories. Unsupervised classification of mechanical descriptor profiles was used to assess the homogeneity of biomechanical cues in cell populations. Further clustering of cell trajectories according to their cumulative mesoscopic biomechanical history during gastrulation revealed ordered and coherent spatiotemporal patterns comparable to that of the embryonic fate map.