bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I See Myself in Service and Product Consumptions: Measuring Self-transformative Consumption Vision (SCV) Evoked by Static and Rich Media
Authors: Yim Mark Yi-Cheon , Baek Tae Hyun , Sauer Paul L.
Published: October 2018

When consumers encounter uncertainty regarding their purchase decisions, they tend to perform a mental visualization process of creating a self-involved imaginative future incident about a product/service in which the consumption outcome is envisioned. The current study proposes a new measurement instrument to capture the process, namely self-transformative consumption vision (SCV) scale. Although similar theoretical constructs have been introduced, validity tests in more diverse media platforms and more elaborated measurement approaches are required. As today's marketing communications are increasingly oriented toward stimulating SCV through diverse rich and interactive media, it is considered scholarly and practically meaningful to propose a new scale. To this end, several pretests are conducted for initial item generations and stimuli developments. Studies 1 and 2 identify valid items that capture SCV and Study 3 establishes the SCV construct's nomological validity. Studies 4 and 5 apply this scale in an empirical study, thereby comparing it to existing scales to identify scale superiority.
The Effects of Acetazolamide on Exercise Performance at Sea Level and in Hypoxic Environments: A Review
Authors: Posch Alexander M. , Dandorf Stewart , Hile David C.
Published: October 2018

Lowlanders rapidly ascending to high altitude (>2500 m) often develop acute mountain sickness (AMS). While acclimatization is the most effective method of reducing symptoms of AMS (ie, headache, fatigue, nausea, gastrointestinal distress, etc.), it may take several days to become fully acclimated. Prophylactic use of acetazolamide (AZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has become a popular alternative to staged acclimatization because it can be a less time-consuming method of reducing symptoms of AMS. While numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of AZ in mitigating the symptoms of AMS, a review of the existing literature regarding the effects of AZ on submaximal and maximal exercise performance at sea level and at altitude has not been performed. Literature search identified 17 peer reviewed articles examining the effects of AZ on exercise performance both at sea level and at altitude, as well as the associated side effects of prophylactic AZ use for the attenuation of AMS. This review finds that AZ treated cohorts experience a reduction in time to exhaustion during both submaximal and maximal exercise performance at sea level. At altitude, AZ treated cohorts' recorded widely variable submaximal and maximal exercise performance. At sea level, AZ impairs submaximal and maximal exercise performance. Due to the wide variation of findings of previously published studies, the effects of AZ on submaximal and maximal exercise performance at altitude remain unknown.
When Things Get Personal: How Informal and Personalized Politics Produce Regime Stability in Small States
Authors: Veenendaal Wouter
Published: October 2018

The personalization of politics, the decline of political parties and the weakening of political institutions in large democracies are considered to produce instability and to undermine democratic governance. Yet despite having extremely informal and personalized systems with non-ideological parties, small states around the world maintain significantly higher levels of democracy and regime stability than large ones. This article addresses this paradox by offering a systematic literature review of 167 case study publications on personalization and informal politics in 46 small states. The analysis reveals that personalized relations between political elites translate into either fragmentation or power concentration, while pervasive patron–client linkages structure the interaction between citizens and politicians. Despite the obvious downsides of these dynamics for democratic governance, the small state system is functional in the sense that it fulfils the needs of both citizens and politicians, which explains why small states have succeeded in maintaining their political stability.
Controlling factors and the paleoenvironmental significance of chemical elements in Holocene calcareous root tubes in the Alashan Desert, Northwest China
Authors: Gao Youhong , Li Zhuolun , Wang Nai’ang , Li Ruolan
Published: October 2018

In the hinterland of the desert, valuable archives of paleoenvironmental evolution are scarce. Calcareous root tubes (CRTs) have a strong potential for reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions. It is still unclear, however, whether chemical elements in the CRTs can provide insights into paleoenvironmental conditions. In this study, the major- and trace-element composition of 32 CRT samples from the Alashan Desert were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results showed that the elemental composition and content change were controlled by the parent material and climatic conditions at the time of CRT formation. Ca, Mg, and Sr were significantly affected by climate, whereas the enrichment of P is likely related to the growth of plants. Higher (lower) Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios corresponded to higher (lower) effective moisture and a higher (lower) Mg/Sr ratio indicated a higher (lower) temperature during the middle Holocene (8–5 cal ka BP). The reconstruction results for effective moisture were consistent with those in the Asian monsoon margin of northwestern China, which were caused by higher monsoon precipitation and lower evaporation. Therefore, chemical elements in the CRTs can reflect changes in paleo-effective moisture and paleotemperature at a millennial resolution in this area.
Population genetic structure and putative migration pathway ofSogatella furcifera(Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae) in Asia
Authors: Nam H. Y. , Kim K. S. , Lee J.-H.
Published: October 2018

The white-backed planthopper,Sogatella furcifera(Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae), has emerged as a serious rice pest in Asia. In the present study, 12 microsatellite markers were employed to investigate the genetic structure, diversity and migration route of 43 populations sampled from seven Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, Korea, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam). According to the isolation by distance analysis, a significant positive correlation was observed between genetic and geographic distances by the Mantel test (r2= 0.4585,P= 0.01), indicating the role of geographic isolation in the genetic structure ofS. furcifera. A population assignment test using the first-generation migrants detection method (thresholdsa= 0.01) revealed southern China and northern Vietnam as the main sources ofS. furciferain Korea. Nepal and Bangladesh might be additional potential sources via interconnection with Vietnam populations. This paper provides useful data for the migration route and origin ofS. furciferain Korea and will contribute to planthopper resistance management.
Experimental combination therapy using low doses of benznidazole and allopurinol in mouse models ofTrypanosoma cruzichronic infection
Authors: Rial Marcela Silvina , Scalise María Luján , López Alarcón Micaela , Esteva Mónica Inés , Búa Jacqueline , Benatar Alejandro Francisco , Prado Nilda Graciela , Riarte Adelina Rosa , Fichera Laura Edith
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated the effectiveness of low doses of benznidazole (BNZ) on continuous administration (BNZc), combined with allopurinol (ALO), in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeN mice infected withTrypanosoma cruziNicaragua strain andT. cruziSylvio-X10/4 clone.TcN-C57BL/6J was also treated with intermittent doses of BNZ (BNZit). The drug therapy started 3 months post infection (pi) in the chronic phase of mice with heart disease progression, followed-up at 6 months pi.TcN-C57BL/6J treated with BNZc was also monitored up to 12 months pi by serology and electrocardiogram. These mice showed severe electrical abnormalities, which were not observed after BNZc or BNZit. ALO only showed positive interaction with the lowest dose of BNZ. A clear parasitic effect, with significant reductions in antibody titres and parasitic loads, was achieved in all models with low doses of BNZ, and a 25% reduction of the conventional dose showed more efficacy to inhibit the development of the pathology. However, BNZ 75 showed partial efficacy in theTcSylvio-X10/4-C3H/HeN model. In our experimental designs, C57BL/6J allowed to clearly define a chronic phase, and through reproducible efficacy indicators, it can be considered a good preclinical model.
Clinical, personality, and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in borderline personality disorder: a family study
Authors: Ruocco Anthony C. , Daros Alexander R. , Chang Jie , Rodrigo Achala H. , Lam Jaeger , Ledochowski Justine , McMain Shelley F.
Published: October 2018

Background

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical phenotype that emerges from interactions among genetic, biological, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial factors. In the present family study, we evaluated the familial aggregation of key clinical, personality, and neurodevelopmental phenotypes in probands with BPD (n = 103), first-degree biological relatives (n = 74; 43% without a history of psychiatric disorder), and non-psychiatric controls (n = 99).

Methods

Participants were assessed on DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses, symptom dimensions of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity, ‘big five’ personality traits, and neurodevelopmental characteristics, as part of a larger family study on neurocognitive, biological, and genetic markers in BPD.

Results

The most common psychiatric diagnoses in probands and relatives were major depression, substance use disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder. There was evidence of familial aggregation for specific dimensions of impulsivity and emotion dysregulation, and the big five traits neuroticism and conscientiousness. Both probands and relatives reported an elevated neurodevelopmental history of attentional and behavioral difficulties.

Conclusions

These results support the validity of negative affectivity- and impulse-spectrum phenotypes associated with BPD and its familial risk. Further research is needed to investigate the aggregation of neurocognitive, neural and genetic factors in families with BPD and their associations with core phenotypes underlying the disorder.
The English Gatehouse
Authors: Goodall John
Published: October 2018

To European travellers before the industrial age, gatehouses were an omnipresent architectural form. Whether at the entrances to cities, residences or religious houses, they signalled to the passer-by the wealth and prestige of the corporation, household or institution that they served. This article addresses the subject of gatehouse architecture in England, a kingdom in which a distinctive tradition of such buildings was ingeniously and enthusiastically developed through the Middle Ages and beyond. It aims to explain why gatehouses commanded such interest for English patrons, and the ways in which these buildings illustrate the changing practice of architecture from the eleventh to the seventeenth centuries. For the purposes of the discussion, the term ‘gatehouse’ is to be broadly understood. It can refer to any entrance structure that amounts to more than simply an opening in a wall or a decorative archway. One distinctive feature of the gatehouses discussed here is that they all stand in close proximity to the building or institution they serve. In this detail they may be distinguished from the gateways or lodges characteristically erected along the perimeters of parks and estates from around 1700 onwards as points of entry to far-distant residences.
Institutionalizing English Modernism 1924–33: From the Vers Group to MARS
Authors: Darling Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

On 28 February 1933, the Modern Architectural Research (MARS) Group was founded as the English chapter of theCongrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne(CIAM) by Wells Coates, Edwin Maxwell (Max) Fry, David Pleydell Bouverie, P. Morton Shand, Hubert de Cronin Hastings, and John Gloag. Historians have viewed its subsequent activities variously. There has been a tendency to sneer at its work in the 1930s and to praise its influence on the evolution of Modernism in the post-war years. Nonetheless, there is a consensus that, at the very least, the coming together of Coates and his allies provided, as John Summerson later recalled, ‘a focus, a point of illumination, in a cultural scene which was confused and overcast'. In reaching this conclusion, scholars have sketched in a pre-history of the Group and have established a basic chronology of earlier attempts to organize collective activity around the promulgation of a modern design or architectural culture in England. These efforts began around 1924 with a short-lived initiative by Christopher Hussey ofCountry Life, and were followed by the Twentieth Century Group, founded in 1930 by the Cambridge don and modernist patron, Mansfield Duval Forbes. The existing accounts of this activity are not inaccurate, but they are incomplete. Moreover, although they imply a trajectory towards the ultimate founding of MARS, they contain little consideration of how, why, or under whose direction, this process might have taken place.
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840: Corrections and Additions to the Third Edition (Yale University Press 1995)
Authors: Colvin Howard
Published: October 2018

This is the fifth list of corrections and additions to the third edition of my Dictionary. For the first time a section of ‘Additional Biographies’ has been included to provide details of some further architects active during the period 1600–1840, of whose careers enough can be reconstructed to justify giving them a place. The remaining sections are as usual lists of bare facts to be added, subtracted or amended.

Attention should be drawn to the Biographical Dictionary of Architects at Reading by Sidney M. Gold, privately published at Reading, 1999, and to the Dictionary of Land Surveyors and Local Map-Makers of Great Britain and Ireland 1530–1850 by Sarah Bendall, published by the British Library, 1997.
Fit for a King? The Architecture of the Beauchamp Chapel
Authors: Monckton Linda
Published: October 2018

One of the two wealthiest men of his generation in England, Richard Beauchamp, thirteenth Earl of Warwick, served under three Lancastrian kings: he had been tutor to the young Henry VI, ambassador to the Council of Constance, variously Captain of Calais and of Rouen, and he had, of course, fought in the service of the kings of England in France. In 1437 he was made Lieutenant-General and Governor of France and Normandy, leaving for France in August of that year and it was during this trip, two years later, that he died, in 1439, in Rouen, aged fifty-eight. He had made a good first marriage in 1397 to Elizabeth, only daughter and heir of Thomas Berkeley, followed by an excellent second in 1423, to Isabel, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester and eventually sole heir to the Despencer fortune, and also widow of Richard’s cousin and namesake the Earl of Worcester (who had died in 1422).
Robert Hooke’s Collection of Architectural Books and Prints
Authors: Geraghty Anthony
Published: October 2018

When Christopher Wren visited Paris in 1665–66, he famously returned with ‘almost all France in paper’. His friend and colleague Robert Hooke, however, was not so lucky; his collection of architectural books and prints was acquired from London. This article outlines the contents of Hooke’s architectural library and considers the general availability of architectural publications in late seventeenth-century London.
The Industry Palace of the 1873 World’s Fair: Karl von Hasenauer, John Scott Russell, and New Technology in Nineteenth-Century Vienna
Authors: Stamper John W.
Published: October 2018

The buildings and landscaped grounds of the nineteenth-century international exhibitions were directly related to the architectural and urban design traditions of the cities in which they were built. At the same time, they possessed idealized qualities that made them innovative and distinct from other contemporary buildings. The result of collaborative planning among architects, engineers, and planning committees, the exhibitions were built to evoke ideal civic settings, their exhibition palaces, pavilions, and gardens forming exemplary complexes that synthesized both invention and tradition. The International Exhibition, the Weltausstellung, held in Vienna, Austria in 1873, was one such event (Fig. 1). Its buildings were both related to the architectural and urbanistic design traditions of nineteenth-century Vienna, and at the same time possessed idealized qualities that were inventive and progressive, marking new technological achievements.
‘Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower’: Westminster Abbey and the Commemoration of Empire, 1854–1904
Authors: Bremner G. Alex
Published: October 2018

Among the many remarkable changes of the last generation, none is more remarkable than the change in the political ideas uppermost in the minds of men… Today the words ‘Empire’ and ‘Imperialism’ fill the place in everyday speech that was once filled by ‘Nation’ and ‘Nationality’. In the never-ending struggle of political principles, authority rather than liberty seems for the moment to have the upper hand; power and dominion rather than freedom and independence are the ideas that appeal to the imagination of the masses; … the national ideal has given place to the Imperial.

In March 1904 John Pollard Seddon (1827–1906) and Edward Beckitt Lamb (1857–1932) published an extraordinary scheme entitled ‘Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower at Westminster’. Though never built, it was among the grandest and most visionary proposals London had ever seen and, next to Giles Gilbert Scott’s Anglican cathedral at Liverpool (1904–79), one of the last monumental expressions of Gothic revival architecture in Britain. Designed to immortalize the achievement of the men and women who had laboured to promote and defend the nation’s imperial interests, it was conceived as a lasting testament to the enthusiasm for empire that characterized late Victorian and Edwardian Britain (Figs 1-2).
Part Two: The Site
Authors: Snodin Michael
Published: October 2018

The wholly suburban and institutional surroundings which characterize Strawberry Hill today have done much to conceal the close link that once existed between Walpole’s famous Gothic villa and its setting. More crucially for architectural history, they have obscured the topography of the land which Walpole found when he arrived at the site in 1747, and which played an important part in the future developments at Strawberry Hill. Indeed, it can be argued that the situation as he found it tended to encourage the retention and accretive development of a pre-existing structure as described above by Peter Guillery. Having decided on retention, the topography and pattern of land ownership seem to have made almost inevitable the asymmetrical plan, created from 1758, which has earned Strawberry Hill a place in architectural history. Finally, the timing of these developments can be seen to have been greatly influenced by Walpole’s progress in land acquisition.
Dickie Bateman and the Gothicization of Old Windsor: Gothic Architecture and Sexuality in the Circle of Horace Walpole
Authors: Reeve Matthew M.
Published: October 2018

Mr Dicky Bateman was a typical eccentric, who resembled his friend Horace Walpole in his Gothic affectation, and [John] Wilkes in his impious buffoonery.

In one of the witty characterizations for which he is justifiably famous, Horace Walpole described the subject of this article — the transformation of the villa at Old Windsor owned by his friend, Richard (Dickie) Bateman — as a bout of one-upmanship between two men of taste: ‘[I] converted Dicky Bateman from a Chinese to a Goth […] I preached so effectively that every pagoda took the veil’. He later described the change of the style of Bateman’s house in terms of spiritual affiliation: Bateman’s house had ‘changed its religion […] I converted it from Chinese to Gothic’. Here as elsewhere in the early years of the Gothic Revival, Walpole serves as principal interlocutor, providing keen, if sharply biased, insights on many significant building projects in England. Walpole positions himself as a teacher and Bateman as a disciple whom he convinced to change his tastes from Chinoiserie (‘the fashion of the instant’) to the Gothic, the style ‘of the elect’. Walpole’s clever allegory of stylistic change as national and religious conversion was based in part on the fact that he provided the conduit for Richard Bentley and Johann Heinrich Müntz, two of his closest designers in the ‘Committee of Taste’, to design Gothic additions for Bateman between 1758-61. Rebuilt and expanded in the fashionable mode of Walpole’s own Strawberry Hill and by its designers, from Walpole’s perspective at least, Old Windsor as remodelled for Bateman served to reinforce his role as arbiter of the Gothic taste and Strawberry Hill as its paradigm.
British Agents of the Irish Adamesque
Authors: Lucey Conor
Published: October 2018

In the Dublin Journal of 4 April 1769, Thomas Weston, recently arrived from London and ‘versed in the Stucco Art’, announced his proficiency in the ‘Antique Taste’, having worked ‘some Years under the Designs of Mess. Adams, Chambers and Stewart [sic]’. His timing was far from coincidental: less than a month earlier the premium for the design of the Royal Exchange in Dublin, awarded to the English architect Thomas Cooley, had been announced; the competition had generated no less than thirty-three British submissions (or 60% of the total number of competitors). Just as enlightened Irish architectural critics had deemed the employment of an English architect for this particular project as ‘too obvious to be insisted upon’, so it would appear that Weston had identified an opportunity to establish himself in Ireland as an unrivalled exponent of the Neoclassical style. Some weeks later, on 27 April, Weston amended his original advertisement to record that he had ‘served his Apprenticeship to Mr. Rose of London’.
Frank Furness and Henry Holiday: A Study of Patronage, Architecture and Art
Authors: Bryant George B.
Published: October 2018

The decorative arts are integral and crucial elements in the works of Philadelphia architect Frank Furness (1839–1912) (Fig. 1). The wonderfully inventive embellishments to his buildings, in wood, metal and glass, contribute to a memorable richness and help distinguish his buildings from those of his contemporaries. Our current understanding of Furness and his works has been based primarily upon considerations of the buildings themselves, and on anecdotal information concerning Furness’s personality and family, and some reasonable assumptions as to how his work fits within the architectural and design trends of his day. A fuller understanding has been hindered by the fact that he wrote very little, that first-hand accounts of his working methods are few, and that, of his relationships with the artisans who produced his decorative designs, only the collaborations with the furniture maker Daniel Pabst (1826–1910) and sculptor Karl Bitter (1867–1915) have been documented. Therefore, the discovery of new sources of information that document an overlooked but long-time working relationship between Furness and a noted English artist is an important addition to Furness scholarship.
R.S. Wilshere and his Modern Schools in Belfast: an Architecture of Individuality
Authors: Larmour Paul
Published: October 2018

From time to time since his death in 1961, R.S. Wilshere has been referred to as a leading figure in the development of Modern architecture in Ireland, and his series of schools built in Belfast between the two world wars has been cited as an important part of that story. Yet the full significance of his schools has not hitherto been discussed in detail, while the full extent of his building achievement has not been outlined anywhere. The great esteem in which Wilshere and his Belfast schools were once held by contemporaries, however, merits both the recounting of his life and overall career, and an explanation of the nature of his special achievement in schools architecture.

In addition to the twin aims of re-establishing Wilshere's reputation as an architect of more than usual worth and revealing the notable qualities of some of his schools, this exploration of his career and buildings also points to other themes of the inter-war era which have not been fully explored elsewhere and would benefit from further research.
Exhibition 58: Modern Architecture in England,Museum of Modern Art, 1937
Authors: Powers Alan
Published: October 2018

Exhibition58: Modern Architecture in England, held between 10 February and 7 March 1937 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA), was a notable event. Amidst claims that ‘England leads the world in modern architectural activity’, the exhibition ‘amazed New Yorkers’ and equally surprised English commentators. However, it has not subsequently received any extended investigation. The present purpose is to look at it as a multiple sequence of events, involving other exhibitions, associated publications and the trajectories of individuals and institutions, through which tensions came to the surface about the definition and direction of Modernism in England and elsewhere. Such an analysis throws new light on issues such as the motives for staging the exhibition, the personnel involved and associated questions relating to the role of émigré architects in Britain and the USA, some of which have been misinterpreted in recent commentaries.Hitchcock's unequivocal claim for the importance of English Modernism at this point still arouses disbelief, and raises a question whether it can be accepted at face value or requires explaining in terms of some other hidden intention.
A House for God or a Home for His People? The Church-Building Activity of Domus Dei in the Belgian Archbishopric (1952-82)
Authors: Sterken Sven
Published: October 2018

After the Second World War, economic development across Western Europe resulted in the spectacular transformation of cities into large and densely populated urban agglomerations. Although the underlying driving force of demographic change had already become apparent in the early days of the Industrial Revolution, it now manifested itself on an unprecedented scale and at an increasing speed. In most Western European countries the Roman Catholic Church’s leadership responded to this with massive church-building campaigns, suggesting that it viewed architecture as a critical means by which to re-establish a religious presence within these urban agglomerations. To this end, many dioceses established administrative structures dedicated to the planning, financing and designing of religious infrastructure.

These bodies have been little studied hitherto, but this article argues that they played an instrumental role in the post-war Catholic revival, by establishing a dense pastoral network within the newly urbanized areas. Moreover, they fostered a new culture of ecclesiastical patronage, as the scale and urgency of the task required new operational and managerial structures for building, fund-raising and mobilizing congregations to support this massive undertaking.
A Winchester Mason and the Early Renaissance Style in the 1520s: The Chapel and Tomb of Sir John and Mary Lisle at Thruxton Church, Hampshire
Authors: Riall Nicholas
Published: October 2018

Architectural settings of the early Tudor period, executed in terracotta and adorned with Renaissance ornament, have long attracted the interest of architectural historians. The surviving examples at Sutton Place in Surrey and Layer Marney in Essex are well known, as is the series of terracotta tombs across East Anglia, which date from the 1520s and likewise include Renaissance detail. A group of contemporary funerary monuments in Hampshire, that also exhibits Renaissance detail, has been largely overlooked by scholars. These monuments can be associated with the Renaissance work in Winchester Cathedral, and in particular with the well-known presbytery screens. The group includes the remains of a chapel at Thruxton, with a tomb chest for Sir John and Mary Lisle, built between 1524 and 1527. The Lisle chapel was demolished in the 1790s to provide material for the refurbishment of the church tower. An important series of Renaissance carvings were set into the tower at this time (Fig. 1). Long overlooked by scholars, their original position in the Lisle chapel will be reconstructed in this essay.
The City of the Great Singer: C. R. Ashbee’s Jerusalem
Authors: Rapaport Raquel
Published: October 2018

The eminent British architect, designer and educator Charles Robert Ashbee (1863–1942) lived and worked in Jerusalem from 1918 to 1922, as Civic Adviser to the City of Jerusalem and principal officer of the Pro-Jerusalem Society. This proved to be a busy and fruitful period in his late career. Back in England sixteen years later, following a final visit to Palestine, Ashbee compiled his Jerusalem Collection, assembling and classifying all the research and planning material he had collected and developed during his Jerusalem years. Edited by Ashbee in his old age and never published in its entirety — and therefore remaining virtually unknown — the collection contains not only textual material but also hundreds of original drawings, plans and watercolour perspectives, together with photographs, the illustrated material bearing autograph annotations throughout.
C. H. B. Quennell (1872–1935): Architecture, History and the Quest for the Modern
Authors: McKellar Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

Charles Quennell embodied many of the possibilities and contradictions of British architecture in the first decades of the twentieth century. He is a little-known figure today, but one who deserves further consideration, not only for his own remarkably interesting and varied career but also because of the light he sheds on some of the less explored aspects of architecture in the 1895–1935 period. Throughout his life he combined a strong interest in history with a search for efficiency and design appropriate for the modern world. Both of these preoccupations were widespread among his generation although, apart from a few notable exceptions, rarely can they be found combined to as great a degree as in Quennell. For example, in 1914 he was a keen exponent of standardization and at work on large romantic houses in Hampstead Garden Suburb. By 1918 he had designed what have been called the first modern houses in the country and had just published the first of the bestselling books in the series co-authored with his wife,A History of Everyday Things in England. In 1930 he was writing a contemporary tractThe Good New Daysand he built a neo-Palladian villa. He has been little studied to date, the main accounts being Alastair Service’s of his work in Hampstead, a Masters thesis by Nick Collins focused on issues of building conservation, and Graham Thurgood’s article on his 1920s work in Essex.
Picturesque and Intransigent: ‘Creative Tension’ and Collaboration in the Early House Projects of Stirling and Gowan
Authors: Crinson Mark
Published: October 2018

Between 1956 and 1963 James Stirling and James Gowan created a seminal body of work, one that seemed to challenge the overly-institutionalized state of contemporary modernism, and even to point the way to other alternatives beyond it. Their buildings were quasi-brutalist and pre-postmodern, startlingly original in the context of the worthy architecture of the welfare state, yet able to draw on inter-war forms of continental modernism as well as the architecture of the industrial city. The notoriously fractious relationship between the partners was an important factor in this achievement. Mark Girouard has used the term ‘creative tension’ to describe this relationship, deriving it from an interview with Michael Wilford, who worked as an architectural assistant in the partnership’s last years and later (in 1971) himself became Stirling’s partner. This formulation may well relate to a colourful and discordant new architectural identity — a sometimes playful, sometimes edgy combination of angry young men, teddy boy architects and awkward, blunt provincials shaking up the big city — emerging in contrast to the anonymous public architect of the time. Girouard uses ‘creative tension’ to label a photograph of Stirling and Gowan (Fig. 1): Stirling leans easily to the side looking wryly camerawards, while Gowan, absorbed and tense around the mouth, looks down and outwards to the right; between the two is a gap measured out by the line of columns seen behind them. The contrast with a photograph reproduced later in the same book, of Stirling and Wilford sitting companionably across a table, seems to speak for itself.
An Italian Architect in London: The Case of Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737)
Authors: Kieven Elisabeth
Published: October 2018

‘I will carry with me the best architect in Europe.’ With these bold words Robert, first Viscount Molesworth, announced to his wife his arrival in Ireland in the company of the young Italian architect and engineer Alessandro Galilei in May 1717. Lord Molesworth could not know that, twenty years later, Galilei would be indeed one of the best-known architects in Europe, after having built in Rome, to the order of Pope Clement XII Corsini (1730–40), the facade of San Giovanni in Laterano (St John Lateran), the Cappella Corsini in the same church and the facade of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini.

Galilei was born on 25 August 1691, in Florence, the eldest son of the notary Giuseppe Maria Galilei and his wife Margherita Merlini. The Galilei family could trace their lineage to the Buonaiuti, who in the fourteenth century twice held the post of ‘Gonfaloniere della Giustizia’, then the most important position in the city government. They took the surname Galilei from the last Gonfaloniere in their family, the master of philosophy and medicine, Galileo (early fifteenth century). Even into the sixteenth century, members of the family belonged to the town council. The most famous bearer of the name was without doubt Galileo Galilei (1564–1641), from whom Alessandro was not directly descended but to whom he was remotely related. Although Alessandro’s father, Giuseppe, who in 1707 and 1711 was Proconsul of Notaries, counted himself as one of thenobili,the standing of the old patrician families had been considerably reduced under the Medici Grand Dukes because they did not actually hold a landed title. Financial decline seems also to have damaged the prestige of Alessandro’s branch of the family.
The Regulation of Buenos Aires’ Private Architecture During the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Murray Claudia
Published: October 2018

The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 left the Spanish empire in ruins, and the military defeats and ensuing peace treaties considerably diminished Spain’s power in Europe. The new century saw the arrival of the Bourbon dynasty and with it a greater French influence. Under the banner of the Enlightenment, monarchical rule and scientific knowledge combined in Spain to bring about a more comprehensive form of government, whose internal policies aimed at improving educational opportunities, social conditions and economic life.

The set of new rules and regulations implemented by the new monarchs in order to achieve these goals are now known as the Bourbon Reforms, and their economic implications for the River Plate region have been the subject of much research. This article intends to add to studies of the region from an urban perspective, focusing on the transformation that its capital city, Buenos Aires, experienced under the Bourbons, with the intention of revealing how the new authorities attempted to reinstate the urban layout of the city by dictating new aesthetic values at both urban and domestic levels. As will be explained, the stricter control of land and building also meant stricter control of the population, but Buenos Aires’ citizens — known as porteños — accepted this, as they rapidly learnt that submitting to constraints on their privately-financed architecture could leave them with a healthy profit.
Belief and Patronage in the English Parish before 1300: Some Evidence from Roods
Authors: Cragoe Carol Davidson
Published: October 2018

The late medieval English laity expressed their piety through ostentatious artistic and architectural patronage. The rood, a large-scale image of Christ on the cross, flanked by the Virgin and St John, and placed in or above the chancel arch, was a particular object of both liturgical and financial devotion in the later Middle Ages.1 One of the more interesting conclusions of recent scholarship has been the recognition that the late medieval desire to express one’s piety through donations to the church was not limited to the upper classes or to one gender. Both men and women of all social classes and ages participated to the best of their ability through collective as well as individual giving.2 Moreover, people made very deliberate choices about the types of images and architectural forms on which they spent their money.3 Scholars have argued that the roots of this very active lay patronage lie in the mid-thirteenth century when diocesan statutes first assigned responsibility for maintaining the nave and most of a church’s ornaments to its parishioners.4
New Drawings for the interiors of the Breakfast Room and Library at Pitzhanger Manor
Authors: Divitiis Bianca De
Published: October 2018

Soane began to pay detailed attention to the design of the interiors of Pitzhanger Manor, the country house in Ealing that Soane built for himself and his family, in the second half of 1801 when building work on the house was already well advanced.1 While the design for the vestibule, down to the smallest detail, was quickly completed, work on the Breakfast Room and the Library proved more difficult and was more protracted.2
Metaphors in Action: Early Modern Church Buildings as Spaces of Knowledge
Authors: Delbeke Maarten , Morel Anne-Françoise
Published: October 2018

When a building copies or references a model, it becomes an analogous space. Regardless of how exactly the model is invoked, or whether the model ever existed, elements of the new building stand for an original that is not present, yet can be read, understood or remembered by means of these elements, their arrangement or use. If it is quite easy to accept that analogies of this kind exist, it is harder to determine how they are established. What defines the connexion between the building and its analogue? How is this connexion recognized or activated? On what does it depend — on the design of a building, its use, its descriptions or its context?
‘Our very quaint old architect’: Some Letters of William Butterfield
Authors: Howell Peter
Published: October 2018

Paul Thompson’s monograph on William Butterfield set out to challenge the bizarre misconceptions which had previously warped appreciation of his work. These included Sir John Summerson’s accusation of ‘purposeful sadism’, Ian Nairn’s view of him as an ‘unexpected Heathcliff, and Henry-Russell Hitchcock’s description of him as uncivilized, ‘a man who never wrote a book or an article’ and who rarely travelled. Mendacious anecdotes suggested a puritanical and antisocial character, lacking in humanity. Thompson effectively refuted such absurdities, but Butterfield’s letters — very few of which have been published, even in part — provide fascinating evidence of his character. They reveal his humour and his affection for old friends, and his strongly held, but eminently sensible, religious views, as well as his pragmatic and conscientious practice of architecture. This evidence bears out and adds much useful detail to Thompson’s depiction of the man, refining our understanding of him and allowing his personality to come to the fore.
Coordinating Method and Art: Alvar Aalto at Play
Authors: Charrington Harry
Published: October 2018

Modern society is characterized by an exaggerated worship of theory, an attitude that reflects the human predicament and insecurity. We think that in it we can find salvation from the threat of chaos. But we must realise that pure theory without feeling cannot create anything. You cannot set up series of methods applicable to the most varied circumstances; only intuition can help here. Let me put it this way: theory and methodology should form a basis for an intuitive working method. The question is not which dominates the other, but how to co-ordinate them. Method is not the antithesis of art, not its enemy but its prerequisite. (Alvar Aalto, speech at Jvyäsklylä Kesäpäivät (Summer Days), 1965)
‘The Professor’s Dream’: Cockerell’s Hypnerotomachia Architectura?
Authors: Bordeleau Anne
Published: October 2018

In 1849, after teaching architectural history at the Royal Academy in London for just under a decade, the architect Charles Robert Cockerell (1788-1863) exhibited ‘The Professor’s Dream’, a graphic synopsis of the history of architecture (Fig. 1). Produced in an era dominated by historicism, the drawing operates between the two poles of historical relativism, negotiating the line between accumulation and rationalization. Some nineteenth-century architects, indiscriminately collecting, understood each style to have emerged from the particular conditions of their times, considering them distinct and yet equally valid. Other architects, critically ordering, privileged one style over another, variously justifying themselves on religious, technical, moral or structural imperatives. Cockerell’s ‘Dream’ is ambiguously positioned as a place of showing and a means of knowing, speaking both of an homage to the past and a vision of progress, apparently flattening a thousand years of history but inherently offering the depth of historical experience. David Watkin, Peter Kohane and, more recently, in the context of an exhibition at the Royal Academy, Nick Savage, have interrogated the drawing, the first two paralleling it with Francesco Colonna’s Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), the latter framing it within a tradition of systematic charting of history, and suggesting a possible link to geological charts. While all these interpretations certainly stand, it is essential to recast them within a larger discussion of Cockerell’s understanding of history. Substantiating the different readings of the drawing — against Cockerell’s earlier drawings and surveys, within his architectural theory as expounded in his Royal Academy lectures, and in the larger perspective of the interests he cultivated since the 1820s — this essay brings to the fore the tension between ordering and experiencing, revealing how the architect was interested in the latent interstices between history and time.
Christopher Hussey: a bibliographical tribute
Authors: Mordaunt Crook J.
Published: October 2018

Christopher Hussey CBE MA FSA HONARIBA, who died on 20 March 1970, was the doyen of English architectural historians. By any standards, he was an extraordinarily prolific writer. The high points of his literary career were undoubtedly The Picturesque (1927) - a brilliant ‘essay on a way of seeing’ which opened the eyes of a whole generation; English Country Houses: Early, Mid and Late Georgian (3 vols, 1955-58) - the product of forty years’ research; and The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens (1950) - a biographical classic written with all the wit and sympathy which its subject deserved. But it was week by week in the pages of Country Life that Hussey built up his reputation. Landscapes, country houses, town houses; medieval cottages, Georgian seats and Victorian public buildings, as well as the new-built classics of the Modern Movement, Hussey described them all. His range was remarkable, and his expository power unfailing. More than anyone it was Hussey who made Country Life, in Lord Runciman's words, ‘the keeper of the architectural conscience of the nation'. Of course he travelled a royal road: Scotney Castle, Eton and Christ Church. But he put these inherited advantages to excellent use, delighting in the appreciation of architecture by a wider and wider audience. His whole life was really a triumphant vindication of the English amateur tradition. During his lifetime architectural history was transformed from a species of belles lettres into a serious academic discipline. Almost accidentally, Hussey played a crucial part in this process. Rather more consciously, he helped to turn preservation from a minority cult into a major national concern.

(J.M.C., RIBA Jnl., June 1970)
A Source for the Lives of Inigo Jones and John Webb
Authors: Pritchard Allan
Published: October 2018

Two letters of biographical information about Inigo Jones and his disciple and relative by marriage John Webb, written by the latter’s son James, are to be found among the papers of Anthony Wood in the Bodleian Library. The letters arose from enquiries Wood made in 1681 and 1682 for his great collection of biographies of Oxford men, Athenae Oxonienses. For a time he supposed that Webb had studied at Oxford and so sought information about him and Jones. He included a brief biographical statement about Jones in the first edition of the Athenae in 1691–92, and additional information about Jones and Webb was added from his papers after his death in the second edition in 1721. He provided a note in 1692 stating that his source was letters by James Webb, but later scholars have apparently not realized that these letters are still in existence. They are printed here for the first time.
The effect of morphosyntactic training on multilingual fifth graders’ spelling in French
Authors: BÎLICI NATALIA , UGEN SONJA , FAYOL MICHEL , WETH CONSTANZE
Published: October 2018

Many studies show that it is challenging to encode morphosyntactic information while writing. Spelling plurals is especially demanding in French as these are inaudible. Even by the end of primary school, monolingual French pupils still have difficulties marking plurals of some grammatical categories. We investigate (1) how multilingual pupils learning French as a second written language deal with silent plural markers and (2) the effects of a morphosyntactic training explicitly focussing on grammatical categories and their markers, as well as visualizing the plural agreement. 228 fifth graders were quasi-randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 137) and a control group (n = 91) based on the results of a spelling pre-test. The results of the pre-test show that multilingual learners have similar spelling patterns as French monolinguals. They pluralize nouns more accurately than verbs and perform lowest on adjectives. After the pre-test, both groups were trained over six sessions of 20 minutes. The control group participated in French listening comprehension activities. The post-test shows that the intervention group significantly improved in spelling plurals compared to the control group. A greater focus on morphosyntactic structures is highly effective especially in second language contexts where children might lack broad lexical knowledge.