bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Form Class and Its Use in Estimating Sawtimber Volume of Sugar Maple Trees
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. , Kiernan Diane
Published: August 2019

The Mesavage-Girard form class for a composite of 242 sugar maple sawtimber trees in New York averaged 82 (±5.3), differing significantly from the regional average form class of 79 originally recommended in the Mesavage-Girard form class volume tables. Also, for 8 of 16 stands, the measured form class differed significantly from the recommended regional average. Findings suggest a need to estimate form class for each tree when making an inventory of sawtimber volume. A regression analysis using data from the 242 sample trees provided a prediction equation for estimating diameter inside bark at 17 ft height on the basis of dbh. That allows determination of a unique Mesavage-Girard form class for each diameter class of sugar maple trees and use of that diameter class average when computing the board-foot volume of standing trees.
Vertical Point Sampling with a Camera
Authors: Ducey Mark J. , Kershaw John A.
Published: August 2019

Vertical point sampling has seen relatively little use in practical forestry, in part because existing field techniques are difficult. We show how vertical point sampling can be implemented quickly and easily using a camera. We give tables and equations for calculating the height-squared factor, which plays a role similar to that of the basal area factor in horizontal point sampling. Some suggestions for choosing a height-squared factor are discussed, along with potential applications for further exploration. We illustrate the technique using a case study in southern Maine. Direct estimates with no statistically detectable bias were obtained using height-squared factors greater than 3. The results also suggested that the technique could be used as a correlate in double sampling for variables such as cubic volume, stand density index, and biomass, and possibly board foot volume as well.
Stand Structure and Composition 32 Years after Precommercial Thinning Treatments in a Mixed Northern Conifer Stand in Central Maine
Authors: Weiskittel Aaron R. , Kenefic Laura S. , Li Rongxia , Brissette John
Published: August 2019

The effects of four precommercial thinning (PCT) treatments on an even-aged northern conifer stand in Maine were investigated by examining stand structure and composition 32 years after treatment. Replicated treatments applied in 1976 included: (1) control (no PCT), (2) row thinning (rowthin; 5-ft-wide row removal with 3-ft-wide residual strips), (3) row thinning with crop tree release (rowthin+CTR; 5-ft-wide row removal with crop tree release at 8-ft intervals in 3-ft-wide residual strips), and (4) crop tree release (CTR; release of selected crop trees at 8×8-ft intervals). PCT plots had more large trees and fewer small trees than the control in 2008. There were no other significant differences between the rowthin and control. The rowthin+CTR and CTR treatments had lower total and hardwood basal area (BA) and higher merchantable conifer BA than the control. CTR also resulted in more red spruce (Picea rubens [Sarg.]) and less balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.]) than the other treatments. Although stand structures for rowthin+CTR and CTR were similar, the percentage of spruce in CTR was greater. Although the less-intensive rowthin+CTR treatment may provide many of the same benefits as CTR, the latter would be the preferred treatment if increasing the spruce component of a stand is an objective. Overall, early thinning treatments were found to have long-term effects on key stand attributes, even more than 30 years after treatment in areas with mixed species composition and moderate site potential.
Rating Introgression between Lodgepole and Jack Pine at the Individual Tree Level Using Morphological Traits
Authors: Bleiker Katherine P. , Carroll Allan L.
Published: August 2019

Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.
Characteristics of and Challenges Faced by Logging Business Owners in Southern New England
Authors: Egan Andrew
Published: August 2019

The heavily populated states of southern New England—Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island—are primarily forested, providing forest-related services and timber and nontimber forest products. Despite reported challenges to the region's forestry sector, including a shortage of logging capacity, there has been a lack of systematically gathered data about the region's logging community. A mailed survey, informed by focus groups, key informant interviews, and previous research, was used to develop baseline information about the region's logging business owners and to explore challenges to the region's logging businesses. There were few significant differences among logging businesses and logging business owners from the three southern New England states for the attributes studied. Although some mechanized felling was reported, most logging businesses in the region used chain saw felling and 46% of the businesses reported a logging equipment value of less than $100,000. Logging business owners cited several challenges to maintaining or expanding their businesses, including day-to-day operating costs, equipment and insurance costs, the price of stumpage, a shrinking forestland base, and harvest regulations. In addition, there was a general perception of the public's lack of respect for loggers and logging, as well as a perceived disconnect between forest products that the public consumes and the work that loggers perform. Loggers in the region appeared to have less familial attachment to logging, more nonlogging employment opportunity, and a diminished sense of occupational prestige compared with other logging business owners in the northeast. As with similar studies of the logging communities in other states in the northeast, this study represents a reference point from which future studies of the region's logging workforce may be more clearly understood.
Nontarget Insects Caught on Emerald Ash Borer Purple Monitoring Traps in Western Pennsylvania
Authors: Skvarla Michael J. , Holland Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2019

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an invasive beetle attacking North American ash trees (Fraxinus L. [Oleaceae]). Populations in infested areas are monitored with purple sticky traps. During summer 2008, we monitored nine pairs of purple traps and clear control traps to determine which other insect families are attracted to these traps and whether these traps might be used to monitor other pest insects. We argue that monitoring bycatch in these traps could greatly increase the potential of finding other invasive species.
Thinning Response of Immature White Pine
Authors: Gillespie Andrew R. , Hocker Harold W.
Published: August 2019

A study of response of immature white pine to thinning showed no significant difference in 8-year net basal area per acre production between three treatments: (A) thinning to B-line stocking; (B) thinning to release approximately 80 crop trees per acre; (C) controls. Plots, located in six stands in southern New Hampshire, produced an 8-year average of 45 ft 2 of basal area per acre regardless of thinning intensity. B-line thinning gave greatest response over controls for 4-in trees. Crop tree thinning showed best response over controls for 8-in trees, the average crop tree size. Differences in basal area production among stands were attributed to site characteristics. Results indicate that immature white pine responds well to treatment and that growth by size class can be controlled by thinning method to meet different management objectives. North. J. Appl. For. 3:148-150, Dec. 1986.
Mycorrhizae Benefit Growth and Development of Eastern Black Walnut Seedlings
Authors: Melichar Michael W. , Garrett Harold E. , Cox Gene S.
Published: August 2019

Eastern black walnut seedlings were inoculated with four vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal-forming fungi and grown in the greenhouse for 198 days. Stem and root growth of inoculated and noninoculated control plants were compared. Growth and development of seedlings inoculated with Glomus microcarpus, G. mosseae, or G. microcarpus + G. fasciculatus were superior to those of seedlings inoculated with G. caledonius or left uninoculated. Application of these findings may be beneficial in reducing the number of cull seedlings produced in nursery operations and in stimulating early growth of outplanted walnut stock. North. J. Appl. For. 3:151-153, Dec. 1986.
Crown Release and Fertilization of Natural Black Walnut
Authors: Ponder Felix , Schlesinger Richard C.
Published: August 2019

In a natural mixed hardwood stand, black walnut trees that received crown release only or received crown release and fertilized with nitrogen only or in combination with phosphorus and potassium were significantly larger than nonreleased trees after 11 years. A large part of the growth difference was due to release. Larger diameter trees benefitted more from crown release than smaller trees. The best response to fertilization was by trees receiving the highest amount of nitrogen and in the diameter class ranging from 14.6-18.7 in. North. J. Appl. For. 3:153-155, Dec. 1986.
Successful Black Walnut Management Requires Long-Term Commitment
Authors: Schlesinger Richard C. , Weber Barbara C.
Published: August 2019

Intensive management of both naturally occurring and planted black walnut trees is necessary to meet the requirements of the furniture and other wood product industries for this high-value hardwood. Successful intensive culture of black walnut requires a consideration of the biological requirements of the trees as they relate to soil properties, competing vegetation, thinning or release, and pruning. Growers must understand the need for consistent and periodic cultural activities if they are to realize the objectives of short-rotation, high-quality production forestry. North. J. Appl. For. 4:20-23, March 1987.
Six-Year Effects of Two Late Spring Frosts on Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Rast Everette D. , Brisbin Robert L.
Published: August 2019

Severe late spring frosts can kill new shoots and leaves on commercial tree species at higher elevations. A previous short-term study has shown that the resulting defoliation and dieback does not seriously affect the radial growth or mortality of most species except American beech. In this study we found that defoliation, dieback, and radial growth increment were related to species and crown class. The radial growth increment of American beech was reduced to 70% of the previous 6-yr growth during the first year after the frost. The annual growth then increased consistently over the measurement period. Black cherry and sugar maple radial increment was only reduced to 88% of the previous 6-yr growth, but subsequent increments were much more variable. Epicormic branching on the lower bole of black cherry and beech increased significantly after defoliation occurred. At elevations above 3,200 ft, managers should discourage beech regeneration if timber production is the primary management objective. The potential for higher value products may be reduced because of increased variability in growth rate. North. J. Appl. For. 4:26-28, March 1987.
Managing Beech Bark Disease: Evaluating Defects and Reducing Losses
Authors: Burns Barbara S. , Houston David R.
Published: August 2019

Beech bark disease often produces bark defects that may result in trees being classed erronously as cull. Because of this, sale overruns occur, and sound trees are mistakenly left uncut in the woods. The disease occurs when Nectria fungi attack and kill bark predisposed by the beech scale. It results in several types of bark defects on residual trees that do not succumb or on young trees developing in the presence of the causal complex. Defects can be more or less serious depending on the depth of infection. A sawmill study showed that on trees with recognizable, superficial defects, yield is little affected. When the cambium is damaged, however, defects may lead to losses in lumber yield or quality. Understanding how defects develop helps in estimating volume, identifying high risk trees, and making prescriptions that leave stands more resistant to beech bark disease. North. J. Appl. For. 4:28-33, Mar. 1987.
Scandinavian Thinning Techniques in a Natural Northeastern Softwood Stand
Authors: Hoffman Benjamin F. , Wedge David C. , Gadzik Charles J.
Published: August 2019

The applicability of Scandinavian thinning techniques to small-diameter northeastern softwood stands was tested in a hemlock stand in central Maine. Cutting used motormanual techniques in which the cutter felled, limbed, bucked and piled 8-ft bolts for extraction to trailside by a small tractor and winch. Sixteen-foot lengths were also cut in order to compare the relative merits of the two sizes. To simulate radio control, the winch was activated by a retractable nylon line that permitted the operator to control it remotely from within the stand. A small, tracked forwarder transported the wood to roadside landings. Total roadside cost of the operation was $42.86 per cord, but a cost of $37.87 is considered attainable. The most expensive and most difficult to improve function is cutting, which is most influenced by the small tree size. In this case, 27.5 trees were cut per cord, compared with 10-15 found in most commercial operations. Costs are unacceptable, but the technique may be viable for woodlot owners with limited equipment and low wage requirements. North. J. Appl. For. 4:38-42, March 1987
Silvicultural Cutting Opportunities in Oak-Hickory Forests
Authors: Gansner David A. , Dale Martin E. , Herrick Owen W. , Dickson David R. , Lutz David E.
Published: August 2019

Analysis of cutting opportunities for oak-hickory forests of Pennsylvania reveals a timber bonanza for expanding wood-using plants. The current potential cut from silvicultural thinning, regeneration, and harvest opportunities totals 58 million cords. It amounts to 20 times the current annual harvest of all hardwood volume from the state. On the stump, the conversion value of this material totals $615 million. Moreover, the good housekeeping associated with the silviculture would improve timber productivity and quality. North. J. Appl. For. 4:59-63, June 1987.
Spruce Budworm Damage in Aspen/Balsam Fir Stands Affected by Cutting Methods
Authors: Batzer Harold O. , Benzie John W. , Popp Michael P.
Published: August 2019

An aspen/balsam fir study area in Wisconsin with several replicated cutting treatments dating from 1950 when the stand was 36 years old became infested by the spruce budworm in 1976. Remeasurement in 1981 revealed that balsam fir mortality and growth loss were directly related to the amount of aspen removed from the overstory. Complete and commercial clearcutting of the overstory aspen produced 60% more balsam fir basal area than uncut plots by 1975. However, mortality from budworm defoliation averaged 98% of the basal area in these plots. Thinning from above best achieved the objective of early release and provided near maximum protection from the spruce budworm. North. J. Appl. For. 4:73-75, June 1987.
Fuelwood Processing in New Hampshire Becomes a Mature Industry
Authors: Evans Arthur W. , Parker Richard G.
Published: August 2019

In the past few years, New Hampshire's fuelwood processing industry has changed. The majority of output no longer comes from many small entrepreneurs, but from traditional multiproduct loggers. Ninety-four percent of the fuel-wood is marketed by producers whose annual output is over 100 cords. Most are integrated logging businesses; sawlogs are the major product, but fuelwood averages 30% of the output. Whole tree chips comprise 19% of the fuelwood output. Survey respondents reported that profit margins were satisfactory for cordwood and marginal for biomass chips. With more multi-product harvesting, and larger, better equipped fuelwood contractors, forest managers may be better able to utilize increased fuelwood demand to improve forest management. North. J. Appl. For. 4:76-78, June 1987.
Multiple Resource Information and Modeling: A Survey of Needs in the Lake States
Authors: Guertin D. Phillip , Brooks Kenneth N. , Ffolliott Peter F.
Published: August 2019

A project addressing the requirements of multiple-resource models in the Lake States was undertaken. As part of this project, professionals involved with forest resource management and planning were queried about informational and modeling needs to carry out multiple resource evaluations. Participants of seven work-shops indicated that multiple resource models can be useful to define response relationships for land-use practices, to design inventory programs, to identify research needs, and to assess environmental impacts. Different levels of resolution are needed for project-level planning in contrast to forest-level (county-level) planning. North. J. Appl. For. 4:81-84, June 1987.
Modeling the Cost and Profitability of Timber Harvesting with Cable Skidders
Authors: Howard Andrew F.
Published: August 2019

Logging costs and profitability are affected by many variables. Computer simulation based on detailed production studies and an accounting-based cost analysis was used to investigate the relative importance of tree size and species group on logging costs and profits. Tree size had the greatest affect on skidding costs. Species group was found to be important only in felling. Marginal tree size and margins for profit and risk were computed for seven timber sales. Marginal tree size ranged from 12+ to 13+ in. Volume in submarginal trees ranged from 16.3 to 44.8% of the total volume. Margins earned by a hypothetical contractor were found to be low. The findings and methodology can be used by researchers and operations managers for analysis and planning of harvesting activities. The procedures provide a means for establishing merchantability limits for individual harvests based on characteristics of the stand, logging system, and harvest layout. They can also be used to establish equitable contract rates. North. J. Appl. For. 4:87-92, June 1987.
Potential Sawtimber Availability in Northcentral Pennsylvania: the Next Three Decades
Authors: Strauss Charles H. , McWilliams William H.
Published: August 2019

Analysis of future hardwood sawtimber availability from an 8-county region in Pennsylvania over a 30-year period shows that the volume of rotation harvests from even-aged forests could double. This is based on a model projection of the stand structure of the region's forests in combination with the assumed forest management regimes for public and private owners. Additional sawtimber could also be provided from intermediate and selection harvests. Realization of this potential output will depend on an expansion of sawtimber markets and an effective means for regenerating stands after their rotation harvest. North. J. Appl. For. 4:119-123, September 1987.
Eastern Black Walnut Plantations: An Economically Viable Option for Conservation Reserve Lands Within the Corn Belt
Authors: Noweg Tonga A. , Kurtz William B.
Published: August 2019

The financial returns to establishing eastern black walnut plantations in the Corn Belt region are financially acceptable. Roughly one million acres lend themselves to walnut culture. Stumpage price and site quality reflected through land price influence the level of returns realized. These plantations can provide a viable land use and investment alternative in utilizing erodible land, in diversifying the rural economy, and over the long run in supplementing farm income. North. J. Appl. For. 4:158-160, Sept. 1987.
White Pine Management: Volume and Value Growth
Authors: Hibbs David E. , Bentley William R.
Published: August 2019

Physical and financial yields from investments in white pine spacing control were estimated using a simulation model sensitive to site quality and changes in spacing. Financial returns were estimated using two assumptions each for price-diameter relationships, real interest rates, and precommercial spacing costs. Management guidelines were developed on the basis of the results. Precommercial thinning was not recommended. First thinnings were suggested as average tree size reaches commercial minimums (45 to 60 yr, depending on site and utilization standards) and final harvest was recommended at 60 to 75 yr, again depending on site and standards. Comparison of pine and oak management opportunities in southern New England favored pine, even if substantial investments were required for hardwood control. North. J. Appl. For. 4:197-201, December 1987
Impact of Cone and Seed Insects in a Red Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Katovich Steven A. , Kulman Herbert M.
Published: August 2019

The impact of cone and seed insects was studied in a southern Wisconsin red pine seed orchard in 1985. Insects destroyed 66.5% of the cones and may have caused the early spring abortion of 8.3% of the cones. Twenty-five percent of the cones survived; however, the average sound seed/cone was less than one. Seed-worms destroyed 30.5% of the developed seed and 67.0% was empty. North. J. Appl. For. 4:204-206, December 1987.
Pitch X Loblolly Hybrids after 10 Years in New Jersey
Authors: Kuser John E. , Knezick Donald R. , Garrett Peter W.
Published: August 2019

Eleven years after planting, 88% of the pitch × loblolly hybrid families in a 1973 southern New Jersey test plantation are taller than the top pitch pine control, and 94% are taller than the top loblolly pine control. Ten years after planting, 88% of the pitch × loblolly hybrid families in a nearby test plantation established in 1974 are taller than the top pitch pine control, and 100% are taller than the top loblolly pine control. Survival of the hybrids averages 93% and 99%, respectively. The authors conclude that the best "pitchlob" hybrids can be used, depending on site, for replanting logged tracts and reclaiming sand and gravel pits. They may also prove useful for reforestation work in Korea. North. J. Appl. For. 4:207-209, December 1987.
Estimating Biomass Yields by Source Components for Appalachian Hardwood Thinnings
Authors: Baumgras John E.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for estimating biomass yields from thinning stands of Appalachian hardwoods. These equations were developed from sample plot data collected in overstocked poletimber and small-sawtimber stands aged 50 to 70 years. Yields in green ton(s) per acre can be estimated for three source components: roundwood and topwood of trees ≥5.0 in. dbh. and whole trees 1.0 to 4.9 in. dbh. Yield estimates are a function of the square feet of basal area to be removed per acre from specified tree dbh classes. Application of these equations provides information needed to evaluate harvesting and utilization alternatives that include whole-tree chipping options.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:38-40, March 1988.
Stem Form and Lumber Yield: Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning
Authors: Lowell Kim E. , Dwyer John P.
Published: August 2019

Though stem form and taper greatly affect the amount of recoverable lumber in a tree, little work has been conducted on the long-term effects of thinning and pruning on stem form and lumber yield. The work described suggests that long after treatment neither stem form nor the bf/ft3 conversion ratio is affected by thinning and/or pruning. It is apparent that all of the merchantable volume increase induced by thinning will be recovered in the sawn lumber, but pruning does not appear to be a viable method for producing more cylindrical logs and increasing the conversion ratio.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:56-58, March 1988.
Correction Equations for Dendrometer Band Measurements of Five Hardwood Species
Authors: Fuller Leslie G. , Cattelino Peter J. , Reed David D.
Published: August 2019

Dendrometer bands are commonly used tools for the measurement of tree diameter increment. An inherent problem of band type dendrometers is the inaccuracy of newly installed bands due to band slack. A study to determine the amount of correction needed to account for first-year slack was conducted for five northern hardwood species. Prediction equations to correct for first year errors are given as well as a discussion of their application. North. J. Appl. For. 5:111-113, June 1988.
Airborne Video Digital Data for Resource Analysis and Management in the Northeast
Authors: Greene Roger H.
Published: August 2019

Airborne video data in digital form provides an inexpensive alternative to aerial photography to provide up-to-date information on the size, kinds, and distribution of forest types. Its capability to be incorporated into a geographic information system can augment the value of information produced during analysis. In Maine, Landmark Applied Technologies has developed and is using a system which includes acquiring the video imagery, extracting scenes in digital form, analyzing these data, and incorporating them into an Intergraph GIS to provide a mechanism for rapid updating of spatial data bases. North. J. Appl. For. 5:117-120, June 1988.
An Application of Linear Programming for Short-Term Harvest Scheduling
Authors: Macmillan Douglas C. , Fairweather Stephen E.
Published: August 2019

The technique of linear programming (LP) is illustrated by developing a harvest schedule for an industrial forest ownership in northwestern Pennsylvania. The objective was to maximize net present value of the harvest over a five-year planning period. The effect of changes in timber value and growth rate on the optimum schedule was determined. Sensitivity analysis provided additional information the manager could use to make decisions. In order to successfully apply LP, the forester must be able to define the management objective of the harvest schedule and the resource and managerial constraints that will influence its attainment. Data used in the model have to be available and reliable. Many forest enterprises should be in the position to adopt LP since commercial programs for microcomputers are now available for which a high level of computing expertise is not required. North. J. Appl. For. 5:145-148, June 1988.
Estimating Site Quality of Young Red Pine Plantations by Growth Intercept Methods
Authors: Bottenfield Timothy R. , Reed David D.
Published: August 2019

Five growth intercept measurements were correlated with site index of red pine plantations in the northern Lakes States. The growth intercept variables were obtained by direct field measurement or indirectly through interpolation of stem analysis data. Growth intercepts represented both time (age in years) and distance (height in feet) measurements. Growth intercepts representing time and the age at breast height are not recommended for use in young red pine plantations. The amount of height growth in the first five annual whorls above 5 and 8 ft were good predictors of site index. North. J. Appl. For. 5:91-93, June 1988.
Crop Tree Release of a Scarlet-Black Oak Stand
Authors: Mitchell Robert J. , Dwyer John P. , Musbach Ralph A. , Garrett Harold E. , Cox Gene S. , Kurtz William B.
Published: August 2019

In 1953 and 1954 a series of crop tree thinning and pruning studies were initiated in 30- to 35-year-old stands composed predominantly of scarlet oak and black oak. Growth of the crop trees was monitored until the average stand age was 61. Removal of all trees whose crowns were within 8 ft of the 50 crop trees resulted in significantly increased diameter growth and cubic volume of wood produced. The moderate and heavy 50-crop-tree thinning treatments produced the highest net cubic volume per acre. Crop tree thinning also tended to reduce mortality during the study period. Yield increases due to thinning in this study were comparable to those previously determined to economically justify a precommercial thinning of the scarlet and black oak type in Missouri. North. J. Appl. For. 5:96-99, June 1988.
Using the Pilodyn Tester in Selecting Plus Trees
Authors: Hall J. Peter
Published: August 2019

The pilodyn tester was assessed in stands of black spruce, white spruce, and tamarack to determine its value in selecting trees of higher than average specific gravity. Trees were sampled from natural stands representative of areas where plus trees are selected. The specific gravity was determined using an 11 mm increment core. Pilodyn pin readings from the four sides of the tree were then correlated with measured specific gravity. Statistically significant correlations were obtained in 17 of 18 stands. It is recommended that specific gravity be assessed using four pin penetration readings in all three species. North. J. Appl. For. 5:170-171, Sept. 1988.
Focus Group Interviewing Applied to Retired West Virginia Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Kingsley Neal P. , Brock Samuel M. , DeBald Paul S.
Published: August 2019

To gain a deeper understanding of the interests and motivations of retired West Virginia forest landowners, the focus group interview technique was used with four groups of retired resident owners. This group discussion technique provided a deeper understanding of how this important group of forest landowners think. The results show that these owners display a strong sense of stewardship toward the land and a concern for their families, society as a whole, and for future generations that is not evident from the results of mail questionnaire surveys. They tend to downplay the financial aspects of timber production. A land ethic is clearly implied by their comments. They desire a sense of security and well-being from the ownership of forestland and evidence a deep feeling for nature. The results of this study show that focus group interviewing is a viable technique for gaining an understanding of important segments of the land owning population that goes beyond the information provided by mail canvasses. North. J. Appl. For. 5:198-200, Sept. 1988.
Control of Understory Vegetation in Allegheny Hardwood Stands with Oust
Authors: Horsley Stephen B.
Published: August 2019

Sulfometuron methyl (methyl 2-[[[[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) - amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]-benzoate), marketed under the trade name Oust Weed Killer by E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., was evaluated for its ability to control three herbaceous (hay-scented fern, New York fern, and short husk grass) and two woody species (striped maple and American beech) in the under-story of Allegheny hardwood stands. The herbicide was applied at four rates, 0, 2, 4, and 8 oz of product/ac, at the beginning of each month from May through November. Both ferns were nearly completely controlled at all application rates made between July 1 and October 1. Other dates of application gave less control and were rate-dependent. Short husk grass was not completely controlled at any time, but the most effective treatments were for the highest rate applied from September 1 through November 1. Striped maple and beech were not affected by any of the treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 5:261-262, December 1988.
Growth of Young Black Walnut Plantations in Kentucky1
Authors: Kalisz Paul J. , Stringer Jeffrey W. , Hill Deborah B.
Published: August 2019

Height, basal diameter, and crown width were determined for 2-to 16- year-old black walnut trees in 61 plantations distributed throughout Kentucky. Measurements from the 3050 trees sampled were used to develop height/age, diameter/age, and crown width/diameter equations and curves. These curves provide benchmarks for evaluating the early growth of typical plantations. Annual height and diameter growth were compared among different geologic substrates, landscape positions, levels of competition control, and soil suitability classes. At an average age of 6 years, height and diameter growth averaged 0.9 ft/yr and 0.2 in./yr, respectively, for all 61 plantations. Height growth was 35% greater for plantations located on suitable soils compared to plantations on soils of questionable suitability. Soil suitability did not affect diameter growth, but plantations with good competition control had 50% greater diameter growth compared to plantations with fair or poor competition control. Results of this study re-emphasize two principles of black walnut management: (1) only plant on good sites and (2) always control competition. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):17-20, March 1989.
Juvenile Performance of Exotic Larches in Central Wisconsin1
Authors: Lee Chen H. , Schabel Hans G.
Published: August 2019

A permanent test plantation consisting of a single provenance of Japanese larch and six provenances of European larch was established in central Wisconsin in the spring of 1982 by hand planting 2-0 stock grown from seed originating in Europe. A randomized complete block design with seven replications was used. Altogether 294 trees (6 trees/plot X *** plots/block x 7 replications) were installed in the test.

After five growing seasons in the field, plantation survival was 98%. Nineteen percent of the trees had suffered bark damage by deer, and 22% had terminals clipped by grasshoppers. The damages were not related to seed source origin, and they were of short duration.

The between-seedlot differences in annual shoot elongation were statistically significant in each of three consecutive growing seasons. Mean annual height growth for both exotic larches combined was 53 cm. Mean total height reached 3.73 m after seven growing seasons (two in the nursery, five in the plantation). Early growth potential of both larches was more than three times that of native red pine planted adjacent to the larch study site. Although the single Japanese larch provenance was slowest growing, sensitive to late frost, and possessed the lowest percentage of straight stems, it still outperformed red pine. European larch of Polish provenances, combining good growth with straightness characteristics, is recommended for general planting purposes on suitable sites in central Wisconsin. North. J. Appl. For. 6(1):31-33, March 1989.
A Harvesting Guide for Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands1
Authors: Kaya Ismail , Buongiorno Joseph
Published: August 2019

This paper describes a cutting guide for northern hardwoods designed to take into account the uncertain growth of forest stands and the fluctuations of product prices. It illustrates the potential for increasing markedly the returns from selectively cut northern hardwood stands. In this guide, the state of a stand is defined by the basal area per acre in pole timber, small sawmill timber, and large sawtimber. Given a particular stand state and price level, the guide suggests either doing nothing, or cutting the stand into another state. Under the assumptions made, the guide maximizes the net present value of returns over an infinite horizon. The suggested regime results in an average yield of 2.8 ft²/ac/yr of basal area, and a residual stocking of 114 ft²/ac. The average interval between cuts (cutting cycle) is 9 years. When a cut is made, it practically never includes pulpwood, but only large (15 in. +) sawtimber, and more seldom small (11 to 15 in.) sawtimber. Volumes cut vary from 1400 to 15,000 bf/ac depending on stand state and price level. Stand values obtained by applying the guide are much higher than those yielded by the traditional Lake States marking guide. They are also generally superior to those obtained with a deterministic optimization model. North. J. Appl. For. 6:9-14, March 1989.
Heritability in Sugar Maple Families Suggest Breeding for Response to Wounding Would Pay
Authors: Garrett Peter W. , Funk David T. , Hawley Gary J. , Wendel George W.
Published: August 2019

There was no significant variation in response to wounding related to geographic origin in a 14-year-old provenance/progeny test of sugar maple. Narrow-sense heritability calculated for the 73 families was 0.38. The area of discolored wood was not correlated with tree size, suggesting the possibility of dual selection for growth and ability to compartmentalize discolored and decayed wood.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:59-61, June 1989.
Forage-Nutritional Advantages of Small Fuelwood Cuts for Deer
Authors: Pekins Peter J. , Mautz William W.
Published: August 2019

Summer forage use by tame white-tailed deer in four fuelwood cuts (0.5-2.5 ha) in southeastern New Hampshire was studied from July 1 to September 10, 1980. Canada mayflower was the most consumed individual food. Leaves of hardwood stump sprouts were consumed and preferred more than leaves of hardwood seedlings and saplings. Red oak and red maple were the most consumed and available sprout leaves. Nutritional advantages of sprout leaves over leaves from seedlings and saplings were evident; sprout leaves were higher in crude protein and ether extract, and lower in crude fiber and ADF. Fuelwood harvesting recommendations in relation to deer use are discussed.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:72-74, June 1989.
Growth Response of Tamarack to Ditching
Authors: Trettin Carl C. , Jones Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2019

Forest drainage systems have been used effectively to remove excess water from poorly drained forest soils and to increase site productivity. A study was conducted in northern Michigan to determine the effects of a drainage ditch on the productivity of tamarack 65 years after ditching. Site index increased 55% and average diameter increased 145% within 5 m of the ditch. There was no apparent effect of ditching on site index beyond 80 m from the ditch or diameter beyond 20 m.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:107-109, September 1989.
Interpretations of Illinois Stumpage Price Trends
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , White David C.
Published: August 2019

To provide insight into the timber market accessible to owners of non-industrial private forestland in the central hardwoods region, we examine Illinois statewide average stumpage prices for 16 hardwood species and 2 species composites. Over the study period, upland hardwood stumpage prices have risen faster than inflation. Swings in stumpage prices during this same period have been frequent and significant, e.g., woods-run stumpage prices for upland hardwoods have changed as much as 41% within 1 year and 75% within 2 years. The frequency of price changes suggests a predominantly buyer controlled market. Illinois forest land-owners can increase their return on investment from forestland through judicious market timing when making timber sales, and by requiring competitive bids. When Illinois timber supply data are considered with the general price trends, a picture emerges of an ongoing market advantage for the production of high-value intolerant species, such as the oaks.

North. J. Appl. For. 68:115-120, September 1989.
Transplanting Stress in Bareroot Conifer Seedlings: Its Development and Progression to Establishment
Authors: Rietveld W. J.
Published: August 2019

Transplanting stress is: (1) a temporary condition of distress from injuries, depletion, and impaired functions; (2) a process of recovery; and (3) a period of adjustment to a new environment. Some transplanting stress is unavoidable, even with good stock in a favorable environment. The degree and duration of stress depend on the interactions of seedling performance potential and the site environment. Renewal of root-to-soil contact is important for resumption of adequate water and nutrient uptake. Root growth is sensitive to soil temperature and plant moisture stress. If reserve carbohydrates are exhausted before they are replenished from photosynthesis, the seedlings may die. Preplant handling and postplant drought aggravate transplanting stress. Stress can be minimized by planting stock with high stress resistance, preserving seedling performance potential, preparing a favorable planting site environment, and planting the seedlings properly.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:99-107, September 1989
Regenerating Paper Birch in the Lake States with the Shelterwood Method
Authors: Perala Donald A. , Alm Alvin A.
Published: August 2019

The two-cut uniform shelterwood method provides abundant seed and shade needed to regenerate paper birch on droughty sites. The key to success is site preparation by cross-discing within 2 years after seed dispersal to (a) incorporate organic matter, particularly brown cubical woody rot, into the mineral soil, (b) to control competing vegetation, and (c) to drill seed into the seed bed. Drilled seed produces seedlings that grow 3 to 4 times faster than seedlings from seed dispersed after site preparation. Because a uniform shelterwood intercepts some precipitation, narrow shaded clearcut strips or strip shelterwoods may be even better for regenerating paper birch. North. J. Appl. For. 6:151-153, December 1989.
Economic Contributions of the Lake States' Forest Resources, 1982-1995
Authors: Pedersen Larry , Chappelle Daniel E.
Published: August 2019

The forest products industry in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin accounts for about 8% of the region's manufacturing sales, employment, and income. In real terms, sales of forest products are forecasted to grow from $15 billion in 1982 to over $22 billion by 1995. Sales related to wood energy and outdoor recreation in forested areas of the region account for another $2 billion. Adding the multiplier effect, economic activity attributable to these three uses of the forest resource is projected to grow from over $30 billion in 1985 to over $40 billion by 1995. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):10-13, March 1990.
Hardwood Stumpage Price Trends and Characteristics in Connecticut
Authors: Holmes Thomas P. , Bentley William R. , Broderick Stephen H. , Hobson Todd
Published: August 2019

During the 1960s, hardwood stumpage in Connecticut was valued well below the regional average. Beginning in 1973, the hardwood stumpage market in the state began a long period of value growth due to the increasing size and quality of standing timber and the improving market for oak. Between 1960 and 1987, real stumpage prices for lots of mostly oak timber in Connecticut increased at an average annual rate of 4.6%. During the 1980s, real prices for oak increased at an average annual rate of 7.3%, while the value increase for mixed hardwoods was 2 0%. In comparison, the value of softwoods fell at an average annual rate of 2 4% during this recent period. The inflation of hardwood stumpage prices was caused by outward shifts in the demand curve and decreasing supply elasticity. If these trends continue, good financial opportunities will exist for oak management. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):13-16, March 1990.
Sap Sweetness Consistency vs. Growth Rates in Young Sugar Maples
Authors: Laing Frederick M. , Howard Diantha B.
Published: August 2019

Mature sugar maples have been shown in a previous study to be consistent for sap sweetness when ranked against other trees in a population for many years. This study examined sap sweetness in young sugar maples in relation to basal area growth rates. A definite trend toward consistency for sap sweetness was found in young trees although there was greater variability than in mature trees. Reasons for this variability are postulated to be the continuing competitive growth of the younger trees and mortality due to natural causes and/or management. However, the trend toward consistency for sweetness warrants sap testing as a criterion in selecting potential crop trees for sap production. Annual correlations between sap sweetness and growth rates varied with no clear trend. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):5-9, March 1990.
Effects of Site Quality and Season of Clearcutting on Hardwood Regeneration in Ohio
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. , Heiligmann Randall B.
Published: August 2019

In 1962-64 eight plots (0.21 ha) were established to study the effects of site quality and season of clearcutting on regeneration at the Mead Experimental Forest in south-central Ohio. Summer and winter clearcutting treatments were applied on both good and medium black oak sites. Regeneration was inventoried 1 year and 18-20 years after clearcutting. Medium sites had a greater number of trees than good sites, but they were smaller in diameter. Upland oak density was significantly higher on medium sites. Season of harvest had minimal effect on improving oak composition on good sites. However, on medium sites upland oaks dominated following summer harvesting, while mixed hardwoods and upland oaks dominated following winter harvesting. North. J. Appl. For. 7:69-72, June 1990.
An Improved Saratoga Spittlebug Nymphal Appraisal Survey
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: August 2019

The traditional Saratoga spittlebug nymphal appraisal survey was made more accurate and more efficient by: (1) restricting the time for sampling; (2) sampling only high risk acreage stands; (3) tallying the nymphs by using percentage of sample-frames infested; and (4) providing a broader range of decision options for the forest manager. The new survey reduced sampling time by one-third to one-half that of the traditional method. North. J. Appl. For. 7:83-86, June 1990.
Control of Grass and Sedge in Allegheny Hardwood Stands with Roundup-Residual Herbicide Tank Mixes
Authors: Horsley Stephen B.
Published: August 2019

A small plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of forest floor disturbance on establishment of grasses and sedges and to test whether addition of a residual herbicide in tank mix with Roundup could reduce grass and sedge reinvasion. Seven residual herbicides, each at three rates of application, were tested against a Roundup control. Herbicides were Hyvar X (bromacil), Karmex (diuron), Racer (fluorochloridone) (R-40244)), Devrinol (napropamide), Surflan (oryzalin), Oust (sulfometuron methyl), and Sinbar (terbacil). Herbicides were applied on three dates of application at two northwestern Pennsylvania sites. Half of each plot was mechanically disturbed to simulate logging disturbance. Response data were collected for 2 or 3 years after treatment application. Soil disturbance was a significant factor in promoting emergence of grass and sedge; most germination occurred during the growing season immediately following treatment. Little grass or sedge emerged on undisturbed areas. In the second growing season following treatment, plants that did emerge grew to full size. Two of the tank mixes, Roundup plus Hyvar X and Roundup plus Karmex, gave less control of vegetation on the plot at the time of treatment than Roundup alone. Most Round-up-residual herbicide tank mixes reduced emergence and growth of new grass and sedge plants, regardless of application date; however, the amount and duration of control differed among herbicides. Roundup (1 # ai/ac) plus Surflan (2-4 # ai/ac) and Roundup plus Oust (0.09-0.19 # ai/ac) produced the best results reducing grass and sedge ground cover for at least 3 and 2 years, respectively. By use of Roundup-residual herbicide tank mixes and manipulation of cutting techniques, forest land managers can minimize the impact of grass and sedge on the forest regeneration process in Allegheny hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 7:124-129, September 1990.