bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Full-scale experience with the membrane bioreactor-reverse osmosis water reclamation process
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Hodgkinson Andrew , Skeels Peter , Smith Jenine , Lozier James , Fries Kim
Published: December 2015

The Gippsland Water Factory (GWF), owned and operated by Gippsland Water in south eastern Australia, is a 35,000 m3/day water reclamation facility which treats 16,000 m3/day of domestic wastewater and 19,000 m3/day of industrial (pulp and paper) wastewater through parallel membrane-bioreactor (MBR)-based treatment trains prior to discharge to the Pacific Ocean via the Regional Outfall Sewer. A portion of the domestic train MBR effluent is further treated through a chloramination and reverse osmosis (RO) system for reclamation, as needed to augment the regional water supply, and is supplied to Australia Paper, the source of the industrial wastewater treated at the GWF. While use of the MBR/RO combination for water reclamation is expected to provide advantages, little full-scale experience exists. Consequently, this paper reports operational and performance results for the first four years of operation for the MBR/RO water reclamation train. Details are provided, not only on process performance, but also on the resolution of equipment and plant performance issues along with ongoing plant optimization. On the basis of these operating results, it is concluded that the combination of MBR and RO is a reliable and robust option for producing high-quality reclaimed water from municipal wastewater.
Microfiltration of vinasse: sustainable strategy to improve its nutritive potential
Authors: Amaral Míriam C. S. , Andrade Laura H. , Neta Luzia S. F. , Magalhães Natalie C. , Santos Fábio S. , Mota Gabriel E. , Carvalho Roberto B.
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this article was to evaluate and establish microfiltration (MF) operating conditions for vinasse (ethanol industries wastewater also known as stillage, slop, distillery effluent or dunder) concentration aiming to improve the use of its nutritive potential. The operating conditions influence permeate flux that has been evaluated by monitoring the flow rate profile during the operation on bench scale in different conditions (feed pH, aeration condition and recovery rate). From the results found, the process scale up was then effected. The bench scale findings showed that the vinasse microfiltration under air flow of 0.5 m3.h−1 between membrane fibers, with no pH adjustment, and recovery rate of 93% produced two flows, one of permeate that may be used to wash the sugarcane during the ethanol production processing, and the other of concentrate that contains a high organic compounds and nutrients concentration. This concentrate has additional potentiality of being used as organic compound supplement in contaminated soil bioremediation, and as a supplier of microbial biomass or substrate for biosurfactant production.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Aloe Vera Collected from Different Climatic Regions of India
Authors: Sandeep Kumar  , Lalita Budhwar  , Amita Yadav  , Manila Yadav  , Jaya Parkash Yadav
Published: December 2015

In this study Aloe vera accessions were collected from 12 states covering different climatic zones of India. The aqueous crude extracts were investigated for qualitative phytochemical diversity analysis, quantitative estimation of total phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid content and their antibacterial potential against ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) bacterial reference strains. Pearsoncoefficient correlation was used to correlate the quantitative estimation between tested bio-active compounds. Antibacterial potential was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against 9 bacterial reference ATCC strains. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values were calculated by microbroth dilution method. Different Aloe vera accessions showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins. Significant correlation was observed between alkaloids and phenols, and flavonoids and alkaloid contents. The correlation analysis also revealed the significant negative correlation between temperature and phenol (-0.803), and temperature and alkaloids (-0.779). Antibacterial activities measured in term of zone of inhibition against tested bacterial strains varied in different accessions of Aloe vera. Aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera showed good antibacterial potential against both type of bacterial strains, gram positive S. aureus as well as gram negative E. coli and S. typhi. Highland and semi-arid zone accessions showed maximum phytochemical and antibacterial potential as compared to other Aloe vera accessions. Minimum MIC value of 1.2 mg/ml was shown by Highland samples against most of the reference strains. The results also concluded that phytochemical composition of Aloe vera is influenced by various environmental factors especially temperature and it is further correlated with antimicrobial potential of the plant.
Obscuring Vital Distinctions: The Oversimplification of Learning Disabilities within RTI
Authors: McKenzie Robert G.
Published: December 2015

The assessment procedures within Response to Intervention (RTI) models have begun to supplant the use of traditional, discrepancy-based frameworks for identifying students with specific learning disabilities (SLD). Many RTI proponents applaud this shift because of perceived shortcomings in utilizing discrepancy as an indicator of SLD. However, many professionals and organizations have noted the substantial variability between various RTI models and urged cautious implementation. RTI models that utilize substantively different assessment procedures as a primary or singular means of SLD identification are likely to produce numerous sources of measurement error, threats to validity, inaccuracy in identification, and potential legal challenges. This article examines from a psychometric perspective the risks in replacing discrepancy-based identification of SLD with the myriad options for measuring students' responsiveness and nonresponsiveness to instruction within the intervention tiers of RTI.
What Special Education Directors Say about RTI
Authors: Werts Margaret Gessler , Lambert Monica , Carpenter Ellen
Published: December 2015

An e-mail survey of special education directors was conducted to ascertain practices related to implementation of Response to Intervention (RTI) processes in North Carolina schools. The data indicate that special education directors have information about RTI as a method of identifying students with disabilities, but there is little consensus on the procedural steps for implementation of the RTI process. Multiple professionals were named as persons to be responsible for collecting data, interpreting graphs, and determining students' responsiveness or nonresponsiveness to instruction. Finally, no consensus was found on whether the discrepancy model should be retained or dropped.
Applying Variance Analysis to Understand California Hospitals' Expense Recovery Status by Patient Groups
Authors: Bai Ge
Published: December 2015

SYNOPSIS

I apply variance analysis, a management accounting tool, to examine California hospitals' expense recovery status in 2012, as compared with 2004, for three mutually exclusive groups of patients. For every $100 total operating expense incurred in 2012, as compared with those incurred in 2004, California hospitals received $3.2 more from public programs (a $0.7 rate effect and a $2.6 proportion effect), $3.0 more from private programs (a $7.8 rate effect and a −$4.8 proportion effect), and $2.2 less from uninsured patients (a −$3.1 rate effect and a $1.0 proportion effect). These results imply that (1) hospitals were able to charge increasingly higher prices to private insurers, and (2) hospitals received less revenue from uninsured patients, a possible consequence of the passage of California's Hospital Fair Pricing Act in 2006. My study highlights the applicability of variance analysis in understanding the temporal change in financial status for patient groups in the hospital industry.
The Role of Account Subjectivity and Risk of Material Misstatement on Auditors' Internal Audit Reliance Judgments
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Maletta Mario J. , Moreno Kimberly K.
Published: December 2015

SYNOPSIS

Using a field-based questionnaire, we examine how auditors simultaneously use client-level misstatement risk (inherent risk and control risk) with account subjectivity when utilizing internal audit. We contend that auditor use of internal audit will reflect a balance of the costs and benefits of using internal audit. Prior audit research has primarily focused on lower and higher risk conditions, with relatively few studies examining the implications of moderate risk on internal audit use. Data on actual audits from an instrument administered to external auditors reveal significant differences in reliance decisions across lower, moderate, and higher misstatement risk levels. Results reveal that increases in account subjectivity have no effect on auditors' internal audit reliance when risk of material misstatement is at lower levels. However, auditors increase their internal audit reliance when account subjectivity increases across moderate misstatement risk. Finally, our results suggest that auditors decrease their internal audit reliance when account subjectivity increases across higher misstatement risk. By examining these risk variables in combination, we provide insight into the complexities associated with external auditors' internal audit usage. This research could be of interest to practitioners and academics by providing insight into how multiple risk factors may be combined when utilizing internal audit.
A Robust Approach For Acoustic Noise Suppression In Speech Using ANFIS
Authors: Martinek Radek , Kelnar Michal , Vanus Jan , Bilik Petr , Zidek Jan
Published: December 2015

The authors of this article deals with the implementation of a combination of techniques of the fuzzy system and artificial intelligence in the application area of non-linear noise and interference suppression. This structure used is called an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). This system finds practical use mainly in audio telephone (mobile) communication in a noisy environment (transport, production halls, sports matches, etc). Experimental methods based on the two-input adaptive noise cancellation concept was clearly outlined. Within the experiments carried out, the authors created, based on the ANFIS structure, a comprehensive system for adaptive suppression of unwanted background interference that occurs in audio communication and degrades the audio signal. The system designed has been tested on real voice signals. This article presents the investigation and comparison amongst three distinct approaches to noise cancellation in speech; they are LMS (least mean squares) and RLS (recursive least squares) adaptive filtering and ANFIS. A careful review of literatures indicated the importance of non-linear adaptive algorithms over linear ones in noise cancellation. It was concluded that the ANFIS approach had the overall best performance as it efficiently cancelled noise even in highly noise-degraded speech. Results were drawn from the successful experimentation, subjective-based tests were used to analyse their comparative performance while objective tests were used to validate them. Implementation of algorithms was experimentally carried out in Matlab to justify the claims and determine their relative performances.
The First Acadian Film: Visibility, Modernity, and Landscape in Les aboiteaux
Authors: Rudin Ronald
Published: December 2015

In 1955, on the bicentenary of the Acadian deportation, the National Film Board released Les aboiteaux, the first film with an original Acadian script and one that spoke volumes about the changing contours of Acadian identity in the postwar period. Directed by Léonard Forest, one of the many Acadian artists depicting their society's engagement with modernity, the film challenged the Acadian self-image of constituting a diasporic people. Instead, Les aboiteaux advanced a more territorial view of Acadian identity, grounded in places such as southeastern New Brunswick where the film takes place. Here Acadians were still living on a landscape created by their pre-deportation forebears through the construction of a system of dykes, known as aboiteaux, which drained the marshlands and allowed the people to settle along the rivers that flowed into the Bay of Fundy. By the 1940s, economic circumstances had led to the decay of the aboiteaux, and so Forest's film, using local actors to give it a documentary feel, describes one Acadian community trying to preserve the ancestral landscape. It shows modern techniques, introduced by the federal Maritime Marshland Rehabilitation Administration, which were able to coexist with more traditional ways, suggesting a bright future for Acadians in a territory they could call their own.
The Tragedies of Canadian International History: A Comment
Authors: English John
Published: December 2015

Diplomatic history in Canada and in North America has faced serious challenges to its methodology and popularity. Although International Relations has become one of the most attractive fields for undergraduates, it has become increasingly linked to the discipline of Political Science and distant from History. Historians understand the need to reinvigorate what once was called diplomatic history and the emphasis on transnational history reflects that ambition. Nevertheless, the writings of William Appleman Williams do not offer a path forward but are rather a return to sterile and stale debates of the past.
Examining the Clinical Effectiveness of Non-Carbapenem β-Lactams for the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Gibble Allison , Gross Alan , Huang Angela
Published: December 2015

Treatment options for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are limited. Piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime represent potential alternative treatment options; however, large prospective studies are lacking. This review evaluates the current literature regarding use of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime for the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrobial stewardship programs can play a key role in guiding the best practices for the management of these challenging infections.
A Label-Free Impedance Immunosensor Using Screen-Printed Interdigitated Electrodes and Magnetic Nanobeads for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7
Authors: Wang Ronghui , Lum Jacob , Callaway Zach , Lin Jianhan , Bottje Walter , Li Yanbin
Published: December 2015

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the leading bacterial pathogens causing foodborne illness. In this study, an impedance immunosensor based on the use of magnetic nanobeads and screen-printed interdigitated electrodes was developed for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7. Magnetic nanobeads coated with anti-E. coli antibody were mixed with an E. coli sample and used to isolate and concentrate the bacterial cells. The sample was suspended in redox probe solution and placed onto a screen-printed interdigitated electrode. A magnetic field was applied to concentrate the cells on the surface of the electrode and the impedance was measured. The impedance immunosensor could detect E. coli O157:H7 at a concentration of 104.45 cfu·mL−1 (~1400 bacterial cells in the applied volume of 25 μL) in less than 1 h without pre-enrichment. A linear relationship between bacteria concentration and impedance value was obtained between 104 cfu·mL−1 and 107 cfu·mL−1. Though impedance measurement was carried out in the presence of a redox probe, analysis of the equivalent circuit model showed that the impedance change was primarily due to two elements: Double layer capacitance and resistance due to electrode surface roughness. The magnetic field and impedance were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software.
Association between APOE ε4 Genotype and Memory Impairment in Elderly with Normal Global Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Turana Yuda , Suzy Handajani Yvonne , Widjaja Nelly
Published: December 2015

Aim: Early prediction using cognitive evaluation tools that are less influenced by education level is beneficial for dementia screening. This study investigated the relationship between Word List Memory Immediate Recall (WLM IR) and the Saving Score (SS) with having the APOE ε4 risk allele in the elderly with normal global cognitive assessment. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 105 subjects ≥60 years with normal MMSE scores who met inclusion criteria. Memory impairment (MI) if: WLM IR score on the third trial <8 or an SS score <80%. Results: The majority of the subjects were female (68.6%), 65 ± 7.1 years, had undertaken formal education for <6 years (56.2%), had MI (81%), and the APOE ε4 genotype was detected in 24.8% of subjects. There was a significant relationship between APOE ε4 and lower WLMIR (p = 0.02, OR 7.92, CI 95% (1.00–62.38)). Conclusions: WLM IR score is lower in elderly people with the APOE ε4 despite their normal global cognitive assessment results, and these scores were not influenced by education level. Further research needs to confirm that the WLM IR can be used to screen for early dementia.
Phenolic Profiling of Duchesnea indica Combining Macroporous Resin Chromatography (MRC) with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and ESI-IT-MS
Authors: Zhu Mingzhi , Dong Xia , Guo Mingquan
Published: December 2015

Duchesnea indica (D. indica) is an important traditional Chinese medicine, and has long been clinically used to treat cancer in Asian countries. It has been described previously as a rich source of phenolic compounds with a broad array of diversified structures, which are the major active ingredients. However, an accurate and complete phenolic profiling has not been determined yet. In the present work, the total phenolic compounds in crude extracts from D. indica were enriched and fractionated over a macroporous resin column, then identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and ESI-IT-MS (ion trap MS). A total of 27 phenolic compounds were identified in D. indica, of which 21 compounds were identified for the first time. These 27 phenolic compounds encompassing four phenolic groups, including ellagitannins, ellagic acid and ellagic acid glycosides, hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and flavonols, were then successfully quantified using peak areas against those of the corresponding standards with good linearity (R2 > 0.998) in the range of the tested concentrations. As a result, the contents of individual phenolic compounds varied from 6.69 mg per 100 g dry weight (DW) for ellagic acid to 71.36 mg per 100 g DW for brevifolin carboxylate. Not only did this study provide the first phenolic profiling of D. indica, but both the qualitative identification and the subsequent quantitative analysis of 27 phenolic compounds from D. indica should provide a good basis for future exploration of this valuable medicinal plant.
Authentication of Cordyceps sinensis by DNA Analyses: Comparison of ITS Sequence Analysis and RAPD-Derived Molecular Markers
Authors: Lam Kelly , Chan Gallant , Xin Gui-Zhong , Xu Hong , Ku Chuen-Fai , Chen Jian-Ping , Yao Ping , Lin Huang-Quan , Dong Tina , Tsim Karl
Published: December 2015

Cordyceps sinensis is an endoparasitic fungus widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In historical usage, Cordyceps specifically is referring to the species of C. sinensis. However, a number of closely related species are named themselves as Cordyceps, and they are sold commonly as C. sinensis. The substitutes and adulterants of C. sinensis are often introduced either intentionally or accidentally in the herbal market, which seriously affects the therapeutic effects or even leads to life-threatening poisoning. Here, we aim to identify Cordyceps by DNA sequencing technology. Two different DNA-based approaches were compared. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) were developed here to authenticate different species of Cordyceps. Both approaches generally enabled discrimination of C. sinensis from others. The application of the two methods, supporting each other, increases the security of identification. For better reproducibility and faster analysis, the SCAR markers derived from the RAPD results provide a new method for quick authentication of Cordyceps.
Low-Temperature Bonding for Silicon-Based Micro-Optical Systems
Authors: Qin Yiheng , Howlader Matiar , Deen M.
Published: December 2015

Silicon-based integrated systems are actively pursued for sensing and imaging applications. A major challenge to realize highly sensitive systems is the integration of electronic, optical, mechanical and fluidic, all on a common platform. Further, the interface quality between the tiny optoelectronic structures and the substrate for alignment and coupling of the signals significantly impacts the system’s performance. These systems also have to be low-cost, densely integrated and compatible with current and future mainstream technologies for electronic-photonic integration. To address these issues, proper selection of the fabrication, integration and assembly technologies is needed. In this paper, wafer level bonding with advanced features such as surface activation and passive alignment for vertical electrical interconnections are identified as candidate technologies to integrate different electronics, optical and photonic components. Surface activated bonding, superior to other assembly methods, enables low-temperature nanoscaled component integration with high alignment accuracy, low electrical loss and high transparency of the interface. These features are preferred for the hybrid integration of silicon-based micro-opto-electronic systems. In future, new materials and assembly technologies may emerge to enhance the performance of these micro systems and reduce their cost. The article is a detailed review of bonding techniques for electronic, optical and photonic components in silicon-based systems.
Erratum: Kromer, R.A.; et al. A 4D Filtering and Calibration Technique for Small-Scale Point Cloud Change Detection with a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Remote Sensing 2015, 7, 13029–13052
Authors: Remote Sensing Editorial Office
Published: December 2015

The Remote Sensing Editorial Office wishes to make the following erratum to this paper [1]. [...]
Regional Water Footprint Assessment: A Case Study of Leshan City
Authors: Zhao Rui , He Hualing , Zhang Ning
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an assessment of urban water footprint in the period of 2001 to 2012 by taking Leshan City, China as a typical case study. The water footprint is calculated by the sum of the water footprints of various sectors, i.e., crop production, animal products, industrial processes, domestic waster, eco-environment, and virtual water trade. Results show that the water footprints of the various sectors rose by degrees varying from 19% to 55%, which gave rise to an increase of the total water footprint of 43.13% from 2001 to 2012. Crop production and animal products are identified as the major water intensive sectors, accounting for about 68.97% of the total water footprint. The water footprint in the Northeastern area of Leshan City is greater than that of the Southwestern area in the period 1992–2012, resulted in an expansion of water footprint in the Sha Wan and Wu Tongqiao Districts due to the development of urbanization. The application of water footprint assessment is expected to provide insight into the improvement of urban water efficiency, and thus aid in better water resources management.
Which Subsidy Mode Improves the Financial Performance of Renewable Energy Firms? A Panel Data Analysis of Wind and Solar Energy Companies between 2009 and 2014
Authors: Zhang Huiming , Zheng Yu , Zhou Dequn , Zhu Peifeng
Published: December 2015

The effectiveness of subsidies in improving the performance of renewable energy firms has aroused significant research attention in recent years. As subsidy modes may affect corporate financial performance,we have chosen companies specializing in wind and solar energy in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as samples.The relationships between the subsidy modes and financial performance of these two types of companies are investigated with a panel data model. Results of the total sample indicate that both indirect and non-innovative subsidy have significant effects on the financial performance of renewable energy companies. The regressive coefficient of the former,however, is a negative value, which illustrates that taxation, bonus, and other market-based mechanisms impair corporate profitability. Moreover, the influence of innovative subsidy is weak, which means that the subsidy used for research and development, technical demonstration, and other innovations of renewable energy enterprises have failed to effectively enhance corporate financial performance. In terms of sub-industries, the direct subsidy for wind energy companies has achieved a significant effect. Incomparison, the indirect subsidy and innovative subsidy acquired by solar energy companies have notably reduced corporate profitability. Thissuggests an urgent reform of subsidy policy for this industry is needed. The government should consider differences in the effects subsidies have for wind and solar energy companies when improving subsidy policy. In addition, market-based subsidy mechanisms should be perfected, and the structure of innovative subsidies should be ameliorated.
Different Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ab on Midgut Cell Transmembrane Potential of Mythimna separata and Agrotis ipsilon Larvae
Authors: Wang Yingying , Hu Zhaonong , Wu Wenjun
Published: December 2015

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins from the Cry1A family demonstrate significantly different toxicities against members of the family Noctuidae for unknown reasons. In this study, membrane potential was measured and analyzed in freshly isolated midgut samples from Mythimna separata and Agrotis ipsilon larvae under oral administration and in vitro incubation with Bt toxin Cry1Ab to elucidate the mechanism of action for further control of these pests. Bioassay results showed that the larvae of M. separata achieved a LD50 of 258.84 ng/larva at 24 h after ingestion; M. separata larvae were at least eightfold more sensitive than A. ipsilon larvae to Cry1Ab. Force-feeding showed that the observed midgut apical-membrane potential (Vam) of M. separata larvae was significantly depolarized from −82.9 ± 6.6 mV to −19.9 ± 7.2 mV at 8 h after ingestion of 1 μg activated Cry1Ab, whereas no obvious changes were detected in A. ipsilon larvae with dosage of 5 μg Cry1Ab. The activated Cry1Ab caused a distinct concentration-dependent depolarization of the apical membrane; Vam was reduced by 50% after 14.7 ± 0.2, 9.8 ± 0.4, and 7.6 ± 0.6 min of treatment with 1, 5, and 10 μg/mL Cry1Ab, respectively. Cry1Ab showed a minimal effect on A. ipsilon larvae even at 20 μg/mL, and Vam decreased by 26.3% ± 2.3% after 15 min. The concentrations of Cry1Ab displayed no significant effect on the basolateral side of the epithelium. The Vam of A. ipsilon (−33.19 ± 6.29 mV, n = 51) was only half that of M. separata (−80.94 ± 6.95 mV, n = 75). The different degrees of sensitivity to Cry1Ab were speculatively associated with various habits, as well as the diverse physiological or biochemical characteristics of the midgut cell membranes.
Toxins: State of Journal Report, 2016
Authors: Tesh Vernon , Fry Bryan
Published: December 2015

In the “Message from the Editor-in-Chief” posted on the Toxins website (see www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins/toxins-flyer.pdf), we wrote: “The editorial board and staff of Toxins are dedicated to providing a timely, peer-reviewed outlet for exciting, innovative primary research articles and concise, informative reviews from investigators in the myriad of disciplines contributing to our knowledge on toxins. [...]
Sur les inondations en Aquitaine, spécialement dans le bassin de la Garonne. A propos de la grande crue de Février 1952 (Deuxième article)
Authors: Pardé Maurice
Published: December 2015

II. Très grandes crues à craindre pour la Garonne. — Dans un mémoire précédent, l'auteur a exposé, en comparaison avec beaucoup de phénomènes anciens, les causes et les caractéristiques de la crue de février 1952 en Aquitaine. Il essaie de définir ci-dessous les plus grandes crues à craindre sur la Garonne. Il définit d'abord sommairement les principes du calcul des probabilités et énonce certains problèmes que cette méthode peut aider à résoudre pour la prévision des flots extraordinaires du fleuve, grâce à l'extrapolation de courbes représentant. en fonction de leurs fréquences annuelles moyennes, les débits des crues subies pendant le plus grand nombre possible d'années. Puis il essaie de se représenter les conséquences de certaines aggravations, presque certainement possible, des facteurs dangereux, opérant seuls ou en combinaisons funestes : précipitations plus longues ou plus extensives, ou plus intenses que les pluies observées jusqu'à présent, saturation préalable inouïe du sol, fonte d'une épaisseur très anormale de neige etc. Il croit pouvoir conclure que les maxima antérieurs les plus désastreux peuvent être dépassés par une marge appréciable, et peut-être de beaucoup. Il entrevoit mal quelles mesures pratiques atténueraient sensiblement les débits exceptionnels à craindre. Il examine enfin et approuve les décisions prises par le Service hydrométrique pour améliorer les annonces de crues. Et il préconise l'adjonction de pronostics partiels fondés sur des informations pluviométriques.
Le relief glaciaire des Pyrénées du Couserans. II. Les vallées
Authors: Chevalier Michel
Published: December 2015

L'étude des principaux caractères des auges glaciaires du Couserans aboutit à souligner à nouveau l'opposition entre régions granitiques et régions formées de schistes et de calcaires primaires ; l'étude des diffluences et des transfluences permet notamment d'évaluer l'épaisseur atteinte par les principaux fleuves de glace du Couserans. L'analyse du profil en long des vallées glaciaires s'oriente plus spécialement vers l'examen des rapports entre morphologie glaciaire et morphologie préglaciaire. L'auteur distingue tout d'abord les simples accidents du fond du lit glaciaire, du type « verrou » ou « écaille », des gradins majeurs du profil en long. Après avoir discuté le point de vue de L. Goron pour qui gradins et paliers représentent le remaniement de formes cycliques préglaciaires, l'auteur conclut à la prépondérance des influences structurales. Il pose néanmoins, en conclusion, le problème de l'existence d'une érosion glaciaire autonome, entièrement indépendante des formes préglaciaires.
L'économie rurale du Bazadais
Authors: Icre Laurent
Published: December 2015

Landais par ses forêts, bordelais par son vignoble, le Bazadais évoque les pays de la Moyenne Garonne par sa polyculture, son habitat dispersé et ses modes de faire valoir où le métayage l'emporte. L'économie ancienne associait à la culture des céréales — blé, seigle, millet — et d'un peu de vigne, un élevage extensif — bovins, ovins, porcs — fondé sur l'exploitation des landes. Elle s'est enrichie, au XVIIIe siècle, du maïs et de la pomme de terre, puis a évolué, aux XIXe et XXe siècles, vers l'élevage, par l'extension des prés au détriment des labours et par le développement des cultures fourragères aux dépens des céréales (blé, maïs et avoine). Au Nord, sur le versant garonnais, la forêt n'occupe que le quart du sol ; le paysan est polyculteur-éleveur-planteur de tabac. Sur le versant du Ciron, dont la forêt occupe les trois quarts, le polyculteur-éleveur résinier est prépondérant.
Les mines françaises de plomb et de zinc
Authors: Fénelon Paul
Published: December 2015

La France possède de très nombreux gisements de minerais de plomb et de zinc. Mais ces gisements, situés surtout dans les terrains métamorphiques des massifs hercyniens, sont d'accès difficile et de médiocre importance ; leur exploitation n'est guère rentable. A l'heure actuelle, seules sont l'objet d'une certaine activité les mines de la Loubatière, des Malines, de Croix de Pallières, de l'Orb et de Peyrebrune dans le Massif Central, de Pierrefitte dans les Pyrénées et de la Plagne dans les Alpes. Les minerais, enrichis sur place par flottation, sont expédiés aux fonderies de Viviez et de Noyelles-Godault. La production totale de minerai de plomb a atteint 16.620 t en 1954 et celle de zinc 19.168 t, soit respectivement 20 et 11,5 pour 100 de la consommation totale de la France. Pour le plomb, le déficit est comblé surtout par l'Afrique du Nord ; pour le zinc, aux apports des pays d'Outre-Mer s'ajoutent ceux de Belgique et de Norvège.
Les quartiers de l'agglomération bordelaise (Premier article)
Authors: Barrère Pierre
Published: December 2015

La personnalité d'un quartier nait des caractères combinés _ du tissu urbain (voies de résidence) et des mailles privilégiées (vocation commerciale, originalité de l'habitat). Dans la « ville » au sens étroit, les quartiers d'affaires se groupent autour des Quinconces. Une population peu dense de gens aisés ou très aisés (Pavé des Chartrons) y vit dans des habitations très architecturales, souvent héritées du XVIIIe siècle. Dans les autres quartiers riverains, le délabrement de l'habitat, les populations très franchement prolétariennes et de puissants foyers d'étrangers ou de ressortissants d'Outre-Mer brossent un tout autre tableau. La dominance du commerce de gros se nuance de vocations très marquées : vin aux Chartrons, textile, épicerie, denrées périssables dans les quartiers du Sud. Dans le «Centre commercial», la différenciation s'opère à la fois par des spécialisations (d'articles, de clientèle, de qualité) et par la diversité des groupements socio-professionnels parmi lesquels les foyers d'employés de magasins et de petits fonctionnaires sont les plus originaux.
Un type de dépression synclinale en bordure du Massif Central. La Bouriane
Authors: Mianes André
Published: December 2015

Délimitée à l'Est par un glacis correspondant à une vigoureuse flexure et s'inclinant du causse de Gramat vers la Dordbgne, à l'Ouest par un coteau très morcelé, bordure des plateaux périgourdins, la dépression a été évidée à partir de la surface éogène dont les témoins (sables, carapaces ferrugineuses, nappes de galets) couronnent les hauteurs qui l'entourent. On peut distinguer plusieurs étapes : au Néogène, formation d'un karst (vastes dépressions coalescentes, buttes) ; au Pliocène façonnement de larges couloirs dans les ruines du karst par les premiers linéaments d'un réseau hydrographique ; au Quaternaire, apparition du réseau hydrographique actuel branché sur la Dordogne (enfoncement des talwegs, vallées encaissées, dégagement d'une cuesta). Ce modelé a été retouché par l'érosion périglaciaire (empâtement par les grèzes des versants et des fonds de vallées).
La culture du tabac dans le département du Lot
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: December 2015

Le Lot fut un des départements pionniers de la culture du tabac, qui couvrait 2 058 ha dès 1830 ; le monopole d'Etat ne lui a jamais permis de dépasser 2 700 ha. Elle est restée liée aux petites exploitations et n'occupe dans chacune qu'une faible superficie (29 ares en moyenne en 1950), compatible avec le travail intense qu'elle réclame. Le revenu élevé qu'elle procure assure la survie des exploitations familiales. La variété Nyjkerk, peu sensible à la sécheresse, est cultivée sur le Causse, en particulier autour de Lalbenque. La variété Paraguay, d'introduction récente et de rendement élevé, mais très sensible à la sécheresse, joue un rôle essentiel dans l'économie de la vallée de la Dordogne entre Floirac et Souillac, dans la vallée du Celé, dans celle du Lot en amont de Cahors et dans la région de Gourdon.
Rivières et canaux du Nord/ Pas-de-Calais aux époques médiévale et moderne
Authors: Derville Alain
Published: December 2015

Description of the arrangement of rivers, even canals from around 1150 to the XVIIIth century by means of rabats (overdraghes) or watergates then, much later, of pound locks, or even dikes. The towns took the start and the State followed in modern times. The maximum tonnage was likely to be 60 t., the speed (that of the haulers) was 5 km/h at the best, but the price for a tun per km was 6 to 15 as cheap as by road.
Les francs-maçons à l'Orient de Douai (1800-1851) : Description sociale d'un groupe en mouvement
Authors: Roland Ed.
Published: December 2015

Le but de cette étude a été de recenser et de dénombrer les francs-maçons douaisiens durant la première moitié du 19e siècle puis de décrire cette population maçonnique sous ses différents angles et ceci en prenant en compte les évolutions survenues au cours de la période considérée.

L'histoire sociale de la Loge de Douai présente un mouvement progressif qui s'est opéré au fil des ans dans le recrutement : repli géographique sur l'environnement urbain immédiat, importance croissante des notables locaux, augmentation régulière de la moyenne d'âge, représentation toujours accrue des métiers du négoce et baisse régulière du nombre et de l'influence des «inactifs», rentiers et propriétaires au profit des catégories sociales les plus dynamiques, ce mouvement de longue durée étant marqué par une rupture brutale qui voit la Loge rajeunir considérablement ses effectifs et recruter dans des catégories sociales nettement plus modestes à partir de 1844.

Il reste maintenant à rechercher les conséquences éventuelles de cette rupture sur le fonctionnement de la Loge et à étudier l'action des francs-maçons dans la vie de leur cité.
La mobilité des mineurs du charbonnage du Bois-du-Cazier (1900-1945)
Authors: Chapelle-Dulière Jacqueline
Published: December 2015

Deze studie toont aan hoe groot, in een eerste stadium, de mobiliteit van de mijnwerkers van Bois-du-Cazier wel was, hoe gemakkelijk zij hun verblijf aldaar korter maakten, voor een tijd weggingen, en verder hoe weinig jongeren nog mijnwerker wilden worden. In het begin van de eeuw wil de mijnwerker veel verdienen ; naar een andere mijn gaan om meer te verdienen is dan ook gewoon. Zo is de mijnwerker bijna een reiziger van beroep.

Na de crisis van 1929 en meer nog tijdens de oorlog verandert de mobiliteit naar de omgeving in labiliteit binnen de mijn : de mentaliteit is veranderd. Het gaat er nu om ontsnappen aan werk dat als niet valoriserend beschouwd wordt en dat men alleen nog uit strikte noodzaak aanvaardt. Men gaat naar de mijn werken in de hoop zo snel mogelijk ander werk te vinden. Het gaat in wezen om de ontmoediging van de mijnwerker die niet langer de achting van de bevolking geniet.
Histoire du Musée industriel, agricole et commercial de Lille
Authors: Dubois Joseph
Published: December 2015

The city of Lille features and Industrial Museum, whose history and collections bear witness to the rich commercial past of the city and of the Nord/Pas-de-Calais Region. Thanks to the activity of the city's learned societies, notably the Société des Sciences, the project of an industrial and agricultural museum is outlined as early as the beginning of the XlXth century. In 1854, following the idea developed by a Lille doctor, Doctor Gosselet, the Musée Industriel de la ville de Lille is formally opened, soon to be completed by a Musée Commercial showing the will of the Nord manufacturers to get ready to face international competition. The many samples whose collection started in 1885 to be shown in the museum, and the literature sent over by our diplomatic representations abroad remain a precious source of information for the study of the economic activity of Northern France in the XIXth century.
L'aéronautique militaire française dans la guerre du Rif
Authors: Pesquies Simone
Published: December 2015

Le soulèvement de l'Emir Abd El Krim n'a pas été bien évalué par Lyautey malgré le désastre espagnol d'Anual. La politique des «petits paquets de renforts» a épuisé la troupe tout en renforçant l'Emir. L'intervention de l'aviation a permis de limiter les échecs en détruisant des positions rifaines. Les effet en furent limités en raison de l'inadaptation des appareils hérités de la grande guerre et de l'éloignement des terrains. Le retournement de situation dû à la stratégie de Pétain qui utilise en force des moyens importants a été grandement facilité par un usage nouveau et intensif de l'aviation non seulement d'observation et d'intervention ponctuelle mais aussi de ravitaillement des postes isolés par parachutage, de bombardements des agglomérations pour affoler les populations et les détacher de la rébellion. La méthode se révéla convaincante tout comme l'emploi de l'avion pour le transport des blessés malgré l'inadaptation chronique du matériel utilisé.
Application of a Regenstrief RELMA V.6.6 to Map Russian Laboratory Terms to LOINC
Authors: Kopanitsa G.
Published: December 2015

Background: Manual mapping of laboratory data to Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) requires a major effort. Application of the LOINC mapping assistant RELMA V.6.6 can reduce the effort required for mapping. The goal of the paper is to perform a semi-automated mapping of Russian laboratory terms to LOINC.

Methods: A semi-automated mapping of the 2563 terms from two clinics in Russia was performed. The first step was automatic mapping using RELMA V.6.6 and LOINC V.2.48 Russian translation by Yaroslavl state medical academy. The second step was a manual expert mapping. To evaluate the correctness of mapping all the mapped terms were reviewed by two experts.

Results: The paper presents the results of semi-automatic mapping of Russian laboratory terms to LOINC. Two clinics (A and B) and a laboratory service participated in the project. The following results were achieved: mapping of 86% terms from Clinic A and 87% from Clinic B. It has to be mentioned that 99% of terms used in 2014 were mapped. In total 2398 out of 2563 were mapped.

Discussion: The required effort was reasonable and the price of mapping and maintenance was considered as relatively low in comparison to manual methods.

Conclusion: RELMA V.6.6 and LOINC V.2.48 offer the opportunity of a low effort LOINC mapping even for non-English languages. The study proved that the mapping effort is acceptable and mapping results are on the same level as the manual mapping.
Methods in plant foliar volatile organic compounds research
Authors: Materić Dušan , Bruhn Dan , Turner Claire , Morgan Geraint , Mason Nigel , Gauci Vincent
Published: December 2015

Plants are a major atmospheric source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These secondary metabolic products protect plants from high‐temperature stress, mediate in plant–plant and plant–insect communication, and affect our climate globally. The main challenges in plant foliar VOC research are accurate sampling, the inherent reactivity of some VOC compounds that makes them hard to detect directly, and their low concentrations. Plant VOC research relies on analytical techniques for trace gas analysis, usually based on gas chromatography and soft chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Until now, these techniques (especially the latter one) have been developed and used primarily by physicists and analytical scientists, who have used them in a wide range of scientific research areas (e.g., aroma, disease biomarkers, hazardous compound detection, atmospheric chemistry). The interdisciplinary nature of plant foliar VOC research has recently attracted the attention of biologists, bringing them into the field of applied environmental analytical sciences. In this paper, we review the sampling methods and available analytical techniques used in plant foliar VOC research to provide a comprehensive resource that will allow biologists moving into the field to choose the most appropriate approach for their studies.
An expert system to optimize cost and schedule of heavy earthmoving operations for earth- and rock- filled dam projects
Authors: MARKIZ Nizar , JRADE Ahmad
Published: December 2015

Success of major embankment dam construction projects is measured by the enormity of optimizing costs and schedules of selected heavy equipment based on their operational analyses. In this paper, the main objective is geared towards developing a knowledge-based decision support system for optimizing costs of heavy earthmoving operations and corresponding linear schedules at early design stages. Also, the proposed system is capable of generating an auto­mated linear schedule based on stochastic scheduling techniques. Thus, a meta-heuristic simulated approach utilizing a metropolis algorithm is implemented to assist in generating optimized line-of balances. The successful implementation of the proposed system will provide the user with optimum fleet of equipment for performing earthwork operations and linear scheduling for strategic planning purposes. Towards the end, an actual dam construction project is utilized to numerically validate the proposed system and quantify its degree of accuracy. Results presented in this study are an­ticipated to be of major significance to owners, designers, and construction managers specialized in embankment dams heavy earthmoving operations and would contribute to the database of fleet management systems by incorporating a novel system that integrates heavy equipment economical operational analyses with its corresponding line of balance.
ERRATUM
Authors: KIM Karam , YU Jungho
Published: December 2015

"Erratum on the article 'A process to divide curved walls in IFC-BIM into segmented straight walls for building energy'. "Journal of Civil Engineering & Management, 22(3), p. 456
AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE DISCUSSION ON RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN DESIGNING
Authors: Kapliński Oleg
Published: December 2015

"Book 'An important contribution to the discussion on research methods and techniques in designing’ review." Engineering Structures and Technologies, 7(1), pp. 50-53
ETHICS MANAGEMENT: HOW TO ACHIEVE ETHICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT?
Authors: SNELLMAN Carita Lilian
Published: December 2015

The last decades’ serious organizational scandals that mainly stem from corruption and conflicting interests but also from bribery, favoritism and other wrongdoings have ac-centuated the need for finding instruments for achieving more ethical organizations and management. Ethics management is particularly important in the public sector because public employees and holders of public office are responsible for increasing wellbeing and providing common good for all citizens. Only accountable management striving for integrity through ethical practices and decision making will guarantee ethical organiza-tional behavior. In spite of increasing research on ethics in general and ethics manage-ment in particular, increase in organizational scandals indicates that there is knowledge gap concerning ethical instruments that help to solve ethical problems. The aim of this paper is to shed light on ethical theories and instruments, and wrongdoings in public sec-tor organizations. The main questions are; why is there so much wrongdoing; how can it be reduced; and how can more ethical organization and management be achieved. This is a review paper aiming to provide a review of ethical theories and instruments and dis-cuss serious wrongdoings and the role of ethics in the public sector. The paper contrib-utes to the fields of management and organization, ethics, and public management.