bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Aspects of Post‐Irradiation Granulocytic Recovery The Effect of the Erythropoietic Suppression Subsequent to Hypoxia and Hypertransfusion
Authors: Beran M. , Tribukait B.
Published: August 2010

The postirradiation recovery of the myeloid system of normal and hypoxia pretreated mice was studied by quantitative means. In contrast to normal mice, the myeloid system of which recovered with a rise‐fall‐rise pattern, the hypoxia pretreated irradiated mice showed a sustained recovery with an earlier return of cell numbers to the normal level. Quantitative measurement of the ‘available pool’ of mature neutrophils revealed an enhanced production of neutrophilic granulocytes in mice pretreated with hypoxia. The effect of erythropoietic suppression, which occurs in these mice after cessation of hypoxia, on the myeloid recovery was also studied in mice made polycythaemic by hypertransfusion. The suppression of erythropoiesis per se seems not to be entirely responsible for the improved recovery of the myeloid system. The possible nature of the described changes in the myeloid recovery and their role with regard to the improved survival of posthypoxic mice are discussed.
Iron State in Regular Blood Donors
Authors: Liedén Gudrun
Published: August 2010

Men, regular blood donors, who had given 420 ml of blood 15 times during three years, or more than 50 times over a longer period, and who had been supplied with 600 mg ferrous fumarate after each donation, were studied with regard to the stain‐able bone marrow iron, sideroblast counts, desferrioxamine test, and transferrin, serum iron, and haemoglobin values. Compared to a control group the iron stores of all subjects were found to be considerably reduced, and the total iron‐binding capacity was raised. The Hb regeneration was slower than in subjects with greater iron stores, but was complete in 60 days. The iron state in the 50 group was almost identical to that in the 15 group, implying that a balance impeding the progress of the iron deficiency had been achieved between iron absorption ‐ which increases with decreasing stores ‐ and iron loss.
The Effects of Antiinflammatory Drugs on Myeloperoxidase Mediated Iodination in Human Granulocytes
Authors: Olofsson T. , Olsson I.
Published: August 2010

The effects of antiinflammatory drugs upon granulocyte function were studied. Phenylbutazone, hydrocortisone, sodium salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, epinephrine, isoproterenol, theophylline and colchicine did not inhibit the uptake of killed yeast cells while dibuturyl cyclic‐3,5‐AMP inhibited this process at high concentrations. Intracellular granulocyte function during phagocytosis was estimated by a quantitative granulocyte iodination test, which is dependent on ingestion of yeast cells, degranulation, hydrogen peroxide formation and oxidation of the iodide by the meylo‐peroxidase‐hydrogen peroxide complex. All drugs tested, except acetylsalicylic acid, inhibited granulocyte iodination. In an attempt to define the site of action of the drugs it was found that phenylbutazone, sodium salicylate, theophylline, epinephrine and isoproterenol inhibited myeloperoxidase activity as indicated by studies of myeloperoxidase mediated iodination in a cell free system. Colchicine did not inhibit myeloperoxidase activity and its inhibiton of granulocyte iodination might be due to interference with the formation of the phagocytic vacuole. In kinetic studies of the iodination reaction the drugs were shown to give different types of inhibition, competitive or non competitive, upon myeloperoxidase activity.
Cyclic Thrombocytopenia Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Cohen T. , Cooney D. P.
Published: August 2010

A patient with cyclic changes in circulating platelet level is reported, and the literature on this cyclic phenomenon is discussed. Platelet and menstrual cycles occurred independently. In our patient and several others reviewed herein, the cycling of the platelet level is probably related to cyclic changes in platelet production. We speculate that these production changes result from the action of a normal regulatory mechanism on a depressed bone marrow.
IgG Subclasses: Relationship to Clinical Aspects of Multiple Myeloma and Frequency Distribution among M‐Components
Authors: Schur Peter H. , Kyle Robert A. , Bloch Kurt J. , Hammack William J. , Rivers Shirley L. , Sargent Austin , Ritchie Robert F. , McIntyre O. Ross , Moloney William C. , Wolfson Lynda
Published: August 2010

The possible role of IgG subclasses in patients with M‐components or multiple myeloma was investigated. Among 900 patients with monoclonal proteins, the following IgG subclasses were identified: 77 % were IgG1; 14 % were IgG2; 6 % were IgG3; and 3 % were IgG4. The IgG of normal sera consists of 64–70 % IgG1, 23–28 % IgG2, 4–7 % IgG3 and 3–4 % IgG4. IgG1 M‐components were seen more frequently and IgG2 less frequently than had been expected. There were 389 patients with documented multiple myeloma assigned to four subgroups based upon IgG sub‐classification of their M‐components. These four groups resembled each other in many respects, but patients with IgG2 myeloma tended to develop hypercalcaemia and anaemia more frequently than patients with IgG1 or IgG4 myeloma; patients with IgG3 myeloma tended to develop anaemia and had azotaemia more frequently than patients with IgG1 or IgG4 myeloma.
Platelet Factor 3 Activity and Platelet Aggregation in Patients Submitted to Coronarography
Authors: Renaud S. , Gautheron P. , Arbogast R. , Dumont E.
Published: August 2010

37 patients submitted to coronarography were compared to 19 controls having no risk factors for coronary heart disease. It was solely in the patients having the most severe lesions that the cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma, and the susceptibility of platelets to thrombin induced aggregation were significantly higher than in the controls. By contrast, all the patients including those in whom significant lesion could not be shown by the arteriography, presented a highly significant increase in the activity of platelet factor 3 activity related in most of the patients, to an in vitro hyper‐coagulability. This enhanced platelet factor 3 activity appears to be related to an increase in the clotting activity of the platelet phospholipids.
Unusual Cases of Myelomatosis
Authors: Ghosh M. L. , Sayeed A.
Published: August 2010

Three patients of myelomatosis with unusual features are presented. Extraosseous lesions were responsible for the initial and dominant clinical manifestations in these cases which included massive haemorrhagic pleural effusion, pulmonary lesions, intra‐cavitary cardiac, renal and skin plasmacytomas and a nasal polyp with epistaxis. One patient has been affected by combined myelomatosis and chronic lymphatic leukaemia and the significance of simultaneous occurrence of myeloma and leukaemia in the same patient has been discussed.
The Effect of Continuous Cell Removal on Blast Cell Kinetics in Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Hoelzer D. , Kurrle E. , Dietrich M. , Meyer‐Hamme K.‐D. , Fliedner T. M.
Published: August 2010

A 34‐year‐old male patient with acute myeloid leukaemia, who showed an exponential increase in blood leukocyte count during a second relapse despite intensive cytostatic therapy, was treated by leukopheresis using an IBM continuous blood cell separator. The rapid growth of cells was arrested and the patient thereafter responded to cytostatic therapy. Investigation of cell kinetics using 3H‐TdR in vivo just before the cen‐trifugation treatment showed that in spite of leukopheresis, which removed a total of 5 times 1012 cells, 3H‐TdR labelled leukaemic blast cells were observable in the peripheral blood as long as 42 d after injection, having presumably ‘become quiescent. An increase during leukopheresis in the mitotic index of blast cells in the bone marrow and in the labelling index of blast cells in the blood after in vitro incubation with 14C‐TdR led to the deduction that a feedback mechanism was acting within the leukaemic blast cell population.
The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Rh‐positive and Rh‐Negative Donors
Authors: Hilden Jörgen , Rønnike Folke
Published: August 2010

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in Rh‐positive healthy adult persons is higher than in Rh‐negative adults. This difference appears to be present regardless of sex and age. A similar relationship between the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the ABO blood group system could not be demonstrated. However, the study comprised only O and AB donors.
Granulopoiesis in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia I. In vitro Cloning of Blood and Bone Marrow Cells in Agar Culture
Authors: Moberg C. , Olofsson T. , Olsson I.
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia were grown in agar culture. The number of colonies grown from the blood was 1,000–60,000 times greater than in normal controls. Some correlations was found between the concentration of leucocytes and colony forming cells of the blood. The autostimulation found in some cases might indicate increased production of the colony stimulating factor in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Mature granulocytes from both healthy and leukaemic donors inhibited to about the same degree colony formation from low density marrow cells of control donors also in the, presence of a feeder layer of mononuclear blood leucocytes. It is possible that a control mechanism of granulopoiesis involves feed back inhibition by substances produced by mature granulocytes. In a few cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia the colony forming cells seemed to be resistant to the inhibitory action of mature granulocytes.
Progression of Polycythaemia Vera to Malignant Myelofibrosis and Reticulum Cell Sarcoma
Authors: McVie J. G. , WcMichael A. C. , Ramsay D. M.
Published: August 2010

A case of polycythaemia vera, known for 4 years and treated with 32P is reported because of the rapidly fatal transition into myelofibrosis and then reticulum cell sarcoma.
A Biochemical Study of Erythrocytes in Swedish Families with p ‐Thalassaemia Minor
Authors: Hjelm Magnus , Samuelson Gosta
Published: August 2010

In three ‘aboriginal’ Swedish families with β‐thalassaemia minor the contents of Ery‐Hb A2 and Ery‐Hb F seem not to vary with time (age). The results were entirely the same in both young and adult β‐thalassaemic individuals. The erythrocyte contents of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase expressed per unit volume of cells were increased in accordance with findings in β‐thalassaemia minor from the Mediterranean area.

The erythrocyte concentrations of ATP and ADP, also calculated as per cent volume of cells, were decreased, the concentrations of G6P + F6P and DPG increased. These findings are not specific for the disease, as they have also been registered in iron deficiency anaemia. There are indications, however, that the glycolytic system of β‐thalassaemic erythrocytes can increase the oxygen releasing capacity of the haemoglobin mass to the same extent as in other types of anaemia.
Differences in Morphology and Mitotic Activity between Intra‐ and Extra‐Medullary Erythropoietic Tissue in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Sjögren U. , Brandt L.
Published: August 2010

In 20 untreated patients with CML in the chronic phase the proportion of erythro‐blasts was found to be higher in aspirates from the spleen than in bone marrow smears. The mitotic indices of the erythroblasts were significantly lower, and megalo‐blastic changes more common, in the spleen than in the bone marrow. Although the erythroblasts constitute a considerable proportion of the haemopoietic tissue of the spleen in CML, the relatively low mitotic activity and the megaloblastic changes may indicate an ineffective red cell production in this organ.
The Effect of Factor IX and Factor X on Blood Platelets
Authors: ØSterud Bjarne , Holm Turid , Prydz Hans
Published: August 2010

Human platelet‐rich plasma was filtered through Sepharose 2 B by the method of Tangen & Berman (1972) to obtain platelets free of plasma. Such platelets aggregated normally when 10‐5 M ADP or 0.05 U/ml of thrombin were added. When the platelets were exposed to activated factor IX (factor IXa) or activated factor X (factor Xa, EC 3.4.21.6) no aggregation was observed. Even in the presence of cephalin and Ca++ no aggregation or other changes observed by light transmission occurred. It thus seems that the highly purified coagulation factors IXa and Xa cannot by themselves cause platelet aggregation.
Platelet Function Abnormalities in the Myeloproliferative Disorders
Authors: Adams Thompson , Schutz Leonard , Goldberg Leonard
Published: August 2010

Platelet function studies were performed in 21 patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Blunted serotonin and first wave epinephrine aggregation were noted in 75 % of the patients studied. Abnormalities in platelet adhesion, aspirin bleeding time, and serotonin aggregation were found in all patients with a bleeding history. Similar abnormalities were present in certain patients without a bleeding history; this latter group of patients may have an increased bleeding risk when appropriately stressed. Abnormalities of platelet function were unrelated to the platelet count in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia; in contrast, subjects with polycythaemia vera showed fewer abnormalities when the platelet count was less than 500,000/μl.
Phenotypic Variation in Sickle Cell Trait
Authors: Esan G. J. folayan , Adesina T. A. O.
Published: August 2010

The proportion of haemoglobins S and A2 in 244 Nigerians with sickle cell trait was determined. Hb S was found to vary between 20 and 47.5 %, whilst Hb A2 ranged from 1.0 to 4.3 %. The variation of Hb S within families was found to be significantly less than between families. No changes in the level of Hb S occurred in subjects with iron or folate deficiency anaemia following treatment, neither did globin chain synthesis support the presence of alpha thalassaemia. No correlation was found between the proportion of haemoglobins A2 and S.
Influence of Two Different Beta‐Adrenergic Blocking Agents on the Increase in Fibrinolytic Activity and Factor VIII Activity during Submaximum and Maximum Exercise
Authors: Korsan‐Bengtsen Kristoffer , Conradson Thor‐Björn
Published: August 2010

Oral administration of the beta‐adrenergic blocking agents alprenol and propranolol did not influence the increase in factor VIII and fibrinolytic activity during sub‐maximum and maximum physical exercise.

During a submaximum work a continuous increase both in factor VIII and fibrinolytic activity was seen. In the following 30 min period of rest the fibrinolytic activity decreased while the factor VIII activity remained high. A maximum work load at the end of the resting period gave rise to a new increase both in factor VIII and fibrinolytic activity. Thus submaximum work of long duration did not abolish the ability to respond with increase in factor VIII and fibrinolytic activity in connection with a maximum work load.
The Effect of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline and Salbutamol on the Resting Levels of White Blood Cells in Man
Authors: Gader A. M. A. , Cash J. D.
Published: August 2010

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol were infused at the rate of 7 μg/min for 30 min into 5 healthy subjects. Pulse rates showed a marked increase after isoprenaline, a moderate increase after adrenaline and salbutamol, and a consistent decrease after noradrenaline. The total leucocyte counts increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. The absolute lymphocyte counts showed significant increases after all the four agonists. Neutrophils increased in response to adrenaline and noradrenaline but remained unchanged after isoprenaline and salbutamol. ‘Stress’ lymphocyte counts rose in response to adrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol but not to noradrenaline. From these and other reported observations it is suggested that both α‐ and β‐ receptors are involved in the mobolization of lymphocytes, while neither has any specific role in the mobilization of neutrophils.
Bone‐Marrow Biopsy with the Bordier Trephine
Authors: Helleberg‐Rasmussen Inge , Søndergaard‐Petersen Helena
Published: August 2010

The experience gained within a 12‐month period in 89 bone‐marrow biopsies performed by means of the Bordier trephine is reported.

The Bordier trephine is larger (inner diameter, 5 mm) than other previously described instruments devised for bone‐marrow biopsy. The specimens are taken from the region posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine below the iliac crest, using a special cutting technique by which the bone is completely perforated.

The trephine is easy to use and, by the proper technique, invariably yields suitable histological material. From a diagnostic point of view, the large size of the specimen obtained is a great advantage.

The only complication encountered in the series was the development of a haematoma in a non‐thrombocytopenic patient.

EDTA is recommended for the decalcification of the specimens.
The Role of Blood Platelets in the Precipitation of Soluble Fibrin by Endotoxin
Authors: Eckhardt Thomas , Müller‐Berghaus Gert
Published: August 2010

This study is intended to clarify whether or not platelets are essential to endotoxin‐induced precipitation of soluble fibrin representing the second phase of microclot formation. Renal glomerular microclots could be observed in extremely thrombocytopenic rabbits to the same extent as in normal rabbits after the injection of endotoxin into animals with circulating soluble fibrin. Thrombocytopenia was induced by feeding rabbits busulphan, and soluble fibrin was produced by infusing ancrod. The experiments indicate that platelets are not essential to the endotoxin‐induced precipitation of soluble fibrin.
Neutrophil Kinetics in Corticosteroid Induced Neutrophilia Measured by Plasma Lysozyme
Authors: Karle Hans , Hansen Niels Ebbe
Published: August 2010

A single dose of prednisone (2 mg/kg orally) resulted in a mean rise in neutrophil counts to 2.3 (range 1.5–3.6) and a mean decrease in plasma lysozyme to 0.73 (range 0.50–0.87) times the value before the steroid was given in 10 haematologically normal persons. There was no change in the intraneutrophilic lysozyme activity.

It is concluded that the decrease in plasma lysozyme is compatible with a reduction in the egress of neutrophils to the tissues and a decrease in the neutrophil turnover rate.
T‐Lymphocyte Deficiency Following Adult Thymectomy in Man
Authors: Björkholm Magnus , Holm Göran , Johansson Bo , Mellstedt Håkan
Published: August 2010

10 patients thymectomized about 20 years earlier were tested for delayed skin reactivity against mumps, streptokinase‐streptodornase and PPD antigens. Their T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined. 6 patients were surgically thymectomized and 2 of them received postoperative irradiation. 4 patients were treated with only high dose irradiation to the mediastinal compartment. None of the patients responded to all skin antigens, 1 was positive to two antigens and 3 to one antigen. The remaining patients were non‐responders. The number of peripheral blood lymphocytes was slightly decreased in the patients. A significant decrease in the number of T‐lymphocytes (p < 0.005) was found in the whole patient group, and the depression was more pronounced in the surgically thymectomized patients (p < 0.001). The number of B‐lymphocytes was unaltered. It is concluded that the abnormalities in this patient group reflect a T‐lymphocyte deficiency. The immunologic status of the patients before treatment is not known. However, in 3 patients with recently discovered untreated thymomas no abnormalities were found. Thus, adult thymectomy in man seem to lead to deficiency of cell mediated immunity, indicating an influence of the thymus in immunological functions during adult life.
L‐Asparaginase and Prednisolone Pretreatment Followed by Rubidomycin and Cytosine Arabinoside for Induction of Remission in Adult Patients with Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia
Authors: Udén A.‐M. , Brenning G. , Engstedt L. , Franzén S. , Gahrton G. , Gullbring B. , Holm G. , Höglund S. , Jameson S. , Killander A. , Killander D. , Lockner D. , Wellstedt H. , Palmblad J. , Reizenstein P. , Skårberg K.‐O. , Swedberg B. , Wadman B. , Wide L.
Published: August 2010

77 unselected adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML), including practically all AML patients from an area with 1.9 million inhabitants, were randomized for either (1) 5 days pretreatment with l‐asparaginase and prednisolone followed by a combination of rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside (ARAP), or (2) treatment with a combination of rubidomycin, cytosine arabinoside and prednisolone without l‐asparaginase pretreatment (RAP). Complete remission was induced with ARAP in 12 patients (31%) and with RAP in 13 patients (34%). Thus pretreatment with l‐asparaginase did not improve the therapeutic response.

The overall remission frequency was significantly higher below the age of 60; 50% compared to 13% above this age.

Side‐effects such as liver dysfunction, nausea and vomiting were more common in patients pretreated with l‐asparaginase.

Sterilization of the gut did not improve the remission frequency with either regime.
Bone Marrow Biopsy of the Posterior Iliac Crest with Gidlund's Instrument in Malignant Diseases
Authors: Landys Karol , Stenram Unne
Published: August 2010

The bone marrow was examined on material obtained with the Gidlund trephine and with conventional cytologic bone marrow aspiration in 225 patients with malignant disease, 144 of whom had malignant lymphoma, and in 5 patients with haematological, non‐malignant disease. With Gidlund's instrument, the malignant disease was found to engage the bone marrow in 35 cases as compared to 7 cases with needle biopsy. No complications were met with either technique. Bone marrow biopsy was routinely performed in the out‐patient department.
Red Cell Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Finland
Authors: Vuopio Pekka , Härkönen Matti , Helske Timo , Näveri Hannu
Published: August 2010

Severe red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency has been found in an ‘aboriginal’ Finnish family. 2 male and 9 female carriers of the variant G‐6‐PD were studied. The genetic pattern is consistent with x‐linked recessive inheritance and the defect is associated with drug (primaquine) induced haemolysis. This was demonstrated by enzyme deficient red cell (51Cr‐labelled) survival studies on a normal volunteer recipient. In addition, one of the hemizygotes studied had a slight chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic disorder. The partially purified enzyme had many of the characteristics of G‐6‐PD Mediterranean. The occurrence of this G‐6‐PD Mediterranean type variant in the Finnish population, which differs greatly from Mediterranean ethnic groups, as well as the association of slight chronic haemolysis with severe G‐6‐PD deficiency is discussed.
Characterization and Significance of Collagen Induced Biphasic Aggregation of Human Platelets
Authors: Ts'ao Chung‐hsin
Published: August 2010

Biphasic collagen‐induced platelet aggregation, resembling that induced by epinephrine, was noted in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) of 11 stroke and 1 coronary disease patients. Similar pattern of aggregation was not observed in normal PRP. The occurrence of the biphasic collagen aggregation does not appear to relate to platelet count, smoking habit, medication, or other abnormalities such as hypertension, diabetes, and elevated serum lipid levels. However, platelets of these patients were very sensitive to aggregating agents including epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate. The concentration of collagen that elicited biphasic aggregation in these platelets was too weak to aggregate platelets of normal subjects. We believe that the release threshold of these platelets is reduced to such an extent that minute amounts of collagen, which would be insufficient to induce release from normal platelets, are capable of inducing release from these platelets. Both phases of collagen induced aggregation are probably resulted from the activation of the release mechanism.
Analysis of a Fibrin Formation Abnormality in a Case of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Soria Jeannette , Soria Claudine , Samama Meyer , Fine Jean Marie , Bousser Jacques
Published: August 2010

Studies were performed to analyse the inhibitory effect of a myeloma globulin (IgG) on fibrin formation.

This inhibitory activity was very intense and caused a severe bleeding disorder which proved fatal.

The isolated myeloma globulin inhibited all three stages of fibrin formation: the proteolytic action of thrombin on fibrinogen, the aggregation of fibrin monomers and the stabilization of fibrin by cross‐linkages in the γ and α chains. Purified factor XIII, even in excess, previously activated by the addition of thrombin and calcium, did not correct this defect in cross linking. Our results suggest that this myeloma globulin induced a blockage of some receptors near the cross linking sites.
Megakaryocyte Quantifications in Relation to Thrombokinetics in Primary Thrombocythaemia and Allied Diseases
Authors: Branehög Ingmar , Ridell Börje , Swolin Birgitta , Weinfeld Aleksander
Published: August 2010

Megakaryocyte morphology was studied quantitatively in primary thrombocythaemia (PT) and in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). The relation of thrombokinetics to megakaryocyte quantifications was evaluated in PT and compared to previously obtained results in polycythaemia Vera (PV) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

Megakaryocyte area, number and volume per μl bone marrow were significantly higher in PT as compared to controls. The nuclear lobe number was significantly increased and the megakaryocytes were shifted towards more mature forms, suggesting a prolonged megakaryocyte generation time. In CML the megakaryocyte number and volume per μl bone marrow were also significantly above normal, but the megakaryocyte area, number of lobes and degree of megakaryocytic maturation were significantly below normal.

Platelet production was in PT 6.2 times normal and proportional to the increase in megakaryocyte volume which was 6.8 times normal. In PV with major splenomegaly the mean platelet production rate was higher (9.5 times normal) although their peripheral platelet count was lower than in PT. This discrepancy is explained by the greatly enlarged splenic platelet pool in the PV patients. In ITP the mean platelet production rate was 2.2 to 3 times normal and was significantly lower than in PT and PV.
A Scanning Electron Microscopy and Immunological Study of 84 Cases of Lymphacytic Leukaemia and Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Polliack Aaron , Siegal Frederick P. , Clarkson Bayard D. , Fu Shu Man , Winchester Robert J. , Lampen Nina , Siegal Marta , Harven Etienne De
Published: August 2010

The surface features of cells from 84 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia, and related lymphoproliferative disorders are described as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most of the 46 cases of CLL were shown to be B‐derived, but rare cases of mixed B and T cell leukaemia and leukaemia with cells bearing both B and T markers were also encountered. Despite the existence of a spectrum of cell surface morphology, it was possible in many cases to identify a dominant cell type. Cells from cases of B derived malignancies were most frequently of the ‘predominantly villous’ type while a smaller proportion of cases were of the predominantly ‘smoother’ or ‘mixed villous and smooth’ type. Variations in surface morphology also occurred with progression of the disease.

In most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) ‘smoother’ cells predominated. However, more cases of ALL and T derived leukaemia need to be examined before definite conclusions can be drawn concerning the surface of these cell types. This study also illustrates the importance of examining large numbers of cases of leukaemia, before conclusions are drawn concerning their surface features and indicates that SEM cannot consistently distinguish between leukaemic B and T cells. It will be of interest to determine whether the surface architecture of the leukaemic cell is related to the degree of cell differentiation and eventual prognosis in these cases.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE RAT BONE MARROW I. RED CELL ENGULF. MENT BY RETICULUM CELLS
Authors: MARTON PER F.
Published: August 2010

Previous light microscopic studies have revealed the erythroclastic potential of the rat bone marrow reticulum cells, and call for ultrastructural study of the finer details of this process. Electron microscopy of rat bone marrow which had been stimulated to increase its erythrophagic activity, either by splenectomy or by transfusion of heat‐denatured erythrocytes, confirmed the central reticulum cell of erythroblastic islands as the main phagocytic cell in bone marrow erythroclasia. The early digestive vacuoles, which are formed by the fusion of erythrophagic vacuoles with lysosomes, correspond to the acidophilic, globular structures which characterize erythrophagocytosis as observed by light microscopy. By forming intrasinusoidal protrusions, the bone marrow reticulum cells engulf circulating effete red cells. The engulfed red cells are then transported intracellularly across the sinusoidal wall for final disintegration in the intraparenchymal part of the reticulum cell. This transmural mode of erythrophagocytosis by reticulum cells most probably demonstrates the fundamental phagocytic mechanism of the bone marrow part of the reticulo‐endothelial system.

Transmural transport of reticulocytes adherent to reticulum cells during the formation of protrusions illustrates a possible mechanism for liberation of red cells from the bone marrow.
Splenomegaly, Macrothrombocytopenia and Stomatocytosis in Healthy Mediterranean Subjects (Splenomegaly in Mediterranean Macrothrombocytopenia)
Authors: von Behrens Wieland E.
Published: August 2010

Spleen size, stomatocytosis, macrothrombocytopenia, haemoglobin level, white cell count, and abdominal pain episodes were assessed in a coded study of healthy Mediterranean immigrants to Australia. Spleen size was estimated from a length measurement, L, on a standardized plain abdominal radiograph and expressed both as spleen weight and as a spleen length index, L/l/BSA; the platelet count and size parameters were determined electronically and the presence of stomatocytes was evaluated in stained blood films. In relation to 16 Northern European control women 12 of 25 Mediterranean women had radiographic splenomegaly, 10 had macrothrombocytopenia, 9 had stomatocytosis, but none had episodes of abdominal pain. The median spleen weights of the two groups were estimated as 157 and 247 g with ranges from percentile 2.3 to 97.7 of 75 to 328 and 112 to 669 g. Within the Mediterranean group splenomegaly correlated with macrothrombocytopenia (P < 0.001) but not with stomatocytosis, haemoglobin values or white cell counts. Thus, mild splenomegaly may be expected in Mediterranean macrothrombocytopenia, Mediterranean stomatocytosis appears unrelated, and all of these apparently benign anomalies may be incidental findings in patients from the Italian and Balkan peninsulas.
No Effect of an N‐Terminal Fragment of Human Prothrombin on Blood‐Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Holm Turid , Prydz Hans
Published: August 2010

An N‐terminal fragment of human prothrombin (m.w. 19,600) had no detectable effect on the aggregation of platelets by ADP, collagen or thrombin.
Integrity of the Iron Transport Process in Mice with X‐Linked Anaemia
Authors: Thomson A. B. R. , Valberg L. S.
Published: August 2010

The defect in iron (Fe) absorption in X‐linked anaemia (sla) remains an enigma; absorption of a tracer dose of Fe is impaired in mice raised on an iron‐containing cube diet but not in those raised on an iron‐deficient diet. Because cobalt (Co) shares a similar intestinal transport pathway with Fe, a study was made of the effect of iron deficient diet on Co absorption. The duodenum of sla and genetically normal mice was perfused for 30 min with labelled solutions containing Co or Fe. Co uptake and transfer were similar in sla and normals fed cubes whereas Fe uptake and transfer were less in sla than in normals. The iron deficient diet caused an increase in the uptake and transfer of Co and Fe in sla and normals. When Co and Fe were perfused together in sla fed deficient diet, the uptake and transfer of each metal was less than when perfused alone. The distribution of Fe and Co in subcellular mucosal fractions was determined by a differential centrifugation technique. Deficient diet resulted in a directionally similar change in the subcellular dstribution of Co and Fe in sla and normals.

The increase in Co as well as Fe absorption in the sla on an iron deficient diet to the same high level found in genetically normal animals, and the inhibitory effect of each metal on the absorption of the other suggests that the absorption defect in sla is unlikely to be due to a primary defect in the function of the transport carrier.
A Colchicine‐Sensitivity Test for Leukaemic Lymphocytes
Authors: Schrek Robert , Messmore Harry L. , Knospe William H. , Stefani Stefano S.
Published: August 2010

Non‐dividing lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were more sensitive than normal lymphocytes to reagents as prednisolone, cytarabine, vincristine and colchicine. The maximum difference was obtained when the cells were incubated with colchicine at 37°C for 20 h. The sensitivity was measured by a ‘sensitivity index’ which was an estimate of the average percentage of lymphocytes killed by 1.0 and 0.1 μg/ml of colchicine. The index was 0–1% for lymphocytes from the blood of 14 normal persons and was 61–98% for 23 of 25 leukaemic patients with absolute lymphocyte counts of 8,000 times 109/1 or more. 3 of 4 untreated patients with presumptive diagnoses of early leukaemia had low absolute counts of 3,300 to 7,600 times 109 lymphocytes/I and high sensitivity indices of 41 to 83%. Tests on treated patients with lymphocyte counts less than 8,000 times 109/1 suggesed a correlation of the index with remission and relapse. Hairy cells from 3 patients with hairy cell leukaemia were resistant to colchicine. Sensitivity to colchicine seemed useful at a test for leukaemic lymphocytes and as an aid in the haematologic evaluation of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and malignant lymphoma.
ABSORPTION OF IRON FROM SLOW‐RELEASE AND RAPIDLY‐DISINTEGRATING TABLETS ‐ A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN NORMAL SUBJECTS, BLOOD DONORS AND SUBJECTS WITH IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
Authors: Nielsen Jørgen Boye , Ikkala Eero , Sölvell Lennart , Björn‐Rasmussen Erik , Ekenved Gunnar
Published: August 2010

The absorption of iron from slow‐release and rapidly‐disintegrating ferrous sulphate tablets has been compared using a double radioiron isotope technique. The studies were performed in 15 normal subjects, 20 blood donors and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The preparations containing 100 mg of ferrous iron were given twice daily on alternate days for 10 days. The absorption differed significantly between the three groups of subjects, being highest in the anaemic patients and lowest in the normal subjects. In all groups, significantly more iron was absorbed from the slow‐release tablets compared to the rapidly‐disintegrating tablets. The mean absorption ratios were 1.3 in both normal subjects and blood donors. In patients with iron deficiency anaemia the ratio was 1.4.
Marrow Cell Uptake by Megakaryocytes in Routine Bone Marrow Smears during Blood Loss
Authors: Sahebekhtiari H. Ali , Tavassoli Mehdi
Published: August 2010

In studying smears of marrow aspirates, we have encountered the presence of normal appearing haemopoietic cells within megakaryocytes. We have then searched routine marrow smears from 125 patients seen in our service during 3 years. The presence of marrow cells (granulocytic, erythroid, and lymphoid cells) within megakaryocytes was seen in 16 cases of whom 9 had documented bleeding and 5 had carcinoma. 3 patients were suspected of bleeding but this was not documented. 56 % of patients with bleeding and 83 % of patients with carcinoma seen during this period displayed this phenomenon. A search for this phenomenon in routine marrow smears may reveal unsuspected blood loss.
Human Granulocytopoietic Colonies in Diffusion Chambers in Mice: Growth of Colonies and the Effect of Host Irradiation
Authors: Jacobsen Niels , Fauerholdt Lis
Published: August 2010

Normal human non‐separated bone marrow cells were cultured in fibrin clots in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in mice, and harvested at different intervals by a previously described chamber centrifugation technique. This method demonstrates the presence of cell aggregates in the diffusion chambers. When the chambers are implanted in irradiated mice (450 R) and retransplantated into newly irradiated mice every seventh day, a continous increase in number of cells per granulocytopoietic aggregate is observed from day 8 to day 21. This is compatible with the view that the aggregates are colonies. The term ‘colony forming unit diffusion chamber’ (CFUD) is suggested to denote the ancestor(s) of the colonies. However, formal proof that one colony is derived from one cell is lacking.

Preirradiation of mice with 450 R significantly increases the number of neutrophilic granulocytopoietic colonies at day 14, provided the chambers are retransplantated to newly irradiated mice at day 7, indicating that the neutrophilic colony forming unit or its progeny is involved as at least one of the targets of the stimulating effect of host irradiation. In contrast, no effect of host irradiation on the numbem of eosinophilic colonies was observed.

Aggregates of megakaryocytic cells were present during the entire culture period.
Studies on Lymphocytes XIII
Authors: Sipe C. R. , Chanana A. D. , Cronkite E. P. , Gulliani G. L. , Joel D. D.
Published: August 2010

A rapid method for measuring volume distributions of human, calf and goat lymphocytes and their nuclei is described along with the type of quantitation these measurements can provide by computer analysis. The size distribution studies indicate the presence of two populations of lymphocytes and their nuclei irrespective of the cell source. It is suggested that proliferative fractions of various cell populations may be estimated by determining the nuclear volume distribution.
Blast Crisis of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: The Effect of Intensive Chemotherapy
Authors: BEARD M. , GAUCI C. , SIKORA E. , KIRK B. , FAIRLEY G. HAMILTON , WRIGLEY P.
Published: August 2010

24 patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in blast crisis were treated with intensive chemotherapy. 16 patients showed either partial or complete response to this treatment, but median survival remained short (13 weeks), and much of this time was spent in hospital. These results were not significantly better than those obtained by others using vincristine and prednisolone alone, and this combination of drugs can often be given on an outpatient basis. It is concluded that until more effective intensive therapy becomes available patients in CML blast crisis should be managed in such a way that the quality of life is not impaired; and that at present vincristine and prednisolone appears to be the most appropriate initial treatment, though even this is far from satisfactory.
Fibrin/Fibrinogen Degradation Products (FDP) in Urine and Serum after Prolonged Heavy Exercise
Authors: ARNESEN H. , ÅKESSON I. , STRöMME S. B. , REFSUM H. E.
Published: August 2010

The presence of FDP in the urine, known to be a sensitive indicator of various kidney disorders, was studied in 14 well‐trained men participating in a 70‐km cross‐country ski race.

None of the urine samples contained FDP on the day before the race. Immediately after the race, 4 samples contained FDP. High molecular weight FDP were found in 2 of them, whereas 2 others contained low molecular weight products only. 2 days after the race, 1 of these subjects still had FDP in the urine. In addition, 2 newly FDP positives were observed.

Serum FDP were slightly elevated in 2 subjects before the race, and in another subject immediately after the race.

The presence of urinary FDP did not correlate either with urinary albumin or uromucoid, or with serum FDP. A drop in plasma fibrinogen immediately after the race was noted in all subjects.

It is suggested that the present observations may reflect a transient hyperproteolysis (coagulation and fibrinolysis) in the glomerular circulation, including fibrin formation and dissolution, associated with a transient damage of glomerular capillaries.
Ultrastructural Aspects of Crystal‐Like Inclusions in a Case of IgA Plasma Cell Proliferation
Authors: CORDIER ANDRÉ C. , SCOLARI LIDIA , VAERMAN JEAN‐PIERRE , DUTRIEUX‐FAUCHET MARIE‐CHRISTINE , DUTRIEUX CLAUDE , HAUMQNT STANISLAS
Published: August 2010

A case of apparently benign plasma cell proliferation is described. Needle‐like paracrystalline inclusions were observed in numerous plasma cells outside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They had a dense protein core surrounded by a layer of carbohydrate. They were found only in plasma cells secreting IgA‐kappa immunoglobulin, but did not react with labelled specific antisera. A small amount of paraprotein IgA‐kappa was found in the serum but no Bence‐Jones protein could be detected in the urine. These observations suggest that these plasma cells synthesize normal IgA immunoglobulin and accumulate abnormal protein in the form of paracrystalline inclusions.
Erythrocyte Enzymes in Myelomatosis
Authors: HANSEN O. PAASKE , HANEL H. K.
Published: August 2010

The activity of the erythrocyte enzymes: glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glutathion reductase and ATPase were measured in 8 patients with untreated myelomatosis. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly increased. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase values were negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate as measured by 51Cr‐EDTA clearance. The results support the existence of a shortened red cell survival in peripheral blood related to the degree of renal insufficiency.
Chromosome Abnormalities after Chlorambucil Therapy of Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: WESTIN JAN
Published: August 2010

Bone marrow chromosomes were studied in 2 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) at the time of diagnosis and several times subsequently during therapy with chlorambucil. Both patients were normal in the initial study, but later developed pathological diploid cell lines with structural chromosome abnormalities. Case 1 presented after 25 months of myelosuppressive therapy a deletion of chromosome no. 12, del (12) (p11), in 60% of the diploid cells. 10 months later all studied cells in the marrow contained this deletion. In addition, the deletion of chromosome no. 20, described as characteristic for PV, was found in 3 cells. Case 2 demonstrated after 40 months on chlorambucil the presence of a balanced translocation, t (1; 5) (p36; q31) in 90% of the cells. In none of the patients were any definite clinical, laboratory or morphological signs of an approaching leukaemic transformation of the polycythaemic disorder present.
Lymphocyte Purification from Normal Human Peripheral Blood by Filtration through Columns of Cotton Wool
Authors: BARR RONALD D. , PERRY SEYMOUR
Published: August 2010

With a view to simplifying the separation of haemopoietic stem cell concentrates from human peripheral blood, in preparation for their clinical use, the production of lymphocyte concentrates by cotton wool filtration has been investigated. Using the method which is described in detail, highly purified suspensions may be prepared without the selective loss of thymus‐independent lymphocytes. Optimal operating conditions are defined. Haemopoietic stem cell concentrates may thereby be harvested, and are shown to be capable of proliferation and differentiation on subsequent culture in vivo.
Protection of Rats by Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus against the Effects of Intravenous Infusions of Purified Tissue Thromboplastin
Authors: GIERCKSKY KARL‐ERIK , BJØRKLID EIRIK
Published: August 2010

Infusions of purified tissue thromboplastin in rats cause the accumulation of fibrin and platelets in the lungs and produce marked changes in the platelet count and in the coagulation factors V, VII and VIII. Tissue thromboplastin in a dose corresponding to less than 2 μg of protein per rat is lethal when given as a bolus injection. Simultaneous i.v. administration of purified phospholipase C effectively prevents all these changes and protects rats from otherwise lethal doses of tissue thromboplastin. The necessary doses of phospholipase C are well below the toxic level for phospholipase C alone.
Sclerosing Reticulum Cell Sarcoma following Prolonged Treatment with Azathioprine for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Nord E. , Dover D. , Kessler E. , Pinkhas J. , de Vries A.
Published: August 2010

A patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, known for at least 30 years, developed a sclerosing reticulum cell sarcoma following 7 years of immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine without steroids.
Response of Uraemic Bone Marrow Cells to Erythropoietin In Vitro
Authors: Urabe Akio , Chiba Shyozo , Kosaka Kinori , Takaku Fumimaro
Published: August 2010

In vitro culture technique of bone marrow cells has been applied to study the cause of anaemia in uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Incorporation of 59Fe into haem in bone marrow cells of the patients in the presence of erythropoietin, as well as the inhibitory effect of their plasma on the response of normal bone marrow cells to erythropoietin, was examined.

Increase in haem synthesis rate by erythropoietin in the bone marrow cells of uraemic patients (n 14; 7.9 ± 1.4) was not significantly different from that in normal bone marrow cells (n 9; 5.9 ± 1.4, p > 0.05), thus indicating the presence of erythroid precursor cells with normal responsiveness to erythropoietin in uraemic patients.

On the basis of these results, the humoral inhibitory factor appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of renal anaemia, in addition to the low level of circulating erythropoietin.

All the plasma from uraemic patients inhibited, in dose‐dependent way, the response of normal bone marrow cells to erythropoietin. Levels of erythropoietin in the plasma samples of uraemic patients were much lower than those of the patients with iron deficiency anaemia with comparable Hb concentrations.
Deaths from Severe Megaloblastic Anaemia in Hospitalised Patients
Authors: Lawson D. H. , Parker J. L. W.
Published: August 2010

In a series of 128 consecutive patients dying from severe megaloblastic anaemia, over half the deaths occurred within one week of hospitalisation and one third were sudden and unexpected. Congestive cardiac failure was extremely common in these patients and was often associated with pleural effusions. Just over half the patients were examined at autopsy and of these 42% had pleural effusions and 15% had pericardial effusions. The cause of the latter is unclear as is their clinical significance, nevertheless this condition has not previously been reported in the megaloblastic anaemias and may well play a part in the fatal outcome in such patients.

Blood transfusion was administered to over half the patients, usually in the form of whole blood. It is recommended that transfusions be used sparingly, and consist of cells or preferably exchange transfusion, the latter being of particular value in the elderly or in those with pre‐existing cardiac failure.