bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence and treatment of delayed‐onset nodules after VYC filler injections to 2139 patients at a single Canadian clinic
Authors: Rivers Jason K.
Published: April 2022

Background

Data suggest that hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers using VYC technology have a higher incidence of delayed‐onset nodule development at facial injection sites than earlier HA products.

Objective

To assess the incidence of delayed‐onset nodules with VYC products based on a single experienced injector.

Methods and Materials

Patients with delayed‐onset nodules after injections with VYC‐20L, VYC‐17.5L, and VYC‐15L were identified by retrospective chart review.

Results

Since 2010, 2139 patients received injections from the same physician with combinations of VYC‐20L (57.6% of patients; 2.4 syringes/patient), VYC‐17.5L (23.9%; 1.5), or VYC‐15L (18.5%; 1.5). Seven female patients (mean age, 62 years) developed delayed‐onset nodules for an overall incidence of 0.33%. A potential inflammatory trigger (reported by 6 patients) occurred 1–168 days prior to nodule development. Nodule biopsy in 1 patient confirmed a foreign‐body granuloma. The most effective treatment incorporated prednisone with or without hyaluronidase, and in 2 patients, nodules resolved spontaneously. The incidence of delayed‐onset nodules was not associated with injection technique or amount of product used.

Conclusion

VYC‐associated incidence of delayed‐onset nodules (0.33%) was lower than earlier estimates from previous studies. In the current analysis, VYC‐15L had a rate of delayed reactions comparable with non‐VYC products.
Noninvasive isolation of transcervical trophoblast cells for fetal identification
Authors: Gao Yi , Ruan Liping , Cao Leilei , Lu Gaochuan , Hong Qin , Zhang Qian , Teng Yincheng , Wang Zhijie
Published: April 2022

Objective

To identify trophoblastic cells retrieved from the cervix at a gestational age (GA) of 5–9 weeks by a noninvasive modality in fetuses.

Method

Transcervical cells (TCCs) were noninvasively extracted by a cytobrush using the Papanicolaou sampling method. TCCs were immunostained with antihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐G and anticytokeratin (CK)‐7 antibodies to identify trophoblastic cells. Maternal finger blood, gestational sacs, and 20 trophoblastic cells collected by a laser‐guided microscopic single‐cell capture system were examined and compared by short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping.

Results

Forty‐nine pregnant women with GA of 5–9 weeks and six nonpregnant healthy women were included in the study. Trophoblastic cells were identified in 37 (75.5%) TCC samples, among which 34 (69.4%) were eligible for STR genotyping analysis. No trophoblastic cells were identified in nonpregnant healthy women. The STR genotyping analyses revealed 24 female and 10 male fetuses. TCC trophoblastic cells exhibited the same STR profiles as gestational sac and maternal blood in all samples, which indicated that the TCC trophoblastic cells originated from fetuses.

Conclusion

This primary study validated that trophoblastic cells from TCCs at GA 5–9 weeks originated from the fetus. Further studies are needed to verify whether this method can be used for early noninvasive prenatal diagnosis and paternity testing.
City‐chief turnover and place‐based policy change: Evidence from China
Authors: Shen Yang , Wu Jing , Wu Shuping
Published: April 2022

The linkage between political turnover and policy change has attracted considerable attention, but little empirical evidence and its impacts on regional development have been provided directly. In this study, we develop a set of indicators to directly quantify the within‐city place‐based policy changes in China between 2007 and 2017, based on the spatial distribution of city governments' industrial land supply. The results show city‐chief turnovers lead to significant changes in place‐based policies. A successor city chief typically gives up some previous place‐based policies immediately after taking office and implements new policies about 1 year later. In particular, successor chiefs with stronger promotion incentives make larger policy changes, to win more points in the competition with their predecessors. We also provide evidence that the place‐based policy discontinuity caused by political turnovers generates negative economic‐development impacts.
Electronic Versus Paper and Pencil Survey Administration Mode Comparison: 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey*
Authors: Bryan Leah N. , Smith‐Grant Jennifer , Brener Nancy , Kilmer Greta , Lo Annie , Queen Barbara , Underwood J. Michael
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Since the inception of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System in 1991, all surveys have been conducted in schools, using paper and pencil instruments (PAPI). For the 2019 YRBSS, sites were offered the opportunity to conduct their surveys using electronic data collection. This study aimed to determine whether differences in select metrics existed between students who completed the survey electronically versus using PAPI.

METHODS

Thirty risk behaviors were examined in this study. Data completeness, response rates and bivariate comparisons of risk behavior prevalence between administration modes were examined.

RESULTS

Twenty‐nine of 30 questions examined had more complete responses among students using electronic surveys. Small differences were found for student and school response rates between modes. Twenty‐five of 30 adolescent risk behaviors showed no mode effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Seven of 44 states and DC participated electronically. Because survey data were more complete; school and student response rates were consistent; and minor differences existed in risk behaviors between modes, the acceptability of collecting data electronically was demonstrated.
First complete genome sequence of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) from Salvia splendens in India
Authors: Srivastava Aarshi , Pandey Vineeta , Verma Rakesh Kumar , Marwal Avinash , Mishra Ritesh , Briddon Rob W. , Akhtar Ali , Gaur Rajarshi Kumar
Published: April 2022

The complete genome sequences of a Begomovirus and associated betasatellite were obtained by the rolling circle amplification method from a symptomatic Salvia (Salvia splendens) plant showing severe leaf curling, leaf deforming and yellowing, from Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The viral genome (DNA‐A) sequence showed the highest nucleotide identity (99.75%) with an isolate of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV), whereas the associated satellite sequence exhibited the highest nucleotide similarity of 98.47% with the isolate of Chilli leaf curl betasatellite (ChiLCB). The virus present in the infected salvia plant was successfully transmitted by whitefly to healthy salvia and tomato. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that although the ToLCV is segregated by the host but closely related to the isolate originating from India, whereas the same is found with the associated betasatellite. The study finds that evolutionary analysis along with recombination value solely cannot explain its relative frequency. Somehow, mutation, and nucleotide substitution, contributed to the evolution and diversification of this ToLCV together with the co‐adaptation of its betasatellite. However, ToLCV was found to have more diverse recombination events as compared with betasatellite. Consequently, the low frequency of polymorphism suggests a background selection or recent expansion occurring in populations of Begomoviruses. In addition, haplotype diversity (Hd) was detected as equal to 1 for ToLCV and very close to 1 for ChiLCB, signifying the uniqueness of the isolate. Our result indicates that S. splendens plants infected with ToLCV coupled with betasatellite act as an alternative host and that could lead to an increased incidence and emergence of new variants of tomato leaf curl diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToLCV and its associated betasatellite infecting Salvia in India. This study based on different evolutionary indices may provide insight into the future evolutionary study of different species of Begomoviruses.
Metagenomic signatures of balancing selection in the human gut
Authors: Moeller Andrew H.
Published: April 2022

Bacterial lineages that populate the human gut microbiota contend with spatial and temporal fluctuations in numerous environmental variables, including bouts of extreme selective agents such as antibiotics. Oscillations in the adaptive landscape can impose balancing selection on populations, leaving characteristic signatures in the sequence variation of functionally significant genomic loci. Despite their potential importance for gut bacterial adaptation, the metagenomic targets of balancing selection have not been identified. Here, I present population genetic evidence that balancing selection maintains allelic diversity in multidrug efflux pumps of multiple predominant gut bacterial species. Metagenome‐wide scans of 566,958 genes from 287 bacterial species represented by 118,617 metagenome‐assembled genomes indicated that most genes have been conserved by purifying selection. However, dozens of core open reading frames (CORFs) displayed positive Tajima's D values that deviated significantly from their species’ genomic backgrounds, indicating the action of balancing selection. Multidrug efflux pumps (MEPs) from a diversity of bacterial species were significantly enriched among the CORFs with Tajima's D values >3 in industrialized, but not nonindustrialized, human populations. The AcrB subunit of an MEP from Bacteroides dorei displayed the highest Tajima's D of any CORF. Divergent haplotypes of this CORF displayed evidence of positive selection and homology to an Escherichia coli AcrB subunit that binds tetracycline and macrolide antibiotics, suggesting functional significance and implicating medical antibiotics as an agent of selection acting on this locus. Other proteins identified as targets of balancing selection included peptidoglycan/LPS O‐acetylases and ion transporters. Intriguingly, the degree of balancing selection acting on gut bacterial species was associated with species abundance in the gut based on metagenomic data, further suggesting fitness benefits of the allelic variation identified.
Analysing diversification dynamics using barcoding data: The case of an obligate mycorrhizal symbiont
Authors: Perez‐Lamarque Benoît , Öpik Maarja , Maliet Odile , Afonso Silva Ana C. , Selosse Marc‐André , Martos Florent , Morlon Hélène
Published: April 2022

Analysing diversification dynamics is key to understanding the past evolutionary history of clades that led to present‐day biodiversity patterns. While such analyses are widespread in well‐characterized groups of species, they are much more challenging in groups for which diversity is mostly known through molecular techniques. Here, we use the largest global database on the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Glomeromycotina, a subphylum of microscopic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that provide mineral nutrients to most land plants by forming one of the oldest terrestrial symbioses, to analyse the diversification dynamics of this clade in the past 500 million years. We perform a range of sensitivity analyses and simulations to control for potential biases linked to the nature of the data. We find that Glomeromycotina tend to have low speciation rates compared to other eukaryotes. After a peak of speciations between 200 and 100 million years ago, they experienced an important decline in speciation rates toward the present. Such a decline could be at least partially related to a shrinking of their mycorrhizal niches and to their limited ability to colonize new niches. Our analyses identify patterns of diversification in a group of obligate symbionts of major ecological and evolutionary importance and illustrate that short molecular markers combined with intensive sensitivity analyses can be useful for studying diversification dynamics in microbial groups.
Normothermic Machine Perfusion in pediatric liver transplantation: A survey of attitudes and barriers
Authors: Kadakia Yash , MacConmara Malcolm , Patel Madhukar S. , Shah Jigesh A. , de Gregorio Muniz Lucia , Desai Dev M. , Hanish Steven , Vagefi Parsia A. , Hwang Christine S.
Published: April 2022

Background

NMP provides a superior strategy for the assessment and preservation of marginal donor livers and has demonstrated increased utilization and enhances organ quality when used in adult liver transplantation. We aimed to evaluate the interest of incorporating the use of NMP in pediatric liver transplantation.

Methods

An anonymous online survey was distributed to pediatric transplant surgeons and hepatologists across the United States. Respondent demographic information, attitudes toward NMP in pediatric liver transplantation, and barriers to utilization were examined.

Results

Thirty‐two providers (18 transplant surgeons and 14 hepatologists) completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 64%. Half (50%) of respondents indicated prior exposure to NMP. Overall, 96% of respondents believed there was benefit to using NMP in pediatric liver transplantation. DCD (68%) and post–cross‐clamp (75%) grafts were the greatest opportunity for NMP use. A role in splitting livers ex vivo (71%) was also seen as a potential major opportunity. Cost was perceived as a barrier to implementation (36%), followed by institutional factors (32%). Cost tolerance was significantly greater in respondents residing in OPTN regions with greater than median wait times (63% vs. 11% in OPTN regions with greater vs. shorter wait times, p = .010).

Conclusions

There is significant interest within the pediatric liver transplant community for NMP to expand the donor pool. Interest appears particularly strong in regions where wait times for suitable pediatric donors are prolonged.
Metabolic and transcriptional responses to starvation are regulated by FOXO in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Zhang Nan , Meng Xiangkun , Jiang Heng , Ge Huichen , Zheng Yang , Qian Kun , Wang Jianjun
Published: April 2022

Intermittent food scarcity is commonly encountered in all organisms including insects. Although the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor is a well‐known component of signalling cascades related to starvation stress, the detailed regulatory mechanisms during long‐term starvation remain poorly understood in insects. In the present study, using the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model organism, we showed that starvation treatment increased the expression of FOXO at both mRNA and protein levels and promoted its nuclear translocation to activate its transcriptional activity. Knockdown of FOXO leads to a significant reduction in the lifespan of T. castaneum accompanying reduced glycogen and triglyceride depletion as well as decreased glucose and trehalose accumulation under starvation conditions. Consistently, expression patterns of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and trehalose metabolism under starvation conditions were significantly affected in dsFOXO‐injected beetles. These results provided evidence that FOXO played an important role in the tolerance to prolonged starvation by regulating metabolic and transcriptional responses.
Designing and testing an ethnic‐ancestry question for Australian blood donors: Acceptability, feasibility, and understanding
Authors: Gahan Luke , Gemelli Carley N. , Kruse Sarah P. , Davison Tanya E.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and understanding of a donor ethnic‐ancestry question with Australian blood donors.

Background

Ethnic‐ancestry assists blood collection agencies to meet the demand for rare blood‐types. However, there is no standard ethnicity question used by health/blood services around the world and we do not know how blood donors in Australia will respond to being asked for this information.

Methods/Materials

A survey and ethnic‐ancestry question was administered to a sample of donors (n = 506) to evaluate their views on being asked for their ethnic‐ancestry, test a comprehensive ethnic‐ancestry list, and determine the level of information required by donors.

Results

Donors reported being very comfortable providing their ethnic‐ancestry and the majority of donors found an ethnic‐ancestry option they were happy with (91.3%). Overall donors reported a high level of understanding of why ethnic‐ancestry was important to blood donation. However, when provided more information on why ethnic‐ancestry is required, donors reported increased understanding.

Conclusion

The findings from this study demonstrated that it is acceptable and feasible to introduce a comprehensive ethnic‐ancestry question for Australian blood donors. We also found that a greater understanding is achieved when a more comprehensive explanation for inclusion of the question is provided.
Cell growth dynamics in two types of apical meristems in fern gametophytes
Authors: Wu Xiao , Yan An , Yang Xi , Banks Jo Ann , Zhang Shaoling , Zhou Yun
Published: April 2022

In contrast to seed plants, the gametophytes of seed‐free plants develop pluripotent meristems, which promote and sustain their independent growth and development. To date, the cellular basis of meristem development in gametophytes of seed‐free ferns remains largely unknown. In this study, we used Woodsia obtusa, the blunt‐lobe cliff fern, to quantitatively determine cell growth dynamics in two different types of apical meristems – the apical initial centered meristem and the multicellular apical meristem in gametophytes. Through confocal time‐lapse live imaging and computational image analysis and quantification, we determined unique patterns of cell division and growth that sustain or terminate apical initials, dictate the transition from apical initials to multicellular apical meristems, and drive proliferation of apical meristems in ferns. Quantitative results showed that small cells correlated to active cell division in fern gametophytes. The marginal cells of multicellular apical meristems in fern gametophytes undergo division in both anticlinal and periclinal orientations, not only increasing cell numbers but also playing a dominant role in increasing cell layers during gametophyte development. All these findings provide insights into the function and regulation of meristems in gametophytes of seed‐free vascular plants, suggesting both conserved and diversified mechanisms underlying meristem cell proliferation across land plants.
Cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma commonly has T2 signal heterogeneity, contrast enhancement, and osteolysis on MRI: A case series of 35 dogs
Authors: Tam Candace , Hecht Silke , Mai Wilfried , Nelson Nathan , Chen Annie V. , Griffin John F.
Published: April 2022

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs; however, published studies describing the MRI appearance of cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma are scarce. In this multicenter, retrospective, case series study, MRI studies of 35 dogs with cranial or vertebral osteosarcoma were prospectively scored by consensus of two veterinary radiologists. Recorded characteristics were location, signal intensity (compared to gray matter), homogeneity, contrast enhancement, margin delineation, local invasion, osteolysis, osteosclerosis, zone of transition, periosteal proliferation, pathological fracture, meningeal/CNS involvement, and presence of metastatic disease. Locations included the parietal bone (n = 1), occipital bone (n = 2), or cervical (n = 5), thoracic (n = 17), lumbar (n = 7), or sacral vertebrae (n = 3). Common features included signal heterogeneity in T2‐weighted (T2W) images (n = 35), contrast enhancement (in all 34 dogs with postcontrast MRI), osteolysis (n = 34), compression of the CNS or cauda equina (n = 33), an associated soft tissue mass (n = 33), a long zone of transition (n = 30), osteosclerosis (n = 28), signal isointensity to normal‐appearing gray matter in T1‐weighted images (T1W, n = 26), and T2W hyperintensity of adjacent brain or spinal cord (n = 23). Other findings included periosteal proliferation (n = 18), meningeal contrast enhancement (n = 17), T1W and T2W hypointense foci in the soft tissue mass (n = 14), invasion into adjacent bones (n = 10), pathological vertebral fractures (n = 7), regional lymphadenopathy (n = 6), skip metastases (n = 2), lung nodule (n = 1), diaphragmatic nodule (n = 1), and brain invasion (n = 1). Contrast enhancement was typically strong and heterogeneous. Magnetic resonance imaging features of cranial and vertebral osteosarcoma were analogous to those previously reported for other imaging modalities. Osteosarcoma should be a differential diagnosis for compressive, contrast‐enhancing, osteolytic lesions of the cranium or vertebrae.
Assessment of Heterogeneity in Lung Structure and Function During Mechanical Ventilation: A Review of Methodologies
Authors: Herrmann Jacob , Kollisch-Singule Michaela , Satalin Joshua , Nieman Gary , Kaczka David W.
Published: April 2022

The mammalian lung is characterized by heterogeneity in both its structure and function, by incorporating an asymmetric branching airway tree optimized for maintenance of efficient ventilation, perfusion, and gas exchange. Despite potential benefits of naturally occurring heterogeneity in the lungs, there may also be detrimental effects arising from pathologic processes, which may result in deficiencies in gas transport and exchange. Regardless of etiology, pathologic heterogeneity results in the maldistribution of regional ventilation and perfusion, impairments in gas exchange, and increased work of breathing. In extreme situations, heterogeneity may result in respiratory failure, necessitating support with a mechanical ventilator. This review will present a summary of measurement techniques for assessing and quantifying heterogeneity in respiratory system structure and function during mechanical ventilation. These methods have been grouped according to four broad categories: (1) inverse modeling of heterogeneous mechanical function; (2) capnography and washout techniques to measure heterogeneity of gas transport; (3) measurements of heterogeneous deformation on the surface of the lung; and finally (4) imaging techniques used to observe spatially-distributed ventilation or regional deformation. Each technique varies with regard to spatial and temporal resolution, degree of invasiveness, and risk posed to patients, as well as suitability for clinical implementation. Nonetheless, each technique can provide a unique perspective on the manifestations and consequences of mechanical heterogeneity in the diseased lung.
Evaluating the Normalized Coprime Factor-based Stability Metric for Rigid Systems
Authors: LiBretto Michael , Ueda Jun
Published: April 2022

The introduction of flexibility into rigid-body manipulator systems generally complicates the use of simple end-point feedback control. These flexibilities induce an unmodeled oscillation that cannot be necessarily compensated through end-point feedback control. The normalized coprime factor (NCF) based robustness metric ($\varepsilon_{max}$) has been well established in the realm of optimal control and can be applied to a rigid system with flexible modes in order to determine postures that will be robust to the flexibilities. This work illustrates that for rigid (double integrator) systems there is a fixed normalized coprime-factor robustness and, that for the special case of SISO systems, deviation from rigidity yields a similar change in NCF robustness.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation of Flow in Scour Protection Around a Mono-Pile With the Volume-Averaged k-ω Model
Authors: Zhai Yanyan , Christensen Erik Damgaard
Published: April 2022

The study numerically investigates the flow behavior around a mono-pile with scour protection under steady and oscillatory flow conditions. A hydrodynamic model based on volume-averaged Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (VARANS) equations with the volume-averaged k-ω turbulence closure is developed and implemented in openfoam. Three porosity transition types, i.e., constant, linear and parabolic, near the interface between stone cover and free flow are first evaluated in two-dimensional models. The simulated results, i.e., flow velocities, turbulence levels and bed shear stresses, are compared with previous experiments under steady and oscillatory flow conditions. The parabolic transition shows the best agreement with the measurements and is therefore used in the developed model. Under steady current, a three-dimensional model is validated against experimental measurements including flow features both inside and outside of the scour protection around a mono-pile, and it exhibits relatively good performance. Further, the volume-averaged k-ω model shows better agreement to experiments in porous medium compared to results from k-ω shear stress transport and volume-averaged k-ɛ models. The model is applied to investigate the flow patterns under the oscillatory flow condition. The results show that a horseshoe vortex is formed, and it penetrates the entire scour protection, which generates high flow velocities and bed shear stresses; erosion is most likely to occur at the area in the presence of vortex, which poses a threat to the pile stability. The simulations demonstrate the ability of the developed model to evaluate the flow behavior in scour protection.
Physiological and Sprint Kinetics Associated With the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 Performances in Soccer Players
Authors: Kramer Mark , Sparks Martinique , Coetzee Ben
Published: April 2022

Background: The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) is often utilized to indirectly assess the cardiorespiratory fitness of team-sport athletes due to its proposed association with match-play high-speed running performance and predicted maximal oxygen uptake. No previous research has investigated the relationships between YYIR1 performances, actual oxygen uptake recorded during the YYIR1, and true all-out sprint kinetics (eg, maximal sprint speed, maximal force capacity, and maximal power output), which therefore served as the primary objective of this study. Objectives: To assess the true physiological kinetics ( and heart-rate responses) during the YYIR1 and to evaluate the correlations between the physiological kinetics, sprint kinetics, and YYIR1 performance parameters. Methods: A total of 23 amateur male soccer players were recruited for the study (age 22.52 [2.86] y; height 1.75 [0.06] m; body mass 65.61 [8.43] kg). Each participant completed a YYIR1 and 2 all-out sprint tests. Results: Significant differences were observed between actual and predicted maximal oxygen-uptake values (Mdiff = 17.57 mL·kg−1·min−1, P < .001, r = .63). Shuttle distances showed statistically significant correlations with maximal sprint speed (r = .42, P = .044) and theoretic maximal speed (r = .44, P = .035). However, no other correlations with sprint kinetic parameters (eg, maximal force or power output) were observed. Conclusion: Practitioners should carefully consider the outcomes and utilities of the parameters derived from the YYIR1. The estimations of maximal oxygen uptake from shuttle performances as a proxy for cardiorespiratory fitness are not adequate. However, shuttle distances appear to be positively associated with all-out sprinting capacities.
A Retrospective Study on Students’ Perceived Experiences in Physical Education: Exploring Beliefs, Emotions, and Physical Activity Outcomes
Authors: Simonton Kelly L. , Washburn Nicholas , Prior Laura F. , Shiver Victoria N. , Fullerton Sean , Gaudreault Karen L.
Published: April 2022

Purpose: This study utilized the control-value theory of achievement emotions to investigate relationships between retroactive physical education (PE) beliefs and emotions with adulthood physical activity (PA) attitudes and behaviors. Method: An exploratory structural equation model was employed to evaluate participants’ (N = 381) PE emotions, antecedents, and outcomes. Results: Control, intrinsic value, and extrinsic value antecedents predicted several emotions. PE enjoyment facilitated positive PA attitudes, whereas boredom and shame predicted negative PA attitudes. Shame predicted lower physical self-concept in students. Moderate to vigorous PA was traced positively with enjoyment and negatively from relief. Several indirect relationships were also observed that further support the control-value theory of achievement emotions. Conclusions: Emotions are a response to learning and finding value in PE, which clearly impacts PA-related beliefs and behaviors into adulthood. Considerations on the externally driven nature of PE outcomes (i.e., standards/performance) are needed given the juxtaposition for also targeting suggested goals like intrinsic value and enjoyment.
A spatiotemporal mechanism of visual attention: Superdiffusive motion and theta oscillations of neural population activity patterns
Authors: Chen Guozhang , Gong Pulin
Published: April 2022

Recent evidence has demonstrated that during visual spatial attention sampling, neural activity and behavioral performance exhibit large fluctuations. To understand the origin of these fluctuations and their functional role, here, we introduce a mechanism based on the dynamical activity pattern (attention spotlight) emerging from neural circuit models in the transition regime between different dynamical states. This attention activity pattern with rich spatiotemporal dynamics flexibly samples from different stimulus locations, explaining many key aspects of temporal fluctuations such as variable theta oscillations of visual spatial attention. Moreover, the mechanism expands our understanding of how visual attention exploits spatially complex fluctuations characterized by superdiffusive motion in space and makes experimentally testable predictions. We further illustrate that attention sampling based on such spatiotemporal fluctuations provides profound functional advantages such as adaptive switching between exploitation and exploration activities and is particularly efficient at sampling natural scenes with multiple salient objects.
The Australian dingo is an early offshoot of modern breed dogs
Authors: Field Matt A. , Yadav Sonu , Dudchenko Olga , Esvaran Meera , Rosen Benjamin D. , Skvortsova Ksenia , Edwards Richard J. , Keilwagen Jens , Cochran Blake J. , Manandhar Bikash , Bustamante Sonia , Rasmussen Jacob Agerbo , Melvin Richard G. , Chernoff Barry , Omer Arina , Colaric Zane , Chan Eva K. F. , Minoche Andre E. , Smith Timothy P. L. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Bogdanovic Ozren , Zammit Robert A. , Thomas Torsten , Aiden Erez L. , Ballard J. William O.
Published: April 2022

Dogs are uniquely associated with human dispersal and bring transformational insight into the domestication process. Dingoes represent an intriguing case within canine evolution being geographically isolated for thousands of years. Here, we present a high-quality de novo assembly of a pure dingo (CanFam_DDS). We identified large chromosomal differences relative to the current dog reference (CanFam3.1) and confirmed no expanded pancreatic amylase gene as found in breed dogs. Phylogenetic analyses using variant pairwise matrices show that the dingo is distinct from five breed dogs with 100% bootstrap support when using Greenland wolf as the outgroup. Functionally, we observe differences in methylation patterns between the dingo and German shepherd dog genomes and differences in serum biochemistry and microbiome makeup. Our results suggest that distinct demographic and environmental conditions have shaped the dingo genome. In contrast, artificial human selection has likely shaped the genomes of domestic breed dogs after divergence from the dingo.
Can behavioral interventions be too salient? Evidence from traffic safety messages
Authors: Hall Jonathan D. , Madsen Joshua M.
Published: April 2022

Although behavioral interventions are designed to seize attention, little consideration has been given to the costs of doing so. We estimated these costs in the context of a safety campaign that, to encourage safe driving, displays traffic fatality counts on highway dynamic message signs for 1 week each month. We found that crashes increase statewide during campaign weeks, which is inconsistent with any benefits. Furthermore, these effects do not persist beyond campaign weeks. Our results show that behavioral interventions, particularly negatively framed ones, can be too salient, crowding out more important considerations and causing interventions to backfire—with costly consequences.
Animal agriculturalists
The Convergent Evolution of Agriculture in Humans and Insects
Ted R. Schultz, Richard Gawne, Peter N. Peregrine, Eds.
MIT Press, 2022. 338 pp.
Authors: Postigo Julio C. , Strassmann Joan E.
Published: April 2022

There is much to learn from the farming practices of ants, termites, and other insects
In Science Journals
Authors: Purnell Beverly A. , Grocholski Brent , Vinson Valda , Yeston Jake , Szuromi Phil , Czajka Caitlin , Osborne Ian S. , Bouchard Louis-S. , Alderton Gemma , Sugden Andrew M. , Hurtley Stella M. , Stajic Jelena , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Ferrarelli Leslie K. , Vignieri Sacha , Erkes Dan A. , McDowell John
Published: April 2022

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Novel Epitopes of the Influenza Virus N1 Neuraminidase Targeted by Human Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Kirkpatrick Roubidoux Ericka , Sano Kaori , McMahon Meagan , Carreño Juan Manuel , Capuano Christina , Jiang Kaijun , Simon Viviana , van Bakel Harm , Wilson Patrick , Krammer Florian
Published: April 2022

As improved influenza virus vaccines are being developed, the influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is becoming an important new target for immune responses. By identifying novel epitopes of anti-NA antibodies, we can improve vaccine design. Additionally, characterizing escape mutations in these epitopes aids in identifying NA antigenic drift in circulating viruses.
Transient Presence of Live Leptospira interrogans in Murine Testes
Authors: Shetty Advait , Kundu Suman , Vernel-Pauillac Frédérique , Ratet Gwendoline , Werts Catherine , Gomes-Solecki Maria
Published: April 2022

Analysis of venereal transmission of
Leptospira
is important to determine if direct animal to animal transmission occurs, which could impact measures to prevent and treat leptospirosis. The goal of this study was to determine if live
Leptospira
colonize mouse testes.
The influence of the Messinian Salinity Crisis on the tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennines
Authors: Bice David , Tavarnelli Enrico
Published: April 2022

The Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.85–5.35 Ma) represents a nearly unprecedented unloading and loading event. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis, two important things happened in terms of surface load changes—the accumulation of thick evaporites represent a load addition, while the desiccation of the Mediterranean represents a load subtraction. The desiccation and evaporite deposition were followed by the rapid addition of water, refilling the Mediterranean during the Zanclean. The calculated flexural response to load changes imposed significant changes on the horizontal stresses in the upper crust of the Northern Apennines, an active orogenic system characterized by simultaneous zones of extension and compression that migrated eastward over time. We show that these flexural stresses (approaching ± 50 MPa), added to the preexisting stresses across the Northern Apennines, were large enough to have caused some areas in compressional stress regimes to flip to extensional regimes, and vice versa. Among other things, our model predicts that the Marches Apennines region, which was beginning to undergo compression at the leading edge of the orogen, should have experienced a brief interval of extensional deformation. Previous structural studies of this region have shown that there was, in fact, a brief period of extensional faulting near the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis, which was then followed by a return to compressional deformation, just as our model predicts. The hypothesis presented here provides a novel explanation for this extension occurring in an area that should have been undergoing compression, one in which the unique events of the Messinian Salinity Crisis generated significant flexural stresses that changed the deformational regime during the relatively brief time of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. We further suggest that this hypothesis may provide insight into similar unexpected tectonic episodes during this time period in other parts of the Apennines.
Prognostic value of cardiac biomarkers and National Early Warning Score 2 in acute dyspnoea
Authors: Berge Kristian , Brynildsen Jon , Røysland Ragnhild , Strand Heidi , Christensen Geir , Høiseth Arne Didrik , Omland Torbjorn , Røsjø Helge , Lyngbakken Magnus Nakrem
Published: April 2022

Objective

Patients hospitalised with acute dyspnoea due to acute heart failure (AHF) have a grave prognosis, but the European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend no system to risk stratify these patients. The prognostic value of combining National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 and established cardiac biomarkers is not known.

Methods

We measured high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and calculated NEWS2 in 314 patients with acute dyspnoea within 24 hours of hospitalisation. Their prognostic merits were assessed in the total cohort and for the subgroup with AHF separately.

Results

The median age was 73 (quartile (Q) 1–3, 63–81) years, 48% were women and 143 patients (46%) were hospitalised with AHF. The 114 patients (36%) who died during follow-up (median 823 days, Q1–3, 471–998) had higher concentrations of hs-cTnT (62 vs 33 ng/L, p<0.001) and NT-proBNP (6995 vs 2605 ng/L, p<0.001), and higher NEWS2 (6.1 vs 4.5 points, p<0.001), compared with survivors. Patients with increased vs low NEWS2 clinical risk had higher mortality rates in adjusted analyses in the total cohort (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.48) and in patients with AHF (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.60). NEWS2 provided incremental prognostic information compared with biomarkers alone for the total cohort: area under the curve 0.72 vs 0.70, p=0.042, and for the subpopulation with AHF: 0.70 vs 0.67, p=0.014.

Conclusion

NEWS2 predicts long-term mortality in patients hospitalised due to acute dyspnoea and the subgroup with AHF and provide incremental prognostic information to hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP.
Evidence for spatiotemporal shift in demersal fishery management priority areas in the western Mediterranean
Authors: Paradinas Iosu , Giménez Joan , Conesa David , López-Quílez Antonio , Pennino Maria Grazia
Published: April 2022

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a promising management tool for the conservation and recovery of marine ecosystems, as well as fishery management. MPAs are generally established as permanent closures but marine systems are dynamic, which has generated debate in favour of more dynamic designs. As a consequence, the identification of priority areas should assess their persistence in space and time. Here, we develop a step-by-step approach to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of fishery management priority areas using standard fishery-independent survey data. To do so, we fit Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal SDM (species distribution model) models to different commercially important demersal species and use the resulting maps to fit different spatial prioritisation configurations. The proposed method is illustrated through a western Mediterranean case study using fishery-independent trawl survey data on six commercially important species collected over 17 years. We use these results to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of fishery priority areas. We identified two fishery priority area patterns in the study area, each predominant during a different time period of the study, asserting the importance of regularly reassessing MPA designs.
The SU(3) ⊃ SO(3) missing label problem and the analytical Bethe Ansatz
Authors: Crampé Nicolas , Shaaban Kabakibo Dounia , Vinet Luc
Published: April 2022

The missing label for basis vectors of [Formula: see text] representations corresponding to the reduction [Formula: see text] can be provided by the eigenvalues of [Formula: see text] scalars in the enveloping algebra of [Formula: see text]. There are only two such independent elements of degrees three and four. It is shown how the one of degree four can be diagonalized using the analytical Bethe ansatz.
AFFNet: Attention Mechanism Network Based on Fusion Feature for Image Cloud Removal
Authors: Shen Runhan , Zhang Xiaofeng , Xiang Yonggang
Published: April 2022

Clouds frequently affect optical remote sensing pictures throughout the gathering process, resulting in low-resolution images that affect judgment and subsequent use of ground data. Because of the thick cloud cover, the ground surface information below is entirely incorrect. This kind of end-to-end image problem should not be dismissed as a simple task of image inpainting or image translation. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-head self-attention module based on the encoding–decoding generative adversarial network, considering the redundant information of the deep network, furthermore this paper introduces Ghost convolution to effectively solve the influence of redundant feature maps in the network on the increase of time consumption and parameters. The method in this paper can solve the problem of cloud occlusion. By considering spatial information, it can better complete the prediction of cloud removal. It can reduce the amount of network calculations and parameters while maintaining the effect. In addition, Feature Fusion Module is proposed to integrate high-level features with low-level features, so that the network can extract enough feature information and better supplement the details to complete the cloud removal. The method in this paper has achieved excellent results on the RICE1 and RICE2 datasets.
Semi-Automatic Ontology Matching Based on Interactive Compact Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Xue Xingsi , Yang Chaofan , Mao Guojun , Zhu Hai
Published: April 2022

Ontology matching is able to identify the entity correspondences between two heterogeneous ontologies, which is an effective method to solve the data heterogeneous problem on the Semantic Web. Traditional fully-automatic ontology matching techniques suffer from the limitation of similarity measure, whose alignment’s quality cannot be ensured. To overcome this drawback, in this work, an Interactive Compact Genetic Algorithm (ICGA)-based ontology matching technique is proposed, which utilizes both the compact encoding mechanism and expert interacting mechanism to improve the algorithm’s performance and the alignment’s quality. In addition, an optimization model is established to formally define the ontology entity matching problem, and an efficient interacting strategy is proposed, which is able to reduce the expert’s workload and maximize his working value. The experiment uses Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI)’s benchmark to test our proposal’s performance. The experimental results show that our approach is able to make use of the expert knowledge to improve the alignment’s quality, and it also outperforms OAEI’s participants.
Stationary optical solitons with Kudryashov’s quintuple power law nonlinearity by extended Jacobi’s elliptic function expansion
Authors: Ekici Mehmet
Published: April 2022

This paper recovers stationary optical solitons with Kudryashov’s, lately proposed, nonlinear refractive index structure having quintuple power laws. The extended Jacobi’s elliptic function expansion is the integration algorithm that is utilized to recover the solutions. The temporal evolution term is considered to be both linear as well as in its generalized format.
The Crucial Role for Money and Business Firms for Short-Term Economic Growth
Authors: Bergström Karl-Johan
Published: April 2022

Money and business firms are central to short-term nominal gross domestic product (GDP) growth (as opposed to nominal GDP as a flow). Money is defined as the activation of purchasing power of an item/items on a balance sheet, flowing from the buyer of a real, GDP-affecting, product to its seller. Starting from accounting identities such as the equation of exchange, a method is developed that connects sectoral buyers to aggregate expenditure (AE) growth and sellers to aggregate income (AI) growth. The main finding, using National Accounts data for Sweden, US, UK, Japan and Germany over the 1994–2020 period, is that business firms drive short-term nominal GDP growth. Their median contribution to the yearly nominal growth is 105–128%, leaving the remaining sectors to contribute negatively to growth in net terms. This means that business firms finance growth by borrowing or drawing down on assets whereas the remaining sectors are net savers. Tying the real economy variable of net lending (NL) (+)/net borrowing (NB) (–) to its financial counterpart, net financial investments (NFIs), makes it possible to define money explicitly, here applied to Swedish business firms. They primarily use three items on the liability side of the balance sheet to finance expenditure growth: debt securities, loans and trade credit.
Sylow-type theorems for generalized digroups
Authors: Rodríguez-Nieto José Gregorio , Salazar-Díaz Olga Patricia , Velásquez Raúl
Published: April 2022

Generalized digroups are considered a nontrivial extension of the concept of group, thus one might think that many definitions and results on group theory can be naturally extended to generalized digroups. In this paper, we prove that it is not always true, since we do not have a version of Lagrange’s theorem for generalized digroups. On the other side, we propose and study Sylow-type theorems for generalized digroups.
Holomorphic maps into almost Kähler manifolds with constrained energy density
Authors: Zhao Guangwen
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we prove an isolation theorem for holomorphic and anti-holomorphic maps from a compact conformal semi-Kähler manifold with or without boundary to an almost Kähler manifold with constrained energy density, which extends the results of Gauchman and Glazebrook. At the same time, as an analogy of a theorem of Ilias and Shouman, the corresponding results are improved.
CaMoO4 Nanoparticle-Doped Graphene Oxide as Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Gang , Chen Guangzhou , Pan Li , Chen Dongsheng
Published: April 2022

CaMoO4 nanoparticles/graphene oxide (CaMoO4/GO) composites are prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. CaMoO4 nanoparticles are adsorbed on the GO sheets by in situ reduction. Along with the synergistic effect between the CaMoO4 and GO sheets, the CaMoO4/GO nanocomposites exhibited high performances as electrodes for supercapacitors. The specific capacity ([Formula: see text] of the CaMoO4/GO electrodes could be up to 571.82[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 0.5[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are mainly composed of CaMoO4/GO composite and activated carbon (AC), respectively. The fabricated CaMoO4/GO//AC devices display an energy density of 25.18[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kg[Formula: see text] at 1710.3[Formula: see text]W[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]kg[Formula: see text]. A blue LED is powered using two series-connected two ASC devices. These results indicate the considerable potential of CaMoO4/GO for use in high-performance energy storage devices.