bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the influence of reservoir abundance and pathogen shedding on zoonotic spillover of the Leptospira agent in urban informal settlements
Authors: Soni Nirali , Eyre Max T. , Souza Fábio N. , Diggle Peter J. , Ko Albert I. , Begon Mike , Pickup Roger , Childs James E. , Khalil Hussein , Carvalho-Pereira Ticiana S. A. , Pertile Arsinoê C. , Carvalho Mayara , Oliveira Daiana de , Nery Nivison , Giorgi Emanuele , Costa Federico
Published: September 2024

Rats are major reservoirs for pathogenic Leptospira, the bacteria causing leptospirosis, particularly in urban informal settlements. However, the impact of variation in rat abundance and pathogen shedding rates on spillover transmission to humans remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how spatial variation in reservoir abundance and pathogen pressure affect Leptospira spillover transmission to humans in a Brazilian urban informal settlement. A longitudinal eco-epidemiological study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 to characterize the spatial distribution of rat abundance and Leptospira shedding rates in rats and determine the association with human infection risk in a cohort of 2,206 community residents. Tracking plates and live-trapping were used to measure rat abundance and quantify rat shedding status and load. In parallel, four sequential biannual serosurveys were used to identify human Leptospira infections. To evaluate the role of shedding on human risk, we built three statistical models for: (1) the relative abundance of rats, (2) the shedding rate by individual rats, and (3) human Leptospira infection, in which “total shedding”, obtained by multiplying the predictions from those two models, was used as a risk factor. We found that Leptospira shedding was associated with older and sexually mature rats and varied spatially and temporally—higher at valley bottoms and with seasonal rainfall (December to March). The point estimate for “total shedding” by rat populations was positive, i.e., Leptospira infection risk increased with total shedding, but the association was not significant [odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9, 1.4]. This positive trend was mainly driven by rat abundance, rather than individual rat shedding (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 5.4 vs. OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.7, 1.4]. Infection risk was higher in areas with more vegetative land cover (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.8), and when floodwater entered the house (OR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.6, 3.4). Our findings indicate that environmental and hydrological factors play a more significant role in Leptospira spillover than rat associated factors. Furthermore, we developed a novel approach combining several models to elucidate complex links between animal reservoir abundance, pathogen shedding and environmental factors on zoonotic spillover in humans that can be extended to other environmentally transmitted diseases.
Linkages between Soil Security and One Health: implications for the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Swan Tom , McBratney Alex , Field Damien
Published: September 2024

Soil provides multiple and diverse functions (e.g., the provision of food and the regulation of carbon), which underpin the health of animals, humans, the environment and the planet. However, the world’s soils face existential challenges. To this end, the concept of Soil Security was developed, compelled to: “maintain and improve soils worldwide so that they can continue to provide food, fiber and fresh water, contribute to energy and climate sustainability and help to maintain biodiversity and the overall protection of ecosystem goods and services.” In parallel, the concept of One Health likewise works across the human–animal–environment interface, highly relevant for the goals of Soil Security. In this review, we evaluated the roles which both the Soil Security and One Health concepts have served in the literature between 2012 and 2023 and explore the potential linkages between both concepts. We outline that both concepts are used in disparate fields, despite considerable overlap in aims and objectives. We highlight the Soil Health concept as a potential connector between Soil Security and One Health. Overall, we argue that both Soil Security and One Health are highly complementary fields of scientific inquiry with solid leverage for translation into policy and practice. However, there is a need to define One Health dimensions, as has been done for Soil Security. As such, we proffer five measurable dimensions for One Health, the “5Cs”–Capacity, Condition, Capital, Connectivity and Codification–to allow for an overall measure of One Health. Finally, we advocate for a biosphere-focused framework to collectively make progress toward the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and other global existential challenges.
Awareness of HPV and HPV vaccine among college students in China
Authors: Li Manman , Zhang Fengzhi , Shi Yun , Shi Kaige , Li Xiaoxue , Bai Hua
Published: September 2024

Background

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women, HPV vaccine can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by approximately 70%. Sexual behavior is a direct risk factor for HPV infection, and sexually active college students, therefore, receive attention for HPV vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the awareness of HPV and its vaccine among college students in Zhengzhou, and to explore the factors influencing their awareness of HPV vaccine, to understand college students’ willingness to receive the vaccine. The findings of this study will lay a foundation for cervical cancer prevention.

Methods

Using a multistage random sampling method, 650 college students from four universities in Zhengzhou were selected. A self-administered questionnaire on the awareness of HPV and its vaccine, and willingness to receive HPV vaccination was carried out. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing students’ awareness of the HPV vaccine.

Results

58.0% of college students had heard of HPV, and 72.8% of college students had heard of HPV vaccine. Logistic regression showed that gender, major, grade, mean monthly consumption level, sexual history, and mother cervical cancer screening participation significantly influenced the awareness of HPV vaccine (p < 0.05). Only 27(4.2%) college students had received the HPV vaccine. 63.2% of college students expressed their willingness to get vaccinated.

Conclusion

The awareness of HPV and its vaccine among college students in Zhengzhou needs improvement. Although the vaccination rate is low, most college students are willing to be vaccinated. Diverse health education programs should be conducted for different groups to improve awareness of cervical cancer prevention and promote vaccination.
Investigating the contribution of image time series observations to cauliflower harvest-readiness prediction
Authors: Kierdorf Jana , Stomberg Timo Tjarden , Drees Lukas , Rascher Uwe , Roscher Ribana
Published: September 2024

Cauliflower cultivation is subject to high-quality control criteria during sales, which underlines the importance of accurate harvest timing. Using time series data for plant phenotyping can provide insights into the dynamic development of cauliflower and allow more accurate predictions of when the crop is ready for harvest than single-time observations. However, data acquisition on a daily or weekly basis is resource-intensive, making selection of acquisition days highly important. We investigate which data acquisition days and development stages positively affect the model accuracy to get insights into prediction-relevant observation days and aid future data acquisition planning. We analyze harvest-readiness using the cauliflower image time series of the GrowliFlower dataset. We use an adjusted ResNet18 classification model, including positional encoding of the data acquisition dates to add implicit information about development. The explainable machine learning approach GroupSHAP analyzes time points' contributions. Time points with the lowest mean absolute contribution are excluded from the time series to determine their effect on model accuracy. Using image time series rather than single time points, we achieve an increase in accuracy of 4%. GroupSHAP allows the selection of time points that positively affect the model accuracy. By using seven selected time points instead of all 11 ones, the accuracy improves by an additional 4%, resulting in an overall accuracy of 89.3%. The selection of time points may therefore lead to a reduction in data collection in the future.
Effects of COVID-19 nursing home restrictions on people with dementia involved in a Supportive Care programme
Authors: Paccagnella Omar , Miele Francesco , Guzzon Angelica , Neresini Federico , Rebba Vincenzo , Rigon Michela , Boniolo Giovanni
Published: September 2024

Background

Supportive Care is a person-centred approach encompassing non-pharmacological interventions targeted towards persons with dementia to contain the effects of their behavioural disorders, improving their quality of life.

Aims

To investigate the effects of lockdown restrictions during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on behavioural symptoms of patients involved in a Supportive Care programme in an Italian nursing home.

Methods

Analysis is based on Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) scores and related symptoms data collected before (October/November 2019) and after (July 2020) the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions on a non-random sample of 75 patients living in two units of the facility: 38 involved in a Supportive Care programme and 37 receiving standard care (Control). Group performances were compared over time according to univariate statistics and Latent Class Analysis (LCA).

Results

NPI scores and number of reported symptoms in NPI evaluations increased over time among Supportive Care patients with dementia and decreased in the Control group. Differences are statistically significant. LCA resulted in 3-classes and 5-classes specifications in the two time-occasions.

Discussion

Supportive Care patients showed a worsening in behavioural and psychological symptoms after the first pandemic wave, as opposed to the elderly not involved in the programme. LCA showed that patients in the two groups differed according to the combinations of NPI symptoms.

Conclusions

The discontinuation of a Supportive Care programme due to COVID-19 restrictions had strong negative effects on nursing home persons with dementia involved in the programme: Supportive Care interventions are important in controlling the psycho-behavioural symptoms associated with dementia.
Indigenous interpretation in parks and protected areas on Turtle Island: a scoping review
Authors: Lemelin Raynald Harvey , Hurst Chris E. , Grimwood Bryan S. R.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The interpretation of national, provincial, territorial, and state parks and heritage sites is a powerful social force that can foster or thwart respectful relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples.

Methods

By conducting a scoping review of relevant literature, this study aims to initiate conversations about how Indigenous interpretation is conceptualized and practiced in relation to national, provincial, territorial, and state parks and heritage sites on Turtle Island (i.e., North America).

Results

Findings indicate that while Indigenous interpretation is rarely explicitly defined, several themes are consistently used to illustrate what Indigenous interpretation entails or should entail. Themes include: (i) responsibility and respect, (ii) relationships, (iii) place-based cultural identity and empowerment, (iv) contested stories and histories, and (v) storytelling.

Discussion

While these thematic dimensions do not represent a definitive definition of Indigenous interpretation, they do suggest potential features that may enhance understandings and applications of Indigenous interpretation in parks, protected areas, and heritage sites on Turtle Island. They also reaffirm the importance of interpretive encounters as a social force encouraging relationships across cultures.
Systems thinking in sustainable agriculture development: a case study of garlic production in Indonesia
Authors: Puspitasari  , Nurmalina Rita , Hariyadi  , Agustian Adang
Published: September 2024

Sustainable agriculture involves complex interactions among social, economic, and ecological dimensions, each with distinct interests and goals. Achieving sustainable agricultural development is challenging and requires a comprehensive response. This study focuses on Indonesia’s garlic production, employing a systems thinking approach to provide a holistic understanding of the interconnected factors influencing sustainable agricultural systems. We utilized the first two steps of the five-step systems thinking methodology—problem articulation and the formulation of dynamic hypotheses. This process involved developing a causal loop diagram (CLD) to represent the dynamic hypotheses and identifying system archetypes to determine leverage and potential intervention points. Our analysis identified three system archetypes—Drifting Goals, Fixes that Fail, and Limit to Growth—as key patterns influencing the sustainability of garlic production. The Drifting Goals archetype reveals that efforts to boost local garlic stock in Indonesia are hindered by the allocation of garlic for seeds, due to the lack of a clear distinction between garlic for consumption and seed. The Fixes that Fail archetype illustrates the long-term detrimental effects of short-term agricultural practices, such as the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Limit to Growth archetype underscores the critical need for enhanced market access and a shift in consumer preferences to sustain garlic farming. To address these challenges, we recommend establishing clear distinctions between garlic for consumption and seed production, developing the seed industry, promoting integrated pest management, and reducing reliance on chemical inputs through environmentally friendly technology. Additionally, ensuring market and price stability is vital to maintain farmers’ interest in garlic cultivation. Therefore, the government should prioritize market penetration for local garlic and consistently enforce import restrictions to ensure the sustainability of garlic production in Indonesia.
Impact of fruit reserve conditions from harvest to processing on the chemical composition and quality of coffee
Authors: Osorio V. , Pabón J. , Medina R.
Published: September 2024

Changes in the different stages of fruit processing are becoming a differentiating factor in coffee quality. Currently, generating delays in the processing of the fruit, that is, reserve, is a practice that can modify the sensory profile of the beverage. In this study, the fruit was reserved in three stages of maturity, two temperatures (15° and 20°C) and at two timepoints (24 and 48 h), establishing its chemical composition and sensory characteristics using analytical techniques such as liquid and gas chromatography. The state of maturity 1 showed an effect on malic and quinic acids due to the interaction of temperature and reserve time, while stage of maturity 3 showed an effect on glucose and fructose. The state of maturity 2 showed an effect of the reserve time on the same compounds of states 1 and 3, in addition to the content of defective beans and sucrose. The sensory quality expressed as the total SCA (Specialty Coffee Association) score and the attributes did not show treatments effect, the reserve of the fruit under the evaluated conditions presents an effect on the descriptors of the flavor. Extending the fruit reserve time from 24 to 48 h showed an increase in the groups of flavor descriptors associated with fruit and red fruits from 33.33 to 66.66% and from 34.04 to 65.95%. This implies that the constituent parts of the fruit such as the exocarp and mesocarp interact with the bean, leading to changes in the chemical composition and the improvement of the qualitative complexity of the sensory quality. This is a consequence of the increase in the frequency of the flavor descriptors of the fruit and red fruit category.
Understanding farmer options, context and preferences leads to the co-design of locally relevant agroecological practices for soil, water and integrated pest management: a case from Kiambu and Makueni agroecology living landscapes, Kenya
Authors: Kuria Anne W. , Bolo Peter , Adoyo Beatrice , Korir Hezekiah , Sakha Michael , Gumo Pius , Mbelwa Machio , Orero Levi , Ntinyari Winnie , Syano Nicholas , Kagai Esther , Fuchs Lisa Elena
Published: September 2024

Agroecology, as a holistic approach to sustainable food systems, is gaining momentum globally as a key approach to addressing current challenges in agricultural and food production. In sub-Saharan Africa, despite numerous efforts to address declining soil productivity, water scarcity, and increasing pest pressure through agroecological soil, water, and integrated pest management (IPM) practices, the adoption of such practices remains low. As part of the CGIAR Agroecology Initiative, we conducted a collaborative rapid innovation assessment of existing soil, water, and pest management practices in two Agroecological Living Landscapes (ALLs) in Makueni and Kiambu counties, Kenya. The assessment also included an evaluation of the performance of these practices and identified farmer preferences. Using a multi-stage approach, we applied stratified random sampling to identify 80 farmers for farm assessments and in-depth interviews. A total of 31 practices were identified, of which 26 were further evaluated. The evaluation revealed a heterogeneous set of socio-economic and biophysical contextual factors influencing practice performance. Respondents identified 19 strengths, and 13 challenges associated with the practices, highlighting opportunities for innovation to improve or adapt performance. Farmers also expressed preferences for future adoption of 31 practices, 77% of which were listed in one of the three focus areas, namely soil management, water management, or IPM. The other 33% were associated with multiple functions and were listed under two or three of the focus areas. The results of the collaborative assessment informed a broader co-design cycle that included participatory prioritization and selection of innovative practices, experimental design, and monitoring protocols. This collaborative and systematic approach was taken because innovative practices often fail to be adopted due to a lack of co-design and inclusion of local perspectives in innovation design, and a disconnect between science and practice. Our study highlights the importance of integrating stakeholder input and transdisciplinary technical expertise in the co-design and implementation of agroecological innovations. It also emphasizes the importance of using a structured methodology to understand farmers’ options, context, and preferences while co-designing locally relevant agroecological practices, which promotes holistic and inclusive adoption, successful implementation and long-term sustainability of agroecological practices.
Overview of human health effects related to glyphosate exposure
Authors: Galli Flavia Silvia , Mollari Marta , Tassinari Valentina , Alimonti Cristian , Ubaldi Alessandro , Cuva Camilla , Marcoccia Daniele
Published: September 2024

Glyphosate is a chemical compound derived from glycine, marketed as a broad-spectrum herbicide, and represents one of the most widely used pesticides in the world. For a long time, it was assumed that glyphosate was harmless, either due to its selective enzymatic acting method on plants, and because commercial formulations were believed to contain only inert chemicals. Glyphosate is widely spread in the environment, the general population is daily exposed to it via different routes, including the consumption of both plant, and non-plant based foods. Glyphosate has been detected in high amounts in workers’ urine, but has been detected likewise in bodily fluids, such as blood and maternal milk, and also in 60%–80% of general population, including children. Considering its massive presence, daily exposure to glyphosate could be considered a health risk for humans. Indeed, in 2015, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified glyphosate and its derivatives in Group 2A, as probable human carcinogens. In 2022, nevertheless, EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) stated that the available data did not provide sufficient evidence to prove the mutagenic/carcinogenic effects of glyphosate. Therefore, the European Commission (EC) decided to renew the approval of glyphosate for another 10 years. The purpose of this review is to examine the scientific literature, focusing on potential risks to human health arising from exposure to glyphosate, its metabolites and its commercial products (e.g., Roundup®), with particular regard to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential and its effects as endocrine disrupter (ED) especially in the human reproductive system.
Rearing pigs with play opportunities: the effects on disease resilience in pigs experimentally inoculated with PRRSV
Authors: Steinerová Karolína , Harding John C. S. , Parker Sarah E. , Wilson Heather L. , Nery Finatto Arthur , Seddon Yolande M.
Published: September 2024

Positive emotions can reduce disease susceptibility during infectious challenges in humans, and emerging evidence suggests similar effects in farm animals. Because play behaviour may support a positive emotional state in pigs, this study investigates whether rearing pigs with regular intermittent play opportunities enhances disease resilience when challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Litters were assigned to either play (PLY; n = 5 L) or control (CON; n = 4 L) treatments at birth. In PLY, play was promoted with extra space and enrichment items for three hours daily from five days of age (doa). At weaning (25 ± 2 doa; mean ± SD), 28 pigs (14/treatment) were selected for a disease challenge, based on weight, sex, and sow. The pigs were transported to a disease containment facility and at 43 ± 2 doa (day 0 post-inoculation, DPI) inoculated with PRRSV. Skin lesions, blood, rectal temperature, clinical signs, body weight, and behaviour were collected pre- and post-inoculation. Play opportunities for PLY continued every other day until euthanasia of all pigs at 65 ± 2 doa (22 DPI). PLY pigs exhibited fewer skin lesions following transport and throughout the infection compared to CON. Although the viral load did not differ between treatments, PLY pigs had a lower probability of experiencing moderate and severe respiratory distress, with a shorter duration. PLY also performed better throughout the infection, showing higher ADG and greater feed efficiency. The immune response differed as well. PLY pigs had fewer monocytes on 8 DPI than CON, with levels returning to baseline by 21 DPI, whereas CON levels exceeded baseline. Regardless of day of infection, lymphocyte counts tended to be lower in PLY than in CON, and white blood cells and neutrophils were also lower, but only in slow-growing pigs. PLY pigs continued to play during the infection, demonstrating less sickness behaviour and emphasizing the rewarding properties of play. Results suggest that PLY pigs were less affected by PRRSV and developed increased resilience to PRRSV compared to CON. This study demonstrates that rearing pigs in an environment supporting positive experiences through provision of play opportunities can enhance resilience against common modern production challenges, underscoring the value of positive welfare in intensive pig farming.
The Effect of Fascial Closure With Triclosan-Coated Sutures on the Incidence of Abdominal Wall Dehiscence: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis
Authors: Timmer Allard S. , Wolfhagen Niels , Pianka Frank , Knebel Phillip , Justinger Christoph , Stravodimos Christos , Ichida Kosuke , Rikiyama Toshiki , Baracs József , Vereczkei András , Gianotti Luca , Sandini Marta , Ruiz-Tovar Jaime , Marc-Hernández Artur , Nakamura Toru , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Boermeester Marja A. , de Jonge Stijn W.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Wound closure with triclosan-coated sutures (TCS) appears to reduce the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). Because there is a strong association between postoperative SSI and the development of acute abdominal wall dehiscence (AWD) after laparotomy, we hypothesized that the use of TCS for wound closure after laparotomy may also reduce the risk of AWD.

Methods

The MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched from their inception to 01 November 2022. Randomized trials that compared the use of TCS with identical but uncoated sutures for fascial closure were eligible if they could provide individual participant data (IPD) on AWD. From these trials, we only included in the analysis those subjects who underwent open abdominal surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence of AWD within 30 days postoperatively, requiring emergency reoperation. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology (PROSPERO: CRD42019121173.

Results

We identified twelve eligible trials. Eight studies shared IPD. The incidence of AWD within 30 days after surgery was 27/1,565 (1.7%) in the TCS group vs. 40/1,430 (2.8%) in the control group (Relative Risk: 0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44–1.11, I2 = 0%, τ2 = 0.00]). The certainty of evidence was moderate after downgrading for imprecision. The incidence of incisional SSI was 163/1,576 (10.3%) vs. 198/1,439 (13.8%), RR 0.80 (95% CI 0.67–0.97).

Conclusion

We found no conclusive evidence to support the use of triclosan-coated sutures for the prevention of acute abdominal wall dehiscence after laparotomy. In these selected studies, a significant reduction in incisional SSI was observed.
The role of Satisfaction predictors in determining Revisit Intentions of patients in Private Health Institutions of Pakistan
Authors: Akhtar Ahmad Waheed , Kamal Nida , Adnan Noor Ul Haya , Samdani Hina
Published: September 2024

This study is conducted to investigate the relationship of patient satisfaction with service quality and revisit intention of patients in private hospitals of Pakistan. The research was conducted by quantitative and cross-sectional survey-based method, where 334 responses were collected through convenience sampling technique from patients and attendants visiting the private hospitals in Pakistan. The data was analysed using SEM-PLS. Results revealed that patient satisfaction levels mediate the relationship between service quality parameters and revisit intentions of patients in private healthcare sector of Pakistan. This study contributes in helping the healthcare policy makers in adopting patient-centric structures for betterment of their service quality and enhancing patient satisfaction, eventually increasing the revisit intentions.
Research on the Safety Design and Trajectory Planning for a New Dual Upper Limb Rehabilitation Robot
Authors: Zhang Chenchen , Yan Hao , Wei Jian , Zhang Fangcao , Shi Zhongliang , Li Xingao
Published: September 2024

The increasing utilization of upper limb rehabilitation robots in rehabilitation therapy has brought to light significant safety concerns regarding their mechanical structures and control systems. This study focuses on a six degrees of freedom (DOF) upper limb rehabilitation robot, which has been designed with an emphasis on safety through careful consideration of its mechanical structure and trajectory planning. Various parameter schemes for the shoulder joint angles were proposed, and the robotic arm’s structure was developed by analyzing the spatial motion trajectories of the shoulder joint motor. This design successfully achieves the objective of minimizing the installation space while maximizing the range of motion. Additionally, an enhanced artificial field method is introduced to facilitate the planning of self-collision avoidance trajectories for dual-arm movements. This approach effectively mitigates the risk of collisions between the robotic arm and the human body, as well as between the two robotic arms, during movement. The efficacy of this method has been validated through experimental testing.
People, Palms, and Productivity: Testing Better Management Practices in Indonesian Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations
Authors: Woittiez Lotte S. , Slingerland Maja , Noordwijk Meine van , Silalahi Abner J. , Heerwaarden Joost van , Giller Ken E.
Published: September 2024

More than 40% of the total oil palm area in Indonesia is owned and managed by smallholders. For large plantations, guidelines are available on so-called ‘best management practices’, which should give superior yields at acceptable costs when followed carefully. We tested a subset of such practices in a sample of smallholder plantations, aiming to increase yields and profitability. We implemented improved practices (weeding, pruning, harvesting, and fertiliser application) in 14 smallholder plantations of 13–15 years after planting in Jambi province (Sumatra) and in West-Kalimantan province (Kalimantan) for a duration of 3 to 3.5 years. During this period, we recorded yields, measured palm leaf parameters and analysed leaf nutrient contents. Yield recording then continued for an additional two years. In the treatment plots, the yields did not increase significantly, but the size of the bunches and the size of the palm leaves increased significantly and substantially. The tissue nutrient concentrations also increased significantly, although after three years, the potassium concentrations in the rachis were still below the critical value. Because of the absence of yield increase and the additional costs for fertiliser inputs, the net profit of implementing better management practices was negative, and ‘business as usual’ was justified financially. Some practices, such as harvesting at 10-day intervals and the weeding of circles and paths, were received positively by those farmers who could implement them autonomously, and were applied beyond the experiment. It is challenging to find and implement intensification options that are both sustainable and profitable, that have a substantial impact on yield, and that fit in the smallholders’ realities. On-farm experimentation and data collection are essential for achieving sustainable intensification in smallholder oil palm plantations.
Design and Optimization of Key Parameters for a Machine Vision-Based Walnut Shell–Kernel Separation Device
Authors: Ni Peng , Hu Shiqi , Zhang Yabo , Zhang Wenyang , Xu Xin , Liu Yuheng , Ma Jiale , Liu Yang , Niu Hao , Lan Haipeng
Published: September 2024

The separation of walnut kernels and shells has long been regarded as a bottleneck, limiting processing efficiency, product quality, and industry advancement. In response to the challenges of improving separation accuracy and the inadequacy of existing equipment for meeting industry demands, this paper proposes an innovative walnut shell–kernel separation device based on machine vision technology. An experimental system was constructed, and key parameters were optimized to enhance its performance. The device comprises five main modules: material conveyance, image acquisition, control module, sorting module, and frame. Differential separation technology is used to convert the walnut material group into a stable particle flow, addressing the issue of missed selections due to material blockages. An enhanced YOLOv8n algorithm improves small object detection and interference resistance, enabling accurate identification of walnut kernels. The Box–Behnken Design and Artificial Neural Network prediction model was used to determine the optimal operating parameters for the device. Experimental results showed that effective differential separation was achieved when the dual-stage conveyor system operated at speeds of 0.2 m/s and 1 m/s. The improved I-YOLOv8n algorithm reached an accuracy of 98.8%. Using the neural network model, the optimal operational parameters were determined: an air pressure of 0.72 MPa, a jetting component angle of 10.16°, and a sorting height of 105.12 cm. Under these conditions, the device achieved an actual cleaning rate of 93.56%, demonstrating outstanding separation performance. Compared to traditional separation methods, this device offers significant advantages in terms of efficiency, quality, and ease of operation, providing new technological pathways and support for the automation and intelligent transformation of the walnut processing industry. In the future, the device is expected to undergo further improvements to meet broader market demand and serve as a reference for the separation of other agricultural products.
Optimal Irrigation and Fertilization Enhanced Tomato Yield and Water and Nitrogen Productivities by Increasing Rhizosphere Microbial Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Niu Hongfei , Wang Tieliang , Dai Yongjiang , Yao Mingze , Li Bo , Zheng Jiaqi , Mao Lizhen , Zhao Mingyu , Xu Zhanyang , Zhang Feng
Published: September 2024

Irrigation and nitrogen application rates have significant effects on greenhouse tomato yields, as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies, but little is known regarding how these rates affect plant–microbiome interactions and how the associated changes might impact tomato yields. In this greenhouse study conducted over two years, the effects of three irrigation levels (moderate deficit with 65–75% water holding capacity threshold, slight deficit with 75–85%, and sufficient irrigation with 85–95%) and four nitrogen application levels (60, 120, 240, and 360 kg ha−1) on tomato growth, yield, water and nitrogen productivities, and rhizosphere microbial diversities and functions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation. With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Overall, the treatment (N2W3) with sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 N was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities. Moreover, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application obviously altered the structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium. Ultimately, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation. In summary, optimal irrigation and fertilization enhanced tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivities by increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Our results provide significant implications for tomato cultivation in greenhouses, in terms of optimized irrigation and fertilization.
Dynamics of Growth and Galanthamine Biosynthesis in Hippeastrum papilio (Ravena) Van Sheepen Hydroponic Culture
Authors: Haist Gabriela , Sidjimova Borjana , Denev Rumen , Bastida Jaume , Berkov Strahil
Published: September 2024

Hippeastrum papilio (Ravena) van Sheepen is a bulbous evergreen species and considered a potential new source of galanthamine. This natural compound approved by the FDA is used for the cognitive treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. To optimize the galanthamine yield from this species, it is necessary to study the effects of plant age and fertilization on the alkaloid content, as well as alkaloid and biomass accumulation dynamics in plant organs. H. papilio plants of different ages, which were ex vitro acclimatized (age 0) and previously grown for one (age 1) and two (age 2) vegetation seasons, were cultivated in a flood and drain hydroponic system with different fertilizer solutions for six months. Samples from the roots, bulbs, and leaves were gathered at the end of the vegetation, and the fresh and dry biomasses were measured and then analyzed by GC–MS to establish their alkaloid content. Depending on the age and fertilizer, the galanthamine content varied from 4.5 ± 1.8 to 11.2 ± 2.8 mg/g DW in the roots, from 3.4 ± 0.5 to 5.8 ± 1.3 mg/g DW in the bulbs, and from 3.2 ± 0.3 to 5.7 ± 0.6 mg/g DW in the leaves. The main part (53–61%) of galanthamine was accumulated in the bulbs, while the leaves and roots stored 25–30% and 13–19%, respectively. Higher amounts of N, K, and Ca in the fertilizer did not positively influence the alkaloid yield in plants of ages 1 and 2. Despite the lower biomass accumulation per individual, the plants grown for two seasons (age 1) showed a comparable galanthamine yield (per square meter) at the end of vegetation to those grown for three seasons (age 2) due to their higher density of cultivation. The dynamics of alkaloid and biomass accumulation, studied in plants from age 1 during the vegetation season, showed that the highest galanthamine content in the plant organs is at the beginning of vegetation. Still, the end of vegetation is the best time to harvest the plant biomass for galanthamine extraction. Hydroponic cultivation of H. papilio is an interesting alternative for the production of galanthamine.
The Great Transformation of the Agri-Food Sector: A Transformation for Life and Well-Being
Authors: Vargas-Canales Juan Manuel
Published: September 2024

This analysis aims to explore the urgent need to drive a major transformation of the agri-food sector. With this, it is intended to contribute to defining strategies for the future of agri-food systems. In this sense, the dynamics and importance of the agri-food sector are examined. Scientific and technological developments in the sector are described below. Subsequently, the implications of the link between health and agri-food systems are discussed. Next, alternatives are proposed to recover, heal and improve agri-food systems and the planet. Finally, some strategies are formulated to begin the great transformation of the agri-food sector, a transformation for the life and well-being of all. With appropriate planning and management, the great transformation of the agri-food sector can be achieved and the demand for healthy, nutritious and safe foods can be met.
Mother–Offspring Bonding after Calving in Water Buffalo and Other Ruminants: Sensory Pathways and Neuroendocrine Aspects
Authors: Mota-Rojas Daniel , Bienboire-Frosini Cécile , Orihuela Agustín , Domínguez-Oliva Adriana , Villanueva García Dina , Mora-Medina Patricia , Cuibus Alex , Napolitano Fabio , Grandin Temple
Published: September 2024

The cow–calf bonding is a process that must be developed within the first six hours after calving. Both the buffalo dam and the newborn calf receive a series of sensory cues during calving, including olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. These inputs are processed in the brain to develop an exclusive bond where the dam provides selective care to the filial newborn. The limbic system, sensory cortices, and maternal-related hormones such as oxytocin mediate this process. Due to the complex integration of the maternal response towards the newborn, this paper aims to review the development of the cow–calf bonding process in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) via the olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It will also discuss the neuroendocrine factors motivating buffalo cows to care for the calf using examples in other ruminant species where dam–newborn bonding has been extensively studied.
Faecal Glucocorticoid Metabolites and Hair Cortisone/Cortisol Measurements in Domestic Pigs Exposed to Road Transportation and Dexamethasone Treatment
Authors: Asencio Camila J. , Palme Rupert , Ferrari Héctor R. , Lattanzi Mariano L. , Eguizábal Gabina V. , Busso Juan M.
Published: September 2024

Pig homeostasis is challenged by stressful production practices, like road transportation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are mediators of reactive homeostasis, and their concentrations are frequently used as a stress indicator. The adrenocortical activity of fattening female and castrated male pigs was monitored over a 5-day longitudinal study. A bi-factorial experimental design was applied on day 2; 18 pigs in pen 1 were transported for 3 h (T; 1.2 m2/pig), and 18 pigs were kept in pen 2 (NT). Ten pigs from each pen were treated with dexamethasone (T-D or NT-D), and eight with saline solution (T-SS or NT-SS). Adrenocortical activity was assessed by measuring the levels of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) and hair cortisol and cortisone. In T-SS pigs, the level of FGMs was higher after transportation than in NT-SS pigs. The level of FGMs of T-D pigs initially increased but then reached similar levels to those of NT-SS sooner than T-SS. In contrast, hair cortisol and cortisone did not respond to the treatments. Nevertheless, the hair cortisone/cortisol ratio increased due to transport and decreased after dexamethasone administration. Daily faecal sampling proved still more reliable than 60-day hair sampling for assessing adrenocortical activity. Transported pigs recovered their adrenocortical baseline levels within 24 h. Dexamethasone attenuated the response to transport.
Age and Body Size of the Endemic and Critically Endangered Frog Species Rana tavasensis (Baran and Atatür, 1986) in Türkiye
Authors: Bülbül Ufuk , Başkale Eyup , Özkan Hatice
Published: September 2024

This study used skeletochronology to assess the relationships between age and body length among individuals in a population of the Tavas Frog (Rana tavasensis), located in the Çakıroluk plateau, Tavas district, Denizli province. The age varied from 3 to 12 years in both adult males and females. The age was 2 years in two subadult males, while it was 1 year in one juvenile specimen. The mean SVL and age of the adult individuals of the Çakıroluk population were 62.75 mm and 6.70 years in male specimens and 58.04 mm and 6.12 years in female specimens. A positive correlation was found between body size (SVL) and age in adult female and male individuals of the species. Because the number of individuals of the species is rapidly decreasing, species protection measures, based on knowledge related to the age structure and breeding features of these frogs, must be put into action urgently.
Effect of Group Mixing and Available Space on Performance, Feeding Behavior, and Fecal Microbiota Composition during the Growth Period of Pigs
Authors: Clavell-Sansalvador Adrià , Río-López Raquel , González-Rodríguez Olga , García-Gil L. Jesús , Xifró Xavier , Zigovski Gustavo , Ochoteco-Asensio Juan , Ballester Maria , Dalmau Antoni , Ramayo-Caldas Yuliaxis
Published: September 2024

Stress significantly affects the health, welfare, and productivity of farm animals. We performed a longitudinal study to evaluate stress’s effects on pig performance, feeding behavior, and fecal microbiota composition. This study involved 64 Duroc pigs during the fattening period, divided into two experimental groups: a stress group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 32). Stressed groups had less space and were mixed twice during the experiment. We monitored body weight, feed efficiency, feeding behavior, and fecal microbiota composition. Compared to the control group, the stressed pigs exhibited reduced body weight, feed efficiency, fewer feeder visits, and longer meal durations. In the fecal microbiota, resilience was observed, with greater differences between groups when sampling was closer to the stressful stimulus. Stressed pigs showed an increase in opportunistic bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Treponema and members of the Erysipelotrichaceae family, while control pigs had more butyrate- and propionate-producing genera like Anaerobutyricum, Coprococcus and HUN007. Our findings confirm that prolonged stress negatively impacts porcine welfare, behavior, and performance, and alters their gut microbiota. Specific microorganisms identified could serve as non-invasive biomarkers for stress, potentially informing both animal welfare and similar gut-brain axis mechanisms relevant to human research.
Evaluation of T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR®) Technology for the Early Detection of ESKAPEc Pathogens in Septic Patients
Authors: Bonura Celestino , Graceffa Domenico , Distefano Salvatore , De Grazia Simona , Guzman Oscar , Bohn Brian , Ippolito Mariachiara , Campanella Salvatore , Ancona Angelica , Caputo Marta , Mirasola Pietro , Palmeri Cesira , Raineri Santi Maurizio , Giarratano Antonino , Giammanco Giovanni Maurizio , Cortegiani Andrea
Published: September 2024

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) and sepsis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Appropriate early antibiotic therapy is crucial for improving the survival of patients with sepsis and septic shock. T2 magnetic resonance (T2MR®) technology may enable fast and sensitive detection of ESKAPEc pathogens directly from whole-blood samples. We aimed to evaluate concordance between the T2Bacteria® Panel and standard blood culture and its impact on antibiotic therapy decisions. We conducted a single-centre retrospective study on patients with sepsis-induced hypotension or septic shock admitted to general, post-operative/neurosurgical, and cardiothoracic Intensive Care Units who were tested with the T2Bacteria® Panel from January 2021 to December 2022. Eighty-five consecutively admitted patients were included, for a total of 85 paired tests. A total of 48 ESKAPEc pathogens were identified by the T2Bacteria® Panel. The concordance rate between the T2Bacteria® Panel and blood cultures was 81% (69/85), with 20 concordant-positive and 49 concordant-negative cases. For the 25 microorganisms grown from accompanying blood cultures, blood pathogen coverage by the T2Bacteria® Panel was 88%. In this cohort of severely ill septic patients, the T2Bacteria® Panel was highly concordant and was able to detect more ESKAPEc pathogens, with a significantly shorter turn-around time compared to conventional blood cultures. The T2Bacteria® Panel also significantly impacted decisions on antibiotic therapy.
Identification and Application of Wave Field Characteristics of Channel Waves in Extra-Thick Coal Seams
Authors: Ding Tao , Wu Yanhui , Hu Yiran , Nie Zhen , Hou Xianhua , Zheng Mianping
Published: September 2024

Channel wave seismic activity often occurs with thin and medium-thick coal seams being the main target layer. To address the problem of channel wave applicability detection in extremely thick coal seams, the propagation and identification characteristics of channel waves remain the focus of research. Therefore, this paper takes the in-seam wave exploration of a 27 m extremely thick coal seam as an example and uses the staggered mesh finite difference method to construct a three-dimensional medium model for numerical simulation. An analysis of the physical parameters of coal and rock, along with the dispersion characteristics of channel waves in extra-thick coal seams, is utilized, through the Zoeppritz equation and the total reflection propagation method, to calculate the imaging. We found the following: (1) The dispersion areas and weak dispersion areas along the detection direction are extremely thick coal seams. (2) There are apparent channel waves in extra-thick coal seams, with a waveform similar to body waves; the length of the wave train is shorter than that of the conventional channel wave, and the arrival time can be estimated accurately. The amplitude of the apparent channel wave is affected by the degree of dispersion, with lower attenuation and higher resolution. The characteristic of total reflection in extremely thick coal seams is that the incident angle is equal to the critical angle, and the dispersion characteristics are weak. (3) The channel waves with weak dispersion characteristics in extra-thick coal seams are mainly Love-type waves.