bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frivilligkrise eller frivillighed under forandring?
Authors: Thune Jacobsen Tobias
Published: March 2024

Idrætten skaber stor værdi for det danske samfund. Idrætten står på skuldrene af frivillighed, og det er frivilligheden, som får Foreningsdanmark til at løbe rundt. Forandringer i de frivilliges engagement har sat den danske velfærdsmodel på prøve. Coronapandemien har med skiftende restriktioner og lange perioder med nedlukninger ifølge idrætsorganisationerne fået frivillige til at finde andre måder at bruge deres fritid på. Forventningerne til foreningslivet har forandret sig, frivilliges engagement er blevet mere episodisk, medlemmerne stiller større krav til foreningsidrættens tilbud, idrætssektoren professionaliseres og samfundets individualistiske tendenser udfordrer foreningslivet. Artiklen diskuterer, hvordan foreningsidrætten takler forandringerne, og hvilke konsekvenser det kan få.
The role of mass media in the development of intercultural communication in the context of digitalization
Authors: Shorova Madina Borisovna , Borieva Markhaba Kurmanbaevna , Tekueva Adalina Alekseevna
Published: March 2024

The subject of the study is the definition of the role of mass media in the development of intercultural communication in the context of digitalization. Intercultural communication in the modern world is actively developing in the context of globalization, and is also being significantly transformed through the mass application of information and digital technologies. The promotion of intercultural dialogue in order to form an understanding and acceptance of the specifics and identity of different cultures remains unchanged. The article formulates the author's definition of the meaningful characteristics of the role of the media in the development of intercultural communication through the prism of two main aspects of their functioning in this area: the transmission of socio-cultural values and traditions, as well as coverage of issues arising in the process of intercultural dialogue. Attention is focused on the complex nature of the influence exerted, which is manifested in the implementation of a number of functions by the media (educational, organizational and integration). Through a systematic analysis, the current state of intercultural communication has been studied, and the use of a structural and functional method has made it possible to determine the role of the media in the development of intercultural communication. Based on the application of empirical methods (observation, comparison, etc.), current trends in the functioning of the media in the context of digitalization have been identified. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it takes into account the impact of the large-scale dissemination of information and digital technologies in the media, which significantly increases the availability of relevant materials to the public, and the degree of involvement of the media in the development of intercultural communication. The role of the media in the development of intercultural communication in the context of digitalization is determined, since the process of mass media dissemination currently has significant specifics and is important for the formation of a modern person's worldview. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that the activity of the media in the context of digitalization, characterized by the transition to the Internet space, is of crucial importance for the development of intercultural communication. Conclusions and suggestions can be used in the development and reading of theoretical and practical courses on intercultural communication.
Gene–environment pathways to cognitive intelligence and psychotic-like experiences in children
Authors: Park Junghoon , Lee Eunji , Cho Gyeongcheol , Hwang Heungsun , Kim Bo-Gyeom , Kim Gakyung , Joo Yoonjung Yoonie , Cha Jiook
Published: March 2024

In children, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are related to risk of psychosis, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders. Maladaptive cognitive functioning, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, is hypothesized to mediate the relationship between these factors and childhood PLEs. Using large-scale longitudinal data, we tested the relationships of genetic and environmental factors (such as familial and neighborhood environment) with cognitive intelligence and their relationships with current and future PLEs in children. We leveraged large-scale multimodal data of 6,602 children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Linear mixed model and a novel structural equation modeling (SEM) method that allows estimation of both components and factors were used to estimate the joint effects of cognitive phenotypes polygenic scores (PGSs), familial and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), and supportive environment on NIH Toolbox cognitive intelligence and PLEs. We adjusted for ethnicity (genetically defined), schizophrenia PGS, and additionally unobserved confounders (using computational confound modeling). Our findings indicate that lower cognitive intelligence and higher PLEs are significantly associated with lower PGSs for cognitive phenotypes, lower familial SES, lower neighborhood SES, and less supportive environments. Specifically, cognitive intelligence mediates the effects of these factors on PLEs, with supportive parenting and positive school environments showing the strongest impact on reducing PLEs. This study underscores the influence of genetic and environmental factors on PLEs through their effects on cognitive intelligence. Our findings have policy implications in that improving school and family environments and promoting local economic development may enhance cognitive and mental health in children.
Rapid translocation of NGR proteins driving polarization of PIN-activating D6 protein kinase during root gravitropism
Authors: Kulich Ivan , Schmid Julia , Teplova Anastasia , Qi Linlin , Friml Jiří
Published: March 2024

Root gravitropic bending represents a fundamental aspect of terrestrial plant physiology. Gravity is perceived by sedimentation of starch-rich plastids (statoliths) to the bottom of the central root cap cells. Following gravity perception, intercellular auxin transport is redirected downwards leading to an asymmetric auxin accumulation at the lower root side causing inhibition of cell expansion, ultimately resulting in downwards bending. How gravity-induced statoliths repositioning is translated into asymmetric auxin distribution remains unclear despite PIN auxin efflux carriers and the Negative Gravitropic Response of roots (NGR) proteins polarize along statolith sedimentation, thus providing a plausible mechanism for auxin flow redirection. In this study, using a functional NGR1-GFP construct, we visualized the NGR1 localization on the statolith surface and plasma membrane (PM) domains in close proximity to the statoliths, correlating with their movements. We determined that NGR1 binding to these PM domains is indispensable for NGR1 functionality and relies on cysteine acylation and adjacent polybasic regions as well as on lipid and sterol PM composition. Detailed timing of the early events following graviperception suggested that both NGR1 repolarization and initial auxin asymmetry precede the visible PIN3 polarization. This discrepancy motivated us to unveil a rapid, NGR-dependent translocation of PIN-activating AGCVIII kinase D6PK towards lower PMs of gravity-perceiving cells, thus providing an attractive model for rapid redirection of auxin fluxes following gravistimulation.
Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils the hidden powers of zebrafish kidney for generating both hematopoiesis and adaptive antiviral immunity
Authors: Hu Chongbin , Zhang Nan , Hong Yun , Tie Ruxiu , Fan Dongdong , Lin Aifu , Chen Ye , Xiang Lixin , Shao Jianzhong
Published: March 2024

The vertebrate kidneys play two evolutionary conserved roles in waste excretion and osmoregulation. Besides, the kidney of fish is considered as a functional ortholog of mammalian bone marrow that serves as a hematopoietic hub for generating blood cell lineages and immunological responses. However, knowledge about the properties of kidney hematopoietic cells, and the functionality of kidney in fish immune systems remain to be elucidated. To this end, our present study generated a comprehensive atlas with 59 hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) and immune-cell types from zebrafish kidney via single-cell transcriptome profiling analysis. These populations included almost all known cells associated with innate and adaptive immunity, and displayed differential responses to viral infection, indicating their diverse functional roles in antiviral immunity. Remarkably, HSPCs were found to have extensive reactivities to viral infection, and the trained immunity can be effectively induced in certain HSPCs. In addition, the antigen-stimulated adaptive immunity can be fully generated in kidney, suggesting kidney acting as a secondary lymphoid organ. These results indicated that fish kidney is a dual-functional entity with functionalities of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Our findings illustrated the unique features of fish immune system, and highlighted the multifaced biology of kidney in ancient vertebrates.
Mesenchyme instructs growth while epithelium directs branching in the mouse mammary gland
Authors: Lan Qiang , Trela Ewelina , Lindström Riitta , Satta Jyoti Prabha , Kaczyńska Beata , Christensen Mona M , Holzenberger Martin , Jernvall Jukka , Mikkola Marja L
Published: March 2024

The mammary gland is a unique organ that undergoes dynamic alterations throughout a female’s reproductive life, making it an ideal model for developmental, stem cell and cancer biology research. Mammary gland development begins in utero and proceeds via a quiescent bud stage before the initial outgrowth and subsequent branching morphogenesis. How mammary epithelial cells transit from quiescence to an actively proliferating and branching tissue during embryogenesis and, importantly, how the branch pattern is determined remain largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence indicating that epithelial cell proliferation and onset of branching are independent processes, yet partially coordinated by the Eda signaling pathway. Through heterotypic and heterochronic epithelial-mesenchymal recombination experiments between mouse mammary and salivary gland tissues and ex vivo live imaging, we demonstrate that unlike previously concluded, the mode of branching is an intrinsic property of the mammary epithelium whereas the pace of growth and the density of ductal tree are determined by the mesenchyme. Transcriptomic profiling and ex vivo and in vivo functional studies in mice disclose that mesenchymal Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, and in particular IGF-1 downstream of it critically regulate mammary gland growth. These results underscore the general need to carefully deconstruct the different developmental processes producing branched organs.
Predicting the causal relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral aneurysm risk from a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Yu Weijie , Zhou Liwei , Li Chongfei , Lu Zhenwei , Chen Xiaoyu , Yu Hao , Chen Xiaoyan , Huang Qionghui , Li Zhangyu , Xiao Deyong , Mei Yunyun , Wang Zhanxiang
Published: March 2024

No conclusive evidence for a link between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and cerebral aneurysm has been found in observational research. The aim of our study was to determine the causal impact of PUFA on cerebral aneurysm.Two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using genetic instruments derived from a recent genome wide association study (GWAS) of fatty acids from UK Biobank and outcome data obtained from the large-scale cerebral aneurysm GWASs in European ancestry which include IA, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and unruptured intracranial aneurysm (uIA). Sensitivity analyses were implemented with MVMR, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis and so on. Bayesian colocalization (COLOC) methods was conducted to focus on the association between the fatty acid gene expression and cerebral aneurysm.Genetically predicted assessed omega-3 fatty acids decreased the risk for IA (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69 - 0.91, P = 1.01ⅹ10
-3
) and aSAH (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61 - 0.84, P = 3.73ⅹ10
-5
). Furthermore, the Docosahexaenoic acid decreased the risk for IA (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63 - 0.87, P = 3.12ⅹ10
-4
) and aSAH (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55 - 0.8, P = 2.32ⅹ10
-5
). The same results were discovered from ratio of omega-3 fatty acids to total fatty acids. While the ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids increased the risk of IA (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12 – 1.44, P = 1.53ⅹ10
-4
) and aSAH (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.17 – 1.56, P = 5.78ⅹ10
-5
). The result of the COLOC suggested that the above four kinds of fatty acids and IA, aSAH likely share causal variants in gene fatty acid desaturase 2, separately.This study utilized integrative analysis of MR and colocalization to discover causal relationships between genetic variants, PUFA and cerebral aneurysm.This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (82072777), the Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen (3502Z20227097), Fujian Provincial Health Commission, Provincial Health and Health Young and Middle-aged Backbone Talent Training Project (2022GGB010).
Neutralizing gut-derived lipopolysaccharide as a novel therapeutic strategy for severe leptospirosis
Authors: Xie Xufeng , Chen Xi , Zhang Shilei , Liu Jiuxi , Zhang Wenlong , Cao Yongguo
Published: March 2024

Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by pathogenic
Leptospira
spp. Humans and some mammals can develop severe forms of leptospirosis accompanied by a dysregulated inflammatory response, which often results in death. The gut microbiota has been increasingly recognized as a vital element in systemic health. However, the precise role of the gut microbiota in severe leptospirosis is still unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the function and potential mechanisms of the gut microbiota in a hamster model of severe leptospirosis. Our study showed that leptospires were able to multiply in the intestine, cause pathological injury, and induce intestinal and systemic inflammatory responses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that
Leptospira
infection changed the composition of the gut microbiota of hamsters with an expansion of Proteobacteria. In addition, gut barrier permeability was increased after infection, as reflected by a decrease in the expression of tight junctions. Translocated Proteobacteria were found in the intestinal epithelium of moribund hamsters, as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, with elevated LPS levels in the serum. Moreover, gut microbiota depletion reduced the survival time, increased the leptospiral load, and promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines after
Leptospira
infection. Intriguingly, fecal filtration and serum from moribund hamsters both increased the transcription of
TNF-α
,
IL-1β
,
IL-10
, and
TLR4
in macrophages compared with those from uninfected hamsters. These stimulating activities were inhibited by LPS neutralization using polymyxin B. Based on our findings, we identified an LPS neutralization therapy that significantly improved the survival rates in severe leptospirosis when used in combination with antibiotic therapy or polyclonal antibody therapy. In conclusion, our study not only uncovers the role of the gut microbiota in severe leptospirosis but also provides a therapeutic strategy for severe leptospirosis.
Vantagens competitivas das lojas virtuais: explorando o papel do atendimento e marketing digital na diferenciação em relação às lojas físicas e seu impacto no mercado digital
Authors: Ramos Rommel Gabriel Gonçalves , De Almeida Esdras Tomaz , Pereira Warley Máximo de Matos , Lemos Estefânia Portomeo Cançado , Da Silva Hugo Marques , Dos Santos Erick Quintino
Published: March 2024

Este presente trabalho busca compreender que o ambiente operacional das organizações se tornou crescentemente complexo, turbulento e incerto, demandando uma habilidade essencial: a gestão da mudança. Para manterem-se equilibradas com o ambiente em constante evolução, as organizações devem não apenas adaptar-se, mas também desenvolver competências gerenciais nesse contexto dinâmico. As mudanças no ambiente, atribuídas a fatores como concorrência global, inovações tecnológicas e regulamentações, requerem uma gestão proativa, destacando a natureza mutável da mão-de-obra, dilemas ecológicos e mudanças nas expectativas dos clientes como influências significativas nesse cenário. No setor varejista, a dinâmica e imprevisibilidade do mercado consumidor são intensificadas por globalização, avanços tecnológicos e eventos súbitos, como a pandemia do Covid19. Em resposta, varejistas tradicionais têm incorporado canais online para manter competitividade e relevância. A integração eficaz de canais online e offline é crucial para aprimorar a experiência de compra, fidelizar consumidores e desenvolver atitudes positivas em relação à marca. A adição de canais online às lojas físicas é estratégica, proporcionando aos consumidores opções flexíveis e consolidando a presença do varejista no mercado.
Review of Design and Destruction: The Palace of Assurbanipal at Nineveh
Authors: Albenda Pauline
Published: March 2024

Design and Destruction: The Palace of Assurbanipal at Nineveh. By Julian Edgeworth Reade. Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 34. Vienna: Selbstverlag des Instituts für Orientalistik der Universität Wien, 2022. Pp. v + 112, illus. €44 (paper).
Lateral Medullary Syndrome Presenting as Section Persistent Singultus and Upper Motor Neuron Facial Palsy in a young Adult: A Rare Case
Authors: Malali Suprit , Manuja Nishtha , Kumar Sunil , Karwa Vineet Rajkumar , Shaikh Suhail
Published: March 2024

Lateral Medullary Syndrome (LMS) is a collection of different neurologic symptoms after cerebral haemorrhage/infarction. The areas most frequently afflicted are the cerebellum and the posterolateral portion of the brain stem’s medulla oblongata; the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) supplies blood. Dizziness, vertigo, nystagmus, nausea, ataxia, dysphagia, vomiting, hiccups, hoarseness, sensation impaired on half of the face, impaired thermal sensation and pain on the contralateral side of the limbs, trunk, ipsilateral face, along with Horner’s syndrome are amongst the typical symptoms of lateral medullary infarction. Hiccups are among the signs that are simple to ignore, although they can also result in oesophagitis, and respiratory depression, as Wallenberg’s syndrome is the most frequently reported. The authors discuss the case of a 30-year-old male who complained of recurrent, uncontrollable hiccups as an LMS-presenting symptom and was brought to our hospital. He arrived at our emergency room complaining of persistent, intractable hiccups and cerebellar symptoms on the left-side. In addition to being hypertensive, he had a long history of tobacco (chewing) and alcohol addictions dating back six years. He had 7, 9 and 10th cranial nerve involvement. The authors are reporting this case because the patient had Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)-type facial palsy, a rare presentation in LMS
Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome in a Case of Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage
Authors: Kumar JTV Krishna Pavan , Uma MA
Published: March 2024

Bilateral Renal Cortical Necrosis (BRCN) is a rare but serious condition characterised by the ischaemic necrosis of both kidneys’ cortical tissues. Concurrently, Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) manifests as a transient constriction of cerebral blood vessels. The fusion of these two rare entities within the context of severe Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) poses a unique diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for healthcare practitioners. This case study documents the intricate and severe complications experienced by a 32-year-old primiparous woman following abruptio placenta with Intrauterine Foetal Death (IUFD). The patient presented with massive vaginal bleeding, leading to an emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) where bilateral uterine artery ligation and bilateral internal iliac artery ligation were performed to control haemorrhage. Despite initial interventions, the patient’s condition deteriorated, leading to signs of shock, haemoperitoneum, sepsis, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and cerebral complications. The medical journey unfolded with an urgent re-laparotomy, draining haemoperitoneum and conducting a subtotal hysterectomy. This case highlights the critical importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetrics, nephrology, and intensive care, in managing such complex postpartum complications. Vigilant monitoring, collaborative decision-making, and meticulous postoperative care played pivotal roles. The successful outcome was attributed to early recognition, aggressive supportive measures, and timely interventions, including haemodialysis. The challenges faced underscore the need for accessible obstetric care, awareness about antenatal complications, and community-focused initiatives. Further research is warranted to unravel the intricate connections between PPH, RCVS, and associated complications, enhancing our understanding and improving patient outcomes in similar critical cases.
Layered and Thoracic Segmental Spinal Anaesthesia in Patients with Kyphoscoliosis for Various Surgeries: A Case Series
Authors: Raj Prashanth Gowtham , Avinash Lagadapati Madhav , Bhagyashree Amingad Basavaraj , Kumar Kaggathi Ramesh Vasantha
Published: March 2024

Kyphoscoliosis involves exaggerated anterior and lateral curvatures of the spine, affecting the dorsolumbar spine. Associated multiple organ system dysfunctions cause difficulties with both general and regional anaesthetic techniques. Co-existing neuromuscular disorders, pulmonary infections, difficulties in securing the airway, postoperative pulmonary morbidities, and the need for mechanical ventilation associated with general anaesthesia make neuraxial anaesthesia the most widely used technique in these cases. Continuous neuraxial techniques in these patients offer advantages over single-shot spinal anaesthesia in achieving the desired level of anaesthesia, managing patchy blocks, extending the duration of anaesthesia, and providing postoperative analgesia, but they are technically more challenging. Single-shot spinal anaesthesia can be a simple, safer, and effective alternative for surgical procedures of shorter duration. Performing thoracic segmental spinal anaesthesia in these patients is very challenging due to the complete distortion of anatomy and possible obliteration of neuraxial spaces. Layered spinal anaesthesia involves combining multiple local anaesthetics with different baricities to produce a successful subarachnoid block. Present series is reported with successful and uneventful use of the layered and thoracic segmental spinal anaesthetic technique in patients with kyphoscoliosis for various surgeries, including laparoscopic procedures.
Comparison of Equivalent Doses of Intrathecal Hyperbaric Levo-bupivacaine and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Caesarean Section: A Prospective Randomised Double-Blind Study
Authors: Saring Noyomi , Namdeo Animesh , Apo Millo , Sanyal Ramapati
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Subarachnoid Block (SAB) with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine (HB) is the most common anaesthetic technique for Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS). Levo-bupivacaine, an enantiomer of racemic bupivacaine, has been developed to provide anaesthesia with the same effectiveness but with better haemodynamic stability. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of hyperbaric levobupivacaine to HB in achieving sensory and motor blocks in Caesarean Section(CS) using equivalent doses. Materials and Methods: Eighty parturients aged 18-38 years with no co-morbidities were randomly divided into two groups receiving equivalent doses of HB and hyperbaric levobupivacaine for SAB. The effectiveness of the two drugs was compared in terms of the time taken to achieve sensory and motor blocks, as well as the time for block regression for two segments for sensory block and the return of motor block assessed by the ability to flex the ankle joint. Adverse events such as a fall in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and the dose of vasopressor were noted for the two groups. Results: The time taken to attain a T6 dermatomal block level was 2.43±1.00 and 2.80±1.51 (p-value 0.08) for the bupivacaine and levo-bupivacaine groups, respectively. Complete motor block of the lower limb was achieved in 4.85±1.67 and 5.15±1.82 (p-value 0.53). However, the time to 2-segment regression for sensory block was significantly faster in the levo-bupivacaine group than in the bupivacaine group (125.9±28.56 minutes and 109.13±28.84 minutes, respectively, p-value 0.009). Regression from motor block was also found to be highly statistically significant (158.38±34.92 minutes for bupivacaine and 138.75±25.71 minutes for the levobupivacaine group, p-value 0.006). Spinal-induced hypotension was comparable in both groups, but the bupivacaine group needed a much higher repetition of dose of vasopressor than the levo-bupivacaine group. Conclusion: Levo-bupivacaine is comparable to its racemic isomer bupivacaine in achieving anaesthesia when administered Intrathecally (IT) for CS. However, with equivalent doses, the duration of action is significantly shorter with hyperbaric levobupivacaine. Dose adjustment might be required with hyperbaric levo-bupivacaine based on the duration of the surgery. Haemodynamic stability is also similar with both drugs.
The War between Russia and Ukraine and its Impact on Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Talukder M. T. I.  , Pavel S. A. K.  , Islam M. Z.  , Monwar M. M.  , Ahmed E.  , Sultana S  , Akter T.
Published: March 2024

This comprehensive study investigates the impact of the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine on the Bangladeshi economy, focusing on various dimensions including trade disruptions, energy and commodity price shocks, remittances, foreign direct investment (FDI), macroeconomic stability, and daily commodities. Drawing on an extensive literature review, the study synthesizes existing research on the economic consequences of geopolitical conflicts, with particular attention to the multifaceted effects of the Russia-Ukraine war on indirectly involved countries like Bangladesh. The analysis reveals that the conflict has led to significant challenges in areas such as trade, energy and commodity prices, remittances, FDI, and macroeconomic stability, with potential consequences for the Bangladeshi economy, including slowed growth, increased inflation, and currency fluctuations. Furthermore, the study highlights the impact of the conflict on the prices and availability of daily commodities, which can affect the cost of living, purchasing power, and overall quality of life. Based on these findings, the study offers recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to adopt strategies that mitigate the adverse effects of the conflict, promote economic resilience, and ensure the well-being of the population. This study contributes to the understanding of the economic implications of geopolitical conflicts and serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in the broader effects of the Russia-Ukraine war on global economies.
Pest Status, Damage and Biology of an Invasive Pink Pineapple Mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockrell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Sweet flag (Acorus calamus Linn.): First Report in India
Authors: Divya K. K.  , Airina C. K.  , Yamini Varma C. K.  , Joseph Surya
Published: March 2024

Acorus calamus Linn is a medicinal plant that also has pesticidal properties, primarily against storage pests of agricultural commodities. The creeping rhizomes are the economic part of the plant and are in high demand in Ayurvedic medicine preparation. So far, the pest attacks have not posed a major issue in terms of the economic yield of the plant. In 2022, the presence of an invasive pest, Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, was recorded in the rhizosphere of sweet flag plants maintained at the Pepper Research Station campus, Panniyur, Kannur, Kerala, India. The polyphagous pest has expanded its host range on A. calamus. The pest attack was recorded from February 2022 onwards, which was the world's first report. Its biology was evaluated in the laboratory, and it was found that the pest is a parthenogenetic race with an average life cycle of 59±2.26 days and a fecundity range of 30-74 offspring per adult. Future research should focus on bio-intensive sustainable management packages to protect the IUCN-red list categorized sweet flag from extinction.
Prospecting the Effectiveness of Fungicides and Bioagents against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc.
Authors: Vanani K. D. , Rakholiya K. B. , Purushotham Pooja
Published: March 2024

Aims: The leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc. is one of the most serious disease in all mango growing regions of the world. In vitro bioassay of fungicides and bioagents were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of different fungicides and bioagents against C. gloeosporioides.

Study Design: Poison food techique for fungicides bioassay and dual culture technique for bioagents bioassay.

Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory studies were conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India during 2020–2021.

Methodology: The poison food technique assessed the efficacy of systemic, contact and combination fungicides against C. gloeosporioides. While the dual culture method was employed to gauge the potency of biocontrol agents, against C. gloeosporioides.

Results: In laboratory screening, systemic fungicides such as carbendazim and difenconazole were shown to have 100% growth suppression at 500 ppm. Mancozeb and copper oxychloride, two contact fungicides, demonstrated 100% growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides at 2500 ppm . The combi-product fungicides tricyclazole 18% + mancozeb 62%, hexaconazole 4% + zineb 68%, and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% were shown to exhibit 100% growth inhibition at 2000 ppm. Using the dual culture method, five distinct bioagents were tested in vitro for their ability to prevent the development of C. gleosporiodes. Trichoderma harzianum showed up as one of them to be a powerful and effective antagonist of C. gleosporiodes.

Conclusion: In vitro fungicide and bioagent testing provides preliminary data on the effectiveness of fungicides against pathogens, guiding field testing. The study evaluated the effectiveness of fungicides and bioagents in suppressing the leaf spot pathogen of mango.
Observational Study on Patients Satisfaction during Epidural Anaesthesia, without Breakthrough Pain, in Patients Scheduled for Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Afolayan Jide Michael , Olajumoke Tokunbo , Yusuf Babatunde
Published: March 2024

Introduction: This study was undertaken to determine the level of patients’ satisfaction after epidural anaesthesia, without breakthrough pain, in patients scheduled for orthopaedic surgery. Epidural block is one of the regional anaesthesia that can be used in orthopeadic cases with prolonged duration of surgery.

Aim and Objectives: To study the intraoperative pain outcome and patients’ satisfaction during epidural anaesthesia with top up doses without breakthrough pain.

Methods: A prospective study of patients who underwent orthopaedic procedures under epidural block in the operating rooms of Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, was carried out. Post-operatively, a proforma was filled for each of the participants to score their satisfaction on a Numerical Rating Scale regarding pain and discomfort during and after epidural anaesthesia and surgery. Other adverse reactions were documented. Patients’ satisfaction score was also documented.

Results: A total of 103 patients, with age ranging from 25 to 60 years, were recruited. Majority (102/99%) of the patients had their data well documented while remaining (1/0.9%) patient was excluded from the study for poor documentation. In all, satisfaction with epidural anaesthesia administration was observed in (95/93.1%) whereas (7/6.9%) patients were dissatisfied. Factors associated with dissatisfaction were prolonged onset time (2/1.9%) patients. Breakthrough pain in (1/0.9%) patients. Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was observed in 1 (0.9%) patient. In addition, (92/90.2%) patients would opt for epidural anaesthesia in future for similar surgery, if situation demands for it, 10 (9.8%) patients would not. 

Conclusion: The patients receiving epidural anaesthesia, without breakthrough pain, for orthopaedic surgery demonstrated a high rate of patients’ satisfaction.
Effect of Planting and Mulching Materials on Growth and Yield of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Benson, G. A. S.  , Oso, Y. O.
Published: March 2024

The effect of planting and mulching materials on growth and yield of white yam was evaluated in Ikorodu. White yam head, bottom and seed yam were used as planting materials while cooking banana pseudostem, banana leaves and guinea grass (Panicum maximum) were used as mulching materials and control plot was left unmulched.. Planting and mulching materials had significant effect on days to sprouting, vine length and yield of white yam. Seed yam performed relatively better than head and bottom setts in growth and yield. Grass mulch significantly (P < 0.05) gave higher rate of emergence and had tuber yield greater than the banana pseudostem, leave mulch and the unmulched plots. Irrespective of mulching materials, it was found that mulching significantly (P< 0.05) increased tuber yield than the unmulched yam. Interaction between planting and mulching materials also had a significant effect on days to sprouting, vine length and yield of yam. The control (unmulched) plots performed least amongst the treatments. It could be suggested that banana pseudostem and leaves be chopped, fermented, dried and milled to serve better as mulching material and to improve the physical quality of the soil. It is therefore suggested that more work be conducted on the use of banana pseudostem as mulching material to determine the nutrient composition of the material and the appropriate level for its use.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Melon Seed Husk
Authors: Elijah Precious , Ugwoha Ejikeme , Amah Victor
Published: March 2024

Activated carbon, known for its remarkable adsorption properties, is widely used in various applications, including wastewater treatment, air purification, gas and vapour purification. This study explored the production and physicochemical characterization of activated carbon derived from melon seed husks, a readily available agricultural waste product in Nigeria. The process involved carbonization of the husks followed by impregnation with calcium chloride. Physicochemical analysis was performed on the resulting melon seed husk activated carbon (MHSAC) to assess its properties. The analysis revealed favourable characteristics with a pH level of 6.52, ash content of 5.13%, moisture content of 11.36%, density of 0.453g/ml, and an iodine number of 1759.18mg/g, meeting the criteria for an effective adsorbent. These findings demonstrate the potential of melon seed husk an agricultural byproduct, as a valuable source for generating high-quality activated carbon.
Randomized clinical trial of the effect of applying ointment to surgical wounds before occlusive dressing
Authors: Dixon A J , Dixon M P , Dixon J B
Published: June 2006

Background

A blinded randomized clinical trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of applying ointment to a wound before occlusive dressing, in comparison with no ointment or sterile paraffin.

Methods

Some 778 patients with 1801 surgical wounds following excision of skin lesions were enrolled in the trial. No ointment was placed on 510 sutured wounds of 247 patients, paraffin ointment was put on 729 wounds (269 patients) and mupirocin ointment on 562 wounds (262 patients). Wound infection, scar, haemorrhage, dehiscence and other complications were assessed at suture removal. At 6–9 months after surgery, patients were surveyed to assess the wounds, with a response rate of 74·0 per cent.

Results

There were no significant differences in outcome for all endpoints evaluated. The infection rate was 1·4 per cent with no ointment, 1·6 per cent for paraffin and 2·3 per cent for mupirocin (P = 0·490). Total complication rates were 3·5, 4·7 and 4·8 per cent for no ointment, paraffin and mupirocin respectively (P = 0·590). Some 10·9, 10·3 and 8·2 per cent of patients respectively had a neutral or negative perception of their wounds at 6–9 months after surgery (P = 0·650). There was no difference in postoperative pain, degree of inconvenience or overall level of satisfaction with treatment.

Conclusion

Putting ointment on a surgical wound before occlusive dressing does not benefit the patient. In view of the risk of antibiotic resistance, mupirocin ointment is not indicated for clean surgical wounds.
Comparison between risperidone, olanzapine, and clozapine in the management of chronic schizophrenia: a naturalistic prospective 12‐week observational study
Authors: Strous Rael D. , Kupchik Marina , Roitman Suzana , Schwartz Sima , Gonen Noach , Mester Roberto , Weizman Abraham , Spivak Baruch
Published: June 2006

Risperidone, olanzapine, and clozapine are three atypical antipsychotic medications commonly used in the management of chronic schizophrenia. While they offer advantages with regard to clinical efficacy and side‐effect profile, few studies have compared them in a naturalistic prospective observational manner. This study therefore investigated their comparative efficacy over 12 weeks including illness characteristics and adverse effects. One hundred thirty‐one patients (76 M, 55 F) with DSMI‐V schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were treated with risperidone (n = 38), olanzapine (n = 38), or clozapine (n = 55). All patients showed a significant decrease of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)‐positive scores. Decreases in tardive dyskinesia and impulsivity scores were noted with clozapine and olanzapine, respectively. No differences between the medications were noted on depression, anxiety, EPS, or overt aggression scores. Olanzapine and clozapine appeared to be more effective in females. Males showed a decreased sexual performance irrespective of the medication and those treated with risperidone and clozapine showed greater proportional reduction of overt aggression. Clozapine‐treated patients showed significant increased weight, increased glucose levels, and lowered sexual performance. Risperidone patients tended to exhibit reduced cholesterol levels. Higher creatine kinase (CK) levels were noted in risperidone‐treated patients. While cautious given the nature of the study design, results suggest differences in the response to various atypical antipsychotic medications regarding efficacy and side‐effect susceptibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novo design, synthesis and screening of a combinatorial library of complementary ligands directed towards the surface of cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi
Authors: Ruiu L. , Roque A.C.A. , Taipa M.A. , Lowe C.R.
Published: June 2006

The protein surface is the interface through which a protein molecule senses the external world. The composition of this interface, in charged, polar and/or hydrophobic residues is crucial for both the activity and stability of the protein. Protein immobilization on surfaces has been extensively explored as one of the most effective approaches for stabilization. The mechanism of stabilization, however, is still poorly understood, and usually the success of any method is more a matter of trial and error rather than the result of rational concepts. The importance of local unfolding processes in a number of biologically significant processes has been recognized and attracted increasing attention. Unfolding regions have been localized in different proteins including the recombinant cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi. The study of three structural surface regions associated with early cutinase unfolding events was the basis for the approach followed in this work. A 64‐member solid‐phase combinatorial library of ligands was synthesized on a triazine‐substituted agarose matrix using a modified ‘mix and split’ procedure. The combinatorial library was assessed for binding to cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi in a biologically active form. Four lead ligands (3/5, 3/7, 4/5, 4/7) have been selected in which immobilized cutinase presented a relative activity of 30–60% as compared to the free enzyme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron molecular ion recombination: Product excitation and fragmentation
Authors: Adams Nigel G. , Poterya Viktoriya , Babcock Lucia M.
Published: June 2006

Electron‐ion dissociative recombination is an important ionization loss process in any ionized gas containing molecular ions. This includes the interstellar medium, circumstellar shells, cometary comae, planetary ionospheres, fusion plasma boundaries, combustion flames, laser plasmas and chemical deposition and etching plasmas. In addition to controlling the ionization density, the process generates many radical species, which can contribute to a parallel neutral chemistry. Techniques used to obtain rate data and product information (flowing afterglows and storage rings) are discussed and recent data are reviewed including diatomic to polyatomic ions and cluster ions. The data are divided into rate coefficients and cross sections, including their temperature/energy dependencies, and quantitative identification of neutral reaction products. The latter involve both ground and electronically excited states and including vibrational excitation. The data from the different techniques are compared and trends in the data are examined. The reactions are considered in terms of the basic mechanisms (direct and indirect processes including tunneling) and recent theoretical developments are discussed. Finally, new techniques are mentioned (for product identification; electrostatic storage rings, including single and double rings; Coulomb explosion) and new ways forward are suggested. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of chromite ores using glass discs in moderate dilutions of lithium tetraborate by x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Ramos S. Sánchez , Cubillos M. D. Jorge , Adelantado J. V. Gimeno , Marco D. J. Yusá
Published: June 2006

A method for the quantitative analysis of chromite ores by x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry using beads is proposed. The work concerned the serious problems caused by the refractory nature of these materials which prevents the use of glass discs in x‐ray fluorescence. An in‐depth study was done to optimise the variables which influence the glass disc formation process. Sufficiently homogeneous glass discs were obtained under the following experimental conditions: lithium tetraborate as flux with moderate sample dilution (1:40), with the addition of one or two drops of LiBr solution(250 g l−1), at a temperature of 1200 °C for 30 min. The qualitative and semiquantitative results for the chromite ores provided synthetic standards based on combinations of similar reference materials and different pure ignited oxides. These standards were used to obtain the calibration curves for Cr, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Ca, Mn, Mg, Na and K oxides, with root mean square error always below 0.357. The calibration curves were used in the quantitative analysis of chromite ores with satisfactory accuracy, justifying compensation of the interelemental effects. The suggested method is an efficient solution to the problems with the quantitative analysis of this type of material by XRF. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control in a dissipative system: Vibrational excitation of CO∕Cu(100) by IR pulses
Authors: Beyvers Stephanie , Ohtsuki Yukiyoshi , Saalfrank Peter
Published: June 2006

The question as to whether state-selective population of molecular vibrational levels by shaped infrared laser pulses is possible in a condensed phase environment is of central importance for such diverse fields as time-resolved spectroscopy, quantum computing, or “vibrationally mediated chemistry.” This question is addressed here for a model system, representing carbon monoxide adsorbed on a Cu(100) surface. Three of the six vibrational modes are considered explicitly, namely, the CO stretch vibration, the CO-surface vibration, and a frustrated translation. Optimized infrared pulses for state-selective excitation of “bright” and “dark” vibrational levels are designed by optimal control theory in the framework of a Markovian open-system density matrix approach, with energy flow to substrate electrons and phonons, phase relaxation, and finite temperature accounted for. The pulses are analyzed by their Husimi “quasiprobability” distribution in time-energy space.
Mechanism of action of a flavin-containing monooxygenase
Authors: Eswaramoorthy Subramaniam , Bonanno Jeffrey B. , Burley Stephen K. , Swaminathan Subramanyam
Published: June 2006

Elimination of nonnutritional and insoluble compounds is a critical task for any living organism. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) attach an oxygen atom to the insoluble nucleophilic compounds to increase solubility and thereby increase excretion. Here we analyze the functional mechanism of FMO from
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
using the crystal structures of the wild type and protein–cofactor and protein–substrate complexes. The structure of the wild-type FMO revealed that the prosthetic group FAD is an integral part of the protein. FMO needs NADPH as a cofactor in addition to the prosthetic group for its catalytic activity. Structures of the protein–cofactor and protein–substrate complexes provide insights into mechanism of action. We propose that FMOs exist in the cell as a complex with a reduced form of the prosthetic group and NADPH cofactor, readying them to act on substrates. The 4α-hydroperoxyflavin form of the prosthetic group represents a transient intermediate of the monooxygenation process. The oxygenated and reduced forms of the prosthetic group help stabilize interactions with cofactor and substrate alternately to permit continuous enzyme turnover.
Poroacoustic acceleration waves
Authors: Ciarletta M , Straughan B
Published: June 2006

A model for acoustic waves in a porous medium is investigated. Due to the use of lighter materials in modern buildings and noise concerns in the environment, such models for poroacoustic waves are of much interest to the building industry. The model has been investigated in some detail by P. M. Jordan. Here we present a rational continuum thermodynamic derivation of the Jordan model. We then present results for the amplitude of an acceleration wave making no approximations whatsoever.