bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of the American SST Programme: Origin, Opposition and Termination
Authors: Rosenbloom Joshua
Published: March 2007

The Congressional decision to end the American SST programme, reversing eight years of support, is used as a case study of the factors affecting Congressional decisions on technological Issues. Study of House and Senate appropriations hearings is used to identify the topics of debate, and their evolution. The introduction in these hearings of expert evaluations critical of the SST significantly altered the issues in contention between supporters and opponents of the programme An analysis of the groups voting for and against the SST in the Senate reveals, however, no similar shift in support for the programme. Only with the development of strong public opposition to the SST did any significant number of Senators change their positions, suggesting that Congress was much more concerned with the political ramifications of the SST than with the technical arguments either for or against It.
Opening Black Boxes: Science, Technology and Society
Authors: Pinch Trevor J.
Published: March 2007

This lecture traces the theme of opening black boxes in the sociology of science. It is argued that now sociologists have got inside the black box of science, they need to make more impact upon the conduct of areas of science. The issue of what makes for `heroes' and `villains' within science is considered by tracing different styles of science. Two cases where scientific heroes became villains are examined: Andrew Crosse's claim to observe life emerging from a galvanic cell, and the claims by Pons and Fleischmann to observe cold fusion. The lecture concludes by considering possible characteristics which a hero within the field of STS would need to exhibit.
Sedimentation of a Scientific Concept: The Use of Citation Data
Authors: Dolman Han , Bodewitz Henk
Published: March 2007

The sedimentation of a knowledge claim is studied by context-analysis of a key paper by the neuropharmacologist De Wied. This paper formulated the neuropeptide concept, which relates neuropeptide production within the central nervous system to the regulatory function of these peptides for learning and memory processes. Different citation classifications are introduced, which make it possible to interpret the analysis within the framework of `sedimentation', as outlined by Ludwik Fleck. It is shown that, in agreement with Fleck, the sedimentation is easier in applied scientific and popular circles, distant from the inner circle of the neuropeptides research field in which De Wied works. However, accounts of neuropeptide research in handbooks did not show the stronger sedimentation, as claimed by Fleck; instead, the evidence for the concept is built up again and again, indicating that the concept is not fully accepted in the inner circle of the research field. The main conclusions are affirmed by the analysis of a controversy on De Wied's work which arose recently in the literature.
Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Schaffer Simon
Published: March 2007

Recent sociological studies of scientific discovery have challenged the assumption that such discoveries are easily identifiable processes which take place in the mind of heroic discoverers. In this paper, four examples of discovery stories are chosen from the critical period of transition from natural philosophy to the nineteenth-century scientific disciplines. In each case it is impossible to find any criterion for discovery apart from the local practices of contemporary research communities. `Discovery' is a retrospective label attributed to candidate events by these communities - a technique for marking technical practices which are prized by the community. Each discipline was sustained by the reproduction of these new techniques, with the aid of an ideologically loaded model of discovery and discoverers. Finally, it is suggested that the early nineteenth century was also marked by a change in the historiography, as well as the practice, of the sciences. Natural philosophers had often presented their histories as methods for training practitioners in discovery, but historians of the sciences from the early nineteenth century separated the disciplined training of scientists from the heroic discovery moment, for which no training was possible. The emergence of the disciplined sciences was thus the context in which discovery stories were constructed, and in which a historiography emerged which made those stories effective.
Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy: A Stocktaking
Authors: Teich Albert H. , Gold Barry D.
Published: March 2007

Over the past twenty years, many US universities have established graduate programmes in science, engineering and public policy. A study, conducted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) examined 21 such programmes, and surveyed more than 550 graduates and students. Thirteen programmes derive from public policy/social science traditions; the other eight are based in engineering. In general, those that are engineering- based (EB) maintain a greater emphasis on quantitative analysis than do those that are social-science based (SSB). A majority of the students are men, especially in EB programmes, which attract more undergraduate engineering and science majors; SSB programmes draw more students from undergraduate majors in social sciences and the humanities. Although many students enter without clear vocational goals, about half find careers in the field (in industry, government and universities), and most report satisfaction with their work. The study raises a number of issues worth further attention: curricula, and the need for cross-fertilization between EB and SSB traditions; financial stability, and the legitimacy of the field; problems of professional identity for graduates; and dilemmas posed by changes in the relations between science, technology and public policy in the USA.
Science in Society: Petroleum Engineers and the Oil Fraternity in Texas, 1925-65
Authors: Constant Edward W.
Published: March 2007

Despite the great attention lavished on science and technology by a diversity of academic disciplines and specialties, surprisingly little is known about the pre-eminent vectors for scientific knowledge and the foremost practitioners of technology — ordinary engineers. Elite (and therefore, by definition, unrepresentative) cases aside, what is known about engineers normally concerns either their aggregate numbers and gross levels of education, or their professional societies. The inquiry described here seeks to depict in somewhat richer detail one engineering discipline — petroleum engineering — and to examine in a general way how that discipline fits into the particular society of which it was a part. The point is simply that, far from being the one-dimensional `nerds' of stereotype, engineers are multi-dimensional social entities — and that, in constructing their roles in social action, who they are very likely matters every bit as much as what they know.
On the Making of Sex Hormones: Research Materials and the Production of Knowledge
Authors: Oudshoorn Nelly
Published: March 2007

Studies of the creation of networks in science have rarely focused on the role of research materials in establishing relations between actors. This paper considers the question of how scientists' changing needs for research materials in the study of sex hormones, which emerged as a new field of the life sciences at the turn of the century, shaped both the character of the relations between the actors in endocrinological research, and the strategic position of each actor. The accessibility of research materials not only shaped the social organization, but also affected the cognitive development, of sex endocrinology. In this process, gender bias in science was reinforced and metamorphosed.
The Atmospheric Railway of I.K. Brunel
Authors: Buchanan R.A.
Published: March 2007

I.K. Brunel took the daring but carefully calculated decision to recommend the adoption of atmospheric propulsion on the South Devon Railway in 1844. The principle had been convincingly demonstrated in models and small-scale operation, and it offered attractive advantages on the heavy gradients between Exeter and Plymouth. However, the installation proved to be a costly failure for the South Devon Railway, and it was abandoned in 1848, when still incomplete. The immediate reasons for the failure were the problems involved in scaling up the atmospheric system for main-line operation, such as the maintenance of the pressure tube and its seal, and the provision of adequate pumping engines. But to some extent the atmospheric system was also overtaken by continuing improvements in steam locomotion, and in the long term any notional advantages the system may have possessed were surpassed by those provided by electric traction, so that there was no opportunity to give atmospheric railways another trial when the technical limitations had been overcome.
Electric Ploughs in Wilhelmine Germany: Failure of an Agricultural System
Authors: Todd Edmund N.
Published: March 2007

Prior to World War I, electric ploughs held great promise in Germany. They could carry out deep ploughing as well as, or better than, steam ploughs, and they promised to solve social and political problems, such as the increasing labour shortages east of the Elbe. But they found little success because, as with early tractors, agriculture had to be modified too much to make them work. Unlike tractors, electric ploughs did not prove to be flexible enough to fit the varied conditions of German agriculture.
Actor-Networks and Ambivalence: General Practitioners in the UK Cervical Screening Programme
Authors: Singleton Vicky , Michael Mike
Published: March 2007

Actor-network theory has, until recently, narrated the co-evolution of science and society in terms of dramatic triumphs and betrayals. This paper attempts to incorporate 'ambivalence' into the process of enrolment and black-boxing so central to the construction and continuation of actor-networks. Though ambivalence towards one's own and others' attributed roles in the network would seem to threaten the integrity of a given network, we suggest that it might reinforce it. Drawing upon fieldwork on the UK Cervical Screening Programme (CSP), we show how General Practitioners seriously problematize their own roles and the black-boxed status of the Cervical Smear Test within the CSP network. However, we also show that it is this very problematization that serves to render the network durable and workable.
Reaping the Benefits of Collaboration While Avoiding its Pitfalls: Marie Curie's Rise to Scientific Prominence
Authors: Pycior Helena M.
Published: March 2007

Popular (and even some scholarly) interpretations of Marie Curie suggest that she was a scientific drudge or, alternatively, that she was the chemist of the Curie research team, whereas Pierre Curie was the physicist. Against this background, this paper explains how, despite her gender, Curie established a scientific reputation that led to Nobel Prizes in physics (1903) and chemistry (1911). The major thesis is that a key factor in Marie Curie's rise to prominence was the Curies' publication policy whereby they scrupulously claimed credit for their individual as well as joint contributions to radioactivity. By 1902, not only had the Curies published a series of significant joint papers, but Marie Curie (usually writing under the name of Mme Sklodowska Curie) had independently published key results in both the physics and chemistry of radioactivity. Her independent publications, in particular, helped assure her early prominence in the French scientific community, as well as belated public recognition from Ernest Rutherford.
The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science
Authors: Rossiter Margaret W.
Published: March 2007

Recent work has brought to light so many cases, historical and contemporary, of women scientists who have been ignored, denied credit or otherwise dropped from sight that a sex-linked phenomenon seems to exist, as has been documented to be the case in other fields, such as medicine, art history and literary criticism. Since this systematic bias in scientific information and recognition practices fits the second half of Matthew 13:12 in the Bible, which refers to the under-recognition accorded to those who have little to start with, it is suggested that sociologists of science and knowledge can add to the 'Matthew Effect', made famous by Robert K. Merton in 1968, the 'Matilda Effect', named for the American suffragist and feminist critic Matilda J. Gage of New York, who in the late nineteenth century both experienced and articulated this phenomenon. Calling attention to her and this age-old tendency may prod future scholars to include other such 'Matildas' and thus to write a better, because more comprehensive, history and sociology of science.
Planck's Principle Revisited: A Note
Authors: Levin Sharon G. , Stephan Paula E. , Walker Mary Beth
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom holds that scientists' receptivity to new ideas declines as they age. This proposition, known as `Planck's Principle', has typically been studied using logit models which do not control for censored data. To see if this potential problem affects the results, we have re-tested the proposition, using data from an earlier study with a semi-parametric hazard rate model that controls for censored data. We find that the earlier studies' refutation of Planck's Principle is robust to this variation in econometric method.
SSK's Identity Parade: Signing-Up, Off-and-On
Authors: Wynne Brian
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the debate over the relationship between SSK and politics by exploring the implications of `the reflexive turn' during the 1980s. However, it does this by looking outward, at the ways in which a reflexive SSK can potentially help enlighten the culture of political issues, rather than inwards, at the methods and forms of SSK itself. The key element of this strategy is to sustain an analytical vocabulary which problematizes the human subject, whether as author of SSK work, or of public policies and public policy knowledges. I take it for granted that this cannot be fully achieved, but it remains a key principle. Reconsidering the `Capturing' debate, the paper notes several unfortunate features held in common (and uncritically reinforced) by both `sides' to that agenda. These include the reification of `sides' and (more generally) of social actors (and thus of the issues at stake); and the reproduction of an implicit model of society as constituted exhaustively by active choices and decisions — thus neglecting the cultural dimensions of social (including cognitive) life. Using examples drawn from environmental opposition to nuclear power, and the construction of scientific and policy knowledge about global climate change, I argue that problematizing the identities and interests of actors within our own sociological knowledge forum, as is achieved through `the reflexive turn', and extending this to the construction and deployment of knowledge in public issues, allows a much richer, more contingent and more multivalent understanding of what is at stake in any `given' issue to come into view. This may appear to undermine the basis of policy bodies' authority — except that their authority is, I suggest, already failing precisely because they cannot recognize the contingencies in the knowledges on which they rely. Refusing to enter public controversies with scientific or technical content as either partisans or disengaged neutrals, and eschewing false debates about epistemic probity, SSK scholars can nevertheless offer intellectual resources with which to encourage institutional reflexivity, and to rebuild a democratic culture of public policy.
Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method
Authors: Mol Annemarie , Mesman Jessica
Published: March 2007

The nurses on an intensive care ward for new-borns feed babies with food and doctors with information. Showing that this is so is one of the ways in which scholars working in humanist traditions of social analysis, such as symbolic interactionism, reveal the politics of hospital relations. However, semiotics, along with similar `non-humanist' theoretical traditions, is no less political; neither, as is sometimes suggested, does it necessarily side with the strong. Here we demonstrate that semiotics implies another style of political theory — one in which the relevant axes of difference are not primarily between groups of people, but between ways of ordering the world. Thus the differences between two modes of feeding or of calculating the contents of a bottle can be understood as both `political' and `technical' matters.
Witnessing Identification
Authors: Cole Simon A.
Published: March 2007

The technique of latent fingerprint identification enjoys a remarkable degree of credibility, even in the adversarial climate of the Anglo-American criminal trial. Latent fingerprint examiners (LFPEs) are treated with a high degree of deference in court proceedings. I trace this to the historical process by which latent fingerprint examiners constructed rules of method and practice which allowed them to present fingerprint identifications as matters of fact. First, LFPEs maintained professional jurisdiction over the interpretation of fingerprint evidence, even while suggesting that the evidence was `speaking for itself'. Second, LFPEs devised rules of method and practice which encouraged unanimity and consistency within the profession. Finally, LFPEs managed cases of error by attributing failure to individual practitioners rather than to the method. I conclude that LFPEs offer a highly idiosyncratic model of scientific evidence, one which new forensic identification techniques, such as DNA typing, will be able to emulate only with difficulty.
Stabilizing the Boundary between US Politics and Science:
Authors: Guston David H.
Published: March 2007

The sociological study of boundary-work and the political-economic approach of principal-agent theory can be complementary ways of examining the relationship between society and science: boundary-work provides the empirical nuance to the principal-agent scheme, and principal-agent theory provides structure to the thick boundary description. This paper motivates this complementarity to examine domestic technology transfer in the USA from the intramural laboratories of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). It casts US policy for technology transfer in the principal-agent framework, in which politicians attempt to manage the moral hazard of the productivity of research by providing specific incentives to the agents for engaging in measurable research-based innovation. Such incentives alter the previously negotiated boundary between politics and science. The paper identifies the crucial rôle of the NIH Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) as a boundary organization, which mediates the new boundary negotiations in its routine work, and stabilizes the boundary by performing successfully as an agent for both politicians and scientists. The paper hypothesizes that boundary organizations like OTT are general phenomena at the boundary between politics and science.
A Measure of Originality
Authors: Dirk Lynn
Published: March 2007

Perhaps because there is no precise definition of scientific originality, studies of peer review in scientific journals have shown that reviews can be arbitrary or ineffective. In this Note, a potential reference point in evaluating originality that may be useful in analyzing the problem is presented and tested - a typology of scientific originality based on a structural analysis of the scientific paper. As reported in a paper, each of three elements of scientific work (hypothesis, methods and results) either has been previously reported in the scientific literature, or is newly reported. Scientific originality can then be defined as a permutation of new and old information: eight types of originality, ranging from all three elements being previously reported, to all elements being new. To determine if the typology has face validity, highly experienced scientists were asked by mail survey to use the typology in two exercises: rating the eight originality types, and assigning an originality type to highly-cited articles the scientists had written. Of 301 scientists, 206 (68%) responded: between them, they had authored a total of 230 articles. The eight originality types were rated by 84% of the scientists, and an originality type was assigned to 209 of the 230 articles: the most frequent type was new hypothesis/previously-reported methods/new results. To see if scientific journals might vary in the type of originality they prefer, the articles were divided into two equal groups, by the age of the journals publishing them: younger (0-29 years, n = 106) or older (30-185 years, n = 103). The distribution of originality types was virtually identical for the two groups. The results of this study indicate that the typology merits further study as a means of investigating or evaluating scientific originality.
A Comparative Paradigm for Analyzing International Community Corrections Programs
Authors: Caruso Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a comparative model for evaluating international community corrections programs. The goals of this approach include: expanding culturally narrow- minded thinking in regard to community corrections, isolating relevant universal and national phenomena affecting offender treatment, and providing a framework for finding solutions to universal and relative problems in social behaviour. These goals are accomplished in a three-dimensional comparative study of the larger society (differentiation mode), host community (implementation mode), and community correctional program (impact mode) under scrutiny. The resulting information can be used to reveal international problems in corrections, to create universal typologies (offenders, program models, client-services, etc.), to isolate and understand specific national problems in rehabilitation, and to promote workable solutions to the problem of crime and its correction.
A Comparative and Analytical Appraisal of Crime and Criminality in Nigeria
Authors: Iqbinovia Patrick Edobor , Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

Findings on crime and criminal activity are reported. Sugges tions are given regarding these problems in Nigeria.
Girls Who Kill
Authors: Russell Donald Hayes
Published: March 2007

Clinical case histories of two juvenile girl murderers are presented to explore possible causative psychodynamics and assess their congruence with a large series of boys who committed homicide.
Cognitive Functioning and Delinquency: Property versus Violent Offenses
Authors: Walsh Anthony
Published: March 2007

This study compares means on property and violent offenses broken down by verbal IQ levels among a sample of 256 juvenile delinquents. Low IQ delinquents were present in the sample in significantly higher proportions than would be expected in comparison to population IQ norms. Within the sample, it was found that there was an inverse relationship between IQ levels and violent crime and a positive relationship between IQ levels and property crime. Low IQ apparently predisposes delinquents to impulsive and spontaneous crimes which offer instant gratification. High IQ apparently predisposes delinquents to crimes which require planning and offer deferred gratification. These findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between IQ and delinquency.
A Community-Based Vocational Preparation/Training Programme for Delinquent Youths: General Aptitudes as Predictors of Attrition?
Authors: Shorts Ivor
Published: March 2007

Client attrition in community-based programmes for delinquent youths is a serious and widespread problem. The current study examined whether delinquents' general aptitude test scores would predict attrition in a vocational preparation focused programme. Results showed that completers (n = 26) and non-completers (n = 15) were significantly differentiated on general learning ability, verbal, numerical and spatial aptitudes, with completers displaying higher levels of functioning. Numerical and, to a lesser degree, spatial aptitudes emerged as the best discriminators between the two groups. The derived discriminant function produced a correct prediction ("hit") rate of 71%, accurately predicting almost all of the non-completers (13 out of IS). However, it mis-classified 10 of the 26 completers. In view of this tendency to overpredict the number of non-completers, low aptitude scores alone appear to be limited in their usefulness to predict attrition in individual youths. It is suggested that future research should examine whether aptitude deficits inter-acting with other factors can differentially influence the probability of attrition.
The Effect of Court Appearances on Personality. Therapy or Torture: A Case Study
Authors: Lennings Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Court appearances theoretically are expected to have a strong impact on the offender. This can be related to their anxiety and guilt evoking effect. It is questionable if such an effect has therapeutic implications. The present study investigates changes in the MMPIfollowing a Court appearance by a young man charged with fratricide.
Gender Biases in Probation Officers: Attributions of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Sagatun Inger J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years a controversy has developed over the extent of gender discrimination in the juvenile justice system. This article focuses specifically on how male and female probation officers attempt to explain the reasons for male and female delinquency. Independent observers ranked open-ended responses from probation officers along several causal dimensions. Peer conformity was given as the major explanation for both male andfemale delinquency. However, delinquent girls were seen as rebelling against traditional norms, while delinquent boys were regarded as conforming to gender roles. Both male and female probation officers judged same sex minors as having a lower self-esteem. It is suggested that there is an interactive effect of the sex of the probation officer and the minor on attributions. These interactions may result in differential treatment.
Adolescent Sex Offenders and Social Skills Training
Authors: Graves Roger , Openshaw D. Kim , Adams Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

Treatment of the adolescent sex offender is a complex process often involving extensive therapeutic intervention. While empirically sound descriptive data concerning the adolescent sex offender is lacking, retrospective accounts frequently describe the youthful offender as possessing a social skills deficit. Drawing on this notion, an investigation was completed to examine the effects of utilizing a prepackaged social skills training program (SST) as part of a comprehensive treatment program with a group of outpatient offenders. The study had two purposes: (1) to determine whether or not the adolescent offenders participating in the experimental group would learn and incorporate into their repertoire the specific social skills taught in the program, and (2) to assess whether or not the combined effects of therapeutic intervention and social skills training resulted in perceived improvement on self-report and parent-report measures of variables associated with social competence, problem behaviors, and self-concept. Results indicate that adolescent sex offenders learned, to a significantly greater degree, the specific social skills taught than did the control group. The findings for improved social competence and problem behaviors were mixed, while there is some indication that self-concept improved for the experimental group over the control group.
A PTSD Treatment Program for Combat (Vietnam) Veterans in Prison
Authors: Sigafoos Chester E.
Published: March 2007

A treatment program for combat veterans with PTSD in prison is described. The prison setting presents a "survivor mode" environment, similar to that of Vietnam, in which incarcerated veterans may reexperience the PTSD symptoms. Further, they revert to a "combat mode" when attempting to handle their prison life. The PTSD Treatment Program for Combat Veterans focuses on three dimensions in treatment. In the first dimension the group progresses through 6 stages, which are defined as: (1) the second tour (reexperiencing life in a survival setting), (2) stress management, (3) veterans, PTSD, and crime, (4) conflict resolution, (5) handling symptoms of PTSD, (6) the effects of PTSD on the family. The second dimension focuses on the veteran's unique symptom picture, which is treated in individual therapy with various techniques, dependent on the veteran's need. The third dimension is a miniseries of various video films of the Vietnam conflict. Videos would be discussed, critiqued, and the veteran's feelings examined.
Computer Crime in Bombay: Efforts to Alter this Problem
Authors: Pawar Manohar S. , Goyal Rakesh M.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the results of a one-day seminar on computer crimes and threats for the bank computer personnel in Bombay. Technical and nontechnical aspects of understanding, investigating, and preventing computer crimes were presented by two experts. Results revealed a significant increase in participants awareness about computer crimes and threats. Practical suggestions are offered regarding future implementation.
Rapists' Versus Non-Rapists' Attitudes Toward Women: A British Study
Authors: Harmon Garfield A. , Owens R. Glynn , Dewey Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Three groups (incarcerated rapists, incarcerated non-rapists and nonincarcerated controls) were administered and completed Parry's (1983) Anglicized version of Spence, Helmreich and Stapp's (1973) Attitudes Towards Women Scale. Results of the seventy-one subjects showed that the incarcerated non-rapist group held the most traditional/conservative attitudes towards women. The present findings are discussed in terms of feminist viewpoint, current sociopolitical issues and cross-Atlantic research differences in relation to rape.
The Psychosocial Development of Sex Offenders: Differences between Exhibitionists, Child Molesters, and Incest Offenders
Authors: Miner Michael H. , Dwyer S. Margretta
Published: March 2007

A number of studies have shown that there are differences between how offenders who have committed different crimes perform in therapy. This article aims to shed some light on these differences by exploring differences in the psychosocial development of exhibitionists extra-familial child molesters, and incest offenders. Eighty-one men completed the Measures of Psychosocial Development at intake into an outpatient sex offender treatment program. Profile analysis indicated that exhibitionists tended to have issues of trust, shame, and immediate gratification, which were similar to those experienced by extra-familial child molesters. Incest offenders showed consistently higher levels of development than the other two groups. These findings have implications for the ability of offenders to develop therapeutic alliances, the intervention strategies that would be effective, and the ultimate effects of those interventions.
Empirical and Theoretical Considerations of Empathy in Sex Offenders
Authors: Roys Deloris T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the complex metacognitions necessary for a sex offender to achieve other-oriented empathy. Sex offender treatment programs appear to be teaching empathy without having a clear understanding of the difference between self-oriented and other-oriented empathy and without tools to measure these deficits or change. Discussion of factors necessary for formation of affective emotions is undertaken. The impact of shame on the capacity to experience one's own emotions is examined in relationship to childhood trauma Recommendations are offered to enhance therapists' skills to foster empathy in sex offenders.
Loneliness in Jail: A Study of the Loneliness of Incarcerated Men
Authors: Rokach Ami , Koledin Spomenka
Published: March 2007

Loneliness is a pervasive social problem and is experienced universally. It also contributes to criminality and recidivism The present study examined the influence of incarceration on the experience of loneliness. Beyond the aim of gaining more insight into loneliness in jail, this study explores how marital status affects the experience of loneliness (especially if the marriage has been terminated). The experiences of chronic and situational, or event-related, loneliness are compared. Finally, the study is an investigation of the social stigma of loneliness, which results in people's refusal to acknowledge their condition. As a result, when research is done, individuals usually recall loneliness. The present study presents a comparison of whether the salient characteristics of loneliness of offenders differ when they are recalled or when they are being experienced at the time of reporting.
Toward a Radical Theory of Fiscal Incidence
Authors: Peppard Donald M.
Published: March 2007

Orthodox expenditure and fiscal incidence studies seem to be ob jective analyses of the budgetary impact of the public sector; they are, in fact, based on an important assumption about the State, which, when changed, also significantly changes the results of these studies. This article summarizes a com parison of an orthodox model and a radical model and finds support for the con tention that orthodox incidence studies mystify the purpose and impact of gov ernment budgets.
Break Out the Double Digit: Mass Unemployment in the City of New Brunswick
Authors: Leggett John C. , Gioglio Jerry C.
Published: March 2007

Every month the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes its nationwide unemployment figures. Break Out the Double Digit challenges the theories and methods behind the BLS procedures and documents a condition of mass un- and underemployment in the City of New Brunswick, New Jersey. This study zeroes in on those statistical tricks and mystifications used by the BLS to understate the unemployment situation. The study also reports on one of the first published local efforts to gather empirical data on the real extent of unemploy ment — a situation which manifests itself in double-digit numbers cutting across almost every sex, racial and class category.
Competing Analyses of the Spatial Aspects of Capitalist Development
Authors: Stilwell Frank J. B. , Stilwell Frank J. B.
Published: March 2007

An adequate understanding of the process of urban and regional development under capitalism has been impeded by the orthodox analysis. This paper outlines a more appropriate framework for the study of spatial aspects of the capitalist system, using concepts from Marxian analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on the role played by urban and regional development in establishing the necessary conditions for continued capital accumulation, viz. expansion of markets, generation of a reserve army of unemployed, provision of requisite amounts of the means of production, and reproduction of the social relations of production. In this way a link is forged between the theory of location and the theory of accumulation, which helps to provide insights into reasons for the un even process of capitalist development.
Theories of Reproductive Behavior: A Marxist Critique
Authors: Gimenez Martha E. , Gimenez Martha E.
Published: March 2007

Current theories of reproductive behavior fall within voluntaristic or deterministic frameworks. Micro-economic theories that view children as con sumer goods or home produced goods which parents either purchase or produce subject to income, price, and taste constraints, are essentially voluntaristic. Sociological theories, on the other hand, stress the socially determined and coer cive nature of reproductive behavior. From the standpoint of historical material ism, both theories are open to criticism because they provide a reified and ahis torical account of reproductive behavior based upon unacknowledged capitalist forms of consciousness and forms of social objectivity. It is argued that a scien tific analysis of reproduction should transcend the voluntaristic and determin istic alternatives which are the hallmark of bourgeois thought. Instead, using the method of historical materialism, reproduction should be conceptualized in structural, concrete, and historical terms; i.e., as the reflection of the reproduc tive strategies of classes in the context of a given mode of production.
The Limits of Unequal Exchange
Authors: de Janvry Alain , Kramer Frank
Published: March 2007

This article critically examines unequal exchange, a theory of value transfer from low-wage (periphery) countries to high-wage (center) countries. Unequal exchange differs from other mechanisms of value transfer that are based on restricted trade or differential rates of profit in that it occurs under con ditions of free and competitive trade and equalization of profit rates worldwide. We discuss how various divergences can theoretically occur between relative em bodied labor of commodities and their corresponding relative world market prices. We show that, because unequal exchange is an exchange of unequal quan tities of social value rather than unequal quantities of labor time, it cannot apply to commodities that are nonspecific (i.e., produced in both center and periphery). Its applicability to specific goods is questionable in light of inadequate discus sion of what maintains the initial wage differential when equilibrium in the capi tal market has been obtained. We conclude that the theory is not useful as a gen eral basis for understanding underdevelopment, though in modified form it may be applicable to some products and countries.
The Internationalization of Capital and The Transformation of Social Formations: A Critique of the Monthly Review School
Authors: Cypher James M.
Published: March 2007

The ahistorical, static and exchanged-based "development of un der development" theory of the conjuncture between the most developed nations and the historically underdeveloped regions fails to describe the origins and the nature of the disarticulated world economy and cannot account for the growing significance of some less developed countries in the world economy. A dynamic, historical and production-based approach to development theory which draws from Marx's formulation of the concepts of mode of production and expanded reproduction, and from Luxemburg's insights into the nature of the interaction of the capitalist mode of production (CM P) with the noncapitalist modes of pro duction (NCMP) is presented. The result of the CMP-NCMP conjuncture in cer tain historical circumstances is the creation of a Colonial Social Formation (CSF) due to the predominance of Merchant Capital in this conjuncture. Once established the CSF resists disintegration into the CMP and does so only under particular historical and dialectical circumstances. If and when a capitalist state emerges from the CSF at a time of crisis, and if, dialectically, this emergence coincides with a particular form of extensive expanded reproduction emanating from the CMP, a formerly (Neo) Colonial Social Formation can be drawn into the three circuits of capital (money, commodities, and production) and enter into the world CMP not as a dependent but as an interdependent social formation. Imperialism does not preclude development and is not relegated to the CMP- CSF conjuncture.
The One-Sidedness of Capital
Authors: Lebowitz Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Contrary to Rosdolsky (and most analysts), Marx's proposed book on wage-labor was not incorporated into Capital. As a result, Capital does not develop an adequate totality, an organic whole, in which all presuppositions are results. The production of wage-labor, upon which the reproduction of capital depends, stands outside capital as a presupposition but not a result. With the logical development of the side of wage-labor, an adequate totality (capitalism as a whole) may be constructed which is characterized by "the worker's own need for development" as well as by capital's need for valorization-i.e., by two-sided class struggle.

Implications of the one-sidedness of Capital itself are exploredincluding the inadequacies which have produced proposals to abandon the concept of labor-power as a commodity.
The Real Dualism of Sex and Class
Authors: Hmmelweit Susan
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the dualism between class struggle and sex struggle, both in political practice and theoretical analysis, reflects a real separation of the struggles in current society. But that separation is not a trans-historical necessity. Rather it is a socially specific product of capitalist development, which has singled out production activities and allowed them to dominate over all other activities. But it is only within reproductive activities that sexes can be identified; hence reproduction remains an essential locus of sex struggle. The appearance that production is inherently separate from, and dominant over, reproduction has given class struggle an apparent separateness and superiority over sex struggle. But the separateness of the two struggles and predominance of production are not inevitable. Rather they are crucial aspects of what must be challenged in our society.
The Value-Creating Capacity of Skilled Labor in Marxian Economics
Authors: Harvey Philip
Published: March 2007

According to the most widely accepted explanation of the increased value-creating capacity of skilled labor in Marxian economics, an expenditure of skilled labor represents a simultaneous expenditure of both the worker's present simple labor and apro rata share of all past labor spent on and by the worker acquiring the skill. First popularized by Hilferding, this solution to the so-called "reduction problem" has been elaborated and reaffirmed in recent years by several theorists. In assessing the validity of the Hilferding accounting procedure, though, little attention has been paid to the question of how the procedure interacts with Marx's theory of the value of labor-power to explain the production of surplus-value. An analysis of that issue reveals that the Hilferding approach is fatally flawed. It contradicts both Marx's explanation of the origin of surplus value and common sense, and it causes more theoretical problems for the labor theory of value than it solves. More generally, an analysis of the source of the theoretical difficulties encountered by the Hilferding procedure suggests that there may be no solution to the reduction problem which is simultaneously consistent with both Marx's theory of the value of labor-power and his general theory of value. That is, the reduction problem may be insoluble within the framework of Marx's version of the labor theory of value.
Market Value and the Choice of Technique
Authors: Swanson Paul A.
Published: March 2007

An interpretation of the concept of marketvalue is proposed which incorporates the choice of technique as an integral part of the problem. This is contrasted with various other interpretations. The socially necessary technique is equated with the profit maximizing technique, and it is argued that the labor associated with this technique creates market value. By doing this the results of the market process are not taken for granted and the relation between the spheres of production and exchange is clarified. There is also a discussion of causality, which is linked to the question of redundancy and to the interpretation of value and market value given.
Labor Specialization and the Transformation Problem
Authors: Gleicher David
Published: March 2007

An extended formal model of value and price is constructed that includes within it "specialized labor" according to occupation, and therefore variations in real wage rates between workers. A "classical Marxist" approach is taken, and the "new approach" of Dumenil, Foley and Lipietz is criticized. It is demonstrated that the "fundamental theorem" as usually stated only applies to a simple model in which the wage-good rate is assumed to be uniform across occupations. In the context of the more complex model introduced, negative rates of exploitation associated with certain occupations and/or negative rates of surplus value associated with certain industries are shown to be be compatible with a viable capitalist economy. Nonetheless, it remains the cs I &a capitalist economy is viable only if the class of workers as a whole generates more value than iyreates)he fundamental model thereby is modified, but not gainsaid.
Uneven and Combined Development: Dynamics of Change and Women's Everyday Forms of Resistance in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Authors: McAllister Carol
Published: March 2007

This essay discusses the theory of uneven and combined development, illustrating its dynamics by examples from ethnographic research in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The focus is on women's "everyday forms of resistance" through their continuing participation in matrilineal and Islamic traditions at the same time as they are incorporated into the international wage-and-market economy. Refinements in the theory are suggested based on feminist criticism and the responses of Negeri Sembilan women to capitalist development.
The Role of Gender in Peasant Migration: Conceptual Issues from the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Radcliffe Sarah A.
Published: March 2007

By focusing on a case study from Andean Peru, this article examines the fundamental role played by gender relations in generating, and shaping, characteristics of peasant migration. An analysis of the construction of gender relations and household peasant production provides insights into why women leave at younger ages than men, make more permanent moves to cities and usually terminate migration upon marriage. Intra-household hierarchies of control over resources and labor and patriarchal decision-making restrict women's security in the peasant-economy and release them as migratory labor.
Socialism, Democracy, Market, Planning: Putting the Pieces Together
Authors: Schweickart David
Published: March 2007

We should not think of market socialism as an oxymoron, nor as an unstable hybrid. The appropriate framework for thinking about current versions of market socialism is a model of an optimally viable, desirable, democratic socialism. This paper proposes such a model, one that incorporates workplace democracy, a modified free market and democratic control of investment. It elaborates at some length the latter feature, defends the model against criticisms deriving from the Yugoslav experience, then employs the model to elucidate the issue of productive asset ownership under socialism.
Agricultural Ecology and Changing Economic Systems: Lessons from the Bulgarian Case
Authors: Meurs Mieke , Morrissey Monique
Published: March 2007

The inattention to environmental problems in East European agriculture reflects assumptions that the problems result from central planning. We argue that the focus on economic systems undermines policy support for environmental sustainability in transforming economies. We examine the link between three problems in Bulgarian agriculture and the socialist and capitalist systems, finding that an analysis of concrete institutional forms is more important to understanding environmental problems. We conclude with policy implications.
The Twin Circuits: Aggregate Demand and the Expenditure Multiplier in a Monetary Economy
Authors: Palley Thomas I.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to expand the theory of aggregate demand so as to take account of the monetary nature of exchange. The economy is represented in terms of twin circuits of income generation and financial asset transacting. Money is not extinguished when spent, but instead partakes in these twin circuits of exchange. Money embodies potential purchasing power, and the extent to which it generates spending in goods markets is affected by agents' liquidity preferences.