bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Change in Correction
Authors: Cohn Alvin W.
Published: March 2007

The correctional manager is a change agent and a focal point in a complex field of forces. He is in a strategic position for managing change—change within himself, his organization, and the community. To be constructive and effective, however, he must first make the goals of his organization explicit and create a climate in which his staff is able to implement those goals. A commonly neglected resource in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of correctional programs is the client—the probationer, the parolee, the inmate—who is also in an impor tant position to bring to the change process invaluable informa tion and ideas that might otherwise remain unknown. The correctional manager should be concerned with the motivations for change, the responsibilities for change, and the conditions for change. He must take into consideration all factors and persons affected by change if he is truly to remain in control of his organization.
Organized Crime
Authors: Salerno Ralph
Published: March 2007

One of the few statements that can be made with complete assurance about organized crime is that doing something about it is not easy. Sizable segments of the public who are aware of it and indeed have been victimized by it won't even talk about the subject, let alone "get involved" as complainants or witnesses. Executive leaders in government, rarely commanding the re sources required to deal with organized crime, have, until re cently, ignored the subject. It comes as no surprise, then, that the criminal justice system in the United States has not responded to the record.
A Legislative Study of the Effectiveness of Criminal Penalties
Authors: Biddle W. Craig
Published: March 2007

In 1966, the California Assembly Committee on Criminal Procedure began an evaluation of the effectiveness of criminal penalties and an examination of possible alternatives to these penalties. It discovered that increasing the severity of sentences does not deter crime. For a deterrent to be effective, the potential offender must be aware of its existence. But research revealed that the general population had the least amount of knowledge about criminal penalties, while those who had engaged in crime had the greatest knowledge of penalties. Research further indi cated that certainty of arrest and imprisonment was more of a deterrent than lengthy incarceration. The last phase of the study is a search for alternatives to make the commission of crime more difficult.
Community-based Treatment for Young Adult Offenders
Authors: Bradley H.B.
Published: March 2007

A two-year project aimed at developing conceptual, operating, and architectural designs for advanced correctional practice was undertaken by the Institute for the Study of Crime and Delin quency from 1966 to 1968. This paper sets forth the distinguish ing features of the resulting proposal for a community-based correctional program for young adult offenders. From three to five 48-bed residential centers will be located in high-delinquency areas to combine the program services now performed by correc tional institutions and parole divisions. Highlights of the pro gram development process are discussed in terms of organization al design, decision-making processes, staff roles, staffing patterns, and feedback and evaluation of program processes. A group treatment model is briefly described as only one of several treatment approaches that can be accommodated by the total program design.
Expanding the Role of the Nonprofessional
Authors: Sigurdson Herbert R.
Published: March 2007

A number of myths have prevailed regarding the offender, the correctional process, and correctional manpower resources. This paper draws selectively from the research literature to explode some of these myths and to arrive at a clearer understanding of the current "state of the art" in correction. Further, a strategy for increasing the efficiency of recruitment and employment of correctional manpower by expanding the role of nonprofession als is suggested.
Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Kvaraceus William C.
Published: March 2007

Despite current efforts to rewrite legislation, finance delin quency prevention programs, and bolster law enforcement agen cies, the growing delinquency and crime rates have not been reduced. A number of basic conditions or prerequisites of delin quency prevention and control go beyond the necessary but insufficient legislative-fiscal-enforcement approaches. Among the contingencies are the following: the public's willingness to re linquish delinquency, better definition of and differentiation among delinquents, the development of a positive and helpful attitude in the community and in supporting agencies, the use of knowledge and facts in planning the involvement of youth in the solution of youth problems, and the recognition of positive aspects of delinquency.
Involving the Youth with the Adult in the Probation Process
Authors: Bartlett Robert M. , Moore James S.
Published: March 2007

The juvenile probation process would be more effective if youths and adults became more mutually involved. Several as pects of typical probation agreements perpetuate barriers to this involvement because they conflict with the older adolescent's basic developmental tasks and goals. The adult may be able to remove these barriers if he is willing to become more involved himself—an experience that is demanding, difficult, personal, and exciting.
Some Social Correlates of Student Drug Use
Authors: Brotman Richard , Silverman Irving , Suffet Frederic
Published: March 2007

It has been widely assumed that student drug users are differ ent from non-using students, and certain terms, such as "alien ated," have been employed to characterize the drug users. But until recently, little empirical research has ben done to specify the exact differences between the two groups. This study com pares drug users and non-users sampled from the student body of a private high school in New York City. The two groups are compared across five areas of social involvement: family, school, religion, peer group, and politics. The drug users are found to be less involved than the non-users in family, school, and religion, but more involved in cultural activities with peers and more in volved in politics. Studies conducted in other parts of the country have reported similar findings, indicating that a general pattern of differences between drug users and non-users is emerging.
Organized Crime and Inner-City Youth
Authors: Cressey Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Although organized crime touches every American, the direct victims are the citizens living in the deteriorated areas of our large cities. Not all the persons making a living from organized crime are members of Cosa Nostra, and very few of the public of ficials corrupted by Cosa Nostra are members-yet alliances be tween organized criminals and public officials directly, certainly, and rapidly break down "respect for law and order" among inner- city youth. Similarly, not many of the persons occupying the low est levels of the division of labor constituting organized crime are Cosa Nostra members. These "street men" work as commission agents for members. In doing so, they efficiently and effectively provide inner-city youngsters with criminalistic norms, values, and ways of behaving. Inner-city delinquency rates can be re duced by eradicating the kind of behavior patterns diffused by organized criminals, and by discovering and then taking advan tage of those anticriminal behavior patterns that keep many inner-city children out of trouble, even in organized-crime areas.
Prostitution-Delinency's Time Bomb
Authors: Lindsay Mary K.
Published: March 2007

The enlightened thinking that has classified prostitution as a social illness rather than a crime has, ironically, aggravated the problem. The short-term sentence—a futile, expensive, and farci cal exercise in admission and discharge procedures—precludes a rehabilitation program and even works a hardship on the prosti tute herself.
Crisis Intervention in a Day School for Delinquents
Authors: Villeponteaux Lorenz
Published: March 2007

The concept of crisis intervention, which until recently has been relegated mainly to a preventive role in the field of mental health, may also be useful to correctional workers. A day-care program for delinquent boys has innovated a specialized tech nique involving the evocation of crises and the subsequent han dling of them in a therapeutic manner. This paper discusses the development of this technique, the underlying theories, and the effectiveness of such a technique in dealing with adolescents who are acting out.
Perennial Problems in Criminological Research
Authors: Nelson E.K. , Richardson Fred
Published: March 2007

The current ambivalence of our society toward crime causation is traced to two contradictory philosophical premises: the premise of free will (Classical View) and the premise of determinism (Positive View). It is suggested that these two fundamentally inconsistent views currently pervade our social institutions and our criminological theories. The resulting problems that face the criminological researcher are discussed , as are problems between researchers and action personnel . Promising research trends are indicated. Increased communication and collaboration between researchers and action personnel are seen as desirable vehicles for formulating and testing middle-range criminological theories.
Five Practical Research Suggestions for Correctional Administrators
Authors: Glaser Daniel
Published: March 2007

If correctional administrators are to be more effective, they must improve their communication with researchers and thereby with the public. This can be accomplished by (1) compiling postrelease data on offenders, (2) focusing analysis of postrelease data on cost-effectiveness, (3) recognizing economic problems of releasees, (4) employing procedures which enhance prospects of knowing and acting upon the total circumstances and percep tions of offenders, and (5) proposing innovations as piecemeal experiments with efficient evaluation records.
Research and Practice in Planning Correctional Change
Authors: Garabedian Peter G.
Published: March 2007

Growing public concern over the operation of correctional systems has led to renewed interest in examining the relationship between research and correctional practice . Correctional research can be classified into five categories: (1) research describing the personal characteristics of offenders; (2) records-keeping and information systems; (3) controlled experimentation; (4) organi zational research; and (5) research aimed at effecting planned change . After reviewing the relationships between each type of research and actual correctional practices, the paper concludes that none has been successful in changing the underlying struc ture of correction and that correctional research has had the latent function of perpetuating the existing system. Nevertheless, research aimed at effecting planned change is providing admin istrators and researchers with valuable experience and thus , of the various types of research, offers the best hope of bringing about needed change.
Children of the Court: A Profile of Poverty
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the relationship of child neglect and de linquency to poverty. A majority of neglect and delinquency cases can be attributed to economic stress. Yet the magnitude and nature of poverty in America are largely ignored by the social- work professions. Sociologically research has, for the most part, treated poverty as a dependent variable or a secondary influence on family social functioning. What is required, however, is to treat it as an independent variable or determinant factor. The failure to do so has created an educational vacuum on the subject of poverty in most social-work schools and in public agencies serving the poor.
Locking Them Up
Authors: Sumner Helen
Published: March 2007

The decision to confine a child in a juvenile hall is one of great responsibility. It requires that the law, the necessity for de tention, the protection of both the child and the community, and the ultimate effect of detention on the child himself all be con sidered. Who makes such a decision, and how is it made?
Bookies and Bookmaking: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Hindelang Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Illegal off-track betting in the United States is an enterprise involving staggering amounts of money. This article describes some of the more common bookmaking operations which flourish in a large midwestern metropolitan area of the United States. The routines of a sample of both "career" and part-time bookies are analyzed.
Stresses Accompanying the Professionalization of Correction
Authors: Kelling George L. , Schenk Quentin F.
Published: March 2007

Correction is going through a period of rapid professionaliza tion. Any accupational group in the process of professionalizing arouses resistance. Areas of resistance include resistance from the professional association, resistance from specialized areas of social work, resistance within the field of correction itself, re sistance from environing professions, professional fictions, compe tition for resources, and knowledge.
Are Probation Officers Really Professionals ?
Authors: Stein Philip
Published: March 2007

The lack of public support, recognition, and community re sources the probation officer has endured for decades is directly related to his failure to communicate with the public. The pro bation officer has a responsibility to seek community support- no one else will or should do this. "Crime in the streets" is a major public issue, yet the probation officer seldom engages in any of the public dialogues about crime and delinquency.
Training in Social Manipulation as a Rehabilitative Technique
Authors: Galliher John F.
Published: March 2007

The traditional goal of prison rehabilitation programs has been to bring about a major change in the individual's person ality. There is widespread opinion that this cannot be accom plished in prisons. Sociological anomie theory, however, empha sizes blocked opportunity structures rather than individual personality problems in the etiology of deviant behavior. If this reasoning is accepted, then perhaps this theory should be consulted in attempts to modify such behavior. It appears that training in the techniques of social manipulation opens new avenues for achieving success, some legal, some illegal but nonviolent, and some neither strictly legal nor clearly illegal. Since more avenues for achieving success are available to those with this training, the motivation for deviance, especially phys ically aggessive deviance, may be lessened.
Physical Challenge as a Treatment for Delinquency
Authors: Kelly Francis J. , Baer Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to determine whether a program of severe physical challenge can be more effective than a traditional training school experience in reducing further delinquency by adolescent boys adjudicated delinquent. Effectiveness was meas ured by comparing the recidivism rates between two matched groups. An experimental group (N=60) attended Outward Bound schools while a comparison group (N=60) was treated in a routine manner by the Massachusetts Division of Youth Serv ice. One year after parole, the recidivism rates for the two groups were compared. Only 20 per cent of the experimental group recidivated, as opposed to 42 per cent of the comparison group. Background variables such as age of first court appearance, pres ence of both parents in the home, first institutionalization, and type of offense were important conditions affecting recidivism. The results suggest that for some delinquents a program such as Outward Bound, which presents a severe physical challenge, is a desirable alternative to traditional institutional care and should be considered as a model for improving current correc tional programs. It appears that those delinquents who are re sponding to an adolescent crisis rather than to a character defect would profit most from such a program.
The American Jail in Perspective
Authors: Burns Henry
Published: March 2007

Despite many years of severe criticism, the American jail has shown little sign of improvement. The main obstacle to remedial action is conflict. Individuals with different interests and opin ions disagree about what—if anything—is to be done. The process of administrative and political decision-making is sensi tive to pressure from several directions. Reform is usually a threat to the administration in power. Thus, any attempt—no matter how small—to reform a system risks opposition, which is likely to be far greater than the amount of support the reform ers are able to mount. In the face of public indifference, policy- makers cannot be expected to sustain the reformers' initiative.
Psychological Theories of the Causes of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Shore Milton F.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to review, organize, and evaluate the many theories that have been developed to explain the roots of antisocial behavior from a psychological perspective. Four gen eral categories are suggested—biopsychological theories, develop mental theories, psychodynamic theories, and social psychologi cal theories. Common elements in the theories are extracted and suggestions are made for future research.
Two Cheers for the Law
Authors: Coxe Spencer
Published: March 2007

Radicals of both the right and the left prefer not to work within the system of law, which they find unresponsive to today's needs. A lack of confidence in the courts grows as judges and juries reflect community sentiment instead of the law, and court rulings are openly defied when there is massive resistance. The cost and time involved in bringing a case to court are major obstacles to the poor and the uneducated. Judges of varying intelligence, character, and political standing make decisions contradictory to one another.
Cooperation in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Murphy Patrick V.
Published: March 2007

The criminal justice system is characterized by a fragmentation of effort attributable to the narrow perspectives assumed by the various agencies involved. Self-criticism and introspection, while sometimes painful, serve a useful purpose in illuminating our shortcomings. In addressing the problems of our society we can not merely engage in platitudes or facile explanations. Pressure for rapid social change arises out of the inequities in our society. The role of the criminal justice system is to guarantee the opportunity for progress in a climate of peace and safety.
Origins of the Juvenile Court
Authors: Mennel Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Critics of the contemporary juvenile court have claimed that its failure to make rehabilitative dispositions necessitates extending to children the same constitutional safeguards accorded to adults accused of crime. Supporters of the court argue that its exercise of the parental function of the state (parens patriae) generally works in the child's behalf and therefore lessens the need to define and protect the constitutional rights of juvenile delinquents.
The Juvenile Court and Individualized Treatment
Authors: Langley Michael H. , Graves H. Ray , Norris Betty
Published: March 2007

This study considers the extent to which both the national statistics on delinquency and data from one metropolitan juve nile court support the objective of individualized treatment. In addition, it questions both the advisability and the accuracy of viewing delinquency solely as a matter of youthful behavior, and notes the limitations of a purely psychological model. It presents a political definition of juvenile delinquency, which is thus seen as arising out of the decision-making processes of the juvenile court rather than out of the behavior itself.
The Fear of Crime in a Small Town
Authors: Poveda Tony G.
Published: March 2007

There has been in American history a myth that attributes virtue to small town life and evil and corruption to urban life. This myth has been on the decline in "Delta City,"* a small industrial town in California. The traditional myth allowed Delta City adults to perceive the source of deviance in their community in either external urban influences or in certain limited local groups ("hoods'). Their sudden realization that there was widespread drug use among youth constituted the first vital blow to this myth. This awareness opened a "Pandora's box," producing considerable confusion and anxiety over locat ing the sources of local deviance. The community's confusion and fear were reflected in its response to youthful drug use and crime.
Criminality in Jeffersonian America — A Sample
Authors: Steel Edward M.
Published: March 2007

A decade sample of criminal statistics, 1801-1810, has been compiled from the judicial records of Ohio County, Va. When this sample is compared with a similar compilation for contem porary Philadelphia, the figures indicate that the frontier area had more crimes of violence and fewer property crimes than the urban area. Offenses against public order were also more fre quent in the relatively unsettled area.

Some comparisons of the same area across time (1801-1810 and 1960-1969) show that while the general crime rate has risen markedly, the rate of violent crime has declined while property crimes have increased.

The analysis of offenses also raises the question of whether statistical records do not reflect social factors and political orga nization of the administration of justice as well as portraying criminal activity.

Other samples of judicial criminal statistics should be exam ined to permit significant historical comparisons to be made.
Police and Minority Groups
Authors: Berleman William C.
Published: March 2007

If we are to avoid further polarity of police and poor non whites we must begin by reviewing the available options aimed at reconciling them. Two such options are discussed: (1) placing between police and the disaffected community an intervening governmental agency such as a community relations unit, a civilian review board, or an ombudsman and (2) educating police and community leaders so that they may better understand each other, thereby modifying antagonisms and procedures. Nei ther option can be effective by itself, nor are the options dis cussed here to be considered exhaustive. Clearly a mix of avail able options is needed, as well as further constructive innova tion.
Training Police Recruits for Service in the Urban Ghetto
Authors: Hughes John J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a social worker's experience in training a group of police recruits for the police department of a large eastern city. The group reflected a departmental recruitment policy directed toward both attracting personnel from outside the area and increasing the number of black officers on the force. The paper explores the implications of such recruitment for trainers and describes the author's efforts to operationalize them. Emphasis was placed both on the acculturation needs of officers recruited outside the local community and on the inter nal conflicts of the recruits (mostly black) from the city itself. With juvenile delinquency as its focus, training was directed primarily toward helping the men discover, identify, and practice appropriate patrol skills in dealing with juveniles. The trainer sought to encourage a more comprehensive view by introducing them to other components of the criminal justice system. Training methods were participative, concrete, experience- based, colloquial, and action-oriented; they including role-plays, field visits, buzz groups, a "ghetto glossary," outside interviews, and feedback, as well as lectures and readings. The dynamics of several of the approaches in this group are described and dis cussed.

Recruits' feelings about their role, the department, and the community emerged vividly; of particular importance were the varied adjustments of black recruits to the opposing pulls of the ghetto and police cultures.

Although the police system is not altogether sympathetic to ideal patrol functions, policemen will continue to require effec tive training in the exercise of the wide discretion inherent in their role.
Drug Abuse and the Court
Authors: Martin Gordon A. , Lewis David C. , Guarino Joseph , Fishman Robert
Published: March 2007

Three Massachusetts district courts, the states's lowest courts with criminal jurisdiction, are examined as to their processing of drug offenses and the use of treatment resources available to their probation officers. In one court, the East Boston District Court, drug probationers were generally supervised by one probation officer who saw them regularly, knew their problems, and had special experience in the drug field and familiarity with available treatment resources. Twelve of the eighty-four drug probationers attended a nearby independent city clinic which provided methadone detoxification, methadone maintenance, and counseling. The East Boston drug probationer most fre quently was not more than twenty-five years old, a high school graduate, no stranger to the correctional system, and acquainted with heroin, barbiturates, and, to a lesser extent, marijuana.

In the second court surveyed there were twice as many drug offenses as in East Boston but fewer heroin violations. None of its probation officers was particularly knowledgeable about drugs or drug rehabilitation efforts, and no drug offender had been referred for treatment.

The third district court had a full-time psychiatrist to whom its probation officers referred some drug probationers. Of the three courts, it had the smallest number of recorded drug offens es, possibly because of protective families and schools in that community. Probationers were younger and violations generally involved marijuana.

As courts and their probation staffs begin to work more closely with the multiple community-based treatment programs that are now emerging, probation officers should receive special training in the supervision of drug offenders.
The Medical Model of Treatment*
Authors: Lehman Paul E.
Published: March 2007

The medical model of treatment in correction was first used as an analogy to promote more humane treatment of offenders. Later it gained prominence because crime was considered a symptom of an organic or mental disease, and its acceptance has continued partly because of the prestige of the medical profes sion. This standard of therapeutic treatment, with its emphasis on the one-to-one relationship, is unrealistic for the vast majority of offenders. Moreover, acceptance of an unattainable ideal has retarded the development of alternative experimental models by providing correctional administrators who are primarily inter ested in maintaining the status quo with rationalizations for failures of the existing system. Consequently, little real treatment is done in correction today. What is called "treatment" is usually some type of administrative processing. Until correctional goals are more carefully delineated and until new methods are tried and evaluated, administrators and correctional personnel are in a position to justify anything they do to offenders as "treatment." As long as this situation continues, little progress will be made.
Reward and Punishment
Authors: Saunders J. Terry , Reppuci N. Dickon
Published: March 2007

This paper is intended to provide some guidelines for developing programs to rehabilitate, or change the behavior of, youthful offenders. The first section analyzes the principles of reward, punishment, and group pressure, stressing their com bined use. The second section discusses the need for rigor and reviews certain factors that play a key role in the effectiveness of reward and punishment. Among these are environmental and developmental trends, consistency and immediacy of reward and punishment, and the continued use of rewards and punish ments with high generalization potential.
The Economics of Crime: An Introduction to the Literature
Authors: Sullivan Richard F.
Published: March 2007

The rapidly growing influence of the economic approach to criminology in academic study and in policy-making is indicated in the abridged bibliography that follows this article. The economists have revived the model of the "rational" criminal and have reopened the question of punishment as a deterrent. In these new studies, however, there is a danger of ignoring the long-run social costs of any particular policy or law. In some circumstances it would be "irrational" for an ex-convict not to return to crime. By using methods such as cost-benefit analysis, systems analysis, and program budgeting, economists are striving to develop criteria for an improved allocation of resources in law enforcement. For research purposes, the econo mists assume that all divisions of the criminal justice system have one goal: the protection of society. All other presumed goals, such as deterrence, rehabilitation, prevention, punishment, and the law itself, are treated as alternative programs imple mented to achieve that goal.
Private Enterprise in a Prison
Authors: Price John A.
Published: March 2007

As illustrated by La Mesa Penitenciaria, near Tijuana in the state of Baja California, the strongest and most pervasive feature of life in the Mexican prison is not the formal administration but the prison's private enterprise economy.
The Right to Treatment and the Juvenile
Authors: Renn Donna E.
Published: March 2007

In the seminal case of Rouse v. Cameron, the right to treatment for the mentally ill was enunciated. Several courts used the reason ing of Rouse to uphold this right for other persons whose in carceration was predicated on treatment. The right to treatment has been suggested as a legal tool to assure the therapeutic ideal premised by juvenile law. This article examines the theoretical basis of the right to treatment, its foundation in law, and its ap plication to the juvenile.
New Directions for Juvenile Courts
Authors: Franklin Jerry , Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

Research studies on Supreme Court rulings regarding due process for juveniles are reviewed. The present study examined attitudes of juvenile court counselors in a Pacific Northwest metropolitan community toward due process and restrictions upon the powers of the juvenile court and correctional workers. The workers expressed relatively positive views, and there were few differences between social workers and persons with other training and between supervisors and other workers.
The Runaway: Person, Problem, or Situation?
Authors: Goldmeier John , Dean Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Conducted in a relatively affluent suburban county, this study compared two groups of adolescents—those who ran away once or more and those who never ran away—and sought explanations for runaway behavior. The results of the self-administered, con fidential questionnaire completed by the adolescents suggested that the runaway act is motivated by several complex factors that cannot be reduced to purely psychopathological or situational explanations. The runaways in this study indicated that they were affected by certain situational stresses that impaired their func tioning. These stresses were related to family relationships, school adjustment, and psychological support from the adults in their environment. Of special interest was the runaway's inability to get along with adults, whether parents or professional helpers such as ministers and school counselors. Runaways were more drawn to their peers and their siblings for help.
Tomorrow's Training Schools
Authors: Luger Milton
Published: March 2007

Despite the good intentions and hard work of staff members, many problems beset the training school system in the United States. Reliance on inappropriate medical models, unclear societal expectations and demands upon staff, questionable work ethics placing seniority and fringe benefits before children's needs, racial tension, overspecialization of staff, inappropriate staffing patterns, and the denial of basic children's rights are some of the factors that aggravate the situation and impede ef fective treatment. This is an account of one agency's efforts to remedy these conditions.
Treating the Sex Offender
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin
Published: March 2007

The plight of the convicted sex offender and his chances for treatment are discussed in the light of public opinion and psy chiatric knowledge. Popular myths regarding sex offenders are found to be shared by legislators and law enforcement agents. The numerous jurisdictions and legal definitions are cited as major obstacles to effective treatment for sex offenders.
Deviant Sexual Behavior in Men's Prisons
Authors: Ibrahim Azmy Ishak
Published: March 2007

The problem of deviant sexual behavior in men's prisons has not received the attention it deserves. Administrators, academi cians, and the public are reluctant to take effective measures to investigate and cope with it.
The Fear of Crime in the United States
Authors: Brooks James
Published: March 2007

Though the citizen's fear of becoming a victim of a crime of violence is irrational, it is nevertheless real and must be heeded by public policy-makers, who would be better equipped to neu tralize it if they had a better understanding of its causes and a better appreciation of its undesirable consequences. The fear of crime in the United States is a fundamental social problem which has not yet received attention in proportion to its severity and which may well prove to be more difficult to treat than criminality itself.
Toward a Critical Theory of Criminal Justice
Authors: Buren R. Michael
Published: March 2007

Criminal justice departments in higher education should take care that they critically evaluate today's justice agencies. What is suggested is the development, primarily in academic structures, of a subdiscipline, "critical theory," to stand midway between the lofty analysis of social ideals (social philosophy) and the exposure of the inefficiencies of particular justice institutions (social criti cism).
The Juvenile Court's Search for Identity and Responsibility
Authors: Rubin H.Ted
Published: March 2007

Like most American institutions, the juvenile court has been pressed into re-assessing its purpose and role. Its longstanding preference to be largely unencumbered by legal constraints and its historic practice of seeking to be all things to all children have impeded the clarity of the redefinition of what it should be doing and how it should be doing it.
Economic Implications of Standards for Correctional Institutions
Authors: Singer Neil M.
Published: March 2007

The Corrections Task Force report of the 1973 National Advisory Commission contained numerous recommendations for changes in correc tional institutions. This paper examines three sets of proposals that can be implemented without altering existing institutional populations: stan dards for the design of correctional institutions, standards for inmates' academic and vocational education, and standards for the provision of legal services, materials, and procedures for offenders in criminal cases, civil matters, and institutional disciplinary and grievance hearings.
"Participating Miranda"
Authors: Lewis Peter W. , Allen Harry E.
Published: March 2007

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966) the U.S. Supreme Court held that, before custodial interrogation, the suspect must be informed that (1) he has a right to remain silent, (2) anything he says can be used against him in a subsequent criminal proceeding, (3) he has the right to the presence of an attorney during the interrogation, and (4) if he cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for him at the state's expense. The intent of the Court in Miranda was clearly to undermine subversive attempts by the police to obtain confessions that might be less than voluntary and reliable.
Notes at an Unfinished Lunch
Authors: Hardman Dale G.
Published: March 2007

This reports a state legislator's conversation with a judge and a prosecutor about capital punishment. The notion that the death penalty can be made deterrent if certain principles of learning are applied is examined and, by reductio ad absurdum, is disproved: the fun damental requirement for effectiveness of the death penalty is that barbarous forms of public execution be established. The obvious point that such savage methods never worked originally is left unstated.
Scholastic Experiences, Self-Esteem, and Delinquent Behavior: A Theory for Alternative Schools
Authors: Gold Martin
Published: March 2007

Theory and data are presented which indicate that certain alternative educational programs are a promising means of preventing and treating delinquent behavior. The theory proposes that delinquent behavior is a manifestation of a psychological defense against threats to self-esteem, and a substantial part of those threats originates in school experiences. Individualized educational programs that maximize success experiences and provide for more personal teacher-student relationships have the potential to reduce the provocations for and strengthen the controls against delinquency.
An Aesthetic Theory of Vandalism
Authors: Allen Vernon L. , Greenberger David B.
Published: March 2007

An aesthetic theory of vandalism is proposed. The theory posits that the variables accounting for the enjoyment associated with socially acceptable aesthetic experiences are similarly responsible for the pleasure associated with acts of destruction. Previous theory and research in aesthetics have identified many important factors, such as complexity, expectation, novelty, intensity, and patterning, which are responsible for the pleasure that accompanies an aesthetic experience. These same psychological processes are involved in the destruction of an object. Furthermore, aesthetic variables implicated in an object's initial appearance and in its appearance after being vandalized may serve as eliciting or discriminative stimuli for destructive behavior. Several studies provide support for hypotheses derived from the aesthetic theory of vandalism. In conclusion, we examine the theory's practical implications for reducing vandalism in the schools.
Trends in Incarceration in the United States since 1880
Authors: Cahalan Margaret
Published: March 2007

An examination of government reports on penal facilities in the United States published since 1880 reveals that the rate of incarceration in feder al, state, local, and juvenile correctional institutions has increased. The major changes in offense distribution are increases in the proportion of persons reported to be incarcerated for robbery and the proportion in carcerated for drug offenses. In the nineteenth as well as the twentieth century, persons born abroad, blacks, members of other nonwhite racial groups, and other non-English-speaking persons have constituted a large percentage of those incarcerated. Declines in the overrepresentation of the foreign born in the prisons and jails in the United States have been accom panied by increases in the proportion of black and Spanish-speaking in mates.
Retain the Juvenile Court?
Authors: Rubin H.Ted
Published: March 2007

Several trends are discernible in today's juvenile court: a harsher ap proach to serious, chronic juvenile offenders, though this orientation is not shared by all juvenile courts; an easing of punitiveness toward status offenders, characterized by reduced intervention and curbs on incarcera tion, an expansion of the prosecutor's decision-making role at intake.
Race and Crime Revisited
Authors: Pope Carl E.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to examine the relationship between race and crime as reflected in the literature and, second, to eval uate explanations based upon these findings. Much of the debate about the extent of black involvement in crime reduces to a methodological is sue. Studies using official data sources consistently show that blacks are overrepresented in arrest, conviction, and prison statistics. While victim survey results support these findings, self-report research fails to demon strate a relationship between race and crime. Further, the disproportionate amount of black involvement in officially measured crime and delinquen cy is frequently explained by selection bias based on racial characteristics. Such explanations, however, are not consistently supported by research findings. The paper concludes by outlining two perspectives for future research that should prove promising.
Games
Authors: Serok Shraga , Blum Arthur
Published: March 2007

Delinquency represents a failure of socialization. It is suggested that de linquents' patterns of play may be used as the context for teaching youths to adapt to societal demands. The game situation may be viewed as social life in miniature, requiring conformity to given rules and self-control. At the same time, games are uniquely self-reinforcing. The game preferences and behavior of delinquents are seen to differ from those of nondelin quents and may be used as the focus of a planned program of treatment.
The Insanity Defense: The New Loophole
Authors: Caesar Berel
Published: March 2007

Sane defendants are subject to the imposition of sanctions by the criminal justice system for reasons of punishment, "just deserts," deterrence, pro tection of society, and rehabilitation. In Pennsylvania and most other states, defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity are diverted to the mental health system, from which they are usually released within a relatively brief time, often unsupervised and on heavy doses of psycho tropic medication. They have rarely gained any insight that would reduce the probability of a repetition of criminal conduct, given the same circum stances that precipitated the earlier criminal act.
In Oklahoma, Building More Prisons Has Solved No Problems
Authors: Giari Maygene
Published: March 2007

In 1973, Oklahoma State Penitentiary exploded in the costliest prison riot in American history. In the wake of that riot, Oklahoma adopted a Master Plan which called for lowering populations in the overcrowded prisons, primarily by reducing the state's incarceration rate-then as now twice the national average—and partly by new prison construction. Since 1975, Oklahoma has built 2,000 new spaces for prisoners, but its harsh sentenc ing policies remain unchanged; for several years, use of parole decreased instead of increasing, and, with the exception of a restitution program, community-based nonincarcerative alternatives are minimal. As a result, the building program has not kept pace with the rising commitments, and the prison system still does not provide humane, constitutionally adequate living conditions. A court order in September 1978 required the state to rebuild or shut down the two major institutions and to meet a timetable for upgrading prison living conditions. In May 1979, the court approved a compromise plan submitted by the state and extended the deadlines for compliance. The last of the deadlines must be met by January 1982.
Cutting Prison Overcrowding in Great Britain
Authors: Wright Martin
Published: March 2007

There is a wide range of projects for dealing with offenders in the com munity, but strongly punitive attitudes receive wide publicity. These at titudes are shared by many working-class people, although the most alienated are often anti-authority. Pressure for change has sometimes come from within the system; voluntary organizations such as the Howard League and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders have also worked for reform, as have individual volunteers. Forces impeding correctional reform include the public, although most people generally can be persuaded to give a new project a try; and the workings and financial structure of the correctional system itself.
A French Program to Reduce Pretrial Detention: Contrôle Judiciaire
Authors: Gerety Pierce
Published: March 2007

France's comparatively low rate of imprisonment results from a much lower rate of violent crime rather than from the development of alter natives to imprisonment.
Alternatives to Incarceration in Italy
Authors: Breda Renato , Ferracuti Franco
Published: March 2007

Efforts at promoting alternatives to confinement in Italy are still in the initial stages, but two measures have received considerable attention and are being used today: trial custody, which is comparable to probation in the United States, and day release. The move toward deincarceration rep resents a dramatic shift in Italy's juridical philosophy and image as well as juridical practice. Changes in the prison population, prison staff, and so ciety as a whole—generally reflecting an increase in educational levels and economic security—have contributed to the interest in alternative mea sures. A primary source of resistance to the introduction of reform has been the military staff. By fostering the association of civil and military personnel and encouraging the collaboration of professionals, custodial personnel, and the public, reformers may be able to reduce the obstacles blocking correctional reform.
Philadelphia Revisited: An Examination of Bail and Detention Two Decades after Foote
Authors: Goldkamp John S.
Published: March 2007

After nearly two decades of reform efforts, bail and pretrial detention have remained controversial-in some instances because of a move toward embracing preventive detention more openly, while in others because of attempts to outlaw the role of the commercial bondsman in pretrial release. This article refocuses on a landmark study of bail in Philadelphia by Caleb Foote in 1954 and contrasts its findings with a 1977 study conducted in the same city. The second study, although not designed as a replication of Foote's study, offers an opportunity to gauge the progress of reform over two decades. The conclusion is that, in spite of noticeable improvement in bail and release procedures, a number of issues defined so sharply by Foote in 1954 remained unresolved today.
Juvenile Victim Assistance Programs: A Proposal
Authors: Alcabes Abraham , Jones James A.
Published: March 2007

Teenagers face the greatest risk of criminal victimization, yet they are ignored as a target group by current victim assistance programs. The authors propose the provision of such services to juvenile victims as a means of reinforcing conventional standards of behavior. Attention to the victim's needs instead of the offender's transgressions may break the cycle whereby the exploited becomes the exploiter.
Corporate Capitalism, Corporate Crime
Authors: Barnett Harold C.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the structural relationships between corporate crime and American corporate capitalism. Large corporations are assumed to pursue profit, growth, and market share expansion subject to constraints imposed by markets and the state. State or legal regulation of corporate behavior is in turn assumed to be constrained by the need to promote capital accumulation and to satisfy diverse economic interests. Discussion of product safety, environmental, antitrust, and antilabor violations allows some insight into the manner of resolution of these conflicts among corporate and state goals as well as some insight into the distribution of the associated private and social costs and benefits. It is argued that the real economic impact and the control over information and financial resources which characterizes large corporations grant to them an economic and political power that is great relative to that generally possessed by the victims of corporate crime. This historical imbalance of power is seen to be institutionalized in law and in the funding and priorities of regulatory and enforcement agencies. It is manifest in an ineffective legal constraint and in the consequent reproduction of corporate crime. In light of these conclusions, I consider the characteristics of an effective legal constraint, the political economic transformation associated with its implementation and with the rational, democratic, and equitable absorption of the opportunity costs of corporate crime reduction.