bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large language models leverage external knowledge to extend clinical insight beyond language boundaries
Authors: Wu Jiageng , Wu Xian , Qiu Zhaopeng , Li Minghui , Lin Shixu , Zhang Yingying , Zheng Yefeng , Yuan Changzheng , Yang Jie
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Med-PaLM have excelled in various medical question-answering tasks. However, these English-centric models encounter challenges in non-English clinical settings, primarily due to limited clinical knowledge in respective languages, a consequence of imbalanced training corpora. We systematically evaluate LLMs in the Chinese medical context and develop a novel in-context learning framework to enhance their performance.

Materials and Methods

The latest China National Medical Licensing Examination (CNMLE-2022) served as the benchmark. We collected 53 medical books and 381 149 medical questions to construct the medical knowledge base and question bank. The proposed Knowledge and Few-shot Enhancement In-context Learning (KFE) framework leverages the in-context learning ability of LLMs to integrate diverse external clinical knowledge sources. We evaluated KFE with ChatGPT (GPT-3.5), GPT-4, Baichuan2-7B, Baichuan2-13B, and QWEN-72B in CNMLE-2022 and further investigated the effectiveness of different pathways for incorporating LLMs with medical knowledge from 7 distinct perspectives.

Results

Directly applying ChatGPT failed to qualify for the CNMLE-2022 at a score of 51. Cooperated with the KFE framework, the LLMs with varying sizes yielded consistent and significant improvements. The ChatGPT’s performance surged to 70.04 and GPT-4 achieved the highest score of 82.59. This surpasses the qualification threshold (60) and exceeds the average human score of 68.70, affirming the effectiveness and robustness of the framework. It also enabled a smaller Baichuan2-13B to pass the examination, showcasing the great potential in low-resource settings.

Discussion and Conclusion

This study shed light on the optimal practices to enhance the capabilities of LLMs in non-English medical scenarios. By synergizing medical knowledge through in-context learning, LLMs can extend clinical insight beyond language barriers in healthcare, significantly reducing language-related disparities of LLM applications and ensuring global benefit in this field.
Otherwise in Blackface
Authors: Osterweis Ariel
Published: April 2024

In 1997, Richardson was called upon by choreographer Lar Lubovitch to star in Othello: A Dance in Three Acts, a full-length ballet performed by both American Ballet Theatre (ABT) and San Francisco Ballet (SFB). This chapter engages with visibility and authenticity through the practice of blackface. Recent theorizations of blackface and minstrelsy have looked to instances in performance that eschew explicit applications of burnt cork while engaging in appropriative relationships with “blackness” that read to some as “inauthentic.” Louis Chude-Sokei locates the complex politics of the work of Bert Williams, who famously engaged in black-on-black minstrelsy. Of Caribbean origin, like Richardson, Williams was a wildly successful early twentieth-century black performer who was politically active in the struggles of Black people in America. This chapter draws from recent discussions of blackface and minstrelsy to examine Richardson’s title role in ABT and SFB’s shared full-length production of Othello (1997). Continuing the historical practice of maintaining a relatively homogeneous (white) appearance, ABT and SFB rarely hire black dancers. Lubovitch cast Richardson as Othello from outside the ranks of ABT and SFB. Subsequent casts of Othello (when Richardson is not performing) are painted in blackface. The fact that Richardson is not painted in blackface when he performs Othello questions relationships between corporeality and blackness (especially in the absence of spoken text), classicism and the contemporary, technique and appropriation, and casting and authenticity. Chude-Sokei reminds us that minstrelsy is a “constant erasure of the black subject through the hyperbolic presence of blackface.” Through interview and analysis, this chapter looks at the way Lubovitch’s practice of storyboarding lends the production an episodic scene structure much like that of film. Thus, the chapter invokes Linda Williams’s theorizations of melodrama and racial melodrama in film and television to demonstrate how blackface and virtuosity continually complicate the (in)visibility of blackness in Othello.
Roscoe’s Engagement with Industry
Authors: Morris Peter J.T. , Reed Peter
Published: April 2024

Having come to appreciate through his work with Robert Bunsen how collaboration between university chemists and industrial firms led to improved working of industrial processes and to economic progress, Roscoe drew on his remarkable network of friends and associates to engage in consultancy work (principally on vanadium and air and water analysis), assist the Alkali Inspectorate as an independent advisor (working with his friend Alfred Fletcher), act as a Commissioner for Royal Commission on Noxious Vapours (1876), take a leading role in the formation of the Society of Chemical Industry (and its first President in 1881), and become a director of the Castner–Kellner Alkali Company (1895). Roscoe witnessed the collaboration between German researchers and dye makers in Manchester that included the German chemist Robert Caro, but was unable to avoid a conflict with the Manchester dye maker Ivan Levinstein over the nature and level of academic support.
Armies of Deliverance: A New History of the Civil War
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

Loyal Americans marched off to war in 1861 not to conquer the South but to liberate it. In Armies of Deliverance, Elizabeth Varon offers both a sweeping narrative of the Civil War and a bold new interpretation of Union and Confederate war aims. Lincoln's Union coalition sought to deliver the South from slaveholder tyranny and deliver to it the blessings of modern civilization. Over the course of the war, supporters of black freedom built the case that slavery was the obstacle to national reunion and that emancipation would secure military victory and benefit Northern and Southern whites alike. To sustain their morale, Northerners played up evidence of white Southern Unionism, of antislavery progress in the slaveholding border states, and of disaffection among Confederates. But the Union's emphasis on Southern deliverance served, ironically, not only to galvanize loyal Amer icans but also to galvanize disloyal ones. Confederates, fighting to establish an independent slaveholding republic, scorned the Northern promise of liberation and argued that the emancipation of blacks was synonymous with the subjugation of the white South. Interweaving military strategy, political decision-making, popular culture, and private reflections, Varon shows that contests over war aims took place at every level of society within the Union and Confederacy. Everyday acts on the ground--scenes of slave flight, of relief efforts to alleviate suffering, of protests against the draft, of armies plundering civilian homes, of civilian defiance of military occupation, of violence between neighbors, of communities mourning the fallen--reverberated at the highest levels of governance. In this book, major battles receive extensive treatment, providing windows into how soldiers and civilians alike coped with physical and emotional toll of the war, as it escalated into a massive humanitarian crisis. Although the Union's politics of deliverance helped to bring military victory, such appeals ultimately failed to convince Confederates to accept peace on the victor's terms.
Ripe for the Harvest
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R
Published: April 2024

The winter and spring of 1862 brought the Union important diplomatic and military victories, but they came at a sobering price. Dreams of delivering the South from falsehood and terrorism continued to mobilize Northerners across a broad political spectrum, including those who saw abolitionism as an obstacle to peace and those who saw emancipation as the key to Confederate defeat. Lincoln offered border state slaveholders incentives for loyalty through the promise of compensated emancipation; medical and relief workers imagined that individual acts of mercy to Southerners would serve as models of the redemption of the region; African Americans celebrated emancipation in the District of Columbia as a long-yearned-for victory and a sign of new momentum for the cause of freedom. But the sheer carnage of the battle of Shiloh in April in Tennessee tempered Northern hopes, as the war began to spiral into a massive humanitarian crisis.
Science and UFOs in the 1960s
Authors: Eghigian Greg
Published: April 2024

During the 1960s, science and ufology seemed to be drawing closer to one another. UFO researchers were beginning to adopt scientific methods and recruiting respected scientists to their cause. At the same time, academic science for the first time took on the task of investigating the UFO phenomenon. The creation of a committee of researchers under the direction of physicist Edward Condon at the University of Colorado seemed to offer the prospect of finally solving the riddle of the flying saucers. But the study ended in scandal and controversy. By the end of the decade, the UFO craze appeared to be fading, and it was thought that ufology might never again enjoy the popularity it once had.
Thinking with Data
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt
Published: April 2024

One of the major challenges for qualitative researchers is managing the sheer volume of data that are collected. Qualitative analysis involves deep thinking about one’s empirical materials, the information one has gleaned, and the literature one has engaged. Thinking with one’s data allows researchers to make sense of the thousands of words/images/objects that have been collected during the course of their research. There are many different ways of both managing and thinking with qualitative data. This chapter discusses a variety of analytic techniques, including coding, data mapping, grounded theory, and poetic inquiry. It also considers post-qualitative research and the ways in which post-qualitative inquiry posits additional ways of thinking with one’s research phenomena.
Cosmopolitanism and the Indigenous Novel
Authors: Patell Cyrus R. K.
Published: April 2024

This chapter investigates the ways in which Indigenous American fiction is undergirded by an approach to cosmopolitanism that recognizes the importance of maintaining separate tribal nations while also finding ways to create common cause in order to counteract the legacy of Anglo-European settler colonialism. Indigenous American writing poses a challenge to contemporary theories of cosmopolitanism by asserting that both an understanding of the importance of Indigenous tribal sovereignty and a universalism built not solely on regard for human beings but also on regard for the planet must be part of any viable twenty-first century cosmopolitanism. The chapter argues that Indigenous American literatures, like other literatures often included under the banner of US “multiculturalism,” are more powerfully and completely understood if they are seen as “emergent literatures” rather than “multicultural literatures.”
The LGBTQ Novel
Authors: Herring Scott
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that the “initialism” represented by the label “LGBTQ Novel” is a crucial context for an understanding of queer fiction. Given that most Americans continue to believe in a heterosexual/homosexual binary, the term LGBTQ emerged to offset not only that binary construction, but also the exclusivities inherent in the phrase gay and lesbian. This initialism remains an inadequate catchall, because it presumes stability across sexualities and genders that, as the genre of queer fiction demonstrates, is not always accurate nor always desired. The chapter examines the ongoing strains within disparate LGBTQ communities as they developed, converged, and at times splintered from each other on and off the page. In the 1970s, the US lesbian novel distinguished itself from the US gay novel. Flourishing in the last decade of the twentieth century, the trans novel thinks itself a departure from both.
Disability and the Novel
Authors: Adams Rachel
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that a survey of disability and the post-1940 US novel must go beyond a catalogue of disabled characters to recognize the ways that disability invites experimentation with literary forms and calls into question deeply entrenched assumptions about normalcy, ability, and personhood that have long structured the novel as a genre. It is a fundamental paradox of modernity that disabled bodies provide a rich source of aesthetic inspiration while simultaneously being shunned, reviled, and disqualified from participation in the social world. Since the mid-twentieth century, however, the representation of disabled forms has been increasingly tied to an awareness of, and a desire to challenge or reconfigure, what we know about the lived realities of disability. Critical disability studies has evolved from a concern with the thematics of disability to a set of reading methods that situate bodies in relation to environment, language, and aesthetics.
The Romance Novel
Authors: Horst Lauren
Published: April 2024

This chapter investigates the growth and diversification of the romance genre since the mass-market romance first hit supermarket shelves in the 1970s. In the decades since, the more than billion-dollar-a-year industry has remained the most commercially successful and widely read genre of popular fiction. With the advent of indie publishing, self-publishing, and diversification of lines that even mainstream publishers like Harlequin or Avon offer, “Romance-landia” has become one of genre fiction’s most diverse categories. The chapter investigates such subgenres as historical romance, contemporary romance, romantic suspense, “baby love” fictions, paranormal romance, erotic romance, Christian evangelical romance, and LGBTQ romance. The chapter concludes by considering the ways that the Internet and social media are changing the way romance readers and writers in all subgenres interact.
Indirect Taxes
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael
Published: April 2024

Indirect taxes including general sales taxes (VAT, retail sales tax, turnover tax) are discussed in this chapter. Short discussions of selective excise taxes and tariffs are also part of the discussion chapter. Tariffs are included because a tariff will either directly affect the relative price of goods and services subject to tariff or indirectly affect relative prices because the tariff increases the price of inputs. Some context is provided for the discussion relative to the overall approach to tax reform upon which this volume is based. The chapter begins with a discussion of general consumption taxes. Value added tax, sales tax, and turnover tax are evaluated in a comparative framework. VAT is discussed at length with respect to both structure and application. Excise tax is discussed and an alternative evaluation method is described. The chapter ends with a discussion of the uniform tariff.
Introduction
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 introduces the book, its aims, and its methodology. This book explores two questions: (i) why ordinary people inform on others in repressive times, focusing on emotions as drivers, and (ii) how, after those times end, law and politics should speak of, to, and about informers. The introductory chapter sets out what we mean by the informer and the role of (e)motion—namely the motion produced by emotion—in human decision-making. It introduces our case study: Communist Czechoslovakia and its secret police, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). The focus of this chapter is on ‘everyday informing’ and on the construction of Czechoslovak state-society relations as interactively webbed and as illustrating both participatory dictatorship and social engineering. The source data we largely rely upon to develop informer file-stories are the StB secret collaborator files. This introduction therefore elucidates the limits and opportunities presented by secret police archives as knowledge sources.
Reckoning with Informers and the Communist Past
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora
Published: April 2024

Chapter 3 unwraps the Czech Republic’s socio-legal reckoning with the repressive past, notably in the case of informers. This chapter elucidates transitional justice laws and practices implemented in Czechoslovakia after the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, as well as in the Czech Republic after the country’s dissolution in 1993. Transitional justice measures included proclamations, prosecutions, lustration, opening of StB archives, rehabilitation, property restitution, architectural remodelling, monument building, and creation of memory institutes. Although, taken as a whole, these transitional methods were not prima facie retributive— after all, there were hardly any criminal trials—they were still starkly condemnatory when it came to informers. Informers were cast as dangerous loyalists to the Communist regime and its ideology. Transitional justice stigmatized informers instead of pursuing reconciliatory goals. Political expediency was key in this regard, in particular, to bolster the legitimacy of the new liberal successor regime.
Ableist Institutions, Barriers, and Lived Experiences of Representation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie
Published: April 2024

This chapter analyses the experiences and perspectives of disabled candidates and politicians in the UK drawing on rich interview data to examine the barriers to elected office and to representation once they are elected. It addresses three key questions: how can ableism help us to understand political institutions? What are the main barriers to elected office reported by disabled candidates, aspiring candidates, and politicians? Finally, what are the experiences of disabled politicians once elected? Recognizing the important role that political institutions play in determining the rules and informal norms and cultures, the chapter brings together ideas from feminist institutionalism with insights from disability studies. It develops the concept of ableist institutions to help explore the ways in which disabled people are marginalized or excluded within political institutions which were not designed to be inclusive. The three key barriers identified which pervade both political recruitment and representative processes relate to accessibility, resourcing, and political culture. The chapter argues that ableist institutions normalize and recreate power dynamics in such a way as to ‘other’ disabled politicians, making it harder for them to carry out their representative duties.
Undeserving Patients
Authors: Kennett Jeanette
Published: April 2024

Encouraging and supporting people to take responsibility for their health is a laudable forward-looking goal of a public health system. Holding people responsible for conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and addiction, that may have resulted from their past actions, is more controversial, particularly when it is used as a basis to deny or restrict treatment that would otherwise have been provided. In this chapter I will draw upon retributive theories of punishment to argue that restricting access to health care to persons who are deemed to have contributed to their health condition, say by smoking, drinking, poor diet or lack of exercise, is inevitably to engage in a form of retributive blame and punishment and that the system-wide justifications that might be offered for such practices fail. Denial or limitation of treatment on other than medical grounds will frequently constitute excessive rather than proportional punishment for past actions. Moreover, determining and meting out such sanctions is beyond the proper scope of health care professionals and undermines the virtues proper to their roles.
Informed Consent and Morally Responsible Agency
Authors: Kay Nelkin Dana
Published: April 2024

Recently, there have been several illuminating discussions highlighting a connection between the appropriate conditions for morally responsible agency and for valid informed consent in health care (including for personal medical decisions and for participation in clinical trials). In this chapter, I begin by drawing parallels between debates in both areas (e.g. “substantive” versus “procedural” accounts, “capacity” versus “flow” accounts) and then briefly defend the idea that we should focus on a particular family of substantive views that appeal to high-enough quality opportunities for decision-making which are determined by both agents’ reasons-responsive capacities and situational factors. Notably, even if reasons-responsiveness conditions feature in both accounts of responsible agency and of informed consent, it remains an open question just how similar the conditions are in each area. In particular, since the basis for and the quality of our reasons-responsive capacities come in degrees, there is a question of when a threshold is met so that a person can be said to have a capacity, or a sufficiently high-quality capacity, which is a difficult question to answer in both realms. In this chapter, I assess possible answers and consider how constrained those answers should be by independent reasons to treat responsible agency and eligibility for informed consent similarly.
What is an organism?
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

A biological organism can be defined as an entity that uses an energy source and simple chemical compounds from the environment in order to grow and to create copies of itself, based on chemically encoded information. Energy sources can be nonbiological, such as in photosynthetic organisms, or biological, such as in organisms that feed on other organisms or on their remains. The vast majority of animals obtain energy from other organisms, known as heterotrophy. Looking beyond animals at the simplest organisms, we find a range of single-celled organisms which use an array of methods for obtaining energy and surviving. Eukaryotes are single-celled organisms with membrane-bound organelles. The mitochondria of all eukaryotes and the chloroplasts of photosynthetic eukaryotes derive from the endosymbiosis of formerly free-living organisms. Eukaryotes can be divided based on their mode of locomotion: amoeboid, ciliate, or flagellate; the way they obtain energy: photosynthetic or heterotrophic; and their skeleton—no skeleton, or silica or calcium carbonate skeleton.
Transport and gas exchange systems
Authors: Chipman Ariel D.
Published: April 2024

Transport systems are responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrition to the cells and for removing carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells. They can be diffuse or organized as a circulatory system. Circulatory systems can be closed—with circulatory fluids moving in vessels—or open—with circulatory fluids spending some of the time in vessels and some in the hemocoel. Gas exchange can be done directly via the body wall in small organisms, but for larger organisms, dedicated organs are needed. Aquatic gas exchange organs are known as gills, and they can be external and in direct contact with the surroundings, or internal, housed within a protected space. Gas exchange organs in the air can be in the form of lungs, a large internal space where gas exchange takes place, or in the form of tracheae, a series of tubes connected to the outside but reaching the internal transport system.
Cross-Border Data Flows
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter introduces the building blocks of the problem of reconciling European personal data privacy framework and international trade law discussed in this book. Against the background of expanding international trade law rules on cross-border data flows, on the one hand, and strengthening of the fundamental rights protection for personal data in the European Union (EU), on the other hand, this chapter explains why data protection is an international trade law issue. The tension between restrictions on cross-border data flow under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the EU’s commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) can pull in opposite directions. This chapter illuminates why this tension may result in a clash between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the GATS. Finally, this chapter sets out the EU’s approach to regulating cross-border data flows in recent digital trade agreements and ongoing trade negotiations.
Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter explains the tension between the governance of personal data transfers by the European Union (EU) and in international trade law. It argues that the restrictions on transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) go beyond what is permitted under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This chapter contends that a violation of these commitments cannot be justified under the necessity test of the GATS general exception for privacy and data protection. Yet, in the EU, privacy and data protection are fundamental rights. Transfers of personal data outside the EEA constitute an interference with these rights and must, therefore, be consistent with the necessity test of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). This chapter demonstrates how a simultaneous application of two necessity tests creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance dead lock.
Privacy Protection(ism)
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that it is not possible to strike the right balance between domestic data privacy protection and cross-border data flows by just ruling out ‘digital protectionism’, because ‘protectionism’ is socially constructed by the power of discourse. In regulatory conversations on privacy and personal data protection in the context of cross-border data flows, controlling discourse predetermines the baseline between data privacy protection and protectionism and, as a result, affects the level of such protection considered to be necessary and legitimate from a trade perspective. Conducting conversations within the boundaries of a purely economic ‘digital trade’ discourse puts data privacy protection in an a priori defensive position. A pluralist discourse is necessary to allow parties to multilateral trade negotiations on cross-border data flows to strike the right balance between globalization, democratic politics, and domestic autonomy to pursue domestic values such as fundamental rights to privacy and data protection.
EU Framework for Transfers of Personal Data
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that a reform of the European Union’s (EU) framework for transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) provided for in Chapter V of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is necessary. This argument is structured along the following three broad issues. First, this chapter examines the constitutional contours of the GDPR’s Chapter V framework to ascertain that the EU legislator has enough flexibility to reform this framework within the boundaries of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). Second, it elucidates the gaps that this framework creates in legal protection of Europeans’ personal data transmitted outside the EEA. Finally, this chapter proposes three directions of thought on how to improve the GDPR’s Chapter V framework, reflecting possible short-, medium-, and long-term strategies for the EU in this area.
A White Coat or a White Heart?
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali
Published: April 2024

Chapter 3, “A White Coat or a White Heart? The Methodology,” details the systematic study of newly arrived refugees from the Middle East conducted in 2016–2021 in Germany. The chapter describes the participant population, interview setting, the quantitative and qualitative measures used, and interview themes of the study. Accounts of trauma are emotionally fraught, and despite a veneer of composure, the experiences of the refugee participants may be chaotic and haphazard. Although there seems to be some research about client traits, race, and ethnicity, there is not enough scientific research identifying the therapist factors that contribute to trust, relationship-building, and creating safety in a clinical interview. This chapter describes therapist empathy and cultural knowledge as core competencies in the methodology used to access refugees’ lived experiences and invite their collaboration, as well as the role of psychological safety in self-disclosure. In doing so, the chapter also highlights the critical role of relationships in mitigating and maintaining the posttraumatic stress of refugees. In addition, the chapter underscores the importance of language, lexicon, and affect while parsing accounts of violence and trauma.
Family Trauma
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali
Published: April 2024

The burdens of war and humanitarian emergencies are often borne by the family. Besides the broader socioeconomic impact of war and violence, trauma’s psychological legacy is its pernicious after-effects on the person, family, and future generations. Survivors of mass trauma can re-experience the trauma in broad and derivative ways, sometimes for many decades after exposure. Chapter 8, “Family Trauma: The Psychological Legacy of War,” explores some pathways of trauma transmission within conflict-affected families, such as maternal posttraumatic stress, marital relations, child mental health, paternal posttraumatic stress, and parental psychopathology. Families are sites of shared emotions great complexity, bidirectionality, and variation in the expression of mental health problems in the postconflict family climate and how a family member’s mental health challenges can set in motion, either directly or indirectly, adverse mental health processes for other family members. Together, both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to clinical research can elucidate different aspects of the sequelae of distress and family functioning in refugee families. The presence of posttraumatic stress in offspring underscores the importance of assessing direct and indirect pathways of both parents’ posttraumatic stress levels. A parent’s trajectory and struggles with posttraumatic stress can independently affect their offspring’s posttraumatic stress years later, and affect how their partner’s posttraumatic stress affects their offspring’s posttraumatic stress many years later. Family therapy can help to strengthen and extend support for vulnerable and displaced individuals at multiple levels by including home-based clinicians, school therapists, clinical supervisors, and cultural experts, thus helping to create sturdier families.
Negotiating Washington, 1966–1982
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

The Bureau of Medicine was reorganized in 1966 to streamline the approval process. The new FDA Commissioner, James Goddard, disliked Kelsey and developed cozy ties with drug company executives. Kelsey was demoted to head of the Division of Oncology and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs for six months. Ellis died at age fifty-four, and Kelsey faced professional obstacles without his support. Kelsey then headed the Division of Scientific Investigations, which undertook audits of researchers’ work. She continued her public engagements and travelled to Israel, Venezuela, and Japan, home of atomic radiation birth injuries. Geiling died in 1971 and Kelsey served as his executor.
The Ticking Time Bomb
Authors: Warsh Cheryl Krasnick
Published: April 2024

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was a synthetic estrogen intended to prevent miscarriage and menopausal symptoms, and to fatten livestock. In the 1940s, researchers believed DES should be administered to all pregnant women to prevent pregnancy disorders. However, DES caused cervical cancer, apparent at puberty. Kelsey headed a DES task force, concluding that its use should be limited, if not banned. The outrage on DES and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments led to public calls for human experimentation protocols, which passed in 1972. DES also was a cattle feed additive, and the agricultural lobby fought its ban. Environmental advocates cited the Delaney clause, which stated any substance causing cancer must be banned.
The Researcher’s Gaze
Authors: Thomas Lahoma
Published: April 2024

Reflexivity in recent years has become more popular in qualitative research and has been positioned as a methodological mechanism that allows for the unveiling of the researcher’s positionality, privilege, and power in the research process. This chapter examines how reflexivity, as it is practiced within qualitative scholarship, is often reduced to a self-reflection on the researcher’s experience. It is a fraught mechanism because it continues to center the researcher under the guise of addressing the ways in which our structural positions shape and determine epistemological ways of knowing and knowledge production. Drawing on the epistemological interventions of Black feminisms, the chapter proposes a relational reflexivity, which connects reflexivity and relationality. Connecting these processes allows us to focus on identity formation, positionality, power, and wider social relations as a structural basis, and on the co-constitutive relationship between the researcher and the research. The chapter concludes with suggestions for researchers who want to incorporate relational reflexivity into their own practice.
Interviewing Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Pearlman Wendy
Published: April 2024

The term “Vulnerable populations” generally refers to research participants whose diminished autonomy renders them particularly susceptible to coercion, undue influence, mistreatment, or exploitation in research contexts. This chapter examines arguments for the utility of distinguishing this category of research participants, as well as critiques of the concept. It then reviews existing scholarship to derive suggestions for best practices for interviewing vulnerable people. Along the way, it emphasizes the critical value of deep contextual knowledge of researched communities to help researchers understand the circumstances creating vulnerability, recognize signals that participants are susceptible to or experiencing harm, and respond accordingly to make research both ethical and valid. Throughout, the chapter offers examples from my own experience doing interviews with Syrians displaced by war since 2011, as well as with Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip about their experiences of occupation and violence.
Ethnography
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: April 2024

This chapter argues that at its best, ethnography is a form of research in which the researcher learns with and from other people, approaching others not as objects of inquiry but as fellow human beings whose ideas and ways of seeing things are of interest. The chapter provides some guidelines for how to prepare for and conduct ethnography, notes some challenges researchers might encounter, and offers ways to think about and address those challenges. The chapter also suggests reasons researchers should consider the investment of effort ethnography requires, highlighting ways ethnography can be particularly well-suited for advancing our understanding of the world and one another.
Discourse Analysis
Authors: Weinstein Tania Islas
Published: April 2024

This chapter provides a definition of discourse as encompassing both the substantive content of ideas and the interactive processes by which ideas are conveyed; this includes forms of verbal and nonverbal language and semiotic practices. It argues that the goals of conducting discourse analysis can include understanding how people make sense of the social world around them, how they become ideologically interpellated, and how power and social domination are reproduced and contested. The chapter also offers guidance and examples to help the reader get a sense of what doing discourse analysis following interpretivist epistemological commitments entails. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of some potential pitfalls to keep in mind when conducting this type of analysis, as well as with helpful examples of books that follow a Foucauldian discursive analysis.
Discerning the Shape of Flourishing Life
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: April 2024

Christian theology should be about discerning, articulating, and commending visions of human flourishing in light of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. In this mode, theology is not an outlier among the humanities but rather one among many humanistic fields that should be analogously oriented. The humanities should be a site of constructive contestation among multiple particular universalisms’ accounts of flourishing life. In this mode, theology and the humanities as a whole can doubtless contribute to human flourishing, though they will in large part do this by helping students and society as a whole learn to discern the substance of human flourishing—what it means for life to be led well, go well, and feel right. This chapter pays particular attention to the pedagogical implications of this orientation of theology and the humanities.
Suffering, Joy, and Wonder
Authors: Moschella Mary Clark
Published: April 2024

The field of pastoral theology and care has a long-held concern for human well-being, often conceived of as living in right relationship with G-d, one’s neighbor, and one’s self. Relying on a pastoral theology of joy, developed using a contextual, qualitative approach, this chapter draws upon narratives that have been written by caregivers whose stories and lives exemplify, express, and inspire deep spiritual joy. This chapter argues for the value of such deep spiritual joy and suggests points of connection and disconnection with positive psychology. This chapter also describes pedagogical practices that help create space for joy. Openness to a deep sense of joy that can hold suffering supports lives of enduring commitment to justice and global well-being.
Socialities of Music
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Music constructs socialities, but what does this mean? Ideas of music’s utopian properties have a long history, as in the idea of jazz transcending social divisions. Some see this as a key difference between jazz and Western ‘art’ music (WAM), but WAM has its own utopian traditions. The idea of music as conversation – as the friendly interaction of musical agents – is built into the cultures of both jazz and string quartets. It is not that music is inherently good (it can equally be deployed for negative ends) but rather that it is based on mutual listening, which promotes mutual care. Positive effects of music are often associated with ‘active’ participation rather than ‘passive’ listening, but this is one of the many unhelpful binaries that plague thinking about music. Simply listening to recorded music can help build relationship, and this is why music has particular potential for social effect in today’s technological world.
Music and Modernisation in China
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

This chapter offers a narrative of the twentieth- and twenty-first-century modernisation of China in the parallel domains of music and politics, showing how different genres and traditions of music acquired symbolic value in the construction of national identity. Following an introductory discussion of the agenda for the modernisation of traditional music set out at the Congress of Arab Music in Cairo (1932), the chapter traces competing visions of Chinese musical modernity during the period up to 1949; the establishment of a new, officially sanctioned ‘national music’, epitomised by the works of Nie Er and Xian Xinghai (both of whom died before the Communist victory); the relationship of notation and ontological change in the modernisation of traditional music; and the processes by which the Western classical tradition achieved its extraordinarily high profile in present-day. China. The chapter concludes by setting ‘modernity with Chinese characteristics’ into the context of modernisation theory.
Transcultural Musicking
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: April 2024

Continuing the eastward and southward trajectory of the case studies, this chapter focusses on transcultural musicking in Australia and finally in cyberspace. Intercultural composition traditionally means music made by and for members of culture A but drawing on attributes of culture B. But if the aim is to foster intercultural communication, this is not an effective way to achieve it. The first half of the chapter, drawing on work by Samuel Curkpatrick, is built around ‘Crossing Roper Bar’, a collaborative project combining Indigenous musicians (the Young Wägilak Group) and the Australian Art Orchestra. The second half explores practices of virtual musicking – for example in Second Life – and shows how they have given rise to new conceptions of musical affinity. It also develops the idea that music is itself a virtual world, one that is not located outside the actual world but rather augments everyday experience of it.
The Future
Authors: Paul T.V.
Published: April 2024

This chapter discusses the possible future of India in the emerging world order. It highlights how India’s status aspirations demonstrate the competitive nature of status politics in the international system. Even though India has achieved numerous milestone markers of international status, the durability, sustainability, and legitimacy of its ranking remain uncertain, as one’s status is always relative to others. Moreover, social creativity, domestic economic and social development, and international economic presence have emerged as important pathways to achieving higher status. The chapter explains that India’s modest, yet significant ascent and accommodation have challenged the dominant theoretical and empirical narrative that great power status is achieved through spilling the blood of oneself and others. Further peaceful accommodation of India may be possible given its swing power status in the Indo-Pacific region.
Epilogue
Authors: Drummond Henry T.
Published: April 2024

It is clear, from the preceding chapters, that the Cantigas are more than just an assemblage of music and poetry. Key to their success is their inherently songful nature. The cantigas de miragre function as a method of communication that reaches out to their audiences. Their form, comprising linear narratives with the push-pull of the refrain and vuelta, deploys rhetorical techniques to convey messages to their listeners. These messages, which offer commentary on religious and political values, and promote Alfonso X as the idealized patron of the Virgin Mary, are designed to make their audiences pause and reflect. They require, like so many forms of vernacular song, active participation and intellectual engagement to be understood. While the Cantigas’ techniques observed throughout this book cannot be said to be universal to the repertoire, they do show the panoply of devices that make vernacular song of the thirteenth century so engaging and intellectually enriching.
Debating the ProperWeito Rule the State in Early Chinese and Greek Political Philosophy
Authors: Hutton Eric L.
Published: April 2024

Comparative studies of Chinese thought in Western languages tend to privilege Western concepts as their tools of analysis. This essay “flips the script” by using an emotion-related concept prominent in early Chinese political philosophy, wei 威, to examine ancient Greek political philosophy. After tracing the conceptual contours of wei, the essay argues that Plato and Aristotle display awareness of the sort of emotional phenomena referenced in early Chinese (especially, early Confucian) discussions of wei. Nevertheless, those phenomena are nowhere nearly as important for Plato and Aristotle as they are in early Chinese discourse about politics. The essay suggests that this difference derives partly from the forms of government on which Plato and Aristotle focus, but that such an explanation would not—from the Chinese perspective—fully justify such neglect of these phenomena. If correct, that observation highlights a potentially important lesson to be learned about politics, even today’s politics.
Assessing the Impact
Authors: Zhang Angela Huyue
Published: April 2024

This chapter assesses the impact of China’s great reversal in regulating its platform economy. This chapter shows that a significant repercussion of the regulatory crackdown has been the retreat of the private sector and the rise of the administrative state. Over the past few years, Chinese Big Tech firms have strategically withdrawn from non-core operational areas and have undertaken massive restructuring in a bid to alleviate Beijing’s concerns about their widespread influence. While many of these actions were driven by valid regulatory concerns, the crackdown has resulted in substantial unintended consequences without significantly enhancing competition or facilitating new sector entries. Simultaneously, the state sector has benefited by acquiring more strategic stakes and gaining more leverage in directing investment flows toward cutting-edge technologies.
Introduction
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This introductory chapter observes that contemporary critics of the war on drugs hardly ever invoke the U.S. Constitution—even though they routinely invoke ideals that are central to constitutional law, even though many different clauses in the Constitution might support their critiques, and even though constitutional courts worldwide have played an increasingly prominent role in drug reform. During the 1960s and 1970s, state and federal judges across the country pushed back against punitive drug bans in a rich body of rulings that have been all but forgotten. How did the Constitution disappear from the drug reform conversation? If the war on drugs has been so mean and misguided, why did our supreme law end up furnishing so little assistance to its victims? Studying these questions, the introduction argues, can illuminate a great deal not only about drug politics and policy development but also about the institutional and ideological structure of American constitutionalism.
Federalism and Rational Regulation
Authors: Pozen David
Published: April 2024

This chapter reviews challenges to drug laws on grounds of limited government and rational government. Although the judiciary enabled prohibition by allowing Congress to regulate drugs first under its tax power and later under its commerce power, the Rehnquist Court’s “anticommandeering” rulings proved an unexpected boon for state-level liberalization. In between these federalism fights, reformers in the 1960s and 1970s attacked the rationality of state and federal drug classifications, which lumped mild euphoriants with heavy narcotics while giving alcohol and nicotine a pass. Although a dozen-odd courts determined that treating marijuana like a narcotic violates the Equal Protection Clause, the doctrine ultimately prioritized deference to legislators and administrators. As acutely as any set of cases in the late twentieth century, challenges to marijuana’s scheduling tested whether rational basis review would do any work in the face of apparent arbitrariness. The answer that won out in the 1970s was: no.
Ses fantômes
Authors: Holland Timothy
Published: April 2024

Chapter 1 investigates the legacy of Derrida’s work and deconstruction within film theory and the recurrent, if overlooked, figure of cinema in his oeuvre. The chapter begins by unpacking Derrida’s thinking of the ghostly to problematize the periodization of his oeuvre and its supposed “turns,” whether cinematic or ethicopolitical. Drawing from scholarship that offers insight into this legacy during the institutionalization of academic film studies, the chapter assesses the politics ingrained within the field before amplifying instances of Derrida’s mentioning of cinema throughout his published corpus. The latter survey begins with his first publications in the 1960s (e.g., “Force and Signification,” and Of Grammatology) and concludes with his posthumously published seminars on the death penalty.