bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER IN THE KEW ARCHIVE
Authors: Sharp Jones Cam
Published: October 2017

Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk in 1917. The second son of Sir William Jackson Hooker, Joseph Hooker would, throughout the course of his life, become one of the most famous and lauded scientists of his day. At its pinnacle, Joseph Hooker's career would see him hold the post of Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for 20 years (1865–1885), and be the first botanist after Joseph Banks to be elected President of the Royal Society between 1873 and 1878. His archives and letters, which are described here, are held in the Library, Art and Archives at Kew.
When theory meets methods: the naissance of computer assisted corporate interlock research
Authors: FENNEMA MEINDERT , HEEMSKERK EELKE M.
Published: October 2017

In this article, we study the emergence of computer aided network analysis as an example of ‘Mertonian’ multiple discovery. Computer assisted quantitative network analysis emerged around 1970 and small groups of researchers in different universities, who were independent of each other and looking for the right concepts and computer programs to implement graph theory in social analysis, first applied it to corporate interlock networks. We show how mathematical graph theory provided a toolbox for systematic network analysis and that simultaneously in the Netherlands and the United States this toolbox found an application in the study of corporate power. A historical narrative covers the three main centres in which large‐scale corporate network analysis emerged – Amsterdam, California and Stony Brook. For each centre, we provide a sketch of the people involved, the tools they used, and the motivations that brought them to this topic. Our analysis makes clear that one cannot understand the emergence of computer aided network analysis without considering the personal and often political motivations of those who engaged in the first board interlock studies. Insurgent students of political science and sociology pushed for a research agenda on corporate power and found support from scholars who were keen to develop innovative network analysis methods. Hence, corporate network analysis became a legitimate field of research.
Noise pollution and decreased size of wooded areas reduces the probability of occurrence of Tawny Owl Strix aluco
Authors: Fröhlich Arkadiusz , Ciach Michał
Published: November 2017

At present, urban areas cover almost 3% of the Earth's land surface, and this proportion is constantly increasing along with human population growth. Although urbanization leads to biodiversity decline, at the same time it creates a novel and extensive environment that is exploited by whole assemblages of organisms. These include predators, which use the matrix of different habitat types within the urban environment for breeding and/or foraging. This study investigated how attributes of the urban landscape influence the distribution pattern of a nocturnal acoustic predator, the Tawny Owl Strix aluco. The probability of occurrence of this species was correlated with the presence of natural forests, and the increasing size of wooded habitat patches within the urban landscape; however, Tawny Owls were less likely to occur at sites with high noise levels at night. Our study suggests that the distribution pattern of acoustic predators is shaped by the availability of primary habitat but reduced by noise intensity (which may decrease hunting efficiency). The Tawny Owl is a top predator in the urban environment and its presence/absence may therefore affect populations of other species; this provides clear evidence of the indirect effect of noise pollution on animal populations inhabiting urban environments.
Ethnic variations in the epidemiology of bullous pemphigoid in Israel
Authors: Kridin Khalaf , Bergman Reuven
Published: November 2017

Background

No ethnic or geographic predisposition to bullous pemphigoid (BP) was reported so far.

Objective

To evaluate trends in the incidence of BP in northern Israel, shedding light on differences between two distinct ethnic populations who inhabit the same region, namely Jews and Arabs.

Methods

Bullous pemphigoid incidence was retrospectively estimated from January 2000–December 2015 in two Israeli regions with a total population of 1.56 million inhabitants.

Results

A total of 287 new‐onset BP patients (mean age: 77.6 ± 12.1) were identified. The incidence rate was 11.4 per million inhabitants per year (95% CI, 10.2–12.9). The crude incidence rate in Jews was 4.8‐fold higher than that in Arabs (16.4 vs. 3.4 cases per million per year, respectively [P < 0.0001]). After adjusting for age, the discrepancy between the two populations diminished (11.7 vs. 8.9 cases per million per year, respectively) but remained statistically significant (P = 0.032). The incidence increased consistently from 7.6 cases per million per year in the calendar period 2000–2005 to 12.6 and 14.3 cases in 2006–2010 and 2011–2015, respectively (P < 0.0001). Bullous pemphigoid patients of Arab ancestry presented with the disease significantly earlier than Jews (69.5 ± 15.3 vs. 78.7 ± 11.1 years, respectively, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

The incidence of BP in northern Israel has increased in the last 16 years and is significantly higher among Jews compared to Arabs. The age of presentation is remarkably different between patients belonging to the two populations.
Multiple epidermolytic acanthomas mimicking condyloma: a retrospective study of 8 cases
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Ju , Wu Yu‐Hung
Published: November 2017

Background

Epidermolytic acanthoma (EA) is an uncommon benign cutaneous lesion. Multiple epidermolytic acanthomas (multiple EAs) are rarely reported.

Methods

We retrospectively identified patients diagnosed with multiple EAs between 2005 and 2017 from our dermatopathology database and analyzed their clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features. We also evaluated the association of multiple EAs with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

Results

In total, eight patients (average age 51 years; 3 : 1 male predominance) with multiple EAs were found. All patients had lesions on the genitocrural area. The two most common clinical diagnoses were condyloma (5/8) and soft fibroma (3/8), which were predominantly skin‐colored (5/8) or whitish (2/8). The lesions were less than 1 cm in diameter, and most (6/8) appeared to have a smooth surface. No molecular evidence suggesting HPV infection was found. Immunohistochemical staining showed low mitotic activity. The lesions were removed in one of two patients via cryotherapy, and one patient was treated with electrocauterization. The other five patients were followed without treatment.

Conclusion

The genital area was the most common location for multiple EAs, which was commonly misdiagnosed clinically as condyloma. Patients presenting with uniformly small‐sized, skin‐colored to whitish, smooth papular lesions in the genitalia should be carefully evaluated. The specific pathological features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis are diagnostic, and the lesions can be observed without aggressive treatment after confirmed diagnosis.
Repolarization abnormalities unmasked with exercise in sudden cardiac death survivors with structurally normal hearts
Authors: Leong Kevin M.W. , Ng Fu Siong , Roney Caroline , Cantwell Christopher , Shun‐Shin Matthew J. , Linton Nicholas W.F. , Whinnett Zachary I. , Lefroy David C. , Davies D. Wyn , Harding Sian E. , Lim Phang Boon , Francis Darrel , Peters Nicholas S. , Varnava Amanda M. , Kanagaratnam Prapa
Published: November 2017

Background

Models of cardiac arrhythmogenesis predict that nonuniformity in repolarization and/or depolarization promotes ventricular fibrillation and is modulated by autonomic tone, but this is difficult to evaluate in patients. We hypothesize that such spatial heterogeneities would be detected by noninvasive ECG imaging (ECGi) in sudden cardiac death (SCD) survivors with structurally normal hearts under physiological stress.

Methods

ECGi was applied to 11 SCD survivors, 10 low‐risk Brugada syndrome patients (BrS), and 10 controls undergoing exercise treadmill testing. ECGi provides whole heart activation maps and >1,200 unipolar electrograms over the ventricular surface from which global dispersion of activation recovery interval (ARI) and regional delay in conduction were determined. These were used as surrogates for spatial heterogeneities in repolarization and depolarization. Surface ECG markers of dispersion (QT and Tpeak‐end intervals) were also calculated for all patients for comparison.

Results

Following exertion, the SCD group demonstrated the largest increase in ARI dispersion compared to BrS and control groups (13 ± 8 ms vs. 4 ± 7 ms vs. 4 ± 5 ms; P = 0.009), with baseline dispersion being similar in all groups. In comparison, surface ECG markers of dispersion of repolarization were unable to discriminate between the groups at baseline or following exertion. Spatial heterogeneities in conduction were also present following exercise but were not significantly different between SCD survivors and the other groups.

Conclusion

Increased dispersion of repolarization is apparent during physiological stress in SCD survivors and is detectable with ECGi but not with standard ECG parameters. The electrophysiological substrate revealed by ECGi could be the basis of alternative risk‐stratification techniques.
Reply to: Language Matters, So Geriatricians Should Talk of Declining Health and Death
Authors: Lundebjerg Nancy E. , Trucil Daniel E. , Applegate William B.
Published: November 2017

This letter comments on the letter by Joanne Lynn.
Analysis of masticatory muscle coordination during unilateral single‐tooth clenching using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yamaguchi S. , Okada C. , Watanabe Y. , Watanabe M. , Hattori Y.
Published: November 2017

Summary

In a previous study, we used muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the anterior movement of the occlusal point increased the activity of the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle (ipsilateral SHLP) during unilateral single‐tooth clenching. The purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that the increased activity of the ipsilateral SHLP described above serves to antagonise the occlusal force acting on the condyle. In total, 9 healthy volunteers were requested to perform left unilateral clenching at the first molar or first premolar region for 1 minute at 20% or 40% maximum voluntary clenching force. Changes in the mean proton transverse relaxation time (∆T2) were examined from the magnetic resonance images obtained before and after each clenching act as an index of the activity in all masticatory muscles. Correlation analyses of the mean ΔT2 for each volume of interest were performed with the first molar or premolar clenches to analyse the correlation between the activities in each muscle. A statistically significant correlation was exhibited between the ipsilateral temporal and ipsilateral SHLP (r = .651, P = .003) during first premolar clenching. However, no significant correlations were observed in the ipsilateral SHLP during first molar clenching. The results of this study suggest that the ipsilateral SHLP may contribute to the pulling of the mandibular condyle forward against the occlusal force generated by the ipsilateral temporal muscle.
Prediction of Bus Travel Time Using Random Forests Based on Near Neighbors
Authors: Yu Bin , Wang Huaizhu , Shan Wenxuan , Yao Baozhen
Published: November 2017

The prediction of bus arrival time is important for passengers who want to determine their departure time and reduce anxiety at bus stops that lack timetables. The random forests based on the near neighbor (RFNN) method is proposed in this article to predict bus travel time, which has been calibrated and validated with real‐world data. A case study with two bus routes is conducted, and the proposed RFNN is compared with four methods: linear regression (LR), k‐nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and classic random forest (RF). The results indicate that the proposed model achieves high accuracy. That is, one bus route has the results of 13.65 mean absolute error (MAE), 6.90% mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), 26.37 root mean squared error (RMSE) and 13.77 (MAE), 7.58% (MAPE), 29.01 (RMSE), respectively. RFNN has a longer computation time of 44,301 seconds for a data set with 14,182 data. The proposed method can be optimized by the technology of parallel computing and can be applied to real‐time prediction.
Patatin‐like phospholipases in microbial infections with emerging roles in fatty acid metabolism and immune regulation by Apicomplexa
Authors: Wilson Sarah K. , Knoll Laura J.
Published: November 2017

Emerging lipidomic technologies have enabled researchers to dissect the complex roles of phospholipases in lipid metabolism, cellular signaling and immune regulation. Host phospholipase products are involved in stimulating and resolving the inflammatory response to pathogens. While many pathogen‐derived phospholipases also manipulate the immune response, they have recently been shown to be involved in lipid remodeling and scavenging during replication. Animal and plant hosts as well as many pathogens contain a family of patatin‐like phospholipases, which have been shown to have phospholipase A2 activity. Proteins containing patatin‐like phospholipase domains have been identified in protozoan parasites within the Apicomplexa phylum. These parasites are the causative agents of some of the most widespread human diseases. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., kills nearly half a million people worldwide each year. Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium infect millions of people each year with lethal consequences in immunocompromised populations. Parasite‐derived patatin‐like phospholipases are likely effective drug targets and progress in the tools available to the Apicomplexan field will allow for a closer look at the interplay of lipid metabolism and immune regulation during host infection.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 represses plant miR846 to induce systemic resistance via a jasmonic acid‐dependent signalling pathway
Authors: Xie Shanshan , Jiang Haiyang , Ding Ting , Xu Qianqian , Chai Wenbo , Cheng Beijiu
Published: November 2017

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 is a type of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) which activates induced systemic resistance (ISR) in Arabidopsis. Blocking of the synthesis of cyclic lipopeptides and 2,3‐butanediol by FZB42, which have been demonstrated to be involved in the priming of ISR, results in the abolishment of the plant defence responses. To further clarify the ISR activated by PGPRs at the microRNA (miRNA) level, small RNA (sRNA) libraries from Arabidopsis leaves after root irrigation with FZB42, FZB42ΔsfpΔalsS and control were constructed and sequenced. After fold change selection, promoter analysis and target prediction, miR846‐5p and miR846‐3p from the same precursor were selected as candidate ISR‐associated miRNAs. miR846 belongs to the non‐conserved miRNAs, specifically exists in Arabidopsis and its function in the plant defence response remains unclear. The disease severity of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing miR846 (OEmiR846) or knockdown miR846 (STTM846) against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 suggests that the miR846 expression level in Arabidopsis is negatively correlated with disease resistance. Moreover, miR846 in Arabidopsis Col‐0 is repressed after methyl jasmonate treatment. In addition, jasmonic acid (JA) signalling‐related genes are up‐regulated in STTM846, and the stomatal apertures of STTM846 are also less than those in Arabidopsis Col‐0 after methyl jasmonate treatment. Furthermore, the disease resistance of STTM846 transgenic Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) is blocked by the addition of the JA biosynthetic inhibitor diethyldiethiocarbamic acid (DIECA). Taken together, our results suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 inoculation suppresses miR846 expression to induce Arabidopsis systemic resistance via a JA‐dependent signalling pathway.
Equivalence and regulatory approaches of nonbiological complex drug products across the United States, the European Union, and Turkey
Authors: Oner Z. Gulsen , Michel Sarah L.J. , Polli James E.
Published: November 2017

Regulatory agencies around the world may have different standards and approaches to evaluate and approve drug products and biological products. We describe the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Generic Drug User Fee Act program, as well as their approach to complex products. We discuss regulatory approaches for the development of nonbiological complex drug follow‐ons and approval pathways in the United States. We compare FDA policies with other regulatory agencies (i.e., the European Medicines Agency and the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency). In particular, we describe the policies/pathways across these three agencies to assess equivalence of glatiramer acetate, enoxaparin sodium, and sodium ferric gluconate complex products. We also examine the Turkish market for these selected nonbiological complex drugs.
A Survey of Healthcare Practitioners on Myofascial Pain Criteria
Authors: Nasirzadeh Yasmin , Ahmed Sara , Monteiro Sasha , Grosman‐Rimon Liza , Srbely John , Kumbhare Dinesh
Published: November 2017

Objectives

The goal of this study was to assess agreement on signs and symptoms of myofascial pain for chiropractors, physicians, and registered massage therapists.

Methods

337 healthcare practitioners participated in the survey. The questionnaire probed clinician agreement with the chosen signs and symptoms using a 7‐point agreement scale (1 = absolutely agree, 7 = absolutely disagree). Agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation within chiropractor, physician, and registered massage therapist groups and across all groups. Descriptive statistics, including mean response values, were used to assess which signs or symptoms were most often associated with myofascial pain.

Results

There was poor agreement within chiropractors, physicians, and registered massage therapists on the criteria that represent myofascial pain syndrome. Physicians and massage therapists were in agreement on 4 items and disagreed on 2 items. Chiropractors were in agreement on a different set of signs and symptoms relative to physicians and registered massage therapists, and they expressed neutrality on most statements in the questionnaire. Registered massage therapists were in most agreement amongst each other as a group (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.80) relative to chiropractors (ICC = 0.59) and physicians (ICC = 0.51).

Discussion

Our results suggest that there is a lack of agreement within and between healthcare practitioner groups on the signs and symptoms that define myofascial pain syndrome. We suggest the demonstrated variability in diagnostic knowledge be remedied through the establishment and universal use of official validated criteria. Future research should focus on developing criteria specific to myofascial pain syndrome. Finally, knowledge translation strategies may be implemented to increase clinician knowledge of available criteria.
PDCD1 gene polymorphisms as regulators of T‐lymphocyte activity in cutaneous melanoma risk and prognosis
Authors: Gomez Gabriela V. B. , Rinck‐Junior José A. , Oliveira Cristiane , Silva Dennis H. L. , Mamoni Ronei L. , Lourenço Gustavo J. , Moraes Aparecida M. , Lima Carmen S. P.
Published: November 2017

This study aimed to evaluate whether PD1.1 (c.‐606G>A), PD1 (c.627 + 252C>T), PD1.5 (c.804C>T), and PD1.9 (c.644C>T) single nucleotide polymorphisms of PDCD1 gene influence the risk, clinicopathological aspects, and survival of cutaneous melanoma (CM). Individuals with phototype I or II and PD1 CC genotype were under 5.89‐fold increased risk of developing CM. PD1.5 TT genotype increased PDCD1 expression (2.49 versus 1.28 arbitrary units, p = .03) and PD1.5 CT or TT genotype and allele T increased PD1 expression in TCD4+ lymphocytes (16.6 versus 12.5%, p = .01; 17.0 versus 13.1%, p = .006). At 60 months of follow‐up, short recurrence‐free survival was seen in patients with PD1.1 AA genotype (33.3 versus 71.8%, p = .03). Patients with PD1.1 AA and PD1.5 CC genotype had 4.21 and 2.62 more chances of presenting relapse and evolving death by disease in Cox analyses, respectively. Our data provide preliminary evidence that abnormalities in regulation of T lymphocyte alter CM risk, clinical aspects, and prognosis.
A Case of Congenital Infantile Fibrosarcoma of the Bowel Presenting as a Neonatal Intussusception
Authors: Obayashi Juma , Koizumi Hirotaka , Hoshikawa Masahiro , Wakisaka Munechika , Fujikawa Atsuko , Kitagawa Hiroaki , Takagi Masayuki
Published: November 2017

Neonatal intussusception of the intestinal tract is rare. However, most neonatal intussusceptions have an organic lead point. For the lead point to be a neoplasm is extremely rare. We report a case that presented with neonatal intussusception with a congenital infantile fibrosarcoma as the lead point. The detection of ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion was useful, although the definitive diagnosis was achieved by a comprehensive evaluation including this gene analysis, standard histology and immunohistochemistry. Neonatal intussusception should be suspected to be caused by a neoplasm. If pathological diagnosis is difficult, molecular analysis should be utilized to diagnose congenital infantile fibrosarcoma.
Leadership and motivation for public goods contributions
Authors: McCannon Bryan C.
Published: November 2017

Results from a leader–follower public goods game are presented. An individual, when randomly selected to make a contribution knowing others will observe the selection, gives more than in the simultaneous‐move public goods game. Followers adopt a quasi‐matching strategy where they systematically donate less than the leader, but contribute more when the leader does and contribute less when the leader free rides. The net result is increased provision of a public good when contributions are sequential. The results highlight that psychological preferences, rather than solely social preferences, can explain behavior.
Discovery of a non‐stereoselective cytochrome P450 catalyzing either 8α‐ or 8β‐hydroxylation of germacrene A acid from the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis
Authors: Gou Junbo , Hao Fuhua , Huang Chongyang , Kwon Moonhyuk , Chen Fangfang , Li Changfu , Liu Chaoyang , Ro Dae‐Kyun , Tang Huiru , Zhang Yansheng
Published: October 2017

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are C15 terpenoid natural products with α‐methylene γ‐lactone moiety. A large proportion of STLs in Asteraceae species is derived from the central precursor germacrene A acid (GAA). Formation of the lactone rings depends on the regio‐(C6 or C8) and stereoselective (α‐ or β‐)hydroxylations of GAA, producing STLs with four distinct stereo‐configurations (12,6α‐, 12,6β‐, 12,8α‐, and 12,8β‐olide derivatives of GAA) in nature. Curiously, two configurations of STLs (C12,8α and C12,8β) are simultaneously present in the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. However, how these related yet distinct STL stereo‐isomers are co‐synthesized in I. hupehensis remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional identification of the I. hupehensis cytochrome P450 (CYP71BL6) that can catalyze the hydroxylation of GAA in either 8α‐ or 8β‐configuration, resulting in the synthesis of both 8α‐ and 8β‐hydroxyl GAAs. Of these two products, only 8α‐hydroxyl GAA spontaneously lactonizes to the C12,8α‐STL while the 8β‐hydroxyl GAA remains stable without lactonization. Chemical structures of the C12,8α‐STL, named inunolide, and 8β‐hydroxyl GAA were fully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometry. The CYP71BL6 displays 63–66% amino acid identity to the previously reported CYP71BL1/2 catalyzing GAA 6α‐ or 8β‐hydroxylation, indicating CYP71BL6 shares the same evolutionary lineage with other stereoselective cytochrome P450s, but catalyzes hydroxylation in a non‐stereoselective manner. We observed that the CYP71BL6 transcript abundance correlates closely to the accumulation of C12,8‐STLs in I. hupehensis. The identification of CYP71BL6 provides an insight into the biosynthesis of STLs in Asteraceae.
Augmented Reality in Turkey with Researchers' Comments for Educational Use: Problems, Solutions and Suggestions
Authors: Akgün Özcan Erkan , İstanbullu Aslıhan , Avci Şirin Küçük
Published: October 2017

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology to supplement existing reality with additional information, descriptions and helpful images with the help of technology and therefore ensure the reality to be perceived more qualified and well-rounded. In this study, views and comments about problems, solutions and suggestions on using AR were gathered from researchers who accomplished an applied study on AR. The phenomenological design, in qualitative framework, was used in the study. The purpose of the study is to investigate direct experiencers views on AR technologies. We tried to find out answer the following questions about augmented reality applications: “On which target group could it be used more effectively?”, “On which learning domain (cognitive, affective, psychomotor) could it be more influential?”, “Which teaching and learning methods could it be used with?”, “What are the problems encountered during design, development and application process?”, “What are the subject fields that need to be considered for using it more effectively in educational sciences field?”, “In which situations could it be used for education?”, and “How should it be designed?”. According to the results, suggestions are presented about technical concerns, learning materials and instructional methods for developers, educators, and feature researchers for using AR effectively in education.
Advanced Control for Clusters of SOFC/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems
Authors: Rossi Iacopo , Zaccaria Valentina , Traverso Alberto
Published: November 2017

The use of model predictive control (MPC) in advanced power systems can be advantageous in controlling highly coupled variables and optimizing system operations. Solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrids are an example where advanced control techniques can be effectively applied. For example, to manage load distribution among several identical generation units characterized by different temperature distributions due to different degradation paths of the fuel cell stacks. When implementing an MPC, a critical aspect is the trade-off between model accuracy and simplicity, the latter related to a fast computational time. In this work, a hybrid physical and numerical approach was used to reduce the number of states necessary to describe such complex target system. The reduced number of states in the model and the simple framework allow real-time performance and potential extension to a wide range of power plants for industrial application, at the expense of accuracy losses, discussed in the paper.
Origami Endoscope Design for MRI-Guided Therapy
Authors: Taylor Austin , Slutzky Trent , Feuerman Leah , Fok Mable , Tse Zion Tsz Ho
Published: October 2017

The implementation of origami techniques into disposable surgical robotic tools is a promising research area with numerous clinical applications. Origami allows for flat foldable structures that can fit through small incisions, reducing patient scarring and recovery time as well as surgical costs. Devices that can provide tight navigation through curved anatomical pathways are crucial during these types of surgery, and can cost anywhere from hundreds to several thousands of dollars. It was hypothesized that an origami design based on a chain of deployable compliant rolling-contact elements (D-COREs) could be applied to design and fabricate a medical endoscope from a single sheet of 2D material (Fig. 1) to simplify fabrication and reduce the cost to under $100 [1–3]. We used software to model the physical actuation range of the endoscope and tested actuation of the D-COREs with shape-memory alloy (SMA).
An Experimental Comparison of Two User Interface Designs for a Hand-Held Surgical Robot
Authors: Rox Margaret F. , Hendrick Richard J. , Herrell S. Duke , Webster Robert J.
Published: October 2017

There is a trend towards miniaturization in surgical robotics with the objective of making surgeries less invasive [1]. There has also been increasing recent interest in hand-held robots because of their ability to maintain the current surgical workflow [2, 3]. We have previously presented a system that integrates small-diameter concentric tube robots [4, 5] into a hand-held robotic device [3], as shown in Figure 1. This robot was designed for transurethral laser surgery in the prostate. It provides the surgeon with two dexterous manipulators through a 5mm port in a traditional transurethral endoscope. This system enables the surgeon to retract tissue and aim a fiber optic laser simultaneously to resect prostate tissue.

This robot provides the surgeon with a total of ten degrees of freedom (DOF) that must be simultaneously coordinated, including endoscope orientation (3 DOF), endoscope insertion (1 DOF), as well as the tip position of each concentric tube manipulator (3 DOF per manipulator). In [3], a simple user interface was employed that involved thumb joysticks (which also had pushbutton capability) and a unidirectional index finger trigger, as shown in Figure 2 (Left). The thumb joysticks were mapped to manipulator tip motion in the plane of the endoscope image, and the trigger was used for motion perpendicular to the plane. Whether the finger trigger extended or retracted the tip of the concentric tube manipulator was toggled via the pushbutton capability of the thumb joystick. While surgeons could learn this mapping with some effort, and were able to use it to accomplish a cadaver study, the experiments made clear that further work was needed in creating an intuitive user interface — particularly with respect to how motion perpendicular to the image plane is controlled. This paper describes a first step toward improving the user interface; we integrate a bidirectional dial input in place of the unidirectional index finger trigger, so that extension and retraction perpendicular to the image plane can be controlled without the need for a pushbutton toggle. In this paper we describe the design of this dial input and present the results of a user study comparing it to the interface in [3].
Development of Spiral Device for Closed Reduction of Facial Bone Fracture
Authors: Lee Hoyul , Moon Youngjin , Jeong Woo Shik , Choi Jong Woo , Choi Jaesoon
Published: October 2017

Bicoronal approach is commonly used to repair intracranial trauma [1,2]. However, this approach requires long operation time and may lead to a long-lasting visible scar. In addition, patients stay in the hospital for several days. Therefore the demand for minimally invasive operation technique is increasing for reduction of facial bone fracture.

Yoo et al. reported closed reduction technique using a thread-tapper device [3]. This method uses the tapper as a tool to make a thread of screw tightening a bolt. The method needs small incision. By pulling out the tapper, the depressed bone segment can be easily recovered.

Another method is to use a hook. This device can be inserted into a small hole in the skin [4]. The screw is used for reducing multi-fragmented segments of anterior wall of frontal sinus. Two or more small screws are inserted into fragmented segments, and then pulled out simultaneously [5]. These closed reduction surgical devices have advantages of reducing operation time and scars, and quickening recovery. However, they can be only applied if the tapper or screw can be inserted into the depressed bone segments.

In this technical brief, we propose a spiral tool and pulling mechanism for closed reduction facial bone fracture. Using prototypes, we present that the suggested surgical tool and mechanism are good alternatives for reduction of facial bone.
Shear Driven Micro-Fluidic Pump for Cardiovascular Applications
Authors: Daidzic Nihad E.
Published: October 2017

A valveless shear-driven micro-fluidic pump design (SDMFP) for hemodynamic applications is presented in this work. One of the possible medical and biomedical applications is in-vivo hemodynamic (human blood circulation) support/assist. One or more SDMFPs can be inserted/implanted into vascular lumens in a form of a stent/duct in series and/or in parallel (bypass duct) to support blood circulation in-vivo. A comprehensive review of various micro-pump designs up to about mid 2000’s is given in [1,2]. Many of micropump designs considered are not suitable for in-vivo or even in-vitro medical/biomedical applications.

Operating principles, design, and SDMFP features are given in [3]. A particular design used in cardiovascular applications has no moving valves. SDMFP with Gourney-flap type valves to support high-pressure applications are developed for other applications. SDMFP could be fully bi-directional and can control its operation on the run using embedded microcontrollers and sensors. Estimated efficiency is high with low leakage resulting in low power consumption. Proprietary “fish-scale” surface coating ShearQ™ designs are implemented to improve unidirectional flow pumping efficiency. Bi-directional feature may be especially critical when clogging of blood vessels is detected. By automatically and temporarily switching into the reverse-mode operation and retrogressive flow, while inducing suction-head for a short time periods it is hoped that possibly blood conduits can be cleared/unclogged and the normal forward-flow operation resumed. Such may be an important feature if SDMFP is used in-vivo, such as, in coronary arteries which are prone to clogging leading to cardiac-arrest.
Measurement of Syringe Needle Forces for a Haptic Robotic Training Device
Authors: Pepley David , Yovanoff Mary , Mirkin Katelin , Miller Scarlett , Han David , Moore Jason
Published: October 2017

Medical simulation plays a critical role in the training of surgical and medical residents. Training simulators give residents an environment to practice a wide variety of procedures where they can learn and make mistakes without harming a living patient [1]. In recent years, much research has been conducted on applying haptic or force feedback technology to surgical simulators in order to create more effective training devices [2]. Simulators such as the LapSim (laparoscopic simulator) and the PalpSim (palpitation needle insertion simulator) have both utilized haptic feedback arms to provide the physical sensation of performing surgical procedures to the user [3, 4]. The haptic simulator shown in Fig. 1 is currently in development. This virtual reality haptic robotic simulator for central venous catheterization (CVC) utilizes a haptic feedback arm to provide the feeling of a syringe being inserted into neck tissue [5].

Currently, there is little experimental data relating needle force to depth. To determine the forces necessary to program into the haptic robotic device, a force sensing syringe was developed and cadaver experiments were performed. This paper presents the development of a syringe which can accurately measure needle insertion force and the proceeding experiments conducted using this device on a fresh frozen cadaver. The results of these cadaver needle insertions are characterized into force profiles for needle insertion force that are implemented into the haptic based CVC simulator.
Ureterovesical Junction Competence Depends on Ureteral Orifice More Than Intravesical Tunnel Length
Authors: Tong Junfei , Villanueva Carlos A. , Nelson Carl , Gu Linxia
Published: October 2017

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the backward flow of urine from the bladder into the kidneys. There are many reasons for this reflux. In 1959, Paquin recommended a tunnel length 5 times the diameter of the ureter to prevent VUR based on anatomical comparisons of postmortem specimens of patients with and without VUR [1]. This has become the standard for current ureteral reimplantation surgery. In 1969, Lyon proposed that the shape of the ureteral orifice was more important than the intravesical tunnel for ureterovesical junction (UVJ) competence [2]. However, this was only considered as a supplement to Paquin’s theory. Lyon’s theory might come into play when using bulking agents to affect the shape and configuration of the ureteral orifice but is not directly taken into consideration during surgical ureteral reimplants. Since Paquin and Lyon, little research has looked at parameters regulating the prevention of VUR or leaking from Mitrofanoff type conduits. A case-control study of megaureter reimplants with and without ureteral tailoring demonstrated equivalent outcomes [3], raising concerns about the validity of the 5:1 rule. Most recently, Villanueva et al. reported that the tunnel length of ureter, which can be modified depending on different surgery cases, is not strictly required to have a 5:1 ratio of the diameter to the length [4]. Accurate quantification of the parameters that affect the ureter mechanics is helpful to improve surgical technique.

The aim of this work was to quantitatively inspect Lyon’s theory, i.e., the relationship of intravesical tunnel length and orifice shape with respect to VUR by measuring the pressure required to collapse the ureter for preventing backflow. An enhanced three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed considering the interaction between the ureteral orifice and the bladder wall. Parametric studies were then conducted to determine the sensitivity of UVJ competence to the spatial configuration of the intravesical tunnel as well as the ureteral orifice (UO). Two common ureteral orifice shapes, “golf” and “volcano,” as well as different intravesical ureteral tunnel length/diameter ratios, were examined. The required closure pressure was then compared.
Novel Device to Accurately Locate Femoral Insertion Landmark in Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL) Reconstruction
Authors: Dey Roopam , Patnaik Sarthak , Sivarasu Sudesh
Published: October 2017

Medial Patello Femoral Ligament (MPFL) is the main stabilizer of the patellar bone in the knee complex. This fan shaped ligament prevents lateral dislocations of patella, especially during the initial 30° of knee flexion as there is minimal bony support from femur on the lateral aspect of the patella [1–2]. Patella dislocations are one of the common knee joint pathologies and it has been reported that each dislocation of the patella induces micro-tears in the MPFL [3]. It has been also observed in previous studies that there exists a very high chance of patellar re-dislocations for those individuals who have experienced the dislocation once. Complete MPFL rupture occurs in 94% of the patients suffering from repeated patellar dislocations [3–4].

Out of the 130 various methods of MPFL reconstruction, the Double Bundle Procedure is the most commonly used as it provides a larger degree of pain-free range of motion [5–8]. Locating the exact drilling location on the medial aspect of the patella and the medial femur is a challenge for the surgeon and literature suggests that the current procedure leads to non-anatomical placement of the ligament [9]. A novel device has been developed (Pat-Rig) to address the issue of locating the exact drill locations of the ligament graft tunnels into the patella [10–12]. This paper addresses the second problem of locating the femoral landmark accurately.
The Longitudinal Association Between Age Identity and Physical Functioning Among Urban Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Liang Kun
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study is to determine the longitudinal association between age identity and physical functioning among urban Chinese older adults. We conducted secondary data analyses based on a sample of older adults aged 60 years and above who participated in both the 2006 and the 2010 Sample Survey on Aged Population in Urban/Rural China, which consisted of 5,788 urban community-dwelling older adults. A single-item measure of age identity was used to distinguish between old and youthful age identities (or the feeling of being old or not). Ordinary least regression analyses revealed that youthful age identity was significantly associated with better physical functioning, even when controlling for baseline sociodemographic and health variables as well as baseline physical functioning. This study provides new cross-cultural and longitudinal evidence of the protective function of youthful age identity in later life.
Factors Associated With the Setting of Health-Related Goals Among Community-Dwelling Older People
Authors: Oliveira Juliana S. , Hassett Leanne , Sherrington Catherine , Ramsay Elisabeth , Kirkham Catherine , Manning Shona , Tiedemann Anne
Published: November 2017

This study aimed to summarize the function-related goals set by older people, and to explore gender differences in goal selection and associations between balance-related goals and fall history, self-rated balance, and fear of falling. We included community-dwelling people aged 60 years and older participating in two randomized controlled trials. Participants nominated two function-related goals, which were summarized into components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Chi-square analyses were used to explore associations between goal types and participant characteristics. Goals related to recreation and leisure and walking were the most common function-related goals selected. Men and women set similar goals. Participants who had poor/fair self-reported balance were more likely to set a balance-related goal than people with good self-rated balance. In contrast, fallers and participants who had a fear of falling were not more likely to select a balance-related goal than nonfallers and participants who had no fear of falling, respectively.
Knee Frontal Plane Projection Angle: A Comparison Study Between Drop Vertical Jump and Step-Down Tests With Young Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Paz Gabriel Andrade , de Freitas Maia Marianna , Santana Haroldo Gualter , Miranda Humberto , Lima Vicente , Willson John D.
Published: November 2017

Study Design:Observational study.Context:Altered frontal plane knee mechanics during dynamic tasks have been often associated with lower-extremity injuries. Strategies to decrease these risk factors and improve knee joint stability are often applied in rehabilitation and training environments.Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare knee joint frontal plane projection angles (FPPA) via 2-dimensional video analysis during drop vertical jump (DVJ) and step-down test (SDT) tasks in the preferred and nonpreferred limbs of young male and female volleyball players.Methods:A total of 60 young male (n = 29) and female (n = 31) volleyball players (13.6 [1.1] y, 62.2 [11.2] kg, and 170.8 [10] cm) participated in this study. Once the athletes were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria, limb preference was operationally defined as the preferred kicking leg or the foot used for stair climbing. In a randomized study design, participants were asked to perform a bilateral DVJ and unilateral step-down landing tasks for both preferred and nonpreferred limb. Kinematic analysis was performed via a 2-dimensional video recording of knee joint FPPA alignment.Results:No difference was noted in FFPA during DVJ and SDT tasks between preferred and nonpreferred limbs in both male and female groups (P > .05). The FFPA was significantly higher for both limbs during DVJ versus SDT in both groups (P ≤ .05), but it was not different between male and female athletes.Conclusions:Based on these findings, clinicians may expect young male and female volleyball athletes to demonstrate similar and symmetrical lower-extremity 2-dimensional knee joint FPPA values across screening tests intended to identify lower-extremity injury risk factors. However, greater FPPA values should be expected during the more dynamic DVJ task.
History and Individual Memory: The Story of Eva Dawes
Authors: Hall M. Ann , Kidd Bruce
Published: November 2017

Eva Dawes Spinks (1912–2009) was an outstanding Canadian high jumper in the 1930s. The present paper traces her early life, successful athletic career, and her decision in 1935 to join a group of athletes on a goodwill tour of the Soviet Union organized by the Workers’ Sports Association of Canada. Upon her return, Dawes was suspended by the Women’s Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. She retired from competition and became involved in the Canadian campaign to boycott the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Much later, Dawes adamantly denied any political involvement. The purpose of this paper is to examine and possibly explain the incongruity between the historical evidence and Dawes’s later denials. More broadly, it is a discussion about the relationship between history and individual memory.
Trends in Antibiotic Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus in Boston, Massachusetts, from 2000 to 2014
Authors: Kanjilal Sanjat , Sater Mohamad R. Abdul , Thayer Maile , Lagoudas Georgia K. , Kim Soohong , Blainey Paul C. , Grad Yonatan H.
Published: November 2017

The rate of infection by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) has declined over the past decade, but it is unclear whether this represents a decline in
S. aureus
infections overall. To evaluate the trends in the annual rates of infection by
S. aureus
subtypes and mean antibiotic resistance, we conducted a 15-year retrospective observational study at two tertiary care institutions in Boston, MA, of 31,753 adult inpatients with
S. aureus
isolated from clinical specimens. We inferred the gain and loss of methicillin resistance through genome sequencing of 180 isolates from 2016. The annual rates of infection by
S. aureus
declined from 2003 to 2014 by 4.2% (2.7% to 5.6%), attributable to an annual decline in MRSA of 10.9% (9.3% to 12.6%). Penicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(PSSA) increased by 6.1% (4.2% to 8.1%) annually, and rates of methicillin-susceptible penicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MSSA) did not change. Resistance in
S. aureus
decreased from 2000 to 2014 by 0.8 antibiotics (0.7 to 0.8). Within common MRSA clonal complexes, 3/14 MSSA and 2/21 PSSA isolates arose from the loss of resistance-conferring genes. Overall, in two tertiary care institutions in Boston, MA, a decline in
S. aureus
infections has been accompanied by a shift toward increased antibiotic susceptibility. The rise in PSSA makes penicillin an increasingly viable treatment option.
Utility of Bartonella henselae IgM Western Blot Bands for Serodiagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease
Authors: Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Tsuneoka Hidehiro , Yoshidomi Hiroka , Haraguchi Mio , Yanagihara Masashi , Tokuda Nobuko , Nojima Junzo , Ichihara Kiyoshi
Published: November 2017

We evaluated the utility of Western blot (WB) bands of
Bartonella hensela
e in detecting anti-
B. henselae
immunoglobulin M (IgM) for serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD). IgM band patterns were examined using sera from 92 patients clinically suspected of having CSD and from 130 healthy individuals. Positive WB bands were observed in 49 (53.5%) of the 92 patient sera. Three bands at 8 to 10, 31 to 35, and 70 kDa were regarded as relevant for
B. henselae
because all of the positive sera yielded at least one of the three bands, and none of the healthy control sera showed reactivity to any of them. In contrast, the positive rate of the patient sera by conventional indirect fluorescence antibody assay (IFA) for
B. henselae
IgM was 28.3% (26/92) among the patients. These finding suggest that the IgM-WB assay, although cumbersome to perform, can be used for confirmatory diagnosis of CSD with no false positivity in the control sera. Purification of proteins in the specific bands may contribute to the development of an IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA) with improved specificity and sensitivity.