bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Visualization of Dynamic Cellular Effects of Phospholipid Nanoparticles via High‐Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy
Authors: Kenry  , Sun Linhao , Yeo Trifanny , Middha Eshu , Gao Yuji , Lim Chwee Teck , Watanabe Shinji , Liu Bin
Published: August 2022

Phospholipid nanoparticles have been actively employed for numerous biomedical applications. A key factor in ensuring effective and safe applications of these nanomaterials is the regulation of their interactions with target cells, which is significantly dependent on an in‐depth understanding of the nanoparticle‐cell interactions. To date, most studies investigating these nano‐bio interactions have been performed under static conditions and may lack crucial real‐time information. It is, however, noteworthy that the nanoparticle‐cell interactions are highly dynamic. Consequently, to gain a deeper insight into the cellular effects of phospholipid nanoparticles, real‐time observation of cellular dynamics after nanoparticle introduction is necessary. Herein, a proof‐of‐concept in situ visualization of the dynamic cellular effects of sub‐100 nm phospholipid nanoparticles using high‐speed scanning ion conductance microscopy (HS‐SICM) is reported. It is revealed that upon introduction into the cellular environment, within a short timescale of hundreds of seconds, phospholipid nanoparticles can selectively modulate the edge motility and surface roughness of healthy fibroblast and cancerous epithelial cells. Furthermore, the dynamic deformation profiles of these cells can be selectively altered in the presence of phospholipid nanoparticles. This work is anticipated to further shed light on the real‐time nanoparticle‐cell interactions for improved formulation of phospholipid nanoparticles for numerous bioapplications.
Punching shear in flat slabs with open stirrups as shear reinforcement
Authors: Siqueira João P. A. , Melo Guilherme Sales de
Published: August 2022

The performance of open stirrups shear reinforcement not fully anchored is investigated, with a type of detail that has been used in construction sites as a support for the top flexural reinforcement to guarantee the right height position; and subsequently, it has also been used to address punching. Five internal slab–column connections subjected to symmetrical loading were tested, including a reference connection and four connections with anchorage variation of shear reinforcement, and their performance was compared with estimations by Codes and Standards and with test results from other authors. Even though the tests presented showed that an increase from 25% to 45% in the punching resistance can be achieved, and that the deformation capacity can also be improved, more tests with other detailing, ratios of flexural and shear reinforcement, and so on, are needed before it can be recommended as an effective shear reinforcement alternative.
Investigation on mechanical behavior of steel angle frame reinforced concrete beams under torsion
Authors: Chen Zongping , Song Chunmei , Zhou Ji , Wang Ni , Chen Yuliang
Published: August 2022

Steel angle frame reinforced concrete (SARC) beam is a kind of composite beam with encased steel angle frame. The torsion tests were carried out on six SARC beams and one reinforced concrete (RC) beam to investigate their torsional behavior. Test variables include space between steel plates, angle of steel plates, concrete cover depth, and concrete strength. The results showed that the reduction of space between steel plates causes specimens to crack in advance, but improves torsional behavior after cracking markedly. The energy dissipation coefficient reduces as concrete cover depth increases. Damage index can be effectively reduced by increasing concrete strength, reducing plates spacing, and increasing concrete cover depth. The overall torsional behavior of SARC beam can be improved by reducing the spacing between the plates, adopting staggered vertical and oblique steel plates, and increasing concrete strength, but the effect is adverse when concrete cover depth increases. Moreover, the space between steel plates should be greater than 100 mm, and concrete cover depth should be less than 35 mm for maximizing the torsional strength of steel angle frame. Considering the positive roles of steel angle frame and oblique steel plates, the calculation methods of cracking and ultimate torsional moment were proposed. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the engineering application of SARC beams subjected to torsion.
Differences in the Intensity and the Nature of Foreign Language Anxiety in In‐person and Online EFL Classes during the Pandemic: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Resnik Pia , Dewaele Jean‐Marc , Knechtelsdorfer Eva
Published: August 2022

This paper explores differences in 437 learners' foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) in in‐person and online English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes before the outbreak of the pandemic and during the first lockdown in spring 2020. Statistical analyses of data gathered with a web survey revealed a slight, yet significant drop in learners' overall FLCA in emergency remote teaching. In order to obtain a more granular view, item‐level analyses revealed that learners in online classes were significantly less worried about being outperformed by peers, suffered less from physical symptoms of anxiety when called on in class, and were less anxious when they were in fact well‐prepared. Feeling embarrassed to volunteer answers was significantly higher in online classes. Interviews with 21 participants revealed that the interviewees mentioned anxiety‐provoking aspects of the class considerably more frequently online than in in‐person classes. However, the sources of anxiety in online classes differed from the ones in classes taught on‐site. Thus, it seems that the newness of the setting foregrounded anxiety‐provoking aspects specific to emergency remote teaching, making others fade into the background at the beginning of the pandemic.
Underdiagnosis of internal anal sphincter trauma following vaginal delivery
Authors: O'Leary B. D. , Kelly L. , Fitzpatrick M. , Keane D. P.
Published: August 2022

Objective

Damage to the anal sphincter during childbirth remains the leading cause of fecal incontinence in women. Defects in the internal (IAS) or external anal sphincter, alongside symptoms and sphincter tone, will generally dictate the suggested mode of delivery in any successive pregnancy. This study aimed to examine using endoanal ultrasonography the prevalence of IAS damage in women referred with Grade‐3a or ‐3b obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) in a tertiary‐referral perineal clinic.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study of all women referred to a tertiary‐referral perineal clinic after primary repair of OASI (Grade 3a–c, 4) diagnosed for the first time following vaginal delivery between January 2016 and December 2019, inclusive. Women were assessed using the Wexner bowel continence questionnaire, digital examination of sphincter tone and endoanal ultrasound. Injuries in each sphincter were classified as a scar (≤ 30°) or defect (> 30–90° or > 90°) on endoanal imaging in the axial plane.

Results

In total, 615 women were referred following primary repair of OASI. Sonographic evidence of damage to the IAS was seen in 9.1% (46/506) of women diagnosed with a Grade‐3a/3b injury. In women referred with a Grade‐3a/3b tear, symptom scores were statistically higher (P = 0.025) in those with an IAS defect > 30° compared to those with an intact or scarred IAS, although the median score was zero in both groups. The proportion of women in each group with severe symptoms (score > 9) was similar (2.6% vs 6.5%; P = 0.148). Among women referred with a Grade‐3a/3b tear, sphincter tone was reduced more frequently in those with a defect of the IAS than in those with an intact or scarred IAS (52.2% vs 11.7%; odds ratio, 8.14 (95% CI, 4.26–15.67); P < 0.001). Regardless of the reason for referral, women with reduced sphincter tone on rectal examination were four times as likely to have had an IAS defect > 30° than were those with normal resting tone (risk ratio, 4.58 (95% CI, 3.25–6.45); P < 0.001).

Conclusions

One in 11 women diagnosed with a Grade‐3a or ‐3b tear have evidence of damage to their IAS on endoanal ultrasound. Damage to this muscle is linked to fecal incontinence in women and can have a significant impact on the planning of any future deliveries. This study highlights the importance of established perineal clinics with access to ultrasound. Nonetheless, if reduced sphincter tone is felt on rectal examination, a clinician should have a high index of suspicion for an occult IAS injury. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Design of nitrogen‐containing organic thermal stabilizer with resistance to “zinc burning” and its application
Authors: Cui Zhixuan , Gao Xinxin , Jiang Pingping , Leng Yan , Li Zhenhua , Li Yuchao , Zhang Pingbo
Published: August 2022

Using maleic anhydride and 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil as raw materials, by adding zinc oxide and introducing metal ions, the aminouracil zinc maleate (AM‐Zn) was synthesized. The structure of the product was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molecule contains ester group, carbon–carbon double bond, carboxylate and diazo group, which can be used as the main thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The thermal stability and excellent resistance to zinc burning of AM‐Zn were characterized by Congo red method, thermal aging method, thermal weight loss method, electrical conductivity, and other detection methods. In addition, the compound use of AM‐Zn and CaSt2 could further improve the thermal stability performance, which was excellent compared with the commercially available CaSt2/ZnSt2. The thermal stabilization effect was the best when CaSt2/AM‐Zn = 2:1, the initial whiteness could reach 50 min, and it was not completely blackened and aged within 80 min. The static stabilization time was 65 min, and the thermal stabilization time is increased by 40 min compared with CaSt2/ZnSt2. The thermal stabilization mechanism was analyzed, and the designed and synthesized AM‐Zn, a multifunctional molecular structure, had a strong potential as a thermal stabilizer for PVC.
Megaoesophagus and dysphagia presumed secondary to medulla oblongata compression by multilobular tumour of bone in a dog
Authors: Allen Chris , Lowrie Mark , Garosi Laurent S. , Van Lelyveld Shirley , Ortiz Ana L. , Gomes Sergio A.
Published: August 2022

This case report describes a 5‐year 3‐month‐old, male, neutered English cocker spaniel with a 2‐week history of spontaneous yelping progressing to ambulatory tetraparesis, dysphagia and regurgitation. Thoracic radiography revealed megaoesophagus and aspiration pneumonia. Neurolocalisation was multifocal, with a strong caudotentorial component, relating to the brainstem. Cross‐sectional imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well‐defined ‘popcorn ball’‐shaped mass‐lesion arising from the occipital bone, extending into the calvarium, causing severe dorsal compression of the cerebellum and brainstem. A multilobular tumour of bone was suspected and subsequently confirmed on histopathology. Although surgical debulking was offered, the owner opted for euthanasia. Multilobular tumour of bone is an uncommon neoplasia typically arising from the skull flat bones, frequently invading the calvarium. Despite the plethora of pathologies implicated in dysphagia and megaoesophagus, this report indicates evidence of a compressive lesion to the medulla oblongata presumably related to megaoesophagus.
Successful management of Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) envenomation in a Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus)
Authors: Freeman Megan , Palmer Alyssa , West Gary , Goe Alexandra
Published: August 2022

A 3‐year‐old, female Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus) was evaluated for acute obtundation, muscle rigidity and ptyalism. Clinical signs worsened over 24 hours and were compatible with scorpion envenomation. Endoscopy confirmed the presence of an Arizona bark scorpion (Centuroides sculpturatus) within the stomach and scorpion antivenom, Alacramyn (Instituto Biolon, Mexico), was administered intravenously. The patient was hospitalised and required supportive care for 2 weeks. Clinical signs and mobility markedly improved by 6 weeks and the monitor appeared normal at 8 weeks. Significant disease secondary to scorpion envenomation is uncommonly reported in animals. This case highlights the clinical presentation and treatment approach in a reptile, with a successful outcome.
Nanotechnology meets glioblastoma multiforme: Emerging therapeutic strategies
Authors: Liu Dongdong , Dai Xingliang , Ye Lei , Wang Hua , Qian Haisheng , Cheng Hongwei , Wang Xianwen
Published: August 2022

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and fatal form of primary invasive brain tumors as it affects a great number of patients each year and has a median overall survival of approximately 14.6 months after diagnosis. Despite intensive treatment, almost all patients with GBM experience recurrence, and their 5‐year survival rate is approximately 5%. At present, the main clinical treatment strategy includes surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, tumor heterogeneity, blood–brain barrier, glioma stem cells, and DNA damage repair mechanisms hinder efficient GBM treatment. The emergence of nanometer‐scale diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer medicine due to the establishment of nanotechnology provides novel and promising tools that will allow us to overcome these difficulties. This review summarizes the application and recent progress in nanotechnology‐based monotherapies (e.g., chemotherapy) and combination cancer treatment strategies (chemotherapy‐based combined cancer therapy) for GBM and describes the synergistic enhancement between these combination therapies as well as the current standard therapy for brain cancer and its deficiencies. These combination therapies that can reduce individual drug‐related toxicities and significantly enhance therapeutic efficiency have recently undergone rapid development. The mechanisms underlying these different nanotechnology‐based therapies as well as the application of nanotechnology in GBM (e.g., in photodynamic therapy and chemodynamic therapy) have been systematically summarized here in an attempt to review recent developments and to identify promising directions for future research. This review provides novel and clinically significant insights and directions for the treatment of GBM, which is of great clinical importance.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Correction to: Digital and Social Media Regulation
Authors: Matei Sorin Adam , Rebillard Franck , Rochelandet Fabrice
Published: August 2022

∎∎∎
Interior structure and complexity growth rate of holographic superconductor from M-theory
Authors: An Yu-Sen , Li Li , Yang Fu-Guo , Yang Run-Qiu
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We study the interior dynamics of a top-down holographic superconductor from M-theory. The condense of the charged scalar hair necessarily removes the inner Cauchy horizon and the spacetime ends at a spacelike singularity. Although there is a smooth superconducting phase transition at the critical temperature, the onset of superconductivity is accompanied by intricate interior dynamics, including the collapse of the Einstein-Rosen bridge, the Josephson oscillations of the condensate, and the final Kasner singularity. We obtain analytically the transformation rule for the alternation of different Kasner epochs. Thanks to the nonlinear couplings of the top-down theory, there is generically a never-ending chaotic alternation of Kasner epochs towards the singularity. We compute the holographic complexity using both the complexity-action and the complexity-volume dualities. In contrast to the latter, the complexity growth rate from the complexity-action duality has a discontinuity at the critical temperature, characterizing the sudden change of the internal structure before and after the superconducting phase transition.
Two-loop anomalous dimension for the resummation of non-global observables
Authors: Becher Thomas , Rauh Thomas , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: August 2022

Abstract

The soft radiation emitted in jet cross sections can resolve the directions and colors of individual hard partons, leading to a complicated pattern of logarithmically enhanced terms in the perturbative series. Starting from a factorization theorem and solving the renormalization group equations for its ingredients, these large logarithms can be resummed. In this paper we extract the two-loop anomalous dimension governing the resummation of subleading logarithms in jet cross sections and other non-global observables. This anomalous dimension can be obtained by considering soft limits of hard amplitudes, but the presence of collinear singularities in intermediate expressions makes its extraction delicate. As a consistency check, we use our results to predict the known subleading non-global logarithms in the two-jet cross section.
Resummation of small-x double logarithms in QCD: inclusive deep-inelastic scattering
Authors: Davies J. , Kom C.-H. , Moch S. , Vogt A.
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of high-energy double logarithms in inclusive DIS. They appear parametrically as $$ {\alpha}_s^n $$

α
s
n

ln2n−kx at the n-th order in perturbation theory in the splitting functions for the parton evolution and the coefficient functions for the hard scattering process, and represent the leading corrections at small x in the flavour non-singlet case. We perform their resummation, in terms of modified Bessel functions, to all orders in full QCD up to NNLL accuracy, and partly to N3LL and beyond in the large-nc limit, and provide fixed-order expansions up to five loops. In the flavour-singlet sector, where these double logarithms are sub-dominant at small x compared to single-logarithmic $$ {\alpha}_s^n $$

α
s
n

x−1 lnn−kx BFKL contributions, we construct fixed-order expansions up to five loops at NNLL accuracy in full QCD. The results elucidate the analytic small-x structure underlying inclusive DIS results in fixed-order perturbation theory and provide important information for present and future numerical and analytic calculations of these quantities.
Effect of four premolar extractions on the vertical dimension of the face
Authors: Rüedi Anna , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Eliades Theodore , Koretsi Vasiliki
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Adequate control of the vertical dimension is of great importance in orthodontic treatment. Although existing evidence is very limited, extraction of four premolars is thought to contribute towards improved control of anterior facial height compared with non-extraction treatment protocols. Thus, the aim of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the effect of fixed-appliance treatment with extraction of four premolars to non-extraction treatment on the skeletal vertical dimension.

Methods

A consecutive sample of 76 children with skeletal hyperdivergence (49% male; mean age 11.9 years) was divided into two groups for treatment with either non-extraction (n = 31) or extraction of four premolars (n = 45). Baseline characteristics were comparable: overjet 5.1 ± 2.5 mm, overbite 2.4 ± 1.9 mm, ANB angle 4.6 ± 2.3°, and SN-ML angle 40.2 ± 3.5°. Patients were treated with standard edgewise fixed appliances with closing loops/sliding mechanics. Vertical skeletal and dental outcomes were measured on lateral cephalograms before and after treatment. Data were analyzed with linear regression at 5%.

Results

Compared to non-extraction treatment, treatment with premolar extractions had no significant effect on the SN-ML angle (difference (Δ) = 0.07°; 95% confidence interval −0.90 to 1.01°; P = 0.88). Statistically significant changes between the extraction and non-extraction groups were only found for the parameters SNA (Δ −1.47°; P = 0.003), ANB (Δ −1.17°; P = 0.004), SN-OP (Δ −1.48°; P = 0.04), and L1-ML (Δ −6.39°; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Orthodontic treatment of children with skeletal hyperdivergence using systematic extraction of four premolars had minimal effects on the vertical facial dimension compared to non-extraction treatment.
A novel algorithm for optimal buffer allocation in automated asynchronous unreliable lines
Authors: Magnanini Maria Chiara , Terkaj Walter , Tolio Tullio A. M.
Published: August 2022

The Buffer Allocation Problem is a well-known optimization problem aiming at determining the optimal buffer sizes in a manufacturing system composed by various machines decoupled by buffers. This problem still has scientific relevance because of problem complexity and trade-off between conflicting goals. Moreover, it assumes industrial relevance in reconfigurable manufacturing lines, where buffer sizes can be easily adapted to the production scenario. This work proposes a novel algorithm integrating performance evaluation and optimization by means of throughput cuts based on a linear approximation. Numerical results show the validity of the proposed approach with respect to the traditional gradient-based method. Moreover, an industrial case study integrating the proposed approach into a decision-support system for the buffer allocation and reallocation is analyzed.
A prospective comparative study between percutaneous cannulated screws and Kirschner wires in treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures
Authors: El-Azab Hossam , Ahmed Khalaf Fathy Elsayed , Khalefa Abdelrahman Hafez , Marzouk Ashraf Rashad
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Several minimally invasive procedures were used to treat displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs). No agreement among different authors about either the ideal fixation method or which technique is minimally invasive. The aim of this study was to compare functional and radiographic outcomes of two minimally invasive techniques in treatment of Sanders type II and III DIACFs by using K-wires or cannulated screws without bone grafts.

Methods

A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on 28 patients (34 feet) with Sanders type II or III DIACFs, treated by closed reduction and fixation using cannulated screws or K-wires, at the Orthopedics Department of Sohag University Hospital, between April 2020 and February 2022. Functional assessment was done by American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and VAS for pain. Radiographic assessment was done by measurement of three calcaneal angles (Gissane, Böhler’s, and posterior facet inclination angles) and three calcaneal distances (height, length, and width of the calcaneus).

Results

Mean ages of patients at the time of operation were 34.8 years for the cannulated screw group and 36.6 years for the K-wire group. A vast majority of patients were males (78.6%). Involvement of the right side in the cannulated screw group was 57.1% and that in the K-wire group was 47.9%. Mean operative time was significantly shorter among the K-wire group (42 min) compared to the cannulated screw group (57 min). Mean AOFAS score was higher among the cannulated screw group (85.9 points) compared to the K-wire group (75.8 points). Final VAS was significantly better among the cannulated screw group compared to the K-wire group. Mean time of radiographic union in the cannulated screw group was 8.9 weeks and that in the K-wire group was 10.1 weeks.

Conclusion

Both techniques avoided wound complications associated with ORIF with the advantage of a shorter hospital stay. Patients in the cannulated screw group had better functional and radiographic outcomes and a lower rate of subtalar arthritis than patients in the K-wire group. K-wires had advantages of reduced operative time, and easy removal as an outpatient procedure.
Bioprocess development of 2, 3-butanediol production using agro-industrial residues
Authors: Hazeena Sulfath Hakkim , Shurpali Narasinha J. , Siljanen Henri , Lappalainen Reijo , Anoop Puthiyamdam , Adarsh Velayudhanpillai Prasannakumari , Sindhu Raveendran , Pandey Ashok , Binod Parameswaran
Published: August 2022

The valorization of agricultural and industrial wastes for fuel and chemical production benefits environmental sustainability. 2, 3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is a value-added platform chemical covering many industrial applications. Since the global market is increasing drastically, production rates have to increase. In order to replace the current petroleum-based 2,3-BDO production, renewable feedstock's ability has been studied for the past few decades. This study aims to find an improved bioprocess for producing 2,3-BDO from agricultural and industrial residues, consequently resulting in a low CO2 emission bioprocess. For this, screening of 13 different biomass samples for hydrolyzable sugars has been done. Alkali pretreatment has been performed with the processed biomass and enzyme hydrolysis performed using commercial cellulase. Among all biomass hydrolysate oat hull and spruce bark biomass could produce the maximum amount of total reducing sugars. Later oat hull and spruce bark biomass with maximum hydrolyzable sugars have been selected for submerged fermentation studies using Enterobacter cloacae SG1. After fermentation, 37.59 and 26.74 g/L of 2,3-BDO was obtained with oat hull and spruce bark biomass, respectively. The compositional analysis of each step of biomass processing has been performed and changes in each component have been evaluated. The compositional analysis has revealed that biomass composition has changed significantly after pretreatment and hydrolysis leading to a remarkable release of sugars which can be utilized by bacteria for 2,3-BDO production. The results have been found to be promising, showing the potential of waste biomass residues as a low-cost raw material for 2,3-BDO production and thus a new lead in an efficient waste management approach for less CO2 emission.

Graphical Abstract
The effect of anti-TNF on renal function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Swart I. A. P. , Visman I. M. , Heslinga M. , van der Horst-Bruinsma I. E. , van Denderen J. C. , Nurmohamed M. T.
Published: August 2022

Background

Biologicals, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF), reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Impaired renal function is a known predictor of CVD and elevated in ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Objective

To assess the effect of anti-TNF on renal function in patients with AS and whether anti-TNF use is safe in AS patients with pre-existing risk factors for renal decline.

Method

Biological-naïve consecutive AS patients treated with etanercept or adalimumab were prospectively followed from 2005 to 2014. Renal function was determined by calculation of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), estimated with the abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. The effect of anti-TNF on eGFR was analyzed using mixed model analysis.

Results

211 AS patients were followed for a median of 156 (36–286) weeks. Overall mixed model analyses showed a significant decrease of eGFR over time (β =  − 0.040, p = 0.000), although this association did not remain significant after adjustment for responding to anti-TNF, alcohol use, disease duration, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and disease activity (β =  − 0.018, p = 0.094). However, patients with pre-existing risk factors for renal decline did have a significant change in eGFR over time (β =  − 0.029, p = 0.006).

Conclusions

We found a significant change in eGFR over time, although this small decrease was not clinically relevant. This study further demonstrates that anti-TNF does not affect renal function in AS patients with and without existing risk factors for renal decline, which means that use of anti-TNF is safe concerning renal function in patients with AS.

Key Points• Previous studies showed that biologicals, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF), reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS).• Impaired renal function is a known predictor of CVD, and also a known concern for many AS patients.• Use of anti-TNF is safe with regard to renal function in patients with AS.• The effect of anti-TNF on CVD in AS patients does not seem to be mediated by changes in renal function.
The ‘welcomed lockdown’ hypothesis? Mental wellbeing and mobility restrictions
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Knapp Martin , Vilaplana-Prieto Cristina
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic and its mobility restrictions have been an external shock, influencing mental wellbeing. However, does risk exposure to COVID-19 affect the mental wellbeing effect of lockdowns? This paper examines the ‘welcomed lockdown’ hypothesis, namely the extent to which there is a level of risk where mobility restrictions are not a hindrance to mental wellbeing. We exploit the differential timing of exposure the pandemic, and the different stringency of lockdown policies across European countries and we focus on the effects on two mental health conditions, namely anxiety and depression. We study whether differences in the individual symptoms of anxiety and depression are explained by the combination of pandemic mortality and stringency of lockdown. We draw on an event study approach, complemented with a Difference-in-Difference (DiD), and Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). Our estimates suggest an average increase in depression (3.95%) and anxiety (10%) symptoms relative to the mean level on the day that lockdown took effect. However, such effects are wiped out when a country’s exhibits high mortality (‘pandemic category 5’). Hence, we conclude that in an environment of high mortality, lockdowns no longer give rise to a reduction in mental wellbeing consistent with the ‘welcome lockdown’ hypothesis.
Using the Implementation Research Logic Model as a Lens to View Experiences of Implementing HIV Prevention and Care Interventions with Adolescent Sexual Minority Men—A Global Perspective
Authors: Nelson LaRon E. , Ogunbajo Adedotun , Abu-Ba’are Gamji Rabiu , Conserve Donaldson F. , Wilton Leo , Ndenkeh Jackson Junior , Braitstein Paula , Dow Dorothy , Arrington-Sanders Renata , Appiah Patrick , Tucker Joe , Nam Soohyun , Garofalo Robert
Published: August 2022

Adolescents and sexual minority men (SMM) are high priority groups in the United Nations’ 2021 − 2016 goals for HIV prevention and viral load suppression. Interventions aimed at optimizing HIV prevention, testing and viral load suppression for adolescents must also attend to the intersectional realities influencing key sub-populations of SMM. Consequently, there is not a robust evidence-base to guide researchers and program partners on optimal approaches to implementing interventions with adolescent SMM. Using a multiple case study design, we integrated the Implementation Research Logic Model with components of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and applied it as a framework for a comparative description of ten HIV related interventions implemented across five countries (Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and United States). Using self-reported qualitative survey data of project principal investigators, we identified 17 of the most influential implementation determinants as well as a range of 17 strategies that were used in 90 instances to support intervention implementation. We highlight lessons learned in the implementation research process and provide recommendations for researchers considering future HIV implementation science studies with adolescent SMM.
Assessing measures of animal welfare
Authors: Browning Heather
Published: August 2022

There are many decision contexts in which we require accurate information on animal welfare, in ethics, management, and policy. Unfortunately, many of the methods currently used for estimating animal welfare in these contexts are subjective and unreliable, and thus unlikely to be accurate. In this paper, I look at how we might apply principled methods from animal welfare science to arrive at more accurate scores, which will then help us in making the best decisions for animals. I construct and apply a framework of desiderata for welfare measures, to assess the best of the currently available methods and argue that a combined use of both a whole-animal measure and a combination measurement framework for assessing welfare will give us the most accurate answers to guide our action.
A Brief Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Parents of Anxious Children: Feasibility and Acceptability Study
Authors: Jewell C , Wittkowski A , Collinge S , Pratt Daniel
Published: August 2022

Background

Parent-only psychological interventions can be effective treatments for child anxiety. Involving parents in treatment may be beneficial for children, ensuring that interventions are delivered effectively in a supportive environment. Few studies have investigated the feasibility and acceptability of parent-only interventions for child anxiety.

Objective

In this study, we report on feasibility, acceptability and preliminary clinical outcomes of a brief cognitive behavioural group intervention for parents of children (4- to 10-years-olds) experiencing anxiety in the absence of a diagnosed anxiety disorder.

Method

Parent participants attended a three-session group intervention delivered online. We collected feasibility information (recruitment and retention rates); parents and children (when appropriate) completed acceptability and clinical outcome measures after each session. Participants were also interviewed about the acceptability of the intervention and study processes.

Results

Nineteen parents consented to take part (child mean age 6.47, SD 1.23). Participant retention rates (68.4%) and intervention satisfaction (total mean CSQ score 28.52) were high​. Calculated effect sizes were moderate to large for parent-rated outcomes, small for child self-reported anxiety, and small to moderate for parent confidence/efficacy. Thematic analysis of interview data identified benefits, such as connecting with parents and learning strategies, as well as challenges associated with the intervention.

Conclusions

Attendance appeared to be associated with positive changes for parents and children. Overall, participants found this to be an acceptable and useful intervention. These findings demonstrated the potential benefit of a brief intervention for parents of anxious children. A larger trial is required to further investigate these preliminary findings.
Assessing Body Esteem in Adolescents: psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale (BESAA-S)
Authors: Beltrán-Garrayo Lucia , Mercado-Garrido Esther , Román Francisco Javier , Rojo Marta , Sepúlveda Ana Rosa
Published: August 2022

Background

“How do I perceive my own body?“ is a central question during adolescence, which addresses the subjective assessment of body image, called Body Esteem. Although concern about body esteem increases during adolescence, there is a lack of psychometrically validated measures to assess it specifically among Spanish adolescents.

Objective

This study aims to validate the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adult populations (BESAA), a widely used measure of body esteem across cultures, among the Spanish adolescent population.

Methods

The cross-cultural adequacy and acceptability of the Argentinian-Spanish version by Forbes et al., (2012) were pilot tested and the questionnaire was completed by 1,258 students (Mage = 15.56). Next, several psychometric analyses were carried out: exploratory (AFE) and confirmatory (CFA) factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability.

Results

The AFE and CFA supported a reduced Spanish version of the BESAA of 14 items (BESAA-S) and maintained the original three-factor structure (BE-Weight, BE-Appearance, and BE-Attribution subscales). The BESAA-S showed acceptable internal consistency and strong test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity between subscales was appropriate, and convergent validity was appropriate except for the BE-Attribution subscale. Nomological validity was supported through significant correlations with body appreciation, general self-esteem, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and disordered eating symptoms. Body esteem was negatively associated with weight status.

Conclusions

This study presents a culturally appropriate, shortened Spanish BESAA as a reliable instrument for body esteem assessment among Spanish speaking adolescents.
Data governance through a multi-DLT architecture in view of the GDPR
Authors: Zichichi Mirko , Ferretti Stefano , D’Angelo Gabriele , Rodríguez-Doncel Víctor
Published: August 2022

The centralization of control over the processing of personal data threatens the privacy of individuals due to the lack of transparency and the obstruction of easy access to their data. Individuals need the tools to effectively exercise their rights, enshrined in regulations such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Having direct control over the flow of their personal data would not only favor their privacy but also a “data altruism”, as supported by the new European proposal for a Data Governance Act. In this work, we propose a multi-layered architecture for the management of personal information based on the use of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). After an in-depth analysis of the tensions between the GDPR and DLTs, we propose the following components: (1) a personal data storage based on a (possibly decentralized) file storage (DFS) to guarantee data sovereignty to individuals, confidentiality and data portability; (2) a DLT-based authorization system to control access to data through two distributed mechanisms, i.e. secret sharing (SS) and threshold proxy re-encryption (TPRE); (3) an audit system based on a second DLT. Furthermore, we provide a prototype implementation built upon an Ethereum private blockchain, InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and Sia and we evaluate its performance in terms of response time.
Nebivolol elicits a neuroprotective effect in the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis in mice: emphasis on M1/M2 polarization and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Authors: Naeem Antoinette G. , El-Naga Reem N. , Michel Haidy E.
Published: August 2022

Background and Aim

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating neurodegenerative inflammatory disease affecting mainly young adults. Microgliosis-derived neuroinflammation represents a key hallmark in MS pathology and progression. Nebivolol (Neb) demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in several brain pathologies. This study was conducted to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of Neb in the cuprizone (Cup) model of MS.

Methods

C57Bl/6 mice were fed 0.2% Cup mixed into rodent chow for 5 weeks. Neb (5 and 10 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage during the last 2 weeks.

Results

Neb prevented Cup-induced weight loss and motor deficits as evidenced by increased latency to fall in the rotarod test and enhanced locomotor activity as compared to Cup-intoxicated mice. Neb reversed Cup-induced demyelination as confirmed by Luxol fast blue staining and myelin basic protein western blotting. Administration of Neb modulated microglial activation status by suppressing M1 markers (Iba-1, CD86, iNOS, NO and TNF-α) and increasing M2 markers (Arg-1 and IL-10) as compared to Cup-fed mice. Furthermore, Neb hindered NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-18 inflammatory cascade and alleviated oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation, as well as increasing catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.

Conclusion

These findings suggest the potential neuroprotective effect of Neb in the Cup-induced model of MS in mice, at least partially by virtue of shifting microglia towards M2 phenotype, mitigation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviation of oxidative stress.
Pulmonary Co-infection with Cryptococcus Species and Pneumocystis jirovecii in an Old Patient Without a Previous Predisposing Illness
Authors: Huang Jinbao , Weng Heng , Lan Changqing , Li Hongyan
Published: August 2022

Background

Cryptococcosis and pneumocystosis are opportunistic infections which are more common in immunosuppressed individuals. Herein, we report a rare case of coinfection of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in a patient without a previous predisposing illness.

Case presentation A 76-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaints of cough, expectoration, shortness of breath, and fever. A chest computed tomography (CT) showed multiple nodules with diffuse ground-glass opacities (GGOs) in both lungs. The patient was diagnosed as extrinsic allergic alveolitis (Pigeon breeder’s lung). After treatment with corticosteroids, the patient improved with significant absorption of GGOs on chest CT. However, pulmonary nodules gradually enlarged and such lesions could not be explained by EAA. Based on the positivity of serum cryptococcal antigen and pathological examination of lung nodule which confirmed the presence of Cryptococcus spores, PC was diagnosed later and fluconazole was administered. However, repeated chest CT performed about 2 months after antifungal treatment showed significantly increased GGOs in both lungs. The pathological examination of new lung lesions revealed the presence of P. jirovecii. The patient was finally diagnosed having coinfection of PC and PJP and sulfamethoxazole was further prescribed. Thereafter, the patient improved again with significant absorption of GGOs as noted on chest CT.

Conclusions

Concomitant PC and PJP is very rare, especially in a patient without a previous predisposing illness. Additionally, when pulmonary lesions cannot be completely explained by one kind of infectious disease, the possibility of mixed infection should be considered.
Moral Elites and the De-Paradoxification of Danish Social Policy Between Civil Society and State (1849–2022)
Authors: Sevelsted Anders
Published: August 2022

The article argues that in Denmark during the past 150 years, moral elites have been central in settling paradoxes within social policy by developing ‘classifications’ of citizens and sectors: who are deserving of help and what sector (public or third) should provide care. Contrary to widely held beliefs, historically, there is no logical or practical connection between ‘more deserving’ and ‘state support’. Theoretically, the article integrates elite scholarship and cultural sociology in developing a concept of moral elites’ power from—their sources of moral authority—and power to, the way that they have used their power to classify citizens and sectors. Empirically, the Danish moral elite and its involvement in social policy are analyzed based on secondary as well as primary historical sources. Findings: The development of the Danish moral elite has roots in the administrators of the nineteenth-century absolutist state: the clergy, medical doctors, and lawyers. Educational resources and state affiliation continue to be central to moral elite status. Economists have ascended to the top of the moral elite, while clergymen have dropped out. Three major classifications were developed during the period. ‘Help to self-help’ (late nineteenth century): deserving poor should receive help from private charity, while the public system should deter and discipline. ‘Rights’ (mid-twentieth century): the state should care for all, philanthropy mostly considered stigmatizing. ‘Workfare’ (late twentieth century to present): citizens are considered deserving as long as they are ‘active’, and sectors are considered equal in providing for citizens as long as they reach the economistic goal of activation.
How financially viable is smallholder forestry? A case study with a high-value tropical forestry species
Authors: Ota Liz , Page Tony , Viranamangga Rexon , Kalsakau Toufau , Herbohn John
Published: August 2022

This paper evaluates the financial performance and risk of high-value tropical forestry under the challenges faced by smallholders, using Vanuatu sandalwood as a case study. We developed a financial model to predict returns from smallholder-based sandalwood plantations. The model was used to investigate the following issues typically faced by smallholders: (i) what is the financial impact of smallholders harvesting trees at young ages because of fear of theft or cyclone damage? (ii) how does the opportunity cost of labour impact on the financial returns of sandalwood? and (iii) what are the current opportunities for smallholders to finance the establishment of sandalwood plantations and how might these be improved? Data were collected from expert interviews and relevant literature. We found that smallholder sandalwood can be a profitable investment, but tree security issues and environmental risks are leading to early harvest and an associated 64% reduction in potential returns. To improve the profitability and attractiveness of sandalwood plantations to smallholders, the following key issues must be addressed: (i) risks associated with tree theft need to be dramatically reduced; (ii) earlier returns from planting systems must be planned for smallholders with more immediate needs; and (iii) greater access to financial services is needed, including loans with competitive borrowing rates, particularly to increase the scale of planting for individual smallholders that might be constrained by labour. Theft mitigation can include fencing, patrolling, microchip tagging, all of which add significant maintenance cost. Formalised social and governance structures within and between villages, may be more cost-effective in improving tree security. Incorporating agricultural crops into systems helps produce earlier financial returns, and more rapid payback. Accessible loans can allow for upscaling of smallholder systems that are limited to household labour for plantation management, harvesting, and processing the logs.
Stärkung der Demokratien durch eine breitere Beteiligung?
Authors: Sebály Bernadett
Published: August 2022

Community Organizing ist ein neuer Ansatz für die Entwicklung der Zivilgesellschaft im post-sozialistischen Osteuropa. Mit einem starken Fokus auf die „Macht der Menschen“ und fortschrittliche Werte kann sie die bürgerliche und politische Kultur effektiv verändern. Für Länder, die von demokratischen Rückschritten und Autokratisierung betroffen sind, bietet sie ein Rezept für den Aufbau partizipativer, egalitärer Demokratien, die über die formalen Bedingungen der Rechtsstaatlichkeit hinausgehen.