bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
129 Evaluating effects of myostatin loss-of-function mutation on piglets for potential causes of early mortality
Authors: Burris Elli S , Dilger Anna
Published: May 2024

Pigs with an engineered myostatin loss-of-function mutation in exon 3 (-1T) experience perinatal mortality of unknown cause. From 36 litters resulting from matings of sows and boars both heterozygous for the mutation, 240 total piglets were born but only 14% (5/35) of piglets with myostatin loss-of-function mutation survived or were viable beyond postnatal d 3. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of this myostatin loss-of-function mutation on piglet organ and muscle development and blood parameters to determine potential causes of this excess mortality. Blood was collected for complete blood count and then piglets (n = 50) were euthanized at postnatal d 3. Piglets were dissected and longissimus muscle, semitendinosus muscle, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, testicles or female reproductive tract, and tongue were weighed. Front girth, back girth, and snout to rump were measured. Loin samples were used to genotype piglets into one of three groups: wild type (WT; unmutated myostatin, n = 13), heterozygous (HET, n = 21) and myostatin mutant (MKO, n = 10). Data were analyzed as a two-way ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS to determine the effect of sex, genotype, and their interaction. Body weight (P = 0.67) and front girth (P = 0.13) were not different between genotypes, but back girth was reduced (P = 0.04) in MKO by 2.3 cm compared with WT and by 2.1 cm compared with HET piglets. MKO piglets had lighter (P ≤ 0.03) hearts, livers, kidneys, pancreases, spleens, stomachs, and small intestine compared with HET and WT piglets, on both an absolute basis and as a percentage of body weight. In general, compared with other other genotypes, MKO organs were 5 to 19% lighter. Surprisingly, muscle weights, both longissimus and semitendinosus muscles, were not different (P ≥ 0.15) between genotypes, either on an absolute basis or as a percentage of body weight. White blood cell count was not different; however, neutrophil count was increased in MKO compared with other genotypes. These data suggest that underdeveloped or undersized organs in MKO piglets may compromise their survivability. Additionally, increased neutrophil counts may be indicative of a stress response in MKO piglets.
133 The effect of sire lines and endpoint cooking temperature on consumer eating experience and visual appeal in pork loin chops
Authors: McDonald Jonathan J , Field Brandon , Harsh Bailey , Dilger Anna
Published: May 2024

Prior research and public perception of pork suggest breed influence visual characteristics like color and size and palatability traits like tenderness and flavor of pork chops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess consumer perception of visual appeal and palatability of pork loin chops from three sire lines cooked to two different degrees of doneness (DOD). Boneless pork loins from three sire lines (Duroc, Berkshire, and Synthetic) were aged to 14 d post-mortem. Loin quality was then measured, and 2.54-cm chops were frozen from each loin. Chops from each sire line were overwrap-packaged in sets of two and displayed in a retail case with two representative packages per sire line. Panelists rated each package for color, marbling, and size on a just about right (JAR) scale and then indicated their overall liking of each package. Chops from each sire line were cooked to either 63°C or 71°C, cut into 1-cm cubes and two samples from each chop were served to each consumer. Panelists rated 6 samples, each sire line and DOD, for tenderness, flavor, and juiciness on a JAR scale and then rated overall liking. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in SAS 9.4 with panelist age range serving as an influence effect for all panel data. Berkshire chops did not differ (P > 0.08) in redness from other chops, but required 0.13 kg less force to shear, and had a 16.23 cm2 smaller LEA compared with Synthetic and Duroc chops (P < 0.02). Duroc chops had the greatest marbling (P < 0.04) but did not differ in visual color score from other treatments (P > 0.10). There were no differences in consumer visual evaluations (P > 0.45), with traits from all sire lines averaging between 43 and 57 (JAR = 50). Sire line also did not alter visual liking (P = 0.94). There were tendencies for interactions (P > 0.09) between DOD and sire line for consumer sensory evaluation. In general, consumers rated Berkshire chops cooked to 63°C more favorably than other sire line and DOD combinations. Consumers rated chops with different DOD similarly for tenderness and flavor, but tended to score juiciness of chops cooked to 63°C closer to JAR (P = 0.07). Duroc chops were the least tender and least acceptable (P < 0.05). Berkshire chops were juicer than Duroc and Synthetic chops (P < 0.02). Overall, consumers scored all chops between 3.1 and 12.3 units below the JAR line (100-unit scale) regardless of sire line or DOD for tenderness, juiciness, and flavor with overall acceptability within 10 units of neither like nor dislike, which may be indicative of consumers general negative perceptions of pork loin chops.
125 Effects of Saccharmyces yeast postbiotics on nursey pig muscle fiber cross-sectional area and oxidative capacity
Authors: Alambarrio Daniela A , Vaughn Mathew A , Kim Sung Woo , Gonzalez John M
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to determine effects of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics (celluTEIN, Puretein Bioscience, LLC, Minneapolis, MN) on nursery pig muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), isoform, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining intensity. Newly weaned pigs [n = 32; 16 barrows and 16 gilts; 21 d of age, body weight (BW) 6.05 ± 0.24 kg] were stratified by BW within sex, placed in individual pens, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments within each two-pig strata. Dietary treatments included pigs supplemented 0 (CON; n = 16) or 175 g/ton (CT; n = 16) of celluTEIN to their standard three-phase nursery ration. Pigs were harvested at d 35 of feeding and the longissimus lumborum muscle was collected for mean SDH staining intensity and immunohistochemistry analyses. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with pig as the experimental unit and treatment as the fixed effect. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. There were no treatment effects on type I and type IIB muscle fiber CSA (P > 0.14), but CT pigs had greater type IIA and type IIX muscle fiber CSA compared with CON (P < 0.05). When not analyzed by fiber isoform, pigs fed CT had a greater (P = 0.02) average muscle fiber CSA than CON pigs. There were no treatment effects on muscle fiber type percentage or SDH intensity of all fiber types (P ≥ 0.23); however, when calculated as a muscle fiber CSA ratio, CT type IIA fibers had a smaller ratio (darker staining/µm2) than CON type IIA fibers (P = 0.05). There were no treatment effects for type I, IIX, and IIB ratios (P > 0.21). In conclusion, supplementing Saccharomyces yeast postbiotics during the nursery period increased muscle fiber hypertrophy and type IIA fiber oxidative capacity.
130 Parity affects mammary development in late-pregnant swine
Authors: Farmer Chantal , Johannsen Jakob C , Gillies Caroline , Huber Lee-Anne , Hovey Russell C
Published: May 2024

This project was undertaken to determine if mammary development at the end of gestation differs between primiparous and multiparous sows. During gestation, primiparous (n = 19) and multiparous (parities 2 and 3, n = 17) Yorkshire × Landrace sows were fed one daily meal of a conventional corn-based diet. Amounts fed were based on body weight (BW) and backfat thickness at mating. On d 110 ± 1 of gestation, a jugular blood sample was obtained from all sows to measure IGF-1, glucose, FFA and urea. Sows were then weighed and their backfat thickness measured before euthanasia. Mammary glands from one side of the udder (7 glands) were dissected for compositional analyses. The fifth gland of the contralateral row of mammary gland was sampled for histology and immunohistochemical localization of Ki67. There was less total parenchyma (1,437.4 vs 2,004.7 ± 127.1 g) and total extra-parenchymal tissue (1,691.0 vs 2,407.0 ± 125.3 g; P < 0.001) in mammary gland of primiparous compared with multiparous sows. When these values were expressed per kg BW (respective means of 226.0 and 284.0 ± 2.7 kg for primiparous and multiparous sows), there was no difference for either parenchyma or extra-parenchymal tissue across parity groups (P > 0.05). Parity altered all components within the parenchyma (P < 0.001). Specifically, parenchymal tissue from primiparous sows had greater fat and DM percentages, decreased protein percent, and reduced concentrations of DNA (6.59 vs 9.35 ± 0.53 mg/g DM) and RNA (7.76 vs 12.33 ± 0.70 mg/g DM) than that from multiparous sows. On the other hand, the circumference of alveolar lumens was greater in primiparous than multiparous sows (P < 0.001), and the percentage of epithelial cells that were positive for Ki67, an indicator of cell proliferation, also tended to be greater in primiparous sows (P = 0.07). Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were greater in primiparous than multiparous sows (45.0 vs 27.3 ± 2.8 ng/mL, P < 0.001). None of the other blood variables were affected by parity (P > 0.10). Results show a marked effect of parity on mammary gland development in swine. At the end of gestation, primiparous sows had less developed mammary parenchyma with a tendency for a greater rate of proliferation than multiparous sows. Such a difference could affect the response of mammary tissue to various nutritional or endocrine signals. This information is crucial for developing optimal management strategies that will maximize sow milk yield.
128 Effects of dietary hybrid rye on quality and consumer acceptability of pork from pigs raised under organic conditions
Authors: Kavanagh Megan , Lima Gabriella , Hilbrand Adrienne , Cox Ryan , Johnston Lee J , Li Yuzhi
Published: May 2024

In organic pig production, hybrid rye grain and straw can be used as feed and bedding, respectively, to reduce production costs. However, there is a concern that replacing corn with hybrid rye in pig diets may affect pork quality. In this study, we investigated whether inclusion of hybrid rye in pig diets can affect quality and consumer acceptability of pork from organically raised pigs. Pigs [n = 200, initial body weight (BW) = 26.8±3.5 kg, 10 wk of age] were assigned to Control or Rye treatments (50 pigs/pen; 2 pens/treatment) within a hoop barn and stratified for BW and sex across pens. Control pigs received corn, soybean meal-based diets. Rye pigs were fed diets in which hybrid rye replaced 50% of the corn in control diets. Near market BW (average = 127 kg, 22 wk of age), 8 pigs per pen (4 barrows and 4 gilts) closest to the average BW of all pigs in the pen were selected for evaluation of pork quality and consumer acceptability. Carcass pH at 45 min and 24 h postmortem in the ham, and objective color scores (L*, a*, b*), shear force, and subjective color and marbling scores were collected from a loin chop. Loin chops were kept at or below -18°C until a consumer taste panel was conducted to assess overall liking, flavor liking, texture liking, toughness, juiciness, and off-flavor of pork from the cooked loin chops. Liking ratings were made on 120-point scales (0 - strongest dislike imaginable, 120 - strongest like imaginable). Toughness, juiciness, and off-flavor were ranked on 20-point scales (0 - none, 20 - extremely tough, juicy, or intense, respectively). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure, Frequency procedure with chi-square test of SAS. Measures of pork quality (pH at 45 min and 24 h, a*, b*, shear force, and subjective marbling and color scores) were not different between treatments (Table 1). Pigs fed Control diets displayed a greater (P = 0.006) L* reading than Rye-fed pigs indicating that pork from Control pigs was lighter in color than Rye-fed pigs. Generally, the taste panel did not detect a difference in acceptability of pork from Control and Rye-fed pigs. Juiciness and off flavor were scored very similarly by panelists. However, pork from Rye-fed pigs tended (P = 0.075) to be tougher than pork from Control pigs. Liking attributes (overall liking, flavor liking, and texture liking) were scored similarly between Rye-fed and Control pigs and generally better than neutral (neutral=60/120) by panelists. These data suggest that replacing 50% of corn with hybrid rye in diets for growing-finishing pigs will not negatively impact quality or consumer acceptability of pork.
12 Effects of increasing SID lysine (Lys) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels of lactation diets fed to young and multiparous sows
Authors: Boler Dustin , Perez Jeremy , Parr Eric , Welch Michael , Kyle Kelsey , Johnson Danielle , Neill Casey , Estrada Jorge
Published: May 2024

Providing insufficient lysine to lactating sows can reduce piglet performance and subsequent farrowing performance of sows. Current SID lysine and ME recommendations for lactating sows are approximately 60 g/d and 20 Mcal/d, respectively. Because of variations in feed intake during lactation, a portion of sows do not meet recommended Lys intake levels. There is no clear understanding of the Lys:Calorie ratio when dietary energy is increased in the summer to ensure adequate caloric intake. The objective was to evaluate a potential advantage of feeding diets with SID Lys and energy levels that exceed recommendations to lactating sows. A total of 855 sows were fed during the summer of 2023 in 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Factors included SID lysine [low (0.85%) vs high (1.11%)] and ME [low (3,183 kcal/kg) vs high (3,334 kcal/kg)]. Diets were formulated to deliver 61 g of SID lysine at 0.85% inclusion to sows that consume 7.2 kg of complete feed per day. Primary outcome variables were sow body composition, lactation average daily feed intake (ADFI), average piglet weaning weight, and pre-wean mortality. There were no interactions between treatments (P > 0.05). SID Lys intake was 61.2 and 76.4 g/d for low and high Lys, respectively (P < 0.01). ME intake was 21.9 and 23.4 Mcal/d for low and high energy, respectively (P < 0.01). Contrary to expectations, ADFI did not differ (P = 0.25) between sows fed the low- and high-energy diets, however, sows fed low lysine consumed 0.29 kg more feed (P < 0.01) per day compared with sows fed high lysine. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.70) in the number of piglets born alive for any treatment group. Sows fed high energy had 0.27 fewer (P < 0.01) still-born piglets per litter compared with sows fed low energy. Pre-wean mortality was also reduced (P = 0.05) by 0.76 percentage units in litters of sows fed the high-energy diet compared with litters of sows fed the low energy. Lysine level had no effects on farrowing and litter performance (P > 0.05). Litters from sows fed the high-energy diet gained 1.2 kg more (P = 0.05) body weight during lactation and tended to result in litter-weaned weights that were 1.5 kg heavier (P = 0.06) than litters from sows fed the low-energy diet. Feeding a diet with a greater lysine concentration during lactation reduced feed intake but did not affect litter performance. In contrast, increasing dietary energy immediately before farrowing and during lactation did not affect sow feed intake but reduced pre-wean mortality and resulted in fewer still-born piglets, greater litter gains, and heavier litter weaning weights.
13 Impact of precision feeding during gestation on the productive career of sows over three reproductive parities
Authors: Sauvé Béatrice , Cloutier Laetitia , Galiot Lucie , Guay Frédéric , Dumas Gabrielle , Gaillard Charlotte , Dourmad Jean-Yves , Simongiovanni Aude , Gagnon Patrick
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of precision feeding during gestation on the career performances and longevity of sows, initially gilts, monitored over three successive reproductive cycles. Four isoenergetic treatments were compared: two conventional constant-concentration feeding strategies (0.53 % DIS Lys) with feed supply either constant (flat feeding; FF) or variable (bump feeding; BF), and two precision feeding strategies based on the InraPorc model applied considering either the mean weight by parity (PFP) or the individual weight of each sow at breeding (PFI). Four groups, representing 393 gilts, were followed from breeding to weaning over three cycles. Body weight and backfat depth were measured at breeding, 90 d of gestation, parturition, and weaning. Feed consumption was monitored daily. Litter variables were measured, including birth and weaning weight, mortality, and overall body weight gain. A mixed model was used to analyze differences between the four treatments using the sow as the experimental unit for performance analysis during the third reproductive cycles. For the analysis of the overall productive career over the three reproductive cycles, the performances of the two conventional strategies (with constant Lys DIS concentration feeding, CONV) were compared with the two precision feeding strategies (PF). During the third cycle, PFP and PFI sows had a lighter body weight at the beginning of gestation than the FF sows (P < 0.01), but increased their body weight gain during gestation (P < 0.001). Backfat loss in PFP and PFI sows during lactation was greater compared with BF sows (P = 0.05), FF sow being intermediate. PFP sows had a lower stillborn rate (P = 0.04) and tended to have less total piglet mortality (P = 0.06) than FF and BF sows. Over the three reproductive cycles, the stillborn rate and total piglet mortality were less in PF sows than in CONV sows (respectively -0.9 %; P = 0.02 and -1.5 %; P = 0.03). PF sows weaned more piglets during their three cycles than CONV sows did (+ 0.7; P = 0.03), with weaning litter weight gain also increasing for PF sows (+3.7 %; P = 0.02). The culling rate of gilts after three cycles did not differ significantly among treatments (P = 0.27), but tended to be greater for PF sows after one cycle (+4.9 %; P = 0.08). The results seem to show a lasting benefit of precision feeding for sows, with a decrease in piglet mortality during lactation, suggesting greater piglet viability without significantly decreasing sow longevity.
19 Evaluation of precision feeding standardized ileal digestible lysine to meet the requirements of lactating sows
Authors: Spinler Mikayla , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Frobose Hyatt , Uitermarkt Amanda , Woodworth Jason C
Published: May 2024

Two experiments evaluated the effects of precision feeding lactating sows. In both experiments, sows were blocked by parity and allotted to treatment on d 2 of lactation. The first experiment included a total of 95 mixed parity sows and litters. Treatments included a control, NRC (2012), or INRA (2009) treatment curve. Sows on the NRC or INRA treatment curves received a blend of a low (0.25% SID Lys) and high (1.10% SID Lys) Lys diet using the Gestal Quattro Opti Feeder (Jyga Technologies, St-Lambert-de-Lauzon, Quebec, Canada) to target specific SID Lys intake/d based on parity and litter size according to NRC and INRA models. Control sows received only the high Lys diet. Blend of the high and low Lys diets were adjusted every 2 d based on actual Lys intake to more closely meet target Lys intake (NRC and INRA curves). Control sows had greater (P < 0.05) average Lys intake (76.7 g/d) compared with sows fed either NRC (53.1 g/d) or INRA (42.8 g/d) curves (Table). Pigs from sows fed the high Lys diet had greater (P < 0.05) body weight at weaning and average daily gain (ADG) compared with pigs from sows fed INRA treatment, with NRC curve fed sows intermediate. Nitrogen excretion, estimated from NRC equations, was greatest (P < 0.05) in sows fed the high Lys diet, followed by sows fed the NRC curve, and INRA curve sows the least. In Exp. 2, 56 mixed parity sows and litters were used. Treatments included a control where sows were provided a high Lys (1.10% SID Lys) diet and two treatments where sows were fed either a static or dynamic blend of a low (0.40 % SID Lys) and high Lys diet to target a specific SID Lys intake/d based on parity and litter size. The dynamic curve blend was adjusted based on actual Lys intake every 2 d to reach target Lys intake while the static curve was not adjusted. Lysine intake curves were based on the NRC (2012), but targets were increased by 20% to reach an average Lys intake of 60 g/d across parities. Control sows had greater Lys intake (P < 0.05; 77.7 g/d) compared with sows fed the blend curves, with no differences between the two blend curves (P > 0.05; 60.1 vs. 59.7 g/d). There were no differences (P > 0.05) observed in litter size, piglet or litter weight at weaning, or ADG. Estimated nitrogen excretion was greater (P < 0.05) for sows on the control diet compared with both blend curves. These data would suggest that 60 g/d of SID Lys is sufficient to maximize litter weight gain for litter sizes of 13.5 weaned piglets. Overall, feed blending can be used to decrease N excretion while achieving similar performance compared with feeding a standard high Lys diet.
17 Effect of branched-chain amino acids on lactating sow and piglet performance
Authors: Humphrey Dalton C , Haydon Keith D , Greiner Laura L
Published: May 2024

Sows (n = 360 PIC 1050 and Genesus) were used to investigate the effect of various branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels on sow lactation and litter growth performance. Upon entering the farrowing room, sows were blocked by parity group (P0, P2, P3+) and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments containing various levels of BCAA. Experimental diets were formulated to various standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine, isoleucine, and valine levels by replacing cornstarch with L-leucine, L-isoleucine, and L-valine. Levels of the BCAA were expressed as ratios to SID lysine and were formulated at 114 or 180 for Leu, 56 or 64 for Ile, and 64 or 120 for Val. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric (3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and met or exceeded all other NRC (2012) essential amino acid and vitamin and mineral recommendations. Sow body weight (BW), backfat, and body condition score were recorded at the time of entry into the farrowing room and at the time of weaning. Piglet litter weights were recorded after cross-fostering and at weaning to determine litter growth rate. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with fixed effects of dietary treatment and parity group and a random effect of lactation group. The models were fit using R version 4.3.1 (R Core Team, 2023). The sow and her litter were the experimental unit, and results were considered significant if P ≤ 0.05 and a tendency if 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Sows nursed piglets for 21.3 d (P = 0.998). The mean parity by treatment ranged from 3.8 to 3.9 (P = 0.999). After farrowing, the mean estimated sow BW was 219 kg, with a range between treatments of 216 to 221 kg (P = 0.651). On average, sows gained 2.82% of their BW (P = 0.696) with an average daily feed intake (ADFI) of 8.75 kg/d (P = 0.932). However, as expected, sow Leu, Ile, Val, and total BCAA intakes were different across treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Sows entered the farrowing house with an average of 11.50 mm of backfat (P = 0.919) and lost 6.04% backfat through lactation (P = 0.667). Sows started the trial with an average of 14.1 piglets/sow (P = 0.967) and weaned 12.6 piglets per sow (P = 0.981) with a piglet average daily gain of 0.22 kg/d (P = 0.193) and a daily litter growth rate of 2.89 kg/d (P = 0.291). In conclusion, there was no evidence of an effect of the various leucine, isoleucine, and valine levels evaluated in this study on lactating sow and piglet performance.
22 Feeding the early gestating gilt during heat stress: Implications towards fetal viability, growth, and development
Authors: Byrd MaryKate , Stewart Kara R , Pasternak Jonathan A , Johnson Jay S
Published: May 2024

Gestational heat stress (GHS) directly impacts litter development and viability and has long term negative postnatal effects on offspring. However, current data on the interactions between GHS, maternal feed energy partitioning, and fetal development measures in pigs are limited. Therefore, the study objective was to gain a greater understanding of how early GHS influences fetal development and viability and whether maternal feed energy partitioning has a role. Gestating gilts (n = 23) were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 11; 18.5 ± 1.2°C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclic 26 to 38°C) conditions beginning on d 6.0 ± 0.9 of gestation to 33.0 ± 1.7. The HS treatments resulted in greater (P < 0.05) respiration rates and body temperature and HS gilts grew faster (P < 0.05; 0.5 ± 0.1 kg/d) than TN gilts (0.3 ± 0.1 kg/d) as previously reported. Pregnant gilts were individually housed and limit-fed a standard gestating gilt diet (1.82 kg/d; 4.39 Mcal NE intake/d). On gestation d 33 ± 1.7, gilts were harvested and reproductive tract weight, corpus luteum (CL) counts, and fetal weights and counts were recorded. Additionally, fetal images were taken with a digital camera to assess fetal length, width, crown rump length (CRL), and viability using Image J. Fetuses were considered nonviable if CRL was more than 2 standard deviations less than the mean litter CRL or had irregular anatomical traits. All data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with either pregnant gilt as the experimental unit for litter-based measures or individual fetus as the experimental unit for fetal based measures. Gilt NE intake efficiency [average daily gain (ADG); NE intake) was greater for HS (P = 0.04; 0.11 ± 0.01) when compared with TN gilts (0.07 ± 0.01). No fetal ADG (P = 0.26; 0.12 ± 0.04 g/d) or fetal ADG; gilt NE intake differences (P = 0.26; 0.03 ± 0.01) were detected between treatments. Total fetuses per CL were decreased for HS gilts (P = 0.01; 0.72 ± 0.03 fetuses) when compared with TN gilts (0.85 ± 0.04 fetuses). Viable fetuses per CL were reduced for HS gilts (P = 0.05; 0.69 ± 0.01 fetuses) when compared with TN gilts (0.80 ± 0.04 fetuses). The difference between total CL count and total fetuses per gilt tended to be increased for HS (P = 0.08; 6 ± 1 fetus) versus TN gilts (4 ± 1 fetus). No other fetal differences were observed (P > 0.10). In conclusion, early GHS improved gilt growth performance and NE efficiency, but resulted in decreased fertilization rates and reduced fetal viability and had no impact on fetal growth and development.
14 Effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine intake of gilts and sows during d 35 to 112 of gestation on reproductive performance
Authors: Vier Carine M , Orlando Weasley A , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Estrada Jorge , Camp Jordi , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve , Zaragoza Luis E , Lu Ning , Peterson Beau , Boler Dustin , Parr Eric
Published: May 2024

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing daily dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) intake during d 35 to 112 of gestation on sow and litter performance. A total of 704 gilts and sows (PIC Camborough) were used. Females were group-housed after d 35 of gestation and individually fed with electronic sow feeders (ESF). At d 35 of gestation, females were balanced for body weight (BW) and caliper scores within parity categories, and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments consisted of increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (11.1, 13.5, 16.1, and 18.5 g/d). Both gilts and sows received 2.37 kg/d of a gestation diet containing 3.17 Mcal of ME/kg, which was estimated to avoid feeding females below their maintenance requirements throughout the entire gestation. Treatments were achieved by different blend of low (0.47% SID Lys) and high (0.78% SID Lys) Lys diets via ESF based on the set feed allowance for females. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmerfunctions of R, considering treatment, parity, and their interaction as fixed effects. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) of treatment and parity interaction for any response criteria. Body weight at d 112 of gestation and BW change from d 35 to 112 of gestation increased (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake (Table 1). No evidence for SID Lys treatment differences were observed for BW at weaning or BW change during lactation (P > 0.10). There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for treatment differences on caliper score (CS) at d 35 of gestation, d 112 of gestation, at weaning, or CS changes during gestation and lactation. There was no evidence for treatment difference on total born, percentage stillbirth and percentage of mummified fetuses (P > 0.10). However, there was a marginal reduction in percentage born alive piglets (quadratic, P = 0.056), with the least proportion of piglets born alive observed in females receiving 16.1g of daily SID Lys intake from d35 to d112 of gestation. Increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d 35 to 112 of gestation did not affect piglet birth weight, piglet average daily gain during lactation, proportion of removed pigs, and proportion of dead pigs during lactation. In summary, increasing daily dietary SID Lys intake during d35-to-112 of gestation increased female BW; however, no evidence of benefits was observed for female reproductive performance and litter performance during lactation.
20 Effects of a stabilized fish oil on boar semen quality when fed during summer months
Authors: Didion Bradley A , Hundley Jamie , Kleve-Feld Michael , Gall Tom , Vier Carine M , Middleton Amanda , Orlando Weasley A , Lu Ning , Ballard Malcom , Cast Wayne R , Parsley Mike , Dritz Steve , Burgess Kent
Published: May 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding a stabilized fish oil source to different genetic lines on boar semen quality. A total of 127 boars representing three genetic lines (PIC 337, PIC 800, and PIC L03; Hendersonville, TN) at a commercial boar stud were balanced by age, body condition, and previous semen quality and randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments within genetic line. Boars were assigned to either receive Control; a daily top dress of 32g of corn starch; or Fish oil; a daily top dress of 32g of Salmate DHA+ (The Ballard Group, 2407 Ashland Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45206 USA) to provide 2.38 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The top-dress supplementation was provided by placing it on top of the daily ration of feed for each individual boar on the floor once each day immediately after their feed has been delivered to them. Supplementation lasted for 16 wk from June-September, 2023 during which weekly semen collection was performed. Semen was evaluated at the stud for concentration and motility parameters using computer assisted semen analysis. Data was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Boar was the experimental unit, with dietary treatment, genetic line, and their interaction tested as fixed effects while age at collection served as a covariate. Boar nested within treatment combinations was used as a random effect to account for repeated measurements within the same boar. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for dietary treatment by genetic line interaction for any response criteria (Table 1). There was no evidence of fish oil supplementation effects (P > 0.10) on semen volume, concentration, total sperm cells per ejaculate, percentage of accepted ejaculates, or number of doses produced per accepted ejaculate. There was no evidence of fish oil supplementation effects (P > 0.10) on percentage motile sperm cells, or percentage of proximal and distal droplets and abnormal tails. Line 800 boars had the least (P < 0.05) semen volume, but greatest (P < 0.05) sperm concentration, resulting in no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) between the three genetic lines in total sperm cells per ejaculate. Line 03 boars had increased (P < 0.05) percentage of rejected ejaculates as well as decreased number of doses produced per accepted ejaculate (P < 0.05) compared with lines 337 and 800 boars. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in sperm motility, proximal and distal droplets, or abnormal tails between the three genetic lines. In summary, maternal line boars had an increased proportion of rejected ejaculates per boar and a decreased number of doses produced compared with terminal line boars. Feeding a stabilized fish oil to provide 2.38 g of DHA did not improve semen during summer months.
15 Effects of post-MSC DDGS inclusion in gestation diets compared with other fiber sources on in vitro gas and volatile fatty acid production
Authors: Shipman Garrin , Palencia Jorge Y Perez , Hong Jinsu , Herrick Kevin J , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Levesque Crystal L
Published: May 2024

In vitro fermentation has been used to characterize hindgut fermentation of fibrous ingredients fed to grower pigs. However, there is little to no work investigating hindgut fermentation of fibrous feedtuffs in gestating sows, who have greater fermentative capacity compared with grower pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize hindgut gas production and volatile fatty acids (VFA) following in vitro fermentation using fecal inoculum collected from the sows when fed either post-protein separation dried-distiller’s grains with solubles (post-MSC DDGS), soyhulls, or sugar beet pulp. Pregnant sows (n = 22; parity 0 to 1; body weigh = 190 ± 10 kg) were allocated to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a crossover design with two collection periods (period 1 from d 40-59 of gestation and period 2 from d 60-79 of gestation) to attain at least 7 observations per treatment. Two of the six diets were practical corn-soybean meal-based gestation diets with either soyhulls (17.5% inclusion) or post-MSC DDGS (15% inclusion). The remaining four diets included a corn-basal diet and the basal diet plus 30% inclusion of post-MSC DDGS, soyhulls, or sugar beet pulp. Sows were fed experimental diets (2.2 kg/d in a single feeding) in two 20 d collection periods. For in vitro fermentation, fresh fecal samples were collected on d 16 of each collection period, prepared as inoculum, and subjected to the gas production measurement technique through in vitro fermentation. Supernatant residue from the in vitro fermentation was subjected to VFA analysis by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and fixed to a mixed linear model using treatment as the main effect and collection period as a random variable. Total gas production of the practical diet containing post-MSC DDGS diet was 132 ml/g less (P = 0.03) than the practical soyhull diet. While the total concentration of total VFA did not differ between practical diets, the concentration of isovalerate tended to be greater for the post-MSC DDGS diet compared with the soyhull diet (P = 0.09). Total gas production was 140 and 375 mg/L less for the post-MSC DDGS than soyhulls and sugar beet pulp, respectively (P < 0.01). The concentrations of butyrate and isovalerate (relative to total VFA) were approximately 7 and 2%, respectively, greater for the post-MSC DDGS than in the soyhulls or sugar beet pulp fermentation residues (P < 0.05). Concentrations of other VFA relative to total VFA did not differ between fiber sources. In conclusion, post-MSC DDGS can contribute to sustainable swine production when fed to gestating by lowering total gas production and being a source of volatile fatty acids.
29 Effects of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine plans on growth performance and carcass characteristics of PIC 337 or PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs
Authors: Camp Jordi , Orlando Weasley A , Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve , Zaragoza Luis E , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Landero Jose , Young Malachy
Published: May 2024

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of using different dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) plans on growth performance of PIC 337 and PIC 800 sired grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,016 gilts and barrows were placed in 2 separate rooms with 48 single sex pens each (21 pigs/pen; 0.69 m2/pig). Pens were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly allotted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with genetic line (PIC 337 or 800), sex (barrows or gilts), and nutrition plan (current SID Lys curve recommendation for PIC 800 as % of PIC 337 SID Lys curve or alternative SID Lys curve) as factors. Pigs (27.4 ± 1.41 kg BW) were followed during the grower-finisher phase until slaughter. Pigs were fed either the current recommendation or an alternative SID Lys curve for PIC 800, in a 5 phase feeding program: phase 1 (23-40 kg; 97 vs 100%, respectively); phase 2 (40-60 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 3 (60-80 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); phase 4 (80-105 kg; 97 vs 95%, respectively); and phase 5 (105-135 kg; 97 vs 90%, respectively). Pigs were fed isoenergetic diets. Performance and carcass traits, and removals and mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using mixed models in R, and considering pen as the experimental unit for performance traits and individual carcasses for carcass traits. There was no evidence of interaction between genetic line and nutrition plan factors. Overall, PIC 337 vs 800 pigs did not differ on average daily gain (ADG; P > 0.05), but PIC 337 pigs consumed 150 g/d less and were 0.1 more feed efficient than PIC 800 pigs (P < 0.05; Table 1). Moreover, PIC 337 pigs had 1.9 kg less of hot carcass weight, but 2.1 mm more of loin depth compared with PIC 800 pigs (P < 0.05; Table 1). Regarding nutrition plan, no significant differences were observed for overall performance and carcass traits between pigs fed the current or alternative SID Lys curve (P > 0.05; Table 1). Additionally, no significant differences were observed for overall removals and mortality by genetic line or nutrition plan (P > 0.05; Table 1). In summary, different genetic sire line (PIC 337 and PIC 800) differed on performance and carcass traits. Further research is needed to continue studying the genetic evolution and nutrition plan for each genetic sire line in the grower-finisher period to understand their nutrient requirements.
31 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and dietary SID tryptophan to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows
Authors: Lu Ning , Zaragoza Luis E , Vier Carine M , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Orlando Weasley A , Hewett Ellie , Turner Simon , Estrada Jorge , Camp Jordi , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve
Published: May 2024

The objective was to determine the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels and SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys ratios on growth performance and behavior of late-nursery to finish maternal barrows. A total of 2,293 barrows (PIC Camborough, initially 11.9 ± 0.35 kg) were used in this trial with 96 mixed-sex pens and 23 to 25 pigs/pen. There was a total of 6 dietary phases: P1:11.9-29.5 kg; P2:29.5-49.6 kg; P3:49.6-62.6 kg; P4:62.6-80.3 kg; P5:80.3-103.3 kg; and P6:103.3-137.8 kg. Pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments:T1: 100% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T2: 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T3: 100% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T4: 80% Lys (dietary SID Lys levels meet 80% of PIC SID Lys recommendation) and 21.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; T5: 80% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio; and T6: 80% Lys and 16.0% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P1-P2 and then 100% Lys and 18.5% of SID Trp:Lys ratio for P3-P6. Ear lesion (EL) was monitored during P2-P5. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Pigs fed T1 and T2 showed improved average daily gain than T6 (P < 0.05), with other treatments intermediate (Table 1). Pigs fed T2 showed improved average daily feed intake as compared with T6 (P < 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant difference on feed-to-gain ratio or mortality. Removal was significantly greater for pigs fed T6 compared with all other treatments (P < 0.05). Pigs fed T2 had significantly greater hot carcass weight than T4, with other treatments intermediate. There was no evidence for significant differences on carcass yield or lean percentage. Pig fed T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P2 than all other treatments (P < 0.05). Pigs fed T4 and T6 had greater incidence of EL in P3 than T1 (P < 0.05), with other treatments intermediate. Pigs fed T5 and T6 had significantly greater incidence of EL in P4 than T1, T2, and T3 (P < 0.05), with T4 intermediate. During P5, pigs fed T4 and T5 had the greatest incidence of EL (P < 0.05), while pigs fed T6 had significant greater incidence of EL than T3 (P < 0.05), with T1 and T2 intermediate. In conclusion, dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio less than PIC recommendation during late-nursery-to-grower phase resulted in compromised overall growth performance of maternal barrows, even with restored dietary SID Lys and SID Trp:Lys levels in finish phase. Dietary SID Lys level and/or SID Trp:Lys ratios lower than PIC recommendation may result in greater incidence of aggression behavior in maternal barrows.
27 Standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio equations for 12 to 127 kg boars, gilts, immunocastrated gilts and boars
Authors: lima Gustavo , Castro Gabriel , Siqueira Amanda P , Vier Carine M , Orlando Weasley A , Moita Vitor , silva Caio A
Published: May 2024

We aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) ratio equations for 12 to 127 kg boars, gilts, immunocastred gilts (IC gilts), and barrows (IC barrows). An average of 3,545 split-gender pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 11.98 ± 1.26 kg) were used in a 21-d trial followed by a 21-d wash-out period in 2 replicates, totaling six feeding periods. In feeding phase 6, both genders were immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (administrated with Vivax, Zoetis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by body weight, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments consisting of 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys:Mcal of ME recommendations for mixed gender between boars, barrows, and gilts for each phase. The treatment diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were six split-gender pens•treatment-1•replicate-1 •phase-1 and 30 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with a pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) for average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F). There was no significant gender by quadratic coefficient interactions in all phases of this study (P > 0.05), then the mixed gender equation was determined, and the intact boars and gilts equation was estimated by the PIC overall difference in efficiency between genders. In the immunocastrated phase, after second dose, the mixed gender optimum level was determined and the equations for IC gilts and barrows was estimated by the differences in efficiency observed in the phase 6 of the two replicates. The SID Lys to calorie ratio recommended is based on the average for ADG and G:F (Table 1). Approximately 98.4% and 99.2% of maximum ADG and G:F were achieved at these levels, respectively, and these equations were similar compared with previous PIC biological requirements (Orlando et al., 2021).
25 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of pigs from 100 to 130 kg
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: May 2024

A total of 1,570 finishing pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 103.4 ± 0.85 kg) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the effects of feeding increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys to pigs between 100 to 130 kg on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics. Before the beginning of the study, the 3 heaviest pigs per pen were removed and marketed with all remaining pigs marketed 28-d later at the end of the study. Pigs were housed in mixed sex pens, with 20 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four dietary treatments: 0.63, 0.68, 0.75, and 0.82% SID Lys. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and fed in meal form. Dietary treatments were similar in NE and increasing SID Lys was achieved by increasing soybean meal and feed grade amino acids. For the first 14 d from 100 to approximately 118 kg, there was a linear tendency for increased (P = 0.074) average daily gain (ADG), a linear improvement (P < 0.05) in gain to feed ratio (G:F), and increase (P < 0.001) in SID lysine intake per kg of gain as SID Lys increased (Table). For the second 14 d from 118 to 128 kg, SID Lys intake per kg of gain increased (P < 0.001) as SID Lys increased, however; there was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) for any growth performance traits. Overall, there was a linear increase (P = 0.018) in G:F and increase (P < 0.001) in SID lysine intake per kg of gain as SID Lys increased. Increasing SID Lys also linearly increased (P < 0.05) percentage lean and decreased (P < 0.05) backfat depth with no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in other carcass criteria. For economics, feed cost and feed cost per kg of gain linearly increased (P < 0.05) as SID Lys increased in both low and high-price scenarios. Income over feed cost linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as dietary SID Lys increased in a low-price scenario, but there was no difference between treatments in a high-price scenario (P > 0.10). In conclusion, increasing dietary SID lysine in the last 28-d of the finisher period linearly increased G:F and SID Lys intake per kg of gain without significantly influencing other growth performance traits. Feed cost per kg of gain was linearly increased for both low and high-price scenarios with a detriment for IOFC with increasing SID Lys in the low-price scenario.