bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Successful Apparel Products
Authors: DeLong Marilyn Revell , Bye Elizabeth Kersch , Larntz Kinley
Published: March 2007

This research was designed to explore professional women's perceptions of the successful apparel product, the number of their shopping trips per year, and the frequency with which they found apparel they liked to purchase. A content anal ysis was used to reveal differences in product descriptions, using the criteria of relation to product, situation, and self. The successful product was described in more detail and with more content of situation and self. As respondent ages increased up to 40, descriptions shifted from emphasis on product characteristics to a more abstract definition of the category.
Locus of Control, Gap Between Standard and Level of Living, and Satisfaction: A Path Model
Authors: Danes Sharon M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among selected demographic variables, locus of control, the perceived gap between the standard and level of living, and the satisfaction with that gap. The study was based on a random sample of 513 farm women. The larger the household size, the less internal control the women experienced over their lives. The more internal con trol women experienced, the smaller was the perceived gap between the standard and level of living. The smaller the perceived gap and the higher the internal control experienced, the higher was the satisfaction with the gap. Those women who worked off the farm experienced less satisfaction with the gap. Household size had an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. Off‐farm employment had an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. In come has an indirect effect on satisfaction through locus of control. Locus of control has an indirect effect on satisfaction through the actual assessment of the gap.
Food Acquisition, Availability, and Allocation in Urban Alaska
Authors: Swanson Ruthann B. , Lewis Carol E.
Published: March 2007

Food acquisition practices and related attitudes of urban Alaskan consumers as affected by setting and resource availability and allocation were examined. Pri mary food purchasers (N = 400) were surveyed by telephone. Frequency re sponse was tabulated, and relationships were delineated using chi‐square anal ysis. Responses were compared to a national profile where appropriate. Urban Alaskans, like consumers in the contiguous 48 states, expected a nutritious, safe, and abundant food supply of high quality. These consumers were most dissatis fied with the quality of available fresh products, particularly produce. Convenient supermarkets were the major channel through which food was obtained, al though large numbers of urban Alaskans participated in subsistence activities. Smaller numbers frequented alternative vendors. Urban Alaskans were more aware of food processing and food safety problems than were their national counterparts. Despite this awareness, concerns existed about nutrition, health, and the food supply. Dissemination of nutrition information through newspapers will reach the largest segment of Alaskan primary food purchasers.
Descriptions of Home Economists From Three Perspectives
Authors: Moe Cindy , Mullis Ann , Dosser David , Mullis Ron
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to consider the image of home economists by examining descriptions of home economists from three perspectives. Eighty‐four female members of a home economics organization completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory three times to describe themselves, to describe a home economist, and to describe a home economist as a non‐home economist might. Participants described themselves as masculine, described a home economist as undifferen tiated or mixed, and believed non‐home economists would describe a home economist as feminine. Age of participants was related to status ranking of the profession and sex role. Androgyny was not found to be characteristic of mem bers of the home economics profession from any of the three perspectives. Im plications of these findings are discussed along with suggestions for future re search.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1990
Authors: Hira Tahira K. , Dufresne Tracy Jane
Published: March 2007

This article reports the titles of theses and dissertations completed in 1990 in colleges and universities throughout the United States. The 703 titles were re ported by 61 institutions from 35 states. These titles are listed by subject matter area and degree with the title, author, institution, and availability information following each entry. There are five tables illustrating information about graduate research in home economics: Table 1 lists the numbers of theses and dissertations reported by each institution; Table 2 lists the numbers and percentages of theses and dissertations that fall into each subject matter area; Table 3 ranks the insti tutions reporting the highest number of titles; Table 4 shows the ranking of all the institutions by subject matter area; and Table 5 summarizes the total number of titles by degree and subject matter area since reporting began in 1982.
Export Competition in the Man‐Made Fiber Industry
Authors: Dardis Rachel , Prem Roohi
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate competition in the cellulosic and non‐cellulosic fiber industry among the major exporting regions of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Markov analysis was used to analyze the competition among the OECD exporting regions from 1975 to 1986 and to project their market shares from 1987 to 2000.

The results of the Markov analysis indicated considerable variations in retention rates for the five exporting regions. In the case of non‐cellulosic fibers, changes in market shares were projected to continue through the year 2000, whereas few changes were projected for the cellulosic fibers. This result is in keeping with the maturity of the cellulosic fiber industry. These projections must be interpreted with caution in view of major economic and political changes that have occurred, and continue to occur, in Europe and elsewhere since 1986. However, the pro jections are still of use because a comparison of actual and projected market shares will indicate changes in the underlying set of forces affecting the market shares of various exporting regions.
Profiles of Success: Mexican Textile Handcraft Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses
Authors: Popelka Cheryl A. , Fanslow Alyce M. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: March 2007

In Oaxaca, Mexico, some Indian villages have long‐established weaving tradi tions. Originally, craftspersons wove textiles for their own use or for local trade. These textiles were replaced by commercially produced items. To survive in a changing world, some entrepreneurial weavers turned to production for tourist and export markets. Craftspersons, based in home workshops in Teotitlán del Valle, Oaxaca, provided examples of entrepreneurs who developed tourist and export markets. These entrepreneurs were studied to understand how production and marketing were adapted to these new clients. Entrepreneur profiles were developed from case studies (N = 27) that used in‐depth interviews and partic ipant observation in home workshops and markets for data collection. The pro files were based on personal background, production methods, marketing tech niques, and business practices salient to each group. The four entrepreneur pro files identified were Externally Oriented, Mass‐Production Entrepreneurs; Internally Oriented, Local Showroom Entrepreneurs; Outdoor Market Entrepre neurs; and Design Entrepreneurs. The profiles are discussed in relation to profiles of midwestern U.S. manufacturing entrepreneurs. Findings serve as examples of possible roles for handcraft producers who are developing export and tourist markets.
Adopting New Technology: The Case of Electrical Plugs and Receptacles
Authors: Meeks Carol B. , Sweaney Anne L. , Swagler Roger M.
Published: March 2007

As new technologies are being developed for use with home automation systems, the role of the consumer in the acceptance of these technologies is crucial. The acceptance or rejection of individual components can contribute to the success or failure of an entire system. The purpose of this study is to assess the consumer acceptance of three alternative electrical plug and receptacle designs to be con sidered for use by the SMART HOUSE Limited Partnership. The research (a) as sessed the importance of selected characteristics of plugs and receptacles, prior to and following experience with use, (b) determined relative preferences for specified characteristics of plugs and receptacles, and (c) created an index that combined preferences for characteristics for each plug, receptacle, and unit de sign with the importance of the characteristic. The preferences for units were assessed in three different environmental contexts. Data were collected from 148 consumers. There were significant differences in consumers' evaluations of the performance of the three units. Consistent ordering of preferences across mea sures was found. The study reinforces the importance of the end‐user in the acceptance of components for home automation systems.
Consumer Profiles for Fiber, Clay, and Wood Crafts
Authors: Littrell Mary Ann , Reilly Rae , Stout JaneAnn
Published: March 2007

Acquiring in‐depth understanding of a target consumer market is an important marketing strategy for businesses to employ in attracting and maintaining cus tomers. The purpose of this research was to generate consumer profiles for fiber, clay, and wood crafts. The profiles were used for hypothesis testing and contrib uted to a data base from which craft producers could draw in making marketing decisions. Fifty‐three consumers who had purchased crafts in at least two media during the previous year were interviewed in depth. During interviews, the re spondents ranked three sets of craft stimuli and discussed the reasons for their rankings. Data were analyzed using content analysis and hierarchical cluster anal ysis. Five consumer profiles emerged for fiber crafts; four consumer profiles were developed for both clay and wood. Aesthetics, workmanship, function and use, and strong sensory or affective attachment were themes important to consumers across all media. Other themes were more specific to the particular types of media. Hypotheses are proposed for future research in which domestic consum ers of U.S. regional crafts would be compared with international tourist consum ers and with domestic consumers of international crafts.
The Extension/Research Link: Current Issues and Future Directions for Home Economics
Authors: Froke Barbara K. , Nickols Sharon Y.
Published: March 2007

The link between extension and research has been a hallmark of home economics programs at land‐grant universities. The uniqueness of extension programs, compared to other agencies and organizations that provide educational programs for families, is that extension programs are research based. This article examines several of the factors that impede the full realization of the ideal of the land‐grant university model. Recommendations for revitalizing the extension/research link in home economics are proposed. The article is intended to provide research and extension faculty and administrators at the land‐grant universities with ideas for strengthening the interface between extension and research so that the ultimate goal of more effective service to constituents, in particular, families, can be achieved.
Acquisition of Female Apparel in Oklahoma's Indian Territory, 1850–1910
Authors: Richards Lynne
Published: March 2007

During the 19th century, the United States government mandated the migration of American Indians to reserved lands located in what would eventually become the state of Oklahoma. However, in 1889, the government also began opening those same lands to non‐Indian settle ment, and the population of the territory expanded rapidly. In the late 1930s, under a program sponsored by the federal government, approximately 6,300 of those 19th‐century residents were interviewed concerning their memories of life within the Indian Territory. Those interviews, having subsequently been printed, were searched for references to the production, acquisition, and use of clothing. The collected information was compiled into a large computerized data base that was searched for all means by which territorial female residents acquired clothing. The results suggested a gradual transition from the home production of fabrics to a greater reliance on commercial yardgoods, with home sewing remaining important throughout the period. The data also suggested a relationship between the historical environment within which clothing was acquired and the means by which the acquisitions were made. Additionally, the study revealed descriptive information concerning the techniques by which apparel was produced.
Toward the Measurement of Human Values
Authors: Schlater Jean D. , Sontag M. Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Although knowledge about human values is crucial to understanding human behavior, methods for the study of values are relatively underdeveloped. This article examines selected value theory and research, emphasizing attempts to measure values and their methodological implications. We integrate this examination within a proposed values measurement model, based on a human ecological perspective. In this model, we propose that values investigations may be grouped according to threefoci: content, structure, and process. Additionally, we identify three measurement approaches on the basis of subject‐object inclusion: subject‐only, subject‐object reactive, and subject‐object interactive. As an outgrowth of our methodological assessment and critique and use of the values measurement model, we propose newfrontiersfor values research and measurement.
Empirical Evaluation of Relationships in a Proposed Perceptive‐Boundaries Paradigm
Authors: McCray Jacquelyn W. , Conley Rita , Weber Margaret J. , Ha Mikyoung
Published: March 2007

This article presents an evaluation of relationships in the perceptive‐boundaries paradigm. The paradigm encompasses previous work in sociopsychological aspects of housing and provides a conceptual basis for integrating prior findings into a holistic model. Perception of adequate housing is based on culture, experiences, norms, and values. Perceptions are believed to filter one's view of the housing environment and influence both housing preferences and housing satisfactions. Relationships and linkages are explored between family, neighborhood, and housing characteristics and the satisfaction and preference variables. Three of the five null hypotheses tested were rejected in full, and two were rejected in part. Complete evaluation of the model requires multivariate analyses of the overall relationships. Analyses reported in this article support the potential usefulness of the framework and provide a foundation for more powerful analyses of the theoretical model.
Antecedents and Mediators of Eating Bouts
Authors: Wansink Brian
Published: March 2007

Understanding eating bouts is of both theoretical and practical importance. Two questions are examined here: (a) What stimulates eating bouts? and (b) What influences how much food will be consumed during such a bout? The results from a survey of 178 adults suggest that eating episodes in which a person consumes three times the amount of a particular food than he or she would typically consume are viewed as constituting an eating bout. These eating bouts can be stimulated by internal cues, such as moods or cravings, or by external cues, such as the visual or aromatic salience of the food. In general, eating bouts that are stimulated by internal cues are perceived as being less reasonable, less healthy, and less enjoyable, leaving a person feeling more guilty, lonely, and depressed. Furthermore, it was found that when an eating bout was stimulated by external cues, the food's nutritional value, versatility, and perishability influenced how much was eaten. In contrast, when an eating bout was stimulated by internal cues, these factors were not influential in how much was eaten. The educational implications of these findings are then discussed.
Pregnancy Status, Self‐Esteem, and Ethnicity: Some Relationships in a Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Smith Delores E. , Johnson Mandel E. , Findlay Henry J.
Published: March 2007

This study used the multidimensional construct of self‐esteem to investigate the relationships among pregnancy status, self‐esteem, and ethnicity. These relationships were examined in a sample of 100 pregnant/parenting and never‐pregnant African American and European American female adolescents ranging in age from 15 to 19 years. Findings indicated that, although self‐esteem and pregnancy status were associated for European American adolescents, these variables were not associated for African American adolescents. The study suggested that self‐esteem is associated with pregnancy for European American adolescents but not for African Americans. Never‐pregnant European American adolescents scored significantly better than their same‐race pregnant counterparts on 10 of the 12 self‐esteem dimensions examined.
Work‐Family Conflict and the Quality of Family Life: Specifying Linking Mechanisms
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Weigel Randy R. , Berger Peggy S. , Cook Alicia S. , DelCampo Robert
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated a conceptual model that specified relationships between work and family demands, work‐family conflict, stress, and the quality offamily life. Usinga sample of 328female and 187 male working parents, path analysis indicated that the intersect of structural and psychological characteristics of work andfamily was related to work‐family conflict, influenced stress, and eventually predicted the quality offamily life. Also, as expected, the linkages between work andfamily variedfor mothers and fathers.
Teacher Efficacy and Past Experiences as Contributors to the Global Attitudes and Practices among Vocational Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Mumaw Catherine R. , Sugawara Alan I. , Pestle Ruth
Published: March 2007

Contributions ofteacher efficacy and past experiences to global education attitudes and practices of 78female Florida home economics teachers were studied. Teacher efficacy included twofacets: teaching efficacy as outcome expectancies and personal teaching efficacy as self‐efficacy expectations. Teacher efficacy was assessed in relation to expectations associated with teaching students about other cultural or ethnic groups. Past experiences referred to teachers' age, educational level, length of teaching in home economics, travel experiences to other world regions, and cumulative time spent outside the United States. Regression analyses revealed teaching efficacy to be the only significant predictor of teachers' global education attitudes, whereas personal teaching efficacy wasfound to be the only significant predictor of their global education practices. The overall modelsfor both ofthese analyses were significant. Findings were discussed on the basis of Bandura's self‐efficacy theory relative to the importance of aspects of teacher efficacy and past experiences in determining behavior.
Kenaf/Cotton Blends for Textiles
Authors: Ramaswamy Gita N. , Boyd Catherine R. , Bel‐Burger Patricia , Kimmel Linda
Published: March 2007

This project focuses on a bastfiber that may have the potentialforffurther development in the United States. Kenaffibers were extracted/processed by different methods to determine the most feasible process for extracting the best quality fibers. Properties including bundle tenacity, elongation, and gum content were measuredforfibers extracted by the processes. Fibers from some of the processes were made into yarns, and yarn quality tests were performed. There were differences in fiber properties due to extraction, but the yarn quality tests did not reveal significant differences. Therefore, selection of afiber extraction process may be most dependent on the cost and simplicity of the process. Feasibility of using the kenaf‐blend yarns in knitted and woven structures also was investigated. Kenaf‐blend yarns were incorporated into a knitted fabric made on a mechanical system and in the weft direction of a handwoven sample. The woven and knitted structures that were made supportfurther product development work using the bast fiber kenaf in production of textiles.
College Students' Nutrition Information Networks
Authors: Hertzler Ann A. , Frary Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Nutrition information networks accessible to or being accessed by college students were studied. Data were collected on the types of networks, the extent of their use, and the relationship of use tofood behavior. Undergraduate students (179 men, 300 women) in an introductory nutrition class rated their perceived use of nutrition information networks; provided frequency‐of‐use responses to a survey offood choicesfat practices, andfast‐food practices; and estimated nutrient intakes from 3‐day diet records for iron, calcium, folacin, Vitamin C, and fat. Five nutrition information network categories were established through factor analysis: consumer market, media, authorityfamily, and teenage educational. Factor‐related scores reflected each subject's perceived frequency of use for each category. None of the vitamin or mineral intake measures was related to any of the nutrition information network factor‐related scores. However, use frequencyfor media andfor consumer market were related to food behavior indicators reflecting low‐fat practices, especially for women.
Consumer Responses to Fashion Advertisements Using Models in Wheelchairs: Is There a Relationship to Consumers' Optimum Stimulation Level?
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Freeburg Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines consumer responses tofashion advertisements using 2 advertising stimuli (model in wheelchair/lawn chair). Further, because models in wheelchairs are unusual stimuli, the effect of consumers' Optimum Stimulation Level (OSL) on responses to the advertising stimuli is explored. In an experiment using stimulus sampling, 101 working women viewed a fashion advertisement featuring 1 of 3 models in a wheelchair or a lawn chair and rated the likelihood that they would inquire about, would consider purchasing, and would actually purchase advertised items. There were no significant effects for OSL, social desirability, or individual models on consumer responses. Consumers were more likely to inquire about, more likely to consider purchasing, and more likely to actually purchase the clothing items presented by a model in a wheelchair. Results have implicationsfor OSL theoryfashion marketers targeting working women, models in wheelchairs, and society as a whole.
Relationship of Locus of Control Orientation to Clothing Satisfaction and Clothing Importance of Selected Fifth‐Grade Students at Three Achievement Levels
Authors: Etherton Patricia A. , Workman Jane E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between locus of control and clothing satisfaction and clothing importance among Sth‐grade boys and girls at 3 achievement levels. Locus of control refers to the expectancy that an outcome is influenced either by external factors (i.e., luck, chance, fate, or powerfid others) or by internal factors (i.e., effort, skill, or ability). One accelerated, 1 special education, and 3 regular 5th‐grade classes were surveyed (44 girls; 62 boys) using the Clothing Deprivation Scale and Nowicki‐Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Overall, girls exhibited a greater external locus of control orientation than boys. Students of both sexes in the accelerated class had a greater internal locus of control orientation and perceived clothing to be of greater importance than students in the regular and special education classes. All students with an internal locus of control also indicated higher satisfaction with their clothing than students with an external locus of control orientation. The relationship between locus of control and clothing satisfaction and importance may be used to help students develop an internal locus of control, which has been found to be an adaptive orientation.
Attachment‐to‐Home: A Contributing Factor to Models of Residential Mobility Intentions
Authors: Earhart Carla C. , Weber Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

Traditional models of residential mobility use sociodemographic characteristics, housing characteristics, and residential satisfaction to explain the desire to move. This study compared the traditional mobility model with one that incorporated psychological attachment‐to‐home as an additional variable. Data were analyzed for 198 subjects who responded to a mail questionnaire and in‐depth telephone interview. Correlation analysis revealed that two attachment‐to‐home factors, as well as the respondent's age and dwelling satisfaction, were significantly related to mobility intentions. Stepwise multiple regression was used to develop two models and indicated that the model incorporating attachment‐to‐homefactors explains more than twice as much of the variation in mobility intentions as the model using traditional variables alone.
Attitudinal Versus Normative Influence in the Purchase of Brand‐Name Casual Apparel
Authors: Chang Younhwa , Burns Leslie D. , Noel Charles J.
Published: March 2007

The Fishbein behavioral intention model, which comprises attitudinal (personal) and normative (interpersonal) components of behavior, was used to predict behavioral (purchase) intention of brand‐name casual apparel. The objective was to identify the relative importance of the attitudinal component versus the normative component as a determinant of behavioral intention. The sample consisted of 142 college students (87 men, 55 women). Multiple regression analysis showed that the attitudinal component and the normative component were statistically significant predictors of behavioral intentions; however, the attitudinal component played a more important role than the normative component. Moreover, structural aspects of the attitudinal component were examined using factor analysis. The attitudinal component was categorized into two dimensions: aesthetic andfunctional. Recommendations and implications were made for manufacturers and retailers, suggesting possible marketing strategies.
Effects of Selected Laundering and Drycleaning Pretreatments on the Colors of Naturally Colored Cotton
Authors: Williams Barbara L. , Horridge Patricia
Published: March 2007

Naturally colored cottons have recently appeared in mass produced products. However, consumers need information about possible differences between naturally colored cotton and white or dyed cotton. This study evaluates changes in color in Coyote (brown), green, and white cottons due to 12 selected laundry and drycleaning stain pretreatments. Samples of each cotton were pretreated and then laundered or drycleaned 15 times. Instrument color readings were done on a MacBeth Series 1500 Color Measurement System. A panel of four judges evaluated the samples, using the Color Change by Gray Scale instrument. Pearson's r correlation analysis, ANOVAs, and Scheffi post hoc tests were done using SPSSx. Significant differences werefound in allfabric colors due to both laundry and drycleaning pretreatments. Green cotton was more affected than Coyote or white, and naturally colored cottons changed in ways that white cotton did not change. Ammonia and chlorine bleach resulted in the greatest changes in the colored cottons.
The Effects of Artificial Light Sources on Color Judgment by the Aging Eye
Authors: Hegde Asha L.
Published: March 2007

Forty‐nine volunteers (20 to 75 years old) with normal vision were tested on color judgment using the Lanthony New Color Test (NCT), under twofluorescent light sources‐warm white and SP30. Mixed analyses of variancefor the effects of light source, age, and saturation revealed that age and saturation had an effect on color judgment whereas light type did not. As age increased, the number of errors in color judgment increased, and at lower saturation levels the oldest age group made significantly more errors in color judgment than the youngest age group. Implicationsfor interior designers, color and lighting consultants, and planners are discussed.
Rethinking Research Dichotomies
Authors: Christensen Donna Hendrickson , Dahl Carla M.
Published: March 2007

Much discussion concerning the research process has been conceptualized as either/or representations of complex issues. Research abstractions of insider/outsider perspectives, objectivity/subjectivity, and quantitative/qualitative methods have been unnecessarily dichotomized in the process. Pronouncements of absolutes and construction of hierarchies of methods have resulted, limiting both the kinds of questions that can be asked and the kinds of answers that can be found. The authors argue that dichotomies in family research do not exist and that by conceptualizing research abstractions as points on continua, a more flexible conceptualization of these methodological issues will result. This, in turn, will serve to increase the understanding offamilies andfamily process.
Reading Instructional Practices of New York State Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Travers Rosalie D. , Gilbride Judith A.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to survey and analyze the classroom‐reading instructional practices of New York State home economics teachers. The instrument, a list of 14 reading strategies and a 5‐point usage scale, was mailed to a random sample of 400 middle school and 400 high school teachers. Frequencies and percentages were computed for 4 content areas: food and nutrition, clothing and textiles, human development, and careers and entrepreneurship. Teachers reported using several reading strategies regularly, including showing how to follow directions; providing questions to be answered; and discussing vocabulary, similarities and differences of ideas in a passage, different interpretations of what was read, and separating fact from opinion. Chisquares, computed for differences between middle school and high school teachers' reported usage, were statistically significant for 1 strategy in food and nutrition (p < .05), 4 in clothing and textiles (p < .001 to < .05), and 7 in human development (p < .001 to < .05).
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Model and the Use of Imported Madras Cloth Among the Kalabari
Authors: Eicher Joanne B. , Erekosima Tonye V.
Published: March 2007

The father of a Kalabari newborn child in Nigeria ceremoniously delivers a piece of Indian madras cloth to the mother of the child to carry it. This personal emblem of entry into society also marks the individual's departurefrom life when family mourners dress the corpse for burial. We assess the significance of Kalabari involvement with a material culture item, Indian madras cloth, by placing it in the context of an ecological systems model first outlined and later revised by Urie Bronfenbrenner. Bronfenbrenner's model provides a framework for understanding the significance of material items in the life of a people. Our application of the study of a textile demonstrates the usefulness of the model. We also recommend that the model be extended because individuals in any cultural group exist within a global context of production and trade.
Dress and the Female Gender Role in Magazine Advertisements of 1950–1994: A Content Analysis
Authors: Paff Jennifer L. , Lakner Hilda Buckley
Published: March 2007

This content analysis of magazine advertisements was conducted to examine changesfrom 1950 to 1994 in gender orientation of roles and dress of women in advertisements and to investigate ways in which women's dress has been used in advertisements to socially construct the female role. Findings indicate that women were most often depicted in feminine roles and dress. As time progressed dress became somewhat more masculine, but roles remained consistently feminine. Findings suggest that advertisers in Good Housekeeping and Vogue have not depicted women realistically. No direct relationship between the gender orientation of the women's roles and dress was observed; gendered roles of activity did not vary with traditional gender stereotypes of appearance within magazine advertisements across time. This finding is interpreted as a possible reflection of social changes related to the postmodern era. The need to reconsider the relationship between appearance and gender roles in a postmodern context is addressed.
Mothers' Attitudes Toward Pasteurized and Sterilized, Aseptically Packaged Milks for Their Preschool Children
Authors: Chen A. W. , Resurreccion Anna V. A. , Paguio L. P.
Published: March 2007

In 1995, 56 mothers whose children were enrolled in preschool programs in Athens, Georgia, completed a questionnaire regarding their attitudes about sterilized, aseptically packaged milk containers and their suitabilityfor children, their likingfor milk, and their children's likingfor milk. Mothers significantly preferred snack‐size (236.5 ml) containers of sterilized, aseptically packaged milkfor children during snacktime at home and awayfrom home. Mothers requested additional information regarding recyclability of the package, nutritional comparisons of sterilized, aseptically packaged milk to pasteurized milk, and processing procedures for sterilized, aseptically packaged milk. A majority of the mothers reported that their children likedflavored milk. Among theflavors, a majority chose chocolate to use mainly as a snack. No correlations were found between maternal reports and results from sensory tests with children for liking of milk. The mean hedonic score of the children's acceptance of milk was 87.1 on a scale of 0 to 100.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 1996
Authors: Ownbey Shiretta F. , Taupmann Ann
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the 612 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities throughout the United States in 1996. The tables present information by institution and by subject matter.
Children's School Behavior and Performance: Relations to Marital and Familial Characteristics
Authors: Deal James E. , Wampler Karen Smith , Halverson Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The relation between marital andfamilial relationships and children's performance and behavior in school was examined in a sample of 143families with children in early or middle childhood. Correlational analyses indicated a complex set of relations dependent on the gender of the child, the relationship being assessed, the means of assessment, and the type of outcome measure used. Results are discussed in terms of implications for researchers and clinicians.
Ethnic Differences in Household Expenditure Patterns
Authors: Fan Jessie X.
Published: March 2007

Using 13 years of Consumer Expenditure Survey data with price information from the Consumer Price Index and the American Chamber of Commerce Cost of Living Index five household expenditure patterns are identified: shelter‐dominated, food‐and‐utilities‐dominated, health‐care‐dominated, transportation‐dominated, and service‐dominated. Compared to non‐Hispanic White households, Asian American households are more likely to have shelter‐dominated, but less likely to have service‐dominated expenditure patterns; non‐Hispanic Black households are more likely to havefood‐and‐utilities‐dominated, but less likely to have shelter‐dominated and health‐care‐dominated expenditure patterns; and Hispanic households are more likely to have shelter‐dominated and food‐and‐utilities‐dominated, but less likely to have health‐care‐dominated and service‐dominated expenditure patterns, other things equal. These results are discussed in the context of a conceptualframework of how ethnicity affects households' economic behavior.
Examining Proximal Processes in Young Children's Home Environments: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Pierce Sarah H. , Alfonso Elizabeth M. , Garrison M. E. Betsy
Published: March 2007

Beginning with phenomena measured by the elementary version of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) (Bradley & Caldwell, 1984), the authors identified three empirically derived proximal processes in young school children's home settings: maturity facilitation, the child's use of available stimulating materials, and the parent‐child emotional relationship. The authors argued for the coherence of Bronfenbrenner's concept of proximal process with Gottlieb's facilitative and inductive influences of experience on development. The authors attempted to apply reasoning and concepts from Bronfenbrenner and Gottlieb to better understand the dynamic phenomena captured by the HOME instrument. They also constructed and tested a questionnaire designed to assess the in‐home proximal processes that they identified.
Economic and Demographic Determinants of Canadian Households' Use of and Spending on Alcohol
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed , Silver J. Lew
Published: March 2007

This article examines the determinants of Canadian household expenditures on alcoholic beverages using double‐hurdle models to distinguish between the decision to consume and the decision of how much to consume. Linearity of the alcohol expenditurefunction and thus the applicability of a normality assumption to its errors is examined using Box‐Cox and inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) transformations. As important policy decisions affecting alcohol usage cannot be regarded as being independent of those affecting tobacco expenditure, tobacco expenditures are considered here as an important determinant of alcohol usage. Results of Hausman tests and two‐step instrumental variables estimation to examine the possibility of simultaneity between household expenditure on alcohol and tobacco are also discussed.
Ethnicity and Acculturation: Influences on Asian American Consumers' Purchase Decision Making for Social Clothes
Authors: Kang Jikyeong , Kim Youn‐Kyung
Published: March 2007

The increased ethnic diversity of the U.S. population and especially the rapid growth of Asian American markets make it critical to assess the importance of developing marketing strategies specifically targeted to these particular ethnic market segments. These circumstances naturally call for an investigation of differences and similarities among various segments within the market to examine whether undifferentiated or diferentiated target marketing is necessary to reach various Asian American subgroups. This study examined the decision‐making patterns for purchasing social clothes of three major Asian American consumer groups (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean). Results showed that the three groups display distinct reference group influence, media influence, and store attribute importance and that these patterns differ depending on the level of acculturation. The findings also suggested implications for various marketing and advertising strategies aimed at the three Asian American consumer markets.
Volunteer Participation and Time Commitment by Older Americans
Authors: Kim Soo Yeon , Hong Gong‐Soog
Published: March 2007

Using the 1989 Current Population Survey, this study profiles elderly volunteers ages 55 and older, identifies volunteer organizations served by the elderly, and examinesfactors associated with volunteer participation and time volunteered by the elderly. Results of tobit model with sample selection indicate that thefollowingfactors are positively related to participation in volunteer work: being afemale, being married, living in the Midwest, having a high income, having an advanced education, owning a home, and seeking employment (for retired group). Living in a large city and having a large household size are negatively related to volunteer participation. Factors affecting time volunteered by the retired are college education, home ownership, and presence of children younger than age 18. Implicationsfor volunteer organizations are presented.
Market Applications for Recycled Postconsumer Fibers
Authors: Chang Younhwa , Chen Hsiou‐Lien , Francis Sally
Published: March 2007

This study has (a) examined the profile of recycled postconsumer fibers, (b) evaluated product characteristics that are suitable for recycled postconsumer fiber application, and (c) explored the market potential for recycled postconsumer fiber products. Average fiber content (by weight) of used clothing in this study was: cotton, 59.29%; polyester, 21.82%; acrylic, 5.72%; wool, 5.14%; nylon, 5.09%; and silk, 2.94%. Assuming recycled postconsumer textiles will not undergo any further treatment except being shredded into fiber fluff, market analysis has identified the following potential application of fibers: carpet cushion, home insulation, fiber stuffing, clean‐up products, mattress pads/futons, geotextiles, landscaping, and concrete reinforcement. For each potential application, the product performance characteristics have been discussed and applicable techniques have been recommended.
An Empirical Analysis of Elderly Consumers' Complaining Behavior
Authors: Lee Jinkook , Soberon‐Ferrer Horacio
Published: March 2007

In consumer complaint literature, the elderly are often described as a quiet majority—a large number of dissatisfied consumers who are unable to or unwilling to seek redress. This generally accepted characterization of elderly consumers' complaining behavior is examined empirically in this study, using a national data set provided by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). We found that the elderly are less likely to report a dissatisfying experience, but those who do express dissatisfaction are likely to take actions just like young consumers. Age differences were found in the likelihood of having a dissatisfying experience, the demand for complaint actions, and the effects of determinants on complaint behavior.
Focus Group Methodology: Adapting the Process for Low‐Income Adults and Children of Hispanic and Caucasian Ethnicity
Authors: Keim Kathryn S. , Swanson Marilyn A. , Cann Sandra E. , Salinas Altragracia
Published: March 2007

Focus group discussions are being used more often during the formative phase of nutrition education program development. This article discusses focus group procedure adaptations to increase effectiveness with low‐income Caucasian and Hispanic audiences for adults and thirdgrade children. Recruitment is more effective if the target audience knows the recruiter. Methods such as posters and letters do not work. The facility needs to be considered safe and easy to get to. Some children need focus group discussions of less than 1 hour in length or some type of activity to break the monotony of the session. The use of a “talking stick” is also helpful to allow all children to be heard. It was observed that the Hispanic participants were not as verbal as the Caucasian participants. More Hispanic focus groups needed to be conducted to obtain the same amount of diversity in information as was obtained from the Caucasian groups.
Occupational Characteristics and Marital Leisure Involvement
Authors: Crawford Duane W.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between husbands' and wives' occupational characteristics, the extent of their involvement in three different types of leisure activities, and whether they engaged in these activities together or apart. The predictions of three models of the relationship between work and leisure—spillover, compensation, and neutrality—were tested using a sample of 66 dual‐earner couples. Results revealed no consistent support for any of the three models but indicated that wives' occupational characteristics were important predictors of their independent leisure as well as couples' leisure companionship.
Exploring Consumer and Retailer Exchange in Rural Communities: Part II
Authors: Miller Nancy J. , Kean Rita C. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: March 2007

In Part I of the authors' exploration, the social exchange tenet of reciprocity first emerged as a strong theme in both rural consumers' and retailers' focus group discussions. Reciprocity was defined as the degree to which individuals in the community and its marketplace expected cooperative action. The authors then pursued the theme of reciprocity in a second study using a mail survey of rural retailers. Findings suggested that rural retailers' level of satisfaction with their business was significantly associated with their level of satisfaction with reciprocity in local marketplace exchange relationships. In Part II, the authors explore rural Nebraska consumers' responses to mail survey questions focusing on specific types of reciprocity and find that satisfaction with interpersonal or community reciprocity, along with social and economic motivations, were significantly related to consumers' intention to shop with local retailers in the marketplace. This study incorporated controls for social desirability as a possible source of bias.
The New Frontier in Qualitative Research Methodology
Authors: Eisner Elliot W.
Published: March 2007

The past 25 years have seen an unprecedented growth in the use of nontraditional research methods in the social sciences. Interest in new approaches to research are, in part, motivated by the desire to secure more authentic information about the people and situations studied and by the realization that conventional forms of research often constrain the data in ways that misrepresent the phenomena the researcher wishes to understand. As a result of these beliefs and interests, new forms of data representation that elude conventional forms are being employed. These new forms have their promise as well as their perils. This article discusses the context in which these new forms of research have emerged and the promise and the perils they present.
Violence Against Women in Belgrade, Serbia:
Authors: MRŠEVIĆ ZORICA , HUGHES DONNA M.
Published: March 2007

The SOS Hotline for Women and Children Victims of Violence opened in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1990. For each call reporting an incident of violence, a data form was completed with the details of the call. Almost all the callers were victims of violence from family members or intimate partners. The majority reported incidents of physical and verbal/emotional violence; a minority reported sexual and economic violence. The frequency and duration of violence were very high. Callers were often forced to live with perpetrators because of the lack of available housing, which worsened due to privatization, economic sanctions against Serbia, and the influx of refugees. Men's participation in the wars in Croatia and Bosnia increased their violence against women at home, especially sons against their mothers. Most refugees were housed in private homes, resulting in increased violence against women refugees and women hosts.
Brownfields, Toads, and the Struggle for Neighborhood Redevelopment
Authors: Greenberg Michael , Lowrie Karen , Solitare Laura , Duncan Latoya
Published: March 2007

A survey was made of all municipalities in the state of New Jersey ( N = 566) to determine how many had brownfields sites that caused property devaluation and land-use changes beyond the site boundaries. Most municipalities (80%, n = 450) replied; 10% indicated that brownfields sites caused neighborhood impacts, and 3% reported land-use and neighborhood impacts more than one-quarter mile from the site and multiple land-use changes as a result of a brownfield site. Typically, this last group of neighborhoods also had neighborhood problems such as unsafe conditions and inadequate services. Policy suggestions for this group of highly stressed neighborhoods are discussed.