bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐sectional study about impact of parental smoking on rhinitis symptoms in children
Authors: Faraldo‐García A. , Lopez‐Silvarrey A. , Pertega S. , Cruz M.‐J. , Sampedro M. , Sánchez‐Lastres J. , San‐José Gónzalez M.A. , Bamonde L. , Garnelo L. , Pérez‐Castro T. , Valdés‐Cuadrado L. , Gonzalez‐Barcala F.‐J.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Assess the prevalence of rhinitis and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of children in our community and its relationship with symptoms of rhinitis

Methods (design, setting, participants, main outcome measures)

Cross‐sectional study using questionnaire on rhinitis of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, in children (6‐7 years) and adolescents (13‐14 years). Categories: “rhinitis ever”, “recent rhinitis”, “recent rhinoconjunctivitis”, “severe rhinoconjunctivitis”. Parental smoking: (i) neither parent smokes; (ii) only the mother smokes; (iii) only the father smokes; and (iv) both parents smoke. Odds ratio of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinitis according to ETS exposure was calculated using logistic regression.

Results

10 690 children and 10 730 adolescents. The prevalence of “rhinitis ever” in children: 29.4%, “recent rhinitis” 24%, “recent rhinoconjunctivitis” 11.5% and “severe rhinoconjunctivitis” 0.1%. In adolescents: 46.2%, 34.5%, 16.2% and 0.2%, respectively. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the home occurred in 51% of cases. Parental smoking was associated with a higher prevalence of forms of rhinitis in adolescents when only the mother was a smoker. In children when both parents were smokers.

Conclusion

Rhinitis is highly prevalent in our community. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is still very common. The relationship between ETS and rhinitis symptoms in children of this community is not as robust as that found for asthma.
Comparative effectiveness of chemotherapy vs resection of the primary tumour as the initial treatment in older patients with Stage IV colorectal cancer
Authors: Mehta H. B. , Vargas G. M. , Adhikari D. , Dimou F. , Riall T. S.
Published: March 2017

Aim

The objectives were to determine trends in the use of chemotherapy as the initial treatment and to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of initial chemotherapy vs resection of the primary tumour on survival (intention‐to‐treat analysis) in Stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC).

Method

This cohort study used 2000–2011 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database, including patients ≥ 66 years of age presenting with Stage IV CRC. Cox proportional hazards models and instrumental variable analysis were used to compare the effectiveness of chemotherapy as the initial treatment with resection of the primary tumour as the initial treatment, with 2‐year survival as the end point.

Results

The use of chemotherapy as the first treatment increased over time, from 26.8% in 2001 to 46.9% in 2009 (P < 0.0001). The traditional Cox model showed that chemotherapy as the initial treatment was associated with a higher risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.27–1.44]. When accounting for known and unknown confounders in an instrumental variable analysis, chemotherapy as the initial treatment suggested benefit on 2‐year survival (HR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.44–1.04); however, the association did not reach statistical significance. The study findings were similar in six subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

The use of chemotherapy as the initial therapy for CRC increased substantially from 2001 to 2009. Instrumental variable analysis found that, compared with resection, chemotherapy as the initial treatment offers similar or better 2‐year survival in patients with Stage IV CRC. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with colorectal resection in elderly patients, chemotherapy provides an option to patients who are not good candidates for resection.
Epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome of Clostridium difficile infection in heart and heart‐lung transplant recipients
Authors: Bruminhent Jackrapong , Cawcutt Kelly A. , Thongprayoon Charat , Petterson Tanya M. , Kremers Walter K. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: March 2017

Background

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of diarrhea in thoracic organ transplant recipients. We investigated the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcome of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in heart and heart‐lung transplant (HT) recipients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study from 2004 to 2013. CDI was defined by diarrhea and a positive toxigenic C. difficile in stool measured by toxin enzyme immunoassay (2004‐2006) or polymerase chain reaction (2007‐2013). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the association of risk factors with time to CDI and survival with CDI following transplantation.

Results

There were 254 HT recipients, with a median age of 53 years (IQR, 45‐60); 34% were female. During the median follow‐up of 3.1 years (IQR, 1.3‐6.1), 22 (8.7%) patients developed CDI. In multivariable analysis, risk factors for CDI were combined heart‐lung transplant (HR 4.70; 95% CI, 1.30‐17.01 [P=.02]) and retransplantation (HR 7.19; 95% CI, 1.61‐32.12 [P=.01]). Acute cellular rejection was associated with a lower risk of CDI (HR 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11‐0.94 [P=.04]). CDI was found to be an independent risk factor for mortality (HR 7.66; 95% CI, 3.41‐17.21 [P<.0001]).

Conclusions

Clostridium difficile infection after HT is more common among patients with combined heart‐lung and those undergoing retransplantation. CDI was associated with a higher risk of mortality in HT recipients.
Feasibility of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy after failed radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Trindade Arvind J. , Inamdar Sumant , Kothari Shivangi , Berkowitz Joshua , McKinley Matthew , Kaul Vivek
Published: March 2017

Background and Aim

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) is highly effective. RFA failures are infrequent but can be a challenging cohort to manage. There are limited data on the feasibility of liquid nitrogen cryospray ablation for complete eradication of dysplasia (CE‐D) and/or intestinal metaplasia (CE‐IM) after RFA has failed to achieve CE‐IM in patients with dysplastic BE.

Methods

This is a retrospective review from two medical centers of prospectively maintained databases looking at patients that underwent liquid nitrogen cryospray ablation for refractory intestinal metaplasia post failed RFA.

Results

Eighteen patients were identified that met inclusion criteria. Eleven patients had persistent dysplasia and IM following RFA and seven had persistent non‐dysplastic IM. More than 80% of patients were male with long‐segment BE (median length 8 cm). Seventy two percent of patients with dysplasia achieved CE‐D after cryotherapy. Fifty percent (9/18) of all RFA failures achieved CE‐IM with cryotherapy. In comparison, RFA has a CE‐IM of 78% in a less challenging treatment naïve cohort from a large‐scale meta‐analysis of 3802 patients. No adverse events occurred in our cohort.

Conclusion

Cryospray ablation is feasible and safe for achieving CE‐D and CE‐IM after RFA failure. The CE‐D rates are high with cryotherapy in this population. CE‐IM with cryotherapy is acceptable in this difficult‐to‐treat cohort when compared to CE‐IM rates with RFA in dysplastic BE treatment naïve patients (50% vs 78%).
Liraglutide acutely suppresses glucagon, lipolysis and ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Garg Manisha , Ghanim Husam , Kuhadiya Nitesh D. , Green Kelly , Hejna Jeanne , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Torre Barrett , Batra Manav , Makdissi Antoine , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh
Published: March 2017

In view of the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the use of sodium‐glucose transport protein‐2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the relative absence of this complication in patients treated with liraglutide in spite of reductions in insulin doses, we investigated the effect of liraglutide on ketogenesis. Twenty‐six patients with inadequately controlled T1DM were randomly divided into 2 groups of 13 patients each. After an overnight fast, patients were injected, subcutaneously, with either liraglutide 1.8 mg or with placebo. They were maintained on their basal insulin infusion and were followed up in our clinical research unit for 5 hours. The patients injected with placebo maintained their glucose and glucagon concentrations without an increase, but there was a significant increase in free fatty acids (FFA), acetoacetate and β‐hydoxybutyrate concentrations. In contrast, liraglutide significantly reduced the increase in FFA, and totally prevented the increase in acetoacetate and β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations while suppressing glucagon and ghrelin concentrations. Thus, a single dose of liraglutide is acutely inhibitory to ketogenesis.
Why do curly tail lizards (genus Leiocephalus) curl their tails? An assessment of displays toward conspecifics and predators
Authors: Kircher Bonnie K. , Johnson Michele A.
Published: March 2017

Animal display behaviors are used to convey specific messages to other animals, including potential mates, rivals, and predators. However, because these different types of interactions can be mediated by a single behavioral display, or conversely, multiple signals can be used to convey one specific message, interpretation of any particular behavioral display can be difficult. Leiocephalus lizards (i.e., curly tails) provide an excellent opportunity to study the use of display behaviors across multiple contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that the use of tail curling in these lizards is associated with predation risk, but less is known regarding the use of this behavior in social interactions with conspecifics. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which tail curling display behavior is used to mediate both social and predatory interactions in two species, Leiocephalus barahonensis and L. carinatus. We found that in lizards of both species, tail curling was used in interactions with both conspecifics and potential (human) predators. However, tail curl intensity did not differ between lizards involved in social encounters and solitary lizards, although L. barahonensis lizards performed more headbobs during social than non‐social observations. Further, L. carinatus lizards exhibited greater intensity of tail curling upon fleeing from a human predator than during observations in which individuals interacted with conspecifics, and lizards that exhibited tighter tail curls fled from predators for a longer distance. Finally, tail curl intensity was not correlated with headbob displays in either species, suggesting that these two components of display communicate different information. Our results suggest that tail curling displays, while consistently a component of interactions with potential predators, are not a necessary component of social interactions. These data contribute to a more complete understanding of how and why visual signals evolve for use in communication across multiple contexts.
Reprogramming of histone methylation controls the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages
Authors: Zheng Qi‐Fan , Wang Hui‐Min , Wang Zhan‐Feng , Liu Jin‐Yang , Zhang Qi , Zhang Li , Lu Yuan‐Hua , You Han , Jin Guang‐Hui
Published: March 2017

Subset heterogeneity of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is controlled by defined transcriptional networks and programs; however, the dynamic establishment of programs that control broad, orchestrated expression of transcription factors (TFs) during the progression of monocyte‐into‐phagocyte (MP) differentiation remains largely unexplored. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show the extensive trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) as well as histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) occupancy with broad footprints at the promoters of MP differentiation‐related TFs, such as HOXA and FOXO genes, KLF4, IRF8 and others. The rapid repression of HOXA genes was closely associated with the MP differentiation program. H3K4me3 participates in regulating HOXA genes at mild and terminal differentiation periods, while H3K27me3 maintains low‐level expression of HOXA genes at phagocytic maintenance periods. Furthermore, the reprogramming of H3K27me3 plays a major role in the up‐regulation of KLF4 and FOXO genes during MP differentiation. Importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of H3K4me3 and/or H3K27me3 strikingly promotes the differentiation programs of THP‐1 and K562 cells. Together, these findings elucidate mechanisms crucial to the dynamic establishment of epigenetic memory, which is central to the maintenance of the MP differentiation blockade.
Low light inhibits native fish movement through a vertical‐slot fishway: Implications for engineering design
Authors: Jones M. J. , Baumgartner L. J. , Zampatti B. P. , Beyer K.
Published: March 2017

Light intensity within a vertical‐slot fishway was manipulated to determine the effect on fish movement. Three treatments (darkness, low light, artificial light) were tested with natural daylight used as a control. Light intensity varied from 0 to 1,692 lux for the three treatments and from 1 to 4,550 lux for the control. Light intensity outside the fishway ranged from 31 to 80 900 lux. A total of 64 385 fish were collected from six species. The abundance of Australian smelt Retropinna semoni (Webber), unspecked hardyhead Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum fulvus Ivantsoff, Crowley and Allen, bony herring Nematalosa erebi (Günther), carp gudgeon Hypseleotris spp. and Eastern gambusia Gambusia holbrooki (Girard) moving upstream reduced significantly under low‐light conditions. Conversely, movement of macroinvertebrates (freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium australiense Holthuis and freshwater prawn Paratya australiensis Kemp) increased at low‐light intensities. The number of fish moving under artificial light (28 617) was similar to that under natural daylight (33 919). Movements of Australian freshwater fish and macroinvertebrates were found to be influenced by changes in light intensity. Instream structures that alter light conditions, such as road culverts, may thus act as behavioural barriers to fish movement, and this could be mitigated by the provision of natural or artificial light.
Serum markers for mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death are possible predictive indicators for drug‐induced liver injury by direct acting antivirals
Authors: Kakisaka Keisuke , Yoshida Yuichi , Suzuki Yuji , Sato Takuro , Kuroda Hidekatsu , Miyasaka Akio , Takikawa Yasuhiro
Published: March 2017

Aim

We prospectively screened patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) in order to detect and analyze serum markers that are present prior to the development of drug‐induced liver injury (DILI).

Methods

The levels of various serum markers among DILI, non‐DILI and control groups were compared. The DILI group consisted of eight patients whose alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels exceeded 32 IU/L during the DAA treatment. Eight patients without DILI were selected for the non‐DILI group via a matched‐group design based on age, sex and disease severity. Additionally, eight healthy volunteers were employed as the controls. Serum measurements of cytokines/chemokines, cytokeratin‐18 fragment (CK‐18F) and super oxidase dismutase‐2 (SOD2) were evaluated on the date at which hepatitis C virus RNA was absent (baseline). For patients with DILI, serum measurements taken before treatment, 1 week before pronounced transaminase elevation (prominence‐1 W) and on the date at which pronounced elevation of transaminase occurred (prominence) were also evaluated.

Results

All patients treated with DAA had normalized transaminase levels at baseline. In patients with DILI, interferon‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10) levels were higher at prominence‐1 W than at baseline. Those patients also had significantly higher levels of SOD2 and CK‐18F at prominence‐1 W than at baseline.

Conclusion

Elevated IP‐10 may be a preconditioning chemokine for DAA‐induced liver injury, and damage markers associated with cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction are potential predictive serum markers for DILI.
Influence of apixaban on commonly used coagulation assays: results from the Belgian national External Quality Assessment Scheme
Authors: Van Blerk M. , Bailleul E. , Chatelain B. , Demulder A. , Devreese K. , Douxfils J. , Jacquemin M. , Jochmans K. , Mullier F. , Wijns W. , China B. , Vernelen K. , Soumali M. R.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

The Belgian national External Quality Assessment Scheme performed a survey to assess the effect of the direct oral anticoagulant apixaban on the coagulation assays prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen and antithrombin as performed with a large number of reagent/instrument combinations.

Methods

Four lyophilized plasma samples spiked with apixaban (0, 41, 94 and 225 ng/mL) were sent to the 195 Belgian and Luxembourg clinical laboratories performing coagulation testing.

Results

PT and aPTT were barely influenced at the concentrations tested. At 225 ng/mL apixaban, PT and aPTT clotting times were only 1.15 times longer than at 0 ng/mL. Among PT reagents, RecombiPlasTin 2G® showed a slightly higher sensitivity with 225 ng/mL apixaban prolonging the PT clotting time 1.3‐fold. Among aPTT reagents, there was no appreciable difference in sensitivity.

Fibrinogen results were unaffected by the presence of apixaban, but antithrombin activity was considerably overestimated when measured with a FXa‐based assay. At 225 ng/mL apixaban, the median percentage increase in antithrombin level was 31% when measured with the Liquid Antithrombin® reagent and 44% with the Innovance Antithrombin® reagent.

Conclusion

Our data provide clinical laboratories with useful information on the impact of apixaban on their routine coagulation assays.
Australian mental health consumers and carers expect more health management information from community pharmacy
Authors: Fejzic Jasmina , Knox Kathy , Hattingh Hendrika Laetitia , Mey Amary , McConnell Denise , Wheeler Amanda J
Published: March 2017

Objective

To identify the health management information needs of Australian mental health consumers and carers and explore the role of community pharmacy in meeting those needs.

Method

Interviews and focus groups were conducted with a purposive convenience sample of 74 mental health consumers and carers across three Australian states, representing metropolitan, rural and remote settings, including those with culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Recruitment and interviews continued until data saturation was reached. Interviews and group discussions were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim, and data were managed using NVivo® software. A ‘coding framework’ or set of themes was created, and all transcripts were coded accordingly. Thematic analysis was informed by a general inductive approach.

Results

Participants had unmet needs for information from community pharmacy. They expressed the requirement for receiving easy-to-understand, relevant medication information about mental health management from community pharmacy staff, communicated in a respectful way, with clear and comprehensive medication labelling, while respecting consumer privacy.

Conclusion

The information needs of mental health consumers and carers remain largely unmet within Australian community pharmacy. This was particularly evident regarding the provision of information about adverse effects of medicines. The overall perceived lack of information is experienced as disempowering.

Practice implications

Australian community pharmacy is well placed to respond to the unmet demand for information needs of mental health consumers and carers. While many community pharmacies are embracing the principles of patient-centred care, there is an opportunity to optimise the quality of care provided to mental health consumers and carers.
Efficacy of RNA interference knockdown using aerosolized short interfering RNAs bound to nanoparticles in three diverse aphid species
Authors: Thairu M. W. , Skidmore I. H. , Bansal R. , Nováková E. , Hansen T. E. , Li‐Byarlay H. , Wickline S. A. , Hansen A. K.
Published: March 2017

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising method for validating gene function; however, its utility in nonmodel insects has proven problematic, with delivery methods being one of the main obstacles. This study investigates a novel method of RNAi delivery in aphids, the aerosolization of short interfering RNA (siRNA)–nanoparticle complexes. By using nanoparticles as a siRNA carrier, the likelihood of cellular uptake is increased, when compared to methods previously used in insects. To determine the efficacy of this RNAi delivery system, siRNAs were aerosolized with and without nanoparticles in three aphid species: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis glycines and Schizaphis graminum. The genes targeted for knockdown were carotene dehydrogenase (tor), which is important for pigmentation in Ac. pisum, and branched chain‐amino acid transaminase (bcat), which is essential in the metabolism of branched‐chain amino acids in all three aphid species. Overall, we observed modest gene knockdown of tor in Ac. pisum and moderate gene knockdown of bcat in Ap. glycines along with its associated phenotype. We also determined that the nanoparticle emulsion significantly increased the efficacy of gene knockdown. Overall, these results suggest that the aerosolized siRNA–nanoparticle delivery method is a promising new high‐throughput and non‐invasive RNAi delivery method in some aphid species.
A Survey of Common Practices in Infancy Research: Description of Policies, Consistency Across and Within Labs, and Suggestions for Improvements
Authors: Eason Arianne E. , Hamlin J. Kiley , Sommerville Jessica A.
Published: March 2017

Psychology is currently in a period of unprecedented self‐reflection, with particular attention being paid to research practices and policies. Although infancy researchers have a history of attending to research practice in the form of papers outlining how to best implement various methods and paradigms, less is known about the particular practices currently being used by researchers in the field, making it difficult to identify areas for improvement. To address this issue, we developed an online survey for measuring methodological practices in infancy laboratories around the world. Our results suggest that infancy researchers adopt a range of a priori research practices. Individuals earlier in their training (particularly within the first year) were more likely to report not knowing their lab's policies, especially regarding issues that arise late in the research process. Members of the same lab agreed on lab policies at above‐chance levels; however, improvements could be made. The use of clearly problematic research practices was relatively rare; however, several “risk‐permeable” practices were identified that may, under select circumstances, threaten data integrity. We discuss how our results could be used to improve practice in infant research.
Exchange Traded Funds and Stock Market Volatility
Authors: Xu Liao , Yin Xiangkang
Published: March 2017

This study investigates the relationship between the volatility of stock market indexes and the trading volumes of their exchange traded funds (ETFs). Using both ordinary least squares and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity approaches, we demonstrate that the contemporaneous trading volume of S&P 500 ETFs is a key determinant of S&P 500 volatility at both monthly and daily frequencies. Vector autoregressive estimation on the other hand suggests a two‐way Granger causality between S&P 500 volatility and the trading of S&P 500 ETFs. A replication analysis of other market indexes and the corresponding ETFs tracking these indexes confirms that these findings are robust.
In Vivo Survival of Platelets Prepared in CPD Anticoagulant
Authors: Tranum B. L. , Haut A.
Published: March 2017

Autologous platelet concentrates (PC) were prepared from 480 ml of whole blood collected into citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) anticoagulant in order to evaluate the latter with regard to (1) efficiency of platelet harvest in the PC; (2) in vivo platelet recovery; and (3) platelet survival after transfusion. Platelets were labeled with 51Cr. In consecutive trials an average of 0.81 ± 0.07 × 1011 (mean ± SE) platelets were harvested per unit of PC. This represented recovery of 72.4 ± 7.5 per cent of the calculated number of platelets originally present per donor unit. After auto‐transfusion, the in vivo recovery of labeled platelets was 46.3 ± 4.6 per cent, per donor unit. The disappearance of the labeled platelets from the circulation was linear between 6 and 144 hours after transfusion, with a mean T½ of 4.36 days. A method of calculating in vivo recovery and of estimating blood volume is suggested to simplify comparisons among the works of various investigators. CPD is a suitable anticoagulant for the preparation of platelet concentrates.
The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Function and Membrane Integrity in Erythrocytes During Cold Storage
Authors: Moore G. L. , Harrison J. H. , Rau D. C.
Published: March 2017

Whole human blood with and without the addition of adenine‐inosine was stored for 42 days at 4 C. Adenosine‐inosine was effective in maintaining hemoglobin function as shown by a continued high level of 2,3‐DPG. Analysis of the erythrocyte membranes was carried out by chemical and physicochemical methods. It was shown that adenine‐inosine treatment does not alter the rate of membrane deterioration, indicating that the maintenance of membrane integrity and hemoglobin function are separate problems and each must be considered individually. The determining factor in long‐term red blood cell preservation may be in membrane stabilization.
Blood Inventory Distribution by Type in a Total Supply System
Authors: Graf S. , Katz A. , Morse E.
Published: March 2017

Review of blood distribution by blood type in 37 hospitals served by one blood center revealed that bloods collected from a random population of donors and transfused to a random population of recipients show a normal distribution of types. However, 35 per cent of donors who are drawn in the hospitals are Rh‐negative and 19 per cent of bloods returned outdated are Rh‐negative. Examination of the data indicates the low‐frequency blood types are stored out of proportion to their utilization rate and are more likely to be lost through outdating. Alternative solutions are suggested.
The Post‐thaw Viability of Red Blood Cells of ACD and CPD Blood Preserved in the Frozen State with and without Added Adenine
Authors: Gibson J. G. , Tullis J. L. , Tinch R. J. , Ryan W. R. , DiForte S.
Published: March 2017

Bloods collected in ACD and CPD were frozen by the Blood Research Institute Glycerol method using the Latham Processor. Washed, thawed red blood cells were suspended in autologous plasma with and without added adenine and stored at 4 C. Post‐transfusion survival studies by 125I, 51Cr methods had values of 70 per cent or better for seven and 14 days for ACD and CPD bloods, and 14 and 21 days for ACD‐adenine and CPD‐adenine bloods, respectively. Integration of a frozen blood program in conventional blood banks is discussed.
Glycolytic Intermediates and Adenine Nucleotides of Human Platelets
Authors: Kim B. K. , Baldini M. G.
Published: March 2017

Glycolytic intermediates and adenine nucleotides were determined in human platelet concentrates suspended in ACD or EDTA plasma and preserved at 4 C for one to seven days. Glucose consumption and lactate production were active over a relatively long period of time with both anticoagulants although rates and patterns of glycolysis were grossly influenced by the anticoagulant used. Overall rate of glycolysis appeared more active in EDTA than in ACD preparations, particularly during the first two to three days of storage. Study of glycolytic intermediates in ACD concentrates during storage demonstrated progressive accumulation of fructose‐1,6‐diphosphate (FDP), indicating the rate‐limiting character of the fructoaldolase reaction. In EDTA preparations, pronounced accumulation of more than one glycolytic intermediate occurred. These included FDP and triose‐P and also, 3 PG, while pyruvate became progressively decreased, indicating a rate‐limiting lesion in the conversion of 3‐PG to pyruvate. While pyruvate levels were depressed, lactate production proceeded actively, probably due to suppression of pyruvate utilization for pathways other than lactate producion (tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid and lipid synthesis). ATP level decreased slowly during storage with either anticoagulant. It is concluded that in human platelets stored at 4 C, changes in glycolytic intermediates are more rapid and prominent than reduction in ATP level. It is not as yet clear whether alterations in glycolysis are responsible for rapid loss of platelet viability during storage.
Histopathological Studies on Kidneys from Patients Treated with Large
Authors: Falk J. S. , Lindblad G.T.Ö. , Westman B. J. M.
Published: March 2017

Kidneys from six patients who died soon after open‐heart surgery have been examined. During and after surgery the patients were transfused with ACD‐adenine blood. There were no DOA crystals in the kidneys from five patients who received 13–30 units of blood, corresponding to 8.7‐15.1 mg adenine per kg body weight, and who died within 12 hours after surgery. The sixth patient had an extremely massive transfusion of 118 units (95 mg adenine/kg body weight) administered during 5 days. He died from hemorrhagic shock on the seventh day. He had an impaired renal function and in his kidneys there was a moderate number of birefringent, rosette‐shaped crystals. The use of ACD‐adenine blood is discussed.
Platelet Enzyme Activity During Storage
Authors: Novak R. F. , Bermes E. W. , Cassin B.
Published: March 2017

Platelets collected and stored at room temperature in plastic bags were monitored over a 96‐hour period for LDH and aldolase which may have entered the supernatant plasma from the stored platelets. Even though the platelets decreased 70 per cent over the 96‐hour period, platelet LDH and aldolase increases could not be identified in the supernatant plasma. Only when the total platelet population was disintegrated by ultrasonification, were large amounts of platelet LDH and aldolase detectable. The morphology of platelets, still remaining at 96 hours, and stored in native plasma, was well preserved. Platelets stored in isotonic saline solution over the same period of time had extensive morphological alteration. Relationships between the LDH, aldolase and morphological alterations are discussed.
Water‐Soluble I Blood Group Substance in the Secretions of i Adults
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Jensen L. , Decary F. , Colledge K.
Published: March 2017

Water‐soluble I blood group substance has been found in the saliva and milk of an iadult woman. The serum of the propositus contained iso anti‐I that could be partially inhibited by her own milk. Neither secretion had excessive inhibitory activity against anti‐i.

The results suggest that the gene Z, believed to be necessary for red blood cell I antigen development, is not required for synthesis of secretory I substance. The  iadult phenotype is thus closely comparable with the Am and Bm phenotypes in which expression of A and B is modified in the red blood cells but not in the secretions.
Preliminary Evaluation of an Automated Disposable Continuous Centrifugal Washing System for Frozen‐Stored Blood
Authors: Orlina A. R. , Brim L. H. , Gilbert R. , McDonald B. J. , Josephson A. M.
Published: March 2017

A new automated continuous‐flow washing system that utilizes disposable wash sets was evaluated for its efficiency in washing bloods glycerolized with equal volumes of Huggins' solution and frozen at −85 C in two‐liter bags. An initial gradient dilution with commercially available electrolyte solutions, modified by the addition of NaCl to give the desired osmolarities, was performed, followed by washing with 500 ml of 20 per cent mannitol in 0.45 per cent saline solution and 2,000 ml of the electrolyte solution. The mean RBC recovery in vitro was 84 per cent, with a range of 79 to 91. The breakdown of the 16 per cent loss was: freeze‐thaw, four per cent; dilutional step, nine per cent; washing, three per cent. The mean RBC survival in vivo with one of the solutions tested was 93 per cent, with a range of 88 to 98. This solution was modified to a final glucose concentration of 300 mg/100 ml and the pH adjusted to 7.4 with TRIS buffer. A significantly lower mean RBC survival of 88 per cent was obtained, with a range of 82 to 95. The maximum supernatant hemoglobin observed after post‐wash storage at 4 C for 24 hours was 804 mg/100 ml, and a low of 137 mg/100 ml. The final osmolarity ranged from 277 to 398 mosm/liter. The total processing time for two units is 70 minutes, of which 40 minutes is spent on the automated washing step. The system appears to be well suited for the large scale processing of frozen blood. However, further work is needed to define the optimum processing solutions particularly for the dilutional step during which time the greatest loss of RBC appears to occur. Its use for blood frozen in liquid nitrogen is under current investigation.
Genuine Participation in Design Practice: Towards a Possible Metric
Authors: Segalowitz Miri , Chamorro‐Koc Marianella
Published: March 2017

What is genuine participation in the context of design practice? Genuine participation is often considered the missing element that differentiates a successful participation project from an unsuccessful participation project. But what, exactly, does genuine mean and, more importantly for research purposes, how can the ‘genuineness’ of participation be measured? The present study is a first step to explore a possible metric for genuine participation. To begin, a questionnaire developed from six key topics of focus within participatory design research was created and administered to university design students. The results, analysed by a principal component analysis, yielded statistically reliable, strong, and otherwise clear and coherent patterns. These patterns were then qualitatively interpreted. The results indicated that intrinsic motivation, participation self‐efficacy and positive group affect can serve as reliable metrics for measuring the quality of the participation experience. It is proposed that future research into genuine participation consider the impact of these three variables.
The Thickness of the Adhesive Layer Increases the Misdiagnosing of the Radiolucent Zones and Restoration Replacement Indication
Authors: Fröhlich Tatiana Tambara , Nicoloso Gabriel Ferreira , Lenzi Tathiane Larissa , Soares Fabio Zovico Maxnuck , De Oliveira Rocha Rachel
Published: March 2017

Objective

To evaluate the influence of the thickness of the adhesive layer and demineralized dentin on the decision to replace composite restoration.

Materials and Methods

Eighty human third molars with occlusal preparations (Class I) were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 10): adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE] or Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]); the number of adhesive layers (one or two); and substrate (sound or demineralized dentin). A blinded examiner evaluated radiographs of each restored tooth. Obtained scores for the presence or absence of radiolucent zone under restoration were submitted to a relative risk (RR) calculus and Z‐test, and the scores for the decision to replace restorations were submitted to Fisher's exact test (p < 0.05).

Results

The relative risk of identifying a radiolucent zone under restoration in sound and demineralized dentin were, respectively, 2 and 1.85 times higher when two layers of adhesive were applied. Demineralized dentin did not increase the probability of identifying a radiolucent zone. A higher relative (1.6, p = 0.01) was observed when two layers of SBU were applied. The number of layers did not influence the relative risk for CSE (RR = 1.3, p = 0.13).

Conclusion

Thicker layers of SBU increase the relative risk of identifying a radiolucent layer under restoration and the decision to replace a/composite restoration, irrespective of the substrate. The presence of demineralized dentin did not increase the probability of identifying a radiolucent zone when compared to sound dentin.

Clinical Significance

The results of this in vitro study suggest that thicker layers of a particular adhesive under resin composite restorations can negatively influence the decision to replace them. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:193–200, 2017)
Morphology and Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Metopus yantaiensis n. sp. (Ciliophora, Metopida), with Identification of the Intracellular Bacteria
Authors: Omar Atef , Zhang Qianqian , Zou Songbao , Gong Jun
Published: March 2017

The morphology and infraciliature of a new ciliate, Metopus yantaiensis n. sp., discovered in coastal soil of northern China, were investigated. It is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following features: nuclear apparatus situated in the preoral dome; 18–21 somatic ciliary rows, of which three extend onto the preoral dome (dome kineties); three to five distinctly elongated caudal cilia, and 21–29 adoral polykinetids. The 18S rRNA genes of this new species and two congeners, Metopus contortus and Metopus hasei, were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The new species is more closely related to M. hasei and the clevelandellids than to other congeners; both the genus Metopus and the order Metopida are not monophyletic. In addition, the digestion‐resistant bacteria in the cytoplasm of M. yantaiensis were identified, using a 16S rRNA gene clone library, sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The detected intracellular bacteria are affiliated with Sphingomonadales, Rhizobiales, Rickettsiales (Alphaproteobacteria), Pseudomonas (Gammaproteobacteria), Rhodocyclales (Betaproteobacteria), Clostridiales (Firmicutes), and Flavobacteriales (Bacteroidetes).
Morphometry and microanatomy of the barbels of the common sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus (Pristiophoridae): implications for pristiophorid behaviour
Authors: Nevatte R. J. , Williamson J. E. , Vella N. G. F. , Raoult V. , Wueringer B. E.
Published: March 2017

The internal anatomy of the barbels of the common sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus was examined with light microscopy to clarify their sensory role. No sensory structures such as taste buds (chemoreception), ampullae of Lorenzini (electroreception) or free neuromasts (lateral line mechanoreception) could be located in the barbels. The presence of bundles of nerve fibres, however, indicates a tactile function for the barbels. Conveyance of information regarding potentially damaging stimuli (nociception) and temperature (thermoception) cannot be excluded at this stage. It is hypothesized that the barbels are used by P. cirratus to locate prey in both the water column and on the substratum via wake detection and sensing changes in surface texture. The barbels may also be involved in the detection of water currents for rheotaxis. Regression analyses on P. cirratus morphometric data showed that the width of the rostrum at two sections (the barbels and the rostrum tip) does not significantly correlate with total length. The regression analyses also suggested that the barbels of P. cirratus may be lateralised.
Early Functional Limitations in Cognitively Normal Older Adults Predict Diagnostic Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Farias Sarah Tomaszewski , Lau Karen , Harvey Danielle , Denny Katherine G. , Barba Cheyanne , Mefford Anthony N.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To examine whether specific types of early functional limitations in cognitively normal older adults are associated with subsequent development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as the relative predictive value of self versus informant report in predicting diagnostic conversion to MCI.

Design

As a part of a longitudinal study design, participants underwent baseline and annual multidisciplinary clinical evaluations, including a physical and neurological examination, imaging, laboratory work, and neuropsychological testing.

Setting

Data used in this study were collected as part of longitudinal research at the University of California, Davis Alzheimer's Disease Center.

Participants

Individuals diagnosed as having normal cognition at study baseline who had an informant who could complete informant‐based ratings and at least one follow‐up visit (N = 324).

Measurements

Participants and informants each completed the Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog), an instrument designed to measure everyday function in six cognitively relevant domains.

Results

Self‐ and informant‐reported functional limitations on the ECog were associated with significantly greater risk of diagnostic conversion to MCI (informant: hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–3.2, P = .002), with self‐report having a slightly higher hazard (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.4–3.6, P < .001). When controlling for baseline cognitive abilities, the effect remained significant for self‐ and informant‐reported functional limitations.

Conclusion

Deficits in everyday memory and executive function domains were the strongest predictors of diagnostic conversion to MCI. Detection of early functional limitations may be clinically useful in assessing the future risk of developing cognitive impairment in cognitively normal older adults.
Transport of chemical signals in systemic acquired resistance
Authors: Singh Archana , Lim Gah‐Hyun , Kachroo Pradeep
Published: March 2017

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of broad‐spectrum resistance induced in response to local infections that protects uninfected parts against subsequent secondary infections by related or unrelated pathogens. SAR signaling requires two parallel branches, one regulated by salicylic acid (SA), and the other by azelaic acid (AzA) and glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G3P). AzA and G3P function downstream of the free radicals nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). During SAR, SA, AzA and G3P accumulate in the infected leaves, but only a small portion of these is transported to distal uninfected leaves. SA is preferentially transported via the apoplast, whereas phloem loading of AzA and G3P occurs via the symplast. The symplastic transport of AzA and G3P is regulated by gating of the plasmodesmata (PD). The PD localizing proteins, PDLP1 and PDLP5, regulate SAR by regulating PD gating as well as the subcellular partitioning of a SAR‐associated protein.
The Social Psychology of the Great Recession and Social Class Divides
Authors: Moya Miguel , Fiske Susan T.
Published: March 2017

The Great Recession, a marked global economic decline that began in December 2007 in the United States, has affected the entire world economy, although more in some countries than others. It has increased income inequality, intergenerational tensions, and anti‐immigrant prejudices.

This issue aims to discuss social psychological effects of economic downturns on intergroup and interpersonal relations. Two lines of research, closely related, converge in this issue because the Great Recession has brought social‐class inequality into the foreground of worldwide contention. The first line of research here explores how social‐class membership influences interpersonal and intergroup processes: trust, deservingness, identity, educational attainment, stereotypes, ideologies, and group behaviors. The second line analyzes how the Great Recession has been affecting people's own lives and their psychological reactions, depending on their social class. Throughout this overview, we introduce the contributions to this special issue. The volume contributes to social psychological ideas about both social classes and the recession.
The Experience of Low‐SES Students in Higher Education: Psychological Barriers to Success and Interventions to Reduce Social‐Class Inequality
Authors: Jury Mickaël , Smeding Annique , Stephens Nicole M. , Nelson Jessica E. , Aelenei Cristina , Darnon Céline
Published: March 2017

The economic decline of the Great Recession has increased the need for a university degree, which can enhance individuals’ prospects of obtaining employment in a competitive, globalized market. Research in the social sciences has consistently demonstrated that students with low socioeconomic status (SES) have fewer opportunities to succeed in university contexts compared to students with high SES. The present article reviews the psychological barriers faced by low‐SES students in higher education compared to high‐SES students. Accordingly, we first review the psychological barriers faced by low‐SES students in university contexts (in terms of emotional experiences, identity management, self‐perception, and motivation). Second, we highlight the role that university contexts play in producing and reproducing these psychological barriers, as well as the performance gap observed between low‐ and high‐SES students. Finally, we present three examples of psychological interventions that can potentially increase both the academic achievement and the quality of low‐SES students’ experience and thus may be considered as methods for change.
Re‐Establishing the Social‐Class Order: Restorative Reactions against High‐Achieving, Low‐SES Pupils
Authors: Batruch Anatolia , Autin Frédérique , Butera Fabrizio
Published: March 2017

This research investigates a barrier faced by low‐SES pupils who are on an upward social mobility trajectory: resistance to their high‐achiever status. We hypothesize that, as they disconfirm the usual social‐class academic disparities (i.e., high‐SES on average outperform low‐SES pupils), they threaten the status quo and induce restorative reactions that may hinder their chances of success. Experiment 1 showed that participants remembered less accurately information about pupils when low‐SES pupils were presented as outperforming high‐SES pupils than when the reverse was true. The errors appeared to be congruent with existing social hierarchies. In Experiment 2, preservice teachers assessed a test supposedly produced by a low‐ versus high‐SES pupil who was presented as being either high or low achieving. The evaluation was harshest when the test was produced by a high‐achieving low‐SES pupil. These results suggest that people attempt to recreate the social‐class academic hierarchy when it is challenged.
COMPOSITION OF DIAMONDOIDS IN OIL SAMPLES FROM THE ALPINE FORELAND BASIN, AUSTRIA: POTENTIAL AS INDICES OF SOURCE ROCK FACIES, MATURITY AND BIODEGRADATION
Authors: Pytlak Ł. , Kowalski A. , Gross D. , Sachsenhofer R.F.
Published: March 2017

Twenty‐seven oil samples from Cretaceous, Eocene and Rupelian reservoir rocks in the Alpine Foreland Basin (Austria) were analysed to evaluate the composition of diamondoid hydrocarbons using gas chromatography – triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The oils were generated from marly and shaly Oligocene source rocks buried beneath the nappes of the Alpine foldbelt to the south of the study area. Diamondoid hydrocarbons were detected in the saturated fraction of all the analysed oils. A biodegraded oil sample from a shallow reservoir in the NE part of the study area showed an enrichment in diamondoids due to the molecule's high resistance to microbial degradation. Variations in the organic matter type of the source rock facies and differences in maturity are known to influence the composition of diamondoids. However in this study, biomarker‐derived maturity parameters do not show a convincing correlation with diamondoid maturity parameters. Moreover, no cracking trend based on biomarkers and diamondoid concentrations was observed. The results indicate that the composition of diamondoids in oils from the Austrian part of the Alpine Foreland Basin is mainly controlled by heterogeneities in the Lower Oligocene source rocks, including the occurrence of a redeposited source rock succession in the western part of the study area. By contrast, EAI‐1 (the ethyladamantane index) shows a good correlation with various maturity parameters and seems to be independent of source rock facies.