bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Humerus Fractures at a Regional Trauma Center: An Epidemiologic Study
Authors: Bercik Michael J. , Tjoumakaris Fotios P. , Pepe Matthew , Tucker Bradford , Axelrad Alexander , Ong Alvin , Austin Luke
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study was to outline the epidemiologic criteria of humerus fractures after traumatic injuries. All patients admitted to the trauma service at the authors’ institution between 2005 and 2011 were entered into a prospective database. The authors obtained data on age, sex, injury mechanism, presence and location of humerus fracture, associated injuries, mortality, Injury Severity Score, treatment, and length of stay. Patients were matched to a group of patients with pelvic fractures with similar Injury Severity Scores to investigate whether significant differences existed between the 2 groups. Of the 11,007 trauma patients admitted, 209 (1.9%) had a humerus fracture. Associated fractures occurred in 154 (73.7%) patients. The mortality rate for all trauma patients during this period was 4.5%; it was 12% among those with humerus fractures and 21% among those with humeral shaft injuries. Several significant differences existed between the humerus fracture group and the pelvic fracture group. Visceral injuries were more common in the pelvic group, whereas associated fractures and head injuries were more common in the humerus fractures group. Age, sex, and length of stay were also significantly different between the 2 groups, but mortality was not significantly different. Humerus fractures in polytrauma patients are often associated with multiple injuries and a high mortality rate, especially for patients with humeral shaft fractures. A comprehensive evaluation of the patient is necessary.
Effectiveness of Locking Versus Dynamic Compression Plates for Diaphyseal Forearm Fractures
Authors: Azboy İbrahim , Demirtas Abdullah , Uçar Bekir Yavuz , Bulut Mehmet , Alemdar Celil , Özkul Emin
Published: July 2013

This study compares the results of the locking compression plate (LCP) and the dynamic compression plate (DCP) in the treatment of diaphyseal forearm fractures in adults and defines the indications for the use of the LCP.

Forty-two patients with diaphyseal forearm fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Of those, 22 had been treated with the LCP (LCP group) and 20 had been treated with the DCP (DCP group). The AO/ASIF classification was used to classify the fractures. Patients were assessed using the Grace-Eversmann criteria and the Disabilities of the Arm and Shoulder and Hand questionnaire during the final follow-up.

Mean follow-up was 21 months (range, 20–24 months) in the LCP group and 23 months (range, 19–26 months) in the DCP group. Union was achieved in all patients. Mean time to union was 15 weeks (range, 12–25 weeks) in the LCP group and 17 weeks (range, 13–24 weeks) in the DCP group. In each group, 1 patient experienced delayed union, which required no additional surgical intervention. No significant difference was found regarding the time to union between the groups (
P
>.05). No significant difference existed between the 2 groups in terms of Grace-Eversmann criteria and Disabilities of the Arm and Shoulder and Hand scores (both
P
>.05).

The results of these different fixation methods for forearm fractures in adults are similar. As such, the correct selection and application of surgical technique is more important than the type of plate used.
Aggregate Interview Method of Ranking Orthopedic Applicants Predicts Future Performance
Authors: Geissler Jacqueline , VanHeest Ann , Tatman Penny , Gioe Terence
Published: July 2013

This article evaluates and describes a process of ranking orthopedic applicants using what the authors term the Aggregate Interview Method. The authors hypothesized that higher-ranking applicants using this method at their institution would perform better than those ranked lower using multiple measures of resident performance.

A retrospective review of 115 orthopedic residents was performed at the authors’ institution. Residents were grouped into 3 categories by matching rank numbers: 1–5, 6–14, and 15 or higher. Each rank group was compared with resident performance as measured by faculty evaluations, the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE), and American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) test results. Residents ranked 1–5 scored significantly better on patient care, behavior, and overall competence by faculty evaluation (
P
<.05). Residents ranked 1–5 scored higher on the OITE compared with those ranked 6–14 during postgraduate years 2 and 3 (
P
⩽.5). Graduates who had been ranked 1–5 had a 100% pass rate on the ABOS part 1 examination on the first attempt. The most favorably ranked residents performed at or above the level of other residents in the program; they did not score inferiorly on any measure.

These results support the authors’ method of ranking residents. The rigorous Aggregate Interview Method for ranking applicants consistently identified orthopedic resident candidates who scored highly on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education resident core competencies as measured by faculty evaluations, performed above the national average on the OITE, and passed the ABOS part 1 examination at rates exceeding the national average.
Solitary Amyloidoma Related to THA
Authors: Ahmad Zafar , Tibrewal Saket , Waters Geoffrey , Nolan John
Published: July 2013

Amyloidoma of soft tissues is rare, and no previously published reports describe it in relation to hip prostheses. This article presents the case of a 78-year-old woman with a medical history of myelodysplasia and mild renal failure who underwent a right-sided metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty in 2003. She presented to the outpatient clinic with a 1-year history of right anterior thigh pain. On examination, a large proximal anteromedial lump was palpable and was nontender, nonpulsatile, and firm. She had a positive Trendelenburg test but good hip range of motion. Plain radiographs showed signs of osteolysis around the hip prosthesis. Serology showed mildly raised liver function and renal function but a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cell count.

Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large mixed-signal soft tissue mass directly opposing the anterior cortex of the right femur, related to the hip prosthesis, measuring 16×10×7 cm. Associated destruction of the underlying cortex existed. Histological staining of a biopsy of the mass confirmed that the mass contained AL-type amyloid seen in primary amyloidosis.

Mean patient age at diagnosis for amyloid tumors of soft tissues is 66 years. By definition, they start as solitary lesions. The types are important: AA type is related to infection and AL type is a primary process. Patients with AL amyloidomas have a poorer prognosis because they have a higher chance of malignancies. Early diagnosis can prevent long-term serious consequences of this condition.
Notch Signaling Regulates T Cell Accumulation and Function in the Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Sandy Ashley R. , Stoolman Josh , Malott Kelli , Pongtornpipat Prae , Segal Benjamin M. , Maillard Ivan
Published: July 2013

Systemic inhibition of Notch signaling was previously shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis in mice. Different studies attributed these effects to decreased T-bet and IFN-γ expression, enhanced regulatory T cell function, reduced T cell chemotaxis to the CNS, or impaired Th9 cell differentiation. Interpretation of these heterogeneous findings is difficult because past experimental strategies did not ensure complete Notch inhibition in T cells and because many cell populations could be affected by systemic Notch blockade. To resolve the role of Notch in T cells during EAE, we used the pan-Notch inhibitor dominant-negative form of Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML), as well as several complementary loss-of-function approaches specifically in myelin-reactive T cells. Notch inhibition in T cells profoundly decreased EAE incidence and severity. Notch-deprived myelin-reactive T cells had preserved activation and effector differentiation in secondary lymphoid tissues. However, Notch-deprived T cells failed to accumulate in the CNS after immunization. Parking wild-type and DNMAML T cells together in bone marrow chimeras increased accumulation of Notch-deprived T cells in the CNS after immunization but did not prevent EAE, indicating the absence of dominant suppression by DNMAML T cells. Analysis of CNS-infiltrating DNMAML T cells revealed markedly defective IL-17A and IFN-γ production, despite preserved T-bet expression. Collectively, our findings capture the profound overall effects of Notch signaling in myelin-reactive T cells and demonstrate that Notch controls the accumulation and pathogenic functions of CD4+ T cells within their target organ but not in lymphoid tissues during EAE.
Deployable Vortex Generator Dynamic Stall Alleviation through Experimental and Numerical Investigations
Authors: Joubert G. , Pape A. Le , Heine B. , Huberson S.
Published: July 2013

The flow over an OA209 airfoil subjected to a sinusoidal pitching motion under dynamic stall conditions and equipped with an innovative deployable vortex generator actuator inducing stall control is experimentally and numerically investigated. Pressure and time-resolved particle image
velocimetry measurements allow a detailed comparison to be performed between clean and controlled cases, including separation point detection and proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. Along with wind tunnel testing, numerical simulations are performed by solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged
Navier–Stokes equations with the ONERA elsA code. Computations are successfully compared to the experimental reference and bring further understanding of the deployable vortex generator actuation.
Multi-Voxel 1H-MRS in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Authors: Assadi Mitra , Wang Dah-Jyuu , Velazquez-Rodriquez Yadira , Leone Paola
Published: July 2013

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is characterized by the accumulation of sulfatide sphingolipids in the brain and peripheral nerves. We report metabolite alterations recorded using multi-voxel proton spectroscopy of the brain in four children with MLD. The data revealed elevated myoinositol/creatine and lactate/creatine ratios as well as decreased N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratios. We propose that elevation in myoinositol and lactate are caused by astrocytic gliosis and may be used as biomarkers for disease progression in MLD.
Characterisation by Local Means of Anisotropic Lizorkin-Triebel Spaces with Mixed Norms
Authors: Johnsen J. , Munch Hansen S. , Sickel Winfried
Published: July 2013

This is a contribution to the theory of Lizorkin-Triebel spaces having mixed Lebesgue norms and quasi-homogeneous smoothness. We discuss their characterisation in terms of general quasi-norms based on convolutions. In particular, this covers the case of local means, in Triebel's terminology. The main step is an extension of some crucial inequalities due to Rychkov to the case with mixed norms.
Observation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere of a mountain site in central China: temperature and relative humidity effects
Authors: Li J. J. , Wang G. H. , Cao J. J. , Wang X. M. , Zhang R. J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) derived from isoprene, pinene and caryophyllene were determined for PM10 and size-segregated (9-stage) aerosols collected at the summit (2060 m, a.s.l.) of Mt. Hua, central China during the summer of 2009. Concentrations of estimated isoprene, α-/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene derived SOC are 81± 53, 29 ± 14 and 98 ± 53 ng m−3, accounting for 2.7± 1.0%, 0.8 ± 0.2% and 2.1 ± 1.0% of OC, respectively. Concentrations of biogenic (BSOA, the isoprene/pinene/caryophyllene oxidation products) and anthropogenic (ASOA, mainly aromatic acids) SOA positively correlated with temperature (R=0.57–0.90). However, a decreasing trend of BSOA concentration with an increase in relative humidity (RH) was observed during the sampling period, although a clear trend between ASOA and RH was not found. Based on the AIM Model calculation, we found that during the sampling period an increase in RH resulted in a decrease in the aerosol acidity and thus reduced the effect of acid-catalysis on BSOA formation. Size distribution measurement showed that most of the determined isoprene derived SOA may form in aerosol phase and enriched in the fine mode (<2.1μm). 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid, 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid and β-caryophyllinic acid are only presented in fine particles. However, cis-pinonic acid presents a large peak in the coarse mode (>2.1 μm) due to its highly volatile nature.
Time series inversion of spectra from ground-based radiometers
Authors: Christensen O. M. , Eriksson P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Retrieving time series of atmospheric constituents from ground-based spectrometers often requires different temporal averaging depending on the altitude region in focus. This can lead to several datasets existing for one instrument, which complicates validation and comparisons between instruments. This paper puts forth a possible solution by incorporating the temporal domain into the maximum a posteriori (MAP) retrieval algorithm. The state vector is increased to include measurements spanning a time period, and the temporal correlations between the true atmospheric states are explicitly specified in the a priori uncertainty matrix. This allows the MAP method to effectively select the best temporal smoothing for each altitude, removing the need for several datasets to cover different altitudes. The method is compared to traditional averaging of spectra using a simulated retrieval of water vapour in the mesosphere. The simulations show that the method offers a significant advantage compared to the traditional method, extending the sensitivity an additional 10 km upwards without reducing the temporal resolution at lower altitudes. The method is also tested on the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) water vapour microwave radiometer confirming the advantages found in the simulation. Additionally, it is shown how the method can interpolate data in time and provide diagnostic values to evaluate the interpolated data.
Application of high resolution Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CI-ToFMS) to study SOA composition: focus on formation of oxygenated species via aqueous phase processing
Authors: Aljawhary D. , Lee A. K. Y. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper demonstrates the capabilities of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composition with a high resolution (HR) time-of-flight mass analyzer (aerosol-CI-ToFMS). In particular, by studying aqueous oxidation of Water Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOC) extracted from α-pinene ozonolysis SOA, we assess the capabilities of three common CIMS reagent ions: (a) protonated water clusters (H2O)nH+, (b) acetate CH3C(O)O− and (c) iodide water clusters I(H2O)n− to monitor SOA composition. As well, we report the relative sensitivity of these reagent ions to a wide range of common organic aerosol constituents. We find that (H2O)nH+ is more selective to the detection of less oxidized species, so that the range of O/C and OSC (carbon oxidation state) in the SOA spectra is considerably lower than those measured using CH3C(O)O− and I(H2O)n−. Specifically, (H2O)nH+ ionizes organic compounds with OSC ≤ 1.3, whereas CH3C(O)O− and I(H2O)n− both ionize highly oxygenated organics with OSC up to 4 with I(H2O)n− being more selective towards multi-functional organic compounds. In the bulk O/C and H/C space, i.e. in a Van Krevelen plot, there is a remarkable agreement in both absolute magnitude and oxidation trajectory between CI-ToFMS data and those from a high resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS). This indicates that the CI-ToFMS data captures much of the chemical change occurring in the particle and that gas phase species, which are not detected by the HR-AMS, do not dominate the overall ion signal. Finally, the data illustrate the capability of aerosol-CI-ToFMS to monitor specific chemical change, including the fragmentation and functionalization reactions that occur during organic oxidation, and the oxidative conversion of dimeric SOA species into monomers. Overall, aerosol-CI-ToFMS is a valuable, selective complement to some common SOA characterization methods, such as AMS and spectroscopic techniques. Both laboratory and ambient SOA samples can be analyzed using the techniques illustrated in the paper.
Improving pedestrian detection using MPEG-7 descriptors
Authors: Lietz H. , Ritter M. , Manthey R. , Wanielik G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. During the last decade, modern Pedestrian Detection Systems made massive use of the steadily growing numbers of high-performance image acquisition sensors. Within our naturalistic driving environment, a lot of different and heterogeneous scenes occur that are caused by varying illumination and weather conditions. Unfortunately, current systems do not work properly under these hardened conditions. The aim of this article is to investigate and evaluate observed video scenes from an open source dataset by using various image features in order to create a basis for robust and more accurate object detection.
Implementation and extension of a GNU-Radio RFID reader
Authors: Smietanka G. , Brato S. , Freudenberg M. , Götze J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The development of a flexible software defined RFID is discused. Commercial reader systems only allow a top level view on the communication and restrict the variation for many transmission parameters. Recently a software reader from the CGran project was proposed which uses the GNU Radio environment in combination with an USRP front end. Because most of the signal processing is done on a common host PC, this reader offers high flexibility, but also has several disadvantages. One of the main hardware limitations is the usage of only one separated antenna per transmit and receive path. Commercial readers usually use four antennas which are time multiplexed and can be used as transmitter and receiver. In this work a HF multiplexer for the USRP device is introduced. With this extension up to four transmit and receive antennas can be used in combination with the software reader. It is shown that the multiplexer achieves good read rates for a switching interval of 100 ms. Using this multiplexer the read range of the system decrease compared to the basic software reader, but distances over two meters can still be realized without additional hardware extensions.
State scaling of continuous-time sigma-delta modulators
Authors: Zorn C. , Brückner T. , Ortmanns M. , Mathis W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this paper, the common method of scaling the feedback coefficients of continuous time sigma delta modulators in order to stabilize the system is enhanced. The presented approach scales the different states of the system instead of the coefficients. The new corresponding coefficients are then calculated from the solution of the state space description. Therewith, it is possible to tune the maximum out-of-band gain directly in continuous time. In addition, the input amplitude distribution between each quantization level of multi bit sigma-delta modulator can be adapted.
Design of RF MEMS based switch matrix for space applications
Authors: Di Nardo S. , Farinelli P. , Kim T. , Marcelli R. , Margesin B. , Paola E. , Pochesci D. , Vietzorreck L. , Vitulli F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. RF MEMS based switch matrices have several advantages compared to the mechanical or solid-state switch based ones for space applications. They are compact, light and less lossy with a high linearity up to high frequency. In this work, a 12 × 12 switch matrix with RF MEMS and LTCC technologies is presented based on the planar Beneš network. The simulated performance of the 12 × 12 switch matrix is below −12 dB IL (Insertion Loss) up to C band and −15 dB RL (Return Loss) up to Ku band. Moreover, it has a good isolation better than −50 dB. A 4 × 4 switch matrix with the same design process and technologies is fabricated and measured to verify the 12 × 12 switch matrix design process. The measured performance agrees very well to the simulations.
The Method of Lines in the time domain
Authors: Helfert S. F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Method of Lines (MoL) is a semi-analytical numerical algorithm that has been used in the past to solve Maxwell's equations for waveguide problems. It is mainly used in the frequency domain. In this paper it is shown how the MoL can be used to solve initial value problems in the time domain. The required expressions are derived for one-dimensional structures, where the materials may be dispersive. The algorithm is verified with numerical results for homogeneous structures, and for the concatenation of standard dielectric and left handed materials.
Indikatorenbasierte Bewertung von Entwurfsentscheidungen auf Systemebene
Authors: Freier M. , Wenzler A. , Mayer T. , Gerlach J. , Rosenstiel W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Bei dem Entwurf von anwendungsspezifischen integrierten Schaltungen muss ein Entwickler zusätzliche Funktionen integrieren und die zunehmende Komplexität bewältigen. Für die Reduzierung der Kosten bleibt weiterhin die Verkürzung der benötigten Entwicklungszeit ein Ziel. Ein entscheidender Faktor dabei ist die zuverlässige Absicherung von Entwurfsentscheidungen in einer frühen Entwurfsphase. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die eine Bewertung von Entwurfsentscheidungen bei Systemmodellen mittels automatisch ermittelter Indikatoren ermöglichen soll. Die Systemmodelle können mit der Entwurfsumgebung MATLAB/Simulink oder in SystemC beschrieben sein.
Substituting EMC emission measurement by field and cable scan method using measured transfer function
Authors: Rinas D. , Jia J. , Zeichner A. , Frei S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Today EMC emissions of automotive components are often measured in anechoic chambers by an antenna at fixed position according to CISPR 25 (ALSE-method). The antenna voltage often cannot sufficiently describe the behaviour of the measured electronic components and systems. Furthermore space requirements and costs are very high for the ALSE-method. Field- and cable-scan methods combined with near-field to far-field transformation techniques might be a good alternative. Residual reflections from the walls, the metallic floor, the measuring table, interaction of the antenna with the environment, and other factors affect the measurements. Thus, models which only regard the current distribution for near- and far field calculation cannot produce results equal to a chamber measurement. In this paper methods for computing transfer functions for the substitution of EMC antenna measurements with field- and cable scans in a specified calibration area are introduced. To consider influences of the environment, the environment is characterized in a first step and included with transfer functions in the calculation process for the equivalent ALSE-field.
Envelope tracking of a radio frequency amplifier for Long Term Evolution using a three-level class-G modulator
Authors: Bräckle A. , Rathgeber L. , Siegert F. , Heck S. , Berroth M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this contribution, efficiency enhancement of a radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) for Long Term Evolution (LTE) base stations using envelope tracking is investigated. The dynamically adapted drain bias voltage is provided by a three-level class-G modulator. The potential of this bias modulator is demonstrated with a class AB PA built in gallium nitride (GaN) technology with an operation frequency of 2.75 GHz, a maximum output power of 41 dBm and a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 60%. When driven by an LTE signal with a bandwidth of 20 MHz, overall system efficiency can be increased from 17% with a constant supply voltage up to 29% with envelope tracking. This is accompanied by a reduction of linearity. Adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) decreases by 10 dB in the first and by 18 dB in the second adjacent channel, respectively. Error vector magnitude (EVM) increases from 9% up to 29%.
Printed antennas: from theory to praxis, challenges and applications
Authors: Zichner R. , Baumann R. R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Miniaturized, highly integrated wireless communication systems are used in many fields like logistics and mobile communications. Often multiple antenna structures are integrated in a single product. To achieve such a high level of integration the antenna structures are manufactured e.g. from flexible boards or via LDS (laser direct structuring) which allows the production of complex monopole or dipole antennas with three-dimensionally curved shapes. Main drawbacks are the sophisticated production process steps and their costs. The additive deposition of metallic inks or pastes by a printing process is an alternative manufacturing method with reduced cost. To implement such printed antennas we investigated in the fields of antenna design, simulation, printing technology and characterization. The chosen example of use was a customized dipole antenna for a Radio Frequency Identification application. The results prove the intended functionality of the printed dipole in regard to a highly cost efficient printing manufacturing.
Advantages of the new model of IRI (IRI-Plas) to simulate the ionospheric electron density: case of the European area
Authors: Maltseva O. A. , Zhbankov G. A. , Mozhaeva N. S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Satellite telecommunications, positioning and navigation systems require knowledge of the electron distribution in height Ne(h) to high-altitude orbits of satellites. One of the possibilities to construct such profiles is associated with the use of the ionospheric total electron content TEC. This paper is devoted to three advantages of the IRI-Plas model. They include introduction of the topside basis scale height Hsc, expansion of the IRI model to the plasmasphere, ingestion of experimental values of TEC. Testing of this model according to different satellite experiments (CHAMP, DMSP) shows the high efficiency of this model. The method of adaptation of the IRI-Plas model to the plasma frequency at altitudes of CHAMP and DMSP satellites allows us to produce behavior of Ne(h)-profiles during the disturbances, as well as to refine the values of TEC, which determine the accuracy of positioning. Results were obtained using data of the European area.
A fully probe corrected near-field far-field transformation technique employing plane-wave synthesis
Authors: Mauermayer R. A. M. , Eibert T. F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The far-field behavior of an antenna under test (AUT) can be obtained by exciting the AUT with a plane wave. In a measurement, it is sufficient if the plane wave is artificially generated in the vicinity of the AUT. This can be achieved by using a virtual antenna array formed by a probe antenna which is sequentially sampling the radiating near-field of the AUT at different positions. For this purpose, an optimal filter for the virtual antenna array is computed in a preprocessing step. Applying this filter to the near-field measurements, the far-field of the AUT is obtained according to the propagation direction and polarization of the synthesized plane wave. This means that the near-field far-field transformation (NFFFT) is achieved simply by filtering the near-field measurement data. Taking the radiation characteristic of the probe antenna into account during the synthesis process, its influence on the NFFFT is compensated. The principle of the plane-wave synthesis and its application to the NFFFT is presented in detail in this paper. Furthermore, the method is verified by performing transformations of simulated near-field measurement data and of near-field data measured in an anechoic chamber.
Impact of change in climate and policy from 1988 to 2007 on environmental and microbial variables at the time series station Boknis Eck, Baltic Sea
Authors: Hoppe H.-G. , Giesenhagen H. C. , Koppe R. , Hansen H.-P. , Gocke K.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Phytoplankton and bacteria are sensitive indicators of environmental change. The temporal development of these key organisms was monitored from 1988 to the end of 2007 at the time series station Boknis Eck in the western Baltic Sea. This period was characterized by the adaption of the Baltic Sea ecosystem to changes in the environmental conditions caused by the conversion of the political system in the southern and eastern border states, accompanied by the general effects of global climate change. Measured variables were chlorophyll, primary production, bacteria number, -biomass and -production, glucose turnover rate, macro-nutrients, pH, temperature and salinity. Negative trends with time were recorded for chlorophyll, bacteria number, bacterial biomass and bacterial production, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, silicate, oxygen and salinity while temperature, pH, and the ratio between bacteria numbers and chlorophyll increased. Strongest reductions with time occurred for the annual maximum values, e.g. for chlorophyll during the spring bloom or for nitrate during winter, while the annual minimum values remained more stable. In deep water above sediment the negative trends of oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and bacterial variables as well as the positive trend of temperature were similar to those in the surface while the trends of salinity, ammonia and silicate were opposite to those in the surface. Decreasing oxygen, even in the surface layer, was of particular interest because it suggested enhanced recycling of nutrients from the deep hypoxic zones to the surface by vertical mixing. The long-term seasonal patterns of all variables correlated positively with temperature, except chlorophyll and salinity. Salinity correlated negatively with all bacterial variables (as well as precipitation) and positively with chlorophyll. Surprisingly, bacterial variables did not correlate with chlorophyll, which may be inherent with the time lag between the peaks of phytoplankton and bacteria during spring. Compared to the 20-yr averages of the environmental and microbial variables, the strongest negative deviations of corresponding annual averages were measured about ten years after political change for nitrate and bacterial secondary production (~ −60%), followed by chlorophyll (−50%) and bacterial biomass (−40%). Considering the circulation of surface currents in the Baltic Sea we interpret the observed patterns of the microbial variables at the Boknis Eck time series station as a consequence of the improved management of water resources after 1989 and – to a minor extent – the trends of the climate variables salinity and temperature.
Soil carbon stocks and their variability across the woodlands of peninsular Spain
Authors: Doblas-Miranda E. , Rovira P. , Brotons L. , Martínez-Vilalta J. , Retana J. , Pla M. , Vayreda J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Global warming effects in our ecosystems could be offset by reducing carbon emissions and protecting and increasing carbon stocks. Accurate estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes of soil organic carbon (SOC) are thus needed to asses the impact of climate and land-use change on soil C uptake and soil C emissions to the atmosphere. Here, we present an assessment of SOC stocks in woodlands (forest, shrublands and grasslands) of peninsular Spain based on field measurements in more than 900 soil profiles. Estimations of soil C stocks for the 7 796 306 plots of the Spanish Forest Map (24.3 × 106 ha.) were carried out using a statistical model that included, as explanatory variables, vegetation cover, parent material, soil consistency, mean annual temperature, total annual precipitation and elevation, and the influence of spatial correlation. We present what we believe is the most reliable estimation of current SOC in woodlands of peninsular Spain thus far, based on the considered predictors, the high number of profiles and the validity and refinement of the data layers employed. Mean concentration of SOC was 8.8 kg m−2, which is slightly higher than that presented in previous studies. This value corresponds to a total stock of 2574 Tg SOC, which is four times the amount of carbon estimated to be stored in the biomass of Spanish forests. Climate and vegetation cover were the main variables influencing SOC, with important ecological implications for peninsular Spanish ecosystems in the face of global change. The fact that SOC was positively related to annual precipitation and negatively related to mean annual temperature suggests that future climate change may strongly reduce the potential of Spanish soils as carbon sinks. However, this may be mediated by changes in vegetation cover (e.g., by favouring the development of forests associated to higher SOC values) and threatened by perturbations such as fire. The estimations presented here should improve our capacity to respond to global change by carbon stocks conservation and management.
Nitrogen deposition: how important is it for global terrestrial carbon uptake?
Authors: Bala G. , Devaraju N. , Chaturvedi R. K. , Caldeira K. , Nemani R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Global carbon budget studies indicate that the terrestrial ecosystems have remained a~large sink for carbon despite widespread deforestation activities. CO2-fertilization, N deposition and re-growth of mid-latitude forests are believed to be key drivers for land carbon uptake. In this study, we assess the importance of N deposition by performing idealized near-equilibrium simulations using the Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4). In our equilibrium simulations, only 12–17% of the deposited Nitrogen is assimilated into the ecosystem and the corresponding carbon uptake can be inferred from a C : N ratio of 20:1. We calculate the sensitivity of the terrestrial biosphere for CO2-fertilization, climate warming and N deposition as changes in total ecosystem carbon for unit changes in global mean atmospheric CO2 concentration, global mean temperature and Tera grams of Nitrogen deposition per year, respectively. Based on these sensitivities, it is estimated that about 242 PgC could have been taken up by land due to the CO2 fertilization effect and an additional 175 PgC taken up as a result of the increased N deposition since the pre-industrial period. Because of climate warming, terrestrial ecosystem could have lost about 152 PgC during the same period. Therefore, since preindustrial times terrestrial carbon losses due to warming may have been approximately compensated by effects of increased N deposition, whereas the effect of CO2-fertilization is approximately indicative of the current increase in terrestrial carbon stock. Our simulations also suggest that the sensitivity of carbon storage to increased N deposition decreases beyond current levels, indicating climate warming effects on carbon storage may overwhelm N deposition effects in the future.
Dynamics of auto- and heterotrophic picoplankton and associated viruses in Lake Geneva
Authors: Parvathi A. , Zhong X. , Pradeep Ram A. S. , Jacquet S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Microbial dynamics has been rarely investigated in Lake Geneva, which is paradoxically the largest lake in Western Europe. From a 5 month survey, we report dynamic patterns of free living viruses, bacteria and small phytoplankton abundances in response to a variety of environmental parameters. For the first time, we fractionated the primary production to separate the contribution of different size-related biological compartments and measured both bacterial and viral production in addition to experiments conducted to appreciate virus-induced bacterial mortality. We observed marked seasonal and vertical variations in picocyanobacteria, bacteria and virus abundances and production. The contribution of picoplankton and nanoplankton production to the total primary production was high in November and spring-summer transition period respectively. The impact of viral lysis on both bacteria and picocyanobacteria was significantly higher than grazing activities. Virus-induced picocyanobacterial mortality reached up to 66% compared to virus induced bacterial mortality that reached a maximum of 34% in July. Statistical analyses revealed a complex interplay between biological abundances and/or activity with environmental factors in Lake Geneva. Our results provide new evidence on the critical role played by viruses in freshwater microbial dynamics and more globally on the functioning of the microbial food webs. This study highlights the importance of further considering this biological compartment for a better understanding of the plankton ecology of Lake Geneva, especially for modeling purposes and in a context of reoligotrophication and warming of this ecosystem.
Sex Addiction: the Chicken-and-Egg Dilemma of Diagnosis
Authors: Berry Michael
Published: July 2013

In May 2013, the American Psychiatric Association will release the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Interestingly, sex addiction, despite significant attention from mainstream media, will be omitted from the manual. This omission presents a challenge to clinicians who treat sex addiction, and researchers aiming to further our understanding of the issue. This commentary outlines some of the reasons sex addiction was not included in the DSM-V, including a ‘chicken-and-egg’ conundrum, which makes it difficult to generate research without a clear diagnosis, and difficult to establish a definitive diagnosis without a supportive body of research.
Analysis of genetic similarity of Festuca rubra L. and Festuca nigrescens Lam. sub-populations of the south-eastern part of Poland
Authors: Dąbrowska Agnieszka , Sawicki Bogusław
Published: July 2013

The investigation of genetic similarity involved Festuca rubra L. and Festuca nigrescens Lam. ecotypes. The study plants originated from sub-populations in the south-eastern part of Poland. The analysis of the genetic similarity was performed by the PCR technique with the use of semi-specific primers targeting 12–18 bp long plant gene sequences from the exon targeting (ET) and intron targeting (IT) group. The investigations were carried out using 21 primers. In total, 735 DNA fragments were obtained, out of which the individual primers amplified from 16 (ET 10/18mer) to 56 (ET 11/18mer) fragments. On average, one primer yielded 32.38 polymorphic products from 11 (IT 28/12mer) to 56 (ET 11/18mer). In total, 680 (91.62%) polymorphic products were obtained. The primers used generated PCR products which exhibited high polymorphism. In the case of the 18-nucleotide primers, the number of amplified polymorphic fragments was more than 96%.

Based on the results obtained, it was found that Nei's genetic similarity for the Festuca rubra and Festuca nigrescens sub-populations analysed was high enough to correspond to the sub-species status. The genetic similarity between ecotypes of the species is closely related to the site of occurrence of the genotypes studied. The highest similarity was found between ecotypes growing in the immediate vicinity of each other.
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Fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium in winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. protected with fungicides in north-eastern Poland
Authors: Pszczółkowska Agnieszka , Okorski Adam , Olszewski Jacek , Jarmołkowicz Joanna
Published: July 2013

Various diagnostic methods were used to evaluate the effect of fungicide protection on the prevalence of pathogenic fungi in wheat grain. Winter wheat cv. Nutka and Zyta was grown during a field experiment established in the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny in 2006–2007. The experimental factor was chemical crop protection: epoxiconazole, kresoxim-methyl and fenpropimorph applied at growth stages BBCH 33–35 as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole applied at BBCH 51–53. In this experiment, microscopic observations and conventional PCR assays were used as complementary methods. The quantification of Fusarium poae DNA by qPCR demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical protection against the analyzed fungal species. Lower monthly precipitation levels and higher daily temperatures intensified grain infections, in particular those caused by F. poae. A significant correlation was determined between the number of F. poae cultures isolated from winter wheat grain and the quantity of pathogenic DNA in grain identified by qPCR. Grain infections caused by F. poae lowered yield and thousand seed weight.
Estudio del empleo de los pronombres clíticos en un corpus oral de La Habana (Cuba)
Authors: Aleza Milagros
Published: July 2013

<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;" lang="ES">Esta investigación tiene por objeto un estudio del uso de los pronombres átonos (clíticos) en un corpus oral de La Habana (Cuba): El habla culta de la generación joven de La Habana. Materiales para su estudio (tomo 2 de la obra El habla culta de la generación joven de San Juan, La Habana y Santo Domingo. Materiales para su estudio, publicada en 2001)<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: EN-US;" lang="ES">. Dado que Cuba es uno de los países considerados distinguidores de caso, resulta especialmente interesante conocer qué verbos y qué estructuras pronominalizan en ambos casos o se inclinan por el uso del dativo en lugar del acusativo, con el fin de analizar las posibles opciones y determinar qué estructuras o tipos de verbo determinan y condicionan la elección del pronombre. Para ello, abordaremos el uso de los clíticos de tercera persona en verbos o construcciones transitivas y de caso reinterpretado, así como otros fenómenos interesantes como la inmovilización del pronombre le y la duplicación del complemento mediante clítico.
El pronombre "tú" como recurso objetivador en español: variación textual y discursiva
Authors: Serrano María José
Published: July 2013

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El pronombre tú en español puede adoptar dos tipos de referencia: una deíctica que señala prototípicamente al interlocutor y otra que no se refiere directamente a él, sino que  utiliza la segunda persona para expresar contenidos generales o argumentos. Esta segunda, que se ha dado en llamar genérica o inespecífica, la hemos redenominado tú objetivador ya que constituye un tránsito del dominio de la primera persona hacia la segunda; esto es, un uso de ‘tú’ en lugar de ‘yo’ como recurso de objetivación. Se estudiarán las frecuencias de la variante expresa y omitida en distintos textos conversacionales y de los medios de comunicación del Corpus Conversacional del Español de Canarias. Las diferencias entre el significado de objetivación de la variante expresa y omitida respectivamente es gradual, además, cada una de ellas coaparece con distintos elementos lingüísticos que contribuyen a conformar este significado y obtienen frecuencias dispares en los textos analizados.
Transitivity of Spanish perception verbs: a gradual category?
Authors: Enghels Renata
Published: July 2013

This article examines to what extent perception verbs occurring in a syntactically transitive scheme are also semantically transitive. Indeed, since the perception process represents a mental rather than a physical contact between the perceiver/subject and the stimulus/object, it should be distinguished from the prototypical transfer of energy. It is shown that the semantic and conceptual differences between the perception modalities influence on the linguistic behaviour of Spanish perception verbs. In this perspective, the verbs ver (to see), oír (to hear), mirar (to look at) and escuchar (to listen to) are ranged on a scale of transitivity. The validity of the elaborated hierarchy of transitivity is verified by means of empirical data. Based on a large corpus of infinitive constructions, it will be examined to what extent the position of a perception verb on the scale of transitivity correlates with the preferred case markings of its stimulus/object. A specific morphosyntactic phenomenon is studied, namely the special marking of the DO by the prepositional accusative. 
Double object constructions and dative / accusative alternations in Spanish and Catalan: A unified account
Authors: Pineda Anna
Published: July 2013

This paper has a twofold aim: to present a unified analysis of ditransitive constructions and transitivity alternations (dative/accusative alternations) in Spanish. As for the first phenomenon, and more concretely the purported existence in Spanish of something comparable to the English dative alternation, we will show the weaknesses of what we consider an analysis fruit of the tendency consisting of finding in the Romance area an exact reflex of English facts. Therefore, we will refute the hypothesis defended by several authors (Masullo 1992, Demonte 1995, Romero 1997, Cuervo 2003a,b) according to which Spanish ditransitive constructions with dative clitic doubling correspond to double object constructions (DOC), whereas non-doubled constructions correspond to the so-called prepositional constructions (PC), or to-dative, in English. After a careful and exhaustive examination of the data, we will argue that Spanish (and Catalan) ditransitive constructions instantiate DOC, whether they bear clitic doubling or not.  Pronominalization facts in Catalan, a language which preserves prepositional clitics, will support this analysis, based on the postulation of an affectedness/possession restriction with gradual implementation. As for the second phenomenon of study, the existence of true case alternations in Spanish, we will argue that we are dealing with a kind of variation constrained by the same restriction (or a version of it) which acts in the realm of ditransitive predicates. Here, also, Catalan data will reveal crucial for our analysis. Crucially, we will show that what lies behind Spanish and Catalan dative/accusative alternation is an instance of Differential Indirect Object Marking (DIOM