bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The UN General Assembly Rejected And Condemned Holocaust Denial And Recalled The International Legal Basis Of Its Rejection
Authors: Tulun Teoman Ertuğrul
Published: February 2022

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), on January 20, 2022, adopted a resolution regarding the Holocaust denial and rejected and condemned "without any reservation any denial of the Holocaust as a historical event, either in full or in part." It reaffirms the exercise of the right to freedom of expression. The resolution reaffirms that the Holocaust resulted in the murder of nearly 6 million Jews, 1.5 million of whom were children, comprising one-third of the Jewish people, and draws attention to the international legal basis of the Nuremberg Tribunal judgments regarding the Nazi perpetrators of the Holocaust as follows: "Reiterating the principles of international law recognized by the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal, and taking note with appreciation of their codification by the International Law Commission in 1950." In this regard, the term "genocide," in the international law context, is a legal term that found its place in the legal terminology through the Genocide Convention. Thus, the Genocide Convention, which is the only and fundamental legally binding treaty in the context of international law on the establishment of the existence and punishment of genocide is, in any event, can not be applied retrospectively. It is mentioned in the reports that the resolution was adopted at the 80th anniversary of the Wannsee Conference, when Nazi leaders met at a villa on the shores of Berlin's Wannsee lake to discuss the systematic murder of up to 11 million Jews in Europe. According to a press release of the German Permanent Mission to the U.N., with this resolution, "for the first time in a U.N. resolution, a definition of what constitutes Holocaust denial could be included." In our various AVİM analyzes, we have drawn attention to developments such as the rise of the extreme right in German society and the rise of Islamophobia, which can also be described as anti-Muslim racism. In this context, it should be noted that there are justifiable reasons for German Generation Z to make anology between past developments and the urgent problems facing German society today, such as racism and discrimination, as stated above. In this context, we gave detailed information in our analysis about the neo-Nazi Nationalist Socialist Underground (NSU) terrorist organization that murdered ten people between 2000 and 2007, eight of whom were members of the Turkish community living in Germany. It is an apparent development that apart from the rise in Holocaust denial, racism, xenophobia, and Islamophobia are on the rise in Germany and most Western European countries.
Understanding The Impact of Institutional Factors on Asnaf Sustainability: A PLS-SEM Approach
Authors: Haq Ashraf Al , Wahab Norazlina Abd , Alam Md. Mahmudul
Published: February 2022

The study looked at the level of sustainable development, whether the institutional factors or often, the demographic changes over time, that might have an impact. The data was meticulously collected through 427 returned questionnaires among zakat recipients in eleven districts of Kedah, Malaysia, and it was thoroughly analysed using path techniques of the PLS-SEM. This study found that the asnaf receiving, very minimum assistance and that can hardly empower them. Accordingly, it’s imperative that the fund needs to be geared towards long term productive use. The results support that the institutional contributory performance having a positive effect, and the level of sustainability do increase after receiving zakat, but there are issues that need careful addressing. The study further examined the moderating role of demographic factors, such as earnings, age, marital status and gender, and witnessed that after zakat, β value, R², ƒ², Q², CR all improved, though individual moderating variables yet to show any significance. The study initiated a newer dimension through incorporating before-zakat and after-zakat scenarios in examining the comparative impact on sustainability, and likewise understanding the recipient’s level of Islamic self-actualisation.
The PERSiST (implementing Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science) guidance: Italian translation
Authors: Salvioli Stefano , Innocenti Tiziano , Giardulli Benedetto , Testa Marco
Published: February 2022

Reporting guidelines are international standards that all researchers are required to follow during the writing phase. The implementation of them help the researchers to ensure transparency and reproducibility of the research, the clinicians to understand what was done and why, and the policy makers to implement results in practice. The PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis) is the reporting guideline for systematic reviews. To ease the application of it in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports medicine fields, it has been published the 'Prisma in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport medicine and SporTs science' (PERSiST), which is the reference standard for the systematic review writing in these fields. For this reason, we have worked on an italian translation of this paper, which we think is useful for everyone who works on research and production of systematic reviews related to these topics. Lastly, we also believe that it can be a useful tool for the writing of a Degree, Master or Doctoral thesis.
Human as relation: An exploration of the ethics of care
Authors: Brunner Kira
Published: February 2022

This essay describes the ethics of care, a philosophical theory originally born out of psychological studies on development. For much of psychological history, women were seen to be ‘less developed’ on standardized tests of morality. In response, Carol Gilligan produced a study that examined how women’s conceptions of moral responsibility differ from men, especially in terms of care, connection, and interdependence. This relationality has been developed into a complex ethical theory which this paper opposes against consequentialism and Kantian ethics; two ethical theories that instead favour impersonality. Further, it is argued that not only is unequal interdependence central to human experience; it is also a natural human drive to care for ourselves and the people closest to us. Ethical theories that oppose this fail to serve their purpose in providing a framework that is possible for humans to follow and must make concessions or sub- justifications to avoid complete alienation in their followers. With two case examples, this essay establishes the ethics of care within the psychological development framework and argues for its superiority as compared to impersonal ethical theories.
Age and gender differences in loneliness during the COVID-19: Analyses on large cross-sectional surveys and emotion diaries
Authors: Jung Yoonwon , Lee Yoon Kyung , Hahn Sowon
Published: February 2022

Loneliness level was shown to vary by age and gender. Considering the recent COVID-19 outbreak had more impact on the susceptible groups’ mental health, this study scrutinized the joint influence of age and gender on loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. We utilized large, government-funded public data that contains self-reported measures and emotion diaries collected from October 2020 to March 2021 (N=4,017, age 20-79, 76% female). Hierarchical regression, t-test, and analysis of variance examined the effect of age as a continuous or categorical variable and gender on loneliness. N-gram frequency analyses and topic modeling helped analyze the differences in expressions used by the age-gender groups in the diaries. Loneliness increased with age (p=0.043), and women were lonelier than men (p<0.001). However, age and gender interacted to predict loneliness (p=0.004), showing that younger women and older men experienced higher levels of loneliness. Age (p<0.001) and age-gender (p=0.030) interaction remained significant even with the presence of demographic and personality risk factors. When parceled by the age groups and gender, gender differences in loneliness level were significant within 20s (95% CI: Female [2.196, 2.264], Male [1.986, 2.133]) and 30s (95% CI: Female [2.390, 2.499], Male [2.071, 2.251]). In emotion diaries, all age-gender groups except women in their 60s-70s frequently expressed anxiety and depression. Women in their 20s talked more about work experiences and difficulties in job search, and women in their 30s wrote more about difficulties in childcare and lack of social connections. Spirituality was one of the major topics mentioned by women in their 50s and 60s-70s, but not by the other groups. The effects of age and gender on loneliness reflect social and psychological challenges in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to establish valid interventions targeted at younger women and older men.
Psychological measures at Estonian Biobank
Authors: Vainik Uku , Vaht Mariliis , Ausmees Liisi , Mõttus René
Published: February 2022

Here is an overview of psychological measures that have been used at Estonian biobankThere have been data collection efforts:1) NEO-PI-3 in 2008-20152) 100 NP in 2021-22 (see file below). See https://osf.io/tcfgz/ for more information on the personality test3) Cognitive tests in 2022-23 . These tests can be seen here: https://gitlab.ut.ee/uku.vainik/present_testmybrain
Structural neural correlates of habitual code-switching practices in bilinguals
Authors: Korenar Michal , Treffers-Daller Jeanine , Pliatsikas Christos
Published: February 2022

Bilingualism impacts brain structure, especially in regions involved in language control and processing. However, bilingual experiences are complex and the relation of brain structural changes to key aspects of bilingual language use are thus far poorly understood. Here we used structural MRI and non-linear correlational analysis in Czech-English bilinguals to investigate the effects of habitual code-switching practices on brain structure. We studied the effects of usage frequency of various code-switching types on the volumes of the caudate nucleus and the thalamus, two prominent subcortical structures subserving code-switching. Overall code-switching frequency was measured as well as extent of engagement in various code-switching types. These types were categorised by directionality (L1-L2 or L2-L1) and the level of separation of the two languages. Caudate volumes were positively correlated with overall code-switching frequency, irrespective of code-switching type or directionality, although stronger effects were found for L1-L2 switches. Thalamic volumes were positively correlated with engagement in forms of CS for which the two languages are kept more separate, with stronger effects observed in L2-L1 switches. This pattern of results underscores the theoretical and methodological importance of using detailed measures of bilingual experiences when investigating the sources of bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity.
Cognitive resources predict value learning for outcome-irrelevant features
Authors: Ben-Artzi Ido , Luria Roy , Shahar Nitzan
Published: February 2022

To establish accurate action-outcome associations in the environment, individuals must refrain from assigning value to outcome-irrelevant features. However, reinforcement learning studies have largely ignored the role of attentional control processes on credit assignment (the process of assigning value to one’s actions). In the current study, we examined the extent to which working memory – a system that can filter and block the processing of irrelevant information in one’s mind – predicted credit assignment to outcome-irrelevant task features. One hundred and seventy-four individuals completed working memory capacity and outcome-irrelevant learning estimates. Outcome-irrelevant learning was estimated in a reinforcement learning task where only stimulus’ visual features predicted reward, but not the response keys used to indicate one’s selection. As expected, we found a consistent tendency to assign value to the tasks’ response keys, reflecting outcome-irrelevant learning at the group level. However, we also found substantial individual differences, such that only 55% of participants demonstrated this effect. Importantly, working memory capacity significantly moderated individual differences in outcome-irrelevant learning; individuals with higher capacity were less likely to assign credit to the outcome-irrelevant feature (i.e., response key). We discuss the influence of working memory on outcome-irrelevant learning through the perspective of cognitive control failure.
Kindchenschema and Cuteness Elicit Interest in Caring for and Playing with Young Children, But Less So in the Presence of Masks
Authors: Doebel Sabine , Stucke Nicole , Pang Songhan
Published: February 2022

Cuteness in the young has long been theorized to elicit care and protection (Lorenz, 1943). Most research on this has focused on human infants, despite theories suggesting that cuteness may elicit broader social interest that could support development beyond infancy (Kringelbach et al., 2016; Sherman & Haidt, 2011). In four experiments (N=531 adults, 98 children), we tested whether ‘kindchenschema’—facial proportions associated with cuteness—and perceived cuteness elicit interest in playing with and caring for children, and whether masks disrupt these processes. Participants viewed images of children’s faces, masked or unmasked. Kindchenschema correlated with perceived cuteness and age, and these variables predicted adults’ interest in playing with and caring for children. Masks did not reduce cuteness ratings or interest in children, although they weakened relations between perceived cuteness and interest, and between perceived age and interest. Cuteness and related signals may shape adults’ interactions with children, and, consequently, children’s development.
Making model judgments ROC(K)-solid: Tailored cutoffs for fit indices through simulation and ROC analysis in structural equation modeling
Authors: Groskurth Katharina , Bhaktha Nivedita , Lechner Clemens M.
Published: February 2022

To evaluate model fit in structural equation modeling, researchers compare fit indices against fixed cutoff values (e.g., CFI ≥ .950 indicates a well-fitting model). Although using fixed cutoffs is widespread, methodologists have long cautioned against overgeneralizing such cutoffs, highlighting that one should only apply fixed cutoffs in highly similar settings to the simulation scenarios from which those cutoffs originate. Values of fit indices vary depending on the model, estimation, and data characteristics of the empirical setting. Conclusions regarding whether a model does or does not fit the data may ultimately be biased. As a solution, methodologists have proposed four principal approaches to obtain so-called tailored (or “dynamic”) cutoffs that are explicitly generated for the setting of interest. We herein review these approaches. Notably, none of these approaches have yet provided guidelines on which fit index (out of all fit indices of interest) best evaluates whether the model fits the data (or not) in the specific setting. Thus, we proposed the so-called simulation-cum-ROC approach that combines a Monte Carlo simulation with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The simulation-cum-ROC approach generates tailored cutoffs while identifying the most reliable fit indices in the given setting. We provide computational R code and a Shiny app for easy implementation of the approach. Thus, prior knowledge of Monte Carlo simulations and ROC analysis is not needed to generate tailored cutoffs with the simulation-cum-ROC approach.
Diversity and Training Delivery Trends in Psychological First Aid: Implications for Educators and Researchers
Authors: Ni Chung-Fan , Lundblad Robert , Dykeman Cass
Published: February 2022

Psychological First Aid (PFA) refers to evidence-supported intervention by non-mental health professionals to assist those affected by disaster to re-achieve stability through a stepwise process (Ruzek et al., 2007). This study reviewed the academic discourse regarding PFA through all available abstracts in the Web of Science database from 1975 to 2021with the keyword searches for psychological first aid. The corpus linguistic analyses using #Lancsbox 6.0 and Sketch Engine explored the usage rate of psychosocial first aid and how the PFA was used. The study also examined race/ethnicity, learning delivery except for online, and online training delivery methods within the PFA academic articles. The change of online PFA training delivery with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed using Tau. The study found a substantive discourse on PFA service and delivery but little on race and ethnicity. There was a significant increase in PFA online training since COVID-19 started (Tau = 0.667, p = 0.041, SETau = 0.333). The study also included the implications for practitioners and researchers as the significant need to address multicultural competency in PFA is needed.
Statistics and Research Design Knowledge Among Psychology Researchers and Instructors
Authors: Smith Tamarah , McMahon Annie
Published: February 2022

There has been ongoing discussion in psychology regarding questionable practices and errors in psychological research. While this discussion often points to ethical reasons for these problems, we suggest that the problems could be due to gaps in knowledge. We measured the knowledge of statistics and research design concepts among a sample of researchers published in highly ranked psychological journals. Half of the participants reported teaching quantitative courses. The participants (N=130) completed an undergraduate test, the Research Methods Skills Assessment, containing 33-items aligned with the quantitative objectives in the APA Guidelines for the Undergraduate Major. The overall percentage correct was 86.9% and ranged between 63.9% and 100% correct. The percentage correct was similar in almost all areas between those who reported teaching quantitative courses and those who did not. We argue that the scores were unacceptably low for researchers and instructors of quantitative courses to earn on a test designed for the undergraduate level. We discuss the importance of replicating the findings here to produce a strong set of data to guide the development of professional training and resources for psychologists to correct gaps in knowledge.
Application of the Gaussian Stochastic Multiplicative Cascade Model to Choice Response Time Data
Authors: Heath Rachel Ann
Published: February 2022

In two experiments involving a four-choice visual task, participants’ response time difference series were shown to be significantly multifractal. This implied that information processing occurred on multiple time scales, and that performance was nonlinear rather than linear early in practice and whenever time constraints were placed on performance. This led to excellent fits to the multifractal spectra of a Gaussian multiplicative cascade model with two parameters, the mean and variance of the Gaussian stochastic process. As mean and variance were positively correlated, Zmu, the mean parameter estimated with reference to its estimate from 30 surrogate series, was used for data analysis. As practice progressed in Experiment 1, Zmu, a measure of the multifractal component of the mean of the Gaussian process, decreased from the first to second practice session. Zmu increased when people were required to respond quickly in Experiment 2, suggesting its possible application as a measure of information processing capacity in a variety of neuropsychological and human factors applications. As a theoretical bonus, Zmu subsumes all of the sequential effects present in the response time series, thus obviating the need for the inclusion of a large number of additional parameters to represent these temporal dependencies.
Are some people more consistent? Examining the stability and underlying processes of personality profile consistency
Authors: Wright Amanda Jo , Jackson Joshua James
Published: February 2022

Personality traits are relatively consistent across time, as indicated by test-retest correlations. However, ipsative consistency approaches suggest there are individual differences in this consistency. Despite this, it is unknown whether these differences are due to person-level characteristics (i.e., some people are just more consistent) or exogenous forces (i.e., lack of consistency is due to environmental changes). Moreover, it is unclear whether the processes promoting long-term consistency are the same across people. We examine these two questions using item-level profile correlations across four to nine waves of data with four datasets (N = 21,616) with multilevel asymptotic growth models. Results indicated that there were, on average, high levels of profile consistency. However, there were notable individual differences in initial profile correlation values as well as in changes in levels of consistency across time, indicating that some people are more stably consistent than others. Moreover, the directions of people’s trajectories across increasing time intervals suggest that the mechanisms responsible for reinforcing personality consistency vary across people. These effects were typically moderated by age at 30 years old, maturity-related traits, and education level. Overall, findings indicate some people are more consistent than others, such that this level of (in)consistency is a dispositional factor. Additionally, individual differences in profile consistency are shaped by different levels of three processes. On average, stochastic factors are not impactful for most individuals and transactional processes have an important role in increasing consistency for a sizable amount of people – nuances not previously revealed when focusing on rank-order stability.
BEDDiT: A validated R package for inferring the bedtimes of Reddit users from the timestamps of their posts
Authors: Meyerson William , Fineberg Sarah Kathryn , Song Ye Kyung , Faber Adam , Ash Garrett I. , Andrade Fernanda C. , Corlett Philip R. , Gerstein Mark B , Hoyle Rick H.
Published: February 2022

Background: Social media usage is both a potential influencer of human sleep and a research tool for understanding human sleep more generally. For both reasons, there is a growing interest in understanding the sleep patterns of social media users. These studies require both social media usage data and sleep data. There is ample social media data that are publicly and immediately accessible, which could in principle make the field one of rapid discovery. However, the users’ sleep data generally must be collected by researchers directly from participants, which negates the benefits of large sample size and immediacy that social media data otherwise affords.Objective: To address this bottleneck, we developed a simple model for inferring the bedtimes of Reddit users from the timestamps of their posts.Methods: The model is split piecewise into wake-time and sleep-time hours: during wake-time hours, the model is constant; during sleep-time, there is a quadratic depletion in posting frequency. We train and test the model on 128 Reddit users who publicly report both their bedtime and time zone.Results: On aggregated data, the model has excellent fit; with R^2 > 0.99. In individual level data, the model has fair fit, Spearman rho 0.62, which is similar to the correlation between polysomnography-derived sleep parameters and self-reported sleep parameters. For additional validation, we apply the model to 26 Reddit users who responded to a private survey reporting both their bedtime and their time zone, which also produces a Spearman rho of 0.44 between inferred and self-reported bedtimes. We apply the model to estimate bedtimes for more than 50,000 Reddit users who publicly report their time zone and explore the characteristics of these bedtimes.Conclusions: Our model is freely available as an R package on GitHub and enables researchers to associate sleep patterns of social media users with the other characteristics users share.
Reliability estimation in tests composed of two items only: Admissible and Plausible reliability ranges
Authors: Cígler Hynek , Chvojková Edita
Published: February 2022

Sometimes, researchers want to estimate the test reliability, yet only two items (or subscores) are available. In such cases, a congeneric measurement model (with different linear relations of the items to the true score) is not identified, and thus, the unbiased reliability estimates (such as omega coefficients) cannot be used. We reviewed five conventional approaches under the Classical Test Theory (CTT) geared for such cases, and concluded that all of them pose several assumptions (including tau-equivalent or parallel items and/or a priori known item lengths). We explain how these strong assumptions can bias reliability estimates, especially in tests with different item lengths. Moreover, in specific cases, certain estimates are clearly unrealistic given the possible true reliability values. Further in the paper, we investigate possible bounds of the true reliability given observed data, and suggest using a range in which the reliability parameter shall be located (admissible reliability range), or in which it should be located under very realistic conditions (plausible reliability range). We support the interpretation by a simulation study. Finally, we argue for the new approach (possibly supplemented by the Angoff Feldt coefficient as a point estimate), and provide recommendations on how to report reliability in tests composed of two items only.
Understanding and Combating Misinformation Across 16 Countries on Six Continents
Authors: Arechar Antonio Alonso , Allen Jennifer Nancy Lee , berinsky adam , Cole Rocky , Epstein Ziv , Garimella Kiran , Gully Andrew , Lu Jackson G. , Ross Robert M , Stagnaro Michael , Zhang Jerry , Pennycook Gordon , Rand David Gertler
Published: February 2022

The spread of misinformation online is a global problem that requires global solutions. To that end, we conducted an experiment in 16 countries across 6 continents (N = 33,480) to investigate predictors of susceptibility to misinformation and interventions to combat misinformation. In every country, participants with a more analytic cognitive style and stronger accuracy-related motivations were better at discerning truth from falsehood; valuing democracy was also associated with greater truth discernment whereas political conservatism was negatively associated with truth discernment in most countries. Subtly prompting people to think about accuracy was broadly effective at improving the veracity of news that people were willing to share, as were minimal digital literacy tips. Finally, crowdsourced accuracy evaluation was able to differentiate true from false headlines with high accuracy in all countries. The consistent patterns we observe suggest that the psychological factors underlying the misinformation challenge are similar across the globe, and that similar solutions may be broadly effective.
Judgement of Volunteer Competence Among Service Professionals: Stereotypes or Skills?
Authors: Jensen Ulrich , Thomsen Mette Kjærgaard
Published: February 2022

While public service professionals may rely on stereotypes and social categories in exercising who gets what, when and how in clientelist citizen-state interactions, it remains unclear whether negative judgements similarly pervade in settings where citizens help produce–rather than consume–public services. We propose that service professionals judge volunteers as incompetent based on (1) a lack of the skills necessary to solve specific tasks, and/or (2) negative stereotypes towards volunteers as a means of shielding the privileged position of the profession or safeguarding the quality of services. Using an experiment among 817 nursing home professionals, negative judgements of volunteer competence were invoked simply by priming professionals to think of citizens volunteering in service production. The effect, however, is not conditional on the type of task (complementary vs. core) solved by volunteers, suggesting that judgments of competence mainly stem from stereotypes of volunteer (in)competence in assisting with service production.
Memory and creativity: A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between memory systems and creative cognition
Authors: Gerver Courtney R. , Griffin Jason W. , Dennis Nancy A. , Beaty Roger
Published: February 2022

Researchers have been studying creativity for decades, and yet controversy still surrounds the cognitive basis of creative thought. A longstanding question in the creativity literature concerns the role of memory in creative cognition. Increasing evidence suggests that specific memory systems (e.g., episodic vs. semantic) may support specific creative thought processes. However, a number of inconsistencies in the literature remain with respect to the strength and direction of the relationship between memory and creativity, and key questions persist concerning the influence of specific memory types (semantic, episodic, working, and short-term) and creativity (divergent and convergent thinking) as well as external factors (age, stimuli modality) on this purported relationship. In this meta-analysis, we examined 525 correlations from 79 published studies and unpublished datasets, representing data from 12,846 individual participants. We found a small but significant (r = .19) correlation between memory and creative cognition. Among semantic, episodic, working, and short-term memory, semantic memory—particularly verbal fluency, the ability to strategically retrieve information from long-term memory—was found to drive this relationship. Further, working memory capacity was found to be more strongly related to convergent than divergent creative thinking. We also found that within visual creativity, the relationship with visual memory was greater than that of verbal memory, but within verbal creativity, the relationship with verbal memory was greater than that of visual memory. Finally, there was no overall impact of age on the overall effect size, though the memory-creativity correlation was larger for children compared to young adults. These results help to resolve over a half century of research on memory and creativity, with three key conclusions: 1) semantic memory supports both verbal and nonverbal creative thinking, 2) working memory supports convergent creative thinking, and 3) the cognitive control of memory is central to performance on creative thinking tasks.
A Quantum Walk Model For Emotion Transmission In Serial Reproduction Of Narratives
Authors: Huang Jiaqi Adam , Zhang Qizi , Busemeyer Jerome R , Breithaupt Fritz
Published: February 2022

A quantum walk model is developed for emotion transmission in serial reproduction of narratives. The readers' emotions are represented by density operators, and the influences of the narratives on the readers' emotions are modeled by applying the controlled unitary operators to the density operators. The performance of the quantum model is evaluated on a large corpus of narratives, compared to that of the Bayesian Markov chain model. The quantum model not only outperforms the Bayesian model for all five emotion transmissions presented in the corpus but can also account for order effects in serial reproductions. These results suggest a promising first step towards extending quantum-like models to explain group-level cognition.
Similarity Among Friends Serves as a Social Prior: The Assumption That "Birds of a Feather Flock Together" Shapes Social Decisions and Relationship Beliefs
Authors: Schwyck Miriam E. , Du Meng , Li Yuchen , Chang Luke J. , Parkinson Carolyn
Published: February 2022

Social interactions unfold within networks of relationships. How do beliefs about others’ social ties shape—and how are they shaped by—expectations about how others will behave? Here, participants joined a fictive online game-playing community and interacted with its purported members, who varied in terms of their trustworthiness and apparent relationships with one another. Participants were less trusting of partners with untrustworthy friends, even after they consistently showed themselves to be trustworthy, and were less willing to engage with them in the future. To test if people not only expect friends to behave similarly, but also expect those who behave similarly to be friends, an incidental memory test was given. Participants were exceptionally likely to falsely remember similarly-behaving partners as friends. Thus, people expect friendship to predict similar behavior and vice versa. These results suggest that knowledge of social networks and others’ behavioral tendencies reciprocally interact to shape social thought and behavior.
Individuals’ empathic perception and compassionate intention when given an opportunity to help
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: February 2022

This paper implements the innovative theory that mental processes discriminate present from past social and physical environments for an example of charitable donation. The theory specifies designs for questionnaires that measure individuals’ mechanisms of perception, emotion and decision in particular circumstances. The example illustrated here was helpfulness in response to an appeal for donations towards a wheelchair. Eight vignettes of that scenario orthogonally varied degree of immobility, price of wheelchair, and availability or not of a charity’s grant towards the purchase. The cost of the wheelchair was generally the greatest influence on the decision to donate. The described disability and the (lack of) a subsidy had minor effects. These reasons for helping had a greater influence than emotional involvement. Experimental analysis of common helpful acts opens the practical prospect of cross-situational psychometrics of altruistic thoughts and feelings.
Web of Well-Being: Re-Examining PERMA and Subjective Well-Being Through Networks
Authors: Merritt Sean Hyrum , Heshmati Saida , Oravecz Zita , Donaldson Stewart
Published: February 2022

The science of well-being lives at the heart of positive psychology. While the field has been around for 20 years, positive psychologists still face the challenge of finding optimal measurements of well-being. The PERMA framework (Seligman, 2011; 2018) can provide for a measurement model, but its added value in terms of being distinct from the already established measurement scale of Subjective Well-being (SWB; Deiner et al., 1999) has been under debate (Goodman et al., 2018). However, certain characteristics of PERMA make it unsuited for traditional factor analysis. In this paper we argue that a network approach is more suitable to understand the interrelational nature among the components of PERMA. We begin our investigation of PERMA by replicating Goodman and colleagues (2018) work. We then fit PERMA and two additional components to a network model. We then show how the components PERMA and SWB are distinct using exploratory graphical analysis. Our results show that while PERMA and SWB measure the same “type” of well-being, PERMA provides a measure that helps us understand the relationships that make up well-being that we refer to as the web of well-being.
Cumulative Life Course Adversity and Cognition: Investigation of this Association and its Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Künzi Morgane , Gheorghe Delia , Kliegel Matthias , Ballhausen Nicola , Gallacher John , Bauermeister Sarah
Published: February 2022

The association between adversity and cognition varies according to the specific adversity, when the adversity was experienced, and the cognitive domains investigated. Disentangling the effect of one type of adversity and the underlying mechanistic pathway is therefore difficult.The association between one type of adversity accumulated over the life course (i.e., maltreatment) and executive function (i.e., cognitive flexibility), as well as two mechanisms that may underlie this association were investigated.A path analysis was performed on the baseline population of the UK Biobank study (N = 73,489, Mdnage = 56, SDage = 7.63, 55.74% of women).Higher cumulative adverse experiences were associated with lower performance in cognitive flexibility and this effect was partly mediated by the level of depression.The association between cumulative life course adversity, depression, and performance in cognitive flexibility has been highlighted as well as the specificity of these findings to the cumulative effect of life course adversity.
Approximate Objective Bayes Factors From P-Values and Sample Size: The 3p√n Rule
Authors: Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: February 2022

In 1936, Sir Harold Jeffreys proposed an approximate objective Bayes factor that quantifies the degree to which the point-null hypothesis H0 outpredicts the alternative hypothesis H1. This approximate Bayes factor (henceforth JAB01) depends only on sample size and on how many standard errors the maximum likelihood estimate is away from the point under test. We revisit JAB01 and introduce a piecewise transformation that clarifies the connection to the frequentist two-sided p-value. Specifically, if p ≤ .10 then JAB01 ≈ 3p√n; if .10 < p ≤ .50 then JAB01 ≈ √(pn); and if p > .50 then JAB01 ≈ p^(1/4)√n. These transformation rules present p-value practitioners with a straightforward opportunity to obtain Bayesian benefits such as the ability to monitor evidence as data accumulate without reaching a foregone conclusion. Using the JAB01 framework we derive simple and accurate approximate Bayes factors for the t-test, the binomial test, the comparison of two proportions, and the correlation test.
The COVID-19 Pandemic Revives Traditional Values in Japan
Authors: Akaliyski Plamen , Taniguchi Naoko , Park Joonha , Gehrig Stefan , Tormos Raül
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, with possible consequences for their fundamental values. Modernization theory links societal values to the underlying subjective sense of existential security in a given society (scarcity hypothesis), while also claiming that values remain stable once individuals reach adulthood (socialization hypothesis). An acute existential crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic offers a rare opportunity to test these assumptions. We analyze data from representative surveys conducted shortly before and after the onset of the pandemic. Remaining survey sample differences are statistically controlled via propensity score weighting and regression adjustment, while post-stratification weights are used to allow conclusions about the Japanese population. In three sets of analyses, we reveal that the pandemic and the experienced psychological distress are negatively associated with emancipative and secular values, entailing a reversal to traditionalism, intolerance, and religiosity. First, we document a substantial decline in both emancipative and secular values in the first months of the pandemic compared to five months earlier and this decline remained stable a year later. Second, we present some evidence that value change was stronger in prefectures more severely affected by the pandemic. Third, individuals who experienced stronger psychological distress emphasized the same values more strongly, as evident in two surveys from May 2020 and April 2021. In contrast to the socialization hypothesis, our study provides evidence that, under extraordinary environmental conditions, values can change even within a negligibly short time period.
Is it art? Effects of framing images as art versus non-art on gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments
Authors: Papenmeier Frank , Dagit Gerald , Wagner Christoph , Schwan Stephan
Published: February 2022

The perception and evaluation of art might be governed by both stimulus-driven aspects and expectations of the observer. By framing actual artwork and actual scientific depictions as being either artwork or scientific depictions, we were able to investigate the individual contributions of both factors on viewers’ gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments. With Experiment 1, we identified a set of images that were equally likely classified as being either artwork or scientific depiction by art laypersons. In Experiment 2, we measured art laypersons’ eye-movements as well as their aesthetic judgments regarding those images (half being actual artwork and half being actual scientific depictions). Importantly, we told one group of participants that all images were artwork, whereas we told another group of participants that all images were scientific depictions. Our results indicate that gaze behavior was influenced by the actual image type but not by framing. Actual artwork led to fewer and longer fixations, a shorter scanpath, a shorter distance of fixations to the screen center, and a lower similarity of viewing patterns across participants. Further, actual artwork was rated as being more complex but less meaningful than scientific depictions, with no differences regarding perceived structuredness and liking. Framing the images as artwork led to no changes in perceived meaningfulness, complexity, or structuredness but to lower ratings on liking. We conclude that while the dichotomy between art and non-art influenced art laypersons’ gaze behavior and aesthetic judgments, this influence was primarily driven by bottom-up factors rather than a specific cognitive art schema.
Awareness of narrative identity and selected aspects of narrative activity and meaning-making. Preliminary results
Authors: Janowicz Kamil , Emilia Soroko , Hallford David John
Published: February 2022

Abstract: Narrative identity allows us to integrate various experiences and incorporate them into the concept of the self. Recent studies indicate that being aware of developing the story about the self that brings cohesion and meaning may be adaptive. This paper presents preliminary findings across three studies (two quantitative and one mixed methods) aimed at exploring the phenomenon of awareness of narrative identity in terms of its relations to other aspects of narrative identity and meaning-making (meaning in life, self-esteem, and post-traumatic growth). The total number of participants in all studies was 840 (N1 = 254; N2 = 424; N3 = 162). Results indicate that stronger awareness of narrative identity is related to higher self-narrative inclination and reflexivity, and may be adaptive in terms of meaning-making and coping with traumatic events. People that were more aware of a narrative identity produced more elaborated and coherent self-narrations about an important past relationship. What is more, they had a stronger tendency to integrate these past experiences with a sense of self identity. Surprisingly, awareness of narrative identity was not related to self-esteem. These findings have been discussed referring in terms of narrative identity literature. Moreover, possible directions for further studies to expand our understanding of awareness of narrative identity are proposed.
Human nature & the open society
Authors: Scott-Phillips Thom
Published: February 2022

How do we most effectively live together? The goal of this paper is to help reinvigorate the concept of open society, by presenting an updated, summary model of the panhuman cognitive phenotype (‘human nature’), and summarizing its most important implications for how to think about collective governance. I describe the human mind as a fundamentally social mind, geared towards the specific adaptive challenges of an ultra-social existence among both kin and non-kin. In consequence, there are deep evolutionary and cognitive reasons why reason and decision making are especially effective in dialogue and interaction within relatively small groups. Relevant and revealing real-world examples include jury discussion in criminal trials, editing on Wikipedia, and the 2018 Irish referendum on abortion. The essential challenge for large and complex societies is how to recapitulate these dynamics more broadly. The traditional liberal demands of open society meet this essential challenge only in part. Distinguishing open engagement within and between institutions, I argue that we should research, teach and advocate for more overtly interactive approaches to governance, including in particular deliberative approaches to law making. This will make more effective use of distinctive human cognitive capacities. It will also provide new responses to legitimate conservative worries about the possible excesses of open society.
Learning to predict and predicting to learn: Before and beyond the syntactic bootstrapper
Authors: Babineau Mireille , Havron Naomi , de Carvalho Alex , Dautriche Isabelle , CHRISTOPHE Anne
Published: February 2022

Young children can exploit the syntactic context of a novel word to narrow down itsprobable meaning. This is syntactic bootstrapping. A learner that uses syntacticbootstrapping to foster lexical acquisition must first have identified the semanticinformation that a syntactic context provides. Based on the semantic seed hypothesis,children discover the semantic predictiveness of syntactic contexts by tracking thedistribution of familiar words. We propose that these learning mechanisms relate to a largercognitive model: the predictive processing framework. According to this model, weperceive and make sense of the world by constantly predicting what will happen next in aprobabilistic fashion. We outline evidence that prediction operates within languageacquisition, and show how this framework helps us understand the way lexical knowledgerefines syntactic predictions and how syntactic knowledge refines predictions about novelwords’ meanings. The predictive processing framework entails that learners can adapt torecent information and update their linguistic model. Here we review some of the recentexperimental work showing that the type of prediction preschool children make from asyntactic context can change when they are presented with convincing contrary evidencefrom recent input. We end by discussing some challenges of applying the predictiveprocessing framework to syntactic bootstrapping and propose new avenues to investigatein future work.
The Polish version of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ): copy of questionnaire and scoring instructions
Authors: Larionow Paweł , Preece David , Mudło-Głagolska Karolina
Published: February 2022

Larionow P, Preece DA and Mudło-Głagolska K (2022) Assessing alexithymia across negative and positive emotions: Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire. Front. Psychiatry 13:1047191. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1047191
Just Be Yourself?
Authors: Haberman Ann , Gilead Michael , Higgins E. Tory
Published: February 2022

We examined how living up to “societal standards” and how living up to one’s “self standards” affects individuals’ well-being. Based on Regulatory Focus Theory, we predicted that life satisfaction of “promotion-focused” individuals would be most affected by attainment of self standards and that life satisfaction of “prevention-focused” individuals would be most influenced by societal standards attainment. 416 participants in two studies completed measures of wellbeing and regulatory focus. They listed standards that matter to them and standards that matter totheir society and rated the extent to which they manage to attain these standards. Attainment of both self and society standards uniquely contributed to life satisfaction. High promotion predominant individuals’ life satisfaction was relatively more influenced by self standards attainment, whereas low promotion-predominant individuals’ life satisfaction was relatively more influenced by society standards attainment. The findings suggest that some individuals maypay higher prices if they “walk to their own drumbeat”.