bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the gap: from biometrics to forensics
Authors: Jain Anil K. , Ross Arun
Published: June 2015

Biometric recognition, or simply biometrics, refers to automated recognition of individuals based on their behavioural and biological characteristics. The success of fingerprints in forensic science and law enforcement applications, coupled with growing concerns related to border control, financial fraud and cyber security, has generated a huge interest in using fingerprints, as well as other biological traits, for automated person recognition. It is, therefore, not surprising to see biometrics permeating various segments of our society. Applications include smartphone security, mobile payment, border crossing, national civil registry and access to restricted facilities. Despite these successful deployments in various fields, there are several existing challenges and new opportunities for person recognition using biometrics. In particular, when biometric data is acquired in an unconstrained environment or if the subject is uncooperative, the quality of the ensuing biometric data may not be amenable for automated person recognition. This is particularly true in crime-scene investigations, where the biological evidence gleaned from a scene may be of poor quality. In this article, we first discuss how biometrics evolved from forensic science and how its focus is shifting back to its origin in order to address some challenging problems. Next, we enumerate the similarities and differences between biometrics and forensics. We then present some applications where the principles of biometrics are being successfully leveraged into forensics in order to solve critical problems in the law enforcement domain. Finally, we discuss new collaborative opportunities for researchers in biometrics and forensics, in order to address hitherto unsolved problems that can benefit society at large.
The end of the (forensic science) world as we know it? The example of trace evidence
Authors: Roux Claude , Talbot-Wright Benjamin , Robertson James , Crispino Frank , Ribaux Olivier
Published: June 2015

The dominant conception of forensic science as a patchwork of disciplines primarily assisting the criminal justice system (i.e. forensics) is in crisis or at least shows a series of anomalies and serious limitations. In recent years, symptoms of the crisis have been discussed in a number of reports by various commentators, without a doubt epitomized by the 2009 report by the US National Academies of Sciences (NAS 2009 Strengthening forensic science in the United States: a path forward). Although needed, but viewed as the solution to these drawbacks, the almost generalized adoption of stricter business models in forensic science casework compounded with ever-increasing normative and compliance processes not only place additional pressures on a discipline that already appears in difficulty, but also induce more fragmentation of the different forensic science tasks, a tenet many times denounced by the same NAS report and other similar reviews. One may ask whether these issues are not simply the result of an unfit paradigm. If this is the case, the current problems faced by forensic science may indicate future significant changes for the discipline. To facilitate broader discussion this presentation focuses on trace evidence, an area that is seminal to forensic science both for epistemological and historical reasons. There is, however, little doubt that this area is currently under siege worldwide. Current and future challenges faced by trace evidence are discussed along with some possible answers. The current situation ultimately presents some significant opportunities to re-invent not only trace evidence but also forensic science. Ultimately, a distinctive, more robust and more reliable science may emerge through rethinking theforensicsparadigm built on specialisms, revisiting fundamental forensic science principles and adapting them to the twenty-first century.
Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines
Authors: Furton Kenneth G. , Caraballo Norma Iris , Cerreta Michelle M. , Holness Howard K.
Published: June 2015

This paper explores the advances made in identifying trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originate from forensic specimens, such as drugs, explosives, live human scent and the scent of death, as well as the probative value for detecting such odours. The ability to locate and identify the VOCs liberated from or left by forensic substances is of increasing importance to criminal investigations as it can indicate the presence of contraband and/or associate an individual to a particular location or object. Although instruments have improved significantly in recent decades—with sensitivities now rivalling that of biological detectors—it is widely recognized that canines are generally still more superior for the detection of odourants due to their speed, versatility, ruggedness and discriminating power. Through advancements in the detection of VOCs, as well as increased standardization efforts for instruments and canines, the reliability of odour as evidence has continuously improved and is likely to continue to do so. Moreover, several legal cases in which this novel form of evidence has been accepted into US courts of law are discussed. As the development and implementation of best practice guidelines for canines and instruments increase, their reliability in detecting VOCs of interest should continue to improve, expanding the use of odour as an acceptable form of forensic evidence.
The interface between forensic science and technology: how technology could cause a paradigm shift in the role of forensic institutes in the criminal justice system
Authors: Kloosterman Ate , Mapes Anna , Geradts Zeno , van Eijk Erwin , Koper Carola , van den Berg Jorrit , Verheij Saskia , van der Steen Marcel , van Asten Arian
Published: June 2015

In this paper, the importance of modern technology in forensic investigations is discussed. Recent technological developments are creating new possibilities to perform robust scientific measurements and studies outside the controlled laboratory environment. The benefits of real-time, on-site forensic investigations are manifold and such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system. However, such benefits are only realized when quality can be guaranteed at all times and findings can be used as forensic evidence in court. At the Netherlands Forensic Institute, innovation efforts are currently undertaken to develop integrated forensic platform solutions that allow for the forensic investigation of human biological traces, the chemical identification of illicit drugs and the study of large amounts of digital evidence. These platforms enable field investigations, yield robust and validated evidence and allow for forensic intelligence and targeted use of expert capacity at the forensic institutes. This technological revolution in forensic science could ultimately lead to a paradigm shift in which a new role of the forensic expert emerges as developer and custodian of integrated forensic platforms.
New psychoactive substances: catalysing a shift in forensic science practice?
Authors: Tettey Justice , Crean Conor
Published: June 2015

The analysis of substances of abuse remains one of the most matured areas in forensic science with a strong scientific basis, namely analytical chemistry. The current evolving drug markets, characterized by the global emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the need for forensic scientists to identify an unprecedented and ever-increasing number of NPS, presents a unique challenge to this discipline. This article looks at the current situation with NPS at the global level, and the challenges posed to the otherwise technically robust forensic science discipline of analysis of substances of abuse. It discusses the preparedness of forensic science to deal with the current situation and identifies the need for a shift in forensic science practice, especially one which embraces research and looks beyond normal casework in order to provide the much needed data for developing effective policy responses to the NPS problem.
Compound focusing mirror and X-ray waveguide optics for coherent imaging and nano-diffraction
Authors: Salditt Tim , Osterhoff Markus , Krenkel Martin , Wilke Robin N. , Priebe Marius , Bartels Matthias , Kalbfleisch Sebastian , Sprung Michael
Published: June 2015

A compound optical system for coherent focusing and imaging at the nanoscale is reported, realised by high-gain fixed-curvature elliptical mirrors in combination with X-ray waveguide optics or different cleaning apertures. The key optical concepts are illustrated, as implemented at the Göttingen Instrument for Nano-Imaging with X-rays (GINIX), installed at the P10 coherence beamline of the PETRA III storage ring at DESY, Hamburg, and examples for typical applications in biological imaging are given. Characteristic beam configurations with the recently achieved values are also described, meeting the different requirements of the applications, such as spot size, coherence or bandwidth. The emphasis of this work is on the different beam shaping, filtering and characterization methods.
Charge redistribution and a shortening of the Fe—As bond at the quantum critical point of SmO1–xFxFeAs
Authors: Cheng Jie , Dong Peng , Xu Wei , Liu Shengli , Chu Wangsheng , Chen Xianhui , Wu Ziyu
Published: June 2015

Many researchers have pointed out that there is a quantum critical point (QCP) in the F-doped SmOFeAs system. In this paper, the electronic structure and local structure of the superconductive FeAs layer in SmO1–xFxFeAs as a function of the F-doping concentration have been investigated using Fe and AsK-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Experiments performed on the X-ray absorption near-edge structure showed that in the vicinity of the QCP the intensity of the pre-edge feature at the Fe-edge decreases continuously, while there is a striking rise of the shoulder-peak at the As edge, suggesting the occurrence of charge redistribution near the QCP. Further analysis on the AsK-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure demonstrated that the charge redistribution originates mostly from a shortening of the Fe—As bond at the QCP. An evident relationship between the mysterious QCP and the fundamental Fe—As bond was established, providing new insights on the interplay between QCP, charge dynamics and the local structural Fe—As bond in Fe-based superconductors.
Crystal structure of bis(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)trisulfane
Authors: Barany George , Henley Matthew J. , Polski Lauren A. , Schroll Alayne L. , Young Victor G.
Published: June 2015

The title compound, C14H16N2S3, crystallized with two independent molecules [(1a) and (1b)] in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules display a pseudo-transconformation. The two consecutive S—S bond lengths of the trisulfane unit of molecule (1a) are 2.06 (3) and 2.08 (3) Å, and 2.08 (3) and 2.07 (2) Å for molecule (1b). Torsion angles about each of the two S—S bonds are 86.6 (2) and 87.0 (2)° for (1a), and −84.6 (2) and −85.9 (2)° for (1b). The core atoms,viz.the N—S—S—S—N moiety, of the two molecules superimpose well if one is inverted on the other, but the phenyl groups do not. Thus, the two units are essentially conformational enantiomers. In molecule (1a), the two phenyl rings are inclined to one another by 86.7 (3)°, and in molecule (1b), by 81.1 (3)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...π interactions, forming sheets lying parallel to (010).
Crystal structure ofcis-2-(2-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (CCG-III) monohydrate
Authors: Lindeman Sergey , Wallock Nathaniel J. , Donaldson William A.
Published: June 2015

The title compound, C6H9NO4·H2O [systematic name: (αR,1R,2S)-rel-α-amino-2-carboxycyclopropaneacetic acid monohydrate], crystallizes with two organic molecules and two water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The space group isP21and the organic molecules are enantiomers, thus this is an example of a `false conglomerate' with two molecules of opposite handedness in the asymmetric unit (r.m.s. overlay fit = 0.056 Å for one molecule and its inverted partner). Each molecule exists as a zwitterion, with proton transfer from the amino acid carboxylic acid group to the amine group. In the crystal, the components are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating (100) sheets. Conformationally restricted glutamate analogs are of interest due to their selective activation of different glutamate receptors, and the naturally occurring (+)-CCG-III is an inhibitor of glutamate uptake and the key geometrical parameters are discussed.
Crystal structure of 5-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium pyrazine-2-carboxylate: an unexpected salt arising from the decarboxylation of both precursors
Authors: Fernandes José A. , Liu Bing , Tomé João P. C. , Cunha-Silva Luís , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: June 2015

Both the 3-amino-2H,4H-1,2,4-triazolium cation and the pyrazine-2-carboxylate anion in the title salt, C2H5N4+·C5H3N2O2−, were formed by an unexpected decarboxylation reaction, from 5-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid and pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, respectively. The dihedral angle between the pyrazine ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å) and the carboxylate group in the anion is 3.7 (3)°. The extended structure of the salt contains a supramolecular zigzag tape in which cations and anions are engaged in strong and highly directional N—H...N,O hydrogen bonds, formingR22(8) andR22(9) graph-set motifs. The packing between the tapes is mediated by π–π stacking interactions between the triazole and pyrazine rings.
Crystal structure of (E)-5-diethylamino-2-({[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]imino}methyl)phenol
Authors: Rani C. Vidya , Chakkaravarthi G. , Rajagopal G.
Published: June 2015

The title Schiff base compound, C19H25N3O, is approximately planar, with a dihedral angle of 9.03 (13)° between the planes of the aromatic rings, and has anEconformation about the N=C bond. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond, with anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming sheets parallel to thebcplane.
Measuring innovation: the use of indicators in developed countries
Authors: Al-Mubaraki Hanadi Mubarak , Muhammad Ali Husain , Busler Michael
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe and identify the ranking of innovation program landscape in the UK. The identification will focus on the average of four categories: policy, culture, economy, and industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– The nature of this research is mainly qualitative. This investigation uses two semi-structured interview based in the UK, combined with an examination of organizational documents.

Findings

– The research findings indicated highest ranking of the Petchey Center of Entrepreneurship located in University of East London present culture 60 percent, policy 75 percent, industry 80 percent, and economy 100 percent.

Originality/value

– The authors conclude with several recommendations for academia and practitioners such as governments, policy makers, funded organizations, and strategic institutions.
Post‐metamorphic carry‐over effects of larval digestive plasticity
Authors: Bouchard Sarah S. , O'Leary Chelsea J. , Wargelin Lindsay J. , Charbonnier Julie F. , Warkentin Karen M.
Published: June 2015

For animals with complex life cycles, conditions in the larval environment can have important effects that persist after metamorphosis. These carry‐over effects may influence juvenile growth plasticity and have important fitness consequences.

Small juvenile red‐eyed treefrogs, Agalychnis callidryas, grow faster than larger ones. We examined to what extent this growth pattern is due to carry‐over effects of intraspecific larval competition. In particular, we assessed larval gut plasticity and determined whether carry‐over effects could persist given the extensive gut remodelling that occurs when herbivorous larvae transition to carnivorous juveniles.

We reared larvae in mesocosms at low, medium and high densities and measured the size of both larval and juvenile guts, livers and fat bodies. We also monitored the timing of the onset of juvenile feeding post‐metamorphosis and, after the onset of feeding, we measured intake rate and mean diet retention time. Finally, we measured juvenile metabolic rates to determine whether any organ size plasticity contributed to metabolic carry‐over effects.

Larval density had strong effects on larval morphology with higher densities increasing gut length and decreasing liver and fat body sizes. The effects of this plasticity carried over post‐metamorphosis. High larval densities produced smaller juveniles with proportionately longer guts and extremely small livers and fat bodies. There were no apparent carry‐over effects on size‐specific metabolic rate.

Differences in larval density were also associated with differences in post‐metamorphic feeding. Small juveniles from high larval densities began feeding even before metamorphosis was complete, whereas large juveniles from low larval densities experienced a significant 2‐week delay. Although juvenile body mass varied over threefold across treatments, once feeding was initiated, neither intake nor mean diet retention time scaled with body size.

Overall, high larval densities produced small juveniles with very low lipid reserves that may have stimulated hyperphagia relative to larger juveniles. Longer guts carried over from the larval stage could facilitate this by allowing small juveniles to elevate intake without sacrificing diet retention time. Patterns of intake coupled with differences in the onset of feeding explain the size‐dependent growth pattern previously reported in this and other species.
Additional Information in Accounting Reports: Effects on Management Decisions and Subjective Performance Evaluations Under Causal Ambiguity
Authors: Luft Joan , Shields Michael D. , Thomas Tyler F.
Published: June 2015

Organizations have often been criticized for reliance on a single item of accounting information (e.g., profit) in evaluating performance, because of its incompleteness. We provide theory‐based experimental evidence that under frequently occurring performance‐evaluation conditions (subjective performance evaluation, causal ambiguity, and individual differences in cognitive ability, knowledge, and/or motivation that lead to different interpretations of information), reliance on a single item of accounting information (profit), rather than profit plus additional (e.g., nonfinancial or external) information, can provide two potential benefits which offset the costs of information incompleteness. First, subordinates are more likely to make the management decisions that superiors will evaluate and reward highly—that is, there are fewer coordination failures in management decisions. Second, even after controlling for the presence or absence of coordination failures, subordinates experience less negative surprise about their performance evaluations.
Diagnostic test allergens used for in vivo diagnosis of allergic diseases are at risk: a European Perspective
Authors: Klimek L. , Hoffmann H. J. , Renz H. , Demoly P. , Werfel T. , Matricardi P. M. , Muraro A. , Schmid‐Grendelmeier P. , Cardona V. , Papadopoulos N. G.
Published: June 2015

In the European Union (EU), allergens used for diagnostic tests (TAs) are defined as medicinal products and have to be registered by national authorities. The current situation is not homogeneous. Existing authorizations need to be kept in the market in some EU states, while others need complete new authorizations requiring clinical trials, quality assurance methods, stability studies, and periodic safety update reports. Allergen manufacturers argue that offering a comprehensive panel of TAs may be economically disastrous. Expenses for initiation and maintenance of TA authorizations far exceed their related revenues and manufacturers may be forced to significantly limit their allergen portfolios. The availability of a wide range of high‐quality TAs is very important for in vivo diagnoses of IgE‐mediated allergies. Increased regulatory demands induce costs that need to be covered by public health organizations or reimbursed by health insurance companies.
Multivariate Product-Shot-Noise Cox Point Process Models
Authors: Jalilian Abdollah , Guan Yongtao , Mateu Jorge , Waagepetersen Rasmus
Published: June 2015

We introduce a new multivariate product-shot-noise Cox process which is useful for modeling multi-species spatial point patterns with clustering intra-specific interactions and neutral, negative, or positive inter-specific interactions. The auto- and cross-pair correlation functions of the process can be obtained in closed analytical forms and approximate simulation of the process is straightforward. We use the proposed process to model interactions within and among five tree species in the Barro Colorado Island plot.
PKCε phosphorylates α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors and promotes recovery from desensitization
Authors: Lee A M , Wu D‐F , Dadgar J , Wang D , McMahon T , Messing R O
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose

Nicotinic (ACh) receptor recovery from desensitization is modulated by PKC, but the PKC isozymes and the phosphorylation sites involved have not been identified. We investigated whether PKCε phosphorylation of α4β2 nAChRs regulates receptor recovery from desensitization.

Experimental Approach

Receptor recovery from desensitization was investigated by electrophysiological characterization of human α4β2 nAChRs. Phosphorylation of the α4 nAChR subunit was assessed by immunoblotting of mouse synaptosomes. Hypothermia induced by sazetidine‐A and nicotine was measured in Prkce−/− and wild‐type mice.

Key Results

Inhibiting PKCε impaired the magnitude of α4β2 nAChR recovery from desensitization. We identified five putative PKCε phosphorylation sites in the large intracellular loop of the α4 subunit, and mutating four sites to alanines also impaired recovery from desensitization. α4 nAChR subunit phosphorylation was reduced in synaptosomes from Prkce−/− mice. Sazetidine‐A‐induced hypothermia, which is mediated by α4β2 nAChR desensitization, was more severe and prolonged in Prkce−/− than in wild‐type mice.

Conclusions and Implications

PKCε phosphorylates the α4 nAChR subunit and regulates recovery from receptor desensitization. This study illustrates the importance of phosphorylation in regulating α4β2 receptor function, and suggests that reducing phosphorylation prolongs receptor desensitization and decreases the number of receptors available for activation.
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Volumes and Function by Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography in Children with Functional Single Left Ventricle: A Comparison between QLAB and TomTec
Authors: Zhong Shu‐Wen , Zhang Yu‐Qi , Chen Li‐Jun , Wang Shan‐Shan , Li Wei‐Hua
Published: June 2015

Background

Real time three‐dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) provides a reliable analysis of left ventricular (LV) volume. Despite a wide spectrum of tracking algorithms presently available, which software is most suitable for evaluating functional single left ventricle (FLSV) is unknown. Herein, we compared two of the most commonly used 3DE algorithms for quantification of LV volumes in the pediatric population with FLSV.

Methods

Thirty‐six children with FLSV were prospectively enrolled. The LV volume analysis was performed on QLAB 8.1 (semiautomated border tracking) and TomTec 4D LV 3.0 (manual dominant border tracking) and compared with MRI as the reference standard.

Results

3DE volume quantification was achieved for 32 children with QLAB and 34 children with TomTec. Analysis time was much shorter for QLAB than TomTec (4.8 ± 1.2 vs. 6.3 ± 1.8 minutes, P < 0.05). Ejection fraction (EF) by either 3DE modality was significantly lower than the published normal values (P < 0.01 for each). End‐diastolic volume (EDV), end‐systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume, and EF calculated by both 3DE modalities underestimated MRI values. Compared to QLAB, TomTec showed better correlation and smaller intertechnique differences with MRI (the 95% limits of agreement, EDV: −20.84 to 5.18 mL in QLAB, −10.66 to 1.84 mL in TomTec; ESV: −8.94 to 3.07 mL in QLAB, −2.45 to 0.98 mL in TomTec; SV: −13.31 to 3.45 mL in QLAB, −9.34 to 2.0 mL in TomTec; EF: −12.07 to 7.76% in QLAB, −9.64 to 1.52% in TomTec), TomTec was more reproducible with better intraclass correlation coefficients and variation coefficients.

Conclusions

Both 3DE modalities tend to underestimate LV volumes, but the correlation of LV volumes and EF between 3DE and MRI still holds well. Despite a longer operating time, TomTec analysis is more accurate and reproducible.
MONEY TRANSFER AND BIRTH WEIGHT: EVIDENCE FROM THE ALASKA PERMANENT FUND DIVIDEND
Authors: Chung Wankyo , Ha Hyungserk , Kim Beomsoo
Published: June 2015

The positive relationship between income and health is well established. However, the direction of causality remains unclear: do economic resources influence health, or vice versa? Exploiting a new source of exogenous income variation, this study examines the impact of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (APFD) on newborns' health outcomes. The results show that income has a significantly positive, but modest effect on birth weight. We find that an additional $1,000 ($2,331 in 2011 dollars) increases birth weight by 17.7 g and substantially decreases the likelihood of a low birth weight (a decrease of around 14% of the sample mean). Furthermore, the income effect is higher for less‐educated mothers. Based on a gestation‐weight profile in the sample, increased gestation owing to the APFD could explain a maximum of 34%–57% of the measured weight increase, although we are unable to examine all the potential mechanisms. (JEL I10, I18, I12)
Regional β‐amyloid burden does not correlate with cognitive or language deficits in Alzheimer's disease presenting as aphasia
Authors: Jung Y. , Whitwell J. L. , Duffy J. R. , Strand E. A. , Machulda M. M. , Senjem M. L. , Jack C. R. , Lowe V. J. , Josephs K. A.
Published: June 2015

Background and purpose

A subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) present with early and prominent language impairment (aphasic AD). Our previous study demonstrated an association between global β‐amyloid burden measured on [11C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography and general cognitive impairment, but not with aphasia, in such subjects. As a follow‐up, whether there is any association between regional β‐amyloid burden, atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and global cognitive impairment, aphasia or other cognitive and functional impairment in aphasic AD is assessed.

Methods

Forty‐four aphasic AD subjects who underwent PiB scanning and volumetric MRI and were determined to be positive for β‐amyloid deposition were analyzed. All had completed detailed neurological, neuropsychological and language batteries. Spearman's rank‐order correlation was utilized to assess for associations.

Results

Greater visuospatial impairment was associated with increased β‐amyloid burden in the primary visual cortex (P = 0.001). Although there were many trends for associations between neurocognitive and language deficits and regional β‐amyloid burden, there were no strong associations that survived correction for multiple comparisons. However, neurocognitive and language impairment in these subjects strongly correlated with the degree of left lateral temporal and inferior parietal atrophy (P < 0.004).

Conclusions

The findings from this study suggest a close relation between the severity of regional atrophy and cognitive and language impairment, but argue against a strong association between regional β‐amyloid burden and such deficits in aphasic AD subjects. Hence, other pathological factors may be driving the previously identified association between global β‐amyloid deposition and general cognitive impairment in aphasic AD.
Structural insights into N‐terminal to C‐terminal interactions and implications for thermostability of a (β/α)8‐triosephosphate isomerase barrel enzyme
Authors: Mahanta Pranjal , Bhardwaj Amit , Kumar Krishan , Reddy Vanga S. , Ramakumar Suryanarayanarao
Published: June 2015

Although several factors have been suggested to contribute to thermostability, the stabilization strategies used by proteins are still enigmatic. Studies on a recombinant xylanase from Bacilllus sp. NG‐27 (RBSX), which has the ubiquitous (β/α)8‐triosephosphate isomerase barrel fold, showed that just a single mutation, V1L, although not located in any secondary structural element, markedly enhanced the stability from 70 °C to 75 °C without loss of catalytic activity. Conversely, the V1A mutation at the same position decreased the stability of the enzyme from 70 °C to 68 °C. To gain structural insights into how a single extreme N‐terminus mutation can markedly influence the thermostability of the enzyme, we determined the crystal structure of RBSX and the two mutants. On the basis of computational analysis of their crystal structures, including residue interaction networks, we established a link between N‐terminal to C‐terminal contacts and RBSX thermostability. Our study reveals that augmenting N‐terminal to C‐terminal noncovalent interactions is associated with enhancement of the stability of the enzyme. In addition, we discuss several lines of evidence supporting a connection between N‐terminal to C‐terminal noncovalent interactions and protein stability in different proteins. We propose that the strategy of mutations at the termini could be exploited with a view to modulate stability without compromising enzymatic activity, or in general, protein function in diverse folds where N and C termini are in close proximity.

Database

The coordinates of RBSX, V1A and V1L have been deposited in the PDB database under the accession numbers 4QCE, 4QCF, and 4QDM, respectively
Azoles activate Atf1‐mediated transcription through MAP kinase pathway for antifungal effects in fission yeast
Authors: Hu Lingling , Fang Yue , Hayafuji Tsutomu , Ma Yan , Furuyashiki Tomoyuki
Published: June 2015

Azole antifungals directly inhibit enzymes for ergosterol biosynthesis, and this direct action is thought to underlie antifungal actions of these drugs. Recent studies showed that azoles alter expression of genes for various cellular functions. However, transcription factors regulated by azoles and their roles in antifungal actions remain poorly characterized. Using luciferase assay, we found that miconazole increased luciferase activity under the promoter containing the cAMP response element (CRE) motif. This azole‐induced activation of CRE reporter was abolished in Atf1‐deficient cells, suggesting that azoles induce Atf1 activation. As Atf1 is activated by stress‐activated MAP kinase Sty1 upon various stressors, we examined its involvement. Azoles increased phosphorylation of Sty1 for its activation, and Sty1 deletion impaired azole‐induced CRE reporter activation. In contrast, deletion of Pyp1, a tyrosine phosphatase which negatively regulates Sty1, increased CRE reporter activation. In addition, cells deficient in Atf1 and stress‐activated MAP kinase pathway showed resistance to azoles, whereas cells lacking Pyp1 increased azole susceptibility, suggesting a critical role for azole‐induced activation of MAP kinase‐Atf1 pathway in antifungal actions of azoles. Collectively, these results suggest that azoles activate stress‐activated MAP kinase pathway, thereby facilitating Atf1‐mediated transcription for antifungal effects.
Cutaneous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours can be anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive: report of the first four cases
Authors: Leguellec Sophie , Tournier Emilie , Karanian Marie , Brousset Pierre , Mazereeuw Juliette , Coindre Jean‐Michel , Lamant Laurence
Published: June 2015

Aims

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (IMTs) usually have a soft tissue and visceral localization, but have been rarely reported in skin. The aim of this study was to characterize the histological and immunohistochemical features of a series of cutaneous IMTs.

Methods and results

We retrieved from our archives over 10 years four cutaneous IMTs; one was diagnosed in a child, and three in young adults. Tumours were centred on the dermis, and also involved the subcutis in two cases. Two of them corresponded to the ‘myxoid–vascular’ pattern of IMT, whereas the others were characterized by compact fascicles of spindle‐shaped cells. They stained positively for smooth muscle actin. All samples stained positively for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). ALK expression was limited to the cytoplasm of myofibroblasts and, in the three investigated cases, correlated with ALK rearrangement as shown by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization analysis.

Conclusions

This is the first report of ALK‐positive IMTs with a cutaneous localization. Because of their morphological heterogeneity and low incidence in skin, the diagnosis of cutaneous IMTs is often challenging. A cutaneous spindled cell tumour associated with an inflammatory infiltrate should prompt pathologists to perform ALK staining, which, if positive, might be decisive for diagnosis.
Effect of Zirconium on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Al‐Alloyed ODS Steel Consolidated by FAHP
Authors: García‐Junceda Andrea , García‐Rodríguez Nerea , Campos Mónica , Cartón‐Cordero Marta , Torralba José Manuel
Published: June 2015

An oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steel with nominal composition Fe‐14Cr‐5Al‐3W‐0.4Ti‐0.25Y2O3‐0.6ZrO2 was produced by mechanical alloying (MA), based on a prealloyed grade Fe‐14Cr‐5Al‐3W steel with the addition of Ti element, Y2O3 and ZrO2, and subsequent consolidation by means of field assisted hot pressing (FAHP). The microstructure and the mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with a reference material with nominal composition Fe‐14Cr‐5Al‐3W‐0.4Ti‐0.25Y2O3. The addition of zirconia increased the volume fraction of the smallest and equiaxed ferritic nano‐grains and decreased the quantity of larger aluminum nano‐oxides within the ferritic matrix, promoting the formation of fine zirconium nano‐oxides and leading to the enhancement of the mechanical properties of the alloy.
Severe Intellectual Disability: Systematic Review of the Prevalence and Nature of Presentation of Unipolar Depression
Authors: Walton Catherine , Kerr Mike
Published: June 2015

Background

The diagnosis of depression in severe and profound intellectual disability is challenging. Without adequate skills in verbal self‐expression, standardized diagnostic criteria cannot be used with confidence. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the assessment and diagnosis of unipolar depression in severe and profound intellectual disability. The review aimed to examine the methods used to assess for depression. The secondary aim was to explore the frequency and symptoms of depression.

Methods

The PRISMA (2009) Checklist for systematic review was followed, and a search of electronic databases was undertaken. Nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis from over 2000 records identified.

Results

The quality of the studies was assessed and scored, with a wide range of results. Individual studies scored between 2 and 7 of a maximum possible score of 8. The diagnostic tools utilized by each of the studies were assessed and compared.

Conclusions

In terms of the methods used to assess for depression, results were varied. This was due to the heterogeneous nature of the individual study designs. The Aberrant Behaviour Checklist consistently showed promise, in particular when combined with other instruments or clinical examination. Qualitative analysis of the selected studies has shown a wide variation in the quality of primary research in this field, with more required to make firm conclusions regarding the diagnosis, frequency and presentation of depression in severe and profound intellectual disability.
Keeping the band together: evidence for false boundary disruptive coloration in a butterfly
Authors: Seymoure B. M. , Aiello A.
Published: June 2015

There is a recent surge of evidence supporting disruptive coloration, in which patterns break up the animal's outline through false edges or boundaries, increasing survival in animals by reducing predator detection and/or preventing recognition. Although research has demonstrated that false edges are successful for reducing predation of prey, research into the role of internal false boundaries (i.e. stripes and bands) in reducing predation remains warranted. Many animals have stripes and bands that may function disruptively. Here, we test the possible disruptive function of wing band patterning in a butterfly,Anartia fatima, using artificial paper and plasticine models in Panama. We manipulated the band so that one model type had the band shifted to the wing margin (nondisruptive treatment) and another model had a discontinuous band located on the wing margin (discontinuous edge treatment). We kept the natural wing pattern to represent the false boundary treatment. Across all treatment groups, we standardized the area of colour and used avian visual models to confirm a match between manipulated and natural wing colours. False boundary models had higher survival than either the discontinuous edge model or the nondisruptive model. There was no survival difference between the discontinuous edge model and the nondisruptive model. Our results demonstrate the importance of wing bands in reducing predation on butterflies and show that markings set in from the wing margin can reduce predation more effectively than marginal bands and discontinuous marginal patterns. This study demonstrates an adaptive benefit of having stripes and bands.
Structure and function of the mammalian middle ear. II: Inferring function from structure
Authors: Mason Matthew J.
Published: June 2015

Anatomists and zoologists who study middle ear morphology are often interested to know what the structure of an ear can reveal about the auditory acuity and hearing range of the animal in question. This paper represents an introduction to middle ear function targetted towards biological scientists with little experience in the field of auditory acoustics. Simple models of impedance matching are first described, based on the familiar concepts of the area and lever ratios of the middle ear. However, using the Mongolian gerbilMeriones unguiculatusas a test case, it is shown that the predictions made by such ‘ideal transformer’ models are generally not consistent with measurements derived from recent experimental studies. Electrical analogue models represent a better way to understand some of the complex, frequency‐dependent responses of the middle ear: these have been used to model the effects of middle ear subcavities, and the possible function of the auditory ossicles as a transmission line. The concepts behind such models are explained here, again aimed at those with little background knowledge. Functional inferences based on middle ear anatomy are more likely to be valid at low frequencies. Acoustic impedance at low frequencies is dominated by compliance; expanded middle ear cavities, found in small desert mammals including gerbils, jerboas and the sengiMacroscelides, are expected to improve low‐frequency sound transmission, as long as the ossicular system is not too stiff.
In-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists in animal model of bronchial asthma
Authors: El-Naa Mona M , El-Refaei Mohamed F , Nasif Wesam A , Abduljawad Suha H , El-Brairy Amany I , El-Readi Mahmoud Z
Published: June 2015

Objectives

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) has been shown to play an important role in the control of immunological and inflammatory responses. This study aims at investigating the potential role of rosiglitazone, a strong PPAR-γ agonist in a murine model of bronchial asthma.

Methods

Adult male guinea pigs were administered ovalbumin 100 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP). Treatment with rosiglitazone [5 mg/kg/day, per oral (PO)] was assessed for 21 days. On day 21, the animals were challenged with the same dose of ovalbumin. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, was measured using a spirometer to diagnosis lung obstruction. Serum levels of interleukin-5 (IL-5) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were assessed. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in lung tissue homogenates.

Key findings

Our results demonstrated that treatment with rosiglitazone resulted in a statistically significant improvement in lung function and histopathological features. Significant decrease in the serum levels of IL-5 and IgE were observed. The activity of SOD and catalase as well as the GSH level were significantly increased in the lung tissues of treated animals compared with untreated asthmatic animals. Serum IgE concentrations and IL-5 levels were directly correlated to each other and inversely correlated to the SOD, GSH and catalase levels in the all studied guinea pigs.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone may have potential in the development of therapies for bronchial asthma.
TRADING WITH SMALL PRICE IMPACT
Authors: Moreau Ludovic , Muhle‐Karbe Johannes , Soner H. Mete
Published: June 2015

An investor trades a safe and several risky assets with linear price impact to maximize expected utility from terminal wealth. In the limit for small impact costs, we explicitly determine the optimal policy and welfare, in a general Markovian setting allowing for stochastic market, cost, and preference parameters. These results shed light on the general structure of the problem at hand, and also unveil close connections to optimal execution problems and to other market frictions such as proportional and fixed transaction costs.
Serum posaconazole levels among haematological cancer patients taking extended release tablets is affected by body weight and diarrhoea: single centre retrospective analysis
Authors: Miceli Marisa H. , Perissinotti Anthony J. , Kauffman Carol A. , Couriel Daniel R.
Published: June 2015

The posaconazole extended release tablet formulation was developed to improve bioavailability relative to the oral suspension. Therapeutic drug monitoring has been used to optimise posaconazole dosing to achieve a target trough level ≥0.7 μg ml−1. We retrospectively evaluated 28 patients with haematological malignancies who received posaconazole tablets for antifungal prophylaxis. Posaconazole serum trough levels were obtained 5 days after initiation of therapy. Mean trough level was 1.19 ± 0.63 μg ml−1, and 71% achieved a trough level ≥0.7 μg ml−1. Diarrhoea was associated with lower mean trough levels (0.65 ± 0.08 μg ml−1 vs. 1.31 ± 0.13 μg ml−1), P = 0.002. Mean trough levels were lower in patients ≥90 kg (0.74 ± 0.09 μg ml−1) vs. <90 kg (1.32 ± 0.14 μg ml−1), P = 0.002 and in patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 (0.89 ± 0.13 μg ml−1) vs. BMI <30 (1.29 ± 0.14 μg ml−1), P = 0.05. Posaconazole delayed release tablets attain appropriate trough levels in most patients, but patients with a higher weight and those experiencing diarrhoea are more likely to have lower levels.
STOCHASTIC OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTISPECIES FISHERIES IN THE BARENTS SEA
Authors: POUDEL DIWAKAR , SANDAL LEIF K.
Published: June 2015

We present a multispecies stochastic model that suggests optimal fishing policy for two species in a three‐species predator–prey ecosystem in the Barents Sea. We employ stochastic dynamic programming to solve a three‐dimensional model, in which the catch is optimized by using a multispecies feedback strategy. Applying the model to the cod, capelin, and herring ecosystem in the Barents Sea shows that the optimal catch for the stochastic interaction model is more conservative than that implied by the deterministic model. We also find that stochasticity has a stronger effect on the optimal exploitation policy for prey (capelin) than for predator (cod).
Characteristics of natural antibody–secreting cells
Authors: Savage Hannah P. , Baumgarth Nicole
Published: June 2015

Natural IgM plays a critical role in protection from pathogens and the prevention of autoimmunity. While its importance has been shown in many different settings, its origins are incompletely understood. This review focuses on the properties of the natural IgM antibody–secreting cells (ASCs), which arise mainly from the B‐1 cell lineage. B‐1 cells are generated in multiple waves during development, mostly in the fetal and early postfetal periods. The developmental time points can affect their repertoire: prenatal B‐1 cells express a mainly germ line–encoded repertoire, while postnatally developing B‐1 cells can express Ig with a greater degree of variation. Spleen and bone marrow, but not the body cavities, are primary sites of natural IgM secretion. Within these tissues heterogeneous populations of IgM ASCs can be found. While some ASCs express classical markers of B‐1 lymphocytes, others express those of terminally differentiated plasma cells. A better understanding of the properties of these different natural IgM ASCs could aid their future therapeutic exploitation.
Play Hard, Shirk Hard? The Effect of Bar Hours Regulation on Worker Absence
Authors: Green Colin P. , Navarro Paniagua Maria
Published: June 2015

The regulation of alcohol availability has the potential to influence worker productivity. This paper uses legislative changes in bar opening hours to provide a potential quasi‐natural experiment of the effect of alcohol availability on working effort, focusing on worker absenteeism. We examine two recent policy changes, one in England/Wales and one in Spain that increased and decreased opening hours respectively. We demonstrate a robust positive causal link between opening hours and absenteeism, although short‐lived for Spain. The effect is long lasting for the UK where we provide evidence which suggests that increased alcohol consumption is a key mechanism.
EU BUDGET SUPPORT AS A TRANSNATIONAL POLICY INSTRUMENT: ABOVE AND BEYOND THE STATE?
Authors: WOLFF SARAH
Published: June 2015

Maintaining mostly a national and EU‐level focus, the transnational dimension has been overlooked in the policy instrumentation literature. Seeking to fill this gap, this article researches the factors that shape the choice and evolution of policy instruments in transnational administrations, namely above and beyond the state. In an empirical analysis of budget support, it finds that the preference of the European Commission for this development aid instrument is dependent upon transnational agency and EU domestic habitat. This is evidenced in three steps. First, conflicting global objectives and institutional strategies of re‐legitimization provided transnational administrative agency with power and leverage to promote managerial norms over developmental ones. Second, transnational knowledge networks have provided the European Commission venues of socialization to maintain its monopoly over the instrument. Third, the de‐politicized transnational logic of budget support as a managerial tool is correlated to an increased politicization by some EU member states.
Deliberators Must Be Imperfect
Authors: Baker Derek
Published: June 2015

This paper argues that, with certain provisos, predicting one's future actions is incompatible with rationally deliberating about whether to perform those actions. It follows that fully rational omniscient agents are impossible, since an omniscient being could never rationally deliberate about what to do (omniscient beings, the paper argues, will always meet the relevant provisos). Consequently, theories that explain practical reasons in terms of the choices of a perfectly rational omniscient agent must fail. The paper considers several ways of defending the possibility of an omniscient agent, and concludes that while some of these may work, they are inconsistent with the aim of explaining practical normativity by appeal to such an agent.