bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERIODONTAL HEALTH LITERACY AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Safia Rehmat  , Tariq Ali Khan  , Hussam  , Muhammad Zain  , Asim Qureshi  , Muhammad Ifham Khan Jadoon  , Sultan Zeb Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the awareness level of diabetic patients in regard to the complications of diabetes and specifically periodontitis as a complication of diabetes in Peshawar city of Pakistan with the target of improving oral health education in the population.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 151 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients attending periodontology department of Khyber college of dentistry Peshawar Pakistan to assess the level of their awareness about complications of diabetes specifically periodontitis as a complication of type 2 DM.
Results: The general level of the Type 2 DM patients regarding complications of diabetes including Eye disease, Kidney disease, gangrene foot, heart disease and stroke was found satisfactory as compared to periodontitis as a complication of diabetes which was found unsatisfactory in this study.
Conclusion: Majority of the Type 2 DM patients were aware about the complications of Type 2 DM except periodontitis which is also a complication of Type 2 DM. Therefore, awareness through and among health professionals both Medical and Dental including patients and general public on this issue should be spread through Oral health awareness programs for the general wellbeing of the population.
CHALLENGES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMICS
Authors: Basheer Rehman
Published: July 2023

Over the past few decade, there have been several factors impacting medical education but the recent COVID-19 pandemic has touched all levels of society, and in almost every part of the world there have been tremendous pressures and calls for change. This pandemic has caused unrivalled disruption to the medical education process and to healthcare systems worldwide. In these changing circumstances, most of the available teaching and learning methods have been modified to provide students with opportunities for continuous learning. Class room lectures have been converted to scheduled live online lectures with interactive discussions, while seminars are being replaced by webinars. Telemedicine is permitting medical students to play the role of a healthcare professional by interviewing patients, working with attendants to plan treatments, helping with paperwork, and counseling patients about their illness and prognosis. Besides these available resources, medical colleges and universities are facing challenges to provide quality education to their students. Some of these students are sitting at their homes coping with changing trends in teaching and learning strategies and the heightened stress of confinement due to the pandemic situation. Others are residing in areas where, internet connectivity is an issue. Clinical skills teaching and learning is another challenge faced by medical faculty and students which cannot be accomplished by online teaching. Teachers, health care professionals, and students are affected by the devastating effects of Corona virus infections. The sacrifices that our healthcare workers are making for the safety and welfare of humanity is priceless and deserves lifelong gratitude. During this pandemic, many learned health professional and students across the country lost their lives. In Khyber College of Dentistry, a renowned teacher and researcher Dr. Sultan Zeb Khan sacrificed his life while serving the community. We dedicate this current issue of journal to his name as a token of appreciation to his services. May Allah almighty grant him highest place in Jannah. Ameen
ORAL HYGIENE OF STUDENTS IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS OF CANTONMENT REGION LAHORE; AWARENESS & CURRENT STATUS
Authors: Asma Shakoor  , Aleshba Saba Khan  , Talha Ashar  , Beenish Mehmood
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine document the comparison of oral hygiene status amongst different groups of school going children.

Materials and Methods:

A cross section study was condducted started from march 2017 to May 2017 at contorment region of Lahore. The sample size consisted of 4566 individuals categorized in to two groups; 7-12 years old (n= 4356) & 16-21 years old (n= 210). Examiners were calibrated to perform check up on a modified WHO Oral health assessment forms with dental mirrors in natural daylight. Oral hygiene, gingivitis & calculus were the recorded measures. Another parameter measured was bleeding gums with a simple yes & no answer amongst the two age groups. The students were given dental hygiene awareness & subsequently referred for treatment. Chi square test was used to check association. SPSS version 20 was used for analysis.

Results:

Out of total 4556 students, 7-12-year-old group 1416 (33.40%) were marked with good oral hygiene with proper maintenance, 1828 (43.10%) had fair oral hygiene with occasional mild staining while 994 (23.50%) were categorised with poor oral hygiene with occasional brushing. In the 16-21 year old age category, a total of 202 students were checked. Amongst them, 41 (20.30%) fell in the good hygiene category, 136 (43.10%) had fair oral hygiene while 25 (12.40%) were categorized as having poor oral hygiene. Most of the students in 7-12 years’ age group had no bleeding gums. (p-value <0.001). There was association between calculus and age group (p-value < 0.001).

Conclusion:

High level of unmet dental health care still exists in Lahore as reflected by the comparison groups by their poor oral hygiene.
ATTITUDE OF DENTAL SURGEONS REGARDING RADIATION PROTECTION IN TEACHING DENTAL HOSPITALS OF PESHAWAR.
Authors: Sana Javed  , Syed Imran Gilani  , Saira Afridi  , Muhammad Khalid Khan  , Saiqa Saleem
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine attitude of dental surgeons regarding radiation protection in teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar.

Materials and Methods:

It was a cross sectional study, carried out in all the teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst all the house officers who were present and willing to participate in the study. The questionnaire included both open and close ended questions regarding radiation protection. Descriptive data was analyzed using frequency tables and categorical variables was analyzed using chi-square test.

Results:

Majority of house officers reported that they remain in the room with the patients while taking the radiographs, most of them belonging to a public dental college i.e. (74%). Only 7% from the public sector dental hospital reported that they wear protective lead apron as compared to private dental teaching hospitals i.e. Private teaching hospital A, (35%) and B (37%). Regarding ALARA guidelines for radiation safety, none of the participant form the public dental college was aware, while less than 10 % of participants from the private dental hospitals were aware. Majority of the participants were unsatisfied with the radiation protection measures provided at their institutes.

Conclusion:

This study concluded that attitude regarding radiation protection standards amongst house officers in teaching dental hospitals of Peshawar requires marked improvement to prevent radiation related hazards.
FAKE NEWS, MYTHS AND REMEDIES REGARDING ORAL HEALTH CARE IN PATIENTS COMING TO A RIVATE TEACHING DENTAL HOSPITAL OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN.
Authors: Zahid Hashim  , Syed Imran Gilani  , Sofia Kabir  , Muhammad Yasir Israr  , Muhammad Asif Khan  , Madiha Riasat
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determive the frequent of myths and remedies rampant among the patients visiting a private teaching dental hospital.

Materials and Methods:

It was a cross-sectional study at SBDC Peshawar, Pakistan, of patients coming to the hospital in months of Sept-Oct 2019. They were questioned about wrong beliefs, erroneous remedies and fake news among the masses. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16.

Results:

The sample comprised of 250 adults with 66.8% males and 33.2% females. Mean age was found to be 29.87 with a SD of 11.36. Most common beliefs were that whiter teeth are sign of healthy teeth (77.3%) and intake of antibiotics is mandatory after every extraction and RCT (66.8%). Many believed that scaling can weaken teeth (44%) and amalgam can cause cancer (40.8%). did regular dental checkups were not regarded important by 40.8%. A large number of female population (51.8%) believed in false remedies like treating a painful tooth with clove oil, aspirin and salt water rinses.

Conclusion:

There is wide spread of misconception in public about oral health care and what constitutes a healthy dentition as well as the proper management of oral health diseases.
INTEREST IN RESEARCH AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS: CHALLENGES FOR THE UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION.
Authors: Fatima Muhammad  , Iqbal Wahid  , Saiqa Saleem  , Syed Abir Hussain  , Zaheer Babar  , Syed Hassan Jan
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To assess research related activities at undergraduate level in private and public medical colleges of Pakistan.
Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study in which a questionnaire was applied to medical students at different medical colleges including public and privaite that are Khyber Medical College, King Edward Med College, Federal Medical & Dental College, NWSM and Rehman Medical College. Sample Size was 496 Students participated in the study, sample size was calculated on WHO calculator. Sampling Technique was Convenience sampling technique.
Results:
This was cross sectional study. A total sample size was 496 in which the mean age of the participents was 22.2 + 8.3 years.While distributing the patients with regards to gender, we observed that in our study 42.14% of the sample was male and 57.86% were female gender. 67% of students were following integrated while 33% conventional type of curriculum and 55% were satisfied with the research content available in their curriculum. About 74% of students said that research classes started from 1st or 2nd year; however, 58% reported there was no faculty available for teaching research in their institute.
Conclusion:
This study provides a baseline evidence regarding challenges to research during undergraduate medical programs including lack of research faculty, student journals and no assessment of students regarding research.Moreover, it reveals that medical students are likely to undertake and continue research at both undergraduate level and after graduation but there are no guided and mentored research activities available.
ESTIMATION OF SERUM VITAMIN C LEVELS IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA PATIENTS
Authors: Muhammad Nisar  , Muhammad Younas  , Abdus saboor  , Sana Ahmad  , Abbas Saleem Khan  , Muhammad Mumtaz Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To estimate serum vitamin C levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.
Materials and Methods:
This case control study was conducted at Peshawar Medical and Dental College, and Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM)Peshawar. This study was carried out from March 2017 to February 2018. A total of 60 subjects fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 histologically confirmed cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 30 Age matched adult individuals of both gender matched reporting to the out patient department of Peshawar Dental College for routine dental checkup or minor dental procedures were used as healthy controls by non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Blood samples were collected from all 60 subjects. Estimation of Serum vitamin C levels was carried out by using ELISA method.
Results:
The mean age of participants in our study was 42.15±17.24. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was observed normal 30(100%) by comparing with healthy control 29(96.7%) having p value (3.13).
Conclusion:
Our study concluded with no association between serum vitamin C levels in OSCC patients and healthy controls. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to validate our findings.
ASSESSMENT OF STERILIZATION STANDARDS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DENTAL SETTINGS OF PESHAWAR – A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY
Authors: Adeela Mustafa  , Hayat Muhammad Khan  , Saifoor Ahmed Khan  , Romana Ayub  , Imran Ullah  , Sadaf Bilal
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To assess the sterilization standards of the dental setups both in public and private settings of Peshawar.

Materials and Methods:

This Cross Sectional Study was started from Nov 2017 to Apr 2018 in Khyber College of Dentistry, Sardar Begum Dental College Peshawar, Rehman Dental College Peshawar and Private Clinics in Board Bazar and University Town Peshawar which were included in the study through Convenient Sampling technique. Total 100 professionals were interviewed; 50 from public and private. A semi-structured questionnaire was used with open and close ended questions. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Microsoft Excel.

Results:

Of the 100 total professionals, dental surgeons, house officers, TMOs, Specialists and technicians were interviewed. All the private settings were using autoclave method of sterilization i.e 50 while the public sector was 46. Immediate sterilization of instruments after use public : private 27 : 33. Disinfection of operatory surfaces in between patients: public : private 33 : 25. Presence of destruction boxes for syringe disposal: public : private 13 : 44. Both these settings were almost identical in sterilization practices except use of destruction box.

Conclusion:

Sterilization practices needs to be improved both in public and private settings. Dental personnel need to be given proper training on regular interval.
THE PATTERN OF COMPLICATIONS OF OPEN VS LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY; A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Muhammad Naeem  , Waleed Mabood  , Sajjad Ali  , Imtiaz Ahmed Khattak  , Wajeeha Arshad
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To compare the pattern of complications of open vs laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Materials and Methods:

A Randomized Controlled Trial was carried out at the Department of Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from January 2019 to July 2019 laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 200 patients (100 in each group) with the indication of cholecystectomy fulfilling the inclusion criteria were subjected to open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The complications were observed and plotted in terms of frequencies and percentages; were compared through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 21.

Results:

A total of 200 patients with indication of cholecystectomy were operated on, which were divided into two equal groups. The mean age was 42.14 years ±9.34 2SD. Out of 200 patients, 21% were male while 79% were female. No common bile duct, duodenal or colonic injuries were noticed while wound infection was reported more in the open group (5%). Intraoperative bleeding (02%) and gallbladder perforation (10%) was seen more in the LC group as compared to the open group with a 1% occurrence of such complications.

Conclusion:

The open technique will remain valid as long as the laparoscopic technique remains in motion since the laparoscopic technique has shortfalls that are managed by the open approach only. Thus, the importance of both techniques is justified.
EFFICACY OF TWO DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTICS IN MANAGEMENT OF POST-OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF IMPACTED THIRD MOLAR
Authors: Rabia Naseer  , Wajiha Alamgir  , Aroosa Ashraf  , Faheem Abrar  , Ali Farooq  , Tahmasub Faraz Tayyab
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To determine the efficacy of two different antibiotics in reducing the postoperative complications of impacted third molar.
Materials and Methods:
Total of 48 participants were included in this randomized control trial conducted in Feb 2019 to Feb 2020, which were divided into two groups by block randomization where group A was prescribed with amoxicillin while group B was prescribed with metronidazole. On 3rd and 7th post-operative day after the extraction pain was assessed using a 10mm visual analogue scale (VAS) while, maximum mouth opening was assessed using a Vernier caliper. Wound infection and alveolar osteitis were documented as dichotomous variable. Pain and mouth opening were evaluated using t-test or Mann-Whitney U test while alveolar osteitis and wound infections were compared using Chi-square and Fischer’s exact test. SPSS version 22 was used for analysis. P value <0.05 was taken as significant.
Results:
The results of individual groups revealed no difference in decreasing the postoperative complications after surgical extraction. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of mean age, VAS score and mouth opening at 3rd and 7th postoperative day (p>0.5). We found no significant association between antibiotics and incidence of wound infection and alveolar osteitis (p>0.5).
Conclusion:
Antibiotics have no significant role in reducing the postoperative pain, limited mouth opening, wound infection and alveolar osteitis. Hence, the use of antibiotic should be limited to surgeon’s choice.
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN WOMEN OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
Authors: Kamran Alam  , Zia Ul Haq  , Madiha Riasat  , Hassan  , Maqbool Zaheer Babar  , Nauman Arif
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine the maternal health care-seeking behavior amng women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Materials and Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire to examine the maternal wellbeing care pursuing behavior of the women. The sampling technique used was random multistage sampling for 3320 females of seven districts of urban and rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa started from Feb 2016 to March 2017.SPSS version 22 was used for analysis.

Results:

Most of the pregnant women preferred doctors for the last delivery of their child (20.9%), (14.2%) preferred Trained Traditional Birth Attendant, (5.0%) visited Nurse or Midwives, the delivery of (2.3%) pregnant females were attended by their Relatives/ Friends, (1.8%) deliveries were made by LHWs, and LHVs were preferred by (0.8%) females.

Conclusion:

Most pregnant women preferred doctors for delivery, Trained Traditional Birth Attendant, Nurse or Midwives, Relatives/Friends, LHWs, and LHVs.
PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL/DENTAL UNDERGRADUATES REGARDING INTERACTIVE LECTURES IN OUTCOME INTEGRATED CURRICULUM
Authors: Sofia Shehzad  , Samin Khan Kabir  , Zainab Waheed  , Hamid Hussain  , Sofia Haider Durrani  , Faisal Saeed
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine the feedback of medical and dental undergraduate students towards interactive lectures in an integrated curriculum.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kabir medical college and Sardar begum dental college, Peshawar. In this study, 400 undergraduate medical and dental students participated (200 MBBS & 200 BDS). The duration of this study was 2 months (October and November,2020). The sample size was selected through simple random sampling. 1st year and 3rd year students were excluded from the study. A questionnaire was designed, comprises of 20 questions and responses were recorded in 5-point Likert rating scale. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was done on 10% of the population. SPSS (version 22) were used for data analysis.

Results:

The results shown that medical and dental students understand integrated curriculum and they considered that it provides framework and modification in learning, as 66.5% of MBBS and 80.0% of BDS response was positive (p-value <0.05). Student’s perception about the integrated curriculum results showed that the Mean ± SD of MBBS students were 4.32 ± 0.69 where the BDS students were 4.48 ± 0.66 with -0.16 mean difference. 81.5% MBBS students and 86.0% BDS students also contemplate it as an effective mode of teaching which helps to achieve learning outcomes.

Conclusion:

Students have understanding about the interactive lectures and integrated curriculum, they provided positive feedback. It is helpful for students in their learning perspective which will also motivate them to excel in their profession.
SERUM IRON LEVELS IN PSORATIC PATIENTS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Shahnaz Dilawar  , Zafar Ahmad Khan  , Shabir Ahmed Orakzai  , Mohammad Tayyab Ahmad  , Asmat Shaheen  , Zahoor Ahmed  , Naghma  , Jamil Ur Rehman
Published: July 2023

Objective:

The persuasive evidence shows that proper iron (Fe) nutrition has a chief role in human health. Hence a study was designed to estimate the serum iron in psoriatic patients in Pakistan.

Materials and Methods:

500 patients (males & females) with different ages and different types of psoriasis were randomly chosen for this study. Similarly 100 non–psoriatic volunteers, sex and age matched were included who served as controls were evaluated for serum iron level. Serum iron level was measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).

Results:

The serum iron level was found to be low in 80% patients. Mean ± SD of serum iron was 850.40 ± 2.30 µg/dL in disease group and 898.10 ± 1.50 µg/dL in control subjects. In patients serum iron level was notably lower than normal healthy control subjects (p<0.001)

Conclusion:

It was concluded that deficiency of iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and routine serum iron estimation in patient with psoriasis will be helpful in evaluating and describing the severity of psoriasis.
EVALUATE ESTHETIC SATISFACTION OF PATIENTS WITH METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATIONS IN THE ANTERIOR MAXILLA
Authors: Amira Qadeer  , Asifullah Khan  , Jawad Rafique  , Aamir Syed  , Afsheen Akhtar  , Zaheer Babar
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine esthetic satisfaction of patients provided with metal ceramic fixed restorations in the anterior maxilla.

Materials and Methods:

A cross sectional study was carried out from February 2015 to March 2016 at the Department of Prosthodontics, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar. A total of 159 subjects were observed by using 28% proportion of satisfaction with fixed partial dentures by using WHO sample size calculator. Moreover, nonprobability consecutive sampling technique was used for data collection. Patients after giving informed consent were asked to evaluate their metal ceramic fixed restorations by looking at them in a wall mounted mirror from a conversation distance. The score pointed out by the patient for each of the three aspects of aesthetics (shade, shape and texture) of the restoration was recorded. These were summed to document the overall score assigned to restoration. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.

Results:

Out of total of 159,the mean age of the participants included in the study was 31.71±7.88 (SD) years. Males comprised 40.3% of the participants. Majority of patients i.e. 69 (43.4%) were in the age group 31-40. Majority of the patients 59 (37.1%) were poorly satisfied with their maxillary anterior metal ceramic restorations, 42 (26.4%) patients showed moderate satisfaction with their restorations. Higher frequency (49.1%) of poor satisfaction levels with the maxillary anterior metal ceramic fixed partial dentures was found in the age group 20-30 years. Gender stratification showed no significant statistical difference.

Conclusion:

Aesthetic attitude towards the anterior metal ceramic fixed restorations differed with the differing age groups, with the ageing subjects more satisfied with their anterior restorations than younger subjects. This must be recognized in treatment planning for future restorations.
ATTITUDE AND AWARENESS REGARDING COVID-19 IN PATIENTS PRESENTING TO THE DEAPARTMENT OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY PESHAWAR
Authors: Basheer Rehman  , Braikhna Murad  , Sana Mushtaq  , Muslim Khan  , Atta Ur Rehman  , Farhad Ali  , Tariq Ahmad  , Hassan Shafi  , Shuja Riaz Ansari
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To assess the attitude and awareness of COVID-19 infection among patients presenting to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Materials and Methods:

This cross sectional study was conducted on 150 patients in the department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar from March 2020 to August 2020. Awareness and attitude scores were determined for each individual by allocating scores to different responses in such a way that a score of 1 was awarded for each positive response and a score of zero for each negative response. Thus, awareness was categorized as aware (score above 10) unaware (score 10 and below) while attitude was grouped as Good (score above 10) and poor (score 10 and below). Collected data was analyzed using SPSS v.20. Awareness and attitude categories were stratified among age groups, gender and educational levels using chi square / Fisher Exact Test. logistic regression was performed to know the strength of association taking awarness (yes/no) as an outcome variable.Results:Out of 150 patients, 70.7% (106) were Male while 29.3% (44) were female with a male to female ratio of 2.4:1. The mean age was 33.12 ± 13.76 SD. Most of the participants were either illiterate (39.4%) or having only primary education (35.3%). One hundred and eleven (74%) were aware and 39 (26%) were unaware. Thirty two patients (21.3%) were having a good attitude towards precautionary measures and 118 (78.7%) were having a poor attitude. Statistically significant results (p-value <0.05) were only found in awareness category against educational level when logistic regression test was performed. Statistically significant odd ratio (OR) 4.125 (95% Cl 1.71-9.96) was shown for patients with a Master educational level.

Conclusion:

Majority of patients presenting to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Khyber College of Dentistry have an acceptable level of knowledge about COVID-19, but a poor attitude toward preventive measures. The study also found that educational attainment has a significant impact on patient awareness.
HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS OF A PRIVATE INSTITUTE.
Authors: Khaula Gul  , Ahsan Sethi  , Zainab Akbar  , Madiha Riasat  , Maryam Mastoor  , Shaista Noor Qureshi
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To assess health-related Quality of Life and its relation to mental health problems and socio-demographics of undergraduate students studying in a private dental college.
Materials and Methods:
Data was obtained using a cross sectional study (prevalence survey) involving 170 students studying in a private dental college. Study used the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to determine the self-perceived health aspects and depressive symptoms. Analysis was performed correlating the health scores with the age, gender, year of study, household income, type of accommodation and depression symptoms using SPSS 22. For statistical analysis, interpretation of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and Chi-squared Tests were used.
Results:
Age of students ranged between 18 and 24 years. Out of the 170 students, 41.8% were males and 58.2% were females. 50.6% of the subjects had depression (BDI score>9). Mean HRQoL was higher in males(63.04) as compared to females(53.42). Second year students showed significantly lower scores in role limitations caused by emotional problems(RE)(p=0.015), vitality(VT) (p=0.045), general mental health(MH)(p=0.004), Social Functioning(SF)(p=0.008) as well as in the mean Mental Health Summary(MHS (p=0.001) and total mean HRQoL(0.014).
Conclusion:
The Health-related Quality of Life(HRQoL) survey results indicate that the presence of depressive symptoms have negative effect on the overall HRQoL scores. Moreover, females and the second-year students have poorer HRQoL scores as compared to their counterparts.
SELF-MEDICATION IN PATIENTS COMING TO A PRIVATE TEACHING DENTAL HOSPITAL IN PESHAWAR
Authors: Naheed Imran  , Syed Imran Gilani  , Sofia Kabir  , Sara Mannan  , Javeria Imtiaz
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To determine self-medication among patients visiting a private teaching dental hospital of Peshawar.
Materials and Methods:
The cross sectional study was conducted at Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar during a time period of 2 months. Data was collected through a customized Performa using closed ended interview based questionnaire. The questionnaire included question about socio-demographic data as well as information about self-medication practices by respondents through closed ended questions. Data obtained were analyzed with the SPSS version 16.
Results:
A total of 200 patients participated in this study. There were 146 (73.0 %) females and 54 (27.0%) males. The age of the respondents ranged between 16-64 years. The most common reason of self-medication was pain (68%). Most of the respondents (48%) taking analgesics, 45% combination of antibiotics and analgesics. Half of the subjects (42%) were prompted by family members and pharmacists for taking self-medication. In this study, 60% of the respondents didn’t consider self-medication as a good practice but 73% claimed to continue the practice in future.
Conclusion:
In the present study, self-medication practices were high. It was distressing to note that every other patient attending dental department for treatment was indulged in self-medication in the past or present and the most disturbing findings were the high prevalence among educated people. Analgesics were the most common drugs abused for self-medication. Among the reasons of self-medication, toothache was the most common one.
FREQUENCY OF COMMON PATTERN OF IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR IN PATIENTS PRESENTED TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PESHAWAR
Authors: Kamran Khan  , Imran Khan  , Salman Khan  , Yasir Kamal Khan  , Khadim Shah  , Faryal Maqsood  , Nazish Zaman  , Muhammad Mushtaq
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine frequency of common patterns of impacted mandibular third molar impaction in patients presented to a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive cross-sectional study which is carried out on 195 patients at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department, MTI/HMC, Peshawar from 07 June 2018 to 07 December 2018. Detailed history and thorough clinical and radiographic (orthopantomogram) examination with informed consent of all patients were taken. Based on the collected data, the definitive diagnosis of third molar impaction was established.

Results:

As per common patterns, 85 (43.58%) patients were recorded with mesioangular impaction, 51 (26.15%) patients were recorded with horizontal impaction, 33 (16.92%) patients were recorded with vertical impaction, whereas only 26 (13.33%) patients were recorded with distoangular impaction.

Conclusion:

We concluded that the most prevalent pattern for Impacted Third mandibular is mesioangular position.
FREQUENCY OF IN HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME
Authors: Muhammad Salman  , Amber Ashraf  , Amjad Abrar  , Kashif Shahid Khan  , Sadiq Rehman  , Mehboob Ur Rehman
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To determine frequency of in hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with metabolic syndrome.

Materials and Methods:

It was a descriptive case series study was conducted in cardiology department Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar, Pakistan from 02/01/2016 to 21/07/2016. Sample size was calculated 72 using non probability sampling technique. Age, gender, SBP, serum FBG, serum HDL-C, serum TG and waist circumference was noted. Patients were followed for 5 days to determine outcome i.e. in hospital mortality.

Results:

Out of 110 patients, 72 were fulfilling the criteria for my study. Mean age of the patients was calculated to be 57.47 years. 35 (48.6%) patients were males and 37 (51.4%) were females. Frequency of in hospital mortality was 6 (8.3 %) with 11.4 %( n=4) in males and 5.4 %( n=2) in females.

Conclusion:

We concluded that in hospital mortality ratio is relatively high in acute myocardial infarction and those having more metabolic disturbances. There is significant association between age of onset and co morbid medical or endocrinological problems, while gender, educational status, marital status, occupational status, duration of illness and family history with the patient are not as much associated with mortality rate.
ANTI-COAGULANT THERAPY IN HOSPITALIZED PREGNANT WOMEN WITH COVID-19: A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Asma Ambareen  , Arash Timadi  , Tayyaba Mazhar  , Arshad Javed  , Shakir Zaman  , Sami Ullah
Published: July 2023

As our knowledge about COVID-19 progresses, we know that COVID-19 has a clear thrombogenic effect. Moreover, as pregnancy is a prothrombotic state, the possibility of an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnant women with COVID‐19 has become an area of concern, and a number of international organizations have proposed recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant and postpartum women with COVID‐19. However, these recommendations are mainly based on expert opinion. In this brief review, we explain the pathophysiology of COVID-19- associated coagulopathy with focus on pregnancy related issues, leading to make clear recommendations about anti-coagulant therapy in pregnant women with COVID-19 during hospitalization and also after discharge.
VARIATION OF CUSPS AND ROOTS OF UPPER WISDOM TOOTH IN PATIENTS VISITING KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY
Authors: Nighat Shafiq  , Dilabaz Khan  , Tehmina Majid  , Saira Afridi  , Shakeela Aleem  , Sobia Kanwal
Published: July 2023

Objective:
To determine the variation of cusps and roots of maxillary 3rd molars.
Material and Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 extracted 3rd molars. Informed consent was taken from the patients.      The teeth with carious lesions and damaged crown were excluded from the study. Data was collected and entered into SPSS for the calculations of percentage and frequencies.
Results:
A total of 100 maxillary 3rd molars were collected in the department of surgery. Among maxillary 3rd molars most prevalent was tricuspid 44 % and 43% followed by tetracuspids 40% and 16 % of the teeth had five cusps. Only 2% of the third molars had more than five cusps. The most prevalent were fused roots that were 46 %and 68% are followed by two roots and three roots in right and left quadrants respectively.
Conclusion:
3rd molars are the most variable teeth in the oral cavity. cusps of the 3rd molars vary from tricuspid to more than 5cusp. Root variation is more than crown variation. Genetic, ethnic and geographical factors affect the morphology of cusps and roots.
ASSESSMENT OF FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR HEALTH STATUS IN 6-15 YEARS OLD CHILDREN VISITING KHYBER COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY, PESHAWAR: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Fazle Qadeem  , Saadia Farid  , Faisal Saeed  , Khurshid Ali  , Hasham Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To assess the health status of the first permanent molar (decayed, missing, filled teeth, hypoplasia, and hypocalcification) in 6-15 yrs old children.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 147 children ranging from the age of 6-15yrs with a mean of 9.36± 2.63yrs were considered in the study. A self-prepared performa was use to collect data regarding decayed, missing, filled, hypoplastic, hypocalcified first permanent molars in children attending the paediatric department, Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. Demographic data like age, gender, and parental occupation (for socioeconomic status) were also recorded in the same performa. Children were examined on the dental chair by using a probe, mouth mirror, and tweezer. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Frequencies and percentages of the variables were tabulated. The Chi-square test was applied for comparison among different socioeconomic levels. P-value ≤0.005 was considered significant statistically.

Results:

Out of a total of 147 children, ninety-seven were males (64.7%) and 53 were females (35.3%), with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The health status of the first permanent molar is poor in young children of low socioeconomic status.

Conclusion:

It is concluded from the study that the health status of the first permanent molar is poor in young boys whose parents were having low socioeconomic status.
COVID-19 AND ITS ORAL MANIFESTATIONS IN POPULATION OF ISLAMABAD AND RAWALPINDI: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Sana Sultan  , Maleeha Majid  , Amir Ghafoor Chaudhary  , Aamna Kamran Mehmood  , Nouman Akhtar  , Muhammad Talha Rafiq
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To assess the oral manifestations in the people of Islamabad and Rawalpindi affected with COVID-19.

Materials and Methods:Study design and setting: It is descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted on 250 both male and females participants who had suffered from COVID-19 over the duration of 6 months in Islamic International Dental Hospital Islamabad. Participants were from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Questionnaire: Subjects participated in a web based questionnaire assessing the oral manifestations of COVID-19. These included facial pain, pain while eating(masticatory pain) , burning sensation in the oral cavity, dryness of mouth (xerostomia), loss of taste and oral mucosal lesions.

Results:

Out of 250, 105male and 145 females participate in this study. 40 % (n=100) participants experienced pain in the face region out of whom 40% (n=40) had pain in the head region. 46% participants reported to have pain on mastication out of which 47.8% had pain on messeter muscle. 46% participants had burning sensations in the oral cavity.60% participant’s experienced dry mouth. Moreover 70% participants experienced loss of taste sensations. Only 24% reported with oral mucosal lesions.6% participants developed blisters/ulcers out of which majority developed them on the tongue.

Conclusion:

This study concluded that oral manifestations are important for early detection of COVID-19 patients and majority of these patients showed loss of taste.
COMPARISON OF THE MEAN REDUCTION IN TRISMUS POSTOPERATIVELY AFTER USE OF 4MG AND 8MG INTRAVENOUS DEXAMETHASONE PRE OPERATIVELY, FOLLOWING IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLAR SURGERY
Authors: Ahmad Raza  , Muhammad Younas  , Nadia Ashraf  , Abdul Wahid  , Syed Amjad shah  , Muhammad Nisar
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To compare the mean reduction in trismus postoperatively after the use of 4mg and 8mg intravenous dexamethasone preoperatively, following impacted mandibular third molar surgery.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery Peshawar dental college, Peshawar from 10th December 2018 to 16th July 2019 after the college’s review board has approved it. In this study, a total of 60 Patients of both genders 18 years to 40 years with 35 mm or greater mouth opening, and partially impacted mandibular third molars were included by consecutive, non-probability sampling technique. The analysis of the data was done by using SPSS version 20.0. The student t-test was used to compare both groups i.e. mean reduction in trismus with 4mg dexamethasone and     8 mg dexamethasone on day 2. A P≤0.05 was taken as significant.

Results:

After 2 days of administration of 4mg dexamethasone, the mouth was reduced from a mean of 49.63±6.78mm to 28.2±2.917 mm. Similarly, after 2 days of administration of 8mg dexamethasone, the mouth was reduced from a mean of 50.3±7.32 mm to 35.93±2.50 mm. Genders have no effect on mouth opening after dexamethasone use. Age has an effect on the reduction of mouth opening after dexamethasone use. the mean reduction of maximum mouth opening(trismus) was less after giving 8 mg of dexamethasone than 4mg dexamethasone statistically significantly.

Conclusion:

The use of 8 mg dexamethasone is found to be more effective in decreasing postoperative trismus in patient having third molar surgery as compare to 4mg dexamethasone.
MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL CORD INSERTION
Authors: Falak Naz  , Zainab Rehman  , Shazia Iftikhar  , Waqar Ahmed  , Parkha Rehman  , Saeeda BiBi
Published: July 2023

Objective:

To relate and appraise the morphological variationsof placenta and umbilical cord in normal pregnancy.

Materials and Methods:

The study included 100 placentas which were collected from GovernmentMaternity Hospital Hashtnagri and studied in the Anatomy department of Khyber Medical CollegePeshawar over one month duration. The morphological variations of placenta, like shape, weightand attachment of umbilical cord were noted and photographed.

Results:

In our study, we observed round placentas in 91 cases (91%), oval placentas in 5 cases(5%), irregular placentas in 3 cases (3%), and bilobed placenta in 1 case (1%), respectively. Normal cord insertion was found in 75% and abnormal insertion in 25% of cases respectively. The mean placental weight was 509.5g (normal weight ranges between 400 to 650gs).

Conclusion:

In the present study, the majority of the placentas presented with round shape,few placentae with oval and irregular shape or with an accessory lobe. The existing study alsoincluded variations in insertion of umbilical cords which was eccentric in majority of the casesfollowed by central and marginal insertion.
RECURRENCE OF MANDIBULAR AMELOBLASTOMA AFTER 20 YEARS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Tariq Ahmad  , Sanam Pirzada  , Fahad Qiam
Published: July 2023

Ameloblastoma of the mandible is a common benign and locally invasive tumor of odontogenic epithelial origin. Ameloblastoma is characterized by its locally aggressive and lytic nature of expansion. It mostly involves the posterior mandible in elderly patients. The treatment is always surgical and is based on the histopathological nature and extent of the lesion. The conservative surgical approach is associated with high recurrence rate. The recurrence have been reported in mostly with in ten years after the surgical management and about 70% cases of recurrence are reported with in first five years of surgery.This case of a 65 years old lady presented with progressive mandibular swelling. On history taking she revealed previous surgery of jaw almost 20 years back. Her previous record of documents showed histopathology of ameloblastoma. When incisional biopsy was done the case was reported again of ameloblastoma. The case is reported here as recurrent case of ameloblastoma after 20 years of its management, which may be considered the longest time of recurrence in our context.
ASSOCIATION OF GENDER, AGE, AND COMORBIDITIES WITH MORTALITY IN COVID-19 PATIENTS OF DISTRICT BAJAUR, PAKISTAN
Authors: Fazal Rahman  , Muhammad Owais  , Siraj Uddin  , Ashfaq Rahman  , Naseeb Gul  , Muhammad Tayyeb  , Amjad Rahman  , Nasir Ali  , Muhammad Ayub Jadoon  , Hidayat Khan
Published: July 2023

Objective: To find the association of co-morbidities with mortality among infected population in District Bajaur.Materials and Methods:The data were collected from patients by face to face interviews and both verbal and written informed consent was collected. The nasal swabs were collected from symptomatic patients for confirmatory test and were confirmed by rRT-PCR test. Results:A total of 860 individual were enrolled in this study with means age score of 32.6±1.5, 159 (82.4%) were male and 34 (17.6%) were female. Among co-morbidities patients, 16 (8.3%) were suffering from cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, 1 (0.5%) with Chronic Lung Disease, 6 (3.1%) with Diabetes. Conclusion:There was positive correlation between comorbidities and patient outcome status (P<0.001). Mortality ratio was more in aged group people. There was increase mortality rate with co-morbidities patients.
AN INSIGHT INTO THE FROZEN WORLD: EXPLORING PATTERNS OF USE OF ICE/CRYSTAL METH IN PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN
Authors: Baber Awan  , Naheed Mahsood  , Saima Abid  , Kashif ur Rehman Khalil  , Hafiza Mariam Nasarullah  , Farhan Ullah
Published: July 2023

Objective: To explore the patterns of use of Ice (or Crystal Meth) in the males and females of district Peshawar, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: This qualitative study uses a phenomenology approach to develop an understanding of processes and themes, which explains the perceptions of active methamphetamine users. Total thirty individual in-depth interviews (IDI) were conducted from March 2019 till August 2019 in district Peshawar, including both male and female participants recruited through purposive sampling.Results: Four themes that emerged from the responses of research participants were:Beginning of the end - from recreation to habituation; indicating the factors associated with the initiation of use of IceDynamics of Ice or crystal meth - lost into the fog; indicating both positive and negative health dynamics due to Ice useIce or crystal meth - a contagious social virus; indicating epidemic of Ice or crystal meth in society and its effect on social lifeBreaking through the wall; indicating both facilitators and barriers to the cessation of use of Ice or crystal meth and need for intervention.Conclusion: Ice or Crystal Meth has multiple factors associated with the initiation of its use; social and financial aspects, mental and physical health effects, facilitators, and barriers to the cessation of use. There is a need for collaboration between the government, anti-narcotics department, public health professionals, and health care providers to design and effectively utilize new strategies to combat drug dealing and drug-using social networks.
MATERIALS USED IN 3D PRINTING FOR BONE DEFECTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Sumaira Aziz  , Palwasha Khattak  , Aneesa Durrani  , Humaira Jabeen  , Muhammad Adnan Khan  , Nawshad Muhammad  , Saad Liaqat
Published: July 2023

Objective: This systematic review discusses various materials used in repair of bone defects using 3D printing technology. The advantages, disadvantages and various properties of these materials have been highlighted in this systematic review.Materials and methods: A structured search of literature using major data bases like PubMed and Google Scholar were performed. Articles that fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were appraised with respect to the key objectives of the review.Results: More research should be done in the field of bioinks for treating bone defects as this technique has many unexplored areas. The existing materials have major potential of being modified to further improve quality of treatment and ease of printability/manufacture. This will eventually enhance the overall quality of treatment. Conclusion: Treating bone defects with 3D printing has proven to be very successful. Many materials under these main 4 categories have been used as bioinks alone and in conjugation with other materials. Treating bone defects with 3D printed materials helps in achieving desired properties along with excellent aesthetics and outstanding postoperative results by increasing success rates. With that being stated, calcium phosphate composites have shown the most potential in treating bone defects via 3D printing. Their properties and results are ideal because of their similarity to the composition of natural bone.