bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fully kinetic model of plasma expansion in a magnetic nozzle
Authors: Andrews Shaun , Di Fede Simone , Magarotto Mirko
Published: February 2022

A self-consistent model is presented for performing steady-state fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of magnetised plasma plumes. An energy-based electron reflection prevents the numerical pump instability associated with a typical open-outflow boundary, and is shown to be sufficiently general that both the plume kinetics and plasma potential demonstrate domain independence (within 6%). This is upheld by non-stationary Robin-type boundary conditions on the Poisson’s equation, coupled to a capacitive circuit that allows physical evolution of the downstream potential drop in the transient. The method has been validated against experiments, providing results that fall within the uncertainty of measurements. Simulations are then carried out to study collisional xenon discharges into axisymmetric diverging magnetic nozzles (MNs). Particular discussion is given to the identification of a collision-enhanced potential well arising from charge separation at the plume periphery, the role of ion–neutral charge exchange, and a three-region piecewise polytropic cooling regime for electrons. The polytropic index is shown to depend on the degree of magnetisation. Specifically, in the region near the thruster outlet, the plume is weakly-magnetised due to the cross-field diffusion of electron-heavy particle collisions. Downstream, a strongly-magnetised region of near-isothermal expansion occurs. Finally, in the detached region, the polytropic index tends to that of a more adiabatic unmagnetised case. With an increasing MN field strength, an inferior limit is found to the average polytropic index of

γ

¯

e

∼
1.16

.
Digitally manufactured air plasma-on-water reactor for nitrate production
Authors: Nieduzak Tymon B , Veng Visal , Prees Cameron N , Boutrouche Valentin D , Trelles Juan Pablo
Published: February 2022

The sustainable production of food to support the increasing world population is one of humanity’s most pressing challenges. Plasma activated water, produced using renewable energy, can help fulfill plants’ needs in sustainable agriculture approaches. The design, implementation, and characterization of a digitally manufactured air plasma-on-water reactor (POWR) for the synthesis of nitrate as green nitrogen fertilizer is presented. The interaction of air plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with water produces nitrate (NO3
−) and related species, which are the main nitrogen-containing nutrients for plants. The mild conditions of the operation of the POWR opens the possibility to use plastics, particularly through digital manufacturing strategies such as 3D-printing, for its fabrication. A pin-to-plate reactor configuration powered by high-voltage alternating power is chosen due to its simplicity and efficacy. A computational thermal-fluid model is used to evaluate the design and attain expected operational characteristics. The experimental characterization of the POWR encompassed design and operation parameters, namely electrode-water spacing, air flow rate, and voltage level. A machine learning approach is implemented to extract and quantify characteristic features of the plasma–water interaction, such plasma volume and plasma–water interface area. Experimental results revealed that the nitrate production rate varies linearly with dimensionless plasma volume. The design, fabrication, and characterization methods presented can be adapted to other POWRs and help enable on-demand nitrogen fertilizer production at low environmental and economic cost.
Bistable kinetic shades actuated with shape memory alloys: prototype development and daylight performance evaluation
Authors: Vazquez Elena , Duarte Jose P
Published: February 2022

Kinetic façade systems can adjust to different environmental conditions, thereby improving daylight performance in buildings. Bistable laminates present large deflections and can maintain their state without continuous energy supply, appealing features for kinetic applications. Nevertheless, these engineered materials have yet to be studied for their potential for improving daylight performance in buildings. This study sought to test the daylight performance of a kinetic bistable screen using a case study approach that combines experimental testing and building performance simulation. This paper details research to design and fabricate the shading screen and the experimental testing of the screens’ daylight performance. First, we focus on the design of a holder mechanism, which relies on a string system and shape memory alloys that actuate bistable flaps. Second, we experimentally collect data on daylight performance and compare it to simulation data to validate a daylight model. Results show that the designed bistable screen can increase the hours of adequate daylight throughout the year versus baseline cases, particularly when oriented south and east. The study suggests that bistable kinetic screens can help improve daylight performance in buildings.
Correlation of pseudogap, superconducting ordering and superconducting fluctuations with electron–phonon interactions in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
Authors: Li Yong , Liang Weizheng , Li Ning , Chen Yongliang , Luo S N , Zhao Yong
Published: February 2022

The relationship between anomalous pseudogap and superconducting states is a fascinating but controversial subject in high temperature superconductors. Here, we investigate the different quasiparticle dynamics with femtosecond transient optical spectroscopy in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
at 3–250 K. Below T
c, these results reveal the coexistence of the anomalous pseudogap and superconducting states. On the basis of the Mattis–Bardeen formula for the Cooper-pairing superconducting gap and the Kabanov model for the pseudogap state, the measurements yield a temperature-dependent superconducting gaps and two temperature-independent pseudogaps below and above the superconducting transition T
c. Above the superconducting transition temperature, the pseudogap state can be explained as an incipient condensation of Cooper pairs with short coherence length. The quasiparticle dynamics in the superconducting and pseudogap states are correlated well with electron–phonon interaction characteristics.
Light Sterile Neutrinos
Authors: Gariazzo Stefano
Published: February 2022

We review the status of light sterile neutrino searches, motivated by the original Short BaseLine (SBL) anomalies. Here, we discuss how sterile neutrino properties can be constrained by different types of neutrino oscillation experiments (considering appearance or disappearance probes in different oscillation channels) and non-oscillation measurements. These latter include experiments aiming at obtaining a value for the absolute scale of neutrino masses (β decay probes) and the indirect constraints that we could obtain from cosmological observations.
Massive neutrino self-interactions and the Hubble tension
Authors: Choudhury Shouvik Roy , Hannestad Steen , Tram Thomas
Published: February 2022

We consider flavour independent neutrino self-interactions among massive neutrinos mediated by a heavy scalar against cosmological data. Such a model had previously shown to have potential in completely resolving the Hubble tension for the very strong interaction case with coupling strength ∼ 109 times the Fermi constant, by delaying the onset of neutrino free-streaming until matter-radiation equality. Our cosmological model consists of a total nine parameters which includes the six ACDM parameters and three parameters related to neutrinos: sum of neutrino masses (Σmν
), neutrino energy density (Neff
), and the effective coupling strength, log10 [GeffMeV2]. With the latest CMB data from the Planck 2018 data release as well as auxiliary data, we find that the region in parameter space with such strong interactions is still present in the posterior distribution. However, high-l polarisation data from the Planck 2018 release disfavours this strongly interacting mode even though it cannot yet be excluded. Our resuts show that the neutrino mass bounds obtained from cosmological data remain robust against when considering neutrino self-interactions. We also find that the high-l polarisation data also does not allow for high values of H
0 that can solve the current Hubble discrepancy, i.e. this model is not a viable solution to the same.
Crystal responses to general dark matter-electron interactions
Authors: Urdshals Einar
Published: February 2022

In [1] we develop a non-relativistic effective field theory (NR-EFT) based framework with which rates of dark matter (DM) induced electron hole pair creation in silicon and germanium crystals can be obtained for any form of non-relativistic DM-electron interactions with spin 1/2 DM. We find that the crystal physics is captured by 5 crystal response functions, 4 of which are novel to that work, and we evaluate them using a state of the art DFT calculation.
MADMAX: a QCD dark matter axion direct-detection experiment
Authors: Lee Chang , LiJ Xiaoyue , Strom Derek , Reimann Olaf
Published: February 2022

Peccei and Quinn proposed axions to solve the strong CP problem. Axions later turned out to be an excellent candidate for cold dark matter. They may have a mass of around 100 μeV if generated after cosmic inflation. The MADMAX collaboration aims to detect post-inflationary QCD axion using a new detector concept, the dielectric haloscope. It detects axion-induced traveling waves from boundaries of different media, boosted by layers of dielectrics. We report the current progress and future measurement plan for a proof-of-principle setup. We also report the current development of the prototype detector and the full MADMAX experiment.
First observation and analysis of DANCE: Dark matter Axion search with riNg Cavity Experiment
Authors: Oshima Yuka , Fujimoto Hiroki , Ando Masaki , Fujita Tomohiro , Kume Jun’ya , Michimura Yuta , Morisaki Soichiro , Nagano Koji , Nakatsuka Hiromasa , Nishizawa Atsushi , Obata Ippei , Watanabe Taihei
Published: February 2022

Dark matter Axion search with riNg Cavity Experiment (DANCE) was proposed to search for axion dark matter [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161301 (2018)]. We aim to detect the rotation and oscillation of optical linear polarization caused by axion-photon coupling with a bow-tie cavity. DANCE can improve the sensitivity to axion-photon coupling constant gaγ

for axion mass ma < 10−10 eV by several orders of magnitude compared to the best upper limits at present. A prototype experiment DANCE Act-1 is ongoing to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and to investigate technical noises. The optics was assembled and the performance of the cavity was evaluated. The first 12-day observation was successfully performed in May 2021. We reached

3
×

10

−
6

rad
/

Hz

at 10 Hz in the one-sided amplitude spectral density of the rotation angle of linear polarization.
New Results from a Three-Year Annual Modulation Search with COSINE-100
Authors: Thompson WG
Published: February 2022

COSINE-100 is a direct detection dark matter experiment that is testing DAMA/LIBRA’s claim of dark matter discovery. Located in South Korea’s Yangyang underground laboratory, C0SINE-100 comprises 106 kg of sodium iodide detectors surrounded by a ∼2000 L liquid scintillator veto. In this talk, I will present new results from an annual modulation search using three years of data and the impact on DAMA/LIBRA’s discovery claim. I will also discuss improvements over our previous modulation analysis, including lowering the analysis threshold to 1 keV and the development of a more robust time-dependent background model. In addition, I will review ongoing R&D projects for, and the physics reach of future phases of the experiment.
Ultralight dark matter: constraints from gravitational waves and other astrophysical observations
Authors: Poddar Tanmay Kumar
Published: February 2022

The orbital period loss of the compact binary systems is the first indirect evidence of gravitational waves which agrees well with Einstein’s general theory of relativity to a very good accuracy. However, there is less than one percent uncertainty in the measurement of orbital period loss from the general reltivistic prediction. Perihelion precession of planets, Gravitational light bending and Shapiro delay are three other successful tests of general relativity theory. Though there are uncertainties in the measurements of those observations from the general reltivistic predictions as well. To resolve these uncertainties, we assume radiation of ultralight axions and light gauge boson particles of L
i
– Lj
type from those systems which can be a possible candidate of fuzzy dark matter. In this article, we obtain bounds on new physics parameters from those astrophysical observations.
Searching for Dark Matter with the PADME experiment
Authors: Oceano Isabella
Published: February 2022

The great success of the Standard Model has reached its maximum with the Higgs boson discovery. However, several anomalies observed in the universe when applying the gravitational theory, lead to believe that the visible matter is not the only constituent of the universe. A new matter component, called dark matter, must be introduced through an extension of the Standard Model. A simple scenario consisting in adding a new gauge symmetry U
D (1) and, as a consequence, a new (massive) gauge boson, the dark photon A′. PADME is a new experiment of the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati searching for the A′, decaying invisibly, produced in the fixed target annihilation e+e
− → γA′. The technique used by the experiment to probe the dark photon hypothesis is the missing mass method. The PADME experiment took data in two runs. Some preliminary highlights from the ongoing data analysis effort are presented.
The impact of operator interference and target complementarity in dark matter direct detection experiments
Authors: Brenner Anja , Herrera Gonzalo , Ibarra Alejandro , Kang Sunghyun , Rappelt Andreas , Scopel Stefano , Tomar Gaurav
Published: February 2022

We present a method to determine the limits on the DM-nucleon interaction strengths for one experiment in the non-relativistic effective theory by taking the interference of operators into account. Further, we extend the method to combine several experiments. To apply the developed methods, we use data from the XENON1T and PICO6O collaborations. The relaxation caused by the interference among operators can be up to four orders of magnitude. The strengthening of the limits by combining the analysis of both experiments can be up to four orders of magnitude.
Skipper CCDs for the search of a daily modulation of Dark Matter signal in the DMSQUARE experiment
Authors: Ávalos N. , Arnaldi H , Artola I , Bertou X , Estrada E , Gómez Berisso M , Lovino M B , Mantiñan M , Haro M Sofo , Tiffenberg J , Estrada J , Yu T-T , Essig R , Emken T
Published: February 2022

The Dark Matter Daily Modulation experiment (DMSQUARE) seeks for dark matter interactions with a Skipper CCD. It is currently running at surface level in Bariloche, Argentina, and will be moved to a shallow underground site at Sierra Grande, Argentina in November 2021. The low threshold achieved by Skipper CCDs allows to search for electron recoil events with an ionization energy down to 1.2 eV. In order to extract a potential dark matter signal from noise at the single electron level, we propose to search for a diurnal modulation of events, resulting from the potential interaction of the dark matter wind with the particles in the Earth. Depending on the model, mass and cross-section, this modulation can be maximum at 40deg of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere, where DMSQUARE is operated. In this article we present the experiment, report preliminary results with a prototype Skipper CCD taking data at surface level and comment on future prospects.
Finding the Ultralight Boson from a Black Hole’s Ringdown
Authors: Gais Joseph , Chung Adrian Ka-Wai , Cheung Mark Ho-Yeuk , Li Tjonnie G.F.
Published: February 2022

Solving the problem of dark matter remains one of the greatest unsolved mystery of fundamental physics. One possible dark matter candidate is the scalar ultralight boson, with mass « 1eV. If they exist, ultralight bosons will form clouds of significant total mass about rotating black holes, affecting the spacetime around the black hole. After the inspiral phase of a binary merger, the bosonic cloud can affect the perturbations to the black hole, resulting in deviations in the quasinormal mode frequencies of the ringdown signal of a binary merger. Here, we compute these shifts in the gravitational quasinormal mode frequencies for such a system, and conduct an injection campaign with supermassive black holes detected by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. We find that detections of the ringdown phase of supermassive black holes can rule out or confirm the existence of cloud-forming ultralight bosons of mass ∼ 10−18eV at redshift z > 1 if cloud dissipation effects during the inspiral can be neglected.
The search of higher multipole radiation in gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences by a minimally-modelled pipeline
Authors: Halim O. , Vedovato G. , Milotti E. , Prodi G. A. , Bini S. , Drago M. , Gayathri V. , Lazzaro C. , Lopez D. , Miani A. , O’Brien B. , Salemi F. , Szczepanczyk M. , Tiwari S. , Virtuoso A. , Klimenko S.
Published: February 2022

The coherent WaveBurst (cWB) pipeline implements a minimally-modelled search to find a coherent response in the network of gravitational wave detectors of the LIGO-Virgo Col-laboration in the time-frequency domain. In this manuscript, we provide a timely introduction to an extension of the cWB analysis to detect spectral features beyond the main quadrupolar emission of gravitational waves during the inspiral phase of compact binary coalescences; more detailed discussion will be provided in a forthcoming paper [1]. The search is performed by defining specific regions in the time-frequency map to extract the energy of harmonics of main quadrupole mode in the inspiral phase. This method has already been used in the GW190814 discovery paper (Astrophys. J. Lett. 896 L44). Here we show the procedure to detect the (3, 3) multipole in GW190814 within the cWB framework.
High-Energy Neutrinos from Starburst galaxies: implications for neutrino astronomy
Authors: Ambrosone Antonio , Chianese Marco , Fiorillo Damiano F.G. , Marinelli Antonio , Miele Gennaro , Pisanti Ofelia
Published: February 2022

Starburst and Starforming galaxies are astrophysical sources characterised by an intense star-forming activity. They are reservoirs of cosmic rays and host a high density target gas in the central region called Starburst Nucleus (SBN). In this contribution, we present the results of two model studies regarding the high-energy neutrino production. For the first one, we perform a diffuse analysis. In particular, we consider a blending of spectral indexes and obtain a multi-component description of extragalactic background light (EGB), high energy starting events (HESE) and high-energy cascade IceCube data. Remarkably, we find that, differently from recent prototype scenarios, the spectral index blending allows starburst galaxies to account for up to 40% of the HESE events at 95.4% CL and favors a maximal energy of the accelerated cosmic rays at teens of PeV. For the second one, we present a point-like analysis regarding nearby SFGs. We apply the calorimetric approach to the known SBGs within 100 Mpc, considering, were possible, a source-by-source description of the star formation rate. These results are then compared with what IceCube has observed at TeV energies as well as with what can be expected from the incoming KM3NeT and IceCube gen 2.
On the interpretation of the latest AMS-02 cosmic ray electron spectrum
Authors: Donato Fiorenza
Published: February 2022

The latest AMS-02 data on cosmic ray electrons show a break in the energy spectrum around 40 GeV, with a change in the slope of about 0.1. We perform a combined fit to the newest AMS-02 positron and electron flux data above 10 GeV using a semi-analytical diffusion model where sources includes production of pairs from pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), electrons from supernova remnants (SNRs) and both species from spallation of hadronic cosmic rays with interstellar medium atoms. We demonstrate that within our setup the change of slope in the AMS-02 electron data is well explained by the interplay between the flux contributions from SNRs and from PWNe. In fact, the relative contribution to the data of these two populations changes by a factor of about 13 from 10 to 1000 GeV. The PWN contribution has a significance of at least 4σ, depending on the model used for the propagation, interstellar radiation field and energy losses. We checked the stability of this result against low-energy effects by solving numerically the transport equation, as well as adding possible breaks in the injection spectrum of SNRs. The effect of the energy losses alone, when the inverse Compton scattering is properly computed within a fully numerical treatment of the Klein-Nishina cross section, cannot explain the break in the e− flux data, as recently proposed in the literature.
Status and prospects of the CRAFFT project for the next generation UHECR observation
Authors: Ikeda Daisuke , Tameda Yuichiro , Tomida Takayuki , Yamazaki Katsuya , Kagitani Takashi , Shibata Norimichi , Nishio Eiji , Iwakura Hirokazu , Nakamura Yuya , Kubota Yuto , Saito Ryosuke
Published: February 2022

Recent observations by TA and Auger have advanced our understanding of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, but their origin is still unclear. As a future approach, it will be effective to obtain the directional energy spectra and compositional distributions by observing even larger statistics, and there are active discussions on future large-scale experiments. In order to realize such a huge observation area, the Cosmic Ray Air Fluorescence Fresnel lens Telescope (CRAFFT) project has started to develop a cost-effective fluorescence telescope with Fresnel lenses. We have succeeded in observing cosmic ray induced air showers by simultaneous observations with TA using prototype telescope. We are currently working on the development of an event reconstruction method using waveforms, optimization of the focal plane, development of a calibration system, and development of an autonomous observation system for future large-scale deployment. The current status and future prospects of the CRAFFT project are discussed.
Using PIC-MHD to model the interaction between an electron-positron beam and a thermal plasma
Authors: Marle Allard Jan van , Marcowith Alexandre , Plotnikov Illya , Guepin Claire
Published: February 2022

The origin of the gamma-ray halo around pulsars is associated with the reduced diffusivity of energetic particles responsible for gamma-ray emission with respect to the mean-free path they adopt in the interstellar medium. A possible explanation for this behaviour is that the energetic particles released from the pulsarwind termination shock themselves trigger the turbulence necessary to explain this reduced diffusivity. In order to test the ability of the electron-positron beam to trigger an efficient streaming instability we are in the process of conducting a series of b simulations using both the PIC-MHD technique to follow the evolution of both the electron-positron beam and the thermal background plasma and determine whether the beam can trigger the necessary instabilities. We find that the passage of the electron-positron beam through the thermal plasma triggers streaming instabilities that lead to local amplification of the magnetic field.
A generalization of the Scotogenic model
Authors: Escribano Pablo
Published: February 2022

The Scotogenic model is a radiative neutrino mass model able to induce Majorana neutrino masses at the 1-loop level and simultaneously include a dark matter candidate. In this work, we generalize the original Scotogenic model to arbitrary numbers of generations of the Scotogenic states. After that, we present the light neutrino mass matrix, with some details of its derivation, and provide a useful approximate expression as well. Finally, we numerically solve the Renormalization Group Equations to explore the high-energy behavior of the model. 1
KM3NeT: status and perspectives for neutrino astronomy from the MeV to the PeV
Authors: Celli Silvia
Published: February 2022

KM3NeT is a multi-purpose neutrino observatory, being currently deployed at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two detectors: ORCA and ARCA (for Oscillation and Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss, respectively). ARCA will instrument 1 Gton of seawater, with the primary goal of detecting cosmic neutrinos with energies between several tens of GeV and PeV. Due to its position in the Northern Hemisphere, ARCA will provide an optimal view of the Southern sky, including the Galactic Center. In April 2021, a major step has be taken in the construction of ARCA, bringing the number of detection lines from one to six. ORCA, also currently running in a six-string configuration, is a smaller (∼ few Mtons) and denser array, optimized for the detection of atmospheric neutrinos in the 1 — 100 GeV. It can also perform low-energy neutrino astronomy studies, e.g. searching for MeV-scale neutrinos expected at core-collapse supernovae. In this contribution, some of the key scientific cases in the field of neutrino astronomy are reviewed and perspectives for their investigation with KM3NeT are presented.
Exploring CEνNS of reactor neutrinos with the NUCLEUS experiment
Authors: Wagner V , Angloher G , Bento A , Canonica L , Cappella F , Cardani L , Casali N , Cerulli R , Colantoni I , Cruciani A , del Castello G , Erhart A , Friedl M , Garai A , Ghete V M , Goupy C , Guidi V , Hauff D , Kaznacheeva M , Kinast A , Klinkenberg L , Kluck H , Langenkamper A , Lasserre T , Lhuillier D , Mancuso M , Mauri B , Mazzolari A , Mazzucato E , Neyrial H , Nones C , Oberauer L , Onillon A , Ortmann T , Pattavina L , Petricca F , Potzel W , Pröbst F , Pucci F , Reindl F , Rogly R , Rothe J , Savu V , Schermer N , Schieck J , Schönert S , Schwertner C , Scola L , Stodolsky L , Strauss R , Tomei C , Mirbach K v , Vignati M , Vivier M , Wex A
Published: February 2022

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) offers a unique way to study neutrino properties and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. The NUCLEUS experiment aims to measure CEνNS of reactor anti-neutrinos down to unprecedented low nuclear recoil energies. The novel gram-scale cryogenic detectors feature an ultra-low energy threshold of ≤20eVnr and a rise time of a few 100 μs which allows the operation above ground. The fiducialization of the detectors provides an effective discrimination of ambient γ- and surface backgrounds. Furthermore, the use of multiple targets promises a high physics potential. The NUCLEUS experiment will be located at a new experimental site at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, providing a high anti-neutrino flux of

1.7
⋅

10

12

ν
¯

e

/
(
s
⋅

cm

2

)

. The commissioning of the experimental setup with a comprehensive background measurement is planned for 2022.
Primordial Black Holes evaporating on the neutrino floor
Authors: Calabrese Roberta
Published: February 2022

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are Black holes formed in the early universe. They evaporate emitting all the elementary particles whose mass is lower than the PBHs temperature. We focused on PBHs whose mass is the range [5 × 1014, 8 × 1015]g. We studied their neutrinos emission. These neutrinos can interact via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) producing a signal in multi-ton DM direct detection experiments. We show that is possible to set bounds on the PBHs abundance. This talk is based on Ref.[1].
Physics reach of the ESSnuSB experiment
Authors: Ghosh Monojit
Published: February 2022

ESSnuSB is a unique future proposed long-baseline experiment in Sweden to study neutrino oscillation by probing the second oscillation maximum. In this proceeding, we update the flux and efficiencies and re-calculate the sensitivity of ESSnuSB in the standard three flavour scenario. We find that it has excellent sensitivity to the Dirac CP phase δCP, moderate sensitivity to the mass hierarchy of the neutrinos and limited sensitivity to measure the octant of the atmospheric mixing angle θ
23. We also find that it has a very good sensitivity to constrain the atmospheric mass squared difference

|
Δ

m

31

2

|

.
Simulation of Nuclear Recoils due to Supernova Neutrino-induced Neutrons in Liquid Xenon Detectors
Authors: Ghosh Sayan , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit , Bhattacharjee Pijushpani , Chakraborty Sovan , Kar Kamales , Saha Satyajit
Published: February 2022

Neutrinos from supernova (SN) bursts can give rise to detectable number of nuclear recoil (NR) events through the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEυNS) process in large scale liquid xenon detectors designed for direct dark matter search, depending on the SN progenitor mass and distance. Here we show that in addition to the direct NR events due to CEvNS process, the SN neutrinos can give rise to additional nuclear recoils due to the elastic scattering of neutrons produced through inelastic interaction of the neutrinos with the xenon nuclei. We find that the contribution of the supernova neutrino-induced neutrons (υIn) can significantly modify the total xenon NR spectrum at large recoil energies compared to that expected from the CEυNS process alone. Moreover, for recoil energies ≳ 20 keV, dominant contribution is obtained from the (υIn) events. We numerically calculate the observable S1 and S2 signals due to both CEvNS and vIn processes for a typical liquid xenon based detector, accounting for the multiple scattering effects of the neutrons in the case of υIn, and find that sufficiently large signal events, those with S1≳50 photo-electrons (PE) and S2≳2300 PE, come mainly from the υIn scatterings.
Separation of the 235U and 239Pu Prompt Energy Spectra in NEOS-II
Authors: Kim Jinyu
Published: February 2022

The NEOS searches for sterile neutrinos by detecting reactor antineutrinos at a very short baseline in Korea. The NEOS detector (1-ton Gd-LS) is deployed at the tendon gallery of the Hanbit reactor unit 5 (2.8 GW thermal power), 23.7 m away from the reactor core. In NEOS-I, we measured the prompt energy spectrum from inverse beta decay using 180 days of reactor-on data and observed the “5 MeV excess”. To understand the origin of the “5 MeV excess”, NEOS-II has taken 368 (120) days of reactor-on (-off) data from September 2018 to October 2020, covering a whole burnup cycle of the reactor. We tested a method for the extraction of the prompt energy spectra for 235U and 239Pu from the whole burnup cycle using pseudo data.
Search for neutrino counterparts of LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave events
Authors: Unatlokov I B , Dzaparova I M , Kostyuk M G , Kochkarov M M , Kurenya A N , Novoseltsev Yu F , Novoseltseva R V , Petkov V B , Striganov P S , Yanin A F
Published: February 2022

The LIGO/Virgo collaborations have reported the results of their searches for gravitational-waves from the first half of their third observing run. 39 events were combined into the second Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-2), reaching the total number of 50. In addition to these, two neutron star - black hole merger events were also confirmed. The search for neutrino counterparts of LIGO/Virgo gravitational-wave events was performed on the Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope. The processing algorithm and the results of the counterpart search are described.
Status of AMoRE
Authors: Oh Yoomin
Published: February 2022

AMoRE is to search for neutrinoless double beta decay using Mo-100 enriched crystal scintillators at an ultra-low temperature. We have understood the major background sources and how they can be reduced from a pilot stage run in the Yangyang underground laboratory. AMoRE-I is currently running with twelve 48deplCa100MoO4 and five Li2
100MoO4 crystals with a total mass of enriched 100Mo 2.8 kg. The detector design for the main stage of the experiment, AMoRE-II, has been finalized and the detector is under construction in YemiLab, a new underground laboratory located in an iron mine with an average depth 2500 meter of water equivalent.
Tests of the Lorentz invariance violation in double-beta decay
Authors: Stoica Sabin
Published: February 2022

Testing the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) double-beta decay (DBD) is an interesting, recently opened topic, currently under investigation. Theoretically, LIV can be induced in this process by coupling neutrinos to the countershaded operator in the Standard Model extension (SME) theory, particularly to its time-like component, and could manifest as small perturbations in the shape of the energy spectra of electrons. In the absence of observation of such perturbations, one can constrain the values of the oscillation-free (of) coefficient

å

o

f

(
3
)

, that controlled the size of the LIV effects. Such investigations are currently been conducted in several DBD experiments and are based on theoretical predictions of the electron spectra and angular correlation between electrons in 2νββ decay. In this paper I first present some general considerations about DBD and then give a brief review of the current status of LIV searches in the study of this process.
Involving the new generations in particle physics endeavours
Authors: Barzi E , Bellettini G , Donati S , Pasciuto D
Published: February 2022

Since 1984 INFN and University of Pisa scientists performing experiments at Fermilab have been running a two-month summer training program for Italian students at the lab. In 1984 the program involved only a few physics students from the University of Pisa, but it was later extended to other INFN groups and to engineering students. Since 2004 the program has been supported in part by the US Department of Energy (DOE) in the frame of an exchange agreement with INFN and has been run by the Cultural Association of Italians at Fermilab (CAIF). In 2007 the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa) established an agreement with Fermilab to share the cost of four engineering students each year. In the almost 40 years of its history, the program has hosted at Fermilab approximately 550 Italian students from more than 20 Italian universities and from some non-Italian universities. In addition, in the years 2010-2019, with the support of the Italian National Institute of Astrophyics (INAF), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and CAIF, 30 students were hosted in other US laboratories and universities. The Fermilab training programs spanned from data analysis to design and construction of particle detectors and accelerator components, R/D on superconductive elements, theory of accelerators, and analysis of astrophysical data. At the other US laboratories the offered training was on Space Science. In 2015 the University of Pisa endorsed the program as one of its own Summer Schools. The interns are enrolled as Pisa students for the duration of the internship. They are required to write summary reports published in the Fermilab and University of Pisa web pages. Upon positive evaluation by a University board, students are acknowledged 6 ECTS credits. The entire program is expected to expand further under CAIF management. An agreement has been signed between ASI and CAIF, for ASI to support yearly three two-months fellowships in US space science. In the following we inform on student recruiting, training programs, and final evaluation
Outreach and educational activities of the ALICE collaboration during the COVID pandemic
Authors: Hatzifotiadou Despina
Published: February 2022

With the onset of the COVID pandemic in 2020 all outreach and educational activities with in-person participation had to stop. The ALICE Collaboration adapted to the new situation and continued reaching out to the public using the multitude of online tools and platforms available. Here we focus on two of our main outreach activities, virtual visits and masterclasses. With the cancellation of all in-person visits, virtual visits became the only way to explore the experiment. ALICE had already been offering virtual visits for remote audiences with equipment installed in the ALICE Run Control Centre (ARC). We recently acquired dedicated mobile equipment for the virtual visits to the cavern and developed a scenario which includes both the cavern and the ARC as well as a Q&A session. In this way, visitors from many countries have the opportunity to interact with scientists and to see parts of the experiment that they would never be able to see during a real visit. Concerning the International Masterclasses (IMC) programme, ALICE has been participating ever since measurements based on LHC data were introduced in it. The packages used had been developed by simplifying the ALICE event display and were based on ROOT. With the spreading of the COVID pandemic the 2020 IMC programme was interrupted. In 2021, with most activities taking place remotely, it was obvious that web-based versions were needed. The implementation of such versions allowed us to hold remote masterclasses for high-school students, thus ensuring the continuity of this important outreach activity of our community. In addition we reached new countries and also involved high-school teachers in this global effort.
Measurements and Simulation of background radiation for rare event search experiments at an underground laboratory
Authors: Ghosh Sayan , Dutta Shubham , Mondal Naba Kumar , Saha Satyajit
Published: February 2022

Experimental measurements and simulation of various radiation backgrounds at a new underground site have been presented. The experimental cosmic muon flux, measured at this site with the help of a muon telescope set-up, agree well with simulation results after accounting for the geometric effect of the detector assembly. The gamma ray background inside the laboratory space was measured to assess and optimize the required thickness of Lead for shielding. Neutrons, produced in the surrounding rock due to radioactive decay, followed by nuclear reactions with the rock constituents, and the faster neutrons, produced through interaction of the charged cosmic particles, propagate through the rock material to reach inside the laboratory. The neutron background flux was measured and GEANT4 simulations were carried out. The results were found to be in reasonable agreement with measurements.
The Sanford Underground Research Facility
Authors: Heise J
Published: February 2022

The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) has been operating since 2007 supporting underground research in rare-process physics, as well as offering research opportunities in other disciplines. SURF laboratory facilities include a Surface Campus as well as campuses at the 4850-foot level (1500 m, 4300 m.w.e.) that host a range of significant physics experiments, including the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment and the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment. The CASPAR nuclear astrophysics accelerator recently completed the first phase of operation. Furthermore, the BHUC laboratory dedicated to critical material assays for current and future experiments has been operating since Fall 2015. Construction is underway for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) that will host the international Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). SURF is a dedicated research facility with significant expansion capability, and applications from new experiments are welcome.
Deviation from tri-bimaximal mixing as a result of modification of Yukawa coupling structure of constrained sequential dominance
Authors: Ganguly Joy , Hundi Raghavendra Srikanth
Published: February 2022

Tri-bimaximal mixing (TBM) in the neutrino sector has been obtained in constrained sequential dominance where the Yukawa couplings of righ-handed neutrinos have some particular structure. Current neutrino oscillation data suggests that neutrino mixing should deviate from TBM mixing pattern. To explain it, we propose a phenomenological model by adding some small complex parameters to the Yukawa couplings of CSD. Using this we have shown that neutrino mixing angles can deviate from their TBM values. We justify the modified form of Yukawa couplings of our work by constructing a model based on flavor symmetry.
Evaluation of event reconstruction with small-scale water Cherenkov detectors
Authors: Yamauchi K. , Ishitsuka M. , Shinoki M. , Kuze M. , Hartz M.
Published: February 2022

The Hyper-Kamiokande experiment is planned to start in 2027 aiming for precise measurement of neutrino oscillation using J-PARC neutrino beam including the search for CP violation in the lepton sector. The Hyper-Kamiokande detector is a 260 kiloton water Cherenkov detector. In order to achieve the precision measurement, systematic uncertainties should be suppressed. For this purpose, a new 1 kiloton scale Intermediate Water Cherenkov Detector (IWCD) is proposed to measure the neutrino flux and interaction cross section near the generation point of the neutrino beam before oscillation. Water Cherenkov Test Experiment (WCTE) is a 50 ton scale water Cherenkov detector and currently under preparation to validate the performance of IWCD. WCTE will use new photosensor called multi-PMT and study the response of small water Cherenkov detectors to electron, muon, and hadron beams at CERN. The performance of event reconstruction with the IWCD and WCTE detectors is evaluated using simulation.
Characterization of the JUNO Large-PMT readout electronics
Authors: Jelmini Beatrice , Cerrone Vanessa , Coppi Alberto , Triozzi Riccardo
Published: February 2022

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a neutrino medium baseline experiment under construction in Southern China, expecting to begin data taking in 2023. JUNO is a liquid-scintillator-based detector with an active target mass of 20 kt and aims to detect and study electron antineutrinos from reactors to improve the knowledge in the field of neutrino oscillations. The scintillation light emitted by the interaction of an antineutrino in the detector is detected by a system of 17 612 20-inch Large-PMTs and 25 600 3-inch small-PMTs. The signal from the Large-PMTs is processed by the JUNO Large-PMT readout electronics, which consists of several hardware components and is partly placed underwater. Given the ambitious physics goals of JUNO, the electronic system has to meet specific requirements, and a thorough characterization is required. After describing the readout electronics, tests and results performed with a small-scale integration test facility at Laboratori Nazioni di Legnaro, Italy, are here presented and discussed.
Identification of the cosmogenic 11C background in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino
Authors: Porcelli Alessio
Published: February 2022

Borexino is a liquid scintillator detector situated underground in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Its physics program evolves around the study of solar and geo-neutrinos. By now, Borexino has measured neutrinos from the fusion processes in the pp chain and CNO cycle. Especially for the detection of pep and CNO neutrinos, an important background is formed by the cosmogenic radio-isotope 11C that is produced by muon spallation of 12C nuclei in the scintillator.

Given the comparatively long life time (30 mins) and high rate (30 cpd and 100 ton), dedicated veto strategies had to be developed to permit the detection of pep and CNO neutrinos. The present contribution presents two veto methods. One is the well-established Three-Fold Coincidence (TFC) technique that relies on time and space correlation of muons, spallation neutrons, and radioactive 11C decays; it has been used in different implementations in all former Borexino analyses. In addition, a newly devised algorithm searching for time-correlated bursts of 11C events will be presented, highlighting as well the potential gain from a combined application with the TFC technique.
Using isotopically enriched detectors to perform CEvNS measurements
Authors: Sanchez Garcia G.
Published: February 2022

We propose the use of an array of different isotopically enriched detectors for a precise measurement of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS). We show the impact that correlations between systematic uncertainties can have in different applications. Here we focus on testing the quadratic dependence in the number of neutrons of the CEvNS cross section, the determination of the neutron rms radius of target materials, and constraining Non-Standard Interactions. We exemplify our method with germanium based detectors, but the applicability can be extended to other technologies such as silicon and nickel.
The search for neutrinoless positron emitting electron capture (0υECβ
+) of 120Te with CUORE
Authors: Campani A
Published: February 2022

CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) is a tonne-scale experiment located at the LNGS with the main scientific goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in 130Te. The detector consists of TeO2 crystals operated as cryogenic calorimeters. The use of natural tellurium allows us to search for other isotopes rare decays. The neutrinoless positron emitting electron capture (0υECβ
+) of 120Te (natural abundance 0.09(1)%) has a clear signature from the 511-keV annihilation γ rays. We present an analysis of this process based on a new algorithm to perform the simultaneous spectral fit over five selected decay scenarios. Each scenario is characterized by a set of crystals simultaneously interested by a detectable energy release. We describe the background structure modeling and tests of linearity we performed on the fit algorithm. We finally present the limit setting sensitivity and the next steps of this study, including systematics accounting.
What is a breakdown of continuous component hidden under 4.4-MeV gamma-ray peak from the AmBe source?
Authors: Wada Kohei , Minamino Akihiro , Ito Hiroshi , Ommura Yuga , Ishitsuka Masaki , Yano Takatomi
Published: February 2022

Americium-Beryllium (AmBe) is a typical source to be use for a calibration of neutron detection efficiency in underground astroparticle physics experiments. It has been considered to emit a neutron and a 4.4 MeV gamma ray simultaneously, which allows us to select events with a neutron by tagging the 4.4 MeV gamma-ray signal. This time, we focus on the component of high energy tail above 4.4 MeV peak in a deposited energy distribution, under the measurement with inorganic scintillators. In neutron tagging technique with AmBe surrounded by BGO for gamma tagging, there is a possibility of underestimating the tagging efficiency when there are neutrons stopped at BGO. We aim to understand the breakdown of component of the high energy tail from AmBe to contribute reduction of a systematic uncertainty related to the neutron detection efficiency for the astroparticle physics. We will present a result of measurements for neutrons and gamma rays using NaI(Tl) and liquid scintillation detectors.
Operation update and Calibration plan for the Scintillating Bubble Chamber (SBC) Collaboration’s 10-kg LAr detector at Fermilab
Authors: Pal Sumanta
Published: February 2022

The Scintillating Bubble Chamber (SBC) Collaboration is developing a novel detection technique aimed at detecting low-mass (0.7-7 GeV/c2) WIMP interactions and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEυNS) of reactor neutrinos. Using a target volume composed of super-heated argon with a tiny amount of dissolved xenon, the nucleation signal from electron recoils (the limiting factor for low-threshold studies in bubble chambers) is suppressed, allowing for the exploration of new parameter space. Particle interactions with the target fluid can lead to the production of heat (bubbles) and scintillation light. By combining these observables, the SBC Collaboration is aiming to reach a threshold of 100 eV for nuclear recoil detection with discrimination, to be demonstrated for the first time in a 10-kg device at Fermilab.

In this paper, the current activities at Fermilab towards the commissioning and operation of the detector will be presented as well as the calibration run plan, which aims to measure the response of this chamber to both electron- and nuclear-recoils at the target 100 eV threshold.