bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐fraction image‐guided robotic radiosurgery efficiently controls local prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Spek A. , Graser A. , Habl G. , Muacevic A. , Fuerweger C. , Seitz M. , Haidenberger A.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To assess the therapeutic potential of single‐fraction robotic stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer (PC) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Materials and methods

We included 35 patients with biochemical failure after RP with single‐site local recurrence in the prostate bed diagnosed by PSMA PET/CT. About 20/35 pts had previously received post‐surgical adjuvant radiation therapy.

High‐resolution multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for exact visualization of tumor tissue was performed at 1.5 (n = 23; Siemens Magnetom Aera) or 3 Tesla (n = 12; Siemens Magnetom VIDA, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). Using the MRI and PET/CT dataset for planning, SABR was carried out after ultrasound‐guided placement of a single gold fiducial marker at the site of tumor recurrence using a CyberKnife M6 unit (Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, USA). Due to the high diagnostic accuracy of PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI, pre‐SABR biopsy of tumor tissue was not deemed necessary. PSMA PET/CT performed in median 88 days before SABR confirmed the absence of distant metastases. MpMRI was performed at a median of 22 days prior to the intervention. SABR was performed in a single fraction with a dose of 20 (5/35), 21 (27/35) or 22 (3/35) Gy. Follow‐up serum PSA was measured every 3 months thereafter.

Results

Median patient age was 72 years (57‐80 years) and median time from RP to SABR was 96.8 months (IQR, 69.3‐160.2). Median serum PSA before SABR was 1.38 ng/mL (IQR 0.75‐2.72). At 3 months, median PSA had dropped significantly in 27/35 patients to a median of 0.35 ng/mL (IQR 0.25‐0.68). At 6 months, 30/35 patients showed biochemical response to SABR, while five patients were progressing: three had systemic disease on PSMA PET/CT, while two patients had rising PSA values without a visible correlate on PET/CT. The median follow‐up time was 16 months. Grade 1 genitourinary (GU) toxicity was reported in 3/35 patients (9%) and grade 1 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity in 2/35 patients (6%), respectively.

Conclusion

SABR is an efficient new treatment option in the management of single‐site local recurrent PC without the evidence of systemic disease; due to its very low toxicity, it is an alternative to surgical re‐treatment or other focal therapies. It can significantly delay the onset of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy.
Effects of stakeholder pressure, managerial perceptions, and resource availability on sustainable operations adoption
Authors: Jiao Jinxia , Liu ChenGuang , Xu Yan
Published: August 2020

This study aims to examine how stakeholder pressure, managerial perceptions, and resource availability influence the adoption of sustainable operations (SO) in Chinese manufacturing firms. A conceptual model is proposed on the basis of relevant literature and tested using structural equation model (SEM) with data from 217 Chinese manufacturing firms. The results show that stakeholder pressure is grouped into three categories: governmental pressure, primary stakeholder pressure, and secondary stakeholder pressure. Among the three kinds of stakeholder pressure, only primary stakeholder pressure can significantly affect SO adoption. Moreover, the results reveal that managerial perceptions of SO and resource availability significantly influence the adoption of SO. Additionally, the results indicate that the relationship between resource availability and SO adoption is partially mediated by managerial perceptions of SO and that the relationship between primary stakeholder pressure and SO adoption is fully mediated by managerial perceptions of SO. This study provides some implications for both policy makers and firm managers and meanwhile suggests limitations and opportunities for future research.
Rates of primary and secondary treatments for patients on active surveillance for localized prostate cancer—A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Matta Rano , Hird Amanda E. , Dvorani Erind , Saskin Refik , Nason Gregory J. , Kulkarni Girish , Kodama Ronald T. , Herschorn Sender , Nam Robert K.
Published: August 2020

Background

The rate of primary and secondary treatment while on active surveillance (AS) for localized prostate cancer at the general population level is unknown. Our objective was to determine the patterns of secondary treatments after primary surgery or radiation for patients who undergo AS.

Methods

This was a population‐based retrospective cohort study of men aged 50‐80 years old in Ontario, Canada, between 2008 and 2016. We identified 26 742 patients with prostate cancer, a Gleason grade score ≤7, and an index prostate‐specific antigen ≤10 ng/mL. Patients were categorized as undergoing AS with or without delayed primary treatment (DT; treatment >6 months after diagnosis) versus immediate treatment (IT; treatment ≤6 months). Patients receiving DT and IT were propensity score matched and the rate of secondary treatment (surgery or radiation ± androgen deprivation treatment) was compared using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

We identified 10 214 patients who underwent AS and 11 884 patients who underwent IT. Among patients undergoing AS, 3724 (36.5%) eventually underwent DT and among them, 406 (10.9%) underwent secondary treatment. The median time to DT was 1.2 years (IQR 0.5‐8.1 years). The relative rate of undergoing secondary treatment was similar in the DT vs IT group (HR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.79‐1.08). The risk of death in the DT group was higher compared to patients who did not undergo treatment (HR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.49).

Conclusions

Among patients with localized prostate cancer on AS, one third undergo DT. The rate of secondary treatment was similar between the DT and IT groups. Patients in the DT group may experience a higher risk of mortality compared to those who remained on AS.
Psychologically informed practice (PIP) within the offender personality disorder pathway: Towards establishing an evidence base for approved premises
Authors: Bruce Matthew , Patel Shivani , Stevens Peter
Published: August 2020

The United Kingdom (UK) government has commissioned numerous interventions across all stages of the criminal justice pathway for managing offenders likely to have a personality disorder, with the intention to reduce reoffending, improve psychological wellbeing, and develop workforce capabilities. Psychologically Informed Practice (PIP) models underpin these. To evaluate a modified PIP model within the post‐imprisonment community stage of the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway, specifically workforce development, within all London (UK) probation supervised hostels (approved premises), we used both non‐equivalent control group and pre‐post repeated measure designs to compare changes in staff and offender outcomes before and after introduction of a PIP model across all 12 London approved premises. Findings revealed statistically significant improvements in a number of workforce outcomes (measured using the Personality Disorder ‐ Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills Questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Inventory) which were moderated by age and gender. Data did not support associated improvements in resident offender outcomes (progressive moves, rearrests/reoffences, or breaches leading to recalls). The modified PIP is an effective intervention model for improving some workforce outcomes among probation supervised hostel staff, particularly for women, but our findings suggest that intervention development may be required for significant improvements to be observed in resident offending outcomes. In addition, further research is necessary to determine the longer term effects of PIP on absenteeism, employee turnover, quality of resident‐staff interactions, and overall culture change among staff working within the post‐imprisonment community stage of the OPD pathway.
Modelling method of data‐driven model combined with a priori knowledge and its application in average particle size estimation of composite colloidal sols
Authors: Zhou Yang , Li Shaojun
Published: August 2020

A universally applicable hybrid modelling method is proposed for nonlinear industrial processes that combine the a priori process knowledge with a data‐driven model. This method constructs a unified framework for the modelling process by integrating a data‐driven modelling technique, sampling detection technique, constraint optimization problem, and an evolutionary algorithm. In the modelling process, a swarm intelligence algorithm is used to optimize the model parameters under the circumstances of satisfying the constraints of a priori knowledge. By adding the constraints of process a priori knowledge, more information can be obtained about the actual process and the over‐fitting problem can be avoided to some extent, especially when modelling a system with a small quantity of samples. In order to show the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper, two general data‐driven models, the polynomial regression model and radial basis function network model, are used as case studies. Moreover, a function simulation experiment is designed to test effectiveness, and applied to estimate average particle size of ZrO2‐TiO2 composite colloidal sols.
KAMTheorem with Normal Frequencies of FiniteLimit‐Pointsfor Some Shallow Water Equations
Authors: Yuan Xiaoping
Published: August 2020

By constructing an infinite‐dimensional KAM theorem of the normal frequencies being dense at a finite point, we show that some shallow water equations such as the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony equation and the generalizedd‐dimensional Pochhammer‐Chree equation subject to some boundary conditions possess many (a family of initial values of positive Lebesgue measure of finite dimension) smooth solutions that are quasi‐periodic in time . © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
The Effect of the Structural‐Phase State and Diffusion Processes on Electrical Conductivity of Nanocrystalline FexCo100−x/Cu/ FexCo100−x Thin Films (0 < x < 100)
Authors: Saltykov Dmytro , Shumakova Natalia , Pazukha Iryna , Shkurdoda Yurii , Protsenko Serhii
Published: August 2020

The complex investigation of the crystal, diffusion processes, and electrical conductivity of FexCo100−x (0 < x < 100) film alloys and FexCo100−x/Cu/FexCo100−x/Sub three‐layer films with a ferromagnetic layer thickness dF = 20–50 nm and a nonmagnetic layer thickness dN = 2–30 nm has been carried out. For both as‐deposited and annealed at 700 K films at x = 50, 80 at%, the phase composition corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x (single‐layer films) or bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐solid solution of Fe and Co atoms that isomorphically replace each other in the Cu lattice (three‐layer film). At x = 20 at%, the phase composition of as‐deposited single‐layer films corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x + hcp‐Co and bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐Cu + hcp‐Co in the case of three‐layer films. After heat treatment at 700 K, the phase composition corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐Co (single‐layer films) and bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐s.s. Cu (Fe, Co) (three‐layer film). For three‐layer samples with dF = 30–50 nm, dN = 10–30 nm, annealing at 700 K does not lead to complete mixing of the layers, their original order is preserved. In the temperature dependence of the resistivity, three characteristic regions, where the various electron scattering mechanisms dominate, are distinguished and grounded.
Multiple colonization and dispersal events hide the early origin and induce a lack of genetic structure of the moss Bryum argenteum in Antarctica
Authors: Zaccara Serena , Patiño Jairo , Convey Peter , Vanetti Isabella , Cannone Nicoletta
Published: August 2020

The dispersal routes of taxa with transoceanic disjunctions remain poorly understood, with the potential roles of Antarctica not yet demonstrated. Mosses are suitable organisms to test direct intra‐Antarctic dispersal, as major component of the extant Antarctic flora, with the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum as ideal target species. We analyzed the genetic structure of B. argenteum to provide an evolutionary time frame for its radiation and shed light into its historical biogeography in the Antarctic region. We tested two alternative scenarios: (a) intra‐Antarctic panmixia and (b) intra‐Antarctic genetic differentiation. Furthermore, we tested for evidence of the existence of specific intra‐Antarctic dispersal routes. Sixty‐seven new samples (40 collected in Antarctica) were sequenced for ITS nrDNA and rps4 cpDNA regions, and phylogenetic trees of B. argenteum were constructed, with a focus on its Southern Hemisphere. Combining our new nrDNA dataset with previously published datasets, we estimated time‐calibrated phylogenies based on two different substitution rates (derived from angiosperms and bryophytes) along with ancestral area estimations. Minimum spanning network and pairwise genetic distances were also calculated. B. argenteum was potentially distributed across Africa and Antarctica soon after its origin. Its earliest intra‐Antarctic dispersal and diversification occurred during a warming period in the Pliocene. On the same timescale, a radiation took place involving a dispersal event from Antarctica to the sub‐Antarctic islands. A more recent event of dispersal and diversification within Antarctica occurred during a warm period in the Pleistocene, creating favorable conditions also for its colonization outside the Antarctic continent worldwide. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that contemporary populations of B. argenteum in Antarctica integrate a history of both multiple long‐range dispersal events and local persistence combined with in situ diversification. Our data support the hypothesis that B. argenteum has been characterized by strong connectivity within Antarctica, suggesting the existence of intra‐Antarctic dispersal routes.
“Into and Out of” the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and the Himalayas: Centers of origin and diversification across five clades of Eurasian montane and alpine passerine birds
Authors: Päckert Martin , Favre Adrien , Schnitzler Jan , Martens Jochen , Sun Yue‐Hua , Tietze Dieter Thomas , Hailer Frank , Michalak Ingo , Strutzenberger Patrick
Published: August 2020

Encompassing some of the major hotspots of biodiversity on Earth, large mountain systems have long held the attention of evolutionary biologists. The region of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) is considered a biogeographic source for multiple colonization events into adjacent areas including the northern Palearctic. The faunal exchange between the QTP and adjacent regions could thus represent a one‐way street (“out of” the QTP). However, immigration into the QTP region has so far received only little attention, despite its potential to shape faunal and floral communities of the QTP. In this study, we investigated centers of origin and dispersal routes between the QTP, its forested margins and adjacent regions for five clades of alpine and montane birds of the passerine superfamily Passeroidea. We performed an ancestral area reconstruction using BioGeoBEARS and inferred a time‐calibrated backbone phylogeny for 279 taxa of Passeroidea. The oldest endemic species of the QTP was dated to the early Miocene (ca. 20 Ma). Several additional QTP endemics evolved in the mid to late Miocene (12–7 Ma). The inferred centers of origin and diversification for some of our target clades matched the “out of Tibet hypothesis’ or the “out of Himalayas hypothesis” for others they matched the “into Tibet hypothesis.” Three radiations included multiple independent Pleistocene colonization events to regions as distant as the Western Palearctic and the Nearctic. We conclude that faunal exchange between the QTP and adjacent regions was bidirectional through time, and the QTP region has thus harbored both centers of diversification and centers of immigration.
Historian's pasts and scenario planning: Commentary on Schoemaker 2020
Authors: McDonald David MacLaren
Published: August 2020

Schoemaker's paper makes a strong case for the adoption of historical methods and perspectives in the practice of scenario planning. The discipline's attention to complex causation, change processes, and continuity/change across time offers a balance and richness to scenarios, while its emphasis on narratives helps anticipate the range of views and expectations among participants in the planning process, enriching it in the process.
Effect of fish oil and telmisartan on dehydroepiandrosterone‐induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats: The role of oxidative stress, transforming growth factor beta‐1, and nuclear factor kappa B
Authors: Kabel Ahmed M. , Ashour Ahmed M. , Omar Mohamed S. , Estfanous Remon S.
Published: August 2020

Our aim was to explore the effect of telmisartan and/or fish oil on dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)‐induced PCOS in rats. Sixty female rats were divided into six equal groups as follows: Control; DHEA‐induced PCOS; DHEA + Telmisartan; DHEA + Fish oil; DHEA + Carboxymethyl cellulose; and DHEA + Telmisartan +Fish oil group. Plasma sex hormones, anthropometric measurements, and the glycemic indices were measured. Tissue oxidative stress parameters and the proinflammatory cytokines were assessed. The ovaries were subjected to histopathological and electron microscopic examination. Telmisartan and/or fish oil induced significant improvement of insulin resistance with amelioration of oxidative stress and inflammation compared to PCOS group. Also, telmisartan and/or fish oil restored the hormonal levels and the anthropometric measurements to the normal values. This was significant with telmisartan/fish oil combination compared to the use of each of these agents alone. In conclusion, this combination may represent a promising hope for amelioration of PCOS.
Lightning for Energy and Material Uses: A Structured Review
Authors: Helman Daniel S.
Published: August 2020

The average atmospheric charge density of Earth is neutral. Charge built up from thunderstorms and lightning phenomena is offset by oceanic surface charging, and offers a source of energy that has not been harnessed broadly. Unfortunately, the total terrestrial energy of the Earth’s atmospheric electrical system is modest (250–500 MW) compared to industrial requirements: Innovations are likely to offer improvements to societal efficiency rather than broad transformations. Direct capture systems located in places with very high occurrence of lightning discharge can generate ≈1 kWh per year on average. Material processing via triggered lightning is limited to techniques that utilize rapid discharges, e.g., metal and glass preprocessing of materials, waste volume reduction, biomass energy conversion, where current prices make plasma‐arc processes prohibitive. Triggered lightning may be used to assist blasting of mountain rock; or as a high‐voltage input for processes such as nuclear fusion. Passive collection of atmospheric electricity is modest but may be used in urban agriculture to increase biomass production. Thunderstorm charge‐separation processes suggest a new class of electricity generators based on kinetic energy and material collision. Ball lightning suggests additional research in dusty plasmas. These methods are all at proof‐of‐concept or early translation stages.
Spontaneous remission of rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion in radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Imai Kazuto , Sakamoto Hiromasa , Akahane Mizuho , Nakashima Masakazu , Fujimoto Takeru , Aoyama Teruyoshi
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The SpaceOAR® hydrogel system separates the prostate and rectum to reduce rectal irradiation during prostate radiotherapy. However, it could induce rectal toxicity.

Case presentation

A 75‐year‐old man with localized prostate cancer underwent external beam radiotherapy with the use of SpaceOAR® System. However, postimplant magnetic resonance imaging showed hydrogel infiltration to the rectum. Three months after implantation, he complained of bowel symptoms, including bloody stool. Colonofiberscopy and computed tomography revealed a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion. He was treated with fasting, fluid replacement, and blood transfusion. One year after implantation, complete healing was confirmed during outpatient follow‐up.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion assessed by magnetic resonance imaging beforehand. Postimplant magnetic resonance imaging evaluation might be a useful follow‐up tool in such cases.
Multi‐scale simulation reveals that an amino acid substitution increases photosensitizing reaction inputs in Rhodopsins
Authors: Hernández‐Rodríguez Erix W. , Escorcia Andrés M. , van der Kamp Marc W. , Montero‐Alejo Ana L. , Caballero Julio
Published: August 2020

Evaluating the availability of molecular oxygen (O2) and energy of excited states in the retinal binding site of rhodopsin is a crucial challenging first step to understand photosensitizing reactions in wild‐type (WT) and mutant rhodopsins by absorbing visible light. In the present work, energies of the ground and excited states related to 11‐cis‐retinal and the O2 accessibility to the β‐ionone ring are evaluated inside WT and human M207R mutant rhodopsins. Putative O2 pathways within rhodopsins are identified by using molecular dynamics simulations, Voronoi‐diagram analysis, and implicit ligand sampling while retinal energetic properties are investigated through density functional theory, and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methods. Here, the predictions reveal that an amino acid substitution can lead to enough energy and O2 accessibility in the core hosting retinal of mutant rhodopsins to favor the photosensitized singlet oxygen generation, which can be useful in understanding retinal degeneration mechanisms and in designing blue‐lighting‐absorbing proteic photosensitizers.
Toward prediction of the precatalyst activation mechanism through the cross‐coupling reactions: Reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) in precatalyst of the type Pd‐PEPPSI
Authors: Ahmadvand Zeinab , Bayat Mehdi , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2020

Pd‐PEPPSI type complexes are widely used as precatalyst in a variety of organic reactions, including the Negishi, Kumada and Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. The aim of this research is to determine potential proposed reaction pathways 1, 2, or 2′ (See Schemes 1 and S1–S4) for Pd‐PEPPSI precatalyst activation in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent also in the gas phase at Cam‐B3LYP‐D3 method nominated among eight DFT methods examined. There is also investigation into the impact of promoter bases (NaOEt, NaOiPr, NaOtBu) on precatalyst activation of Pd‐PEPPSI. Eventually, the most favorable proposed reaction pathway and promoter base for reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) are predicted computationally. Notably, our findings are consistent with the organ Pd‐PEPPSI type complexes that offer increased catalytic activity and provide basic information in the presence of solvents designing the monoligated Pd(0)‐solvent.
Delineating the clinical spectrum of isolated methylmalonic acidurias: cblA and mut
Authors: Hörster Friederike , Tuncel Ali Tunç , Gleich Florian , Plessl Tanja , Froese Sean D. , Garbade Sven F. , Kölker Stefan , Baumgartner Matthias R. ,   Additional Contributors from E‐IMD
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Long‐term outcome is postulated to be different in isolated methylmalonic aciduria caused by mutations in the MMAA gene (cblA type) compared with methylmalonyl‐CoA mutase deficiency (mut), but case definition was previously difficult.

Method

Cross‐sectional analysis of data from the European Registry and Network for Intoxication type Metabolic Diseases (Chafea no. December 1, 2010).

Results

Data from 28 cblA and 95 mut patients in most cases confirmed by mutation analysis (including 4 new mutations for cblA and 19 new mutations for mut). Metabolic crisis is the predominant symptom leading to diagnosis in both groups. Biochemical disturbances during the first crisis were similar in both groups, as well as the age at diagnosis. Z scores of body height and body weight were similar in both groups at birth, but were significantly lower in the mut group at the time of last visit. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher in cblA; and as a consequence, chronic renal failure and related complications were significantly less frequent and renal function could be preserved even in older patients. Neurological complications were predominantly found in the mut subgroup. Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) levels in urine and plasma were significantly lower in cblA. 27/28 cblA patients were reported to be responsive to cobalamin, only 86% of cblA patients were treated with i.m. hydroxocobalamin. In total, 73% of cblA and 98% of mut patients followed a calculated diet with amino acid supplements in 27% (cblA) and 69% (mut). During the study interval, six patients from the mut group died, while all cblA patients survived.

Conclusion

Although similar at first, cblA patients respond to hydroxocobalamin treatment, subsequently show significantly lower levels of MMA and a milder course than mut patients.
International travel and political views
Authors: Litvin Stephen W. , Smith Wayne W.
Published: August 2020

This research note considers the relationship between international travel experience and one's political views. The findings reveal that those who travel internationally have strongly differentiated views from those who do not, but that these are neither necessarily more liberal nor conservative than those who have not traveled abroad.
Oncogenic mutations within the β3‐αC loop of EGFR/ERBB2/BRAF/MAP2K1 predict response to therapies
Authors: Zhang Biao , Chen Yongsheng , Dai Pingping , Yu Haoda , Ma Jianhui , Chen Chen , Zhang Yan , Guan Yanfang , Chen Rongrong , Liu Tao , Wang Jiayin , Yang Ling , Yi Xin , Xia Xuefeng , Ma Haitao
Published: August 2020

Background

β3‐αC loop is a highly conserved structural domain across oncogene families, which is a switch for kinase activity. There have been numerous researches on mutations within β3‐αC loop in EGFR, but relatively less in ERBB2, BRAF, and MAP2K1. In addition, previous studies mainly focus on β3‐αC deletion in EGFR, which is the most common type affecting kinase activity and driving lung cancer. Other mutation types are not well studied.

Methods

Here we analyzed the profile of β3‐αC loop mutations in a total of 10,000 tumor biopsy and/or ctDNA patient samples using hybridization capture‐based next‐generation sequencing.

Results

We identified 1616 mutations within β3‐αC loop in this cohort. Most mutations were located in EGFR, with less percentage in ERBB2, BRAF, and MAP2K1. EGFR β3‐αC deletions occurred at a high percentage of 96.7% and were all drug‐relevant. We also detected rare EGFR β3‐αC insertions and point mutations, most of which were related to EGFR TKIs resistance. ERBB2 β3‐αC deletions were only found in breast cancers and sensitive to EGFR/ERBB2 inhibitor. Moreover, BRAF and MAP2K1 mutations within β3‐αC loop also demonstrated drugs relevance.

Conclusion

Our study showed that oncogenic mutations within the β3‐αC loop of ERBB2, MAP2K1, and BRAF are analogous to that of EGFR, which have profound effect on drug response. Understanding the mutation profile within the β3‐αC loop is critical for targeted therapies.
Two rare PROX1 variants in patients with lymphedema
Authors: Ricci Maurizio , Amato Bruno , Barati Shila , Compagna Rita , Veselenyiova Dominika , Kenanoglu Sercan , Stuppia Liborio , Beccari Tommaso , Baglivo Mirko , Kurti Danjela , Krajcovic Juraj , Serrani Roberta , Dundar Munis , Basha Syed H. , Chiurazzi Pietro , Bertelli Matteo
Published: August 2020

Background

The PROX1 gene is specifically expressed in a subpopulation of endothelial cells that, by budding and sprouting, give rise to the lymphatic system. It also plays a critical role in neurogenesis and during development of many organs, such as the eye lens, liver, and pancreas.

Methods

We used next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to sequence the DNA of a cohort of 246 Italian patients with lymphatic malformations. We first investigated 29 known disease‐causing genes: 235 of 246 patients tested negative and were then retested for a group of candidate genes, including PROX1, selected from a database of mouse models. The aim of the study was to define these patients’ genotypes and explore the role of the candidate gene PROX1 in lymphedema.

Results

Two of 235 probands were found to carry rare heterozygous missense variants in PROX1. In silico analysis of these variants—p.(Leu590His) and p.(Gly106Asp)—indicates that the overall protein structure was altered by changes in interactions between nearby residues, leading to functional protein defects.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that PROX1 is a new candidate gene for predisposition to lymphedema.
The z‐sbDBA, a new concept for a dynamic sheet‐based fluence field modulator in x‐ray CT
Authors: Huck Sascha Manuel , Fung George S. K. , Parodi Katia , Stierstorfer Karl
Published: August 2020

Purpose

We present a new concept for dynamic fluence field modulation (FFM) in x‐ray computed tomography (CT). The so‐called z‐aligned sheet‐based dynamic beam attenuator (z‐sbDBA) is developed to dynamically compensate variations in patient attenuation across the fan beam and the projection angle. The goal is to enhance image quality and to reduce patient radiation dose.

Methods

The z‐sbDBA consists of an array of attenuation sheets aligned along the direction. In neutral position, the array is focused toward the focal spot. Tilting the z‐sbDBA defocuses the sheets, thus reducing the transmission for larger fan beam angles. The structure of the z‐sbDBA significantly differs from the previous sheet‐based dynamic beam attenuator (sbDBA) in two features: (a) The sheets of the z‐sbDBA are aligned parallel to the detector rows, and (b) the height of the sheets increases from the center toward larger fan beam angles. We built a motor actuated prototype of the z‐sbDBA integrated into a clinical CT scanner. In experiments, we investigated its feasibility for FFM. We compared the z‐sbDBA to common CT bowtie filters in terms of the spectral dependency of the transmission and possible image variance distribution in reconstructed phantom images. Additionally, the potential radiation dose saving using z‐sbDBA for region‐of‐interest (ROI) imaging was studied.

Results

Our experimental results confirm that the z‐sbDBA can realize variable transmission profiles of the radiation fluence by only small tilts. Compared to the sbDBA, the z‐sbDBA can mitigate some practical and mechanical issues. In comparison to bowtie filters, the spectral dependency is considerably reduced when using the z‐sbDBA. Likewise, more homogeneous image variance distributions can be attained in reconstructed phantom images. The z‐sbDBA allows controlling the spatial image variance distribution which makes it suitable for ROI imaging. Our comparison on ROI imaging reveals skin dose reductions of up to 35% at equal ROI image quality by using the z‐sbDBA.

Conclusion

Our new concept for FFM in x‐ray CT, the z‐sbDBA, was experimentally validated on a clinical CT scanner. It facilitates dynamic FFM by realizing variable transmission profiles across the fan beam angle on a projection‐wise basis. This key feature allows for substantial improvements in image quality, a reduction in patient radiation dose, and additionally provides a technical solution for ROI imaging.
Couch and multileaf collimator tracking: A clinical feasibility study for pancreas and liver treatment
Authors: Zhang Lei , LoSasso Thomas , Zhang Pengpeng , Hunt Margie , Mageras Gig , Tang Grace
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Real‐time tumor tracking through active correction by the multileaf collimator or treatment couch offers a promising strategy to mitigate delivery uncertainty due to intrafractional tumor motion. This study evaluated the performance of MLC and couch tracking using the prototype iTools Tracking system in TrueBeam Developer Mode and the application for abdominal cancer treatments.

Methods

Experiments were carried out using a phantom with embedded Calypso transponders and a motion simulation platform. Geometric evaluations were performed using a circular conformal field with sinusoidal traces and pancreatic tumor motion traces. Geometric tracking accuracy was retrospectively calculated by comparing the compensational MLC or couch motion extracted from machine log files to the target motion reconstructed from real‐time MV and kV images. Dosimetric tracking accuracy was measured with radiochromic films using clinical abdominal VMAT plans and pancreatic tumor traces.

Results

Geometrically, the root‐mean‐square errors for MLC tracking were 0.5 and 1.8 mm parallel and perpendicular to leaf travel direction, respectively. Couch tracking, in contrast, showed an average of 0.8 mm or less geometric error in all directions. Dosimetrically, both MLC and couch tracking reduced motion‐induced local dose errors compared to no tracking. Evaluated with five pancreatic tumor motion traces, the average 2%/2 mm global gamma pass rate of eight clinical abdominal VMAT plans was 67.4% (range: 26.4%–92.7%) without tracking, which was improved to 86.0% (range: 67.9%–95.6%) with MLC tracking, and 98.1% (range: 94.9%–100.0%) with couch tracking. In 16 out of 40 deliveries with different plans and motion traces, MLC tracking did not achieve clinically acceptable dosimetric accuracy with 3%/3mm gamma pass rate below 95%.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated the capability of MLC and couch tracking to reduce motion‐induced dose errors in abdominal cases using a prototype tracking system. Clinically significant dose errors were observed with MLC tracking for certain plans which could be attributed to the inferior MLC tracking accuracy in the direction perpendicular to leaf travel, as well as the interplay between motion tracking and plan delivery for highly modulated plans. Couch tracking outperformed MLC tracking with consistently high dosimetric accuracy in all plans evaluated, indicating its clinical potential in the treatment of abdominal cancers.
On the utility of nonuniformly sampled two‐dimensional NMR spectra in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Szigetvári Áron , Szántay Csaba
Published: August 2020

In this work, we discuss representative examples of the application of nonuniform sampling (NUS) in small‐molecule structure determination in a pharmaceutical research and development and quality control setting. We demonstrate the advantages of NUS over traditional sampling in various industrial applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We propose an optimal trade‐off between the quality and the time efficiency of ‘routine’ measurements, as demonstrated via a test sample of vinpocetine analyzed on a ‘work horse’ NMR spectrometer. In addition, we present case studies where the application of NUS contributed significantly to the successful completion of some challenging structure determination task at hand. To that end, in some cases, we combined NUS with a method of decoupling in the indirect dimension that gives ‘constant time’ nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and ‘constant time’ heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) spectra. NUS proved to be superior over traditional sampling even for the analysis of trace impurities, where the need to cope with a thousand‐fold or even larger dynamic range and low signal‐to‐noise ratio for the impurity signals is quite a challenge.
Subtractive NCE‐MRA: Improved background suppression using robust regression‐based weighted subtraction
Authors: Li Hao , Wang Shuo , Graves Martin J. , Lomas David J. , Priest Andrew N.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To correct the intensity difference of static background signal between bright blood images and dark blood images in subtractive non‐contrast–enhanced MR angiography using robust regression, thereby improving static background signal suppression on subtracted angiograms.

Methods

Robust regression (RR), using iteratively reweighted least squares, is used to calculate the regression coefficient of background tissues from a scatter plot showing the voxel intensity of bright blood images versus dark blood images. The weighting function is based on either the Euclidean distance from the estimated regression line or the deviation angle. Results from RR using the deviation angle (RRDA), conventional RR using the Euclidean distance, and ordinary leastsquares regression were compared with reference values determined manually by two observers. Performance was evaluated over studies using different sequences, including 36 thoracic flow‐sensitive dephasing data sets, 13 iliac flow‐sensitive dephasing data sets, and 26 femoral fresh blood imaging data sets.

Results

RR deviation angle achieved robust and accurate performance in all types of images, with small bias, small mean absolute error, and high‐correlation coefficients with reference values. Background tissues, such as muscle, veins, and bladder, were suppressed while the vascular signal was preserved. Euclidean distance gave good performance for thoracic and iliac flow‐sensitive dephasing, but could not suppress background tissues in femoral fresh blood imaging. Ordinary least squares regression was sensitive to outliers and overestimated regression coefficients in thoracic flow‐sensitive dephasing.

Conclusion

Weighted subtraction using RR was able to acquire the regression coefficients of background signal and improve background suppression of subtractive non‐contrast–enhanced MR angiography techniques. RR deviation angle has the most robust and accurate overall performance among three regression methods.
An analytical approach for cased borehole stress calculation in general anisotropic formations
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Fang Xinding , Zhang Shuangxi , Miao Miao
Published: August 2020

We present an explicit analytical approach for calculating the distribution of stress around a circular cased borehole in a general anisotropic formation. This approach is developed based on a pure elastic cased borehole model, which can include multiple cemented concentric casing strings that are surrounded by a homogeneous anisotropic medium. The wall of the innermost casing is under the compression of borehole internal fluid pressure, and the formation can be subjected to arbitrary far‐field stresses. Every casing–cement boundary is assumed to be welded, so as the cement–formation boundary. The derived analytical solution can be applied to an arbitrary wellbore trajectory in an arbitrary anisotropic formation and is also applicable to degenerate isotropic formations. Accuracy and robustness of the analytical solution is validated through comparing its results with those calculated from the classical Kirsch solution for an isotropic example that has identical elastic properties for all materials and from a finite element method for an anisotropic cased borehole example.
A live imaging‐friendly slice culture method using collagen membranes
Authors: Ogaki Ari , Araki Tasuku , Ishikawa Masaya , Ikegaya Yuji , Koyama Ryuta
Published: August 2020

Aim

Organotypic brain slice culture preserves the geographical position of neurons and neuronal circuits. The slice cultures also maintain both non‐neuronal cell types and the surrounding extracellular matrix. The interface method has been widely used for slice cultures, in which brain slices are placed on semiporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes. However, a low optical transparency of PTFE membrane makes it difficult to perform live imaging of deep regions of slice cultures using an inverted microscope. To overcome the issue, we evaluated the suitability of using collagen membranes for slice cultures, especially focusing on live imaging of the cellular dynamics of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing microglia.

Methods

Entorhinohippocampal slices were cultured on either collagen or PTFE membranes. The influence of membrane type on the ability to observe deep regions of slice cultures was examined by live imaging using an inverted microscope.

Results

Collagen membranes were thinner and had better optical transparency compared with PTFE membranes. There were no differences in cell viability, density of neurons or microglia. The densify of visible short branches of microglia in live imaging was higher in collagen membranes than PTFE membranes.

Conclusion

Collagen membranes are suitable for live imaging of cellular dynamics in slice cultures using an inverted microscope.
Efficient or adaptive? Evidence from Indonesian forex market
Authors: Kumar Anoop S. , Anandarao Suvvari
Published: August 2020

We test the possible presence of weak‐form informational efficiency in the Indonesian forex (FX) market using daily bilateral exchange rate return of Indonesian Rupiah against U.S. Dollar from January 24, 2001 to March 29, 2019. First, we employ a battery of statistical tests including variance ratio tests, tests for linear dependence and Hurst coefficient on the full dataset as well as on four non‐overlapping sub‐samples of equal length. The tests provide a mixed result, whereas Hurst coefficient values identify long‐run persistence in the market. Based on this evidence, we test the possibility of adaptive nature of Indonesian FX market. The adaptive market hypothesis is tested using the newly proposed adaptive index (AI) in order to quantify the degree of information inefficiency in the Indonesian FX market at any given point. The AI values conclusively prove that Indonesian FX market is adaptive and periodically switches between states of efficiency and inefficiency. Moreover, various macroeconomic and financial events influencing Indonesian FX market efficiency are identified.
The economy under majoritarian and coalition governments in fragile states of India: A case study of Jammu and Kashmir (India)
Authors: Hassan Samir Ul. , Mishra Biswambhar , Bhat Aasif Ali
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this article is to explore the nexus between the form and function of government and economic growth in the fragile states of India. To study the dynamics of the directional casual relationship between the government forms and functions and economic growth in Jammu and Kashmir, this study tries to apply the Granger causality test followed by LS multivariate regression analysis on the time series data. The study found that the government functions like resource allocation for asset creation, revenue‐generating capacity, and promoting infrastructure are having a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while law and order are having a significantly negative impact on economic growth in the state. On the other hand, the different government forms, the majoritarian government in the state is suitable for consistent economic growth than coalition and governor's rule. The results found are of amicable use in setting up the smooth growth trajectory of any region through arranging and rearranging political institutions from time to time.
Employment casualisation and trade union survival strategies in the beverage sector in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adewumi Samson A.
Published: August 2020

Previous studies have largely interrogated the challenges of workforce casualisation in Nigeria with sparse attention to the reactions of the trade unions to this work arrangement. The paper, therefore, explores the survival strategies of trade union to employment casualisation in the Nigerian beverage sector. It explores the narratives of trade union relevance amidst increased informalisation, and the efficacy of its strategies. The Marxist conflict theory was employed as a theoretical leaning to understand labour unions' position in contending with management exploitations in the workplace. A total of 12 trade union officials were selected for interviews through purposive and convenient sampling. The study found a diminishing trade union relevance with the increasing spate of informalisation, while the collective bargaining strategy of the union was hardly utilised in addressing employment casualisation, although education and (re)training programmes show a positive outlook. The study takes the position for a review of the Nigerian labour laws, specifically the Trade Union Act of 2005 as amended, as no provisions in this legislation give recognition to casual employment, an act that is further hampering trade unions' strategic effort in ensuring a decent workplace for all.
Green composites based on avocado seed starch and nano‐ and micro‐scale cellulose
Authors: Fu Denghao , Netravali Anil N.
Published: August 2020

Nonedible avocado (Persea americana) seed starch (AVS) was developed as resin for green composites. AVS was cross‐linked using a green cross‐linker, 1,2,3,4‐butane tetracarboxylic acid to prepare a rigid thermoset resin having improved water stability. Two cellulose fiber reinforcements, micro‐fibrillated cellulose (MFC) with average diameter of 50 nm and a common weed velvet leaf (Abutilon therophrasti) stem‐derived microfibers (VLF) with average diameter of 12 μm, were used to fabricate green composites by solution casting method. MFC/AVS and VLF/AVS green composites were characterized for tensile, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties and water absorption. Results showed that mechanical properties of VLF/AVS composites were comparable to MFC/AVS composites at same volume fraction. The tensile strength, fracture strain, and Young's modulus of AVS composites with 30% VLF microfibers and 15% sorbitol (plasticizer) were 27.8 MPa, 10.2%, and 1614 MPa, respectively. Both strength (36.7 MPa) and Young's modulus (2303 MPa) increased significantly with 40% VLF fiber content. Good reinforcement by VLF microfibers was realized due to its high aspect ratio and good dispersity in AVS matrix. It would be advantageous to replace MFC with inexpensive VLF to reduce the cost. These composites may be further reinforced to fabricate hybrid green composites using continuous fibers.
The effect of job demands on health and work outcomes: A longitudinal study among Malaysian employees
Authors: Muhamad Nasharudin Nurfazreen Aina , Idris Mohd Awang , Young Loh M.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of job demands on health and work outcomes among Malaysian workers. We hypothesized that job demands (i.e., emotional demands and physical demands) would predict future work‐related burnout and work engagement, in turn affecting sleep problems and job performance (in‐role, extra‐role). A longitudinal two‐wave survey was conducted among Malaysian workers and valid data from 345 participants were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that work‐related burnout predicts sleep problems while work engagement increased employees' job performance over time. Overall, the current study highlights the importance of specific job demands (i.e., emotional demands and physical demands) that specifically affect health‐related behavior and work‐related behavior among workers.