bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of tramadol after subcutaneous administration in a critically ill population and in a healthy cohort
Authors: Dooney Neil M , Sundararajan Krishnaswamy , Ramkumar Tharapriya , Somogyi Andrew A , Upton Richard N , Ong Jennifer , O’Connor Stephanie N , Chapman Marianne J , Ludbrook Guy L
Published: May 2014

Background

Tramadol is an atypical centrally acting analgesic agent available as both oral and parenteral preparations. For patients who are unable to take tramadol orally, the subcutaneous route of administration offers an easy alternative to intravenous or intramuscular routes. This study aimed to characterise the absorption pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of tramadol in severely ill patients and in healthy subjects.

Methods/design

Blood samples (5 ml) taken at intervals from 2 minutes to 24 hours after a subcutaneous dose of tramadol (50 mg) in 15 patients (13 male, two female) and eight healthy male subjects were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using a non-compartmental approach.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the following parameters (mean ± SD): maximum venous concentration 0.44 ± 0.18 (patients) vs. 0.47 ± 0.13 (healthy volunteers) mcg/ml (p = 0.67); area under the plasma concentration-time curve 177 ± 109 (patients) vs. 175 ± 75 (healthy volunteers) mcg/ml*min (p = 0.96); time to maximum venous concentration 23.3 ± 2 (patients) vs. 20.6 ± 18.8 (healthy volunteers) minutes (p = 0.73) and mean residence time 463 ± 233 (patients) vs. 466 ± 224 (healthy volunteers) minutes (p = 0.97).

Conclusions

The similar time to maximum venous concentration and mean residence time suggest similar absorption rates between the two groups. These results indicate that the same dosing regimens for subcutaneous tramadol administration may therefore be used in both healthy subjects and severely ill patients.

Trial registration

ACTRN12611001018909
Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of older adults about pneumococcal immunization, a Public Health Agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) investigation
Authors: Schneeberg Amy , Bettinger Julie A , McNeil Shelly , Ward Brian J , Dionne Marc , Cooper Curtis , Coleman Brenda , Loeb Mark , Rubinstein Ethan , McElhaney Janet , Scheifele David W , Halperin Scott A
Published: May 2014

Background

Fewer Canadian seniors are vaccinated against pneumococcal disease than receive the influenza vaccine annually. Improved understanding of factors influencing pneumococcal vaccination among older adults is needed to improve vaccine uptake.

Methods

A self-administered survey measuring knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours about pneumococcal vaccination was administered to a cohort of seniors participating in a clinical trial of seasonal influenza vaccines at eight centers across Canada. Eligible participants were ambulatory adults 65 years of age or older, in good health or with stable health conditions, previously given influenza vaccine. The primary outcome was self-reported receipt of pneumococcal vaccination. Multi-variable logistic regression was used to determine factors significantly associated with pneumococcal vaccine receipt.

Results

A total of 863 participants completed questionnaires (response rate 92%); 58% indicated they had received the pneumococcal vaccine. Being offered the vaccine by a health care provider had the strongest relationship with vaccine receipt (AOR 23.4 (95% CI 13.4-40.7)). Other variables that remained significantly associated with vaccine receipt in the multivariable model included having heard of the vaccine (AOR 10.1(95% CI 4.7-21.7)), and strongly agreeing that it is important for adults > 65 to be vaccinated against pneumococcus (AOR 3.3 (95% CI 1.2-9.2)). Participants who were < 70 years of age were less likely to be vaccinated.

Conclusions

These results indicate healthcare recommendation significantly influenced vaccine uptake in this population of older adults. Measures to encourage healthcare providers to offer the vaccine may help increase coverage.
Proof by synthesis of Tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Cooper Bret
Published: May 2014

Background

Synthetic biology is a discipline that includes making life forms artificially from chemicals. Here, a DNA molecule was enzymatically synthesized in vitro from DNA templates made from oligonucleotides representing the text of the first Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) sequence elucidated in 1982. No infectious DNA molecule of that seminal reference sequence exists, so the goal was to synthesize it and then build viral chimeras.

Results

RNA was transcribed from synthetic DNA and encapsidated with capsid protein in vitro to make synthetic virions. Plants inoculated with the virions did not develop symptoms. When two nucleotide mutations present in the original sequence, but not present in most other TMV sequences in GenBank, were altered to reflect the consensus, the derivative synthetic virions produced classic TMV symptoms. Chimeras were then made by exchanging TMV capsid protein DNA with Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) capsid protein DNA. Virus expressing ToMV capsid protein exhibited altered, ToMV-like symptoms in Nicotiana sylvestris. A hybrid ORF6 protein unknown to nature, created by substituting the capsid protein genes in the virus, was found to be a major symptom determinant in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus expressing BSMV capsid protein did not have an extended host range to barley, but did produce novel symptoms in N. benthamiana.

Conclusions

This first report of the chemical synthesis and artificial assembly of a plant virus corrects a long-standing error in the TMV reference genome sequence and reveals that unnatural hybrid virus proteins can alter symptoms unexpectedly.
Molecular Genetics of Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Brugarolas James
Published: May 2014

Renal cell carcinoma of clear-cell type (ccRCC) is an enigmatic tumor type, characterized by frequent inactivation of the VHL gene (infrequently mutated in other tumor types), responsiveness to angiogenesis inhibitors, and resistance to both chemotherapy and conventional radiation therapy. ccRCC tumors exhibit substantial mutation heterogeneity. Recent studies using massively parallel sequencing technologies have implicated several novel driver genes. In VHL wild-type tumors, mutations were discovered in TCEB1, which encodes Elongin C, a protein that binds to VHL and is required for its function. Several additional tumor suppressor genes have been identified near the VHL gene, within a region that is frequently deleted in ccRCC on chromosome 3p: SETD2, BAP1, and PBRM1. Mutations in BAP1 and PBRM1 are largely mutually exclusive and are associated with different tumor biology and patient outcomes. In addition, the mTORC1 pathway is deregulated by mutations in MTOR, TSC1, PIK3CA, and PTEN in approximately 20% of ccRCCs. Mutations in TSC1, and possibly other genes, may predict for sensitivity to mTORC1 inhibitors. These discoveries provide insight into ccRCC development and set the foundation for the first molecular genetic classification of the disease, paving the way for subtype-specific therapies.
Social Needs, Social Goods, and Human Associations in the Second Edition of Carl Menger’s Principles
Authors: Becchio Giandomenica
Published: May 2014

This article deals with the contents of the second edition of Carl Menger’s Principles of Economics (1923), which was neither reprinted in German by Hayek in 1934 nor translated into English by Knight in 1950. My aim is to show that a new Mengerian economic agent can be found in the contents of chapter 1, where Menger dealt with social needs and social goods. I consider this specific contribution of Menger a natural development of his methodological research on the nature of institutions. Finally, I contextualize the story of the missed reprint and translation in the debate about the meaning of economics involving Hayek and Robbins at the LSE and Knight in Chicago.
What Is a Just Society? The Answer according to the Socialistes Fraternitaires Louis Blanc, Constantin Pecqueur, and François Vidal
Authors: Frobert Ludovic
Published: May 2014

Since their appearance in the first third of the nineteenth century, the contributions of French utopian, romantic, or associationist socialists have been subjected to a three-pronged classical criticism. From Friedrich Engels to Friedrich Hayek to Joseph Schumpeter, these French authors have been variously accused of being unaware of the true texture of the political—antagonism and power; of having invented from fantasy the first timeless totalitarian architectures; or more simply, regarding economic and social analysis, of having been completely fanciful if not down-right eccentric. In this article I focus on a trio of French socialists—Louis Blanc, Constantin Pecqueur, and François Vidal—and defend another interpretation: I will attempt to demonstrate that in the 1840s, the primary aim of these socialistes fraternitaires was the provision of a set of coherent theoretical and practical answers to the question, What is a just society? Confronted with the evils of the society of their time and the shortcomings of both liberal and protectionist economic thinking, they considered that it was essential to act by formulating a complete model of social justice. This model would present prescriptive, normative, and evaluative provisions for the principles and institutions (as well as the behavior) of a just society. After they came to power following the 1848 revolution, they attempted to draw up a reform program for the period of transition in accordance with their model.
Introduction
Authors: Rao Anupama
Published: May 2014

Rao’s piece introduces the six essays included in “Insurgent Thought,” the special section of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, volume 34, number 1. These essays feature a group of emerging scholars who are concerned with understanding the relationship between forms of life and modes of thought. The “thought” under consideration is distinctive for its commitment to remaking political and ethical life, and attention to the fugitive or unruly forms by which insurgent thought is transmitted, e.g., through poetry, fiction, and autobiography in addition to standard polemical tracts and sustained treatises. In turn the insurgent thinker-activists around whom this section is framed are figures who challenged established traditions of thought and action—critical theory as such—by imagining political and ethical possibilities that were global in scope yet deeply engaged with forms of subaltern difference.
Echoes of Ghadr
Authors: Elam J. Daniel
Published: May 2014

This essay reads Lala Har Dayal’s Hints for Self-Culture (1934) in order to highlight how anticolonial agitator Lala Har Dayal imagines a history appropriate for a future anticolonial utopia. By simultaneously tracking Har Dayal’s “promiscuous afterlives” in Punjab in the 1930s and offering a close reading of Hints for Self-Culture, Elam argues that the writer offers an insurgent political theory of utopia heralded under the sign of anticolonial critique. In the case of Hints for Self-Culture, this takes the form of a radical self-making process toward the creation of a future utopian project. In Har Dayal’s hands, however, such a project requires a doubling back of history; a political project that torques the present back onto its impossible pasts. Hints for Self-Culture does this in two significant moves, in ways that the bulk of this essay explores. First, Har Dayal returns to nineteenth-century philosopher Herbert Spencer in order to produce a radical self-making project for the present. Second, Har Dayal offers a utopian vision of a future World-State, which, as the product of radical self-making, is a radical world-making project that repeatedly glances backward. At each of these stages, a palimpsestic utopia emerges, with the figures of the past not fully erased but having morphed into something of use.
Jotirao Phule’s Satyashodh and the Problem of Subaltern Consciousness
Authors: Vendell Dominic
Published: May 2014

Investigations of radical political thought and action have been a major preoccupation in the field of modern South Asian history for the past several decades. The organizing question of these scholarly debates has been how and to what extent an insurgent consciousness may be produced out of the variegated conditions of domination and subordination of capitalist modernity in the non-West. The educator and social reformer Jotirao Phule encountered similar issues in his efforts to transform lower-caste consciousness in late nineteenth-century colonial Maharashtra. Phule is remembered for his establishment of several schools for lower-caste children as well as for his founding of the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873; however, Vendell’s essay primarily addresses Phule’s intellectual contributions around the problem of subaltern consciousness in three major texts: Gulamgiri (1873), Shetkaryacha Asud (1882), and Sarvajanik Satya Dharmapustak (1891). This essay argues that Phule’s project is best understood as an attempt to produce new strategies for observing, apprehending, and making judgments about the phenomenal and social world by interrogating inherited forms of knowledge. He suggested that a critical account of the ways in which fabricated symbolic devices produce a dramatic loss of one’s grasp on the given world was a necessary precondition for the inculcation of satyashodh (truth seeking), which named a deliberate practice of inquisitive self-making without determinate end. Satyashodh was an innovative practice of mind, though one that encountered limits when it entered the field of right conduct, which had been shaped most powerfully for Phule by the example of Protestant Christianity. His long struggle to elaborate a strategy for transforming the world by transforming oneself represents a powerful example of insurgent thought within the global history of slavery and emancipation in the British imperial world.
Tragedy Made Flesh
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: May 2014

This essay examines how Du Bois’s critique of global political economy proceeds as a critique of American constitutionalism in his 1935 Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. Analyzing how Du Bois reworks a set of Marxian concepts—phantasmagoria, fetish, and transubstantiation—toward a theory of the “new imperialism,” Powers argues that Black Reconstruction subverts a triumphal narrative of American constitutionalism as exceptionalism by undoing the temporality of legal progressivism that sustains it. Writing against a generation of historians who treated Reconstruction as an anomalous deviation from an American constitutionalism thought to embody the realization of immanent reason at the end of history, Du Bois demonstrates that the forms of barbarism, custom, and status posited as prior in this telos of constitutional progress to be products of the American juridico-political regime. Through examining the ways in which the Constitution operates as a fetish that doubly posits a fiction of race war as an alibi for its own lawlessness, and a fiction of world-historical lawlessness as an alibi for empire, Du Bois punctures a doctrine of race that phantasmagorically distorts human capacity for both juridical and phenomenological modes of recognition.
The Impact of Donald Quataert’s “History from Below” on Ottoman and Turkish Studies
Authors: Schull Kent F.
Published: May 2014

Schull’s introduction discusses the impact Donald Quataert’s research and mentoring had on the development of Ottoman and Turkish studies and introduces the seven articles included in the special section of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, volume 34, number 1.
Ruling the Periphery, Governing the Land
Authors: Özok-Gündoğan Nilay
Published: May 2014

Özok-Gündoğan’s article examines the Ottoman state’s policy toward the hereditary yurtluk-ocaklik lands under the control of the Kurdish emirs in the mid-nineteenth century. Within the Tanzimat context, the Ottoman state set out to abolish this particular landownership pattern in Kurdistan and establish a rationalized tax system in the area. The article demonstrates the complex interplay of economic motives, spatio-geographic reasoning, and cultural politics at the level of central and local state elites in their encroachment over the lands of the Kurdish emirs. This article focuses on Palu, one of the yurtluk-ocaklık sanjaks, which remained under the hereditary rule of the Kurdish emirates from the sixteenth until the mid-nineteenth century. Lands were granted to the Palu emirs who declared their allegiance to the Ottoman Empire during the Safavid-Ottoman imperial rivalry. However, when they were unable to extract sufficient tax revenues, the state sought to abolish this type of landownership in Palu starting in the 1840s. The Ottoman program that resulted in the transformation of landholding systems in Palu, Özok-Gündoğan contends, was much more than the result of sheer military force; it entailed multiple local and central actors as well as negotiations, concessions, and sometimes contingencies.
PI(4,5)P2 regulates myoblast fusion through Arp2/3 regulator localization at the fusion site
Authors: Bothe Ingo , Deng Su , Baylies Mary
Published: May 2014

Cell-cell fusion is a regulated process that requires merging of the opposing membranes and underlying cytoskeletons. However, the integration between membrane and cytoskeleton signaling during fusion is not known. Using Drosophila, we demonstrate that the membrane phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2 is a crucial regulator of F-actin dynamics during myoblast fusion. PI(4,5)P2 is locally enriched and colocalizes spatially and temporally with the F-actin focus that defines the fusion site. PI(4,5)P2 enrichment depends on receptor engagement but is upstream or parallel to actin remodeling. Regulators of actin branching via Arp2/3 colocalize with PI(4,5)P2 in vivo and bind PI(4,5)P2 in vitro. Manipulation of PI(4,5)P2 availability leads to impaired fusion, with a reduction in the F-actin focus size and altered focus morphology. Mechanistically, the changes in the actin focus are due to a failure in the enrichment of actin regulators at the fusion site. Moreover, improper localization of these regulators hinders expansion of the fusion interface. Thus, PI(4,5)P2 enrichment at the fusion site encodes spatial and temporal information that regulates fusion progression through the localization of activators of actin polymerization.
Fate map of the chicken otic placode
Authors: Sánchez-Guardado Luis Óscar , Puelles Luis , Hidalgo-Sánchez Matías
Published: May 2014

The inner ear is an intricate three-dimensional sensory organ that arises from a flat, thickened portion of the ectoderm termed the otic placode. There is evidence that the ontogenetic steps involved in the progressive specification of the highly specialized inner ear of vertebrates involve the concerted actions of diverse patterning signals that originate from nearby tissues, providing positional identity and instructive context. The topology of the prospective inner ear portions at placode stages when such patterning begins has remained largely unknown. The chick-quail model was used to perform a comprehensive fate mapping study of the chick otic placode, shedding light on the precise topological position of each presumptive inner ear component relative to the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes of the otic placode and, implicitly, to the possible sources of inducing signals. The findings reveal the existence of three dorsoventrally arranged anteroposterior domains from which the endolymphatic system, the maculae and basilar papilla, and the cristae develop. This study provides new bases for the interpretation of earlier and future descriptive and experimental studies that aim to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in otic placode patterning.
The phosphorylation status of Ascl1 is a key determinant of neuronal differentiation and maturation in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Ali Fahad R. , Cheng Kevin , Kirwan Peter , Metcalfe Su , Livesey Frederick J. , Barker Roger A. , Philpott Anna
Published: May 2014

Generation of neurons from patient fibroblasts using a combination of developmentally defined transcription factors has great potential in disease modelling, as well as ultimately for use in regeneration and repair. However, generation of physiologically mature neurons in vitro remains problematic. Here we demonstrate the cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of a key reprogramming transcription factor, Ascl1, on multiple serine-proline sites. This multisite phosphorylation is a crucial regulator of the ability of Ascl1 to drive neuronal differentiation and maturation in vivo in the developing embryo; a phosphomutant form of Ascl1 shows substantially enhanced neuronal induction activity in Xenopus embryos. Mechanistically, we see that this un(der)phosphorylated Ascl1 is resistant to inhibition by both cyclin-dependent kinase activity and Notch signalling, both of which normally limit its neurogenic potential. Ascl1 is a central component of reprogramming transcription factor cocktails to generate neurons from human fibroblasts; the use of phosphomutant Ascl1 in place of the wild-type protein significantly promotes neuronal maturity after human fibroblast reprogramming in vitro. These results demonstrate that cell-cycle-dependent post-translational modification of proneural proteins directly regulates neuronal differentiation in vivo during development, and that this regulatory mechanism can be harnessed to promote maturation of neurons obtained by transdifferentiation of human cells in vitro.
Induced Optical Chirality of Porphyrin J-Aggregates with 2-Alkyl Alcohol in a Microemulsion System
Authors: Watarai Hitoshi , Hiramatsu Fumie , Duc Hoang Trong Tien , Lan Tran Thi Ngoc
Published: May 2014

The J-aggregates of the diprotonated tetraphenylporphin formed in the o/w microemulsions including 2-alkyl alcohol, Triton X-100, toluene, and sulfuric acid, exhibited an induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectra corresponding to the chirality of the alcohol. The ICD intensity remarkably depended on the concentrations of Triton X-100 and sulfuric acid as well as 2-alkyl alcohol. The results suggested the nonstoichiometric formation of the chiral conformation of the nano-J-aggregates in the microemulsion droplets.
Interaction-dependent Native Chemical Ligation and Enzyme Reconstitution for Detection of Peptide–Peptide Interaction
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Saito Akinori
Published: May 2014

A new detection method for ligand–protein interactions was constructed using interaction-dependent native chemical ligation and enzyme reconstitution (IDNCL-ER) by employing ribonuclease S. Using a coiled-coil peptide pair as a model of ligand–protein interactions, we determined that IDNCL-ER can work well to detect the peptide–peptide interactions by enzymatic activity.
JSim, an open-source modeling system for data analysis
Authors: Butterworth Erik , Jardine Bartholomew E. , Raymond Gary M. , Neal Maxwell L. , Bassingthwaighte James B.
Published: May 2014

JSim is a simulation system for developing models, designing experiments, and evaluating hypotheses on physiological and pharmacological systems through the testing of model solutions against data. It is designed for interactive, iterative manipulation of the model code, handling of multiple data sets and parameter sets, and for making comparisons among different models running simultaneously or separately. Interactive use is supported by a large collection of graphical user interfaces for model writing and compilation diagnostics, defining input functions, model runs, selection of algorithms solving ordinary and partial differential equations, run-time multidimensional graphics, parameter optimization (8 methods), sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation for defining confidence ranges. JSim uses Mathematical Modeling Language (MML) a declarative syntax specifying algebraic and differential equations. Imperative constructs written in other languages (MATLAB, FORTRAN, C++, etc.) are accessed through procedure calls. MML syntax is simple, basically defining the parameters and variables, then writing the equations in a straightforward, easily read and understood mathematical form. This makes JSim good for teaching modeling as well as for model analysis for research.   For high throughput applications, JSim can be run as a batch job.  JSim can automatically translate models from the repositories for Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) and CellML models. Stochastic modeling is supported. MML supports assigning physical units to constants and variables and automates checking dimensional balance as the first step in verification testing. Automatic unit scaling follows, e.g. seconds to minutes, if needed. The JSim Project File sets a standard for reproducible modeling analysis: it includes in one file everything for analyzing a set of experiments: the data, the models, the data fitting, and evaluation of parameter confidence ranges. JSim is open source; it and about 400 human readable open source physiological/biophysical models are available at http://www.physiome.org/jsim/.
Słowotwórcze zasoby nowych stylów funkcjonalnych w językach słowiańskich
Authors: Koriakowcewa Elena
Published: May 2014

Derivational resources of new functional styles in the Slavic Languages

In this paper, the author focuses primarily on several new functional styles, and such productive word-formative processes as compounding and affixation in modern Slavic languages. Minor processes like blending, clipping, and back formation are left aside. Based on large corpora and smaller hand-collected samples of electronic texts, the data has been drawn from advertising, daily press and the communicational sphere of information technology. The author hopes to demonstrate that the functional side of word formation is significantly more complex than simple naming and/or syntactic recategorization, etc. This becomes particularly evident as one ventures beyond the rather stable area of the lexicon and its conventionalized word-stock, and begins to consider active coining of novel lexical items, something that depends heavily on contextual factors, including the semantic, stylistic, textual and social environments in which they occur. The very act of forming a complex word serves a specific purpose in the textual and/or situational context. It is often that particular and specialized functions can be discovered, many of a metacommunicative nature. The paper aims to examine the processes of productivity and to highlight creativity in word formation with respect to functional discourse roles. Lexical creativity in journalism, advertising and electronic communication is employed in order to achieve certain stylistic effects, such as humour or irony. It is also a device to convey to the reader a sense of the author’s learnedness, sophistication, distance, and so on. It manifests itself in puns and other kinds of word play, metaphorical extension, willful error and duplication of the role of an existing formation. The article also deals with the evolution of specialized word-formative types of complex words, ones that lack a connecting vowel as a mean of expression of complex concepts of attributive and contextual content. Composition of a new type of complex words corresponds to a historical drift in formation of analytic and agglutinative lines in Russian.
Difficulties in Translation of a TV Series Community by Dan Harmon and Proposals of their Solution
Authors: Drab Ewa
Published: May 2014

Kulturowy charakter przekładu w serialu telewizyjnym Community Dana Harmona. Trudności i rozwiązania w tłumaczeniu elementów nacechowanych kulturowo

W tekście zostały przedstawione pułapki tłumaczeniowe związane ze zrozumieniem tła kulturowego danego materiału audiowizualnego, w tym przypadku komedii sytuacyjnej Community. Najpierw, krótko, zostało omówione, na czym polega specyfika przekładu audiowizualnego oraz jakie strategie można wykorzystać w tłumaczeniu pisemnym, a jakie w tłumaczeniu filmowym. Następnie autorka zwróciła uwagę na znaczenie wartości kulturowej materiału, jak i wiedzy tłumacza na tematy kulturowe i okołokulturowe dla jakości tłumaczenia. Ostatnia część artykułu została poświęcona klasyfikacji i szczegółowemu omówieniu konkretnych przykładów z analizowanego serialu.
Bella signora dai capelli turchini czy może o kruczoczarnych włosach – przekład nazw własnych w polskiej wersji dubbingowej Pinocchia Roberta Benigniego
Authors: Król‑Gierat Werona
Published: May 2014

Bella signora dai capelli turchini, or maybe o kruczoczarnych włosach – the translation of proper names in the Polish dubbed version of Roberto Benigni’s Pinocchio

The translation of proper names depends to a great extent on cultural marking, on the specific connotations they may evoke. The role played by each character is also important in films targeted mainly at children. The present article is an analysis of the translation of anthroponyms and toponyms in the Polish dubbed version of Roberto Benigni’s Pinocchio. This film adaptation is a perfect example of a living myth whose original colour is getting blurred.
Przekładalne/nieprzekładalne: problem transferu kulturowego w przekładzie audiowizualnym na przykładzie francuskiego tłumaczenia Przypadku Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego
Authors: Niziołek Renata
Published: May 2014

Translatable/Untranslatable: the problem of cultural transfer in audiovisual translation, based on the example of Krzysztof Kieślowski’s Blind Chance

Audiovisual translation in the form of subtitles requires a very special approach in which the task of the translator is not only to transfer dialogue from one language to another, but also to establish the degree of universality carried by the film’s message and to make necessary changes to the content. Kieślowski’s film Blind Chance is full of references to contemporary Polish history as well as characteristic elements of everyday reality during the Communist era. The aim of this article is to analyse translations of selected dialogues from the film and to reflect upon the possibility/impossibility of carrying out a cultural transfer, which determines the extent to which the film is understood by foreign viewers.
Przekład tytułów filmów anglojęzycznych i ich funkcjonowanie na rynku polskim
Authors: Suwaj Jadwiga
Published: May 2014

Translation of English‑language movie titles and their functioning on the Polish market

A title is a very important part of a work, not only functioning as a proper name, and informing about the content, but also attracting potential customers. Moreover, the titles are often deeply culture‑rooted, they refer to the specific events, places, or other texts popular in a given culture. This paper analyzes the selected sample of several dozens of movie titles translated from English into Polish with particular emphasis on transfer methods that are most commonly used. This paper investigates the various functions fulfilled by the titles rendered by each of the described methods. The article examines how the different methods are received by the viewers, and how they function in the target culture.
An Experimental Investigation of Auctions and Bargaining in Procurement
Authors: Shachat Jason , Tan Lijia
Published: May 2014

In reverse auctions, buyers often retain the right to bargain further concessions from the winners. The optimal form of such procurement is an English auction followed by an auctioneer's option to engage in ultimatum bargaining with the winners. We study behavior and performance in this procurement format using a laboratory experiment. Sellers closely follow the equilibrium strategy of exiting the auction at their costs and then accepting strictly profitable offers. Buyers generally exercise their option to bargain according to their equilibrium strategy, but their take-it-or-leave-it offers vary positively with auction prices when they should be invariant. We explain this deviation by modeling buyers' subjective posteriors regarding the winners' costs as distortions of the Bayesian posteriors, calculated using a formulation similar to a commonly used probability weighting function. We further test the robustness of the experimental results and the subjective posterior explanation with three additional experimental treatments.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2013.1880 .

This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
TRANSDISCIPLINARY HUMANITARIAN, SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL GRANT PROJECTS IN KUZBASS DURING 2011-2013
Authors: Kuznetsova Elena
Published: May 2014

This article presents the experience of designers, experts in cultural studies, and teachers from Kuzbass in creating an innovative atmosphere in microcommunities of the region in order to organize expositions of humanitarian and educational projects. We analyze the potential of expositional activity of winners of grant projects in the Kuzbass region in recent years, which was aimed at attracting adult citizens to participate in practices of designing the desired future. These forms of social and cultural activities require understanding of public and educational subjects, which is clearly evident in the regional educational experience of self-organized adults.
An Evaluation of a Smoking Cessation Program for Special Populations in Australia
Authors: Mikhailovich Katja , Morrison Paul
Published: May 2014

The prevalence of smoking is much higher among the poor, marginalised and disenfranchised. Those who are dependent on alcohol and other drugs, suffering mental illness, and Indigenous people are among the heaviest smokers and are least likely to quit. This article describes a smallscale evaluation of a smoking cessation program, which used tailored nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aimed at these groups, between 2004 to 2006. A mixed methodology approach to data collection was employed. The quantitative data indicated that a low level of success was achieved by program participants. The qualitative data provided rich accounts of peoples' experiences in the program. These could be used to develop more effective programs that take a full account of the complex issues that shape participants' responses to smoking cessation and provide greater levels of sustained motivation. Several issues related to the conduct of rigorous evaluation studies in this context are highlighted.
Minority learners – Excluded from the narrative of ‘celebrating diversity’?
Authors: Zimenkova Tatjana
Published: May 2014

European societies increasingly implement diversity education as part of citizenship education (CE) curricula in order to provide young people with skills for dealing with diversity. This article analyses the policies and practices of diversity education at both the level of the European Union and the Council of Europe, and on the level of nation states, focusing on Germany and Russia as examples. In Europe, diversity education at schools simultaneously pursues two separate goals: on the one hand, teaching materials and education policies generate a grand narrative of celebrating European diversity. On the other, those same materials and policies stipulate that issues of inequality are to be dealt with separately. Thus, within European citizenship, diversity education and inequalities are often decoupled. Conceptualizing diversity in terms of heterogeneities and inequalities, this article reveals the ways in which diversity and inequalities are decoupled in citizenship and civic education and asks what happens when diversity is treated only as a matter of celebration. Examining blog posts from LGBTQ youth who are minority learners who experience exclusion, the article demonstrates the way in which the narrative of celebration of diversity disempowers them and how it contributes towards more uncertainty and more (self-)exclusion of those learners who do not find themselves within celebration of diversity narratives. The article argues for a reintroduction of the term ‘heterogeneities’ into CE and concludes by suggesting that diversity education as part of CE should begin with the question of whether there are any heterogeneities that do not require action or critical reflection.
Reading as participatory art: An alternative mental health therapy
Authors: Billington Josie , Davis Philip , Farrington Grace
Published: May 2014

This article outlines the health and well-being impacts of a specific community reading programme, ‘Get into Reading’, pioneered by The Reader Organisation, as demonstrated in a specific health context, Mersey Care NHS Mental Health Trust. The discussion broadly considers the historical positioning of this reading and health experiment, in terms of both mental health and arts-in-health developments and trends. The article also highlights some of the challenges and excitements of seeking to capture the health benefits of reading currently experienced by the Centre for Research into Reading, Information and Linguistic Systems (CRILS) at University of Liverpool.
Playback Theatre: Learning and enquiry through applied theatre
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: May 2014

This article examines Playback Theatre (PBT) as a contemporary form of performance where theatre and learning combine. In PBT actors and a musician animate or playback stories from the audience in generative ways – this form being rich with potential for learning, healing and community building. Conducted over a twelve-month period with Sydney PBT 47 participants who were audience members shared their experiences of the form and revealed three essential practices of PBT, the enablers of modelling, witnessing and telling, and five dimensions of learning that flow from them. An emergent model of PBT is described as a tool for understanding this cultural ecology, and the form is foregrounded as a site for arts-based enquiry and relational forms of knowing with the benefits that flow from these productive practices.
Structural change and diversity in theatrical groups: An empirical study in the Lisbon Area
Authors: Costa Pedro , Borges Vera , Graça Susana
Published: May 2014

Organizational structures in the cultural and creative sectors are being challenged by deep changes in the economic, cultural and governance frameworks in which they operate. These changes force them to assume increasingly differentiated strategies to face the challenges that thus emerge. This phenomenon increases the complexity of the analysis of the art worlds and it also brings new challenges to the conception of public policies for these sectors. This is particularly visible in the field of the performing arts; we see that happening when we observe the evolution of organizational structures, the economic and social behaviour of these agents, the professional paths and individual careers, as well as when we witness the indecisions and dilemmas in contemporary public policies in those fields.

Drawing on recent debates of sociology and economics of the arts and culture and departing from a typology previously suggested elsewhere by the authors to analyse theatrical structures, this article offers an empirical standpoint towards five dimensions of theatre groups work: organizational structure, artistic work, art world commitment, economic structure and geographical scope. Focusing on empirical research conducted with theatre groups in the Lisbon area, this study applies and operationalizes an analytical typology concerning the work of theatre groups and their structural organization in order to extract conclusions that may inform public policy decisions. Some reflections on todays crisis and the importance of public support for the performing arts are put forth.
Regionalism in Portugal: How cultural heritage makes a difference in the global context
Authors: Magalhães Fernando
Published: May 2014

The European Union is a transnational space, composed of national communities that are culturally and socially heterogeneous. In this context, all of these communities are invented and reinvented permanently as different cultural places within a global space. It is a process where heritage and museology acquires a prominent place in the cultural diversity affirmation inside Europe.

Although considered an example of political administrative centralism, Portugal is also, like other European countries, divided into regions. These regions, devoid of political power, remain in the minds of local leaders as cultural representations. In this article, I intend to analyse these leaders’ discourses and claims regarding the Leiria region. They use the cultural heritage as a resource to build discourses about regional identity.
Integração universidade e escola pelo Pibid: uma análise das ações formativas de supervisores aos licenciandos
Authors: Matsuoka Sílvia , Signorelli Gláucia
Published: May 2014

Este artigo apresenta resultados da investigação acerca de um dos objetivos do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência – Pibid, a integração entre universidades e escolas públicas. Nesse estudo, os supervisores, responsáveis pelo acompanhamento de licenciandos na inserção à realidade escolar, são considerados elementos chave para o desenvolvimento da integração. O problema observado foi a falta de orientação nos documentos oficiais que regulamentam o programa para a função desses supervisores. Dessa forma, objetivou-se descobrir como as ações formativas por parte dos supervisores se desenvolvem na relação com os licenciandos, quais recursos os ajudam a exercer a função de co-formadores no processo de formação e de inserção dos licenciandos à realidade escolar. Os dados foram coletados por meio de análise documental da Portaria 096/13 do Pibid, de entrevistas com supervisores e de grupos de discussão com alunos de cursos de licenciatura de diferentes áreas, de três universidades. O referencial teórico está fundamentado nas teorias de Mikhail Bakthin e Vygotsky acerca do dialogismo e da mediação, respectivamente, e em Zeichner (2010), Nóvoa (2009), Canário (2001), Zabalza (2004), que discorrem sobre as práticas de formação de professores. Um dos resultados importantes nessa investigação foi compreender como a relação dialógica e a mediação contribuem para que as ações formativas das supervisoras para as licenciandas se transformem em reflexões ressignificadoras de experiências teórico-práticas.
Educação e cidadania: relato de uma experiência com professores da educação básica
Authors: Feldmann Marina Graziela
Published: May 2014

Trata-se do relato e da análise de um projeto de formação continuada voltado para professores da educação básica. O projeto, denominado Educação e Cidadania, foi concebido na perspectiva do paradigma da racionalidade comunicativadialógica, que parte do pressuposto de que, para formar professores, a prática pedagógica deve ser considerada objeto de investigação e construção do conhecimento, alicerçado no trabalho coletivo, no compartilhamento de vivências e saberes e no aperfeiçoamento pessoal e profissional.
Arte literária × suporte pedagógico: as contribuições da literatura infantil na descoberta de mundo da criança
Authors: Pancotto André Luiz
Published: May 2014

O presente artigo versa sobre o impasse que envolve a Literatura Infantil: arte ou suporte pedagógico? Através de uma reflexão sobre o gênero, este estudo procura apontar caminhos para uma melhora na qualidade do trabalho destinado à leitura, desde a escolha das obras que serão oferecidas aos alunos até suas implicações no desenvolvimento intelectual e emocional das crianças. Este estudo visa promover, portanto, um debate sobre a importância da Literatura Infantil na construção da subjetividade da criança e na atribuição de significados para o mundo, o que culminaria com a formação de leitores competentes, autônomos e preparados para a vida.
A educação no pensamento de Karl Marx
Authors: Saul Fernanda Quatorze Voltas
Published: May 2014

Ao lado de Max Weber e Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx é considerado um dos pensadores que mais influenciaram os teóricos sociais da modernidade no ocidente. Embora Marx não tenha tido a intenção de sistematizar uma teoria sobre a educação, algumas elaborações sobre o tema podem ser encontradas ao longo de sua obra. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem a intenção de refletir acerca da visão de Marx sobre a educação e as suas possíveis interpretações a partir de duas correntes marxistas distintas: as teorias da reprodução e da resistência. Dentre as possíveis interpretações sobre o pensamento educacional de Marx, o texto defende aquela que reconhece que a Escola não é apenas um espaço de reprodução ideológica na sociedade capitalista, mas é também, por contradição, um espaço de luta e resistência ao pensamento hegemônico dominante.
Realismo nas ruínas da fantasia: História meio ao contrário, de Ana Maria Machado
Authors: Stefanelli Claudia , Pires Carlos
Published: May 2014

Pensar a literatura produzida para crianças no Brasil no contexto particular da ditadura militar pode parecer algo que não apresenta originalidade, ou até um terreno já muito explorado. Como se sabe, muitos autores da época procuraram uma espécie de engajamento bastante particular e questionaram, especialmente a partir da segunda metade dos anos 1970, aspectos consolidados até então na literatura para crianças. Alguns autores e obras, no entanto, se sobressaem pela qualidade e comprometimento com uma proposta literária particular ainda não suficientemente estudada.
Clean-Test self-contained biological indicator performance used to steam sterilization process validation.
Authors: Pelissari Thiago José , Lima Heron Oliveira dos Santos , Santos Lima Mirela Vanin dos
Published: May 2014

Clean-Test self-contained biological indicators are used to monitor steam sterilization cycles. Each biological indicator has a minimum population of 105 or 106 UFC bacterial spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953. The purpose of this work was to study the behavior of Clean-Test self-contained biological indicator used to monitor and validate steam sterilization systems, in relation to the incubation time (24, 48 hours and 7 days) and the performance of microbial resistance at different conditions of time, pressure and temperature. The analyses were performed starting with the evaluation of lots of biological indicators by determining the initial population (N0), determination of D value (decimal reduction time), determination of survival and death times for the microorganisms. Then  was studied the resistance performance  of the biological indicator Clean-Test at different exposure times, temperatures and pressure, as well as the evaluation and analysis of the relationship between incubation time and growth rate for periods of 24, and 48 hours 7 days. The behavior of biological indicator when the temperature and pressure were increased was inversely proportional to D value (microbial resistance). The lot behavior of positive biological indicators by the end of seven days of incubation indicated minimal results of 97%, satisfactory acceptability which is acceptable according to ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11138-1:(2006)because the lots of biological indicators tested met its requirements.

 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i1.45