bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherence measures and optimal conversion for coherent states
Authors: Du Shuanping , Bai Zhaofang , Qi Xiaofei
Published: February 2021

We discuss a general strategy to construct coherence measures. One can build an important class of coherence measures which cover the relative entropy measure for pure states, the l1-norm measure for pure states and the α-entropy measure. The optimal conversion of coherent states under incoherent operations is presented which sheds some light on the coherence of a single copy of a pure state.
Unbounded entanglement in nonlocal games
Authors: Mančinska Laura , Vidick Thomas
Published: February 2021

Quantum entanglement is known to provide a strong advantage in many two-party distributed tasks. We investigate the question of how much entanglement is needed to reach optimal performance. For the first time we show that there exists a purely classical scenario for which no finite amount of entanglement suffices. To this end we introduce a simple two-party nonlocal game H, inspired by Lucien Hardy’s paradox. In our game each player has only two possible questions and can provide bit strings of any finite length as answer. We exhibit a sequence of strategies which use entangled states in increasing dimension d and succeed with probability 1 − O(d−c ) for some c ≥ 0.13. On the other hand, we show that any strategy using an entangled state of local dimension d has success probability at most 1 − Ω(d−2 ). In addition, we show that any strategy restricted to producing answers in a set of cardinality at most d has success probability at most 1 − Ω(d−2 ). Finally, we generalize our construction to derive similar results starting from any game G with two questions per player and finite answers sets in which quantum strategies have an advantage.
Correcting for potential barriers in quantum walk search
Authors: Ambainis Andris , Wong Thomas G.
Published: February 2021

A randomly walking quantum particle searches in Grover’s Θ(√ N) iterations for a marked vertex on the complete graph of N vertices by repeatedly querying an oracle that flips the amplitude at the marked vertex, scattering by a “coin” flip, and hopping. Physically, however, potential energy barriers can hinder the hop and cause the search to fail, even when the amplitude of not hopping decreases with N. We correct for these errors by interpreting the quantum walk search as an amplitude amplification algorithm and modifying the phases applied by the coin flip and oracle such that the amplification recovers the Θ(√ N) runtime.
Teleportation of a controlled-NOT gate for photon and electron-spin qubits assisted by the nitrogen-vacancy center
Authors: Luo Ming-Xing , Li Hui-Ran
Published: February 2021

Teleportations of quantum gates are very important in the construction of quantum network and teleportation-based model of quantum computation. Assisted with nitrogenvacancy centers, we propose several schemes to teleport the quantum CNOT gate. Deterministic CNOT gate may be implemented on a remote two-photon system, remote two electron-spin system, hybrid photon-spin system or hybrid spin-photon system. Each photon only interacts with one spin each time. Moreover, quantum channel may be constructed by all combinations of the photon or electron-spin entanglement, or their hybrid entanglement. Since these electron-spin systems have experimentally shown a long coherence time even at the room temperature, our schemes provide useful ways for long-distance quantum applications.
Quantum arithmetic and numerical analysis using Repeat-Until-Success circuits
Authors: Wiebe Nathan , Roetteler Martin
Published: February 2021

We develop a method for approximate synthesis of single-qubit rotations of the form e−if(φ1,...,φk)X that is based on the Repeat-Until-Success (RUS) framework for quantum circuit synthesis. We demonstrate how smooth computable functions f can be synthesized from two basic primitives. This synthesis approach constitutes a manifestly quantum form of arithmetic that differs greatly from the approaches commonly used in quantum algorithms. The key advantage of our approach is that it requires far fewer qubits than existing approaches: as a case in point, we show that using as few as 3 ancilla qubits, one can obtain RUS circuits for approximate multiplication and reciprocals. We also analyze the costs of performing multiplication and inversion on a quantum computer using conventional approaches and find that they can require too many qubits to execute on a small quantum computer, unlike our approach.
Dense quantum communication using single- and two-particle operations on six-particle cluster state
Authors: Bhatia Parminder S.
Published: February 2021

Theory of controlled tripartite quantum dense coding for the transmission of four-binary bits between two distinct locations is presented. The entanglement resource for this transmission is provided by a six-qubit cluster state. Theoretical detail of an encoder that can encode sixteen different operations and a four-bit binary decoder required for this transmission is discussed. We show that in the absence of availability of any four-state analyzer decoding can be reduced to single-particle and two-particle Bell-state measurements ( BSM ). In our scheme, Bell-state measurements ( BSM ) performed during decoding, result in Bell-pairs, which along with single-particle projections are used to unambiguously discriminate all sixteen encoding operations. Proposed experiment to verify theory of tripartite quantum dense coding scheme, using photonic entanglement, is also briefly discussed. Success probability of the scheme is determined. In addition, long-distance implementation of this tripartite quantum dense coding scheme is discussed. Fault-tolerant quantum repeaters used in this long-distance scheme are based on quantum errorcorrection, which is achieved with the aid of Calderbank-Shor-Steane ( CSS ) encoding.
Multiparty quantum signature schemes
Authors: Arrazola Juan Miguel , Wallden Petros , Andersson Erika
Published: February 2021

Digital signatures are widely used in electronic communications to secure important tasks such as financial transactions, software updates, and legal contracts. The signature schemes that are in use today are based on public-key cryptography and derive their security from computational assumptions. However, it is possible to construct unconditionally secure signature protocols. In particular, using quantum communication, it is possible to construct signature schemes with security based on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Several quantum signature protocols have been proposed, but none of them has been explicitly generalised to more than three participants, and their security goals have not been formally defined. Here, we first extend the security definitions of Swanson and Stinson [1] so that they can apply also to the quantum case, and introduce a formal definition of transferability based on different verification levels. We then prove several properties that multiparty signature protocols with informationtheoretic security – quantum or classical – must satisfy in order to achieve their security goals. We also express two existing quantum signature protocols with three parties in the security framework we have introduced. Finally, we generalize a quantum signature protocol given in [2] to the multiparty case, proving its security against forging, repudiation and non-transferability. Notably, this protocol can be implemented using any pointto-point quantum key distribution network and therefore is ready to be experimentally demonstrated.
Non-Markovian quantum trajectroy unravellings of entanglement
Authors: Corn Brittany , Jing Jun , Yu Ting
Published: February 2021

The fully quantized model of double qubits coupled to a common bath is solved using the quantum state diffusion (QSD) approach in the non-Markovian regime. We have established the explicit time-local non-Markovian QSD equations for the two-qubit dissipative and dephasing models. Diffusive quantum trajectories are applied to the entanglement estimation of two-qubit systems in a non-Markovian regime. In both cases, non-Markovian features of entanglement evolution are revealed through quantum diffusive unravellings in the system state space.
Quantum interpretations of AWPP and APP
Authors: Morimae Tomoyuki , Nishimura Harumichi
Published: February 2021

AWPP is a complexity class introduced by Fenner, Fortnow, Kurtz, and Li, which is defined using GapP functions. Although it is an important class as the best upperbound of BQP, its definition seems to be somehow artificial, and therefore it would be better if we have some “physical interpretation” of AWPP. Here we provide a quantum physical interpretation of AWPP: we show that AWPP is equal to the class of problems efficiently solved by a quantum computer with the ability of postselecting an event whose probability is close to an FP function. This result is applied to also obtain a quantum physical interpretation of APP. In addition, we consider a “classical physical analogue” of these results, and show that a restricted version of BPPpath contains UP ∩ coUP and is contained in WAPP.
Drying kinetics and quality of tray dried peanut milk residue
Authors: Sanika B. , Poojitha P. , Gurumorrthi P. , Athmaselvi K.A.
Published: February 2021

The research was aimed to prepare muffins using groundnut milk residue. Groundnut or
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most consumed legumes in the world. Groundnut
is also a prominent source of plant-based milk. The groundnut milk was prepared by the
conventional method with 1:2 ratio of water. The residue was tray-dried at different
temperatures (60, 70, 80°C) to study the drying kinetics. Physical and chemical properties
of optimized groundnut milk residue powder were analysed. Muffins were developed
using milk residue. Quality parameters and sensory analyses were also done for the
product obtained from milk residue. The results indicated that groundnut milk residue
dried at 70ºC had less water absorption capacity and more water solubility index. Also, the
powder retained colour when dried at 70°C. The experimental data were fitted to five
mathematical models. Wang and Singh's model was found to have the best fit with R2
value of 0.9932. The increase in temperature promotes drying at a faster rate.
Assessment of bacteriological quality and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in ready-to-eat street foods
Authors: Latchumaya S.R. , Hameed M.N.S.S. , Arkappan P. , Sreedharam R.J. , Sandrasaigaran P.
Published: February 2021

Ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods are usually prepared well in advance (4-8 hrs) before the
sale. Owning to minimal cooking procedures, cross-contaminations, and abused holding
temperature and time, there is a high probability for deteriorating microbiological quality
in these foods. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the bacteriological quality of RTE
foods sampled from night markets and street stalls based on the guidelines provided by the
Public Health Laboratory Service. A total of fifty samples (category 2, 3 and 4) were
evaluated for aerobic colony count, total coliform, and E. coli. The pathogenic strain E.
coli O157: H7 were examined using the multiplex PCR technique. It was noticed that
category 3 and 4 RTE street foods were largely unsatisfactory for the coliform (>104 CFU/
mL) and E. coli count (>100 CFU/mL). In opposite, category 2 RTE street foods were
unsatisfactory for the aerobic colony count (>105 CFU/mL) and E. coli (>100 CFU/
mL). However, there was no E. coli O157: H7 or Shiga-toxin producing bacteria reported
in this study. The statistical analysis showed that in overall, category 3 and 4 RTE street
foods were significantly at worsening bacteriological quality compared to category 2.
Strict legal enforcement and amending the existing rules are needed to improve the quality
of RTE street foods sold in the night markets and street stalls.
Proven technology for a new structure: Submerged Floating Tube Bridge
Authors: Johansen Inger Lise , Minoretti Arianna , Xu Xiang , Eidem Mathias
Published: February 2021

The lack of available spaces to locate new or larger infrastructures implies an effort in finding new areas to locate the transport system. A Submerged Floating Tube Bridge could be a feasible possibility to cross bodies of water, minimizing the use of land and avoiding deep tunnels. The structure is nowadays a feasible solution, thanks to the experience in the offshore field. Nevertheless, even if every part of the structure has a proven technology, the different parts have never worked together, so the final structure results to be a new crossing solution. This implies a problem of technology qualification, which requires a broader scope than traditional reductionist approaches to address uncertainties at the system level.
The efficient use of precast concrete technology in the construction of elevated guideways
Authors: Dreas Gilberto
Published: February 2021

Several Elevated Transit Guideway projects in congested urban enviroments have been completed in the last 30 years. A lot more will be built in the near future to minimize the use of private cars, avoid traffic congestion and reduce carbon emissions. The use of precast segmental technology has been largely preferred for the construction of these structures for a number of advantages that the technology offers, including but not limited to: aesthetics, fast construction, durability, limited urban impact, low sensibility to construction constraints. In recent projects a some new governing design factors are being considered, such as sustainable construction, health and safety, materials efficiency, longer design life. Purpose of this presentation is to summarise the last thirty-years experience in design and construction of precast segmental elevated guideways, focusing on the key design factors such as: Urban impact, Train system – structure interaction, Noise emission Riding comfort, Design criteria, etc. In addition to the above, new factors that may govern the design and construction of the projects planned for the near future will be presented and discussed.
Proposal methodology to assess debris current design in traditional Chilean Bridges
Authors: Valenzuela Matías A. , Hernandez Francisco , Valenzuela Nicolás A. , Álvarez Flavio H. , Pinto Hernan
Published: February 2021

During the last five years, the north of Chile was impacted by several natural disasters not considered in the traditional code design. During 2015 a great rain fall occurred in a desert zone, it is not prepared by this amount of water, producing soil and debris currents from the mountain to the sea (about 100 km).

These phenomena produced an important damage in the infrastructure, specially focused on roads and bridges. The main damage detected was the collapse of the infrastructure (piers and abutment) and the unlinking between deck and piers.

This paper presents a proposal methodology to assess the effect of these currents on bridges, using the case of study of the Chañaral Bridge, a multi-supported bridge, with four concrete girders, slab girder and two spans of 20 meters supported in two abutments and one concrete pier, over the Charañal River.

A sensitive hydraulic analysis via FEM was carried out using non-Newtonian flows (high density) representing the real final topography-condition of the current. A FEM of the bridge was carried out too considering a Non- Linear transient load. The inputs for model are the outputs from the hydraulic model in order to define the condition that produce the same collapse behavior showed after the real debris current.

Finally, results of this methodology are discussed, providing a comprehensive methodology, step by step, in order to obtained similar results according to the 2015 event.
Structural bridge design for additive manufacturing
Authors: van der Gaag Bert-Jan , Kardas Maurice , van HERWAARDEN Joël , Van Ijselmuijden Kees , Tromp Liesbeth
Published: February 2021

Companies in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry are constantly innovating on digital engineering. Digital engineering is the collective name for engineering activities that comprise automation, generative design, parametric design, automated manufacturing and artificial intelligence through machine learning. This research investigates the possibilities of generative design and additive manufacturing as a method to automate the design, engineering and construction process for bridges. Generative design will become an important aspect of future structural engineering of bridges. Automated optimization routines will find ideal structures for a specific case. Generative design finds these solutions within the possibilities and limitations of existing production techniques. With the introduction of additive manufacturing technology, a large range of possibilities become available to the engineer, resulting in innovative structural concepts for bridges. Untill recently, generative design and automated manufacturing have mostly been used in machine factory industry for small components. This paper elaborates on the challenges that come with automated design and manufacturing of bridges. The generative design and engineering challenges are about today’s available software and how they deal with bridge design. The manufacturing challenges are about material properties suitable for additive manufacturing and the possibilities and restrictions of large 3D printers.
Deep renovation up to zero energy through Add-ons: the ABRACADABRA Project
Authors: Ferrante Annarita , Ungaro Fabrizio , Semprini Giovanni , Dragonetti Lorna , Agliardi Elettra , Fotopoulou Anastasia
Published: February 2021

and international projects

various EU H2020 projects

Though housing is one of the most energy consumer sectors, it is currently extremely underestimated, because of a clear investment gap due to economic, social and legislative barriers. The EU project ABRACADABRA (Assistant Building to Retrofit, Adopt, Cure And Develop the Actual Buildings up to zeRo energy, Activating a market for deep renovation) is based on the idea that the real estate value increase given by the appropriate densification strategy in urban environments could be an opportunity to activate a market for deep energy renovation. To prove the effectiveness of the strategy more than 70 case studies throughout the EU cities have been assessed by means of a cost-effective analysis. Basing on the parametric variation of the different values involved (cost of construction, energy, etc.) the benefit of this strategy has been proved in the majority of the different building types and contexts.

More interestingly, the ABRA strategy has been simulated and tested outside Europe in order to verify its scalability and the possibility of considering other non-energy related benefits in the renovation of the existing building stock. A specific study on the NYC urban context has been conducted to effectively adapt the strategy and combine the global drivers of energy consumption reduction and CO2emission reduction with the local need of combating flood emergency and related flood-proofing measures.

The results reached by this work demonstrate how the energy retrofit trough add-ons reduces significantly the payback times of the investments, preserve soil consumption, while providing a extraordinary opportunity to enhance urban resiliency by challenging the local emergencies.
NHNY Via Verde – A New Design Standard For Affordable Housing
Authors: Pendleton Ian
Published: February 2021

NHNY Via Verde is a global model of sustainable housing development. Located in a Bronx brownfield, the 294,000 SF structure contains 222 residential units with 40,000 SF of green roofs and open space. Cascading buildings surrounding a central courtyard consists of a 21 story tower, 16- to 7-story midrise and 5 to 3-story low-rise. Interconnected, accessible green roofs provide continuous access from the courtyard to 12thlevel roof: the “via verde” or “green way”. Primary structure consists of cast-in-place concrete at the tower and concrete masonry bearing walls with precast concrete plank at mid- and low-rises. These conventional materials are arranged in unconventional ways to maximize efficiency, generating the architectural unit layout from optimal plank spans and eliminating façade bearing walls for prefabricated façades with sunshades and balconies. Secondary structural steel framing supports low rise storefronts, extensive roof PV panel arrays and a rainwater catchment system. Fly ash replacement was maximized in all concrete, and the time effect on strength gain was managed in construction. The large building volume required internal building separations with three independent structures engineered for drift compatibility. Foundation pile capacities vary to optimize efficiency to wide-ranging building heights.
Design and Construction of the Komono Secon Viaduct in Mie, Japan
Authors: Makita Tohru , Nakamura Yuichiro , Kouroki Shigeaki , Yamazaki Tetsuya
Published: February 2021

The present paper describes key aspects of the design and construction of the Komono Second Viaduct. The viaduct is a three‐span prestressed concrete extradosed bridge with a three‐cell box girder across the Mitaki River, carrying the Shin‐Meishin Expressway at Komono, Mie Prefecture in Japan. The extradosed bridge has an overall length of 341m and a main span of 161m with a 23.35m wide deck carrying dual carriageway with two lanes for each direction. Dual central cable planes are adopted allowing for future deck widening. The stay cable consists of either 37 or 48 seven‐wire prestressing strands of 15.2mm diameter and has four‐layer corrosion protection system for 100‐year service life. The top half of the pylon is built with steel‐concrete composite structure and the stay cables are anchored inside the pylon box sections to facilitate inspection and maintenance works of the stay cable anchorages.
Advanced concretes for high temperature applications
Authors: Deshpande Alok A. , Kumar Dhanendra , Ranade Ravi , Whittaker Andrew S.
Published: February 2021

The mechanical properties of concrete deteriorate at high temperatures. Strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) are a special class of fiber-reinforced concretes that exhibit strain-hardening behavior in direct tension. The mechanical behavior of a SHCC made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers is characterized after exposure to temperatures up to 800°C. The effects of temperature on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture are reported. For comparison, a normal strength conventional concrete of similar compressive strength to the SHCC was heated and tested in the same conditions as the SHCC. The normalized tensile strength of SHCC at room temperature, and after exposure to high temperature, is significantly greater than the value for conventional concrete. The PVA fibers provide crack-bridging capacity up to about 200°C (melting point of PVA fibers is 230°C), leading to improved tensile behavior. At greater temperatures, the fibers melt, creating pathways for steam to escape, reducing micro-cracking and significantly improving mechanical behavior with respect to conventional concrete. SHCC is a robust alternative to conventional concrete for high temperature applications.
Full-Scale Performance Evaluation of Structure-Dynamic Vibration Absorber Systems
Authors: Love Shayne , Haskett Trevor C.
Published: February 2021

Modern tall buildings are often susceptible to excessive wind-induced motion, which can cause occupant discomfort and decrease component longevity. Increasing the effective damping of these buildings using a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) is often the preferred option to decrease motion, especially for serviceability-level performance. A tuned mass damper (TMD) is one form of DVA that consists of a steel or concrete mass that is supported near the top of the building. A tuned sloshing damper (TSD) is another type of DVA that consists of a tank that is partially filled with water and located near the top of the tower. In both cases, when the building moves during a wind event, the motion of the TMD mass or sloshing TSD water lags behind the motion of the structure. A properly designed DVA thereby produces forces that continually oppose the tower’s motion, substantially reducing its response. Although numerous DVAs have been installed worldwide, very little reporting has been published on the full-scale performance of the damping systems. This paper will present the results of measurements conducted on several tall buildings equipped with DVAs. The measured results are compared to theoretical predictions to evaluate performance.
Risk and resilience of bridgeworks exposed to hydraulic hazards
Authors: Mitoulis Stergios A. , Argyroudis Sotirios A. , Lamb Rob
Published: February 2021

Transportation infrastructure is a pylon for the society and economy, enabling the services and transportation of goods, under normal and emergency circumstances. Bridgeworks act as bottlenecks within road and rail networks and their failures due to e.g. floods, cause disproportionate losses, which are expected to be exacerbated due to climate change. Thus, pinpointing the vulnerabilities and quantifying the resilience of bridges within transportation networks exposed to hydraulic hazards is of paramount importance. However, reliable quantification of risk and resilience of flood-critical bridges is not yet available, as there is a lot of engineering guesswork for qualitative assessments. This paper describes a new integrated framework for the resilience assessment of bridgeworks and networks subjected to hydraulic hazards such as scour, debris flow and hydraulic actions. An overview of the critical hydraulic hazards, and the evaluation of their intensity measures based on regional and site-specific approaches is provided in the paper. The framework also includes vulnerability models for bridges for the evaluation of direct losses, i.e. physical damage, as a means to deliver the quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the exposed bridgeworks and networks. The second component of the resilience framework is the restoration and reinstatement models, which are expressed by practical restoration times and tasks. Toward this end, this paper summarises an on-going comprehensive survey, which aims to elicit knowledge from experts, in an effort to develop restoration models for bridges exposed to floods. The framework is a useful tool for allocating the resources reasonably toward efficient management and consequence analysis on a network level.
Carbon reinforced concrete and temperature
Authors: Schladitz Frank , Lägel Emanuel , Ehlig Daniel
Published: February 2021

Carbon reinforced concrete — a combination of non-corroding carbon reinforcement and concrete — has been investigated for over 20 years and has been used extensively in construction practice for more than 10 years for new constructions and for renovation. Wall and ceiling constructions in building construction as well as bridges and platform systems were newly erected, but also roofs, silos and bridges were renovated. During its manufacturing process but also during its time of use, carbon reinforced concrete can be affected by temperature stresses. The paper starts with an overview of how the temperature characteristics at different temperatures are to be evaluated. Furthermore, it will be shown how mat-like carbon reinforcement with its electrical conductivity and the high specific electrical resistance of approx. 16 Ω-mm²/m can be used for the deliberate heating of carbon concrete components. In addition, carbon reinforcement can be used to achieve thermal prestressing of fresh concrete components similar to prestressed glass panes.
Analytical Solutions for Flexural Stress of One-way UHPC-NC Hybrid Slab
Authors: Liu Zhao , Zhuo Wei D. , Yuan Si Q.
Published: February 2021

Ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) is an advanced construction material that affords opportunities to innovate the structures made of conventional concrete (NC). The one‐way UHPC‐NC hybrid slab, designed to have the UHPC layer in tension and the NC layer in compression, can be an optimal use of UHPC for bridge deck. The analytical solutions for normal stress are essential under service limit state, but they cannot be found in the literature by now. Based on the elastic theory, analytical formulas for the neutral axis position and flexural stress are derived. The lowest neutral axis position is attained when the UHPC layer thickness ratio (UHPC layer thickness / hybrid slab thickness) approximates 0.4. The criteria to judge the position of neutral axis within UHPC or NC region are analytically established. To find out the ideal scenario to reach the allowable compressive stress in NC and allowable tensile stress in UHPC simultaneously, an inequality constraint with the elastic modulus ratio is proposed. Considering the UHPC tensile stress limitation and flexural moment capacity of the hybrid slab, the rational thickness ratio of UHPC layer of 0.4 is suggested, which can achieve better economy and efficiency of the hybrid slab.
Finite Element Analysis of CRTS III Slab Track Model
Authors: Awaludin Ali , Satyarno Iman , Sufaat Muchtar
Published: February 2021

This paper presented an evaluation of mechanical properties of ballastless track system using finite element model developed in ABAQUS. CRTS III ballastless track model composed of steel rails, fasteners, perfabricated concrete slabs, intermediate and base layers, was chosen. The track model has a length of 16.8 m in longitudinal direction and the computation was limited to static analysis and linear-elastic material stress- strain relation. In this numerical analysis, steel rails were modeled as beam elements, fasteners were modeled as spring connectors, and prefabricated slabs, intermediate layer as well as base layer were modeled as 3D solid elements. Soil support was represented as elastic foundation throughout the length of the track model. Contact condition between track components was facilitated through surface contact elements having frictionless type. Load model LM-71 suggested by EN 1991-2 was applied to the track model through a load factor (k1) and soil elastic foundation coefficient (ks) varied from 0.01 N/mm³ to 0.06 N/mm³. Initially, patch test analysis to ensure convergence of the numerical solution were conducted, as well as performing simple analysis using one point load acting on the track model to compare the numerical results with the calculation given by Zimmermann and Westergaard methods provided by EN 16432-2 (2017). The numerical results indicated that the axial fastener force and flexural stress steel rail has a linear function with respect to kl, while the deflection of steel rail, flexural stress of frefabricated concrete slab, intermediate layer and base layer is best described by α(ks)βk1where α and β are constants. As minimum subgrade modulus stiffness required by EN 16432-1 (2017) equal to 60 N/mm², which is equivalent to subgrade modulus reaction ksof 0.0153 N/mm³, load factor k1equals to 1.28 will yield steel rail deflection of 6 mm, the allowable value suggested by American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-way Association.
Benchmarking of a Plasticity Material Model for Numerical Simulation of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes
Authors: Kroyer Robert , Taras Andreas
Published: February 2021

The popularity of composite sections increased notably in recent years due to the possibility to combine materials with individual mechanical properties beneficial for structural applications. Focusing on concrete- filled steel tubes, such members exhibit primarily an increased ultimate strength as well as a higher ductility in comparison to similar members with a homogeneous cross section made from either steel or concrete. Research issues on the structural behavior of such composite members include the interaction of the materials as well as the mechanical behavior and stochastic characteristics of the individual materials. As the materials are subjected typically to a multiaxial stress state, modelling of the material behavior is still a challenging issue in those applications. In particular for concrete, different material models were proposed in previous research for simulation of the actual behavior. This paper reports on characteristics of the structural behavior of concrete-filled steel tubes as well as on a plasticity material model for numerical simulations of this behavior. Some common approaches in application of this material model are collected and discussed, followed by an exemplary numerical application on concrete-filled steel tube specimens for the purpose of benchmarking.
General Design of Hollow RC Sections under Combined Actions
Authors: Kleissl Kenneth C. , Domingues Costa J. L.
Published: February 2021

Hollow reinforced concrete sections are consistently considered the preferred solution for medium to large sized bridge projects due to its structural efficiency and the large material savings associated with it.

To fully harvest the structural capacity of hollow sections exposed to combined actions it is necessary to leave behind the simplicity of treating the verification of structural adequacy for normal stresses (beam theory) separately from that of shear stresses (diagonal truss model) and instead fully exploit the advantages of choosing more efficient stress distributions. By exploring the vast possibilities of other statically admissible systems using optimization routines, one will find that longitudinal reinforcement near the neutral axis can be utilized much more efficiently.

In addition, by adhering to the interdependency constraints between normal and shear stresses a much more precise picture of the actual service stress state can be determined. There is therefore the need for a one- step, automated design tool capable of addressing such verifications holistically.

In this paper the theoretical basis and a free to use open-source design tool is presented, allowing for easy access to highly optimized designs capable of pushing the materials to their limits.
Fatigue study on rib-to-deck welded joint considering weld penetration rate
Authors: Ju Xiaochen , Liu Xiaogang , Zeng Zhibin , Zhao Xinxin
Published: February 2021

The U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joint in orthotropic steel deck is a part with multiple fatigue cracks. The penetration rate which is the ratio of penetration depth to U-shaped rib thickness has an important influence on fatigue performance of partial joint penetration (PJP) welds. In this study, the influence of penetration rate on the fatigue performance of U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joints was studied. Firstly, the finite element model of U-shaped rib-to-deck welded joints with penetration rate of 65%, 75%, 85% and complete joint penetration (CJP) welds were established. The mechanical characteristics of different welding forms under typical loading conditions were analyzed. It was found that with the increase of penetration rate of PJP welds, the stress concentration at the weld root weakened. Then fatigue tests on specimens with different weld penetration rate were carried out. The fatigue cracks of CJP welds all started at the inner welding toe of the U-shaped rib. However, the fatigue cracks of PJP welds mainly started at the welding root of the unfused weld. Fatigue S-N curves for PJP and CJP were regressed, respectively, it could be found that the fatigue performance of CJP welds was superior to that of PJP welds.
Low-Frequency Sine Webs for Improved Shear Buckling Performance of Plate Girders
Authors: Wang Peter Y. , Garlock Maria E. , Zoli Theodore P. , Quiel Spencer E.
Published: February 2021

Steel plate girders are used extensively in buildings and bridges. Given shear rarely governs, minimizing web thickness is desirable. However, web slenderness can enable shear buckling and fatigue problems. The traditional strategy is to use welded transverse stiffeners; yet transversely-stiffened girders are prone to fatigue cracks and difficult to fabricate at high slenderness ratios. Thus, AASHTO currently limits web slenderness to 150. Alternatively, corrugated web girders overcome these deficiencies but require robotic welding for the web-to-flange weld. Corrugated webs are also limited to small web thicknesses (6mm or less) and girder depths (less than 1.5m) given web forming limits. The authors propose an alternative web geometry, introducing low-frequency sinusoids (LFS) in the web along its length. The LFS web can be welded to the flanges using semi-automatic weld techniques currently employed by bridge fabricators. The reduced web curvature allows for a wider array of web forming techniques with much larger plate thicknesses. In a finite element study, web geometric properties such as sinusoidal frequency and amplitude are varied. Results demonstrate a significant increase in the elastic shear buckling load and ultimate strength using a wavelength equal to the depth of the girder. The results of this study show promise for improved girder durability paired with material efficiency, demonstrating that a web product with constant amplitude and wavelength could work for various girder depths up to 3m and above.
RECENT TEACHING TECHNIQUES IN CLASSICAL DANCE
Authors: Shreevas Purva Pandit
Published: February 2021

Most among the recent dancers from last decades are pursuing dance as a performer as well as a teacher. As performer we all are reaching our goals, to perform impressively, make new adaptations in our dance techniques and even maintaining the traditional style of our dance. With all of this we are able to reach students to an extent. These days students are inclined towards classical dance, parents choose classical dance over western, but the number is still low. I know this is just the beginning, still a long way to go.
OUR HEART LIKE RHYTHM AND OUR BRAIN LIKE MELODY AND HARMONY
Authors: Qureshi Abida Shamim
Published: February 2021

Music interconnection with society can be seen throughout history. Every known culture on the earth has music. Music seems to be one of the basic actions of humans. However, early music was not handed down from generation to generation or recorded. Hence, there is no official record of "prehistoric" music. Even so, there is evidence of prehistoric music from the findings of flutes carved from bones.The influence of music on society can be clearly seen from modern history. Albert Einstein is recognized as one of the greatest sciencetics who has ever lived. A little known fact about Einstein is that when he was young he did extremely poor in school. His grade school teachers told his parents to take him out of school because he was "too stupid to learn" and it would be a waste of resources for the school to invest time and energy in his education. The school suggested that his parents get Albert an easy, manual labor job as soon as they could. His mother did not think that Albert was "stupid". Instead of following the school's advice, Albert's parents bought him a violin. Albert became good at the violin. Music was the key that helped Albert Einstein become one of the smartest men who has ever lived. Einstein himself says that the reason he was so smart is because he played the violin.
ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TOOLS IN THE PROMOTION OF MUSIC
Authors: Khare Mrs. Asha
Published: February 2021

Hegel, a well-known scholar of Jammani, has placed music in the category of love arts. Indian music has been called the essence of all four languages. Music has been worshiped extensively in India and has been worshiped as Veena Vavadani. Sa vidya or liberation is music. In the divine period, the reins of music were in the hands of Brahmins. In this period, music flourished in religious atmosphere. Samudragupta was self-effacing. In this period, music began to develop in Rajashraya. Classical and folk music was also promoted. Kaval Das and Bhasa, the great poet and playwright of Sanskrit, wrote important texts in this period. The Rajputs were ruled after the Gupta period. Indian music, which was embedded in the thread of unity, began to be divided into two streams, the music of North India and the music of South India. Important texts of music were written. In the Muvassalam era, Sharangadee wrote a famous book of music called Sangeet Ratnakara. During this period, Amir Khusro brought a new verse in the field of music. The origins of the plants became popular for singing songs and singing ghazali. Bhagakat music was emphasized during the Mughal period. Dhrupad Dhamar singing was popular. The reign of Akbar in the Mughal period has been called the era of music. During this period, musicians and artists enjoyed royalty, and art greatly developed.
Pengaruh Model Discovery Learning Menggunakan Kamus Bergambar Sistem Reproduksi Manusia Terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Peserta Didik
Authors: Achmad Fatiha , Pea Ospa , ‘Aqidatu Asmi
Published: February 2021

Penggunaan model dan media pembelajaran yang tepat merupakan upaya untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Pada materi sistem reproduksi banyak peserta didik merasa kesulitan memahami materi sehingga hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik belum maksimal. Banyaknya istilah-istilah latin yang sulit untuk diingat dan banyaknya organ -organ penyusun sistem reproduksi menjadi faktor peserta didik sulit memahami materi sistem reproduksi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh model discovery learning menggunakan kamus bergambar sistem reproduksi manusia terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Pra eksperiment dengan metode one group pretest-posttest design. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes (pretes dan postes). Instrument yang digunakan berupa soal (pretest dan postes). Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik serta uji t berpasangan (paired sample t test) dengan bantuan program SPSS 16. Hipotesis yang digunakan yaitu H0 tidak ada pengaruh dan H1 terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik meningkat dengan rata-rata pretest 64,72 menjadi 79,3 untuk postest. Hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa Sign≤ 0,05 yaitu 0,00. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima yang artimya ada pengaruh model pembelajaran discovery learning dengan hasil belajar peserta didik.
Survey on Ten Years of Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing Problems: Mathematical Models, Solution Methods and Real-Life Applications
Authors: Jayarathna D. G. N. D. , Lanel G. H. J. , Juman Z. A. M. S.
Published: February 2021

A crucial practical issue encountered in logistics management is the circulation of final products from depots to end-user customers. When routing and scheduling systems are improved, they will not only improve customer satisfaction but also increase the capacity to serve a large number of customers minimizing time. On the assumption that there is only one depot, the key issue of distribution is generally identified and formulated as VRP standing for Vehicle Routing Problem. In case, a company having more than one depot, the suggested VRP is most unlikely to work out. In view of resolving this limitation and proposing alternatives, VRP with multiple depots and multi-depot MDVRP have been a focus of this paper. Carrying out a comprehensive analytical literature survey of past ten years on cost-effective Multi-Depot Vehicle Routing is the main aim of this research. Therefore, the current status of the MDVRP along with its future developments is reviewed at length in the paper.
Some Thoughts on the Teaching Content of Mineral Resources Economics
Authors: Chu Jianpeng
Published: February 2021

Based on the teaching practice of mineral resources economics, this article believes that a certain economic foundation is an indispensable condition for learning mineral resource economics well for the students of geology majors, and the teaching content of mineral resources economics must include the basic knowledge of economics; Mining resource management is an indispensable content for constructing a knowledge system of economic analysis and evaluation of mineral resources. The teaching content of mineral resource economics should include the sustainable use of mineral resources and the environmental protection. In order to meet the needs of society, the teaching content of mineral resources economics must be updated in time.
A Validated Smartphone-based Electrocardiogram Reveals Severe Bradyarrhythmias during Immobilizing Restraint in Mice of Both Sexes and Four Strains
Authors: Labitt Rachael N , Oxford Eva M , Davis Allyson K , Butler Scott D , Daugherity Erin K
Published: February 2021

Mouse handling and restraint affect behavior, physiology, and animal welfare, yet little information is available on how various mouse restraint methods affect cardiovascular parameters. We validated the use of a smartphone-based ECG sys- tem in mice by performing simultaneous smartphone
and telemetry ECG recordings in conscious, restrained mice and in anesthetized mice. We observed that mice held in standard immobilizing restraint ("scruffing") experienced severe bradycardia. Mice of both sexes and 4 different strains (BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and FVB/nJ) were restrained
by 3 handlers using 3 different restraint methods: light restraint; 3-finger restraint, which creates a dorsal transverse fold of skin; and the standard immobilizing restraint, which creates a dorsal longitudinal fold of skin that results in a crease on the ventral neck. Regardless of the
handler, immobilizing restraint, but not 3-finger restraint, produced severe bradycardia with irregular rhythm in all 4 strains and both sexes, with an average decrease in heart rate of 31%, or 211 bpm, and a maximal decrease of 79%, or 542 bpm. When evaluated using telemetry, immobilizing
restraint produced severe arrhythmias such as junctional and ventricular escape rhythms, and second- and third-degree atrioventricular block. Sinus pauses were observed for an average of 4 min, but up to 6.8 min after release from immobilizing restraint. Atropine administration to C57BL/6J
mice attenuated immobilizing restraint-induced bradycardia, supporting the hypothesis that pressure on cervical baroreceptors during stretching of the neck skin results in a vagally-mediated reflex bradycardia. Because of these profound cardiovascular effects, we recommend using the light
or 3-finger restraint and avoiding or minimizing the use of immobilization restraint while handling mice.
Índice de la novela
Authors: Tamayo Vargas Augusto
Published: February 2021

La novela, contenido de esencia y alma o de color y forma, representa el postrer paso del devenir literario. Algo así como concreción, resultante de fuerzas intelectuales de una cultura en marcha. En definiciones clásicas se dice que su "fin es causar placer estético por medio de descripciones o pinturas de sucesos, caracteres, pasiones y costumbres .Pero es ésta una concepción apriorística, que no encaja dentro de una explicación autorizada del fenómeno de "escribir"; o también se dice que es "la exposición, imaginaria o real, de los conflictos y luchas, internos y externos, de la vida en general". En la novela se "expone" y la novela se orienta hacia "un fin" ; pero, no son estos sino resultados de un especial ambiente, de una obligatoriedad que no está marcada por sólo esas líneas directrices. Es precisamente una manifestación vital.