bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clustering social enterprises: an empirically validated taxonomy
Authors: Erpf Philipp , Tekula Rebecca , Neuenschwander Julia
Published: May 2019

Purpose

This study aims to develop an empirically validated taxonomy. Typologies of social entrepreneurship are primarily based on conceptual considerations and case studies. There is a need for quantitative approaches and empirical testing of this emerging organizational form and its characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach

First, an item scale was developed that emerged from frequently mentioned elements in social entrepreneurship literature. Next, social entrepreneurs rated these items. Finally, the authors conducted a cluster analysis to derive a taxonomy with three distinguishable types of social enterprises.

Findings

Based on a cluster analysis (N= 70), an empirically validated taxonomy is provided with three social enterprise types: social service providers, social change makers and social philanthropists.

Practical implications

Although this research has an exploratory character, it makes a clear contribution by complementing existing typologies, which tend to be conceptual in nature, with a taxonomy that is empirically grounded. This study defogs the blurry understanding and limited knowledge about different social enterprise forms and provides insight into meaningfully similar groups across the sector as a whole.

Originality/value

This article fills a void of empirically grounded taxonomies by analyzing which definitional aspects of social entrepreneurship literature correspond to the perceptions of social entrepreneurs regarding the nature of their organizations.
Study on the strength of diameter-reducing solder balls by shear and pull tests
Authors: Yu Kehang , Yang Chen , Wang Jun , Yu Jiabo , Yang Yi
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the variation of the mechanical strength and failure modes of solder balls with reducing diameters under conditions of multiple reflows.

Design/methodology/approach

The solder balls with diameters from 250 to 760 µm were mounted on the copper-clad laminate by 1-5 reflows. The strength of the solder balls was tested by the single ball shear test and pull test, respectively. The failure modes of tested samples were identified by combing morphologies of fracture surfaces and force-displacement curves. The stresses were revealed and the failure explanations were assisted by the finite element analysis for the shear test of single solder ball.

Findings

The average strength of a smaller solder ball (e.g. 250 µm in diameter) is higher than that of a larger one (e.g. 760 µm in diameter). The strength of smaller solder balls is more highly variable with multiple reflows than larger diameters balls, where the strength increased mostly with the number of reflows. According to load-displacement curves or fracture surface morphologies, the failure modes of solder ball in the shear and pull tests can be categorized into three kinds.

Originality/value

The strength of solder balls will not deteriorate when the diameter of solder ball is decreased with a reflow, but a smaller solder ball has a higher failure risk after multiple reflows. The failure modes for shear and pull tests can be identified quickly by the combination of force-displacement curves and the morphologies of fracture surfaces.
Ambidexterity and organizational learning: revisiting and reconnecting the literatures
Authors: Brix Jacob
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to investigate how the processes of exploration and exploitation have developed in parallel in the literature of organizational ambidexterity and organizational learning, since James March published his seminal paper in 1991. The goal of the paper is to provide a synthesis of exploration and exploitation based on the two areas of literature.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is conceptual and no empirical data have been used.

Findings

The study advances current understanding of exploration and exploitation by building a new model for organizational ambidexterity that takes into account multiple levels of learning, perspectives from absorptive capacity and inter-organizational learning.

Originality/value

The study’s novelty lies in the creation and discussion of a synthesis of exploration and exploitation stemming from organizational ambidexterity and organizational learning.
Increased risk of psoriasis in subjects with abdominal obesity: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Han Ju Hee , Lee Ji Hyun , Han Kyung Do , Kim Ha‐Na , Bang Chul Hwan , Park Young Min , Lee Jun Young , Kim Tae Yoon
Published: May 2019

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease known to be associated with a variety of systemic comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome and obesity. Obesity represents a major comorbidity and has been suggested to be related to psoriasis. This nationwide population‐based prospective cohort study was performed to investigate the impacts of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on psoriasis. We used the health check‐up database and the study population consisted of subjects who had undergone health screening between January 2009 and December 2012. This study investigated patients newly diagnosed with psoriasis (International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, code L40) by dermatologists during the follow‐up period (5.32 years), based on claims data. The total population consisted of 22 633 536 subjects, among whom 399 461 had newly developed psoriasis. Subjects with BMI of more than 30 had a higher risk of psoriasis (hazards ratio [HR], 1.118; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.100–1.137) compared with the BMI 18.5–23 group. WC showed a dose‐dependent association with psoriatic risk. Subjects with WC over 105 cm showed the highest risk of psoriasis (HR, 1.305; 95% CI, 1.261–1.349) compared with subjects with WC lower than 80/75 after adjusting for confounding factors, including BMI. The risk of psoriasis was highest in males with normal BMI and abdominal obesity (HR, 1.175; 95% CI, 1.150–1.200). Our study indicates that WC is a specific factor affecting psoriatic risk and highlights the association between abdominal obesity and psoriasis, thus increasing awareness of the role of abdominal obesity in the pathogenesis and comorbidities of psoriasis.
Improving Housing Conditions in the Private and Social Rented Sectors: The Homes (Fit for Human Habitation) Act 2018 ‐ Fit for Habitation but Fit for Purpose?
Authors: Bevan Chris
Published: May 2019

The Homes (Fit for Human Habitation) Act 2018 became law in December 2018 and entered into force on 20 March 2019. This article examines the key provisions of this significant piece of housing legislation which has the potential to transform the lives of those renting homes in both the private and social sectors in England. The 2018 Act, through amendment to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, introduces a new obligation on landlords to ensure their residential properties are fit for human habitation and, for the first time in this jurisdiction, endows tenants with new civil rights to directly enforce this implied covenant against failing landlords. This article identifies the key deficiencies within the current legal framework around fitness for human habitation and explores how far the 2018 Act meets these challenges; set against the febrile backdrop of an acute housing crisis and the Grenfell Tower tragedy.
Towards sustainable consumption: Predicting the impact of social‐psychological factors on energy conservation intentions in Northern Cyprus
Authors: Ansu‐Mensah Peter , Bein Murad A.
Published: May 2019

The incessant demand and consumption of energy services among individuals’ is increasing throughout the world. Individuals’ electricity consumption in Northern Cyprus has risen considerably. However, the demand for electrical energy services on the island is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels has adverse effects on its environment. Therefore, sustainable energy consumption is required and individuals are targeted for energy conservation to reduce electricity consumption. Against this background, using the Structural Equation Modeling approach, this research incorporates social‐psychological factors; personal norms, positive and negative emotions into the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to assess the relationships among the variables, explain their impact on consumers’ electricity conservation intentions and enhance the explanatory power of the model. Data was conveniently obtained from a quantitative sample of 400 electricity consumers. The results indicate that negative emotions have the strongest significant influence on intentions, but personal norms have the least effect on intentions to save electricity. Furthermore, the study revealed that our expanded TPB model can provide improved explanatory power more than the original TPB. Policy implications, limitations and future research are discussed.
Forensic Facial Approximation: Study of the Nose in Brazilian Subjects
Authors: Strapasson Raíssa Ananda Paim , Costa Cláudio , Melani Rodolfo Francisco Haltenhoff
Published: May 2019

Forensic facial approximation is an auxiliary method for human identification and allows facial recognition. The midface, that includes the nose, is vital for the recognition of a familiar face. The purpose of this study was to set hard tissue parameters to estimate nasal width, to test the method to estimate nasal width of Brazilians, and to analyze the relationship between nasal profile and facial type. A total of 246 computed tomography scans (183 females and 63 males) of adults were analyzed in Horos. Bone tissue measurements and facial type classification were performed on the skull scan. Nasal profile morphology was accessed through the tool 3D surface rendering. There was a difference around 3 mm from real to predicted nose through the method to estimate nasal width in Brazilians. So, the method may be used in forensic practice. Straight nose was associated with long face type.
Thermal and salinity effects on locomotor performance ofThoropa taophoratadpoles (Anura, Cycloramphidae)
Authors: GALLO Antonio C. , BRASILEIRO Cinthia A. , DE BARROS Fábio Cury , DE CARVALHO José Eduardo
Published: May 2019

It is well known that environmental temperature influences several biological functions of ectotherms, notably in amphibians. The high permeability of anuran skin, associated with the effect of elevated environmental temperature, potentiates the dehydration process and this combination may restrict locomotor performance.Thoropa taophorais an endemic species from the Atlantic Rainforest whose tadpoles are semiterrestrial and predominantly diurnal, and are found in rocky seashores where they are exposed to sea spray and high temperatures. In this study we investigated how temperature and salinity conditions affect the locomotor performance inThoropa taophoratadpoles. We also assessed how different osmotic concentrations affect the activity of the metabolic pathways that support muscle function. We measured the sprint speed of tadpoles of various sizes at different temperatures and salinities in the field. We also measured the activity of the enzymes pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthase (CS) in different temperatures and osmotic concentrations, and calculated the thermal sensitivity and the activity constants for each osmolality. Our results showed that, in general, sprint speed decreased with increasing temperature and salinity. However, whereas the effect of increased salinity was similar in smaller and larger tadpoles, increased temperature had a higher negative impact on sprint speed of larger tadpoles, thus indicating low thermal sensitivity of small tadpoles. PK and LDH thermal sensitivities and LDH constant of activity decreased as the osmolality increased. In conclusion, the locomotor capacity of tadpoles was decreased by temperature and salinity, which may be related to a decrease in anaerobic metabolism both in terms of sensitivity and total energy turnover through enzymatic activity. We discuss the ecological consequences, including the potential impacts on predator escape behavior promoted by changes in metabolism and locomotor performance in an early stage of development of this species.
Geographical clines in the size of the herb field mouse (Apodemus uralensis)
Authors: BALČIAUSKAS Linas , AMSHOKOVA Albina , BALČIAUSKIENĖ Laima , BENEDEK Ana Maria , CICHOCKI Jan , CSANÁDY Alexander , DE MENDONÇA Philippe Gil , NISTREANU Victoria
Published: May 2019

Patterns of body size variation along geographical gradients have long been searched for and generalized into eco‐geographical rules. However, no rodent species has yet been analyzed in relation to the 3 dimensions of latitude, longitude and altitude. We analyzed geographical clines and dimorphism of body and skull size in the herb field mouse (Apodemus uralensis) across the species range, based on field data and on data from the literature. Sexual dimorphism in adult A. uralensis was not expressed at a large scale, while local patterns were inconsistent. Age‐dependent size changes were most expressed in adult individuals: most characters of adults exceeded in size those of subadults, while subadult–juvenile size differences were only significant in body weight and length, zygomatic skull width, length of cranial diastema and breadth of braincase. Despite central morphological niches along the clines being separated, A. uralensis populations showed a high degree of size overlap in morphological space. We found the species to be characterized by high size variability, with the largest individuals inhabiting the eastern and southern edges of the distribution range. Tail, hind foot and ear lengths were largest in the southern part of the range, in agreement with Allen's rule. The main measurements that we analyzed, namely body mass, zygomatic skull width and condylobasal skull length, show the presence of 3 clines in the size of adult A. uralensis: (i) a decreasing south–north cline, opposing Bergmann's rule; (ii) an increasing west–east cline, in accordance with Murphy's rule; and (iii) an increasing altitudinal cline.
Simultaneous Imaging of the Conductor and Dielectric Scatterer
Authors: YE Xiuzhu
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a new method to simultaneously image the perfect electric conductor (PEC) and dielectric scatterers together, which is based on the inversion algorithm subspace‐based distorted‐Born iterative method (S‐DBIM). Simulation results show that method is able to distinguish the PEC and dielectric and can retrieve the relative permittivity for dielectric scatterer at the same time.
Seismic data denoising via shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame
Authors: Zhang Liang , Tang Jingtian
Published: May 2019

We propose a sort of double sparsity dictionary (DSD) to deal with random noise of seismic exploration, which consists of shearlet transform and data‐driven tight frame (DDTF). We train the DDTF dictionary in the domain of shearlet transform to improve the robustness of the dictionary. Furthermore, the function of hard‐thresholding is applied to find dictionary coefficients and cut small shearlet coefficients. Finally, we verified the reliability of the proposed approach by a synthetic data denoising example.
Zircon growth during subduction and exhumation metamorphism of mafic rocks, Aktyuz terrain, North Tiahshan, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Chen Bo , MA Zhongping , WANG Bin , MENG Guanglu
Published: May 2019

The interpretation of whether a dated metamorphic zircon generation grew during the prograde, peak or retrograde stage of a metamorphic cycle is critical to geological interpretation. This study documents a case at Aktyuz metamorphic terrain, in the southern of Kokchetav‐North Tianshan belt, involving progressive metamorphic recrystallization of mafic rock to eclogite and associated behavior of zircon. Zircons in eclogites are mainly fine grains (5 to 20 μm), and preferentially concentrated with rutile/ilmenite. They also occur as individual grains or clusters in amphibole coronas of garnet. A few larger grains commonly preserve inherited cores and evidence of dissolution and metamorphic outgrowths. Zircon grains separated from amphibolites show inherited zircons with typically magmatic feature, although this become progressively blurred in response to resorption and recrystallization. Mineral inclusions represent epidote‐amphibolite facies in the prograde metamorphism, and the embayed boundary between recrystallized domains and inherited zircons suggest fluid/melt participation. The metamorphic domains are mainly simple overgrowth around the inherited cores or recrystallization domains. The absence of peak metamorphic mineral inclusions and steep pattern of MREE‐HREE indicate no sufficient garnet formed before the metamorphic zircon overgrowth. A tiny rim with homogeneously bright CL image can be distinguished in most zircons. Amphibole inclusions have similar compositions to those in the coronas of garnets, suggesting a retrograde metamorphic origin. The inherited zircon crystallized at 880‐730 Ma, revealing similar age range to the gneiss in Aktyuz area, whereas metamorphic zircon dates prograde metamorphism at 497.9 ±1.4 Ma. In this case, the bulk Zr budget in rocks will become locked into Zr‐bearing minerals during the mafic magma intrusion, when the inherited zircon melting and resorption. The texture shows that metamorphic zircon grew both in the prograde and retrograde stage, and Zr‐bearing magmatic minerals and rutile/ilmenite are by far the main source of Zr for the two stages, respectively.
Extensional Structures in the Ophiolites from Cuba and China: New Constraints to Slowly‐Spreading Ancient Oceanic Lithosphere
Authors: GUO Zhaojie
Published: May 2019

A group of low‐angle normal faults developed in banded gabbro of Moa Ophiolite, Cuba. The dark gabbro was cut into puddings by several normal faults, while light gabbro was just swelling in layer thickness. In Hongliuhe ophiolite at eastern segment of South Tien Shan Suture Zone in China, the extensional deformation concentrates on fine cumulus gabbro which is typically mylonitized. Abundant structural features were discovered in HLH ophiolite such as S‐C foliation, C’ foliation, extensional crenulation cleavage, small toughness normal fault, low‐angle normal faults and high‐angle normal faults. According to the above tectonic phenomenon from the ophiolite belts in Cuba and China, we will get the conclusion: the maximum principal compressive stress (b1) is vertical to cumulus bedding, and the maximum tensile stress (b3) is paralleling to cumulus bedding. Considering of the above evidence, the extensional tectonic event should developed at mid‐ocean ridge. Due to seafloor spreading, the maximum tensile stress is paralleling to cumulus layer, and extensional tectonic is kept in cumulus gabbro. In this way, normal faults developed in dark gabbro, while brittle‐ductile extensional developed in light gabbro. A large number of domes, folds paralleling to ocean ridge and detachment faults represented by low angle normal fault were discovered near ocean ridge in Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. In this way, materials from deep oceanic lithosphere (e.g. gabbro, mantle peridotite) outcrop at the crust surface of ocean basin. The above evidences from China and Cuba are consistent with extensional tectonic and metamorphic core complex from slowly and super‐slowly spreading Indian Ocean and Atlantic Oceanic lithosphere based on ODP. Therefore, extensional deformation in the ophiolite belt is of significant meaning for clarifying the formation process and mechanism of ancient oceanic basin.
The Wenquan Ultramafic Rocks in North Terrane, East Kunlun Mountains, NW China – Arc Cumulates of the Paleo‐Tethys
Authors: MENG Fancong , JIA Lihui , FENG Huibin
Published: May 2019

The Wenquan ultramafic rocks, located in the East Kunlun Orogenic belt in the northeastern part of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, consist of dunite, wehrlite, olivine‐clinopyroxenite and clinopyroxenite, and exhibit cumulate textures. Olivine from dunite has high Fo (forsterite, 90–92) and NiO (0.15–0.42 wt%) contents. Cr‐spinels from all of the rocks in this suite are characterized by high Cr# (100×[Cr/(Cr+Al)], 67–91), low Mg# (100×[Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)], 17–35) and low TiO2 contents (mostly < 0.5 wt%). Clinopyroxenes display high Mg# (92–98) and low TiO2 contents (0.002–0.099 wt%), similar to those in ophiolitic cumulates. Geochemically, the Wenquan ultramafic rocks show enrichment of LILE, Sr, and Ba, and depletion of Nb and Th. Mineral chemistry and geochemistry indicate that the Wenquan cumulates were generated from a depleted mantle and likely evolved from high‐Mg basaltic magmas (Mg#=78) that underwent fractional crystallization and crustal contamination. Zircons from clinopyroxenites yield a U–Pb weighted mean age of 331 ± 2 Ma, which is nearly coeval with the formation age of the Buqingshan and A'nyemaqen Carboniferous ophiolites. The Wenquan Carboniferous ophiolites are confirmed to exist in the Central East Kunlun Fault zone, whereas previous studies have considered them to be the Proterozoic ophiolites. The Wenquan ultramafic rocks might be an arc cumulates of the Paleo‐Tethyan ocean, indicating that there were two cycles of oceanic–continental evolution along the Central East Kunlun Fault zone. Keywords Ultramafic rock, Cumulate, Ophiolite, East Kunlun Orogenic belt.
Metamorphic Evolution of High‐pressure Politic Granulite from the Ailaoshan Orogenic Belt, Northeastern Margin of Indochina Block, West Yunnan, China
Authors: QI Xuexiang , ZHAO Yuhao , ZHU Luhua
Published: May 2019

Ailaoshan orogenic belt located at the northeastern margin of the Indochina block, southeastern Tibet, was formed by subduction and collision between the Indochina and South China blocks in Triassic and slip shearing resulted from the extrusion of the Indochina block in Cenozoic.

The high‐pressure pelitic granulite is located at the southeastern margin of the Ailaoshan metamorphic belt, occurs as a slice of about 500∼700m in thickness, consists of garnet, sillimanite, feldspar, biotite and quartz with accessory of kyanite, sapphirine, spinel, rutile, ilmenite, zircon and apatite.

The petrography and mineral chemistry show that the high‐pressure pelitic granulite had suffered three stages of metamorphism: 1) the prograde metamorphism recorded by the mineral assemblage of garnet, kyanite, feldspar, biotite and rutile; 2) the peak metamorphism shown by the mineral assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, sapphirine, ternary feldspar, K‐feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, spinel, quartz, rutile and zircon mantle; 3) the retrograde metamorphism recorded by the mineral assemblage of biotite, muscovite, plagioclase, quartz and zircon rim. Zircon SHRIMP U‐Pb dating indicates that the protolith of the pelite granulite was deposited before 336 Ma, the prograde to peak metamorphism occurred at P‐T conditions of ≥10.4 kbar at 850∼919 °C in 235 Ma, and the retrograde metamorphism occurred at the P‐T condition of 3.5∼3.9 kbar at 572∼576 °C until to 33 Ma. They are consistent with the times of Indochina separated from Gondwanaland during late Paleozoic, the amalgamation of the south China and Indochina blocks during the Triassic, and the sinistral slip‐shearing since the Early Cenozoic respectively. It is inferred that that the sedimentary rock was subducted to the lower continental crust (30 km) and suffered granulite‐facies metamorphism due to the collision during Indosinian, then exhumed quickly to middle‐upper crust (10–12km) and superimposed retrograde metamorphism since the Cenozoic.
Geodynamic Setting of the Xigaze Ophiolite in Yarlung‐Zangbu Suture Zone, South Tibet
Authors: SHE Yuwei , ZHU Xiangkun , HE Yuan , SUN Jian
Published: May 2019

The geodynamic setting of the Xigaze ophiolite has long been debated. Structural and geochemical evidence suggest the Xigaze ophiolite was formed at a slow‐spreading ridge (Nicolas et al., 1981; Liu et al., 2016). Based on incompatible element concentrations, the Xigaze ophiolite volcanics are consistent with the ubiquitous subduction signature in suprasubduction zone (Bedard et al., 2009; Hebert et al., 2012; Dai et al., 2013). It is noteworthy that the Xigaze ophiolite is different from the Geotimes and Lasail and Velly units from Oman ophiolite, respectively. The mafic rocks of the Xigaze ophiolite generally resemble typical N‐MORB and Geotimes volcanics in composition except for slight depletions of Th and Nb (Fig.1a). Although the Xigaze rocks have similar Th and Nb concentrations to Lasail and Velly rocks, most incompatible elements in the Xigaze rocks are comparable to N‐MORB. Petrography in gabbro of Xigaze ophiolite shows that euhedral plagioclases are enclosed by clinopyroxenes suggesting that these minerals have crystallized from an anhydrous magma (Sisson and Grove, 1993). Although the Xigaze volcanic rocks are slightly depleted in Th and Nb, they have MORB‐like trace element characteristics implying that they are derived from an anhydrous MORB magma at spreading centre. Godard et al. (2006) suggested that the mantle source of the Oman ophiolite have element and isotopic characteristics similar to Indian Ocean MORB, where the mantle preserved some older slab materials. A negative Nb anomaly of Oman Geotimes volcanic rocks may be resulted from contamination of the slab materials via decompression melting of the convecting mantle. Moreover, the Xigaze rocks have 1.27–3.18 of (Th/Nb)N ratios similar with those of Geotimes volcanics ((Th/Nb)N =0.51–2.77) and lower than those of Lasail and Velly units ((Th/Nb)N =2.12–6.35). These features suggest that the Xigaze ophiolite may have formed at the spreading centre.
Petrological sStudies of Jilang Eclogite and Constraints on the Subduction and Exhumation Processes of the Paleo‐Tethys Oceanic Crust
Authors: SHEN Tingting , ZHANG Cong , TIAN Zuolin , LI Yang , YANG Jingsui
Published: May 2019

The (ultra‐) high pressure eclogites from Sumdo area, recorded the subduction and exhumation process of the Paleo‐Tethys oceanic crust. Previous studies showed that there are significant differences in temperature and pressure conditions of the eclogites in four regions, e.g. Sumdo, Xindaduo, Bailang and Jilang. The cause of this differences remains unclear. Studying the peak metamorphic conditions and P‐T path of Sumdo eclogite is of great significance to reveal the subduction and exhumation mechanism of Paleo‐Tethys ocean. In this paper, we choose the Jilang eclogite as an example, which has a mineral assemblage of garnet, omphacite, phengite, hornblende, rutile, epidote, quartz and symplectit (diopside + amphibole + plagioclase), and minor biotite. Garnet has a “dirty” core with abundant mineral inclusions and a “clear” rim with less mineral inclusions, showing typical growth zoning. From the core to the rim, Prp content in garnet increasing while Grs content decreasing. P‐T pseudosection calculated with Domino constrained peak P‐T conditions of Jilang eclogite as 563°C, 2.4 GPa. Combined with petrographical observation, four stages of metamorphism have been recognized: (1) early stage prograde metamorphism represent by the core of garnet and mineral inclusions therein; (2) peak metamorphism represent by the rim of garnet, omphacite, phengite, glaucophane, rutile and quartz; (3) first stage of retrograde metamorphism characterized by decomposition of lawsonite to zoisite; (4) second stage of retrograde metamorphism characterized by symplectites surrounding omphacite and cornona rimmed garnet. Jilang eclogite shows a clockwise P‐T path, and near isothermal decompression during exhumation. It differs from eclogites in other area, which are hosted by garnet‐bearing mica schists or serpentinites. Jilang eclogites are enclosed in metamorphic quartzites, with relatively low P‐T conditions. We infer that the Jilang eclogite was derived from the shallow part of the subduction zone, and was exhumated by low density materials in the subduction channel.
Assimilation of the mafic‐ultramafic magma: a case study of diabase dyke at the Beidaihe, North China Craton
Authors: XU Haijin
Published: May 2019

Assimilation serves as a significant part in magma's evolution. Because of rapid cooling of ultramafic‐mafic magma, assimilation between mantle‐derived magma and crustal rocks (wall‐rocks) is often neglected. The Beidaihe diabase dikes in North China Craton suggest that assimilation of the rapidly cooled mantle‐derived magma can not be ignored. The diabase dikes are very thin (0.5 to 2 m in width) and discordantly intrude into Ordovician limestone. Center of dyke is porphyritic texture while chilled margin of it is aphanitic texture, suggesting a rapid crystallization process. Moreover, limestone close to the dyke was transformed into marble because of contact‐thermal metamorphism. From the center to margin of the dykes, contents of SiO2 (48.9→ 41.6 wt.%) and MgO (8.3 → 4.0 wt.%) are obviously decreased, but contents of CaO (6.4→8.3 wt.%) and CO2 (0.8 → 5.2 wt.%) are distinctly increased. Meanwhile, calcites in the wall rocks adjacent to and far from the dykes are also greatly different. The calcites close to the dykes have high MgO and FeO contents but low CaO and CO2 contents. All these suggest an assimilation process of the mantle‐derived magma with wall‐rock limestone. Calculating CO2 contents in the dyke and wall rock suggest that the extent of assimilation is thought to reach up to 8 ‐ 12 %. Therefore, when the wall rocks of the mantle‐derived magma are carbonate rocks, its components are obviously influenced by assimilation, although it often rapidly chilled. Simultaneously, this study provides possible explanation for some mantle‐derived rocks in carbonate areas with high LOI.
The Open of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean: Inferred from the Early Paleozoic Ophiolite in the Qiangtang Area, Northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: ZHAI Qingguo , LI Cai , WANG Jun , HU Peiyuan , TANG Yue , WANG Haitao
Published: May 2019

The Paleo‐Tethys Ocean was a Paleozoic ocean located between the Gondwana and Laurasia supercontinents. It was usually consider to opening in the early Paleozoic with the rifting of the Hun superterrane from Gondwana following the subduction of the Rheic Ocean/proto‐Tethys Ocean. However, the opening time and detailed evolutionary history of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean are still unclear. The Paleozoic ophiolites have recently been documented in the middle of the Qiangtang terrane, northern Tibetan Plateau, and they mainly occur in the Gangma Co area. These ophiolites are composed of serpentinite, pyroxenite, isotropic and cumulate gabbros, basalt, hornblendite and plagiogranite. Whole‐rock geochemical data suggest that all mafic rocks were formed in an oceanic‐ridge setting. Furthermore, positive whole‐rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values suggest that these rocks were derived from a long‐term depleted mantle source. The data allow us to conform that these rocks represent an ophiolite suite. Zircon U‐Pb dating of gabbros and plagiogranites yielded weighted mean ages of 437‐501 Ma. The occurrence of the ophiolite suite suggests that a Paleozoic Ocean basin (Paleo‐Tethys) existed in middle of the Qiangtang terrane. We hypothesize that the ophiolite in the middle of the Qiangtang terrane represents the western extension of the Sanjiang Paleo‐Tethys ophiolite in the east margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and they mark the main Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. This is the oldest ophiolite from the Paleo‐Tethyan suture zones and the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean basin probably opened in the Middle Cambrian, and continued to grow throughout the Paleozoic. The ocean was finally closed in the Middle to Late Triassic as inferred from the metamorphic ages of eclogite and blueschist that occur nearby. The Paleo‐Tethys Ocean was probably formed by the breakup of the northern margin of Gondwana, with southward subduction of the proto‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere along the northern margin of the supercontinent.
Let Me Drill a Coring Hole for You, and I will Return You a Telescope Inserted into the Earth
Authors: ZHANG Xiaoxi , ZHANG Hui
Published: May 2019

There was a famous saying by Sage Archimedes over 2,000 years ago that giving him a long enough lever and a fulcrum, he would tilt the entire earth. As an old driller, I propose another non‐famous saying that giving me a chance to drill a coring hole, and I will create a telescope to insert the deepest earth for you. Nowadays, drilling is one of most significant methods to collect samples from the deep earth. Those samples are extremely important for geoscientists to focus on the dynamic evolution of deep earth. Therefore, drilling engineering is thought to be inseparable for the geosciences. Unfortunately, some young geologists, especially students majoring on geology, have no meanings of what the drilling is, and of the importance for their geological researches. In this case, education popularization drilling knowledge should be strengthened in future. And we hope that sufficient attention of drilling engineering will be taken by geologists in the world. Moreover, in order to obtain high‐quality cores by various coring drilling methods. Drilling techniques and special coring tools must be continuously developed to successfully perform with regard to a variety of complex geological conditions. We have developed coring tools these years as follows: Splitted core barrel Triple tube coring drill tool, Advanced tube coring tool, Vacuum suction coring tool, Shock‐type coring tool, Long core barrel coring tool, WL‐drilling system with hydro‐hammer, WL‐drilling system with mud motor. These new coring tools have played a very important role in China's scientific drilling program. All in all, without advanced drilling technology, pickup of high quality samples from the deep Earth and geological research on the dynamic evolution will be restricted.
Micro‐fabrics and Genesis of Pyrite from Zhaoyuan Golden Deposits in Shandong Province, North China
Authors: AN Yanfei , ZHANG Shuai , JDN Nenzhelele
Published: May 2019

As a widely‐developed mineral in various types of rocks, pyrite features important geological information such as temperature and pressure during its formation and evolution (An et al., 2014; An et al., 2018). It is an important geological formation for studying the origins of rocks, mineralization, and deposits (Xue et al., 2014; An et al., 2016). The study of the genesis of gold deposits is a research hotspot in current geology and mineral deposits not only because of high economic value, but also because of important practical significance (An et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2014). Shandong Zhaoyuan, as the third largest gold production area in the world, has important research significance of the origin and generation of gold‐bearing minerals (Xue et al., 2014; Wen et al., 2014). In this study, pyrite from augen granite (figure 1a), syenite (figure 1b), basite (figure 1c) and gold ore (figure 1d) at Zhaoyuan gold deposit Shandong Province, was selected as the research object. The morphological and structural micro‐fabrics were analysed by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Raman spectroscopy to reveal the source and process of gold further.
Micro‐fabrics and Genesis of Pyrite from Zhaoyuan Golden Deposits in Shandong Province, North China
Authors: GAO Biao , LI zhong
Published: May 2019

North China Craton experienced significant lithospheric destruction or delamination during the Late Mesozoic, accompanied with the emergence of numerous basins and intensive volcanic activities. Extensional basins also formed in eastern Shandong Province. Even though they have been researched for decades, the relation between basin development and deep tectonic processes still remains obscure. Recently, a set of Early Cretaceous strata, characterized by translating from turbidite deposits to terrestrial strata unit and ending up with a unique volcanicalstic formation within a pretty short time span, has been found on Lingshan Island. Previous Studies have reached an agreement that Lingshan Island strata was formed in a distinct sedimentary background compared with the coeval sedimentary units in Jiaolai Basin. Essential information about basin development and its tectonic setting in the region during Early Cretaceous are preserved in the Lingshan Island strata. In this article, we show the characteristic of heavy mineral assemblage from the bottom to the top, and the characteristic of detrital minerals’ chemical component in the two representative samples. Based on these new works, we indicate that the Lingshan Island basin was developed in transpressional tectonic setting with complex provenance materials mainly from Qianliyan‐Uplift during the period ca.123∼120Ma. Then, the basin evolved within a extensional region and filled with locally derived clastics during 120 to 105Ma. Additionally, the basin was evolved during the procedure of progressive lithospheric thinning and asthenosphere upwelling, which could be proven by stratigraphic characteristics and chemical component of detrital spinels.
Geochemical Characteristics and Their Geological Significance of the Sterane in the Crude oil of Chang 2 Oil Group in Yanchang Formation in Xifeng area, Ordos Basin
Authors: HE Jinxian , ZHANG Xiaoli , WU Caifang
Published: May 2019

Xifeng area is a key oil and gas exploration and development area in the Ordos Basin. The Chang 2 oil group of Yanchang Formation is an important replacement oil‐bearing horizon in this area. The sterane compounds in the saturated hydrocarbons of crude oil contain abundant geochemical information and can reflect the source of parent materials and the maturity of crude oil, so they are important information carriers for oil source correlation(Huang et al., 1991; Duan, et al., 2001). In this paper, the crude oil samples were systematically collected from the reservoirs of Chang 2 oil group in 10 production wells in Xifeng area and the group compounds of crude oil were separated. The separated saturated hydrocarbon components were tested by chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and the sterane compounds were identified and analyzed. The geochemical characteristics of the sterane in the saturated hydrocarbons of crude oil and their geological significance could provide a scientific basis for the oil source correlation of Chang 2 oil group at late stage.
Numerical Modeling the Formation Mechanism of L Tectonites
Authors: HU Chengliang , WANG Tao , XIANG Biwei
Published: May 2019

L‐tectonite is the deformed rock characterized by extremely developed lineation and weaker foliation. From the geometric, Flinn (1965) believed that a contracting rheological field may be a necessary condition for the development of L‐tectonite. In an ideal contracting field, only the maximum principal strain axis was stretching, and the other two principal strain axes were equally shortened. Obviously, this field is an end‐member solution in maths, and is difficult to be observed in nature. Sullivan (2013) summarized the possible tectonic settings in which a contracting field might develop and considered that the most likely contracting field would develop in macroscopic region of the orogenic belt. However, the appearance of L‐tectonites in nature is not widespread but often isolated. The previous analysis of the development mechanism of L‐tectonites still were focused on strain geometry and lacks of rock rheological mechanism.
Characteristics of Temperature Distribution and Control factors in Geothermal Field
Authors: MAO Xiaoping
Published: May 2019

In recent years, China has carried out large‐scale exploration, exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources, but there is no unified understanding of the distribution characteristics of geothermal field and the controlling factors of forming geothermal field. As for the heat source, some scholars think it is the contribution of radioactivity, fault, magma chamber, or an abnormal heat source, and even the heat generated by the influence of the tectonic movement. As a result, many exemplary geothermal explorations have made great mistakes. After drilling at a depth of 3000‐5000m, the temperature obtained is not as good as the common low‐temperature sedimentary basin, and the losses are huge and extremely uneconomical.
Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Periods of the Fluid Inclusions in the Sandstone Reservoirs of Chang 9 Oil Groups in Yanchang Formation, Huaqing Area
Authors: Xiaoli Zhang , Jinxian He , Caifang Wu
Published: May 2019

Huaqing area is an important area for oil and gas exploration and development in the Ordos Basin, within which, the Chang 9 oil group of Triassic Yanchang Formation is one of the main intervals for exploration and development (Zhang et al., 2011). Fluid inclusions record abundant oil and gas accumulation information and important oil and gas migration and accumulation history information(Parnell et al., 1998; Parnell, 2010; Jiang et al., 2018). The occurrence, distribution and intersection of the fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals were observed under microscope. The accurate formation periods of inclusions are key to determine hydrocarbon accumulation periods (Burrus et al., 1985; Zhou et al., 2000; Zhao, 2002). In addition, the fluorescence color and brightness of organic inclusions observed by fluorescence microscopy could be used to roughly identify the oil and gas evolution stages (Zhang et al., 2010). Therefore, the occurrence, distribution and fluorescence characteristics of oil and gas inclusions were important evidence for judging the hydrocarbon accumulation periods. The fluid inclusions in sandstone reservoirs of Chang 9 oil group in Huaqing Area were observed in detail, and the observation results revealed that fluid inclusions were widespread in Chang 9 sandstone and exhibited various types. Through comprehensive analyses, it was considered that the fluid inclusions in Chang 9 sandstone reservoirs indicated three hydrocarbon accumulation periods.
Prognostic value of quantitative measurement of EGFR mutation using peptide nucleic acid clamping in advanced EGFR mutant non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Kim Insu , Eom Jung Seop , Jo Eun Jung , Mok.Ki Uk Jeongha , Lee Kwangha , Uk Kim Ki , Park Hye‐Kyung , Lee Min Ki , Kim Mi‐Hyun
Published: May 2019

Background

The presence of EGFR mutation in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) plays an important role in determining the appropriate treatment, response, and survival. Therefore, this study attempted to predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients using data from quantitative mutation measurements.

Methods

The data of patients with advanced NSCLC who underwent EGFR mutation testing using the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) mediated clamping method at the Pusan National University Hospital from October 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The efficiency of PNA clamping was determined by measuring the threshold cycle (Ct) value. The ΔCt−1 value (standard Ct value minus sample Ct value) was calculated to quantify EGFR mutation.

Results

During the study period, 71 patients were treated with EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The cutoff point for the ΔCt−1 value derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve was 5.32. A survival benefit was observed in the group with an ΔCt−1 value > 5.32 or with a common EGFR mutation type compared to the group with an ΔCt−1 value < 5.32.

Conclusion

EGFR mutation testing using PNA clamping may predict patient survival, especially in patients with common EGFR mutations, such as exon 19 deletion or L858R. A higher ΔCt−1 value correlates with better survival.
Inhibition of the 60S ribosome biogenesis GTPase LSG1 causes endoplasmic reticular disruption and cellular senescence
Authors: Pantazi Asimina , Quintanilla Andrea , Hari Priya , Tarrats Nuria , Parasyraki Eleftheria , Dix Flora L. , Patel Jaiyogesh , Chandra Tamir , Acosta Juan Carlos , Finch Andrew J.
Published: May 2019

Cellular senescence is triggered by diverse stimuli and is characterized by long‐term growth arrest and secretion of cytokines and chemokines (termed the SASP—senescence‐associated secretory phenotype). Senescence can be organismally beneficial as it can prevent the propagation of damaged or mutated clones and stimulate their clearance by immune cells. However, it has recently become clear that senescence also contributes to the pathophysiology of aging through the accumulation of damaged cells within tissues. Here, we describe that inhibition of the reaction catalysed by LSG1, a GTPase involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit, leads to a robust induction of cellular senescence. Perhaps surprisingly, this was not due to ribosome depletion or translational insufficiency, but rather through perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and a dramatic upregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. The underlying transcriptomic signature is shared with several other forms of senescence, and the cholesterol biosynthesis genes contribute to the cell cycle arrest in oncogene‐induced senescence. Furthermore, targeting of LSG1 resulted in amplification of the cholesterol/ER signature and restoration of a robust cellular senescence response in transformed cells, suggesting potential therapeutic uses of LSG1 inhibition.
Early‐Life Adversity and Blunted Stress Reactivity as Predictors of Alcohol and Drug use in Persons With COMT (rs4680) Val158Met Genotypes
Authors: Lovallo William R. , Cohoon Andrew J. , Sorocco Kristen H. , Vincent Andrea S. , Acheson Ashley , Hodgkinson Colin A. , Goldman David
Published: May 2019

Background

Risk for alcoholism may be enhanced by exposure to early‐life adversity (ELA) in persons with genetic vulnerabilities. We examined ELA in the presence of a common variant of the gene for the enzyme catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT, Val158Met, rs4680) in relation to cortisol reactivity, the onset of early drinking, and experimentation with drugs.

Methods

Saliva cortisol reactivity to speech and mental arithmetic stress was measured in 480 healthy young adults (23.5 years of age, 50% females) who experienced either 0, 1, or ≥ 2 forms of ELA during childhood and adolescence, provided information on use of alcohol and recreational drugs, and were genotyped for the Val158Met polymorphism.

Results

ELA led to progressively smaller cortisol responses in the Met/Met and Val/Met allele groups but to progressively larger responses in Val homozygotes, F = 3.29, p = 0.011. ELA independently predicted earlier age at first drink, F = 14.2, p < 0.0001, with a larger effect in Met‐allele carriers, F = 13.95, p < 0.00001, and a smaller effect in Val homozygotes, F = 4.14, p = 0.02. Similar effects were seen in recreational drug use. Cortisol reactivity was unrelated to drinking behavior or drug experimentation.

Conclusions

ELA leads to blunted stress reactivity and, independently, contributes to potentially risky drinking and drug‐use behaviors in persons carrying 1 or 2 copies of the COMT 158Met allele. The results reinforce the impact of early experience on the stress axis and on risky behaviors, and they point to the 158Met allele as conveying a vulnerability to the early environment.
Qualitative accounting research: dispelling myths and developing a new research agenda
Authors: de Villiers Charl , Dumay John , Maroun Warren
Published: May 2019

This article deals with some common misconceptions about qualitative research. Qualitative studies are well suited to studying complex interconnections and relationships without reducing the complexity to simple numbers or variables. Rather than excluding outliers from a dataset, qualitative researchers are interested in these exceptions and often examine them in‐depth in order to develop better understandings and generate new theories on how accounting develops, functions and influences behaviour. New understandings and theory allow qualitative research to advance recommendations, extend the boundaries of accounting research, and make important contributions to both accounting theory and practice.