bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhabdochromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rhab' do.chro.ma' tium
. Gr. n.
rhabdos
a rod; Gr. n.
chromatium
color, paint; M.L. neut. n.
Rhabdochromatium
colored rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Rhabdochromatium

Cells straight or slightly bent rods, motile by a polar tuft of flagella
, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
in which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids are located.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60.4.

Type species
:
Rhabdochromatium marinum
Dilling, Liesack and Pfennig 1996, 362 (Effective publication: Dilling, Liesack and Pfennig 1995, 130.)
Thioalkalicoccus
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.al
'
ka.li.coc
'
cus
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Arab n.
al kali
potash, soda; L. masc. n.
coccus
sphere; M.L.masc. n.
Thioalkalicoccus
sulfur sphere from soda.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thioalkalicoccus

Cells are spherical or oval, typically form diplococcus‐shaped cells during cell division, multiply by binary fission, and are Gram negative. Internal membranes are of the tubular type.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
b
and carotenoids with absorption properties similar to tetrahydrospirilloxanthin

. The metabolism is strictly anaerobic and obligately phototrophic. During photolithoautotrophic growth with sulfide as electron donor, globules of S
0
are accumulated inside the cytoplasm. The final oxidation product is sulfate. In the presence of sulfide and bicarbonate, organic substrates are photoassimilated.
Mesophilic, obligate alkaliphilic bacterium
with optimum growth at 20–25°C. Optimal development is dependent on sodium salts in low concentrations and on alkaline conditions.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.6–64.8.

Type species
:
Thioalkalicoccus limnaeus
Bryantseva, Gorlenko, Kompantseva and Imhoff 2000b, 2162.
Thiocystis
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.cys' tis. Gr. n.thiossulfur; Gr. n.cystisthe bladder, a bag; M.L. fem. n.Thiocystissulfur bag.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiocystis

Cells are rod shaped or ovoid to spherical, before cell division often diplococcus‐shaped,motile by flagella, occurring singly or in pairs; may grow in irregular aggregates surrounded by slime, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to theGammaproteobacteria, and contain internalphotosynthetic membranes of vesicular typein which the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids are located.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 61.3–67.9.

Type species:Thiocystis violaceaWinogradsky 1888, 65.
Thioflavicoccus
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Th.io.fla' vi.coc' cus
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; L. masc. adj.
flavus
golden‐yellow, beige; L. masc. n.
coccus
sphere; M.L. masc. n.
Thioflavicoccus
beige‐yellow coccus with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thioflavicoccus

Cells are spherical with diplococcus‐shaped division stages
, motile by flagella, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative; belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Contain internal photosynthetic membranes of tubular shape. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
b
and carotenoids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.5.

Type species
:
Thioflavicoccus mobilis
Imhoff and Pfennig 2001, 109.
Thiohalocapsa
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Caumette Pierre
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.ha.lo.cap' sa
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. gen. n.
halos
of the salt; L. fem. n.
capsa
capsule; M.L. fem. n.
Thiohalocapsa
the sulfur capsule of the salt.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiohalocapsa

Cells spherical, nonmotile
, multiply by binary fission. Individual cells surrounded by a strong slime capsule and cell aggregates formed. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.9–66.6.

Type species
:
Thiohalocapsa halophila
(Caumette, Baulaigue and Matheron 1991) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1139 (
Thiocapsa halophila
Caumette, Baulaigue and Matheron 1991, 175.)
Thiorhodococcus
Authors: Guyoneaud Rémi , Caumette Pierre , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Thi' o.rho.do.co' ccus
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; Gr. n.
rhodon
the rose; L. n.
coccus
sphere; M.L. masc. n.
Thiorhodococcus
rose sphere with sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Thiorhodococcus

Cells spherical to slightly ovoid
, diplococcus‐shaped before cell division, motile by flagella. Cells single or in pairs but may form irregular aggregates, multiply by binary fission. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
,
and contain internal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.8–67.0.

Type species
:
Thiorhodococcus minor
Guyoneaud, Matheron, Liesack, Imhoff and Caumette 1998a, 328 (Effective publication: Guyoneaud, Matheron, Liesack, Imhoff and Caumette 1997, 22.)
Thioalkalivibrio
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.al.kal.i.vi' bri.o
. Gr. n.
thios
sulfur; N.L. n.
alkali
Arabic
al
the;
qaliy
soda ash; L. v.
vibrio
vibrate; M.L. n.
Thioalkalivibrio
sulfur alkaline vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Ectothiorhodospiraceae / Thioalkalivibrio

Motile Gram‐negative curved rods or spirilla
(0.4–0.6 × 0.8–3.0 µm).
One polar flagellum. Cell wall rippled
. Possess carboxysomes.
Obligate chemolithoautotrophs. Oxidize sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfur, and tetrathionate
. Carbon assimilation via Calvin cycle.
Halotolerant
up to 1.2–1.5 M Na
+
; require at least 0.3 M Na
+
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61–65.6.

Type species
:
Thioalkalivibrio versutus
Sorokin, Lysenko, Mityushina, Tourova, Jones, Rainey, Robertson and Kuenen 2001a, 579 (
Thioalkalivibrio versutus
(sic) Sorokin, Lysenko, Mityushina, Tourova, Jones, Rainey, Robertson and Kuenen 2001a, 579.)
Buchnera
Authors: Baumann Paul , Baumann Linda , Moran Nancy A.
Published: August 2015

Buch.ne' ra
. M.L. fem. n.
Buchnera
named for Paul Buchner, German biologist who made extensive contributions to the study of endosymbiosis.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Buchnera

Round or slightly oval cells
, 2–5 µm in diameter.
Gram‐negative
cell wall, lack flagella. Cells divide by binary fission. Do not form resting stages or endospores.
Found in bacteriocytes
of aphids in vesicles derived from the host membranes. Capable of respiration.
Cannot be cultivated
outside the aphid host. Essential for the survival of the aphid.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 26–27.

Type species
:
Buchnera aphidicola
Munson, Baumann and Kinsey 1991b, 567.
Candidatus Phlomobacter
Authors: Garnier Monique
Published: August 2015

Phlo.mo.bac.ter
. Gr. n.
phlomos
bark; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut.
Phlomobacter
rod in the bark.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Candidatus Phlomobacter

Filamentous bacteria occurring in the sieve tubes of phloem tissue of plants (Figures 1 and 2). The original description is from infected strawberry plants (
Fragaria
×
ananassa
) showing leaf marginal chlorosis and stunting in France (Nourrisseau et al., 1993). Like most other phloem‐restricted bacteria,
Candidatus
Phlomobacter fragariae has resisted
in vitro
cultivation.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: not determined.

Type species
:
Candidatus
Phlomobacter fragariae Zreik, Bové and Garnier 1998, 260.
Leclercia
Authors: O'Hara Caroline M. , Farmer J.J.
Published: August 2015

Le.clerc' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Leclercia
named to honor H. Leclerc, a French bacteriologist, who first described and named this organism
Escherichia adecarboxylata
in 1962, and who made many other contributions to enteric bacteriology.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Leclercia

Small rod‐shaped cells, conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative. Motile at 36°C and 25°C with peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase positive. Oxidase negative.
Many strains produce a nondiffusible yellow pigment that may be weak and may be lost on storage and subculture
. Ferment, rather than oxidize,
D
‐glucose and other carbohydrates. Reduce nitrate to nitrite.
Positive for indole production, methyl red, growth in the presence of cyanide, malonate utilization, esculin hydrolysis, ONPG, and the fermentation of lactose
,

d

‐
mannitol, dulcitol, salicin, adonitol
,

l

‐
arabinose
,

l

‐
rhamnose, maltose
,

d

‐
xylose, trehalose, cellobiose, erythritol, esculin, melibiose
,

d

‐
arabitol, mucate
,

d

‐

mannose, and
D
‐galactose. Produce visible gas during fermentation

. Negative for Voges–Proskauer, citrate utilization (Simmons), H
2
S production (TSI), phenylalanine deaminase,
lysine decarboxylase, arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase
, gelatin hydrolysis (22°C), lipase (corn oil) production, DNase production, and the fermentation of
myo
‐inositol,
D
‐sorbitol, α‐methyl‐
D
‐glucoside, and erythritol. Most strains are susceptible to colistin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, and ampicillin (disk diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar);
resistant to penicillin
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–55.

Type species
:
Leclercia adecarboxylata
(Leclerc 1962) Tamura, Sakazaki, Kosako, and Yoshizaki 1987, 179 (Effective publication: Tamura, Sakazaki, Kosako, and Yoshizaki 1986, 183) (
Escherichia adecarboxylata
Leclerc 1962, 737.)
Obesumbacterium
Authors: Farmer J.J. , Brenner Don J.
Published: August 2015

O.be' sum.bac.te' ri.um
. L. neut. adj.
obesum
fat; L. neut. n.
bacterium
rod; M.L. neut. n.
Obesumbacterium
a fat, rod‐shaped bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Obesumbacterium

Pleomorphic rods 0.8–2.0 × 1.5–100 μm
(short, “fat” rods predominate when grown in beer wort with live yeasts; long pleomorphic rods usually predominate when grown in most bacteriological media; some strains have been reported to display a branching cell morphology), conforming to the general definition of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
. Gram negative.
Nonmotile
. Facultatively anaerobic. Slow growing, forming colonies <0.5 mm in diameter on ordinary plating media at 24 h. Optimal growth temperature is 25–32°C;

growth at 37°C is comparatively poor. Acid formed from
D
‐glucose and
D
‐mannose; very few other carbohydrates are fermented

. Gas formation during fermentation appears to be variable (original description says gas is produced, but none of the strains studied produced gas).
Lysine decarboxylase is positive
. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.

Many biochemical tests normally used for differentiation of
Enterobacteriaceae
are negative or delayed positive

(3–7 d at 36°C).
One of only three genera
(along with
Hafnia
and
Pragia
)

in
Enterobacteriaceae
to contain only gluconate dehydrogenase

in its
D
‐glucose oxidation pathway (Bouvet et al., 1989).
Occurs as a brewery contaminant
that can survive and grow in the presence of live yeasts during beer production. Not isolated from human clinical specimens; no evidence of pathogenicity for humans or animals. The genus has a single species,
O
.
proteus
, with two defined biogroups (1 and 2). The description of the genus above is a “composite description” based on data for both biogroups. However, the two biogroups are actually distinct species that are phenotypically different and only distantly related by DNA–DNA hybridization (Brenner, 1981).
O
.
proteus
biogroup 1 is actually a biogroup of
Hafnia alvei
(Brenner, 1981), and will be referred to as
H
.
alvei
biogroup 1 (Farmer et al., 1985a) in this chapter.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–49.

Type species
:
Obesumbacterium proteus
(Shimwell and Grimes 1936) Shimwell 1963, 759 (
Flavobacterium proteum
(sic) Shimwell and Grimes 1936, 348.)
Pectobacterium
Authors: Hauben Lysiane , Gijsegem Frederique Van , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Pec.to.bac.te' ri.um. Gr. dim. neut. n.bakteriona small rod; M.L. neut. n.Pectobacteriuma pectolytic bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Pectobacterium

Straight rods, 0.5–1.0 × 1.0–3.0 µm, rounded ends; occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella. Fermentative. Facultatively anaerobic. Optimum growth temperature, 27–30°C; maximum temperature for growth is 40°C. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive. Acid is produced fromN‐acetyl‐glucosamine, fructose,D‐galactose,D‐glucose,D‐mannose,L‐rhamnose,D‐ribose, salicin, and sucrose but not from adonitol,L‐arabitol,D‐lyxose, α‐methylmannoside,L‐sorbose, starch, orD‐tagatose. Utilize acetate, arbutin, fructose, fumarate,D‐galactose,D‐glucose, glycerol, malate,D‐mannitol, mannose, β‐methylglucoside, ribose, salicin, succinate, and sucrose but not adipate, benzoate, betaine, butanol, gallate, methanol, oxalate, propionate, or sorbose as carbon and energy‐yielding sources. UtilizeL‐alanine, allantoin, γ‐aminobutanic acid, ammonium chloride, arginine, asparagine, asparaginic acid, citrulline, glucosamine, glutamine,L‐glutaminic acid, glutathione, glycine, glycylglycine, histidine, leucine,L‐methionine, phenylalanine,L‐serine,L‐tryptophan, tyrosine, and urea, but not anthranilic acid, betaine, choline, cysteamine, hydroxyproline, kynureninic acid, quinolinic acid, sarcosine, spermidine, spermine, trigonelline, or trimethylammonium as nitrogen sources. No decarboxylases are formed for arginine, lysine or ornithine. Do not possess tryptophan deaminase or urease.Hydrolyze esculin but not starch.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 50.5–56.1.

Type species:Pectobacterium carotovorum(Jones 1901) Waldee 1945, 469 emend. Hauben, Moore, Vauterin, Steenackers, Mergaert, Verdonck and Swings 1999a, 1 (Erwinia carotovora(Jones 1901) Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 171;Bacillus carotovorusJones 1901, 12.)
Providencia
Authors: Penner John L.
Published: August 2015

Pro.vi.den' ci.a. M.L. fem. n.ProvidenciaProvidencia, named after the city of Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Providencia

Straight rods, 0.6–0.8 × 1.5–2.5 µm, conforming to the general definition of the familyEnterobacteriaceae. Gram negative. Motile by peritrichous flagella. They arefacultatively anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic, havingboth a respiratory and a fermentative type metabolism. Optimal growth temperature is 37°C.Oxidatively deaminate phenylalanine and tryptophan. Acid is produced fromD‐mannose. All exceptProvidencia rustigianiiproduce acid from one or more of the following polyhydric alcohols: inositol,D‐mannitol, adonitol,D‐arabitol, and erythritol. Except forProvidencia heimbachaeall are indole positive. Tartrate (Jordan) is utilized by all but a few strains ofP. heimbachae. Simmons citrate is utilized by all species exceptP. heimbachaeand some strains ofP. rustigianii. Isolated from diarrhetic stools, urinary tract infections, wounds, burns, bacteremias, and contaminated environmental sources. DNA relatedness tests have shown thatProvidenciaare more closely related toProteus vulgarisandProteus mirabilisthan to other members of the familyEnterobacteriaceae. Although 16S RNA sequence data are not available for theProvidenciaspecies, the close relationship ofProvidenciatoProteusindicates thatProvidencia, likeProteus, belongs to theGammaproteobacteriawithin the familyEnterobacteriaceae.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 39–42 (Falkow et al., 1962).

Type species:Providencia alcalifaciens(de Salles Gomes 1944) Ewing 1962, 96 (Eberthella alcalifaciensde Salles Gomes 1944, 183;Proteus inconstans(Ornstein 1921) Shaw and Clarke 1955, 155.)
Saccharobacter
Authors: Brenner Don J.
Published: August 2015

Sac.cha.ro.bac' ter
. L. n.
saccharum
sugar; M.L. n.
bacter
a rod; M.L. masc. n.
Saccharobacter
a sugar rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Saccharobacter

Small straight rods, 0.5–0.9 × 1.0–1.0 µm.
Gram negative, motile by peritrichous flagella
. Facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic. Colonies on glucose‐yeast extract agar are opaque and milky white, smooth, and low convex with entire margins. Oxidase negative, catalase positive. Nonpigmented. Nonsporeforming. No lipid granules present. Optimal growth temperature range is from 30–46°C.

d

‐

glucose is fermented with the production of ethanol, CO
2
, and small amounts of acids, but no hydrogen. Indole negative, methyl red positive, Voges–Proskauer test positive, citrate positive

. H
2
S production, gelatin hydrolysis, urease, nitrogen reduction, lysine decarboxylase, and ornithine decarboxylase are negative; arginine dihydrolase is delayed positive (4 d). Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose,
L
‐arabinose, esculin,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐galactose, maltose,
D
‐mannitol, melibiose,
L
‐rhamnose,
L
‐sorbose, starch, sucrose, trehalose,
D
‐xylose. Lactose fermentation is delayed positive after 9 d. Dulcitol, gluconate,
myo
‐inositol, and raffinose are not fermented. Malonate is used as a sole carbon source; ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, urea, phenylalanine, glutamine, and tryptone serve as sole nitrogen sources, but sodium glutamate does not. Produces β‐galactosidase and grows in the presence of KCN.
Grows in the presence of 35
%

d

‐
glucose and 6
%
NaCl, but not 40
%

d

‐
glucose or 8
%
NaCl
. 16S rDNA sequence has not been determined.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.5.

Type species
:
Saccharobacter fermentatus
Yaping, Xiaoyang, and Jiaqu 1990, 412.
Sodalis
Authors: Dale Colin , Aksoy Serap , Welburn Susan C. , Maudlin Ian , Oren Aharon
Published: August 2015

so.da' lis
. L. masc. n.
sodalis
a companion.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Sodalis

Cells rod‐shaped. Nonmotile
. Gram negative. Endospore formation not observed.
Microaerophilic
. Chemoorganotrophic. Axenic growth occurs in media with enzymatically digested proteins serving as carbon and nitrogen sources.
Certain carbohydrates are used with the production of acids
. The optimum temperature for growth is 25°C, with little or no growth occurring at temperatures >30°C. Catalase and oxidase negative.
Found as secondary intracellular symbiotic bacteria in insects
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.5.

Type species
:
Sodalis glossinidius
Dale and Maudlin 1999, 273.
Rickettsiella
Authors: Fournier Pierre‐Edouard , Raoult Didier
Published: August 2015

Rick.ett.si.el' la. M.L. dim. ‐ellaending; M.L. fem. n.Rickettsiagenus of parasitic bacteria; M.L. fem. n.RickettsiellasmallRickettsia.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Legionellales / Coxiellaceae / Rickettsiella

Rod‐ or disk‐shaped organisms, developing intracellularly into larger particles that multiply and then condense to reform the smaller formsin a cycle that resembles that ofChlamydia. Sometimes produce or induce the formation of large crystalline bodies. Gram negative.Grow in cell vacuoles of the fat body, hepatopancreas, and other organs of insects and other invertebrate hosts. In some instances the organisms have been cultivated in invertebrates other than the host of origin, but such cultivation has occurred rarely and only for a few passages in vertebrate and invertebrate cell cultures and in a cell‐free medium.Pathogenic for the larvae of the host species and for young and mature stages of other invertebrate hosts. Pathogenicity for vertebrate hosts demonstrated only in a mouse experimental model. Natural hosts include insects, crustaceans, and arachnids.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 36–41.

Type species:Rickettsiella popilliae(Dutky and Gooden 1952) Philip 1956, 267 (Coxiella popilliaeDutky and Gooden 1952, 749)
Legionella
Authors: Winn Washington C.
Published: August 2015

Le.gi.on. el' la. M.L. n.legiolegion or army; M.L. dim. ending ‐ella; M.L. fem. n.Legionellasmall legion or army.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Legionellales / Legionellaceae / Legionella

As the only genus in the family, the definition ofLegionellais identical to that ofLegionellaceae.Aerobic.l‐cysteine‐HCl and iron salts are required for growth. Oxidase negative or weakly positive. Nitrates are not reduced. Urease negative. Gelatin is liquefied by most species. Chemoorganotrophic, using amino acids as carbon and energy sources.Carbohydrates are neither fermented nor oxidized(Tables BXII.γ.56 and BXII.γ.57).Branched chain fatty acidspredominate in whole cell hydrolysate (Table BXII.γ.58). All species contain ubiquinones with 9–14 isoprene units in the side chains (Table BXII.γ.59).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 38–52.

Type species:Legionella pneumophilaBrenner, Steigerwalt and McDade 1979, 658.
Methylocaldum
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.cal.dum
. N.L. n.
methylo
the methyl radical; L. adj.
caldus
hot; M.L. n.
Methylocaldum
heat‐loving methylotroph.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylocaldum

Gram‐negative,
coccoidal to long rods
. Moderately thermophilic; growth at temperatures >40°C.
Utilize methane as sole carbon and energy source. No growth on compounds containing carbon‐carbon bonds
. Enzymes for ribulose monophosphate and serine pathways of formaldehyde assimilation are present. No soluble methane monooxygenase. Produce large cysts. Habitat: soil, hot springs.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 57–59.

Type species
:
Methylocaldum szegediense
Bodrossy, Holmes. Holmes, Kovács and Murrell 1198, 631 (Effective publication: Bodrossy, Holmes, Holmes, Kovács and Murrell 1997, 501.)
Methylomicrobium
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.mi.cro' bi.um
. Fr. n.
méthyle
the methyl radical; Gr. adj.
micros
small; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. n.
Methylomicrobium
a small organism able to utilize methyl units.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Methylomicrobium

Rods
0.5–1.0 × 1.5–2.5 µm. Usually occur singly or in pairs.
Gram negative. Motile
, propelled by a single, unsheathed, polar flagellum.
Lack cysts
or other differentiated resting stages. Desiccation and heat‐sensitive. Colonies are
nonpigmented. Have a strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism
, with oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Obligate utilizers of methane and methanol for carbon and energy
. Carbon‐carbon bonded compounds are not utilized. Oxidase and catalase positive. Uses the
ribulose mono‐phosphate pathway
to fix formaldehyde for cell carbon. Key enzyme activity of the serine transhydroxymethylase pathway is absent. Nitrogen fixation is absent. Not susceptible to lysis by 0.2% SDS.
Mesophilic
with optimal growth at 20–30°C. One species requires seawater salts for growth. Major fatty acids are

C
16:1 ω8c

,

C
16:1 ω7c

,

C
16:1 ω5c

,

C
16:1 ω5t

,

and C
16:0
. Ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8)

is the predominant lipoquinone. Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, agricultural and swampy soils, upper mixing layers of oceans, and estuarine waters. Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
as part of the Order
Methylococcales
, Family
Methylococcaceae
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 48–60.

Type species
:
Methylomicrobium agile
(Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993b) Bowman, Sly and Stackebrandt 1995, 183 (
Methylobacter agilis
Bowman, Sly, Nichols and Hayward 1993b, 749.)
Alcanivorax
Authors: Golyshin Peter N. , Harayama Shigeaki , Timmis Kenneth N. , Yakimov Michail M.
Published: August 2015

Al.ca.ni.vo' .rax
. M.L. masc. n.
alcanum
alkane, aliphatic hydrocarbon; L. adj.
vorax
voracious, gluttonous; M.L. masc. n.
Alcanivorax
alkane‐devouring.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Alcanivoraceae / Alcanivorax

Rods 0.6–0.8 × 1.6–2.5 μm when grown in pyruvate‐supplemented medium and 0.6–0.8 × 1.0–1.5 μm when grown on
n
‐alkanes

. Nonmotile. Gram negative. Colonies 2–3 days old are circular, colorless, and transparent; in older cultures, they turn opaque and light yellow if grown on alkanes.
Aerobic and microaerophilic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite, but anaerobic growth does not occur on nitrate.
Oxidase and catalase positive. Growth occurs on aliphatic hydrocarbons as sole or principal carbon sources
. Some strains produce glucose lipid surfactants that exist in two forms.
Moderately halophilic
; optimum NaCl concentration 3% (range 0.5–15%). Isolated from seawater and seawater sediments enriched with crude oil, petroleum hydrocarbons, or single aliphatic hydrocarbons.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53–66.

Type species
:
Alcanivorax borkumensis
Yakimov, Golyshin, Lang, Moore, Abraham, Lünsdorf and Timmis 1998, 347.
Chromohalobacter
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2015

Chro.mo.ha' lo.bac' ter
. Gr. n.
chroma
color; Gr. n.
halos
the sea, salt; M.L. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Chromohalobacter
colored salt rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Chromohalobacter

Gram‐negative, straight or sometimes slightly curved, rods
(0.6–1.2 × 1.5–4.2 µm). Motile by polar or peritrichous flagella. Cells occur singly, in pairs, and in short chains. Spores are not formed.
Moderately halophilic
. Salt is required for growth.
The optimum salt concentration for growth is between 8 and 10
%. May grow at salt concentrations up to 30%. The broader ranges of temperature and pH observed for growth are 5–45°C (optimal 30–37°C) and pH 5.0–10.0 (optimal pH 7.5), respectively.
Aerobic
. Chemoorganotrophic. Catalase positive.
Oxidase negative. Most strains reduce nitrates
. Phenylalanine deaminase test is negative. Gelatin, starch, Tween 80, esculin, DNA, and tyrosine are not hydrolyzed. Acid is produced aerobically from
D
‐glucose and other sugars. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and some polyols can serve as sole carbon sources. Colonies are cream to brown‐yellow pigmented.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–66.

Type species
:
Chromohalobacter marismortui
(ex Elazari‐Volcani 1940) Ventosa, Gutierrez, García and Ruiz‐Berraquero 1989, 384.
Zymobacter
Authors: Okamoto Tomoyuki , Kuraishi Hiroshi , Yamasato Kazuhide
Published: August 2015

Zy.mo.bac' ter
. Gr. n.
zyme
leaven, ferment; M.L. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
rod ♂ sc. n.
Zymobacter
the fermenting rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Zymobacter

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends
, 1.3–2.4 × 0.7–0.9 µm; usually single.
Motile by peritrichous flagella
that are nonsheathed. Gram negative.
Facultatively anaerobic
. Chemoorganotrophic.

Grow on and ferment 1 mol of glucose or the hexose moiety of maltose to produce approximately 2 mol each of ethanol and CO
2
, with trace amounts of acids

. Ferment hexoses, α‐linked di‐ and trisaccharides, and sugar alcohols. Growth occurs at pH 4.7–8.1. Catalase positive.
The predominant cellular fatty acids are oleic acid, cyclopropanic acid of C

19
:
0

,
and palmitic acid. The hydroxylated acid is characteristically C

12
:
0 3OH

.
The quinone system is ubiquinone‐9
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 55.4–56.2 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Zymobacter palmae
Okamoto, Taguchi, Nakamura, Ikenaga, Kuraishi and Yamasato 1995, 418 (Effective publication: Okamoto, Taguchi, Nakamura, Ikenaga, Kuraishi and Yamasato 1993, 336.)
Balneatrix
Authors: Dauga Catherine
Published: August 2015

Bal' ne.a.trix
. L. fem. n.
balneatrix
bather.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Balneatrix

Straight or curved rods, 0.5–0.7 × 2.8–5 µm
, sometimes elongated and flexuous. Gram negative.
Motile by single polar flagellum. Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Produce convex, round, smooth colonies on solid media. Optimum temperature, 30°C; range, 20–46°C. Optimum pH, 6.5–7.5. Growth factors are not required.
No growth occurs in medium containing more than 1
%
NaCl
. Chemoorganotrophic. Acid is produced from glucose and certain other carbohydrates.
Oxidase positive
. Weakly catalase positive.
Indole positive
. Urease negative. Reduce nitrate to nitrite. Freshwater organisms; occasionally pathogenic for humans.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54.

Type species
:
Balneatrix alpica
Dauga, Gillis, Vandamme, Ageron, Grimont, Kersters, De Mahenge, Peloux and Grimont 1993b, 624 (Effective publication: Dauga, Gillis, Vandamme, Ageron, Grimont, Kersters, De Mahenge, Peloux and Grimont 1993a>, 43).
Oceanospirillum
Authors: Pot Bruno , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

O.ce.an.o.spi.ril' lum
. M.L. n.
oceanus
ocean; Gr. n.
spira
a spiral; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
spirillum a small spiral;
Oceanospirillum
a small spiral (organism) from the ocean (seawater).

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Oceanospirillaceae / Oceanospirillum

Rigid, helical cells 0.4–1.2 μm in diameter. Motile by bipolar tufts of flagella
. A polar membrane underlies the cytoplasmic membrane at the cell poles in all species so far examined by electron microscopy.
Intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is formed. All species form thin‐walled coccoid bodies that predominate in old cultures
. Gram negative.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate respiration does not occur. Nitrate can be reduced to nitrite in all oceanospirilla. Optimum temperature for growth, 25–32°C.
Oxidase positive
. Indole and aryl sulfatase negative. Casein, starch, hippurate, and esculin are not hydrolyzed.
Seawater is required for growth. Carbohydrates are neither oxidized nor fermented
. Amino acids or the salts of organic acids serve as carbon sources. Growth factors are not usually required. Isolated from coastal seawater, decaying seaweed, and putrid infusions of marine mussels.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–50.

Type species
:
Oceanospirillum linum
(Williams and Rittenberg 1957) Hylemon, Wells, Krieg and Jannasch 1973, 374 (
Spirillum linum
Williams and Rittenberg 1957, 82.)
Haemophilus
Authors: Kilian Mogens
Published: August 2015

Hae.mo' phi.lus
. Gr. n.
haima
blood; Gr. n.
philos
lover; M.L masc.
Haemophilus
blood‐lover.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Haemophilus

Minute to medium‐sized
coccobacilli or rods
, generally less than 1 µm in width and variable in length, sometimes forming threads or filaments and showing
marked pleomorphism
. Gram negative.
Nonmotile. Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Require preformed growth factors present in blood
, particularly X factor (protoporphyrin IX or protoheme) and/or V factor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD] or NAD phosphate [NADP]). Even after specific growth factors have been provided, growth is best on complex media. Optimum temperature, 35–37°C.
Nitrates are reduced to or beyond nitrites
. Oxidase and catalase reactions vary among strains.
Chemoorganotrophic. All species can attack carbohydrates fermentatively
, yielding acetic, lactic, and succinic acids as end products in glucose broth. Occur as
obligate parasites on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animal species
. Several 16S rRNA sequence signatures for the family
Pasteurellaceae
have been demonstrated, but none of these is specific for the genus
Haemophilus
as presently defined (Dewhirst et al., 1992).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 37–44.

Type species
:
Haemophilus influenzae
(Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers, and Smith 1917, 561 (
Bacterium influenzae
Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 187.)
Thioesterifications Free of Activating Agent and Thiol: A Three‐Component Reaction of Carboxylic Acids, Thioureas, and Michael Acceptors
Authors: Swain Sharada Prasanna , Chou Yen‐Lin , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: August 2015

An amine‐catalyzed, one‐pot synthesis of thioesters directly from carboxylic acids, thioureas, and Michael acceptors is described. This process was further improved by use of 1‐[2‐(methylamino)ethyl]‐3‐phenylthiourea (4) as the catalyst. Aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids with functional groups are compatible with this process, and both α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones can be the Michael acceptors for this reaction. The progress of this reaction was monitored by 1H NMR, and a reaction mechanism is proposed.

magnified image
Presentation of m.3243A>G (MT‐TL1; tRNALeu) variant with focal neurology in infancy
Authors: Mordaunt Dylan A. , McIntyre Liam C. , Salvemini Hayley , Ibrahim Afdal , Bratkovic Drago , Ketteridge David , Scott Hamish S. , Kassahn Karin S. , Smith Nicholas
Published: August 2015

The Mitochondrial tRNALeu (MT‐TL1) mutation, m.3243A>G constitutes the commonest identified mitochondrial genome mutation. Characteristically, giving rise to MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episodes), a phenotypic spectrum associated with this genetic variant is now apparent. We report on the first patient with infantile hemiparesis, without comorbid encephalopathy, attributed to this variant. This further expands the recognized disease spectrum and highlights the need to consider mitochondrial genomic mutations in cases of cryptogenic focal neurological deficit in infancy. The potential for genetic disease modifiers is additionally discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for decreasing contamination of homemade nasal saline irrigation solutions
Authors: Hardy Elliot T. , Stringer Scott P. , O'Callaghan Richard , Arana Angela , Bierdeman Michael A. , May Warren L.
Published: August 2015

Background

Saline nasal irrigations (SNI) are an important adjunct in the treatment of rhinosinusitis, and many patients prepare and store these solutions in their homes without an awareness of the potential for contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine if such contamination occurs and the effect of preparation methods on contamination.

Methods

Stock solutions of various tonicities and pHs were prepared using boiled, bottled, and distilled water (n = 57). The solutions were stored at ambient temperature or refrigerated for 1 week. Each day, 50 mL of the solutions were decanted to simulate transferring the stock solution into an irrigation vector. Cultures of the stock solutions were taken on days 1, 3, and 7.

Results

Overall contamination rate was 35.1%. The boiled water solutions were more likely to demonstrate bacterial growth (p < 0.001), as were those that were hypotonic (p = 0.046). pH had no significant effect (p = 0.127). Growth occurred as early as 24 hours after solution preparation. Pathogenic species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella sp, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Acinetobacter junii, Methylobacterium sp, and Brevundimonas diminuta. No bacterial growth occurred in refrigerated solutions (p = 0.008).

Conclusion

Pathogenic bacterial growth can occur in a short period of time in homemade SNI solutions with routine handling. Solutions should be refrigerated if possible. If solutions are to be stored at ambient temperature, they should be either isotonic or hypertonic and prepared from bottled or distilled water.
Stromlose Abscheidung von III‐V‐Halbleiternanostrukturen aus ionischen Flüssigkeiten bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Lahiri Abhishek , Borisenko Natalia , Olschewski Mark , Gustus René , Zahlbach Janine , Endres Frank
Published: August 2015

Halbleiternanostrukturen der Gruppe III–V sind wichtige Materialien für optoelektronische Anwendungen und werden im Energiesektor erforscht. Ein einfacher Ansatz für die Synthese dieser Halbleiter mit klar strukturierten Nanostrukturen wird angestrebt. Die stromlose Abscheidung ist eine schnelle und vielseitige Methode für die Abscheidung eines Materials auf einem anderen und wird durch das Redox‐Potential der zwei Materialien bestimmt. Hier zeigen wir, dass GaSb bei Raumtemperatur durch stromlose Abscheidung aus SbCl3/ionische Flüssigkeit (IL) auf elektrochemisch abgeschiedenem Ga, auf Ga‐Nanodrähten und auf kommerziell erhältlichem Ga direkt hergestellt werden kann. In‐situ‐AFM‐Messungen belegen die stromlose Abscheidung von Sb auf Ga und zeigen, dass der Prozess nach der Bildung von GaSb sogar weiter fortschreitet. Die Bandlücke des abgeschiedenen GaSb ist mit (0.9±0.1) eV vergleichbar mit der bekannten Bandlücke von 0.7 eV. Ferner beeinflusst der Wechsel des Kations der IL den Redoxprozess hinsichtlich verschiedener optischer Eigenschaften des GaSb.
Direct Transformation of Esters into Arenes with 1,5‐Bifunctional Organomagnesium Reagents
Authors: Link Achim , Fischer Christian , Sparr Christof
Published: August 2015

A direct transformation of carboxylic acid esters into arenes with 1,5‐bifunctional organomagnesium reagents is described. This efficient and practical method enables the one‐step defunctionalization of various carboxylic acid esters to prepare benzene, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene derivatives. A double nucleophilic addition of the 1,5‐organodimagnesium reagent to the ester is followed by an immediate 1,4‐elimination reaction that leads to the direct [5+1] formation of a new aromatic ring.
Multi‐objective analysis of using U‐turns as alternatives to direct left turns at two‐way stop‐controlled intersections
Authors: Yang Zhao , Liu Pan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Ragland David
Published: August 2015

This study aims to propose a method to conduct multi‐objective analysis of traffic treatments by taking into consideration multiple external impacts. To illustrate the procedure, the economic benefit of converting a two‐way stop‐controlled (TWSC) intersection to a right turn followed by U‐turn (RTUT) intersection was calculated, considering not only the safety impacts but also the operational and environmental impacts. First, vissim simulation models were developed to obtain the total travel time, vehicle emissions, and fuel consumption for the intersection both before and after the treatment. The operational impact was calculated as the travel time saving benefits. The environmental impact was calculated as the reduction in vehicle emissions and fuel consumption costs. The safety impact was estimated as the crash reduction benefits for the RTUT treatment using safety performance functions and crash modification factors (CMFs). CMFs were estimated using meta‐analysis methods. Finally, the life‐cycle cost method was used to combine different components in the total benefit. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to conduct uncertainty analysis by using random sampling from probability descriptions of uncertain input variables to generate a probabilistic description of results. The findings showed that, first, the benefits with the use of RTUT treatment can be countervailing even for a single objective. Second, the net present value associated with the RTUT treatment increased with an increase in the proportion of left‐turn traffic from the major street when the percentage of left‐turn traffic from the major street was from 0% to 22% and became stable after that. The study illustrates the detailed process of evaluating projects considering multiple objectives. This process offers policy and decision makers a solid and practical reference using existing guidebooks and software. The findings also provide suggestions about the suitable condition to install RTUT treatments at TWSC intersections. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic supply system design – a holistic evaluation of operational and production cost for a biorefinery supply chain
Authors: Lamers Patrick , Tan Eric C.D. , Searcy Erin M. , Scarlata Christopher J. , Cafferty Kara G. , Jacobson Jacob J.
Published: August 2015

Pioneer cellulosic biorefineries across the United States rely on a conventional feedstock supply system based on one‐year contracts with local growers, who harvest, locally store, and deliver feedstock in low‐density format to the conversion facility. While the conventional system is designed for high biomass yield areas, pilot scale operations have experienced feedstock supply shortages and price volatilities due to reduced harvests and competition from other industries. Regional supply dependency and the inability to actively manage feedstock stability and quality, provide operational risks to the biorefinery, which translate into higher investment risk. The advanced feedstock supply system based on a network of depots can mitigate many of these risks and enable wider supply system benefits. This paper compares the two concepts from a system‐level perspective beyond mere logistic costs. It shows that while processing operations at the depot increase feedstock supply costs initially, they enable wider system benefits including supply risk reduction (leading to lower interest rates on loans), industry scale‐up, conversion yield improvements, and reduced handling equipment and storage costs at the biorefinery. When translating these benefits into cost reductions per liter of gasoline equivalent (LGE), we find that total cost reductions between –$0.46 to –$0.21 per LGE for biochemical and –$0.32 to –$0.12 per LGE for thermochemical conversion pathways are possible. Naturally, these system level benefits will differ between individual actors along the feedstock supply chain. Further research is required with respect to depot sizing, location, and ownership structures. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A virtual laboratory for system simulation and control with undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Ayas Mustafa S. , Altas Ismail H.
Published: August 2015

System modelling and simulation are essential in engineering especially in automatic control systems (ACS) engineering. At many universities, undergraduate curricula include systems and control courses with dynamic modelling and simulations in their syllabi. In order to design a controller for a physical system, one has to know the operational behaviors of that system very well so that a proper controller could be designed. Keeping this in mind, educational computer‐aided software with a user‐friendly visual interface was developed. The software provides an opportunity for students to simulate physical systems without and with the controllers they designed. Since it was developed to accompany undergraduate control system courses, the main purpose of this software was to create an interactive, practical, visual, and functional environment for the students who taking ACS courses. Therefore, it was called as virtual control laboratory (VCL). Basically, the students were able to design and simulate classical proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controllers and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Besides, any other type of compensator with a transfer function or a state space model can be also combined with the physical system model for simulation and analysis. A laboratory type scope with two input channels was embedded in VCL in order to visually see and analyze the simulation results in the time domain. Responses from the students taking ACS course were also given to evaluate the proposed educational software from students' point of view. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 24:122–130, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21678
Safe tracheostomy: blunt puncture and dilation after minimal surgical exposure of the trachea (BPAD tracheostomy)
Authors: Matsumoto Hisatake , Ohnishi Mitsuo , Wakai Akinori , Hirose Tomoya , Mori Nobuto , Tachino Jotaro , Sadamitsu Daikai , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: August 2015

Key Clinical Message

A number of complications can occur following both surgical tracheostomy (ST) and percutaneous tracheostomy (PT). A flexible new tracheostomy insertion technique with the advantages of both ST and PT is proposed to reduce these complications. Our blunt puncture and dilation technique (BPAD tracheostomy) appears to be technically safe and feasible to perform.
Controlled Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides in an Energy‐Efficient Photomicroreactor
Authors: Su Yuanhai , Talla Ali , Hessel Volker , Noël Timothy
Published: August 2015

The photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of thiols to disulfides was investigated in a photomicroreactor. The base in this protocol allows to activate the photocatalyst and to facilitate a proton‐coupled electron transfer. On this basis, a mechanism was postulated for the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation. The photon/energy efficiency of the photomicroreactor is described. By varying the power supply, the effect of the photon flux on the yield of the photocatalytic process could be demonstrated. The effective photoelectric transformation efficiency was rather low, which indicated that sufficient cooling is required to dissipate non‐productive energy. Under optimal reaction conditions, the photonic efficiency substantially increased compared to batch reactors and other photomicroreactors. This could be attributed to the similar dimensions of the capillary photomicroreactor and the light‐emitting diode light source, which minimizes energy losses due to unfocused light irradiation.
The Cytotoxicity of Layered Black Phosphorus
Authors: Latiff Naziah Mohamad , Teo Wei Zhe , Sofer Zdenek , Fisher Adrian C. , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2015

Black phosphorus (BP), the latest addition to the family of 2D layered materials, has attracted much interest owing to potential optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, and biomedicine applications. Little is known about its toxicity, such as whether it could be as toxic as white phosphorus. In response to the possibility of BP employment into commercial products and biomedical devices, its cytotoxicity to human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) was investigated. Following a 24 h exposure of the cells with different BP concentrations, cell viability assessments were conducted using water‐soluble tetrazolium salt (WST‐8) and methylthiazolyldiphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. The toxicological effects were found to be dose‐dependent, with BP reducing cell viabilities to 48 % (WST‐8) and 34 % (MTT) at 50 μg mL−1 exposure. This toxicity was observed to be generally intermediate between that of graphene oxides and exfoliated transition‐metal dichalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, WSe2). The relatively low toxicity paves the way to utilization of black phosphorus.
Selective Interaction of Dopamine with the Self‐Assembled Fibrillar Network of a Molecular Hydrogel Revealed by STD‐NMR
Authors: Segarra‐Maset María D. , Escuder Beatriu , Miravet Juan F.
Published: August 2015

A molecular hydrogel formed by a derivative of L‐valine with pendant isonicotinoyl moieties interacts selectively with protonated dopamine in the presence of related compounds such as 3‐methylcatechol, and protonated or neutral phenethylamine. A two‐point interaction with the gel fibers is postulated to explain the results. The conclusions are obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer experiments (STD‐NMR), illustrating how this technique is perfectly suited to monitor the interaction of substrates with the fibrillar network of a molecular gel.
ChemInform Abstract: Conductivity and Redox Stability of Perovskite Oxide SrFe1‐xTixO3‐δ (x ≤ 0.3).
Authors: Cowin Peter I. , Lan Rong , Petit Christophe T. G. , Tao Shanwen
Published: August 2015

Samples of SrFe1‐xTixO3‐δ (x = 0‐0.3) are prepared by sol‐gel reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Sr(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3,Ti(O‐iPr)3, and citric acid in a 2:1 EtOH/H2O solution followed by firing of the obtained gel and sintering of pressed pellets (1300 °C, 17 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Performance Transition Metal‐Doped Pt3Ni Octahedra for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.
Authors: Mueller T. , et al.
Published: August 2015

Pt3Ni octahedral nanoparticles supported on carbon black are prepared from solutions of Pt(acac)2 and Ni(acac)2 in DMF and benzoic acid as structure directing agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Uranyl—Vanadium Nano‐Wheels.
Authors: Senchyk G. A. , Wylie E. M. , Prizio S. , Szymanowski J. E. S. , Sigmon G. E. , Burns P. C.
Published: August 2015

The crystal structures of (IVa, b) and (V) are determined by single crystal XRD.