bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in runoff, sediment load, and their relationship for a major sediment source area of the Jialing River basin, southern China
Authors: Shao Yiting , Mu Xingmin , He Yi , Chen Kai
Published: June 2021

Investigation of the variations in runoff, sediment load, and their dynamic relation is conducive to understanding hydrological regime changes and supporting channel regulation and fluvial management. This study is undertaken in the Xihanshui catchment, which is known for its high sediment‐laden in the Jialing River of the Yangtze River basin, southern China, to evaluate the change characteristics of runoff, sediment load, and their relationship at multi‐temporal scales from 1966 to 2016. The results showed that runoff changed significantly for more months, whereas the significant changes in monthly sediment load occurred from April to September. The contributions of runoff in summer and autumn and sediment load in summer to their annual value changes were greater. Annual runoff and sediment load in the Xihanshui catchment both exhibited significant decreasing trends (p < 0.05) with a significant mutation in 1993 (p < 0.05). The average annual runoff in the change period (1994–2016) decreased by 49.58% and annual sediment load displayed a substantial decline with a reduction of 77.77% in comparison with the reference period (1966–1993) due to climate change and intensive human activity. The power functions were satisfactory to describe annual and extreme monthly runoff–sediment relationships, whereas the monthly runoff–sediment relationship and extreme monthly sediment‐runoff relationship were changeable. Spatially, annual runoff–sediment relationship alteration could be partly attributed to sediment load changes in the upstream area and runoff variations in the downstream region. Three quantitative methods revealed that the main driver for significant reductions of annual runoff and sediment load is the human activity dominated by soil and water conservation measures, while climate change only contributed 22.73%–38.99% (mean 32.07%) to the total runoff reduction and 3.39%–35.56% (mean 17.32%) to the total decrease in sediment load.
A comparison of two techniques for vaginal speculum placement to reduce patient pain
Authors: Aguado Pérez Rogelio Apolo , Linares Rodríguez María Fernanda , Rosales Órtiz Sergio , Sanchez Reyes Karla Alejandra , Márquez Acosta Janeth
Published: June 2021

Synopsis

Horizontal placement of a vaginal speculum is associated with reduced pain in patients.
Mortality in pregnancy and the postpartum period in women with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome related to COVID‐19 in Brazil, 2020
Authors: Scheler Carlos A. , Discacciati Michelle G. , Vale Diama B. , Lajos Giuliane J. , Surita Fernanda , Teixeira Julio C.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To estimate fatality rates due to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to COVID‐19 in Brazilian women, comparing pregnant and postpartum women with nonpregnant women.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 12 566 pregnant and postpartum women (obstetric group) and 90 025 nonpregnant women (nonobstetric group) aged 15–49 years reported with severe ARDS in 2020. The Brazilian ARDS Surveillance System was used to compare the outcome (death or cure) between the groups, considering age, race, or comorbidities.

Results

The mortality rate related to ARDS/COVID‐19 in the obstetric group was 7.8% (377/4853) compared with 13.9% (5946/42 915) in the nonobstetric group. Comorbidity was associated with increased fatality cases for both groups, but higher in the nonobstetric group (22.8% vs 13.3%). In the obstetric group, deaths related to COVID‐19 were concentrated in the third trimester or postpartum period. If comorbidity was present, deaths by COVID‐19 were 4.4 times higher than ARDS due to other etiologies, and twice higher in women who self‐reported as black (13.7%) than white women (6.7%). Considering ADRS etiology, deaths by COVID‐19 were 3.4–6.7 times higher than any other etiology.

Conclusion

ARDS related to COVID‐19 in obstetric patients was an important factor for worse clinical outcomes, with 3–6 times higher death rates than other ARDS etiologies. Pregnant and postpartum women with severe ARDS related to COVID‐19 had a lower fatality rate than nonpregnant women, even with associated comorbidity.
Muscle invasive urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma presenting with secondary nephrotic symptoms
Authors: Mizusawa Hiroya , Mimura Yuji , Utazu Haruhiko , Maejima Toshitaka
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Nephrotic syndrome secondary to malignant disease accounts for approximately 10% of cases of nephrotic syndrome in adults. However, urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a rare cancer, with only four cases reported to date.

Case presentation

A 76‐year‐old man presented with chief complaints of edema and anorexia. Laboratory examinations revealed hypoalbuminemia and marked proteinuria, and computed tomography demonstrated multiple bladder tumors. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumors was performed. The pathological diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma with muscular invasion. The patient underwent simple cystectomy and ileal conduit formation, and proteinuria disappeared after 4 weeks. However, urethral recurrence was noted, and he died 35 months after cystectomy.

Conclusion

Five cases including ours were clinically reviewed. Nephrotic symptoms improved relatively rapidly after surgery in all cases. In contrast to the poor preoperative general condition, postoperative improvement can be expected, and surgical treatment should, therefore, be considered.
“I learned that I am worth defending”: A process evaluation of a sexual assault prevention program implemented on an Indian reservation
Authors: Siller Laura , Edwards Katie M. , Leader Charge Leon , Bordeaux Simone , Leader Charge Damon , Herrington Ramona
Published: June 2021

A great deal of programming has been developed to prevent sexual assault (SA) among adolescents. Few studies examine programming implementation among minority groups and present information about program acceptability among participants and community stakeholders. The purpose of the current study was to examine the acceptability of implementing an empowerment SA self‐defense program for adolescent girls on an Indian reservation. Data for the study came from posttest surveys of Native American adolescent girls who participated in an SA prevention program (N = 102) and interviews with community stakeholders, including program participants (N = 18). Results showed that acceptability was high among program participants and community stakeholders. Program participants noted that they liked the program overall and liked components of the programming. Participants noted that they disliked pressure to participate, program length, and missing class. Among community stakeholders, all expressed an overall positive impression of the program, felt that the program had a positive impact on program participants, and appreciated that girls learned to use refusal skills. Community stakeholders provided several programming improvement ideas such as incorporating culturally specific content into the program for future implementation. These findings can be used by other researchers, schools, and practitioners implementing prevention programs with Native American girls.
Status Toward the Implementation of Precision Dosing in Children
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey S. , Barrett Ryan F. , Vinks Alexander A.
Published: June 2021

Precision dosing is progressing beyond the conceptual and proof‐of‐concept stages toward implementation. As the availability of dosing algorithms, tools, and platforms increases, so do the investment in technology services and actual implementation of clinical services offering these solutions to patients. Nowhere is this needed more than in pediatric populations, which are still reliant on adult drug development and bridging strategies to support dosing, often in the absence of actual dose‐finding studies in the target pediatric population. Still, there is more work to be done to ensure that proper governance of these services is maintained, and that sustainability of these early implementations is guided by new science as it evolves and meaningful outcome data to confirm that such services deliver on both clinical and economic return on investment. In addition, the field should ensure that all approaches beyond a therapeutic drug monitoring–driven, pharmacokinetic‐centric approach should be considered as the tools and services evolve, especially when pediatric‐specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodyamic and pharmacogenetic data are available and shown to be useful to guide dosing. This review evaluates current pediatric precision dosing efforts, highlighting their utility, longevity, and sustainability and assesses the current process for implementing such approaches examining current barriers that stand in the way of broader implementation and the stakeholders that must engage to ensure its ultimate success.
Model‐Informed Pediatric Drug Development: Application of Pharmacometrics to Define the Right Dose for Children
Authors: Vinks Alexander A. , Barrett Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2021

One of the biggest challenges in pediatric drug development is defining a safe and effective dose in pediatric populations, which span across a wide age and development range from neonates to adolescents. Model‐informed drug development approaches are particularly suited to address knowledge gaps including data leveraging to increase the success of pediatric studies. Considering the often limited number of patients available for study and logistic difficulties to collect the necessary data in pediatric populations, the application of pharmacometrics and modeling and simulation techniques can improve clinical trial efficiency, increase the probability of regulatory success, and optimize therapeutic individualization in support of dedicated trials. This review describes the state of pediatric model‐informed drug development to define the right dose for children and provides suggestions for future development.
Evaluation of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models to Predict the Absorption of BCS Class I Drugs in Different Pediatric Age Groups
Authors: Liu Xiaomei I. , van den Anker John N. , Burckart Gilbert J. , Dallmann André
Published: June 2021

Age‐related changes in many parameters affecting drug absorption remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to apply physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in pediatric patients to investigate the absorption and pharmacokinetics of 4 drugs belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I administered as oral liquid formulations. Pediatric PBPK models built with PK‐Sim/MoBi were used to predict the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, emtricitabine, theophylline, and zolpidem in different pediatric populations. The model performance for predicting drug absorption and pharmacokinetics was assessed by comparing the predicted absorption profile with the deconvoluted dose fraction absorbed over time and predicted with observed plasma concentration‐time profiles. Sensitivity analyses were performed to analyze the effects of changes in relevant input parameters on the model output. Overall, most pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted within a 2‐fold error range. The absorption profiles were generally reasonably predicted, but relatively large differences were observed for acetaminophen. Sensitivity analyses showed that the predicted absorption profile was most sensitive to changes in the gastric emptying time (GET) and the specific intestinal permeability. The drug's solubility played only a minor role. These findings confirm that gastric emptying time, more than intestinal permeability or solubility, is a key factor affecting BCS class I drug absorption in children. As gastric emptying time is prolonged in the fed state, a better understanding of the interplay between food intake and gastric emptying time in children is needed, especially in the very young in whom the (semi)fed condition is the prevailing prandial state, and hence prolonged gastric emptying time seems more plausible than the fasting state.
Predictive Performance of Physiology‐Based Pharmacokinetic Dose Estimates for Pediatric Trials: Evaluation With 10 Bayer Small‐Molecule Compounds in Children
Authors: Ince Ibrahim , Dallmann André , Frechen Sebastian , Coboeken Katrin , Niederalt Christoph , Wendl Thomas , Block Michael , Meyer Michaela , Eissing Thomas , Burghaus Rolf , Lippert Jörg , Willmann Stefan , Schlender Jan‐Frederik
Published: June 2021

Development and guidance of dosing schemes in children have been supported by physiology‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for many years. PBPK models are built on a generic basis, where compound‐ and system‐specific parameters are separated and can be exchanged, allowing the translation of these models from adults to children by accounting for physiological differences. Owing to these features, PBPK modeling is a valuable approach to support clinical decision making for dosing in children. In this analysis, we evaluate pediatric PBPK models for 10 small‐molecule compounds that were applied to support clinical decision processes at Bayer for their predictive power in different age groups. Ratios of PBPK‐predicted to observed PK parameters for the evaluated drugs in different pediatric age groups were estimated. Predictive performance was analyzed on the basis of a 2‐fold error range and the bioequivalence range (ie, 0.8 ≤ predicted/observed ≤ 1.25). For all 10 compounds, all predicted‐to‐observed PK ratios were within a 2‐fold error range (n = 27), with two‐thirds of the ratios within the bioequivalence range (n = 18). The findings demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of these compounds was successfully and adequately predicted in different pediatric age groups. This illustrates the applicability of PBPK for guiding dosing schemes in the pediatric population.
Pharmacogenomics for Drug Dosing in Children: Current Use, Knowledge, and Gaps
Authors: Hoshitsuki Keito , Fernandez Christian A. , Yang Jun J.
Published: June 2021

Pharmacogenomics research ranges from the discovery of genetic factors to explain interpatient variability in drug exposure and response to clinical implementation of this knowledge to improve pharmacotherapy. Medications with actionable pharmacogenomic associations are frequently used in children, and therefore pharmacogenomics‐guided precision medicine is readily applicable to the pediatric population. Although heritable genetics are considered immutable, the impact of genetic variation in pharmacogenes is modified by other factors such as age‐dependent changes in gene expression. Early evidence has emerged indicating that the interaction between ontogeny and pharmacogenomics determines whether or how genetics‐based dosing algorithms should be adjusted in children versus adults. However, there is still a paucity of data describing pharmacogenomic associations in patient populations across the life span. Future research is much needed to evaluate the impact of pharmacogenomics on drug dosing specific to the pediatric population, along with consideration of other developmental and physiological factors uniquely related to drug disposition in this population.
Effect of the addition of fly ash on the specific methane production and microbial communities in the anaerobic digestion of real winery wastewater
Authors: Lauzurique Yeney , Fermoso Fernando G , Sánchez Nicolás , Castillo Alejandra , Valdés Natalia , Tello Mario , Salazar Ricardo , García Verónica , Huiliñir César
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Fly ash is an important source of trace elements that can act as cofactors of enzyme systems and improve anaerobic digestion processes. However, its effect on anaerobic digestion using real wastewater has not yet been studied. In the present work, the effect of fly ash on the anaerobic digestion of real winery wastewaters was studied, by means of specific methanogenic activity assays and with a special focus on its effect on the specific methane production and the microbial communities present. Five fly ash concentration (25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg L−1) were supplemented under mesophilic conditions.

RESULTS

The results showed that 25 mg L−1 of fly ash improved the specific methane production by 18% compared to the control assay; meanwhile, a concentration of 100 mg L−1 of fly ash generated inhibition of the methanogenesis and a 20% specific methane production decrease with respect to the control experiment. The microbial community analysis verified that fly ash supplementation affected the bacterial communities, with a significant effect on acetogenic bacteria, such as Cloacimonetes and Firmicutes.

CONCLUSION

The addition of adequate concentrations of fly ash to the process can raise the relative abundance of some microorganisms and, consequently, could increase the specific methane production in the anaerobic digestion of winery wastewater. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Perspective of students in the Global Citizenship in Dentistry as an international peer learning experience
Authors: Yiu Francis S. Y. , Yu Ollie Y. , Wong Amy W. Y. , Chu Chun‐Hung
Published: June 2021

Objective

To explore the achievement and perception of dental students in an international peer learning setting via the Global Citizenship in Dentistry (GCD) program.

Methods

In the GCD program, year‐2 dental students from universities in Egypt, Hong Kong, Malaysia, UK, and the United States developed a portfolio of a restorative procedure in simulation laboratory and uploaded to an online platform (https://gcd.hku.hk/). Through the platform, the students left comments on each other's portfolios to share and discuss their knowledge and experiences on restorative dentistry. This study invited students from Hong Kong in 2018–2019 to complete an open‐ended questionnaire to explore their experience on the GCD program. The feedback was compiled and analyzed.

Results

All 71 year‐2 students completed the questionnaire. Their most dominant comments were positive feelings about learning different clinical principles and methods from universities abroad. The students also enjoyed the cultural exchange from the comfort of their own devices. Other recurrent comments included the improvement of the skills of communication and comments on the peers’ work in a professional manner. The students were enthusiastic about being able to apply their critical thinking in evaluating their work. They shared their learning barriers, including the extra time needed for the program, some unenthusiastic responses from groupmates, and delayed replies from peers. They made suggestions to remove the barriers in the learning process of the GCD program.

Conclusion

Students generally welcomed the GCD program and benefitted from the global academic exchange, development of critical thinking, enhancing professional communication skills, as well as opportunities of cultural exchange.
Evaluation of curved root canals filled with a new bioceramic sealer: A microcomputed tomographic study using images with different voxel sizes and segmentation methods
Authors: Pinto Jader Camilo , Torres Fernanda Ferrari Esteves , Lucas‐Oliveira Everton , Bonagamba Tito Jose , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru Juliane Maria , Tanomaru‐Filho Mario
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the filling ability of a new premixed bioceramic sealer in comparison with an epoxy resin‐based sealer in curved root canals using different segmentation methods and voxel sizes in micro‐CT images. Twelve curved mesial roots of mandibular molars with two separated canals were selected. All root canals were prepared by using HyFlex EDM files size 25/.08 and filled by the single cone technique and Bio‐C Sealer or AH Plus (n = 12). The samples were scanned by micro‐CT at 5 μm. The images were analyzed at 5, 10, and 20 μm for the volumetric analysis of voids in filling. Visual image segmentation was performed by two examiners, and the automatic segmentation was accomplished for comparison. Radiopacity of the sealers was evaluated by radiographic analysis. Data were submitted to the two‐way ANOVA and non‐paired t tests at a significance level of 5%. AH Plus had the highest radiopacity (p < .05). Root canals filled with AH Plus or Bio‐C had similar low percentage of voids (p > .05). There was no difference interobserver, which had similar results to those obtained with automatic segmentation for all voxel sizes evaluated (p > .05). Bio‐C Sealer had appropriate filling ability. Visual and automatic segmentation can be applied to micro‐CT images with voxel sizes from 5 to 20 μm to evaluate the filling of sealers with adequate radiopacity. Automatic segmentation should be used as a faster method.
C‐reactive protein predicts the development of walled‐off necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Fujiwara Junichi , Matsumoto Satohiro , Sekine Masanari , Mashima Hirosato
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Walled‐off necrosis (WON) is reported to occur in 1–9% of patients with acute pancreatitis. However, the factors associated with the onset of this condition have not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the potential predictive factors for WON in patients diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis at our hospital.

Methods

This study included 26 patients with severe acute pancreatitis identified among the 211 patients with acute pancreatitis admitted to our hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. Patients with and without WON (WON and non‐WON groups, respectively) were compared to identify potential factors involved in the onset of this condition.

Results

The 26 patients had a median age of 67 years, and 65% were male. WON occurred in 15 patients (57.7%). In a univariate analysis, the WON and non‐WON groups differed significantly in terms of maximum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels (median) (322.7 mg/L vs 163.8 mg/L [P = 0.001]). In a multivariate analysis, a significant association was identified between the maximum CRP level and the onset of WON (odds ratio: 1.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.05–1.37). The CRP level peaked within 3 days in 88%.

Conclusion

The maximum CRP level was identified as a predictive factor for the onset of WON, and a high proportion of patients with WON exhibited elevated CRP levels within 3 days after diagnosis. This work suggests the clinical importance of continuous monitoring at an early stage after diagnosis to identify the maximum CRP level.
The effect of an isoquinoline alkaloid on treatment of periodontitis by regulating the neutrophils chemotaxis
Authors: Liu Yitong , Xia Huan , Xia Guiyang , Lin Sheng , Guo Lijia , Liu Yi
Published: June 2021

Neutrophil plays a critical role in the progression of periodontitis. In general, its chemotaxis and activation are benefit for the host defense of bacterial infection and inflammation. However, previous studies have reported that the hyperactive and reactive neutrophils appear to be one of the reasons for tissue destruction in periodontitis tissues. In this study, we investigated an isoquinoline alkaloid Litcubanine A (LA), which from the Traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Litsea cubeba. We found LA showed significant activity in inhibiting neutrophils chemotaxis in the zebrafish yolk sac microinjection model in vivo and in mouse neutrophils in vitro. Further investigation proved that LA could inhibit the expression levels of neutrophil respiratory burst-related and inflammation-related genes CYBB and NCF2, as well as inhibit the activation of MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, using LA, we successfully achieved the effect of reducing periodontitis bone loss by regulating neutrophil chemotaxis and related functions in a mouse ligature-induced periodontitis model.
Phylogenomics reveals multiple introductions and early spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 into Peru
Authors: Juscamayta‐López Eduardo , Carhuaricra Dennis , Tarazona David , Valdivia Faviola , Rojas Nancy , Maturrano Lenin , Gavilán Ronnie
Published: June 2021

Peru has become one of the countries with the highest mortality rates from the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). To investigate early transmission events and the genomic diversity of SARS‐CoV‐2 isolates circulating in Peru in the early COVID‐19 pandemic, we analyzed 3472 viral genomes, of which 149 were from Peru. Phylogenomic analysis revealed multiple and independent introductions of the virus likely from Europe and Asia and a high diversity of genetic lineages circulating in Peru. In addition, we found evidence for community‐driven transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 as suggested by clusters of related viruses found in patients living in different regions of Peru.
Long‐term effects of stress resilience: Hippocampal neuroinflammation and behavioral approach in male rats
Authors: Bravo‐Tobar Iván D. , Fernández Paola , Sáez Juan C. , Dagnino‐Subiabre Alexies
Published: June 2021

Resilience to stress is the ability to quickly adapt to adversity. There is evidence that exposure to prolonged stress triggers neuroinflammation what produces individual differences in stress vulnerability. However, the relationship between stress resilience, neuroinflammation, and depressive‐like behaviors remains unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the long‐term effects of social defeat stress (SDS) on neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and depressive‐like behaviors. Male rats were subjected to the SDS paradigm. Social interaction was analyzed 1 and 2 weeks after ending the SDS to determine which animals were susceptible or resilient to stress. Neuroinflammation markers glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1, and elevated membrane permeability in astrocytes and microglia, as well as depressive‐like behaviors in the sucrose preference test and forced swim test were evaluated in all rats. One week after SDS, resilient rats increased their sucrose preference, and time spent in the floating behavior decreased in the forced swim test compared to susceptible rats. Surprisingly, resilient rats became susceptible to stress, and presented neuroinflammation 2 weeks after SDS. These findings suggest that SDS‐induced hippocampal neuroinflammation persists in post‐stress stages, regardless of whether rats were initially resilient or not. Our study opens a new approach to understanding the neurobiology of stress resilience.
Blessing or curse: The moderating role of political skill in the relationship between servant leadership, voice, and voice endorsement
Authors: Liao Chenwei , Liden Robert C. , Liu Yan , Wu Junfeng
Published: June 2021

Drawing on social exchange theory and social‐political theory of influence, we hypothesize that followers reciprocate servant leadership by engaging in voice behavior. Further, we propose that promotive and prohibitive forms of voice are differentially endorsed by leaders and that follower political skill is pivotal in the social influence process of converting the two types of voice to managerial endorsement. To test our hypothesized model, we collected three‐wave, multi‐source data from 308 architects and their leaders from a large architecture firm in China. Our results confirmed that servant leadership was positively related to both follower promotive and prohibitive voice. Moreover, regarding the moderating role of follower political skill, we found that the relationship between servant leadership, promotive voice, and voice endorsement was positive when follower political skill was high, while it was not significant for followers with low political skill. In contrast, the relationship between servant leadership, prohibitive voice, and voice endorsement was positive under the low political skill condition, while it was negative when follower political skill was high. Our results suggest a divergent role of political skill in converting different types of voice to managerial endorsement.
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein responses to a mechanical stimulus associate with ambulatory loading in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Erhart‐Hledik Jennifer C. , Titchenal Matthew R. , Migliore Eleonora , Asay Jessica L. , Andriacchi Thomas P. , Chu Constance R.
Published: June 2021

Mechanical factors have been implicated in the development of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study tested for associations between ambulatory joint loading (total joint moment [TJM] and vertical ground reaction force [vGRF]) and changes in serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in response to a mechanical stimulus (30‐min walk) in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Twenty‐five subjects (mean age: 34.5 ± 9.8 years; 2.2 ± 0.2 years post‐surgery) with primary unilateral ACL reconstruction underwent gait analysis for assessment of peak vGRF and TJM first (TJM1) and second (TJM2) peaks. Serum COMP concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay immediately before, 3.5 h, and 5.5 h after a 30‐min walk. Pearson correlation coefficients and backward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, and between‐limb speed difference, assessed associations between changes in COMP and between‐limb differences in joint loading parameters. Greater TJM1 (R = 0.542, p = 0.005), TJM2 (R = 0.460, p = 0.021), and vGRF (R = 0.577, p = 0.003) in the ACL‐reconstructed limb as compared to the contralateral limb were associated with higher COMP values 3.5 h following the 30‐min walk. Change in COMP at 5.5 h became a significant predictor of the between‐limb difference in TJM1 and vGRF in multivariate analyses after accounting for the between‐limb speed difference. These results demonstrate that higher TJM and vGRF in the ACLR limb as compared to the contralateral limb are associated with higher relative COMP levels 3.5 and 5.5 h after a 30‐min walk. Future work should investigate the effect of therapies to alter joint loading on the biological response in individuals after ACL reconstruction.
Relationship of superoxide dismutase to rotator cuff injury/tear in a rat model
Authors: Uehara Hirohisa , Itoigawa Yoshiaki , Wada Tomoki , Morikawa Daichi , Koga Akihisa , Nojiri Hidetoshi , Kawasaki Takayuki , Maruyama Yuichiro , Ishijima Muneaki
Published: June 2021

Rotator cuff degeneration is one of the several factors that lead to rotator cuff tears. Oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase have been reported to be related to rotator cuff degeneration; however, the precise mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship of oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase to the degeneration of the rotator cuff using rat models. Eighty‐four rats were used to create a collagenase‐induced rotator cuff injury model (injury model) and a rotator cuff tear model (tear model). The controls were administered saline and had only a deltoid incision, respectively. We evaluated degeneration morphology of the rotator cuff using a degeneration score; dihydroethidium fluorescence intensity, which detects oxidative stress; gene expression; and superoxide dismutase activity. The rotator cuffs in the injury and tear models significantly increased degeneration scores and dihydroethidium fluorescence intensity. On the other hand, gene expression of superoxide dismutase isoform, superoxide dismutase 1, and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly decreased in the injury model but showed no significant difference in the tear model. These findings suggested that superoxide dismutase might not be associated with rotator cuff degeneration after tear but may be involved in degenerative rotator cuff without tear. However, we found that rotator cuff degeneration involves oxidative stress both with and without tear. Based on these findings, it is presumed that different treatments may be appropriate, depending on the state of rotator cuff degeneration, because the mechanisms of the degeneration may be different.
Nanotechnology: recent advances in viticulture and enology
Authors: Garde‐Cerdán Teresa , Souza‐da Costa Bianca , Rubio‐Bretón Pilar , Pérez‐Álvarez Eva P
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, nanoscience is a leading modern science that has a major impact on the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture sectors. Several nanomaterials show a great potential for use during vine growing and winemaking processes. In viticulture, nanotechnology can be applied to protect vines against phytopathogens and to improve grape yield and quality. Thus, nanotechnology may allow the use of lesser amounts of phytochemical compounds, reducing environmental impact and promoting a more sustainable agriculture. And in winemaking, nanomaterials and nanodevices can be used to control the growth of spoilage microorganisms and to reduce or remove undesirable compounds, such as ethyl phenols (4‐ethylphenol and 4‐ethylguaiacol), biogenic amines, and tartaric acid, and so on, as well as to facilitate some technological processes (i.e. in wine filtration to eliminate microorganisms). This review summarizes recent studies with applications of nanotechnology in viticulture in order to facilitate agronomic management and optimize grape production and in enology to improve wine quality and safety. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Analytical research on the separation and residue of chiral pesticide triadimenol in fruit and vegetable puree
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Hua , Xie Wen , Hou Jian‐Bo , Hu Xiao‐Li , Wang Peng , Zhang Ya‐Qin , Xu Dun‐Ming
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a method for the separation of triadimenol stereoisomers using ultra‐performance convergence chromatography and an analytical method for the determination of triadimenol stereoisomer residues in pumpkin puree, apple puree, and tomato puree as a supplement for infants are established. Test samples were extracted with acetonitrile and successively purified with graphitized carbon black and Florisil column. Afterward, Acquity Trefoil AMY1 column was adopted for chiral separation of chromatographic column, and gradient elute was carried out with supercritical carbon dioxide‐methanol as the mobile phase and with external standard method for quantitation. Results showed that the linearly dependent coefficient of the four kinds of triadimenol stereoisomers within 1.0 and 50 mg/L was greater than 0.9997, and the limit of quantitation of the four kinds of triadimenol stereoisomers was 0.05 mg/kg. Recovery experiment was carried out within 0.05 and 1.0 mg/kg scope, the recoveries were 81.0–107％, and the relative standard deviation was 2.3–7.6%. This method implemented the separation of triadimenol stereoisomers and its residue test in pumpkin puree, apple puree, and tomato puree as a supplement for infants, and it can provide reliable technical support for the analysis of pesticide residue and assessment of product quality.
Second Sets of Tympanostomy Tubes Extrude Sooner
Authors: Molin Nicole , Buchinsky Farrel J. , Isaacson Glenn
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Some clinicians believe second sets of tympanostomy tubes extrude more quickly than first sets.

Study Design

Retrospective case‐control series.

Methods

We identified children who were examined 12 months after placement of their second set of tympanostomy tubes and compared them to a similar number of children who were examined 12 months after their first set of tympanostomy tubes. Extrusion was determined by otoscopy, otomicroscopy, and/or tympanometry.

Results

One hundred eighteen children had 12‐month follow‐up data available after their first set of tubes, 54 had 12‐month follow‐up data available for their second set, and 56 had 12‐month follow‐up data after their first and second sets. A total of 568 tubes were observed. Looking at each tube, second set tubes were significantly more likely to be extruded at 12 months (48%) compared to first set (28%) (P < .001). Patient age was not associated with extrusion rate. For patients who had 12‐month follow‐up for both their first and second set of tubes, there was no correlation between extrusion of first and second set tubes.

Conclusion

Second set tympanostomy tubes are significantly less likely to remain functional 12 months after placement than first sets, independent of patient age at placement and independent of whether the child's first tubes extruded by 12 months. Given the short duration of second tube function, delaying second set placement until the fall might be a better choice for some children.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:222–224, 2022
Grateful compliance: Gratitude effects on willingness to comply with responsible drinking messages
Authors: Septianto Felix , Garg Nitika
Published: June 2021

Individuals have a tendency to push back against threats and impositions from others that impinge on their perceived freedom. This issue is prevalent among issues with directive messages especially those in social marketing, such as responsible drinking messages. The current research investigates the potential role of gratitude in increasing individuals' willingness to comply with a responsible drinking message. Across four experimental studies, the present research shows that gratitude, as compared with pride and a neutral condition, is more effective in increasing the willingness to comply with the message. Specifically, our research demonstrates that gratitude reduces the psychological reactance evoked by the responsible drinking message, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the message. The findings of this study can benefit social marketers and policymakers by highlighting the potential benefits of positive emotions to promote well‐being behaviors.
Existence of solutions for a weakly coupled Schrödinger system with critical growth
Authors: Shen Zifei , Yang Minbo , Zhao Shunneng
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we are interested in the following critical coupled Schrödinger system:

where F(s, t) = sp + tp + λsαtβ, p ∈ (2, 2∗), s, t ≥ 0, α + β = p, s1 > 1, s2 > 1 are two constants satisfying
, N ≥ 3. Under some assumptions on the potential functions V, W, K, Q, and for some specific nonlinearities, we are able to prove the existence of purely vector semiclassical solutions that concentrating around some special set characterized by the potentials V, W, K, and Q as ε → 0. Moreover, we also obtain the convergence and exponential decay estimate of these least energy solutions.
Correlates of night‐time and exercise‐associated lower limb cramps in healthy adults
Authors: Hawke Fiona , McKay Marnee J. , Baldwin Jennifer N. , Chiu Simon , Sadler Sean , Oldmeadow Christopher , Chuter Vivienne , Burns Joshua
Published: June 2021

Introduction/Aims

We explored correlates of night‐time and exercise‐associated lower limb cramps in participants of the 1000 Norms Project.

Methods

A volunteer community sample of healthy people aged ≥18 y underwent assessment of motor function and physical performance, and were questioned about muscle cramps in the previous 3 mo.

Results

Of 491 (221 female) participants age 18–101 y (mean: 59.12; SD: 18.03), about 1 in 3 experienced night‐time lower limb cramps, and about 1 in 4 experienced exercise‐associated lower limb cramps. For night‐cramps, a one unit increase in Beighton score (greater whole‐body flexibility) was associated with a 31% reduced odds of cramps (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.45, 0.99) and passing all three lesser‐toe strength tests was associated with 50% reduced odds of cramps (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.78). For exercise‐associated cramps, participants in the fourth (lowest arch) quartile of Foot Posture Index were 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.11, 3.95) more likely to experience cramps than participants in the first (highest arch) quartile. Odds of experiencing both types of cramps versus no cramps were lower with passing all three lesser‐toe strength tests (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.85) and better performance in the six‐minute walk test (OR = 0.997, 95% CI: 0.996, 0.998).

Discussion

People who experienced both exercise‐associated and night‐time cramps were less functional. The association between night‐time cramps with less whole‐body flexibility and reduced lesser‐toe flexor strength should be explored to determine causation. Planovalgus (low‐arched) foot type was independently associated with exercise‐associated cramps. The effectiveness of foot orthoses for secondary prevention of exercise‐associated cramps in people with low‐arched feet should be explored.
Percentage of Gleason pattern 4 and tumor volume predict adverse pathological stage and margin status at radical prostatectomy in grade Group 2 and grade Group 3 prostate cancers
Authors: Iakymenko Oleksii A. , Lugo Isabella , Briski Laurence M. , Nemov Ivan , Punnen Sanoj , Kwon Deukwoo , Pollack Alan , Stoyanova Radka , Parekh Dipen J. , Jorda Merce , Gonzalgo Mark L. , Kryvenko Oleksandr N.
Published: June 2021

Background

Increasing percentages of Gleason pattern 4 (GP4%) in radical prostatectomy (RP) correlate with an increased likelihood of nonorgan‐confined disease and earlier biochemical recurrence (BCR). However, there are no detailed RP studies assessing the impact of GP4% and corresponding tumor volume (TV) on extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle (SV) invasion (SV+), and positive surgical margin (SM) status (SM+).

Methods

In 1301 consecutive RPs, we analyzed each tumor nodule (TN) for TV, Grade Group (GG), presence of focal versus nonfocal EPE, SV+ , and SM+. Using GG1 (GP4% = 0) TNs as a reference, we recorded GP4% for all GG2 or GG3 TNs. We performed a multivariable analysis (MVA) using a mixed effects logistic regression that tested significant variables for risk of EPE, SV+, and SM+, as well as a multinomial logistic regression model that tested significant variables for risks of nonorgan‐confined disease (pT2+, pT3a, and pT3b) versus organ‐confined disease (pT2).

Results

We identified 3231 discrete TNs ranging from 1 to 7 (median: 2.5) per RP. These included GG1 (n = 2115), GG2 (n = 818), GG3 (n = 274), and GG4 (n = 24) TNs. Increasing GP4% weakly paralleled increasing TV (tau = 0.07, p < .001). In MVA, increasing GP4% and TV predicted a greater likelihood of EPE (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03 and 4.41), SV+ (OR: 1.03 and 3.83), and SM+ (1.01, p = .01 and 2.83), all p < .001. Our multinomial logistic regression model demonstrated an association between GP4% and the risk of EPE (i.e., pT3a and pT3b disease), as well as an association between TV and risk of upstaging (all p < .001).

Conclusions

Both GP4% and TV are independent predictors of adverse pathological stage and margin status at RP. However, the risks for adverse outcomes associated with GP4% are marginal, while those for TV are strong. The prognostic significance of GP4% on BCR‐free survival has not been studied controlling for TV and other adverse RP findings. Whether adverse pathological stage and margin status associated with larger TV could decrease BCR‐free survival to a greater extent than increasing RP GP4% remains to be studied.
PK/PD modeling analysis for dosing regimen selection of isatuximab as single agent and in combination therapy in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Koiwai Kimiko , El‐Cheikh Raouf , Thai Hoai‐Thu , Brillac Claire , Fau Jean‐Baptiste , Veyrat‐Follet Christine , Risse Marie‐Laure , van de Velde Helgi , Semiond Dorothée , Nguyen Laurent
Published: June 2021

This analysis describes the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling framework that supported selection of the isatuximab (anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibody) dosing regimen alongside its early clinical development in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). The PK/PD mathematical model characterized the variations of patient serum M‐protein concentrations, the primary marker of tumor burden in multiple myeloma (MM). Three separate PK/PD models were built sequentially as data became available from phase I clinical trials. The primary PK/PD analysis was initiated using monotherapy phase I study data (n = 122), followed by analysis of data collected from phase Ib combination studies with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd, n = 40) and then with pomalidomide and dexamethasone (Pd, n = 31). Using the PK/PD model, abnormal “myeloma” protein (M‐protein) profiles under different isatuximab dosing regimens were simulated. Overall, simulations revealed that regimens which included a loading period of four weekly administrations followed by administration every 2 weeks thereafter (QW4‐Q2W), reduced M‐protein levels more than a Q2W regimen without a loading period. For isatuximab monotherapy, a 20 mg/kg dose induced greater reduction in serum M‐protein levels compared with doses equal or lower than 10 mg/kg. For isatuximab in combination with either Rd or Pd, simulations yielded no substantial benefit in terms of M‐protein reduction between isatuximab 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. These PK/PD analyses supported the use of isatuximab 10 mg/kg QW4‐Q2W in combination with Pd in the phase III trial.
Recombination and Charge Collection at Nickel Silicide Precipitates in Silicon Studied by Electron Beam‐Induced Current
Authors: Saring Philipp , Seibt Michael
Published: June 2021

Nickel disilicide () has detrimental effects on many devices such as transistors or solar cells if it comes as a precipitate in the active device region. As thin‐film electrical contacts, however, it is frequently incorporated into devices due to its low resistivity and the almost‐perfect lattice match with silicon, allowing for epitaxial growth. Herein, electron beam‐induced current, EBIC, is used to study excess carrier recombination and charge collection at platelets with diameters of several 10 μm and thicknesses of only a few (111) silicide lattice planes. To arrive at such structures, a special preparation protocol is developed consisting of a two‐step cooling procedure and electrical contacting using in situ EBIC/focused ion beam (FIB) on precipitates structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results provide evidence that the atomically thin silicide layers embedded in silicon have properties similar to bulk in terms of the Schottky barrier height and electric conductivity.
Neutron Spin‐Echo Instrumentation for Magnetic Scattering
Authors: Keller Thomas , Trepka Heiko , Habicht Klaus , Keimer Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Neutron spin‐echo (NSE) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the study of magnon lifetimes and magnetic critical dynamics. The unique property of NSE is the energy resolution in the range. The first NSE spectrometers were optimized for quasielastic scattering at small momentum transfers and delivered substantial contributions to the understanding of critical dynamics in ferromagnets and dynamic correlations in spin glasses. The subsequent resonant NSE (NRSE) technique extends the parameter range toward large momentum and energy transfers and permits to measure magnon lifetimes across the Brillouin zone. NRSE also comprises the Larmor diffraction (LD) mode with a resolution for lattice spacings and their variance of order . LD proves useful to determine magnetostriction effects, small lattice distortions related to magnetic ordering, mosaic spread in crystals, and the size distribution of antiferromagnetic domains. Both typical experiments and the related technical innovation are reviewed and an outlook on future developments is given.