bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental method for warm dense matter ionization distribution based on X-ray fluorescence pectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Yu , Zhao Yang , Qing Bo , Zhang Ji-Yan , Lin Cheng-Liang , Yang Guo-Hong , Wei Min-Xi , Xiong Gang , Lü Min , Huang Cheng-Wu , Zhu Tuo , Song Tian-Ming , Zhao Yan , Zhang Yu-Xue , Zhang Lu , Li Li-Ling , Du Hua-Bing , Che Xing-Sen , Li Yu-Kun , Zhan Xia-Yu , Yang Jia-Min ,   Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China,   Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
Published: November 2023

Warm dense matter (WDM), a state of matter that lies at the frontier between condensed matter and plasma, is one of the main research objects of high energy density physics (HEDP). Comparing with the isolated atom, the electron structure of WDM will change because of the influence of density and temperature effect. Both the accurate theoretical representation and the accurate experimental study of WDM electron structure are challenging, as it is strongly coupled and partially degenerated. In this work, an experimental method of studying the ionization distribution of WDM based on X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is developed. In the experiment, in a specially designed hohlraum, warm and dense titanium with several tens of electron volts and nearly solid density is produced by simultaneous driving of high-energy X-ray heating and shock compression. Then, using the characteristic line spectrum emitted by the laser irradiation on pump material (Vanadium) as a pump source, the titanium emits fluorescence. The X-ray fluorescence spectra of titanium with different states (cold sample, 1.8–4.5 g/cm3 and 1–25 eV) are diagnosed by changing the experimental strategy. The experimental results indicate that the line profiles of Kα and Kβ fluorescence spectrum of the heated sample change obviously compared with those of the cold sample. According to the theoretical calculation of the two-step Hartree-Fock-Slater (TSHFS) method, the main reason for the change of the line profile is the change of ionization distribution caused by temperature rising. The future work will focus on optimizing the experimental method of X-ray fluorescence spectrum, such as improving the spectrum resolution, characterizing the temperature and density experimentally, obtaining a set of ionization distribution data, and then studying the influence of dense environment on electronic structure.
Deciphering the genetic code of neuronal type connectivity through bilinear modeling
Authors: Qiao Mu
Published: November 2023

Understanding how different neuronal types connect and communicate is critical to interpreting brain function and behavior. However, it has remained a formidable challenge to decipher the genetic underpinnings that dictate the specific connections formed between neuronal types. To address this, we propose a novel bilinear modeling approach that leverages the architecture similar to that of recommendation systems. Our model transforms the gene expressions of presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal types, obtained from single-cell transcriptomics, into a covariance matrix. The objective is to construct this covariance matrix that closely mirrors a connectivity matrix, derived from connectomic data, reflecting the known anatomical connections between these neuronal types. When tested on a dataset of Caenorhabditis elegans, our model achieved a performance comparable to, if slightly better than, the previously proposed spatial connectome model (SCM) in reconstructing electrical synaptic connectivity based on gene expressions. Through a comparative analysis, our model not only captured all genetic interactions identified by the SCM but also inferred additional ones. Applied to a mouse retinal neuronal dataset, the bilinear model successfully recapitulated recognized connectivity motifs between bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells, and provided interpretable insights into genetic interactions shaping the connectivity. Specifically, it identified unique genetic signatures associated with different connectivity motifs, including genes important to cell-cell adhesion and synapse formation, highlighting their role in orchestrating specific synaptic connections between these neurons. Our work establishes an innovative computational strategy for decoding the genetic programming of neuronal type connectivity. It not only sets a new benchmark for single-cell transcriptomic analysis of synaptic connections but also paves the way for mechanistic studies of neural circuit assembly and genetic manipulation of circuit wiring.
Introduction: Co-creating a catalyst for sustainable development
Authors: Gjærum Rikke Gürgens , Lyngstad Mette Bøe , Hovik Lise
Published: November 2023

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development calls for action by all countries to ensure that no one is left behind. It requires partnerships between governments, the private sector, and civil societies across countries, continents, and sectors. This issue of Nordic Journal for Art & Research is an expression of SDG 17 - a collaboration towards achieving the goals. In this way, we wish to renew global partnerships for sustainable development by sharing new knowledge with peers and global readers alike. 23 different contributions about sustainability in arts education can bring new, interesting and hopeful discussions to our field. A wide range of different perspectives, understandings, theories and methods hopefully show the reader that arts educators can make a difference by inspiring sustainable thinking and action. We as editors believe that arts education can be a catalyst for a change in society towards more sustainable futures. Through this special issue we welcome each and every reader to take part in this aesthetic collaboration of knowledge production formed and assembled by arts educators, with a rising hope for the future of our planet.
Multiculturalism, Telenovelas and Ideology in Woman Hollering Creek
Authors: Segura Chávez Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The following paper discusses the notion of multiculturalism as a violent process in which immigrants, specifically Mexican, have to live without showing their conflicts because they might be considered ‘fundamentalist.’ Žižek’s notion of the arbitrariness of multiculturalism and McCracken’s theory of commodities as forms of cultural insertion are confronted in relation to two short stories that appear in Sandra Cisneros’ Woman Hollering Creek. I will finally support the idea that multiculturalism (accepting other cultures) is a form of hegemony because U.S. society ‘selects’ those who can belong to it. Cisneros’ stories which are analyzed in this essay are “Remember the Alamo” and “Woman Hollering Creek,” which present two characters, Tristán and Cleófilas, respectively, who give up every possibility of defending their rights as a gay man and an abused wife, because this defense might be seen by U.S. society as a subversive discourse. Then, Tristán prefers to live as a transvestite who is loved by his audience and Cleófilas lives in silence, watching soap operas in order not to bother anyone, not even her husband who beats her. If they defended their rights as a homosexual and woman, they would have an ‘ideology’ according to the U.S. society, so they would never be heard as they are ‘unfaithful’ to those who have accepted them in their country; Tristán and Cleófilas remain quiet to be accepted.
In Memoriam María Ester Martínez Sanz
Authors: Kase Beatriz , Bunster Susana , Mizón María Isabel , Arancibia María Cristina , Fuentes-Vásquez Carmen Luz
Published: November 2023

After her first studies at the UC, Professor Martínez obtained Master of Arts (1971) at the University of Wisconsin- Madison and a PH.D (1988) at the University of Indiana. Her solid formation and passionate and generous spirit allowed her to play a fundamental role in the creation of the Instituto de Letras UC in 1971, and in its subsequent transformation into a faculty.Academic Secretary of the Instituto de Letras UC in three opportunities and of the Facultad de Letras from 1991 to 1996, she also directed the Literature Department, actively participated in the creation of the academic journal Taller de Letras, being its Director during more than a decade. She obtained the support of the Fulbright Fundation in order to create the programme of MA in American Literature and Civilization in our university, being also its first director. She endeavoured to establish the prestigious prize José Nuez Martín, currently given to a renowned writer every year.
The Kinks’ English, Being an Account on the Life of a Bilingual Individual on a Monolingual World
Authors: Villarroel Leonardo
Published: November 2023

So my good friend Loreto is now engaged to be married. Strike that. My not-really-thatgood-of-a-friend/kind-of-an-acquaintance-really (but-hey-she-did-help-me-get-my-current-job)Loreto is now engaged to be married. Or so her Facebook status claims. Maybe she is one of those people who get lost in the translation of “engaged” for the not-as-definite Spanish “comprometido”.Come on, we’ve all had one of those; the one who then writes those puzzled replies as to why people are congratulating him or her. But Loreto put an awful lot of pictures of her and her wouldbe husband so she must be serious, right?
Hanging Men from Prague
Authors: Díaz Klassen Francisco
Published: November 2023

No presenta resumen.
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Properties of Clove Extracts on Vegetable Spoilage Bacteria
Authors: Kalu Success Eni , Chigbu Charles Chukwuemeka , Eyibio Jedidiah Solomon
Published: November 2023

The present study was carried out to analyze the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of clove extracts on vegetable spoilage bacteria. The study seeks to determine its potential use as bio-preservative. The bacteria used for this study were isolated from infected leaves of bitter leaf, pumpkin and cocoyam using spread plate technique. Phytochemical analysis was carried out with aqueous and methanol extracts. Bacterial isolates from the leaves included Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.  and Actinomyces spp. The pumpkin leaf had the highest average number of bacterial colonies of 2.5 x 102 while cocoyam leaf had the least with 7.0 x 101.Actinomycetes sp2 had the highest zone of inhibition of 22.0 mm while Staphylococcus sp2 had the least zone of inhibition of 13.00 mm all at 500mg/ml. For aqueous extracts, Bacillus sp.3, Staphylococcus sp.1 had the highest zone of inhibition of 16.00 mm respectively while the least zones were observed in Staphylococcus sp.2 and Bacillus sp.3 at concentration of 250 mg/ml and 125 mg/ml respectively. Bacillus sp.1, Bacillus sp.2, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.1 has Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of 125 mg/ml while Staphylococcus sp.1 and Staphylococcus sp.2 has 250mg/ml respectively for methanol extract. For aqueous extract, Bacillus sp.2, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.1 has MIC of 250mg/ml, respectively and Staphylococcus sp.1 and Staphylococcus sp.2 has MIC of 500 mg/ml. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the methanol extracts was 125 mg/ml for Actinomyces sp.1 while Bacillus sp.2, Bacillus sp.3, Micrococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp.2 were 250 mg/ml respectively while Bacillus sp1, Bacillus sp2, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp.2 and Actinomyces sp.1 all has MBC of 500mg/ml, respectively on the aqueous extracts. The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and methanol extracts of clove shows that saponins, tannins, amino acids, proteins, reducing sugar, glycosides, alkaloids, anthraquinone and phenols are present though in varying amounts. This study therefore recommends clove extract as an alternative source for bio-preservation in food and allied products.
Dietary Theobroma cocao Prevents Hepatotoxicity Secondary to Myocardial Injury
Authors: Beshel Justin Atiang , Adie Francisca Upekiema , Okon Idara Asuquo , Ekong Mercy Okon , Owu Daniel Udofia
Published: November 2023

Dietary products like cocoa with high flavonoids may play a role to boost the integrity of the liver against insults resulting from myocardial injury. Twenty-four male Wistar rats, divided into four groups of 6 rats were used for the study. Group 1 was control and received 0.9% normal saline via oral gavage. Group 2 was the acute myocardial injury group, and received two doses of subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) at an interval of 24 hours between doses. Group 3 was administered Theobroma cacao (100 mg/kg body weight orally) only for 2 weeks. Group 4 was pretreated with Theobroma cacao for 2 weeks and then followed by injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) on day 15 and 16. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized and serum collected for laboratory investigations of lactate dehydrogenase, troponin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Administration of isoproterenol resulted in a significant (p<0.001) elevation in the serum concentrations of the cardiac biomarkers, troponins and LDH when compared with the control group. Pretreatment with Theobroma cacao before myocardial infarction caused a significant (p<0.01) reduction in the concentrations of LDH and troponins with values similar to the control group. The serum liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP levels were also significantly (p<0.01) but were reversed in the Theobroma cacao cocoa treatment groups. It is concluded that Theobroma cacao prevents hepatic and heart damage thus providing a support for the prophylactic use of dietary Theobroma cacao against hepatotoxicity.
A 58-Year-Old Woman With Urticaria, Fever, and Joint Pain
Authors: Bonnekoh Hanna , Munoz Melba , Kolkhir Pavel
Published: January 2025

A 58-year-old woman with no allergies or rheumatic disease had a 2-year history of spontaneous wheals that occurred daily, accompanied by pruritus, arthralgia, and intermittent fevers; the wheals resolved after several hours without residual hyperpigmentation or bruising. C-reactive protein level was elevated, and skin biopsy showed dermal neutrophilic infiltration. What is the diagnosis and what would you do next?
Verrucous Tungiasis
Authors: Becerril-Andrés Sara , Masenga Gloria , Sabushimike Doriane
Published: January 2025

This case report describes a man in his 30s presenting with foul-smelling verrucous plaques and whitish papules with central black dots observed on the feet, legs, knees, buttocks, elbows, and hands, with nail dystrophy.
Quantitative Approaches to Studying Second Language Writing
Authors: Manchón Rosa M.
Published: January 2025

This entry synthesizes key theoretical and empirical work on how and why writing in an additional language (L2) can represent a site for language learning in TESOL settings. It reviews what is known about the language‐learning potential that may result from the act of writing itself (in individual and collaborative conditions, and in paper‐based and digital environments), as well as from the processing and use of the feedback provided on one's own writing. These potential learning outcomes are discussed in terms of L2 writers' engagement in language‐learning processes, and the expansion and consolidation of L2 knowledge. The implications that these findings may have for pedagogical decision making are presented.
Future Directions for Writing Teacher Cognition (Writing Teacher Preparation and Research)
Authors: Lee Icy
Published: January 2025

“Teacher cognition” refers to the complex networks of knowledge, thoughts, and beliefs that language teachers bring to the classroom, which impact decision making and classroom teaching within their situated contexts. In L2 writing, there has been a growth of research interest in teacher cognition, which is increasingly recognized as a pivotal element in writing teacher preparation program design. This chapter provides a brief literature review of recent research on L2 writing teacher cognition, highlighting three major focuses, namely (1) factors influencing writing teacher cognition; (2) relationship between writing teacher cognition and classroom practice; (3) and role of teacher education in impacting writing teacher cognition. Based on salient research findings, the entry examines five pedagogical implications for writing teacher preparation, providing future directions for L2 writing teacher cognition in terms of both research and practice.
Willingness to Communicate
Authors: Ducker Nathan
Published: January 2025

Speaking has become an important methodological consideration and educational objective in many L2 classrooms around the world. To increase the likelihood that communication will occur, inside and outside of the classroom, teachers are encouraged to promote students' propensity to engage in communication—known as their “willingness to communicate” (WTC). This entry explains the arguments for developing students' WTC, various factors that play a role in enhancing or restricting a learner's WTC, and practical suggestions that educators can incorporate into their curricula, lesson plans, and classroom management.
Teaching Writing to English Language Learners Through a Constructivist Approach
Authors: Cervatiuc Andreea
Published: January 2025

The 20th century was dominated by a traditional approach to teaching writing to English language learners, which was product‐oriented and focused primarily on form and grammatical correctness. In the 21st century, teaching writing to English language learners has been gradually shifting towards a constructivist approach that focuses on meaning, creativity, collaboration, and writing for an audience. Through constructivist writing, learners co‐create knowledge and engage in meaningful dialogue with their teachers, peers, and texts. A balanced constructivist approach to teaching writing combines a focus on
writing genres
,
scaffolding
, and
treating writing as a process
. The role of constructivist teachers is to create communities of writers in their classrooms, guide students through their composing and revising processes, and engage them in authentic, collaborative, engaging, and creative writing activities.
Healthcare use is elevated two decades before a first demyelinating event and differs by age and sex
Authors: Tremlett Helen , Zhu Feng , Everett Karl , Asaf Ayesha , Manouchehrinia Ali , Li Ping , McKay Kyla A. , Hillert Jan , Zhao Yinshan , Maxwell Colleen , Marrie Ruth Ann
Published: January 2025

Objective

Elevated healthcare use before multiple sclerosis (MS) onset suggests earlier opportunity to identify MS. Yet their timing and sociodemographic effects are unclear. We examined rates of healthcare use (and by age/sex) for >two decades pre‐MS onset.

Methods

We identified people with MS (PwMS) using administrative data from Canada (Ontario) and Sweden (1991–2020) (“administrative” cohort), and the Swedish MS Registry (“clinical” cohort). The first MS/demyelinating diagnostic code (administrative) or symptom onset (clinical) defined MS onset. We compared annual rates of healthcare use (hospital, physician, and emergency‐room [ED]) pre‐onset between PwMS and up to five matched population controls using negative binomial regression, and by age/sex.

Results

The administrative cohort = 35,018/136,007 PwMS/controls (Ontario), and 10,269/51,297 (Sweden). Rates of healthcare use were higher for PwMS than controls up to 28 (of 29) years (Ontario) and up to 15 (of 19) years (Sweden) pre‐onset. Annual healthcare use rose steadily as onset approached, particularly escalating 7 years pre‐onset in Ontario (e.g., hospital visit rate ratios [RRs] exceeded 1.30), and 6 years in Sweden (physician visit RRs > 1.10). RRs peaked the year pre‐onset (ED visits [Ontario] = 3.04; 95% CI: 2.94–3.13, physician visits [Sweden] = 2.51; 95% CI: 2.44–2.59). In the year pre‐onset, RRs were disproportionately higher for males (ED RRs [Ontario] = 3.30; 95% CI: 3.13–3.48 vs. females = 2.90; 95% CI: 2.79–3.02), and dropped steadily by age (physician visit RRs [Sweden] = 2.61/2.27/1.97/1.72 for 50/40/30/20‐year‐olds). The smaller clinical cohort (7604/37,974 PwMS/controls) exhibited similar patterns, albeit more modest, with RRs elevated up to 5 years pre‐onset (physician visit RR [year‐5] = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.14; RR [year‐1] = 1.39;1.33–1.46).

Interpretation

Higher healthcare use was evident decades before MS onset, escalating 6–7 years pre‐onset, peaking the year before, being disproportionately higher for males and older PwMS.
Independent Control of Electrical and Thermal Properties of Polymer Composites for Low Thermal Resistance Interface Materials
Authors: Abdul Jaleel Shabas Ahammed , Alayli Mohamad , Cheon Seongsu , Baik Seunghyun
Published: January 2025

Electrically insulating thermal interface materials (TIMs) are desired for certain applications to avoid electrical current leakage. However, it is more challenging to achieve high thermal conductivity (κ) due to the noncoalescing nature of ceramic particles. Herein, the independent control of electrical and thermal conductivity of TIMs is reported, with the aid of low‐temperature coalescing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), enhancing κ, and decreasing total thermal resistance (Rt) while retaining electrical insulation. The leakage‐free functionalized phase‐change material (OP) is employed as a matrix. The interaction between aluminum nitride (AlN) particles and OP induces the highest surface energy and intrinsic adhesion energy, compared with other ceramic particles, resulting in the lowest elastic modulus and Rt. The κ (1.7 W m−1 K−1) and Rt (80.1 mm2 K W−1) of the OP‐AlN are further improved by the AgNP decoration (OP‐AlN/Ag). The AlN particles are coalesced by the exquisitely functionalized AgNPs (3 vol%), suppressing electrical conductivity (<10−9 S cm−1). The κ is increased by 58% (2.7 W m−1 K−1) and Rt is decreased by 44% (45.0 mm2 K W−1). The independent electrical/thermal pathway control may prove useful for electrically insulating but thermally highly conducting TIMs.
Tough and Fast Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Soft Actuators
Authors: Zhang Xi , Aziz Shazed , Zhu Zhonghua
Published: January 2025

Thermoresponsive hydrogels hold significant potential for soft actuators due to their ability to undergo reversible shape deformation in response to temperature changes. However, the mechanical brittleness along with slow actuation responsiveness of such hydrogels limit their usage in high‐stress environments. Herein, the design and fabrication of tough and fast‐responding thermoresponsive double‐network (DN) hydrogels, specifically developed for use in soft actuators, are introduced. Using a one‐pot free‐radical polymerization method, DN hydrogels composed of a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) thermoresponsive first network and an ether‐based polyurethane (EPU) second network, providing both mechanical strength and fast response to temperature variation are synthesized. The fabricated hydrogels exhibit excellent mechanical properties, with an ultimate compressive stress of ≈8 MPa, and demonstrate rapid actuation, achieving ≈30% linear contraction and ≈28% radial contraction within 2 min under hydrothermal conditions at 50 °C. Furthermore, tubular soft actuators fabricated from these hydrogels demonstrate the ability to act as fluidic temperature sensors, automatically switching fluid flow direction in response to temperature change. These DN hydrogels combine toughness, rapid actuation, and temperature sensing, offering substantial advancements for soft robotics and adaptive systems.
Integration of Pt/Fe‐silicalite‐1 and acidic zeolite as a bifunctional catalyst for boosting ethane dehydroaromatization
Authors: Wu Lizhi , Zhang Ying , Zou Caixin , Sun Qin , Li Baozhen , Zheng Wenchun , Liu Jiamin , He Juncheng , Tang Yu , Tan Li
Published: January 2025

Ethane dehydrogenation to aromatics (EDA) is one of the most promising routes to produce aromatics. Herein, the tandem of dehydrogenation component and acidic zeolite are prepared and investigated for EDA. Pt/Fe‐S‐1 coupled with ZSM‐5 of Si/Al of 14 via mixing homogeneously shows excellent EDA performance with 54.0% ethane conversion, 61.5% aromatics selectivity as well as a deactivation rate constant of 0.00010 h−1. According to catalysts characterizations and controlled experiments, it is confirmed the highly dispersed positive Ptδ+ species around Fe species over Pt/Fe‐S‐1 is the active sites for ethane dehydrogenation to ethylene and subsequent naphthenes dehydrogenation to aromatics, Brønsted acid sites of ZSM‐5 and MFI pore are responsible for ethylene oligomerization and cyclization to naphthenes and further naphthenes dehydrogenation to aromatics. The short spatial space between dehydrogenation active sites and acid sites is beneficial for EDA. And the ethylene generation rate is the rate‐determining step of EDA.
Elderly Patients With Aplastic Anemia: Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in the Real World
Authors: Fattizzo Bruno , Gurnari Carmelo , Giammarco Sabrina , Ricchiuti Antony , Awada Hussein , Bortolotti Marta , Galli Nicole , Pedone Giacinto Luca , Versino Francesco , Consonni Dario , Trikha Roochi , Gandhi Shreyans , Sica Simona , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. , Kulasekararaj Austin , Barcellini Wilma
Published: January 2025

We retrospectively analyzed a large international cohort of 1113 patients with aplastic anemia to evaluate treatment choice and outcome in elderly patients as compared with a younger population. Overall, 319 (29%) patients were > 60 years old at diagnosis (60–64 years (n = 85), 106 65–69 years (n = 106), and 128 > 70 years (n = 128)). Elderly patients showed a more severe thrombocytopenia at onset and a significantly lower overall response (complete plus partial) to first‐line therapy at 6 months as compared to younger patients (47% vs. 65%, p < 0.0001), irrespective of treatment modality (ATG or CyA combinations, eltrombopag, or androgens); 27 (8%) received transplant as second line therapy and 11 (41%) died, mainly due to transplant complications. The rate of evolution to MDS was greater in elderly patients (12% vs. 7% in younger AA, p = 0.002), whilst the rate of evolution to AML was similar (1.8 vs. 1.3%). By multivariable analysis, older age remained the main factor associated with mortality [HR 1.64 (95% CI 1.5–1.7), p < 0.001], followed by disease severity by Camitta classification [HR 2.24 (95% CI 1.6–3.1) for severe AA; HR 3.8 (95% CI 2.4–6) for very severe AA], and male gender [1.45 (95% CI 1.1–1.8), p < 0.001]. In this large study, elderly AA was associated with inferior outcome even in the TPO‐RA era, highlighting the need for further optimization of clinical management.
Iron‐associated lipid peroxidation in Alzheimer's disease is increased in lipid rafts with decreased ferroptosis suppressors, tested by chelation in mice
Authors: Thorwald Max A. , Godoy‐Lugo Jose A. , Garcia Gilberto , Silva Justine , Kim Minhoo , Christensen Amy , Mack Wendy J. , Head Elizabeth , O'Day Peggy A. , Benayoun Bérénice A. , Morgan Todd E. , Pike Christian J. , Higuchi‐Sanabria Ryo , Forman Henry Jay , Finch Caleb E.
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Iron‐mediated cell death (ferroptosis) is a proposed mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. While iron is essential for basic biological functions, its reactivity generates oxidants which contribute to cell damage and death.

METHODS

To further resolve mechanisms of iron‐mediated toxicity in AD, we analyzed post mortem human brain and ApoEFAD mice.

RESULTS

AD brains had decreased antioxidant enzymes, including those mediated by glutathione (GSH). Subcellular analyses of AD brains showed greater oxidative damage and lower antioxidant enzymes in lipid rafts, the site of amyloid processing, than in the non‐raft membrane fraction. Apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers had lower lipid raft yield with greater membrane oxidation. The hypothesized role of iron in AD pathology was tested in ApoEFAD mice by iron chelation with deferoxamine, which decreased fibrillar amyloid and lipid peroxidation, together with increased GSH‐mediated antioxidants.

DISCUSSION

These novel molecular pathways highlight iron‐mediated damage to lipid rafts during AD.

Highlghts

Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains have numerous markers for ferroptosis, including increased lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant levels, and increased iron storage.

Lipid rafts in AD cases have increased oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant enzyme levels and activity which are most severe in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers.

Neuronal markers are correlated with lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense, and iron signaling proteins suggesting that neuronal loss is linked to these events.

Chelation of iron in the early‐onset familial AD model reduces iron‐mediated lipid peroxidation and fibrillar amyloid.
APP antisense oligonucleotides are effective in rescuing mitochondrial phenotypes in human iPSC‐derived trisomy 21 astrocytes
Authors: Thirumalai Srishruthi , Livesey Frederick J. , Patani Rickie , Hung Christy
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have shown promise in reducing amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels in neurons, but their effects in astrocytes, key contributors to neurodegenerative diseases, remain unclear. This study evaluates the efficacy of APP ASOs in astrocytes derived from an individual with Down syndrome (DS), a population at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from a healthy individual and an individual with DS were differentiated into astrocytes. Astrocytes were treated with APP ASOs for 10 days, and APP levels were quantified. Mitochondrial morphology and superoxide production in DS astrocytes were analyzed using super‐resolution and confocal microscopy.

RESULTS

APP ASOs significantly reduced APP levels in astrocytes from both control and DS individuals. In DS astrocytes, treatment restored mitochondrial health, increasing mitochondrial number and size while reducing superoxide production.

DISCUSSION

APP ASOs effectively reduce APP levels and improve mitochondrial health in astrocytes, suggesting their potential as a therapeutic approach for DS and DS‐related AD. Further in vivo studies are required to confirm these findings.

Highlights

APP ASOs reduce APP levels in human iPSC‐derived astrocytes.

APP ASO treatment rescues mitochondrial phenotypes in trisomy 21 astrocytes.

This study supports ASOs as a potential therapy for Down syndrome‐related Alzheimer's disease.
Bias‐Induced Ga−O‐Ir Interface Breaks the Limits of Adsorption‐Energy Scaling Relationships for High‐Performing Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
Authors: Qian Yinnan , Guo Yirun , Yang Zijie , Luo Zhaoyan , Zhang Lei , Zhang Qianling , He Chuanxin , Zhang Hao , Sun Xueliang , Ren Xiangzhong
Published: January 2025

Rationally manipulating the in situ formed catalytically active surface of catalysts remains a significant challenge for achieving highly efficient water electrolysis. Herein, we present a bias‐induced activation strategy to modulate in situ Ga leaching and trigger the dynamic surface restructuring of lamellar Ir@Ga2O3 for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction. The in situ reconstructed Ga−O−Ir interface sustains high water oxidation rates at oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotentials. We found that OER at the Ga−O−Ir interface follows a bi‐nuclear adsorbate evolution mechanism with unsaturated IrOx as the active sites, while GaOx atoms play an indirect role in promoting water dissociation to form OH* and transferring OH* to Ir sites. This breaks the scaling relationship of the adsorption energies between OH* and OOH*, significantly lowering the energy barrier of the rate‐limiting step and greatly increasing reactivity. The Ir@Ga2O3 catalyst achieves lower overpotentials, a current density of 2 A cm−2 at 1.76 V, and stable operation up to 1 A cm−2 in scalable proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) at 1.63 V, maintaining stable operation at 1 A cm−2 over 1000 hours with a degradation rate of 11.5 μV h−1. This work prompted us to jointly address substrate–catalyst interactions and catalyst reconstruction, an underexplored path, to improve activity and stability in Ir PEMWE anodes.
In situ Polymerization Induced Seed‐Root Anchoring Structure for Enhancing Stability and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Li Sibo , Xu Xiaowei , Wang Xin , Huang Nuanshan , Fang Jun , Lin Dongxu , Shao Yueyue , Zhou Jia , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko , He Sisi , Qiu Longbin
Published: January 2025

The escape of organic cations over time from defective perovskite interface leads to non‐stoichiometric terminals, significantly affecting the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). How to stabilize the interface composition under environmental stress remains a grand challenge. To address this issue, we utilize thiol‐functionalized particles as a “seed” and conduct in situ polymerization of 2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA) as a “root” at the bottom of the perovskite layer. In this process, the thiol group acts as the initiation site for the polymerization of HFMA, while the fluorine groups in HFMA firmly anchor the organic cations of the perovskite through multiple hydrogen bonds. This strategy resembles how seeds take root in soil to prevent soil erosion. This bionic seed‐rooting structure effectively stabilizes the stoichiometry of the perovskite, thus suppressing the escape of organic cations. As a result, the perovskite films with seed‐rooting structures exhibit enhanced stability under harsh vacuum thermal conditions (150 °C, <10 Pa). The resulting PCS achieves an efficiency of 25.64 % and a 22.4 cm2 module efficiency of 22.61 %. After 1300 hours of 1‐sun illumination at 85 % relative humidity and 65 °C (ISOS−L‐3 protocol), the perovskite solar module maintains 90 % of its initial efficiency.
Targeted Docking of Localized Hydrogen Bond for Efficient and Reversible Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Pinji , Li Tian Chen , Liu Yanfen , Lin Congjian , Cui Yangfeng , Song Haobin , Lu Bingan , Liang Shuquan , Yang Hui Ying , Zhou Jiang
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen bond (HB) chemistry, a pivotal feature of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries, modulates electrochemical processes through weak electrostatic interactions among water molecules. However, significant challenges persist, including sluggish desolvation kinetics and inescapable parasitic reactions at the electrolyte‐electrode interface, associated with high water activity and strong Zn2+‐solvent coordination. Herein, a targeted localized HB docking mechanism is activated by the polyhydroxy hexitol‐based electrolyte, optimizing Zn2+ solvation structures via dipole interaction and reconstructing interfacial HB networks through preferential parallel adsorption. By combining in situ spectroscopic characterizations with theoretical calculations, we elucidate the dynamic evolution of localized HB networks, which enhance Zn2+ deposition kinetics and homogeneity, suppress water‐induced side reactions, and mitigate vanadium framework collapse. Our findings support that the targeted HB docking strategy facilitates fast interfacial ion transport kinetics and enables high reversibility, with a substantially prolonged symmetric cell lifespan exceeding 5000 h. This work markedly advances the efficient and reversible zinc‐based batteries.
Realizing a 3 C Fast‐Charging Practical Sodium Pouch Cell
Authors: Zhao Jinhui , Lan Hao , Yang Guangze , Zhu Qiaonan , Dong Shuai , Jiang Li , Wang Gongkai , Wei Wenshuo , Wu Liqiang , Zhou Bin , Yang Daojun , Chen Jiangchun , Yang Jie , Kurbanov Mirtemir , Wang Hua
Published: January 2025

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), endowed with relatively small Stokes radius and low desolvation energy of Na+, are reckoned as a promising candidate for fast‐charging endeavors. However, the C‐rate charging capability of practical energy‐dense sodium‐ion pouch cells is currently limited to ≤1 C, due to the high propensity for detrimental metallic Na plating on the hard carbon (HC) anode at elevated rates. Here, an ampere‐hour‐level sodium‐ion pouch cell capable of 3 C charging is successfully developed via phosphorus (P)‐sulfur (S) interphase chemistry. By rational electrolyte regulation, desired P−S constituents, namely, Na3PO4 and Na2SO4, are generated in the solid‐electrolyte interphase with favorable Na+ interface kinetics. Specifically, Na+ desolvation energy barrier has been greatly lowered by the weak ion‐solvent coordination near the inner Helmholtz plane on Na3PO4 interphase, while Na2SO4 expedites charge carrier mobility due to its intrinsically high ionic conductivity. Consequently, an energy‐dense (126 Wh kg−1) O3‐Na(Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3)O2||HC pouch cell capable of 3 C charging (100 % state of charge) without Na plating can be achieved, with a great capacity retention of 91.5 % over 200 cycles. Further, the assembled power‐type Na3V2(PO4)3||HC pouch cell displays an impressive fast‐charging capability of 50 C, which surpasses that of previously reported high‐power SIBs. This work serves as an enlightenment for developing fast‐charging SIBs.
Optimization of Structure‐Guided Development of Chemical Probes for the Pseudoknot RNA of the Frameshift Element in SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Ceylan Betül , Adam Jennifer , Toews Sabrina , Kaiser Frank , Dörr Jonas , Scheppa Daniel , Tants Jan‐Niklas , Smart Alexandria , Schoth Julian , Philipp Susanne , Stirnal Elke , Ferner Jan , Richter Christian , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Caliskan Neva , Schlundt Andreas , Weigand Julia E. , Göbel Michael , Wacker Anna , Schwalbe Harald
Published: January 2025

Targeting the RNA genome of SARS‐CoV‐2 is a viable option for antiviral drug development. We explored three ligand binding sites of the core pseudoknot RNA of the SARS‐CoV‐2 frameshift element. We iteratively optimized ligands, based on improved affinities, targeting these binding sites and report on structural and dynamic properties of the three identified binding sites. Available experimental 3D structures of the pseudoknot element were compared to SAXS and NMR data to validate its dominant folding state in solution. In order to experimentally map in silico predicted binding sites, NMR assignments of the majority of nucleobases were achieved by segmental labeling of the pseudoknot RNA and isotope‐filtered NMR experiments at 1.2 GHz, demonstrating the value of NMR spectroscopy to supplement modelling and docking data. Optimized ligands with enhanced affinity were shown to specifically inhibit frameshifting without affecting 0‐frame translation in cell‐free translation assays, establishing the frameshift element as target for drug‐like ligands of low molecular weight.
Enantioselective Borylcupration/Cyclization of Alkene‐Tethered Oxime Esters
Authors: Bajohr Jonathan , Li Shangyu , Mirabi Bijan , Johnson Colton E. , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2025

A copper‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of borylated 1‐pyrrolines from γ,δ‐unsaturated oxime esters is reported. Twenty‐four novel 1‐pyrroline derivatives are reported in yields ranging from 26% to 96% and enantioselectivities from 74.5:25.5 er to 99:1 er. Examples derived from α‐unsubstituted, non‐fluorinated oxime esters are reported. The hydroxyl group following oxidation of the Bpin moiety acts as a directing group in highly diastereoselective reductions of the pyrrolines to the corresponding prolinol derivatives. Additionally, the Bpin group can be retained in the products following a simplified, chromatography‐free workup procedure. DFT supports a reaction mechanism which proceeds through the formation of an (R)‐benzylic copper intermediate, followed by stereoretentive cyclization with respect to the configuration at the metalated carbon. The conclusions of the computational data are corroborated through control experiments and deuterium‐labelling studies.
The Electrochemical Iodination of Electron‐Deficient Arenes
Authors: Torabi Sara , Jamshidi Mahdi , Hilt Gerhard
Published: January 2025

The iodination of electron‐deficient arenes and heteroarenes is a long‐standing problem in organic synthesis. Herein we describe the electrochemical iodination in nitromethane with Bu4NI as iodine source and supporting electrolyte under Lewis acid‐free conditions in the presence of small amounts of chloride anions. The electrochemically generated reagent could be applied for the iodination of halogenated arenes, aromatic aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, as well as nitroarenes to afford the products in good to excellent yields.
Logic‐Gated DNA Intelligent Nanorobots for Cellular Lysosome Interference and Enhanced Therapeutics
Authors: Wang Qiwei , Chang Ruixue , Li Xiuping , Zhang Ying , Fan Xiangshan , Shi Lili , Li Tao
Published: January 2025

Environment‐recognizing DNA nanodevices have proven promising for cellular manipulation and disease treatment, whereas how to sequentially respond to different cellular microenvironments remains a challenge. To this end, here we elaborate a logic‐gated intelligent DNA nanorobot (Gi‐DR) for the cascade response to inter‐ and intra‐cellular microenvironments, thereby achieving lysosome‐targeted cargo delivery for subcellular interference and tumor treatment with enhanced efficacy. Utilizing G‐quadruplexes to respond to high‐level K+ in cancer cell surrounding, this Gi‐DR nanorobot can activate an aptamer‐based transmembrane DNA machine that delivers molecular payloads to cellular lysosome. Accordingly, the nanoassembly of Gi‐DR is promoted by the folding of heterodimeric i‐motifs in the acidic microenvironment. Such a design allows the extra‐/intra‐cellular behaviors of the Gi‐DR nanorobot to be programmed by an YES‐AND logic circuit, with environmental K+ and H+ as two inputs. As a consequence, DNA nanostrips are controllably formed in living cells, interfering with lysosomal function and thereby preventing cellular proliferation. Further, a therapeutic agent (i.e. ligand‐drug conjugate) is delivered into target cancer cells for synergistic tumor treatment in vivo, exhibiting the super‐enhanced cancer cell lethality and anti‐tumor efficacy. It well illustrates that our designed logic‐gated DNA nanorobot has broad application prospects in modulating cellular function and precision disease treatment.
Towards the Stable Chelation of Radioantimony(V) for Targeted Auger Theranostics
Authors: Olson Aeli P. , Schrage Briana R. , Islam Md Faizul , Fletcher Lesta S. , Verich Francesca , Dierolf Morgan A. , Aluicio‐Sarduy Eduardo , Becker Kaelyn V. , Driscoll Darren M. , Girish Nidhi , Simms Megan E. , Kertesz Vilmos , White Frankie D. , Boros Eszter , Ivanov Alexander S. , Engle Jonathan W. , Thiele Nikki A.
Published: January 2025

Antimony‐119 (119Sb) is one of the most attractive Auger‐electron emitters identified to date, but it remains practically unexplored for targeted radiotherapy because no chelators have been identified to stably bind this metalloid in vivo. In a departure from current studies focused on chelator development for Sb(III), we explore the chelation chemistry of Sb(V) using the tris‐catecholate ligand TREN‐CAM. Through a combination of radiolabeling, spectroscopic, solid‐state, and computational studies, the radiochemistry and structural chemistry of TREN‐CAM with 1XX/natSb(V) were established. The resulting [1XXSb]Sb–TREN‐CAM complex remained intact for several days in human serum, signifying high stability under biological conditions. Finally, the first in vivo single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography imaging studies were carried out using 117Sb, the diagnostic analogue of 119Sb. These studies revealed marked differences in the uptake and distribution of activity in mice administered unchelated [117Sb]Sb(OH)6– versus [117Sb]Sb–TREN‐CAM, suggesting that 117Sb is largely retained by TREN‐CAM over the time course of the study. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the most physiologically stable complex of no‐carrier‐added 1XXSb yet reported, offering new promise for the clinical implementation of radioantimony in nuclear medicine. Our results also establish the feasibility of 117Sb as an elementally matched partner to 119Sb for theranostic applications.
SN2−Reaction− Bonding‐Heterointerface Strengthens Buried Adhesion and Orientation for Advanced Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Naimin , Duan Jialong , Zhang Chenlong , Zhang Jinyue , Bi Yueyang , Ma Linzheng , Xu Dongmei , Gao Jun , Duan Xingxing , Dou Jie , Guo Qiyao , He Benlin , Zhao Yuanyuan , Tang Qunwei
Published: January 2025

Traditionally weak buried interaction without customized chemical bonding always goes against the formation of high‐−quality perovskite film that highly determines the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. To address this issue, herein, we propose a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) driving strategy to idealize the robust buried interface by simultaneously decorating underlying substrate and functionalizing [PbX6]4− octahedral framework with iodoacetamide and thiol molecules, respectively. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that a strong SN2 reaction between exposed halogen and thiol group in two molecules occurs, which not only benefits the reinforcement of buried adhesion, but also triggers target‐point‐oriented crystallization, synergistically upgrading the upper perovskite film quality and accelerating interfacial charge extraction–transfer behavior. Benefiting from the suppressed nonradiative recombination, as a result, an all‐air‐processed carbon–based all‐inorganic CsPbI2Br device achieves an enhanced efficiency of 15.14 %, more importantly, with significantly prolonged long‐term stability under harsh conditions. This unique reaction–driven buried interface provides a new path for manipulating perovskite growth and obtaining advanced perovskite photovoltaics.
Implementation of Bundled Interventions to Reduce Surgical Site Infections in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Campbell Melissa M. , Turi Jennifer , Collier Sharah , English Cheyenne , Sistla Vani , Smith Michael J. , Moorthy Ganga , Seidelman Jessica , Smith Becky A. , Lewis Sarah S. , Kalu Ibukunoluwa C.
Published: January 2025

Pediatric patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery are at increased risk for health care–associated infections, especially surgical site infections (SSIs). Delayed sternal closures are associated with prolonged lengths of stay and contribute to infection risks and morbidities. At a single‐site academic pediatric center, we created an SSI‐prevention bundle targeting the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care periods. Using standard criteria, we determined the epidemiology of SSIs and measured SSI rates per 100 procedures from 2017 through 2023 before and after bundle implementation. Infections were predominantly caused by skin commensal bacteria. Despite an initial decrease in SSI rates for routine procedures and procedures with delayed sternal closures, there was no significant difference in SSI rates per 100 procedures during the preimplementation and postimplementation periods. However, compliance with bundle elements was preserved throughout the postimplementation period, including during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which suggests that the use of the bundle is sustainable at our facility.