bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic structure of the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the ocean islands near mid-oceanic ridges
Authors: Haldar C. , Kumar P. , Ravi Kumar M.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Deciphering the seismic character of the young lithosphere near mid-oceanic ridges (MORs) is a challenging endeavor. In this study, we determine the seismic structure of the oceanic plate near the MORs using the P-to-S conversions isolated from quality data recorded at five broadband seismological stations situated on ocean islands in their vicinity. Estimates of the crustal and lithospheric thickness values from waveform inversion of the P-receiver function stacks at individual stations reveal that the Moho depth varies between ~ 10 ± 1 km and ~ 20 ± 1 km with the depths of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) varying between ~ 40 ± 4 and ~ 65 ± 7 km. We found evidence for an additional low-velocity layer below the expected LAB depths at stations on Ascension, São Jorge and Easter islands. The layer probably relates to the presence of a hot spot corresponding to a magma chamber. Further, thinning of the upper mantle transition zone suggests a hotter mantle transition zone due to the possible presence of plumes in the mantle beneath the stations.
Magnetic signature of large exhumed mantle domains of the Southwest Indian Ridge – results from a deep-tow geophysical survey over 0 to 11 Ma old seafloor
Authors: Bronner A. , Sauter D. , Munschy M. , Carlut J. , Searle R. , Cannat M. , Manatschal G.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. We investigate the magnetic signature of ultramafic seafloor in the eastern part of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). There, detachment faulting, continuous over 11 Myr, exhumed large areas of mantle-derived rocks. These exhumed mantle domains occur in the form of a smooth rounded topography with broad ridges locally covered by a thin highly discontinuous volcanic carapace. We present high-resolution data combining deep-tow magnetics, side-scan sonar images and dredged samples collected within two exhumed mantle domains between 62° E and 65° E. We show that, despite an ultra-slow spreading rate, volcanic areas within robust magmatic segments are characterized by well-defined seafloor spreading anomalies. By contrast, the exhumed mantle domains, including a few thin volcanic patches, reveal a weak and highly variable magnetic pattern. The analysis of the magnetic properties of the dredged samples and careful comparison between the nature of the seafloor, the deep-tow magnetic anomalies and the seafloor equivalent magnetization suggest that the serpentinized peridotites do not carry a sufficiently stable remanent magnetization to produce seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies in exhumed mantle domains.
Le premier écrit philosophique de Paul Ricœur: Méthode réflexive appliquée au problème de Dieu chez Lachelier et Lagneau
Authors: Vallée Marc-Antoine
Published: May 2014

Cet article propose une présentation et une analyse du premier écrit philosophique de Paul Ricœur, consacré au problème de Dieu dans les philosophies réflexives de Lachelier et Lagneau. Son principal objectif est de situer ce premier travail dans le parcours philosophique de Ricœur, en soulignant la façon dont il s’inscrit dans la tradition réflexive française tout en refusant l’idéalisme absolu défendu par Lachelier et Lagneau. L’auteur insiste notamment sur les prises de position réalistes et personnalistes du jeune Ricœur, ainsi que sur l’apparition du problème du mal dans l’œuvre du philosophe.
Collective Identity and Collective Memory in the Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Leichter David J.
Published: May 2014

Collective memory has been a notoriously difficult concept to define. I appeal to Paul Ricoeur and argue that his account of the relationship of the self and her community can clarify the meaning of collective memory. While memory properly understood belongs, in each case, to individuals, such memory exists and is shaped by a relationship with others. Furthermore, because individuals are constituted over a span of time and through intersubjective associations, the notion of collective memory ought to be understood in terms of the way that memory enacts and reenacts networks of relations among individuals and the communities to which they belong, rather than in terms of a model that reifies either individuals or groups. Ricoeur’s account can show sources of oppression and offers ways to respond to them.
UN ESSAI D’APPROFONDISSEMENT SOCIOLOGIQUE DE L’ANTHROPOLOGIE CAPACITAIRE DE PAUL RICOEUR
Authors: Breviglieri Marc
Published: May 2014

Cet article envisage deux postures sociologiques au regard de l’anthropologie de l’homme capable de Paul Ricœur. Une première sociologie travaille en approfondissant la notion de capacité humaine sous le signe de l’herméneutique de Ricœur. Une seconde, dont le projet sera ici explicité, reprend l’ambition d’étudier les phénomènes fondamentaux de la sphère pratique exposée dans la Philosophie de la volonté. La question des capacités y est prise très amont, au niveau où s’exercent des expériences sensibles primitives, et où l’humain est encore considéré dans la dépendance au vital. Une réflexion y sera conduite sur l’assurance intime de pouvoir se rendre capable et la fondation consubstantielle d’un espace pratique intégré par familiarité au schéma corporel. Ce développement permettra pour finir un éclairage critique sur les politiques sociales actuellement centrées sur l’activation des capacités des individus.
Introduction: Philosophie Anthropologique et Analyse Sociale
Authors: Borisenkova Anna
Published: May 2014

Nous sommes heureux de vous présenter le quatrième numéro de Études Ricœuriennes/Ricœur Studies (ERRS). La conception de ce numéro a été largement  inspirée par la Conférence Internationale des Etudes Ricœuriennes  (International Conference on Ricœur Studies "New Perspectives on Hermeneutics in the Social Sciences and Practical Philosophy"), qui s’est tenue à l'École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Economiques à Moscou du 13 au 16 Septembre  2011.
The Best Laid Plans: Access to the Rajiv Aarogyasri community health insurance scheme of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Narasimhan H. , Boddu V. , Singh P. V. , Katyal A. , Bergkvist S. , Rao M.
Published: May 2014

This paper is a qualitative assessment of a public health insurance scheme in the state of Andhra Pradesh, south India, called the Rajiv Aarogyasri Community Health Insurance Scheme (or Aarogyasri), using the case-study method. Focusing on inpatient hospital care and especially on surgical treatments leaves the scheme wanting in meeting the health care needs of and addressing the impoverishing health expenditure incurred by the poor, especially those living in rural areas. Though well-intentioned, people from vulnerable sections of society may find the scheme ultimately unhelpful for their needs. Through an in-depth qualitative approach, the paper highlights not just financial difficulties but also the non-financial barriers to accessing health care, despite the existence of a scheme such as Aarogyasri. Narrative evidence from poor households offers powerful insights into why even the most innovative state health insurance schemes may not achieve their goals and systemic corrections needed to address barriers to health care.
Riesgo de adquirir enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles provocadas por sedentarismo, de los empleados de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán
Authors: Vega Ramón Antonio
Published: May 2014

Está científicamente comprobado que la buena condición física y fisiológica tiene una relación directa con la composición corporal, y esta a la vez, con los hábitos de vida y el creciente sedentarismo de la sociedad moderna. La relación anterior, ha venido provocando un debilitamiento progresivo del funcionamiento fisiológico del organismo humano, según dijo Getchel 1990; 22, exponiéndolo al riesgo de adquirir, enfermedades que impiden el desempeño eficiente de las funciones corporales, y en el caso de los empleados de la universidad, de sus respectivas funciones laborales. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i31.1406 Paradigma- Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 31: 33-43
Narración y desarrollo cognitivo: el potencial didáctico de una alianza neurolingüística
Authors: Fajardo Salinas Delia María
Published: May 2014

Este artículo argumenta por qué el uso de la literatura de Tradición Oral de los pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes es la herramienta didáctica idónea para diseñar propuestas curriculares fundamentadas en el enfoque intercultural. Para ello, primero se hace una breve referencia a la discusión en torno al concepto de interculturalidad y se específica la posición teórica que se asume para dicha argumentación; luego, se hace una revisión de los estudios sobre la narración como forma literaria y como estructura neurolingüística, y, por último, una recopilación de estudios que demuestran la relevancia de las narraciones en la maduración psicológica de niñas y niños. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/paradigma.v20i31.1407 Paradigma- Revista de Investigación Educativa. Año 20. No. 31: 45-66
Gerenciamento do Escopo em Projetos Originados por Meio de Licitação
Authors: Krammes Alexandre Golin
Published: May 2014

A licitação, procedimento administrativo voltado para a aquisição de serviços e bens pelo Estado, é um tema relevante para gestores públicos, fornecedores de serviços e bens e para a sociedade em geral. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o “projeto básico” ou “termo de referência”, elementos fundamentais de um edital de licitação, como instrumentos para o gerenciamento do escopo na gestão de projetos, principalmente na definição e controle do escopo. Além de trazer conceitos gerais e regulamentos sobre o tema licitação, o texto pretende esclarecer quais os objetivos e qual a importância do “projeto básico” ou do “termo de referência”, buscando mostrar até que ponto a adequada delineação do serviço ou compra pretendido por órgão da Administração Pública, ainda na fase do edital, pode contribuir para a gestão do projeto. O texto abrange o estudo dos instrumentos de definição do objeto a ser licitado desde a elaboração do edital da licitação, até a conseqüente contratação do vencedor. O trabalho é baseado principalmente em pesquisas bibliográficas sobre o tema em livros, artigos e repositórios de jurisprudência.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i3.150
A Viabilidade Financeira no Desenvolvimento de Produtos Ecológicos Valorizados pelos Consumidores
Authors: Bertolini Geysler Rogis Flor , Brandalise Loreni Teresinha , Rojo Cláudio Antonio , Lezana Álvaro Guilhermo Rojas
Published: May 2014

Este artigo tem o objetivo de evidenciar se existe viabilidade financeira na fabricação de produtos ecologicamente corretos que são valorizados pelos consumidores. O estudo foi aplicado a 111 consumidores em três supermercados, utilizando como referência um produto de uma indústria de derivados de alho. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizado o Modelo de análise de investimentos para fabricação de produtos ecologicamente corretos, desenvolvido por Bertolini, Rojo e Lezana (2012). O resultado da pesquisa evidenciou que os consumidores valorizam a oferta do produto ecológico com característica orgânica, porém, o valor prêmio que os consumidores estão dispostos a pagar pelo produto ecologicamente correto não cobre as despesas operacionais e de matéria-prima necessários. Portanto, a fabricação deste produto é inviável financeiramente.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i3.206
Lições Aprendidas: Agregando Valor ao Gerenciamento de Projetos
Authors: Ferenhof Helio Aisenberg , Forcellini Fernando Antonio , Varvakis Gregório
Published: May 2014

O presente estudo visa abordar questões relacionadas ao processo de lições aprendidas em projetos, tendo como foco de análise a gestão do conhecimento. O ponto de partida constituiu da seguinte questão: Sob a ótica da gestão do conhecimento, o processo de gerar lições aprendidas pode agregar valor à gestão de projetos? A partir disso, iniciou-se a busca científica para responder esta indagação, por intermédio da busca sistemática de literatura. Assim, este estudo considerou 102 artigos publicados em revistas e journals científicos, que apresentam estudos empíricos em gestão de projetos, gestão do conhecimento e lições aprendidas, encontrados nas bases de dados Scopus. Este estudo aponta: o porque, o quando e o como o processo de lições aprendidas pode ajudar a mitigar os riscos associados a projetos; obter uma melhor compreensão das atividades envolvidas; melhorar os processos de gestão do conhecimento; ter o aumento sistemático das competências dos envolvidos e; identificar a causa raiz de sucessos e fracassos, ajudando a melhoria do processo.DOI:10.5585/gep.v4i3.172
Educação em saúde envolvendo cuidadores de idosos no ambiente domiciliar
Authors: Nunes Vilani Medeiros de Araujo , Sampaio Ana Tania Lopes , Nogueira Duanna Damaeska , Almeida Junior Helano Jáder Batista de
Published: May 2014

O presente relato visa compartilhar a experiência adquirida por discentes de medicina durante o estágio supervisionado em Saúde Coletiva em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) com o Projeto “Semana da melhor idade: promovendo saúde e multiplicando o cuidado”. Por intermédio de oficinas e rodas de conversa, foram desenvolvidas ações para a capacitação de cuidadores informais de idosos em ambiente domiciliar. Para tanto, contou-se com o papel multiplicador dos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), bem como dos demais integrantes da equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Entre as contribuições desse projeto, destaca-se a aquisição de habilidades e competências para a formação do médico generalista, tais como: a integração ensino-comunidade; a organização de atividades em educação em saúde; e o aperfeiçoamento técnico/humanístico no cuidado integral ao idoso. Conclui-se que este projeto foi capaz de alcançar o intuito inicial proposto, indo para além dos muros teóricos da universidade e compartilhando com a comunidade conhecimentos adquiridos na graduação.
Evidências sobre tratamentos clínicos conservadores para doença hemorroidária
Authors: Barbosa Fernanda da Silva , Oliveira Jardel Corrêa de , Tesser Charles Dalcanale
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: o objetivo desta avaliação de tecnologia em saúde foi analisar as evidências sobre tratamentos clínicos conservadores para doença hemorroidária utilizáveis na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: buscou-se no Embase, LILACS e MEDLINE via Pubmed por meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados, publicados até dezembro de 2012, sem limite de linguagem. Os estudos deveriam avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos clínicos conservadores (fibras ou laxantes, flavonoides, analgésicos, corticosteroides, banhos de assento ou pomadas de nitroglicerina) comparados a placebo ou entre si. Os desfechos considerados foram: melhora global dos sintomas, sangramento, prurido, dor, prolapso e efeitos adversos. Resultados: uma meta-análise demonstrou que fibras promovem melhora global dos sintomas e do sangramento e diminuem a recorrência após procedimentos ambulatoriais. Três meta-análises mostraram a eficácia de flavonoides para sangramento agudo e pós-operatório, melhora global dos sintomas, exsudação perianal e recorrência após episódio agudo. Não houve diferença estatística para prurido, dor, prolapso ou efeitos adversos nos dois casos. Flavonoides do tipo rutosídeos reduziram sintomas em gestantes, apesar da insuficiência dos dados para comprovar sua segurança. Não foram encontrados estudos que preenchessem os critérios de seleção para os demais tipos de tratamento. Conclusões: fibras ou flavonoides orais podem ser utilizados na atenção primária para a melhora global dos sintomas e sangramento na doença hemorroidária graus I e II; para paciente grau III que não deseje se submeter a procedimento ambulatorial; e no pós-operatório. Ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados com qualidade metodológica adequada são necessários para confirmar estes resultados.
A “cadeia alimentar” no mercado da saúde: do disease mongering ao doctor shopping
Authors: Santos José Agostinho
Published: May 2014

Nos anos mais recentes, têm surgido na literatura médica diferentes conceitos, tais como disease mongering, selling sickness e doctor shopping. Estes são três grandes fenômenos do atual mercado de saúde, que enfrenta o desafio de aumentar o lucro obtido intervindo em pessoas não doentes. Nesse sentido, têm se tornado notórias as inter-relações entre estes conceitos: o disease mongering alimenta um selling sickness, ao gerar o receio que impele a pessoa não doente à busca de uma tranquilização com procedimentos clínicos sem benefícios comprovados. A procura da prevenção ou do controle de alterações encontradas (que são normais, mas veiculadas como potencialmente patológicas) faz crescer um doctor shopping. Esta sequência estimuladora de um crescimento do consumo nada mais é do que uma autêntica cadeia alimentar. O médico de família e comunidade (MFC), enquanto advogado de defesa de seus pacientes, sentir-se-á envolvido pelo ímpeto de protegê-los de intervenções excessivas e inúteis, que iriam comprometer seu bem-estar biopsicossocial.
Prevenção Quaternária e limites em medicina*,**
Authors: Jamoulle Marc , Gomes Luís Filipe
Published: May 2014

O conceito de Prevenção Quaternária, um questionamento sobre a base da ação médica, nasceu na articulação da relação médico-paciente. Refere-se a toda a atividade médica, sendo uma importante ferramenta para a medicina de família. É uma interrogação ética sobre os excessos da demasiada e demasiadamente pouca medicina e fornece algumas respostas.
Validating Whole-Slide Imaging for Consultation Diagnoses in Surgical Pathology
Authors: Bauer Thomas W. , Slaw Renee J.
Published: May 2014

Context

The interpretation of scanned whole-slide images (WSI) offers some theoretical advantages for long-distance, consultative diagnosis in surgical pathology. Few WSI validation studies have focused on difficult consultation cases.

Objective

To test intraobserver variability of WSI interpretations in cases that had been submitted for consultation using the same hardware and software configuration selected by a client.

Design

The 217 cases (approximately 20 nearly consecutive cases received in consultation for each of 11 subspecialty groups) were scanned, uploaded to an image-distribution application, and interpreted by 26 pathologists who had reviewed the microscope slides an average of 47 days earlier. Independent pathologists identified and classified discrepancies between microscope slide and WSI diagnoses.

Results

There were 2 major discrepancies (0.92%) and 8 minor discrepancies (3.7%). One major discrepancy reflected atypical versus nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia; the other related to reactive squamous changes versus carcinoma. Strengths of the study include the large sample size, the many pathologists involved, the degree of difficulty of the cases, and the duplication of scanning and software configuration projected to be used by a client. Although the average 43-day washout exceeds the 2-week interval recommended by an expert panel of the College of American Pathologists, an important limitation in this study was that pathologists commonly remember consultation cases for a long time.

Conclusion

Our results help support the safety and efficacy of WSI for surgical pathology diagnoses.
HIV case reporting in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Bozicevic Ivana , Riedner Gabriele , Haghdoost AliAkbar
Published: May 2014

The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of HIV case reporting data for the year 2011 from the countries of the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region (WHO EMR).

Fourteen countries provided data for the year 2011 and reported a total of 4263 HIV cases of which 66.8% were men. The highest number of reported HIV cases in men per 100,000 population was in Oman (5.8), Somalia (5.5) and Iran (3.3), while in women in Somalia (7.6), Oman (3.9) and Morocco (2.4).

In the majority of the countries, the most common reported mode of transmission was heterosexual. This could be due to under‐reporting of male‐to‐male transmission and more frequent testing of men than women.
MOF-associated complexes ensure stem cell identity and Xist repression
Authors: Chelmicki Tomasz , Dündar Friederike , Turley Matthew James , Khanam Tasneem , Aktas Tugce , Ramírez Fidel , Gendrel Anne-Valerie , Wright Patrick Rudolf , Videm Pavankumar , Backofen Rolf , Heard Edith , Manke Thomas , Akhtar Asifa
Published: May 2014

Histone acetyl transferases (HATs) play distinct roles in many cellular processes and are frequently misregulated in cancers. Here, we study the regulatory potential of MYST1-(MOF)-containing MSL and NSL complexes in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and neuronal progenitors. We find that both complexes influence transcription by targeting promoters and TSS-distal enhancers. In contrast to flies, the MSL complex is not exclusively enriched on the X chromosome, yet it is crucial for mammalian X chromosome regulation as it specifically regulates Tsix, the major repressor of Xist lncRNA. MSL depletion leads to decreased Tsix expression, reduced REX1 recruitment, and consequently, enhanced accumulation of Xist and variable numbers of inactivated X chromosomes during early differentiation. The NSL complex provides additional, Tsix-independent repression of Xist by maintaining pluripotency. MSL and NSL complexes therefore act synergistically by using distinct pathways to ensure a fail-safe mechanism for the repression of X inactivation in ESCs.
Interface and Bulk Charge Localization in Manganite Thin Films
Authors: Pesquera David , Wojcik Marek , Jedryka Ewa , Laukhin Vladimir , Dix Nico , Sánchez Florencio , Herranz Gervasi , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: May 2014

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is utilized to map the hyperfine fields acting on 55Mn nuclei of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO) epitaxial thin films. In contrast to early thoughts, we show that phase separation (PS) in LSMO is not restricted to an interface‐related dead‐layer only a few nm thick. Instead, it propagates much deeper into the films, thus signalling different origins for the PS. These results indicate that both, surfaces and defects contribute to promote distinguishable PS effects. This view has been confirmed by detailed 55Mn NMR analysis of LSMO films where engineered bulk‐like defects have been created by appropriate irradiation by energetic He+ ions. Moreover, from the analysis of the restoring fields sensed by the spins of the 55Mn nuclei, we infer two sources of magnetic anisotropy. More specifically, a surface magnetic anisotropy –linked to the interfacial dead layer– is predominant for ultrathin samples (t < 10 nm), whereas structural film relaxation, provides a second mechanism for anisotropy. These findings provide guidelines for the growth of electric and magnetic homogeneous manganite films.
Using O*NET to estimate the association between work exposures and chronic diseases
Authors: Dembe Allard E. , Yao Xiaoxi , Wickizer Thomas M. , Shoben Abigail B. , Dong Xiuwen (Sue)
Published: May 2014

Background

A standardized process using data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is applied to estimate the association between long‐term aggregated occupational exposure and the risk of contracting chronic diseases later in life. We demonstrate this process by analyzing relationships between O*NET physical work demand ratings and arthritis onset over a 32‐year period.

Methods

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provided job histories and chronic disease data. Five O*NET job descriptors were used as surrogate measures of physical work demands. Logistic regression measured the association between those demands and arthritis occurrence.

Results

The risk of arthritis was significantly associated with handling and moving objects, kneeling, crouching, and crawling, bending and twisting, working in a cramped or awkward posture, and performing general physical activities.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the utility of using O*NET job descriptors to estimate the aggregated long‐term risks for osteoarthritis and other chronic diseases when no actual exposure data is available. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1022–1031, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photoswitchable Formation of a DNA Interstrand Cross‐Link by a Coumarin‐Modified Nucleotide
Authors: Haque Mohammad Mojibul , Sun Huabing , Liu Shuo , Wang Yinsheng , Peng Xiaohua
Published: May 2014

A coumarin‐modified pyrimidine nucleoside (1) has been synthesized using a CuI‐catalyzed click reaction and incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Interstrand cross‐links are produced upon irradiation of ODNs containing 1 at 350 nm. Cross‐linking occurs through a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction with the opposing thymidine, 2′‐deoxycytidine, or 2′‐deoxyadenosine. A much higher reactivity was observed with dT than dC or dA. Irradiation of the dT‐1 and dC‐1 cross‐linked products at 254 nm leads to a reversible ring‐opening reaction, while such phenomena were not observed with dA‐1 adducts. The reversible reaction is ultrafast and complete within 50–90 s. Consistent photoswitching behavior was observed over 6 cycles of irradiation at 350 nm and 254 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of photoswitchable interstrand cross‐linking formation induced by a modified pyrimidine nucleoside.
Metall‐Substrat‐Wechselwirkung: Kombination von hochauflösender Mikroskopie und Modellsystemen, um die atomare Struktur von Grenzflächen aufzuklären
Authors: Willinger Marc G. , Zhang Wei , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Shaikhutdinov Shamil , Freund Hans‐Joachim , Schlögl Robert
Published: May 2014

Die Untersuchung wohldefinierter Modellsysteme mit hochauflösender Rastersonden‐ und Elektronenmikroskopie ermöglicht einen detaillierten Einblick in die Beschaffenheit relevanter Grenzflächen in nanostrukturierten Katalysatoren. Dies wird hier anhand von Pt‐Nanopartikeln demonstriert, die auf einem Eisenoxid‐Träger aufgrund einer starken Wechselwirkung zwischen Metall und Substrat von einer dünnen Oxidschicht benetzt werden.
An Isolated Nitridyl Radical‐Bridged {Rh(N.)Rh} Complex
Authors: Gloaguen Yann , Rebreyend Christophe , Lutz Martin , Kumar Pravin , Huber Martina , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar , Schneider Sven , de Bruin Bas
Published: May 2014

Photochemical activation of [(PNNH)Rh(N3)] (PNNH=6‐di‐(tert‐butyl)phosphinomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) complex 2 produced the paramagnetic (S=1/2), [(PNN)RhN.‐Rh(PNN)] complex 3 (PNN−=methylene‐deprotonated PNNH), which could be crystallographically characterized. Spectroscopic investigation of 3 indicates a predominant nitridyl radical (.N2−) character, which was confirmed computationally. Complex 3 reacts selectively with CO, producing two equivalents of [(PNN)RhI(CO)] complex 4, presumably by nitridyl radical N,N‐coupling.
An MRI‐Sensitive, Non‐Photobleachable Porphysome Photothermal Agent
Authors: MacDonald Thomas D. , Liu Tracy W. , Zheng Gang
Published: May 2014

Photothermal therapy makes use of photothermal sensitizers and laser light to thermally ablate diseased tissues. Porphysome nanoparticles offer a nontoxic alternative to inorganic nanocrystals for the efficient conversion of light into heat. Mn3+ ions were incorporated directly into the building blocks of our porphysome nanoparticles, thus imparting MRI sensitivity while simultaneously improving photostability and maintaining high photothermal efficiency. Mn porphysomes are as photothermally effective as free‐base porphysomes and can rival gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (Gd‐DTPA) for MRI contrast generation. Their MRI contrast generation, photothermal efficiency, and photostability are unprecedented for an all‐organic nanoparticle composed of a single functional component.
Computational Ligand Design for the Reductive Elimination of ArCF3 from a Small Bite Angle PdII Complex: Remarkable Effect of a Perfluoroalkyl Phosphine
Authors: Nielsen Mads C. , Bonney Karl. J. , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: May 2014

To date only three ligands are known to trigger the challenging reductive elimination of ArCF3 from PdII. We report the computational design of a bidentate trifluoromethylphosphine ligand that although exhibiting a generally ineffective small bite angle is predicted to give facile reductive elimination. Our experimental verification gave quantitative formation of ArCF3 at 80 °C within 2 h. This highlights the distinct effect of P‐CF3 in organometallic reactivity and constitutes a proof‐of‐principle study of computational reactivity design.
Targeted Protein Surface Sensors as a Tool for Analyzing Small Populations of Proteins in Biological Mixtures
Authors: Motiei Leila , Pode Zohar , Koganitsky Anna , Margulies David
Published: May 2014

Optical cross‐reactive sensor arrays (the so‐called chemical “noses/tongues”) have recently been demonstrated as a powerful tool for high‐throughput protein detecting and analysis. Nevertheless, applying this technology to biomarker detection is complicated by the difficulty of non‐selective sensors to operate in biological mixtures. Herein we demonstrate a step toward circumventing this limitation by using self‐assembled fluorescent receptors consisting of two distinct recognition motifs: specific and non‐specific. When combined in an array, binding cooperatively between the specific and non‐specific protein binders enables the system to discriminate among closely related isoform biomarkers even in the presence of serum proteins or within human urine.
Liquid Crystals Anchored on Mixed Monolayers of Chiral versus Achiral Molecules: Continuous Change in Orientation as a Function of Enantiomeric Excess
Authors: Bai Yiqun , Abbasi Reza , Wang Chenxuan , Abbott Nicholas L.
Published: May 2014

The orientations of liquid crystals (LCs) anchored on monolayers formed from mixtures of chiral versus achiral molecules were compared. Changes in the enantiomeric excess of mixed monolayers of chiral dipeptides gave rise to continuous changes in the orientations of nematic LCs, allowing arbitrary tuning of the azimuthal orientations of LCs over a range of ≈100°. In contrast, the same LCs exhibited discontinuous changes in orientation on surfaces presenting mixtures of achiral molecules. These striking differences in the anchoring of LCs on surfaces presenting chiral versus achiral molecules provide insights into the molecular origins of ordering transitions of LCs, and provide new principles based on chiral monolayers for the rational design of surfaces that permit continuous tuning of the orientations of LCs.
Highly Stable, Water‐Dispersible Metal‐Nanoparticle‐Decorated Polymer Nanocapsules and Their Catalytic Applications
Authors: Yun Gyeongwon , Hassan Zahid , Lee Jiyeong , Kim Jeehong , Lee Nam‐Suk , Kim Nam Hoon , Baek Kangkyun , Hwang Ilha , Park Chan Gyung , Kim Kimoon
Published: May 2014

A facile synthesis of highly stable, water‐dispersible metal‐nanoparticle‐decorated polymer nanocapsules (M@CB‐PNs: M=Pd, Au, and Pt) was achieved by a simple two‐step process employing a polymer nanocapsule (CB‐PN) made of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) and metal salts. The CB‐PN serves as a versatile platform where various metal nanoparticles with a controlled size can be introduced on the surface and stabilized to prepare new water‐dispersible nanostructures useful for many applications. The Pd nanoparticles on CB‐PN exhibit high stability and dispersibility in water as well as excellent catalytic activity and recyclability in carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen bond‐forming reactions in aqueous medium suggesting potential applications as a green catalyst.
Classifying scientific disciplines in Slovenia: A study of the evolution of collaboration structures
Authors: Kronegger Luka , Mali Franc , Ferligoj Anuška , Doreian Patrick
Published: May 2014

We explore classifying scientific disciplines including their temporal features by focusing on their collaboration structures over time. Bibliometric data for Slovenian researchers registered at the Slovenian Research Agency were used. These data were obtained from the Slovenian National Current Research Information System. We applied a recently developed hierarchical clustering procedure for symbolic data to the coauthorship structure of scientific disciplines. To track temporal changes, we divided data for the period 1986–2010 into five 5‐year time periods. The clusters of disciplines for the Slovene science system revealed 5 clusters of scientific disciplines that, in large measure, correspond with the official national classification of sciences. However, there were also some significant differences pointing to the need for a dynamic classification system of sciences to better characterize them. Implications stemming from these results, especially with regard to classifying scientific disciplines, understanding the collaborative structure of science, and research and development policies, are discussed.
Domain‐independent search expertise: A description of procedural knowledge gained during guided instruction
Authors: Smith Catherine L.
Published: May 2014

This longitudinal study examined the search behavior of 10 students as they completed assigned exercises for an online professional course in expert searching. The research objective was to identify, describe, and hypothesize about features of the behavior that are indicative of procedural knowledge gained during guided instruction. Log‐data of search interaction were coded using a conceptual framework focused on components of search practice hypothesized to organize an expert searcher's attention during search. The coded data were analyzed using a measure of pointwise mutual information and state‐transition analysis. Results of the study provide important insight for future investigation of domain‐independent search expertise and for the design of systems that assist searchers in gaining expertise.
Enantioselective Haloetherifications Catalyzed by 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) Phosphates: From Symmetrical Alkenediols to Simple Alkenols
Authors: Müller Christian H. , Rösner Christian , Hennecke Ulrich
Published: May 2014

Asymmetric haloetherifications can be conducted using 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) phosphates as catalyst. In combination with simple N‐haloamides such as N‐iodopyrrolidinone or N‐bromosuccinimide, good enantioselectivities can be achieved. However, depending on the substrate, the choice of BINOL phosphate is important, and different catalysts show remarkably different selectivities.
Design of experiments for zeroth and first‐order reaction rates
Authors: Amo‐Salas Mariano , Martín‐Martín Raúl , Rodríguez‐Aragón Licesio J.
Published: May 2014

This work presents optimum designs for reaction rates experiments. In these experiments, time at which observations are to be made and temperatures at which reactions are to be run need to be designed. Observations are performed along time under isothermal conditions. Each experiment needs a fixed temperature and so the reaction can be measured at the designed times. For these observations under isothermal conditions over the same reaction a correlation structure has been considered. optimum designs are the aim of our work for zeroth and first‐order reaction rates. Temperatures for the isothermal experiments and observation times, to obtain the most accurate estimates of the unknown parameters, are provided in these designs. optimum designs for a single observation in each isothermal experiment or for several correlated observations have been obtained. Robustness of the optimum designs for ranges of the correlation parameter and comparisons of the information gathered by different designs are also shown.
Simultaneous confidence bands for low‐dose risk estimation with quantal data
Authors: Peng Jianan , Robichaud Megan , Alsubie Abdelaziz Q.
Published: May 2014

Risk assessment studies where human, animal or ecological data are used to set safe low dose levels of a toxic agent are challenging as study information is limited to high dose levels of the agent. Simultaneous hyperbolic confidence bands for low‐dose risk estimation with quantal data have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, a new method using three‐segment confidence bands to construct simultaneous upper confidence limits on extra risks and simultaneous lower bounds on the benchmark dose for quantal data is proposed. The proposed method is illustrated with a real data application and simulation studies.
Induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling of pediatric neurological disorders
Authors: Jang Jiho , Quan Zhejiu , Yum Yunjin J. , Song Hyo Sook , Paek Seonyeol , Kang Hoon‐Chul
Published: May 2014

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying childhood neurological disorders have remained obscure due to a lack of suitable disease models reflecting human pathogenesis. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, various neurological disorders can now be extensively modeled. Specifically, iPSC technology has aided the study and treatment of early‐onset pediatric neurodegenerative diseases such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, Angelman syndrome. Prader–Willi syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), fragile X syndrome, X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), and SCN1A gene‐related epilepsies. In this paper, we provide an overview of various gene delivery systems for generating iPSCs, the current state of modeling early‐onset neurological disorders and the ultimate application of these in vitro models in cell therapy through the correction of disease‐specific mutations.
In vitro model to study the biomaterial-dependent reaction of macrophages in an inflammatory environment
Authors: Grotenhuis N , vd Toom H F E , Kops N , Bayon Y , Deerenberg E B , Mulder I M , van Osch G J V M , Lange J F , Bastiaansen-Jenniskens Y M
Published: May 2014

Background

Macrophages play an important role in the reaction to biomaterials, which sometimes have to be used in a surgical field at risk of contamination. The macrophage phenotype in reaction to biomaterials in an inflammatory environment was evaluated in both an in vivo and in vitro setting.

Methods

In the in vivo setting, polypropylene (PP) biomaterial was implanted for 28 days in the contaminated abdominal wall of rats, and upon removal analysed by routine histology as well as immunohistochemistry for CD68 (marker for macrophages), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS – a marker for proinflammatory M1 macrophages) and CD206 (marker for anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages). For the in vitro model, human peripheral blood monocytes were cultured for 3 days on biomaterials made from PP, collagen (COL), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET coated with collagen (PET+COL). These experiments were performed both with and without lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ stimulation. Secretion of both M1- and M2-related proteins was measured, and a relative M1/M2 index was calculated.

Results

In vivo, iNOS- and CD206-positive cells were found around the fibres of the implanted PP biomaterial. In vitro, macrophages on both PP and COL biomaterial had a relatively low M1/M2 index. Macrophages on the PET biomaterial had a high M1/M2 index, with the highest increase of M1 cytokines in an inflammatory environment. Macrophages on the PET+COL biomaterial also had a high M1/M2 index.

Conclusion

Macrophages in an inflammatory environment in vitro still react in a biomaterial-dependent manner. This model can help to select biomaterials that are tolerated best in a surgical environment at risk of contamination.

Surgical relevance

Biomaterials in an environment at risk of contamination are often not tolerated owing to a high risk of postoperative infection, which may ultimately lead to removal of the biomaterial.

An in vitro model with primary human macrophages was used to provide insight into the acute reaction of macrophages to a biomaterial in an inflammatory environment simulated with lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ. The reaction of macrophages in such an inflammatory environment was still biomaterial-dependent.

This in vitro model can be used to study the reaction of macrophages to different biomaterials in an inflammatory environment in more detail, and thereby help to select biomaterials that are tolerated best in a surgical environment at risk of contamination.
Surgical treatment of primary breast cancer in the neoadjuvant setting
Authors: Kümmel S , Holtschmidt J , Loibl S
Published: May 2014

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a standard treatment option for primary operable breast cancer when adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated.

Methods

This article reviews the use of NACT in breast cancer treatment.

Results

Pathological complete response (pCR) rates of up to 60 per cent have been reached for certain breast cancer subgroups. Patients achieving a pCR have a lower locoregional recurrence rate. Nevertheless, the rate of breast-conserving surgery seems to be stable at around 65–70 per cent, although more than 80 per cent of patients respond to NACT. The risk of local relapse does not appear to be higher after NACT, which supports the recommendation to operate within the new margins, as long as there is no tumour in the inked area of the surgical specimen. However, tumours do not shrink concentrically and the re-excision rate is higher after NACT. Mastectomy rates for lobular carcinomas remain high irrespective of tumour response. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the context of NACT has been studied in recent years, and it is not yet completely clear which type of axillary staging is the most suitable. SLNB before NACT in clinically node-negative patients has been the preferred option. However, this practice is currently changing, and it seems advisable to have the SLNB after NACT to reduce the risk of a false-negative SLNB.

Conclusion

Overall, patients do benefit from NACT, especially those with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer, but surgical/local procedures need to be adapted.
Positive outcomes of social norm transgressions
Authors: Popa Monica , Phillips Barbara J. , Robertson Courtney
Published: May 2014

Norm transgressions occur when consumers behave outside social expectations; such transgressions often cause embarrassment for the perpetrator and negative responses from witnesses. This study asks if norm violations can lead to positive audience responses. The study relies on 246 written reports from norm breakers and finds positive audience responses occurring almost 17 per cent of the time, with an additional 26 per cent of cases providing a mix of both positive and negative reactions. A content analysis of influence factors suggests that the emergence of a positive outcome depends on the importance of the norm, the position of the perpetrating behavior relative to the broader scope of the norm, and the rewards received by the audience as a result of the norm transgression. These factors are illustrated by representative participant quotes. The findings have implications for theory as well as marketing practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entertainment events in shopping malls—profiling passive and active participation behaviors
Authors: Sit Jason Kokho , Birch Dawn
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an empirical framework for operationalizing passive versus active participation in the context of shopping mall entertainment events (e.g., school holiday events and fashion shows) and assesses the framework's utility for segmenting and profiling shopping mall entertainment audiences. Exploratory factor analysis of data collected at shopping mall events revealed two distinct dimensions, “relax and be entertained” and “socialize and explore,” reflecting passive and active participation, respectively. From nine activities operationalizing passive versus active participation, two distinct audience segments reporting different levels of immediate and future shopping behaviors were identified. The “engage me” segment (active‐dominant audience) was more likely to stay longer at the mall, purchase food and nonfood items, share the event experience with others, and attend similar entertainment events in the future than the “entertain me” segment (passive‐dominant audience). The activities operationalizing passive versus active participation were tested with 280 participants at two family‐oriented shopping mall entertainment events. This paper extends the knowledge in the retail event marketing literature whereby it confirms passive versus active participation levels at retailing events, and verifies that passive and active participation levels can be measured and differentiated operationally. The findings provide insights on the utility of shopper participation level as a meaningful segmentation variable, pertinent to both the marketing and management of shopper experiences within a retailing entertainment event. Managerial implications and limitations of this paper are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Characterization of an Oleyl‐coated Magnetite Nanoparticle‐Modified Electrode
Authors: Murugappan Krishnan , Silvester Debbie S. , Chaudhary Deeptangshu , Arrigan Damien W. M.
Published: May 2014

The electrochemical behavior of oleyl‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co‐precipitation is investigated. An approach based on the formation of a film of nanoparticles on an electrode surface is employed together with cyclic voltammetry. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a particle size of 20 nm coated with oleic acid are synthesized. These nanoparticles show superparamagnetic behavior and form a homogeneous film from their solution when dried in air. The nanoparticle film electrodes display redox behavior in acidic media but not in alkaline media, which suggests that protons take part in the electrochemical reaction. It is estimated that there are about 240 layers of nanoparticles deposited on the surface and that only around 1 % of these nanoparticles are electrochemically active. This is attributed to either the long‐chain surfactant or the large number of layers of nanoparticles inhibiting the electron‐transfer process.
Sequential Activation and Oscillations of Globally Coupled Microelectrodes during a Bistable Reaction
Authors: Crespo‐Yapur D. Alfonso , Bonnefont Antoine , Schuster Rolf , Krischer Katharina , Savinova Elena R.
Published: May 2014

The cooperative behavior of globally coupled Pt microelectrodes during the bistable CO bulk electrooxidation is explored as a function of the concentration of the H2SO4 supporting electrolyte and the capacitance of the electrochemical system. By measuring the individual currents flowing through each of the microelectrodes, different kinds of cooperative behavior can be evidenced. In addition to the sequential activation of the microelectrodes arising when the applied reaction current value is linearly increased, the emergence of two types of spontaneous potential oscillations are observed in dilute sulfuric acid: 1) low‐amplitude potential oscillations, resulting from the coherent synchronization of noisy microelectrodes, and 2) large‐amplitude passivation–activation potential oscillations, which are only observed at high electrode capacitance. These cooperative behaviors are discussed with the help of a mean‐field model for CO oxidation.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Phosphane Oxides (R1R2P(O)H) and Phosphinous Acids (R1R2POH)
Authors: Allefeld Nadine , Grasse Michael , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold
Published: May 2014

This paper describes the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted phosphinous acids and phosphane oxides featuring at least one electron‐withdrawing pentafluoroethyl group. The presence of a diethylamino function as a protecting group allows a selective reaction of RClPNEt2 (R=CF3, C6F5, C6H5) with LiC2F5. On treatment with para‐toluenesulfonic acid the isolated aminophosphanes R(C2F5)PNEt2 are readily converted into the corresponding phosphinous acids or phosphane oxides, respectively. Investigation of the tautomeric equilibrium between oxide and acid tautomer revealed (CF3)(C2F5)POH as a stable phosphinous acid, whereas the pentafluorophenyl and phenyl derivatives constitute a solvent dependent equilibrium between the acid and the oxide tautomer.