bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preoperative mild cognitive impairment as a risk factor of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery
Authors: Park Sujung , Kim Jeongmin , Ha Yoon , Kim Keung N. , Yi Seong , Koo Bon-Nyeo
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Any persistent degree of cognitive impairment in older adults is a concern as it can progress to dementia. This study aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors for early postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing spine surgery.

Methods

Patients were enrolled from a previous prospective observational study after screening for normal cognitive function using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cognitive function was evaluated before surgery and at 1 week, month, and year post-surgery using MMSE and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (MoCA). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was determined using the MoCA scores adjusted for age. POCD was defined as a drop of three or more points on the MMSE 1 week post-surgery. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to identify POCD risk factors.

Results

A total of 427 patients were included. Eighty-five (20%) had pre-existing MCI. The MCI group showed lower MoCA scores at each time point (baseline, 1 week after surgery, 1 month after surgery, 1 year after surgery) compared to the non-MCI group. Those in the MCI group had a higher rate of admission to intensive care unit after surgery, postoperative delirium, and POCD 1 week post-surgery, than those in the non-MCI group (16.5% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.008; 27.1% vs. 15.8%, p = 0.024; and 18.8% vs. 8.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). Among them, 10.3% were assessed for POCD on postoperative day 7 and self-reported poor social roles and physical functioning 1 week postoperatively.

Conclusion

Preoperative MCI was seen in ~20% of surgical patients aged >70 years. POCD was seen in ~20% of patients with pre-existing MCI, and ~ 10% of those without. Benzodiazepine use, significant comorbidities, pre-existing MCI, and depressive tendencies were risk factors for POCD.
DISC1 and reelin interact to alter cognition, inhibition, and neurogenesis in a novel mouse model of schizophrenia
Authors: Mahoney Heather L. , Bloom Charissa A. , Justin Hannah S. , Capraro Bianca M. , Morris Christopher , Gonzalez David , Sandefur Emily , Faulkner John , Reiss Samantha , Valladares Angel , Ocampo Angie , Carter Bethany , Lussier April L. , Dinh Linh Phuong , Weeber Edwin , Gamsby Joshua , Gulick Danielle
Published: January 2024

The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) is multifactorial, and depending on a host of genetic and environmental factors. Two putative SCZ susceptibility genes, Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and reelin (RELN), interact at a molecular level, suggesting that combined disruption of both may lead to an intensified SCZ phenotype. To examine this gene–gene interaction, we produced a double mutant mouse line. Mice with heterozygous RELN haploinsufficiency were crossed with mice expressing dominant-negative c-terminal truncated human DISC1 to produce offspring with both mutations (HRM/DISC1 mice). We used an array of behavioral tests to generate a behavioral phenotype for these mice, then examined the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus using western blotting and immunohistochemistry to probe for SCZ-relevant molecular and cellular alterations. Compared to wild-type controls, HRM/DISC1 mice demonstrated impaired pre-pulse inhibition, altered cognition, and decreased activity. Diazepam failed to rescue anxiety-like behaviors, paradoxically increasing activity in HRM/DISC1 mice. At a cellular level, we found increased α1-subunit containing GABA receptors in the prefrontal cortex, and a reduction in fast-spiking parvalbumin positive neurons. Maturation of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus was also altered in HRM/DISC1 mice. While there was no difference in the total number proliferating cells, more of these cells were in immature stages of development. Homozygous DISC1 mutation combined with RELN haploinsufficiency produces a complex phenotype with neuropsychiatric characteristics relevant to SCZ and related disorders, expanding our understanding of how multiple genetic susceptibility factors might interact to influence the variable presentation of these disorders.
Case report: Intensive rehabilitation program delivered before and after single-event multilevel surgery in a girl with diplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: Crecchi Alessandra , Tozzini Alessandra , Benedetti Roberta , Maltinti Marco , Bonfiglio Luca
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) is often associated with musculoskeletal disorders that contribute to worsen walking function. The standard care in these cases is single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) followed by rehabilitation. Our aim was to investigate whether a rehabilitation program starting even before SEML could add a benefit with respect to standard postoperative programs considered by previous research.

Methods

From 2 months before to 13 months after SEMLS (except for the first month after surgery), the participant underwent a motor training focused on ROM exercises with tactile and kinaesthetic feedback. Walking performance, walking capacity, and quality-of-life were assessed before and after SEMLS at different follow-up times.

Results

Walking capacity improved 3 months after SEMLS (i.e., earlier than in current literature) and walking performance improved 12 months after SEMLS (instead of simply returning to baseline as previously reported), with a positive impact on quality-of-life.

Conclusions

This case suggests that a rehabilitation program starting even before SEMLS could add benefits over walking function and quality-of-life of children with diplegic CP compared to postoperative programs only.
Establishment and external validation of a nomogram for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with skull fracture
Authors: Tang Jia , Zhong Zhenguang , Nijiati Muyesai , Wu Changdong
Published: January 2024

Background

Skull fracture can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, yet the development of effective predictive tools has remained a challenge. This study aimed to establish and validate a nomogram to evaluate the 28-day mortality risk among patients with skull fracture.

Materials and methods

Data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) database were utilized as the training set, while data from the eICU Collaborative Research Database were employed as the external validation set. This nomogram was developed using univariate Cox regression, best subset regression (BSR), and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) methods. Subsequently, backward stepwise multivariable Cox regression was employed to refine predictor selection. Variance inflation factor (VIF), akaike information criterion (AIC), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to assess the model's performance.

Results

A total of 1,527 adult patients with skull fracture were enrolled for this analysis. The predictive factors in the final nomogram included age, temperature, serum sodium, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agent, mannitol, extradural hematoma, loss of consciousness and Glasgow Coma Scale score. The AUC of our nomogram was 0.857, and C-index value was 0.832. After external validation, the model maintained an AUC of 0.853 and a C-index of 0.829. Furthermore, it showed good calibration with a low Brier score of 0.091 in the training set and 0.093 in the external validation set. DCA in both sets revealed that our model was clinically useful.

Conclusion

A nomogram incorporating nine features was constructed, with a good ability in predicting 28-day mortality in patients with skull fracture.
Unraveling the complex relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure, hippocampal LTP, and learning and memory
Authors: Goncalves-Garcia Monica , Hamilton Derek Alexander
Published: January 2024

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been extensively studied for its profound impact on neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive outcomes. While PAE, particularly at moderate levels, has long-lasting cognitive implications for the exposed individuals, there remains a substantial gap in our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying these deficits. This review provides a framework for comprehending the neurobiological basis of learning and memory processes that are negatively impacted by PAE. Sex differences, diverse PAE protocols, and the timing of exposure are explored as potential variables influencing the diverse outcomes of PAE on long-term potentiation (LTP). Additionally, potential interventions, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, are reviewed, offering promising avenues for mitigating the detrimental effects of PAE on cognitive processes. While significant progress has been made, further research is required to enhance our understanding of how prenatal alcohol exposure affects neural plasticity and cognitive functions and to develop effective therapeutic interventions for those impacted. Ultimately, this work aims to advance the comprehension of the consequences of PAE on the brain and cognitive functions.
A retrospective cohort study on the efficacy and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty combined with bone-filling mesh container in vertebral metastases with posterior wall defect
Authors: Zhan Ke , Chen Ke , Gao Guoyong , Xiang Yucheng
Published: January 2024

Background

To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) combined with bone-filling mesh containers (BFMCs) for vertebral metastases with posterior wall defect.

Methods

From January 2019 to December 2021, patients with vertebral metastases and posterior wall defect who received BFMCs combined with PVP were included. The visual analog scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were evaluated before and 72 hours after the operation, respectively. Post-operational X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans were conducted to observe bone cement leakage, and complications were recorded. Follow-up CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were conducted to evaluate the condition of the operated vertebrae and the recurrence or progression of other bone metastases.

Results

A total of 43 patients with 44 operated vertebrae were included. All patients successfully completed the surgery. The average VAS score decreased from 7.35 ± 0.78 to 1.63 ± 0.93 (p < 0.05), and the ODI score decreased from 80.06 ± 8.91 to 32.5 ± 4.87 (p < 0.05). Bone cement leakage was observed in 18 operated vertebrae, which were all asymptomatic. No intraspinal leakage, post-operative spinal nerve compression, pulmonary embolism, or other serious complications were recorded. A total of 21 patients had a follow-up of more than 1 year, with no operated vertebral progression, 13 target vertebrae showed obvious sclerosis and necrosis, and no adjacent pathological fracture occurred. Of these patients, 16 had different degrees of bone metastasis of other sites other than the operated vertebrae.

Conclusion

For spinal metastases with posterior wall defect, PVP combined with BFMCs was highly safe and can effectively relieve pain for patients. A 1-year follow-up showed a local antitumor effect.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles: unique considerations for optimal design of neonatal clinical trials
Authors: Yeung Cindy Hoi Ting , Verstegen Ruud H. J. , Greenberg Rachel , Lewis Tamorah Rae
Published: January 2024

Core clinical pharmacology principles must be considered when designing and executing neonatal clinical trials. In this review, the authors discuss important aspects of drug dose selection, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics that stakeholders may consider when undertaking a neonatal or infant clinical trial.
Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications of huaier in breast cancer treatment
Authors: Luo Ke-fei , Zhou Lin-xi , Wu Zi-wei , Tian Yuan , Jiang Jun , Wang Ming-hao
Published: January 2024

Breast cancer is one of the most common female malignant tumors today and represents a serious health risk for women. Although the survival rate and quality of life of patients with breast cancer are improving with the continuous development of medical technology, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance of breast cancer remain a significant problem. Huaier, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fungus, is a type of Sophora embolism fungus growing on old Sophora stems. The polysaccharides of Trametes robiniophila Murr (PS-T) are the main active ingredient of Huaier. There is increasing evidence that Huaier has great potential in breast cancer treatment, and its anti-cancer mechanism may be related to a variety of biological activities, such as the inhibition of cell proliferation, metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, the promotion of cancer cell death, and regulation of tumor-specific immunity. There is growing evidence that Huaier may be effective in the clinical treatment of breast cancer. This review systematically summarizes the basic and clinical studies on the use of Huaier in the treatment of breast cancer, providing useful information to guide the clinical application of Huaier and future clinical studies.
Advancing the use of real world evidence in health technology assessment: insights from a multi-stakeholder workshop
Authors: Claire Ravinder , Elvidge Jamie , Hanif Shahid , Goovaerts Hannah , Rijnbeek Peter R. , Jónsson Páll , Facey Karen , Dawoud Dalia
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Real-world evidence (RWE) in health technology assessment (HTA) holds significant potential for informing healthcare decision-making. A multistakeholder workshop was organised by the European Health Data and Evidence Network (EHDEN) and the GetReal Institute to explore the status, challenges, and opportunities in incorporating RWE into HTA, with a focus on learning from regulatory initiatives such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Data Analysis and Real World Interrogation Network (DARWIN EU®).

Methods: The workshop gathered key stakeholders from regulatory agencies, HTA organizations, academia, and industry for three panel discussions on RWE and HTA integration. Insights and recommendations were collected through panel discussions and audience polls. The workshop outcomes were reviewed by authors to identify key themes, challenges, and recommendations.

Results: The workshop discussions revealed several important findings relating to the use of RWE in HTA. Compared with regulatory processes, its adoption in HTA to date has been slow. Barriers include limited trust in RWE, data quality concerns, and uncertainty about best practices. Facilitators include multidisciplinary training, educational initiatives, and stakeholder collaboration, which could be facilitated by initiatives like EHDEN and the GetReal Institute. Demonstrating the impact of “driver projects” could promote RWE adoption in HTA.

Conclusion: To enhance the integration of RWE in HTA, it is crucial to address known barriers through comprehensive training, stakeholder collaboration, and impactful exemplar research projects. By upskilling users and beneficiaries of RWE and those that generate it, promoting collaboration, and conducting “driver projects,” can strengthen the HTA evidence base for more informed healthcare decisions.
Reading for gain or reading for fun: empirical evidence from China on the adoption mechanism of integrated children’s books
Authors: Cui Jiayong , Guo Jing , Yang Jiaomin , Wu Lingyu , Bao Yinuo
Published: January 2024

Introduction

With the increasing number of children’s publications that integrate new media technologies in the global publishing community, understanding the adoption and use of these publications from a child’s perspective is of great significance for both children’s education practitioners and the publishing industry.

Methods

This article integrates a dual-effect path based on the utilitarian-motivation system (UMS) and hedonic-motivation system (HMS) on information technology adoption via a questionnaire, systematically demonstrating the psychological mechanism of children’s reading with respect to integrated books.

Results

This study finds that children’s willingness to use integrated children’s books is related to UMS and HMS except for facilitating conditions. In addition, this study also reveals the structural differences existing in the adoption psychology of children from various age groups and home education backgrounds.

Discussion

This study provides a systematic explanation for understanding the adoption psychology of integrated children’s books. Based on these findings, it is suggested that publishers should balance the concepts of education orientation and child orientation when producing children’s books, conduct technical innovation of children’s books according to individual children, and constantly innovate the service mode to avoid the risk of children’s bad reading.
A meta-analysis of the relationship between social support and physical activity in adolescents: the mediating role of self-efficacy
Authors: Lin Hao , Chen Haidong , Liu Qingzao , Xu Jie , Li Shan
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Social support influences physical activity (PA) in adolescents. However, whether mediating and moderating effects impact the relationship between them or the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of self-efficacy as well as a series of moderating influences using a meta-analytic approach.

Methods

A total of 56 studies published between January 2001 and May 2023 were obtained from the Web of Science, EBSCO, Taylor and Francis, Scopus, Wiley, ProQuest, and CNKI (core) databases, comprising 65 independent samples (total sample size = 47,196).

Results and discussion

The mean weighted correlation coefficients between social, family, peer, and school support and adolescent PA were 0.298, 0.226, 0.256, and 0.142, respectively, which were significant, except for school support. Family support and teenage PA were related, although the connection was moderated by gender and socioeconomic characteristics. While social, family, and peer support had a direct influence on adolescent PA, school support did not. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between social support and its subtypes and adolescent PA.
Diagnostic performance of a novel ESAT6-CFP10 skin test for tuberculosis infection in school tuberculosis outbreak in China
Authors: Lu Peng , Xu Jingjing , Wang Rong , Gong Xiaona , Liu Qiao , Ding Xiaoyan , Lu Wei , Zhu Limei
Published: January 2024

Background

The ESAT6-CFP10 (EC) skin test is recommended by the World Health Organization for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). However, it is still unknown how the EC skin test performs in students during a school tuberculosis outbreak.

Methods

We conducted an epidemiological investigation to assess the performance of the EC skin test in this high-risk population.

Results

A total of 9 active student patients were confirmed in the same class as the index case, with an incidence rate of 18.0% (9/50). Among the 50 close contacts, 14 (28%) were over 15 years old and had a chest X-ray (CXR), and none of them had abnormal CXR findings. The rates of positive tuberculin skin test (TST) ≥ 5 mm and < 10 mm, ≥ 10 mm and < 15 mm, and ≥ 15 mm were 12.0% (6/50), 16.0% (8/50), and 10.0% (5/50), respectively. On the second screening, 44 students with the same class as the index case had the EC skin test, of which 31 (70.5%) had positive EC tests. All patients had negative sputum smear results, of whom 4 (44.4%) had positive Xpert results; three had a TST induration diameter between 5 mm and 10 mm, but all of them had an EC diameter > 15 mm; 5 (55.6%) had abnormal CXR results, but all the confirmed patients had abnormal CT results; Except for four cases that were diagnosed by Xpert, the remaining five were confirmed by CT scan.

Conclusion

The novel EC skin test performed well in students during the school tuberculosis outbreak. In some special conditions, such as when the index case is bacteriologically positive for tuberculosis and the rate of LTBI is higher than the average for the local same-age group, secondary screening is recommended 2–3 months after the first screening. Furthermore, we cannot ignore the role of CT in the diagnosis of early student tuberculosis.
Asymmetric communication: cognitive models of humans toward an android robot
Authors: Kawakubo Daisuke , Shuzo Masaki , Sugiyama Hiroaki , Maeda Eisaku
Published: January 2024

In the development of dialogue systems for android robots, the goal is to achieve human-like communication. However, subtle differences between android robots and humans are noticeable, leading even human-like android robots to be perceived differently. Understanding how humans accept android robots and optimizing their behavior is crucial. Generally, human customers have various expectations and anxieties when interacting with a robotic salesclerk instead of a human. Asymmetric communication arises when android robots treat customers like humans while customers treat robots as machines. Focusing on human-robot interaction in a tourist guide scenario, In this paper, we propose an asymmetric communication strategy that does not use estimation technology for preference information, but instead performs changing the agent’s character in order to pretend to tailor to the customer. In line with this, we prepared an experimental method to evaluate asymmetric communication strategies, using video clips to simulate dialogues. Participants completed questionnaires without prior knowledge of whether the salesclerk was human-like or robotic. The method allowed us to assess how participants treated the salesclerk and the effectiveness of the asymmetric communication strategy. Additionally, during our demonstration in a dialogue robot competition, 29 visitors had a positive impression of the android robot’s asymmetric communication strategy and reported a high level of satisfaction with the dialogue.
Leveraging pleat folds and soft compliant elements in inflatable fabric beams
Authors: Huaroto Juan J. , Suarez Etsel , Kim Wangdo , Vela Emir A.
Published: January 2024

Inflatable fabric beams (IFBs) integrating pleat folds can generate complex motion by modifying the pleat characteristics (e.g., dimensions, orientations). However, the capability of the IFB to return to the folded configuration relies upon the elasticity of the fabrics, requiring additional pressure inputs or complementary mechanisms. Using soft compliant elements (SCEs) assembled onto pleat folds is an appealing approach to improving the IFB elasticity and providing a range of spatial configurations when pressurized. This study introduces an actuator comprising an IFB with pleat folds and SCEs. By methodologically assembling the SCEs onto the pleat folds, we constrain the IFB unfolding to achieve out-of-plane motion at 5 kPa. Besides, the proposed actuator can generate angular displacement by regulating the input pressure (> 5 kPa). A matrix-based representation and model are proposed to analyze the actuator motion. We experimentally study the actuator’s angular displacement by modifying SCE shapes, fold dimensions, and assembly distances of SCEs. Moreover, we analyze the effects of incorporating two SCEs onto a pleat fold. Our results show that the actuator motion can be tuned by integrating SCEs with different stiffness and varying the pleat fold dimensions. In addition, we demonstrate that the integration of two SCEs onto the pleat fold permits the actuator to return to its folded configuration when depressurized. In order to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed actuator, we devise and conduct experiments showcasing the implementation of a planar serial manipulator and a soft gripper with two grasping modalities.
Two plants improve stress response of a subterranean herbivore by downregulating amphetamine addiction pathways
Authors: Zhang Feiyu , Tan Yuchen , Cai Zhiyuan , An Kang , Liu Yongjie , Su Junhu
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Captivity serves as the primary method for enhancing animal survival and productivity. However, the stress induced by confinement can hinder animal growth and reproduction. The administration of drugs to captive animals can effectively regulate their stress response and can also be used inartificial breeding, reproduction, and experimental animalization of wild species. The plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean herbivore, experiences significant stress during the captive process owing to its unique habitat.

Methods

In our study, we utilized Radix astragali (RA) and Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) extracts to intervene in the stress response of plateau zokors.

Results

Our findings demonstrated that RA and AS treatment considerably improved food intake and reduced weight loss, stress-related behavior, and stress hormone levels in plateau zokors. Furthermore, the excitatory pathway of amphetamine addition in the hypothalamus was suppressed by RA and AS treatment, acting through the Grin and Prkc gene families. Notably, after RA treatment, the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway, enriched by the Col1a1/3a1/1a2/6a1 gene, was significantly upregulated, potentially enhancing the immune function of captive plateau zokors.

Discussion

In conclusion, our research demonstrates that RA and AS treatment can effectively alleviate the stress response of plateau zokors in captive environments. The downregulation of the excitation pathway and upregulation of the immune pathway offer valuable insights into the response and potential mechanisms of plant-based drugs in mitigating animal stress.
A Quantum-Inspired Predator–Prey Algorithm for Real-Parameter Optimization
Authors: Khan Azal Ahmad , Hussain Salman , Chandra Rohitash
Published: January 2024

Quantum computing has opened up various opportunities for the enhancement of computational power in the coming decades. We can design algorithms inspired by the principles of quantum computing, without implementing in quantum computing infrastructure. In this paper, we present the quantum predator–prey algorithm (QPPA), which fuses the fundamentals of quantum computing and swarm optimization based on a predator–prey algorithm. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of QPPA in solving complex real-parameter optimization problems with better accuracy when compared to related algorithms in the literature. QPPA achieves highly rapid convergence for relatively low- and high-dimensional optimization problems and outperforms selected traditional and advanced algorithms. This motivates the application of QPPA to real-world application problems.
Research on Some Control Algorithms to Compensate for the Negative Effects of Model Uncertainty Parameters, External Interference, and Wheeled Slip for Mobile Robot
Authors: Hà Vo Thu , Thuong Than Thi , Thanh Nguyen Thi , Vinh Vo Quang
Published: January 2024

In this article, the research team systematically developed a method to model the kinematics and dynamics of a 3-wheeled robot subjected to external disturbances and sideways wheel sliding. These models will be used to design control laws that compensate for wheel slippage, model uncertainties, and external disturbances. These control algorithms were developed based on dynamic surface control (DSC). An adaptive trajectory tracking DSC algorithm using a fuzzy logic system (AFDSC) and a radial neural network (RBFNN) with a fuzzy logic system were used to overcome the disadvantages of DSC and expand the application domain for non-holonomic wheeled mobile robots with lateral slip (WMR). However, this adaptive fuzzy neural network dynamic surface control (AFNNDSC) adaptive controller ensures the closed system is stable, follows the preset trajectory in the presence of wheel slippage model uncertainty, and is affected by significant amplitude disturbances. The stability and convergence of the closed-loop system are guaranteed based on the Lyapunov analysis. The AFNNDSC adaptive controller is evaluated by simulation on the Matlab/simulink software R2022b and in a steady state. The maximum position error on the right wheel and left wheel is 0.000572 (m) and 0.000523 (m), and the angular velocity tracking error in the right and left wheels of the control method is 0.000394 (rad/s). The experimental results show the theoretical analysis’ correctness, the proposed controller’s effectiveness, and the possibility of practical applications. Orbits are set as two periodic functions of period T as follows.
Biological Characteristics and Thermal Requirements of Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Fresh and Cryopreserved Eggs of Euschistus heros and Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Oliveira Regiane Cristina de , Ikuno Pedro Hiroshi Passos , Pratissoli Dirceu , Carvalho José Romário de , Hoback William Wyatt , Salamina Bruno Alexis Zachrisson
Published: January 2024

Brazil is one of the largest producers of pulses globally, and soybean ranks highly in terms of production. However, pests increase crop production costs and affect oilseed production and quality. Pests are primarily controlled by chemicals, leading to changes in insect pest populations. For example, secondary pests can become primary pests because of the selection of resistant insects and the elimination of natural enemies. Farmers have widely accepted biological control because of its high control efficacy and low environmental contamination risk. Two successful biological control programs in soybean used Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) to manage the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) to manage the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), when these pests were the most abundant in soybean-producing regions. To release parasitoids, rearing protocols must be developed in order to optimize production. This study evaluated the effect of temperature on the biological characteristics of T. podisi and T. basalis when fresh or frozen E. heros eggs were provided. Fifty fresh or previously frozen eggs were placed with parasitoids for 24 h in a climate chamber (25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, and 14-h photophase). At the end of this period, the eggs were transferred to other chambers and maintained at different temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, with a 14-h photoperiod). The number of emerging adults from eggs parasitized by T. basalis was lower than that from eggs parasitized by T. podisi. Differences in T. basalis and T. podisi parasitism were observed depending on whether the E. heros eggs were frozen or fresh, but neither development nor emergence were affected. The duration of egg–adult development and the longevity of the two parasitoids were inversely proportional to the temperature increase. The sex ratio of T. basalis and T. podisi progeny was not affected by different temperatures or by the use of frozen or fresh eggs. The estimated number of both parasitoids’ generations corresponded with temperature, reaching 14–15 generations/cycle of soybean for Rio Verde, GO, and 12–14 generations/cycle for Barreiras, BA. Given these characteristics, we conclude that a biological control program using T. podisi can benefit large areas of soybean production by controlling the eggs of phytophagous bugs in soybean crops.
Effects of Different Cover Crops and Amendments on Soil and Crop Properties in Organic Vegetable Production
Authors: Larkin Robert P.
Published: January 2024

The impacts of two different cover crop (CC) strategies, as well as compost, silicon (Si), and biocontrol (BC) soil amendments were evaluated on soil chemical and biological properties, crop development and yield, and disease and pest issues in organic vegetable production, as represented by legume (green snap bean), cucurbit (green zucchini squash), and solanaceous (sweet pepper) vegetable crops, in a three-year field trial in Maine, USA. A multi-species CC mixture (6 crops, including legumes, grasses, and brassicas) was compared with a standard winter rye CC for potential benefits on soil properties and biomass production. Soil amendments included a commercial organic fertilizer alone, composted dairy manure, compost plus BC (commercial formulations of Trichoderma and Streptomyces spp.), and compost plus Wollastonite, a natural source of Si. Poor stand establishment of some components of the multi-species CC mixture resulted in lower biomass and ground cover relative to winter rye, but had no effect on crop development or yield. Compost amendments increased soil pH, organic matter, and nutrient contents, as well as yields of bean, zucchini, and peppers relative to a fertilizer-only treatment. Additions of Si increased Si content in plant leaves and reduced powdery mildew on squash and leaf necrosis of beans. In the absence of substantial soilborne disease, BC provided only marginal reductions in powdery mildew and leaf necrosis and no effects on yield. These results help define specific management practices to improve organic vegetable production and provide useful information and options for growers.
Optimization of N Fertilizer Type and Ridge–Furrow Ratio to Improve Resource Use Efficiency and Grain Yield of Rain-Fed Winter Wheat in Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Qiang Shengcai , Zhang Yan , Fan Junliang , Zhang Fucang , Lin Wen , Sun Min , Gao Zhiqiang , Tang Xiwang
Published: January 2024

Ridge and furrow plastic mulch (RFPM) and nitrogen (N) application are effective strategies for improving crop productivity in China’s Loess Plain. However, it is not clear how the ridge–furrow ratio and nitrogen fertilizer type (NT) affect the use of water, nitrogen, heat, and radiation resources for the enhancement of rain-fed wheat production. Two nitrogen fertilizer types (traditional urea (TU) and controlled-release urea (CRU)) and four planting patterns (conventional flat planting (F) and the RFPM system of 20 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R2F4), 40 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R4F4), and 60 cm ridges with 40 cm furrows (R6F4)) were tested from September 2018 to June 2021 during the winter wheat growing season. It was found that the RFPM system can increase soil thermal time (TTsoil) from 41.0 to 152.1 °C d compared to the F. RFPM system thermal effect, which reduced the vegetative growth period and prolonged the reproductive growth period for 2 to 7 days, which promoted an increase in the leaf area index (LAI) and final dry matter (DM) accumulation. These significantly increased the grain yield (GY) in the RFPM system by 51.6–115.2% and enhanced the thermal time use efficiency (TUE) by 48–99.5%, water productivity (WP) by 37.4–76.3%, radiation use efficiency (RUE) by 16.3–34.4%, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 51.6–115.2% compared to F. Although a high ridge and furrow ratio in combination with CRU increased the GY and resource use efficiency, it also exacerbated the soil water depletion, especially in the soil layer between 40 and 140 cm. Overall, CRU combined with the 40 cm ridge and 40 cm furrow RFPM system maximized resource efficiency and increased wheat production on China’s Loess Plateau.
A Method of Constructing Models for Estimating Proportions of Citrus Fruit Size Grade Using Polynomial Regression
Authors: Tanimoto Yuu , Yoshida Shinichi
Published: January 2024

Estimating the fruit size is an important factor because it directly influences size-specific yield estimation, which would be useful for pricing in the market. In this paper, it was considered a method of constructing models for estimating the proportion of fruit size grades of citrus using polynomial regression. In order to construct models, curvilinear regressions were performed, utilizing the fruit diameters of a kind of citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) in the harvest. The constructed models were validated by comparison with another model, which was constructed using a combination of four datasets obtained from three orchards differing in the number of fruit sets. The estimation model’s accuracy (EMA, defined as the sum of the absolute difference between the actual and estimated proportions of each grade) was used for the evaluation of constructed models. The EMAs of 14 models applied to 28 validation data were ranging from 2.0% to 6.1%. In all validations, the proportions of fruit size grade were insignificant at a 5% level by Pearson’s chi-square test. Additionally, a comparison of EMAs differing in the number of trees by the constructed models showed that most were within EMA ≤ 10.0% in the case calculated by 10 trees. Validation of five farmers’ orchards indicated that the EMA of two was within 10.0%, and the EMA of three was at 11.3 to 12.5%. These results revealed that the constructed models could be applied to orchards for differing numbers of fruit sets. The acceptable accuracy was derived by at least over 10 trees investigated at one time.
Comparing Laboratory and Satellite Hyperspectral Predictions of Soil Organic Carbon in Farmland
Authors: Jin Haixia , Peng Jingjing , Bi Rutian , Tian Huiwen , Zhu Hongfen , Ding Haoxi
Published: January 2024

Mapping soil organic carbon (SOC) accurately is essential for sustainable soil resource management. Hyperspectral data, a vital tool for SOC mapping, is obtained through both laboratory and satellite-based sources. While laboratory data is limited to sample point monitoring, satellite hyperspectral imagery covers entire regions, albeit susceptible to external environmental interference. This study, conducted in the Yuncheng Basin of the Yellow River Basin, compared the predictive accuracy of laboratory hyperspectral data (ASD FieldSpec4) and GF-5 satellite hyperspectral imagery for SOC mapping. Leveraging fractional order derivatives (FODs), various denoising methods, feature band selection, and the Random Forest model, the research revealed that laboratory hyperspectral data outperform satellite data in predicting SOC. FOD processing enhanced spectral information, and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) proved effective for GF-5 satellite imagery denoising. Stability competitive adaptive re-weighted sampling (sCARS) emerged as the optimal feature band selection algorithm. The 0.6FOD-sCARS RF model was identified as the optimal laboratory hyperspectral prediction model for SOC, while the 0.8FOD-DWT-sCARS RF model was deemed optimal for satellite hyperspectral prediction. This research, offering insights into farmland soil quality monitoring and strategies for sustainable soil use, holds significance for enhancing agricultural production efficiency.
The Impact of a Proprietary Blend of Yeast Cell Wall, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Zinc Proteinate on Growth, Nutrient Utilisation, and Endocrine Hormone Secretion in Intestinal Cell Models
Authors: Browne Niall , Horgan Karina
Published: January 2024

In piglets, it is observed that early weaning can lead to poor weight gain due to an underdeveloped gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is unsuitable for an efficient absorption of nutrients. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate have demonstrated their ability to improve intestinal development by increasing cell proliferation, which is vital during this transition period when the small and large intestinal tracts are rapidly growing. Previous reports on butyrate inclusion in feed demonstrated significantly increased feed intakes (FIs) and average daily gains (ADGs) during piglet weaning. Similar benefits in piglet performance have been observed with the inclusion of yeast cell wall in diets. A proprietary mix of yeast cell wall, SCFAs, and zinc proteinate (YSM) was assessed here in vitro to determine its impact on cellular growth, metabolism and appetite-associated hormones in ex vivo small intestinal pig cells and STC-1 mouse intestinal neuroendocrine cells. Intestinal cells demonstrated greater cell densities with the addition of YSM (150 ppm) compared to the control and butyrate (150 ppm) at 24 h. This coincided with the higher utilisation of both protein and glucose from the media of intestinal cells receiving YSM. Ghrelin (an appetite-inducing hormone) demonstrated elevated levels in the YSM-treated cells on a protein and gene expression level compared to the cells receiving butyrate and the control, while satiety hormone peptide YY protein levels were lower in the cells receiving YSM compared to the control and butyrate-treated cells across each time point. Higher levels of ghrelin and lower PYY secretion in cells receiving YSM may drive the uptake of protein and glucose, which is potentially facilitated by elevated gene transporters for protein and glucose. Greater ghrelin levels observed with the inclusion of YSM may contribute to higher cell densities that could support pig performance to a greater extent than butyrate alone.
Influence of Pediveliger Larvae Stocking Density on Settlement Efficiency and Seed Production in Captivity of Mytilus galloprovincialis in Amsa Bay, Tetouan
Authors: Janah Hafsa , Aghzar Adil , Presa Pablo , Ouagajjou Yassine
Published: January 2024

In mussel hatchery systems, the settlement process is a crucial element influencing seed yield. The current study assayed the influence of five densities of competent pediveliger larvae on settlement success and post-larvae production. We showed an inverse relationship between density and settlement efficiency, e.g., an attachment success of 99.4% at the lowest density (35 larvae/cm2) but only 9% at the highest density (210 larvae/cm2). However, post-larvae production was higher at intermediate larvae densities (70 larvae/cm2). The reimplementation of treatments upon post-larvae density after 6 weeks post settlement showed that the lowest-density groups bore both the highest post-larvae growth rate (22.24 ± 4.60 µm/day) and the largest head batch (48% of the size distribution), as compared to the higher-post-larvae-density groups. These results highlight the importance of optimizing both pediveliger larvae density and post-larvae density, to maximize high-quality seed yield in local hatcheries. Current rearing technologies would assure a timely commercial seed production to protect natural sea rocky beds in Alboran Sea coasts.
Effects of Dietary Plant Protein Replacement with Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals on the Liver Health and Serum Metabolites of Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Authors: Donadelli Valeria , Di Marco Patrizia , Mandich Alberta , Finoia Maria Grazia , Cardinaletti Gloriana , Petochi Tommaso , Longobardi Alessandro , Tibaldi Emilio , Marino Giovanna
Published: January 2024

The liver health of Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass, fed with fish meal-free diets, including various proportions of plant proteins, as well as insect and poultry by-product meals, was investigated through biochemical and histological analyses using a new liver index (LI) formula. Four isoproteic (45% Dry Matter, DM) and isolipidic (20% DM) diets were compared, including a plant-based control diet (CV) and three other test diets, in which 40% of a plant protein-rich ingredient mixture was replaced with meals from Hermetia illucens (H40) or poultry by-product (P40) alone, or in combination (H10P30). The trials lasted 12 and 18 weeks for sea bream and sea bass, respectively. The results obtained thus far highlighted species-specific differences in the physiological response to dietary changes. In sea bream, the biochemical and histological responses suggest favorable physiological and liver health statuses, with higher serum cholesterol (CHO) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, as well as moderate hepatocyte lipid accumulation, with the H10P30 diet compared to the CV (p < 0.05). In sea bass, all diets resulted in elevated serum TAG levels and lipid accumulation in the liver, particularly in fish fed the P40 one (p < 0.05), which resulted in the highest LI, coupled with a higher frequency of severe lipid accumulation, hypertrophy, cord loss, peripheral nuclei displacement, and pyknosis. In conclusion, sea bream adapted well to the test diets, whereas sea bass exhibited altered hepatic lipid metabolism leading to incipient liver steatosis, likely due to the high lipid contents of the diets, including the insect and poultry meals. The LI formula developed in this study proved to be a reliable tool for assessing the effects of dietary changes on the liver health of sea bream and sea bass, consistent with biochemical and histological findings.
A Health Status Update of Myocastor coypus in Northern Italy
Authors: Nicoletti Arturo , Pregel Paola , Starvaggi Cucuzza Laura , Bollo Enrico , Scaglione Frine Eleonora
Published: January 2024

Myocastor coypus is a pest animal present in Africa, Europe, North America and Asia that causes agricultural and ecological damages. Moreover, it has to be considered as a potential risk for public health. Forty-four coypus from the “Parco Naturale La Mandria” (Piedmont region, Northwest Italy) have been analysed. A complete necropsy and a whole histological evaluation of the liver, kidney and lung have been carried out on all the animals. Moreover, the positivity to Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), Francisella spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum have been investigated. None of the animal were positive for HEV, EMCV, Francisella spp. or Neospora caninum. Two animals tested positive for Toxoplasma gondii. A high presence of histological lesions has been identified in different organs, suggesting that lesions could be induced by different pathogens. As previously reported, coypu can act as a host for several pathogens, including important agents for human and animal health, and surveillance is necessary to fully understand the biological role and the importance of coypu as a disease reservoir in our country.
Transcriptome Analysis of Brain and Skin Reveals Immune Responses to Acute Hypoxia and Reoxygenation in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis
Authors: Liu Qing , Li Yuxing , Cao Yang , Gu Libo , Li Tongyao , Liu Yu , Song Jing , Wang Weiwei , Wang Xianzong , Li Bugao , Liu Shaozhen
Published: January 2024

Pseudobagrus ussuriensis is an unscaled fish that is more susceptible to skin damage than scaled fish. To investigate the impacts of hypoxia and reoxygenation on skin and brain immunity, juvenile P. ussuriensis were subjected to hypoxia conditions (DO: 0.8 ± 0.05 mg/L) for durations of 0, 3, 6, and 12 h, followed by 12 h of reoxygenation (DO > 6 mg/L). Histological analysis showed a significant increase in the number of skin mucosal cells after 12 h of hypoxia and a significant decrease after 12 h of reoxygenation when compared to the control group. As the duration of hypoxia increased, an increase in antioxidant (SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA) and immune (cortisol, LZM) physiological parameters of the skin and brain appeared. The results of transcriptomic studies showed that the number of differential genes was greater in skin than in brain. Most of the immune pathways in both tissues under hypoxia conditions were all nonspecific immunity (TNF, IL-17, chemokines), while both tissues maintained their homeostasis through active energy supply and cell cycle regulation. Meanwhile, both physiological parameters and RNA transcriptome results showed that 12 h of reoxygenation could not completely eliminate the negative effects of 12 h of hypoxia. This study offers new insights into the immune responses of P. ussuriensis skin and brain during acute hypoxia and reoxygenation.