Mineralogy, textural characteristics and mineral chemistry of remobilised sulphides and sulphosalts in the R&#228;vliden Norra VMS deposit, Skellefte district, northern Sweden
Authors: Rincon Jonathan , Johansson Simon , Jansson Nils , Thomas Helen , Kaiser Majka Christiane , Persson Mac Fjellerad , Nordfeldt Erik , Wanhainen Christina 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Remobilisation of sulphides in metamorphosed volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits has been investigated in many VMS districts with regards to scale, mineral assemblages, texture and relative competence of minerals under certain p-t conditions (Gilligan &amp; Marshall, 1987; Marshall &amp; Gilligan, 1987). Examples of syn-tectonic remobilisation can be found at the R&amp;#228;vliden Norra (RVN) volcanic-hosted massive sulphide in the Skellefte district. At R&amp;#228;vliden, polymetallic sulphide mineralization occurs at the transition from meta-volcanic rocks of the Skellefte group rocks to the overlying Vargfors group, comprising volcaniclastic metasedimentary rocks and graphitic shales. This contribution details features of mesoscale (0.1-50 cm) remobilisation of sulphides, such as sulphide-rich veins, tension gashes, ball-ore, massive sulphides with cataclastic texture, and micro-scale features such as infilling of pressure shadows, displaying evidences of brittle and ductile deformation. Sulphide-rich veins containing sphalerite, galena, and a relative high content of Ag-sulphosalts (e.g. freibergite, pyrargyrite, pyrostilpnite) are hosted in the hanging wall (HW) of the RVN mineralization. Brittle deformation is shown in accessory quartz and calcite as bulging recrystallization, grain boundary migration and deformation lamellae or twinning. Ductile expressions include ball-ore (i.e. &amp;#8220;durchbewegung&amp;#8221;) textures, typically made up of two components, one composed of clasts of graphite shale or tremolite-, actinolite-, talc-altered meta-volcanic rocks and the other comprising a matrix of massive sulphide mineralization. In the massive sulphide matrix of sphalerite, chalcopyrite or pyrrhotite, micro-scale tension gashes and/or pressure shadows occur around clasts infilled by pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, freibergite, boulangerite, or gudmundite. A similar mineralogy is observed in ore lenses in the ore zone, comprising sphalerite, galena and Ag-Sb-As sulphosalts, hosted structurally above chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite stringer zones in the footwall (FW). Sulphosalts and galena present a high silver content relative to other VMS deposits in the district. This is evidenced by SEM and EMPA analysis in both HW and FW ore lenses. Argentopyrite, sternbergite and stephanite are also locally present in the HW as minor silver species hosted in veins. Inclusions of freibergite in galena contain Ag with average values of 18.4 wt. % in the HW (n=5), 18 wt. % in the massive sphalerite and ball-ore (n= 15), and 20.2 wt. % in the chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite stringer zone (n= 5). Similarly, Pb is 0.2 wt. %, 0.3 wt. %, and 0.4 wt. %, respectively. For sphalerite, Fe is on average 8.0 wt. % (n=3), 7.4 wt. % (n = 11), and 8.3 wt. % (n=3), respectively. Our preliminary results suggest that mineralization in the HW is remobilized from the main ore and textural relationships support a hypothesis that remobilisation involved a relative silver-enrichment in paragenetically later assemblages. At least two stages of deformation in the deposit can be recognized. In the first stage, sphalerite- and chalcopyrite-rich mineralization was deformed along with tremolite and talc to form a S1 foliation. The second stage involved folding of S1, and remobilisation of galena, chalcopyrite and Ag-Sb-As sulphosalts as veins or breccia infill in the HW or filling tension gaps or ball-ore, in the FW. These are often parallel to S2 crenulation or axial planes.&lt;/p&gt;