bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Silicomanganese Production using Manganese Rich Slag in the Charge
Authors: Ahmed A. , El‐Mohammady A. , Eissa M. , El‐Fawakhry K.
Published: December 2016

Silicomanganese is widely used as a complex reducer and an alloying addition in the production of various grades of steel due to its economic and metallurgical advantages. It is also used as a semi‐product in the manufacture of medium‐ and low‐carbon ferromanganese and metallic manganese. Manganese‐rich slag, resulting from high carbon ferromanganese production, has the advantages of high manganese content, high Mn/Fe ratio, low excess oxygen, low phosphorus content, low fine content and low cost. Such slag seems to be very attractive to use as raw materials for the production of silicomanganese alloys. In the present study, experimental heats were designed and carried out to optimise the factors affecting the production process of silicomanganese using manganese rich slag in the charge. The results of pilot plant experimental heats showed that the optimum metallic yield and recoveries of manganese and silicon are obtained with an initial slag basicity, (CaO + MgO) / (Al2O3), of 1.8 by using dolomite as fluxing material and charging quartzite and fluorspar in percentage of 25% and 4% of the blend, respectively. The results also showed that an amount of 30% of coke in excess of the stoichiometric amount should be added. These results are relative for the specific high Al2O3ores used.
An Effective Approach for the Simulation of the Cooling Process of Steel Strips on Run‐out Tables
Authors: Xu Fuchang , Gadala Mohamed S.
Published: December 2016

The cooling process of steel strips on an industry run‐out table (ROT) is simulated using an 1D model. In this model, the water bank information is not handled and the ROT directly consists of the jetlines. The simulation creates an advantage to study independently the spacing of jetlines on the cooling effect. In addition, a novel approach is used for time stepping in this study. First, five numbers of time steps are defined for different cooling zones and each number can be determined according to the accuracy requirement and the strip speed. Thus, the time step size is not constant and the total number of time steps can be reduced. Second, each time step is identified with a flag to indicate its belonging to the different zones. With this approach, tracking is not needed and none of the water cooling zones will be jumped over. The predicted coiling temperatures of 1D model simulations are in good agreement with the field measurements.
Cold Simulation of Metalloids Transport in Blast Furnaces
Authors: Mukherjee Kakali , Prakash Swantantra , Sinha Sharda N. , Mehrotra Surya P.
Published: December 2016

Metalloids normally get transferred at the interface of metal droplets passing through the slag system in the dropping zone and at the slag‐metal interface in the hearth zone in the lower region of a blast furnace. In these high temperature processes, the mass transport being the rate‐controlling factor, the viscosity of the slag system determines the kinetics of the refining reactions accompanied by mass and heat transfer at the metal droplets and slag interface. Slag systems generally possess random network structures comprising internal regions of weak ordering. The presence of these regions may result in non‐Newtonian behaviour of the slag. The rheological characteristics of a fluid relating to its network structure is expressed in terms of the indices consistency (k') and flow behaviour (n').

The extent of metalloids presence in hot metal is subjected to their residence time at the slag‐metal interface. The metal droplet descent through a surrounding fluid system has been studied and a co‐relation between drag Reynolds number and modified Reynolds number has been obtained. This correlation has been used to determine the drag velocity of a metal droplet falling through a slag system and the residence time distribution (RTD) of the metalloids at the slag‐metal interface in the lower region of the blast furnace.
Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in a Tundish by Inhibitors with Different Designs
Authors: Nájera‐Bastida A. , Garcia‐Demedices L. , Ramírez‐López P. , Torres‐Alonso E. , Morales R.D.
Published: December 2016

Turbulent flow of liquid steel and its control is studied using different geometries of turbulence inhibitors. Four designs of turbulence inhibitors were characterized through experiments of tracer injection in a water model and mathematical simulations using the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) of turbulence. Inhibitor geometries included octagonal‐regular, octagonal‐irregular, pentagonal and squared. A layer of silicon oil was used to model the behaviour of tundish flux during steel flow. Fluid flows in a tundish using these geometries were compared with that in a bare tundish. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the flow in a bare tundish and a tundish using turbulence inhibitors open large areas of oil close to the ladle shroud due to strong shear stresses at the water‐oil interface with the exception of the squared inhibitor. Oil layer opening phenomena are explained by the high gradient of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. Using the squared inhibitor the kinetic energy reports a high gradient from the tundish floor to the free bath surface as compared with other geometries.
Modelling the Work Roll Wear Contour in a Four‐high Mill
Authors: Jonsson Mikael
Published: December 2016

A method for modelling the wear contour work rolls in a four‐high mill has been developed. The modelling is build up with statistical methods. The bases for the statistics are simulations of different rolling cases and measurements from the production of heavy plates in Oxelösund. These calibrations gave a well‐working model.
Simulation of Flat Belt Running
Authors: Egger Martin , Pirko Anton , Hoffmann Klaus
Published: December 2016

This paper deals with the lateral running behaviour of flat belts which can be found in industrial production processes (such as steel, paper or plastics) as continuous running process bands as well as transport bands for conveying purposes. Without any guidance measures, flat belts supported and driven by cylindrical pulleys run in an unstable condition, therefore angled pulley systems are employed for flat belt guidance. This paper deals with a mechanical simulation model for the guiding effect of a three‐pulley configuration with the focus on the geometrical‐mechanical relations. The belt's lateral movement as well as its bending stress during the guiding process is calculated. The aim of this investigation is to select pulley positions and shift directions that have adequate steering features despite low belt strain. To avoid instable lateral running conditions when applying an automatic controlled guidance system, proper positions for the belt edge detector are discussed. This paper is a cooperation between Vienna University of Technology, Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences and industrial partners who employ angled pulleys for flat belt guidance. The presented simulation method has been successfully applied for the optimisation of the configuration of the pulleys for a flat steel process belt in the new development of a drying system.
Water Capacity Model of Al2O3‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 Quaternary Slag System
Authors: Brandberg Jenny , Yu Liang , Sichen Du
Published: December 2016

The focus of the present work was to develop a water capacity model for the quaternary slag system Al2O3‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2. In the model, a silicate melt was considered to consist of two ion groupings, viz. cation grouping and oxygen ion. The water capacity of a melt is supposed to depend on the interactions between the cations in the presence of oxygen ions. These interactions were determined on the basis of the experimentally measured water solubility data. Only binary interactions were employed in the model. For the system CaO‐SiO2, disagreement in the literature data was found. Since the interaction between Ca2+ and Si4+ would play an important role, experiments were carried out to determine the water capacities of some CaO‐SiO2 slags. For this purpose a thermogravimetric method was employed. Iso‐lines of water capacities at constant MgO contents were predicted by the model and compared with the experimental data from literature. The model calculations agreed well with the experimental results.
Concentration Measurements in a Water Model Tundish using the Combined DPIV/PLIF Technique
Authors: Koitzsch Roger , Odenthal Hans‐Jürgen , Pfeifer Herbert
Published: December 2016

The mixing process in a 1:3 scaled water model of a single‐strand tundish for the production of stainless steel is investigated using the combined DPIV/PLIF (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry/Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence) technique. The velocities in the water model are measured in different light sheet planes up to a size of 300 mm · 1100 mm by the conventional DPIV method. The variation of the time‐dependent concentration field is measured in the same plane by the PLIF method. The tracers are polyamide particles for DPIV and a rhodamine 6G solution as fluorescent dye for PLIF. Due to the special calibration procedure of the DPIV/PLIF system, the optical, geometrical and physical parameters do not have to be determined analytically, thus leading to reliable results. The experiments are carried out with a turbulent Reynolds number of Re = 5000 and show that the mixing process correlates with the quasi steady‐state flow pattern. The residence time of some water region in the tundish model is significantly longer than the mean residence time (θ < 5). Such information is important for the steel production because the number of mixed slabs produced during sequence casting with a grade change is closely related to the mixing of the tundish melt. The presented laser‐optical investigations have been used to establish the combination of DPIV and PLIF technique. The results of combined DPIV/PLIF measurements will be used to validate numerical simulations of the mixing processes in water models of metallurgical reactors.
Investigation of the Gas‐Liquid Flow in a Stopper Rod Controlled SEN
Authors: Klostermann Jens , Chaves Humberto , Schwarze Rüdiger
Published: December 2016

Argon injection is widely used to reduce nozzle clogging during continuous casting, but its effects on the flow in the submerged entry nozzle are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the gas liquid flow in a stopper rod controlled submerged entry nozzle is investigated experimentally and numerically. First single‐phase liquid flow is studied. Numerical results are compared with experimental data, which show good agreement. Then the numerical model is extended to gas‐liquid flows. The Euler‐Euler approach is employed in order to describe the two‐phase flow in the submerged entry nozzle. Again, numerically obtained flow rates are in satisfactory agreement with experimental findings. However, some flow phenomena which are observed in the experiment are not resolved by the two‐phase flow model.
Laboratory Investigations on Copper‐alloyed Interstitial Free Steel – Part I: Effect of Annealing
Authors: Rana Radhakanta , Bleck Wolfgang , Singh Shiv Brat , Mohanty Omkar Nath
Published: December 2016

Effect of 1.18 wt.% copper on the annealing behaviour and the resulting mechanical properties in conventional mild interstitial free steel has been investigated. It is revealed that copper forms complex precipitates during batch annealing and modifies the batch annealing characteristics as compared with the base steel. Accordingly, strength‐formability parameters are influenced as well. In case of continuous annealing, solute copper controls the mechanical properties.
Properties and Performance of Carbonized Corn Straw as Thermal Insulating Agent of Liquid Metal
Authors: Chen Min , Wang Nan , Wang Yang , Leng Weiwei
Published: December 2016

Owing to the status that the price of thermal insulating agent for liquid metal has been raising constantly in recent years, the present work investigated the properties of carbonized corn straw using as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal. The results showed that the carbonized corn straw possessed higher content of fixed carbon, smaller repose angle (or better flowing property) and lower heat conductivity coefficient compared to carbonized rice husk. Both the laboratory test and practical application of using carbonized corn straw as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal showed that it had a better thermal insulating performance, whereas a bigger collapse ratio and agglomeration were found. Thus, a satisfied application performance of thermal insulating can be achieved by using a mixture of carbonized corn straw and carbonized rice husk. The application of carbonized corn straw as thermal insulating agent of liquid metal not only develops a new effective way to use corn straw, but also contributes to decrease the production cost of metallurgical industries.
Numerical Simulation for Collision and Aggregation of Inclusions in a Slab Continuous Caster
Authors: Lei Hong , He Ji‐Cheng
Published: December 2016

A three‐dimensional mathematical model has been developed to predict collision and aggregation among inclusions in the slab continuous caster. Numerical results show that there are four interesting phenomena about inclusion distribution. In the upper recirculation zone, the inclusion distribution has ‘annular’ shape. In the lower recirculation, there is ‘M’ distribution under nozzle, ‘W’ distribution under the mold and lying ‘8’ distribution at the exit. In comparison with casting speed, the inclusion removal rate is more sensitive to nozzle entry angle and nozzle immersion depth.
Numerical Modeling of Inclusion Removal in Electromagnetic Stirred Steel Billets
Authors: Trindade Leonardo B. , Nadalon José Ernesto A. , Vilela Antǒnio C. F. , Vilhena Marco T. M. B. , Soares Rodrigo B.
Published: December 2016

To investigate the inclusion removal in billets cast under electromagnetic stirring (EMS) influence, a numerical model has been developed to compute the magnetic field, the Lorentz force, the steel flow velocities, and the particle transport within the liquid pool. The electromagnetic field was described by the Maxwell equations and the finite element method was applied using a commercial package. The turbulent fluid flow was described by the Navier‐Stokes equation and by the Reynolds Stress model and the finite volume method was applied using another numerical package. The time average of the Lorentz force was calculated in each element center and this value was applied as a body force in the Navier‐Stokes equation. The magnetic flux density profile was compared with the data obtained in the stirrer of the steel plant. The particle transport model includes the drag force, the buoyancy force and the random walk model, to include the turbulence effects on the particle trajectory. The inclusion removal was calculated and analysed in function of casting speed and stirring current for one size section of mold. The inclusions considered in the calculations have a fixed density and four values of diameter. The numerical results of the electromagnetic model are in agreement with the experimental measurements. A good relationship between the electromagnetic model and the fluid flow model could be shown. An interesting effect is the break of the rotation motion due to the EMS by the jet from the nozzle. The fraction of inclusions removed by the top surface of the mold was improved due to the EMS.
Martensitic Transformation during Simultaneous High Temperature Forming and Cooling Experiments
Authors: Naderi Malek , Bleck Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

The main target of hot stamping is to combine accurate forming, low forming forces and high material strength in complex steel components. In the present study, the hot stamping process is simulated by means of simultaneous forming and quenching experiments. This is performed by uniaxial compression tests at high temperatures using a dilatometer. The effects of process parameters like strain, strain rate, initial deformation temperature, austenization time and applied forces on the martensitic transformation of the boron steel 27MnCrB5 are investigated. It is concluded that with increasing strain rate and initial deformation temperature, martensite content, hardness and martensite start temperature (Ms) are increased. On the contrary, when applying larger deformations, the above mentioned properties are decreased. It is also concluded that, regardless of the process parameters, higher applied forces retard the successful martensitic transformation during hot stamping.
Some Strengthening Methods for Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Karjalainen L.P. , Taulavuori T. , Sellman M. , Kyröläinen A.
Published: December 2016

Austenitic stainless steels possessing good corrosion resistance have recently found growing applications as a constructional material. In this instance, increasing strength properties, which are typically quite low, is of great interest. Due to the low stacking fault energy, strain hardening of alloyed austenite is efficient for increasing tensile strength without impairing ductility seriously. In addition, certain grades are unstable, so that cold working creates strain‐induced martensite that enhances strengthening. Grain size refinement to micrometer scale or even finer can also increase the yield strength, still providing good ductility. In the present paper dislocation and phase transformation strengthening and thereby properties achievable in temper rolled austenitic stainless steels are discussed. Strengthening by the reversion annealing is also described and excellent results achievable are shown. Finally, the effect of bake hardening through the static strain ageing is presented. Long‐term research work in various projects indicates that the current knowledge of strengthening of austenitic stainless steels is close to the industrial utilisation.
Sheet Formability and Performance of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Tague Cameron B. , Mataya Martin C. , Matlock David K. , Krauss George
Published: December 2016

The sheet formability of AISI Types 301, 304, and 305 stainless steels, ranked in order of increasing stability to strain‐induced martensite formation, was evaluated as a function of temperature between 15 and 60 °C. Forming limits spanning deep drawing, plane strain, and biaxial stretching strain states were determined by circle grid analysis of sheet specimens subjected to punch‐stretch testing at a constant punch displacement rate. Amounts of strain‐induced martensite were measured as a function of strain by magnetic measurement. Formability varied widely depending on test temperature and austenite stability, a result of temperature‐ and strain‐dependent formation of martensite that in some conditions was beneficial and in some conditions was detrimental to formability. These results are presented and discussed in detail.
Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Resulting Microstructure in a Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Knutsson Axel , Hedström Peter , Odén Magnus
Published: December 2016

The reverse martensitic transformation in cold‐rolled metastable austenitic stainless steel has been investigated via heat treatments performed for various temperatures and times. The microstructural evolution was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction and microscopy. Upon heat treatment, both diffusionless and diffusion‐controlled mechanisms determine the final microstructure. The diffusion reversion from α′‐martensite to austenite was found to be activated at about 450°C and the shear reversion is activated at higher temperatures with Af′ ~600°C. The resulting microstructure for isothermal heat treatment at 650°C was austenitic, which inherits the α′‐martensite lath morphology and is highly faulted. For isothermal heat treatments at temperatures above 700°C the faulted austenite was able to recrystallize and new austenite grains with a low defect density were formed. In addition, carbo‐nitride precipitation was observed for samples heat treated at these temperatures, which leads to an increasing Ms‐temperature and new α′‐martensite formation upon cooling.
Data‐driven Analysis of Sulfur Flows and Behaviour in the Blast Furnace
Authors: Helle Mikko , Saxén Henrik
Published: December 2016

Sulfur has for long been known as a problematic element for the quality of iron, but along with its accumulation it also causes physical problems in the blast furnace, so it is of central importance to safeguard its removal from the process. Sulfur‐related problems in the blast furnace were studied by applying a balance equation for the element at three industrial blast furnaces, tracking errors in the in‐ and outflows and estimating changes in the amount of accumulated sulfur. A hypothesis on the behaviour of sulfur in the process was proposed and supporting evidence of it was found through an analysis of dynamic phenomena in the hearth of one of the furnaces.
Influence of Vanadium on Grain Growth of Deformation Induced Ferrite in Low Carbon Steel during Continuous Cooling Process
Authors: WANG Kai , WANG Qiang , HE Jicheng , LIU Chunming
Published: December 2016

The effects of vanadium on the deformation induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) in low carbon steel during heavy deformation at the temperature slightly higher than Ar3 and on the coarsening of DIFT microstructure during the continuous cooling processes after deformation were investigated using a thermo‐simulator. The results show that vanadium has little effect on the volume fraction of DIFT microstructure under heavy deformation, whereas the deformation induced ferrite (DIF) grains are refined with increasing vanadium content. The steel containing a small amount of vanadium exhibits similar velocity of grain growth compared to vanadium free steel, while the vanadium remarkably inhibits grain growth in a steel containing a high amount of vanadium during the continuous cooling process. The diffusion activation energy of grain boundaries for all the tested steels is calculated and the influencing mechanism of vanadium on the grain growth during the continuous cooling process is discussed.
Study on Mechanism of Large Bubble Formation in Slab Continuous Casting Mould with Argon Blowing
Authors: ZHENG Shuguo , ZHU Miaoyong
Published: December 2016

A physical model was established to study the mechanism of large bubble formation in a slab continuous casting mould with argon blowing and the effects of operation parameters on it were investigated. The results show that there are two mechanisms of large bubble formation, (i) the aggregation mechanism of bubbles at the upper tip of the nozzle port exit and (ii) the aggregation mechanism of bubbles during the floating process. The former just exists for a certain water flowrate when the gas flowrate is bigger than a certain value, while the latter always exists. Furthermore, the optimal gas flowrate to restrain the large bubble formation was presented by the physical model.
Relative Influences of Aluminium and Silicon on the Kinetics of Bainite Formation from Intercritical Austenite
Authors: Mertens A. , Jacques P.J. , Sietsma J. , Delannay F.
Published: December 2016

Bainite formation from intercritical austenite is of great practical importance for the production of TRIP‐assisted steels. Silicon and aluminium play important roles during this transformation by delaying carbide precipitation, thus favouring the carbon enrichment of untransformed austenite, which makes its stabilisation down to room temperature possible. Previous studies have shown a strong dependence of bainite formation kinetics on both chemical composition and transformation temperature. In the present work, the effect of silicon and aluminium contents on bainite formation kinetics is investigated experimentally using dilatometry combined with microscopical observations. The experimental results are analysed by comparison with thermodynamic parameters, such as the activation energy G1 for nucleation of bainite and the carbon content Cto corresponding to the To‐curve. It is shown that the faster transformation kinetics induced by the substitution of silicon by aluminium can be ascribed (i) to a higher driving force for nucleation, (ii) to a higher carbon content Cto at the To‐curve and (iii) to the precipitation of carbide in austenite in steels with a low Al content.
Process Simulation of the Heating Phase during Conductive High‐Frequency Welding of Low‐Alloy Sheet‐Steel Blanks
Authors: Wesling Volker , Schram Antonia , Rekersdrees Tim , Wiche Henning
Published: December 2016

The objective of the present study is the defined intervention in the process and system technology for controlling the current, temperature, and compressive stress functions over the entire length of the weld during high‐frequency welding of locally hardened materials. Special objectives of this study are to determine and optimise the effects on locally hardened material zones. An effective technique for analytically determining the effect of the system technology (for instance, the design of the clamping devices) on the target parameters under investigation is the finite element method. As an example, one of the FEM models developed within the scope of the current project for determining the current density and temperature distribution in the welded components is described in the present article.
Dimensional Measurement by Projection of Locally Adapted Patterns
Authors: Denkena Berend , Acker Wolfram
Published: December 2016

High‐strength structure components can be obtained by using an advantageously designed geometry. Examples are bar frame structures or organically shaped parts. Such components are challenging to manufacture due to their complex shape. This motivates the design of a new system for the 100% quality control of the geometric properties of such structures. Firstly, different measurement approaches and their usability for the measurement of high‐strength structure components are discussed. Then an optimized solution is suggested. A pattern projection method is introduced where the patterns adapt locally to the measured surface. This technique takes care of the special properties of high‐strength structure components within the production process. The paper presents a method how to obtain a measuring speed that can cope with a high production frequency without breaking the flow of the parts. Furthermore, measuring can take place in an industrial environment because it is relatively tolerant to movements of a component being measured. Therefore, the measuring procedure is divided into two steps. Within the adaptation‐step the luminescence and the resolution of the projected pattern is adapted to the object to be measured. The actual picture is taken and calculated in a second step in order to be robust to vibrations. The result of this measuring procedure is an optimized point cloud of several million points. The paper concludes with a description of the data processing procedures necessary in order to evaluate the correctness of the measured structure.
Mental Health and Students at Risk
Authors: Goodwin Alan B.
Published: December 2016

This chapter addresses issues pertaining to students who are at risk, possibly due to a psychological disability. Some of the challenges institutions of higher education confront in addressing at‐risk students’ struggles are identified, with specific focus placed on risk management and evolving legal mandates. No content is intended to represent legal advice.
A highly accurate algorithm for SF6 leakage detection
Authors: Inami Hisao , Tatemi Masaru , Rokunohe Toshiaki , Hirose Makoto
Published: December 2016

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is widely used in high‐voltage applications such as gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) because of its excellent arc‐quenching properties. The main drawback of SF6 is that it is a strong greenhouse gas. Detecting small SF6 leakages in GIS is very important to protect the environment and to prevent the failure of aged GIS. To detect SF6 leakage, the gas pressure is measured and compensated by gas temperature. Usually, the temperature of the container surface is measured instead of the actual gas temperature. However, the temperature of the container surface is affected by ohmic heating of the internal components and by ambient temperature changes. These factors lead to a difference in temperature between the container surface and the gas inside the container, causing significant fluctuations in the compensated gas pressure. To remove such fluctuations, we have developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) transient model that simulates the correlation between the mean gas temperature inside the container and the container's surface temperature. The CFD simulation factors in the load current and ambient temperature to estimate the true temperature of the gas inside the container as accurately as possible. The mean gas temperature inside the container is obtained using CFD simulation and by measuring the surface temperature. The fluctuations in the compensated gas pressure were reduced from 2.4 to 0.48% by using the proposed algorithm based on pressure compensation with the mean gas temperature. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An input–output linearization algorithm‐based control for optimization of DFIG
Authors: Liu Zifa , He Zhenyou , Liao Kai , Luo Ya
Published: December 2016

This paper proposes an input–output linearization‐based active power control strategy to maximize the energy production of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The DFIG‐based wind turbine is a nonlinear system, and the nonlinear behavior will result in tracking errors. The proposed control strategy utilizing state feedback successfully deals with the nonlinear behavior existing in the WECS. Such a control will linearize the system input and output first. Then, the control loop and parameters can be designed by the linear system control algorithm. The simulations carried in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is effective and promising. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A genetic algorithm with local search using activity list characteristics for solving resource‐constrained multiproject scheduling problem
Authors: Okada Ikutaro , Weng Wei , Yang Wenbai , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we aim to solve the resource‐constrained multiproject scheduling problem (rc‐mPSP), in which more than one project are scheduled simultaneously, projects share global resources, and the average project delay and total project time are minimized as objectives. In order to solve this problem by a centralized scheduling method, we present a new genetic algorithm (GA) approach. In this procedure, we follow the GA described in Okada et al.. (2014) and improve its genetic operators, such as crossover and mutation, and local search so as to work better on rc‐mPSP. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the proposed approach, we compare the results of the computational experiment on certain standard project instances with the several competing decentralized methods and centralized methods presented in the literature. We show that our procedure is one of the most competitive among such algorithms. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of the fuel cell vehicle mirai
Authors: Nonobe Yasuhiro
Published: December 2016

The use of electricity and hydrogen is considered a promising way to help resolve environmental and energy‐related issues. Based on this concept, fuel cell (FC) vehicles (FCVs) have been developed with the aim of achieving their widespread adoption in the future. This article describes the technical challenge to be overcome in the actual production of FCs installed in FCV Mirai. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An overheating‐tolerant space vector modulation algorithm for multilevel inverters
Authors: Aly Mokhtar , Dousoky Gamal M. , Shoyama Masahito
Published: December 2016

As promising and suitable candidates for high‐power applications, multilevel inverters have become one of the most promising solutions in various applications. However, power switching devices are highly subjected to thermal overheating, which leads to shortened lifetime and reduced reliability. Thermal overheating may result from the degradation of power switching devices due to continuous overloading and power cycling. In addition, degradation and faults in the cooling system of power switching devices may cause thermal stresses as well. A new overheating‐tolerant space vector modulation algorithm is proposed in this paper to alleviate thermal stresses from overheated power switching device. The proposed algorithm relies on using the redundancy property between switching states in multilevel inverters to continuously evaluate a cost function of the junction temperature of the overheated device for all possible switching sequence sets and then selects the optimal switching sequence. In addition, the proposed algorithm preserves the DC‐link capacitor voltage without reduction in the output current of the inverter. The proposed algorithm is general, which can be applied to n‐level inverters. Both simulation and experimental results reveal the efficient performance of the proposed algorithm using a three‐level T‐type inverter as a case study. Accordingly, the lifetime and reliability of the inverter are enhanced considerably using the proposed algorithm. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle at the kilohertz band
Authors: Imura Takehiro , Yasuda Tomio , Oshima Kazunori , Nayuki Takuya , Sato Motoki , Oshima Atsushi
Published: December 2016

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has attracted considerable attention in recent years, and there have been numerous reports about this technology. This has led to ambiguity over the actual state of WPT technology for electrical vehicles (EV) in Japan. Therefore, this paper describes the WPT technology using the kilohertz band for EVs available in Japan. WPT requirement for EV, circuit topology, coil types, control method, component, foreign object detection, and dynamic charging in Japan are summarized in this study. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA extraction from microtissues of skeletal muscle by a microfluidic shredding chip
Authors: Hattori Koji , Wada Hiroaki , Makanae Yuhei , Fujita Satoshi , Konishi Satoshi
Published: December 2016

The loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) reduces involuntary human activity. To elucidate a mechanism for sarcopenia, the relationship between resistance exercise and gene expression in a muscle has been evaluated. In this paper, we report the development of a microfluidic shredding chip to achieve efficient RNA extraction from microtissues of skeletal muscle. The microfluidic shredding chip was fabricated from hard material and was given high‐pressure resistance. The harder microtissue of the skeletal muscle was shredded by permeation through a micropillar array with external forces and the chemical effect of a lysis buffer. The amount of total RNA in the samples increased by twofold because of the microfluidic shredding. The working principle of the microfluidic shredding chip can be widely applied for the extraction of nucleic acids from microtissue. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A 60‐GHz power amplifier design with on‐chip tunable load‐matching network and power detect in 90‐nm CMOS
Authors: Zheng Zonghua , Sun Lingling , Liu Jun
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a 60‐GHz power amplifier with on‐chip varactor‐based tunable load‐matching networks and an embedded DC temperature‐sensor‐based power detector. The output power can be monitored by the DC temperature sensor, and load‐matching network can be tuned by regulating the control voltage of the varactors, which can be used for correcting unpredictable process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations and load mismatch. Measured results show that the small‐signal gain of the CMOS power amplifier is up to 6.5 dB at 52 GHz. The power amplifier achieves 5 dBm output P1dB and 7 dBm saturated output power with 4.5% maximun power added efficiency (PAE) at 1 V control voltage. By sweeping the control voltage of the varactors, the power amplifier can obtain the maximun power gain, which can be used to solve the load mismatch. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Development of a High‐Impact Structure: Collaboration in a Service‐Learning Program
Authors: Flinders Brooke A. , Dameron Matthew , Kava Katherine
Published: December 2016

This chapter discusses a three‐tiered undergraduate service‐learning program as a collaborative leadership structure, incorporating high‐impact practices.
Four Positions of Leadership in Planning, Implementing, and Sustaining Faculty Learning Community Programs
Authors: Cox Milton D.
Published: December 2016

This chapter describes four new leadership areas in the development of faculty learning community programs and provides perspectives and resources that these leaders can use to engage their work.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Bernstein Jeffrey L. , Flinders Brooke A.
Published: December 2016

This chapter highlights central themes from the volume and suggests that collaboration—in the classroom, in the community, in a graduate program, or instituted across an entire campus—is an effective method to move our collective teaching and learning efforts forward.
Concussion reporting, sex, and conformity to traditional gender norms in young adults
Authors: Kroshus Emily , Baugh Christine M. , Stein Cynthia J. , Austin S. Bryn , Calzo Jerel P.
Published: December 2016

This study assessed whether between‐sex differences in concussion reporting intention and behavior among young adults are explained by the extent to which the individual conforms to traditional masculine norms that often characterize contemporary sport culture. A survey of college athletes in the United States (n = 328) found greater symptom reporting intention among females as compared to males, but no difference in their likelihood continued play while experiencing symptoms of a possible concussion. Greater conformity to the norms of risk‐taking was associated with greater likelihood of continued play while symptomatic among female athletes but not among male athletes. These findings suggest that gendered behavior, rather than biologically determined sex, is an important consideration for concussion safety in this age group. Addressing elements of the contemporary sport ethos that reinforce risk taking in service of athletic achievement may be a relevant direction for interventions aimed at improving injury reporting among all athletes.
Attitudes and Performance of Cardiologists Toward Sexual Issues in Cardiovascular Patients
Authors: Salehian Razieh , Khodaeifar Fatemeh , Naserbakht Morteza , Meybodi Azadeh
Published: December 2016

Introduction

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the attitudes and performance of cardiologists regarding sexual issues in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

A nationwide survey was conducted in a sample of cardiologists, representative of Iranian cardiologists, in 2015.

Main Outcome Measures

Appropriate questionnaires were developed and used to ask participants about their attitudes, performance, and barriers regarding discussing sexual issues with patients with cardiovascular disease.

Results

The study population consisted of 202 cardiologists (138 men and 63 women) with a mean age of 44.25 years (SD = 8.45). Overall, 93.15% of cardiologists agreed with the importance of discussing sexual issues with their patients with cardiovascular diseases. Almost 76.7% of cardiologists agreed they had a responsibility to deal with patients' sexual problems, and 79.9% of them were aware of the association of cardiovascular disease with sexual problems of cardiac patients, but only 33% of them were confident in their knowledge and skills in this regard. Only 10.6% of cardiologists reported they frequently or always assessed sexual problems with their patients, but 51.50% of them stated they were responding to patients' questions about sexual problems. There was a significant association between performance and responsibility.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate a gap between cardiologist's attitudes and their actual performance and that their professional responsibility to address patients' sexual issues is a significant parameter for better performance.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ZEROS OF THE DERIVATIVE OF SELBERG’S ZETA FUNCTION ASSOCIATED TO FINITE VOLUME RIEMANN SURFACES
Authors: JORGENSON JAY , SMAJLOVIĆ LEJLA
Published: December 2016

We study the distribution of zeros of the derivative of the Selberg zeta function associated to a noncompact, finite volume hyperbolic Riemann surface $M$. Actually, we study the zeros of $(Z_{M}H_{M})^{\prime }$, where $Z_{M}$ is the Selberg zeta function and $H_{M}$ is the Dirichlet series component of the scattering matrix, both associated to an arbitrary finite volume hyperbolic Riemann surface $M$. Our main results address finiteness of number of zeros of $(Z_{M}H_{M})^{\prime }$ in the half-plane $\operatorname{Re}(s)<1/2$, an asymptotic count for the vertical distribution of zeros, and an asymptotic count for the horizontal distance of zeros. One realization of the spectral analysis of the Laplacian is the location of the zeros of $Z_{M}$, or, equivalently, the zeros of $Z_{M}H_{M}$. Our analysis yields an invariant $A_{M}$ which appears in the vertical and weighted vertical distribution of zeros of $(Z_{M}H_{M})^{\prime }$, and we show that $A_{M}$ has different values for surfaces associated to two topologically equivalent yet different arithmetically defined Fuchsian groups. We view this aspect of our main theorem as indicating the existence of further spectral phenomena which provides an additional refinement within the set of arithmetically defined Fuchsian groups.
Salvific Dissolution: The Mystery of the Betrayal between the New Testament and theGospel of Judas
Authors: Cahana Jonathan
Published: December 2016

The recently discoveredGospel of Judashas created much controversy among scholars. While it is clear that Judas is liable for Jesus' crucifixion in this text, it is much debated whether his actions should be understood positively or negatively. This article suggests that focusing on how theGospel of Judasevaluates the salvific meaning of Jesus' crucifixion alongside the New Testament gospels and other early Christian writings may provide a key for solving this problem. In this way, theGospel of Judascan be seen as a rare attempt to unravel what Irenaeus aptly termed ‘the mystery of the betrayal’.
History as Renegade Politics: An Interview with Ann Laura Stoler
Authors: Kaur Amrit Dev , Ravensbergen Sanne
Published: December 2016

In May 2016, Professor Ann Laura Stoler visited Leiden University as the Spring 2016 Global Asia Scholar. On the last day of her stay, Amrit Dev and Sanne Ravensbergen—historians affiliated with the Leiden Humanities Faculty—met Stoler on a sunny terrace situated alongside one of the canals for a conversation about the developments in her scholarly work, career choices, sources of inspiration, and the motivations for doing history. Professor Ann Laura Stoler is Willy Brandt Distinguished University Professor of Anthropology and Historical Studies at The New School for Social Research in New York. She has published extensively on the colonial history of Indonesia and the sexual and racial epistemologies of imperial politics. Her recent research addresses how colonial histories matter and manifest in the world today.
The Recruitment, Training and Conflicts surrounding “Native teachers” in the Moravian Mission in the Danish West Indies in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hüsgen Jan
Published: December 2016

This article studies the role of indigenous teachers within the school system run by the Moravian mission in the Danish West Indies. The mission opened its first day schools for enslaved children in 1841 a few years before the abolition of slavery. The missionaries were reliant on the support of teachers of Afro-Caribbean origin, which were trained in one of the teacher training institutes run by the Mico-Charity Society. This article proposes that the recruitment of Afro-Caribbean teachers with different denominational backgrounds and professional education challenged the mission hierarchy. This will be pointed out by focusing on the recruitment and training of the teachers and by an analysis of their position within the mission society.
Between Utopia and Dystopia: Colonial Ambivalence and Early Modern Perception of Sápmi
Authors: Naum Magdalena
Published: December 2016

The northernmost regions of Fennoscandia attracted attention of travellers and geographers for centuries. These regions were often imagined in ambivalent terms as homelands of evil and dearth or as places of true happiness. From the seventeenth century onwards, Sápmi (Lapland) became a destination of regular exploration undertaken by Swedish and foreign travellers. These travels made it possible to verify, dismiss, or authorize all that what was previously only speculated about, and ultimately led to the construction of new sets of representations. This paper studies the modes of imagining Sápmi in early modern writing, explores how these were intertwined with state programs in the region, and how the rhetoric and ideological underpinnings of the representations authored by the domestic authors differed from the visions of Sápmi produced by contemporaneous foreign travellers.
Different operation regimes of cylindrical triode-type electron accelerator studied by PIC code simulations
Authors: Fetzer R. , An W. , Weisenburger A. , Mueller G.
Published: December 2016

The performance of the converging electron beam generated in cylindrical triodes is systematically studied by particle-in-cell code simulations. Depending on the cathode and grid potentials applied, different operation regimes are identified. For low voltages between cathode and grid, laminar flow and homogeneous beam energy density at the target (anode) is obtained. This applies both to the case of unipolar electron flow and to bipolar flow with counter-streaming ions. Hereby, the electron emission current is enhanced by about 50% for bipolar flow compared with unipolar flow. A further increase by about 20% is obtained when electron backscattering at the target is enhanced due to a change of target material from aluminum to tungsten. For cathode-grid voltages exceeding a critical value, laminar flow is replaced by non-laminar flow regimes. For unipolar electron beams, a virtual cathode forms between grid and target, which leads to an inhomogeneous power density at the target. For the specific geometry investigated and the cathode potential fixed at −120 kV, the cathode-grid voltage threshold for the formation of the virtual cathode is ~32 kV for Al targets and ~28 kV for W targets. For bipolar flow, the laminar flow regime already ends at cathode-grid voltages of ~23 kV (Al target) and ~20 kV (W target), respectively, and is replaced by magnetic insulation at the beam edge. For increasing cathode-grid voltage, the magnetically insulated region extends until beam pinching occurs.