bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical assessment of common or usual names to label cell‐based seafood products
Authors: Hallman William K. , Hallman William K.
Published: July 2020

An important consideration in the commercialization of cell‐based meat, poultry, and seafood is what common or usual name to use on package labels to meet U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. However, naming these products has been the subject of considerable debate. This study used a 3 × 10 between‐subjects online experiment involving a quota sample of 3,186 U.S. adult panel participants to test common or usual names using images of realistic packages of three types of seafood that a consumer might encounter in a supermarket. The terms tested were, “cell‐based seafood,” “cell‐cultured seafood,” “cultivated seafood,” and “cultured seafood” and the phrases, “produced using cellular aquaculture,” “cultivated from the cells of ____,” and “grown directly from the cells of ____,” where the blanks are filled by the name of the seafood product. Five criteria were used for evaluation, including each term's ability to: enable consumers to distinguish cell‐based seafood from wild and farmed fish, to signal potential allergenicity, be seen by consumers as an appropriate term to identify the product, not disparage either cell‐based or conventional products, and not evoke thoughts, images, or emotions that are inconsistent with the idea that the products are safe, healthy, and nutritious. The results showed that “cell‐based seafood” outperforms the other names tested. It enables consumers to recognize that the products are neither wild caught nor farm raised, signals potential allergenicity, is seen as an appropriate name for describing the technology/process, and it performs well with respect to measures of consumer acceptance, particularly in comparison to conventional products.

Practical Application

Creating consensus around a single common or usual name for cell‐based meat, poultry, and seafood products is clearly important both for regulatory reasons and for shaping public perceptions and understanding of the products that are labeled with it. Our findings suggest that “cell‐based” is the best common or usual name for seafood products that both meets FDA regulatory requirements and performs well with respect to potential consumer acceptance. Consistent use of this term by industry, advocates, and regulators would help orient consumers to what is likely to be a transformational food technology.
Effectiveness and safety of endothelin receptor antagonists, alone and in combination therapy, in the pulmonary arterial hypertension‐connective tissue disease subtype: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shivakumar Senthuran , Thynne Tilenka R. , Mohammadi Leila , Burdeniuk Christine , Mangoni Arduino A.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

There is limited information regarding the effectiveness of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) in patients with connective tissue disease‐pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD‐PAH), a condition that is characterized by poorer clinical outcomes compared to other PAH subtypes.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effectiveness and safety of ERA in CTD‐PAH.

Methods

A literature search, using MEDLINE, COCHRANE, CINAHL and EMBASE databases was conducted, from inception to May 2019 to identify randomized control studies of ERA, as monotherapy or in combination with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), in CTD‐PAH. A protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019136956). Efficacy outcomes, including the 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) and composite clinical failure endpoints (CFE), and safety outcomes were evaluated.

Results

A total of 13 studies, including 784 CTD‐PAH participants, were identified. ERA, as monotherapy, did not reduce the risk of CFE compared to placebo (odds ratio [OR] 0.77, 95% CI 0.50‐1.19, P = .25). By contrast, combination therapy (ERA + PDE5i) significantly reduced the risk of developing CFE vs monotherapy (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32‐0.90, P = .02). 6MWD did not improve when comparing monotherapy vs placebo (+17.41 m; 95% CI −19.83‐54.66) P = .36) or combination therapy vs monotherapy (+13.17 m; 95% CI −16.44‐42.78, P = .38). ERA‐related adverse events rates in CTD‐PAH and general PAH cohorts were comparable.

Conclusions

ERA, when used in combination with PDE5is, are associated with reduced risk of CFE, but no significant changes in 6MWD, in CTD‐PAH. This warrants further studies investigating early combination therapy as a standard of care in this group.
Quantitative analysis of endobronchial ultrasound elastography in computed tomography‐negative mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes
Authors: Uchimura Keigo , Yamasaki Kei , Sasada Shinji , Hara Sachika , Ikushima Issei , Chiba Yosuke , Tachiwada Takashi , Kawanami Toshinori , Yatera Kazuhiro
Published: July 2020

Background

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) elastography assists in the differentiation of benign and malignant lymph nodes (LNs) during transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA). However, previous studies have not compared B‐mode sonographic images (BSIs) and EBUS elastography images (EEIs) with final pathological diagnoses in radiologically normal‐sized (computed tomography [CT]‐negative) LNs.

Methods

Consecutive patients with CT‐negative LNs, who received EBUS‐TBNA, were retrospectively reviewed. Images of BSIs and EEIs of each LN were stored and independently evaluated. EEIs were assessed by calculating the stiffness area ratio (SAR, blue/overall areas). The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to calculate the cutoff value for the SAR. Diagnostic test parameters were evaluated for each EBUS finding.

Results

A total of 132 patients (149 LNs) were enrolled, and the median SAR of malignant LNs was significantly higher than that of benign LNs (0.58 vs. 0.32, P < 0.001). At the SAR cutoff of 0.41, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy rate (DAR) of elastography were 88.2%, 80.2%, 78.9%, 89.0%, and 83.9%, respectively. The logistic regression analysis showed that elastography was the strongest predictor of malignancy (odds ratio, 18.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.48–52.6; P < 0.001). The highest NPV (96.6%) was achieved with a combination of BSIs and EEIs.

Conclusions

EBUS elastography predicted malignant LNs with a high DAR and NPV in CT‐negative LNs. The NPV was highest when EEIs were combined with BSIs. Therefore, the combined evaluation of CT‐negative LNs using EEIs and BSIs may help bronchoscopists perform EBUS‐TBNA more efficiently.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

Endobronchial ultrasound elastography accurately predicted malignancy with a high diagnostic accuracy rate and negative predictive value in radiologically normal‐sized lymph nodes. The additional use of B‐mode sonographic features resulted in a higher negative predictive value.

What this study adds

Endobronchial ultrasound elastography can guide the accurate collection of specimens with transbronchial needle aspiration, even in radiologically normal‐sized lymph nodes. It can also readily distinguish benign and malignant lymph nodes, thus avoiding unnecessary punctures.
Case Baiting
Authors: Kisska‐Schulze Kathryn , Ciocchetti Corey , Flick Ralph
Published: July 2020

In 2014, New Jersey passed the Sports Wagering Act, permitting sports betting at state casino and racetrack venues, in direct conflict with the federal Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act. In 2017, South Dakota passed Senate Bill 106, requiring that certain e‐commerce retailers collect and remit sales tax, in violation of federal law. The two U.S. Supreme Court decisions arising from challenges to these state statutes—South Dakota v. Wayfair and Murphy v. NCAA—exemplify U.S. Supreme Court “case baiting.” Case baiting is a tactic states implement to challenge federal directives by passing state legislation that directly conflicts with federal law to lure the Court into granting certiorari and ruling in their favor. This article argues that South Dakota's and New Jersey's triumphs pave the way for other jurisdictions to pursue similar strategies across multiple legal issues such as abortion restrictions and immigration law. In addition, this article suggests that case baiting invites further scholarly exploration of important policy considerations, including the use of this tactic as a novel approach to the application of law and strategy, whether case baiting promotes the Court's progression toward a more quasi‐legislative role, and whether passing conflict legislation violates state legislators’ oaths of office.
The SIRT6 activator MDL‐800 improves genomic stability and pluripotency of old murine‐derived iPS cells
Authors: Chen Yu , Chen Jiayu , Sun Xiaoxiang , Yu Jiayu , Qian Zhen , Wu Li , Xu Xiaojun , Wan Xiaoping , Jiang Ying , Zhang Jian , Gao Shaorong , Mao Zhiyong
Published: July 2020

Cellular reprogramming is an emerging strategy for delaying the aging processes. However, a number of challenges, including the impaired genome integrity and decreased pluripotency of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from old donors, may hinder their potential clinical applications. The longevity gene, Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), functions in multiple biological processes such as the maintenance of genome integrity and the regulation of somatic cell reprogramming. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that MDL‐800, a recently developed selective SIRT6 activator, improved genomic stability by activating two DNA repair pathways—nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and base excision repair (BER) in old murine‐derived iPSCs. More interestingly, we found that pretreating old murine iPSCs, which normally exhibit a restricted differentiation potential, with MDL‐800 promoted the formation of teratomas comprised of all three germ layers and robustly stimulated chimera generation. Our findings suggest that pharmacological activation of SIRT6 holds great promise in treating aging‐associated diseases with iPSC‐based cell therapy.
Corporate tax effects of economic policy uncertainty
Authors: Kang Wensheng , Wang Jing
Published: July 2020

We show consistent results that corporate cash tax burden within a year rises when economic policy uncertainty heightens using aggregate‐level data. Time‐varying tax effects of policy uncertainty are gradual and take time to induce corporate precautionary motives to engage in cash tax saving in the long run. Firm‐level analysis confirms that the tax effects of policy uncertainty are asymmetric and depend on underlying sources of monetary/fiscal policy uncertainty. The contemporaneous effect of monetary policy uncertainty on the cash effective tax rate is positive, whereas fiscal policy uncertainty shows a one‐year delayed negative effect on the cash effective tax rate.
Dental extraction in a patient with undiagnosed Von Willebrand’s Disease: a case report
Authors: Baghaie H , Forrest B , Shukla K , Liu T
Published: July 2020

Dental extractions are a common part of general dental practice. While dentists routinely screen for medical contraindications during the preoperative assessment, undiagnosed coagulopathies have the potential to severely complicate a seemingly routine extraction. We report a case of surgical removal of a mandibular third molar in a patient with undiagnosed Von Willebrand Disease.
Above‐ and below‐ground assessment of carabid community responses to crop type and tillage
Authors: Jowett Kelly , Milne Alice E. , Garrett Dion , Potts Simon G. , Senapathi Deepa , Storkey Jonathan
Published: July 2020

Carabid beetles are major predators in agro‐ecosystems. The composition of their communities within crop environments governs the pest control services they provide. An understudied aspect is the distribution of predacious carabid larvae in the soil.

We used novel subterranean trapping with standard pitfall trapping, within a multi‐crop rotation experiment, to assess the responses of above‐ and below‐ground carabid communities to management practices.

Crop and trap type significantly affected pooled carabid abundance with an interaction of the two, the highest numbers of carabids were caught in subterranean traps in barley under sown with grass.

Trap type accounted for the most variance observed in carabid community composition, followed by crop.

Tillage responses were only apparent at the species level for three of the eight species modelled.

Responses to crop type varied by species. Most species had higher abundance in under‐sown barley, than grass, wheat and barley. Crop differences were greater in the subterranean trap data. For predaceous larvae, standard pitfalls showed lowest abundances in under‐sown barley, yet subterranean traps revealed abundances to be highest in this crop.

Comprehensive estimation of ecosystem services should incorporate both above‐ and below‐ground community appraisal, to inform appropriate management.
Bayesian Gaussian distributional regression models for more efficient norm estimation
Authors: Voncken Lieke , Kneib Thomas , Albers Casper J. , Umlauf Nikolaus , Timmerman Marieke E.
Published: July 2020

A test score on a psychological test is usually expressed as a normed score, representing its position relative to test scores in a reference population. These typically depend on predictor(s) such as age. The test score distribution conditional on predictors is estimated using regression, which may need large normative samples to estimate the relationships between the predictor(s) and the distribution characteristics properly. In this study, we examine to what extent this burden can be alleviated by using prior information in the estimation of new norms with Bayesian Gaussian distributional regression. In a simulation study, we investigate to what extent this norm estimation is more efficient and how robust it is to prior model deviations. We varied the prior type, prior misspecification and sample size. In our simulated conditions, using a fixed effects prior resulted in more efficient norm estimation than a weakly informative prior as long as the prior misspecification was not age dependent. With the proposed method and reasonable prior information, the same norm precision can be achieved with a smaller normative sample, at least in empirical problems similar to our simulated conditions. This may help test developers to achieve cost‐efficient high‐quality norms. The method is illustrated using empirical normative data from the IDS‐2 intelligence test.
Antihypertensive activity and molecular interactions of irbesartan in complex with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Leonis Georgios , Christodoulou Eirini , Ntountaniotis Dimitrios , Chatziathanasiadou Maria V. , Mavromoustakos Thomas , Naziris Nikolaos , Chountoulesi Maria , Demetzos Costas , Valsami Georgia , Damalas Dimitrios E. , Tzakos Andreas G. , Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Karageorgos Vlasios , Liapakis Georgios
Published: July 2020

Irbesartan (IRB) exerts beneficial effects either alone or in combination with other drugs on numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. However, due to its high lipophilicity, IRB does not possess the optimum pharmacological efficiency. To circumvent this problem, a drug delivery system with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (2‐HP‐β‐CD) was explored. The 1:1 complex between IRB and 2‐HP‐β‐CD was identified through ESI QTF HRMS. Dissolution studies showed a higher dissolution rate of the lyophilized IRB–2‐HP‐β‐CD complex than the tablet containing IRB at pH = 1.2. DSC results revealed the differences of the thermal properties between the complex and various mixtures consisting of the two components, namely IRB and 2‐HP‐β‐CD. Interestingly, depending on the way the mixture preparation was conducted, different association between the two components was observed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations predicted the favorable formation of the above complex and identified the dominant interactions between IRB and 2‐HP‐β‐CD.In vitropharmacological results verified that the inclusion complex not only preserves the binding affinity of IRB for AT1R receptor, but also it slightly increases it. As the complex formulation lacks the problems of the tablet, our approach is a promising new way to improve the efficiency of IRB.
A new house dust mite–driven and mast cell–activated model of asthma in the guinea pig
Authors: Ramos‐Ramírez Patricia , Noreby Malin , Liu Jielu , Ji Jie , Abdillahi Suado M. , Olsson Henric , Dahlén Sven‐Erik , Nilsson Gunnar , Adner Mikael
Published: July 2020

Background

Animal models are extensively used to study underlying mechanisms in asthma. Guinea pigs share anatomical, pharmacological and physiological features with human airways and may enable the development of a pre‐clinical in vivo model that closely resembles asthma.

Objectives

To develop an asthma model in guinea pigs using the allergen house dust mite (HDM).

Methods

Guinea pigs were intranasally sensitized to HDM which was followed by HDM challenges once weekly for five weeks. Antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction (AIB) was evaluated as alterations in Rn (Newtonian resistance), G (tissue damping) and H (tissue elastance) at the first challenge with forced oscillation technique (FOT), and changes in respiratory pattern upon each HDM challenge were assessed as enhanced pause (Penh) using whole‐body plethysmography. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured one day after the last challenge by FOT. Inflammatory cells and cytokines were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and HDM‐specific immunoglobulins were measured in serum by ELISA. Airway pathology was evaluated by conventional histology.

Results

The first HDM challenge after the sensitization generated a marked increase in Rn and G, which was abolished by pharmacological inhibition of histamine, leukotrienes and prostanoids. Repeated weekly challenges of HDM caused increase of Penh and a marked increase in airway hyperresponsiveness for all three lung parameters (Rn, G and H) and eosinophilia. Levels of IgE, IgG1, IgG2 and IL‐13 were elevated in HDM‐treated guinea pigs. HDM exposure induced infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airways with a pronounced increase of mast cells. Subepithelial collagen deposition, airway wall thickness and goblet cell hyperplasia were induced by repeated HDM challenge.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Repeated intranasal HDM administration induces mast cell activation and hyperplasia together with an asthma‐like pathophysiology in guinea pigs. This model may be suitable for mechanistic investigations of asthma, including evaluation of the role of mast cells.
Corrigendum of Zhao et al. (2020): a revised infrageneric classification of Lepisorus (Polypodiaceae)
Authors: Zhao Cun‐Feng , Wei Ran , Zhang Xian‐Chun
Published: July 2020

Here, we publish Lepisorus sect. Paragramma (Blume) C.F. Zhao, R. Wei & X.C. Zhang as a combinatio nova to replace the section name in Zhao et al. (2020), which was published as a status nova and turned out to be an invalid name, because we cited an incorrect basionym. A revised infrageneric classification of Lepisorus also is proposed.
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: A 24‐year, single‐center, retrospective cohort study from Turkey
Authors: Özkaya Esen , Kılıç Sayar Sıla , Babuna Kobaner Goncagül , Pehlivan Gizem
Published: July 2020

Background

Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) and MI allergy caused a global epidemic during the period 2010 to 2015, reaching its peak in 2013/14.

Objective

To investigate the characteristics of MCI/MI and MI allergy in Turkey over 24 years.

Methods

A total of 2310 patients patch tested between 1996 and 2019 with MCI/MI 0.01% aq. or MCI/MI 0.02% aq., with or without MI 0.2% aq., were analyzed.

Results

The overall prevalence of contact sensitization was 3.3% (n = 77) with a peak level of 16.4% in 2015. The prevalence gradually decreased thereafter, but was still high (6.5%) in 2019. Seventy‐three patients had clinically relevant sensitizations. MI could detect clinically relevant sensitizations in all seven patients with a negative patch test reaction to MCI/MI 0.02%. Non‐occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was most frequently seen, mainly in women, with hand/face eczema from rinse‐off or leave‐on cosmetics, such as wet wipes. Occupational ACD was mainly seen among men with airborne eczema from wall paints in house painters, or with hand eczema from hair gel/wax in men's barbers.

Conclusions

The prevalence of MCI/MI and MI sensitization in Turkey following the peak in 2015 is still high. This is probably due to the currently allowed level of 100 ppm for MI in rinse‐off cosmetics. This needs to be urgently reduced.
Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction Increases the Risk of New‐Onset Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Cho Jaelim , Scragg Robert , Pandol Stephen J. , Petrov Maxim S.
Published: July 2020

It is well established that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) may develop exocrine pancreatic dysfunction (EPD) requiring pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, whereas the converse relationship has been poorly studied. Pancreatitis is a disease that is well suited to investigate the latter as it is often characterized by the development of EPD and/or new‐onset DM. The aim was to investigate the association between EPD and the risk of new‐onset DM in individuals after the first attack of pancreatitis. Using nationwide pharmaceutical dispensing data and hospital discharge data, this cohort study included a total of 9,124 post‐pancreatitis individuals. EPD was defined as having two or more dispensing records of pancreatic enzymes. Considering EPD as a time‐dependent variable, multivariable Cox regression analysis was conducted. A 1‐year lag period between EPD and DM was introduced to minimize reverse causality. Age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, social deprivation index, Charlson comorbidity index, and use of proton pump inhibitors were adjusted for. In the overall cohort, EPD was associated with a significantly higher risk for new‐onset DM (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.83; 95% confidence interval, 2.37–6.18). The association remained statistically significant when a 1‐year lag period was applied (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–4.58), as well as when the analysis was constrained to mild acute pancreatitis (4.65; 2.18–9.93). The findings suggest that individuals with EPD, even those without extensive mechanistic destruction of the pancreas, are at an increased risk for new‐onset DM. Purposely designed studies are warranted to investigate mechanisms behind the association and if the mechanisms could be targeted therapeutically.
Diagnostic accuracy of Augurix COVID‐19 IgG serology rapid test
Authors: Andrey Diego O. , Cohen Patrick , Meyer Benjamin , Torriani Giulia , Yerly Sabine , Mazza Lena , Calame Adrien , Arm‐Vernez Isabelle , Guessous Idris , Stringhini Silvia , Roux‐Lombard Pascale , Fontao Lionel , Agoritsas Thomas , Stirnemann Jerôme , Reny Jean‐Luc , Siegrist Claire‐Anne , Eckerle Isabella , Kaiser Laurent , Vuilleumier Nicolas ,   for the Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases
Published: July 2020

Aims

To validate the diagnostic accuracy of the Augurix SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG rapid immunoassay diagnostic test (RDT) for COVID‐19.

Methods

In this unmatched 1:1 case‐control study, blood samples from 46 real‐time RT‐PCR–confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 hospitalized cases and 45 healthy donors (negative controls) were studied. Diagnostic accuracy of the IgG RDT was assessed against both an in‐house recombinant spike‐expressing immunofluorescence assay (rIFA), as an established reference method (primary endpoint), and the Euroimmun SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (secondary endpoint).

Results

COVID‐19 patients were more likely to be male (61% vs 20%; P = .0001) and older (median 66 vs 47 years old; P < .001) than controls. Whole blood IgG‐RDT results showed 86% and 93% overall Kendall concordance with rIFA and IgG ELISA, respectively. IgG RDT performances were similar between plasma and whole blood. Overall, RDT sensitivity was 88% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 70‐96), specificity 98% (95%CI: 90‐100), PPV 97% (95%CI: 80‐100) and NPV 94% (95%CI: 84‐98). The IgG‐RDT carried out from 0 to 6 days, 7 to 14 days and > 14 days after the SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR test displayed 30%, 73% and 100% positivity rates in the COVID‐19 group, respectively. When considering samples taken >14 days after RT‐PCR diagnosis, NPV was 100% (95%CI:90‐100), and PPV was 100% (95%CI:72‐100).

Conclusions

The Augurix IgG‐RDT done in whole blood displays a high diagnostic accuracy for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG in high COVID‐19 prevalence settings, where its use could be considered in the absence of routine diagnostic serology facilities.
The McGill‐Mouse‐Miniscope platform: A standardized approach for high‐throughput imaging of neuronal dynamics during behavior
Authors: Mosser Coralie‐Anne , Haqqee Zeeshan , Nieto‐Posadas Andrés , Murai Keith K. , Stifani Stefano , Williams Sylvain , Brandon Mark P.
Published: July 2020

Understanding the rules that govern neuronal dynamics throughout the brain to subserve behavior and cognition remains one of the biggest challenges in neuroscience research. Recent technical advances enable the recording of increasingly larger neuronal populations to produce increasingly more sophisticated datasets. Despite bold and important open‐science and data‐sharing policies, these datasets tend to include unique data acquisition methods, behaviors, and file structures. Discrepancies between experimental protocols present key challenges in comparing data between laboratories and across different brain regions and species. Here, we discuss our recent efforts to create a standardized and high‐throughput research platform to address these issues. The McGill‐Mouse‐Miniscope (M3) platform is an initiative to combine miniscope calcium imaging with standardized touchscreen‐based animal behavioral testing. The goal is to curate an open‐source and standardized framework for acquiring, analyzing, and accessing high‐quality data of the neuronal dynamics that underly cognition throughout the brain in mice, marmosets, and models of disease. We end with a discussion of future developments and a call for users to adopt this standardized approach.
Rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: A scoping review
Authors: Kose Eiji , Wakabayashi Hidetaka
Published: July 2020

Many patients in rehabilitation facilities are affected by polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is associated with rehabilitation outcomes and functional recovery. Consequently, a combination of rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy may improve the outcomes of older people undergoing rehabilitation. A recent report described the concept of rehabilitation pharmacotherapy. The concept envisages helping frail older people and people with disabilities to achieve the highest possible body function, activity level and quality of life. There are two key tenets of rehabilitation pharmacotherapy: “pharmacotherapy in consideration of rehabilitation” and “rehabilitation in consideration of pharmacotherapy.” “Pharmacotherapy in consideration of rehabilitation” includes use of drugs to treat impairment, activity limitation and participation restriction based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. “Rehabilitation in consideration of pharmacotherapy” refers to tailoring of rehabilitation considering the content of pharmacotherapy. With respect to drugs and motor dysfunction, anticholinergic drugs are associated with dysphagia and fractures. Increased use of potentially inappropriate medications may adversely affect the nutritional status. With respect to activities of daily living, polypharmacy and use of potentially inappropriate medications negatively affect the improvement in motor function during rehabilitation. Potent anticholinergic drugs are more likely to impede the improvement in cognitive function. In this review, we address the concept of rehabilitation pharmacotherapy and discuss its importance from the perspective of polypharmacy, the effect of drugs on disability and disease, nutritional status and activities of daily living. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: –.
How to keep up to date with medical information using web‐based resources: a systematised review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Bougioukas Konstantinos I. , Bouras Emmanouil C. , Avgerinos Konstantinos I. , Dardavessis Theodore , Haidich Anna‐Bettina
Published: July 2020

Background

Keeping up to date with the latest medical information using Web‐based resources has been sparsely described, and a comprehensive up‐to‐date review is needed.

Objectives

To summarise the Web‐based ‘channels’ that may assist the actors of the health care system (clinicians, medical researchers and students) to keep up to date with medical information.

Methods

We searched PubMed and Scopus for English language articles published between January 1990 and February 2019 that investigated ways for keeping up with medical information. We used the results from our search and relevant information from other sources to conduct a narrative synthesis.

Results

We found that resources that push information (e.g. web alerts, medical newsletters, listservs), resources that rely on the active information seeking (e.g. access to health librarians and electronic databases, podcasts, mobile apps), collaborative resources (e.g. web conferences, online journal clubs, web social media) and resources that synthesise information (e.g. bibliometrics, living systematic reviews) can contribute in keeping up with new findings and can enhance evidence‐based medicine. Clinicians, medical researchers and students can benefit from the proper use of such Internet‐based technological innovations.

Conclusion

Internet provides many resources that can help the actors of the health care system stay up to date with the latest scientific findings.
Head to head: should the intraductal component of invasive prostate cancer be graded?
Authors: Varma Murali , Epstein Jonathan I
Published: July 2020

The reporting of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP) is controversial, with conflicting recommendations having recently been published by the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) and the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS). Both recommend that isolated (pure) IDCP should not be graded. However, the ISUP recommends incorporating the IDCP component of invasive prostate cancer in the Gleason score, whereas the GUPS recommends reporting IDCP as a comment, independently of the Gleason score. The arguments for and against incorporating the IDCP component of invasive prostate cancer in the Gleason score are discussed in detail.
Electricity awareness and consumer demand for information
Authors: Trotta Gianluca
Published: July 2020

With the envisioned growth in the residential electricity demand and increased share of intermittent renewables in the supply mix, consumers will need to be better informed about their electricity consumption and to play an active role in managing their electricity use. However, consumer inattention and lack of information are ubiquitous, especially in household energy‐related settings. Thus, using a novel survey and actual monthly electricity consumption data, this study set out to measure the level of awareness about electricity bills, prices and costs among some Finnish households—as captured by the answers to six questions—and to investigate whether higher levels of “electricity awareness” are associated with electricity savings. In addition, this study analyses the willingness to receive extra information about energy consumption and savings and how it differs between “electricity aware” and “electricity unaware” respondents. The results indicate low levels of “electricity awareness” among the respondents of the survey. Compared to the respondents with little knowledge about electricity bills, prices and costs, the respondents with higher levels of “electricity awareness” tend to consume less electricity. Higher levels of awareness about electricity use and consumption might “materialize” inconspicuous consumption patterns, as opposed to more general facts about the largely invisible environmental consequences of everyday practices. More than two‐thirds of the total number of respondents would like to receive additional information about energy consumption and how to save energy. However, there exists a significant portion of “electricity unaware” respondents who are not only unwilling to receive such information, but are also unaware of their own knowledge deficits. To maximize the impact of any information strategy, decision makers should attempt to engage with this type of consumer; by becoming more aware of their knowledge deficits, people might become more receptive to information that can benefit them.
Share repurchases and market signaling: Evidence from earnings management
Authors: Chen Ni‐Yun , Liu Chi‐Chun
Published: July 2020

Firms may repurchase shares to send true or false signals to the market. Since the mindset of managers is invisible, we measure it with earnings management. Discretionary accruals are used to proxy for earnings management. We show that earnings management is negatively related to the probability and frequency of share repurchase announcements. We also show that earnings management is negatively related to postannouncement 2‐year operating performance and stock returns. Our findings support the prediction that the magnitude of earnings management can serve as a reliable indicator of managers' mindsets with regard to the valuation of firms.
Is an M&A self‐dealing? Evidence on international and domestic acquisitions and CEO compensation
Authors: Choi Jongmoo Jay , Genc Omer F. , Ju Ming
Published: July 2020

We examine the effect of international acquisitions on CEO compensation for US firms from 1995 to 2016 using both domestic acquisition and no acquisition firms as benchmarks. We find that acquisitions lead to a greater increase in CEO compensation (especially incentive‐based compensation), which is consistent with agency theory and inconsistent with stewardship or reputation theory. We also find that international acquisitions lead to a greater increase in CEO incentive‐based compensation than domestic acquisitions, supporting matching theory given that international acquisitions are larger and more complex to manage. Additionally, we document that CEO tenure has a positive effect on CEO compensation, whereas firm relatedness has a negative effect on post‐acquisition CEO compensation. This is the first study of its type based on comprehensive data, and it contributes to our understanding of the role of international and domestic acquisitions in CEO compensation.
Buccal bone thickness of maxillary anterior teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tsigarida Alexandra , Toscano Jeremy , de Brito Bezerra Beatriz , Geminiani Alessandro , Barmak Abdul B. , Caton Jack , Papaspyridakos Panos , Chochlidakis Konstantinos
Published: July 2020

Aim

To systematically review buccal bone thickness (BBT) in the anterior maxilla in different teeth, age groups and genders.

Materials and Methods

PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched up to April 2020. Clinical and radiographic studies reporting on BBT of maxillary anterior teeth, with at least 10 patients, were included. A meta‐analysis was performed using random effect models to report differences of BBT.

Results

50 studies were included. Using bone crest (BC) as a reference point, no significant differences were found in BBT between different tooth types, except for 0.16 mm (95%‐CI: 0.02–0.30) increased mid‐root thickness of premolars compared to canines. Using the CEJ as a reference point, canines presented with a significantly increased thickness of 0.32 mm (95%‐CI: 0.11–0.54) coronally compared to laterals. When BC was used as reference, males demonstrated a significantly increased thickness of 0.21 mm (95%‐CI: 0.15–0.27) apically, while middle‐aged adults showed a 0.06 mm (95%‐CI: −0.12, −0.01) statistically significant increase in the coronal level compared to older adults.

Conclusions

Few maxillary anterior teeth have BBT greater than 1 mm. Buccal bone tends to get thicker from a coronal to apical position along the root surface and from an anterior to posterior position in the arch.
Modeling of drying and rehydration kinetics ofRosa pimpinellifoliafruits: Toward formulation and optimization of a new tea with high antioxidant properties
Authors: Pashazadeh Hojjat , Zannou Oscar , Koca Ilkay
Published: July 2020

Rosa pimpinellifoliais the black of rosehips having many uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The modeling of drying and rehydration kinetics of the fruits as well as the optimization of preparation conditions of a new tea was investigated. Empirical models were applied to predict the drying and rehydration behaviors ofR. pimpinellifoliafruits. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the tea preparation together with antioxidant properties. The analysis of drying behavior of the fruits revealed that they dried faster at higher temperatures (70–90°C/1.75 m/s); however, the antioxidant properties were most preserved at 70°C. Midilli model was the best‐fitted model describing the drying kinetic of the fruits. The rehydration capacity was more effective at 60°C compared to 20 and 40°C. Peleg, Vega‐Gálvez, and Weibull models depicted better the rehydration behavior of these fruits. The teas were prepared with the fruits dried that 70°C/1.75 m/s since they displayed the highest antioxidant properties. The optimum conditions were 15 min decoction time and 1.5 g solid‐to‐liquid ratio. Higher antioxidant properties were observed inR. pimpinellifoliatea when compared to fresh and dried fruit. These findings showed thatR. pimpinellifoliafruits are valuables as an industrial product.

Practical Applications

The drying conditions to have a dried fruit with high antioxidant properties were determined. The dried food is afforded in off‐seasons. Mathematical models were successfully applied to describe the drying and rehydration kinetics ofR. pimpinellifolia. Midilli model was the most fitted model to predict the drying kinetics ofR. pimpinellifolia. Peleg, Vega‐Gálvez, and Weibull models depicted better the rehydration kinetics ofR. pimpinellifoliaat 20, 40, and 60°C. A new fruit tea was formulated from the dried fruits. This tea is a functional food having great antioxidant properties.
Shifting Cultivation in Amazonia's Middle Grounds: Propagating Connections Across Eco‐Political‐Economic Landscapes
Authors: Conklin Beth A.
Published: July 2020

Este ensayo reflete sobre o conceito de meio‐termo e como se aplica às oportunidades e limitações criadas quando os interesses ambientais e indígenas na Amazônia se alinharam. O equilíbrio relativo de poder e as percepções de benefício mútuo que tornam possível um meio‐termo possibilitaram a alavancagem das causas nativas nos níveis nacional e internacional, mas tiveram efeitos diferentes nas comunidades onde o extrativismo e as organizações ambientais são fontes primárias de subsistência. Os estudos de caso nesta edição especial destacam as aspirações das pessoas rurais em cultivar apoio sustentado de pessoas de fora poderosas. Os desejos por dependência são antitéticos à política baseada em objetivos de independência econômica e autonomia indígena, mas contribuem para repensar a suposição de que o trabalho assalariado, e independência, e autoconfiança são objetivos universais. O desafio para os antropólogos é tornar inteligíveis os entendimentos alternativos da sociabilidade, do cuidado, e da dependência nessas conversas emergentes.
Inclusive Education Definitions and Practices: Exploring Perspectives of Education Professionals in Mexico City
Authors: Francis Grace Lavín , Lavin Carlos E. , Sanchez Jessica , Reed Alexandra S. , Mason Linda
Published: July 2020

Inclusive education (IE) is globally recognized as instrumental in facilitating equity and quality education for all students. However, despite literature documenting positive outcomes associated with IE, IE definitions and strategies vary and are not well researched in countries such as Mexico that are in the early stages of adopting IE policies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how professionals working at schools that identified themselves as “inclusive” in Mexico City, Mexico defined IE and implemented IE. Findings indicated that participants defined or described IE in several ways, including physical and educational access, socialization, personal development, equality among students, and a paradigm that requires constant reflection. Participants also described numerous IE strategies related to school culture, high expectations, administrative support, professional development, collaboration, student evaluation, accommodations and modifications, paraprofessional support, and parent involvement. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Treatment of urinary incontinence in a cat with genitourinary dysplasia using an urethral sphincter occluder
Authors: Fournet A. , Maurey C. , Decambron A. , Viateau V. , Manassero M.
Published: July 2020

A 2‐year‐old spayed female Maine Coon presented with urinary incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infection since 2 months of age. Clinical examination was unremarkable. Ultrasonography, CT and cystourethroscopy revealed urogenital abnormalities consistent with genitourinary dysplasia. Urethral pressure profilometry suggested urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Surgical placement of an artificial urethral sphincter occluder was performed. Mild decrease of urinary incontinence was observed 6 weeks postoperatively. Inflation of the occluder under urethral pressure profilometry was subsequently performed and resolved the incontinence. This is the first report to describe the use of urodynamic testing at the time of inflation of an artificial urethral sphincter occluder to adjust the degree of urethral occlusion.
Clinical features and outcome of functional thyroid tumours in 70 dogs
Authors: Scharf V. F. , Oblak M. L. , Hoffman K. , Skinner O. T. , Neal K. M. , Cocca C. J. , Duffy D. J. , Wallace M. L.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To describe the clinical features and outcome of functional thyroid tumours in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective multi‐institutional study of 70 dogs diagnosed with thyroid mass and concurrent hyperthyroidism. Clinical data regarding presentation, treatment, outcome and functional thyroid status were retrieved.

Results

Overall median survival of dogs with functional thyroid tumours was 35.1 months and 1‐ and 3‐year survival rates were 83 and 49%, respectively. Median survival time was 72.6 months for dogs treated with surgical excision and 15.7 months for dogs that did not receive surgery. Of the 50 dogs treated by surgery and for which thyroid status was known following treatment, 64% developed hypothyroidism after surgery. Histopathologically confirmed metastasis was identified in 3% of dogs.

Clinical Significance

Dogs with functional thyroid tumours may survive a long time after surgical excision, although post‐operative hypothyroidism is common.
Understanding poetry otherwise: New criticism and historical poetics
Authors: Levine Naomi
Published: July 2020

This essay juxtaposes recent work in historical poetics with New Critical reading practices, particularly those theorized by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren in their influential textbook Understanding Poetry (1938). It focuses on the relationships among method, period, and aesthetic value: the ways that New Critical reading and its variety of critical judgment helped make 19th‐century poetry minor. Examining Understanding Poetry's association of 19th‐century poetry with aesthetic badness—as well as the generic histories of the textbook's “bad” poems—the essay demonstrates the importance of the problem of evaluation for historical poetics.
Shear loading detection of through bolts in bridge structures using a percussion‐based one‐dimensional memory‐augmented convolutional neural network
Authors: Wang Furui , Song Gangbing , Mo Yi‐Lung
Published: July 2020

The through bolt, which can be used as a shear connector, has attracted more attention since several accelerated bridge construction methods have been applied to renovate damaged bridges and construct new ones. Because current methods for shear loading detection of through bolts require constant deployment of sensors, the percussion‐based method may be a better alternative to improve the practicality and reduce costs. However, to process percussion‐induced sound signals, current percussion‐based methods all employ machine learning (ML) techniques that depend on manual extraction and classification of features. Attempting to solve this issue, we propose a one‐dimensional, memory‐augmented convolutional neural network (1D‐MACNN) inspired by the memory‐augmented neural network (MANN), which is the main computational novelty of this paper. Particularly, the proposed 1D‐MACNN has capacity to address new scenarios from unknown distributions, that is, the testing categories have not been seen during the training. By directly feeding the raw percussion‐induced sound signals into the 1D‐MACNN, the shear loading of through bolts can be detected. Compared to current ML‐based and deep learning‐based methods for one‐dimensional (1D) signals (e.g., 1D convolutional neural network and 1D convolutional neural network–long short‐term memory), the advantage of our proposed 1D‐MACNN is that it can achieve better performance. Specifically, the proposed 1D‐MACNN can achieve accuracy of 1, precision of 1, recall of 1, and F1‐score of 1. Moreover, the proposed 1D‐MACNN can effectively address the issue of new categories without retraining (in terms of two new categories: accuracy = .83; precision = .89; recall = .77; F1‐score = .83). Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the 1D‐MACNN, which has great potential to detect shear loading of through bolts in bridge structures.
Community‐wide seed dispersal distances peak at low levels of specialisation in size‐structured networks
Authors: Sorensen Marjorie C. , Donoso Isabel , Neuschulz Eike Lena , Schleuning Matthias , Mueller Thomas
Published: July 2020

Network approaches provide insight into the complex web of interspecific interactions that structure ecological communities. However, because data on the functional outcomes of ecological networks are very rarely available, the effect of network structure on ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal, is largely unknown. Here, we develop a new approach that is able to link interaction networks to a trait‐based seed–dispersal model to estimate community‐wide seed dispersal distances. We simulated networks, using a niche model based on size‐matching between plants and birds, that varied in the degree of niche partitioning, i.e. the overlap in interaction partners between coexisting species. We found that community‐wide dispersal distances were longest when networks had low degrees of niche partitioning. We further found that dispersal distances of plant species with small fruits peaked in models without niche partitioning, whereas dispersal distances of medium and large‐fruited plants peaked at low degrees of niche partitioning. Our simulations demonstrate that the degree of niche partitioning between species is an important determinant of the ecological functions derived from ecological networks and that simulation approaches can provide new insights into the relationship between the structural and functional components of ecological networks.