bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceived benefits, rationale and preferences of exercises utilized within Pilates group exercise programmes for people with chronic musculoskeletal conditions: A questionnaire of Pilates‐trained physiotherapists
Authors: Gaskell Lynne , Williams Anita , Preece Steve
Published: May 2019

Introduction

An estimated 29% of the population, around 17.8 million people, live with a musculoskeletal condition in the UK. Pilates exercise has positive benefits, including reducing pain and disability for people with musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of the present study was to explore the views of Pilates‐trained physiotherapists in relation to the perceived benefits of, and clinical reasoning for, exercise prescription in Pilates classes.

Methods

A qualitative approach was taken to both data collection and analysis, using a thematic framework. Data were collected via electronic questionnaires using open‐ended questions. Participants included 15 Pilates‐trained physiotherapists who regularly ran Pilates exercise classes within seven private physiotherapy clinics for people with a range of chronic musculoskeletal conditions.

Results

The results were organized into six main themes: Perceived benefits 1: Improved function and increased levels of activity. Perceived benefits 2: Improved ability to manage their musculoskeletal condition autonomously; Efficacy of group Pilates exercise; Optimum combination of exercises used within a class; Physiotherapist rationale for the most effective exercises; Precautions with specific exercises.

Conclusions

The study was the first to investigate perceived benefits, rationale and preference for choice of exercise among Pilates‐trained physiotherapists. Physiotherapists felt that the Pilates classes facilitated an active lifestyle and self‐management approach. They used a combination of exercises in each class to address all the main muscle groups, but some had specific exercise preferences related to the patients' needs. Exercises were linked to evidence around neuromuscular control, direction preference and biomechanical principles.
Spectroscopy Applications for Plasma Monitoring
Authors: Kane Janel
Published: May 2019

Plasmas are used for a large number of applications in spectroscopy. Most commonly might be thin film deposition and photo‐resist etching for semiconductors and solar collectors, but plasmas also have applications in biomedical and aerospace, along with other industries. Plasma diagnostics demand high‐resolution spectra and high‐speed data capture that Avantes is known for. Avantes’ instruments can be found in plasma research and industrial environments all over the globe.
EUV Microscopy: A Unique Approach for Materials Characterization
Authors: Manser Rosy
Published: May 2019

Understanding of fundamental processes as well as nanostructure performance of nano‐engineered systems, novel materials, and quantum architectures, often requires advanced imaging and spectroscopic tools. This is particularly critical as dimensions shrink below 100 nm as visible light cannot directly probe function at these lengthscales. Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (EUV) techniques offer a pathway to both functional characterization and imaging at sub‐50 nm lengthscales, and a host of use cases in materials and nano science have been demonstrated. Progress in terms of source and instrumentation development are assisting the rapid increase in the availability of these approaches in the laboratory.
Anamorphic Shaping of Laser Beams
Authors: Oechsner Ulrich , Knothe Christian , Rahmel Mats
Published: May 2019

Anamorphic beam shaping optics are, e.g., used to transform elliptical laser beams to a round shape before coupling them to single‐mode optical fibers. Conversely, there are cases where originally round laser beams need to be transformed into an elliptical shape. The article describes some sample applications and discusses several concepts of anamorphic beam shaping and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Optimizing the electrospinning conditions of polysulfone membranes for water microfiltration applications
Authors: Rasouli Maryam , Pirsalami Sedigheh , Zebarjad Seyed Mojtaba
Published: May 2019

Polysulfone (PSU) is a popular material in microfiltration applications. In this study, the preparation of PSU membranes via electrospinning technology was investigated and optimized. Solutions with three different concentrations (15, 20 and 25 wt%) of PSU in dimethylformamide were electrospun at three different feed rates (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mL h−1) and voltages (12.5, 15 and 18 kV). The morphologies of the samples were studied using SEM. The results showed that the samples prepared from a 15 wt% solution concentration have beads‐on‐string morphologies. As the solution concentration is increased to 20 and 25 wt%, the beads disappear and uniform fibers with average diameters ranging from 0.876 to 2.078 μm depending on the voltage and the feed rate are obtained. The optimum electrospinning conditions for the highest wettability with minimum operating pressure were predicted to be a solution concentration of 25 wt%, a feed rate of 3.5 mL h−1 and a voltage of 18 kV. The prediction was verified by contact angle test measurements and filtration experiments. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous achievement of antimicrobial property and plant growth promotion using plasma‐activated benzoic compound solution
Authors: Iwata Naoyuki , Gamaleev Vladislav , Hashizume Hiroshi , Oh Jun‐Seok , Ohta Takayuki , Ishikawa Kenji , Hori Masaru , Ito Masafumi
Published: May 2019

This study assesses a potential use of the recently developed nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma technology in hydroponic plant cultivation. Two types of plasma‐activated liquid solutions were compared, namely, l‐Phenylalanine (l‐Phe), which had a benzene ring structure, and l‐Alanine (l‐Ala), which did not have a benzene ring structure. Antimicrobial property and plant growth enhancement were simultaneously obtained when plasma‐activated l‐Phe was used. We found that the benzene ring structure in solution contributed to antimicrobial property. Further, colony forming unit assay indicated that 99% of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were eliminated after 24‐h incubation and radish sprout growth increased by about 40% after 2 days of cultivation.
Are honeybees suitable surrogates for use in pesticide risk assessment for non‐Apisbees?
Authors: Thompson Helen M , Pamminger Tobias
Published: May 2019

Historically, bee regulatory risk assessment for pesticides has centred on the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), primarily due to its availability and adaptability to laboratory conditions. Recently, there have been efforts to develop a battery of laboratory toxicity tests for a range of non‐Apisbee species to directly assess the risk to them. However, it is not clear whether the substantial investment associated with the development and implementation of such routine screening will actually improve the level of protection of non‐Apisbees. We argue, using published acute toxicity data from a range of bee species and standard regulatory exposure scenarios, that current first‐tier honeybee acute risk assessment schemes utilised by regulatory authorities are protective of other bee species and further tests should be conducted only in cases of concern. We propose similar analysis of alternative exposure scenarios (chronic and developmental) once reliable data for non‐Apisbees are available to expand our approach to these scenarios. In addition, we propose thatin silico(simulation) approaches can then be used to address population‐level effects in more field‐realistic scenarios. Such an approach could lead to a protective, but also workable, risk assessment for non‐Apisspecies while contributing to pollination security in agricultural landscapes around the globe. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Giant Linear Magnetoresistance and Carrier Density Tunable Transport in Topological Crystalline Insulator SnTe Thin Film
Authors: Wei Feng , Gao Xuan P. A. , Ma Song , Zhang Zhidong
Published: May 2019

Carrier density control is of great importance to modulate the topological phase and topological transport for the topological crystalline insulators (TCIs). Here, the transport property modulation of TCI SnTe thin films grown on SrTiO3 (111) by tuning the carrier density is reported. The low temperature magneto‐transport in a typical SnTe film with high hole carrier density in the as grown films exhibits a giant linear magnetoresistance (GLMR) effect (up to 1849% at 2 K under 14 T) and then the magnetoresistance becomes much weaker and weak anti‐localization (WAL) appears in the same SnTe film by n‐type doping in vacuum after aging 30 days. Alternatively, the hole carrier density of the as grown SnTe films is lowered by enhancing the growth temperature to promote Sn diffusion to reduce Sn vacancies and the as grown samples exhibit a WAL with two‐dimensional (2D) characteristics. This work provides promising application for magnetoelectronic sensors and spintronics based on TCI SnTe thin film.
In the eye of the beholder? The returns to beauty and IQ for the self‐employed
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Wolfe Marcus T.
Published: May 2019

Research Summary

Using a two study approach, we examine the relationship between attractiveness and key aspects of self‐employment. In Study 1, in which individuals rated the attractiveness of participants at the beginning of the interview, our results indicate that self‐employed males are more likely to be attractive and that more attractive self‐employed males have higher incomes. In Study 2, our findings indicate that at low levels of attractiveness, higher IQ self‐employed males have higher incomes in 1974; however, differences in income from IQ declined as attractiveness increases. We do not find differences for either outcome for females in either study.

Managerial Summary

This research investigates the relationship between attractiveness and self‐employment. The results indicate that self‐employed males are more likely to be considered attractive than their female counterparts, and that attractive self‐employed males have higher incomes than self‐employed males who were not considered attractive. Additionally, our results reveal that IQ is positively associated with income for less attractive self‐employed males, however this relationship decreases in strength as attractiveness increases. Interestingly, our results do not indicate that attractiveness influences either the likelihood of self‐employment, or performance within self‐employment, for females. Our findings highlight the importance that attractiveness can play within the self‐employment process, as well as the relevance of considering the role that social norms regarding gender might have in determining who pursues, and is successful in, self‐employment.
Incumbent repositioning with decision biases
Authors: Du Xianjin , Li Meng , Wu Brian
Published: May 2019

Research Summary

Incumbent firms often reposition themselves in response to entrants, but when doing so they incur repositioning costs. Incumbent repositioning costs and the associated decision biases have been identified in the economics, operations, and strategy literatures as critical aspects of the competitive interactions between incumbents and entrants, but they have received limited attention in game‐theoretic treatments at the strategy level. To fill this gap, we develop a strategic mental model to analytically characterize the impacts of repositioning costs and decision biases on firms' equilibrium strategies and profits. Including these costs and biases changes, the nature of strategic dynamics as well as introduces new implications for strategic choice.

Managerial Summary

Our analysis shows that although biases by themselves are unequivocally harmful for firms, both the entrant and incumbent can earn more when they are biased than when neither one is. In particular, when an entrant is biased in estimating an incumbent's repositioning ability, this unequivocally reduces its own performance, if the incumbent is aware of the entrant's bias and has correctly assessed it. In a similar vein, when an incumbent is biased in its estimation of the entrant, this hurts the incumbent. However, both the entrant and the incumbent can earn more than they would in a setting where both firms are unbiased. Furthermore, the incumbent is not necessarily better off by being less biased—that is, aware of but with an inaccurate assessment of entrant bias.
Two‐dimensional Green's function solution for a tangential line force buried in the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure
Authors: Hou Peng‐Fei , Chen Jia‐Yun , Tang Jiang‐Ping , Zhang Wen‐Hua
Published: May 2019

Piezoelectric materials, as functional material, are widely used in electronic devices, such as piezoelectric sensors, piezoelectric energy harvester and piezoelectric actuators. In some electronic devices, piezoelectric materials are placed between two substrates in the form of thin sheet. Therefore, this kind of piezoelectric structure is simplified into a three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure which consists of an infinite piezoelectric plate and two semi‐infinite bodies in this paper. In this case, the Green's function solution for a tangential line force buried in the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure is deduced. Based on this solution, the accurate electro‐elastic fields of the three‐phase orthotropic piezoelectric structure are given. And some numerical examples are designed to investigate the effects of various material properties of the piezoelectric plate or the substrates on the stresses at interfaces and the electric potential difference between interfaces of piezoelectric plate.
Using Shape Expressions (ShEx) to Share RDF Data Models and to Guide Curation with Rigorous Validation
Authors: Thornton Katherine , Solbrig Harold , Stupp Gregory S. , Labra Gayo Jose Emilio , Mietchen Daniel , Prud’hommeaux Eric , Waagmeester Andra
Published: May 2019

We discuss Shape Expressions (ShEx), a concise, formal, modeling and validation language for RDF structures. For instance, a Shape Expression could prescribe that subjects in a given RDF graph that fall into the shape “Paper” are expected to have a section called “Abstract”, and any ShEx implementation can confirm whether that is indeed the case for all such subjects within a given graph or subgraph.

There are currently five actively maintained ShEx implementations. We discuss how we use the JavaScript, Scala and Python implementations in RDF data validation workflows in distinct, applied contexts. We present examples of how ShEx can be used to model and validate data from two different sources, the domain-specific Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) and the domain-generic Wikidata knowledge base, which is the linked database built and maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation as a sister project to Wikipedia. Example projects that are using Wikidata as a data curation platform are presented as well, along with ways in which they are using ShEx for modeling and validation.

When reusing RDF graphs created by others, it is important to know how the data is represented. Current practices of using human-readable descriptions or ontologies to communicate data structures often lack sufficient precision for data consumers to quickly and easily understand data representation details. We provide concrete examples of how we use ShEx as a constraint and validation language that allows humans and machines to communicate unambiguously about data assets. We use ShEx to exchange and understand data models of different origins, and to express a shared model of a resource’s footprint in a Linked Data source. We also use ShEx to agilely develop data models, test them against sample data, and revise or refine them. The expressivity of ShEx allows us to catch disagreement, inconsistencies, or errors efficiently, both at the time of input, and through batch inspections.

ShEx addresses the need of the Semantic Web community to ensure data quality for RDF graphs. It is currently being used in the development of FHIR/RDF. The language is sufficiently expressive to capture constraints in FHIR, and the intuitive syntax helps people to quickly grasp the range of conformant documents. The publication workflow for FHIR tests all of these examples against the ShEx schemas, catching non-conformant data before they reach the public. ShEx is also currently used in Wikidata projects such as Gene Wiki and WikiCite to develop quality-control pipelines to maintain data integrity and incorporate or harmonize differences in data across different parts of the pipelines.
Erratum to: Astraeus: hidden dimensions
Authors: Phosri Cherdchai , Martín María P. , Watling Roy
Published: May 2019

His son John Corner (in litt.) has since informed me that the actual date of death was 14 September 1996 — just five months after he was presented with the de Bary award of the IMA.
Erratum to: Draft genome sequence of the poplar pathogen Ceratocystis haringtonii
Authors: Wingfeld Brenda D.
Published: May 2019

In IMA Genome-F-7B (Hammerbacher et al. 2016), the culture number of the sequenced strain of Ceratocystis harringtonii should be corrected from “CBS 110.78” to “CBS 119.78”. The authors regret any confusion this may have caused.
The jet shape at NLL′
Authors: Cal Pedro , Ringer Felix , Waalewijn Wouter J.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The jet shape is the fraction of the jet energy within a cone r centered on the jet axis. We calculate the jet shape distribution at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy plus next-to-leading order (NLL′), accounting for logarithms of both the jet radius R and the ratio r/R. This is the first phenomenological study that takes the recoil of the jet axis due to soft radiation into account, which is needed to reach this accuracy, but complicates the calculation of collinear radiation and requires the treatment of rapidity logarithms and non-global logarithms. We present numerical results, finding good agreement with ATLAS and CMS measurements of the jet shape in an inclusive jet sample, pp → jet + X, for different kinematic bins. The effect of the underlying event and hadronization are included using a simple one-parameter model, since they are not part of our perturbative calculation.
Asymptotic structure of a massless scalar field and its dual two-form field at spatial infinity
Authors: Henneaux Marc , Troessaert Cédric
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Relativistic field theories with a power law decay in r
−k
at spatial infinity generically possess an infinite number of conserved quantities because of Lorentz invariance. Most of these are not related in any obvious way to symmetry transformations of which they would be the Noether charges. We discuss the issue in the case of a massless scalar field. By going to the dual formulation in terms of a 2-form (as was done recently in a null infinity analysis), we relate some of the scalar charges to symmetry transformations acting on the 2-form and on surface degrees of freedom that must be added at spatial infinity. These new degrees of freedom are necessary to get a consistent relativistic description in the dual picture, since boosts would otherwise fail to be canonical transformations. We provide explicit boundary conditions on the 2-form and its conjugate momentum, which involves parity conditions with a twist, as in the case of electromagnetism and gravity. The symmetry group at spatial infinity is composed of “improper gauge transformations”. It is abelian and infinite-dimensional. We also briefly discuss the realization of the asymptotic symmetries, characterized by a non trivial central extension and point out vacuum degeneracy.
Le crachoir chinois du roi: Marchandises globales, culture de cour et vodun dans les royaumes de Hueda et du Dahomey (xviie-xixe siècle)
Authors: Zaugg Roberto
Published: May 2019

Résumés

Acteurs majeurs de la traite transatlantique des esclaves, les royaumes de Hueda et du Dahomey (Sud du Bénin actuel) se sont insérés dans les flux mondiaux de marchandises. Entre lexviie et lexixe siècle, les biens importés y ont alimenté des pratiques de consommation ostentatoire et des attitudes de largesse ritualisée dont les manifestations ont été essentielles à la consolidation de la souveraineté des monarques. En mettant l’accent sur deux marchandises en particulier (le tabac et la porcelaine) ainsi que sur des pratiques comportementales (fumer, cracher), cet article étudie la façon dont ces biens étaient matériellement et symboliquement intégrés à la culture de cour et associés à des croyances religieuses et à des pratiques rituelles du vodun. Il associe une enquête micro-historique reposant sur des sources écrites avec des découvertes archéologiques, des observations anthropologiques et l’analyse de sources visuelles et sculpturales, afin de mettre en évidence des aspects récurrents de la scénographie de cour, de comparer les significations des pratiques corporelles dans différentes régions du monde et d’identifier les liens matériels engendrés par le commerce mondial. L’article montre ainsi que les palais royaux ont été des laboratoires essentiels d’un changement esthétique et de nouvelles cultures de consommation élitiste. Au cours de ce processus, les éléments d’origine étrangère ont non seulement enrichi la culture matérielle des palais, illustrant la splendeur mondiale des monarques, mais ils se sont également chargés de nouvelles significations qui ont intégré ces biens et les pratiques afférentes dans des codes culturels spécifiques à certaines régions.
Écrire l’histoire du travail aujourd’hui: Le cas de l’Empire romain (note critique)
Authors: Freu Christel
Published: May 2019

Résumés

Trois livres récents questionnent la manière d’aborder le travail sous l’Empire romain et d’en écrire l’histoire : les sources que privilégient les historiens, l’échelle d’observation à laquelle ils se situent et les présupposés théoriques qui les guident. Ces réflexions montrent qu’il existe bien des manières d’écrire l’histoire du travail, un domaine désormais éclaté en multiples sous-champs qui ne dialoguent pas forcément entre eux. Grâce à la relecture de sources traditionnelles, littéraires et épigraphiques, ainsi qu’à l’apport décisif de l’archéologie et des papyrus, l’histoire traditionnelle du travail et des métiers s’est considérablement renouvelée. On s’interroge maintenant sur les causes de la spécialisation poussée des métiers à Rome et sur l’existence d’une véritable division du travail. Par ailleurs, la recherche archéologique aide à améliorer la compréhension des techniques et des processus productifs, et, par là, à dresser une typologie des identités socio-professionnelles des patrons et de leurs employés dans les boutiques et les ateliers romains. Dans une tout autre direction, le travail est considéré, d’un point de vue macro-économique, comme une force à mobiliser par l’entrepreneur : les questions sur la productivité comparée des esclaves et de la main-d’œuvre libre ont été remplacées par celles sur les coûts de transaction du travail salarié et du travail dépendant. Le débat demeure vif entre les historiens qui estiment que le marché du travail n’est pas développé, du fait du poids toujours important des réseaux clientélaires et du travail dépendant, et ceux qui décrivent une économie de marché libre, où le travail est devenu une marchandise.
Concurrence et collaboration dans le monde du livre vénitien, 1469-début duxvie siècle
Authors: Kikuchi Catherine
Published: May 2019

Résumés

Le début de l’imprimerie en Europe est l’histoire non seulement d’un grand succès économique et commercial, mais aussi de risques importants pris par les individus. Le nécessaire approvisionnement en papier est l’occasion de conflits et exige une disponibilité constante en capital ; la rentabilité de l’industrie du livre est soumise à une bonne appréciation du marché de la consommation. À Venise, n’importe qui peut se lancer dans l’industrie du livre et cette concurrence est amèrement décriée par les imprimeurs à la fin duxve et au début duxvie siècle. Cette situation les conduit à formuler les risques économiques qu’ils prennent dans les suppliques de privilèges qu’ils demandent aux autorités vénitiennes et à conceptualiser des réalités de leur milieu, en particulier la concurrence. Ce terme, toujours pris dans un sens négatif, est pourtant extrêmement rare dans les documents de la pratique comme dans les textes théoriques de cette époque. Cette formalisation de la concurrence est contrebalancée par la nécessité de collaborer au sein de cette industrie. Celle-ci peut être abordée par le biais de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux. La confiance est restaurée par les collaborations dans un groupe restreint et se nouent des réseaux de collaborations denses dans lesquels les concurrents deviennent partenaires. Cela permet aussi à certains acteurs de créer autour d’eux de largesconsortia, entraînant la constitution d’une économie oligopolistique, typique des industries sans réglementation étatique.
The sound of a pulsating sphere in a rarefied gas: continuum breakdown at short length and time scales
Authors: Ben-Ami Y. , Manela A.
Published: May 2019

The pressure field of a pulsating sphere is a canonical problem in classical acoustics, used to illustrate the acoustic efficiency of a monopole source at continuum conditions. We consider the counterpart vibroacoustic and thermoacoustic problems in a rarefied gas, to investigate the effect of continuum breakdown on monopole radiation. Focusing on small-amplitude normal-to-boundary mechanical and heat-flux excitations, the perturbation field is analysed in the entire range of gas rarefaction and input frequencies. Numerical calculations are carried out via the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, and are used to validate analytical predictions in the free-molecular and near-continuum regimes. In the latter, the regularized thirteen moments model (R13) is applied, to capture the system response at states where the Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) description breaks down. Comparing with the continuum inviscid solution, the results quantitate the dampening effect of gas rarefaction on source point-wise strength and acoustic power. At near-continuum conditions, the acoustic field is composed of exponentially decaying ‘compression’, ‘thermal’ and ‘Knudsen-layer’ modes, reflecting thermoviscous and higher-order rarefaction effects. With reducing rarefaction, the contributions of the latter two modes vanish, and the former degenerates into the ideal-flow inverse-to-distance decaying wave. Stronger attenuation is obtained with increasing rarefaction, where boundary sphericity results in a ‘geometric reduction’ of the molecular layer affected by the source. Notably, while the R13 model at low frequencies appears valid up to moderate gas rarefaction rates, both the NSF and R13 descriptions break down at common low Knudsen numbers at higher frequencies. Further study should therefore be carried out to extend the applicability of moment models to unsteady flows with short time scales.
A note on the aerodynamic splashing of droplets
Authors: Gordillo José Manuel , Riboux Guillaume
Published: May 2019

When a drop of a low-viscosity liquid of radius $R$ impacts against an inclined smooth solid substrate at a velocity $V$, a liquid sheet of thickness $H_{t}\ll R$ is expelled at a velocity $V_{t}\gg V$. If the impact velocity is such that $V>V^{\ast }$, with $V^{\ast }$ the critical velocity for splashing, the edge of the expanding liquid sheet lifts off from the wall as a consequence of the gas lubrication force at the wedge region created between the advancing liquid front and the substrate. Here we show that the magnitude of the gas lubrication force is limited by the values of the slip length $\ell _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ at the gas–liquid interface and of the slip length $\ell _{g}\propto \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ at the solid, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ the mean free path of gas molecules. We demonstrate that the splashing regime changes depending on the value of the ratio $\ell _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}/\ell _{g}$ – a fact explaining the spreading–splashing–spreading–splashing transition for a fixed (low) value of the gas pressure as the drop impact velocity increases (Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, 2005, 184505; Hao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 122, 2019, 054501). We also provide an expression for $V^{\ast }$ as a function of the inclination angle of the substrate, the drop radius $R$, the material properties of the liquid and the gas, and the mean free path $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, in very good agreement with experiments.
PRIMES IN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS AND NONPRIMITIVE ROOTS
Authors: MOREE PIETER , SHA MIN
Published: May 2019

Let $p$ be a prime. If an integer $g$ generates a subgroup of index $t$ in $(\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z})^{\ast },$ then we say that $g$ is a $t$-near primitive root modulo $p$. We point out the easy result that each coprime residue class contains a subset of primes $p$ of positive natural density which do not have $g$ as a $t$-near primitive root and we prove a more difficult variant.
Family Therapy
Authors: Bentovim Arnon
Published: May 2019

There has been an exponential growth in family therapy literature in recent years. An outpouring of new books and journals have deluged the market which is bewildering to new readers. Fortunately, there are now some excellent introductory texts which help orientate the newcomer, such as Walrond-Skinner (1976), Skynner (1976) and Glick and Kessler (1980). For those who like encyclopaedic coverage there is also a recently published excellent and critical handbook edited by Gurman and Kniskern (1981). However, to gain a deeper understanding of the way the field has developed, I would like to focus on a number of texts and papers which have helped me in my own understanding over the years.
Isis, Sarapis and Demeter in Antioch Of Syria
Authors: Norris Frederick W.
Published: May 2019

When we deal with religious phenomena, we are not always fortunate enough to find explanatory texts. That is particularly true of the mystery religions and thus should be expected when we look at the materials concerning Isis, Sarapis and Demeter at Antioch of Syria. But in this instance we are faced with special problems. First, the texts are so meager that we are forced to turn to the artifacts in order to grasp at all the influence of these religions within the third largest city of the ancient world. Second, and more important, the effort to collate all the artifacts is at present impossible. The reports of the excavations in Antioch from 1932–39 were only published in a shortened preliminary form. For that we must be thankful, but it does mean that exact locations and dates of certain finds are quite difficult to obtain. Furthermore, the collections of materials primarily are divided between the McCormick Art Museum at Princeton University, the Louvre in Paris, and the local museum in Antakya, Turkey. Separate pieces, however, are scattered over the world. The materials at Princeton and Paris are accessible, but those at Antakya are limited in most instances to the ones on display. The major difficulty in retrieving the excavated materials comes not from bureaucratic obstinacy in Turkey. I received significant assistance from both Selhattin Asim, cultural director of the Hatay region, and Nizamettin Bati, director of the museum, during two visits to Antakya in 1976 and 1977. The major problem lies in the fact that the serial numbers recorded in Antakya bear no resemblance to those published in the preliminary reports. Literally hundreds of artifacts are housed in the Antakya museum which have not been studied in any thorough way. If this serial number conundrum could be broken, much more light could be shed on conditions in Antioch. For now, only preliminary studies of available pieces can be offered. Within such studies, arguments from silence are quite questionable. The task in this article is to discuss the texts and artifacts known to me in order to correct some inaccuracies of interpretation and to add color to the picture of Hellenistic religion in Antioch of Syria.
Ptilodictyoid Cryptostomata Bryozoa from the Middle and Upper Ordovician Rocks of Central Kentucky
Authors: Karklins Olgerts L.
Published: May 2019

The High Bridge Group (Middle Ordovician), and the Lexington Limestone and Clays Ferry Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician), of central Kentucky contain a diverse fossil invertebrate fauna, including cryptostome ptilodictyoids, the so-called “bifoliates,” as a distinctive element. The ptilodictyoid bryozoans there include nine species of six generaEscharopora, Graptodictya, Phyllodictya, Stictopora, Trigonodictya, and new genusOrectodictyain two families Ptilodictyidae and Rhinidictyidae. Three species are new:Escharopora eparmata, Trigonodictya cirrita, andOrectodictya pansa. Most of the species are closely related to ptilodictyoids occurring in the Middle Ordovician of New York and Minnesota. In Kentucky,Escharopora, Stictopora, andTrigonodictyaoccur in the oldest rocks exposed, and thus include the oldest bryozoans found in Kentucky. The stratigraphic distribution of ptilodictyoids in Kentucky reflects the disconformable contact between the Tyrone Limestone (High Bridge Group) and the overlying Lexington Limestone.
Priority areas for jaguar Panthera onca conservation in the Cerrado
Authors: Portugal Marina Peres , Morato Ronaldo Gonçalves , Ferraz Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros , Rodrigues Flávio Henrique Guimarães , Jacobi Claudia Maria
Published: May 2019

The jaguar Panthera onca, a threatened species in Brazil, is losing suitable habitat as a result of agricultural expansion and other forms of land conversion, especially in the Cerrado biome. In the current context of habitat loss and fragmentation, a network of protected areas is paramount for the conservation of this species. We aimed to identify jaguar conservation units in the Cerrado, and propose a ranking of priority areas for the species in this region. We used the maximum entropy algorithm to model habitat suitability for the jaguar in the Cerrado, with nine uncorrelated environmental variables and 106 non-autocorrelated presence-only records. We prioritized regions, using Zonation, and ranked jaguar conservation units according to their area, proximity to strictly protected areas, jaguar presence, and potential for connectivity. Circa 30% of the Cerrado is suitable for the jaguar. The most important variables affecting jaguar distribution are mean rainfall and land cover, with a high probability of jaguar presence in forest and savannah. We selected 31 high-priority jaguar conservation units, covering c. 174,825 km2 (8.5%) of the Cerrado. We emphasize the need for new protected areas and the promotion of sustainable development, as only 0.4% of the Cerrado (8,345 km2) has high environmental suitability for jaguars and < 1% of the area covered by jaguar conservation units falls within protected areas. Most jaguar conservation units identified here are relevant for habitat connectivity in Brazil, given their proximity to other critical areas for jaguar conservation in the Caatinga and the Amazon.
Indo-Persian historian and Sindho-Persian intermediary: the Tarikh-i Maʿsumi of Mir Muhammad Maʿsum Bhakkari (d. 1606)
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: May 2019

Studies of Indo-Persian historiography tend to focus on the monumental compositions created at the behest of the Mughal court. This has unfortunately led to the neglect of texts from “regional” settings. The present article intends to expand the field of inquiry by studying Mir Muhammad Maʿsum's Tarikh-i Maʿsumi (completed c. 1600) which was the first Mughal-era Persian history of Sindh. I will argue that the author used the new the literary models developed by Mughal chroniclers in order to both facilitate and contest imperial domination.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Herbicide Studies: I. Physiological Response of Wild Oat to Five Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Chow Paul N.P.
Published: May 2019

Response of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) at the three-leaf stage to five postemergence herbicides, asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate), barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate), diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium), and flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] was measured and compared in nine physiological and biochemical processes (chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation, and changes in ATP, lipids, DNA, RNA, amino acids, and proteins). Content of chlorophyllaandbwas reduced by the application of diclofop and difenzoquat. Photosynthesis was inhibited with all five herbicides, but photosynthate translocation from the leaves to the roots was reduced only with diclofop, difenzoquat, and flamprop. ATP production was inhibited by all herbicides except flamprop, which increased the ATP content. Incorporation of32P into lipids was reduced by all herbicides except asulam. The incorporation of32P into nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) was inhibited by all five herbicides. Serine and threonine, especially the latter, accumulated in large quantity with all herbicides except difenzoquat. Protein content (water-soluble,-insoluble, and total amount) was reduced by asulam, diclofop, and flamprop, but barban and difenzoquat reduced water-insoluble and total proteins only. Apparently, all herbicides examined affected more than one physiological function and biochemical process in wild oat.
Stimulation of Basipetal Herbicide Translocation with GAF 141
Authors: Chykaliuk Peter B. , Peeper Thomas F. , Basler Eddie
Published: May 2019

GAF 141 [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid plus N-methylpyrrolidone] increased basipetal translocation of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} in bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgarisL. 'Stringless Greenpod′). The GAF 141 was applied as a foliar treatment before or at the same time as herbicide injection into the cotyledonary node. GAF 141 applied 24 h prior to glyphosate, dicamba, or acifluorfen injection enhanced basipetal translocation to the roots and inhibited acropetal translocation to the young shoots. GAF 141 applied simultaneously with the herbicide injection did not have substantial effects on translocation. Greater basipetal translocation of acifluorfen occurred at high (75 ± 5%) than at low relative humidity (35 ± 5%).
Management of Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Herbicides
Authors: Chamblee Rick W. , Thompson Lafayette , Bunn Tommie M.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1978 and 1979 on broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash] management in peanuts [Arachis hypogaea (L.) ‘Florigiant′]. In both years, preplant incorporated applications of benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine), alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] provided better than 75% initial control of broadleaf signalgrass. Preemergence applications of alachlor and metolachlor provided 90% or better initial control. Vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) and diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) provided less than 45% initial control. An at-cracking application of dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) plus naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) plus either alachlor or metolachlor increased control over that provided by at-planting herbicides alone and maximum yields were obtained. No at-planting herbicide alone provided better than 60% control at harvest and consequently yields were lower. In three of four experiments, sequential applications of at-planting and at-cracking herbicides provided better than 75% control at harvest. In the fourth experiment, only benefin and metolachlor followed by at-cracking applications provided better than 70% control at harvest.
Effect of MCPA on14C-Diclofop Uptake and Translocation
Authors: Olson Wayne , Nalewaja J. D.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the dimethylamine salt of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} pretreatment, darkness from 1 day prior to treatment until harvest, and exogenous sucrose on diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxyl] propanoic acid} glucose, and sucrose uptake and translocation by wild oat (Avena fatuaL.). Uptake of14C-diclofop label by wild oat foliage was not influenced by MCPA pretreatment, constant dark treatment, or the addition of exogenous sucrose. Total14C-diclofop and14C-glucose label uptake and translocation were similar whether 5 cm of the treated leaf tip were placed in distilled water or 1% (w/v) sucrose. Downward translocation of14C-diclofop,14C-sucrose, and14C-glucose label in the phloem of wild oat was reduced similarly by MCPA, constant dark treatments, or a combination of the two. Upward translocation of14C-diclofop label was greater and exudation of14C-diclofop label into the ‘tip’ solution was less than that of14C-sucrose or14C-glucose label, regardless of MCPA or constant dark treatments. Downward translocation of14C-diclofop label was reduced as much by MCPA topically applied to the wild oat leaf 1 cm above, 1 cm below, or with the diclofop as with the MCPA broadcast pretreatment.
Biological Control of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and Spotted Knapweed (C. maculosa)
Authors: Maddox Donald M.
Published: May 2019

Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and spotted knapweed (C. maculosa Lam.) presently infest approximately 1.5 million ha of pasture and rangeland in Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and California. The serious losses caused on lands where returns from herbicidal control are marginal or less prompted the testing and introduction of two strains of a seed-head fly (Urophora affinis Frlfld.) as a biological-control agent in these states. Over 27 000 flies were released in about equal numbers on both weeds during the years 1974 to 1977 and in 1979 and 1980. The fly became established in all states where it was released. The adult was found to disperse over 76 m from release point from 1974 to 1976, and to reduce the number of seeds per flower head in sampled heads by 80% in northern Washington and over 64% at the Heppner, Oregon site. A newly released moth (Metzneria paucipunctella Zell.) and a root-boring beetle (Spbenoptera jugoslavica Obenb.) are expected to cause additional pressure on these plants. The reproductive potential of the knapweeds is such that more natural enemies will be needed to provide enough stress to reduce these weedy species to an acceptable level.
Growth and Development of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium)
Authors: Boyd John W. , Murray Don S.
Published: May 2019

Controlled – environment studies were conducted to determine the influence of temperature, light, seed weight, depth of planting, substrate pH, and salinity on the germination and emergence of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifoliumCav.). The effects of planting date, top removal, and root-cutting length on establishment were studied in the field. Fluctuating temperatures of 20 to 30C produced 57% germination. Maximum germination, 59%, occurred between pH 6 and 7. NaCl concentrations greater than 2500 ppmw caused germination to decrease 85% or more compared to the control. Light was not important for germination. Mean seedling emergence was 46% from depths of 1.0 to 2.5 cm. Silverleaf nightshade seedling emergence from a 2-cm depth was 31% greater in a sandy soil than a loam. Delayed seeding caused a decline in dry-weight accumulation of above-ground parts. Fifteen percent of seedlings clipped 15 days after emergence were capable of regrowth, and after 30 days or more, 90% of the clipped plants regrew.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Response to Simulated Drift from Selected Herbicides
Authors: Hurst Harold R.
Published: May 2019

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) response was evaluated when propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide), thiobencarb {S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] diethylcarbamothioate}, butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetanilide], oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], bifenox [methyl-5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate], acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}, and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] were applied over-the-top at simulated drift rates at two growth stages during 1975 to 1979. No rate of butachlor or thiobencarb injured cotton. The order of phytotoxicity for the herbicides applied to cotyledonary cotton was propanil > metribuzin > bifenox > oxadiazon > acifluorfen > butachlor = thiobencarb. Herbicides injured cotton less at the five- or eight-node stage than at the cotyledonary stage. Injury was more severe in seasons of wet or cold weather during early plant development.
Exudation of Glyphosate from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Plants and Its Effects on Interplanted Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Rodrigues Joaquim J.V. , Worsham A. Douglas , Corbin Frederick T.
Published: May 2019

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 1.1 kg/ha to wheat [Triticum aestivum(L.) ‘Arthur 71′] plants increased height and fresh weight of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom′] seedlings planted in the pot at time of application of the glyphosate as the number of wheat plants treated increased from 5 to 30/pot. Height and fresh weight of the soybean seedlings also increased as the rate of glyphosate applied to wheat plants (5/pot) increased from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of glyphosate from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha, however, reduced the height and fresh weight of soybeans when 30 wheat plants/pot were treated. In addition, when 6.7 kg/ha of glyphosate were applied to wheat plants, soybean-seedling plant height and fresh weight decreased as the density of wheat plants per pot increased from 5 to 30. The14C-glyphosate exuded into the soil from treated wheat plants was characterized by thin-layer chromatography. Trace amounts of the radio-label were present on thin-layer plates of leaf and stem extracts of corn (Zea maysL.) plants, which were growing in the same pots with the treated wheat plants. The zone of activity had the same Rf value as the glyphosate standard.
Interacting Effects of CO2and Nutrient Concentration
Authors: Patterson David T. , Flint Elizabeth P.
Published: May 2019

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Tracy′] and two associated weeds, sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) and showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilisRoth), were grown in controlled-environment chambers with day/night temperatures of 29/23 C, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 600 μE·m−2·s-1, CO2concentrations of 350 or 675 ppm, and one-eighth or one-half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution applied three times daily. Leaf areas and dry weights of plant parts were determined at 1, 3, and 5 weeks. Stomatal resistances, transpiration rates, leaf water potentials, and leaf chlorophyll contents were measured, and net assimilation rates (NAR) and leaf area durations (LAD) were calculated. In all species, growth in 675 ppm CO2enhanced dry-matter production through increases in both NAR and LAD. The increased dry-matter production with one-half strength compared to one-eighth strength Hoagland's solution was, however, caused by increased LAD. Stomatal conductances and transpiration rates decreased in 675 ppm CO2, but were not affected by nutrient level. High CO2concentration or low nutrient level generally decreased leaf chlorophyll content per unit area. Growth enhancement by high CO2was greater in one-half strength than in one-eighth strength Hoagland's solution.