bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of multilevel trust on effort-in-use and service co-design behaviour
Authors: Luk Sherriff T.K. , Liu Ben S.C. , Li Esther L.Y.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to draw on the trust-commitment theory and the framework of service-dominant marketing logic to investigate the potential effect of trust at both brand and service personnel level on consumers’ value co-creation behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts a consumer perspective to investigate and interpret consumers’ value co-creation behaviour. The measurement scales were developed based on literature review and findings from focus group study. Survey interviews were undertaken in the USA and Hong Kong so as to test the potential moderator effect of country.

Findings

Effort-in-use and service co-design behaviour are two aspects of value cocreation behaviour. The findings provide theoretical expansion of the theory on value cocreation in two ways and suggest to discriminate the effect of consumer trust on and role in value cocreation behaviour at brand and service employee levels. Besides, the relationships among “trust in employee”, “trust in brand”, effort in use behaviour, service co-design behaviour, and customers’ perceived value actually could be moderated by country factor.

Research limitations/implications

The study only focuses on the behavioural dimension of value cocreation behaviour but provides a number of suggestions on how to expand the domain of the measurement scale for value co-creation behaviour, cultural influences and customer perceived value and identifies several potential moderators such as reputation of the service brand and type of service for future research.

Practical implications

The findings provide important insights to service marketers on how to adopt appropriate service strategy, service operation, marketing communications and service training to facilitate consumers’ value co-creation behaviour.

Originality/value

The present study represents the first attempt to investigate the potential impact of consumer trust at different levels on customers’ value cocreation behaviour. It explains the connections between trust as an antecedent to value cocreation under different country contexts, thereby adding new knowledge in both domains.
The impact of non-timely 10-Q filings and audit firm size on audit fees
Authors: Chiu Tiffany , Huang Feiqi , Liu Yue , Vasarhelyi Miklos A.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Prior studies suggest that non-timely 10-Q filings indicate higher potential risks than non-timely 10-K filings. Furthermore, larger audit firms tend to be more risk-averse and conservative about reporting. Inspired by these research streams, this paper aims to investigate the influence of non-timely 10-Q filings on audit fees and the impact of audit firm size on this association.

Design/methodology/approach

The cross-sectional audit fee regression model used in this study is similar to that used in prior audit fee research (Simunic, 1980; Francis et al., 2005; Hay et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2013). The model includes the following five major characteristics that would influence auditors’ fee decisions: auditee size (LNAT), complexity (REIVAT, FOREIGN, SEG), financial condition (LOSS, ROA, GROWTH, ZSCORE), special events (ICW, RESTATE, INITIAL, GC) and auditor type (BIG4). To examine the effect of non-timely 10-Q filings on audit fees, the variable NT10Q is included in the audit fee model.

Findings

The results indicate that when both non-timely 10-K and non-timely 10-Q filings are included in the regression model, only non-timely 10-Q filings are significantly associated with higher audit fees, suggesting that the presence of non-timely 10-Q filings signals more serious underlying problem than non-timely 10-K filings in the audit fees decision processes. In addition, we find that audit fees for firms audited by Big 4 auditors are 26.4 per cent higher when those firms file non-timely 10-Q reports, whereas there is no significant association between non-timely 10-Q filings and audit fees for firms audited by non-Big 4 auditors.

Practical implications

As no attention has been paid to the investigation of the impact of non-timely 10-Q filings on audit fees, with the aim of filling the gap of this specific research area, this study examines the association between non-timely 10-Q filings and audit fees and the influence of audit firm size on this association.

Originality/value

The contribution of this paper is threefold: first, it is the first study to examine the association between non-timely 10-Q filings and audit fees. The results show that non-timely 10-Q filings are a better and earlier indicator of audit risk than non-timely 10-K filings. Second, the results reveal that the relationship between non-timely 10-Q filings and audit fees is affected by audit firm size. Specifically, Big 4 auditors tend to charge higher audit fees in the presence of non-timely 10-Q filings, reflecting that they are more sensitive to audit risk than smaller audit firms are. Third, an examination of the quarterly effect of non-timely 10-Q filings on audit fees indicates a stronger effect from the first quarter’s non-timely 10-Q filings, compared to the second or third quarter.
Influence of process interruption on mechanical properties of material extrusion parts
Authors: Sinha Swapnil , Meisel Nicholas Alexander
Published: June 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to identify and quantify the effects of additive manufacturing (AM) process interruption on the tensile strength of material extrusion parts, and to find solutions to mitigate it.

Design/methodology/approach

Statistical analysis was performed to compare the tensile strength of specimens prepared with different process interruption time durations and different embedding methods. Subsequently, specimens were reheated at the paused layer before resuming, and tensile strengths were analyzed to observe any improvements.

Findings

Process interruption significantly reduced the tensile strength of printed parts by 48 per cent compared to non-interrupted specimens. Reheating the paused layer immediately before resuming the print improved part strength significantly by 47 per cent compared to regular process interrupted specimens and by 90 per cent compared to specimens with embeds.

Practical implications

The layer-by-layer deposition of material in AM introduces the capability for in situ embedding of functional components into printed parts. This paper shows that tensile properties are degraded during embedding due to the need for process interruption. These effects can be addressed by reheating the paused layer, providing process guidance for embedding with AM.

Originality/value

This paper provides an understanding of process interruption and embedding effects on mechanical properties of the parts, and how to improve them. The results from this experimental analysis provide crucial information toward design guidelines for multi-functional AM with embedded components.
Innovations in Practice: Dialectical behaviour therapy – skills training for emotional problem solving for adolescents (DBT STEPS‐A): evaluation of a pilot implementation in Irish post‐primary schools
Authors: Flynn Daniel , Joyce Mary , Weihrauch Mareike , Corcoran Paul
Published: June 2018

Background

Whole school approaches to mental health are recommended where schools and community partners work together to support positive mental health for young people. Universal interventions which adopt this approach are limited however. This study evaluates the pilot implementation of DBT STEPS‐A, a social–emotional learning programme for adolescents, in Ireland.

Method

Data were collected at the beginning and end of the academic year from students who participated in DBT STEPS‐A and a control group. A matched comparison was conducted where a subset of the data was analysed consisting of 72 adolescents aged 15–16 years from two schools in the south of Ireland. Outcomes included emotion symptoms, dysfunctional coping and DBT skill use. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to estimate the treatment effect (intervention vs. control).

Results

A statistically significant treatment effect was observed on two of four outcome measures (emotion symptom index: p = 0.011; internalising problems: p = 0.012). The effect sizes were large (Cohen's F squared = 0.65 and 0.83 respectively).

Conclusions

Significant reductions on measures which assess constructs including depression, anxiety and social stress were found for the intervention group. The results suggest that DBT STEPS‐A may yield positive effects for adolescents who complete the intervention. Feedback from adolescents and teachers suggests that refinement of content, structure and implementation may make the programme more accessible to an adolescent population.
Neuroprotection in glaucoma: recent advances and clinical translation
Authors: Guymer Chelsea , Wood John PM , Chidlow Glyn , Casson Robert J
Published: June 2018

Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction is currently the only evidence‐based treatment strategy for glaucoma. However, IOP control in some individuals is challenging. Despite optimal treatment, a significant proportion of individuals will progress, with loss of visual field, loss of driving vision and impaired quality of life. A new modality that could augment current treatment and reduce the rate of neurodegeneration to preserve vision throughout life would be a major breakthrough. A vast number of studies have reported effective neuroprotection in animal models of glaucoma; however, translation to the clinic remains a major hurdle. Herein, we explore the therapeutic advancements in non‐IOP‐dependent neuroprotection research based upon potential pathogenic mechanisms and propose strategies to improve the clinical translation of neuroprotective research in glaucoma.
Frequent premature atrial contractions impair left atrial contractile function and promote adverse left atrial remodeling
Authors: John Anub G. , Hirsch Glenn A. , Stoddard Marcus F.
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This study assessed if frequent premature atrial contractions (PACs) were associated with decreased left atrial (LA) strain and adverse remodeling.

Background

Left atrial dysfunction and enlargement increases risk of stroke. If frequent PACs cause LA dysfunction and remodeling, PAC suppressive therapy may be beneficial.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years and sinus rhythm. Exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation or any etiology for LA enlargement. Hundred and thirty‐two patients with frequent PACs (≥100/24 hours) by Holter were matched to controls. Speckle tracking strain of the left atrium was performed from the 4‐chamber view. Strain measurements were LA peak contractile, reservoir and conduit strain and strain rates.

Results

In the frequent PAC vs control group, PACs were more frequent (1959 ± 3796 vs 28 ± 25/24 hours, P < .0001). LA peak contractile strain was reduced in the group with frequent PACs vs controls (−7.85 ± 4.12% vs −9.33 ± 4.45%, P = .006). LA peak late negative contractile strain rate was less negative in the frequent PAC vs control group (−0.63 ± 0.27 s−1 vs −0.69 ± 0.32 s−1, P = .051). LA reservoir and conduit strain and strain rates did not differ. LA volume index (LAVI) was larger in the frequent PAC vs control group (26.6 ± 7.8 vs 24.6 ± 8.8 mL/m2, P < .05). Frequent PACs were an independent predictor of reduced LA peak contractile strain and reduced LA peak late negative contractile strain rate.

Conclusions

Patients with frequent PACs have reduced LA peak contractile strain and strain rates and larger LAVI compared to controls. Frequent PACs are an independent predictor of reduced LA peak contractile strain and strain rate. These findings support the hypothesis that frequent PACs impair LA contractile function and promote adverse LA remodeling.
Unusual collateral vessel from right subclavian vein to left atrium, a rare complication of superior vena cava obstruction
Authors: Parsaee Mozhgan , Pouraliakbar Hamidreza , Ghadrdoost Behshid , Moosavi Jamal , Behjati Mohaddeseh
Published: June 2018

The most commonly reported collateral systems in the setting of superior vena cava obstruction are azygos venous system, vertebral venous system, external and internal thoracic venous system based on McLntire and Sykes classification. A 49‐year‐old female with renal disease complained dyspnea on exertion. Transesophageal echocardiography showed significant mitral annular calcification, large multi‐lobulated mass at posterior aspect of RA, and complete obstruction of superior vena cava by thrombus formation. Computed tomography angiography showed a collateral vein to the left atrium (LA) roof. This case report is the first one which shows development of collateral vein from right subclavian to LA.
Prognostic value of carotid intima‐media in the short‐ and long‐term mortality in the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study
Authors: Meireles Danilo P. , Santos Itamar S. , Alencar Airlane P. , Lotufo Paulo A. , Benseñor Isabela M. , Goulart Alessandra C.
Published: June 2018

Background and Aims

Atherosclerotic in carotids can determinate a poor prognosis in individuals after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Thus, we aimed to evaluate mortality associated to carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) in the participants from the Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ERICO) study.

Methods

Carotid intima media thickness was evaluated by B‐mode ultrasound for mortality risk assessment in 180 days, 1–3 years. We performed Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and Cox logistic regression models to evaluate all‐cause, cardiovascular (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality by CIMT tertiles in crude, age and sex‐ and multivariate models.

Results

Among 644 ACS individuals (median age 61‐year old), we observed a median CIMT of 0.74 mm. Besides aging, low education, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were associated with the 3rd tertile of CIMT values. During 3 years of follow‐up, we observed 65 deaths (10.1%), crude case‐fatality rates were progressively higher across the CIMT tertiles in all periods, being the highest rates observed in participants with the highest CIMT (3rd tertile) (180‐day: 6.6% vs 1‐year: 9.0% vs 2‐year:12.3% vs 3‐year:16.0%, P < .05). In crude analyses, lowest survival rates (all‐cause, CVD and CHD, p log‐rank values <0.005) and higher hazard ratios of dying for all‐cause and CVD (from 1 to 3 years) and for CHD (2 and 3 years) were observed. However, we kept no significant results after adjusting for age.

Conclusion

Carotid intima media thickness was mainly influenced by aging. CIMT was not a good predictor of all‐cause, CVD or CHD mortality in the ERICO study.
Severe right ventricular hypertrophy in a patient with extracardiac and intracardiac shunt
Authors: Pahuja Mohit , Abidov Aiden
Published: June 2018

Cardiac MRI is a complementary and confirmatory modality to a clinical echocardiography in diagnosing patients with complex adult congenital heart disease, especially in presence of great vessel abnormalities. We present a unique case of a patient with pulmonary hypertension (PH), severe right ventricular hypertrophy, Gerbode defect, and a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The diagnosis of PDA was not visualized on prior serial echocardiograms and discovered on a comprehensive cardiac MRI/Chest MR angiogram.
Hemodynamic adaptation to suboptimal fetal growth in patients with single ventricle physiology
Authors: Alsaied Tarek , Tseng Stephanie , King Eileen , Hahn Eunice , Divanovic Allison , Habli Mounira , Cnota James
Published: June 2018

Background

In fetuses with structurally normal heart and suboptimal fetal growth (SFG), umbilical artery vascular resistance increases as measured by umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA‐PI). The objective of this study is to compare hemodynamic responses to SFG in fetuses with single ventricle (SV) and controls with structurally normal heart.

Methods

Fetal echocardiograms around 30 weeks of gestation were reviewed. UA‐PI and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA‐PI) were calculated. SFG was defined as a birth weight below 25th percentile for gestational age.

Results

Studies from 92 fetuses were reviewed—SV (n = 50) and controls (n = 42). The prevalence of SFG was higher in SV compared to controls (46% vs 21%, P = .02). In patients with normal heart and SFG, UAPI was significantly higher than normal controls (P = .003) suggesting increased placental vascular resistance. In SV with SFG there was no difference in UAPI compared to SV without SFG. There was no difference in MCA‐PI between the groups.

Conclusions

The hemodynamic response to SFG in SV varies from fetuses with structurally normal heart. The mechanism of SFG and the placental pathology may be distinct in SV.
Evaluation of plastic strain work and multiaxial fatigue life in CuZn37 alloy by means of thermography method and energy‐based approaches of Ellyin and Garud
Authors: Skibicki D. , Lipski A. , Pejkowski Ł.
Published: June 2018

In the case of multiaxial loading, different models are used for prediction of fatigue life. Usually, they are divided into 3 subgroups: stress‐based for high‐cycle regime, strain‐based for low‐cycle regime, and energy‐based models, which are considered to be the most universal and applicable for both high‐cycle and low‐cycle regimes. The application of energy‐based models requires knowledge of the energy dissipated during the plastic strain, as well as the elastic strain energy. Calculation of this energy in turn requires specification of stress and strain tensor components. Determination of the stresses acting in real objects is a complicated task, however. In this paper, an attempt was made to answer the question of whether thermography enables the determination of plastic strain energy in low‐cycle uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue tests, including non‐proportional loadings. The second question was whether it is possible to use this methodology for fatigue life prediction. For this purpose, a history of temperature changes was recorded during fatigue tests conducted on CuZn37 brass, using a thermographic camera. On this basis, the values of plastic strain energy density, dissipated in the fatigue loading cycle, were calculated next. These values were compared with the values calculated from the hysteresis loops, determined from force and torque measurements, together with strains measured with a biaxial extensometer. The strain energy density was further used for prediction of fatigue life with the application of 2 models: the energy‐based model of Ellyin and a strain‐based model, where the energy was used as a non‐proportionality factor. The predicted fatigue lives were compared with experimental ones. The results can be considered as very satisfactory.
Crassulacean acid metabolism and distribution range in Chilean Bromeliaceae: Influences of climate and phylogeny
Authors: Quezada Iván M. , Gianoli Ernesto , Saldaña Alfredo
Published: June 2018

Aim

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a widespread physiological adaptation to drought.CAMis common in plants distributed in arid regions, such as Bromeliaceae species. In Chile, latitude is an accurate predictor of climate, with increasing temperature and decreasing moisture towards north. Northern species of Chilean bromeliads mainly showCAMphotosynthesis, while southern‐distributed species rely on the C3pathway. We evaluated the influence of latitude and associated climatic variables on the adoption of photosynthetic pathways by Chilean bromeliads, accounting for phylogenetic relatedness. We expected a significant relation between photosynthetic pathway and the latitudinal limits of species’ distribution ranges, independent of phylogeny.

Location

Data from Bromeliaceae species native to Chile (latitudinal distribution range: 15°S to 43°S).

Methods

We gathered information on geographical ranges and isotopic discrimination data (δ13C, an indicator of photosynthetic pathway) of Chilean bromeliads. We evaluated whether δ13C values were related to latitude, temperature and precipitation using separate multiple linear regressions in northern and southern distribution limits of Chilean bromeliads. To account for phylogeny, we performed phylogenetically independent contrasts.

Results

In the south, δ13C values were not significantly correlated with latitude, temperature or precipitation. In the north, δ13C values were significantly correlated with latitude and annual precipitation. After phylogenetic correction, both variables were still significantly associated with δ13C.

Main conclusions

In Chilean bromeliads, for those taxa reaching northernmost latitudes both aridity and other factors associated with latitude are probably the main drivers of adaptive evolution ofCAMphotosynthesis while advancing towards their present limits in arid regions. Phylogenetic relatedness also influencesCAMphotosynthesis in this lineage.
Phylogeography and species distribution modelling reveal the effects of the Pleistocene ice ages on an intertidal limpet from the south‐eastern Pacific
Authors: Pardo‐Gandarillas María Cecilia , Ibáñez Christian M. , Torres Felipe I. , Sanhueza Víctor , Fabres Alejandra , Escobar‐Dodero Joaquín , Mardones Fernando O. , Méndez Marco A.
Published: June 2018

Aim

The distribution and genetic composition of marine populations is the result of climatic and oceanographic factors as well as life history strategies. Studying species with wide distributions and high dispersal potential in sites that were differentially affected during the Pleistocene glaciations provides an opportunity to evaluate the genetic and distributional effect of glaciations on marine populations, such as the limpet Siphonaria lesonii. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the differential effects of glaciations on areas covered and not covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene glaciations.

Location

Intertidal zone of the south‐eastern Pacific covering approximately 5,000 km of coastline of Peru and Chile.

Methods

We performed molecular analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data jointly, as well as environmental niche modelling (ENM) of populations of the limpet Siphonaria lessonii. Using ENM, we modelled the potential distributional range of the species in the present and its distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).

Results

Two lineages were found that were separated by a break at 41° S, corresponding to the biogeographical discontinuity previously reported for this region. Both of these lineages experienced genetic and demographical fluctuations that match the Pleistocene glaciations; however, the variability was more intense in the southern lineage. Phylogeography and ENM yielded complementary results for the southern lineage, which experienced loss of genetic diversity and habitat during the LGM, whereas the northern lineage evidenced loss of genetic diversity without distributional changes.

Main conclusions

The phylogeographical and ENM approaches suggest a historical scenario involving demographic and distributional contractions of S. lessonii surviving in glacial refugia in the southern portion of the south‐eastern Pacific. This study is the first to include both phylogeographical and ENM analyses of marine species from the Southern Hemisphere.
Spatial distance and climate determine modularity in a cross‐biomes plant–hummingbird interaction network in Brazil
Authors: Araujo Andréa Cardoso , Martín González Ana M. , Sandel Brody , Maruyama Pietro K. , Fischer Erich , Vizentin‐Bugoni Jeferson , de Araújo Francielle Paulina , Coelho Aline Góes , Faria Rogério Rodrigues , Kohler Glauco , Las‐Casas Flor Maria Guedes , Lopes Ariadna Valentina , Machado Adriana O. , Machado Caio Graco , Machado Isabel Cristina , McGuire Jimmy A. , Moura Alan Cerqueira , Oliveira Genilda M. , Oliveira Paulo Eugênio , Rocca Márcia Alexandra , Rodrigues Licléia da Cruz , Rodrigues Marcos , Rui Ana Maria , Sazima Ivan , Sazima Marlies , Varassin Isabela Galarda , Wang Zhiheng , Dalsgaard Bo , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: June 2018

Aim

We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross‐biomes plant–hummingbird network.

Location

Brazil, except Amazonian region.

Methods

We compiled 31 local binary plant–hummingbird networks, combining them into one cross‐biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between species’ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components.

Results

The Brazilian cross‐biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plants’ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among‐module connectivity.

Main conclusions

Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal‐linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within‐ and/or among‐module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plant–animal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross‐biomes network structure.
Limited support for the “abundant centre” hypothesis in birds along a tropical elevational gradient: implications for the fate of lowland tropical species in a warmer future
Authors: Freeman Benjamin G. , Beehler Bruce M.
Published: June 2018

Aim

Since Darwin, ecologists have assumed that species tend to be abundant in the centre of their geographic distributions and rare at their range edges. We test two predictions of this abundant centre hypothesis: (a) that species are common in the centre of their range and rare at the edges and (b) that empirical distributions along environmental gradients are well described by symmetric bell‐shaped curves.

Location

A reef‐to‐ridgetop elevational gradient in the Yopno–Urawa–Som Conservation Area (YUS CA) on the Huon Peninsula in Papua New Guinea.

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

We use mist net capture rates to quantify species’ abundances as a function of range position, then fit a series of models with different shapes, including symmetric curves, to species’ empirical abundance distributions.

Results

Species peak abundances were located near species’ low elevation range edges, high elevation range edges and everywhere in between. Real abundance distributions were fit well by symmetric curves in fewer than half of the species we analysed. Most lowland species have high abundances at their low elevation margin near sea level.

Main conclusions

We find only limited support for the abundant centre hypothesis. Most lowland species appear to currently occupy a “truncated” realized niche, suggesting that they will be able to persist at low elevations even as temperatures increase and that lowland biotic attrition is unlikely. In addition to analyses, we present (a) a full species list for the 256 species recorded thus far within the YUS CA, with elevational limits for all forest species and (b) the raw data from our extensive mist net surveys. This information provides valuable baseline data that can be used by future biodiversity scientists to evaluate the changes in the YUS avifauna and will be generally useful to biodiversity scientists studying tropical elevational gradients.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Resting Cyst Formation in Colpoda aspera
Authors: Jiang Chuanqi , Wei Wei , Yan Guanxiong , Shi Tuanyuan , Miao Wei
Published: June 2018

Resting cyst formation is a remarkable survival strategy used by ciliates in response to the adverse environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying encystment are poorly understood. Here, the genetic basis of encystment in Colpoda aspera was examined through RNA sequencing to identify transcriptome‐wide changes in gene expression between vegetative and encystment stages. After de novo assembly, 49,543 transcripts were identified. Gene annotation and pathway mapping analysis revealed marked changes in biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and autophagy pathways during cyst formation. In addition, some differentially regulated genes were predicted to function in the interconnected cAMP, AMPK, mTOR, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, potentially forming a regulatory network for encystment. The present study conducted a large‐scale assessment of Colpoda aspera genomic resources and provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cyst formation.
The realities of managing uncertainties surrounding pluvial urban flood risk: An ex post analysis in three European cities
Authors: Penning‐Rowsell E. , Korndewal M.
Published: June 2018

Inner‐city pluvial flooding is characterised by major uncertainties, often making response problematic. We explore this in London, Lisbon, and Rotterdam, through ex post document analysis and semi‐structured interviews. Traditional uncertainty analysis generally focuses on quantifiable factors, needing to clarify uncertainty for engineering design, flood warnings and incident management. But other uncertainties concern budgets, skills, legal issues, and politics. There are also many relevant certainties or near‐certainties, which can dominate. They need equal attention in understanding decision making for risk reduction. Responses to our cities' flood risks—including portfolios of engineering and non‐structural measures—also contain significant no‐regret components requiring less certainty about risk. Our cities appear to be positioned along a learning continuum, related to flood experience and the consequential uncertainty reduction. However progress can be worryingly slow. Only experiencing actual flood events promotes accelerated action and often the certainties concerning resource constraints also outweigh the many uncertainties in risk assessment.
Impact of Parallel Imports on Pricing and Product Launch Decisions in Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Altug Mehmet Sekip , Sahin Ozge
Published: June 2018

Product launch and pricing decisions in the pharmaceutical industry across different countries are complex. Although introducing a newly developed drug to every country is beneficial to patients worldwide, doing so may have adverse implications for drug developers, such as the emergence of parallel imports. We study a pharmaceutical firm that already introduced a pioneering drug in its home country, where the product is protected by patent rules. The firm decides whether to launch in a second country in the same region, where parallel import between these two countries is feasible and profitable for the parallel importer. We characterize the joint pricing and product launch decision. We show the firm chooses one of three strategies: (i) launch and accommodate parallel import, (ii) launch and deter parallel import, and (iii) not launch. We show that firms are more likely not to launch the drug when the drug price is determined through a negotiation between the firm and the government. We discuss how insurance coverage, market size, quality perception of the parallel imported drug, and valuations affect these strategies. We then study the impact of launch and pricing decisions on social welfare and discuss policy implications for the regulators and potential strategies for the firm to mitigate the negative effects of a parallel import threat. We also study the impact of perfect and imperfect competition among parallel import firms on firm's price and launch decisions. Finally, we discuss the practice of distributing rebates as a post‐launch strategy to manage parallel imports.
A Simple Computational Theory of General Collective Intelligence
Authors: Krafft Peter M.
Published: June 2018

Researchers have recently demonstrated that group performance across tasks tends to be correlated, motivating the use of a single metric for the general collective intelligence of groups akin to general intelligence metrics for individuals. High general collective intelligence is achieved when a group performs well across a wide variety of tasks. A number of factors have been shown to be predictive of general collective intelligence, but there is sparse formal theory explaining the presence of correlations across tasks, betraying a fundamental gap in our understanding of what general collective intelligence is measuring. Here, we formally argue that general collective intelligence arises from groups achieving commitment to group goals, accurate shared beliefs, and coordinated actions. We then argue for the existence of generic mechanisms that help groups achieve these cognitive alignment conditions. The presence or absence of such mechanisms can potentially explain observed correlations in group performance across tasks. Under our view, general collective intelligence can be conceived as measuring group performance on classes of tasks that have particular combinations of cognitive alignment requirements.
Single‐voxel and multi‐voxel spectroscopy yield comparable results in the normal juvenile canine brain when using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lee Alison M. , Beasley Michaela J. , Barrett Emerald D. , James Judy R. , Gambino Jennifer M.
Published: June 2018

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of canine brain diseases are often nonspecific. Single‐ and multi‐voxel spectroscopy techniques allow quantification of chemical biomarkers for tissues of interest and may help to improve diagnostic specificity. However, published information is currently lacking for the in vivo performance of these two techniques in dogs. The aim of this prospective, methods comparison study was to compare the performance of single‐ and multi‐voxel spectroscopy in the brains of eight healthy, juvenile dogs using 3 Tesla MRI. Ipsilateral regions of single‐ and multi‐voxel spectroscopy were performed in symmetric regions of interest of each brain in the parietal (n = 3), thalamic (n = 2), and piriform lobes (n = 3). In vivo single‐voxel spectroscopy and multi‐voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios from the same size and multi‐voxel spectroscopy ratios from different sized regions of interest were compared. No significant difference was seen between single‐voxel spectroscopy and multi‐voxel spectroscopy metabolite ratios for any lobe when regions of interest were similar in size and shape. Significant lobar single‐voxel spectroscopy and multi‐voxel spectroscopy differences were seen between the parietal lobe and thalamus (P = 0.047) for the choline to N‐acetyl aspartase ratios when large multi‐voxel spectroscopy regions of interest were compared to very small multi‐voxel spectroscopy regions of interest within the same lobe; and for the N‐acetyl aspartase to creatine ratios in all lobes when single‐voxel spectroscopy was compared to combined (pooled) multi‐voxel spectroscopy datasets. Findings from this preliminary study indicated that single‐ and multi‐voxel spectroscopy techniques using 3T MRI yield comparable results for similar sized regions of interest in the normal canine brain. Findings also supported using the contralateral side as an internal control for dogs with brain lesions.
Wide distributions and cryptic diversity within a Microstomum (Platyhelminthes) species complex
Authors: Atherton Sarah , Jondelius Ulf
Published: June 2018

Microstomum lineare is a common species of fresh and brackish waters found worldwide. Three genes (18S, CO1 and ITS) were sequenced from specimens of M. lineare collected from four countries, and the levels of cryptic diversity and genetic structuring were assessed. Results showed M. lineare has very wide haplotype distributions suggesting higher than expected dispersal capabilities. In addition, three new species were described on the basis of molecular taxonomy: Microstomum artoisi sp. nov., Microstomum tchaikovskyi sp. nov. and Microstomum zicklerorum sp. nov.
Snake-like Soft Robot Using 2-Chambers Actuator
Authors: Abdulrab Hakim Q.A. , Mohd Nordin Ili Najaa Aimi , Muhammad Razif Muhammad Rusydi , Mohd Faudzi Ahmad Athif
Published: June 2018

Many researchers have been working on snake-like robots due to their flexibility, safety and dexterity. Traditional robots have rigid underlying structures that limit their ability to interact with their environment. In this work, soft robot is developed using three links of the flexible soft actuator connected by rubber joints. The actuators are fabricated using silicon Silastic P-1 where each actuator link consists of two semi-circular chambers and are reinforced with fibers. Fabrication process from CAD design, mold fabrication and validation with simulation and experiment is presented. The fabricated actuators can bend at 27.5o with maximum pressure of 180 kPa.
Renewable Energy in Africa; Potential, Impact and The Way Forward
Authors: Duah Nana Twum , Asamoah Prince Kofi
Published: June 2018

Renewable energy sources are abundantly available in Africa due to the continent’s geographical location. For example, it is the sunniest continent on earth with about 85% of the landscape having solar insolation of approximately 2000 kWh/m2 in a year and also with a large stretch of coastline where both wind and wave energy resources are abundant. The available renewable energy sources are underutilised due to many challenges such as inadequate funds, bad or nonexistent policies, and unavailability of skilled labour. This paper, therefore, aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy on Africa and the world as a whole if these renewables are utilised efficiently. The paper again will look into the reasons why renewable energies in Africa are underutilised and recommend possible solutions to these problems as well. Moreover, the paper will discuss the social, economic and environmental impacts of utilising renewable energy in Africa regarding jobs creation, infrastructure development, revenue creation, and reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. The efficient utilization of these renewable energy resources will make Africa a powerhouse of clean energy production for its use and export.
Wind and Solar Radiation Potential Assessment in Kano, Nigeria Using Weibull and Samani Models
Authors: Mudasiru Mustapha , Mustafa Mohd Wazir
Published: June 2018

A clean, source free, environmentally friendly and renewable source of energy such as wind and solar energy can be used for providing sustainable power supply to remedy an epileptic and unreliable power supply systems. For decades, electric power supply situation in Kano, Nigeria has been a major source of serious concern. The epileptic power supply has hindered the socio-economic growth industrialization and, subsequently, increase air pollution due to individual stand-alone diesel generators. Various government incentives and policies have little or no effect to improve the availability and reliability of the electric power. The aviation industries especially the Navigation and communication equipment required, apart from availability, a reliable power sources because of their sensitivity to reliable and safe Aircraft navigation. The need for an alternate renewable energy system (RES) of power supply away from the National grid and diesel generator is inevitable at Kano. This paper proposes an assessment of wind and solar energy potentialities at Kano in Nigeria using Weibull distribution methods and the Samani model to determine the wind features and estimate global solar radiation potentials respectively for power supply generation. A six years (2009-2014) monthly mean wind speed data measured at 10 m height was collected and extrapolated to 50 m height level for statistical analysis, while 22 years monthly solar radiation, temperature amplitude and relative humidity of the location were obtained from NASA web to calibrate, validate and evaluate the Samani model, ten years (2003-2012) maximum and minimum temperature were then used to predict the global solar radiation on horizontal surface of the location. The minimum Weibull average wind speed was found to be 8.60 m/s and the maximum average wind speed was 11.24 m/s while the minimum power density was 440.03 W/m2 and the highest was 947.26 W/m2 at the 10 m height level. The lowest average global solar radiation on the horizontal surface was 17.96 MJ/m2/d and highest average global solar radiation on the horizontal surface was 26.38 MJ/m2/d. The site has been found to have great potentials for wind and solar utility power generation capacity.
An Improved DCT Block Based Technique for Copy-Move Forgery Detection in Medical Images
Authors: Hassanat Oyiza Abdulraheem , Maarof Mohd Aizaini
Published: June 2018

Copy-Moved forgery is a common method to manipulate images. Several attempts of image forgery have been discovered and involves a region been duplicated and copied and pasted on another region of the same image in other to achieve selfish gain. Generally, there are two classification of copy-move forgery detection technique such as the block-based and key point-based. The most commonly used technique is the block based which divides image into blocks during the stage of image pre-processing before features are extracted whereas key point based technique skips the division of image into blocks and directly extracts different local feature from the image. In this paper, we review various block based and key point approach which has been proposed by various researchers. The proposed technique is based on DCT and an improvement on DCT technique is achieved in terms of dimensionality reduction using an octagonal block to reduce the number of features for matching, thereby improving detection accuracy. Based on the analysis of this work as compared to previous proposed works, since previous work represents about 79% of the quantized DCT coefficients on each image block and this proposed work represents about 85% of quantized DCT coefficients, therefore, recovery of about 6% more features using the octagonal block was observed as the improvement over the previously proposed dimensionality reduction using the circle block.
PKI Validation and Encryption Scheme for Secure UTM Online Payment System
Authors: Zakaria Raziman , Mohamad Mohd Murtadha
Published: June 2018

Online payment system have recently emerged as one of the available payment methods in purchase of goods and services over the Internet. However the acceptance of this system by users is not fully achieved because of concern about the system security and how its manages the privacy of user information. One of the most challenging issues associated with online payment system is securing the communication between the client and payment gateway. PKI validation and encryption scheme is designed to handle problem of sending transaction as plaintext between clients and UTM online payment system and to authorize the clients that sent the transaction to the payment gateway. The scheme are proposed to increase the level of security in UTM online payment system. To test the performance of PKI validation and encryption scheme, several simulation are conducted together with the comparison with other algorithm.
Classification of Sexual Harassment on Facebook Using Term Weighting Schemes
Authors: Ali Al-Katheri Amer Saeed , Md Siraj Maheyzah
Published: June 2018

Facebook is the largest Social Network Service, and its users are growing rapidly. Facebook has become one of the main sources of information for individuals and organizations; and this exponential increase of information has raised the issue of information security. In United States alone, 62% of online abuses occurred through Facebook and the most common form of online abuse is sexual harassment with 44%. Victims to online sexual harassment are living under pressure, because the harasser has an ability to propagate messages at any time under any identity. Several content filtering tools for web-based especially Facebook has been proposed. Most of these approaches are not suitable and has limitations when applied to current Social Network Services such as Facebook. As a result, the content-based technique which includes deeper understanding of the semantics of text would probably perform better to forbid illegal post contents. In this project, three terms weighting schemes namely Entropy, TF-IDF, and Modified TF-IDF are used as feature selection process in filtering Facebook posts. The performance of these techniques will be examined via datasets, and the accuracy of their result is measured by Support Vector Machine (SVM). Entropy, TF-IDF, and Modified TF-IDF are judged based on accuracy, precision, recall and F score. Results showed that Modified TF-IDF performed better than Entropy and TFIDF. It is hoped that this study would give other researchers an insight especially who want to work with similar area.
Generic Digital Forensic Business Model – Malaysian Case Study
Authors: Saiman Nurul Haswani , Mat Din Mazura
Published: June 2018

Rapid development of cyberspace has created a healthy competition in the creation of computer systems and other devices. The impact of these developments is that cyber threats had caused hectic in digital security area and its reliability to be the trusted system in the industry. Therefore, in order resolve the problem, many countries began developing their own procedures for investigating cyber-related cases based on their own law and regulations and it when the term of digital forensic take place. Researchers began to provide the best definition of each potential element that said as can be a structure in the digital forensic. On other part, the preparations of designing the investigation procedures were based on various designs. In this research, modified investigative procedures are centered on the Malaysian Chief Government Security Office (MCGSO) as a central authority providing advisory services in the field of physical security, document security, personnel security and ICT security. The comparison between approaches had been made where it cover two (2) approaches namely framework and business model. Based on the survey that been made within the organization, selection of design and framework for digital forensic for this organization is based on the business model in general and the Digital Forensic Business Model in particular and it will link together with the general elements and components of digital forensic.