bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signals of diagnostic ions in the product ion spectra of [M − H]− ions of methoxylated flavonoids
Authors: Frański Rafał , Gierczyk Błażej , Kozik Tomasz , Popenda Łukasz , Beszterda Monika
Published: October 2018

Rationale

The main feature of the fragmentation of [M − H]− ions of methoxylated flavonoids is the loss of methyl radical (formation of the [M − H − CH3]−• product ion). Subsequent decomposition of [M − H − CH3]−• product ions may be useful for identification of a given compound by HPLC/MS. This paper describes how the selected diagnostic fragment ions can be useful during HPLC/MS(−) analysis of methoxylated flavonoids.

Methods

Product ion spectra (ESI‐CID‐MS/MS spectra) of [M − H]− ions of 17 methoxylated flavonoids (flavones, isoflavones and flavonols) were obtained with a Q‐TOF mass spectrometer. Full scan mass spectra (ESI‐MS) were obtained with a single quadrupole type of instrument.

Results

A number of product ions were recognized as useful from the point of view of structural elucidation. In most cases they were diagnostic product ions, formed as a result of C ring breaking.

Conclusions

The most important conclusions drawn from this study are: the product ion at m/z 132 indicates that the analysed compound is an isoflavone; the product ion at m/z 117 indicates the presence of one hydroxy group at ring B or at the 3‐position; biochanin A and prunetin can be differentiated by their ‘in‐source’ fragmentation, by the relative abundances of product ions at m/z 195, 183 and 167; loss of mass 102 from the [M − H − CH3]−• ion indicates that ring B is not substituted and there is no hydroxy group at the 3‐position; and rhamnetin can be detected using three diagnostic product ions, namely at m/z 121, 165 and 193.
Multifunctional Heterostructures for Polysulfide Suppression in High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Cathode
Authors: Chen Manfang , Xu Wentao , Jamil Sidra , Jiang Shouxin , Huang Cheng , Wang Xianyou , Wang Ying , Shu Hongbo , Xiang Kaixiong , Zeng Peng
Published: October 2018

The commercialization of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries is greatly hindered due to serious capacity fading caused by the polysulfide shuttling effect. Optimizing the structural configuration, enhancing reaction kinetics of the sulfur cathode, and increasing areal sulfur loading are of great significance for promoting the commercial applications of Li‐S batteries. Herein, the multifunctional polysulfide scavengers based on nitrogen, sulfur co‐doped carbon cloth (DCC), which is supported by flower‐like MoS2 (1T‐2H) decorated with BaMn0.9Mg0.1O3 perovskite particle (PrNP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), namely, DCC@MoS2/PrNP/CNTs, are delicately designed and synthesized. The physical confinement, chemical coupling, and catalysis conversion for active sulfur are achieved simultaneously in this polysulfide motif. Due to these merits, the as‐fabricated self‐supported DCC@MoS2/PrNP/CNTs/S manifests an excellent reversible areal capacity of 4.75 mAh cm−2 with an ultrahigh sulfur loading of 5.2 mg cm−2 at the 50th cycle. The outstanding cycling stability is obtained upon 800 cycles with a large reversible capacity of 871 mAh g−1 and a negligible fading rate of 0.02% per cycle at a rate of 1.0 C, suggesting its promising prospects for the commercial success of high‐performance Li‐S batteries toward flexible electronic devices and energy storage equipment.
Mesoporous Reduced Graphene Oxide as a High Capacity Cathode for Aluminum Batteries
Authors: Smajic Jasmin , Alazmi Amira , Batra Nitinkumar , Palanisamy Tamilarasan , Anjum Dalaver H. , Costa Pedro M. F. J.
Published: October 2018

Research in the field of aluminum batteries has focused heavily on electrodes made of carbonaceous materials. Still, the capacities reported for these multivalent systems remain stubbornly low. It is believed that a high structural quality of graphitic carbons and/or specific surface areas of >1000 m2 g‐1 are key factors to obtain optimal performance and cycling stability. Here an aluminum chloride battery is presented in which reduced graphene oxide (RGO) powder, dried under supercritical conditions, is used as the active cathode material and niobium foil as the current collector. With a specific surface area of just 364 m2 g‐1, the RGO enables a gravimetric capacity of 171 mAh g‐1 at 100 mA g‐1 and remarkable stability over a wide range of current densities (<15% decrease over 100 cycles in the interval 100–20000 mA g‐1). These properties, up to now achieved only with much larger surface area materials, result from the cathode's tailored mesoporosity. The 20 nm wide mesopores facilitate the movement of the chloroaluminate ions through the RGO, effectively minimizing the inactive mass content of the electrode. This more than compensates for the ordinary micropore volume of the graphene powder.
Higher derivative three-form gauge theories and their supersymmetric extension
Authors: Nitta Muneto , Yokokura Ryo
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We investigate three-form gauge theories with higher derivative interactions and their supersymmetric extensions in four space-time dimensions. For the bosonic three-form gauge theories, we show that derivatives on the field strength of the 3-form gauge field yield a tachyon as far as the Lagrangian contains a quadratic kinetic term, while such the term with opposite sign gives rise to a ghost. We confirm that there is neither a tachyon nor a ghost when all higher derivative terms are given by functions of the field strength. For this ghost/tachyon-free Lagrangian, we determine the boundary term necessary for the consistency between the equation of motion and energy-momentum tensor. For supersymmetric extensions, we present ghost/tachyon-free higher derivative interactions of arbitrary order of the field strength and corresponding boundary terms as well.
Low-energy signatures of the PS3 model: from B-physics anomalies to LFV
Authors: Bordone Marzia , Cornella Claudia , Fuentes-Martín Javier , Isidori Gino
Published: October 2018

Abstract

The three-site Pati-Salam gauge model provides a consistent description for the hints of lepton-flavor non-universality observed in B decays, connecting the present pattern of “anomalies” to the origin of the Standard Model Yukawa couplings. We present here a detailed analysis of the model predictions for a series of low-energy observables, mainly in B and τ physics. The model is in good agreement with present data and predicts a well-defined pattern of non-standard effects in low-energy observables that could allow us to test it in the near future. Particularly interesting are the predictions of large τ → μ Lepton Flavor Violating processes, such as τ → μγ, τ → 3μ, B → Kτ μ, and B

s
→ τ μ. Also μ → 3e, μ → eγ, and K

L
→ μe decays could be not far from the present exclusion bounds, although this conclusion is more model dependent.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: A New Strategy for Loco‐Regional Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma While Awaiting Liver Transplantation
Authors: Uemura Tadahiro , Kirichenko Alexander , Bunker Mark , Vincent Molly , Machado Lorenzo , Thai Ngoc
Published: October 2018

Background

Trans‐arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation are commonly used for control of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on liver transplant (LTx) waiting list. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was introduced to our institution for HCC as a bridging or downsizing therapy to LTx.

Patients and methods

Twenty‐five HCC lesions in 22 patients were treated with SBRT while waiting for LTx from January 2010 to December 2015. Nineteen of these patients received deceased donor LTx. SBRT was defined as 40–50 Gy delivered in 4–6 fractions. Pre‐ and post‐liver transplant outcome were analyzed in addition to the dropout rate and tumor response to SBRT.

Results

Median size of original tumors was 3.2 cm (2.0–8.9), and median size of tumor after SBRT was significantly smaller at 0.9 cm (0–3.2) in the explanted livers (p < 0.01). The dropout rate was 9%, and they were only downsized patients outside of Milan criteria. Liver disease did not progress between pre‐ and post‐SBRT except one patient. Twenty‐eight percent of treated HCCs showed complete pathologic response, and 22% had extensive partial response with some residual tumor. No HCC recurrence was experienced after LTx.

Conclusion

SBRT is indicated to be safe, effective treatment for HCC on LTx waiting list, and it leads to satisfactory post‐liver transplant outcomes.
Security analysis of mobile crowd sensing applications
Authors: Owoh Nsikak P. , Singh M. Mahinderjit
Published: October 2018

The proliferation of mobile phones with integrated sensors makes large scale sensing possible at low cost. During mobile sensing, data mostly contain sensitive information of users such as their real-time location. When such information are not effectively secured, users’ privacy can be violated due to eavesdropping and information disclosure. In this paper, we demonstrated the possibility of unauthorized access to location information of a user during sensing due to the ineffective security mechanisms in most sensing applications. We analyzed 40 apps downloaded from Google Play Store and results showed a 100% success rate in traffic interception and disclosure of sensitive information of users. As a countermeasure, a security scheme which ensures encryption and authentication of sensed data using Advanced Encryption Standard 256-Galois Counter Mode was proposed. End-to-end security of location and motion data from smartphone sensors are ensured using the proposed security scheme. Security analysis of the proposed scheme showed it to be effective in protecting Android based sensor data against eavesdropping, information disclosure and data modification.
Buddhist Constitutionalism in Thailand: When Rājadhammā Supersedes the Constitution
Authors: MÉRIEAU Eugénie
Published: October 2018

This article adds nuance to the classical account depicting Thailand as a secularized country by documenting how Buddhism informs constitutional thought and practices in contemporary Thailand. Throughout the twentieth century, Buddhist discourses have been used to bypass constitutional provisions in the name of ‘dhamma’ through the reliance on the rediscovery of the doctrine of the dhammarāja (the righteous King). In the early twenty-first century, a second rebirth of the discourse of the dhammarāja led to a further devaluation of the constitution as the supreme norm. The principles of a righteous King (totsapitrājadhammā) were reconceptualized as a functional equivalent to constitutionalism – as constraining the King’s power. This article first examines how modern lawyers used Buddhism as the vehicle to import Western constitutional ideas into the Siamese polity while reconstructing them as part of a royal legacy through the doctrine of the Ten Royal Virtues. It then turns to an analysis of the ever-increasing enshrinement of Buddhism in successive Thai constitutions since 1932. It concludes with an account of the politicization of the righteous King doctrine and its impact on constitutional practices.
Formation and break-up of rigid agglomerates in turbulent channel and pipe flows
Authors: Schutte K. C. J. , Portela L. M. , Twerda A. , Henkes R. A. W. M.
Published: October 2018

We have developed and applied an Eulerian–Lagrangian model for the transport, formation, break-up, deposition and re-entrainment of particle agglomerates. In this paper, we focus on agglomeration and break-up. Simulations were carried out to investigate what changes in the turbulent flow are inflicted by the presence of the agglomerates. Also, the dependence of the properties of the agglomerates on the Reynolds number of the flow and on the strength of the bonds between the primary particles is studied. The presence of the agglomerates attenuates the turbulence and thereby lowers the Reynolds stresses. As a result, the flow rate increases at constant pressure drop when agglomerates are formed (up to a certain dimension). If the agglomerates surpass this dimension, long-distance viscosity effects become dominant and a flow rate decrease occurs. The characteristics of the agglomerates are largely insensitive to the Reynolds number, provided the flow is turbulent. The agglomerates have an open and porous structure, and a fractal dimension of 1.8–2.3. Their mean mass scales exponentially with the strength of the internal bonds. Contrary to assumptions that are typically made in engineering models in the literature, agglomerates do not preferentially break into two fragments of similar size.
Bubble shape oscillations of finite amplitude
Authors: Guédra Matthieu , Inserra Claude
Published: October 2018

Shape oscillations arising from the spherical instability of an oscillating bubble can be sustained in a stationary acoustic field. Describing such a steady state requires that nonlinear saturation effects are accounted for to counteract the natural exponential growth of the instability. In this paper, we analyse the establishment of finite-amplitude bubble shape oscillations as a consequence of nonlinear interactions between spherical and non-spherical modes. The set of coupled dynamical equations describing the volume pulsation and the shape oscillations is solved using a perturbation technique based on the Krylov–Bogoliubov method of averaging. A set of first-order differential equations governing the slowly varying amplitudes and phases of the different modes allows us to reproduce the exponential growth and subsequent nonlinear saturation of the most unstable, parametrically excited, shape mode. Solving these equations for steady-state conditions leads to analytical expressions of the modal amplitudes and derivations of the conditionally stable and absolutely stable thresholds for shape oscillations. The analysis of the solutions reveals the existence of a hysteretic behaviour, indicating that bubble shape oscillations could be sustained for acoustic pressures below the classical parametric threshold.
Oscillatory switching centrifugation: dynamics of a particle in a pulsating vortex
Authors: Romanò Francesco
Published: October 2018

The dynamics of a small rigid spherical particle in an unbounded pulsating vortex is considered, keeping constant the particle Stokes number

$St$

and varying the particle-to-fluid density ratio

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}$

and the pulsation frequency of the vortex

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$

. We show that the asymptotic dynamics of a particle of given

$St$

and

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}$

can be controlled by varying

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$

, turning the vortex core either into an attractor or a repellor. The creation of non-trivial particle limit cycles characterizes the boundaries between centrifugal and centripetal regions in parameter space. The discovered phenomenon is termed oscillatory switching centrifugation and its implications for particle demixing processes, biological protocols, lab-on-a-chip devices and dynamical systems theory are discussed at the end.
The Ascent of Plastic Money: International Adoption of the Bank Credit Card, 1950–1975
Authors: Batiz-Lazo Bernardo , Del Angel Gustavo A.
Published: October 2018

This article studies the genesis and early international expansion of the bank-issued credit card—an American innovation that quickly took hold in western Europe. Empirical evidence undermines the proposition of a single firm building a proprietary network. In fact, it was a constellation of participants that combined three characteristics, namely, a critical mass of both retail customers and retail merchants; the capacity to implement new technological solutions; and the ability to forge resilient collaborations across national borders. The evidence supports the value of collaboration in retail financial services as means of appropriating network externalities. Moreover, other conceptual and empirical studies, especially those based on two-sided markets, neglect the greater implications that initial conditions in this industry have on long-term success.
HaematophagicCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chauhan Veeren M , Pritchard David I
Published: October 2018

Caenorhabditis elegansis a free-living nematode that resides in soil and typically feeds on bacteria. We postulate that haematophagicC. eleganscould provide a model to evaluate vaccine responses to intestinal proteins from hematophagous nematode parasites, such asNecator americanus. Human erythrocytes, fluorescently labelled with tetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester, demonstrated a stable bright emission and facilitated visualization of feeding events with fluorescent microscopy.C. eleganswere observed feeding on erythrocytes and were shown to rupture red blood cells upon capture to release and ingest their contents. In addition,C. eleganssurvived equally on a diet of erythrocytes. There was no statistically significant difference in survival when compared with a diet ofEscherichia coliOP50. The enzymes responsible for the digestion and detoxification of haem and haemoglobin, which are key components of the hookworm vaccine, were found in theC. elegansintestine. These findings support our postulate that free-living nematodes could provide a model for the assessment of neutralizing antibodies to current and future hematophagous parasite vaccine candidates.
Individualized prediction of dispositional worry using white matter connectivity
Authors: Feng Chunliang , Cui Zaixu , Cheng Dazhi , Xu Rui , Gu Ruolei
Published: October 2018

Background

Excessive worry is a defining feature of generalized anxiety disorder and is present in a wide range of other psychiatric conditions. Therefore, individualized predictions of worry propensity could be highly relevant in clinical practice, with respect to the assessment of worry symptom severity at the individual level.

Methods

We applied a multivariate machine learning approach to predict dispositional worry based on microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) tracts.

Results

We demonstrated that the machine learning model was able to decode individual dispositional worry scores from microstructural properties in widely distributed WM tracts (mean absolute error = 10.46, p < 0.001; root mean squared error = 12.82, p < 0.001; prediction R2 = 0.17, p < 0.001). WM tracts that contributed to worry prediction included the posterior limb of internal capsule, anterior corona radiate, and cerebral peduncle, as well as the corticolimbic pathways (e.g. uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, and fornix) already known to be critical for emotion processing and regulation.

Conclusions

The current work thus elucidates potential neuromarkers for clinical assessment of worry symptoms across a wide range of psychiatric disorders. In addition, the identification of widely distributed pathways underlying worry propensity serves to better improve the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms associated with worry.
An 8-year point-prevalence surveillance of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in a tertiary care teaching hospital in China
Authors: Wu Yi-Le , Yang Xi-Yao , Pan Meng-Shu , Li Ruo-Jie , Hu Xiao-Qian , Zhang Jing-Jing , Yang Li-Qi
Published: October 2018

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major worldwide public-health problem, but less data are available on the long-term trends of HAIs and antimicrobial use in Eastern China. This study describes the prevalence and long-term trends of HAIs and antimicrobial use in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Hefei, Anhui, China from 2010 to 2017 based on annual point-prevalence surveys. A total of 12 505 inpatients were included; 600 HAIs were recorded in 533 patients, with an overall prevalence of 4.26% and a frequency of 4.80%. No evidence was found for an increasing or decreasing trend in prevalence of HAI over 8 years (trend χ2 = 2.15, P = 0.143). However, significant differences in prevalence of HAI were evident between the surveys (χ2 = 21.14, P < 0.001). The intensive care unit had the highest frequency of HAIs (24.36%) and respiratory tract infections accounted for 62.50% of all cases; Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (16.67%). A 44.13% prevalence of antimicrobial use with a gradually decreasing trend over time was recorded. More attention should be paid to potential high-risk clinical departments and HAI types with further enhancement of rational antimicrobial use.
The invitatory antiphons inCantus sororum:a unique repertoire in a world of standard chant
Authors: LAGERGREN KARIN STRINNHOLM
Published: October 2018

This is the first study to examine the seven invitatory antiphons of the Birgittine weekly Office, theCantus sororum, offering complete transcriptions of the melodies and texts. An important general finding is that these invitatories share many melodic similarities with great responsories, but on a more detailed level this article investigates precisely how these chants relate to known models, both complete melodies as well as individual melodic motives. Four patterns of composition among theCantus sororuminvitatories emerge: (1) unique texts may be combined with melodies that resemble other known chants outside theCantus sororum;(2) texts and melodies that resemble other variants outside theCantus sororummay be combined in new ways; (3) both text and melody are unknown outside theCantus sororum.

Overall, these invitatory antiphons, like the rest of theCantus sororum, represent creative work with existing melodies and texts, including reworkings, borrowings and consistent use of melodic motifs, comprising a significant part of a repertoire at once distinctly Birgittine in character and yet conforming to the common stock of Gregorian Chant. Melodic correspondences within theCantus sororumas well as in the Birgittine Mass repertoire thus afford an interesting perspective on a soundscape in which the Birgittines functioned and where, through music, their identity was created and maintained.
History of a book: Hildegard of Bingen's ‘Riesencodex’ and World War II
Authors: BAIN JENNIFER
Published: October 2018

Only two large collections of Hildegard of Bingen's music are extant, today housed in the Katholieke Universiteit in Leuven (B-LVu, no shelf number) and in the Hochschul-und Landesbibliothek RheinMain in Wiesbaden (D-WI1 2, the so-called ‘Riesencodex’). The Riesencodex, though, was almost lost during World War II. It survived both bombing and plundering in Dresden in February 1945, only to be appropriated by the Soviet Administration in 1947. Using archival records from the Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv in Wiesbaden from the 1940s and 1950s, I detail the efforts of a number of people to retrieve the manuscript after the war and bring it back to Wiesbaden. Franz Götting, the director of the Wiesbaden library, spent several years trying to recover the manuscript through official channels. Its eventual return to Wiesbaden in 1948, however, came about surreptitiously, largely through the efforts of Margarete Kühn at the German Academy in East Berlin and an American woman, Caroline Walsh, in Berlin as a military spouse.
ARE ASIANS THE NEW BLACKS?
Authors: Kim Claire Jean
Published: October 2018

This article sheds light on the pending affirmative action lawsuit filed by Asian American plaintiffs against Harvard University by providing a brief history of how Asian Americans have been figured (and have figured themselves) in U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence on race-conscious admissions in higher education. It shows that the figuration of Asian Americans has played a critical role in the legal-ideological project of despecifying Black subjection and disavowing racial positionality in the U.S. social order, from Bakke to the present, and argues that a new ‘sociometry’ of race is necessary to help us understand and challenge persistent structures of racial power.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Adaptation of the Indicators of Abuse (IOA) Screen
Authors: Touza Carmen , Martínez-Arias Rosario , Prado Carmen
Published: October 2018

The objectives of this study were to replicate the analyses conducted by the creators of the Indicators of Abuse (IOA) Screen with a Spanish sample group and compare the results, to present new validity evidences, to analyze which items were more relevant in the detection of situations of risk of abuse, and to establish a cut-off point to interpret the obtained scores. The IOA was used by 46 professionals from social services teams who assessed the situation of 231 elderly individuals and their main caregivers. The obtained results advocated towards unidimensionality of the scale. It showed a high level of internal consistency (α = .94). The Confidence Interval of 99% for the alpha coefficient was between .92 and .95. The ordinal alpha coefficient reached the value of .98. The total score of the scale showed adequate temporal stability (r = .91; p ≤ .001; N = 163). Statistically significant differences (t-test) in the mean scores of most of the items were found between cases of adequate treatment and cases of risk of abuse. The scale classified correctly 93% of all cases. The best balance between sensitivity and specificity was found at the cut-off point given by score 16 (Sensitivity = 0.94, Specificity = 0.85). The results appear to confirm the validity evidence of the instrument when used with a Spanish population. However, it is necessary to conduct further research and confirm the results with wider, more representative sample groups.
Illusory Form Perception and Perceptual Grouping Operations under Conditions of Restricted Visual Awareness
Authors: Jimenez Mikel , Montoro Pedro R.
Published: October 2018

In the present study, we conducted two experiments (Experiment 1: 35 participants, M = 29; SD = 8.4; Experiment 2: 36 participants, M = 25; SD = 6.1) with the intention to explore whether underlying perceptual grouping operations and illusory form perception generate dissociable priming effects when Kanizsa-like figures are presented as primes and the rotated inducers as controls under conditions of restricted awareness. Using five different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA conditions, Experiment 1: 27, 40 and 53 ms; Experiment 2: 27, 80 and 227 ms), we displayed masked illusory and groping primes that could be congruent or incongruent in their orientation with subsequent probe stimuli (vertical vs. horizontal). We found significant priming effects in both Experiment 1 and 2 (p < .001, η2p = .31 and p = .016, η2p = .16, respectively), but, crucially, no significant priming differences between illusory and grouping primes across SOA conditions. Overall, our results are important in showing that a dissociation of the percept generated by the grouping of the inducers from that generated by the illusory form is crucial in the study of illusory form perception under conditions of restricted awareness. In addition, they provide further evidence of perceptual organization operations occurring under very restrictive awareness conditions.
Culturally Relevant Meanings of the Protestant Work Ethic and Attitudes towards Poor Persons
Authors: Bernardo Allan B. I. , Levy Sheri R. , Lytle Ashley E.
Published: October 2018

The Protestant work ethic (PWE), or the belief that hard work leads to success, is a popular belief across cultures. Much work indicates that PWE contributes to negative evaluations of disadvantaged groups presumably through the notion that they deserve their disadvantage for not working hard enough (“PWE-Justifier”). But there is another dimension of PWE that expresses the belief that everyone could succeed through hard work (“PWE-Equalizer”). We propose that the PWE-Justifier is meaningful in cultures that emphasize individualism and personal responsibility, but not in others. In a cross-cultural study, we compare how PWE-Justifier relates to evaluations of poor persons in the USA (individualist culture) and the Philippines (low individualist culture). In the USA sample, regression analysis indicated that internal attributions of poverty mediated the relationships of PWE-Justifier with negative stereotypes (R2 = .32) and with negative attitudes towards poor persons (R2 = .13). Bootstrapping analysis indicated that both indirect effects of PWE-Justifier were significant: Negative stereotypes, B = .17, SE = .03, p < .0001, 95% CI [.11, .24]; negative attitudes, B = 2.52, SE = 1.11, p = .014, 95% CI [0.49, 4.84]. The results were not found in the Philippine sample, where instead, PWE-Equalizer negatively predicted negative attitudes (R2 = .05) and positively predicted empathy (R2 = .05) for poor persons. The results are discussed in terms of how the negative consequences of PWE may derive from the cultural syndrome of individualism that emphasizes personal control and responsibility.
Globalized Socialism, Nationalized Time: Soviet Films, Albanian Subjects, and Chinese Audiences across the Sino-Soviet Split
Authors: Mëhilli Elidor
Published: October 2018

In the 1950s, films like Sergei Yutkevich'sVelikii voin Albanii Skanderbegsymbolized Albanian-Soviet friendship, which was said to be undying. The Soviets brought their reels and their famous actors to this corner of the Mediterranean, and they also designed the country's first film agency, baptized “New Albania.” By the early 1960s, however, the friendship was dead. Albania's communist regime sided with Mao's China during the dramatic Sino-Soviet schism. From instruments of friendship, films turned into weapons in a global battle over the soul of socialism. Unexpectedly, Albanian war films assumed revolutionary meaning—far away from the Balkans—during China's Cultural Revolution. Recapturing these zigzags, this article shows how globalized socialism interacted with national imperatives. Bringing about exchange on a cross-continental scale, socialism encouraged constant mental mapping, and it also produced competing temporal frameworks. Going beyond nationalized histories of cinema, the article draws on archival sources from three countries, including previously classified Albanian materials.
The Catholic 1968: Poland, Social Justice, and the Global Cold War
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: October 2018

In the 1960s, the Catholic Church underwent a revolution in the teaching and practice of its faith, known asaggiornamento. Catholics responded by pioneering new forms of agency in world affairs in the Global Sixties. This was a cross-Iron Curtain story, affecting communist and non-communist countries in Europe, as well as developing countries across the world – a story of transfers and encounters unfolding simultaneously along multiple geographical axes: “East-West,” “North-South,” and “East-South.” The narrative anchor for this story is the year 1968. This article explores the seminal role of east European Catholics in this story, focusing on Polish Catholic intellectuals as they wrote and rewrote global narratives of political economy and sexual politics. A global Catholic conversation on international development stalled as sexual politics reinforced Cold War and post-colonial divisions, with the Second and Third Worlds joining forces against First World critics of a new papal teaching on contraception,Humanae Vitae. Paradoxically, the Soviet Bloc became the prism through which the Catholic Church refracted a new vision of international development for the Third World.
On the Role of the Flaming to Smoldering Transition in the Seasonal Cycle of African Fire Emissions
Authors: Zheng Bo , Chevallier Frederic , Ciais Philippe , Yin Yi , Wang Yilong
Published: October 2018

Satellite estimates of burned area, associated carbon monoxide (CO) emission estimates, and CO column retrievals do not agree on the peak fire month in Africa, evident in both Northern and Southern Africa though distinct in the burning seasonality. Here we analyze this long‐standing problem using (1) a top‐down Bayesian inversion of Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere CO columns during 2005–2016 into surface CO emissions and (2) the bottom‐up Global Fire Emissions Database 4.1 s. We show that Global Fire Emissions Database 4.1 s underestimates CO emissions by 12–62% in the late fire season and hypothesize that this is partly because it assumes seasonally static emission factors. However, the degree to which emission factors would have to vary through the season to bring top‐down and bottom‐up in agreement cannot be confirmed by past field‐based measurements. Improved observational constraint on the seasonality of burned area, fuel combustion, and emission factors would further reduce the discrepancy between bottom‐up and top‐down emission estimates.
Circulation Drivers of Atmospheric Rivers at the North American West Coast
Authors: Guirguis Kristen , Gershunov Alexander , Clemesha Rachel E. S. , Shulgina Tamara , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Ralph F. Martin
Published: October 2018

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are mechanisms of strong moisture transport capable of bringing heavy precipitation to the West Coast of North America, which drives water resources and can lead to large‐scale flooding. Understanding links between climate variability and landfalling ARs is critical for improving forecasts on timescales needed for water resource management. We examined 69 years of landfalling ARs along western North America using reanalysis and a long‐term AR catalog to identify circulation drivers of AR landfalls. This analysis reveals that AR activity along the West Coast is largely associated with a handful of influential modes of atmospheric variability. Interaction between these modes creates favorable or unfavorable atmospheric states for landfalling ARs at different locations, effectively steering moisture plumes up and down the coast from Mexico to British Columbia. Seasonal persistence of certain modes helps explain interannual variability of landfalling ARs, including recent California drought years and the wet winter of 2016/2017.
Generality of Hydrologic Transport Limitation of Watershed Organic Carbon Flux Across Ecoregions of the United States
Authors: Zarnetske Jay P. , Bouda Martin , Abbott Benjamin W. , Saiers James , Raymond Peter A.
Published: October 2018

Although the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through freshwaters is nearly equivalent to the net carbon uptake of all terrestrial ecosystems, uncertainty remains about how source processes (carbon production and location) and transport processes (hydrologic connectivity and routing) interact to determine DOC flux across flow conditions and ecoregions. This limits our ability to predict the fluvial carbon flux responses to changes in climate and land use. We used DOC concentration and discharge patterns with ensemble modeling techniques to quantify DOC flux behavior for 1,006 U.S. watersheds spanning diverse climate and land cover conditions. We found that DOC flux was transport‐limited (concentration increased with discharge) in 80% of watersheds and that this flux behavior spanned ecoregions and watershed sizes. The generality of transport limitation demonstrates how coupling discharge models with widely available watershed properties could allow DOC flux to be efficiently integrated into landscape and Earth system models.
Representation of Model Error in Convective‐Scale Data Assimilation: Additive Noise, Relaxation Methods, and Combinations
Authors: Zeng Yuefei , Janjić Tijana , de Lozar Alberto , Blahak Ulrich , Reich Hendrik , Keil Christian , Seifert Axel
Published: October 2018

For ensemble data assimilation, background error covariance should account for sampling and model errors. There are a number of approaches that have been developed that try to consider these errors; among them, additive noise and relaxation methods (relaxation to prior perturbation and relaxation to prior spread) are often used. In this work, we compare additive noise, based on random samples from global climatological atmospheric background error covariance, to relaxation methods as well as combinations. Our experiments have been conducted in framework of convective‐scale data assimilation with conventional and radar reflectivity observations hourly assimilated for a 2‐week convective period over Germany. In the first week under weather conditions characterized by strong large‐scale forcing of convection, additive noise performs equally or even better than relaxation methods and combinations during both assimilation and short‐range forecasts. In addition, it is shown that the relaxation to prior perturbation may be associated with smoothing of background errors that negatively affect small‐scale structures and that the relaxation to prior spread yields more unbalanced model states. For the second week in absence of strong forcing, the performance of additive noise relative to combinations has been degraded a bit but results are still comparable. Overall, additive noise provides a good benchmark for further developments in representation of model error for convective‐scale data assimilation.
Multiple Proxy Estimates of Atmospheric CO2 From an Early Paleocene Rainforest
Authors: Kowalczyk Jennifer B. , Royer Dana L. , Miller Ian M. , Anderson Clive W. , Beerling David J. , Franks Peter J. , Grein Michaela , Konrad Wilfried , Roth‐Nebelsick Anita , Bowring Samuel A. , Johnson Kirk R. , Ramezani Jahandar
Published: October 2018

Proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 are necessary to reconstruct Earth's climate history. Confidence in paleo‐CO2 estimates can be increased by comparing results from multiple proxies at a single site, but so far this strategy has been implemented only for marine‐based techniques. Here we present CO2 estimates for the well‐studied early Paleocene Castle Rock site in Colorado using four paleobotanical proxies. Median estimates range from 470 to 813 ppm, demonstrating fair correspondence. The synthesis yields a median of 616 ppm (352–1110 ppm at 95% confidence), considerably higher than previous early Paleocene CO2 estimates (~300 ppm). Ash bed geochronology by the high‐precision U‐Pb method places the Castle Rock assemblage at 63.844 ± 0.097 Ma (fully propagated 2σ error). When these results are placed into the broader context of other Cenozoic CO2 estimates from plant‐gas‐exchange approaches and coeval estimates of global mean surface temperature, a pattern emerges of an Earth system sensitivity around 3 °C per CO2 doubling during the Paleocene and Eocene, a time with little land ice, then steepening to >7 °C after the Eocene once land ice was present on Antarctica.
Environmental Conditions During the Reported Charging Anomalies of the Two Geosynchronous Satellites: Telstar 401 and Galaxy 15
Authors: Saiz E. , Cid C. , Guerrero A.
Published: October 2018

Charging and subsequent electrostatic discharge is recognized as a serious operational threat to spacecraft. This paper concentrates on an analysis of the environmental conditions (geomagnetic measurables, but not the particle fluxes, that were associated with the geomagnetic disturbances) and the interplanetary signatures prior to the anomalies that affected the two geostationary satellites Telstar 401 and Galaxy 15, which were believed to have been caused by spacecraft charging/electrostatic discharge. In terms of geomagnetic conditions, the planetary Kp index was very different around the two events, despite Kp commonly being used to characterize periods that are hazardous for spacecraft charging. On the contrary, local geomagnetic records, both from GOES satellites and from ground records, reveal that each anomaly took place during the expansion phase of a triggered substorm. Combined with a large and south directed interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, northward turnings of negative IMF Bz and large fluctuations in IMF By played major roles in the magnetospheric responses of the substorms. The interplanetary features of the two events were also similar: the interplanetary counterpart of coronal mass ejections interacted with high‐speed streams, favoring the substorm triggers. Although there are several differences in the preconditioning and the inner conditions of the magnetosphere before the anomalies, in each case the respective spacecraft crossed the plasma sheet in the magnetotail during enhanced substorm activity, with a dipolarization event that took place close to the spacecraft location, indicating that each satellite was in the wrong place at a critical moment.
Real‐Time Detection of the Ground Level Enhancement on 10 September 2017 by A.Ne.Mo.S.: System Report
Authors: Mavromichalaki H. , Gerontidou M. , Paschalis P. , Paouris E. , Tezari A. , Sgouropoulos C. , Crosby N. , Dierckxsens M.
Published: October 2018

On 10 September 2017, a ground level enhancement (GLE) of cosmic ray intensity, identified as GLE72, was recorded by several stations of the worldwide neutron monitor network provided by the high‐resolution Neutron Monitor Database. The solar proton event that resulted in this GLE was associated with active region AR2673, which produced an X8.2 flare on the solar west limb. Protons were measured by the GOES satellites with energies above 10, 50, and 100 MeV, while particles at higher energies above 500 MeV were registered by ground‐based neutron monitors. This GLE event was successfully detected in real time by the GLE Alert plus System of the Athens Neutron Monitor Station (A.Ne.Mo.S.). In this work an overview of the GLE72 event is given, and a detailed analysis of the evolution of the GLE Alert signal issued by the GLE Alert plus System as well as a postevent summary are presented.
On the Little‐Known Consequences of the 4 August 1972 Ultra‐Fast Coronal Mass Ejecta: Facts, Commentary, and Call to Action
Authors: Knipp Delores J. , Fraser Brian J. , Shea M. A. , Smart D. F.
Published: October 2018

Today the extreme space weather events of early August 1972 are discussed as benchmarks for Sun‐Earth transit times of solar ejecta (14.6 hr) and for solar energetic particle fluxes (10 MeV ion flux >70,000 cm−2·s−1·sr−1). Although the magnetic storm index, Dst, dipped to only −125 nT, the magnetopause was observed within 5.2 RE and the plasmapause within 2 RE. Widespread electric‐ and communication‐grid disturbances plagued North America late on 4 August. There was an additional effect, long buried in the Vietnam War archives that add credence to the severity of the storm impact: a nearly instantaneous, unintended detonation of dozens of sea mines south of Hai Phong, North Vietnam on 4 August 1972. The U.S. Navy attributed the dramatic event to magnetic perturbations of solar storms. Herein we discuss how such a finding is broadly consistent with terrestrial effects and technological impacts of the 4 August 1972 event and the propagation of major eruptive activity from the Sun to the Earth. We also provide insight into the solar, geophysical, and military circumstances of this extraordinary situation. In our view this storm deserves a scientific revisit as a grand challenge for the space weather community, as it provides space‐age terrestrial observations of what was likely a Carrington‐class storm.
On the Need to Automate Support for Quality Assessment Studies of Space Weather Models
Authors: MacNeice P.
Published: October 2018

Model quality assessment (QA) and, where possible, model validation are critical steps in the life cycle of models destined to play a role in space weather research and forecasting. A major goal of QA is to characterize the state of the art of models of a given class, for example, models of the global corona and solar wind. This requires consistent assessment of all major models in the class. Commonly, QA has been done in what amounts to campaign mode, generating reports that capture the quality of a particular model or a limited set of models for specific events or time intervals. Inconsistencies between study designs, the limited scope of each study, and the intermittency with which the study reports appear in the literature mean that we never achieve a complete assessment of the state of the art. In addition, the time frame in which new models appear or existing models are upgraded is comparable to the publication time of peer‐reviewed validation reports, which means that these reports are often out of date soon after they are published. The community's current QA strategy is inadequate and unsustainable. In this paper we show why it is unsustainable and advocate for the development of automated protocols which can, with minimal ongoing labor cost, support the community's efforts to maintain up‐to‐date results. We illustrate the concept with results from a pilot scheme developed in conjunction with the Solar Heliospheric and Interplanetary Environment community.
2017 David Sun Lecture: Screening and Surveillance of Barrett’s Esophagus: Where Are We Now and What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Falk Gary W.
Published: October 2018

Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma continue to present considerable management challenges in the Western world. Despite our best efforts to date, the prognosis of advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma remains poor and far too many individuals with esophageal adenocarcinoma have not had a prior endoscopy to detect Barrett’s esophagus. As such, current strategies of screening for Barrett’s esophagus and subsequent surveillance need to be further optimized. Screening today is limited to high definition white light endoscopy in high-risk patient populations and as such has multiple limitations. However, a variety of exciting new techniques including risk prediction tools, tethered capsule endomicroscopy, a cytology sponge, breath testing for exhaled volatile organic compounds, and assessment of the oral microbiome are now under study in an effort to develop less expensive population-based screening methods. Similarly, endoscopic surveillance, as currently practiced has a variety of limitations. Inexpensive readily available adjuncts are already available to optimize surveillance including increased inspection time in an effort to detect mucosal or vascular abnormalities, special attention to the right hemisphere of the esophagus, and utilization of narrow band imaging or other electronic chromoendoscopy techniques. To improve endoscopic surveillance, a variety of new paradigms are under study including wide area trans-epithelial sampling, advanced endoscopic imaging, molecular imaging, clinical risk stratification and utilization of biomarkers of increased risk. However, progress will be challenging due to the complexity of esophageal cancer biology and the rarity of progression to cancer among patients with nondysplastic Barrett’s epithelium.
Establishment of stably expandable induced myogenic stem cells by four transcription factors
Authors: Lee Eun-Joo , Kim Minhyung , Kim Yong Deuk , Chung Myung-Jin , Elfadl Ahmed , Ulah H. M. Arif , Park Dongsu , Lee Sunray , Park Hyun-Sook , Kim Tae-Hwan , Hwang Daehee , Jeong Kyu-Shik
Published: October 2018

Life-long regeneration of healthy muscle by cell transplantation is an ideal therapy for patients with degenerative muscle diseases. Yet, obtaining muscle stem cells from patients is very limited due to their exhaustion in disease condition. Thus, development of a method to obtain healthy myogenic stem cells is required. Here, we showed that the four transcription factors, Six1, Eya1, Esrrb, and Pax3, converts fibroblasts into induced myogenic stem cells (iMSCs). The iMSCs showed effective differentiation into multinucleated myotubes and also higher proliferation capacity than muscle derived stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. The iMSCs do not lose their proliferation capacity though the passaging number is increased. We further isolated CD106-negative and α7-integrin-positive iMSCs (sort-iMSCs) showing higher myogenic differentiation capacity than iMSCs. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of iMSCs and sort-iMSCs, followed by network analysis, revealed the genes and signaling pathways associated with enhanced proliferation and differentiation capacity of iMSCs and sort-iMSCs, respectively. The stably expandable iMSCs provide a new source for drug screening and muscle regenerative therapy for muscle wasting disease.