bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Churches as Assembly Places in Early Medieval Italy
Authors: Arnau Alexandra Chavarría
Published: May 2020

Since the end of the 19th century, Italian historiography concerning the beginnings of the ‘comune’ has identified the expression ante ecclesia in convento, from chapter 343 of the Lombard Edict of Rothari, as evidence of an early medieval communal organisation based on earlier Roman structures. This interpretation is of significance not only for the history of cities, but also for the countryside and the organisation of commons. This chapter explores the function of churches and their surroundings as places of assembly, analysing other Italian written sources that mention meetings of a non-ecclesiastical character in relation to these buildings, and introduces the archaeological evidence to identify where exactly these meetings could have been conducted
Structures of Power: From Imperial Villa to Monastic Estate at Villamagna, Italy
Authors: Fentress Elizabeth , Goodson Caroline
Published: May 2020

In early medieval Italy, some settlements were anchored on Roman sites which provided authority and legitimacy for their post-Roman inhabitants. This chapter examines the use and reuse of an ancient imperial site through the case study of Villamagna, near Anagni in Central-Southern Italy. We argue that the estate of Villa Magna, founded in the 2nd century, remained an imperial property through the 7th century and was transferred to the bishopric of Rome before the 9th century. The history of the estate between the late 5th and the 12th century and the evidence for changes of ownership is discussed. The use of the villa’s physical structures, the maintenance of its agricultural terrain and the remains of its architectural materials to project power over the surrounding landscape can be seen as a case of imperial ownership, over time, providing an unbreakable stability and anchoring a centre of power even through changed historical contexts.
The Anglosphere as a Principle of Progress
Authors: Gardiner Michael
Published: May 2020

The Anglosphere is not only a linguistic entity, it is more fundamentally based in a binding of linguistic improvement, commerce, and historical advance, and it can be read in linguistic aspirations specifically set against the improving background of the Scottish Enlightenment. Enlightenment rhetoric guides answered the imperative of adjustment to British union and a desire to level the ground for individual public advance, and they define the language area in terms of a teleology, pointing inevitably towards commercial society. For literati like Adam Smith, linguistic improvement was the raw material of exchange, exchange was a clear historiographical good, and this good can moreover be demonstrated more or less empirically. The Anglosphere should be understood as a space that is simultaneously linguistic, economic, and historiographic, remaining readable in Victorian statecraft, and in Greater Britain’s ‘linguistic ethnicity’, and in the lost colonies of Britain’s ‘first empire’. It is doubtful, however, whether the Anglosphere in this understanding has retained its direction after the attenuations of the late twentieth century, the new pressures on property creation, and the undoing of the original ethical knot of language, economy, and historiography.
The Past, Present and Future of Anglosphere Security Networks: Constitutive Reduction of a Shared Identity
Authors: Legrand Tim
Published: May 2020

This chapter maps a new terrain of public policy collaboration in the Anglosphere. Over the past decade, ministers, mandarins and their deputies from across core Anglosphere states – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and United States – have begun to establish and entrench a new class of transgovernmental networks with their counterparts. Though such networks rarely come into public view, they are significant sources of the ideas and information used to forge domestic public policy. Increasingly, moreover, these networks are turning informal cooperation into distinctive quasi-institutional arrangements. This chapter contributes to new literatures in International Relations and Public Policy exploring the underlying normative ideas that contribute to transnational governance. Drawing from public statements from network participants, it considers the dynamics and political implications of three specific network cases: the Quintet of Attorneys-General, the Five Country Ministerial and the Five Country Conference. Here it is found that Anglosphere institutions are pursuing ever-deeper collaborative ‘transgovernmental’ strategies to overcome nascent global threats to national interests. These are cohered by a series of appeals to a shared construction of the Anglosphere’s identity, its globality and the threats it faces.
La perspectiva de género en la formación inicial docente: estudio descriptivo de las percepciones del alumnado
Authors: Miralles-Cardona Cristina , Cardona-Moltó María-Cristina , Chiner Esther
Published: May 2020

Introducción: A pesar de los esfuerzos para mejorar la calidad de la educación, la incorporación de la perspectiva de género (PG) en la formación inicial docente sigue estando ausente de los planes de estudio e ideario de las facultades de educación. Esta falta de atención al principio de igualdad representa una auténtica barrera para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (Naciones Unidas, 2015) y para el desarrollo de una educación sensible al género. El propósito de este estudio fue explorar el grado de implementación del enfoque de género en la formación inicial de docentes desde la perspectiva del alumnado. Método: Con este fin (1) se diseñó y validó la escala de Evaluación Sensible a la Formación en Igualdad de Género (ESFIG) y (2) se administró a 601 docentes en formación de grado y máster (72% mujeres y 28% varones), edad media 24.31 años, de una universidad pública española. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que (1) la ESFIG es un instrumento válido y adecuado para medir el grado de incorporación de la PG en la formación docente y (2) que los participantes perciben (a) la sensibilidad del centro a la implementación de la política de género de neutral e indiferente y (b) la preparación en género muy importante y necesaria para su formación; sin embargo, muestran una baja y poco realista percepción de la conciencia de desigualdades asociadas al género en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las respuestas de los participantes en función de la titulación y el género. Discusión: Los resultados sustentan la utilidad de la ESFIG para su uso como un indicador del grado de incorporación de la PG en la docencia universitaria, así como un instrumento apto para identificar áreas de necesidad, orientar y evaluar el impacto de posibles acciones e intervenciones.
Análisis de la evaluación en los currículos de Educación Física en Secundaria
Authors: Otero-Saborido Fernando Manuel , Vázquez-Ramos Francisco Javier , González-Jurado José Antonio
Published: May 2020

El tratamiento que recibe la evaluación en los currículos es uno de los rasgos más relevantes debido a que sus connotaciones van más allá de la didáctica. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los aspectos evaluativos para la asignatura de Educación Física (EF) en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria comparando los 17 currículos autonómicos. Se utilizó el análisis documental de los 17 currículos a través de una herramienta validada que analizó los 1979 estándares evaluativos de las Comunidades Autónomas (CCAA). Para el análisis de resultados se aplicó estadística descriptiva con un objetivo exploratorio, técnicas correlacionales para establecer asociaciones entre variables y regresión múltiple para determinar modelos explicativos. Los resultados muestran el uso del estándar como referente evaluativo generalizado y la ausencia de orientaciones evaluativas concretas en los diferentes criterios de evaluación aplicados. El análisis exploratorio revela la prevalencia de la dimensión cognitiva (41,9%) en los estándares en detrimento de la dimensiones motriz (29,41%) y socioafectiva (28,65%). La Globalidad Educativa de los referentes evaluativos es baja (11,13%) en comparación con los que incluyen dos (26,20%) y una dimensión (62,67%). El análisis correlacional refleja relaciones directas y significativas entre la globalidad del currículo y el porcentaje dedicado a la dimensión motriz (r=0,671, p=0,003) y la eficiencia del currículo y la dimensión motriz (r=0,758; p=0,000); por otro lado, resulta una asociación inversa y significativa entre el tamaño de los currículos y la globalidad de los mismos (r=0,651; p=0,005). Los resultados de la regresión múltiple muestran dos modelos predictivos en los que la dimensión motriz explica tanto la Globalidad Educativa de los currículos (p=0,01) como su eficiencia (p=0,012). Como conclusión, parece necesario otro modelo curricular en EF menos estandarizado, con referentes más globales y que oriente al profesorado sobre prácticas de evaluación más formativas. Por último, la dimensión motriz con un carácter integrado debiera tener mayor presencia en los currículos de EF.
Divulgación científica en YouTube y su credibilidad para docentes universitarios
Authors: Vizcaíno-Verdú Arantxa , De-Casas-Moreno Patricia , Contreras-Pulido Paloma
Published: May 2020

Los artículos, libros, capítulos, conferencias y seminarios tradicionales dan paso a nuevas herramientas de difusión del conocimiento científico como las redes sociales, apostando por la concepción de la ciencia abierta. Esta se entiende como la distribución pública de los resultados de investigación de forma deliberada, para que el público acceda libremente a los conocimientos universales. De este contexto, nace el presente estudio, que tiene por objetivo reconocer temáticas científicas en tendencia propuestas por jóvenes youtubers dedicados a la divulgación científica, así como obtener una valoración de docentes en Educación Superior sobre la fiabilidad y conveniencia de los contenidos y argumentos proporcionados por esta vía. El procedimiento metodológico parte de una exploración cuanti-cualitativa mediante análisis de contenido de cuatro canales con 12 unidades audiovisuales y 144 minutos de visionado, y de un cuestionario online que acoge la opinión de 205 investigadores universitarios. Los resultados cualitativos presentan un índice medio-alto de rigurosidad, credibilidad y fiabilidad por parte de los youtubers, así como un interés de los usuarios por las pseudociencias, las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, las matemáticas y las creencias dogmáticas. Contrariamente, los docentes encuestados declaran una falta de coherencia y criterio científico por parte de los influencers. Esta paradoja apunta hacia YouTube como una plataforma reveladora para la comunicación del saber, dirigida esencialmente a los jóvenes y sustentada por la libertad para aprender y enseñar ciencia. Se introduce, en suma, una nueva, innovadora y juvenil vía de difusión del conocimiento más controvertido, político, social y educativo, mediante recursos audiovisuales online, sociales y generalistas.
The Mortara Affair and the Question of Thomas Aquinas’s Teaching Against Forced Baptism
Authors: Tapie Matthew
Published: May 2020

Contemporary scholars critical of Pope Pius IX’s decision to remove Edgardo Mortara from his parents in Bologna, Italy, in 1858, appeal to Thomas Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism of Jewish children in the Summa theologiae. However, these scholars have overlooked the fact that the question of Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism was actually at the center of a rather extensive theological exchange between the Mortara family, and the Vatican’s papal counsel in 1858. This article demonstrates that without attention to the 1858 exchange, the contemporary debate lacks an understanding of the key theological questions, including the problem that Aquinas’s teaching was claimed by both sides. After an analysis of the appeals to Aquinas in the 1858 exchange, the article demonstrates why the contemporary discussion could benefit from a closer examination of Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism of Jewish children in its historical context.
Following the Breadcrumbs: Jesus as Superfluous to Salvation? A Catholic Search
Authors: Admirand Peter
Published: May 2020

In this personal reflection and analysis, I, as a Catholic theologian, grapple with the haunting theological question of Jewish scholars, David Patterson and David Berger: Is Jesus, for Jews, “superfluous to salvation?” In light of major advances in Christian-Jewish relations and dialogue, most recently in the 2015 Vatican document, “The Gifts and Callings Are Irrevocable,” I seek to follow and assess where the (theologically rich) breadcrumbs lead me. Context and personal narrative become the first path as I trace how and why I reached their question—and my deep need to try to answer it, amidst a wounded, if not broken Church, still reeling from the child abuse scandal, among other ills. I then turn to Peter Phan’s interfaith Christology as presented in The Joys of Religious Pluralism—an important touchstone book—to acknowledge how a change in the papacy from Benedict to Francis can be seen as opening up, if not momentarily avoiding, the over-policing of certain theological pathways. I then return to Berger and Patterson’s question in the conclusion which they ask in “fear and ‘trembling.”
Animación por ordenador
Authors: Córcoles César
Published: May 2020

César Córcoles, profesor del Graduado en Multimedia, recorre en este artículo la reciente historia de la producción cinematográfica de animación basada en gráficos generados por ordenador. La realidad es que los avances en las tecnologías del campo y la creciente potencia de los ordenadores de sobremesa permiten la aparición de productos de gran calidad con presupuestos limitados.
PETROGRAPHY AND MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF OLIGOCENE SHOSHONITIC DACITES FROM THE CENTRAL BOSNIA
Authors: Salkić Zehra , Lugović Boško , Babajić Elvir
Published: May 2020

Postorogenic volcanic rocks of different Tertiary ages are very common in the Sava-Vardar Zone of the Dinarides and in the southeastern part of adjoing Pannonian Basin. South of the Sava-Vardar Zone, in central Bosnia, Tertiary volcanic rocks occur within ophiolite sequences and genetically related sedimentary formations of the Dinaride Ophiolite Zone. Central Bosnia volcanic rocks are mostly dacites, and highly subordinately andesites as the members of the high-K calc-alkaline series.

It appears from the mineralogical and petrographic characteristics obtained some insight into the processes that occurred during the genesis of the rocks. The presence of primary igneous minerals: clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende and biotite from ferromagnesian minerals, and plagioclase, sanidine and quartz, indicates that the fractional crystallization played a significant role in the genesis of the rocks. Reaction edge on many rounded quartz phenocrysts indicates the possibility of magma mixing with the formation of Tertiary volcanic rocks of the central Bosnia. On magma mixing different temperature and chemical composition also indicates the existence of zoned plagioclase and amphibole phenocrysts.

Complex compositional and zoning patterns of biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts and disequilibrium microstructures of plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts suggest interaction of fractionating, mantle derived melts with continental crust during a shalow level pre-eruptive stage and mixing with small amount of devolatilized phlogopite-phyric mafic magma before eruption.
RISK MANAGEMENT ON MEDJEDJA DAM ON TAILING STORAGE FACILITY, OMARSKA MINE PRIJEDOR
Authors: Stojanovic Lazar , Figun Ljubica , Trivan Jelena
Published: May 2020

Dams and tailing storage facilities are specific mining facilities that carry many potential hazards, and therefore risks. In this paper, for tailing mud damMedjedja andtailing storage facilityof the Omarska Mine near Prijedor, on the basis of the current state of the dam, past events, visual observations and specialist measurements, we have analysed possible accident scenarios, the likelihood of their occurrence, and their detrimental effects, including: loss of life, material damage, environmental consequences and impact on the reputation of the Company. The ISO standards and ICOLD recommendations related to dam risk management were used in the risk assessment.
COMPARISON OF DIATOMS IN WELL AND DRENOVAĈA SWAMP IN VELINO SELO VILLAGE, IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Ćurĉić Milenko , Milinković Dragica , Radivojević Dragana , Đurić Dijana
Published: May 2020

Parallel with the research of Bacillariophyta flora in the well with shadoof on the area of Semberija was researched Bacillariophyta flora of other freshwater systems that are located in the near or distant environment from the researched wells, such as Drenovaĉa swamp, Sava river, Jelaz canal, artesian wells and ephemeral swamps. It is very interesting to compare Bacillariophyta flora that inhabits wells and Bacillariophyta flora of Drenovaĉa swamp that is only a dozen meters away from the researched well of Lazić Mijo, a local in the village Velino Selo.

All identified Bacillariophyta in researched well belong to aerophile, which indicates on certain ecology of the well, that is a specific life conditions that are present in wells as anthropogenic creations. Contrary to the well flora, Bacillariophyta flora of Drenovaĉa swamp is composed party of algae belonging to benthos. In Lazić Mijo well were identified 33Bacillariophyta, all aerophile, while in Drenovaĉa swamp were identified 57 Bacillariophyta, from which only 18 are aerophile and others belong to benthos.

Considering that Bacillariophyta is a component of aeroplankton, and that via air currents can be transmitted over long distances, it is assumed that similarly aerophile Bacillariophyta were transmitted on mosses associations on the well wall, manifested their adaptive attributes in such biotopes, and by that became autochthonous flora of the well. Large qualitative differences in Bacillariophyta flora in wells with shadoof and in Bacillariophyta flora of Drenovaĉa swamp also indicate on autochthony of Bacillariophyta flora of the well, which means that species were not transmitted from the neighborhood.
GEOSPATIAL EVALUATION OF BELGRADE FOR THE PURPOSES OF DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PV PLANTS
Authors: Filipović Dejan , Lukić Ana , Lukić Milica
Published: May 2020

The aim of this paper is to identify the most suitable locations for the construction of Solar Photovoltaic Plants (PVP) on the territory of the City of Belgrade (Republic of Serbia). The city is rich in natural resources and abundant in energy potential. The climatic and spatial characteristics favor the use of solar energy: the average annual solar radiation in Belgrade is 1446.8 kWh/m2 /year, and the sunshine duration is around 2200 h/year.

The analysis covered the area of 3240.7 km2 (administrative area of Belgrade). Geospatial evaluation was based on three basic criteria: aspect, slope and land use. The Method of elimination in combination with modern methods in geospatial research (GIS) was applied. Based on the mentioned geospatial factors, thematic maps were made and later, their overlapping resulted in obtaining a synthesis Map of the suitability of the terrain for the construction of the PV plants. Of the total considered area, 13.68% were evaluated as suitable for the given purpose.
Nuevos datos sobre la distribución y hábitat usados por el meloncillo en la península ibérica: ¿Es más común y generalista de hábitat de lo que se conocía?
Authors: Palomares Francisco , Román Jacinto
Published: May 2020

The Egyptian mongoose is the only mongoose in Europe with well established population since ancient times, and it is only found in the Iberian Peninsula. The objectives of this study are to collect the existing information on confirmed presence of Egyptian mongoose in the Iberian Peninsula, and provide new information on its presence, and habitats where it has been found in recent years. The existing information on its presence in 10x10 km UTM grids was collected, and the data obtained during systematic sampling in several provinces, as well as others obtained opportunistically by the authors, were also included. In each new place where signs of mongooses were found, the habitat was noted. Mongooses have been detected in 30 new grids, which together with the existing information makes a total of 1,771 grids with confirmed presence of the species. Most of the new places correspond to extensive agricultural areas of olive grove or cereal, pastures, marshland or are streams with linear and sparse vegetation. The mongoose seems to have expanded its range during the last decades in the Iberian Peninsula, which, besides to a probable lack of information, may be due to 1) the increase in the Mediterranean scrubland because to the abandonment of traditional agricultural or livestock areas, and 2) a relaxation in habitat use, perhaps promoted by the reduction of direct persecution, which seems to be allowing it to colonize open areas of vegetation, where until now it had not been cited.
Identification of a super-functional Tfh-like subpopulation in murine lupus by pattern perception
Authors: Gryzik Stefanie , Hoang Yen , Lischke Timo , Mohr Elodie , Venzke Melanie , Kadner Isabelle , Poetzsch Josephine , Groth Detlef , Radbruch Andreas , Hutloff Andreas , Baumgrass Ria
Published: May 2020

Dysregulated cytokine expression by T cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the identification of the corresponding pathogenic subpopulations is a challenge, since a distinction between physiological variation and a new quality in the expression of protein markers requires combinatorial evaluation. Here, we were able to identify a super-functional follicular helper T cell (Tfh)-like subpopulation in lupus-prone NZBxW mice with our binning approach "pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)". PRI uncovered a subpopulation of IL-21+ IFN-γhigh PD-1low CD40Lhigh CXCR5- Bcl-6- T cells specifically expanded in diseased mice. In addition, these cells express high levels of TNF-α and IL-2, and provide B cell help for IgG production in an IL-21 and CD40L dependent manner. This super-functional T cell subset might be a superior driver of autoimmune processes due to a polyfunctional and high cytokine expression combined with Tfh-like properties.
Parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens clarify impacts of p53 on screen performance
Authors: Bowden Anne Ramsay , Morales-Juarez David A , Sczaniecka-Clift Matylda , Agudo Maria Martin , Lukashchuk Natalia , Thomas John Christopher , Jackson Stephen P
Published: May 2020

CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering has revolutionised high-throughput functional genomic screens. However, recent work has raised concerns regarding the performance of CRISPR-Cas9 screens using TP53 wild-type human cells due to a p53-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) limiting the efficiency of generating viable edited cells. To directly assess the impact of cellular p53 status on CRISPR-Cas9 screen performance, we carried out parallel CRISPR-Cas9 screens in wild-type and TP53 knockout human retinal pigment epithelial cells using a focused dual guide RNA library targeting 852 DDR-associated genes. Our work demonstrates that although functional p53 status negatively affects identification of significantly depleted genes, optimal screen design can nevertheless enable robust screen performance. Through analysis of our own and published screen data, we highlight key factors for successful screens in both wild-type and p53-deficient cells.
What is Transportation For?
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.
Accessibility and Urban Form
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the relationship between urban form and accessibility by comparing accessibility across metropolitan regions in the United States. A prevalent view among urban planning researchers is that low-density, auto-oriented metropolitan regions are also low-accessibility areas. This view, if supported, would have important implications for policy reform. For metropolitan areas in the U.S. overall, there is a positive relationship between density and auto accessibility. This suggests that land-use policy can be highly relevant to accessibility outcomes. In particular, allowing metropolitan compactness by easing land-use regulations mandating low development densities can improve the effectiveness of the roadway transportation system as defined in accessibility terms. Yet the success of the strategy remains a matter for empirical accessibility evaluation. The relationship between metropolitan density and work accessibility via automobile, while positive, is hardly ironclad, and some low-density regions do offer high auto accessibility. And transportation success overall should not just consider the automobile but should consider accessibility via all travel modes, including walking, cycling, public transport, and cars.
The Special Case of Public-Transport Accessibility
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses how public transport plays a special role in accessibility. Like driving, biking, or walking, its first job is to provide the mobility that allows travelers to reach their destinations. However, public transport differs from other modes in its capacity to boost proximity indirectly; it can bring origins and destinations closer together to shape land-use development toward higher proximity. These proximity impacts operate at both local and regional scales. When public transport enables large and concentrated downtowns to thrive, or when it facilitates metropolitan compactness overall, it is supporting a regional accessibility benefit that accrues to transit users and nonusers alike. Public transport also differs from other modes in that measuring its accessibility involves a series of technical challenges that planners and public officials must confront when they seek to extend the accessibility shift to the transit context. The chapter then considers the special challenges of public-transport accessibility measurement and then demonstrates one application of such measurement: the assessment of bus versus rail transportation deployments for their respective contributions to metropolitan accessibility.
Accessibility in Social-Equity Evaluation
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that because the concept of accessibility enables comparison of transportation's benefits among social groups, it is essential to proper evaluation of the social-equity impacts of transportation decisions. Unlike mobility metrics, which tend to focus on the performance of infrastructure, accessibility metrics are readily analyzed with regard to specific groups of people, such as low-income and racial-minority groups. One group that deserves special attention in equity analysis is people without access to an automobile, because the travel modes available to individuals are the single most decisive factor in determining whether they can reach destinations. However, because accessibility is inherently multidimensional and more complex than standard mobility-based metrics, several methodological considerations are essential for meaningful analysis; considering differences in mode alone is not sufficient. The influence of mode on accessibility tends to vary systematically in metropolitan space, and accessibility analysis must consider the effect of mode and location simultaneously. The chapter then explains the mobility nature of current equity evaluation, and proposes and demonstrates the use of accessibility-based equity-evaluation tools.
Nonwork Accessibility
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on nonwork accessibility. Nonwork differs from work accessibility in three important ways. First, people's propensity to travel long distances is significantly greater for work trips than for nonwork trips. The relative shortness of nonwork trips may result from the closeness of available alternative destinations, a resistance to traveling longer distances for nonwork purposes, or some combination of the two. Second, there are frequently good substitutes for nonwork destinations. For example, one grocery store or restaurant may be readily patronized instead of another. Third, nonwork destinations are far more varied and less standardized than work destinations. The chapter then develops a comprehensive index of nonwork accessibility, applies it to large metropolitan regions in the United States, and compares the distribution of nonwork accessibility to work accessibility.
Envisioning the Accessibility Shift
Authors: Levine Jonathan , Grengs Joe , Merlin Louis A.
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT) reduction, and accessibility. The transportation-planning field began in the first half of the twentieth century with a mobility orientation. By the end of the century, many planners and researchers had shifted to VKT reductions as the implicit lodestone of progressive action in transportation and land use, a goal that, by the twenty-first century, made its way into some formal policies—though the mobility paradigm remained dominant overall. This book argues for a logic distinct from both of these: an accessibility shift to align transportation and land-use planning with transportation's core purpose. Notwithstanding the challenges it faces in the form of invisibility, accessibility is the only reliable indicator, among the three contenders, of the benefits offered by transportation. This renders both mobility and VKT reduction inadequate as transportation planning's central logic, an inadequacy that can lead to perverse outcomes. The existing mobility paradigm molds transportation and land-use planning at multiple levels and geographic scales and demonstrably shapes metropolitan development. This power suggests that the accessibility shift similarly holds great potential for altering decisions and ultimately the built environment.
No Useless Mouth
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

In the era of the American Revolution, the rituals of diplomacy between the British, Patriots, and Native Americans featured gifts of food, ceremonial feasts, and a shared experience of hunger. When diplomacy failed, Native Americans could destroy food stores and cut off supply chains in order to assert authority. Black colonists also stole and destroyed food to ward off hunger and carve out tenuous spaces of freedom. Hunger was a means of power and a weapon of war. This book argues that Native Americans and formerly enslaved black colonists ultimately lost the battle against hunger and the larger struggle for power because white British and United States officials curtailed the abilities of men and women to fight hunger on their own terms. By describing three interrelated behaviors—food diplomacy, victual imperialism, and victual warfare—the book shows that, during this tumultuous period, hunger-prevention efforts offered strategies to claim power, maintain communities, and keep rival societies at bay. It shows how Native Americans, free blacks, and enslaved peoples were “useful mouths”—not mere supplicants for food, without rights or power—who used hunger for cooperation and violence, and took steps to circumvent starvation. The book demonstrates that hunger creation and prevention were tools of diplomacy and warfare available to all people involved in the American Revolution. Placing hunger at the center of these struggles foregrounds the contingency and plurality of power in the British Atlantic during the Revolutionary Era.
Hunger, Accommodation, and Violence in Colonial America
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how, between the 1500s and 1700s, two varying approaches toward dealing with food and hunger allowed inconsistent ideas about hunger to form, which in turn influenced how Natives and non-Natives exchanged food and destroyed it. From the decades after the arrival of Columbus to the mid-eighteenth century, food functioned together with the alcohol, furs, trade goods, and wampum that Indians and Europeans imbued with practical and symbolic meanings. These cross-cultural dealings ensured the existence of a type of Native and non-Native diplomacy called forest diplomacy—and thus of peace. Food sharing, like other practices, could work within the framework of a commodity-exchange economy and a gift-exchange economy. The overlap between these two economies permitted creative misunderstandings and cooperation, while also fostering conflict. Cooperative food exchange was paralleled by battles over commodities, including the destruction of crops and attacks against domesticated animals. Europeans employed victual warfare against other Europeans during military conflicts of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; in North America, Indian warriors, soldiers, and colonial civilians practiced victual warfare. Meanwhile, mainland colonists did not practice victual warfare against enslaved Africans because they did not need to; they simply controlled access to food. Slaveholders ensured that bondpeople went hungry by restricting consumption and limiting their abilities to use land to grow garden produce.
Black Victual Warriors and Hunger Creation
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how enslaved peoples and self-liberated men and women used food to shape the Revolutionary War in ways that failed to address their own hunger. In November of 1775, before the colonies declared independence, Virginia governor Lord Dunmore issued a proclamation that offered freedom to slaves of rebel masters, setting the stage for an exodus of thousands of self-liberated men and women from colonists' homes and plantations to British lines. Dunmore's Proclamation was also responsible for changing white colonists' and British officers' ideas about hunger prevention and just war. Dunmore's Proclamation affected white colonists and Britons less than it did free black folks, enslaved people, and former bondpeople. People of African descent played various roles in the conflict. Dunmore's offer turned some men into victual warriors capable of creating and preventing white hunger. Throughout the war, self-liberated men and women did not enjoy the luxury of worrying about their own appetites—and sometimes, hunger seemed immaterial. But their experiences created the knowledge that would later become necessary to institutionalize a food system that granted black colonists the political authority to fight hunger.
Victual Imperialism and U.S. Indian Policy
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the rise of American victual imperialism in the 1790s. During the 1780s and 1790s, U.S. Indian commissioners had copied generous British diplomacy because they feared Native hunger. As the federal government gained an advantage over the states, U.S. officials tried to decrease the cost of such practices by telling Native Americans about alternative ways to prevent hunger: by producing crops, meat, and dairy. The Plan of Civilization relied upon the idea that Indians who adopted American notions of proper husbandry could become usefully independent, and could use less land to do so. By the mid-1810s, the Plan of Civilization's promoters had succeeded in decreasing food aid and distributing provisions that physically sickened Native Americans. The scheme, rather than preventing Indian hunger by transforming Indians into husbandmen, instead ate up Indians' territory while killing Indians. American victual imperialism worked alongside the Native and non-Native diplomacy that continued into the 1810s. Victual imperialism and food diplomacy both mischaracterized Native hunger while encouraging select groups of Indians to collaborate with non-Native officials to implement and enforce changes in the food system. Once this process was underway, victual imperialism replaced food diplomacy, and Native Americans lost this particular battle.
A Final Appearance
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights Alcibiades' final appearance in Athenian history. It happened on the eve of the battle that would mark the final and definitive defeat of Athens—the defeat at Aegospotami. It took place near Alcibiades' fortress, at the entry of the straits that bordered the Chersonese. Alcibiades suddenly appeared in the Athenian camp, confident in his experience and what he had been observing. He offered himself as an adviser at the most critical moment, a moment of high drama, and proved once more his incomparable abilities. Unfortunately, Athens was set on its path, to its peril; they would pay dearly for their attitude. Lysander fell upon the Athenian forces, which, as he knew, were imprudently dispersed. Lysander soon took Athens, burned the fleet, and destroyed the Long Walls that had guaranteed Athens safety and independence. The chapter then looks at Alcibiades' death, which, unlike his life, was obscure and miserable.
Conclusion
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter discusses how the story of Alcibiades' life requires consulting both historical and literary texts. The honors bestowed on his tomb by the emperor Hadrian have served as the epilogue of Alcibiades' death. This is not surprising since Hadrian was known to be an admirer of Greek culture. Nor is it surprising that cultivated Romans knew about Alcibiades. They read Plato, the Greek historians, and later Plutarch. And in addition to the biography written by Cornelius Nepos, one encounters Alcibiades in all the scholars of the imperial age. After that, a heavy veil of silence fell. There is no mention of Alcibiades through the Middle Ages until the reappearance of Greek texts. The chapter then offers an analogy between Alcibiades' life and the unification of Europe. When one looks back at his life, the crisis in democracy is what is most striking and moving today.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes the key terms in the debate on time. Many contributors to the debate on time in the digital era have diagnosed a paradigm shift toward a timeless present that has swallowed up the past. Indeed, network society displaces the sequential order of lived experience by way of a “real virtuality” that immerses people into a world of instantaneity. The chapter then engages with the temporal anxiety that people can no longer narrate history and their own lives as coherent stories. The ongoing debate on time and temporality revolves around a range of interconnected diagnostic tropes that aim to illuminate a fundamental recalibration of the conditions of temporality in the network era: acceleration, resonance, atomization, immediacy, the extended present, time–space compression, network time, and precarious times.
Contemporary Perspectives
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines time in contemporary culture. Slowness as an aesthetic practice and a mode of reception features prominently in much contemporary photography and film, defying the fast-paced entertainment conventions and the capitalist commodification of time, as are evident, for example, in recent blockbusters. While mainstream films favor fast-paced cutting, jerky and unfocused panning, or hectic zooming, slow cinema and slow photography embrace grammars of minimalism to interrupt the cult of speed. Slowness in this sense is more than a binary term in opposition to speed: it is an aesthetic art practice that may include the employment of digital or analogue technologies; slow diegesis and slow narrative; the gallery or cinema as a contemplative exhibition or reception space; and a responsive spectatorship. The chapter then debates the concept of slow art in dialogue with international art practice, as exemplified in the performance art of Lee Lozano and Marina Abramović, before analyzing the representation of time in the works of two prominent German photographers: West German Michael Wesely and East German Ulrich Wüst.
Epilogue
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This epilogue connects the analysis of time and temporality with a broader perspective on the future direction of the humanities. In 2017, the renowned German writer Juli Zeh published Leere Herzen (Empty Hearts), a dystopian novel that imagines life in postdemocratic Germany and Europe. Zeh's novel does not rank among her highest literary achievements. From a temporal perspective, however, Leere Herzen is an intriguing novel: it places what one might call a “plausible dystopia” within close reach of the disillusioned age. Dystopia no longer designates the final apocalyptic catastrophe that dramatically unfolds in the distant future but rather the gradual erosion of democracy in the here and now. By radically shrinking the temporal gap between now and the future, Zeh's dystopia suspends the future perfect as an enabling perspective that can mobilize preventative action. By contrast to the apocalyptic staging of the tipping point that terminates life on this planet, presentist dystopias envisage the future as unfolding incrementally and cumulatively in the extended present.
Companions in Now-Time
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents Alexander Kluge's oblique meditation on books and collecting. In a letter to a Mr. B., Kluge describes his library and his relation to books. He claims that books have a will of their own. They find each other on their own accord. That is the principle guiding their rows, stacks, and piles. He says he does not own books he most admires; he lives with them. What Kluge finds trustworthy about books is that they connect centuries. No other medium connects authors over 2,000 years so reliably as the book. Ultimately, how Kluge treats his beloved books cannot be compared to the nurturing of a library. He then details how, in his parents' house, books were kept in an orderly fashion in the so-called gentlemen's study. This room was not for reading, but rather was especially meant for playing bridge.
Storytelling Means Dissolving Relations
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the dialogue between Piero Salabè and Alexander Kluge wherein they talked about Kluge's book Tür an Tür mit einem anderen Leben (Next Door to Another Life, 2006). Kluge claims that there are always two aspects to sadness: it isolates, but it can also bring people in contact with one another. Sadness and crying are capable of dissolving hardened relations. When asked whether he believes in progress, Kluge answered that he does not believe in linear progress because for him “the past is always coming at us from the future.” Instead, he believes in circular movement like those in whirlpools. The concept of enlightenment must begin with the real phenomenon that time does not actually pass. Kluge says that “we must continue to tell stories about problems in the world, and with storytelling we must also push back against these problems that people fail to respect.” Storytelling means dissolving in the literal sense of “analyzing.” Kluge believes that this is the great, unfinished project of enlightenment. Salabè and Kluge also discusses the individual's capacity for differentiation.
Bits of Conversation
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at an interview between Alexander Kluge and Enno Patalas and his wife, Frieda Grafe, which was published in the film journal Filmkritik shortly after Kluge received the Special Jury Prize at the 1966 Venice Film Festival. This interview provides insights into the making of Kluge's first feature, Yesterday Girl (1966). The child of Jewish parents, the main character Anita became acquainted with persecution during the Third Reich. It is a pervasive belief that a child who was eight years old in 1945 was not directly affected, but rather was only threatened and could therefore not actually be seriously defined by it. Kluge claims that this is obviously not true. When he thinks about his own childhood, he may not have understood what was happening exactly, but he registered the power relations very clearly; he understood quite accurately the hierarchy, which was quite different from today's. Kluge then explains that Anita and her story are specific to the Federal Republic. Her story would be a different one if she lived in a different society. And it would also be a different one if Germany had a different history.
A Plan with the Force of a Battleship
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Alexander Kluge's retrospective evaluation of Soviet avant-garde cinema practices. Kluge recounts Sergei Eisenstein's plan in 1927 to film Capital, “based on the scenario by Karl Marx.” During the following two years, Eisenstein pursues his plan, which no one is willing to finance. Kluge sees Eisenstein's grand plan to film Capital as a kind of imaginary quarry. One can find fragments there, but one may also discover that there is nothing to be found. Dealing in a respectful way with the plans of a great master like Eisenstein is similar to excavating an ancient site; one discovers more about oneself than actual shards and treasures. Kluge suggests that “today we experience the proliferation of existent conditions. Objective reality has outstripped us, but we also have reason to fear the mass of subjectivity that eludes our consciousness.” In 2008, it is dangerous to confront this reality with the method and the expectations of Marx: one becomes discouraged. Kluge then provides a definition of images.
On the Expressions “Media” and “New Media”
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Alexander Kluge's reflections on the distinctions between classical media and new media. Kluge ties the advent of new media to the advance of digital technologies, attendant reductive forms of programming, the acceleration of experience, and the acquisition of new forms of private property located in viewers' heads. The supposed advantage of new media lies in the fact that it mobilizes people more rapidly and more inclusively in a nonhuman way than humans could ever manage directly among one another. To all appearances, new media works differently. A television program shows, for instance, direct documentation; it is a transmission. This is, however, not at all unmediated, but is rather cut down from its original time. Kluge then determines what the classical public sphere has more of and the new media has less of.