bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drillstring Dynamics Simulation Optimizes Multilateral Casing Exit Windows
Authors: Guidry Christopher W. , Thomas Reena
Published: March 2012

Traditional casing exit technology includes tool strings comprised of mills with cutting structures for traversing anchored whipstocks to create elliptically shaped windows. Successful casing exit operations involve generating windows sufficiently long for easy passage of subsequently run directional drilling bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) and creating full-gauge ratholes that deviate from the exited casing. Paramount to generating a long window is maintaining sufficient restraining forces on the bottom-most mill to keep the mill tracking the full ramp length and thereby preventing an early whipstock ramp departure by the mill.

This paper describes an innovative casing exit milling BHA and the method by which its design and predicted performance were optimized using in-house-created drillstring dynamics finite element analysis (FEA) software. This analytical tool helped in designing the milling BHA so that its operational bending stresses were reduced and its fatigue life was increased. Purposefully designed shapes and placements of the BHA’s bladed cutting sections provided a favorable distribution of restraining forces, thus enabling an optimal-length casing exit window.

The resultant BHA design is such that the upper-most mill can traverse against the entire ramp, and then preferably deviate away from the ramp to avoid undesirable re-entry into the previously exited wellbore. Analytical results have shown that contact forces endured by the mills during window milling have been optimized, thereby supporting efforts to improve BHA component fatigue life.

As directional drilling assemblies continue to be made longer and stiffer, there is an increased significance of using simulation tools to design milling BHAs. These newly designed BHAs will continue to be enhanced to maximize window length for improved ingress and egress of the rotary steerable drilling BHAs. Extensive analysis, qualification testing, and field trials were performed on these systems. Case histories describing operational results will be shared and discussed during the presentation.
Innovative PDC Cutter Technology Leads to Step Out Performance Improvements in Diverse Applications in Shale Plays
Authors: Scott Dan , Meiners Matt , Isbell Matt
Published: March 2012

Since the commercial introduction of the PDC cutter in 1976 the cutter technology and impact on the drill bit market has changed dramatically. There have been many milestones along the way as other vendors entered the market and as the bit companies continued improving bit designs and applications understanding. (1) This service company pioneered application specific and position specific cutter technology features in the 1990s. PDC cutters were also substantially improved with the introduction of a patented layered diamond table technology and polished surface finish. (2,3,4,5,6) In the last decade detailed analysis and understanding of cutter behavior and failure mechanisms, drilling mechanics, bit stability, new drive systems, focused design and application review teams (DART) and innovative manufacturing processes have lead to a steep increase in the conversion of traditional roller cone hard rock markets to PDC bits. From approximately 25% of the market in 2000, the PDC bits now occupy approximately 70%. This paper will highlight the latest improvements in PDC performance including supporting case studies throughout North America.
Automated Closed-loop Drilling with ROP Optimization Algorithm Significantly Reduces Drilling Time and Improves Downhole Tool Reliability
Authors: Chapman Clinton D. , Flores Jose Luis , De Leon Perez Roberto , Yu Han
Published: March 2012

The use of an ROP Optimization algorithm within an automated closed loop process has dramatically increased ROP in its first deployments in Iraq, Algeria, and Mexico. Additionally, an unexpected reduction in downhole tool failures was observed resulting in a notable decrease in non-productive time. Importantly, the closed-loop automation, where the algorithm is allowed to send commands directly to the rig control system, shows yet another step change in ROP improvement compared to the algorithm that just presents recommendations to the driller.

This paper briefly describes the optimization algorithm and then focuses on the system architecture used to integrate the algorithm with the rig control system. Similar to the SPE DSA-TS Comms Team architecture, the deployed architecture enables the algorithm to receive real-time data from the rig control system and drilling acquisition system to provide a complete data set to the ROP Optimization algorithm. The algorithm constrained by a set of operational limits dynamically computes RPM and WOB commands and sends these to a SCADA system which converts the generic commands into rig specific commands for each rig type used. The driller controls the use of the system via an "Automation Console" provided by the SCADA system and located adjacent to the driller’s console. The driller is able to engage or disengage from the system. Failsafe conditions are also incorporated into the automation system.

Results showing the improved ROP and downhole reliability compared to field averages across various hole sizes and trajectory profiles are given. These results consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of a closed-loop automation system to improve ROP and tool reliability.
Integration of seawater and grey water reuse to maximize alternative water resource for coastal areas: the case of the Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Leung R. W. K. , Li D. C. H. , Yu W. K. , Chui H. K. , Lee T. O. , van Loosdrecht M. C. M. , Chen G. H.
Published: March 2012

Development, population growth and climate change have pressurized water stress in the world. Being an urbanized coastal city, Hong Kong has adopted a dual water supply system since the 1950s for seawater toilet flushing for 80% of its 7 million inhabitants. Despite its success in saving 750,000 m3/day of freshwater, the saline sewage (consisting of about 20–30% of seawater) appears to have sacrificed the urban water cycle in terms of wastewater reuse and recycling. Can seawater toilet flushing be applied without affecting the urban water cycle with respect to sustainable water resource management? To address this issue, we examined the entire urban water cycle and developed an innovative water resource management system by integrating freshwater, seawater and reclaimed grey water into a sustainable, low-freshwater demand, low-energy consumption, and low-cost triple water supply (TWS) system. The applicability of this novel system has been demonstrated at the Hong Kong International Airport which reduced 52% of its freshwater demand.
Multi-variable sensitivity and identifiability analysis for a complex environmental model in view of integrated water quantity and water quality modeling
Authors: Nossent Jiri , Bauwens Willy
Published: March 2012

Environmental models are often over-parameterized. A sensitivity analysis can identify influential model parameters for, e.g. the parameter estimation process, model development, research prioritization and so on. This paper presents the results of an extensive study of the Latin-Hypercube–One-factor-At-a-Time (LH-OAT) procedure applied to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The LH-OAT is a sensitivity analysis method that can be categorized as a screening method. The results of the sensitivity analyses for all output variables indicate that the SWAT model of the river Kleine Nete is mainly sensitive to flow related parameters. Rarely, water quality parameters get a high priority ranking. It is observed that the number of intervals used for the Latin-Hypercube sampling should be sufficiently high to achieve converged parameter rankings. Additionally, it is noted that the LH-OAT method can enhance the understanding of the model, e.g. on the use of water quality input data.
Rapid start-up of a nitrifying reactor using aerobic granular sludge as seed sludge
Authors: Kishida Naohiro , Saeki Goro , Tsuneda Satoshi , Sudo Ryuichi
Published: March 2012

In this study, the effectiveness of aerobic granular sludge as seed sludge for rapid start-up of nitrifying processes was investigated using a laboratory-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) fed with completely inorganic wastewater which contained a high concentration of ammonia. Even when a large amount of granular biomass was inoculated in the reactor, and the characteristics of influent wastewater were abruptly changed, excess biomass washout was not observed, and biomass concentration was kept high at the start-up period due to high settling ability of the aerobic granular sludge. As a result, an ammonia removal rate immediately increased and reached more than 1.0 kg N/m3/d within 20 days and up to 1.8 kg N/m3/d on day 39. Subsequently, high rate nitritation was stably attained during 100 days. However, nitrite accumulation had been observed for 140 days before attaining complete nitrification to nitrate. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed the increase in amount of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria which existed in the outer edge of the granular sludge during the start-up period. This microbial ecological change would make it possible to attain high rate ammonia removal.
Determination of human growth hormone in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form by spectrofluorometry and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Yilmaz Bilal , Kadioglu Yucel , Meral Kadem , Onganer Yavuz
Published: March 2012

In this study, a new and rapid spectrofluorometry and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for determination of human
growth hormone in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. The solvent system,
wavelength of detection and chromatographic conditions were optimized in
order to maximize the sensitivity of both the proposed methods. The linearity
was established over the concentration range of 1.25-50?g mL-1 for
spectrofluorometry and 10-75?g mL-1 for HPLC method. The intra- and inter-day
relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 8.46 and 5.98% for
spectrofluorometry and HPLC, respectively. Limits of quantitation were
determined as 0.075 and 7.5?g mL-1 for spectrofluorometry and HPLC,
respectively. No interference was found from tablet excipients at the
selected assay conditions. The methods were applied for the quality control
of commercial growth hormone dosage form to quantify the drug and to check
the formulation content uniformity.
Isolation of functional total RNA from Tilia cordata leaves and pollen
Authors: Ognjenovic Jana , Tantoush Omar , Jankov Ratko , Velickovic Cirkovic , Vukmirica Jelena
Published: March 2012

Conditions for isolation of high quality total RNA from European linden
(Tilia cordata) leaves and pollen were determined. Pure total RNA was
isolated from linden leaves utilizing Qiagen plant mini kit while total RNA
isolated from linden pollen using this method was degraded. Successful
isolation of total RNA from both linden pollen and leaves, however, was
achieved following TRIZOL? preparation of total RNA. Total RNA isolated using
TRIZOL? was contaminated with genomic DNA but treatment with enzyme DNase, in
solution or on-column, efficiently removed the genomic DNA. Furthermore,
conditions for elimination of genomic DNA contamination on-column and
isolation of pure total RNA from leaves were optimized. Isolated total RNA
from both leaves and pollen was used successfully in firstand second-strand
cDNA synthesis reactions, as well as, in RT-PCR, demonstrating that the total
RNA isolated using this method is functional. In conclusion, pure and
functional total RNA from Tilia cordata leaves and pollen (27.8 ? 7.9?g/g
leaves; 25.7 ? 1.1?g/g pollen) can be obtained and applicable for further
molecular biology studies.
Why are Migrant Students Better off in Certain Types of Educational Systems or Schools Than in Others?
Authors: Dronkers Jaap , Van Der Velden Rolf , Dunne Allison
Published: March 2012

The main research question of this article is concerned with the combined estimation of the effects of educational systems, school composition, track level, and country of origin on the educational achievement of 15-year-old migrant students. The authors focus specifically on the effects of socioeconomic and ethnic background on achievement scores and the extent to which these effects are affected by characteristics of the school, track, or educational system in which these students are enrolled. In doing so, they examine the ‘sorting’ mechanisms of schools and tracks in highly stratified, moderately stratified, and comprehensive education systems. They use data from the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) wave. Compared with previous research in this area, the article's main contribution is in explicitly including the tracks-within-school level as a separate unit of analysis, which leads to less biased results concerning the effects of educational system characteristics. The results highlight the importance of including factors of track level and school composition in the debate surrounding educational inequality of opportunity for students in different education contexts. The findings clearly indicate that analyses of the effects of educational system characteristics are flawed if the analysis only uses a country level and a student level and ignores the tracks-within-school-level characteristics. From a policy perspective, the most important finding is that educational systems are neither uniformly ‘good’ nor uniformly ‘bad’, but they can result in different consequences for different migrant groups. Some migrant groups are better off in comprehensive systems, while others are better off in moderately stratified systems.
Universities and Knowledge Production in Central Europe
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: March 2012

The article discusses an East/West divide in Europe in university knowledge production. It argues that the communist and post-communist legacies in the four major Central European economies studied (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic) matter substantially for educational and research systems. The differences in university knowledge production may be bigger than expected, and the role of historical legacies may be more long term than generally assumed in both social sciences and public policy studies on the region. The gradual convergence of both higher education and research systems in two parts of Europe cannot be taken for granted without thoughtful changes in both university funding (both modes and levels) and governance. The article discusses links between knowledge production, economic competitiveness and regulatory and other environments in which both universities and knowledge-intensive companies operate. The role of factors other than higher education and innovation systems is substantially more important for competitiveness and growth in Central Europe than in affluent Western economies. The international visibility of universities as knowledge production centres is low and the analysis of the geography of knowledge production at the level of regions may indicate that Central Europe is in danger of being effectively cut off from the emergent European Research Area.
School Children's Visualisations of Europe
Authors: Mason Rachel , Richardson Mary , Collins Fiona M.
Published: March 2012

‘Images & Identity’ was a two-year curriculum development project in which citizenship and art educators in the Czech Republic, England, Ireland, Germany, Malta and Portugal collaborated on the production of teacher education materials. The article begins with a critical analysis of educational policy for European citizenship and of the potential contribution visual art and citizenship education might make to understanding what it means to be European. The main body of the article reports on a small-scale survey of school children's visual representations of Europe carried out in advance of the curriculum development. This survey elicited received, recreated and created representations. Whereas many were totemic symbols of European identity downloaded from the Internet, a surprising number were personal artworks in which children explored and developed their personal feelings and ideas. This article describes and analyses the images the children selected, remixed and/or created, focusing on the subject matter, metaphorical meanings and interpretative themes. Findings about their orientation to European citizen identity were that it was dominated by physical and social perceptions, and whilst largely positive, these perceptions varied according to nationality, ethnicity and age.
Multiple Enactments of Educational Research
Authors: Landri Paolo
Published: March 2012

The article addresses the widespread claim to make educational research more relevant for practitioners, policy makers, potential users and stakeholders, and proposes a problematisation of the notion of ‘useful knowledge’. The article illustrates the conceptual, instrumental and legitimative relevance of knowledge and highlights empirically the need to develop detailed descriptions of the local constructions of educational research to understand the non-linear dynamics and the multiple enactments of relevant/useful networks of educational research.
Socioeconomic Gradients in Eastern European Countries: Evidence from PIRLS 2006
Authors: Caro Daniel H. , Mirazchiyski Plamen
Published: March 2012

This article analyses educational inequalities related to socioeconomic status (SES) in 12 Eastern European countries that participated in the International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006. Economies and educational systems of these countries have undergone critical transformations since the fall of communism. The authors' analyses, using data collected almost 20 years after this period, help explain how these transformations affected the equity and quality of educational outcomes in the region. For each country, overall inequalities as well as inequalities between schools and within schools are estimated with regression models and represented graphically with socioeconomic gradient lines. A possible trade-off between equity and quality of outcomes is explored, identifying countries that have been relatively successful at attaining both educational goals. The extent to which the school SES explains achievement gaps between rural and urban schools is analysed. The results point to country groupings that are reasonably consistent with regional classifications of educational systems postulated in the literature.
Interaction of selected anthocyanins with erythrocytes and liposome membranes
Authors: Bonarska-Kujawa Dorota , Pruchnik Hanna , Kleszczyńska Halina
Published: March 2012

Anthocyanins are one of the main flavonoid groups. They are responsible for, e.g., the color of plants and have antioxidant features and a wide spectrum of medical activity. The subject of the study was the following compounds that belong to the anthocyanins and which can be found, e.g., in strawberries and chokeberries: callistephin chloride (pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride) and ideain chloride (cyanidin-3-O-galactoside chloride). The aim of the study was to determine the compounds’ antioxidant activity towards the erythrocyte membrane and changes incurred by the tested anthocyanins in the lipid phase of the erythrocyte membrane, in liposomes composed of erythrocyte lipids and in DPPC, DPPC/cholesterol and egg lecithin liposomes. In particular, we studied the effect of the two selected anthocyanins on red blood cell morphology, on packing order in the lipid hydrophilic phase, on fluidity of the hydrophobic phase, as well as on the temperature of phase transition in DPPC and DPPC/cholesterol liposomes. Fluorimetry with the Laurdan and Prodan probes indicated increased packing density in the hydrophilic phase of the membrane in the presence of anthocyanins. Using the fluorescence probes DPH and TMA-DPH, no effect was noted inside the hydrophobic phase of the membrane, as the lipid bilayer fluidity was not modified. The compounds slightly lowered the phase transition temperature of phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The study has shown that both anthocyanins are incorporated into the outer region of the erythrocyte membrane, affecting its shape and lipid packing order, which is reflected in the increasing number of echinocytes. The investigation proved that the compounds penetrate only the outer part of the external lipid layer of liposomes composed of erythrocyte lipids, DPPC, DPPC/cholesterol and egg lecithin lipids, changing its packing order. Fluorimetry studies with DPH-PA proved that the tested anthocyanins are very effective antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was comparable with the activity of Trolox®.
Saving Egypt’s Village Girls
Authors: Sweis Rania Kassab
Published: March 2012

Bridging literature on modern governance with youth subjectivity, this article examines the globalization of female youth in contemporary Egypt through transnational humanitarian interventions. Drawing on over twenty-seven months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Egypt and France with non-governmental organization workers and village girls, it demonstrates how humanitarian work is rendered meaningful by specific actors, its effects coexisting alongside, rather than supplanting, other forms of sociality. In tracing the ways in which a youth habitus based on rights is “made” through the daily work of intervention, I suggest that girl initiatives of this kind constitute a transnational “regime of care” centered on the protection and politicization of particular kinds of adolescent life in Egypt and the broader Arab world.
High-definition fiber tracking for assessment of neurological deficit in a case of traumatic brain injury: finding, visualizing, and interpreting small sites of damage
Authors: Shin Samuel S. , Verstynen Timothy , Pathak Sudhir , Jarbo Kevin , Hricik Allison J. , Maserati Megan , Beers Sue R. , Puccio Ava M. , Boada Fernando E. , Okonkwo David O. , Schneider Walter
Published: March 2012

For patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), current clinical imaging methods generally do not provide highly detailed information about the location of axonal injury, severity of injury, or expected recovery. In a case of severe TBI, the authors applied a novel high-definition fiber tracking (HDFT) to directly visualize and quantify the degree of axonal fiber damage and predict functional deficits due to traumatic axonal injury and loss of cortical projections.

This 32-year-old man sustained a severe TBI. Computed tomography and MRI revealed an area of hemorrhage in the basal ganglia with mass effect, but no specific information on the location of axonal injury could be obtained from these studies. Examinations of the patient at Week 3 and Week 8 after TBI revealed motor weaknesses of the left extremities. Four months postinjury, 257-direction diffusion spectrum imaging and HDFT analysis was performed to evaluate the degree of axonal damage in the motor pathway and quantify asymmetries in the left and right axonal pathways. High-definition fiber tracking was used to follow corticospinal and corona radiata pathways from the cortical surface to the midbrain and quantify projections from motor areas. Axonal damage was then localized by assessing the number of descending fibers at the level of the cortex, internal capsule, and midbrain. The motor deficit apparent in the clinical examinations correlated with the axonal losses visualized using HDFT. Fiber loss estimates at 4 months postinjury accurately predicted the nature of the motor deficits (severe, focal left-hand weakness) when other standard clinical imaging modalities did not. A repeat scan at 10 months postinjury, when edema and hemorrhage had receded, replicated the fiber loss.

Using HDFT, the authors accurately identified the presence and location of damage to the underlying white matter in this patient with TBI. Detailed information of injury provided by this novel technique holds future potential for precise neuroimaging assessment of TBI.
How Field Theory Can Contribute to Knowledge of World Literary Space
Authors: Boschetti Anna
Published: March 2012

Anglophone scholars with a postcolonial perspective have forcefully challenged eurocentric definitions of comparative literature and the limits of national frameworks. But this debate ‘offers few methodological solutions to the pragmatic issue of how to make credible comparisons among radically different languages and literatures’ (Emily Apter). Moreover, some have even rejected the very notion of comparison, impugning its association with nationalistic and imperialistic perspectives or its unsuitability for the study of historical, dynamic and multidimensional processes. This article offers a synthetic overview of the tools field theory provides for literature studies in a global perspective without sacrificing methodological rigour and empirical validation. It discusses the epistemological principles set out in The Craft of Sociology to address problems of comparison; the possibility of rational dialogue between different theoretical frameworks; the properties which make Bourdieu's model more complete than other approaches to literary phenomena; and finally, developments of field theory and issues raised by globalization.
Livestock Helminths in a Changing Climate: Approaches and Restrictions to Meaningful Predictions
Authors: Fox Naomi J. , Marion Glenn , Davidson Ross S. , White Piran C. L. , Hutchings Michael R.
Published: March 2012

Climate change is a driving force for livestock parasite risk. This is especially true for helminths including the nematodes Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Nematodirus battus, and the trematode Fasciola hepatica, since survival and development of free-living stages is chiefly affected by temperature and moisture. The paucity of long term predictions of helminth risk under climate change has driven us to explore optimal modelling approaches and identify current bottlenecks to generating meaningful predictions. We classify approaches as correlative or mechanistic, exploring their strengths and limitations. Climate is one aspect of a complex system and, at the farm level, husbandry has a dominant influence on helminth transmission. Continuing environmental change will necessitate the adoption of mitigation and adaptation strategies in husbandry. Long term predictive models need to have the architecture to incorporate these changes. Ultimately, an optimal modelling approach is likely to combine mechanistic processes and physiological thresholds with correlative bioclimatic modelling, incorporating changes in livestock husbandry and disease control. Irrespective of approach, the principal limitation to parasite predictions is the availability of active surveillance data and empirical data on physiological responses to climate variables. By combining improved empirical data and refined models with a broad view of the livestock system, robust projections of helminth risk can be developed.
Rapid and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Metoprolol in Beagle Dog Plasma with a Simple Protein Precipitation Treatment and Its Pharmacokinetic Applications
Authors: Li Sha , Wang Xingli , Peng Kelong , Ma Zhiguo , Zhang Xiaoqi , Fu Shaolian , Li Xiaofei , Li Linlin , Hong Aihua , Jiang Jie
Published: March 2012

: A rapid LC-MS/MS method with good accuracy and sensitivity was developed and validated for the pharmacokinetics study of metoprolol (MP) in beagle dogs. The plasma samples were simply precipitated by methanol and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. An Ultimate XB-C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm ID, 5 μm) was used for separation, with methanol-water containing 0.2% formic acid (65:35, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Monitoring ions of MP and internal standard (hydroxypioglitazone) were m/z 268.1/115.6 and m/z 373.1/150.2, respectively. The linear range was 3.03–416.35 ng/mL with an average correlation coefficient of 0.9996, and the limit of quantification was 3.03 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision was less than 15%. At low, middle and high concentrations, the recovery, the matrix effect and the accuracy was in the range of 76.06%–95.25%, 93.67%–104.19% and 95.20%–99.96% respectively. The method was applied for the pharmacokinetics study of MP tartrate tablets (50 mg). The AUC0-t, Tmax and Cmax were respectively 919.88 ± 195.67 μg/L·h, 0.96 ± 0.33 h, 349.12 ± 78.04 ng/mL.
A Reusable Impedimetric Aptasensor for Detection of Thrombin Employing a Graphite-Epoxy Composite Electrode
Authors: Ocaña Cristina , Pacios Mercè , Del Valle Manel
Published: March 2012

Here, we report the application of a label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on a graphite-epoxy composite electrode for the detection of thrombin; in this work, aptamers were immobilized onto the electrodes surface using wet physical adsorption. The detection principle is based on the changes of the interfacial properties of the electrode; these were probed in the presence of the reversible redox couple [Fe(CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4− using impedance measurements. The electrode surface was partially blocked due to formation of aptamer-thrombin complex, resulting in an increase of the interfacial electron-transfer resistance detected by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The aptasensor showed a linear response for thrombin in the range of 7.5 pM to 75 pM and a detection limit of 4.5 pM. The aptasensor was regenerated by breaking the complex formed between the aptamer and thrombin using 2.0 M NaCl solution at 42 °C, showing its operation for different cycles. The interference response caused by main proteins in serum has been characterized.
Economic Assessment of an Integrated Membrane System for Secondary Effluent Polishing for Unrestricted Reuse
Authors: Bick Amos , Gillerman Leonid , Manor Yossi , Oron Gideon
Published: March 2012

Extra treatment stages are required to polish the secondary effluent for unrestricted reuse, primarily for agricultural irrigation. Improved technology for the removal of particles, turbidity, bacteria and cysts, without the use of disinfectants is based on MicroFiltration (MF) and UltraFiltration (UF) membrane technology and in series with Reverse Osmosis (RO) for dissolved solids removal. Field experiments were conducted using a mobile UF and RO membrane pilot unit at a capacity of around 1.0 m3/hr. A management model was defined and tested towards optimal polishing of secondary effluent. The two major purposes of the management model are: (i) to delineate a methodology for economic assessment of optimal membrane technology implementation for secondary effluent upgrading for unrestricted use, and; (ii) to provide guidelines for optimal RO membrane selection in regards to the pretreatment stage. The defined linear model takes into account the costs of the feed secondary effluent, the UF pretreatment and the RO process. Technological constraints refer primarily to the longevity of the membrane and their performance. Final treatment cost (the objective function) includes investment, operation and maintenance expenses, UF pretreatment, RO treatment, post treatment and incentive for low salinity permeate use. The cost range of water for irrigation according to the model is between 15 and 42 US cents per m3.
Physiological performance and mating system in Clarkia (Onagraceae): Does phenotypic selection predict divergence between sister species?
Authors: Dudley Leah S. , Hove Alisa A. , Mazer Susan J.
Published: March 2012

• Premise of the study: The evolution of self‐fertilization often occurs in association with other floral, life history, and fitness‐related traits. A previous study found that field populations of Clarkia exilis (a predominantly autogamous selfer) and its sister species, Clarkia unguiculata (a facultative outcrosser) differ in mean photosynthetic rates and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi). Here, we investigate the strength and direction of selection on these traits in multiple populations of each taxon to determine whether natural selection may contribute to the phenotypic differences between them.

• Methods: In spring 2008, we measured instantaneous gas exchange rates in nine populations during vegetative growth (Early) and/or during flowering (Late). We conducted selection gradient analyses and estimated selection differentials within populations and across pooled conspecific populations to evaluate the strength, direction, and consistency of selection on each trait early and late in the season.

• Key results: The direction and relative strength of selection on photosynthetic rates in these taxa corresponds to the phenotypic difference between them; C. exilis has higher photosynthetic rates than C. unguiculata, as well as stronger, more consistent selection favoring rapid photosynthesis throughout the growing season. Patterns of selection on transpiration, WUEi, and the timing of flowering progression are less consistent with phenotypic differences (or lack thereof) between taxa.

• Conclusions: We detected several examples where selection was consistent with the phenotypic divergence between sister taxa, but there were also numerous instances that were equivocal or in which selection did not predict the realized phenotypic difference between taxa.
Transmission psychique et trans-générationnel
Authors: Eiguer Alberto
Published: March 2012

« Transmission psychique et trans-générationnel. » L’auteur propose l’idée que la transmission psychique est un processus complexe, qui dépend autant de celui qui transmet, souvent un ascendant, que de celui qui la reçoit, son descendant. Ce dernier va la prendre en charge, et en être finalement transformé. Le contenu de ce qui est transmis influence le processus. On y reconnaît des héritages lourds parfois dommageables bien qu’en général, ils soient porteurs de valeurs, de savoirs, d’instruments pour affronter l’existence. Dans tous les cas, les héritages psychiques assurent le sujet du rattachement à sa famille. L’auteur évoque la participation de différents membres de celle-ci : ils mettent au travail l’inter-subjectivé de leurs liens psychiques. Le sentiment de responsabilité en est renforcé. Dans cet article, la transmission psychique est mise en parallèle à d’autres formes de transmission, l’hérédité biologique, par exemple. Pour soulager les souffrances que celle-ci déclenche, il est utile de prendre en compte la dimension psychologique.
Les chemins vers la parentalité
Authors: Sellahi-Brossier Sandra
Published: March 2012

Étude dans un centre d’AMP parisien d’un cas d’infertilité d’une femme étrangère lié à l’emprise de sa propre mère. Ce cas illustre l’exil comme tentative d’affirmation de l’identité sexuelle. Après quatre entretiens, la patiente effectue un travail psychique jusque-là impossible et est enceinte. Elle envisage alors un retour à son pays natal.
Les filles et leur père
Authors: Driben Adèle
Published: March 2012

Cet article porte sur trois femmes, porteuses d’une maladie génétique qui affecte la vision, héritée de leur père et susceptible de se transmettre à leurs fils, reçues en consultation de diagnostic prénatal par une généticienne et une psychanalyste. À travers leurs interrogations sur ce qui leur a été transmis, sur ce qu’elles risquent de transmettre et ce à quoi elles se risquent en concevant un enfant, c’est la filiation Père-Fille-Enfant qui est au cœur de leur questionnement. La façon pour chacune de s’inscrire dans cette filiation oriente leur décision de garder ou d’interrompre la grossesse d’un garçon qui serait malade potentiel.
Alimentation et transmission mère-enfant
Authors: Bordet Julie , Viodé-Bénony Christelle , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Bénony Hervé , Sanchez Sylvie
Published: March 2012

Bien que de nombreux auteurs aient traité, dans la relation mère-enfant, l’importance de l’alimentation, (et donc du rapport à la nourriture) et l’interprétation des troubles qui peuvent en résulter, nous proposons dans cet article de constituer une vérification expérimentale d’une question spécifique : que se transmet-il entre mère et enfant dans le contexte alimentaire ? Au travers d’une recherche multidisciplinaire alliant socio-anthropologie et psychologie, nous avons constitué et étudié un recueil de données couplant représentations socioculturelles, histoires alimentaires personnelles ainsi qu’observations et analyses de la qualité des interactions alimentaires auprès d’une population de mères françaises et leur enfant (sain) âgé de 1 à 2 ans.
L'obésité, une transmission transgénérationnelle du corps familial
Authors: Sanahuja Maria de la Almudena , Cuynet Patrice
Published: March 2012

À travers le cas clinique d’une adolescente obèse, en cure d’amaigrissement, nous présentons une approche qui se veut originale en prenant en considération les différents aspects de la transmission psychique du symptôme obésité dans le corps familial ; et cela afin de comprendre en quoi ce peut être un facteur prédisposant à l’obésité et aux résistances face à la perte de poids. La dimension transgénérationnelle serait un des vecteurs originels de compréhension de l’obésité. Le sujet aurait à travers son corps gros une fonction défensive de contenance du groupe familial, dans un tout unique et indifférencié, pour en préserver son identité et son homéostasie. L’enveloppe corporelle malléable du sujet en miroir avec celle de son groupe primaire, serait une tentative ultime de formaliser une représentation impensable liée à la généalogie du corps familial.
La langue maternelle perdue et retrouvée : à la découverte d'une musique intérieure
Authors: Tauber Michèle
Published: March 2012

La perte de l’allemand langue maternelle, pendant la guerre, chez le tout jeune Aharon Appelfeld, est l’une des problématiques essentielles de son écriture. Le romancier israélien, qui écrit en hébreu, n’aura de cesse de retrouver la mélodie maternelle perdue. Il dépeint tout d’abord des personnages déchirés entre leur amour pour la langue allemande et « l’odeur de mort encore fumante » qu’elle dégage. Peu à peu il parvient à transmuer cette langue en musique pure et faire ainsi revivre sa langue maternelle.
Bianciotti : la transmission à travers la traduction de la langue
Authors: Venturini Soledad
Published: March 2012

L’auteure se propose dans cet article de définir et d’analyser la transmission de la langue maternelle et la façon dont elle opère dans l’émergence de la subjectivité. Pour illustrer son propos, elle étudie l’œuvre d’Hector Bianciotti, dont la spécificité est qu’elle a été écrite non pas dans sa langue maternelle mais dans une langue étrangère. La « transmission psychique » suppose une continuité entre générations : dans la filiation, elle tisse des liens entre le sujet et son ascendance et rend possible l’héritage de la descendance. Ces liens constituent sans doute la condition de possibilité de la construction de la subjectivité. Néanmoins, et c’est ce que nous avons cherché chez Bianciotti dans le discours du sujet, la façon dont la transmission se figure n’est pas la répétition exacte de ce que le sujet a reçu, mais l’émergence d’une production nouvelle qui apparaît sous la forme d’une contradiction (dans la négation, dans un oubli ou un lapsus).
Refus d'hériter : la transmission au regard du génocide
Authors: Waintrater Régine
Published: March 2012

Après une catastrophe extrême, telle un génocide, selon quelles modalités la transmission peut-elle s’effectuer ? Dans la transmission normale, c’est la famille qui doit servir d’interface entre la réalité psychique interne et la réalité sociale externe, en assurant pour les membres qui la composent des tâches de contenance, transformation, liaison et transmission. L’auteure propose le concept de famille survivante pour désigner une famille, qui du fait d’une catastrophe collective survenue à la génération précédente, ne parvient plus à assurer son rôle d’instance médiatrice entre le sujet et le social, ce qui entrave l’accès à la subjectivité de ses membres. Une vignette clinique illustrera quelques-uns des aspects de la communication de ces familles, les difficultés de différenciation, et l’intolérance à l’affect, qui se traduit par une incapacité à ressentir et exprimer les affects, que l’on peut qualifier d’alexithymie groupale.
Temps psychique et temps médical : entre création et procréation chez une patiente atteinte d'une hémopathie maligne
Authors: Leroy Fabrice , Fawaz Abir
Published: March 2012

À partir de la présentation clinique d’une patiente atteinte d’une hémopathie maligne, la temporalité en médecine et la transmission psychique sont abordées selon les logiques différentes qui structurent le temps psychique et le temps médical. Face à la sidération induite par la réalité médicale, la transmission apparaît alors en lien avec ce qui peut réinscrire le sujet dans le temps et la logique du désir. Cela dépasse alors la seule dimension du besoin où la maladie a tendance à le réduire. À travers la situation clinique présentée, création et procréation sont alors pensées comme ce qui soutient, chez le sujet, la possibilité de dépasser dans et par le symbolique ce qui se présente comme impasse dans le réel.
Transmission biologique, transmission psychique et vie familiale
Authors: Flavigny Christian
Published: March 2012

Ce texte est un texte théorique sur le lien de filiation. Le lien de filiation noue la différence des générations et engage entre elles une transmission psychique ; l’identification en est l’axe, organisant une circulation à valeur narcissique dans les deux sens de la relation parent-enfant. La transmission fait le garant l’interdit de l’inceste qui est la condition du lien familial, l’organisant selon l’interaction du don (parental) et de la dette (enfantine) résultante. La clinique en montre les aléas, en particulier dans la maltraitance, qui correspond à une impossibilité de positionner la différence des générations. Le processus de transmission psychique prend le dessus sur celui de la transmission biologique, dont cependant le rôle imaginaire est insistant, ainsi qu’on le voit lorsqu’il manque (par exemple dans le lien adoptif).
Les processions en l'honneur de sainte Geneviève à Paris
Authors: Gras Maria-Carmen
Published: March 2012

Véritable institution et « lieu de mémoire » parisien, les processions en l’honneur de sainte Geneviève animèrent périodiquement le cœur de la capitale entre le Haut Moyen Âge et la Révolution. Reflet des mentalités, des vulnérabilités de la société et des vicissitudes du royaume, les processions donnent à voir, par delà la manifestation conjoncturelle et ponctuelle, les grandes structures politiques, économiques et culturelles de l’Ancien Régime. De nombreux enjeux étaient cristallisés autour de ce phénomène exceptionnel et hautement symbolique. La disparition de ce rite pluriséculaire au cours du XVIII e siècle amène à en rechercher les causes et à suggérer l’hypothèse de changements globaux majeurs.
Écoles urbaines, pouvoir municipal et éducation civique à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Caesar Mathieu
Published: March 2012

À partir de la fin du XIV e siècle, au moment où la Communauté des habitants de Genève commence à intervenir dans la gestion de l’école cathédrale, les écoles urbaines de la ville sortent de l’ombre. Tout au long du XV e et jusqu’à la Réforme l’école reste sous l’autorité de l’évêque et du chantre. Cependant, dans la pratique, les syndics et les conseils de la ville se chargent de la promulgation des ordonnances réglementant l’enseignement et surveillent de près l’activité des maîtres qu’ils engagent. Aux yeux des autorités municipales, l’école urbaine est plus qu’un simple lieu d’enseignement, elle est aussi un lieu de formation des mœurs des jeunes. Elle doit être considérée comme un des multiples instruments de disciplinement de la société mis à l’œuvre à la fin du Moyen Âge.
Citoyenneté et fait minoritaire dans la ville médiévale
Authors: Denjean Claude , Sibon Juliette
Published: March 2012

L’examen du statut juridique des juifs en théorie et en pratique à l’échelle de la ville au bas Moyen Âge révèle combien la citoyenneté et l’urbanité sont des valeurs partagées avec la société majoritaire. Qu’ils soient explicitement dits civis ou non, les juifs manifestent les qualités du citoyen et participent activement à la vie de la cité. Finalement, la comparaison entre les deux aires considérées exhume des convergences inattendues. Plus généralement, l’analyse invite aussi à s’interroger sur ce que signifie être citoyen dans la ville médiévale.
Réflexions sur une meilleure intégration du droit de la concurrence et du droit des pratiques commerciales déloyales
Authors: Stuyck Jules
Published: March 2012

La directive 2005/29/CE relative aux pratiques commerciales déloyales des entreprises vis-à-vis des consommateurs dans le marché intérieur est un instrument d’harmonisation complète dans ce domaine. En revanche, le droit de la concurrence déloyale et des pratiques commerciales entre entreprises reste essentiellement national. Enfin, il existe des règles de concurrence au niveau européen et des règles de concurrence convergentes aux règles européennes au niveau des États membres. Les rapports entre ces trois branches du droit (pratiques commerciales déloyales des entreprises vis-à-vis des consommateurs, pratiques commerciales déloyales entre entreprises et droit de la concurrence) suscitent de nombreuses interrogations. Il y a un chevauchement entre l’application des règles en matière de pratiques commerciales déloyales des entreprises vis-à-vis des consommateurs et les règles en matière de pratiques commerciales déloyales entre entreprises. L’application des règles en matière de pratiques commerciales déloyales peut mettre en péril l’objectif du droit de la concurrence, à savoir garantir une concurrence effective. Une meilleure intégration de ces trois branches du droit pourrait contribuer à éviter les contradictions qui existent à ce jour. Il est notamment proposé que le droit ces pratiques commerciales déloyales reconnaisse la garantie d’une concurrence effective comme un de ses objectifs et que le droit de la concurrence quant à lui n’autorise pas d’une manière absolue les États membres d’interdire des pratiques restrictives de concurrence sur la base de législations ayant un autre but.
La Constitution économique européenne et le « développement durable de l'Europe » (et de la planète) : balises juridiques pour une économie de marché verte et sociale ?
Authors: Pallemaerts Marc
Published: March 2012

La présente contribution a pour objet d’analyser les origines et implications de l’affirmation du développement durable comme objectif de l’intégration européenne dans le cadre constitutionnel de l’Union, tel qu’il a été fixé par le Traité de Lisbonne. Elle examine successivement l’origine et la genèse du concept du développement durable au niveau international, et le processus graduel de son émergence et institutionnalisation dans le discours politique des institutions européennes, qui a précédé sa consécration juridique dans les Traités, en mettant particulièrement l’accent sur le rôle de la Stratégie de l’Union européenne en faveur du développement durable, lancée en 2001 et renouvelée en 2006. L’analyse démontre que le développement durable est devenu une partie intégrante du cadre normatif de la Constitution économique européenne et doit, à ce titre, être pleinement pris en compte par le législateur et par le juge dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions respectives en vertu des Traités.
Constitution économique et citoyenneté de l'Union européenne
Authors: Azoulai Loïc
Published: March 2012

La Constitution économique est un concept du droit de l’Union et un discours sur ce droit qui repose sur le projet d’établir une unité économique de l’Europe. À présent, ce discours doit s’adapter aux prétentions de l’Union de créer un espace commun pour les citoyens qui soit également de nature civile et sociale. Les structures et l’état du droit de l’Union, formés à la Constitution économique, permettent-ils de satisfaire ces prétentions ? Et qu’implique la création d’une « Constitution de citoyens » sur la manière d’opérer du droit européen ?