bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harmful algal blooms and climate change: exploring future distribution changes
Authors: Townhill Bryony L , Tinker Jonathan , Jones Miranda , Pitois Sophie , Creach Veronique , Simpson Stephen D , Dye Stephen , Bear Elizabeth , Pinnegar John K
Published: August 2018

Harmful algae can cause death in fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and humans, via their toxins or from effects associated with their sheer quantity. There are many species, which cause a variety of problems around north-west Europe, and the frequency and distribution of algal blooms have altered in the recent past. Species distribution modelling was used to understand how harmful algal species may respond in the future to climate change, by considering environmental preferences and how these may shift. Most distribution studies to date use low resolution global model outputs. In this study, high resolution, downscaled shelf seas climate projections for the north-west European shelf were nested within lower resolution global projections, to understand how the distribution of harmful algae may change by the mid to end of century. Projections suggest that the habitat of most species (defined by temperature, salinity, depth, and stratification) will shift north this century, with suitability increasing in the central and northern North Sea. An increase in occurrence here might lead to more frequent detrimental blooms if wind, irradiance and nutrient levels are also suitable. Prioritizing monitoring of species in these susceptible areas could help in establishing early-warning systems for aquaculture and health protection schemes.
Foliation by Area-constrained Willmore Spheres Near a Nondegenerate Critical Point of the Scalar Curvature
Authors: Ikoma Norihisa , Malchiodi Andrea , Mondino Andrea
Published: August 2018

Let $(M,g)$ be a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold. The goal of the paper is to show that if $P_{0}\in M$ is a nondegenerate critical point of the scalar curvature, then a neighborhood of $P_{0}$ is foliated by area-constrained Willmore spheres. Such a foliation is unique among foliations by area-constrained Willmore spheres having Willmore energy less than $32\pi $; moreover, it is regular in the sense that a suitable rescaling smoothly converges to a round sphere in the Euclidean three-dimensional space. We also establish generic multiplicity of foliations and the 1st multiplicity result for area-constrained Willmore spheres with prescribed (small) area in a closed Riemannian manifold. The topic has strict links with the Hawking mass.
Homology Smale–Barden Manifolds with K-contact but not Sasakian Structures
Authors: Muñoz Vicente , Rojo Juan Angel , Tralle Aleksy
Published: August 2018

Kollár has found subtle obstructions to the existence of Sasakian structures on five-dimensional manifolds. In the present article we develop methods of using these obstructions to distinguish K-contact manifolds from Sasakian ones. In particular, we find the first example of a closed $5$-manifold $M$ with $H_1(M,\mathbb{Z})=0,$ which is K-contact but which carries no semi-regular Sasakian structures.
Outcomes of Pediatric Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in California, 1993–2011
Authors: Duque-Silva Alexandra , Hampole Varsha , Cheng Yi-Ning , Flood Jennifer , Barry Pennan M
Published: August 2018

Background

Our goal was to describe the characteristics and posttreatment outcomes of pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) and to identify factors associated with poor outcome.

Methods

We included children aged 0 to 18 years with CNS TB reported to the California TB registry between 1993 and 2011. Demographics, clinical characteristics, severity of disease at presentation (Modified Medical Research Council stage I, II, or III [III is most severe]), treatment, and outcomes during the year after treatment completion were abstracted systematically from the medical and public health records. Patient outcomes were categorized as good or poor on the basis of disability in hearing, vision, language, ambulation, and development and other neurologic deficits.

Results

Among 151 pediatric CNS TB cases reported between 1993 and 2011 in California for which records were available, 92 (61%) cases included sufficient information to determine outcome. Overall, 55 (60%) children had a poor outcome. After we adjusted for age (0 to 4 years), children with stage III severity (vs I or II; prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 1.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–1.9]), a protein concentration of >100 mg/dL on initial lumbar puncture (PRR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.03–1.4]), or infarct on neuroimaging (PRR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.04–1.3]) were at increased risk for a poor outcome. In multivariate analysis, an age of 0 to 4 years (vs >4 years; PRR, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2–1.7]) and a stage II or III Modified Medical Research Council score (vs stage I; PRR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.03–1.5]) remained significantly associated with poor outcome.

Conclusions

Pediatric patients with CNS TB in California are left with high rates of disabling clinical sequelae after treatment. The identification of modifiable factors is critical for improving outcomes.
Evolutionary Psychopathology
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

This book presents a unified approach to evolutionary psychopathology, and advances an integrative framework for the analysis and classification of mental disorders based on the concepts of life history theory. The framework does not aim to replace existing evolutionary models of specific disorders—which are reviewed and critically discussed in the book—but to connect them in a broader perspective and explain the large-scale patterns of risk and comorbidity that characterize psychopathology. The life history framework permits a seamless integration of mental disorders with normative individual differences in personality and cognition, and offers new conceptual tools for the analysis of developmental, genetic, and neurobiological data. The concepts synthesized in the book are used to derive a new taxonomy of mental disorders, the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The FSD model is the first classification system explicitly based on evolutionary concepts, a biologically grounded alternative to transdiagnostic models based on empirical correlations between symptoms. The book reviews a wide range of common mental disorders, discusses their classification in the FSD model, and identifies functional subtypes within existing diagnostic categories.
Human Nature in a Nutshell
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

A unified approach to psychopathology requires an integrated working model of the mind and its functions. The opening chapter has two goals. The first is to present a brief overview of human behavior and development from an evolutionary perspective, with an emphasis on mating and social relationships. The second goal is to introduce a toolkit of biological concepts and theories that provide the necessary background for the remainder of the book. The chapter also introduces basic evolutionary concepts including adaptation and maladaptation, inclusive fitness, evolutionary conflicts, and social/sexual selection. The chapter concludes with an overview of the main life stages and transitions in the human life cycle.
The Evolved Mind
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter introduces key ideas from evolutionary psychology, including the concept of psychological mechanisms as functionally specialized adaptations. The chapter then examines three types of mechanisms that play a prominent role in the etiology of mental disorders, namely the motivational-emotional systems that drive goal-directed behavior, the processes involved in decision-making and self-regulation (e.g., executive functions), and the mechanisms that underlie mechanistic and mentalistic cognition. The chapter ends with a review of key neurobiological systems and their main behavioral functions. The systems considered here include brain monoamines and “social” neuropeptides such as oxytocin, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, sex hormones, and the stress response system.
Individual and Sex Differences
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter summarizes current research on individual and sex differences in personality and cognitive abilities and reviews the main evolutionary processes that produce and maintain individual variation. Since psychopathology is inextricably linked to normal variation in personality and cognition, a unified approach to mental disorders must incorporate a sophisticated understanding of both individual and sex differences. The chapter describes the structure of personality and cognitive ability and examines their evolutionary and neurobiological underpinnings. The final section considers the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the development of individual differences and discusses recent models of developmental plasticity and genotype–environment interactions.
Life History Strategies
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter introduces the basics of life history theory, the concept of life history strategy, and the fast–slow continuum of variation. After reviewing applications to animal behavior and physiology, the chapter reviews current theory and evidence on individual differences in humans as manifestations of alternative life history strategies. The chapter first presents a “basic model” of human life history–related traits, then advances an “extended model” that identifies multiple cognitive-behavioral profiles within fast and slow strategies. Specifically, it is proposed that slow strategies comprise prosocial/caregiving and skilled/provisioning profiles, whereas fast strategies comprise antisocial/exploitative and seductive/creative profiles. The chapter also reviews potential neurobiological markers of life history variation and considers key methodological issues in this area.
The Life History Framework and the FSD Model
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter presents a life history framework for psychopathology and introduces the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model, a three-way taxonomy that distinguishes between fast spectrum (F-type), slow spectrum (S-type), and defense activation disorders (D-type). Each type of disorder is associated with specific patterns of risk factors, sex differences, and developmental features (e.g., age of onset). The chapter also explores additional implications of the model and considers the role of general intelligence in the origin of psychopathology, The chapter ends with a detailed comparison between the FSD model and transdiagnostic models based on the distinction between internalizing and externalizing disorders (and, more recently, a general “p factor” of psychopathology).
The Autism Spectrum
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism is defined by a triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to distinguish between a slow spectrum subtype with normal or high IQ and a major role of common alleles (S-ASD) and a subtype unrelated to life history variation, with high rates of intellectual disability and a major role of rare and de novo mutations (O-ASD).
Personality Disorders
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses personality disorders, which are defined as pervasive, enduring, inflexible patterns of dysfunctional behavior linked to abnormal configurations of personality traits. Specifically, this chapter focuses on borderline personality disorder (BPD), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), and avoidant personality disorder (APD). After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author proposes to classify BPD and NPD as fast spectrum (F-type) conditions, OCPD as a slow spectrum (S-type) condition, and APD as a defense activation (D-type) condition characterized by chronic social anxiety.
Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Del Giudice Marco
Published: August 2018

The chapter discusses social anxiety disorder (SAD) or “social phobia”, a condition marked by persistent fears and/or anxieties about social situations (including public speaking and other types of performance) that expose the person to scrutiny by others. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author concludes that SAD can be classified as a defense activation (D-type) condition.
Feeling Good by Doing Good
Authors: Mruk Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

Feeling Good by Doing Good: A Guide to Authentic Self-Esteem presents a new evidence-based approach to defining, understanding, and increasing self-esteem. The book translates decades of the author’s research and writing in the fields of self-esteem, positive psychology, and psychotherapy into everyday language. Its power comes from tracing the definition of self-esteem back to its very first use, which is based on doing that which is both just and right. Seen this way, self-esteem is not merely feeling good about oneself. Rather, it comes from actually doing something to earn that experience. In addition to distinguishing between low, defensive, and authentic self-esteem, the book helps readers consider the connections between self-esteem and positive psychology in regard to such topics as self-control, how self-esteem operates in domains of life such as school or work, how self-esteem acts as a compass to help us make healthier choices, practical suggestions to increase authentic self-esteem, and the connection between authentic self-esteem, relationships, and well-being. The words, diagrams, and activities in the book are written so that it can be used by clinicians, their clients, and intelligent general readers interested substance as well as practical applications.
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Authors: Mruk Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

The second chapter focuses on the two major functions of self-esteem, especially as they occur in relation to positive psychology, self-control or regulation, and positive emotions. One important function is self-protection, which concerns maintaining a sense of self and identity. In this sense, self-esteem is seen as buffering us from stress in everyday life, helping us deal with disappointment, and bouncing back from failure. The other major self-esteem function concerns enhancement or the expansion of the self and its abilities. In this case, it is shown how healthy self-esteem plays a pivotal role in helping us move beyond our comfort zone, take risks to reach past current limits, see new possibilities, and explore different personal, career, and interpersonal dimensions of life. This material also includes examining the three major theories of self-esteem and the nature of positive emotions.
Developing Authentic Self-Esteem
Authors: Mruk Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 addresses the development of healthy or authentic self-esteem. This section examines self-esteem in relation to six important domains of life. They include the importance of being connected to others, the place of morality or virtue in relation to self-esteem, physical attractiveness, the ability to solve problems competently, physical integrity, and the value of personal autonomy or control. The chapter also identifies four major sources of self-esteem needed to be healthy, namely, acceptance, virtue, achievements, and power, two of which are related to feeling or being worthy as a person and two of which involve competently facing life’s challenges. The chapter also examines various self-esteem problems and reveals the importance of self-esteem moments or situations that challenge people in terms of their competence and worthiness. Both positive and negative self-esteem moments are discussed.
Beyond the Self
Authors: Mruk Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 6 focuses on self-esteem and its connections to something larger than the self. The first part summarizes new research on self-esteem and relationships, an area not often found in other books. Particular attention is given to the ways in which authentic self-esteem helps foster healthy relationships and how low or defensive self-esteem may hurt them. This material helps readers understand how the self-protective function of self-esteem can harm relationships and how its self-expansion or enhancement function may help them reach new or deeper levels. The last section focuses on self-esteem in a larger context but one that still involves being connected to others. This work is based on findings from the psychology of religion but does so without being preachy, denominational, or dogmatic as spirituality is used as a generic term to which anyone can relate.
Positive Psychotherapy
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , P. Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Positive psychotherapy (PPT) is a therapeutic endeavor within positive psychology that aims to alleviate symptomatic stress by way of enhancing well-being. Traditional psychotherapy does a good job of making clients feel, for example, less depressed or less anxious, but the well-being of clients is not an explicit goal. Positive psychology studies the conditions and processes that enable individuals, communities, and institutions to flourish. PPT integrates symptoms with strengths, risks with resources, weaknesses with values, and regrets with hopes, in order to understand the inherent complexities of human experience in a balanced way. Without dismissing or minimizing the client’s concerns, the PPT clinician empathically understands and attends to pain associated with trauma and simultaneously explores the potential for growth. This clinician’s manual contains 15 PPT sessions, with core concepts, guidelines, skills, and worksheets for practicing these skills. Each session focuses on one or more practice and includes a Fit & Flexibility section that presents various ways that PPT practices can work (without losing their core elements) given clients’ specific situations. Each session includes at least one vignette as well as cross-cultural implications.
Positive Interventions and Theoretical Assumptions
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Positive psychology interventions applied in diverse clinical settings and tackling complex clinical issues are advancing the knowledge base of psychotherapy and health outcomes. Positive psychotherapy (PPT) is based primarily on two major theories: Seligman’s PERMA (Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) conceptualization of well-being and character strengths. PPT also operates on three assumptions regarding the nature, cause, course, and treatment of specific behavioral patterns: (a) inherent capacity for growth, (b) the authenticity of strengths compared to symptoms, and (c) the role of positives in fostering a of the therapeutic relationship. The notion of happiness espoused in PPT is much more than the sum of its components that can be pursued simultaneously with each individually association with life satisfaction.
The Centrality of Character Strengths and How to Use Them in Positive Psychotherapy
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Character strengths are universal traits that are valued in their own right and do not necessarily lead to instrumental outcomes. Throughout the course of positive psychotherapy, the clinician actively looks for events, experiences, and expressions of strengths in the lives of clients. These may manifest through abilities, skills, talents, capacities, and aptitudes that can be nurtured in order to cope with and potentially buffer against psychological disorders. The most critical aspect of a strengths-based therapeutic approach is a contextualized use of strengths, which keeps presenting problems and symptoms front and center. Strengths can be assessed early in the therapeutic process. Systematic assessment of character strengths, in addition to symptoms, will enrich clinical understanding.
Session Two: Character Strengths and Signature Strengths
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Session Two is the first of three sessions focusing on Character Strengths and Signature Strengths, which are positive traits that can be developed through practice and can contribute to personal growth and wellness. Taken together, Sessions Two to Four cover assessing strengths; understanding their contextualized, situation-specific usage; and how specific strengths can be utilized to create a desired or better version of the self.
Session Three: Practical Wisdom
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

The core feature of Session Three is to teach clients the Aristotelian concept of practical wisdom, that is, the adaptive use of strengths to be used to live a good, meaningful, and virtuous life. These skills teach us how to adaptively apply our signature strengths in a balanced way to solve problems. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is Know- How of Strengths.
Session Four: A Better Version of Me
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Session Four, the last of the sessions focusing on character strengths, looks at articulating and implementing a written plan of positive, pragmatic, and persistent self-development. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is A Better Version of Me.
Session Five: Open and Closed Memories
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

In Session Five, clients recall, write, and process their open and closed memories. They learn to develop skills for dealing with open memories through the positive psychotherapy (PPT) practice of Positive Appraisal. PPT refers to memories that are not fully understood and those that trigger negative emotional responses as “open memories.” Memories that ended somewhat conclusively with a positive outcome, even those entailing past challenges or difficulties, are referred to as “closed memories.”
Session Six: Forgiveness
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Session Six teaches that forgiveness is a process for change rather than an event. This session explains what forgiveness is and what it is not. The central positive psychotherapy practices covered in this session are writing a Forgiveness Letter and REACH, which is an approach to forgiveness, as follows: Step One: R = Recall an event; Step Two: E = Empathize from the perpetrator’s point of view; Step Three: A = Altruistic gift of forgiveness; Step Four: C = Commit yourself to forgive publicly; and Step Five: H = Hold onto forgiveness. The chapter includes two related worksheets for clients to complete.
Session Nine: Hope and Optimism
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Thinking about a different and desirable future and finding paths to achieve that future are one of the most remarkable human capacities. Hope and optimism are inherent in this capacity. In Session Nine, clients learn to see the best possible, realistic outcomes. They learn that challenges are temporary and how to develop a sense of hope. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is One Door Closes, Another Door Opens.
Session Twelve: Positive Relationships
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Positive relationships come in many forms, including family. Biological or otherwise, all family members possess strengths and resources. Due to negative attributions and the negativity bias, these strengths may be less prominent. In Session Twelve, clients learn the significance of recognizing the strengths of their loved ones. The central positive psychotherapy practice covered in this session is creating a Tree of Positive Relationships.
Session Fourteen: Altruism
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

Altruism is benefitting others, at one’s own will, without being asked for it and without any financial reimbursement. In positive psychotherapy (PPT), meaning entails using one’s signature strengths to belong to and serve something that one believes is bigger than the self. One wants to make a life that matters to the world and create a difference for the better. The psychological benefits of altruism are significant. In Session Fourteen, clients learn how being altruistic helps both themselves and others. The central PPT practice covered in this session is the Gift of Time.
Session Fifteen: Meaning and Purpose
Authors: Rashid Tayyab , Seligman Martin
Published: August 2018

This final session integrates the three phases of positive psychotherapy (PPT): the narrative of resilience (positive introduction), the hope of cultivating a better version of the self, and the aspiration of leaving a positive legacy. “Meaning” refers to a coherent understanding of the world that promotes the pursuit of long-term goals that provide a sense of purpose and fulfilment. Session Fifteen focuses on the search and pursuit of meaningful endeavors for the greater good, and the central PPT practice in this session is Positive Legacy.
Permissive Metaepistemology
Authors: Thorstad David
Published: August 2018

Recent objections to epistemic permissivism have a metaepistemic flavor. Impermissivists argue that their view best accounts for connections between rationality, planning and deference. Impermissivism is also taken to best explain the value of rational belief and normative assessment. These objections pose a series of metaepistemic explanatory challenges for permissivism. In this paper, I illustrate how permissivists might meet their explanatory burdens by developing two permissivist metaepistemic views which fare well against the explanatory challenges.
Rapid Stretch Injury to Peripheral Nerves: Biomechanical Results
Authors: Mahan Mark A , Yeoh Stewart , Monson Ken , Light Alan
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Although most adult brachial plexus injuries result from high-speed mechanisms, no laboratory model has been created to mimic rapid-stretch nerve injuries. Understanding the biomechanical response of nerves to rapid stretch is essential to understanding clinical injury patterns and developing models that mimic the clinical scenario.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the influence of rate, loading direction, and excursion of stretch injuries on the biomechanical properties of peripheral nerves.

METHODS

The sciatic nerves of 138 Sprague-Dawley rats were dissected and subjected to rapid- and slow-stretch methods. Maximal nerve strain, persistent deformation, regional strain variation, and location of nerve failure were recorded.

RESULTS

Nerve rupture was primarily determined by weight-drop momentum >1 N/sec (odds ratio = 27.8, P < .0001), suggesting a threshold condition. Loading direction strongly determined maximal strain at rupture (P = .028); pull along the nerve axis resulted in nerve rupture at lower strain than orthogonal loading. Regional variations in nerve compliance and rupture location correlated with anatomic zones. Nerve branch anatomy was the largest contributing factor on maximum strain and rupture location. Rapidly stretched nerves are characterized by a zone of elastic recovery, followed by inelastic response at increasing strain, and finally rupture.

CONCLUSION

The large variation in previous results for nerve strain at rupture can be attributed to different testing conditions and is largely due to loading direction or segment of nerve tested, which has significant clinical implications. Nerve stretch injuries do not reflect a continuous variability to applied force but instead fall into biomechanical patterns of elastic, inelastic, and rupture injuries.
Hesiod and the Visual Arts
Authors: Shapiro H. A.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the influence of Hesiod’s Theogony on Greek visual artists of the archaic period (ca. 700–480 bce). Since dozens of divinities and heroes mentioned in the poem appear in sculpture and (more often) vase painting and cannot be systematically treated, one major work with strong Hesiodic associations is examined as a test case. The Attic black-figure dinos signed by the painter Sophilos and dated ca. 580 bce includes more than thirty gods and goddesses participating in the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, future parents of Achilles. All of these can be found in the Theogony, and the poem can be a helpful guide to understanding how the individual figures are placed in the procession. The unique depiction of Okeanos on the dinos illustrates especially well the complex relationship of text and image.
Hesiod and Tragedy
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: August 2018

The only Hesiodic myths taken up by the Greek tragic dramatists are the related stories of Prometheus and the first woman (Pandora); these were exploited in satyr-dramas by Aeschylus and Sophocles, respectively. More important are the tragedies Prometheus Bound and Prometheus Unbound, attributed to Aeschylus (but probably in fact by another hand, perhaps his son Euphorion), in which the tale of Prometheus’s punishment is combined with several other myths into a new story of a god who becomes the savior both of the human race (twice) and of Zeus (also twice), and who endures terrible suffering before finally gaining honor from Zeus and humans. Hesiod’s ideas also had a profound influence on Aeschylus, traceable especially in the Oresteia and in the unidentified “Dike play” known from papyrus fragments.
Hesiod and Comedy
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: August 2018

Comic dramas, attested as early as the later sixth century bce in Sicily and from ca. 486 bce in Attica, reflect familiarity with Hesiodic poetry from the time our actual documentation begins in the 470s for Sicily and 430s for Attica and into the mid-fourth century bce. Comic poets engaged with Hesiodic poetry at the level of specific allusion or echo and (more frequently) with Hesiodic stories, thought, themes, ideas, and style, now common cultural currency. They also engaged with the poet and his poetic persona, whether bracketed with Homer as a great cultural authority, distinguished as the anti-Homer in subjects or style, or showcased as an emblematic persona of poet and (didactic) sage. Aristophanes, for one, adopted elements of the Hesiodic persona in fashioning his own.
The Prehistory and Analogues of Hesiod’s Poetry
Authors: Katz Joshua T.
Published: August 2018

Hesiod’s indebtedness to Near Eastern material is more frequently discussed than the Indo-European background of his poetry. This chapter argues for a holistic understanding of how Indo-European prehistory and Near Eastern analogues contribute together to the formation of Hesiodic language and thought. Concentrating on Theogony 35, ἀλλὰ τίη μοι ταῦτα περὶ δρῦν ἢ περὶ πέτρην;, “But what are these things about a tree or a rock to me?,” I demonstrate that this enigmatic question encapsulates Hesiod’s role as mouthpiece at the head of the simultaneously Indo-European- and Near Eastern-based tradition of Greek poetry. By means of artful phonology here and throughout the proem, Hesiod highlights, in ways not previously noticed, the quite different sounds of the melodious Muses and their loud-thundering father, Zeus, who, like the Near Eastern storm god, has a robust association with prophetic oaks and stones.
Hesiod and Pindar
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines Hesiodic elements in Pindar’s “First Hymn” and Pythian 1 and appropriations of Hesiod’s “path to virtue” in the epinicians. Differences between Pindar’s treatment of Zeus’s marriage and cosmic dispensations in the “First Hymn” and Hesiod’s account articulate a greater emphasis on cosmic order and create an identification between the audience’s response to the poem and that of the gods to the newly created cosmos. In Pythian 1 Pindar’s ekphrasis of Etna presents a picture of Typhon who is more constrained and integrated into the cosmic order than his counterpart in the Theogony. But Pindar represents the monster with great imagistic and musical immediacy and brings it into closer proximity to human civilization. These tensions can be read as programmatic for the poem’s projection of the listener as an ethical subject, articulating the threats posed to human self-constitution by the violence in both the natural and social orders.
Hesiod, Virgil, and the Georgic Tradition
Authors: Nelson Stephanie
Published: August 2018

Hesiod’s Works and Days had its greatest influence on English poetry through the Georgics. While Hesiod’s early translators into English—Chapman in 1618, Cooke in 1728, and Elton in 1815—were primarily interested in Hesiod as a theological and moral thinker, it was Virgil’s focus on an essentially problematic relation of the human and nature, as seen in the role of labor and the relation of farming to war and politics, that persisted in the English georgic tradition. Virgil established his vision, however, through a deliberate contrast with Hesiod’s idea of a seamless connection of the human world, through farming, with the greater cosmos. In this way, Hesiod may be said to have deeply influenced the later georgic tradition, albeit through inversion.
Hesiod from Aristotle to Posidonius
Authors: Wolfsdorf David Conan
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the reception of Hesiod in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, from Aristotle to Posidonius. The discussion focuses on the contributions of the Peripatetics, Epicureans, and Stoics, the only philosophical schools within this period for which the author has found evidence of Hesiodic reception. Two Hesiodic passages above all seem to have captured the attention of these philosophers: the genesis of the primordial divinities in Theogony and the Myth of Ages, especially the golden age in Works and Days. Granted the importance of these passages and their provision of one unifying thread within this particular history, philosophical interest in and use of Hesiod over the three centuries in question was diverse and complex. The reception is in fact not tightly unified at all.
Hesiod Transformed, Parodied, and Assaulted
Authors: van Noorden Helen
Published: August 2018

This chapter covers pagan and early Christian authors of the period 50–250 ce, known as the “second sophistic.” The first section focuses on the Certamen, Athenaeus and Plutarch, considering their revisions of Hesiodic wisdom and the contemporary forms of scholarship on his poems. The second section uses Lucian to showcase “Hesiod parodied” before discussing Aelian, Babrius, and the Sibylline Oracles. Points treated include the cross-referencing of Hesiodic poems and the dominance of certain Hesiodic passages, such as Hesiod’s initiation by the Muses, the “Two Roads,” and the “Myth of the Races,” in appropriations of Hesiod for new (especially rhetorical) projects. Finally, “Hesiod assaulted” is discussed in view of the Christian apologists, in particular Clement of Alexandria and Theophilus, who attacked Hesiod’s inconsistency and immorality but, like Lucian, co-opted aspects of his narratives into their own.
Theorizing with Hesiod
Authors: Scully Stephen , Stocking Charles
Published: August 2018

This chapter traces the unique role Hesiodic poetry has played in the history of thought throughout the twentieth century, with a focus on two main areas: Freudian constructs and structuralism. The chapter demonstrates how Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents in the first half of the century parallels key narrative themes from Hesiodic poetry. Freud, however, did not often invoke Hesiod directly in this work, and such lack of conscious reference may be the strongest indication of the influence Hesiodic narrative exerted as a dominant psychological and cultural paradigm in the early twentieth century. Concerning the development of structuralism in the second half of the twentieth century, the chapter discusses how classical scholars, such as Vernant, Detienne, and Pucci, have caused Hesiod to play a key role in broader debates on the relationship among history, structure, and political power in postwar France. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates how Hesiodic poetry has been and continues to remain a rich source for theorizing the present.
Hesiodic Theology
Authors: Martin Richard P.
Published: August 2018

The Hesiodic view of the supernatural varies within individual compositions, in tune with oral-traditional poetic practice. The flexibility and dramatization inherent in the medium led ancient philosophers to treat Hesiod and Homer as deficient “theology.” Taken as religious fictions, with attention to their diction and devices, the Hesiodic poems are distinct from the Homeric in orientation toward and expressions about the divine world. The Theogony frames itself as a praise poem to Zeus but must downplay the self-interested character of such compositions. Zeus’s sovereignty is depicted in diachronic terms as wisely integrating earlier powers. The Works and Days deals synchronically with the upshot of the world-shaping Prometheus and Pandora complex, projecting onto the mythic level its tale of contemporary fraternal strife and advice for living under a regime of divine justice.
Hesiod’s Temporalities
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: August 2018

Temporality is an important aspect of the poetics of both the Theogony and the Works and Days. Hesiod’s temporality can be subdivided into different kinds of synchronic and diachronic temporalities: omnipresent, etiological, and teleological temporalities and seasonal (or kairological) and cyclical temporalities. Each of these modes has its own logic. Furthermore, Hesiod allows these temporal modes to interact with one another in complex and sometimes paradoxical ways. Hesiod views his cosmos as a permanent, stable reality that came into being through evolutionary and cyclical processes—the very processes that could threaten the reigning, unchanging order under Zeus. This tension between permanence and development animates Hesiod’s poetry.
Information Sharing Within Groups in Organizations
Authors: Larson James R. , Egan Amanda C.
Published: August 2018

Information sharing is essential for learning and performance in groups and organizations. This chapter examines factors that either encourage or discourage information sharing, particularly during group meetings convened for the purpose of solving a problem or making a decision. Such purposes are usually best served when members share with one another the task-relevant information they hold that others in the group do not possess (i.e., uniquely held information). Yet meetings are often dominated by discussion of information that most members already know (i.e., commonly held information), to the relative exclusion of their uniquely held information. We examine in some detail the information sampling process that gives rise to this phenomenon, and we consider a range of situational and motivational factors that moderate it, including features of the information held, the task performed, and the group performing it. Finally, we offer recommendations for how information sharing during group meetings might be improved.
The Agricultural Sector
Authors: Bacha Carlos José Caetano
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the evolution of agriculture in Brazil from the early sixteenth century until the second decade of the twenty-first century. It focuses on seven domestic and external conditioning factors that have stimulated and supported the sector’s expansion in Brazil. These factors and the way that they have impacted agricultural expansion and will continue to drive Brazil’s agricultural sector for at least the next two decades. Given the availability of fallow arable land, at current productivity levels, this idle area could be used to double crop production. The transference of road operation to the regulated private sector will lead to improved road surfaces and maintenance, thereby facilitating the transportation of agricultural production to exporting ports. The reduction of agricultural sector subsidies and the increased forest conservation efforts by the European Union should improve Brazilian agriculture’s competitive position in many foreign markets currently served by EU farmers. The increasing share of Brazil’s agricultural production sold in world markets makes the country’s agricultural sector more vulnerable than ever to uncontrollable outside forces. World economic growth, especially that of China and the European countries, is a necessity if the Brazilian agricultural sector is to continue expanding and improving efficiencies. Most Brazilian agricultural inputs continue to be produced by foreign companies or their Brazilian subsidiaries. These overseas entities are a very strong force in the domestic inputs market and represent another uncontrollable factor that affects local farmers’ earnings and Brazil’s balance of trade.
Growth Volatility and Economic Growth in Brazil
Authors: Arbache Jorge , Sarquis Sarquis J. B.
Published: August 2018

One of the most puzzling pieces of evidence surrounding Brazil’s economic performance is that, despite the country’s ability to grow at high rates, its long-term growth has been disappointing. Behind this deficient long-term outcome, Brazil shows a high degree of growth volatility. It has experienced substantial growth booms and busts as measured by international standards. This chapter provides an analysis of growth volatility and its impact on Brazil’s growth performance and long-term trajectory. Particular attention is given to its long-term underperformance, its macroeconomic regularities, and the possible causes and implications of its limited growth potential and degree of international convergence.
The Colonial Economy
Authors: Versiani Flavio
Published: August 2018

The chapter deals with characteristics of the Brazilian colonial period (from 1500 to independence from Portugal in 1822) that have exercised a significant influence on later developments. Three aspects of the institutional framework of Portuguese colonization are emphasized: the relations between the colonial government and the private sector; the pattern of access to land by colonists; and the widespread use of slave labor. It is argued that colonial policies were detrimental to private initiative, hampering access to productivity gains from industrialization in the eighteenth century. Distribution of land, in large tracts, to privileged individuals was instrumental in establishing a pattern of inequality in wealth, power, and political influence; the landless majority helped to bring about an elastic supply of labor in later periods. Slavery, which dominated the labor market from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, was an element of the inequality in income distribution that persists to the present.
Regional Disparities
Authors: Azzoni Carlos R. , Haddad Eduardo A.
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the emergence of disparities in income and development levels between Brazil’s main regions, in particular the gap that exists between the comparatively rich South and Southeast and the poorer North and West regions. Economic activity and the population are concentrated in a small part of the territory. Even within this reduced area, the geographical distribution is highly uneven. Besides concentration, regional inequalities are marked in the country in terms of per capita income, education, access to public services, and so on. This scenario of concentration and inequality is quite persistent, as the data available indicate. We conclude with a discussion of regional policy, both intended and unintended. The present levels of inequality shows the failure of the traditional place-based regional policies implemented in the past. The people-based policies implemented in recent decades have been the most effective way of reducing regional inequality.
Anti-Poverty Transfers and Poverty Reduction
Authors: Barrientos Armando
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the role that public policy initiatives—specifically anti-poverty transfers—have played in the reduction of poverty and inequality in Brazil. A number of anti-poverty initiatives are considered in turn, and not just the widely known Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program. The analysis establishes that such transfers—including conditional cash transfers—have proved surprisingly effective, even helping to tackle long-standing income inequality. It is recognized that explicit anti-poverty initiatives were not the only drivers of the reduced incidence of poverty and inequality: factors such as growth and improved access to labor markets also played a role. However, progress is now threatened by the recent economic and political crisis.
The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Villela André
Published: August 2018

For most of the nineteenth century the Brazilian economy grew roughly in line with population expansion. As a result, increases in per capita incomes were modest at best and, even then, were visible mostly in the second half of the century. As the empire came to a close and the republic was ushered in, several obstacles that had previously stood in the way of faster growth were gradually overcome and modern economic growth set in. This chapter discusses the main factors accounting for this story of no/low economic growth, followed by faster per capita income increases from the turn of the nineteenth century onward. Inevitably, in such a complex story as that of economic growth over such a long period, social, political, and demographic factors will be combined with those more strictly “economic” to provide a more comprehensive account of the historical developments under examination.
Brazil, the BRICS, and the Changing Landscape of Global Economic Governance
Authors: Silva Peri da
Published: August 2018

This chapter investigates the current as well as the potential degree of cooperation among the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) economies. It shows that the increasing degree of economic interdependency among these economies is not a result of cooperative measures implemented by this group of nations. Moreover, the chapter suggests that the potential degree of cooperation among the BRICs is limited due to the presence of several economic asymmetries among these countries. The chapter concludes that the Brazilian diplomatic efforts to use the BRICs as a platform to pursue the national interests of Brazil has not yet generated concrete results.