bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib, a long‐acting COX‐2 inhibitor, in young adult laboratory dogs
Authors: COX S. R. , LESMAN S. P. , BOUCHER J. F. , KRAUTMANN M. J. , HUMMEL B. D. , SAVIDES M. , MARSH S. , FIELDER A. , STEGEMANN M. R.
Published: April 2010

Cox, S.R., Lesman, S.P., Boucher, J.F., Krautmann, M.J., Hummel, B.D., Savides, M., Marsh, S., Fielder, A., Stegemann, M.R. The pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib, a long‐acting COX‐2 inhibitor, in young adult laboratory dogs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.33, 461–470.

The pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib were evaluated in an absolute bioavailability study, a dose‐proportionality study and a multi‐dose study in young healthy adult laboratory Beagle dogs and in a multi‐dose safety study in Beagle‐sized laboratory Mongrel dogs. When administered as the commercial tablet formulation at 4 mg/kg body weight (bw) to fasted dogs, the absolute bioavailability (F) of mavacoxib was 46.1%; F increased to 87.4% when mavacoxib was administered with food. Following intravenous administration, the total body plasma clearance of mavacoxib was 2.7 mL·h/kg, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state was 1.6 L/kg. The plasma protein binding of mavacoxib was approximately 98% in variousin vitroandex vivostudies. The dose‐normalized area under the plasma concentration–time curve was similar in Beagle and Beagle‐sized Mongrel dogs when mavacoxib was administered with food. Mavacoxib exhibited dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics for single oral doses of 2–12 mg/kg in Beagle dogs and for multiple oral doses of 5–25 mg/kg in Beagle‐sized Mongrel dogs. Only minor accumulation occurred when mavacoxib was administered at doses of 2–25 mg/kg bw orally to laboratory dogs with a 2‐week interval between the 1st two doses but with a monthly interval thereafter. Across all three Beagle studies (n = 63) the median terminal elimination half‐life (t½) was 16.6 days, with individual values ranging 7.9–38.8 days. The prolongedt½for mavacoxib supports the approved regimen in which doses are separated by 2–4 weeks.
Early Changes in Frequency of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Severe Traumatic Brain‐Injured Patients
Authors: Mrakovcic‐Sutic I. , Tokmadzic V. Sotosek , Laskarin G. , Mahmutefendic H. , Lucin P. , Zupan Z. , Sustic A.
Published: April 2010

Infections are leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality of severe traumatic brain‐injured (STBI) patients. The mechanism underlying the susceptibility to the infections is still unexplained. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in frequency of leucocytes subpopulations in peripheral blood of patients with STBI during the course of intensive care treatment. Twenty patients with STBI were included in the study. Healthy age‐ and sex‐ volunteers served as control. Peripheral blood samples were taken from these patients at day 1, 4 and 7, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. The percentage of T, B lymphocyte, NK and NKT cells as well as monocytes was analysed by simultaneous detection of surface antigens using fluorochrome‐conjugated monoclonal antibodies. The two major subsets of T lymphocytes (CD3+CD56−CD4+and CD3+CD56−CD8+) and NK cells (CD3−CD56+dimand CD3−CD56+bright) were also analysed by flow cytometry. Extracranial infections were presented in 55% patients with STBI. At day 4, the percentage of T lymphocytes with cytotoxic phenotype significantly diminished and their numbers restored at day 7. The frequency of NKT cells showed the identical time‐dependent pattern, whereas the percentage of NK cells diminished on day 4 but did not restore after 7 days. The frequency of B lymphocytes did not change significantly during the time investigated, whereas the percentage of monocytes increased immediately after the injury and gradually diminished. The decrease in cells with cytotoxic phenotype might explain high incidence of susceptibility to infection of patients with STBI.
Determination of Kininogens Levels and Kallikrein/Kininase II Activities in Patients with Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Authors: Dellalibera‐Joviliano R. , Joviliano E. E. , Évora P. R. B.
Published: April 2010

Some components of the kinin system such as plasma kallikrein levels, the activities of tissue kallikrein (including saliva) and kininase II and the concentrations of kininogen fractions (low‐molecular weight/LKg and high‐molecular weight/HKg) were evaluated in the plasma of patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) presenting clinical symptoms of the condition. Twenty TAO were diagnosed by means of the traditional Shionoya and Olin criteria and later classified into non‐smokers (n = 11) and active smokers (n = 9). Fifty‐three normal, non‐smoking/smoking individuals (control) were also studied. Kininogen levels were determined by ELISA; the activities of kallikreins and kininase II were determined using selective substrates. The levels of enzymes (kallikreins and kininase II) and protein (kininogens) were significantly higher in patients with TAO who were active smokers compared to the control groups (no matter whether control individuals were active smokers or non‐smokers,P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Interestingly, regardless of the time of disease onset, a significant increase in the levels of these components of the kinin system was also observed in patients when TAO active smokers were compared with TAO ex‐smokers (P < 0.01 for all analysed parameters). Activation of the kinin system in patients with TAO may indicate the involvement of vasodilatation in an attempt to control vascular changes, thereby favouring the deposition of immune complexes at the vascular level because of nicotine stimulation. Moreover, our results corroborate the idea that TAO can be an autoimmune disorder with specific mechanisms.
Identification of Phytoplasmas Associated with Cultivated and Ornamental Plants in Kerman Province, Iran
Authors: Tazehkand Susan Asghari , Pour Akbar Hosseini , Heydarnejad Jahangir , Varsani Arvind , Massumi Hossain
Published: April 2010

Kerman Province is a major agricultural centre in south‐eastern Iran and an increase in agricultural activities results in an increase in disease. We report phytoplasmal infections in Iran of five plant species; spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Aegean wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz; Family Brassicaceae) using in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. Amplicons of approximately 300 bp were amplified using polymerase chain reaction amplification with universal P3/P7 primer pair. The amplified products were cloned and sequenced. On the basis of in silico restriction analysis of the amplicon digested with 17 distinct restriction enzymes and 16/23S spacer region sequence, Erysimum and cucumber phyllodies (EPh and CuPh2, respectively) were 100% identical and showed closest similarity with members of the peanut witches’‐broom group (16SrII). Whereas spinach yellows (SpY) and canola phyllody (CaPh) revealed closest homology with phytoplasmas of the aster yellows group (AY) 16SrI. Mixed infections of the SuWB sample were confirmed in which two different phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrII and 16SrVI groups were found. This is the first report of phytoplasmal infection of Aegean wallflower (EPh) caused by a phytoplasma belonging to the 16SrII group. While spinach phytoplasmas have been isolated in the past; however, our isolate from spinach belonging to the 16SrI group is the first spinach isolate from Iran.
Covert attention allows for continuous control of brain–computer interfaces
Authors: Bahramisharif Ali , Van Gerven Marcel , Heskes Tom , Jensen Ole
Published: April 2010

While brain‐computer interfaces (BCIs) can be used for controlling external devices, they also hold the promise of providing a new tool for studying the working brain. In this study we investigated whether modulations of brain activity by changes in covert attention can be used as a continuous control signal for BCI. Covert attention is the act of mentally focusing on a peripheral sensory stimulus without changing gaze direction. The ongoing brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography in subjects as they covertly attended to a moving cue while maintaining fixation. Based on posterior alpha power alone, the direction to which subjects were attending could be recovered using circular regression. Results show that the angle of attention could be predicted with a mean absolute deviation of 51° in our best subject. Averaged over subjects, the mean deviation was ∼70°. In terms of information transfer rate, the optimal data length used for recovering the direction of attention was found to be 1700 ms; this resulted in a mean absolute deviation of 60° for the best subject. The results were obtained without any subject‐specific feature selection and did not require prior subject training. Our findings demonstrate that modulations of posterior alpha activity due to the direction of covert attention has potential as a control signal for continuous control in a BCI setting. Our approach will have several applications, including a brain‐controlled computer mouse and improved methods for neuro‐feedback that allow direct training of subjects’ ability to modulate posterior alpha activity.
Protected raspberry production accelerates onset of oviposition by vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Petitjean Sébastien , Clark Katherine E. , Mitchell Carolyn
Published: April 2010

Soft fruit production is increasingly reliant on crops that are grown under the protection of plastic tunnels, which may also affect insect communities as a result of localized climate change and changes to host plant physiology and chemistry. In particular, insect development rates may differ from field populations, making it more difficult to target control measures.

The present study investigated how protected environments affected adult vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) feeding and reproduction on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus). We focused on the period between adult emergence and the onset of oviposition (i.e. the pre‐reproductive period), which represents the optimal period for control.

Tunnels were up to 4 °C warmer than field plantations in 2008, with plants growing significantly faster (50% increase in height and 16% increase in leaf area) than field grown plants. The carbon/nitrogen ratio in leaves was higher in tunnels (12.07) than the field (10.89) as a result of a significant decrease in nitrogen concentrations (3.40 and 3.90 mg g−1, respectively).

Over 4 weeks, weevils consumed significantly more foliage in tunnels (370.89 mg) than weevils in the field (166.68 mg), suggesting compensatory feeding to counteract lower leaf nitrogen concentrations. Weevils in tunnels achieved sexual maturity 8 days earlier than those in the field and produced 20‐fold more eggs by the time they were 5 weeks old.

Applying a degree‐day model showed good agreement between predicted and observed pre‐reproductive periods for weevils in tunnels (36 and 30 days, respectively) and in field plots (41 and 38 days, respectively).
Caught in the rejection–abuse cycle: are we really treating perpetrators of domestic abuse effectively?
Authors: Brown Jac , James Kerrie , Taylor Alan
Published: April 2010

This article proposes that some perpetrators of domestic violence respond to their partners' apparent rejection of them with abusive behaviour, and that there exists a cycle of rejection and abuse. The model posits that some men, having experienced rejection within their families of origin or in relation to past partners, become sensitive to potential rejection in their current relationships. The cycle for rejection‐sensitive men consists of an event that constitutes athreat to self, leading to adefence against this threatwhich in turn results in psychological or physical abuse. This model was tested on sixty‐six male participants of perpetrator group programmes who completed a survey designed to measure each point in the proposed model through path analysis. There was support for the following model: rejection, threat to self‐defence against threat, abuse. Other paths were tested, but were not significant. These results are discussed in terms of the implications for treating perpetrators.
Research Note: Comparing indigenous language revitalisation: Te reo Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand and Mapudungun in Chile
Authors: Gallegos Carina , Murray Warwick E. , Evans Monica
Published: April 2010

This article provides a comparative investigation of education programmes intended to revitalise te reo (the language of the Māori, indigenous to Aotearoa New Zealand) and Mapudungun (the language of the Mapuche, indigenous to Chile), respectively. The historical processes of colonisation and globalisation in Chile and Aotearoa New Zealand that have threatened indigenous language are outlined, and revitalisation efforts subsequently described and assessed. Finally, the disparities in success that the two countries have experienced in their revitalisation efforts are examined, and some recommendations made.
Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation
Authors: Farbotko Carol
Published: April 2010

Disappearing islands and climate refugees have become signifiers of the scale and urgency of uneven impacts of climate change. This paper offers a critical account of how sea level rise debates reverberate around Western mythologies of island laboratories. I argue that representations of low‐lying Oceania islands as experimental spaces burden these sites with providing proof of a global climate change crisis. The emergence of Tuvalu as a climate change ‘canary’ has inscribed its islands as a location where developed world anxieties about global climate change are articulated. As Tuvalu islands and Tuvaluan bodies become sites to concretize climate science's statistical abstractions, they can enforce an eco‐colonial gaze on Tuvalu and its inhabitants. Expressions of ‘wishful sinking’ create a problematic moral geography in some prominent environmentalist narratives: only after they disappear are the islands useful as an absolute truth of the urgency of climate change, and thus a prompt to save the rest of the planet.
Geometry‐Driven Local Neighbourhood Based Predictors for Dynamic Mesh Compression
Authors: Váša Libor , Skala Václav
Published: April 2010

The task of dynamic mesh compression seeks to find a compact representation of a surface animation, while the artifacts introduced by the representation are as small as possible. In this paper, we present two geometric predictors, which are suitable for PCA‐based compression schemes. The predictors exploit the knowledge about the geometrical meaning of the data, which allows a more accurate prediction, and thus a more compact representation. We also provide rate/distortion curves showing that our approach outperforms the current PCA‐based compression methods by more than 20%.
Prevalence and factors associated with renal impairment in HIV‐infected patients, ANRS C03 Aquitaine Cohort, France
Authors: Déti EK , Thiébaut R , Bonnet F , Lawson‐Ayayi S , Dupon M , Neau D , Pellegrin JL , Malvy D , Tchamgoué S , Dabis F , Morlat P ,   for the Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine (GECSA)
Published: April 2010

Objectives

The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of renal impairment (RI) among HIV‐infected adult patients and to investigate the associated factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a French hospital‐based cohort. Clearance of creatinine (CC) was calculated using the Cockcroft–Gault formula. Four stages of RI were defined: mild (60–90 mL/min), moderate (30–60), severe (15–30) and end stage (<15). Logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with RI.

Results

The male/female ratio of the 2588 patients enrolled was 3:1 and the median age was 42 years. At the time of assessment of CC, the median CD4 count was 430 cells/μL and HIV plasma viral load (VL) was<50 copies/mL in 60%. The overall prevalence of RI was 39.0%: 34.2% mild, 4.4% moderate, 0.3% severe and 0.2% end‐stage. Mild RI was associated with female gender [odds ratio (OR)=3.3: 95% CI 2.6–4.3)], age >50 years (OR=9.8: 7.4–13.0) and 40–50 years (OR=1.9: 1.5–2.4), body mass index (BMI) <22 kg/m2 (OR=3.3: 2.7–4.3) and tenofovir exposure (OR=1.4: 1.0–1.9 for <1 year and OR=1.5: 1.2–2.0 for >1 year). Advanced RI (CC <60 mL/min) was associated with age >50 years (OR=5.6: 2.9–10.9) and 40–50 years (OR=2.2: 1.1–1.4), BMI <22 kg/m2 (OR=1.5: 1.0–2.4), hypertension (OR=2.5: 1.4–2.5) and indinavir (IDV) exposure >1 year (OR=2.3: 1.5–3.6).

Conclusion

This survey confirms the high prevalence of RI in HIV‐infected patients and indicates the importance of the investigation of renal function especially in women, older patients, those with a low BMI or treated with tenofovir or IDV.
Living in the soap bubble: the infertile couple and the standstill of the transcendent function in the treatment of an adolescent girl1
Authors: Bovensiepen Gustav
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This paper considers disturbances of identity and developmental breakdown in the phase of ‘emergent adulthood’ with young adults together with a disturbance of the capacity of the Self for coniunctio. It is proposed that the capacity for effective intrapsychic linking as conceptualized in analytic psychology with the concepts of the coniunctio and the transcendent function, is disturbed because of an unconscious identification with an infertile ‘couple’. This unconscious couple fantasy can lead to a standstill of the transcendent function and prevents the growth of meaning via the linking between parts of the psyche. This can lead to considerable clinical disturbances. A clinical vignette from the treatment of an adolescent girl should illustrate these hypotheses. The patient had developed a not good enough internal space and she suffered from fragmentation anxieties. She tried to control these anxieties by obsessive behaviour and by forms of adhesive identification. The standstill of the transcendent function was manifested when the patient developed a negative therapeutic reaction.
Personality, stress and coping in intensive care nurses: a descriptive exploratory study
Authors: Burgess Lorraine , Irvine Fiona , Wallymahmed Akhtar
Published: April 2010

Aim:The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits, perception of workplace stress and coping among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses.

Background:Research has indicated that ICUs are stressful environments. There is a tendency for research studies to investigate causes of stress and ways of coping, but few studies, particularly in recent years, have considered the personality traits of the staff who thrive in this challenging environment, the work stress they perceive and the coping strategies they use.

Method:A convenience sample of critical care nurses (n= 46) completed three standardised questionnaires during September 2007: the revised NEO personality inventory (NEO‐PI‐R); the nurses stress scale (NSI) and the Brief Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE) scale.

Findings:ICU nurses did not perceive their workplaces to be stressful. Certain personality traits, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, were associated with problem‐solving coping strategies such as active planning and reframing. Openness and extraversion were associated with less perceived stress from the ‘patients and relatives' dimension of the NSI; there were also negative correlations between conscientiousness and the ‘workload stress' and stress from lack of ‘confidence and competence’ dimensions of the NSI.

Conclusion:Certain personality traits may have a buffering effect on workplace stress. Pre‐employment screening to identify staff that exhibit personality and coping traits associated with low perceived stress may be considered as part of the recruitment strategy to address problems relating to stress, sickness and retention.

Relevance to clinical practice:The retention and recruitment of staff who have lower perceived workplace stress and who utilise problem‐focused coping may result in less reported absences and fewer critical incidents and errors.
Non‐therapeutic omission of medications in acutely ill patients
Authors: Warne Siobhan , Endacott Ruth , Ryan Helen , Chamberlain Wendy , Hendry Julie , Boulanger Carole , Donlin Nicola
Published: April 2010

Aims and objectives: To examine documentation of medication administration in medical and surgical patients.

Study objectives: (1) Determine the point prevalence of non‐therapeutic medication omissions; (2) identify documented reasons for non‐therapeutic medication omissions; (3) examine the relationship between length of stay and medication omissions; and (4) explore the impact of outlier status (e.g. medical patients managed on surgical wards) on medication administration.

Background: Acutely ill patients are particularly sensitive to health care errors. We previously identified a 26% rate of non‐therapeutic medication omissions in patients admitted unexpectedly to intensive care unit (ICU) from medical and surgical wards.

Design: A point prevalence survey of 162 medical and surgical patients across four sites in the South West of England.

Method: Data collected included: all instances of, and reasons for, non‐therapeutic medication omission. We also recorded whether the patient was an ‘outlier’ and examined nursing documentation where no reason for medication omission was given on the drug chart.

Results: The number of patients who missed at least one medication was high across all sites (n = 129/162; 79.6%, range 60–88%), with a total of 1077 doses omitted. Patients who were outliers (e.g. surgical patients on a medical ward) were more likely to miss medications (100% versus 74%, p < 0.001). The most common missed medications were analgesia and anti‐inflammatory drugs (28%, 299/1077); 203 of these were due to patient refusal.

Conclusions: The extent of medications omitted for non‐therapeutic reasons in medical and surgical patients is of concern. None were recorded as an adverse drug event; however, the extent of omitted or refused medications suggests the need for a review of prescribing and drug administration processes. These findings have important implications for the role of ICU outreach and liaison services, for example, including medication management in the monitoring of patients pre/post‐ICU admission and support/education provided for ward staff.

Relevance to clinical practice: Detailed analysis of medication records suggests a number of areas of medication administration that would benefit from review.
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics
Authors: Cook James L.
Published: April 2010

The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limb dysfunction. It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.
Effect of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency, Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy, and Tibial Tuberosity Advancement on Contact Mechanics and Alignment of the Stifle in Flexion
Authors: Kim Stanley E. , Pozzi Antonio , Banks Scott A. , Conrad Bryan P. , Lewis Daniel D.
Published: April 2010

Objective: To assess contact mechanics and 3‐dimensional (3‐D) joint alignment in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient stifles before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) with the stifle in 90° of flexion.

Study Design: In vitro biomechanical study.

Sample Population: Cadaveric pelvic limb pairs (n=8) from dogs weighing 28–35 kg.

Methods: Contralateral limbs were assigned to receive TPLO or TTA. Digital pressure sensors were used to measure femorotibial contact area, peak and mean contact pressure, and peak pressure location with the limb under a load of 30% body weight and stifle flexion angle of 90°. 3‐D poses were obtained using a Microscribe digitizer. Specimens were tested under normal, CCL deficient, and treatment conditions.

Results: Significant disturbances in alignment were not observed after CCL transection, although medial contact area was 10% smaller than normal (P=.003). There were no significant differences in contact mechanics or alignment between normal and TTA conditions; TPLO induced 6° varus angulation (P<.001), 26% decrease in lateral peak pressure (P=.027), and 18% increase in medial mean pressure (P=.008) when compared with normal.

Conclusion: Cranial tibial subluxation is nominal in CCL‐deficient stifles loaded in flexion. Stifle alignment and contact mechanics are not altered by TTA, whereas TPLO causes mild varus and a subsequent increase in medial compartment loading.

Clinical Relevance: Cranial tibial subluxation of CCL‐deficient stifles may not occur during postures that load the stifle in flexion. The significance of minor changes in loading patterns after TPLO is unknown.
Morphometric Characteristics of the Pelvic Limb Musculature of Labrador Retrievers with and without Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Authors: Mostafa Ayman A. , Griffon Dominique J. , Thomas Michael W. , Constable Peter D.
Published: April 2010

Objective:To identify morphometric characteristics of the pelvic limb musculature associated with the development of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency in Labrador Retrievers.

Study Design:Cross‐sectional clinical study.

Animals:

Pure‐bred female (n=18) and male (n=12) Labrador Retrievers with (n=16) and without (n=14) CCL deficiency.

Methods:Muscle conformation of pelvic limbs was evaluated by physical examination, radiography (widths of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other), and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA, lean contents of quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius were expressed relative to tibial length and to each other). Pelvic limbs of dogs without CCL deficiency were classified as normal (n=28 limbs), whereas those with CCL deficiency were considered diseased (n=18 limbs) or sound contralateral to CCL deficiency (n=10 limbs). Variables were compared between groups using mixed models analysis of variance, withP<.05 considered significant.

Results:The ratios of quadriceps width to tibial length (P=.008), hamstring width (P=.013), and gastrocnemius width (P=.005) on lateral radiographs were lower in diseased limbs than controls. The mass of hamstring muscles in CCL deficient limbs was similar to that of normal limbs. The ratio of the lean content of gastrocnemius to hamstring muscles was greater in diseased (P=.007) and sound contralateral (P=.013) limbs than in normal limbs.

Conclusions:Atrophy associated with CCL deficiency may predominantly affect the quadriceps muscle. Dominance of the gastrocnemius muscle over active restraints to the cranial tibial thrust may be associated with predisposition to CCL deficiency in Labrador Retrievers.

Clinical Relevance:If confirmed, this dynamic imbalance between muscle groups of the rear limbs could serve as a basis for screening programs and preventive rehabilitation.
Effects of Attachment Sites and Joint Angle at the Time of Lateral Suture Fixation on Tension in the Suture for Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament Deficient Stifle in Dogs
Authors: Fischer Christof , Cherres Mitzi , Grevel Vera , Oechtering Gerhard , Böttcher Peter
Published: April 2010

Objective:To investigate the influence of different sites of lateral suture fixation for stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifle and different joint angles at time of tightening on suture tension.

Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.

Sample Population:Stifle joints (n=9) of dogs ≥20 kg.

Methods:After CCL transection, each stifle was stabilized using 12 combinations of 4 different methods of lateral suture stabilization (LSS) and 3 different joint angles at time of suture tightening. Load within the suture throughout a full range of passive motion (ROM) was measured for each combination using a custom made load cell.

Results:All 4 LSS methods had an increase in suture tension on stifle flexion. LSS with the suture looped around the lateral fabella and secured to the proximal aspect of the tibia through 2 parallel drill holes at the tibial crest had the least change in suture tension during ROM. Tightening the suture at 70° joint angle resulted in a significant loss of suture tension on extension.

Conclusions:None of the LSS resulted in constant suture tension, questioning current recommendations regarding “isometric” points for lateral suture fixation. Tightening the suture with the stifle held in flexion may result in joint instability on extension.

Clinical Relevance:LSS as commonly performed is associated with a significant increase in suture tension on flexion of the stifle, potentially over‐constraining the joint. Tightening should be performed with the stifle in slight extension rather than in flexion.
Validation of an Experimental Testing Apparatus Simulating the Stance Phase of a Canine Pelvic Limb at Trot in the Normal and the Cranial Cruciate‐Deficient Stifle: An In Vitro Kinematic Study
Authors: Hagemeister Nicola , Lussier Bertrand , Jaafar Emna , Clément Julien , Petit Yvan
Published: April 2010

Objective:To design an experimental testing apparatus simulating a quasi‐static model of the stance phase at a trot for a normal and a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient stifle under near physiologic conditions.

Study Design:In vitro biomechanical study.

Animals:Paired pelvic limbs (n=6) from 3 dogs, weighing 29.5–31 kg.

Methods:With the limbs mounted in a testing apparatus, the stance phase of gait was simulated with a computerized sequence. Two conditions were evaluated: intact stifle and CCL‐deficient stifle. Three‐dimensional (3D) kinematics was measured with an optoelectronic system. Vertical reaction forces were also measured. Validation consisted of evaluating intra‐ and interspecimen variability of the 3D kinematic values of the stifle. Amplitude of motion and peak vertical force (PVF) as well as of kinematic values were also compared with in vivo curves reported in the literature.

Results:Mean intra‐ and interspecimen variability were low for all variables measured in both conditions (normal intact CCL, CCL deficient), and comparable to that reported in the literature. Amplitude of motion and PVF as well as kinematic values were also similar to those reported in vivo although 3D kinematics' values were lower for CCL‐deficient stifles in our model.

Conclusion:Results show that the testing apparatus generates reproducible motion on a loaded limb in a quasi‐static way. Values are representative of the in vivo 3D values reported in the literature.

Clinical Relevance:This model could be used to evaluate and compare different surgical techniques, and determine which surgical procedures have the potential to reestablish normal stifle kinematics.
Diagnostic Imaging of the Canine Stifle: A Review
Authors: Marino Dominic J. , Loughin Catherine A.
Published: April 2010

The stifle joint, a common location for lameness in dogs, is a complex arrangement of osseous, articular, fibrocartilaginous, and ligamentous structures. The small size of its component structures, restricted joint space, and its intricate composition make successful diagnostic imaging a challenge. Different tissue types and their superimposition limit successful diagnostic imaging with a single modality. Most modalities exploit the complexity of tissue types found in the canine stifle joint. Improved understanding of the principles of each imaging modality and the properties of the tissues being examined will enhance successful diagnostic imaging.
Trust in Risk Management: A Model‐Based Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Earle Timothy C.
Published: April 2010

This review of studies of trust in risk management was designed, in part, to examine the relations between the reviewed research and the consensus model of trust that has recently emerged in other fields of study. The review begins by briefly elaborating the consensus views on the dimensionality and function of trust. It then describes the various models of trust that have been developed in the field of risk management, comparing them with the consensus approach. The findings of previous reviews are outlined, followed by a delineation of the open questions addressed by the present review, the method used, and the results. Finally, the findings of the review are discussed in relation to the important issue of trust asymmetry, the role of trust in risk management, and directions for future research. The consensus model specifies two conceptualizations of trust, each linked to particular types of antecedents. Relational trust, which is called trust in this review, is based on the relations between the trusting person and the other. Calculative trust, which is called confidence, is based on past behavior of the other and/or on constraints on future behavior. Results of this review showed that most studies of trust in risk management, while exploring matters of particular concern to the risk management community, were at least in part consistent with the consensus model. The review concludes by urging greater integration between the concerns of the former and the insights of the latter.
Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Terrorism Risk
Authors: Ezell Barry Charles , Bennett Steven P. , Von Winterfeldt Detlof , Sokolowski John , Collins Andrew J.
Published: April 2010

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), considerable efforts have been made to estimate the risks of terrorism and the cost effectiveness of security policies to reduce these risks. DHS, industry, and the academic risk analysis communities have all invested heavily in the development of tools and approaches that can assist decisionmakers in effectively allocating limited resources across the vast array of potential investments that could mitigate risks from terrorism and other threats to the homeland. Decisionmakers demand models, analyses, and decision support that are useful for this task and based on the state of the art. Since terrorism risk analysis is new, no single method is likely to meet this challenge. In this article we explore a number of existing and potential approaches for terrorism risk analysis, focusing particularly on recent discussions regarding the applicability of probabilistic and decision analytic approaches to bioterrorism risks and the Bioterrorism Risk Assessment methodology used by the DHS and criticized by the National Academies and others.
Introduction to the Issue
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Fairchild Halford H.
Published: April 2010

The criminal trial of O. J. Simpson, his acquittal, and the subsequent public reaction have provided an opportunity to apply social science models and methods in ways that have enhanced our understanding of the complexity and dynamics of ethnicity. Most of the articles in this issue focus on ethnicity and go beyond simplistic analyses of ethnic differences in responses to O. J. Simpson and the trial. These analyses inform us that ethnicity is best viewed as a proxy for a host of life experiences, beliefs, and attitudes. The knowledge gained from these applications demonstrates that social scientists can contribute to the understanding of major public events when issues of ethnicity are involved. This article provides an introduction to the dynamics of ethnicity and overviews of the articles in this collection.
The O. J. Simpson Verdict: Predictors of Beliefs about Innocence or Guilt
Authors: Murray Carolyn B. , Kaiser Robert , Taylor Shelby
Published: April 2010

This study examined ethnicity and psychological predictors of beliefs in guilt and innocence in the O. J. Simpson trial. A mixed‐gender, multiethnic sample of 441 college students completed measures examining trial beliefs, trial‐related attitudes, ethnic identification, pro‐ and anti‐Black attitudes, and authoritarian personality traits. Results revealed that: (1) mean differences existed among ethnic groups on all variables examined; (2) proximal attitudes mediated relations between psychological characteristics and trial outcome beliefs; and (3) specific relations depended (to some extent) on ethnic group membership. Differences within and between ethnic groups may reflect schematic differences due to differential experiences with societal institutions, identification with (or rejection of) mainstream values, and race relations in American society.
The O. J. Simpson Trial: Challenges to Science and Society
Authors: Fairchild Halford H. , Cowan Gloria
Published: April 2010

The O. J. Simpson murder and civil trials riveted the nation and much of the world for more than two years. Of tremendous scientific and public interest was the gulf in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions to the not guilty verdict at the criminal trial. The collection of articles in this issue of The Journal of Social Issues converged on the idea that race is an inadequate explanatory variable in understanding these differences in attitudes, perceptions, and reactions. Instead, race is a marker for a variety of cultural and experiential issues that affect cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes. This concluding article debunks simplistic ideas of race and points to the broader problems of racism and discrimination, criminal injustice, and violence in social relations. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and a call for a broader transformation in societal institutions that affect the quality of social relations.
An Introduction to the Controversy Over Tobacco
Authors: Gibson Bryan
Published: April 2010

The tobacco industry has a long history of denying any harmful effects produced by its products. This strategy was first developed to deny any health risks associated with smoking, and has recently been extended to the denial of the risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), the addictive nature of nicotine, and the targeting of adolescents by tobacco advertisements. This has served to divert discussion of how society should address the risks of tobacco use to whether society should address tobacco use at all. If we move past these diversions and consider how society should address tobacco risks, the social sciences in general and psychology in particular have a number of insights regarding how to answer the question. The purpose of this issue of JSI is to examine some of these perspectives in an attempt to suggest how we should approach the important question of how to deal with tobacco use in our society.
Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Public Health Policy
Authors: Heishman Stephen J. , Kozlowski Lynn T. , Henningfield Jack E.
Published: April 2010

Although the morbidity and mortality caused by cigarette smoking occur in adulthood, the initiation of tobacco use and the development of nicotine addiction typically occur during adolescence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of nicotine addiction, focusing on the development of addiction in youth, and to explore implications for public health policy. An understanding of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors that determine the course of nicotine addiction is critical in developing rational policies regarding tobacco products. The Food and Drug Administration's rule to regulate cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products is discussed. The fact that smokers typically make the transition from casual use to nicotine addiction during adolescence argues for developing and implementing effective prevention efforts and smoking cessation treatment programs that are youth‐oriented.
Tobacco Farming and Public Health: Attitudes of the General Public and Farmers
Authors: Altman David G. , Levine Douglas W. , Howard George , Hamilton Hal
Published: April 2010

The tobacco industry remains a formidable influence in thwarting tobacco control efforts, in part because industry leaders have raised policymaker and public concern about how tobacco control might negatively impact tobacco farmers. In this study, we interviewed a random, stratified sample of 528 tobacco farmers in the Southeast and 991 U.S. residents about issues related to tobacco farmers. We found that a majority of the U.S. public expressed the belief that U.S. taxpayers subsidized tobacco farmers. This belief, combined with the strong opposition to tobacco farmer subsidies (15 percent thought there should be subsidies), likely play a role in public attitudes toward tobacco farmers. At the same time, however, we found reasonably strong public support for efforts to help tobacco farmers transition to new enterprises, although the public underestimates tobacco farmer interest in diversification. For example, two of three Americans believe that the government should help farmers make a living other than growing tobacco and over half thought that taxpayers should help pay for such programs. These data illustrate potential common ground for elected officials to consider as they attempt to concomitantly address the needs of farmers and the interests of the public. Ultimately, if the interests of tobacco farmers can be made clearly to the general public, and vice versa, pro‐ health and pro‐farmer policies might well become a reality.
Evaluating the Impact of Statewide Anti‐Tobacco Campaigns: The Massachusetts and California Tobacco Control Programs
Authors: Siegel Michael , Biener Lois
Published: April 2010

Despite more than 30 years of public health programs to reduce tobacco use, smoking is still the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. In response to this continuing epidemic, voters in California (1988), Massachusetts (1992), Arizona (1994), and Oregon (1996) approved ballot initiatives that established statewide tobacco control programs funded by cigarette excise tax revenues. Evaluating these innovative public health interventions is important, both to improve existing programs and to guide other states in developing and implementing similar interventions. In this paper we describe the methods being used to evaluate the statewide anti‐tobacco campaigns in California and Massachusetts, and review the findings of process and outcome evaluations of both programs.

Our review suggests that both programs have had a substantial impact on the public's health by reducing cigarette consumption and stimulating the development of policies to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure. However, it does not appear that either program has reduced smoking initiation among adolescents. Our evaluation suggests three problems in program implementation that future anti‐tobacco campaigns must avoid in order to produce long‐term, sustained effects: (1) the gradual erosion of program funding by the state legislatures and governors; (2) the lack of a consistent, supportive constituency within state government; and (3) inconsistency in campaign themes, messages, and programs. We conclude by offering recommendations to correct these problems so that state‐wide cigarette‐tax‐funded anti‐tobacco campaigns can realize their potential to become one of the most effective public health interventions available.
The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations: Can Research Inform Practice?
Authors: Brewer Marilynn B.
Published: April 2010

In the four decades since the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka desegregation decision, social psychologists have generally avoided direct involvement in policy making in the arena of intergroup relations. A review of research and theory on the social psychology of intergroup relations since the 1960s is used to argue that it is time to renew such involvement. In recent years, policy making in the United States has shifted from assimilationism to various forms of pluralist or multicultural politics. This paper suggests that the route to multiculturalism may be perilous unless better informed by relevant social psychological research.
The Multiple Realities of Sameness and Difference: Ideology and Practice
Authors: Epstein Cynthia Fuchs
Published: April 2010

Gender distinctions as dichotomous categories are perpetuated and maintained by social mechanisms and are socially constructed. Part of this social construction is reproduced by many social scientists who adopt mainstream cultural categories of gender and, through theoretical or methodological biases, fail to question them, or who, by their own practices, reinforce them. This analysis is an overview of the epistemological and methodolical practices that reinforce gender distinctions and neglect reporting of similarities. Rejecting several models used to explain cultural differences, an alternative mode of analysis—multiplicity and proteanism—is proposed as a more productive perspective in the analysis of gender.
Transforming Psychology: Interpretive and Participatory Research Methods
Authors: Tolman Deborah L. , Brydon‐Miller Mary
Published: April 2010

Transforming psychology, the title of this volume, refers to the personal and social transformations that take place through the work we do, as well as to our goal of transforming the field of psychology itself through the inclusion of the interpretive and participatory methods described here. In this volume we examine how these methods have been and continue to be incorporated into the field of psychology and the challenges researchers have faced in doing so. We examine the epistemological foundations upon which these methods are based and provide a series of exemplars to illustrate the variety of ways in which interpretive and participatory methods are being applied. Finally, we discuss some of the barriers that remain to fulfilling this goal of transformation within our work and within our discipline.
Interpretive Psychology: Stories, Circles, and Understanding Lived Experience
Authors: Tappan Mark B.
Published: April 2010

This essay provide an overview of the “interpretive” or “hermeneutic” approach to psychological research. It draws primarily on the work of Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911), a philosopher and literary historian who is generally recognized as the “father” of the modern hermeneutic enterprise in the social and human sciences. Dilthey argued that the human world was sufficiently different from the natural world that special methods were required for its study. Hermeneutics, the deliberate and systematic methodology of interpretation, was the approach Dilthey proposed for studying and understanding the human world. This essay summarizes Dilthey's vision of hermeneutics and considers his conception of the so‐called hermeneutic circle, which characterizes the complex dynamics involved in the process of interpretation. It then illustrates Dilthey's approach by interpreting a brief interview narrative using a method based on his work. It concludes with an exploration of some of the ethical implications of adopting a hermeneutic approach to psychological research.
The Science Behind Feminist Research Methods
Authors: Morawski Jill
Published: April 2010

Feminist science often is caricatured in oppositional terms — as a venture antagonistic to the scientific mission. Such portrayals not only misrepresent feminist science but also displace the fact that there are multiple feminist approaches toward science, each advancing particular notions of appropriate methods, objectivity, subjectivity, and the jurisdiction of scientific inquiry. Acquaintance with the variety of feminist approaches toward science will enable feminist scholars to better configure their research and strategies. Comprehending science itself as culture is crucial to these ends. A contextual perspective on science as culture will enhance our abilities to effect cultural change through our research projects. Such comprehension also will prepare us for improving the environment in which we work as well as the nature of that work.