bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Admitting Service and Outcome for Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Thacker Christopher , Lauer Claire , Nealon Kathleen , Walker Charles , Factor Matthew
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common admission diagnosis. Prior research has shown improved length of stay and time to operation for SBO patients on surgical services (SS) compared to medical services (MS). This study evaluates the impact of admitting service on readmission and mortality.

Methods

A 12-year retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years old, admitted with SBO to either a MS or SS within one health care system was performed. Clinicodemographic characteristics and admission details were extracted and reviewed. Statistical analyses performed included the Student’s t-test, chi-square, and multivariable regression.

Results

The study included 7921 patients, of which 3862 (48.8%) were admitted to a SS. No significant clinicodemographic differences existed between the groups except SS patients were more likely to have cancer (23.3% vs 15.2%, P < .0001) and to be within a 30-day post-operative period (9.4% vs 1.8%, P < .0001). On multivariable analysis, admission to a SS was associated with a decreased admission mortality (OR .70), 30-day mortality (OR .42), and 180-day mortality (OR .42). 30-day readmissions (OR .54) and 180-day readmission (OR .43) were also significantly decreased for SS patients. In patients requiring a procedure during admission, there was significantly decreased admission mortality (OR .684), 30-day mortality (OR .470), 180-day mortality (OR .431), 30-day readmission (OR .63), and 180-day readmission (OR .50).

Conclusion

In patients with SBO, admission to a SS confers decreased odds of readmission and mortality compared to MS. Future studies are needed to understand the management decisions potentially underlying these differences. These findings may help better define admission pathways and improve outcomes.
Harnessing Exaptation and Ecosystem Strategy for Accelerated Innovation: Lessons From The VentilatorChallengeUK
Authors: Liu Wei , Beltagui Ahmad , Ye Songhe , Williamson Peter
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 crisis has underlined the need for accelerated innovation to rapidly help business solve social problems. These problems require access to capabilities and knowledge that no single organization or existing supply chain possesses. Drawing on the experience of the open innovation and rapid-scale-up achieved by the VentilatorChallengeUK to address a shortage of ventilators required by patients seriously ill with COVID-19, this article develops a framework for accelerated innovation and delivery that crosses traditional industry boundaries. It offers a series of important lessons for how open innovation, exaptation, and ecosystem strategies—backed by a set of enabling initiatives—can be used to solve multi-faceted social and business problems at speed.
Entrapment and escape: Exploring the relationship between suicide and emigration in a post-communist country
Authors: B Erdos Marta , Javor Rebeka
Published: November 2021

Background:

Suicide rate in Hungary was nearly the highest in the world in the decades preceding the transition of the social system. Shortly after the transition in 1989, a radical decrease in fatal suicides occurred, parallel with a marked increase in emigration.

Methods:

We analyzed the data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office to detect if there was an association between the remarkable drop in suicide rates and the changes in emigration rates from 1995 to 2019.

Results:

The results of a brief statistical analysis on the correlation between suicide rate and emigration confirmed a strong negative relationship ( r = −.855, p = .00). For more precise results, we applied linear regression analysis, which showed that the emigration rate predicted 73.2% of suicide rate variances with a high predictive value (β = −.983).

Conclusion:

The study provides a possible explanation through a phenomenological analysis on major life transformations. Relating the arrested flight/cry of pain theory, the theory of rites of passage and double-bind communication resulted a comprehensive and coherent, but not exhaustive explanation on the relationship between suicide and emigration.
An exploration of the relationship between adverse events on the farm and suicidal ideation in farmers
Authors: Phalp Laura , Corcoran Rhiannon , Eames Catrin , Naik Aarun
Published: November 2021

Background:

The risk of suicide for agricultural workers in parts of the United Kingdom (UK) is almost twice the national average. Existing literature has suggested that adverse farming events, where failure is determined by uncontrollable and unpredictable forces, may be to blame. Yet, the impact of such events on farmer suicidality has not been explicitly explored.

Aims:

The present paper therefore aimed to investigate the relationship between adverse farming events and suicidal ideation in farmers.

Methods:

A cross-sectional questionnaire battery was disseminated between July 2018 and February 2019, and completed by 170 adult farmers.

Results:

Over a 12-month period, 88.8% reported that they had experienced an adverse farming event and 32.9% said that they had experienced suicidal thoughts. Correlational analysis revealed a relationship between these variables.

Conclusions:

The high prevalence of suicidal ideation within farmers demonstrates a critical need for intervention. Likewise, the prevalence of adverse farming events suggests that interventions need to be appropriately tailored, with greater understanding about the impact of such events on the mental wellbeing of farmers.
Cultural Orientation, Parental Emotion Socialization, and Adolescents’ Socio-Emotional Functioning Across Three Asian Cultures: India, China, and Singapore
Authors: Yeo GeckHong , Raval Vaishali V. , Cheah Charissa S. L.
Published: November 2021

Limited research has examined parental emotion socialization across Asian cultural contexts. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of family change and self-construal, this study examined cultural orientation toward independence-interdependence, parental emotion socialization processes, and their relations with adolescents’ psychological adjustment across three Asian cultural contexts—rural families in South India, suburban families in China, and families in Singapore. Participants included 300 Indian adolescents ( Mage = 15.58 years; 57.3% male) and their parents, 310 Chinese adolescents ( Mage = 13.04 years; 46.3% female) and their parents, and 241 Singaporean adolescents ( Mage = 14.44 years; 48.3% female) and their parents. Both adolescents and parents completed self-report measures of cultural orientation and emotion socialization, and adolescents completed a measure of their psychological adjustment. We first established construct validation for two emotion socialization processes and found that the factor structure for parental reactions varied across Asian contexts and parent versus adolescent reports, while the factor structure for parental emotion expressivity varied only across informants. Second, we tested whether the two parental emotion socialization processes mediated the association between cultural orientation toward independence-interdependence and adolescent behavior problems, and found differential relations across the three Asian contexts. Our data supported the model of family change and showed that across the Asian societies, the variations in independence-interdependence orientation provide different models of parental emotion socialization with nuances in meaning and function, as revealed by the construct validation of parental reactions and emotional expressivity and their implications for adolescents’ socio-emotional functioning.
English as a Second or Other Language-Focused Leadership to Support English Language Learners: A Case Study
Authors: Oliver Gretchen P.
Published: November 2021

With the growing population of culturally and linguistically diverse students in K-12 schools, explicit English as a Second or Other Language (ESOL)-focused leadership is needed to support culturally responsive teaching practices, as well as provide socially just and equitable educational opportunities for all students. This study focuses on how one school district and its high school have distributed and sustained ESOL-focused leadership (knowledge, skills, dispositions, and practices) to promote inclusive and equitable learning opportunities for ELLs. Findings from this case study provide examples of the presence of ESOL-focused leadership and how it supports ELLs and their teachers. Practical implications for meeting ELLs’ unique needs are shared.
How the “Commercialized Performance of Affiliative Race and Ethnicity” Disrupts Ethnoracial Hierarchy: Boundary Processes of Customers’ Encounter with South Asian Waitpersons in Hong Kong’s Restaurants
Authors: Ming-tak Chew Matthew
Published: November 2021

This study analyzes how the “commercialized performance of affiliative race and ethnicity” (CPOARAE) generates boundary processes that disrupt established ethnoracial hierarchies. The CPOARAE involves three parties: managers of a service workplace, workers lowly positioned in the ethnoracial hierarchy, and ethnoracial majority customers. The managers hire workers to carry out affiliative racial and/or ethnic performance to make customers feel that they are being served by workers who belong to highly positioned ethnoracial groups. I analyze the symbolic boundary disorientations of Han-Chinese Hongkonger customers, which result from customers’ confrontation with ethnoracial ambiguity during CPOARAEs. These boundary processes show that despite being a capitalistic product and a popular cultural practice, CPOARAEs have the potential to disrupt and remake ethnoracial hierarchy. This study’s data are primarily collected from multiple in-depth interviews with 24 customers and participant observation in several restaurants, and secondarily from interviews with managers and workers.
Outcome of drug resistant tuberculosis in Indian children
Authors: Shetty Naman S. , Bodhanwala Minnie , Shah Ira
Published: November 2021

We aimed to determine the outcome of bacteriologically confirmed drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) in 174 children. We found that DR-TB infected children have nonetheless a high treatment completion rate with a low incidence of fatality and treatment failure. Reversible adverse drug reactions are common during therapy.
A case series of uncommon causes of maxillary osteomyelitis: Understanding the pathology and recognizing the risks
Authors: Rahpeyma Amin , Khajehahmadi Saeedeh
Published: November 2021

Maxillary osteomyelitis is a rare event. With emergence of bisphosphonates, the incidence of jaw osteomyelitis has increased. We report five uncommon cases, with a comprehensive review of etiology and pathology. The correlation between osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis is discussed.
Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Rhinoplasty Candidates: A Systematic Review
Authors: AlAwadh Ibrahim , Bogari Ahmad , Azhar Turki , AlTaylouni Nada , AlSughier Naif , AlKarzae Mohammed , AlQuniabut Ibrahim , AlDosari Badi
Published: November 2021

Objective

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) represents a bridge between the fields of psychiatry and cosmetic surgery. It is a psychiatric disorder involving altered body image and has been associated with cosmetic surgery. Many studies have investigated BDD following rhinoplasty. However, their findings were inconsistent, which prompted us to conduct this systematic review to obtain strong evidence about the prevalence of BDD among rhinoplasty candidates.

Methods

We searched the literature using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and others using keywords relevant to the study outcomes. We also manually examined the references of the included studies and relevant reviews to look for articles that might have been missed during the electronic search.

Results

Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. We identified 7 other relevant articles; since they had been included in a review conducted in 2016, they were not included in the final list of articles. However, they were included in the discussion, and their findings have been compared with ours. The included articles resulted in a total sample of 712 rhinoplasty candidates. The estimated prevalence rates of BDD in these articles ranged from 22% to 52%, which was considered high by all the authors of the included studies.

Conclusion

The prevalence of BDD among rhinoplasty candidates is high, and adequate management and interventions are needed to reduce it.
External ear canal exostectomy: influence of surgeon’s experience on 3-years recurrence and occurrence of complications
Authors: Leclère Jean-Christophe , Cerceau Laura , Mornet Emmanuel , Marianowski Rémi
Published: November 2021

Background

External ear canal exostoses are usually bilateral and broad-based, secondary to external ear canal chronic cold exposure, especially water.

Objectives

The objectives were to analyze the influence of the surgeon’s experience on the 3-year recurrence and on the complication. We also studied the influence of prolonged exposure to cold water on the incidence of recurrence.

Material and Methods

This monocentric retrospective study included 98 ears operated for canalplasty between 2009 and 2016 by nine different operators including one senior, a junior, and seven beginner surgeons. Senior, Junior, and Beginner groups were compared.

Results

3-year recurrence rate was higher in the Beginner and Junior groups than in the Senior group (69% and 38% vs 18%, P = .001). Although there was a difference between the Beginner (69%) and Junior (38%) groups, it was not significant ( P = .407). Among the recurrences, 48% had continued exposure to cold water while only 7% of the ears without recidivism were still exposed ( P < .001, OR = 1.25 [4.4; 36.1]). The complication rates were similar between groups, concerning pain (8% vs 30% vs 12%), per procedure perforation (17% vs 10% vs 16%), scarring disorders (25% vs 20% vs 13%), and osteitis (8% vs 0% vs 1%). Hearing was unaffected.

Conclusions

This is the first study evaluating the risk of recurrence of external ear canal exostoses after canalplasty based on the surgeon’s experience. This risk of recurrence seems to decrease with the surgeon’s experience. There was no difference in complication rates.
Help-Seeking Behaviors of Male Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence in Kenya
Authors: Tenkorang Eric Y. , Zaami Mariama , Kimuna Sitawa , Owusu Adobea Y. , Rohn Emmanuel
Published: November 2021

Very few studies examine the help-seeking behaviors of male survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Kenya or sub-Saharan Africa more generally. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from 1,458 male survivors and multinomial logit models, we examined what influences men’s decision to seek help after experiencing IPV. Results show the majority of male survivors did not seek help. Those who did so turned to informal rather than formal sources. The severity of physical violence was the most robust and consistent predictor of help-seeking. Male survivors of severe physical abuse had higher odds of seeking help from informal support networks than not seeking help. Compared to the uneducated, highly educated men were significantly more likely to seek help from formal support networks than to not seek help at all. Sensitization programs are required to educate male survivors of IPV on available sources of support. In particular, barriers to help-seeking must be removed to encourage male survivors to find support.
Mental Health Services in the Northeastern Province of British India: Tezpur Lunatic Asylum, 1876–1947
Authors: Sharma Ajanta
Published: November 2021

Colonialism in the nineteenth century brought a new ‘space’ for lunatics in British India. The Northeastern province witnessed the establishment of a lunatic asylum in 1876 at Tezpur in present-day Assam. The article explores the historical development of mental health services by the British in this particular region and constructs a history of colonial control of the natives through employing a strict system under the lunatic asylum service. The methods of confinement of inmates, mainly from poor sections of society, and treatment patterns that focussed more on profits and disciplining of inmates, suggest that the asylum was more custodial rather than curative.
Highlights of the development in ultrasound during the last 70 years: A historical review
Authors: Nielsen Michael Bachmann , Søgaard Stinne Byrholdt , Bech Andersen Sofie , Skjoldbye Bjørn , Hansen Kristoffer Lindskov , Rafaelsen Søren , Nørgaard Nis , Carlsen Jonathan F.
Published: November 2021

This review looks at highlights of the development in ultrasound, ranging from interventional ultrasound and Doppler to the newest techniques like contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography, and gives reference to some of the valuable articles in Acta Radiologica. Ultrasound equipment is now available in any size and for any purpose, ranging from handheld devices to high-end devices, and the scientific societies include ultrasound professionals of all disciplines publishing guidelines and recommendations. Interventional ultrasound is expanding the field of use of ultrasound-guided interventions into nearly all specialties of medicine, from ultrasound guidance in minimally invasive robotic procedures to simple ultrasound-guided punctures performed by general practitioners. Each medical specialty is urged to define minimum requirements for equipment, education, training, and maintenance of skills, also for medical students. The clinical application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography is a topic often seen in current research settings.
Carnivalesque humor, emotional paradoxes, and street protests in Thailand
Authors: Sombatpoonsiri Janjira
Published: November 2021

Conventional wisdom has it that street protests are typically driven by rage due to grievances perceived to inflict on a group. This emotive atmosphere can shape protest methods to be vandalistic to the point where armed attacks against targeted opponents are justified. This paper suggests that rage-influenced struggle can be counterproductive as it obstructs a movement from building a coalition board enough to challenge the ruling elites it opposes. This paper argues that carnivalization of protests can prevent this setback in two directions. First, it potentially transforms protesters’ collective emotion from rage to cheerfulness. This effect may lessen a possibility where protesters project violent revenge on those thought to represent the ruling elites. Second, while helping protesters to address sources of their grievances, carnivalesque protests create a “friendly” image that may convince a public audience outside the movement to support its cause. In assessing a political process of carnivalesque protests, this paper bases its analysis on an account of protest actions by Thailand's Red Sunday group emerging after the 2010 crackdown.
Writing on Communist History in Central Europe: Introduction
Authors: Blaive Muriel
Published: November 2021

What challenges have we met while writing the history of communist countries before and after 1989? This article introduces a special section devoted to the historiography of the recent past in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. It shows that many of the methodological choices made after 1989 eschewed any critical examination and replicated or denied choices made before 1989 without reflecting on them. The section also reflects upon personal continuities. And it finally shows that history writing has been instrumentalized for political purposes after 1989 just as it had been before 1989. In other words, it acutely raises the question of continuities in historical practices despite the 1989 political rupture.
Trianon in Popular History in Late-Socialist and Post-Transition Hungary: A Case Study
Authors: Krizmanics Réka
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of this article is to show how the changing dynamics of governmental memory politics and shifting institutional frameworks influenced the space for and type of discourses about Trianon in popular historiography in the decades spanning 1979 to 2010. I first introduce the way academic historiography addressed the issue of the peace treaty and its consequences. Second, I situate popular historical discussions about Trianon within the broader landscape of historical knowledge production. Analyzing publication patterns of História (1978) and Rubicon (1989), the two most widely read mainstream popular historical journals, complemented with a discussion of Trianoni Szemle, a journal established for the purpose of discussing this single topic, I reflect both on the journals’ (self-)positioning under changing currents and the intensity of governmental interest and control. As the centennial of the signing of the peace treaty draws near, such a case study provides an opportunity to observe symptomatic mechanisms of illiberal memory politics in juxtaposition to its authoritarian and democratic predecessors.
Electrospun polyethersulfone/Ag-Clinoptilolite to remove chemical oxygen demand from real wastewater
Authors: Zendehdel Mojgan , Nouri Faezeh Hossein
Published: November 2021

Ag-Clinoptilolite/Polyethersulfone (PES/Clin/AgNPs) nanofiber was synthesized through the electrospinning method. The effect of solvent, the amount of Ag-Clinoptilolite, and PES were investigated. Parameters such as electric field, spinning distance, and concentration of the dope solution were studied in order to demonstrate their effects on the electrospinning ability and morphology of the nanofiber. The structure of PES/Clin/AgNPs nanofiber was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. In the optimum conditions, the nanofibers could be prepared at the size of 250–800 nm. Then, their ability to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) from real wastewater was studied. The result revealed about 85% removal of COD at pH = 10 and in 10 min for PES/Clin/AgNPs (25%). A successful fabrication method using low-cost natural zeolite and the green polymer was introduced. The reusability of the column was assessed.
Book review: Adam Michael Auerbach. Demanding development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India’s Urban Slums
Authors: Kundu Debolina , Pandey Arvind
Published: November 2021

Adam Michael Auerbach. Demanding development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India’s Urban Slums (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2020. ISBN: 9781108649377
Structural fatigue and fracture of shape memory alloy actuators: Current status and perspectives
Authors: Hasan Md Mehedi , Baxevanis Theocharis
Published: November 2021

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-actuators are efficient, simple, and robust alternatives to conventional actuators when a small volume and/or large force and stroke are required. The analysis of their failure response is critical for their design in order to achieve optimum functionality and performance. Here, (i) the existing knowledge base on the fatigue and overload fracture response of SMAs under actuation loading is reviewed regarding the failure micromechanisms, empirical relations for actuation fatigue life prediction, experimental measurements of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rates, and numerical investigations of toughness properties and (ii) future developments required to expand the acquired knowledge, enhance the current understanding, and ultimately enable commercial applications of SMA-actuators are discussed.
The Learning Process in Live-Action Simulation Games: The Impact of Personality, Motivation, Immersion, and Flow on Learning Outcome in a Simulation Game.
Authors: Preuß Anna K.
Published: November 2021

Background

Against the backdrop of the cognitive-motivational process model proposed by Vollmeyer and Rheinberg (1998) , this study investigates how the personality trait need for cognition in combination with a specific situation (short and long version of a live-action simulation game), current motivation, and immersion and flow (mediators) predict the learning outcome in the simulation game EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE CLASSROOM ( Starker & Imhof, 2014 ).

Methods

N = 138 teacher students played the short 2-hour version of the simulation game, and N = 77 played the long 2-day version. Need for cognition, current motivation, immersion, flow, and learning outcome were measured by self-report questionnaires.

Results

A hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the impact of the predictor variables (need for cognition, current motivation, immersion, and flow) on the self-evaluated learning outcome. For the 2-hour group, the predictor variables interest, challenge, and immersion (subscale: engagement) impacted self-reported learning outcome significantly positive. For the 2-day group, significant predictors were need for cognition, interest, and immersion (subscale: engrossment). In comparison of the two game versions, students playing the 2-day version reported significantly higher levels of engagement, engrossment, and learning outcome.

Conclusion

The cognitive-motivational process model of learning was partly supported: interest and immersion predict learning outcome in the live-action simulation game. The extended 2-day version of the game leads to higher levels of immersion and higher learning outcome, indicating that a longer timeframe secures the desired effects on learning outcome from simulation games. Further research needs to shed light on the interaction of personality traits and immersion.
The Impact of Education and Implementation Tools on Pre-Service Teachers’ Attitudes About Classroom-Based Mindfulness
Authors: Munk Kirsten , Rosenblum Ruth , Blackburn Samantha , Donahue Eden
Published: November 2021

A growing body of research suggests that incorporating classroom-based mindfulness interventions in elementary schools can lead to improvements in student behavior, self-regulation, and measures of mental health and wellness. This quality improvement project explored the impact of an educational intervention on pre-service teachers’ perceptions, attitudes, and intentions to implement mindfulness interventions in their classrooms. A brief educational intervention and website resource were provided to multidisciplinary teaching credential students. Participants completed a pre- and post-intervention survey to evaluate their intentions to implement mindfulness practices, as well as their perceptions about the acceptability, reasonableness, and effectiveness of incorporating mindfulness interventions in the classroom. Significant differences in pre- to post-intervention survey scores indicate that exposure to mindfulness concepts, practices, and resources may increase the willingness of pre-service teachers to adopt these practices in their classrooms.
Out-of-plane deformation reduction via inelastic hinges in fibrous metamaterials and simplified damage approach
Authors: Spagnuolo Mario , Yildizdag M Erden , Pinelli Xavier , Cazzani Antonio , Hild François
Published: November 2021

The mechanical behavior of fibrous metamaterials is mainly determined by the interactions between the fibers composing the architecture. These interactions are usually of two different kinds: those directly depending on the positions of the fibers and those that need mediators, usually consisting of hinges, either inelastic or perfect, inducing restrictions on the kinematics of the fiber joints. In cases of interest, it has been observed that hinges can either have a certain torsional stiffness or behave as perfect joints, simply ensuring that the fibers remain interconnected, but not applying any constraint on the relative rotations between them. Here the effect of torsional stiffness of inelastic hinges is studied in two shear tests for a selected fibrous metamaterial. It is shown that the stiffness of hinges can be tailored to avoid, or at least reduce, out-of-plane deformations. Moreover, it is shown that, after reaching a threshold, permanent deformations are observed. This phenomenon is treated in a simplified way, by introducing damage in the continuum model.
Through the Smokescreen of the Dieselgate Disclosure: Neutralizing the Impacts of a Major Sustainability Scandal
Authors: Boiral Olivier , Brotherton Marie-Christine , Yuriev Alexander , Talbot David
Published: November 2021

This article analyzes the main neutralization techniques used in car manufacturers’ sustainability reports to disclose on the Dieselgate scandal. We conduct a conventional qualitative content analysis of 72 sustainability reports, covering the period 2013-2017, from 15 car manufacturers that were accused of unethical behaviors related to the measurement of diesel vehicle pollutant emissions. We then present a framework based on four configurations of neutralization techniques, namely, “head in the sand,” “self-proclaimed green leadership,” “wait and see,” and “start of a new era.” We describe that the manufacturers used heterogeneous neutralization techniques. Furthermore, the sustainability reports analyzed are relatively opaque and disconnected from the accusations made against the companies, which are widely reported by external sources. This article contributes to the emerging literature on the defensive impression management practices used to rationalize corporate misconduct in this area.
Submucosal Nerve Diameter in the Rectum Increases With Age: An Important Consideration for the Diagnosis of Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Conces Miriam R , Beach Sarah , Pierson Christopher R , Prasad Vinay
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Hypertrophic submucosal nerves, defined as ≥40 µm in diameter, are considered supportive of a diagnosis of HSCR, but the effect of age on nerve diameter has not been well-studied. We sought to determine the distribution of the largest nerve diameter in ganglionic rectal biopsies and the significance of hypertrophic submucosal nerves in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) based on age.

Methods

Rectal biopsies performed in the evaluation of HSCR were retrospectively reviewed from 179 patients (151 ganglionic biopsies, 28 aganglionic biopsies), and the diameter of the largest submucosal nerve was measured.

Results

In non-Hirschsprung disease (non-HSCR) biopsies, submucosal nerve diameter increased with age. In patients <1 year, the average diameter was 34.1 ± 11.6 µm but increased to 50.8 ± 17.3 µm after 1 year of age. Submucosal nerves ≥40 µm in diameter were significantly associated with HSCR across all ages [HSCR = 25/28 (89.3%) vs non-HSCR = 59/151 (39.1%), p < 0.0001] and remained significant in patients <1 year of age [HSCR = 22/24 (91.7%) vs non-HSCR = 19/91 (20.9%), p < 0.0001].

Conclusions

The diameter of submucosal nerves increases with age, and ≥40 µm nerves are common after 1 year of age.
On the Pathway to an Unforeseeable Future: An Actantial Analysis of Career Designs of Young People
Authors: Kalalahti Mira , Varjo Janne
Published: November 2021

The process of life design in contemporary adolescence is of increasing interest in times of lifelong learning and the knowledge society. The aim of this article was to increase the comprehension of career designs by analysing the two-phase interviews of 31 young people at the ages of 15 and 18. Drawing on actantial analysis, we modelled the plurality of the career designs, analysed who the main actors are in those career designs, and how young people express, exercise, and adjust their designs. We conclude that both the subjects and the objects of the young people’s career designs included multiple actors. People, issues, and circumstances are integral components of the narratives on the career designs of young people. These components bound their agency and are integrated with their orientations to education and work.
Long peripheral catheters in neonates: filling the gap between short peripheral catheters and epicutaneous-caval catheters?
Authors: Romitti Maria Grazia , Perez Carmen Rodriguez , Pezzotti Elena , Motta Mario , Risso Francesco Maria
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

Non-critically ill neonates at times require venous access to provide peripherally compatible infusions for a limited period (more than 3 days). In such a situation, short peripheral cannulas are not appropriate as their average duration is about 2 days, while—on the other hand—epicutaneous-caval catheters may be too invasive. In these patients, insertion of long peripheral cannulas may be an effective option.

Methods:

In this observational retrospective study, we revised all “long” peripheral catheters (4 and 6 cm long) inserted by direct Seldinger technique in our neonatal intensive care unit when peripheral venous access was required for more than 3 days.

Results:

We inserted 52 2Fr polyurethane catheters, either 4 cm long ( n = 25) or 6 cm long ( n = 27) in 52 patients. Mean dwelling time was 4.17 days (range 1–12). Most devices were inserted in the cephalic vein ( n = 18, 35%), and the rest in the saphenous vein ( n = 11, 21%) and other superficial veins. There was no significant correlation between the duration of the device and type of infusion ( p  = 0.40). The main complications were infiltration ( n = 16, 31%) and phlebitis ( n = 8, 15%). The rate of removal due to complications was significantly higher ( p < 0.01) in neonates with bodyweight <2000 g at the time of insertion.

Conclusion:

In our experience, 2 Fr 4–6 cm long peripheral catheters may be a valid option for neonates requiring peripherally compatible infusions for more than 3 days. The limits of this study are the necessity of training in the technique of insertion and the small size of our sample. The longest dwell was observed in neonates weighing >2000 g at the time of LPC insertion.
Pregnancy in women with MS: Impact on long-term disability accrual in a nationwide Danish Cohort
Authors: Andersen Johanna Balslev , Wandall-Holm Malthe Faurschou , Andersen Per Kragh , Sellebjerg Finn , Magyari Melinda
Published: November 2021

Background:

Pregnancy is considered to influence the disease course in women with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pregnancy on long-term disability accrual in women with MS.

Methods:

The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR) was used to identify women diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing-remitting MS. Cox models with pregnancy as a time-dependent exposure and propensity score (PS) models were used to evaluate time to reach confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4 and 6.

Results:

A total of 425 women became parous and 840 remained nulliparous. When including pregnancy as a time-dependent exposure, a non-significant association with time to reach EDSS 4 (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–1.20) and EDSS 6 (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.40–1.20) was found. Correspondingly, the PS model showed no association with pregnancy on time to reach EDSS 4 (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.56–1.28).

Conclusion:

This study concludes that pregnancy does not affect long-term disability accumulation.
The development of a cognitive rehabilitation and psycho-social group programme for teenage and young adult survivors of brain tumours: A feasibility study
Authors: Glazer Daniel , Daniilidi Xeni , Valentino Charlotte
Published: November 2021

Introduction and aims

Treatment for childhood and adolescent brain tumours is often intensive, with significant neurocognitive and psycho-social late effects ( Zeltzer et al., 2009 ). This feasibility Study aimed to inform the development of a cognitive rehabilitation and psycho-social group intervention for Teenage and Young Adult (TYA) survivors of brain tumours.

Methods

A group-based intervention incorporated ideas from the current evidence base, including psychoeducation and compensatory strategy training, with a focus on real-life goals and improving quality of life. Participants ( N = 19, 13–24 years) were recruited from the University College London Hospital TYA Oncology Service. Participants had received treatment for a malignant brain tumour and had completed their treatment at least 1 year prior to participation. Four group-based, whole-day interventions ran every 3 months throughout a year. Feasibility criteria were established to answer questions about acceptability of the intervention and recruitment.

Results

Qualitative and quantitative feedback from all four groups demonstrated acceptability and suitability of the intervention with regards to the content, structure and delivery. Recruitment presented more of a challenge with 35% fewer referrals than expected.

Discussion and conclusion

Feedback suggests that the intervention is suitable and acceptable, whilst limitations include numbers of referrals and referral pathways. Future directions are discussed.
Blurring the play–drama boundary: A case study investigating the teaching and learning of a drama-integrated curriculum in a Hong Kong kindergarten
Authors: Tam Po-Chi
Published: November 2021

This study aims to conceptualise a drama-integrated curriculum devised from process drama as an approach to play-based pedagogy and curriculum to realise the policy initiative of learning through play. By investigating teachers’ perspectives and practices in relation to the curriculum of a local kindergarten, examples of effective drama-integration strategies and the associated children's learning are identified and organised into four themes – namely, drama teaching and learning through, before, in and after play. The teachers understood that although their curriculum is not based on free play, its not-so-free features may reconcile the play–learning binarism, daring them to navigate the maze of complex relationships between play, drama, teaching and learning in implementing a playful curriculum.
The Tension Between Regulation and the Pursuit of Quality in Canadian Nurse Practitioner Education Programs
Authors: Staples Eric
Published: November 2021

Nurses in advanced practice roles have existed in Canada for over 100 years, yet only in the last two decades, have nurse practitioners (NPs) been recognized as advanced practice nurses (APNs). During this time, NP educational programs have increased and transitioned from post-baccalaureate level to graduate level. Legislation and national NP regulatory approval processes have contributed to existing barriers to NP role implementation and full scope of practice. While regulation is mandatory and focused on public safety, an emphasis towards quality has led to the introduction of a national voluntary NP program accreditation process. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a discussion between Canadian NP regulators and educators related to proposed regulatory approaches and accreditation processes that balance public safety while promoting quality and excellence in NP education. Having two separate and costly processes has led to tension during a time of provincial fiscal restraint on university budgets coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on nursing education. An integrated pan-Canadian approach of regulation and accreditation may ensure public safety, continuity, and consistency in quality NP education, enhance mobility of the NP workforce, and systematic planning to guide successful future NP role development and practice.
Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of Sea Cucumber Holothuria parva Hydroalcoholic Extract in Rat
Authors: Bazmakdar Elnaz , Moghimipour Eskandar , Karampour Neda Sistani , Rezaie Annahita , Nabavi Seyed Mohammad Bagher
Published: November 2021

A significant challenge in biomedicine is the development of Biomaterials with the potential to accelerate wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the gel prepared from sea cucumber on wound healing in rats. Full-thickness wounds were created in male rats divided into five experimental groups, negative control (NC), positive control (PC), and treatments. The NC and PC groups received respectively gel base and phenytoin cream 1%. Treatment groups were treated topically by gels of 1%, 3%, and 5% Holothuria parva extract (HPE) in the gel base. The rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21. Pathological reports revealed the proliferation of keratinocytes in the borders of the wound in treatment groups and controls. Formation of granulation tissue was seen on day 7 in treatment groups, collagen fibers in granulation tissue were randomly organized, and the rate of fibroblast decreased. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences in wound contraction between all groups in comparison to the NC group ( P < .05) on day 8. It was concluded that the 1% HPE gel has a good potential for promoting wound healing.
Program of Rehabilitative Exercise and Education to Avert Vascular Events After Non-Disabling Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (PREVENT Trial): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: MacKay-Lyons Marilyn , Gubitz Gordon , Phillips Stephen , Giacomantonio Nicholas , Firth Wanda , Thompson Kara , Theriault Chris , Wightman Howard , Slipp Sharon , Marsters David , Eskes Gail , Peacock Fiona , Chris Blanchard , Dewolfe Judy
Published: November 2021

Background

Non-disabling stroke (NDS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) herald the possibility of future, more debilitating vascular events. Evidence is conflicting about potency of exercise and education in reducing risk factors for second stroke.

Methods

Three-site, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with 184 participants <3 months of NDS or TIA (mean age, 65 years; 66% male) randomized to usual care (UC) or UC + 12-week program of exercise and education (PREVENT). Primary (resting systolic blood pressure) and secondary outcomes (diastolic blood pressure [DBPrest], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC], TC/HDL, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and body mass index) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-up. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was measured at baseline, post-intervention, 12-month assessments.

Results

Significant between-group differences at post-intervention favored PREVENT group over UC: DBPrest (mean difference [MD]: −3.2 mmHg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −6.3, −.2, P = .04) and LDL-C (MD: −.31 mmol/L, 95% CI: −.42, −.20, P = .02). Trends of improvement in PREVENT group were noted in several variables between baseline and 6-month follow-up but not sustained at 12-month follow-up. Of note, VO2 peak did not change over time in either group.

Conclusion

Impact of PREVENT on vascular risk factor reduction was more modest than anticipated, possibly because several outcome variables approximated normative values at baseline and training intensity may have been sub-optimal. Further investigation is warranted to determine when exercise and education programs are viable adjuncts to pharmaceutical management for reduction of risk factors for second stroke. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: #NCT00885456
Capturing Emerging Realities in Citizen Engagement in Science in Social Media: A Social Media Analytics Protocol for the Allinteract Study
Authors: Pulido Rodriguez Cristina M. , Ovseiko Pavel , Font Palomar Marta , Kumpulainen Kristiina , Ramis Mimar
Published: November 2021

In the digital era, social media has become a space for the socialization and interaction of citizens, who are using social networks to express themselves and to discuss scientific advances with citizens from all over the world. Researchers are aware of this reality and are increasingly using social media as a source of data to explore citizens’ voices. In this context, the methods followed by researchers are mainly based on the content analysis using manual, automated or combined tools. The aim of this article is to share a protocol for Social Media Analytics that includes a Communicative Content Analysis (CCA). This protocol has been designed for the Horizon 2020 project Allinteract, and it includes the social impact in social media methodology. The novel contribution of this protocol is the detailed elaboration of methods and procedures to capture emerging realities in citizen engagement in science in social media using a Communicative Content Analysis (CCA) based on the contributions of Communicative Methodology (CM).
Sex differences in predictors for cognitive decline and dementia in people with stroke or transient ischemic attack in the PROGRESS trial
Authors: Gong Jessica , Harris Katie , Tzourio Christophe , Harrap Stephen , Naismith Sharon , Anderson Craig S , Chalmers John , Woodward Mark
Published: November 2021

Background

Stroke and transient ischemic attack confer greater risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

Aims

We used data from the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS), a blood pressure-lowering randomized controlled trial in stroke/transient ischemic attack. We evaluated overall and sex-specific differences in treatment effects for cognitive decline/dementia, as well as associations with vascular and stroke-specific predictors,considering death as a competing risk.

Methods

Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate overall and sex-specific odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) for treatment effects and predictors associated with the risk of cognitive decline/dementia, and the women-to-men ratio of odds ratio (RORs).

Results

Over a median four years, 763 cognitive decline/dementia (30.9% women) were recorded in 5888 participants. Women had lower odds of cognitive decline/dementia than men (OR 0.78, 95%CI 0.63–0.95). Active treatment was associated with lower odds of cognitive decline/dementia (0.84, 0.72–0.98), with no evidence of sex difference. Higher education (0.96,0.94–0.98 (per year)) and baseline Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) were associated with lower odds of cognitive decline/dementia (0.84,0.82–0.86 (per point higher)). Higher diastolic blood pressure (1.11,1.02–1.20 (per 10 mmHg)), low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (1.27,1.03–1.58), and peripheral arterial disease (1.78,1.26–2.52) were associated with higher odds of cognitive decline/dementia. APOE ɛ4 was not associated with cognitive decline/dementia (1.05 (0.85–1.30)). Low eGFR was more strongly associated with cognitive decline/dementia in women than men (RORs, 1.60 (1.03–2.48)). Diabetes was more strongly associated with men than women.

Conclusions

Several risk factors were associated with cognitive decline/dementia in people with prior stroke/transient ischemic attack, with notable sex differences. Long-term cognitive sequelae of stroke should be considered to strengthen joint prevention strategies for stroke, cognitive decline, and dementia. Trial Registration: This trial was not registered because enrolment began before 1 July 2005.
Like mother, like child? Sex differences in the maternal transmission of offending among a Scottish cohort of pre-adolescent children
Authors: Jahanshahi Babak , McVie Susan , Murray Kath
Published: November 2021

That parental offending acts as a strong risk factor for offending in children is well-established within criminology. Yet, research on maternal offending is relatively limited, even though many women take on a significantly higher share of childcare responsibilities, and as such, might reasonably be expected to exert an especially strong influence on their children. In part, this lacuna might be attributed to a male-centric lens within criminology, which has tended to overlook female offending. Aimed in part at redressing this imbalance, this article investigates the maternal transmission of offending among a cohort of 12-year-olds, using self-report data from the longitudinal Growing Up in Scotland study. The analysis shows that intragenerational maternal offending acts as a significant predictor of offending among daughters, but that intergenerational offending does not. We found no significant relationship between mothers’ offending and sons’, who appear more vulnerable to a range of wider risk factors.