bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epithelial remnants in the crestal periodontium of the deciduous and permanent dentition of beagle dogs
Authors: Sterrett J. D. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to document and characterize epithelial remnants (EPRs) of the crestal periodontium of the deciduous dentition of a diphyodont and compare them with EPR units found in the corresponding area of the permanent dentition. 7 beagle dogs were used. At the age of 10 weeks (deciduous dentition) and 15 months (permanent dentition), respectively, a 6‐week plaque control period was initiated. At the end of each plaque control period, biopsies were obtained from the mandibular 02P, 03P (deciduous dentition) and P3, P4 (permanent dentition) premolar regions and prepared for histologic analysis. 2 regions, (1) the supracrestal region and (2) the periodontal ligament region, were identified. The supracrestal region was divided into 4 compartments of equal height. The histologic parameters studied included the (i) EPR frequency: number of EPRs/mm of root length, (ii) EPR size, (iii) EPR‐root distance, (iv) EPR‐bone distance and (v) cell area. No differences were observed between the 2 dentitions with respect to the number, size and relative location of EPR units in the supracrestal regions or the periodontal ligament regions. Epithelial remnants of the supracrestal region in both dentitions tended to be more frequent, larger and positioned further from the root surface than the EPRs of the periodontal ligament region. EPR units of the periodontal ligament region were located significantly further from the bone in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent dentition. The cell area of EPRs did not differ between the 2 dentitions. It was concluded that EPRs are a normal component of the crestal periodontal tissues of the deciduous dentitions of the diphyodont beagle dog and they appear to be similar to those found in the permanent dentition of young dogs.
Variability of sonic scaling tip movement
Authors: Shah S. , Walmsley A. D. , Chapple I. L. C. , Lumley P. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The sonic sealer operates at frequencies of 2 to 6 kHz and is powered by pressurised air from the dental unit. Variables likely to affect how these instruments perform include the air pressure input and load applied by the operator. Other variables include the brand of sealer used and the clinical technique of the operator. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in instrument performance within a dental teaching hospital. Light microscopy was used to measure the displacement amplitudes in air of 32 Sonic sealers which were in regular clinical use in three departments (Periodontal Unit, Restorative Unit and School of Hygiene). During operation, the air pressure was kept at a constant 2.8 kg cm−2and measurements were made on each instrument with three scaling tips (universal, sickle and periodontal). The periodontal scaling tip exhibited the greatest vibration although this was not significant (p>0.1). There was a significant difference in performance between the different clinical environments where the sealers were used (P<0.01). 4 new sonic scaling instruments made by different manufacturers were selected for displacement amplitude measurements. One brand of sonic sealer demonstrated a significantly greater displacement amplitude in comparative measurements between instruments (P<0.01). This study demonstrated differences in the oscillation of sonic sealers which should be recognised by clinicians when using these instruments, since they may influence clinical performance.
The periodontal status of irregular dental attenders
Authors: Mullally Brian H. , Linden Gerard J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal destruction in irregular dental attenders. 50 subjects aged between 20 and 49 years completed a questionnaire and had a periodontal examination. Measurements of plaque, calculus, bleeding, probing depth and clinical attachment level were made at 4 proximal sites per tooth. Results were compared to those for 132 regular attenders. The irregular attenders had more sites with plaque (46.3 ± 27% versus 17.3 ± 21.1%) than the regulars and significantly more sites which bled (53.7 ± 20.4% versus 33.6 ± 20.7%) and with calculus (35 ± 21.1% versus 13.4 ± 12.8%). However, the irregulars had virtually the same number of teeth as the regular attenders, 25.6 ± 3.3 compared with 25.4 ± 4.3. Irregular attenders had slightly deeper mean probing depths (2.9 ± 0.4 versus 2.7 ± 0.4 mm) but the prevalence and extent of attachment loss was no different between the groups. It was concluded that the prevalence and severity of destructive periodontal disease as indicated by periodontal attachment loss was not related to the regularity of dental attendance in the groups studied.
Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post‐partum: clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects
Authors: Raber‐Durlacher J. E. , van Steenbergen T. J. M. , van der Velden U. , de Graaff J. , Abraham‐Inpijn L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess whether an intensive oral hygiene regimen practised during pregnancy results in a clinically healthy gingival state, and to assess whether experimentally‐induced gingivitis differs in severity during pregnancy as compared to post‐partum. In addition, levels of black‐pigmented Gram negative anaerobes at subgingival and oral mucosal sites and plasma concentrations of free estrogens and prosterone were determined. These parameters were studied during a 14‐day episode of experimental gingivitis induced in the 25th week of pregnancy, and again 6 months post‐partum. The subjects were selected on shallow pockets ≤4 mm and interproximal loss of attachment not exceeding 2 mm. As a result of controlled oral hygiene, the gingival condition improved both during pregnancy and post‐partum. At day 0 during pregnancy, however, gingival swelling, redness, and bleeding on probing were found to be higher than post‐partum. Free plasma levels of estrogens and progesterone were found to be normal throughout the study. It was hypothesized that the increase in severity of gingival symptoms during pregnancy reflect microvascular physiologic effects of increased levels of these hormones. During pregnancy, more swelling, redness and bleeding on probing developed during experimental gingivitis than post‐partum, whereas the amount of plaque was similar in both phases. This suggests that as a result of dental plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation develops superimposed on pregnancy‐associated physiologic alterations. Microbiological evaluation showed that the mean proportions of Prevotella intermedia in subgingival plaque increased during experimental gingivitis performed during pregnancy, whereas no increase of this microorganism was found post‐partum.
Single‐blind studies of the effects of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Aldridge J.P. , Lester V. , Watts T.L.P. , Collins A. , Viberti G. , Wilson R.F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Uncontrolled studies have suggested a beneficial effect of periodontal treatment on metabolic control of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We therefore conducted controlled single‐blind studies, using current metabolic status indicators in IDDM subjects free of significant complications other than periodontal diseases. In the 1st study, 41 IDDM subjects with gingivitis and early periodontitis were randomly assigned to treatment (oral hygiene and scaling) or control groups. The study was completed by 16 experimental and 15 control subjects. Reassessment after 2 months showed a Hawthorne effect in the control group, and no difference between groups. However, further analysis showed a relationship between individual metabolic control variation and gingival inflammation. A 2nd study enrolled 23 IDDM subjects with advanced periodontitis, who were randomised to treatment (full initial therapy including root planing) or control groups. Only 1 subject failed to complete the study, owing to illness. In this study, a significant response to periodontal treatment was not accompanied by any improvement in metabolic control. These results support the concept that the effect of metabolic control may be predominant in the relationship between IDDM and periodontal health.
Healing of lichenoid reactions following removal of amalgam
Authors: Henriksson Ernst , Mattsson Ulf , Håkansson Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract 174 patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden during 1987 to 1989 for lichenoid lesions and evaluation of a possible connection with amalgam restorations were invited to a clinical re‐examination. 159 of the patients were re‐examined with the purpose of evaluating the long‐term effect upon performed substitution therapy. Partial or total removal of amalgam had been recommended according to a set of given criteria. The re‐examination showed that 62 patients had performed partial and 69 patients total removal of amalgam fillings. 28 patients had not performed any substitution therapy. There was a difference between recommended and performed therapy. The results demonstrated that 92% of patients with lichenoid lesions only in contact with amalgam fillings healed or improved clinically following removal of amalgam. No statistical difference was found in healing between patients who only removed fillings in contact and those who had removed all amalgam restorations. More than 60% of buccal lichenoid lesions without contact with amalgam at time of referral disappeared following amalgam substitution. Gingival lichenoid lesions did not respond to substitution of amalgam to another material. 3 out of 17 patch‐tested patients demonstrated a hyper‐sensitivity reaction to mercury. All lichenoid lesions in these patients healed following total substitution. Partial or total removal of amalgam fillings was also performed on 10 patients with completely negative patch‐tests. 6 out of these patients demonstrated complete healing of their lichenoid reactions at re‐examination. The lichenoid reaction is to be regarded as a reaction pattern within the oral mucosa directed towards a specific agens in patients predisposed to develop such a reaction. Dental amalgam plays an etiological role in the development of lichenoid reactions and should be removed when in clinical contact with the lichenoid lesion. Total removal of amalgam may also be tried in other cases in patients with long‐standing atrophic or erosive lesions where other therapy forms have been tried with poor clinical result.
Correlation of the periodontal status 6 years after puberty with clinical and microbiological conditions during puberty
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Rutar Alexandra , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the oral clinical and microbiological status of young adults 6 years after puberty and to compare these findings with the conditions observed during puberty. Clinical and microbiological parameters were monitored in 42 individuals 10 × between the ages of 11 and 14 years. 33 individuals were re‐examined 10 years after the start of this monitoring. Microbiology included 2 subgingival samples per subject taken from the mesiobuccal aspects of the upper 1st molars. The samples were subject to continuous anaerobic culturing. Individuals with a marked and sustained increase in mean papillary bleeding scores during puberty (group A, n=16) differed 6 years later from individuals without pronounced puberty gingivitis (group C, n=8) in several aspects. Individuals in group A had a significantly higher gingival bleeding tendency and an increased number of sites with more than 3 mm attachment loss. The subjects in group C showed the lowest anaerobic total cultivable counts. Spirochetes were detected only in group A subjects (4 samples in 3 individuals). In all positive sites, spirochetes had been identified at least 8 out of 10 times during puberty. A. actinomycetemcomitans was present in only one individual of group A. P. gingivalis had not been detected during puberty; none of the samples were P. gingivalis positive 6 years later. P. intermedia was found in 27% of all samples, isolates belonging to the P. melaninogenica group of black pigmenting anaerobes had a frequency of 6%, 6 years after puberty. These organisms were not significantly associated with a history of puberty gingivitis. This prospective study shows a relationship between the presence of puberty gingivitis and periodontal and microbiological conditions 6 years after puberty.
Bacterial penetration in vitro through GTAM membrane with and without topical chlorhexidine application
Authors: Simion M. , Trisi P. , Maglione M. , Piattelli A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Premature exposure of membrane in the oral cavity is considered the most common complication as well as a reason for failure or incomplete success of guided tissue regeneration, as the exposed membrane undergoes plaque accumulation. A method to control, or at least to reduce the bacterial invasion of the membrane allowing a delay in the membrane removal, could be of clinical interest. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of treating, with topical chlorhexidine application, the bacterial colonization of exposed membranes. A special device was developed in order to evaluate, under an experimental environment, the bacterial colonization. This device was made from a removable acrylic denture base to which 5 gold cups were attached. The cups consisted of an internal compartment, isolated from the oral cavity by a GTAM membrane, and an external compartment exposed to the oral environment. 3 healthy subjects had this device fitted, bilaterally, in the molar‐premolar region of the upper jaw. The cups of one side of each subject had 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel applied 2× a day for 1 min, whereas those of the other side served as controls. 12 cups were removed after 2 weeks and the remainder removed after 1 month. The non‐treated control specimens were characterized by greater amounts of plaque accumulation. In all the test sites, plaque deposits increased in thickness and quantity during the 4 weeks of the experiment. Complete invasion of the membrane and initial colonization of its internal surface were observed only in 4‐week specimens. A relatively simple flora consisting mainly of cocci and short rods, was found in bacterial deposits forming under the influence of chlorhexidine, whereas in non‐treated specimens, it was possible to observe a more mature and complex plaque, composed mostly of filamentous bacteria. In conclusion, topical application of chlorhexidine gel is an effective method of reducing plaque and calculus formation on the surface of GTAM membranes exposed to the oral cavity for up to 4 weeks. This study has, however, failed to demonstrate the capacity of chlorhexidine to prevent or to retard bacterial penetration through the thickness of the inner portion of the membranes.
The periodontal ligament of teeth connected to osseointegrated implants
Authors: Biancu Salvatore , Ericsson Ingvar , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the periodontal tissues at immobilized teeth connected to osseointegrated implants. 10, 1‐year old beagle dogs, were used. Bilaterally, the mandibular 2nd (2P2) and 3rd pre‐molars (3P3) and 1st molars (1M1) were extracted. 2 titanium fixtures were installed in the edentulous segment of the right side of the mandible, one about 10 mm mesial and the other about 10 mm distal to 4P (test tooth). 3 months later, abutment connection was performed and healing allowed for one month. The dogs were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 each, group A and group B. In group A, a fixed gold splint, rigidly connecting the tooth and the 2 implants, was installed on day 0 and 4P was hereby immobilized. The controlateral 4th premolar (P4) served as the non‐splinted control tooth. Plaque control measures continued until the end of the experiment (day 180). In group B, plaque control measures were abandoned 1 month after abutment connection and a 4‐month period of experimental periodontal tissue breakdown was initiated. This was accomplished by placing cotton floss ligatures submarginally around 4P and P4. At the end of this 4‐month period, the ligatures were removed, and an apically positioned flap procedure was performed. Healing was allowed for another 2 months. Plaque control measures were re‐established and continued throughout the experiment. A given day was termed day 0 and 4P was rigidly connected to the adjacent implants in the manner described for group A. At the end of a subsequent 6‐month period, radiographs of 4P and P4 were taken and biopsies harvested from all the dogs. The results of measurements, made in histological sections, revealed that the splinting of mandibular premolars to osseointegrated implants failed to induce marked alterations (qualitative and quantitative) in the gingiva and periodontal tissues of the immobilized teeth. These findings offer a biological explanation for the fact that a fixed bridge, utilizing both teeth and implants as abutments, seems to function well in the rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients.
Triclosan inhibits histamine‐induced inflammation in human skin
Authors: Kjærheim Vibeke , Barkvoll Pål , Waaler Sonni Mette , Rölla Gunnar
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies indicate that triclosan reduces the pain and other symptoms after chemically‐induced inflammation in the oral mucosa and skin when sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as an irritant. The aim of the present study was to examine whether triclosan has an effect on the inflammation in human skin caused by intradermal administration of histamine. 9 female volunteers participated in a double‐blind study, and skin patch tests were performed in 2 series. In the 1st, the skin was pre‐treated for 1h with triclosan before the histamine was applied. In the 2nd, the histamine reaction was elicited first and triclosan applied subsequently. The effect of triclosan on the weals formed in the skin after histamine application was measured. It was found that triclosan reduced the size of the weals markedly when triclosan was applied after the weals were formed, and that pre‐treatment of the skin had only a slight effect. It is assumed that triclosan has an effect on the cascade reactions of inflammation elicited by histamine. 2 other phenols tested in the same study had similar effects.
Adjunctive supragingival irrigation with acetylsalicyclic acid in periodontal supportive therapy
Authors: Flemmig Thomas F. , Epp Birgitta , Funkenhauser Zita , Newman Michael G. , Kornman Kenneth S. , Haubitz Imme , Klaiber Bernd
Published: December 2005

Abstract To assess the clinical efficacy of adjunctive supragingival irrigation with buffered 0.3% acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), 60 patients with periodontitis receiving supportive periodontal therapy were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 home regimens: (1)1 × daily adjunctive supragingival irrigation with 300 ml water immediately followed by 200 ml of buffered 0.3% ASA; (2) 1 × daily adjunctive supragingival irrigation with 500 ml water; or (3) normal oral hygiene alone. Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Irrigator use was measured by timers built into the irrigator units. Results at 6 months showed that both supragingival irrigation with buffered 0.3% ASA and supragingival irrigation with water significantly reduced gingival index scores (median 0.1 and 0.35, respectively) and pocket probing depths (both median 0.26 mm) compared to the control group. In addition, irrigation with water resulted in a significant reduction in bleeding on probing (median 0.13), whereas irrigation with buffered 0.3% ASA had no significant effect on bleeding on probing compared to the control group. The clinical efficacy of irrigation with either ASA or water was found to be positively correlated to initial disease severity and irrigator use. Thus, frequent supragingival irrigation with either 0.3% ASA or water in addition to regular oral hygiene appears to be a beneficial adjunct to periodontal supportive therapy in patients with moderate to severe signs of periodontitis. However, the use of buffered 0.3% ASA as an irrigant does not seem to enhance the clinical efficacy of supragingival irrigation on periodontal health.
Citric acid demineralization of cementum and dentin: the effect of application pressure
Authors: Sterrett John D. , Dhillon Mandeep , Murphy H. Joseph
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous work has shown that a 25‐30% citric acid solution was the most effective concentration with which to demineralize dentin. The purpose of this investigation was to study the topography, using a scanning electron microscope, of root surfaces treated with a 30% citric acid solution using various application pressures. 20 freshly extracted human teeth were collected and stored in physiologic saline at room temperature. 3 root specimens, approximately 3×5×5 mm in size, were prepared from the coronal periodontally healthy area of each tooth. 30 specimens were root planed to expose dentin (dentin group) while the remaining 30 specimens were lightly scaled to remove periodontal soft tissue (cementum group). A freshly made 30% citric acid (CA) solution, (pH = 1.60), was applied to each of the experimental areas. Cotton pellets soaked in the citric acid solution were either placed (CAP), lightly rubbed (CAR) or heavily burnished (CAB) on the prepared root surface for 3 min. Pellets were resoaked every 30 s. The root sections were rinsed, fixed in glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in graded ethanol, critically point dried in liquid CO2 and sputter coated in gold. The treated surfaces were assessed for fibril tufting using scanning electron microscopy. Assessment was made of: (i) the % of surface area tufted; (ii) tufting depth (0–3); (iii) tufting density (1–3). Results of the study showed significantly more tufted surface area and greater tufting depth on both dentin and cementum for CAR and CAB compared to CAP. CAP produced a flat/mat fibril surface with no evidence of tufting. The % of surface area tufted, tufting depth and tufting density were similar for both the CAR and CAB groups for each surface treated. The biological significance of these results is discussed.
Periodontal tissue‐vitality after different etching modalities
Authors: Blornlöf Johan , Lindskog Sven
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible immediate necrotizing effects on periodontal tissues of etching agents operating either at low or neutral pH. Phosphoric and citric acids, both of which operate at low pH, exerted immediate (within 20 s) necrotizing effects on both mucosal flaps and periodontal tissues. The penetration depth increased with time up to 1/4 of the circumference of the root after 3 min. This was in sharp contrast to EDTA which operates at neutral pH. EDTA failed to induce any detectable necrosis during the experimental periods. Whether or not the immediate necrotizing effects of low pH etching agents also impair periodontal healing in the long‐term perspective, needs to be evaluated with controlled experimental studies in vivo as well as clinically in order to determine whether etching at neutral pH is preferable.
Resolution of ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis lesions in the dog
Authors: Marinello C.P. , Berglundh T. , Ericsson I. , Klinge B. , Glantz P.O. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present experiment in the Labrador dog was performed to study tissue alterations that occurred in a peri‐implantitis lesion following ligature removal. The study was carried out in 5, 1‐year old Labrador dogs. The mandibular right and left 1st molars and 4th and 3rd premolars were extracted to establish recipient sites for implants. After 3 months of healing, 4 titanium fixtures, 2 in each jaw quadrant, were installed and abutment connection carried out in a 2nd stage procedure after another 3 months. After a 6‐month period of healing, cotton floss ligatures were placed in a submarginal position around the neck of the fixture abutments. The ligatures were forced into a position “apical” of the margin of the peri‐implant mucosa and secured. When the tissue destruction after 4–6 weeks was found to amount to about 25% of the original bone height at each individual implant, the ligatures were removed. 2 dogs were sacrified 1 month and 3 dogs 3 months after ligature removal. The animals were perfused with a fixative and block biopsies were obtained from the implant sites. The biopsies were prepared for histometric and morphometric analyses. The results from the clinical examinations and the microscopic analyses of the peri‐implant tissues revealed that: (i) 1 month after ligature removal, an active, destructive inflammatory lesion was present in the soft and mineralized tissues adjacent the implants; while (ii) 2 months later, this lesion at most implant sites had become resting and encapsulated, was confined to the connective tissue adjacent to a pocket epithelium, and was separated from the bone surface by a dense collar of fibrous connective tissue. In 1 of the 3 dogs that were monitored for 3 months, however, 3 out of the 4 implants installed exhibited continued loss of bone, became unstable and were lost between the 10‐ and 12‐week examination interval. The remaining peri‐implant tissue at the 4th and remaining implant in this animal was found to harbor an active lesion that involved osteoclastic activity on the surface of the bone crest.
Triclosan reduces the clinical symptoms of the allergic patch test reaction (APR) elicited with 1% nickel sulphate in sensitised patients
Authors: Barkvoll P. , Rölla G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract It has previously been shown that triclosan reduces the clinical skin reactions caused by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in an irritant patch test reaction (IPR) model. Furthermore, triclosan reduces the inflammatory reactions on skin after subcutaneous injection of histamine. The aim of the present study was to examine whether triclosan reduces the clinical symptoms on skin after exposure to nickel in an allergic patch test reaction (APR) model. 1% nickel sulphate was used for APR in 10 nickel‐allergic females. The results showed that application of triclosan on skin reduced the APR symptoms from nickel in sensitised patients significantly (p <0.05) compared to the saline and alcohol solutions. It is suggested that inflammatory mediators produced by the sensitised lymphocytes are inhibited by triclosan.
The effects on chronic periodontitis of a subgingivally‐placed redox agent in a slow release device
Authors: Ower P.C. , Ciantar M. , Newman H.N. , Wilson M. , Bulman J.S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Adjunctive chemical agents can reduce the need for meticulous plaque control. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the periodontal treatment potential of subgingival application of the redox agent methylene blue in a slow‐release device. This randomized, single‐blind, split‐mouth study included 18 patients aged 35–57 years, with chronic adult periodontitis, pocketing of at least 5 mm and radiographic evidence of regular bone loss. All experimental sites received subgingival debridement at day 0. Test sites received 32% w/w methylene blue in the slow release device at days 0 and 28. Clinical examination and microbiological sampling were performed at days 0, 7, 28, 56 and 84. Clinical improvements were seen in both groups, but test sites showed consistently greater improvements, some of which were statistically significant (as determined by between‐group comparisons utilising SNDs). Significant between‐group differences in relation to baseline levels were seen in bleeding index at days 7 and 56, in probeable pocket depth at day 56 and for the Perioscan BANA test at day 7. This pilot study thus showed that adjunctive methylene blue in a slow–release device can produce greater clinical and microbiological improvements than subgingival debridement alone.
Smoking and periodontal disease severity
Authors: Martinez‐Canut Pedro , Lorca Amparo , Magán Rafael
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was performed to assess the influence of smoking on periodontal disease severity. Data concerning periodontal status and smoking habits were collected from 889 periodontal patients: 340 male and 549 female. 21 to 76 years of age. 47.4% being non smokers and 52.6% smokers. Periodontal parameters, recorded by the same examiner (PMC), were: gingival recession (GR), Pocket depth (PD), Probing attachment level (PAL), and mobility (M). The influence of age, sex and tobacco consumption on these periodontal parameters was statistically evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with covariates. A non‐linear effect model was also fitted by taking the natural logarithms of the response variables (GR. PD, PAL) closer to bio‐medical phenomena. Mobility was analyzed by a x2‐test. The effect of smoking on periodontitis showed no association with age or with sex. Smoking, age and sex were shown to be statistically significant for periodontitis, by performing both univariate (I‐test for equal means) and multivariate tests. p‐values for smoking and periodontitis were: GR (p= 0.000). PD (p= 0.000), PAL (p= 0.000) and M (p= 0.015). Smoking one cigarette per day. up to 10, and up to 20, increased PAL by 0.5%, 5% and 10%. respectively. The impact of tobacco is comparable to the impact resulting from the factor of age in this sample, increasing PAL by 0.7% for each year of life. Comparison between smokers of less than 10 cigarettes per day (PAL mean 3.72 mm±0.86) and non‐smokers (PAL mean 3.84±0.89) showed no differences in PAL (p= 0.216). while comparison for smokers from 11 to 20 cigarettes (PAL mean 4.36±1.23) and for more than 20 cigarettes PAL mean 4.50±1.04) demonstrated significant differences (p = 0.000). These findings suggest that: (i) tobacco increases periodontal disease severity; (2) this effect is clinically evident above consumption of a certain quantity of tobacco.
Alveolar bone loss on neolithic man remains on 38 skulls of Khirokitia's (Cyprus) inhabitants
Authors: Mitsis Fotis J. , Taramidis George
Published: December 2005

Abstract 3S skulls, belonging to inhabitants of various age groups of the Neolithic settlement of Khirokitia in Cyprus (5800–3000 BC) were studied and the alveolar bone loss was evaluated in areas where teeth still existed. It was found that the alveolar bone loss increased with age. The differences deriving from the comparison of skulls belonging to older people (the mean life‐span of the inhabitants was 35.2 years), with skulls belonging to younger people suggest that our findings are not due to post‐mortem weathering of bones through the centuries but represent a real fact. The results of this study indicate that periodontal disease has accompanied human beings since prehistoric time without being affected by civilization.
Guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of degree III furcation defects in maxillary molars
Authors: Pontoriero R , Lindhe J
Published: December 2005

Abstract 11 subjects with generalized periodontitis and advanced lesions in the maxillary molar regions, including bilateral mesial‐distal, but not buccal, degree III furcation defects in the 1st and/or 2nd molars, were recruited for the present clinical trial. The patients were given oral hygiene instruction and full‐mouth scaling and root planing. A re‐examination was performed after 3 months of healing, after which the furcation involved molars were randomly selected for a GTR or conservative treatment modality. An informed consent form was signed by each participating patient. The GTR procedure invoived the elevation of mucoperiostal flaps, root surface debridement, and the placement of an e‐PFTE membrane at the 2 entrances of the furcation defect. The flaps were repositioned and secured. The contralateral molar was treated in an identical manner but without the placement of the teflon membrane. The patients received amoxicillin (I g×2/day for 8 days), were placed on chlorhexidine mouth rinsing and were recalled for prophylaxis 1 × every 2 weeks. The teflon membranes were removed at a 2nd stage procedure after 6 weeks. All subjects were re‐examined 6 months after the regenerative procedure, and in addition, all sites were evaluated following a reentry procedure. The final examination and measurements made during the reentry procedure documented that, although some reduction in probing pocket depth and some gain in probing attachment had occurred at both test and controi sites, none of the furcation defects had closed, but retained the characteristics of a degree‐Ill furcation involvement.
Effect of periodontal treatments on serum IgG antibody titers against periodontopathic bacteria
Authors: Horibe Motoo , Watanabe Hisashi , Ishikawa Isao
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Serum IgG antibody titers to 7 periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis patients were measured at the Is1 visit and after various periodontal treatments with clinically successful improvement, in order to evaluate what kind of factors are associated with changes of serum antibody titers. 20 patients (10 male and 10 female from 23 to 61 years old) with adult, rapidly progressive periodontitis were enrolled in this study. All patients received initial preparation and most of them also underwent surgical procedure. After the treatments, the mean probing pocket depths decreased from 3.72 mm to 1.56 mm. Serum samples were collected from patients at the initial and final examinations. Serum IgG antibody titers against sonicated antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis FDC 381, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611. Prevotella loescheii ATCC 15930. Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies nucleatum ATCC 25586. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans FDC Y4. Eikenella corrodens FDC 1073 and Capnocylophaga ochracea#M 12 were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The mean antibody titers to P. gingivalis and P. intermedia decreased significantly after the treatment as compared to their pretreatment levels. The antibody titer to P. gingivalis, especially, decreased in all of the patients examined. A significant relationship was found between the decreased antibody titer to P. gingivalis and the number of teeth which received periodontal surgery, as well as treatment length, and the relationship between the decreased antibody titer to P. intermedia and the number of extracted teeth was also significant. These results suggest that the changes of serum IgG titers against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are related to the suppression of such pathogens in subgingival plaque.
Comparison of periodontal disease in HIV seropositive subjects and controls (I).
Authors: Smith G.L.F. , Cross D.L. , Wray D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases in HIV seropositive and assumed HIV seronegative individuals in the Edinburgh area. 29 HIV seropositive subjects were examined at baseline and at 3‐monthly intervals. Attachment loss and dichotomous indicators of periodontal disease were recorded. 27 control subjects were seen at baseline only. Although there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of mean attachment loss at baseline. HIV seropositive subjects had experienced more severe attachment loss localised to the lower incisor region. HIV seropositive subjects had a significantly higher mean % of sites exhibiting suppuration and redness. A distinct subgroup of 9 HIV seropositive subjects with widespread attachment loss was detected, which included those subjects with severely affected lower incisors. Site‐specific attachment loss of ≥3 mm was observed in only 20 sites out of 2814 sites in HIV+subjects observed longitudinally. The incidence of aggressive periodontal disease in this study was lower than anticipated, despite the inclusion of patients with advanced HIV infection or AIDS.
Influence of gingival crevicular washing on the expression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane receptors before and after periodontal therapy
Authors: Di Murro Carlo , Fattorossi Andrea , Paolantonio Michele , Pedrazzoli Vinicio , Sergi Giovanni , Casciaro Anna , D'Amelio Raffaele , Cattabriga Marcello
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Extensive data demonstrate that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the predominant cell type involved in periodontal disease and that gingival crevicular fluid constituents are influenced by the inflamed gingiva. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of gingival crevicular washing (GCW) (a dilution of gingival crevicular fluid) from periodontal sites in different clinical conditions of modulating the PMN membrane receptors involved in motility, adhesion and phagocytosis before and after periodontal treatment. 10 patients affected by adult periodontitis (AP) were selected. From each patient. 2 test sites (TS) were chosen on the basis of a probing depth > 5 mm and attachment loss, and 2 control sites (CS) with probing depth < 3 mm without attachment loss. Modifications of membrane receptor density of PMN from healthy donors incubated with GCW harvested from TS and CS was evaluated using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Compared to CS‐GCW. TS‐GCW before therapy increased the expression of the β2 integrin CD 11b and the chemotactic receptor for the oligopeptide N‐formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (FMLP‐R) while it reduced the expression of L‐selection. GCW collected from the same TS after the successful completion of periodontal treatment did not influence PMN receptors, indicating that the clinical improvement paralleled the disappearance of the PMN modulating capability contained in TS‐GCW before therapy. In conclusion, the present data illustrate the relevant modifications occurring at PMN membrane in chronic adult periodontitis exerted by GCW obtained by a simple fluid collection technique. Thus, monitoring gingival crevicular fluid PMN activating capability may help disclose the presence of chronic periodontitis and may be useful in assessing successful treatment.
Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis culture products on the morphology of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes from periodontitis patients and healthy subjects
Authors: Scragg M.A. , Turton L.R. , Newman H.N. , Williams D.M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis culture supernatant from strain W50, its avirulent variant (W50/BE1) and sterile BM culture medium on the morphological changes in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from 10 patients with periodontitis (3 juvenile periodontitis, 7 rapidly progressive periodontitis) were compared with those from 10 healthy controls. Large non‐polar cells (>160 μm2) were increased in patients to 182.8% (p=0.0076) and 245.5% (p=0.0002) of control values with W50 and W50/BE1 supernatant respectively. In contrast, numbers of small non‐polar cells (< 80 μm2) and polarised cells were decreased in the patient group. Patient/control ratios for small non‐polar cells were 30.3% (p=0.0007) and 33.6% (p=0.0005) with W50 and W50/BE1, respectively, and 38.2% (p=0.0147) for polarised cells exposed to W50 supernatant. The data indicate that PMN from patients with periodontitis differ significantly from those of healthy controls in the shape changes which occur after exposure to P. gingivalis culture supernatant.
Dental treatment of Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome: 15‐year follow‐up
Authors: Tinanoff N. , Tempro Paulette , Maderazo Eufronio G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A 9‐year‐old girl was initially treated for the periodontal component of Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome by extraction of all the patient's erupted teeth, after unsuccessful clinical treatment with two different antibiotics. Follow‐up dental records at age 24 showed the patient to have generalized gingivitis and poor oral hygiene; however, no additional teeth were lost or mobile. Radiographically, the alveolar crests, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament spaces appeared normal for a subject with missing teeth. Initially, the patient had depressed polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis and adherence, as well as evidence of periodontal infection with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, (A.a.). The 6 and 15‐year follow‐ups showed normal PMN function and no detectable A.a. The improvement of the patient's PMN function was coincident with lack of detection of certain periodontopathic bacteria. If the PMN dysfunction of PLS is secondary to the infection, the reasons for the initiation of the disease still need to be clarified.
The use of planimetry to record and score the modified Navy index and other area‐based plaque indices A comparative toothbrush study
Authors: Claydon N. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Many plaque‐scoring methods are based on a subjective assessment of the amount of tooth surface covered by plaque or the presence or absence of plaque at specific sites. The 2× modified Navy plaque index is an example of the latter and requires chairside decisions from 9 zones of all buccal and lingual tooth surfaces, i.e., up to 576 for a complete dentition. The present study describes a procedural modification to the index, whereby plaque is recorded using an established planimetric plaque area method. Scoring is then performed using an overlay away from the clinic. To test the method, plaque‐area measurements were made during a 30‐subject, crossover study to compare plaque removal following single toothbrushings with 3 different types of manual toothbrush. Consistent with many such studies, no significant differences in plaque removal were noted between the brushes. The method was found quick and simple at the chairside, provided a permanent record of plaque distribution and could be analysed by clinical or nonclinical personnel under ideal conditions. The same method could be employed for other plaque indices based on area or site subjective decisions.
The natural history of periodontal disease
Authors: Preus Hans R. , Ånerud Åge , Boysen Hans , Dunford R. G. , Zambon Joseph J. , Löe Harald
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, and their association with periodontal disease states in a population sample from Sri Lanka. Based on clinical parameters, a total of 536 sites in 268 male Sri Lankan tea workers were categorized as healthy, or showing gingivitis only, moderate or advanced periodontitis. Bacterial samples were obtained from all sites and the three target bacteria identified by indirect immunofluorescence. P. intermedia, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were found in 76%, 40% and 15% of the subjects, respectively. Of the 536 periodontal sites. 10.5% were categorized with “no disease”, 14%“gingivitis only”; 59% with moderate and 16% with advanced periodontitis. The prevalence of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was significantly higher in sites with moderate and advanced periodontitis than in sites with no disease or gingivitis only. A. actinomycetemcomitans was not found in healthy sites, but occurred with equal frequency in sites with gingivitis, moderate and advanced periodontitis. The association between these three bacteria and periodontal diseases in Sri Lankan tea laborers was similar to that described for other non‐industrialized and industrialized countries.
Clinical indicators of probing attachment loss following initial periodontal treatment in advanced periodontitis patients
Authors: Claffey Noel , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract. 16 advanced periodontitis patients were subjected to initial periodontal treatment and monitored every 3rd month during 42 months. Clinical characteristics tit baseline and during the 42‐month maintenance period were investigated for their association with probing attachment loss over the 42‐month period, both on a patient level and on a site level. On a patient level, averaged full‐mouth plaque and bleeding on probing scores over the maintenance interval showed little association with probing attachment loss. Little association was also observed for % sites with depth ≥6 mm at baseline. However, a notable relationship was seen for % sites ≥6 mm at 3 months. This finding initiated a separation of the 16 subjects into 2 groups based upon % sites ≥6 mm at 3 months (groups' high ‘and’ low'). Site level analyses for these groups showed little association between frequent presence of plaque at the sites over the maintenance interval and probing attachment loss. Frequent bleeding on probing showed limited relationship with attachment loss for group ‘low’, but an appreciable association for group‘high”. The findings suggest that advanced periodontitis patients with multiple residual probing depths a6 mm at re‐evaluation run a greater risk of developing sites with additional attachment loss than patients with few such residual depths. For such higher risk patients, bleeding on probing at maintenance examinations may be a useful indicator of subsequent deterioration at a site level.
The influence of splinting procedures on the periodontal and peri‐implant tissue damping characteristics A longitudinal study with the Periotest® device
Authors: Naert Ignace E. , Rosenberg David , van Steenberghe Daniel , Tricio Jorge A. , Nys Marleen
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the capability of the Periotest® device in detecting and monitoring functional changes in the periodontal as well as in the peri‐implant damping characteristics. In the first part of this study, 107 teeth were splinted by means of 40 full acrylic fixed prostheses (AFP) and another 37 teeth were splinted by means of 14 ceramometallic fixed pros‐theses (C‐MFP). The Periotest® measurements of individual teeth were done the day the fixed prostheses were cemented temporary (PTV 1), and again after a mean observation period of 27.4 days (PTV 2). In the 2nd part, 78 osseointegrated two‐stage implants were splinted by means of 23 full acrylic fixed prosthesis (AFP) and other 18 implants were left without it. Using the same abutment length, Periotest® measurements were performed, at abutment connections and before installation of the final prosthesis. In a 3rd part, using both implants and teeth as abutments, 29 osseointegrated implants were connected with 25 abutment teeth by means of 7 AFP. The measurements were performed at the beginning of the prosthetic treatment and 2, 4 and 6 weeks later. After splinting teeth by means of AFP for the observation period, no statistically significant reduction in PTVs was found. When on the other hand, a C‐MFP was used, PTV 2 showed a significant reduction. The PTVs at abutment connection went down after a period of time, during which some implants were interconnected by means of an AFP and others were not. Although this difference was not significant, it was more notable in the implants that received a AFP. In this study, the establishment of a connection between teeth and implants, did not induce any significant change in the damping characteristics of the periodontal tissues detectable by the Periotest®, even after a period of 6 weeks.