bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electoral Change, Inertia and Campaigns in New Zealand
Authors: Denemark David
Published: September 2003

Electoral change creates important and competing incentives for political parties, parliamentary elites and candidates to transform their campaign techniques in order to maximize votes under the new realities - a process constrained by continued reliance on familiar techniques. In this article I examine two significant moments of electoral change in New Zealand from partisan stability to dealignment in the late 1980s, and from an SMP/plurality system to Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) representation in 1996 - as a way of exploring inertia and change in the transformation of campaigns at the constituency level. Drawing on findings from in-depth interviews conducted with individuals responsible for the parties' campaigns in the 1987 and 1996 New Zealand general elections, I explore the extent to which political campaign elites, parliamentarians and candidates responded to incentives to adopt a fundamentally new election campaign logic - in these two cases, dictated by the new tactical centrality of marginal seats and geographically defined constituencies in the modern first-past-the-post (FPP) campaign, and then by the ascendancy in their place of the party list vote, issue constituencies and nationwide campaigns under MMP.
A Facial One-step Approach to Stereospecific Spirocyclic Diols from α-Hydroxyepoxides
Authors: Tu Yong Qiang , Yang Li Ming , Chen Yao Zu
Published: September 2003

A new 1-step method for synthesis of stereospecific spirocyclic diols from α-hydroxyepoxids with aluminum isopropoxide was reported, which was stereospecific, simple and highly effective. The stereochemical assignment of some products was also discussed.
Solvent Extraction of Water-Soluble Calixarenes and Their Metal Complexes with Trioctylmethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Nishida Masashi , Sonoda Miwako , Ishii Daido , Yoshida Isao
Published: September 2003

Water-soluble hydroxycalix[n]arene-p-sulfonates, 1nn−(n=4,6 and 8) in an aqueous solution were extracted efficiently with trioctylmethylammonium chloride (capriquat), TMA+Cl−, into chloroform in the presence and absence of Mn2+. The extracted species for 144− was estimated to be the ionic associates, such as 14(TMA)4 at pH 4.6 and 14(TMA)5 at pH 9.1. By the present 144−-TMA+ extraction system, Mn2+ was separated from Mg2+,Al3+, Ca2+, Sc3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Zr4+, Ln3+ (except Ce3+), Hf4+ and UO22+ at pH 8.0.
Bioelectrochemically Accelerated Microbial Conversion of Nicotinic Acid to 6-Hydroxynicotinic Acid on Microorganism-immobilized Column Electrolytic Flow System
Authors: Torimura Masaki , Yoshida Hideto , Kano Kenji , Ikeda Tokuji , Nagasawa Toru , Ueda Teruhisa
Published: September 2003

Nicotinic acid (NA) is efficiently hydroxylated into 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6HNA) by Pseudomonas fluorescens TN5-immobilized column electrolytic method using K3Fe(CN)6 as an extracellular electron transfer mediator, in which the conversion rate was sufficiently accelerated compared with the aerobic oxidation. The NA conversion system was applied to the continuous-production of 6HNA in 100% yield and the absolute determination of NA in flow-injection analysis.
PhSH-(Catalytic) KF as an Efficient Protocol for Chemoselective Ester O-Alkyl Cleavage under Non-hydrolytic Neutral Condition
Authors: Nayak Mirinal K , Chakraborti Asit K
Published: September 2003

Methyl esters are chemoselectively deprotected by thiophenol in presence of catalytic amount of KF in dry NMP (1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone) under non-hydrolytic neutral condition.
Multiple Cation-π Interactions between the Trimethylammonium Moiety and the Aromatic Rings within a Molecular Complex Formed between 3-Phenylpropionic Acid Choline Ester and Resorcin[4]arene
Authors: Murayama Kazutaka , Aoki Katsuyuki
Published: September 2003

X-ray analysis of the molecular complex formed between 3-phenylpropionic acid choline ester (1) and tetraethylresorcin[4]arene (2) has shown that the choline ester 1 is captured by the bowl-shaped 2 through multiple cation-π interactions between the quaternary trimethylammonium group of 1 and the aromatic rings of 2 and that 1 itself forms a folded structure to make close contacts between its trimethylammonium moiety and the phenyl ring through cation-π interactions.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Triiron Complexes Containing Selenide and Diselenide Bridging Ligands: X-ray Structure of [Cp*3Fe3(μ2-Se)(μ3-Se2)2](PF6)(Cp*=η5-C5Me5)
Authors: Inomata Shinji , Hiruma Takehiko , Ogino Hiroshi
Published: September 2003

Reaction of Cp*2Fe2(CO)4 with red selenium (Se8) afforded an unexpected selenium-rich triiron complex Cp*3Fe3Se5(1). Air oxidation of 1 in the presence of NH4PF6 gave the monocationic complex [Cp*3Fe3Se5] (PF6) (2). An X-ray crystal structure analysis of 2 revealed that an Fe3Se5 core consists of three iron atoms, one μ2-selenide ligand, and two μ3-diselenide ligands with a side-on manner. Reactions of 2 with some simple reagents were also examined.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Epolactaene
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Narasaka Koichi
Published: September 2003

The first asymmetric total synthesis of epolactaene, a neuritogenic compound, was accomplished in 16 steps and its absolute stereochemistry was determined.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on MCM-41 and Their Catalytic Activities for the Low-temperature Oxidation of CO and of H2
Authors: Okumura Mitsutaka , Tsubota Susumu , Iwamoto Masakazu , Haruta Masatake
Published: September 2003

Au nanoparticles can be deposited on MCM-41 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of dimethyl gold acetylacetonate. They exhibit high catalytic activities for the oxidation of CO and of H2 at low temperatures, below and above 273K, respectively.
Formation of Oxygenates in the Propane Oxidation over K+ Modified Fe/SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Teng Yonghong , Kobayashi Tetsuhiko
Published: September 2003

Oxygenates are formed in the propane oxidation over silica catalysts supporting a very small amount of Fe. Alkali addition to the catalysts can enhance the activity as well as the selectivity to acrolein and acetone.
Syntheses and Properties of π-Conjugated Polymers Containing Chromophore. 2. Introduction of Porphyrin Units into Main Chain of Water-Soluble Small Band Gap Polymer
Authors: Aota Hiroyuki , Reikan Takeshi , Matsumoto Akira , Kamachi Mikiharu
Published: September 2003

A novel water-soluble small band gap (below 0.5 eV) polymer containing porphyrin units in its main chain was prepared from pyrrole, sodium o-benzaldehyde sulfonate and dipyrryletioporphyrin by addition-condensation polymerization.
Floating Mixed Monolayers of Octaalkoxymetallophthalocyanines with Liquid Crystalline Azobenzenes
Authors: Matsuzawa Yoko , Seki Takahiro , Ichimura Kunihiro
Published: September 2003

Mixed monolayers consisting of a metallophthalocyanines and a liquid crystalline azobenzene are formed homogeneously on a water surface at temperatures where the azobenzene is in a liquid crystalline state.
Spectroelectrochemical Detection of an Intermediate in the Alcohol Oxidation Process with a Nitroxyl Radical
Authors: Kishioka Shin-ya , Ohsaka Takeo , Tokuda Koichi
Published: September 2003

A spectroelectrochemical study revealed the formation of an adduct of nitrosonium ion with 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol as an intermediate in the alcohol oxidation process.
Conductive Circuit Formation on Organosilicon Films by Patterning with UV
Authors: Fukushima Motoo , Hamada Yoshitaka , Tabei Eiichi , Aramata Mikio , Mori Shigeru , Yamamoto Yasushi
Published: September 2003

This paper concerns a novel method for the preparation of silver metal from AgBF4 by reduction with polysilanes, and an application of the method to the direct formation of conducting pattern on the surface of organosilicon polymers in combination with UV light lithography without any other promoters, reductants and photoresists.
Autonomous Improvement in the Catalytic Activity of KVO3/SiC for Soot Oxidation under Practical Gaseous Conditions
Authors: Zhao Zhen , Obuchi Akira , Uchisawa Junko , Ogata Atsushi , Kushiyama Satoshi
Published: September 2003

The effect of reactant gas composition on the catalytic combustion of soot by KVO3/SiC are investigated. The activity of KVO3-SiC increased by repeating the measurement of temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) under reaction gases containing SO2. SEM and EDX observations showed that only KVO3 was present on the surface of the fresh sample, but a mixture of K2SO4,V2O5 and KVO3 was formed on the used sample, suggesting that during the reaction process the mixed metal oxide change into simple sulfate and oxide which are more stable and catalytically active under practical conditions.
Pyrimidin‐/thiazol‐/thiazolin‐ylidenamidothiophosphoric dichlorides
Authors: Kabra Vijaya , Gupta Neelima , Jain Sama , Saxena Varsha
Published: September 2003

Nine new amidodichlorothiophosphorus(V) derivatives incorporating pyrimidine, thiazole, and thiazoline rings were obtained by sulfurization of the corresponding aminodichlorophosphines generated in situ from the reaction of the respective N‐alkyl‐2‐aminocycloiminium halide with PCl3 in the presence of triethylamine. These pyrimidin‐/thiazol‐/thiazolin‐ylidenamidothiophosphoric dichlorides were isolated as stable crystalline solids and are well characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:498–502, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10170
Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial activity of some new pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Abdel‐Gawad Soad M. , Ghorab M. M. , El‐Sharief A. M. Sh. , El‐Telbany F. A. , Abdel‐Alla M.
Published: September 2003

2‐Benzyl‐ and 2‐aryloxymethyl‐3‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4‐ones 5a–f have been synthesized by reacting the corresponding arylacetylamino derivatives 3a–f with hydrazine hydrate. Thionation of compounds 5d–f by action of P2S5 in pyridine yielded 2‐aryloxy‐methyl‐3‐amino‐1‐pheny‐lpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐thions 6a–c. 2,5‐Diphenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[5′,1′:4:5]pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐8‐one (8) was also obtained via reaction of ethyl‐2‐cinnamoylamino‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazole‐4‐car‐boxylate (7) with hydrazine hydrate. The prepared compounds were screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity. Some of the tested compounds were found to be active at 100 μg/ml compared with reference compounds (Ampicillin and Trivid) as antibacterial agents and claforan as antifungal agent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:530–534, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10187
The road to economic self‐sufficiency: Job quality and job transition patterns after welfare reform
Authors: Johnson Rucker C. , Corcoran Mary E.
Published: September 2003

This paper analyzes the relationships of schooling, the skill content of work experience, and different types of employment patterns with
less‐skilled women's job quality outcomes. Survey data from employers and longitudinal data from former and current welfare recipients
are used for the period 1997 to early 2002. The analysis of job quality is broadened beyond employment rates and wages measured at a point in time by
including non‐wage attributes of compensation and aspects of jobs that affect future earnings potential. This study shows the extent to which
lack of employment stability, job skills, and occupation‐specific experience impedes welfare recipients' abilities to obtain a
“good job” or to transition into one from a “bad job.” The business cycle downturn has significantly negatively affected the
job quality and job transition patterns of former and current recipients. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management.
Solid‐state 13C and 129Xe NMR study of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl alcohol)/lactosilated chitosan gels
Authors: Lai Simona , Locci Emanuela , Saba Giuseppe , Husu Ivan , Masci Giancarlo , Crescenzi Vittorio , Lai Adolfo
Published: September 2003

Dry and hydrated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels with 55% (a‐PVA) and 61% (s‐PVA) syndiotacticity and related PVA/lactyl chitosan (LC) blends have been investigated with 129Xe and cross‐polarization/magic‐angle‐spinning 13C NMR techniques. Although the dry gels exhibit two broad 129Xe resonances in the slow‐to‐intermediate exchange limit, both hydrated gels show three resonances. The corresponding dry blends exhibit two signals, the chemical shifts and line widths of which change with respect to those of pure PVA, whereas one (a‐PVA/LC) or two (s‐PVA/LC) signals appear in the spectra of the hydrated blends. A comparative analysis of the data demonstrates that LC rearranges the domains of the polymeric matrix in both the dry and hydrated blends according to the syndiotacticity of the PVA chains. Information on the molecular motions of the amorphous and swollen polymeric domains in the kilohertz range has been obtained from an analysis of the spin‐lattice relaxation times. These data indicate that the dynamics and arrangement of the PVA chains in the gels are strongly affected by their tacticity and the addition of the copolymer LC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3123–3131, 2003
Yellow‐light‐emitting cyano‐substituted poly[(1,3‐phenylene vinylene)‐alt‐(1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] derivative: Its synthesis and optical properties
Authors: Liao Liang , Pang Yi , Ding Liming , Karasz Frank E.
Published: September 2003

A soluble cyano‐substituted poly[(1,3‐phenylene vinylene)‐alt‐(1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] derivative (9) was synthesized and characterized. Comparison between 9 and its model compound (10) showed that the chromophore in 9 remained to be well defined as a result of a π‐conjugation interruption at adjacent m‐phenylene units. The attachment of a cyano substituent only at the β position of the vinylene allowed the maximum electronic impact of the cyano group on the optical properties of the poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) material. At a low temperature (−108 or −198 °C), the vibronic structures of 9 and 10 were partially resolved. The absorption and emission spectra of a film of 9 were less temperature‐dependent than those of a film of 10, indicating that the former had a lower tendency to aggregate. A light‐emitting diode (LED) based on 9 emitted yellow light (λmax ≈ 578 nm) with an external quantum efficiency of 0.03%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3149–3158, 2003
Polymerization of methyl methacrylate by metallocene imido complexes and tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane
Authors: Jin Jizhu , Mariott Wesley R. , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: September 2003

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated with tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane [Al(C6F5)3] and four metallocene imido complexes that varied in the complex symmetry/chirality, metal, and R group in the NR moiety, as well as a zirconocene enolate preformed from the imido zirconocene and MMA. This study examined four aspects of MMA polymerization: the effects of the metallocene imido complex structure on the polymerization activity and polymer tacticity, the degree of polymerization control, the elementary reactions of the imido complex with Al(C6F5)3 and MMA, and the polymerization kinetics and mechanism. There was no effect of the imido complex symmetry/chirality on the polymerization stereochemistry; the polymerization followed Bernoullian statistics, producing syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate)s with moderate (∼70% [rr]) to high (∼91% [rr]) syndiotacticity, depending on the polymerization temperature. Polymerization control was demonstrated by the number‐average molecular weight, which increased linearly with an increase in the monomer conversion to 100%, and the relatively small and insensitive polydispersity indices (from 1.21 to 1.17) to conversion. The reactions of the zirconocene imido complex with Al(C6F5)3 and MMA produced the parent base‐free imido complex and the [2 + 4] cycloaddition product (i.e., zirconocene enolate), respectively; the latter product reacted with Al(C6F5)3 to generate the active zirconocenium enolaluminate. The MMA polymerization with the metallocene imido complex and the alane proceeded via intermolecular Michael addition of the enolaluminate to the alane‐activated MMA involved in the propagation step. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3132–3142, 2003
Functional inactivation of the conserved Sem1p in yeast by intrabodies
Authors: Reinman Mirka , Jäntti Jussi , Alfthan Kaija , Keränen Sirkka , Söderlund Hans , Takkinen Kristiina
Published: September 2003

Intrabody technology was applied to characterize the function and intracellular localization of a highly conserved Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sem1 protein. DSS1, the mammalian homologue of Sem1p, is functionally conserved between yeast and mammalian cells, and in mammalian cells physically interacts with the strong tumour supressor BRCA2. Yeast and the generated intrabodies are thus expected to offer a useful system for studies on Sem1p/DSS1 function. Sem1p‐specific antibody isolated from a phage display library was expressed intracellularily and targeted to either the cytosol or the nucleus of yeast cells. Analysis of the applicability of different antibody fragments as intrabodies showed that the Fab intrabody was expressed most efficiently. Expression of nuclear‐targeted anti‐Sem1p Fab intrabodies inhibited the growth of the Σ1278b yeast strain in a manner similar to deletion of the SEM1 gene. This indicates that the Fab intrabodies interact in vivo with Sem1p and result in inactivation of Sem1p. Localization of the Fab intrabody with or without the nuclear localization signal to the nucleus in Sem1p‐dependent manner suggests that Sem1p mediates the nuclear transport of the intrabody without any targeting signal. Our results suggest that Sem1p function in yeast cells is in part manifested in the nucleus. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Naf1/ABIN‐1 among TNF‐α‐induced expressed genes in human synoviocytes using oligonucleotide microarrays
Authors: Gallagher Joanne , Howlin Jillian , McCarthy Conor , Murphy Evelyn P , Bresnihan Barry , FitzGerald Oliver , Godson Catherine , Brady Hugh R , Martin Finian
Published: September 2003

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a critical effector of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used oligonucleotide microarray (OM) analysis to assess TNF‐α‐modulated gene expression in cultured primary human synoviocytes in vitro. Genes identified include cytokines and inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules, cell cycle and proliferation related proteins, transcription related proteins, and apoptotic mediators. OM identified 1185 differentially expressed genes in TNF‐α‐treated synoviocytes. The regulation of Nef‐associated factor‐1 (Naf1), an A20‐binding, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) inhibitory protein was probed further given its putative role as an endogenous brake for the expression of some TNF‐α‐driven genes. Naf1 mRNA levels were higher in synovial biopsies from patients with active RA and seronegative arthropathy than in those from patients with osteoarthritis. These findings underscore the value of transcriptome analysis in cytokine‐activated synoviocyte cultures in vitro as a means of identifying disease‐associated genes in human arthritis, and implicate Naf1 as a potential modulator of TNF‐α bioactivity in RA.
Observing the growth of individual actin filaments in cell extracts by time‐lapse atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lehto Tiina , Miaczynska Marta , Zerial Marino , Müller Daniel J. , Severin Fedor
Published: September 2003

High‐resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to directly observe the dynamic assembly of single actin filaments in HeLa cell extracts in vitro. The F‐actin filaments established a dynamic network and formed different types of junctions and branches. The connections of this network were X‐, Y‐ or T‐shaped. It was found that the actin filaments were densely covered by endosomes and vesicles from the cell extract, which are thought to stabilize their structures. Using time‐lapse AFM, the growth, shrinkage, branching and the interaction of actin filaments with endosomes could be characterized. Our results indicate that the majority of F‐actin filaments are static in HeLa extract and that only a minor fraction of filaments undergo dynamic changes. Furthermore, the AFM imaging approach not only provides unique insights into the assembly and dynamics of actin networks; it also builds an avenue to study in vitro assays of complex biological systems.
Hypertonic activation of a non‐selective cation conductance in HeLa cells and its contribution to cell volume regulation
Authors: Wehner Frank , Shimizu Takahiro , Sabirov Ravshan , Okada Yasunobu
Published: September 2003

In whole‐cell recordings on single HeLa cells, the hypertonic activation of a cation conductance with a selectivity ratio PNa:PLi:PK:PCs:PNMDG:PCa:PCl of 1.00:0.86:0.84:0.56:0.10:0.07:0.15 was observed. This (non‐selective) cation conductance was reduced to 59 and 30% of maximal stimulation by Gd3+ and flufenamate, respectively, but it was insensitive to amiloride (with each compound applied at 100 μmol/l). As was determined by the Coulter counter technique, the cation conductance was the main mechanism of regulatory volume increase (RVI) in HeLa cells. Whereas a significant contribution of Na+/H+ antiport was also detectable, Na+‐K+‐2Cl− symport most likely did not contribute to RVI.
Free Tendon Interposition Grafting for the Repair of Ruptured Extensor Tendons in the Rheumatoid Hand
Authors: MOUNTNEY J. , BLUNDELL C. M. , MCARTHUR P. , STANLEY D.
Published: September 2003

Sixteen ruptured extensor tendons were repaired in seven rheumatoid hands using autogenous palmaris longus tendon as a free interposition graft. The patients were reviewed at an average of 17 months (range, 5–45) after repair. Subjectively all patients were satisfied with the clinical results, and achieved a return to their level of ability before tendon rupture. A biomechanical model suggests that tendon repair using an interposition graft, rather than a traditional end-to-side tendon transfer retains the anatomical axis of tendon function, and achieves greater forces during active finger extension.
On the optimality of velocity averaging lemmas
Authors: De Lellis Camillo , Westdickenberg Michael
Published: September 2003

Studying weak solutions of Burgers’ equation with finite entropy dissipation we show the sharpness of recent results of Jabin and Perthame on velocity averaging. Similar arguments give bounds on the regularity of asymptotic finite-energy states for some variational problems of Ginzburg–Landau type.

Nous construisons des solutions faibles de l’équation de Burgers à dissipation finie de l’entropie et montrons que les exposants de régularité obtenus récemment par Jabin et Perthame pour les théorèmes de moyennes en vitesse sont optimal. Nous étudions aussi la régularité des états asymptotiques d’un problème variationnel de type Ginzburg–Landau.
Neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid conditions on task performance
Authors: Aycicegi Ayse , Dinn Wayne M. , Harris Catherine L. , Erkmen Husnu
Published: September 2003

Background

Neuropsychological testing reveals a pattern of impairment among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) which implicates the orbitofrontal region. Studies of neuropsychological function in OCD differ regarding performance deficits on classical tests of frontal executive function. In some studies, OCD patients did not demonstrate impaired performance on tests of executive function. However, other researchers have documented performance deficits among OCD patients on measures of executive function. Patients with OCD also exhibit performance deficits on tests of visual/spatial memory and verbal memory. Again, in some studies, OCD patients did not demonstrate impaired performance on tests of memory function. How can we account for the conflicting findings? One possibility is that performance deficits on tests of cognitive function are associated with comorbid conditions. In prior work, we observed that OCD patients who did poorly on executive function tasks obtained high scores on a measure of schizotypal personality. A second possibility is that executive function deficits among patients with OCD are associated with comorbid depressive symptoms.

Method

In the present study, a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered to patients with OCD and matched healthy control subjects. We also administered dimensional measures of schizotypal personality and depression to patients with OCD and controls. We conducted analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), with scores on measures of schizotypal personality and depression used as covariates.

Results

OCD patients demonstrated performance deficits on measures of delayed memory, response inhibition, alternation learning, and obtained significantly higher scores on measures of disinhibition, impulsivity, and temporolimbic symptoms; however, OCD patients did not exhibit impaired performance on tests of executive function and verbal fluency, and did not report a significantly greater number of dysexecutive symptoms, when coexistent depressive and schizotypal symptoms were taken into account.

Conclusion

Findings are consistent with the contention that dysfunction of an orbitofrontal-limbic network underlies OCD.
T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene in Turkish patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Tot Şenel , Erdal M. Emin , Yazıcı Kemal , Yazıcı Aylin Ertekin , Metin Özmen
Published: September 2003

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the possible association between T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphism in the 5-HT2A receptor gene and susceptibility to and clinical features of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

Method

Fifty-eight patients with OCD and 83 healthy controls were included in the study. All patients were interviewed and rated by Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale. T102C and –1438 G/A polymorphisms of 5-HT2A receptor gene were determined by PCR technique in DNAs of peripheral leucocytes.

Results

OCD patients and healthy controls did not show significant differences in genotype distribution for both polymorphisms investigated. We found that frequencies of the TT genotype for T102C polymorphism and the AA genotype for –1438 G/A polymorphism were significantly higher in patients with severe OCD compared to those with moderate or moderate–severe OCD.

Conclusion

The –1438 G/A and T102C polymorphisms of the 5-HT2A receptor gene are not associated with an increased risk of OCD. Our data suggest that the TT genotype of T102C and the AA genotype of –1438 G/A polymorphism might be a factor in clinical severity of OCD.
Ciprofloxacin-induced acute psychosis in a patient with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Norra Christine , Skobel Erik , Breuer Christian , Haase Gerhard , Hanrath Peter , Hoff Paul
Published: September 2003

Tuberculosis (TB) increasingly appears in a multidrug-resistant form (MDR-TB) in Europe, too. Treatment remains difficult due to various side effects of the multi-drug-regimens. Ciprofloxacin is widely used as one of the few TB-second-line drugs. We report on the course of a ciprofloxacin-induced acute psychosis in a patient with MDR(isoniazid, streptomycin)-TB which resolved after cessation of ciprofloxacin treatment and introduction of a novel oxazolidone. Careful treatment considerations particularly in patients with additional predisposing factors to neuropsychiatric symptoms are recommended in the potentially dangerous MDR-TB, thus creating an enormous therapeutic challenge.
Shear wave splitting and crustal anisotropy at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 35°N
Authors: Barclay Andrew H. , Toomey Douglas R.
Published: August 2003

Shear wave splitting observed in microearthquake data at the axis of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 35°N has a fast polarization direction that is parallel to the trend of the axial valley. The time delays between fast and slow S wave arrivals range from 35 to 180 ms, with an average of 90 ms, and show no relationship with ray path length, source‐to‐receiver azimuth, or receiver location. The anisotropy is attributed to a shallow distribution of vertical, fluid‐filled cracks, aligned parallel to the trend of the axial valley. Joint modeling of the shear wave anisotropy and coincident P wave anisotropy results, using recent theoretical models for the elasticity of a porous medium with aligned cracks, suggests that the crack distribution that causes the observed P wave anisotropy can account for at most 10 ms of the shear wave delay. Most of the shear wave delay thus likely accrues within the shallowmost 500 m (seismic layer 2A), and the percent S wave anisotropy within this highly fissured layer is 8–30%. Isolated, fluid‐filled cracks at 500 m to 3 km depth that are too thin or too shallow to be detected by the P wave experiment may also contribute to the shear wave delays. The joint analysis of P and S wave anisotropy is an important approach for constraining the crack distributions in the upper oceanic crust and is especially suited for seismically active hydrothermal systems at slow and intermediate spreading mid‐ocean ridges.
Dynamically evolving double layers and density depletions
Authors: Singh Nagendra
Published: August 2003

Electric fields parallel to an ambient magnetic field in collisionless plasmas are most likely localized in double layers (DLs). Using one‐dimensional Vlasov simulations, we study the localization processes for DLs in the return current region of the auroral plasma, in which the density decreases with increasing altitude. If there is a preexisting density cavity in the plasma, the DL forms in the cavity localizing the field‐aligned (parallel) potential drop in it. If there is no preexisting cavity in the plasma, the cavities are created by plasma instabilities localizing the parallel fields in them. Performing several simulations by varying the length of the simulated plasma, depth of the density depletion in the initial cavities, and the magnitude of the large‐scale density gradient, we learned that the DLs formed in the cavities and associated plasma response are highly dynamic. The dynamic response of a DL includes its (1) progressive motion into the lower‐density plasma, (2) weakening or complete dissolution, and (3) reformation depending on the evolution of the electron current. The associated dynamic response of the plasma includes (1) evolving level of electron and ion accelerations, (2) double and counterstreaming of both electrons and ions, (3) generation of nonlinear wave structures like electron phase space holes (EHs), and (4) strong perturbations in the electron current caused by the EHs. The reformation of the DLs in the remains of old density depletions is associated with a cavitational instability, which has a threshold condition like that for the Buneman instability. When the evolving electron current exceeds the threshold, it triggers redeepening of the remnant depletions by the cavitational instability as well as the reformation and/or regrowth of a DL. The temporal plasma response associated with the decay, regrowth, and/or reformation of double layers greatly adds to the complexities of the plasma electrodynamics driven simply by a static and stationary DL. We suggest that many of the highly dynamic behaviors of the auroral return current plasma, as observed from FAST, could be the consequences of such temporal behavior of DLs.
A fluorescein tracer release experiment in the hydrothermally active crater of Vailulu'u volcano, Samoa
Authors: Hart S. R. , Staudigel H. , Workman R. , Koppers A. A. P. , Girard A. P.
Published: August 2003

On 3 April 2001, a 20 kg point source of fluorescein dye was released 30 m above the bottom of the active summit caldera of Vailulu'u submarine volcano, Samoa. Vailulu'u crater is 2000 m wide and at water depths of 600–1000 m, with the bottom 200 m completely enclosed; it thus provides an ideal site to study the hydrodynamics of an active hydrothermal system. The magmatically driven hydrothermal system in the crater is currently exporting massive amounts of particulates, manganese, and helium. The dispersal of the dye was tracked for 4 days with a fluorimeter in tow‐yo mode from the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Sea. Lateral dispersion of the dye ranged from 80 to 500 m d−1; vertical dispersion had two components: a diapycnal diffusivity component averaging 21 cm2 s−1, and an advective component averaging 0.025 cm s−1. These measurements constrain the mass export of water from the crater during this period to be 8−1.3+4.6 × 107 m3 d−1, which leads to a “turnover” time for water in the crater of ∼3.2 days. Coupled with temperature data from CTD profiles and Mn analyses of water samples, the power output from the crater is 610−100+350 MW, and the manganese export flux is ∼240 kg d−1. The Mn/Heat ratio of 4.7 ng J−1 is significantly lower than ratios characteristic of hot smokers and diffuse hydrothermal flows on mid‐ocean ridges and points to phase separation processes in this relatively shallow hydrothermal system.
Upper mantle structure beneath the Alpine orogen from high‐resolution teleseismic tomography
Authors: Lippitsch Regina , Kissling Edi , Ansorge Jörg
Published: August 2003

To understand the evolution of the Alpine orogen, knowledge of the actual structure of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system is important. We perform high‐resolution teleseismic tomography with manually picked P wave arrival times from seismograms recorded in the greater Alpine region. The resulting data set consists of 4199 relative P wave arrivals and 499 absolute P wave arrivals from 76 teleseismic events, corrected for the contribution of the Alpine crust to the travel times. The three‐dimensional (3‐D) crustal model established from controlled‐source seismology data for that purpose represents the large‐scale Alpine crustal structure. Absolute P wave arrival times are used to compute an initial reference model for the inversion. Tests with synthetic data document that the combination of nonlinear inversion, high‐quality teleseismic data, and usage of an a priori 3‐D crustal model allows a reliable resolution of cells at 50 km × 50 km × 30 km. Hence structures as small as two cells can be resolved in the upper mantle. Our tomographic images illuminate the structure of the uppermost mantle to depth of 400 km. Along strike of the Alps, the inversion reveals a high‐velocity structure that dips toward the SE beneath the Adriatic microplate in the western and central Alps. In the eastern Alps we observe a northeastward dipping feature, subducting beneath the European plate. We interpret this feature in the western and central Alps as subducted, mainly continental European lower lithosphere. For the east, we propose that parts of the Vardar oceanic basin were subducted toward the NE, forcing continental Adriatic lower lithosphere to subduct northeastward beneath the European plate.
Mean stream coordinates structure of the Subantarctic Front: Temperature, salinity, and absolute velocity
Authors: Meinen Christopher S. , Luther Douglas S. , Watts D. Randolph , Chave Alan D. , Tracey Karen L.
Published: August 2003

The mean synoptic structure of the northern, strongest branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current southwest of Tasmania, at the Subantarctic Front (SAF), is estimated by a stream coordinates analysis of data from overlapping arrays of Inverted Echo Sounders (IESs) and Horizontal Electric Field Recorders deployed during the 1995–1997 Sub‐Antarctic Flux and Dynamics Experiment. The stream coordinates are derived from a daily objective mapping of the temperature field obtained from combining the IES travel time measurements with an empirical look‐up table constructed from the extensive hydrography acquired during WOCE. Full‐water‐column stream‐coordinates sections of temperature, Salinity, and absolute velocity are presented and compared with prior observations. The along‐stream current has a single peak with surface velocities reaching about 50 cm s−1. The vertical structure of the along‐stream velocity is roughly consistent with a combined external and first internal normal mode description that is adapted to the buoyancy frequency as it varies across the front, although there are some significant differences. The cross‐stream structure of along‐stream velocity is very nearly symmetric about the jet axis, but the lateral shear magnitude is slightly larger on the cold side of the SAF. Separating the baroclinic and barotropic currents reveals that the SAF currents are diffluent, primarily baroclinically, in the cross‐stream direction. Baroclinic cross‐stream diffluence of approximately 0.23 Sv per km (Sv = 106 m3 s−1), or about 16 Sv per degree of longitude at 51°S. The 2‐year mean total SAF transport is 75 Sv (for a 220 km width); the barotropic contribution is small (8 Sv) but not negligible.
Monthly climatology of the continental shelf waters of the South Atlantic Bight
Authors: Blanton Brian O. , Aretxabaleta Alfredo , Werner Francisco E. , Seim Harvey E.
Published: August 2003

Monthly circulation of the South Atlantic Bight is diagnosed using a 3‐D, shallow water, finite element model forced with monthly wind stress and hydrographic climatology. Temperature and salinity observations from the period 1950–1999 are objectively interpolated onto the model domain, and Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) wind velocities from 1975–1999 are used to prescribe the model surface wind stress. The resulting monthly temperature and salinity fields compare favorably to existing shelf climatology. River discharge maxima are evident in the spring temperature and salinity fields, and the rapid heating and cooling of the shelf are captured. The diagnostic circulation is largely wind‐driven in the inner and mid‐shelf, and the Gulf Stream is apparent in the solutions on the outer shelf. We present the monthly fields, including the temporal and spatial distribution of available hydrographic data, the regional COADS data that provide surface wind stress forcing, the objective analysis, and the model response to these forcings. The hydrographic and velocity fields provide best‐prior‐estimates of the circulation for data assimilation studies in the region, as well as initial conditions for process‐oriented prognostic model studies in the Georgia coastal region.
Multisensor analysis of integrated atmospheric water vapor over Canada and Alaska
Authors: Bokoye A. I. , Royer A. , O'Neill N. T. , Cliche P. , McArthur L. J. B. , Teillet P. M. , Fedosejevs G. , Thériault J.‐M.
Published: August 2003

Atmospheric water vapor is a key parameter for the analysis of climatic systems (greenhouse gas effect), in particular over high latitudes where water vapor displays an important seasonal variability. The sparse spatial and temporal sampling of atmospheric water vapor observations across Canada needs to be improved. A series of instruments and methods including a 940‐nm solar absorption band radiometer (R) and radiosonde (S) analysis from a numerical weather prediction model and a ground‐based bi‐frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) were used to evaluate the integrated atmospheric water vapor (IWV) at various sites in Canada and Alaska from a multiyear database. The IWV‐R measurements were collected within the framework of the North American Sun Radiometry network (AERONET/AEROCAN). Intercomparisons between [IWV‐GPS and IWV‐S], [IWV‐R and IWV‐GPS], and [IWV‐R and IWV‐S] show root mean square (RMS) differences of 1.8, 1.9, and 2.2 kg m−2, respectively. GPS meteorology appears to be the easiest approach to calibrate the solar radiometer water vapor band owing to its flexibility, and it allows us to overcome the Sun radiometry limitation in high‐latitude areas like the Arctic. The sensitivity of the GPS retrieval to various parameters like GPS satellite constellation and meteorological data are discussed. The classical linear relationship between the surface temperature and the integrated weighted mean temperature profile needed for IWV‐GPS retrieval may be significantly different for Arctic air masses compared with midlatitude air masses in the case of tropospheric temperature profile inversion. An ever‐expanding multiyear (1994–2001) North American summer water vapor climatology, derived from AERONET/Canadian Sun Radiometer Network, is presented and analyzed, showing a mean value of 19.8 ± 6.1 kg m−2and variations from 17 kg m−2in Alaska to 23 kg m−2in southeastern Canada. The results in Bonanza Creek, Alaska, show significant interannual variations with a peak in 1997, which may be linked to an El Niño event that occurred in the same year. Such a database may also be useful for climate model validation as shown for the Canadian Global Environmental Model (RMS difference of 3.4 kg m−2). In the end we show that, even if data are selected only for cloud‐free atmospheres, there are no significant differences as compared with radiosonde climatology at Canadian Northwestern sites (≤3% relatively to Bonanza Creek summer mean value).
A high‐resolution numerical study of the Asian dust storms of April 2001
Authors: Liu Ming , Westphal Douglas L. , Wang Shigong , Shimizu Atsushi , Sugimoto Nobuo , Zhou Jun , Chen Yan
Published: August 2003

A comprehensive dust aerosol model is developed and fully coupled to the U. S. Navy's operational Coupled Ocean/Atmospheric Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS™). The model is used to simulate the Asian dust storms of 5–15 April 2001 at 27‐km resolution with 46 vertical layers. Dust was primarily generated in the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts between 6 and 9 April and then swept across vast areas of east Asia. The model performance is verified with satellite products and by observations of PM10 and lidar data from Lanzhou, Beijing, Hefei, Tsukuba, and Nagasaki. The model simulates the right timing and strength of dust events, predicting depths and magnitudes of the boundary layer and elevated layer of dust plumes that compare well with observed values. Numerical analysis shows that the first Mongolia cyclone on the 6 and 7 April and the cold front on 8 and 9 April, accompanied by a second Mongolia low, form the major dynamic forcing patterns that mobilize, transport, and vertically redistribute the dust. Both cyclones entrain the dust and transport dust to altitudes of 8–9 km, while at the top of the cyclone, transport is anticyclonic and to the northeast. The analysis of the individual dynamic and microphysical tendency terms in the mass continuity equation reveals that in the dust generation area, mechanical and convective turbulence plays the major role in mixing dust upward to the top of the planetary boundary layer. In the downstream cyclone area, vertical advection by the model‐resolved upward motion in the cyclones is the dominant dynamic process that transports dust to high altitudes and into the westerlies, making it available for long‐range transport. The mass budget calculation for the entire simulation period reveals that about 75% of the total dust production is redeposited to the Asian deserts, 20% falls onto nondesert areas through dry and wet deposition, and 1.6% falls into the China and Japan Seas.
Overlap properties of clouds generated by a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Oreopoulos L. , Khairoutdinov M.
Published: August 2003

The overlap properties of ∼850 snapshots of convective cloud fields generated by a cloud‐resolving model are studied and compared with previously published results based on cloud radar observations. Total cloud cover is overestimated by the random overlap assumption but underestimated by the maximum overlap assumption and two standard implementations of the combined maximum/random overlap assumption. When the overlap of two layers is examined as a function of vertical separation distance, the value of the parameter α measuring the relative weight of maximum (α = 1) and random (α = 0) overlap decreases in such a way that only layers less than 1 km apart can be considered maximally overlapped, while layers more than 5 km apart are essentially randomly overlapped. The decrease of α with separation distance Δz is best expressed by a power law, which may not, however, be suitable for parameterization purposes. The more physically appropriate exponential function has slightly smaller goodness of fit overall but still gives very good fits for Δz between 0 and 5 km, which is the range of separation distances that would be of most importance in any overlap parameterization for radiative transfer purposes.
Quasi‐decadal variability in paleoclimate records: Sunspot cycles or intrinsic oscillations?
Authors: Garric G. , Huber M.
Published: August 2003

Paleoclimatic proxies for interannual variability reveal power within the 7–15 year quasi‐decadal (QD) band in Earth's history. Despite the fact that the best‐established sources of QD variability in modern climate are internal, this QD variability in paleoclimatic records is commonly attributed to the ∼11 year “sunspot cycle” of solar variability. Intrinsic QD variability has received little attention in paleoclimatology. We apply two different modeling frameworks to assess the degree to which QD variability might have occurred in the past and question whether existing paleoclimate records, no matter how well‐resolved, distinguish between internally driven and solar‐driven variability. We show that even a simple atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), driven by constant solar radiation, produces climate oscillations with a period of ∼11 years. Then, motivated by numerous studies arguing for the presence of sunspot cycles in Eocene (∼50 Ma) paleoclimate records, we demonstrate that a fully coupled GCM simulation with constant solar forcing reproduces the full spectrum of reconstructed Eocene variability. In the examples we consider, there is no compelling reason to invoke solar cycles as a cause of interpreted variability. We stress the importance of identifying internal modes of variability from paleoclimate records to increase understanding of the climate system.
Capillary pressure characteristics necessary for simulating DNAPL infiltration, redistribution, and immobilization in saturated porous media
Authors: Gerhard J. I. , Kueper B. H.
Published: August 2003

This study presents a capillary‐pressure saturation (PC‐S) constitutive model that incorporates the capillary phenomena necessary for simulating the spatial distribution of nonwetting fluid migrating in a saturated porous medium. To develop a model validation data set, a sequence of dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pools were emplaced, under alternating drainage and imbibition conditions, in a one‐dimensional, 1 m tall, saturated sand pack. A light transmission/image analysis system successfully distinguished between connected‐phase and residual nonwetting fluid in the apparatus, thereby permitting the accurate measurement of DNAPL pool heights. These heights are found to depend on the nonzero capillary pressure across the fluid‐fluid interface at the top of the pool. The terminal pressure is demonstrated to be the minimum sustainable capillary pressure in connected‐phase nonwetting fluid experiencing imbibition, below which residual is formed. Additional bench‐scale experiments demonstrate that a nonwetting phase pool will penetrate an underlying capillary barrier when the entry pressure is exceeded and that the resulting infiltration will terminate when the capillary pressure at the barrier reduces to the terminal pressure. At the macroscopic scale the terminal pressure corresponds to the extinction saturation (i.e., zero nonwetting phase flow) at the inflection point on the imbibition PC‐S curve. A ratio of terminal to entry pressure of approximately 0.6 is found to apply at both bench and macroscopic scales and to be independent of porous media and fluid properties. The developed PC‐S constitutive model, which extends the Brooks‐Corey function to incorporate the terminal pressure, successfully predicted the behavior observed in the laboratory experiments. Constitutive models that do not incorporate both an entry and a terminal pressure, such as those based upon the standard van Genuchten function, are demonstrated to be unable to predict the observed equilibrium DNAPL pool heights in homogeneous media or above capillary barriers.