bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geo-locate Project: A novel approach to resolving meteorological station location issues with the assistance of undergraduate students
Authors: Noone Simon , Brody Alison , Brown Sasha , Cantwell Niamh , Coleman Martha , Sarsfield Collins Louise , Darcy Caoilfhionn , Dee Dick , Donegan Seán , Fealy Rowan , Flattery Padraig , Mc Govern Rhonda , Menkman Caspar , Murphy Michael , Phillips Christopher , Roche Martina , Thorne Peter
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Global Land and Marine Observations Database aims to produce a comprehensive land based meteorological data archive and inventory. This requires the compilation of available land-based station meteorological data information from all known available in-situ meteorological data repositories/sources at multiple timescales (e.g. sub-daily, daily and monthly). During this process the service team members have identified that many of the data sources contained stations with incorrect location coordinates. These stations cannot be included in the processing to be served via the Copernicus Climate Change Service until the issues are satisfactorily resolved. Many of these stations are located in regions of the world where a sparsity of climate data currently exists, such as Southeast Asia and South America. As such, resolving these issues would provide important additional climate data, but this is a very labour-intensive task. Therefore, we have developed the Geo-locate project enrolling the help of undergraduate Geography students at Maynooth University, Ireland, to resolve some of the land-based station geolocation issues. We have successfully run two Geo-locate projects, the first in the second semester of the 2017/18 academic year and the second in the 2018/19 academic year. Both iterations to date have been very successful with 1926 out of 2168 total candidate stations ostensibly resolved, which equates to an 88 % success rate. At the same time, students gained critical skills helping to meet the expected pedagogical outcomes of the second-year curriculum, while producing a lasting scientific legacy. We asked the class of 2018/19 to reflect critically upon the outcomes and present the results herein which provide important feedback on what students felt that they gained from their participation and how we may improve the experience and learning outcomes in future. We will be continuing to run Geo-locate projects over the next few years. Due to the success of the Geo-locate project we encourage other organisations to investigate the potential for engaging university students to help resolve similar data issues while enriching the student experience and aiding the delivery of learning outcomes. This paper provides details of the project, and all supporting information such as project guidelines and templates to enable this.
The Hype of Big Data Analytics and Auditors
Authors: Joshi Prem Lal , Marthandan Govindan
Published: July 2019

In the era of fast-tracking digitization and unconventional big data analytics, business models are being reshaped and they impact auditing amongst auditors. This viewpoint paper takes into account the procedures underlying on big data and its analytics in driving the evolution of business and identifies some of the unresolved issues and concerns on auditors, especially in the context of cognitive tasks. The paper continues to focus on the current spate of discussions on big data and auditing profession. It explains the nature of big data and its characteristics as well as the output types. This paper also tries to find answers for what is new in it, how it assists the auditors along with some unresolved  issues and concerns. Since big data analytics is the future, auditors need to reshape themselves in terms of skills and competencies to meet the emerging technological challenges.
Los proyectos "Uniforms" de Andrea Zittel: líneas de fuerza y líneas de resistencia en el dispositivo moda
Authors: Almada Larissa , Mesquita Cristiane
Published: July 2019

Al entender que la moda es uno de los dispositivos que producen modos de vida en la contemporaneidad, este artículo presenta los proyectos Uniforms de la artista estadounidense Andrea Zittel, tomados como referencia para problematizar los patrones dominantes del vestir, de lo efímero y del consumismo, aquí considerados como líneas de fuerza sujetas al dispositivo moda. Inicialmente, se aborda una breve trayectoria de la vestimenta en el arte. Luego se traza un panorama sobre Zittel y se presentan los proyectos Uniforms, consignando el trayecto de la artista en esas propuestas. Con base en los pensamientos de los filósofos Gilles Lipovetsky y Lars Svendsen, se plantea una visión teórica sobre las líneas de fuerza del dispositivo moda para observar discursos de moda transmitidos por medios de comunicación impresos y digitales que apuntan su operación en la contemporaneidad. Se considera que las creaciones de la artista Andrea Zittel constituyen líneas de resistencia al efecto hegemónico producido por el dispositivo moda, al proponer otros modos de vestir que sugieren distintas perspectivas para los modos de vida.
"Exvoto". Aproximación al pensamiento filosófico-educativo de José Antonio Ibáñez-Martín
Authors: Luque David
Published: July 2019

José Antonio Ibáñez-Martín, hoy catedrático emérito por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, es un episodio fundamental en la historia de la educación en España: primer catedrático de Filosofía de la Educación, Premio Nacional de Ensayo -entre otros-, director de la Revista Española de Pedagogía y medalla de Alfonso X el Sabio. A esto hay que añadir más de 200 textos escritos que han servido para configurar un pensamiento filosófico-educativo perfectamente identificable. Este artículo, que se mueve en el ámbito de la hermenéutica y la historia de la educación, hace una revisión sistemática de todos sus textos escritos para configurar un mapa de sus ideas que tenga coherencia interna. Para ello parte de un esquema de interpretación que deduce una filosofía de la educación, una concepción de la educación misma y de la política de la educación a partir de la antropología que se deduce de los textos. El resultado es narración de todo el pensamiento filosófico del autor.
La (re)construcción de la identidad profesional de las profesoras de EF: de la complicidad y la reproducción de las relaciones de género a la disposición al cambio educativo
Authors: Sánchez-Hernández Nuria , Martos-García Daniel , Soler i Prat Susanna
Published: July 2019

Mediante la entrevista semiestructurada a tres profesoras de Educación Física participantes en un estudio etnográfico, los resultados refuerzan la relación entre la historia deportiva previa y la socialización profesional con el modelo técnico imperante. Esta identidad del profesorado se refleja en su quehacer cotidiano, en el que, a pesar del discurso crítico hacia la discriminación de género, las acciones pedagógicas que las profesoras desarrollan en el aula, por acción u omisión, implican la reproducción y la complicidad ante las relaciones tradicionales de género. La vivencia de una propuesta con un enfoque crítico y reflexivo, sin embargo, permite a las profesoras quebrar su identidad profesional inicial orientada al modelo técnico y desarrollar un nuevo enfoque más participativo  y transformador.
Do Graduates from Arts-Related Disciplines have a Higher Impact on Unemployment than Graduates from the Science-Related Disciplines?
Authors: Kakooza Victoria , Wamala Robert , Wokadala James , Bwire Thomas
Published: July 2019

There have been several attempts in developing countries to reduce both graduate and overall unemployment; with the majority attempts centered on changes in the education sector. To better understand this avenue, this study intends to comparatively establish the impact of the two broad discipline categories of- Arts and science related disciplines- on the overall unemployment. The study employed the Vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyse Uganda’s data between 1991 and 2017. The findings of the study showed that the arts/humanities graduates have a slightly higher impact on unemployment than their counterparts from the science/technology disciplines in the short run in Uganda; with both groups of graduates having no significant effect on unemployment in the long run.
Detentie van asielzoekers: een kwestie van gevoel?
Authors: van der Spek Wouter , Böcker Anita
Published: July 2019

Detention of asylum seekers: a matter of feeling?

This paper analyses how street-level bureaucrats in the Netherlands decide on detaining asylum seekers. The paper is based on interviews with officers of the national police and the military police who take these decisions as part of their job. The relevant Dutch and European legal rules are not clear and unambiguous and the officers are given wide margins of discretion in making these decisions. Many interviewees said that they ultimately rely on their ‘feelings’. The paper therefore pays special attention to whether and how gut feelings and emotions of the officers influence their decision-making. In addition, the paper examines whether and how the increased use of ICTs and the Europeanisation of migration and asylum law have reduced the officers’ discretion and autonomy.
Vertrouwen in het notariële tuchtrecht
Authors: van den Bos Kees , Biemans Jan , Bauw Eddy
Published: July 2019

Vertrouwen in het notariële tuchtrecht: Ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid onder het notariaat

This quantitative empirical research project describes how notaries evaluate disciplinary jurisdiction. Findings show that perceived procedural justice matters for notaries’ trust in the disciplinary jurisdiction of their cases. For example, those respondents who had been involved in a disciplinary case themselves, rated the disciplinary judge with a 5.3 on a 10-point scale when procedural justice was perceived by them to be relatively low. In contrast, when respondents who had been involved in a disciplinary case perceived procedural justice to be relatively high they rated the disciplinary judge with 7.6 on the same 10-point scale. This suggests that perceived procedural justice matters among an interesting type of professionals (notaries) who are involved in an interesting procedure in their profession (a disciplinary evaluation of their professional handling) in which important decisions are made. The current paper can contribute to the development of a barometer of notary disciplinary law.
De beslispraktijk van het Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven: een kwalitatieve studie naar de beoordeling van verzoeken tot tegemoetkoming
Authors: Huibers Mara , Kunst Maarten , van Wingerden Sigrid
Published: July 2019

The Violent Offences Compensation Fund’s decision-making practice: A qualitative study into the evaluation of requests for compensation

Victims who suffer severe damages due to the act of a violent crime can request state compensation from the Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund (VOCF). VOCF workers who decide on these requests use their discretionary powers to translate the VOCF’s rules and policy into concrete actions. This study investigated (1) to what extent these VOCF workers match Lipsky’s definition of street-level bureaucrats and (2) what routines and heuristics they use to deal with time and information constraints. On the basis of document analysis and interviews, we found that the decision makers of the VOCF can to a certain extent be seen as street-level bureaucrats. To make decisions timely, some of them use routines such as the ‘downstream orientation’. This means that they award requests for compensation if they think that the applicant would be able to successfully contest a rejecting decision. To deal with a lack of information, they sometimes include a review clause in the text of a rejection decision. The use of heuristics was not found among the lawyers who decide in first instance, but in case of appeal hearings heuristics such as the affect and representativeness heuristic seem to play a role in the decision-making process. Future research should investigate whether these routines and heuristics lead to disparities in outcomes.
Law in action in strafzaken
Authors: Ansems Lisa
Published: July 2019

Law in action in criminal cases

This PhD project uses a mixed method design to study perceived procedural justice among defendants in Dutch single-judge criminal cases. To find out whether defendants are concerned with perceived procedural justice and to get a better grasp on the concept, the first empirical project reviewed here is an interview study among defendants conducted in 2017. In this study, defendants were interviewed after their court hearings about perceived procedural justice during their court hearings. The second empirical project, which started in January 2019, zooms in on experiences of defendants with a non-western migration background. Using a questionnaire, I examine whether and how perceived everyday discrimination affects defendants’ perceptions of and reactions to procedural justice during their court hearings. I am currently designing a third empirical study, which entails a scenario experiment among people with a non-western migration background. I plan to manipulate the level of perceived procedural justice during a hypothetical court hearing to examine its influence on, for instance, people’s trust in judges, and again assess whether people’s reactions to perceived procedural justice differ depending on their levels of perceived everyday discrimination. At the end of my dissertation, I plan to connect the empirical findings to the legal domain by assessing possible normative implications.
Integração entre os órgãos da segurança pública e unificação das policias
Authors: Silva Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2019

O artigo analisa a possibilidade das polícias que atuam no Brasil trabalharem juntas. Embora esse trabalho conjunto pareça importante para a garantia da paz e da ordem nacional, não existe essa união entre as autoridades da segurança pública. A unificação tem sido discutida com a proposta de criar um Sistema Único de Segurança Pública no país, tendo como alicerce proteger os Direitos Humanos, formando e aperfeiçoando a polícia, por meio da integração dos órgãos e instituições. Essa união seria cientifica e investigativa. É preciso refletir sobre a problemática, analisando se a integração entre as forças é capaz de atender aos anseios e necessidades sociais. Através de sistematização de obras já publicadas, busca-se discutir a eficácia da proposta de unificação da segurança pública brasileira, verificando como ocorre a investigação dos crimes e o papel da criminalística nesse processo e a importância do Poder Judiciário. Os integrantes dessa unificação atuam dentro das limitações e atribuições estabelecidas pela Constituição Federal de 1988, mas de maneira cooperativa, sistêmica e harmônica. Caso um órgão não possa atender a uma determinada região, o profissional de Segurança Pública que estiver presente deve realizar todas as ações necessárias, até que seja possível dar o apoio previsto constitucionalmente.
Administração de presídios público e privados diferenças relevantes para sociedade
Authors: Silva Vanderlei José , Alencar Tharsis Cidália de Sá Barreto Diaz
Published: July 2019

O trabalho em questão vem explanar, para os leitores, informações interessantes, obtidas por pesquisa realizada com o auxílio de documentos, sites e outras fontes confiáveis, sobre um assunto que muito se comenta no país, segurança pública, tendo como foco: a administração de presídios públicos e privados. Assim, com os dados obtidos, procura relatar quais diferenças, como se trabalha em questão da ressocialização do preso e seu ambiente carcerário, além de explanar sobre a questão: tem o mínimo de dignidade possível?. Sendo posto isso em relação aos dois sistemas de administração de presídios. Perguntas que a pesquisa busca responder e passar para o público, além de explorar a opinião do autor em relação a qual sistema seria melhor para a sociedade, ajudando assim a segurança do país a melhorar nesse quesito, pois são dados que vem em baixa há anos no Brasil.
A importância do controle de qualidade em laboratório ótico
Authors: Souza Maria de Fátima Leite de , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2019

A presente pesquisa foi realizada na Distribuidora e Laboratório óptico, a qual vende e industrializa blocos de lentes oftálmicas para empresas jurídicas (óticas), tendo como objetivo analisar o processo de industrialização de lentes e propor melhorias de forma a reduzir custos e atingir as expectativas dos clientes. As falhas no processo de industrialização geram retrabalho, perdas de materiais, novos gastos com compras de lentes e utilização de novos insumos para a produção dessas lentes. Os setores em estudo foram: recepção, surfassagem e montagem, todos da área de produção. O diagnóstico do processo de produção possibilitará a oportunidades de melhorias, visando à proposição de ações concretas imediatas e futuras para a melhora dos processos de produção de lentes. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa foi possível padronizar o processo de produção de lentes, adequar à forma de registro, identificar algumas necessidades de treinamento e implantar indicadores de controle.
Simulação de implantação de um reservatório de detenção em uma rotatória em Palmas-TO, Brasil
Authors: Mendes Alesi Teixeira , Iopp Patrick Lucas
Published: July 2019

A cidade de Palmas, capital do estado do Tocantins, foi a última cidade brasileira planejada do século XX, e foi pensada para crescer de forma organizada e racional, aproveitando de modo eficiente os serviços de infraestrutura urbana. Contudo, o crescimento da capital ocorreu de forma descontrolada. A urbanização desordenada da cidade deu origem a uma série de problemas de infraestrutura urbana. Palmas tem sofrido com as enchentes e, numa escala menor, com alagamentos, por conta do aumento do escoamento superficial e a cobertura de redes de drenagem deficientes. Dentre as medidas compensatórias apresentadas no Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico do município está a implantação de reservatórios de detenção. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, por meio do Método de Puls, a eficiência na redução da vazão de pico à jusante decorrente da implantação de um reservatório de detenção na área de uma rotatória no Plano Diretor Sul de Palmas. O reservatório foi dimensionado na rotatória da avenida Norte-Sul-10 (NS-10) com a avenida Leste-Oeste-21 (LO-21) e a eficiência da implantação foi medida por meio do Método de Puls. O reservatório apresentou eficiência de 42,2% para o amortecimento da vazão de pico.
Reflexões sobre o processo de licenciamento ambiental em empreendimentos no Estado de Sergipe
Authors: Gomes Júnior Cecílio Sergio Vieira , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2019

A Lei 6.938/81 foi criada para ser um mecanismo de controle ambiental comum dos entes federativos e que rege a política ambiental do país. O licenciamento ambiental é um dos mecanismos mais importantes, pois é através dele que o Poder Público estabelece condições e limites ao exercício de determinada atividade econômica para que seja minimizada a degradação ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir teoricamente o processo do licenciamento ambiental em empreendimentos no estado de Sergipe pautado na legislação estadual.
Threatened endemic species of Hibiscus l. (Malvaceae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Rigueiral Luccas Henrique Gomes , Gonçalez Victor Martins , Duarte Marília Cristina , Silva Cleber Vinicius Vitorio da , Tavares Rafael , Almeida Josimar Ribeiro de , Silva Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2019

Hibiscus L. is one of the largest genera of Malvaceae, Southeast Brazil has six endemic species of 14 native species, mainly distributed in cerrado. These Hibiscus are hairy shrubs, with showy flowers of pink corolla, dark base, 5-toothed staminal tube apex, loculicidal capsule of 5 cells. The species inhabit wet ecosystems of the atlantic rainforest and cerrado. After the last study of Hibiscus taxonomy evidencing four endemic species from Minas Gerais state, showed to have the largest endemism center of Hibiscus in Brazil, therefore, using IUCN classification methodology, we indicated H. hilarianus and H. multiformis as vulnerable, H. itirapinensis as endangered and H. mariae as critically endangered. The species are represented by small isolated populations distributed at the mountains and plateaus between Espinhaço mountain range and Planalto Paulista, considered a region with great endemic biodiversity. According to the previously analysis, it is recommended specific studies with techniques and appropriate methodology to research the development and evolutionary characteristics of hibiscus species in Minas Gerais state.
Translator from Extended SysML to Physical Interaction and Signal Flow Simulation
Platforms
Authors: Barbau Raphael , Bock Conrad , Dadfarnia Mehdi
Published: July 2019

Designing complex systems often requires engineers from multiple disciplines
(mechanical, electrical, production, and so on) to communicate with each other and
exchange system design information. Systems engineering models are a
cross-disciplinary foundation for this process, but are not well-integrated with
specialized engineering information, leading to redundant and inconsistent system
specifications. The software provided here translates system models in the Systems
Modeling Language (SysML) to physical interaction and signal flow (also known as
lumped-parameter, one-dimensional, or network) files on two simulation platforms
used in many engineering domains.
Conociendo a Jarvis, un asistente domótico de película
Authors: Otero Verdaguer David
Published: July 2019

A principios de Enero del 2017 se publicó en las redes sociales el proyecto de asistente domótico que Mark Zuckerberg se había planteado como reto para el 2016. Yo empezaba la asignatura de Diseño de Interacción… Arduino, sensores, actuadores… y pensé: ¿Probamos? Y aquí estoy, redactando un "How To" una vez finalizado el proyecto.
Chord: una red para potenciar la música en vivo
Authors: Durán Aparici Francisco
Published: July 2019

Chord es una red online destinada a músicos, promotores de conciertos y público. En Chord pueden apoyarse mutuamente, ya sea organizando conciertos, vendiendo y comprando entradas, o promocionando su música. En este TFG se ha llevado a cabo la conceptualización y el diseño de esta plataforma siguiendo los métodos del diseño centrado en el usuario.
Creación de un folleto: plasmar el baile sobre el papel
Authors: Serrano Marina
Published: July 2019

El tercer proyecto de la asignatura de Diseño Gráfico planteaba un objetivo ambicioso: conseguir una composición visual comunicativa y funcional para la maquetación editorial de un documento informativo, destinado a su distribución digital e impresión analógica. El planteamiento pretendía plasmar en el documento (en este caso, un folleto) el tema propuesto por el cliente, así como su identidad gráfica.
El sonido como interfaz y el caso Audiogames
Authors: Carrubba Luca
Published: July 2019

En este artículo se presenta el caso de la instalación interactiva Audiogames realizada por Arsgames. Introduciendo los videojuegos como medio digital en el que la relación con lo sonoro es especialmente relevante, se atiende a las peculiaridades de la instalación a partir de la descripción de su funcionamiento. Un ejemplo de proyecto que aúna creación artística e investigación científica.
A community perspective on the concept of marine holobionts: current status, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Dittami Simon M , Arboleda Enrique , Auguet Jean-Christophe , Bigalke Arite , Briand Enora , Cárdenas Paco , Cardini Ulisse , Decelle Johan , Engelen Aschwin H , Eveillard Damien , Gachon Claire M.M. , Griffiths Sarah M , Harder Tilmann , Kayal Ehsan , Kazamia Elena , Lallier François H , Media Mónica , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Morganti Teresa , Núñez Pons Laura , Prado Soizic , Pintado José , Saha Mahasweta , Selosse Marc-André , Skillings Derek , Stock Willem , Sunagawa Shinichi , Toulza Eve , Vorobev Alexey , Leblanc Catherine , Not Fabrice
Published: July 2019

Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, but we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota, living together in a stable relationship, form the holobiont, and have to be studied together, as a coherent biological and functional unit, to understand its biology, ecology and evolution. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences with comparisons to terrestrial science wherever appropriate. Given the connectivity and the unexplored biodiversity of marine ecosystems, a deeper understanding of such complex systems requires further technological and conceptual advances. For the marine scientific community, the most significant challenge is to bridge functional research on tractable and original model systems and global approaches addressing ecological and evolutionary questions. This will be crucial for establishing the roles of marine holobionts in biogeochemical cycles, but also developing concrete applications of the holobiont concept in aquaculture and marine ecosystem management projects.
Predicting development of adolescent drinking behaviour from whole brain structure at 14 years of age
Authors: Kühn Simone , Mascharek Anna , Banaschewski Tobias , Bodke Arun , Bromberg Uli , Büchel Christian , Quinlan Erin Burke , Desrivieres Sylvane , Flor Herta , Grigis Antoine , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny A , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Nees Frauke , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Paus Tomas , Poustka Luise , Millenet Sabina , Fröhner Juliane H , Smolka Michael N , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Lindenberger Ulman , Gallinat Jürgen ,   IMAGEN Consortium
Published: July 2019

Adolescence is a common time for initiation of alcohol use and development of alcohol use disorders. The present study investigates neuroanatomical predictors for trajectories of future alcohol use based on a novel voxel-wise whole-brain structural equation modeling framework. In 1814 healthy adolescents of the IMAGEN sample, the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) was acquired at three measurement occasions across five years. Based on a two-part latent growth curve model, we conducted whole-brain analyses on structural MRI data at age 14, predicting change in alcohol use score over time. Higher grey-matter volumes in the caudate nucleus and the left cerebellum at age 14 years were predictive of stronger increase in alcohol use score over 5 years. The study is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of running separate voxel-wise structural equation models thereby opening new avenues for data analysis in brain imaging.
Securing Computer Based Testing (CBT) System for Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria
Authors: Sarjiyus O.
Published: July 2019

This research, securing computer based testing (CBT), systems for tertiary institutions provides an improved means for protecting examination question against unauthorized access. The research focuses on developing an independent and secure computer base testing system with an improved level of integrity, authenticity and confidentiality of exam questions. The methodology employed for the research design include studying writing materials on security aspect of CBT such articles and lecture notes as well as physically inspecting how the CBT system works with a view to finding leakages and vulnerabilities. Modeling tools such as UML use cases, Flowchart and entity relationship (E-R) diagrams were used to model the design. The overall design was implemented using HTML, PHP, MySQL and JavaScript platforms in order to actualize the objectives of the design. The system was tested locally using WAMP and found to be effective in reducing the problem of authenticity (especially with the Fingerprint Mechanism embedded) confidentiality and integrity of exam questions.
Cranial and External Morphology of Male and Female Orange Headed Tree Squirrels (Funisciurus leucogenys) in Selected Locations of Savannah Forest in Nigeria
Authors: Bamidele A. O. , Akinpelu A. I.
Published: July 2019

This study examined the differences in cranial and external morphology of male and female tree squirrel species (Funisciurus leucogenys) from three different locations in Savannah vegetation zone of Nigeria. The tree squirrels were collected from contracted local hunters which identify the tree squirrel. After collection and identification to the generic level, they were transferred to the laboratory in absolute ethanol. About 183 skulls were prepared (58 male and 125 female), the skull and other body parameters were measured using digital venire calliper. The results showed that the body parameters (HBL, TL, TBL, EL, HFL, and BW) of the female specimen measured were different from male and the body parameters of the specimen from one location were slightly different from another. Also, the cranial measure showed some similarities and slight differences between male and female specimen among the locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho). In conclusion, the cranial and body morphology parameters of male and female tree squirrels from the three locations (Asejire, Ilorin, and Ogbomosho) showed that despite that the tree squirrels were from different locations, they were of the same genus (F. leucogeny), which indicated that locations might not have an effect on the specimen.
Changes in Microbial Population Numbers during Composting of Some Organic Wastes in Greenhouse
Authors: Chinakwe E. C. , Nwogwugwu U. N. , Ibekwe V. I. , Nwachukwu I. N. , Ihejirika C. E. , Ofoegbu C. J. , Chinakwe P. O. , Mejeha O. K.
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study identified and enumerated microorganisms associated with the composting of some organic wastes using the plate count method

Study Design: The wastes were allowed to decompose for 70 days in greenhouse using the modified windrow method of composting. Standard methods were employed to monitor temperature changes in compost piles as well as changes in bacterial and fungal populations.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at in the Agricultural Research Centre of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.

Methodology: The organic wastes  namely Poultry Litter (PL), Pig waste (PW), Cow dung (CD) and Source-Separated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) were composted/co-composted using the windrow method as modified .Sixty kilograms (60) each of PW, PL, CD and MSW were introduced respectively into 100-litre(L) buckets that had previously been perforated at several points. In the co-composted piles, 30 kg of both samples were introduced into the same 100 L bucket that had previously been perforated and then mixed thoroughly. The organic wastes were allowed to decompose at room temperature at a corner of the greenhouse. and initial microbial populations as well as subsequent populations  in the compost bins were studied using standard microbiological methods

Results: Microbial populations increased concurrently with temperature during the first 3 – 4 weeks of composting except, however, for faecal coliforms and Salmonella. The highest temperature recorded was 60°C for cow dung (CD) compost pile though at maturity the temperature in all compost piles ranged between 27°C to 30°C. The bacterial colony forming units were higher than fungal colony forming units throughout the composting period for both mesopholic and themophilic microorganisms. The population of mesophilic organisms increased in the first 14 – 15 days; for cow dung, the initial total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC) and total  coliform count (TCC) were 2.4 x107 cfu/g and 5.0 x105 cfu/g respectively and  increased to 2.5x108 cfu/g  and 1.7x107 cfu/g  for THBC and TCC, respectively, after the 14th day. Thermophilic bacteria dominated all the composting systems after the 21st day and lasted to the 35th day except for cow dung compost where thermophilic temperatures were still observed on the 45th day with a THBC of 6.3x106 cfu/g on the 49th day. Faecal coliforms and Salmonella were completely eliminated in all the compost systems after the 28th day with temperature values between 47°C – 60°C.

Conclusion: Organic wastes when managed properly through the application of knowledge of composting can be transformed into beneficial materials for human and agricultural use.
Conflict theory of genomic imprinting in mammals
Authors: Iwasa Yoh
Published: July 2019

In mammals, some embryonic genes are expressed differently depending on whether they are inherited from the sperm or egg, a phenomenon known as genomic imprinting. The information on the parental origin is transmitted by an epigenetic mark. Both the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes of genomic imprinting have been studied extensively. Here, I illustrate the simplest evolutionary dynamics of imprinting evolution based on the “conflict theory,” by considering the evolution of a gene encoding an embryonic growth factor controlling the maternal resource supply. It demonstrates that (a) the autosomal genes controlling placenta development to modify maternal resource acquisition may evolve a strong asymmetry of gene expression, provided the mother has some chance of accepting multiple males. (b) The genomic imprinting may not evolve if there is a small fraction of recessive deleterious mutations on the gene. (c) The growth‐enhancing genes should evolve to paternally expressed, while the growth‐suppressing genes should evolve to maternally expressed. (d) The X‐linked genes also evolve genomic imprinting, but the main evolutionary force is the sex difference in the optimal embryonic size. I discuss other aberrations that can be explained by the modified versions of the basic model.
Reparations
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: July 2019

History, both recent and more remote, is replete with injustice, cruelty, and violations of individuals’ basic rights. The issue of reparations is what ought to be done to address those violations and their aftermath, with particular attention to how the victim should be compensated or otherwise “made whole.” Reparations also concern social trust and political legitimacy. In the wake of mass violence, war, or other systematic violations of human rights, social relations – especially between groups associated with victims and perpetrators – and the legitimacy of the political regime associated with the abuses, are often at a low ebb. Reparations include the means by which a society attempts to overcome the violence and abuses of the past, and to lay the foundation for a more just social and political order.
Holocaust
Authors: Brecher Bob
Published: July 2019

This entry focuses on four central contemporary issues that arise out of the Holocaust. First, I consider the term itself and its relation to “Shoah” and “Porrajmos,” together with issues about who “owns” these terms. Second, I outline the debate about the alleged uniqueness of the Holocaust, concluding that, whatever one's view of that matter, what underlies it is the issue of what might be termed the “reach” of ethics, made specific with reference to two questions: “How is it possible that we do these things?” and the amoralist's retort, “Why not?” Third, I examine the interplay between ethical and political considerations around the Holocaust in the context of the “post‐1989” West, the state of Israel, and what is termed by some the “Holocaust industry,” together with some observations about the Eurocentrism evident in much of the debate. I conclude with an expression of regret at the Holocaust's having coming to serve the cause of an aggressive Zionism.
Camus, Albert
Authors: Sprintzen David
Published: July 2019

Contracting tuberculosis at the age of seventeen and facing the prospect of an early death indelibly marked Albert Camus (1913–60) with a profound sense of the transiency of life, while deepening his passionate commitment to its irreplaceable value. That dual experience resonates throughout his work, from his early essays to his last, unfinished and clearly autobiographical work. In the face of inevitable death, he commits himself to an unceasing effort to bear witness to human possibilities.
Evolution, Ethics and
Authors: James Scott
Published: July 2019

This entry explores the various ways Darwinian evolution bears on traditional moral philosophical debates. Moral philosophers ask: Why are we moral creatures? It is often assumed, for instance, that one's moral sensibility is almost entirely a function of one's upbringing, but the Darwinian approach encourages the hypothesis that one's moral sensibility is (in large part) a biological inheritance. What makes an action morally right (or wrong)? Some claim (but others deny) that Darwinian evolution can ground moral principles. Are moral principles objective? Some maintain that a Darwinian account of why we hold moral beliefs eliminates the need for mind‐independent moral facts. Others doubt that this argument succeeds.
Hope
Authors: Milona Michael
Published: July 2019

Hope is among the most significant sources of motivation. It can also serve as a final barrier against despair. But among philosophers there is little agreement about what hope exactly is. Recent years have witnessed a steadily growing literature on the nature of hope, with nearly as many distinct theories as contributors. Furthermore, the question of how to define hope has downstream consequences for how we conceive of both the value of hope and its potential dangers. The entry closes with a brief discussion of the growing debate on whether hope can be a virtue.
The Application of the Rare Earths to Magnesium and Titanium Metallurgy in Australia
Authors: Biesiekierski Arne , Li Yuncang , Wen Cuie
Published: July 2019

Rare earth elements (REEs) have found application in metallurgical processes for nearly a century due to their unique chemical and physical properties but have gained increased attention in recent decades. Notably, the use of these elements may assist in the development of advanced magnesium and titanium products for applications spanning biomedicine, aerospace, and the automotive industry. To this end, current progress in this area, highlighting work done in Australian research organizations with particular academic expertise, is reviewed. Two areas that require further research are identified: the application of Sc and the heavy lanthanides to the development of novel magnesium alloys and the use of REEs as additives in the development of additive manufacturing of titanium parts.
Fractal‐Theory‐Based Control of the Shape and Quality of CVD‐Grown 2D Materials
Authors: Li Junzhu , Chen Mingguang , Zhang Chenhui , Dong Haocong , Lin Weiyi , Zhuang Pingping , Wen Yan , Tian Bo , Cai Weiwei , Zhang Xixiang
Published: July 2019

The precise control of the shape and quality of 2D materials during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes remains a challenging task, due to a lack of understanding of their underlying growth mechanisms. The existence of a fractal‐growth‐based mechanism in the CVD synthesis of several 2D materials is revealed, to which a modified traditional fractal theory is applied in order to build a 2D diffusion‐limited aggregation (2D‐DLA) model based on an atomic‐scale growth mechanism. The strength of this model is validated by the perfect correlation between theoretically simulated data, predicted by 2D‐DLA, and experimental results obtained from the CVD synthesis of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides. By applying the 2D‐DLA model, it is also discovered that the single‐domain net growth rate (SD‐NGR) plays a crucial factor in governing the shape and quality of 2D‐material crystals. By carefully tuning SD‐NGR, various fractal‐morphology high‐quality single‐crystal 2D materials are synthesized, achieving, for the first time, the precise control of 2D‐material CVD growth. This work lays the theoretical foundation for the precise adjustment of the morphologies and physical properties of 2D materials, which is essential to the use of fractal‐shaped nanomaterials for the fabrication of new‐generation neural‐network nanodevices.
Bioinspired 2D Nanomaterials for Sustainable Applications
Authors: Zhang Yuanwen , Mei Jun , Yan Cheng , Liao Ting , Bell John , Sun Ziqi
Published: July 2019

The increasing demand for constructing ecological civilization and promoting socially sustainable development has encouraged scientists to develop bioinspired materials with required properties and functions. By bringing science and nature together, plenty of novel materials with extraordinary properties can be created by learning the best from natural species. In combination with the exceptional features of 2D nanomaterials, bioinspired 2D nanomaterials and technologies have delivered significant achievements. Here, the progress over the past decade in bioinspired 2D photonic structures, energy nanomaterials, and superwetting materials, is summarized, together with the challenges and opportunities in developing bioinspired materials for sustainable energy and environmental technologies.
Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of [N,N]‐Pyrrole Ligands for the Regioselective Synthesis of Styrene Derivatives
Authors: Hochberger‐Roa Frank , Cortés‐Mendoza Salvador , Gallardo‐Rosas David , Toscano Ruben A. , Ortega‐Alfaro M. Carmen , López‐Cortés José G.
Published: July 2019

We report the synthesis of two [N,N]‐donor ligands (5 a–b) containing a 2‐chalcogenazoline as the structural motif. These compounds were synthesized from a common intermediate Fischer type aminocarbene complex (3). The palladium‐complexes of these [N,N]‐donor ligands were successfully used as catalytic precursors in the Mizoroki‐Heck coupling reaction between aryl halides and methyl acrylate, styrene and ethylene. For methyl acrylates, high yields with TOF values between 0.6 and 5.5×105 h−1 were obtained. In the case of ethylene, we reached high regioselectivities to obtain a diversity of styrene derivatives under soft pressure conditions, with good values of TON and TOF.

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Stereoselective Oxa‐Michael Addition of Tyrosine to Propargyl Aldehyde/Esters: Formation of Benzofurans and Flavones
Authors: Vasconcelos Stanley N. S. , de Oliveira Isadora Maria , Shamim Anwar , Zukerman‐Schpector Julio , Pimenta Daniel C. , Stefani Hélio A.
Published: July 2019

The steroselective oxa‐Michael addition of the phenol moiety present in tyrosine and 3‐iodotyrosine to different propargyl aldehydes delivered products with predominantly Z stereochemistry, as evidenced by X‐ray crystallography analysis. When ethyl propiolate was used as the propargyl ester source, the products were achieved with exclusively E stereochemistry with yields ranging from 17% to 91%. The oxa‐Michael addition compounds served as substrates in the synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐membered heterocyclic compounds. The atmosphere applied to the reaction medium directly influenced the formation of the products. When an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was applied, a 2‐aryl‐3‐formyl‐5‐alanylbenzofuran core was selectively obtained via a Heck intramolecular reaction, while the reactions carried out under a carbon monoxide atmosphere led exclusively to 6‐alanyl‐2‐arylflavone derivatives via reductive intramolecular acylation.

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Site‐Specific S‐Allylation of α‐Enolic Dithioesters with Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Acetates at Room Temperature: Precursor for Thiopyrans
Authors: Soni Sonam , Koley Suvajit , Ansari Monish A. , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: July 2019

An efficient one‐pot allylic alkylation of α‐enolic dithioesters (DTEs) with Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) acetates has been devised in ethanol at room temperature. The reaction being site‐selective provided S‐allylated product exclusively with trace amount of C‐allylated one. Remarkably, some of the S‐allylated product undergoes [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement to C‐allylated one under ethanol reflux. The typical feature of this protocol is the isolation of S‐allylated α‐oxoketene dithioacetals, a trisubstituted olefin, which have been further exploited toward the synthesis of thiopyrans.

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Charge Transfer Modulated Activity of Carbon‐Based Electrocatalysts
Authors: Tao Li , Wang Yuqing , Zou Yuqin , Zhang Nana , Zhang Yiqiong , Wu Yujie , Wang Yanyong , Chen Ru , Wang Shuangyin
Published: July 2019

Electrocatalysis is the most important electrode reactions for many energy storage and conversion devices, which are considered a key part of the resolution of the energy crisis. Toward this end, design of efficient electrocatalysts is of critical significance. While extensive research has been extended to develop excellent electrocatalysts, the fundamental understanding of the relationship between the electronic and structural properties of electrocatalysts and the catalytic activity must remain a priority. In this review, the activity modulation of electrocatalysts by charge transfer effects, including intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer, is systematically introduced. With suitable charge transfer modification, such as heteroatom doping, defect engineering, molecule functionalization, and heterojunctions, the electrocatalytic activity of carbon‐based electrocatalysts can be significantly boosted. The manipulation of the electronic structure of carbon‐based materials by charge transfer may serve as a fundamental mechanism for performance enhancement. After establishing an understanding of the relationship between catalytic activity and charge transfer, the opportunities and challenges for the design of electrocatalyst with charge transfer effects are discussed.
Dyslexia associated functional variants in Europeans are not associated with dyslexia in Chinese
Authors: Liu Lingfei , Gu Huaiting , Hou Fang , Xie Xinyan , Li Xin , Zhu Bing , Zhang Jiajia , Wei Wen‐Hua , Song Ranran
Published: July 2019

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) of developmental dyslexia (DD) often used European samples and identified only a handful associations with moderate or weak effects. This study aims to identify DD functional variants by integrating the GWAS associations with tissue‐specific functional data and test the variants in a Chinese DD study cohort named READ. We colocalized associations from nine DD related GWAS with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) derived from brain tissues and identified two eSNPs rs349045 and rs201605. Both eSNPs had supportive evidence of chromatin interactions observed in human hippocampus tissues and their respective target genes ZNF45 and DNAH9 both had lower expression in brain tissues in schizophrenia patients than controls. In contrast, an eSNP rs4234898 previously identified based on eQTL from the lymphoblastic cell lines of dyslexic children had no chromatin interaction with its target gene SLC2A3 in hippocampus tissues and SLC2A3 expressed higher in the schizophrenia patients than controls. We genotyped the three eSNPs in the READ cohort of 372 cases and 354 controls and discovered only weak associations in rs201605 and rs4234898 with three DD symptoms (p < .05). The lack of associations could be due to low power in READ but could also implicate different etiology of DD in Chinese.
Mechanosynthesis of Odd‐Numbered Tetraaryl[n]cumulenes
Authors: Ardila‐Fierro Karen J. , Bolm Carsten , Hernández José G.
Published: July 2019

A mechanochemical synthesis of one‐dimensional carbon allotrope carbyne model compounds, namely tetraaryl[n]cumulenes (n=3, 5) was realized. Central for the mechanosynthesis of the cumulenic carbon nanostructures were the development of a mechanochemical Favorskii alkynylation‐type reaction and the implementation of a solvent‐free, acid‐free reductive elimination with tin(II) chloride by ball milling.