bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations of Lipid Metabolism in Mice Injected with Endotoxin
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Sakaguchi Shuhei
Published: November 2013

Some alterations in lipid metabolism in mice were observed by the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. The content of serum triglyceride increased markedly in poisoned mice 16–24 hr postintoxication. The level of free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum of endotoxin‐administered mice decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injected dose of endotoxin. The electrophoretic analysis of the serum lipoprotein on cellulose acetate membrane showed that pre β‐lipoprotein increased markedly and that FFA fraction in the poisoned mice sera disappeared 18 hr postintoxication. The activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase in adipose tissue was elevated appreciably 2 hr after injection, but decreased more significantly after 18 hr than that in fasted control mice. On the other hand, the activity of lipoprotein lipase decreased in the post‐heparin serum and adipose tissue 3 hr postintoxication, and decreased significantly after 16 hr. There were no significant differences between changes in the formation of active glycerol (α‐GP) and in the activity of α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α‐GPDH) in the mice liver with or without administration of endotoxin, and after 16 hr levels of both hepatic α‐GP content and α‐GPDH activity in poisoned mice showed a tendency to be slightly lower than those in fasted control mice.
Endotoxic Glycolipid as a Potent Depressor of the Hepatic Drug‐Metabolizing Enzyme Systems in Mice*
Authors: Egawa Kiyoshi , Kasai Nobuhiko
Published: November 2013

Inhibitory effects of the endotoxic glycolipid from Salmonella minnesota R595 on hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzyme activities in mice were investigated, and the depressor activity of the glycolipid in the enzyme systems was confirmed. Among degradation products of lipopolysaccharides tested, lipid A preparations derived from the mild acetic acid hydrolysates of lipopolysaccharides were the most active, but the lipid A fractions prepared from the hydrolysates with 1 N‐HCl were almost inactive. A degraded polysaccharide fraction from E. coli lipopolysaccharide was inactive. The activities of the glycolipid and the lipid A preparation were markedly reduced by treatment with alkaline‐hydroxylamine, mild alkali or hydrazine. The data showed that the lipid A moiety of the glycolipid may be responsible for the inhibitory activity on the hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzyme systems.
Hemolytic Activity of a Togavirus, Getah*
Authors: Yoshinaka Yoshiyuki , Okada Shobu , Shiomi Toshiro
Published: November 2013

A purified toga‐alphavirus, Getah (GET), showed optimal hemolytic activity for one‐day‐old chick red blood cells when incubated at 37 C for 120 min at pH 6.2. Experimental data obtained from various angles, such as pH dependency, inhibition by virus‐specific antiserum and by concanavalin A, indicated that the hemolysis was a property of the virus particle itself. Although the mechanism of hemolysis by togaviruses has not been known, our results indicated that viral lipids may participate in this activity since the hemolytic activity was impaired by delipidation procedures.
Biochemical Characterization of H2S‐Positive Salmonella sendai Strains Isolated in Hong Kong
Authors: Chau Pak Yin , Huang Chi To
Published: November 2013

The biochemical properties of 8 H2S‐positive variant strains of Salmonella sendai isolated from patients and carriers in Hong Kong were studied. Apart from the production of H2S, all these strains showed typical properties of S. sendai and a dependence on tryptophan. Their capacity to utilize different forms of sulphur sources varied, ranging from being capable of utilizing SO4, SO3, S2O3 and cystein to only cystein as the sulphur source.
UV Survival of Human Mycoplasmas: Evidence of Dark Reactivation in Mycoplasma buccale
Authors: Aoki Shigeji , Ito Shoko , Watanabe Takehiko
Published: November 2013

The inactivation by ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation of mycoplasma cells of five human strains was monitored by investigating the colony‐forming ability. The survival curves of five strains tested indicated that the cells of Mycoplasma buccale only are single and homogenously susceptible to UV light. The effect of the repair inhibitor, caffeine, on the colony‐forming ability of UV‐irradiated cells was investigated with M. buccale because of its homogenous susceptibility to UV light. The colony formation of irradiated cells was markedly depressed by post‐irradiation treatment with caffeine at concentrations that had little or no effect on the colony formation of unirradiated cells. The colony‐forming units (CFU) of UV‐irradiated cells which were kept in broth without caffeine in the dark increased without a lag as the time in the dark increased. The colony‐forming ability of the irradiated cells completely recovered after 3 hr in the dark. However, when irradiated cells were kept in the presence of caffeine, no increase in their CFU was observed. The mode of action of caffeine on UV‐irradiated cells closely resembles that described for other organisms which possess dark reactivation systems for UV‐induced damage in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Thus, the results obtained provide evidence for the existence of a dark repair function in M. buccale.
Effect of Certain Inhibitors of Glycoprotein Synthesis on Cell Fusion Induced by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Takehara Manabu
Published: November 2013

The effect of certain metabolic inhibitors on the fusion of BHK‐21 cells induced by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was studied. The polykaryocyte formation in infected cells and virus growth were inhibited by 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose and D‐glucosamine. Host‐cell proteins ynthesis was suppressed profoundly in both BHK‐21‐KB and B cells infected with VSV. On the other hand, glycoprotein synthesis was significantly enhanced during the polykaryocyte formation in BHK‐21‐KB cells, while it was suppressed in BHK‐21‐B cells which were not sensitive to cell fusion by VSV.
IgM and IgG Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Mouse Hepatitis Virus‐Infected Nude Mice
Authors: Tamura Teruko , Fujiwara KÔSaku
Published: November 2013

In nude mice which originally had no ability to respond to sheep red blood cells an enhanced response to the same antigen with IgM‐IgG switching was demonstrated during subacute infection with mouse hepatitis virus. IgM antibody‐producing cells in the spleen were detected at days 2 to 6 after the antigen injection and IgG antibody‐producing cells appeared at day 6 or later. The secondary IgG response, though not remarkable, was recognized after reinjection of the antigen 10 days after the first injection.
Restriction by the Major Histocompatibility Complex of Antigen‐Induced T Lymphocyte Proliferation in New Inbred Guinea Pig Strains
Authors: Kataoka Tetsuro , Tokunaga Tohru
Published: November 2013

Employing new inbred guinea pig strains, JY 1, JY 2 and JY 3, established in this Institute in addition to strains 2 and 13, the authors investigated histocompatibility restriction in macrophage‐T lymphocyte interaction. These five strains are known to possess distinct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene profiles (1, 2). This fact was supported by our results concerning the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and cytotoxicity test with alloantisera. Using various combinations of T lymphocytes and peritoneal exudated cells (PECs) from these strains, in vitro proliferative responses of T lymphocytes from BCC‐immune animals to PPD‐pulsed normal PEC were tested. Successful activation of T cell response was observed not only in syngeneic combinations but also in allogeneic combinations among strains JY 1, JY 3 and strain 13 which share common Ia antigens detected by strain 2 anti‐strain 13 alloantiserum. Because JY 1 and JY 3 seem to share a common B antigen differing from strain 13, it was suggested that identification in the I region of MHC is sufficient for effective antigen‐presentation by the macrophage. Although a part of Ia is shared, no T lymphocyte activation was observed in the combination between JY 2 and JY 1 or JY 3, whereas strong MLR occurred in these allogeneic combinations. At the present stage of the study, it can be said that disparity in the part(s) of Ia antigens which is responsible for strong MLR cannot lead to effective T cell‐macrophage interaction. These results support the concept that functional activation of primed, proliferating T lymphocyte requires the participation of gene products of macrophages coded for by the I region in MHC. By employing JY 1, JY 2 and strain 2, which appear to possess distinct B and Ia antigens, it was shown that the T lymphocyte and macrophage interactions essential for mitogen‐induced T lymphocyte proliferation are not restricted by histocompatibility.
Effect of Trichloroacetic Acid Treatment on Certain Properties of Spores of Bacillus cereus T
Authors: Shibata Hirofumi , Ughida Michiko , Hayashi Hiroko , Tani Isamu
Published: November 2013

Spores of Bacillus cereus T treated with trichloroacetic acid (6.1–61.2 mM) were compared with untreated spores, and as the concentration of the chemical increased, the following alterations in spore properties were found: (1) the extent of germination decreased irrespective of the germination medium used; (2) the spores became sensitive to sodium hydroxide (1 N) and hydrochloric acid (0.27 N), but not to lysozyme (200 μg/ml); (3) loss of dipicolinate increased on subsequent heating; and (4) the spores became more sensitive to heat. However, trichloroacetic acid‐treated spores were still viable and there was no significant change in spore components. The mechanism of action of trichloroacetic acid is discussed.
Interferon and Cytotoxic Factor (Cytotoxin) Released in the Blood of Mice Infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Nakashima Izumi , Ohta Michio , Naito Setsuko
Published: November 2013

The time course of the occurrence of hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to the active substance (neutral fraction) of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (neutral CPS‐K) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and of the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects was followed after infection with BCG in SMA and ICR strains of mice. The duration of these hyperreactivities of BCG‐infected mice depended on the inoculum doses of BCG. The time patterns of the hyperreactivity to the lethal effects of neutral CPS‐K and LPS were similar in both strains of mice, although the maximum toxicity of LPS by the intraperitoneal route in BCG‐infected mice on a weight basis was stronger than that of neutral CPS‐K. Irrespective of inducer and mouse strain, the time pattern of the hyperreactivity to produce cytotoxin was similar to that of the hyperreactivity to produce interferon. The patterns for these phenomena when neutral CPS‐K was used as an inducer were also similar to those when LPS was used. In ICR mice the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to either neutral CPS‐K or LPS decayed significantly earlier than the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects, whereas in SMA mice the occurrence of both types of hyperreactivities seemed to be associated. Therefore, it is suggested that the mechanism for the hyperreactivity in interferon and cytotoxin responses to neutral CPS‐K or LPS in BCG‐infected mice is not necessarily the same as that for the hyperreactivity to their lethal effects.
Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in BCG‐Sensitized Mice
Authors: Akagawa Kiyoko S. , Tokunaga Tohru
Published: November 2013

Mice pretreated with an intravenous (i.v.) injection of BCG (BCG‐sensitized mice) and then immunized intravenously with a high dose (108–109) of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) 2 weeks later developed strong delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC, as in mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide (CY) (CY‐treated mice) and then immunized with SRBC 2 days later; normal mice given the same dose of SRBC did not show such DTH. The mechanism of this strong DTH to SRBC which developed in BCG‐sensitized mice was studied, by comparing it with that in CY‐treated mice. The transfer of either whole spleen cells or thymus cells, but not serum, obtained from mice immunized with i.v. injections of 109 SRBC 4 days previously (hyperimmune mice) did not suppress either the induction or the expression of DTH to SRBC in BCG‐sensitized mice, but suppressed those in CY‐treated mice. The suppressor cells were SRBC‐specific T cells. Adoptive transfer of DTH to SRBC by spleen cells from either BCG‐sensitized mice or CY‐treated mice to hyperimmune recipients failed. The adoptive transfer of DTH from BCG‐sensitized mice to normal recipients also failed if the spleen cells from hyperimmune mice were cotransferred. Whole body irradiation (600 rad) of mice 2 hr before or after the time of immunization with SRBC reduced significantly DTH to SRBC in both BCG‐sensitized and CY‐treated mice. It was noticed that the total number of spleen cells in BCG‐sensitized mice was 3–4 times larger than that in CY‐treated mice. From these results, we conclude that the entity of effector T cells of DTH to SRBC induced in BCG‐sensitized mice and in CY‐treated mice was not different in terms of susceptibility to suppressor T cells and irradiation, but that the total numbers of effector T cells generated in these mice differed remarkably, resulting in the above‐described different responsiveness to suppressor T cells transferred passively.
B Cell Activating Properties of Parotid Protein
Authors: Ishizaka Shigeaki , Morisawa Seiji
Published: November 2013

A new biological activity of bovine parotid protein acting on immunocompetent lymphocytes to lead to polyclonal antibody responses was demonstrated. A significant amount of antibody to SRBC or antihapten antibody to TNP‐SRBC, BPO‐SRBC, or SA‐SRBC was produced in mice by adding the appropriate doses of bovine parotid protein, suggesting that this protein may be a nonspecific B cell activator which acts on the B cells in a similar way as casein or gelatin.
Accumulation of Eosinophils and Monocytes in Lymphoid Organs of Chick‐Embryos
Authors: Moriya Osamu , Ighikawa Yoichi
Published: November 2013

The effect of antigenic stimulation on the migration pattern of eosinophils and monocytes was studied during the embryonic stage in chickens. On the 13th embryonic day, chickens were injected with sheep red blood cells as antigen into the allantoic cavity and the relative frequency of oxidase positive cells (OPC) was determined as the total number of eosinophils and monocytes in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus. Three and five days after the antigenic stimulation, the frequencies of OPC increased in both the spleen and thymus and then decreased to the normal level just before hatching. However, bursal frequencies of OPC were always low in both the cortex and medulla when compared with the controls. These events indicated that eosinophils and monocytes accumulated in the spleen and thymus after the antigenic stimulation. Furthermore, different frequencies of OPC among the embryonic lymphoid organs showed different responses in the migration of eosinophils and monocytes.
Interactions between Viomycin Resistance and Streptomycin Resistance on Ribosomes of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Mizuguchi Yasuo , Suga Kiyoko , Yamada Takeshi
Published: November 2013

We have investigated the mechanism of the expression of resistance to high levels of viomycin and coresistance to streptomycin in a mutant strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 (AC‐13) which was obtained by serial transfers of parental cells to media containing increasing concentrations of viomycin. It was shown previously that resistance to viomycin by strain AC‐13 was due to an alteration in the 50 S ribosomal subunit (20). However, genetic analysis has shown that mutation in 50 S subunits alone gave only low level resistance to viomycin. When a streptomycin resistant mutation (caused by an alteration in the 30 S subunit) was introduced into the low level viomycin resistant recombinant strains, most of them were highly resistant to viomycin. Some recombinants were resistant to intermediate levels of viomycin, and the remainder were not affected by the introduction of the strr allele.

Studies with in vitro cell‐free systems have shown that streptomycin resistant 30 S ribosomal subunits obtained from a high level viomycin resistant recombinant were able to modify the levels of resistance to viomycin expressed by the 50 S ribosomal subunit. These findings provide additional evidence concerning the functional relationship between 30 S and 50 S ribosomal components in ribosomes.
Enrichment of C‐Type Virus mRNA from Immuno‐Chemically Separated Polyribosomes
Authors: Trombley Lucy , Wang Chei‐Suei
Published: November 2013

A method for the isolation of mRNA from a c‐type virus‐positive cell (JLS‐V6) has been developed. This method consisted of (i) specific immunochemical precipitation of polyribosomes synthesizing viral proteins, (ii) extraction of the mRNA from the polyribosome/antigen/antibody complex, and (iii) separation of poly‐A containing RNA by affinity chromatography on oligo‐d(T)‐cellulose. Three size classes of virus specific poly‐A containing mRNA are identified and they are 35S, 20S–25S, and 10S–15S.
Isolation of Influenza A Virus from Budgerigars and Its Serological Characterization
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi , Otsuki Koichi , Tsubokura Misao
Published: November 2013

A hemagglutinating agent was isolated from the respiratory organs of budgerigars suffering from diarrhea and malnutrition. This agent, possessing neuraminidase activity, was identified as influenza A virus by the double immunodiffusion test.

The results of hemagglutination and neuraminidase‐inhibition tests with monospecific antisera to the isolated surface antigens showed that the isolates possessed Hav4 hemagglutinin and Nav1 neuraminidase subunits both of which were closely related to the corresponding antigens of A/duck/Czech/56 (Hav4 Nav1).
Reactivity of Neutralizing Antibodies with Different Specificities to H Particles of Poliovirus
Authors: Urasawa Tomoko , Urasawa Shozo , Tanigughi Koki
Published: November 2013

In order to elucidate the antigenic structure of poliovirus, the reactivity of antibody produced with H antigenic particles of Mahoney strain (polio type 1) was investigated.

Injection of H particles of Mahoney strain into rabbits yielded neutralizing antibody as well as CF‐N and CF‐H antibodies. This result coincided with the report by Hinuma and coworkers. Neutralization tests with inhibitor resistant Mahoney mutants revealed that the neutralizing antibody produced with H particles was of HN31 type, one of the five different kinds of polio neutralizing antibodies reported previously (14). Absorption experiments with H particles on different neutralizing antibodies and analysis of antibody eluted by acid dissociation from antiserum‐treated H particles also showed that the HN31 type antibody specifically combined with H particles of Mahoney strain.

Since the H particle of poliovirus is known to be deficient in VP4, these results seems to indicate that the HN31 type antibody reacts with a structural part(s) of poliovirus other than VP4.
In Vitro Studies on Bacterial Colonization
Authors: Tsuji Akiyoshi
Published: November 2013

Many cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection are considered to be secondary superinfections, resulting from bacterial colonization. Such cases of superinfection with P. aeruginosa developing after administration of cephalosporin or penicillin are offering serious clinical problems. To make a fundamental analysis of the development of such superinfections, attempts were made to compare the growth patterns of Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa in pure and mixed cultures and to determine the effects of cephalothin, cefazolin, cephalexin, and ampicillin on the growth patterns.

In mixed cultures, the growth of P. aeruginosa was markedly inhibited by E. coli. The higher the concentration of each of the cephalosporins and ampicillin added to the mixed culture, the smaller the population of E. coli sensitive to these agents. When the population of E. coli became smaller than that of P. aeruginosa, which is resistant to these agents, the latter was restored to the same population level as that in pure cultures.

Experimental bacterial colonization, by which the predominant population of E. coli was replaced by that of P. aeruginosa in mixed culture, was brought about more efficiently with the cephalosporins than with ampicillin. This might be accounted for by the difference in minimal inhibitory concentration for P. aeruginosa between ampicillin and the other three agents.
Infectivity Suppressing and Virus‐Binding Activities of a Membrane Material Isolated from Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Kiho Yukio , Shimomura Toru , Abe Tetsuya , Nozu Yuzo
Published: November 2013

TMV binding substance (R) was isolated from a tobacco leaf membrane fraction and was purified by extraction with organic solvents and by column chromatography. Experimental results suggest that the binding of R with TMV results in inactivation of TMV. When tobacco leaves were inoculated with the R‐TMV complex, it was found that the formation of polysome containing infecting viral RNA was inhibited. Model experiments showed that the mode of R‐TMV adsorption to the membrane is different from that of TMV adsorption and that stripping of coat protein from TMV by SDS was inhibited by R. A possible explanation for the mechanism of this inhibition by R is that the R‐TMV complex follows a pathway which does not lead to establishment of infection. Although less efficient, R was still active when it was applied after virus inoculation. Due to its affinity to coat protein, R might also interfere with a later process of viral multiplication.
Antigenicity of Erythrocytes as Analyzed in Terms of Their Cross‐Reactivity
Authors: Makidono Reiko
Published: November 2013

The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of four different ABO blood groups and sheep erythrocytes of unknown blood type from different individual sheep were analyzed in terms of their cross‐reactivity with antibody‐producing cells (plaque‐forming cells, PFC) and serum antibody in immunized C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. The antigenicity of human erythrocytes of different ABO blood groups in the C57BL/6 mice, as determined by the number of specific PFC, was, in decreasing order, AB=A>B=O (p<0.005). The efficiency of immunogenicity of the human erythrocytes in terms of their cross‐reactivity with PFC was, in order, AB=A=B>O, and the degree of reactinogenicity was, in order, AB>A≧B>O. The order of antigenicity of sheep erythrocytes from different animals, SRBC #1‐#6, was #1 (= #2)>#3 = #4 = #5> #6 in C57BL/6 mice and #1 = #2 = #3 = #4 = #6 > #5 in C3H/He mice, determined by the number of specific PFC (p < 0.01). The cross‐reactivity of SRBC #1–#6 with PFC demonstrates that the order of immunogenicity of SRBC was #1 = #2 = #3 = #4 = #5>#6 in C57BL/6 mice and #1 = #2 = #3 = #4 = #6> #5 in C3H/He mice, and that of their reactinogenicity was #1 > #2 = #3 = #4 = #5 > #6 in C57BL/6 mice and #1 > #4 = #6 > #2 = #3 > #5 in C3H/He mice. The cross‐reactivity at the antibody level was indicative of the immunologic characteristics of blood cells of low antigenicity (human group O erythrocytes and SRBC #5 and #6). SRBC #5 and #6 were somewhat opposed to each other regarding antigenicity in C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. This signifies the presence of different immunogenic components on SRBC #5 and #6. The production of anti‐SRBC #1 antibody reached its peak on the third day after secondary immunization. That of anti‐SRBC #1, cross‐reactive with SRBC #6, occurred after a longer latent period, reaching its peak on day 6. This indicates that SRBC #1 possesses more than one kind of immunogenic component or immunogenic determinant group on its surface.
In Vitro Activity of Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, and Carbenicillin, Alone and in Combination with Aminoglycosides against Serratia marcescens1
Authors: Miller Marcia A. , Yousuf Mohammad , Griffin Patricia S. , Bartlett Marie , Crane James K.
Published: November 2013

Synergistic antibiotic studies were undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two new β‐lactamase resistant cephalosporins, cefamandole, and carbenicillin, with four aminoglycosides against clinical strains of Serratia marcescens. The strains demonstrated various combinations of resistance and/or susceptibility to the antibiotics tested. Tobramycin was the most effective aminoglycoside when used in combination with β‐lactam antibiotics. Carbenicillin and cefamandole demonstrated similar activity with aminoglycosides in synergy experiments.

Tobramycin‐carbenicillin was found to be the superior pair as indicated by the total number of strains inhibited. This combination was the only one effective against certain high drug resistant strains and the strain resistant to all four aminoglycosides. Carbenicillin or cefamandole with tobramycin exhibited comparable activity against multiple drug resistant organisms. However, mutants significantly more resistant to cefamandole developed during susceptibility testing. The findings of this study have clinical relevance for treating infections by this formidable pathogen.
Identification of β‐Hemolytic Streptococci Isolated from Hospitalized Children in Baghdad
Authors: Al‐Hindawi Nassir , Al‐Shibib Asfar
Published: November 2013

Two hundred and twenty four hospitalized children in Baghdad aged between 1 month and 10 years were examined for Streptococcal infections. Thirty‐four percent of the throat and saliva specimens were positive for β‐hemolytic streptococci. Males were more susceptible to infection with group A streptococci than females. Streptococcus of group A was isolated from 39.5% of the positive cases while group G was 47.4%. The etiological significance of the latter group in tonsillitis and otitis media is to be further investigated. Ninety six percent of the isolated streptococci were T typable and 13.3% of the strains were M typable. A high frequency of type T‐11 was found in streptococcal infections. T type 3875 was found to be a new provisional type. All isolates were M untypable, and anti‐opacity factor negative except for two isolates of T type 4 which were positive in both typings.
Susceptibility of Ad12‐Transformed S (+) and S (‐) Mouse Cells to Cell‐Mediated Immunity In Vitro
Authors: Maeta Yasunobu , Hamada Chuya
Published: November 2013

Adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12)‐transformed mouse cells were examined for their susceptibility to cell‐mediated immunity in vitro, with respect to the activity of the virus‐specific surface (S) antigen in the cells. A transformed cell line, C57AT1, was established from embryonic cells of C57BL/6 mice by Ad 12 infection. In fluorescent antibody tests, the transformed cells were positive for the S antigen when the cells were maintained as cultures, whereas when the cells were grown as tumors in animals they became negative for the antigen (referred to as S(+) and S(—) cells, respectively). These S(+) and S(‐) cells were subjected to the 51Cr‐release test for cell lysis by immune spleen cells (ISC) raised in syngeneic mice by Ad 12 infection. When the S(+) cells at various passage levels were exposed to ISC, all of them were lysed extensively and to a similar extent irrespective of their passage history. In contrast, the S(‐) cells were consistently refractory to the action of ISC. In addition, the cytotoxic action of ISC was markedly impeded by pretreating the S(+) cells with antiserum to the S antigen, or the ISC with anti‐Thy‐1,2 serum plus complement. Taken these findings together, the S(+) cells were assumed to be injured by ISC through direct interaction of the S antigen with T‐lymphocytes.
Comparison of Heterogeneities of Antitrinitrophenyl Antibodies in Strains of Mice Immunized by Various Methods
Authors: Kamiya‐Harada Yasuko , Kawakami Masaya
Published: November 2013

Heterogeneity of antibodies directed against the trinitrophenyl (TNP) determinant in immunized mice was analyzed by investigating the band groups of antibodies formed by thin layer isoelectric focusing of serum. The degree of heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice was markedly higher than that in CBA mice under the following conditions of immunization: immunization with TNP conjugated with bovine gamma‐globulin or ovalbumin, interchange of these carrier proteins at the first and second injections, change of epitope density of the antigens, replacement of the hapten by dinitrophenyl group on the antigen for the secondary stimulation, and change of intervals of these injections from 15 days to five months. The degree of heterogeneity within a strain also varied with these immunizing conditions. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice of any immunization group was greater than that in CBA mice in any group. This was also true when the heterogeneity was examined with the immune sera diluted to the same titer. These results indicate that the number of predominant clones of cells producing anti‐TNP antibody after immunization is larger in C57BL/6 than in CBA mice.
Antigenic Analysis of Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Viruses (Enterovirus Type 70)
Authors: Kawamoto Hiroyoshi
Published: November 2013

The antigenic characteristics of enterovirus type 70 (EV 70) were investigated by means of cross and kinetic neutralization tests (NT). Twelve strains of EV 70 isolated in a period from 1971 to 1976 were analyzed using seven rabbit and one monkey hyper‐immune sera. All the strains investigated were found to possess a common and prime variant antigens in varying proportions.

Accordingly, EV 70 isolates were devided intratypically into three antigenic subgroups; (1) prototype‐like (four strain from 1971 to 1972), (2) intermediate, G‐10/72‐like (two strains from 1972 to 1973), and (3) prime variant, G‐2/74‐like (six strains from 1974 to 1976) groups.

Thus it was considered that EV 70 might represent a virus type with antigenic heterogeneity, and that antigenic drift from the prototype to the prime type may have occurred successively after 1971.
Continuous Survey of the Distribution of RNA Coliphages in Japan
Authors: Furuse Kohsuke , Ando Asako , Osawa Satoshi , Watanabe Itaru
Published: November 2013

In order to demonstrate the stability and continuity of RNA coliphages (phages) in their natural habitats, we investigated the amount and group types of RNA phages in sewage samples collected continuously from domestic drainage in Japan proper and islands in the seas adjacent to Japan (abbreviated simply as islands, hereafter) over a 5‐yr period from 1973 to 1977. It was found that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high and constant. The group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable in the three cities, Choshi, Niigata, and Toyama in Japan proper. The average for the three cities was group II: III = 3: 1. The investigation in islands revealed that the frequencies of isolation of RNA phages were fairly high as in the case of the above three cities in Japan proper and the group types of RNA phages isolated were also stable. That is to say, group II phages were predominant on Rishiri Island, Rebun I., Iki I., and Tsushima I., which are located relatively near to mainland Japan, while group III phages were predominant on Amamiohshima I., mainland Okinawa, Ishigakijima I., and Iriomotejima I., which are located south of Kyushu. It can thus be said that the RNA phages in the domestic drainage of Japan proper and islands remained more or less stable over at least the 5‐yr period, and an apparent difference in the geographical distribution of RNA phages in Japan exists between Kyushu and Amamiohshima I.
Antigenic Analysis of Human Cytomegalovirus Isolates from Japanese Women and Infants
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Numazaki Yoshio
Published: November 2013

The antigenic differences among human cytomegalovirus (CMV), two laboratory strains (Davis, AD 169), isolates from pregnant women's cervical secretions, mother's milk, infants' throat swabs and urine were analyzed by means of the plaque reduction assay using human sera which were assumed to contain monotypic antibodies by primary infection and boosted antibodies by reinfection or reactivation of the latent virus. In the cross‐neutralization tests, there were no remarkable differences among the CMV strains examined. Moreover, in the neutralization kinetics, normalized k values among the strains constantly exceeded 80. Therefore, it is suggested that the human CMV strains examined in the study were serologically identical or very closely related.
Pyomelanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Arai Taketoshi , Hamajima Hajime , Kuwahara Shogo
Published: November 2013

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was successfully transformed from a pyomelanin‐producing strain to a non‐pyomelanin‐producing strain by genetic transformation, with an average frequency of 1.17 × 1−3/recipient. Although the transformation frequency was not affected by doses of DNA between 17 and 51 μg/ml, it was influenced by the growth phase of the recipient bacteria, i.e., it was highest in the late logarithmic phase. Biochemical functions of the transformants were the same as those of the recipient strain except for pyomelanin production. Some of them, however, showed an intermediate growth behavior and cell arrangement between the donor and recipient. The serological type of the donor strain was sometimes contransduced although a few transformants became nonagglutinable with either donor or recipient type antiserum. The pyomelanin producing activity and serological type gained of some transformants were eliminated by either subculturing in nutrient broth or acridine treatment. The results obtained suggested that the pyomelanin productivity of P. aeruginosa is controlled by a plasmid.
Interferon Production in Human Diploid Cell Strains Derived from Embryonic Lungs
Authors: Machida Haruhiko , Kuninaka Akira , Yoshino Hiroshi , Yamada Ken‐Ichiro , Okumura Hideo
Published: November 2013

Twenty‐three strains of human diploid cells derived from embryonic lungs were tested for production of interferon by “superinduction.” Strain HAIN‐55 produced a relatively high level of interferon. The optimal concentration of cycloheximide for superinduction was essentially equal to that reported with foreskin fibroblasts. On the other hand, actinomycin D at a concentration of 4 to 16 μg/ml enhanced the production of interferon more strikingly than at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, which was usually employed for superinduction in the foreskin fibroblasts. Inhibition of interferon production was observed when fetal bovine serum was added to the medium during treatment with metabolic inhibitors for superinduction. Minimal essential medium was superior to Eagle's basal medium as growth medium for interferon production, and serum added after removal of metabolic inhibitors could be replaced by bovine serum albumin. The yield of interferon produced under the best conditions in this study, with strain HAIN‐55, was more than 10,000 reference units/ml.
Studies on the Bacterial Spore Coat
Authors: Nishihara Tsutomu , Tomita Masafumi , Yamanaka Noriyasu , Ichikawa Tomio , Kondo Masaomi
Published: November 2013

Properties of alkali‐soluble components from the spore coat of Bacillus megaterium were examined by physicochemical methods. They were composed of acidic polypeptides of various molecular weights with small amounts of phosphorus and sugar. They were allowed to dissociate to unit components by incubation with SDS. The major component was partially purified by gel filtration, and shown to have a mean molecular weight of about 11,000.
Comparative Studies on Subtypes of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBs Ag) in Two Regions of Southern Japan, Okinawa and Kumamoto
Authors: Katsuki Kazuko , Maeda Mitsuyoshi , Dohke Sunao , Yonamine Hirotatsu , Hinuma Yorio
Published: November 2013

A total of 209 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag)‐positive sera from two possibly ethnologically different regions of southern Japan, Okinawa and Kumamoto, were subtyped by counterelectrophoresis using monospecific antisera to a, d, y, w, and r antigenic determinants. There was a marked difference in the prevalence of the w and r determinants in the two regions; the frequency of the HBs Ag/adr subtype was 95% in Kumamoto and 47% in Okinawa, suggesting that HBs Ag subtypes may be one of the markers reflecting an ethnological difference between the peoples of the two regions. Seven and three serum specimens in Okinawa and Kumamoto respectively showed unusual HBs Ag subtypes: four carried adwr (two specimens), aywr, or adyw determinants, five had only a, and the remaining one carried ar.
Delayed Germination of Bacillus cereus T Spores after Treatment with Trichloroacetic Acid and Their Reactivation by Heating
Authors: Shibata Hirofumi , Murakami Hiromi , Tani Isamu
Published: November 2013

Treatment of Bacillus cereus T spores with trichloroacetic acid delayed their germination. The extent of retardation depended on the concentration of trichloroacetic acid, and the temperature, pH and duration of treatment. The effect was completely reversed by subsequent heating, and this restoration of germination also depended on the temperature and duration of heat treatment. Fourteen compounds were examined for their ability to suppress germination of spores. The halogenated fatty acids tested, such as trifluoro‐, tribromo‐, and dichloroacetic acid, caused suppression of germination, whereas other compounds, i.e., free fatty acids and amino acids, did not. It is concluded that the charge distribution of fatty acid molecules is important for their effect in suppressing germination of spores.
Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Polyornithine and Lecithin
Authors: Kiho Yukio , Abe Tetsuya
Published: November 2013

Combined action of polyornithine and lecithin modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virions making them sensitive to ribonuclease (RNase), pronase or Triton X‐100. Sedimentational analysis and examination of the fluorescence spectrum revealed that the reaction product obtained after RNase treatment of modified TMV was a three‐component complex made of coat protein, polyornithine and lecithin. The minimum requirement for the modification was completely fulfilled by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, suggesting that a positively charged nitrogen group and an alkyl group of moderate size, C10–18, are necessary components. These components react with the surface region of TMV which is considered to have an important role in connecting coat protein subunits in TMV virions.
Phenotypic Characterization of Adenovirus Type 12 Temperature‐Sensitive Mutants in Productive Infection and Transformation
Authors: Hama Seiji , Kimura Genki
Published: November 2013

Eleven temperature‐sensitive mutants of adenovirus type 12, capable of forming plaques in human cells at 33 C but not at 39.5 C, were isolated from a stock of a wild‐type strain after treatment with either nitrous acid or hydroxyl‐amine. Complementation tests in doubly infected human cells permitted a tentative assignment of eight of these mutants to six complementation groups. Temperature‐shift experiments revealed that one mutant is affected early and most of the other mutants are affected late. Only the early mutant, H12ts505, was temperature sensitive in viral DNA replication. Infectious virions of all the mutants except H12ts505 and two of the late mutants produced at 33 C, appeared to be more heat labile than those of the wild type.

Only H12ts505 was temperature sensitive for the establishment of transformation of rat 3Y1 cells. One of the late mutants (H12ts504) had an increased transforming ability at the permissive temperature. Results of temperature‐shift transformation experiments suggest that a viral function affected in H12ts505 is required for “initiation” of transformation. Some of the growth properties of H12ts505‐transformed cells were also temperature dependent, suggesting that a functional expression of a gene mutated in H12ts505 is required to maintain at least some aspects of the transformed state.
In Vitro Studies on the Immunological Memory for Antibody Response to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Nishikawa Shin‐Ichi , Takaoki Muneo , Katsura Yoshimoto
Published: November 2013

Immunological memory for T and B cells was studied in an in vitro culture system with spleen cells from mice primed with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Spleen cells taken from mice immunized at various times previously with a single intravenous injection of alum‐precipitated (AP) BSA and bacterial endotoxin (ET) were cultured in Marbrook's system with dinitrophenylated (DNP) BSA as the in vitro antigen. In the cultures of spleen cells obtained from mice primed more than 14 days previously, an IgG‐predominant anti‐BSA response was generated. However, no anti‐BSA response was observed in the culture of spleen cells taken from mice primed 7 days previously (day 7 spleen cells). The failure of day 7 spleen cells to generate an antibody response in vitro was shown to be attributable to both the lack of B memory cells and the effect of “suppressive” macrophages induced by ET. On the other hand, anti‐BSA memory in the spleen of mice primed with AP‐BSA plus ET and 2 months later challenged with AP‐BSA matured within 7 days and declined rather quickly by 30 days after the challenge. The difference in the time course of the generation of memory between the spleen cells from primary and from secondary immunized mice might be attributable to the difference in the maturation of memory B cells, since the time course of the development of memory T cells after the secondary immunization was similar to that observed after primary immunization.
Metabolie Aspects in Mice Administered Live Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Sakaguchi Osamu , Hsu Cheng‐Chin , Sakaguchi Shuhei
Published: November 2013

The influence of intraperitoneal inoculation of live Salmonella typhimurium on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in mice was investigated at doses of 9.2 × 107 cells, 1.9 × 108 cells, and 3.8 × 108 cells. The hepatic glycogen content in mice at 18 hr after the inoculation decreased in inverse proportion to an increase in the injection dose. The activities of hepatic phosphorylase and G‐6‐Pase increased significantly after 2 hr, but after 18 hr the levels of both enzyme activities, especially G‐6‐Pase, declined in inverse porportion to an increase in dose of viable cells administered to the mice. The levels of serum glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in mice markedly decreased at doses of 1.9 × 108 and 3.8 × 108 cells after a transient rise at early stage (1 hr) after the injection. Marked hypertriglyceridemia was seen in infected mice. However, the activity in serum lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was reduced by an increase in the injection dose. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of viable cells on the serum triglyceride level was prevented in mice immunized with S. typhimurium endotoxin or administered with the anti‐endotoxin serum. These results indicate that hypertriglyceridemia mainly results from the action of endotoxin in the pathogen. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity markedly increased at the dose of 3.8 × 108 cells within 8–16 hr, and the infected mice exhibited a leakage of isozymes LDH‐3 and 5 in the serum 16 hr post‐inoculation.
The Interactions of Porcine and Ovine, Serum and Colostral Immunoglobulins with Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Bennell Moria Ann , Watson Dennis Leslie
Published: November 2013

The purpose of these studies was to determine the proportion of each immunoglobulin class/subclass in blood and colostrum of the pig and sheep, which would bind to staphylococcal Protein A. The concentrations of porcine IgG, IgM, and IgA were determined for serum and colostral whey from five sows. Similar measurements were made on two fractions produced by elution of the sample through a Protein A‐Sepharose column: fraction 1, immunoglobulins which did not bind to Protein A, and fraction 2, immunoglobulins which bound to Protein A. The concentrations of ovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA were measured for serum and colostral whey from six ewes, and again similar measurements were made after elution of each ovine sample through Protein A‐Sepharose.

All classes/subclasses of porcine and ovine serum and colostral immunoglobulins bound to Protein A to some extent. More than 90% of IgG from both porcine colostral whey and serum bound to Protein A. Ovine IgG1 from most ewes possessed a low affinity for Protein A whereas ovine IgG2 generally possessed a high affinity; 100% of the IgG2 in ovine colostral whey samples bound to Protein A. There was remarkable variation between individuals in the binding capacity of porcine IgM and each of the ovine immunoglobulins. For the ovine samples, in particular there were distinct differences between Protein A binding capacity of serum and colostral immunoglobulins of the same class/subclass.
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte‐Inhibitory Factor of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Imagawa Tadashi , Kanoh Makoto , Sonoda Shunro , Utsumi Sayaka
Published: November 2013

In vivo biologic effects of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte‐inhibitory factor (PIF) of Bordetella pertussis were tested by using two experimentally induced inflammatory processes in mice. The intravenous injection of a partially purified extract from phase I bacteria strongly inhibited the glycogen‐induced peritoneal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the Arthus reactions, whereas little inhibitory activity was found in the extract from phase III bacteria. The activity was localized in the outer membrane of phase I bacteria, as was the in vitro PIF activity, and the two activities gave the same behavior in DEAE‐cellulose chromatography. Therefore the observed suppression of inflammatory processes in mice is probably due to the inhibitory action of PIF on the function of PMN in vivo.
Recognition of Heterologous Cells by Macrophages
Authors: Sugimoto Masanobu , Sano Katsuyuki , Enomoto Takemi , Yamada Masaatsu , Egashira Yasuyuki
Published: November 2013

Mouse and guinea pig macrophages cultured in vitro actively phagocytize non‐opsonized thymocytes from certain heterologous animals including chickens, as shown in the accompanying paper (11). The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, using the phagocytosis of chicken thymocytes (c‐thymocytes) by mouse and guinea pig macrophages.

The involvement in this phenomenon of natural IgG passively adsorbed in situ to macrophages was excluded, since the phagocytosis of c‐thymocytes was not significantly affected by the treatment of macrophages with homologous IgG or rabbit anti‐sera directed toward homologous IgG. The involvement of lectin‐ or sugar‐like receptors seems also to be unlikely, since various glycoproteins showed no significant effect. c‐Thymocytes treated with normal mouse serum (NMS) but not with heat‐inactivated NMS were strongly stained with goat anti‐mouse C3 by an indirect immunofluorescent technique, and became extremely vulnerable to adherence to and phagocytosis by mouse macrophages, suggesting that c‐thymocytes are an activator of the alternative pathway of mouse complement. These results as a whole raise the possibility that mouse and guinea pig macrophages can phagocytize c‐thymocytes by recognizing their activating surfaces of the alternative complement pathway without the participation of exogenously added IgG or complement, as proposed by others in the phagocytosis of rabbit and mouse red blood cells by human monocytes.