bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions by States
Authors: Behfar Malihe , Savari Hassan
Published: December 2016

In UNs history, the Legality of Security Council Resolutions, in many cases, is challenged. Generally, these challenges are taken by States that affected Security Council decisions. With notice that States are the representative for implementation of SCR, they intervene their determination and interpretation in the way that implement SC Decisions. In some cases, domestic and regional courts evaluate the state action in implementation SCRs. Although these cases couldn’t provide direct review on Resolutions, but affected in the way of implementation. Evaluation by States is probable and arises some concerns about decreased effectiveness of SC in the maintenance of international peace and security.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: December 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2017.
Poronia punctata (L.: Fr.) Rabenh. (Xylariales, Ascomycota) in Poland: a threatened, rare, or overlooked species?
Authors: Szczepkowski Andrzej , Obidziński Artur
Published: December 2016

Poronia punctata is regarded as a threatened, rare coprophilous fungus species, especially in Europe. Lately, the fungus has been noted again in Poland after a century of absence. Micro- and macrotraits of P. punctata have been given on the basis of specimens from two collections: the first, contemporary one, found in the field in 2010, and the second and most probably oldest Polish one dating back to the years 1819–1845, from the collections of prof. Michał Szubert, found by us in the Herbarium of the University of Warsaw. The distribution of P. punctata localities within the present boundaries of Poland is presented. The occurrence conditions of P. punctata in Poland, especially the new locality, are characterized. Possible reasons why the species has not been noted within 1905–2009 in Poland are indicated. The threat status of the species according to the IUCN criteria is assessed and the threat category VU is proposed.
The Shifting Genres of Scholarly Multimedia: Webtexts As Innovation
Authors: Ball Cheryl E.
Published: December 2016

In this article, I discuss webtexts as a multi-genre, multi-mediated type of research publication. After briefly describing what webtexts are, how they function, what their histories have looked like, and what media have been used to design them, I examine more closely what genres have been assigned to them and how those genres have fluctuated across time. This article explores how the genres of webtexts can be difficult to stabilize due to their technological and media innovations. This lack of stability is an unsolved preservation problem that rich metadata can partially ameliorate so that readers can interpret and interact with webtexts into the future. Although there doesn’t exist any official controlled vocabulary for metadata that would apply to webtext genres, this article outlines one attempt at creating a vocabulary for webtexts and their media elements that attends to their historical and generic shifts.
Três médicos e uma mãe
Authors: Prata Micaela Amaral , Fonseca Mariana , Gonçalves Mafalda , Sousa Margarida , Rocha Lia
Published: December 2016

A papilomatose laríngea, doença rara potencialmente fatal, carateriza-se pela proliferação de papilomas no trato respiratório, múltiplos, recorrentes, cuja etiologia é a infeção por papilomavírus humano (HPV). Menina, 21 meses, filha de mãe com serologia positiva para vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) e HPV. Em acompanhamento nas consultas de Pediatria do Desenvolvimento do Hospital, Pediatra Particular e Médico de Família (MF). Aos 18 meses, na consulta de acompanhamento do MF, a mãe preocupada salienta a fala sussurrada e choro rouco da filha com diagnóstico frequente de laringite aguda no Pediatra e MF nos últimos 3 meses, motivando a referenciação à Otorrinolaringologia e posterior diagnóstico de papilomatose laríngea. A abordagem da disfonia na criança evita o uso inapropriado de corticoides, inibidores da bomba de prótons e antibioticoterapia. Neste relato sobressai a desvantagem associada ao seguimento por múltiplos médicos, sendo o MF fundamental para reunir e integrar a informação clínica, permitindo a continuidade de cuidados.
Justificação pela fé no pensamento de Lutero e hoje. Uma introdução
Authors: Caldas Filho Carlos Ribeiro
Published: December 2016

A proximidade do quinto centenário da Reforma Protestante do século XVI faz lembrar da pessoa e da obra de Martinho Lutero. Talvez o principal ponto do programa reformador de Lutero tenha sido sua compreensão da doutrina da justificação pela fé, entendida como a coluna vertebral da teologia da Reforma. Todavia, desde o final do século XX a doutrina tem sido reformulada a partir de alguns trabalhos de biblistas, como James Dunn e N. Thomas Wright, identificados com a assim chamada “Nova Perspectiva Paulina (ou sobre Paulo)”, a NPP. O presente artigo pretende apresentar, posto que em síntese, as linhas mestras da compreensão de Lutero quanto ao tema, a reação do Concílio de Trento, a partir de 1545, a Declaração Conjunta Luterana-Católica Romana sobre a Doutrina da Justificação em 1999 e a polêmica recente em torno da NPP. Por fim, o artigo mostrará, independentemente do mérito da questão da NPP, a relevância do pensamento de Lutero para os dias de hoje.
A linguagem visual transconfessional da xilogravura pietista “O caminho largo e o caminho estreito” de Charlotte Reihlen
Authors: Renders Helmut
Published: December 2016

A xilogravura “O caminho largo e o caminho estreito”, de Charlotte Reihlen, criada em 1862, é considerada um dos ícones da cultura visual evangélica que se tornou um fenômeno mundial. O artigo apresenta sua linguagem religiosa como releitura de duas gravuras do artista da reforma católica Hieronymus Wierix (1553-1619), conhecidas pelo mesmo nome em holandês (De smalle en de brede Weg, 1600 e 1619) e sugere ainda influências da obra O novo Jerusalém, originalmente da Suíça, com alta difusão na França e na Alemanha. Enquanto os comentários em relação à dependência de Wierix representam mais ajustes de pesquisas anteriores, avança o texto a respeito da influência da outra obra e no detalhamento de temas em comum nas obras de Wierix e da Suíça, mas, omitidos em Reihlen. Finalmente, transparece a gravura de Reihlen como uma obra pietista luterana que articula uma linguagem religiosa, ao mesmo tempo em proximidade como em distinção de linguagens pictóricas da contrarreforma e do mundo reformado.
A relação filosofia-teologia na América Latina
Authors: Aquino Júnior Francisco de
Published: December 2016

O artigo trata da problemática da relação teologia-filosofia nas teologias da libertação ou da mediação filosófica dessas teologias. É um tema não estudado ou mesmo silenciado. Praticamente não existe estudo sobre isso. No máximo, alguma referência ou algum comentário sobre a influência de um filósofo ou de uma filosofia em alguma teologia da libertação concreta. O que já é um bom indicativo da (não) importância ou do lugar (periférico) da mediação filosófica nessas teologias. O texto começa mostrando como, com raríssimas exceções, essa problemática ou não foi tematizada e desenvolvida ou foi apenas indicada e/ou esboçada nas teologias da libertação (aproximação historiográfica). Num segundo momento, indica, sem maiores desenvolvimentos, a importância e o lugar da mediação filosófica, bem como sua necessidade e sua contribuição para o quefazer e para o produto dessas teologias (aproximação sistemática). Não se pretende, aqui, desenvolver nem sequer esboçar uma mediação filosófica concreta para as teologias da libertação, mas simplesmente problematizar a questão em seu desenvolvimento histórico e em sua estrutura teórica fundamental e, com isso, colocar a necessidade e o desafio de desenvolvimento dessa mediação como uma mediação importante e necessária no processo global de inteligência da fé.
PROVEDBENOPRAVNI PRIKAZ VREDNOVANJA OKOLNOSTI ZA ODMJERAVANJE KAZNE
Authors: Mršić Gordana
Published: December 2016

Prikazuje se pojam odmjeravanje kazne sa naglaskom na zabranu dvostrukog vrednovanja okolnosti pri određenju kaznenopravne mjere. Koncept odmjeravanja kazne jedan je od najsloženijih problema moderne politike kažnjavanja počinitelja kaznenih djela odnosno suzbijanja kažnjivih ponašanja i smanjenja broja kaznenih djela. On je složen jer u biti podrazumijeva rijetko usporediv multidisciplinarni pristup: primjerice, kroz istu prizmu prelamaju se okolnosti koje su u različitoj kulturnoj i pravno-povijesnoj tradiciji različito tretirane kao olakotne ili otegotne a što bitno utječe na odmjeravanje kazne. Provedena su brojna istraživanja, sudske politike kažnjavanja s vrlo sličnim zaključcima. Ipak, unatoč tome što se o odmjeravanju kazne i njenim posljedicama mnogo zna, svakodnevno se otvara rasprava o ovoj temi ne samo na stručnoj razini već i u široj javnosti. Jedni ovom pitanju prilaze gotovo s matematičkih pozicija, svodeći odmjeravanje kazne na razinu „tarifnog sustava“, a drugi poriču mogućnost, apstraktnog i/ili konkretnog kvantificiranja. Između dvije krajnosti postoji svijet “konkretnih slučajeva“ koji iz dana u dan angažiraju znanstvenu, strukovnu i širu javnost, zbog čega je vrijedno znanstveno sublimirati ovu materiju uz naznaku aktualnih pitanja.
UPRAVLJANJE MREŽOM U ISO-OSI OKRUŽENJU
Authors: Šušić Ilija
Published: December 2016

Danas broj računarskih mreža u okviru jedne organizacije raste zajedno sa raznorodnim sistemima koji omogućavaju njihovo međusobno povezivanje i povezivanje na Internet (ruteri različitih proizvođača, terminal server..). Sama mreža, njeni resusi i distribuirane aplikacije postaju od neprocenjive vrijednosti za organizaciju. Iz tih razloga upravlјanje ovim sistemima je veoma značajno, jer velike mreže ne mogu biti grupisane i administrirane samo od strane lјudi. Kompleksnost takvih sistema diktira korišćenje aplikacija za automatizovano upravlјanje računarskim mrežama. Potražnja za takvim aplikacijama stalno se povećava, ali takođe postaje i sve teže isporučiti takve aplikacije, pogotovu ako se mreža sastoji od opreme različitih proizvođača. Međutim, kod kompleksnih računarskih mreža koje čini veliki broj članova često je neophodno, a uz to i veoma komplikovano, predvidjeti moguće probleme, utvrditi da je do problema na mreži došlo i utvrditi njegovu lokaciju i uzrok. Uloga protokola za jednostavno upravljanje mrežom SNMP (engl. Simple Network Management Protocol) jeste da administratorima obezbjedi informacije vezane za rad računarske mreže, a koje je moguće iskoristiti za sprečavanje i rješavanje problema u njenom radu. Za korišćenje SNMP protokola u mreži potrebno je obezbjediti odgovarajuće karakteristike mreže. Protokol SNMP se u mrežama omogućava putem tri tipa komponenata: mrežnih uređaja sa podrškom za upravljanje SNMP-om (engl.managed device),SNMP agenata i sistema za upravljanje mrežom (engl. Network Management System, NMS). Mrežni uređaji sa podrškom za SNMP upravljanje su članovi mreže koji sadrže SNMP agente. Ovi uređaji kreiraju bazu podataka koja sadrži informacije o njihovom radu u proteklom periodu. Podaci iz ove baze su dostupni sistemu za upravljanje mrežom (NMS) putem SNMP protokola. Uloga SNMP agenata je da podatke iz baze podataka mrežnog uređaja prevede u oblikdefinisan SNMP protokolom kao i da kontrolne podatke dobijene od NMS sistema primeni na lokalnom uređaju. Zadatak NMS sistema jeste da informacije dobijene od SNMP agenata analiziraju kao i da kontrolišu mrežne uređaje. rotokol za upravlјanje mrežom SNMP razvijen je kao alat za upravlјanje mrežama i međusobno povezanim mrežama koje koriste TCP/IP protokol, a kasnije je njegova primjena proširena i na sva ostala mrežna okruženja.
TURBULENCIJE U EUROZONI I USLOVI NJENOG OPSTANKA
Authors: Muratović Husein
Published: December 2016

U ovom Radu razmatrana je monetarna i fiskalna politika Evropske unije, odnosno eurozone, finansijska liberalizacija, neophodnost izmjene Lisabonskog, odnosno Rimskog ugovora, nemogućnost opstanka dvaju konstitutivnih, a suprotstavljenih naĉela Unije (1. da svaka ĉlanica plaća za svoje greške i 2. da ĉlanica Unije ne moţe propasti), fiskalna i šira ekonomska perspektiva i uslovi pod kojima eurozona moţe opstati. Pored toga, razmatranje je fokusirano na plan za ujednaĉavanje ekonomske politike Evropske unije i na pravce mogućih rješenja problematike eurozone.
MEĐUNARODNI SUDOVI
Authors: Škrbić Ajla
Published: December 2016

Svi meĊunarodni sudovi dijele se u dvije grupe: sudovi osnovani za rješavanje svih vrsta meĊunarodnih sporova koje drţave iznesu pred njih i sudovi specijalizovane nadleţnosti. U prvu grupu spadaju, primjerice, Centralnoameriĉki sud, Stalni sud meĊunarodne pravde i MeĊunarodni sud pravde, dok u drugu grupu spadaju sudovi kao što su Evropski sud za ljudska prava, MeĊuameriĉki sud za ljudska prava, MeĊunarodni sud za pravo mora i Sud Evropskih zajednica. Svima je cilj osnivanja isti: kazniti poĉinioce meĊunarodnih kriviĉnih djela. MeĊutim, bez obzira na sve veći broj ovakvih sudova, meĊunarodni zloĉini se ĉine. Upravo stoga smatra se da je potrebno napraviti efikasniji mehanizam koji će za posljedicu imati manji broj ţrtava oruţanih sukoba.
STRATEGIJE U EKSTERNOM STATEBUILDING-U
Authors: Klepo Neven
Published: December 2016

Paradigme strategija eksternog Statebuilding-a su već postojale u politiĉkom i nauĉnom diskursu o raznim intervencijama MeĊunarodne zajednice nakon drugog svjetskog rata. Ujedinjeni narodi i drugi akteri MeĊunarodne zajednice su uĉili kroz praksu i neintencialno primjenjivali razne strategije, dok su u nauĉnom diskursu prevladale analize pojedinaĉnih aktivnosti tih aktera bez apstrahiranja i izraĊivanja strateških pristupa.94 Nakon teroristiĉkih napada 11. septembra 2001. godine se promijenio nauĉni diskurs, pogotovo zbog novog shvatanja o potrebi strateških planova za intervenciju u fragilnim drţavama, koje su gledane kao faktor koji ugroţava sigurnost u meĊunarodnom sistemu drţava. U zadnjih deset godina su obavljene mnogobrojne analize, koje samo predlaţu jednu pojedinaĉnu strategiju kao i one koje daju opširan pregled najznaĉajnijih strategija.
UTICAJ FINANSIJSKOG LEVERIDŢA NA POSLOVANJE PREDUZEĆA
Authors: Banović Marica
Published: December 2016

Finansijski leveridţ je finansijski rizik prouzrokovan dejstvom fiksnih troškova, u vidu kamata, koje preduzeće servisira na osnovu duga i predstavlja stvar izbora preduzeća. Ukoliko preduzeće, u procesu poslovanja, finansira svoje poslovanje sopstvenim finansijskim sredstvima (sopstvenim kapitalom, akcijskim kapitalom), u tom sluĉaju nema dejstva finansijskog leveridţa. U praksi, skoro da nema preduzeća kod kojeg se ne ispoljava dejstvo finansijskog leveridţa jer svako preduzeće, odnosno menadţment preduzeća, teţi da ostvari što bolji finansijski rezultat u poslovanju, odnosno veću dobit.
OPŠTE STANJE OBRAZOVANJA I EDUKACIJE IZ PREDUZETNIŠTVA U RS I BiH
Authors: Kecman Branislav
Published: December 2016

Savremeni razvoj privrede i društva zahtijeva radikalne promjene u sistemu obrazovanja.”Tradicionalno obrazovanje” mora uvesti izmjene koje će ga učiniti operativnijim, fleksibilnijim i kreativnijim prema idejama koje dolaze. Isto tako, obrazovni sistem u RS i BiH mora biti sposoban da edukuje i osposobljava nove kadrove za vođenje malih i srednjih preduzeća, kao i da bude spreman na uvođenje razičitih inovacija u domenu preduzetništva,kroz sve oblasti privrednog i društvenog života. Te obrazovne promjene moraju pružiti visoko profesionalni kadrovi. Od menadžmenta preduzeća, danas se očekuje kreativnost i radoznalost, koje se .ipak u velikoj mjeri stiču učenjem.
FAKTORING U BIH
Authors: Kačavenda Mladen
Published: December 2016

Faktoring je odnos, potvrĊen ugovorom, izmeĊu prodavca robe i financijske institucije koja se zove faktor, gdje faktor otkupljuje potraţivanja prodavca, koje takoĊer kontrolira i kojima upravlja, dok prodavac dobija gotovinu. UvoĊenje faktoringa u finansijski sistem BiH doprinosi „gašenju“ nelikvidnosti i podsticanju „cirkulacije“ novĉanih sredstava, obzirom na oteţan „pristup“ kratkoroĉnim kreditima i naglašen problem naplate potraţivanja. U radu je obraĊen pojam faktoringa, te njegovi pojavni oblici u savremenim uslovima poslovanja. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na moguće prepreke za razvoj faktoringa u BiH-i.
HAŠKE KONFERENCIJE I KONVENCIJE O MEĐUNARODNOM HUMANITARNOM PRAVU
Authors: Adžić Darija
Published: December 2016

Osnova ovog rada je tzv. ratno ili haško pravo koje je dio meĊunarodnog humanitarnog prava. MeĊunarodno humanitarno pravo razvijalo se u sklopu sukoba izmeĊu interesa drţava i teţnje za humanizacijom upotrebe oruţane sile. Nasuprot insistiranja drţava na vojnoj potrebi i oĉuvanju suvereniteta, stalno je jaĉao zahtjev za humanitarnom zaštitom uĉesnika i civilnih ţrtava oruţanih sukoba, a sa jaĉanjem humanitarne zaštite šireni su i ciljevi i pravna osnova ratnog prava. U vezi s tim na Haškim konvencijama odrţanim krajem XIX i XX vijeka koje su obraĊene u ovom radu utvrĊene su norme ponašanja, odnosne Haške konvecije. Na osnovu obraĊene teme izvedeni su zakljuĉci i navedena korištena literatura.
THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA: CONDITIONS OF FUNC-TIONING
Authors: Ryapukhina Valeria , Shevtsova Svetlana
Published: December 2016

The article covers the problem actuality of creating the national innovation system in Russia. Тhe national innovation system is considered as a factor in international competitiveness and a basis for effective economic development. The authors examine the genesis of the concept of the national innovation system and its structure. We consider a comprehensive approach to the creation of the national innovation system in the re-search of some Russian authors. We present statistics on the level of innovation activity in Russia and compare them with those in developed economies. We describe several approaches to establish an effective national innovation system. We describe a well-known in world practice types of innovation development: innovation and imitation. The author conclude that in Russia may create a national innovation system of mixed type.
LIDERSTVO KROZ TEORIJU I PRAKSU (LIDERSTVO U AKCIONARSKOM DRUŠTVU)
Authors: Mandić Boško , Konjević Jelenko , Stojanović Igor
Published: December 2016

Ovaj rad se sastoji iz tri dijela. U prvom dijelu rada osnovni koncept je dat na pojmu, ulozi i znaĉaju liderstava i lidera kroz istoriju nastajanja društva i njegovog razvoja. Drugi dio rada ĉine teorijske postavke i studije liderstva, te novi koncepti liderstva u savremenoj praksi.U trećem dijelu ovog rada dat je praktiĉan primjer liderstva u preduzeću, odnosno akcionarskom društvu „Autoprevoz“ Banja Luka koji je podrţan sa SWOT analizom sa ukupnim konceptom razvoja kao vodećeg lidera u drumskom prevozu putnika u Bosni i Hercegovini.
MEĐUNARODNO PRAVO KAO OSNOVA ARBITRAŢE DRŢAVNOG PITANJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Authors: Bakić Kristijan
Published: December 2016

MeĊunarodna pozicija odreĊene drţave ili drţavnog podruĉja je jedan od konstitutivnih faktora, jer od meĊunarodnog priznanja i prihvatanja zavisi dali će neko drţavno podruĉje postati meĊunarodnim subjekt. U sluĉaju Bosne i Hercegovine je to posebno vaţno ,jer je ovo drţavno podruĉje bilo predmet meĊunarodne paţnje u više navrata, poĉev od Berlinskog kongresa 1878.godine. Ovdje je meĊunarodno pravo kao determinanta posmatrana u širem kontekstu meĊunarodnih kongresa, konferencija, konvencija, djelovanja OUN, uticaja velikih sila itd. Kroz daljnji tekst paţnja je usmjerana na nekoliko bitnih aspekata procesa meĊunarodne arbitraţe koji se odnosio na modeliranje unutrašnjeg ureĊenja drţave koji je završen usvajanjem Dejtonskog sporazuma koji danas predstavlja osnovu funkcionisanja drţave Bosne i Hercegovine.
PREDUZETNIĈKI INKUBATORI KAO SASTAVNI DIO PROSTORNO FIZIĈKE INFRASTRUKTURE U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ
Authors: Rosić Zoran
Published: December 2016

Preduzetniĉki inkubatori predstavljaju savremen alat razvoja preduzetništva u Evropi i SAD-u, a nastali su kao odgovor recesijskom razdoblju i propasti industrijskih sistema. Preduzetniĉke inkubatore uglavnom osnivaju gradovi i opštine, a takoĊe postoje i centralizovani sistemi mreţe inkubatora u nekim evropskim drţavama. U svom razvojnom ciklusu, evoluirali su od zanatskih do inovacijskih, tehnoloških i bio-tehnoloških inkubatora. Preduzetniĉki inkubatori nude niz dodatnih usluga svojim stanarima i pored drţavnih subvencija, dugoroĉno omogućuju niz koristi lokalnoj i regionalnoj zajednici i nacionalnoj ekonomiji. Ovaj rad nastoji ukratko prikazati ulogu i usluge koje nude kao i razvoj poslovnih inkubatora u Evropskoj uniji i Republici Srpskoj.
OPŠTE KARAKTERISTIKE DAROVITIH UĈENIKA U OBRAZOVNOM PROCESU
Authors: Kasalović Monja
Published: December 2016

Uzimajuci u obzir dosadašnja postignuća u obrazovanju na poĉetku 21. vijeka, još uvijek, kao stalna i do kraja neistraţena tema, nameće se pitanje rada sa darovitim pojedincima u obrazovnom procesu. Cilj rada je da se prevaziĊe pojam „prosjeĉnosti“ u radu sa darovitom djecom. Od radnika u obrazovanju, kao nosioca vaspitno-nastavnog procesa oĉekuje se da budu upoznati sa pojmom darovitosti i karakteristikama darovitih uĉenika, da prepoznaju i identifikuju darovite uĉenike, da omoguće adekvatan naĉin rada takvim uĉenicima kao i da prepoznaju i podrţe njihove potrebe. Ovaj struĉni rad govori, upravo o tome, da je danas potreba, a ne samo ţelja ostvariti uspješnu formu prepoznavanja darovitih uĉenika, prvo u smislu njihovog vlastitog napredovanja, a zatim i struĉnog upravljanja obrazovnom institucijom.
MJESTO I ULOGA EVROPSKE CENTRALNE BANKE U SISTEMU EVROPSKE MONETARNE UNIJE
Authors: Čatak Arnela
Published: December 2016

Nesumnjivo je da u svim trţišnim ekonomijama Centralne banke imaju veliku moć i odgovornost za kreiranje monetarno – kreditne politike i stabilnosti novca. U tom cilju se sluţe brojnim instrumentima i mjerama koje su fleksibilne, odluĉne, selektivne i dinamiĉne.Evropska centralna banka (ECB) zauzima središnju poziciju unutar Evropskog sistema centralnih banaka i ona je centralna institucija monetarne politike Evropske unije. ECB tu politiku provodi dijelom samostalno, a dije-lom putem Eurozonskih centralnih banaka. Poĉetni kapital ECB-a iznosio je 5,0 milijardi eura. Uplatu tog kapitala upisale su Eurozonske centralne banke i to srazmjerno populaciji i bruto nacionalnom dohotku njihovih zemalja.ECB je osnovana 01.06. 1998. godine. 01.01. 1958. godine na snagu stupaju Rimski sporazumi i kreće ideja o ujedinjenju Evrope pod istom monetarnom jedinicom. 1962. godine Marjolinski Memorandum je doveo do prve diskusije o monetarnoj integraciji Evropske Zajednice, i do prvih mjera na polju monetarne kooperacije.Evropski sistem centralnih banaka (ESCB) je sastavljen od ECB-a i lokalnih centralnih banaka 25 drţava ĉlan-ica EU. Samo guverneri nacionalnih banaka iz Eurozone imaju uĉešće. Glavno vijeće ima savjetodavnu i infor-macijsku ulogu, te ocjenjuje sposobnost za pristupanje Eurozoni. Sjedište ECB-a je u Frankfurtu i njime upravlja Vijeće guvernera. Izvršni odbor ĉine Predsjednik ECB, potpredsjednik, te po jedan ĉlan iz svake od ĉetiri najveće centralne banke Francuske, Njemaĉke, Italije i Španije. Njihov mandat traje osam godina. Izvršni odbor je odgovoran za provoĊenje monetarne politike i za davanje uputa nacionalnim centralnim bankama.
Silver Nitrate Interpreted as Osseous Pathology on Radiographs
Authors: Clifford Jared
Published: December 2016

Silver nitrate is often used topically for hemostasis. When radiography is performed after the application of silver nitrate, an artifact appears on the radiograph that may be mistaken for an abnormal calcification or a foreign body. The patients in the following two cases were treated with topical silver nitrate. In each case, radiographs taken after treatment seemed to demonstrate abnormal soft-tissue calcifications in the area of silver nitrate application. Subsequent clinical examination revealed no calcifications, and it was determined that the abnormal radiographic findings were silver nitrate artifacts. Although this phenomenon has been described in the medical literature, misdiagnosis still occurs and could potentially lead to additional imaging or unnecessary procedures.
Plantar Pressure During Gait in Pregnant Women
Authors: Bertuit Jeanne , Leyh Clara , Rooze Marcel , Feipel Véronique
Published: December 2016

Background: During pregnancy, physical and hormonal modifications occur. Morphologic alterations of the feet are found. These observations can induce alterations in plantar pressure. This study sought to investigate plantar pressures during gait in the last 4 months of pregnancy and in the postpartum period. A comparison with nulliparous women was conducted to investigate plantar pressure modifications during pregnancy.

Methods: Fifty-eight women in the last 4 months of pregnancy, nine postpartum women, and 23 healthy nonpregnant women (control group) performed gait trials on an electronic walkway at preferred speeds. The results for the three groups were compared using analysis of variance.

Results: During pregnancy, peak pressure and contact area decreased for the forefoot and rearfoot. These parameters increased significantly for the midfoot. The gait strategy seemed to be lateralization of gait with an increased contact area of the lateral midfoot and both reduced pressure and a later peak time on the medial forefoot. In the postpartum group, footprint parameters were modified compared with the pregnant group, indicating a trend toward partial return to control values, although differences persisted between the postpartum and control groups.

Conclusions: Pregnant women had altered plantar pressures during gait. These findings could define a specific pattern of gait footprints in late pregnancy because plantar pressures had characteristics that could maintain a stable and safe gait.
Multiple Eccrine Syringofibroadenoma of Mascaro of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Lowell Danae L. , Salvo Nichol L. , Weily William J. , Swiatek Michael , Sahli Hannah
Published: December 2016

Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA) is a rare benign lesion of ductal and secretory differentiation exhibiting multiple cutaneous polymorphic presentations with an unknown etiology. We present a case of ESFA that uniquely exhibited large, thick, verrucous-like hyperplastic growths as well as superficial shiny mosaic plaques and deep ulcerations in three different anatomical locations in the same patient. The diagnosis of ESFA was confirmed histologically after biopsies were performed on all of the affected areas. In addition to a case report and literature review, we also present classification, clinical, and histologic aspects of ESFA.
The Chd1 chromatin remodeler shifts hexasomes unidirectionally
Authors: Levendosky Robert F , Sabantsev Anton , Deindl Sebastian , Bowman Gregory D
Published: December 2016

Despite their canonical two-fold symmetry, nucleosomes in biological contexts are often asymmetric: functionalized with post-translational modifications (PTMs), substituted with histone variants, and even lacking H2A/H2B dimers. Here we show that the Widom 601 nucleosome positioning sequence can produce hexasomes in a specific orientation on DNA, providing a useful tool for interrogating chromatin enzymes and allowing for the generation of nucleosomes with precisely defined asymmetry. Using this methodology, we demonstrate that the Chd1 chromatin remodeler from Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires H2A/H2B on the entry side for sliding, and thus, unlike the back-and-forth sliding observed for nucleosomes, Chd1 shifts hexasomes unidirectionally. Chd1 takes part in chromatin reorganization surrounding transcribing RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and using asymmetric nucleosomes we show that ubiquitin-conjugated H2B on the entry side stimulates nucleosome sliding by Chd1. We speculate that biased nucleosome and hexasome sliding due to asymmetry contributes to the packing of arrays observed in vivo.
Moho depth and crustal thinning in the Marmara Sea region from gravity data inversion
Authors: Kende J. , Henry P. , Bayrakci G. , Özeren M. S. , Grall C.
Published: December 2016

The free‐air gravity in the Marmara Sea reveals that the low density of sedimentary basins is partly compensated in the lower crust. We compiled geophysical upper crust studies to determine the sediment basin geometries in and around the Marmara Sea and corrected the gravity signal from this upper crust geology with the Parker method. Then, assuming long wavelength anomalies in the residual gravity signal is caused by variations in the Moho topography, we inverted the residual to build the Moho topography. The result shows that the Moho is uplifted on an area greater than the Marmara Sea with a maximum crust thinning beneath the basins where the Moho is at about 25 km, 5 km above the reference depth. We then evaluated the Neogene extension by comparing the surface covered by our 3‐D thinned model with the surface covered by an unthinned model with same crustal volume. Comparing this surface with areal extension rate from GPS data, we found a good compatibility indicating that the extension rate averaged over the Sea of Marmara area probably remained close to its present‐day value during major changes of tectonic regime, as the incursion of the North Anatolian Fault system during the Pliocene leads to the establishment of the dominantly strike‐slip present‐day system. We also show that crustal extension is distributed over a wider domain in the lower crust than in the upper crust, and that this may be accounted for by a relatively minor component of lower crustal ductile flow.
The futures of climate engineering
Authors: Low Sean
Published: December 2016

This piece examines the need to interrogate the role of the conceptions of the future, as embedded in academic papers, policy documents, climate models, and other artifacts that serve as currencies of the science–society interface, in shaping scientific and policy agendas in climate engineering. Growing bodies of work on framings, metaphors, and models in the past decade serve as valuable starting points, but can benefit from integration with science and technology studies work on the sociology of expectations, imaginaries, and visions. Potentially valuable branches of work to come might be the anticipatory use of the future: the design of experimental spaces for exploring the future of an engineered climate in service of responsible research and innovation, and the integration of this work within the unfolding context of the Paris Agreement.
Local atmospheric forcing driving an unexpected California Current System response during the 2015–2016 El Niño
Authors: Frischknecht Martin , Münnich Matthias , Gruber Nicolas
Published: December 2016

The 2015–2016 El Niño contributed to large anomalies across the California Current System (CalCS), but these anomalies ceased unexpectedly in late 2015. Here we use a suite of three hindcast simulations with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System to assess the responsible mechanisms for this development. We find that the early buildup was primarily driven by the early onset of this event in the tropical Pacific, driving anomalies in the CalCS through the propagation of coastally trapped waves. In contrast, the abrupt end in the central CalCS was caused by the unusual onset of upwelling favorable winds in the fall of 2015, which offset the continuing remote forcing through the coastal waveguide. Nevertheless, low‐nutrient anomalies persisted, causing anomalously low phytoplankton abundance in the upwelling season of 2016. This is a recurring pattern for all El Niño events over the last 37 years, suggesting predictive skill on seasonal timescales.
Biomass burning aerosol impact on surface winds during the 2010 Russian heat wave
Authors: Baró R. , Lorente‐Plazas R. , Montávez J. P. , Jiménez‐Guerrero P.
Published: December 2016

This paper elucidates the impact of biomass burning aerosols (BB) on surface winds for the Russian fires episode during 25 July to 15 August 2010. The methodology consists of three Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) simulations over Europe differing in the inclusion (or not) of aerosol‐radiation and aerosol‐cloud interactions. The presence of BB reduces the 10 m wind speed over Russia during this fire event by 0.2 m s−1 (10%). Aerosol interactions imply a decrease of the shortwave downwelling radiation at the surface leading to a reduction of the 2 m temperature. This decrease reduces the turbulence flux, developing a more stable planetary boundary layer. Moreover, cooling favors an increase of the surface pressure over Russian area and also it extends nearby northern Europe.
Mercury's cross‐tail current sheet: Structure, X‐line location and stress balance
Authors: Poh Gangkai , Slavin James A. , Jia Xianzhe , Raines Jim M. , Imber Suzanne M. , Sun Wei‐Jie , Gershman Daniel J. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Genestreti Kevin J. , Smith Andy W.
Published: December 2016

The structure, X‐line location, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stress balance of Mercury's magnetotail were examined between −2.6 < XMSM < −1.4 RM using MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) measurements from 319 central plasma sheet (CPS) crossings. The mean plasma β in the CPS calculated from MESSENGER data is ~ 6. The CPS magnetic field was southward (i.e., tailward of X‐line) ~ 2–18% of the time. Extrapolation of downtail variations in BZ indicates an average X‐line location at −3 RM. Modeling of magnetic field measurements produced a cross‐tail current sheet (CS) thickness, current density, and inner CS edge location of 0.39 RM, 92 nA/m2 and −1.22 RM, respectively. Application of MHD stress balance suggests that heavy planetary ions may be important in maintaining stress balance within Mercury's CPS. Qualitative similarities between Mercury's and Earth's magnetotail are remarkable given the differences in upstream conditions, internal plasma composition, finite gyro‐radius scaling, and Mercury's lack of ionosphere.
The underthrusting Indian crust and its role in collision dynamics of the Eastern Himalaya in Bhutan: Insights from receiver function imaging
Authors: Singer J. , Kissling E. , Diehl T. , Hetényi G.
Published: December 2016

Most of the convergence rate between the Indian and Eurasian plate is assumed to be absorbed along a major basal thrust beneath the Himalaya, the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Deformation along this basal thrust in combination with frontal accretion results in the formation of the upper crustal fold‐thrust belt. The role of the underthrusting Indian crust and its impact on the long‐term growth of the Himalaya are only poorly understood, partly due to the lack of high‐resolution seismic images of the crust. To improve the imaging of lithospheric structures, we developed a 3‐D migration scheme for receiver functions using seismic data from the temporary GANSSER network in Bhutan. Extending the 2‐D high‐frequency ray approximation and common conversion point stacking to 3‐D including linear phase weighting and a quality assessment, we reveal significant along‐strike differences in the lithospheric structure beneath Bhutan. In western Bhutan, the Moho geometry shows an increased dip south of the Higher Himalaya reaching almost 70 km depth thereafter, whereas in eastern Bhutan the Moho is almost subhorizontal at 50 km depth across our network. The appearance of distinct listric structures beneath the MHT indicates intracrustal deformation up to crustal imbrication down to the lower crust. We propose that these variations, in the crustal thickness and in intracrustal structures, influence the upper crustal kinematics of the Bhutan Himalayan orogeny and are primarily driven by an Indian mantle‐slab northwest of Bhutan, and its absence northeast of Bhutan.
Joint impact of North and South Pacific extratropical atmospheric variability on the onset of ENSO events
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Tseng Yu‐heng , Sun Cheng , Xie Fei
Published: December 2016

Previous studies have indicated that boreal winter subtropical and extratropical sea surface pressure (SLP) anomalies over both the North and South Pacific are significantly related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) state in the following boreal winter. Here we use observational data and model simulations to show that the ability of the boreal winter North Pacific SLP anomalies to initiate ENSO events a year later may strongly depend on the state of the simultaneous South Pacific SLP anomalies and vice versa. When the boreal winter North Pacific SLP anomalies are of the opposite sign to the simultaneous South Pacific anomalies, the correlation of the North or South Pacific anomalies with the following ENSO state becomes much weaker, and the strength of the ENSO events also tends to be weaker. One possible reason for this is that when the boreal winter North and South Pacific SLP anomalies have the opposite sign, the westerly anomalies over the western‐central equatorial Pacific during the following boreal summer are greatly reduced by the interference between the antecedent North and South Pacific SLP anomalies, thereby not favoring the development of ENSO events. Further analysis indicates that a combination of North and South Pacific precursor signals may serve to enhance the ENSO prediction skill.
Ultrafine particle number fluxes over and in a deciduous forest
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Barthelmie R. J. , Larsen S. E. , Sørensen L. L.
Published: December 2016

Ultrafine particles (UFP, particles with diameters (Dp) < 100 nm) play a key role in climate forcing; thus, there is interest in improved understanding of atmosphere‐surface exchange of these particles. Long‐term flux measurements from a deciduous forest in the Midwestern USA (taken during December 2012 to May 2014) show that although a substantial fraction of the data period indicates upward fluxes of UFP, on average, the forest is a net sink for UFP during both leaf‐active and leaf‐off periods. The overall mean above‐canopy UFP number flux computed from this large data set is −4.90 × 106 m−2 s−1 which re‐emphasizes the importance of these ecosystems to UFP removal from the atmosphere. Although there remain major challenges to accurate estimation of the UFP number flux and in drawing inferences regarding the actual surface exchange from measurements taken above the canopy, the above the canopy mean flux is shown to be downward throughout the day (except at 23.00) with largest‐magnitude fluxes during the middle of the day. On average, nearly three quarters of the total UFP capture by this ecosystem occurs at the canopy. This fraction increases to 78% during the leaf‐active period, but the over‐storey remains dominant over the subcanopy even during the leaf‐off period.
The topography of a continental indenter: The interplay between crustal deformation, erosion, and base level changes in the eastern Southern Alps
Authors: Robl J. , Heberer B. , Prasicek G. , Neubauer F. , Hergarten S.
Published: December 2016

The topography of the eastern Southern Alps (ESA) reflects indenter tectonics causing crustal shortening, surface uplift, and erosional response. Fluvial drainages were perturbed by Pleistocene glaciations that locally excavated alpine valleys. The Late Miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea and the uplift of the northern Molasse Basin led to significant base level changes in the far field of the ESA and the Eastern Alps (EA), respectively. Among this multitude of mechanisms, the processes that dominate the current topographic evolution of the ESA and the ESA‐EA drainage divide have not been identified. We demonstrate the expected topographic effects of each mechanism in a one‐dimensional model and compare them with observed channel metrics. We find that the normalized steepness index increases with uplift rate and declines from the indenter tip in the northwest to the foreland basin in the southeast. The number and amplitude of knickpoints and the distortion in longitudinal channel profiles similarly decrease toward the east. Changes in slope of χ‐transformed channel profiles coincide spatially with the Valsugana‐Fella fault linking crustal stacking and uplift induced by indenter tectonics with topographic evolution. Gradients in χ across the ESA‐EA drainage divide imply an ongoing, north directed shift of the Danube‐ESA watershed that is most likely driven by a base level rise in the northern Molasse basin. We conclude that the regional uplift pattern controls the geometry of ESA‐EA channels, while base level changes in the far field control the overall architecture of the orogen by drainage divide migration.
Timescales of landscape response to divide migration and drainage capture: Implications for the role of divide mobility in landscape evolution
Authors: Whipple K. X. , Forte A. M. , DiBiase R. A. , Gasparini N. M. , Ouimet W. B.
Published: December 2016

Efforts to extract information about climate and tectonics from topography commonly assume that river networks are static. Drainage divides can migrate through time, however, and recent work has shown that divide mobility can potentially induce changes in river profiles comparable to changes caused by variation in rock uplift, climate, or rock properties. We use 1‐D river profile and 2‐D landscape evolution simulations to evaluate how mobile divides influence the interpretation of river profiles in tectonically active settings. We define a nondimensional divide migration number, NDm, as the ratio of the timescale of channel profile response to a change in drainage area (TdA) to the timescale of divide migration (TDm). In simulations of headward divide migration, NDm is much less than unity with no measurable perturbation of channel profiles. Only in simulations configured to induce rapid lateral divide migration are there occasional large stream capture events and zones where localized drainage area loss is fast enough to support NDm values near unity. The rapid response of channel profiles to changes in drainage area ensures that under most conditions profiles maintain quasi‐equilibrium forms and thus generally reflect spatiotemporal variation in rock uplift, climate, or rock properties even during active divide migration. This implies that channel profile form may not reliably record divide mobility, so we evaluate alternate metrics of divide mobility. In our simulations and an example in Taiwan, we find that simple measures of cross‐divide contrasts in topography are more robust metrics of divide mobility than measures of drainage network topology.
Comparison of predictive estimates of high‐latitude electrodynamics with observations of global‐scale Birkeland currents
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Welling Daniel T. , Merkin Viacheslav G. , Wiltberger Michael J. , Raeder Joachim , Barnes Robin J. , Waters Colin L. , Pulkkinen Antti A. , Rastaetter Lutz
Published: December 2016

Two of the geomagnetic storms for the Space Weather Prediction Center Geospace Environment Modeling challenge occurred after data were first acquired by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). We compare Birkeland currents from AMPERE with predictions from four models for the 4–5 April 2010 and 5–6 August 2011 storms. The four models are the Weimer (2005b) field‐aligned current statistical model, the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation, the Open Global Geospace Circulation Model MHD simulation, and the Space Weather Modeling Framework MHD simulation. The MHD simulations were run as described in Pulkkinen et al. (2013) and the results obtained from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The total radial Birkeland current, ITotal, and the distribution of radial current density, Jr, for all models are compared with AMPERE results. While the total currents are well correlated, the quantitative agreement varies considerably. The Jr distributions reveal discrepancies between the models and observations related to the latitude distribution, morphologies, and lack of nightside current systems in the models. The results motivate enhancing the simulations first by increasing the simulation resolution and then by examining the relative merits of implementing more sophisticated ionospheric conductance models, including ionospheric outflows or other omitted physical processes. Some aspects of the system, including substorm timing and location, may remain challenging to simulate, implying a continuing need for real‐time specification.
Monitoring groundwater storage changes in complex basement aquifers: An evaluation of the GRACE satellites over East Africa
Authors: Nanteza J. , de Linage C. R. , Thomas B. F. , Famiglietti J. S.
Published: December 2016

Although the use of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites to monitor groundwater storage changes has become commonplace, our evaluation suggests that careful processing of the GRACE data is necessary to extract a representative signal especially in regions with significant surface water storage (i.e., lakes/reservoirs). In our study, we use cautiously processed data sets, including GRACE, lake altimetry, and model soil moisture, to reduce scaling factor bias and compare GRACE‐derived groundwater storage changes to in situ groundwater observations over parts of East Africa. Over the period 2007–2010, a strong correlation between in situ groundwater storage changes and GRACE groundwater estimates (Spearman's ρ = 0.6) is found. Piecewise trend analyses for the GRACE groundwater estimates reveal significant negative storage changes that are attributed to groundwater use and climate variability. Further analysis comparing groundwater and satellite precipitation data sets permits identification of regional groundwater characterization. For example, our results identify potentially permeable and/or shallow groundwater systems underlying Tanzania and deep and/or less permeable groundwater systems underlying the Upper Nile basin. Regional groundwater behaviors in the semiarid regions of Northern Kenya are attributed to hydraulic connections to recharge zones outside the subbasin boundary. Our results prove the utility of applying GRACE in monitoring groundwater resources in hydrologically complex regions that are undersampled and where policies limit data accessibility.
A Significant Improvement in the Mechanical Properties of AISI 304 Stainless Steel by a Combined RCSR and Annealing Process
Authors: Asghari‐Rad Peyman , Nili‐Ahmadabadi Mahmoud , Shirazi Hassan , Hossein Nedjad Syamak , Koldorf Sebastian
Published: December 2016

The effect of a new severe plastic deformation method, “repetitive corrugation and straightening by rolling (RCSR)” on AISI 304 stainless steel is investigated. A thermo‐mechanical treatment based on the reversion of α′‐martensite is applied to produce fine‐grained structure. Microstructural characterizations are conducted by X‐ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction. Mechanical properties are investigated by measuring uniaxial tensile properties. It was found that the amount of strain‐induced martensite increases monotonically with increasing of applied strain, yielding up to 90 vol% of martensite after 30 cycles of the RCSR process. By applying a subsequent annealing, austenite grain size is decreased considerably, which leads to substantial strengthening.
Atom Probe Tomography Study of As‐Quenched Al–Mg–Si Alloys
Authors: Dumitraschkewitz Phillip , Gerstl Stephan S. A. , Uggowitzer Peter J. , Löffler Jörg F. , Pogatscher Stefan
Published: December 2016

This study deploys a new method to gain insight into the as‐quenched microstructure of Al–Mg–Si alloys using atom probe tomography (APT) as an imaging method. Here, diffusion of solutes during sample preparation and handling is suppressed via application of cryogenic temperatures beginning from quenching in liquid nitrogen (LN2) through to APT experiments at 33 K. The solute distribution is studied via customized nearest‐neighbor distribution and radial distribution function analysis. The influence of energy input on the solute distribution via cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) preparation is also shown.