bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐Tuning of Triarylamine‐Based Photosensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Olivier Céline , Sauvage Frédéric , Ducasse Laurent , Castet Frédéric , Grätzel Michael , Toupance Thierry
Published: May 2011

The synthesis of a series of novel organic photosensitizers based on modified triarylamine motives has been achieved. The new “push‐pull” dyes, bearing one to three naphthyl units in place of phenyl rings, have been successfully obtained following original synthetic routes. The structural, optical and electrochemical properties of these chromophores were studied by combining crystallographic, experimental and theoretical data. We further present a systematic study of this series of dyes. When embedded in dye‐sensitized solar cell devices, the new photosensitizers showed good spectral response with IPCE greater than 85 % from 470 to 580 nm and overall power conversion efficiencies reaching 6.6 %. One of these new sensitizers, containing one naphthyl attached to the π‐conjugated linker and having phenyl rings on the outside, led to the highest molar extinction coefficient and energy conversion efficiency of the series while exhibiting higher electron lifetime.
Cytopathic effects of human papillomavirus infection and the severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia : A frequency study
Authors: Alves de Sousa Nadja Lindany , Alves Rosane Ribeiro Figueiredo , Martins Marcelo Rodrigues , Barros Narriman Kennia Da Silva , Ribeiro Andrea Alves , Zeferino Luiz Carlos , Dufloth Rozany Mucha , Rabelo‐Santos Silvia Helena
Published: May 2011

Cytopathic effects related to the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are more frequently found in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1; however, there are indications that at least half the histological diagnoses of CIN2 and CIN3 include koilocytosis areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the cytological criteria suggestive of HPV infection in the cervical smears of women with a histological diagnosis of CIN. One hundred and sixty‐two women with abnormal cervical smears and a diagnosis of CIN confirmed by histopathology were selected, including 46 cases of CIN 1, 42 of CIN 2 and 74 cases of CIN 3. Koilocytosis was found in 63% of the smears from women with a histopathological diagnosis of CIN 1. This sign was observed in 26.2% and 25.7% of smears of women with a diagnosis of CIN 2 and CIN 3, respectively. Cytomegaly also was frequent in cervical smears of women with histopathological diagnosis of CIN 1 (71.8%). On the other hand, spindle cells and atypical metaplasia were more frequent in women with CIN 2 and CIN 3. Atypical parakeratosis showed similar frequency in all grades of CIN diagnosis. Koilocytois and cytomegaly were inversely correlated with the diagnosis of CIN2 or CIN 3, with OR values respectively of 0.30 (95%CI 0.13–0.68) and 0.26 (95%CI 0.11–0.58). The others signs analyzed did not show any significant association. Koilocitosis and cytomegaly can provides good reassurance that a patient with atypical cervical smear have CIN 1. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cytomorphologic spectrum of salivary gland type tumors in the lung and mediastinum: A report of 16 patients
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Khalbuss Walid E. , Ustinova Elena , Liang Alicia , Cai Guoping
Published: May 2011

In the lung and mediastinum, salivary gland type tumors (SGTTs) can occur as either primary tumors or metastases from tumors arising in the major or minor salivary glands. This study reviewed the cytology cases of SGTTs in the lung and mediastinum diagnosed over a six‐year period at our institution. The specimens included a total of 22 exfoliative or aspiration cytology specimens identified in 16 patients. Two of the cases were primary tumors: adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the thymus. The remaining 20 tumors were metastases from the parotid, submandibular gland, tongue, nasal cavity, or soft palate. Eight of the 16 patients (50%) had a diagnosis of ACC, four (25%) had salivary duct carcinomas, two (12.5%) had MECs, one (6.25%) was a basaloid tumor, and one (6.25%) was polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma. In our series, these SGTTs were more commonly metastatic in the lung or mediastinum (87.5% of the patients), and the most common histological subtype was ACC, followed by SDC. This study also illustrates the cytomorphologic features and diagnostic pitfalls of these unusual SGTTs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of different protein content and glycaemic index of ad libitum diets on diabetes risk factors in overweight adults: the DIOGenes multicentre, randomized, dietary intervention trial
Authors: Goyenechea Estibaliz , Holst Claus , van Baak Marleen A. , Saris Wim H. M. , Jebb Susan , Kafatos Anthony , Pfeiffer Andreas , Handjiev Svetoslav , Hlavaty Petr , Stender Steen , Larsen Thomas M. , Astrup Arne , Martinez J. Alfredo ,   on behalf of DIOGenes
Published: May 2011

Background

Dietary regimens providing different levels of protein and glycemic index (GI) foods when prescribed for weight management may also influence insulin sensitivity.

Procedures and Outcomes

Overweight/obese adults in 8 European countries who lost ≥ 8% of initial body‐weight (BW) after following a low calorie diet (LCD) were later randomly assigned with a 2x2 factorial design into 4 ad libitum dietary groups with two different protein content levels and dissimilar glycemic index, which were compared to a healthy reference diet. Specific markers assessing insulin resistance were measured. The LCD was initially applied to 932 adults and 773 were randomised to the 5 ad libitum diets. The 6‐months programme was completed by 548 participants. The assignment to the Low Protein /High Glycemic Index diet induced a statistically higher HOMA‐IR increase during the 6 months period as compared to the control. Contrariwise, the insulin response was lower in the High Protein/Low Glycemic Index diet after 60 and 90 min of an Oral Glucose Tolerance test subsequently carried out after the 6‐months intervention. The Low Glycemic Index diets (either with high or low protein content) also lead to a decrease in fructosamine levels during the trial.

Conclusion/Interpretation

After a weight loss period, an increase in the dietary protein proportions and a decrease in the consumption of foods with a high Glycemic Index within an ad libitum dietary intervention aiming to weight maintenance produced favorable effects on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese subjects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TCR down‐regulation boosts T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and protection against poxvirus infections
Authors: Hansen Ann K. , Regner Matthias , Bonefeld Charlotte M. , Boding Lasse , Kongsbak Martin , Ødum Niels , Müllbacher Arno , Geisler Carsten , von Essen Marina R.
Published: May 2011

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells play a key role in the defense against virus infections. Tc cells recognize infected cells via the T‐cell receptor (TCR) and subsequently kill the target cells by one or more cytotoxic mechanisms. Induction of the cytotoxic mechanisms is finely tuned by the activation signals from the TCR. To determine whether TCR down‐regulation affects the cytotoxicity of Tc cells, we studied TCR down‐regulation‐deficient CD3γLLAA mice. We found that Tc cells from CD3γLLAA mice have reduced cytotoxicity due to a specific deficiency in exocytosis of lytic granules. To determine whether this defect was reflected in an increased susceptibility to virus infections, we studied the course of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. We found that the susceptibility to ECTV infection was significantly increased in CD3γLLAA mice with a mortality rate almost as high as in granzyme B knock‐out mice. Finally, we found that TCR signaling in CD3γLLAA Tc cells caused highly increased tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the c‐Cbl ubiquitin ligase, and that the impaired exocytosis of lytic granules could be rescued by the knockdown of c‐Cbl. Thus, our work demonstrates that TCR down‐regulation critically increases Tc cell cytotoxicity and protection against poxvirus infection.
B lymphocytes acquire and present intracellular antigens that have relocated to the surface of apoptotic target cells
Authors: Ciechomska Marzena , Lennard Thomas W. J. , Kirby John A. , Knight Andrew M.
Published: May 2011

The induction of an effective immune response requires the activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by APCs. While DCs have been shown to be pivotal in this process, it is now apparent that optimal CD4+ T‐cell activation also requires B‐lymphocyte APC function. Along with the acquisition of soluble antigens, it is known that B cells also acquire membrane‐tethered antigens. Recent reports have described the relocation of intracellular antigens to the cell surface following immunogenic apoptosis. This study was designed to determine whether B cells can acquire and present such antigens to CD4+ T cells. By targeting the model antigen tetanus toxin C fragment to various cellular locations, we show that antigen‐specific B cells acquire intracellular antigens that have relocated to the surface of cells undergoing immunogenic apoptosis. Crucially, we also demonstrate that antigen‐specific B cells acquiring relocated antigen from apoptotic targets are capable of efficiently inducing CD4+ T‐cell activation. We propose that the acquisition and presentation of intracellular antigens that have relocated to the cell surface during immunogenic apoptosis represents a novel means by which antigen‐specific B cells contribute to the generation of immunity.
T‐cell help permits memory CD8+ T‐cell inflation during cytomegalovirus latency
Authors: Walton Senta M. , Torti Nicole , Mandaric Sanja , Oxenius Annette
Published: May 2011

CD4+ T cells are implied to sustain CD8+ T‐cell responses during persistent infections. As CD4+ T cells are often themselves antiviral effectors, they might shape CD8+ T‐cell responses via help or via controlling antigen load. We used persistent murine CMV (MCMV) infection to dissect the impact of CD4+ T cells on virus‐specific CD8+ T cells, distinguishing between increased viral load in the absence of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated helper mechanisms. Absence of T‐helper cells was associated with sustained lytic MCMV replication and led to a slow and gradual reduction of the size and function of the MCMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell pool. However, when virus replication was controlled in the absence of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T‐cell function was comparably impaired, but in addition CD8+ T‐cell inflation, a hallmark of CMV infection, was completely abolished. Thus, CD8+ T‐cell inflation during latent CMV infection is strongly dependent on CD4+ T‐cell helper functions, which can partially be compensated by ongoing lytic viral replication in the absence of CD4+ T cells.
Single‐Step Synthesis of Ruthenium Catalytic Nanocrystallites in a Stable Carbon Support
Authors: Calderon‐Moreno Jose M. , Pol Vilas G. , Popa Monica
Published: May 2011

Metallic Ru nanoparticles have been prepared and incorporated in a protective carbon support by the decomposition of a single organometallic precursor, RuIII acetylacetonate, under autogenic conditions in a single‐step process in the absence of any solvents or stabilizers. The product structure was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Measurements demonstrated the exclusive presence of hexagonal metallic ruthenium nanoparticles with a homogeneous size of 2–4 nm in a carbon supporting matrix, forming a high loading Ru catalyst with a muffin cookie like structure. The mechanism of the process is explained by the nucleation of Ru crystalline nuclei before carbon deposits on the Ru nanocrystallites, in an early stage of nanoparticle growth, during the single precursor decomposition. The carbon acts as a protective support, preventing further Ru nanoparticle growth, agglomeration or sintering. The catalytic properties have been tested by the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, and show high activity, full conversion of benzene, 100 % selectivity for cyclohexane and good recyclability.
Synthesis, Structures, and Unique Luminescent Properties of Tridentate C∧C∧N Cyclometalated Complexes of Iridium
Authors: Koga Yuji , Kamo Marina , Yamada Yuji , Matsumoto Taisuke , Matsubara Kouki
Published: May 2011

The first C∧C∧N cyclometalated complexes of iridium that bear tridentate pyridylbiphenylene ligands are reported herein. These complexes were synthesized in good yields by means of the directed C–C bond activation of biphenylene with the assistance of pyridyl group precoordination. Their photoluminescent performances were also studied and show unique luminescent properties at longer wavelengths in the near‐infrared range than that of previously synthesized C∧N∧C cyclometalated iridium complexes.
Non‐Aqueous Preparation of High‐Crystallinity Hierarchical TiO2 Hollow Spheres with Excellent Photocatalytic Efficiency
Authors: Lü Xujie , Ding Shangjun , Xie Yian , Huang Fuqiang
Published: May 2011

High‐crystallinity hierarchical anatase TiO2 hollow spheres were prepared by a high‐temperature (350 °C) and non‐aqueous solvothermal method in the absence of water, templates, or additives. The hollow structures were assembled from highly crystallized TiO2 nanoparticles and exhibit superior photocatalytic properties relative to those of Degussa P25 TiO2 under irradiation with UV light. The influence of reaction temperature on the crystallinity, morphology, crystallite shape and size, band gap, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of TiO2 has been studied in detail. It is evident that reaction temperature is the most important factor to increase the crystallinity of TiO2 in order to improve its charge transfer and transport properties, which are important in photocatalysis.
Reactivity of a 16‐Electron CpCo Half‐Sandwich Complex Containing a Chelating 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane‐1,2‐diselenolate Ligand towards FcC(O)C≡CH
Authors: Ye Hongde , Bai Wenjun , Xie Mingshi , Li Yizhi , Yan Hong
Published: May 2011

The 16‐electron half‐sandwich complex CpCo(Se2C2B10H10) (1, Cp = cyclopentadienyl) reacts with FcC(O)C≡CH in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature to give [{FcC(O)CCH}(Se2C2B10H10)] (3) and [CpCo(Se2C2B10H9){CH2CC(O)Fc}] (4). Complex 3 is generated by the alkyne addition to the 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane‐1,2‐diselenolate ligand in 1 with the loss of the CpCo unit. In 4, metal‐induced B–H activation occurs in the B(3)/B(6) position of carborane followed by the formation of a C–B bond. In MeOH the reaction leads to an unexpected product, [{FcC(O)CHCH}CpCo(Se2C2B9H9){CH2CC(O)Fc}] (5), which contains two alkynes and a nido‐C2B9 cage. In MeOH, 4 can further react with the alkyne to give 5. In the presence of silica, 4 loses the CpCo unit to afford [{FcC(O)CCH2}(Se2C2B10H9)] (6), which is a symmetrical molecule with the B–CH2 unit retained. All of these complexes have been characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectrum, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Biocatalytic Promiscuity
Authors: Humble Maria Svedendahl , Berglund Per
Published: May 2011

Enzymes are attractive catalysts because of their promiscuity and their ability to perform highly regio‐, chemo‐ and stereoselective transformations. Enzyme promiscuity allows optimisation of industrial processes that require reaction conditions different from those in nature. Many enzymes can be used in reactions completely different from the reaction the enzyme originally evolved to perform. Such catalytically promiscuous reactions can be secondary activities hidden behind a native activity and might be discovered either in screening for that particular activity or, alternatively, by chance. Recently, researchers have designed enzymes to show catalytic promiscuity. It is also possible to design new enzymes from scratch by computer modelling (de novo design), but most work published to date starts from a known enzyme backbone. Promiscuous activity might also be induced or enhanced by rational design or directed evolution (or combinations thereof). Enzyme catalytic promiscuity provides fundamental knowledge about enzyme/substrate interactions and the evolution of new enzymes. New enzymes are required by industry, which needs to optimise chemical processes in an environmentally sustainable way. In this review various aspects of enzyme catalytic promiscuity are considered from a biocatalytic perspective.
One‐Pot Carboboration of Alkynes Using Lithium Borylcyanocuprate and the Subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of the Resulting Tetrasubstituted Alkenylborane
Authors: Okuno Yuri , Yamashita Makoto , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: May 2011

We have developed a one‐pot carboboration of internal alkynes using lithium borylcyanocuprates 3. Isolation of single crystals of 3·(thf)3 enabled us to estimate its structural and spectroscopic features. Simple mixing of 3 with ester‐substituted alkynes and alkynylarenes was followed by trapping of the resulting intermediate with electrophiles to give tetrasubstituted borylalkenes 4, 5, and 8 in moderate to good yields. Ligand exchange of 8ba from diamine to pinacol allowed us to explore further application of obtained pinacol ester 10ba to subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions to give all‐carbon substituted alkene 9ba.
Catalytic Asymmetric α‐Chlorination of 3‐Acyloxazolidin‐2‐one with a Trinary Catalytic System
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Nagi Tatsuya , Shimizu Ryo , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: May 2011

Direct asymmetric α‐chlorination of aryl acetic acid derivatives was achieved with a novel trinary activation system consisting of a catalytic amount of NiCl2/(R)‐BINAP, Et3SiOTf, and a tertiary amine base. The reaction smoothly afforded the chlorinated compound in good yield with up to 89 % ee. Application of this reaction to a less acidic crotonic acid derivative gave the β,γ‐unsaturated α‐chlorinated compound through deprotonation at the γ‐position.
Trace Level Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide at a Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Oxide Nanostructures
Authors: Razmi Habib , Nasiri Hojjat
Published: May 2011

An electrochemical sensor was developed for determination of hydrogen peroxide based on nanocopper oxides modified carbon sol‐gel or carbon ceramic electrode (CCE). The modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of metallic copper on the CCE surface and derivatized in situ to copper oxides nanostructures and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The modified electrode responded linearly to the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration over the range 0.78–193.98 µmol L−1 with a detection limit of 71 nmol L−1 (S/N=3) and the sensitivity of 0.697 A mol−1 L cm−2. This electrode was used as selective amperometric sensor for determination of H2O2 contents in hair coloring creams.
Preparation of silica‐based nanoparticle having surface‐bound octanoyl‐aminopropyl moieties and its applications for the capillary electrochromatography separation of charged and neutral compounds
Authors: Yan Xin‐Huan , Ding Guo‐Sheng , Li Hui , Tang An‐Na
Published: May 2011

A kind of novel amphiphilic silica‐based nanoparticle having surface‐bound octanoyl‐aminopropyl moieties (OA‐NP) with the diameter of ∼250 nm was successfully prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The potential use of OA‐NP as pseudostationary phase in capillary electrochromatography for the separation of aromatic acids, basic, and neutral compounds was investigated. Five aromatic acids were separated rapidly with high column efficiency as they migrate in the same direction with the EOF under optimum experimental conditions. Under a running buffer with the composition of 40% methanol, 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) with 1.0 mg/mL OA‐NPs added, basic compounds investigated were baseline resolved with relatively symmetrical peaks. Due to the existence of polar acyl amide group on the surface of OA‐NPs, “silanol effect” that occurs between the positively charged basic analytes and the silanols of the capillary column was greatly suppressed. Furthermore, the newly synthesized OA‐NPs were also tried for the separation of some neutral analytes, and satisfactory separations were obtained.
Development of internal amplification controls for DNA profiling with the AmpFℓSTR® SGM Plus® kit
Authors: Zahra Nathalie , Hadi Sibte , Smith Judith A. , Iyengar Arati , Goodwin William
Published: May 2011

DNA extracted from forensic samples can be degraded and also contain co‐extracted contaminants that inhibit PCR. The effects of DNA degradation and PCR inhibition are often indistinguishable when examining a DNA profile. Two internal amplification controls (IACs) were developed to improve quality control of PCR using the AmpFℓSTR® SGM Plus® kit. The co‐amplification of these controls with DNA samples was used to monitor amplification efficiency and detect PCR inhibitors. IAC fragments of 90 and 410 bp (IAC90 and IAC410) were generated from the plasmid pBR322 using tailed primers and then amplified with ROX‐labelled primers. Co‐amplification of IAC90 and IAC410 was performed with varying amounts of template DNA, degraded DNA and DNA contaminated with humic acid, heme and indigo dye. Both IAC90 and IAC410 were successfully amplified with human DNA without significantly affecting the quality of the DNA profile, even with DNA amounts lower than 0.5 ng. In the presence of inhibitors, the IAC90 signal was still present after all human DNA loci fail to amplify; in contrast, the IAC410 signal was reduced or absent at low levels of inhibition. Amplification of the two IACs provided an internal PCR control and allowed partial profiles caused by inhibition to be distinguished from degraded DNA profiles.
Fractional order intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand modeling applied to highway bridges
Authors: Shafieezadeh Abdollah , Ramanathan Karthik , Padgett Jamie E. , DesRoches Reginald
Published: May 2011

Probabilistic seismic analysis of structures involves the construction of seismic demand models, often stated as probabilistic models of structural response conditioned on a seismic intensity measure. The uncertainty introduced by the model is often a result of the chosen intensity measure. This paper introduces the concept of using fractional order intensity measures (IMs) in probabilistic seismic demand analysis and uses a single frame integral concrete box‐girder bridge class and a seismically designed multispan continuous steel girder bridge class as case studies. The fractional order IMs considered include peak ground response and spectral accelerations at 0.2 and 1.0 s considering a single degree of freedom system with fractional damping, , as well as a linear single degree of freedom system with fractional response, . The study reveals the advantage of fractional order IMs relative to conventional IMs such as peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, or spectral acceleration at 0.2 and 1.0 s. Metrics such as efficiency, sufficiency, practicality, and proficiency are measured to assess the optimal nature of fractional order IMs. The results indicate that the proposed fractional order IMs produce significant improvements in efficiency and proficiency, whereas maintaining practicality and sufficiency, and thus providing superior demand models that can be used in probabilistic seismic demand analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beliefs about excessive exercise in eating disorders: The role of obsessions and compulsions
Authors: Naylor Heather , Mountford Victoria , Brown Gary
Published: May 2011

Objective

This study aimed to develop an understanding of excessive exercise in eating disorders by exploring the role of exercise beliefs, obsessive beliefs and obsessive‐compulsive behaviours.

Method

Sixty‐four women were recruited from eating disorder services and 75 non‐clinical women were recruited from a university. Exercise beliefs and behaviours, obsessive beliefs and behaviours and eating disorder psychopathology were assessed using self‐report questionnaires.

Results

There was an association between exercise beliefs, obsessive beliefs and obsessive‐compulsive behaviours in the eating‐disordered group, but not in the non‐eating‐disordered group. In the eating‐disordered group obsessive beliefs and obsessive‐compulsive behaviours were associated with a significant proportion of variance in exercise beliefs after controlling for eating disorder psychopathology and BMI. In the non‐eating‐disordered group obsessive beliefs and behaviours were associated with beliefs about exercise as a method of affect regulation after controlling for BMI.

Conclusion

The results are compatible with a model in which obsessive beliefs and exercise beliefs could maintain exercise in eating disorders. This has implications for the assessment and treatment of excessive exercise. Further research is necessary to determine the causality of these relationships. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating disorders and exercise: A structural equation modelling analysis of a conceptual model
Authors: Cook Brian , Hausenblas Heather , Tuccitto Daniel , Giacobbi Peter R.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Despite the well‐established health benefits of physical activity, the role of exercise for eating disorders (ED) is controversial; thus dictating a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of exercise and ED. The purpose of our study was to examine a conceptual model that hypothesizes regular exercise without psychological compulsion might impart beneficial effects for preventing and treating ED.

Method

University students (N = 539) completed self‐report assessments of quality of life, exercise level, ED risk and exercise dependence symptoms. Structural equation modelling analysis was undertaken to examine the conceptual model's proposed relationships.

Results

Mediation analysis and model comparison tests showed that the partially mediated model without the physical well‐being latent construct fit the data best.

Discussion

Our results provided initial support for the conceptual model by showing that the psychological benefits, but not the physical benefits, conveyed by exercise were associated with reduced ED risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Contextual body image and athletes' disordered eating: The contribution of athletic body image to disordered eating in high performance women athletes
Authors: de Bruin A. P. (Karin) , Oudejans Raôul R. D. , Bakker Frank C. , Woertman Liesbeth
Published: May 2011

The present study investigated the contribution of a contextual body image perspective to understanding disordered eating in high performance women athletes. Because existing questionnaires were not suitable for measuring body image in the contexts of sport and daily life, we developed the ‘Contextual Body Image Questionnaire for Athletes’ (CBIQA) in which body image is divided into ‘appearance’, ‘muscularity’, ‘thin‐fat self‐evaluations’ and ‘thin‐fat perceived opinions of others’, in both contexts. In Study 1, the internal validity and reliability of this questionnaire was established in a general, heterogeneous sample of female sport participants and exercisers. In Study 2, the external validity was determined in a sample of 52 high performance women athletes who mainly participated in aesthetic or endurance sports, 19 of which were classified with and 33 without disordered eating. The results of Study 2 showed that both ‘thin‐fat self’ and ‘thin‐fat opinions of others’ in sport made significant unique contributions to explaining eating disorder variance, indicating the important role of athletic body image. In conclusion, the contextual body image approach seems to be a promising framework for a better understanding of athletes' disordered eating. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating disordered behaviours in Portuguese athletes: The influence of personal, sport, and psychological variables
Authors: Gomes A. Rui , Martins Carla , Silva Luiz
Published: May 2011

Objective

This study describes eating disordered behaviours in a sample of Portuguese elite athletes and analyses the impact of personal and sports factors on those eating disordered behaviours.

Method

Two hundred and ninety athletes (51.7% males) practicing collective (64.8%) and individual sports have been included. The evaluation protocol included theEating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; theSport Condition Questionnaire; theSport Anxiety Scale; theTask and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire; theCognitive Evaluation of Sport–Threat Perceptionsand theSelf‐Presentation Exercise Questionnaire.

Results

Females, athletes with a higher body mass index, and those with a desire to weigh less, reported more eating disordered behaviours. No relation with sports variables was found. Finally, a higher prevalence of eating disorders behaviour was predicted by lower satisfaction in terms of body shape and physical appearance, higher anxiety and impression motivation.

Conclusion

Personal characteristics of athletes, as well as their body satisfaction, anxiety, impression motivation and threat perception and coach comments on their weight, represent dimensions that could raise the risk for eating disorders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association
Compulsive exercise and eating disorders
Authors: Meyer Caroline , Taranis Lorin , Goodwin Huw , Haycraft Emma
Published: May 2011

The aim of this review was to develop an empirically supported cognitive behavioural model of compulsive exercise within the context of the eating disorders. A systematic review of the correlates and predictors of compulsive exercise among eating disordered patients identified four key correlates. These were subsequently validated by a second review, incorporating both the clinical and non‐clinical as well as the exercise science literatures. A proposed model is presented which is both evidence‐based and testable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Excessive exercise: From quantitative categorisation to a qualitative continuum approach
Authors: Johnston Olwyn , Reilly Jackie , Kremer John
Published: May 2011

Researchers have yet to reach a consensus on the definition of excessive exercise, and many questions remain about the relationship between excessive exercise and eating disorders. Understanding of excessive exercise may be furthered by adoption of a broader, dimensional perspective. The current qualitative (grounded theory) study explored the continuum of women's exercise experiences, ranging from casual to more extreme regimens. Thirty‐two women were interviewed, aged 16–77. Participants described stages in a continuum of exercise experiences. Overlaps were described between participant perceptions of ‘normal’ exercise, excessive exercise and exercise addiction. Excessive exercise and disturbed eating were described as arising from common concerns about the need to control the body, with exercise viewed as a more acceptable alternative to disturbed eating. The results provide support for a continuum approach to the understanding of excessive exercise, and highlight the utility of qualitative methods in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Numerical modelling of combined erosion and weathering of slopes in weak rock
Authors: Huisman M. , Nieuwenhuis J. D. , Hack H. R. G. K.
Published: May 2011

Due to various decay processes associated with weathering, the stability of artificial slopes in weak rocks may be affected well within their envisaged engineering lifetime. Conceptually, the decay following the initial stress release after excavation can be described as a process seeking equilibrium between weathering and erosion. The extent to which such an equilibrium is actually reached influences the outcome of the weathering‐erosion decay process as well as the effects that the decay has on the geotechnical properties of the exposed rock mass, and thus ultimately the stability of slopes affected by erosion and weathering. This paper combines two conceptual models for erosion and weathering, and derives a numerical model which predicts the resulting slope development. This can help to predict the development of a slope profile excavated in a weak rock in time, and can be extended with the addition of strength parameters to the weathering profile to enable prediction of slope stability as a function of time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlates of mercury in female river otters (Lontra canadensis) from Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Spencer Sarah H , Shutler Dave , O'Brien Michael S
Published: May 2011

Mercury (Hg) can reach toxic concentrations in aquatic habitats, sometimes as a consequence of human activity. Mercury can have deleterious effects, particularly in piscivorous mammals in which it bioaccumulates. Furs from trapper-provided female otter (Lontra canadensis) carcasses in Nova Scotia were analyzed for total Hg. Concentrations of total Hg in fur samples averaged 25 µg/g dry weight, ranging from 1.4 to 137 µg/g; 20 µg/g is the fur concentration at which toxic effects are expected. Mercury concentrations were greater in otters from watersheds with bedrock substrates known to contain more available Hg, from otters trapped farther inland, and from otters trapped on watersheds with hydroelectric dams. Otter reproductive potential was measured by counting the number of blastocysts in reproductive tracts. Tooth annuli were used to age otters. Reproductive potential was not related to Hg concentration, nor was Hg concentration related to age. In a general linear model, 53% of variation in fur Hg was explained by underlying bedrock, distance from the coast at which otters were trapped, and presence/absence of a hydroelectric dam. The proportion of juveniles in a population did not differ relative to bedrock Hg concentration, but was lower on watersheds with hydroelectric dams. Because we found no evidence of reduced reproductive potential from greater Hg concentrations, the low proportion of juveniles suggests that Hg reduced juvenile survival, although our evidence is circumstantial. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1879–1884. © 2011 SETAC
Biomedicine in the environment: Sorption of the cyclotide kalata B2 to montmorillonite, goethite, and humic acid
Authors: Ovesen Rikke Gleerup , Nielsen John , Bruun Hansen Hans Christian
Published: May 2011

Cyclotides are bioactive, stable mini-proteins produced in high amounts in Violaceae and Rubiaceae with promising pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Environmental issues must be addressed before large-scale plant cultivation of cyclotides for pharmaceutical or pesticidal purposes can commence. The objective of the present study was to investigate sorption of the cyclotide kalata B2 (kB2), because knowledge of cyclotide biogeochemistry will aid our understanding of environmental fate. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient was determined to be 2.8 ± 0.6 (log KOW = 0.4 ± 0.1). Sorption of kB2 by montmorillonite, goethite, and humic acid was investigated at different concentrations and under varying acidity and reached equilibrium within minutes. The kB2 sorption at a solution concentration of 0.2 mg/L to montmorillonite was high (120 mg/g) compared to humic acid (0.60 mg/g) and goethite (0.03 mg/g). Kalata B2 intercalated the interlayer space of montmorillonite. The sorption isotherm for humic acid was linear up to a solution concentration of 0.8 mg/L and concave for montmorillonite and goethite up to an equilibrium solution concentration of 1.5 mg/L. Sorption to goethite was unaffected by pH, but sorption to montmorillonite and humic acid at pH near the isoelectric point (pI) was threefold the sorption when pH > the isoelectric point, suggesting that electrostatic interaction/repulsion between kB2 and sorbents play an important role. The strong sorption to montmorillonite reduces exposure to below toxic threshold values. In addition, the transport risk of soluble cyclotides is reduced, but particle-bound cyclotides may be transported to recipient aquatic sediments with the associated risk of adversely affecting sediment-dwelling organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. © 2011 SETAC
Uptake of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia
Authors: Yabe John , Nakayama Shouta M.M , Ikenaka Yoshinori , Muzandu Kaampwe , Ishizuka Mayumi , Umemura Takashi
Published: May 2011

Concentrations of lead, cadmium, and other metals in the liver and kidneys of cattle near a lead-zinc mine in Kabwe (Zambia), which is ranked among the 10 worst polluted places on earth, were compared with other Zambian towns. Metal concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys of 51 cattle from Kabwe and other Zambian towns. The maximum metal concentrations, expressed in mg/kg and dry weight, in the liver or kidneys were 398.4 (Cu), 252.6 (Zn), 77.81 (Cr), 19.37 (Cd), 7.57 (Ni), 1.8 (Pb), 1.04 (Co), 0.112 (Hg), and 0.05 (As). Concentrations of Pb and Cd in Kabwe cattle were higher than levels in other Zambian towns. The mean concentration of Cd exceeded benchmark values in offal destined for human consumption. Levels of Ni and Cr may also pose public health concerns. Concentrations of Pb and Cr, Pb and Cu, Cd and Zn, Cd and Hg, Zn and Cu, Cu and Co, as well as Co and Ni were positively correlated. The present study also highlighted the dangers of exposure of animals and humans to a mixture of toxic metals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1892–1897. © 2011 SETAC
Relationship between vortex and sound in under‐expanded supersonic impinging jets
Authors: Yao Zhaohui , Zhang Xiwen , Cui Xinguang
Published: May 2011

The study of an under‐expanded supersonic jet impinging on a flat plate by using large‐eddy simulation is reported. A third‐order upwind compact difference and a fourth‐order symmetric compact scheme are employed to discretize the nondimensional axisymmetric compressible Favre‐filtered Navier–Stokes equations in space, whereas the third‐order Runge–Kutta method with the total variation diminishing property is adopted to deal with the temporal discretization. The numerical simulation successfully captures the shock wave and vortex structures with different scales in the flow field. Waves with high and low frequencies traveling forward and reflecting back, and sound sources in different locations can be observed. By comparison with the frequency of the impinging tone from the experiment, it can be deduced that the change of pressure and swirling strength in the shear layer, pressure change on the impinging plate, and vortex merging in the jet shear layer are interdependent with the impinging tone. The effects of nozzle lip thickness on the impinging jet flow field have been investigated. The results show that the values of pressure fluctuation and vortex swirling strength in the shear layer near the nozzle have an extremum with the variation of the nozzle lip thickness. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the design of supersonic nozzles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Contact between Electrode and Interconnect on Performance of SOFC Stacks
Authors: Guan W. B. , Zhai H. J. , Jin L. , Li T. S. , Wang W. G.
Published: May 2011

This work investigates the effect of contact between electrodes and alloy interconnects on output performance of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. The measured maximum output power density (pmax) of the unit cell increases from 0.07 to 0.1 W cm–2 by increasing the tip area of the interconnect from 40 to 60 cm2. The pmax increases from 0.07 to 0.15 W cm–2 upon the addition of nickel foam and Ag mesh on the anode and cathode side, respectively. An additional (La0.75Sr0.25)0.95MO3–σ cathode current collecting layer is re‐printed on the original cathode current collecting layer, which aims to further improve the performance of the stack and individual cell. The performance of a 3‐cell short stack assembled by the cells with a new cathode current collecting layer is evaluated by measuring the current–voltage curve. The results indicate that the pmax values of the stack and individual cells are enhanced from 0.07 to 0.37 W cm–2 and 0.15 to 0.5 W cm–2 at 850 °C, respectively. The performance of the whole stack and individual cells is greatly improved due to the interconnect embedded in the re‐printed new cathode current collecting layer.
Fully connected Bayesian belief networks: A modeling procedure with a case study of the Ganges river basin
Authors: Varis Olli , Rahaman Muhammad Mizanur , Kajander Tommi
Published: May 2011

The use of Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) in modeling of environmental and natural resources systems has gradually grown, and they have become one of the mainstream approaches in the field. They are typically used in modeling complex systems in which policy or management decisions must be made under high uncertainties. This article documents an approach to constructing large and highly complex BBNs using a matrix representation of the model structure. This approach allows smooth construction of highly complicated models with intricate likelihood structures. A case study of the Ganges river basin, the most populated river basin of the planet, is presented. Four different development scenarios were investigated with the purpose of reaching the Millennium Development Goals and Integrated Water Resources Management goals, both promoted by the United Nations Agencies. The model results warned against the promotion of economic development policies that do not place strong emphasis on social and environmental concerns. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 491–502. © SETAC
Implantation of green tea catechin α‐tricalcium phosphate combination enhances bone repair in rat skull defects
Authors: Rodriguez Reena , Kondo Hisamoto , Nyan Myat , Hao Jia , Miyahara Takayuki , Ohya Keiichi , Kasugai Shohei
Published: May 2011

The purpose of the present study is to investigate effects of the combination of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) on bone regenerative capacity in a bilateral rat calvarial bone defect model. Materials and methods: Bilateral 5‐mm‐diameter calvarial defects were created in adult male Wistar rats and filled with preparations of EGCG (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg) combined with α‐TCP particles. This was done by dissolving EGCG in 100% ethanol (50 μL/14 mg) and dropping under sterile condition. The control group was left unfilled (n = 8). The animals were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks. Radiological images were taken, and histological analysis was done. Six animals from control (0 mg EGCG + α‐TCP) group and (0.2 mg EGCG+ α‐TCP) group were labeled with fluorescent dyes and histomorphometrically analyzed (n = 6) at 2 and 4 weeks. Results: Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the combination of EGCG and α‐TCP at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg yielded significantly more new bone formation than untreated control group at 2 and 4 weeks (p > 0.05). Mineral apposition rate at 0.2‐TCP group was enhanced compared with the one of the positive control α‐TCP group at 4 weeks (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of α‐TCP particles and 0.2 mg EGCG stimulates maximum bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects, and this combination would be potentially effective as bone graft material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
GLOBAL CHANGE, SMALL ISLAND STATE RESPONSE: RESTRUCTURING AND THE PERPETUATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN MAURITIUS AND SEYCHELLES
Authors: Kothari Uma , Wilkinson Rorden
Published: May 2011

This article examines the forms of economic restructuring recently undertaken by Mauritius and Seychelles in response to recent changes in the global economy, which have a fundamental impact upon their socio‐economic landscape. We argue that both Mauritius and Seychelles have recently embarked upon programmes that do not actually attenuate their exposure to the vagaries of international trade but continue a historic pattern of development that addresses ailing economic performance by refining and then replacing one small set of industries with another. The latest phase of restructuring is merely the most recent instalment in this pattern. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New avenues for phage‐display library to produce a Cryptococcus‐specific anti‐idiotypic antibody of HM‐1 killer toxin
Authors: Mamunur Rahman M. , Enamul Kabir M. , Krishnaswamy Senthilkumar , Miyamoto Masahiko , Furuichi Yasuhiro , Komiyama Tadazumi
Published: May 2011

Existing antifungal drugs are notable for their inability to act rapidly, as well as their toxicity and limited spectrum. The identification of fungal‐specific genes and virulence factors would provide targets for new and influential drugs. The display of repertories of antibody fragments on the surface of filamentous phage offers a new way to produce immunoreagents as defined specificities. Here we report the selection of Cryptococcus‐specific targets by using phage‐display panning from a cDNA library, where bactericidal antibodies have been developed against conserved surface‐exposed antigens. A single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) phage library was constructed from splenocyte of an immunized mouse by idiotypic vaccination with HM‐1 killer toxin (HM‐1) neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb‐KT) that was used for selection against Cryptococcus neoformans membrane fraction (CnMF). Key elements were the selection against antigen (nmAb‐KT and CnMF) and the release of bound phages using competitive panning elution with CnMF at neutral pH condition. Isolated scFvs react specifically with C. neoformans and some other pathogenic and non‐pathogenic fungal strain's cell wall receptors by exerting strong antifungal activity in vitro. A high affinity clone, designated M1 was selected for detailed characterization and tested anti‐cryptococcal activity with IC50 values at 5.33 × 10−7 to 5.56 × 10−7 M against C. neoformans. The method described here is a new technique for the isolation of cell membrane specific immunoreactive phages in the form of scFv using CnMF that contained cell membrane associated proteins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic analysis of tropomodulin/tropomyosin interactions uncovers fine‐tuned binding specificity of intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Uversky Vladimir N. , Shah Samar P. , Gritsyna Yulia , Hitchcock‐DeGregori Sarah E. , Kostyukova Alla S.
Published: May 2011

An intriguing regulatory mechanism is the ability of some proteins to recognize their binding partners in an isoform‐specific manner. In this study we undertook a systematic analysis of the specificity of the tropomodulin (Tmod) interaction with tropomyosin (TM) to show that affinities of different Tmod isoforms to TM are isoform‐dependent. Intrinsic disorder predictions, alignment of sequences, and circular dichroism were utilized to establish a structural basis for these isoform‐specific interactions. The affinity of model peptides derived from the N‐terminus of different TM isoforms to protein fragments that correspond to the two TM‐binding sites of different Tmod isoforms were analyzed. Several residues were determined to be responsible for the isoform‐dependent differences in affinity. We suggest that changing a set of residues rather than a single residue is needed to alter the binding affinity of one isoform to mimic the affinity of another isoform. The general intrinsic disorder predictor, PONDR® VLXT, was shown to be a useful tool for analyzing regions involved in isoform‐specific binding and for predicting the residues important for isoform differences in binding. Knowing the residues responsible for isoform‐specific affinity creates a tool suitable for studying the influence of Tmod/TM interactions on sarcomere assembly in muscle cells or actin dynamics in non‐muscle cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.