bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlated evolution between repertoire size and song plasticity predicts that sexual selection on song promotes open-ended learning
Authors: Robinson Cristina M , Snyder Kate T , Creanza Nicole
Published: September 2019

Some oscine songbird species modify their songs throughout their lives (‘adult song plasticity’ or ‘open-ended learning’), while others crystallize their songs around sexual maturity. It remains unknown whether the strength of sexual selection on song characteristics, such as repertoire size, affects adult song plasticity, or whether adult song plasticity affects song evolution. Here, we compiled data about song plasticity, song characteristics, and mating system and then examined evolutionary interactions between these traits. Across 67 species, we found that lineages with adult song plasticity show directional evolution toward increased syllable and song repertoires, while several other song characteristics evolved faster, but in a non-directional manner. Song plasticity appears to drive bi-directional transitions between monogamous and polygynous social mating systems. Notably, our analysis of correlated evolution suggests that extreme syllable and song repertoire sizes drive the evolution of adult song plasticity or stability, providing novel evidence that sexual selection may indirectly influence open- versus closed-ended learning.
Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae)
Authors: Martz Jeffrey W. , Small Bryan J.
Published: September 2019

The “red siltstone” member of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the Eagle Basin of Colorado contains a diverse assemblage of dinosauromorphs falling outside of Dinosauria. This assemblage is the northernmost known occurrence of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs in North America, and probably falls within the Revueltian land vertebrate estimated biochronozone (215–207 Ma, middle to late Norian). Lagerpetids are represented by proximal femora and a humerus referable to Dromomeron romeri. Silesaurids (non-dinosaurian dinosauriforms) are the most commonly recovered dinosauromorph elements, consisting of dentaries, maxillae, isolated teeth, humeri, illia, femora, and possibly a scapula and tibiae. These elements represent a new silesaurid, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri, gen. et sp. nov., which possesses several autapomorphies: a short, very robust maxilla with a broad ascending process, a massive ventromedial process, a complex articular surface for the lacrimal and jugal, and 12 teeth; 14 dentary teeth; an ilium with an elongate and blade-like preacetabular process and concave acetabular margin; a femur with an extremely thin medial distal condyle and a depression on the distal end anterior to the crista tibiofibularis. The recognition of K. williamparkeri further demonstrates the predominantly Late Triassic diversity and widespread geographic distribution across Pangea of the sister clade to Asilisaurus, here named Sulcimentisauria. Silesaurid dentition suggests a variety of dietary specializations from faunivory and omnivory in the Middle Triassic and early Late Triassic (Carnian), to herbivory in the Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian), with the latter specialization possibly coinciding with the radiation of Sulcimentisauria across Pangea. The extremely robust maxilla and folidont teeth of K. williamparkei may represent a strong herbivorous dietary specialization among silesaurids.
Effects of reflective warning markers on wildlife
Authors: Fang Yi-Hao , Gao Ying , Yang Yin , Tan Kun , Li Yan-Peng , Ren Guo-Peng , Huang Zhi-Pang , Cui Liang-Wei , Xiao Wen
Published: September 2019

Light pollution has become one of the top issues in environmental pollution, especially concerning how secondary light pollution, such as from traffic reflective materials, influences animal distribution and behavior. In this study, 15 camera traps were set up at sites with or without reflective warning markers (RWM) in coniferous forests on Cangshan Mountain located in Dali Prefecture, China. The results showed that the number of independent photographs and species at sites without RWMs were significantly higher than those at sites with RWMs. Significant differences were found between daytime and nighttime composition of bird species and non-flying mammals between two sites. This study found that RWMs had negative effects on wildlife, with the avoidance response of birds to RWMs being more obvious than that of animals at daytime. It is recommended that the use of reflective materials be carefully considered, especially in protected areas.
Comparative Performance Evaluation for Jebba, Kainji and Shiroro Hydro Power Schemes
Authors: Aminu Maruf A. , Kangiwa Garba U.
Published: September 2019

This paper evaluates performance indices based on industry-wide practice and suggests possible approach for improving the operational efficiencies of Jebba, Kainji and Shiroro hydro power generating stations. To actualize that, data including average daily gross operating head, daily flow rate and daily energy generated were obtained from Jebba, Kainji and Shiroro power stations and the National Control Center (N.C.C.) Osogbo. From the energy (MWh) generated the average daily power generated (MW) was computed. Consequently, the average operational efficiencies of Jebba, Kainji and Shiroro hydro schemes were evaluated and found to be 89.43%, 88.45% and 94.03% respectively. Similarly, performance indicators including deemed generation, auxiliary energy consumption, availability factor, capacity index, workforce deployment, forced outage factor and scheduled outage factor were evaluated and technical inferences made. The study was limited to the year 2010 due to non-availability of data for other years.
Physico-chemical, Antioxidant Properties and Sensory Attributes of Golden Melon (Cucumis melon L)-Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Juice Blends
Authors: Sodipo Mopeloa Ajoke , Owolabi Adenike Temitope , Oluwajuyitan Timilehin David
Published: September 2019

This study investigates the physico-chemical, antioxidant properties and sensory attributes of golden melon-watermelon fruits juice blends. The juice extracted from golden melon and watermelon fruits were mixed together in different ratios 100% watermelon (GMW 1), 100% golden melon (GMW 2), 50% golden melon and 50% watermelon (GMW 3), 70% golden melon and 30% watermelon (GMW 4), 30% golden melon and 70% watermelon (GMW 5) in order to establish possible synergetic effect. The proximate composition of the samples ranged from 92.07 – 93.91%; 0.49 – 0.81%; 1.83 – 4.91%; 1.80 – 3.62% for moisture content, total ash, crude protein and carbohydrate respectively. The pH of the fruit juice blends ranged from 5.40 to 5.48. There is no significant difference (p<0.05) among the fruits juice samples. The mineral composition of the fruit juice for sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) ranged from 17.01 to 41.76 mg/100 g, 9.26 to 38.51 mg/100 g, 0.38 to 1.88 mg/100g, and 3.49 to 8.96 mg/100g respectively. The result shows that the total phenolic content ranged from 6.32-10.20 mg GEA/ 100 g; total flavonoid ranged from 0.08-0.13 mg QAE/ 100 g; DPPH ranged from 55-80%; ABTS ranged from 0.022-0.025 mmol. TEAC/ 100 g and FRAP ranged from 1.20-4.23 mg AAE/g. The results of sensory attributes of the fruit juice revealed that, fruit juice GMW 5 was the most preferable in aroma, taste and overall acceptability by the panelist. Hence, golden melon-watermelon fruit juice blends may serve as a source of strong antioxidant property that may be used to improve health status.
Azole Resistance and Detection of the ERG11 Gene in Clinical Candida albicans Isolated from Pregnant Women with Vulvovaginitis Attending Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria
Authors: Abdu Abdulrasheed B. , Alade Tolulope , Omotu Catherine
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Candida albicans is one of the most important aetiological agents causing vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women. Most women will experience at least one episode during their reproductive years. Antifungal resistance is a particular problem with Candida infections. Some types of Candida are increasingly resistant to the first-line and second-line antifungal medications.

Objective: To investigate the azole susceptibility of Candida albicans (C. albicans) from pregnant vulvovaginal candidiasis patients and to detect ERG11 gene in these azole resistance isolates.

Methods: Forty-one clinical isolates of C. albicans were collected. Azole susceptibility was tested in vitro using microdilution techniques. The ERG11 genes of 27 isolates of C. albicans (All resistant to azoles) were amplified using PCR method.

Results: Of the 67 isolates recovered, 41(61.19%) were C. albicans, of which 27 (65.85%) each, and 25(60.98%) were resistant to Fluconazole, Voriconazole, and Nystatin respectively. In total, ERG11 genes were detected among 24(88.89%) of 27 C. albicans azole resistant isolates.

Conclusions: Twenty four ERG11 genes were detected among 27 azole resistant C. albicans isolates, which indicates a possible relation with the increase in resistance to azole drugs and the recurrence of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Fleeting Mental States
Authors: Cane Peter
Published: July 2002

The philosophical concept of acting intentionally does not entail a perceptible time gap between intention and action. We may say of a person who acts on the spur of the moment that their action was intended or intentional; but in such circumstances, intention and action may seem to merge in a way that makes it difficult to disentangle the mental and physical elements of the person's conduct. The author argues that in this context the tools and techniques used by philosophers of mind and action may not provide us with the best understanding of the social practices of blaming found in the criminal law.
Synergistic epistasis between loci affecting fitness: evidence
in plants and fungi
Authors: de VISSER J. ARJAN G. M. , HOEKSTRA ROLF F.
Published: July 2002

Information on the nature of epistasis between alleles affecting

fitness is hardly available, but
relevant for, among other issues, our understanding of the evolution of
sex and recombination.
Evidence of synergistic epistasis between deleterious mutations is support
for the Mutational
Deterministic hypothesis of the evolution of sex, while finding antagonistic
epistasis between
beneficial alleles would support the Environmental Deterministic hypotheses.
Both types of
epistasis are expected to cause negatively skewed fitness distributions

of full-sib offspring from a
sexual cross. Here, we have studied the form of the distribution of a variety
of quantitative
characters related to fitness by searching the literature. The
fitness traits encountered include the
mycelial growth rate in fungi, and earliness, resistance against
pathogens, seed number, and pollen
fitness in plants. Fitness-related traits in plants show almost
exclusively negative skewness, while
the results for fungal species are more ambiguous. Possible sources of

negative skewness other than
epistasis, such as recessiveness of deleterious alleles or a negatively

skewed error variance, were
tested and found to be unimportant. We argue that these results suggest

the existence of synergistic
epistasis between deleterious alleles or antagonistic epistasis between

beneficial alleles in plants,
which is general support for the currently popular hypotheses of sex
and recombination, but does not distinguish between them.
The mutation load under tetrasomic inheritance and its
consequences for the evolution of the selfing rate in
autotetraploid species
Authors: RONFORT J.
Published: July 2002

Single-locus equilibrium frequencies of a partially recessive deleterious mutation under the
mutation–selection balance model are derived for partially selfing autotetraploid populations.
Assuming multiplicative fitness interactions among loci, approximate solutions for the mean fitness
and inbreeding depression values are also derived for the multiple locus case and compared with
expectations for the diploid model. As in diploids, purging of deleterious mutations through
consanguineous matings occurs in autotetraploid populations, i.e. the equilibrium mutation load is
a decreasing function of the selfing rate. However, the variation of inbreeding depression with the
selfing rate depends strongly on the dominance coefficients associated with the three heterozygous
genotypes. Inbreeding depression can either increase or decrease with the selfing rate, and does not
always vary monotonically. Expected issues for the evolution of the selfing rate consequently differ
depending on the dominance coefficients. In some cases, expectations for the evolution of the
selfing rate resemble expectations in diploids; but particular sets of dominance coefficients can be
found that lead to either complete selfing or intermediate selfing rates as unique evolutionary
stable state.
Inbreeding depression due to mildly deleterious mutations in
finite populations: size does matter
Authors: BATAILLON THOMAS , KIRKPATRICK MARK
Published: July 2002

We studied the effects of population size on the inbreeding depression and genetic load caused by
deleterious mutations at a single locus. Analysis shows how the inbreeding depression decreases as
population size becomes smaller and/or the rate of inbreeding increases. This pattern contrasts
with that for the load, which increases as population size becomes smaller but decreases as
inbreeding rate goes up. The depression and load both approach asymptotic limits when the
population size becomes very large or very small. Numerical results show that the transition
between the small and the large population regimes is quite rapid, and occurs largely over a range
of population sizes that vary by a factor of 10. The effects of drift on inbreeding depression may
bias some estimates of the genomic rate of deleterious mutation. These effects could also be
important in the evolution of breeding systems in hermaphroditic organisms and in the
conservation of endangered populations.
THE FORMATION OF A COMMERCIAL LOBBY: THE WEST INDIA INTEREST,

BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Authors: O'SHAUGHNESSY ANDREW J.
Published: July 2002

British colonial policy initiatives of the 1760s and the

American revolutionary war led

to a period of sustained lobbying by the West India interest in Britain;

lobbying which developed

from an informal body into a more professionally organized lobby, along

the lines of modern economic

interest groups. The composition of the lobby and its activities during

the revolutionary period are

examined here. Its considerable influence is also assessed and

explained. The article finds that the

lobby won major concessions from the British government and vitally

affected British policy towards

North America. It nevertheless concludes that the lobby enjoyed its

greatest influence in the early

century when ironically its organization was weaker but its goals

coincided more harmoniously with

those of British colonial policy. Its later reorganization was a response

to the increasing conflicts of

interest between the white elites of the British Caribbean and

the mother country which intensified

during the period of the American revolution and its aftermath.
THE PARADOX OF PEEL AS CARLYLEAN HERO
Authors: MORROW JOHN
Published: July 2002

Thomas Carlyle's promotion of Sir Robert Peel as a heroic

statesman capable of

presiding over a strongly interventionist state is paradoxical in

light of the latter's rejection of

paternalistic government. This paradox is heightened by Carlyle's

hostility to the whigs: some

members of this party identified an active role for the state and

struggled against tendencies in

whiggism which were connected to the ‘liberal toryism’ of

Peel and his followers. An examination

of Carlyle's knowledge of, and attitude towards, Peel shows that

he was aware of his attraction to

liberal economic ideas. However, Carlyle believed that Peel's sense

of moral purpose and his cool view

of conventional parliamentarianism were indicative of heroic potentials

that were not possessed by

whig politicians. The popularity which Peel enjoyed in the late 1840s

was attributed by Carlyle to

a widespread appreciation of his distinctive qualities; this provided

the grounds for a generalized

heroism which could be focused in an active state that was freed from

the trammels of both economic liberalism and parliamentarianism.
‘ASIAN VALUES’ AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN HISTORIES
Authors: HARPER T. N.
Published: July 2002

At the close of five hundred years of European expansion in Asia,

a new Zeitgeist has

arisen: ‘Asian values’. The idea has been given wide

international exposure, especially

by intellectuals in the United States. It has formed the basis of a grand
historical

narrative in which they can locate themselves in the aftermath of

the cold war. The rise

of the west, it is argued, was marked by a succession of conflicts:

the wars of princes, the

wars of nations and, in the twentieth century, the wars of ideas. In

the great struggle of

our age, liberal democracy vanquished communism. However, it has not triumphed
in

the extra-European world. To explain this, the new meta-histories

turn to the cultures

that define civilizations. Old arguments about the cultural conditions
for democracy

have been given new focus. The great struggles of the twenty-first

century will not be

about ideology, but culture. The old cold warrior, Samuel Huntington, calls
the new

cold war ‘the clash of civilizations’. Huntington

has a number of civilizations in mind,

but he is quite clear where the most deadly challenge lies.

‘Islam’, he writes, ‘has bloody borders.’
THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1920–1945
Authors: THORPE ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The opening of archives in recent years makes it possible to reassess the membership of
the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) before 1945. The revised aggregate figures, while not
startling, suggest that revisions to established views of the effects of the General Strike, the shift to the
‘new line’ and the popular front, are in order. The party's membership was very predominantly male,
tended to be young, often included a high proportion of unemployed people, and was heavily working
class, with miners especially significant. Geographically, its membership was dominated for most of
the period by London, Scotland, Lancashire, and South Wales. There was also a very high turnover
of membership for much of the period. The reasons for this turnover, and explanations for the
circumstances in which the party was best able to recruit, are discussed. Over time the party's
membership did become less unrepresentative of Britain as a whole, enabling it to become an organic,
if minor, part of British political life. CPGB membership patterns have similarities with those of
other Western Communist parties and its predecessor organizations in Britain, showing how the
CPGB reflected features of both international Communism and the British left.
MADAGASCAR REVISITED A History of Madagascar. By MERVYN

BROWN. Ipswich: Damien Tunnacliffe, 1995. Pp. viii + 408.

£12.95, paperback (ISBN 0950-62845-X).
Authors: CAMPBELL GWYN
Published: July 2002

This work is a fascinating hybrid. The first half (pp.

1–240) comprises an updated version of Madagascar

Rediscovered, published by the same author in 1978, covering the

history of Madagascar from a British perspective up to the French

conquest of 1895. The justification for the 1978 work was twofold: the

sparsity of modern literature in English on the history of Madagascar

and the considerable, yet underrated, British influence there prior to

1895. The title of the book currently under review indicates a much

more ambitious aim – that of presenting a general history of

Madagascar. In this light, the revision only partially rectifies the

bias of Madagascar Rediscovered.
Estimation of maintenance energy requirements of beef
cattle and sheep
Authors: DAWSON L. E. R. , STEEN R. W. J.
Published: July 2002

Metabolizable energy intake and heat production were measured in
a series of calorimetry
experiments carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern
Ireland, Hillsborough,
between 1993 and 1996 with beef cattle and sheep. A total of 75 estimates
were made with cattle: 23
with Charolais cross steers; 16 with Simmental cross steers and 36 with
Angus cross steers
(450–628 kg liveweight). Fifty-six estimates were made with lambs:
24 with Blackface cross, eight
with Suffolk cross and 24 with Texel cross (23–53 kg liveweight).
The diets offered to both cattle and
sheep contained proportionately 0·0–0·8 cereal-based
concentrates, the remainder being grass silage.
Linear regressions of energy retention (measured by calorimetry) against
metabolizable energy intake
were produced for the cattle and sheep studies. From these linear regressions
an estimate of
metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was obtained. For cattle,
the derived MEm
was 0·614 MJ/kg LW0·75 per day, and for sheep
the derived MEm was 0·460 MJ/kg LW/kg LW0·75
per day.
The estimates were proportionately 0·34 higher in cattle and 0·32
higher in sheep than the 1990 values
of the UK Agricultural and Food Research Council.
Survey of ammonia concentrations in livestock buildings
Authors: SEEDORF J. , HARTUNG J.
Published: July 2002

The air quality in 82 German livestock buildings was investigated, using ammonia as a gaseous
indicator. The ammonia concentrations were measured hourly and a 24 h mean was calculated. In
cattle houses the mean ammonia measurement ranged between 3·7 ppm in calf houses (n = 16),
4·7 ppm in beef units (n = 10) and 6·4 ppm in dairy cattle houses (n = 8). In pig buildings the highest
mean concentrations of 15·9 ppm were found in fattening pig livestocks (n = 8). In sow (n = 16) and
weaner livestock buildings (n = 8) the averaged ammonia concentration varied between 13·4 ppm and
9·1 ppm, respectively. Within poultry houses, broiler flocks (n = 8) were associated with ammonia
concentrations of 21·2 ppm. On the other hand, livestock buildings containing laying hens (n = 8)
showed the lowest ammonia concentrations of all, namely 2·7 ppm. A significant positive correlation
between temperature, relative humidity and ammonia concentrations could be found in poultry
houses. Assuming an ammonia threshold limit value of 15 ppm, although no cattle house in this study
exceeded this recommended limit, 31% of all the pig and poultry units investigated did, indicating
a need for improved housing conditions in the future.
Characterization of heat-induced aggregates of β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin in a whey protein concentrate environment
Authors: HAVEA PALATASA , SINGH HARJINDER , CREAMER LAWRENCE K.
Published: July 2002

Bovine β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), α-lactalbumin (α-la) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), dispersed in ultrafiltration permeate, that had been prepared from whey protein concentrate solution (100 g/kg, pH 6·8), were heated at 75 °C. The consequent protein aggregation was studied by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). When 100 g β-lg/kg permeate solution was heated at 75 °C, cooled and examined, large aggregates were observed. These aggregates were partially dissociated in SDS solution to give monomers, disulphide-bonded dimers, trimers and larger aggregates. When mixtures of β-lg and α-la or BSA were heated, homopolymers of each protein as well as heteropolymers of these proteins were observed. These polymer species were also observed in a heated mixture of the three proteins. Two-dimensional PAGE of mixtures demonstrated that these polymers species contained disulphide-bonded dimers of β-lg, α-la and BSA, and 1:1 disulphide-bonded adducts of α-la and β-lg, or BSA. These results are consistent with a mechanism in which the free thiols of heat-treated β-lg or BSA catalyse the formation of a range of monomers, dimers and higher polymers of α-la. It is likely that when whey protein concentrate is heated under the present conditions, BSA forms disulphide-bonded strands ahead of β-lg and that α-la aggregation with β-lg and with itself is catalysed by the heat-induced unfolded BSA and β-lg.
Use of duplex polymerase chain reaction (duplex-PCR) technique to identify bovine and water buffalo milk used in making mozzarella cheese
Authors: REA STEFANO , CHIKUNI KOICHI , BRANCIARI RAFFAELLA , SANGAMAYYA RAM SUKASI , RANUCCI DAVID , AVELLINI PAOLO
Published: July 2002

Molecular biology techniques have been used for species identification in food of animal origin in relatively recent years. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method, the multiplex PCR, was recently applied to species identification in meat and meat products. It allows co-amplification of separate regions of a single gene or specific fragments, each typical of a different animal species in a single PCR reaction, using different pairs of primers in the same reaction mix. In the present paper, the duplex-PCR technique is proposed to identify bovine and water buffalo DNA in a single PCR assay in milk and mozzarella cheese (a typical Italian cheese, originally made from pure water buffalo milk). Because of its lower cost, undeclared bovine milk is added to water buffalo milk for making different kinds of mozzarella cheese. The results of this experiment indicate the applicability of this method, which showed an absolute specificity for the two species and a high sensitivity even down to low DNA concentrations (1 pg). In bovine and water buffalo mixtures of both milk and mozzarella cheese, the minimum concentration tested was 1% of bovine in water buffalo milk and water buffalo in bovine milk. The importance of the somatic cell content in raw milk is also discussed with special reference to the evaluation of mixtures (milk or cheese) of the two species.
Distribution of minerals and proteins between
the soluble and colloidal phases of pressurized milks
from different species
Authors: LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO ROSINA , DE LA FUENTE MIGUEL ANGEL , RAMOS MERCEDES , OLANO AGUSTÍN
Published: July 2002

The pressure-induced (100–400 MPa) changes in
casein micelles from
bovine, caprine and ovine milks were investigated by
studying the distribution of
minerals and proteins after separation of the micellar and
serum phases by
ultracentrifugation. The results showed that
pressurization markedly increased the
levels of non-sedimentable casein in the three species,
as well as the levels of Ca, P
and Mg in the serum, but led to only small increases in the
Ca2+ concentration. The
dissociation rates of individual caseins corresponded to
the ester phosphate contents, in the order κ-casein,
β-casein>αs1-casein
>αs2-casein. The concentration of
non-sedimentable casein was highest in pressurized ovine
milk, which also contained
higher levels of pressure-liberated serum minerals than
the milks from the other two
species. In the case of bovine and caprine milks, maximum
dissociation from the
micelle was found in milks treated at 300 MPa, while in
ewes' milk dissociation
increased with pressure up to 400 MPa. Denatured
β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) was present
in the ultracentrifugation pellets of the pressurized milks
of the three species, but
pressure-denatured β-lg also remained in the soluble
fraction. Despite the increases
in the content of soluble proteins, all casein and most
β-lg were incorporated in the
rennet curds of the pressurized milks from the three species.
Isolation of coagulase-negative staphylococci from the
milk and environment of sheep
Authors: BURRIEL ANGELIKI R.
Published: July 2002

Various species of coagulase-negative staphylococci
(C-NS) are reported to be
common in milk and on the teat skin of domestic ruminants.
The commonest C-NS
species in mastitic milk of cows varies between reports,
with Staphylococcus simulans
(Jarp, 1991) in one and Staph. hyicus in another
(Watts & Washburn, 1991). The teat
skin of heifers may be colonized by Staph. xylosus
or Staph. chromogenes, while Staph.
chromogenes and Staph. warneri are reported
as frequent isolates from teat canals and
secretion (Boddie & Nickerson, 1986; White et
al. 1989). Staph. haemolyticus was
isolated frequently from the nares, the teat skin and
the milk of goats (Valle et al.
1991), although others reported Staph. xylosus
(Bedidi-Madani et al. 1992) or Staph.
epidermidis and Staph. capitis
(Kalogridou-Vassiliadou, 1991) as the most predominant
C-NS in goats' milk. Staph. simulans has
been found experimentally to be
pathogenic for the mammary gland of meat ewes (Fthenakis
& Jones, 1990), but
little is known about the prevalence of this species in
ewes' milk collected from cases
of naturally occurring subclinical mastitis (SCM). The aim
of the present
investigation was the identification of the commonest
C-NS species in ewes' milk
collected from field cases of SCM or predominating in the
ewes' environment.
Assessment of isoflavonoid concentrations in Australian bovine milk
samples
Authors: KING ROGER A. , MANO MARK M. , HEAD RICHARD J.
Published: July 2002

There is considerable interest in the possibility that diet-derived

isoflavonoids may help in protection against a number of chronic diseases
common
in Western society. Based on animal studies, however, concerns have been
raised
that consumption of isoflavonoids by infants and young children may be
undesirable.
Clover contains isoflavonoids and therefore may represent, via milk, a
source of
isoflavonoids in the human diet. In this study the concentrations of daidzein
(7,
4′-dihydroxyisoflavone), genistein (5, 7, 4′-trihydroxyisoflavone)

and equol (7-hydroxy-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)chroman) were measured using

HPLC in cows' milk samples
obtained from 76 farms in three Australian states. In addition, concentrations
were
measured in samples collected from one South Australian factory both before
and
after pasteurization. Concentrations in all samples were found to be extremely
low.
The mean daidzein concentration was <5 ng/ml. Mean genistein concentrations

ranged from just detectable (∼2 ng/ml) in Victorian samples collected
during
summer to 20-30 ng/ml in samples from all states collected during
spring when
isoflavonoid-containing clover is most dominant in pasture. Mean equol

concentrations ranged from 45±10 ng/ml in Victorian farm samples
collected during
summer to 293±52 ng/ml in Western Australian samples collected
in spring. The
mean concentrations of genistein and equol in post-pasteurization samples
collected
in spring were approximately double those for samples collected in autumn.

Pasteurization had no effect on isoflavonoid concentrations. We conclude
that the
concentrations of isoflavonoids in Australian cows' milk are low and
are therefore
unlikely to have any pronounced biological effects in human consumers.
Puritans, Antinomians and Laudians
in Caroline London: The Strange
Case of Peter Shaw and its Contexts
Authors: COMO DAVID , LAKE PETER
Published: July 2002

Early in 1629 one Peter Shaw, an obscure London preacher,
appeared before the Court of High Commission. While the records
of the court for the relevant period have been lost, it seems clear
from a later case that Shaw was both convicted and suspended. For,
speaking in 1631, during proceedings against the antinomian, Samuel
Pretty, Laud claimed that he

spake the less in this cause (as he intimated) because there had been so much said
against these same and the like tenets in the causes of one [Robert] Townes and
one Mr Shaw, which Mr Shaw, though the said bishop of London hath in public
declared he should never have to do by his consent in this diocese, yet no place,
said the bishop, will serve him but he must needs have admittance in London and
he came to me for admittance, which I purpose, never, God willing, to grant.

During the period immediately prior to Shaw's prosecution the authorities
had launched an investigation into his activities and opinions, one that
involved over two dozen witnesses whose testimony appears to have been
condensed into a single dossier, which survives in the state papers for
March 1628/9. The three documents contained in that dossier – a set of
court articles, notes from two of Shaw's sermons and a letter allegedly
written by one of his supporters – are reproduced below.
Analysis and direct numerical simulation of the flow at a gravity-current head. Part 2. The lobe-and-cleft instability
Authors: HÄRTEL CARLOS , CARLSSON FREDRIK , THUNBLOM MATTIAS
Published: July 2002

Results are presented from a linear-stability analysis of the flow at the head of two-dimensional gravity-current fronts. The analysis was undertaken in order to clarify the
instability mechanism that leads to the formation of the complex lobe-and-cleft pattern
which is commonly observed at the leading edge of gravity currents propagating along
solid boundaries. The stability analysis concentrates on the foremost part of the front,
and is based on direct numerical simulation data of two-dimensional lock-exchange
flows which are described in the companion paper, Härtel et al. (2000). High-order
compact finite differences are employed to discretize the stability equations which
results in an algebraic eigenvalue problem for the amplification rate, that is solved in
an iterative fashion. The analysis reveals the existence of a vigorous linear instability
that acts in a localized way at the leading edge of the front and originates in an
unstable stratification in the flow region between the nose and stagnation point. It
is shown that the amplification rate of this instability as well as its spanwise length
scale depend strongly on Reynolds number. For validation, three-dimensional direct
numerical simulations of the early stages of the frontal instability are performed, and
close agreement with the results from the linear-stability analysis is demonstrated.
New insight into the generation of ship bow waves
Authors: FONTAINE E. , FALTINSEN O. M. , COINTE R.
Published: July 2002

The generation of ship bow waves is studied within the framework of potential
flow theory. Assuming the ship bow to be slender, or thin, a pattern of the flow is
derived using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. This method leads to
the determination of three different zones in which three asymptotic expansions are
performed and matched. To first order with respect to the slenderness parameter, the
near-field flow appears to be two-dimensional in each transverse plane along the bow.
However, it is demonstrated that three-dimensional effects are important in front of
the ship and must be taken into account in the composite solution. This leads to a
three-dimensional correction to be added to the two-dimensional solution along the
ship. The asymptotic approach is then applied to explain the structure of the bow
flow in connection with experimental observations and numerical simulations.
The role of unsteadiness in direct initiation of gaseous detonations
Authors: ECKETT CHRIS A. , QUIRK JAMES J. , SHEPHERD JOSEPH E.
Published: July 2002

An analytical model is presented for the direct initiation of gaseous detonations
by a blast wave. For stable or weakly unstable mixtures, numerical simulations
of the spherical direct initiation event and local analysis of the one-dimensional
unsteady reaction zone structure identify a competition between heat release, wave
front curvature and unsteadiness. The primary failure mechanism is found to be
unsteadiness in the induction zone arising from the deceleration of the wave front.
The quasi-steady assumption is thus shown to be incorrect for direct initiation. The
numerical simulations also suggest a non-uniqueness of critical energy in some cases,
and the model developed here is an attempt to explain the lower critical energy only.
A critical shock decay rate is determined in terms of the other fundamental dynamic
parameters of the detonation wave, and hence this model is referred to as the critical
decay rate (CDR) model. The local analysis is validated by integration of reaction-zone structure equations with real gas kinetics and prescribed unsteadiness. The
CDR model is then applied to the global initiation problem to produce an analytical
equation for the critical energy. Unlike previous phenomenological models of the
critical energy, this equation is not dependent on other experimentally determined
parameters and for evaluation requires only an appropriate reaction mechanism
for the given gas mixture. For different fuel–oxidizer mixtures, it is found to give
agreement with experimental data to within an order of magnitude.
The generation of axial vorticity in solid-propellant rocket-motor flows
Authors: BALACHANDAR S. , BUCKMASTER J. D. , SHORT M.
Published: July 2002

We examine small deviations from axial symmetry in a solid-propellant rocket motor,
and describe a ‘bath-tub-vortex’ effect, in which substantial axial vorticity is generated
in a neighbourhood of the chamber centreline. The unperturbed flow field is essentially
inviscid at modest Reynolds numbers, even at the chamber walls, as has long been
known, but the inviscid perturbed flow is singular at the centreline, and viscous terms
are required to regularize it. We examine perturbations sufficiently small that a linear
analysis is valid everywhere (εRe small, where ε is a measure of the perturbation
amplitude and Re is a Reynolds number), and larger perturbations in which a
nonlinear patch is created near the centreline of radius O(√ε). Our results provide
an explanation of swirl experimentally observed by others, and a cautionary note
for those concerned with numerical simulations of these flows, whether laminar or
turbulent.
Vortex merging in quasi-geostrophic flows
Authors: von HARDENBERG J. , McWILLIAMS J. C. , PROVENZALE A. , SHCHEPETKIN A. , WEISS J. B.
Published: July 2002

We study symmetric vortex merger in quasi-geostrophic flows using numerical simulations
with high vertical resolution. We analyse the effect of varying the vertical aspect
ratio of the vortices and compare with the barotropic case. During the merging of
potential vorticity cores with small aspect ratio, we observe the birth of secondary
instabilities on the filaments. This is a new phenomenon not seen in baroclinic
simulations having low vertical resolution. Passive Lagrangian tracers are used to
explore the transport of fluid parcels during vortex merger, to provide a detailed view
of the flow evolution, and to determine the value of the critical merging distance for
baroclinic vortices.
A general asymptotic theory of diffusion flames
with application to cellular instability
Authors: CHEATHAM SALLY , MATALON MOSHE
Published: July 2002

A general asymptotic formulation is presented for diffusion flames of large-activation-energy chemical reactions. In this limit chemical reaction is confined to a thin zone
which, when viewed from the much larger diffusion scale, is a moving two-dimensional
sheet. The formulation is not restricted to any particular configuration, and applies to
conditions extending from complete combustion to extinction. The detailed structure
of the reaction zone yields jump conditions that permit full determination of the
combustion field on both sides of the reaction zone, as well as the instantaneous shape
of the reaction sheet itself. The simplified system is subsequently used to study the
intrinsic stability properties of diffusion flames and, in particular, the onset of cellular
flames. We show that cellular diffusion flames form under near-extinction conditions
when the reactant in the feed stream is the more completely consumed reactant,
and the corresponding reactant Lewis number is below some critical value. Cell sizes
at the onset of instability are on the order of the diffusion length. Predicted cell
sizes and conditions for instability are therefore both comparable with experimental
observations. Finally, we provide stability curves in the fuel and oxidant Lewis number
parameter plane, showing where instability is expected for different values of both
the initial mixture strength and the Damköhler number.
Settling of small particles near vortices and in turbulence
Authors: DÁVILA J. , HUNT J. C. R.
Published: July 2002

The trajectories of small heavy particles in a gravitational field, having fall speed in still
fluid V˜T and moving with velocity V˜ near fixed
line vortices with radius R˜v and circulation Γ˜,
are determined by a balance between the settling process and the centrifugal
effects of the particles' inertia. We show that the main characteristics are determined
by two parameters: the dimensionless ratio VT
= V˜TR˜v/Γ˜
and a new parameter (Fp) given by the ratio between the relaxation time of the particle
(t˜p) and the time
(Γ˜/V˜2T)
for the particle to move around a vortex when VT is of order unity or small.

The average time ΔT˜ for particles to settle between two levels a distance
Y˜0 above and below the vortex (where
Y˜0 [Gt ] Γ˜/VT) and the average
vertical velocity of particles 〈Vy〉L along their
trajectories depends on the dimensionless parameters VT and
Fp. The bulk settling velocity
〈Vy〉B
= 2Y˜0/〈ΔT˜〉, where the average value of
〈ΔT˜〉 is taken over all initial particle positions of the upper level, is only equal to
〈V˜y〉L for small values of the effective volume
fraction within which the trajectories of the particles are distorted,
α = (Γ˜/V˜T)2/
Y˜20. It is shown here how
〈Vy〉B is related to
Δ&η;(X˜0), the difference between the vertical settling distances with and
without the vortex for particles starting on
(X˜0, Y˜0) and falling for a fixed period
Δt˜T [Gt ]
&Γtilde;/V˜2T;
〈V˜y〉B
= V˜T[1 − αD], where D
= ∫∞−∞(Δ&η;dX˜0/
(&Γtilde;/V˜T)2)
is the drift integral. The maximum value of 〈V˜〉B for any
constant value of VT occurs when
Fp = FpM ∼ 1
and the minimum when Fp = Fpm
> FpM, where typically
3 < Fpm < 5.

Individual trajectories and the bulk quantities D and
〈Vy〉B have been calculated
analytically in two limits, first Fp → 0, finite VT,
and secondly VT [Gt ] 1. They have also been computed for the range
0 < Fp < 102, 0 < VT < 5
in the case of a Rankine vortex. The results of this study are consistent with experimental observations of the
pattern of particle motion and on how the fall speed of inertial particles in turbulent
flows (where the vorticity is concentrated in small regions) is typically up to 80%
greater than in still fluid for inertial particles (Fp ∼ 1) whose terminal velocity is
less than the root mean square of the fluid velocity, ũ′, and typically up to 20% less
for particles with a terminal velocity larger than ũ′.
If V˜T/ũ′ > 4 the differences are negligible.
Water wave diffraction by a cylinder array. Part 1. Regular waves
Authors: OHL C. O. G. , EATOCK TAYLOR R. , TAYLOR P. H. , BORTHWICK A. G. L.
Published: July 2002

Diffraction of regular waves by arrays of vertical bottom-mounted circular cylinders is
investigated using theoretical, computational, and experimental methods. Experiments
in an offshore wave basin are designed to measure free surface elevation η at multiple
locations in the vicinity of a multi-column structure subjected to regular waves
of frequency 0.449 < ka < 0.524 and steepness 0.122 < kA < 0.261, where k is the
wavenumber, a the cylinder radius and A the wave amplitude. Results from regular
wave data analysis for first-order amplitudes are compared with those from analytical
linear diffraction theory, which is shown to be accurate for predicting incident waves
of low steepness. Second- and third-order terms are also estimated from the measured
time series, and the effects near a second-order near-trapping frequency are compared
to semi-analytical second-order diffraction theory. Linear diffraction theory is shown
to be very accurate at predicting the global surface elevation features, even for waves
of high steepness. However, violent events and significant nonlinear interactions,
including breaking induced by wave scattering, have been observed. Furthermore,
second-order near-trapping was observed to affect the magnitude of local free surface
oscillations as well as scattered far-field radiation.
Transverse jets and jet flames. Part 1. Scaling laws for strong transverse jets
Authors: HASSELBRINK ERNEST F. , MUNGAL M. G.
Published: July 2002

We present a similarity analysis of strong turbulent jets directed perpendicularly into
a crossflow. The analysis neglects pressure terms in the governing equations, and
assumes complete similarity in each of two intermediate-asymptotic regions of the
flow: a jet region, where the jet is largely unaffected by the crossflow, and a wake-like
region, where the jet has been deflected well into the crossflow. Scaling laws are derived
for velocity, scalar concentration, and jet trajectory, and show good agreement with
existing experimental data. The structure of the counter-rotating vortex pair implied
by this analysis is significantly different from typical representations found in the
literature.
Symmetry and the hydrodynamic blow-up problem
Authors: PELZ RICHARD B.
Published: July 2002

The problem of whether a spontaneous singularity can occur in finite time in an
incompressible inviscid fluid flow is addressed. As suggested by previous numerical
simulations, candidate flows are restricted to be invariant under the octahedral group
of symmetries and to have a compact vortex tube in the fundamental domain. It
is shown that in such a flow the image vorticity contributes strongly to the axial
strain rate on the fundamental in a way which is only weakly proportional to the
curvature of the vortex lines. Analysis of a model flow shows that axial strain rate
scales as the inverse square of the distance to the origin, and that the velocity field
forms a topological trap in which the vortex tube is accelerated towards the origin – a
degenerate critical point. Evidence from simulations supports these findings. These
features suggest that linear strain rate/vorticity coupling can occur in a finite-time
pointwise collapse of such symmetric flows.
Measurement of turbulence near shear-free density interfaces
Authors: KIT E. L. G. , STRANG E. J. , FERNANDO H. J. S.
Published: July 2002

The results of an experimental study carried out to investigate
the

structure of turbulence near a shear-free density interface are presented.
The

experimental configuration

consisted of a two-layer fluid medium in which the lower layer was maintained
in

a turbulent state by an oscillating grid. The measurements included the

root-mean-square (r.m.s.) turbulent velocities, wavenumber spectra, dissipation
of

turbulent kinetic energy and integral lengthscales. It was found that the

introduction of a density interface to a turbulent flow can strongly distort
the

structure of turbulence near

the interface wherein the horizontal velocity components are amplified
and the

vertical component is damped. The modification of r.m.s velocities is essentially

limited to distances smaller than about an integral lengthscale. Inspection
of

spectra shows that these distortions are felt only at small wavenumbers
of the

order of the integral scale

and a range of low-wavenumbers of the inertial subrange; the distortions
become

pronounced as the interface is approached. Comparison of the horizontal
velocity

data with the rapid distortion theory (RDT) analyses of Hunt & Graham
(1978) and

Hunt (1984) showed a qualitative agreement near the interface and a quantitative

agreement away from the interface. On the other hand, the RDT predictions
for the

vertical component were in general agreement with the data. The near-interface

horizontal velocity data, however, showed quantitative agreement with a
model

proposed by Hunt (1984) based on nonlinear vortex dynamics near the interface.

The effects due to interfacial waves appear to be important for distances
less

than about 10% of the integral lengthscale. As a consequence of the non-zero

energy flux divergence, the introduction of a density interface to oscillating

grid turbulence increases the rate of dissipation in the turbulent layer
except

near the interface, where a sharp drop occurs.

The present measurements provide useful information on the structure of
turbulence

in shear-free boundary layers, such as atmospheric and oceanic convective
boundary

layers, thus improving modelling capabilities for such flows.