bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of faecal carriage of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students
Authors: Royden Alexandra , Ormandy Emma , Pinchbeck Gina , Pascoe Ben , Hitchings Matthew D , Sheppard Samuel K , Williams Nicola J
Published: January 2019

Extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing bacteria causing clinical infections are often also multidrug‐resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes), therefore treatment options may be limited. High carriage rates of these potentially zoonotic bacteria have been found in livestock and companion animals. Therefore, people working in veterinary hospitals may be a high‐risk population for carriage. This is the first study to determine the prevalence and longitudinal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) and ESBL‐producing faecal Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Prevalence of faecal AMR and ESBL‐producing E coli was determined in 84 staff members and students in three UK veterinary hospitals. Twenty‐seven participants were followed for six weeks to investigate longitudinal carriage. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL production were determined and selected isolates were whole genome sequenced. ESBL‐producing E coli were isolated from five participants (5.95 per cent; 95 per cent CI 0.89 to 11.0 per cent); two participants carried ESBL‐producing E coli resistant to all antimicrobials tested. Carriage of MDR E coli was common (32.1 per cent; 95per cent CI 22.2 to 42.1 per cent) and there was a high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 4.98 to 18.8 per cent). ESBL‐producing E coli were isolated from seven longitudinal participants (25.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 9.40 to 42.5 per cent); two participants carried ESBL‐producing E coli for the entire study period. Twenty‐six participants (96.3 per cent; 95 per cent CI 89.2 to 100) carried ≥1 MDR E coli isolate during the six‐week period, with seven participants (25.9 per cent) carrying ≥1 MDR isolate for at least five out of six weeks. The prevalence of faecal ESBL‐producing E coli in cross‐sectional participants is similar to asymptomatic general populations. However, much higher levels of carriage were observed longitudinally in participants. It is vital that veterinary hospitals implement gold‐standard biosecurity to prevent transmission of MDR and ESBL‐producing bacteria between patients and staff. Healthcare providers should be made aware that people working in veterinary hospitals are a high‐risk population for carriage of MDR and ESBL‐producing bacteria, and that this poses a risk to the carrier and for transmission of resistance throughout the wider community.
A Guideline for Randomized Controlled Trials of Acupuncture
Authors: Chen Haiyong , Yang Mingxiao , Ning Zhipeng , Lam Wing Lok , Zhao Ying Ke , Yeung Wing Fai , Ng Bacon Fung-Leung , Ziea Eric Tat-Chi , Lao Lixing
Published: January 2019

Guidelines for clinical trials of acupuncture are scarce, particularly in their guidance on choosing an adequate control in an acupuncture trial. This guideline was developed to address the research methodology for clinical research in acupuncture which contains the essential elements to be considered in the design, preparation and reporting of an acupuncture RCT. Particularly, investigators focused on the control design because of the unique feature of acupuncture. As one size does not fit all, one single design cannot answer all research questions. Therefore, we recommend that the clinical questions be answered in different stages of trials by choosing the appropriate control or comparator. This concept is adapted from classical drug trials developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA in which trials are staged in four phages in order to address different research questions. From the points listed above, this guideline offers the specific recommendations in an acupuncture RCT.
Ferulic Acid Exerts Anti-apoptotic Effects against Ischemic Injury by Activating HSP70/Bcl-2- and HSP70/Autophagy-Mediated Signaling after Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats
Authors: Cheng Chin-Yi , Kao Shung-Te , Lee Yu-Chen
Published: January 2019

This study assessed the anti-apoptotic effects of the administration of ferulic acid (FrA) in rats 30[Formula: see text]min before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 3 d of ischemia and the involvement of 70[Formula: see text]kDa heat shock protein (HSP70)-mediated signaling in the penumbral cortex. Our results demonstrated that FrA pretreatment at doses of 80[Formula: see text]mg/kg (FrA-80[Formula: see text]mg) and 100[Formula: see text]mg/kg (FrA-100[Formula: see text]mg) effectively ameliorated neurological functions and reduced the numbers of cytochrome c-, cleaved caspase-3-, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the penumbral cortex 3 d after ischemia. Moreover, FrA-80[Formula: see text]mg and FrA-100[Formula: see text]mg pretreatment markedly upregulated cytosolic HSP70, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) A/B-II and autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5) expression; cytosolic and mitochondrial X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) expression and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. FrA pretreatment downregulated cytosolic cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), procathepsin B, and cathepsin B expression and mitochondrial and cytosolic second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein-binding protein with a low isoelectric point (Smac/DIABLO) expression in the penumbral cortex. Pretreatment with VER155008, a HSP70 family inhibitor, significantly inhibited the effects of FrA-100[Formula: see text]mg on the expression of the aforementioned proteins expression in the penumbral cortex. FrA-80[Formula: see text]mg and FrA-100[Formula: see text]mg pretreatment exerts neuroprotective effects against caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis through activating HSP70/Bcl-2- and HSP70/autophagy-induced signaling pathways. Furthermore, the HSP70/Bcl-2- and HSP70/autophagy-induced anti-apoptotic effects of FrA pretreatment can be attributed to the regulation of Bax/cytochrome c/Smac/DIABLO/XIAP/ caspase-3- (or Bax/AIF-) and Beclin-1/LC3A/B-II/Atg5-mediated signaling, respectively, in the penumbral cortex 3 d after permanent MCAo.
Highest energy proton–nucleus cross-sections
Authors: Stodolsky L.
Published: January 2019

The description of very high energy proton–proton cross-sections in terms of a “black disc” with an “edge” allows a simple generalization to highest energy proton–nucleus cross-sections. This results in a leading ln2W term and a ln W term whose coefficient depends linearly on the radius of the nucleus (W the c.m. energy). The necessary parameters are determined from the fits to p–p data. Since the coefficient of the ln W term is rather large, it is doubtful that the regime of ln2W dominance can be reached with available energies in accelerators or cosmic rays. However, the ln W term can be relevant for highest energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere, where a large increase for the cross-section on nitrogen is expected. Tests of the theory should be possible by studying the coefficient of ln W at p-nucleus colliders.
Tolman mass of spherical fluids with electromagnetic field
Authors: Bhatti M. Z. , Yousaf Z. , Yousaf A.
Published: January 2019

Assuming a system with spherical symmetry in f(R) gravity filled with dissipative charged and anisotropic matter, we study the impact of density inhomogeneity and local anisotropy on the gravitational collapse in the presence of charge. For this purpose, we evaluated the modified Maxwell field equations, Weyl curvature tensor, and the mass function. Using Misner–Sharp mass formalism, we construct a relation between the Weyl tensor, density inhomogeneity, and local anisotropy. Specifically, we obtain the expression of modified Tolman mass which helps to analyze the influence of charge and dark source terms on different physical factors, also it helps to study the role of these factors on gravitational collapse.
Gravitoelectromagnetism, Cherenkov radiation at finite temperature
Authors: Santos A. F. , Khanna Faqir C.
Published: January 2019

Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM) is a gravitational theory similar to electromagnetism. The GEM Lagrangian formalism is used to consider a study of the Cherenkov radiation. This allows us to consider the interaction between gravitons and particles that are fermions. The Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD) formalism is used to introduce the temperature effects. The production rate for Cherenkov radiation at finite temperature is calculated.
Riemann–Hilbert approach andN-soliton solutions for the Chen–Lee–Liu equation
Authors: Xu Ming-Jun , Xia Tie-Cheng , Hu Bei-Bei
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we construct the Riemann–Hilbert problem to the Lax pair of Chen–Lee–Liu (CLL) equation. As far as we know, many researchers have studied various equations with Riemann–Hilbert method before, but no one compared the N-soliton solutions calculated by different symmetries of potential matrix. Using different symmetries of potential matrix, we get two N-soliton solution formulae of the CLL equation. The interesting thing is that we find the equivalence of these two N-soliton solutions.
Study of the airflow induced by a sliding discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Dong Hao , Li Zheng , Geng Xi , Shi Zhiwei , Sun Qijie
Published: January 2019

Sliding discharge, as a new type of electrical discharge, is being gradually applied in plasma active flow control in recent years. In this work, the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments were conducted to investigate the airflow characteristics induced by the sliding discharge plasma actuator at varied voltage signals. The results show that the integral thrust produced by the negative alternating current (AC) power is stronger than normal AC power under the same voltage magnitude. The induced airflow direction changes along with the changing of two power voltage signals. Furthermore, the angle of the induced airflow is mainly linear with the loading voltage.
Center Problem for Quasi-Homogeneous Polynomial Systems with a Given Weight Degree
Authors: Xiong Yanqin , Hu Jianqiang , Li Shimin , Li Jingzheng
Published: January 2019

This paper considers the center problem for quasi-homogeneous polynomial systems with a given weight degree. We provide the necessary conditions such that these systems have a center at the origin. Especially, we present the necessary and sufficient conditions on the existence of a center for some class of such systems.
Distributional Chaos and Dendrites
Authors: Roth Zuzana
Published: January 2019

Many definitions of chaos have appeared in the last decades and there is a concerned question if they are equivalent in some more specific spaces. Our focus will be on distributional chaos, first defined in 1994 and later subdivided into three major types (and even more subtypes). These versions of chaos are equivalent on a closed interval, but distinct in more complicated spaces. Since dendrites have much in common with the interval, we explore whether or not we can distinguish these kinds of chaos already on dendrites. At the end of the paper we will also briefly look at their correlation with other types of chaos.
WHAT MATTERS MOST FOR INNOVATION CAPABILITY OF SMES: STRUCTURAL OR COGNITIVE FEATURES OF NETWORKING?
Authors: BEL HADJ TAREK , GHODBANE ADEL
Published: January 2019

Our paper aims to analyse the effects of the networking of the entrepreneur on the innovation capability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). For this purpose, we examine the mediation of the knowledge management in our business model in the relationship between structural and cognitive features of networking and innovation capability. Our results show, in the specific case of 124 entrepreneurs in North African SMEs, that the networking is concretised by innovation capability in the presence of a partial mediation of the knowledge management for cognitive features, and a full mediation for structural features. The originality of research lies in the formulation of networking-based entrepreneurship model in which the reinforcement of innovation capability of SME is conditioned by knowledge management, which is facilitated by structural and cognitive features of networking.
OPEN INNOVATION IN PUBLIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES — SUCCESS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS
Authors: VAN LANCKER JONAS , WAUTERS ERWIN , VAN HUYLENBROECK GUIDO
Published: January 2019

Public research organizations need to increasingly engage in open innovation processes besides classic collaboration with industry and public-private partnerships. In this study, the effectiveness of an open innovation approach is examined in three bio-economy cases set up by a public research institute, as well as the factors influencing the implementation of the approach. The results indicate that an open innovation approach can yield many beneficial outcomes in a public research context, despite a great many detrimental influencing factors. These identified adverse factors can be aggregated into four key areas, the organizational structure and culture being the prevalent. The results and the derived implications contribute to the further understanding of managerial challenges experienced when implementing open innovation to practice, deliver insights towards the applicability of open innovation in a public research environment and provide a first understanding on how the approach performs in the context of the transition towards a bioeconomy.
ALTERNATIVE ROUTES TO INNOVATION — THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL AND STRUCTURAL FIT
Authors: JACOBSEN DAG INGVAR , HILLESTAD TORE , YTTRI BIRGITTE , HILDRUM JARLE
Published: January 2019

A configurational approach to organizations assumes that structural and cultural characteristics must be in “fit” to produce the wanted outcome. With a focus on innovation, this study examines empirically to what extent innovative activities with a large, global telecom company are produced by an innovative culture, an innovative structure, as well as the fit between the two. Based on an extensive survey (N = 21064, response rate = 65) of employees in seven countries in Europe and Asia, data was aggregated to unit level as culture by nature is a collective phenomenon. The empirical analysis detected both the individual effects of culture strength and homogeneity, structure, as well as the fit between the two. The results indicate that an innovative culture and an organic structure indeed fosters innovation, but that, somewhat surprisingly, there are not effects of the fit between the two. Both practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Managing Diversity in Distributed Software Development Education—A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Bosnić Ivana , Ciccozzi Federico , Crnković Ivica , Čavrak Igor , Nitto Elisabetta Di , Mirandola Raffaela , Žagar Mario
Published: January 2019

Teaching Distributed Software Development with real distributed settings is a challenging and rewarding task. Distributed courses are idiosyncratically more challenging than standard local courses. We have experienced this during our distributed course, which has been run for 14 consecutive years. In this article, we present and analyze the emerging diversities specific to distributed project-based courses. We base our arguments on our experience, and we exploit a three-layered distributed course model, which we use to analyze several course elements throughout the 14-years lifetime of our distributed project-based course. In particular, we focus on the changes that the course underwent throughout the years, combining findings obtained from the analyzed data with our own teaching perceptions. Additionally, we propose insights on how to manage the various diversity aspects.
Improving Classification Quality in Uncertain Graphs
Authors: Dallachiesa Michele , Aggarwal Charu C. , Palpanas Themis
Published: January 2019

In many real applications that use and analyze networked data, the links in the network graph may be erroneous or derived from probabilistic techniques. In such cases, the node classification problem can be challenging, since the unreliability of the links may affect the final results of the classification process. If the information about link reliability is not used explicitly, then the classification accuracy in the underlying network may be affected adversely. In this article, we focus on situations that require the analysis of the uncertainty that is present in the graph structure. We study the novel problem of node classification in uncertain graphs, by treating uncertainty as a first-class citizen. We propose two techniques based on a Bayes model and automatic parameter selection and show that the incorporation of uncertainty in the classification process as a first-class citizen is beneficial. We experimentally evaluate the proposed approach using different real data sets and study the behavior of the algorithms under different conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
A Quantitative and Comparative Study of Network-Level Efficiency for Cloud Storage Services
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Zhang Yongfeng , Liu Yunhao , Xu Tianyin , Zhai Ennan , Liu Yao , Ma Xiaobo , Li Zhenyu
Published: January 2019

Cloud storage services such as Dropbox and OneDrive provide users with a convenient and reliable way to store and share data from anywhere, on any device, and at any time. Their cornerstone is the
data synchronization
(sync) operation, which automatically maps the changes in users’ local file systems to the cloud via a series of network communications in a timely manner. Without careful design and implementation, however, the data sync mechanisms could generate overwhelming traffic, causing tremendous financial overhead and performance penalties to both service providers and end users. This article addresses a simple yet critical question:
Is the current data sync traffic of cloud storage services efficiently used?
We first define a novel metric

TUE

to quantify the

T

raffic

U

sage

E

fficiency
of data synchronization. Then, by conducting comprehensive benchmark experiments and reverse engineering the data sync processes of eight widely used cloud storage services, we uncover their manifold practical endeavors for optimizing the TUE, including three intra-file approaches (compression, incremental sync, and interrupted transfer resumption), two cross-file/-user approaches (
i.e.,
deduplication and peer-assisted offloading), two batching approaches (file bundling and sync deferment), and two web-specific approaches (thumbnail views and dynamic content loading). Our measurement results reveal that a considerable portion of the data sync traffic is, in a sense, wasteful and can be effectively avoided or significantly reduced via carefully designed data sync mechanisms. Most importantly, our study not only offers practical, actionable guidance for providers to build more efficient, traffic-economic services, but also helps end users pick appropriate services that best fit their use cases and budgets.
A Survey of Communication Performance Models for High-Performance Computing
Authors: Rico-Gallego Juan A. , Díaz-Martín Juan C. , Manumachu Ravi Reddy , Lastovetsky Alexey L.
Published: January 2019

This survey aims to present the state of the art in analytic communication performance models, providing sufficiently detailed descriptions of particularly noteworthy efforts. Modeling the cost of communications in computer clusters is an important and challenging problem. It provides insights into the design of the communication pattern of parallel scientific applications and mathematical kernels and sets a clear ground for optimization of their deployment in the increasingly complex high-performance computing infrastructure. The survey provides background information on how different performance models represent the underlying platform and shows the evolution of these models over time from early clusters of single-core processors to present-day multi-core and heterogeneous platforms. Prospective directions for future research in the area of analytic communication performance modeling conclude the survey.
Crowdsourced Targeted Feedback Collection for Multicriteria Data Source Selection
Authors: Ríos Julio César Cortés , Paton Norman W. , Fernandes Alvaro A. A. , Abel Edward , Keane John A.
Published: January 2019

A multicriteria data source selection (MCSS) scenario identifies, from a set of candidate data sources, the subset that best meets users’ needs. These needs are expressed using several criteria, which are used to evaluate the candidate data sources. An MCSS problem can be solved using multidimensional optimization techniques that trade off the different objectives. Sometimes one may have uncertain knowledge regarding how well the candidate data sources meet the criteria. In order to overcome this uncertainty, one may rely on end-users or crowds to annotate the data items produced by the sources in relation to the selection criteria. In this article, a proposed Targeted Feedback Collection (TFC) approach is introduced that aims to identify those data items on which feedback should be collected, thereby providing evidence on how the sources satisfy the required criteria. The proposed TFC targets feedback by considering the confidence intervals around the estimated criteria values, with a view to increasing the confidence in the estimates that are most relevant to the multidimensional optimization. Variants of the proposed TFC approach have been developed for use where feedback is expected to be reliable (e.g., where it is provided by trusted experts) and where feedback is expected to be unreliable (e.g., from crowd workers). Both variants have been evaluated, and positive results are reported against other approaches to feedback collection, including active learning, in experiments that involve real-world datasets and crowdsourcing.
Generative retrieval results in positive academic emotions and long-term retention of cardiovascular anatomy using transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Kleiman Amanda M. , Potter Jennifer F. , Bechtel Allison J. , Forkin Katherine T. , Dunn Lauren K. , Collins Stephen R. , Lyons Genevieve , Nemergut Edward C. , Huffmyer Julie L.
Published: January 2019

With increasing medical knowledge, procedural, and diagnostic skills to learn, it is vital for educators to make the limited amount of teaching time available to students effective and efficient. Generative retrieval is an effective and efficient learning tool, improving long-term retention through the practice of retrieval from memory. Forty medical students were randomized to learn normal cardiovascular anatomy using transthoracic echocardiography video clips in a generative retrieval (GR) or standard practice (SP) group. GR participants were required to verbally identify each unlabeled cardiovascular structure after viewing the video. After answering, participants viewed the correctly labeled video. SP participants viewed the same video clips labeled with the correct cardiovascular structure for the same amount of total time without verbally generating an answer. All participants were tested for intermediate (1-wk), late (1-mo), and long-term (6- to 9-mo) retention of cardiovascular anatomy. Additionally, a three-question survey was incorporated to assess perceptions of the learning method. There was no difference in pretest scores. The GR group demonstrated a trend toward improvement in recall at 1 wk [GR = 74.3 (SD 12.3); SP = 65.4 (SD 16.7); P = 0.10] and 1 mo [GR = 69.9 (SD15.6); SP = 64.3 (SD 15.4); P = 0.33]. At the 6- to 9-mo time point, there was a statistically significant difference in scores [GR = 74.3 (SD 9.9); SP = 65.0 (SD 14.1); P = 0.042]. At nearly every time point, learners had a statistically significantly higher perception of effectiveness, enjoyment, and satisfaction with GR. In addition to improved recall, GR is associated with increased perceptions of effectiveness, enjoyment, and satisfaction, which may lead to increased engagement, time spent studying, and improved retention.
Low-pass Whole-genome Sequencing of Circulating Cell-free DNA Demonstrates Dynamic Changes in Genomic Copy Number in a Squamous Lung Cancer Clinical Cohort
Authors: Chen Xiaoji , Chang Ching-Wei , Spoerke Jill M. , Yoh Kathryn E. , Kapoor Vidushi , Baudo Charles , Aimi Junko , Yu Mamie , Liang-Chu May M.Y. , Suttmann Rebecca , Huw Ling-Yuh , Gendreau Steven , Cummings Craig , Lackner Mark R.
Published: January 2019

Purpose:

We developed a method to monitor copy number variations (CNV) in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from patients with metastatic squamous non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to explore the association between tumor-derived cfDNA and clinical outcomes, and sought CNVs that may suggest potential resistance mechanisms.

Experimental Design:

Sensitivity and specificity of low-pass whole-genome sequencing (LP-WGS) were first determined using cell line DNA and cfDNA. LP-WGS was performed on baseline and longitudinal cfDNA of 152 patients with squamous NSCLC treated with chemotherapy, or in combination with pictilisib, a pan-PI3K inhibitor. cfDNA tumor fraction and detected CNVs were analyzed in association with clinical outcomes.

Results:

LP-WGS successfully detected CNVs in cfDNA with tumor fraction ≥10%, which represented approximately 30% of the first-line NSCLC patients in this study. The most frequent CNVs were gains in chromosome 3q, which harbors the PIK3CA and SOX2 oncogenes. The CNV landscape in cfDNA with a high tumor fraction generally matched that of corresponding tumor tissue. Tumor fraction in cfDNA was dynamic during treatment, and increases in tumor fraction and corresponding CNVs could be detected before radiographic progression in 7 of 12 patients. Recurrent CNVs, such as MYC amplification, were enriched in cfDNA from posttreatment samples compared with the baseline, suggesting a potential resistance mechanism to pictilisib.

Conclusions:

LP-WGS offers an unbiased and high-throughput way to investigate CNVs and tumor fraction in cfDNA of patients with cancer. It may also be valuable for monitoring treatment response, detecting disease progression early, and identifying emergent clones associated with therapeutic resistance.
Passados 50 anos...
Authors: Rodrigues Marly
Published: January 2019

O cinquentenário de criação do Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico de São Paulo (Condephaat) é tomado, neste texto, como uma oportunidade de reflexão sobre o sentido, até o presente, atribuído à proteção de bens culturais pelo poder público. Busca-se focalizar fatores, por exemplo, a influência de concepções herdadas, como as de nacionalismo, ou conceitos que dificultam a renovação das atuais formas de atuação e tendem a distanciar o órgão das expectativas da sociedade contemporânea em relação à construção da memória e à melhoria da qualidade de vida.
Áreas naturais tombadas e a proteção da paisagem
Authors: Furlan Sueli Angelo
Published: January 2019

O artigo apresenta uma leitura panorâmica do passado e do presente do tombamento de áreas naturais pelo Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo (Condephaat). Ressalta-se a originalidade destes tombamentos com foco na especificidade da proteção da paisagem geográfica.  São apresentadas críticas e sugestões para gestão deste patrimônio e reflexões sobre a importância da ação institucional na proteção do patrimônio natural do Estado de São Paulo nestes 50 anos.
Os bairros-jardim em São Paulo
Authors: Feldman Sarah
Published: January 2019

Os bairros Jardim América, Jardim Europa, Jardim Paulista e Jardim Paulistano formam o primeiro conjunto urbano tombado na cidade de São Paulo pelo Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo (Condephaat). O texto discute o tombamento dos Jardins a partir de três eixos. O primeiro aborda o papel do zoneamento na proteção dos bairros-jardim e a convergência entre a concepção do instrumento e os interesses da Cia City: garantir a exclusividade do uso residencial unifamiliar e a valorização da propriedade. O segundo discute a dicotomia entre valores e significados urbanos do patrimônio cultural e do zoneamento. Por fim, são apontados desafios de inclusão do patrimônio cultural no campo mais abrangente dos valores urbanos, como caminho para reconhecer as práticas sociais como indissociáveis da base material na dimensão urbana.
A localização em jogo na tradução de Games
Authors: Malta Gleiton , Barcelos Luiz Gustavo Nogueira
Published: January 2019

Inserido no campo disciplinar dos Estudos da Tradução, especificamente em seu ramo descritivo orientado ao produto tradutório, este estudo analisa a tradução das falas (dublagem e legenda) do jogo Overwatch, buscando traços de localização. Ademais, buscou-se comparar a tradução do texto fonte em inglês para o espanhol latino e para o português do Brasil. Metodologicamente, o material linguístico do jogo foi extraído nos três idiomas, transcrito e depurado, configurando-se em um corpus customizado, paralelo, multilíngue e unidirecional. Os dados revelam que o corpus de em inglês é maior e mais rico lexicalmente que os subcorpora do português e do espanhol, bem como a versão brasileira é maior e mais rica lexicalmente que a versão em espanhol. Igualmente, pôde-se comprovar que a versão brasileira localiza mais o conteúdo linguístico que a versão em espanhol.
Tradução e adaptação transcultural de instrumentos de avaliação em Fonoaudiologia para o português brasileiro: uma análise das diretrizes
Authors: Silva Nayara Ribeiro da , Felipini Leila Maria Gumushian
Published: January 2019

No Brasil, há escassez de instrumentos formais e objetivos comercialmente disponíveis em português e indicados para avaliação e diagnóstico na área de Fonoaudiologia. Uma forma que alguns pesquisadores têm encontrado para amenizar esse problema é traduzir instrumentos já disponíveis em outras línguas. Historicamente, a adaptação de instrumentos elaborados em outra cultura e/ou idioma se detinha à simples tradução do original ou à comparação literal dessa tradução com uma retrotradução. No entanto, há algum tempo pesquisadores de diferentes áreas temáticas vêm sugerindo que a avaliação semântica seja apenas um dos passos necessários ao processo de adaptação transcultural. Neste sentido, são propostos na literatura alguns conjuntos de instruções padronizadas e diretrizes específicas para a tradução e a adaptação transcultural de instrumentos. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar as diretrizes recorrentes em estudos que executam a tradução e a adaptação transcultural de instrumentos. Para isso, foram selecionados 27 artigos científicos, indexados em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, que descreviam esse processo em suas metodologias. As oito diretrizes verificadas – como as propostas por Guillemin, Bombardier e Beaton (1993) e pelo Scientific Advisory Committee of Medical Outcomes Trust (2002) – são consideradas bastante completas, o que reflete a grande preocupação por parte da maioria dos pesquisadores ao traduzir e adaptar instrumentos de avaliação em fonoaudiologia para uso no Brasil.
Computer-Assisted Interpreting Tools (CAI) and options for automation with Automatic Speech Recognition
Authors: Ortiz Luis Eduardo Schild , Cavallo Patrizia
Published: January 2019

In recent years, several studies have indicated interpreters resist adopting new technologies. Yet, such technologies have enabled the development of several tools to help those professionals. In this paper, using bibliographical and documental research, we briefly analyse the tools cited by several authors to identify which ones remain up to date and available on the market. Following that, we present concepts about automation, and observe the usage of automatic speech recognition (ASR), while analysing its potential benefits and the current level of maturity of such an approach, especially regarding Computer-Assisted Interpreting (CAI) tools. The goal of this paper is to present the community of interpreters and researchers with a view of the state of the art in technology for interpreting as well as some future perspectives for this area.
Carotid Flow Augmentation, Arterial Aging, and Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensities
Authors: Hashimoto Junichiro , Westerhof Berend E. , Ito Sadayoshi
Published: January 2019

Objective—

Aortic stiffness and pressure wave reflection are associated with age-related cerebral microvascular disease, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure. We hypothesized that cerebral (carotid) flow alterations potentially mediate these associations.

Approach and Results—

Doppler waveforms were recorded in 286 patients with hypertension to measure the carotid flow augmentation index (FAIx) as the late/early-systolic velocity amplitude ratio. Tonometric waveforms were recorded to estimate the aortic pressure AIx (PAIx), aortic compliance, and carotid-femoral and carotid-radial pulse wave velocities. Additionally, white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated using the Fazekas scale. With increasing age, the carotid late systolic velocity increased, whereas the early systolic velocity decreased, although the aortic augmented pressure increased in parallel with the incident wave height (
P
<0.001). Both FAIx and PAIx increased with age, but the age-dependent curves were upwardly concave and convex, respectively. FAIx increased exponentially with increasing PAIx (
r
=0.71). Compared with PAIx, FAIx was more closely (
P
≤0.001) correlated with the aortic pulse wave velocity, aortic compliance, and elastic/muscular pulse wave velocity ratio. FAIx was associated with white matter hyperintensities scores independently of confounders including age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and aortic pulse wave velocity (
P
=0.01), and was more predictive of white matter hyperintensities presence than PAIx.

Conclusions—

Carotid FAIx had closer associations with age, aortic stiffness, and cerebral white matter hyperintensities than aortic PAIx. These results indicate that carotid flow augmentation (enhanced by aortic stiffening and pressure wave reflection from the lower body) causes microcerebrovascular injury potentially through increasing cerebral flow pulsations, but this detrimental effect is greater than that estimated from PAIx.
V
3
R/V
7
Index
Authors: Cheng Dian , Ju Weizhu , Zhu Lili , Chen Kanghui , Zhang Fengxiang , Chen Hongwu , Yang Gang , Li Xiaorong , Li Mingfang , Gu Kai , Han Bing , Fan Jie , Lin Yazhou , Cao Kejiang , Kojodjojo Pipin , Yang Bing , Chen Minglong
Published: January 2019

Background:

Several algorithms have been proposed to predict the origin of outflow tract (OT) ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) using standard 12-lead ECG. However, the additive value of right precordial and posterior leads is unknown.

Methods:

Standard 12-lead ECG, right precordial leads ECG (V
3
R, V
4
R, V
5
R) and posterior leads ECG (V
7
, V
8
, V
9
) were recorded and analyzed in a development cohort of consecutive patients undergoing OT-VAs ablation at a single center. These findings informed the development of a novel algorithm incorporating right precordial and posterior leads to discriminate between left ventricular OT (LVOT) and right ventricular OT (RVOT) foci. The performance of this novel algorithm which includes the V
3
R/V
7
index was prospectively tested in a validation cohort of consecutive patients undergoing OT-VA ablation at 4 centers and compared with published algorithms. The location of the foci was determined by the successful ablation site.

Results:

One hundred ninety-one patients were recruited, of which 94 formed the validation cohort (mean age of 45.7±15.6, 39% male, 79% RVOT foci). During OT-VAs, a QS pattern in lead V
3
R and an S wave in lead V
7
were exclusively recorded in RVOT and LVOT foci, respectively. The V
3
R/V
7
index of LVOT origin was significantly greater than that of RVOT (1.05±0.83 versus 0.28±0.23,
P
<0.001). The V
3
R/V
7
index ≥0.85 predicted an LVOT origin with 87% sensitivity and 96% specificity. In the prospective evaluation, when the V
3
R/V
7
index ≥0.85, an RVOT origin could be excluded with 98.6% accuracy. The area under the curve of V
3
R/V
7
index (0.954) was larger than that of previously reported ECG criteria, including V
2
S/V
3
R (0.896), V
2
transition ratio (0.792), and transition zone index (0.666). This novel index was also accurate in both patients without obvious LVOT or RVOT origins and subgroups with cardiac rotation or lead V
3
R/S transition.

Conclusions:

The V
3
R/V
7
index is a novel and accurate ECG criterion that predicts OT-VAs origin.
Novel Insights in the Activation Patterns at the Pulmonary Vein Area
Authors: Mouws Elisabeth M.J.P. , Kik Charles , van der Does Lisette J.M.E. , Lanters Eva A.H. , Teuwen Christophe P. , Knops Paul , Bogers Ad J.J.C. , de Groot Natasja M.S.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Extensiveness of conduction delay and block at the pulmonary vein area (PVA) was quantified in a previous study. We hypothesized that the combination of lines of conduction block with multiple concomitantly entering sinus rhythm wavefronts at the PVA may result in increased arrhythmogenicity and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods:

Intraoperative high-density epicardial mapping of PVA (N≈450 sites, interelectrode distances: 2 mm) was performed during sinus rhythm in 327 patients (241 male [74%], 67±10 [21–84] years) with and without preoperative AF. For each patient, activation patterns at the PVA were quantified, including the location of entry sites of wavefronts, direction of propagation, and their relative activation times. The association between activation patterns and the presence of AF was examined.

Results:

Excitation of the PVA occurred via multiple consecutive wavefronts in the vast majority of patient (N=216, 81%). In total, 561 wavefronts were observed, which mostly propagated through the septal or paraseptal regions towards the PVA (N=461, 82%). A substantial dissociation of consecutive wavefronts was observed with Δactivation times of 10.6±8.8 (0–46) ms. No difference was observed in Δactivation times of consecutive wavefronts during sinus rhythm between patients without and with AF. An excitation-based risk factor model, including conduction delay ≥6 mm, conduction block ≥6 mm, and conduction delay and block ≥16 mm, wavefronts via the posteroinferior to posterosuperior regions and multiple opposing wavefronts, demonstrated a 5-fold risk of AF when multiple risk factors were present.

Conclusions:

In contrast to previous findings, quantification of activation patterns at the PVA on high-resolution scale demonstrated complex patterns with often multiple entry sites and high interindividual variability. Altered patterns of activation, consisting of multiple opposing wavefronts combined with long lines of conduction slowing, were associated with the presence of AF.
Nocturnal Atrial Fibrillation Caused by Mutation in
KCND2
, Encoding Pore-Forming (α) Subunit of the Cardiac Kv4.2 Potassium Channel
Authors: Drabkin Max , Zilberberg Noam , Menahem Sasson , Mulla Wesam , Halperin Daniel , Yogev Yuval , Wormser Ohad , Perez Yonatan , Kadir Rotem , Etzion Yoram , Katz Amos , Birk Ohad S.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) can be caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes, encoding the cardiac potassium channel subunits
KCNJ2
,
KCNE1
, and
KCNH2
that mediate the repolarizing potassium currents I
k1
, I
ks
, and I
kr
, respectively.

Methods:

Linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and
Xenopus
oocyte electrophysiology studies were used in this study.

Results:

Through genetic studies, we showed that autosomal dominant early-onset nocturnal paroxysmal AF is caused by p.S447R mutation in
KCND2
, encoding the pore-forming (α) subunit of the Kv4.2 cardiac potassium channel. Kv4.2, along with Kv4.3, contributes to the cardiac fast transient outward K
+
current, I
to
. I
to
underlies the early phase of repolarization in the cardiac action potential, thereby setting the initial potential of the plateau phase and governing its duration and amplitude. In
Xenopus
oocytes, the mutation increased the channel’s inactivation time constant and affected its regulation: p.S447 resides in a protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site, which normally allows attenuation of Kv4.2 membrane expression. The mutant Kv4.2 exhibited impaired response to PKC; hence, Kv4.2 membrane expression was augmented, enhancing potassium currents. Coexpression of mutant and wild-type channels (recapitulating heterozygosity in affected individuals) showed results similar to the mutant channel alone. Finally, in a hybrid channel composed of Kv4.3 and Kv4.2, simulating the mature endogenous heterotetrameric channel underlying I
to
, the p.S447R Kv4.2 mutation exerted a gain-of-function effect on Kv4.3.

Conclusions:

The mutation alters Kv4.2’s kinetic properties, impairs its inhibitory regulation, and exerts gain-of-function effect on both Kv4.2 homotetramers and Kv4.2-Kv4.3 heterotetramers. These effects presumably increase the repolarizing potassium current I
to
, thereby abbreviating action potential duration, creating arrhythmogenic substrate for nocturnal AF. Interestingly, Kv4.2 expression was previously shown to demonstrate circadian variation, with peak expression at daytime in murine hearts (human nighttime), with possible relevance to the nocturnal onset of paroxysmal AF symptoms in our patients. The atrial-specific phenotype suggests that targeting Kv4.2 might be effective in the treatment of nocturnal paroxysmal AF, avoiding adverse ventricular effects.
Genomic Risk Stratification Predicts All-Cause Mortality After Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Levin Michael G. , Kember Rachel L. , Judy Renae , Birtwell David , Williams Heather , Arany Zolt , Giri Jay , Guerraty Marie , Cappola Tom ,   Regeneron Genetics Center, Chen Jinbo , Rader Daniel J. , Damrauer Scott M.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is influenced by genetic variation and traditional risk factors. Polygenic risk scores (PRS), which can be ascertained before the development of traditional risk factors, have been shown to identify individuals at elevated risk of CAD. Here, we demonstrate that a genome-wide PRS for CAD predicts all-cause mortality after accounting for not only traditional cardiovascular risk factors but also angiographic CAD itself.

Methods:

Individuals who underwent coronary angiography and were enrolled in an institutional biobank were included; those with prior myocardial infarction or heart transplant were excluded. Using a pruning-and-thresholding approach, a genome-wide PRS comprised of 139 239 variants was calculated for 1503 participants who underwent coronary angiography and genotyping. Individuals were categorized into high PRS (hiPRS) and low-PRS control groups using the maximally selected rank statistic. Stratified analysis based on angiographic findings was also performed. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality following the index coronary angiogram.

Results:

Individuals with hiPRS were younger than controls (66 years versus 69 years;
P
=2.1×10
-5
) but did not differ by sex, body mass index, or traditional risk-factor profiles. Individuals with hiPRS were at significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality after cardiac catheterization, adjusting for traditional risk factors and angiographic extent of CAD (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–2.2;
P
=0.004). The strongest increase in risk of all-cause mortality conferred by hiPRS was seen among individuals without angiographic CAD (hazard ratio, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.5;
P
=0.04). In the overall cohort, adding hiPRS to traditional risk assessment improved prediction of 5-year all-cause mortality (area under the receiver-operating curve 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66–0.75 versus 0.66; 95% CI, 0.61–0.70;
P
=0.001).

Conclusions:

A genome-wide PRS improves risk stratification when added to traditional risk factors and coronary angiography. Individuals without angiographic CAD but with hiPRS remain at significantly elevated risk of mortality.
Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiac Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ramos Isabel T. , Henningsson Markus , Nezafat Maryam , Lavin Begonña , Lorrio Silvia , Gebhardt Pierre , Protti Andrea , Eykyn Thomas R. , Andia Marcelo E. , Floögel Ulrich , Phinikaridou Alkystis , Shah Ajay M. , Botnar Reneé M.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Optimal healing of the myocardium after myocardial infarction (MI) requires a suitable degree of inflammation and its timely resolution, together with a well-orchestrated deposition and degradation of ECM (extracellular matrix) proteins.

Methods and Results:

MI and SHAM-operated animals were imaged at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days with 3T magnetic resonance imaging using a
19
F/
1
H surface coil. Mice were injected with
19
F-perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to study inflammatory cell recruitment, and with a gadolinium-based elastin-binding contrast agent to evaluate elastin content.
19
F magnetic resonance imaging signal colocalized with infarction areas, as confirmed by late gadolinium enhancement, and was highest 7 days post-MI, correlating with macrophage content (MAC-3 immunohistochemistry; ρ=0.89,
P
<0.0001).
19
F quantification with in vivo (magnetic resonance imaging) and ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy correlated linearly (ρ=0.58,
P
=0.020). T
1
mapping after gadolinium-based elastin-binding contrast agent injection showed increased relaxation rate (R
1
) in the infarcted regions and was significantly higher at 21 days compared with 7 days post-MI (R
1
[s
−1
]: 21 days=2.8 [interquartile range, 2.69–3.30] versus 7 days=2.3 [interquartile range, 2.12–2.5],
P
<0.05), which agreed with an increased tropoelastin content (ρ=0.89,
P
<0.0001). The predictive value of each contrast agent for beneficial remodeling was evaluated in a longitudinal proof-of-principle study. Neither R
1
nor
19
F at day 7 were significant predictors for beneficial remodeling (
P
=0.68;
P
=0.062). However, the combination of both measurements (R
1
<2.34 Hz and 0.55≤
19
F≤1.85) resulted in an odds ratio of 30.0 (CI 95%, 1.41–638.15;
P
=0.029) for favorable post-MI remodeling.

Conclusions:

Multinuclear
1
H/
19
F magnetic resonance imaging allows the simultaneous assessment of inflammation and elastin remodeling in a murine MI model. The interplay of these biological processes affects cardiac outcome and may have potential for improved diagnosis and personalized treatment.