bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative investigation of the energetic ion spectra comprising the magnetospheric ring currents of the solar system
Authors: Mauk B. H.
Published: November 2014

Investigated here are factors that control the intensities and shapes of energetic ion spectra that make up the ring current populations of the strongly magnetized planets of the solar system, specifically those of Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Following a previous and similar comparative investigation of radiation belt electrons, we here turn our attention to ions. Specifically, we examine the possible role of the differential ion Kennel‐Petschek limit, as moderated by Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves, as a standard for comparing the most intense ion spectra within the strongly magnetized planetary magnetospheres. In carrying out this investigation, the substantial complexities engendered by the very different ion composition distributions of these diverse magnetospheres must be addressed, given that the dispersion properties of the EMIC waves are strongly determined by the ion composition of the plasmas within which the waves propagate. Chosen for comparison are the ion spectra within these systems that are the most intense observed, specifically at 100 keV and 1 MeV. We find that Earth and Jupiter are unique in having their most intense ion spectra likely limited and sculpted by the Kennel‐Petschek process. The ion spectra of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune reside far below their respective limits and are likely limited by interactions with gas and dust (Saturn) and by the absence of robust ion acceleration processes (Uranus and Neptune). Suggestions are provided for further testing the efficacy of the differential Kennel‐Petschek limit for ions using the Van Allen Probes.
The spatial and temporal structure of twin peaks and midday bite out in foF2 (with associated height changes) in the Australian and South Pacific low midlatitude ionosphere
Authors: Lynn Kenneth J. W. , Gardiner‐Garden Robert S. , Heitmann Andrew
Published: November 2014

Morning and afternoon peaks in daytime critical frequency foF2 defining a midday bite out were found to occur regularly across northern Australia during April 2008. This behavior was sufficiently repetitive to appear in the monthly median values of foF2. The twin peak and bite out phenomenon was observable across the entire longitudinal range of ionosondes which were accessible for this study, from Niue in mid‐Pacific to Learmonth on the western side of Australia. The high geographic density of ionosondes operating in Australia enabled the limited latitudinal range of occurrence to be established, the phenomenon ceasing to be present in the southern half of Australia or at equatorial latitudes. While strongest in 2008, the foF2 bite out and associated variation in hmF2, the peak height of the ionosphere, continued to be seen in monthly April medians from sunspot minimum (2007–2008) to the current low sunspot maximum (2011–2013) while diminishing in magnitude. This phenomenon was also present around the September equinox, though not of such magnitude or consistency as during the April equinox. The morning and afternoon peaks in foF2 occurred during periods of falling virtual and true height and were associated with the maximum compression of the ionosphere at this time as measured by the subpeak equivalent parabolic layer thickness ym. Meridional winds in the F2 layer are suggested as a driver of the twin peak enhancements in foF2, which may possibly be related to a simultaneous occurrence of strong tidal influences as seen to be present in descending sporadic E.
Extended lunar precursor regions: Electron‐wave interaction
Authors: Harada Y. , Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , Kurita S. , McFadden J. P.
Published: November 2014

We present Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) observations of electron‐wave interactions which extend to quite large distances upstream from the Moon. We first study electron velocity distributions and wave spectra on an event basis. In both the solar wind and terrestrial plasma sheet, we observe strong whistler wave activity on the magnetic field lines connected to the dayside lunar surface. These whistlers are most likely driven by the anisotropy of upward electrons caused by surface absorption. The whistler growth rates computed from the measured electron distributions successfully reproduced the spectral characteristics of the observed ∼100 Hz narrowband oscillations and those reaching lower frequencies. Meanwhile, the incoming solar wind strahl beam is occasionally isotropized near the Moon, and broadband electrostatic waves are observed simultaneously, suggesting streaming instabilities between the incoming and outgoing beams. Based on the case study, we statistically survey the spatial variations of the characteristic quantities of the upstream electron‐wave interactions. Both the electron anisotropy and electromagnetic wave intensity decay with increasing field line distances but remain higher than the ambient level at 6 lunar radii (∼10,000 km) or more. The strahl electron isotropization and electrostatic waves are found mainly at lower altitudes below 1 lunar radius. The electron anisotropy and whistler intensity exhibit clear anticorrelation with crustal magnetic fields, indicating that the magnetic anomalies suppress the whistler wave growth. The ARTEMIS observations convincingly illustrate that the lunar influence on electrons reaches out to 6 lunar radii or more upstream from the Moon.
Solar heating of the Arctic Ocean in the context of ice‐albedo feedback
Authors: Pinker Rachel T. , Niu Xiaolei , Ma Yingtao
Published: November 2014

To study the relationship of solar heat input into the Arctic open water and the variations of sea ice extent, improved satellite‐based estimates of shortwave radiative (SWR) fluxes and most recent observations of ice extent are used. The SWR flux estimates are based on observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) for the period of 1984–2009. Ice extent information at 25 km resolution comes from Nimbus‐7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I Passive Microwave Data as generated with the NASA Team algorithm developed by the Oceans and Ice Branch, Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The trends of the solar heat input into the ocean and the open water fraction for 1984–2009 are found to be positive: 0.3%/yr and 0.8%/yr, respectively, at a 99% confidence level. There is an obvious transition region separating the 26 years into two periods: one with moderate change: 1984–2002, and the other with an abrupt growth in both solar heat input and open water fraction: 2003–2009. The impact of the observed changes on the reduction of winter ice growth in 2007 is estimated to be about 44 cm, and a delay in fall freezeup as about 10–36 days.
Unsteady stress partitioning and momentum transfer in the wave bottom boundary layer over movable rippled beds
Authors: Rodríguez‐Abudo S. , Foster D. L.
Published: November 2014

Observations of the nearbed velocity field over a rippled sediment bed under asymmetric wave forcing conditions were collected using a submersible particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. To examine the role of bed form‐induced dynamics in the total momentum transfer, a double‐averaging technique was implemented on the two‐dimensional time‐dependent velocity field by means of the full momentum equation. This approach allows for direct determination of the bed form‐induced stresses, i.e., stresses that arise due to the presence of bed forms, which are zero in flat bed conditions. This analysis suggests that bed form‐induced stresses are closely related to the presence of coherent motions and may be partitioned from the turbulent stresses. Inferences of stress provided by a bed load transport model suggest that total momentum transfer obtained from the double‐averaging technique is capable of reproducing bed form mobilization. Comparisons between the total momentum transfer and stress estimates obtained from local velocity profiles show significant variability across the ripple and suggest that an array of sensors is necessary to reproduce bed form evolution. The imbalance of momentum obtained by resolving the different terms constituting the near‐bed momentum balance (i.e., acceleration deficit, stress gradient, and bed form‐induced skin friction) provides an estimate of the bed form‐induced pressure that is consistent with flow separation. This analysis reveals three regions in the flow: the free‐stream, where all terms are relatively balanced; the near‐bed, where momentum imbalance is significant during flow weakening; and below ripple crests, where bed form‐induced pressure is the leading order mechanism.
SST patterns and dynamics of the southern Senegal‐Gambia upwelling center
Authors: Ndoye S. , Capet X. , Estrade P. , Sow B. , Dagorne D. , Lazar A. , Gaye A. , Brehmer P.
Published: November 2014

The southern end of the Canary current system comprises of an original upwelling center that has so far received little attention, the Southern Senegal‐Gambia Upwelling Center (SSUC). We investigate its dynamical functioning by taking advantage of favorable conditions in terms of limited cloud coverage. Analyses and careful examinations of over 1500 satellite images of sea surface temperature scenes contextualized with respect to wind conditions confirm the regularity and stability of the SSUC dynamical functioning (as manifested by the recurrence and persistence of particular SST patterns). The analyses also reveal subtle aspects of its upwelling structure: shelf break cooling of surface waters consistent with internal tide breaking/mixing; complex interplay between local upwelling and the Mauritanian current off the Cape Verde headland; complexity of the inner‐shelf/mid shelf frontal transition. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle suggests that large uncertainties exist in the SSUC heat budget. The studies limitations underscore the need for continuous in situ measurement in the SSUC, particularly of winds.
The location of Airy‐0, the Mars prime meridian reference, from stereo photogrammetric processing of THEMIS IR imaging and digital elevation data
Authors: Duxbury T. C. , Christensen P. , Smith D. E. , Neumann G. A. , Kirk R. L. , Caplinger M. A. , Albee A. A. , Seregina N. V. , Neukum G. , Archinal B. A.
Published: November 2014

The small crater Airy‐0 was selected from Mariner 9 images to be the reference for the Mars prime meridian. Initial analyses in the year 2000 tied Viking Orbiter and Mars Orbiter Camera images of Airy‐0 to the evolving Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter global digital terrain model to update the location of Airy‐0. Based upon this tie and radiometric tracking of landers/rovers from Earth, new expressions for the Mars spin axis direction, spin rate, and prime meridian epoch value were produced to define the orientation of the Martian surface in inertial space over time. Since the Mars Global Surveyor mission and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter global digital terrain model were completed some time ago, a more exhaustive study has been performed to determine the accuracy of the Airy‐0 location and orientation of Mars at the standard epoch. Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) IR image cubes of the Airy and Gale crater regions were tied to the global terrain grid using precision stereo photogrammetric image processing techniques. The Airy‐0 location was determined to be about 0.001° east of its predicted location using the currently defined International Astronomical Union (IAU) prime meridian location. Information on this new location and how it was derived will be provided to the NASA Mars Exploration Program Geodesy and Cartography Working Group for their assessment. This NASA group will make a recommendation to the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements to update the expression for the Mars spin axis direction, spin rate, and prime meridian location.
Impact of changes in the formulation of cloud‐related processes on model biases and climate feedbacks
Authors: Lacagnina Carlo , Selten Frank , Siebesma A. Pier
Published: November 2014

To test the impact of modeling uncertainties and biases on the simulation of cloud feedbacks, several configurations of the EC‐Earth climate model are built altering physical parameterizations. An overview of the various radiative feedbacks diagnosed from the reference EC‐Earth configuration is documented for the first time. The cloud feedback is positive and small. While the total feedback parameter is almost insensitive to model configuration, the cloud feedback, in particular its shortwave (SW) component, can vary considerably depending on the model settings. The lateral mass exchange rate of penetrative convection and the conversion rate from condensed water to precipitation are leading uncertain parameters affecting the radiative feedbacks diagnosed. Consistent with other studies, we find a strong correlation between low‐cloud model fidelity and low‐cloud response under global warming. It is shown that this relationship holds only for stratocumulus regimes and is contributed by low‐cloud cover, rather than low‐cloud optical thickness. Model configurations simulating higher stratocumulus cover, which is closer to the observations, exhibit a stronger positive SW cloud feedback. This feedback is likely underestimated in the reference EC‐Earth configuration, over the eastern basins of the tropical oceans. In addition, connections between simulated high‐cloud top altitude in present‐day climate and longwave cloud feedback are discussed.
Climate and climate sensitivity to changing CO2 on an idealized land planet
Authors: Becker Tobias , Stevens Bjorn
Published: November 2014

The comprehensive general circulation model ECHAM6 is used in a radiative‐convective equilibrium configuration. It is coupled to a perfectly conducting slab. To understand the local impact of thermodynamic surface properties on the land‐ocean warming contrast, the surface latent heat flux and surface heat capacity are reduced stepwise, aiming for a land‐like climate. Both ocean‐like and land‐like RCE simulation reproduce the tropical atmosphere over ocean and land in a satisfactory manner and lead to reasonable land‐ocean warming ratios. A small surface heat capacity induces a high diurnal surface temperature range which triggers precipitation during the day and decouples the free troposphere from the diurnal mean temperature. With increasing evaporation resistance, the net atmospheric cooling rate decreases because cloud base height rises, causing a reduction of precipitation. Climate sensitivity depends more on changes in evaporation resistance than on changes in surface heat capacity. A feedback analysis with the partial radiation perturbation method shows that amplified warming over idealized land can be associated with disproportional changes in the lapse rate versus the water vapor feedback. Cloud feedbacks, convective aggregation, and changes in global mean surface temperature confuse the picture.
Meta‐analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization
Authors: Vitoroulis Irene , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: November 2014

Research on the prevalence of peer victimization across ethnicities indicates that no one group is consistently at higher risk. In the present two meta‐analyses representing 692,548 children and adolescents (age 6–18 years), we examined ethnic group differences in peer victimization at school by including studies with (a) ethnic majority–minority group comparisons (k = 24), and (b) White and Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Aboriginal comparisons (k = 81). Methodological moderating effects (measure type, definition of bullying, publication type and year, age, and country) were examined in both analyses. Using Cohen'sd, results indicated a null effect size for the ethnic majority–minority group comparison. Moderator analyses indicated that ethnic majority youth experienced more peer victimization than ethnic minorities in the US (d = .23). The analysis on multiple group comparisons between White and Black (d = .02), Hispanic (d = .08), Asian (d = .05), Aboriginal (d = −.02) and Biracial (d = −.05) groups indicated small effect sizes. Overall, results from the main and moderator analyses yielded small effects of ethnicity, suggesting that ethnicity assessed as a demographic variable is not an adequate indicator for addressing ethnic group differences in peer victimization. Although few notable differences were found between White and non‐White groups regarding rates of peer victimization, certain societal and methodological limitations in the assessment of peer victimization may underestimate differences between ethnicities. Aggr. Behav. Aggr. Behav. 42:149–170, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and migraine
Authors: Zagami Alessandro S. , Edvinsson Lars , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is found in human trigeminocervical complex and can trigger migraine. PACAP levels were measured using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in cat elevated PACAP levels in cranial blood. Patients with moderate or severe migraine headache had elevated PACAP in the external jugular vein during headache (n = 15), that was reduced 1 h after treatment with sumatriptan 6 mg (n = 11), and further reduced interictally (n = 9). The data suggest PACAP, or its receptors, are a promising target for migraine therapeutics.
Boronate Cross‐linked ATP‐ and pH‐Responsive Nanogels for Intracellular Delivery of Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Zhang Xuejiao , Achazi Katharina , Haag Rainer
Published: November 2014

A novel adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and pH dual‐responsive degradable nanogel (NG) system are developed based on the complexation of 1,2‐diols in dendritic polyglycerol (dPG), and boronic acids, which are conjugated with dPG as the macromolecular cross‐linker. The NG is formed by a mild and surfactant‐free inverse nanoprecipitation method. An anticancer drug, methotrexate (MTX), is coprecipitated with the macromolecular precursors and cross‐linkers to form MTX‐loaded NG (NG‐MTX) with a loading capacity of 13 wt%. The size of NG is controllable from 100 to 300 nm, which is suitable for the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and can be degraded into small fragments that are within the clearance limitation in the presence of 5 × 10−3m ATP or at pH 4 after 24 h. Increasing ATP concentrations and decreasing pH values of the release medium accelerate the release of MTX. Both the real‐time cell analysis (RTCA) and MTT (3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) results show no cytotoxic effect of NG and a dose‐dependent effect of NG‐MTX on HeLa cells as well as MCF‐7 cells. The fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled NG (FITC‐NG) exhibits a time‐dependent intracellular uptake tendency and cell organelle permeability as determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or flow cytometry.
Functional Supramolecular Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Dong Ruijiao , Zhou Yongfeng , Huang Xiaohua , Zhu Xinyuan , Lu Yunfeng , Shen Jian
Published: November 2014

As a novel class of dynamic and non‐covalent polymers, supramolecular polymers not only display specific structural and physicochemical properties, but also have the ability to undergo reversible changes of structure, shape, and function in response to diverse external stimuli, making them promising candidates for widespread applications ranging from academic research to industrial fields. By an elegant combination of dynamic/reversible structures with exceptional functions, functional supramolecular polymers are attracting increasing attention in various fields. In particular, functional supramolecular polymers offer several unique advantages, including inherent degradable polymer backbones, smart responsiveness to various biological stimuli, and the ease for the incorporation of multiple biofunctionalities (e.g., targeting and bioactivity), thereby showing great potential for a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. In this Review, the trends and representative achievements in the design and synthesis of supramolecular polymers with specific functions are summarized, as well as their wide‐ranging biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene transfection, protein delivery, bio­imaging and diagnosis, tissue engineering, and biomimetic chemistry. These achievements further inspire persistent efforts in an emerging interdisciplin­ary research area of supramolecular chemistry, polymer science, material science, biomedical engineering, and nanotechnology.
n‐butane carbonylation to n‐pentanal using a cascade reaction of dehydrogenation and SILP‐catalyzed hydroformylation
Authors: Walter Simon , Haumann Marco , Wasserscheid Peter , Hahn Hanna , Franke Robert
Published: November 2014

A novel gas‐phase process has been developed that allows direct two‐step conversion of butane into pentanals with high activity and selectivity. The process consists of alkane dehydrogenation over a heterogeneous Cr/Al2O3 catalyst followed by direct gas‐phase hydroformylation using advanced supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis. The latter step uses rhodium complexes modified with the diphosphite ligands biphephos (BP) and benzopinacol to convert the butane/butene mixture from the dehydrogenation step efficiently into aldehydes. The use of the BP ligand results in improved yields of linear pentanal because SILP systems with this ligand are active for both isomerization and hydroformylation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 893–897, 2015
Kinetics of organ response and survival following normalization of the serum free light chain ratio in AL amyloidosis
Authors: Kaufman Gregory P. , Dispenzieri Angela , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Buadi Francis K. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Leung Nelson , Dingli David , Lust John A. , Lin Yi , Kapoor Prashant , Go Ronald S. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Kyle Robert A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K.
Published: November 2014

Despite successful treatment of the clonal plasma cell implicated in its pathogenesis, patients with AL amyloidosis (AL) experience significant morbidity related to underlying amyloid mediated organ dysfunction. While normalization of the serum free light chain measurements [normal ratio of involved and uninvolved free light chains (nFLCr)] is the goal of therapy and centerpiece of hematologic response criteria, achieving (or not achieving) meaningful organ response (OR) is clinically significant for its implications on long‐term symptomatology as well as overall survival (OS), and remains the ultimate goal of treatment. Expectations for organ recovery following successful therapy leading to nFLCr in AL remain poorly described. We evaluated the timeframe and predictive factors for OR, and long‐term outcome, in 313 AL patients who achieved nFLCr following therapy initiation. OR was seen in 80% of surviving AL patients within 1‐year of nFLCr. Patients achieving early OR within 1 year of nFLCr had superior OS compared with those who despite obtaining nFLCr did not achieve early OR. We further evaluated factors predicting OR and OS among patients achieving nFLCr. Higher values of dFLC (involved–uninvolved) at diagnosis predict OR, and early OR predicts improved OS following successful hematologic therapy in AL. Am. J. Hematol. 90:181–186, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent developments in neurofibromatoses and RASopathies: Management, diagnosis and current and future therapeutic avenues
Authors: Rauen Katherine A. , Huson Susan M. , Burkitt‐Wright Emma , Evans D. Gareth , Farschtschi Said , Ferner Rosalie E. , Gutmann David H. , Hanemann C. Oliver , Kerr Bronwyn , Legius Eric , Parada Luis F. , Patton Michael , Peltonen Juha , Ratner Nancy , Riccardi Vincent M. , van der Vaart Thijs , Vikkula Miikka , Viskochil David H. , Zenker Martin , Upadhyaya Meena
Published: November 2014

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was the first RASopathy and is now one of many RASopathies that are caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components of the Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Their common underlying pathogenetic etiology causes significant overlap in phenotypic features which includes craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, GI and ocular abnormalities, and a predisposition to cancer. The proceedings from the symposium “Recent Developments in Neurofibromatoses (NF) and RASopathies: Management, Diagnosis and Current and Future Therapeutic Avenues” chronicle this timely and topical clinical translational research symposium. The overarching goal was to bring together clinicians, basic scientists, physician‐scientists, advocate leaders, trainees, students and individuals with Ras pathway syndromes to discuss the most state‐of‐the‐art basic science and clinical issues in an effort to spark collaborations directed towards the best practices and therapies for individuals with RASopathies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dental fast track: Prenatal enamel growth, incisor eruption, and weaning in human infants
Authors: Mahoney Patrick
Published: November 2014

Correlation between the timing of permanent first molar eruption and weaning age in extant primates has provided a way to infer a life history event in fossil species, but recent debate has questioned whether the same link is present in human infants. Deciduous incisors erupt at an age when breast milk can be supplemented with additional foods (mixed feeding), and weaning is typically complete before permanent first molars erupt. Here, I use histological methods to calculate the prenatal rate by which enamel increases in thickness and height on human deciduous incisors, canines, and molars (n = 125). Growth trajectories for each tooth type are related to the trimesters and assessed against the eruption sequence and final crown height. Analyses show that central incisors initiate early in the second trimester with significantly faster secretion rates relative to canines and second molars, which initiate closer to birth. Even though initial extension rates were correlated with crown height and scaled with positive allometry within each tooth class, the relatively short incisors still increased in height at a significantly faster rate than the taller canines and molars. The incisor prenatal “fast track” produces a greater proportion of the crown before birth than all other tooth types. This growth mechanism likely facilitates early incisor eruption at a time when the mixed feeding of infants can be initiated as part of the weaning process. Findings provide a basis from which to explore new links between developmental trends along the tooth row and mixed feeding age in other primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:407–421, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What Lurks in the Unconscious: Influences on Arbitrator Decision Making
Authors: Sussman Edna
Published: November 2014

As our Master Mediator columnist, Robert A. Creo, takes a break from his extensive, multi‐year coverage of the neuroscience of mediation and goes “back to basics” (see page 156), we have asked New York‐based arbitrator and mediator, Edna Sussman, to summarize for Alternatives her in‐depth research on the brain science of adjudication, particularly in the context of arbitrator decision making.
Argentophile Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Schier Annette
Published: November 2014

Zwischen 1990 und 2000 wuchs in der Goldchemie das Interesse an aurophilen Wechselwirkungen, nachdem man festgestellt hatte, dass diese eine Vielzahl struktureller und anderer physikalischer Eigenschaften von Gold(I)‐Verbindungen nennenswert beeinflussen. Die Aufmerksamkeit, die man diesem kontraintuitiven inter‐ und intramolekularen Typ von Bindung zwischen Metallzentren mit scheinbar abgeschlossener Elektronenschale entgegenbrachte, hat sich schnell auch auf die Chemie des Silbers ausgeweitet. Hunderte von Untersuchungen widmeten sich seither dem Phänomen der Argentophilie. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über diese Entwicklung mit Hauptaugenmerk auf molekularen Systemen mit zwei oder mehr in engem Kontakt stehenden Silber(I)‐Zentren, was zu spezifischen strukturellen sowie zu einer Vielzahl neuartiger physikalischer Eigenschaften führt. Diese schließen vor allem stark veränderte Ligand→Metall‐Ladungstransferprozesse ein, aber auch eine überdimensionale thermische Kontraktion auf der einen und eine beispiellose negative lineare Kompressibilität von Kristallparametern auf der anderen Seite.
Enzymatic Halogenation of Tryptophan on a Gram Scale
Authors: Frese Marcel , Sewald Norbert
Published: November 2014

Halogenated arenes are important building blocks in medicinal and agrochemistry. Chemical electrophilic aromatic halogenation requires molecular halogen, whereas FAD‐dependent halogenases form halogenated arenes with high regioselectivity while only halide salts and O2 are required. This reaction proceeds at room temperature in aqueous media. However, enzymatic halogenation is considered inefficient, mainly because halogenases are not stable. Thus, the preparative application remained elusive. We were able to show that the long‐term stability and, hence, the preparative efficiency of the tryptophan‐7‐halogenase RebH can be significantly improved by immobilization together with the other enzymes required for cofactor regeneration. We established a facile scalable method suitable for the halogenation of tryptophan and its derivatives on a gram scale using a solid, multifunctional, and recyclable biocatalyst; this immobilization strategy might also be applicable for other FAD‐dependent halogenases.
Reinforcement of graphene nanoplatelets on plasticized poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: Mechanical, thermal, morphology, and antibacterial properties
Authors: Chieng Buong Woei , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Yunus Wan Md Zin Wan , Hussein Mohd Zobir , Then Yoon Yee , Loo Yuet Ying
Published: November 2014

Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)‐based nanocomposites filled with graphene nanoplatelets (xGnP) and containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and epoxidized palm oil (EPO) with ratio 2 : 1 (2P : 1E) as hybrid plasticizer were prepared by melt blending method. The key objective is to take advantage of plasticization to increase the material ductility while preserving valuable stiffness, strength, and toughness via addition of xGnP. The tensile modulus of PLA/2P : 1E/0.1 wt % xGnP was substantially improved (30%) with strength and elasticity maintained, as compared to plasticized PLA. TGA analysis revealed that the xGnP was capable of acting as barrier to reduce thermal diffusion across the plasticized PLA matrix, and thus enhanced thermal stability of the plasticized PLA. Incorporation of xGnP also enhanced antimicrobial activity of nanocomposites toward Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41652.
Interprofessionalism: Educating to meet patient needs
Authors: Kirch Darrell G. , Ast Cori
Published: November 2014

Interprofessional teams in health care are showing promise in achieving the triple aim—providing better care for the individual patient, reducing costs, and improving population health. To complement current changes in health care delivery in the United States, there is a growing consensus among health professions educators that students should be trained in interprofessional models prior to entering clinical practice. Current interprofessional education (IPE) efforts in anatomy education are producing positive results in enhancing professional respect, collaboration, and teamwork among health professions students. In spite of existing structural and cultural barriers to IPE, health professions educators must continue to lead and grow IPE efforts as a critical component to improving the health of our nation. Anat Sci Educ 8: 296–298. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Efficient Charge Separation in Li+@C60 Supramolecular Complexes with Electron Donors
Authors: Kawashima Yuki , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: November 2014

Lithium‐ion‐encapsulated fullerene (Li+@C60) exhibits greatly enhanced reactivity in photoinduced electron‐transfer reduction with electron donors compared with pristine C60. The enhanced reactivity of Li+@C60 results from the more positive one‐electron reduction potential of Li+@C60 (+0.14 V versus a standard calomel electrode (SCE)) than that of C60 (−0.43 V versus SCE), whereas the reorganization energy of electron transfer of Li+@C60 (1.01 eV) becomes larger than that of C60 (0.73 eV) because of the change in electrostatic interactions of encapsulated Li+ upon electron transfer. Li+@C60 can form strong supramolecular complexes with various anionic electron donors through electrostatic interactions. Li+@C60 can also form strong supramolecular π complexes with various electron donors, such as cyclic porphyrin dimers, corannulene, and crown ether fused monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes. Photoinduced electron transfer from electron donors to Li+@C60 afforded long‐lived charge‐separated states of supramolecular complexes between electron donors and Li+@C60. A photoelectrochemical solar cell composed of supramolecular nanoclusters of Li+@C60 and zinc sulfonated meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin exhibits significant enhancement in the photoelectrochemical performance than that of the reference system containing only a single component.
An Extremely Bulky Tris(pyrazolyl)methanide: A Tridentate Ligand for the Synthesis of Heteroleptic Magnesium(II) and Ytterbium(II) Alkyl, Hydride, and Iodide Complexes
Authors: Lalrempuia Ralte , Stasch Andreas , Jones Cameron
Published: November 2014

The tris(pyrazolyl)methane compound HC(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3 [1, 3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz=3‐(1‐adamantyl)‐5‐methylpyrazolyl] and its regioisomer, HC(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)2(3‐Me‐5‐Adpz), were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Deprotonation of 1 with MeLi afforded the lithium complex [{κ3‐N‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}Li(thf)], which incorporates a tris(pyrazolyl)methanide ligand of unprecedented bulk. Reaction of 1 with MeMgI gave the ionic coordination complex [{κ3‐N‐HC(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}MgMe]I, which was readily deprotonated to afford the neutral compound [{κ3‐N‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}MgMe]. The related magnesium butyl compound [{κ3‐N‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}MgBu] was prepared from the reaction of 1 and MgBu2. Treating this with LiAlH4 or LiAlD4 led to rare examples of terminal magnesium hydride/deuteride complexes, [{κ3‐N‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}MgH/D]. All neutral magnesium alkyl and hydride compounds were crystallographically authenticated. Reaction of [{κ3κN‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}Li(thf)] with [YbI2(thf)2] yielded the first structurally characterized f‐block tris(pyrazolyl)methanide complex, [{κ3‐N‐C(3‐Ad‐5‐Mepz)3}YbI(thf)].
Construction of Nitronyl Nitroxide‐Based 3d–4f Clusters: Structure and Magnetism
Authors: Wang Xiu‐Feng , Hu Peng , Li Yun‐Gai , Li Li‐Cun
Published: November 2014

Three unprecedented nitronyl nitroxide radical‐bridged 3d–4f clusters, [Ln2Cu2(hfac)10(NIT‐3py)2(H2O)2](LnIII=Y, Gd, Dy), have been obtained from the self‐assembly of Ln(hfac)3, Cu(hfac)2, and the radical ligand. The Dy complex shows a slow relaxation of magnetization, representing the first nitronyl nitroxide radical‐based 3d–4f cluster with single‐molecule magnet behavior.
Are residents of mountain‐top mining counties more likely to have infants with birth defects? The west virginia experience
Authors: Lamm Steven H. , Li Ji , Robbins Shayhan A. , Dissen Elisabeth , Chen Rusan , Feinleib Manning
Published: November 2014

Background

Pooled 1996 to 2003 birth certificate data for four central states in Appalachia indicated higher rates of infants with birth defects born to residents of counties with mountain‐top mining (MTM) than born to residents of non–mining‐counties (Ahern 2011). However, those analyses did not consider sources of uncertainty such as unbalanced distributions or quality of data. Quality issues have been a continuing problem with birth certificate analyses. We used 1990 to 2009 live birth certificate data for West Virginia to reassess this hypothesis.

Methods

Forty‐four hospitals contributed 98% of the MTM‐county births and 95% of the non–mining‐county births, of which six had more than 1000 births from both MTM and nonmining counties. Adjusted and stratified prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) were computed both by using Poisson regression and Mantel‐Haenszel analysis.

Results

Unbalanced distribution of hospital births was observed by mining groups. The prevalence rate of infants with reported birth defects, higher in MTM‐counties (0.021) than in non–mining‐counties (0.015), yielded a significant crude PRR (cPRR = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36–1.52) but a nonsignificant hospital‐adjusted PRR (adjPRR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.97–1.20; p = 0.16) for the 44 hospitals. So did the six hospital data analysis ([cPRR = 2.39; 95% CI = 2.15–2.65] and [adjPRR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.89–1.14; p = 0.87]).

Conclusion

No increased risk of birth defects was observed for births from MTM‐counties after adjustment for, or stratification by, hospital of birth. These results have consistently demonstrated that the reported association between birth defect rates and MTM coal mining was a consequence of data heterogeneity. The data do not demonstrate evidence of a “Mountain‐top Mining” effect on the prevalence of infants with reported birth defects in WV. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:76–84, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defensive weapons and defense signals in plants: Some metabolites serve both roles
Authors: Maag Daniel , Erb Matthias , Köllner Tobias G. , Gershenzon Jonathan
Published: November 2014

The defense of plants against herbivores and pathogens involves the participation of an enormous range of different metabolites, some of which act directly as defensive weapons against enemies (toxins or deterrents) and some of which act as components of the complex internal signaling network that insures that defense is timed to enemy attack. Recent work reveals a surprising trend: The same compounds may act as both weapons and signals of defense. For example, two groups of well‐studied defensive weapons, glucosinolates and benzoxazinoids, trigger the accumulation of the protective polysaccharide callose as a barrier against aphids and pathogens. In the other direction, several hormones acting in defense signaling (and their precursors and products) exhibit activity as weapons against pathogens. Knowing which compounds are defensive weapons, which are defensive signals and which are both is vital for understanding the functioning of plant defense systems.
Genotype-defined cancer risk in juvenile polyposis syndrome
Authors: Aytac E , Sulu B , Heald B , O'Malley M , LaGuardia L , Remzi F H , Kalady M F , Burke C A , Church J M
Published: November 2014

Background

Germline mutations in SMAD4 and BMPR1A disrupt the transforming growth factor β signal transduction pathway, and are associated with juvenile polyposis syndrome. The effect of genotype on the pattern of disease in this syndrome is unknown. This study evaluated the differential impact of SMAD4 and BMPR1A gene mutations on cancer risk and oncological phenotype in patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Methods

Patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome and germline SMAD4 or BMPR1A mutations were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional registry. Medical records were reviewed and the clinical patterns of disease were analysed.

Results

Thirty-five patients had germline mutations in either BMPR1A (8 patients) or SMAD4 (27). Median follow-up was 11 years. Colonic phenotype was similar between patients with SMAD4 and BMPR1A mutations, whereas SMAD4 mutations were associated with larger polyp numbers (number of patients with 50 or more gastric polyps: 14 versus 0 respectively). The numbers of patients with rectal polyps was comparable between BMPR1A and SMAD4 mutation carriers (5 versus 17). No patient was diagnosed with cancer in the BMPR1A group, whereas four men with a SMAD4 mutation developed gastrointestinal (3) or extraintestinal (1) cancer. The gastrointestinal cancer risk in patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome and a SMAD4 mutation was 11 per cent (3 of 27).

Conclusion

The SMAD4 genotype is associated with a more aggressive upper gastrointestinal malignancy risk in juvenile polyposis syndrome.
‘I Can't Go Back Because If I Go Back I Would Die’: How Asylum Seekers Manage Talk about Returning Home by Highlighting the Importance of Safety
Authors: Goodman Simon , Burke Shani , Liebling Helen , Zasada Daniel
Published: November 2014

Asylum seekers living in the UK have been shown to have fled danger in their countries of origin, only to face hardship and the threat of deportation once there. This paper draws on the discursive psychological approach to address the way in which asylum seekers in the UK manage questions about returning to their country of origin. Interviews were conducted with nine asylum seekers in a refugee support centre in the Midlands. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. The analysis showed that participants drew on the notion of safety to counter suggestions that they should return to their country of origin and to manage their identity as legitimate asylum seekers in need of support. The use of this strategy and the use of interviews for discursive analysis are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD simulation of flow and mixing in‐inline rotor‐stator mixers with complex fluids
Authors: Vial Christophe , Stiriba Youssef , Trad Zaineb
Published: November 2014

The objective is to apply CFD methodology for the validation of the scale‐up of rotor‐stator units formed by flat blades and used as in‐line mixers under laminar flow conditions. The comparison between simulated and experimental data as a function of rotor geometry, rotation speed and flow rate has shown a good agreement in terms of power input and RTD curves both for Newtonian and power‐law fluids with a flow index between 0.2 and 1. The applicability of the virtual Couette analogy has been validated quantitatively and explained by the analysis of the local flow in the mixer. As a result, a shear coefficient independent of fluid rheology has been deduced from CFD data. This has been shown to depend only on the dimensionless gap when the length‐to‐diameter ratio is higher than 2.5. In this case, fast 2D simulations can provide a good approximation of the shear coefficient obtained from 3D calculations from which a master power curve can be deduced, but these are not able to predict flow transition, contrary to 3D computations. Finally, original correlations able to estimate the power and shear coefficients as a function of the mixer geometry have been established.
Video‐based educational tool improves patient comprehension of common prostate health terminology
Authors: Wang Daniel S. , Jani Ashesh B. , Sesay Musu , Tai Caroline G. , Lee Daniel K. , Echt Katharina V. , Goodman Michael G. , Kilbridge Kerry E. , Master Viraj A.
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Health care providers often counsel prostate cancer patients about treatment options with medical terminology. However, studies have demonstrated a severe lack of comprehension of these terms, particularly in underserved populations. It was hypothesized that a video‐based educational tool would significantly improve the understanding of key terms related to prostate health in a predominantly lower literacy population.

METHODS

A software application was developed by various experts, including urologists and human‐computer interaction specialists, to serve as a video‐based educational tool emphasizing narrated animations to promote understanding of terms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. This application was viewed by patients recruited from 2 low‐income safety net clinics, where a previously developed survey was administered to assess pre‐ and postintervention levels of comprehension.

RESULTS

Fifty‐six patients with a mean literacy level of 7th to 8th grade completed the study. Patients achieved statistically significant improvements in comprehension for the majority of the terms after the video intervention, with notable improvements including the terms incontinence (from 14% to 50%), bowels (from 14% to 46%), and impotence (from 58% to 84%). Patients demonstrated significant gains in their understanding of the function of the prostate (from 11% to 30%) and in their ability to locate the prostate on anatomic drawings (from 50% to 82%).

CONCLUSIONS

This video‐based educational tool is an effective method for overcoming the severe lack of comprehension of prostate health terminology among patients. The improvements achieved have the potential to enhance patient participation in shared and informed decision making and to support combined visual‐audio multimedia as a promising tool for prostate cancer education. Cancer 2015;121:733–740. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Adult c‐Kit(+) progenitor cells are necessary for maintenance and regeneration of olfactory neurons
Authors: Goldstein Bradley J. , Goss Garrett M. , Hatzistergos Konstantinos E. , Rangel Erika B. , Seidler Barbara , Saur Dieter , Hare Joshua M.
Published: November 2014

The olfactory epithelium houses chemosensory neurons, which transmit odor information from the nose to the brain. In adult mammals, the olfactory epithelium is a uniquely robust neuroproliferative zone, with the ability to replenish its neuronal and non‐neuronal populations due to the presence of germinal basal cells. The stem and progenitor cells of these germinal layers, and their regulatory mechanisms, remain incompletely defined. Here we show that progenitor cells expressing c‐Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase marking stem cells in a variety of embryonic tissues, are required for maintenance of the adult neuroepithelium. Mouse genetic fate‐mapping analyses show that embryonically, a c‐Kit(+) population contributes to olfactory neurogenesis. In adults under conditions of normal turnover, there is relatively sparse c‐Kit(+) progenitor cell (ckPC) activity. However, after experimentally induced neuroepithelial injury, ckPCs are activated such that they reconstitute the neuronal population. There are also occasional non‐neuronal cells found to arise from ckPCs. Moreover, the selective depletion of the ckPC population, utilizing temporally controlled targeted diphtheria toxin A expression, results in failure of neurogenesis after experimental injury. Analysis of this model indicates that most ckPCs reside among the globose basal cell populations and act downstream of horizontal basal cells, which can serve as stem cells. Identification of the requirement for olfactory c‐Kit–expressing progenitors in olfactory maintenance provides new insight into the mechanisms involved in adult olfactory neurogenesis. Additionally, we define an important and previously unrecognized site of adult c‐Kit activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:15–31, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.