bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS AND ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE CAT
Authors: Krieger Dorothy T. , Wagman Irving H.
Published: December 2008

Bilateral electrolytic lesions limited to the median eminence were produced stereotaxically in four cats which had previously shown positive responses (as measured by blood corticoid elevations) to exogenous corticotrophin (ACTH) and insulin hypoglycaemia. Following operation these animals exhibited low basal corticoid levels and an inability to respond to ACTH and an impaired response to stress. At autopsy they showed an increase in adrenal size and stainable cortical lipid. Operated controls had normal responses to both exogenous ACTH and insulin hypoglycaemia and had normal adrenal histology. Thus a lesion of the median eminence depresses adrenal cortical function by interference with release of steroid from the adrenal and not by inducing adrenal atrophy. This may be explained in part by the observation that median eminence lesions interfere with the adrenal response to exogenous ACTH.
EIN VEREINFACHTES VERFAHREN ZUR KLINISCHEN ROUTINEBESTIMMUNG VON OESTROGENEN IM HARN UNTER PAPIERCHROMATOGRAPHISCHER AUFTRENNUNG IN OESTRIOL, OESTRADIOL UND OESTRON
Authors: Thewalt K. , Zimmermann W.
Published: December 2008

A routine method for the determination of urinary oestrone, oestradiol, and oestriol has been developed. After acid hydrolysis, extraction, and purification of the extracted material oestrogens are separated into oestrone, oestradiol, and oestriol fractions, using paper chromatography in formamide/chlorbenzene. Following the elution of single fractions from paper by means of a special extractor the Ittrich modification of the Kober reaction is applied for fluorimetric quantitation. Recovery of oestrone, oestradiol, and oestriol, added to urine was found to be 86 ± 13.6% for oestrone, 81 ± 6.4 % for oestradiol, and 80 ± 7.5 % for oestriol.
EVALUATION OF ANDROGENIC PROPERTIES OF PROGESTATIONAL COMPOUNDS IN THE RAT BY THE FEMALE FOETAL MASCULINIZATION TEST
Authors: Schöler H. F. L. , de Wachter A. M.
Published: December 2008

A study was made of the effect of nine progestational compounds on the genital tract of female foetuses.

The progestins were injected subcutaneously into pregnant rats from the 15th to the 21st day. The influence of these compounds was studied on the female foetuses by:

I measuring of the ano-genital distance at birth

II inspection of the gonads

III histological examination of the lower part of the body, the ovaries and the clitoris.

It appears that classification of sex by assuming that the ano-genital distance of more than 3 mm is always of the male species is incorrect, as shown by examination of the gonads. Furthermore that new-borns with a normal ano-genital distance and rightly classified as females may show histological changes in the genital tract, indicative of masculinization.

It is concluded that the study of the masculinizing effect of progestins should be carried out by inspection of the gonads and serial sections of appropriate organs and tissues.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENDEMIC GOITER ON THE COURSE OF PREGNANCY, LABOUR AND PUERPERIUM
Authors: Dokumov Stoyan I.
Published: December 2008

The influence of endemic goiter on the course of pregnancy, labour and birth is still unsettled, the informations in the literature being scanty and incomplete. Investigation into the course of pregnancy, labour and the puerperium on 2101 pregnant women from 4 different areas with different incidence of endemic goiter shows conclusively that endemic goiter has an unfavourable influence on the course of pregnancy, birth and the puerperium. The following conclusions are drawn: Endemic goiter brings about a greater incidence of complications in pregnancy (imminent abortions, early and later toxaemia of pregnancy), an increase in the number of prolonged labours and a decrease in the number of shortened labours, a higher incidence of birth complications (retention of placenta, retention of placental parts, postpartum uterine atony, lacerations of the soft genital tissues) and an increase in the complications of the puerperium.
DISSOZIATION DER BIOLOGISCHEN UND ENZYMINDUZIERENDEN AKTIVITÄTEN VON PREDNISON-21-GLYCYLGLYCINAT UND ANDROST-4-EN-3-ON-17-AMINO
Authors: Oriol-Bosch A. , Voigt K. D.
Published: December 2008

1. The biological effects and the induction of the glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase (G. P. T.) of the liver and of the carbonic-acid-anhydratase (C. A.) of the seminal vesicle produced by the administration of prednisone-21-glycylglycinate (PGG), androst-4-en-3-one-17-amino (aminotestosterone) and the corresponding free steroid alcohols has been investigated in intact and adrenalectomized male golden hamsters and in intact male rats.

2. The administration of PGG has no effect on the survival period in adrenalectomized animals and does not lead to adrenal cortex atrophy in intact animals. However, it increases the weight of the liver and induces an increase of the G. P. T. of the liver significantly.

3. Although aminotestosterone and testosterone increase the concentration of the C. A. of the seminal vesicles to the same degree, aminotestosterone was found to have only very weak androgenic and anabolic activity.

4. The significance of the dissoziation between the enzyme inducing and the biological activities of the compounds studied is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF THE MYOTROPHIC AND ANDROGENIC ACTIVITIES OF THE PHENYLPROPIONATES AND DECANOATES OF TESTOSTERONE AND NANDROLONE
Authors: Overbeek G. A. , de Visser J.
Published: December 2008

A comparison was made of the anabolic (myotrophic) and androgenic properties of 1. the phenylpropionates of testosterone (17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) and nandrolone (17β-hydroxy-estr-4-en-3-one) and 2. the decanoates (= caprinates) of testosterone and nandrolone after the subcutaneous injection of a single dose into rats.

The question to what extent scientifically justifiable potency ratios can be calculated is discussed. The difference in activities can in any case, be convincingly shown by means of graphs.

Both nandrolone esters were relatively much more anabolic and less androgenic than the corresponding testosterone esters.

The decanoates had a much longer duration of action than the phenylpropionates.
THE GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. I. IN VITRO STUDIES OF THE FATE OF UNIFORMLY 14C-LABELLED GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE IN COTTUS QUADRICORNIS L
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig
Published: December 2008

By the application of the radio-paperchromatography technique the fate of uniformly 14C-labelled glucose and fructose in the pancreatic islet tissue was studied in vitro. Islet tissue was taken from the teleost Cottus quadricornis L, after microscopical analyses had revealed that the »principal islets« in this species were suitable for biochemical research. For comparative purposes samples from the exocrine portion of the pancreas as well as from the brain and liver were also taken for incubation.

There was a comparatively high rate of glucose utilization in the islet tissue, the corresponding values for the exocrine parenchyma and the liver being much lower. Of the different amino acids formed in the islets by conversion of the glucose in the incubation medium, alanine was found in largest amounts, followed by glutamine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine. After incubation with fructose, there was a marked decrease in the rate of utilization as compared with glucose. In the latter case the only amino acids formed in measurable amounts in the islet tissue were alanine and proline.

The islet tissue like other endocrine organs so far studied had its own characteristic distribution pattern for the amino acids formed from glucose. This conversion of glucose may perhaps be an important step in the specific function of the islet tissue in providing some of the amino acids necessary for hormone synthesis. Since the other tissues studied in Cottus quadricornis L resembled corresponding tissues in mammalian species, as regards the fate of glucose and fructose, it is probable that some of the observations on glucose and fructose metabolism in the islet tissue also have a more general application.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN THE UTERI OF MICE UNDER VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Madjerek Z. , van der Vies J.
Published: December 2008

Compared with the uteri of other species, the uteri of mice showed a rather high carbonic anhydrase activity, with values ranging from 25 to 110 enzyme units per gram of uterine tissue (E. U./g) under various experimental conditions.

In dioestrus, prooestrus and metoestrus the carbonic anhydrase activity of the mouse uterus was almost the same (about 60 E. U./g); during oestrus it was significantly increased (98 E. U./g).

Eight days after castration, uterine carbonic anhydrase activity was not significantly altered (47 E. U./g). Treatment of spayed mice with 0.25 mg progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) daily s. c. did not have any significant effect upon uterine carbonic anhydrase (49 E. U./g). Treatment with oestradiol monobenzoate (0.025 μg and 0.1 μg daily s. c. for 7 days) significantly increased the carbonic anhydrase activity (to 109 and 86 E. U./g, respectively). This effect of oestrogen was counteracted by simultaneous administration of progesterone.

These results differ markedly from the results obtained in similar experiments with rats and rabbits.

Deciduomatous uterine horns showed significantly less carbonic anhydrase activity (26 E. U./g) than the control horns without deciduoma (48 E. U./g).
ASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE USING 32P EXCRETION IN PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Fujita T. , Morii H. , Ibayashi H. , Takahashi Y. , Okinaka S.
Published: December 2008

Parathyroid hormone was extracted from human urine by benzoic acid adsorption and assayed by measuring 32P excretion in parathyroidectomized rats. Values of λ averaged 0.30 in 9 observations and the recovery rate of the extraction procedure was 75, 48, and 51 %. In 3 of 5 normal subjects the amount of parathyroid hormone in 24 hour urine ranged between 10–30 USP units, while in others it was undetectable. In 6 of 7 untreated cases of hyperthyroidism, values above 30 were obtained. After treatment, the elevated values showed a tendency to return to the normal level. Elevated values were also observed in 1 case of hyperparathyroidism, 3 cases of hypertension, and 1 case of nephrolithiasis. In 2 cases of postoperative hypoparathyroidism with manifestations of tetany, parathyroid hormone was undetectable in the urine. In 17 miscellaneous cases urinary parathyroid hormone was undetectable in 7, and ranged between 6 and 30 USP units in others.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE THYROID-ADRENAL RELATIONSHIP IN RATS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: Moll J. , de Wied D. , Kranendonk G. H.
Published: December 2008

Electrocoagulation of the hypothalamic area between the fornix columns at the level of the paraventricular nuclei induces a pronounced inhibition of thyroid function. In addition, these lesions cause adrenal atrophy and a corresponding decrease in corticosteroid output. However, the pituitary-adrenal system of the lesioned animals is still able to respond to stimuli which activate this system in normal.

Experiments on thyroidectomized animals indicate that the effects of the lesions on the adrenal glands are to a great extent due to inhibition of thyroid function.
PATTERN OF OESTRIOL CONJUGATES IN HUMAN CORD BLOOD, AMNIOTIC FLUID, AND URINE OF NEWBORNS
Authors: Troen P. , Nilsson B. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Free and conjugated oestriol (oestra-1.3.5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) were measured in extracts of human cord blood, amniotic fluid and urine of newborns and the pattern of oestriol conjugates in these body fluids was determined.

The bulk of oestriol occurred in a conjugated form, with more free oestriol (12 %) in cord blood than in amniotic fluid (2.5 %) or urine of newborns (1.5%).

Sodium oestriol-3-sulphate has been identified in extracts of cord blood, amniotic fluid and urine of newborns. It is the principal oestriol conjugate of the cord blood (86% of total conjugated oestriol), but is only a minor component in the amniotic fluid (15 %) or in the urine of newborns (11%).

Sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate has been identified in extracts of amniotic fluid and urine of newborns, and partially characterized in extracts of cord blood. It constitutes some 50% of the total conjugated oestriol of the amniotic fluid and urine of newborns, but amounts only to approximately 1 % of the total conjugated oestriol of cord blood.

Three additional oestriol conjugates have been detected and partially characterized in the body fluids studied. Two of them appear to be dior tri-glucosiduronates. The quantitatively most important third one is a double conjugate: possibly oestriol-3-sulphate-16 and/or 17-glucosiduronate, or oestriol-3-sulpho-glucuronide.

It is suggested that transconjugation of oestriol-3-sulphate into oestriol glucosiduronates takes place in the human foetus and newborn.
INDIVIDUAL DETERMINATION OF CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE IN A SINGLE SMALL SAMPLE OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: van der Vies J.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the individual determination of corticosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) and cortisol (11β,17,21 -trihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) in 2.5 ml of peripheral plasma. The method is based on the different partition coefficients of these steroids between water and carbon tetrachloride, allowing of separation by simple extractions. The steroids are determined by reading the fluorescence in a mixture of sulfuric acid and alcohol.
EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON HYDROXYPROLINE OF LIVER, GASTRIC TISSUE, SKIN AND BONE OF MALE RATS
Authors: Kowalewski K.
Published: December 2008

Concentration of hydroxyproline, as a measure of collagen, has been determined in liver, gastric tissue, skin and bone of male rats. Normal values of control, untreated, rats were compared with collagen values of the tissues in animals, submitted to prolonged treatment with cortisone. Highly significant increase of liver, stomach and bone collagen was found in cortisone treated rats. Hydroxyproline of rats' skin was not altered by cortisone.
THE EFFECTS OF ALLOXAN DIABETES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF YOUNG MALE RATS
Authors: Hunt Ernest L. , Bailey Donald W.
Published: December 2008

Male rats 23 days of age were rendered diabetic by subcutaneous injections of alloxan. Diabetes was determined one week later on the basis of urine sugar concentration. At regular intervals following treatment animals were sacrificed and the testes, seminal vesicles and prostate gland removed for histological study. Severe diabetes resulted in failure of descent of the testes, failure of development of the germinal epithelium and castrate-type accessory organs. A more moderate diabetic condition resulted in delayed testicular descent, delayed onset of spermatogenesis and development of accessory structures. Control rats maintained on an inadequate diet were comparable to the moderate diabetics. Treatment with insulin corrected all the deleterious effects of diabetes on the reproductive system. In diabetic animals, not receiving insulin, treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin resulted in hypertrophy of interstitial cells and some development of accessory structures, but did not bring about testicular descent nor onset of spermatogenesis. Treatment with testosterone stimulated accessory structures, but did not affect testicular descent.
NORMAL DELIVERY IN A CASE OF ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH STEROID DIABETES
Authors: Itelson I. , Kaori N. M. , Eckerling B.
Published: December 2008

A case of adrenogenital syndrome associated with steroid diabetes is reported.

Long-term therapy with cortisone resulted in ovulation, pregnancy and considerable amelioration of the steroid diabetes.

The patient delivered a normal female child. She remains well with a normal menstrual cycle, possibly due to suppression of the adrenal cortex by long-term therapy with cortisone.
TUMORSYNTROPIEN DES CUSHING-SYNDROMS
Authors: Kracht J. , Hantschmann N.
Published: December 2008

The tumour syntropies of Cushing's syndrome are discussed on the basis of a case of metastatic mediastinal tumour – a small round cell undifferentiated carcinoma – followed by a Cushing syndrome.

These tumoral syntropies are generally limited to the thymus, the bronchial tree and the pancreas, but may also occasionally appear elsewhere. The accompanying hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex may appear in various grades of intensity, i. e.

1) As a simple increase in the output of adrenal steroids without clinical symptoms of hyperadrenocorticism.

2) As an increase of adrenal cortex output accompanied by a hypochloraemic and hypopotassaemic alkalosis, however with no manifestation of Cushing syndrome.

3) A full blown Cushing syndrome.

Either the tumour or the hyperadrenocorticism may be the primary disease. The underlying pathogenetic factor which causes the correlation between the two diseases has not yet been ascertained.
ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT OF LARGE DOSES OF BOVINE TESTICULAR HYALURONIDASE IN RATS
Authors: Thorn N. A. , Knudsen P. J. , Koefoed J.
Published: December 2008

A commercial preparation of bovine testicular hyaluronidase (and in a few experiments USP Hyaluronidase) was injected i. v. into hydrated, ethanol anaesthetized rats. Doses exceeding a certain, remarkably high threshold value caused increased excretion of the enzyme in the urine and antidiuresis. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the current debate on the possible role of hyaluronidase in the mechanism of action of the antidiuretic hormone.
PITUITARY AND BLOOD CORTICOTROPHIN CHANGES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS MAINTAINED ON PHYSIOLOGICAL DOSES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: Hodges J. R. , Vernikos-Danellis Joan
Published: December 2008

Pituitary and blood corticotrophin (ACTH) concentrations were estimated in adrenalectomized rats maintained on cortisol or crude adrenocortical extract (ACE) with and without ascorbic acid. Blood ACTH levels were also determined in similarly treated animals after subjection to mild stress. Thirty days after adrenalectomy there were marked rises in pituitary and blood corticotrophin concentration which were prevented by daily treatment with small doses of cortisol or ACE. In contrast to intact animals, adrenalectomized rats exhibited markedly increased adrenocorticotrophic responses to mild stress. This pituitary hyperexcitability was not diminished by replacement therapy with corticoids alone but was considerably reduced by ascorbic acid given in conjunction with ACE. It is suggested that corticoids control the rate at which ACTH is synthesised in the pituitary gland and that other factors, including ascorbic acid, control the excitability of the pituitary gland in its adrenocorticotrophic response to stress.
INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL ON THE F. S. H.-RELEASE OF HYPOPHYSES GRAFTED UNDER THE KIDNEY CAPSULE
Authors: van Rees G. P. , Wolthuis O. L.
Published: December 2008

Hypophyses transplanted under the kidney capsule rapidly lose their F. S. H.-content. This decrease is counteracted by the administration of testosterone (17β-hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-one); an increase was even observed in the F. S. H.-content of the grafts. Treatment with progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) resulted in a non-significant increase in the F. S. H.-content of the grafts. Oestradiol was able to counteract to some extent the effect brought about by testosterone. These results point to a direct action on pituitary F.S.H.-release-capacity, at least for testosterone.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE AS AN ESTIMATE OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE RAT SEMINAL VESICLE
Authors: Telkkä Antti , Kivikoski A. , Hopsu Väinö K.
Published: December 2008

The seminal vesicles of the rat were stimulated by testosterone-treatment or depressed by castration. The activity of the gland was demonstrated using histoquantitative methods and by quantitative determination of the succinic dehydrogenase activity in the vesicles. There was a good correlation between the seven different variables reflecting the functional state of the vesicle. Quantitative estimation of succinic dehydrogenase of the vesicle seemed to be superior to the other methods because of its greater sensitivity.
INDUCED EOSINOPENIA AND BASOPHILOPENIA BY »FREE« STEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Navarrete J. Victoriano , Petit Donald W.
Published: December 2008

The in vivo mechanism of cortisone induced eosinopenia is disputed. Studies are presented which show in vitro eosinolysis in venous blood collected in sequestrine tubes with ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid as the anticoagulant. Free cortisol, cortisone and the synthetic anti-inflammatory analogues as well as Reichstein's Compound S were shown to be capable of inducing in vitro eosinopenia; the acetate and hemisuccinate salts of cortisol were inactive in vitro as were such compounds as deoxycorticosterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticotrophin, heparin, epinephrine and acetylsalicylic acid.

The speed of the reaction was roughly proportional to the concentration of cortisol in a range from 25 to 200 μg/100 ml. The ultimate degree of eosinolysis was not related to the amount of steroid. The eosinophils remaining after eosinolysis were resistant to further steroid.
ENZYMORPHOLOGY OF RAT VAGINA DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE; β-GLUCURONIDASE
Authors: Hayashi Masando , Fishman William H.
Published: December 2008

The localization of β-glucuronidase activity was studied in the vagina of Wistar rats at different stages of the oestrous cycle by enzymorphology.

At dioestrus, the reaction of β-glucuronidase was located with moderate intensity in the superficial cell layer of atrophied vaginal epithelium. During the following stages of the cycle, however, the enzyme reaction completely changed its localization in the epithelium, and was most intense in the germinal layer. At early oestrus, the enzyme reaction was characteristically restricted to the germinal layer and was very slight or negative in other luminal layers of the mucosa. The intensity lessened at full oestrus. The more intense enzyme reaction constantly shown by desquamated vaginal cells in the lumen as compared to those corresponding cells in intact epithelium should be attributed to the enzyme released from granules in these presumably degenerating cells.
ON THE METABOLIC ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Kassenaar A. , Kouwenhoven A. , Querido A.
Published: December 2008

1. Changes in nucleic acid composition of the seminal vesicles and kidneys of mice which occur after castration and after substitution therapy with testosterone in castrated animals were studied.

2. It was found that after castration both the DNA and RNA content of the seminal vesicles decreases. The concentration of DNA, however, increases while the RNA concentration in this tissue decreases.

3. These changes are reversed by treatment with testosterone. The rise in RNA content precedes the increase in DNA content of this organ.

4. No changes in DNA content of the kidneys were found either after castration or after treatment with testosterone of castrated mice. The RNA content of this organ changed parallel with the changes in weight.

5. These results strongly suggest that with testosterone treatment, the growth of the seminal vesicles is due to hyperplasia as well as hypertrophy, while the increase in kidney weight is due only to hypertrophy.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MUSCULAR WORK ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE RAT
Authors: Eränkä O. , Karvonen M. J. , Räisänen L.
Published: December 2008

Adult albino rats were allowed to swim until exhausted daily for 30–81 days. Swimming caused a reversible increase in the adrenal weight and in the volume of the medulla. Both the adrenaline- and the noradrenaline-containing parts of the medulla were responsible for the volume increase.
HISTOCHEMICALLY DEMONSTRABLE CHOLINESTERASES IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA OF THE HAMSTER AND THE EFFECT OF DENERVATION
Authors: Eränkö O. , Hopsu V. , Palkama A.
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholinesterase and non-specific cholinesterase gave positive histochemical reactions in the nerve fibres of the adrenal medulla of the hamster. Acetylcholinesterase activity was also observed in the fine nervous network covering the whole medulla, while non-specific cholinesterase activity was limited to fewer fibres. Division of the splanchnic nerve did not essentially affect the non-specific cholinesterase reaction but abolished most of the acetylcholinesterase activity. However, some fibres both in the cortex and in the medulla retained their acetylcholinesterase activity after denervation.
LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH CORTISOL AND PREDNISOLONE ACETATE IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
Authors: Wajchenberg Bernardo Léo , Schnaider J. , Federico R. D. , Gelman A. , Pereira Virgílio G. , Mattar E. , Cintra A. B. Ulhôa
Published: December 2008

Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisol or prednisolone acetate, by infrequent intramuscular injections, is quite adequate as shown by arrest of precocious bone maturation and excessive linear growth, despite the intermittent adrenal depression as shown by the 17-ketosteroid levels.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN UNUSUAL CASE OF MYXOEDEMA
Authors: Wiener J. D. , Lindeboom G. A.
Published: December 2008

The case of a non-cretinous woman without goitre and with longstanding hypothyroid complaints is described. The basal metabolism was low, serum cholesterol and body weight high. Thyroid function, as measured with tracer doses of 131I, was normal. Total serum proteinbound iodine (PBI) was normal, but the butanol-extractable fraction was very low. Exogenous hormone, thyroxine as well as triiodothyronine (T3), was hardly effective even in the very high dose. The turnover of radiothyroxine (T4*) was markedly retarded.

Prednisone reduced the butanol-insoluble fraction of the PBI and completely normalized the turnover rate of T4*. However, during prednisone therapy the effective dose of T3 was still very high; after cessation of prednisone this same dose of T3 was effective and the turnover rate of T4* (high) normal.

These observations are thought to favour the hypothesis that in this case there existed two, presumably separate, disorders: 1) the formation and secretion by the thyroid of an abnormal (butanol-insoluble) iodinated compound, and 2) an impaired peripheral utilization of normal thyroid hormone.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE, ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE AND AMYLO PHOSPHORYLASE IN THE PANCREATIC ISLETS OF NORMAL AND OBESE-HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Hellman Bo , Hellerström Claes
Published: December 2008

Histochemical methods for the detection of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and amylo phosphorylase were applied to the islets of Langerhans in mice with hereditary obesity and hyperglycaemia (AO-mice) and in their lean litter mates (AN-mice).

While the G-6-Pase activity was high in the hyperactive B cells of the AO-mice, it was only moderate in the AN-mice. In both types of mice ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes were observed in the islet capillaries and periinsular connective tissue, while the reaction in the islet cells was negative. From a study of the substrate specificity it was found that the enzyme activity was not dependent on specific ATPase, but probably mainly on less specific polyphosphatases. The reaction for amylo phosphorylase was negative in the islets of both the AN- and the AO-mice.

The high G-6-Pase activity in the islets of the AO-mice is discussed in the light of the hypothesis that the activity of this enzyme represents an essential controlling factor in the insulin output of the B-cells.
THE EFFECT OF PENTOBARBITAL (NEMBUTAL, MEBUMAL NFN) ON CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN THE RAT
Authors: Rerup Claus , Hedner Pavo
Published: December 2008

The effects of high doses of pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal sodium, Mebumalnatrium NFN) on endogenous corticotrophin release were investigated.

Under the stage of anaesthesia endogenous corticotrophin release was almost totally blocked, whereas under the stage of awakening from anaesthesia the secretion of corticotrophin exceeded the »resting level«.

In normal, non-anaesthetized rats, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections did not per se affect circulating free plasma steroid levels.

In pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats neither subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, nor intravenous injections influenced the plasma steroid levels.

Minor surgical procedures, e. g. cutaneous incisions or cutting the tail tip of the rats did not immediately affect endogenous corticotrophin secretion under pentobarbital anaesthesia.

The findings and their application for the simplification of corticotrophin assays and their limitations are discussed.
PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID LEVELS AND ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID AFTER INTRAVENOUS CORTICOTROPHIN INJECTIONS AND »STRESSFUL« STIMULI IN THE RAT
Authors: Hedner Pavo , Rerup Claus
Published: December 2008

Measurements of plasma corticosteroid levels and adrenal ascorbic acid concentration in steroid blocked and hypophysectomized rats were performed.

It was found that prednisolone and dexamethasone were effective in blocking endogenous corticotrophin release within 3–4 hours after subcutaneous injection. These agents also prevented completely the normally occurring rise in plasma corticoid levels after exposure of the rats to ether. Abdominal surgery (unilateral adrenalectomy) resulted in a slight but significant rise in plasma corticoid levels in spite of dexamethasone blockade. The values of adrenal ascorbic acid were not affected significantly.

The blocking effect of two daily subcutaneous injections of a high dose of dexamethasone persisted for about one week after the last injection.

The sensitivity of the plasma corticoid response was essentially the same in hypophysectomized and dexamethasone blocked rats.

The lower part of the log dose response curve was found to be clearly non-linear in the plasma corticoid method following intravenous corticotrophin injection. As a consequence the dose level in quantitative assays of intravenously injected corticotrophin are, in our hands, of the same order as in the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method.
EFFECT OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND SOME INTERMEDIARY METABOLITES IN MAN
Authors: Ikkos Denis , Luft Rolf , Gemzell Carl-Axel , Almqvist Sven
Published: December 2008

Thirty mg of human growth hormone (HGH) was given daily for three days to 11 non-diabetic subjects with normal pituitary function. A decrease in glucose tolerance was observed in 7 of these 11 subjects. The administration of HGH increased the plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids, but had no effect on the fasting concentration of pyruvate, lactate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate or inorganic phosphate. The increase in the blood level of pyruvate, lactate and/or citrate after an intravenous glucose load was more marked after than before HGH administration in the three patients whose glucose tolerance was decreased to the greatest extent by HGH. The changes in the blood levels of these metabolites in the remaining eight patients as well as the response of the concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate, inorganic phosphate and non-esterified fatty acids to glucose loading in all eleven cases, were not influenced by HGH-treatment.

Glucose tolerance tests were also performed in 17 unselected cases of acromegaly. The glucose tolerance was often decreased but no correlation could be demonstrated between the glucose tolerance and the activity of the disease, this latter being measured by estimations of the activity of the sulfation factor in serum. The increases in the blood concentration of pyruvate, lactate, citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate during a glucose load were normal in the cases of acromegaly.
IN VITRO UTILIZATION OF UNIFORMLY LABELLED 14C-GLUCOSE IN THE ADRENALS OF NORMAL AND OBESE-HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Larsson Stig , Hellman Bo , Carstensen Hans
Published: December 2008

The in vitro incorporation of uniformly labelled 14C-glucose in the adrenals of normal and obese-hyperglycaemic animals was studied by quantitative paper-radiochromatography. The total glucose utilization by the whole adrenal gland was found to be greater in the obese-hyperglycaemic animals. There was a lower production of 14CO2 and 14C-lactic acid, however, per unit adrenal wet weight in these mice, while the formation of amino acids from the glucose tended to be greater than in normal mice. Glucose was utilized in the synthesis of the following amino acids in the adrenals: proline, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine and arginine. The formation of relatively large amounts of proline was characteristic of the amino acid pattern in the adrenals.
EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY AND THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE ON RABBIT AORTA INFLUENCED BY EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Lorenzen lb
Published: December 2008

The effect of epinephrine on the mucopolysaccharides of the aortic wall in rabbits was studied in thyroidectomized and non-operated animals. In other experiments the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was investigated after simultaneous injection of epinephrine hydrochloride and after starting the TSH injections one week before the epinephrine injections. Thyroidectomy per se caused no alterations in the aortic content of water, hexosamine, hydroxyproline and in vivo uptake of 35S-sulphate, whereas thyroidectomy inhibited epinephrine-alterations in the aortic wall. This was interpreted as a decreased damage to the arterial wall as a consequence of reduced aortic sensitivity to epinephrine. No effect of TSH on the epinephrine-lesions was demonstrable, probably because of the formation of antihormones.
URINARY STEROIDS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Steinbeck A. W. , Theile Helen
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of steroids, as measured by Norymberski techniques, was studied throughout normal pregnancy by repeated urine collections (i. e. serial determinations). In addition, urine collections were obtained in other subjects over several days at various stages of pregnancy which allowed one estimate of steroid excretion (i. e. isolated determinations). Some possible difficulties of the latter method were shown.

Most of the actual excretion values fell within the normal range and only 17-hydroxycorticosteroid and 21-deoxyketol excretions increased consistently with advancing pregnancy. Significantly, steroidal dihydroxyacetone excretions did not increase. Increased excretions were corrected shortly after delivery, suggesting that they were not due to adrenocortical hyperfunction. The significance of the findings is suggested.
ANABOLIC PROPERTIES OF ETHYLESTRENOL
Authors: Overbeek G. A. , Delver A. , de Visser J.
Published: December 2008

The anabolic and androgenic properties of ethylestrenol, norethandrolone and methyltestosterone were compared by means of a quantitative levator ani assay (Hershberger 1953). In a second assay of this kind ethylestrenol and methandrostenolone were compared.

In both instances ethylestrenol was shown to be a potent anabolic substance with by far the highest anabolic/androgenic ratio.
ÜBER DEN EINFLUSS DES ERNÄHRUNGSZUSTANDES DER RATTE AUF DEN CORTISON- UND KOHLENHYDRATSTOFFWECHSEL IN DER LEBER
Authors: Schriefers Herbert , Pittel Margot , Pohl Franzis
Published: December 2008

Fasting reduces the rate of cortisone inactivation in rat liver slices; the inhibition of cortisone inactivation is greater in male than in female rats. The decline in steroid reduction occurs only if the glucose-6-phosphate content of the liver has reached one tenth of the control value. A significant decrease in liver glycogen and a twofold increase in liver glucose-6-phosphatase-activity alone are without influence on the rate of cortisone reduction. During the fasting periods of 42 and 60 hours the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase remains unchanged. Intraperitoneal injection of glucose normalizes the rate of cortisone inactivation in the course of 2 hours.

The disturbed carbohydrate metabolism is not the only cause of the decreased cortisone reduction; almost one third can be accounted for by the lowered activity of the microsomal 5α-reductase.
THE THYMUS INVOLUTION ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN
Authors: Snair D. W.
Published: December 2008

The assay of corticotrophin in weanling rats, using the decrease in thymus weight as a criterion of response is described.

A straight line was obtained over the range of doses of 120–1920 milliunits* when the log dose was plotted against the thymus weight per 100 g of body weight.

A study of the factors affecting the assay has shown that there is no significant difference in response between males and females and that the thymus weight bears a direct relation to body weight over the range used. Multiple injections increased the sensitivity of the animals to corticotrophin but did not affect the precision of the assay.

Purified corticotrophin preparations were found to have the same relative potency by the thymus involution method as by other subcutaneous injection assay methods.
THE ROLE OF THE TESTIS IN THE RELEASE OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM THE HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Taira A. M. , Tarkhan A. A.
Published: December 2008

To study the role of the spermatogenic epithelium and of the interstitial cells of Leydig in the release of the pituitary gonadotrophins, groups of normal, cryptorchid and castrated adult rats were joined parabiotically to immature male and female rats for a period of seven days. On examination of the genital organs of different recipients, it has been concluded that:

In normal rats, there is no appreciable release of any gonadotrophin during the short period of parabiosis.

The spermatogenic epithelium inhibits the release of FSH, while the interstitial cells liberate a hormone that inhibits the release of ICSH.

Release of the gonadotrophin which causes luteinisation of the granulosa cells is not activated by cryptorchidism or castration. This gonadotrophin is different from the one responsible for stimulation of growth and functional activity of the Leydig cells. The term »LH« is better confined to the former and »ICSH« to the latter gonadotrophin.

ICSH not only acts on the testis but also on the ovary and indirectly on the uterus; this action has been discussed.
ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SEVERE BRAIN AND PITUITARY LESION
Authors: Bassøe H. H. , Emberland R. , Glück E. , Støa K. F.
Published: December 2008

The steroid excretion and the plasma corticosteroids were investigated in three patients with necrosis of the brain and of the pituitary gland. The patients were kept alive by artificial ventilation. In two of the patients the neutral 17-ketosteroids and the 17-hydrocorticosteroids fell to extremely low levels. At the same time, the number of eosinophil cells showed a tendency to increase. Corticotrophin administered intravenously twice to the third patient had a stimulating effect on the adrenal cortex. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is discussed.
DIRECT ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE RAT MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Ahrén K. , Hamberger L.
Published: December 2008

Testosterone propionate in arachis oil was applied locally to the skin over the third left thoracic mammary gland (= experimental gland) of castrated male and female rats. Arachis oil was applied to the third right thoracic mammary gland (= control gland). After 21–23 days of local applications the development of the experimental and control glands was studied on whole mount preparations.

It was found that small doses of testosterone (0.15 mg daily) stimulated slight but definite lobule-alveolar development in the experimental glands, while the control glands did not show any alveoli. Applications of higher doses of testosterone propionate (0.30 and 0.75 mg daily) stimulated extensive lobule-alveolar development in the experimental glands, while only few alveoli were produced in the control glands.

It may therefore be concluded that the effect of testosterone on the rat mammary gland is not mediated through other endocrine glands, but is a direct, local effect on the mammary gland structures. The result is discussed in relation to our present knowledge of the hormonal control of different growth processes within the mammary glands.
FRACTIONATION AND ANALYSIS OF MONKEY PITUITARY GLANDS FOR POSTERIOR LOBE HORMONES
Authors: Ward Darrell N. , Walborg Earl F. , Lipscomb Harry S. , Guillemin Roger
Published: December 2008

Fractionation of monkey pituitary glands gave an oxytocin fraction in low yield which showed a counter-current distribution coefficient equivalent to that obtained with oxytocin from other species. Fractionation and chromatography of monkey vasopressin on carboxymethyl cellulose gave arginine-vasopressin of 60% purity, based on amino acid analysis and specific activity. Counter-current distribution on a small scale gave arginine-vasopressin of 89% purity. Reports by others that monkey pituitary glands contain arginine-vasopressin, based on pharmacological activities, are substantiated by the chemical data presented here.
ÜBER DIE WIRKUNG VON ENDOGENEM ANTIDIURETISCHEM HORMON (ADH) AUF DIE SCHILDDRÜSENFUNKTION
Authors: Mertz Dieter P.
Published: December 2008

The effect of endogenous ADH release by nicotine bitartrate on the serum concentrations of protein bound iodine and total iodine was determined by using 131I as tracer. 15 to 30 minutes after the intravenous injection of 0.01 to 0.06 mg nicotine bitartrate per kg body weight, the thyroid function is not altered (P > 0.05). In previous investigations (Mertz 1959 a, b) it was shown that ADH, like vasopressin is capable of stimulating all partial functions of the thyroid if exogenous ADH is given in high doses. It is concluded that (1) the substance stimulating the release of TSH (i.e. thyrotrophin releasing factor = TRF) is not identical with ADH, (2) that TRF is not released by nicotine and (3) that vasopressin possibly contains ADH and TRF. The action of vasopressin on thyroid function may be due to a similarity in the chemical structures of TRF and ADH ('overlapping phenomenon').
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF 3α,17α,21-TRIHYDROXY-5β-PREGNAN-20-ONE (TETRAHYDRO S) FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND METOPIRONE (CIBA SU 4885)
Authors: Norman Nils
Published: December 2008

The results of simultaneous measurements of urinary 17-ketogenic steroids and 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (tetrahydro S) are reported from patients without any endocrine disorders following administration for 3 days of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) (15 patients) and oral administration of Metopirone (9 patients). The data obtained are compared with similar determinations performed in 2 patients with Cushing's syndrome, 1 patient with adrenogenital syndrome, 4 patients with hirsutism, 6 patients with suspected pituitary failure and 2 patients with absence of pituitary function. In the patients with no endocrine disorder, tetrahydro S increases fourfold on ACTH stimulation, and almost 60 times following Metopirone administration. The very magnitude of the relative increase in tetrahydro S excretion in normal subjects given Metopirone allows a better gradation of subnormal responses of pituitary ACTH than can be obtained when the effect of the test is judged by the excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids alone. Examples illustrating this are presented in the paper.
ESTIMATION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND EPIANDROSTERONE IN CLINICAL HORMONE ANALYSES
Authors: Pesonen S.
Published: December 2008

The formation of hydrolysis artefacts from 3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHA) by strong mineral acids and high temperature has been studied.

The hydrolysis of DHA has been performed without any acids and at high temperatures. This method can be easily used for the isolation of DHA from urine in clinical hormone analysis, since the high temperature (+98° C) does not essentially break down the DHA. The present method of hydrolysis also liberates the second sulphate conjugate 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (epiandrosterone). In chromatography (the modified method of Dingemanse) both steroids pass into the same fraction. Using two different colour reactions both components of the fraction can be estimated. Altogether 230 DHA fractions isolated from urine samples have been studied. In over half of the analyses studied the quantity of epiandrosterone exceeded 50 per cent of the total amount of steroid in the DHA fractions.
IONIC STUDIES OF DECIDUAL TISSUE GROWTH IN THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: Wrenn T. Randall , Cecil Helene C. , Connolly Mary R. , Bitman Joel
Published: December 2008

The sequence of water and electrolyte events was followed during development of deciduoma in rats. Minutes after scratching the endometrium, Na and Cl increased and K decreased, probably due to the influx of blood. These changes were followed by a water imbibition at 24 and 48 hours and an increase in K. Damaged horns increased in weight and width during this period. Water and electrolyte alterations were similar in ovariectomized rats. ovariectomized rats given progesterone, and intact rats during the first 48 hours, suggesting that these initial effects were due to the inflammation resulting from the injury inflicted. During the next 48 hours injured uterine horns of ovariectomized rats regressed and composition approached that of uninjured tissue. In contrast, composition of injured horns of progesterone rats or rats with intact ovaries was markedly different from uninjured tissue. Decidual tissue H2O, K, Na and Cl were significantly higher than in undeveloped uterine horns. Ionic composition characteristic of decidual growth was remarkably similar to the ionic pattern exhibited during the inflammatory state.
VARIANTS OF EMBRYONIC TESTICULAR DYSGENESIS: BILATERAL ANORCHIA AND THE SYNDROME OF RUDIMENTARY TESTES
Authors: Bergada Cesar , Cleveland William W. , Jones Howard W. , Wilkins Lawson
Published: December 2008

Three groups of patients, all of whom had chromatin-negative buccal smears are reported. The chromosomes were XY in the 5 cases in which studies were made.

Group A (»Syndrome of rudimentary testes«) consisted of 4 patients with exceedingly small rudimentary testes who showed no abnormality of male sex differentiation except for a very minute penis. The testes were composed of scanty, small testicular tubules, containing pre-Sertoli cells and some spermatogonia. Foetal Leydig cells were present.

Group B consisted of 4 patients with incompletely masculinized external genitalia and normal male gonaducts but in addition there was persistence of Mullerian elements in all cases, with an infantile uterus in two cases. These findings were similar to those of male pseudohermaphrodites; but careful surgical exploration with extensive microscopic sections revealed no gonadal tissue. Small nodules were present consisting only of fibrous tissue and in three cases a small clump of cells resembling either aberrant adrenal cells or Leydig cells. It is possible that these patients were male pseudohermaphrodites who had had defective testes in early embryonic life which had degenerated later.

Group C (»Bilateral Anorchia«) consisted of 4 patients of adolescent or adult age whose sex organs were entirely male. Testes had never been palpated. They failed to develop secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and they grew tall with eunuchoid proportions. Careful surgical exploration revealed no gonads in either the inguinal canals or the abdomen. The vasa deferentia were traced to their ends and were found to end blindly or in rudimentary epidydimes. According to the theory of Jost functioning testes must have been present in the stage of embryonic sex differentiation and degenerated later.

The selection of the sex of rearing is discussed and it is pointed out that the patients of Group A and have a phallus so small that they can never function adequately as males. Accordingly it is better that they be assigned the female gender in early infancy. This opinion is confirmed by the fact that two patients of Group who were raised as males and treated with testosterone were psychologically very badly maladjusted and in adult life decided to change to the female role.