bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Random-Number Generator Validity in Simulation Studies: An Investigation of Normality
Authors: Bang Jung W. , Schumacker Randall E. , Schlieve Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Random-number generators are frequently used in Monte Carlo simulation studies to examine expected statistical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the normality of number distributions generated by various random-number generators. The research question focused on when the random-number generator reached a normal distribution (efficiency) and at what sample size. Findings suggest that when using a random-number generator in a Monte Carlo simulation study, the following steps should be observed: (a) normality of number distribution should be checked-means and standard deviations, (b) sample size should be large (n > 10,000), (c) starting seed values should be tested with regard to normality of resulting number distribution, (d) the length of periods before numbers repeat should be considered, (e) serial correlation between number sequences should be examined, and (f) uniformity of number distributions should be checked.
The Effect of Common Variance and Structure Pattern on Random Data Eigenvalues: Implications for the Accuracy of Parallel Analysis
Authors: Turner Nigel E.
Published: March 2007

Selecting the correct number of factors to retain in a factor analysis is a crucial step in developing psychometric tools or developing theories. The present study assessed the accuracy of parallel analysis, a technique in which the observed eigenvalues are compared to eigenvalues from simulated data in which no real factors are present. Study 1 investigated the effect of the presence of one real factor on the size of subsequent noise eigenvalues. The size of real factors and the sample size were manipulated. Study 2 examined the effect that the pattern of structure coefficients and continuousness of the variables have on the size of real and noise eigenvalues. Study 3 compared the results of Studies 1 and 2 to actual psychometric data. These examples illustrate the importance of modeling the data more closely when parallel analysis is used to determine the number of real factors.
Evaluating Environmental Scenes Using Dynamic Versus Static Displays
Authors: Heft Harry , Nasar Jack L.
Published: March 2007

Perceivers’ assessments of dynamic and static displays of environmental scenes were compared to evaluate how readily responses to static displays can be extrapolated to experience in situ. The dynamic displays were videotaped segments taken along a route presenting transition events characterized by the property mystery. The static displays were freeze frames from each segment. Results indicated that assessments of static displays do not simply parallel those of dynamic displays. Preference ratings were higher for static displays, but preference ratings in the dynamic condition were more strongly correlated with a wider range of variables. Moreover, epistemic ratings were higher for dynamic than static displays. Turn segments of the route, where the greatest amount of new information is revealed, produced the highest ratings on epistemic and evaluative variables. Differences across display modes point to a greater need for understanding environmental perceiving in relation to the dynamic quality of everyday experiences.
Urban Density and Pathology
Authors: Kirmeyer Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews research on the association between urban density and indicators of health and social pathology. Much of the research concerns the effects of a real and indwelling densities on rates of mortality, morbidity, crime, and admissions to mental hospitals. Also included is a brief, selective review of research on the effects of high room density on social behavior. The methodological difficulties of relying on summary statistics for large population aggregates are examined as well as the inadequacies of archival measures of pathology. It is concluded that aggregate urban density has little effect on pathology, independent of socioeconomic variables. Applications of the concepts of behavioral circuit and behavior setting to research on urban density are suggested.
Cloze Procedure and Cognitive Mapping
Authors: Robinson Michael E. , Dicken Peter
Published: March 2007

Cloze procedure is a technique developed for use with textual material. In particular, it is employed in the testing of readability and comprehension. Recent work suggests that graphic adaptations of cloze procedure may be useful in the investigation of some limited aspects of cognitive mapping skills. This paper examines some of the technical problems associated with the design of cloze tests and reports the results of some empirical tests.
Organizational Needs and Human Values in Office Planning
Authors: Moleski Walter H. , Lang Jon T.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the premise that the corporate environment must be supportive of organizational needs within the context of human values. To be effective, corporate office planning must go beyond the recording of organiza tional needs and user preferences to examine the environmental planning process by which the organization determines its environment. Environmental planning for changing organizations is concerned with organizational effective ness, destiny, and quality of the work environment. Solutions to the first two can be derived through the analysis of the organization and its determinant conditions. The third requires a more thorough examination of planning principles. Only partial static solutions to problems of human satisfaction and development can be reached through user needs analysis. To be responsive to organizational changes, user needs research and corporate space planning must be redefined to recognize the importance of "freedom of choice" in determining behavioral patterns and involvement in the planning and research process by individuals and work groups.
The Future of the Office
Authors: Kleeman Walter B.
Published: March 2007

Manifold technological changes that are affecting the office, its ways of operation, and the behavior of office workers are surveyed. Various possible health symptoms arising from the increasingly widespread use of computers and their terminals, as well as suggested methods of avoiding these symptoms, are discussed. The need for flexibility and adjustability in interior furnishings is examined. The progressive miniaturization of computers and their components, as well as the effects of this development, are sketched. The emerging technology of video teleconferencing and some of the side effects stemming from this technology are related to the future of the office. The beginnings of changes in the geographic locations of the office, as well as the attendant modifications in human behavior stemming from locational changes, are probed. Evidence of growing office worker dissatisfaction with present office environments is reviewed. Indications of the desires of office workers to affect the design of their own workplaces are scrutinized, and a successful participatory design project in the office is briefly noted as a possible partial solution to some of the problems considered above.
Determinants of Employee Work Perceptions and Attitudes
Authors: Zalesny Mary D , Farace Richard V. , Kurchner-Hawkins Ronnie
Published: March 2007

Organizational level and the perceived physical and social work environments were examined as predictors of the job perceptions and attitudes of state government employees (N = 420). Regression analyses indicated that organizational level was a significant predictor of job perceptions and involvement. Perceptions of the social environment explained additional variance in job attitudes and involvement, and made significant contributions in explaining trust in higher-level administration and job satisfaction. Perceptions of the physical environment were consistently related to satisfaction. Level X environment interactions made independent contributions beyond the main effects in explaining job perceptions and involvement, trust, and satisfaction. The physical environment predicted better for higher-level employees, whereas the social environment predicted better for lower-level employees. The results suggest that organizational level and the work environment, particularly its social component, are important considerations in understanding employee responses to their work.
High School Size and Extracurricular Participation
Authors: Berk Laura E. , Goebel Barbara L.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined carry-over effects of high school size on the extracurricular participation of 142 students attending a small liberal arts college. Procedures used in previous research to examine extracurricular activities of students at a large university were replicated so that the findings of both investigations could be compared. In agreement with earlier findings, students in smaller high schools showed greater high school extracurricular participation, but they were not more involved college participants. Overall, participation declined from high school to college, but this decline was not as great as in the large university study. Prior extracurricular history showed no relationship to absolute amount of involvement in the small college, and students who were low participators in high school actually gained in participation from high school to college. Females were more involved participants in five different high school activities, but they lost their extracurricular advantage in college, while males showed greater college participation in two highly visible, talentrelated activities. Results suggest that a special strength of the small college environment is the availability of extracurricular learning opportunities for previously inactive students. College extracurricular involvement among women students needs encouragement, even in small university settings where general environmental press to participate is high.
Social Involvement with Peers in 2-1/2-Year-Old Toddlers
Authors: Levitt Mary J. , Weber Ruth A.
Published: March 2007

Two environmental conditions hypothesized to influence toddler social involvement were investigated in this study, including the presence or absence of a barrier separating the children and the presence or absence of toys. Thirty-two same-sex toddler dyads were observed during a playroom session, with their mothers present, in one of four conditions. In the first, one child was given toys and a barrier separated the children; in the second, there was a barrier, but no toys; in the third, there were toys, but no barrier; in the fourth, both barrier and toys were absent. Mothers were asked not to intervene until the end of the session, when one of the mothers was asked to encourage her child to play or share with the other child. The presence of the barrier inhibited peer social involvement, even though it did not preclude auditory, visual, or physical contact between the children. Toy availability interacted with barrier presence to some extent. When one of the children possessed toys, less social involvement occurred in the presence of the barrier than in its absence. However, the children with toys in the barrier condition were more willing to share when requested to do so by their mothers than were those with toys in the absence of the barrier. The results suggest that social behavior is influenced by physical features of the environment as early as the postinfancy period. The barrier may have served to facilitate the regulation of territorial boundaries in the absence of adult intervention.
Promoting Safety Belt Use in Shopping Carts
Authors: Ferrari Joseph R. , Baldwin Charles H.
Published: March 2007

A multiple baseline design across two supermarkets examined the effectiveness of prompts on the use of safety belts in shopping carts. At baseline, safety belt use was low at Store 1 (9 days; M = 14.7%) and at Store 2 (13 days; M = 9.9%). However, belt use increased when fliers, posters, a taped message, and buttons were incorporated as a program requesting adult patrons to "BuckleUp Your Baby" at Store 1 (11 days; M = 32.3%) and then at Store 2 (7 days; M = 27.3%). Percent increase of belt use over baseline occurred for male children accompanied by male adults (baseline M = 6.6%; prompt M = 22.7%) and female adults (baseline M = 8.5%; prompt M = 20%). Similar increases in belt use over baseline cccurred for female children accompanied by either male adults (baseline M = 11.4%; prompt M = 21.4%) or female adults (baseline M = 15.5%; prompt M = 21.8%). A social validity questionnaire completed after the study (n = 40 per store) indicated that patrons were in favor of safety belts on carts, found few obstacles preventing belt use, and used the safety belts often. Moreover, these respondents stated the most salient prompts were a height poster that indicated the appropriate size for a child who could sit in a cart seat and a taped message requesting patrons to use the belts. Suggestions for further research in preventing supermarket accidents are discussed.
Risk and Home-Pesticide Users
Authors: Grieshop James I. , Stiles Martha C.
Published: March 2007

Four hundred and fifteen California residents responded to a ques tionnaire that examined their in-home uses of pesticides, sources of pesticide information, precautions taken, and knowledge of the factors influencing risky or safe use of pesticides. Most respondents reported using pesticides at home, and half said they had tried nonchemical alternatives. Nurseries and garden centers were the primary sources of information, followed by pesticide packages and labels. Minimum precautions (reading labels and not exceeding recommended dosages) were the chief means of self-protection for home users. Over 25% of respondents reported suffering illness from pesticide exposure. An association was found between how safe or dangerous home users believe pesticides are and the degree of their risk-taking behavior. Further analysis indicated, however, that there was considerable risk-taking even among those who perceive great risk. It is suggested that better pesticide labeling would increase cautionary behavior.
Socioenvironmental Determinants of Community Formation
Authors: Keane Carl
Published: March 2007

Although environmental determinists have bemoaned the loss of community with increasing urbanization, other urban scholars have optimistically argued that urban characteristics provide increased opportunities for social interaction. Little research, however, has examined the relationship between urban characteristics and specific forms of community life, such as social support. Secondary data analyses were conducted on a sample of 442 public housing residents. This article suggests that socioenvironmental factors act to both push and pull individuals into different types of social interaction in different locales.
Reading Restaurant Facades
Authors: Cherulnik Paul D.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to assess cognitive schemata for restaurant facades. Groups of college-student subjects were found to share detailed and accurate (compared with independent survey data) schemata that allowed them to differentiate among four common types by viewing photographs of the facades of five examples of each type. These schemata encompassed a comprehensive variety of conditions within the restaurants, including quality of food and service, cost, ambience, and characteristics of fellow diners. It is argued that the intensive approach followed in this study may be preferable for theoretical and practical reasons to studying environmental inference from one or a few summary judgments.
Water Use as a Commons Dilemma
Authors: Thompson Suzanne C. , Stoutemyer Kirsten
Published: March 2007

It was hypothesized that educational interventions that focus on the long-term consequences of water use and the efficacy of personal action to conserve would be more effective in reducing water consumption among residential water users than messages that focus on the economic advantages of conservation or a control condition that was given only tips on how to conserve. The 171 households consenting to participate in the study were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: education about long-term consequences and personal efficacy of conservation, education about the self-interested economic effect of water use, or a participation control group. A second control group of 36 households was not contacted and was unaware of the study. A second independent variable was socioeconomic status of area (SES): lower-middle versus upper-middle SES. Water use was recorded for the 2-month pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention periods. In support of the hypothesis, residents in the lower-middle class area conserved more water in both the intervention and post-intervention period if they received the long-term consequences and personal efficacy education. However, neither educational message had an effect in the upper-middle class area. Possible explanations and implications for these results are discussed.
Setting Off on the Right Foot
Authors: Miles Roger , Clarke Giles
Published: March 2007

When exhibitions set out to impart information, they are a means of communication. Whether they succeed depends in large measure on the sensitivity of the designers to their audience, the visitors. Finding out what visitors are like is an aspect of evaluation, and the earlier this knowledge is fed into the design process, the greater the chance of success in producing good designs. Front-end evaluation gives insight into visitors and their requirements at the planning stage, when it can be used most effectively. The authors report on three projects where front-end evaluation has been used, one to plan a substantial series of exhibitions on the earth sciences, a second to design an exhibition on an important but unpopular group of animals, and a third to develop an exhibition for a specialist audience.
The Effects of Gallery Changes on Visitor Reading and Object Viewing Time
Authors: Bitgood Stephen C. , Patterson Donald D.
Published: March 2007

Systematic changes were made in an Egyptian mummy exhibit gallery, and visitor reactions were assessed. The changes included adding exhibit labels to the wall, changing the physical characteristics of these labels, and introducing a bronze bust reconstructed from a mummified individual. Results demonstrated that several of the factors studied influence label reading: (a) words per label, (b) size of letters, and (c) location of labels. For the most part, label reading facilitated visitor attention to exhibit objects rather than competed for visitor attention. An exception to the facilitation of attention occurred when the mummy cases and the labels were arranged so that visitors had to turn from the label to view the cases (or vice versa). This latter arrangement seemed to produce competition for visitor attention and resulted in shorter viewing times of the mummy cases. Another competing situation occurred when the bronze bust was introduced, apparently diverting attention from label reading to the bust.
Self-Localization on Plan and Oblique Maps
Authors: Warren David H.
Published: March 2007

Subjects viewed projected slides of a downtown city area and attempted to find on a map the location at which they would be standing to see each view. Plan and oblique maps were used. As expected, performance using the plan map was significantly better when the map was used in alignment with the view than when it was misaligned. This issue is more complex with the oblique map, because S often has to choose between using the map in alignment with the view and using the map in its upright orientation. Performance was significantly better when the map was used in map-view alignment. However, Ss preferred to use the map in an upright-but-misaligned orientation rather than a non-upright-but-aligned orientation, despite the fact that their performance was much worse in the former case.
Group Climate and Individual Functioning in an All-Women Antarctic Expedition Team
Authors: Kahn Pauline Maki , Leon Gloria R.
Published: March 2007

This study focused on four female Antarctic expedition team members who successfully skied to the South Pole in 67 days but did not meet their original objective of traversing the continent. The three phases of data collection included (a) a preexpedition personality assessment, (b) daily self-ratings of mood, task effectiveness, stress, coping, and exertion, and (c) postexpedition interviews about stress and coping. Personality measures showed a group high in confidence and achievement and low in bodily concern and competitiveness. Daily measures demonstrated an extremely well-functioning group with highly effective patterns of work and communication. The most commonly reported stressors were interpersonal, particularly concern about the welfare of another team member. Coping with these involved planful problem solving and sharing positive emotions with others. Results confirmed hypotheses that a female expedition team would be similar to male or mixed-gender teams in many respects but would be more sensitive to emotional concerns.
A Knowledge-Based Intervention for Promoting Carpooling
Authors: Kearney Anne R. , De Young Raymond
Published: March 2007

The use of interesting text, particularly stories, has been shown to be an effective way of transferring information. This is due, in part, to the compatibility of narrative forms of information with human information processing biases. This study tested the impact of a story-based intervention on employees' knowledge and attitudes about, and stated willingness to adopt, carpooling. The story-based intervention was compared to a fact sheet-based intervention and to a control. A total of 645 employees at five sites participated in the study. Results indicate that individuals who received information, whether in story or factual format, felt more comfortable with their carpool knowledge and felt that they had adequate knowledge to guide them in discussions and problem solving regarding carpooling. Furthermore, regardless of the type of intervention, the more interesting text was associated with greater perceived knowledge, greater confidence and comfort with knowledge, and increased willingness to try carpooling. The interventions had no significant impact on attitudes. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered.
The New Ecological Paradigm in Social-Psychological Context
Authors: Stern Paul C. , Dietz Thomas , Guagnano Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale is the most frequently used measure of environmental concern, but it has not been placed in the context of a social-psychological theory of attitude formation or attitude-behavior relationships. Using data from a northern Virginia sample, this study examines NEP in relation to the variables in a theoretical model of environmental concern. We found that the NEP is indistinguishable from a scale of awareness of consequences (AC) of general environmental conditions, both psychometrically and in terms of its relations to behavioral intentions, but somewhat different in its relations to basic value orientations and sociodemographic variables. We conclude that both NEP and AC measure generalized beliefs about the nature of human-environment interactions-or "folk ecology"—a set of beliefs that may be influenced by social structure and values and that influence attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions regarding specific environmental conditions.
Credibility, Public Trust, and the Transport of Radioactive Waste Through Local Communities
Authors: Binney Stephen E. , Mason Robert , Martsolf Steven W. , Detweiler John H.
Published: March 2007

The location of a national repository for the storage of nuclear waste remains elusive, which is due, in part, to widespread public opposition. Once a site has been selected, waste will be trucked from sources to the site. This study reports the results of a survey of 28 community leaders who live along a planned route in Oregon in which waste from Hanford, Washington, would be trucked to a disposal site under consideration in New Mexico. The results show that problems of credibility of the U.S. Department of Energy as a message source and public distrust of the agency's performance are embedded in the nsk communication of waste transport: A full partnership between the agency and local citizens may be a first step for restoring lost credibility and trust on transport issues.
Recycling and Morality
Authors: Thøgersen John
Published: March 2007

In affluent industrial societies, people tend to mentally classify environmental behaviors like recycling within the domain of morality. Intentions in this area are not based on a thorough calculation (conscious or unconscious) of the balance of costs and benefits but are a function of beliefs in what is right or wrong. I provide a brief review of the literature with the intention of uncovering problems and shortcomings in the framework of the Subjective Expected Utility model and the Theory of Reasoned Action with regard to understanding recycling behavior, and discuss examples of misleading policy conclusions. Within the framework of cognitive psychology, Schwartz's model of altruistic behavior offers a more satisfying starting point for understanding recycling behavior in affluent industrial societies.
Postoccupancy Evaluation Performed in Elementary and High Schools of Greater São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Ornstein Sheila Walbe
Published: March 2007

The focus of this study is on postoccupancy evaluation (POE) in 24 elementary and high schools located in the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, designed and built since the mid-1940s. More than 50% of these schools were designed and occupied during the 1960s and 1970s. Often the public schools are built without consideration of cultural, socioeconomic, and local climatic conditions or their importance to the community of the districts where they are located. Future school projects can benefit from the resulting diagnosis of a POE, improving its quality. The study's emphasis is on the satisfaction levels of occupants (teachers, students, and employees) regarding functional factors, environmental comfort, maintenance, and safety regarding fire and crime. Knowledge of these performance environments during their use will lead to a database comprising project guidelines and parameters for preventive maintenance programs.
The Demographics of Recycling and the Structure of Environmental Behavior
Authors: Berger Ida E.
Published: March 2007

The influence of socioeconomic and demographic variables on environmentally responsible behaviors is examined. Analysis of data compiled by Statistics Canada from 43,000 households indicates that socioeconomic and demographic variables play an important role as antecedents to such behaviors. The results show that size of residential area, type of dwelling, education, and income are significant determinants of whether recycling facilities are available and used. Furthermore, having convenient access to a recycling program mediates the relationship between socioeconomic factors and recycling practice. Analyses also show that environmental behaviors are structured around specific environmental issues such as water, energy, or waste disposal and suggest that recycling may operate as a first step toward the adoption of other behaviors. The implications of these results for activists and policy makers are highlighted.
Media Use Habits, Audience Expectations and Media Effects in Hong Kong's First Legislative Council Election
Authors: Guo Zhongshi
Published: March 2007

This research investigates the origin of audience expectations and their subsequent role in the media use-to-effects process. It argues that a significant portion of perceptions of media is couched in people's media habits and these perceptions in turn mediate political effects attributable to mass media. Contextualized in the first Legislative Council election in Hong Kong, our analysis of data from a survey of 503 local residents yielded several revelations. First, audience expectations of campaign media performance have distinct dimensions stemming from different social structural backgrounds. Second, various dimensions of audience expectations are also associated with unique patterns of media use habits. And third, media's effects on campaign political knowledge and participation are to some extent mediated by what audience members expect from media coverage.
The Changing Stance of the Canadian Government in an Age of Globalization and Information
Authors: d'Haenens Leen , Proulx Serge
Published: March 2007

This article looks at policy options taken by the Canadian government in an age of globalization and information. A first part explores federal government initiatives pertaining to Canada's preparedness for the information society. A second part assesses some provincial government policy options, with a separate section paying special attention to the Quebec government's intentions, which include support for the production and online dissemination of content and services in the French language (undoubtedly to be understood as an element of the Quebec government's sovereigntist project).
The Role of the Internet in Forging a Pluralistic Integration
Authors: Melkote Srinivas R. , Liu D. J.
Published: March 2007

This is a study on computer-mediated communication and acculturation. An online survey was conducted on the role of Internet in the resocialization of Chinese students and scholars in the US. The study found that the Chinese ethnic Internet may help create pluralistic integration for Chinese students and scholars in the US, i.e. the more American behavior acculturation, the less American value acculturation, and the greater the Chinese values sustained. So, instead of supporting the `melting pot' theory, this study posits that Chinese immigrants may integrate in terms of broad American behaviors but not American values and that they still attach great importance to native Chinese values.
Reimagining Islam in Diaspora
Authors: Mandaville Peter
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the mediation of one aspect of Middle Eastern culture, Islam, in the context of diasporic Muslim communities in the West. It explores the impact of information and communications technologies on debates relating to the normative boundaries of Islamic identity and community. It is argued that media technologies provide channels for new or previously disenfranchised voices to be heard in the public sphere of Muslim diasporas. Simultaneously, traditional structures of authority are refigured and, to some extent, marginalized in favour of alternative interpretations of religious knowledge perceived as more relevant to contemporary diasporic life in the West.
A Profile of Journalists in Post-Independence Tanzania
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotika
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of 139 journalists, this study provides an attitudinal profile of Tanzanian journalists at an interesting time in Tanzania's political evolution from a one-party, socialist, controlled press system to a multi-party, capitalist, relatively free press system. Tanzanian journalists rate western journalistic functions - accuracy, analysis, investigation and entertainment - highly, and they place considerable importance on the public affairs benefits of their jobs. At the same time, their Tanzanian conceptions of the role of the press - portraying the country positively, using traditional media, ensuring rural coverage and thinking of news as a social good, all for national development - are also important to them. Their years of socialization under ujamaa and a one-party state are evident even as the western concept of the press is gaining ground. Apart from this duality in their views, these journalists are also consonant in their opinions, with demographic and workplace-related variables scarcely having any effect. They also exhibit the `Lake Woebegone effect', rating almost all the functions and benefits higher than average.
One Event, Three Stories
Authors: Pan Zhongdang , Lee Chin-Chuan , Chan Joseph Man , So Clement Y.K.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes how the media from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong constructed their respective narratives about the handover of Hong Kong - based on their institutional configurations, the relevance of the story to their home constituencies, their conventions of news-making and the cultural repertoire on which they drew to make the event intelligible. Domesticating a global media event reflects and reproduces each society as a discursive community; in a defining moment like this, the media bind each society through their shared ways of interpretations and expression.
Linking Practice and Science in the Substance Abuse Treatment of Homeless Persons
Authors: Schumacher Joseph E. , Milby Jesse B. , Engle Molly , Raczynski James M. , Michael Max
Published: March 2007

The Homeless I Project represents the successful linking of practice and science in the development, delivery, and evaluation of innovative interventions for substance abuse and homelessness in a community-based setting. Several positive outcomes resulted from the collaboration between university investigators and providers of health care for the homeless. These included a productive research and service delivery collaboration, important project and community linkages, national research and service delivery linkages, service enhancements for homeless persons with substance abuse problems, development of an innovative abstinent-contingent work therapy and housing program, significant client participation rates, effective dissemination of method and results, and continued practice and research. Obstacles and solutions related to integrating science and practice, overcoming community resistance, and maintaining linkages are presented. Suggested applications for linking science and practice are offered.
Cause Maps, Sensemaking, and Planned Organizational Change
Authors: Weber Paula S. , Manning Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This study represents a first attempt to employ cognitive cause-mapping techniques to explore individual sensemaking during a planned organizational change. The authors evaluated the contribution of this method as a vehicle for exploring sensemaking processes during a change effort. Study data revealed that cause mapping generates a rich source of information, demonstrates a high degree of content validity, and is a particularly useful technique for capturing the dynamics of sensemaking. The study also provided needed longitudinal and structural analyses of cause maps. Results showed significant differences in cause map content over time without corresponding differences in cause map structure. An integrated model of sensemaking during organizational change is offered.
Development and Test of a Contingency Framework of Coupling
Authors: Beekun Rafik I. , Glick William H.
Published: March 2007

Though the concept of loose coupling permeates organizational science, it has stagnated because of definitional and operational issues. In this study, a contingency framework of coupling was developed and tested. Using an organizational simulation, the pattern of covariation between cultural and structural coupling was tracked across two different stages of the organizational life cycle and two levels of technological routineness. Quantitative, network measures of cultural and structural coupling were used. As organizations evolved from the infancy to the maturity stage of their life cycle, both structural and cultural coupling among participants became tighter. Unexpectedly, individuals involved with a nonroutine technology were more tightly coupled structurally but less tightly coupled culturally when compared to individuals engaged in a routine technology.
Alice Walker's Politics or the Politics of the Color Purple
Authors: Hamilton Cynthia
Published: March 2007

I know very well that after this diagnosis the reader now expects remedies. I did not conceive of this book as a work of protest or even as a search for solutions. It was born out of reflections on an accepted failure [Memmi, 1965: 145]. Away with racism! Away with colonialism! They smack too much of barbarism. M. Mannoni has something better: psychoanalysis.... Follow him step by step through the ins and outs of his little conjuring tricks, and he will prove to you as clear as day that colonialism is based on psychology, that there are in this world groups of men who, for unknown reasons, suffer from what must be called a dependency complex, that these groups are psychologically made for dependence ... [Cessaire, 1972: 39-40].
Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites by Limit Analysis Methods
Authors: Shu L.S. , Rosen B.W.
Published: March 2007

The in-plane shear strength and the transverse strength in shear and in tension of composites comprised of elastic-brittle fibers and an elastic perfectly plastic binder are evaluated quantitatively in terms of the matrix yield strength and volume fraction. The results are in the form of bounds obtained by the application of the theo rems of limit analysis of plasticity.
The Influence of Random Filament Packing on the Transverse Stiffness of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Adams Donald F. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

Existing micromechanics analyses for the prediction of composite material properties, which are based upon the assumption of various idealized regular filament packings, indicate the significant influence of the assumed geometry on numerical results obtained.

To represent the random filament packing of actual composite materials more accurately, a method of analyzing random arrays is presented in this paper. Although certain geometric constraints have necessarily been retained for mathematical reasons, it has been dem onstrated that as the degree of randomness is increased, the agree ment between analytical predictions and available experimental data is improved.

Because of the necessary approximations and additional complexities involved in random array analyses, the methods presented here are not intended to replace regular array analyses, but rather to supplement them, indicating the influence of this difficult-to-predict characteristic of real materials.
The Effect of Specimen and Testing Variables on the Fracture of some Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resins
Authors: Ellis C.D. , Harris B.
Published: March 2007

The work of fracture of composite materials has often been measured without sufficient attention, for example, to specimen geometry and test conditions. In this work a range of testing techniques has been used to investigate how the measured work of fracture of unidirectionally- reinforced carbon fibre/epoxy composites, containing fibres of types 1 and 2, changes with various specimen and test variables. The measured work of fracture is seen to be independent of specimen width, and shows but slight dependence on notch root radius and test rate. More significant variations occur with orientation, specimen height and notch depth, however. Attempts are described to measure other fracture parameters which, for this class of materials, might prove to be of more value than the total work of fracture. In particular, an effort has been made to adapt the methods of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, and some degree of success has been achieved in relating K1 c, the critical stress intensity factor, measured by double edge notched plate techniques, and G1 c, the critical strain energy release rate, with those measurements discussed previously.
The Effect of void and Fiber Variations on the Accuracy of Composite Material Characterizations
Authors: Kavanagh Kenneth T.
Published: March 2007

A concise matrix formulation is presented to illustrate the effects of experimental uncertainties on the characterization of anisotropic com posite materials. The matrix equations permit a graphic illustration of the individual roles played by measurement errors, sample variations, and the degree of anisotropy on the computation of the anisotropic stiffness co efficients. With particular reference to the characterization of materials containing voids, it is shown that variations in the void content can lead to material constants which appear to violate the symmetry conditions assumed for hyperelastic materials. A simple statistical test is recom mended for the evaluation of characterization experiments whenever the contribution of error is uncertain.
On the Hygrothermal Response of Laminated Composite Systems †
Authors: Pipes R. Byron , Vinson Jack R. , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

The hygroscopic nature of polymeric systems, which find widespread application as matrices in advanced composite materials, requires that dila tations induced by the absorption of moisture be considered m the stress analysis of composite laminates. Considerable attention has recently been focused upon the reduction m both strength and constitutive properties of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites at elevated temperatures when the composite has been subjected to environments which enhance moisture diffusion. This apparent degradation in elevated temperature properties may be magnified even more by residual stresses induced by both the hygroscopic and thermoelastic characteristics of the unidirectional com posite.

A unified treatment of the hygrothermal response of the laminated composite plate element is derived. The analysis develops effective mois ture inplane force resultants and bending resultants, which when coupled with mechanical and thermal loadings, yield laminae stresses resulting from the total hygrothermal and mechanical loading environment.

Solutions of the classical diffusion equation are obtained yielding mois ture profiles through the laminate thickness. Typical composite laminates consisting of T300/5208 graphite-epoxy are analyzed. Results reveal both the magnitude and distribution of hygrothermally induced stresses.
Stresses in Adhesive Joints Due To Moisture and Temperature
Authors: Weitsman Y.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis of the bonding stresses at the interface between an adhesive layer and an adherent when the exposed edges of the adhesive absorb moisture or when the joint is subjected to an elevated temperature.

The analysis is based upon variational principles and is therefore approximate in nature. Nevertheless, the results provide a satisfactory explanation to the debonding phenomena that were observed at the center of the adhesive joint as well as near the exposed edges. It is shown that the maximal interlaminar tensile-stress can occur at either of the above sites and that the exact location of the maximal stress depends on the geometry of the joint and on the progress of moisture-diffusion.

It is also shown that the interlaminar shear-stress does not vanish at the point where the interface between adhesive and adherent intersects the free-edge. This is consistent with the exact solution that contains a corner- singularity at that point and contradicts several calculations which arbitrarily omitted this singularity.
Analysis of Laminate Strength and Its Distribution
Authors: Yamada S.E. , Sun C.T.
Published: March 2007

A failure criterion for a laminated composite is presented. A salient nature of this criterion is the use of "in situ shear strength" measured in the form of cross-ply laminate. Then by statistical consideration, the model was further modified to incorporate probabilistic nature of composite fail ure. Rigorous mathematical development of probability was simply re placed by Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, the proposed model was proved simple and effective in predicting failure in both deterministic and probabilistic sense.
Increased Fracture Toughness of Graphite-Epoxy Composites through Intermittent Interlaminar Bonding
Authors: Li Chung Jea , Felbeck David K.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study has been to increase the fracture toughness of multi-layer continuous-filament graphite-epoxy composites. The method used is intermittent interlaminar bonding, which can lead to a large in crease in the fracture surface area. In this study we achieved intermittent bonding through introduction of thin perforated Mylar between the layers of the composite. For the best optimum condition included in this study, fracture toughness was increased from about 100 kJ/m2 for untreated specimens to an average of about 500 kJ/m2, while tensile strength dropped from 500 MPa to 400 MPa, and elastic modulus remained the same at about 75 GPa. An approximate analysis is presented to explain the observed improvement in toughness.
Predicting the Time-Temperature Dependent Axial Failure of B/A1 Composites
Authors: Dicarlo James A.
Published: March 2007

Experimental and theoretical studies were conducted in order to unders tand and predict the effects of time, temperature, and stress on the axial failure modes of boron fibers and B/A1 composites. Due to the anelastic nature of boron fiber deformation, it was possible to determine simple creep functions which can be employed to accurately describe creep and fracture stress of as-produced fibers. Analysis of damping and strength data for B/6061 A1 composites indicates that fiber creep and the effects of creep on fiber fracture are measurably reduced by the composite fabrication process. The creep function appropriate for fibers within B/A1 composites was also determined. A fracture theory is presented for predicting the time- temperature dependence of the axial tensile strength for metal matrix com posites in general and B/A1 composites in particular.
Singularity of Contact-Edge Stress in Laminated Composites Under Uniform Extension
Authors: Zwiers Renata I. , Ting T.C.T.
Published: March 2007

The unusually large and possibly infinite stress at the contact-edge is one of the factors responsible for delamination when the composite is subjected to ex ternal loading. Since more composites are now used in space vehicles, it is im portant to analyze the nature of the stress singularities at the contact-edge so that special attention can be paid to the design of mechanical fastenings and joints. In this paper we study the stress singularities at the contact-edge of an in terface between two adjacent layers in a laminated composite. Each layer of the composite is assumed to be of the same orthotropic material with one of the principal axes being the fiber direction. However, the angle θ which is the fiber orientation, varies from layer to layer. The composite is subjected to uniform extension in the plane of the layers. It is shown that a singularity of the type krδ (δ<0) may exist, but that it depends on the stacking sequence of the layers and the complete boundary conditions.
Energy Absorption of Composite Materials
Authors: Farley Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents results of a study on the energy absorption characteristics of selected composite material systems and compares the results with aluminum. Com posite compression tube specimens were fabricated with both tape and woven fabric prepreg using graphite/epoxy (Gr/E), Kevlar® epoxy (K/E) and glass/epoxy (Gl/E). Chamfering and notching one end of the composite tube specimen reduced the peak load at initial failure without altering the sustained crushing load, and prevented catastrophic failure. Static compression and vertical impact tests were performed on 128 tubes. The results varied significantly as a function of material type and ply orien tation. In general, the Gr/E tubes absorbed more energy than the Gl/E or K/E tubes for the same ply orientation. The [0/±15] Gr/E tubes absorbed more energy than the aluminum tubes. Gr/E and Gl/E tubes failed in a brittle mode and had negligible post crushing integrity, whereas the K/E tubes failed in an accordian buckling mode similar to the aluminum tubes. The energy absorption and post crushing integrity of hybrid composite tubes were not significantly better than that of the single material tubes.
Two-Dimensional Modelling of Compressive Failure in Delaminated Laminates
Authors: Chai Herzl , Babcock Charles D.
Published: March 2007

An analytical model is developed to assess the compressive strength criticality of near-surface interlaminar defects in laminated composites.