bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Frequency AO Bragg Deflector Using a Single-Crystal ZnO Thin Film
Authors: Setsune Kentaro , Mitsuyu Tsuneo , Wasa Kiyotaka
Published: March 2014

This report describes acoust-optic (AO) Bragg deflectors using ZnO thin film. The single-crystal ZnO films on sapphire have been grown by RF magnetron sputtering and measured to have about 1.2 dB·cm-1 attenuation for guided 0.63 µm laser light and to have about 4% mechanical coupling coefficient, k2, for 1st order mode of SAW. These excellent properties of ZnO film have realized a high diffraction efficiency of 50% with 1 W input power of SAW at about 1 GHz on AO Bragg deflector. The suitable design of interdigital transducers (IDT) will make it possible to realize the wideband AO Bragg deflector.
Brillouin Scattering from Quartz
Authors: Unoki Hiromi , Tokumoto Hiroshi , Ishiguro Takehiko
Published: March 2014

The Brillouin scattering from quartz (SiO2) single crystal was measured at high temperatures up to 650°C covering the α–β phase transition temperature (573°C). The angular dependence of Brillouin frequencies was also measured in X-Y, Y-Z and X-Z planes at 24°C and 325°C and was compared with calculations. The velocities of longitudinal phonons propagating in X, Y and Z axes exhibited a small decrease followed by an abrupt increase with raising temperature over the transition temperature.
Measurements of Intervalley Phonons in n-Si by Magnetophonon Resonance
Authors: Hamaguchi Chihiro , Hirose Yoshikazu , Shimomae Koichi
Published: March 2014

Oscillatory structures of the longitudinal magnetoconductance in n-Si are investigated at 77 K in the magnetic field up to 8 T applied in the directions <100>, <110> and <111>. Fourier analysis reveals 7 series for B//<100>, 5 series for B//<110>, and 7 series for B//<111>. Various phonon energies for the f- and g-type intervalley scatterings are determined and compared with the results obtained from the neutron scattering data of Dolling.
Photoacoustic Spectra on Laser-Annealed GaAs Surfaces
Authors: Morita Masahiko , Sato Fumio
Published: March 2014

Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of n-type GaAs active layers implanted with 1×1015 Si+ cm-2 at 100–180 keV followed by Q-switched ruby laser annealing at 25 nsec pulse width, 0.8 J·cm-2 energy under various ambiences are presented. PA signals are reduced when the ambience of 1-bar air or Ar is changed for 100-bar Ar. The reduction is also observed in a series of samples with low dose levels of 5×1012 Si+ cm-2. These reductions are consistent with the trend of stoichiometrical improvements.
Photoacoustic Study of Chromium State in GaAs
Authors: Tokumoto Hiroshi , Ishiguro Takehiko
Published: March 2014

Photoacoustic (PA) spectra were measured at room temperature on Cr-doped GaAs with concentrations up to 2×1017 cm-3. Analyzing the spectra with the aid of the PA theory, the optical absorption coefficient was deduced for a singly-ionized Cr2+ state. We found that it increased non-linearly with increasing chromium content. This is due to the presence of the several chromium states such as neutral Cr3+ and doubly-ionized Cr+ states other than the Cr2+ state.
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of CdS by Transducer Method
Authors: Hata Tomonobu , Sato Yasushi , Kurebayashi Masaaki
Published: March 2014

There is a remarkable difference in PAS signals received between microphone and transducer methods. To clarify the reason for this difference, preliminary experiments were carried out using a PZT transducer. With this method, however, the PAS signal of the sample is sometimes mixed with that of the transducer and it is difficult to separate the pure sample signal from the mixed signal. To solve this problem a LiNbO3 transparent transducer method has been developed. This method can detect two kinds of signals corresponding to those obtained by microphone and transducer methods, depending on the radiation direction of the incident light beam to the sample.
Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation in a Crystal near the Melting Temperature
Authors: Tamura Junichi , Hiki Yosio
Published: March 2014

An experimental method to measure the ultrasonic attenuation in a crystal at temperatures close to the melting point has been developed. The crystal was grown in a specimen cell, and pulse ultrasound was produced by a transducer attached to the outer wall of the cell and was transmitted into the specimen through the wall. Possible sources of error in the attenuation measurement have been fully discussed. It is concluded that the present method is convenient for measuring the sound attenuation in a melting crystal, and the accuracy of the measurement is high enough under the present experimental conditions.
Mass and Line Tension of a Vibrating Dislocation
Authors: Ohashi Kazutoshi , Kawano Mitsuo , Fukuchi Mitsuru
Published: March 2014

We have calculated the mass and line tension of a vibrating dislocation in LiF crystal. The results of our analysis were somewhat smaller than that predicted by the string model. They indicate that localized mode exists due to vibrating dislocation in LiF crystal.
Influence of Frequency Characteristics of FM Acoustic Wave Systems on Demodulated Signals
Authors: Mitome Hideto , Koda Toshio , Shibata Shuji
Published: March 2014

It was observed that an increase in the amount of modulation beyond a certain limit resulted in a rapid decrease of the amplitude of the demodulated signals in a frequency modulated (FM) acoustic system. In order to explain this phenomenon, the demodulated signals have been analyzed taking the frequency characteristics of the system into account. The numerical calculations agreed with the experimental ones qualitatively and the analysis gave a criterion for the upper limit of the modulation index.
Omnidirectional Transducer Attached with High Sound-Velocity Material for Use in Deep Seas
Authors: Okujima Motoyoshi , Ohtsuki Shigeo , Hachiya Hiroyuki
Published: March 2014

For ultrasonic transducers employed in deep seas, omnidirectivity is often required. To get an omnidirectional transducer, we devised a new transducer structure in which a syntactic buoyancy material is attached to the inside or the outside of a cylindrical transducer element. The buoyancy material, known as syntactic foam, can resist the high static pressure of deep seas, and its sound velocity is higher than that of the water. We experimentally investigate the geometrical arrangement and shape of syntactic foam to obtain the omnidirectional transducer. Consequently, it is found that some of these transducers have nearly equal sensitivity in all directions.
Stress Measurement of Isotropic Medium with Pulsed Ultrasonic Wave
Authors: Kato Terumasa , Katayama Motoo
Published: March 2014

To sensitively measure the changes of ultrasonic velocity a modified TAC method has been developed. The accuracy is 2×10-5 for the measurement in a high tensile steel bolt about 12 cm in length. The dependence of the ultrasonic velocity on the uniaxial stress is expressed in terms of the second-order and third-order elastic moduli. It becomes clear that the change of ultrasonic velocity on the stress change is maximum when the longitudinal wave propagates along the direction of the uniaxial stress and so the change of stress can be measured most sensitively in this condition.
Two-Dimensional Acoustoelasticity Using Pulse Echo Overlap Technique
Authors: Okada Ken-ichi
Published: March 2014

An ultrasonic method for stress measurement in a material with texture or preferred orientation is newly presented. This method makes use of stress-acoustic relations previously proposed by the author and the pulse echo overlap technique for velocity measurement. All of the stress-acoustic coefficients required for measuring two-dimensional stress were determined in an aluminum plate with 4 mm thickness by applying this method to uniaxial stress test. The stress-acoustic relations are shown to be valid over a wide stress range.
Surface Acoustic Wave Device Applications to Consumer Electronics
Authors: Takahashi Sadao , Ebata Yasuo , Kodama Toshikazu
Published: March 2014

This paper presents the recent status of SAW technology and its applications to mainly consumer electronics.
Ultrasonic Diagnostic Equipment Using a Transducer with an Acoustic Lens for Scan Angle Magnification
Authors: Tachita Ryobun , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Fukukita Hiroshi , Yano Tsutomu , Fukumoto Akira
Published: March 2014

A new ultrasound diagnostic system having a real-time trapezoidal display format has been developed. The system has an electronically scanning transducer composed of a convex curved array with an acoustic lens for scan angle magnification. This combination of array and lens creates a flat footprint with a length of 6.6 cm at the surface of the transducer and an inspection width of 29 cm at a depth of 15 cm from the surface. Clinical evaluation of this scanner has demonstrated its usefulness for diagnosis of the abdomen, in obstetrics and gynecology and for biopsy applications.
Elizabeth Anne Brown 15 November 1956 – 17 November 2013
Authors: Murray Louisa J. , Conn Barry J.
Published: March 2014

A biography of Elizabeth Anne Brown, bryologist at the National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), is provided. She joined the staff at NSW in 1989 and died at Tahmoor, New South Wales on the 17th November 2013.
Kinetic Model of LiFePO4 Formation Using Non-Isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Abdul Halim Abdul Halim , Widiyastuti Widiyastuti , Setyawan Heru , Winardi Sugeng
Published: March 2014

The formation reaction of LiFePO4 from decomposition of precursors LiOH, FeSO4.7H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 with mol ratio of Li:Fe:P=1:1:1 was investigated. The experiment was carried out by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) method using nitrogen as atmosfer at a constant heating rate to obtain kinetic constant parameters. Several heating rates were selected, there are 5, 7, 10, 15, 17.5, 22.5 and 25 °C/min. Activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order were taken using Kissinger method and obtained respectively 56.086 kJ/mol, 6.95×108 min-1, and 1.058. Based on fitting result between reaction model and experiment were obtained that reaction obeyed the three dimension diffusion model. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: March 2014

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Altmetric Attention Scores and Citations of Published Research With or Without Preprints
Authors: Zissette Seth , Gautam Anant , Krumholz Harlan M. , Ross Joseph S. , Wallach Joshua D.
Published: July 2024

This cross-sectional study assesses how frequently research articles published in the clinical journals with high impact factors are preprinted and whether preprinting is associated with changes in media attention and citation counts.
The COPII coat protein SEC24D is required for autophagosome closure in mammals
Authors: He Tianlong , Ji Cuicui , Zhang Wenting , Li Xianghua , Liu Yukun , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Haolin , Wang Juan
Published: July 2024

Macroautophagy involves the encapsulation of cellular components within double‐membrane autophagosomes for subsequent degradation in vacuoles or lysosomes. Coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles serve as a membrane source for autophagosome formation. However, the specific role of SEC24D, an isoform of the COPII coat protein SEC24, in the macroautophagy pathway remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SEC24D is indispensable for macroautophagy and important for autophagosome closure. Depletion of SEC24D leads to the accumulation of unsealed isolation membranes. Furthermore, under conditions of starvation, SEC24D interacts with casein kinase1 delta (CK1δ), a member of the casein kinase 1 family, and autophagy‐related 9A (ATG9A). Collectively, our findings unveil the indispensable role of SEC24D in starvation‐induced autophagy in mammalian cells.
High‐resolution spectral data predict taxonomic diversity in low diversity grasslands
Authors: Hayden Meghan T. , Van Cleemput Elisa , Suding Katharine N. , Lezberg Ann , Anacker Brian , Dee Laura E.
Published: July 2024

Mitigating impacts of global change on biodiversity is a pressing goal for land managers, but understanding impacts is often limited by the spatial and temporal constraints of traditional in situ data. Advances in remote sensing address this challenge, in part, by enabling standardized mapping of biodiversity at large spatial scales and through time. In particular, hyperspectral imagery can detect functional and compositional characteristics of vegetation by measuring subtle differences in reflected light.

The spectral variance hypothesis (SVH) expects spectral diversity, or variability in reflectance across pixels, to predict vegetation diversity. However, the majority of research testing the SVH to date has been conducted in systems with controlled conditions or spatially homogenous assemblages, with little generalizability to heterogeneous real‐world systems.

Here, we move the field forward by testing the SVH in a species‐rich system with high heterogeneity resulting from variable species composition and a recent fire. We use very high spatial resolution (~1 mm) hyperspectral imagery to compare spectrally derived estimates of vegetation diversity with in situ measures collected in Boulder, CO, USA.

We find that spectral diversity and taxonomic diversity are positively correlated only for low to moderate diversity transects, or in transects that were recently burned where vegetation diversity is low and composed primarily of C3 grasses. Additionally, we find that the relationship between spectral and taxonomic diversity depends on spatial resolution, indicating that pixel size should remain a priority for biodiversity monitoring.

Practical implication: The context dependency of this relationship, even with high spatial resolution data, confirms previous work that the SVH does not hold across landscapes and demonstrates the necessity for repeated, high‐resolution data in order to tease apart the biological conditions underpinning the SVH. With refinement, however, the remote sensing techniques described here will offer land managers a cost‐effective approach to monitor biodiversity across space and time.
Conjugated Enhanced Polyimide Enables High‐Capacity Ammonium Ion Storage
Authors: Huang Fuyao , Zhao Wenkai , Guo Yujia , Mi Yongqi , Gull Sehrish , Long Guankui , Du Pengcheng
Published: July 2024

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AIBs) have emerged as a promising next‐generation rechargeable battery due to their safety, sustainability, abundant resources, and superior electrochemical performance. However, organic anode materials, particularly polyimide anode materials, suffer from low specific capacity caused by limited active sites. Herein, the study has developed a micro‐granular‐structured π‐conjugated enhanced polyimide (PTPD) as the anode material for AIBs. The large π‐conjugated enhanced structure enables long‐range electron delocalization, decreased bandgap, and reduced spatial steric hindrance, resulting in increased active sites capable of storing NH4+ ions. PTPD exhibits reversible oxidation and reduction reaction in (NH4)2SO4 solution, delivering a high specific capacity of 206.67 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, exceptional rate capability, and excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74.28% after 2500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, theoretical simulations and materials analysis demonstrate that PTPD undergoes enol‐keto transformation of carbonyl groups, effectively capturing NH4+ to store charges. This study provides an effective strategy for designing polymer‐based AIBs anodes with high specific capacity and cycling stability.
Metal–Organic Frameworks Photocatalyst Through Plasmon‐Induced Hot‐Electrons
Authors: Zorlu Tolga , Becerril‐Castro I. Brian , Sousa‐Castillo Ana , Puértolas Begoña , Besteiro Lucas V. , Wang Zhiming , Govorov Alexander , Correa‐Duarte Miguel A. , Alvarez‐Puebla Ramon A.
Published: July 2024

Plasmonic metal–organic frameworks (plasmonic‐MOFs) ingeniously meld the homogeneous and vast porosity of MOFs with the distinctive plasmonic characteristics of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), creating a powerful synergy. This innovative combination is leveraged for enhanced plasmon‐induced hot‐electron photocatalysis, particularly within polystyrene beads adorned with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and encapsulated by zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8). The strategic incorporation of AgNPs into this composite material generates hot carriers, significantly enhancing the catalytic performance of ZIF‐8. This approach not only exemplifies the potential for advanced photocatalytic processes of MOFs, but also paves the way for groundbreaking applications in environmental remediation and sustainable chemistry.
Hierarchical Hydrogen Bonds Endow Supramolecular Polymers with High Strength, Toughness, and Self‐Healing Properties
Authors: Wu Jiang , Zeng Fanxuan , Fan Ziyang , Xuan Shouhu , Hua Zan , Liu Guangming
Published: July 2024

The directional and dynamic hydrogen bonds are of vital importance for both nucleic acids and proteins, but they naturally apply strong multiple hydrogen bonds in pendant groups and weak single hydrogen bond in the backbone. The hierarchy and orthogonality of multiple and single hydrogen bonds in biological systems inspire to elegantly tailor the supramolecular polymeric materials for robust mechanical properties. Herein, this work has fabricated dynamic ultrastrong and tough supramolecular materials through bioinspired rational design of strong multiple hydrogen bonds in pendant groups and weak single hydrogen bond in the backbone. Based on quadruple hydrogen bonds of ureidopyrimidinone and single hydrogen bond of amide, the supramolecular polymer with optimized hierarchical hydrogen bonds possesses high tensile strength and strong toughness of 30.6 MPa and 74.0 MJ m−3, respectively. Meanwhile, the dynamic dissociation and reformation of the hierarchical hydrogen bonds endow the supramolecular polymer with efficient crack resistance, self‐healing, recyclability, and high energy dissipation. Flexible and self‐healing conductors can be prepared by blending the supramolecular polymer with liquid metal in a simple manner. Therefore, this work expects that the plenty of hydrogen bonding pairs in the supramolecular toolkit provide many opportunities to produce robust and tough supramolecular polymeric materials without covalent crosslinking.
Extracellular Vesicle‐Inspired Minimalist Flexible Nanocapsules Assembled with Whole Active Ingredients for Highly Efficient Enhancement of DC‐Mediated Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: He Ao , Li Qiang , Dang Meng , Lu Wei , Li Xiaoye , Dai Zhuo , Ding Meng , Zhang Yu , Dong Heng , Teng Zhaogang , Mou Yongbin
Published: July 2024

The development of nanovaccines capable of eliciting tumor‐specific immune responses holds significant promise for tumor immunotherapy. However, many nanovaccine designs rely heavily on incorporating multiple adjuvants and carriers, increasing the biological hazards associated with these additional components. Here, this work introduces novel flexible nanocapsules (OVAnano) designed to mimic extracellular vesicles, primarily using the ovalbumin antigen and minimal polyethylenimine adjuvant components. These results show that the biomimetic flexible structure of OVAnano facilitates enhanced antigen uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), leading to efficient antigen and adjuvant release into the cytosol via endosomal escape, and ultimately, successful antigen cross‐presentation by DCs. Furthermore, OVAnano modulates the intracellular nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, promoting DC maturation. The highly purified antigens in OVAnano demonstrate remarkable antigen‐specific immunogenicity, triggering strong antitumor immune responses mediated by DCs. Therapeutic tumor vaccination studies have also shown that OVAnano administration effectively suppresses tumor growth in mice by inducing immune responses from CD8+ and CD4+ T cells targeting specific antigens, reducing immunosuppression by regulatory T cells, and boosting the populations of effector memory T cells. These findings underscore that the simple yet potent strategy of employing minimal flexible nanocapsules markedly enhances DC‐mediated antitumor immunotherapy, offering promising avenues for future clinical applications.
A Photoelectrochemical Retinomorphic Synapse
Authors: Hu Jin , Jing Ming‐Jian , Huang Yu‐Ting , Kou Bo‐Han , Li Zheng , Xu Yi‐Tong , Yu Si‐Yuan , Zeng Xierong , Jiang Jie , Lin Peng , Zhao Wei‐Wei
Published: July 2024

Reproducing human visual functions with artificial devices is a long‐standing goal of the neuromorphic domain. However, emulating the chemical language communication of the visual system in fluids remains a grand challenge. Here, a “multi‐color” hydrogel‐based photoelectrochemical retinomorphic synapse is reported with unique chemical‐ionic‐electrical signaling in an aqueous electrolyte that enables, e.g., color perception and biomolecule‐mediated synaptic plasticity. Based on the specific enzyme‐catalyzed chromogenic reactions, three multifunctional colored hydrogels are developed, which can not only synergize with the Bi2S3 photogate to recognize the primary colors but also synergize with a given polymeric channel to promote the long‐term memory of the system. A synaptic array is further constructed for sensing color images and biomolecule‐coded information communication. Taking advantage of the versatile biochemistry, the biochemical‐driven reversible photoelectric response of the cone cell is further mimicked. This work introduces rich chemical designs into retinomorphic devices, providing a perspective for replicating the human visual system in fluids.
A Dual Salt/Dual Solvent Electrolyte Enables Ultrahigh Utilization of Zinc Metal Anode for Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Guan Kailin , Chen Wenshu , Yang Yunting , Ye Fei , Hong Ye , Zhang Jian , Gu Qinfen , Wu Yuping , Hu Linfeng
Published: July 2024

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are promising in next‐generation sustainable energy storage. However, the low zinc (Zn) metal anode reversibility and utilization in aqueous electrolytes due to Zn corrosion and poor Zn2+ deposition kinetics significantly hinder the development of Zn‐ion batteries. Here, a dual salt/dual solvent electrolyte composed of Zn(BF4)2/Zn(Ac)2 in water/TEGDME (tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether) solvents to achieve reversible Zn anode at an ultrahigh depth of discharge (DOD) is developed. An “inner co‐salt and outer co‐solvent” synergistic effect in this unique dual salt/dual solvent system is revealed. Experimental results and theoretical calculations provide evidence that the ether co‐solvent inhibits water activity by forming hydrogen bonding with the water and coordination effects with the proton in the outer Zn2+ solvation structure. Meanwhile, the anion of zinc acetate co‐salt enters the inner Zn2+ solvation structure, thereby accelerating the desolvation kinetics. Strikingly, based on the electrolyte design, the zinc anode shows high reversibility at an ultrahigh utilization of 60% DOD with 99.80% Coulombic efficiency and 9.39 mAh cm−2 high capacity. The results far exceed the performance reported in electrolyte design work recently. The work provides fundamental insights into inner co‐salt and outer co‐solvent synergistic regulation in multifunctional electrolytes for reversible aqueous metal‐ion batteries.
Interstitial Optical Fiber‐Mediated Multimodal Phototheranostics Based on an Aggregation‐Induced NIR‐II Emission Luminogen for Orthotopic Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Zhang Wenguang , Kang Miaomiao , Li Xue , Yang Hao , Zhang Zhijun , Li Zhuorong , Zhang Yibin , Fan Miaozhuang , Liao Changrui , Liu Chengbo , Xu Gaixia , Wang Dong , Xu Zhourui , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: July 2024

One‐for‐all phototheranostics based on a single molecule is recognized as a convenient approach for cancer treatment, whose efficacy relies on precise lesion localization through multimodal imaging, coupled with the efficient exertion of phototherapy. To unleash the full potential of phototheranostics, advancement in both phototheranostic agents and light delivery methods is essential. Herein, an integrated strategy combining a versatile molecule featuring aggregation‐induced emission, namely tBuTTBD, with a modified optical fiber to realize comprehensive tumor diagnosis and “inside‐out” irradiation in the orthotopic breast tumor, is proposed for the first time. Attributed to the intense donor‐acceptor interaction, highly distorted conformation, abundant molecular rotors, and loose intermolecular packing upon aggregation, tBuTTBD can synchronously undergo second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescence emission, photothermal and photodynamic generation under laser irradiation, contributing to a trimodal NIR‐II fluorescence‐photoacoustic (PA)‐photothermal imaging‐guided phototherapy. The tumor treatment is further carried out following the insertion of a modified optical fiber, which is fabricated by splicing a flat‐end fiber with an air‐core fiber. This configuration aims to enable effective in situ phototherapy by maximizing energy utilization for therapeutic benefits. This work not only enriches the palette of NIR‐II phototheranostic agents but also provides valuable insight for exploring an integrated phototheranostic protocol for practical cancer treatment.
High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Interfacial Charge Extraction by Bridging Molecules
Authors: Li Minghao , Jiao Boxin , Peng Yingchen , Zhou Junjie , Tan Liguo , Ren Ningyu , Ye Yiran , Liu Yue , Yang Ye , Chen Yu , Ding Liming , Yi Chenyi
Published: July 2024

The interface between the perovskite layer and electron transporting layer is a critical determinate for the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The heterogeneity of the interface critically affects the carrier dynamics at the buried interface. To address this, a bridging molecule, (2‐aminoethyl)phosphonic acid (AEP), is introduced for the modification of SnO2/perovskite buried interface in n–i–p structure PSCs. The phosphonic acid group strongly bonds to the SnO2 surface, effectively suppressing the surface carrier traps and leakage current, and uniforming the surface potential. Meanwhile, the amino group influences the growth of perovskite film, resulting in higher crystallinity, phase purity, and fewer defects. Furthermore, the bridging molecules facilitate the charge extraction at the interface, as indicated by the femtosecond transient reflection (fs‐TR) spectroscopy, leading to champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.40% (certified 25.98%) for PSCs. Additionally, the strengthened interface enables improved operational durability of ≈1400 h for the unencapsulated PSCs under ISOS‐L‐1I protocol.
In Situ Multi‐Directional Liquid Manipulation Enabled by 3D Asymmetric Fang‐Structured Surface
Authors: Sun Siqi , Zhang Yiyuan , Wu Shuangmei , Wang Liqiu
Published: July 2024

Decorating surfaces with wetting gradients or topological structures is a prevailing strategy to control uni‐directional spreading without energy input. However, current methods, limited by fixed design, cannot achieve multi‐directional control of liquids, posing challenges to practical applications. Here, a structured surface composed of arrayed three‐dimensional asymmetric fang‐structured units is reported that enable in situ control of customized multi‐directional spreading for different surface tension liquids, exhibiting five novel modes. This is attributed to bottom‐up distributed multi‐curvature features of surface units, which create varied Laplace pressure gradients to guide the spreading of different‐wettability liquids along specific directions. The surface's capability to respond to liquid properties for multimodal control leads to innovative functions that are absent in conventional structured surfaces. Selective multi‐path circuits can be constructed by taking advantage of rich liquid behaviors with the surface; surface tensions of wetting liquids can be portably indicated with a resolution scope of 0.3–3.4 mN m−1 using the surface; temperature‐mediated change of liquid properties is utilized to smartly manipulate liquid behavior and achieve the spatiotemporal‐controllable targeted cooling of the surface at its heated state. These novel applications open new avenues for developing advanced surfaces for liquid manipulation.
Origin of the Surface Magnetic Dead Layer in Rare‐Earth Titanates
Authors: Aeschlimann Raphaël , Bibes Manuel , Gloter Alexandre
Published: July 2024

Perovskite rare‐earth titanates RTiO3 display a rich array of magnetic and electronic properties, with a Mott‐insulating ground state and ferro‐ or antiferromagnetic spin orders depending on the rare‐earth R. The nominal Ti valence is 3+ with a corresponding 3d1 configuration. Yet, at the surface of both bulk and thin films of RTiO3, the Ti valence has been found to strongly deviate towards the more stable 4+ state, adversely affecting magnetic properties. While this finding is rather ubiquitous, its exact origin is still poorly understood, which hampers the integration of RTiO3 into complex heterostructures harnessing their rich physics. Here, scanning transmission electron microscope and electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments are used to analyze the top part of an epitaxial DyTiO3 thin film displaying a well‐developed Ti4+‐rich layer over several nanometres. It shows that this valence evolution is related to a combination of short‐range ordered interstitial oxygen planes and Ti‐Dy cationic imbalance. Both defects synergistically contribute to enough hole doping for a complete transition toward Ti4+ over a few unit‐cells from the surface while a structure primarily of the perovskite‐type is maintained.
C−C Bond Formation by Dual Pyrrolidine and Nickel Catalysis: Allylation of Ketones by Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Wright Noah , Townsend Bara , Nicholson Steven , Robinson Joshua , Akien Geoffrey , Ball Anthony K. , Sweeney Joseph B. , Doulcet Julien
Published: July 2024

Whilst catalytic ketone allylation using palladium(0) is well–precedented, nickel(0)‐catalysed equivalents of such reactions remain scarce. We report here the first nickel‐catalysed allylation of ketones which uses an easily handled and inexpensive bench‐stable Ni(II) pre‐catalyst. This method avoids generation of stoichiometric by‐products via the use of readily available allyl alcohols, rather than the esters or related derivatives which are often used in such transformations. Under the optimised conditions, 25 monoallylated ketones were obtained in 16% to 98% yield and with high selectivity for the linear (E)‐isomers.
Interfacial Reconstruction Unlocks Inherent Ionic Conductivity of Li‐La‐Zr‐Ta‐O Garnet in Organic Polymer Electrolyte for Durable Room‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Zhan Xiao , Pang Xikun , Mao Fangqin , Lin Jiande , Li Miao , Zhao Yonghui , Xu Peng , Xu Zhenming , Liao Kaiming , Zhang Qiaobao , Zhang Li
Published: July 2024

Rigid‐flexible coupled composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs, e.g., polyethylene oxide/Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12, PEO/LLZTO) hold the promise of integrating the respective merits of organic polymer electrolyte and inorganic ceramic fillers to achieve better all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs), but commonly suffer from poor synergistic effect owing to the ionically/electronically resistive layer on the ceramic surface. Representatively, the Li2CO3 passivation layer‐isolated LLZTO not only contributes minimally to the Li+ conduction in PEO/LLZTO CPE, but also narrows the available electrochemical window. Herein, an interfacial reconstruction strategy is disclosed based on mild liquid‐phase chemical reaction and subsequent self‐assembly, allowing the detrimental Li2CO3 to fully react with succinic anhydride (SA), and simultaneously constructing a robust ultra‐thin lithium succinate (SALi) ionic conductor shell to eradicate its regeneration. Accordingly, the obtained PEO/LLZTO@SALi (PLS) CPE shows a high room‐temperature ionic conductivity (1.2 × 10−4 S cm−1), a wide electrochemical window (4.8 V), a notable Li+ transference number (0.37), as well as nonflammability and exceptional compatibility with Li metal in Li/Li symmetric cells (2000 h at 0.2 mA cm−2). More encouragingly, the Li/PLS CPE/LiFePO4 full ASSB maintains an ultrahigh capacity retention of 84.3% after 1400 cycles at room temperature. This work propels the design of high‐performance CPEs through the interfacial modulation of inorganic ceramic fillers.
Sex differences in positional behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in the dry and open habitat of Issa Valley, Tanzania
Authors: Drummond‐Clarke Rhianna C. , Kivell Tracy L. , Sarringhaus Lauren , Stewart Fiona A. , Piel Alex K.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Many early fossil hominins are associated with savanna‐mosaic paleohabitats, and high sexual dimorphism that may reflect differences in positional behavior between sexes. However, reconstructions of hominin behavior and the selective pressures they faced in an open habitat are limited by a lack of studies of extant apes living in contemporary, analogous habitats. Here, we describe adult chimpanzee positional behavior in the savanna‐mosaic habitat of the Issa Valley, Tanzania, to test whether Issa chimpanzees show larger sex‐differences in positional behavior than their forest‐dwelling counterparts.

Materials and Methods

We quantified and compared adult locomotor and postural behavior across sexes (6 females, 7 males) in the riparian forest (closed) and miombo woodland (open) vegetation types at Issa Valley (13,743 focal observations). We then compared our results to published data of chimpanzee communities living in more forested habitats.

Results

Issa females and males both spent less time arboreally in open vegetation and showed similar locomotor and postural behavior on the same substrates, notably using a high level of suspensory locomotion when arboreal. Females were, however, more arboreal than males during locomotor behavior, as well as compared with females from other communities. Issa males behaved similarly to males from other communities.

Conclusion

Results suggest that open habitats do not elicit less arboreal behaviors in either sex, and may even select for suspensory locomotion to effectively navigate an open canopy. An open habitat may, however, increase sex differences in positional behavior by driving female arboreality. We suggest this is because of higher energetic demands and predator pressures associated with open vegetation, which are likely exaggerated for reproducing females. These results have implications for the interpretation of how sexual dimorphism may influence reconstructions of hominin positional behavior.
Transsphenoidal retrieval of a needlefish beak remnants from the optic canal
Authors: Sbeih Firas , Zhou Henry W. , Ayoub Noel F. , Ringel Barak , Chiou Carolina A. , Rizzo Joseph F. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: July 2024

Key points

Penetrating orbital trauma from marine creatures, especially needlefish, should be considered after injuries sustained in open water.

Advances in endoscopic sinus surgery have enabled surgeons to remove certain orbital foreign bodies through endoscopic endonasal approaches.

3D segmentation is a valuable pre‐operative tool in complex endoscopic orbital cases.
Enantioselective S‐Alkylation of Sulfenamides by Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Champlin Andrew T. , Kwon Na Yeon , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: July 2024

A general phase‐transfer catalyst (PTC) mediated enantioselective alkylation of N‐acylsulfenamides is reported. Essential to achieving high selectivity was the use of the triethylacetyl sulfenamide protecting group along with aqueous KOH as the base under biphasic aqueous conditions to enable the reaction to be performed at −40 °C. With these key parameters, enantiomeric ratios up to 97.5 : 2.5 at the newly generated chiral sulfur center were achieved with an inexpensive cinchona alkaloid derived PTC. Broad scope and excellent functional group compatibility was observed for a variety of S‐(hetero)aryl and branched and unbranched S‐alkyl sulfenamides. Moreover, to achieve high selectivity for the opposite enantiomer, a pseudoenantiomeric catalyst was designed and synthesized from inexpensive cinchonidine. Given that sulfoximines are a bioactive pharmacophore of ever‐increasing interest, selected product sulfilimines were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoximines with subsequent reductive cleavage affording the free‐NH sulfoximines in high yields. The utility of the disclosed method was further demonstrated by the efficient asymmetric synthesis of atuveciclib, a phase I clinical candidate for which only chiral HPLC separation had previously been reported for isolation of the desired (R)‐sulfoximine stereoisomer.
Dynamic Evolution of Antisite Defect and Coupling Anionic Redox in High‐Voltage Ultrahigh‐Ni Cathode
Authors: Wu Kang , Ran Peilin , Yin Wen , He Lunhua , Wang Baotian , Wang Fangwei , Zhao Enyue , Zhao Jinkui
Published: July 2024

High‐voltage ultrahigh‐Ni cathodes (LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2, x≥0.9) can significantly enhance the energy density and cost‐effectiveness of Li‐ion batteries beyond current levels. However, severe Li−Ni antisite defects and their undetermined dynamic evolutions during high‐voltage cycling limit the further development of these ultrahigh‐Ni cathodes. In this study, we quantify the dynamic evolutions of the Li−Ni antisite defect using operando neutron diffraction and reveal its coupling relationship with anionic redox, another critical challenge restricting ultrahigh‐Ni cathodes. We detect a clear Ni migration coupled with an unstable oxygen lattice, which accompanies the oxidation of oxygen anions at high voltages. Based on these findings, we propose that minimized Li−Ni antisite defects and controlled Ni migrations are essential for achieving stable high‐voltage cycling structures in ultrahigh‐Ni cathodes. This is further demonstrated by the optimized ultrahigh‐Ni cathode, where reduced dynamic evolutions of the Li−Ni antisite defect effectively inhibit the anionic redox, enhancing the 4.5 V cycling stability.
Radiocatalytic Synthesis of Acetic Acid from CH4 and CO2
Authors: Mu Bo‐Shuai , Zhang Yugang , Peng Mi , Tu Zhiyu , Guo Zhenbo , Shen Siyong , Xu Yang , Liang Weiqiu , Wang Xianglin , Wang Meng , Ma Ding , Liu Zhibo
Published: July 2024

The C−C coupling of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate acetic acid (CH3COOH) represents a highly atom‐efficient chemical conversion, fostering the comprehensive utilization of greenhouse gases. However, the inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of CH4 and CO2 present obstacles to achieving efficient and selective conversion at room temperature. Our study reveals that hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) and hydrated electrons (eaq−) produced by water radiolysis can effectively activate CH4 and CO2, yielding methyl radicals (⋅CH3) and carbon dioxide radical anions(⋅CO2−) that facilitate the production of CH3COOH at ambient temperature. The introduction of radiation‐synthesized CuO‐anchored TiO2 bifunctional catalyst could further enhance reaction efficiency and selectivity remarkably by boosting radiation absorption and radical stability, resulting in a concentration of 7.1 mmol ⋅ L−1 of CH3COOH with near‐unity selectivity (>95 %). These findings offer valuable insights for catalyst design and implementation in radiation‐induced chemical conversion.
Lanthanide‐Based Molecular Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Li Lei , Ding You‐Song , Zheng Zhiping
Published: July 2024

Magnetic semiconductors, with integrated properties of ferromagnets and semiconductors, are significant for developing next‐generation spintronic devices. Herein two atomically precise clusters of dysprosium(III) tellurides, formulated respectively as [Na2(15‐crown‐5)3(py)2][(η5‐Cp*Dy)5(Te)6](py)4 (Dy5Te6, Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; py=pyridine) and [K(2,2,2‐cryptand)]2[(η5‐Cp*Dy)6(Te3)(Te2)2(Te)3] (Dy6Te10), are reported. Crystallographic studies revealed the presence of multifarious tellurido ligands within the polyhedral cluster cores. Spectroscopic and magnetic studies showed that both clusters are single‐molecule magnets exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation behaviors at low temperatures and semiconductors with low optical band gaps comparable to benchmark semiconductors. These clusters represent probably the first lanthanide‐based molecular magnetic semiconductors.
Mechanochemical synthesis and catalysis of dinuclear Cu (II) complexes in C–S coupling
Authors: Guo Zhenwei , Fei Zhenduo , Hao Xiujia , Feng Daming , Guo Fang
Published: July 2024

This study introduces a mechanochemical approach for synthesizing dinuclear Cu (II) complexes and applying them directly in C–S coupling reactions, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional solvent‐based syntheses. The mechanochemical method, recognized for its environmental advantages and efficiency, was employed to synthesize the Cu (II) complex [CuL(μ‐Cl)Cl2] (I) and the metal–organic salt 2L.2[CuCl4]2− (II), thereby minimizing solvent use and waste production. The synthesized complex I exhibited superior catalytic activity in C–S coupling, achieving a 96% yield within 20 min with methanol serving as a grinding medium. The mechanochemical process was further refined and confirmed for its environmental sustainability, with an E‐factor of 0.460 and an EcoScale score of 78. This synthetic method not only shortens reaction times and reduces solvent use but also streamlines the operational procedure, providing a more environmentally benign and economically viable route for C–S coupling. The research highlights the potential of mechanochemistry in simplifying synthetic processes and enhancing their sustainability, paving the way for future advancements in green synthetic strategies.
Study on the influence of unloading disturbance of initial load stress on the microstructure and thermodynamic behavior of granular coal
Authors: Niu Hui‐yong , Sun Si‐wei , Sun Qing‐qing , Wang Hai‐yan , Pan Hong‐Yu , Yang Xi , Yu Xiao‐dong
Published: July 2024

With the advancement of coal mining, the pre‐mining stress on the coal seam increases. After mining, the coal seam fractures and unloads, leaving granular coal in the goaf with a high risk of spontaneous combustion. To investigate the oxidation behavior and underlying mechanisms of granular coal in goafs at various depths, fresh coal was subjected to static stresses ranging from 4 to 16 MPa and then underwent unloading treatment to generate granular coal with varying initial stresses. Subsequently, simulations of granular coal in goafs at various depths were conducted. Structural characteristics (pores and functional groups) and oxidation heat production performance of the granular coal after unloading were analyzed using a low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption instrument, a Fourier infrared spectrometer, and a simultaneous thermal analysis system. The findings suggest that as the initial loading stress increases, the number of micropores and mesopores within the unloaded bulk coal decreases, while the number of macropores increases. Furthermore, important oxidation‐active structures, including ‐OH, ‐CH3, ‐CH2‐, C=O, and ‐COOH, gradually increase, with a slight decrease observed after exceeding 8 MPa. The pressure‐unloading process leads to a gradual decrease in the characteristic temperature of the bulk coal, with the characteristic temperature increasing after exceeding 8 MPa, although it still remains lower than that of the raw coal. As the burial depth of the goaf increases, the oxidation behavior of the unloaded granular coal becomes more pronounced, leading to an increased tendency and risk of spontaneous combustion. If the initial loading stress on deep coal seams is excessive, the oxidation heat production capacity of the resulting unloaded granular coal may be slightly diminished, yet it still poses a significant disaster risk. The research results can provide valuable insights for mitigating and managing spontaneous combustion risks in coal seam mining operations conducted at different depths.
Crystallinity and rheological behavior of polyetheretherketone during nonisothermal conditions
Authors: MacLennan Ruaraidh , Douglas Paula , Millar Bronagh , Aravand Ali
Published: July 2024

Solidification models are key during simulation of several industrial processes involving thermoplastics. For simplicity, crystallinity is often not considered within these models, despite it being responsible for the phase transition. Several advanced methods, which consider crystallinity as the onset of solidification have been proposed in literature however, these have primarily been applied to classical homopolymers such as polypropylene (PP). The focus of this study is to develop a model that can capture the rheological response observed during the transition from liquid‐like to solid‐like behavior in injection molding grade polyetheretherketone (PEEK) due to crystallinity. Isothermal rheological experiments are performed alongside dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization to correlate relative crystallinity to the apparent increase in viscosity. The model is extended to nonisothermal processes through the incorporation of the Nakamura model. Nonisothermal crystallization rheology experiments are performed and compared with a simulation of the oscillating rheometer process for validation. The modeled viscosity response and crystallization half‐time reproduced the experimental data with sufficient accuracy at low cooling rates, with an error of less than 5% up to cooling rates of 20°C min−1. This shows that the method is an accurate means of obtaining the rheological response during crystallization in a numerical simulation.
Preparation and study of polydimethylsiloxane/polytetrahydrofuran blended soft‐segment‐based passive cooling polyurethane materials
Authors: Ma Haosen , Zhang Zhenyu , He Yu , Zhou Yan , Zhang Xiwen , Liu Xiangdong , Yang Yuming
Published: July 2024

This study introduces a series of novel passive‐cooling polyurethane materials (SiTPUs) by incorporating hydroxybutane‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH‐PDMS)/polytetrahydrofuran (PTMG)‐mixed soft segments. Wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS) and small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) analyses revealed that with an increase in the OH‐PDMS content, the material exhibited enlarged grain sizes, reduced crystallinity, and the formation of larger‐sized microphase “structures with different compatibilities. The sample with a PDMS proportion of 40% (SiTPU‐40) demonstrates outstanding passive cooling performance, achieving a reflectance of 70.2% in the solar spectrum and a high atmospheric window emissivity of 91.6% without needing metal additives, resulting in a cooling effect of 10.8°C compared with that of pure thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Static contact angle tests indicated that introducing OH‐PDMS considerably enhanced the self‐cleaning performance of the material, with a PDMS proportion of 50% (SiTPU‐50) achieving the highest contact angle of 112°. Overall, this multi‐soft segment design optimizes passive cooling performance and enhances self‐cleaning capabilities, thus offering new possibilities for extensive material applications, especially in wearable technology and architectural surface coatings.