bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 vaccines are not associated with axonal injury in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sainz de la Maza Susana , Rodero-Romero Alexander , Monreal Enric , Chico-García Juan Luis , Villarrubia Noelia , Rodríguez-Jorge Fernando , Fernández-Velasco José Ignacio , Sainz-Amo Raquel , Costa-Frossard Lucienne , Masjuan Jaime , Villar Luisa María
Published: August 2024

Objective

To evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) by assessing their impact on serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels as a marker of neuroaxonal damage.

Methods

Single-center observational longitudinal study including patients with MS who consecutively received their initial vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 at Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, following the first national immunization program in Spain. Serum samples were collected at baseline and after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. sNfL levels were quantified using the single molecule array (SIMOA) technique. Adverse events, including clinical or radiological reactivation of the disease, were recorded.

Results

Fifty-two patients were included (median age, 39.7 years [range, 22.5-63.3]; 71.2% female). After SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, no increased inflammatory activity, either determined by the presence of relapses and/or new MRI lesions and/or high sNfL levels, was detected. Accordingly, there was no difference between median sNfL levels before and after vaccination (5.39 vs. 5.76 pg/ml, p=0.6). Despite this, when looking at baseline patient characteristics before vaccination, younger age associated with disease activity after vaccination (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77–0.98, p=0.022). Larger studies are needed to validate these results.

Conclusion

COVID-19 vaccines did not cause reactivation of disease at a clinical, radiological or molecular level, thus suggesting that they are safe in MS patients.
Case Report: Overlap syndrome of relapsing polychondritis and systemic lupus erythematosus observed in women: a comprehensive review and unique case presentation
Authors: Bustos-Merlo Antonio , Navarrete-Navarrete Nuria , González-Navarrete Lourdes , Martín-Armada María
Published: August 2024

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an immune-related condition involving inflammation of cartilaginous structures and other body tissues, especially affecting the ears, nose, eyes, joints and respiratory tract. Approximately one-third of patients with RP have an identifiable form of systemic vasculitis, connective tissue disease, other autoimmune disease, or a malignant or premalignant condition. In this report, we present the case of a 50-year-old woman who met criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and was diagnosed with RP several months later. The main objective was to investigate cases of overlap syndrome involving RP and SLE. A literature review of reported cases with this coexistence was conducted, examining presentation, predominant symptoms, laboratory data, complications and systemic involvement. The review included a total of 12 cases of overlap syndrome of RP and SLE, analysing the epidemiology, temporal relationship, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and evolution of the reported cases. Although this overlapping presence is rare (less than 1%), it emphasises the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for RP in patients with SLE who present with recurrent episodes of scleritis, audiovestibular involvement and chondritis.
Particle swarm optimization based neural network automatic controller for stability steering control of four-wheel drive electric vehicle
Authors: Li Ying
Published: August 2024

In addressing the steering stability issues of four-wheel-drive electric vehicles on surfaces such as wet, slippery, frozen, and soft terrains, a novel control method based on particle swarm optimization for neural networks is proposed in this study. The approach integrates the advantages of Proportional-Integral-Derivative control, particle swarm optimization, and neural networks. By constructing a neural network model with input, hidden, and output layers, the study introduces particle swarm optimization algorithm for weight and structure optimization. Fuzzy logic and slip control theory are integrated into the steering stability control. The results demonstrated that, under wet and slippery road conditions, the model exhibited a system response time of 15 ms with a steering prediction accuracy of up to 92%. On frozen road surfaces, the model showed a system response time of 18 ms, with a steering prediction accuracy reaching 90%. Compared to other models, it significantly demonstrated superior steering stability control. This suggests that the designed model performs well in handling complex driving environments, indicating high application potential in the field of electric vehicle steering stability control.
Optimizing patient outcomes in severe pneumonia: the role of multiplex PCR in the treatment of critically ill patients
Authors: Zhang Jia-Hao , Chou San-Fang , Wang Ping-Huai , Yang Chia-Jui , Lai Yi-Horng , Chang Mei-Yun , Chang Hou-Tai
Published: August 2024

Herein, we evaluated the optimal timing for implementing the BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (FA-PP) in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). Respiratory samples from 135 MICU-admitted patients with acute respiratory failure and severe pneumonia were examined using FA-PP. The cohort had an average age of 67.1 years, and 69.6% were male. Notably, 38.5% were smokers, and the mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II (APACHE-II) score at initial MICU admission was 30.62, and the mean sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) was 11.23, indicating sever illness. Furthermore, 28.9, 52.6, and 43% of patients had a history of malignancy, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Community-acquired pneumonia accounted for 42.2% of cases, whereas hospital-acquired pneumonia accounted for 37%. The average time interval between pneumonia diagnosis and FA-PP implementation was 1.9 days, and the mean MICU length of stay was 19.42 days. The mortality rate was 50.4%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two variables as significant independent predictors of mortality: APACHE-II score (p = 0.033, OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.00–1.11), history of malignancy (OR = 3.89, 95% CI 1.64–9.26). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that early FA-PP testing did not provide a survival benefit. The study suggested that the FA-PP test did not significantly impact the mortality rate of patients with severe pneumonia with acute respiratory failure. However, a history of cancer and a higher APACHE-II score remain important independent risk factors for mortality.
Ventilation efficacy during paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (PEDIVENT): simulation-based comparative study
Authors: Skrisovska Tamara , Djakow Jana , Jabandziev Petr , Kramplova Tereza , Klucka Jozef , Kosinova Martina , Stourac Petr
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This simulation-based study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ventilation during paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provided by healthcare professionals (HCPs) and lay rescuers (LRs). The objective was to assess the number of effective breaths delivered during the initial sequence of CPR. Effective ventilation plays a critical role during paediatric CPR as most cardiac arrests are secondary to hypoxia in origin. The recommendations on initial resuscitation in unresponsive, non-breathing children differ worldwide. The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines recommend five breaths before starting the chest compressions. Yet, this recommendation was based on the expert consensus historically and has not changed since 2000 because of the lack of evidence. This research addresses the identified knowledge gap, with potential implications for improving resuscitation practices and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

Methods

HCPs and LRs performed 90 s of CPR involving two mannequins: 5-kg Baby and 20-kg Junior. Both groups (HCPs and LRs) performed the task before and after structured CPR training, and the efficacy of ventilation before and after the training was compared. The HCPs provided bag-mask ventilation; LR performed dispatcher-assisted CPR with mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

Results

The number of participants that reached the primary outcome before and after the training in Baby was 26 (65%) vs. 40 (100%) in HCPs and 28 (60.9%) vs. 45 (97.8%) in LRs (improvement in both p < 0.001), respectively. The number of participants that reached the primary outcome before and after the training in the Junior mannequin was 31 (77.5%) vs. 32 (82.1%) in HCPs (p = 0.77) and 32 (82.1%) vs. 37 (94.9%) in LRs (p = 0.005), respectively.

Discussion

This simulation-based study is the first to investigate ventilation efficacy during paediatric CPR provided by HCPs and LRs. Ventilation represents an important aspect of good-quality CPR in children. The concept of initiating paediatric CPR with initial breaths, as stated in ERC guidelines 2021, is justifiable. Trained HCPs and LRs providing dispatcher-assisted CPR could deliver effective ventilation to paediatric mannequins. These findings can contribute to future research in this area and address identified knowledge gaps concerning resuscitation guidelines, given the unique practical application of simulation as a research tool.
Association between the inflammatory burden index and rheumatoid arthritis and its all-cause mortality: data from NHANES 1999–2018
Authors: Zhai Jiali , Yuan Bo , Liu Tiebing , Mo Linfei , Xie Yajie , Zhao Yi , Cao Shuai , Meng Liesu
Published: August 2024

Background and aims

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation. The Inflammatory Burden Index (IBI) is a newly proposed comprehensive inflammation index used to assess systemic inflammation. The relationship between IBI and RA, as well as its all-cause mortality, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between IBI and RA and to analyze the association between IBI and all-cause mortality in RA.

Methods

The study comprehensively analyzes adult data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 1999 to 2018. The participants’ IBI was calculated using the formula IBI = CRP * neutrophils/lymphocytes. Three models were constructed to investigate the relationship between IBI and the prevalence of RA. Nonlinear relationships were determined using restricted cubic spline curves. Stratified analyses and interaction tests were used to explore the relationship between RA and IBI in different subgroups. The same data analyses were applied to investigate the association between IBI and RA all-cause mortality.

Results

The data analyses revealed a stable positive and nonlinear correlation between IBI and the risk of RA, as well as a positive, nonlinear, J-shaped association between IBI and RA all-cause mortality. The correlation and association were consistent across most subgroups, and multiple covariates had no effect on the results. No significant effect of multiple covariates on the association was found through interaction tests.

Conclusion

Our study has demonstrated a positive correlation between the prevalence of RA and all-cause mortality with the IBI index. This suggests that lower levels of inflammation in the body are associated with a reduced risk of RA prevalence and all-cause mortality. Further prospective studies are required to explore the mechanisms involved.
The overall and smoking-attributable burden of multiple sclerosis among older adults aged 65–89 years from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2040
Authors: Su Jiao , Liang Yuanhao , He Xiaofeng
Published: August 2024

Background

The global prevalence of aging individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing. This study aimed to assess the burden and trends of overall and smoking-attributable MS in older adults aged 65–89 years at the global, regional, and national levels.

Methods

The number and rates of years of life lived with disability (YLD) and years of life lost (YLL) due to MS for older adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the age-standardized YLD and YLL rates were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. The Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict the trends from 2020 to 2040.

Results

In 2019, there were an estimated 80,040 (95% uncertainty interval 57,534 to 103,608) YLD and 139,132 (107,632 to 161,172) YLL caused by MS among older adults globally. The age-standardized YLD and YLL rates decreased by an average of −0.21% (95% CI –0.26 to −0.16) and − 0.2% (95% CI –0.26 to −0.14) per year for overall MS from 1990 to 2019, respectively. The number of YLL globally in 2019 was 7,891 (5,003 to 10,991) and 15,667 (10,833 to 20,076) due to smoking-attributable MS. The age-standardized YLD and YLL rates decreased by an annual average of −1.14% (95% CI –1.25 to −1.04) and − 1.15% (95% CI –1.27 to −1.03) for MS attributable to smoking. Although the global age-standardized rates of YLD and YLL for MS among older adults declined from 1990 to 2019, many regions showed increases. The largest increase in age-standardized YLD rate of MS was observed in East Asia (average annual change 1.62% [95% CI: 1.56 to 1.68]), while the largest increase in the age-standardized YLL rate occurred in High-income North America (1.74% [1.53 to 1.96]). Nationally, the age-standardized YLD and YLL rates for overall and smoking-attributable MS increased exponentially with increases in SDI level (all model p < 0.001). Furthermore, projections have also indicated an expected decrease in the age-standardized rates of YLD and YLL of MS in the elderly population from 2020 to 2040.

Conclusion

Tracking trends in MS burden among older adults provides insights into the potential shifts in disease patterns over time. The findings lay the groundwork for informed decision-making in public health and healthcare delivery, aiming to ensure that older adults with MS receive appropriate care and support.
Exacerbation of symptoms, nocturnal acid reflux, and impaired autonomic function are associated with sleep disturbance in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients
Authors: Huang Yizhou , Liu Jie , Xu Linsheng , Qi Wu , Dai Jie , Wang Bo , Tian Jiashuang , Fu Xin , Yu Yue
Published: August 2024

Background and aim

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients often report sleep disturbance (SD); however, the relationship between GERD and SD is unknown. This study investigated whether SD affects symptoms, acid reflux, and autonomic function in GERD patients.

Methods

A total of 257 subjects (126 patients with SD and 99 patients without SD) participated in this survey from January 2020 to August 2022. Participants were required to complete questionnaires including the GERD impact scale (GIS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Esophageal mucosal injury, acid exposure, peristaltic function, and autonomic function were assessed by upper endoscopy, high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRAM), 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance with pH (24 h-MII-pH), and electrocardiography (ECG).

Results

Gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with SD experienced a higher frequency of prolonged reflux (p < 0.001), longest reflux event (p < 0.001), acid exposure time (p < 0.001) during the recumbent period, and a higher incidence of erosive esophagitis (EE) (59.5 vs. 45.5%, p = 0.036) than those without SD. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that SD was positively correlated with GIS (r = 0.725, p < 0.001), HAMA (r = 0.680, p < 0.001), and HAMD (r = 0.323, p < 0.001) scores, and negatively correlated with parasympathetic or vagal nerve activity (r = −0.770, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with SD experience more severe reflux symptoms and nocturnal acid reflux, which may be related to autonomic dysfunction.
The diel disconnect between cell growth and division in Aureococcus is interrupted by giant virus infection
Authors: Truchon Alexander R. , Chase Emily E. , Stark Ashton R. , Wilhelm Steven W.
Published: August 2024

Viruses of eukaryotic algae have become an important research focus due to their role(s) in nutrient cycling and top-down control of algal blooms. Omics-based studies have identified a boon of genomic and transcriptional potential among the Nucleocytoviricota, a phylum of large dsDNA viruses which have been shown to infect algal and non-algal eukaryotes. However, little is still understood regarding the infection cycle of these viruses, particularly in how they take over a metabolically active host and convert it into a virocell state. Of particular interest are the roles light and the diel cycle in virocell development. Yet despite such a large proportion of Nucleocytoviricota infecting phototrophs, little work has been done to tie infection dynamics to the presence, and absence, of light. Here, we examine the role of the diel cycle on the physiological and transcriptional state of the pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens while undergoing infection by Kratosvirus quantuckense strain AaV. Our observations demonstrate how infection by the virus interrupts the diel growth and division of this cell strain, and that infection further complicates the system by enhancing export of cell biomass.
Nature of back slopping kombucha fermentation process: insights from the microbial succession, metabolites composition changes and their correlations
Authors: Liao Ting , Li Xiang-Ru , Fan Li , Zhang Bo , Zheng Wei-Ming , Hua Jia-Jia , Li Li , Mahror Norlia , Cheng Lai-Hoong
Published: August 2024

Kombucha, a fermented tea prepared with a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), offers a unique and unpredictable home-brewed fermentation process. Therefore, the need for a controlled kombucha fermentation process has become evident, which requiring a thorough understanding of the microbial composition and its relationship with the metabolites produced. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of microbial communities and metabolites over a 12-day fermentation period of a conventional kombucha-making process. Our findings revealed similarities between the microbial communities in the early (0–2 days) and late (10–12 days) fermentation periods, supporting the principle of back-slopping fermentation. Untargeted metabolite analysis unveiled the presence of harmful biogenic amines in the produced kombucha, with concentrations increasing progressively throughout fermentation, albeit showing relatively lower abundance on days 8 and 12. Additionally, a contrasting trend between ethanol and caffeine content was observed. Canonical correspondence analysis highlighted strong positive correlations between specific bacterial/yeast strains and identified metabolites. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the microbial and metabolite dynamics of kombucha fermentation, emphasizing the importance of microbial control and quality assurance measures in the production process.
Characterization of bacterial community dynamics dominated by salinity in lakes of the Inner Mongolian Plateau, China
Authors: Xin Guo , Xiaohong Shi , Yujiao Shi , Wenbao Li , Yanjun Wang , Zhimou Cui , Arvolab Lauri
Published: August 2024

Microorganisms in lakes are sensitive to salinity fluctuations. Despite extensive prior research on bacterial communities, our understanding of their characteristics and assembly mechanisms in lakes, especially in desert lakes with different salinities. To address this issue, we collected three samples from freshwater lakes, six from brackish lakes, and five from salt lakes in the Badanjilin Desert. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to investigate the bacterial interactions with rising salinity, community coexistence patterns, and assembly mechanisms. Our findings suggested that the increased lake salinity significantly reduces the bacterial community diversity and enhanced the community differentiation. Significant variations were observed in the contribution of biomarkers from Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Halobacterota to the composition of the lake bacterial communities. The bacterial communities in the salt lakes exhibited a higher susceptibility to salinity limitations than those in the freshwater and brackish lakes. In addition, the null modeling analyses confirmed the quantitative biases in the stochastic assembly processes of bacterial communities across freshwater, brackish, and saline lakes. With the increasing lake salinity, the significance of undominated and diffusion limitation decreased slightly, and the influence of homogenizing dispersal on community assembly increased. However, the stochasticity remained the dominant process across all lakes in the Badanjilin Desert. The analysis of co-occurring networks revealed that the rising salinity reduced the complexity of bacterial network structures and altered the interspecific interactions, resulting in the increased interspecies collaboration with increasing salinity levels. Under the influence of salinity stress, the key taxon Cyanobacteria in freshwater lakes (Schizothrix_LEGE_07164) was replaced by Proteobacteria (Thalassobaculum and Polycyclovorans) in brackish lakes, and Thermotogota (SC103) in salt lakes. The results indicated the symbiotic patterns of bacterial communities across varying salinity gradients in lakes and offer insights into potential mechanisms of community aggregation, thereby enhancing our understanding of bacterial distribution in response to salinity changes.
The impact of physical exercise on neuroinflammation mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hu Junhui , Huang Baiqing , Chen Kang
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a major cause of dementia globally, imposes significant societal and personal costs. This review explores the efficacy of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention to mitigate the impacts of AD.

Methods

This review draws on recent studies that investigate the effects of physical exercise on neuroinflammation and neuronal enhancement in individuals with AD.

Results

Consistent physical exercise alters neuroinflammatory pathways, enhances cognitive functions, and bolsters brain health among AD patients. It favorably influences the activation states of microglia and astrocytes, fortifies the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and attenuates gut inflammation associated with AD. These changes are associated with substantial improvements in cognitive performance and brain health indicators.

Discussion

The findings underscore the potential of integrating physical exercise into comprehensive AD management strategies. Emphasizing the necessity for further research, this review advocates for the refinement of exercise regimens to maximize their enduring benefits in decelerating the progression of AD.
Review: seizure-related consolidation and the network theory of epilepsy
Authors: Bower Mark R.
Published: August 2024

Epilepsy is a complex, multifaceted disease that affects patients in several ways in addition to seizures, including psychological, social, and quality of life issues, but epilepsy is also known to interact with sleep. Seizures often occur at the boundary between sleep and wake, patients with epilepsy often experience disrupted sleep, and the rate of inter-ictal epileptiform discharges increases during non-REM sleep. The Network Theory of Epilepsy did not address a role for sleep, but recent emphasis on the interaction between epilepsy and sleep suggests that post-seizure sleep may also be involved in the process by which seizures arise and become more severe with time (“epileptogenesis”) by co-opting processes related to the formation of long-term memories. While it is generally acknowledged that recurrent seizures arise from the aberrant function of neural circuits, it is possible that the progression of epilepsy is aided by normal, physiological function of neural circuits during sleep that are driven by pathological signals. Studies recording multiple, single neurons prior to spontaneous seizures have shown that neural assemblies activated prior to the start of seizures were reactivated during post-seizure sleep, similar to the reactivation of behavioral neural assemblies, which is thought to be involved in the formation of long-term memories, a process known as Memory Consolidation. The reactivation of seizure-related neural assemblies during sleep was thus described as being a component of Seizure-Related Consolidation (SRC). These results further suggest that SRC may viewed as a network-related aspect of epilepsy, even in those seizures that have anatomically restricted neuroanatomical origins. As suggested by the Network Theory of Epilepsy as a means of interfering with ictogenesis, therapies that interfered with SRC may provide some anti-epileptogenic therapeutic benefit, even if the interference targeted structures that were not involved originally in the seizure. Here, we show how the Network Theory of Epilepsy can be expanded to include neural plasticity mechanisms associated with learning by providing an overview of Memory Consolidation, the mechanisms thought to underlie MC, their relation to Seizure-Related Consolidation, and suggesting novel, anti-epileptogenic therapies targeting interference with network activation in epilepsy following seizures during post-seizure sleep.
Lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor-1 as a potential therapeutic target for cerebral cavernous malformations treatment
Authors: Ashok Karthik , Martinez Tyra , Sesen Julie , Nasim Sana , Lang Shih-Shan , Heuer Gregory , Tucker Alexander , Lopez-Ramirez Miguel Alejandro , Smith Edward R. , Ghalali Aram
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are pathologic lesions comprised of clusters of thin-walled capillaries characterized by abnormal proliferation, angiogenesis, and bleeding secondary to somatic or germline mutations in endothelial cells. CCMs can cause headaches, seizures and/or neurological defects. There is a clinical need to develop better tools to detect CCMs and follow their progression in conjunction with the current use of neuroimaging techniques. Here we present data supporting the utility of LOX-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), a 50 kDa transmembrane protein implicated in endothelial cell dysfunction and ischemia, as a putative biomarker for CCM.

Methods

CCM urine samples (n = 23) were collected from pediatric CCM patients. Matched healthy controls (n = 24) were collected from pediatric patients with either Chiari I malformation or fatty filum terminale, and otherwise normal findings. All samples were collected with patient/family consent and institutional review board approval.

Samples were analyzed with Olink Proteomic Proximity Extension Assay (PEA). Differences in expression for 2,925 unique proteins were quantified between healthy control urine samples and CCM urine samples. The results were normalized, validated, and analyzed for demographic bias. In addition to urine samples, CCM tissue from patients was harvested and used to create primary cell lines for in vitro analysis of LOX-1 expression, in addition to immunofluorescence of lesional tissue excised at surgery.

Results

ANOVA analysis of the CCM urine samples showed a statistically significant increase in LOX-1 compared to the control samples, with CCM patients exhibiting a > 5-fold increase in urinary expression. Corroborating these elevated levels of circulating marker, analysis of source tissue from surgically resected CCMs revealed that LOX-1 is increased in both CCM patient cavernoma primary cell lines and operative specimens.

Conclusion

LOX-1 is involved with pathways implicated in CCM pathogenesis and our data here reveals that LOX-1 expression is significantly elevated in CCM patients as compared to matched healthy control individuals, including both source tissue from surgically excised CCMs and in analysis of samples collected from outside of the central nervous system, particularly urine. This proof-of-principle data suggests that LOX-1 may have potential utility as a target for CCM treatment and supports further investigation related to its potential mechanistic impact on CCM pathogenesis.
Prevalence and determinants of overweight or obesity among medical students over a 2-year observation
Authors: Szemik Szymon , Zieleń-Zynek Iwona , Szklarek Ewa , Kowalska Małgorzata
Published: August 2024

Introduction

University students are a special population group characterized by changes in BMI values over the subsequent years of education, with an upward tendency to BMI. The presented study aims to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and their determinants in medical students during the 2-year follow-up observation.

Materials and methods

We analyzed data collected from the first follow-up of the cohort study named “POLLEK” conducted among medical students at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice. Students were followed at two points of time: in their inaugural year of studies (the academic year 2021/2022, T1, N = 427), and subsequently in their second year (the academic year 2022/2023, T2, N = 335).

Results

In the initial year of evaluation, 371 individuals (86.9%) exhibited normal body weight, 47 (11.0%) were overweight, and 9 (2.1%) were classified as obese. Subsequent assessments during the second year revealed the following distribution: 277 students (84.2%) with normal body weight, 40 (12.2%) classified as overweight, and 12 (3.6%) identified as obese. In summary, regardless of the academic year, an increased risk of being overweight or obese was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with personal health, financial strain, and a diet abundant in animal products.

Conclusion

The results of our study confirmed an increase in the prevalence of overweight or obesity among medical students during the 2-year follow-up observation. Significant determinants of overweight or obesity among medical students were: dissatisfaction with individual health status, male sex, financial deficiencies, and a diet abundant in meat consumption.
The role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide neurons in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and the cognate PAC1 receptor in the regulation of hedonic feeding
Authors: Sayers Sarah , Le Nikki , Wagner Edward J.
Published: August 2024

Obesity is a health malady that affects mental, physical, and social health. Pathology includes chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, likely facilitated by dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. We explored the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) neurons in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and the PACAP-selective (PAC1) receptor in regulating hedonic feeding. We hypothesized that VMN PACAP neurons would inhibit reward-encoding mesolimbic (A10) dopamine neurons via PAC1 receptor activation and thereby suppress impulsive consumption brought on by intermittent exposure to highly palatable food. Visualized whole-cell patch clamp recordings coupled with in vivo behavioral experiments were utilized in wildtype, PACAP-cre, TH-cre, and TH-cre/PAC1 receptor-floxed mice. We found that bath application of PACAP directly inhibited preidentified A10 dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) from TH-cre mice. This inhibitory action was abrogated by the selective knockdown of the PAC1 receptor in A10 dopamine neurons. PACAP delivered directly into the VTA decreases binge feeding accompanied by reduced meal size and duration in TH-cre mice. These effects are negated by PAC1 receptor knockdown in A10 dopamine neurons. Additionally, apoptotic ablation of VMN PACAP neurons increased binge consumption in both lean and obese, male and female PACAP-cre mice relative to wildtype controls. These findings demonstrate that VMN PACAP neurons blunt impulsive, binge feeding behavior by activating PAC1 receptors to inhibit A10 dopamine neurons. As such, they impart impactful insight into potential treatment strategies for conditions such as obesity and food addiction.
Case Report: Methylphenidate and venlafaxine improved abdominal nociplastic pain in an adult patient with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and comorbid major depression
Authors: Kasahara Satoshi , Takahashi Miwako , Takahashi Kaori , Morita Taito , Matsudaira Ko , Sato Naoko , Momose Toshimitsu , Niwa Shin-Ichi , Uchida Kanji
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Nociplastic pain (NP), classified as a third type of pain alongside nociceptive and neuropathic pain, is chronic pain arising from the amplification of nociceptive stimuli through central sensitization, despite the absence of tissue damage, sensory nerve damage, or disease. An important clinical feature of NP is that it is not only associated with pain but also with sensory hypersensitivity to sound and light and cognitive dysfunction, including mood and attention disorders. Recent studies have suggested that depression and developmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), coexist with NP at high frequency. Additionally, cognitive impairment in individuals with NP may be associated with these psychiatric comorbidities. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports on (1) multidimensional evaluation and diagnostic details of abdominal NP in adults with ADHD/ASD; (2) how ADHD drugs and antidepressants are administered when ADHD and depression coexist with NP; and (3) how central sensitization, brain function, and family relationship problems underlying NP are altered by treatments of ADHD and depression.

Case presentation

Herein, we present the case of a 51-year-old woman with abdominal NP. She developed severe right lower abdominal pain and underwent a thorough medical examination; however, the physical, medical cause remained unknown, making treatment challenging. Additionally, she took time off work as she began to complain of insomnia and anxiety. She was referred to our pain center, where a diagnosis of depression, ADHD, and ASD was confirmed, and treatment with ADHD medication was initiated. While ADHD medications alone did not yield sufficient improvement, a combination of methylphenidate and the antidepressant venlafaxine eventually led to improvements in abdominal NP, depression, ADHD symptoms, central sensitization, and family relationship issues. During treatment, cerebral blood flow in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal, and parietal cortices also improved.

Conclusion

The treatment of comorbid depression is important while treating NP, and venlafaxine may be effective, especially in cases of comorbid ADHD/ASD. Screening for developmental disorders and depression is required in patients with abdominal NP.
Epidemiology and risk factors for phantom limb pain
Authors: Ishigami Shoji , Boctor Carol
Published: August 2024

Approximately 356 million limb amputations are performed globally every year. In 2005, the prevalence of limb loss in the United States was 1.6 million people; and it is estimated to increase to 3.6 million by 2050. Many post-amputation patients experience chronically altered sensations and pain associated with the amputation, such as phantom limb pain. The risk factors for phantom limb pain are widely debated in the literature due to the heterogeneity of the population being studied. This review will highlight both the non-operative and operative risk factors for phantom limb pain.
Pharmacokinetics and safety profiles of beinaglutide injection, a recombinant human GLP-1, in adults with overweight/obesity: results from a phase I clinical trial
Authors: Lin Pingping , Li Chengqian , Liu Yanping , Sun Feifei , Hsieh Tsung-Han , Lin Zhang  , Ma Yaping , Gao Xiaomeng , Yu Qing , Cao Yu
Published: August 2024

Background

Beinaglutide, whose active ingredient is rhGLP-1, has been widely used as a pharmacological therapy for T2DM. We explored the safety and pharmacokinetics of beinaglutide in Chinese overweight/obese volunteers to lay a foundation for clinical applications of beinaglutide as an anti-obesity drug.

Methods

An open-label, single center, multiple ascending dose phase I clinical trial was conducted in 16 overweight/obese Chinese volunteers. The plasma concentrations of beinaglutide were determined by a validated ELISA method and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated via non-compartmental analysis methods. Adverse events were also recorded.

Results

Beinaglutide sequentially multiple dosing (three times daily) at different doses were generally well tolerated, without serious AEs leading to discontinuation of the trial. After multiple subcutaneous injections of different doses (0.1, 0.14 and 0.2 mg), the average blood concentration of beinaglutide with or without baseline correction showed a similar trend among different dose groups on different study days. After reaching the peak concentration around 15 min, it began to decrease, and the median of Tmax and Tmax,adj was 10–15 min. The exposure in vivo increased in proportion to the dosage increment, demonstrating linear pharmacokinetic characteristics. There were no statistically significant differences in the main PK parameters and no accumulation of beinaglutide after multiple dosing. After multiple subcutaneous injections, a gender difference was observed, while no differences in BMI were found under the grouping conditions.

Conclusion

The safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties support further development and clinical applications of beinaglutide as an anti-obesity drug.

Systematic Review Registration

[https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S000BPEI&selectaction=Edit&uid=U00050YQ&ts=2&cx=wy0ioj].
CAR-T therapy pulmonary adverse event profile: a pharmacovigilance study based on FAERS database (2017–2023)
Authors: Shi Jing , Liu Xinya , Jiang Yun , Gao Mengjiao , Yu Jian , Zhang Yuanming , Wu Li
Published: August 2024

Background

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, a rapidly emerging treatment for cancer that has gained momentum since its approval by the FDA in 2017, involves the genetic engineering of patients’ T cells to target tumors. Although significant therapeutic benefits have been observed, life-threatening adverse pulmonary events have been reported.

Methods

Using SAS 9.4 with MedDRA 26.1, we retrospectively analyzed data from the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, covering the period from 2017 to 2023. The analysis included the Reporting Odds Ratio Proportional Reporting Ratio Information Component and Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean to assess the association between CAR-T cell therapy and adverse pulmonary events (PAEs).

Results

The FAERS database recorded 9,400 adverse events (AEs) pertaining to CAR-T therapies, of which 940 (10%) were PAEs. Among these CAR-T cell-related AEs, hypoxia was the most frequently reported (344 cases), followed by respiratory failure (127 cases). Notably, different CAR-T cell treatments demonstrated varying degrees of association with PAEs. Specifically, Tisa-cel was associated with severe events including respiratory failure and hypoxia, whereas Axi-cel was strongly correlated with both hypoxia and tachypnea. Additionally, other CAR-T therapies, namely, Brexu-cel, Liso-cel, Ide-cel, and Cilta-cel, have also been linked to distinct PAEs. Notably, the majority of these PAEs occurred within the first 30 days post-treatment. The fatality rates varied among the different CAR-T therapies, with Tisa-cel exhibiting the highest fatality rate (43.6%), followed by Ide-cel (18.8%).

Conclusion

This study comprehensively analyzed the PAEs reported in the FAERS database among recipients of CAR-T cell therapy, revealing conditions such as hypoxia, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, and atelectasis. These CAR-T cell therapy-associated events are clinically significant and merit the attention of clinicians and researchers.
Initial dosage optimization of olanzapine in patients with bipolar disorder based on model-informed precision dosing: a study from the real world
Authors: Chen Xiao , Hu Ke , Shi Hao-Zhe , Chen Liang , Zhang Yi-Jia , He Su-Mei , Zhang Cun , Wang Dong-Dong
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Olanzapine is used for treating bipolar disorder (BPD); however, the optimal initial dosing regimen is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the optimal olanzapine initial dosage in patients with BPD via model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) based on a real-world study.

Methods

Thirty-nine patients with BPD from the real-world study were collected to construct the MIPD model.

Results

Weight, combined used quetiapine influenced olanzapine clearances in patients with BPD, where the clearance rates were 0.152:1 in patients with or without quetiapine under the same weight. We simulated olanzapine doses once a day or twice a day, of which twice a day was optimal. Without quetiapine, for twice-a-day olanzapine doses, 0.80, 0.70, and 0.60 mg/kg/day were suitable for 40- to 56-kg BPD patients, 56- to 74-kg BPD patients, and 74- to 100-kg BPD patients, respectively. With quetiapine, for twice-a-day olanzapine doses, 0.05 mg/kg/day was suitable for 40- to 100-kg BPD patients.

Conclusion

This study was the first to investigate the optimal olanzapine initial dosage in patients with BPD via MIPD based on a real-world study, providing clinical reference for the precision medication of olanzapine in BPD patients.
Requirement analysis in medical phantom development: a survey tool approach with an illustrative example of a multimodal deformable pelvic phantom
Authors: Wegner Marie , Schmiech Jonte , Sobirey Eve , Krause Dieter , Gargioni Elisabetta
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Medical phantoms play a crucial role in medical imaging and therapy. However, the successful development of these phantoms heavily relies on a comprehensive understanding of the requirements specific to each application.

Methods

In this paper, we emphasize the significance of requirement analysis in medical phantom development and develop a novel approach for gathering and classifying requirements specific for phantom development.

Results

The implemented survey tool is designed to accommodate the diverse needs of stakeholders involved in phantom development, including medical staff, physicists, engineers, and product developers. To validate the effectiveness of the approach, we conduct the development of a multimodal deformable pelvic phantom, providing insights into the process and its applicability.

Discussion

The results demonstrate the utility and reliability of our approach in systematically gathering, categorizing, and prioritizing requirements, thus facilitating the streamlined and efficient development of medical phantoms.
A review and outlook on expression of animal proteins in plants
Authors: Tusé Daniel , McNulty Matthew , McDonald Karen A. , Buchman Leah W.
Published: August 2024

This review delves into the multifaceted technologies, benefits and considerations surrounding the expression of animal proteins in plants, emphasizing its potential role in advancing global nutrition, enhancing sustainability, while being mindful of the safety considerations. As the world’s population continues to grow and is projected to reach 9 billion people by 2050, there is a growing need for alternative protein sources that can meet nutritional demands while minimizing environmental impact. Plant expression of animal proteins is a cutting-edge biotechnology approach that allows crops to produce proteins traditionally derived from animals, offering a sustainable and resource-efficient manner of producing these proteins that diversifies protein production and increases food security. In the United States, it will be important for there to be clear guidance in order for these technologies to reach consumers. As consumer demand for sustainable and alternative food sources rise, biotechnologies can offer economic opportunities, making this emerging technology a key player in the market landscape.
Research progress and application strategies of sugar transport mechanisms in rice
Authors: Li Jun , He Changcai , Liu Shihang , Guo Yuting , Zhang Yuxiu , Zhang Lanjing , Zhou Xu , Xu Dongyu , Luo Xu , Liu Hongying , Yang Xiaorong , Wang Yang , Shi Jun , Yang Bin , Wang Jing , Wang Pingrong , Deng Xiaojian , Sun Changhui
Published: August 2024

In plants, carbohydrates are central products of photosynthesis. Rice is a staple that contributes to the daily calorie intake for over half of the world’s population. Hence, the primary objective of rice cultivation is to maximize carbohydrate production. The “source-sink” theory is proposed as a valuable principle for guiding crop breeding. However, the “flow” research lag, especially in sugar transport, has hindered high-yield rice breeding progress. This review concentrates on the genetic and molecular foundations of sugar transport and its regulation, enhancing the fundamental understanding of sugar transport processes in plants. We illustrate that the apoplastic pathway is predominant over the symplastic pathway during phloem loading in rice. Sugar transport proteins, such as SUTs and SWEETs, are essential carriers for sugar transportation in the apoplastic pathway. Additionally, we have summarized a regulatory pathway for sugar transport genes in rice, highlighting the roles of transcription factors (OsDOF11, OsNF-YB1, OsNF-YC12, OsbZIP72, Nhd1), OsRRM (RNA Recognition Motif containing protein), and GFD1 (Grain Filling Duration 1). Recognizing that the research shortfall in this area stems from a lack of advanced research methods, we discuss cutting-edge analytical techniques such as Mass Spectrometry Imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing, which could provide profound insights into the dynamics of sugar distribution and the associated regulatory mechanisms. In summary, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable guide, directing researchers toward a deep understanding and future study of the intricate mechanisms governing sugar transport.
Autonomy support, peer relations, and teacher-student interactions: implications for psychological well-being in language learning
Authors: Wu Di , Dong Xin
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This research explores the intricate interplay among teacher-student relationships, perceived autonomy support, peer relationships, and their collective impact on the psychological well-being of 387 university students enrolled in French language courses across diverse academic institutions in China.

Methods

Employing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study aims to establish the validity and robustness of the proposed model. Data collection involved online surveys utilizing Likert scales and standardized measures to assess variables concerning educational relationships and psychological well-being.

Results

The findings reveal significant associations between teacher-student relationships, autonomy support, positive peer relationships, and psychological well-being. Importantly, analyses demonstrate the influential role of positive peer relationships in mediating the effects of teacher-student relationships and autonomy support on students’ psychological well-being.

Discussion

These outcomes emphasize the crucial significance of educational relationships in shaping students’ psychological well-being within academic settings. The findings contribute to understanding the nuanced dynamics of educational interactions and their profound implications for student well-being. This highlights the necessity of cultivating positive educational environments for enhanced student mental health.