bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Discriminant Power of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Subtests in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Dementia in Turkish Population
Authors: Kaya Yıldız , Aki Ozlem Erden , Can Ufuk Anik , Derle Eda , Kibaroğlu Seda , Barak Anil
Published: February 2014

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a new cognitive tool developed for screening mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The authors examined validity of MoCA and discriminating power of subtests in a Turkish population comprising of 474 participants (246 healthy controls, 114 subjects with MCI and 114 subjects with dementia). The ANCOVAs showed that age and education had a main effect on MoCA scores. Cut scores were computed according to different education levels. The overall cut-off values for MCI and dementia were found to be lower compared to western studies. MoCA was found to have good internal consistency. The subtests most useful in discriminating MCI from healthy controls were recall, visuospatial and language, while in discriminating dementia from MCI were visuospatial, orientation and attention subtests. The results demonstrated that MoCA is a valid and reliable instrument in screening MCI, and compared with the MMSE, MoCA was proved to have superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting MCI.
Negotiating mental health rehabilitation plans: Joint future talk and clashing time talk in professional client interaction
Authors: Juhila Kirsi , Günther Kirsi , Raitakari Suvi
Published: February 2014

This article explores how discourses of time are produced and negotiated in professional client interaction when making mental health rehabilitation plans. The discourse of linear time is dominant in interaction and shared by both participants to create joint future talk. However, the clients might challenge the dominant time talk by using the discourse of the time of mindful body (Fahlgren, 2009), resulting in clashing time talk. The discourses of time are linked with identity categorisation and with the criteria of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ professional work and clienthood. The analysis demonstrates the relevancy and consequentiality of time talk in professional client interaction.
Our Unstable Artistry
Authors: Cushman Jeremy
Published: February 2014

This article considers how technical communication practitioners and teachers can approach Donald Schön’s notion of problem setting as rhetorical and reflective work that offers us a richer, more precise language for articulating the technologies, narratives, and values from which problems appear as problems in the first place. The author posits that problem setting, when foregrounded in our work, adds value to the knowledge we make in practice rather than the knowledge we gain from stepping back and abstracting. After briefly describing problem setting as a significant yet invisible practice already underlying technical communication, he then describes a vignette from a digital marketing and design firm to foreground problem setting as creative, on-the-spot reflective work that we often use to invent, rather than discern, problems in unstable situations. The larger goal of this article is to further investigate Schön’s past construction in order to examine how the practice of problem setting affects our ability to act within the instability of digital, divergent, and knowledge-intensive settings—the kinds of settings we regularly face in the workplace and the classroom.
Exploring the “Black Box” of Programming
Authors: Mainieri Tracy L. , Anderson Denise M.
Published: February 2014

Camp scholars have designed structured curricula to engender specific outcomes and to break down the “black box” of programming. Implementation evaluation explores how well a program operates when delivered, further breaking down the black box. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of a new structured camp curriculum. The unit of analysis was a pilot camp program, Teens Leading & Connecting (TLC). Methods for this study included two direct observation tools and facilitator interviews. The findings suggest that TLC was implemented with quality and fidelity, and that a variety of mechanisms and contexts supported the implementation of TLC. Understanding these mechanisms and contexts can inform the implementation of TLC, and similar programs, in new camp environments. Furthermore, the results of this study demonstrate that implementation evaluation can inform program delivery in an intentional manner in camp and other youth-serving program contexts.
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors for the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Aziz May T. , Good Brittany L. , Lowe Denise K.
Published: February 2014

Objective: To review the literature evaluating serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Data Sources: A PubMed search (1966-January 2014) was performed using the key terms serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, milnacipran, venlafaxine, chemotherapy, and peripheral neuropathy. Bibliographies of select articles were examined for additional references and abstracts. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Case reports and clinical trials published in English and conducted in humans were identified. All reports and trials evaluating a SNRI for the treatment of CIPN were included; 4 case reports, 1 open-label study, and 2 randomized controlled trials were identified for review. Data Synthesis: At present, no medications are approved for the treatment for CIPN. Emerging evidence suggests that venlafaxine and duloxetine may be effective for treating CIPN. Results of select trials report that these medications not only decrease pain but also relieve symptoms of numbness and tingling and improve the functional status and quality of life of patients suffering from CIPN. Conclusions: Evidence to support venlafaxine and duloxetine for the treatment of CIPN from oxaliplatin- or paclitaxel-based regimens is promising. Unfortunately, direct comparisons between venlafaxine and duloxetine do not exist, so definitive conclusions about which agent is preferred cannot be made. However, the breadth of data with duloxetine is larger, suggesting that it may be prudent to consider duloxetine first when choosing a SNRI for CIPN treatment. More robust trials are needed to establish their optimal place in therapy with regard to patient population, timing of therapy, dosing, and treatment duration.
Severe Tinnitus Induced by Off-Label Baclofen
Authors: Auffret Marine , Rolland Benjamin , Deheul Sylvie , Loche Vincent , Hennaux Catherine , Cottencin Olivier , Bordet Régis , Gautier Sophie ,   the CAMTEA Team
Published: February 2014

Objective: The γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA-B) receptor agonist baclofen is approved for spasticity up to the dose of 80 mg/d. Recently, off-label use of high-dose baclofen (HDB), up to 400 mg/d, has been increasing for treating alcohol use disorders (AUDs), although the efficacy and safety profiles of HDB are relatively unknown. We report 2 cases of tinnitus in patients treated with HDB for AUD. Case Summaries: The first case concerns a 60-year-old man who reported tinnitus when he reached a 180 mg/d dose of baclofen after 3 months of treatment. Tinnitus persisted until the dose was reduced to 90 mg/d. The second case concerns a 45-year-old woman who presented with tinnitus when she reached a 210 mg/d dose of baclofen after 4 months of treatment. Tinnitus persisted until the dose was reduced to 60 mg/d. Discussion: Using the Naranjo scale, imputability to baclofen was considered probable in both cases. GABA-B receptors have been reported to be implicated in both the etiology and the treatment of tinnitus. There may be an individual susceptibility to develop tinnitus under baclofen therapy because of some GABA-B genetic polymorphisms that remain to be determined. Conclusion: HDB may be responsible for the occurrence of severe tinnitus, possibly in a dose-dependent manner. This appears to be coherent with the previously known involvement of GABA-B receptors in the pathophysiology of tinnitus.
Development of Abbreviated Eight-Item Form of the Penn Verbal Reasoning Test
Authors: Bilker Warren B. , Wierzbicki Michael R. , Brensinger Colleen M. , Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C.
Published: February 2014

The ability to reason with language is a highly valued cognitive capacity that correlates with IQ measures and is sensitive to damage in language areas. The Penn Verbal Reasoning Test (PVRT) is a 29-item computerized test for measuring abstract analogical reasoning abilities using language. The full test can take over half an hour to administer, which limits its applicability in large-scale studies. We previously described a procedure for abbreviating a clinical rating scale and a modified procedure for reducing tests with a large number of items. Here we describe the application of the modified method to reducing the number of items in the PVRT to a parsimonious subset of items that accurately predicts the total score. As in our previous reduction studies, a split sample is used for model fitting and validation, with cross-validation to verify results. We find that an 8-item scale predicts the total 29-item score well, achieving a correlation of .9145 for the reduced form for the model fitting sample and .8952 for the validation sample. The results indicate that a drastically abbreviated version, which cuts administration time by more than 70%, can be safely administered as a predictor of PVRT performance.
An Exploratory Analysis of the Factor Structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale–Form A (DAS)
Authors: Moore Michael T. , Fresco David M. , Segal Zindel V. , Brown Timothy A.
Published: February 2014

A number of studies have attempted to identify the factor structure of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). However, no studies have done so using a clinical sample of outpatients likely to generalize to the clinical trials in which the DAS is commonly used. The current investigation utilized exploratory structural equation modeling in an outpatient sample ( N = 982) and found support for a one-factor solution (composed of 19 items). This solution was largely confirmed in a second outpatient sample ( N = 301). Construct validity was demonstrated in correlations with measures of depression, social interaction anxiety, and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Factors Affecting Parental Decision-Making Regarding Interventions for Their Child With Autism
Authors: Hebert Elizabeth Baltus
Published: February 2014

Due to the numerous interventions available for children with autism, parents are faced with challenging decisions regarding treatments from the time of diagnosis and throughout their child’s life. This exploratory qualitative study investigated the reasons behind parents’ decisions about interventions for their child with autism. In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 parents from 18 families making decisions for 19 young children to understand their perspectives on deciding a philosophical approach, choosing a preschool program, and/or deciding on alternative treatments. Children had a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified or autistic disorder and were below the age of 7 years. Parents’ considerations were categorized into the themes of parental, child, and program attributes. Recommendations were made regarding areas to explore with families to provide support as they weigh the numerous options available. Recommendations for policy changes that could improve diagnostic and treatment services for children with autism and their families were discussed.
Promoting good decisions: How regulatory focus affects group information processing and decision-making
Authors: Burtscher Michael J. , Meyer Bertolt
Published: February 2014

Decision-making groups often fail to exploit their full potential because they do not integrate all relevant information. We propose to address this issue by interpreting group information processing as a motivational process that is influenced by group goal structure. In line with this approach, we apply regulatory focus theory to decision-making groups. Specifically, we investigate the effects of a promotion versus a prevention focus framing on group decision quality and information processing. Sixty-three-person groups solved five decision-making tasks based on the “stranded in the desert” scenario. Regulatory focus was manipulated via pay-off schemes and group interactions were videotaped. We found that groups in a promotion focus solved more tasks correctly than groups in a prevention focus. This effect on decision quality was mediated by group information processing. Finally, we show that regulatory focus influences group interaction patterns, which represents an important extension of regulatory focus research in groups.
The difficulty of recognizing less obvious forms of group-based discrimination
Authors: Iyer Aarti , Jetten Jolanda , Branscombe Nyla R. , Jackson Simon , Youngberg Courtney
Published: February 2014

Research on perceptions of discrimination has focused on group-based differential treatment that is widely accepted as being illegitimate (e.g., based on race or gender). The present research investigates how individuals interpret less obvious forms of group-based exclusion based on age (Study 1) and vision correction status (Study 2). We propose that individuals will not question the legitimacy of such treatment, unless they are provided with explicit cues to do so. Participants who merely encountered exclusion (baseline control) did not differ from those who were directed to consider the legitimate reasons for this treatment, with respect to perceived legitimacy, felt anger, and collective action intentions. In contrast, individuals who were directed to consider the illegitimate reasons for the exclusion perceived it to be less legitimate, felt more anger, and reported higher collective action intentions. Participants’ own status as potential victims or mere observers of the exclusion criterion did not influence their legitimacy perceptions or felt anger. Results suggest that when confronted with forms of group-based exclusion that are not commonly defined as discrimination, people do not perceive an injustice unless explicitly directed to seek it out.
Migration management in the EU’s eastern neighbourhood
Authors: Markowski Stefan , Brunarska Zuzanna , Nestorowicz Joanna
Published: February 2014

In this article we review migration policies that have evolved in the eastern neighbourhood of the European Union, that is, in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. We ask how they compare with those that have been adopted by European Union member states and migrant settler countries such as Australia. We also use this regional perspective to comment on the application of the systems methodology in migration studies.
Travelling to altitude
Authors: Hall-Thompson Beth
Published: February 2014

The increasing popularity of adventure and activity holidays means that more people are being exposed to the physiological rigors of high altitude. For some, this forms part of the physical challenge, whereas for others, it may pose an unexpected difficulty. Holiday planning, therefore, takes on a new medical dimension. Experience of working in prevention and management of altitude-related illness has illustrated that personal preparation for this testing environment is mixed; many expedition members have a good understanding and recognition through years of experience and personal interest; whereas others arrive armed with prescribed medications at the request of the commercial expedition operator with no guidance as to how to use them, and many are ignorant of the real risks of death that high altitude imposes. GPs should be prepared to help address the medical risk assessment that travel to altitude necessitates.
Between-school variation and student characteristics associated with the accuracy of weight status perception among students: does the school a student attends impact his/her weight status perception?
Authors: Barisic Andriana , Leatherdale Scott T. , Sendzik Taryn
Published: February 2014

Research has identified that perceived weight status is a better predictor of weight control behavior than actual weight status. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the accuracy of weight status perception varies across schools, and to identify the student-level characteristics associated with inaccurate weight status perception among 25,060 grade 9 to 12 students attending 76 schools in Ontario, Canada. Although the majority of adolescents (60.4%) had accurate weight status perceptions, multi-level logistic regression analyses revealed significant between-school variability in the accuracy of weight status perceptions for both males and females. School location and school-level socioeconomic status were the school-level variables analyzed. We identified that males attending urban or suburban schools were more likely to overestimate their weight status compared with males attending rural schools. Important student-level characteristics included grade, weight status, sports participation and social influences. Additional research is required to better understand both the school- and student-level characteristics associated with the accuracy of weight status perceptions among adolescents.
Transitioning to a National (New Zealand) Sole Supply Scheme for Glucose Meters
Authors: Lunt Helen , Florkowski Christopher M.
Published: February 2014

This case study describes the clinical impact of moving to a single brand of glucose test strips. In 2013 the New Zealand public health system completed a move to procure test strips at a significant discount. The associated direct savings is estimated at around 40% of the total glucose strip budget. Half the local diabetes population undertake glucose monitoring using government-funded diabetes supplies. These patients no longer have a choice of brand of meters and strips. Although the majority of patients adapted well to this change, a small percentage did not. Also, some consumers expressed concerns about analytical performance of the new strips, when used in everyday life. A pragmatic postmarketing surveillance system, designed with consumer input, may help address these residual concerns.
A Single-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-ranging Trial of Oral Hepatic-directed Vesicle Insulin Add-on to Oral Antidiabetic Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Geho W. Blair , Rosenberg Len N. , Schwartz Sherwyn L. , Lau John R. , Gana Theophilus J.
Published: February 2014

Background:

The dose response of postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) to add-on, premeal oral hepatic-directed vesicle-insulin (HDV-I), an investigational lipid bio-nanoparticle hepatocyte-targeted insulin delivery system, was evaluated in a 3-test-meal/day model in type 2 diabetes patients.

Method:

The single-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial enrolled 6 patients with HbA1c 8.6 ± 2.0% (70.0 ± 21.9 mmol/mol) and on stable metformin therapy. Patients received oral HDV-I capsules daily 30 minutes before breakfast, lunch, and dinner as follows: placebo capsules, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 U/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Outcome measures were PPG and incremental PPG area under the concentration-time curve (AUC).

Results:

All 4 doses of oral HDV-I statistically significantly lowered mean PPG ( P ≤ .0110 each) and incremental PPG ( P ≤ .0352 each) AUC compared to placebo. A linear dose response was not observed. The 0.05 U/kg dose was the minimum effective dose in the dosage range studied. Three adverse events unrelated to treatment were observed.

Conclusions:

Add-on oral HDV-I 0.05-0.4 U/kg significantly lowered PPG excursions and the dose response curve was flat. These results are consistent with the lack of a linear dose response between portal and systemic plasma insulin concentrations in previous animal and human studies. Oral HDV-I was safe and well tolerated.
Statistical Transformation and the Interpretation of Inpatient Glucose Control Data From the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Saulnier George E. , Castro Janna C. , Cook Curtiss B.
Published: February 2014

Background:

Glucose control can be problematic in critically ill patients. We evaluated the impact of statistical transformation on interpretation of intensive care unit inpatient glucose control data.

Methods:

Point-of-care blood glucose (POC-BG) data derived from patients in the intensive care unit for 2011 was obtained. Box–Cox transformation of POC-BG measurements was performed, and distribution of data was determined before and after transformation. Different data subsets were used to establish statistical upper and lower control limits. Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts constructed from April, October, and November data determined whether out-of-control events could be identified differently in transformed versus nontransformed data.

Results:

A total of 8679 POC-BG values were analyzed. POC-BG distributions in nontransformed data were skewed but approached normality after transformation. EWMA control charts revealed differences in projected detection of out-of-control events. In April, an out-of-control process resulting in the lower control limit being exceeded was identified at sample 116 in nontransformed data but not in transformed data. October transformed data detected an out-of-control process exceeding the upper control limit at sample 27 that was not detected in nontransformed data. Nontransformed November results remained in control, but transformation identified an out-of-control event less than 10 samples into the observation period.

Conclusions:

Using statistical methods to assess population-based glucose control in the intensive care unit could alter conclusions about the effectiveness of care processes for managing hyperglycemia. Further study is required to determine whether transformed versus nontransformed data change clinical decisions about the interpretation of care or intervention results.
Continuous Quality Improvement in a Level IIIB NICU to Increase Human Milk Use at Day of Life 14, Day of Life 28, and Discharge
Authors: Lowenstein Lisa M. , Brown Kristen , Barrows Donna , Foti Tara , Scholer Lori , LeVant Carla , Schriefer Jan
Published: February 2014

Despite the known benefits of human milk (HM) feedings for high-risk infants, many barriers still remain to providing HM. We implemented a quality improvement (QI) project to increase HM use at 3 time points. All first admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 2008 to 2012 were included in the dataset. We documented any HM use for infants in our NICU at day of life 14 (DOL14), day of life 28 (DOL28), and discharge. We used run charts to track our progress through the project period and used logistic regression to test for trend, using STATA for data analysis. HM use was explored for all infants and separated out by gestational age (<32 weeks and ≥32 weeks) and by birth weight (very low-birth-weight [VLBW] infants). For all admitted infants, HM use increased from 64.95% to 73.66% at DOL14, from 55.03% to 70.06% at DOL28, and from 31.15% to 36.28% at discharge. For infants who were less than 32 weeks gestation, HM use increased from 67.63% to 82.44% at DOL14, from 57.14% to 80.00% at DOL28, and from 37.93% to 38.58% at discharge. For VLBW infants, HM use increased from 70.73% to 82.08% at DOL14 and from 58.12% to 80.00% at DOL28. After implementation of the QI project, overall HM use has increased. It was noted that documentation of HM use at discharge needed improvement.
On the Temporal Causal Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables
Authors: Palamalai Srinivasan , Mariappan Kalaivani , Devakumar Christopher
Published: February 2014

The present study examines the dynamic interactions among macroeconomic variables such as real output, prices, money supply, interest rate (IR), and exchange rate (EXR) in India during the pre-economic crisis and economic crisis periods, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, Johansen and Juselius multivariate cointegration test, Granger causality/Block exogeneity Wald test based on Vector Error Correction Model, variance decomposition analysis and impulse response functions. The empirical results reveal a stronger long-run bilateral relationship between real output, price level, IR, and EXR during the pre-crisis sample period. Moreover, the empirical results confirm a unidirectional short-run causality running from price level to EXR, IR to price level, and real output to money supply during the pre-crisis period. Also, it is evident from the test results that there exist short-run bidirectional relationships running between real output and EXR, price level and IR, and IR and EXR in the pre-crisis era, respectively. Most importantly, long-run bidirectional causality is found between real output, EXR, and IR during the economic crisis period. And the study results indicate short-run bidirectional causality between money supply and EXR, IR and price level, and IR and output in India during the crisis era. Also, a short-run unidirectional causality runs from prices to real output in the crisis period.
The Relationship Between Television Viewership and Advertising Content in Australian Football Broadcasts
Authors: Fujak Hunter , Frawley Stephen
Published: February 2014

The traditional view of football fans, especially in a country such as Australia, has often been an unflattering one, with fans cast as being young, male, and with a beer in one hand. This article performed a demographic analysis of television viewership within Australia’s two largest football codes, the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League, to explore the demographics of this audience more closely. This was coupled with an advertising content analysis of corresponding football telecasts to consider the degree of synchronicity between audience and advertising. The article concludes both codes have an older, male-orientated audience skew. However, given that approximately 40% of the audience is female, both codes can lay claim to a more even-gender share of viewership than might be expected, given the highly masculine and physical nature of both sports. Notably, in-game advertising largely reflects its audience, with the majority of the advertisers selling products that appeal to both men and women. Commercial breaks within the broadcasts of both codes were also found to be strongly concentrated towards a small number of leading advertisers.
Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis Associated With Intrathecal Trastuzumab
Authors: Freyer Craig W. , Yaghmour George , Jennings Katherine , Dhanapal Vishnuprabha
Published: February 2014

Objective: To report a case of drug-induced aseptic meningitis (DIAM) in a patient receiving intrathecal trastuzumab (ITT) for leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) secondary to HER-2/neu positive breast cancer. Case Summary: A 43-year-old female with stage IV breast cancer presented with headache, parasthesias, and aphasia. Brain imaging suggested leptomeningeal enhancement. Adenocarcinoma cells were found on cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and infectious etiologies were excluded. The patient received 30 mg of ITT via Ommaya reservoir and suffered sudden neurologic deterioration within 2 hours. Given the sudden onset of clinical deterioration after ITT administration, it was determined that the patient had suffered from DIAM. The patient suffered progressive neurologic decline and was unable to care for herself any further. Discussion: Treatment for LC remains challenging due to limited clinical experience and the challenging location of the disease. ITT has been used in multiple reports without adverse events. A temporal relationship existed between ITT administration and significant neurologic deterioration, possibly related to DIAM. Our patient was not exposed to any more common causative agents of DIAM. Reasons for her lack of recovery are likely multifactorial. Symptoms of DIAM may have in part been exacerbated by progressive LC; however, prior to ITT, symptoms had shown slow but persistent progression rather than significant, acute changes in severity. Retrial of the offending agent was not attempted due to patient risk; thus, a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established. This event is a “possible” drug-induced adverse event scoring 2 on the Naranjo algorithm. Conclusions: Use of ITT for LC has been frequently reported in recent literature with substantial efficacy and lack of adverse events. This is the first published report of any significant adverse event associated with ITT. Clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of DIAM with ITT and explore options to prevent or manage this severe complication.
Incidence of Antiretroviral Drug Interactions During Hospital Course
Authors: Bias Tiffany E. , Venugopalan Veena , Berkowitz Leonard B. , Cha Agnes
Published: February 2014

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) providers are treating more comorbid conditions with additional pharmacologic agents, resulting in patients with HIV being disproportionately at risk for clinically significant drug–drug interactions (CSDDIs). There is a potential to overlook these interactions and ultimately place patients at risk for drug toxicity, resistance, and virologic failure. Objective: To assess the burden of CSDDIs among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) within 24 hours of admission and to evaluate the effect of a clinical pharmacist operating through an antiretroviral stewardship (ARVSP) program in identifying and correcting potential drug interactions. Methods: Adult HIV-positive patients receiving ART who were admitted to The Brooklyn Hospital Center from November 2010 through January 2012 were included in the analysis. Drug interactions were categorized according to time frame (ie, within 24 hours of admission vs after 24 hours of admission) and type (ie, contraindicated combinations, dosage modifications, and frequency alterations). The Liverpool HIV drug reference, Micromedex drug database, and the Department of Health and Human Services Guidelines were used as comprehensive tools for identification of antiretroviral drug errors. Results: Eighty-four CSDDIs were identified from 252 admissions among 158 patients receiving ART during the study period. Of the identified CSDDIs, 61 (73%) occurred within 24 hours of admission and 23 (27%) later in the hospital course. Forty-eight drug interactions (57%) represented contraindicated drug combinations. Protease inhibitor–based regimens were associated with the highest percentage of CSDDIs (98%). Of all CSDDIs, the most common interacting drug class was acid-suppressive therapy (63%). Clinical pharmacists identified and intervened in 80% of the CSDDIs that occurred on patient admission with all interventions accepted. Conclusions: CSDDIs are common among patients receiving ART at the time of admission and throughout the hospital course. Interventions including medication review by clinical pharmacists are critical in the prevention of CSDDIs on admission.
From quantum mechanics to physical metallurgy of steels
Authors: Paxton A. T.
Published: February 2014

In the last decade there has been a breakthrough in the construction of theories leading to models for the simulation of atomic scale processes in steel. In this paper the theory is described and developed and used to demonstrate calculations of the diffusivity and trapping of hydrogen in iron and the structures of carbon vacancy complexes in steel.
Immunotoxins for leukemia
Authors: Wayne Alan S. , FitzGerald David J. , Kreitman Robert J. , Pastan Ira
Published: February 2014

Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies that target hematopoietic differentiation antigens have been developed to treat hematologic malignancies. Although some of these have activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia, in general, monoclonal antibodies have limited efficacy as single agents in the treatment of leukemia. To increase their potency, the binding domains of monoclonal antibodies can be attached to protein toxins. Such compounds, termed immunotoxins, are delivered to the interior of leukemia cells based on antibody specificity for cell surface target antigens. Recombinant immunotoxins have been shown to be highly cytotoxic to leukemic blasts in vitro, in xenograft model systems, and in early-phase clinical trials in humans. These agents will likely play an increasing role in the treatment of leukemia.
Evidence for non-neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-10 signalling components in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Frede Natalie , Glocker Erik-Oliver , Wanders Jennifer , Engelhardt Karin R , Kreisel Wolfgang , Ruemmele Frank M , Grimbacher Bodo
Published: February 2014

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease constitutes a heterogeneous group of conditions, whose aetiology is only partly understood. The prevailing hypothesis on its pathogenesis is that IBD is the result of an inadequate immune response to the resident bacterial flora of the intestine. An autoimmune background, however, has been discussed since the 1950s. Lately, it has been shown that failures in interleukin-10 (IL-10) signalling due to IL-10- and IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) mutations result in IBD. Our study aimed at investigating the existence of inhibitory autoantibodies against IL-10 and IL-10R in IBD patients capable of down-modulating IL-10 signalling thereby mimicking IL-10 or IL-10R deficiency.

Results

Thirteen IBD patients had IgG autoantibodies against IL-10, IL-10RA and/or IL-10RB, and three patients had IgA autoantibodies against IL-10. However, the absolute OD values of the serum antibodies measured by ELISA were low, there was overall no significant difference between patients and controls, and positive sera had no neutralizing activity.

Conclusion

No evidence for an involvement of autoantibodies against IL-10 or IL-10R in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease could be established.
The influence of the direction of J-tip on the placement of a subclavian catheter: real time ultrasound-guided cannulation versus landmark method, a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Oh Ah-Young , Jeon Young-Tae , Choi Eun-Joo , Ryu Jung-Hee , Hwang Jung-Won , Park Hee-Pyoung , Do Sang-Hwan
Published: February 2014

Background

It has been reported that the direction of the guidewire J-tip is associated with misplacement of a central venous catheter. We hypothesized that real-time ultrasound-guided infraclavicular subclavian venous cannulation would be less influenced by the direction of guidewire J-tip compared to landmark method.

Methods

Sixty adult patients who required subclavian venous catheterization for neurosurgery were enrolled in this prospective randomized controlled study. Patients were randomly divided into a landmark group (n = 30) or an ultrasound group (n = 30). After the subclavian vein was punctured, the guidewire was advanced with the guidewire J-tip directed cephalad. Misplacement or advancement failure of the guidewire was regarded as an unsuccessful placement. Postoperative chest radiography was performed to confirm pneumothorax and the location of the catheter tip.

Results

The two groups were comparable with respect to age, gender, height, and weight distribution. The incidence of unsuccessful guidewire placement was lower in the ultrasound group than in the landmark group (13% vs. 47%, P = 0.01). Among the unsuccessful guidewire placements, the incidence of misplacement were comparable between the groups and were all located in the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (7% vs. 7%). However, the incidence of advancement failure was significantly higher in landmark group (40% vs. 7%, P = 0.005). There were no complications such as pneumothorax or hemothorax.

Conclusions

The proper placement of guidewire was less influenced by the direction of the guidewire J-tip with ultrasound-guided subclavian venous cannulation than with the landmark approach.
Fermented soshiho-tang with Lactobacillus plantarum enhances the antiproliferative activity in vascular smooth muscle cell
Authors: Lee Jung-Jin , Kwon Hyeeun , Lee Ji-Hye , Kim Dong-Gun , Jung Sang-Hyuk , Ma Jin Yeul
Published: February 2014

Background

Soshiho-tang (SST) is a traditional medicine widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. SST has been shown to confer a variety of pharmacological activities, including prevention of hepatotoxicity, promotion of liver regeneration, and modulation of liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative activity of native and fermented (FSST) formulations of SST in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and examined the potential underlying mechanisms driving these effects.

Methods

SST, along with preparations fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum KFRI-144 (S-A144), L. amylophilus KFRI-161 (S-A161) and L. bulgaricus KFRI-344 (S-A344), were investigated to determine their effects on the proliferation and viability of VSMCs, along with the signalling pathways underlying these effects.

Results

S-A144 exhibited a strong, dose-dependent inhibition of VSMC proliferation relative to untreated controls, but the others did not affect. In addition, S-A144 significantly decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and PLCγ1 in a dose-dependent manner and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase characterised by decreased expression of CDKs, cyclins and PCNA.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that S-A144 exhibit enhanced inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation comparison to S-AOR through the suppression of cell cycle progression and expression of cell cycle-related proteins, along with the downregulation of Akt phosphorylation.
Iterative projection approach for phase retrieval of semi-sparse wave field
Authors: Fan Rong , Wan Qun , Wen Fei , Chen Hui , Liu Yipeng
Published: February 2014

In the paper, we consider the problem of two-dimensional (2D) phase retrieval, which recovers a 2D complex-valued wave field from magnitudes of both wave field and its Fourier transform. Due to the absence of the phase measurements, prior information on wave field is needed in order to recover phase, which is feasible when the phases of the wave field are sparse. In this paper, we improve the phase retrieval accuracy by incorporating phase sparse constraint of wave field. As a sequel to previous iterative projection approaches, iterative projection approaches with phase sparse constraint are realized based on ‘soft thresholding’. It has superior performances in terms of convergence, residual error, noise stability, and suitability in large-scale phase retrieval problems. Numerical experiments illustrate that the proposed approach outperforms existing iterative projection approaches.
Sex differences in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: neuropathic pain behavior in females but not males and protection from neurological deficits during proestrus
Authors: Rahn Elizabeth J , Iannitti Tommaso , Donahue Renee R , Taylor Bradley K
Published: February 2014

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders in the industrialized world. This disease afflicts more than two million people worldwide, over two thirds of which are women. MS is typically diagnosed between the ages of 20–40 and can produce debilitating neurological impairments including muscle spasticity, muscle paralysis, and chronic pain. Despite the large sex disparity in MS prevalence, clinical and basic research investigations of how sex and estrous cycle impact development, duration, and severity of neurological impairments and pain symptoms are limited. To help address these questions, we evaluated behavioral signs of sensory and motor functions in one of the most widely characterized animal models of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model.

Methods

C57BL/6 male and female mice received flank injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) or CFA plus myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) to induce EAE. Experiment 1 evaluated sex differences of EAE-induced neurological motor deficits and neuropathic pain-like behavior over 3 weeks, while experiment 2 evaluated the effect of estrous phase in female mice on the same behavioral measures for 3 months. EAE-induced neurological motor deficits including gait analysis and forelimb grip strength were assessed. Neuropathic pain-like behaviors evaluated included sensitivity to mechanical, cold, and heat stimulations. Estrous cycle was determined daily via vaginal lavage.

Results

MOG35-55-induced EAE produced neurological impairments (i.e., motor dysfunction) including mild paralysis and decreases in grip strength in both females and males. MOG35-55 produced behavioral signs of neuropathic pain—mechanical and cold hypersensitivity—in females, but not males. MOG35-55 did not change cutaneous heat sensitivity in either sex. Administration of CFA or CFA + MOG35-55 prolonged the time spent in diestrus for 2 weeks, after which normal cycling returned. MOG35-55 produced fewer neurological motor deficits when mice were in proestrus relative to non-proestrus phases.

Conclusions

We conclude that female mice are superior to males for the study of neuropathic pain-like behaviors associated with MOG35-55-induced EAE. Further, proestrus may be protective against EAE-induced neurological deficits, thus necessitating further investigation into the impact that estrous cycle exerts on MS symptoms.
Harvard Personal Genome Project: lessons from participatory public research
Authors: Ball Madeleine P , Bobe Jason R , Chou Michael F , Clegg Tom , Estep Preston W , Lunshof Jeantine E , Vandewege Ward , Zaranek Alexander Wait , Church George M
Published: February 2014

Background

Since its initiation in 2005, the Harvard Personal Genome Project has enrolled thousands of volunteers interested in publicly sharing their genome, health and trait data. Because these data are highly identifiable, we use an ‘open consent’ framework that purposefully excludes promises about privacy and requires participants to demonstrate comprehension prior to enrollment.

Discussion

Our model of non-anonymous, public genomes has led us to a highly participatory model of researcher-participant communication and interaction. The participants, who are highly committed volunteers, self-pursue and donate research-relevant datasets, and are actively engaged in conversations with both our staff and other Personal Genome Project participants. We have quantitatively assessed these communications and donations, and report our experiences with returning research-grade whole genome data to participants. We also observe some of the community growth and discussion that has occurred related to our project.

We find that public non-anonymous data is valuable and leads to a participatory research model, which we encourage others to consider. The implementation of this model is greatly facilitated by web-based tools and methods and participant education. Project results are long-term proactive participant involvement and the growth of a community that benefits both researchers and participants.
The development of giant phagocytes in long-term neutrophil cultures
Authors: Dyugovskaya Larissa , Berger Slava , Polyakov Andrey , Lavie Lena
Published: February 2014

We tested the hypothesis that in long-term culture conditions, some neutrophils remain viable and participate in debris clearance, and autophagy is involved in their prolonged survival. Neutrophils, classified as professional phagocytes, have the shortest half-life among leukocytes and are constitutively committed to apoptosis. Apoptotic neutrophils are actively removed by Mφ/DCs. However, early and acute inflammatory infiltrates primarily consist of neutrophils. Recently, neutrophils were suggested to facilitate debris clearance at inflammatory sites when the Mφ/DC system is insufficient. Here, purified CD15+/CD66b+/CD63+ neutrophils were followed up to 7 days in culture using light, time-lapse, and confocal microscopy. After 3 days in culture, Annexin-V−/LC3B+ large vacuolated cells, engulfing cellular residues, were noted among apoptotic neutrophils and cell debris. Thereafter, these cells were vastly enlarged and exhibited a neutrophilic phenotype (CD15+/CD63+/MPO+/CD66b+), phagocytosis, and oxidative burst activity. They also expressed CD68 scavenger receptors and internalized oxLDL. But, unlike in fresh neutrophils or cultured monocytes, oxLDL treatment increased their ROS production. Additionally, these phagocytes contained LC3B-coated vacuoles and LC3B aggregates, indicating the activation of autophagy. An intensive LC3B accumulation was also noted during oxLDL internalization. Importantly, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA or BafA1 prevented their development. In conclusion, the internalization of neutrophil remnants may induce activation of autophagic mechanisms in some neutrophil subsets or precursors. This may lead to cell adaptation and survival, resulting in their transformation into long-lived Gφ and potentially suggesting their involvement in inflammatory/anti-inflammatory processes.
Editorial: GCN5 opens the door for the IRF-4-mediated cascade of B cell differentiation
Authors: Moore Amanda J , Anderson Michele Kay
Published: February 2014

Discussion on the implications of GCN5-mediated direct activation of the IRF-4 transcription factor in DT40 cells, and the programming of plasma cell differentiation.
Combined effects of physical illness and comorbid psychiatric disorder on risk of suicide in a national population study
Authors: Qin Ping , Hawton Keith , Mortensen Preben Bo , Webb Roger
Published: February 2014

Background

People with physical illness often have psychiatric disorder and this comorbidity may have a specific influence on their risk of suicide.

Aims

To examine how physical illness and psychiatric comorbidity interact to influence risk of suicide, with particular focus on relative timing of onset of the two types of illness.

Method

Based on the national population of Denmark, individual-level data were retrieved from five national registers on 27 262 suicide cases and 468 007 gender- and birth-date matched living controls. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression.

Results

Both suicides and controls with physical illness more often had comorbid psychiatric disorder than their physically healthy counterparts. Although both physical and psychiatric illnesses constituted significant risk factors for suicide, their relative timing of onset in individuals with comorbidity significantly differentiated the associated risk of suicide. While suicide risk was highly elevated when onsets of both physical and psychiatric illness occurred close in time to each other, regardless which came first, psychiatric comorbidity developed some time after onset of physical illness exacerbated the risk of suicide substantially.

Conclusions

Suicide risk in physically ill people varies substantially by presence of psychiatric comorbidity, particularly the relative timing of onset of the two types of illness. Closer collaboration between general and mental health services should be an essential component of suicide prevention strategies.
Classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases at a glance
Authors: Jean Steve , Kiger Amy A.
Published: February 2014

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family is important to nearly all aspects of cell and tissue biology and central to human cancer, diabetes and aging. PI3Ks are spatially regulated and multifunctional, and together, act at nearly all membranes in the cell to regulate a wide range of signaling, membrane trafficking and metabolic processes. There is a broadening recognition of the importance of distinct roles for each of the three different PI3K classes (I, II and III), as well as for the different isoforms within each class. Ongoing issues include the need for a better understanding of the in vivo complexity of PI3K regulation and cellular functions. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster summarize the biochemical activities, cellular roles and functional requirements for the three classes of PI3Ks. In doing so, we aim to provide an overview of the parallels, the key differences and crucial interplays between the regulation and roles of the three PI3K classes.