bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Electron Interaction With Intense Chorus Waves: Statistics of Occurrence Rates
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Bortnik J. , Thorne R. M. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. A. , Hospodarsky G. B.
Published: June 2019

A comprehensive statistical analysis on 8 years of lower‐band chorus wave packets measured by the Van Allen Probes and THEMIS spacecraft is performed to examine whether, when, and where these waves are above the theoretical threshold for nonlinear resonant wave‐particle interaction. We find that ∼5–30% of all chorus waves interact nonlinearly with ∼30‐ to 300‐keV electrons possessing equatorial pitch angles of >40° in the outer radiation belt, especially during disturbed (AE>500 nT) periods with energetic particles associated with injections from the plasma sheet. Such considerable occurrence rates of nonlinear interactions imply that the evolution of energetic electron fluxes should be dominated by nonlinear effects, rather than by quasi‐linear diffusion as commonly assumed. We discuss the possible consequences of such a large amount of high‐amplitude chorus waves and examine their characteristics that can influence the efficiency of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions.
Graphene family nanomaterials for application in cancer combination photothermal therapy
Authors: de Melo-Diogo Duarte , Lima-Sousa Rita , Alves Cátia G. , Correia Ilídio J.
Published: June 2019

Graphene family nanomaterials mediated photothermal therapy can improve the efficacy of chemo-, photodynamic-, gene-, radio-, and immuno-therapies.
In situ construction of dual-morphology ZnCo2O4 for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Ziwen , Lu Shixiang , He Ge , Lv Anqi , Shen Yanmei , Xu Wenguo
Published: June 2019

The morphologies of ZnCo2O4 were controlled by an ultrasonic treatment to achieve high-performance supercapacitors.
Synthesis of difluoromethylated 2-oxindoles and quinoline-2,4-diones via visible light-induced tandem radical cyclization of N-arylacrylamides
Authors: Sun Huan , Jiang Yue , Yang Ying-Sha , Li Yun-Yun , Li Lin , Wang Wen-Xuan , Feng Tao , Li Zheng-Hui , Liu Ji-Kai
Published: June 2019

Visible light-induced difluoromethylation of N-arylacrylamides to afford difluoromethylated 2-oxindoles and quinoline-2,4-diones with difluoromethyl 2-pyridyl sulfones as radical precursors has been disclosed.
Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed divergent intramolecular tandem cyclization ofN- orO-tethered cyclohexa-2,5-dienones with 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole: synthesis of cyclopropa[cd]indole and benzofuran derivatives
Authors: Zhu Cheng-Zhi , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: June 2019

A novel rhodium(ii)-catalyzed divergent intramolecular tandem cyclization ofN- orO-tethered cyclohexa-2,5-dienones and 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole is disclosed, affording cyclopropa[cd]indole and benzofuran derivatives in moderate to good yields.
Performance evaluation of four‐level modified Manchester modulation format for high‐speed optical transmission systems
Authors: Idowu Oluwajobi Festus , Nguyen Dong‐Nhat , Malekmohammadi Amin
Published: June 2019

A new multilevel modulation scheme centred on Manchester signalling known as four‐level modified Manchester (4‐MM) modulation format is envisioned and proven statistically for high‐speed optical fibre transmission links. Similarly, the bit error rate (BER) assessment version has been developed for the envisioned 4‐MM format. The performance of new 4‐MM is examined and compared with conventional Manchester modulation, binary MM modulation, and four‐level pulse amplitude modulation (4‐PAM) formats in relation to receiver sensitivity, spectral efficiency, and chromatic dispersion tolerance. Therefore, the computed receiver sensitivity and chromatic dispersion tolerance at 10−9 BER of the envisioned 4‐MM are −21.5 dBm and 95 ps/nm, respectively. The receiver sensitivity of 4‐MM was improved by 3 dB in comparison with 4‐PAM in a back‐to‐back configuration. Similarly, assessment of results indicates that 4‐MM technique has a distinct benefit in comparison with binary MM and 4‐PAM in achieving a dynamic role in the subsequent generation of high‐speed optical access and short reach networks where power efficiency is of critical important.
Compressed sensing channel estimation in massive MIMO
Authors: Pramanik Ankita , Maity Santi P. , Farheen Zeba
Published: June 2019

Massive multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) emerges as a promising technology to meet the ever growing demand on a large volume of data transmission in an energy efficient manner in the upcoming fifth generation networks. This explores an integrated system model of improved wireless channel estimation (CE) and its consequent effect on image reconstruction, both done in compressed sensing (CS) framework. A massive MIMO channel exhibits sparse nature and has been modelled as a CS problem. Two CS‐MIMO‐CE algorithms, discrete cosine transform‐based stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit and improved stagewise orthogonal matching pursuit (iStOMP), are suggested here. Low density parity check codes are also integrated to serve three‐fold purposes, as a pilot signal, sensing matrix, and error control code, while Daubechies transform offers a sparse representation of the MIMO channel and transmitted image. The proposed iStOMP MIMO‐CE algorithm offers gain in CE over the existing works and gain in 2 dB on image visual quality at 75% CS measurements.
Convex combination of least mean square for grid‐tied PV system
Authors: Jain Vandana , Hussain Ikhlaq , Kandpal Maulik , Singh Bhim
Published: June 2019

Here, an implementation of three‐phase grid‐tied single‐stage solar photovoltaic (PV) system is done at adverse grid situations of voltage unbalances. The proposed convex combination of least mean square (CCLMS) control approach is adaptive in nature, which extracts the fundamental component of load current (FCI) with fast convergence and provides good performance than conventional controls. The CCLMS algorithm overcomes the compromise of LMS filters between precision and tracking capability due to fixed stepping by providing a combination of two filters for precision and fast tracking. The perturb and observe (P&O)‐based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is employed for peak power extraction from a PV array. The system is tested in the laboratory on a developed prototype at several adverse conditions like voltages unbalance, load currents unbalances, and irradiation changes. The system performance is acceptable and harmonics distortion is in the limits according to the IEEE‐519 standard while supplying energy to the utility and to the loads.
Repeat radar jammer suppression for a colocated MIMO radar
Authors: Xu Leilei , Zhou Shenghua , Liu Hongwei , Liu Jun
Published: June 2019

The digital radio frequency memory repeat jammer, which replicates transmit signals and transmits them back to a radar receiver to mimic real targets, is a notably efficient electronic countermeasure device. It has been pointed out that the colocated multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar has an additional advantage in combatting with repeat jammers whose amplifiers operate in the saturation mode and thus can only transmit constant‐modulus waveforms, because the amplitude modulation of angular waveforms is difficult to simulate for them. Two waveform design criteria are presented, and both suppress a mutual correlation between angular waveforms and corresponding constant‐modulus jamming signals. The two approaches differ on whether the receive beamforming operation is considered. Numerical results validate that the two approaches can both efficiently suppress the mutual correlation and that the second approach outperforms the first approach in terms of the peak sidelobe level.
Power transformer differential protection based on least squares algorithm with extended kernel
Authors: Naseri Farshid , Samet Haidar , Ghanbari Teymoor , Farjah Ebrahim
Published: June 2019

In order to improve the dependability and security of transformer differential protection, the energisation conditions should be effectively distinguished from internal fault conditions. In this study, a new method with a low computational burden and high robustness against measurement noises is proposed for discriminating between the transformer inrush current and internal faults. In the proposed method, sine waves are fitted to the sample points of the normalised differential currents for different phases using recursive extended least‐squares (RELS) algorithm in an online manner. The extended kernel enables the algorithm to effectively estimate the dynamics of the measurement noises. Three residual signals which are defined as the differences between the normalised differential currents and the fitted sine wave signals are considered as the decision criteria. Based on the selected criteria, the energisation condition is identified in about a half‐cycle of power system frequency. A large number of simulation and experimental test cases are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves an accuracy of ∼98% and has a relatively low operating time, while the computational burden for the embedded implementation is favorably low.
Numerical research of an effective measure for stabilising floating wind turbines in shallow water
Authors: Yang Wenxian , Tian W. , Peng Z. , Wei K. , Feng Y. , Qiu Y.
Published: June 2019

In order to stabilise floating wind turbines, an innovative motion stabilisation measure is proposed and verified here through conducting a series of numerical researches with the aid of SESAM. In the research, the numerical model of a spar‐supported 5 MW floating turbine was developed first to investigate its motion stability in different depths water and under different wave conditions. Then, a new concept of motion stabiliser is proposed, which consists of a number of heave plates that are connected to floating turbine foundation via structural arms. The influences of both the number of heave plates and their arm length on motion reduction are then investigated in order to explore an optimal design of the proposed stabiliser. Considering the dynamic motions of a floating turbine is mainly affected by sea waves, the motion stabilising capability of the proposed stabiliser is investigated over a wide range of wave period 4–36 s. It has been found that after using the proposed motion stabiliser, both the pitch and heave motions of the floating turbine are successfully limited within the most range of wave period, especially when the wave period exceeds 12 s.
12CO and 13CO J = 3–2 observations toward N11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Celis Peña M. , Paron S. , Rubio M. , Herrera C. N. , Ortega M. E.
Published: June 2019

Aims. After 30 Doradus, N11 is the second largest and brightest nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This large nebula has several OB associations with bright nebulae at its surroundings. N11 was previously mapped at the lowest rotational transitions of 12CO (J = 1–0 and 2–1), and in some particular regions, pointings of the 13CO J = 1–0 and 2–1 lines were also performed. Observations of higher CO rotational transitions are needed to map gas with higher critical densities, which are useful to study the physical conditions of the gas component and its relation with the UV radiation more accurately.

Methods. Using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment, we mapped the whole extension of the N11 nebula in the 12CO J = 3–2 line and three subregions in the 13CO J = 3–2 line. The regions mapped in the 13CO J = 3–2 were selected with the criterion that they were to be exposed to the radiation in different ways: a region lying across the nebula, which is related to the OB association LH10 (N11B), another region that it is associated with the southern part of the nebula, which is related to the OB association LH13 (N11D), and finally an area farther away in the southwest without any embedded OB association (N11I).

Results. We found that the morphology of the molecular clouds lying in each region shows some signatures that could be explained by the expansion of the nebulae and the action of the radiation. Fragmentation generated in a molecular shell due to the expansion of the N11 nebula is suggested. The integrated line ratios 12CO/13CO show evidence of selective photodissociation of the 13CO, and probably other mechanisms such as chemical fractionation. The values found for the integrated line ratios 12CO J = 3–2/1–0 are in agreement with values that were assumed in previous works, and the CO contribution to the continuum at 870 μm was derived directly. The distribution of the integrated line ratios 12CO J = 3–2/2–1 show indications of stellar feedback in N11B and N11D. The ratio between the virial and local thermal equilibrium (LTE) mass (Mvir/MLTE) is higher than unity in all analyzed molecular clumps, which suggests that the clumps are not gravitationally bounded and may be supported by external pressure. A non-LTE analysis suggests that we map gas with densities of about a few 103 cm−3. The molecular clump at N11B, the unique molecular feature with direct evidence of ongoing star formation, is the densest of the clumps we analyzed.
Grain kinematics during stress relaxation in sand: not a problem for X-ray imaging
Authors: Dijkstra Jelke , Andò Edward , Dano Christophe
Published: June 2019

X-ray tomography is a very valuable tool for studying the full-field 3D deformation of granular materials. The requirement to stop loading and scan a given state (assumed to be stationary) used in most approaches implies unavoidable stress relaxation during scanning. Since scanning times on laboratory tomographs are normally in the order of 1 hour, the strength of the assumption of a stationary state cannot be tested, which introduces some potential weakness in the interpretation of the rich micro-mechanics observed. This paper presents the kinematics of relaxation of a dry natural sand in a typical oedometric cell used for X-ray scanning, using a synchrotron X-ray source to provide scanning times of around 3 minutes, at two different magnifications. This allows the relaxation of the cell & sand system for the first time to be quantified. Advanced image correlation tools are used to quantify the rearrangements of the soil skeleton during loading and the subsequent relaxation. The results indicate that the magnitude of grain displacements during relaxation, associated to ≈4% reduction in externally measured axial stress under oedometric loading, falls below 0:01D50. It can, therefore, be concluded that the relaxation step required prior to an X-ray scan during an in-situ geomechanical experiment on dry sand does not lead to appreciable uncertainties.
Characterizing Fabric Anisotropy of Air-Pluviated Sands
Authors: Sun Quan , Zheng Junxing , He Hantao , Li Zhaochao
Published: June 2019

Sand particles depositing through air generally align their largest dimensions in horizontal plane, forming a cross anisotropic fabric. Therefore, sands display varying strength, permeability, compressibility with directions. This study characterizes fabric anisotropy in loose and dense air-pluviated sand specimens scanned by X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) using a series of image processing techniques. The principal component analysis, three-dimensional watershed analysis, and Delaunay triangulation technique are used to compute directional parameters, including particle long axes, contact normals, and branch vectors, and scalar parameters, including index void ratios, coordination number, and average branch vector length. The particle long axes and branch vectors displayed preferred horizontal directions while the contact normals displayed preferred vertical directions. The dense specimen has smaller index void ratios, larger coordination number, and smaller average branch vector length than the loose specimen.
Non-axisymmetric and/or non-elementary response of anisotropic tuff in axisymmetric, elementary triaxial test
Authors: Togashi Yota , Kikumoto Mamoru , Tani Kazuo , Hosoda Koichi , Ogawa Koji
Published: June 2019

Specimens of triaxial tests ordinarily response as element in the axisymmetric condition, and it is theoretically correct assumption. However, for anisotropic rocks, the axisymmetric condition is not always satisfied because incremental relationships between stresses and strains are not coaxial. In addition, such rock specimen often shows non-uniform deformation behaviors due to end frictions. As the reason, the influence of end restraints on deformation behaviors of anisotropic rocks during triaxial compression is much greater than that of isotropic one. In this study, the variations in the stress-strain relationships of anisotropic tuff due to the condition of end restraints are investigated. The results of four consolidated drained triaxial tests with measuring the strain tensor demonstrated that the axial and volumetric strains were not influenced by whether sliding mechanism and Teflon sheets are installed at the end of specimens or not; meanwhile, the shear components of the strain tensor and the inclinations of principal strain orientations are widely varied owing to the end restraints.
Maximum shear modulus of calcareous sand in Dejebel Dahar, Tunisia and its dependency on applied stress
Authors: Choo Hyunwook , Kwon Minhyuk , Touiti Lamia , Jung Young-Hoon
Published: June 2019

The present experimental investigation aims at investigating the small strain stiffness of calcareous sand as a function of applied stress. The calcareous sand was sampled at Tunisia's Dejebel Dahar region, and the shear wave velocity (Vs) of calcareous sand was measured using modified oedometer cell equipped with bender elements. The results of this study demonstrate that the Vs of the tested calcareous sand is smaller than that of silica sand with minimal crushable particles at relatively low applied stress (σ); however, Vs of calcareous sand is greater than that of silica sand at high σ, reflecting strong dependency of calcareous sand on σ. The applied stress dependency of soils can be expressed as a power function of applied stress (Vs = α (σ / 1 kPa)β, where α = Vs at σ = 1 kPa and β = stress exponent). Generally, the single α-β can capture the dependency of Vs on σ, and the typical β value for sand is around 0.25. The measured β of tested silica sand was around 0.20; while, Tunisia calcareous sand shows β of greater than 0.32, and the dependency of Vs on σ cannot be captured by single α-β. This can be attributed to the fact that the variation of Vs of tested calcareous sand with increasing σ reflects not only fabric change but also particle crushing.
How to interpret consolidation and creep in Yoldia clay
Authors: Peri Elena , Bo Ibsen Lars , Nordahl Nielsen Benjaminn
Published: June 2019

The aim of this paper is to define a guideline for an objective interpretation of oedometer tests on Yoldia clay. The approach followed consists in a first analysis where the separation of strains is applied to the consolidation curves. During this phase, primary consolidation strains are filtered from creep by using Brinch-Hansen, Taylor and ANACONDA method. The second phase of the interpretation aims to determine the preconsolidation stress according to three different theories (Akai, Janbu and Casagrande - Terzaghi). The preconsolidation stress values, as well as the consolidation curves, are slightly influenced by the separation of strains method applied, while using different preconsolidation stress theories deeply affects the final results.
Effects of loading rate on strength and deformation characteristics of gypsum mixed sand
Authors: Maqsood Zain , Koseki Junichi , Kyokawa Hiroyuki
Published: June 2019

It has been unanimously acknowledged that the strength and deformation characteristics of bounded geomaterials, viz. cemented soils and natural rocks, are predominantly governed by the rate of loading/deformation. Rational evaluation of these time-dependent characteristics due to viscosity and ageing are vital for the reliable constitutive modelling. In order to study the effects of ageing and loading/strain rate (viscosity) on the behaviour of bounded geomaterials, a number of unconfined monotonic loading tests were performed on Gypsum Mixed Sand (GMS) specimens at a wide range of axial strain rates; ranging from 1.9E-05 to 5.3E+00 %/min (27,000 folds), and at different curing periods. The results indicate shifts in the viscous behaviour of GMS at critical strain rates of 2.0E-03 and 5.0E-01 %/min. In the light of this finding, the results are categorized into three discrete zones of strain rates, and the behaviour of GMS in each of these zones is discussed. A significant dependency of peak strength and stress-strain responses on strain rate was witnessed for specimens subjected to strain rates lesser than 2.0E-03 %/min, and the effects of viscosity/strain rate was found to be insignificant at strain rate higher than 5.0E-01%/min.
Soil liquefaction as an identification test
Authors: Bacic Bozana , Herle Ivo
Published: June 2019

Time-consuming and complicated investigations of soil liquefaction in cyclic triaxial tests are the most common way of laboratory analysis of this phenomenon. Moreover, the necessary equipment for the performance of cyclic triaxial tests is very expensive. Much simpler method for laboratory testing of the soil liquefaction has been developed at the Institute of Geotechnical Engineering at the TU Dresden. This method takes into account the pore water pressure build-up during cyclic shearing within a short time period. During the test, the soil sample is subjected to horizontal cyclic loading and the generated pore water pressure is measured. In the first series of these experiments, a dependence of the pore water pressure buildup on the initial density of soil could be observed, as expected. When comparing different soils, it is shown that the tendency to liquefaction depends also on the granulometric properties (e.g. grain size distribution) of the soil. The aim of the further development is to establish a simple identification test for laboratory testing of the soil liquefaction.
Compressive behaviour of very dense structured granular geo-materials
Authors: Khoshini Mohammad , Khoshghalb Arman , Khalili Nasser
Published: June 2019

The isotropic compression behaviour of dense structured geo-materials and the associated degradation at failure is addressed in a non-qualitative manner. To this end, the general behaviour of fully de-structured geo-materials, e.g. sands, as an accepted reference is thoroughly investigated. The parameters affecting the behaviour of de-structured materials such as mineralogy, gradation and fines content, and relative density are discussed. The isotropic compression behaviour of a weathered weak sandstone, representative of a structured granular geo-material, is then investigated along the isotropic compression stress path under a range of pressures from nil to 100 MPa. Both structured and fully de-structured states of the material are tested implementing the proposed quantification method. The effect of structure on the compressibility of the material is found to be tangible. By plotting the specific volume versus natural log of the mean effective stress, the onset of structure collapse and the successive degradation of the structure are captured. By increasing the pressure, compaction bands throughout the sample increasingly develop and the compression curve asymptotically approaches to that of the fully degraded state of the material. At elevated pressures, the rate of compressibility will increase significantly due to particle crushing.
Preliminary tests on a microfluidic device to study pore clogging during biocementation
Authors: Felício Filipe , Silverio Vania , Duarte Sofia , Galvão Ana , Monteiro Gabriel , Cardoso Susana , Cardoso Rafaela
Published: June 2019

Soil improvement using ureolytic bacteria or other biological agents is a promising technique currently under investigation. It is based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate (biocement) due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea. The biocement produced clogs the soil pores, consequently bonding the soil grains and increasing overall strength and stiffness while reducing permeability. This study focused mainly on pore clogging effects. The effect of the enzyme and feeding solution concentrations was studied in small test tubes to find the maximum amount of precipitate found when changing the concentrations of both. Based on it, selected concentrations of enzyme and feeding solution were tested in a microfluidic device conceived to mimic a two-dimensional uniform porous size medium. Qualitatively, the amount of precipitate was proportional to that of the concentrations used. The location of the precipitate was clearly related with the direction of fluid flow during inoculation. These preliminary results highlight the fact that the use of alternative testing devices such as the one developed is a potential tool for the study of clogging phenomena occurring during this treatment.
Drained volumetric behaviour and static liquefaction of very loose sand reinforced with synthetic fibres
Authors: Zhang Xidong , Russell Adrian R
Published: June 2019

Synthetic fibres may be used to reinforce soils. Fibre reinforcement may, for example, improve the mechanical behaviour of very loose sand which is usually susceptible to static liquefaction. In this study, two types of polypropylene fibres are mixed into sand to explore the effect of fibre reinforcement on drained volumetric behaviour and undrained static liquefaction. Drained and undrained stress-controlled triaxial compression tests are conducted on both unreinforced and fibre reinforced samples which are in very loose states. It is observed that, under drained compression, both unreinforced and fibre reinforced samples show volumetric contraction. In undrained compression the excess pore water pressure eventually becomes almost equal to the initial confining stress in all samples. This represents a state of liquefaction in unreinforced samples, and they become fluidised indicating the effective stress has become zero. However, in reinforced samples, the fluidised condition is absent, indicating that a conventional type of liquefaction has not occurred. It is concluded that static liquefaction in very loose sand can be prevented by fibre reinforcement, as the induced tensile stress in fibres makes the effective stress (that is the stress carried by the soil skeleton) remain above zero even when the excess pore water pressure is equal to the confining stress.
Use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to measure strains in geogrids
Authors: Gallage Chaminda , Jayalath Chamara
Published: June 2019

Geosynthetics are widely used in Geotechnical Engineering to reinforce soil/gravel in pavements, retaining wall backfills, and embankments. It is important to measure strains in geogrids in the determination of their strength parameters such as tensile strength and secant stiffness, and in evaluating their performances in geogrid-reinforced structures. Strain gauges are commonly used in measuring strains in geogrids. However, it is important to verify the strains measured by strain gauges as these strains are affected by the data logging device, gauge factors, quality of bonding between grain gauge and geogrid, and temperature. Therefore, this study was conducted to verify the performance of strain gauges attached to Geogrids and also to investigate the possibility of using PIV technique and GeoPIV-RG software to measure the local strains developed in a geogrid specimen under tensile testing in the laboratory. In the experimental program of this study, six composite geogrid specimens were tested for tensile strength (wide-width tensile tests) while measuring/calculating its tensile strain by using strain gauges attached to the specimens, Geo-PIV-RG analysis and crosshead movements of Instron apparatus. Good agreement between the strains obtained from strain gauges and geoPIV-RG analysis was observed for all the tests conducted. These results suggest that the PIV technique along with geoPIV-RG program can effectively be used to measure the local strain of geogrids in the laboratory tests. It was also able to verify that properly installed strain gauges are able to measure strain in the geogrids which are used in the field applications.
Modeling of shear stiffness reduction from database of axial load tests on pile foundations
Authors: Niazi Fawad S. , Mayne Paul W.
Published: June 2019

Initiating at the small-strain shear modulus (Gmax), the mechanical nonlinear stress-strain-strength behavior of soil manifests in the form of modulus reduction, typically expressed in normalized form as Gop/Gmax. Here, Gopis the operative shear modulus – a reduced stiffness value corresponding to strain levels that the soil is experiencing. Assessment of Gopis critical to reliable predictions of load-related deformations within the soil. Among the various categories of loading, deep foundations and pilings exhibit a typical mechanism of axial load transfer to the foundation soil. For friction type piles, the stiffness reduction mostly takes place along the pile shaft-soil interface. Within the framework of an analytical solution, the back analyses from the results of load tests on pile foundations, together with the knowledge of pile geometries and soil parameters, provide an outline for evaluation of Gopat different load increments. This paper explains the methodology employed to develop stiffness reduction curves (Gop/Gmax) as a function of pseudo-strain (γp = wt/d), where, wt= settlement at the pile top, and d = pile diameter. Algorithms that integrate the plasticity characteristics of the soil are also presented. The results afford an improved evaluation of the complete nonlinear load-settlement (Q-wt) response for pile foundations under axial loads.
Shear strength of bonded concrete-granite joints under constant normal stress conditions
Authors: Briffaut Matthieu , El Merabi Bassel , Dufour Frédéric , Coubard Grégory
Published: June 2019

The shear behaviour of bonded concrete-granite joints under constant normal stress conditions is experimentally investigated in this paper. Concrete was prepared following standard mix used in pre-existing dams in France and poured on granite samples with a natural surface roughness. Before the direct shear tests, the joint surfaces were scanned by a laser profilometer to obtain the 3D morphology features. By analysing the shear test results, no direct correlations were found between the shear strength of bonded joints and classical roughness parameter.
High resolution incremental stress testing of crushable granular materials
Authors: Ciantia Matteo , Arroyo Marcos , Gens Antonio
Published: June 2019

The incremental behaviour of crushable sands is investigated by means of a Discrete Element Method (DEM) based analogue. The DEM sample is subjected to a comprehensive set of small stress perturbations in the triaxial plane in order to identify the basic mechanisms contributing to the corresponding strain response. Three contributions to incremental strains are distinguished: elastic, plastic-structural and plastic-crushing. The behaviour observed appears to be consistent with the classic tenets of elasto-plasticity. It is also shown that high resolution probing is required to identify significant features such as elastic anisotropy and irreversible effects on the tangent bulk and shear moduli. As a consequence, computational efficiency is therefore a must for numerical studies of incremental response.
Calibration of a double structure constitutive model for unsaturated compacted soils
Authors: Ghiadistri Giulia , Zdravković Lidija , Potts David M. , Tsiampousi Aikaterini
Published: June 2019

This paper describes a calibration procedure for the double structure constitutive model ICDSM (Imperial College Double Structure Model), developed for highly expansive clays, when the model is applied to MX-80 bentonite. Firstly, the model calibration process is discussed and organised in a number of hierarchical steps. These steps involve the estimation of the macrostructural parameters that can be derived from oedometer, isotropic and triaxial laboratory data. Estimation of the microstructural parameters is more challenging due to the limited knowledge of an expansive clay’s fabric and of the physico-chemical phenomena that control its evolution upon wetting. Nevertheless, this paper discusses the available sources of data and identifies the appropriate information that is needed to characterise the micro-structural behaviour of the bentonite. Finally, through the simulation of a swelling pressure test on a bentonite plug, the hydration of the material is studied as a hydro-mechanical coupled process. Particular attention is devoted to the evolution of the stress state of the sample, which is compared to the experimental measurements in order to demonstrate that the constitutive model accurately reproduces the expansive behaviour of MX-80 bentonite.
Deformation dependencies of sand stiffness
Authors: Sabaliauskas Tomas , Bo Ibsen Lars
Published: June 2019

Convention does not provide a solution combining drained and undrained response, loss and recovery of sand stiffness, all in one irregular loading sequence. Alas, such solution is necessary for designing offshore wind turbine foundations and predicting soil behavior during (and after) seismic events. To gain deeper understanding of the fundamental phenomenon governing disturbed sand behavior, unconventional testing procedures were attempted using a frictionless triaxial apparatus. The resulting observations revealed a new physical phenomenon (deformation dependent stiffness hysteresis loops). The new observations were then used to derive an unconventional model (BSM), which uses a strain (deformation) envelope.
Recycling of Construction Wastes During Major Repairs
Authors: Klimenko M Y , Kasharina T P , Zamorov A A
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the issue of recycling of construction wastes during major repairs (rebuilding operations). The complete analysis of design and estimate documentation of the Russian Federation developed on the basis of the effectual statutory instruments allows us to draw the conclusion that the definition of usage of construction wastes usually includes the algorithm of their treatment (storage) with a purpose of transportation to the spoil disposal in the future. The investigation results are based on the on-site inspections of buildings where major repairs (rebuilding operations) are necessary, statistics, system analysis and analytical correlation of known practical and scientific facts. A policy of recycling of construction wastes during major repairs (rebuilding operations) was created, which includes 5 main phases: information acquisition, formation of set of technological combinations for every performance phase, comparison of handling abilities of the formed performance phase combinations, calculation of resource-saving exponent, calculation of energy performance exponent, choosing of the technology edition, formation of the construction wastes recycling system. Analytical dependences were found where the amount of construction wastes developing from demolition of defective and damaged sections depends on technical condition of a building carcass. Also, estimation criterion of method are offered: resource-saving and energy efficiency. During the implementation of recycling the resource-saving exponent ranges from 55, 22% to 88, 84%. In virtue of statistics it can be said without prejudice that even today the territory of the Russian Federation accumulates about 451 million tons of potential construction wastes rising from major repairs (rebuilding operations). In case of non-act all the mentioned capacity will exert downward pressure on the environment.
State-Religion Relations in the Context of Rational Choice Theory: the Case of Russia
Authors: Tsyrendorzhieva D Sh , Bagaeva K A
Published: June 2019

The paper offers methodology of rational choice theory for the analysis of the statereligion relations in contemporary Russia. That theory is employed in economic and social sciences to explain rational behavior of individuals when choosing potential opportunities. The paper argues that the situation of the ‘religious market’ has developed in Russia that causes religious organizations to act as companies and firms offering services. It is connected with the state’s efforts to control religious organizations, which, in turn, have to compete with each other in order to receive certain benefits. The authors point out that religious pluralism has its boundaries. Religious supply is bound by demand, which is formed by the state. The paper argues that religious pluralism leads to religious organizations becoming more active. Therefore, they supply more services. The paper concludes by arguing that individual religious demand is actively supported by religious organizations. That causes the formation of rational relationship and rational behavior of religious organizations. Drawing on that argument the theory allows to explain patterns and mechanisms of the state-religion relations in contemporary Russia.
Efficiency of the Innovation System Development under Integration Process
Authors: Slavnetskova L , Kazakova N
Published: June 2019

This article analyzes the different assessment techniques as elements of integrated assessment of the formation and development of the Eurasian Economic Cooperation Union (EAEU) innovation system in the context of integration process. Authors designed an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of the EAEU innovation system development in the context of integration. This approach includes the basic estimation principles, levels and indicators.

The basic principles of the selection of assessment indicators include: scientific substantiation, the possibility of quantification, results-orientation, concreteness and uniqueness, probabilistic character of indicators, system approach, the combination of aggregate and individual indicators, the optimal ratio of different groups of indicators, the combination of statistical, factual and forecasting indicators, the interconnectedness and compatibility of indicators, identity, commonality, compatibility of indicators in time and levels of management. The stages and indicators of the assessment of the EAEU innovation system development in the context of integration are proposed in the article. On this base, authors calculated the index of the EAEC innovation system development.
Formation of Knowledge Economy in the “Recourse Type” Regions
Authors: Zaytseva A I , Sagdeeva L S , Savitseva S A
Published: June 2019

The subject of this article is the economic relations that make up the process of formation and development of the knowledge economy in resource-type regions. The aim of the research is to reveal the essence of a knowledge-based economy, its inherent regularities and features at the regional level. Scientific research has been focused on the material aspects of the reproductive process for a long time. At present, a new paradigm based exclusively on theories of sustainable and human development, as well as the knowledge economy, is formed. The concept of the knowledge economy is a new course of economic development. The article reveals a system of indicators of the knowledge economy. The basic requirements for this system are formulated. The assessment of the knowledge economy in the regions of Russia from 2005 to 2017 was completed. The main factors determining the possibilities of industrial development and economic growth of the regions of the “resource type” are revealed on the example of the Kemerovo region. The necessity for the formation of organizational elements of the regional innovation system was demonstrated. The necessity of transformation of the labor market and modernization of the education system in the region as one of the directions of the knowledge economy is also substantiated. The presented results of the research made it possible to conclude that higher education is not tuned to the preparation of genuinely demanded professions, but focuses directly on the interests of entrants. The amount of damage from non-use of higher education, obtained by graduates is calculated and presented in the article. Recommendations for the system of higher professional education are suggested.
Scenario Planning as a Tool for Managing Audit Risks
Authors: Yakimova V A , Bevzyuk Y I
Published: June 2019

The article deals with scenario planning as a tool for managing audit risks in the planning and conducting of internal audit in order to minimize the risk of undetected errors, to obtain the reasonable assurance about the reliability of audit evidence. In the course of research the methods of logical analysis, synthesis, deduction, and observation were used. As a result the essence and methods of scenario planning were revealed to manage audit risk during internal audit, there was corrected the model to determine the sample size given the risky elements in the various scenarios, the use of scenario approach in conducting the audit of accounts receivable in «Blagoveshchensk cash-calculation center» Ltd. was considered. The obtained results can be used by auditors when choosing an approach to internal audit, methods of obtaining the audit evidence, determining the optimal sample quality in various scenarios of internal audit. Methodological aspects of scenario approach in the process of audit planning, adjustment of the sample volume model allow to substantiate the choice of a rational scenario that maximizes the economic benefits at the lowest cost for the audit, as well as to determine the risk management measures in the «narrow» areas where errors and distortions of financial indicators are possible.
The Effectiveness Assessment of Health Care Provider’s Additional Professional Training
Authors: Kulkova I A , Plutova M I , Kuryachaya E A
Published: June 2019

The article is devoted to the practical effectiveness assessing the health personnel training in the medical colleges system of the Defense Ministry and the Health Ministry. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is D. Kirkpatrick’s model. The article analyzes the number of medical personnel dynamics of the Military Medical Hospital, who has undergone professional training during the last three years. At the first level of the analysis, the trainee’s survey results about training satisfaction are summarized, at the second stage, the results of acquired competency personnel testing are studied. At the third stage, managers were interviewed about changes in the labor behavior of subordinates after their training. Finally, at the fourth level of effectiveness evaluation, changes in performance were studied. The result of the study showed that education in the medical College of the Health Ministry is much more productive at all levels of effectiveness evaluation. The article also includes recommendations to improve the effectiveness of training nursing personnel.
Qualitative Models and Quality Management of Probiotic Dairy Products Enriched with New Sources of Selenium
Authors: Galochkina N A , Glotova I A
Published: June 2019

Dairy products enriched with functional ingredients and probiotic microorganisms are an important factor in ensuring the quality of life of the population. Since the authors have developed new cereal and collagen supplements for the enrichment of probiotic dairy products with bioavailable selenium, this study aims to justify new probiotic products formulation, to develop the block diagram of its production with selenium-containing additives as a basis for HACCP system introduction as a safety tool of new probiotic products (PP). For the quality characteristics of PP the main groups of indicators: microbiological, organoleptic, physico-chemical indicators and functional properties were selected. The quality index of the developed PP with selenium-containing cereal and collagen additives was 0.83 and 0.87, respectively. Based on the preferred consumer, chemical composition, taste characteristics and influences on the content of solids, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, the dosage of fruit filler in the formulation of PP in the amount of 8-10% is reasonable. Critical control points of PP production were determined; critical limits, corrective actions and monitoring procedures for each critical control points were established; verification procedures were also discussed for HACCP plan implementation.
Analysis of the Environmental Load Factor on the Economic System of the Region
Authors: Komarova O V , Kezhun L A
Published: June 2019

The article considers different approaches to correspondence analysis of economic and environmental regional factors. The analysis is based on the ecological Kuznets curve and some investigations of regional ecological and economic problems. The empirical analysis demonstrates a stable correlation between environment exploitation indicators (atmospheric air and sewage pollution) and gross regional product value as well as high level of regions’ differentiation based on ecological indicators that can be explained by low level of regions’ economics development and, in addition, its rent-seeking nature. An in-depth analysis of some regions showed a correlation between sectorial structure of the region’s economy and environment pollution: manufacturing and mineral extraction have the most impact. These conclusions conform to the dynamic of the ecological Kuznets curve: the growth of traditional sector of economy has more significant impact on standards of living rather than environmental factors. The intensity of environment exploitation and dynamic of environment polluting define the need of regulatory leverage by the government through economic and institutional factors due to prevention of irreversible impact on region’s environment.
Development of Leasing Operations as a Tool to Fund Innova-tive Activities in Housing and Public Utilities
Authors: Nikityuk L G , Tymchuk O G , Evseeva G G
Published: June 2019

Housing and public utilities is of socio-economic significance. It determines the conditions and quality of population life. The article deals with investment methods of innovative activities financing in housing and public utilities sector. Authors suggest that development of leasing transactions through public-private partnership is a priority tool for reforming the industry. An analysis of terminology allowed defining the term of leasing operations of housing and public utilities innovative activities with public-private partnership mechanism applied. It is worked out an organizational and economic scheme of leasing transaction with public-private partnership involved for innovative activity in the housing and public utilities sphere. It allows tracing interaction stages between the leasing participants with the state involved. An innovative technique to calculate leasing payments in operational leasing is worked out. It allows innovative housing and public utilities organizations to vary both payments sums and the residual value of the leased property. The authors suggest directions for state incentives necessary for the effective leasing operations in the housing and public sector. Thus, the study showed it’s necessary to develop leasing operations with public-private partnership involvement. It will influence investment and innovation activities of the housing and public utilities sector favorably.
Pension models: Comparative Analysis and Prospects of Application in Russia
Authors: Terentieva I V
Published: June 2019

The article assesses the effectiveness of the pay-as-you-go pension system and the funded pension system as components of the current mixed model of pension provision in Russia. The prospects of their further application in Russia are presented.
Features of the Application of Information Modeling in the Construction Industry
Authors: Dorozhkina E , Pastukhov A
Published: June 2019

The article deals with the issues of improving the quality of products by design organizations contributing to improving the efficiency of the organization in terms of dynamism of the environment. The application of BIM technologies in the work of organizations is discussed in detail.