bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Electric Vehicles into the German Electricity Grid – an Interdisciplinary Analysis
Authors: Jochem Patrick , Kaschub Thomas , Paetz Alexandra-Gwyn , Fichtner Wolf
Published: May 2018

This study analyses the integration of electric vehicles (EV) into the German power grid including different demand side management (DSM) approaches from a technical, economical and user perspective. For this an overview of the future German electricity market with the focus on EV integration is given. It is shown that for conservative EV penetration rates the effect on the electricity generation is marginal while the shortage in the regional and local electricity grid could be already significant. DSM in combination with smart grids can help to tackle this issue by controlled charging of EVs. One simple concept is to postpone the charging process by offering incentives to vehicle users e. g. with dynamic electricity tariffs. The common Time-of-Use (TOU) tariff defines in advance a dynamic tariff scheme according to the load forecast for the following days. This allows to release the local electricity grid and to increase the share of renewable energies: In times of high electricity generation by renewable energies and low electricity demand the price is low and vice versa. The impact of these dynamic tariffs on the charging process of EVs is shown in a techno-economic analysis for an exemplary urban high voltage grid by an optimising energy model. These strong impacts are however somewhat reduced by the acceptance and the low profits for the single user. At least for the users in a German field trial, environmental aspects played a major role in influencing the charging behaviour – this gives still hope for the future.
Potential of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle to Reduce CO2 Emission Estimated from Probe Car Data in Japan
Authors: KATO HIDEKI , ANDO RYOSUKE , KACHI NORIYASU
Published: May 2018

The reduction of CO2 emission by the transport sector is necessary to be realized the low carbon society. In the near future, further CO2 emission reduction is expected by the diffusion of PHEV. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of PHEV to reduce CO2 emission based on real-world driving data (probe car data) and simulation. The probe car data of 35 conventional HEVs from April to August in 2011 were analyzed. The type of simulated PHEV system was all electric range, which operated only by battery power as long as available battery capacity was remaining (EV mode) , and then operated like conventional HEV after battery was depleted (HEV mode). Charging frequency was once a day at home after midnight as a realistic scenario. The results showed that the travel distance of 43% was converted to EV mode, and the gasoline consumption was reduced by 44%. The CO2 emission was totally reduced by 17% considering electric power consumption. CO2 emissions of each vehicle were reduced by 1-44%. CO2 reduction amount of each vehicle varied widely reflecting their each own ways of car use and operating conditions. It is indicated that the diffusion of PHEV is a realistic and efficient measure to reduce CO2 emissions in consideration of actual car use and operating conditions. Furthermore, low carbon power supply as well as diffusion of PHEV is more effective to CO2 reduction.
A Microsimulation of Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Use
Authors: Stephens Thomas , Sullivan John , Keoleian Gregory
Published: May 2018

A population of drivers was simulated using a microsimulation model. Consistent with the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), a wide range of daily driving distance was observed. This heterogeneity implies that some drivers will realize greater fuel savings from driving a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) than others, therefore, consumers who choose to purchase PHEVs may tend to be those who drive farther than average. The model was used to examine the effects of this difference in driving by estimating fuel use, electricity demand and GHG emissions by two populations, one assigned PHEVs at random to some fraction of drivers, and the other assigned PHEVs to drivers who realized operating cost savings at least as great as the amortized incremental cost of the PHEV relative to a comparable conventional vehicle. These two populations showed different distributions of daily driving distance, with the population of PHEV drivers selected on the basis of operating cost savings driving 40% farther per day on average than average drivers. This difference indicates the possible range of driving patterns of future PHEV drivers, which should be taken into account when estimating fuel savings and GHG reductions from PHEVs. For example, if 20% of U.S. vehicles were PHEVs, we find a potential reduction of fuel use of 0.17 gal per day per vehicle if PHEVs substitute randomly for conventional vehicles, whereas the fuel savings is as large as 0.26 gal per day per vehicle if PHEVs are substituted according to operating cost savings. Similar differences in GHG emissions were estimated as well. The effects of electricity demand management on charging PHEVs was examined for these two populations. It was found for both that only a small fraction of PHEVs were impacted by interruptible electricity service (no charging permitted during peak hours). Most PHEV drivers were able to charge sufficiently during off-peak hours and saw little change in operating costs. This implies that interruptible electricity service may impact operating costs of only a small fraction of PHEV drivers.
Fuel Efficiency Benefit for Electrified Vehicles from Advanced Spark-ignition Engine Technologies
Authors: Walton B. , Rousseau A.
Published: May 2018

Worldwide fuel consumption regulations are becoming more and more stringent. As a result, car companies are looking at a wide portfolio of component technologies, including engines, transmissions, and electrification. This study examined fuel consumption reductions offered by a collection of advanced spark-ignition (SI) engine technologies using full-vehicle simulations. High-fidelity engine models were developed to simulate Variable Valve Lift (VVL), Turbocharging and Downsizing (T), and Gasoline Direct Injection (DI) technologies in an incremental manner through an accumulative technology pathway. Measurements from these models were used to build full-vehicle simulations for each of the technologies across a spectrum of vehicle powertrain configurations with increased electrification. Each vehicle component was algorithmically sized to meet common performance criteria to ensure uniformity and comparability. The effects of vehicle hybridization and electrification on the technology fuel reductions while transitioning from conventional to mild, full, and plug-in hybrid configurations were investigated. Conventional vehicles were found to attain the highest overall benefits, while mild and full hybrid vehicles attained lower benefits. A negative correlation was found between engine technology benefit and vehicle hybridization. Over the pathway, cycles, and configurations investigated, average benefits for DI were found to be 8.0%; VVL, 3.4%; Turbocharging and downsizing, 9.7%; and downsizing from 1.6 L to 1.2 L, 2.7%.
Implementing electric vehicles in urban distribution: A discrete event simulation
Authors: Lebeau Philippe , Macharis Cathy , Van Mierlo Joeri , Maes Guillaume
Published: May 2018

Urban freight transport becomes increasingly important with the development of cities. However, it generates also inefficiencies on social, economic and environmental aspects. A possible solution is the use of urban distribution centres in order to rationalise the deliveries and to operate the last miles with clean vehicles. Electric vehicles are gaining attention lately but some barriers remain. Since costs barriers were already investigated, the paper aimed at evaluating the difference of performances between a centre using a diesel truck and a centre using an electric vehicle. In order to do so, the operations of an urban distribution centre were modelled in a discrete event simulation and different scenarios were evaluated. The results showed that replacing a conventional truck by an electric van generates more traffic due to the limited payload of the van. However, the limited range does not entail the daily operations of the vehicle since a single night charge is sufficient. Better, the depth of discharge is found to be limited to a minimum of 60%. The results on the battery are similar in the second scenario where the conventional truck is replaced by an electric truck. In that scenario though, no influences are identified on the logistics performances of the urban distribution center
Evaluation of low power electric vehicles in demanding urban conditions: an application to Lisbon
Authors: Baptista Patrícia , Duarte Gonçalo , Gonçalves Gonçalo , Farias Tiago
Published: May 2018

This research paper analyses the use of four electric vehicles, two motorcycles (EM) and two small low powered electric vehicles (EV) in an urban environment with demanding topography and driving profile. The vehicles were compared with conventional technologies using a methodology that was developed to estimate its drive cycle (EV-DC) as well as the corresponding energy consumption, in a life-cycle approach. This methodology uses real-world driving cycles as input performed with conventional vehicles, in this case, on representative routes in Lisbon, and estimates the impacts on the driving cycle considering that an electric vehicle was used. The deviation between the original and the estimated driving cycles for electric vehicles was quantified considering the power and speed limitations of the electric vehicles and the average speed and trip time impacts were quantified. The results indicate up to 13% longer trip time for the vehicles and up to 25% longer trip time for motorcycles, resulting of reductions in average trip speed of up to 11 and 20% respectively. In terms of fuel efficiency, the electric technologies considered may reduce the Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption in average 10 times for the vehicles and 4 times for the motorcycles. However, the reductions in a Well-to-Wheel (WTW) approach are reduced to a 5 times reduction in energy consumption for vehicles and a 2 times reduction for motorcycles. In all, this methodology corresponds to an innovative way of understanding how low-powered electric technologies, both vehicles and motorcycles, would perform in specific applications to replace conventional technologies, both in terms of trips statistics and of energy and environmental performance.
econnect Germany – performance and evaluation of an electrically propelled minibus for public transportation
Authors: Töpler Dipl.-Ing. Felix , Eckstein Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lutz , Geulen Dipl.-Ing. Gerrit , Homann Dipl.-Ing. Jérôme
Published: May 2018

Within the econnect project and its predecessor project SmartWheels, which are both funded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), a battery electric passenger bus on the basis of a Mercedes Sprinter City 65 has been developed and tested on public roads. Driving without local emissions, high energy efficiency and reduced energy costs for driving are the main advantages of electric drivetrains compared to conventional ones. Otherwise the limited energy content of the battery reduces range and availability of electric propelled vehicles. Passenger buses in public transportation systems are usually driving on specified inner-urban routes and have an average driving speed of ca. 20 km/h. Next to that the breaks at the end of service offer the possibility to recharge the battery so that the average daily driving distance can be easily covered by the developed electric bus. At the EVS 26 in 2012 ika has presented the design and concept of the electric bus [1]. This paper presents the results of test drives on urban and extra-urban bus routes. Some of the routes have also a significant elevation profile. A second bus with a conventional diesel engine was also used on the same routes so that a detailed comparison and evaluation of the electric and the diesel propelled bus has been made. All test drives have been carried out in or near the city of Aachen.
Performance of a newly developed plug-in hybrid boat
Authors: Minami Shigeyuki , Koizumi Kazuto , Hanada Toshiki , Matsuda Nakaba , Ishizu Kyoji , Nishi Junya , Fujiwara Takuma
Published: May 2018

We have produced a new-type of plug-in hybrid boat. This boat has excellent environment characteristics running by electricity, while having the ability of long-distance cruising and long distance reliability because of the diesel engine. The excellent performances of this plug-in hybrid boat system are described.
An overview of electric and solar boats market in France
Authors: GUELLARD Bernard , De MONTGROS Xavier , DE LA BARRIERE Philipe , WOLFENSBERGER Guy , D’OLIVEIRA Philippe
Published: May 2018

Electric boats (EBoats)1 have a major role to play for the transportation of passengers, and even goods, into the centre of the cities endowed with seaborne or fluvial paths or in each places to fit the environmental rules decided by local authorities to limit the access to protected water areas. Waterways accessing downtown are identified in many cities as relevant commuting solutions. Three market segments are emerging based on the boat uses: spare-time activities, public transportation services and goods or services applications. These boats have been developed for inland as well as maritime waters: they exist in pure electrical or hybrid versions depending on needs. They use lead acid, NiCad or lithium batteries technology. The French Electric Boats Association (AFBE), including 60 members, has identified to key levers for the development of this market: strengthening the industry position and boosting the governmental incentives. This document offers a description of the most significant electric boats applications in France, while providing the technical key points that allowed such efficient services to be reached.
Analysis and assessment of the electrification of urban road transport based on real-life mobility data
Authors: De Gennaro Michele , Paffumi Elena , Scholz Harald , Martini Giorgio
Published: May 2018

Assessing the potential of electric vehicles against actual user needs is a key-issue to integrate individual e-mobility in sustainable transport. An extensive analysis of real-life mobility has been carried out, in view of deriving and quantifying the potential of introducing electric vehicles in urban environment. A large activity data set collected with GPS black boxes mounted on approximately 16,000 vehicles monitored for a one-month period in the Italian province and city of Modena has been purchased and post-processed in order to characterise vehicles’ driving patterns. The ability of different types of electric vehicles to cover the real mobility needs of the users has been then investigated, estimating the percentage of individual trips which might be suitable to be performed by electric vehicles, as well as their potential impact on the electric energy distribution grid depending on different recharging behavioural models. The results show that more than 80% of these trips might be driven electric and that a fleet share lying between 10% and 25% can be immediately converted to battery electric vehicles, being not affected by their limited range. The quantitative key-insights based on real-life mobility data enable to address several issues, ranging from technological aspects, policy impacts and interoperability possibilities offered by the integration of electromobility with the energy distribution grid
Drivetrain design for an ultra light electric vehicle with high efficiency
Authors: Hofman Isabelle , Sergeant Peter , Van den Bossche Alex
Published: May 2018

The complete drivetrain for a single person ultra light electric vehicle (EV) is optimized towards a minimal total weight and a maximal average efficiency for different driving cycles. The EV is named ELBEV, which is an acronym for Ecologic Low Budget Electric Vehicle. The single person ultra light EV is a tricycle, with two driven and steering front wheels and one rear wheel. The drivetrain of each front wheel consists of an outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a single-stage gearbox and the power electronics with converter and controller print. The drivetrain is optimized for the New European Driving Cycle, the New York City Cycle and the Federal Test Procedure. For the optimization of the drivetrain analytical models are used to calculate the losses and the efficiency. The optimized parameters of the motor are: the number of pole pairs, the number of stator slots and the outer rotor radius of the motor. Furthermore, an analytical model for the single-stage gearbox is implemented for different gear ratios (GRs). The optimized parameters for the gearbox are: the number of teeth and the module of each gear combination and the total mass of the gearbox for each GR. The analytical models are fast, and useful for designing a good PMSM in combination with a single-stage gearbox. The optimization of the complete drivetrain is always a compromise between total average efficiency over the drive cycle and the total mass of the drivetrain.
Model Based Engineering and Realization of the KAYOOLA Electric City Bus Powertrain
Authors: Madanda R. , Musasizi P. I. , Asiimwe A. T. , Matovu F. , Africa J. , Tickodri-Togboa S. S.
Published: May 2018

In the race to decrease the well-to-wheels fuel consumption and improve environmental stewardship, auto-makers and researchers worldwide have moved to electrify the vehicle powertrain for personal and public transportation. The Center for Research in Transportation Technologies at Makerere University is exploring electric vehicle transportation technology as a plausible solution to traffic issues in Uganda’s urban centers and cities. Electric vehicle transportation in Africa’s cities is a practical solution due to the fact that most of these cities are on a relatively small area; distances involved are small. This paper presents the technical, operational and functional aspects that were considered in the design of the KAYOOLA Electric City Bus, which has a drive cycle that suits the public transport system in Kampala City in Uganda. Since Battery Electric Vehicles have specific on-board energy, the powertrain for the KAYOOLA electric city bus was designed following the specific road-load requirements of typical city drive cycle from data obtained from actual road measurements in Kampala city. For range extension, On-board solar charging is incorporated. To accurately predict performance, Autonomie-Modeling and simulation tool kit for light and heavy duty vehicles developed by Argonne National Laboratory was used to model and simulate the entire powertrain, noting effects of the grades, range, speed and drive cycles on the battery SOC and voltage. Design iterations are made to meet performance targets. This approach was employed to reduce time between concept development and prototyping while maximizing efficiency. The results shall inform the integration of key powertrain technologies into the KAYOOLA Electric City Bus.
Potential of an electric brake resistor to increase the efficiency of electric vehicles
Authors: Lieb Johannes , Sawazki Egor , Brüll Martin , Bäker Bernard
Published: May 2018

Electric brake resistors are well known in the domain of power electronics, railway or elevator technology to guarantee electric braking or to damp high electric power peaks. The generated heat energy, however, is usually dissipated. This work deals with the potential of an automotive application of the electric brake resistor to enable brake energy regeneration (recuperation) also at low temperatures and high state of charge when the charge performance of the traction battery is limited. By reusing the excess recuperation energy to support the vehicle’s cabin heating, the overall energy efficiency can be increased. In this paper three classes of battery electric vehicles are simulated with different driving environments and start pa-rameters to assess the influences on the efficiency potential of this application. It is shown that, depending on the start conditions and drive cycle, the total energy demand can be reduced by up to 12% with the use of a 6kW rated brake resistor.
Modeling and thermal simulation of a PHEV battery module with cylindrical LFP cells
Authors: Cicconi P. , Germani M. , Landi D.
Published: May 2018

Generally a part of electric vehicle diffusion is still based on marketing of cars and vans suitable for specific use like work vehicles. A flexible design methodology is required to support rapid prototyping and product customization in the market of tailored EV/PHEV. The research focuses the cooling simulation for a PHEV Li-Ion battery. The thermal analysis is based on the physical parameters of the single cell and on the experimental data. The proposed methodology concerns firstly an analytical approach which evaluates the average heat generated by a single cell during working condition. Then the proposed virtual prototyping analysis has been divided into two levels: the thermal simulation of one cell, and the CFD analysis of a battery module. This workflow has been applied to support the design of a battery pack for a prototypal ecological hybrid vehicle. That test case vehicle is a small van, used for the curbside collection, which has in parallel an internal combustion engine and an electric motor supplied by a LFP battery with small cylindrical cells. The analysis concerns one of the four module which constitutes the whole battery pack. The virtual model has been parameterized and the behavior of air cooling system has been evaluated through virtual tools.
Comparison of Braking Performance by Electro-Hydraulic ABS and Motor Torque Control for In-wheel Electric Vehicle
Authors: Ko Sungyeon , Song Chulho , Park Jeongman , Ko Jiweon , Yang Inbeom , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: May 2018

In this study, a slip control algorithm using motor torque control during the braking of the in-wheel electric vehicle was proposed and an anti-lock brake system (ABS) simulator was developed on the basis of the test results for electro-hydraulic ABS. The slip control algorithm using motor torque control limits the in-wheel motor torque according to road friction coefficient and slip ratio while the ABS prevents locking of the wheel by lowering or raising the brake pressure through solenoid valve control. A MATLAB/Simulink model and a CarSim vehicle model were developed, and the motor torque control and ABS simulator were applied to the MATLAB/Simulink-CarSim co-simulator and compared braking performance.
Smart and Green ACC series: A city and highway specific approach towards a safe and efficient eDAS
Authors: Akhegaonkar Sagar , Glaser Sebastien , Nouveliere Lydie , Holzmann Frederic
Published: May 2018

The successful transition of fully electric vehicle into automotive market is plagued with expensive product prices and limited drive range. While manufacturers point to fuel saving benefits, the actual cost savings after the first battery replacement presents negative economics. Hence it is necessary to maximise the fuel saving costs and to prolong the battery life as much as possible. The situation calls for an assistant system which takes into consideration the inherent propulsion system dynamics of electric vehicle in two typical situations – namely city and highway. Here we propose a combination of two systems, first a dynamic programming based acceleration controller for city cycle and second, an eHorizon based ACC system for maximum recuperation on highways. This paper is an extension of papers [1,2] and forms a series which is attributed to the development of a partial or complete “Safe and energy efficient longitudinal vehicle controller”. Such a controller is named “SAGA” - Smart and Green Automated Cruise Control. It is an ecological driver assistance system (eDAS) that adapts the vehicle speed over all its speed range according to a forward vehicle and to road events in a near horizon (legal speed, curves, etc…) with an aim to reduce the energy consumption without compromising on safety.
Single wheel drives for wheel slip control
Authors: Kaspar Stephan , Stroph Dr. Ralf , Pruckner Dr. Alfred , Hohmann Prof.-Dr. Sören
Published: May 2018

Ever-increasing electrification of the drive train offers new possibilities for the power train layouts as well as for vehicle dynamics control. For a single-wheel driven electric vehicle, one should utilize the advantages of the electric engines compared to conventional components. Within this contribution, an optimized arrangement regarding installation space of the drive train with single rear wheel drive was investigated. The electric motors were used for acceleration and deceleration, hence regenerative braking. Often, for brake situations with excessive wheel slip, electric engines are switched off and conventional components as the hydraulic wheel brakes are used to control the wheel speed. A control scheme for a rearwheel driven electric vehicle with single wheel drives is presented, where only the rear engines and no friction brakes are used for all driving and braking torques. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme has been proven in real vehicle tests for acceleration as well as for braking situations on low friction coefficient surface (snow).
Identification of EV use patterns, based on large scale EV monitoring data
Authors: De Cauwer C. , Gillis D. , Coosemans T. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a methodology to analyse electric vehicle (EV) monitoring data to identify use patterns. The methodology is applied to the monitored data of a fleet of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV). The methodology introduces a link of the travel behaviour and characterisation with the range of the electric vehicle. To identify use patterns a number of indicators are defined: reset points, extra range potential, daily distance driven, average distance between reset points and maximum distance between two reset points. These indicators are calculated on monitored data of EVs, and the first results and observations are presented.
E-Bus for Akita Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Utsumi Hiroshi , Saito Koji , Saito Akinori , Tanaka Kanao , Ohmoto Hideo
Published: May 2018

With the aim to improve technologies for EV or new energy industries and to create society with low environmental impact, Akita Prefecture has carried out the “EV Bus Technology Improvement Project”. The project developed an Akita-original electric bus and it further aims to operate the E-Bus on regular bus routes throughout the year.
Motor-Generator Control to Improve Shift Quality for a Dual Mode Power Split Transmission
Authors: Hong Sungwha , Choi Woulsun , Ahn Sunghyun , Lee Geontae , Son Hanho , Kim Yongjoo , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: May 2018

In this paper, a motor-generator (MG) control algorithm was proposed to improve the shift quality for a dual mode power split transmission (PST) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In order to analyze the shift characteristics during the mode shift, Bondgraph models for transient-state were constructed and state equations were derived. From the state equations, it was found that inertia torque of MG2 causes a transient torque during the mode shift. Based on the transient torque, a MG torque control algorithm which compensates the transient torque was developed to reduce the driveshaft torque variation. To evaluate the performance of the MG2 control algorithm, dynamic models of the dual mode PST HEV were obtained and an AMESim-MATLAB/Simulink based mode shift performance simulator was developed. It was found from the simulation results that the driveshaft torque variation was reduced by the proposed control algorithm which provides improved shift quality
Control and energy management strategies for a novel series hybrid
Authors: Offer Gregory J. , Plant Daniel J. , Silversides Richard W. , Smith Thomas M.S. , Goodwill Robert , Kanabar Pujit , Martinez-Botas Ricardo F.
Published: May 2018

In this work a novel series hybrid powertrain concept is presented. The concept removes the requirement for a power electronic converter to manage the state of charge of the accumulators by controlling the power flow between the generator and accumulator. Instead, the engine and generator are directly coupled and the state of charge of the accumulators is maintained by controlling the speed and power output of the engine to control the power flow to the accumulators. Results are presented from a proof-of-concept system that was built for a vehicle with a target peak power of 60kW with supercapacitors. Models are also presented comparing and contrasting a battery version with the supercapacitor version for a Formula Student vehicle. The powertrain is particularly suited for applications which have very high torque requirements, and hence the use of a mechanical gearbox introduces significant cost & weight, and is also ideally suited for applications where power needs to be distributed throughout an application to multiple locations, and hence multiple mechanical linkages would normally be required. The supercapacitor version is most suited to applications with high peak to average load ratios and noisy load cycles, and the battery version could be seen as a low cost route to range extend a battery electric vehicle.
Analysis of Fuel Economy and Battery Life depending on the Types of HEV using Dynamic Programming
Authors: Jeong Jongryeol , Choi Jongwoo , Seo Howon , Park Yeong-il , Cha Suk
Published: May 2018

Increasing demands of eco-friendly vehicles, various types of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) have been researched and released. Recently, some research has interest in not only the efficiency of the vehicle but also the durability of battery because the life of battery has influence on the cost of maintenance, stability and performance of the vehicle. In this study, backward simulation based on dynamic programming depending on the type of HEV which is consists of engine and battery or engine, battery and ultra-capacitor was conducted. The developed backward simulation algorithm can calculate the optimal fuel economy according to the driving cycle and other vehicle and components conditions. For the analysis of battery life, a battery capacity fade model was applied to the result of backward simulation. Battery life was estimated with an assumption that the vehicle drives repeatedly to follow the result of backward simulation derived to find the optimal fuel economy. From the simulation results, it is shown that HEV with ultra-capacitor has better fuel economy though it is almost similar with HEV without ultra-capacitor. However, the battery life of HEV with ultra-capacitor was estimated better because of the difference of battery power usage. Consequently, applying the ultra-capacitor to the typical parallel HEV has no large advantage in terms of fuel economy but has significant benefit in terms of battery life.
Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Impact of Regenerative Braking
Authors: Keil Peter , Jossen Andreas
Published: May 2018

In an electric vehicle, energy recovery during regenerative braking causes recharge periods of high current rate, which might damage the Li-ion traction battery. To determine the impact of regenerative braking on battery aging, an experimental cycle life study has been performed: Driving load profiles with different mag-nitudes of regenerative braking have been applied to high-energy Li-ion cells at different temperatures and states of charge (SoC). An additional calendar life study has enabled an identification of usage-dependent and usage-independent battery aging.After five months of cycling, corresponding to a driven distance of 50,000 km, cell degradation has varied substantially with different operation conditions. Our paper provides valuable new insights on the impact of regenerative braking on battery aging: A higher level of regenerative braking has generally led to reduced battery aging. This can be attributed to a reduction of lithium plating, as the depth of discharge is reduced with an increased amount of charge recovered by regenerative braking. Our study has shown that it is not the short-time recharging with high current rates, but the long-lasting charging periods, even with only low cur-rent rates, that promotes lithium plating. Moreover, the comparison of usage-dependent and usage-independ-ent battery aging has revealed that cyclic aging decreases with temperature, whereas calendar aging increases with temperature. Thus, battery life can be extended by optimized operating conditions.this paper, we provide advice for optimizing the operating conditions for Li-ion battery systems in electric vehicles. Not only regenerative braking, but also temperature and SoC, is considered for optimal operating strategies maximizing battery life. Based on the results of our experimental study, achieving a driven distance of 100,000km with only 10% capacity fade appears to be possible. Such a low battery aging is essential to promote the spread of electric vehicles, as it reduces the total cost of ownership, which is a prerequisite for the long-term success of electric vehicles.
A State-of-Charge and Capacity Estimation Algorithm for Lithium-ion Battery Pack Utilizing Filtered Terminal Voltage
Authors: Chun Chang , Yoon Sung , Cho B. H. , Kim Jonghoon
Published: May 2018

In electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application, accurate information of state-ofcharge (SOC) and capacity of each cell are required for elaborate SOC/capacity estimation algorithm of the battery pack. However, the measurement of the states of all cells using sophisticated algorithms increases the computation time beyond practicality, because the computation time required for the SOC/capacity estimation of the battery pack is directly affected by the number of unit cells. In this work, a simple SOC and capacity estimation algorithm for Li-ion battery pack is newly proposed by using filtered terminal voltage. The SOC estimation algorithm using filtered terminal voltage extracts an estimated current information from the terminal voltage of the battery pack through equivalent-circuit model (ECM)-based filters without sensing the current. Consequently, it drastically reduces computational steps for the SOC estimation algorithm. With the fact that all the current flowing through the series-connected cells in pack are identical, the estimated current value of each cell should be identical. As a result, it can be known that this algorithm enables us to obtain the relative proportion of SOC/capacity information of each cells and battery pack with minimal complexity increase. To validate the performance of the proposed approach, a scaled-down HEV profile is used for a pack consists of twelve 18650 series-connected Li-ion batteries (12S1P). The experimental results verify the performance of the proposed battery pack SOC estimation algorithm.
DynamicWireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles to Simplify Ground Facilities - Real-time Power Control and Efficiency Maximization -
Authors: Hata Katsuhiro , Kobayashi Daita , Imura Takehiro , Hori Yoichi
Published: May 2018

This paper focuses on dynamic wireless power transfer for electric vehicles and proposes a vehicle-side control method for real-time power control and efficiency maximization. The proposed control strategy and controller design are presented based on a real-time estimation of the mutual inductance between a transmitter and a receiver. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve the maximum efficiency and the desired power simultaneously.
Charge Management Optimization for Future TOU Rates
Authors: Zhang Jiucai , Markel Tony
Published: May 2018

The effectiveness of future time of use (TOU) rates to enable managed charging depends on the vehicle’s flexibility and the benefits to owners. This paper adopts opportunity, delayed, and smart charging methods to quantify these impacts, flexibilities, and benefits. Simulation results show that delayed and smart charging methods can shift most charging events to lower TOU rate periods without compromising the charged energy and individual driver mobility needs.
Key Performance Indicators of Charging infrastructure
Authors: Helmus J. , Van den Hoed R.
Published: May 2018

The Netherlands are one of the frontrunners in stimulating electric mobility in Europe when it comes to the charging infrastructure density and electric vehicle adoption. Municipalities play an instrumental role in the rollout of public charging infrastructure while they have little insight in the relevant key performance indicators of the charging infrastructure as a means to support effective decision making. This paper aims to contribute to providing a more thorough understanding of relevant key performance indicators for public charging infrastructure. An approach is presented that explores result and performance indicators to support policy makers optimizing the roll out of and improvement of the business case for charging infrastructure.
How Total is a Total Cost of Ownership?
Authors: De Clerck Quentin , Van Lier Tom , Lebeau Philippe , Messagie Maarten , Vanhaverbeke Lieselot , Macharis Cathy , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

In this paper a segmented Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is presented for alternative vehicle technologies as well as its extension with external costs related to vehicle ownership and use. Adding external costs to the TCO extends the interpretation of individual ownership to a societal perspective by describing the effect of the technologies on the costs for the society. This extension, called “Total Cost for Society”, suggests that battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles have a lower societal cost than petrol, diesel and compressed natural gas vehicles.
Benchmarking Charging Infrastructure Utilization
Authors: Wolbertus R. , Van den Hoed R. , Maase S.
Published: May 2018

Since 2012 the Dutch metropolitan area (The metropole region of Amsterdam, the city of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, the Hague, Utrecht ) cooperate in finding the best way to stimulate electric mobility through the implementation of a public charging infrastructure. With more than 5600 charge points and 1.6 million charge sessions in the last two years this is one of the most extensively used public charging infrastructure available worldwide. In this paper a benchmark study is carried out to identify different charge patterns between these 5 leading areas with an extensive public charging infrastructure to establish whether and how charge behaviour (e.g. charged volume, capacity utilization, unique users) differs between cities. Based on the results first explanations for possible differences in charge patterns between cities will be provided. The study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the utilization of public charging infrastructure in a metropolitan area existing of four city centres and the Amsterdam metropolitan area and to provide input for policy makers to prepare a public charging infrastructure ready for the projected growth of electric mobility in the next five years.
Can policy measures foster plug-in electric vehicle market diffusion?
Authors: Plötz Patrick , Gnann Till , Sprei Frances
Published: May 2018

Plug-in Electric vehicles (PEV), both as battery electric vehicles (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) have noteworthy potential to reduce global and local emissions. Governments around the world have implemented monetary and non-monetary policy measures to foster PEV market diffusion. However, empirical estimates of their effectiveness are scarce. Here, we analyse data on PEV sales from Europe and the US with the policy measures active in these countries, e.g., direct subsidies, tax rebates, and public charging infrastructure. The aim of the present paper is to contribute empirical evidence to the discussion of policy aided market evolution of electric vehicles. We find income, gasoline prices and both direct and indirect subsidies to positively influence PEV adoption.
An Assessment of Causes of PEV Success Across U.S. Metro Areas
Authors: Zhou Y. , Santini D. , Rood M. , Bluestein L. , Mitchell G. , Stephens T. , Ward J.
Published: May 2018

Using 2014 U.S. light duty PEV registrations by make and model, this paper assesses the causes of Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) success across U.S. states focusing on areas that had incentive and utility programs supporting PEV adoption. Market segments investigated were (1) luxury/performance (>$60,000 list price), (2) mid-market ($40-50,000), (3) mass market (<$40.000), and (4) total. States with either exclusive or preferential BEV incentives are a focus. BEV-biased incentives proved to be very effective in promoting mass market BEVs. After controlling for these attributes, case studies for several utility service areas were conducted to gauge whether PEVs were more or less successfully implemented via outreach by those utilities. These investigations suggest ways that utilities can successfully increase PEV registrations, after taking local climate and state incentives into consideration.
Implications of Successes and Failures of BEV-Focused Incentive Support for PEVs in the U.S., Canada and Europe
Authors: Santini D. , Rood M. , Zhou Y. , Stephens T. , Miller J. , Bluestein L.
Published: May 2018

An international comparative analysis of causes of variation of PEV sales rates per capita in selected U.S. states, Canadian provinces, and European Nations is conducted. 2014-15 light-duty PEV registrations/sales by make and model are examined, drawing heavily on 2014 data for aggregate comparisons. States, provinces, and nations with PEV success, but with widely varying PEV purchase incentives and charging infrastructure installations are examined. The paper focuses particularly presence or absence of long daily distance charging options for PEVs. Four questions are addressed. (1) European evidence is that PHEV powertrains are a very marketable option for large family vehicles. For small BEVs BMW i3 sales patterns indicate that range extension beyond 120 km but less than 240 km via gasoline significantly increases market share. BEV inter-city functionality provided by aggressive installation of DC fast charging was critical to overall PEV success in Norway. Norway, like Northern Europe and Canada has a utility network that is winter peaking, which allows provision of peak summer BEV long-distance charging needs without difficulty. This is not the case for the U.S., which is summer peaking. The reviewed states, provinces, and nations vary considerably in seasonal peak temperature extremes. These climate differences have a significant bearing on the local viability of PHEVs vs. BEVs. The long distance DC fast charging infrastructure investments needed to support BEV market success are not as large when PHEVs are preferred by consumers.
Analysis of Manufacturer Plug-In Electric Vehicle Incentives
Authors: Campbell Russ , Zhou Yan , Lin Zhenhong , Ward Jacob
Published: May 2018

Vehicle manufacturers offer incentives in an attempt to encourage consumers to purchase or lease new vehicles. Similarly federal and local governments offer incentives to help build and maintain a market for plug-in electric vehicles (1). This paper analyzes manufacturer cash rebates and special lease offers and presents a comparison of plug-in electric vehicle incentives by manufacturer, technology, geographic area, and time period. How these manufacturer plug-in electric vehicle incentives relate to vehicle sales as well as state and federal government incentives is also investigated.
REVving Up: Legal & Policy Changes to Support EV Uptake—Leader Jurisdictions
Authors: Allan Travis J. , McGillivray Jonathan
Published: May 2018

Even as many experts predict that zero emission vehicles including electric vehicles will become a dominant North American transportation technology, many buildings are still being constructed across North America without EV-ready parking areas, raising the possibility of significant retrofitting costs down the road and likely delaying EV adoption for some residents. This paper considers policy actions being taken by North American "leader jurisdictions" that have recognized the potential of EVs to reduce transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions and improve local air quality. It examines (1) requirements targeting the development and renovation of the built environment (building code amendments and municipal by-laws), (2) requirements targeting rules governing condominiums and landlord-tenant relationships and (3) property tax financing schemes (known to many US readers as PACE financing).
New York State EV Charging Station Deployment
Authors: Roy Bryan , Ivanic Ziga , Windover Paul , Ruder Adam , Shirk Matthew
Published: May 2018

Over 600 Level 2 electric vehicle (EV) charging ports have been installed to support New York Governor Andrew Cuomo’s Charge NY initiative, which is focused on supporting EV market development in New York State. These installations represent a wide range of business models and approaches for providing public charging to learn how different stations are used, including which types of locations are the most promising. EV charging station usage statistics based on various station attributes help determine where installing EV charging stations is a good investment.
The potential for a BEV in the two-car household
Authors: Karlsson Sten
Published: May 2018

An optimization model was developed to estimate the potential for a BEV, when replacing one of the conventional cars, to viably contribute to the performance of the driving in the households. It uses data from 1 to 3 months of simultaneous GPS logging of the movement patterns for both cars in 64 commuting 2-car Swedish households. The results show that the BEV can potentially roughly double the driving and still decrease the unfulfilled driving in the household with a flexible car use strategy compared to a BEV substituting the 2nd car only, turning the BEV economics into a TCO gain.
Multi-objective optimization of an Autobahn BEV charging station supplied by renewable energy
Authors: Wanitschke Alexander , Arnhold Oliver
Published: May 2018

In order to address battery electric vehicles’ future ability to travel long distance this paper analyzes a sample case study of supra-regional charging, an Autobahn battery electric vehicle (BEV) charging station supplied by renewable energy. A tri-objective optimization of a local renewable energy system demonstrates how the charging station’s levelized cost of energy, life cycle emissions and stress on the electric grid can be reduced simultaneously by introducing a combination of partially curtailed photovoltaic generators and a battery electric storage system.
The Electric Circuit Business Model
Authors: Lampron France
Published: May 2018

The Electric Circuit’s unique business model is recognized around the world. It was designed around the network’s two types of charging stations: 240-V Level 2 standard and 400-V fast-charge stations.