bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Experimental Machupo Virus Infection, Chicava Strain, in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by Intramuscular and Aerosol Exposure
Authors: Bell T. M. , Shaia C. I. , Bunton T. E. , Robinson C. G. , Wilkinson E. R. , Hensley L. E. , Cashman K. A.
Published: July 2014

Machupo virus, the causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), is a highly lethal viral hemorrhagic fever of which little is known and for which no Food and Drug Administration–approved vaccines or therapeutics are available. This study evaluated the cynomolgus macaque as an animal model using the Machupo virus, Chicava strain, via intramuscular and aerosol challenge. The incubation period was 6 to 10 days with initial signs of depression, anorexia, diarrhea, mild fever, and a petechial skin rash. These were often followed by neurologic signs and death within an average of 18 days. Complete blood counts revealed leukopenia as well as marked thrombocytopenia. Serum chemistry values identified a decrease in total protein, marked increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and moderate increases in alkaline phosphatase. Gross pathology findings included a macular rash extending across the axillary and inguinal regions beginning at approximately 10 days postexposure as well as enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, enlarged and friable liver, and sporadic hemorrhages along the gastrointestinal mucosa and serosa. Histologic lesions consisted of foci of degeneration and necrosis/apoptosis in the haired skin, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, tongue, esophagus, salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia was also present. Inflammation within the central nervous system (nonsuppurative encephalitis) was histologically apparent approximately 16 days postexposure and was generally progressive. This study provides insight into the course of Machupo virus infection in cynomolgus macaques and supports the usefulness of cynomolgus macaques as a viable model of human Machupo virus infection.
Renal Pigmentation Due to Chronic Bismuth Administration in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Blaine E. T. , Lewis A. D.
Published: July 2014

Renal pigmentation due to the administration of exogenous compounds is an uncommon finding in most species. This report describes renal pigmentation and intranuclear inclusions of the proximal convoluted tubules due to chronic bismuth administration in a rhesus macaque. An 11-year-old Indian-origin rhesus macaque with a medical history of chronic intermittent vomiting had been treated with bismuth subsalicylate, famotidine, and omeprazole singly or in combination over the course of 8 years. At necropsy, the renal cortices were diffusely dark green to black. Light and electron microscopy revealed intranuclear inclusions within the majority of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. These inclusions appeared magenta to brown when stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were negative by the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain. Elemental analysis performed on frozen kidney measured bismuth levels to be markedly elevated at 110.6 ppm, approximately 500 to 1000 times acceptable limits. To our knowledge, this is the first report of renal bismuth deposition in a rhesus macaque resulting in renal pigmentation and intranuclear inclusions.
Occipital nerve block prior to occipital nerve stimulation for refractory chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache: Myth or prediction?
Authors: Kinfe Thomas M , Schuss Patrick , Vatter Hartmut
Published: July 2014

Background

Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) results in beneficial outcomes, with marked pain relief, in otherwise intractable chronic migraine (CM) and chronic cluster headache (CCH). Some studies have reported that a positive response to occipital nerve block (ONB) administered prior to ONS predicts a positive response to ONS. However, other studies concerned with proper patient selection claimed no predictive value for ONB. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate the usefulness and predictive value of ONB prior to ONS.

Methods

Literature searches on the predictive value of ONB were performed in MEDLINE and PubMed. Patient data were extracted and a pooled analysis was performed.

Results

The literature review revealed 133 patients with CM and seven patients with CCH who received preoperative ONB. To date, a randomized controlled study examining the relationship between ONB and ONS has not been conducted in patients with CM.

Conclusions

Current literature suggests that ONB does not sufficiently predict ONS responsiveness in patients with refractory CM and CCH; this important issue requires further investigation.
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Ankle in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kessler Jeffrey I. , Weiss Jennifer M. , Nikizad Hooman , Gyurdzhyan Samvel , Jacobs John C. , Bebchuk Judith D. , Shea Kevin G.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the ankle is a disorder of the talar or distal tibial subchondral bone and articular cartilage whose incidence in children is not clearly known.

Purpose:

To assess the demographics and epidemiology of OCD of the ankle in children.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of an integrated health system was conducted on patients with ankle OCD aged 2 to 19 years from 2007 to 2011, with >1 million patients in this cohort. Lesion location, laterality, and all patient demographics were recorded. Ankle OCD incidence was determined for the group as a whole and by both sex and age group (divided into age groups of 2-5, 6-11, and 12-19 years). The risk for ankle OCD for age group, sex, and ethnicity was assessed using multivariate logistic regression models.

Results:

A total of 85 patients fit the inclusion criteria, and 71.8% of lesions found were in the medial talus, 56.5% of lesions were right sided, and none were bilateral. No ankle OCD lesions were found in 2- to 5-year-olds. The incidence of ankle OCD in patients aged 6 to 19 years was 4.6 per 100,000 overall and 3.2 and 6.0 per 100,000 for male and female patients, respectively. Patients aged 12 to 19 years represented the vast majority of those with OCD, with an incidence of 6.8 per 100,000 compared with 1.1 per 100,000 in those 6 to 11 years of age. In those aged 6 to 11 and 12 to 19 years, female patients had a respective incidence of 1.5 and 8.9 per 100,000, whereas male patients had a respective incidence of 0.7 and 4.8 per 100,000. The overall female/male ratio of ankle OCD was 1.6:1. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a 6.9 times increased risk for ankle OCD in patients aged 12 to 19 years compared with those aged 6 to 11 years (95% CI, 3.8-12.5; P < .0001), and female patients had a 1.5 times greater risk for ankle OCD than male patients (95% CI, 1.0-2.3; P = .06). On the basis of race and ethnicity, non-Hispanic whites had the highest relative risk for disease and African Americans the lowest risk.

Conclusion:

In this population‐based cohort study of pediatric ankle OCD, female patients had a greater incidence of OCD and a 1.5 times greater risk for ankle OCD compared with male patients. Teenagers had nearly 7 times the risk for ankle OCD compared with children 6 to 11 years of age.
Towards a complex-figurational socio-linguistics
Authors: Bastardas-Boada Albert
Published: July 2014

As figurational sociologists and sociolinguists, we need to know that we currently find support from other fields in our efforts to construct a sociocultural science focused on interdependencies and processes, creating a multidimensional picture of human beings, one in which the brain and its mental and emotional processes are properly recognized. The paradigmatic revolutions in 20th-century physics, the contributions made by biology to our understanding of living beings, the conceptual constructions built around the theories of systems, self-organization and complexity, all these implore that we reflect on social sciences paradigms in the light of the great changes in these other disciplines. The application of metaphors or theoretical images of complexity and figurational sociology in understanding language and socio-communication phenomena is of great use, since language is not an ‘object’, but a ‘complex’; it exists simultaneously in and among different domains. ‘Languaging’ and interaction are co-phenomena. The former exists within the latter, and the latter within the former. By visualizing, for instance, the different levels of linguistic structure not as separate entities but rather as united and integrated within the same theoretical frame, by seeing their functional interdependencies, by situating them in a greater multidimensionality that includes what for a long time was considered ‘external’ – the individual and his or her mind-brain, the sociocultural system, the physical world, etc. – and expanding in this way our classical view, we should be able to make important, if not essential, theoretical and practical advances.
Control rules of surface integrity and formation of metamorphic layer in high-speed milling of 7055 aluminum alloy
Authors: Yao Changfeng , Zuo Wei , Wu Daoxia , Ren Junxue , Zhang Dinghua
Published: July 2014

Orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of parameters on surface integrity in milling 7055 aluminum alloy. In order to correlate metamorphic layer with thermal and mechanical phenomena developed during milling, milling force and temperature fields of machined surface were obtained with finite element method, while milling speed and feed per tooth were paid particular attention to study formation of metamorphic layer. Experiment results show that when milling speed, feed per tooth, milling depth, and milling width are 1100 m/min, 0.02 mm/z, 0.7 mm, and 6 mm, respectively, obtained surface roughness, surface residual stress in X direction, surface residual stress in Y direction, and surface micro-hardness are Ra 0.258 µm, −123 MPa, −137 MPa, and 193.76 HV0.025, respectively. From precision machining to rough machining, depth of compressive residual stress layer increases from 35 to 45 µm, and the depth of plastic deformation layer increases from 5 to 20 µm. Finally, the formation of metamorphic layer can be explained by thermo-mechanical coupling effects.
In situ low-cost and adaptable braze tool evaluation system with vision analysis
Authors: Hirsch Matthias , Dedenbach Johannes , Lawes Simon , Clare Adam T
Published: July 2014

In this study, a low-cost, flexible process monitoring system for focussed arc tungsten inert gas welder tool electrodes is presented. The system is capable of acquiring and processing geometric data that are used to define acceptance criteria. This system is used to characterise tool wear phenomena in repetitive brazing runs ensuring that the tool is operating within its process window. It was found, using this apparatus, that a build-up of zinc oxide, originating from the zinc-coated steel, on the braze tool prohibits arcing and delivery of a good quality joint. The vision system can identify build-up of this layer before failure of ignition. Measurements showed that after 990 s of continuous arcing, the zinc oxide build-up would cause system malfunction. The vision system gave a warning of zinc build-up at 577 s.
Clustering and selection of knowledge meshes of knowledgeable manufacturing systems based on decomposition of fuzzy relational data
Authors: Yan Hong-Sen , Yang Ren-Zi
Published: July 2014

This article presents a study on the clustering and selection of knowledge meshes in the knowledgeable manufacturing system that transforms all types of advanced manufacturing modes into corresponding knowledge meshes and selects the best combination of knowledge meshes to satisfy enterprise requirements. The appropriate knowledge mesh for enterprises not only includes the matching of knowledge mesh function but also that of performance perfection and structure. Thus, the similarity degree of knowledge meshes, whose properties are proved to relate to the operations of knowledge meshes, is constructed from the functional matching, the perfection degree and the layer number of lowest-layer knowledge point. The similarity values, taken as cluster data, are used to construct the fuzzy relational matrix to compress the high-dimensional feature space. The decomposition of the matrix is transformed into an optimization problem solved by the gradient method. The knowledge meshes with higher membership degree in each class are taken as reference knowledge meshes to identify user’s requirements exactly. The comparison of target knowledge mesh with reference knowledge meshes definitely narrows down the knowledge mesh selection to a certain type. Based on the above, the knowledge mesh clustering and selection method is exemplified. The results show that the proposed method works well in narrowing the search range and clarifying user requirements.
The frequency response of rectangular ducts
Authors: Urata Eizo
Published: July 2014

This article considers the oscillatory laminar flow of an incompressible fluid in a rectangular duct and expresses the flow rate due to an oscillatory pressure gradient using a frequency transfer function. For the description of the frequency characteristics, selection of a reference length suitable to the duct cross section is important. The selected reference length in this article is the radius of a circular tube whose flow rate is equal to that of the rectangular duct when the fluids are the same, and applied steady pressure gradients are the same. This reference length makes it easier to distinguish changes in the dynamic characteristics due to magnitude variation of duct cross sections from those due to shape variation of the duct cross sections. Numerical investigation of the exact transfer function reveals that a first-order system accurately approximates the transfer function. The aspect ratio of the rectangle determines the cut-off frequency of the first-order system.
Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing
Authors: Aliakbari Fatemeh , Hammad Karen , Bahrami Masoud , Aein Fereshteh
Published: July 2014

Background:

In disaster situations, nurses may face new and unfamiliar ethical and legal challenges not common in their everyday practice.

Research question/objectives/hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to explore Iranian nurses’ experience of disaster response and their perception of the competencies required by nurses in this environment.

Research design:

This article discusses the findings of a descriptive study conducted in Iran in 2012.

Participants and research context:

This research was conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants included 35 nurses who had experience in healthcare delivery following a disaster event in the past 10 years, either in a hospital or out-of-hospital context.

Ethical considerations:

This research study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.

Findings:

From this study, five themes emerged as areas that nurses require competence in to work effectively in the disaster setting. This article focusses on one theme, the ethical and legal issues that arise during disaster response. Within the theme of ethical and legal issues, two sub-themes emerged. (1) Professional ethics explores professional responsibility of nurses as well as sense of ethical obligation. (2) Adherence to law refers to nurses’ familiarity with and observation of legal requirements.

Discussion:

This article adds to a growing pool of literature which explores the role of nurses in disasters. The findings of this study emphasize the need for nurses working in the disaster setting to be aware of professional responsibilities and familiar with legal requirements and the challenges related to observing ethical responsibilities.

Conclusion:

In highlighting these issues, this article may provide a useful starting point for the development of an educational framework for preparing nurses and other health professionals to work in the disaster setting.
The Role of Simmelian Friendship Ties on Retaliation within Triads
Authors: Goh Kenneth T. , Krackhardt David , Weingart Laurie R. , Koh Tat Koon
Published: July 2014

We examine the effect of friendship in triads on retaliatory responses to unfair outcomes that originate from a group member. Drawing on Simmel’s classic discussion of relationships in social triads versus dyads, we hypothesized that the effect of unfairness on retaliation between friends is stronger when the third party in the triad is a mutual friend, rather than a stranger. We also draw on social categorization theory to hypothesize that the effect of unfairness on retaliation between strangers is stronger when the third party is a friend of that stranger than when the triad consists of all strangers. Hypotheses were tested in an experiment where participants negotiated with one another in a three-person exchange network. The results supported our hypothesis that between friends, the increase in retaliation was stronger following an unfair deal when third parties were mutual friends, rather than strangers.
Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Older Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy
Authors: Baillargeon Jacques , Urban Randall J. , Kuo Yong-Fang , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Raji Mukaila A. , Du Fei , Lin Yu-li , Goodwin James S.
Published: July 2014

Background: Testosterone therapy for older men has increased substantially over the past decade. Research on the effects of testosterone therapy on cardiovascular outcomes has yielded inconsistent results. Objective: To examine the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a population-based cohort of older men receiving intramuscular testosterone. Method: Using a 5% national sample of Medicare beneficiaries, we identified 6355 patients treated with at least 1 injection of testosterone between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2005. We matched this cohort to 19 065 testosterone nonusers at a 1:3 ratio based on a composite MI prognostic score. Patients were followed until December 31, 2005, or until they lost coverage from Medicare, enrolled in a health maintenance organization, experienced a MI, or died. Result: In a Cox regression analysis adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, receipt of testosterone therapy was not associated with an increased risk of MI (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.69-1.02). In this analysis, there was an interaction between receipt of testosterone and quartile of risk of MI ( P = 0.023). For men in the highest quartile of the MI prognostic score, testosterone therapy was associated with a reduced risk of MI (HR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.53-0.92), whereas there was no difference in risk for the first (HR = 1.20; 95% CI = 0.88-1.67), second (HR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.69-1.30), and third quartiles (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.59-1.01). Conclusion: Older men who were treated with intramuscular testosterone did not appear to have an increased risk of MI. For men with high MI risk, testosterone use was modestly protective against MI.
Perceptions of Commonality and Latino–Black, Latino–White Relations in a Multiethnic United States
Authors: Wilkinson Betina Cutaia
Published: July 2014

This study examines the extent that Latinos’ sense of social, economic, and political power shapes their perceptions of commonality with blacks and whites. In accordance with my theory, which builds on the racial threat and group position theories, I find that Latinos’ sense of power structures their perceptions of blacks and whites. When native-born Latinos feel economically threatened, they are less likely to perceive commonality with blacks. When native-born Latinos gain some political influence, they identify less with whites. Among Latino immigrants who perceive discrimination, residing in a high-threat economic setting is negatively related to perceiving commonality with whites.
Local Communities Vulnerability to Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies in Bukavu in DR Congo
Authors: Bele Mekou Y. , Sonwa Denis J. , Tiani Anne M.
Published: July 2014

The analysis of vulnerabilities can help answer where and how society can best invest in vulnerability reduction. This study aimed at exploring vulnerability and adaptation strategies to climate change of local communities in Bukavu in DR Congo. Participatory action research was used in six villages from three collectivities around the Kahuzi Biega Park. Results showed that (a) perception of climate change depends on what people can see and feel about climate, (b) climate-related risks exacerbated existing problems and created new combinations of risks such as loss of livelihoods and deepening poverty cycle associated, (c) a range of adaptation measures was used or envisaged, and (d) implementation of those measures was hampered by a range of barriers. It is therefore imperative for climate change and climate variability measures to be taken seriously and for adaptation strategies to be integrated into all spheres of public policy making with focus on key economic development sectors.
Monitoring the Efficacy of ADP Inhibitor Treatment in Patients With Acute STEMI Post-PCI by VASP-P Flow Cytometry Assay
Authors: Fedor Marian , Samoš M. , Šimonová R. , Fedorová J. , Škorňová I. , Duraj L. , Staško J. , Kovář F. , Mokáň M. , Kubisz P.
Published: July 2014

Introduction:

Dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) with clopidogrel and aspirin represents common approach in prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The drawback of clopidogrel treatment is large interindividual variability in response.

Aim:

Our article aims to suggesting the most convenient method in monitoring the DAPT of post-PCI patients.

Methods:

We analyzed the on-treatment platelet reactivity by light transmission aggregometry and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) flow cytometric assay. Samples were obtained in 3 intervals: first prior to PCI, then 1, and 30 days after PCI.

Results:

Based on VASP-platelet reactivity index (PRI), we observed 100% response rate in prasugrel-treated patients and 62% to 73 % in the clopidogrel group. Overall, only 2 (7%) patients with the VASP-PRI value in therapeutic range had major adverse cardiovascular events.

Conclusion:

Our results hint VASP-phosphorylation assay as a relevant method for guiding and tailoring DAPT.
Shadowing in Formative Evaluation
Authors: Hall Jori N. , Freeman Melissa
Published: July 2014

Shadowing is a data collection method that involves following a person, as they carry out those everyday activities relevant to a research study. This article explores the use of shadowing in a formative evaluation of a professional development school (PDS). Specifically, this article discusses how shadowing was used to understand the role of a professor-in-residence (PIR) working with a PDS, and how this role facilitates capacity building at the school. After describing what shadowing is, its uses, and challenges, a brief overview of the PDS model and the role of a PIR, the authors describe their experiences with (1) developing and managing a relationship with the PIR and (2) how validity was established for the study. The article concludes with suggestions for integrating shadowing in formative evaluations.
Assessing the influence of researcher–partner involvement on the process and outcomes of participatory research in autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental disorders: A scoping review
Authors: Jivraj Jamil , Sacrey Lori-Ann , Newton Amanda , Nicholas David , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie
Published: July 2014

Participatory research aims to increase the relevance and broaden the implementation of health research by involving those affected by the outcomes of health studies. Few studies within the field of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorders, have involved autistic individuals as partners. This study sought to identify and characterize published participatory research partnerships between researchers and individuals with autism spectrum disorder or other neurodevelopmental disorders and examine the influence of participatory research partnerships on the research process and reported study outcomes. A search of databases and review of gray literature identified seven studies that described participatory research partnerships between academic researchers and individuals with autism spectrum disorder or other neurodevelopmental disorders. A comparative analysis of the studies revealed two key themes: (1) variations in the participatory research design and (2) limitations during the reporting of the depth of the partner’s involvement. Both themes potentially limit the application and generalizability of the findings. The results of the review are discussed in relation to the use of evaluative frameworks for such participatory research studies to determine the potential benefits of participatory research partnerships within the neurodevelopmental and autism spectrum disorder populations.
Influences of bearing housing nonconcentricity on vibration characteristics of rolling element bearing–rotor system
Authors: Yuan Gao , Zhengmei Li , Fangbo Ma , Qi An
Published: July 2014

A rotor–cylindrical roller bearing system is investigated in this paper. The applied loads and moments acting on the bearings due to the bearing housing nonconcentricity are calculated by analyzing mechanics and deformation of the bearing. Taking the effect of nonconcentricity of bearing housings into consideration, an analytical vibration model for the rotor–bearing system is developed by modifying the transfer matrix method. Afterwards, this vibration model is applied in a rotor–bearing system example and the numerical solution of the model is carried out for analyzing the effects of nonconcentricity of the bearing housings on the system vibration characteristics. By simulation, some dynamic curves of the rotor–bearing system are obtained. It is found that the natural frequencies, the amplitude of unbalance response, and the position of the peak amplitude of the system vary with the increase of degree of misalignment between two bearing housings.
Female hospitality executives and their effects on firm performance
Authors: Gröschl Stefan , Arcot Sridhar
Published: July 2014

While increased gender diversity at operational and managerial levels in the hotel industry can be observed, women represent only a small minority in top management positions and at the highest levels of executive leadership. This paper explores gender compositions in executive management teams of hotel firms and provides comprehensive longitudinal empirical data, which shows how increases of female hotel executive managers impact the financial performance of their hotel organizations. The authors determine the threshold needed for the female managers to exert influence in their hotel-executive management teams and explore the different percentage ranges of gender diversity and their impact on hotel performances below and above the threshold or critical mass point. The findings of this study have implications for hotel firms in terms of making more informed decisions on gender diversity-related program and affirmative action policies.
HPLC analysis and extraction method of SN-38 in brain tumor model after injected by polymeric drug delivery system
Authors: Nittayacharn Pinunta , Manaspon Chawan , Hongeng Suradej , Nasongkla Norased
Published: July 2014

SN-38 is a highly potent anticancer drug but its poor solubility in aqueous solvent and adverse side effects limit clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, SN-38-loaded-injectable drug delivery depots have been intratumorally administered in xenograft tumor model in nude mice. The extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed in order to determine the amount of SN-38 inside tumors. SN-38 was extracted from tumors using DMSO. HPLC analysis was validated and resulted in linearity over the concentration range from 0.03 to 150 µg/mL (r2 ≥ 0.998). Lower limit of detection (LLOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were 0.308 µg/mL and 1.02 µg/mL, respectively. The extraction efficiency (% recovery) of SN-38 in porcine tissues was similar to that of tumors which provided more than 90% recovery in all concentrations. Moreover, the variability of precision and accuracy within and between-day were less than 15%. Therefore, this extraction and HPLC protocol was applied to determine the amount of SN-38 in tumors. Results show higher remaining amount of SN-38 in tumor from SN-38-loaded polymeric depots than that of SN-38 solution. These results reveal that SN-38-loaded polymeric depots can prevent the leakage of free-drug out of tumors and can sustain higher level of SN-38 inside tumor. Thus, the therapeutic efficacy can be elevated by SN-38-loaded polymeric depots.
A model in which heat shock protein 90 targets protein-folding clefts: Rationale for a new approach to neuroprotective treatment of protein folding diseases
Authors: Pratt William B , Morishima Yoshihiro , Gestwicki Jason E , Lieberman Andrew P , Osawa Yoichi
Published: July 2014

In an EBM Minireview published in 2010, we proposed that the heat shock protein (Hsp)90/Hsp70-based chaperone machinery played a major role in determining the selection of proteins that have undergone oxidative or other toxic damage for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. The proposal was based on a model in which the Hsp90 chaperone machinery regulates signaling by modulating ligand-binding clefts. The model provides a framework for thinking about the development of neuroprotective therapies for protein-folding diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the polyglutamine expansion disorders, such as Huntington’s disease (HD) and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Major aberrant proteins that misfold and accumulate in these diseases are “client” proteins of the abundant and ubiquitous stress chaperone Hsp90. These Hsp90 client proteins include tau (AD), α-synuclein (PD), huntingtin (HD), and the expanded glutamine androgen receptor (polyQ AR) (SBMA). In this Minireview, we update our model in which Hsp90 acts on protein-folding clefts and show how it forms a rational basis for developing drugs that promote the targeted elimination of these aberrant proteins.
A dielectrophoresis method to manipulate and monitor the Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Chen Xiangyu , Chen Shan , Xiong Ying , Xiong Penghui , Hou Shuangyue , Zhang Xiaobo , Liu Gang , Tian Yangchao , Zheng Jinjin
Published: July 2014

Shewanella oneidensis is capable of producing electrons and transferring to the solid electrodes. To characterize the electrical properties of S. oneidensis and manufacture the miniature microbial fuel cells, cellular dielectrophoresis has been developed into a powerful and flexible tool to utilize microfabricated electrode arrays fulfilling S. oneidensis manipulation and monitoring. When S. oneidensis with green fluorescent protein were placed under the influence of an applied inhomogeneous field, the translation and enrichment of the green bacteria were observed by the fluorescence microscope. The distribution of electric field around the microelectrodes was simulated in finite element analysis software. The dielectrophoresis manipulation parameters were also optimized according to the peak value of applied alternating current signals and its frequency. In short, this study shows that dielectrophoresis can be a valuable tool to manipulate S. oneidensis to the sidewalls of microelectrode.
Nutrition Issues for Youth With Diabetes
Authors: Constance Ann C.
Published: July 2014

For both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, eating healthy is key to blood glucose management. To that end, the school nurse must have a basic understanding of nutrition recommendations for children with diabetes. This article describes basic nutrition guidelines as well as action steps for school nurses to assist children in following their meal plan at school and to support children when diabetes-related emergencies arise.
Selective Attention to In- and Out-Group Members Systematically Influences Intergroup Bias
Authors: Martiny-Huenger Torsten , Gollwitzer Peter M. , Oettingen Gabriele
Published: July 2014

We analyzed whether attending to versus ignoring in- and out-group members systematically influences intergroup bias. In two studies ( N = 187), we manipulated attention by asking participants to count the appearance of in-group (or out-group) members in the presence of out-group (or in-group) distractors. Prior to and during the counting task, we assessed intergroup bias by having participants rate the group members on a liking scale. The results show that the change in intergroup bias from baseline to experimental ratings depended on the attention focus. Whereas counting in-group members (while ignoring the out-group) increased intergroup bias, counting out-group members (while ignoring the in-group) decreased intergroup bias. Thus, we provide evidence that consequences of goal-directed interactions with in- and out-group stimuli (i.e., exposure and selection) systematically influence intergroup bias. We propose that in future research these processes should be considered in addition to social–motivational factors in the analysis of intergroup bias.
Forgiveness Increases Meaning in Life
Authors: Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Green Jeffrey D. , Hook Joshua N. , Davis Don E. , Davis Jody L. , Ramos Marciana
Published: July 2014

Close relationships are a source of meaning in life. Interpersonal offenses can disrupt one’s sense of meaning within close relationships. To restore a sense of meaning, people may employ relational repair strategies such as forgiveness. We hypothesized that forgiveness is a meaning-making mechanism because it helps repair relationships, thus restoring the positive effects of relationships on meaning. Study 1 ( N = 491) revealed that dispositional forgiveness and the degree of forgiveness following an offense were positively related to meaning in life. Study 2 ( N = 210), a 6-month longitudinal study of romantic couples, revealed that participants who regularly forgave their partner reported increased meaning in life over time. In addition, forgiveness helped recover lost meaning among those participants reporting more frequent partner offenses. These results provide initial evidence that forgiveness recovers a sense of meaning in life after interpersonal offenses.
Adopting Problem-Based Learning in Criminology and Criminal Justice Education
Authors: Kim Dae-Young
Published: July 2014

While problem-based learning (PBL) has been successfully used in many disciplines for over 30 years, it has not yet been widely adopted by criminal justice instructors. It is a student-centered curriculum that empowers undergraduate students to decide what they learn and to apply their knowledge and skills while solving real-world problems in relevant and authentic contexts. The present study provides an overview of PBL and empirical evidence for the effectiveness of problem-based instruction in many disciplines. This article offers theoretical foundations for adopting PBL in the study of crime and criminal justice. Finally, for scaffolding instructors striving to implement PBL, this article describes possible formats of implementation and also identifies the challenges new PBL instructors may encounter during application and provides specific recommendations.
Death by demography: 1979 as a turning point in the disintegration of the Soviet Union
Authors: Duffy Toft Monica
Published: July 2014

The 1979 census conducted across the vast expanse of the Soviet Union revealed that the make-up of the country’s population had undergone enormous change. The census recorded low birth-rates among the Slavic population relative to their Central Asian compatriots, among other trends. The results were worrisome to Soviet planners in that they feared that these domestic population trends were going to undermine the country’s power. At the same time, Soviets faced the defeat of communist allies in Afghanistan at the hands of fighters beholden to religion, and an Islamic revolution in Iran. What these dynamics revealed was a complex interplay between domestic, regional and international politics. Interpreted through the lens of population dynamics, the convergence of these events revealed 1979 to be a critical turning point in the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Growing religion and growing religious restrictions: A global overview
Authors: Grim Brian J.
Published: July 2014

Major cross-national social scientific studies by the Pew Research Center reveal that the overwhelming majority people today self-identify as being affiliated with one religion or another, and even among people who are religiously unaffiliated, many have some religious beliefs or engage in some religious practices. The prospects for continued growth of religious populations appear strong as they are younger on average than the world’s religiously unaffiliated population. In recent years, however, despite—or perhaps related to—the global prevalence of religion, government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion have been rising in most regions of the world. While causes of the increase are numerous and multidimensional, data reveal a clear and strong association between government restrictions and social hostilities, a pattern particularly pronounced in the Middle East during the Arab Spring. Studies also show that many people, especially in non-Western countries, have somewhat conservative and strong religious beliefs and attitudes. Such beliefs and attitudes also have a connection to the level of religious restrictions and hostilities around the world.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints of Zr–Ti alloy
Authors: Li Y. J. , Fu R. D. , Du D. X. , Jing L. J. , Sang D. L. , Zhang X. Y.
Published: July 2014

Zirconium–titanium alloy joints were successfully produced by friction stir welding. Unlike the (α+β) dual phase microstructure in base metal, only the β phase existed in the region in which temperature exceeded the β transient point for the as welded joint. Accordingly, the hardness in these regions exhibited integral decrement and uniform distribution features. The thermal simulation further showed that hardness variation was mainly determined by phase composition. Microstructure development in the nugget zone was mainly governed by continuous dynamic recrystallisation. Satisfactory ultimate tensile strength and elongation equal to the base metal were achieved in the as welded joint. Tensile fracture occurred at the heat affected zone near the retreating side of the joint. The fracture surface of the joint exhibited a mixing feature with quasi-cleavage facets and small dimples.
From Landscape of War to Archaeological Report: Ten Years of Professional World War I Archaeology in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Van Hollebeeke Yannick , Stichelbaut Birger , Bourgeois Jean
Published: July 2014

With the commemoration of World War I (WWI) under way, a preliminary stocktaking can be made of archaeological research into the physical remains of this war. The question is to what extent the perspective on the study of WWI heritage, and consequently the way in which archaeological research into WWI remains has been conducted, has evolved over the last ten years. Are relics from WWI seen as a legitimate subject of inquiry or does its archaeology as a discipline still strive for recognition? This paper deals with the practices surrounding WWI archaeology in Flanders, Belgium, as well as the (methodological) problems concerning the study of WWI archaeological remains, based on the reports resulting from fieldwork carried out by professional archaeologists.
Platelet diameters in inherited thrombocytopenias: analysis of 376 patients with all known disorders
Authors: Noris Patrizia , Biino Ginevra , Pecci Alessandro , Civaschi Elisa , Savoia Anna , Seri Marco , Melazzini Federica , Loffredo Giuseppe , Russo Giovanna , Bozzi Valeria , Notarangelo Lucia Dora , Gresele Paolo , Heller Paula G. , Pujol-Moix Nuria , Kunishima Shinji , Cattaneo Marco , Bussel James , De Candia Erica , Cagioni Claudia , Ramenghi Ugo , Barozzi Serena , Fabris Fabrizio , Balduini Carlo L.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

Measurement of platelet diameters in 376 patients resulted in a new classification of inherited thrombocytopenias based on platelet size. Measurement of platelet diameters is a useful tool for differential diagnosis of inherited thrombocytopenias.
Endothelial cells translate pathogen signals into G-CSF–driven emergency granulopoiesis
Authors: Boettcher Steffen , Gerosa Rahel C. , Radpour Ramin , Bauer Judith , Ampenberger Franziska , Heikenwalder Mathias , Kopf Manfred , Manz Markus G.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

ECs express Tlr4 and Myd88 and, after in vivo LPS or E coli stimulation, are the prime sources of G-CSF. ECs are sensors of systemically spread pathogens and subsequent drivers of BM emergency granulopoiesis.
Diatomite silica nanoparticles for drug delivery
Authors: Ruggiero Immacolata , Terracciano Monica , Martucci Nicola M , De Stefano Luca , Migliaccio Nunzia , Tatè Rosarita , Rendina Ivo , Arcari Paolo , Lamberti Annalisa , Rea Ilaria
Published: July 2014

Diatomite is a natural fossil material of sedimentary origin, constituted by fragments of diatom siliceous skeletons. In this preliminary work, the properties of diatomite nanoparticles as potential system for the delivery of drugs in cancer cells were exploited. A purification procedure, based on thermal treatments in strong acid solutions, was used to remove inorganic and organic impurities from diatomite and to make them a safe material for medical applications. The micrometric diatomite powder was reduced in nanoparticles by mechanical crushing, sonication, and filtering. Morphological analysis performed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy reveals a particles size included between 100 and 300 nm. Diatomite nanoparticles were functionalized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and labeled by tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Different concentrations of chemically modified nanoparticles were incubated with cancer cells and confocal microscopy was performed. Imaging analysis showed an efficient cellular uptake and homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in cytoplasm and nucleus, thus suggesting their potentiality as nanocarriers for drug delivery.

PACS

87.85.J81.05.Rm; 61.46. + w
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in osteoporotic osteoarthritis of the knee in rats: an experiment in animals
Authors: Wang Ching-Jen , Huang Chien-Yiu , Hsu Shan-Ling , Chen Jen-Hung , Cheng Jai-Hong
Published: July 2014

Introduction

This study investigated the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in osteoporotic (OP) osteoarthritis (OA) of rat knee.

Methods

Fifty-six rats were divided into seven groups including sham, OA, OP, OA + OP, OA + ESWT, OP + ESWT, and OA + OP + ESWT groups. The evaluations included gross pathology, bone mineral density (BMD), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scan, bone-strength test, histopathologic examination, and immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

On gross pathology, group OA + OP showed larger areas of osteoarthritic changes than did groups OA and OP, as compared with the sham group. BMD and bone strength significantly decreased in groups OA, OP, and OA + OP relative to the sham group, and ESWT significantly improved BMD and bone-strength changes. On micro-CT scan, the subchondral plate thickness significantly decreased, and the bone porosity increased in groups OA, OP, and OA + OP, and ESWT significantly improved the changes in subchondral-plate thickness and bone porosity. In histopathologic examination, Mankin score and safranin O score significantly increased in groups OA and group OA + OP, but not in group OP relative to the sham group, and ESWT significantly improved the changes. In immunohistochemical analysis, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) significantly increased, but vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) decreased in groups OA, OP, and OA + OP relative to the sham group, and ESWT significantly reversed the changes.

Conclusions

Osteoporosis increased the severity of cartilage damage in osteoarthritis of the knee. ESWT showed effectiveness in the reduction of osteoporotic osteoarthritis of the knee in rats.
Feasibility study of personalized peptide vaccination for metastatic recurrent triple-negative breast cancer patients
Authors: Takahashi Ryuji , Toh Uhi , Iwakuma Nobutaka , Takenaka Miki , Otsuka Hiroko , Furukawa Mina , Fujii Teruhiko , Seki Naoko , Kawahara Akihiko , Kage Masayoshi , Matsueda Satoko , Akagi Yoshito , Yamada Akira , Itoh Kyogo , Sasada Tetsuro
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Since treatment modalities for metastatic recurrent triple-negative breast cancer (mrTNBC) are limited, a novel treatment approach including immunotherapy is required. We have developed a novel regimen of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV), in which vaccine antigens are individually selected from a pool of different peptide candidates based on the pre-existing host immunity. Herein we conducted a phase II study of PPV for metastatic recurrent breast cancer patients to investigate the feasibility of PPV for mrTNBC.

Methods

Seventy-nine patients with metastatic recurrent breast cancer who had metastases and had failed standard chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy were enrolled. They were subgrouped as the mrTNBC group (n = 18), the luminal/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative group (n = 41) and the HER2-positive group (n = 18), while the remaining two patients had not been investigated. A maximum of four human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched peptides showing higher peptide-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in pre-vaccination plasma were selected from 31 pooled peptide candidates applicable for the four HLA-IA phenotypes (HLA-A2, -A24, or -A26 types, or HLA-A3 supertypes), and were subcutaneously administered weekly for 6 weeks and bi-weekly thereafter. Measurement of peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and IgG responses along with other laboratory analyses were conducted before and after vaccination.

Results

No severe adverse events associated with PPV were observed in any of the enrolled patients. Boosting of CTL and/or IgG responses was observed in most of the patients after vaccination, irrespective of the breast cancer subtypes. There were three complete response cases (1 mrTNBC and 2 luminal/HER2-negative types) and six partial response cases (1 mrTNBC and 5 luminal/HER2-negative types). The median progression-free survival time and median overall survival time of mrTNBC patients were 7.5 and 11.1 months, while those of luminal/HER2-negative patients were 12.2 and 26.5 months, and those of HER2-positive patients were 4.5 and 14.9 months, respectively.

Conclusions

PPV could be feasible for mrTNBC patients because of the safety, immune responses, and possible clinical benefits.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

UMIN000001844 (Registration Date: April 5, 2009)