bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Advancement in Treatment and Prevention of Nipah Viral Infection: A Review
Authors: Kallon Mary K. , Mami Daniel Maada , Mami Emmanuel Tom , Romba Mariam , Andrew M. Patrick , Martain M. Sylvester
Published: April 2024

The Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that poses a major risk to global health, with a high mortality rate and the potential for wide outbreaks. NiV, which originated in fruit bats, has shown a concerning potential to infect humans and cause serious respiratory and neurological disorders. The virus has a pleomorphic structure and a broad host range, preventing efforts to understand and regulate its pathogenesis. This review discusses current advances in the prevention and management of NiV, including the efficacy of several antiviral therapies in vitro and in vivo. Treatments such as Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Acyclovir, Remdesivir, and Balapiravir have produced varying results, whilst monoclonal antibodies such as m102.4, h5B3.1, and nAH1.3 provide effective neutralization but require additional testing in humans. In addition, innovative vaccination techniques such as recombinant measles virus, subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, and the novel mRNA-1215 vaccine have shown success in preclinical and early clinical trials. To reduce the risk of human transmission, preventive measures include early outbreak detection through improved surveillance systems, exposure-based screening, and educational activities. This covers vital guidelines like avoiding raw date palm sap during outbreak seasons and using physical barriers to prevent bat-to-human transmission, which is vital for controlling this deadly virus.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Nallasamy Anisha , Rajput Manju , Wani Zahid Ahmad , Dar Maryam Khazir , Aakanksha . , Fayaz Sheikh Hibban , S Subiksha , Simon Naveen H
Published: April 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of alterations in gut microbiota composition and function in driving IBD pathogenesis. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms governing the interplay between the gut microbiota and the host immune system, elucidating their contribution to IBD development and progression.
Furthermore, we provide in-depth analysis and synthesis of the therapeutic opportunities presented by targeting the gut microbiota for IBD management. Specifically, we explore the application of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbial-based therapies in the field of IBD studies. Each therapeutic modality is examined for its potential in modulating the gut microbiota and restoring microbial balance, thereby alleviating inflammation and ameliorating IBD symptoms.
By elucidating these therapeutic opportunities and their applications in IBD research, this review not only enhances our understanding of IBD pathophysiology but also informs the development of innovative treatment strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes and enhancing quality of life.
Production of Bio-kerosene from Jatropha curcas Seeds: Evaluation and Parameter Influence
Authors: Ekpenkhio Josephine Eguare
Published: April 2024

Aim: To characterize and investigate parameter Influence of bio-kerosene produced from Jatropha Curcas Seed.
Study Design: Oil extraction from the seeds of Jatropha Curcas and then transformation to produce bio-kerosene.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria between June 2010 and November 2011. Further research study was done in the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America between August 2022 and April 2023.
Methodology: The raw jatropha curcas was converted oil into biofuel via a two-step method involving transesterification and pre-esterification operations. The free fatty acids (FFAs) was eliminated vai the reaction of methanol with the oil using an acid catalyst. The biodiesel yield was calculated using the already existing mathematical equation.
Results: Maximum biofuel yield of 94.5% was obtained from FFA 22.6% in the raw jatropha oil at optimum process parameters which are catalyst concentration NaOH 1.0 wt%, methanol to oil molar ratio 4:1, reaction time 1.5 hours, reaction temperature at 318K and ultrasonic power 210W.
Conclusion: The biofuel physical properties prepared from jatropha oil with methanol were within the ASTM specified limits. However, there is need for strong international biofuel feedstock trading systems to enhance the existence of sustainable domestic biofuels industries. Also, government should pertake in significant roles in fostering biofuels industries development in the country. Competitive industries development will be aided by establishing regulatory mandates for commercial production of biofuel technology.
Analysis of the Dynamics of Vegetation in the Sudan-Sahelian Zone: Case of the Moutourwa Agricultural Production Basin, Far-North Cameroon
Authors: Moussa Saliou , Nenwala Pa Aï Vivien , Bernard Danwang Djaowe , Bourou Sali , Ahmed EL Aboudi
Published: April 2024

The Moutourwa area in the Far North region of Cameroon is facing a deterioration of its climatic conditions. In this part of the Sudano-Sahelian zone, the soils are fragile and agriculture is not very productive due to various droughts. The statistical analysis study of climatic variability based on satellitic data in the area aims to analyze the dynamics of vegetation. This involves studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation using vegetation indices. The approach adopted to carry out this study is based on the descriptive statistics of the MODIS NDVI data series from the period 2010 to 2020. The study also analyzes the VCI drought indices in this study area. It appears from these analyzes that the year 2012 has the high average and the year 2015, the lowest average of our study period with 0.51 and 0.274 respectively. The years 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018 and 2019 remained around an average of 0.3. The observation of drought indices such as the VCI examines the fluctuation of their values characteristic of the heterogeneity of the vegetation state.
Delineation of Soil Fertility Status and KVK Intervention to Improve the Productivity of Pepper in TSP Villages of Namakkal District under Soil Health Card Mission
Authors: Sathya S. , Velmurugan K. , Paulpandi S. , Daisy M.
Published: April 2024

Soil is the most important resource needed for agriculture production. The unbalanced fertilizer application associated with more production by high yield varieties affects the soil quality vulnerably. Soils of tribal areas, having multi nutrient deficiencies due to intense cropping especially spices Pepper, coffee, cardamom and banana. Balanced application of plant nutrients is thus the only option to increase soil productivity for maintaining/enhancing the overall soil productivity. Delineation of soil nutrient status is an important practice to plan the nutrient scheduling for pepper crop. Hence 100 soil samples were collected from five adopted villages and tested its properties. Based on the analytical results, soil health cards issued along with fertilizer recommendation. Then 50 farmers were selected, trained all scientific package of practices through trainings. The field experiment was conducted in 50 farmer’s field in an area of 20 ha. Pepper variety Panniyur 1 was the test crop. Application of soil test based integrated nutrient management practice increased the yield attributes and yield of pepper. An average of Rs. 74,220/ha net profit could be obtained by adopting all scientific package of practices in the farm holdings.
The Impact of Upstream Oil and Gas Investment on Petroleum Production in Indonesia
Authors: Mitakda Valiant Cikita , Budiharjo S Harry , Lufti W E. Diah
Published: April 2024

This study aims to analyze the problem of whether upstream oil and gas investment will affect petroleum production or vice versa. The data used is Time series data using upstream oil and gas investment data in 2010-2020 and petroleum production data in 2010-2020 sourced from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM). The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method with a granger causality test analysis tool. The results showed that there is a one-way relationship between upstream oil and gas investment and petroleum production in Indonesia which concluded that it is necessary to increase upstream oil and gas investment to increase petroleum production in Indonesia.
Management of a Bilateral Ectopia Lentis in a Patient with Marfan Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Mehdi EL Filali El , Algouti Zineb , Benelkadri Farah , Aitlhaj Houssaine , Kriet Mohamed , Asri Fouad El
Published: April 2024

AIMS: to highlight the management procedure of a bilateral subluxated lens in a patient with marfan syndrome.
Case Report: We report a case of a 51-year-old woman, with a family history of Marfan syndrome; who presented for a bilateral subluxated lens, iridodonesis and bilateral macular degeneration. Given the family history, the general physical features and the ocular findings, diagnostic of Marfan syndrome was established. The management of the ectopic lentis was very challenging. An intracapsular lens extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens fixed to the sclera was performed and the patient regained 2/10 visual acuity on the right eye and remained at counting fingers in the left.
Conclusion: Marfan syndrome is a rare condition, with various ocular manifestations. The only guarantee for a better visual outcome is a well-designed therapeutic approach.
TATA RUANG RUMAH BANGSAWAN YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Widayatsari Siti
Published: April 2024

Kajian mengenai bangunan masa lalu, mencakup aspek budaya, sejarah, tempat, lingkungan, tata letak, denah, bentuk, struktur dan konstruksi, bahan bangunan, dekorasi, dll aspek arsitektural. Artikel ini adalah bagian dari penelitian tentang Arsitektur Rumah Bangsawan di Yogyakarta mengkaji aspek-aspek tersebut, khusus mengemukakan tata-ruang. Kesimpulan kajian dari segi ini, rumah bangsawan Yogyakarta cukup banyak mempunyai konsep-konsep abstrak, sebagai bagian dari tardisi yang tidak dapat diterangkan secara rasional. Dalem di Yogyakarta cukup banyak sehingga tidak mungkin diteliti secara mendetail semuanya, maka dipilih dengan kriteria : perkerabatan pemilik pertama dengan Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana, lokasi sekitar kraton dan kondisinya saat ini. Berdasarkan kriteria tersebut dipilih empat yaitu: Yudaningratan, Pakuningratan, Notoprajan dan Mangkubumen. Penelitian bertujuan menggali kaidah-kaidah tradisional, termasuk aturan-aturan dan kepercayaan yang tertuang dalam arsitektur rumah bangsawan. untuk reverensi pelestariannya, dan dalam hal akan menerapkan dalam konstruksi modern (modern vernakular), agar dapat tercipta rancangan yang proporsional.
MEMANFAATKAN TANAMAN UNTUK MENGURANGI POLUSI PARTICULATE MATTER KE DALAM BANGUNAN
Authors: Mediastika Christina E.
Published: April 2024

Polusi particulate matter atau partikel halus tidak hanya terjadi di jalan raya, tetapi juga masuk ke dalam bangunan yang terletak di sepanjang jalan. Oleh karenanya, bangunan seyogyanya memiliki elemen vertikal yang mampu bertugas menghalangi masuknya polusi partikel halus. Salah satu kemungkinan penggunaan elemen vertikal, yaitu tanaman yang ditempatkan pada posisi pagar diteliti dalam studi ini. Mempelajari bahwa partikel halus dengan ukuran tertentu dapat diendapkan dan penyebarannya umumnya terjadi pada lapisan udara rendah, maka studi terhadap tanaman semak atau perdu atau tanaman rambat dengan jenis permukaan daun tertentu lebih diutamakan. Empat jenis tanaman diuji kemampuannya, yaitu: Duranta repens, Polyscias fruticosa, Stephanotis floribunda and Scindapsus sp. Sebagai studi yang sangat awal, masih belum ada hasil valid yang ditawarkan, namun setidaknya ditemukan indikasi bahwa Duranta repens and Stephanotis floribunda mampu menjadi bloking dan mampu mengendapkan sedikit lebih banyak partikel halus dibandingkan dua jenis tanaman lainnya.
The role of current mood and stop rules on physical task performance: An experimental investigation in patients with work‐related upper extremity pain
Authors: Karsdorp Petra A. , Nijst Saskia E. , Goossens Mariëlle E.J.B. , Vlaeyen Johan W.S.
Published: August 2009

Patients with work‐related upper extremity pain (WRUED) experience disability in daily life activities. The factors that influence levels of disability are still unclear. Both excessive avoidance and persistence have been suggested, but the affective and motivational processes that underlie these behaviours have not been scrutinized. This study was aimed at examining the role of current mood and stop rules on physical task performance, controlling for gender, pain severity, pain catastrophizing, and pain‐related fear. An additional focus was the role of the interaction between current mood and stop rules as predicted by the novel Mood‐as‐Input (MAI) model. Following MAI, it is the informational value of current mood within a goal context (stop rule), rather than mood per se that predicts behaviour. A 2 (mood)×2 (stop rule)×2 (physical task order) factorial design was used in which 62 WRUED patients performed an upper and lower extremity physical task. A stress interview was used to induce positive and negative mood. Patients received either an “as‐much‐as‐can (AMAC)” stop rule instruction, or a “feel‐like‐discontinuing (FLDC)” stop rule instruction. Results showed that physical task performance was predicted by pain‐related fear, current mood, stop rule. However, the predicted mood×stop rule interaction was not found, and there was no influence of gender, pain severity, and pain catastrophizing on task performance. The findings suggest that not only pain‐related fear, but current mood and goal context factors independently affect physical performance in patients with WRUED.
Vaginal delivery of breech presentation
Authors: Kotaska Andrew , Menticoglou Savas , Gagnon Robert , Farine Dan , Basso Melanie , Bos Hayley , Delisle Marie‐France , Grabowska Kirsten , Hudon Lynda , Mundle William , Murphy‐Kaulbeck Lynn , Ouellet Annie , Pressey Tracy , Roggensack Anne
Published: August 2009

Objectives

To review the physiology of breech birth; to discern the risks and benefits of a trial of labour versus planned Caesarean section; and to recommend to obstetricians, family physicians, midwives, obstetrical nurses, anaesthesiologists, pediatricians, and other health care providers selection criteria, intrapartum management parameters, and delivery techniques for a trial of vaginal breech birth.

Options

Trial of labour in an appropriate setting or delivery by pre‐emptive Caesarean section for women with a singleton breech fetus at term.

Outcomes

Reduced perinatal mortality, short‐term neonatal morbidity, long‐term infant morbidity, and short‐ and long‐term maternal morbidity and mortality.

Evidence

Medline was searched for randomized trials, prospective cohort studies, and selected retrospective cohort studies comparing planned Caesarean section with a planned trial of labour; selected epidemiological studies comparing delivery by Caesarean section with vaginal breech delivery; and studies comparing long‐term outcomes in breech infants born vaginally or by Caesarean section. Additional articles were identified through bibliography tracing up to June 1, 2008.

Values

The evidence collected was reviewed by the Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) and quantified using the criteria and classifications of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.

Validation

This guideline was compared with the 2006 American College of Obstetrician's Committee Opinion on the mode of term singleton breech delivery and with the 2006 Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists Green Top Guideline: The Management of Breech Presentation. The document was reviewed by Canadian and International clinicians with particular expertise in breech vaginal delivery.

Sponsors

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
Metabolism of a Glycosaminoglycan during Metamorphosis in the Japanese Conger eel,Conger myriaster
Authors: Kawakami Yutaka , Oku Hiromi , Nomura Kazuharu , Gorie Shigeaki , Ohta Hiromi
Published: August 2009

Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear polysaccharide of high molecular weight that exists as a component of the extracellular matrix. The larvae (leptocephali) of the Japanese conger eel (Anguilliformes:Conger myriaster) have high levels of hyaluronan (HA) which is thought to help control body water content. We isolated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from Japanese conger eel leptocephali and measured the changes in tissue HA content during metamorphosis. HA content decreased during metamorphosis. In contrast, neutral sugar content increased during metamorphosis. We hypothesize that the leptocephali utilize a metabolic pathway that converts HA to glucose during metamorphosis. Glucose may then be metabolized to glycogen and stored in the juvenile life-history stage.
Valuing Time-Dependent CEV Barrier Options
Authors: Lo C. F. , Tang H. M. , Ku K. C. , Hui C. H.
Published: August 2009

We have derived the analytical kernels of the pricing formulae of the
CEV knockout options with time-dependent parameters for a parametric class of moving
barriers. By a series of similarity transformations and changing variables, we are
able to reduce the pricing equation to one which is reducible to the Bessel equation
with constant parameters. These results enable us to develop a simple and efficient
method for computing accurate estimates of the CEV single-barrier option prices as
well as their upper and lower bounds when the model parameters are time-dependent.
By means of the multistage approximation scheme, the upper and lower bounds for
the exact barrier option prices can be efficiently improved in a systematic manner. It
is also natural that this new approach can be easily applied to capture the valuation
of other standard CEV options with specified moving knockout barriers. In view of
the CEV model being empirically considered to be a better candidate in equity option
pricing than the traditional Black-Scholes model, more comparative pricing and precise
risk management in equity options can be achieved by incorporating term structures
of interest rates, volatility, and dividend into the CEV option valuation model.
Periodic Solutions and Exponential Stability of a Class of Neural Networks with Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Guo Yingxin , Xue Mingzhi
Published: August 2009

Employing fixed point theorem, we make a further investigation of a class of
neural networks with delays in this paper. A family of sufficient conditions is given for
checking global exponential stability. These results have important leading significance in
the design and applications of globally stable neural networks with delays. Our results
extend and improve some earlier publications.
Modified Crank‐Nicolson Difference Schemes for Nonlocal Boundary Value Problem for the Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Ashyralyev Allaberen , Sirma Ali
Published: August 2009

The nonlocal boundary value problem for Schrödinger equation in a Hilbert space
is considered. The second‐order of accuracy r‐modified Crank‐Nicolson difference schemes for the
approximate solutions of this nonlocal boundary value problem are presented. The stability of these
difference schemes is established. A numerical method is proposed for solving a one‐dimensional
nonlocal boundary value problem for the Schrödinger equation with Dirichlet boundary condition.
A procedure of modified Gauss elimination method is used for solving these difference schemes. The method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Analytical Solution of the Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Equation for Moving Semi‐Infinite Medium under the Effect of Time‐Dependent Laser Heat Source
Authors: Al-Khairy R. T. , AL-Ofey Z. M.
Published: August 2009

This paper presents an analytical solution of the hyperbolic heat conduction equation for moving semi‐infinite medium under the effect of time dependent laser heat source. Laser heating is modeled as an internal heat
source, whose capacity is given by g(x, t) = I(t)(1 − R)μe−μx while the semi‐infinite body has insulated boundary. The solution is obtained by Laplace transforms method, and the discussion of solutions for different time characteristics of heat sources capacity (constant, instantaneous, and exponential) is presented. The effect of absorption coefficients on the temperature profiles is examined in detail. It is found that the closed form solution derived from the present study reduces to the previously obtained analytical solution when the medium velocity is set to zero in the closed form solution.
What Differs on the Enzymatic Acetylation Mechanisms for Arylamines and Arylhydrazines Substrates? A Theoretical Study
Authors: Qiao Qing-An , Sun Xiao-Min , Jing Jie , Chen Xin , Wang Hua-Yang , Yang Chuan-Lu , Cai Zheng-Ting
Published: August 2009

The acetylation mechanisms of several selected typical substrates from experiments, including arylamines and arylhydrazines, are investigated with the density functional theory in this paper. The results indicate that all the transition states are characterized by a four-membered ring structure, and hydralazine (HDZ) is the most potent substrate. The bioactivity for all the compounds is increased in a sequence ofPABA≈4-AS<4-MA<5-AS≈INH<HDZ. The conjunction effect and the delocalization of the lone pairs of N atom play a key role in the reaction. All the results are consistent with the experimental data.
Evaluation of Root-End Resections Performed by Er, Cr: YSGG Laser with and without Placement of a Root-End Filling Material
Authors: Sullivan John , Pileggi Roberta , Varella Claudio
Published: August 2009

Microleakage following root-end resections has a direct influence on the outcome of surgical endodontic procedures. This study compared the microleakage after root-end resections performed by the Er, Cr: YSGG laser or carbide burs with or without the placement of MTA, and evaluated the presence of microcracks and gaps at the interface of GP/MTA and the canal walls. Ninety single-rooted teeth were instrumented, obturated with GP and AH-Plus sealer, and divided into 3 experimental groups: (I) root-end resections were performed with the laser and G6 tips (parameters: 4.5 w, 30 pps, 20% water and 50% air); (II) Lindeman burs were used, without the placement of MTA; (III) the burs were used followed by root-end fillings with MTA, and one control (IV) of five unobturated roots resected with the burs. The samples were prepared for microleakage () and SEM () analysis. They were immersed in 1% methylene blue, decalcified, cleared, and evaluated for dye penetration () with the ImageJ software. Epoxy-resin replicas of the root-ends were analyzed by SEM for gaps () and microcracks. Microleakage results were , , and , for the laser (I), no root-end filling (II), and MTA (III) samples, respectively, (ANOVA ). The laser () and no root-end filling () samples presented gaps. Whereas, none was found in the MTA (ANOVA ). Microcracks were not observed. The MTA group demonstrated statistically less leakage and better adaptation to the canal walls when compared to the other groups. There was no correlation between the size of the gaps and the degree of microleakage.
Porphyrin‐Based Nanostructures for Sensing Applications
Authors: Monti Donato , Nardis Sara , Stefanelli Manuela , Paolesse Roberto , Di Natale Corrado , D′Amico Arnaldo
Published: August 2009

The construction of nanosized supramolecular hosts via self‐assembly of molecular components is a fascinating field of research. Such intriguing class of architectures, beside their intrinsic intellectual stimuli, is of importance in many fields of chemistry and technology, such as material chemistry, catalysis, and sensor applications. Within this wide scenario, tailored solid films of porphyrin derivatives are structures of great potential for, among others, chemical sensor applications.
The formation of supramolecules relays on noncovalent interactions (electrostatic, hydrogen bond, π‐π, or coordinative interactions) driven by the chemical information stored on the assembling molecules, such as shape and functional groups. This allows, for example, the formation of large well‐defined porphyrin aggregates in solution that can be spontaneously transferred onto a solid surface, so achieving a solid system with tailored features. These films have been used, covering the bridge between nanostructures and microsystems, for the construction of solid‐state sensors for volatiles and metal ion recognition and detection. Moreover, the variation of peripheral substituents of porphyrins, such as, for example, chiral appended functionalities, can result in the formation of porphyrin aggregates featuring high supramolecular chirality. This would allow the achievement of porphyrin layers characterised by different chiroptical and molecular recognition properties.
Early Architectural Images from Muara Jambi on Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Tjoa-Bonatz Mai Lin , Neidel J. David , Widiatmoko Agus
Published: August 2009

Nine terracotta bricks and brick fragments, containing incised drawings of different types of buildings, were discovered at the large Muara Jambi temple complex in eastern Sumatra. Likely dating from between the second half of the ninth and the first half of the fourteenth centuries, these bricks contain the oldest graphic representations of Sumatran architecture. While two of these designs have been previously published, the brick images have not been thoroughly analyzed in order to determine what new light they shed on the domestic architecture and building traditions of early lowland Sumatran settlements. To address this lacuna, we analyze the bricks and their archaeological context in order to interpret when the images were made, who created the images, the purpose behind them, the types of architecture depicted on the bricks, and the reasons behind the diversity of building types represented. Having argued that the majority of bricks shows domestic architecture reflecting a variety of cultural influences, we conclude by suggesting that the presence of such images supports the scholarly view that Muara Jambi was a multiethnic trading community.
Cave Sites in Northeastern Luzon, Philippines: A Preliminary Soil Micromorphological Study
Authors: Mijares Armand Salvador B. , Lewis Helen A.
Published: August 2009

Soil micromorphology was among the approaches used to explore site formation in two cave sites in northern Luzon: Eme and Dalan Serkot Caves. Interplay of biogenic, sedimentary, and anthropogenic processes worked and reworked the archaeological sediments at both sites. Eme Cave was found to be highly bioturbated by faunal activities and shrink-swell processes, and caution is needed in interpreting its archaeological contexts. However, thin section study revealed wood ash and possible burnt soil fragments, along with charcoal, attesting to later prehistoric burning activity at the site at some time. In Dalan Serkot Cave, along with standard cave sediments a volcanic ash deposit was identified, apparently deposited before 6200 B.P. , that must have affected local communities, and that could be used as a stratigraphic marker for future research in the area.
Radiocarbon Dates and Technological Change in Salt Production at the Site of Zhongba in the Three Gorges, China
Authors: Flad Rowan K. , Wu 吳小紅 Xiaohong , Von Falkenhausen Lothar , Li 李水城 Shuicheng , Sun 孫智彬 Zhibin , Pochan 陳伯楨 Chen
Published: August 2009

The prehistoric chronology of the Three Gorges region along the Yangzi River in China has only become the focus of significant archaeological research in the last decade. The site of Zhongba is one of the most significant sites among those recently studied. Thirty-two radiocarbon dates produced by the C-14 laboratory at Peking University, and five additional dates from the Beta Analytic laboratory in the United States show a clear chronological profile of the activity periods at the site of Zhongba. This radiocarbon profile clarifies two very important issues related to the prehistory of the Three Gorges region. The dates anchor an emerging ceramic-based relative chronology in a series of stratigraphically associated absolute dates. This article discusses these results and suggests explanations for several anomalous dates. The sequence demonstrates the need to reassess radiocarbon sequences by means of ceramic seriation. The dates also demonstrate that three different vessel classes, which dominate the ceramic assemblage at Zhongba and which are believed to have been used in salt production at the site, date to three chronologically distinct phases of activity. The differences among the three types suggest that they represent a sequence of technological changes in the process of salt production at the site.
Ceramic Production in Shang Societies of Anyang
Authors: Stoltman James B. , Jing Zhichun , Tang Jigen , Rapp George (Rip)
Published: August 2009

This article describes the results of petrographic analyses of ceramic thin sections from the Shang sites of Huanbei and Yinxu in Anyang, Henan, China. The initial goal was to determine the physical composition of locally produced ceramic artifacts. This was accomplished by focusing upon gray wares, the most common ceramic class in Shang contexts at Anyang, and comparing the findings to local, clay-rich sediments in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The resulting data provide objective bases for distinguishing imported ceramic items, notably those with exotic rock tempers and/or distinctive, low-silt pastes, and for making further inquiries into the role of ceramic production and exchange in the development and functioning of Shang society. The study revealed an unexpected amount of compositional diversity within Shang gray wares and indicates that at least three local sediments and three different technologies were utilized in the manufacture of ceramic objects. For most ceramic objects utilized in daily activities, such as storage and serving vessels and drainpipes, untempered loessic sediments were employed. By contrast, for cooking vessels, alluvial sediments tempered either with sand or grit (crushed rock, some of which was exotic) were normally employed. A third technology, for bronze piece molds, utilized loess, which was untempered, but apparently processed so as to concentrate the silt content thus increasing porosity and minimizing shrinkage, properties that would reduce flaws in cast bronzes.
Mid-Holocene Social Interaction in Melanesia: New Evidence from Hammer-Dressed Obsidian Stemmed Tools
Authors: Torrence Robin , Swadling Pamela , Kononenko Nina , Ambrose Wallace , Rath Pip , Glascock Michael D.
Published: August 2009

The widespread distribution in Papua New Guinea of obsidian stemmed tools dated to the mid-Holocene has led scholars to postulate the existence of large interaction spheres. A newly reported artifact from Biak Island, West Papua provides the stimulus for reconsidering the role of this tool type in regional social interaction. The tool was hammer-dressed, a technique unknown for obsidian flaked tools elsewhere in the world and only rarely applied to obsidian artifacts in Melanesia. This new find closely resembles hammer-dressed obsidian stemmed tools from Garua Island, Papua New Guinea, but these are characterized by LA/ICPMS, PIXE-PGME, and INAA to the local Baki and Kutau-Bao obsidian sources in New Britain, Papua New Guinea, whereas the Biak tool is sourced to outcrops on Lou Island in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Hypotheses for functional, symbolic, and social roles of hammer-dressing are explored and evaluated on the basis of replication experiments and use-wear analyses. We argue that the complex and exceptionally rare technologies used for manufacturing hammer-dressed stemmed tools and applied to obsidian acquired from two widely separated obsidian sources substantially add to previous evidence for wide-scale social interaction during the mid-Holocene. The existence of these social networks might also have provided a mechanism for the rapid, extensive spread of innovations like Austronesian languages or Lapita pottery.
A Reconstruction of an "Officially Expunged" Kingdom in Colonial South India: Panjalamkurinchi through Memory and Archaeology
Authors: Seylon Raman
Published: August 2009

Prior to the turn of the nineteenth century large parts of rural South India bristled with a number of formidable small fortified settlements called palayams . Most of these "forts" were surrounded by hardened earthen walls, within which were private dwellings or aranmani ("palace") and administrative offices of the local military households known as poligars. The poligar rajas held sway over much of South Indian countryside prior to colonial rule. By 1800 all such mud fortifications were systematically destroyed by the East India Company government in an effort to do away with all such secondary military powers. As a result very little is presently known about these rural strong houses that once dotted and dominated the South Indian rural landscape. This article describes a reconstruction of one of the most formidable of these rural forts situated in the town of Panjalamkurinchi. It is based on Seylon's own archaeological mapping of the site, along with additional data collected from the colonial archives, military siege maps, and manuscripts containing firsthand accounts of a pilgrim who saw the fort before its destruction. Together these sources present a vivid and complete picture of Panjalamkurinchi in the late 1790s.
Le moi est-il international ?
Authors: Lejeune Philippe
Published: August 2009

Trois questions pour ouvrir ce congrès : Existe-t-il une histoire et une géographie des traductions de textes autobiographiques ? Existe-t-il des études comparatives, multinationales sur l'autobiographie ou le journal ? Est-il possible de construire une théorie de l'autobiographie sans qu'elle porte la marque d'une culture spécifique, d'une idéologie particulière ?
Tortured Thoughts: From Marshall Square to Guantánamo Bay
Authors: Harlow Barbara
Published: August 2009

"Tortured Thoughts" discusses Ruth First's career—from her detention and interrogation in 1963 in South Africa to her assassination in 1982—with reference to her academic appointments in Dar es Salaam in 1975 and in Maputo from 1979 to 1982. What effect did the constant threat of torture during her detention have on her later public practices as a committed historian, scholar, and investigative reporter over the two decades that distanced her interrogation and her assassination? In other words, how did the threat of torture "translate"? And what example does that translation of "tortured thoughts" set for another era's academic coming of age?
Nā Hulu Kupuna: To Honor Our Intellectual Ancestors
Authors: Silva Noenoe K.
Published: August 2009

Because of American colonialism and the attendant displacement of the Hawaiian language, most Hawaiian children grow up not knowing that they come from a long line of intellectuals. They are taught that Hawaiian culture, except for a few of the arts, is a thing of the past. The project that this article describes seeks to begin to remedy that situation by documenting the writers and editors of nineteenth and twentieth century Hawaiian-language newspapers and books. This essay focuses on the creation of bio-bibliographies of the writer Joseph H. Kānepu'u (1824–ca. 1883), and the writer, editor, attorney, and politician Joseph Mokuohai Poepoe (1852–1913).
To Translate or Not to Translate: Revising the Translating of Hawaiian Language Texts
Authors: Kuwada Bryan Kamaoli
Published: August 2009

Translation has had a long and troubled history in Hawai'i, leading many Hawaiian-language speakers to oppose further translation of historic Hawaiian texts. However, a new project, Awaiäulu, aims to take these oppositions into account and translate historical Hawaiian texts in a more "ethical" and "responsible" way.
Listening to Leoiki: Engaging Sources in Hawaiian History
Authors: Arista Noelani
Published: August 2009

This paper challenges the perception of "silence" of Hawaiian women in the sex trade in 1820s Hawai'i by focusing on the sale of a Hawaiian woman, Leoiki—whose name means "little voice"—by a chiefess to a British whale ship captain in 1825. Working with family genealogies, depositions, American missionary correspondence, and other sources written in Hawaiian, this paper explores how the important principles of kuleana and kapu function within Leoiki's story as well as essential focal points for a Hawaiian historian's gathering and interpretation of sources. In writing this kind of history, this paper also sets out a new methodology that is interpretively consistent with traditional Hawaiian modes of remembering and perpetuating history.
Native Intellectuals in the Contact Zone: African Responses to Italian Colonialism in Tigrinya Literature
Authors: Negash Ghirmai
Published: August 2009

This essay examines the critical responses of two African texts, The Author's Journey (1895) and The Conscript (1927, 1950), to Italian colonialism in Eritrea, and unpacks the relations between writing and authorial representations of imperial power, home, and the colonial order as particularized in those narratives. Written by Tigrinya intellectuals, who shared colonial education and wrote about the imperial European project with indigenous reflexivity, the texts provide the rare opportunity of an early, indigenous-written critical "native point of view" on colonialism and its (after)effects. Based on those arguments, the article concludes by claiming that The Conscript is an African language postcolonial novel avant la lettre .
Truth in Translation : The TRC and the Translation of the Translators
Authors: Raditlhalo Sam
Published: August 2009

This paper argues that to a significant degree the work of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission was a linguistic challenge, involving the use of eleven official languages. The TRC was a polylingual, thus heteroglossic public staging of tragedy that was orally-determined, thus accommodating sections of the South African society that would have been excluded had the standard forms of exclusion—English language and writing—been used as means of communication. The paradox of the linguistic challenge lies in how the testimonies lodge themselves in the minds of the translators, who are initially vicarious participants in narrated events but who find themselves becoming active participants through the act of translation. This leads to a collapse of the assumed spaces between the identities of the translators, their senses of communal bonds, and separateness from the witnesses, as the "storying" and '"re-storying" of the past becomes a palpable presence through their secondary roles. An examination of Michael Lessac's Truth in Translation and Ingrid de Kok's poems in Terrestrial Things highlights the difficulties of translation, and how this continues to confound viewers of Lessac's play.
Translating Cuttlefish: Underwater Lifewritings
Authors: Brant Clare
Published: August 2009

In underwater life-writing, poetry, marine biology, and memoir meet like ocean currents. Both biography—the subject is the sea—and autobiography—the subject is the writer—the genre's practitioners explore metaphor and metamorphosis in sea life and in themselves. In attempting to "translate" mysterious creatures like cuttlefish, writers draw on poetry and science to create rich and strange discourses that also "translate" humans into and out of an element of depth.
The Situation of Translation/Translation Situation in Käbi Laretei's Life Writings
Authors: Kurvet-Käosaar Leena
Published: August 2009

The article offers a discussion on life writings of Käbi Laretei, an exile Estonian author and in her day a world-famous concert pianist, whose self-representational narratives make visible the emergence of her textual subjectivity in the both fluid and rigid spaces in-between cultures and languages, always fluctuating between the two axes of speech and sound. One work, Otsekui tõlkes ( As if in Translation , 2004), that is also the focus of the article, makes this indeterminacy a central focus, addressing it via a narrative that is at the same time also a self-conscious conceptualization of her life as a process and procedure of being translated, and of "being in translation" as the only possible mode of being and representation.
Translating the Self: Sexuality, Religion, and Sanctuary in John Addington Symonds's Cellini and other Acts of Life Writing
Authors: Amigoni David
Published: August 2009

Translation in life writing begins in the act of finding linguistic equivalences but can lead to complex epistemological and ideological transpositions. John Addington Symonds's translation of the memoir of Benvenuto Cellini (1888) is the focal point for a broader consideration of the place of translation in Symonds's queer-coded late Victorian life writing.
Crossing the Lines: Graphic (Life) Narratives and Co-Laborative Political Transformations
Authors: Tensuan Theresa M.
Published: August 2009

Jaime Cortez's Sexile frames the experiences of Cuban émigré and transgender activist Adela Vasquez in a comic book that shows how identities are engendered in a matrix of cultural conventions, sexual exchanges, and acts of self-invention, thus illustrating the interrelations between acts of self-fashioning and the work of social transformation.
Is the I International?
Authors: Lejeune Philippe
Published: August 2009

Three questions were suggested by the theme of the conference: Is there a historyand a geography of translations of autobiographical texts? Are there any general, transversal, comparative, multinational studies on autobiography or the diary? Is it possible to construct a theory of autobiography without its carrying the mark of a specific culture or a particular ideology—in short, can our ideas be translated?
Japanese Children’s Literature as Allegory of Empire in Iwaya Sazanami’s Momotarō ( The Peach Boy )
Authors: Henry David
Published: August 2009

During the half century from 1895 to 1945, Japanese children’s literature often served as an allegory of empire, educating youthful readers in particularly Japanese ideas of imperialism. This essay focuses on retellings of Japan’s most popular folktale, Momotarō (The Peach Boy). A close reading of an 1894 adaptation of the tale by Iwaya Sazanami, the father of children’s literature in Japan, reveals three tropes that were common throughout prewar adventure stories: the hero’s home is attacked first, the setting is the South Seas area, and victory is gained by virtue of ties to the imperial institution.
Words about War for Boys: Representations of Soldiers and Conflict in Writing for Children before World War I
Authors: Reynolds Kimberley
Published: August 2009

During WWI boys and young men volunteered, fought and died in unprecedented numbers. Boys’ books and magazines have been implicated in encouraging boys to enlist through the creation of a mythos that figured war as a time of youthful heroism, male comradeship, and an opportunity to display widely admired characteristics such as loyalty, courage and self-sacrifice. Examination of what boys were reading in the three decades before the war in fact suggests that the range of attitudes to battle, the military, and bureaucrats offered in boys’ fiction was more subtle and conflicted than previous accounts have supposed.
Drawing statistical inferences from historical census data, 1850–1950
Authors: Davern Michael , Ruggles Steven , Swenson Tami , Alexander J. Trent , Oakes J. Michael
Published: August 2009

Virtually all quantitative microdata used by social scientists derive from samples that incorporate clustering, strati cation, and weighting adjustments (Kish 1965, 1992). Such data can yield standard error estimates that differ dramatically from those derived from a simple random sample of the same size. Researchers using historical U.S. census microdata, however, usually apply methods designed for simple random samples. The resulting p values and confidence intervals could be inaccurate and could lead to erroneous research conclusions. Because U.S. census microdata samples are among the most widely used sources for social science and policy research, the need for reliable standard error estimation is critical. We evaluate the historical microdata samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) project from 1850 to 1950 in order to determine (1) the impact of sample design on standard error estimates, and (2) how to apply modern standard error estimation software to historical census samples. We exploit a unique new data source from the 1880 census to validate our methods for standard error estimation, and then we apply this approach to the 1850–1870 and 1900–1950 decennial censuses. We conclude that Taylor series estimation can be used effectively with the historical decennial census microdata samples and should be applied in research analyses that have the potential for substantial clustering effects.
Family allowances and fertility: Socioeconomic differences
Authors: Schellekens Jona
Published: August 2009

This article explores socioeconomic differences in the effect of family allowances on fertility. Although several studies have examined the relationship between cash benefits and fertility, few studies have addressed the possible differential effects of cash benefits on families of different income or education levels. I reconstructed the birth histories of women in the past two Israeli censuses of 1983 and 1995 to study socioeconomic differences in the effect of family allowances up to the seventh parity. The results indicate that family allowances have a significant effect at every parity. Using female education as an indicator of socioeconomic status, I find that socioeconomic status is a significant modifier of the effect of family allowances. Family allowances seem to have a relatively large impact on more-educated women.
Parental characteristics and the schooling progress of the children of immigrant and U.S.-born blacks
Authors: Thomas Kevin J.A.
Published: August 2009

In this study, I examine disparities in schooling progress among children born to immigrant and U.S.-born blacks. I find that in one- and two-parent families, children born to black immigrants are less likely to fall behind in school than those born to U.S.-born blacks. In two-parent immigrant families, children born to two immigrant parents have a significant schooling advantage over children born to one immigrant parent. While children born to two immigrant parents in the wealthiest black immigrant families do better in the second generation than in the first, the reverse is observed among children in less wealthy families. These findings contribute in two ways to our understanding of the assimilation processes of children born to black immigrant parents. First, they show that there is a positive association between the number of immigrant parents in a family and children’s schooling performance. Second, they suggest that disparities in the assimilation patterns of the children of black immigrants are a likely product of the interaction between their parental characteristics and the socioeconomic circumstances of their families.