bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BANK LOAN AND SMALL BUSINESS FINANCE MANAGEMENT IN PLATEAU STATE
Authors:   Department of Banking & Finance and Accounting & Finance,  University of Jos, Jos, Otubor Christopher , Okwoli Ambrose ,   Department of Accounting, University of Jos, Jos, Jugu Yohanna ,   Department of Actuarial Science, University of Jos, Jos
Published: March 2021

The importance of small businesses to manage finance from banks served as one of the motivational factors for small business growth. This study investigated the outcome if small businesses managed finance from banks for growth in Jos, Plateau State. The study adopted the descriptive survey design with a population of 550. However, 435 responses as collected from small businesses that enjoyed bank loans. The age bracket of the respondents ranged from twenty-seven years and above. The source of data for this research was primary with a self-administered questionnaire as the instrument for the data collection. The questionnaire used for this study was in a five-point Likert-scale, validated by four senior lecturers in a closely related field. The linear regression method was adopted for data analysis employed to test the hypothesis to investigate how small businesses managed bank loans for growth. The finding showed that small businesses significantly had finance management that grew their business in Plateau State. In conclusion, bank loans and small businesses are mutually inclusive with appropriate finance management by small businesses to grow businesses in Jos, Plateau State. The recommendation was bank loans be made always available to small businesses in Jos, Plateau State since small businesses showed appropriate finance management to grow business.
THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AND FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA
Authors:   Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan- Nigeria, Ochinyabo Samuel
Published: March 2021

The study will examine the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Nigeria’s fiscal sector. This was undertaken on the premise that the sector is the lifeline of a developmental state like Nigeria which needs to deliver dividends to her citizens after two decades of un-interrupted democratic governance. The specific objectives of the study are to (i) examine the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on government revenue, expenditure and debt management in Nigeria. (ii) assess the government’s response in managing the Covid-19 effect on the fiscal sector in Nigeria and (iii) set the agenda for the post COVID-19 strategy for recovery and fiscal sustainability in Nigeria. The study adopted an exploratory data analysis approach, where it obtained secondary data for the period Q1 2016- Q2 2020 from publications of the National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria, and National Council for Disease Control and the World Health Organization, Descriptive Statistical tools was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed expected declines in total gross revenue, total federal expenditure, external reserves and GDP growth rates, but unexpected declines in Deficit financing and foreign debt servicing. There was increase in total public debt. So, the study makes the following recommendations; The growth in non-oil revenue must be sustained. Government must have to change its expenditure framework to ensure that capital expenditure is more than revenue expenditure. External reserve should be shored up immediately to a level that can sustain the economy for a reasonable period of time. The decline in deficit financing should be sustained by engaging in realistic budgeting. Foreign Debts should be used mostly for capital expenditure that will finance itself in the long run. Debt servicing strategies should be properly streamlined not to become a burden on the economy. Total public debts should not be allowed to grow beyond sustainable threshold.
An Analytical Study of Effect of Mass Media in Promotion of Sports in Jammu & Kashmir
Authors:   Guru KanshiUni, TalwandiSabho, Bathinda, Punjab, India., Pal Singh Dr.Rajwinder , Sharma Ritesh ,   Guru KanshiUni, TalwandiSabho, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
Published: March 2021

In the present study, descriptive and survey method was used. The study is the effect of mass media in promotion of sports in Jammu Kashmir. The survey type study was designed to find out the role of media in sports. For measuring selected variables of the study, four different inventories/tests were administered to the subject of the study. Here all these variables were independent variables. The populations for this research are selected from Jammu & Kashmir state. The primary sources of data were sportsmen. The selected NineUniversities from Jammu & Kashmir state.From the above question regarding the Participate in Physical Activities Regularly, it is observed that: 84.32% Say Yes,14.90% Say Sometime and 1.6% Say No Participate in Physical Activities Regularly.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Provide You with Adequate Information about Sport Benefits it is observed that: 86.91% Say Yes,12.39% Say Sometime and 0.7% Say No mass media provide you with adequate information about sport benefits.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Play a Role in The Dissemination of Sport Benefits for Good Health, It is observed that: 67.63%Say Yes, 31.37%Say Sometime and 1.2% Say No mass media play a role in the dissemination of sport benefits for good health.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Show an Interest in Health Benefits of Sport, it is observed that: 82.32%Say Yes, 15.78%Say Sometime and 1.9%Say No Mass Media Show an Interest in Health Benefits of Sport.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Encourage and Cover Sport Activities for Good Health, it is observed that: 85.31%Say Yes, 12.99% Say Sometime and 1.7% Say No mass media encourage and cover sport activities for good health.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Have an Influence on the Public to Participate in Sport Activities, it is observed that: 86.91%Say Yes, 12.39%Say Sometime and 0.7% Say No mass media have an influence on the public to participate in sport activities.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Your Only Source to Get Information About Sports, it is observed that: 67.43%Say Yes, 31.37%Say Sometime and 1.2%Say No mass media your only source to get information about sports.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Use Distinguished Sports Persons to Encourage Others to Participate in Sport, it is observed that: 80.72%Say Yes, 15.68%Say Sometime and 3.6%Say No mass media use distinguished sports persons to encourage others to participate in sport.From the above question regarding the Mass Media Have a Role to Encourage Participation in Sports Activities in Order to Improve Health, it is observed that: 82.32%Say Yes, 15.78%Say Sometime and 1.9%Say No mass media have a role to encourage participation in sports activities in order to improve health.
Preparation of CoOx/magenium silicate for the liquid oxidation of benzyl alcohol
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nhu , Tran Thi Ngoc Mai , Pham Quoc Khanh , Vu Anh Tuan , Nguyen Tien Thao
Published: March 2021

CoOx/magenium silicate catalysts are obtained though precipitation and calcination method. The prepared solids were analyzed by XRD, BET, EDS... Cobalt(II) ions supported-magnesium silicate catalysts expressed as effective catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidizing agent. The experimental results  showed very high selectivity to the benzaldehyde product at benzyl alcohol conversion of 18-25%.
ARABIC: أدب المقــاومة في أقاليم توات جنوب الجزائر
Authors: Jaafri Prof Dr Ahmad , Dr. Muhammad Iqbal
Published: March 2021

Arabic literature of resistance in general and Algerian in particular in its field championships and the good management of their proud leaders, inflamed many Touwatia feelings  and interacted with them positively with many poems and creative texts, describing proud and sometimes inciting callers, and disaffected revenge from the scourge of injustice and occupation crimes at another time. The literature of resistance or political poetry in its broadest and most comprehensive sense is poetry that is organized in a matter of politics or governance, and it is in many forms, including national poetry that praises the glories of the nation, including the liberal poetry that has been associated with the emergence of resistance movements and liberation organizations in the Arab world against modern forms of colonialism, Thus, this type incites and calls for liberation from colonialism and accompanies these movements in its path. This literary paradigm has determined the fact that the poets of Touwat would not separate them from the concerns of their nation and the issues of their religion, the barrier of time and place or the rest of the other barriers, so they recorded their national presence with full pride and pride, and these texts were the best testimony of the impact of all of them on the course of the nation’s events, so they participated in providing them first, history is second to it, which reflects the culture of everyone and their follow-up to all historical events.
URDU: امام مالکؒ کا ’’الموطأ‘‘ میں اصولِ اخذوتحدیث کا منہج
Authors: Qasim Dr. Hafiz Masood , Dr. Abdul Ghaffar
Published: March 2021

Allah Almighty has created man and also guided for him the way to which he will lead. This leading guidance has been substantiated in two categories: Quran and Hadith. Whereas Quran is the Divine word of Allah Almighty, hadith is the practical implementation of the life of Holy Prophet SAW. The compilation of hadith has been started since the life of Holy Prophet SAW. Various companions of  Holy  Prophet SAW played their pivotal role to compile this sacred segment of Divine revelation. Among those companions: Hazrat Abu Hurairah R.A., Hazrat Ayesha, Hazrat Abdullah bin Umer,  Hazrat Abdullah bin Masood R.A. are the prominent fiqures who compiled their own  scriptures of Hadith. Like other companions of Holy Prophet SAW, This tradition continued among the descendants of Abdullah bin Umer R.A; Imam Zuhri and after him, his pupil, Imam Malik bin Anas. In the evolution of compilation of hadith, Imam Malik is one of the first compilers of hadith who compiled his book “Muwatta.” This very book contains Musnad hadith, ٖFqhi Issues and the derived issues from these hadith(s) in abundance. Having the nearest era to the age of Holy Prophet and companions of Holy Prophet SAW, this very book is also titled as the authentic one. The present research paper will highlight various components of Muwatta in comprehensive way with detailed connotations.
ARABIC: أسباب فسخ النکاح في القانون الباکستاني والفقہ الإسلامی: دراسۃ مقارنۃ
Authors: Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Siddique
Published: March 2021

Marriage is a solemn covenant as mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. It is a union of spouses to live contentedly with respect and affection as directed. The ordeals in human life testify the strength of this bonding that often obstructs smoothness of this relation. If the continuation of the relationship seems impossible then Shariah directs spouses to separate their ways with equal dignity and respect. A husband may dissolve the marriage tie without assigning any reason and a wife can ask for khul‘. Sometimes, marriage is dissolved with mutual consent of the spouses and sometimes husband divorces without the intervention of the court. This paper aims to examine different ways of dissolution of marriage in Pakistani Law and Shariah. In light of Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act 1939 this papers investigates the conditions of faskh in which either spouse may go to the court of law for dissolution of marriage. This paper analyses the grounds for dissolution of Muslim marriage in Pakistani Law and compares it with classical Islamic Law focusing on the opinions of Muslim Jurists.
Indicadores citogenéticos para la identificación de exposición a radiación ionizante en humanos
Authors: Castro Volio Isabel
Published: March 2021

"La biodosimetría citogenética se aplica en la evaluación médica de las personas involucradas en situaciones radiológicas anormales, con el fin de evaluar las dosis recibidas, el peligro inminente para la salud y aplicar los tratamientos médicos más adecuados. Además, contribuye al esclarecimiento de sucesos cuando existen dudas respecto a los resultados de la dosimetría física por dosímetros defectuosos, no calibrados o ausentes. Es el método más preciso de dosimetría biológica, ya que existe una relación matemática que permite calcular la dosis, establecer el grado de homogeneidad de la exposición y, en caso de exposiciones no homogéneas, establecer la fracción del cuerpo irradiada y la dosis que recibió esa fracción mediante la cuantificación del número y tipos de aberraciones cromosómicas y de micronúcleos, y su distribución en los linfocitos de la sangre periférica. Para este análisis se establecen las relaciones dosis-efecto y un sistema automatizado para el cálculo de las dosis de radiación recibidas. Actualmente se está desarrollando un proyecto conjunto Universidad de Costa Rica – Hospital San Juan de Dios, con el objetivo de explorar los efectos cromosómicos de la radiación, en pacientes expuestos por razones terapéuticas y atendidos en este hospital. De igual modo, se hará la curva de calibración dosis – respuesta in vitro para rayos gama y se validará mediante la intercomparación con el Laboratorio de Dosimetría Citogenética del Centro para la Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones de Cuba."
Apnea obstructiva del sueño: experiencia en el Hospital San Juan de Dios
Authors: Badilla Alejandra Flores , González Alcibey Alvarado
Published: March 2021

Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de los pacientes con el cuadro clínico de AOS, atendidos en Consulta Externa de Neumología del Hospital San Juan de Dios, de enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2011. La información se obtuvo de los expedientes médicos, por medio de una ficha de recolección de datos. Con base en los resultados se realizó el análisis estadístico.
Neuropatía autonómica sensorial hereditaria
Authors: Gualandri Alejandra Acosta , Ledezma Sixto Bogantes
Published: March 2021

La insensibilidad congénita al dolor es una patologíainfantil poco frecuente. Existen cinco diferentes tipos deneuropatía sensorial y autonómica descritas hasta la fecha,cada una de ellas con hallazgos clínicos diversos.A continuación se reporta el caso de un niño de10 años, con el diagnóstico de neuropatía autonómicasensorial hereditaria tipo IV, condición que presenta unaherencia autosómica recesiva. Esta patología se caracterizapor la pérdida de la sensibilidad al dolor y temperatura,anhidrosis, automutilación y retardo mental. La anhidrosislleva a trastornos de la termorregulación, que pueden causarepisodios de fiebre y la pérdida de sensibilidad, se asocia confracturas y traumas articulares recurrentes.
Déficit de 3-metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa materna en Costa Rica
Authors: Matamoros Alejandra Reuben , Matamoros Natassia Camacho , Alvarado Jonessy Quesada , Gualandri Alejandra Acosta
Published: March 2021

La deficiencia aislada de 3-metilcrotonil-CoA carboxilasa es un desorden autosómico recesivo del catabolismo de leucina con gran variabilidad fenotípica. Es uno de los errores innatos del metabolismo más común, con una incidencia de hasta 1:36.000 neonatos. Mujeres que presentan esta condición han sido identificadas únicamente luego de que las muestras de tamizaje neonatal de sus hijos sanos presentaran resultados anormales.
Dr. Elías Jiménez Fonseca
Authors: Bonilla Rafael Jimenez
Published: March 2021

El doctor Elías Jiménez Fonseca nació en 1938 en San José, Costa Rica, y falleció en esta misma ciudad el 1 de marzo del presente año.A sus diecisiete años, después de la abrupta muerte de su padre por insuficiencia cardíaca, se trasladó con su madre y dos hermanos a la ciudad de México, para cumplir su sueño de estudiar medicina en la UNAM. Al igual que toda su familia, se hizo mexicano de corazón.
Dengue With Severe Plasma Leakage: A New Monitoring Approach
Authors: Torres Daniel Pizarro
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: describir un sistema de monitoreo más simple y eficiente para pacientes con dengue grave con extravasación de plasma severa.Método: se revisaron 61 de 110 expedientes de pacientes que presentaban dengue, entre agosto y setiembre de 1999, en el Hospital Tony Facio de la provincia de Limón en Costa Rica.
Activación inmunológica crónica en la patogénesis de la enfermedad por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana
Authors: Cheng Henry Chinhong Chan , Rodríguez Silvia Leticia Monge , Mora María del Rosario Espinoza
Published: March 2021

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana induce una activación inmune crónica que lleva a la progresión de la enfermedad por VIH. Estudios en primates han demostrado que el desarrollo de una infección retroviral patológica está determinada tanto por la respuesta del sistema inmunitario al virus, como por sus propiedades citopáticas. Esta revisión pretende resumir los conocimientos actuales acerca de los principales mecanismos envueltos en la activación inmune crónica durante la infección por VIH y sus repercusiones en la inmunidad virus-específica.
Litiasis renal en Costa Rica: bioquímica y epidemiología
Authors: Gamboa Gutiérrez Eida , Varela Villalobos Mónica , Varela Briceño Carlos
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: la litiasis renal es la tercera enfermedad urológica más común, siendo una causa considerable de morbilidad por la sintomatología que presenta. Aunque es conocida en otros países, incluyendo Latinoamérica, en el nuestro no disponemos de informes sobre la situación, razón por la cual este estudio pretende establecer la composición bioquímica diferencial de los cálculos renales más frecuentes, para así distinguir epidemiológicamente si existen variables entre las edades y sexo.

Métodos: se encontraron 291 casos de pacientes cuyas muestras fueron referidas al centro en el periodo de 1 octubre de 2015 al 30 de septiembre de 2017. Se realizaron descripciones de las variables clínico-biológicas, y comparaciones estadísticas entre la composición bioquímica de los cálculos renales y edades descritas, para encontrar diferencias entre sexos.

Resultados: hay una mayor prevalencia de litiasis renal en hombres (62 %), en comparación con las mujeres (38 %). La mediana de presentación de la litiasis renal fue de 45 años. Se presentó en la quinta década de edad en hombres y en la cuarta década de edad en mujeres. Los compuestos oxalato de calcio, carbonato de apatita, ácido úrico y estruvita fueron los más prevalentes en litiasis renal.

Conclusión: la situación de la litiasis renal en Costa Rica fue similar a la descrita en otros países. Se observa un mayor rango etario en la distribución de la enfermedad en ambos sexos. La enfermedad en el país representa un problema multifactorial en el cual las comorbilidades y los factores dietarios propician la litiasis renal.

Descriptores: litiasis Renal, Costa Rica, epidemiología descriptiva, bioquímica, cálculos renales.
Workplace Electronic Health Promotion Campaigns for Tobacco Smoking Prevention or Cessation
Authors: Hui Daphne , Mierzwinski-Urban Monika
Published: March 2021

There is a lack of recent evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of workplace electronic health promotion campaigns (EHPCs) for the prevention or cessation of tobacco smoking.

There is a need for well-designed economic evaluations to assess the cost-effectiveness of workplace EHPCs for the prevention or cessation of tobacco smoking.
Avaliação da dimensão social no Protocolo de Kyoto
Authors: Favareto Arilson , Martins Gilberto , Machado Simão Nathalia
Published: March 2021

Este artigo tem como principal objetivo apresentar a abrangência do conceito de adicionalidade e relacioná-lo à dimensão social no Protocolo de Kyoto e nos projetos de biogás de aterro sanitário do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo aprovados no Brasil. A partir da exposição da abordagem das capabilities de Amartya Sem (2001) e do estudo dos indicadores sociais questiona-se a efetiva importância que se dá à dimensão social nas avaliações para a aprovação dos projetos no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. Verificou-se que não há métodos formais para a avaliação desta dimensão no Protocolo de Kyoto tampouco nos projetos do estudo empírico em questão e dessa forma as avaliações assumem caráter subjetivo, visto que não existem exigências mínimas muito menos critérios classificatórios ou eliminatórios definidos.
Eficiência econômica, eficácia procedural ou efetividade social: Três valores em disputa na Avaliação de Políticas e Programas Sociais
Authors: Jannuzzi Paulo
Published: March 2021

O objetivo do texto é discutir a subjetividade e parcialidade implícitas nas Avaliações de Políticas e Programas, explicitando alguns dos valores e princípios que as regem. Depois de um breve debate sobre os mitos da objetividade absoluta e da pretensa superioridade epistêmica do método quantitativo no campo, o texto avança na discussão dos valores e critérios de mérito subjacentes às concepções políticos-ideológicas das avaliações: Eficiência econômica, eficácia procedural e efetividade social. Apresenta-se a concepção de Estado, de Políticas Públicas e o marco metodológico de Avaliação que cada valor público determina.
O ICMS Ecológico como uma política de incentivo dos gastos ambientais municipais
Authors: Scarpeline de Castro Bianca , Almeira Nogueira da Costa Lucas , Sander Costa Daniel , Frickmann Young Carlos
Published: March 2021

O ICMS Ecológico (ICMS-E) é uma política pública regulatória utilizada como mecanismo de coordenação entre os interesses dos estados e as ações dos municípios, com vistas a estimular e premiar práticas ambientais adequadas. Esse artigo tem como objetivo verificar se essa política é efetiva para a adoção de práticas sustentáveis pelos municípios, medidas a partir dos gastos ambientais. Para tal, foi efetuada uma análise no período 2012-2016 comparando os gastos em gestão ambiental como proporção das despesas totais liquidadas com a razão entre o volume recebido do ICMS-E e a receita fiscal total de cada município. Foi comprovada a correlação positiva entre os gastos em gestão ambiental e os recursos de ICMS-E recebidos pelo município. Contudo, o gasto ambiental aumenta relativamente pouco em função do incremento do ICMS-E na receita, e essa relação fica mais nítida nos municípios que recebem proporcionalmente mais ICMS-E. Verificou-se que o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH-M) e a população do município também afetam a proporção de gastos em gestão ambiental. Um resultado particularmente importante é que o desenho da legislação estadual influencia a resposta dos municípios: quanto maior o prêmio percebido pelas prefeituras em função da melhoria de seu desempenho ambiental, maior tende a ser seu esforço em adotar ações de gestão ambiental. Demonstra-se, assim, que a coordenação entre os instrumentos econômicos estatais e as ações municipais podem exercer papel relevante para tornar a gestão pública mais sustentável.
Mortality, Work and Migration. A Consideration of Age-specific Mortality from Tuberculosis in Scotland, 1861-1901
Authors: Reid Alice , Garrett Eilidh
Published: March 2021

This paper provides an examination into some of the most enduring debates regarding tuberculosis mortality during the nineteenth century: those related to gender, geographic and temporal variations. We use populations reconstructed from individual census and civil register data for the period 1861 to 1901, comparing a growing urban area with a declining rural area, both with around 20,000 inhabitants in 1861. Our analysis shows that among young adults tuberculosis was linked to excess female mortality in the urban area and excess male mortality in the rural area. We demonstrate that in the town textile workers of both genders had particularly high mortality from tuberculosis, and that the only reason for higher overall female mortality was the predominance of young women in the textile labour force. We show that the age and gender-specific pattern of mortality in the rural area is consistent with higher male than female out-migration together with return migration of those who had contracted the disease elsewhere and needed care during their lengthy illness. We argue that the observed patterns are difficult to reconcile with the ‘bargaining-nutrition’ account of gendered patterns in tuberculosis mortality, and that they provide little support for nutrition as a key influence on the disease. However, our findings do reinforce Andrew Hinde’s recent argument that geographical patterns in sex-specific tuberculosis mortality rates were largely determined by migration patterns, and we discuss the implications of this for our understanding of the decline of the disease over the late nineteenth century.
Effect of Different Slopes of the Lower Leg during the Nordic Hamstring Exercise on Hamstring Electromyography Activity
Authors: Soga Toshiaki , Nishiumi Daichi , Furusho Atsuya , Akiyama Kei , Hirose Norikazu
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the NHE with an increased lower leg slope angle would enhance hamstring EMG activity in the final phase of the descend. The hamstring EMG activity was measured, the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and the semitendinosus (ST). Fifteen male volunteers participated in this study. Subjects performed a prone leg curl with maximal voluntary isometric contraction to normalize the hamstring EMG activity. Subsequently, subjects performed the NHE, with the help of a certified strength and conditioning specialist, while the lower leg slope angle were randomly set at 0° (NH), 20° (N20), and 40° (N40). To compare hamstring EMG activity during the NHE variations, the knee flexion angle was set in the range from 0° to 50°, divided into five phases (0–10°, 10–20°, 20–30°, 30–40° and 40–50°), where 0° indicated that the knee was fully extended. To calculate the knee extension angular velocity, the knee flexion angle divided by time, and break point angle (BPA) was the angle at which 10°/s was exceeded. In the statistical analysis, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for the hamstring EMG activity and a one-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for the BPA. The EMG activity of the BFlh and the ST in N20 and N40 was significantly higher than in NH at knee flexion angle of 0–20° (p < 0.05). For the BPA, NH (57.75° ± 13.28°), N20 (36.27° ± 9.89°) and N40 (16.26° ± 9.58°) were significantly higher in that order (p < 0.05). The results of this study revealed that the NHE with an increased lower leg slope angle shifted the BPA to the lower knee flexion angle and enhanced the hamstring EMG activity in the final phase of the descent.
Hazardous Components of Landfill Leachates and Its Bioremediation
Authors: Salam Menaka , Nilza Namdol
Published: March 2021

Landfill leachates contain both dissolved and suspended material and may pose a threat to the environment because of the toxic substances that it carries and contaminates surface water and groundwater. They are composed of several different categories of components out of which many of them are recalcitrant and highly toxic. Major components of landfill leachates are dissolved organic compounds, inorganic macro compounds, heavy metals such as copper, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel etc. and xenobiotic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls. Complex organic compounds which are released from industrial effluents like perfluorooctanoic acid and benzothiazole are also common in many of the landfill leachates. Biological treatment is a low cost effective method for the treatment of landfill leachates which can act as an accelerator for further treatment by either chemical or physical method. Improved strategies have been developed in the biological treatment of leachates which shows the efficiency of the system. But, as leachate characteristics vary depending on the rainfall and other environmental factors, it is important to first thoroughly analyze the physical and chemical properties of the landfill under study. A combined effort involving proper analysis of the leachate components, monitoring leachate flow, risk assessment, and treatment of the leachate before its release is required to efficiently control its impact to the environment.
The Importance of Health Literacy Related to Medications Instructions to Promote Adherence in People Living with Cardiovascular Diseases at Rural Settings
Authors: Ngoatle Charity , Maria Mothiba Tebogo
Published: March 2021

Health literacy related to prescribed medications instructions is the ability to read, understand and carry out medication instructions as directed. Being generally literate does not automatically make one to be health literate. In most cases, a person’s health literacy is overlooked based on their good general literacy. A convergent parallel mixed method design was used to explore and describe the practices of diabetes mellitus patients regarding prescribed medications instructions. The results showed failure to interpret medications instructions which leads to non-adherence unaware. On the other hand, non-adherence led to complications. Enhancing health literacy includes explanation of the medication instructions in details including the exact times for medication consumption. This could be achieved through peer teaching, health talks with patients and workshops.
Targeting MYC and HDAC8 with a Combination of siRNAs Inhibits Neuroblastoma Cells Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo Xenograft Tumor Growth
Authors: Prashad Nagindra
Published: March 2021

HDAC8, c MYC and MYCN are involved in the tumorigenesis of neuroblastoma. A mouse Neuroblastoma (NB) tumor model was used to understand the role of miRNA, miR-665 in NB tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. During cellular differentiation of NB cells there is an up regulated miRNA-665. We found that HDAC 8, c MYC and MYCN are the direct targets of mimic miR-665 which was validated by luciferase reporter plasmid with 3’ UTR and ELISA. Mimic miR-665 inhibited cell proliferation, arrested cells in G1 stage and decreased S Phase in cell cycle. miR-665 increased the acetylation of histones and activated Caspase 3. This is the first report to recognize miRNA 665 as a suppressor miRNA of NB. The effects of miR-665 were confirmed with the transfection of siRNA for HDAC8 and siRNA for MYC. Individual siRNA- HDAC8 or siRNA-MYC inhibited 40–50% of cell proliferation in vitro, however, the treatment with the combination of both siRNA-MYC + siRNA- HDAC8 inhibited 86% of cell proliferation. Indicating that both the targets c MYC and HDAC 8 should be reduced to obtain a significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Intratumoral treatment of xenograft tumors in mice with the combination of siRNA-MYC + siRNA- HDAC8 reduced the levels of target c-MYC protein by 64% and target HDAC 8 protein by 85% and the average tumor growth reduced by 80% compared to control tumors treated with NC-siRNA. Our results suggest the potential therapeutic effect of suppressor miR-665 and the combination of siRNA-MYC + siRNA-HDAC8 for neuroblastoma treatment.
The Use of Exergames in Motor Education Processes for School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review and Epistemic Diagnosis
Authors: Ribeiro Nogueira da Gama Dirceu , Oliveira Barros dos Santos Andressa , Gabriel Miranda de Oliveira João , Brandão Pinto de Castro Juliana , Gomes de Souza Vale Rodrigo
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to diagnose the current state of knowledge about the use of exergames in the motor education processes of school-aged children. We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA recommendations. Web of Science, MedLine (via PubMed), ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases were searched in December 2020 with the terms “exergames”, “motor education”, and “children”. We used the Jadad scale and the Systematization for Research Approaches in Sports Sciences instrument to evaluate the surveyed material. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. We observed that: 1) the use of exergames by children can increase the motor skills of locomotion and control of objects, in addition to the levels of physical fitness, but the magnitude and duration of these increments remain inconclusive; 2) the articles exhibited theoretical and methodological weaknesses; 3) empirical-experimental investigations centered on intervention studies are hegemonic; 4) the theories of Sports Training, Didactics, and Human Movement underlie the studies, referring to an interdisciplinary crossing between Sport Psychology, Sport Pedagogy, Sport and Performance, and Sport and Health; 4) researches with alternative designs are necessary; 5) we recommend to approach this issue according to other perspectives, such as Biomechanics applied to Sport, Sports Medicine, Sociology of Sport, and Philosophy of Sport.
Invariants for a Dynamical System with Strong Random Perturbations
Authors: Karachanskaya Elena
Published: March 2021

In this chapter we consider the invariant method for stochastic system with strong perturbations, and its application to many different tasks related to dynamical systems with invariants. This theory allows constructing the mathematical model (deterministic and stochastic) of actual process if it has invariant functions. These models have a kind of jump-diffusion equations system (stochastic differential Itô equations with a Wiener and a Poisson paths). We show that an invariant function (with probability 1) for stochastic dynamical system under strong perturbations exists. We consider a programmed control with Prob. 1 for stochastic dynamical systems – PSP1. We study the construction of stochastic models with invariant function based on deterministic model with invariant one and show the results of numerical simulation. The concept of a first integral for stochastic differential equation Itô introduce by V. Doobko, and the generalized Itô – Wentzell formula for jump-diffusion function proved us, play the key role for this research.
Age at First Marriage of Women in Bangladesh: Levels, Trends and Determinants
Authors: Salim Zahangir Mohammad , Zamilun Nahar Mosammat
Published: March 2021

Age at first marriage is an important demographic event affecting births, deaths, and women’s and children’s health. This study aims to explore the levels, trends and determinants of age at first marriage of women in Bangladesh. This study utilized data from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The univariate (some basic statistics), bivariate (simple cross-tabulation and χ2-test) and multivariate (analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis and binary logistic regression) techniques were adopted to analyze the data. Age of women at first marriage in Bangladesh has been increasing over time, while the pace is sluggish. Respondent’s education has a strong positive effect on age at marriage. Women with a higher level of education are more likely to get delayed marriage. Current age, religion, region, place of residence and husband’s education are also influential factors affecting age at marriage. Wealth index is partially significant, that is, women from households with economically poor status are significantly more likely to marry early than those from affluent households. The change in age at marriage is associated with major social structural changes such as women’s educational attainment and urbanization process.
Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Cerda-Reyes Eira , Sarahi Ojeda-Yuren Alicia , Torres-Vazquez Julián , del Rosario Herrero Maceda María , Uriel Vázquez-Medina Martín , Denice Flores-Rangel Perla , Fabiola Velásquez Palacios Yailin , Cerda-Reyes Saraid , Elia Castro-Narro Graciela
Published: March 2021

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased in the last years up to 25% in the adult population. This disease includes a large spectrum of disorders, from simple fatty liver disease to cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), and they are related to chronic metabolic conditions. NAFLD is characterized by the presence of at least 5% of hepatic steatosis without evidence of hepatocellular injury. The diagnosis of this disease should be of exclusion and focused on its progression, treatment, and identification of the prognosis. The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF), and the American Association for the Study of the Liver (AASLD), published their Clinical Guidelines that have identified the criteria for the diagnosis of NAFLD, several, using imaging or histological diagnostic methods, although they imply a different approach and screening. The Fatty Liver Index and the NAFLD Liver Fat Score are used by 3 out of 5 Guidelines and they are easily calculated using blood tests and clinical information. Other non-invasive scales for NAFLD are the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), Fib-4, AST/ALT ratio index; also the ELF panel, Fibrometer, Fibrotest, Hepascore; and some imaging techniques that include transient elastography, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and shear wave elastography. Finally, proteomic’s and glycomic’s technologic biomarkers are currently under investigation and recent use, such as Cytokeratin 18 and Sirtuin 1. Still, liver biopsy remains the gold standard to distinguish between steatohepatitis and simple steatosis, using the histological classification and staging scoring systems of NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and the Steatosis Activity Fibrosis (SAF), to evaluate the disease’s activity.
Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome
Authors: Fei Yanxia , Peng Yanhua , Sun Huiping , Zou Shuangfa , Yang Jinfeng
Published: March 2021

Sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS) is a fibrous occlusive disease of hepatic sinusoids or hepatic venules. Small hepatic blood vessel damage, especially hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell damage, is its main feature. Based on etiology, SOS is mainly classified into pyrrolidine alkaloids-related SOS, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-related SOS, and SOS of unknown etiology. In recent years, the incidence of SOS has been increasing. However, due to the complexity of the etiology, the lack of specificity in clinical manifestations, the difficulty of early diagnosis, and the limited treatment options, it often leads to poor treatment effects and even death. This chapter aims to analyze and organize the pathogenesis, pathological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of different types of SOS, to provide certain references for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
Using of Genome Editing Methods in Plant Breeding
Authors: S. Kamburova Venera , B. Salakhutdinov Ilkhom , E. Shermatov Shukhrat , Y. Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim
Published: March 2021

The main task of plant breeding is creating of high-yield, resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses crop varieties with high product quality. The using of traditional breeding methods is limited by the duration of the new crop varieties creation with the required agronomic traits. This depends not only on the duration of growing season and reaching of mature stage of plants (especially the long-period growth plants, e.g. trees), as well as is associated with applying of multiple stages of crossing, selection and testing in breeding process. In addition, conventional methods of chemical and physical mutagenesis do not allow targeting effect to genome. However, the introduction of modern DNA-technology methods, such as genome editing, has opened in a new era in plant breeding. These methods allow to carry out precise and efficient targeted genome modifications, significantly reducing the time required to get plants with desirable features to create new crop varieties in perspective. This review provides the knowledge about application of genome editing methods to increase crop yields and product quality, as well as crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, future prospects for integrating these technologies into crop breeding strategies are also discussed.
La familia y el juego como estrategia de aprendizaje a distancia durante la pandemia del Covid-19 en México: Una propuesta desde la enseñanza universitaria en ciencias de la salud
Authors: Ramirez Cerón Giovanna Georgina
Published: March 2021

La pandemia por Covid-19 ha impactado las formas de aprender, por lo que el cambio repentino de la modalidad presencial a la educación a distancia como medida para prevenir contagios, es un fenómeno que debe ser investigado para brindar alternativas que apoyen el proceso de aprendizaje desde casa. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo diseñar, aplicar, evaluar y proponer estrategias de aprendizaje para que los estudiantes alcancen su máximo potencial por medio de la educación a distancia durante la pandemia. Para ello se llevó a cabo una investigación-acción educativa con ciento veinte estudiantes de ciencias de salud (enfermería y terapia física), de la Universidad de Guadalajara, durante los meses de marzo a octubre de 2020. Las estrategias de aprendizaje se aplicaron en la modalidad a distancia debido a la suspensión de clases presenciales por el Covid-19 y se basaron en la participación de la familia y la introducción del juego en las actividades de aprendizaje del curso de etimologías médicas. La evaluación de las estrategias se llevó a cabo mediante la recogida de las evidencias de los aprendizajes y un cuestionario virtual de autoevaluación de las mismas. Se encontró que incluir a la familia y el juego en la educación a distancia ayudó a mitigar los efectos negativos del confinamiento por la pandemia, lo cual, además ha fortalecido la resiliencia de los estudiantes.

The pandemic by Covid-19 has impacted the ways of learning, so that the sudden change from the face to face modality to distance education as a measure to precent contagion, it is a phenomenon that must be investigated to provide alternatives that support the learning process from home. The aims this present study are design, apply, evaluate and propose learnig strategies for students to reach their máximum potential through distance education during the pandemic. For it an educational action research was carried out with one hundred and twenty health science students (nursing and physioterapy) from the Universidad de Guadalajara, during March to October 2020. Distance learning strategies were carried because out to the suspension of face to face clases due to Covid-19, wich they were based on family participation and the insertion on the play in the learning activities of the medical etymologies course. The evaluation of the strategies was carried out by collecting the evidence of learning and a virtual self-evaluation questionnaire. It was found that including family and play in distance education helped mitigate the negative effects of confinement from the pandemic, wich has also strengthened the resilience of students.
Relato y poder
Authors: Lalueza Ferran
Published: March 2021

En lo (poco) que llevamos del 2021, ya se han registrado dos situaciones muy notorias que algunos han interpretado como una amenaza para la libertad de expresión: en enero, la clausura de la cuenta de Twitter del expresidente estadounidense Donald Trump; y en febrero, el encarcelamiento del rapero Pablo Hasél. El poder del relato y el relato del poder se entrecruzan en ambos casos, evidenciando que, en comunicación política, el storytelling emocional se impone hoy a toda aproximación racional a los hechos.
Clinical Correlates of Rapid Eyeball Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder with Clomipramine: A Case Control Study
Authors: Pandey Abhinav , Pandey Achyut Kumar , Pandey Malvika , Srivastava Mona
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Antidepressants have been implicated in causing Rapid eyeball movement sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD). While Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) are more frequently implicated, Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA) have been less studied. Aim: To characterise the clinical correlates of RBD on Clomipramine and to compare these parameters with those who didn’t develop RBD on treatment with clomipramine. Materials and Methods: It was a case control study in which participants who were on clomipramine and had developed RBD were studied, and a comparison was made with those participants who were on clomipramine but didn’t develop RBD. All the assessments were done in a single sitting. Patients who were on clomipramine, for any reason, were screened for presence of sleep disorder. Detailed interview was done for diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnosis of RBD to form the case group. From the group of participants, who didn’t meet the criteria for RBD, every 7th case was included to form the control group (NRBD group). Both the groups were interviewed for socio-demographic and clinical profile and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Version 5) was applied for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Chi-square and Independent t-test were used to make the group comparisons. Pearson’s coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Results: A total of 164 participants, on clomipramine, were evaluated for presence of RBD, which was found in 20 and were included in the RBD group and 20 participants, were included in the NRBD group. Mean age of the participants in RBD group was 36.650±7.882 years. Mean duration of RBD development was 16.4 days (Range: 3-40 days). In comparison to the NRBD group, in the RBD group mean dosages (p=0.016), and mean duration of treatment (p=0.026) with clomipramine was significantly higher. Correlational analysis showed that duration of development of RBD correlated negatively with age (r=-0.479, p=0.034) and dosage of clomipramine (r=-0.095, p=0.690). Conclusion: RBD has higher prevalence and younger age of onset with clomipramine usage than earlier reported. Higher dosage increases the chance of developing RBD. Clinicians should be alert for identifying and managing RBD in all patients on antidepressants.
Interactions between Cocoa Husk Catechin and Casein Micelles and their Impact on Physico-chemical Properties
Authors: Rahayu Premy Puspitawati , Manab Abdul , Sawitri Manik Eirry , Andriani Ria Dewi , Apriliyani Mulia Winirsya , Thohari Imam
Published: March 2021

Aims: The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of physicochemical properties of interaction casein with different concentration catechin sources of the cocoa husk.

Study design: Casein was added catechin with various concentration treatments (0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 (μg/ml)).

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted between April until August 2020 at the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya.

Methodology: Casein was added catechin with various concentration treatments (0, 20, 40 and 60 (μg/ml)). An analysis is carried out to determine interaction using UV-Vis detection, chemical structure using Fourier Transform Infra-Red, microscopy analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy, particle size by Zetasizer Nano Series Software Version 7.01, Malvern Instrument and electrophoretic analysis.

Results: The interaction between casein and catechin was investigated by the method of UV-Vis detection and chemical structure analysis by Fourier Transform Infra-Red showed that it was indicated that catechin could detected in casein. It is similar with recent research. The interaction of casein and catechin showed to decrease the particle size and showed on microscopy analysis. Protein profile showed to increase the molecular weight with the addition of catechin, it can be indicated that presence interaction both on casein with catechin.

Conclusion: Casein interacted with catechins 60 µg/ml was able to increase casein stability, maintain nano size, casein components were still detected in the protein profile, the resulting microstructure looked compact and functional groups of bioactive compounds were still detected using Fourier Transform Infra-Red.