bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographic and Spatial Assimilation of Immigrants from Central America's Northern Triangle
Authors: Obinna Denise N. , Field Layton M.
Published: February 2019

With declines in migration from Mexico, the countries of the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) – El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala – are now responsible for some of the largest increases in the population density of Latinos in the United States. Using data from the 5‐year estimates of the 2016 American Community Survey and the Atlas of Rural and Small‐Town America, this article provides a spatial framework for settlement among NTCA immigrants in America. Findings illustrate that, unlike previous streams of Latino migration, which tended to be more agriculturally driven, NTCA immigrants are likely to choose settlement destinations in densely populated counties which support manufacturing rather than those which are farming dependent. We also find that while NTCA communities are predominant in new destinations like Prince Georges and Montgomery counties Maryland, they are also dominant in older Latino destinations like Harris County, Texas and Los Angeles county, California.
Market Volatility Risk and Stock Returns around the World: Implication for Multinational Corporations*
Authors: Liang Samuel Xin , John Wei K.C.
Published: February 2019

We investigate the pricing of market volatility risk as a risk factor—the innovation risk and as a characteristic risk—the level risk. We find that the pricing of the country‐level (local) market volatility risk factor is not robust across 21 developed markets and that the global market volatility risk factor prices 21 developed market portfolios after controlling for global market, value, and size factors. Capturing various market information, idiosyncratic market volatility as a country‐specific characteristic risk dominates global market, value, size, and market volatility risk factors in predicting returns of market portfolios. Countries with higher investor protection and accounting standards have higher country‐specific market volatility. Market volatility is higher in these countries because corporate managers take higher risks on innovative projects that benefit economic growth.
Over‐dispersed count data in crop and agronomy research
Authors: Kosma Michał , Studnicki Marcin , Wójcik‐Seliga Justyna , Michalska‐Klimczak Beata , Wyszyński Zdzisław , Wójcik‐Gront Elżbieta
Published: February 2019

While evaluating plant response to biotic or abiotic stress and genotype–environment interactions and searching causes of yield gap, very often are observed data with non‐normal distributions. One of the commonly encountered types of variables with a non‐normal distribution is count data. Count data are defined as the type of observations which have a positive, non‐zero, integer value. The selection of appropriate probability distributions and model types is very important due to the risk of estimating the variance incorrectly—the phenomenon of over‐dispersion. Increasingly, biologists and agronomists have been using methods based on generalized linear models. However, sometimes, when including count data, they are not aware of or disregard their over‐dispersion. One of the solutions for over‐dispersed count data is to use probability distributions and model types which assume a more flexible mean and variance relationship. Thus, the aim of this study is to present various ways of assessing over‐dispersion. Additionally, we present alternative distributions and discuss other approaches to solve the problem of over‐dispersion in count data sets. As examples in this study are used real data sets from different agricultural experiments. In our study, in one out of the two data sets used, this phenomenon occurred. Thus, in the analysis of count data, instead of using default distribution (usually Poisson distribution), other distributions should be considered because of the possible occurrence of over‐dispersion. We also observed that there is not one universal distribution to use and each data set might need a separate assessment to choose its distribution. For an efficient and proper count data analysis, with potential over‐dispersion, it is important to explore several options, i.e. evaluate models with an alternative to Poisson probability distributions and then make an informed choice.
IL‐35Ig–expressing dendritic cells induce tolerance via Arginase 1
Authors: Panfili Eleonora , Mondanelli Giada , Orabona Ciriana , Bianchi Roberta , Gargaro Marco , Fallarino Francesca , Puccetti Paolo , Grohmann Ursula , Volpi Claudia , Belladonna Maria Laura
Published: February 2019

The cytokine interleukin IL‐35 is known to exert strong immunosuppressive functions. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Arginase 1 (Arg1) are metabolic enzymes that, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs), contribute to immunoregulation. Here, we explored any possible link between IL‐35 and the activity of those enzymes. We transfected a single chain IL‐35Ig gene construct in murine splenic DCs (DC35) and assessed any IDO1 and Arg1 activities as resulting from ectopic IL‐35Ig expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Unlike Ido1, Arg1 expression was induced in vitro in DC35, and it conferred an immunosuppressive phenotype on those cells, as revealed by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity assay. Moreover, the in vivo onset of a tolerogenic phenotype in DC35 was associated with the detection of CD25+CD39+, rather than Foxp3+, regulatory T cells. Therefore, Arg1, but not Ido1, expression in DC35 appears to be an early event in IL‐35Ig–mediated immunosuppression.
Metastasis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients and the immunocompetent population: is there a difference? a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Genders R.E. , Weijns M.E. , Dekkers O.M. , Plasmeijer E.I.
Published: February 2019

Background

Organ transplant recipients (OTR) have a higher risk of developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) compared to the immunocompetent population. Immunosuppression is often stated as a risk factor for metastasis. However, evidence for this is scarce.

Objectives

To investigate the cSCC metastasis risk in OTR and the immunocompetent population by systematically reviewing the literature.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed up to January 2018 using: Medline; Embase; Web of Science and ISI Science Citation Index. Studies assessing cSCC metastasis risk in ORT or immunocompetent cohorts were considered. A pooled risk estimate for metastasis was calculated for the immunocompetent population and OTR separately.

Results

The pooled metastasis risk estimate for OTR was, respectively, 7.3% (95% CI 6.2–8.4) for cSCC on total body, and 11.0% (95% CI 7.7–14.8) for cSCC of the head neck area. For the immunocompetent population reported risk estimate analysis showed a pooled metastatic risk of 3.1% (95% CI 2.8–3.4) in total body cSCC and of 8.5% (95% CI 7.3–9.8) in cSCC of the head and neck area.

Pooled risk estimate per single cSCC in OTR was 1.3% (95% CI 1.0–1.7) in total body cSCC and 4.0% (95% CI 2.7–5.5) in cSCC of the head and neck area. In the immunocompetent population, these pooled risk estimates were, respectively, 2.4% (95% CI 2.1–2.6) and 6.7% (95% CI 5.7–7.8).

Conclusions

Organ transplant recipients show a higher overall risk of cSCC metastasis compared to the immunocompetent population. Metastasis risks per single cSCC were substantially lower in both groups. However, due to heterogeneity and differences between studies, comparisons are difficult. Comprehensive follow‐up studies with defined cohorts are necessary to adequately asses the risk for cSCC metastasis.
Impact of phagostimulants on effectiveness of OMRI‐listed insecticides used for control of spotted‐wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)
Authors: Roubos Craig R. , Gautam Bal K. , Fanning Philip D. , Van Timmeren Steven , Spies Janine , Liburd Oscar E. , Isaacs Rufus , Curry Shane , Little Brian A. , Sial Ashfaq A.
Published: February 2019

Spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive pest in the United States that causes considerable damage to fruit crops. It is responsible for many millions of dollars of revenue loss. The female D. suzukii has a heavily sclerotized ovipositor and can lay eggs in ripening or ripe fruit. The arrival of this invasive species has disrupted existing integrated pest management programmes, and growers rely on repeated insecticide applications to protect fruit. Organic growers have few chemical control options, and their reliance on spinosad increases the risk of developing insecticide resistance. We hypothesized that combining phagostimulants with insecticides would increase insecticide efficacy by prompting flies to spend more time in contact with residues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sucrose and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as phagostimulants in combination with organic biopesticides against D. suzukii in blueberries. Adding sucrose with or without yeast did not improve insecticide efficacy in terms of adult fly mortality or fruit infestation. Spinosad was very effective in all experiments, and for this product, there is little room for improvement. The phagostimulants had no effect on residual activity of any insecticide. The addition of sucrose with or without yeast did not improve the effectiveness of organic insecticides for D. suzukii. Concentrations of these phagostimulants in our experiments (0.36%) may have been too low to elicit a response. Further research is recommended to test different types and concentrations of phagostimulants.
The multiple faces of practical wisdom in complex clinical practices: An empirical exploration
Authors: Bontemps‐Hommen Marij C.M.L. , Vosman Frans J.H. , Baart Andries J.
Published: February 2019

Rationale, aims, and objectives

In recent publications, attention has been drawn to the importance of practical wisdom in order to ensure good, individually attuned care in complex clinical practices. However, what remains insufficiently elucidated is how practical wisdom emerges in the workplace. This study aims to describe manifestations of practical wisdom in medical practices within a general hospital. It also seeks to clarify the interruptions that can be considered as triggers for the emergence of practical wisdom. Furthermore, we searched for figurations, which possibly elicit or constrain the emergence of practical wisdom.

Methods

We used 10 thick descriptions of very distinct patient cases to carry out an explorative qualitative heuristic in‐depth analysis.

Results

These varied cases enabled us to describe diverse manifestations of practical wisdom; in addition, we were able to discern 10 different “interruptions” that triggered practical wisdom, and finally, we hypothesize that certain infrastructural figurations might facilitate the manifestation of practical wisdom.

Conclusions

We found that practical wisdom frequently emerged in unexpected and diverse guises in these clinical practices, although the “interruptions” that we discovered did not automatically trigger practical wisdom. We have investigated the figurations mentioned only to a limited degree. More empirical research is needed to make the philosophical concept of practical wisdom better manageable for clinical practices and to gain better understanding of the figurations that elicit or obstruct its manifestation.
The Response of Litter‐Associated Myxomycetes to Long‐Term Nutrient Addition in a Lowland Tropical Forest
Authors: Walker Laura M. , Cedeño‐Sanchez Marjorie , Carbonero Franck , Herre Edward Allen , Turner Benjamin L. , Wright S. Joseph , Stephenson Steven L.
Published: February 2019

Myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds) are abundant protist predators that feed on bacteria and other microorganisms, thereby playing important roles in terrestrial nutrient cycling. Despite their significance, little is known about myxomycete communities and the extent to which they are affected by nutrient availability. We studied the influence of long‐term addition of N, P, and K on the myxomycete community in a lowland forest in the Republic of Panama. In a previous study, microbial biomass increased with P but not N or K addition at this site. We hypothesized that myxomycetes would increase in abundance in response to P but that they would not respond to the sole addition of N or K. Moist chamber cultures of leaf litter and small woody debris were used to quantify myxomycete abundance. We generated the largest myxomycete dataset (3,381 records) for any single locality in the tropics comprised by 91 morphospecies. In line with our hypothesis, myxomycete abundance increased in response to P addition but did not respond to N or K. Community composition was unaffected by nutrient treatments. This work represents one of very few large‐scale and long‐term field studies to include a heterotrophic protist highlighting the feasibility and value in doing so.
Multidisciplinary Implant Rehabilitation of a Patient with Cleidocranial Dysostosis: A Journey from Age 13 to 21
Authors: Ambard Alberto J. , Clemens Stephen , Phillips Daniel S.
Published: February 2019

This clinical report describes the multidisciplinary oral rehabilitation of a teenage female patient with cleidocranial dysostosis, whose treatment was started in her teenage years. The unique challenges of delayed intervention are described in this report, highlighting the surgical, orthodontic, and prosthodontic care the patient received from age 13 to 21. Maintaining as many natural teeth as possible, orthodontically erupting impacted teeth using a mandibular provisional fixed implant prosthesis as anchor, crowning several natural teeth, and rehabilitating edentulous areas with fixed implant restorations provided the patient with esthetic and functional outcomes.
Double Full‐Arch Fixed Implant‐Supported Prostheses: Outcomes and Complications after a Mean Follow‐Up of 5 Years
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Bordin Thaisa Barizan , Natto Zuhair S. , Kim Yong‐Jeong , El‐Rafie Khaled , Tsigarida Alexandra , Chochlidakis Konstantinos , Weber Hans‐Peter
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To retrospectively assess complications and clinical and radiographic outcomes of edentulous patients treated with double full‐arch implant‐supported fixed complete dental prostheses (IFCDPs) after a mean observation period of 5.1 years.

Materials and Methods

The single‐visit clinical and radiographic examination included medical and dental history review and clinical assessment of biologic and technical complications encountered with all implants and IFCDPs. Life table analysis and Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were calculated. Analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between prosthesis survival and several risk factors such as type of opposing occlusion, nightguard use, and presence of bruxism.

Results

Nineteen edentulous patients restored with 38 IFCDPs were included. A total of 249 implants were placed and 2 implants failed after a mean observation period of 5.1 years (range: 1‐12 years), yielding an overall implant survival rate of 99.2% and prosthesis survival rate of 92.1%. Three out of 38 IFCDPs were lost, 1 after implant losses and 2 due to technical complications. The most frequent minor biologic complication was soft tissue recession with an estimated 5‐year rate of 45.5% (95% CI: 39.4‐57.5), while the most frequent major complication was peri‐implantitis with an estimated 5‐year implant‐based rate of 9.5% (95% CI: 6.7‐11.3). The most frequent minor technical complication was wear of the prosthetic material with an estimated 5‐year rate of 49.0% (95% CI: 37.4‐76.4), while the most frequent major technical complication was fracture of the prosthetic material with an estimated 5‐year dental unit‐based rate of 8.0% (95% CI: 6.6‐10.1).

Conclusions

After a mean use time of 5.1 years, high implant and prosthesis survival rates were observed. The most frequent major biologic complication was peri‐implantitis, and the most frequent major technical complication was fracture of the prosthetic material. The 5‐year estimated cumulative rates for “prosthesis free of biologic complications” was 50.7% (95% CI: 33.7‐65.4) and for “prosthesis free of technical complications” was 57.1% (95% CI: 39.3‐71.5).
Splitting Risks in Insurance Markets With Adverse Selection
Authors: Picard Pierre
Published: February 2019

We characterize the design of insurance schemes when policyholders face several insurable risks in a context of adverse selection. Splitting risks emerges as a feature of second‐best Pareto optimality. This may take the form of risk‐specific contracts, or of contracts where risks are bundled but subject to differential coverage rules, such as risk‐specific copayments combined with a deductible or a cap on coverage.
Within‐industry agglomeration of occupations: Evidence from census microdata
Authors: Goldman Benjamin , Klier Thomas , Walstrum Thomas
Published: February 2019

This study uses worker‐level data on industry, occupation, and place of work to explore differences in the spatial properties of production, administrative, and R&D occupation groups within industries. To measure differences, we calculate location quotients at the local labor market level and the Duranton and Overman (2005) agglomeration index for each group. We find appreciable differences in the spatial distribution of occupation groups within most manufacturing industries, with R&D occupations consistently exhibiting the highest degree of spatial concentration. Our results are consistent with the core theoretical and empirical results in the agglomeration literature.
Textural and compositional evidence for in situ crystallization of palisade bodies in coarse‐grained Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Lin Yangting , Leya Ingo , Tang Guoqiang , Liu Yu
Published: February 2019

Palisade bodies, mineral assemblages with spinel shells, in coarse‐grained Ca‐, Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs) have been considered either as exotic “mini‐CAIs” captured by their host inclusions (Wark and Lovering ) or as in situ crystallization products of a bubble‐rich melt (Simon and Grossman ). In order to clarify their origins, we conducted a comprehensive study of palisade bodies in an Allende Type B CAI (BBA‐7), using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). New observations support the in situ crystallization mechanism: early/residual melt infiltrated into spinel‐shelled bubbles and crystallized inside. Evidence includes (1) continuous crystallography of anorthite from the interior of the palisade body to the surrounding host; (2) partial consolidation of two individual palisade bodies revealed by micro‐CT; (3) a palisade body was entirely enclosed in a large anorthite crystal, and the anorthite within the palisade body shows the same crystallographic orientation as the anorthite host; and (4) identical chemical and oxygen isotopic compositions of the constituent minerals between the palisade bodies and the surrounding host. Oxygen isotopic compositions of the major minerals in BBA‐7 are bimodal‐distributed. Spinel and fassaite are uniformly 16O‐rich with ∆17O = −23.3 ± 1.5‰ (2SD), and melilite and anorthite are homogeneously 16O‐poor with ∆17O = −3.2 ± 0.7‰ (2SD). The latter ∆17O value overlaps with that of the Allende matrix (∆17O ~ −2.87‰) (Clayton and Mayeda ), which could be explained by secondary alteration with a 16O‐poor fluid in the parent body. The mobility of fluid could be facilitated by the high porosity (1.56–2.56 vol%) and connectivity (~0.17–0.55 vol%) of this inclusion.
Sacral nerve modulation for irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled crossover study
Authors: Fassov Janne , Lundby Lilli , Laurberg Søren , Krogh Klaus
Published: February 2019

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is among the most common gastrointestinal disorders, and a substantial proportion of patients have an insufficient response to treatment. In a single‐blinded study, sacral nerve modulation (SNM) significantly reduced symptoms of IBS. The aim of the present double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate the effect of SNM for IBS.

Methods

We included patients with diarrhea‐predominant or mixed IBS and a minimum baseline IBS‐specific symptom score of 40 points (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale‐IBS version). Patients underwent a 6‐week period of SNM. In the first 4 weeks, the patients were randomized 1:1 to have the neurostimulator set subsensory or OFF for 2 weeks and then the opposite for another 2 weeks. Patients and investigators were blinded to settings. In the remaining 2 weeks, the stimulation was set suprasensory. IBS‐specific symptoms and quality of life were assessed with validated questionnaires and bowel diaries.

Key Results

Twenty‐one patients were randomized and eligible for analysis. The IBS‐specific symptom score was reduced with borderline significance during stimulation (subsensory‐OFF median change −1 (−26, 9), OFF‐subsensory median change 8 (−11, 36); P = 0.0572). Pain was significantly reduced during stimulation (subsensory‐OFF median change −1.5 (−4, 1), OFF‐subsensory median change 1 (−4, 3); P = 0.0188), along with the number of daily bowel movements (subsensory‐OFF median change 0 (−1.8, 0.2), OFF‐subsensory median change 0.2 (−0.5, 1.1); P = 0.0373). The median placebo effect was 14% (0, 55).

Conclusion and Inferences

Sacral nerve modulation for IBS seems promising but should be considered experimental until larger multicenter studies have been performed.
Guilt experienced by caregivers to individuals with dementia: A concept analysis
Authors: Prunty Maggie M. , Foli Karen J.
Published: February 2019

Aim

To create a comprehensive understanding and definition of guilt in caregivers of individuals with dementia. Through this concept analysis, we hope to empower nurses to more accurately identify guilt in caregivers and tailor interventions to specifically reduce these symptoms of guilt.

Background

Individuals with dementia are often cared for by relatives, friends and neighbours. Many caregivers express feelings of guilt, increasing the risk of depression and psychological burden. In turn, this impacts their availability to render care.

Design

Concept analysis according to Walker and Avant (Strategies for theory construction in nursing. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall; 2011).

Method

A literature search was completed utilising the following databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar for the years 2003–2017. Common definitions and lay usage were also considered.

Results

The identified critical attributes of guilt experienced by caregivers to individuals with dementia include the following: (a) The expectation of a moral responsibility to care for the individual with dementia; (b) a negative, subjective appraisal of one’s own caregiving performance, including neglecting other roles and responsibilities and self‐neglect; and (c) a sense of transgression or violation of a moral standard as a caregiver to the individual with dementia. These defining attributes were then applied in three cases: model, borderline and contrary. Pertinent antecedents and consequences to the concept of guilt in caregivers to individuals with dementia were identified.

Discussion

As a result of the guilt, the caregiver may experience poor mental and physical health, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and a greater sense of caregiver burden.

Conclusion

A new, comprehensive conceptual definition of guilt in caregivers to individuals with dementia is described.

Implications for practice

A conceptual definition of guilt in caregivers of individuals with dementia allows nurses to assess and identify caregivers at risk for, or currently experiencing, guilt and help direct caregivers to appropriate interventions and supportive services.
Combined orthodontic and surgical treatment in PTH1R‐negative ‘primary failure of eruption’‐like anomalies: report of two cases with satisfactory long‐term response to traction
Authors: Perrin J.‐P. , Millot G. , Isidor B. , Salagnac J.‐M. , Corre P. , Khonsari R.H.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a sporadic or inherited disorder of dental eruption that can be caused by mutations in the PTH1R gene. PFE typically manifests as a severe posterior open bite. Orthodontic treatment is considered ineffective in PFE.

Case presentation

Here, we report two unrelated PTH1R‐negative cases of severe eruption disorders presenting several of the typical clinical features of PFE, and where we tracted the impacted teeth using Bollard bone anchors.

Management

We managed to obtain a satisfactory occlusion in both cases without extended ankylosis induced by the orthodontic movements based on bone anchors.

Outcome

These cases underline the need for a better understanding of the genetics of dental eruption disorders related to PFE before establishing strict clinical guidelines ruling out potentially efficient orthodontic management protocols within the PFE spectrum.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants: Outcome up to preschool age, in a single center of Austria
Authors: Reiterer Friedrich , Scheuchenegger Anna , Resch Bernhard , Maurer‐Fellbaum Ute , Avian Alexander , Urlesberger Berndt
Published: February 2019

Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent chronic lung disease in infancy and is associated with neonatal comorbidity and impairment in pulmonary and neurodevelopmental (ND) long‐term outcome.

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center, cohort study to compare a cohort of very preterm infants (gestational age [GA], 24+0–28+6 weeks) with BPD (n = 44), with a cohort of GA‐matched preterm infants without BPD (n = 44) with regard to neonatal morbidity, incidence of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), ND outcome and growth to 2 years' corrected age (CA) and preschool age.

Results

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (incidence, 11.3%) was associated with a higher rate of neonatal pneumonia (26% vs 7%, P = 0.001), longer total duration of mechanical ventilation (mean days, 21 vs 13, P < 0.001), and a higher rate of pulmonary hypertension (20.5% vs 0%, P = 0.002) and of severe retinopathy of prematurity (13.6% vs 0%, P = 0.026). Incidence of LRTI was significantly higher in the BPD infants (50% vs 26%, P = 0.025). ND outcome did not differ between the two groups. Growth at neonatal intensive care unit discharge was similar. In the BPD cohort, rate of weight < 10th percentile was higher at 2 years' CA (52% vs 30%, P = 0.041) and rate of head circumference < 10th percentile was higher at preschool age (59% vs 27%, P = 0.028).

Conclusion

Neonatal respiratory morbidity was significantly higher in the BPD cohort, but long‐term ND outcome did not differ. Infants with BPD had poorer growth.
Expanding analytic possibilities in pediatric solid organ transplantation through linkage of administrative and clinical registry databases
Authors: Godown Justin , Hall Matt , Thompson Bryn , Thurm Cary , Jabs Kathy , Gillis Lynette A. , Hafberg Einar T. , Alexopoulos Sophoclis , Karp Seth J. , Soslow Jonathan H.
Published: February 2019

Database linkage is a common strategy to expand analytic possibilities. Our group recently completed a linkage between the SRTR and PHIS databases for pediatric heart transplant recipients. The aim of this project was to expand the linkage between SRTR and PHIS to include liver, kidney, lung, heart‐lung, and small bowel transplants. All patients (<21 years) who underwent liver, kidney, lung, heart‐lung, or small bowel transplant were identified from the PHIS database using APR‐DRG codes (2002‐2018). Linkage was performed in a stepwise approach using indirect identifiers. Hospital costs were estimated based on hospital charges and cost‐to‐charge ratios, inflated to 2018 dollars and described by transplant type. A total of 14 061 patients overlapped between databases. Of these, 13 388 (95.2%) were uniquely linked. Linkage success ranged from 92.6% to 97.8% by organ system. A total of 12 940 (92%) patients had complete cost data. Hospitalization costs were greatest for patients undergoing small bowel transplantation with a median cost of $734 454 (IQR $336 174 ‐ $1 504 167), followed by heart $565 386 (IQR $352 813 ‐ $999 216), heart‐lung $471 573 (IQR $328 523 ‐ 992 438), lung $303 536 (IQR $215 383 ‐ $612 749), liver $200 448 (IQR $130 880 ‐ $357 897), and kidney transplant $94 796 (IQR $73 157 ‐$131 040). We report a robust linkage between the SRTR and PHIS databases, providing an invaluable tool to assess resource utilization in solid organ transplant recipients. Our analysis provides contemporary cost data for pediatric solid organ transplantation from the largest US sample reported to date. It also provides a platform for expanded analyses in the pediatric transplant population.
P300 development from infancy to adolescence
Authors: Riggins Tracy , Scott Lisa S.
Published: February 2019

This article provides an overview of P300 research from infancy through adolescence. First, a brief historical overview is provided highlighting seminal studies that began exploration of the P300 component in developmental groups. Overall, these studies suggest that the P300 can be detected in children and appears to reflect similar cognitive processes to those in adults; however, it is significantly delayed in its latency to peak. Second, two striking findings from developmental research are the lack of a clear P300 component in infancy and differential electrophysiological responses to novel, unexpected stimuli in children, adolescents, and adults. Third, contemporary questions are described, which include P300‐like components in infancy, alteration of P300 in atypically developing groups, relations between P300 and behavior, individual differences of P300, and neural substrates of P300 across development. Finally, we conclude with comments regarding the power of a developmental perspective and suggestions for important issues that should be addressed in the next 50 years of P300 research.
A common neural substrate for elevated PTSD symptoms and reduced pulse rate variability in combat‐exposed veterans
Authors: Grupe Daniel W. , Imhoff‐Smith Ted , Wielgosz Joseph , Nitschke Jack B. , Davidson Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Previous studies have identified reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which may temporally precede the onset of the disorder. A separate line of functional neuroimaging research in PTSD has consistently demonstrated hypoactivation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a key aspect of a descending neuromodulatory system that exerts inhibitory control over heart rate. No research to date, however, has simultaneously investigated whether altered vmPFC activation is associated with reduced HRV and elevated PTSD symptoms in the same individuals. Here, we collected fMRI data during alternating conditions of threat of shock and safety from shock in 51 male combat‐exposed veterans with either high or low levels of PTSD symptoms. Pulse rate variability (PRV)—a HRV surrogate calculated from pulse oximetry—was assessed during a subsequent resting scan. Correlational analyses tested for hypothesized relationships between reduced vmPFC activation, lower PRV, and elevated PTSD symptomatology. We found that PTSD re‐experiencing symptoms were inversely associated with high‐frequency (HF)‐PRV, thought to primarily reflect parasympathetic control of heart rate, in veterans with elevated PTSD symptoms. Reduced vmPFC activation for the contrast of safety‐threat was associated both with lower HF‐PRV and elevated PTSD re‐experiencing symptoms. These results tie together previous observations of reduced HRV/PRV and impaired vmPFC function in PTSD and call for further research on reciprocal brain‐body relationships in understanding PTSD pathophysiology.
Ranking the Importance of Genetic Factors by Variable-Selection Confidence Sets
Authors: Zheng Chao , Ferrari Davide , Zhang Michael , Baird Paul
Published: February 2019

The widespread use of generalized linear models in case–control genetic studies has helped to identify many disease-associated risk factors typically defined as DNA variants, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Up to now, most literature has focused on selecting a unique best subset of SNPs based on some statistical perspective. When the noise is large compared with the signal, however, multiple biological paths are often found to be supported by a given data set. We address the ambiguity related to SNP selection by constructing a list of models—called a variable-selection confidence set (VSCS)—which contains the collection of all well-supported SNP combinations at a user-specified confidence level. The VSCS extends the familiar notion of confidence intervals in the variable-selection setting and provides the practitioner with new tools aiding the variable-selection activity beyond trusting a single model. On the basis of the VSCS, we consider natural graphical and numerical statistics measuring the inclusion importance of an SNP based on its frequency in the most parsimonious VSCS models. This work is motivated by available case–control genetic data on age-related macular degeneration, which is a widespread disease and leading cause of loss of vision.
Identifiability of two‐component skew normal mixtures with one known component
Authors: Jain Shantanu , Levine Michael , Radivojac Predrag , Trosset Michael W.
Published: February 2019

We give sufficient identifiability conditions for estimating mixing proportions in two‐component mixtures of skew normal distributions with one known component. We consider the univariate case and two multivariate extensions: a multivariate skew normal distribution (MSN) and the canonical fundamental skew normal distribution (CFUSN). The characteristic function of the CFUSN distribution is additionally derived.
Patient‐reported scar quality of adults after burn injuries: A five‐year multicenter follow‐up study
Authors: Spronk Inge , Polinder Suzanne , Haagsma Juanita A. , Nieuwenhuis Marianne , Pijpe Anouk , van der Vlies Cornelis H. , Middelkoop Esther , van Baar Margriet E.
Published: February 2019

Scar formation is an important adverse consequence of burns. How patients appraise their scar quality is often studied shortly after sustaining the injury, but information in the long‐term is scarce. Our aim was, therefore, to evaluate long‐term patient‐reported quality of burn scars. Adults with a burn center admission of ≥1 day between August 2011 and September 2012 were invited to complete a questionnaire on long‐term consequences of burns. We enriched this sample with patients with severe burns (>20% total body surface area [TBSA] burned or TBSA full thickness >5%) treated between January 2010 and March 2013. Self‐reported scar quality was assessed with the Patient Scale of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Patients completed this scale for their—in their opinion—most severe scar ≥5 years after burns. This study included 251 patients with a mean %TBSA burned of 10%. The vast majority (91.4%) reported at least minor differences with normal skin (POSAS item score ≥2) on one or more scar characteristics and 78.9% of the patients’ overall opinion was that their scar deviated from normal skin. Patients with severe burns had higher POSAS scores, representing worse scar quality, than patients with mild/intermediate burns, except for color, which was high in both groups. A longer hospital stay predicted reduced scar quality (both mean POSAS and mean overall opinion of the scar) in multivariate analyses. In addition, female gender was also associated with a poorer overall opinion of the scar. In conclusion, this study provides new insights in long‐term scar quality. Scars differed from normal skin in a large part of the burn population more than 5 years after burns, especially in those with severe burns. Female gender is associated with a poorer patients’ overall opinion of their scar, which may be an indication of gender differences in perception of scar quality after burns.
Employement of the First Graduates of the Department of Exercise and Sport Education in the Disabilities: A Qualitiative Research
Authors: Esentas Melike , Guzel Pınar , Vural Mehmet
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the views of the first graduates of the Exercise and Sports Department for Disabled on the employment situation and their attitudes towards disability. In the research we tried to determine the opinions of the first graduates of the Exercise and Sports Education Department for Disabled about the employment issues using the case study method among the qualitative research techniques. The study group of the research was constituted 11 participants who are the first graduates of the Exercise and Sports Department for Disabled. Semi-structured interview technique was used as data collection method in the study. The two stage interview form was consisted of the participants' personal information and the questions prepared about the research topic. Content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained from participants' views. Within the scope of this analysis technique the data coded via NVIVO software program. According to the results, the following four themes came up regarding the opinions of the first graduates of the Exercise and Sports Department for Disabled: "Future of the exercise and sport department for disabled", "Employment", "Gains in employment field" and "Attitudes towards the disabled".In our country, it is necessary to meet the employment expectations of the graduates of this department, opportunities for socialization of the disabled individuals, mostly concentrated in the field of sports and thus ensuring the social integration of these individuals. It has been concluded that these people will contribute to the development of this field by developing important projects and job opportunities for national and international development on behalf of the country.
Examining the Impact of Participating in the School Sports and Selected Variables on School Motivation
Authors: Kılıç Tahir
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of participating in the school sports on the school motivation according to selected variables. 1463 secondary school students, 790 of whom were male (54%) and 673 female (46%), participated in the study with an age average of 12,46 ± 1.23 years. The school motivation levels of the students were determined via the "School Motivation Scale for the Secondary School Students", which was developed by Kaynak, Özhan and Kan (2017), comprising of 14 articles. The data of the study were analyzed through SPSS 15 package program. The school motivation levels of the students were positively influenced from their participation in school teams, in regular physical activities, in school social activity programs, and their attendance levels to the school (p<0.05). In order to increase the school motivation levels of the secondary school students, it was suggested that they should be encouraged to participate in school teams, they should be motivated for physical activities, they should be invited to school social activity programs, and necessary measures should be taken to minimize their absence from the school.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate activates mouse vagal airway afferent C‐fibres via S1PR3 receptors
Authors: Patil Mayur J. , Meeker Sonya , Bautista Diana , Dong Xinzhong , Undem Bradley J.
Published: February 2019

Key points

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) strongly activates mouse vagal C‐fibres in the airways.

Airway‐specific nodose and jugular C‐fibre neurons express mRNA coding for the S1P receptor S1PR3.

S1P activation of nodose C‐fibres is inhibited by a S1PR3 antagonist.

S1P activation of nodose C‐fibres does not occur in S1PR3 knockout mice.

We evaluated the effect of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), a lipid that is elevated during airway inflammatory conditions like asthma, for its ability to stimulate vagal afferent C‐fibres in mouse lungs. Single cell RT‐PCR on lung‐specific vagal afferent neurons revealed that both TRPV1‐expressing and TRPV1‐non‐expressing nodose neurons express mRNA coding for the S1P receptor S1PR3. TRPV1‐expressing airway‐specific jugular ganglion neurons also express S1PR3 mRNA. S1PR1 and S1PR2 mRNAs were also found to be expressed but only in a limited subset (32% and 22%, respectively) of airway‐specific vagal sensory neurons; whereas S1PR4 and S1PR5 were rarely expressed. We used large scale two‐photon imaging of the nodose ganglia from our ex vivo preparation isolated from Pirt‐Cre;R26‐GCaMP6s transgenic mice, which allows for simultaneous monitoring of calcium transients in ∼1000 neuronal cell bodies in the ganglia during tracheal perfusion with S1P (10 μM). We found that S1P in the lungs strongly activated 81.5% of nodose fibres, 70% of which were also activated by capsaicin. Single fibre electrophysiological recordings confirmed that S1P evoked action potential (AP) generation in a concentration‐dependent manner (0.1–10 μM). Action potential generation by S1P in nodose C‐fibres was effectively inhibited by the S1PR3 antagonist TY 52156 (10 μM). Finally, in S1PR3 knockout mice, S1P was not able to activate any of the airway nodose C‐fibres analysed. These results support the hypothesis that S1P may play a role in evoking C‐fibre‐mediated airway sensations and reflexes that are associated with airway inflammatory diseases.
Servo-Control Applied to the Parameters of the Laser Hardening Process for a Regular Case Depth of 4340 Steel Cylindrical Specimen
Authors: Fakir Rachid , Barka Noureddine , Brousseau Jean
Published: February 2019

This paper presents a numerical model able to control the temperature distribution along a 4340 steel cylinder heat-treated with laser. The numerical model developed using the numerical finite element method (FEM) was based on a study of surface temperature variation and the adjustment of this temperature by a control of the heat treatment laser power. The proposed analytical approach was built gradually by (i) the development of a numerical model of laser heat treatment of the cylindrical workpiece, (ii) an analysis of the results of simulations and experimental tests, (iii) development of a laser power adjustment approach, and (iv) proposal of a laser power control predictor using neural networks. This approach was made possible by highlighting the influence of the fixed (nonvariable) parameters of the laser heat treatment on the case depth and has shown that it is possible by controlling the laser parameters to homogenize the distribution of the maximum temperature reached on the surface for a uniform case depth. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach lead to a reliable and accurate model able to guarantee a uniform surface temperature and a regular case depth for a cylindrical workpiece of a length of 50 mm and with a diameter of between 16 and 22 mm.
Seven Degrees-of-Freedom Model for the Roll Stabilization of Unstable Ships
Authors: Shekhtman David , Luchtenburg Dirk M.
Published: February 2019

As demonstrated by the 2014 MV Sewol incident, the prevention of top heavy ship capsize is necessary to protect life and property aboard a ship. The goal of this paper is to prevent the capsize of ships, which lack a restoring torque about the roll axis, by using a feedback-controlled pendulum actuator. A seven degrees-of-freedom (7DOF) model is developed for a ship equipped with a pendulum actuator. The model is used to conduct parameter analyses on the pendulum length, pendulum mast height, pendulum mass, ship center of mass (COM) height, and the pendulum controller's proportional feedback gain. The results of these analyses are depicted via time responses and phase plots. Key points for designing a pendulum actuator summarize simulation results, stating that the pendulum mass should be 3–7% of the total ship mass, and the pendulum moment of inertia should be 0.5–1.0 times the roll moment of inertia of the ship.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Consideration of Battery Aging
Authors: Cheng Ming , Chen Bo
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) for the energy management of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been studied to improve battery aging while maintaining the fuel economy at a reasonable level. A first principle battery model is built with simulation capacity of the battery aging features. The built battery model is integrated with an HEV model from autonomie software to investigate the vehicle and battery performance under control strategies. The NMPC has simplified battery models to predict the state of charge (SOC) change, the fuel consumption of the engine, and the battery aging index over the predicted horizon. The purpose of the NMPC is to find an optimized control sequence over the prediction horizon, which minimizes the designed cost function. The proposed control strategy is compared with that of an NMPC, which does not consider the battery aging. It is found that, with the optimized weighting factor selection, the NMPC with the consideration of battery aging has better battery aging performance and similar fuel economy performance comparing with the NMPC without the consideration of battery aging.
Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of internal deformation of vibrating vocal fold models
Authors: Taylor Cassandra J. , Tarbox Grayson J. , Bolster Bradley D. , Bangerter Neal K. , Thomson Scott L.
Published: February 2019

A method is presented for tracking the internal deformation of self-oscillating vocal fold models using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Silicone models scaled to four times life-size to lower the flow-induced vibration frequency were embedded with fiducial markers in a coronal plane. Candidate marker materials were tested using static specimens, and two materials, cupric sulfate and glass, were chosen for testing in the vibrating vocal fold models. The vibrating models were imaged using a gated MRI protocol wherein MRI acquisition was triggered using the subglottal pressure signal. Two-dimensional image slices at different phases during self-oscillation were captured, and in each phase the fiducial markers were clearly visible. The process was also demonstrated using a three-dimensional scan at two phases. The benefit of averaging to increase signal-to-noise ratio was explored. The results demonstrate the ability to use MRI to acquire quantitative deformation data that could be used, for example, to validate computational models of flow-induced vocal fold vibration and quantify deformation fields encountered by cells in bioreactor studies.
Ultracold and unreactive fermionic molecules
Authors: Zelevinsky Tanya
Published: February 2019

Suppressed density fluctuations of
40
K
87
Rb gases inhibit molecular collisions and reactions
Regulation of predictive analytics in medicine
Authors: Parikh Ravi B. , Obermeyer Ziad , Navathe Amol S.
Published: February 2019

Algorithms must meet regulatory standards of clinical benefit
Deciphering mass extinction triggers
Authors: Burgess Seth
Published: February 2019

Improved radioisotope dates help to illuminate the causes of mass extinctions
Total eclipses and the heart
Figuring
Maria Popova
Pantheon, 2019. 592 pp.
Authors: Campos Luis
Published: February 2019

Unexpected connections emerge in a lyrical meditation on the lives and loves of pioneering women in science
Sleep well to slow Alzheimer's progression?
Authors: Noble Wendy , Spires-Jones Tara L.
Published: February 2019

Sleep disruption promotes the spread of damaging tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease
When two metal atoms are better than one
Authors: Johnson Keywan , Weix Daniel
Published: February 2019

A catalyst with a two–metal-atom core catalyzes the formation of five-membered rings
DNA replication from two different worlds
Authors: Li Huilin , O'Donnell Michael E.
Published: February 2019

Bacterial and eukaryotic replisomes share no common ancestor but have uncanny similarity