bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Area light source‐triggered latent angiogenic molecular mechanisms intensify therapeutic efficacy of adult stem cells
Authors: Kim Yu‐Jin , Kim Sung‐Won , Im Gwang‐Bum , Kim Yeong Hwan , Jeong Gun‐Jae , Jeon Hye Ran , Kim Dong‐Ik , Lee Haeshin , Park Sung Young , Cho Sung Min , Bhang Suk Ho
Published: September 2021

Light‐based therapy such as photobiomodulation (PBM) reportedly produces beneficial physiological effects in cells and tissues. However, most reports have focused on the immediate and instant effects of light. Considering the physiological effects of natural light exposure in living organisms, the latent reaction period after irradiation should be deliberated. In contrast to previous reports, we examined the latent reaction period after light exposure with optimized irradiating parameters and validated novel therapeutic molecular mechanisms for the first time. we demonstrated an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED)‐based PBM (OPBM) strategy that enhances the angiogenic efficacy of human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) via direct irradiation with red OLEDs of optimized wavelength, voltage, current, luminance, and duration, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results revealed that the angiogenic paracrine effect, viability, and adhesion of hADSCs were significantly intensified by our OPBM strategy. Following OPBM treatment, significant changes were observed in HIF‐1α expression, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase, and glycolytic pathways in hADSCs. In addition, transplantation of OLED‐irradiated hADSCs resulted in significantly enhanced limb salvage ratio in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Our OPBM might serve as a new paradigm for stem cell culture systems to develop cell‐based therapies in the future.
Viral vector‐based gene therapies in the clinic
Authors: Zhao Zongmin , Anselmo Aaron C. , Mitragotri Samir
Published: September 2021

Gene therapies are currently one of the most investigated therapeutic modalities in both the preclinical and clinical settings and have shown promise in treating a diverse spectrum of diseases. Gene therapies aim at introducing a gene material in target cells and represent a promising approach to cure diseases that were thought to be incurable by conventional modalities. In many cases, a gene therapy requires a vector to deliver gene therapeutics into target cells; viral vectors are among the most widely studied vectors owing to their distinguished advantages such as outstanding transduction efficiency. With decades of development, viral vector‐based gene therapies have achieved promising clinical outcomes with many products approved for treating a range of diseases including cancer, infectious diseases and monogenic diseases. In addition, a number of active clinical trials are underway to further expand their therapeutic potential. In this review, we highlight the diversity of viral vectors, review approved products, and discuss the current clinical landscape of in vivo viral vector‐based gene therapies. We have reviewed 13 approved products and their clinical applications. We have also analyzed more than 200 active trials based on various viral vectors and discussed their respective therapeutic applications. Moreover, we provide a critical analysis of the major translational challenges for in vivo viral vector‐based gene therapies and discuss possible strategies to address the same.
Evaluation of lung tumor motion in a large sample: Target‐related and clinical factors influencing tumor motion based on four‐dimensional CT
Authors: Li Fengxiang , Qu Yanlin , Zhang Tingting , Cui Zhen , Sun Xin , Zhang Tao , Li Jianbin
Published: September 2021

Background and purpose

We aimed to analyze the influence of target‐related and clinical factors on lung tumor motion based on four‐dimensional CT (4DCT), and clarify the motion based on subgroups in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy.

Materials and methods

4DCT image data of 267 tumors from 246 patients were analyzed. The coordinates in the left–right (LR), anterior–posterior (AP), and cranial–caudal (CC) directions of the center of mass (COM) of the gross tumor volumes in 10 phases of 4DCT were measured. The peak‐to‐peak COM displacement in the LR, AP, CC, and 3D directions was calculated. The influence of target‐related and clinical factors on tumor motion was evaluated using multivariate analysis.

Results

The tumor segment location correlated with the tumor motion in each direction. Tumor size was predictive of tumor motion in the 3D (p = 0.023) and AP directions (p = 0.049). The tumor motion for metastatic tumors was smaller than that for primary tumors in the LR (p = 0.019) and AP directions (p = 0.008). The CC motion for pulmonary surgery recipients (3.8 ± 4.5 mm) was less than that for patients who had not undergone surgery (5.6 ± 5.4 mm), and no significant clinical factor was observed. BSA and BMI were positively correlated with the motion in the CC (p = 0.02) and LR directions (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The tumor segment location was a good predictor of tumor motion. A larger tumor tends to have a smaller motion. Patients with metastatic tumors or those who have undergone pulmonary surgery exhibited smaller and more unpredictable tumor motions, which required individual assessments. Thus, clinical factors can potentially predict tumor motion.
Sense of responsible togetherness, sense of community, and civic engagement behaviours: Disentangling an active and engaged citizenship
Authors: Procentese Fortuna , Gatti Flora
Published: September 2021

Local communities should represent entities where individuals get answers to their affiliation needs and for which they feel responsible, but in modern ones, increasingly complex ways of living together are fostering citizens' civic and social disengagement. The present study addresses the relationships between the cognitive, affective, and behavioural components of an active and engaged citizenship. Five hundred and fifty‐five Italian citizens answered an online questionnaire about their Sense of Responsible Togetherness, Sense of Community, and Civic Engagement Behaviours. The results support Sense of Community as a mediator in the relationship between Sense of Responsible Togetherness and civic engagement behaviours, suggesting that the representations about community members being active and responsible, and having opportunities to meet and match, could at the same time strengthen their tie to that community and foster their civic engagement for it. This could set up a cycle of enhancement and empowerment for individuals and communities through increasing the opportunities for local generative interactions and civic engagement.
Multiple group membership supports resilience and growth in response to violence and abuse
Authors: Haslam Catherine , Latilla Tatiana , Muldoon Orla T. , Cruwys Tegan , Kearns Michelle
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the role that social group processes, and multiple group membership in particular, play in supporting resilience and post‐traumatic growth following the experience of violence and abuse. Drawing on social identity theorizing, we develop and test a model that (a) predicts an association between multiple group membership and positive outcomes of resilience and post‐traumatic growth, and (b) explores mechanisms, of personal control and identification with anti‐violence activists, through which group membership might exert this effect. This model was tested using data from a sample of predominantly White South African adults recruited through numerous sources including a non‐government organisation that supports victims of violence and abuse (N = 112). Results showed that multiple group membership was positively related to post‐traumatic growth and provided a basis for enhanced personal control and identification with activists. Personal control also mediated the relationship between multiple group membership and resilience. We discuss the implications for theory and practice and suggest there is value in working with social group memberships following trauma to support recovery.
Completely Chemically Synthesized Long DNA Can be Transcribed in Human Cells
Authors: Yamaoka Kazuki , Oikawa Ryota , Abe Naoko , Nakamoto Kosuke , Tomoike Fumiaki , Hashiya Fumitaka , Kimura Yasuaki , Abe Hiroshi
Published: September 2021

Chemical ligation reaction of DNA is useful for the construction of long functional DNA using oligonucleotide fragments that are prepared by solid phase chemical synthesis. However, the unnatural linkage structure formed by the ligation reaction generally impairs the biological function of the resulting ligated DNA. We achieved the complete chemical synthesis of 78 and 258 bp synthetic DNAs via multiple chemical ligation reactions with phosphorothioate and haloacyl‐modified DNA fragments. The latter synthetic DNA, coding shRNA for luciferase genes with a designed truncated SV promoter sequence, successfully induced the expected gene silencing effect in HeLa cells.
HN1L promotes stem cell‐like properties by regulating TGF‐β signaling pathway through targeting FOXP2 in prostate cancer
Authors: Nong Shaojun , Wang Zhiwei , Wei Zhongqing , Ma Limin , Guan Yangbo , Ni Jian
Published: September 2021

Dysregulated hematological and neurological expressed 1‐like (HN1L) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of difference cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. However, the role of HN1L in the progression of prostate cancer (PCA) remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of HN1L in stemness and progression of PCA. The expression of HN1L in PCA tissues and cells was determined by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), western blot analysis, and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC). CD133+ cells were sorted from PCA cells using magnetic fluorescence cell sorting technology and were considered as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Sphere formation assays, transwell assays, and animal experiments were conducted to assess cell stemness, migration, invasion, and in vivo tumorigenesis, respectively. The results showed that HN1L expression was higher in PCA tissues and cells as compared with normal tissues and cells, as well as in CD133+ cells as compared with CD133− cells. HN1L knockdown significantly decreased the expression levels of CSC markers including OCT4 (POU class 5 homeobox 1), CD44, and SRY‐box transcription factor 2, inhibited cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis and decreased the number of tumor spheroids and CD133+ cell population. Furthermore, we found that HN1L could bind to forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) and positively regulated transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) expression via upregulation of FOXP2. In addition, the overexpression of TGF‐β in HN1L‐knockdown PCA cells increased the number of tumor spheroids and CD133+ cell population, as well as enhanced cell migration and invasion. Collectively, this study demonstrates that HN1L promotes stem cell‐like properties and cancer progression by targeting FOXP2 through TGF‐β signaling pathway in PCA.
Semiconductor‐based Photoanodes Modified with Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Molecular Catalysts as Cocatalysts for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Wang Ruiling , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: September 2021

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising approach to convert inexhaustible solar energy to hydrogen energy. In this system, the semiconductor is a crucial part as photoelectrode to harvest the solar light and achieve water splitting on the surface. For the surface modification of semiconductor, cocatalyst loading is an effective method to improve the sluggish reaction kinetics. Due to the specific structure of their organic ligands, the metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) or molecular catalysts as cocatalysts can provide more reaction sites and overcome the interface recombination between semiconductors and cocatalyst layers. The inorganic metal species derived from the MOFs or molecular catalysts also possess porous structures. This review summarizes the recent developments of MOFs and molecular catalysts as well as their derivatives modifying several representative semiconductors for PEC water oxidation reaction. The synthesis methods and performance enhancements are discussed. Finally, this review addresses remarks on current existing changes and perspectives for the further development.
Photoluminescence‐Based Techniques for the Detection of Micro‐ and Nanoplastics
Authors: Capolungo Chiara , Genovese Damiano , Montalti Marco , Rampazzo Enrico , Zaccheroni Nelsi , Prodi Luca
Published: September 2021

The growing numbers related to plastic pollution are impressive, with ca. 70 % of produced plastic (>350 tonnes/year) being indiscriminately wasted in the environment. The most dangerous forms of plastic pollution for biota and human health are micro‐ and nano‐plastics (MNPs), which are ubiquitous and more bioavailable. Their elimination is extremely difficult, but the first challenge is their detection since existing protocols are unsatisfactory for microplastics and mostly absent for nanoplastics. After a discussion of the state of the art for MNPs detection, we specifically revise the techniques based on photoluminescence that represent very promising solutions for this problem. In this context, Nile Red staining is the most used strategy and we show here its pros and limitations, but we also discuss other more recent approaches, such as the use of fluorogenic probes based on perylene‐bisimide and on fluorogenic hyaluronan nanogels, with the added values of biocompatibility and water solubility.
A pH Self‐Monitoring Heterogeneous Multicompartmental Proteinosome with Spatiotemporal Regulation of Insulin Transportation
Authors: Wen Ping , Wang Xueyi , Chen Haixu , Appelhans Dietmar , Liu Xiaoman , Wang Lei , Huang Xin
Published: September 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Inspired by the intricate eukaryotic cell structure, the spontaneously assembling multicompartments capable of spatiotemporally regulated biomacromolecules transportation is still a challenge. Here, a heterogeneous proteinosome‐based multicompartment was designed and constructed by combining aqueous two‐phase system and Pickering emulsion methods. By loading PEGylated insulin with boronic acid group into the multicompartment and glucose oxidase (GOx) into the innermost microgel domain, a short‐ or long‐term transportation pathway of the loaded insulin was constructed by responding to the concentration of glucose. Moreover, the diminution of dynamic boronic ester bonding, the hindrance of polyethylene oxide micro‐chamber, electrostatic interaction and the swelling behavior of hydrogel triggered by GOx/glucose reaction resulted in spatiotemporally controlled multi‐pathway transportation mode with the releasing of insulin loaded inside the innermost microgel at high concentration of glucose (10 mg·mL–1). Specially, by incorporating rhodamine B and fluorescein labelled BSA into the multicompartment, the release procedure of the loaded insulin can be monitored by the fluorescence color‐change. Overall, a multimode microcompartment is constructed which is then expected to provide a promising platform for further therapeutic protein, gene and drug delivery, as well as towards the design of complicated cell biomimetics.
Growth, Optical, and Laser Properties of Large‐Sized Cr,Nd:Y3Al5O12 Crystal
Authors: Li Wen , Wang Yan , Lian Yingshu , Li Jianfu , You Zhenyu , Zhu Zhaojie , Tu Chaoyang , Xu Yadong , Jie Wanqi , Cai Yaqi , Xu Bin
Published: September 2021

The growth and characterization of Cr,Nd:Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystal are reported. By improving the synthesis and sintering processes of polycrystalline materials, as well as the temperature gradient and annealing atmosphere, a high quality crystal with size of ϕ30 mm × 110 mm is obtained by using the Czochralski technique. After measuring the concentrations of dopant Cr3+ and Nd3+ within the different parts of the grown crystal, it is found that the distribution of dopant ions is uniform throughout the crystal. The fluorescence spectra of Cr,Nd:YAG crystal exhibit intense emissions at 1064 nm under excitations of 808 and 450 nm. The fluorescence lifetime of Nd: 4F3/2 level is obtained to be 234.2 µs. The maximum average output power reaches 7.87 W with a slope efficiency of 31.2% for near‐infrared laser at 1063.9 nm. The above results indicate that Cr,Nd:YAG crystal is a promising gain media for all‐solid state lasers.
Effect of Sputtering Power on the Optical and Electrical Properties of ITO Films on a Flexible Fluorphlogopite Substrate
Authors: Zhu Hua , Zhang Hai , Zhang Tian‐hao , Wei Quan‐ya , Yu Shi‐jin , Gao Hao , Guo Ping‐chun , Wang Yan‐xiang , Yang Zhi‐sheng
Published: September 2021

In this study, magnetron sputtering is implemented to adjust the sputtering power from 156 to 306 W at room temperature, and thin film samples of indium tin oxide (ITO) on a flexible fluorphlogopite substrate are taken. With the increase in power, the resistivity of the film first decreases and then increases. The resistivity is at least 1.51 × 10–3 Ω cm at 276 W, and the highest resistivity is 2.93 × 10–2 Ω cm at 156 W. The average light transmittance of the film (400–800 nm) decreases with the increase in power within the range of 156–276 W, The highest average transmittance is 92.6% at 156 W. The quality factor of the film first rises and then decreases as the power increases, it is as high as 4.47 × 10–3 Ω–1sq at 276 W. All the AFMs show that the roughness of the sample does not significantly change with power. The SEM picture shows that as the power increases from 156 to 276 W, the grain size increases slightly. All samples are bent 1200 times around a steel cylinder, and the sheet resistance does not change more than 5%.
Structural, Elastic, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Interstitial V‐Doped SrO (SrVxO): FP‐LAPW Method
Authors: Benziadi Djillali , Berber Mohamed , Mebrek Moued , Ouahrani Tarik , El Keurti Mohammed , Boudali Abdelkader
Published: September 2021

In order to unveil the effect of interstitial V‐doped SrO compound an ab initio calculation is carried out within the FP‐LAPW+lo method. To do this task, the modified GGA‐PBEsol potential is employed to predict structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of two alloys, SrV0.125O and SrV0.25O. The lattice parameters are found in good agreement with the existing theoretical and experimental data. The calculation shows both SrV0.125O and SrV0.25O alloys are energetically and mechanically stable. The interstitial doping changes the ionic nature of the SrO compound in half‐metallic ferromagnetic comportment one, with a spin polarization of 100% at the Fermi level. Magnetic properties are also predicted. After a deep analysis, the low magnetic moment is attributed to the strong hybridization of O‐p‐V‐d orbitals.
Multiyear CO2 elevation improves PSII efficiency in a japonica rice cultivar
Authors: Lv Chunhua , Huang Yao , Yang Kai , Yang Jingrui , Cao Peipei , Hu Zhenghua , Sun Wenjuan , Yu Lingfei
Published: September 2021

Responses of crop photosystem activity to the short‐term elevation of carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) have been studied extensively. However, long‐term effects of elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) over multiple cropping generations have received little attention. Using open‐top chambers (OTCs), we set up ambient [CO2] (CK) and two multigeneration e[CO2] treatments during rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons in 2016–2019: a stepwise increase (SI) up to +160 μmol mol−1 in 2019 and a constant increase (CI) of +200 μmol mol−1 above CK over four generations. Beginning in 2017, grains harvested from the previous year in different [CO2] treatments were used as seeds. Seedlings derived from CK OTCs in 2018 were transplanted into both SI and CI OTCs in 2019 to simulate single‐generation abrupt elevation of [CO2]. We measured the diurnal changes in photosystem II (PSII) functionality of leaves in 2019. Single‐generation elevation of [CO2] had no effects on PSII efficiency. However, a stepwise increase of [CO2] over four generations significantly enhanced predawn maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the efficiency that trapped exciton moves an electron beyond QA− (ψo), and the quantum yield of electron transport (φEo) in PSII at jointing stage. The constant increase of [CO2] over four generations dramatically improved predawn Fv/Fm, ψo, φEo, perform index, and reaction center at grain‐filling stage. Moreover, the multigeneration elevation of [CO2] weakened the depression of Fv/Fm relative to single‐generation elevation at midday. All of these results indicated that e[CO2] had transgenerational effects on PSII functionality.
Energy optimization of internet of things in wireless sensor network models using type‐2 fuzzy neural systems
Authors: Rasi Durairajan , Deepa Subramaniam Nachimuthu
Published: September 2021

In this paper, type‐2 fuzzy logic design is employed to find the weight values of the radial basis function (RBF) neural network model, and thereby, the trained RBF neural network (RBFNN) model is intended to perform network energy optimization of the cloud‐assisted internet of things in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). RBF neural model comes under the class of feed forward neural network architecture and is a network with better generalization capability. RBFNN employs Gaussian activation function to determine the output of the network and the special feature of this activation function is that it follows a normal probability density function; hence it is a continuous activation function and provides better solutions than the other discrete activation functions. Due to which, in this work RBFNN is employed to determine network energy and to increase the life time of the network by selecting best cluster heads and also the network route. In RBFNN modelling, basically, the weights are initialized in a random manner, and this random initialization of weights at time results in the occurrences of global and local minima. The weights are tuned for their optimal values using type‐2 fuzzy model due to their capability of handling uncertainties, and since this problem of identifying optimal weight values of RBF neural model possesses highest level of uncertainties, type‐2 fuzzy system is applied here. Simulation process is done, and the results prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach in comparison with that of the existing approaches from previous literatures for the energy optimization problem.
Cognitive profiles of patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's versus Parkinson's disease defined using a base rate approach: Implications for neuropsychological assessments
Authors: Ophey Anja , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Roeske Sandra , Polcher Alexandra , Spottke Annika , Frölich Lutz , Hüll Michael , Jessen Frank , Kornhuber Johannes , Maier Wolfgang , Peters Oliver , Ramirez Alfredo , Wiltfang Jens , Liepelt‐Scarfone Inga , Becker Sara , Berg Daniela , Schulz Jörg B. , Reetz Kathrin , Wojtala Jennifer , Kassubek Jan , Storch Alexander , Balzer‐Geldsetzer Monika , Hilker‐Roggendorf Rüdiger , Witt Karsten , Mollenhauer Brit , Trenkwalder Claudia , Wittchen Hans‐Ullrich , Riedel Oliver , Dodel Richard , Wagner Michael , Kalbe Elke
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Large studies on cognitive profiles of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD‐MCI) compared to Parkinson's disease (PD‐MCI) are rare.

Methods

Data from two multicenter cohort studies in AD and PD were merged using a unified base rate approach for the MCI diagnosis. Cognitive profiles were compared using scores derived from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease battery.

Results

Patients with AD‐MCI showed lower standardized scores on all memory test scores and a language test. Patients with PD‐MCI showed lower standardized scores in a set‐shifting measure as an executive task. A cross‐validated logistic regression with test scores as predictors was able to classify 72% of patients correctly to AD‐MCI versus PD‐MCI.

Discussion

The applied test battery successfully discriminated between AD‐MCI and PD‐MCI. Neuropsychological test batteries in clinical practice should always include a broad spectrum of cognitive domains to capture any cognitive changes.
The Cognitive Online Self‐Test Amsterdam (COST‐A): Establishing norm scores in a community‐dwelling population
Authors: Visser Leonie N.C. , Dubbelman Mark A. , Verrijp Merike , Wanders Lisa , Pelt Sophie , Zwan Marissa D. , Thijssen Dick H.J. , Wouters Hans , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , van Hout Hein P.J. , van der Flier Wiesje M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Heightened public awareness about Alzheimer's disease and dementia increases the need for at‐home cognitive self‐testing. We offered Cognitive Online Self‐Test Amsterdam (COST‐A) to independent groups of cognitively normal adults and investigated the robustness of a norm‐score formula and cutoff.

Methods

Three thousand eighty‐eight participants (mean age ± standard deviation = 61 ± 12 years, 70% female) completed COST‐A and evaluated it. Demographically adjusted norm scores were the difference between expected COST‐A scores, based on age, gender, and education, and actual scores. We applied the resulting norm‐score formula to two independent cohorts.

Results

Participants evaluated COST‐A to be of adequate difficulty and duration. Our norm‐score formula was shown to be robust: ≈8% of participants in two cognitively normal cohorts had abnormal scores. A cutoff of ‐1.5 standard deviations proved optimal for distinguishing normal from impaired cognition.

Conclusion

With robust norm scores, COST‐A is a promising new tool for research and clinical practice, providing low cost and minimally invasive remote assessment of cognitive functioning.
Infant physiological activity and the early emergence of social communication
Authors: Bradshaw Jessica , Abney Drew H.
Published: September 2021

Early in life, social engagement is facilitated by effective regulation during times of rest and stress. Physiological regulation during social play and in response to sudden environmental changes or social stressors may play an important role in sustaining social engagement in infancy and facilitate the acquisition of early social‐communication skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of physiological activity during social play, including respiratory sinus arrhythsmia (RSA) and heart rate‐defined attention, in the early emergence of social‐communication skills. Using RSA as an index of vagal tone, we measured vagal tone, vagal suppression, and heart rate‐defined sustained attention during a social interaction with a caregiver (i.e., the Still‐Face procedure) in 21 infants aged 3–4 months. At 9 months, caregivers reported on their infant's early social‐communication skills. Results suggest that RSA, RSA suppression, and heart rate‐defined sustained attention to a caregiver are significantly associated with early‐emerging social‐communication skills at 9 months. In addition, RSA and heart rate‐defined sustained attention during social play were highly related. Suppression of RSA during the Still‐Face phase of the infant–caregiver interaction emerged as a particularly strong predictor of later‐developing social‐communication skills, including 9‐month‐olds’ ability to use eye gaze, facial expression, and gestures to communicate.
Practice and proficiency: Factors that facilitate infant walking skill
Authors: Hospodar Christina M. , Hoch Justine E. , Lee Do Kyeong , Shrout Patrick E. , Adolph Karen E.
Published: September 2021

Infant walking skill improves with practice—crudely estimated by elapsed time since walk onset. However, despite the robust relation between elapsed time (months walking) and skill, practice is likely constrained and facilitated by infants’ home environments, sociodemographic influences, and spontaneous activity. Individual pathways are tremendously diverse in the timing of walk onset and the trajectory of improvement, and presumably, in the amount and type of practice. So, what factors affect the development of walking skill? We examined the role of months walking, walk onset age, spontaneous locomotor activity, body dimensions, and environmental factors on the development of walking skill in two sociodemographically distinct samples (ns = 38 and 44) of 13‐, 15‐, and 19‐month‐old infants. Months walking best predicted how well infants walked, but environmental factors and spontaneous activity explained additional variance in walking skill. Specifically, less crowded homes, a larger percentage of time in spontaneous walking, and a smaller percentage of short walking bouts predicted more mature walking. Walk onset age differed by sample but did not affect walking skill. Findings indicate that elapsed time since walk onset remains a robust predictor of walking skill, but environmental factors and spontaneous activity also contribute to infants’ practice, thereby affecting walking skill.
Children's planning of efficient tool use in a social context
Authors: Jovanovic Bianca , Bezold Lukas , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: September 2021

Efficient joint action requires that we anticipate situational demands both regarding our own and another person's perspective, and adapt our actions accordingly. Accordingly, when handing over a tool somebody else, it is advantageous to anticipate our future hand orientation (motor imagery), as well as the future orientation of the tool (mental rotation) relative to the other person, in order to make the transfer as smooth and efficient as possible. Furthermore, familiarity with specific tools might facilitate planning. We tested thirty‐two 5.5‐ to 7‐year‐old children on a tool transfer task, asking if they consider another person's comfort when handing over different tools, and whether tool familiarity, motor imagery, and mental rotation are related to their grip choices. We compared the children's performance to that of an adult control group. Besides a rather low performance on the transfer task, we found differences in children's consideration of another person's comfort related to the specific tools they interacted with. Specifically, the unfamiliar tool (a bar) was transferred more efficiently than the familiar tools (hammer/brush). In addition, the results suggest a relation between children's consideration of another person's comfort and their mental rotation score, but no relation with their motor imagery score.
Bridging the gap between commercial fisheries and survey data to model the spatiotemporal dynamics of marine species
Authors: Rufener Marie‐Christine , Kristensen Kasper , Nielsen J. Rasmus , Bastardie Francois
Published: September 2021

Monitoring and assessment of natural resources often require inputs from multiple data sources. In fisheries science, for example, the inference of a species’ abundance distribution relies on two main data sources, namely commercial fisheries and scientific survey data. Despite efforts to combine these data into an integrated statistical model, their coupling is frequently hampered due to differences in their sampling designs, which imposes distinct bias sources in the estimator of the abundance distribution. We developed a flexible species distribution model (SDM) that can integrate both data sources while filtering out their relative bias contributions. We applied the model on three different age groups of the western Baltic cod stock. For each age group, we tested the model on (1) survey data and (2) integrated data (survey + commercial) as a means to compare their differences and investigate how the inclusion of commercial fisheries data improved the spatiotemporal abundance estimator and parameter estimates. Moreover, we proposed a novel validation approach to evaluate whether the inclusion of commercial fisheries data in the integrated model is not in direct contradiction with the survey data. Following our approach, the results indicated that the use of commercial fisheries data is suitable for the integrated model. Across all age groups, our results demonstrated how commercial fisheries supplied additional information on cod’s spatiotemporal abundance dynamics, highlighting sometimes abundance hot spots that were not detected by the survey model alone. Additionally, the integrated model provided a reduction of up to 20% and 10% in the uncertainty (SE) of the predicted abundance fields and fixed‐effect parameters, respectively. The proposed model represents thus a valuable benchmark for evaluating spatiotemporal dynamics of fish, and strengthens the science‐based advice for marine policymakers.
For flux's sake: General considerations for energy‐flux calculations in ecological communities
Authors: Jochum Malte , Barnes Andrew D. , Brose Ulrich , Gauzens Benoit , Sünnemann Marie , Amyntas Angelos , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: September 2021

Global change alters ecological communities with consequences for ecosystem processes. Such processes and functions are a central aspect of ecological research and vital to understanding and mitigating the consequences of global change, but also those of other drivers of change in organism communities. In this context, the concept of energy flux through trophic networks integrates food‐web theory and biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning theory and connects biodiversity to multitrophic ecosystem functioning. As such, the energy‐flux approach is a strikingly effective tool to answer central questions in ecology and global‐change research. This might seem straight forward, given that the theoretical background and software to efficiently calculate energy flux are readily available. However, the implementation of such calculations is not always straight forward, especially for those who are new to the topic and not familiar with concepts central to this line of research, such as food‐web theory or metabolic theory. To facilitate wider use of energy flux in ecological research, we thus provide a guide to adopting energy‐flux calculations for people new to the method, struggling with its implementation, or simply looking for background reading, important resources, and standard solutions to the problems everyone faces when starting to quantify energy fluxes for their community data. First, we introduce energy flux and its use in community and ecosystem ecology. Then, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the single steps towards calculating energy flux for community data. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges and exciting research frontiers for future energy‐flux research.
In the eye of the beholder: Is color classification consistent among human observers?
Authors: Valenta Kim , Bornbusch Sally L. , Jacques Yan‐Daniel , Nevo Omer
Published: September 2021

Colorful displays have evolved in multiple plant and animal species as signals to mutualists, antagonists, competitors, mates, and other potential receivers. Studies of color have long relied on subjective classifications of color by human observers. However, humans have a limited ability to perceive color compared to other animals, and human biological, cultural, and environmental variables can influence color perception. Here, we test the consistency of human color classification using fruit color as a model system. We used reflectance data of 67 tropical fruits and surveyed 786 participants to assess the degree to which (a) participants of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds agree on color classification of fruits; and (b) human classification to a discrete set of commonly used colors (e.g., red, blue, green) corresponds to natural clusters based on light reflectance measures processed through visual systems of other animals. We find that individual humans tend to agree on the colors they attribute to fruits across language groups. However, these colors do not correspond to clearly discernible clusters in di‐ or tetrachromatic visual systems. These results indicate that subjective color categorizations tend to be consistent among observers and can be used for large synthetic studies, but also that they do not fully reflect natural categories that are relevant to animal observers.
Ornithogenic vegetation: How significant has the seabird influence been on the Aleutian Island vegetation during the Holocene?
Authors: Smyshlyaeva Olesya Igorevna , Severova Elena Erastovna , Krylovich Olga Aleksandrovna , Kuzmicheva Evgeniya Andreevna , Savinetsky Arkady Borisovich , Dixie West , Hatfield Virginia
Published: September 2021

In the Aleutian Islands during the Holocene, terrestrial predators were actually absent; as a result, large seabird colonies thrived along the coasts or across entire islands. Bird guano enriches the soil with nitrogen, which can lead to the formation of highly modified ornithogenic (bird‐formed) ecosystems. For a more detailed investigation of avian influence, we reconstructed more than 10,000‐year‐old vegetation dynamics of the coast of Shemya Island (Near Islands) by pollen analysis. At the initial stages of vegetation development (10,000–4,600 cal year BP), sedge–heather tundra grew in the studied area. A seabird colony existed on Shemya from 4,600 to 2,400 cal year BP according to stable isotope analysis. During a period of at least 2,200 years, nitrogen enrichment led to the development of ornithogenic herb meadows with a high presence of Apiaceae. A long‐term increase in δ15N above 9–10‰ led to radical shifts in vegetation. Noticeable reduction of seabird colonies due to human hunting led to grass‐meadows spreading. After a prolonged decrease δ15N below 9–10‰ (2,400 cal year BP to present), there was a shift toward less productive sedge‐tundra communities. However, the significant enrichment of guano affected only the coastal vegetation and did not alter the inland Shemya Island.
HFA of the ESC Position paper on the management of LVAD supported patients for the non LVAD specialist healthcare provider Part 1: Introduction and at the non‐hospital settings in the community
Authors: Ben Avraham Binyamin , Crespo‐Leiro Marisa Generosa , Filippatos Gerasimos , Gotsman Israel , Seferovic Petar , Hasin Tal , Potena Luciano , Milicic Davor , Coats Andrew J.S. , Rosano Giuseppe , Ruschitzka Frank , Metra Marco , Anker Stefan , Altenberger Johann , Adamopoulos Stamatis , Barac Yaron D. , Chioncel Ovidiu , De Jonge Nicolaas , Elliston Jeremy , Frigeiro Maria , Goncalvesova Eva , Grupper Avishay , Hamdan Righab , Hammer Yoav , Hill Loreena , Itzhaki Ben Zadok Osnat , Abuhazira Miriam , Lavee Jacob , Mullens Wilfried , Nalbantgil Sanemn , Piepoli Massimo F. , Ponikowski Piotr , Ristic Arsen , Ruhparwar Arjang , Shaul Aviv , Tops Laurens F. , Tsui Steven , Winnik Stephan , Jaarsma Tiny , Gustafsson Finn , Ben Gal Tuvia
Published: September 2021

The accepted use of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology as a good alternative for the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure together with the improved survival of the LVAD‐supported patients on the device and the scarcity of donor hearts has significantly increased the population of LVAD‐supported patients. The expected and non‐expected device‐related and patient–device interaction complications impose a significant burden on the medical system exceeding the capacity of the LVAD implanting centres. The ageing of the LVAD‐supported patients, mainly those supported with the ‘destination therapy’ indication, increases the risk for those patients to experience comorbidities common in the older population. The probability of an LVAD‐supported patient presenting with medical emergency to a local emergency department, internal, or surgical ward of a non‐LVAD implanting centre is increasing. The purpose of this trilogy is to supply the immediate tools needed by the non‐LVAD specialized physician: ambulance clinicians, emergency ward physicians, general cardiologists, internists, anaesthesiologists, and surgeons, to comply with the medical needs of this fast‐growing population of LVAD‐supported patients. The different issues discussed will follow the patient's pathway from the ambulance to the emergency department and from the emergency department to the internal or surgical wards and eventually to the discharge home from the hospital back to the general practitioner. In this first part of the trilogy on the management of LVAD‐supported patients for the non‐LVAD specialist healthcare provider, after the introduction on the assist devices technology in general, definitions and structured approach to the assessment of the LVAD‐supported patient in the ambulance and emergency department is presented including cardiopulmonary resuscitation for LVAD‐supported patients.
The Impact of Ceria Loading on the CuOx−CeO2 Interaction and Performance of AuCu/CeO2−SiO2 Catalysts in CO‐PROX Reaction
Authors: Rodrigues Fiuza Tanna Elyn , Santos Gonçalves Danielle , Zanchet Daniela
Published: September 2021

The use of CeO2 as a promoter for non‐reducible supports, such as SiO2, enhances the catalytic activity by facilitating the activation of species such as O2 and H2O. However, in the case of the bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), the presence of promoters may also influence the migration of the metallic species, dramatically impacting the stabilization of catalytic sites and as consequence, the overall catalytic performance. In the case of AuCu alloy supported catalysts, the reduced form, i. e., AuCu alloy, or the oxidized form, i. e., Au−CuOx species, present different activities/selectivities. Moreover, several parameters, such as reactional conditions, AuCu particle size, support nature, and pretreatments dictate which species are stabilized on the catalyst surface. The preferential oxidation of CO (CO‐PROX) reaction, that takes place under the H2‐rich stream, favors the stabilization of the reduced form of the AuCu catalysts. However, the Cu distribution in the crystal lattice and the final composition of the AuCu NPs are dependent on the mobility of the Cu species on the support. In this work, we show that the loading of the CeO2 as a promotor in AuCu/SiO2 catalysts impacts the CeOx species and the Cu reincorporation into the Au lattice and consequently, the activity and stability of the catalysts under CO‐PROX reaction.
Role of the Templating Heteroatom on Both Structural and Magnetic Properties of POM‐Based SIM Lanthanoid Complexes
Authors: Cañón‐Mancisidor Walter , Paredes‐Castillo Gabriela , Hermosilla‐Ibáñez Patricio , Venegas‐Yazigi Diego , Cador Olivier , Le Guennic Boris , Pointillart Fabrice
Published: September 2021

The plasticity of the coordination chemistry of Lanthanoid ions (LnIII) has allow the design of novel coordination compounds with slow relaxation of the magnetization since the first Single Ion Magnet (SIMs) was reported by Ishikawa, who used the phthalocyaninate ligand to make a “sandwich type” complex. The coordination chemistry has allowed the possibility to design different types of molecular complexes with SIMs behaviour based on organic ligands. There is also SIMs based on inorganic ligands, using different types of lacunary polyoxometalates (LPOM) like, [XW11O39]n−. The combination of both types of ligands can produce hybrid inorganic‐organic LnIII complexes with SIM behaviour. This is an attractive approach since these hybrid materials could benefit from the combination of the ease of functionalization of the organic ligands with the robustness of the inorganic moieties. There are reports that a hybrid mononuclear DyIII complex could improve the relaxation dynamics when it is compared to the inorganic analogues. Thus, in this review we present a study and comparison on the improvement that inorganic and organic ligands can cause to the geometry of the metal centres of fully inorganic and hybrid (mononuclear and dinuclear) lanthanoid complexes (for DyIII, ErIII and YbIII). Moreover, we will discuss which of these changes can modify the magnetic properties of the Lanthanoid Complexes.
A Mechanistic Study on the Reaction of Non‐Heme Diiron(III)‐Peroxido Complexes with Benzoyl Chloride
Authors: Lerch Markus , Achazi Andreas J. , Mollenhauer Doreen , Becker Jonathan , Schindler Siegfried
Published: September 2021

Dinuclear iron peroxido complexes are important intermediates for selective oxidation reactions. A detailed kinetic study of the reaction of benzoyl chloride (BzCl) with a dinuclear iron non‐heme cis end‐on peroxido complex with the ligand EtHPTB (N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis[(N‐ethyl‐2‐benzimidazolyl)methyl]‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐diamino‐propane) had been performed. The starting complex, the iron peroxido complex, can be obtained either by reaction of the iron(II) complex with O2 or instead, applying the corresponding iron(III) complex together with hydrogen peroxide. Using low temperature stopped‐flow measurements allowed to obtain activation parameters and in combination with a Hammet plot it was possible to postulate a mechanism for the formation of a perbenzoate complex prior to its decomposition. Furthermore, the direct reaction of the dinuclear iron(III) EtHPTB complex with peracetic acid was analyzed. Additionally, in comparison a mononuclear non‐heme iron complex with the ligand bztpen (N‐benzyl‐N,N′,N′‐tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine) was investigated as well.
Stereoselective Aldol and Conjugate Addition Reactions Mediated by Proline‐Based Catalysts and Its Analogues: A Concise Review
Authors: Valapil Durgesh Gurukkala , Kadagathur Manasa , Shankaraiah Nagula
Published: September 2021

The application of amino acids and small peptides as asymmetric organocatalysts in the aldol and conjugate addition reactions is a significant breakthrough in the past decade. The desired stereoselectivity in these reactions can be attained through tunable elements of diversity present in the amino acids/peptides. On this note, the current review highlights the organocatalytic aldol and conjugate addition by proline or its analogous in the form of amide/peptide derivatives. The wide‐ranging works of literature are classified based on the use of single amino acid or peptides as a catalyst. The designing of the aforementioned amide/amino acid/peptide catalyst, including their recent applications, is also detailed. Moreover, the analogous catalysts are also discussed, embedding other hetero‐organic functionalities that mimic the catalytic activity of proline in aldol/conjugate additions.
Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride (DAST) Mediated Transformations Leading to Valuable Building Blocks and Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Kaźmierczak Marcin , Bilska‐Markowska Monika
Published: September 2021

Nucleophilic fluorination is one of the fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, as well as a convenient tool for the synthesis of fluorinated building blocks with a potential biological activity. In this minireview, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) mediated reactions leading to valuable building blocks and bioactive compounds will be discussed. We focused on results that have been published since 2010. Transformation of β‐amino alcohols, heterocyclic frameworks synthesis, as well as rearrangement reactions have been described in detail.
Differentiation of Different Sorts of Sugars by the CAPoNeF Method
Authors: Nigmatullin R. R. , Sidelnikov A. V. , Maksyutova E. I. , Budnikov H. C. , Govorov E. V.
Published: September 2021

The proposed method as CAPoNeF (Comparative Analysis of Positive and Negative Fluctuations) allows to “read” any trendless sequence quantitatively irrespective of the imposed model and treatment errors that inevitably accompany random sequence. This method will have a wide possibility because of its generality and simplicity in possible applications. In particular, the proposed strategy makes it possible to detect weak signals in the time electrochemical series caused by the presence of random micro‐impurities in the studied solutions as objects of analysis. On the example of the current‐voltage time series of sugar syrups of various manufacturers, the possibility of identifying numerical parameters is shown. Hidden in the noise, analytical signals can be used to express the similarity or difference between sugars from different manufacturers.