bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Resveratrol Dimers with an Oxabicyclo Ring in Vatica albiramis.
Authors: Abe Naohito , Ito Tetsuro , Oyama Masayoshi , Sawa Ryuichi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Iinuma Munekazu
Published: July 2011

Albiraminol C (Ia), D (IIb) and vatalbinosides G (Ib), H (Ic), I (IIa), and J (III) are isolated from the stem of the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Antibiotic SF‐2312 (3‐Dihydroxyphosphoryl‐1,5‐dihydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidone).
Authors: Hanaya Tadashi , Itoh Chika
Published: July 2011

The synthesis of the title antibiotic (VII) is performed as a preliminary study for the asymmetric synthesis of (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New 4′′‐O‐Carbamates of 11,12‐Cyclic Carbonate Erythromycin A 6,9‐Imino Ether.
Authors: Zhang Ling , Jiao Bo , Yang Xiangrui , Liu Lin , Ma Shutao
Published: July 2011

All target compounds (I) show potent activities against erythromycin‐susceptible S.pneumoniae comparable to erythromycin A, clarithromycin and azithromycin, Additionally, the new imino ethers exhibit improved activities against erythromycin‐resistant S.pneumoniae B1 and AB11 compared with erythromycin A and azithromycin.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of the Structure of Monensin A Phenylurethane Sodium Salt Based on X‐Ray Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Studies, and Its Activity Against Hospital Strains of Methicillin‐Resistant S. epidermidis and S. aureus.
Authors: Huczynski Adam , Ratajczak‐Sitarz Malgorzata , Stefanska Joanna , Katrusiak Andrzej , Brzezinski Bogumil , Bartl Franz
Published: July 2011

X‐ray data of crystals of monensin A phenylurethane sodium salt (I) shows that the compound forms a pseudocyclic structure, stabilized by three intramolecular hydrogen bonds and the sodium cation coordinated by five oxygen atoms in the hydrophilic sphere.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cyclic Acetal Tethered Intramolecular Diels—Alder Cycloaddition. Studies Directed Toward a Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Fusidilactone C.
Authors: Ghosh Sunil K. , Wei Yonggang , Gerasyuto Aleksey I. , Feltenberger John B. , Wang Jiashi , Hsung Richard P.
Published: July 2011

Cycloaddition precursor (I) allows a facile and unique intramolecular Diels—Alder cycloaddition, proceeding highly endo‐selective to provide the endo‐I and endo‐II products (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Polymyrifline A, a New Polymethoxyflavone from Citrus aurantium var. myrtifolia.
Authors: Hirasawa Yusuke , Hirata Mari , Haruna Katsuya , Takeda Masahiro , Ogawa Kazunori , Morita Hiroshi
Published: July 2011

Polymyrifline A (I) is isolated from the peels of the title plant together with known polymethoxy flavones.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Izuminosides A—C: A Rare Phenazine Glycosides from Streptomyces sp. IFM 11260.
Authors: Abdelfattah Mohamed S. , Toume Kazufumi , Ishibashi Masami
Published: July 2011

Three new glycosylated phenazine derivatives, izuminosides A‐C (I), are isolated and evaluated for their activities in overcoming tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) resistance in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Perovskite Nanopowders: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications
Authors: Zhu Xinhua
Published: July 2011

Review: 411 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlling the Molecular Assembly of Polyoxometalates from the Nano to the Micron Scale: Molecules to Materials
Authors: Hutin Marie , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: July 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Decade of Oxothiomolybdenum Wheels: Synthesis, Behavior in Solution, and Electrocatalytic Properties
Authors: Lemonnier Jean‐Francois , Duval Sylvain , Floquet Sebastien , Cadot Emmanuel
Published: July 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal to Crystal Transformations and Polymorphism in Anionic Hydrogen Bonding Networks Stabilized by Crown Ether Metal Complexes
Authors: Braga Dario , D'Agostino Simone , Grepioni Fabrizia , Gandolfi Massimo , Rubini Katia
Published: July 2011

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scholl Reaction
Authors: Mullins Richard J. , Corbett Michael T.
Published: July 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Elbs Reaction
Authors: Curran Timothy T.
Published: July 2011

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalysis with Chiral Oxazolidine Ligands
Authors: Wolf Christian , Xu Hanhui
Published: July 2011

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Doetz Benzannulation
Authors: Chupak Louis
Published: July 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Water as a Green Solvent for Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Dunn Peter
Published: July 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Water under Extreme Conditions for Green Chemistry
Authors: Savage Phillip E. , Rebacz Natalie A.
Published: July 2011

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Conventional Energy Sources for Green Synthesis in Water (Microwave, Ultrasound, and Photo)
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Varma Rajender S.
Published: July 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Organic Chemistry in Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Rayner Christopher M. , Rose Paul M. , Barnes Douglas C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enabling Asymmetric Hydrogenation for the Design of Efficient Synthesis of Drug Substances
Authors: Sun Yongkui , Krska Shane , Shultz C. Scott , Tellers David M.
Published: July 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐Scale Applications of Hydrolases in Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: July 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Converting Carbohydrates to Bulk Chemicals and Fine Chemicals over Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara
Published: July 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Inositol Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Kilbas Benan , Balci Metin
Published: July 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallacycle‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling with Substituted and Electronically Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Reichard Holly A. , Micalizio Glenn C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Practical Synthetic Method Toward Mechanistic Elucidation of Biologically Active Natural Products
Authors: Namba Kosuke
Published: July 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Developing Pyrrole‐Derived Antimycobacterial Agents: A Rational Lead Optimization Approach
Authors: Biava Mariangela , Porretta Giulio Cesare , Poce Giovanna , Battilocchio Claudio , Alfonso Salvatore , de Logu Alessandro , Manetti Fabrizio , Botta Maurizio
Published: July 2011

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies of Amino Acid‐Type Natural Products Using a Functional Nitrone
Authors: Tamura Osamu
Published: July 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ammonium‐Directed Oxidation of Cyclic Allylic and Homoallylic Amines
Authors: Kurosawa Wataru , Roberts Paul M. , Davies Stephen G.
Published: July 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Construction of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles from Baylis—Hillman Adducts
Authors: Zhong Weihui , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Subtleties of Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization
Authors: Bertin Denis , Gigmes Didier , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Tordo Paul
Published: July 2011

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Properties in [4n + 2]π Aromatic Molecules: Annulenes
Authors: Kato Takashi
Published: July 2011

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Electron—Phonon Interactions in the Intra‐ and Intermolecular Charge Mobility in the Negatively and Positively Charged Annulenes
Authors: Kato Takashi
Published: July 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae in Plant Protection and Human Health —Influences of Climate, Environment and Agronomic Practice
Authors: Klingen Ingeborg , et al. et al.
Published: July 2011

Review: ca. 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lesser‐Known Enabling Technologies for Organic Synthesis
Authors: O'Brien Matthew , Denton Ross , Ley Steven V.
Published: July 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Frequently Overlooked Importance of Solvent in Free Radical Syntheses
Authors: Litwinienko Grzegorz , Beckwith A. L. J. , Ingold K. U.
Published: July 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Studies of Regioselectivity of Ni‐ and Rh‐Catalyzed C—C Bond‐Forming Reactions with Unsymmetrical Alkynes
Authors: Liu Peng , Houk K. N.
Published: July 2011

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Infrared Multiple Photo Dissociation Spectroscopy of Trapped Ions
Authors: Polfer Nick C.
Published: July 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ‐EPR Spectroscopy — A “Must Have” in the Toolbox for Analyzing Transition Metal Catalysts in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Janke Christiane , Hollmann Dirk , Brueckner Angelika
Published: July 2011

Review: 17 refs.
Safety Devices and Disposal Systems for Multipurpose Plants. Part 1 – Safety Concept and Layer of Protection
Authors: Schmidt Jürgen , Stoessel Francis
Published: July 2011

Feinchemikalien und Produkte der pharmazeutischen Industrie werden vorwiegend in Mehrzweckanlagen produziert. Charakteristisch sind viele Rezepturen und zahlreiche, zum Teil sehr unterschiedliche Prozesse. Die verfahrenstechnische Herausforderung besteht oft darin, ein bestimmtes Verfahren an eine gegebene Anlage anzupassen. Mit einer systematischen Risikoanalyse werden mögliche Gefahren und die Auslegungsszenarien identifiziert. Das Schutzkonzept der Anlage soll dabei nicht geändert werden. Sicherheits‐ und Rückhalteeinrichtungen müssen sorgfältig aufeinander abgestimmt sein und dürfen weder zu klein noch unzulässig groß bemessen sein. Ein durchgängiges Konzept für die Absicherung von Mehrzweckanlagen wird dargestellt. Beginnend bei der Identifikation von Gefahrenpotenzialen erfolgt eine Bewertung mithilfe von Kritikalitätsklassen. Die Auslegung eines Sicherheitsventil‐Abblasesystems nach dem Stand der Technik wird vorgestellt.
Synthesis of Hexanoic Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Dahmen Nicolaus , Kruse Andrea , Wiegand Gabriele , Dinjus Eckhard
Published: July 2011

Am Beispiel der vergleichsweise einfachen autokatalytischen, partiellen Oxidation von Hexanal zu Hexansäure konnten die Vorteile des Einsatzes von CO2 als Lösungsmittel erfolgreich herausgearbeitet werden und in eine Prozessentwicklung münden. Auf der Basis der ermittelten Stoff‐ und Reaktionsdaten wurde ein Prozessdesign erstellt und mittels einer Prozesssimulation Massen‐ und Energiebilanzen für eine Anlagenauslegung berechnet. Schließlich wurden die Kosten für die Herstellung von Hexansäure nach dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren abgeschätzt.
Biosorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) by Nostoc commune: Isotherm and Kinetics Studies
Authors: Morsy Fatthy M. , Hassan Sedky H. A. , Koutb Mostafa
Published: July 2011

In this study, Nostoc commune (cyanobacterium) was used as an inexpensive and efficient biosorbent for Cd(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of various physicochemical factors on Cd(II) and Zn(II) biosorption such as pH 2.0–7.0, initial metal concentration 0.0–300 mg/L and contact time 0–120 min were studied. Optimum pH for removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) was 6.0, while the contact time was 30 min at room temperature. The nature of biosorbent and metal ion interaction was evaluated by infrared (IR) technique. IR analysis of bacterial biomass revealed the presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which are responsible for biosorption of Cd(II) and Zn (II). The maximum biosorption capacities for Cd(II) and Zn(II) biosorption by N. commune calculated from Langmuir biosorption isotherm were 126.32 and 115.41 mg/g, respectively. The biosorption isotherm for two biosorbents fitted well with Freundlich isotherm than Langmuir model with correlation coefficient (r2 < 0.99). The biosorption kinetic data were fitted well with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Thus, this study indicated that the N. commune is an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions.
Intrinsic properties guide proximal abducens and oculomotor nerve outgrowth in avian embryos
Authors: Lance‐Jones Cynthia , Shah Veeral , Noden Drew M. , Sours Emily
Published: July 2011

Proper movement of the vertebrate eye requires the formation of precisely patterned axonal connections linking cranial somatic motoneurons, located at defined positions in the ventral midbrain and hindbrain, with extraocular muscles. The aim of this research was to assess the relative contributions of intrinsic, population‐specific properties and extrinsic, outgrowth site‐specific cues during the early stages of abducens and oculomotor nerve development in avian embryos. This was accomplished by surgically transposing midbrain and caudal hindbrain segments, which had been pre‐labeled by electroporation with an EGFP construct. Graft‐derived EGFP+ oculomotor axons entering a hindbrain microenvironment often mimicked an abducens initial pathway and coursed cranially. Similarly, some EGFP+ abducens axons entering a midbrain microenvironment mimicked an oculomotor initial pathway and coursed ventrally. Many but not all of these axons subsequently projected to extraocular muscles that they would not normally innervate. Strikingly, EGFP+ axons also took initial paths atypical for their new location. Upon exiting from a hindbrain position, most EGFP+ oculomotor axons actually coursed ventrally and joined host branchiomotor nerves, whose neurons share molecular features with oculomotor neurons. Similarly, upon exiting from a midbrain position, some EGFP+ abducens axons turned caudally, elongated parallel to the brainstem, and contacted the lateral rectus muscle, their originally correct target. These data reveal an interplay between intrinsic properties that are unique to oculomotor and abducens populations and shared ability to recognize and respond to extrinsic directional cues. The former play a prominent role in initial pathway choices, whereas the latter appear more instructive during subsequent directional choices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 167–185, 2012
Role of the maguk protein family in synapse formation and function
Authors: Oliva Carlos , Escobedo Pía , Astorga César , Molina Claudia , Sierralta Jimena
Published: July 2011

Synaptic function is crucially dependent on the spatial organization of the presynaptic and postsynaptic apparatuses and the juxtaposition of both membrane compartments. This precise arrangement is achieved by a protein network at the submembrane region of each cell that is built around scaffold proteins. The membrane‐associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family of proteins is a widely expressed and well‐conserved group of proteins that plays an essential role in the formation and regulation of this scaffolding. Here, we review general features of this protein family, focusing on the discs large and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent serine protein kinase subfamilies of MAGUKs in the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 57–72, 2012
Storage of CO2 hydrate in shallow gas reservoirs: pre‐ and post‐injection periods
Authors: Zatsepina Olga Ye , Pooladi‐Darvish Mehran
Published: July 2011

With the growing concern about climate change, interest in reducing CO2 emissions has increased. Geological storage of CO2 is perceived to be one of the most promising methods that could provide significant reductions in CO2 emissions over the short and medium term. Since a major concern regarding geological storage is the possibility of leakage, trapping CO2 in a solid form is quite attractive. Unlike mineral trapping, the kinetics of CO2‐hydrate formation is quite fast, providing the opportunity for long‐term storage of CO2.

Thermodynamic calculations suggest that CO2 hydrate is stable at temperatures that occur in a number of formations in Northern Alberta, in an area where there are significant CO2 emissions associated with the production of oil sands and bitumen. In this paper, we study storage of CO2 in hydrate form at conditions similar to those at depleted gas pools in Northern Alberta. Our numerical simulation results show that the CO2 storage capacity of such pools is many times greater than their original gas‐in‐place. This provides a local option for storage of a portion of the CO2 emissions from the oil sands operations in northeastern Alberta.

In an earlier paper, we studied hydrate formation during a period of continued CO2 injection. In this paper, we extend the duration of the investigation to include the period after injection has stopped. In particular, we study the storage capacity of such depleted gas pools and the fate of the hydrate over long periods of time when the injection of CO2 has slowed down or ceased. We examine the effect of properties of the reservoir and cap/base rocks, as well as operating conditions. In particular, we investigate a shut‐in case as the most realistic condition in CO2 field sequestration. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Integrated modeling of CO2 storage and leakage scenarios including transitions between super‐ and subcritical conditions, and phase change between liquid and gaseous CO2
Authors: Pruess Karsten
Published: July 2011

Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers is intended to be at supercritical pressure and temperature conditions, but CO2 leaking from a geologic storage reservoir and migrating toward the land surface (through faults, fractures, or improperly abandoned wells) would reach subcritical conditions at depths shallower than 500–750 m. At these and shallower depths, subcritical CO2 can form two‐phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO2, with significant latent heat effects during boiling and condensation. Additional strongly non‐isothermal effects can arise from decompression of gas‐like subcritical CO2, the so‐called Joule–Thomson effect. Integrated modeling of CO2 storage and leakage requires the ability to model non‐isothermal flows of brine and CO2 at conditions that range from supercritical to subcritical, including three‐phase flow of aqueous phase, and both liquid and gaseous CO2. In this paper, we describe and demonstrate comprehensive simulation capabilities that can cope with all possible phase conditions in brine‐CO2 systems. Our model formulation includes:

an accurate description of thermophysical properties of aqueous and CO2‐rich phases as functions of temperature, pressure, salinity and CO2 content, including the mutual dissolution of CO2 and H2O;

transitions between super‐ and subcritical conditions, including phase change between liquid and gaseous CO2;

one‐, two‐, and three‐phase flow of brine‐CO2 mixtures, including heat flow;

non‐isothermal effects associated with phase change, mutual dissolution of CO2 and water, and (de‐) compression effects; and

the effects of dissolved NaCl, and the possibility of precipitating solid halite, with associated porosity and permeability change.

Applications to specific leakage scenarios demonstrate that the peculiar thermophysical properties of CO2 provide a potential for positive as well as negative feedbacks on leakage rates, with a combination of self‐enhancing and self‐limiting effects. Lower viscosity and density of CO2 as compared to aqueous fluids provides a potential for self‐enhancing effects during leakage, while strong cooling effects from liquid CO2 boiling into gas, and from expansion of gas rising towards the land surface, act to self‐limit discharges. Strong interference between fluid phases under three‐phase conditions (aqueous – liquid CO2 – gaseous CO2) also tends to reduce CO2 fluxes. Feedback on different space and time scales can induce non‐monotonic behavior of CO2 flow rates. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Utility of daily image guidance with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for tumors of the base of skull
Authors: Chen Allen M. , Cheng Suzan , Farwell D. Gregory , Luu Quang , Donald Paul J. , Boggan James , Franklin Stephen , Purdy James A.
Published: July 2011

Background

This study was carried out to report our experience using intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with daily image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for tumors involving the base of skull.

Methods

In all, 100 patients were prospectively treated with IMRT to a median dose of 64 Gy (range, 45–70 Gy). Daily helical megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scans were obtained as part of an IGRT registration protocol for patient alignment.

Results

The 2‐year local‐regional control was 91%. A total of 3295 daily MVCT scans were obtained. The mean shift to account for interfraction motion was 1.18 ± 1.75 mm, 1.81 ± 1.34 mm, and 1.33 ± 1.19 mm for the medial–lateral (ML), superior–inferior (SI), and anterior–posterior (AP) directions, respectively. Pretreatment shifts of >3 mm occurred in 10%, 26%, and 18%, in the ML, SI, and AP directions, respectively.

Conclusions

The feasibility and efficacy of daily IGRT as a complement to IMRT for skull base were demonstrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
An alkaline comet assay study on the antimalarial drug atovaquone in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a study based on clinically relevant concentrations
Authors: Dinter Domagoj , Gajski Goran , Garaj‐Vrhovac Vera
Published: July 2011

Atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone, is an anti‐parasite drug, selectively targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain of malaria parasite. It is used for both the treatment and prevention of malaria, usually in a fixed combination with proguanil. Although atovaquone has not often been associated with severe adverse reactions in the recommended dosages and has a relatively favorable side effect profile, the present study was undertaken to evaluate its cytogenotoxic potential towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Two different concentrations of atovaquone found in plasma when used in fixed‐dose combination with proguanile hydrochloride were used with and without S9 metabolic activation: 2950 ng ml−1 used for prophylactic treatment and 11 800 ng ml−1 used in treatment of malaria. The results showed that lymphocyte viability was not affected after the treatment, suggesting that atovaquone was not cytotoxic in the given concentrations. With the alkaline comet assay we demonstrated that in human peripheral blood lymphocytes no significant changes in comet parameters occurred after the treatment. There were no differences in tested parameters with the addition of S9 metabolic activation, indicating that atovaquone either has no metabolite or it is not toxic in the given concentrations. Since no effects were observed after the treatment, it is to be concluded that atovaquone is safe from the aspect of genototoxicity in the recommended dosages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current views on ljungan virus and its relationship to human diabetes
Authors: Niklasson Bo
Published: July 2011

The Ljungan virus (LV), a member of the Parechovirus genus and Picornaviridae family was isolated originally from its wild reservoir, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) at the Ljungan River in central Sweden [Niklasson et al., 1999]. LV is associated with diseases such as myocarditis, encephalitis, pregnancy related diseases, and diabetes in several species of wild rodent [Niklasson et al., 2006a]. The same outcomes can be induced in mice under controlled laboratory conditions [Niklasson et al., 2006b]. Several mouse and rat animal models used to study diabetes have been found to carry LV naturally [Niklasson et al., 2007]. The role of the viruses in diabetes pathogenesis has been investigated by treating these animals with antiviral compounds [Holmberg et al., 2009].

Variation in the incidence of type 1 diabetes has been found to track the fluctuations in native rodent populations in central Sweden. Increased prevalence of antibodies to LV has been detected in Swedish type 1 diabetes cases. However, LV virus has not been isolated and its viral RNA has not been detected in type 1 diabetes. J. Med. Virol. 83:1673–1673, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Greater diversity of HIV DNA variants in the rectum compared to variants in the blood in patients without HAART
Authors: Avettand‐Fenoel Véronique , Hocqueloux Laurent , Müller‐Trutwin Michaela , Prazuck Thierry , Melard Adeline , Chaix Marie‐Laure , Agoute Eric , Michau Christophe , Rouzioux Christine
Published: July 2011

The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue represents the largest reservoir of HIV‐1. Improving knowledge of this reservoir by studying the diversity of viral population is a key step towards understanding the pathogenesis and dynamics of HIV. Obtaining samples is difficult and little information is available on gut viral quasispecies during the course of infection in humans. The aim of this study was to characterize rectal viral strains and their diversity and to investigate the relationships between the rectal tissue reservoir and viral variants in the blood. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the env sequences for rectal HIV DNA, blood HIV DNA, and HIV RNA clones, with maximum‐likelihood and neighbor‐joining methods on seven patients. Genetic diversity was assessed. Higher diversity of HIV DNA clones was noted in the rectum compared to blood in four out of five patients without HAART. Viral diversity was present in the rectum from time of the primary infection. Similar degrees of diversity were observed in the rectum and blood during HAART. Rectal and blood HIV variants were interspersed partially or totally in the seven patients. A certain number of rectal HIV DNA clones were clustered together in six patients. These results suggest that variants in the rectum were more heterogeneous than variants in the blood from patients without HAART, probably because the activated milieu of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue may provide an improved environment for viral replication, and indicate exchange of viral populations between blood and rectal tissues, reflecting the dynamics of HIV during course of infection. J. Med. Virol. 83:1499–1507, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of dried blood spot samples as a simple method for detection of hepatitis B virus markers
Authors: Villar Livia Melo , de Oliveira Jaqueline Correia , Cruz Helena Medina , Yoshida Clara Fumiko Tachibana , Lampe Elisabeth , Lewis‐Ximenez Lia Laura
Published: July 2011

Detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological markers in dried blood spot (DBS) samples by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) has not yet been fully optimized. In this study, the ability to detect three HBV markers (HBsAg, anti‐HBc, and anti‐HBs) was evaluated in DBS samples using a modified commercial ELISA. Matched serum and DBS samples were obtained from individuals with or without a past history of HBV infection. Sera samples were tested according to the manufacturer's instructions, but for DBS testing, paper diameters, elution buffer, volume of input sample, and cut‐off values were evaluated to optimize the assay. Stability studies were done on DBS stored at for up to 180 days at different temperatures. The absorbance values that yielded the maximum sensitivity and specificity were determined based on the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and chosen as the cut‐off value. Using this parameter, sensitivity was 90.5%, 97.6%, and 78% for anti‐HBc, HBsAg, anti‐HBs assays, respectively. Specificity was 92.6%, 96.7%, and 97.3% for anti‐HBc, HBsAg, and anti‐HBs assays, respectively. HBV markers could be detected in DBS samples until 63 days after sample collection at most temperatures, but storage at −20°C yielded more consistent results. These results indicate that modified ELISA can be used to detect HBV markers in DBS samples, particularly if the samples are stored appropriately. J. Med. Virol. 83:1522–1529, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring of group C rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil: An emergent epidemiological issue after rotavirus vaccine?
Authors: Luchs Adriana , Morillo Simone Guadagnucci , de Oliveira Cristina Mendes , Timenetsky Maria do Carmo Sampaio Tavares
Published: July 2011

Group C rotavirus (GpCRV) has a worldwide distribution; however, its epidemiology and ecology are still unclear. Evidence for a possible zoonotic role has been postulated recently for Brazilian children strains. The aim of this study was to monitor GpCRV in children ≤15 years with acute gastroenteritis during the 2007–2010 national Brazilian rotavirus surveillance, and to undertake the molecular characterization of the major VP6 capsid protein. A total of 3,019 fecal samples were first screened for Group A rotavirus (GpARV). A total of 2,205 GpARV ELISA negative samples were tested further for the presence of GpCRV by SDS–PAGE, electronic microscopy, and RT‐PCR for the VP6 gene. The genetic diversity of GpCRV was carried out by sequencing the VP6 gene. GpARV and GpCRV infections were detected in 24.6% (742/3,019) and 0.3% (8/3,019), respectively. The GpCRV detection rate increased from 0.2% (1/422) in 2007 to 1% (7/708) in 2008, and GpCRV cases were not detected in 2009 and 2010. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strains belonged to the human lineage, and showed a genetic relationship with the GpCRV strain from Japan isolated in 2009. None of the study sequences was related closely to animal GpCRV strains. This study provides further evidence that GpCRV is a minor cause of acute childhood gastroenteritis in Brazil, and does not suggest that GpCRV may assume epidemiological importance in the future, even after the introduction of a GpARV vaccine. In addition, the molecular analyses of the GpCRV samples in this study do not support the zoonotic hypothesis. J. Med. Virol. 83:1631–1636, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cluster of patients with recombinant B/F HIV‐1 infection: Epidemiological, clinical, and virological aspects
Authors: Rossotti Roberto , Foglieni Barbara , Molteni Chiara , Gatti Manuela , Guarnori Irene , La Russa Ennio , Prati Daniele , Orani Anna
Published: July 2011

Migratory processes have caused changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemiology and non‐B subtypes are now playing an increasing role. In a cohort of 553 HIV‐infected outpatients tested to identify non‐B isolates, the largest group consisted of 13 subjects with a recombinant B/F form (prevalence 2.4%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses described a B/F recombinant clade with anomalous breakpoints that did not allow it to be classified as CRF12_BF. Viral load was not quantified efficiently because of a mismatch in the primers and probes used by commercial assays. An assessment of the clinical management, and epidemiological, immunological, and virological characteristics of these patients, who were receiving non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐ or protease inhibitor (PI)‐based regimens, showed that the immunological and virological mismatch delayed the start of treatment by a mean of 6.8 months. Therapy was started in nine patients. Both NNRTI‐ and PI‐based regimens led to full virological suppression after a mean 36 weeks of treatment; the PI‐based regimens proved to be more effective in terms of immunological recovery (1,341 vs. 544 CD4+ cells/mm3). The spread of non‐B subtypes is increasing throughout the world but their response to treatment is still unclear. PIs and NNRTIs are effective but further tests are needed to allow the more efficient recognition of these viral strains and establish how they should be treated. J. Med. Virol. 83:1493–1498, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of measles virus strains causing subactute sclerosing panencephalitis in France in 1977 and 2007
Authors: Moulin Emilie , Beal Vanda , Jeantet Damien , Horvat Branka , Wild T. Fabian , Waku‐Kouomou Diane
Published: July 2011

Measles virus strains from two subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) cases diagnosed in 1977 (Laine strain) and in 2007 (Hoedts strain) were studied. Phylogenetic analysis based on C‐terminal part of the nucleoprotein and the entire H gene showed that Hoedts strain, circulating in France presumably in the 1980s, belonged to genotype C2. However, Laine strain, suspected to have circulated between 1940s and 1960s, could not be assigned to any known measles virus genotypes. Sequences analysis of the Laine strain suggested that it originated from a measles virus that may have circulating at the same period as the Edmonston strain. The analysis of the whole genome of both SSPE strains revealed biased hypermutations in M, F, and H gene. Some of these mutations like the L165P found in the M protein sequence of the Laine strain, the amino acid position 94, where a mutation M94V was found in the F protein sequence of the Hoedts strain are known to play an important role in the glycoprotein interaction and to impair the ability of measles virus strain to produce cell‐free infectious viral particles.This is the first study on molecular characterization of the entire coding region of measles virus isolated from SSPE cases in France. J. Med. Virol. 83:1614–1623, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of hepatitis C virus infection in Bulgarian injecting drug users
Authors: Ciccozzi Massimo , Zehender Gianni , Cento Valeria , Lo Presti Alessandra , Teoharov Pavel , Pavlov Ivan , Bogdanova Violeta , Perno Carlo Federico , Ciotti Marco
Published: July 2011

Intravenous drug users constitute a group at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Today, no data are available on the molecular epidemiology of HCV in Bulgaria despite the fact that in recent years the incidence of acute hepatitis C infection among Bulgarian intravenous drug users increased sixfold and about 2/3 of them developed a chronic infection. The aim of this study was to determine the circulation of hepatitis C genotypes among drug users and to study the evolution and transmission history of the virus by molecular clock and Bayesian methods, respectively. Sequencing of NS5B gene showed that the genotype 3a was the most prevalent type among intravenous drug users. In the Bayesian tree, the 3a subtypes grouped in one main clade with one small cluster well statistically supported. The root of the tree was dated back to the year 1836, and the main clade from Bulgaria was dated 1960. The effective number of infections remained constant until about years 1950s, growing exponentially from the 1960s to the 1990s, reaching a plateau in the years 2000. The not significant intermixing with isolates from other countries may suggest a segregated circulation of the epidemic between 1940s and 1980s. The plateau reached by the epidemic in the early 2000s may indicate the partial success of the new preventive policies adopted in Bulgaria. J. Med. Virol. 83:1565–1570, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of the specificity of a pan‐viral microarray by using genus‐specific oligonucleotides and reduction of interference by host genomes
Authors: Kang Xiaoping , Qin Chengfeng , Li Yongqiang , Liu Hong , Lin Fang , Li Yuchang , Li Jing , Zhu Qingyu , Yang Yinhui
Published: July 2011

Rapid detection of viral pathogens is crucial for antiviral therapy. High‐density 60–70‐mer oligonucleotide microarrays have been explored for broad detection of many viruses. However, relatively low specificity and the complex analytical processes are the major limitations when pan‐viral oligonucleotide microarrays are used to detect viral pathogens. In this study, genus‐specific oligonucleotides were used as probes and modified sample preparations were carried out to improve the specificity and accuracy of the pan‐viral oligonucleotide microarray. Genus‐specific 63‐mer oligonucleotide probes were used for screening human pathogenic RNA viruses. A total of 628 oligonucleotide probes covering 32 RNA viral genera from 14 viral families were used. The number of oligonucleotide probes was decreased to simplify the analytical process of hybridization and to minimize cross‐hybridization. Host genomes were removed by DNase I/RNase T1 digestion before viral nucleic acid extraction, and non‐ribosomal hexanucleotides were used for reverse transcription to minimize interference of host genomes. Cultured viruses were used for microarray validation. The microarray was validated by cultured isolates that belonged to five viral genera. By using DNase I/RNase T1 digestion before viral nucleic acid extraction and non‐ribosomal hexanucleotides for reverse transcription, the specificity of the microarray was improved. Furthermore, the analytical process of hybridization results was simplified. The specificity of pan‐viral microarray could be improved by using genus‐specific oligonucleotides as probes and by using non‐ribosomal hexanucleotides for reverse transcription. Combined with subsequent degenerate reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and sequencing processes, this improved genus‐specific oligonucleotides microarray provides a relatively flexible strategy for diagnosis of RNA virus diseases. J. Med. Virol. 83:1624–1630, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus genotype B with G1896A and A1762T/G1764A mutations is associated with hepatitis B related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Xiao Lei , Zhou Bin , Gao Hongbo , Ma Shiwu , Yang Guifeng , Xu Min , Abbott William G.H. , Chen Jinjun , Sun Jian , Wang Zhanhui , Hou Jinlin
Published: July 2011

The existence of statistical associations between hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and both hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) regions needs to be confirmed. A total of 322 patients with a chronic HBV infection, including 77 with hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure, 109 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 136 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were enrolled. The HBV genotype and the presence of mutations in the BCP/PC regions were determined by direct sequencing, and the frequencies were compared in the three patient groups. Overall, 198/322 (61.5%) were infected with genotype B and 124/322 (38.5%) with genotype C. Genotype B was significantly more frequent in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure than CHB (92.2% vs. 60.3%, P < 0.001). As a contrast, genotype C was more common in patients with HCC than CHB (58.7% vs. 39.7%, P = 0.003). In genotype B patients, the A1762T/G1764A, A1846T, and G1896A mutations were significantly more prevalent in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure than CHB (50.7% vs. 28.0%, P = 0.004; 59.2% vs. 34.1%, P = 0.002; 69.0% vs. 41.5%, P = 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for acute‐on‐chronic liver failure were genotype B, A1762T/G1764A, and G1896A. In conclusion, CHB patients with genotype B, G1896A, and A1762T/G1764A had a higher tendency to develop liver failure than patients with genotype C. Therefore, HBV genotyping and detecting G1896A and A1762T/G1764A mutations might have important clinical implications as predictive risk factors for hepatitis B‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. J. Med. Virol. 83:1544–1550, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus genotype G: Prevalence and impact in patients co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Dao Doan Y. , Balko Jody , Attar Nahid , Neak Enayet , Yuan He‐Jun , Lee William M. , Jain Mamta K.
Published: July 2011

Relatively little is known about the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) in patients co‐infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV. This study examined the prevalence and association of HBV/G to liver fibrosis in co‐infected patients. HBV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of the HBV surface gene or Trugene® HBV 1.0 assay in 133 patients infected with HIV/HBV. Quantitative testing of HBV‐DNA, HBeAg, and anti‐HBe were performed using the Versant® HBV 3.0 (for DNA) and the ADVIA®Centaur assay. The non‐invasive biomarkers Fib‐4 and APRI were used to assess fibrosis stage. Genotype A was present in 103/133 (77%) of the cohort, genotype G in 18/133 (14%) with genotypes D in 8/133, (6%), F 2/133 (1.5%), and H 2/133 (1.5%). Genotype G was associated with hepatitis B e antigen‐positivity and high HBV‐DNA levels. Additionally, HBV/G (OR 8.25, 95% CI 2.3–29.6, P = 0.0012) was associated with advanced fibrosis score using Fib‐4, whereas, being black was not (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.07, P = 0.01). HBV/G in this population exhibited a different phenotype than expected for pure G genotypes raising the question of recombination or mixed infections. The frequent finding of HBV/G in co‐infected patients and its association with more advanced fibrosis, suggests that this genotype leads to more rapid liver disease progression. Further studies are needed to understand why this genotype occurs more frequently and what impact it has on liver disease progression in patients with HBV/HIV. J. Med. Virol. 83:1551–1558, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus, B cell lymphoproliferative disease, and SCID mice: Modeling T cell immunotherapy in vivo
Authors: Johannessen I. , Bieleski L. , Urquhart G. , Watson S.L. , Wingate P. , Haque T. , Crawford D.H.
Published: July 2011

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) arises in up to 10% of organ transplant recipients and is fatal in ∼50% of cases. PTLD can be modeled in SCID mice using EBV+ve human B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCLs), and the current study investigated intraperitoneal (ip) inoculation of such animals in experiments which assessed the effect of EBV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cytokines on PTLD growth. Ip transfer of one dose of autologous CTLs, or CD8‐enriched T cells, into ip BLCL‐inoculated animals significantly delayed tumor development (P = 0.001) and prevented tumor formation in a significant proportion (40%) of mice (P = 0.001). A combination of interleukin (IL)2, 7, and 15 conditioning of CTLs prior to ip injection significantly delayed ip BLCL‐derived tumor formation in vivo when compared to CTLs expanded in vitro using only IL2 (P = 0.04) and prevented tumor outgrowth in a significant proportion (60%) of mice (P = 0.02). Daily ip IL2 dosing of ip CTL‐inoculated mice significantly delayed tumor development in vivo (P = 0.004) and prevented tumor outgrowth in a significant proportion (78%) of mice (P = 0.02) when compared to animals dosed with vehicle only. In SCID mice, autologous CTLs, and CD8‐enriched T cells, have significant capacity to hinder development of PTLD‐like tumors. Whilst studies are needed to delineate the role of cytokine conditioning and CD4‐enriched T cells, the results suggest that IL2 plays a key role in supporting CTL funtion in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 83:1585–1596, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
With a little help from my colleagues: A social embeddedness approach to perceived organizational support
Authors: Hayton James C. , Carnabuci Gianluca , Eisenberger Robert
Published: July 2011

We examined the role of social embeddedness in creating positive perceptions of organizational support among managerial and staff employees (n = 72) of a large manufacturing firm. We operationalized social embeddedness as the size, density, and quality of employees' networks of multiplex, reciprocated exchange relationships with colleagues. After controlling for support from supervisors and upper management, we found all three aspects of social embeddedness to be associated with perceived organizational support (POS). This research suggests that in addition to the top‐down influence of the organizational hierarchy, POS results from the organizational community within which employees are embedded through their social network in the workplace. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative structure–retention relationship of new N‐substituted 2‐alkylidene‐4‐oxothiazolidines
Authors: Dabić Dragana , Natić Maja , Džambaski Zdravko , Marković Rade , Milojković‐Opsenica Dušanka , Tešić Živoslav
Published: July 2011

A quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) was built to investigate the relationship between the structural descriptors of 23 newly synthesized N‐substituted 2‐alkylidene‐4‐oxothiazolidines and their chromatographic retention. Retention was investigated by means of the reversed‐phase thin‐layer chromatography (RP‐TLC) on the C18 and CN stationary phases, using methanol, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran as organic modifiers. Full geometry optimization based on the Austin Model 1 (AM1) semi‐empirical molecular orbital method was carried out and a set of physicochemical molecular descriptors was calculated from the optimized structures. QSRR was built by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLS). The best MLR and PLS models were chosen, on the basis of comparison of the statistical parameters (squared correlation coefficient (R2), cross‐validated coefficient (Rcv2), and Fischer significance value (F) were used for MLR and the square of the multiple correlation coefficients for the calibration objects (R2Y (cum)) and the square of the multiple correlation coefficients for the cross‐validation segments (Q2Y (cum)) were used for PLS models). Statistically significant and physically meaningful QSRR provided better insight on understanding the retention behavior of the new series of compounds. Lipohilicity (expressed as log P) was included in all MLR and PLS models.
Fast CEC‐MS using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microinjector, short packed column, and low‐sheath‐flow interface
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jung , Wang Che‐Wei , Her Guor‐Rong
Published: July 2011

A fast CEC‐MS approach based on a microinjector and a short CEC column was developed. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) was used as the substrate for microinjector fabrication. A short capillary column (∼5 cm) packed with 5 μm octadecyl silica particles was inserted into the microinjector. The microinjector CEC device was interfaced to ESI‐MS using a low‐flow sheath liquid interface. The device delivers the advantages of sample introduction, pre‐concentration, elution, and fast analysis as in chip‐CEC yet avoids the difficulty of packing stationary material into the chip. The online pre‐concentration and CEC‐MS analysis capabilities of this device were demonstrated by analysis of a six‐triazine mixture. A signal enhancement of 20–99‐fold was achieved with a sample loading time of 180 s.
Occurrence of Aurora A positive multipolar mitoses in distinct molecular classes of colorectal carcinomas and effect of Aurora A inhibition
Authors: Herz Corinna , Schlürmann Fabienne , Batarello Daniela , Fichter Christiane D. , Schöpflin Anja , Münch Claudia , Hauschke Dieter , Werner Martin , Lassmann Silke
Published: July 2011

Aurora A “over‐”expression may induce supernumerary centrosomes, respective multipolar mitoses, and aneuploidy. Here, we examined Aurora A positive multipolar mitoses in aneuploid, microsatellite‐stable (MSS, “CIN‐type”) versus near‐diploid, microsatellite‐instable (MSI, “MIN‐type”) colorectal carcinomas (CRC) and CRC cell lines as well as the effect of Aurora A inhibition in CRC cell lines. In situ, three‐dimensional immunofluorescence (3D‐IF) revealed Aurora A positive multipolar mitoses in both CIN‐ (n = 8) and MIN‐ (n = 10) type primary CRCs with similar frequencies (CIN: 27 ± 14%; MIN: 34 ± 14%, P = 0.224). In vitro, Aurora A positive multipolar mitoses were detected in asynchronized or thymidine synchronized CIN‐type (HT29, CaCo‐2), but not MIN‐type (HCT116, DLD‐1) CRC cells. Nocodazole treatment arrested mitotic cells with multiple centrosomal Aurora A signals in CIN‐ and MIN‐type CRC cells, albeit to a lower extent in CaCo‐2 cells. This was associated with concomitant activation of Aurora A (T288 phosphorylation) and Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK‐1, T210 phosphorylation). Aurora A inhibition by siRNA resulted in increased apoptosis (>50%) in all cell lines, but did not abolish PLK‐1 expression. Double 3D‐IF revealed that Aurora A siRNA treated, still viable CIN‐type (HT29, CaCo‐2) CRC cells were Aurora A negative and mostly in prophase/(pro)metaphase with maintained phosphorylated PLK‐1 T210 expression. Aurora A positive multipolar mitoses occur in both aneuploid, CIN‐ and near‐diploid MIN‐type CRCs. This appears to be largely independent of Aurora A expression alone. Although Aurora A inhibition causes apoptosis in both CIN‐ and MIN‐type CRC cells, remaining PLK‐1 activation by other factors may affect therapeutic Aurora inhibition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.