bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compositional, Contextual, and Collective Community Factors in Mental Health and Well-Being in Australian Rural Communities
Authors: Collins Jessica , Ward Bernadette M. , Snow Pamela , Kippen Sandra , Judd Fiona
Published: February 2016

There are disproportionately higher and inconsistently distributed rates of recorded suicides in rural areas. Patterns of rural suicide are well documented, but they remain poorly understood. Geographic variations in physical and mental health can be understood through the combination of compositional, contextual, and collective factors pertaining to particular places. The aim of this study was to explore the role of “place” contributing to suicide rates in rural communities. Seventeen mental health professionals participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews. Principles of grounded theory were used to guide the analysis. Compositional themes were demographics and perceived mental health issues; contextual themes were physical environment, employment, housing, and mental health services; and collective themes were town identity, community values, social cohesion, perceptions of safety, and attitudes to mental illness. It is proposed that connectedness may be the underlying mechanism by which compositional, contextual, and collective factors influence mental health and well-being in rural communities.
Befriending Everyday Life When Bringing Technology Into the Private Sphere
Authors: Lindberg Catharina , Fagerström Cecilia , Willman Ania , Sivberg Bengt
Published: February 2016

We present the findings of our phenomenological interview study concerning the meaning of being an autonomous person while dependent on advanced medical technology at home. This was elucidated in the participants’ narratives as befriending everyday life when bringing technology into the private sphere. We discovered four constituents of the phenomenon: befriending the lived body, depending on good relationships, keeping the home as a private sphere, and managing time. The most important finding was the overall position of the lived body by means of the illness limiting the control over one’s life. We found that the participants wanted to be involved in and have influence over their care to be able to enjoy autonomy. We therefore stress the importance of bringing the patients into the care process as chronic illness will be a part of their everyday life for a long time to come, hence challenging patient autonomy.
Chemotherapy-Induced Fatigue Correlates With Higher Fatigue Scores Before Treatment
Authors: Araújo José Klerton Luz , Giglio Adriana del , Munhoz Bruna Antenusse , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , Cruz Felipe Melo , Giglio Auro del
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

Cancer chemotherapy can induce fatigue in about 20% to 30% of patients. So far, there is very little information as to the predictors of chemotherapy-induced fatigue (CIF). We evaluated potential predictors of CIF in a sample of patients with cancer with several types of solid tumors scheduled to receive chemotherapy according to institutional protocols.

Methods:

Before their first and second chemotherapy cycles, patients answered to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Chalder, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Stress thermometer, and HADS questionnaires as well as provided blood samples for inflammatory markers.

Results:

We evaluated 52 patients, 37 (71%) were female and mean age was 53 years. The most common tumors were breast cancer 21 (40%) and gastrointestinal tumors 12 (23%). Although 14 (25.2%) patients had an increase in their fatigue BFI scores equal or above 3 points from baseline, we observed no significant overall differences between BFI scores before and after chemotherapy. The only 2 factors associated with an increase of 3 points in the BFI scores after chemotherapy were race and higher baseline BFI levels. By multivariate analysis, overall BFI and Chalder scores after chemotherapy also correlated significantly with their respective baseline scores before treatment. HADS scores before treatment correlated with overall BFI scores postchemotherapy, whereas MNA scores before chemotherapy and female sex correlated with higher Chalder scores after treatment.

Conclusion:

We conclude that fatigue induced by chemotherapy is common and consistently associated with higher fatigue scores before treatment. Screening for fatigue before chemotherapy may help to identify patients who are prone to develop CIF.
Evaluation of Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Linder Kristin E. , Baker William L. , Rochon Caroline , May Scott T. , Sheiner Patricia A. , Martin Spencer T.
Published: February 2016

Background: Impaired glucose regulation posttransplantation can affect allograft survival and may lead to the development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). Objectives: The primary purpose of this study is to assess the difference in insulin burden between liver transplant patients who develop PTDM and patients who do not. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study. Adult liver transplant recipients transplanted between January 1, 2005, and August 1, 2013, were included. PTDM was defined as: (1) use of an oral antihyperglycemic agent for ≥30 consecutive days after transplant, (2) use of insulin ≥30 consecutive days after transplant, or (3) hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5 any time after transplant. Results: Of the 114 patients included, 48 (42%) developed PTDM. The average 24-hour insulin requirement on the medical floors was 17.2 ± 14.5 units in the PTDM group and 11.3 ± 12.2 units in the PTDM-free group; P = 0.02. The average blood glucose level on the medical floor was 184.7 ± 31.5 mg/dL in the PTDM group and 169.3 ± 31.4 mg/dL in the PTDM-free group; P = 0.013. Multivariate analysis revealed that experiencing rejection was positively associated with the development of PTDM: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.237; 95% CI = 1.214-8.633. Basiliximab was negatively associated with the development of PTDM: AOR = 0.182; 95% CI = 0.040-0.836. Conclusion: Univariate analyses suggest that insulin burden is a positive risk factor for the development of PTDM; this association is lost in multivariate analyses. Rejection was a positive predictor, and use of basiliximab was a negative predictor for the development of PTDM.
Initiating Palliative Care Sooner Is Better
Authors: Alpert Patricia T.
Published: February 2016

Until recently, palliative care was synonymous with hospice care and as such was initiated when treatments were terminated because all alternatives are exhausted. In the past few years, early initiation of palliative care has demonstrated positive outcomes in terms of treatment cost, improved quality of life, and longer survival rates for patients with serious illness. This article discusses the issues surrounding the concept of early initiation of palliative care.
Use of Apremilast in Combination With Other Therapies for Treatment of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Authors: AbuHilal Mohn’d , Walsh Scott , Shear Neil
Published: February 2016

Background:

Apremilast is an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that has been approved as monotherapy for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. No data exist on the safety or efficacy of apremilast as a component of combination therapy with either phototherapy or conventional systemic or biological therapies.

Objective:

To evaluate the short term-efficacy and safety of apremilast in combination with at least one form of photo-, systemic, or biologic therapy in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients who received apremilast in addition to systemic, biologic, or phototherapy. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving at least 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI-75).

Results:

A total of 81 patients with plaque psoriasis were treated with apremilast in combination with at least 1 other therapy (NB-UVB, methotrexate, acitretin, cyclosporin, etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, or ustekinumab). Fourteen patients (17%) discontinued treatment before completion of 12 weeks of apremilast therapy. Sixty-seven patients continued on drug past 12 weeks. Of these patients, 81% achieved PASI-75 at week 12 after apremilast was added to an existing therapy. Nausea and/or diarrhea were reported in 25% of these patients, and weight loss was observed in 15%.

Conclusion:

Apremilast can be safely and effectively combined with phototherapy, systemic, and/or biological agents in patients with plaque psoriasis not responding adequately to these agents alone. Gastrointestinal side effects were manageable in the majority of patients.
Radiation-Induced Breast Angiosarcoma
Authors: Peterson Cheryl Brus , Beauregard Solange
Published: February 2016

Importance:

Radiation-induced angiosarcoma after conservative treatment of breast cancer affects a small percentage of patients but has a significant impact on survival. Early detection requires a high index of suspicion and is important for optimal management of this aggressive disease.

Observations:

The patient reported here presented with radiation-induced angiosarcoma of the left breast 14 years after radiation therapy. Histopathology was positive for anti-CD31, anti-CD34, D2-40, and anti–factor VIII (von Willebrand). She underwent a total mastectomy and is still in remission 20 months later. The authors present a review of the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.

Conclusions:

This case report demonstrates the importance of long-term follow-up and investigation of even the subtlest cutaneous changes in the breast after radiation treatment, because radiation-induced angiosarcoma is a very aggressive disease that could benefit from early diagnosis and management.
Hyperconnectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following mental effort in multiple sclerosis patients with cognitive fatigue
Authors: Pravatà Emanuele , Zecca Chiara , Sestieri Carlo , Caulo Massimo , Riccitelli Gianna Carla , Rocca Maria Assunta , Filippi Massimo , Cianfoni Alessandro , Gobbi Claudio
Published: February 2016

Objective:

To investigate the dynamic temporal changes of brain resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) following mental effort in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with cognitive fatigue (CF).

Methods:

Twenty-two MS patients, 11 with (F) and 11 without CF, and 12 healthy controls were included. Separate RS-FC scans were acquired on a 3T MR scanner immediately before ( t0), immediately after ( t1) and 30 minutes after ( t2) execution of the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), a cognitively demanding task. Subjectively perceived CF after PASAT execution was also assessed. RS-FC changes were investigated by using a data-driven approach (the Intrinsic Connectivity Contrast-power), complemented by a priori defined regions of interest analyses.

Results:

The F-group patients experienced stronger RS-FC at t2 between the left superior frontal gyrus (L-SFG) and occipital, frontal and temporal areas, which increased over time after PASAT execution. In the F-group patients, the L-SFG was hyperconnected at t1 with the left caudate nucleus and hypoconnected at t2 with the left anterior thalamus. These variations were correlated with both subjectively perceived and clinically assessed CF, and—for the left thalamus—with PASAT performance.

Conclusion:

The development of cortico–cortical and cortico–subcortical hyperconnectivity following mental effort is related to CF symptoms in MS patients.
The effect of in-process cooling conditions on temperature, force, wear resistance, microstructural, and mechanical properties of friction stir processed A356
Authors: Akbari Mostafa , Khalkhali Abolfazl , Keshavarz Seyyed Mohammad Ebrahim , Sarikhani Ehsan
Published: February 2016

This paper focused on the effect of in-process cooling conditions (coolants and flow rate) on the temperature history, the tool applied forces, wear resistance, mechanical, and microstructural properties of friction stir processing (FSP) of Al–Si aluminum alloy. FSP was carried out using different compressed air and water coolants with different flow rates. The FSP tool force was measured experimentally using an especially designed load measuring system. Optical microscopy was used to probe the microstructures of the FSPed samples. The results showed that the Si particles size significantly decreases with increasing in-process cooling rate. Mechanical properties of each FSPed sample were also determined using hardness tests. Finally wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer.
Informalization and decent work: Labour’s challenge
Authors: Webster Edward , Joynt Katherine , Sefalafala Thabang
Published: February 2016

This article identifies a growing number of workers falling outside the regulatory net of both the state and the trade union movement in South Africa on the basis of an examination of working conditions among private security guards and survivalist enterprises in the clothing sector. Traditional unions have had limited success in organizing these sectors because of the composition of the workforce as well as the nature of their work. New forms of organization, strategies and sources of power will need to be constructed if labour and its allies are to achieve better working and living conditions for all.
Book Review: Kaag, Mayke and Zoomers, Annelies, editors, 2014: The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype
Authors: Nagpal Sugandha
Published: February 2016

Kaag, Mayke and Zoomers, Annelies, editors, 2014: The Global Land Grab: Beyond the Hype. London, UK: Zed Books. 264 pp and 12 Chapters. £19.99(paperback). ISBN: 9781780328942.
Midterm Patency After Femoropopliteal Interventions
Authors: Steiner Sabine , Schmidt Andrej , Bausback Yvonne , Piorkowski Michael , Werner Martin , Yahiaoui-Doktor Maryam , Banning-Eichenseer Ursula , Scheinert Dierk
Published: February 2016

Purpose: To describe and compare primary patency rates in patients undergoing endovascular femoropopliteal interventions with standard or interwoven nitinol stents or drug-coated balloons. Methods: A cohort of 1292 patients was treated for symptomatic femoropopliteal occlusive disease classified as Rutherford category ≥1 at a large vascular center between June 2006 and August 2013 using either standard nitinol stents (SNS; n=432), interwoven nitinol stents (INS; n=470), or drug-coated balloons (DCB; n=390). Primary patency rates were assessed by ultrasound or angiographic readings for over 3 years of follow-up. Propensity score–matched pairs were formed to compare each treatment with another using survival analysis. Results: Survival curves of primary patency favored INS compared with SNS in 368 propensity score–matched pairs (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 86.6%, 76.4%, and 68.9%, respectively, in the INS group vs 60.5%, 46.1%, and 42.1%, respectively, in the SNS group. No significant difference (p=0.232) was seen for the comparison of SNS vs DCB in 284 matched pairs over long-term follow-up (primary patency estimates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 79.8%, 53.8%, and 32.9%, respectively, in the DCB group vs 60.5%, 44.8%, and 40.3%, respectively, in the SNS group). Survival curves of primary patency favored INS over DCB in 254 matched pairs (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 79.0%, 51.2%, and 30.1%, respectively, in the DCB group vs 89.0%, 76.9%, and 66.2%, respectively, in the INS group. Conclusion: Propensity score–based analysis of primary patency suggests profound differences in restenosis rates between various treatment modalities for femoropopliteal disease for over 3 years of follow-up.
Combined Radial-Pedal Access Strategy and Radial-Pedal Rendezvous in the Revascularization of Complex Total Occlusions of the Superficial Femoral Artery (the “No Femoral Access” Strategy)
Authors: Hanna Elias B. , Prout Davey L.
Published: February 2016

Purpose: To describe the combined use of radial-pedal access for recanalization of complex superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusions unsuitable for transfemoral recanalization. Technique: Patients are selected for this strategy if they have a long (≥10 cm) SFA occlusion with unfavorable aortoiliac anatomy, an absent ostial stump, or severely diseased and calcified distal reconstitution. Left radial artery and distal anterior or posterior tibial artery are accessed with 6-F and 4-F sheaths, respectively. The SFA lesion is crossed retrogradely with a 0.035-inch wire system. If retrograde crossing is not immediately successful, transradial subintimal tracking and radial-pedal subintimal rendezvous are used to allow retrograde reentry. Fifteen patients (mean age 62±5 years; 11 men) have been treated in this fashion, and frequently stented, through the tibiopedal access. Seven patients required radial-pedal rendezvous to facilitate retrograde reentry. Two patients underwent transradial iliac stenting during the same session, and 1 patient underwent transradial kissing angioplasty of the profunda. No major complication occurred in any patient. After the procedure, the pulse across the accessed tibial artery was palpable in all patients. Conclusion: In patients with long and complex SFA occlusion unsuitable for transfemoral recanalization, a radial-pedal strategy can overcome revascularization obstacles.
MicroRNA-96 Regulates Apoptosis by Targeting PDCD4 in Human Glioma Cells
Authors: Ma Qing-qing , Huang Jian-ting , Xiong Yun-gang , Yang Xiao-yan , Han Ran , Zhu Wang-wen
Published: February 2016

Glioblastoma multiforme, the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor, presents a dismal prognosis. MicroRNAs play a critical role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer; however, the potential biological role of miRNAs in glioblastoma multiforme remains largely unknown. In our study, we found that microRNA-96 is upregulated in glioma tissues than in normal human brains. Transfection of microRNA-96 mimics into glioma cells significantly decreases apoptosis by suppressing PDCD4, a well-known tumor suppressor that is involved in apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of microRNA-96 enhanced apoptosis. In vivo, microRNA-96 overexpression inhibits the apoptosis and increases tumor growth. These data suggest that microRNA-96 is a potential molecular target for glioma treatment.
Novel Use of Google Glass for Procedural Wireless Vital Sign Monitoring
Authors: Liebert Cara A. , Zayed Mohamed A. , Aalami Oliver , Tran Jennifer , Lau James N.
Published: February 2016

Purpose. This study investigates the feasibility and potential utility of head-mounted displays for real-time wireless vital sign monitoring during surgical procedures. Methods. In this randomized controlled pilot study, surgery residents (n = 14) performed simulated bedside procedures with traditional vital sign monitors and were randomized to addition of vital sign streaming to Google Glass. Time to recognition of preprogrammed vital sign deterioration and frequency of traditional monitor use was recorded. User feedback was collected by electronic survey. Results. The experimental group spent 90% less time looking away from the procedural field to view traditional monitors during bronchoscopy ( P = .003), and recognized critical desaturation 8.8 seconds earlier; the experimental group spent 71% ( P = .01) less time looking away from the procedural field during thoracostomy, and recognized hypotension 10.5 seconds earlier. Trends toward earlier recognition of deterioration did not reach statistical significance. The majority of participants agreed that Google Glass increases situational awareness (64%), is helpful in monitoring vitals (86%), is easy to use (93%), and has potential to improve patient safety (85%). Conclusion. In this early feasibility study, use of streaming to Google Glass significantly decreased time looking away from procedural fields and resulted in a nonsignificant trend toward earlier recognition of vital sign deterioration. Vital sign streaming with Google Glass or similar platforms is feasible and may enhance procedural situational awareness.
Treatment of complex aortic aneurysms with fenestrated endografts and chimney stent repair: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yaoguo Yang , Zhong Chen , Lei Kou , Yaowen Xiao
Published: February 2016

Objective

We reviewed data pertaining to fenestrated endograft technique and chimney stent repair of complex aortic aneurysm for comparative analysis of the outcomes.

Methods

A comprehensive search of relevant databases was conducted to identify articles in English, related to the treatment of complex aortic aneurysm with fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair, published until January 2015.

Results

A total of 42 relevant studies and 2264 patients with aortic aneurysm undergoing fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair were included in our review. A total of 4413 vessels were involved in these processes. The cumulative 30-day mortality was 2.4% and 3.2% ( p = 0.459). The follow-up aneurysm-related mortality was 1.4% and 3.2% ( p = 0.018), and target organ dysfunction was 5.0% and 4.0% in fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair, respectively ( p = 0.27). A total of 156 vessels showed restenosis or occlusion after primary intervention (3.6% and 3.4% in fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair, respectively, p = 0.792). The cumulative type I endoleak was 2.0% (38/1884) after fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair compared with 3.4% (13/380) after chimney stent repair ( p = 0.092), and the type II endoleak was 5.4% (102/1884) and 5.3% (20/380), respectively ( p = 0.905). Approximately, 1.1% and 1.6% increase in aneurysm was observed following fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair, respectively ( p = 0.437). The re-intervention frequency was 205 and 19 cases after fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair, respectively (11.7%, 5.6%, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair and chimney stent repair are safe and effective in treating patients with complex aortic aneurysm. A higher aneurysm-related mortality was observed in chimney stent repair while fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair was associated with a higher re-intervention rate.
Reporting rape: Language, neoliberalism, and the media
Authors: Nagar Ila
Published: February 2016

This study is a critical examination of news reports, editorials, and other stories directly related to the rape of a 23-year-old woman in New Delhi, India, on 16 December 2012. I examine newspaper stories published in two widely circulated newspapers, The Times of India and Dainik Jagran from 17 December to 31 December, two days after the victim died of the injuries incurred during the rape on 16 December. Studies have shown that English or regional language newspapers in India do not give fair treatment in terms of coverage of incidents related to violence against women. This story, however, was different. I provide a critical discourse analysis of news reports, editorials, and comments on this episode to show that the social construction of violence against women, ideological prisms of the reporters, socio-cultural contexts of the media reports, and neoliberal subjectivity that was shaken by this episode played into the newspapers’ treatment of this news.
Falls in the elderly
Authors: Sritharan Niruthika
Published: February 2016

Falls are a common problem associated with old age. The UK has an increasingly ageing population, and the care of older people forms a high proportion of a GP’s workload. Early identification of risk factors and prompt intervention are crucial in minimising the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with falls. This article aims to provide a structured approach to the assessment, management and prevention of falls in the community.
Bell’s palsy
Authors: Davis Abigail , Gilhooley Michael James
Published: February 2016

Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic lower motor neurone palsy of the facial nerve. It is the most common cause of rapid-onset unilateral facial weakness, affecting approximately 1 in 5000 patients in the UK each year. A careful history and examination can usually exclude other causes of facial nerve paralysis. Seventy-one percent of affected patients regain full neurological function within a year. Timely treatment with prednisolone increases the likelihood of complete recovery. Ocular complications may occur if the patient cannot completely close the affected eye. This may be prevented by regular use of lubricants. Patients who do not recover nerve function may benefit from surgery to improve facial function and appearance.
Salivary gland disorders
Authors: Jolly Karan , Davies Paul , Sharma Neil
Published: February 2016

The presentation of salivary gland pathology to general practice is relatively infrequent. As a result, GPs often only experience limited exposure to salivary gland disorders; thus, their knowledge of the topic is often patchy. This article aims to provide an overview of the topic to help GPs manage these conditions and identify cases requiring urgent referral.
Swallowing difficulty
Authors: Moorhouse Tobias Edward , Bellwood Adrian
Published: February 2016

The process of swallowing a bolus of food involves a complicated interplay between voluntary and involuntary mechanisms that enables the safe preparation and presentation of a food bolus to the alimentary canal. This process begins at the lips and ends at the stomach. To understand how to best manage the patient with swallowing difficulty, this process is deconstructed and used as a framework on which the relevant diagnoses leading to dysphagia can be determined.
Feasibility of an Orthogonal Redundant Sensor incorporating Optical plus Redundant Electrochemical Glucose Sensing
Authors: McAuley Sybil A. , Dang Tri T. , Horsburgh Jodie C. , Bansal Anubhuti , Ward Glenn M. , Aroyan Sarkis , Jenkins Alicia J. , MacIsaac Richard J. , Shah Rajiv V. , O’Neal David N.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Orthogonal redundancy for glucose sensing (multiple sensing elements utilizing distinct methodologies) may enhance performance compared to nonredundant sensors, and to sensors with multiple elements utilizing the same technology (simple redundancy). We compared the performance of a prototype orthogonal redundant sensor (ORS) combining optical fluorescence and redundant electrochemical sensing via a single insertion platform to an electrochemical simple redundant sensor (SRS).

Methods:

Twenty-one adults with type 1 diabetes wore an ORS and an SRS concurrently for 7 days. Following sensor insertion, and on Day 4 with a standardized meal, frequent venous samples were collected for reference glucose measurement (laboratory [YSI] and meter) over 3 and 4 hours, respectively. Between study visits reference capillary blood glucose testing was undertaken. Sensor data were processed prospectively.

Results:

ORS mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was (mean ± SD) 10.5 ± 13.2% versus SRS 11.0 ± 10.4% ( P = .34). ORS values in Clarke error grid zones A and A+B were 88.1% and 97.6%, respectively, versus SRS 86.4% and 97.8%, respectively ( P = .23 and P = .84). ORS Day 1 MARD (10.7 ± 10.7%) was superior to SRS (16.5 ± 13.4%; P < .0001), and comparable to ORS MARD for the week. ORS sensor survival (time-averaged mean) was 92.1% versus SRS 74.4% ( P = .10). ORS display time (96.0 ± 5.8%) was equivalent to SRS (95.6 ± 8.9%; P = .87).

Conclusions:

Combining simple and orthogonal sensor redundancy via a single insertion is feasible, with accuracy comparing favorably to current generation nonredundant sensors. Addition of an optical component potentially improves sensor reliability compared to electrochemical sensing alone. Further improvement in optical sensing performance is required prior to clinical application.
Müller-Weiss Syndrome
Authors: Welck Matthew J. , Kaplan Jonathan , Myerson Mark S.
Published: February 2016

Müller-Weiss disease (MWD) is a rare condition that results in dorsolateral collapse of the navicular associated with rotation of the talar head and subtalar varus deformity. There are also varying degrees of midfoot collapse and associated loss of the medial arch in more advanced cases. The characteristic deformities and classification have been described on weightbearing radiographs. While early stage disease can be detected on magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan, there are considerable advantages to computed tomography (CT) scanning, in particular, weightbearing CT for further evaluation of this condition. We describe the imaging findings of this condition, and present 3 cases where weightbearing CT was used in the context of MWD. This is the first time the use of weightbearing CT scan has been reported for diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV: Case series
The polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 are not associated with thoracic aortic diseases and coronary heart disease
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Er Yong , Wu Zhong
Published: February 2016

Introduction:

The polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) genes have been demonstrated to be involved in some cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesised that the polymorphisms of ACE and ACE2 relate to the formation of thoracic aortic diseases and coronary heart disease.

Methods:

A total of 86 patients (four groups: thoracic aortic dissection; thoracic aortic aneurysm; coronary heart disease; and control group) were recruited. The ACE I/D polymorphism and the ACE2 (A8790G) polymorphism were measured in all patient samples.

Results:

There were no significant differences in groups with regard to either the ACE I/D polymorphism or the ACE2 (A8790G) polymorphism.

Conclusion:

The polymorphisms of the ACE and ACE2 genes are not associated with thoracic aortic dissection, thoracic aortic aneurysm and coronary heart disease.
Reflections from the classroom: Towards a radical pedagogy for early years practitioners
Authors: Hester Sally , Moore Allison
Published: February 2016

This article comprises some critical reflections on the teaching of a second year undergraduate module called Children’s Cultural Worlds in which students are required to engage with original studies which are then used to stimulate self-reflection and engagement with wider issues relating to our understanding of children’s place in the social world. It will be argued that when individual memories are shared, it is possible to identify continuities and discontinuities in childhood experiences as well as the intersections between childhood and other social divisions such as gender, class and ethnicity. The requirement that students recall and reflect on their childhood memories and share them with others is a way of students learning through their own experiences, reflecting on their views and values. Furthermore, as it will be shown, it opens up spaces for alternative values and viewpoints to emerge about how we might ‘regulate’ early childhood because ‘When we tell stories and process them, using reflective dialogues, we create the possibility of change in ourselves and others’.
Teaching to the data collection? (Un)intended consequences of online child assessment system, “Teaching Strategies GOLD”
Authors: Kim Koeun
Published: February 2016

Drawing on a qualitative case study of four Head Start sites, this article analyzes a number of governing patterns that have emerged and grown in the field of early childhood education and care in the United States. This article specifically highlights a government’s enhanced oversight and management of Head Start programs by mandating a school readiness data system in their local programs: establishing a set of measurable school readiness goals, and collecting and analyzing ongoing child assessment data to monitor children’s progress in meeting these goals. The primary focus of this article is to illustrate the experience of Head Start teachers and children with a commercial online child assessment and record keeping system called the “Teaching Strategies Gold.” Research findings of this article suggest that seemingly “authentic, ongoing observational system,” Teaching Strategies Gold actually extends and intensifies the techniques and effects of power operating on both children and teachers on a more minute and everyday level. It (re)shapes the conditions of work and constructs new norms for teachers themselves as “ongoing” assessors/observers. Pressure to “collect” all the required observational evidence that would also determine children’s progress toward the next higher level has dramatically changed the nature of free play and small group activities into more “functional,” “hierarchical,” and “analytical” space.
Disentangling the effect of farming practice from aridity on crop stable isotope values: A present-day model from Morocco and its application to early farming sites in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Styring Amy K , Ater Mohammed , Hmimsa Younes , Fraser Rebecca , Miller Holly , Neef Reinder , Pearson Jessica A , Bogaard Amy
Published: February 2016

Agriculture has played a pivotal role in shaping landscapes, soils and vegetation. Developing a better understanding of early farming practices can contribute to wider questions regarding the long-term impact of farming and its nature in comparison with present-day traditional agrosystems. In this study we determine stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of barley grains from a series of present-day traditionally managed farming plots in Morocco, capturing a range of annual rainfall and farming practices. This allows a framework to be developed to refine current isotopic approaches used to infer manuring intensity and crop water status in (semi-)arid regions. This method has been applied to charred crop remains from two early farming sites in the eastern Mediterranean: Abu Hureyra and ‘Ain Ghazal. In this way, our study enhances knowledge of agricultural practice in the past, adding to understanding of how people have shaped and adapted to their environment over thousands of years.
A social network analysis of supportive interactions on prenatal sites
Authors: Hether Heather J. , Murphy Sheila T. , Valente Thomas W.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The purpose of this exploratory study was to validate and extend previous research on social support by identifying which dimensions of social support are most commonly exchanged on health-related social networking sites and how social network structure varies with each support dimension exchanged.

Methods

This research applies a multiple case study approach by examining two social networking sites that focus on pregnancy and prenatal health. For one month, support seeking and providing messages were content analyzed and a social network analysis examined the connections between members.

Results

The sample size consisted of 525 support-seeking messages and 1965 support-providing messages. Findings indicate that participants requested informational and emotional support more than esteem and network support, with no requests for tangible support. Findings also suggest participants substituted emotional support for informational support when they were unable to provide the information sought. The social network analysis showed that network structure varied across support dimensions, with the informational and emotional support networks having the largest number of members and greatest density and reciprocity.

Conclusions

This study suggests that online support networks are fairly effective in meeting participants’ needs. The support dimension sought was generally provided and when it was not another dimension of support may have been substituted; thus, participants may have benefitted in unintended ways. The data also suggest there may be an optimal network size to support member engagement, whereby too large of a network may facilitate diffusion of responsibility and too small a network may not facilitate enough momentum to support a well-connected community.
Deception and Drug Acquisition
Authors: Sanders Amber N. , Eassey John M. , Stogner John M. , Miller Bryan Lee
Published: February 2016

Purpose: Most research examining patient-based drug diversion neglects to assess physician deception directly. We attempt to determine if motives for deception are linked to success, and, similarly, if any health, demographic, or substance use history characteristics of the patients are predictive of being able to successfully deceive a physician. Methods: Stratified random sampling was utilized to obtain a sample of 2349 young adults. Respondents completed a survey detailing their substance use histories and whether they had ever deceived a physician for medication. Ninety-three of these respondents reported attempting to deceive a physician for a medication and compose the analytic sample for the study. Results: Of the 93 young adults who reported having attempted to deceive a physician for pharmaceuticals (4.0% of the general sample), 64 (68.8%) were successful. This included 24 only seeking medications for their own use, 9 only for financial purposes, and 31 with both motives. Respondents who reported recreationally using pharmaceuticals in the past were more likely to report successful attempts at obtaining a prescription compared with respondents without a history of abuse. With respect to demographic characteristics of the respondents, only race/ethnicity distinguished between successful attempts and failure. Conclusions: Although a rare occurrence in the overall sample, significant correlates of successful deception did emerge. Respondents motivated to obtain a prescription in order to sell it to others were overwhelmingly likely to succeed in their pursuit to deceive as compared with respondents who sought prescriptions for their own abuse. Successful deceivers were also more likely to have been legitimately prescribed medication in the past. Successful respondents were more likely to be Caucasian than any other race/ethnicity.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare 3 Methods Designed to Enhance Adherence among Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Aljabaa A. , McDonald F. , Newton J.T.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare 3 methods designed to enhance adherence to oral hygiene instructions in orthodontic patients: mind map, if-then plan, and leaflet. The study was a 3-arm parallel trial involving 90 orthodontic patients. The 3 groups were mind mapping, if-then planning, and patient information tools (leaflet). Group allocation was randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio. Allocation was concealed using sealed envelopes. The participant and their parents as well as the researcher undertaking the intervention and assessing the outcomes were not blinded. The statistician undertaking the analysis was blinded. Primary outcomes were plaque levels and bleeding point index. Secondary outcomes were patients’ knowledge of behaviors deemed important during orthodontic treatment and self-reported behavior. Participants were assessed at 4 time points: at the fitting of the fixed appliance (T1), at initial follow-up 6 wk later (T2, at which time they were randomly allocated to the 3 groups of intervention), 6 wk after the intervention (T3), and 18 wk postintervention (T4). Mean levels of buccal and lingual plaque, as well as the proportion of sites with bleeding sites, showed no significant differences over time (buccal plaque, Ftime = 3.74, P = 0.06; lingual plaque, Ftime = 2.78, P = 0.06; bleeding on probing, Ftime = 0.68, P = 0.51) or between interventions over time (buccal plaque, Fint × Ftime = 0.38, P = 0.68; lingual plaque, Fint × Ftime = 0.30, P = 0.88; bleeding on probing, Fint × Ftime = 0.70, P = 0.59). There were no harmful consequences detected for any of the interventions. No single method of presenting the information proved superior to any other. This trial was registered with the Guy’s & St Thomas’s NHS Trust Research & Development Database.

Knowledge Transfer Statement: Enhancing patient adherence to advice given by their clinician is an important component of orthodontic treatment. This study explored the use of structured techniques to enhance adherence. All 3 techniques enhanced adherence over the 18-wk study period when orthodontic treatment was being provided, but no single method proved superior to any other.
The NAE inhibitor pevonedistat interacts with the HDAC inhibitor belinostat to target AML cells by disrupting the DDR
Authors: Zhou Liang , Chen Shuang , Zhang Yu , Kmieciak Maciej , Leng Yun , Li Lihong , Lin Hui , Rizzo Kathryn A. , Dumur Catherine I. , Ferreira-Gonzalez Andrea , Rahmani Mohamed , Povirk Lawrence , Chalasani Sri , Berger Allison J. , Dai Yun , Grant Steven
Published: February 2016

Key Points

The NAE inhibitor pevonedistat induces Chk1/Wee1 activation and the intra-S checkpoint, limiting its anti-AML efficacy. The HDAC inhibitor belinostat potentiates the in vitro and in vivo activity of pevonedistat in AML by disrupting the DDR.
Predictors of objective cough frequency in pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Sinha Aish , Lee Kai K. , Rafferty Gerrard F. , Yousaf Nadia , Pavord Ian D. , Galloway James , Birring Surinder S.
Published: February 2016

Cough is a common symptom of pulmonary sarcoidosis. This study aimed to quantify cough frequency, and investigate its relationship with cough reflex sensitivity, pulmonary function and health status.

32 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis were compared with 40 healthy controls. Cough reflex sensitivity to capsaicin, objective 24-h cough counts, cough-specific health status, cough severity and cough triggers were measured. The predictors of cough frequency in sarcoidosis were determined in a multivariate analysis.

Objective cough frequency was significantly raised in patients with sarcoidosis compared with healthy controls (p<0.001) and patients with cough had an impaired health status. Patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis had a heightened cough reflex sensitivity compared with healthy controls (p<0.001). Only cough reflex sensitivity was significantly associated with objective cough frequency in multivariate analysis, explaining 42% of the variance (p<0.001). There was no association between cough frequency, lung function, number of organs involved, chest radiograph stage or serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels.

Cough is a common and significant symptom in patients with sarcoidosis. Ambulatory objective cough monitoring provides novel insights into the determinants of cough in sarcoidosis, suggesting that cough reflex sensitivity may be more important than lung function and other measures of disease severity, and this should be investigated further.
Impact of obstructive sleep apnoea on insulin resistance in nonobese and obese children
Authors: Koren Dorit , Gozal David , Philby Mona F. , Bhattacharjee Rakesh , Kheirandish-Gozal Leila
Published: February 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been inconsistently associated with insulin resistance and adverse metabolic states. We aimed to assess independent contributions of OSA to insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in a large paediatric cohort.

Habitually snoring children underwent overnight polysomnography, anthropometric measurements and fasting laboratory evaluations. Primary outcome measures included insulin, glucose, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, lipoproteins and sleep disturbance measures.

Among 459 children aged 5–12 years, obesity was the primary driver of most associations between OSA and metabolic measures, but sleep duration was inversely associated with glucose levels, with N3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep being negatively associated and sleep fragmentation positively associated with insulin resistance measures. In children with mild OSA, the presence of obesity increased the odds for insulin resistance, while higher apnoea/hypopnoea index values emerged among obese children who were more insulin-resistant.

The exclusive presence of interactions between OSA and obesity in the degree of insulin resistance is coupled with synergistic contributions by sleep fragmentation to insulin resistance in the context of obesity. Insufficient N3 or REM sleep may also contribute to higher glycaemia independently of obesity. Studies are needed to better delineate the roles of puberty and sleep fragmentation in insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
The emerging role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in lung diseases
Authors: Kolahian Saeed , Öz Hasan Halit , Zhou Benyuan , Griessinger Christoph M. , Rieber Nikolaus , Hartl Dominik
Published: February 2016

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are innate immune cells characterised by their potential to control T-cell responses and to dampen inflammation. While the role of MDSCs in cancer has been studied in depth, our understanding of their relevance for infectious and inflammatory disease conditions has just begun to evolve. Recent studies highlight an emerging and complex role for MDSCs in pulmonary diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of MDSCs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung diseases, particularly lung cancer, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and cystic fibrosis.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide for the management of asthma in adults: a systematic review
Authors: Essat Munira , Harnan Sue , Gomersall Tim , Tappenden Paul , Wong Ruth , Pavord Ian , Lawson Rod , Everard Mark L.
Published: February 2016

The aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measured in a clinical setting for the management of asthma in adults.

13 electronic databases were searched and studies were selected against predefined inclusion criteria. Quality assessment was conducted using QUADAS-2. Class effect meta-analyses were performed.

Six studies were included. Despite high levels of heterogeneity in multiple study characteristics, exploratory class effect meta-analyses were conducted. Four studies reported a wider definition of exacerbation rates (major or severe exacerbation) with a pooled rate ratio of 0.80 (95% CI 0.63–1.02). Two studies reported rates of severe exacerbations (requiring oral corticosteroid use) with a pooled rate ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.43–1.72). Inhaled corticosteroid use was reported by four studies, with a pooled standardised mean difference of −0.24 (95% CI −0.56–0.07). No statistically significant differences for health-related quality of life or asthma control were found.

FeNOguided management showed no statistically significant benefit in terms of severe exacerbations or inhaled corticosteroid use, but showed a statistically significant reduction in exacerbations of any severity. However, further research is warranted to clearly define which management protocols (including cut-off points) offer best efficacy and which patient groups would benefit the most.