bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Expression and Bioinformatic Analyses of the HD-Zip Transcription Factor Family in Larix olgensis
Authors: An Peiqi , Cao Qing , Wang Chen , Wang Junhun , Zhang Hanguo , Zhang Lei
Published: September 2020

Larix olgensis is one of the main coniferous tree species in northeastern China and has excellent timber properties and strong tolerance to stress. Thirteen HD-Zip family genes with a complete CDS region were identified on the basis of cambium transcriptome data from Larix olgensis. All 13 genes were analyzed via bioinformatics by their conserved domain protein sequence and amino acid composition, including their physicochemical properties and protein structure. The spatiotemporal expression and abiotic stress responses of these genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the 13 HD-Zip genes of Larix olgensis were expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves at different stages. The expression of three of these genes (LoHDZ2, LoHDZ11, LoHDZ13) was highest in nonlignified roots, indicating that they might be related to the secondary growth of Larix olgensis; in addition, three genes (LoHDZ5, LoHDZ9, LoHDZ10) were highly expressed in partially and completely lignified stems and leaves. These 13 genes were expressed specifically under drought stress. The expression of two of them (LoHDZ1, LoHDZ5) was obviously upregulated, and the expression of 6 genes (LoHDZ2, LoHDZ3, LoHDZ4, LoHDZ8, LoHDZ10, LoHDZ13) was significantly downregulated. The expression trends indicate that these genes could be involved in drought stress. The expression of all 13 genes was downregulated when the plants were treated with 0.2 M NaCl for 96 h, indicating that these genes are inhibited by salt stress. Overall, the results have significant implications for the study of the gene function of members of the LoHD-Zip transcription factor family.
Uniqueness of Dirichlet Forms Related to Infinite Systems of Interacting Brownian Motions
Authors: Kawamoto Yosuke , Osada Hirofumi , Tanemura Hideki
Published: September 2020

The Dirichlet forms related to various infinite systems of interacting Brownian motions are studied. For a given random point field μ, there exist two natural infinite-volume Dirichlet forms $ (\mathcal {E}^{\mathsf {upr}},\mathcal {D}^{\mathsf {upr}})$
(

E

u
p
r

,

D

u
p
r

)
and $(\mathcal {E}^{\mathsf {lwr}},\mathcal {D}^{\mathsf {lwr}})$
(

E

l
w
r

,

D

l
w
r

)
on L2(S,μ) describing interacting Brownian motions each with unlabeled equilibrium state μ. The former is a decreasing limit of a scheme of such finite-volume Dirichlet forms, and the latter is an increasing limit of another scheme of such finite-volume Dirichlet forms. Furthermore, the latter is an extension of the former. We present a sufficient condition such that these two Dirichlet forms are the same. In the first main theorem (Theorem 3.1) the Markovian semi-group given by $(\mathcal {E}^{\mathsf {lwr}},\mathcal {D}^{\mathsf {lwr}})$
(

E

l
w
r

,

D

l
w
r

)
is associated with a natural infinite-dimensional stochastic differential equation (ISDE). In the second main theorem (Theorem 3.2), we prove that these Dirichlet forms coincide with each other by using the uniqueness of weak solutions of ISDE. We apply Theorem 3.1 to stochastic dynamics arising from random matrix theory such as the sine, Bessel, and Ginibre interacting Brownian motions and interacting Brownian motions with Ruelle’s class interaction potentials, and Theorem 3.2 to the sine2 interacting Brownian motion and interacting Brownian motions with Ruelle’s class interaction potentials of $ {C_{0}^{3}} $

C

0

3

-class.
The great depression as a global currency crisis: An Argentine perspective
Authors: Zelmanovitz Leonidas , Newland Carlos , Rosiello Juan Carlos
Published: September 2020

Many of the works that have tried to understand the proximate causes of the Great Depression have emphasized the consequences of maintaining the Gold Standard during the interwar period, as its innate inflexibility prevented the use of expansive monetary policies and generated recessionary deflationary processes. Another perspective, both complementary and different, is that offered by new works that consider the Great Depression as to some extent a consequence not so much of a Gold Standard per se, but of the return to redemability at an overvalued parity after the Great War. The novelty of this new approach is to stress the negative effect of maintaining an unbalanced price for the metal over time. The models that have analyzed the currency crises suffered in recent decades by many Latin American countries help to understand the path that led the world to the Great Depression, with the convertibility regime applied in Argentina between 1991 and 2001 being particularly relevant.
Between Education and Opinion-Making
Authors: Fooladi Erik C.
Published: September 2020

The fields of science education and science communication are said to have developed as disparate fields of research and practice, operating based on somewhat different logics and premises about their audiences. As the two fields share many of the same goals, arguments have been made for a rapprochement between the two. Drawing inspiration from a historical debate between the scholars John Dewey and Walter Lippmann, the present article is a case-oriented theoretical contribution applying models from science education and science communication in relation to a current socio-scientific issue (SSI), the COVID-19 pandemic. The main question of interest is how selected didactic (didaktik) models from science education and science communication can contribute to shed light on the present situation of an ongoing pandemic specifically and socio-scientific issues in general. Three models are synthesised to give a new composite model that may help communicators and educators understand, discuss, and analyse complex socio-scientific issues. The model is subsequently applied on the apparently contradictory issue of Norwegian and Swedish governments’ very different responses to the pandemic, despite grounding their decisions on largely the same scientific evidence and advice. Contrast is made by comparison with another SSI, anthropogenic global warming (AGW). It is argued that the exchange and combination of didactic models from the two fields may open new spaces for cross-pollination and cross-fertilisation to the mutual benefit of both science education and science communication.
Causal Mapping as a Teaching Tool for Reflecting on Causation in Human Evolution
Authors: Hanisch Susan , Eirdosh Dustin
Published: September 2020

Teleological reasoning is viewed as a major hurdle to evolution education, and yet, eliciting, interpreting, and reflecting upon teleological language presents an arguably greater challenge to the evolution educator and researcher. This article argues that making explicit the role of behavior as a causal factor in the evolution of particular traits may prove productive in helping students to link their everyday experience of behavior to evolutionary changes in populations in ways congruent with scientific perspectives. We present a teaching tool, used widely in other parts of science and science education, yet perhaps underutilized in human evolution education—the causal map—as a novel direction for driving conceptual change in the classroom about the role of organism behavior and other factors in evolutionary change. We describe the scientific and conceptual basis for using such causal maps in human evolution education, as well as theoretical considerations for implementing the causal mapping tool in human evolution classrooms. Finally, we offer considerations for future research and educational design.
Targeting Policies for Multidimensional Poverty and Social Fragility Relief Among Migrants in Italy, Using F-FOD Analysis
Authors: Rimoldi Stefania M. L. , Arcagni Alberto , Fattore Marco , Barbiano di Belgiojoso Elisa
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we apply the novel Fuzzy First-Order Dominance (F-FOD) methodology to rank migrant subpopulations in Lombardy (Italy), in terms of multidimensional poverty and social fragility, for the year 2014, with the purpose to possibly provide useful support to policy-makers, in targeting relief interventions from poverty and discomfort. The F-FOD methodology allows for the direct comparison of different distributions of poverty and fragility, assessed by means of suitable ordinal multi-indicator systems, so extending to this more complex setting, the usual univariate first-order dominance criterion. It also provides complimentary “incomparability” scores, to assess to what extent the final rankings are reliable or instead forcing. It turns out that the levels of poverty and fragility of migrant subpopulations are quite different and, in particular, that the time since migrations has a key impact, on the identification of most critical cases, which typically involve recently migrated people. Evidence also emerges that the temporal poverty/fragility trajectories of migrants, distinguished by country of origin, follow different paths, suggesting how policy interventions must be properly, and differently, tuned to be effective.
A Humean modal epistemology
Authors: Dohrn Daniel
Published: September 2020

I present an exemplary Humean modal epistemology. My version takes inspiration from but incurs no commitment to both Hume’s historical position and Lewis’s Humeanism. Modal epistemology should meet two challenges: the Integration challenge of integrating metaphysics and epistemology and the Reliability challenge of giving an account of how our epistemic capacities can be reliable in detecting modal truth. According to Lewis, modal reasoning starts from certain Humean principles: there is only the vast mosaic of spatiotemporally distributed local matters of fact. The facts can be arbitarily recombined. These principles cannot be taken for granted. I suggest a bottom-up approach instead: Humean principles of recombining the mosaic of facts can be retrieved from the evolutionarily instilled and empirically informed use of imagination in exploring everyday circumstantial possibilities. This use of imagination conforms to a primitive conception of matter as freely recombinable. The modal beliefs that can be obtained from generalizing the more elementary exercise of imagination have to be corrected. Recombination is limited by sortal criteria of identity. Moreover, the overall picture of a recombinable spatiotemporal mosaic must be weighed against the results of science.
Extreme sports performance for more than a week with severely fractured sleep
Authors: Netzer Nikolaus C. , Rausch Linda K. , Gatterer Hannes , Burtscher Martin , Eliasson Arn H. , Pramsohler Stephan
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Severely fractured sleep is mostly portrayed negatively, but investigations in extreme sports show that humans can maintain performance with a minimum of sleep. With two cases of long-lasting extreme sports performances, we demonstrate that severely fragmented sleep does not necessarily lead to a deterioration of physical and cognitive performance.

Methods

We performed continuous polysomnography on a 34 year-old skier for 11 days and nights during a world record attempt in long-term downhill skiing and monitored a 32 year-old cyclist during the Race Across America for 8.5 days via sleep and activity logs.

Results

The skier slept fractured fashion in 15–16 naps with a daily average of 6 h consisting of 77% in sleep stage 1 and 2, 11% in stage 3, and 13% in stage REM. The cyclist slept a total of 7 h and 52 min in 8.5 days, split up into 11 short naps and 6 sleep periods. The average duration of napping was 8.8 min and of sleep 64.2 min.

Conclusions

These two cases demonstrate that outstanding performances are possible with severely fractured sleep and/or sleep deprivation. In well-trained athletes, breaking new recordsis possible despite extreme sleep habits.
Beyond Serrated Flow in Bulk Metallic Glasses: What Comes Next?
Authors: Maaß R.
Published: September 2020

This manuscript is based on an oral contribution to the TMS 2020 annual meeting and is dedicated to Prof. Peter Liaw, who for decades has shown great interest in serrated plastic flow. Here we will focus on the case of bulk metallic glasses, and begin with briefly summarizing some aspects of serrated and non-serrated inhomogeneous flow—a phenomenon that has perplexed materials scientists for decades. Four directions of research are identified that emerged out of the desire to fundamentally understand the intermittent inhomogeneous flow response. These research directions gear away from the phenomenological stress–strain behavior but put the underlying shear defect into focus. Unsolved problems and future research topics are discussed.
Neuroinflammation associates with antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 response throughout the brain in persons living with HIV
Authors: Gruenewald Analise L. , Garcia-Mesa Yoelvis , Gill Alexander J , Garza Rolando , Gelman Benjamin B. , Kolson Dennis L.
Published: September 2020

Previous studies showed that persons living with HIV (PLWH) demonstrate higher brain prefrontal cortex neuroinflammation and immunoproteasome expression compared to HIV-negative individuals; these associate positively with HIV levels. Lower expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) was observed in PLWH with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) compared to neurocognitively normal PLWH. We hypothesized that similar expression patterns occur throughout cortical, subcortical, and brainstem regions in PLWH, and that neuroinflammation and immunoproteasome expression associate with lower expression of neuronal markers. We analyzed autopsied brains (15 regions) from 9 PLWH without HIV-NCI and 7 matched HIV-negative individuals. Using Western blot and RT-qPCR, we quantified synaptic, inflammatory, immunoproteasome, endothelial, and antioxidant biomarkers, including HO-1 and its isoform heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2). In these PLWH without HIV-NCI, we observed higher expression of neuroinflammatory, endothelial, and immunoproteasome markers in multiple cortical and subcortical regions compared to HIV-negative individuals, suggesting a global brain inflammatory response to HIV. Several regions, including posterior cingulate cortex, globus pallidus, and cerebellum, showed a distinct pattern of higher type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene and immunoproteasome expression. PLWH without HIV-NCI also had (i) stable or higher HO-1 expression and positive associations between (ii) HO-1 and HIV levels (CSF, plasma) and (iii) HO-1 expression and neuroinflammation, in multiple cortical, subcortical, and brainstem regions. We observed no differences in synaptic marker expression, suggesting little, if any, associated neuronal injury. We speculate that this may reflect a neuroprotective effect of a concurrent HO-1 antioxidant response despite global neuroinflammation, which will require further investigation.
What Factors Explain the Decline in Widowed Women’s Poverty?
Authors: Munnell Alicia H. , Sanzenbacher Geoffrey , Zulkarnain Alice
Published: September 2020

Historically, women in widowhood in the United States have been vulnerable, with high rates of poverty. However, over the past several decades, their poverty rate has fallen considerably. In this article, we look at why this decline occurred and whether it will continue. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study linked to Social Security administrative earnings and benefit records, we address these questions by exploring three factors that could have contributed to this decline: (1) women’s rising levels of education; (2) their increased attachment to the labor force; and (3) increasing marital selection, reflecting that whereas marriage used to be equally distributed, it is becoming less common among those with lower socioeconomic status. The project decomposes the share of the decline in poverty into contributions by each of these factors and also projects the role of these factors in the future. The results indicate that increases in education and work experience have driven most of the decline in widows’ poverty to date, but that marital selection will likely play a large role in a continuing decline in the future. Still, even after these effects play out, poverty among widows will remain well above that of married women.
Niet-spierinvasief en spierinvasief blaascarcinoom
Authors: de Vries Lieke , Witjes Fred
Published: September 2020

Samenvatting

Blaasspoelingen met Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is de standaardbehandeling voor hooggradig (HG) NMIBC. Er is echter een wereldwijd tekort aan BCG. Daarnaast is er voor patiënten die falen op BCG-therapie geen goed alternatief, behoudens een radicale cystectomie. Daarom was er op de EAU veel aandacht voor onderzoek naar gereduceerde behandelschema’s met BCG en nieuwe behandelvormen voor de laatstgenoemde groep. drs. Lieke de Vries aios urologie
Controverses, complicaties en nieuwe technieken in nierchirurgie
Authors: de Vries A.H. , Zondervan Patricia J. , Beerlage Harrie P.
Published: September 2020

Samenvatting

Sinds de introductie van minimaal-invasieve chirurgie (MIS) in de jaren ‘90 van de vorige eeuw heeft de nierchirurgie een enorme vlucht genomen. Na de eerste laparoscopische nefrectomie in 1990 door Ralph Clayman volgde in 2001 de eerste robotgeassisteerde nefrectomie door Bertrand Guillonneau. Inmiddels wordt in Nederland de nierchirurgie grotendeels minimaal-invasief uitgevoerd.
Correction to: Conceptualizing and Measuring Global Justice: Theories, Concepts, Principles and Indicators
Authors: Guo Sujian , Lin Xi , Coicaud Jean-Marc , Gu Su , Gu Yanfeng , Liu Qingping , Qin Xuan , Sun Guodong , Wang Zhongyuan , Zhang Chunman
Published: September 2020

The article “Conceptualizing and Measuring Global Justice: Theories, Concepts, Principles and Indicators”.
Global pandemic: consulting strategies in managing dental patients
Authors: Loh Melissa , Loh Declan , Loh William Y. C.
Published: September 2020

During periods of pandemic disease, the practice of Dentistry must be altered incorporating the appropriate patient management strategies to reduce the transmission of disease. This article will outline the roles of remote consultations including virtual out-patient clinic appointments, telephone conversations and secure video networking systems to provide optimum patient-centered care.
Spain, Catalonia, and the Supposed Authority of the Judiciary
Authors: Helmich Maurits
Published: September 2020

Normative literature on the Catalan crisis is largely occupied with the conflict’s central legalistic problem: can political units like Catalonia be allowed to split off from Spain unilaterally? This article reframes the issue and asks why secessionist Catalans should ever abide by Spanish legal constraints, given that Spanish law is precisely the institution they are politically trying to get rid of. It focuses on the anti-secessionist role played by the Spanish Constitutional Court between 2010 and 2017 and studies three arguments why Catalans supposedly have to accept the Court’s authority. The article contends that two arguments—the “mutual benefit argument” and the “law and democracy” argument—will not be independently persuasive to Catalan secessionists. Instead, the Constitutional Court’s authority must ultimately be grounded in a different type of argument: the “law and order argument.” Secessionist Catalans’ supposed duty to obey the orders of the Constitutional Court is ultimately not rooted in a positive service provided by the Court, but in the disruptive effects of disobeying. That exposes an explanatory defect in Joseph Raz’s influential theory of authority, which seeks to ground authority exercises in a concept in prior reason or their capacity to make our life better. That conceptualization misses the key decisionistic element to political authority: its capacity to constitute our reasons, that is, to define the terms that give meaning to our evaluations.
Efficient simulation of bubble dispersion and resulting interaction
Authors: Yang Xinghao , Mühlhausen Mark-Patrick , Fröhlich Jochen
Published: September 2020

In this work, an efficient model for simulating bubble dispersion and coalescence due to turbulence is developed in the Euler-Lagrange framework. The primary liquid phase is solved on the Euler grid with the RANS turbulence model. Bubble motion is computed with the force balance equations. One-way coupling between two phases is assumed and the framework is designed for the computation of disperse bubbly flows at low Eötvös number. The turbulent dispersion of the dispersed phase is reconstructed with the continuous random walk (CRW) model. Bubble-bubble collisions and coalescence are accounted for deterministically. To accelerate the time-consuming search for potential collision partners in dense bubbly flows, the sweep and prune algorithm is employed, which can be utilized in arbitrary mesh types and sizes. Validation against experiments of turbulent pipe flows demonstrates that the one-way coupled EL-CRW dispersion model can well reproduce the bubble distribution in a typical dense bubbly pipe flow. Good agreement of the bubble size distribution at the pipe outlet between the simulation and the experiment is obtained.
Co-pyrolysis–catalytic steam reforming of cellulose/lignin with polyethylene/polystyrene for the production of hydrogen
Authors: Akubo Kaltume , Nahil Mohamad Anas , Williams Paul T.
Published: September 2020

Co-pyrolysis of biomass biopolymers (lignin and cellulose) with plastic wastes (polyethylene and polystyrene) coupled with downstream catalytic steam reforming of the pyrolysis gases for the production of a hydrogen-rich syngas is reported. The catalyst used was 10 wt.% nickel supported on MCM-41. The influence of the process parameters of temperature and the steam flow rate was examined to optimize hydrogen and syngas production. The cellulose/plastic mixtures produced higher hydrogen yields compared with the lignin/plastic mixtures. However, the impact of raising the catalytic steam reforming temperature from 750 to 850 °C was more marked for lignin addition. For example, the hydrogen yield for cellulose/polyethylene at a catalyst temperature of 750 °C was 50.3 mmol g−1 and increased to 60.0 mmol g−1 at a catalyst temperature of 850 °C. However, for the lignin/polyethylene mixture, the hydrogen yield increased from 25.0 to 50.0 mmol g−1 representing a twofold increase in hydrogen yield. The greater influence on hydrogen and yield for the lignin/plastic mixtures compared to the cellulose/plastic mixtures is suggested to be due to the overlapping thermal degradation profiles of lignin and the polyethylene and polystyrene. The input of steam to the catalyst reactor produced catalytic steam reforming conditions and a marked increase in hydrogen yield. The influence of increased steam input to the process was greater for the lignin/plastic mixtures compared to the cellulose/plastic mixtures, again linked to the overlapping thermal degradation profiles of the lignin and the plastics. A comparison of the Ni/MCM-41 catalyst with Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/Y-zeolite-supported catalysts showed that the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst gave higher yields of hydrogen and syngas.

Graphic abstract
Internet-Administered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Hypersexual Disorder, with or Without Paraphilia(s) or Paraphilic Disorder(s) in Men: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hallberg Jonas , Kaldo Viktor , Arver Stefan , Dhejne Cecilia , Piwowar Marta , Jokinen Jussi , Öberg Katarina Görts
Published: September 2020

Background

Hypersexual disorder (HD) is a condition in which the individual experiences loss of control over engagement in sexual behaviors, leading to negative effects on various areas of life. Paraphilias often present concomitantly with HD, and although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been proven to reduce engagement in hypersexual behavior, no studies have investigated the effects of Internet-administered CBT (ICBT) on HD, with or without paraphilia(s) or paraphilic disorder(s).

Aim

To investigate the effects of Internet-administered CBT on HD, with or without paraphilia(s) or paraphilic disorder(s).

Methods

Male participants (n = 36) evaluated positive according to the proposed diagnostic HD criteria, with or without paraphilia(s) or paraphilic disorder(s), received 12 weeks of ICBT. Measures were administered weekly over the treatment period, with an additional follow-up measurement 3 months after completion of treatment. An assessment interview was performed 2 weeks after treatment.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI-19), and secondary outcomes were the Hypersexual Disorder: Current Assessment Scale (HD:CAS), the Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS), as well as a tentative composite of 6 Severity Self-rating Measures, for Paraphilic Disorders and depression (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS-S]), psychological distress (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure [CORE-OM]), and treatment satisfaction (CSQ-8).

Results

Large, significant decreases in HD symptoms and sexual compulsivity were found, as well as moderate improvements in psychiatric well-being and paraphilic symptoms. These effects remained stable 3 months after treatment.

Clinical Implications

ICBT can ameliorate HD symptoms, psychiatric distress, and paraphilic symptoms, which suggests that the ICBT for HD, with or without paraphilia(s) or paraphilic disorder(s), may constitute a valuable addition of treatment options in clinical settings.

Strengths and Limitations

This is the first study evaluating the efficacy of ICBT on a sample of men suffering from HD. In addition, a proportion of the sample reported concomitant paraphilic interests and disorders, thus mirroring an everyday clinical practice in the field of sexual medicine. No control group was assigned, and some of the outcome measures are still to be validated. The long-term effects of ICBT and its efficacy in hypersexual women are unknown.

Conclusions

This study gives support for ICBT as an effective treatment option for HD. Future evaluations of the treatment program should include women and larger samples in randomized controlled procedures and investigate the long-term effects.
Responding to the Psychological Needs of Health Workers During Pandemic: Ten Lessons From Humanitarian Work
Authors: Cherepanov Elena
Published: September 2020

When a complex emergency (CE) overwhelms infrastructure, the ability of health-care providers to work efficiently under duress saves lives. The author uses her experience of providing mental health supports to humanitarian aid workers and the pieces of training conducted for internal medicine practitioners to offer guidance on how to manage severe job-related stresses during the response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This work reminds responders about their professional mission and purpose, but its extreme physical and mental demands can take a toll on their well-being and health. In CEs, the sheer volume of work and the emotional over-engagement tend to produce toxic fantasies (eg, rescuer or helper fantasies), acting upon which threatens integrity of care and increases risks for both patients and providers. Accumulated fatigue and exposure to mass suffering and mortality can change the perceived value of life and increase reckless, risk-taking, and suicidal behaviors. Introducing a self-awareness framework prioritizes the awareness of the available choices and making situation-appropriate and informed decisions about balancing one’s own and others’ needs. The COVID-19 response has demonstrated that fostering peer supports, changing organizational culture, addressing self-awareness within a training and supervisory context, and strengthening supports for managers are important parts of disaster preparedness. It also revealed that more research is needed to better understand and meet the special psychological needs of health-care responders.
On the Names of States: Naming System of States Based on the Country Names and on the Public Law Components of State Titles
Authors: Takács Peter
Published: September 2020

General questions of name of the state are rarely discussed in the literature of public law, political science or legal theory, its terminology is neglected, and in its current state, it is a source of many misunderstandings. Pointed out these terminological problems this study proposes a theoretical framework for the naming system of states which takes into accounts the public law components of names. Among these components the significance of four factors are emphasized: the form of state (form of government), the structure, or organization of state, the role of seemingly neutral terms (for example, the words “commonwealth” or “state”), and, on the contrary, the role of politically, religiously or ethnically bound terms (such as “democratic”, “people’s”, “Arab” or “Islamic”) in the names of states. After clarifying the difference between the terms country name and state name (state title), this study shows that there are cases when the state name (state title) function as country name, and when the country name fulfills the communicative function of the state title.
Responses of monogenean species to variations in abiotic parameters in tilapiculture
Authors: Cavalcanti L.D. , Gouveia E.J. , Leal F.C. , Figueiró C.S.M. , Rojas S.S. , Russo M.R.
Published: September 2020

Fish farming is becoming an increasingly popular agricultural activity, and water quality in these environments is a major concern. Fish parasites, such as monogeneans, respond to changes in abiotic conditions, either with an increase or decrease in population. This study aimed to identify gill monogeneans and analyse their relationships with abiotic factors during the ontogenetic development of Nile tilapia over the fish culture cycle in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Fish were sampled monthly for eight months, and a total of 200 fish were collected. The physical and chemical water parameters were measured and correlated with the abundance of each monogenean species. Over the fish culture cycle, the physical and chemical parameters fluctuated, and the water quality decreased. The parasites found included Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, Cichlidogyrus thurstonae, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Cichlidogyrus halli and Scutogyrus longicornis. The abundances of all species showed significant differences during ontogenetic development (body size) and C. tilapiae, C. sclerosus, C. thurstonae and S. longicornis were correlated with changes in abiotic conditions. However, C. halli was not significantly correlated with any of the evaluated physical or chemical parameters. Understanding how different monogenean species respond to changes in the physical and chemical parameters of water during a production cycle can prevent peaks in abundance and subsequent sanitary problems.
Biocontrol potential ofSteinernema cholashanense(Nguyen) on larval and pupal stages of potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)
Authors: Mhatre P.H. , Patil J. , Rangasamy V. , Divya K.L. , Tadigiri S. , Chawla G. , Bairwa A. , Venkatasalam E.P.
Published: September 2020

The potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller), is a serious pest of potato and other commercial crops belonging to the Solanaceae family. In recent years, it has become an emerging problem in potato-growing regions of the Nilgiri hills of southern India. It is responsible for the reduced quality and quantity of marketable potatoes. In this regard, the development of an eco-friendly control method for the management of the potato tuber moth is urgently required. Therefore, in the present study, the virulence ofSteinernema cholashanenseCPRSUS01 originally isolated from the potato rhizosphere was tested on fourth-instar larvae and pupae ofP. operculella.Steinernema cholashanensecaused the greatest mortality in the fourth-instar larval stage (100%) than the pupae (30%). In addition to this, penetration and reproduction of this nematode was also studied in fourth-instar larvae ofP. operculellaand this is the first report of penetration and reproduction of any entomopathogenic nematode species on potato tuber moth larvae. The reproduction capacity ofS. cholashanenseonP. operculellais higher (702 infective juveniles mg−1body weight). Our results indicated thatS. cholashanensehas good potential as an alternative tool for the management ofP. operculella. But before includingS. cholashanensein the integrated pest management program ofP. operculella, its efficacy should be tested under field conditions.
Balancing work and care: the effect of paid adult medical leave policies on employment in Europe
Authors: JAHAGIRDAR DEEPA , DIMITRIS MICHELLE , STRUMPF ERIN , KAUFMAN JAY S. , HARPER SAM , HEYMANN JODY , ATABAY EFE , VINCENT ILONA , NANDI ARIJIT
Published: September 2020

Increasing caregiving needs for family members has created pressure on prime-age workers. Combined with the ageing population, the demand for care related to illness and disability by relatives mean more of the workforce may have to consider caring needs (Bauer and Sousa-Poza, 2015). ‘Informal caregivers’ provide care generally without payment (Yooet al., 2004). In contrast to formal care, informal caregivers usually have a close relationship with the recipient: for example, siblings and adult children. Informal caregiving is considered a desirable option to meet support needs from several perspectives; these caregivers may be preferred by recipients relative to formal arrangements especially during severe acute illnesses. Caregivers may also feel a personal sense of responsibility to look after loved ones rather than defer to strangers (Fine, 2012) though this may depend on the individual’s needs and the available alternatives. Although men are starting to play an important role due to shifting social gender roles, the vast majority of informal caregivers are women who increasingly attempt to juggle caring with labour force participation (Carmichaelet al., 2008).
School age effects of Minding the Baby—An attachment-based home-visiting intervention—On parenting and child behaviors
Authors: Londono Tobon Amalia , Condon Eileen , Sadler Lois S. , Holland Margaret L. , Mayes Linda C. , Slade Arietta
Published: September 2020

Multiple interventions have been developed to improve the caregiver–child relationship as a buffer to the effects of early life adversity and toxic stress. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of these early childhood interventions, particularly on parenting and childhood behaviors. Here we describe the early school-age follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial of Minding the Baby ® (MTB), a reflective, attachment-based, trauma-informed, preventive home-visiting intervention for first-time mothers and their infants. Results indicate that mothers who participated in MTB are less likely to show impaired mentalizing compared to control mothers two to eight years after the intervention ended. Additionally, MTB mothers have lower levels of hostile and coercive parenting, and their children have lower total and externalizing problem behavior scores when compared to controls at follow-up. We discuss our findings in terms of their contribution to understanding the long-term parenting and childhood socio-emotional developmental effects of early preventive interventions for stressed populations.
Intake of carbohydrates and SFA and risk of CHD in middle-age adults: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)
Authors: Haugsgjerd Teresa R , Egeland Grace M , Nygård Ottar K , Igland Jannicke , Sulo Gerhard , Lysne Vegard , Vinknes Kathrine J , Bjornevik Kjetil , Tell Grethe S
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Limiting SFA intake may minimise the risk of CHD. However, such reduction often leads to increased intake of carbohydrates. We aimed to evaluate associations and the interplay of carbohydrate and SFA intake on CHD risk.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

We followed participants in the Hordaland Health Study, Norway from 1997–1999 through 2009. Information on carbohydrate and SFA intake was obtained from a FFQ and analysed as continuous and categorical (quartiles) variables. Multivariable Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Theoretical substitution analyses modelled the substitution of carbohydrates with other nutrients. CHD was defined as fatal or non-fatal CHD (ICD9 codes 410–414 and ICD10 codes I20–I25).

Participants:

2995 men and women, aged 46–49 years.

Results:

Adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity and smoking, SFA was associated with lower risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·76, Ptrend = 0·002). For carbohydrates, the opposite pattern was observed (HRQ4 v. Q1 2·10, 95 % CI 1·22, 3·63, Ptrend = 0·003). SFA from cheese was associated with lower CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·83, Ptrend = 0·006), while there were no associations between SFA from other food items and CHD. A 5 E% substitution of carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with lower CHD risk (HR 0·75, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·90).

Conclusions:

Higher intake of predominantly high glycaemic carbohydrates and lower intake of SFA, specifically lower intake from cheese, were associated with higher CHD risk. Substituting carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD.
Western Europe's Long Retreat from Coal and Implications for Energy Trade
Authors: Steenblik Ronald P. , Mateo Mark
Published: September 2020

Western Europe's industrialization was powered largely by coal. Within 15 years after the end of the Second World War, however, governments were subsidizing coal and protecting producers from foreign competition while allowing their industries to contract in a way that avoided large-scale unemployment of miners. The oil-price shocks of 1973–1974 and 1979–1980 gave temporary reprieve to hard-coal production until international oil prices slumped in 1986. This event, combined with ever more stringent environmental regulations and, later, caps on carbon-dioxide emissions, led to the disappearance of subsidized coal mining in one country after another. As of the end of 2019, hard coal was still being mined – in small amounts – in only three Western European countries: Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. This paper describes the history of the industry from 1945 through to the present, and the consequences of subsidy policy for trade in hard coal and its substitutes. A common observation is that a reduction in subsidized coal production by a country has not necessarily translated into increased imports of coal on a one-for-one basis.
The Kazanistan Papers: Reading the Muslim Question in the John Rawls Archives
Authors: Idris Murad
Published: September 2020

InThe Law of Peoples(1999), John Rawls invented a fictional Muslim state that he called Kazanistan. The genealogy of Kazanistan I offer here is the first examination of Islam in Rawls’s papers. It contributes to a critical body of work about the Muslim Question and how Euro-American thinkers construct Islam. In recent years, theorists have turned to Rawls’s papers. The archival turn, however, has neglected the last phase of Rawls’s career and his book-length attempt at thinking internationally. I address this oversight and critically examine Rawls on Islam and global politics. I historicize Rawls’s turn to Islam, Kazanistan’s late introduction, and its transformations across drafts. By examining “the Kazanistan papers,” I highlight the dissonance between Rawls’s philosophical discourse on Islam and the contemporaneous geopolitics recorded in his archives. This disjuncture, I suggest, is characteristic of the logics of liberal deflection from empire and liberal “inflection” into the Muslim Question.
Development of a non-invasive exhaled breath test for the diagnosis of head and neck cancer
Authors: Dharmawardana Nuwan , Goddard Thomas , Woods Charmaine , Watson David I. , Ooi Eng H. , Yazbeck Roger
Published: September 2020

Background

Improving the ability to identify early-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can improve treatment outcomes and patient morbidity. We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of breath analysis as a non-invasive test for detecting HNSCC.

Methods

Standardised breath samples were collected from 181 patients suspected of HNSCC prior to any treatment. A selected ion flow-tube mass spectrometer was used to analyse breath for volatile organic compounds. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. A binomial logistic regression model was used to differentiate breath profiles between cancer and control (benign disease) patients based on mass spectrometry derived variables.

Results

In all, 66% of participants had early-stage primary tumours (T1 and T2) and 58% had regional node metastasis. The optimised logistic regression model using three variables had a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 86%, respectively, with an AUC for ROC curve of 0.821 (95%CI 0.625–1.0) in the testing cohort.

Conclusions

Breath analysis for non-invasive diagnosis of HNSCC appears to be practical and accurate. Future studies should be conducted in a primary care setting to determine the applicability of breath analysis for early identification of HNSCC.
Small size gold nanoparticles enhance apoptosis-induced by cold atmospheric plasma via depletion of intracellular GSH and modification of oxidative stress
Authors: Jawaid Paras , Rehman Mati Ur , Zhao Qing-Li , Misawa Masaki , Ishikawa Kenji , Hori Masaru , Shimizu Tadamichi , Saitoh Jun-ichi , Noguchi Kyo , Kondo Takashi
Published: September 2020

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have attracted attention as a promising sensitizer owing to their high atomic number (Z), and because they are considered fully multifunctional, they are preferred over other metal nanoparticles. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has also recently gained attention, especially for cancer treatment, by inducing apoptosis through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the activity of different sized Au-NPs with helium-based CAP (He-CAP) was analyzed, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Treating cells with only small Au-NPs (2 nm) significantly enhanced He-CAP-induced apoptosis. In comparison, 40 nm and 100 nm Au-NPs failed to enhance cell death. Mechanistically, the synergistic enhancement was due to 2 nm Au-NPs-induced decrease in intracellular glutathione, which led to the generation of intracellular ROS. He-CAP markedly induced ROS generation in an aqueous medium; however, treatment with He-CAP alone did not induce intracellular ROS formation. In contrast, the combined treatment significantly enhanced the intracellular formation of superoxide (O2• −) and hydroxyl radical (•OH). These findings indicate the potential therapeutic use of Au-NPs in combination with CAP and further clarify the role of Au-NPs in He-CAP-aided therapies.
Extracellular vesicle-cargo miR-185-5p reflects type II alveolar cell death after oxidative stress
Authors: Carnino Jonathan M. , Lee Heedoo , He Xue , Groot Michael , Jin Yang
Published: September 2020

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating syndrome responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Diffuse alveolar epithelial cell death, including but not limited to apoptosis and necroptosis, is one of the hallmarks of ARDS. Currently, no detectable markers can reflect this feature of ARDS. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is a well-established murine model that mimics human ARDS. We found that hyperoxia and its derivative, reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulate miR-185-5p, but not miR-185-3p, in alveolar cells. This observation is particularly more significant in alveolar type II (ATII) than alveolar type I (ATI) cells. Functionally, miR-185-5p promotes expression and activation of both receptor-interacting kinase I (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting kinase III (RIPK3), leading to phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and necroptosis. MiR-185-5p regulates this process probably via suppressing FADD and caspase-8 which are both necroptosis inhibitors. Furthermore, miR-185-5p also promotes intrinsic apoptosis, reflected by enhancing caspase-3/7 and 9 activity. Importantly, extracellular vesicle (EV)-containing miR-185-5p, but not free miR-185-5p, is detectable and significantly elevated after hyperoxia-induced cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, hyperoxia-induced miR-185-5p regulates both necroptosis and apoptosis in ATII cells. The extracellular level of EV-cargo miR-185-5p is elevated in the setting of profound epithelial cell death.
Association of germline variation with the survival of women with BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants and breast cancer
Authors: Muranen Taru A. , Khan Sofia , Fagerholm Rainer , Aittomäki Kristiina , Cunningham Julie M. , Dennis Joe , Leslie Goska , McGuffog Lesley , Parsons Michael T. , Simard Jacques , Slager Susan , Soucy Penny , Easton Douglas F. , Tischkowitz Marc , Spurdle Amanda B. ,   kConFab Investigators, Schmutzler Rita K. , Wappenschmidt Barbara , Hahnen Eric , Hooning Maartje J. ,   HEBON Investigators, Singer Christian F. , Wagner Gabriel , Thomassen Mads , Pedersen Inge Sokilde , Domchek Susan M. , Nathanson Katherine L. , Lazaro Conxi , Rossing Caroline Maria , Andrulis Irene L. , Teixeira Manuel R. , James Paul , Garber Judy , Weitzel Jeffrey N. ,   SWE-BRCA Investigators, Jakubowska Anna , Yannoukakos Drakoulis , John Esther M. , Southey Melissa C. , Schmidt Marjanka K. , Antoniou Antonis C. , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Blomqvist Carl , Nevanlinna Heli
Published: September 2020

Germline genetic variation has been suggested to influence the survival of breast cancer patients independently of tumor pathology. We have studied survival associations of genetic variants in two etiologically unique groups of breast cancer patients, the carriers of germline pathogenic variants inBRCA1orBRCA2genes. We found that rs57025206 was significantly associated with the overall survival, predicting higher mortality ofBRCA1carrier patients with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, with a hazard ratio 4.37 (95% confidence interval 3.03–6.30,P = 3.1 × 10−9). Multivariable analysis adjusted for tumor characteristics suggested that rs57025206 was an independent survival marker. In addition, our exploratory analyses suggest that the associations between genetic variants and breast cancer patient survival may depend on tumor biological subgroup and clinical patient characteristics.