bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-hourly Feeding versus Three-hourly Feeding for Attaining Early Enteral Feed in Low-birth-weight Preterm Babies: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Sunil B , Nisha Rahumath , Kalla Pavankumar S
Published: March 2023

Introduction: There has been no consensus on whether a two-hour or three-hour feeding interval is safe and economical for preterm neonates. The parameters like feeding tolerance, the occurrence of infection and time required to attain full enteral feed and other outcome need to be clinically proven. Aim: To investigate whether two-hourly or three-hourly feeding interval is better in preterm neonates to ensure full enteral feeding in lesser time. Materials and Methods: The present randomised controlled trial was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, from January 2021 to June 2021. Hundred preterm neonates, less than 36 weeks of gestation with birth weights between 1 kg and 1.8 kg, were included in the study. Group 1 was subjected to three-hourly feedings and group 2 were subjected to two-hourly feedings. An independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyse GA, birth weight and time of achievement of full feeds. In addition, Chi-square test was used to analyse categorical data. Results: Total 100 neonates were included, in which the age ranged from 5-13 days. There were 50 male and 50 female babies in the present study. Mean time of attainment of full feeds in group 2 was significantly higher (13.72±3.54 days) than group 1 (11.94±3 days). The mean time of achievement of fullfeeds birth weight 1-1.5 kg was 12.86 days in 3-hourly schedules, and 14.67 days in 2-hourly schedules. When the gestational age increased, the time of achievement of full feeds decreased. Conclusion: The time to achieve full feeds was better in 3-hourly feeding schedules compared to 2-hourly schedules. The feed tolerance was also better in 3-hourly feeding schedules. The incidence of complications was lesser in 3-hourly compared to 2-hourly feeding schedules.
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Vegetable Cultivated on Land Polluted through Illegal Mining
Authors: Yaradua A. I. , Bungudu J. I. , Shuaibu L. , Nasir A. , Usman A. , Kankia I. H. , Matazu N. U. , Suleiman Z. A. , Sada A. A. , Rumah F. A. , Bello U. , Tukur A. B. , Sani A. S. , Lawal R. G. , Matazu H. K. , Sani A. K. , Kabir Z. G. , Yaradua A. I. , Kabir H. G. , Halliru M. I. , Abbas A. , Dalhatu M. M. , Yaradua I. A. , Nasir M. N. , Mukhtar F. , Hassan M. , Abdullahi B. , Sabiru A. Y. , Darma I. S. , Nasir R. , Rawayau M. A. , Hamisu W. , Muhammad A. N.
Published: March 2023

The risk of exposure to the population from heavy metals in an area that have witnessed a surge in illegal mining activities, cattle rustling and banditry were evaluated in the current study. Lettuce leaves sample from Gadirge village, Jibia local Government area, Katsina State, Nigeria was evaluated for the presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals in the sample to the population were assessed using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Health Risk Index (HRI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The result of the mean concentration values of the evaluated heavy metals Fe and Pb from the sample falls above the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of heavy metals in leafy vegetables. The concentrations of the other metals including Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cd evaluated in the sample were within the permissible values. The result of the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) associated with the evaluated heavy metals exposure through consumption of the sample for adults and children were all lower than 1, with exception of the THQ for the heavy metals Fe and Mn in the adults and children population that was above 1. The combined health risks for all the metals in the sample for the adults and children population represented as the HRI were higher than 1, the result of the Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adult and children population has revealed that the heavy metal Ni was beyond the threshold of the safety limit for cancer risk. There is a health risk concern from consumption of the sample as the vegetable may contribute to the disease burden of the population.
A Comparative Study on the Performance of Various Agricultural Crop Insurance Schemes of India with Special Reference to Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
Authors: Parthiban J. J. , Anjugam M.
Published: March 2023

This study examined the performance of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme in India. To evaluate the performance of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana in comparison with previous crop insurance schemes of India, data on area insured, gross premium paid, number of farmers benefitted and number of claims paid during 2016-2021 were collected. The study employs descriptive statistics and compound annual growth rates to compare the performances of various crop insurance schemes. The determinants of the number of farmers insured under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana were estimated through a multiple regression analysis. In comparison, PMFBY had covered a higher number of farmers thereby protecting an enormous amount of land from unforeseen risks compared to other crop insurance schemes of India. Results of the multiple regression model show that the amount of premium charged from farmers had a significant effect on the number of farmers insured over the time period. The paper also attempts to provide an overall knowledge about various crop insurance schemes of India since the implementation of crop insurance as a tool for mitigating agricultural risk.
Farmers’ Efficiency in Using Selected Pesticides for Controlling Rice Pests
Authors: Hossian Mohammad Mosharaf , Ali Md. Sekender , Kabir Muhammad Humayun , Alam Md. Mahbubul , Ahamed Kamal Uddin
Published: March 2023

Farmers’ efficiency in using pesticides depends on using recommended doses. The research was conducted to determine farmers’ efficiency in using selected pesticides for controlling rice pests and explore the contribution of selected characteristics of the farmers to their efficiency in using selected pesticides for controlling rice pests. Data were collected from randomly selected 252 Common Interest Group (CIG) Member rice farmers of three selected unions of three selected upazillas of Brahmanbaria district of Bangladesh with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule during the period from 01 August 2022 to 30 November 2022. Findings revealed that 38.97% farmers were the efficient users of recommended doses and rest 61.03% farmers had lower to moderate efficiency in using pesticides for controlling rice pests. Based on descending order of Standardized Use Efficiency Index, ‘Gola 80 EC for killing rice bug’ ranked 1st followed by ‘Amistar Top 325 SC for controlling sheath blight disease’, and ‘Thiovit 80 WG for controlling leaf scald disease’. Regression analysis indicated that ‘knowledge on pesticides’, ‘rice farming experience’, ‘extension contacts’, ‘attitude towards use of pesticides’, ‘rice farming area’, and ‘pre-cautions for using pesticides’ of the farmers had significant positive contribution to their efficiency in using selected pesticides for controlling rice pests. Agricultural advisory service providing organizations should increasing contact with the farmers having lower farming experience, lower farming area to increase their knowledge for taking necessary pre-cautions and to form favourable attitude towards judicious and efficient use of pesticides.
DNA Profiling Advances in Forensic Dentistry- A Review
Authors: S. Shamala , A. Beeula , S. Swetha Lakshmi , T. Pavithra Banu
Published: March 2023

Forensic Odontology is a branch of forensic science involves in human identification through dental tissues or more specifically teeth when there is the destruction of body tissues in criminal mass disasters. The importance of Forensic Dentistry in recent days lies mainly when there is little remaining material to perform such identification has led dentists working with forensic investigators to become more aware with the new molecular biology technologies. In the last few years, DNA analysis methods are more commonly applied in the forensic cases due to its uniqueness in identification of human remains even in the deceased state. DNA is a genetic material which is unique to each individual. In oral cavity and mainly in tooth structure DNA is found to be in abundant and hence it can be an excellent source of genomic DNA. Recently, DNA profiling has high reliability and is accepted as legal proofs in courts. This article mainly focuses on an overview of DNA and their applications in the last few years, highlighting its importance in forensic investigation.
The Study of Blood Conductivity and Viscosity in Malaria
Authors: Osman Zeinab K. , Khalifa Nodar O. , Mustafa Sara IB.
Published: March 2023

Malaria is the most widespread disease in Africa and developing countries which has a negative effect on everyday life and causes thousands death each year. To find new, more precise, and less expensive diagnostic methods, an increasing number of studies are needed. In order to replace the conventional method for detecting the presence of malaria parasites in human blood, the electrical conductivity and viscosity of the blood of falciparum malaria were measured. To investigate the effect of malaria on physical properties; a total of hundred blood samples were collected from Khartoum state teaching hospital, samples were subdivided into two groups, fifty from the malaria patient and other fifty from healthy people setting as control group. An Ostwald viscometer, a hematocrit centrifuge and conductivity equipment were used to measure the viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood respectively. In this study it was found that the mean value of hematocrit for healthy individuals was 45.7%. While in malaria patients was 27.7 %, in addition, the mean value of blood viscosity for healthy individuals was 4.4 cp, while 2.8 cp, for patients.  The mean value for conductivity of whole blood in healthy individuals was 4.4 m. s, whereas it was 3.9 m.s in patients, but the mean value of serum conductivity was 4.3 in patients a m.s and 8.3 in healthy individuals.

Conclusion:  The results obtained in this indicated significantly changed in viscosity, hematocrit and electrical conductivity of blood due malaria parasites. These physical changes caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria can be used as new malaria diagnostic techniques.
Association of High Normal Body Weight in Youths With Risk of Hypertension
Authors: Koebnick Corinna , Sidell Margo A. , Li Xia , Woolford Susan J. , Kuizon Beatriz D. , Kunani Poornima
Published: March 2023

Importance

Ample evidence links obesity to hypertension in youths. However, the association of high normal body mass index (BMI) with obesity and the interaction with different weight trajectories are not well understood.

Objective

To examine the hypertension risk associated with high normal BMI for age and different weight trajectories in youths.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study assessed 801 019 youths aged 3 to 17 years in an integrated health care system in Southern California from January 1, 2008, to February 28, 2015, with a maximum follow-up of 5 years from January 1, 2008, to February 28, 2020. Data analysis was performed from 2018 to 2022.

Exposures

Youths were compared by first available (baseline) sex-specific BMI for age and change in the distance to the median BMI for age during the 5-year follow-up.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Cox proportional hazards regression models with age as a time scale to assess hypertension risk (based on 2017 Blood Pressure Guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics from 3 consecutive independent visits), adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, baseline year, and birth year.

Results

A total of 801 019 youths (mean [SD] age, 9.4 [4.6] years; 409 167 [51.1%] female]; 59 399 [7.4%] Asian and Pacific Islanders, 65 712 [8.2%] Black, and 427 492 [53.4%] Hispanic) were studied. Compared with youths with a baseline BMI for age in the 40th to 59th percentiles, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for hypertension within a maximum of 5 years was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.20-1.33) for youths between the 60th and 84th percentiles if they maintained their BMI for age. With every 1-unit annual increase in the distance to the median BMI for age, the aHR increased by 1.04 (95% CI, 1.04-1.05). The aHR was 4.94 (95% CI, 4.72-5.18) in youths with a baseline BMI for age in the 97th percentile or higher who maintained their body weight. Weight gain increased the risk associated with baseline BMI for age in the 97th percentile or higher with an aHR of 1.04 (95% CI, 1.04-1.05) per 1-unit annual increase in the distance to the median BMI for age. The risk associated with weight change was higher in youths living with low to high normal weight and overweight than in youths living with severe obesity.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of youths, high normal body weight above the 60th percentile of BMI for age was associated with increased risk of hypertension. Weight gain was associated with further increases in hypertension risk. Further research is needed to evaluate the wide range of body weight considered normal in youths and the health risks associated with high normal weight.
Factors Associated With Public Trust in Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Authors: Singh Yashaswini , Eisenberg Matthew D. , Sood Neeraj
Published: March 2023

This cross-sectional study examines how key demographic and predisposing factors are associated with consumer trust in pharmaceutical manufacturers.
3D Printed Template‐Assisted Casting of Biocompatible Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Based Soft Microswimmers with Tunable Stability
Authors: Sanchis‐Gual Roger , Ye Hao , Ueno Towa , Landers Fabian C. , Hertle Lukas , Deng Siyu , Veciana Andrea , Xia Yanming , Franco Carlos , Choi Hongsoo , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Nelson Bradley J. , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Pané Salvador
Published: March 2023

The past decade has seen an upsurge in the development of small‐scale magnetic robots for various biomedical applications. However, many of the reported designs comprise components with biocompatibility concerns. Strategies for fabricating biocompatible and degradable microrobots are required. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based magnetic hydrogel microrobots with different morphologies and tunable stability are developed by combining a 3D printed template‐assisted casting with a salting‐out process. 3D sacrificial micromolds are prepared via direct laser writing to shape PVA‐magnetic nanoparticle composite hydrogel microrobots with high architectural complexity. By adjusting the PVA composition and salting‐out parameters, the hydrogel dissolubility can be customized. Due to their high mobility, tunable stability, and high biocompatibility, these PVA‐based magnetic microrobots are suitable platforms for targeted drug and cell delivery.
Identification and Understanding of Active Sites of Non‐Noble Iron‐Nitrogen‐Carbon Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Yang Zhili , Chen Yizhe , Zhang Shiming , Zhang Jiujun
Published: March 2023

Non‐noble iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe‐N‐C) catalysts have been explored as one type of the most promising alternatives of precious platinum (Pt) in catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, their catalytic ORR activity and stability still cannot meet the requirement of practical applications. Active sites in such catalysts are the key factors determining the catalytic performance. This review gives a critical overview on identification and understanding of active sties of non‐pyrolytic and pyrolytic Fe‐N‐C catalysts in terms of design strategies, synthesis, characterization, functional mechanisms and performance validation. The diversity and complexity of active sites that greatly dominate the progress of Fe‐N‐C catalysts include Fe‐containing sites (Fe‐based nanoparticles and single‐atom Fe‐species) and metal‐free sites (heteroatoms doping and defects). Meanwhile, synergistic effects are also discussed in this review with emphasis on the interaction among multiple active sites. Although substantial endeavors have been devoted to develop the efficient Fe‐N‐C catalysts, some challenges still remain. To facilitate further research on Fe‐N‐C catalysts toward practical applications, some research perspectives are prospected in the aspects of innovative synthesis methods, active‐sites modulation strategies, high‐resolution ex situ/in situ/operando characterization techniques, theoretical calculations, and so on. This review may provide a guideline for identifying and understanding active‐sites for developing high‐performance Fe‐N‐C catalysts.
Mimicking the Graded Wavy Structure of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Camarero‐Espinosa Sandra , Yuan Huipin , Emans Pieter J. , Moroni Lorenzo
Published: March 2023

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the connective tissue providing mechanical stability to the knee joint. ACL reconstruction upon rupture remains a clinical challenge due to the high mechanical properties required for proper functioning. ACL owes its outstanding mechanical properties to the arrangement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to the cells with distinct phenotypes present along the length of the tissue. Tissue regeneration appears as an ideal alternative. In this study, a tri‐phasic fibrous scaffold that mimics the structure of collagen in the native ECM is developed, presenting a wavy intermediate zone and two aligned uncurled extremes. The mechanical properties of the wavy scaffolds present a toe region, characteristic of the native ACL, and an extended yield and ultimate strain compared to aligned scaffolds. The presentation of a wavy fiber arrangement affects cell organization and the deposition of a specific ECM characteristic of fibrocartilage. Cells cultured in wavy scaffolds grow in aggregates, deposit an abundant ECM rich in fibronectin and collagen II, and express higher amounts of collagen II, X, and tenomodulin as compared to aligned scaffolds. In vivo implantation in rabbits shows a high cellular infiltration and the formation of an oriented ECM compared to aligned scaffolds.
Bioinspired Adaptable Indwelling Microneedles for Treatment of Diabetic Ulcers
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxuan , Gan Jingjing , Fan Lu , Luo Zhiqiang , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: March 2023

Microneedles provide an effective strategy for transdermal drug delivery. Many endeavors have been devoted to developing smart microneedles that can respond to and interact with pathophysiological environments. Here, novel bioinspired adaptable indwelling microneedles with therapeutic exosome encapsulation are presented for diabetic wound healing by a combined fabrication strategy of template replication and 3D transfer printing. Such microneedles are composed of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐exosomes‐encapsulated adjustable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel needle tips and detachable 3M medical tape supporting substrate. As the mechanical strength of the PVA hydrogel is ionically responsive due to Hofmeister effects, the hardness of the resultant microneedle tips can be upregulated by sulfate ions to ensure skin penetration and be softened by nitrate ions after tip–substrate detachment to adapt to the surrounding tissue and release exosomes. Because the MSC‐exosomes can effectively activate fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages, the indwelling microneedles are demonstrated with the function of promoting tissue regeneration and diabetic wound healing in full‐thickness cutaneous wounds of diabetic rat models. These features indicate that the bioinspired adaptable indwelling microneedles are with practical values and clinical prospects in tissue and wound regeneration.
Wearable and Implantable Cortisol‐Sensing Electronics for Stress Monitoring
Authors: Ok Jehyung , Park Sumin , Jung Yei Hwan , Kim Tae‐il
Published: March 2023

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is released from the body in response to stress. Although a moderate level of cortisol secretion can help the body maintain homeostasis, excessive secretion can cause various diseases, such as depression and anxiety. Conventional methods for cortisol measurement undergo procedures that limit continuous monitoring, typically collecting samples of bodily fluids, followed by separate analysis in a laboratory setting that takes several hours. Thus, recent studies demonstrate wearable, miniaturized sensors integrated with electronic modules that enable wireless real‐time analysis. Here, the primary focus is on wearable and implantable electronic devices that continuously measure cortisol concentration. Diverse types of cortisol‐sensing techniques, such as antibody‐, DNA‐aptamer‐, and molecularly imprinted polymer‐based sensors, as well as wearable and implantable devices that aim to continuously monitor cortisol in a minimally invasive fashion are discussed. In addition to the cortisol monitors that directly measure stress levels, other schemes that indirectly measure stress, such as electrophysiological signals and sweat are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions in stress monitoring and management electronics are reviewed.
Superlattice Nanofilm on a Touchscreen for Photoexcited Bacteria and Virus Killing by Tuning Electronic Defects in the Heterointerface
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Chaofeng , Wu Shuilin , Cui Zhenduo , Zheng Yufeng , Li Zhaoyang , Jiang Hui , Zhu Shengli , Liu Xiangmei
Published: March 2023

Currently, the global COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly increased the public attention toward the spread of pathogenic viruses and bacteria on various high‐frequency touch surfaces. Developing a self‐disinfecting coating on a touchscreen is an urgent and meaningful task. Superlattice materials are among the most promising photocatalysts owing to their efficient charge transfer in abundant heterointerfaces. However, excess electronic defects at the heterointerfaces result in the loss of substantial amounts of photogenerated charge carrier. In this study, a ZnOFe2O3 superlattice nanofilm is designed via atomic layer deposition for photocatalytic bactericidal and virucidal touchscreen. Additionally, electronic defects in the superlattice heterointerface are engineered. Photogenerated electrons and holes will be rapidly separated and transferred into ZnO and Fe2O3 across the heterointerfaces owing to the formation of ZnO, FeO, and ZnFe covalent bonds at the heterointerfaces, where ZnO and Fe2O3 function as electronic donors and receptors, respectively. The high generation capacity of reactive oxygen species results in a high antibacterial and antiviral efficacy (>90%) even against drug‐resistant bacteria and H1N1 viruses under simulated solar or low‐power LED light irradiation. Meanwhile, this superlattice nanofilm on a touchscreen shows excellent light transmission (>90%), abrasion resistance (106 times the round‐trip friction), and biocompatibility.
Single‐Layer Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes With Near‐Unity Internal Quantum Efficiency
Authors: Sachnik Oskar , Li Yungui , Tan Xiao , Michels Jasper J. , Blom Paul W. M. , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H.
Published: March 2023

Efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) commonly comprise a multilayer stack including charge‐transport and charge‐ and exciton‐blocking layers, to confine charge recombination to the emissive layer. Here, a highly simplified single‐layer blue‐emitting OLED is demonstrated based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence with the emitting layer simply sandwiched between ohmic contacts consisting of a polymeric conducting anode and a metal cathode. The single‐layer OLED exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 27.7% with minor roll‐off at high brightness. The internal quantum efficiency approaches unity, demonstrating that highly simplified single‐layer OLEDs without confinement layers can achieve state‐of‐the‐art performance, while greatly reducing the complexity of the design, fabrication, and device analysis.
Photosensitive Dielectric 2D Perovskite Based Photodetector for Dual Wavelength Demultiplexing
Authors: Qiao Bao‐Shi , Wang Su‐Yun , Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Lian Zhen‐Dong , Zheng Zhi‐Yao , Wei Zhi‐Peng , Li Lin , Ng Kar Wei , Wang Shuang‐Peng , Liu Zhi‐Bo
Published: March 2023

Stacked 2D perovskites provide more possibilities for next generation photodetector with more new features. Compared with its excellent optoelectronic properties, the good dielectric performance of metal halide perovskite rarely comes into notice. Here, a bifunctional perovskite based photovoltaic detector capable of two wavelength demultiplexing is demonstrated. In the Black Phosphorus/Perovskite/MoS2structured photodetector, the comprehensive utilization of the photosensitive and dielectric properties of 2D perovskite allows the device to work in different modes. The device shows normal continuous photoresponse under 405 nm, while it shows a transient spike response to visible light with longer wavelengths. The linear dynamic range, rise/decay time, and self‐powered responsivity under 405 nm can reach 100, 38 µs/50 µs, and 17.7 mA W‐1, respectively. It is demonstrated that the transient spike photocurrent with long wavelength exposure is related to the illumination intensity and can coexist with normal photoresponse. Two waveband‐dependent signals can be identified and used to reflect more information simultaneously. This work provides a new strategy for multispectral detection and demultiplexing, which can be used to improve data transfer rates and encrypted communications. This work mode can inspire more multispectral photodetectors with different stacked 2D materials, especially to the optoelectronic application of the wide bandgap, high dielectric photosensitive materials.
Flexible Acid‐Responsive Polymeric Phosphorescent Microfibers for Tunable Optical Waveguide
Authors: Zhang Hongli , Yang Cui , Zhong Hua , Wang Feng , Zou Gang
Published: March 2023

Phosphorescence optical waveguides, flexible ones in particular, are fascinating on account of their fundamental and practical values in photonics and optoelectronics devices. However, the majority of optical waveguides reported so far are fluorescent waveguides, the phosphorescent waveguides, especially ones with both flexibility and stimulus‐response are rarely studied. Herein, one‐dimensional phosphorescent microfibers are developed by employing the flexible polymer as the matrix and the phosphorescent emitter as the transducer for out‐coupled light, and their phosphorescent waveguide attributes are studied in detail. Significantly, benefiting from the non‐covalent clipping of molecular tweezer for Pt(II) triplet emitter, the strong and robust tip emission could be obtained for phosphorescent waveguiding microfiber. Furthermore, the asymmetric propagation of phosphorescent waveguide could be achieved via partly acid treatment, since acid could trigger the guest release accompanied by the emission decline. More interestingly, the phosphorescent microfiber exhibits flexible optical waveguide feature and reversible switching of tip emission. Based on the above, Boolean logic operation is selected to demonstrate the application of tunable tip emission. This study establishes an effective and convenient strategy to realize flexible phosphorescent waveguide with tunable tip emission, which is of fundamental value for designing optical functional elements and manufacturing intelligent flexible photonic devices with promising application potential.
Variability modeling and mapping of soil properties for improved management in Ethiopia
Authors: Tiruneh Gizachew Ayalew , Alemayehu Tiringo Yilak , Meshesha Derege Tsegaye , Adgo Enyew , Tiruneh Gebrehiwot Ayalew , Reichert José Miguel
Published: March 2023

Managing soils for improved agricultural production requires information on soil fertility status. Our objective was to map for better soil management in Ethiopia and determine their spatial correlation at a separation distance of 29 m. We collected 82 soil samples (0–20 cm depth) at 560 ha of land and determined pH, Olsen extractable phosphorus (Olsen‐P), and organic carbon (OC). We then interpolated between sample points (ordinary kriging‐OK and distance weighting‐IDW [inverse distance weighting]) to evaluate spatial dependence. Olsen‐P ranged from 2.68–42 mg/kg and exhibited high variability with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≥35%. Conversely, soil pH showed low variability (CV ≤ 15%) and ranging from 4.84 to 6.81. Soil OC content varied from 0.81% to 3.17%. The IDW (R2 = 0.86; RMSE = 0.019) outperformed the OK. The semivariogram results indicate a strong dependence for pH and OC for spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models, while moderately spatially auto correlated for Olsen‐P for all models. The IDW and OK predict the spatial variability of the pH (moderately acidic), Olsen‐P (low), and OC (very low) contents. The soil maps may help to improve soil management alternatives, increase crop productivity, and secure environmental quality.
High‐performance Supercapacitors Enabled by Highly‐porous Date Stone‐derived Activated Carbon and Organic Redox Gel Electrolyte
Authors: Dahiru Shuaibu Abubakar , Saeed Alzahrani Atif , Aziz Md. Abdul
Published: March 2023

Construction of eco‐benign, cost effective, and high‐performance supercapacitors with improved electrolytes and hierarchical porous electrodes is necessary for effective energy storage. In this study, a gel type organic redox electrolyte made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐H2SO4 and an organic redox molecule, anthraquinone (PVA‐H2SO4‐AQ) was prepared by simple solution casting method, and was used to construct a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) with a date stone‐derived activated carbon (DSAC) having a high BET surface area (1612 m2/g). The DSAC was synthesized by simple carbonization method followed by activation with potassium hydroxide. The SSC exhibit a high specific capacitance of 126.5 F/g at 0.5 A/g, as well as a high energy density of 17.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 250 W/kg with high capacitance retention (87%) after 1000 GCD cycles. The present research suggests that adding anthraquinone to a PVA‐H2SO4 gel electrolyte improves the performance of the fabricated device significantly as compared to using pristine PVA‐H2SO4 or 1 M H2SO4 electrolytes. The research also presents a promising approach for the development of sustainable and eco‐benign materials for energy storage applications. The use of date stone waste as a precursor material for activated carbon electrodes presents an opportunity for cost‐effective and sustainable energy storage. Overall, the findings of this research have important implications for the future design and fabrication of high‐performance and cost‐effective supercapacitors.
Projections of costs and quality adjusted life years lost due to dementia from 2020 to 2050: A population‐based microsimulation study
Authors: Brück Chiara C. , Wolters Frank J. , Ikram Mohammad Arfan , de Kok Inge M. C. M.
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Efficient healthcare planning requires reliable projections of the future increase in costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) lost due to dementia.

Methods

We used the microsimulation model MISCAN‐Dementia to simulate life histories and dementia occurrence using population‐based Rotterdam Study data and nationwide birth cohort demographics. We estimated costs and QALYs lost in the Netherlands from 2020 to 2050, incorporating literature estimates of cost and utility for patients and caregivers by dementia severity and care setting.

Results

Societal costs and QALYs lost due to dementia are estimated to double between 2020 and 2050. Costs are incurred predominantly through institutional (34%), formal home (31%), and informal home care (20%). Lost QALYs are mostly due to shortened life expectancy (67%) and, to a lesser extent, quality of life with severe dementia (14%).

Discussion

To limit healthcare costs and quality of life losses due to dementia, interventions are needed that slow symptom progression and reduce care dependency.
Epitope Imprinting of Phospholipids by Oriented Assembly at the Oil/Water Interface for the Selective Recognition of Plasma Membranes
Authors: Zhou Juntao , Cheng Xianhui , Guo Zhanchen , Ali Muhammad Mujahid , Zhang Guiyuan , Tao W. Andy , Hu Lianghai , Liu Zhen
Published: March 2023

Phospholipids, as fundamental building blocks of the cell membrane, play important roles for molecule transportation, cell recognition, etc. However, due to the structural diversity and amphipathic nature, there are few methods for the specific recognition of lipids as compared to other biomolecules such as proteins and glycans. Herein, we developed a molecular imprinting strategy for controllable imprinting toward the polar head of phospholipid exposed on the surface of cellular membranes for recognition. Phosphatidylserine, as unique lipid on the outer membrane leaflet of exosome and also hallmark for cell apoptosis, was imprinted with the developed method. The phosphatidylserine imprinted materials showed high efficiency and specific targeting capability not only for apoptotic cell imaging but also for the isolation of exosomes. Collectively, the synthesized molecularly imprinted materials have great potential for selective plasma membrane recognition for targeted drug delivery and biomarker discovery.
One‐Step Calcination Synthesis of Bulk‐Doped Surface‐Modified Ni‐Rich Cathodes with Superlattice for Long‐Cycling Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Yongjiang , Wang Changhong , Huang Wenjin , Zhao Genfu , Duan Lingyan , Liu Qing , Wang Shimin , Fraser Adam , Guo Hong , Sun Xueliang
Published: March 2023

Nickel‐rich (Ni≥90 %) layered cathodes are critical materials for achieving higher‐energy‐density and lower‐cost next‐generation Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their bulk and interface structural instabilities significantly impair their electrochemical performance, thus hindering their widespread adoption in commercial LIBs. Exploiting Ti and Mo diffusion chemistry, we report one‐step calcination to synthesize bulk‐to‐surface modified LiNi0.9Co0.09Mo0.01O2 (NCMo90) featuring a 5 nm Li2TiO3 coating on the surface, a Mo‐rich Li+/Ni2+ superlattice at the sub‐surface, and Ti‐doping in the bulk. Such a multi‐functional structure effectively maintains its structural integrity upon cycling. As a result, such NCMo90 exhibits a high initial capacity of 221 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, excellent rate performance (184 mAh g−1 at 5 C), and high capacity retention of 94.0 % after 500 cycles. This work opens a new avenue to developing industry‐applicable Ni‐rich cathodes for next‐generation LIBs.
Katalysatorkontrolle über dreifache Stereogenität: Selektive Synthese atropisomerer Sulfone mit stereogenen C−S‐Achsen
Authors: Schmidt Tanno A. , Schumann Stephan , Ostertag Andreas , Sparr Christof
Published: March 2023

Katalysatorkontrolle über Stereogenität höherer Ordnung vergrößert den zugänglichen stereochemischen Raum erheblich, aber Methoden zur stereoselektiven Synthese dreifach stereogener Einheiten wurden bisher nicht beschrieben. In diesem Artikel berichten wir über die stereokontrollierte Synthese von dreifach stereogenen Triptycylsulfonen, deren Atropisomerie aus einer C(sp3)−S‐Bindung resultiert. Die katalysatorkontrollierte Oxidation eines stereodynamischen Thioethers in Gegenwart einer chiralen Phosphorsäure erlaubte dabei den selektiven Zugang zu enantiomerenangereicherten Triptycylsulfoxiden. Deren anschließende enantiospezifische und diastereoselektive katalytische Oxidation zu einem dreifach stereogenen Sulfon ermöglichte es so, die stereogene C−S‐Achse zu kontrollieren. Alle drei Stereoisomere wurden mit Enantio‐ und Diastereodivergenz und einer Stereoselektivität von bis zu (−sc) : (+sc) : (ap)=94 : 6 : <1 erhalten.
Acid‐Resistant BODIPY Amino Acids for Peptide‐Based Fluorescence Imaging of GPR54 Receptors in Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Mendive‐Tapia Lorena , Miret‐Casals Laia , Barth Nicole D. , Wang Jinling , de Bray Anne , Beltramo Massimiliano , Robert Vincent , Ampe Christophe , Hodson David J. , Madder Annemieke , Vendrell Marc
Published: March 2023

The G protein‐coupled kisspeptin receptor (GPR54 or KISS1R) is an important mediator in reproduction, metabolism and cancer biology; however, there are limited fluorescent probes or antibodies for direct imaging of these receptors in cells and intact tissues, which can help to interrogate their multiple biological roles. Herein, we describe the rational design and characterization of a new acid‐resistant BODIPY‐based amino acid (Trp‐BODIPY PLUS), and its implementation for solid‐phase synthesis of fluorescent bioactive peptides. Trp‐BODIPY PLUS retains the binding capabilities of both short linear and cyclic peptides and displays notable turn‐on fluorescence emission upon target binding for wash‐free imaging. Finally, we employed Trp‐BODIPY PLUS to prepare some of the first fluorogenic kisspeptin‐based probes and visualized the expression and localization of GPR54 receptors in human cells and in whole mouse pancreatic islets by fluorescence imaging.
Suppressing Universal Cathode Crossover in High‐Energy Lithium Metal Batteries via a Versatile Interlayer Design**
Authors: Xie Chuyi , Zhao Chen , Jeong Heonjae , Li Tianyi , Li Luxi , Xu Wenqian , Yang Zhenzhen , Lin Cong , Liu Qiang , Cheng Lei , Huang Xingkang , Xu Gui‐Liang , Amine Khalil , Chen Guohua
Published: March 2023

The universal cathode crossover such as chemical and oxygen has been significantly overlooked in lithium metal batteries using high‐energy cathodes which leads to severe capacity degradation and raises serious safety concerns. Herein, a versatile and thin (≈25 μm) interlayer composed of multifunctional active sites was developed to simultaneously regulate the Li deposition process and suppress the cathode crossover. The as‐induced dual‐gradient solid‐electrolyte interphase combined with abundant lithiophilic sites enable stable Li stripping/plating process even under high current density of 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron X‐ray experiments revealed that N‐rich framework and CoZn dual active sites can effectively mitigate the undesired cathode crossover, hence significantly minimizing Li corrosion. Therefore, assembled lithium metal cells using various high‐energy cathode materials including LiNi0.7Mn0.2Co0.1O2, Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2, and sulfur demonstrate significantly improved cycling stability with high cathode loading.
Formation of Z‐scheme g‐C3N5‐BiOCl to enhance photocatalytic activity under visible light
Authors: Jiao Yujiang , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Guyu , Tian Mingxia , Zhao Jianbo , Cui Tianyi , Yan Yumin , Jiang Jianhui
Published: March 2023

g‐C3N5 has wide‐ranging applications in photocatalysis owing to its two‐dimensional layered structure, large surface area, and small band gap. In this study, the surface of g‐C3N5 was subjected to inorganic acid modification and combined with BiOCl to form a heterojunction, effectively improving the photocatalytic activity of the material. The rates of degradation of rhodamine B and ciprofloxacin by the 15‐C3N5‐BiOCl composite photocatalyst were 22.2 and 20.7 times higher, respectively, than those of degradation by g‐C3N5. This was attributed to the Z‐type heterojunction formed by g‐C3N5 and BiOCl, which significantly improved the efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs separation and broadened the optical response range. The preparation of novel photocatalysts has broad application prospects in the treatment of organic pollutants in water.
Comparative Efficacy of Secukinumab Versus Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors for the Treatment of Takayasu Arteritis
Authors: Tian Xinping , Li Mengtao , Jiang Nan , Zhao Yang , Li Jing , Zhou Yangzhong , Wang Yahong , Wang Ying , Li Taotao , Yang Yunjiao , Wang Yanhong , Merkel Peter A. , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: March 2023

Objective

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis (TAK), and TNF inhibitors (TNFi) are recommended for the treatment of TAK. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of secukinumab, an IL‐17A monoclonal antibody, compared to treatment with TNFi.

Methods

This was a prospective, single‐center, open‐label cohort study. Patients with active TAK who did not respond to treatment with glucocorticoids combined with 2 immunosuppressive agents were treated with either secukinumab or TNFi as an add‐on therapy without an increased dosage of glucocorticoids. A complete response was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms of active disease, normal values of inflammatory markers, no progression on imaging of involved arteries, and dose of glucocorticoid <15 mg/day. A partial response was similarly defined as a complete response except with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate <40 mm/hour and C‐reactive protein level of <20 mg/liter.

Results

Nineteen patients in the secukinumab group and 34 patients in the TNFi group were enrolled. The demographic data and inflammatory markers of the 2 groups were comparable at baseline. Complete response and partial response for patients treated with secukinumab and TNFi were 31.6% and 58.8% (P = 0.057), respectively, at 3 months and 52.6% and 64.7%, respectively, at 6 months (P = 0.389).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that secukinumab and TNFi are effective for patients with TAK who do not respond to oral glucocorticoids and conventional immunosuppressive agents, with similar response rates at 3 and 6 months.

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Photometry and astrometry with JWST‐II: NIRCam distortion correction
Authors: Griggio M. , Nardiello D. , Bedin L. R.
Published: March 2023

In preparation to make the most of our own planned James Webb Space Telescope investigations, we take advantage of publicly available calibration and early‐science observations to independently derive and test a geometric‐distortion solution for NIRCam detectors. Our solution is able to correct the distortion to better than 0.2 mas. Current data indicate that the solution is stable and constant over the investigated filters, temporal coverage, and even over the available filter combinations. We successfully tested our geometric‐distortion solution in three cases: (i) field‐object decontamination of M 92 field; (ii) estimate of internal proper motions of M 92; and (iii) measurement of the internal proper motions of the Large Magellanic Cloud system. To our knowledge, the here‐derived geometric‐distortion solution for NIRCam is the best available and we publicly release it, as many other investigations could potentially benefit from it. Along with our geometric‐distortion solution, we also release a Python tool to convert the raw‐pixels coordinates of each detector into distortion‐free positions, and also to put all the ten detectors of NIRCam into a common reference system.
Muscle stem cells get a new look: Dynamic cellular projections as sensors of the stem cell niche
Authors: Krauss Robert S. , Kann Allison P.
Published: March 2023

Cellular mechanisms whereby quiescent stem cells sense tissue injury and transition to an activated state are largely unknown. Quiescent skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs, also called satellite cells) have elaborate, heterogeneous projections that rapidly retract in response to muscle injury. They may therefore act as direct sensors of their niche environment. Retraction is driven by a Rac‐to‐Rho GTPase activity switch that promotes downstream MuSC activation events. These and other observations lead to several hypotheses: (1) projections are morphologically dynamic at quiescence, providing a surveillance function for muscle damage; (2) quiescent projection dynamics are regulated by the relative balance of Rac and Rho activities promoted by niche‐derived cues; (3) projections, particularly their associated filopodia, sense tissue damage via changes to the biomechanical properties of the niche and/or detection of signaling cues released by damaged myofibers; and (4) the dynamic nature of projections results in a population of MuSCs with heterogeneous functional properties. These concepts may extend to other types of quiescent stem cells, as well as prove useful in translational research settings.
Fingolimod ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune neuritis by modulating inflammatory cytokines and Akt/mTOR/NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Feng Yuan , Feng Fang , Pan Shuyi , Zhang Jiewen , Li Wei
Published: March 2023

Objective

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune‐mediated disease that targets the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nerves. Fingolimod is a sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptor antagonist with a high affinity for S1P receptors through the Akt–mTOR pathway, and prior research has suggested that it might be helpful in autoimmune illnesses.

Methods

Chronic experimental autoimmune neuritis (c‐EAN) was induced by immunizing Lewis rats with the S‐palm P0(180–199) peptide, and then the treatment group was intraperitoneally injected with fingolimod (1 mg/kg) daily. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess the severity of nerve injury. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that fingolimod's anti‐inflammatory effects on c‐EAN rats might be realized through the NF‐κB signaling pathway. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (INF‐γ), interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) were measured to evaluate the inflammation levels, and pAkt, p‐S6, and p‐p65 were used to measure the abundance of downstream activation markers to determine whether the Akt/mTOR/NF‐κB signaling pathway was activated in the c‐EAN model.

Results

Fingolimod treatment reduced the inflammatory reaction and the expression of NF‐κB in sciatic nerves. It also decreased the mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, iNOS, and ICAM‐1 and pAkt, p‐S6, and p‐p65, representing the Akt/mTOR/NF‐κB signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Our data showed that fingolimod could improve the disease course, alleviate the decrease in inflammation, and reduce proinflammatory cytokines through the Akt/mTOR/NF‐κB axis in c‐EAN rats, which could be beneficial for the development of CIDP‐related research.