bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near-Field Coupling and Mode Competition in Multiple Anapole Systems
Authors: Mazzone Valerio , Totero Gongora Juan , Fratalocchi Andrea
Published: May 2017

All-dielectric metamaterials are a promising platform for the development of integrated photonics applications. In this work, we investigate the mutual coupling and interaction of an ensemble of anapole states in silicon nanoparticles. Anapoles are intriguing non-radiating states originated by the superposition of internal multipole components which cancel each other in the far-field. While the properties of anapole states in single nanoparticles have been extensively studied, the mutual interaction and coupling of several anapole states have not been characterized. By combining first-principles simulations and analytical results, we demonstrate the transferring of anapole states across an ensemble of nanoparticles, opening to the development of advanced integrated devices and robust waveguides relying on non-radiating modes.
Seed Coating Increases Seed Moisture Uptake and Restricts Embryonic Oxygen Availability in Germinating Cereal Seeds
Authors: Gorim Linda , Asch Folkard
Published: May 2017

Seed coating is a technology to improve germination and homogenize stand establishment. Although coating often results in lower germination rates, seeds that do germinate grow more vigorously and show strongly reduced respiratory losses during reserve mobilization. We hypothesize that the higher mobilization efficiency is due to a shift in the enzymatic cleavage of sucrose from invertase to sucrose synthase in the embryonic tissue caused by a reduced oxygen availability induced by oversaturation with water caused by the coating during early germination. We investigated the effect of coating on barley, rye, and wheat seed imbibition during the first 30 h after seeds were placed in moisture. We profiled oxygen in the embryos and measured sucrose and acid invertase levels as imbibition progressed. We found that seeds within coatings absorbed significantly more moisture than uncoated seeds. Coating resulted in near anoxic oxygen concentrations in the developing embryonic tissues in all three species. In barley, sucrose was not cleaved via the invertase pathway, despite the fact that invertase activity in coated seeds was increased. In rye and wheat, invertase activities were significantly lower in embryos from coated seeds without significantly changing the sugar composition.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Fluorescent Property of a Zn(II) Complex with N-Nicotinoylglycine Ligand
Authors: Zhang Yun-Chen
Published: May 2017

A new Zn(II) complex, [ZnL2(H2O)4]·2H2O (1) (HL = N-nicotinoylglycine), was synthesized by Zn(OAc)2·2H2O with N-nicotinoylglycine in 95% ethanol solution. Its structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and infrared spectrum. The crystal analysis show that complex 1 crystallizes in triclinic, space group P 1 ¯ . The Zn(II) ion, located on an inversion center, is coordinated by two N-nicotinoylglycine ligands through pyridine nitrogen and four water molecules. The crystal packing indicates 1D polymeric chains which expand into a 3D network structure by hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking. The luminescent properties of Zn(II) complex in solid state and in ethanol have also been investigated.
Modeling and Characterization of Grain Boundaries and Slip Transmission in Dislocation Density-Based Crystal Plasticity
Authors: Hamid Mehdi , Lyu Hao , Schuessler Ben , Wo Pui , Zbib Hussein
Published: May 2017

In this study, a dislocation density-based model is introduced to analyze slip transmission across grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials. The method applies a combination of the misorientation of neighboring grains and resolved shear stress on relative slip planes. This model is implemented into a continuum dislocation dynamics framework and extended to consider the physical interaction between mobile dislocations and grain boundaries. The model takes full account of the geometry of the grain boundary, the normal and direction of incoming and outgoing slip systems, and the extended stress field of the boundary and dislocation pileups at the boundary. The model predicts that slip transmission is easier across grain boundaries when the misorientation angle between the grains is small. The modeling results are verified with experimental nanoindentation results for polycrystalline copper samples.
A Framework for Designing the Architectures of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Albelwi Saleh , Mahmood Ausif
Published: May 2017

Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have obtained promising results in difficult deep learning tasks. However, the success of a CNN depends on finding an architecture to fit a given problem. A hand-crafted architecture is a challenging, time-consuming process that requires expert knowledge and effort, due to a large number of architectural design choices. In this article, we present an efficient framework that automatically designs a high-performing CNN architecture for a given problem. In this framework, we introduce a new optimization objective function that combines the error rate and the information learnt by a set of feature maps using deconvolutional networks (deconvnet). The new objective function allows the hyperparameters of the CNN architecture to be optimized in a way that enhances the performance by guiding the CNN through better visualization of learnt features via deconvnet. The actual optimization of the objective function is carried out via the Nelder-Mead Method (NMM). Further, our new objective function results in much faster convergence towards a better architecture. The proposed framework has the ability to explore a CNN architecture’s numerous design choices in an efficient way and also allows effective, distributed execution and synchronization via web services. Empirically, we demonstrate that the CNN architecture designed with our approach outperforms several existing approaches in terms of its error rate. Our results are also competitive with state-of-the-art results on the MNIST dataset and perform reasonably against the state-of-the-art results on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets. Our approach has a significant role in increasing the depth, reducing the size of strides, and constraining some convolutional layers not followed by pooling layers in order to find a CNN architecture that produces a high recognition performance.
On the Energy-Distortion Tradeoff of Gaussian Broadcast Channels with Feedback
Authors: Murin Yonathan , Kaspi Yonatan , Dabora Ron , Gündüz Deniz
Published: May 2017

This work studies the relationship between the energy allocated for transmitting a pair of correlated Gaussian sources over a two-user Gaussian broadcast channel with noiseless channel output feedback (GBCF) and the resulting distortion at the receivers. Our goal is to characterize the minimum transmission energy required for broadcasting a pair of source samples, such that each source can be reconstructed at its respective receiver to within a target distortion, when the source-channel bandwidth ratio is not restricted. This minimum transmission energy is defined as the energy-distortion tradeoff (EDT). We derive a lower bound and three upper bounds on the optimal EDT. For the upper bounds, we analyze the EDT of three transmission schemes: two schemes are based on separate source-channel coding and apply encoding over multiple samples of source pairs, and the third scheme is a joint source-channel coding scheme that applies uncoded linear transmission on a single source-sample pair and is obtained by extending the Ozarow–Leung (OL) scheme. Numerical simulations show that the EDT of the OL-based scheme is close to that of the better of the two separation-based schemes, which makes the OL scheme attractive for energy-efficient, low-latency and low-complexity source transmission over GBCFs.
Tree Species Site Suitability as a Combination of Occurrence Probability and Growth and Derivation of Priority Regions for Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Märkel Ulrike , Dolos Klara
Published: May 2017

Two aspects of site suitability were combined, namely species occurrence probability and tree growth as proxies for risk and productivity, aiming to improve climate impact assessments for forests. This measure was used to identify priority regions for climate change adaptation under consideration of current stands. The six most frequent tree species according to German national forest inventory data were used considering repeated measurements. Species distribution and growth models were calculated and combined into one measure. To identify priority regions regarding current forests, we aggregated species-specific negative development of site suitability for stands where a tree species actually occurred. Suitability under climate change increased or remained unchanged for current stands of silver fir, pedunculate oak and sessile oak. European beech and Scots pine showed large area shares with negative changes, but also areas with positive changes in site suitability. For Norway spruce, suitability decreased strongly. Priority regions were concentrated in the federal states Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg, Thuringia, Lower Saxony, and Saxony-Anhalt. Certainly, the workflow contained several steps, at which decisions had to be made. Although this work did not resolve all issues of site suitability modeling for climate impact on forests, it provided a more comprehensive view on tree species site suitability in biogeographical modeling.
Climate Change and Its Impact on the Yield of Major Food Crops: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Ali Sajjad , Liu Ying , Ishaq Muhammad , Shah Tariq , Abdullah  , Ilyas Aasir , Din Izhar
Published: May 2017

Pakistan is vulnerable to climate change, and extreme climatic conditions are threatening food security. This study examines the effects of climate change (e.g., maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and the sunshine) on the major crops of Pakistan (e.g., wheat, rice, maize, and sugarcane). The methods of feasible generalized least square (FGLS) and heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation (HAC) consistent standard error were employed using time series data for the period 1989 to 2015. The results of the study reveal that maximum temperature adversely affects wheat production, while the effect of minimum temperature is positive and significant for all crops. Rainfall effect towards the yield of a selected crop is negative, except for wheat. To cope with and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, there is a need for the development of heat- and drought-resistant high-yielding varieties to ensure food security in the country.
Reticulate Evolution of the Rock Lizards: Meiotic Chromosome Dynamics and Spermatogenesis in Diploid and Triploid Males of the Genus Darevskia
Authors: Spangenberg Victor , Arakelyan Marine , Galoyan Eduard , Matveevsky Sergey , Petrosyan Ruzanna , Bogdanov Yuri , Danielyan Felix , Kolomiets Oxana
Published: May 2017

Knowing whether triploid hybrids resulting from natural hybridization of parthenogenetic and bisexual species are fertile is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of reticulate evolution in rock lizards. Here, using males of the bisexual diploid rock lizard species Darevskia raddei nairensis and Darevskia valentini and a triploid hybrid male Darevskia unisexualis × Darevskia valentini, we performed karyotyping and comparative immunocytochemistry of chromosome synapsis and investigated the distribution of RAD51 and MLH1 foci in spread spermatocyte nuclei in meiotic prophase I. Three chromosome sets were found to occur in cell nuclei in the D. unisexualis × D. valentini hybrid, two originating from a parthenogenetic D. unisexualis female and one from the D. valentini male. Despite this distorted chromosome synapsis and incomplete double-strand breaks repair in meiotic prophase I, the number of mismatch repair foci in the triploid hybrid was enough to pass through both meiotic divisions. The defects in synapsis and repair did not arrest meiosis or spermatogenesis. Numerous abnormal mature spermatids were observed in the testes of the studied hybrid.
Enteric Viruses and Fecal Bacteria Indicators to Assess Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Irrigation
Authors: De Giglio Osvalda , Caggiano Giuseppina , Bagordo Francesco , Barbuti Giovanna , Brigida Silvia , Lugoli Federica , Grassi Tiziana , La Rosa Giuseppina , Lucentini Luca , Uricchio Vito , De Donno Antonella , Montagna Maria
Published: May 2017

According to Italian Ministerial Decree No. 185 of 12 June 2003, water is considered suitable for irrigation if levels of fecal bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli and Salmonella) are within certain parameters. The detection of other microorganisms is not required. The aim of this study is to determine the bacteriological quality of groundwater used for irrigation and the occurrence of enteric viruses (Norovirus, Enterovirus, Rotavirus, Hepatovirus A), and to compare the presence of viruses with the fecal bacteria indicators. A total of 182 wells was analyzed. Widespread fecal contamination of Apulian aquifers was detected (141 wells; 77.5%) by the presence of fecal bacteria (i.e., E. coli, Salmonella, total coliforms, and enterococci). Considering bacteria included in Ministerial Decree No. 185, the water from 35 (19.2%) wells was unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Among 147 wells with water considered suitable, Norovirus, Rotavirus, and Enterovirus were detected in 23 (15.6%) wells. No Hepatovirus A was isolated. Consequently, 58 wells (31.9%) posed a potential infectious risk for irrigation use. This study revealed the inadequacy of fecal bacteria indicators to predict the occurrence of viruses in groundwater and it is the first in Italy to describe the presence of human rotaviruses in well water used for irrigation.
Bearing Fault Detection Based on Empirical Wavelet Transform and Correlated Kurtosis by Acoustic Emission
Authors: Gao Zheyu , Lin Jing , Wang Xiufeng , Xu Xiaoqiang
Published: May 2017

Rolling bearings are widely used in rotating equipment. Detection of bearing faults is of great importance to guarantee safe operation of mechanical systems. Acoustic emission (AE), as one of the bearing monitoring technologies, is sensitive to weak signals and performs well in detecting incipient faults. Therefore, AE is widely used in monitoring the operating status of rolling bearing. This paper utilizes Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) to decompose AE signals into mono-components adaptively followed by calculation of the correlated kurtosis (CK) at certain time intervals of these components. By comparing these CK values, the resonant frequency of the rolling bearing can be determined. Then the fault characteristic frequencies are found by spectrum envelope. Both simulation signal and rolling bearing AE signals are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the new method performs well in identifying bearing fault frequency under strong background noise.
Coaxial Electrospinning and Characterization of Core-Shell Structured Cellulose Nanocrystal Reinforced PMMA/PAN Composite Fibers
Authors: Li Chao , Li Qingde , Ni Xiaohui , Liu Guoxiang , Cheng Wanli , Han Guangping
Published: May 2017

A modified coaxial electrospinning process was used to prepare composite nanofibrous mats from a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) solution with the addition of different cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the sheath fluid and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution as the core fluid. This study investigated the conductivity of the as-spun solutions that increased significantly with increasing CNCs addition, which favors forming uniform fibers. This study discussed the effect of different CNCs addition on the morphology, thermal behavior, and the multilevel structure of the coaxial electrospun PMMA + CNCs/PAN composite nanofibers. A morphology analysis of the nanofibrous mats clearly demonstrated that the CNCs facilitated the production of the composite nanofibers with a core-shell structure. The diameter of the composite nanofibers decreased and the uniformity increased with increasing CNCs concentrations in the shell fluid. The composite nanofibrous mats had the maximum thermal decomposition temperature that was substantially higher than electrospun pure PMMA, PAN, as well as the core-shell PMMA/PAN nanocomposite. The BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) formula results showed that the specific surface area of the CNCs reinforced core-shell composite significantly increased with increasing CNCs content. The specific surface area of the composite with 20% CNCs loading rose to 9.62 m2/g from 3.76 m2/g for the control. A dense porous structure was formed on the surface of the electrospun core-shell fibers.
Metabolic Investigations of the Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Powers Robert , Lei Shulei , Anandhan Annadurai , Marshall Darrell , Worley Bradley , Cerny Ronald , Dodds Eric , Huang Yuting , Panayiotidis Mihalis , Pappa Aglaia , Franco Rodrigo
Published: May 2017

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by fibrillar cytoplasmic aggregates of α-synuclein (i.e., Lewy bodies) and the associated loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. Mutations in genes such as α-synuclein (SNCA) account for only 10% of PD occurrences. Exposure to environmental toxicants including pesticides and metals (e.g., paraquat (PQ) and manganese (Mn)) is also recognized as an important PD risk factor. Thus, aging, genetic alterations, and environmental factors all contribute to the etiology of PD. In fact, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to interact in the promotion of idiopathic PD, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this study, we summarize our findings to date regarding the toxic synergistic effect between α-synuclein and paraquat treatment. We identified an essential role for central carbon (glucose) metabolism in dopaminergic cell death induced by paraquat treatment that is enhanced by the overexpression of α-synuclein. PQ “hijacks” the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to increase NADPH reducing equivalents and stimulate paraquat redox cycling, oxidative stress, and cell death. PQ also stimulated an increase in glucose uptake, the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. The overexpression of α-synuclein further stimulated an increase in glucose uptake and AMPK activity, but impaired glucose metabolism, likely directing additional carbon to the PPP to supply paraquat redox cycling.
Secondary Sulfonamides as Effective Lactoperoxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Köksal Zeynep , Kalin Ramazan , Camadan Yasemin , Usanmaz Hande , Almaz Züleyha , Gülçin İlhami , Gokcen Taner , Gören Ahmet , Ozdemir Hasan
Published: May 2017

Secondary sulfonamides (4a–8h) incorporating acetoxybenzamide, triacetoxybenzamide, hydroxybenzamide, and trihydroxybenzamide and possessing thiazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, isoxazole and thiadiazole groups were synthesized. Lactoperoxidase (LPO, E.C.1.11.1.7), as a natural antibacterial agent, is a peroxidase enzyme secreted from salivary, mammary, and other mucosal glands. In the present study, the in vitro inhibitory effects of some secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a–8h) were examined against LPO. The obtained results reveal that secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a–8h) are effective LPO inhibitors. The Ki values of secondary sulfonamide derivatives (4a–8h) were found in the range of 1.096 × 10−3 to 1203.83 µM against LPO. However, the most effective inhibition was found for N-(sulfathiazole)-3,4,5-triacetoxybenzamide (6a), with Ki values of 1.096 × 10−3 ± 0.471 × 10−3 µM as non-competitive inhibition.
Recent Advances in C–C and C–N Bond Forming Reactions Catalysed by Polystyrene-Supported Copper Complexes
Authors: Drabina Pavel , Svoboda Jan , Sedlák Miloš
Published: May 2017

This present mini-review covers recently published results on Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes immobilized on polystyrene carriers, which are used as heterogeneous, eco-friendly reusable catalysts applied for carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen forming reactions. Recent advances and trends in this area are demonstrated in the examples of oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes, the synthesis of propargylamines, nitroaldolization reactions, azide alkyne cycloaddition, N-arylation of nitrogen containing compounds, aza-Michael additions, asymmetric Friedel–Crafts reactions, asymmetric Mukaiyama aldol reactions, and asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. The type of polystyrene matrix used for the immobilization of complexes is discussed in this paper, and particularly, the efficiency of the catalysts from the point of view of the overall reaction yield, and possible enantioselectivity and potential reusing, is reviewed.
Preparation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Liposomes Containing Water-Soluble Hydroxytyrosol from Olive
Authors: Yuan Jiao-Jiao , Qin Frank , Tu Jun-Ling , Li Bing
Published: May 2017

Due to the multiple hydroxyl groups in its structure, hydroxytyrosol (HT) is very sensitive to air and light and has very strong instability and hydrophilicity that affect its biological activity. This study attempted to prepare liposomes containing water-soluble HT to improve the bioavailability and biocompatibility of the target drug. The preparation process factors (temperature, mass ratio of phospholipid (PL) and cholesterol (CH), Tween-80 volume, HT mass) were studied and response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the conditions. The results demonstrated that by using a temperature of 63 °C, mass ratio of PL and CH 4.5:1, HT mass 5 mg and Tween-80 volume of 6 mL, HT liposomes with an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 45.08% were prepared. It was found that the particle sizes of the HT liposomes were well distributed in the range of 100–400 nm. Compared to free HT, prepared HT liposomes had better stability and a distinct slow release effect in vitro. Besides, HT liposomes presented better DPPH radical scavenging activity than free HT, which could be due to the fact that HT was encapsulated fully inside the liposomes. In addition, the encapsulation mechanism of HT was evaluated. In summary, the results indicated that HT liposome could enhance the antioxidant activity and was a promising formulation for prolonging the biological activity time of the target drug.
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Antibiotics Detection
Authors: Cristea Cecilia , Tertis Mihaela , Galatus Ramona
Published: May 2017

Widespread use of antibiotics has led to pollution of waterways, potentially creating resistance among freshwater bacterial communities. Microorganisms resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics (superbug) have dramatically increased over the last decades. The presence of antibiotics in waters, in food and beverages in both their un-metabolized and metabolized forms are of interest for humans. This is due to daily exposure in small quantities, that, when accumulated, could lead to development of drug resistance to antibiotics, or multiply the risk of allergic reaction. Conventional analytical methods used to quantify antibiotics are relatively expensive and generally require long analysis time associated with the difficulties to perform field analyses. In this context, electrochemical and optical based sensing devices are of interest, offering great potentials for a broad range of analytical applications. This review will focus on the application of magnetic nanoparticles in the design of different analytical methods, mainly sensors, used for the detection of antibiotics in different matrices (human fluids, the environmental, food and beverages samples).
Recent Progress on Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesized via Radical-Based Self-Condensing Vinyl Polymerization
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Gao Haifeng
Published: May 2017

This short review article summarizes recent reports on using controlled radical polymerization (CRP) of inimers (compounds containing initiating group and vinyl group in one molecule) or transmers (compounds containing chain transfer group and vinyl group in one molecule) for the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers. These inimers and transmers that carry numerous functional groups could be homopolymerized, i.e., self-condensing vinyl polymerization, or copolymerized with monovinyl monomers, i.e., self-condensing vinyl copolymerization, using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) or reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques, producing hyperbranched polymers and hyperstar polymers with tunable molecular weights, compositions and degree of branching. Recent reports that attempted different strategies to regulate polymer–polymer reactions were introduced, demonstrating possible syntheses of hyperbranched polymers with better defined structures and relatively low molecular weight dispersity. Finally, several CRP-produced hyperbranched polymers were discussed on their applications for encapsulation of guest molecules, nanomedicine, diagnostic imaging and catalysis.
Development of Geospatial and Temporal Characteristics for Hispaniola’s Lake Azuei and Enriquillo Using Landsat Imagery
Authors: Moknatian Mahrokh , Piasecki Michael , Gonzalez Jorge
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we used Landsat imagery for water body identification to create a novel 36-year surface area extent time series for lakes Azuei (Haiti) and Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) aimed at illuminating the dramatic temporal changes of these two lakes not just at yearly but at monthly or even sub-monthly scales. We used the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to extract water features and we also used spatial differentiation and thresholding techniques to remove clouds and associated shadows from the scene that were then passed through gap filling algorithms to complete and extract the lake extent polygons. We also explored the challenges that arrive from trying to combine RS-based Digital Elevation Model data with locally collected bathymetric data to yield a seamless representation of the topographic features of the rift valley that contains the two lakes. This “bathtub” model was then meshed with the lake extent polygons to compute lake volumes, maximum depths, and geospatially referenced lake levels rating curves. We used this data to examine the lakes and their geospatial characteristics in the context of the lakes’ growth/shrinking patterns. While we did not carry out a full hydrologic analysis we attempted to illuminate how specific lake levels cause what type of flooding and especially answered the questions if (a) Lake Azuei would ever spill into Lake Enriquillo, and (b) what the maximum lake levels need to be before spilling into neighboring watersheds.
Children of Imprisoned Parents and Their Coping Strategies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Heinecke Thulstrup Stephanie , Eklund Karlsson Leena
Published: May 2017

Children of imprisoned parents have a two times greater risk of health problems, including difficulties in their environment, academic and behavioural problems as well as social stigma. Focusing on children who have parents in prison has not been a priority for research. This review aims to describe current knowledge on children who have imprisoned parents in a global context and highlight areas for additional research. This review highlights the coping strategies that children of imprisoned parents use and explores interventions that exist to support children of imprisoned parents. This review employed a qualitative narrative synthesis. The database search yielded 1989 articles, of which 11 met inclusion and quality criteria. Stigmatizing children due to parental imprisonment was a widespread problem. Children’s coping strategies included maintaining distance from the imprisoned parent, normalizing the parent’s situation and taking better control over their lives through distraction, sports, supportive people and therapy. Children received the best support in school-based interventions or mentoring programmes. The overall low quality of the included studies indicates a need for further research.
“Well, It Should Be Changed for One, Because It’s Our Bodies”: Sex Workers’ Views on Canada’s Punitive Approach towards Sex Work
Authors: Benoit Cecilia , Jansson Mikael , Smith Michaela , Flagg Jackson
Published: May 2017

Background: The regulation of sex work is contentious in all countries, including for governments, the public, and sex workers themselves. Research shows sex workers’ perspectives are ignored during policy formation in most cases. This is despite the fact they have unique insider knowledge and are directly affected by the policies that are enacted. Methods: We analyzed the accounts of a heterogeneous sample of adult sex workers (N = 218) residing in different urban cities in Canada to find out their views on current laws and their recommendations for reform. The interviews were conducted in 2012–2013 prior to the implementation of the 2014 Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act. The paper thus provides an opportunity to compare the changes desired by Canadian sex workers with changes put into law by the Act. Results: Although the interview questions did not directly ask about the current legal system, 121 expressed an opinion. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: (1) the challenges that criminalization posed to sex workers; (2) the workers’ suggestions for legal reform; and (3) potential issues with legal reform. Conclusions: We discuss the contributions our qualitative findings make to the scholarship on sex work regulation and call for further research that includes sex workers’ voices in decision-making regarding changes to policies affecting their lives.
Customised Alloy Blends for In-Situ Al339 Alloy Formation Using Anchorless Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Vora Pratik , Martinez Rafael , Hopkinson Neil , Todd Iain , Mumtaz Kamran
Published: May 2017

The additive manufacturing process Selective Laser Melting (SLM) can generate large thermal gradients during the processing of metallic powder; this can in turn lead to increased residual stress formation within a component. Metal anchors or support structures are required to be built during the process and forcibly hold SLM components to a substrate plate and minimise geometric distortion/warpage due to the process induced thermal residual stress. The requirement for support structures can limit the geometric freedom of the SLM process and increase post-processing operations. A novel method known as Anchorless Selective Laser Melting (ASLM) maintains processed material within a stress relieved state throughout the duration of a build. As a result, metal components formed using ASLM do not develop signification residual stresses within the process, thus, the conventional support structures or anchors used are not required to prevent geometric distortion. ASLM locally melts two or more compositionally distinct powdered materials that alloy under the action of the laser, forming into various combinations of hypo/hyper eutectic alloys with a new reduced solidification temperature. This new alloy is maintained in a semi-solid or stress reduced state for a prolonged period during the build with the assistance of elevated powder bed pre-heating. In this paper, custom blends of alloys are designed, manufactured and processed using ASLM. The purpose of this work is to create an Al339 alloy from compositionally distinct powder blends. The in-situ alloying of this material and ASLM processing conditions allowed components to be built in a stress-relieved state, enabling the manufacture of overhanging and unsupported features.
The Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Combined with HIV Vaccines in the United States
Authors: Adamson Blythe , Carlson Josh , Kublin James , Garrison Louis
Published: May 2017

This economic evaluation aims to support policy-making on the combined use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with HIV vaccines in development by evaluating the potential cost-effectiveness of implementation that would support the design of clinical trials for the assessment of combined product safety and efficacy. The target study population is a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. Policy strategies considered include standard HIV prevention, daily oral PrEP, HIV vaccine, and their combination. We constructed a Markov model based on clinical trial data and the published literature. We used a payer perspective, monthly cycle length, a lifetime horizon, and a 3% discount rate. We assumed a price of $500 per HIV vaccine series in the base case. HIV vaccines dominated standard care and PrEP. At current prices, PrEP was not cost-effective alone or in combination. A combination strategy had the greatest health benefit but was not cost-effective (ICER = $463,448/QALY) as compared to vaccination alone. Sensitivity analyses suggest a combination may be valuable for higher-risk men with good adherence. Vaccine durability and PrEP drug prices were key drivers of cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that boosting potential may be key to HIV vaccine value.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of an Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis among Veterinary Students
Authors: Benschop Jackie , Booker Christina , Shadbolt Tui , Weston Jenny
Published: May 2017

An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred among a cohort of 56 veterinary technology and 100 veterinary science students at Massey University over an eight-week period in 2013. This coincided with calving in New Zealand’s seasonal dairy farming system and a time when calves with diarrhoea are commonly seen by veterinarians. Laboratory and epidemiological investigations were instigated by MidCentral Public Health Service (MCPHS) in conjunction with the Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS) at Massey University. Eighty students responded to a questionnaire of which 19 met the case definition, a 24% attack rate. Faecal specimens from seven students contained Cryptosporidium oocysts and Cryptosporidium parvum IIa A18G3R1 was identified from one of the specimens. The inferred median incubation period was five days (range 1–12 days). All of the cases were self-limiting, characterized by diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and in some cases vomiting, headache, and fever. Having contact with calves with diarrhoea was significantly associated with increased adjusted odds of being a case (OR 10.61, 95% CI 1.87–108.29 for one week of contact; OR 55.05, 95% CI 3.80–1931.18 for two weeks of contact). Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis had occurred previously among veterinary students at Massey University, but the extremely high infectivity of C. parvum resulted in student illness despite enhanced hygiene precautions.
Glyco-gold nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Authors: Compostella Federica , Pitirollo Olimpia , Silvestri Alessandro , Polito Laura
Published: May 2017

Glyco-gold nanoparticles combine in a single entity the peculiar properties of gold nanoparticles with the biological activity of carbohydrates. The result is an exciting nanosystem, able to mimic the natural multivalent presentation of saccharide moieties and to exploit the peculiar optical properties of the metallic core. In this review, we present recent advances on glyco-gold nanoparticle applications in different biological fields, highlighting the key parameters which inspire the glyco nanoparticle design.
The First Brown Dwarf Discovered by the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
Authors: Kuchner Marc J. , Faherty Jacqueline K. , Schneider Adam C. , Meisner Aaron M. , Filippazzo Joseph C. , Gagné Jonathan , Trouille Laura , Silverberg Steven M. , Castro Rosa , Fletcher Bob , Mokaev Khasan , Stajic Tamara
Published: May 2017

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) is a powerful tool for finding nearby brown dwarfs and searching for new planets in the outer solar system, especially with the incorporation of NEOWISE and NEOWISE-Reactivation data. However, so far, searches for brown dwarfs in WISE data have yet to take advantage of the full depth of the WISE images. To efficiently search this unexplored space via visual inspection, we have launched a new citizen science project, called “Backyard Worlds: Planet 9,” which asks volunteers to examine short animations composed of difference images constructed from time-resolved WISE coadds. We report the first new substellar object discovered by this project, WISEA J110125.95+540052.8, a T5.5 brown dwarf located approximately 34 pc from the Sun with a total proper motion of ∼0.″7

. WISEA J110125.95+540052.8 has a WISE W2 magnitude of

our sensitivity to this source demonstrates the ability of citizen scientists to identify moving objects via visual inspection that are 0.9 mag fainter than the W2 single-exposure sensitivity, a threshold that has limited prior motion-based brown dwarf searches with WISE.
The Discovery of Tidal Tails around the Globular Cluster NGC 7492 with Pan-STARRS1
Authors: Navarrete C. , Belokurov V. , Koposov S. E.
Published: May 2017

We report the discovery of tidal tails around the Galactic globular cluster NGC 7492, based on the Data Release 1 of the Pan-STARRS1 survey. The tails were detected using a version of the matched filter technique applied to the (g − r, r) and (g − i, i) color–magnitude diagrams. Tidal tails emerging from the cluster extend at least ∼3.°5 in the north–east to south–east direction, equivalent to ∼1.5 kpc in projected length.
Le débat autour de la redevabilité des nouveaux organismes publics et parapublics dans les années 1950
Authors: Masquelier Philippe
Published: May 2017

Résumé Rendre des comptes, c’est à la fois présenter des comptes et mesurer, à l’aune de règles juridiques, les responsabilités qui sont liées à l’emploi des fonds correspondants. Dans les années cinquante la question de la redevabilité des comptes se présente sous un nouveau jour dans le cadre du développement massif et soudain d’un important secteur parapublic. Celui-ci, répondant pour partie à des exigences à caractère commercial, a cherché à échapper à la comptabilité publique et aux contrôles juridiques qui y étaient traditionnellement attachés. Dans cette optique, rendre des comptes se limitait à présenter des comptes. Gilbert Devaux, directeur de la Comptabilité publique de 1949 à 1956, s’efforça de combattre ce mouvement centrifuge. Il contribua fortement à la rédaction de textes visant à limiter les risques d’engagement des fonds publics à destination du secteur parapublic. Ce faisant, il réaffirmait le primat accordé à l’arsenal juridique de la comptabilité publique sur la production comptable de résultats chiffrés.
La surveillance politique des autorités indépendantes de régulation en Suisse
Authors: Stöckli Andreas
Published: May 2017

Résumé Après avoir exposé la particularité et les différentes formes de statut juridique, de pouvoirs et de ressources financières des autorités indépendantes de régulation qui existent en Suisse, l’article étudie leur double niveau de responsabilité à l’égard des instances politiques : le Conseil fédéral (gouvernement de la Confédération) notamment quant à l’atteinte de leurs objectifs stratégiques ; et devant l’Assemblée fédérale (parlement de la Confédération), laquelle exerce une surveillance qui est, soit indirecte par le biais des comptes rendus que lui font le Conseil fédéral, soit directe par l’établissement de commissions d’enquêtes parlementaires. Ce double système permet l’exercice d’un certain contrôle politique, surtout dans des situations où des décisions d’une importance considérable sur le plan politique doivent être prises.
Reddition de comptes et Parlement
Authors: Türk Pauline
Published: May 2017

Résumé Ayant enfin obtenu des moyens d’exercer un contrôle plus poussé sur l’action du pouvoir exécutif, les parlementaires sont maintenant mis en demeure de les utiliser, pour contribuer pleinement à l’effectivité du principe de reddition de comptes. Parallèlement, ils n’échappent plus à l’exigence de reddition de comptes qui pèse également sur eux, soumis aux principes de transparence et de responsabilité. Ils doivent maintenant justifier de l’argent public dépensé, de la gestion du budget des assemblées, du respect des règles qu’ils ont eux-mêmes édictées, et même de leur participation aux travaux parlementaires.
L’arabité de l’humoriste Jamel Debbouze : marque, atout et piège
Authors: Desloires Constance
Published: May 2017

Jamel Debbouze, humoriste arabe, de banlieue, musulman, français, a su à la fois imposer son univers par son talent, revendiquer visibilité et égalité pour toutes les figures minoritaires qu’il incarne, et rendre aux discriminés le contrôle de l’humour raciste, qu’il s’est réapproprié. Il représente une frange de la population que la Marche pour l’égalité de 1983 avait fait émerger. Il a été une figure du bouffon, qui dit les maux d’une société qui n’a pas accepté son immigration maghrébine. Puis il est devenu porte-parole de plusieurs catégories sociales, d’ailleurs mal définies, et s’y est parfois empêtré, aculé par les diktats télévisuels. Il est allé plus loin que ses prédécesseurs humoristes qui avaient ouvert la voie et a bouleversé en vingt ans l’image des Arabes en France.
Vers un humour ethnicisant : les comédies de banlieue (1999-2013)
Authors: Blanchard Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2017

Dans le sillage du succès de La Haine (1995) de Mathieu Kassovitz, plusieurs films dramatiques français ont pris la banlieue pour décor et pour sujet. Puis, à partir de la fin des années 1990, les grands ensembles ont servi de point d’ancrage à plusieurs comédies légères décrivant un espace social pluriethnique et sympathique. En reprenant avec humour des thématiques généralement traitées avec gravité (comme la petite délinquance ou la violence verbale), ces comédies de banlieue sont venues composer un sous-genre du cinéma hexagonal. Les nombreuses implantations de multiplexes périurbains conjuguées à la popularité du symbole black-blanc-beur ont favorisé la production de fictions aux sujets « décentrés ». Au fil des sorties, les personnages représentant l’immigration maghrébine (notamment les figures de l’»Arabe», du « Maghrébin» ou du « Beur») sont devenus centraux dans la plupart des comédies de banlieue dont l’humour s’est progressivement ethnicisé. Dans ce texte, nous questionnons les dimensions créatives, économiques et politiques de ces évolutions.
Mycotoxins content and its association with changing patterns ofFusarium pathogens in wheat in the Czech Republic
Authors: Sumíková T. , Chrpová J. , Džuman Z. , Salava J. , Štěrbová L. , Palicová J. , Slavíková P. , Stránská-Zachariášová M. , Hajšlová J.
Published: May 2017

Mycotoxin content in 244 samples of wheat ears randomly collected during 2014 and 2015 from various localities in the Czech Republic was analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mean mycotoxin concentration in 2014 was highest for deoxynivalenol (DON; 760 μg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; 115 μg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON; 88 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (83 μg/kg), and enniatins (ENNs; 102 μg/kg). In 2015, DON (66 μg/kg) also had the highest concentration level, followed by ENNs (35 μg/kg), nivalenol (2 μg/kg), and beauvericin (2 μg/kg). The maximum limit for DON in the European Union (1,250 μg/kg) was exceeded in 2% of samples, and the maximum limit for ZEA (100 μg/kg) was exceeded in 0.8% of samples.Fusarium species causing head blight were identified using PCR assays. During 2014-2015,Fusarium poae considerably dominated (48.7% average value of occurrence in the samples). Other species were detected in much lower frequencies in both years:Fusarium graminearum (average frequency of occurrence 13.7%),Fusarium avenaceum (11.9%),Fusarium culmorum (4.2%), andFusarium equiseti (2.9%).Fusarium langsethiae was identified only in 2015, at a frequency of 10.2%, andFusarium sporotrichioides was present only sporadically in 2014.
Importer, transformer, diffuser les savoirs infirmiers.
Authors: Toffel Kevin , Longchamp Philippe
Published: May 2017

S’il existe de nombreuses recherches sur la profession infirmière, les effets que produit le social à l’état incorporé sur les représentations et pratiques des individus n’y sont que partiellement abordés. Cet article montre ce que certaines prises de position infirmières doivent aux dispositions incorporées au cours de leurs trajectoires sociales et professionnelles. Pour ce faire, les portraits de trois figures d’infirmières particulièrement engagées dans la lutte pour une autodétermination professionnelle y sont présentés.
Les économies morales de l’obésité de l’enfant
Authors: Lutz Andrea
Published: May 2017

Cet article examine la place de la morale dans la prise en charge clinique de l’obésité de l’enfant à partir de la notion d’économie morale. Sur la base des données d’une étude de terrain réalisée en Suisse romande entre 2014 et 2016 comprenant la conduite d’entretiens semi-directifs avec des professionnels de santé et d’observations dans le cadre d’un programme thérapeutique, ainsi que l’analyse de la littérature scientifique et professionnelle sur le sujet, il souhaite apporter un éclairage sur les logiques morales qui opèrent au sein des discours et des pratiques qui composent ce nouveau champ clinique en construction. Il traite de la mobilisation de principes moraux par les professionnels dans le processus d’émergence de ce champ et dans les luttes pour la reconnaissance des thérapies de l’obésité de l’enfant, ainsi que de l’usage des normes et des valeurs dans le cadre de leur travail quotidien avec les familles des enfants en excès de poids. Les résultats de l’étude montrent l’existence de deux économies morales principales, qualifiées de néolibérale et humanitaire, qui tendent à se superposer dans les discours et les pratiques des professionnels, en donnant parfois lieu à des tensions et des paradoxes en raison de leur rapport antagonique.
Réseaux néolithiques, nomades marins et marchands dans les petites îles de la Sonde
Authors: Galipaud Jean-Christophe
Published: May 2017

Les grands cimetières côtiers découverts depuis 70 ans pour certains dans les îles orientales de la Sonde documentent une histoire multimillénaire de mouvements inter-insulaires, de contacts et d’échanges dans l’est de Nusa Tenggara. Les fouilles récentes du cimetière néolithique de Pain Haka dans l’île de Flores et de l’abri sous roche de Arlo à Ataúro au Timor-Leste datent avec une précision nouvelle les mouvements de population à travers les îles de l’Est indonésien et à Timor. Évalués dans le cadre plus global des influences austronésiennes dans la région, ces résultats archéologiques, associés à l’étude des techniques anciennes de fabrication de céramique ou de tissage, apportent une dimension plus globale et sont utilisés ici pour une réflexion sur la dimension culturelle originale de cette région de l’Asie du Sud-Est insulaire durant la phase la plus ancienne de l’avancée austronésienne.
Wallacea, a Linguistic Area
Authors: Schapper Antoinette
Published: May 2017

Wallacea is home to languages of the Austronesian language family, and to languages from multiple Papuan, or non-Austronesian, language families. It has long been observed that the Austronesian languages of Wallacea display Papuan influences. Some linguists have attempted to define linguistic Wallacea (albeit under other names) in terms of this hybridity. The present article however shows that the zone of Papuan influence on Austronesian languages is much wider than Wallacea, encompassing areas east as well as west of New Guinea. Within this wider zone, called here Linguistic Melanesia, a more restricted Wallacean linguistic area can nevertheless be identified as a subcategory defined by a set of specific features not found elsewhere in Linguistic Melanesia. There is evidence that Linguistic Wallacea is the result of prehistoric interactions between Austronesian migrants and a pre-existing population of seafaring Papuan agriculturalists, who were already well established in Wallacea before the Austronesians arrived.