bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НАПРЯМКИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРОДУКЦІЇ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ЛЬОНУ ОЛІЙНОГО ТА ЛЬОНУ-ДОВГУНЦЯ
Authors: ЯГЕЛЮК С.В. , ДІДУХ В.Ф.
Published: August 2020

Мета. На основі досвіду провідних країн-виробників льонопродукціі теоретично обгрунтувати напрямки й можливості екологічно безпечної переробки льону в товари різного функціонального призначення. Методика. Для досліджень використані аналітичні методи аналізу та синтезу, порівняльного аналізу та узагальнення даних існуючих досліджень в країнах-виробниках продукції на основі льону олійного та льону-довгунця. Результати. В статті приведені основні результати досліджень способів раціонального використання льону олійного та льону-довгунця для отримання інноваційних товарів різного функціонального призначення з врахуванням умов України. Через кризу, що триває друге десятиліття, є потреба докорінної зміни існуючих підходів до льонарської галузі. Класичні технології сьогодні малоефективні, енергомісткі та в багатьох випадках призводять до отримання волокна низької якості. Способом подолання кризи льонарства є поступове введення у сівозміни льону олійного в північно-західних областях України і відновлення вирощування льону-довгунця. На основі сучасних досліджень та аналізу стану світового та вітчизняного ринку виробів з льону можна стверджувати, що відродження льоновиробництва залежить від комплексного використання всіх складових льону олійного та льону-довгунця. На сьогодні в різних країнах проводять пошуки способів максимального використання всього потенціалу льону, адже утилізація спалюванням це екологічна та економічна проблема в світі. Досліджено, що основні показники, які визначають використання складових урожаю льону: вид, вміст лубу (волокна), висота рослини. В результаті проведених досліджень встановлено, що, відповідно до стану стеблової частини, іі найкраще використовувати для виробництва довгого і короткого волокна та паливних матеріалів. Доведено, що льон олійний, придатний для виготовлення короткого, неорієнтованого волокна різної якості, яке можна використовувати в різних галузях господарства. Нажаль, в Україні поки ще не існує промислово налагодженого виробництва такого волокна, хоча є позитивні зрушення і триває пошук шляхів отримання волокна льону необхідної якості. Встановлено, що для виготовлення паливних матеріалів з рослинної сільськогосподарської сировини можливо використовувати технології та технічні засоби, за допомогою яких отримують брикети. Також, напрямком використання стебел льону, що дозволить швидко вирішити наявну проблему і не потребує великих затрат, є виробництво малогабаритних паливних рулонів для сучасних твердопаливних котлів. Новизна. Теоретично обґрунтовані та класифіковані напрямки ефективного безвідходного використання льону з врахуванням адаптації до умов України.  Практична значимість. Запропонована об’єднана класифікаційна схема, що враховує усі можливі напрямки використання льону олійного та льону-довгунця для виготовлення інноваційних товарів різного функціонального призначення. Визначені раціональні напрямки використання та запропоновані нові види продукції з льону.
ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ СУЧАСНОГО РИНКУ МОТОРНИХ ПАЛИВ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: ДОМАНЦЕВИЧ Н.І.
Published: August 2020

Мета. Визначення проблем розвитку ринку моторних палив, окреслення шляхів їх вирішення.
Результати. Встановлено, що ринок моторних палив активно розвивається. Нафтопереробна промисловість є важливою галуззю економіки України. Україна є імпортозалежною країною, а вітчизняна продукція виробляється у незначній кількості та використовується для власних потреб.  Маючи застарілі нафтопереробні заводи, не сприятливий інвестиційний клімат в нашій країні, слід шукати можливості для підвищення об’ємів нафтопереробки, адже забезпечення енергоресурсами повинно лежати в основі національних інтересів країни. В Україні існує 6 нафто-переробних заводів, проте нині працює лише один - Кременчуцький НПЗ.
Найважливішими видами продукції целюлозно-паперової промисловості є целюлоза, папір, картон. За обсягами виробництва паперу провідні місця у світі традиційно займають розвинуті  країни: США, Японія, Канада, Німеччина. Найбільшими експортерами її є Канада, та деякі європейські країни – Швеція, Фінляндія, Норвегія, Австрія, а імпортерами – США, великі європейські країни, Японія.
Вагомим фактором зміни імпортозалежності нафтопродуктів є пошук альтернативних палив, проведення наукових досліджень щодо вдосконалення складу паливних сумішей з використанням біокомпонентів.
Наукова новизна. Встановлено особливості сучасного ринку моторних палив в Україні.
Практична значимість. Зважаючи на проведений аналіз українського ринку моторних палив, можна зробити висновок про перспективність його розвитку, адже промислові потужності в нашій країні є, існує сформована нормативно-технічна база, проте є проблеми із недостатністю вітчизняної сировини, застарілого обладнання НПЗ, тіньовим виробництво неякісних моторних палив та низькою екологічною свідомістю споживачів, які часто керуються низькою ціною, а не високими якісними показниками при виборі палива.
 Вагомим фактором зміни імпортозалежності від закордонної сировини та готових нафтопродуктів є модернізація існуючих НПЗ, збільшення видобутку української нафти,, проведення наукових досліджень щодо нових сумішевих палив з підвищеними експлуатаційними та екологічними властивостями з використанням біокомпонентів.
Various Screening Methods for Anti-allergic Activity: An Overview
Authors: N.R. Raj , Jain S.K. , C N Raj , Panda A B
Published: August 2020

Development of compounds having diverse antiallergic activities to be used in the treatment of various conditions like rhinitis, dermatitis, asthma, food allergies and pollenosis, requires screening methods with efficient reproducibility and perfection. In such process some series of steps were followed; Antiasthmatic and relative activities were performed on albino guinea pig and isolated trachea through sensitization of animals with well known antigens such as egg albumin and Bordetella pertusis vaccine. Bronchodilator activities for both compound and standard (aminophyline) against contraction were produced by standard agonists like acetylcholine, histamine and egg albumin. Bronchoprotective activities were performed against various mediators. Experiments on sensitized isolated ileum, mast cell stabilizing activities on rat mesenteries, homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) using above mentioned antigens were followed. Histamine release measurement using human basophilic cell line, KU812 suspension, biological assays using goat antimouse Immunoglobulin E (GAME) and biotinylated GAME, murine and human recombinant Interleukin 4(IL4) antimouse and antihuman CD40 antibodies for ex vivo Immunoglobulin E (IgE) assay, IgE response in human cells and finally in vivo IgE response, Ig ELISA and cytokine assay were performed. Thus after successful completion of such studies it might be possible to establish a versatile antiallergic compound. Some of these studies are discussed here.
Development and Evaluation of Guaifenesin Bilayer Tablet
Authors: B Vijaya Kumar , G Prasad , B Ganesh , C Swathi , A Rashmi , G Amarender Reddy
Published: August 2020

The objective of the present research was to develop a Bilayer tablet of guaifenesin (GBT) using superdisintegrant MCC and sodium starch glycolate for the fast release layer and metalose 90 SH and carbopol 934 for the sustaining layer. The guaifenesin SR granules of different formulation were evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausners ratio and results were found to be 0.460 ± 0.12 to 0.515 ± 0.03 gm/cm3 , 0.550 ±0.03 to 0.590 ±0.04 gm/cm3 , 19 ±0.01 to 26 ± 0.23, 13.72 ± 0.03 to 19.56 ± 0.04 & 1.137 to 1.196, respectively. The prepared bilayer tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in a USP 24 apparatus I. The formulations gave an initial burst effect to provide the loading dose of the drug followed by sustained release for 12 h from the sustaining layer of matrix embedded tablets. In vitro dissolution kinetics followed the Higuchi model via a non-Fickian diffusion controlled release mechanism after the initial burst release. Stability studies conducted for optimized formulation did not show any change in physical appearance, drug content, matrix integrity and in vitro drug release. The results of the present study clearly indicated that GBT was a stable dosage form and a promising potential of the guaifenesin bilayer system as an alternative to the conventional dosage forms
Taste Masking of Topiramate by Newer Range of Ion-Exchange Resin
Authors: Patel T.N. , Patel R P , Patel B V
Published: August 2020

Topiramate, is an anti-epileptic drug used to treat partial onset seizures, or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children and adults. But its bitter taste became a critical issue which strongly demanded to mask the taste. Different types of ion exchange resins like Kyron T-104, Kyron T-114, Kyron T-134, Doshion P 542 were used to form complex with Topiramate. Ion exchange resin to drug ratio, effect of pH, effect of temperature, effect of resin soaking time, effect of stirring time on complex formation were optimized. Drug-resin complex was evaluated for swelling, particle size analysis and drug release from drug-resin complex. Developed taste masked drug candidate in this research work become eligible to formulate mouth disintegrating dosage form.
Proteomics: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Pathade Parag A , Bairagi Vinod A , Ahire Yogesh S. , Bhatia Neela M
Published: August 2020

‘‘Proteomics’’, is the emerging technology leading to high-throughput identification and understanding of proteins. Proteomics is the protein equivalent of genomics and has captured the imagination of biomolecular scientists, worldwide. Because proteome reveals more accurately the dynamic state of a cell, tissue, or organism, much is expected from proteomics to indicate better disease markers for diagnosis and therapy monitoring.

Proteomics is expected to play a major role in biomedical research, and it will have a significant impact on the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer, heart ailments and infectious diseases, in future. Proteomics research leads to the identification of new protein markers for diagnostic purposes and novel molecular targets for drug discovery. 

Though the potential is great, many challenges and issues remain to be solved, such as gene expression, peptides, generation of low abundant proteins, analytical tools, drug target discovery and cost. A systematic and efficient analysis of vast genomic and proteomic data sets is a major challenge for researchers, today. Nevertheless, proteomics is the groundwork for constructing and extracting useful comprehension to biomedical research. This review article covers some opportunities and challenges offered by proteomics.
Design and Evaluation of Sustained Release Solid Dispersions of Verapamil Hydrochloride
Authors: S K Swain , Patra Niranjan Patra , J Sruti , Rao M.E. Bhanoji
Published: August 2020

The Purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of this antiarrhythmic drug Verapamil hydrochloride (VPH) with HPMCK4M, EudragitRSPO and their combination with a view to sustain its dissolution properties. Investigation of the properties of the prepared solid dispersions were performed using release studies and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The results obtained showed that the rate of dissolution of Verapamil hydrochloride was considerably more sustained when formulated in solid dispersions with HPMCK4M and Eudragit RSPO as compared with pure drug and physical mixtures. FT-IR studies confirmed absence of any possible solid state drug and polymer interactions. In order to establish the mechanism and kinetics of drug release, the experimental data was fitted to different kinetic models likes zero order, first order, Higuchi’s model, korsmeyer peppa’s model. From the above research it may be concluded that HPMCK4M acts as a better release retardant for the model drug.
Renoprotective Effects of Combined Aliskiren and Valsartan in Progressive Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats
Authors: Jenugu Vidya Sagar , Nyathani Hemanth Kumar , Srirangam Prashanth , Chinnala Krishna Mohan
Published: August 2020

Renin angiotensin system plays a major role in the pathology of progressive Diabetic Nephropathy. In the present study, the renoprotective effects of low dose combined novel direct renin inhibitor-aliskiren and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB)-valsartan were estimated and compared with monotherapy in wistar rats.  Rats were divided into 5 groups: control, diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with aliskiren (10 mg/kg/day), valsartan (20 mg/kg/day) and combination of aliskiren and valsartan (5 mg/kg/day, 10mg/kg/day respectively). Clinical characteristics like proteinuria, serum creatinine and renal histopathological studies like glomerulosclrotic index, tubulointerstitial fibrosis were estimated and compared between all diabetic rats. Results showed that combination therapy of aliskiren and valsartan was more effective than the monotherapy in progressive diabetic nephropathy.
Toxicology Perspective of Nanopharmaceuticals: A Critical Review
Authors: Patel S C , R.C Patel , M.A. Saiyed
Published: August 2020

For the last 10 years pharmaceutical research and industry has elucidated several innovations and practices in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Due to the increasing use of nanoparticles, the risk of human exposure rapidly increases and reliable toxicity test systems are urgently needed. Nanotoxicology refers to the study of the interactions of nanostructures with biological systems with an emphasis on the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures with induction of toxic biological responses. It involves their unique biodistribution, clearance, accumulation, immune response and metabolism. An understanding of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the nanostructure and their in-vivo behavior would provide a basis for assessing toxic response and more importantly could lead to better predictive models for assessing toxicity. The current regulations for nanoparticles containing products are still in a nascent stage. The advantages of nanoparticles led to failures in noticing the toxic outcomes in living organisms. Major changes are required by considering several factors including environmental, health and safety issues. The rapid commercialization of nanotechnology requires thoughtful open discussion of broader societal impacts and urgent toxicological oversight action.
Synthesis of Some Novel 5-Substituted Arylidene – 2, 4 –Thiazolidinediones as Bioactive Agents
Authors: Chawla P , P Garg , D Panjwani , Saraf S A
Published: August 2020

A series of 5-substituted arylidine-2, 4-thiazolidinediones derivatives were synthesized from 2, 4-thiazolidinedione and substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized title compounds were screened for their in-vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic and in-vitro antioxidant activities as per standard protocols. All the compounds were found to possess significant activities
Floating Microspheres: Recent Trends in the Development of Gastroretentive Floating Drug Delivery System
Authors: Patra Ch Niranajan , P. Dutta , J Sruti , Rao M.E. Bhanoji
Published: August 2020

Oral controlled release systems are designed to release the drug in-vivo with prediction so as to increase efficacy, minimize adverse effects and increase bioavailability of drugs. Floating drug delivery systems (FDDSs) are expected to remain buoyant in a lasting way upon the gastric contents.  The various buoyant preparations include hollow microspheres, granules, powders, tablets, capsules, pills and laminated films. Floating microspheres are especially gaining attention due to their wide applicability in the targeting of drugs to the stomach. These floating microspheres have the advantage that they remain buoyant and distributed uniformly over the gastric fluid to avoid the vagaries of gastric emptying and release the drug for prolonged periods of time. Multiparticulate low-density particles can successfully prolong the gastric retention time of drugs. This article provides an overview of two important approaches utilized to prepare and improve the performance of floating microspheres.
Prevalence of Depression and the Impact of Psychosocial Factors in Undergraduate Students at a Private University in Kedah, Malaysia
Authors: S Shalini , O K Geap , K.O.I.S Harveen , S.H.S.I. Bakri , Baig M R , S A Dhanaraj
Published: August 2020

The main objective of the study was to identify the rate of depressive symptoms in undergraduate students; to verify if the depressive symptoms rates increase with age and relationship between depressive symptoms and their gender distribution and to study the impact of psychosocial factors among them. Method: A pilot study was conducted in students of various undergraduate courses for a period of 3 months. Two sets of questionnaires, University Student Depression Inventory (USDI) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) were distributed to the samples. The questionnaire also included the demographics, life style, psychosocial factors etc to focus on the prevalence of depression and the impact of psychosocial factors among the undergraduate students. The data collected was analyzed using statistical software. Results: Three hundred USDI forms were distributed and just 134 were usable for analysis as it did not contain any missing data. The participants were in the age range of 18 to 28 years, out of which 54 were male and 80 were female. Between male and female, male were found to be more depressed (mean USDI score of male = 66.98, of female = 60.76). Two hundred forms containing BDI II were distributed randomly among undergraduate students and only 53 forms were returned. 56.60% of the participants scored above minimal depression and 24.53% at moderate depression. Conclusion: The study found that undergraduate students who are not satisfied with their financial status and academic achievement are more likely to be depressed. In the future, the study period and the sample size can be increased to reduce the number of insignificant results to increase the generalizability of the data, hence achieving a more successful prevalence study.
Anti-inflammatory Potential of Dapsone Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Streptozotocin-Induced Experimental Dementia
Authors: Sekhon B S , V Saluja , Chopra D , Singh N
Published: August 2020

The potential of dapsone loaded characterized chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) as a targeted delivery was investigated in memory deficits associated with dementia of Alzheimer disease type. Streptozotocin (STZ) in two doses       (3 mg/kg on 1st and 3rd day) via intracerebroventricular route was used to induce dementia in swiss albino mice.  The results showed that administration of STZ significantly impaired learning and memory based on Morris water-maze (MWM) test and raised myeloperoxidase (MPO) level along with neutrophils infiltration density (based on brain myeloperoxidase activity along with histological studies). Dapsone (1 mg/kg & 2 mg/kg for 11 days) loaded CSNP significantly attenuated STZ induced memory impairment as well as brain MPO activity along with increased neutrophils infiltration.
Preparation and Evaluation of Silymarin Controlled Release Tablets Prepared Using Natural Gums
Authors: Buhary S. H. Seyed Mohamed Buhary , S Jaganath , S Palanichamy , M Rajesh , C Prabhu , A Thanga Thirupathi
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate silymarin controlled release (CR) tablets using natural polymers (xanthan gum and guar gum) CR Tablets of silymarin were prepared by direct compression method at different ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 and 1:0.75 (drug:polymers). The powder blend was evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The powder blend showed satisfactory flow properties. The silymarin tablets are evaluated for general appearance, hardness test, friability test, weight variation and drug content estimation. All the tablets passed the tests. The interactions between the drug with highest proportion of polymers were determined by using FTIR studies. The FTIR study reveals that there is no interaction between drug and polymers. The invitro release study was carried out using 900ml of phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 10 hours using USP type II dissolution apparatus. The results of invitro release studies of CR tablets of silymarin were compared with control (without polymer).
Development and Validation of Analytical Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Diclofenac Sodium and Ofloxacin in Bulk and Ophthalmic Formulations using UV–Visible Spectrometry
Authors: P Chawla , S Kumar , V Sahni , K Mamman , Saraf S A
Published: August 2020

Two simple, accurate, precise, reproducible, requiring no prior separation and economical procedures for simultaneous estimation of diclofenac sodium and ofloxacin in bulk and ophthalmic formulations have been developed. The first method employs formation and solving of simultaneous equations using 273 nm and 291 nm as two analytical wavelengths for both drugs in acidic methanol. The second method is the Q value analysis based on measurements of absorptivity at 263 nm (as an iso-absorptive point) and 273 nm. Diclofenac sodium and ofloxacin at their respective λmax 273 nm and 291 nm and at isoabsorptive point 263 nm show linearity in a concentration range of 1-20 µg/ml. Recovery studies range from 99.67% for diclofenac sodium and 100.35% for ofloxacin in case of simultaneous equation method and 99.99% for diclofenac sodium and 100.07% for ofloxacin in the case of Q - analysis method confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. In conclusion, the proposed method is recommended for routine analysis since it is rapid, simple, accurate and also sensitive and specific
Conventional and Microwave Assisted Synthesis of 3-(Substituted)-2-phenyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one and their Antibacterial and Anthelmintic Activity
Authors: Debnath Subal , Manjunath S Y
Published: August 2020

The present research work was aimed to synthesize a series of various substituted quinazolinone containing 3-(substituted)-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one.  The compound 3-[(2-oxo-4-phenylazetidin-1-yl)-carbonyl]-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, II was prepared by treating 4-oxo-2-phenyl-N-[(E)-phenylmethylidene]quinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamide, I with acetyl chloride and triethylamine (TEA) in benzene by conventional and microwave irradiation method. Synthesis of 3-[{2-oxo-3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-4-phenylazetidin-carbonyl]-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one, III was carried out by reacting, I with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and thionyl chloride in benzene. The compound 2-phenyl-3-(5-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one, IV was obtained by reacting I with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol. Synthesis of 2-phenyl-3-(5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one, V was done by reacting I with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanol. These derivatives were prepared by microwave as well as the conventional method. Structure of the compounds has been established by means of IR, 1H-NMR and MS. All the compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli. Most of the compounds showed significant antibacterial activities when compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin at the concentration of 500 µg/ml and 250 µg/ml.  In this research work, in vitro anthelmintic activity of 3-(substituted)-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one carried out in comparison with piperazine citrate. These newly synthesized quinazolinone derivatives showed paralysis and were followed by death at concentrations of 10 mg/ml for the screening of the anthelmintic activity.
Investigations of Plantago ovata husk Powder as a Disintegrating Agent for Development of Famotidine Tablets
Authors: Mehta Dharmik M , Shelat P K , Parejiya P B , Patel A J , Barot B
Published: August 2020

The main objective of this study is to explore development of pharmaceutical excipients from the husk obtained from the seeds of Plantago ovata. Husk shows very good swelling property in water due to the major part of mucilage in it. Since swelling is one of the mechanisms of action of some tablet disintegrants, it is thought that the husk powder of Plantago ovata would be able to act as a tablet disintegrant. The powder obtained from the Plantago ovata husk was characterized for micromeritical properties, swelling capacity, hydration capacity, LOD, pH, particle size, foreign particles, ash value and microbial limit tests. Its disintegrant ability in comparison with maize starch was investigated by preparing famotidine tablets via the direct compression method. It was also compared with three marketed tablets of famotidine. The Plantago ovata husk powder, however, showed superior flow, swelling capacity as well as water retention capacity than maize starch. The tablets were characterized for hardness, friability, weight variation, in vitro disintegration study and in vitro dissolution study. The optimized batch F2C comprising of 10% of the Plantago ovata husk powder showed a 15 seconds disintegration time, which was significantly less than tablets prepared from maize starch as well as all three market preparations. Tablets from batch F2C were submitted for short term stability studies and exhibited stable characteristics.
Antioxidant Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Labisa Pumila var. Alata, an Indigenous Plant of Malaysia
Authors: Varghese Christapher Parayil , Ambrose Christina , R Veerasamy , Hui Pea Nai , May Chen Siang
Published: August 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential of crude extracts of Labisa pumila var. Alata, a small herbaceous under shrub widely available in Malaysia. In this study, antioxidant activity was evaluated by diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) free radical assay and FRAP assay methods. In the DPPH free radical assay, different concentrations of the extract (5, 10, 25, 50 and 75 μg/ml in ethanol) were prepared and mixed with DPPH ethanol solution. After incubation, a photometric assay was performed and values were plotted. The IC50 values were calculated by a linear regression of plots and compared with IC50 of ascorbic acid as the standard antioxidant. In the FRAP assay, different concentrations of extract (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 μg/ml) were prepared and the reducing power was estimated by a photometric assay and values were plotted. The EC50 values were calculated by a linear regression of plots and compared with the EC50 of ascorbic acid as a standard reducing agent. The study revealed that the crude extract possesses antioxidant activity.
Current Drug Shortages in the United States
Authors: Reddy D Samba
Published: August 2020

This article provides an overview of current drug shortages in the United States as of November 5, 2011.  IMS report finds cancer drugs and generic injectables are scarcest, calls for early warning system to prevent shortages from disrupting patient care. Shortages are worst among a handful of 75 drugs, including biologicals, vitamins, antibiotics, antiemetics, antihypertensive agents, narcotic analgesics and CNS drugs. Most of the drugs on the list are generic intravenous or injectable drugs given to patients in hospitals.  Manufacturers voluntarily report shortages to FDA. There are several reasons for current drug shortages. A major reason for these shortages is quality/manufacturing issues and growing demand for these drug products. Drug shortage is a long-standing problem in the US and in many countries worldwide. There is a great need to develop a plan addressing this critical issue.
Nanosensors and their Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review
Authors: Agrawal Surendra S , Prajapati R
Published: August 2020

Nanotechnology research is rolling worldwide, having an impact on multiple sectors and with a general belief that medical and biological applications will form the greatest area of expansion over the next decade. This field is mainly driven by an endeavour to bring radical solutions to areas of medical need, not fulfilled presently. This article discusses the basic concepts and developments in the field of nanosensors and their applications in pharmaceutical and medicine fields. Various types of nanosensors including optical nanosensors, electrochemical nanosensors, chemical nanosensors, electrometers, biosensors, and deployable nanosensors are described. It describes the progression of this field of research from its birth up to the present, with emphasis on the techniques of sensor construction and their application to biomedical systems.
Formulation and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles of an Antiviral Drug for Gastroretention
Authors: Kharia Ankit Anand , Singhai A K , Verma R
Published: August 2020

The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate nanoparticles of acyclovir by using different hydrophilic polymers. Acyclovir was selected as a suitable drug for gastro-retentive nanoparticles due to its short half life, low bioavailability, high frequency of administration, and narrow absorption window in stomach and upper part of GIT. The nano-precipitation method was used to prepare nanoparticles so as to avoid both chlorinated solvents and surfactants to prevent their toxic effect on the body. Nanoparticles of acyclovir were prepared by using hydrophilic polymers such as bovine serum albumin, chitosan, and gelatin. The prepared formulations were then characterized for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency and drug-excipient compatibility. The prepared nanoparticulate formulations of acyclovir with different polymers in 1:1 ratio have shown particle size in the range of 250.12-743.07 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 0.681-1.0, zeta potential in the range of -14.2 to +33.2 mV, loading efficiency in the range of 8.74-17.54%, and entrapment efficiency in the range of 55.7%-74.2%. Nanoparticulate formulation prepared with chitosan in 1:1 ratio showed satisfactory results i.e. average particle size 312.04 nm, polydispersity index 0.681, zeta potential 33.2 mV, loading efficiency 17.54%, and entrapment efficiency 73.4%. FTIR study concluded that no major interaction occurred between the drug and polymers used in the present study.
A Comparative Study of Acyclovir icroencapsulation by Novel Solvent Evaporation-Matrix Erosion and Spray Drying Techniques
Authors: Raval J P , Naik D R
Published: August 2020

Designing and evaluating a multiparticulate controlled release dosage form, to increase the efficacy of acyclovir (a selective antiherpes agent). Spray drying technique for microsphere production is compared with novel solvent evaporation-matrix erosion technique for variable drug loading in different concentration of ethyl cellulose. The microspheres were characterized for physicochemical properties. The microspheres sizes were ranged from 7-25 μm. The spray dried microspheres had better encapsulation efficiency (up to 91%) compared to that of novel solvent evaporation-matrix erosion technique microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed spherical geometry due to high cross-linking density. Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction studies showed chemical stability and intactness of entrapped drug in the microspheres. In vitro release of acyclovir from spray dried microspheres continued for longer period compared to novel solvent evaporation-matrix erosion method. Overall, the release studies depended on the concentration of ethyl cellulose, extent of drug loading, and the technique used to prepare microspheres. Thus, marked retardation of drug release may provide a useful effective anti-retroviral drug therapy.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: S Pradeep Kumar , D Prathibha , N L Gowri Shankar , R Parthibarajan , L Mastyagiri , M Shankar
Published: August 2020

Carbon nanotubes, which are elongated fullerenes, resemble graphite sheets wrapped into cylinders with a high length-to-width ratio (few nm in diameter and up to 1 mm in length). Carbon nanotubes are molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon with outstanding properties. Carbon nanotubes have drawn great interest and attraction in the field of novel drug delivery system. Nanomedicines can target, diagnose, monitor and treat cancerous cell also. The small nanoscale dimension and astonishing properties make them a distinctive carrier with a wide range of promising applications. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology. The various nano-size carrier systems are available for biotechnological applications including the drug delivery. Carbon nanotubes are typically used for bioactive delivery due to their some unique outstanding properties. Carbon nanotubes drug delivery system opens up new potential and possibilities over nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes etc. for biomedical applications and new drug delivery. In last few years, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown unexpected advantages in the field of cancer treatment and drug delivery systems. Present review article discuss in brief about the methods of synthesis, with purification as well as sorting techniques for giving different grades to different types of CNTs and biomedical applications. These show very good adsorption properties which helps in the detection of various chemicals, toxic agents etc. Research done using CNTs for cancer treatment is also discussed in brief.
Synthesis of Novel Azetidinyl-3-(isonicotinamide-yl)-6-iodoquinazolin- 4-ones as Antimicrobial and Antitubercular Agents
Authors: Raval Jignesh Priyakant , T N Akhaja , K N Myangar , Naik D R
Published: August 2020

A novel new series of 2-[(4'-oxo-3'-chloro-2'-phenylazetidin-1'-yl)-aminomethyl]-3-[N-isonicotinamide-yl]-6-iodo-quinazolin-4-ones were synthesized using the reaction of chloroacetylchloride and appropriate Schiff base. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental and spectral analysis (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry). All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. They were also tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, S. aureus, S. pyogenus, B. subtilis and antifungal activity against C. albicans, A. niger, A. clavatus strains. The selected 6-iodo-quinazolinonones showed promising biological activity and could be useful as antimicrobial agents.
Preparation and Evaluation of Proniosomal Gel of Neem Seed Oil
Authors: Chandel Abhishek , K Saroha , S Nanda
Published: August 2020

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles which act as drug carrier systems. In the present study, we carried preparation and evaluation of proniosomal gel of neem seed oil. The proniosomal gel was prepared using span 40, soya lecithin and cholesterol, using neem seed oil as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Alcohol and phosphate buffer pH 7.4 were used in formulation as pharmaceutical excipients. The resulting formulations were evaluated and observed by transmission electron microscopy. Evaluation of formulation yielded optimum results like uniform size distribution 75-80% drug entrapment and microbiological data. It is concluded that it is viable to prepare an acceptable pronisomal gel of neem seed oil for therapeutic applications.
Microemulsions for Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview
Authors: Mahajan Hitendra S. , A D Rasal
Published: August 2020

Most drugs cannot be given orally because of significant degradation in the GIT or first pass metabolism in the liver. Nasal route for the delivery of some drugs offers an alternative in the pharmaceutical industry. The present review deals with the utility of the nasal route for the delivery of drugs to the brain as a microemulsion system in the treatment of a number of ailments like migraine, epilepsy, and hypertension. The nasal route could be important for drugs that are used in crisis treatments, such as for pain, and for centrally acting drugs where the pathway from nose to brain might provide a faster and more specific therapeutic effect. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the concept of microemulsion, selection of surfactant, co-surfactant, oils, formulation of microemulsion, phase diagram study, and evaluation of microemulsion. The review also focuses on the excipients available for formulation of microemulsions for nasal delivery and describes the investigations reported for the various classes of therapeutic agents. The interesting features of microemulsion such as spontaneity of formation, ease of manufacturing, high solubilization capacity and self-preserving properties make them the vehicle of choice for nasal delivery.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Isatin-based Mannich Bases
Authors: Panda Jnyanaranjan
Published: August 2020

In this study, a series of isatin-based Mannich bases were prepared and their biological activity was evaluated. Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by condensation of the keto group of isatin with different aromatic primary amines. The N-Mannich bases of the above Schiff bases were synthesized by reaction of the acidic imino group of isatin with formaldehyde and secondary amine. The chemical structures of the title compounds have been confirmed and elucidated by means of their physical and spectral data respectively. The compounds were tested for their possible antibacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities by the standard methods. Among the tested compounds, the compound containing the chloro group showed significant biological activity. These pilot studies demonstrate the usefulness of isatin-based Mannich bases.
Evaluation of Aceclofenac Loaded Alginate Mucoadhesive Spheres Prepared by Ionic Gelation
Authors: Varma M. Mohan , Rao H.L.N
Published: August 2020

Controlled release aceclofenac spheres were prepared in a cross-linked alginate matrix using ionotropic gelation technique. A suspension of aceclofenac in sodium alginate solution was added drop wise into 10% w/v calcium chloride solution and the resulting spheres were evaluated for their drug content, flow properties, mucoadhesive property and the dissolution rate. The aceclofenac loaded alginate spheres were prepared using various mucoadhesive polymers: sodium alginate, HPMC, sodium CMC, guar gum, methyl cellulose and carbopol. The calcium chloride was used as the crosslinking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the drug-polymer interaction. The alginate spheres showed good rheological properties, drug content uniformity and high entrapment efficiency. The aceclofenac release from the spheres was slow and extended up to 10 hours. The drug loaded spheres exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash off test. The drug release from the optimized formulation (drug-sodium alginate-HPMC K15M; 1:0.9: 0.1 ratio) followed zero order kinetics and exhibited non-Fickian diffusion. The rate of release of aceclofenac decreased with increasing concentration of sodium alginate due to slow penetration of dissolution fluid in the spheres. The results suggest that alginate spheres can potentially deliver aceclofenac at zero-order controlled release following oral administration. The FTIR studies indicated the absence of the drug-polymer interaction in the solid state.
Development and Oral Bioavailability of Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Ketoconazole
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arundhati , Bajpai M
Published: August 2020

Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal drug belonging to the class II of Biopharmaceutic Classification System. Maintenance of gastric acidity is essential for adequate dissolution and absorption of ketoconazole. Concurrent administration of antacid and antiulcer preparations decreases the oral absorption of ketoconazole often causing therapeutic failure.  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a self-emulsifying formulation of ketoconazole would be able to overcome the pH dependent dissolution and oral bioavailability. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was prepared after selecting the oil, surfactant and co-surfactant by solubility analysis. Optimum ratio of the components was finalized on the basis of drug content, self-emulsification and mean droplet diameter. The effect of pH on dissolution was studied in comparison to the pure drug. Oral bioavailability was determined in comparison to aqueous suspension in rats and the effect of co-administration of ranitidine hydrochloride solution and a commercially available liquid antacid preparation was studied. The optimized formulation containing 20% Capryol 90 and 40% each of Carbitol and Tween 80, exhibited 100% drug release regardless of the pH whereas the pure drug exhibited a highly pH dependent dissolution. The AUC0-24 resulted with oral administration of the SEDDS formulation was about 34%, 43% and 60% higher compared to the aqueous suspension when administered alone, administered with ranitidine and administered with antacid respectively. The results of the present study demonstrate that self-emulsifying formulations can be utilized for oral delivery of weakly basic drugs like ketoconazole which exhibit pH dependent dissolution.
Synthesis of Cyanoacetylated Derivatives of Some Heteroaryl Amines as Analgesic and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: K Madhavi , Sudeepthi P
Published: August 2020

There are several drugs in the clinical practice that contain the cyanoacetyl moiety. In the present study, we prepared cyanoacetylated derivatives of some aryl/hetero aryl amines by using a versatile cyanoacetylating agent, 1-cyanoacetyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole. These compounds were evaluated for analgesic activity by the acetic acid induced writhing test. The compounds were also evaluated for antioxidant activity by reduction of DPPH, scavenging of nitric oxide, and iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. Among several compounds synthesized and evaluated, ethyl-2-(α-cyanoacetamido)-4,5-dimethylthiophene-3-carboxylate exhibited potent analgesic and antioxidant activity, which is comparable to the standard drug employed. These compounds have promising potential as potential analgesic and antioxidant agents.
Solubility Enhancement of the Poorly Water-Soluble Antiulcer Drug Famotidine by Inclusion Complexation
Authors: Ain Shabnam , Gupta V , K Babita , Ain Q , Dahiya J
Published: August 2020

Aqueous solubility is a critical factor for optimum drug delivery. In the present study, we investigated the potential of drug-cyclodextrin complexation as an approach for improving the solubility and bioavailability of famotidine, an H2-receptor antagonist and acid reducing drug which has poor solubility and bioavailability. Solubility improvement of drug by β-cyclodextrin was done by simple complexation approach using physical, kneading and co-precipitation methods and compared with physical mixture. Phase solubility profile indicated that the solubility of famotidine was significantly increased in presence of β-cyclodextrin and shows a linear graph with β-cyclodextrin indicating formation of inclusion complexes in a 1:1 molar ratio. β-Cyclodextrin-famotidine mixture have maximum stability constant 1477.6 M-1. The inclusion complex ratio 1:1 of kneading mixture was selected based on drug release profile and compared with physical mixture. Further characterization was done by  using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the physicochemical interaction between drug and carrier and its effect on dissolution. Dissolution rate studies for selected inclusion complex was performed in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2), phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and distilled water (pH 6.8) and compared these to pure drug profile which was found to be 2.34 fold increase in distilled water, 1.83 fold in HCl and 2.01 fold in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). These results suggest that the kneaded complex of famotidine with β-cyclodextrin as hydrophilic complexation agent can substantially enhance the solubility and dissolution rate. Such complex has promising potential to improve the bioavailability of famotidine.
Preparation and Evaluation of Spray Dried Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride for Nasal Delivery
Authors: U C Galgatte , R H Kirange , Pote C W , Thanvi D A , Chaudhari P D
Published: August 2020

There is increasing interest in drug delivery through nasal mucosa because of the ability of drug particles to cross membrane due to their particle size in nano or submicron range. The present study was aimed to prepare and evaluate microspheres of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MH) by using HPMC E4M and Carbopol 934P. Microspheres were prepared using spray drying method and particle size was found in the range of 1.62 µm. Drug loaded microspheres of HPMC E4M and Carbopol 934P and combination of HPMC E4M: Carbopol 934P were evaluated for various parameters for optimized batch were drug entrapment (61.73%), mucoadhesive strength (1959.30 g/cms2), and in-vitro diffusion studies (95.61%). Optimized batch also evaluated for SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction study. Amorphous form of optimized batch was confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. Particles were spherical and discrete confirmed by SEM study. Particle size range was confirmed by TEM. The drug release of optimized batch was carried out by using sheep nasal membrane. Histopathological studies have shown no toxicity to the sheep nasal membrane and hence optimized formulation was found to be safe. The optimized formulation was found to be stable in the accelerated stability studies. It was found that drug entrapment was in the order of HPMC E4M> Carbopol934P > Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M, mucoadhesive strength Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M > Carbopol 934P > HPMC E4M, In-vitro drug release Carbopol 934P: HPMC E4M > HPMC E4M > Carbopol 934P. In conclusion, these studies indicate the feasibility and superior pharmacokinetic profile of the metoclopramide nasal system.
Comparative In vitro Bioequivalence Evaluation of Different Brands of Amoxicillin Capsules Marketed in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Hailu Gebremedhin Solomon , Gutema Girma Belachew , Hishe Hailemichael Zeru , Ali Yimer Said , Asfaw Adissu Alemayehu
Published: August 2020

The availability of multisource generic brands of amoxicillin in the market today places health professionals and patients in a difficult situation about the choice of a suitable product among numerous generic brands. The purpose of this study was to estimate the bioequivalence of amoxicillin capsules marketed in Ethiopia using in vitro tests in order to determine their interchangeability. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out on the six brands of amoxicillin capsules according to USP guidelines. To compare the dissolution profiles, a difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), dissolution efficiency (DE) and statistical methods were employed. Results have shown significant differences in the dissolution profiles of the brands based on the statistical analysis (p<0.0001). Pair-wise comparisons using Dunnett’s test indicated that the innovator brand has a significantly faster dissolution than the generic brands, except brand D. According to f1, f2 and DE calculations, only brand D was found to have similar dissolution profile with the innovator. Based on the in vitro studies, only brand D may be considered bioequivalent and interchangeable, while the other brands may not be considered bioequivalent and interchangeable with the innovator brand. This research highlights among other things the need for constant monitoring and surveillance on the marketed drugs by regulatory bodies to ascertain bioequivalence and quality medicines, especially for drugs like amoxicillin for which there exists evidence of non-bioequivalence from different firms, resulting in efficacy issues.