A Pore-Scale Investigation of Fluid Displacement and Residual Trapping Under Intermediate-Wet Conditions
Authors: Nhunduru Rumbidzai , Jahanbakhsh Amir , Shahrokhi Omid , Wlodarczyk Krystian , Hand Duncan , MacPherson William , Garcia Susana , Maroto-Valer Mercedes 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Residual trapping in which ganglia of fluid are isolated and immobilised in porous media by capillary forces is innate to several subsurface engineering applications including carbon geo-sequestration. Residual trapping is highly significant in carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) sequestration, as entrapment of supercritical CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in rock pore spaces, limits upward migration of the buoyant CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; plume and enhances long-term CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage security. It is estimated that residual trapping contributes up to 40% of overall trapping CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the first century following injection (1). The amount of residual trapping depends largely on the wettability of the porous rock.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Brine filled saline aquifers have been identified as having the largest potential for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage with an estimated cumulative storage capacity of 10&lt;sup&gt;4 &lt;/sup&gt;Giga-tons of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (2). Likewise, the focus of many studies has been devoted to investigating residual trapping in water-wet, brine filled sandstone reservoirs, and little attention has been given to intermediate-wet and oil-wet carbonate reservoirs. However, until CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; storage technology reaches maturity, initial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration projects will most likely be conducted in depleted and oil producing carbonate reservoirs due to economic benefits associated with CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; enhanced oil recovery and the existence of installed infrastructure which can be reassigned for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; injection purposes (3).&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Accordingly, in this work, the intrinsically water-wetting surfaces of laser fabricated glass micromodels (4); which are two-dimensional representations of natural porous rock structures, were chemically modified to imitate intermediate-wet reservoir conditions through a silanization procedure. Imbibition experiments were conducted in the micromodels using two proxy, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-brine fluid pairs; deionized (DI) water and n-decane as well as DI water and air.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fluid displacement under intermediate wettability was analysed and compared with water-wet conditions and residual fluid saturations were quantified for different porous structures. The Volume of Fluid method was used to simulate the experiments in OpenFOAM. Results from the micromodel experiments were used to validate the simulations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work has demonstrated that fluid displacement during the imbibition process occurs through a series of cooperative pore-filling events under intermediate-wet conditions and the presence of dead-end pores was found to enhance residual trapping of the non-wetting fluid. Coupling experimental and simulation studies provides a unique insight to multiphase flow under intermediate wet conditions. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgements &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union&amp;#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MILEPOST, Grant agreement no: 695070). This paper reflects only the authors&amp;#8217; view and ERC is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Li X, Akbarabadi M, Karpyn ZT, Piri M, Bazilevskaya E, Experimental Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Trapping Due to Capillary Retention in Saline Aquifers, Geofluids, 2015;15(4):563&amp;#8211;76.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Benson; GEA; Iiasa. Chapter 13: Carbon Capture and Storage. Global Energy Asssessment. 2012.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Al-Menhali AS, Menke HP, Blunt MJ, Krevor SC. Pore Scale Observations of Trapped CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in Mixed-Wet Carbonate Rock: Applications to Storage in Oil Fields. Environ Sci Technol 2016;50(18):10282&amp;#8211;90.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wlodarczyk KL, Carter RM, Jahanbakhsh A, Lopes AA, Mackenzie MD, Maier RRJ, Hand DP, and Maroto-Valer MM, Rapid Laser Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices from Glass Substrates. Micromachines. 2018; 9(8)&lt;/li&gt;
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