bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Protest Skills and Online Activism Against Copyright Reform in France and the European Union
Authors: Breindl Yana , Briatte François
Published: March 2013

In the past decade, parliaments in industrialized countries have been pressured to adopt more restrictive legislation to prevent unauthorized file‐sharing and enforce higher standards of digital copyright enforcement over entertainment media and computer software. A complex process of supranational and national lawmaking has resulted in several legislatures adopting such measures, with wide variations in content and implementation. These policy developments offer an interesting research puzzle, given their high political salience and the amount of controversy they have generated. Specifically, the introduction of harsher intellectual property regulations has resulted in intense “online” and “offline” collective action by skilled activists who have significantly altered the digital copyright policy field over the years. In France, grassroots movements have turned the passing of digital copyright infringement laws through Parliament into highly controversial episodes. Similarly, at the European level, the Telecoms Package Reform has given rise to an intense protest effort, carried by anad hoccoalition of European activists. In both cases, online mobilization was an essential element of political contention against these legislative initiatives. In both cases, our analysis shows that online mobilization and contention can substantially affect policymaking by disrupting the course of parliamentary lawmaking at both the national and European levels. We provide an analytical framework to study these processes, as well as an analysis of the frames and digital network repertoires involved in the two cases under scrutiny, with reference to the nascent research agenda formed by the politics of intellectual property.
Poly(amidoamine)s: Past, present, and perspectives
Authors: Ferruti Paolo
Published: March 2013

Poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) are a family of synthetic polymers obtained by stepwise polyaddition ofprim‐ orsec‐amines to bisacrylamides. Nearly all conceivable bisacrylamides andprim‐ orsec‐amines can be employed as monomers endowing PAAs of a structural versatility nearly unique among stepwise polyaddition polymers. PAAs are degradable in aqueous media, including physiological fluids. Many of them are remarkably biocompatible notwithstanding their cationic character. PAAs are per se highly functional polymers and, in addition, can be further functionalized giving rise to an endless variety of polymeric structures meeting the requisites for applications in such apparently disparate fields as inorganic water pollutants scavengers, sensors, drug and protein intracellular carriers, transfection promoters, peptidomimetic antiviral and antimalarial agents. In this review, the unique chemistry of PAAs is discussed and a vast library of PAA structures and PAA applications from the beginning to the present days reported. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2319–2353
Size‐Dependent Structural and Optical Characteristics of Glucose‐Derived Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Tang Libin , Ji Rongbin , Li Xueming , Teng Kar Seng , Lau Shu Ping
Published: March 2013

It is of scientific importance to obtain graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with narrow‐size distribution in order to unveil their size‐dependent structural and optical properties, thereby further to explore the energy band diagram of GQDs. Here, a soft‐template microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method to prepare GQDs with diameters less than 5 nm ± 0.55 nm is reported. The size‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) decay lifetime and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of the GQDs are studied systematically. The QY of the GQDs with an average diameter of 2 nm is the highest (15%) among all the samples investigated and the QY decreases with increasing diameter of the GQDs. The size‐dependence of the PL decay lifetime is also observed. The result suggests that spatial confinement effects related to radiative relaxation play an important role in the size‐dependent decay lifetime. A realistic energy band diagram of the GQDs is deduced from the experimental results.
Challenges with the use of CFD for major accident dispersion modeling
Authors: Plasmans Joris , Donnat Ludovic , de Carvalho Eric , Debelle Tristan , Marechal Bertrand , Baillou Françoise
Published: March 2013

This article summarizes the first part of a benchmark exercise comparing seven different commercial three dimensional codes used for dispersion modeling in the context of major accident risk assessments. The aim of this first stage was twofold: First, the project intended to better understand the potential magnitude of the variation in results for a relatively simple study case. The benchmark case confirmed that, just as with integral models, the use of different codes can cause significant variation in the dispersion results. Second, the study wanted to identify the key assumptions which had a predominant influence on the uncertainty of the results, with the intention of providing clear guidance in engineering specifications for the definition of the scope of work of a computational fluid dynamics dispersion study. This article summarizes the key drivers identified, to date, for the variation in results, and the work shows this variation can be reduced to an acceptable margin by clearly specifying these key assumptions. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Is our apparatus foolproof?: Examination of safety‐important characteristics of an electrostatic discharge tester for explosives
Authors: Ferjencik Milos , Pelikan Vojtech , Cousy Simon
Published: March 2013

Technicians in laboratories and factories need the instruments and equipment which they use to be reliable, available, maintainable, and safe. In addition, sometimes an apparatus is also required to be foolproof. This article deals with the question of how the concept of foolproofness may be defined and tested. To clarify its meaning, the term “foolproofness” is compared with a similar concept—that of inherent safety. The article proposes a criterion describing acceptable foolproofness of an instrument, and a procedure which may be used to test whether the apparatus is acceptably foolproof. An example illustrates how the procedure to examine foolproofness may be applied. Selected parts of a case study show that the procedure is applicable to the analysis of scientific apparatus under development, and that it is able to provide the designer with reasonable results. It helps reveal the areas where the design of apparatus could be improved. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 32: 283–297, 2013
Mechanism of aziridination of styrene catalyzed by copper(I) bis(oxazoline)
Authors: Montero‐Campillo M. Merced , Cordeiro M. Natália D. S.
Published: March 2013

Experimental studies show that copper complexes can be effectively anchored onto the pores of mesoporous solids, having a good catalytic performance in several reactions, among them the aziridination of olefins and in particular, styrene. In this work, the mechanism of the aziridination of styrene catalyzed by a bis(oxazoline) copper(I) complex was studied in detail by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. For such reactions in the homogeneous phase, our calculations revealed a wide diversity of reaction‐pathways, which have not been considered in previous studies, and should be taken into account due to the small energy differences between them. What is more, our results show that there is a strong dependence on the chosen DFT functional. This has profound implications on the way the heterogeneous reaction is studied. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computation of screened two‐electron matrix elements
Authors: Čertík Ondřej , Winkler Peter
Published: March 2013

Computational studies are presented for atoms in screening environments. Numerical solution of atomic Hartree–Fock equations in the Slater type orbitals basis are presented for screened Debye electron–electron as well as electron–nucleus interaction. Slater integrals are evaluated using a Gauss–Laguerre quadrature. Detailed numerical results are presented for various atoms and Debye lengths establishing the method as well as showing the opposing effects of electron–nucleus and electron–electron screening that may induce ambiguity in physical properties extracted from experimental plasma data. A detailed discussion of convergence properties is given. The relevant outcome of the present study revealed the fact that the present expansion method and the previously published Legendre expansion method (Winkler, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2010, 110, 3129) have their best convergence properties in different regions of the Debye screening length. This is important for applications. In addition, the new expansion method can be implemented for other screening potentials, where other approaches fail. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structures, energetics, and isomerism of [Be,C,O,S]: Stability of triply bonded sulfur
Authors: Guo Chen , Cui Zhong‐Hua , Ding Yi‐Hong
Published: March 2013

Multiply bonded sulfur has continued to attract attention both experimentally and theoretically. Triply sulfur‐bonded compounds are still rare, due to either the lack of suitable generation precursors or the conversion instability toward doubly sulfur‐bonded structures. A detailed computational study was performed on the structures and stability of various [Be,C,O,S] isomers at the coupled cluster singles doubles (triple excitations) (CCSD(T))/aug‐cc‐pVTZ//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d)+ZPVE level to predict intrinsically stable isomers with triply bonded sulfur. The molecular orbital, bond distance, and harmonic vibrational frequency analysis were carried out at aug‐cc‐pVTZ‐B3LYP, M06‐2X, and CCSD(T) levels to investigate the bonding nature of linear structures. It was shown that two low‐lying isomers are linear SBeCO 01 (0.0 kcal/mol) and SBeOC 02 (15.7 kcal/mol), both of which possess the SBe triple bonding. The Lewis acid–base association of SBe + CO can barrierlessly form 01 and 02, with the former more abundant, while the insertion reaction of SCO + Be might generate more 02 than 01 via photochemical processes. By contrast, formation of the SC‐bearing isomer SCBeO 04 (39.4 kcal/mol) seems unlikely due to its higher energy and less kinetic competition than that of 01 and 02, via either simple association or insertion reactions. The new stable isomers SBeCO 01 and SBeOC 02 add to the number of SBe triply bonded species. Their unique structures and varied branching ratios under association and insertion processes deserve future experimental study. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Landmark risk prediction of residual life for breast cancer survival
Authors: Parast Layla , Cai Tianxi
Published: March 2013

The importance of developing personalized risk prediction estimates has become increasingly evident in recent years. In general, patient populations may be heterogenous and represent a mixture of different unknown subtypes of disease. When the source of this heterogeneity and resulting subtypes of disease are unknown, accurate prediction of survival may be difficult. However, in certain disease settings, the onset time of an observable short‐term event may be highly associated with these unknown subtypes of disease and thus may be useful in predicting long‐term survival. One approach to incorporate short‐term event information along with baseline markers for the prediction of long‐term survival is through a landmark Cox model, which assumes a proportional hazards model for the residual life at a given landmark point. In this paper, we use this modeling framework to develop procedures to assess how a patient's long‐term survival trajectory may change over time given good short‐term outcome indications along with prognosis on the basis of baseline markers. We first propose time‐varying accuracy measures to quantify the predictive performance of landmark prediction rules for residual life and provide resampling‐based procedures to make inference about such accuracy measures. Simulation studies show that the proposed procedures perform well in finite samples. Throughout, we illustrate our proposed procedures by using a breast cancer dataset with information on time to metastasis and time to death. In addition to baseline clinical markers available for each patient, a chromosome instability genetic score, denoted by CIN25, is also available for each patient and has been shown to be predictive of survival for various types of cancer. We provide procedures to evaluate the incremental value of CIN25 for the prediction of residual life and examine how the residual life profile changes over time. This allows us to identify an informative landmark point, t0, such that accurate risk predictions of the residual life could be made for patients who survive past t0 without metastasis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyridyl‐Dicarboxylate Tuned Cadmium(II) Complexes and Their Fluorescence Emission Properties
Authors: Hu Jiyong , Zhao Zhenxin , Zhao Dandan , Chen Shufang , Zhao Jin'an , Zhao Haipeng
Published: March 2013

To investigate the effect of organic anions on coordination frameworks, the complexes [Cd(2, 6‐pydc)(bibix)2(H2O)2]n (1) and {[Cd4(2, 5‐pydc)4(bibix)4(H2O)4](H2O)8}n (2) were isolated by the reactions of 1‐{4‐[(1H‐benzoimidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzyl}‐1H‐benzoimidazole (bibix) and two distinct pyridyl‐dicarboxylates as organic anions with d10 metal salts. In the resulting structures, bibix adopts different coordination modes affected by the aromatic anions, which have distinct geometric structure and bonding modes. Thus, complex 1 has a 1D chain structure, whereas complex 2 has a 2D architecture. Both complexes 1 and 2 have a strong fluorescence emission, which may be tentatively assigned to metal‐perturbed intraligand interactions.
Preparation of High Purity Sodium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate (NaNT): An Essential Precursor to the Environmentally Acceptable Primary Explosive, DBX‐1
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Piercey Davin G. , Mehta Neha , Oyler Karl D. , Jorgensen Matthew , Lenahan Shannon , Salan Jerry S. , Fronabarger John W. , Williams Michael D.
Published: March 2013

Sodium 5‐nitrotetrazolate dihydrate (NaNT) is a useful precursor compound for the synthesis of lead‐free primary explosives; however, currently employed syntheses for the compound are tedious, dangerous, and plagued by impurities. Through comprehensive analysis, we elucidate the identity of the most detrimental impurities and further report an improved procedure for preparation of NaNT, which greatly improves the purity, while avoiding the handling of acid copper(II) nitrotetrazolate, a highly sensitive explosive intermediate. In the new procedure, 5‐aminotetrazole is diazotized with sodium nitrite, cupric sulfate, and nitric acid. Copper is precipitated as its oxide and the aqueous solution evaporated. After soxhlet extraction with acetone, large crystals of NaNT are obtained. The prepared material is suitable for preparation of lead azide replacement DBX‐1 [copper(I) 5‐nitrotetrazolate] as evidenced by successful use in M55 stab detonators.
Freezing and Hydrate Formation in Aqueous Sodium Perchlorate Solutions
Authors: Hennings Erik , Heinz Jacob , Schmidt Horst , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: March 2013

The determination of the phase diagram of the binary system sodium perchlorate – water is reported. Beside the eutectic point, two polymorph crystal structures of sodium perchlorate dihydrate were determined. The two crystal structures are discussed, compared to each other and to other known sodiumhalide dihydrate crystal structures. The two polymorphs of the perchlorate dihydrate represent the two variants of connected octahedra in the layer structure found for sodium halide dihydrates.
Hidden ghost in massive gravity
Authors: Chamseddine Ali H. , Mukhanov Viatcheslav
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The Hessian’s determinant for a version of massive gravity given by an infinite expansion of a square root function of the induced metric, vanishes. We show that it allows us to eliminate one of four scalar fields used to generate the graviton mass. This, however, gives rise to the appearance of extra terms in the action with the squared time derivative of the metric, thus signaling that a nonlinear ghost survives. We demonstrate this phenomenon considering a simple system with constraint, which is supposed to reduce the number of physical degrees of freedom, however, we explicitly show how the constraint forces the metric to propagate an extra tachyonic state.
Nanolipid carrier-based thermoreversible gel for localized delivery of docetaxel to breast cancer
Authors: Vohra Tanya , Kaur Inderpreet , Heer Hemraj , Murthy Rayasa Ramachandra
Published: March 2013

Intratumoral and intralesional administration of anticancer drugs in gels and implantable formulations is gaining much importance on account of its advantage of site-specific delivery with highly dependable freedom from unwanted side effects. Nanolipid carriers (NLC) are the preferred vehicle due to their improved properties particularly drug loading. In the present investigation, glyceryl monostearate–oleic acid NLCs loaded with docetaxel were prepared by emulsification and ultrasonication technique and were incorporated in thermoreversible pluronic F127 gel (TRPgel) for intralesion injection to breast tissue. The NLCs were spherical particles of 113 nm size with a negative zeta potential of −32.8 and 85 % drug entrapment. In vitro drug release profile of the NLC showed 96 % drug release in 48 h following Higuchi release kinetics. NLC incorporated TRPgel showed mucoadhesive force of 3.07 dynes/cm2 and gelling temperature in the range of 32 to 37 °C. The drug entrapped gel was also subjected to in vitro cytotoxicity study in human B-16 and HeLa cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and in vivo drug distribution study in breast tissue in healthy Wistar rats. The MTT assay revealed that docetaxel-loaded NLC incorporated into gel showed lower cytotoxicity than docetaxel. However, in vivo breast tissue distribution studies showed high tissue drug concentration, sustained over a period of 60 h in comparison to docetaxel and docetaxel-loaded NLCs. These results suggest that nanolipid carrier of docetaxel in TRPgel could be a promising carrier system to deliver drug to tumor by intralesional administration for improving therapeutic benefits of docetaxel.
Peptides that form β‐sheets on hydrophobic surfaces accelerate surface‐induced insulin amyloidal aggregation
Authors: Nault Laurent , Vendrely Charlotte , Bréchet Yves , Bruckert Franz , Weidenhaupt Marianne
Published: March 2013

Interactions between proteins and material or cellular surfaces are able to trigger protein aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The human insulin peptide segment LVEALYL is able to accelerate insulin aggregation in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces. We show that this peptide needs to be previously adsorbed on a hydrophobic surface to induce insulin aggregation. Moreover, the study of different mutant peptides proves that its sequence is less important than the secondary structure of the adsorbed peptide on the surface. Indeed, these pro‐aggregative peptides act by providing stable β‐sheets to incoming insulin molecules, thereby accelerating insulin adsorption locally and facilitating the conformational changes required for insulin aggregation. Conversely, a peptide known to form α‐helices on hydrophobic surfaces delays insulin aggregation.
Evolutionary conserved motifs constrain the RNA structure organization of picornavirus IRES
Authors: Fernández Noemí , Buddrus Lisa , Piñeiro David , Martínez-Salas Encarnación
Published: March 2013

Picornavirus RNAs initiate translation using a 5′ end‐independent mechanism based on internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements. Despite performing similar functions, IRES elements present in genetically distant RNAs differ in primary sequence, RNA secondary structure and trans‐acting factors requirement. The lack of conserved features amongst IRESs represents obstacles for the understanding of the internal initiation process. RNA structure is tightly linked to picornavirus IRES activity, consistent with the conservation of RNA motifs. This study extends the functional relevance of evolutionary conserved motifs of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) IRES. SHAPE structural analysis of mutant IRESs revealed local changes in RNA flexibility indicating the existence of an interactive structure constrained by lateral bulges that maintain the RNA conformation necessary for IRES‐mediated translation.
Retracted: MiR‐449c targets c‐Myc and inhibits NSCLC cell progression
Authors: Miao Li-Jun , Huang Shi-Fu , Sun Zhen-Tao , Gao Zeng-Yan , Zhang Rui-xia , Liu Ying , Wang Jing
Published: March 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNA) play an important role in tumorigenesis, proliferation, and differentiation. Altered miRNA expression in cancer indicates that miRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. MiR‐449c downregulation in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with normal lung tissues was investigated in this study. NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion assays indicate that transfection of miR‐449c expression plasmid inhibits the proliferation and invasion ability of NCI‐H23 and NCI‐H838 cells. In addition, miR‐449c overexpression could suppress tumor growth in vivo. Morever, c‐Myc was identified as a direct target gene of miR‐449c. These findings clearly suggest that miR‐449c downregulation and c‐Myc amplification may be involved in the development of NSCLC.
miR‐16 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting IGF1R and the Raf1–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway in osteosarcoma
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Qing , Wang Guo-dong , Wang Hua-song , Huang Yong , Liu Xi-ming , Cai Xian-hua
Published: March 2013

Several miRNAs have been implicated in the development and progression of osteosarcoma (OS). In this study, we found that miR‐16 is downregulated in OS cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of miR‐16 suppresses OS cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, we confirmed that IGF1R is a direct target of miR‐16. Mechanistic investigation revealed that miR‐16 overexpression inhibits the Raf1–MEK1/2–ERK1/2 pathway. In clinical specimens, IGF1R levels inversely correlate with miR‐16 expression. Our results provide significant clues regarding the role of miR‐16 as a tumor suppressor by targeting IGF1R in OS.
“Seeing” the social roles of brands: How physical positioning influences brand evaluation
Authors: Huang Xun (Irene) , Li Xiuping , Zhang Meng
Published: March 2013

This paper investigates when the brand is promoting a specific social role (as a friend or as a leader), whether the physical position of a brand image in relation to the customer's image influences brand evaluations. Two studies reveal that the match between the promoted social role and the visual representations of the brand and customer in the ad layout improves evaluations. When the brand is promoted as a friend to its customers, consumers evaluate it more positively if the image of the brand is located horizontally and near to the image of the customer. However, when the brand is promoted as a leader to its customers, consumers evaluate it more positively if the image of the brand is located above and far from the image of the customer.
Autonomic Dysreflexia With Negative‐Pressure Wound Therapy: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Mhatre Priya , Huang Mark , Cohler Marissa
Published: March 2013

Pressure ulcers and autonomic dysreflexia (AD) are common complications that may affect individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is a frequently used modality to aid in wound healing in the treatment of pressures ulcers in patients with SCI. Although the common triggers of AD have been well described in the literature, there have been no formal reports of NPWT itself as a cause of AD. We detail 2 cases of patients with SCI and with AD thought to be secondary to NPWT and discuss modifications made to allow for continued treatment with NPWT while minimizing further episodes of AD. We propose that NPWT should be considered as a potential source of AD in patients with SCI undergoing this therapy.
Update on the Role of Z‐Joint Injection and Radiofrequency Neurotomy for Cervicogenic Headache
Authors: Mehnert Michael J. , Freedman Mitchell K.
Published: March 2013

Cervicogenic headache is a common secondary headache that typically is referred from the upper cervical spine, that is, segments C3‐C4 and rostral. Diagnostic injections to one or more of these segmental joints (including the atlanto‐occipital joint, atlanto‐axial joint, and C2‐C3 and C3‐C4 zygapophysial joints [z‐joints]) frequently are used to establish the pain generator in the cervical spine that is responsible for the radiation of pain into the head. Therapeutic interventions used to alleviate pain include corticosteroid injections into the z‐joint (ie, C2‐C3 and C3‐C4) or bony articulations (ie, C0‐C1 and C2‐C2), and percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) neurotomy at the C2‐C3 and C3‐C4 z‐joints. RF neurotomy may provide the most sustained relief of headache symptoms although the relief typically is not permanent. Pulsed RF, a nondestructive modality, may also have benefit for cervicogenic headaches.
Determinants of Leisure-time Physical Activity and Future Intention to Practice in Spanish College Students
Authors: Molina-García Javier , Castillo Isabel , Pablos Carlos
Published: March 2013

Few studies analyze determinants and patterns of physical activity among college students, so it has not been possible to carry out effective interventions to promote this practice. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations between some personal, social, and environmental determinants, practice of physical activity and future intention to practice in a sample of 639 university students (321 men and 318 women), mean age 21.43 years (± 2.78). Physical fitness self-perception, physical activity history, and coach's support to practice physical activity have a direct effect on the practice of physical activity and an indirect effect on future intention to practice, both in men and women. The practice of physical activity has also a direct effect on future intention to practice. Likewise, the participation in sport competitions predicts practice of physical activity and future intention in men, whereas being a member of a sports club predicts practice and future intention in women.
Efficacy of a Social Cognition Training Program for Schizophrenic Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sanz David Gil , Lorenzo Marián Diego , Seco Rosario Bengochea , Rodríguez Marta Arrieta , Martínez Ismael Lastra , Calleja Raúl Sánchez , Soltero Ana Álvarez
Published: March 2013

Psychosocial functioning impairment is recognized as a core feature of schizophrenia. Numerous studies have assessed the process that may underlie this impairment. In the last years, one of these processes that has been studied more is social cognition, which has been proposed as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome. Social cognition includes the subdomains of emotion recognition and social perception, and in recent years several authors have developed diverse training programs in these areas.

The purpose of the present article is to assess the efficacy of the Social Cognition Training Program, a program that includes emotion recognition training and social perception training. The sample was made up of 14 outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to CIE-10 criteria, randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. All patients were assessed before and after the training program. Cognitive and psychopathological variables, social functioning, emotion recognition and social perception performance were assessed. Results suggest improvement in social perception and interpretation in the experimental group, in comparison with the control group, but not in emotion recognition. No significant correlations were obtained between social cognition training and other variables tested.
Young People's Heroes in France and Spain
Authors: Gash Hugh , Rodríguez Pilar Domínguez
Published: March 2013

Heroes play collectivist or individualist roles in imagination and self-development. Representations of heroic figures in questionnaires given to French (n = 241) and Spanish (n = 227) samples of 10 and 15-year-olds were examined to assess the extent that heroes originated in digital media, and whether they were proximal or distal personalities. There is strong evidence that heroes in this sample were largely learned about in digital media (France 45%, Spain 50%): family and community heroes were a minority (France 11%, Spain 9%). Male heroes were more important to Spanish participants compared to their French peers. The acquisition sequence for hero type reported in the pre-television era, proximal (family and community) to distal (beyond the neighbourhood), is reversed in this study. Generally, 10-year-olds preferred heroes with collectivist qualities and 15 year olds with individualised qualities. Findings are discussed in terms of the emergence of social capital.
Attitude Similarity and Stereotypicality in Leader Evaluation
Authors: Montes-Berges Beatriz , Moya Miguel
Published: March 2013

Stereotypicality and attitudinal similarity are variables broadly studied in the research about leader's acceptance and evaluation. However, the interaction between these variables has not been deeply studied. An experimental research in which we analyze the influence of both variables and their interaction on leaders' evaluation is presented. A3 × 3 (attitudinal similarity [none, moderate, high] × leaders' stereotypicality [none, moderately and very stereotypical]) design was used. Participants were 215 Psychology students. Results show that both variables influenced leaders' evaluation, although the influence of stereotypicality was stronger than that of attitude similarity. The significant interaction between both variables indicates that, when a very stereotypical leader is not at all similar or moderately similar to the perceiver, his or her evaluation diminishes.
Statistical Inference Involving Binomial and Negative Binomial Parameters
Authors: García-Pérez Miguel A. , Núñez-Antón Vicente
Published: March 2013

Statistical inference about two binomial parameters implies that they are both estimated by binomial sampling. There are occasions in which one aims at testing the equality of two binomial parameters before and after the occurrence of the first success along a sequence of Bernoulli trials. In these cases, the binomial parameter before the first success is estimated by negative binomial sampling whereas that after the first success is estimated by binomial sampling, and both estimates are related. This paper derives statistical tools to test two hypotheses, namely, that both binomial parameters equal some specified value and that both parameters are equal though unknown. Simulation studies are used to show that in small samples both tests are accurate in keeping the nominal Type-I error rates, and also to determine sample size requirements to detect large, medium, and small effects with adequate power. Additional simulations also show that the tests are sufficiently robust to certain violations of their assumptions.
The Source of Display Rules and their Effects on Primary Health Care Professionals' Well-Being
Authors: Martínez-Iñigo David , Totterdell Peter , Alcover Carlos Maria , Holman David
Published: March 2013

Employees‘ perceptions of the emotional requirements of their work role are considered a necessary antecedent of emotion work. The impact of these requirements on the emotions employees display, their well-being, and their clients' satisfaction has been explored in previous research. Emotional requirements have been characterized as organizationally-based expectations (e.g., Brotheridge & Lee, 2003), formal and informal organizational rules (e.g., Cropanzano, Weiss & Elias, 2004), occupational norms (e.g., Rafaeli & Sutton, 1987; Smith & Kleinman, 1989) and job-based demands (Brotheridge & Lee, 2002). Although all these definitions assume some kind of shared source for perceptions of emotional requirements, it remains unclear to what extent these different sources contribute and to what extent the requirements are shared by different units, teams and individuals in the organization. The present study analyses the perception of emotional requirements from a survey of ninety-seven Primary Health Care teams composed of general practitioners, nurses and administrative staff (N = 1057). The relative contribution of different sources of variance (team, organizational, and occupational) to perceived emotional requirements and the effects on employees’ job satisfaction and well being are examined. Results confirm the relevance of the source and show the contribution of emotional demands to prediction of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction levels.
Work, Family, and Gender: Elements for a Theory of Work-Family Balance
Authors: Cantera Leonor M. , Cubells Mª Eugenia , Martínez Luz Mª , Blanch Josep M.
Published: March 2013

Over last century, work was not only a means of economic survival, but also a very strong factor of psychological structuring and of organization of personal, family, and everyday life. The new world of work provides new challenges to the balance of work and family life. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 453 people with the aim of analyzing the relation between variables such as family burdens and domestic responsibilities, and the appraisal of work and family, values involved in work-family balance. The results of this study show that, in the present economic and cultural context, assuming family burdens and domestic responsibilities increases the positive appraisal of work and family, both in men and women. This has theoretical and practical implications concerning the challenge of work-family balance.
Public Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Influence of Perceived Severity and Personal Responsibility
Authors: Gracia Enrique , García Fernando , Lila Marisol
Published: March 2013

This paper explored public willingness to act when exposed to cases of intimate partner violence against women, by analyzing the influence of perceived severity and personal responsibility on two types of responses: mediating and reporting to the police. Results (N = 419) yielded main effects of personal responsibility for both types of responses. No main effects of perceived severity were found. A significant interaction between perceived severity and personal responsibility was found only for reporting responses. Results are discussed in light of the helping behavior research tradition. Implications for public education and advocacy programs are also considered.
Visoconstructive Deficits and Risk of Developing Eating Disorders
Authors: Alvarado-Sánchez Nayelli , Silva-Gutiérrez Cecilia , Salvador-Cruz Judith
Published: March 2013

In order to explore if neuropsychological deficits on visual constructional ability could be related to risk eating behaviors, a total of 102 women were evaluated, 51 of the participants had been formally diagnosed with eating disorders and 51 did not. All participants were given the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40), The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure and The Tower of London Task. Results revealed the existence of a deficit on visual integration similar to those observed in other studies with diagnosed patients. The group at risk showed a comparatively reduced ability on the tasks and the control participants' execution was on the average. Findings revealed the need for designing studies to evaluate neuropsychological processes as possible risk factors which predict eating disorders.
Temporal Stability and Cross-National Consistency of the Dimensional Structure of the Sexual Attraction Questionnaire (SAQ)
Authors: Fernández Juan , Quiroga Mª Ángeles , Olmo Isabel Del , Buizza Chiara , Imbasciati Antonio
Published: March 2013

The Sexual Attraction Questionnaire (SAQ) was designed to measure sexual attraction (Fernández, Quiroga, & Rodríguez, 2006), because the current questionnaires were considered inadequate. The purpose of this research was to test whether the SAQ factors remain meaningful after several years (stability) and whether the Italian version is equivalent to the Spanish one (consistency). Three groups of university students participated: two from Spain (n = 182 and 255, respectively) and one from Italy (n = 293). The Spanish groups were tested with a 7-year interval (2001-2008). The Italian group was tested in 2008. The main hypotheses were to test, across time interval and countries: (a) factor congruence, (b) predictive power of factors (proportion of variance accounted for), and (c) scale reliability. Sexual attraction typology also was analyzed, within and between countries, to test the validity of the underlying theoretical model. The results obtained show that the SAQ factor structure remains the same, the resulting factors have high predictive power, and the SAQ scales are highly reliable. Sexual dimorphism and sexual attraction typology are highly associated, thus validating the underlying theoretical model.
Validity Evidence for the Reading Competence Test of Words and Non-Words
Authors: Seabra Alessandra Gotuzo , Muniz Monalisa , Primi Ricardo
Published: March 2013

This study sought evidence of validity for the Reading Competence Test of Words and Nonwords (in Portuguese: Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras e Pseudopalavras or TCLPP). This test evaluates silent reading of isolated items by asking the student to determine if presented items of written image-word pairs are correct or not. Two thousand nine hundred and ninety four students from the 1st to 4th grade in public Brazilian elementary schools, of both genders, and between the ages of 6 and 11 years, participated, collectively evaluated in the TCLPP. The results showed the TCLPP’s sensitivity for discriminating competence in reading between grades, supporting evidence of validity based on the relationships between the various levels. The difficulty in the items was compatible with the theory on which the test is based, providing evidence of validity based on the response process. Finally, two factors which compose the test were verified, one involving logographic and phonological strategies, and the other, lexical, attesting to evidence of validity based on the internal structure.
Validation of the Spanish Version of the Situational Motivation Scale (EMSI) in the Educational Context
Authors: Martín-Albo José , Núñez Juan L. , Navarro José G.
Published: March 2013

The purpose of the present research was to translate into Spanish and analyze the psychometricA properties of the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS). The participants were 373 undergraduate students (126 males and 247 females). Factor validity was tested via confirmatory factor analysis. Based on factor loadings and modification indexes, the SIMS was reduced to a 14-item model. This respecification showed adequate internal consistency and construct validity. The multistep analysis of invariance revealed that the factor structure of the SIMS is invariant across gender. Likewise, MANOVA revealed that amotivation was the only significant variable across gender. Predictive validity was assessed through path analysis. The results support the preliminary use of the Spanish version of the SIMS for the assessment of situational motivation in education.
Self-Change Strategies in Smokers and Former Smokers: Spanish Adaptation of the SCS-CS and SCS-FS
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Secades-Villa Roberto , Fernández-Hermida José Ramón , García-Rodríguez Olaya , Bobes-Bascarán Mª Teresa
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to validate and adapt the Self-Change Strategies in Current Smokers (SCS-CS) and the Self-Change Strategies in Former Smokers (SCS-FS) (Christie & Etter, 2005) to the Spanish population. We also wished to analyze the differences in the self-change strategies used as a function of gender. Participants were 370 subjects (190 smokers and 180 former smokers) who were recruited by means of the “snowball” method. The alpha coefficients for the SCS-CS and the SCS-FS were .86 and .87, respectively. Both scales present satisfactory psychometric properties, so they are shown to be useful instruments to use in the Spanish population. The SCS-CS score showed that male smokers used more self-change strategies than females (46.6 vs. 11.9, p < .01), specifically, more cognitive strategies. In the SCS-CS, men scored higher than women (49 vs. 12.08, p < .01), in both the group of cognitive and behavioral strategies. The psychological mechanisms used to control the smoking habit are the same in men as in women, but the men tend to use a larger number of strategies. Treatments to quit smoking do not need to be substantially different, but they should be more intensive in the case of women smokers.
Psychometric Properties of the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales in Non-Clinical Young Adults
Authors: Fonseca-Pedrero Eduardo , Paino Mercedes , Lemos-Giráldez Serafín , García-Cueto Eduardo , Villazón-García Úrsula , Bobes Julio , Muñiz José
Published: March 2013

Anhedonia, a central dimension within the schizotypy construct, has been considered to be a promising vulnerability marker for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The Revised Physical Anhedonia Scale (RPhA) and Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) are two self-reports widely used in the assessment of anhedonia; however, they psychometric characteristics have been scarcely investigated in Spanish population. The objective of the current work was to study the psychometric properties of the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales in non-clinical young adults. The sample was composed of 728 college students with a mean age of 20.1 years (SD=2.5. The data indicated that the scales showed adequate psychometric characteristics. The Cronbach alpha was 0.95 (RSAS) and 0.92 (RPhA) respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis carried out on the matrix of tetrachoric correlations showed that both scales presented an essentially unidimensional solution. The Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales seem to be adequate for psychosis-risk assessment in non-clinical populations. Future research should further investigate the construct validity in other populations and cultures as well as study its relation to emotional aspects and cognitive endophenotypes.
The Hirsch h Index in a Non-Mainstream Area: Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences in Spain
Authors: García-Pérez Miguel A.
Published: March 2013

The h index has advantages over journal impact factors for assessing the research performance of individuals, and it is becoming a reference tool for career assessment that is starting to be considered by some agencies as an aid in decisions for promotion, allocation, and funding. The h index has been reported to have adequate properties as a measure of the research accomplishments of individuals in areas where h values are usually high (i.e., at or above 40), but some concerns have been raised that its validity in other non-mainstream research areas is suspect. This paper presents data from an exhaustive computation and analysis of h indices for 204 faculty members in the area of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences in Spain, an area where h indices tend to be low worldwide. The results indicate that the h index is substantially increased by self-citations and that the average h of full professors is not meaningfully larger than the average h of associate professors. Other interesting relations between h indices and demographic and academic variables are described, including the gender and age bias of h. In this field, but perhaps also in other fields where the average h is low, little justification is found for the use of the h index as a fair measure of research performance that can aid in funding or promotion decisions.
Familiarity Changes as a Function of Perceptual Shifts
Authors: Algarabel Salvador , Pitarque Alfonso
Published: March 2013

This experiment compares the yes-no and forced recognition tests as methods of measuring familiarity. Participants faced a phase of 3 study-test recognition trials in which they studied words using all the letters of the alphabet (overlapping condition, O), and an additional phase in which targets and lures did not share any letters (non-overlapping condition, NO). Finally, subjects performed a forced-choice task in which they had to choose one of two new words, each from one of the subsets (Parkin et al., 2001). Results in the NO condition were better than in the O condition in the yes-no recognition test, while the forced-choice rate was significantly higher than .50, showing their sensitivity to familiarity. When the letter set of the words for study in the third list of the NO condition was switched, the difference between NO and O conditions disappeared in yes-no test, while the force-choice rate was not higher than .50. We conclude that both the yes-no test and the forced-choice test are valid and equivalent measures of familiarity under the right conditions.
Effects of Spatial Frequency Content on Classification of Face Gender and Expression
Authors: Aguado Luis , Serrano-Pedraza Ignacio , Rodríguez Sonia , Román Francisco J.
Published: March 2013

The role of different spatial frequency bands on face gender and expression categorization was studied in three experiments. Accuracy and reaction time were measured for unfiltered, low-pass (cut-off frequency of 1 cycle/deg) and high-pass (cut-off frequency of 3 cycles/deg) filtered faces. Filtered and unfiltered faces were equated in root-mean-squared contrast. For low-pass filtered faces reaction times were higher than unfiltered and high-pass filtered faces in both categorization tasks. In the expression task, these results were obtained with expressive faces presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and also with neutral-expressive dynamic sequences where each expressive face was preceded by a briefly presented neutral version of the same face (Experiment 2). For high-pass filtered faces different effects were observed on gender and expression categorization. While both speed and accuracy of gender categorization were reduced comparing to unfiltered faces, the efficiency of expression classification remained similar. Finally, we found no differences between expressive and non expressive faces in the effects of spatial frequency filtering on gender categorization (Experiment 3). These results show a common role of information from the high spatial frequency band in the categorization of face gender and expression.
An Exploratory Study of Phonological Awareness and Working Memory Differences and Literacy Performance of People that Use AAC
Authors: Taibo María Luisa Gómez , Iglesias Pilar Vieiro , Raposo María del Salvador González , Méndez María Sotillo
Published: March 2013

Twelve cerebral palsied adolescents and young adults with complex communicative needs who used augmentative and alternative communication were studied. They were classified according to their working memory capacity (high vs. low) into two groups of 6 participants. They were also divided into two groups of 6 participants according to their high vs. low phonological skills. These groups were compared on their performance in reading tests –orthographic knowledge, a word test and a pseudoword reading test- and in the spelling of words, pseudowords and pictures' names. Statistical differences were found between high vs. low phonological skills groups, and between high and low working memory groups. High working memory capacity group scored significantly higher than low working memory group in the orthographic and word reading tests. The high phonological skills group outperformed the low phonological skills group in the word reading test and in the spelling of pseudowords and pictures' names. From a descriptive point of view, phonological skills and working memory, factors known to be highly predictive of literacy skills in people without disabilities, also hold as factors for the participants that used AAC in our study. Implications of the results are discussed.