bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nociceptive TRP Channels: Sensory Detectors and Transducers in Multiple Pain Pathologies
Authors: Mickle Aaron , Shepherd Andrew , Mohapatra Durga
Published: November 2016

Specialized receptors belonging to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ligand-gated ion channels constitute the critical detectors and transducers of pain-causing stimuli. Nociceptive TRP channels are predominantly expressed by distinct subsets of sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Several of these TRP channels are also expressed in neurons of the central nervous system, and in non-neuronal cells that communicate with sensory nerves. Nociceptive TRPs are activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli to provide the excitatory trigger in neurons. In addition, decades of research has identified a large number of immune and neuromodulators as mediators of nociceptive TRP channel activation during injury, inflammatory and other pathological conditions. These findings have led to aggressive targeting of TRP channels for the development of new-generation analgesics. This review summarizes the complex activation and/or modulation of nociceptive TRP channels under pathophysiological conditions, and how these changes underlie acute and chronic pain conditions. Furthermore, development of small-molecule antagonists for several TRP channels as analgesics, and the positive and negative outcomes of these drugs in clinical trials are discussed. Understanding the diverse functional and modulatory properties of nociceptive TRP channels is critical to function-based drug targeting for the development of evidence-based and efficacious new generation analgesics.
A Structure Identification and Toxicity Assessment of the Degradation Products of Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut Oil under UV Irradiation
Authors: Mao Jin , He Bing , Zhang Liangxiao , Li Peiwu , Zhang Qi , Ding Xiaoxia , Zhang Wen
Published: November 2016

Aflatoxins, a group of extremely hazardous compounds because of their genotoxicity and carcinogenicity to human and animals, are commonly found in many tropical and subtropical regions. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is proven to be an effective method to reduce or detoxify aflatoxins. However, the degradation products of aflatoxins under UV irradiation and their safety or toxicity have not been clear in practical production such as edible oil industry. In this study, the degradation products of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in peanut oil were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatograph-Thermo Quadrupole Exactive Focus mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQEF-MS/MS). The high-resolution mass spectra reflected that two main products were formed after the modification of a double bond in the terminal furan ring and the fracture of the lactone ring, while the small molecules especially nitrogen-containing compound may have participated in the photochemical reaction. According to the above results, the possible photodegradation pathway of AFB1 in peanut oil is proposed. Moreover, the human embryo hepatocytes viability assay indicated that the cell toxicity of degradation products after UV irradiation was much lower than that of AFB1, which could be attributed to the breakage of toxicological sites. These findings can provide new information for metabolic pathways and the hazard assessment of AFB1 using UV detoxification.
Investigating the driver’s response time at signalized intersections
Authors: Çalişkanelli Pelin , Tanyel Serhan
Published: November 2016

It is generally accepted that, behavioural variables may show differences in different countries, and sometimes in different regions depending on cultural and other socio-economic factors. In literature, several researchers have emphasized that performance of signalized intersections is highly related with drivers’ behaviour. However, only a few parameters can be used to reflect drivers’ behaviour in performance analysis. Start response time is used as a key parameter in calibration of analytical and simulation models. In this study, a detailed analysis is conducted on the variability of start response time with respect to parameters like those that manoeuvre type, cycle time, gender of drivers’, etc. by using data obtained from signalized intersections in İzmir, Turkey. Analysis showed that left and right turning drivers have slightly shorter start response times than all through passing vehicles. In addition, the effect of start response time on base saturation flow is discussed.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ∼2 m DIAMETER NEAR-EARTH ASTEROID 2015 TC25: A POSSIBLE BOULDER FROM E-TYPE ASTEROID (44) NYSA
Authors: Reddy Vishnu , Sanchez Juan A. , Bottke William F. , Thirouin Audrey , Rivera-Valentin Edgard G. , Kelley Michael S. , Ryan William , Cloutis Edward A. , Tegler Stephen C. , Ryan Eileen V. , Taylor Patrick A. , Richardson James E. , Moskovitz Nicholas , Le Corre Lucille
Published: November 2016

Small near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) (<20 m) are interesting, because they are progenitors for meteorites in our terrestrial collection. The physical characteristics of these small NEAs are crucial to our understanding of the effectiveness of our atmosphere in filtering low-strength impactors. In the past, the characterization of small NEAs has been a challenge, because of the difficulty in detecting them prior to close Earth flyby. In this study, we physically characterized the 2 m diameter NEA 2015 TC25 using ground-based optical, near-infrared and radar assets during a close flyby of the Earth (distance 128,000 km) in 2015 October 12. Our observations suggest that its surface composition is similar to aubrites, a rare class of high-albedo differentiated meteorites. Aubrites make up only 0.14% of all known meteorites in our terrestrial meteorite collection. 2015 TC25 is also a very fast rotator with a period of 133 ± 6 s. We combined the spectral and dynamical properties of 2015 TC25 and found the best candidate source body in the inner main belt to be the 70 km diameter E-type asteroid (44) Nysa. We attribute the difference in spectral slope between the two objects to the lack of regolith on the surface of 2015 TC25. Using the albedo of E-type asteroids (50%–60%) we refine the diameter of 2015 TC25 to 2 m, making it one of the smallest NEAs ever to be characterized.
LOW GAS FRACTIONS CONNECT COMPACT STAR-FORMING GALAXIES TO THEIR z ∼ 2 QUIESCENT DESCENDANTS
Authors: Spilker Justin S. , Bezanson Rachel , Marrone Daniel P. , Weiner Benjamin J. , Whitaker Katherine E. , Williams Christina C.
Published: November 2016

Early quiescent galaxies at

are known to be remarkably compact compared to their nearby counterparts. Possible progenitors of these systems include galaxies that are structurally similar, but are still rapidly forming stars. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations of the CO(1–0) line toward three such compact, star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at

, significantly detecting one. The VLA observations indicate baryonic gas fractions

times lower and gas depletion timescales

times shorter than normal, extended massive SFGs at these redshifts. At their current star formation rates, all three objects will deplete their gas reservoirs within 100 Myr. These objects are among the most gas-poor objects observed at

, and are outliers from standard gas scaling relations, a result that remains true regardless of assumptions about the CO–H2 conversion factor. Our observations are consistent with the idea that compact, SFGs are in a rapid state of transition to quiescence in tandem with the buildup of the

quenched population. In the detected compact galaxy, we see no evidence of rotation or that the CO-emitting gas is spatially extended relative to the stellar light. This casts doubt on recent suggestions that the gas in these compact galaxies is rotating and significantly extended compared to the stars. Instead, we suggest that, at least for this object, the gas is centrally concentrated, and only traces a small fraction of the total galaxy dynamical mass.
HOW BRIGHT ARE THE GAPS IN CIRCUMBINARY DISK SYSTEMS?
Authors: Shi Ji-Ming , Krolik Julian H.
Published: November 2016

When a circumbinary disk surrounds a binary whose secondary’s mass is at least

the primary’s mass, a nearly empty cavity with radius a few times the binary separation is carved out of the disk. Narrow streams of material pass from the inner edge of the circumbinary disk into the domain of the binary itself, where they eventually join onto the small disks orbiting the members of the binary. Using data from three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations of this process, we determine the luminosity of these streams; it is mostly due to weak laminar shocks, and is in general only a few percent of the luminosity of adjacent regions of either the circumbinary disk or the “mini-disks.” This luminosity therefore hardly affects the deficit in the thermal continuum predicted on the basis of a perfectly dark gap region.
A COMPARISON AND JOINT ANALYSIS OF SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT MEASUREMENTS FROM PLANCK AND BOLOCAM FOR A SET OF 47 MASSIVE GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Sayers Jack , Golwala Sunil R. , Mantz Adam B. , Merten Julian , Molnar Sandor M. , Naka Michael , Pailet Gregory , Pierpaoli Elena , Siegel Seth R. , Wolman Ben
Published: November 2016

We measure the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) signal toward a set of 47 clusters with a median mass of 9.5 × 1014
M
☉ and a median redshift of 0.40 using data from Planck and the ground-based Bolocam receiver. When Planck XMM-like masses are used to set the scale radius

, we find consistency between the integrated SZ signal,

, derived from Bolocam and Planck based on generalized Navarro, Frenk, and White model fits using A10 shape parameters, with an average ratio of 1.069 ± 0.030 (allowing for the ≃5% Bolocam flux calibration uncertainty). We also perform a joint fit to the Bolocam and Planck data using a modified A10 model with the outer logarithmic slope β allowed to vary, finding β = 6.13 ± 0.16 ± 0.76 (measurement error followed by intrinsic scatter). In addition, we find that the value of β scales with mass and redshift according to

. This mass scaling is in good agreement with recent simulations. We do not observe the strong trend of β with redshift seen in simulations, though we conclude that this is most likely due to our sample selection. Finally, we use Bolocam measurements of Y
500 to test the accuracy of the Planck completeness estimate. We find consistency, with the actual number of Planck detections falling approximately 1σ below the expectation from Bolocam. We translate this small difference into a constraint on the effective mass bias for the Planck cluster cosmology results, with

.
GLOBAL ENERGETICS OF SOLAR FLARES. III. NONTHERMAL ENERGIES
Authors: Aschwanden Markus J. , Holman Gordon , O’Flannagain Aidan , Caspi Amir , McTiernan James M. , Kontar Eduard P.
Published: November 2016

This study entails the third part of a global flare energetics project, in which Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data of 191 M and X-class flare events from the first 3.5 years of the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission are analyzed. We fit a thermal and a nonthermal component to RHESSI spectra, yielding the temperature of the differential emission measure (DEM) tail, the nonthermal power-law slope and flux, and the thermal/nonthermal cross-over energy e
co. From these parameters, we calculate the total nonthermal energy E
nt in electrons with two different methods: (1) using the observed cross-over energy e
co as low-energy cutoff, and (2) using the low-energy cutoff e
wt predicted by the warm thick-target bremsstrahlung model of Kontar et al. Based on a mean temperature of T

e
 = 8.6 MK in active regions, we find low-energy cutoff energies of

for the warm-target model, which is significantly lower than the cross-over energies

. Comparing with the statistics of magnetically dissipated energies E
mag and thermal energies E
th from the two previous studies, we find the following mean (logarithmic) energy ratios with the warm-target model:

,

, and

. The total dissipated magnetic energy exceeds the thermal energy in 95% and the nonthermal energy in 71% of the flare events, which confirms that magnetic reconnection processes are sufficient to explain flare energies. The nonthermal energy exceeds the thermal energy in 85% of the events, which largely confirms the warm thick-target model.
GLOBAL PROPERTIES OF ROTATING NEUTRON STARS WITH QCD EQUATIONS OF STATE
Authors: Gorda Tyler
Published: November 2016

We numerically investigate global properties of rotating neutron stars (NSs) using the allowed band of QCD equations of state derived by Kurkela et al. This band is constrained by chiral effective theory at low densities and perturbative QCD at high densities, and is thus, in essence, a controlled constraint from first-principles physics. Previously, this band of equations of state was used to investigate non-rotating NSs only; in this work, we extend these results to any rotation frequency below the mass-shedding limit. We investigate mass–radius curves, allowed mass–frequency regions, radius–frequency curves for a typical

star, and the values of the moment of inertia of the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A, a pulsar for which the moment of inertia may be constrained observationally in a few years. We present limits on observational data coming from these constraints, and identify values of observationally relevant parameters that would further constrain the allowed region for the QCD equation of state. We also discuss how much this region would be constrained by a measurement of the moment of inertia of the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A.
PROTON HEATING BY PICK-UP ION DRIVEN CYCLOTRON WAVES IN THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE: HYBRID EXPANDING BOX SIMULATIONS
Authors: Hellinger Petr , Trávníček Pavel M.
Published: November 2016

Using a one-dimensional hybrid expanding box model, we investigate properties of the solar wind in the outer heliosphere. We assume a proton–electron plasma with a strictly transverse ambient magnetic field and, aside from the expansion, we take into account the influence of a continuous injection of cold pick-up protons through the charge-exchange process between the solar wind protons and hydrogen of interstellar origin. The injected cold pick-up protons form a ring distribution function, which rapidly becomes unstable, and generate Alfvén cyclotron waves. The Alfvén cyclotron waves scatter pick-up protons to a spherical shell distribution function that thickens over that time owing to the expansion-driven cooling. The Alfvén cyclotron waves heat solar wind protons in the perpendicular direction (with respect to the ambient magnetic field) through cyclotron resonance. At later times, the Alfvén cyclotron waves become parametrically unstable and the generated ion-acoustic waves heat protons in the parallel direction through Landau resonance. The resulting heating of the solar wind protons is efficient on the expansion timescale.
SEARCH FOR GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM AE AQUARII WITH SEVEN YEARS OF FERMI LAT OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Li Jian , Torres Diego F. , Rea Nanda , Wilhelmi Emma de Oña , Papitto Alessandro , Hou Xian , Mauche Christopher W.
Published: November 2016

AE Aquarii (AE Aqr) is a cataclysmic binary hosting one of the fastest rotating (

 = 33.08 s) white dwarfs (WDs) known. Based on seven years of Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pass 8 data, we report on a deep search for gamma-ray emission from AE Aqr. Using X-ray observations from ASCA, XMM-Newton, Chandra, Swift, Suzaku, and NuSTAR, spanning 20 years, we substantially extend and improve the spin ephemeris of AE Aqr. Using this ephemeris, we searched for gamma-ray pulsations at the spin period of the WD. No gamma-ray pulsations were detected above 3σ significance. Neither phase-averaged gamma-ray emission nor gamma-ray variability of AE Aqr is detected by Fermi LAT. We impose the most restrictive upper limit to the gamma-ray flux from AE Aqr to date:

erg cm−2 s−1 in the 100 MeV–300 GeV energy range, providing constraints on models.
ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF Lyα BLOB 1: HALO SUBSTRUCTURE ILLUMINATED FROM WITHIN
Authors: Geach J. E. , Narayanan D. , Matsuda Y. , Hayes M. , Mas-Ribas Ll. , Dijkstra M. , Steidel C. C. , Chapman S. C. , Feldmann R. , Avison A. , Agertz O. , Ao Y. , Birkinshaw M. , Bremer M. N. , Clements D. L. , Dannerbauer H. , Farrah D. , Harrison C. M. , Kubo M. , Michałowski M. J. , Scott Douglas , Smith D. J. B. , Spaans M. , Simpson J. M. , Swinbank A. M. , Taniguchi Y. , Werf P. van der , Verma A. , Yamada T.
Published: November 2016

We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) 850 μm continuum observations of the original Lyα Blob (LAB) in the SSA22 field at z = 3.1 (SSA22-LAB01). The ALMA map resolves the previously identified submillimeter source into three components with a total flux density of S
850 = 1.68 ± 0.06 mJy, corresponding to a star-formation rate of ∼150 M
⊙ yr−1. The submillimeter sources are associated with several faint (m ≈ 27 mag) rest-frame ultraviolet sources identified in Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) clear filter imaging (λ ≈ 5850 Å). One of these companions is spectroscopically confirmed with the Keck Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration to lie within 20 projected kpc and 250 km s−1 of one of the ALMA components. We postulate that some of these STIS sources represent a population of low-mass star-forming satellites surrounding the central submillimeter sources, potentially contributing to their growth and activity through accretion. Using a high-resolution cosmological zoom simulation of a 1013
M
⊙ halo at z = 3, including stellar, dust, and Lyα radiative transfer, we can model the ALMA+STIS observations and demonstrate that Lyα photons escaping from the central submillimeter sources are expected to resonantly scatter in neutral hydrogen, the majority of which is predicted to be associated with halo substructure. We show how this process gives rise to extended Lyα emission with similar surface brightness and morphology to observed giant LABs.
A LARGE-SCALE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF METHANOL AND OH LINE EMISSION FROM THE GALACTIC CENTER: OBSERVATIONS AND DATA
Authors: Cotton W. D. , Yusef-Zadeh F.
Published: November 2016

Class I methanol masers are collisionally pumped and are generally correlated with outflows in star-forming sites in the Galaxy. Using the Very Large Array in its A-array configuration, we present a spectral line survey to identify methanol

emission at 36.169 GHz. Over 900 pointings were used to cover a region 66′ × 13′ along the inner Galactic plane. A shallow survey of OH at 1612, 1665, 1667, and 1720 MHz was also carried out over the area covered by our methanol survey. We provide a catalog of 2240 methanol masers with narrow line-widths of ∼1 km s−1, spatial resolutions of

, and rms noises ∼20 mJy beam−1 per channel. Lower limits on the brightness temperature range from 27,000 to 10,000,000 K, showing that the emission is of non-thermal origin. We also provide a list of 23 OH (1612), 14 OH (1665), 5 OH (1667), and 5 OH (1720 MHz) masers. The origin of such a large number of methanol masers is not clear. Many methanol masers appear to be associated with infrared dark clouds, though it appears unlikely that the entire population of these masers trace the early phase of star formation in the Galactic center.
Clinical Differences Between Monomicrobial and Polymicrobial Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Authors: Issa Kimona , Pourtaheri Sina , Stewart Tyler , Faloon Michael , Sahai Nikhil , Mease Samuel , Sinha Kumar , Hwang Ki , Emami Arash
Published: November 2016

Little literature exists examining differences in presentation and outcomes between monomicrobial and polymicrobial vertebral infections. Seventy-nine patients treated for vertebral osteomyelitis between 2001 and 2011 were reviewed. Patients were divided into monomicrobial and polymicrobial cohorts based on type of infection. Various characteristics were compared between the 2 groups. The 26 patients with a polymicrobial infection were older and had a higher mortality rate, lower clearance of infection, larger infection, more vertebral instability, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation, and longer mean length of stay. There were no significant differences in Oswestry Disability Index scores at final follow-up, but there were differences in presentation and clinical outcomes between monomicrobial and polymicrobial vertebral osteomyelitis. Patients may benefit from counseling regarding their disease type and potential prognosis. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(2):e370–e373.]
Comparison of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Fluorescein Angiography for the Identification of Retinal Vascular Changes in Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Peres Murilo Bertazzo , Kato Renata Tiemi , Kniggendorf Vinicius F. , Cole Emily D. , Onal Sumru , Torres Elmar , Louzada Ricardo , Belfort Rubens , Duker Jay S. , Novais Eduardo A. , Regatieri Caio V.
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare the visualization of microaneurysms (MA) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) versus fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patients were prospectively recruited for same-day imaging on spectral-domain OCTA and FA. OCTA images were automatically segmented into superficial (sOCTA) and deep (dOCTA) capillary plexuses. The number of visible MAs and the FAZ area were compared between the two imaging modalities.

RESULTS:

Nineteen eyes of 10 patients were included. There was a statistically significant difference between MA counts for FA, sOCTA, and dOCTA (
P
= .002), and median MA counts were 14.5 (range: 2–43), 9.75 (range: 0–37.5), and 22.5 (range: 5.5–46.5), respectively. dOCTA showed significantly more MAs than sOCTA (
P
< .001). Although not significant statistically, dOCTA revealed more MAs than FA (
P
= .06). There was a statistically significant difference between FAZ area for FA, sOCTA, and dOCTA (
P
= .046), and median FAZ areas were 0.444 (range: 0.1–0.689), 0.224 (range: 0.335–0.806), and 0.345 (range: 0.106–0.881), respectively. FA showed a significantly larger FAZ area than sOCTA (
P
= .04).

CONCLUSIONS:

Deep plexus OCTA can better identify microaneurysms compared to either sOCTA or FA. The FAZ area appears larger on FA in contrast to OCTA of both plexuses.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:1013–1019.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Dengue-Related Maculopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Tavassoli Shokufeh , Carreño Ester , Teoh Stephen C. , Theodoropoulou Sofia , Bailey Clare , Lee Richard W.J. , Dick Andrew D.
Published: November 2016

The ophthalmic manifestations of dengue fever include a visually impairing maculopathy, where patients are left with a central or paracentral relative scotoma. The authors present a case of a 26-year-old female patient returning from Thailand with unilateral reduction in visual acuity and a central scotoma associated with dengue fever. The authors report the use of the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) as a noninvasive imaging platform to demonstrate its value in showing the persistent changes corresponding to the functional central scotoma in dengue-related maculopathy, which often cannot be visualized clinically or by standard OCT and fundus fluorescein angiography.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:1057–1060.]
San Pedro de la Mata (Sonseca, Toledo). Construir y decorar una iglesia altomedieval en piedra
Authors: Utrero Agudo Mª de los Ángeles , Álvarez Areces Enrique , Baltuille Martín José M. , Martín Talaverano Rafael , Moreno Martín Francisco J. , Murillo Fragero José I. , Rielo Ricón Marta , Villa del Castillo Alejandro
Published: November 2016

Este trabajo pretende ofrecer los primeros resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis arqueológico, estilístico y geológico de la iglesia de San Pedro de La Mata, de sus materiales constructivos y decorativos y de sus canteras. La combinación de estos estudios (y metodologías) ha permitido reconocer la forma originaria de la iglesia, determinar la procedencia de sus materiales y caracterizar así la habilidad de los talleres responsables de su obra y decoración.
Un aequipondium de peso excepcional y la balanza pública del puerto de Tarraco
Authors: Rodríguez Martorell Francesc , Ruiz de Arbulo Bayona Joaquín , Montero Ignacio
Published: November 2016

Estudiamos un aequipondium o contrapeso de balanza realizado en bronce con representación figurada de una divinidad femenina. Apareció en la fachada portuaria de Tarragona y está conservado en la colección del Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (MNAT). Destacamos su peso excepcional de 38 kg, el mayor, con diferencia, de todos los aequipondia hasta ahora conocidos en el mundo romano. Pertenecería a una gigantesca statera o balanza de brazo, que hoy denominamos romana. Esta balanza estaría necesariamente montada en un gran bastidor o machina, capaz de pesar cargas enormes de hasta 1500 kg o más. Por el lugar de hallazgo y sus altas cualidades artísticas y técnicas proponemos relacionarlo con la balanza pública (ponderarium o sacomarium) del puerto de Tarraco. La divinidad femenina representada debe ser una imagen de Aequitas, la Equidad, numen protector de las justas transacciones en las pesas y medidas de los mercados.
La materialidad de la muerte en la necrópolis de Baelo Claudia. Ritos y creencias en contexto
Authors: Prados Martínez Fernando , Jiménez Vialás Helena
Published: November 2016

En este artículo se presentan las últimas novedades de las excavaciones en la necrópolis hispanorromana de Baelo Claudia (Tarifa, Cádiz). En paralelo, junto con documentación arqueológica inédita, se realiza una reflexión general sobre la importancia del análisis contextual en el caso de las necrópolis que, por encima de aproximaciones teóricas, se apoya en la materialidad de las distintas prácticas funerarias. Toda interpretación, indefectiblemente abierta a debate, deberá apoyarse en un escrupuloso trabajo de campo que tenga en cuenta las particularidades de este registro y la dificultad de su documentación.
De Verdun à la Kaaba ! Les pèlerinages à La Mecque des empires alliés pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Chantre Luc
Published: November 2016

La Révolte arabe menée en octobre 2016 depuis le Hedjaz par le chérif Ḥusayn contre l’Empire ottoman n’a pas seulement été militairement décisive dans l’évolution de la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle marque également une reprise inattendue des circulations de civils sur la mer Rouge. En effet, après deux années d’interruption pour cause de guerre, les pèlerins musulmans d’Inde et d’Afrique reprennent la route de La Mecque. Contrairement à leurs pratiques restrictives d’avant-guerre, les Français décident les premiers d’organiser un pèlerinage officiel à destination des lieux saints, tandis que les Britanniques, bientôt suivis par les Italiens, abandonnent leur ancienne politique de neutralité religieuse pour mieux chercher à imiter et concurrencer cette initiative. Il s’agit, pour les empires alliés, de manifester leur soutien à la Révolte arabe, et à ce titre le pèlerinage de 1916 assume une fonction de propagande en même temps qu’il revêt une valeur militaire et diplomatique sans précédent. Ces trois pèlerinages de guerre, en même temps qu’ils consacrent l’hégémonie britannique sur le Hedjaz, confirment aussi l’emprise croissante des empires coloniaux dans la régulation des flux du pèlerinage.
A novel role of lamins from genetic disease to cancer biomarkers
Authors: Sakthivel Kunnathur Murugesan , Sehgal Poonam
Published: November 2016

Lamins are the key components of the nuclear lamina and by virtue of their interactions with chromatin and binding partners act as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Of late, the diverse roles of lamins in cellular processes have made them the topic of intense debate for their role in cancer progression. The observations about aberrant localization or misexpression of the nuclear lamins in cancerous tissues have often led to the speculative role of lamins as a cancer risk biomarker. Here we discuss the involvement of lamins in several cancer subtypes and their potential role in predicting the tumor progression.
Quaternary sediments, Columbia River valley, Revelstoke to the Rocky Mountain Trench, British Columbia
Authors: Fulton R J , Achard R A
Published: November 2016

Columbia River valley between the Rocky Mountain Trench and Revelstoke is a large valley which separates the Monashee from the Selkirk mountains. It contains a succession of units which consists of remnants of pre-last glaciation valley fill , till of the last
glaciation (Fraser Glaciation) plastered on the valley floor and walls, and late and postglacial sediments deposited on the valley floor. The oldest Quaternary sediments are tills which were deposited before Olympia Interglaciation . These are overlain by nonglacial alluvial and lacustrine sediments
deposited 25.2 to 21 .5 ka and earlier. Fraser Glaciation ice completely covered the area and till and ice-contact stratified drift were deposited following 21.5 ka and before 10 ka . During deglaciation, lacustrine sediments were deposited in lakes caused by isostatic tilting and damming due to a
plug of glaciofluvial sediment. Following deglaciation, aggradation occurred in the northern part of the valley and later degradation resulted in the formation of terraces up to 30 m above present river level. These events occurred before 6.6 ka and quasi-equilibrium conditions have prevailed since.
In the southern part of the area, sandy alluvial deposits formed while the river was establishing a graded profile. Alluvial gravels sediments were laid down later.
Cyprus crustal study project: initial report, hole CY-4
Authors: Gibson I L , Malpas J , Robinson P T , Xenophontos C
Published: November 2016

A 2 km drill hole (CY-4) was planned as part of the Cyrus Crustal Study Project to sample the lower part of the Troodos ophiolite. The hole was spudded in near the base of the sheeted dyke complex with the object of determining: (I) The intrusive and
compositional relationships within the dyke complex. (2) The nature of the dyke gabbro transition. (3) The age relationships of the spatially associated dykes, gabbros, and plagiogranites. (4) The chemical and mineralogical variation within the plutonic section and hence whether the intrusives are a
single magmatic sequence or a number of discrete plutons. (5) The nature and extent of hydrothermal alteration within the dykes and gabbros. It was anticipated that the drilling results, combined with field studies of the plutonic rocks and sheeted dykes, would provide a three-dimenmsional model for
the lower part of the ophiolite. Drilling was successful with 2263 m of penetration into the dyke, gabbro, and ultramafic section. Studies of the core material and the field relationships are detailed in the accompanying nineteen papers
Sedimentology and coal resources of the Early Oligocene Australian Creek Formation, near Quesnel, British Columbia
Authors: Long D G F , Graham P S W
Published: November 2016

Strata of the Early Oligocene Australian Creek Formation are characterized by marked lateral and vertical facies changes which complicate prediction of the distribution and character of coal deposits in the formation. In this paper, the Australian Creek Formation
is interpreted as the product of the deposition of a valley-fill sequence, involving river channel, levee, splay, marsh, swamp, lake, and alluvial fan environments. Progradation of conglomeratic alluvial fans from the valley margins initiated low gradient conditions along the valley floor. This led
to the development of a system of restricted lakes and an anastomosed system of fluvial channels and associated wetland environments. Conglomerates and channel-fill sandstones deposited by the parent stream were restricted to a limited part of the floodplain. The thick mudstone sequences that
dominate the Australian Creek Formation accumulated as soils in levee and marsh settings, and as soils and pond deposits away from the distributary channels. The presence of well developed levees adjacent to the channels is indicated by the presence of abundant thin units of sandstone within much of
the floodplain sequence. Coal deposits accumulated in rheotrophic swamp environments between and away from the main fluvial channels. The high ash content of these coals is a result of the frequent influx of mud into the swamps during flood events. The approximate locations where thick coal seams
may have accumulated might be predicted using an anastomosed stream model, but many of these potential sites can be disregarded as they were eliminated by erosion during later stages of development of the Fraser River system. This, combined with deformation resulting from minor strike slip movement
on the Fraser Fault system, means that coal in situ is of little economic significance, although some pockets may not have been removed by Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Recent river systems.
Colour alteration, thermal maturity, and burial diagenesis in fossil foraminifers
Authors: McNeil D H , Issler D R , Snowdon L
R
Published: November 2016

Foraminifers are potentially sensitive indicators of thermal maturity. Changes in colour of the organic cement in the agglutinated test, and mineralogical changes in agglutinated and calcareous benthic foraminifers, provide evidence of thermal alteration.

Empirical data from fossil specimens, and pyrolysis experiments, both indicate that darker colouration is related to thermal alteration. Colour changes can be measured accurately and quantitatively by comparison with the standard Munsell Colour Chart. An index consisting of ten categories has been
established and is named the Foraminiferal Colouration Index (FCI). Examination of FCI in exploration wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin of arctic Canada indicate that FCI is most sensitive at levels of maturation equivalent to the early stages of petroleum generation. It also indicates that FCI
may be retarded, or even reversed, by the influence of pore fluids in overpressured zones. Furthermore, FCI appears to be sensitive to heating rate, with the most rapidly deposited sediments showing the least increase in FCI with temperature.

Mineralogical changes within the tests of both agglutinated and calcareous benthic foraminifers can be caused by diagenetic alteration. Based on data from exploration wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, four zones of burial diagenesis (A-D) have been recognized. Zone A is characteristic of burial
depths less that 2400 m (less than 75 C), wherein fossil foraminifers show little or no alteration. Zone B, at burial depths of 2400 to 3500 m (75 to 110 C), is characterized primarily by quartz mineralization (silicification). Zone C, at burial depths of 3500 to 5000 m (110-140 C), is characterized
by further silicification and precipitation of kaolin and smectite in foraminiferal tests. Zone D, at estimated burial depths of 6 to 8 km (150-250 C), is recognized by intense silicification, recrystallized calcite, and precipitation of illite and chlorite. Calcareous specimens in Zone D are
particularly unstable and may be replaced entirely by chloritic clay (chloritized).
The new strong motion seismic network in southwest British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rosenberger A , Beverley K , Rogers G
Published: November 2016

The Geological Survey of Canada has designed a new type of low-cost strong motion seismometer and is currently updating its strong motion seismic network with the new instruments. As of January 2004 about fifty instruments are in operation in Southwestern British
Columbia and in a dense urban demonstration network in the cities of Vancouver and Richmond. With a noise floor of 0.5 mg (with g beeing the earth's acceleration) and a range of ±4 g over a frequency band 0 - 42 Hz the instrument is ideally suited for urban strong motion networks. The
instrument can also be fitted with external velocity sensors for use in studies of building structural dynamics.
Continuous full waveform data are recorded and stored in an internal ring-buffer by each instrument. Data can be retrieved with standard Internet protocols like FTP and SSH/SCP at any time. Parametric data such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), velocity (PGV) and spectral intensity (PSI) from an
event as measured by an individual instrument are reported in near real time and are used to generate an experimental shake-map as a tool for emergency response agencies. The instruments employ solid-state sensors and are virtually maintenance free. Instrument network configuration and acquisition
parameters can be managed remotely over the Internet. The techniques to maintain continuous Internet connections with the instruments have proven to be robust and reliable.
Site period estimations in the Fraser River delta using microtremor measurements - experimental and analytical studies
Authors: Ventura C E , Onur T , Hao K X -S
Published: November 2016

This paper presents site period investigations at nodes on a 1-km grid within a 6-km by 8-km area in Vancouver and Richmond, BC. The area includes a range of site conditions, and is selected as the pilot application area for an urban seismic instrumentation
project (Canadian Urban Seismology Program - CUSP) undertaken by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). The pilot project area is situated in one of the most seismically active regions in Canada and part of it lies on thick deltaic sediments that are known to have amplified ground motions during
past earthquakes. Reliable site response models for the area are needed to quantify the amplification potential. Microtremor measurements provide a relatively inexpensive and simple tool to obtain one of the key parameters in site response studies, the site period. A series of microtremor
measurements in the pilot CUSP area yielded site periods ranging from 0.05 seconds at bedrock outcrop to 4.2 seconds at some sites on the Fraser River delta in Richmond. Site periods were also estimated using a 1-D site-modeling program, SHAKE, for sites on the Fraser River delta. Each site was
represented by a simplified 3-layer model with Holocene deposits, Pleistocene deposits and bedrock. The highest site period obtained from SHAKE modeling was 4.4 seconds about 3 km east of Richmond City Hall, for which the microtremor measurements indicated a site period of 4.2
seconds.
Strong motion seismograph networks in Canada
Authors: Cassidy J F , Rosenberger A , Rogers G C , Little T
E , Toth J , Adams J , Munro P , Huffmann S , Pierre J -R , Asmis H , Pernica G
Published: November 2016

Strong motion monitoring in Canada has undergone significant changes in recent years. Most analogue, non-communicating instruments have been replaced with modern digital instruments that provide information in real-time. Dense networks are being deployed in the
urban centres of southwest British Columbia to provide shaking parameters and "shake maps" immediately after an earthquake. Monitoring of critical infrastructure, including bridges, dam sites and transmission facilities is increasing. This article documents the current state of strong motion
monitoring across Canada, and summarises the data sets that are currently available. As of 2007, the Geological Survey of Canada operates 97 strong motion instruments (all Internet Acclerometers or IA's) in western Canada, most of which are deployed in the
urban centres of high seismic hazard in southwest British Columbia. BC Hydro has 39 strong motion instruments at dam sites across BC. More than half of these are analogue SMA-1's, and are scheduled to be replaced by digital instruments within 2-3 years. BC Transmission Corporation owns 23
instruments (SSA-2's and ETNA's) installed at major substations and terminal stations across southwest BC. Other
strong motion instruments in western Canada are owned by utilities or transportation organisations (BC Ministry of Transportation (MoT) has deployed 17 instruments to monitor lifeline bridges and a tunnel). In eastern Canada, the GSC operates a network of 26 strong motion instruments in the active
Charlevoix zone, and 11 instruments in greater Ottawa. Hydro-Québec operates instruments at 12 dams and
substations. Gaz Metropolitain operates an instrument at its Montreal LNG plant and New Brunswick Power operates an instrument at the Point Lepreau nuclear station. During the past six years, nearly 700 accelerograms have been recorded across Canada. Most of the records represent weak motion (PGA
less than 5%g), nonetheless, they are useful for evaluating local site response, which in turn may be
valuable to engineers evaluating strong ground shaking during future earthquakes.
The new real time reporting strong motion seismograph network in southwest BC: move strong motion instruments for less money
Authors: Rosenberger A , Rogers G C , Cassidy J F
Published: November 2016

In 2001, the Geological Survey of Canada started building a modern strong motion seismograph network in southwestern British Columbia, which has now grown to more than 100 instruments. Our experience shows that a dense network of real-time communicating
instruments does not have to be associated with high initial investments and can be operated with a modest budget. This paper presents details of the
instrument employed, the design of the new network and the performance of real time client information systems.
A review of NBCC 2005 seismic hazard results for Canada - the interface to the ground and prognosis for urban risk mitigation
Authors: Adam J , Halchuk S
Published: November 2016

We summarize the methods being used for the new seismic hazard maps of Canada and estimate median ground motion on firm soil sites for a probability of exceedence of 2% in 50 years. Spectral acceleration at 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 second periods and peak
acceleration form the basis of the seismic provisions of the 2005 National Building Code of Canada. New soil factors convert these firm soil values to other foundation conditions. The factors act to reduce design ground motions on rock and increase them on soft soils, and account for non-linear
behaviour of soils under strong shaking. We discuss implications for geotechnical design, microzonation, and urban risk.
Probabilistic method for seismic vulnerability ranking of canadian hydropower dams
Authors: Lin L , Adams J
Published: November 2016

A probabilistic method was developed for ranking Canadian hydropower dams according to their seismic vulnerability. The method is based on the probabilistic seismic hazard at the dam location, the seismic fragility of the dam, and the construction date of the
dam. The seismic hazard is represented by the peak ground acceleration of seismic motions at the dam location for a specified probability of exceedance. The seismic fragility of the dams is included through fragility curves, which describe the experience-based probability of the dam reaching or
exceeding different damage states as a function of the peak ground acceleration. Different fragility curves are used for different types of dams. The construction periods of the dams are incorporated through approximate factors reflecting the improvements in seismic hazard estimation and dam design.
The method was applied to rank a sample of hydropower dams in Canada. These included a range of different types of dams, construction periods, and seismic hazard conditions. The ranking of seismic vulnerabilities is intended to ensure that any possible safety or reliability issues posed by the
top-ranked (apparently most vulnerable) dams are raised earlier rather than later.
Canada's automated earthquake notification service
Authors: Wetmiller R J , Adams J , Woodgold C
Published: November 2016

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) provides automatic notification of significant earthquakes to agencies who need to respond rapidly. Currently dam operators in Ontario, New Brunswick and Quebec use this service ("ANHAS") to prioritize and set the level of
dam inspection. GSC uses its own 120-seismograph network plus data from another 90 seismographs in Canada and the U.S. Automatic earthquake location software (AUTOLOC) provides magnitude and location estimates, usually within 5-10 minutes of an earthquake, and GSC uses three independent sources of
real-time AUTOLOC information for reliability. The notifications contain the basic earthquake information as well as response actions predefined for each client's facility and are transmitted by a variety of secure telecommunication means. Most dam operators now use response schemes based on ad hoc
combinations of earthquake magnitude and its distance from each facility. Such schemes are not optimal, and have inherent flaws. A more reliable way would be to (i) estimate the peak ground acceleration at each site using the ground motion relations of the National Building Code, (ii) classify the
shaking level (e.g. Negligible <1.25, Minimal 1.25-2.5, Weak 2.5-5, Moderate 5-10, and Strong >10%g), and (iii) base the response on the shaking classification level and the dam category. GSC encourages the development of such a national best-practice earthquake response
scheme for Canadian dam operators.
Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for Albania
Authors: Aliaj S , Adams J , Halchuk S , Sulstarova E , Peci V , Muco B
Published: November 2016

Albania is a Balkan country with high rate of seismicity, and earthquake risk reduction has been an important, on-going socioeconomic concern. We adapt the experience and methods used for Canadian seismic hazard maps to present, for the first time, probabilistic
spectral hazard maps for Albania. A revised catalogue of Albanian earthquakes, from 58 A.D. to 2000, with magnitude Ms>4.5 in the region between 39/N and 43/N and 18.5/E and 21.5/E was used in this study. Ten seismic source zones are used to define the seismicity. We have used the
Ambraseys et al. (1996) strong ground motion relations for rock to produce 5% damped spectral acceleration values at 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 seconds (as well as peak ground acceleration) for a return period of 0.0021 per annum (equivalent to a 10% chance of non-exceedence in 50 years). The
four spectral parameters maps will allow the construction of site-specific Uniform Hazard Spectra for all of Albania, and are suggested as the basis of the next version of the KTP-N.2-89 Technical Aseismic Regulations to improve earthquake-resistant design code in Albania.
Local site effects in Ottawa, Canada - first results from a strong motion network
Authors: Al-Khoubbi I , Adams J
Published: November 2016

A five station strong motion network of ETNA instruments was established in Ottawa in the winter of 2002. The network was designed to sample typical site conditions across the urban area, and forms one prototype for the Canadian Urban Seismology Project, intended
to gather weak motion data in the short-term, and produce near-realtime shake maps in the long-term. Sites were placed at the Ottawa Observatory and the Eco-Musee (rock), Glebe High School (<5 m soil), Westminster Avenue (10 m soil), and Fallingbrook (18 m soil). After careful attention
to site noise characteristics, the trigger thresholds were set in the range 0.02 - 0.12 %g. Observatory recorded a magnitude 3 earthquake at 50 km distance in January 2002, and then all stations (less Eco-Musee which had flooded) recorded a Mw 5.0 event at 190 km in April 2002. Remarkably, two
instruments recorded a Mw 3.7 aftershock. We have analyzed the 6 records for consistency and find significant amplification and sharp resonance peaks in the Fallingbrook site. Although strong ground motion records are of the greatest value, these weak motion records help to calibrate engineering
models in the linear range of soil behavior. Some degree of extrapolation will probably be required to predict local effects for damaging strong motions.