bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Related Knowledge among Dental Patients- A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: EBRAHİMİANBAGHAN Saideh , OSMANİ Freshteh
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a serious pandemic that caused viral respiratory illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge of patients attended dental clinic about COVID-19 pandemic at birjand.
Methods: This study was conducted among 270 attending patients to the dental clinics as a cross-sectional survey. They were asked to complete a standardized questionnaire. The sampling method was as counting all the participants. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information and covid-19 knowledge. After collecting the data, they were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and chi-square test using SPSS software.
Results: The study was performed in February 2021. Results of this study showed 19.5%, 30.6% and 49.9% of respondents had poor, fair and satisfactory level of toward covid-19 respectively. Above 65% of the responders answered correctly to all questions. Men had poorer information (P = 0.014) statistical tests released that, knowledge had a significant association with educational level, age and monthly income amongst responders (P <0.05).
Conclusions: It was concluded that, their knowledge towards SARS-CoV-2 is generally good. Further steps need to be taken to educate the patient's about its transmission in a dental clinic. Also, training programs about mechanism of potential spread of COVID are suggested for the improvement of knowledge.
AreToxoplasma-infected subjects more attractive, symmetrical, or healthier than non-infected ones? Evidence from subjective and objective measurements
Authors: Borráz-León Javier I. , Rantala Markus J. , Krams Indrikis A. , Cerda-Molina Ana Lilia , Contreras-Garduño Jorge
Published: March 2022

Background

Parasites are among the main factors that negatively impact the health and reproductive success of organisms. However, if parasites diminish a host’s health and attractiveness to such an extent that finding a mate becomes almost impossible, the parasite would decrease its odds of reproducing and passing to the next generation. There is evidence thatToxoplasma gondii(T. gondii) manipulates phenotypic characteristics of its intermediate hosts to increase its spread. However, whetherT. gondiimanipulates phenotypic characteristics in humans remains poorly studied. Therefore, the present research had two main aims: (1) To compare traits associated with health and parasite resistance inToxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects. (2) To investigate whether other people perceive differences in attractiveness and health betweenToxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects of both sexes.

Methods

For the first aim,Toxoplasma-infected (n= 35) and non-infected subjects (n= 178) were compared for self-perceived attractiveness, number of sexual partners, number of minor ailments, body mass index, mate value, handgrip strength, facial fluctuating asymmetry, and facial width-to-height ratio. For the second aim, an independent group of 205 raters (59 men and 146 women) evaluated the attractiveness and perceived health of facial pictures ofToxoplasma-infected and non-infected subjects.

Results

First, we found that infected men had lower facial fluctuating asymmetry whereas infected women had lower body mass, lower body mass index, a tendency for lower facial fluctuating asymmetry, higher self-perceived attractiveness, and a higher number of sexual partners than non-infected ones. Then, we found that infected men and women were rated as more attractive and healthier than non-infected ones.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that some sexually transmitted parasites, such asT. gondii, may produce changes in the appearance and behavior of the human host, either as a by-product of the infection or as the result of the manipulation of the parasite to increase its spread to new hosts. Taken together, these results lay the foundation for future research on the manipulation of the human host by sexually transmitted pathogens and parasites.
Fragments from a Contested Past: Remembrance, Denial and New Zealand History
Authors: Kidman Joanna , O'Malley Vincent , MacDonald Liana , Roa Tom , Wallis Keziah
Published: March 2022

‘What a nation or society chooses to remember and forget speaks to its contemporary priorities and sense of identity. Understanding how that process works enables us to better imagine a future with a different, or wider, set of priorities.’ History has rarely felt more topical or relevant as, all across the globe, nations have begun to debate who, how and what they choose to remember and forget. In this BWB Text addressing ‘difficult histories’, a team of five researchers, several from iwi invaded or attacked during the nineteenth-century New Zealand Wars, reflect on these questions of memory and loss locally. Combining first-hand fieldnotes from their journeys to sites of conflict and contestation with innovative archival and oral research exploring the gaps and silences in the ways we engage with the past, this group investigates how these events are remembered – or not – and how this has shaped the modern New Zealand nation.
Expression of Melan-A (MART-1) in Various Pigmented Melanocytic Nevi and Close Mimickers
Authors: Sangeetha R Shubha , Garg Prakhar , Jaju Nikita , Manjunatha YA
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Melanocytic nevi are neoplasms resulting from the proliferation of melanocytes. Diagnosis of melanocytic tumours can be tricky, considering two factors,to diagnose origin and determination of its benign or malignant nature. Visualisation of melanin or other pigments are non specific with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and specific with Melan-A Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Intensity and pattern of these reactions shows marked variability in different melanocytic lesions. Aim: To study the intensity and pattern of Melan-A expression in various pigmented melanocytic nevi and to understand its utility to differentiate close mimickers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 50 lesions (45 cases and 5 controls) was conducted in the Department of Pathology of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College (tertiary hospital), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, between September 2020 to October 2021. The skin biopsies received were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. Sections were stained with H&E and Melan-A IHC marker, using A103 antibody and a high temperature antigen retrieval was performed. Pattern and intensity of Melan-A expression were studied and its evaluation was done with normal skin (control). Results: Melan-A showed varied intensity (+ weak; ++ moderate; +++ strong), pattern (patchy, diffuse), distribution and on various pigmented melanocytic lesions and mimickers were analysed. Dermal nevi (18) showed +++ diffuse pattern in dermis and two cases showed ++ moderate and patchy staining. Five cases of Compound nevi showed ++ intensity, diffuse pattern in Dermoepidermal Junction (DEJ) and dermis, Deep penetrating nevi (in one case) +++ intensity and diffuse pattern in DEJ, Dermis. Two cases of pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) showed + intensity and no definitive pattern in dermis. Four cases in fibrohistiocytic lesions and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour (MPNST) shows negative Melan-A. In control melanocytes show dendritic pattern of staining and melanophages were negative. Conclusion: Melan-A is specific melanocytic marker as it stains only melanocytic lineage and no other cell types in background thus it is a marker of histogenesis instead of malignancy indicator. It highlights important architectural features and confirms the origin of lesions thus aiding the pathologist towards accurate diagnosis and differentiates from close mimickers.
Lipoma Arborescens of Hip Joint in a Case of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Jindal Nikita , Gupta Ranjana , Mittal Puneet , Gayam Venkata Raviteja Reddy , Singh Sanjay
Published: March 2022

Lipoma arborescens is a rare synovial pathology that is most commonly seen in the knee joint. Only a few cases of this condition have been reported in the hip joint. In present case, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings in a case of Lipoma arborescens of the hip joint in association with ankylosing spondylitis is reported.
Effects of Oilfield Chemicals, Herbicides, Pesticides and other Pollutants on Fisheries Resources in Nigeria
Authors: Akankali J. A. , Nkeeh D. K.
Published: March 2022

Crude oil exploration and exploitation is the major source of income or revenue generation for the Federal Government of Nigeria. Agriculture also forms a substantial part of the economic stability of the country. However, oil field chemicals used in crude oil exploration, herbicides and pesticides used for agricultural purposes, and other anthropogenic pollutants that are eventually released into the aquatic environment constitute serious sources of threat to the growth, survival, and productivity of fisheries resources. This review paper identified the impacts of these substances on fish, including growth inhibition, increased chromosome aberrations in cell roots, increased fungal biomass, and mortality. Recommendations arising from this review include proper disposal of oilfield chemical wastes, enhanced use of biological and mechanical pesticides/herbicides control methods as against the use of the chemicals, which helps to reduce the amount of these substances released into the aquatic environment, and direct remediation of the impacted environment. When implemented, these recommendations are expected to ultimately improve fish growth, survival, and productivity.
Maternal Care in Private Sector, Colombo District, Sri Lanka; Profile and Factors associated with key Newborn Care Practices
Authors: Kumarasinghe M. , Kasturiaratchi K. , Senanayake P. , Perera S. , Irfaan S. , Samarasinghe W. S. , Dissanayake M. , Silva C. De
Published: March 2022

Aims: Limited information is available on private sector contribution for maternal care in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this assessment is to describe the maternal and newborn characteristics of deliveries in private sector in Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Secondly, the assessment of the factors associated with key newborn care practices using the National Maternal and Newborn Health Management Information System of Private Health Institutions (NMNMIS-PHI)-Phase 1 was conducted.

Study design: Secondary descriptive analysis was performed using data reported in the NMNMIS-PHI-Phase 1, Sri Lanka.

Place and Duration of Study: All deliveries in private health institutions in Colombo District which were reported in the NMNMIS-PHI-Phase 1 was included in the study. The time period was from 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021.

Methodology: Maternal, delivery and newborn characteristics of national vs. private sector in Colombo District were compared using Z test. Associated factors for key newborn care practices was calculated using univariate and multivariate Odds ratios.

Results: Incidence of Gestational DM was higher among pregnant women delivered at private sector, Colombo compared to national rate (17.9% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). Further, the reported caesarean section rate in private sector was close to twofold that of the national rate (76.5% vs. 41.9%, p<0.001). Stillbirth rate of private sector in Colombo was comparatively low than the national rate (0.2% vs. 0.7%). Similarly, reduced number of low-birth-weight newborns was reported in private sector in comparison to national figure (12.4% vs. 13.9%). Significantly more newborns of primi-pregnant women received skin-to-skin contact (SSC) immediately after birth compared to newborns of multi-parous women (AOR=0.814, CI=0.735-0.900, p<0.001).

Conclusion: Maternal and neonatal characteristics of pregnant women delivered in private sector in Colombo was significantly different from the national profile of pregnant women. Promotion of immediate SSC and reduction in unnecessary caesarean sections should be considered in private sector deliveries in Sri Lanka to further enhance the positive maternal and newborn outcomes.
Eisenia fetida Squirms Biased Bioremediation of Pyrene and Indeno(1, 2, 3–cd)Pyrene Soil and Petroleum Wastewater Contamination
Authors: Fawole C. , Dashak D. A. , Salami S. J. , Abdulmumin S. , Larbong M. R. , Chimezie-Nwosu H. A.
Published: March 2022

Raw mean levels of pyrene (pyr) and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene petroleum wastewater were 8.00±0.00 and 9.20±0.03 mg/L respectively. Petroleum wastewater impacted soil gave Pyr (8.00±0.01) and Ind (9.50±0.00) mg/kg. The biased and effective nature of Eisenia fetida vermiaccumulated Pyr (6.94±0.02 mg/kg) and Ind (7.56±0.01 mg/kg), had vermiremoval efficiency of Pyr (86.75%) and Ind (82.17%).  Thus, the treatment unit indicated Pyr (0.07±0.00 mg/kg) and Ind (0.00±0.00 mg/kg) for soil with petroleum wastewater sample while petroleum wastewater sample was Pyr (0.00±0.00 mg/L) and Ind (0.00±0.00) within 5 weeks detention period. Identifications and quantifications of the two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2PAHs) Pyr and Ind were carried out by GC/MD in accordance to manufacturer’s operational specifications. E. fetida squirms were proven bioremediation tools, capable to remove or detoxify the two environmental health contaminants from the contaminated pilot ecosystem.
Effect of General Heath State, Therapy Satisfaction, INR Control on Quality of Life in Warfarin Patients
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Khan Salah-ud-Din
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study aimed to assess effect of general heath state, therapy satisfaction and INR control on quality of life in warfarin patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using a newly developed and validated research tool was conducted in patients on warfarin. Data was collected by convenience sampling method. Descriptive, comparative, and inferential statistics were used by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 24 to determine the sociodemographic correlates of warfarin knowledge in warfarin patients.

Results: Among total 275 studied warfarin patients, the majority of the studied warfarin patients were females than males (n=184, 62.4%, and n=111, 37.6% respectively). A total of 188 (63.7%) patients were satisfied from their healthcare providers while 107 (36.3%) were not satisfied from healthcare providers. Around 128 (43.4%) of the patients were actively managing their disease while 167 (56.6%) of the patients were not able to actively manage their disease.

Conclusion: These results confirmed that overall study participants had moderate effect of QoL on general heath state, therapy satisfaction, and INR control among patients on warfarin.
Testicular Mass with Liver Metastasis: A Case Report
Authors: Gawande Yamini , Tivaskar Suhas , More Akash , Luharia Anurag
Published: March 2022

Background: A malignancy of testicles is known as testicular cancer. The testicles are positioned directly below the penis in the scrotum. The testicles' purpose is to create sperm for reproduction. A lump in the testicles and pain or swelling in the scrotum are the possible symptoms. Infertility may occur as a result of treatment. An undescended testis, a family history of the disease, and a previous history of testicular cancer are all risk factors. Germ cell tumors, which are split into seminomas and non-seminomas, are the most prevalent form. Sex-cord stromal tumors and lymphomas are two more forms. Liver metastasis is a cancerous tumor that has spread to the liver from another organ that has been impacted by malignancy. In liver metastases, the malignant cells that develop are not liver cells. They are cancer cells from the region of cancer's genesis in the body. Cancer has progressed to the liver from another portion of the body, doctors may refer to the metastatic liver disease as stage four or modern cancer. The incidence of primary liver cancer is lower than that of liver metastases: cirrhosis or hepatitis are common risk factors in persons with primary liver cancer. 

Case Presentation: We present a case of a 24-year-old male with complaints of mass in left testis for the past one and half years. The mass was slow-growing, non-painful. The patient complained of heavy feeling in the lower abdomen with a recent history of loss of appetite, weight loss, and backache. The diagnosis was done with the help of ultrasound, blood tests, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan imaging & treated with excision.

Conclusion: Testicle’s malignancy is regarded as an oncologic achievement because more people will be treated with an amalgamation of chemotherapy and surgery. The radiologists are crucial in finding cancers throughout the patient presentation, correctly grading illness, and detecting recurrence malignancy during scanning monitoring. A case of Testicle’s malignancy and liver metastasis in a twenty-four-year-old man that had managed with a multicentric approach. Genetic counseling and psychological assistance should be provided to the family of a person presenting with the testicular mass as a part of the genetic condition.
Sub-acute Toxicity and Safety Study of Mecca Myrrh (Commiphora opobalsamum) by Experimental Histological Analysis
Authors: Khan Lateef M. , Ahmad Mai A. Alim A. Sattar , Al – Salmi Akram A. , Ali Soad S.
Published: March 2022

Background: The native herbal medicinal products are vital source of the key medication; their excellent dogmatic safety study is of prime importance despite their strong validated evidence of efficacy.

Aim: To study the sub-acute toxicity of Commiphora opobalsamum (CO) by histological analysis of vital organs.

Methods: Twenty-four male Wister rats of 10-12 weeks age were used. Oral toxicity studies with repeated dose were accomplished in four group of rats, six rats were included in each group. Three groups of rats were administered CO orally in the graded doses of 250,500, and 1000 mg/kg/day once daily for 14 days Vs normal control. Determination the relative weight of vital organs and their histological changes were performed at the end of the study. Subsequently, the digital images of the CO - administered groups were equated with the control group.

Results: Intriguingly, the relative weights of the vital organs, performed following 14 days of graded doses of CO given were equated with the control group, significant differences were not detected (p˃0.05). Furthermore, histological examination of the brain demonstrated no changes in its cellular neuronal components Regarding the heart, CO extract did not produce any histological changes, insignificant changes were observed in liver parenchyma of rats, regarding the kidney, no degenerative changes were noticed in glomerular tuft capillaries or renal tubular epithelium, conversely trivial changes were observed in liver parenchyma. Finally, no minor histological changes were observed in stomach (high dose) and spleen tissue of animals on comparison with the control group.

Conclusion: Seemingly, the impressive outcome of this fundamental histological scrutiny of methanolic extract of CO demonstrated an imperative facet of safety and correspondingly displayed the key feature of its nontoxic medicinal application for short term supplementation.
Attitude and Mental Health Effects Related to COVID 19 in Dental Patients
Authors: Kumar Sudesh , Abidi Syed Yawar Ali , Habib Muhammad Elham , Sajjad Isma , Adnan Samira , Lone Maham Muneeb , Suleman Sarmad
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare the mental health effects and attitude of male and female patients visiting Dental OPD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods: This Descriptive study was conducted amongst patients visiting dental setup of Jinnah Sindh medical university and Jinnah postgraduate center. Consent was taken before participation in the study. Patients visiting dental OPD (SIOHS and JPMC) were requested to fill the hardcopy of the questionnaire. Co-authors translated and filled the questionairre for those patients who were unable to read and write. Mental health status and attitude regarding COVID-19 were assessed through closed-ended questions.

Results: Compared to males, females were more afraid of becoming infected with COVID-19 (p-value 0.018), affected more emotionally with COVID-19 pandemic (p-value 0.042), were wearing mask more frequently (p-value 0.038) and were more afraid dental treatment due to COVID-19 (p-value 0.023). With increase in qualification there was increase in COVID-19 fear (p-value 0.028), emotional effect (p-value 0.000) and effect on daily routine (p-value 0.002).  

Conclusion: Majority of the participants visiting the dental OPD were unaware of the preventive measures to protect themselves from COVID-19. As compared to males, female patients were more concerned and had a positive attitude towards protection from COVID-19. Furthermore, this attitude was more in people who were more educated.
Exercise Electrocardiogram Testing in Asymptomatic Patients with Diabetes and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
Authors: Amjad Hira , Sharif Ifrah , Ali Shazam
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the exercise electrocardiogram testing in asymptomatic patient with Type-II diabetes and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted Fatima Jinnah Hospital, Lahore during January 2019 to November 2019. The data was collected from 50 patients of type II DM. These all patients has normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and normal systolic function. 

Results: The data was collected from 50 patients of both genders. The mean age of the patients was 47.83±5.61 years. After getting data the results were divided into two parts. There were 25 patients in group A and 25 patients group B. The mean duration of diabetes is 2.5±5.61 years. There were 20 males and 30 females in this data. There were no significant difference of fasting blood sugar in both groups. There was no statically significant difference between two groups regarding left atrial dimension, aortic root dimension, LV end-diastolic dimension, ejection and LV mass.

Conclusion: It is concluded that It is concluded that coronary supply route sicknesses is a typical issue in DM, with diastolic brokenness and increment uniquely in patients with positive pressure practice electrocardiography.
Evaluation of Dental Anxiety in Children by Estimating the Salivary Cortisol Levels before and after Dental Procedures
Authors: Sankar Pavithiraa , Subramanian E. M. G.
Published: March 2022

Aim: Dental procedures in general range from simple examination to complex stressful procedures like extractions. This can cause varied levels of anxiety in children based on the severity and duration of the procedure. This study was designed with the aim to assess changes in salivary cortisol levels due to the various dental procedures carried out in children.

Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of a total of 30 children of the 5-9 age group whose parents consented to examination and further treatment. Children who had been given a Frankl score of positive (+) or definitely positive (++) upon initial examination were only included in the study. Children with negative (-) and definitely negative (--) Frankl scores, any history of systemic diseases, on corticosteroid therapy, having fever, or medically compromised were excluded from the study. Unstimulated saliva was collected before and after the procedure and was analysed using ELISA. The data collected was statistically analysed and assessed for significance.

Results: Out of the 30 children 17 were boys and 13 were girls and the difference was statistically insignificant. There was no significant difference in age between the genders (P = 0.12). Paired t - test was done to analyse the intra group data and ANOVA test was done to compare between the groups. Compared to the three procedures restorative was least stressful whereas extractions were most stressful and this result was statistically significant.  

Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, we can conclude that salivary cortisol is a good indicator of acute stress. Extraction procedures seem to be the most stressful of all the procedures.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and In-silico Molecular docking and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Novel Heterocyclic Hybrid Dihydropyrazol-1-yl-2-(Quinolin-8-yloxy) Derivatives
Authors: Singh Waikhom Somraj , Manna Kuntal
Published: March 2022

A novel heterocyclic hybrid dihydropyrazol-1-yl-2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) derivatives were synthesized. By reacting 8-hydroxyquinoline 1 in absolute ethanol with potassium carbonate followed ethyl chloroacetate by conventional and microwave irradiation methods, precursor 2 were synthesized, further treated with hydrazine hydrates to achieve precursors 3 and by Claisen-Schmidt condensation methods, different chalcone derivatives 6(a-g) were prepared and to these precursors 3 was then cyclized to give the target compounds 7(a-g). The structures of the target compounds were evaluated by the spectral and elemental method of analysis. The screened compounds 7a and 7g produced better action than other compounds but somewhat lesser than the standard drugs. Furthermore molecular docking studies have been carried out against PDB codes: 5MTX (p38 MAPK) using Biovia Discovery Studio 2021. The compounds 7a (-8.947 Kcal/mol) and 7g (-8.994 Kcal/mol) had shown remarkable binding affinities which were greater than the binding affinity of recommended drugs; diclofenac sodium (-6.8 kcal/mol), and nimesulide (-7.8 kcal/mol).
Palladium Complexes Catalysed Telomerisation of Arylamines with Butadiene and Their Cyclisation into Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Zaripov Ramil , Khusnitdinov Ramil , Ganieva Ekaterina , Ishberdina Razida , Khusnitdinov Kamil , Abdrakhmanov Ildus
Published: March 2022

Since alkynyl-arylamines are widely used in the chemical industry as pre products, a method of catalytic synthesis of problematic substituted quinolines from aromatic amines containing octadienal substituents has been developed. For this purpose, the processes of N-2,7-octa-dienyl anilines cyclisation under the action of transition metal complexes and telomerisation of arylamines with butadiene in the presence of palladium complexes were studied. Suppose N-2,7-octa-dienyl anilines are synthesised by telomerisation of arylamines with butadiene in the presence of palladium complexes. In that case, the cyclisation process is carried out in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(II) complex with dimethyl sulfoxide or nitrobenzene. The conducted research made it possible to study the opportunity of obtaining in one stage aromatic amines substituted in the nucleus by the reaction of butadiene with arylamines in the presence of palladium complexes. The research proved the principal possibility of obtaining ortho-substituted naphthylamines from butadiene and corresponding naphthylamines in one stage. A catalytic method for the synthesis of problematic substituted quinolines in the presence of palladium complexes has been developed. It has been established that the cyclisation of N-octadienyl-arylamines into quinolines proceeds through the stage of Kleisen amino rearrangement. N-2,7-octa-dienyl anilines and their derivatives can be widely used in the paint, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Quinoline alkenylene derivatives can be used to produce unique polymer materials, hardeners, stabilisers, extractants, sorbing agents, catalysts for the synthesis of polyurethanes, biologically active substances and their analogues. They are pre-products in synthesising alkaloids, medicines and products used in agriculture. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Characterizing magnetically focused contamination electrons by off‐axis irradiation on an inline MRI‐Linac
Authors: Patterson Elizabeth , Oborn Bradley M. , Cutajar Dean , Jelen Urszula , Liney Gary , Rosenfeld Anatoly B. , Metcalfe Peter E.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate off‐axis irradiation on the Australian MRI‐Linac using experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations are used to verify experimental measurements and to determine the minimum offset distance required to separate electron contamination from the photon field.

Methods

Dosimetric measurements were performed using a microDiamond detector, Gafchromic® EBT3 film, and MOSkinTM. Three field sizes were investigated including 1.9 × 1.9, 5.8 × 5.8, and 9.7 × 9.6 cm2. Each field was offset a maximum distance, approximately 10 cm, from the central magnetic axis (isocenter). Percentage depth doses (PDDs) were collected at a source‐to‐surface distance (SSD) of 1.8 m for fields collimated centrally and off‐axis. PDD measurements were also acquired at isocenter for each off‐axis field to measure electron contamination. Monte Carlo simulations were used to verify experimental measurements, determine the minimum field offset distance, and demonstrate the use of a spoiler to absorb electron contamination.

Results

Off‐axis irradiation separates the majority of electron contamination from an x‐ray beam and was found to significantly reduce in‐field surface dose. For the 1.9 × 1.9, 5.8 × 5.8, and 9.7 × 9.6 cm2 field, surface dose was reduced from 120.9% to 24.9%, 229.7% to 39.2%, and 355.3% to 47.3%, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations generally were within experimental error to MOSkinTM and microDiamond, and used to determine the minimum offset distance, 2.1 cm, from the field edge to isocenter. A water spoiler 2 cm thick was shown to reduce electron contamination dose to near zero.

Conclusions

Experimental and simulation data were acquired for a range of field sizes to investigate off‐axis irradiation on an inline MRI‐Linac. The skin sparing effect was observed with off‐axis irradiation, a feature that cannot be achieved to the same extent with other methods, such as bolusing, for beams at isocenter.
Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review
Authors: Pejak Simunec Dejana , Sola Antonella
Published: March 2022

The progress of Industry 4.0 and the advancement of robotic design are revealing a significant gap in the capabilities of current manufacturing techniques and the selection of materials that are available in electronics. Present‐day electrical systems largely rely on metals, but there is a driving need to develop new electrically conductive objects with a wide range of material properties, including expanded flexibility and softness, and with increasingly complex geometries. Electrically conductive composites can replace traditional metal‐based systems. In particular, thermoplastic composites become electrically conductive with the incorporation of conductive fillers or polymers while retaining to a large extent the processability of the thermoplastic matrix. This is where fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of processing a variety of thermoplastic‐matrix feedstock materials, can be leveraged to create electrically conductive objects with new functionalities. While there is an increasing number of publications describing the FFF of electrical objects such as sensors and circuits, there is no comprehensive review outlining the functioning mechanisms, drawbacks, and advantages of FFF as applied to conductive materials. The present review fills this lacuna by offering a critical analysis of the specific challenges and solutions to promote FFF of electrically conductive polymers and composites.
Retraction: Multifunctional Polymeric Nanosystems for Dual‐Targeted Combinatorial Chemo/Antiangiogenesis Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Dahmani Fatima Zohra , Xiao Yan , Zhang Juan , Yu Yao , Zhou Jianping , Yao Jing
Published: March 2022

Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2016, 5, 1447–1461

DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600169

The above article, published online on 29 April 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal's Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr. Uta Goebel, and Wiley‐VCH GmbH. Concerns about figures within this article were raised by a reader in 2021, which has led to two Corrections of this article published on 20 January 2021[1] and 21 October 2021,[2] respectively. Subsequently, further concerns were raised about another figure within the article and an investigation of these new concerns indicated that there have been some modifications of the figures that cannot easily be explained. As a result, the journal is unable to determine whether the results and conclusions are valid and so have made the decision to retract the article.

[1] F. Z. Dahmani, Y. Xiao, J. Zhang, Y. Yu, J. Zhou, J. Yao, Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2021, 10, 2002223.

[2] F. Z. Dahmani, Y. Xiao, J. Zhang, Y. Yu, J. Zhou, J. Yao, Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2021, 10, 2101501.
Quantum Sensing and Imaging of Spin–Orbit‐Torque‐Driven Spin Dynamics in the Non‐Collinear Antiferromagnet Mn3Sn
Authors: Yan Gerald Q. , Li Senlei , Lu Hanyi , Huang Mengqi , Xiao Yuxuan , Wernert Luke , Brock Jeffrey A. , Fullerton Eric E. , Chen Hua , Wang Hailong , Du Chunhui Rita
Published: March 2022

Novel non‐collinear antiferromagnets with spontaneous time‐reversal symmetry breaking, non‐trivial band topology, and unconventional transport properties have received immense research interest over the past decade due to their rich physics and enormous promise in technological applications. One of the central focuses in this emerging field is exploring the relationship between the microscopic magnetic structure and exotic material properties. Here, nanoscale imaging of both spin–orbit‐torque‐induced deterministic magnetic switching and chiral spin rotation in non‐collinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn films using nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers are reported. Direct evidence of the off‐resonance dipole–dipole coupling between the spin dynamics in Mn3Sn and proximate NV centers is also demonstrated by NV relaxometry measurements. These results demonstrate the unique capabilities of NV centers in accessing the local information of the magnetic order and dynamics in these emergent quantum materials and suggest new opportunities for investigating the interplay between topology and magnetism in a broad range of topological magnets.
Rational Development of a Polysaccharide–Protein‐Conjugated Nanoparticle Vaccine Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Variants and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Deng Yongqiang , Li Jing , Sun Chunyun , Chi Hang , Luo Dan , Wang Rui , Qiu Hongying , Zhang Yanjing , Wu Mei , Zhang Xiao , Huang Xun , Xie Liangzhi , Qin Chengfeng
Published: March 2022

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) remains a major cause of mortality in underdeveloped countries. A vaccine that prevents both SARS‐CoV‐2 and S. pneumoniae infection represents a long‐sought “magic bullet”. Herein, a nanoparticle vaccine, termed SCTV01B, is rationally developed by using the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae serotype 14 (PPS14) as the backbone to conjugate with the recombinant receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. The final formulation of conjugated nanoparticles in the network structure exhibits high thermal stability. Immunization with SCTV01B induces potent humoral and Type 1/Type 2 T helper cell (Th1/Th2) cellular immune responses in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques. In particular, SCTV01B‐immunized serum not only broadly cross‐neutralizes all SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOCs), including the most recent Omicron variant, but also shows high opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) against S. pneumoniae serotype 14. Finally, SCTV01B vaccination confers protection against challenges with the SARS‐CoV‐2 mouse‐adapted strain and the original strain in established murine models. Collectively, these promising preclinical results support further clinical evaluation of SCTV01B, highlighting the potency of polysaccharide‐RBD‐conjugated nanoparticle vaccine platforms for the development of vaccines for COVID‐19 and other infectious diseases.
Ultrasensitive Capacitive Sensor Composed of Nanostructured Electrodes for Human–Machine Interface
Authors: Li Tianyi , Sakthivelpathi Vigneshwar , Qian Zhongjie , Kahng Seong‐Joong , Ahn Sanggyeun , Dichiara Anthony B. , Manohar Krithika , Chung Jae‐Hyun
Published: March 2022

Human–machine interface requires various sensors for communication, manufacturing and environmental control, and health and safety monitoring. Capacitive sensors have been used to detect touch, distance, geometry, electric property, and environmental parameters. However, highly sensitive proximity detection with a small form factor has always been a challenge. This paper presents a capacitive sensor composed of a nanostructured electrode array for contact and noncontact detection. In the sensor configuration, the nanostructured electrode is made of high aspect ratio cellulose fibers embedded with carbon nanotubes. The complementary electrode is designed to be smaller in surface area for high sensitivity. Based on the analysis, the unique sensing mechanism is shown to enhance the proximity sensitivity for target detection. A pair of asymmetrically designed electrodes are characterized and compared with the traditional symmetric electrodes for proximity and contact detection of human hands. The sensor performance is also characterized for detecting water mass in glass and metal cups. In the end, a smart pad that can recognize human gestures, gait, and water mass with unprecedented sensitivity is demonstrated.
DBU‐Promoted 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization and Hydrogen‐Migration to Prepare 6‐Alkyl Pyridine N‐Oxides from N‐Vinyl‐α,β‐Unsaturated Nitrones
Authors: Zou Ning , Liu Zhang‐Wei , Yan Gong‐Gui , Wang Ying‐Chun , Liang Cui , Mo Dong‐Liang
Published: March 2022

We describe a DBU‐controlled 6π‐azaelectrocyclization of dibenzylideneacetone‐derived N‐vinyl‐α,β‐unsaturated nitrones to prepare 6‐alkyl pyridine N‐oxides in 24–82% yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that DBU had a great impact on the formation of 6‐alkyl pyridine N‐oxides and served as a base and the carrier of hydrogen sources to in situ reduce C=C bonds. The 6‐alkyl pyridine N‐oxide was prepared at gram‐scales and converted to estrone‐derived pyridine and pyrido[2,3‐c]carbazole 4‐oxide in 46% and 52% yields in two steps, respectively.

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A Review of State of the Art in Phosphine Ligated Gold Clusters and Application in Catalysis
Authors: Adnan Rohul H. , Madridejos Jenica Marie L. , Alotabi Abdulrahman S. , Metha Gregory F. , Andersson Gunther G.
Published: March 2022

Atomically precise gold clusters are highly desirable due to their well‐defined structure which allows the study of structure–property relationships. In addition, they have potential in technological applications such as nanoscale catalysis. The structural, chemical, electronic, and optical properties of ligated gold clusters are strongly defined by the metal–ligand interaction and type of ligands. This critical feature renders gold–phosphine clusters unique and distinct from other ligand‐protected gold clusters. The use of multidentate phosphines enables preparation of varying core sizes and exotic structures beyond regular polyhedrons. Weak gold–phosphorous (Au–P) bonding is advantageous for ligand exchange and removal for specific applications, such as catalysis, without agglomeration. The aim of this review is to provide a unified view of gold–phosphine clusters and to present an in‐depth discussion on recent advances and key developments for these clusters. This review features the unique chemistry, structural, electronic, and optical properties of gold–phosphine clusters. Advanced characterization techniques, including synchrotron‐based spectroscopy, have unraveled substantial effects of Au–P interaction on the composition‐, structure‐, and size‐dependent properties. State‐of‐the‐art theoretical calculations that reveal insights into experimental findings are also discussed. Finally, a discussion of the application of gold–phosphine clusters in catalysis is presented.
Doping Ruthenium into Metal Matrix for Promoted pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Jiao Jiqing , Zhang Nan‐Nan , Zhang Chao , Sun Ning , Pan Yuan , Chen Chen , Li Jun , Tan Meijie , Cui Ruixue , Shi Zhaolin , Zhang Jiangwei , Xiao Hai , Lu Tongbu
Published: March 2022

For heterogeneous catalysts, the active sites exposed on the surface have been investigated intensively, yet the effect of the subsurface‐underlying atoms is much less scrutinized. Here, a surface‐engineering strategy to dope Ru into the subsurface/surface of Co matrix is reported, which alters the electronic structure and lattice strain of the catalyst surface. Using hydrogen evolution (HER) as a model reaction, it is found that the subsurface doping Ru can optimize the hydrogen adsorption energy and improve the catalytic performance, with overpotentials of 28 and 45 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline and acidic media, respectively, and in particular, 28 mV in neutral electrolyte. The experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that the subsurface/surface doping Ru improves the HER efficiency in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics. The approach here stands as an effective strategy for catalyst design via subsurface engineering at the atomic level.
Magnetoelectric Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite of YFeO3 and CoFe2O4
Authors: Kumar Abinash , Ning Shuai , Su Tingyu , Cho Eunsoo , LeBeau James M. , Ross Caroline A.
Published: March 2022

Self‐assembled two‐phase vertically aligned nanocomposites consisting of ferromagnetic pillars embedded in a ferroelectric matrix provide an attractive geometry for observing magnetoelectric coupling based on the strain‐coupled magnetostrictive and piezoelectric effects at the interfaces. In perovskite‐spinel nanocomposites the ferroelectric phase typically consists of BiFeO3, BaTiO3 or Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. Here, the ferroelectric phase is Y‐rich YFeO3 which exhibits ferroelectricity originating from the local inversion symmetry breaking caused by YFe antisite defects. Coherent interfaces observed between Y‐rich YFeO3 and a magnetic spinel CoFe2O4 in a vertically aligned nanocomposite enable strain‐mediated magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature, confirming the ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in Y‐rich YFeO3 and extending the range of magnetoelectric nanocomposite compositions.
The Swedish consumer market for organic and conventional milk: A demand system analysis
Authors: Lindström Hanna
Published: March 2022

Increasing the production of organic food is becoming an important environmental target for many governments, and consumer demand for organic food is pivotal in reaching these targets. This paper studies consumer demand for organic and conventional milk, using weekly scanner data from the Swedish retail market for the years 2011–2017. Own‐ and cross‐price elasticities of demand are estimated using a quadratic almost ideal demand system. While previous studies on this topic show that demand for organic milk is commonly more price elastic than for its conventional alternative, this paper complements previous literature by (i) studying a market with relatively small organic price premiums, (ii) using a highly representative sample of retailers, and (iii) differentiating between private labels and brands. Results show that demand for organic milk is relatively elastic, despite relatively small organic price premiums in the Swedish milk market. Results also show that demand for branded products is, generally, less elastic compared to private label products, suggesting that consumers have strong preferences for traditional, regional brands. [EconLit Citations: D12, Q11, Q18].
Mental health burden of empty nose syndrome compared to chronic rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinitis
Authors: Lamb Meredith , Bacon Daniel R. , Zeatoun Abdullah , Onourah Princess , Thorp Brian D. , Abramowitz Jonathon , Ebert Charles S. , Kimple Adam J. , Senior Brent A.
Published: March 2022

Background

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is characterized by the paradoxical perception of nasal obstruction despite patent sinonasal anatomy after surgery. We investigated the relationship between ENS, and anxiety, depression, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and somatic symptom disorder (SSD) compared to individuals with chronic rhinitis (CR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

This cross‐sectional survey study compared ENS and CR and CRS patients. A total of 116 patients participated: 58 ENS patients from digital support groups, and 58 CRS and CR patients from tertiary rhinology clinics. Study participants completed four validated surveys: (1) Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐Item Questionnaire, (2) Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI), (3) Obsessive Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI‐R), and (4) PRIME MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ).

Results

ENS patients exhibited a mean RSDI of 78.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 72.8–84.5, compared to 25.2, 95% CI 18.6–31.8 for CRS/CR patients (p < 0.0001). This difference was seen across all subdomains. Using the PHQ, 53% of ENS patients met diagnostic thresholds for SSD compared to 14% of CRS patients (p < 0.0001). In relation to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 18.37% of ENS patients compared to 8.62% of CRS/CR patients scored above the diagnostic threshold (>21) on the OCI‐R questionnaire (p = 0.159).

Conclusion

ENS patients had diminished sinonasal quality of life and a higher prevalence of comorbid anxiety and depression, compared to CR and CRS. ENS patients were more likely to exceed thresholds for OCD and SSD compared to controls. Future studies are needed to assess the role of SSD in ENS to help optimize treatment for these complex patients.
An Integrated Carbon Nitride‐Nickel Photocatalyst for the Amination of Aryl Halides Using Sodium Azide
Authors: Vijeta Arjun , Casadevall Carla , Reisner Erwin
Published: March 2022

The synthesis of primary anilines via sustainable methods remains a challenge in organic synthesis. We report a photocatalytic protocol for the selective synthesis of primary anilines via cross‐coupling of a wide range of aryl/heteroaryl halides with sodium azide using a photocatalyst powder consisting of nickel(II) deposited on mesoporous carbon nitride (Ni‐mpg‐CNx). This heterogeneous photocatalyst contains a high surface area with a visible light‐absorbing and adaptive “built‐in” solid‐state ligand for the integrated catalytic Ni site. The method displays a high functional group tolerance, requires mild reaction conditions, and benefits from easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalyst powder. Thereby, it overcomes the need of complex ligand scaffolds required in homogeneous catalysis, precious metals and elevated temperatures/pressures in existing protocols of primary anilines synthesis. The reported heterogeneous Ni‐mpg‐CNx holds potential for applications in the academic and industrial synthesis of anilines and exploration of other photocatalytic transformations.
A General Strategy for Kilogram‐Scale Preparation of Highly Crystalline Covalent Triazine Frameworks
Authors: Sun Tian , Liang Yan , Luo Wenjia , Zhang Lei , Cao Xiaofeng , Xu Yuxi
Published: March 2022

Scalable and eco‐friendly synthesis of crystalline porous covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) is essential to realize their broad industrial applications but remains a great challenge, which requires the fundamental understanding of the two‐dimensional polymerization mechanism. Herein, we report a universal polyphosphoric acid (H6P4O13)‐catalyzed nitrile trimerization route to synthesize a series of highly crystalline CTFs with high specific surface areas. This new strategy enables the cost‐effective large‐scale fabrication of crystalline CTFs at kilogram level for the first time. Through density functional theory calculation and detailed controlled experiments, we reveal that the polyphosphate acid show much higher catalytic activity for trimerization reaction than its analogues such as P2O5and H3PO4. Furthermore, the crystalline CTFs with regular porosity and abundant triazine groups exhibit ultrahigh removal efficiency of micropollutants, indicating its great potential in environment remediation.