bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical Distribution of Total Mercury and Mercury Methylation in a Landfill Site in Japan
Authors: Yang Jing , Takaoka Masaki , Sano Akira , Matsuyama Akito , Yanase Ryuji
Published: May 2018

Mercury is a neurotoxin, with certain organic forms of the element being particularly harmful to humans. The Minamata Convention was adopted to reduce the intentional use and emission of mercury. Because mercury is an element, it cannot be decomposed. Mercury-containing products and mercury used for various processes will eventually enter the waste stream, and landfill sites will become a mercury sink. While landfill sites can be a source of mercury pollution, the behavior of mercury in solid waste within a landfill site is still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth profile of mercury, the levels of methyl mercury (MeHg), and the factors controlling methylation in an old landfill site that received waste for over 30 years. Three sampling cores were selected, and boring sampling was conducted to a maximum depth of 18 m, which reached the bottom layer of the landfill. Total mercury (THg) and MeHg were measured in the samples to determine the characteristics of mercury at different depths. Bacterial species were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, because the methylation process is promoted by a series of genes. It was found that the THg concentration was 19–975 ng/g, with a geometric mean of 298 ng/g, which was slightly less than the 400 ng/g concentration recorded 30 years previously. In some samples, MeHg accounted for up to 15–20% of THg, which is far greater than the general level in soils and sediments, although the source of MeHg was unclear. The genetic data indicated that hgcA was present mostly in the upper and lower layers of the three cores, merA was almost as much as hgcA, while the level of merB was hundreds of times less than those of the other two genes. A significant correlation was found between THg and MeHg as well as between MeHg and MeHg/THg. In addition a negative correlation was found between THg and merA. The coexistence of the three genes indicated that both methylation and demethylation processes could occur, but the lack of merB was a barrier for demethylation. 
Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Compound for Immobilization of Radioactive Waste Containing Actinide and Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Vinokurov Sergey E. , Kulikova Svetlana A. , Myasoedov Boris F.
Published: May 2018

The problem of effective immobilization of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) is key to the successful development of nuclear energy. The possibility of using magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) compound for LRW immobilization on the example of nitric acid solutions containing actinides and rare earth elements (REE), including high level waste (HLW) surrogate solution is considered in the research work. Under the study of phase composition and structure of the MKP compounds obtained by the XRD and SEM methods, it was established that the compounds are composed of crystalline phases - analogues of natural phosphate minerals (struvite, metaankoleite). The hydrolytic stability of the compounds was determined according to the semi-dynamic test GOST R 52126-2003. Low leaching rates of radionuclides from the compound are established, including a differential leaching rate of 239Pu and 241Am - 3.5 × 10-7 and 5.3 × 10-7 g/(cm2∙day). As a result of the research work it was concluded that the MKP compound is promising for LRW immobilization and can become an alternative material combining the advantages of easy implementation of the technology like cementation and the high physical and chemical stability corresponding to a glass-like compound.
Identifikasi Sektor Katalisator dalam Perekonomian Wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara
Authors: Canon Syarwani
Published: May 2018

Direct relation model has been known as an analytical model to measure the relationship between economic sectors. However, there has not been known an analysis to measure the catalyst sector. Generally, the analytical model of relations of economic activities is an aggregative model which neglects the function of catalyst sector. Possibly, this will ignore its influence, when sometimes it is important to know the acceleration this influence for planning purposes. This paper uses analytical model of catalyst sectors of nine sectors in North Sulawesi Province with 56 causality combinations in each of the catalyst sector. The result shows that nine important economy sectors in North Sulawesi Province are induced by three economy catalyst sectors. First, strong catalyst sector consists of transport and communication sector, manufacturing industry sector, and trade, hotel and restaurants sector. Second, medium catalyst sector; consists of agriculture sector, finance, real estate and business services sector, and electricity, gas and water supply sector. Third, weak catalyst sector: consists of construction sector, services sector, and mining and quarrying sector.
Analisis Pengaruh Kebebasan Ekonomi dan Politik terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Delapan Negara ASEAN Periode 1997 - 2007
Authors: Laksono Riandy
Published: May 2018

Economic and political systems might have a great share in determining the speed of the economic growth in an economy. Majority of the researchs in the past relied on physical input accumulation in determining economic growth, without taking into account the contribution of institutional characteristics. This research is aimed to test the hypothesis that economic freedom and political system affect the economic growth. Using panel data method (pooled least square approach) in eight ASEAN countries during the period of 1997-2007 and based on a framework of Solow economic growth model, it is showed that the more free and efficient economy leads to faster economic growth, and political democracy can otherwise hinder economic growth. Economy can grow higher if public policies are directed to the creation of: a stable monetary conditions, a more efficient in intermediation of financial markets, appropriate public budget policy, straightforward and efficient regulations, corruption eradication, as well as lower taxes. Nevertheless the index of investment freedom and property rights are far away from the behaviors of existing theories and hypothesis, so further research is needed.
Tinjuan Historis : Konformitas Pasar versus Konsep Global Pembangunan Dunia
Authors: Achidsti Sayfa Auliya
Published: May 2018

The world has experienced many developments of each economic model. The interesting thing is that, the worldwide economic development tend to be a linear development. If we see on the past, e.g. several centuries ago, the economy in the world is all on the pure form of trading. Every area, with its own communities, has different natural resources and their own made-craft. Because of the difference in the community and natural resources each area has, it results on the commodity differentiation. It can not be denied that as the time goes by, human’s needs will also develop not only in the sense of housing, clothes, and food needs but it is beyond those needs. The needs for other things and the eminence of each area of its natural resources are the factors which are finally emerging the need of exchange by inter-individuals on each area and to other areas. This is what we called as trading, in advance. By the existence of this kind of trading and the certainty of place and system, these result on the existence of what we call now as market. In the modernity context, what is explained as market here is a traditional market. The question is the existence of traditional market still relevant in the daily economic model, in which nowadays we are not in the peak time of traditional market anymore? Trading model which has capital source and orientation is being the focus of today's economy.
Fenomena Fear of Floating Nilai Tukar di Indonesia Periode 1998-2007: Identifkasi, Alasan Ekonomi, dan Implikasinya terhadap Kebijakan Moneter
Authors: Budiasih Budiasih
Published: May 2018

The stable fluctuation of Rp against the US$ during the free floating exchange rate regime in 2002-2007 raises the existence of fear of floating exchange rate phenomenon in Indonesia. The GARCH method is use to verify this phenomenon. Moreover, Time Varying Parameter and Error Correction Mechanism method shows the economic reason behind the Monetary Authoritys response in stabilizing rupiah. Depreciation and increasing volatility of Rupiah raises ination and bank Non-Performing Loans, while appreciation and increasing volatility of Rupiah, reduce the net export. Furthermore, Vector Autoregressive confirms the Monetary Authority respond to exchange rate shock through the interest rate policy for four months and through the foreign reserves policy for two months.
Pengaruh Transfer Pemerintah Pusat terhadap Perilaku Fiskal Pemerintah Daerah di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur
Authors: Murniasih Erny , Mulyadi M. Syarif
Published: May 2018

Over the last decade of Indonesia's fiscal decentralization era, the amount of intergovernmental fiscal transfers has increased substantially. The increase of intergovernmental fiscal transfers is expected to reduce the burden of local economy without sacrificing the quality of public service. This study aims to investigate whether the block grant transfer affect the spending behavior of local government. Using Pool Least Square method and taking East Kalimantan Province as case study, this study found the existance of flypaper effect. This finding emphasize the view of any increase in block grant of transfer will only induce higher spending. Therefore, in order to achieve the independency of local government as the objective of decentralization, some efforts should be taken to minimize the impact of flypaper effect.
Analisis Pengaruh Transfer Pemerintah Pusat terhadap Upaya Pemungutan Pajak Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia
Authors: Nikijuluw Ruth
Published: May 2018

Tujuan utama studi ini adalah menganalisis dampak transfer pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerahterhadap upaya pemungutan pajak kabupaten/kota selama periode 2005-2008. studi ini menggunakanpendekatan metode regresi untuk mendapatkan indeks upaya pemungutan pajak (local tax eort) sertametode regresi panel dalam menganalisis dampak dari transfer pemerintah pusat tersebut. Bukti empirismendukung bahwa secara umum transfer dari pemerintah pusat dalam bentuk dana perimbangan berelasipositif dengan indeks upaya pemungutan pajak lokal. Selanjutnya, analisis dengan menggunakan komponendana perimbangan menyatakan bahwa kenaikan transfer dalam bentuk block grants yaitu Dana AlokasiUmum (DAU) serta Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH) secara signikan mendorong pertumbuhan dari indeks upayapemungutan pajak lokal.
Determinan Intensitas Energi di Indonesia
Authors: Kartiasih Fitri , Syaukat Yusman , Anggraeni Lukytawati
Published: May 2018

AbstrakStudi ini memperkaya kajian energi di Indonesia dengan menganalisis konsumsi dan intensitas energi, sertafaktor-faktor yang memengaruhi intensitas energi di Indonesia baik secara agregat (nasional) maupunsektoral. Indeks Ideal Fisher digunakan untuk mendekomposisi perubahan intensitas energi (esiensi danperubahan aktivitas ekonomi). Analisis Vector Autoregressive (VAR) atau Vector Error Correction Model(VECM) digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel ekonomi terhadap intensitas energi.Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa intensitas energi di Indonesia meningkat selama periode 1977-2010. Faktorutama yang memengaruhi intensitas energi di tingkat nasional adalah perubahan aktivitas ekonomi,sedangkan di tingkat sektoral adalah efek esiensi.
Perilaku Tabungan ASEAN 5, Jepang, Cina, Korea, dan Implikasinya terhadap Ketidakseimbangan Global
Authors: Safuan Sugiharso , Sari Heidy Ruswita
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe study examines saving behavior in ASEAN 5+3 namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Japan, Cina, and Korea during 1991-2007 and its implication toward global imbalances. By using fixed effect panel data regression, this research shows that government spending, interest rate and inflation, financial development through private domestic credit and stock market capitalization along with the 1997 Asian crisis significantly affect the saving behavior. As a result, a macroeconomic stability through interest rate and inflation, the reinforcement of financial development and crisis anticipation policy are required to support global rebalancing through global saving redistribution.Keywords: Global Imbalances, Private Saving, Financial Development, Panel Fixed Effect AbstrakStudi ini membahas perilaku tabungan negara-negara ASEAN 5+3, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Jepang, Cina, dan Korea, dan implikasinya terhadap ketidakseimbangan global. Dengan menggunakan regresi data panel fixed effect, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa indikator skal belanja pemerintah, indikator makroekonomi suku bunga dan inflasi, indikator perkembangan berupa finansial kredit domestik swasta dan kapitalisasi pasar saham serta krisis Asia 1997 secara signifikan memengaruhi perilaku tabungan. Implikasinya adalah stabilitas makroekonomi melalui inflasi dan suku bunga serta pengembangan pasar finansial dan kebijakan antisipasi krisis diperlukan untuk mendorong penyeimbangan global kembali melalui redistribusi tabungan dunia.Kata kunci: Ketidakseimbangan Global, Tabungan, Perkembangan Finansial, Panel Fixed Effect
Analisis Keseimbangan Eksternal Indonesia: Pendekatan Intertemporal Model of Current Account
Authors: Nurmalindah Nurmalindah , Safuan Sugiharso
Published: May 2018

Current account balance has an important role of measuring the direction and the amount of international loan. This study analyzes Indonesian external balance due to its solvency condition of external debt and sustainability of current account balance during 1970{2007 by intertemporal-model approach of current account. The results of cointegration test and bivariate autoregressive (VAR) indicate that solvency condition holds, but not for the sustainability condition of current account balance. It means that Indonesia has capability to payback its external debt.AbstrakDalam hubungannya dengan utang luar negeri, transaksi berjalan mempunyai peranan penting karena mengukur arah dan besarnya pinjaman internasional. Tulisan ini menganalisis mengenai keseimbangan eksternal Indonesia dengan melihat pada solvency condition atas utang luar negeri dan sustainabilitas neraca transaksi berjalan dengan pendekatan intertemporal model of current account. Data yang digunakan adalah time series tahunan periode 1970--2007. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa solvency condition Indonesia terpenuhi, artinya Indonesia berada dalam kemampuan membayar kembali utangnya, namun kondisi sustainabilitas neraca transaksi berjalan tidak tercapai.
Faktor Politik dalam Alokasi Dana Antarpemerintah Indonesia
Authors: Lumban Tobing Muhammad Syareza , Brodjonegoro Bambang PS
Published: May 2018

The intergovernmental transfer system currently applied in Indonesia is intended to prevent the intervention of political powers. However, there are indications of political determinants behind central government transfers to sub-national governments. In order to prove the existence of these political factors, this research utilizes empirical panel data models of Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU), Dana Dekonsentrasi and Tugas Pembantuan using political variables. Results show that while there are no signicant political variables in the DAU and Dana Dekonsentrasi models, there is a political determinant behind the amount of Dana Tugas Pembantuan, where a higher seat share for the Golkar party representing a province in the national parliament will entitle the province to a relatively higher share of the Dana Tugas Pembantuan.AbstrakSistem transfer antarpemerintah di Indonesia dibuat dengan tujuan mencegah campur tangan politik terhadap sistem transfer pemerintah. Namun begitu, terdapat indikasi keberadaan determinan politik dalam menentukan transfer pemerintah pusat terhadap pemerintah daerah. Untuk membuktikan keberadaan faktor-faktor politik tersebut, digunakan model data panel yang berusaha menunjukkan determinan politik pada Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) serta Dana Dekonsentrasi dan Tugas Pembantuan. Hasil studi menemukan bahwa tidak ada campur tangan politik dalam menentukan transfer DAU dan Dana Dekonsentrasi, namun ditemukan determinan politik pada Dana Tugas Pembantuan, di mana provinsi yang memiliki proporsi kursi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) Partai Golkar yang lebih tinggi mendapatkan Dana Tugas Pembantuan yang lebih besar.
Dampak Kebijakan Harga Pembelian Petani Gabah terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani: Suatu Simulasi
Authors: Putri Eka Intan Kumala , Novindra Novindra , Nuva Nuva
Published: May 2018

To control supply and demand rice and increase income to farmer, Government assigned a rice purchasing policy. This study apply 2SLS model with time series data 1971--2009 to simulate and forecast the impact of rice purchasing policy on farmer welfare. The responses of rice real price at farmers' level towards the changes of real price of government purchases and rice production is elastic in the long term. Demand of rice is signicantly in uenced by the price of rice, population, and demand for rice at t-1. The increasing of rice purchasing price (HPP) on grain at 9.54% and 15% lead to an increasing of farmer's surplus IDR163,512,308,700 and IDR257,292,128,790.AbstrakGuna mengontrol keseimbangan konsumsi beras dengan produksi padi dan meningkatkan pendapatan petani, pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan kebijakan Harga Pembelian Padi (HPP). Studi ini melihat dampak kebijakan HPP terhadap kesejahteraan petani dilakukan melalui simulasi peramalan dengan Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) data time series periode 1971--2009. Secara ekonomi, respons harga riil gabah petani terhadap perubahan HPP dan produksi padi bersifat elastis dalam jangka panjang. Permintaan beras dipengaruhi harga beras, jumlah penduduk, dan permintaan beras t-1. Simulasi peramalan terhadap peningkatan HPP gabah 9,54% dan 15% menyebabkan surplus petani meningkat masing-masing Rp163.512.308.700,- dan Rp257.292.128.790,-.
Kebijakan Desentralisasi Fiskal, Pergeseran Sektoral, dan Ketimpangan Antarkabupaten/Kota di Sulawesi Tengah
Authors: Arham Muhammad Amir
Published: May 2018

AbstractFiscal decentralization can create eficiency and effectiveness to promote growth and change in economic structures as well as to reduce inequalities amongst regions. This study intends to find out whether the fiscal decentralization policies during 2001-2010 contribute to the shift of economic sectors and inequality rates amongst districts/municipalities in the Province of Central Sulawesi. By using econometrics of panel data, the study found that fiscal decentralization supports a shift in the economic sector where the role of primary sector gradually decreased and the secondary and tertiary sector tend to be increased since the implementation of regional autonomy. As a result, the fiscal decentralization creates an economic change in Central Sulawesi, while at the same time, can inevitably generates higher economic inequality amongst regencies/municipalities in the region.Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, Sectoral Shifts, Inequality AbstrakDesentralisasi skal dapat menciptakan esiensi dan efektivitas untuk mendorong pertumbuhan dan perubahan struktur ekonomi, serta mengurangi ketimpangan antardaerah. Studi ini ingin mengetahui pengaruh kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pergeseran sektor dan ketimpangan antarkabupaten/kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Dengan menggunakan metode ekonometrika melalui persamaan data panel pada periode tahun 2001-2010, studi ini menemukan bahwa kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat mendorong pergeseran sektor, di mana peranan sektor primer kecenderungannya makin menurun, sehingga berakibat pada peningkatan peranan sektor sekunder dan tersier selama pelaksanaan otonomi daerah, dengan demikian kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal dapat menciptakan perubahan struktur ekonomi di Sulawesi Tengah. Kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal mendorong terjadinya peningkatan ketimpangan antara kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi Tengah selama periode studi.Kata kunci: Desentralisasi Fiskal, Pergeseran Sektoral, Ketimpangan
Analisis Karakteristik Anak Tidak Bersekolah di Indonesia
Authors: Fahmi Mohamad , Marizka Demy
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis research identified and analyzed school participation of children in Indonesia from 7 to 15 years old. Using data collected by Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) in 2012, probit model estimates that there are more probabilities in boys rather that girls to leave their education. As well as living environtment supported, citizen have more well educated children than villagers. Elementary schools had been highly needed to full school supply so that out-of-school-children level will drop as low as possible. But an increase in junior high school supplied will not turned out as it applied on elementary schools.Keywords: Economics of Education, Out of School Children, Basic Education, SUSENAS, Probit Model  AbstrakStudi ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis karakteristik partisipasi sekolah anak-anak di Indonesia pada jenjang usia 7 sampai 15 tahun. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) tahun 2012, hasil estimasi model probit menunjukkan bahwa anak laki-laki di Indonesia memiliki peluang lebih besar menjadi out-of-school children (oosc). Begitu pula dengan peluang anak-anak yang tinggal di pedesaan, yang lebih besar menjadi oosc dibandingkan dengan anak-anak yang tinggal di perkotaan. Ketersediaan sekolah sangat diperlukan pada tingkat sekolah dasar untuk mengurangi oosc. Namun, pada tingkat sekolah menengah pertama penambahan jumlah sekolah tampaknya bukanlah pilihan tepat.Kata kunci: Ekonomi Pendidikan, Out of School Children, Pendidikan Dasar, SUSENAS, Model Probit
Dampak Jaminan terhadap Peluang Memperoleh Kredit bagi UMKM di Sumatera Barat
Authors: Marta Joan , Satria Doni
Published: May 2018

Collateral Effect to Bank Loan Probability for Microenterprises in West SumateraThis paper reveals that West Sumatera banking sector are more likely using the availability of collateral for the credit to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME). Using 384 sample size from MSME in West Sumatera, if a MSME have enough collateral, the probability of their credit application to be rejected by banks will fall from 59.9% to 11.7% comparing to they don’t have enough collateral. This finding proved a credit guarantee scheme is needed, and for the further study it is recommended to conduct research on the characteristic of the potentials of MSME as a credit scoring model for banks.Keywords: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; Banking Credit; Logistic Model AbstrakPenelitian ini membuktikan bahwa perbankan di Sumatera Barat cenderung untuk menggunakan jaminan yang cukup sebagai dasar penolakan dan pemberian kredit yang diajukan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). Menggunakan data hasil survei dengan ukuran sampel sebanyak 384 UMKM di Sumatera Barat, penulis menemukan bahwa peluang sebuah aplikasi kredit yang diajukan UMKM ditolak akan berkurang dari 59,9% menjadi 11,7% jika UMKM tersebut memiliki jaminan yang cukup. Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan pentingnya sistem penjaminan kredit untuk UMKM dan sekaligus merekomendasikan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengindentifikasi karakteristik UMKM yang memiliki potensi yang baik dan pembuatan model kredit scoring.
Analisis Pusat Pertumbuhan dan Autokorelasi Spasial di Kalimantan: Studi Empiris di 55 Kabupaten/Kota, 2000–2012
Authors: Pratiwi Maria Christina Yuli , Kuncoro Mudrajad
Published: May 2018

Analysis of Growth Poles and Spatial Autocorrelation in Kalimantan: An Empirical Study of 55 Districts, 2000–2012The paper identifies which districts in Kalimantan that become the growth poles and whether there has been spatial autocorrelation in 55 districts during 2000–2012. This study also explores which economic sectors will be leading sectors. The social-economic data were collected for 55 districts using quantitative methods, in particular: typology of Regent/City, spatial autocorrelation, overlay analysis, and structural transformation. The study finds: (1) there are 4 cities as the growth pole; (2) the economics growth concentration concentrated geographically in the eastern and western; (3) the mining sector is a leading and competitive sector; and (4) structural transformation does not occur in all districts.Keywords: Growth Pole; Typology of Regent/City; Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran’s I and G Statistics); Overlay Analysis; Structural Transformation AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kabupaten/kota di Pulau Kalimantan yang akan menjadi pusat pertumbuhan dan apakah terdapat autokorelasi spasial di 55 kabupaten/kota selama periode 2000–2012. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder yang dikumpulkan dari data sosial ekonomi 55 kabupaten/kota menggunakan metode kuantitatif deskriptif dan alat analisis: tipologi Kabupaten/Kota, autokorelasi spasial, analisis overlay, dan transformasi struktural. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) terdapat empat kota sebagai pusat pertumbuhan; (2) konsentrasi pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebar di bagian timur dan barat Pulau Kalimantan; (3) sektor pertambangan dan penggalian merupakan sektor unggulan dan kompetitif; dan (4) transformasi struktural tidak terjadi di seluruh kabupaten/kota.
Analisis Konsumsi Energi Rumah Tangga Perkotaan di Indonesia: Periode Tahun 2008 dan 2011
Authors: Nazer Muhammad , Handra Hefrizal
Published: May 2018

Urban Household Energy Consumption Analysis in Indonesia: Period of 2008 and 2011The goal of the study is to analyze the pattern and the change of urban household energy consumption and their determinant factors in Indonesia period of 2008 and 2011 using SUSENAS data of household budget survey. The concept of energy ladder and fuel stacking (multi fuel) are used to make a model of household energy consumption. The result of study shows that total energy consumption was increase in the period of 2008 and 2011. Coefficient of income elasticity toward both of modern and traditional energy consumption are positive, it means that there is rising consumption of energy along with the rising income. Household income is the main determinant factor of energy used by household besides other non-economic factors.Keywords: Energy Consumption; Energy Ladder; Household Energy AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola dan perubahan konsumsi energi rumah tangga daerah perkotaan di Indonesia serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya tahun 2008 dan 2011 dengan memanfaatkan data hasil survei pengeluaran rumah tangga SUSENAS. Konsep energy ladder dan fuel stacking (multi-fuel) diaplikasikan untuk membuat model konsumsi energi rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa konsumsi energi (total), modern, dan tradisional rumah tangga perkotaan mengalami kenaikan pada periode tahun 2008 dan 2011. Koefisien elastisitas pendapatan terhadap konsumsi energi modern dan tradisional bernilai positif, yang berarti bahwa terjadi peningkatan konsumsi energi modern dan tradisional sejalan dengan peningkatan pendapatan. Pendapatan rumah tangga adalah faktor yang paling menentukan konsumsi energi rumah tangga di samping faktor non-ekonomi lainnya seperti luas lantai rumah dan jumlah anggota rumah tangga.
Perkembangan Tingkat Pengembalian Investasi Pendidikan Antar-Provinsi: Indonesia Family Life Survey 1993–2014
Authors: Hendajany Nenny , Widodo Tri , Sulistyaningrum Eny
Published: May 2018

Evolution Returns to Education Across Provinces: Indonesia Family Life Survey 1993–2014This study traces the evolution of return to education using large samples from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). This study apply Mincer Model to find rate of return to education. The rate of return to education decrease from 1993 to 2014 in Indonesia. Interestingly, the declining rate for return to education for men is much larger than for women. Return to education is considerably heterogenic across province and gender. Furthermore, the rate of women is larger than men. Finally, this study find potential experience have not different from 1993 to 1997, but have increased in 2000 and 2014.Keywords: Education; Returns to Education; Mincer ModelAbstrakPenelitian ini melihat perkembangan dari tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan (return to education) dengan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Penelitian ini menggunakan Model Mincer untuk menentukan tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan. Tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan menurun dari tahun 1993 sampai 2014. Penurunan tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan untuk pria lebih besar dari pada wanita. Hasil tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan bervariasi antar-provinsi dan jenis kelamin, namun pada umumnya nilai return pada wanita lebih besar daripada pria. Pengaruh dari pengalaman kerja potensial tidak berbeda dari tahun 1993 sampai 1997, tetapi mulai meningkat di tahun 2000 dan 2014.
Inflasi Makanan dan Implikasinya terhadap Kebijakan Moneter di Indonesia
Authors: Pratikto Rulyusa , Ikhsan Mohamad
Published: May 2018

Food Inflation and Monetary Policy Implication in IndonesiaControlling food inflation in Indonesia is essential mainly caused by its persistent and relatively significant impact on the poor’s purchasing power compare to other commodities. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of monetary policy on food inflation stabilization in Indonesia. By utilizing Structural Vector Autoregression, the empirical results provided here show that monetary policy does eectively prevent the spillover effect of food to non-food inflation. In addition to that, the exchange rate may play some role in the longer period to affect the volatility of food inflation.Keywords: Monetary Policy; Food Inflation; Structural Vector Autoregression AbstrakPengendalian inflasi makanan penting untuk dilakukan di Indonesia terutama karena dua hal, yaitu sifat inflasi makanan yang persisten dan dampaknya terhadap penurunan daya beli keluarga miskin yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan dengan komoditas lainnya. Dengan demikian, tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari kebijakan moneter terhadap pengendalian inflasi makanan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode Structural Vector Autoregression, hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan moneter secara efektif dapat mencegah dampak spillover inflasi makanan ke inflasi non-makanan. Selain itu, stabilitas nilai tukar dapat memiliki peran untuk mengurangi volatilitas inflasi makanan terutama pada jangka panjang.
Analisis Ekspor Kakao Olahan Indonesia ke Sembilan Negara Tujuan Tahun 2000–2014
Authors: Maulana Arif , Kartiasih Fitri
Published: May 2018

Analysis of Indonesian Cocoa Exports to Nine Destination Countries 2000–2014The objectives of this article is to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesias processed cocoa export to nine destination countries and to investigate the determinants of export volumes of Indonesias cocoa. Two analysis is conducted using revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and panel data regression. The result indicates that Indonesian processed cocoa has a high comparative advantage in Spain, while in Singapore has a comparative advantage at worst. The panel data regression estimates showed that GDP, population, RCA, and tax policy was statistically significant and had positive effect to cocoa export volumes but the price of processed cocoa had negative effect.Keywords: Cocoa; Competitiveness; Revealed Comparative Advantage; Panel Data Regression; Government Policy AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia ke sembilan negara tujuan dan faktor-faktor penentu volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia. Dua metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kakao olahan Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang tinggi di Spanyol, sementara di Singapura memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang terendah. Hasil regresi data panel menunjukkan bahwa PDB, populasi, RCA, dan kebijakan bea keluar signifikan secara statistik dan berpengaruh positif terhadap volume ekspor kakao, sedangkan harga kakao olahan memiliki pengaruh yang negatif.
Keberadaan Ritel Modern dan Dampaknya terhadap Pasar Tradisional di DKI Jakarta
Authors: Hikmawati Dianur , Nuryakin Chaikal
Published: May 2018

The Modern Retail and Its Impact to Traditional Markets in DKI JakartaThis study aimed to analyze the impact of modern retail coexistence with traditional retail on traditional retail’s performance. Our observation is the 153 markets PD Pasar Jaya spread across DKI Jakarta and the modern retails (minimarkets, supermarkets, hypermarkets) location based on the retail zoning policy of Jakarta Regional Regulation No. 2/2002. This study used number of traditional retailers as a proxy of performance variable. The regression results indicate a non linear relationship between the number of modern retails–especially supermarket–and traditional retails performance in which the coexistence of one supermarket is positive for traditional market performance and negative afterwards.Keywords: Traditional Retail; Modern Retail; Zoning Policy; PerformanceAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak keberadaan ritel modern terhadap kinerja ritel tradisional dalam kebijakan zonasi ritel Peraturan Daerah (Perda) DKI Jakarta No. 2 Tahun 2002. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 153 ritel tradisional PD Pasar Jaya di DKI Jakarta dan keberadaan ritel modern (minimarket, supermarket, dan hypermarket) yang melanggar ketentuan kebijakan zonasi ritel. Penelitian ini menggunakan data jumlah pedagang ritel tradisional sebagai proksi variabel kinerja ritel tradisional. Hasil regresi mengindikasikan hubungan tidak linier antara jumlah ritel modern–terutama supermarket– dan kinerja pasar tradisional yaitu berpengaruh positif jika terdapat satu ritel modern kemudian menjadi negatif jika melebihi jumlah tersebut.
Analisis Flypaper Effect Belanja Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Sulawesi
Authors: Armawaddin Muhamad , Rumbia Wali Aya , Afiat Muhammad Nur
Published: May 2018

Flypaper Effect Analysis of District and City Regionally Spending in SulawesiThis study aims to determine the phenomenon of flypaper effect of regionally spending in Sulawesi. Types of data use secondary data about regionally original income, general allocation fund, special allocation fund, tax-sharing fund, and regionally spending in 2016–2017. Data analysis using panel data regression analysis. Result of research, found flypaper effect of regional spending from special allocation fund, whereas from general allocation fund and tax-sharing fund is not found. This study also proves that regionally spending, general allocation fund, special allocation fund, and tax-sharing fund have a significant influence on regionally spending in Sulawesi.Keywords: Regionally Spending; Flypaper Effect; Panel Data ModelsAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui fenomena flypaper effect belanja daerah di Sulawesi. Jenis data menggunakan data sekunder tentang pendapatan asli daerah, dana alokasi umum, dana alokasi khusus, dana bagi hasil pajak, dan belanja daerah tahun 2016–2017. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya flypaper effect pada belanja daerah dari dana alokasi khusus, sedangkan dari dana alokasi umum dan dana bagi hasil pajak tidak ditemukan. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan pendapatan asli daerah, dana alokasi umum, dana alokasi khusus, dan dana bagi hasil pajak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap belanja daerah seluruh kabupaten/kota di Sulawesi.
Fiscal Decentralization: Its Impact on Cities Growth
Authors: Mahi Raksaka
Published: May 2018

Indonesia currently adopts a new decentralization policy. In the past, central government had been the major role of regional and cities development. With the new policy, central government has transferred its role in developing cities and regions to the local governments. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which is basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by Law No.25/1999, which basically is the fiscal decentralization policy. Both laws reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of "money follows functions".Before the implementation of decentralization policy, the government of cities had been benefited from many facilities built by central government on the city area. With the decentralization policy, it is expected that a reduced role of central government will have a significant impact on the growth of cities in Indonesia. The policy has three major fiscal instruments; a block grant funding, a specific grant and revenue sharing. The block grant funding is considered as the most important instruments of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia. About 80 percent of financial transfer from central to local governments will be in the block grant type of transfer. In the past, the use of transfers was determined by central government specifically. Therefore, the role of block grant was very minimal. With the new fiscal decentralization scheme, the benefits of cities from central government investments are expected to decrease. Therefore, there is a question to what extend the cities will be sustainable in the decentralization era.This paper attempts to answer the impacts of current fiscal decentralization policy on the growth of the cities. The first objective of the paper is to evaluate the current intergovernmental tranfers and their impact to cities revenues. Secondly, by utilizing a regional macroeconometric model, this paper also elaborates the implication of the transfers to the city growth and interregional disparity in Indonesia.
Dampak Desentralisasi Fiskal terhadap Perekonomian Antar Daerah : Analisa Model IRIO
Authors: Nurkholis Nurkholis , Brodjonegoro Bambang P.S.
Published: May 2018

Regional autonomy program is the form of fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia, legally started with the law of Regional Government No.22/1999 about de-concentration azas, which imply power or authority sharing and No.25/1999 about decentralization, which imply financial sharing between central and regional government. Financial sharing is tax and natural resources sharing revenue. This financial sharing type can widen fiscal gap between regions. As the solution, the central government gives block grants. Interregional Input-Output (IRIO) model can be used to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization policy on sectoral and regional linkages, multipliers, growth, equalization, and efficiency of the regional economy. The analysis use shock variables of inter-governmental transfer including tax sharing revenue, natural resources revenue and block grants. They are treated as an exogenous variable package by regional government expenditure. The expenditures are in the form of investment and consumption based on IRIO model to analyze the optimality of policy variation. The analysis shows that the optimality of growth, equalization, and economic efficiency will be reached if the allocation of inter-governmental transfer is exactly the same as the potency and linkages between sectors and regions. We find the current formulation of intergovernmental transfer by central government, potent to increase regional disparity. Central government should reformulate division of inter-governmental transfer to avoid fiscal decentralization to be contra productive policy.
Pergerakan Nilai Tukar dan Pembentukan Ekspektasi Agen
Authors: Syafroni Ayatullah , Mochtar Karyaman
Published: May 2018

It is interesting to pay attention on exchage rate phenomenon. The movement of exchange rate has fret up space for the expanded model and their new variety based on theoretical and methodological issues.We apply the zone target model to explain the exchange rate movement in Indonesia during 1989-2002 in monthly basis data. We put special attention to the expectation process of the agent by confronting adaptive and rational expectation and also internalize the risk factor into the model.We found that rational expectation fit and much more be able to explain the exchange rate movement, risk averse agent and massive outflow of capital during the crisis in Indonesia. We test the robustness of our model by applying to VAR model, and the same result is conformed. This VAR specification also support the contagion effect hypothesis during the cirisis 1998.
Dampak Penurunan Subsidi BBM terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia: Model Analisa Komputasi Keseimbangan Umum
Authors: Nikensari Sri Indah , Trianoso Bambang
Published: May 2018

Beberapa kesepakatan antara pemerintah Indonesia dan IMF pada waktu yang lalu yang dituangkan dalam Lol (Letter of Intent) beberapa kali antara lain merekomendasikan agar pemerintah Indonesia mengurangi dan selanjutnya menghilangkan beberapa subsidi dalam APBN, agar APBN Iebih efisien. Salah satu subsidi yang terus berkurang adalah subsidi BBM, sehingga setelah subsidi BBM tsb. dikurangi secara bertahap sejak tahun 2000, menyebabkan harga BBM terus naik. Kenaikkan harga BBM sangat berpengaruh pada kehidupan perekonomian baik pada masyarakat maupun pada sektor industri. Analisis ini membahas dampak dan efektivitas pengurangan subsisdi BBM terhadap output sektor industri, dengan menggunakan analisa model INDECGE (Indonesia Energy Computable General Equilibrium Model) yang dibangun tahun 2000 dengan menggunakan tahun dasar data 1998.
Pengaruh Struktur Ekonomi pada Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Sektoral: Analisis Model Demometrik di 30 Propinsi pada 9 Sektor di Indonesia
Authors: Sitanggang Ignatia Rohana , Nachrowi Nachrowi Djalal
Published: May 2018

Penelitian ini akan melihat bagaimana pola struktur ekonomi dan pola penyerapan tenaga kerja sektoral di 30 propinsi pada kurun waktu I980-2000 di Indonesia. Fokus penelitian ini diarahkan pada analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyerapan tenaga kerja di wilayah tersebut dan pada analisis kebijakan perencanaan tenaga kerja di Indonesia. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, digunakan pendekatan demometrik guna membangun model makro demoekonomi regional yang dimodifikasi dari model penyerapan tenaga kerja yang digunakan oleh J.Ledent. Secara prinsip, model demometrik ini menggabungkan model ekonometri dan model demografi. Dalam hal ini, variabel seperti jumlah penyerapan tenaga kerja regional dihubungkan dengan variabel populasi (dengan memperhatikan unsur tingkat kelahiran dan kematian), netmigration, output, dan upah melalui suatu model ekonometri di 30 propinsi pada 9 sektor.Ditemukan hasil bahwa struktur ekonomi Indonesia secara nasional mengalami perubahan dari sektor pertanian ke sektor-sektor lainnya. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan propinsi, propinsi-propinsi Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jambi, Kalbar, Kalsel, Kalteng, Lampung, Maluku, Malut, NTB, NTT, Sulsel, Sulteng, Sultra, Sulut, Sumbar, dan Sumut masih bertumpu pada sektor pertanian; dan propinsi-propinsi Babel, Bali, Banten, DIY, DKI Jaya, Jabar, Jateng, Jatim, Kaltim, NAD, Papua, Riau, dan Sumsel sudah bertumpu pada sektor manufaktur, sektor perdagangan-hotel-restoran, sektor jasa, dan sektor bangunan. Sektor pertanian paling banyak menyerap tenaga kerja walaupun dengan upah yang lebih rendah dan upah di sektor-sektor lainnya. Namun di propinsi-propinsi Bali, Banten, DIY, DKI Jaya, Jabar, Jateng, Jatim, dan Kaltim, ke-9 sektor sudah saling mendekat. Adanya peningkaran dan penurunan dalam jumlah penyerapan tenaga kerja ini disebabkan oleh perubahan populasi, net migration, output, dan juga upah. Bahkan terjadi pergeseran penyerapan tenaga kerja antar sektor dan antar propinsi.
Tingkat Ekstraksi Optimal Minyak Bumi Indonesia: Aplikasi Model Optimasi Dinamik
Authors: Halimatussadiah Alin , Resosudarmo Budy P.
Published: May 2018

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan sumber daya mineral yang masih tergolong besar, diantaranya minyak. Minyak menjadi penting dalam perekonomian karena sektor ini memberi kontribusi yang masih cukup signifikan terhadap PDB, ekspor maupun pendapatan pemerintah. Selain itu, struktur energi primer Indonesia juga masih didominasi oleh minyak bumi.Sebagai sumber daya yang dapat habis dan tidak terbarukan, eksploitasi minyak bumi saat ini mengandung opportunity cost di mana akan mengurangi ketersediaan minyak bumi untuk generasi mendatang. Sehingga, pertanyaan yang dapat muncul kemudian adalah: Apakah minyak bumi dieksploitasi terlalu cepat atau terlalu lambat?Dengan menggunakan optimasi dinamik akan dilakukan simulasi yang menghasilkan alur ekstraksi (extraction path) yang optimal yang memaksimumkan nilai sekarang dan keuntungan netto akan extraksi minyak bumi. Hasil ini akan dibandingkan dengan tingkat produksi yang menggunakan perilaku ‘business as usual’.Kesimpulan yang didapat dan simulasi adalah dalam skenario optimal, cadangan akan lebih cepat habis dibandingkan skenario biasa (business as usual), walaupun profit yang didapat lebih tinggi. Beberapa faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam membandingkan hasil ini kemudian adalah penerimaan pemenintah, cadangan devisa dan kapasitas terpasang dan pengeboran minyak.
Evaluasi Merger Perbankan di Indonesia Ditinjau melalui Fungsi Biaya Parametrik
Authors: Mardanugraha Eugenia
Published: May 2018

Konsolidasi perbankan yang dilakukan untuk memperkuat industri perbankan di Indonesia, membuat merger dan akuisisi menjadi pilihan utama dalam pelaksanaan konsolidasi tersebut. Adanya resiko yang harus ditanggung oleh bank hasil merger dan proses konsolidasi yang membutuhkan biaya tinggi, antara lain merupakan penyebab dan menurunnya tingkat efisiensi bank hasil merger. Dalam paper ini ditunjukkan bahwa proses merger menurunkan efisiensi tetapi meningkatkan stabililas dan keefisienan bank merger. Kestabitan ini menunjukkan terbentuknya manajemen yang lebih baik dari bank hasil merger. Skala ekonomi bank setelah merger mengalami peningkatan.Sebelum melakukan merger, bank secara internal harus terlebih dahulu meningkatkan efisiensinya, yang dapat dilakukan misalnya dengan meningkatkan produktivitas dari karyawan dan peningkatan penggunaan teknologi. Dalam paper ini ditunjukkan bahwa apabila skor efisiensi DFA-nya sudah mencapai 0,7, maka bank baru merasakan manfaat dan economies of scale, economies of scope dan kemajuan teknis unuk meningkatkan efisiensinya.Tulisan ini memberikan beberapa rekomendasi: pertama, Bank Indonesia harus mengupayakan agar manajemen dari bank tetap baik, sehingga bank dapat menggunakan dan mengalokasikan biaya-biaya operasionalnya secara optimal. Kedua, harus adanya upaya untuk mempercepat pulihnya efisiensi bank setelah merger, sehingga tingkat efisiensinya kembali ke level semula. Ketiga, Bank Indonesia harus mendorong perbankan untuk dapat memanfaatkan teknologi dengan sebaik mungkin. Keempat, efisiensi internal dari sebuah bank penting dilakukan sebelum bank melakukan merger.
Kebijakan Moneter, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Pengujian Hipotesis Ekspektasi Rasional dengan Analisis VAR
Authors: Irawan Ferry , Saufan Sugiharso
Published: May 2018

Tulisan ini  menganalisis efektivitas kebijakan moneter di Indonesia dengan rentang waktu dua dekade terakhir. Implementasi kebijakan moneter dalam berbagai literatur sering kali memunculkan pertanyaan bagaimana efektifitas kebijakan tersebut dapat dipertahankan. Dengan mengunakan pendekatan rational expectation dengan data Indonesia, studi ini menemukan bahwa tingkat inflasi di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh secara signifikan oleh kebijakan moneter yang bersifat dapat diantisipasi (anticipated). Kebijakan moneter yang dapat diantisipasi (anticipated) juga berpengaruh positip signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.