bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Evaluation of Chemically Induced Protein Denaturation in HuH-7 Liver Cancer Cells and Impact on Cell Survival
Authors: Aravalli Rajagopal N. , Choi Jeunghwan , Mori Shoji , Mehra Dushyant , Dong Jinping , Bischof John C. , Cressman Erik N. K.
Published: August 2012

Solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma are very often not amenable to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Local ablation methods, including chemical ablation with absolute ethanol, are therefore an option for treatment but lack of information about the mechanism of devitalization leading to cell death is a hindrance to further adoption. Systemic toxicity also has limited the amount of ethanol that can be used in a single treatment session. Therefore we evaluated the mechanism of urea, a denaturant with little or no systemic toxicity, for potential use in chemical ablation. In this study we report on the use of three methods to analyze the effects in cell culture with a view towards eventual clinical application. Human hepatoma HuH-7 cells were analyzed at several time points after treatment using FTIR, DSC, and Raman microspectroscopy based on MTT and PI-exclusion viability assays. Time course fractional denaturation data plotted against viability show that a 50% viability drop occurs after only a 10–20% drop in overall protein denaturation. Other methods of cell death such as apoptosis may also be operative, but this result implies that protein denaturation is one of the major mechanisms of cell death. This is in line with what has been previously suggested for purely thermal methods, and opens the way to mechanism-based improvements in chemical ablation of solid tumors.
Ovarian Tumor Characterization using 3D Ultrasound
Authors: Acharya U. Rajendra , Sree S. Vinitha , Krishnan M. Muthu Rama , Saba Luca , Molinari Filippo , Guerriero Stefano , Suri Jasjit S.
Published: August 2012

Among gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death. Preoperative determination of whether a tumor is benign or malignant has often been found to be difficult. Because of such inconclusive findings from ultrasound images and other tests, many patients with benign conditions have been offered unnecessary surgeries thereby increasing patient anxiety and healthcare cost. The key objective of our work is to develop an adjunct Computer Aided Diagnostic (CAD) technique that uses ultrasound images of the ovary and image mining algorithms to accurately classify benign and malignant ovarian tumor images. In this algorithm, we extract texture features based on Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and Laws Texture Energy (LTE) and use them to build and train a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Our technique was validated using 1000 benign and 1000 malignant images, and we obtained a high accuracy of 99.9% using a SVM classifier with a Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. The high accuracy can be attributed to the determination of the novel combination of the 16 texture based features that quantify the subtle changes in the images belonging to both classes. The proposed algorithm has the following characteristics: cost-effectiveness, complete automation, easy deployment, and good end-user comprehensibility. We have also developed a novel integrated index, Ovarian Cancer Index (OCI), which is a combination of the texture features, to present the physicians with a more transparent adjunct technique for ovarian tumor classification.
A Bio-Mathematical Model for Parallel Organs and its use in Ranking Radiation Treatment Plans
Authors: Wang Li , Li Wenhui , Bai Han , Chang Li , Qin Jiyong , Hou Yu
Published: August 2012

To develop a new bio-mathematical model, named LQ-based parallel-organ model, that can overcome the limitation of interpreting the simple dose-volume information so as to rank the radio- toxicity of parallel organs in the same patient. A parallel organ consists of Function Subunits (FSUs), with each FSU being equal and representative in functional status. Based on the Linear-Quadratic model (LQ model), we had derived a bio-mathematical model to calculate the survival cell number for radiation dose response. We then compared the cell survival number for the ranking of treatment plans for the same patient. Ninety 3D plans from forty-five randomly selected lung cancer patients were generated using the ELEKTA precise 2.12 treatment planning system. The LQ-based parallel-organ model was tested against the widely used Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model (LKB model). There was no distinct statistical difference in plan ranking between using the LQ-based parallel-organ model and the LKB model ( P = 0.475). Ranking plans by the Vx, Mean Lung Dose (MLD) and the LQ-based parallel-organ model shows that there was no distinct statistical difference between V5, V10, V20, MLD and the LQ-based parallel-organ model, respectively (all Ps > 0.05). The proposed LQ-based parallel-organ model was found to be efficient and reliable for ranking treatment plans for the same patient.
A Comparison of Critical Structure Dose and Toxicity Risks in Patients with Low Grade Gliomas Treated with IMRT versus Proton Radiation Therapy
Authors: Dennis Elizabeth R. , Bussière Marc R. , Niemierko Andrzej , Lu Michael W. , Fullerton Barbara C. , Loeffler Jay S. , Shih Helen A.
Published: August 2012

Proton therapy offers dosimetric advantage of decreased dose to non-target tissues. This study explored the potential benefits of proton radiation therapy versus photon based intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for patients with low grade gliomas (LGG) through dosimetric comparison and biological modeling of potential radiation-induced toxicities. Eleven patients were treated with fractionated proton radiation therapy on a prospective protocol assessing for feasibility and treatment toxicity of proton radiation therapy in patients with LGG. IMRT treatment plans were created for each patient using the same CT planning data set and defined structures. The prescription dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) was 54 Gy(RBE). The toxicity risk of IMRT and protons was estimated based upon equivalent uniform dose (EUD) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling. The risk of secondary tumors for each modality was estimated. Proton EUD for most immediate normal tissue structures was between 10–20 Gy lower than the EUD delivered by IMRT. However, the difference in NTCP was negligible for both modalities. The mean excess risk of proton radiation-induced second tumor in the brain per 10,000 cases per year is 47 (range 11–83), while the mean risk for IMRT is 106 (range 70–134). The mean ratio of excess risk IMRT/protons is 2.2 (range 1.6–6.5), demonstrating that the risk of secondary tumors is consistently higher for IMRT. Proton therapy effectively reduces the dose to surrounding normal tissues in LGG patients. IMRT has a twofold higher risk of secondary intracranial tumors as compared to proton therapy. In most cases, NTCP is negligible for both modalities. The benefit of proton therapy over IMRT may be more substantial in patients with tumors in proximity to critical structures.
Glioma Stem-like Cells are Less Susceptible than Glioma Cells to Sonodynamic Therapy with Photofrin
Authors: Xu Zhong-Ye , Li Xiao-Qing , Chen Song , Cheng Yuan , Deng Jin-Mu , Wang Zhi-Gang
Published: August 2012

Despite remarkable progress in diagnosis and treatment, malignant glioma, a highly lethal cancer of the central nervous system, remains incurable. Although glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) represent a relatively small fraction of the cells in malignant glioma, they can proliferate and self renew extensively, being crucial for tumor recurrence. Cancer treatment by sonodynamic therapy (SDT) chiefly depends on antitumor effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from a sonosensitizer activated by ultrasound. Although SDT effectively kills glioma cells, its efficiency against GSCs is not established. We attempted to compare the susceptibility of GSCs to SDT, using Photofrin, a porphyrin-derivative photosensitizer, with that of glioma cells. Cell viability and apoptosis assays showed that SDT damaged both GSCs and U251 glioma cells, but GSCs were significantly less susceptible to SDT ( p < 0.01). To elucidate the mechanism of the antitumor effects of SDT, we evaluated intracellular ROS production and Photofrin uptake: ROS production and Photofrin content were significantly lower ( p < 0.01) in GSCs than in U251 glioma cells. Thus, cellular differences in sonosensitizer uptake and ROS production influence the antitumor effects of SDT. Furthermore, the resistance of GSCs may be caused by decreased sonosensitizer uptake due to ABCG2 overexpression.
Diagnosis of Liver Cancer and Cirrhosis by the Fluorescence Spectra of Blood and Urine
Authors: AlSalhi M. , Mehmadi A. M. Al , Abdo Ayman Assad , Prasad S. , Masilamani V.
Published: August 2012

Liver cancer or hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious malady with only 10% survival rate and is fatal next only to pancreatic cancer. This disease is conventionally detected and diagnosed by ultra sound, CT or MRI scans which are quite expensive. Also the discrimination between cirrhosis and HCC, by these imaging techniques, is poor. The conventional tissue biopsy is quite invasive and painful. In the new diagnostic procedure presented in this paper we have obtained fluorescence emission spectra with excitation at 400 nm and the synchronous emission spectra (Δγ = 10 nm) for a set of blood and urine samples (Normal control N = 25, Liver Malfunction N = 58). Based on the ratio fluorometric parameters, all the three liver maladies (minor inflammation like Hepatitis C, serious diseases like Cirrhosis and hepatoma) could be detected and discriminated with an accuracy of about 80%. Hence this inexpensive, non invasive, optical technique may have significant impact in screening, diagnosis and also prognosis of HCC in large segment of people in the populous Asian countries.
Experimental Study on Pulmonary Cryoablation in a Porcine Model of Normal Lungs
Authors: Niu Lizhi , Zhou Liang , Korpan Nikolai N. , Wu Binghui , Tang Jun , Mu Feng , Li Haibo , Hao Zhuofang , Chiu David , Xu Kecheng
Published: August 2012

Objective of this study is to analyze the range of necrosis after using different freezing times and freeze-thaw cycles during percutaneous cryosurgery, in order to create a suggestion for optimizing the technique for lung cryoablation. Six healthy pigs were given a CT scan and histological investigation after percutaneous cryosurgery on both lungs. Three cryoprobes were inserted into both the left and right lungs of each pig, respectively. Cryoablation was performed with two cycles of an active 10-minute freezing using argon in the left lung, each freeze followed by an active 5-minute thaw using helium. In contrast to the left lung cryoablation, the right lungs underwent 3 cycles of freeze/thaw, the first and second cycles consisted of an active 5-minute freezing followed by an active 5-minute thaw, and the third cycle of 10-minute freezing and an active 5-minute thaw. The CT imaging change of an ice ball was continuously observed. The lung tissues were taken 4 hours after cryosurgery on day 3 and on day 7, respectively, for pathological observation. One pig presented acute symptoms including bradycardia and hypothermia 30 minutes after cryosurgery, and died 4 hours after the freezing, and the other 5 pigs experienced a weak condition for 4–6 hours and then exhibited relatively normal behavior and regularly took food. The freezing area (ice ball) on CT imaging during the cryoablation grew gradually in relation to the increase over time, and along with the increase in the number of cycles. The size of the cryolesion on the lung samples became larger than the ice ball during cryosurgery, regardless of whether 2 or 3 freeze-thaw cycles were performed. The area of necrosis histologically gradually increased for the time being. Percutaneous cryosurgery on the lung can achieve complete ablation of targeted tissue. Three freeze-thaw cycles are recommended, and the range of cryoablation may not be mandatory “1 cm safe border” during cryosurgery in order to avoid harming the organ and tissue which is close to the cancer. Correct use of the technique is especially important to treat the lung neoplasms, especially the malignant tumors, which are close to the heart and large vessels.
Guevara, Ernesto “Che” (1928–1967)
Authors: Walton Cotman John
Published: August 2012

Central leader of the Cuban Revolution and iconic “heroic guerrilla,” Ernesto Guevara Lynch de la Serna was born in Rosario, Argentina to a well‐read, left‐of‐center, politically active middle‐class family. Life‐long study of Marx, Engels, and Lenin began in the mid‐1940s. Guevara explored a tumultuous, radicalizing Latin America before and after becoming a physician in 1953.
Framing and Social Movements
Authors: Snow David A.
Published: August 2012

Framing, within the context of social movements, refers to the signifying work or meaning construction engaged in by movement adherents (e.g., leaders, activists, and rank‐and‐file participants) and other actors (e.g., adversaries, institutional elites, media, social control agents, countermovements) relevant to the interests of movements and the challenges they mount in pursuit of those interests. The concept of framing is borrowed from Erving Goffman'sFrame Analysis(1974) and is rooted in the symbolic interactionist and constructionist principle that meanings do not naturally or automatically attach themselves to the objects, events, or experiences we encounter, but arise, instead, through interpretive processes mediated by culture. Frames contribute to this interpretive work by performing three core functions. First, like picture frames, theyfocus attentionby punctuating or bracketing what in our sensual field is relevant and what is irrelevant, what is “in‐frame” and what is “out‐of‐frame,” in relation to the object of orientation. Second, they function asarticulation mechanismsin the sense of tying together the various punctuated elements of the scene so that one set of meanings rather than another is conveyed, or, in the language of narrativity, one story rather than another is told. And third, frames often perform atransformative functionby reconstituting the way in which some objects of attention are seen or understood as relating to each other or to the actor. Examples of this transformative function in the context of social movements are illustrated by the transformation of routine grievances or misfortunes into injustices or mobilizing grievances, and by the reconfiguration of aspects of one's biography as commonly occurs in both political and religious conversion. Given the focusing, articulation, and transformative functions of frames, it is arguable that how we see, what we make of, and how we act toward the various objects of orientation that populate our daily lives depends, in no small part, on how they are framed. Applied to social movements, the idea of framing problematizes the meanings associated with relevant events, activities, places, and actors, suggesting that those meanings are typically contestable and negotiable and thus open to debate and differential interpretation. From this vantage point, mobilizing grievances are seen neither as naturally occurring sentiments nor as arising automatically from specifiable material conditions, but as the result of interactively based interpretation or signifying work. The verb framing conceptualizes this signifying work, which is one of the activities that social movement leaders and participants, as well as their adversaries, do on a regular basis.
Resonant‐Enhanced Full‐Color Emission of Quantum‐Dot‐Based Display Technology Using a Pulsed Spray Method
Authors: Chen Kuo‐Ju , Chen Hsin‐Chu , Tsai Kai‐An , Lin Chien‐Chung , Tsai Hsin‐Han , Chien Shih‐Hsuan , Cheng Bo‐Siao , Hsu Yung‐Jung , Shih Min‐Hsiung , Tsai Chih‐Hao , Shih His‐Hsin , Kuo Hao‐Chung
Published: August 2012

Colloidal quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QDLEDs) with the HfO2/SiO2‐distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure are fabricated using a pulsed spray coating method. Pixelated RGB arrays, 2‐in. wafer‐scale white light emission, and an integrated small footprint white light device are demonstrated. The experimental results show that the intensity of red, green, and blue (RGB) emission exhibited considerable enhancement because of the high reflectivity in the UV region by the DBR structure, which subsequently increases the use in the UV optical pumping of RGB QDs. A pulsed spray coating method is crucial in providing uniform RGB layers, and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is used as the interface layer between each RGB color to avoid cross‐contamination and self‐assembly of QDs. Furthermore, the chromaticity coordinates of QDLEDs with the DBR structure remain constant under various pumping powers in the large area sample, whereas a larger shift toward high color temperatures is observed in the integrated device. The resulting color gamut of the proposed QDLEDs covers an area 1.2 times larger than that of the NTSC standard, which is favorable for the next generation of high‐quality display technology.
Highly Transparent and Conductive Stretchable Conductors Based on Hierarchical Reticulate Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Architecture
Authors: Cai Le , Li Jinzhu , Luan Pingshan , Dong Haibo , Zhao Duan , Zhang Qiang , Zhang Xiao , Tu Min , Zeng Qingsheng , Zhou Weiya , Xie Sishen
Published: August 2012

Free‐standing, hierarchical reticulate single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films are embedded in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to fabricate stretchable conductors (SWCNT/PDMS stretchable conductors). The stretchable conductors are highly transparent in visible light region and retain excellent conductance under large tensile strains. Strain tests reveal a unique strain‐history dependence behavior of the resistance, and resistance stabilization is achieved upon repetitive stretching and releasing, implying that the SWCNT/PDMS stretchable conductors can be programmed to be reversibly stretched to a defined strain without resistance changes. A quantitative description of the increase in resistance is determined by adopting the Weibull distribution. Moreover, a light‐emitting diode is illuminated using a repetitively stretched SWCNT/PDMS strip as the connecting wire, demonstrating the utility of the stretchable conductors as interconnects for stretchable electronics. Because of the high transparency, high conductivity, and excellent stretchability, in addition to the facile fabrication, the SWCNT/PDMS stretchable conductors might be widely used as interconnects and electrodes for stretchable intelligent and functional devices.
Optimizations of Pulsed Plated p and n‐type Bi2Te3‐Based Ternary Compounds by Annealing in Different Ambient Atmospheres
Authors: Schumacher Christian , Reinsberg Klaus G. , Rostek Raimar , Akinsinde Lewis , Baessler Svenja , Zastrow Sebastian , Rampelberg Geert , Woias Peter , Detavernier Christophe , Broekaert José A. C. , Bachmann Julien , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: August 2012

This work presents a comprehensive study of the fabrication and optimization of electrodeposited p‐ and n‐type thermoelectric films. The films are deposited on Au and stainless steel substrates over a wide range of deposition potentials. The influence of the preparative parameters such as the composition of the electrolyte bath and the deposition potential are investigated. Furthermore, the p‐doped (BixSb1‐x)2Te3 and the n‐doped Bi2(TexSe1‐x)3 films are annealed for a period of about 1 h under helium and under tellurium atmosphere at 250 °C for 60h. Annealing in He already leads to significant improvements in the thermoelectric performance. Furthermore, due to the equilibrium conditions during the process, annealing in Te atmosphere leads to a strongly improved film composition, charge carrier density and mobility. The Seebeck coefficients increase to values up to +182 μV K−1 for p‐doped and–130 μV K−1 for n‐doped materials at room temperature. The power factors also exhibit improvements with 1320 μW m−1 K−2 and 820 μW m−1 K−2 for p‐doped and n‐doped films, respectively. Additionally, in‐situ XRD measurements performed during annealing of the films up to 600K under He atmosphere show stepwise improvements of the crystal structure leading to the improvements in thermoelectric parameters. The thermal conductivity is between 1.2 W m−1 K−1 and 1.0 W m−1 K−1.
Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of α‐methyl styrene and butyl acrylate mixture into polyetheretherketone films
Authors: Gautam Deepti , Gupta Bhuvanesh , Ikram Saiqa
Published: August 2012

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of α‐methyl styrene (AMS), butyl acrylate (BA) monomers, and their mixture was investigated on poly(etheretherketone) films. The graft polymerization was carried out using ethyl methyl ketone as the medium for the copolymerization and the maximum degree of grafting of 27% was achieved. It was observed that the grafting is significantly influenced by the reaction conditions, such as reaction time, preirrradiation dose, monomer concentration, monomer ratio, and the reaction temperature. The degree of grafting increases as the monomer concentration increases up to 30%, beyond which a decrease in the grafting was observed. The degree of grafting showed a maximum at 40% BA content in the monomer mixture. The temperature dependence of the grafting process shows decreasing grafting with the increase in the reaction temperature. The presence of AMS and BA grafts in the film was confirmed by FTIR spectra. The relative change in the PBA/PAMS fraction with respect to the reaction temperature has been found in this study. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The Exponential Stability for a Class of Hybrid Systems
Authors: Lou Zhi‐E , Gao Yan
Published: August 2012

The exponential stability with a nonsmooth Lyapunov function for a class of hybrid systems is studied in this paper. First, a sufficient condition is derived that has to be satisfied by the feedback control for the hybrid systems. Then, for the special case where the Lyapunov function involved is a kind of nonsmooth function, the maximum of finitely many smooth functions (for short, max‐type function), the stability of a hybrid system is considered, and a convenient criterion to determine the stability of the system is established. Finally, a numerical method of determining the control input value is developed.
Optimierung des Managements der Tragwerksintegrität für Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Thöns Sebastian , Faber Michael Havbro , Rücker Werner
Published: August 2012

Dieser Artikel enthält aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse im Bereich des überwachungsgestützten Managements der Tragwerksintegrität. Das Management der Tragwerksintegrität hat zum Ziel, die Funktionalität eines Tragwerks während des gesamten Lebenszyklus durch Einhaltung der Zielzuverlässigkeiten sicherzustellen. Ausgehend von Forschungsergebnissen über die Charakteristik von Überwachungsverfahren und ‐daten im Rahmen von Zuverlässigkeitsanalysen, wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, wie die erwarteten Kosten für das Management der Tragwerksintegrität durch Überwachungsverfahren optimiert werden können. Dazu wird eine Kosten‐Nutzen‐Analyse für den Lebenszyklus einer Gründungstruktur von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen durchgeführt. Im Rahmen der Bayes'schen Entscheidungstheorie werden durch eine Prä‐posteriori‐Entscheidungsanalyse die optimalen Entscheidungsparameter für den Entwurf eines Überwachungssystems bestimmt. Als Fallstudie wird ein Überwachungssystem für die Gründungsstruktur eines Multibrid‐M5000‐Prototyps konzipiert und die mögliche Reduktion der Risiken und erwarteten Betriebskosten quantifiziert.

Optimisation of the structural integrity management for offshore wind turbines

This paper contains recent research results in the field of monitoring supported structural integrity management. The structural integrity management aims at ensuring the functioning of a structure throughout the life cycle by compliance with the target reliabilities. Building upon research results concerning the characteristics of monitoring techniques and data within the framework of reliability analyses, an approach is introduced for the optimisation of the expected structural integrity management costs by monitoring information. For this aim, a life cycle cost benefit analysis for offshore wind turbine support structures is formulated. The optimal monitoring decision parameters are then assessed utilizing the Bayesian pre‐posterior decision theory. As a case study a monitoring system for a Multibrid M5000 offshore wind turbine prototype support structure is designed and possible reductions of the risks and expected costs are quantified.
Ermüdungsverhalten von Hochleistungsbetonen in Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Lohaus Ludger , Oneschkow Nadja , Elsmeier Kerstin , Hümme Julian
Published: August 2012

Die aktuellen Entwicklungen in der Windenergiebranche führen zu Windenergieanlagen mit immer höherer Leistungsfähigkeit. Als Konsequenz aus dieser Entwicklung steigen mit der Leistungsfähigkeit der Anlagen auch die Beanspruchungen der Konstruktion. Hochleistungsbetone mit selbstverdichtenden Eigenschaften werden in Windenergieanlagen schon seit einiger Zeit zur Herstellung von Verbindungen zwischen den einzelnen Bauteilen verwendet. Darüber hinaus werden derzeit aufgelöste Gründungskonstruktionen und Türme aus Spannbeton, für die hochfester Beton eingesetzt wird, entwickelt. Diese Hochleistungsbetone sind für den Grenzzustand der Ermüdung zu bemessen, was zukünftig nach fib‐Model Code 2010 erfolgen wird. Dieser enthält ein geändertes Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell für Beton, das auch für hochfeste Betone zu sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Bemessungsergebnissen führt. Am Institut für Baustoffe der Leibniz Universität Hannover wird seit Jahren das Ermüdungsverhalten von Hochleistungsbetonen untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird auch der Einfluss von Stahlfasern auf das Ermüdungsverhalten von Hochleistungsbetonen erforscht. In diesem Beitrag werden aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zum Ermüdungsverhalten verschiedener Hochleistungsbetone mit und ohne Stahlfaserverstärkung vorgestellt und darauf aufbauend der praktische Einsatz dieser Betone diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Untersuchungen werden im Kontext zum neuen Ermüdungsbemessungsmodell des fib‐Model Code 2010 interpretiert.

Fatigue behaviour of high performance concretes for wind turbines

New developments in the wind energy sector will lead to wind turbines with enormous capacities. As a result, the loads of the supporting structures are also increasing. For some time now, high performance concretes with self‐compacting properties have been used in wind turbines for structural connections. Furthermore, slender foundations and prestressed concrete supporting structures made out of high‐strength concrete are under development. In future, fatigue design of these high performance concretes is to be done according to the new fib‐Model Code 2010. This code includes a new fatigue design model which enables a safe and economic fatigue design, even for high strength concrete. Extensive research with regard to the fatigue behaviour of different types of high performance concrete has been carried out at the Institute of Building Materials Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover. As part of these research activities, the influences of steel fibre reinforcement on the fatigue behaviour of high performance concretes are being investigated. In this paper, interim results of these investigations are presented and the potential for the practical applications of high performance concrete is discussed. The results of the conducted investigations are presented in comparison with the new fatigue design model of the fib‐Model Code 2010.
Gebäude für Physiotherapie und Medizintechnik der Hochschule Lausitz Senftenberg
Authors: Brensing Christian , Beecken Anja
Published: August 2012

Für den eingeschossigen Neubau für Physiotherapie und Medizintechnik der Hochschule Lausitz plante die Architektin aus Kosten‐, energetischen und Zeitgründen das Bauwerk als eine Ständerkonstruktion aus Holzleimbindern. Das äußere Erscheinungsbild des Gebäudes lässt jedoch nicht auf seine Konstruktionsweise schließen. Die äußerst flexible Bauweise der Holzkonstruktion erwies sich als Gewinn, da es während der Planungs‐ und Bauzeit zu zahlreichen Änderungen kam, die entsprechend schnell und effizient umgesetzt werden konnten. Das gesamte Bauwerk, einschließlich des intensiv begrünten Flachdachs, erfüllt höchste energetische Richtlinien.

Building of Physiotherapy and Medical Technology at the Lausitz University

For reasons related to cost, time, sustainability and energy performance the architects decided in favour of a single storey building made of prefabricated glulam. However, the elevation of the centre physiotherapy and medical technology of the Lausitz University does not give any clues on its construction. Still the extreme flexible timber construction proved to be an asset as during planning and construction many changes in terms of layout and use had to be made. Due to the type of construction they could be implemented quickly and efficiently. The entire building, including the flat green roof, fulfils some of the highest German standards of energy efficiency.
BÜV‐Empfehlungen für die Überwachung von Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Jäppelt Ulrich , Harte Reinhard
Published: August 2012

In den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten ist der Markt für Windenergieanlagen rasant gewachsen und hat dadurch auch eine dynamische Weiterentwicklung der entsprechenden Technologien ermöglicht.

Initiiert durch die Novellierung des Erneuerbare Energien‐Gesetzes sowie durch das Ablaufen der genehmigten Nutzungsdauer bei den Anlagen der Ersten Generation, gewinnt der Ersatz alter Windenergieanlagen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Wachsende Rotordurchmesser und Turmhöhen stellen zudem neue Anforderungen an Tragwerksplaner, Prüfer und Überwacher.

Im Beitrag werden Empfehlungen des Bau‐Überwachungsvereins BÜV für die Bauüberwachung und wiederkehrende Prüfung von Windenergieanlagen an Land vorgestellt.

BÜV recommendations for supervision of onshore wind energy plants

In the last two decades, the sector of wind energy plants has grown rapidly and therefore enabled also a dynamic development of relevant technologies.

Initiated by revision of the Renewable Energy Law as well as by the expiration of the approved life of first generation plants, the replacement of ancient wind energy plants has gained increasing significance. Increasing rotor diameters and tower heights lead additionally to new demands on structural engineers, checking engineers and supervisors.

In the attached text recommendations of the Bau‐Überwachungsverein BÜV regarding site supervision and periodic inspections of onshore wind energy plants are presented.
Die Nacht der Korallen
Authors: Loch Karen , Loch Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

Das synchrone Massenlaichen der Steinkorallen ist bei den Malediven ein durch den Klimawandel ausgelöstes Phänomen. An dieser ungeheuer eindrucksvollen sexuellen Reproduktion nimmt ein Großteil aller Geweihkorallenarten der Gattung Acropora teil.
Laparoscopic stapled cardioplasty for failed treatment of achalasia
Authors: Dehn T C B , Slater M , Trudgill N J , Safranek P M , Booth M I
Published: August 2012

Background

Treatment of primary achalasia includes injection of botulinum toxin, pneumatic dilatation or surgical myotomy. All of these procedures have an associated failure rate. Laparoscopic stapled cardioplasty (LSC) may be an alternative to failed pneumatic dilatation and laparoscopic Heller's myotomy where oesophagectomy has previously been the only surgical option.

Methods

Selected patients with recurrent achalasia following multiple failed medical treatments, including myotomies, were managed by LSC. Patients had postoperative contrast swallows before discharge with clinical follow-up.

Results

All seven patients treated with LSC were discharged within 5 days. Rapid oesophageal emptying was noted on all post-LSC contrast swallows. No patient had an anastomotic leak. After 1 year, all but one patient was free from dysphagia, all had gained weight, and four patients had heartburn controlled by a proton pump inhibitor.

Conclusion

LSC may be a useful procedure for resistant achalasia.
EGFR targeting monoclonal antibody combines with an mTOR inhibitor and potentiates tumor inhibition by acting on complementary signaling hubs
Authors: James Roshan , Vishwakarma Siddharth , Chivukula Indira V. , Basavaraj Chetana , Melarkode Ramakrishnan , Montero Enrique , Nair Pradip
Published: August 2012

Nimotuzumab, an anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (anti‐EGFR) monoclonal antibody, has been used extensively in many solid tumors and confers significant survival advantage. The antibody has limited skin toxicity and is generally well tolerated. Similar to other anti‐EGFR therapies, patients may relapse a few months after treatment. In this study we show for the first time, the use of Nimotuzumab along with Sirolimus has synergistic effect on tumor inhibition as compared with the drugs used individually, in Nimotuzumab responsive and nonresponsive cell lines. In vitro studies prove that while Sirolimus (25 nmol/L) affects the signal downstream to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Nimotuzumab (83 nmol/L) downregulates pTYR, pMAPK and pSTAT3 by 40%, 20% and 30%, respectively. The combination, targeting these two different signaling hubs, may be associated with the synergistic inhibition observed. In vivo, the use of half human therapeutic equivalent doses for both the drugs substantially reduces tumors established in nude as well as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by EGFR overexpressing A‐431 cells. The drug combination reduces cell proliferation and the expression of signal transduction molecules. Treated tumors are better differentiated as compared with those established in the control mice. Tumor microarray demonstrates that Nimotuzumab and the combination groups segregate independently to the Sirolimus and the control treatment. The combination uniquely downregulated 55% of the altered tumor genes, extending beyond the typical pathways associated with Nimotuzumab and Sirolimus downstream pathways inhibition. These results would suggest that this nontoxic drug combination improves therapeutic benefit even in patients with low‐EGFR expression and severely immunocompromised because of their current medication.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Boronates: Efficient Bifunctional Organocatalysts for Michael Addition.
Authors: Basle Olivier , Porcel Susana , Ladeira Sonia , Bouhadir Ghenwa , Bourissou Didier
Published: August 2012

The presence of a Lewis acid boron center adjacent to the phosphine moiety significantly improves the catalytic activity in the Michael addition of malonate pronucleophiles to vinyl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Perfluorination of an Acid‐Sensitive Glycol Ether as Precursor for Perfluoro(2‐(methoxymethoxy)ethyl vinyl ether).
Authors: Feng Wen , et al. et al.
Published: August 2012

The liquid‐phase direct fluorination of the acid‐sensitive glycol ether (IV) is achieved by control of the gradient increase of the temperature (‐20 to +15 °C) and addition of sodium fluoride.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Preparation of cis‐β‐Azidocyclopropane Esters by Cyclopropanation of Azido Alkenes Using a Chiral Dirhodium Catalyst.
Authors: Gu Peiming , Su Yan , Wu Xiu‐Ping , Sun Jian , Liu Wanyi , Xue Ping , Li Rui
Published: August 2012

The process renders possible the synthesis of various conformationally restricted target compounds in a diastereoselective and enantiocontrolled manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans from Alkynoates and 2‐yn‐1‐ols.
Authors: Huang Huawen , Jiang Huanfeng , Cao Hua , Zhao Jinwu , Shi Dabin
Published: August 2012

The regioselectivity of the reaction depends on the behavior of the substrates and the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh2(OAc)4‐Catalyzed Substrate Selective [4 + 2]/[2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Acylketenes: A Highly Chemo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Spiro(oxindolyl)oxazinones and β‐Lactams.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Karthik Govindaraju , Rajasekaran Tamilselvan , Antony Aneesh , Sridhar B.
Published: August 2012

Reaction of isatin‐3‐arylimines with acylketenes, generated in situ from 2‐diazoacetylacetone, affords title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Low Brain Penetrant CB1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
Authors: Adam Julia M. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2012

Among a variety of indolyl‐oxadiazole and ‐thiadiazole derivatives, compound (Ia) is identified as an orally bioavailable, low brain penetrant CB1 receptor agonist with robust activity in rodent models of neuropathic pain and a good preclinical therapeutic profile, which is selected for clinical development.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐c]carbazoles, Pyrano[3,2‐b]carbazoles and Furo[3,2‐b]carbazole Derivatives via Iodocyclization.
Authors: Talluri Krishna Chaitanya , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: August 2012

A facile synthesis of novel pyranocarbazole derivatives from easily accessible O‐propargylated carbazoles (I) and (III) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoquinolines, Furopyridines, and Thienopyridines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Sequential Coupling—Imination—Annulation of 2‐Bromoarylaldehydes with Terminal Acetylenes and Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Yang Dingqiao , Burugupalli Satvika , Daniel David , Chen Yu
Published: August 2012

A wide range of isoquinolines and related heterocyclic systems can be prepared starting from aldehyde substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Aspergilazine A, a Diketopiperazine Dimer with a Rare N‐1 to C‐6 Linkage, from a Marine‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus taichungensis.
Authors: Cai Shengxin , Kong Xianglan , Wang Wei , Zhou Huinan , Zhu Tianjiao , Li Dehai , Gu Qianqun
Published: August 2012

with a weak activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus
ChemInform Abstract: TMDS as a Dual‐Purpose Reductant in the Regioselective Ring Cleavage of Hexopyranosyl Acetals to Ethers.
Authors: Zhang Yin‐Jie , Dayoub Wissam , Chen Guo‐Rong , Lemaire Marc
Published: August 2012

4,6‐O‐Benzylidene or alkylidene glycosyl acetals can be cleaved at the O4‐ or O6‐position under optimized conditions using TMDS and either copper triflate as catalyst or a stoichiometric amount of AlCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanochemical Effect of Severe Plastic Deformations: Metal Alloys, Hydrides and Molecular Solids
Authors: Huot Jacques , Balema Viktor
Published: August 2012

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tunnelling Control of Chemical Reactions — The Organic Chemist′s Perspective
Authors: Ley David , Gerbig Dennis , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: August 2012

Review: 92 refs.
Multiple layer design for mass data transmission against channel congestion in IoT
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Zhikui , Lv Xiaoning , Han Feng
Published: August 2012

Internet of Things (IoT) is well studied from many aspects; however, data transmission in a large‐scale constructed IoT network is still an open topic. In this paper, the problems of channel congestion caused by mass data transmission are discussed respectively from different perspectives. Then, a multiple layer solution is proposed, pointing to each layer including data processing architecture, data dimension reduction, data abandon protocol, and spectrum sharing. In the architecture layer, a combined scheme with cloud computing and sea computing is introduced. Context awareness and granular computing is exploited to implement the data dimension reduction. And cognitive protocol is involved with type of service, which drops certain data to guarantee the entire network connectivity. Then, a principal–agent theory based two‐step game model is proposed with the consideration of cooperation and price coefficient, which affect the secondary user's choice and primary user's profit. Some incomplete information is assumed as random variables so that certainty equivalent is introduced in the model. A simple scenario shows how the data dimension reduction works and how simulations for data abandon protocol and spectrum sharing test the two parts, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced predation risk for melanistic pygmy grasshoppers in post‐fire environments
Authors: Karpestam Einat , Merilaita Sami , Forsman Anders
Published: August 2012

The existence of melanistic (black) color forms in many species represents interesting model systems that have played important roles for our understanding of selective processes, evolution of adaptations, and the maintenance of variation. A recent study reported on rapid evolutionary shifts in frequencies of the melanistic forms in replicated populations ofTetrix subulatapygmy grasshoppers; the incidence of the melanistic form was higher in recently burned areas with backgrounds blackened by fire than in nonburned areas, and it declined over time in postfire environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the frequency shifts of the black color variant were driven, at least in part, by changes in the selective regime imposed by visual predators. To study detectability of the melanistic form, we presented human “predators” with images of black grasshoppers and samples of the natural habitat on computer screens. We demonstrate that the protective value of black coloration differs between burnt and nonburnt environments and gradually increases in habitats that have been more blackened by fire. These findings support the notion that a black color pattern provides improved protection from visually oriented predators against blackened backgrounds and implicate camouflage and predation as important drivers of fire melanism in pygmy grasshoppers.
New helping friends for B cells
Authors: Cerutti Andrea , Puga Irene , Cols Montserrat
Published: August 2012

Over the past decade, a growing recognition of the importance of neutralizing antibodies in host defense combined with the success of B‐cell depletion therapies in treating auto‐immune disorders has led to an increased focus on better understanding the pathways underpinning B‐cell antibody production. In general, B cells require cognate interaction with T helper cells in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles to generate protective antibodies. However, recent evidence shows that B cells receive additional help from invariant natural killer T cells, dendritic cells, and various granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These innate immune cells enhance T‐cell‐dependent antibody responses by delivering B‐cell helper signals both in the germinal center and at postgerminal center lymphoid sites such as the bone marrow. In addition to enhancing and complementing the B‐cell helper activity of canonical T cells, invariant natural killer T cells, dendritic cells, and granulocytes can deliver T cell‐independent B‐cell helper signals at the mucosal interface and in the marginal zone of the spleen to initiate rapid innate‐like antibody responses. Here, we discuss recent advances in the role of adaptive and innate B‐cell helper signals in antibody diversification and production.
A (Diborole)cobalt Complex with a C–H···B Bridge, CpCo(1,3‐C3B2Me5H), and Its Thallium Derivative: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding
Authors: Muratov Dmitry V. , Romanov Alexander S. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. , Siebert Walter , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: August 2012

The reaction of CpCo(1,3‐C3B2Me5H) (1) with CpTl affords the thallium derivative CpCo(1,3‐C3B2Me5)Tl (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction at 100 K. An “extra” hydrogen atom in 1 occupies a C–H···B bridging position. According to DFT calculations, 1 exists as a mixture of two enantiomers with an enantiomerization barrier of only 0.5 kcal mol–1. The transition state has Cs symmetry with an endo‐CH hydrogen atom. The isomeric iso‐1with the Co–H···B bridge is less stable than 1 by 10 kcal mol–1.The formation of 1 and iso‐1 from C3B2Me5H and CpCo(C2H4)2 have almost equal activation energies. The isomerization of iso‐1 to 1 was shown to proceed as a two‐step hydrogen transfer. The bonding of the “extra” hydrogen atom in the related CHB‐bridged carborane nido‐2,3,5‐C3B3R5H2 and metallacarboranes M(C5R5)(C3B2R′5H) (R, R′ = H, Me; M = Co, Rh, Ir) as well as their hydridic isomers MH(C5R5)(C3B2R′5) was compared. According to energy decomposition analysis, the bonding of the parent anion [CpCo(1,3‐C3B2H5)]– with metal cations becomes stronger in the following order: K+ < Na+ < Tl+ < Li+ < [RuCp]+. The attractive interactions between the [CpCo(1,3‐C3B2H5)]– and Tl+ fragments are 68 % electrostatic and 32 % covalent.
Adsorption of [Mn19] Aggregates with S = 83/2 onto HOPG Surfaces
Authors: Ako Ayuk M. , Alam Mohammad Sahabul , Mameri Samir , Lan Yanhua , Hibert Marcel , Stocker Michael , Müller Paul , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K.
Published: August 2012

A structural analogue of the previously reported record‐high‐spin (S = 83/2) mixed‐valence [Mn19] coordination cluster [MnIII12MnII7(μ4‐O)8(μ3‐η1‐N3)8(HLMe)12(MeCN)6]Cl2·10MeOH·MeCN (1) {H3LMe = 2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methylphenol} was prepared in which the methyl group at the 4‐position on the phenyl ring was replaced by a methoxy group to give the compound [Et3NH]2[MnIII12MnII7(μ4‐O)8(μ3‐η1‐N3)7.4(μ3‐Cl)0.6(HLOMe)12(MeOH)6]Cl4·14MeOH (2). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of 2 confirms that the molecular structure motif found for 1, comprising two supertetrahedral {MnIII6MnII4} units sharing a common MnII vertex, was retained. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on 2 show that the ferromagnetic spin structure, which results in the maximum ST = 83/2 spin ground state for 1, is largely robust with respect to the change in ligand substituent in 2. Molecules of compounds 1 and 2 were deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrates and were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) andcurrent imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS). By usingextremely dilute solutions (10–9 mol L–1), one‐dimensionalarrangements as well as isolated single molecules of [1]Cl2·10MeOH·MeCN were observed with STM topography, generally at the step edges or at defects of the HOPG surfaces, while small groups of molecules of 2 were observed. The size of the individual molecules was consistent with the X‐ray crystallographic data. In the CITS images of the single molecules, a strong tunneling current contrast was observed at the positions of the metal ions.
Efficient Metal‐Free Organic Sensitizers Containing Tetraphenylethylene Moieties in the Donor Part for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Jie , Huang Jing , Tang Runli , Chai Zhaofei , Hua Jianli , Qin Jingui , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen
Published: August 2012

Two new propeller‐shaped D‐π‐A organic sensitizers that contain two tetraphenylethylene (TPE) moieties in the donor part of the triphenylamine group have been designed and characterized. These dyes are composed of the same donor and acceptor units with different aromatic units introduced through linkers between the donor and acceptor units. The dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on LI‐31 with 10 mM chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) show the best light‐to‐power conversion efficiency of 6.77 % (Jsc = 14.69 mA cm–2; Voc = 0.74 V; fill factor: ff = 0.62) under standard global AM 1.5 solar light conditions (100 mW cm–2).