bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing status in health care: community and hospital pharmacists’ perceptions of pharmacy practice
Authors: Altman Iben L , Mandy Phil J , Gard Paul R
Published: December 2018

Objectives

This study aimed to explore experienced community and hospital pharmacists’ perceptions of how their pharmacy practice and status in health care are affected by others’ views of them.

Methods

A qualitative collective case study was conducted. The primary data were 20 in-depth semistructured interviews of community and hospital pharmacists in England that were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Key findings

Thematic analysis of the data identified four themes: (1) ambiguities about being professionals, (2) internal divisions, (3) medicines experts and (4) shopkeepers as healthcare providers.

Conclusions

Pharmacists want to be recognised as medicines experts in health care. They are aware that their status is assessed by the public based on their practice, which is dispensing of medicines, and that the public’s image of all pharmacists is that of ‘a typical community pharmacist’ working in a retail shop while having little experience of pharmacists in other healthcare settings. Pharmacists consider that the public does not view them as registered healthcare professionals. They mainly associate being registered professionals with being controlled from afar by their professional regulator, instead of utilising this as an enabling strategy to support their reprofessionalisation efforts. Pharmacists remain the hidden healthcare profession and need to act in practice as healthcare professionals, so the public is aware of their place and contributions in health care to maintain or enhance their status. Internal divisions between community and hospital pharmacists appear to be due to differences in practice, knowledge and aspirations having the potential to adversely affect the pharmacy profession’s status.
Biobehavioral differences, women and leadership
Authors: Regan Olivia , Simmonds Taylor K. , Quick James Campbell
Published: December 2018

To explore the biobehavioral differences between women and men with implications for the stress and distress they experience as well as for their roles in leadership. While most research in these domains focuses on the differences between women and men, we bring the focus to the within‐group among women. We explore the asymmetry between men and women, attending to the implications for leadership and followership, with particular emphasis on the work–family boundary. Our method was biographical inquiry using a standard interview protocol to explore the challenges, work–family balance, and identities of three women leaders. The original biographic data come from two senior women C‐level leaders and one successful woman entrepreneur. These original data also explore their simultaneous roles as wives and mothers. The results provided insight into the identity of women leaders who do not necessarily define themselves by their professional and leadership roles despite being successful and accomplished within those roles. A defining identity for all three leaders was their roles as mothers. We conclude that women are capable of being successful leaders while at the same time being wives and mothers if they so choose. These intractable roles are not mutually exclusive.
Integrating coping and recovery: Review and recommendations for future research
Authors: Sawhney Gargi , Klinefelter Zachary , Britt Thomas W.
Published: December 2018

Despite the conspicuous similarities between the areas of coping and recovery in adjustment to work‐related stressors, much of the research in the two areas has evolved independently. The overarching goal of this article is to briefly review the literature on work‐related coping and recovery and identify parallels and differences between the two areas in order to highlight how the two areas of research may complement one another. We begin by discussing the existing conceptualization and operationalization of the two constructs. Next, we discuss the methodological characteristics of the studies pertaining to coping and recovery. Subsequently, we review the role of the environmental support in enhancing coping and recovery. We conclude this review by providing recommendations for advancing research in coping and recovery. Specifically, we highlight areas in which research on coping can learn from the extant literature on recovery, and vice versa.
Work‐life conflict and employee health: A review
Authors: Gisler Stefanie , Omansky Rachel , Alenick Paige R. , Tumminia Alexandra M. , Eatough Erin M. , Johnson Ryan C.
Published: December 2018

The challenge of managing work and nonwork domains is an omnipresent experience for the employed workforce that has meaningful links to psychological, physical, and behavioral health. Work‐life conflict can create tension‐based strain and deplete resources, in turn interfering directly or indirectly with health. In this review, we summarize the empirical literature on work‐life conflict, and the more frequently studied and specific construct of work‐family conflict, as it pertains to employee health. Over three decades of literature inform this review, with more attention devoted to publications from the last 5 years. Trends and gaps in the current literature are identified.
Cytoplasmic and nuclear genetic components of membrane stability of winter wheat plants exposed to sub‐zero temperatures
Authors: Skinner Daniel Z. , Cuevas Cecilia , Bellinger Brian S.
Published: December 2018

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is seeded in the autumn and harvested the following summer, and therefore, must survive multiple episodes of subfreezing temperatures throughout the winter months. Cellular membrane stability following exposure to subfreezing temperatures contributes to the ability to survive these episodes. This study investigated the inheritance of the ability to tolerate subfreezing temperatures with a seven‐parent diallel cross analysis of cellular membrane integrity as measured by electrolyte leakage after exposure to −10 or −14 °C. Significant differences in membrane stability were found among the parent lines. The inheritance of the freezing tolerance as measured by electrolyte leakage was complex and characterized by significant additive, dominant and cytoplasmic effects. General combining ability, indicative of additive genetic effects, were significant at both test temperatures, but accounted for 25.5% of the variance at the −10° C test temperature, and only 4% of the variance at the −14 °C test temperature. Specific combining ability, indicative of genetic dominance effects, were significant at both test temperatures, but accounted for only 14.6% of the variance at the −10 °C test temperature, and 38% of the variance at the −14 °C test temperature. Reciprocal (cytoplasmic) effects were significant and accounted for about 20% of the variance at both test temperatures. Cytoplasmic effects contributing to greater membrane stability were especially apparent in the cultivar Tiber when crossed to Masami, Lewjain, or Hatton. These results suggest that efforts to improve freezing tolerance are complicated by differing gene action at different test temperatures and also may benefit from identifying specific combinations of nuclear and cytoplasm sources that are most conducive to membrane stability following freezing.
Crystal structure, densification, and microwave dielectric properties of Li3Mg2(Nb(1−x)Mox)O6+x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) ceramics
Authors: Zhang Ping , Sun Kexin , Xiao Mi , Zheng Zhentai
Published: December 2018

A novel system Li3Mg2(Nb(1−x)Mox)O6+x/2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) microwave dielectric ceramics were fabricated by the solid‐state method. The charge compensation of Mo6+ ions substitution for Nb5+ ions was performed by introducing oxygen ions. The X‐ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinements indicated Li3Mg2(Nb(1−x)Mox)O6+x/2 ceramics with single phase and orthorhombic structure. Micro‐structure and density confirmed that the grain of Li3Mg2(Nb(1‐x)Mox)O6+x/2 ceramics grew well. In addition, the permittivity of Li3Mg2(Nb(1−x)Mox)O6+x/2 ceramics with the same trend as density decreased slightly with increasing Mo6+ ions content. However, the Q*f and τf were obviously improved with an appropriate amount of Mo6+ ions. When x ≤ 0.04, the Q*f was closely related to the bond valence of samples, while when x ≥ 0.06, the Q*f was closely related to the density of samples. The variations of τf and oxygen octahedral distortion were the opposite. In conclusions, the Li3Mg2(Nb0.98Mo0.02)O6.01 ceramic sintered at 1200°C for 6 hours exhibited outstanding properties: εr ~ 15.18, Q*f ~ 116 266 GHz, τf ~ −15.71 ppm/oC.
A novel lead‐free bismuth magnesium titanate thin films for energy storage applications
Authors: Xie Juan , Yao Zhonghua , Hao Hua , Xie Yanjiang , Li Zongxin , Liu Hanxing , Cao Minghe
Published: December 2018

Bismuth magnesium titanate thin films were prepared on platinized silicon wafers via modified sol‐gel deposition method. Highly dense samples with pseudo‐cubic structure were obtained under proper thermal treatment technique. Electric breakdown strength was dependent on annealing temperature which resulted in the variation of energy storage performances. The optimal charged energy storage density Wc~ 47.8J/cm3 and recoverable energy storage density Wreco ~26.0 J/cm3 of the 640°C annealed films at 100 Hz were achieved, respectively. This dielectric film can be a promising candidate for high voltage lead‐free energy storage applications due to their excellent performances.
Modification of NdNbO4 microwave dielectric ceramic by Bi substitutions
Authors: Pang Li‐Xia , Zhou Di
Published: December 2018

In the present work, Bi3+ was used to substitute for Nd3+ in the NdNbO4 ceramic and pure fergusonite solid solution was formed within 20 mol. % substitutions. Microwave dielectric permittivity of the (Nd1‐xBix)NbO4 (x ≤ 0.2) ceramics increased linearly with x value due to the larger ionic polarizability of Bi3+ than Nd3+. Excellent microwave dielectric properties with a permittivity (εr) ~22.5, a Qf (Q = quality factor, f = resonant frequency) ~50 000 GHz, and a TCF ~−9 ppm/°C were obtained in the (Nd0.9Bi0.1)NbO4 ceramic. This method might work in other fergusonite‐type rare‐earth ortho‐niobates.
Independent and interactive associations of heart rate and body mass index or blood pressure with type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Xu Chunxiao , Zhong Jieming , Zhu Honghong , Hu Ruying , Fang Le , Wang Meng , Zhang Jie , Guo Yu , Bian Zheng , Chen Zhengming , Li Liming , Yu Min
Published: December 2018

Aims/Introduction

An elevated heart rate has been reported to be associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated whether heart rate independently and interactively with body mass index or blood pressure was associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rural Chinese population.

Materials and Methods

We measured the association between heart rate and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Tongxiang China Kadoorie Biobank prospective cohort study using Cox proportional hazard models. Analyses included 53,817 participants without any history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular or rheumatic heart disease at baseline. Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus cases were identified through linkage with established Disease Registries and the China National Health Insurance System.

Results

After a mean follow‐up period of 6.9 years, 1,766 people had developed type 2 diabetes mellitus with an incidence of 4.75 per 1,000 person‐years. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios and for type 2 diabetes mellitus across increasing quintiles of heart rate were 1.00 (reference), 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.45), 1.21 (95% CI 1.03–1.41), 1.24 (95% CI 1.05–1.47) and 1.49 (95% CI 1.28–1.74), respectively, with a Ptrend <0.001. This relationship was particularly evident among non‐overweight/obese participants. A significant interaction between heart rate and body mass index on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed with a P for interaction = 0.005.

Conclusions

Elevated heart rate is independently, in interaction with a higher body mass index, associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Genetic variation and population genetic structure of Laodelphax striatellus via genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from specific‐locus amplified fragment‐sequencing
Authors: Wang Xingya , Lu Bin , Shao Lingyun , Yu Fengquan , Zheng Wenjing , Sun Fuyu
Published: December 2018

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, is one of the most destructive agricultural pests that causes serious economic loss in the main rice‐producing areas of China. To clarify issues such as the genetic differentiation, gene flow and population genetic structure of SBPH populations, we investigated the genetic diversity, genetic structure and phylogeography of 27 SBPH populations at 23 sampling sites from three climatic zones of China using specific‐locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF‐seq) for large‐scale single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection. In total, 115.95 M reads, 56,355 polymorphic specific‐locus amplified fragments were developed, and 32,556 reliable single nucleotides (SNPs) were detected. The results indicated that the genotypes of many polymorphism sites had low heterozygosity in every population. Overall, the pairwise FST values between the populations varied from 0.056 to 0.092; it suggested the lack of strong differentiation among three climatic zone groups, respectively. It also suggested a strong level of gene flow (Nm) among populations in different climate zones, ranging from 28.864 to 35.197. Phylogenetic analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), Bayesian clustering method and AMOVA revealed that there was no evidence genetic clustering in three main bioclimatic zones. Neutrality testing provided strong evidence for a recent rapid expansion without any recent genetic bottleneck in these populations. Accordingly, the results of the present study should be beneficial for SBPH management and provide insight into the genetics of SBPH.
Neuropsychological Test Performance of Cognitively Healthy Centenarians: Normative Data From the Dutch 100‐Plus Study
Authors: Beker Nina , Sikkes Sietske A.M. , Hulsman Marc , Schmand Ben , Scheltens Philip , Holstege Henne
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The fraction of the population that reaches the age of 100 years is growing. At this age, dementia incidence is high and cognitive functioning is highly variable across individuals. Normative data for neuropsychological tests are lacking in centenarians, which hampers the ability to evaluate their cognitive functioning for both research and clinical practice. Here, we generated norms for neuropsychological tests in a sample of cognitively healthy centenarians while taking sensory impairments into account.

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Setting

Centenarians who participate in the prospective 100‐plus Study.

Participants

A total of 235 centenarians (71.5% female), who self‐reported to be cognitively healthy, which was confirmed by an informant and a trained researcher.

Measurements

We generated normative data for 15 cognitive tests, measuring global cognition (Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE]), premorbid intelligence, attention, language, memory, executive function, and visuospatial function by multiple linear regressions and/or by reporting percentiles.

Results

Normative data for global cognition resulted in a mean MMSE score of 25.6 ± 3.1 (range = 17‐30; interquartile range = 24‐28). Vision problems and fatigue often complicated the ability to complete tests, and these problems explained 41% and 22% of the missing test scores, respectively. In contrast, hearing problems (4%) and task incomprehension (6%) rarely complicated test performance. While educational level was associated with performance on the majority of the tests, sex and age were only weakly associated with test performance.

Conclusions

We generated normative data for 15 common neuropsychological tests in a large sample of cognitively healthy centenarians, while taking age‐related sensory impairments into consideration. These normative data allow the detection of deficits across a wide range of cognitive domains. Our results suggest that, next to education level, vision ability and the level of fatigue should be taken into account when evaluating cognitive functioning in centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:759–767, 2019.
Novel dual‐action prodrug triggers apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by releasing a glutathione quencher and lysine‐specific histone demethylase 1A inhibitor
Authors: Engel Martin , Gee Yi Sing , Cross Dale , Maccarone Alan , Heng Benjamin , Hulme Amy , Smith Grady , Guillemin Gilles J. , Stringer Brett W. , Hyland Christopher J. T. , Ooi Lezanne
Published: December 2018

Targeting epigenetic mechanisms has shown promise against several cancers but has so far been unsuccessful against glioblastoma (GBM). Altered histone 3 lysine 4 methylation and increased lysine‐specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) expression in GBM tumours nonetheless suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in GBM. We engineered a dual‐action prodrug, which is activated by the high hydrogen peroxide levels associated with GBM cells. This quinone methide phenylaminecyclopropane prodrug releases the LSD1 inhibitor 2‐phenylcyclopropylamine with the glutathione scavenger para‐quinone methide to trigger apoptosis in GBM cells. Quinone methide phenylaminocyclopropane impaired GBM cell behaviours in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional assays, and triggered cell apoptosis in several primary and immortal GBM cell cultures. These results support our double‐hit hypothesis of potentially targeting LSD1 and quenching glutathione, in order to impair and kill GBM cells but not healthy astrocytes. Our data suggest this strategy is effective at selectively targeting GBM and potentially other types of cancers.

Open science badges

This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.

image
TACKLING FALSE POSITIVES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH: A STATISTICAL TOOLBOX WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: Kim Jae H.
Published: December 2018

Serious concerns have been raised that false positive findings are widespread in empirical research in business disciplines. This is largely because researchers almost exclusively adopt the ‘p‐value less than 0.05’ criterion for statistical significance; and they are often not fully aware of large‐sample biases which can potentially mislead their research outcomes. This paper proposes that a statistical toolbox (rather than a single hammer) be used in empirical research, which offers researchers a range of statistical instruments, including a range of alternatives to the p‐value criterion such as the Bayesian methods, optimal significance level, sample size selection, equivalence testing and exploratory data analyses. It is found that the positive results obtained under the p‐value criterion cannot stand, when the toolbox is applied to three notable studies in finance.
Compulsive internet use and the development of self‐esteem and hope: A four‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Donald James N. , Ciarrochi Joseph , Parker Philip D. , Sahdra Baljinder K.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Compulsive internet use (CIU) has been linked to decrements in mental health and well‐being. However, relatively little is known about how CIU relates to evaluations of the self, and in particular, whether CIU is antecedent to or is a consequence of negative evaluations of one’s social worth (self‐esteem) and general efficacy (hope). To examine this, we explored the longitudinal relations between CIU and the development of self‐esteem and hope among adolescents over a four‐year period.

Method

Two thousand eight hundred and nine adolescents completed measures yearly from Grade 8 (MAge = 13.7) to Grade 11. Autoregressive cross‐lagged structural equation models were used to test whether CIU influenced or was influenced by self‐esteem and hope.

Results

We found consistent support for a CIU‐as‐antecedent model. CIU preceded reductions in trait hope, and small reductions in self‐esteem. In contrast, we did not find evidence for a CIU‐as‐consequence model: low self‐esteem and hope did not predict increases in CIU over time.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CIU has negative consequences for young people’s feelings of goal‐efficacy, and that interventions that address the compulsive use of the internet are likely to strengthen hope and self‐esteem among young people.
Identifying an appropriate carrier for nonnutritive sweeteners in metabolic and controlled feeding investigations via sensory evaluation
Authors: Myers Emily A. , Duncan Susan E. , Wang Aili , Hedrick Valisa E.
Published: December 2018

To strengthen metabolic study designs on nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS), sensory characteristics of NNS combined with different carriers should be better understood. The research objective was to determine an appropriate carrier (water or applesauce) for a high dose of specific NNS types (aspartame, sucralose, or stevia) to inform future metabolic and controlled feeding study designs. Adult participants (n = 67) sampled six sweetener‐carrier combinations (water and applesauce containing high concentrations of aspartame [30 g/oz], sucralose [8.25 g/oz], and stevia [6.75 g/oz]). Participants completed Check‐All‐That‐Apply emotional terminology questionnaires, affective attribute questionnaires, and paired preference questionnaires. Applesauce was preferred (sucralose = 83.6%; aspartame = 79.1%; stevia = 74.6%) significantly more than water for all sweetener types (p < .001) and mean acceptability scores were significantly higher for all applesauce samples. Participants preferred NNS delivered in applesauce rather than water. Applesauce is likely a more appropriate and tolerable carrier for high‐dose NNS, which may contribute to designing effective intervention studies with greater participant compliance.

Practical applications

This investigation will allow researchers to understand which carrier (applesauce or water) is more tolerable for participants consuming high doses of NNS and to design future research studies to determine health outcomes associated with NNS consumption. Applesauce is likely a more appropriate and tolerable carrier for high‐dose NNS in research studies. Using an acceptable carrier for delivery of high doses of NNS to research participants may contribute to designing effective intervention studies, with greater participant compliance. An acceptable method for delivering NNS to research participants will be valuable for designing intervention studies aimed at examining how NNS consumption impacts health outcomes.
The antinociceptive effect of resveratrol in bone cancer pain is inhibited by the Silent Information Regulator 1 inhibitor selisistat
Authors: Lux Sebastian , Lobos Nicolas , Lespay-Rebolledo Carolyne , Salas-Huenuleo Edison , Kogan Marcelo J , Flores Christian , Pinto Mauricio , Hernandez Alejandro , Pelissier Teresa , Constandil Luis
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To study the antinociceptive effect of single and repeated doses of resveratrol in a bone cancer pain model, and whether this effect is prevented by the Silent Information Regulator 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor selisistat.

Methods

The femoral intercondylar bone of BALB/c mice was injected with 1 000 000 BJ3Z cancer cells. Bone resorption and tumour mass growth (measured by in vivo X-ray and fluorescence imaging), as well as mechanical nociceptive thresholds (von Frey device) and dynamic functionality (rotarod machine), were evaluated during the following 4 weeks. Acute resveratrol (100 mg/kg i.p.) and/or selisistat (10 mg/kg s.c.) were administered on day 14. Chronic resveratrol (100 mg/kg i.p., daily) and/or selisistat (0.5 μg/h s.c., Alzet pump) were administered between days 14 and 20.

Key findings

Tumour growth gradually incremented until day 31, while mechanical hyperalgesia started on day 3 after cancer cell injection. Acute resveratrol increased the mechanical threshold of pain (peaking at 1.5 h), while the dynamic functionality decreased. Chronic resveratrol produced a sustained antinociceptive effect on mechanical hyperalgesia and improved the loss of dynamic functionality induced by the bone cancer tumour. Selisistat prevented all the effects of resveratrol.

Conclusions

Acute and chronic resveratrol induces antinociceptive effect in the model of metastatic osseous oncological pain, an effect that would be mediated by SIRT1 molecular signalling.
Assessing the Direct and Indirect Effects of Legitimacy on Public Empowerment of Police: A Study of Public Support for Police Militarization in America
Authors: Moule Richard K. , Burruss George W. , Parry Megan M. , Fox Bryanna
Published: December 2018

The process-based model dominates contemporary American research on police-community relations and perceptions of police. A sizable literature has examined the linkages between procedural justice, legitimacy, compliance with the law, and cooperation with police. Less examined is the relationship between legitimacy and public empowerment of police. This study examines this relationship, focusing on police militarization. We first examine the direct effect of legitimacy on public willingness to allow police to become more militarized. Drawing from cognitive psychology and rational choice theories, we then consider indirect paths between legitimacy and empowerment, concentrating on two anticipated consequences of militarization—an increase in police effectiveness and possible harm to civil liberties. Using a national sample of over 700 American adults, and structural equation modeling, results indicate legitimacy has both direct and indirect effects on police empowerment, in part by shaping assessments of the possible consequences of empowerment. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
“Someone's generosity has formed a bond between us”: Interpersonal relationships in Internet‐facilitated peer‐to‐peer milk sharing
Authors: Gribble Karleen
Published: December 2018

Internet‐facilitated peer‐to‐peer milk sharing enables the giving and receiving of human milk between individuals previously unknown to one another. However, the process of milk sharing allows for milk sharing partners to develop relationships with one another. The development of relationships between 41 milk recipients and 97 milk donors in Internet‐facilitated peer‐to‐peer milk sharing was explored via a questionnaire. Thirty‐seven recipient respondents and 55 donor respondents placed some level of importance on developing a relationship with their milk sharing partner. Thirty‐four recipient respondents and 48 donor respondents had developed a relationship with at least one milk sharing partner, from acquaintanceship to close friendship. Respondents also described milk kinship relationships. Friendships were commonly noted as a positive repercussion of milk sharing. Milk sharing stigma was the only commonly reported negative repercussion of milk sharing. Peer‐to‐peer milk recipients and donors are forced by circumstance and encouraged by the process of milk sharing and by their similarity to one another to trust each another, which acts as a catalyst to friendship development. Peer‐to‐peer milk sharing is a type of cooperative mothering wherein milk recipients are assisted in parenting their children via the gift of milk. However, reciprocity is evident as milk donors benefit from good feelings from helping another mother and child, pleasure through seeing the recipient infant grow, and often friendship with their milk recipient. Although Internet‐facilitated peer‐to‐peer milk sharing is instigated by the impersonal medium of the Interweb, each milk sharing connection has the potential to become a real relationship.
The genetic architecture underlying diapause termination in a planktonic crustacean
Authors: Czypionka Till , Fields Peter D. , Routtu Jarkko , van den Berg Edwin , Ebert Dieter , De Meester Luc
Published: December 2018

Diapause is a feature of the life cycle of many invertebrates by which unfavourable environmental conditions can be outlived. The seasonal timing of diapause allows organisms to adapt to seasonal changes in habitat suitability and thus is key to their fitness. In the planktonic crustacean Daphnia, various cues can induce the production of diapause stages that are resistant to heat, drought or freezing and contain one to two embryos in developmental arrest. Daphnia is a keystone species of many freshwater ecosystems, where it acts as the main link between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels. The correct seasonal timing of diapause termination is essential to maintain trophic interactions and is achieved via a genetically based interpretation of environmental cues like photoperiod and temperature. Field monitoring and modelling studies raised concerns on whether populations can advance their seasonal release from diapause to advances in spring phenology under global change, or if a failure to adapt will cause trophic mismatches negatively affecting ecosystem functioning. Our capacity to understand and predict the evolution of diapause timing requires information about the genetic architecture underlying this trait. In this study, we identified eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and four epistatic interactions that together explained 66.5% of the variation in diapause termination in Daphnia magna using QTL mapping. Our results suggest that the most significant QTL is modulating diapause termination dependent on photoperiod and is involved in three of the four detected epistatic interactions. Candidate genes at this QTL could be identified through the integration with genome data and included the presynaptic active zone protein bruchpilot. Our findings contribute to understanding the genomic control of seasonal diapause timing in an ecological relevant species.
Early‐life telomere length predicts lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a wild bird
Authors: Eastwood Justin R. , Hall Michelle L. , Teunissen Niki , Kingma Sjouke A. , Hidalgo Aranzamendi Nataly , Fan Marie , Roast Michael , Verhulst Simon , Peters Anne
Published: December 2018

Poor conditions during early development can initiate trade‐offs that favour current survival at the expense of somatic maintenance and subsequently, future reproduction. However, the mechanisms that link early and late life‐history are largely unknown. Recently it has been suggested that telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the terminal end of chromosomes, could link early‐life conditions to lifespan and fitness. In wild purple‐crowned fairy‐wrens, we combined measurements of nestling telomere length (TL) with detailed life‐history data to investigate whether early‐life TL predicts fitness prospects. Our study differs from previous studies in the completeness of our fitness estimates in a highly philopatric population. The association between TL and survival was age‐dependent with early‐life TL having a positive effect on lifespan only among individuals that survived their first year. Early‐life TL was not associated with the probability or age of gaining a breeding position. Interestingly, early‐life TL was positively related to breeding duration, contribution to population growth and lifetime reproductive success because of their association with lifespan. Thus, early‐life TL, which reflects growth, accumulated early‐life stress and inherited TL, predicted fitness in birds that reached adulthood but not noticeably among fledglings. These findings suggest that a lack of investment in somatic maintenance during development particularly affects late life performance. This study demonstrates that factors in early‐life are related to fitness prospects through lifespan, and suggests that the study of telomeres may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms linking early‐ and late‐life performance and trade‐offs across a lifetime.
Familial neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease complicated by subcortical hemorrhage
Authors: Mitsutake Akihiko , Tamai Tomohisa , Kamisawa Aya , Sugiyama Yusuke , Sato Tatsuya , Katsumata Junko , Seki Tomonari , Maekawa Risa , Hideyama Takuto , Saito Yuko , Shiio Yasushi
Published: December 2018

An 80‐year‐old woman presented with loss of appetite. At age 78, she was diagnosed as familial neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) based on (i) leukoencephalopathy with hyperintensities along the corticomedullary junction on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) revealed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (ii) skin biopsy samples showing ubiquitin‐positive intranuclear inclusions in adipocytes, and (iii) family history. Her cognitive function was preserved while apathy was apparent. However, on this admission, her cognitive function got worse. Afterward, the patient developed subcortical hemorrhage, and the risk for the hemorrhage was not identified. NIID might be associated with intracranial hemorrhage. In addition, brain MRI after the bleeding showed the rapid expansion of hyperintense lesions on DWI even in the frontal lobe where bleeding was irrelevant. Intracranial hemorrhage might have affected the enlarged hyperintense lesions.
Analyzing clinical characteristics of patients with myasthenia gravis through repetitive nerve stimulation testing
Authors: Tsugawa Jun , Ogura Hiromutsu , Mera Hidekazu , Fukae Jiro , Tsuboi Yoshio
Published: December 2018

Background

The diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis (MG) is confirmed by clinical features with the presence of MG‐specific antibodies or the effect of intravenous edrophonium (Tensilon) administration. Diagnosis of MG is difficult in cases with negative serologic and Tensilon testing. Electrophysiological tests can support the diagnosis in such cases. Repetitive nerve stimulation testing (RNST) is one such electrophysiological test, and it is usually performed on several muscles.

Aim

The probability of RNST‐positivity varies between muscles, so we aimed to elucidate the relationship between muscle‐specific RNST‐positivity and patients’ clinical characteristics.

Methods

We included 46 patients and examined RNST results for the abductor digiti minimi (ADM), trapezius, and frontalis muscles. We classified muscles as RNST‐positive or RNST‐negative and compared RNST‐positive and RNST‐negative muscles for various clinical characteristics.

Results

We observed RNST‐positivity in 11 out of 40 (27.5%) ADM muscles, 20 out of 35 (57.1%) trapezius muscles, and 14 out of 29 (48.3%) frontalis muscles. The trapezius muscle's RNST‐positivity rate was the highest in the 21 patients who underwent RNST for all 3 muscles and was significantly higher than the ADM's RNST‐positivity rate. RNST‐positivity in any muscle was significantly associated with higher serum antiacetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR‐Ab) titers. Frontalis muscle RNST‐positivity was significantly associated with higher Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis scores.

Conclusion

When diagnosing MG, physicians should recognize that the trapezius has the highest RNST‐positivity rate and that patients with low AChR‐Ab titers may exhibit negative RNST results. Furthermore, patients with frontalis muscle RNST‐positivity may present severe symptoms.
A simple model to bridge Hardin's tragedy and Ostrom's comity
Authors: Soedomo Sudarsono
Published: December 2018

Triggered by the article titled “The tragedy of the commons” by Hardin, a collectively‐managed resource (CMR) emerges and becomes a highly fruitful discussion topic. Furthermore, Ostrom augments the topic and demonstrates that the utilization of a CMR should not always result in a tragedy. However, the theory used to justify Hardin's tragedy differs from the one used to justify Ostrom's comity; Hardin's tragedy is justified by one‐shot prisoners' dilemma (PD), while Ostrom's comity is justified by infinitely repeated PD. The discussion in this study shows that Hardin's tragedy and Ostrom's comity can be supported by the same theory. An infinitely repeated PD complemented with a likelihood of making an error is used to reach the conclusion that the occurrences of Hardin's tragedy and Ostrom's comity are just a matter of probability.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

To avoid as far as possible placing divisible resources under the common property regime.

To develop effective monitoring systems for resource management under the common property regime to stop deviations as early as possible.

To facilitate resource users involved in resource utilization under the common property regime to meet and to communicate regularly to increase mutual trust.
Community care for severely frail older people: Developing explanations of how, why and for whom it works
Authors: Lhussier Monique , Dalkin Sonia , Hetherington Ross
Published: December 2018

Background

A Community Wellness Team was implemented in North East England in 2014, in line with national policy directives to support frail older people in the community. The service provides a comprehensive and integrated care package, which aims to reduce avoidable admissions, inappropriate service use and enable patients to stay at home.

Design

A realist design combining a review of the literature and primary data collection from service providers and patients was used to develop programme theories explaining the links between the Team interventions and expected outcomes.

Results

Five programme theories were developed, detailing: trust development and relationship building; risk minimisation in the home environment; advice on self‐management; referral to preventative services; and coordination of services.

Discussion

The programme theories explain the role and impact of the Community Wellness Team. These programme theories are interrelated and impact one another; a hypothesised progression of programme theories indicating how the Community Wellness Team “works” is discussed. Of particular importance was the comprehensive initial assessment, which leads to the alteration of the social and physical environment within which older people live.

Conclusion

Severely frail older people present cases that are complex socially, medically, financially and environmentally. In order to meet these needs, the Team coordinators are adopting a complex and flexible person‐centred approach.

Implications for Practice

This study paves the way for further research into the care networks surrounding severely frail older people living in the community, and how they can most effectively be implemented.
An unusual case of Sinusitis – foreign body in the maxillary antrum
Authors: Tanna N. , Awal D. , Eyeson J.
Published: December 2018

We report a diagnostic challenge relating to a 9‐year persistent oroantral fistula and subsequent insertion of foreign body in the maxillary antrum. An oroantral communication initially occurred following the removal of a maxillary molar. This persisted to form an oroantral fistula which the patient cleaned daily with a cotton wool bud. This ultimately led to a large volume of foreign body being implanted into the maxillary antrum. The patient was largely asymptomatic in the early stages and only attended the dentist when experiencing discomfort. This case is unusual for a number of reasons; first, due to the chronicity of the fistula and second, the method of self‐management that the patient utilised which involved daily cleaning of the fistula with a cotton bud. There are likely to have been a number of factors contributing to the delay in presentation including a lack of symptoms, preconceptions about visiting the dentist and a lack of understanding regarding the expected post‐operative healing process. This case highlights the crucial role of dentists in providing clear and comprehensive post‐operative instructions, while ensuring patients understand the need for appropriate follow‐up. Dentists should recognise that patients will often have pre‐conceived ideas or anxieties about dental treatment and may only attend if in pain, preferring to self‐manage their symptoms if possible. This case also considers difficulties in diagnosing oral pathology with unusual aetiology. Foreign body was not initially considered, and it highlights the importance of detailed history taking and thinking laterally when formulating a differential diagnosis.
Autotransplantation of an impacted maxillary canine with complete root formation in a young female – a case report
Authors: Boschini L. , Tepedino M. , Melillo M. , Mastrangelo F. , Laurenziello M. , Chimenti C. , Lo Muzio L. , Ciavarella D.
Published: December 2018

Maxillary canines are the second most frequently impacted teeth after third molars. In some cases, the position of the impacted tooth makes orthodontic traction too risky or even impossible. Autotransplantation can be a viable treatment option, and has been proven to have an acceptable success rate. The case reports a young female with a complex impaction solved using autotransplantation together with orthodontic alignment, with a 5‐year follow‐up.
Anesthetist‐delivered intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Murphy Tim
Published: December 2018

This article reviews the evidence for anesthetist‐delivered perioperative transesophageal echocardiography for children undergoing cardiac surgery. It addresses the additional issues of training, developing practice, accreditation, and the requirement for collaboration with pediatric cardiologists, surgeons and other members of the perioperative team. Finally an overview of the potential structure of an anesthetist‐delivered perioperative transesophageal echocardiography service is presented.
On the Subjectivity of the Experience of Victory: Who Are the Election Winners?
Authors: Plescia Carolina
Published: December 2018

Elections represent key moments in democratic countries, and an established finding from the existing literature is that winners of elections display higher levels of satisfaction with democracy. Yet we know almost nothing about the times when voters feel like winners of an election. Using panel data in four countries, this article finds that while the objective performance of the supported party—measured using vote share and changes in vote share from the previous election—has a very important effect on feeling like an election winner, prior expectations regarding the election’s outcome as well as preferences for the supported party significantly moderate the effect of party performance on voter feelings. It seems also that the identification of the winners and losers of elections are clearer in majoritarian‐style democracies than in proportional systems with coalition governments. Ultimately, the findings indicate that measuring who are the winners of an election using exclusively objective measures of party performance may provide a distorted view of public opinion following the elections.
Growth, pigment, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter responses of tropical Chattonella subsalsa (Raphidophyceae) to nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Kok Jerome W.K. , Yeo Darren C.J. , Leong Sandric C.Y.
Published: December 2018

Blooms of the raphidophyte Chattonella subsalsa have been associated with massive fish‐kill events in several parts of the world. However, there have been few studies into physiological responses of tropical strains that could contribute to bloom outcomes. Such knowledge could provide insight into the C. subsalsa blooms recently documented within tropical coastal waters (e.g., 2010 and 2012 events in Singapore). Strains used in this study were isolated from the East Johor Straits (EJS), Singapore, an enclosed water channel frequently subjected to high levels of eutrophication. These cells were classified within the ‘global’ clade (and distinct from the ‘Adriatic Sea’ clade) based on morphology. The present study examined cellular responses to varying inputs of different forms of nitrogen (N), specifically nitrate, ammonium, and urea. Results from the study indicated that cells were unable to utilize urea as an N‐source, but grew well on a nitrate (Vmax = 0.73 day−1) and ammonium (Vmax = 0.81 day−1) supply. These growth rates were high compared to other strains from around the world, indicating that tropical C. subsalsa could exhibit elevated bloom potential within frequently eutrophic environments such as the EJS. Six pigments were detected in all cultures. These pigments were chlorophylls a and c; fucoxanthin; diadinoxanthin; violaxanthin; and β‐carotene. Chlorophyll‐a and fucoxanthin were the dominant pigments under both nitrate and ammonium regimes. Measurements of chromophoric dissolved organic matter generally increased both in molecular weight and in total content across the N‐concentration ranges. Such outcomes could have consequences for the chemical and optical conditions of the coastal environment.
Global prevalence of dental caries in athletes with intellectual disabilities: An epidemiological systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Navarro Azevedo de Azeredo Fellipe , Silva Guimarães Ludmila , Azeredo A. Antunes Lívia , Santos Antunes Leonardo
Published: December 2018

Aims

This study aimed to perform an epidemiological systematic review and meta‐analysis to estimate the global prevalence of dental caries in athletes with intellectual disabilities.

Methods and results

This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017068127). A systematic and extensive search was conducted in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library (Lilacs) databases, and Grey literature from inception up to April 2017. The MeSH terms “Sports,” Athletes,” and “Dental Caries” were used. The inclusion criteria used were observational cross‐sectional studies, longitudinal retrospective and prospective studies that present the prevalence of dental caries in athletes with intellectual disabilities. After the selection process, the risk of bias was assessed and a meta‐analysis was conducted. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Of these, eight studies were considered to have a moderate risk of bias, and eight were considered to have high risk of bias. The global prevalence of dental caries was 36.5% (95% CI = 30.6 to 42.7) with high heterogeneity between studies.

Conclusion

Dental caries is a significant global health problem in athletes with intellectual disabilities worldwide. There is a great need for increased oral health promotion, education, and prevention as a way to reduce this condition in this population.
Long‐run determinants and misalignments of the real effective exchange rate in the EU
Authors: Comunale Mariarosaria
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the role of fundamentals, included in the transfer effect theory, in explaining medium/long‐run movements in the real effective exchange rates in the EU over the period 1994–2012, together with an analysis of the misalignments. We use heterogeneous, cointegrated panel frameworks in static and a dynamic setup. We find that the coefficients of the determinants are extremely different across groups and the transfer theory does not always hold. The core countries have been undervalued for almost the whole period; the periphery has experienced high rates. The misalignments in the CEECs are still wide and reflect the catching‐up process.