bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of hydroxytyrosol‐rich preparations on phenolic‐linked antioxidant activity of seeds
Authors: Yangui Thabèt , Sayadi Sami , Chakroun Hanen , Dhouib Abdelhafidh
Published: May 2011

Hydroxytyrosol‐rich extract (HRE) and hydroxytyrosol‐rich olive mill wastewater (HROMW) were used as exogenous growth enhancers to stimulate tomato seedling vigor. The tomato seeds soaking in 10% w/v HROMW or HRE solutions were optimum in maximally enhancing seedling performance according to biochemical seed vigor parameters. Biochemical parameters as the average glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in HRE‐treated seeds (915.11 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein) was higher than control (629.58 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein) and correlated with the increased phenolic content (3530 μg g−1 fw) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)‐based antioxidant activity (70.60%), respectively. Some key enzymes, guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) (6100.65 nmoles min−1 mg−1 protein) and catalase (2.04 μmoles min−1 mg−1 protein), were also higher in response to treatments and correlated with enhanced phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This study supports the hypothesis that the exogenous phenolic application stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway through an over‐expression of endogenous phenolic synthesis and an increase in free‐radical scavenging antioxidant activity. Therefore, the current study indicates the enhancement of seed vigor by HRE especially and HROMW as reflected by the stimulation of biochemical responses.
Functional brain network efficiency predicts intelligence
Authors: Langer Nicolas , Pedroni Andreas , Gianotti Lorena R.R. , Hänggi Jürgen , Knoch Daria , Jäncke Lutz
Published: May 2011

The neuronal causes of individual differences in mental abilities such as intelligence are complex and profoundly important. Understanding these abilities has the potential to facilitate their enhancement. The purpose of this study was to identify the functional brain network characteristics and their relation to psychometric intelligence. In particular, we examined whether the functional network exhibits efficient small‐world network attributes (high clustering and short path length) and whether these small‐world network parameters are associated with intellectual performance. High‐density resting state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in 74 healthy subjects to analyze graph‐theoretical functional network characteristics at an intracortical level. Ravens advanced progressive matrices were used to assess intelligence. We found that the clustering coefficient and path length of the functional network are strongly related to intelligence. Thus, the more intelligent the subjects are the more the functional brain network resembles a small‐world network. We further identified the parietal cortex as a main hub of this resting state network as indicated by increased degree centrality that is associated with higher intelligence. Taken together, this is the first study that substantiates the neural efficiency hypothesis as well as the Parieto‐Frontal Integration Theory (P‐FIT) of intelligence in the context of functional brain network characteristics. These theories are currently the most established intelligence theories in neuroscience. Our findings revealed robust evidence of an efficiently organized resting state functional brain network for highly productive cognitions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dichloroacetate inhibits neuroblastoma growth by specifically acting against malignant undifferentiated cells
Authors: Vella Serena , Conti Matteo , Tasso Roberta , Cancedda Ranieri , Pagano Aldo
Published: May 2011

The small, water soluble molecule Dichloroacetate (DCA) is recently arousing lively interests in the field of cancer therapy for it has been shown to be able to inhibit the growth of human tumors acting specifically on the mitochondria of cancer cells without perturbing the physiology of nonmalignant cells. Neuroblastoma was one of the tumor types on which DCA was considered ineffective as it is composed of cells with few recognized mitochondrial anomalies. Neuroblastoma, however, is composed of different cell types in terms of metabolism, phenotype and malignant potential. Despite the above prediction, in this work, we show that (i) DCA exhibits an unexpected anticancer effect on NB tumor cells and (ii) this effect is selectively directed to very malignant NB cells, whereas the more differentiated/less malignant NB cells are refractory to DCA treatment. This result supports the need of a detailed investigation of DCA anticancer properties against this tumor type with the final aim of its possible use as therapeutic agent.
YC‐1 rescues cancer cachexia by affecting lipolysis and adipogenesis
Authors: Chung Tsai‐Hua , Yen‐Ping Kuo Mark , Chen Jen‐Kun , Huang Dong‐Ming
Published: May 2011

Loss of adipose tissue, primarily due to increased lipolysis but also to an impairment of adipogenesis, is a key feature of weight loss in cancer cachexia. Because of the myriad pathogenic signaling pathways essential for atrophy of adipose tissue, effective therapeutic agents for cachectic adipose loss are lacking and urgently needed. The authors evaluated the effects of YC‐1 on adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes, TNF‐α‐ and tumor‐cell‐induced lipolysis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, and cachectic weight loss in colon‐26 adenocarcinoma‐bearing mice because YC‐1 has been shown to possess versatile pharmacological actions, including anticancer activity. It was found that YC‐1 promotes the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes through activation of Akt and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways as well as activation of several adipogenic mediators, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), insulin receptor α (IRα), insulin receptor substrate‐3 (IRS‐3) and glucose transporter‐4 (GLUT‐4). In the in vitro lipolysis models, YC‐1 attenuates TNF‐α‐induced lipolysis of adipocytes by antagonizing TNF‐α‐mediated activation of ERK and downregulation of perilipin (PLIN). It was also found that YC‐1 inhibits colon‐26 adenocarcinoma cell‐induced lipolysis of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Moreover, YC‐1 effectively rescues cachectic weight loss in colon‐26 adenocarcinoma‐bearing mice by blocking lipolysis, involving insulin. Taken together the results show that YC‐1 with its anticancer and anticachexia talents is highly worth developing as a novel agent for cancer therapy.
p53 mutation is common in microsatellite stable, BRAF mutant colorectal cancers
Authors: Bond Catherine E. , Umapathy Aarti , Ramsnes Ingunn , Greco Sonia A. , Zhen Zhao Zhen , Mallitt Kylie‐Ann , Buttenshaw Ron L. , Montgomery Grant W. , Leggett Barbara A. , Whitehall Vicki L.J.
Published: May 2011

The majority of “serrated pathway” colorectal cancers have mutation of the BRAF oncogene and display the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Half these cancers have microsatellite instability (MSI) and an excellent prognosis. In the absence of MSI (microsatellite stable, MSS), BRAF mutation has been associated with a particularly poor prognosis. “Traditional pathway” cancers are BRAF wild type. Mutation of p53 is common and this correlates with advanced stage. We therefore hypothesized that p53 mutation would be common in MSS/BRAF mutant colorectal cancer. One thousand and eighty‐one colorectal cancers were screened for BRAF mutation to identify two BRAF mutant study groups (MSI: n = 77; MSS: n = 69) and a BRAF wild type control group (n = 101). These were screened for p53 mutation by high resolution melt analysis and classified for CIMP and MGMT methylation by quantitative methylation specific PCR. Molecular data were compared to patient age, gender, tumor location and stage. p53 was mutated significantly more frequently in MSS/BRAF mutant (28/69, 40.6%) compared to MSI/BRAF mutant cancers (13/77, 16.9%), but this mutation rate did not differ from MSS/BRAF wild type cancers (47/101, 46.5%)(p < 0.0001). CIMP was less common in MSS/BRAF mutant (26/47, 55.3%) compared to MSI/BRAF mutant cancers (41/54, 75.9%), but was more common than in MSS/BRAF wild type cancers (3/85, 3.5%) (p < 0.0001). MSS/BRAF mutant cancers were more commonly proximal (38/54, 70.3%), but were similar to MSS/BRAF wild type cancers in terms of patient age, gender distribution and stage at presentation. MSS/BRAF mutant cancers share molecular and clinical features of both the serrated and traditional pathways of colorectal tumorigenesis.
Human dendritic cells efficiently phagocytose adenoviral oncolysate but require additional stimulation to mature
Authors: Schierer Stephan , Hesse Andrea , Knippertz Ilka , Kaempgen Eckhart , Baur Andreas S. , Schuler Gerold , Steinkasserer Alexander , Nettelbeck Dirk M.
Published: May 2011

Oncolytic adenoviruses are emerging agents for treatment of cancer by tumor‐restricted virus infection and cell lysis. Clinical trials have shown that oncolytic adenoviruses are well tolerated in patients but also that their antitumor activity needs improvement. A promising strategy toward this end is to trigger systemic and prolonged antitumor immunity by adenoviral oncolysis. Antitumor immune activation depends in large part on antigen presentation and T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, it is likely that the interaction of lysed tumor cells with DCs is a key determinant of such “oncolytic vaccination.” Our study reveals that human DCs effectively phagocytose melanoma cells at late stages of oncolytic adenovirus infection, when the cells die showing preferentially features of necrotic cell death. Maturation, migration toward CCL19 and T cell stimulatory capacity of DCs, crucial steps for immune induction, were, however, not induced by phagocytosis of oncolysate, but could be triggered by a cytokine maturation cocktail. Therefore, oncolytic adenoviruses and adenoviral oncolysate did not block DC maturation, which is in contrast to reports for other oncolytic viruses. These results represent a rationale for inserting immunostimulatory genes into oncolytic adenovirus genomes to assure critical DC maturation. Indeed, we report here that adenoviral transduction of melanoma cells with CD40L during oncolysis triggers the maturation of human DCs with T cell stimulatory capacity similar to DCs matured by cytokines. We conclude that triggering and shaping DC‐induced antitumor immunity by oncolytic adenoviruses “armed” with immunostimulatory genes holds promise for improving the therapeutic outcome of viral oncolysis in patients.
PAR1 plays a role in epithelial malignancies: Transcriptional regulation and novel signaling pathway
Authors: Bar‐Shavit Rachel , Turm Hagit , Salah Zaidoun , Maoz Myriam , Cohen Irit , Weiss Einat , Uziely Beatrice , Grisaru‐Granovsky Sorina
Published: May 2011

Protease‐activated receptor1 (PAR1) is the first and prototype member of an established PAR family comprising four members. The role of PAR1 in tumor biology has been established, and is characterized by a consistent direct correlation between overexpression of its levels and epithelial tumor aggressiveness. We have found that high expression of the human Par1 (hPar1) gene in epithelial tumors is controlled largely at the transcriptional level. This led us to assign Egr‐1, a transcription activator, as an inducer of hPar1, and p53, a tumor suppressor gene, as an inhibitor, both acting to achieve fine tuning of hPar1 in prostate carcinoma. High PAR1 levels maintain prosurvival signals in tumor cells while silencing or ablation of the gene induce apoptosis. Studies of our hPar1 transgenic mice, which overexpress hPar1 in the mammary glands, revealed a novel PAR1‐induced β‐catenin stabilization function. The components connecting PAR1 to β‐catenin stabilization have been determined, assigning at first Gα13 as a selective immediate component. The PAR1‐Gα13 axis recruits disheveled (DVL), an upstream signaling partner of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Silencing of DVL by siRNA‐DVL potently abrogates PAR1‐induced β‐catenin stabilization, demonstrating its critical role in the process. We, thus, propose that transcriptional regulation of hPar1 gene over expression in epithelia malignancies initiates a novel signaling pathway, directly connecting to β‐catenin stabilization, a core event in both tumorigenesis and developmental processes. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(6): 397–402, 2011
Serine and metalloprotease signaling through PAR1 in arterial thrombosis and vascular injury
Authors: Koukos Georgios , Sevigny Leila , Zhang Ping , Covic Lidija , Kuliopulos Athan
Published: May 2011

Thrombin‐dependent platelet activation has been shown to be important in the setting of angioplasty and stenting, which may cause ischemic complications including acute myocardial infarction and death. Inhibitors of the high‐affinity thrombin receptor, protease‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1), are now being evaluated in clinical trials for safety and efficacy in patients with atherothrombotic disease. However, it is unknown whether chronic inhibition of PAR1 in these large patient populations will have beneficial or possibly adverse effects on other biologic processes involved in blood vessel homeostasis and the response to vascular injury. Most recently, PAR1 was found to be cleaved at a distinct site by matrix metalloprotease‐1 (MMP‐1) to create a longer tethered ligand, which activates a distinct spectrum of G protein pathways in platelets. The differential activation by serine proteases such as thrombin and the metalloprotease MMP‐1, places the protease receptor PAR1 at the junction of two major protease classes critically involved in thrombosis, matrix remodeling, and the response to vascular injury. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(6): 412–418, 2011
INNOVATIONS IN PLANT HEALTH SERVICES IN NICARAGUA: FROM GRASSROOTS EXPERIMENT TO A SYSTEMS APPROACH
Authors: Danielsen Solveig , Centeno Julio , López Julio , Lezama Lilliam , Varela Gregorio , Castillo Patricia , Narváez Cony , Zeledón Ivania , Pavón Francisco , Boa Eric
Published: May 2011

Establishing a few community‐based plant clinics in Nicaragua led to a series of innovations in plant health service delivery. A grassroots experiment became a nationwide initiative involving local service providers, universities, research institutions and diagnostic laboratories. This led to the creation of a ‘National Plant Health System’ offering regular advice to farmers. The innovations were driven by a momentum for change, committed individuals, joint learning and flexibility in programme management. External facilitation encouraged experimentation and bolstered growth of new alliances. The development of the national plant health system was constrained by existing work cultures that limit the scope of individual and institutional innovations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE IMPACT OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT: REVISITING THE CROSS‐COUNTRY EVIDENCE
Authors: Kleemann Linda , Abdulai Awudu
Published: May 2011

This paper explores the inter‐relations between economic growth, international trade and environmental degradation empirically by using panel data. Previous critique, especially on the econometric specification, is embedded. Several environmental factors and one sustainability indicator are analysed. The results indicate that there is an environmental Kuznets curve for most pollutants, but with several reservations. None of the various hypotheses that concern the link between trade and environmental degradation can be entirely confirmed. There is modest support for the pollution haven hypothesis. In addition, trade liberalisation might be beneficial to sustainable development for rich countries but harmful to poor ones. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential injection‐bead injection‐lab‐on‐valve coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography for online renewable micro‐solid‐phase extraction of carbamate residues in food and environmental samples
Authors: Vichapong Jitlada , Burakham Rodjana , Srijaranai Supalax , Grudpan Kate
Published: May 2011

A sequential injection‐bead injection‐lab‐on‐valve system was hyphenated to HPLC for online renewable micro‐solid‐phase extraction of carbamate insecticides. The carbamates studied were isoprocarb, methomyl, carbaryl, carbofuran, methiocarb, promecarb, and propoxur. LiChroprep® RP‐18 beads (25–40 μm) were employed as renewable sorbent packing in a microcolumn situated inside the LOV platform mounted above the multiposition valve of the sequential injection system. The analytes sorbed by the microcolumn were eluted using 80% acetonitrile in 0.1% acetic acid before online introduction to the HPLC system. Separation was performed on an Atlantis C‐18 column (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) utilizing gradient elution with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a detection wavelength at 270 nm. The sequential injection system offers the means of performing automated handling of sample preconcentration and matrix removal. The enrichment factors ranged between 20 and 125, leading to limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 1–20 μg/L. Good reproducibility was obtained with relative standard deviations of <0.7 and 5.4% for retention time and peak area, respectively. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of carbamate residues in fruit, vegetable, and water samples.
Separation of adrenergic amines in Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by capillary electrochromatography using a novel monolithic stationary phase
Authors: Chizzali Evelyn , Nischang Ivo , Ganzera Markus
Published: May 2011

This manuscript reports on the use of capillary electrochromatography for the determination of tyramine, (±) synephrine, and (±) octopamine, the major alkaloids in bitter orange peel. A novel methacrylate‐based monolithic stationary phase was prepared by UV‐photopolymerization in 100 μm id fused‐silica capillaries. It facilitated the quantitative assessment of alkaloids with a mobile phase comprising aqueous 10 mM ammonium acetate in ACN and isopropanol. Applied voltage and temperature were 25 kV and 25°C, and samples were injected in electrokinetic mode. The method reported herein revealed adequate sensitivity (LOD ≤0.6 μg/mL), repeatability (σrel ≤4.1%), accuracy (recovery rates between 95.2 and 102.2%), and precision (intra‐day variation ≤5.7%, inter‐day variation ≤4.1%). The application of the CEC assay on C. aurantium var. amara plant material and dietary supplements, which usually are advertised for slimming properties, indicated that synephrine (0.17–0.82%) is the dominant alkaloid.
High‐performance laser welding
Authors: Rominger Volker
Published: May 2011

In terms of performance and beam parameter product the latest solid‐state lasers have advanced into the domain of CO2 lasers. This has increased the maximum piece thickness that can be welded. While the process parameters are comparable, however, the two laser technologies differ – depending on the feed rate – regarding penetration depth and weld quality. This is mainly due to the laser radiation being absorbed differently.
Laser drilling in gas turbine blades
Authors: Beck Thomas
Published: May 2011

Drilling applications represent about 5 % of the industrial laser materials processing applications. Cooling holes in gas turbines for aircrafts as well as for power plants are one of the main applications. The improvement of productivity has led to several drilling strategies with respect to laser sources (thermal drilling and ablation drilling), the beam handling, beam distribution, and handling of the work piece, all of which contribute to the overall efficiency of the process and a high productivity. We present the successful development and implementation of a combination of laser systems with different pulse durations for drilling complex 3D geometries (see Fig. 1).
Laser welding & heat flux thermography
Authors: Hierl Thomas
Published: May 2011

Latest developments in heat flux thermography show that the reliable detection of all relevant welding defects has now – finally – become a reality. While testing previously required two‐sided access, it is now also possible to carry out testing from only one side; the range of weld seam types that can be tested fully automated has been expanded to include complex weld seam geometries. The implementation of various levels of automation and flexible interfaces enables the integration into a wide range of manufacturing and testing environments.
Some characterizations for weighted Morrey‐Campanato spaces
Authors: Tang Lin
Published: May 2011

In this paper, we establish some new characterizations for weighted Morrey‐Campanato spaces by using the convolution \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\varphi _{t_B}*f$\end{document} to replace the mean value fB of a function f in the weighted Morrey‐Campanato norm, where \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\varphi \in {\cal S}({{\mathbb R}^n})$\end{document} is an appropriate Schwartz function. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
A concept of general monotonicity and applications
Authors: Liflyand E. , Tikhonov S.
Published: May 2011

In this paper we investigate properties of the general monotone sequences and functions, a generalization of monotone sequences and functions as well as of those of bounded variation. Some applications to various problems of analysis are given. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Using the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire to screen psychological distress from survivorship to end‐of‐life care: dimensionality and item quality
Authors: Gao Wei , Stark Daniel , Bennett Michael I. , Siegert Richard J. , Murray Scott , Higginson Irene J.
Published: May 2011

Objectives

This study aimed (i) to determine the factor structure of the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) across the cancer trajectory represented by samples from three cancer care settings and (ii) to appraise the item misfit and differential item functioning (DIF) of the GHQ‐12.

Data and methods

Data were from cancer outpatient (n = 200), general community (n = 364) and palliative care (n = 150) settings. The factor structure was tested using exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis. The factors were assessed for correlation using Spearman's ρ. The analyses were run separately for standard GHQ, Likert, modified Likert and chronic GHQ scoring and for the individual cancer settings. The best scoring method within the cancer setting was determined by Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Item misfit (mean square, MNSQ; standardised z‐score, ZSTD) and DIF were assessed using the Rasch model.

Results

The best scoring method was the chronic GHQ for the cancer outpatient (AIC = −45.8), modified Likert for the general community (AIC = 9.6) and standard GHQ for the palliative care (AIC = −43.0). The GHQ‐12 displayed a correlated two‐factor structure (‘social dysfunction’ and ‘distress’); Spearman ρ values were 0.69, 0.82 and 0.88 in the cancer outpatient, the general community and the palliative care, respectively. One item in the palliative care indicated misfit (MNSQ = 1.62, ZSTD = 3.0). Five items in the cancer outpatient showed DIF by gender and age. Two items in the palliative care showed DIF by gender.

Conclusions

The GHQ‐12 was more problematic (less clear factor structure and evidence of item bias) for newly diagnosed patients, less problematic for patients approaching end‐of‐life and satisfactory for patients between those times. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variation in divorce and separation: compositional or contextual effects?
Authors: Kulu Hill
Published: May 2011

The aims of this study were to examine spatial variation in the risk of union dissolution (divorce or separation) and to investigate the causes of this variation. Although there is an increased interest in variations in divorce and separation across countries, surprisingly, few studies have examined the spatial variation in the levels of union disruption within countries. Using rich retrospective survey data from Austria, we examined the relative contributions of demographic and socio‐economic characteristics, selective migrations, and contextual factors to spatial variation in the risk of union dissolution. Our study showed, first, that union dissolution levels varied significantly across counties, as expected. Second, geographical differences in the type of union (cohabitation or marriage) accounted for some spatial variation in the risk of separation. Third, the socio‐economic characteristics of couples and selective migrations did not explain any of the spatial variations in the union dissolution levels. Fourth, a significant spatial variation in separation and divorce after controlling for compositional factors suggested that there were also contextual factors. We examined the role of various contextual characteristics for explaining spatial variation in divorce and separation, including the level of urbanisation, economic well‐being of an area, and characteristics measuring the cultural‐normative climate of a region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Preadipocyte Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation by Orengedokuto Treatment of 3T3‐L1 Cultures
Authors: Ikarashi Nobutomo , Tajima Masataka , Suzuki Kunihiro , Toda Takahiro , Ito Kiyomi , Ochiai Wataru , Sugiyama Kiyoshi
Published: May 2011

Obesity is a major cause of metabolic syndrome and is due to an increase in the number and hypertrophy of adipocytes. Accordingly, inhibition of the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes may be used in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated the effects of 50 commonly used Kampo medicines on the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes to search for a drug with an antiobesity effect. Kampo medicines were screened, and the strongest differentiation‐inhibitory effect was noted with Orengedokuto. To explore the active ingredients in Orengedokuto, the effects of four crude drug components of Orengedokuto were investigated. It was found that the differentiation‐inhibitory effect of Orengedokuto was accounted for by Coptidis rhizome and Phellodendri cortex. Furthermore, berberine, a principal ingredient common to Coptidis rhizome and Phellodendri cortex, showed a differentiation‐inhibitory effect. The effect of berberine involves an inhibition of the mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα). Moreover, berberine inhibited lipid accumulation in adipocytes. These findings suggest that an antiobesity effect could be a new indication for Orengedokuto and that its active ingredient is berberine, with a mechanism involving the inhibition of PPARγ and C/EBPα expression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generic and specific social learning mechanisms in foreign entry location choice
Authors: Belderbos René , Olffen Woody Van , Zou Jianglei
Published: May 2011

We combine economic and institutional theories of clustering in foreign entry location choice in an overarching social learning conceptualization. Prospective entrants learn about the attractiveness of alternative locations by observing the entry choices of previous investors (‘models’). We distinguish two types of learning that differ in observational focus width but can and do operate simultaneously. With assessment learning, firms judge the economic feasibility and agglomeration benefits of entering a location by observing and following a broad set of models. With bandwagon learning, firm‐level uncertainty narrows attention to, and prompts the following of, specific models, with recentness of model behavior an important moderator. We find broad support for our conceptualization in an analysis of the entries of 692 Japanese electronics firms into Chinese provinces during 1979–2001. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual Enlargement of Gold Nanoparticles: From Mechanism to Scanometric Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Cao Cuong , Gontard Lionel Cervera , Thuy Tram Le Ly , Wolff Anders , Bang Dang Duong
Published: May 2011

A mechanism of dual enlargement of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) comprising two steps is described. In the first step, the AuNPs are enlarged by depositing Au atoms on their crystalline faces. In this process, the particles are not only enlarged but they are also observed to multiply: new Au nuclei are formed by the budding and division of the enlarged particles. In the second step, a silver enhancement is subsequently performed by the deposition of silver atoms on the enlarged and newly formed AuNPs to generate bimetallic Au@Ag core–shell structures. The dual nanocatalysis greatly enhances the electron density of the nanostructures, leading to a stronger intensity for colorimetric discrimination as well as better sensitivity for quantitative measurement. Based on this, a simple scanometric assay for the on‐slide detection of the food‐born pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is developed. After capturing the target bacteria, gold‐tagged immunoprobes are added to create a signal on a solid substrate. The signal is then amplified by the dual enlargement process, resulting in a strong color intensity that can easily be recognized by the unaided eye, or measured by an inexpensive flatbed scanner. In this paper, dual nanocatalysis is reported for the first time. It provides a valuable mechanistic insight into the development of a simple and cost‐effective detection format.
Evolution of Control Models for Secondary Cooling in Continuous Casting Process of Steel
Authors: Dou Zhichao , Liu Qing , Wang Bao , Zhang Xiaofeng , Zhang Jianfeng , Hu Zhigang
Published: May 2011

Secondary cooling control is an important factor in the continuous steel casting process. This paper reviews popular control models and analyzes their principles and characteristics. On the basis of the review, this paper proposes a new concept called “effective‐superheat” and a new control model called “synthetical model dynamic control method based on online temperature measurement.” The model, which combines the advantages of the popular models reviewed, not only allows steady, accurate and dynamic control of slab surface temperature, but also provides the temperature profile and the end of the liquid pool. In addition, this paper also discusses the current problems with secondary cooling control and the related development trends, which may be helpful for further development of secondary cooling control technology and informationization of the continuous casting process.
Production of Strong Steel‐Aluminum Composites by Formation of Intermetallic Phases in Compound Forging
Authors: Behrens Bernd‐Arno , Kosch Klaus‐Georg
Published: May 2011

In times of increasing energy costs automotive light weight construction is gaining more importance. The production of hybrid compounds by forging is a promising method to successfully manufacture functional parts by applying resource‐saving process steps. However, in compound forging of steel‐aluminum parts shrinking gaps may form because of the different thermal expansion coefficients. To avoid these unwanted gaps, it is necessary to achieve a firmly bonded joint e.g. by intermetallic phases. This paper deals with the investigation of the influences of different sample preparations, process parameters and true strains on the formation of intermetallic phases. Thus, the optimum production parameters for compound forging of steel‐aluminum parts will be determined.
Heterogeneous Phase Transformation Texture Evolution in Low Alloyed ULC Steel Sheets
Authors: Gautam Jai , Petrov Roumen , Leunis Elke , Kestens Leo A.I.
Published: May 2011

In the present study the cold rolled sheet of ultra low carbon steel alloyed with manganese and aluminium has been investigated after α − γ − α transformation annealing in vacuum. The texture analysis was carried out on the surface, sub‐surface and in the bulk of the annealed sheet. A <100> // ND and <110>//ND texture with weak intensity is observed on the sheet surface and a strong <111>//ND fibre in the bulk of the transformed sheet. In depth micro‐texture analysis by orientation contrast microscopy reveals that two different types of orientation selection mechanisms could be active. The texture at the metal‐vapour interface is controlled by surface energy anisotropy (producing a local <100>, <110>//ND texture at the surface) and a texture memory mechanism generating strong <111>//ND fibre is active in the bulk of the sheets.
Extended X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure Investigation of Carbon Stabilized Expanded Austenite and Carbides in Stainless Steel AISI 316
Authors: Oddershede Jette , Christiansen Thomas L. , Ståhl Kenny , Somers Marcel A.J.
Published: May 2011

Low temperature carburized AISI 316 stainless steel ‐ carbon expanded austenite ‐ was investigated with EXAFS and synchrotron diffraction together with synthesized carbides of the type M3C2, M7C3 and M23C6. It was found that the chemical environment of carbon expanded austenite is not associated with any of the investigated carbides, that carbon has a strong affinity for chromium, i.e. short range order, and that carbon is in solid solution.
Evaluation of potential variables contributing to the development and duration of plantar lesions in a population of aquarium‐maintained African penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
Authors: Erlacher‐Reid Claire , Dunn J. Lawrence , Camp Tracy , Macha Laurie , Mazzaro Lisa , Tuttle Allison D.
Published: May 2011

Bumblefoot (pododermatitis), often described as the most significant environmental disease of captive penguins, is commonly due to excessive pressure or trauma on the plantar surface of the avian foot, resulting in inflammation or necrosis and causing severe swelling, abrasions, or cracks in the skin. Although not formally evaluated in penguins, contributing factors for bumblefoot are thought to be similar to those initiating the condition in raptors and poultry. These factors include substrate, body weight, and lack of exercise. The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate variables potentially contributing to the development and duration of plantar lesions in aquarium‐maintained African penguins (Spheniscus demersus), including sex, weight, age, season, exhibit activity, and territory substrate. Results indicate that males develop significantly more plantar lesions than females. Penguins weighing between 3.51 and 4.0 kg develop plantar lesions significantly more often than penguins weighing between 2.5 and 3.5 kg, and because male African penguins ordinarily weigh significantly more than females, weight is likely a contributing factor in the development of lesions in males compared with females. Significantly more plantar lesions were observed in penguins standing for greater than 50% of their time on exhibit than swimming. Penguins occupying smooth concrete territories developed more plantar lesions compared with penguins occupying grate territories. Recommendations for minimizing bumblefoot in African penguins include training penguins for monthly foot examinations for early detection of plantar lesions predisposing for the disease, encouraging swimming activity, and replacing smooth surfaces on exhibit with surfaces providing variable degrees of pressure and texture on the feet. Zoo Biol 31:291–305, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genistein supplementation in patients affected by Sanfilippo disease
Authors: Delgadillo Verónica , O'Callaghan Maria del Mar , Artuch Rafael , Montero Raquel , Pineda Mercedes
Published: May 2011

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by a deficiency in one of the four enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate. Genistein supplementation has been proposed as a potential therapy for the reduction of substrates in patients with these disorders.

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and potential side effects of genistein supplementation in MPS III patients.

Methods

Open‐label study, with 19 children (10 males and 9 females) enrolled with confirmed diagnosis of MPS III (age range 2.8–19 years). Patients were supplemented with genistein (5 mg kg−1 day−1) for 1 year. Clinical evaluation, hair morphology, urinary glycosaminoglycan analysis, study of nutritional parameters, and other routine biochemical tests were performed.

Results

We did not observe an improvement in the disability scale; after genistein treatment, in most patients there was an increased disability score or it remained unchanged. There was a relative decrease in the recurrence of infections and gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as improvement in skin texture and hair morphology. Glycosaminoglycan levels were above normal at all control points and showed great variability in their elimination.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that genistein supplementation at 5 mg kg−1 day−1 did not improve disability estimated by using a particular scale.
Differential effects on sensory functions and measures of epidermal nerve fiber density after application of a lidocaine patch (5%) on healthy human skin
Authors: Wehrfritzl Andreas , Namerl Barbara , Ihmsenl Harald , Muellerl Christiane , Filitzl Jörg , Koppertl Wolfgang , Lefflerl Andreas
Published: May 2011

Topical application of lidocaine is an effective approach for treatment of post‐herpetic neuralgia and other painful neuropathies. Lidocaine inhibits voltage‐gated Na+ channels and it most likely reduces excitability of cutaneous sensory neurons which can be hyperexcitable or spontaneously active in states of neuropathic pain. However, lidocaine and other local anesthetics also exert a pronounced neurotoxicity and they activate the irritant receptors TRPV1 and TRPA1. In this randomized and double‐blinded study, we explored the ability of lidocaine patches (5%) to alter sensory function and epidermal nerve fiber density in skin of healthy volunteers. As assessed by quantitative sensory testing, significantly elevated thresholds for touch, pin prick pain and mechanically induced wind‐up were observed in skin treated with lidocaine patches. These effects reversed to baseline values within 2 days after termination of the treatment. Pressure pain and thresholds for heat and cold‐induced pain were not affected by the lidocaine patch. A moderate but significant decrease in epidermal nerve fiber density was observed in skin blister roofs obtained after 42 days of treatment with lidocaine patches. The placebo patch did not induce any changes in sensory thresholds or nerve fiber density. In conclusion, lidocaine patches seem to have differential effects on sensory modalities in healthy skin. A degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers has previously been demonstrated for patches containing the TRPV1‐agonist capsaicin and our findings suggest that this effect might also be relevant for lidocaine patches. These data warrant further studies on molecular mechanisms mediating a relief of neuropathic pain by topical lidocaine.
Transvaginal repair of complex and complicated vesicovaginal fistulae
Authors: Singh Vishwajeet , Sinha Rahul J. , Sankhwar Satya N. , Sinha Seema M. , Vatsal Priti , Jain Vaishali
Published: May 2011

Objective

To document the experience at a tertiary referral hospital in India with managing complex and complicated vesicovaginal fistulae (VVF) by the transvaginal route, and to document the complications and the long‐term outcome of the patients.

Methods

The medical records of 102 patients with complex or complicated VVF who underwent transvaginal surgical repair during 2000–2009 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 24 years and the mean duration of urinary incontinence was 3 years (range 6 months to 12 years). The patients were followed up for a median of 48 months. In total, 78 patients had obstetric fistulae, 20 patients had surgical (gynecologic) fistulae, and 4 patients had postradiation fistulae. The overall success rate for the transvaginal approach was 86.3%. Fourteen patients remained incontinent despite the surgical repair. Early failure of the repair was observed in 11.8% of the patients and delayed failure in 2.0%. Postoperative complications included stress urinary incontinence (9.8%), urge urinary incontinence (7.8%), dyspareunia (5.9%), and chronic labial pain (2.0%).

Conclusion

The transvaginal approach to the repair of complex and complicated VVF gives good long‐term results with low complication rates.
Self‐reported oral health and hygiene habits, dental decay, and periodontal condition among pregnant European women
Authors: Martínez‐Beneyto Yolanda , Vera‐Delgado María V. , Pérez Leonor , Maurandi Antonio
Published: May 2011

Objective

To investigate the relationship among self‐reported oral hygiene habits, dental decay, and periodontal condition among pregnant women.

Method

In a cross‐sectional study, a structured questionnaire and dental examination were used to assess pregnant women's knowledge of oral health and attitudes to oral hygiene, in addition to their dental and periodontal condition. Data were collected from 337 pregnant women living in Murcia in southeast Spain.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 337 women, 282 of whom also had an oral examination. More than 57% were in their first pregnancy, their mean age was 30 years, and most (80.1%) were Spanish with a medium‐high educational level. Most of the pregnant woman (84%) brushed their teeth 2 or 3 times a day, and a third (30.9%) used a mouthwash daily. The pregnant women who self‐reported having good or very good dental health had a lower level of active decay (P < 0.001) and a lower periodontal index (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In the present study, there was a significant correlation between a high level of self‐reported oral health in pregnant women and low levels of dental decay and low periodontal indexes.
An Empirical Investigation of Dual Network Effects in Innovation Project Development
Authors: Moon Sangkil
Published: May 2011

As innovation project developers advance their knowledge through more project experience, cross-project learning is likely to enhance project performance. Past research has demonstrated positive contributions of developer networking at the macro (project) level. However, the network effects at the micro (project property) level have not been studied as much. To address this gap, we apply a network model to examine which project properties (e.g., the project's operating system and topic) generate positive or negative network effects in addition to the macro network effect when developers engage in multiple projects. In this dual (developer and property) network model, we theorize that positive network effects take place because of cross-project learning and knowledge exchange, whereas negative network effects can also occur due to time constraints and cognitive overloading. In addition to such dual network effects, we also consider such project success predictors as spatial and temporal reach opportunities for project users (scope of translations and project age) and human resources availability (developer team size). Our empirical application using open source software (OSS) data demonstrates that the presented model can effectively integrate both the dual network effects and non-network variables as factors influencing the commercial success of OSS projects.
Energy security and Russia’s gas strategy: The symbiotic relationship between the state and firms
Authors: Bilgin Mert
Published: May 2011

The way how Russia ignores the EU’s quest for liberalization and sustains a control over markets and supplies is directly related to her use of gas as leverage. Russia’s strategy affects many European and non-European countries during all stages: demand, supply and transit. It is not, however, possible to generalize a common statement that the EU’s position is based on a policy of market liberalization while Russia pursues an opposing strategy of increased state control. Russian energy strategy leads markets in Europe; sets tone for energy supplies at homeland and abroad, benefiting from a variety of means. This article shows how a symbiotic relationship between the Russian state and Russian energy companies emerge from a structure in which trade, markets and international politics have been embedded within the state interests and firm behavior. It identifies the economic and geopolitical trends with regard to recent developments of Russia’s strategy.
A breaking-up of a pro-European consensus: Attitudes of Czech political parties towards the European integration (1998–2010)
Authors: Havlík Vlastimil
Published: May 2011

This article represents a contribution to the debate over the attitudes of political parties to the European integration-one of the hot topics in contemporary political science. It explores the dynamics of attitudes of political parties in the Czech Republic to the EU and analyzes them in the context of parties primary ideologies. On the basis of the results of an expert survey the author interpretes the changes in the major features of “European” debate in the Czech Republic and offers a new classification schema of attitudes of political parties towards the EU, according to the preferences of economic and/or political dimension of European integration.
Both obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats present delayed cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Paulino do Nascimento Adriana , Monte-Alto-Costa Andréa
Published: May 2011

Diet-induced overweight rats exhibit delayed cutaneous healing; however, when receiving an obesogenic diet, some rats are susceptible to developing the overweight phenotype, whereas others are resistant. We investigated cutaneous healing in diet-induced obesity (DIO)-prone and diet-resistant (DR) rats. Male rats were fed with a standard (control) or a high-saturated fat (30 % fat, w/w) diet for 20 weeks. Then, the experimental group was subdivided into DIO (n 17) and DR (n 16) groups. An excision lesion was made, and the animals were killed 7 or 14 d later. The average body weight was 29 and 25 % higher in the DIO group compared with the C and DR groups. Retroperitoneal fat was higher in the DIO group than in the control and DR groups (518 and 92 %) and was higher in the DR group than in the control group (223 %). The DIO group presented glucose intolerance, and both the DIO and DR groups presented delayed wound contraction (50 %) and re-epithelialisation (20 %). Compared with the DR group, the DIO group displayed higher amounts of inflammatory cells as well as higher levels of lipid peroxidation (P < 0·05). Myofibroblastic differentiation and vessel remodelling were delayed in both the DIO and DR groups. Nitrite levels were lower in the DIO group (340 % less) than in the DR group. TNF-α expression was increased in the DIO group (130 %) compared with the DR group. Our results showed that DIO as well as DR rats present delays in cutaneous wound healing, even though the DR group does not have an overweight phenotype.