bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diálogos antropológicos para descifrar la crisis socioambiental en Chiloé
Authors: Araos Leiva Francisco Javier , Saldivar Juan Manuel , Lazo Alejandra , Ther-Ríos Francisco
Published: May 2022

Durante los primeros meses del año 2016 sucedieron en el archipiélago de Chiloé una serie de trastornos ecológicos en el ecosistema marino que provocaron una de las mayores crisis socioambientales del último tiempo en la zona sur austral de Chile. A pesar de que es posible identificar los contornos específicos de la crisis, referidos a la marea roja, las investigaciones que movilizan el debate presentado en este texto muestran que la crisis se inscribe en un amplio e histórico proceso de transformación socioambiental experimentado en el archipiélago, con implicancias en las diferentes esferas de la vida social y ecológica de Chiloé. Apoyándose en diversas investigaciones antropológicas realizadas en los últimos siete años el artículo entrega, a modo de diálogo antropológico, los elementos clave para descifrar la crisis socioambiental de Chiloé: una historia de auge y decadencia en la explotación de recursos naturales, los conflictos territoriales y las estrategias de acción de los grupos organizados, los fenómenos migratorios intra y extra-regionales y las dinámicas de movilidad archipelágica. Asumiendo las diferentes dimensiones y aproximaciones, el artículo discute las intersecciones entre las investigaciones y la antropología pública, identificando los principales desafíos que la crisis socioambiental coloca a la disciplina. En suma, al artículo expone las evidencias del despliegue de un proceso de transformación en curso, cuyo futuro, aún incierto, puede representar el punto de cambio para una recomposición territorial del archipiélago de Chiloé.
Nobles de papel. Identidades oscilantes y genealogías borrosas en los descendientes de la realeza inca
Authors: Gutiérrez Manuel
Published: May 2022

El libro de Rocío Quispe-Agnoli, “Nobles de papel. Identidades oscilantes y genealogías borrosas en los descendientes de la realeza inca”, nos traslada a una temática cercana a nuestra realidad hispanoamericana que nos permite volver a pensar sobre el proceso de mestizaje y sus consecuencias culturales en nuestro continente, haciendo de esta investigación del mundo colonial americano, un trabajo de reflexión histórica contemporánea.
Editorial
Authors: Gloël Matthias
Published: May 2022

En este número de la revista encontrarán un dossier especial que aborda la migración internacional contemporánea en la zona centro -sur del país. La diversidad de temáticas refleja la complejidad del fenómeno migratorio y por ello las distintas aproximaciones que se han realizado desde el mundo académico con la finalidad de comprender el contexto y las estrategias que la población migrante desarrolla. En estos trabajos, se abordan experiencias organizacionales propias de la población migrante, el rol de la política pública, estrategias de inserción laboral y las prácticas transnacionales que emergen de la migración fronteriza, entre otros temas relevantes.
El Sistema Nacional Integrado de Cuidados en Uruguay: ¿Acceso equitativo para la ciudadanía en tanto derecho universal?
Authors: Cafaro Mango Ana Laura
Published: May 2022

Para comprender el Sistema Nacional Integrado de Cuidados (SNIC) que se está construyendo actualmente en Uruguay, es imprescindible introducir algunos conceptos básicos: género, construcción de ciudadanía, así como el derecho universal de las ciudadanas y ciudadanos a ser cuidados. Los debates sobre ciudadanía siguen planteando hoy un campo de tensión entre una concepción de ciudadanía universal y una de ciudadanía diferenciada, a partir del reconocimiento de la existencia de antagonismos no derivados del proceso de producción –como puede ser el de género- sino de procesos socio-culturales históricamente instalados. En el presente documento, se realizará un breve recorrido por las políticas de Cuidados en el Uruguay donde – desde el discurso institucional - se destacan fundamentalmente el reconocimiento del valor social de los cuidados, la corresponsabilidad entre familias, Estado, comunidad y mercado, así como la consagración del cuarto pilar de bienestar como componente no tradicional de políticas sociales. La pregunta que surge entonces es si las políticas de Cuidados están logrando un acceso equitativo a quienes son sujetos de derecho en su calidad de ciudadanos y ciudadanas. Y aquí resulta interesante realizar algunas apreciaciones que a nuestro entender podrían estar brindando elementos hacia una plausible respuesta. ¿El SNIC logra poner en cuestión esta crisis socioreproductiva colocando como centralidad el tema de los cuidados como derecho humano universal asumiendo una perspectiva de género?
Ruth Behar and Deborah A. Gordon, eds., Women Writing Culture, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995
Authors: Barrientos Bahamonde Melchor Enrique , Betancur Vargas Cristopher Alejandro
Published: May 2022

Se presenta una interpretación en español de la introducción del libro Women Writing Culture. En este capítulo introductorio titulado en su versión original “Out of exile”, Ruth Behar, su autora, contextualiza a través de relatos y vivencias la constante lucha de las antropólogas para ser reconocidas en el ámbito académico, en el cual han sido muchas veces invisibilizadas por sus pares masculinos. Bajo este contexto nace “Women Writing Culture”, como una respuesta a la inexistente participación de mujeres antropólogas en el proyecto “Writing Culture” (escrito por hombres antropólogos). Women Writing Culture incorpora el punto de vista de aquellas que han sido marginadas, y que han debido mantenerse a la sombra de los hombres a lo largo del devenir histórico. En la introducción se presentan atisbos de cómo a lo largo del texto — mediante la experimentación de diferentes formas de escritura— se busca demostrar la capacidad de las mujeres para generar escritura antropológica, liberándolas del escrutinio constante de sus colegas y mentores masculinos, quienes las han considerado más bien el lado “blando” de la disciplina, incapaces de realizar un trabajo feminista y al mismo tiempo innovador.
Breves memorias de don Aquilino: Testimonio, comentarios y notas de un chileno de la Araucanía en el siglo XX
Authors: Órdenes Delgado Mathias Ernesto
Published: May 2022

La producción científica-literaria sobre la región de la Araucanía comúnmente trata sobre lo mapuche, la propiedad de la tierra, las forestales, los colonos y, en menor medida, sobre la reforma agraria. La entrevista2 que presentamos en este trabajo se aproxima a un tema distinto, menos abordado: la experiencia subalterna de aquellos chilenos pobres que, oleada tras oleada, llegaron "en masa” a poblar dicha región ya desde antes de la Guerra de Ocupación (1862-1883), la misma que terminaría por anexar el Gullumapu al territorio nacional.
El bienestar en el Estado neoliberal: escenarios de la propiedad en el Gran Santiago
Authors: Alvarado Peterson Voltaire
Published: May 2022

El tamaño del Estado dentro de un modelo neoliberal de desarrollo económico representa un motivo de discusión constante. Las evidencias respecto a la estructura subsidiaria residencial vigente en Chile para el acceso a la vivienda social indican una fuerte presencia de lo público en distintas dimensiones, siendo la transformación de los espacios metropolitanos una de las claves dentro del proceso territorial contemporáneo. El presente trabajo propone describir determinados impactos espaciales de ciertas políticas subsidiarias en el Gran Santiago, la construcción de una idea de bienestar neoliberal y la trayectoria de las políticas habitacionales desde 2000 en adelante. Se propone una discusión teórica con elaboraciones orientadas a describir las formas del bienestar neoliberal, considerando como vértice a la propiedad en tanto máxima conquista patrimonial de las clases medias trabajadoras y las denominadas como vulnerables. Para las conclusiones se trazan líneas de investigación futuras y desafíos para una Geografía de la propiedad en Chile.
Historia institucional del Centro de Estudios Socioculturales
Authors: . CUHSO
Published: May 2022

El proyecto que dio origen al CES propuso el cumplimiento de sus objetivos concibiendo la gestación de una instancia académica en proceso de permanente vitalización institucional. En el ámbito universitario ello significaría constituirse en un recurso académico virtual a toda iniciativa que considerara el componente sociocultural en su planificación, particularmente de aquellas que, en su perspectiva aplicada, hubiesen de llevarse a cabo en sectores rurales o marginales del área urbana.
Arte y Antropología
Authors: . CUHSO
Published: May 2022

Poemas y grabados.
Efficacy of a Commercially Available Herbal Formulation for the Disinfection of Elastomeric Heavy Body Impression Materials
Authors: Nagi Manini , Kumar Kennedy , Sabarish Ram , Balaji SK , Lavu Vamsi
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Cross infection refers to the transfer of harmful microorganisms from one person to another. Dental impressions are considered semi-critical as it directly comes in contact with patient’s saliva and oral mucosa. Improper handling of these dental impressions can potentially have the risk of transmitting infections especially to the dentist. The role of herbal preparation in disinfecting the dental impressions is sparse in the literature. Aim: To evaluate and compare the disinfection ability of a commercially available herbal formulation (HiOra®) with chlorhexidine digluconate solution (0.2%) and 1% sodium hypochlorite on dental impressions made using condensation silicone. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Outpatient Department of Periodontology and Implantology at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, between June 2019 and November 2019. Sixty maxillary and mandibular dental impressions using condensation silicone material were obtained from 30 systemically healthy volunteers. The impressions were divided into three groups and were subjected to three antimicrobial agents for 10 minutes: 1% Sodium Hypochlorite (group I); 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (group II); HiOra® (group III), respectively. Following this, microbial culturing was performed to detect the presence of Streptococcal and Staphylococcus species in samples obtained both prior and after impression disinfection. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess the significance of the difference in microbial reduction between the groups. Results: Antimicrobial efficacy was similar against both Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp., for the three disinfectants tested. No statistically significant difference in the microbial colony count reduction between the three disinfectants tested was observed (Streptococcus spp, p-value=0.064, Staphylococcus spp., p-value=0.337). Conclusion: The herbal mouthwash was found to have an equivalent efficacy as chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite for disinfection of impressions made from condensation silicone.
Assessing the immediate impacts of the 2019/2020 bushfires on land snails in north-eastern New South Wales
Authors: Foon Junn Kitt , Moussalli Adnan , McIntosh Finlay , Laffan Shawn , Köhler Frank
Published: May 2022

This study aimed to improve our understanding of the immediate response of 26 priority species of land snail that may have been severely impacted by the 2019/2020 megafire event in north-eastern New South Wales. Our study covered a range of ecosystem types over an area of approximately 20,400 km2.

We searched 70 survey sites that differed in burn severity for all species of land snail visually on-site and by sifting leaf litter samples under a microscope in the laboratory. These survey sites were selected for representing pre-existing occurrence records of priority species at sites that differed in mapped fire severity classes as based on Fire Extent and Severity data available from public sources. We also surveyed unburnt sites for comparative purposes.

We found that nearly all survey sites encompassed a patchwork of areas with different burn extent and severity and that more humid forest types were overall affected by lower fire extent and severity than surrounding more xeric forest types. Only one site with extreme fire extent and severity was surveyed.

The survey covered 165 historical occurrence records, 96 of which (58%) were re-confirmed. We also found 55 new occurrence records, 11 of which were in burnt and 44 in unburnt sites. Burnt and unburnt sites showed slight, yet insignificant differences in the redetection rate of species, which was generally low (on average 50–65%). Our data does not reveal an association between the number of specimens found at sites and burn severity and extent (from unburnt to extreme burnt). While we infer that populations have declined in areas affected by more severe fires, we found proportions of the survey area to be affected by fires of lower severity, which likely did not substantially affect the size of local land snail populations. Based on this, we conclude that initial concerns that the bushfires had led to a substantial deterioration of the conservation status of land snails are not generally corroborated. Instead, we have assessed just 3 species (10% of all studied species) as of conservation concern and 7 species (23%) as near threatened due to direct impacts of the 2019/2020 megafires. However, the paucity of occurrence records for many species and our limited knowledge of their ecology hampers a more detailed assessment of the potential fire impacts on many species, including possible on-going threats. Long-term monitoring and research are critical to ensure effective management especially of narrow range endemics.
changing face of industry in west Edinburgh
Authors: Bailey Laura , Cross Morag
Published: May 2022

Excavations on a site at 19 West Tollcross, Edinburgh (NGR: NT 2466 7276), produced evidence of activity in the area from the medieval period to the 20th century. The medieval remains are likely to relate to activity on the periphery of a settlement in the hinterland of Edinburgh, thus confirming the archaeological potential of settlements now subsumed under the modern city. Excavation through the deep stratigraphy, when supplemented with documentary evidence, offered a glimpse into evolution of the area from an ‘agricultural landscape’ to an ‘industrial’ area, constantly being transformed in line with contemporary technological innovations. More recent remains associated with Lochrin Distillery, slaughterhouses, Edinburgh Ice and Cold Storage Company’s unit, an ice rink and a garage were uncovered.
Anniversary Meeting
Authors: - -
Published: May 2022

At the Anniversary meeting of the 81st session the Vice-President and Secretaries concluded the usual Society business including a report on the new rooms of the Society's museum. The Inaugural Address by Professor Simpson was postponed until a special meeting on 28 January 1861.
Observations respecting Articles collected in the Outer Hebrides, and now presented to the Museum
Authors: Thomas F W L
Published: May 2022

Captain Thomas discusses some of the stone finds, ruins and folklore found in the Outer Hebrides. Many of the finds were discovered on the island of Taransay, near Harris.
Note respecting Bronze Mirror, &c., found at Balmaclellan, New Galloway
Authors: Murray George , Robertson D H
Published: May 2022

A continuation of the donations from the meeting held on 10 June, 1861. The donors that presented some of these items included more detailed information about where the artefacts were found. Reverend George Murray discusses several bronze artefacts he recovered from a bog in Balmaclellan. D H Robertson transcribed a letter from John Erskine, Earl of Mar.
Notes on the Lewis Chessmen
Authors: Thomas F W L
Published: May 2022

Captain Thomas relates a story from local Lewis folklore about how the Lewis Chessmen came to be buried in Uig bay. Although he suggests that there is a possibility that this account is somewhat accurate, he also acknowledges that this legend does not explain where the Lewis Chessmen originated.
Notice of Sir Peter Young of Seaton; and copies of his Letters to the Laird of Barnbarroch relative to their Embassies to Denmark, in the reign of James VI
Authors: Chalmers John Inglis
Published: May 2022

An account of the life of Sir Peter Young and his family. His working life as a tutor to James VI & I, and his appointment as ambassador to Denmark on three occasions are also mentioned. Several letters from Young to Sir Patrick Vans of Barnbarroch, who accompanied him as an ambassador to Denmark, are then transcribed.
Account of the Excavation of the Round or 'Bee-hive' shaped House, and other under-ground chambers, at West Grange of Conan, Forfarshire
Authors: Jervise Andrew
Published: May 2022

This article gives the dimensions of a 'beehive house' that was excavated near Arbroath in 1860, as well as the finds that were unearthed on the site. Several graves were discovered near the site, although the author refuses to speculate about who might have been buried there. He also discusses some of the area’s local folklore and toponymy.
Additional Notes in reference to the inscribed stone found near Yarrow Kirk, Selkirkshire
Authors: Smith John Alexander
Published: May 2022

The author attempts to prove that the inscribed stone described in his previous paper (see Vol II, pp.484-489) also features in a sketch made for Sir Walter Scott in the early 1800s. A note from Scott suggested that the sketch is of a different stone monument found in the same area. However, the author argues that Scott misremembered that the inscribed stone and the stone in the sketch were the same. This argument was confirmed by Reverend James Russell, who was close to Scott and knew of only one stone monument discovered at Yarrow. The article concludes by discussing what the inscription on the stone might read.
On the Ancient Stone Edifices in the Alps, called Heathen Huts
Authors: Keller Ferdinand
Published: May 2022

Having read Commander Thomas' description of the beehive houses in the previous volume, Dr Keller wrote to the Vice-President David Laing about similar structures found in the Swiss Alps. Although every structure of this type that the author has seen was ruined, he nonetheless concludes that they were used as dwellings based on their dimensions and situation.
Notice of a Roman Bronze Patella, found on the Farm of Palace, in Teviotdale, Roxburghshire; with Chemical Analysis of the Metal and Inside Coating of the Patella, by Stevenson Macadam, Ph.D., Lecturer on Chemistry
Authors: Smith John Alexander
Published: May 2022

John Alexander Smith follows up on the discovery of a Roman patella at Teviotdale that was previously reported in the Proceedings (see Vol I, pp69-70). He describes how the vessel was found and how he came to acquire it, before going into more detail about how he believes it was made. His article includes an analysis of the materials used to make the patella by Dr Stevenson MacAdam, who had previously analysed other bronze artefacts believed to be contemporary with the patella.
Note of the Antiquities of Udny, Aberdeenshire, in a Letter to the Secretary
Authors: Temple Charles S , Stuart John
Published: May 2022

A report on an underground dwelling found in Aberdeenshire. A bead was unearthed from this site, but no human remains were discovered. The author also discusses several other sites and finds in the surrounding area. One of the Secretaries, John Stuart, described the type of flint arrow-head that was referenced in this paper and provided some folkloric interpretations of these artefacts.
Report on the Scottish and English Coins in the Society's Museum
Authors: Sim George
Published: May 2022

An account of the Scottish and English coins in the Society's collections, including the monarch depicted on each coin and their denominations.

 

Meeting notes for 28 January, 1861 and 11 February, 1861 are appended. The January meeting was a Special Meeting and Conversazione at which Professor J Y Simpson gave his Inaugural Address (see pp5-55).
Selective inhibition of cytosine‐DNA methylases by polyamines
Authors: Ruiz-Herrera José , Ruiz-Medrano Roberto , Domínguez Angel
Published: July 2002

We have advanced the hypothesis that polyamines affect DNA methylation and thus promote the expression of developmentally controlled genes. We demonstrate that the activity of cytosine‐DNA methyltransferases HpaII, HhaI, HaeIII and SssI is inhibited by physiological concentrations of polyamines. On the other hand, activity of the adenine‐DNA methyltransferase EcoRI, and restriction enzymes HpaII, HhaI, HaeIII and EcoRI, is insensitive to polyamine concentrations up to 40 mM. Our results indicate that the effect of polyamines on cytosine‐DNA methyltranferases is rather selective and suggest a possible mode of action in vivo.
Alternating purine‐pyrimidine tract activates transcription from the Rouse sarcoma virus LTR lacking promoter and enhancer elements
Authors: Krajewski Wladyslaw A.
Published: July 2002

The transcriptional control region of the Rouse sarcoma virus long terminal repeats (LTR) was shown to contain enhancer and promoter elements located within 200 base pairs upstream from the transcription initiation site [Cullen et al. (1985) Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 438–447]. Deletion of these elements results in significant loss of LTR transcriptional activity. In the present paper it is shown that a short alternating purine‐pyrimidine sequence can restore the constitutive activity of the Rouse sarcoma virus LTR in the absence of upstream elements when inserted in close proximity to the transcription initiator site. The possible molecular bases of this phenomena are discussed.
Transcriptional silencing of human Alu sequences and inhibition of protein binding in the box B regulatory elements by 5′‐CG‐3′ methylation
Authors: Kochanek Stefan , Renz Doris , Doerfler Walter
Published: July 2002

In earlier work, we demonstrated that 5′‐CG‐3′ methylation inhibits the transcriptional activity of human Alu elements associated with the α1‐globin and the angiogenin genes in a cell‐free transcription system from HeLa nuclear extracts. These studies have been extended to different Alu sequences and to investigations on the mechanism involved in transcriptional silencing by methylation. By comparing the results of DNase I and dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in vitro footprinting on a consensus sequence in the RNA polymerase III promoter control B region between the unmethylated and the 5′‐CG‐3′ methylated B box, evidence has been adduced for effects of 5′‐CG‐3′ methylation on the interaction of specific nuclear proteins with DNA sequences in the B control region of the Alu elements. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the 5′‐CG‐3′ methylation interferes with the binding of proteins that are essential for the function of the B control region in these RNA polymerase III‐transcribed elements, and that promoter methylation thus inhibits transcription.
Assignment to chromosome 11 of mouse p68 RNA helicase gene (Hlrl) and pseudogene (Hlrl ps1)
Authors: Petry Patrick , Johnson Kenneth R. , Lemaire Lydia , Heinlein Uwe A.O.
Published: July 2002

The gene encoding murine p68 RNA helicase (Hlrl) was mapped to the distal portion of mouse chromosome 11 by linkage analysis of DNA restriction length polymorphisms using an interspecific genetic backcross between (C57BL/6J × SPRET/Ei) Fl hybrids and SPRET/Ei mice. A closely related gene (Hlr1 ps1) was identified, isolated, and mapped to the proximal part of the same chromosome. Sequence analysis and PCR results suggest that Hlr1‐ps1 is a pseudogene, flanked by DNA stretches similar to mouse insertion element IE118.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray analysis of a PNA‐DNA complex
Authors: Kastrup Jette Sandholm , Pilgaard Michael , Jørgensen Flemming Steen , Nielsen Peter E. , Rasmussen Hanne
Published: July 2002

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are DNA mimics with a peptide backbone. PNAs are being intensely investigated owing to a potential as gene‐targeted drugs. A PNA (H‐GTAGAT‐CACT‐NH2)‐DNA (5′‐AGTGATCTAC‐3′) complex has been crystallized in a tetragonal space group P4122 with cell dimensions . The crystals diffract to about 5 Å resolution.
The irreversible inactivation of two copper‐dependent monooxygenases by sulfite: peptidylglycine α‐amidating enzyme and dopamine β‐monooxygenase
Authors: Merkler David J. , Kulathila Raviraj , Francisco Wilson A. , Ash David E. , Bell Joseph
Published: July 2002

Peptidylglycine α‐amidating enzyme (α‐AE) and dopamine β‐monooxygenase (DβM), two copper‐dependent monooxygenases that have catalytic and structural similarities, are irreversibly inactivated by sodium sulfite in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. Studies with α‐AE show that the sulfite‐mediated inactivation is dependent on the presence of redox active transition metals free in solution, with Cu(II) being the most effective in supporting the inactivation reaction. Sulfite inactivation of α‐AE is specific for the monooxygenase reaction of this bifunctional enzyme and amidated peptides provide protection against the inactivation. Consequently, the sulfite‐mediated inactivation of α‐AE and DβM most likely results from the transition metal‐catalyzed oxidation of sulfite to the sulfite radical, SO3
−.
Acute meal‐induced changes in hepatic glycerolipid metabolism are unimpaired in severely diabetic rats: implications for the role of insulin
Authors: Moir Alison M.B. , Zammit Victor A.
Published: July 2002

The effect of food intake on the partitioning of diacylglycerol between phospholipid and triacylglycerol synthesis, and on the fractional rate of secretion of triacylglycerol was studied in starved‐refed diabetic rats by using the technique of selective labelling of hepatic fatty acids in vivo. Acute and phasic responses in these parameters similar to those observed previously in normal animals were obtained, in spite of the absence of any insulin response to refeeding. Labelling of the major phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) increased markedly at the expense of triacylglycerol labelling. In addition, the fractional rate of secretion of newly‐labelled triacylglycerol was decreased. The data suggest that insulin is not obligatorily involved in any decreases in hepatic triacylglycerol secretion in the prandial period, but that it may act synergistically with other meal‐induced signals to mediate this effect in normal animals.
IL‐2‐induced gene expression of protein‐tyrosine phosphatase LC‐PTP requires acidic and serine‐rich regions within IL‐2 receptor β chain
Authors: Adachi Masaaki , Torigoe Toshihiko , Sekiya Masuo , Minami Yasuhiro , Taniguchi Tadatsugu , Hinoda Yuji , Yachi Akira , Reed John C. , Imai Kohzoh
Published: July 2002

A protein‐tyrosine phosphatase LC‐PTP is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells and is an early response gene in lymphokine stimulated cells. Here, we found the LC‐PTP mRNA induction by IL‐2 was markedly inhibited by several tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The induction required both the acidic and serine‐rich regions of the IL‐2 receptor β chain (IL‐2Rβ) in mouse IL‐3‐dependent pro‐B BAF‐B03 transfectants. This is strikingly different from the induction of c‐myc gene expression, which requires the serine‐rich region alone. In addition, overexpression of activated‐Lck or ‐Raf kinases resulted in augmented LC‐PTP mRNA expression in myeloid cell line 32D transfectants. Considering the previous findings that the acidic region of the IL‐2Rβ is responsible for association with Lck and activation of Raf kinase, IL‐2‐induced expression of LC‐PTP mRNA may be primarily transduced through a Lck‐Raf mediated signaling pathway.
Alternative splicing of AMPA receptor subunits: regulation in clonal cell lines
Authors: Christnacher Alexandra , Sommer Bernd
Published: July 2002

Alternative splicing of AMPA receptors was investigated in rat PC12 and human SH‐SY5Y cells. PC12 cells predominantly expressed GluR‐B flip mRNA before and after differentiation. In SH‐SY5Y cells, each AMPA‐receptor subunit showed a distinct splice variant expression profile throughout differentiation. GluR‐B mRNA was comparable in expression levels for flip and flop splice variants. In the other AMPA‐receptor subunit transcripts the flip form was the more prominent splice variant. After three days post induction a transient elevation of GluR‐B and ‐D flop mRNA expression could be observed.
Enzymatic and immunological activity of 4000 years aged bone alkaline phosphatase
Authors: Weser Ulrich , Etspüler Hedwig , Kaup Yoka
Published: July 2002

Structurally intact and functionally active human bone alkaline phosphatase was isolated from clavicle fragments of IDU, an Egyptian mummy of the Old Kingdom (2150 ± 50 BC). Both anion exchange and affinity chromatographies were employed to optimise the preparation of the ancient enzyme resulting in a specific activity of 180 ± 30 mU/mg. The intactness of the bone enzyme fractions of the wheat‐germ lectin affinity chromatography was successfully demonstrated in an ELISA using the monoclonal antibody BAP A. Fortunately, the mummified bone was not contaminated by fungi or bacteria.
Arabidopsisphytochromes C and E have different spectral characteristics from those of phytochromes A and B
Authors: Eichenberg Klaus , Bäurle Isabel , Paulo Nicola , Sharrock Robert A. , Rüdiger Wolfhart , Schäfer Eberhard
Published: July 2002

The red/far‐red light absorbing phytochromes play a major role as sensor proteins in photomorphogenesis of plants. InArabidopsisthe phytochromes belong to a small gene family of five members, phytochrome A (phyA) to E (phyE). Knowledge of the dynamic properties of the phytochrome molecules is the basis of phytochrome signal transduction research. Beside photoconversion and destruction, dark reversion is a molecular property of some phytochromes. A possible role of dark reversion is the termination of signal transduction. SinceArabidopsisis a model plant for biological and genetic research, we focussed on spectroscopic characterization ofArabidopsisphytochromes, expressed in yeast. For the first time, we were able to determine the relative absorption maxima and minima for a phytochrome C (phyC) as 661/725 nm and for a phyE as 670/724 nm. The spectral characteristics of phyC and E are strictly different from those of phyA and B. Furthermore, we show that both phyC and phyE apoprotein chromophore adducts undergo a strong dark reversion. Difference spectra, monitored with phycocyanobilin and phytochromobilin as the apoprotein's chromophore, and in vivo dark reversion of theArabidopsisphytochrome apoprotein phycocyanobilin adducts are discussed with respect to their physiological function.
A novel human processed gene, DAD‐R, maps to 12p12 and is expressed in several organs
Authors: Kuittinen Tero , Eggert Angelika , Lindholm Päivi , Horelli-Kuitunen Nina , Palotie Aarno , Maris John M. , Saarma Mart
Published: July 2002

A cDNA of a processed gene of human DAD‐1 (defender against apoptotic cell death) was cloned from the human neuroblastoma cell line SH‐SY5Y. The genomic sequence of this novel processed gene, DAD‐R, lacked introns and was flanked by 8 bp terminal repeats. RT‐PCR showed that the transcript is expressed predominantly in testis, ovaries, pancreas, lung and skeletal muscle. DAD‐R has several possible initiation codons, one of them producing an open reading frame comprising 75% of the DAD‐1 gene. We determined the chromosomal localization of DAD‐R as 12p11.2–12p12.1, an area linked to familial synpolydactyly and frequently amplified in a variety of cancers, including those of testis, ovaries, pancreas and lungs.
Conformational requirements for Ca2+/calmodulin binding and activation of myosin light chain kinase
Authors: Padre Roanna C , Stull James T
Published: July 2002

Myosin light chain kinase contains a regulatory segment consisting of an autoinhibitory region and a calmodulin‐binding sequence that folds back on its catalytic core to inhibit kinase activity. It has been proposed that α‐helix formation may be involved in displacement of the regulatory segment and activation of the kinase by Ca2+/calmodulin. Proline mutations were introduced at putative non‐interacting residues in the regulatory segment to disrupt helix formation. Substitution of proline residues immediately N‐terminal of the Trp in the calmodulin‐binding sequence had most significant effects on Ca2+/calmodulin binding and activation. Formation of an α‐helix in this region upon Ca2+/calmodulin binding may be necessary for displacement of the regulatory segment allowing phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain.
Sweet is stable: glycosylation stabilizes collagen
Authors: Bann James G. , Peyton David H. , Bächinger Hans Peter
Published: July 2002

For most collagens, the melting temperature (T
m) of the triple‐helical structure of collagen correlates with the total content of proline (Pro) and 4‐trans‐hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the Xaa and Yaa positions of the ‐Gly‐Xaa‐Yaa‐ triplet repeat. The cuticle collagen of the deep‐sea hydrothermal vent worm Riftia pachyptila, despite a very low content of Pro and Hyp, has a relatively high thermal stability. Rather than Hyp occupying the Yaa position, as is normally found in mammalian collagens, this position is occupied by threonine (Thr) which is O‐glycosylated. We compare the triple‐helix forming propensities in water of two model peptides, Ac‐(Gly‐Pro‐Thr)10‐NH2 and Ac‐(Gly‐Pro‐Thr(Galβ))10‐NH2, and show that a collagen triple‐helix structure is only achieved after glycosylation of Thr. Thus, we show for the first time that glycosylation is required for the formation of a stable tertiary structure and that this modification represents an alternative way of stabilizing the collagen triple‐helix that is independent of the presence of Hyp.
Apical and non‐polarized secretion of serpins from MDCK cells
Authors: Vogel Lotte K. , Larsen Jakob E.
Published: July 2002

Corticosteroid binding globulin, a member of the serpin family, was previously shown to be secreted mainly apically from MDCK cells in an N‐glycan independent manner [Larsen et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 451, 19–22]. Apart from N‐glycosylation, serpins are not known to carry any other posttranslational modifications, suggesting the presence of a proteinaceous apical sorting signal. In the present study we have expressed four other members of the serpin family: α1‐antitrypsin, C1 inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and antithrombin in MDCK cells. Tight monolayers of transfected cells were grown on filters and the amounts of recombinantly expressed serpins in the apical and the basolateral media were determined. α1‐Antitrypsin and C1 inhibitor were found mainly in the apical medium whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and antithrombin were found in roughly equal amounts in the apical and basolateral media. Control experiments showed that all four serpins are transported along the exocytotic pathway in an uncomplicated way that does not involve transcytosis or differences in stability on the two sides of the cells. We conclude that some members of the serpin family including corticosteroid binding globulin, α1‐antitrypsin and C1 inhibitor are secreted mainly apically from MDCK cells whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and antithrombin are secreted in a non‐polarized manner.
Continuous Culture of Immobilized Streptomyces Cells for Kasugamycin Production
Authors: Kim Chang Joon , Chang Yong Keun , Chun Gie‐Taek , Jeong Yeon‐Ho , Lee Sang Jong
Published: July 2002

Continuous cultures of immobilized Streptomyces kasugaensis, a kasugamycin producer, were carried out on Celite beads. When using a prototype separator for immobilized‐cell separation and recycling, the continuous operation could not be sustained for an extended period as a result of an excessive loss of immobilized cells caused by the poor performance of the separator. Accordingly, the immobilized‐cell separator was revised to provide better immobilized‐cell settling and thus recycling into the reactor. In a subsequent culture using the revised separator, a stable operation was maintained for over 820 h with a high kasugamycin productivity. The kasugamycin productivity ranged from 9.8 to 16.1 mg/L/h, which was about 14‐ to 23‐fold higher than that in a batch suspended‐cell culture. When the original feeding medium concentration was doubled at the end of the continuous culture, the productivity became severely impaired for several reasons, which will be discussed. An excessive formation of free cells and loss of immobilized cells through the separator were also observed.
Water Content in an Engineered Dermal Replacement during Permeation of Me2SO Solutions Using Rapid MR Imaging
Authors: Bidault Nicolas P. , Hammer Bruce E. , Hubel Allison
Published: July 2002

The successful cryopreservation of cell and tissues typically requires the use of specialized solutions containing cryoprotective agents. At room temperature, the introduction of a cryopreservation solution can result in cell damage/death resulting from osmotic stresses and/or biochemical toxicity of the solution. For tissues, the permeation and equilibration of a cryoprotective solution throughout the tissue is important in enhancing the uniformity and consistency of the postthaw viability of the tissue. Magnetic resonance (MR) is a common nondestructive technique that can be used to quantitate the temporal and spatial composition of water and cryoprotective agents in a three‐dimensional system. We have applied a recently developed rapid NMR imaging technique to quantify the transport of water in an artificial dermal replacement upon permeation of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) solutions. Results indicate that the rate of water transport is slower in the presence of Me2SO molecules. Furthermore, the transport is concentration‐dependent, suggesting that Me2SO tends to retain bound water molecules in the tissue. Moreover, water transport decreases with decreasing temperature, and the presence of cells tends to increase water transport.
High‐Level Secretory Expression of Penicillin Amidase from Providenciarettgeri in Saccharomycescerevisiae: Purification and Characterization
Authors: Ljubijankić Goran , Gvozdenović Jelena , Ševo Milica , Degrassi Giuliano
Published: July 2002

Heterologous production of the heterodimeric penicillin G amidase (PAC) from Providencia rettgeri was optimized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several factors, including the effect of different growth and induction conditions, were identified to be critical for the enzyme overproduction and secretion. The PAC yield was significantly increased by more than 500‐fold compared to that obtained in the native bacterium, and the recombinant enzyme was almost entirely secreted. Electrophoretic characterization of the secreted rPACPr, which was purified over 20‐fold by a combination of hydrophobic interaction and ion‐exchange chromatography, demonstrated a microheterogeneity of the recombinant enzyme. The recombinant PACPr was further characterized in terms of specific activity, pH, and temperature profiles and kinetic parameters. The data presented here suggest that by overexpressing rPACPr in S. cerevisiae and purifying secreted enzyme from culture medium one can readily obtain a large amount of an alternative source of penicillin amidase with properties comparable to that of todays main industrial source of enzyme.
Preparation and Characterization of Bifunctional Biopolymers for Receptor‐Based Liposomal Immunosensing
Authors: Yu Yong‐Yi , Van Wie Bernard J. , Koch Alan R. , Moffett David F. , Davis William C.
Published: July 2002

In this study, we prepared bifunctional biopolymers for development of a novel liposomal immunosensing element. These biopolymers were produced such that a rat monoclonal antibody fragment Fab′ was linked to a cardiac protein Troponin I (TnI) peptide by a cross‐linking reagent, o‐phenylenedimaleimide (o‐PDM) or N‐sucinimidyl 3‐(2‐pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) . The biopolymer formation yields were approximately 10% for Fab‐TnIMal and 30% for Fab‐TnISPDP. Molar ratios of Fab′ to SPDP or o‐PDM and conjugated Fab′ to TnI peptide and conjugation pH have considerable effects on the biopolymer yield. Purification of these biopolymers was achieved by employing size‐exclusion HPLC. These biopolymers can bind to receptor channels on one end, while the peptide end can be recognized by an anti‐TnI antibody serving as a protein linker to block the channels in the immunosensing element. Then reactions may be used where free analyte competes for cross‐linker binding sites whereby channels are rendered active. Characterization of purified biopolymers was performed using gel electrophoresis, ELISAs, and a BIAcore instrument. Furthermore, results of real‐time biospecific interaction experiments with use of the BIAcore show that competition binding reactions of free TnI peptide occurred in this new immunosensing design. The binding activities of these two biopolymers are slightly different.
Copper uptake is required for pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-mediated oxidation and protein level increase of p53 in cells
Authors: FURUTA Saori , ORTIZ Fausto , SUN Xiu ZHU , WU Hsiao-Huei , MASON Andrew , MOMAND Jamil
Published: July 2002

The p53 tumour-suppressor protein is a transcription factor that activates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. The p53 protein is vulnerable to oxidation at cysteine thiol groups. The metal-chelating dithiocarbamates, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), diethyldithiocarbamate, ethylene(bis)dithiocarbamate and H2O2 were tested for their oxidative effects on p53 in cultured human breast cancer cells. Only PDTC oxidized p53, although all oxidants tested increased the p53 level. Inductively coupled plasma MS analysis indicated that the addition of 60μM PDTC increased the cellular copper concentration by 4-fold, which was the highest level of copper accumulated amongst all the oxidants tested. Bathocuproinedisulphonic acid, a membrane-impermeable Cu(I) chelator inhibited the PDTC-mediated copper accumulation. Bathocuproinedisulphonic acid as well as the hydroxyl radical scavenger d-mannitol inhibited the PDTC-dependent increase in p53 protein and oxidation. Our results show that a low level of copper accumulation in the range of 25–40μg/g of cellular protein increases the steady-state levels of p53. At copper accumulation levels higher than 60μg/g of cellular protein, p53 is oxidized. These results suggest that p53 is vulnerable to free radical-mediated oxidation at cysteine residues.
Evidence that there are two copies of subunit c″ in V0 complexes in the vacuolar H+-ATPase
Authors: GIBSON Lucien C.D. , CADWALLADER Graham , FINBOW Malcolm E.
Published: July 2002

The proton-translocating core of eukaryotic vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), V0 consists of a hexameric arrangement of transmembrane α-helices formed from the related polypeptides, subunit c and subunit c′′. The former is comprised of four transmembrane α-helices, whilst the latter has an extra transmembrane domain at its N-terminus. In addition, the fungal form of V0 contains a minor subunit c-related polypeptide, subunit c′. All three are required for activity of the proton pump in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have introduced cysteine residues in the N-terminal extension of subunit c′′ in a cysteine-free form. All mutant forms are active in the V-ATPase from S. cerevisiae. Oxidation of vacuolar membranes containing the cysteine-replaced forms gave a cross-linked product of 42000Da. Analysis of this species showed it to be a dimeric form of subunit c′′, and further studies confirmed there are two copies of subunit c′′ in the V-ATPases in which it is present. Co-expression of double cysteine-replaced forms of both subunit c and c′′ gave rise to only homotypic cross-linked forms. Also, subunit c oligomeric complexes are present in vacuolar membranes in the absence of subunit c′′, consistent with previous observations showing hexameric arrangements of subunit c in gap-junction-like membranes. In vitro studies showed subunit c′′ can bind to subunit c and itself. The extent of binding can be increased by removal of the N-terminal domain of subunit c′′. This domain may therefore function to limit the copy number of subunit c′′ in V0. A deletion study shows that the domain is essential for the activity of subunit c′′. The results can be combined into a model of V0 which contains two subunit c′′ protomers with the extra transmembrane domain located toward the central pore. Thus the predicted stoichiometry of V0 in which subunit c′′ is present is subunit c3:subunit c′1 :subunit c′2. On the basis of the mutational and binding studies, it seems likely that two copies of subunit c′′ are next to each other.
Long-term beneficial effects of a gastric reservoir on weight control after total gastrectomy: a study of potential mechanisms
Authors: Liedman B , Bosaeus I , Hugosson I , Lundell L
Published: July 2002

Background

Weight loss after total gastrectomy is a regular occurrence. Reconstruction with a gastric substitute has been suggested to facilitate recovery, but few randomized studies are available.

Methods

In a randomized study comparing subtotal, total and total gastrectomy with an S-shaped pouch, 36 patients who had total gastrectomy with or without a pouch survived for more than 3 (mean 5·2) years. Body composition (four-chamber model, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric data) was evaluated before operation, after 12 months and at long-term follow-up. Food intake was registered as a 4-day food record at 12 months and at long-term follow-up.

Results

At long-term follow-up those allocated to the gastric substitute arm had lesser degrees of weight loss consisting mainly of the depletion of body fat stores, whereas lean body mass showed no significant decrease when adjusted for the process of ageing. There was no significant difference in food intake.

Conclusion

Reconstruction with an S-shaped gastric substitute facilitates long-term recovery after total gastrectomy and should be considered when the prognosis is favourable.
Circulating interleukin 6 concentrations and insulin resistance in patients with cancer
Authors: Makino T , Noguchi Y , Yoshikawa T , Doi C , Nomura K
Published: July 2002

Background

The mechanism of insulin resistance in patients with cancer is not clear. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of circulating cytokines in inducing insulin resistance in patients with cancer.

Methods

Twenty-three patients with a variety of cancers were studied, including one patient with oesophageal cancer, 12 with gastric cancer, four with colon cancer and six with lung cancer. Six normal volunteers served as controls. Insulin resistance was evaluated by euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp with a high physiological insulin concentration of 100 µunits/ml. Metabolized glucose, the Mvalue, was compared between patients with cancer and controls. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL) 6 and other cytokines (tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α, IL-8 and IL-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The mean(s.d.) Mvalue for patients with cancer (5·47(1·59) mg per kg per min) was significantly lower than that for controls (8·23(0·79) mg per kg per min) (P < 0·001). There was no relationship between the Mvalue and degree of body-weight loss. Serum IL-6 concentration was measurable in eight of 23 patients: four with lung cancer, two with gastric cancer, and one each with oesophageal and colon cancer. None of the controls had a measurable serum IL-6 concentration. There was no significant relationship between serum IL-6 concentration and body-weight loss. TNF-α was undetectable in the serum of both patients with cancer and controls. Serum IL-8 and IL-10 were detected in seven and one of 23 patients respectively. These cytokines were not detected in the serum of controls. The M value was significantly smaller in those with measurable serum IL-6 (4·01(1·22) mg per kg per min) than in those with no measurable IL-6 (6·26(1·16) mg per kg per min) (P < 0·001). IL-6 and IL-8 levels were raised more frequently in the same patient but there was no significant relationship between IL-8 and Mvalues.

Conclusion

These results may suggest that IL-6 is related to insulin resistance in patients with cancer.