bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping with Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU): Thermodynamics, Material Development, and Synthesis
Authors: Imtiaz Qasim , Hosseini Davood , Müller Christoph Rüdiger
Published: October 2013

Global warming and climate change are most likely linked to the increasing concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Additionally, the consumption of fossil fuels is predicted further to increase in the coming decades, particularly due to the rapid development of populous countries such as Brazil, India, and China. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and implement processes that avoid the emission of anthropogenic CO2. One possible midterm solution is carbon‐dioxide capture and storage (CCS). In this context, the so‐called chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) process, that is, an emerging 3rd‐generation CCS technology, is particularly attractive due to its very low predicted CO2‐capture costs compared to the currently available technology (i.e., amine scrubbing). In CLC, lattice oxygen from a solid‐state oxygen carrier is used to combust a hydrocarbon fuel, which yields, after the condensation of steam, a pure stream of CO2 suitable for sequestration. To allow the application of CLC to solid fuels, chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) has been proposed. Here molecular oxygen is provided by using the decomposition reaction of the oxygen carrier, thus, effectively the solid fuel is combusted in an oxyfuel mode. Importantly, a cornerstone of the CLOU process is the development of suitable oxygen carriers. In the first part of the review we discuss the thermodynamic properties of various CLOU materials. Subsequently, recent advances in the development of novel oxygen carriers are summarized. In particular, we focus on the physical and chemical properties of the new materials and the synthesis strategies employed. The review is concluded with an outlook on the CLOU process.
The Impact of male reproductive skew on kin structure and sociality in multi‐male groups
Authors: Widdig Anja
Published: October 2013

Patterns of within‐group relatedness are expected to affect the prospects for cooperation among group members through kin selection. It has long been established that dispersal patterns determine the availability of kin and there is ample evidence of matrilineal kin biases in social behavior across primate species. However, in 1979, Jeanne Altmann1suggested that mating patterns also influence the structure of within‐group relatedness; high male reproductive skew and the frequent replacement of breeding males leads to relatively high levels of paternal relatedness and age‐structured paternal sibships within groups. As a consequence of frequent replacement of breeding males, relatedness among offspring of a given female will be reduced to the half‐ rather than full‐sibling level. Depending on the number of sires and degree of relatedness among mothers, members of the same birth cohort may be as closely related as maternal siblings. If animals are able to recognize their paternal kin and exhibit biases in favor of them, this may influence the distribution of cooperation and the intensity of competition within groups of primates. Here, I summarize the evidence that serves as the basis for Altmann's predictions and review evidence regarding whether or not the availability of paternal kin also leads to paternal kin bias among primates.
The evolution of the patterning of human lactation: A comparative perspective
Authors: Van Noordwijk Maria A. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Van Schaik Carel P.
Published: October 2013

Some four decades ago, Jeanne Altmann started her detailed field studies of baboon mothers and their infants with a focus on the behavioral ecology of maternal reproductive investment. Around the same time, Sarah Hrdy studied langur mothers and their infants, focusing on the influence of the social environment on a female's reproductive options and decisions. Their pioneering work has inspired many subsequent studies of female primate reproduction in its natural context and shaped our own work on primate mothers.
Choosy But Not Chaste: Multiple Mating in Human Females
Authors: Scelza Brooke A.
Published: October 2013

When Charles Darwin set out to relate his theory of evolution by natural selection to humans he discovered that a complementary explanation was needed to properly understand the great variation seen in human behavior. The resulting work, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, laid out the defining principles and evidence of sexual selection. In brief, this work is best known for illuminating the typically male strategy of intrasexual competition and the typically female response of intersexual choice. While these sexual stereotypes were first laid out by Darwin, they grew in importance when, years later, A. J. Bateman, in a careful study of Drosophila mating strategies, noted that multiple mating appeared to provide great benefit to male reproductive success, but to have no such effect on females. As a result, female choice soon became synonymous with being coy, and only males were thought to gain from promiscuous behavior. However, the last thirty years of research have served to question much of the traditional wisdom about sex differences proposed by Darwin and Bateman, illuminating the many ways that women (and females more generally) can and do engage in multiple mating.
Strategies for Developing Prediction Models From Genome‐Wide Association Studies
Authors: Wu Jincao , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Gail Mitchell H.
Published: October 2013

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex human diseases. However, risk prediction models based on them have limited discriminatory accuracy. It has been suggested that including many such SNPs can improve predictive performance. Here, we studied various aspects of model building to improve discriminatory accuracy, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), including: (1) How well does a one‐phase procedure that selects SNPs and estimates odds ratios on the same data perform? (2) How should training data be allocated between SNP selection (Phase 1) and estimation (Phase 2) in a two‐phase procedure? (3) Should SNP selection be based on P‐value thresholding or ranking P‐values? (4) How many SNPs should be selected? and (5) Is multivariate estimation preferred to univariate estimation in the presence of linkage disequilibrium (LD)? We used realistic estimates of the distributions of genetic effect sizes, allele frequencies, and LD patterns based on GWAS data for Crohn's disease and prostate cancer. Theory and simulations were used to estimate AUC. Empirical risk models based on 10,000 cases and controls had considerably lower AUC than theoretically achievable. The most critical aspect of prediction model building was initial SNP selection. The single‐phase procedure achieved higher AUC than the two‐phase procedure. Multivariate estimation did not perform as well as univariate (marginal) estimation. For complex diseases and samples of 10,000 or fewer cases and controls, one should limit the number of SNPs to tens or hundreds.
Are Physicians' Prescribing Decisions Sensitive to Drug Prices? Evidence from a Free‐antibiotics Program
Authors: Li Shanjun , Laxminarayan Ramanan
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates whether patient‐level factors, in particular cost considerations, affect the physicians' prescribing decisions. In the context of a natural experiment, we examine the effect of the first US commercial free‐antibiotics program on retail antibiotic sales. We find an overall increase in antibiotic prescriptions under the program and substitutions to covered antibiotics from not‐covered antibiotics. The shift away from not‐covered antibiotics, particularly from those without covered equivalents, indicates a change in the physicians' prescribing decisions. We locate stronger program effects in low‐income areas. Our findings, robust to a variety of specifications, are in contrast with previous literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase II trial of biweekly gemcitabine and paclitaxel with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Southwest Oncology Group study S0329
Authors: Malhotra Binu , Moon James , Kucuk Omar , Clark Joseph I. , Urba Susan G. , Wolf Gregory T. , Worden Francis P.
Published: October 2013

Background

A phase I study and an institutional pilot study in patients with metastatic/recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) utilizing biweekly gemcitabine and paclitaxel (GEMTAX), showed an overall response rate of 53%. 1 This phase II trial was conducted to determine the feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy of this combination.

Methods

Patients with metastatic/recurrent SCCHN were treated with gemcitabine (3000 mg/m2) and paclitaxel (150 mg/m2) on days 1 and 15 of every 28‐day cycle.

Results

In 57 patients with measurable disease, median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 4 months and median overall survival (OS) was 8 months. Overall response rate of 28% and disease stabilization in 19% were seen. There were no treatment‐related deaths with grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity seen in 20% of the patients.

Conclusion

Biweekly GEMTAX is feasible, well tolerated, and demonstrated reasonable efficacy. This may be an alternative for patients who are not candidates for platinum‐based chemotherapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1712–1717, 2014
Diagnostic evaluation of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yamauchi Kohichi , Kogashiwa Yasunao , Nakamura Takehiro , Moro Yorihisa , Nagafuji Hiroshi , Kohno Naoyuki
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in early head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

The PubMed database was searched for studies published before October 31, 2012. Pooled values for the sentinel lymph node identification rate, sensitivity, false‐negative rate, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated.

Results

A total of 16 studies (987 patients) was included. The pooled identification rate, sensitivity, false‐negative rate, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 95.2%, 86.3%, 13.7%, 94.2%, and 95.0%, respectively. The subgroup with high methodological quality showed a mean identification rate of 95.4% for SLNB validation trials and 94.2% for SLNB alone trials, and mean sensitivity of 91.0% for SLNB validation trials and 84.2% for SLNB alone trials.

Conclusion

The SLNB procedure has shown a high sensitivity rate, but the pooled sensitivity and false‐negative rate were worse in SLNB alone trials than in SLNB validation trials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 127–133, 2015
Relationship between onset of hypocalcemic symptoms and the recovery time from transient hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy
Authors: Lee Yong Sang , Chang Hang‐Seok , Chung Woong Youn , Nam Kee‐Hyun , Park Cheong Soo
Published: October 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the time required for recovery from transient hypoparathyroidism is correlated with the onset of hypocalcemic symptoms in patients with total thyroidectomy.

Methods

Medical records of 54 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The correlation between the onset of hypocalcemic symptoms and the recovery time were compared for all patients divided into 3 groups based on first appearance of hypocalcemic symptoms; group 1, onset within 24 hours; group 2, onset at 24 to 48 hours; and group 3, onset >48 hours.

Results

There was a negative correlation between onset and recovery times (p < .001). Serum parathyroid hormone levels 1 year after surgery were significantly lower in group 1 than in groups 2 or 3 (p < .001).

Conclusion

Recovery time can be predicted by time of onset of hypocalcemic symptoms and signs. Earlier onset leads to longer recovery times. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1732–1736, 2014
Spatial discrimination deficits as a function of mnemonic interference in aged adults with and without memory impairment
Authors: Reagh Zachariah M. , Roberts Jared M. , Ly Maria , DiProspero Natalie , Murray Elizabeth , Yassa Michael A.
Published: October 2013

It is well established that aging is associated with declines in episodic memory. In recent years, an emphasis has emerged on the development of behavioral tasks and the identification of biomarkers that are predictive of cognitive decline in healthy as well as pathological aging. Here, we describe a memory task designed to assess the accuracy of discrimination ability for the locations of objects. Object locations were initially encoded incidentally, and appeared in a single space against a 5 × 7 grid. During retrieval, subjects viewed repeated object‐location pairings, displacements of 1, 2, 3, or 4 grid spaces, and maximal corner‐to‐opposite‐corner displacements. Subjects were tasked with judging objects in this second viewing as having retained their original location, or having moved. Performance on a task such as this is thought to rely on the capacity of the individual to perform hippocampus‐mediated pattern separation. We report a performance deficit associated with a physically healthy aged group compared to young adults specific to trials with low mnemonic interference. Additionally, for aged adults, performance on the task was correlated with performance on the delayed recall portion of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), a neuropsychological test sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction. In line with prior work, dividing the aged group into unimpaired and impaired subgroups based on RAVLT Delayed Recall scores yielded clearly distinguishable patterns of performance, with the former subgroup performing comparably to young adults, and the latter subgroup showing generally impaired memory performance even with minimal interference. This study builds on existing tasks used in the field, and contributes a novel paradigm for differentiation of healthy from possible pathological aging, and may thus provide an avenue for early detection of age‐related cognitive decline. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new proposal for greenhouse gas emissions responsibility allocation: Best available technologies approach
Authors: Berzosa Álvaro , Barandica Jesús M , Fernández-Sánchez Gonzalo
Published: October 2013

In recent years, several methodologies have been developed for the quantification of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, determining who is responsible for these emissions is also quite challenging. The most common approach is to assign emissions to the producer (based on the Kyoto Protocol), but proposals also exist for its allocation to the consumer (based on an ecological footprint perspective) and for a hybrid approach called shared responsibility. In this study, the existing proposals and standards regarding the allocation of GHG emissions responsibilities are analyzed, focusing on their main advantages and problems. A new model of shared responsibility that overcomes some of the existing problems is also proposed. This model is based on applying the best available technologies (BATs). This new approach allocates the responsibility between the producers and the final consumers based on the real capacity of each agent to reduce emissions. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a simple case study of a 4-step life cycle of ammonia nitrate (AN) fertilizer production. The proposed model has the characteristics that the standards and publications for assignment of GHG emissions responsibilities demand. This study presents a new way to assign responsibilities that pushes all the actors in the production chain, including consumers, to reduce pollution. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:95–101. © 2013 SETAC
An investigation of association between chronic musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular disease in the Health Survey for England (2008)
Authors: Ryan C.G. , McDonough S. , Kirwan J.P. , Leveille S. , Martin D.J.
Published: October 2013

Background

Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to investigate the association between CMP and CVD, and the contribution of physical activity and sedentary behaviour to any association.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of 3332 middle‐aged (45–64 years) and 2022 older (65+ years) adults included in the Health Survey for England (2008). The survey contained self‐reported physical activity/sedentary behaviour data. Objectively measured physical activity/sedentary behaviour using accelerometry (Actigraph™) was also available for a subset of the middle‐aged (n = 715) and older (n = 492) participants. Logistic regression examined the association between CMP and CVD adjusted for self‐reported and objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behaviour and a range of other CVD risk factors.

Results

There was a higher prevalence of CVD in those with CMP for both the middle‐aged (22.5% vs. 13.5%) and the older (46.8% vs. 28.2%) adults (p < 0.001). After adjusting for CVD risk factors, older adults with CMP were significantly more likely to have CVD {odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.828 (1.452, 2.300); p < 0.001}. A similar non‐significant trend was shown for the middle‐aged adults [odds ratio (95% CI) 1.271 (0.975, 1.656); p = 0.076]. Neither self‐reported nor objectively measured physical activity (or sedentary behaviour) had any meaningful effect on the association between CMP and CVD.

Conclusions

CMP is associated with an increased risk of CVD and the association is stronger in older adults. Neither physical activity nor sedentary behaviour contributed to this relationship. Longitudinal studies are warranted to better understand the relationship between CVD and CMP.
Emotional faces alter pain perception
Authors: Bayet S. , Bushnell M.C. , Schweinhardt P.
Published: October 2013

Background

Although emotional faces might be particularly suited for the investigation of emotional pain modulation, they have thus far rarely been used. In particular, previous studies using emotional faces for pain modulation did not assess modulation of mood, did not differentiate pain intensity and unpleasantness, and did not investigate the interaction with attentional state. Here, we assessed how viewing emotional faces impacts the perceived intensity and unpleasantness of experimentally induced pain as well as subjects' mood.

Methods

Healthy subjects viewed sad, happy or neutral faces, and short painful thermal stimuli were simultaneously applied to the volar forearm. Subjects provided ratings of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness and mood after blocks consisting of eight pairs of thermal stimuli and eight pairs of faces. Each subject viewed six blocks in total (two of each emotion). Perceptual discrimination tasks ensured that subjects either focused on the pain or on the emotional faces.

Results

Subjects reported higher pain unpleasantness and higher pain intensity as well as worse mood when they viewed blocks of sad faces compared with blocks of happy or neutral faces. Changes in mood correlated with modulation of pain intensity, but not unpleasantness. No interaction was observed between emotional pain modulation and attentional state.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence that viewing emotional faces modulates perceived pain intensity and unpleasantness and that this pain modulation is related to mood changes, at least for intensity. Faces might be a reliable and socially relevant tool to study the impact of discrete emotions on pain perception.
Transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and the moderating role of mechanistic–organic contexts
Authors: Dust Scott B. , Resick Christian J. , Mawritz Mary Bardes
Published: October 2013

The current study examines the empowering effects of transformational leaders and the extent to which these effects differ across mechanistic–organic organizational contexts. Psychological empowerment is hypothesized to provide a comprehensive motivational mechanism explaining the relationships between transformational leadership and employee job‐related behaviors. In addition, the relationships between transformational leadership, employee psychological empowerment, and job‐related behaviors are hypothesized to be stronger in organizations with more organic as opposed to mechanistic structures. Results based on a cross‐organizational sample of employees and their immediate supervisors provide support for the hypothesized relationships. Psychological empowerment mediated relationships between transformational leadership and employee task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. The mediating role of psychological empowerment was then found to be conditional upon mechanistic–organic contexts. More specifically, organic structures enhanced, whereas mechanistic structures constrained, the empowering influence of transformational leaders. In highly mechanistic contexts, the indirect effects were no longer statistically significant. Implications for theory, research, and organizational management are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactate down‐regulates matrix systhesis and promotes apoptosis and autophagy in rat nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Xiaolei , Hu Xuqi , Wang Xiangyang , Sun Liaojun , Zheng Xuhao , Jiang Libo , Ni Xiao , Xu Cong , Tian Naifeng , Zhu Siping , Xu Huazi
Published: October 2013

The intervertebral disk (IVD) is avascular and anaerobic glycolysis has been recognized as the main source of energy. Due to anaerobic glycolysis, there are high levels of lactate production in disk. Previous study shows lactate concentration is elevated in the degenerated IVD. However, it is not clear how lactate causes degeneration of disks. In this study, we found that 2 mM lactate promote proliferation of NP cells, while 6 mM lactate slightly inhibit their proliferation. By detection under transmission electron microscopy, and western bolt for autophagy related protein beclin‐1, LC3 and p62, we demonstrated that 6 mM lactate leads to autophagy induction of NP cells. TUNEL results showed that the apoptosis incidence was increased. High lactate concentration induced the degradation in protein expression and mRNA level of GAG content, type II collagen and slight increase of type I collagen. Based on these observations, we conclude that high lactate concentration is a pathogenic factor for IVD degeneration, and lactate metabolism may be a new therapeutic target for IVD degeneration. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:253–261, 2014.
Iron absorption, localization, and biomineralization of Cynodon dactylon, a perennial grass from the Río Tinto basin (SW Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Franco Alejandro , Rufo Lourdes , Rodríguez Nuria , Amils Ricardo , de la Fuente Vicenta
Published: October 2013

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a perennial rhizomatous grass (Poaceae), grown for cattle nutrition on the riverbanks of Río Tinto (Southwest Iberian Peninsula, Spain), a highly acidic area with high concentrations of iron (Fe) and other metals. This study focuses on the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of Fe in the root, rhizome, and leaves of C. dactylon under controlled conditions. Plants collected from Río Tinto were grown in a Hoagland solution containing 500 mg kg–1 of ferrous Fe. Samples were collected up to 2 months after exposure and analyzed for total Fe concentration using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and for Fe distribution and bioformations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy‐dispersive x‐ray analyzer (EDX). The results show high concentrations of Fe in all plant organs, with fast Fe translocation from roots to leaves. Iron bioformations composed mainly of Fe, S, and K were detected in all plant organs and were especially apparent in roots and leaves. These results differ from those reported for another species of Poaceae, Imperata cylindrica, which grows under the same environmental conditions, suggesting the existence of different resistance strategies between species of the same family.
On the wavelets having Gevrey regularities and subexponential decays
Authors: Fukuda Naohiro , Kinoshita Tamotu , Uehara Ion
Published: October 2013

It is known that there is no orthonormal wavelet belonging to and having exponential decay. In this paper, we shall construct new wavelets having Gevrey regularities both in time and frequency. Furthermore, we also construct a wavelet belonging to and having almost exponential decay.
How Task Structure and Outcome Comparisons Influence Women's and Men's Risk‐Taking Self‐Efficacies: A Multi‐Study Exploration
Authors: Forlani David
Published: October 2013

To explore inconsistent findings in the perceived self‐efficacy and entrepreneurship literatures as they relate to the type of complex, risky decisions (i.e., those that commit financial resources to generate new revenue) made by marketing managers, entrepreneurs, and corporate intrapreneurs, this paper uses a series of four theoretically driven, empirical studies to investigate gender differences in risk‐taking self‐efficacies (i.e., one's perceived abilities to make financially risky, business development decisions). The results indicate the following: (1) no gender differences in risk‐taking self‐efficacies absent a task; (2) after performing a complex, risk‐laden task, the risk‐taking self‐efficacies of subjects receiving negatively valenced outcome information and women were less than those of subjects receiving positively valenced outcome information and men; (3) this effect remains for women when experience in the task domain is high and when diagnostic information about prior outcomes is provided; (4) the reason for the effect appears to be that men and women use information about their prior decision's outcomes differently when assessing their risk‐taking self‐efficacies; and (5) the effect disappears when social cues intended to facilitate accurate performance comparisons are introduced into the task environment. These findings support existing theories, identify areas needing development, and show how these effects can limit participation in both complex, risk‐laden tasks and careers that are thought to involve performing such tasks.
Mathematical Modeling of Polymer Particles with a Pomegranate‐Like Internal Structure Via Micro‐Dispersive Polymerization in a Geometrically Confined Reaction Space
Authors: Luciani Carla V. , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: October 2013

A mathematical model is presented to describe a micro‐dispersive suspension polymerization (MDSP) that yields pomegranate‐like polymer micro‐particles by inducing a local phase separation within suspended monomer micro‐droplets. A modular approach is applied to theoretically understand the morphological development. It is proposed that two distinctive polymerization regions develop within a suspended droplet: (i) an outer region close to the droplet interface where a pseudo‐homogeneous polymerization takes place to build the peel of the pomegranate‐like structure and (ii) an inner region at the particle core where a starved dispersion polymerization takes place to generate the “arils” of the pomegranate‐like structure. The model simulations agree reasonably well with the experimental results.
Analytic invariant curves for an iterative equation related to mosquito model
Authors: Zhao Houyu
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we study the existence of analytic invariant curves of a iterative equation
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3009:mma3009-math-0001 which from mosquito model. By constructing an invertible analytic solution g(x) of an auxiliary equation of the form
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3009:mma3009-math-0002 invertible analytic solutions of the form g(αg − 1(x)) for the original iterative functional equation are obtained. Besides the hyperbolic case 0 < | α | < 1, we focus on those α on the unit circle S1, that is, | α | = 1. We discuss not only those α at resonance, that is at a root of the unity, but also those α near resonance under the Brjuno condition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein function annotation by local binding site surface similarity
Authors: Spitzer Russell , Cleves Ann E. , Varela Rocco , Jain Ajay N.
Published: October 2013

Hundreds of protein crystal structures exist for proteins whose function cannot be confidently determined from sequence similarity. Surflex‐PSIM, a previously reported surface‐based protein similarity algorithm, provides an alternative method for hypothesizing function for such proteins. The method now supports fully automatic binding site detection and is fast enough to screen comprehensive databases of protein binding sites. The binding site detection methodology was validated on apo/holo cognate protein pairs, correctly identifying 91% of ligand binding sites in holo structures and 88% in apo structures where corresponding sites existed. For correctly detected apo binding sites, the cognate holo site was the most similar binding site 87% of the time. PSIM was used to screen a set of proteins that had poorly characterized functions at the time of crystallization, but were later biochemically annotated. Using a fully automated protocol, this set of 8 proteins was screened against ∼60,000 ligand binding sites from the PDB. PSIM correctly identified functional matches that predated query protein biochemical annotation for five out of the eight query proteins. A panel of 12 currently unannotated proteins was also screened, resulting in a large number of statistically significant binding site matches, some of which suggest likely functions for the podorly characterized proteins. Proteins 2014; 82:679–694. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Barriers to Care: Health Promotion among Hispanic Men
Authors: Towns Tangela
Published: October 2013

This article advocates for the need to increase the social science literature of policy implications for long‐term interventions for the Hispanic community. Existing research recognizes numerous barriers contributing to low healthcare utilization for Hispanic populations; however, very little research in the social sciences is specific in the identification of barriers that are unique for Hispanic men. This article provides a general overview of men's health and highlights Hispanic men's health outcomes and associated disparities, common intervention descriptions implemented in the Hispanic communities, and future research of the increase of healthcare utilization for Hispanic men using a theory of gender focusing on the construction of masculinity and health. This article uses a sociological framework of gender behavior constructs and compares gendered behaviors to healthcare utilization. Concluding arguments suggest that as research in this direction develops further, health providers can use this literature to implement change in health promotion targeting Hispanic men.
Pcid2 Inactivates Developmental Genes in Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Sustain Their Pluripotency by Modulation of EID1 Stability
Authors: YE Buqing , Dai Zhonghua , Liu Benyu , Wang Rui , Li Chong , Huang Guanling , Wang Shuo , Xia Pengyan , Yang Xuan , Kuwahara Kazuhiko , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Fan Zusen
Published: October 2013

Self-renewal and differentiation are the hallmarks of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, it is largely unknown about how the pluripotency is regulated. Here we demonstrate that Pcid2 is required for the maintenance of self-renewal both in mouse and human ESCs. Pcid2 plays a critical role in suppression of ESC differentiation. Pcid2 deficiency causes early embryonic lethality before the blastocyst stage. Pcid2 associates with EID1 and is present in the CBP/p300-EID1 complex in the ESCs. We show that MDM2 is an E3 ligase for K48-linked EID1 ubiquitination for its degradation. For the maintenance of self-renewal, Pcid2 binds to EID1 to impede the association with MDM2. Then EID1 is not degraded to sustain its stability to block the HAT activity of CBP/p300, leading to suppression of the developmental gene expression. Collectively, Pcid2 is present in the CBP/p300-EID1 complex to control the switch balance of mouse and human ESCs through modulation of EID1 degradation. Stem Cells  2014;32:623–635
The Emergence of Corporate Carbon Norms: Strategic Directions and Managerial Implications
Authors: Pinkse Jonatan , Busch Timo
Published: October 2013

In recent years, many firms have decided to adhere to a specific carbon norm, such as carbon neutrality or carbon labels, to show their commitment to climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, it is still unclear what it means when a firm sets a specific carbon norm. This article reviews the various kinds of carbon norms that have emerged and asks why firms would adopt a carbon norm and thus assume an additional constraint on a voluntary basis. We point out that carbon norms can fulfill a dual function: They help to position a firm strategically by creating a specific favorable image, and they deal with constraining factors as a consequence of a firm's carbon dependency and stakeholder influence. As there is still also some mistrust of corporate carbon norms, we conclude the article with lessons for managers that intend to implement carbon norms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Insurance Industry Must Champion Sustainability
Authors: Shea Matthew I. , Hutchin James W.
Published: October 2013

The insurance industry is a driver of social and economic activity and, as such, has the mechanisms and incentives in place to facilitate sustainable business activity on a macro level. However, through a global survey of the insurance industry, we learn factions of the insurance industry possess a cognitive model that makes the industry vulnerable to the emerging risks derived from the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors of sustainability. These factions are willing to rely on extant policies and underwriting practices to manage sustainability issues that are inherently different in their frequency, controllability, and severity. Alternatively, senior members of the industry report that ESG issues do influence underwriting activities, but the continued resilience of the industry to these issues requires a systematic integration of various stakeholders' perspectives. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The measurement of reflective function in adolescents with and without borderline traits
Authors: Ha Carolyn , Sharp Carla , Ensink Karin , Fonagy Peter , Cirino Paul
Published: October 2013

Reflective function refers to the capacity to reflect on the mind of self and others in the context of the attachment relationship. Reflective function (and its conceptual neighbor, mentalizing) has been shown to be an important correlate of a variety of disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). The current study examined the construct validity of the Reflective Function Questionnaire for Youths (RFQY) in an inpatient sample of adolescents. Adequate internal consistency was established for the RFQY. Significant positive associations with an interview‐based measure of reflective function and an experimental‐based assessment of mentalization were found for the RFQY. Strong negative relations with BPD features were found and adolescent patients who scored above clinical cut‐off for BPD symptoms demonstrated significantly poorer reflective function compared to patients without the disorder. These findings provide preliminary support for the notion that reflective function can be validly and reliably assessed in adolescent populations.
DietaryN-nitroso compounds and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada
Authors: Zhu Yun , Wang Peizhon Peter , Zhao Jing , Green Roger , Sun Zhuoyu , Roebothan Barbara , Squires Josh , Buehler Sharon , Dicks Elizabeth , Zhao Jinhui , Cotterchio Michelle , Campbell Peter T. , Jain Meera , Parfrey Patrick S. , Mclaughlin John R.
Published: October 2013

SeveralN-nitroso compounds (NOC) have been shown to be carcinogenic in a variety of laboratory animals, but evidence of their carcinogenicity in humans is lacking. We aimed to examine the association between NOC intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and possible effect modification by vitamins C and E and protein in a large case–control study carried out in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario, Canada. A total of 1760 case patients with pathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma and 2481 population controls were asked to complete a self-administered FFQ to evaluate their dietary intakes 1 year before diagnosis (for cases) or interview (for controls). Adjusted OR and 95 % CI were calculated across the quintiles of NOC (measured byN-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)) intake and relevant food items using unconditional logistic regression. NDMA intake was found to be associated with a higher risk of CRC (highestv.lowest quintiles: OR 1·42, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·96;Pfor trend = 0·005), specifically for rectal carcinoma (OR 1·61, 95 % CI 1·11, 2·35;Pfor trend = 0·01). CRC risk also increased with the consumption of NDMA-containing meats when the highest tertile was compared with the lowest tertile (OR 1·47, 95 % CI 1·03, 2·10;Pfor trend = 0·20). There was evidence of effect modification between dietary vitamin E and NDMA. Individuals with high NDMA and low vitamin E intakes had a significantly increased risk than those with both low NDMA and low vitamin E intakes (OR 3·01, 95 % CI 1·43, 6·51;Pfor interaction = 0·017). The present results support the hypothesis that NOC intake may be positively associated with CRC risk in humans. Vitamin E, which inhibits nitrosation, could modify the effect of NDMA on CRC risk.
Irreducible Freedom in Nature
Authors: Campbell Jennifer
Published: October 2013

I provide a novel response to scepticism concerning freedom and moral responsibility. This involves my extension to freedom of John McDowell's liberal natural approach to ethics and epistemology. I trace the source of the sceptical problem to an overly restrictive, brute conception of nature, where reality is equated with what figures, directly or indirectly, in natural scientific explanation. I challenge the all encompassing explanatory pretensions of restrictive naturalism, advocating a re-conception of nature such that it already incorporates reasons. This allows for an explanation of free actions which is not ultimately brute, but irreducibly normative. Against the backdrop of liberal naturalism I conceive freedom as an emergent capacity to respond to reasons which arises from the acquisition of language. I claim that freedom is a rational causal power to originate actions based within a naturalised ontology, which has sufficient depth to justify moral responsibility without begging ontological or epistemological questions.
What Does Ivan Ilyich Need To Be Rescued From?
Authors: Lang Gerald
Published: October 2013

Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich describes how a man's exposure to imminent death allows him to secure redemption from a flawed life. Through close textual attention to Tolstoy's novella and extensive engagement with Frances Kamm's treatment of it, this article quarrels with this ‘Redemption View’ of Ivan's case, offering a sourer, more pessimistic view. It is argued that Ivan's reconciliation to death is facilitated by a series of mistakes he makes en route to his dying moments. Two more general lessons are drawn: first, that we are all vulnerable to the mistakes Ivan makes, and second, that reflection on the quality of our lives does not present us with any obvious resources for coming to terms with our own deaths.
Job seekers’ search intensity and wage flexibility: does age matter?
Authors: DE COEN AN , FORRIER ANNELEEN , DE CUYPER NELE , SELS LUC
Published: October 2013

Although studies on job search implicitly presume that relationships between antecedents and indicators of job search are similar for job seekers from different ages, few studies have tested this assumption even though lifespan theories state that individual motives and behaviour significantly change as people age. From this theoretical perspective, we examine how age moderates the relationships between re-employment efficacy, employment commitment and financial hardship, on the one hand, and job search intensity and wage flexibility, on the other hand. Path analysis on a sample of 240 Belgian job seekers who were at the start of an outplacement programme showed that re-employment efficacy relates positively to job search intensity and wage flexibility for older job seekers, while we find negative relationships for younger job seekers. For employment commitment and financial hardship, we do not find any interaction effects with age. Employment commitment relates positively to search intensity, whereas financial hardship relates negatively to wage flexibility, irrespective of age. We discuss implications for theory, practice and future research.
Modeling and trajectory tracking control of 6-DOF RSS type parallel manipulator
Authors: Dumlu Ahmet , Erenturk Koksal
Published: October 2013

In this study, kinematic analysis of 6-DOF RSS parallel manipulator using Denavit Hartenbeng (D-H) method is investigated. In addition, in order to improve the proposed method, determination of all the active and passive angles, required to obtain Jacobian and complete dynamic model of manipulator, is also achieved. The effects of dynamic models of 6-DOF RSS parallel manipulator with its actuators on trajectory tracking control are studied in detail. Feedback dynamic compensation terms of motor-mechanism coupling system that is needed to compute torque control are obtained through both a single link approximation model and a complete dynamic model. The complete model is derived by taking account of the interaction between the input links and coupler links of the manipulator. Simulations showed that obtaining complete model of manipulator by means of D-H method and using computed control law could improve the quality of trajectory tracking control of parallel manipulator.
Scandinavian pancake sentences revisited
Authors: Enger Hans-Olav
Published: October 2013

This paper defends the analysis of Scandinavian ‘pancake sentences’ as semantic or referential agreement (Enger 2004). Alternative analyses assuming that pancake sentences are to be analysed as syntactic agreement (Josefsson 2009), have some drawbacks. Notably, the distinction between different kinds of gender is not well motivated; the connection between different uses of the neuter is lost, and the use of ‘light verbs’ and of invisible elements is problematic. The referential agreement analysis, in combination with the Agreement Hierarchy, yields diachronic predictions that turn out to be correct; the syntactic analysis does not yield anything equivalent. Furthermore, the agreement pattern for very ‘general’ nouns follows more naturally under the referential agreement analysis.
A Marstrand Theorem for Subsets of Integers
Authors: LIMA YURI , MOREIRA CARLOS GUSTAVO
Published: October 2013

We propose a counting dimension for subsets of $\mathbb{Z}$ and prove that, under certain conditions on E,F ⊂ $\mathbb{Z}$, for Lebesgue almost every λ ∈ $\mathbb{R}$ the counting dimension of E + ⌊λF⌋ is at least the minimum between 1 and the sum of the counting dimensions of E and F. Furthermore, if the sum of the counting dimensions of E and F is larger than 1, then E + ⌊λF⌋ has positive upper Banach density for Lebesgue almost every λ ∈ $\mathbb{R}$. The result has direct consequences when E,F are arithmetic sets, e.g., the integer values of a polynomial with integer coefficients.
“YOUR VILE SUBURBS CAN OFFER NOTHING BUT THE DEADNESS OF THE GRAVE”: THE STEREOTYPING OF EARLY VICTORIAN SUBURBIA
Authors: Bilston Sarah
Published: October 2013

While literary critics have becomeincreasingly engaged by the impact of suburbanization on the literary landscape, most scholarship has focused on texts from the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The belief that suburbia appeared only occasionally in literature before this period is commonplace: as Gail Cunningham observes: “Although the term ‘suburb’ was used from Shakespeare and Milton onwards . . . it was not until the final decades of the nineteenth century that writers turned to suburban life as a subject of imaginative investigation” (Cunningham, “Riddle” 51). Cunningham's important work on suburban narrative positions authors of the late nineteenth century as architects of “the new imaginative category suburban,” one that was substantially shaped by the experience of observing and living amongst “newly massed middle classes” (Cunningham, “Riddle” 52). “[F]or many writers . . . the prime response to the new suburbia was one of anxiety and disorientation,” she argues. “How were they to conceptualize the sudden appearance of the new spatial environment?” (Cunningham, “Houses” 423). Yet Cunningham's emphasis on the newness of both the category and the lived experience underestimates the impact of suburbanization on the totality of the period. Suburbanization was a phenomenon that Victorian society had been experiencing, and responding to, for at least eight decades by the time of Victoria's death. Literary narratives engaging suburbia from these eight decades undoubtedly exist: they have received scant critical attention, yet they constitute a crucial tradition without which the most famous late-nineteenth-century texts of suburbia cannot be adequately understood.
HARDY'S MEMORIAL ART: IMAGE AND TEXT INWESSEX POEMS
Authors: Shires Linda M.
Published: October 2013

Thomas Hardy noted regretfully: “Few literary critics discern the solidarity of all the arts” (Florence Hardy 300). An architect self-educated in art history by visits to London museums, an avid reader of John Ruskin, keenly alive to music and responsive to the ornamental sculpture and painting of Gothic buildings, Hardy believed in a composite muse. After ceasing to write novels, in which he had included numerous painterly allusions and references to specific art works, he overtly probed the image/text relation in his 1898 debut volume of poetry:Wessex Poems and Other Verses, by Thomas Hardy, with 30 Illustrations by the Author. Although a reading experience dependent upon the original aesthetic interplay that Hardy had designed was destroyed in most subsequent printings, the first edition's partnership of image and text remains absolutely central to the book's multiple meanings. Indeed, Hardy's images and words should be regarded as inseparable, since they interact in what W. J. T. Mitchell has called a “composite art form” (83, 89).
Surface Microanalysis and Chemical Imaging of Early Dentin Remineralization
Authors: Toledano Manuel , Cabello Inmaculada , Vílchez Miguel Angel Cabrerizo , Fernández Miguel Angel , Osorio Raquel
Published: October 2013

This study reports physical and chemical changes that occur at early dentin remineralization stages. Extracted human third molars were sectioned to obtain dentin discs. After polishing the dentin surfaces, three groups were established: (1) untreated dentin (UD), (2) 37% phosphoric acid application for 15 s (partially demineralized dentin—PDD), and (3) 10% phosphoric acid for 12 h at 25° C (totally demineralized dentin—TDD). Five different remineralizing solutions were used: chlorhexidine (CHX), artificial saliva (AS), phosphate solution (PS), ZnCl2, and ZnO. Wettability (contact angle), ζ potential and Raman spectroscopy analysis were determined on dentin surfaces. Demineralization of dentin resulted in a higher contact angle. Wettability decreased after immersion in all solutions. ζ potential analysis showed dissimilar performance ranging from −6.21 mV (TDD + AS) up to 3.02 mV (PDD + PS). Raman analysis showed an increase in mineral components after immersing the dentin specimens, in terms of crystallinity, mineral content, and concentration. This confirmed the optimal incorporation and deposition of mineral on dentin collagen. Organic content reflected scarce changes, except in TDD that appeared partially denatured. Pyridinium, as an expression of cross-linking, appeared in all spectra except in specimens immersed in PS.