bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of Improving Pilot's Situational Awareness through the Shaping of the Human-Machine Interface in Military Aircraft Cockpits
Authors: Gołębiowski Waldemar , Loroch Leszek
Published: October 2008

Possibilities of Improving Pilot's Situational Awareness through the Shaping of the Human-Machine Interface in Military Aircraft Cockpits

With determined individual perception capability, the pilot's safety during a flight depends on his situational awareness formed by information from the surrounding environment. The graphical data information may be modeled and performed to the pilot by a data interface of research simulator. The method of testing human-machine interface (HMI)described in this paper enables detecting special incidents (critical situations) influencing flight safety, and help making prevention efforts. The proposed research method can result in developing solutions for shaping the data interface, as well as ergonomic solutions in cockpits of military aircraft.
Analysis of Ship's Safety Improvement in Confined Waters with use of the Decision Support System Based on Expert Manoeuvres
Authors: Zalewski Paweł
Published: October 2008

Analysis of Ship's Safety Improvement in Confined Waters with use of the Decision Support System Based on Expert Manoeuvres

The paper presents analysis of possible ship's safety improvement in confined waters with the use of an expert system for navigator's decision support, constructed on the grounds of the knowledge base of gathered manoeuvres for a given type of ship, loading and hydrometeorological condition. The system generates results of encountered decision problems in the form of information about proposed adjustments of main engine, helm and tugs controls and future trajectory presented by means of panoramic graphic interface equivalent to vector large scale ENC and text interface of commands.
The Analysis of Computer Systems Dedicated for the Assessment of Flight Safety
Authors: Zieja Mirosław
Published: October 2008

The Analysis of Computer Systems Dedicated for the Assessment of Flight Safety

The paper has been intended to present the analysis of computer systems used for the assessment of flight safety of aircraft operated by the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. Data collected in these systems allow of analyses of air events that have occurred in the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. What has been presented in the paper are exemplary statistical statements generated by the system ‘TURAWA’ intended for the analyses and assessment of flight safety level in the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. Further capabilities of developing this system have also been shown.
Comments on Bulterman-Bos: The Dysfunctional Pursuit of Relevance in Education Research
Authors: Labaree David F.
Published: October 2008

Responding to Bulterman-Bos (2008) , the author argues that the effort to make education research more relevant is counterproductive. Teachers and researchers have different orientations toward education that arise from different institutional settings, occupational constraints, daily work demands, and professional incentives. These are not dysfunctional differences to be resolved by creating the proposed composite role of the clinical researcher but useful alternative perspectives, with each providing what the other is lacking. Relevance is a tricky quality to define because it is easier to recognize in retrospect than in prospect, and efforts to make research more relevant can make it useless or misleading. Scholarly work that neither arises from a quest for relevance nor demonstrates any particular utility at the time it is carried out may turn out to be highly useful at a later time and in a different place.
The Metabolism of Melancholia
Authors: Cade J. F. J.
Published: October 2008

The working hypothesis in this as in previous studies has been that both mania and melancholia, and probably schizophrenia also, are due to alterations in the internal ionic environment.

In this investigation it is shown that melancholics retain rather than excrete a loading dose of a magnesium salt, whereas controls react with a prompt increase in both magnesium and calcium excretion.

The significance of this and other relevant findings in relation to the “ionic profileneuronal excitability” hypothesis is discussed.
Measurers of Neuroticism in the Elderly
Authors: McDonald Carrick
Published: October 2008

Psychoneurosis has a high prevalence in the old age group. In the investigation of this condition, some relevant measures of neuroticism are badly needed. This paper describes the testing of the relevance to clinical practice of two commonly used questionnaires. The Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Cornell Medical Index were examined against clinical cases and using clinical criteria of classification. Under these conditions it was concluded that the Cornell Medical Index was the preferable measure of clinical neuroticism.
Psychiatric and Behavioural Disturbances in Adolescent Aborigines in Victoria
Authors: Gault Edna I.
Published: October 2008

A study has been made of psychiatric and behavioural disturbances in a limited group of 60 adolescent Aborigines in Victoria, interviewed between February and July, 1967, in and around Melbourne and in three country areas. The disturbances have been equated against home conditions and family background. The results have been compared with a small group of Aborigines adopted by white families.
Long-Term Effects of Haloperidol on Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Wong G. H. , Cock R. J.
Published: October 2008

A controlled, double-blind study of haloperidol in 30 children suffering from severe emotional disorders was attempted. Toxic and side-effects and reduction of symptoms were observed over a prolonged period of medication. A battery of tests was designed to study any adverse effects on development and learning processes. The conclusions reached indicated that at an overall level and in terms of diagnostic categories, no statistical significance was established when compared with placebo. However, haloperidol is significantly superior to placebo in ameliorating particular symptoms, is a relatively safe drug, and it did not impair intellectual functioning and learning tasks.
Psychiatric Aspects of Renal Homotransplantation
Authors: Fielding John M.
Published: October 2008

This paper describes some of the psychiatric aspects of the surgical transplantation programme at the Royal Melbourne Hospital Renal Unit. The stresses to which patients and their families are exposed and their methods of coping with them are considered. Various pathological reactions to stress are also described. The implications of these phenomena for a psychiatrist working with a Renal Unit are discussed.
On Studying Depression
Authors: Kiloh L. G. , Andrews G. , Bianchi G. N. , Neilson Megan
Published: October 2008

In recent years, interest in psychiatric classification has been focussed very largely on depressive illness. Techniques of multivariate analysis have been widely used.

The methodology of a study of depressive illness is described with emphasis on the construction of a semistructured interview schedule. Analysis of the data obtained allowed satisfactory replication of studies by Grinker et al. (1961) and Kiloh and Garside (1963) and this lends further support to the binary view of depressive illness.
Familial Effects in Schizophrenia and Homosexuality
Authors: Moran P. A. P.
Published: October 2008

This paper begins by reviewing the problem of determining whether there is a genetic factor in schizophrenia and homosexuality by considering the problem explaining the resulting apparently stationary polymorphisms. By analysing unpublished data on homosexuals it is concluded that the latter can not be explained by a genetic factor. The implications of the observed increases in parental age and parental loss in these diseases are then discussed, together with their implications for the genetic hypotheses.
Psychiatry and Political Thought
Authors: Bower Herbert M.
Published: October 2008

The relationship between psychiatry and political science, two major areas of human knowledge, is explored. The basic belief is expressed that psychiatry's concern with the individual as part of the social matrix can be extended to society itself. An attempt is made to define and analyse political processes in psychological terms. The potential contribution of psychiatry to politics—preventive, interpretative, and predictive—is discussed. Finally, the incorporation of psychiatric and particularly psychoanalytic concepts into political theory is exemplified by a brief inquiry into the writings of Herbert Marcuse.
Massive Thiamine Dosage in the Treatment of Acute Alcoholic Psychoses
Authors: Cade J. F. J.
Published: October 2008

An attempt has been made to demonstrate, using the admission and mortality statistics over three quinquennia from the one hospital, that the routine use of prompt massive intravenous thiamine is lifesaving in a significant number of patients suffering from alcoholic psychoses and that the former common cause of death was in fact an acute thiamine deficiency cardiomyopathy.
Folie a Famille: A Case Report
Authors: Goldney R. D.
Published: October 2008

Folie à famille is a rare variant of the folie à deux situation. A family history is presented which demonstrates both folie communiquée and folie imposée, two of the four subgroups summarized by Gralnick (1942) from the 19th century literature. The fact that mere separation of affected persons may be inadequate is emphasized.
Psychotherapy: Practice and Training, Opinions of Members of the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
Authors: Hook R. H.
Published: October 2008

A questionaire was sent to 150 College members selected at random. The answers given by the 112 (72%) who replied are summarised. They indicate a marked interest in psychotherapy. The majority believe that formal training in psychotherapy is both possible and necessary but that the doctor's own personality is important and may raise difficulties in training. Personal and group supervision are the preferred methods of teaching.
The Relevance of the Neurophysiological Concepts of Excitation and Inhibition to Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Horvath T. B. , Meares R. A.
Published: October 2008

The discovery of the excitatory function of the brainstem reticular formation helped in the formulation of a number of psychological theories relating to arousal. The demonstration of sensory inhibition, and the discovery of inhibitory centres in the cortex, hippocampus and mid-pons provided a physiological explanation for the phenomenon of habitutation. The measurement of indices of arousal and habituation, together with careful clinical assessment, proved useful in a number of diagnostic studies.

In normal subjects arousal was subjectively perceived as wakefulness and was associated with predictable changes in physiological measures. The excitation-inhibition balance, measured by the amplitude of the orienteering reflex, its rate of habituation, and habituation point, was correlated with the Neuroticism Score on the Eysenck Personality Inventory.

Thought disorder schizophrenics failed in habituate, and paranoid schizophrenics had difficulty dishabituating, indicating abnormal inhibitory function. Some neurotic groups with symptoms of chronic anxiety, had an abnormally high state of arousal.

Impaired habituation in cases of Korsakoff's psychosis implicates the hippocampus in the mediation of inhibition. The catecholamines have an important role in regulating excitation, as shown by the increase in arousal associated with L-Dopa administration, and the decreased arousal shown after alpha methyl dopa.
Family Therapy and its Social Implications
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor S.
Published: October 2008

Family therapy is a relatively recent development. Consequently, there is still much confusion about it, as well as a dearth of systematic information on how it is currently being used. In this paper, a conceptual distinction is made between individual therapy (I.T.), family member therapy (F.M.T.) and family unit therapy (F.U.T.) in terms of their rationale, aims, the nature of the therapeutic relationship and confidentiality. Some types of F.U.T., which alone is viewed as novel, are briefly outlined, with special attention to their common core. This framework is further used in reporting the results of the first small scale survey of family therapy in Australia. Lastly, the implications of F.U.T. for health and welfare policies are considered, with specific recommendations for social action and further research on the F.U.T. approach.
A Comparative Trial of Haloperidol and Thioridazine: Management of Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Weston M. J. , Bentley R. , Unwin A. , Morris M. , Harper M. A.
Published: October 2008

A double-blind trial was conducted which attempted to compare and contrast the therapeutic effects of haloperidol and thioridazine in a chronic schizophrenic population. The psychiatric use of these two drugs, one a butyrophenone, the other a phenothiazine, is discussed with reference to the management of this clinical population.
A Physiological Approach to the Study of Attachment: The Mother's Attention and Her infant's Heart Rate
Authors: Meares Russell , Horvath Thomas
Published: October 2008

Mothers and their neonatal babies were studied during breast-feeding and control periods. Those mothers whose attention to external stimuli diminished during feeding, when this was inferred from habituation rate, had babies whose heart rates significantly increased during feeding. On the other hand, mothers who did not show the expected relative inattention to external stimuli during feeding had babies whose heart rate did not significantly increase when they were fed.

The possible relevance of these findings to the study of attachment behaviour is considered.
Early Parental Deprivation and Later Behavioural Outcomes: Cluster Analysis Study of Normal and Abnormal Groups
Authors: Koller K. M. , Williams W. T.
Published: October 2008

Despite high figures recorded from the normal population early parental deprivation is commoner in psychiatric and deviant populations. This deprivation and its aftermath is qualitatively different when normal and abnormal samples are contrasted.

Suicidal, delinquent, criminal, alcoholic, neurotic, socially deviant and normal groups were studied on variables related to early parental deprivation and other family characteristics.

By the classificatory strategy, cluster analysis, three abnormal and two normal groups were generated.

It was concluded that the vulnerability of selected individuals in certain families is compounded when these individuals are exposed to the unique specific effects of the various types of parental deprivation.
Transcultural Consideration of Homosexuality with Special Reference to the New Zealand Maori
Authors: Gluckman Laurie Kalman
Published: October 2008

Homosexuality in both male and female was unknown in pre-European New Zealand. The reasons for this are discussed justifying the conclusion that such homosexuality is socially and culturally determined.
Soviet and American Youth in a Changing World
Authors: Rollins Nancy
Published: October 2008

This study explores some relationships between culture, adolescent personality styles, and psychopathology in the USA and the USSR. The broader macrosocial level includes characteristics of the epoch. The more restricted macrosocial level includes one sociopolitical system and cultural features. In Soviet society, the conformist type of personality is prevalent; in the United States, “Protean man” is common. Soviet and American youth diverge in their attitudes toward technology and achievement.

These personality styles are related to the restricted macrosocial level, while the broader epochal level is related to prevailing types of psychopathology. In the USSR, the distinction between normality and psychopathology is sharper than it is in the USA.
The Epidemiology of Self-Poisoning in Hobart, 1968–1972
Authors: Mills Janet , Williams Christopher , Sale Ian , Perkin Graham , Henderson Scott
Published: October 2008

Continued monitoring of the rates for treated self-poisoning in Hobart over a five year period has revealed a marked increase in this behaviour. Attention is drawn to the load this places on medical and psychiatric services. The present study has shown that the rise in self-poisoning was statistically significant among young males and females of most age-groups. This rise was particularly notable in senior secondary schoolgirls. In terms of geographical distribution, significant increases were observed in the economically depressed central areas of Hobart and in satellite towns. The need for greater emphasis on primary prevention is discussed.
Normality and the Psychiatrist
Authors: Goldney Robert
Published: October 2008

The terms “normal” and “normality” are sometimes used with a sense of authority that defies the questioning of their validity. This paper reviews different parameters of “normality” and points out difficulties in its conceptualisation. The implications of the designation of deviation from normality are then discussed. In concluding, the acceptance of a wide range of “normality” is stressed.
On the Prevention of Parasuicide
Authors: Henderson Scott , Williams Christopher L.
Published: October 2008

Parasuicide rates have shown a marked increase in recent years and now consume a substantial proportion of medical services. To reduce hospital admission rates for parasuicide is probably desirable. While there has been considerable research on parasuicide, it is apparent that many of the findings have limited application to prevention. It is argued that attempts at primary prevention should be directed at those factors in the population considered to have a substantial function in promoting this group of behaviours. The first step in such a program should be the empirical delineation of a typology of parasuicide, since it is not a unitary phenomenon and a single preventive measure is therefore unlikely to have widespread success. Following the recognition of different requirements for different population groups, an experiment in prevention might be attempted by monitoring the parasuicide rates in two closely similar populations, one of which has alterations made sequentially to variables such as the following: the availability of tablets and the form of their presentation; the availability of personal advisory services; and community attitudes to parasuicide. Possible dangers inherent in such experimental epidemiology are acknowledged but it is argued thai aspects of the current approach to the problem of parasuicide may be in need of revision.
The Relationship between Social Stress, Adolescence and Mental Health among University Students
Authors: McMichael A. J.
Published: October 2008

This prospective cohort sutdy of Australian university students assesses the relation between social stress, adolescence and mental health. First-year students experience primarily the stress of social transition from school to university, augmented by problems of the late phase of adolescence. This stress is associated with impaired mental health. In Second Year, the sources of social stress, and those most associated with impaired mental health, shift from the social transition area towards more personal concerns over self-view, sexual attitudes, philosophical and social values. These latter concerns typify the identity achievement tasks of late adolescence. Female students appear more susceptible man males to the occurrence and effects of social stress on mental health.
The Importance of Physical Illness in Psychiatric Breakdown
Authors: Kerr W. C.
Published: October 2008

This paper gives an indication of the importance of physical disease in contributing to psychiatric admission. The study was conducted in a situation in which the psychiatric unit dealt with all the psychiatric referrals and admissions for a fairly circumscribed population. Most admissions were made at the request of general practitioners who had equally easy access to either psychiatric or medical beds. The figures suggest that undervalued or unsuspected physical illness is particularly important in the apparent psychiatric breakdown of middle aged men.
A Comparative Study of Four Depression Rating Scales
Authors: Davies Brian , Burrows Graham , Poynton Carol
Published: October 2008

Comparisons were made between the overall scores on the Beck, Hamilton, Zung and a visual analogue rating scale in a group of depressed patients.

The comparisons were made initially and at one, two and three weeks. Significant correlations between the global scores were found on these depression scales. The value of these scales in clinical research studies in depression is discussed with special mention of the value of the visual analogue scale.
Some Preliminary Observations on a Questionnaire Technique for Classifying Depressive Illness: Its Relationship with Clinical Diagnosis and a Biological Technique for Depressive Classification
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: October 2008

A questionnaire designed to assist in the classification of depressive illness, was administered to 20 acute depressive patients and 10 normal controls. Patient classification according to the decision rules employed by the questionnaire, were compared with patient classification arrived at by symptomatic (diagnostic) and physiological (G.S.R. inhibition threshold) means. It was found that a preponderance of patients classified as “endogenous depressives” by the questionnaire technique, also had clinical diagnoses of endogenous depression, and had low G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. Furthermore a preponderance of patients classified as “non-endogenous depressives” by the questionnaire technique, had clinical diagnoses of neurotic depressive illness, and had high G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. This supports the assertion that the questionnaire technique has some validity in the classification of depressive illness.

An extension of the questionnaire, a scale to assess depressive severity, was also investigated. Significant positive correlations of scores on this scale, with concurrent, previously validated measures of depressive illness, suggest that the depression scale is a valid index of depressive severity.
Puerperal Psychosis: A Follow-Up Study of a Joint Mother and Baby Treatment Programme
Authors: Lindsay John S. B.
Published: October 2008

A cohort of 54 mothers with puerperal psychoses admitted between 1965 and 1969 to a joint mother and baby short stay treatment programme is reported with a follow-up at the end of 1973. The outcomes indicate that this treatment routine is as satisfactory as other programmes. Those who, for various reasons, did not complete the joint programme of treatment did not do so well.
Attempted Suicide: An Operant Formulation
Authors: Bostock Tudor , Williams Christopher L.
Published: October 2008

An alternative formulation of attempted suicide is offered, in which the phenomenon is considered within the context of social learning theory. The suicidal behaviour is viewed as an operant which is reinforced and maintained by the consequent interpersonal contingencies. The modification of the suicidal behaviour then involves alteration of the contingent consequences. This theoretical formulation is elaborated and the treatment principles and practice are outlined.
Tranquilizers or Anti-Depressants for Chronic Schizophrenics: A Long Term Study
Authors: Teja Jagdish S. , Grey William H. , Clum Judith M. , Warren Carmen
Published: October 2008

The relative efficacy of 4 tranquilizers was investigated in 66 chronic schizophrenics who had been hospitalized for 10.01 years (mean). The role of adding an anti-depressant was also studied. Following a 4 week placebo period, high dosage tranquilizers were given for 16 weeks and amitriptyline was added for the following 16 weeks.

Statistical analyses of the various change measures revealed that patients worsened significantly on placebo, all 4 tranquilizers were significantly better than placebo for symptom reduction and maximum improvement was attained within 16 weeks of tranquilizer administration. No significant differences in efficacy were observed among the 4 tranquilizers and addition of amitriptyline did not confer any additional therapeutic advantage.
Double Blind Trial of L-Dopa in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Buchanan F. H. , Parton R. V. , Warren J. W. , Baker E. P.
Published: October 2008

A double blind study in 28 patients with chronic schizophrenia was carried out comparing L-dopa (up to 1250 mgm daily) with placebo (both groups continuing to receive regular neuroleptic medication) over a six week period. Assessments by the psychiatrists and psychologist using Rockland and Pollin Rating Scale showed differential improvement of insignificant proportions but the nurse's ratings showed clearly significant improvement in the subject group.
The Measurement of Plasma Levels of Tricyclic Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Scoggins Bruce A. , Coghlan John P. , Maguire Kay , Burrows Graham D. , Davies Brian
Published: October 2008

A double-isotope derivative dilution procedure for measuring plasma levels of Nortriptyline is described. The assay is specific, sensitive, precise and reproducible. Studies on the variation in steady-state plasma levels are described on a fixed oral dosage of nortriptyline. Between individual variations in steady-state plasma levels are large. Between day within individual variation is 15–20%. Dosage regime, time of blood sampling after hist oral dose and the method of blood handling are unlikely to affect the steady-state plasma levels. Within an individual, the oral dose, duration of treatment and concomitant drug treatment are all important determinants of the steady-state plasma level.
A Scale to Measure the Stress of Life Events
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Andrews Gavin
Published: October 2008

A comprehensive life event inventory suitable for questionnaire or interviewer administration has been constructed.

Two sets of matched scalings of these life events have been derived from the responses of an Australian urban population. Each of the scalings were consistent across the sociodemographic groups in the population.

The two scales allow the significance of life events to be scaled in conceptually different ways. The first follows Holmes concept of the extent of life change produced by the event, the second the Paykel concept of the amount of distress caused by the event.

The inventory and the scalings are suitable for use in an Australian urban population.
Rating Scales as Predictors of Response to Tricyclic Antidepressants
Authors: Burrows Graham D. , Foenander George , Davies Brian , Scoggins Bruce A.
Published: October 2008

Fifty-three patients suffering from depressive illness were classified as ‘responders’ or ‘non-responders’ on the basis of an “amelioration score” of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression after six weeks treatment with nortriptyline hydrochloride at 150 mgs. daily. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the four psychological rating scale scores used, to determine whether rating scales could predict treatment response to tricyclic antidepressants. There was a significant difference between the two groups after adjustment for age. Subjects were then classified as ‘non-responders’ and ‘responders’ on the basis of their discriminant scores. The prediction of response to tricyclic antidepressants was found to be at 75% probability.
Possession Trance in a Semi-Urban Community in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesinghe C. P. , Dissanayake S. A. W. , Mendis N.
Published: October 2008

A survey of possession trance states in a semi-urban population of 7653 identified 37 subjects. The manifestations of the trance, and its course and outcome are outlined. The characteristics of the subjects, including presence of psychiatric disorder, are compared with that of the total population, and significant differences are noted. Four psychodynamic syndromes observed are described with illustrative case vignettes. The functions subserved by possession behaviour are reviewed, and comparisons are drawn between personal possession, ritual possession, and altered states of consciousness in Western society.
Psychological Factors as a Prediction of Success in Duodenal Ulcer Surgery
Authors: Conron G. , Hardy K. J.
Published: October 2008

An attempt was made to relate the outcome of surgery to psychosocial factors in an unselected series of 30 male patients with duodenal ulcer. Though statistically significant differences did not emerge on the psychosocial parameters studied, patients with good surgical results were less likely to give histories of preoperative anxiety or depression or to show evidence of these at interview. They also had lower ratings on Hamilton Rating and Deprivation Scales, and were more likely to have hopeful expectations of operation and positive attitudes towards previous medical treatment. Patients with psychiatric illness or psychological deprivation having surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration, can expect almost as good a surgical result as those without these difficulties. They are unlikely to show increased psychiatric morbidity, postoperatively.
Electroencephalographic Study of Mentally Retarded Twins
Authors: Hattori Takao
Published: October 2008

The EEGs of twenty-five pairs of twins, one or both of whom were mentally retarded, were studied. The concordance rate for mental retardation in monozygotic twins was higher than that in dizygotic twins. The vast majority of cases of mental retardation were considered to be caused by genotype but some exogenous causes were observed in discordant monozygotic twins.

Paroxysmal discharges in the EEG especially those of centrencephalic type were suspected to be bio-electrical expressions of a transmissible cerebral susceptibility which may easily lead to intellectual deterioration by brain damage or epilepsy.
Cultural Aspects of Delusions: A Psychiatric Study of Egypt
Authors: el Sendiony M. F. M.
Published: October 2008

This paper deals with the cultural elements of the delusions of a sample of Egyptian psychiatric patients. After examination of clinical records, interviewing psychiatrists and reviewing literature, the author reaches the conclusion that the content of the patient's delusion varies directly in relation to his social class.

For most of the low class men and women, the delusional symptoms, either megalomaniac or persecutory were fantasied in terms of the cultural religious institutions. Middle and upper class patients, however, much more frequently “secularized” their restitutive narcissistic and self esteem delusions in terms of science and class conception of power.
Mental Health Services by and for Australian Aborigines
Authors: Kahn Marvin W. , Henry Joseph , Cawte John
Published: October 2008

Based on a program developed for the Pagago Indians of Arizona, five Australian Aborigines were trained as Behavioral Health workers, to deliver mental health services to their group. The problems of the Aborigines are very similar to those of the Indians. The training consisted of developing basic skills in interviewing, case identification and several methods of intervention, including crisis intervention, family and alcoholism counselling. A mental health clinic was developed for the Aboriginal community for health services and training. Community projects and field trips were part of the training, as was report writing, record keeping and presentations to professional groups.
Borges, Luria and Hypermnesia—A Note
Authors: Verberne Tom
Published: October 2008

Similarities between a fictional and an actual case of hypermnesia are presented. The question whether the fictional character could have been based on the real person is considered from various angles. No definite conclusion is reached.
Conners Teacher Questionnaire—Norms and Validity
Authors: Werry John S. , Hawthorne Daniel
Published: October 2008

A random sample of Auckland elementary school children (N=418) were rated by their teachers on Conners Teacher Questionnaire, one of the measures recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health for use in drug studies with children. Norms were found to be comparable with a New York sample on two of the four factors but children from a Midwestern university town differed substantially from the New Zealand and New York groups so that further standardisation work is necessary. A replica of Conners factor structure was also attempted and the results compared additionally with a similar U.S. study. It was concluded that despite some definite differences, the original factor structure appeared sufficiently stable across studies not to change the present scoring system except to add the Sociability Factor. The tendencies for boys to be rated higher on acting out type behaviors and girls on neurotic symptoms is consistent with clinical experience and previous studies.
Risk-Taking Propensity, Depression and Parasuicide
Authors: Spittles Bruce , Bragan Ken , James Basil
Published: October 2008

One hundred patients admitted consecutively to an inpatient psychiatric unit were given questionnaires to measure risk-taking propensity and depression. The purpose was to study the relationship between risk-taking, depression, and recent suicide attempts.

It was found that depressed patients showed a bimodal clustering towards the extremes of risk-taking. There was a history of suicide attempts only when a certain threshold of risk-taking was exceeded. These findings are discussed with relation to defensive styles of psychological adaptation and to arousal thresholds.
The Little Nell Complex—An Oedipal Variant
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: October 2008

An oedipal relationship between a girl and her grandfather might be named the “Little Nell Complex” after Dickens' description of the close relationship between thirteen year old Little Nell and her grandfather in “The Old Curiosity Shop”.

A clinical illustration of a Little Nell Complex is described in a seventeen year old girl who presented with depression following the death of her grandmother. Oedipal complexes existing between the patient and her parents, the patient and her grandparents, and between the patient's mother and her parents, are described.

In offering notations the “erotic” component of the Oedipus complex has usually received more attention than the “attachment” component. It is felt that Bowlby's concepts of attachment behaviour may be useful in the consideration of oedipal behaviour and in the structuring of therapy.
The Use of the Role Construct Repertory Grid in Studying Changes during Psychotherapy
Authors: Large R. G.
Published: October 2008

A case study including a detailed principal component analysis of repertory grids is reported in illustration of the use of grid method in the evaluation of psychotherapy. Grid method covers areas not accounted for by more symptom-bound criteria. Some of the problems of comparability and interpretation are discussed.
Psychosocial Factors and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Spittle Bruce , James Basil
Published: October 2008

Two questionnaires totalling 370 questions were used to compare 61 male patients who had survived a first myocardial infarction with a group controlled for age and social status who had not had an infarction. The questionnaires included the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, providing a measure of 15 personality variables, the Anxiety and Depression Sub-Scales of the MMPI, and the Cochrane and Robertson Life Events Inventory, as well as originally-designed questions based on known risk factors. Significant differences were found in several dimensions of personality as well as in the family histories of myocardial infarction and in certain life styles. The patient group showed a greater sense of independence, greater difficulty in relaxing, and a sense of personal inferiority. Suggestions are offered for the modification of life styles in susceptible individuals as a possible aid to prevention.
A Point Prevalence Study of Outpatients and Inpatients in the Mental Health Services, General Hospital Psychiatric Units, and under Private Psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Burvill P. W. , Finlay-Jones R. A.
Published: October 2008

A one day point prevalence study of all inpatients and a one week point prevalence study of all outpatients seen by psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia, was conducted. On the census day in July 1971, 61 per cent of all psychiatric inpatients in Perth were long-stay patients. Of the short-stay patients 75 per cent were in Mental Health Services hospitals, 17 per cent were in general hospital psychiatric units and 8 per cent were under private psychiatrists. The bed occupancy rate was 129.7 per 100,000 population for the whole State—83.2 longstay and 46.5 short-stay. These rates were low compared with published figures in other countries. The proportions of total outpatients seen during the census week by the Mental Health Services, general hospital units and private psychiatrists were 53.5 per cent, 16.0 per cent and 30.5 per cent respectively. There was a differential use of psychiatric services between immigrants and Australian-born outpatients.
Rapid Inpatient Treatment of Severe Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Williams Warwick , Orsmond Anthony
Published: October 2008

A multi-faceted inpatient programme for overcoming severe female sexual dysfunction using behaviour modification techniques is described. The results obtained in a pilot study on 17 consecutive patients are presented.
Crisis, Life Events and Accidents
Authors: Whitlock F. A. , Stoll J. R. , Rekhdahl R. J.
Published: October 2008

Using two life event scales, we found that patients who had sustained accidental injuries had experienced more changes in their lives over the past six months than a matched control group drawn from students and persons undergoing minor surgery. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Depression: A Multivariate Study of Sir Aubrey Lewis's Data on Melancholia
Authors: Kiloh Leslie G. , Garside Roger F.
Published: October 2008

Principal component analyses were carried out on 51 items abstracted from Lewis's 1934 and 1936 papers. The first component was bipolar, differentiating between endogenous items and those that were mainly neurotic. The distributions of the first component scores by cluster indicated that there were two separate clusters of patients, one mainly endogenous, the other neurotic. It was concluded that Lewis's data indicate that there are at least two qualitatively different depressive illnesses.

Further component analyses were carried out using the 25 endogenous items. The first component was a general one of endogenous depression. The distributions of its scores were bimodal, indicating that there were two groups of patients, those who suffered from endogenous depression and those who did not. These analyses indicated that endogenous depression is a categorical illness.
Shotgun Weddings: Trends in the Sociopathology of Marriage
Authors: Kraus J.
Published: October 2008

The study was concerned with secular trends in forced marriages in N.S.W. The definition of forced marriage was first nuptial birth occurring within six months of the wedding. The typical demographic profile of such marriages portends a “risk” of marital breakdown and child abuse. Formal analysis of the time series showed upward trends in the proportions of brides “at risk” in the 16-17 age groups, and in the proportions of children “at risk” born to brides in the 16 to 22 age range. The findings were discussed critically, and some prophylactic and remedial social measures suggested.
Philosophical Aspects of “Mental Disease”
Authors: Hoffman Martin
Published: October 2008

It is shown that the label “mental disease” derives from value judgements made by the labeller, and that science alone cannot determine the ultimate validity of these judgements. Hence, the term must be, in a genuine sense, based on social and moral convention. However, it is argued that this does not necessarily mean that the medical model, as contended by Szasz and his school, has no value. Rather, it is claimed here that only by returning to the medical model can we make best use of our psychiatric knowledge and best serve our patients.
Psychotherapy and Growth
Authors: Gold Stanley
Published: October 2008

We live in the age of the multiple choice. This extends also to psychological techniques. I would like to focus on the problems inherent in a choice of psychotherapeutic approach. Do we really know what we are doing and why we are doing it?
Some Age-Related Effects of the 1974 Brisbane Floods
Authors: Price John
Published: October 2008

Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods are examined. The impact of the floods on health increased in those over 35 years of age probably because they were more likely to be householders. Women under 65 years of age had more psychiatric symptoms than men, but this sex difference disappeared in those over 65 years, perhaps because the working man is not constantly confronted with the damage to his home in the way that others are. The possibility that people over 75 years living in flood-affected suburbs experienced increased morbidity even though not themselves flooded cannot be excluded.
Schizophrenia and Season of Birth: Further Southern Hemisphere Studies
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: October 2008

Studies in the northern hemisphere and an equatorial region have suggested that schizophrenics have a greater likelihood of being born in the coldest three months of the year.

Two further southern hemisphere studies, performed in New Zealand and Tasmania, are reported in this paper. Results from these and other studies suggest that support for a link between schizophrenia and winter birth in the southern hemisphere is slight and inconsistent.
The Season of Birth of Anxiety Neuroticsr
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: October 2008

An association between spring birth and anxiety neurosis in New South Wales is confirmed. Two possible explanations, that the association might reflect a seasonal variation in conceiving or in giving birth among mothers of those with significant anxiety, or that spring birth selectively disposes to anxiety, were examined. Findings suggest that both effects may be operating.
Schizophrenia following Withdrawal from Chronic Phenothiazine Administration: A Case Report
Authors: Sale Ian , Kristall Henry
Published: October 2008

The chronic administration of phenothiazines has come under increasing scrutiny recently, and the uncritical use of this form of treatment has been criticized.

A case is presented illustrating the development of schizophrenia in a young adult following withdrawal from phenothiazines. As far as could be ascertained there was no evidence of schizophrenia prior to withdrawal of phenothiazines. The possibility that withdrawal of phenothiazines may have aetiological significance in this case is discussed.
Parental Relationships during Childhood in Homosexuality, Transvestism and Transsexualism
Authors: Buhrich Neil , McConaghy Neil
Published: October 2008

The nature of the relationships of 29 male homosexuals, 34 male transvestites and 29 male transsexuals with their parents, during childhood, was assessed on the basis of the subjects' reports, and on their responses to two tests, namely the Childhood Family Relationship test and a Semantic Differential.

If the subjects' reports are valid significantly more mothers of transvestite and transsexual subjects hoped for a girl prior to the subject's birth. During childhood there was a trend for homosexual, transvestite and transsexual subjects to report that their fathers lacked interest in them or were absent from home. There was little evidence to support the view that homosexual, transvestite or transsexual subjects had pathological relationships with their mother.

Intrafamilial childhood environmental factors reported by homosexuals, transvestites and transsexuals appear to be non-specific.
A Case of Lithium Poisoning? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Evans Larry
Published: October 2008

The case of a 58 year old woman on maintenance lithium therapy who developed an acute organic brain syndrome is reported. The patient subsequently showed evidence of persistent brain damage. It is suggested that lithium toxicity was precipitated by electrolyte disturbances possibly caused by self medication with a diuretic, where serum levels of lithium were an unreliable measure of impending toxicity.
Time-Limited Psychotherapy with University Students
Authors: Bragan Ken
Published: October 2008

A report of the developments that stemmed from initial observations in time-limited psychotherapy with University student patients. These led to the conceptualization of the process not in terms of focal conflict but in the development of the relationship itself. Autonomy came to be seen as the central issue and a similarity was noted between the pattern of the relationship in therapy and a proposed developmental model of the growth of autonomy. Within this framework reciprocity became the focus of the relationship dimension. A case illustration is given the significance of time and separation discussed and some therapeutic and theoretical implications considered.
Primary Prevention: Fact or Fiction
Authors: Raphael Beverley
Published: October 2008

This paper is a review of studies oriented to the primary prevention of psychiatric disorder. Difficulties in this field are noted, including current aetiological concepts, outcome measures, techniques and processes, methodological problems, humanitarian and ethical issues and the role of social processes. Studies in several different areas of primary prevention are described. These include projects directed towards parenting processes, vulnerable children, crisis intervention, psychosomatic variables, biological factors, mental health education and community processes. Resistances to preventive work are outlined. It is concluded that much work in this field represents a ‘call’ for prevention; that diffuse interventions for diffuse population groups to achieve diffuse outcomes may not lead to demonstrable effects in prevention. Specific interventions directed towards high risk populations to achieve specific preventive goals have shown that primary prevention may be accomplished in some areas.
Depression in Young Women who have Attempted Suicide
Authors: Goldney R. D. , Pilowsky I.
Published: October 2008

Findings from a questionnaire assessment of depression in three groups of young women whose suicide attempts were of widely differing medical lethality are reported. No significant difference in the degree of depression between patients whose suicide attempt required intensive care unit resuscitation, those who required some cautionary medical observation, and those whose attempt produced negligible physical effect was found. Furthermore, on the basis of a decision-rule applied to their questionnaire responses, one-third of patients in each lethality group were allocated to the ‘endogenous’ category of depression. Recent literature delineating depression in younger patients is noted, and comment is made on the possible therapeutic implications.
The Short-Term Outcome of Neurotic Disorders in the Community — Demographic and Clinical Predictors of Remission
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Hurry Jane , Bebbington Paul
Published: October 2008

A one month longitudinal study of neurotic disorders in a London community was carried out, using the Present State Examination, a structured psychiatric interview. Remission of disorder at the one month follow-up was not significantly associated with demographic variables, although remission was somewhat more common in young single males of higher social class. Remission was significantly related to recent onset of disorder and there was a tendency toward lower rates of both medical consultation and prescription of psychotropic medication in the follow-up period. Surprisingly, perhaps, initial severity of the disorder and syndrome type did not predict remission. The implications of these findings are discussed.