bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: June 2017

This chapter assesses Billy Graham’s long-term impact on American evangelicalism and American culture. At last estimates, he evangelized over two billion people during his sixty-year career. He remained culturally nimble enough to stay in the public eye through all the tumultuous years of the late twentieth century. Billy Graham did not just reflect his times—he also changed them. Exactly what that means is a matter of debate. Despite the evangelist’s durable popularity, his legacy is surprisingly difficult to measure. This chapter identifies that there are uncertainties about the future of the evangelical world Billy Graham shaped, and that the long-term prospects for religion in American society remain uncertain. It also discusses the possible successors to Graham and posits that a successor—if there will be one at all—is unlikely to be an American.
Epilogue
Authors: Garfield Ken
Published: June 2017

This chapter asks whether Billy Graham’s legacy will endure, what Franklin Graham’s effect will be, and what the future holds for mass evangelism. Ken Garfield argues that while time will dim his memory among the public, his place in religious history is secure. But how Franklin Graham, who has an undoubtedly different approach from that of his father, will mark that historical legacy remains in question. Opinions vary greatly as to the costs and benefits of Franklin Graham’s role. Finally, Garfield cites the barrage of distractions that threaten the possibility of another figure like Billy Graham rising to such prominence in mass evangelism. Yet he leaves open that question, recognizing that the possibility exists, but most likely in the form of someone quite different from Billy Graham.
Military Communication
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 explores the ways in which communication determined the outcome of battles in classical Greece—encounters where an army’s victory would depend upon its continued cohesion and its soldiers’ ability to remain in effective communication with one another. Neither Thucydides nor Xenophon (our principal sources for the battles in question) draws specific attention to these two vital needs, let alone their synergy, but Naiden demonstrates how readily identifiable they are. He draws a distinction between networks of “horizontal” communication among an army’s mass of soldiers on the one hand, and officers’ top-down “vertical” communication on the other, the latter form conveyed by symbolic gestures as well as by verbal instruction.
Musical Persuasion in Early Greece
Authors: Power Timothy
Published: June 2017

This chapter on archaic and classical Greek music finds the political dimensions of musical expression to be paramount. Music, according to Power, presents a synesthetic form of communication—verse, instruments, often dance and, in Athenian drama, prose dialogue—of unrivalled modal complexity that reinforced the popular impact of this art form. Solon and other politicians used music, while Pindar and other poets introduced political motifs into performances of their works. In Power’s view, the generally accepted notion that early Greece was a “song culture”—differing in this respect from ancient Mesopotamia with its scribal culture, or from imperial Rome with its predilection for monuments and public spaces—should not lead to overemphasizing private life and personal communication as opposed to the political forms of expression developed by Solon, Pindar, and others.
Messaging and the Gods in Mesopotamia
Authors: Richardson Seth
Published: June 2017

This chapter addresses worshippers’ messages to Mesopotamian gods and explores the duality of this kind of communication. Richardson classifies “genres” of communication according to the roles assigned to worshippers and gods and according to the places of these genres in an elaborate communications infrastructure of formulae, personnel, and locales. Richardson also discusses the problem of failure of communication, and describes the protocols with which to account for failures. He identifies a characteristic Mesopotamian style for religious communications: it is at once elaborate and pessimistic, and so it contrasts with Mesopotamian commercial letters, which are straightforward, if not optimistic.
Pilgrimage and Communication
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: June 2017

Extending recent work on theōria, or Greek state pilgrimage, this chapter considers pilgrimage in other ancient societies and takes the opportunity to differentiate between features that were distinctively Greek and those that are commonly found. Rutherford highlights how important the polis and the federation were as Greek forms of religious organization, and how they contributed to the special character of Greek pilgrimage. Rutherford then turns to a comparison between Greece and ancient Israel. He shows that pilgrimage to the Jerusalem Temple largely resembled Greek pilgrimage to shrines like Delphi or Delos, a feature that vindicates several decades of scholarly work envisioning Eastern Mediterranean religions as a spectrum in which neighboring religions have much in common.
Down the K-Hole
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: June 2017

The chapter analyzes language use in Circuit Noize, a magazine distributed at circuit parties, a type of rave dance party for gay men. The magazine positioned itself as representing the “circuit boy” subculture that developed around circuit parties. The magazine promoted the use of in-group circuit boy slang and awarded prizes for examples of witty camp language overheard at circuit parties. After an overview of circuit subculture, the chapter presents a detailed discussion of the language ideology promoted by the magazine. The language ideology in Circuit Noize served to differentiate circuit boys from other men, both gay and straight. Although the personal style of circuit boy subculture emphasized expressions of masculinity similar to those associated with heterosexual men, the use of language promoted by the magazine serves to differentiate circuit masculinity from heterosexual masculinity.
Conclusion
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: June 2017

This chapter draws conclusions from the analyses presented in From Drag Queens to Leathermen: Language, Gender, and Gay Male Subcultures. After a short summary of the content in the previous chapters of the book, the implications for understanding of indexicality and gender are discussed. Particular attention is given to the indexical disjuncture, in which signs with opposing indexical associations are linked to simultaneously index conflicting or contradictory meanings. It is argued that although indexical disjuncture is not unique to gay male culture, it is a common hallmark of gay male style. The chapter then discusses the ways in which language use highlights differences in understandings of gay community and issues related to social acceptance and social change.
The Prerogative State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins by introducing the notion of the prerogative state. It then goes on to provide some historical background to 1930s Germany under martial law. It looks at the effect on German law of the first few years of the rule of the National-Socialists. It examines changes in the legal system and police power. It considers the implications of the abolition of judicial review. It asks: what is the importance of the party becoming an instrument of the prerogative state? It details the actions of the prerogative state and the subsequent persecutions that occurred.
The Repudiation of Rational Natural Law by National-Socialism
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

The chapter describes how the prerogative state was able to completely abolish the inviolability of the law. Since the doctrine of the inviolability of law is part of the heritage of rational Natural Law, it is argued, its explicit rejection in the legal system of the Third Reich raises the question of the whole attitude of National-Socialism toward Natural Law. The chapter describes how the repudiation of Natural Law was achieved and also the form this repudiation took. Despite the fact that Natural Law has been refuted time and again by political science, until the period when this text was written it had not yet lost its vitality entirely.
National-Socialism and Communal Natural Law
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes in detail how the National-Socialist rejection of rational Natural Law aroused all social groups for whom rational Natural Law was a positive influence. The problem, however, for those social groups was that the conception of Natural Law had thus far lacked precision as far as the term “law” was concerned. The chapter questions the difference between societal and communal Natural Law, which has been suggested since as early as the 17th century. The chapter presents a number of features of the ideal types of the two man forms of Natural Law. Discussing the concrete subtleties of Natural Law are beyond the scope of this chapter; however, the aim is to create a formulation of ideal types rather than simply describe them.
The Legal History of the Dual State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter aims to take an objective view of the appeal of National-Socialism. However, it is argued, people who had an ambivalent attitude toward National-Socialism suffered from two principal misconceptions. Firstly, the German ideology of Gemeinschaft (community) is just a mask hiding the still existing capitalist structure of society. Secondly, this ideological mask equally hides the existence of the prerogative state operating by arbitrary means. Any critical examination which attempts to reveal the social structure of the National-Socialist state, it is stated, must discover whether or not the essential criteria of the dual state have appeared in any earlier historical period. The chapter, therefore, looks in detail at the history of the dual state in Prussia and Germany as a whole.
The Economic Background of the Dual State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyzes the German economy in the late 1930s and explores the extent to which it was capitalist. The chapter begins by stating that it is essential to discuss certain economic aspects of the German system under the National-Socialists in order to understand some fundamental problems of that time. Only against an economic background can we understand why it was that the state in Germany was neither completely “prerogative” nor completely “normative” but rather “dual.” The kind and the degree of historical “necessity” involved in the emergence of the dual state in Germany needs to be analyzed and understood. For it is in the dual state that the starting point toward a solution of the much debated problem could hopefully be found. The chapter asks: was the German economic system capitalistic or non-capitalistic?
The Sociology of the Dual State
Authors: Fraenkel Ernst
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents a sociological analysis of the dual state by looking at the terms “community” and “society” and relating them to Germany under the National-Socialists. The chapter also considers the concept of politics in National-Socialist theory, which, it states, is defined by reference to “the enemy.” National-Socialist negation of all universally valid values and its suppression of all communities based upon such values, its negation of an order sanctioned by Natural Law, it is stated, may be said to be at least partially due to foreign threats; at the same time, it is necessary to recognize that the relaxation of the international threat was accompanied by an intensification of the war against internal disintegration. The chapter ends by looking at what the solution to the tensions in National-Socialist Germany might be at the time when this text was written. This is left open. The solution, it states, depends on the people.
Civil Society, Dangerousness, and the Ambivalence of Liberal Civil Order
Authors: Carvalho Henrique
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes the book’s investigation into the conceptual foundations of the ambivalence found in contemporary criminal law and subjectivity. It discusses how this ambivalence relates to the liberal social imaginary and to how this imaginary preserves a dichotomy between civil and political society. The chapter argues that this dichotomy allows the criminal law to appear legitimate and necessary even when it becomes authoritarian, and thus goes against the values which it is supposed to protect. The chapter develops this argument through an analysis of the political theories of G.W.F. Hegel and Jeremy Bentham.
Retrieving Subjectivity
Authors: Carvalho Henrique
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the limits of the emancipatory aspirations found within liberal criminal law, through a discussion of the challenges posed to the liberal model of criminal law by terrorism. It engages primarily with Antony Duff’s communicative theory of punishment and with his discussion of the criminalization of terrorism, relating the notion of communication with the Hegelian conception of recognition. The chapter then pursues a critical theory of recognition grounded on Hegelian dialectics, suggesting that this theoretical perspective can expose the limits of the emancipatory potential of the criminal law, as well as a possible pathway to move beyond these limits.
Cultural diversity
Authors: Han Shihui
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of cultural differences in human behavior by giving examples of human behaviors in East Asian and Western societies. It reviews the concept of culture used by psychologists, anthropologists, and philosophers, introduces several dimensions of culture, and emphasizes shared beliefs and behavioral scripts as the key components of culture that influence human behavior. It also reviews cross-cultural psychological research that has revealed differences in multiple cognitive processes including perception, attention, memory, causal attribution, and self-reflection between individuals in East Asian and Western cultures. It gives an overview of cultural neuroscience studies that employ brain imaging techniques to reveal neural mechanisms underlying cultural differences in human behavior and mental processes.
Cultural differences in neurocognitive processing of others
Authors: Han Shihui
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 examines cross-cultural neuroimaging studies of neural processes underlying social interactions. East Asian and Western cultural experiences produce specific cognitive and neural strategies in perception of face and expression, empathy for others’ emotional states, regulation of one’s own emotion, understanding others’ beliefs, perception of others’ social status, and processing of social feedback. The cultural differences in neurocognitive processing of others have been observed in most part of the social brain network, covering both cortical and subcortical structures, and support culturally specific behavior.
Gene-culture interaction on human behavior and the brain
Authors: Han Shihui
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 reviews empirical findings that allow consideration of biological and environmental influences on human behavior from an evolutionary perspective (e.g., gene-culture coevolution) and from a perspective of individual development (e.g., gene-culture interaction). It also reviews imaging genetic studies that link genes with brain functional organization. It introduces a cultural neuroscience paradigm for investigating genetic influences on the coupling of brain activity and culture by presenting two studies that examined how serotonin transporter functional polymorphism and oxytocin receptor gene moderate the association between interdependence and brain activities involved in self-reflection and empathy. These studies illustrate a new approach to understanding the manner with which culture interacts with gene to shape human brain activity.
A culture–behavior–brain-loop model of human development
Authors: Han Shihui
Published: June 2017

Chapter 8 introduces a culture–behavior–brain (CBB)-loop model of human development based on cultural neuroscience findings, and proposes a new framework for understanding human development regarding both human phylogeny and lifespan ontogeny. This model posits that culture shapes the brain by contextualizing behavior, and the brain fits and modifies culture via behavioral influences. Genes provide a fundamental basis for and interact with the CBB loop at both individual and population levels. The CBB-loop model advances our understanding of the dynamic relationships between culture, behavior, and the brain. Future brain changes owing to cultural influences are discussed based on the CBB-loop model.
Cato, Stoicism, and the provinces
Authors: Morrell Kit
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the content and context of the extortion law passed by Julius Caesar as consul in 59, the lex Julia de pecuniis repetundis. Cicero describes it as a ‘perfect law’, but its innovations should not be exaggerated. Many of its important features, such as the detailed prescription of a governor’s entitlements and the inclusion of maiestas-type offences, had precursors in a long series of previous extortion laws. Neither should the law be seen as solely Caesar’s project. The chapter draws a link between the lex Julia of 59, the trials of Gaius Antonius and Lucius Flaccus the same year, and Pompey’s interest in provincial reform. Indeed, even Caesar’s opponent Cato seems to have helped shape Caesar’s law, which incorporated new regulations decreed by the senate the previous year on Cato’s initiative.
The last lex repetundarum
Authors: Morrell Kit
Published: June 2017

One obvious shortcoming of the lex Julia (the subject of chapter 4) was that it applied only to senators and not to the equestrian members of a governor’s cohort, who might be equally guilty of extortion in the provinces. This chapter explores Pompey’s unsuccessful attempt in 55 to rectify that deficiency by extending the law to equestrian officials. The attempt was unpopular, but had the vigorous support of a few senators who should be identified as Cato and friends. In fact, Cato seems to have revived the attempt by back-door means when, as praetor in 54, he facilitated the trial of the equestrian financier Gaius Rabirius Postumus on grounds that had more to do with extortion proper—and larger concerns about Roman dealings with Egypt—than with the recovery provision under which Rabirius was charged. The chapter includes a detailed discussion dating the trials of Gabinius and Rabirius to 54.
Francisco Suárez S.J. on the End of Peaceful Order among States and Systematic Doctrinal Scholarship
Authors: Schaffner Tobias
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that the work of Suárez, like that of other theologians and natural lawyers, offers an insightful (albeit imperfect) articulation of the values of peace and justice which continue to underpin the international legal order. Suárez reminds us that the practical reasoning of all upright statesmen, citizens, and lawyers is guided by the idea of a peaceful and just order among states. Peace and justice are potentialities which individuals and whole nations can establish and preserve, as well as fail to establish or preserve, through their co-ordinated actions. His work remains insightful precisely because most of today’s accounts of international law neglect the role of peace and justice as a starting point of legal reasoning, a goal of state action, and even a source of international law.
Althusius
Authors: Hueglin Thomas O.
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that the contribution of Johannes Althusius to system and order in international law lies in his early-modern construction of a federal theory of politics not yet based on the distinction of national and international law and thus of heuristic value for a post-modern system of transnational order. Widely read at the time, Althusius was harshly condemned during the age of absolutism and largely forgotten in a modern world of sovereign nation-states. The rise of the modern federal state with its strict separation of powers and the assumption of indivisible centralized sovereignty also kept him at the margins as a theorist of federalism. As this chapter attempts to show, reading Althusius can help conceptualizing a post-Westphalian international political order in which individual rights would be complemented by the collective or group rights of a plurality of smaller and larger communities.
The International Legal Argument in Spinoza
Authors: Altwicker Tilmann
Published: June 2017

In this chapter, it is argued that Spinoza is far from being a ‘denier’ of international law. Instead, it is shown that Spinoza offers a nuanced argument for why states are compelled to cooperate with one another in the form of international law. There are at least three lasting contributions to the theory of International Relations and international law: the exposition of a ‘non-ideal theory’ of International Relations, International Relations as part of a theory on the institutionalization of individual freedom, and the idea of precedence of rational international governance over independent governance. Spinoza gives an early contribution for a sociological study of international legal thought.
Towards a System of Sympathetic Law
Authors: Ronge Bastian
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that Adam Smith shows us that the original and last foundation of law and order is the practice of making moral judgments—our emotional reactions to injustice and suffering we observe. The real substance of law is our moral sensibility and affectivity; a substance, which turns out to be highly contingent, since it is shaped by various socio-historical, cultural, and subjective conditions that change over time. Therefore, the question of internationalization or even universalization of rights is not a matter of careful reasoning and convincing argumentation; it is a matter of Sentimental Education. It depends on our ability to push the limits of sympathy and to establish a common language of emotions which allows us to treat even strangers as if they were fellow citizens.
Fichte and the Echo of his Internationalist Thinking in Romanticism
Authors: De Pascale Carla
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that Fichte developed his international legal thought mostly in close relationship to Kantian cosmopolitanism, preferring like him a confederation of states as the model that could guarantee perpetual peace. In suggesting this construct, he was remarkably influenced by the German constitutional question. Much more than Kant, however, he highlighted the role of the economic relationships within the state as a central determinant for the relationships between states. What is more, in his further intellectual career, he takes a turn towards observations on the importance of cultural homogeneity, culture and the role of history. These elements put him in line with another tradition of international legal thought, that is Machiavelli and Montesquieu. With a combination of the Kantian systematic structure and these ideas, he became one of the most important thinkers in German romanticism.
State Theory, State Order, State System—Jus Gentium and the Constitution of Public Power
Authors: Bhuta Nehal
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that state concepts and state theories are performative: they partially constitute the object that they describe, and become means through which the state order is justified, materialized, and indeed organized. As such, state theory and state concept are indispensable to any actually existing state order, and have strong determinative consequences for the intellectual construction of international law as legal order and a system of relations between and across state orders. The chapter demonstrates the organizing force of state concepts on the conceptualization of the nature of the order of international law, and also the way in which jus naturae et jus gentium became essential to the theorization and reproduction of the distinctive kind of public power we associate with the modern state concept.
Spatial Perceptions, Juridical Practices, and Early International Legal Thought around 1500
Authors: Duve Thomas
Published: June 2017

This chapter surveys the legal practice of drawing demarcation lines between 1479 and 1529 and illustrates that considering the changing knowledge about space is an important element for writing the history of international law. Important advances in cartography and changing spatial perceptions around 1500 clearly impacted international legal thought. The practice of drawing demarcation lines around 1500 can be understood as a blending of traditional practices, empirical observations, and new scientific knowledge. What has been called a ‘rationalization of space’ was a complex and slow process that built upon tradition, and existing practices and went hand in hand with explorations and experimental knowledge-creation by measurements.
Introduction
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel A. , Buhrmann Thomas , Barandiaran Xabier E.
Published: June 2017

For the last two decades, research in cognitive science has increasingly turned toward notions of embodiment and situatedness. Some approaches also foreground the relevance of personal experience and embodied action in forming the basis of sense-making. In particular, “enactivist” perspectives have started to make a profound change in the way we conceive our minds as animate and embodied, as opposed to brain-bound information processing architectures. Braiding phenomenology, cognitive science, and dynamical systems theory, enactivism offers a series of proposals for understanding the sensorimotor basis of cognition, and introduces the concept of sensorimotor life. This chapter presents the broad motivations for these proposals and situates them within their broader scientific and philosophical contexts.
Structures of sensorimotor engagement
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel A. , Buhrmann Thomas , Barandiaran Xabier E.
Published: June 2017

The idea of lawful relations between sensory and motor patterns, or sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs), lies at the heart of sensorimotor approaches to perception. Yet despite the concept’s importance, surprisingly few attempts have been made to define it formally. On closer inspection, the notion admits different interpretations. In this chapter, a dynamical formalization of agent–environment interaction serves as the starting point to identify four kinds of SMCs, which are defined in operational terms. These are the notions of sensorimotor environment (open-loop motor-induced sensory variations), sensorimotor habitat (closed-loop sensorimotor trajectories), sensorimotor coordination (reliable sensorimotor patterns playing a functional role), and sensorimotor scheme (normative organization of sensorimotor coordination events). The definitions are put to the test in a simple simulated object-discrimination task and their effect on the conceptual development and empirical, as well as model-based testing of the claims of the sensorimotor approach is discussed.
The sense of agency
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel A. , Buhrmann Thomas , Barandiaran Xabier E.
Published: June 2017

It has been recognized that the sensorimotor approach needs to be extended to account for not only the pragmatic aspects of perception but also the subjective phenomenology that characterizes experiences of the world and the self. In this chapter, the notion is proposed that sensorimotor agency can serve as the basis for a non-representational, world-involving theory of how agents perceive themselves as being the authors and in control of their actions. Both intentional and movement-related aspects in the phenomenology of agency experience are linked to processes of sensorimotor scheme selection and enactment in a self-sustaining network of interdependent sensorimotor schemes. The proposal is contrasted with traditional computational models in the context of various cases of pathological agency experience, and the ontological status of the sense of agency it implies is clarified in comparison with philosophical alternatives that deny its distinct experiential character.
Virtual actions and abstract attitudes
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel A. , Buhrmann Thomas , Barandiaran Xabier E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the claim that enactivism cannot account for “representation-hungry” cognitive performance. Clusters of sensorimotor schemes suggest a way in which the virtual sensitivities inherent in every act of sense-making can be extended beyond the immediate situation by means of virtual actions. These are regulations performed by the agent that alter the functional relations between potential acts in a given activity. The chapter also reconsiders the question of object perception. Evidence suggests that adopting an abstract perceptual attitude toward an object (seeing it beyond its instrumental use) is a social skill, both in terms of how it develops and in terms of what this attitude entails, particularly as a form of decentering. Both of these analyses sketch viable routes through which enactivism can claim to address complex cognitive phenomena that previously only seemed explainable via the use of internal representations.
Introduction
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

The introduction shows how the history and diversity of Europe have given rise to the European project. On the basis of historical differences, there are great differences between the countries of Europe; nevertheless, as a function of common cultural heritage, a project of European integration has emerged. Beginning with European history, the chapter shows how the European project has evolved and been consolidated through law and how, against the background of the European Union (EU), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the domestic law of the countries of Europe, a European public law is taking shape.
A European Model of Public Administration
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 shows how, in spite of the differences of the various domestic legal systems in Europe, a European model for public administration is emerging. This can be seen across different topics such as the scope of public action, the provision of services of general interest; but also in the way in which public administration is organized, in respect of matters such as, for example, economic governance, delegated management and public procurement, and independent authorities and agencies. The chapter sets out and analyses the principle of good administration and the role it plays in European public law, and then turns to the topic of the organization of the civil service in Europe, analysing the question both at the European and at the domestic level.
Evolution and Diversification of Function of an Information Molecule
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 begins with a depiction of the evolutionary origins of CRF in living things. CRF appears to date back hundreds of millions of years. It is found in diverse invertebrates, including flies and bees. Invertebrates’ brains look nothing like those of vertebrates except for the diverse information molecules that underlie both brain systems. There is no clear anatomical organ like the HPA axis in invertebrates, yet information molecules, including CRF, are just as important to invertebrate functioning as they are to vertebrates. CRF in invertebrates is linked to basic regulatory functions such as osmotic regulation, food intake, learning, and circadian rhythmicity. There are many examples of regulatory molecules that, over time, become adapted to serve multiple functions. Once a gene for a potent regulatory molecule exists, the potential for the differentiation of function, regulation, and mode of action exist as well.
Radical Change
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 talks about how CRF is involved in two quite striking processes: metamorphosis and parturition. Both of these processes revolve around the wondrously vital feature of radical change. In both instances, we are discussing the changing of form and the maturation of an organism. While one change is ancient and one more modern, both continue to be important features of life on this planet, and they represent the importance of development and its responsiveness to changing environments. Our story of metamorphosis, however, is about change and adaptation or preadaptation and the expansion of use and capability. CRF is fundamentally tied to the world in which animals are adapting to changes including the seasons, times of day, droughts, and breeding cycles. Cycles of stability and change set the conditions for adaptive viability; underlying such events is predictive coherence, where diverse information molecules drive physiological and behavioral adaptations.
CRF
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 explains how excessive fear is tied to anxiety disorders, and vulnerability to the breakdown of mental and physical health. CRF in the brain is tied to these events. CRF, for instance, may be constrained by the neurotransmitter GABA in key regions of the forebrain and is mobilized by brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that are critical in coping with and adapting to everyday life; and of course, one is less able to do so when these information molecules are compromised by genetic predispositions and social duress. One hypothesis about CRF and the brain is that at least two forebrain sites are differentially involved in regulating both adaptive fear and deleterious chronic anxiety. There are great varieties of events that can cause fear in individuals: anything from downsizing at work to acts of terrorism and crime.
Conclusion
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: June 2017

Chapter 9 addresses what constitutes an information molecule, in general, and CRF, in particular. Our age is the age of information and CRF is now set in the larger context of the information age of the last 100 years. Thus, the conclusion summarizes the preceding chapters and looks at the large social context and the great range of scientific fields to promote a fuller understanding of this peptide, its structure, and its history. Our understanding of this one information molecule is expanding, as we learn more about its expression or overexpression beyond what is adaptive, as well as its moderation by other information molecules (e.g., GABA and oxytocin) and various contexts (e.g., species, age, gender, setting, or incentive). Information molecules cannot be looked at as independent entities, isolated from their context and other molecules, but rather in view of multiple factors that contribute to diverse outcomes.
Rediscovering the Forgotten Article of the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
Authors: Pötschke Karsten
Published: June 2017

The negotiating parties to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) acknowledged that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face substantial financial, organizational, and personnel constraints when participating in anti-dumping (AD) investigations. They therefore decided to include Article 6.13 ADA in the revised agreement in 1994. The provision requires national authorities to take the special circumstances of SMEs into account and provide them with any assistance practicable when conducting AD investigations. Despite the obligatory language used, the provision has not received much attention in practice and is hardly discussed in academia. This chapter argues that the value of Article 6.13 ADA should be reconsidered. It discusses in depth the effect and meaning of this undervalued provision. Article 6.13 ADA sets a framework for the participation of SMEs in AD proceedings and modifies the effect of other, more specific provisions of the ADA on SMEs.
The South African Walmart/Massmart Case
Authors: Dralle Tilman Michael
Published: June 2017

The Walmart/Massmart merger and the ensuing proceedings before the South African competition authorities and court system provide a high-profile example of how international economic law affects the policy space of states to enact domestic regulation supportive of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Whereas the opponents of the takeover invoked the ‘public interest’ provisions in the South African Competition Act which explicitly mandate consideration of SME interests, arguing that the merger would have negative effects on South African SMEs, the merging parties claimed that the imposition of certain performance requirements would violate the country’s obligations under international law. Taking the Walmart/Massmart merger as an example, this contribution analyses the extent to which World Trade Organization (WTO) law and international investment law limit the ability of domestic competition authorities to prohibit takeovers by foreign companies on SME-related grounds or to impose SME-friendly performance requirements as a precondition for merger approval.
SME Participation in Government Procurement Markets
Authors: Nicholas Caroline , Müller Anna Caroline
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers policy measures to increase the participation of SMEs in government procurement and their potential economic and social policy benefits. It considers the scale and importance of government procurement, and barriers to SME access to these markets. While some SME support policies are often considered to run counter to fundamental goals of government procurement (notably preference policies that may reduce competition and transparency), the chapter explains that many SME policies in fact support efficient and effective government procurement. It explores the synergies between such SME policies and measures designed to ensure cross-border access to government procurement markets. It considers relevant provisions in the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Procurement, and concludes that their recent revisions to promote transparency and effectiveness in the pursuit of these policies are welcome, but that further work to ensure their effective application in practice is needed.
Microinvestment Disputes
Authors: Bechky Perry S
Published: June 2017

When Salini v Morocco held that the word ‘investment’ in the ICSID Convention has an objective meaning that limits the ability of Member States to submit disputes to ICSID arbitration, the tribunal included ‘a contribution to development’ as an element of its definition. This chapter introduces the concept of a micro-investment dispute, which focuses attention on small investments giving rise to ICSID cases. The micro-investment lens reveals the failings of Salini’s contribution-to-development prong. By conditioning ICSID jurisdiction on an individualized showing of such a contribution, this prong disproportionately burdens micro-investors, inhibiting their access to ICSID despite the fact that the drafters of the ICSID Convention specifically rejected a minimum size requirement. In so doing, the development prong also limits ICSID’s value to those who need it most. In the name of promoting development, Salini may well undercut it.
Business and Human Rights and the Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Addo Michael K
Published: June 2017

This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the implementation of business and human rights standards, especially the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Although SMEs make up between 85 and 99 per cent of global enterprises, they have not been directly involved in the crafting of these standards and this coupled with the traditional focus on transnational enterprises gives a flavour of the formidably challenging context in which the UNGPs are to be implemented. Drawing on lessons from related disciplines such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental sustainability, the chapter explores the implications for human rights of issues such as SME identity, organizational structures, and their place in supply chains. The chapter concludes that the challenges are not overwhelming, especially if the unique characteristics of SMEs such as their flexibility, adaptability, and clear leaderships can be leveraged to achieve the objectives of the business and human rights standards.
Risk and International Law
Authors: Ambrus Mónika , Rayfuse Rosemary , Werner Wouter
Published: June 2017

There is a dialectical relation between law and uncertainty, the forms of which vary from one legal field to another. This chapter identifies the three key questions which frame the examination of this dialectic in the following chapters in the book: how is the future imagined in a particular legal field; how are these imaginings translated into rights, duties and competences operating in the present; and how does the distribution of rights, duties and comeptencies affect the distribution of risks, costs and benefits?The chapter explores the involvement of international law in debates about future imaginings, the reconfiguration of risk and the impacts of those future imaginings, be they utopian or dystopian, on present and future subjects of international law.
The European Court of Human Rights as Governor of Risk
Authors: Ambrus Mónika
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyses the ‘risk dispositief’ of the European Court of Human Rights and explores the ways in which the Court governs risk. It begins with an exploration of the specific features of governing uncertain future events that are adopted by the Court, including the identification of the forms of risk that the Court incorporates in its mode of governance and the manner in which it allocates responsibility for these risks. It then examines the manner in which the Court’s risk dispositief creates new subjectivities and redefine relationships. The Foucauldian concept of governmentality provides the theoretical framework for exploring the Court’s risk dispositief, and provides a tool for analyzing the Court’s techniques of risk governmentality. The ultimate purpose of this enquiry is to ascertain how the Court addresses risk-related complaints and how it conceptualises risk in different contexts.
Risk, Responsibility, and Fairness in International Investment Law
Authors: Bazrafkan Azernoosh , Herwig Alexia
Published: June 2017

International investment agreements (IIAs) accommodate two framings of risk in need of mitigation: political risks and risks of physical externalities. The chapter discloses that there is no consistency in the finer-grained framing of these risks in arbitral awards, and analyses these framings from the perspective of the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard. It is argued that the requirements of fairness and equity call for a just distribution of systemic risks, which IIAs create. It must be ensured that IIAs yield greater ex ante benefits than risks for each stakeholder. The implication is twofold: governmental regulation necessary to protect human rights can never give rise to a right to damages under FET for frustration of expectations and good faith imperfections in regulations by developing countries must be tolerable insofar as emerging development is the constitutive reason for why foreign investment is likely to yield higher ex ante benefits than risks to investors.
On Transcendental Absenting
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter posits a certain “void” upon which the few scraps of philosophical discussion of dance are scattered. It argues that this central void operates like a caesura, determining a “before” and an “after” This void implicates an absence—and the absence of dance from philosophy coincided precisely with the birth of aesthetics. There was thus a moment when a new kind of discourse about art and the beautiful was established, when a new discipline was formed which reorganized the disparate empirical realities of practices and works according to the architectonics of the concept. It was also the moment when dance was excluded, positioned beyond classification and ultimately marginalized as an art form.
A Space with No Place (Straus and Ecstasy)
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that Erwin Straus assigns dance very definitely to the domain of smooth space. Music is dance’s condition of possibility because it establishes the only space that could be adequate to dancing: an acoustic space, both homogeneous and nebulous, in which the directionality of praxis is obliterated. This acoustic space of dance contrasts with the optical space of directed and purposeful movement. The optical space, Straus tells us, is “historical”; the acoustic space, meanwhile, is “presentic.” Dance, as an extension of music, enables this “presentic” relation to space, which Straus calls “ecstasy” or “becoming one.” But ecstasy is only really apparent in dances “which are not yet dances” such as children’s dances, social dances, or primitive dances.
The Absence of the Work
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the process of absenting in more radical terms that previously discussed in this book. More specifically, it attempts to move from absenting as a mere tendency of discourse to the absence of the work as an explicit determination of what dance is. It is not just works that are absented. Rather, the object of enquiry itself, understood in terms of the twin notions of expenditure and auto-affection, is identified with the absence of the work. Presence (from the self to itself in the intimacy of an unstinting present) becomes the generic term allowing conversion of the negative as such (absence of the work) to a positive (jouissance or ecstasy).
Writing That Says Nothing
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at non-verbal and ideogrammatic inscriptions of movement, examining different choreographic notation systems and their relative failure to withstand the passage of time. It contends that the failure of dance notation is no mere historical accident, but the result of a fundamental conceptual tension. And rather than claiming that the supposed link between dance and presence nullifies every attempt at graphic inscription, this chapter argues that the difficulty consists in a more profound tension internal to the notational project. What remains to be shown is how the imperative of presence is reflected at the level of notational discourse itself, and articulated therein as a contradiction. Thus the chapter diagnoses this contradiction in the way that the linguistic paradigm becomes a constant point of reference, such that choreographic notation is said to stand to dance in the same relation as alphabetic writing stands to language.
Identity: Two Regimes
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines in detail the identity of the choreographic work, which has the peculiarity of being unwritten yet repeatable. In order to do so, the chapter constructs a theoretical framework and a minimal idea of what is more or less commonly understood by the term “work.” It borrows these concepts from Nelson Goodman (1976) and Gérard Genette (1997). From Goodman, the chapter retains the distinction between autographic and allographic works. This distinction enables two broad regimes of existence and identity to be delineated for art objects: that of the singular, material object (the painting or sculpture) and that of the ideal object in principle susceptible of multiple correct instantiations (the novel or symphony, for example.