bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D4-Modules
Authors: Ding Nanqing , Ibrahim Yasser , Yousif Mohamed , Zhou Yiqiang
Published: September 2016

A module [Formula: see text] is called a [Formula: see text]-module if, whenever [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are submodules of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a homomorphism with [Formula: see text], we have [Formula: see text]. The class of [Formula: see text]-modules contains the [Formula: see text]-modules as well as the dual-square-free (DSF) modules. Furthermore, a [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is called pseudo-discrete if [Formula: see text] is also a lifting module. In this paper, we study the [Formula: see text]-, the DSF, and the pseudo-discrete modules, and show that a pseudo-discrete module is clean iff it has the finite exchange property iff it has the full exchange property.
Orthonormal basis of wavelets with customizable frequency bands
Authors: Toda Hiroshi , Zhang Zhong
Published: September 2016

We already proved the existence of an orthonormal basis of wavelets having an irrational dilation factor with an infinite number of wavelet shapes, and based on its theory, we proposed an orthonormal basis of wavelets with an arbitrary real dilation factor. In this paper, with the development of these fundamentals, we propose a new type of orthonormal basis of wavelets with customizable frequency bands. Its frequency bands can be freely designed with arbitrary bounds in the frequency domain. For example, we show two types of orthonormal bases of wavelets. One of them has an irrational dilation factor, and the other is designed based on the major scale in just intonation.
(2+1)-dimensional supersymmetric integrable equations
Authors: Yan Zhao-Wen , Tala  , Chen Fang , Liu Tao-Ran , Han Jing-Min
Published: September 2016

By means of two different approaches, we construct the (2+1)-dimensional supersymmetric integrable equations based on the super Lie algebra osp(3/2). We relax the constraint condition of homogenous space of super Lie algebra osp(3/2) in the first approach. In another one, the technique of extending the dimension of the systems is used. Furthermore for the [Formula: see text]-dimensional supersymmetric integrable equations, we also derive their Bäcklund transformations.
On the seventh power moment of Δ(x)
Authors: Li Jinjiang
Published: September 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be the error term of the Dirichlet divisor problem. In this paper, we establish an asymptotic formula of the seventh-power moment of [Formula: see text] and prove that [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] which improves the previous result.
Representations by octonary quadratic forms with coefficients 1, 2, 3 or 6
Authors: Alaca Ayşe , Kesicioğlu M. Nesibe
Published: September 2016

Using modular forms, we determine formulas for the number of representations of a positive integer by diagonal octonary quadratic forms with coefficients [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text].
Globally determined ternary semigroups
Authors: Kar S. , Dutta I.
Published: September 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be the set of all nonempty subsets of a ternary semigroup [Formula: see text]. Then [Formula: see text] is a ternary semigroup with respect to the ternary multiplication defined by [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text]. If [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are isomorphic ternary semigroups, then the corresponding power ternary semigroups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are obviously isomorphic. It is quite natural to ask whether the converse is true, i.e. is it true that for any ternary semigroups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] implies that [Formula: see text]? If the class [Formula: see text] of algebra has this property, we say that [Formula: see text] is a globally determined class. In this paper, we provide some class of globally determined ternary semigroups. We show that all ternary semigroups are not globally determined but some special classes of ternary semigroups are globally determined. We show that the class of finite left (right) zero ternary semigroups, ternary groups and principal ideal (P. I.) ternary semigroups are globally determined but the class of involution ternary semigroups is not globally determined.
Solvothermal preparation of phthalocyanine nanorod/rGO composites and their application to visible-light-responsive photocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Lu Yongting , Zhang Fan , Qu Jie , Lin Bencai , Yuan Ningyi , Fang Bijun , Ding Jian-Ning
Published: September 2016

Phthalocyanine (Pc) nanorod/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were prepared by a simple solvothermal method, in which Pc nanosheet and graphene oxide (GO) suspensions were mixed in methanol. As characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction, Pc nanorods with an amorphous structure and an average diameter of 250[Formula: see text]nm are partially covered by rGO sheets. In the photodegradation experiments, all the composites with different rGO content show enhanced photocatalytic activity for Rhodamine B decomposition under visible-light compared to pure Pc nanorods or rGO sheets. The enhanced photocatalytic activity shall be ascribed to the large surface area offered by rGO and the charge-transfer from Pc to rGO as indicated by the photoluminescence measurement, in which fluorescence intensity of the composites is much weaker than that of Pc nanorods.
Brexit para Dummies
Authors: Leyton Eduardo
Published: September 2016

Guía rápida para comprender cómo una gran potencia económica-militar como el Reino Unido (UK), abandona uno de las comunidades más exitosas de la historia de nuestra civilización.
Differential Progression of Midbrain Atrophy in Parkinsonism: Longitudinal MRI Study
Authors: Hwang Minho , Yang Hyunwoo , Kim Younsoo , Youn Jinyoung , Park Jongkyu , Huh Young Eun , Kim Hee-Tae , Cho Jin Whan
Published: September 2016

Aims: To elucidate different patterns of progression of midbrain atrophy in patients with Richardson's syndrome (RS), progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P), and Parkinson's disease (PD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based visual rating indexes. Methods: We recruited 12 patients with PSP-RS, 12 with PSP-P, and 23 with PD for whom MRIs had been followed up for at least 2 years (mean ± SD, 4.9 ± 1.6 years) after the initial MRI. MRI-based visual rating indexes were used to estimate midbrain atrophy, including the ratio of the pontine to midbrain tegmental areas (P/M ratio) on a midsagittal image, the length between the interpeduncular fossa and the center of the cerebral aqueduct at the midmammillary-body level (MTEGM) on axial images, and the morning glory sign. Results: Initially, there were no differences in MRI-based visual rating indexes between PSP-P and PD, while PSP-RS showed a higher P/M ratio and lower MTEGM compared with PSP-P and PD. In PD, the P/M ratio and MTEGM remained stable with disease progression. However, the extent of changes between initial and follow-up indexes was similarly greater for both PSP-RS and PSP-P than for PD. Finally, PSP-P showed a higher P/M ratio and lower MTEGM compared with PD in the follow-up, while PSP-RS still exhibited the most profound changes. Conclusions: Midbrain atrophy progresses differentially in patients with PSP-RS, PSP-P, and PD. Longitudinal measurements of midbrain atrophy using MRI-based visual rating indexes can help distinguish patients with PSP-P from those with PSP-RS and PD.
Skeletal Muscle Alterations Are Exacerbated in Heart Failure With Reduced Compared With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Seiler Martin , Bowen T. Scott , Rolim Natale , Dieterlen Maja-Theresa , Werner Sarah , Hoshi Tomoya , Fischer Tina , Mangner Norman , Linke Axel , Schuler Gerhard , Halle Martin , Wisloff Ulrik , Adams Volker
Published: September 2016

Background—

A greater understanding of the different underlying mechanisms between patients with heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) and with preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction is urgently needed to better direct future treatment. However, although skeletal muscle impairments, potentially mediated by inflammatory cytokines, are common in both HFrEF and HFpEF, the underlying cellular and molecular alterations that exist between groups are yet to be systematically evaluated. The present study, therefore, used established animal models to compare whether alterations in skeletal muscle (limb and respiratory) were different between HFrEF and HFpEF, while further characterizing inflammatory cytokines.

Methods and Results—

Rats were assigned to (1) HFrEF (ligation of the left coronary artery; n=8); (2) HFpEF (high-salt diet; n=10); (3) control (con: no intervention; n=7). Heart failure was confirmed by echocardiography and invasive measures. Soleus tissue in HFrEF, but not in HFpEF, showed a significant increase in markers of (1) muscle atrophy (ie, MuRF1, calpain, and ubiquitin proteasome); (2) oxidative stress (ie, higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase but lower antioxidative enzyme activities); (3) mitochondrial impairments (ie, a lower succinate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase ratio and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression). The diaphragm remained largely unaffected between groups. Plasma concentrations of circulating cytokines were significantly increased in HFrEF for tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas interleukin-1β and interleukin-12 were higher in HFpEF.

Conclusions—

Our findings suggest, for the first time, that skeletal muscle alterations are exacerbated in HFrEF compared with HFpEF, which predominantly reside in limb, rather than in respiratory, muscle. This disparity may be mediated, in part, by the different circulating inflammatory cytokines that were elevated between HFpEF and HFrEF.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Outcomes With F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Imaging–Assisted Management of Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction Secondary to Coronary Disease
Authors: Mc Ardle Brian , Shukla Tushar , Nichol Graham , deKemp Robert A. , Bernick Jordan , Guo Ann , Lim Siok Ping , Davies Ross A. , Haddad Haissam , Duchesne Lloyd , Hendry Paul , Masters Roy , Ross Heather , Freeman Michael , Gulenchyn Karen , Racine Normand , Humen Dennis , Benard Francois , Ruddy Terrence D. , Chow Benjamin J. , Mielniczuk Lisa , DaSilva Jean N. , Garrard Linda , Wells George A. , Beanlands Rob S.B. , Higginson L. , Mesana T. , Ukkonen H. , Yoshinaga K. , Renaud J. , Klein R. , Aung M. , Kostuk W. , Wisenberg G. , White M. , Iwanochko R.M. , Mickleborough L. , Abramson B. , Latter D. , Lamy A. , Fallen E. , Coates G.
Published: September 2016

Background—

Whether viability imaging can impact long-term patient outcomes is uncertain. The PARR-2 study (Positron Emission Tomography and Recovery Following Revascularization) showed a nonsignificant trend toward improved outcomes at 1 year using an F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)–assisted strategy in patients with suspected ischemic cardiomyopathy. When patients adhered to F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET recommendations, outcome benefit was observed. Long-term outcomes of viability imaging–assisted management have not previously been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods and Results—

PARR-2 randomized patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and suspected CAD being considered for revascularization or transplantation to standard care (n= 195) versus PET-assisted management (n=197) at sites participating in long-term follow-up. The predefined primary outcome was time to composite event (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or cardiac hospitalization). After 5 years, 105 (53%) patients in the PET arm and 111 (57%) in the standard care arm experienced the composite event (hazard ratio for time to composite event =0.82 [95% confidence interval 0.62–1.07];
P
=0.15). When only patients who adhered to PET recommendations were included, the hazard ratio for the time to primary outcome was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.54–0.99;
P
=0.042).

Conclusions—

After a 5-year follow-up in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and suspected CAD, overall, PET-assisted management did not significantly reduce cardiac events compared with standard care. However, significant benefits were observed when there was adherence to PET recommendations. PET viability imaging may be best applied when there is likely to be adherence to imaging-based recommendations.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00385242.
Echocardiographic Structure and Function in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Castleman James S. , Ganapathy Ramesh , Taki Fatima , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Steeds Richard P. , Kotecha Dipak
Published: September 2016

Background—

Echocardiography is commonly used to direct the management of hypertensive disorders in medical patients, but its application in pregnancy is unclear. Our objective was to define the use of echocardiography in pregnancies complicated by gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia.

Methods and Results—

We performed a systematic review of articles using an electronic search of databases from inception to March 2015, prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42015015700). Eligible studies included pregnant women with GH or preeclampsia, evaluating left ventricular structure and function using echocardiography. The search strategy identified 36 studies, including 745 women with GH and 815 women with preeclampsia. The populations were heterogeneous with respect to clinical characteristics, parity, and risk of bias. Increased vascular resistance and left ventricular mass were the most consistent findings in GH and preeclampsia. Differentiating features from normal pregnancy were left ventricular wall thickness of ≥1.0 cm, exaggerated reduction in E/A, and lateral e′ of <14 cm/s. There was disagreement between studies with regard to cardiac output because of the timing of echocardiography, although reduced stroke volume was an indicator of adverse prognosis. Diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling are most marked in severe and early-onset preeclampsia, but are also markers of preeclampsia before clinical manifestation, and are associated with adverse outcomes.

Conclusions—

Echocardiography is a valuable tool to stratify risk and can guide management and counseling in the preclinical and clinical phases of GH and preeclampsia. Changes in cardiac function and morphology are recognizable at an asymptomatic early stage and correlate with disease severity and adverse outcomes.
The Establishment of Bulgarian–West German Diplomatic Relations within the Coordinating Framework of the Warsaw Pact
Authors: Baev Jordan
Published: September 2016

Bulgarian–West German relations played a crucial role in Bulgarian foreign policy in Europe from the time the FRG became a leading West European political and economic power and a key member of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community. The normalization of official relations between Bulgaria and the FRG was significantly influenced by two major factors: the policy of closer coordination and multilateral interaction within the Warsaw Pact and the somewhat slower, though increasing, process of East-West détente and security negotiations in Europe through CSCE and the Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction talks. This case study of the establishment of diplomatic relations between a powerful European state and a smaller one with opposite political orientation amid the East-West détente in the 1970s contributes to scholars’ understanding of the complex nature of international relations in Europe during the Cold War.
Palazzo Tè between Science and Imagination
Authors: Malkiel David
Published: September 2016

This study focuses on the observations of two eighteenth-century visitors to Mantua’s Palazzo Tè, Rabbis Isaac Lampronti of Ferrara (1679-1756) and Hayyim Yoseph David Azulay of Jerusalem (1724-1806), especially their impressions of the echo in its Chamber of the Giants. The rabbis’ response to Palazzo Tè closely resembles that of dozens other European travelers, whose writings about the echo chamber exhibit the same fascination with recent advances in scientific knowledge, and like them, Lampronti and Azulay labor to synthesize their experience with the traditions and beliefs that make up their worldview. The Palazzo Tè literature emblematizes the explosive increase in the diffusion of knowledge in early modern Europe, in the arts as well as the sciences, and the importance of travel and travel writing in that process.
Partnerships between International Institutions and Issues of (Shared) Responsibility
Authors: de Chazournes Laurence Boisson , Nollkaemper André
Published: September 2016

More and more, international institutions pursue their objectives together in the form of partnerships. Partnerships are established to work towards important policy objectives in relation to global health, environmental protection, and so on. However, the activities of partnerships may lead to questions of responsibility when such objectives are not achieved, or when third party interests are affected. This Forum explores questions of responsibility—the term responsibility being used in a broad sense—that may arise in relation to partnerships and in particular the question of whether responsibility can be shared between the actors that participate in a partnership. These introductory notes provide the necessary background by defining the concepts of partnerships and shared responsibility, and identify ten conclusions on shared responsibility that can be drawn from the case-studies on particular partnerships.
Partnerships in un Peacekeeping
Authors: Grenfell Katarina
Published: September 2016

The United Nations is increasingly working together in partnership with regional organizations, in particular the African Union and the European Union, to carry out tasks related to the maintenance of international peace and security. As more attention is paid to the comparative advantages of working together with partners in the field of peacekeeping operations, and these partnerships become increasingly integrated and coordinated to meet the needs on the ground, questions arise as to how the United Nations and its partners deal with issues of responsibility in connection with the conduct of these operations. This article examines the policy and practice of the United Nations regarding the use of partnerships in peacekeeping operations, including the legal framework that applies in respect of issues of responsibility. It concludes with some general observations regarding the challenges of addressing responsibility in this context.
A Trouble Shared is a Trouble Halved
Authors: Angelini Antonella
Published: September 2016

The World Bank has a large partnership portfolio, including international organizations and private actors. Due to their diversity and to the ambitious programs they pursue, partners are highly exposed to financial and operational risk. Curbing this risk takes different shapes in the legal design of partnerships. In particular, partnerships differ in terms of the degree of legal continuity along the stages of decision-making, management of funds and program implementation. This configuration raises several problems for the attribution of international legal responsibility for partnership-related activities. In some cases, the problem is one of attribution of conduct at the level of the partnership’s governing body as well as at that of implementation. More broadly, the policy of risk management leads to a dilution of control within the partnership chain. This means that one can construe only certain partnership programmes, or certain segments of a partnership, as amassing enough control for responsibility to arise.
Monumental Attack: The Visual Tools of the German Counter-Monument in Two Works by Jochen Gerz and Esther Shalev-Gerz, and Horst Hoheisel
Authors: Nielsen Kristine
Published: September 2016

This essay argues that iconoclasm serves as the visual tool of choice for Jochen Gerz and Esther Shalev-Gerz in their Memorial Against Fascism (1986) and for Horst Hoheisel in his Negative Form (1987). The West German historians’ debate of the late 1980s established an image prohibition by framing the representation of the Holocaust as an unimaginable and sacred event. The Counter-Monuments rely on this ban on images. They attack monumentality and visibility as both fascist and capitalist characteristics, designated as such during the Cold War. The essay argues that the formal choices inherent in conceptualizing these two Counter-Monuments comprise familiar historical modes of iconoclasm. It ultimately questions the need to rely on iconoclasm in the Counter-Monuments and contemporary German memorialization of the Holocaust.
Jus ad Bellum and r2p
Authors: Deb Anurag
Published: September 2016

Fernando Téson argues: “Human beings have claims against their own states and governments that the international community cannot merely ignore.”1 Claims which are founded on rights and their protection have become the foundation for a radical new formulation of the concept of sovereignty, as contained in the Responsibility to Protect Report of 2001. This new concept of sovereignty also lays down a new threshold for when to intervene, in order to protect civilian populations from, inter alia, brutal oppression and mass murder. However, is this new threshold sufficient to guarantee effective intervention? Can this new norm of responsibility be grounded in the different sovereign polities around the world? In this article, I attempt to examine the ideological matrix or discourse in which this new norm was founded, and explore its shortcomings when applied to different conceptualisations of sovereign polity. Further, I shall attempt to argue for a more inclusive threshold, one which can be applied more effectively to different situations and different polities which require intervention efforts.
Body Counts and Masking Wartime Violence
Authors: Zegveld Liesbeth
Published: September 2016

This Article is the transcript of the Peace Lecture held by Prof. Zegveld as part of the Peace Week 2013. It criticises the fact that Western countries do not provide data on the numbers of civilian casualties their wars cause. It remains controversial whether this is the consequence of a choice ‘not to do body counts’, or whether the governments does not want these figures to be revealed. In any case, the absence of this data leads to a de facto denial of the existence of these victims. This is reflected by the difficulties encountered when accountability and compensation are sought. It is argued here that there is a legal obligation to register victim casualties, as well as a necessity to do so from democratic, military and moral perspectives. For, as a component of conflict in itself, we can only truly evaluate our wars when the victim casualties are known.
Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. bermejense (Euphorbiaceae): a new obligate serpentinophyte from the southern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: HIDALGO-TRIANA NOELIA , PÉREZ-LATORRE ANDRÉS VICENTE , CABEZUDO BALTASAR
Published: September 2016

A new subspecies of the genus Euphorbia is described and illustrated. The new taxon occurs on rocky peridotite soils as an endemism forming part of the serpentine open scrublands in the province of Malaga (southern Iberian Peninsula, Spain). The only population belonging to this new taxon was formerly identified as E. flavicoma subsp. giselae, which also lives in the south of France. The new subspecies can now be separated from the French population and from E. flavicoma subsp. flavicoma by several characters: biological type, pubescence, margin and lamina shape and ecology.
Diversity of Penicillium species isolated from heavy metal polluted soil in Guizhou Province, China
Authors: ZHOU QING-XIN , HOUBRAKEN JOS , LI QI-RUI , XU YING , HYDE KEVIN D. , MCKENZIE ERIC H.C. , WANG YONG
Published: September 2016

Seven Penicillium strains were isolated from soil samples polluted by heavy metals in different zones of Guizhou Province, China. Phenotypic identification proved to be difficult and this data was therefore supplemented with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and partial β-tubulin sequences. Comparison of the obtained sequences with references sequences showed that six strain belonged to Penicillium section Lanata-divaricata and one strain to section Sclerotiora. Three of the seven isolates belonged to a new species and were named here P. terrarumae sp. nov. The other four isolates were identified as P. cremeogriseum, P. guanacastense, P. griseopurpureum and P. oxalicum.
Rubus zielinskii (Rosaceae), a new species from Poland
Authors: WOLANIN MATEUSZ MARIAN , WOLANIN MAGDALENA NATALIA , MUSIAŁ KRYSTYNA , KANIA IWONA , OKLEJEWICZ KRZYSZTOF
Published: September 2016

Rubus zielinskii M. M. Wolanin & M. N. Wolanin, a new species from south-east Poland is described and illustrated. Rubus zielinskii is a tetraploid (2n=28) belonging to the series Sprengeliani based on morphology. It is most similar to Rubus sprengelii from which it differs in the inflorescence, being leafy to the apex, the larger flowers, paler colour of the vegetative stem and straighter prickles. The species occurs mostly along forest roads, ditches and forest edges. A species conservation assessment for Rubus zielinskii determines its threat status to be Least Concern.
Hymenochaete conchata sp. nov. (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from Chiang Mai, Thailand
Authors: PAN RONG-RONG , ZHOU LI-WEI
Published: September 2016

Hymenochaetaceae is one of the most important families of wood-inhabiting fungi. Most members of this family are polypores, while two genera, viz. Hymenochaete and Hymenochaetopsis, also accommodate species bearing hymenial surface with other configurations. In the current paper, two recently collected Thai specimens are described as the new species Hymenochaete conchata. This species is characterized by annual and pileate basidiocarps, a concentrically zonate and sulcate pileal surface, a smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with two kinds of simple septate generative hyphae, smooth and subulate hymenial setae, and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores. Hymenochaete conchata mostly resembles H. ochromarginata, H. rubiginosa and H. villosa by its annual, pileate and imbricate basidiocarps, but differs in its smaller basidiospores. Moreover, in the current ITS-based phylogeny, H. conchata also occupied a separate position from these three species. From a phylogenetic perspective, H. conchata was placed in the Hymenochaete clade and had a more or less close relationship with H. tongbiguanensis. However, H. conchata could be easily distinguished from H. tongbiguanensis due to the resupinate basidiocarps and denticulate setae in the latter. Ecologically, H. conchata could have both parasitic and saprophytic habits.
Control and Stabilization of the Gulf Stream by Oceanic Current Interaction with the Atmosphere
Authors: Renault Lionel , Molemaker M. Jeroen , Gula Jonathan , Masson Sebastien , McWilliams James C.
Published: September 2016

The Gulf Stream (GS) is known to have a strong influence on climate, for example, by transporting heat from the tropics to higher latitudes. Although the GS transport intensity presents a clear interannual variability, satellite observations reveal its mean path is stable. Numerical models can simulate some characteristics of the mean GS path, but persistent biases keep the GS separation and postseparation unstable and therefore unrealistic. This study investigates how the integration of ocean surface currents into the ocean–atmosphere coupling interface of numerical models impacts the GS. The authors show for the first time that the current feedback, through its eddy killing effect, stabilizes the GS separation and postseparation, resolving long-lasting biases in modeled GS path, at least for the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). This key process should therefore be taken into account in oceanic numerical models. Using a set of oceanic and atmospheric coupled and uncoupled simulations, this study shows that the current feedback, by modulating the energy transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean, has two main effects on the ocean. On one hand, by reducing the mean surface stress and thus weakening the mean geostrophic wind work by 30%, the current feedback slows down the whole North Atlantic oceanic gyre, making the GS narrower and its transport weaker. Yet, on the other hand, the current feedback acts as an oceanic eddy killer, reducing the surface eddy kinetic energy by 27%. By inducing a surface stress curl opposite to the current vorticity, it deflects energy from the geostrophic current into the atmosphere and dampens eddies.
Evaluation of a Procedure to Correct Spatial Averaging in Turbulence Statistics from a Doppler Lidar by Comparing Time Series with an Ultrasonic Anemometer
Authors: Brugger Peter , Träumner Katja , Jung Christina
Published: September 2016

Doppler lidars are frequently used for wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer, but their data are subject to spatial averaging due to the pulse length of the laser and sampling frequency of the return signal. This spatial averaging also affects estimates of turbulence statistics like the velocity variance and outer scale of turbulence from Doppler lidar data. In this study a procedure from Frehlich and Cornman based on a von Kármán turbulence model was systematically applied to correct these effects of spatial averaging on turbulence statistics. The model was able to reduce the occurring bias of the velocity variance and outer scale of turbulence in a comparison of time series from a Doppler lidar and an ultrasonic anemometer. The measurements show that the bias of the velocity variance was reduced by 29% and that of the outer scale of turbulence by 43%. But both turbulence parameters had a remaining systematic error that could not be explained by the von Kármán model of the structure function.
Ultrasound-Assisted Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis: A Novel and Promising Endovascular Therapeutic Modality for Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Teleb Mohamed , Porres-Aguilar Mateo , Rivera-Lebron Belinda , Ngamdu Kyari Sumayin , Botrus Gehan , Anaya-Ayala Javier E. , Mukherjee Debabrata
Published: September 2016

Intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism (PE), also known as submassive PE, occurs in a substantial group of patients and carries a significant mortality risk. With adequate risk stratification, catheter-directed techniques could be used as a therapeutic approach in the intermediate-risk PE. Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (UCDT) represents a novel endovascular technique with good clinical and safety outcomes. Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis can achieve reduction in the thrombus burden and improvement of pulmonary hemodynamics and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and/or dilatation, without major procedure-related complications, major bleeding, or hemorrhagic strokes. This narrative review will focus on the major studies involving the efficacy and safety of UCDT in the intermediate-risk PE population. Prospective, randomized clinical trials with long-term follow-up and a large sample size are needed for further evaluation of mortality benefit and to further define which subgroup of patients may benefit from this novel endovascular technique.
Getting the Message Out: Media Context and Global Changes in Attitudes Toward Homosexuality
Authors: Ayoub Phillip M. , Garretson Jeremiah
Published: September 2016

Global attitudes involving homosexuality are changing rapidly. Tolerance toward lesbian and gay relationships has increased in almost every continent. More often than not, younger people have been at the forefront of this change. In this article, we explore explanations for this cross-national phenomenon. Specifically, we test to see whether contextual factors, those that allow lesbian women and gay men to freely express themselves or to gain cultural representation in the media, have driven this transformation. The results show that inter-cohort effects, or more liberal attitudes among younger people, are related to the pervasiveness of a nation’s mass media and to the presence of press freedom. This research suggests a strong link between increasing mass support for minority rights and the factors that encourage and allow minorities to express their viewpoints to others. These findings have broad implications, in that they help us understand the growing global acceptance around gay rights.
A New Agenda for Immigration and Citizenship Policy Research
Authors: Helbling Marc , Michalowski Ines
Published: September 2016

Given the widespread interest in political solutions to the current problems associated with immigration, we need to have an accurate understanding of existing policies in a cross-national perspective. To explain the coming into being and effectiveness of these policies, researchers have recently started to quantify immigration and citizenship policies and built databases across time and a large number of countries. These indices are likely to reconnect political science research with a field from which it has long been disconnected in terms of theories and methodology—the sub-field of migration and citizenship research. This special issue brings together scholars from North America and Europe who have been at the forefront of index-building and have started to employ these indices in empirical research.
Offensive strategies in the European Football Championship 2012
Authors: Sgrò Francesco , Aiello Fabio , Casella Alessandro , Lipoma Mario
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to identify the independent and interactive effects of possession strategy, pitch location, and game period on the offensive actions performed by the winning teams in the 2012 European Football Championship. The non-clinical magnitude-based inferences method was used to interpret the true effect of the performance indicators on the response variable. The offensive team possessions were grouped into winning (n = 2035) and losing (n = 2071). The winning teams performed offensive processes mainly using the possession play strategy (OR: 0.75, very likely negative effect of the direct play). When the analysis included the pitch location, negative interaction effect was found for the direct play, which ended up in the central path (OR: 0.70, very likely negative effect). On the contrary, the direct play in the second half of the match seemed to produce an effect on the probability of the winning teams performing offensive processes (OR: 1.59, most likely positive effect). The results of multivariate analyses showed that the offensive team possession profiles required a careful investigation because the possession strategy changed under the conjoint effect of pitch location and game period.
Reconstructing the Collective Memory of Mexico’s Dirty War
Authors: Mendoza García Jorge
Published: September 2016

A silenced and forgotten period of the Mexican past is that of the dirty war unleashed by the state against social movements in the second half of the twentieth century, especially the guerrillas and suspected guerrillas of the 1960s and 1970s. The dirty war is an unresolved issue in terms of memory, acknowledgment, and justice for those who suffered violence at the hands of those in power. An account of part of this period that reconstructs the ideologization, clandestine detention, and torture suffered by victims of this dirty war from the perspective of collective memory contributes to filling the gap in knowledge about this period.

La guerra sucia desatada por el estado mexicano en contra de los movimientos sociales en la segunda mitad del siglo XX (especialmente en contra de las guerrillas y las supuestas guerrillas de los años 60 y 70) es un periodo silenciado y olvidado del pasado mexicano. Esta guerra sucia es un asunto pendiente en términos de memoria, reconocimiento y justicia para aquellos que sufrieron la violencia a manos del poder establecido. Un relato de una parte de este período que desde la perspectiva de la memoria colectiva reconstruya la ideologización, la detención clandestina y la tortura que sufrieron las víctimas de la guerra sucia servirá para llenar las lagunas en el conocimiento sobre este período.
The Military Role in Filling the Security Gap After Armed Conflict
Authors: Neuteboom Peter , Soeters Joseph
Published: September 2016

During stabilization operations, the host nation and the international community are often confronted with a security gap, which could be a prelude to an explosive growth of crime and public disorder. In the absence of a functioning local police, an alternative is that the (international) military temporarily intervenes as interim police. This article analyzes how the Netherlands’ military performed during security gaps in three (post)conflict areas: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Iraq. It concludes that army units frequently were involved in interim policing and de facto operated as hybrid organizations, without leaving the military paradigm behind. Policing is generally not seen as a primary task of the military, however. To adapt to the reality of security gaps and to increase the operational effectiveness in the field of public security, the military would benefit from reflecting on their current military paradigm and on what they could learn from current policing practices.
The under reporting of recruitment strategies in research with children with life-threatening illnesses: A systematic review
Authors: Hudson Briony F , Oostendorp Linda JM , Candy Bridget , Vickerstaff Victoria , Jones Louise , Lakhanpaul Monica , Bluebond-Langner Myra , Stone Paddy
Published: September 2016

Background:

Researchers report difficulties in conducting research with children and young people with life-limiting conditions or life-threatening illnesses and their families. Recruitment is challenged by barriers including ethical, logistical and clinical considerations.

Aim:

To explore how children and young people (aged 0–25 years) with life-limiting conditions or life-threatening illnesses and their families were identified, invited and consented to research published in the last 5 years.

Design:

Systematic review.

Data sources:

MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Sciences Citation Index and SCOPUS were searched for original English language research published between 2009 and 2014, recruiting children and young people with life-limiting conditions or life-threatening illness and their families.

Results:

A total of 215 studies – 152 qualitative, 54 quantitative and 9 mixed methods – were included. Limited recruitment information but a range of strategies and difficulties were provided. The proportion of eligible participants from those screened could not be calculated in 80% of studies. Recruitment rates could not be calculated in 77%. A total of 31% of studies recruited less than 50% of eligible participants. Reasons given for non-invitation included missing clinical or contact data, or clinician judgements of participant unsuitability. Reasons for non-participation included lack of interest and participants’ perceptions of potential burdens.

Conclusion:

All stages of recruitment were under reported. Transparency in reporting of participant identification, invitation and consent is needed to enable researchers to understand research implications, bias risk and to whom results apply. Research is needed to explore why consenting participants decide to take part or not and their experiences of research recruitment.
Toward a better understanding and conceptualization of affect self-regulation through music: A critical, integrative literature review
Authors: Baltazar Margarida , Saarikallio Suvi
Published: September 2016

Research on the affective phenomena involved in music has grown exponentially over the last 20 years. One particular topic is the use of music for affect self-regulation (i.e., the process of creating, changing, or maintaining affective states). Being a recent field of research, knowledge remains scattered and heterogeneous. An integrative literature review was conducted to present the results from recent research and critically analyse its overall conceptual state. A systematic search of online databases focusing on publications from January 1994 to June 2014 was completed. An extensive screening resulted in the selection of 34 publications, which were analysed with regard to their focus, conceptual clarity, and the results obtained concerning the following levels: goals (G), strategies (S), tactics (T), and mechanisms (M). The findings show that the GSTM levels have not been studied with equal weight and precision. Moreover, additional relevant dimensions of analysis have also emerged. A considerable degree of inconsistency in the use of terms and conceptual imprecision was found across the publications, and the lack of a model aggravated the situation. The main components of affect regulation through music were identified. A compilation of definitions of affective terms and recommendations for future research are presented.
The cost of implementing new accounting standards: The case of IFRS adoption in Australia
Authors: Loyeung Anna , Matolcsy Zoltan , Weber Joseph , Wells Peter
Published: September 2016

This article examines the implementation errors that are made when accounting standards are implemented for the first time. Focusing on the transition to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), we provide evidence on the causes of these errors as well as the economic consequences of disclosing these errors. We find that the quality of both the chief financial officers (CFOs) and the auditors are associated with less implementation errors. We also find that there is a learning process as later adopters of IFRS report less errors compared to early adopters in the financial reporting cycle. In terms of the consequences of disclosing these errors, we find that firms reporting more implementation errors experience an increase in information asymmetry when these errors become known to market participants. Furthermore, we find a positive association between implementation errors and increases in audit fees when the implementation errors are disclosed. Our results are robust with respect to a number of sensitivity tests.
Managing Hyperkalemia: Stepping Into a New Frontier
Authors: Pham Antony Q. , Sexton Jessica , Wimer Dexter , Rana Isha , Nguyen Timothy
Published: September 2016

Maintaining potassium balance in the body is essential for cellular function. Even a slight increase in normal serum potassium levels (3.5-5.0 mEq/L) can interfere with metabolism, electrical action potentials, and cellular processes. Hyperkalemia is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in patients on renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), diuretics, and hemodialysis are currently available methods for removing potassium from the body; however, these options have their limitations. Patiromer (Veltassa) and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate are 2 new therapeutic options that can potentially lead a new frontier in the management of hyperkalemia. This article will review these novel treatments.
The Chronology in the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch 85–90
Authors: Laato Antti
Published: September 2016

The chronology in the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 89–90) is one of most enigmatic chronological systems in the Second Temple Jewish writings. Its aim is to date the decisive apocalyptic end-time period by using the system of 70 hours (corresponding to yearweeks). While scholars do not see any precise correlation between the chronology of the Animal Apocalypse and the historical periods of antiquity, arguments are presented in this article that the author of 1 Enoch 89–90 had a clear logic behind the numbers.
Jacob or Levi—Who Is the Officiating Priest in Jubilees 30–32?
Authors: Berner Christoph
Published: September 2016

The study proposes a new, redaction-critical explanation for the strikingly ambiguous portrayal of Jacob and Levi in Jubilees 30–32. It argues that the original version of the chapters only referred to Jacob, who was pictured as the officiating priest of his generation. In contrast, all references to Levi belong to later editorial stages of the text, which claimed the respective role for Levi. While Levi's rise to the ancestral priestly figure par excellence is still reflected in the literary growth of Jubilees 30–32, the ALD represents a later stage in the development of the Levi tradition, when the patriarch's prominent priestly role was already established.
Design and simulation of polymethyl methacrylate-titanium composite bone fixing plates using finite element analysis: Optimizing the composition to minimize the stress shielding effect
Authors: Naidubabu Y , Mohana Rao G , Rajasekhar K , Ratna Sunil B
Published: September 2016

Stress shielding is a mechanical phenomenon usually found in load-bearing bone implants. Difference in mechanical properties between the natural bone and the artificial implant leads to stress shielding problem. In the present work, polymethyl methacrylate and commercial pure titanium were selected to design laminate and particulate composites. Optimum composition was theoretically obtained that exhibits mechanical properties close to that of natural human bone. Bone fixing plate was designed for femur bone using computer-aided design. Finite element analysis was adopted to analyze the stress distribution in the bone and implant under static load conditions. Fixing plate with three screws was modeled and simulated using finite element analysis to investigate the stress distribution. Simulation was also done considering 316 L stainless steel as fixing implant and compared with the present optimized composition. Laminate composite with 0.3 volume fraction of titanium has shown mechanical properties close to the bone compared with other combinations. The results have clearly shown that the von-Mises stress induced in the bone with polymethyl methacrylate-titanium laminate composite plates was increased compared with the bone implanted with 316 L steel. Interestingly, laminate composites exhibited higher stresses in the bone compared with particulate composites. From the present design and simulation, it is clearly demonstrated that the laminate composites of polymethyl methacrylate–30% titanium can be an optimum choice for load-bearing implant materials with reduced stress shielding effect.
When Payment Undermines the Pitch
Authors: Barasch Alixandra , Berman Jonathan Z. , Small Deborah A.
Published: September 2016

Studies on crowding out document that incentives sometimes backfire—decreasing motivation in prosocial tasks. In the present research, we demonstrated an additional channel through which incentives can be harmful. Incentivized advocates for a cause are perceived as less sincere than nonincentivized advocates and are ultimately less effective in persuading other people to donate. Further, the negative effects of incentives hold only when the incentives imply a selfish motive; advocates who are offered a matching incentive (i.e., who are told that the donations they successfully solicit will be matched), which is not incompatible with altruism, perform just as well as those who are not incentivized. Thus, incentives may affect prosocial outcomes in ways not previously investigated: by crowding out individuals’ sincerity of expression and thus their ability to gain support for a cause.