bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debonding quantification in adhesive bonded joints by the inverse finite element method
Authors: Poloni Dario , Oboe Daniele , Sbarufatti Claudio , Giglio Marco
Published: March 2023

In the past two decades, the aerospace industry has massively shifted from aluminum-made components to composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), striving for more fuel efficient and lighter aircrafts. Consequently, traditional joints have been replaced by adhesive bonded interfaces, which are also the most common choice to repair damaged components. Although adhesive bonding is the most efficient choice for permanent connections, it is not free of disadvantages: one of the most common failure modes, the debonding of the two laps, is very problematic to detect and predict in practice. Therefore, frequent inspections must be performed to ensure structural safety, increasing maintenance costs, and lessening the availability of the platforms. The development of innovative sensing technologies has allowed for a close monitoring of structural interfaces, and several structural health monitoring techniques have been proposed to monitor adhesive bonded connections. Sensitivity and correlation between measurements and debonding entity has been demonstrated in the literature: nevertheless, hardly any technique has been proposed and quantitively evaluated to estimate the debonding entity independently of the applied loads, such as misalignment-induced torsion, which is a major confounding influence in the traditional backface strain gauge technique. This paper proposes the inverse finite element method (iFEM) as a load and material independent approach to infer the debonding entity from strain measurements in adhesive-bonded joints. Two approaches to estimate the debonding entity with the iFEM are compared on cracked leap shear specimens representative of CFRP repair patches: one is based on anomaly indexes, the other on performing a model selection with multiple iFEM models including different damages. The latter demonstrates satisfactory performances; thus, it is considered a significant scientific advancement in this field.
Atom walking in a traveling-wave light
Authors: Lai Wenxi
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we investigate mechanical motion of ultra-slow single atoms considering each atom is coherently coupled to a traveling-wave light. The main noise in this system is originated from Doppler broadening due to the continuous momentum distribution in atom wave packet. Here, it is proved that the Doppler broadening could be effectively suppressed in strong coupling regime. Under the coherent coupling, individual neutral atoms periodically walk in a definite direction. Direction of the motion depends on occupation of the atom in its two internal states related to the optical transition, since the atom would be affected by attractive or repulsive forces depending on the internal states. It is analogous to the electric force acting on negatively or positively charged particles. We explain them with spin–orbit coupling of atoms which is hidden in our Hamiltonian. These results have potential applications for the construction of future atomic devices.
Multiphoton coherent states for bilayer graphene
Authors: Fernández C David J , Martínez-Moreno Dennis I
Published: March 2023

The multiphoton coherent states, a generalization to coherent states, are derived for electrons in bilayer graphene placed in a constant homogeneous magnetic field which is orthogonal to the bilayer surface. For that purpose a generalized annihilation operator is constructed in order to determine the multiphoton coherent states as eigenstates of such operator with complex eigenvalue. In addition, some physical quantities are calculated for these states, as the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, the probability density and the mean energy value. Finally, in order to study the dynamics of the system the time evolution is explored and the time-correlation function is computed.
The Saturation Mechanism in a two-stream free-electron laser based upon a rectangular hybrid wiggler
Authors: Hosseinnezhad Amirhossein , Nooshabadi Asma Ostadi , Ahmadkhan Kordbacheh Amirhossein
Published: March 2023

This paper presents a one-dimensional nonlinear simulation of a square hybrid two-stream free electron laser (TSFEL) consisting of an axial magnetic field guide. It is supposed that the two cold relativistic electron beams differ in energy, while the electron beam’s self-fields, and radiation wave slippage relative to electron beams are neglected. A set of differential equations of the first order of coupled nonlinearity, obtained from the combination of Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz’s equations, can be numerically solved using a Runge–Kutta algorithm of fourth-order based on slowly varying amplitudes and wavenumbers approximation. According to the results of the calculations, the increase in the axial magnetic field will increase the efficiency in group I orbits while the saturation length decreases. The results for group II orbits are different from those of group I, so the efficiency decreases with the increasing axial magnetic field. There is, however, an increase in saturation length. Additionally, it is found that prebunching significantly reduces the length of saturation. A comparison of radiation saturation in an FEL and a TSFEL indicates that a TSFEL has a higher efficiency than an FEL. In contrast, the TSFEL has shorter saturation lengths.
Study of plasma sheath in the presence of dust particles in a magnetic mirror-like field configuration
Authors: Deka K , Sharma G , Paul R , Moulick R , Adhikari S , Kausik S S , Saikia B K
Published: March 2023

The properties of a plasma sheath in the presence of dust grains and a magnetic mirror-like field configuration have been investigated in this study. All the plasma species viz. electrons, ions, and dust grains are described by fluid equations. The system of equations involved in the study is solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth-order (RK4) method to explore the sheath properties. The results of the study suggest that in the presence of a magnetic mirror-like field configuration, the component of ion velocity perpendicular to the wall decreases near the surface, and consequently, the ion density increases. To the best of our knowledge, such observations have not been reported anywhere previously. This utterly different observation is due to the magnetic field configuration alone. Such a behavior can be used to control the dynamics of the ions in the sheath. Moreover, ion-neutral collisions tend to reduce the effect of the magnetic field on the properties of the sheath. The study may be helpful to understand the interactions of plasma with the wall in different plasma-assisted industrial applications containing dust grains as contaminants. Besides, the study will play a significant role in controlling the dynamics of positive ions and negatively charged dust grains in the sheath. The space charge shows an unusual behavior near the sheath. In the usual scenario, the space charge slightly decreases near the wall. But in the present context, the space charge increases. Further, it has been observed that the dust surface potential near the wall becomes less negative with the increase in magnetic field strength. The magnetic field and ion-neutral collisions tend to restrict the movement of the ions toward the wall when acting separately, but their combined effect leads to a different kind of behavior altogether.
Model independent bounds for the number of e-folds during the evolution of the universe
Authors: Germán Gabriel , Gonzalez Quaglia R. , Moran Colorado A.M.
Published: March 2023

We present a simple procedure to obtain universal bounds for quantities of cosmological interest, such as the number of e-folds during inflation, reheating, and radiation, as well as the reheating temperature. The main assumption is to represent each of the various epochs of evolution of the universe as being due to a single substance changing instantaneously into the next, describing a new era of evolution of the universe. This assumption, commonly used to obtain solutions of the Friedmann equations for simple cosmological models, is implemented here to find model-independent bounds on cosmological quantities of interest. In particular, we find that the bound Nk
≈ 56 for -1/3 < ω
re < 1/3 is very robust as an upper bound on the number of e-folds during inflation and also as a lower bound when ω
re > 1/3, where ω
re is the effective equation of state parameter during reheating. These are model-independent results that any single-field model of inflation should satisfy. As an example we illustrate with the basic α attractor model the usual model dependent approach, and the one presented here, and show how they complement each other.
Back interface passivation for ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with Schottky back contact: A trade-off of electrical effects
Authors: Tu Ye , Li Yong , Yin Guanchao
Published: March 2023

Back interface passivation reduces the back recombination of photogenerated electrons, whereas aggravates the blocking of hole transport towards back contact, which complicate the back interface engineering for ultrathin CIGSe solar cells with a Schottky back contact. In this work, theoretical explorations were conducted to study how the two contradictory electrical effects impact cell performance. For ultrathin CIGSe solar cells with a pronounced Schottky potential barrier (E
h > 0.2 eV), back interface passivation produces diverse performance evolution trends, which are highly dependent on cell structures and properties. Since a back Ga grading can screen the effect of reduced recombination of photogenerated electrons from back interface passivation, the hole blocking effect predominates and back interface passivation is not desirable. However, when the back Schottky diode merges with the main pn junction due to a reduced absorber thickness, the back potential barrier and the hole blocking effect is much reduced on this occasion. Consequently, cells exhibit the same efficiency evolution trend as ones with an Ohmic contact, where back interface passivation is always advantageous. The discoveries imply the complexity of back interface passivation and provide guidance to manipulate back interface for ultrathin CIGSe solar on TCOs with a pronounced Schottky back contact.
Vibrational resonance in globally coupled bistable systems under the noise background
Authors: Liu Jiangling , Li Chaorun , Gao Hailing , Du Luchun
Published: March 2023

Effects of system size, coupling strength, and noise on vibrational resonance (VR) of globally coupled bistable systems are investigated. The power spectral amplifications obtained by the three methods all show that the VR exists over a wide range of parameter values. The increase in system size induces and enhances the VR, while the increase in noise intensity suppresses and eventually eliminates the VR. Both the stochastic resonance and the system size resonance can coexist with the VR in different parameter regions. This research has potential applications to the weak signal detection process in stochastic multi-body systems.
Crystal growth of CeMn0.85Sb2: Absence of magnetic order of Ce-sublattice
Authors: Li Yong , Miao Shan-Shan , Feng Hai , Yang Huai-Xin , Shi You-Guo
Published: March 2023

Single crystals of CeMn0.85Sb2 have been successfully synthesized by using the Bi as flux. Analysis of single crystal x-ray diffraction data confirms that CeMn0.85Sb2 crystallizes in the HfCuSi2-type structure with the space group P4/nmm (No. 129). In the case of H||c, CeMn0.85Sb2 displays a robust antiferromagnetic transition at ∼160 K for Mn-sublattice, and there is no sign of magnetic order regarding Ce-sublattice. In the case of H ⊥ c, the Mn-sublattice shows signs of magnetic order at 160 K and 116 K, indicating a possible spin reorientation. There is no sign of magnetic order for the Ce-sublattice either, but, alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal a spin glass state below 18 K in the case of H ⊥ c. Isothermal magnetization curves measured below magnetic order with H ⊥ c show saturation and even large hysteresis at 2 K, indicating the presence of a ferromagnetic component. In addition, a field-induced spin-flop transition is observed in the case of H ⊥ c, indicating a field-induced spin reorientation of Mn spins. Electrical resistivity measurements indicate a metallic nature for CeMn0.85Sb2 and large anisotropy which is consistent with its quasi-two-dimensional layered structure.
Crack deflection in laminates with graded stiffness—lessons from biology
Authors: Greenfeld Israel , Wagner H Daniel
Published: March 2023

A crack propagating through a laminate can cause severe structural failure, which may be avoided by deflecting or arresting the crack before it deepens. Inspired by the biology of the scorpion exoskeleton, this study shows how crack deflection can be achieved by gradually varying the stiffness and thickness of the laminate layers. A new generalized multi-layer, multi-material analytical model is proposed, using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The condition for deflection is modeled by comparing the applied stress causing a cohesive failure, resulting in crack propagation, to that causing an adhesive failure, resulting in delamination between layers. We show that a crack propagating in a direction of progressively decreasing elastic moduli is likely to deflect sooner than when the moduli are uniform or increasing. The model is applied to the scorpion cuticle, the laminated structure of which is composed of layers of helical units (Bouligands) with inward decreasing moduli and thickness, interleaved with stiff unidirectional fibrous layers (interlayers). The decreasing moduli act to deflect cracks, whereas the stiff interlayers serve as crack arrestors, making the cuticle less vulnerable to external defects induced by its exposure to harsh living conditions. These concepts may be applied in the design of synthetic laminated structures to improve their damage tolerance and resilience.
Underwater legged robotics: review and perspectives
Authors: Picardi G , Astolfi A , Chatzievangelou D , Aguzzi J , Calisti M
Published: March 2023

Nowadays, there is a growing awareness on the social and economic importance of the ocean. In this context, being able to carry out a diverse range of operations underwater is of paramount importance for many industrial sectors as well as for marine science and to enforce restoration and mitigation actions. Underwater robots allowed us to venture deeper and for longer time into the remote and hostile marine environment. However, traditional design concepts such as propeller driven remotely operated vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicles, or tracked benthic crawlers, present intrinsic limitations, especially when a close interaction with the environment is required. An increasing number of researchers are proposing legged robots as a bioinspired alternative to traditional designs, capable of yielding versatile multi-terrain locomotion, high stability, and low environmental disturbance. In this work, we aim at presenting the new field of underwater legged robotics in an organic way, discussing the prototypes in the state-of-the-art and highlighting technological and scientific challenges for the future. First, we will briefly recap the latest developments in traditional underwater robotics from which several technological solutions can be adapted, and on which the benchmarking of this new field should be set. Second, we will the retrace the evolution of terrestrial legged robotics, pinpointing the main achievements of the field. Third, we will report a complete state of the art on underwater legged robots focusing on the innovations with respect to the interaction with the environment, sensing and actuation, modelling and control, and autonomy and navigation. Finally, we will thoroughly discuss the reviewed literature by comparing traditional and legged underwater robots, highlighting interesting research opportunities, and presenting use case scenarios derived from marine science applications.
Quantum-quasiclassical analysis of center-of-mass nonseparability in hydrogen atom stimulated by strong laser fields
*
Authors: Melezhik Vladimir S
Published: March 2023

We have developed a quantum-quasiclassical computational scheme for quantitative treating of the nonseparable quantum–classical dynamics of the 6D hydrogen atom in a strong laser pulse. In this approach, the electron is treated quantum mechanically and the center-of-mass (CM) motion classically. Thus, the Schrödinger equation for the electron and the classical Hamilton equations for the CM variables, nonseparable due to relativistic effects stimulated by strong laser fields, are integrated simultaneously. In this approach, it is natural to investigate the idea of using the CM- velocity spectroscopy as a classical ‘build-up’ set up for detecting the internal electron quantum dynamics. We have performed such an analysis using the hydrogen atom in linearly polarized laser fields as an example and found a strong correlation between the CM kinetic energy distribution after a laser pulse and the spectral density of electron kinetic energy. This shows that it is possible to detect the quantum dynamics of an electron by measuring the distribution of the CM kinetic energy.
Phosphor-in-glass with time-evolving multicolor luminescence for dynamic anticounterfeiting
Authors: Zhu Lihong , Yu Yunlong , Li Xiaoyan , Yu Muxin , Guan Xiangfeng , Lv Jiangquan , Zhang Zhiren , Gao Kun
Published: March 2023

The conventional luminescent materials used in the anticounterfeiting field generally exhibit unicolor output and a single-wavelength excitation mode, resulting in a poor anticounterfeiting effect. Herein, we successfully achieved a new transparent SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+/CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor-in-glass (PiG) with dynamic luminescence color variation from red to yellow in hundreds of seconds during the ultraviolet lamp irradiation and green persistent luminescence (PersL) after ceasing excitation. Additionally, the prepared PiG owns excitation wavelength- or doping weight ratio-dependent color-tunable luminescence. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the specially designed SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+/CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ PiG based flower patterns exhibit dynamic luminescence color variation under a simple ultraviolet lamp, and can be observed for quick discrimination. This work exploits a new perspective for the design of dynamic multicolor anticounterfeiting materials.
Asymptotic phase-locking and synchronization in two-qubit systems
Authors: Štěrba D , Novotný J , Jex I
Published: March 2023

The paper concerns spontaneous asymptotic phase-locking and synchronization in two-qubit systems undergoing continuous Markovian evolution described by Lindbladian dynamics with normal Lindblad operators. Using analytic methods, all phase-locking-enforcing mechanisms within the given framework are obtained and classified. Detailed structures of their respective attractor spaces are provided and used to explore their properties from various perspectives. Amid phase-locking processes those additionally enforcing identical stationary parts of both qubits are identified, including as a special case the strictest form of synchronization conceivable. A prominent basis is presented which reveals that from a physical point of view two main types of phase-locking mechanisms exist. The ability to preserve information about the initial state is explored and an upper bound on the amplitude of oscillations of the resulting phase-locked dynamics is established. Permutation symmetry of both asymptotic states and phase-locking mechanisms is discussed. Lastly, the possibility of entanglement production playing the role of a phase-locking witness is rebutted by three analytically treatable examples.
The differential risk of severe hyponatraemia based on the use patterns of hyponatraemia-inducing medications in older adults
Authors: Jun Kwanghee , Ah Young-Mi , Shin Jaekyu , Lee Ju-Yeun
Published: March 2023

Background

the identification and minimization of hyponatraemia-inducing medication (HIM) usage is among the effective strategies for preventing hyponatraemia. However, the differential risk of severe hyponatraemia is unknown.

Objective

to evaluate the differential risk of severe hyponatraemia associated with newly started and concurrently used HIMs in older people.

Design and setting

a case–control study using national claims databases.

Methods

we identified patients aged >65 years with severe hyponatraemia as those hospitalised with a primary diagnosis of hyponatraemia or who had received tolvaptan or 3% NaCl. A 1:20 matched control with the same visit date was constructed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association of newly started or concurrently used HIMs comprising 11 medication/classes with severe hyponatraemia after covariate adjustment.

Results

among 47,766,420 older patients, we identified 9,218 with severe hyponatraemia. After adjusting for covariates, all HIM classes were found to be significantly associated with severe hyponatraemia. Compared with persistently used HIMs, newly started HIMs increased the likelihood of severe hyponatraemia for eight classes of HIMs, with the highest increase being observed for desmopressin (adjusted odds ratio: 3.82, 95% confidence interval: 3.01–4.85). Concurrent use increased the risk of severe hyponatraemia compared to that with individually administered HIMs: thiazide-desmopressin (4.86, 3.90–6.07), medications causing the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)-desmopressin (2.65, 2.25–3.11), medications causing SIADH-thiazides (1.87, 1.75–1.98) and combination among medications causing SIADH (1.36, 1.28–1.45).

Conclusions

in older adults, newly started and concurrently used HIMs increased the risk of severe hyponatraemia compared with persistently and singly used HIMs.
Considerations for implementation of vancomycin Bayesian software monitoring in a level IV NICU population within a multisite health system
Authors: Oliver Meredith B , Boeser Kimberly D , Carlson Melissa K , Hansen Lizbeth A
Published: March 2023

Purpose

The updated 2020 vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring guideline advocates for area under the curve (AUC)–based monitoring in neonates, preferably with Bayesian estimation. This article describes the selection, planning, and implementation of vancomycin model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) software with Bayesian estimation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within an academic health system.

The selection, planning, and implementation of vancomycin MIPD software was completed in approximately 6 months throughout a health system with multiple NICU sites. The chosen software captures data on medications in additional to vancomycin, provides analytics support, includes specialty populations (eg, neonates), and offers the ability to integrate MIPD into the electronic health record. Pediatric pharmacy representatives served on a system-wide project team with key responsibilities including development of educational materials, drafting changes to policies and procedures, and assistance with department-wide software training. Additionally, pediatric and neonatal pharmacist super users trained other pediatric pharmacists on software functionality, were available the week of go-live for in-person support, and contributed to the identification of pediatric and NICU-specific nuances related to software implementation. Neonatal-specific considerations when implementing MIPD software include: the selection of appropriate pharmacokinetic model(s), continued evaluation of such model(s), selection of appropriate model(s) in infants as they age, input of significant covariates, determination of the site-specific serum creatinine assay, decision of the number of vancomycin serum concentrations obtained, discernment of patients excluded from AUC monitoring, and the utilization of actual versus dosing weight.

Conclusion

This article serves to share our experience with selecting, planning, and implementing Bayesian software for vancomycin AUC monitoring in a neonatal population. Other health systems and children’s hospitals can utilize our experience to evaluate a variety of MIPD software and consider neonatal nuances prior to implementation.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status, Tenofovir Exposure, and the Risk of Poor Coronavirus Disease 19 Outcomes: Real-World Analysis From 6 United States Cohorts Before Vaccine Rollout
Authors: Lea Alexandra N , Leyden Wendy A , Sofrygin Oleg , Marafino Ben J , Skarbinski Jacek , Napravnik Sonia , Agil Deana , Augenbraun Michael , Benning Lorie , Horberg Michael A , Jefferson Celeena , Marconi Vincent C , Park Lesley S , Gordon Kirsha S , Bastarache Lisa , Gangireddy Srushti , Althoff Keri N , Coburn Sally B , Gebo Kelly A , Lang Raynell , Williams Carolyn , Silverberg Michael J
Published: March 2023

Background

People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) may be at increased risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. We examined HIV status and COVID-19 severity, and whether tenofovir, used by PWH for HIV treatment and people without HIV (PWoH) for HIV prevention, was associated with protection.

Methods

Within 6 cohorts of PWH and PWoH in the United States, we compared the 90-day risk of any hospitalization, COVID-19 hospitalization, and mechanical ventilation or death by HIV status and by prior exposure to tenofovir, among those with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection between 1 March and 30 November 2020. Adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) were estimated by targeted maximum likelihood estimation, with adjustment for demographics, cohort, smoking, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, calendar period of first infection, and CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA levels (in PWH only).

Results

Among PWH (n = 1785), 15% were hospitalized for COVID-19 and 5% received mechanical ventilation or died, compared with 6% and 2%, respectively, for PWoH (n = 189 351). Outcome prevalence was lower for PWH and PWoH with prior tenofovir use. In adjusted analyses, PWH were at increased risk compared with PWoH for any hospitalization (aRR, 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.20–1.44]), COVID-19 hospitalizations (1.29 [1.15–1.45]), and mechanical ventilation or death (1.51 [1.19–1.92]). Prior tenofovir use was associated with reduced hospitalizations among PWH (aRR, 0.85 [95% confidence interval, .73–.99]) and PWoH (0.71 [.62–.81]).

Conclusions

Before COVID-19 vaccine availability, PWH were at greater risk for severe outcomes than PWoH. Tenofovir was associated with a significant reduction in clinical events for both PWH and PWoH.
Vasostatin-2 associates with coronary collateral vessel formation in diabetic patients and promotes angiogenesis via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
Authors: Bao Xiao Lu , Dai Yang , Lu Lin , Wang Xiao Qun , Ding Feng Hua , Shen Wei Feng , Shen Ying , De Caterina Raffaele
Published: March 2023

Aims

Members of the chromogranin family play a role in angiogenesis. One such biologically active peptide, generated through the processing of chromogranin A, is vasostatin-2. This study aimed at assessing the association of serum vasostatin-2 levels with coronary collateral vessels (CCV) in diabetic patients with chronic total occlusions (CTO) and the effects of vasostatin-2 on angiogenesis in diabetic mice with hindlimb or myocardial ischemia.

Methods and results

Serum levels of vasostatin-2 in 452 diabetic CTO patients were evaluated. The status of CCV was categorized according to the Rentrop score. Vasostatin-2 recombinant protein or phosphate-buffered saline were then injected intraperitoneally in diabetic mouse models of hindlimb or myocardial ischemia, followed by laser Doppler imaging and molecular biology examinations. The effects of vasostatin-2 were also ascertained in endothelial cells and macrophages, with mechanisms clarified using ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing. Serum levels of vasostatin-2 were significantly different and progressively higher across Rentrop score 0, 1, 2, and 3 groups (P < .001), with significantly lower levels in patients with poor CCV (Rentrop score 0 and 1) than in those with good CCV (Rentrop score 2 and 3) (P < .05). Vasostatin-2 significantly promoted angiogenesis in diabetic mice with hindlimb or myocardial ischemia. RNA-seq analyzes verified an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-mediated vasostatin-2-induction of angiogenesis in ischemic tissues.

Conclusion

Lower serum levels of vasostatin-2 are associated with poor CCV in diabetic CTO patients compared with patients with good CCV. Vasostatin-2 significantly promotes angiogenesis in diabetic mice with hindlimb or myocardial ischemia. Such effects are mediated by ACE2.
On the fast track: hybrids adapt more rapidly than parental populations in a novel environment
Authors: Kulmuni Jonna , Wiley Bryn , Otto Sarah P
Published: March 2023

Rates of hybridization are predicted to increase due to climate change and human activity that cause redistribution of species and bring previously isolated populations into contact. At the same time climate change leads to rapid changes in the environment, requiring populations to adapt rapidly in order to survive. A few empirical cases suggest hybridization can facilitate adaptation despite its potential for incompatibilities and deleterious fitness consequences. Here we use simulations and Fisher’s Geometric model to evaluate the conditions and time frame of adaptation via hybridization in both diploids and haplodiploids. We find that hybrids adapt faster to new environments compared to parental populations in nearly all simulated scenarios, generating a fitness advantage that can offset intrinsic incompatibilities and last for tens of generations, regardless of whether the population was diploid or haplodiploid. Our results highlight the creative role of hybridization and suggest that hybridization may help contemporary populations adapt to the changing climate. However, adaptation by hybrids may well happen at the cost of reduced biodiversity, if previously isolated lineages collapse into one.
Testing the Webber’s Comprehensive Mobility Framework Using Self-Reported and Performance-Based Mobility Outcomes Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Nigeria
Authors: Nwachuwku Ernest C , Rayner Daniel , Ibekaku Michael C , Uduonu Ekezie C , Ezema Charles I , Kalu Michael E
Published: March 2023

Background and Objectives

In 2010, Webber and colleagues conceptualized the interrelationships between mobility determinants, and researchers tested Webber’s framework using data from developed countries. No studies have tested this model using data from developing nations (e.g., Nigeria). This study aimed to simultaneously explore the cognitive, environmental, financial, personal, physical, psychological, and social influences and their interaction effects on the mobility outcomes among community-dwelling older adults in Nigeria.

Research Design and Methods

This cross-sectional study recruited 227 older adults (mean age [standard deviation] = 66.6 [6.8] years). Performance-based mobility outcomes included gait speed, balance, and lower extremity strength, and were assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery, whereas the self-reported mobility outcomes included inability to walk 0.5 km, 2 km, or climb a flight of stairs, assessed using the Manty Preclinical Mobility Limitation Scale. Regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of mobility outcomes.

Results

The number of comorbidities (physical factor) negatively predicted all mobility outcomes, except the lower extremity strength. Age (personal factor) negatively predicted gait speed (β = −0.192), balance (β = −0.515), and lower extremity strength (β = −0.225), and a history of no exercise (physical factor) positively predicted inability to walk 0.5 km (B = 1.401), 2 km (B = 1.295). Interactions between determinants improved the model, explaining the most variations in all the mobility outcomes. Living arrangement is the only factor that consistently interacted with other variables to improve the regression model for all mobility outcomes, except balance and self-reported inability to walk 2 km.

Discussion and Implications

Interactions between determinants explain the most variations in all mobility outcomes, highlighting the complexity of mobility. This finding highlighted that factors predicting self-reported and performance-based mobility outcomes might differ, but this should be confirmed with a large data set.
The Evolution of the Procedure for Reviewing Victim Applications at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Ring Karen Lønne
Published: March 2023

At the International Criminal Court (ICC), victims can participate in proceedings. However, in order to gain access to the Court, victims must first apply to be recognized. The scope of victims’ rights and who theoretically qualifies as a victim in international criminal law has been discussed extensively, but the procedure for applying the definitions in practice and granting access to these rights is under-researched. This article aims to address this knowledge gap by mapping the decisions on the procedure for victim application review throughout the history of the ICC. Through a context analysis of decisions on the procedure for reviewing victim applications, the article identifies the evolution of the victim application review procedure at the ICC and argues that the Court has deviated significantly from the legal framework. In recognition of the fact that the procedure stipulated in the legal framework has proven inoperable, this article argues that a workable approach to reviewing victim applications has emerged from the practice of the Chambers of the Court.
There is Something Special about War Criminals …
Authors: Holá Barbora , Munivrana Maja
Published: March 2023

This article assesses how the rehabilitation of perpetrators of international crimes is being constructed and evaluated at the domestic level, in particular in Croatia, and how it compares to international practice at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) or International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT). The analysis is based on a convenience sample of early release decisions issued by the Croatian judiciary and the most recent early release decisions issued by the IRMCT. Up until very recently, rehabilitation of war criminals has been approached through a rather conventional prism, both at the ICTY/IRMCT and domestically. The most recent IRMCT early release decisions, however, developed a sui generis approach focusing primarily on an offender’s critical reflection on crimes, gravity of the offence and views of the larger community. At the same time, the Croatian approach to assessing rehabilitation remained centred around the perceived risk of reoffending. Due to inconsistencies in incorporating the various factors, however, there seems to be double standards being applied along ethnic lines. In this article, we analyse and contrast rehabilitation assessments and early release practices at the ICTY/IRCMT and Croatia and ask the proverbial question whether there is anything special about rehabilitating war criminals.
Inducible generalized activation of hSTING-N154S expression in mice leads to lethal hypercytokinemia: a model for “cytokine storm”
Authors: Martin Gary R , Salazar Arcila Carolina , Hallihan Laura J , Scheidl-Yee Teresa , Jirik Frank R
Published: March 2023

Excessive levels of circulating proinflammatory mediators, known as “hypercytokinemia,” that are generated by overwhelming immune system activation can lead to death due to critical organ failure and thrombotic events. Hypercytokinemia has been frequently associated with a variety of infectious and autoimmune diseases, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection currently being the commonest cause, of what has been termed the cytokine storm. Among its various functions within the host, STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is critical in the defense against certain viruses and other pathogens. STING activation, particularly within cells of the innate immune system, triggers potent type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine production. We thus hypothesized that generalized expression of a constitutively active STING mutant in mice would lead to hypercytokinemia. To test this, a Cre-loxP–based system was used to cause the inducible expression of a constitutively active hSTING mutant (hSTING-N154S) in any tissue or cell type. Herein, we employed a tamoxifen-inducible ubiquitin C-CreERT2 transgenic to obtain generalized expression of the hSTING-N154S protein, thereby triggering the production of IFN-β and multiple proinflammatory cytokines. This required euthanizing the mice within 3 to 4 d after tamoxifen administration. This preclinical model will allow for the rapid identification of compounds aimed at either preventing or ameliorating the lethal effects of hypercytokinemia.
Development and Content Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Beliefs About Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy
Authors: Emery Joanne , McDaid Lisa , Coleman Tim , Cooper Sue , Thomson Ross , Kinahan-Goodwin Darren , Dickinson Anne , Phillips Lucy , Clark Miranda , Bowker Katharine , Brown Emma , Naughton Felix
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Improving adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in pregnancy may result in higher smoking cessation rates. Informed by the Necessities and Concerns Framework, we developed an intervention targeting pregnancy NRT adherence. To evaluate this, we derived the NRT in pregnancy necessities and concerns questionnaire (NiP-NCQ), which measures perceived need for NRT and concerns about potential consequences.

Aims and Methods

Here we describe the development and content validation of NiP-NCQ. From qualitative work, we identified potentially modifiable determinants of pregnancy NRT adherence and classed these as necessity beliefs or concerns. We translated these into draft self-report items and piloted items on 39 pregnant women offered NRT and a prototype NRT adherence intervention, assessing distributions and sensitivity to change. After removing poorly performing items, smoking cessation experts (N = 16) completed an online discriminant content validation (DCV) task to determine whether retained items measure a necessity belief, concern, both, or neither construct.

Results

Draft NRT concern items encompassed safety for the baby, side effects, too much or insufficient nicotine, and addictiveness. Draft necessity belief items included perceived need for NRT for short- and longer-term abstinence, and desire to minimize or cope without NRT. Of 22 out of 29 items retained after piloting, four were removed following the DCV task: three were judged to measure neither construct and one possibly both. The final NiP-NCQ comprised nine items per construct (18 total).

Conclusions

The NiP-NCQ measures potentially modifiable determinants of pregnancy NRT adherence within two distinct constructs and may have research and clinical utility for evaluating interventions targeting these.

Implications

Poor adherence to NRT in pregnancy may result from low perceived need and concerns about consequences; interventions challenging these beliefs may yield higher smoking cessation rates. To evaluate an NRT adherence intervention informed by the Necessities and Concerns Framework, we developed the NiP-NCQ. Through the content development and refinement processes described in this paper, we derived an evidence-based, 18-item questionnaire measuring two distinct constructs within two nine-item subscales. Higher concerns and lower necessity beliefs indicate more negative NRT beliefs; NiP-NCQ may have research and clinical utility for interventions targeting these.
Characterization of Rare Spontaneous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Controllers Attending a National United Kingdom Clinical Service Using a Combination of Serology and Molecular Diagnostic Assays
Authors: Khan Maryam , Bradshaw Daniel , Brown Colin S , Haddow Jana , Patel Poorvi , Tosswill Jennifer H C , Pollock Katrina , Elliott Tamara , Wang Xinzhu , Alagaratnam Jasmini , Mora-Peris Borja , Kaye Steve , McClure Myra O , Muir David , Randell Paul , Taylor Graham P , Fidler Sarah J
Published: March 2023

Background

We report outcomes and novel characterization of a unique cohort of 42 individuals with persistently indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, the majority of whom are HIV viral controllers.

Methods

Eligible individuals had indeterminate or positive HIV serology, but persistently undetectable HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by commercial assays and were not taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Routine investigations included HIV Western blot, HIV viral load, qualitative HIV-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), coinfection screen, and T-cell quantification. Research assays included T-cell activation, ART measurement, single-copy assays detecting HIV-1 RNA and DNA, and plasma cytokine quantification. Human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity was defined as ≥3 bands on Western blot; molecular positivity was defined as detection of HIV RNA or DNA.

Results

Human immunodeficiency virus infection was excluded in 10 of 42 referrals, remained unconfirmed in 2 of 42, and was confirmed in 30 of 42, who were identified as HIV elite controllers (ECs), normal CD4 T-cell counts (median 820/mL, range 805–1336), and normal CD4/CD8 ratio (median 1.8, range 1.2–1.9). Elite controllers had a median duration of elite control of 6 years (interquartile range = 4–14). Antiretroviral therapy was undetected in all 23 subjects tested. Two distinct categories of ECs were identified: molecular positive (n = 20) and molecular negative (n = 10).

Conclusions

Human immunodeficiency virus status was resolved for 95% of referrals with the majority diagnosed as EC. The clinical significance of the 2 molecular categories among ECs requires further investigation.
Effectiveness of A Fourth Dose of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in the Elderly Population During the Omicron BA.2 and BA.5 Circulation: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea (K-COVE)
Authors: Park Seon Kyeong , Choe Young June , Jang Eun Jung , Kim Ryu Kyung , Lim Do-Sang , Yi Seonju , Lee Sangwon , Kwon Geun-Yong , Shin Jee Yeon , Choi Sang-Yoon , Jeong Mi Jin , Park Young-Joon
Published: March 2023

We estimate the effectiveness of a fourth dose booster of coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccine in individuals aged ≥60 years during Omicron BA.2 and BA.5 circulation in Korea. The effectiveness against critical infection was 67.7% (95% confidence interval, 50.7%–78.8%) at 31–60 days and 62.1% (95% confidence interval, 45.5%–73.7%) at 61–90 days.
Re-emergence ofParechovirus: 2017–2022 National Trends of Detection in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Tao Lili , Humphries Romney M , Banerjee Ritu , Gaston David C
Published: March 2023

Increasing parechovirus (PeV) infections prompted a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health Advisory in July 2022. We retrospectively assessed national PeV trends in cerebrospinal fluid and observed unexpected viral dynamics from 2020 to 2022 with regional variance. These findings may be due to mitigation strategies aimed at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. PeV testing can benefit ill patients, particularly children.
Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future
Authors: Hoption Cann S A , van Netten J P , van Netten C
Published: March 2023

Spontaneous tumour regression has followed bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal infections. This phenomenon inspired the development of numerous rudimentary cancer immunotherapies, with a history spanning thousands of years. Coley took advantage of this natural phenomenon, developing a killed bacterial vaccine for cancer in the late 1800s. He observed that inducing a fever was crucial for tumour regression. Unfortunately, at the present time little credence is given to the febrile response in fighting infections—no less cancer.

Rapidly growing tumours contain large numbers of leucocytes. These cells play a part in both defence and repair; however, reparative functions can also support tumour growth. Intratumoural infections may reactivate defensive functions, causing tumour regression.

Can it be a coincidence that this method of immunotherapy has been “rediscovered” repeatedly throughout the centuries? Clearly, Coley’s approach to cancer treatment has a place in the past, present, and future. It offers a rare opportunity for the development of a broadly applicable, relatively inexpensive, yet effective treatment for cancer. Even in cases beyond the reach of conventional therapy, there is hope.
A physiotherapy specialist clinic in paediatric orthopaedics: is it effective?
Authors: Belthur M V , Clegg J , Strange A
Published: March 2023

A physiotherapy specialist clinic was set up to reduce waiting times for non-urgent, new paediatric orthopaedic referrals. The outcome was reviewed at a minimum of 12 months for 1046 referrals assessed in the physiotherapy support clinic to analyse its effectiveness.

Altogether 114 patients failed to attend the clinic. The remaining 932 patients form the basis of this study. Ninety three percent of these patients were managed without direct consultant intervention—72% with advice and reassurance, 17% by referral to the physiotherapy department, and 4% with surgical appliances. Only 7% needed consultant evaluation. Median waiting time for non-urgent conditions was reduced from 72 weeks in May 1996 to five weeks in May 1999. A majority of the parents were satisfied with the clinic. The clinic was found to be cost effective.

The success of the clinic was attributable to good cooperation between the consultant and physiotherapist and a well defined protocol for assessment and management of patients.