bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“This is a kind of Betrayal”: A Qualitative Study of Disability after Breast Cancer
Authors: Thomas-MacLean Roanne , Towers A. , Quinlan E. , Hack T. F. , Kwan W. , Miedema B. , Tilley A. , Graham P.
Published: May 2009

Objective: We proposed to document the effect of arm morbidity and disability in 40 Canadian women who were 12–24 months post breast cancer surgery. Methods: We completed 40 qualitative interviews as one component of a multidisciplinary national longitudinal study of arm morbidity after breast cancer (n = 745) involving four research sites (Fredericton/Saint John, Montreal, Winnipeg, Surrey). During semi-structured interviews, participants who had reported arm morbidity and disability in earlier surveys were asked to discuss the effects of these conditions on everyday life. Results: The interviewees reported making major adjustments to paid and unpaid work, which often involved the assistance of family members, thus demonstrating the effect of disability. Interview data resulted in the creation of a model that addresses arm morbidity and disability, and that holds implications for health care professionals. Conclusions: Based on the interview findings, we conclude that a robust measure of disability after breast cancer should be developed. In the absence of a validated measure of the effect of disability, evaluating qualitative responses to questions about everyday activities could provide the impetus for provision of physical therapy and emotional support.
Adjuvant Interferon Alfa for Melanoma: New Evidence-Based Treatment Recommendations?
Authors: Hauschild Axel
Published: May 2009

Malignant melanoma of the skin is the most frequent cause of mortality in skin cancer. Despite various efforts toward increased early detection and prevention of melanoma, approximately 20% of patients will die because of disseminated metastases. [...]
An Analysis of Asian Language Web Pages
Authors: Nandasara S Turrance , Kodama Shigeaki , Choong Chew Yew , Caminero Rizza , Tarcan Ahmed , Riza Hammam , Nagano Robin Lee , Mikami Yoshiki
Published: May 2009

This paper gives an overview and an evaluation of Web pages of Asian languages on the Web, in particular of those languages that have not been focused on so far. The authors have collected over 100 million Asian Web pages downloaded from 42 Asian country domains, identified the languages based on N-gram statistics and analyzed their language properties. Primarily the number of pages written in each language measures the presence of a language. The survey reveals that the digital language divide exists at a serious level in the region. The state of multilingualism and the dominating presence of cross-border languages, English in particular, are analyzed. The paper sheds light on script and encoding issues of Asian language texts on the Web. In order to promote language resource collection and sharing, authors have a vision of creating an observation-collection instrument for Asian language resources on the Web. The results of the survey show the feasibility of this vision, and provide us with a better idea of the steps needed to realize that vision.Keywords: Asian languages, Data Mining, Web Statistics, Language Identification, Standards, Multilingualism, Encoding, Web as Corpus, Digital Language Divide.doi: 10.4038/icter.v1i1.448The International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions 2008 01 (01) : 12 - 23
Foraging in a Grid World Using Action Templates
Authors: Ranasinghe RA Chaminda , Madurapperuma AP , Kodikara ND
Published: May 2009

The emergence of behavioural and structural congruence based on simple local interactions of atomic units is a fascination to the scientific community across many disciplines. The climax of behavioural congruence and emergence of behaviour is exemplified by the community life-style of ants. Each individual ant possesses the capability only to solve part of the overall puzzle while aggressively communicating in primitive methods with the spatially related neighbours to produce emergent behaviour. The primary hypothesis of this research is that the constituent atomic actions of a complex behaviour could be successfully coordinated by a collection of collaborative and autonomous agents with the use of Action Templates. The AAANTS (Adaptive Autonomous Agent colony interactions with Network Transparent Services) model was conceptualised and implemented as a platform to represent the biologically inspired coordination and learning model to test the research hypothesis. The domain of foraging in a grid-world was identified as the experimental basis to evaluate the AAANTS coordination model. The experiments demonstrated relative improvements in achieving behavioural congruence using the AAANTS model in relation to the traditional Monte-Carlo based methods.Keywords: Collective Intelligence, Action Templates, Emergent Behaviour, Reinforcement Learning, Frame Representation.doi: 10.4038/icter.v1i1.449The International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions 2008 01 (01) : 24 - 32
Extraction of propionic acid from model solutions: Effect of pH, salts, substrate, and temperature
Authors: Keshav Amit , Wasewar Kailas L. , Chand Shri
Published: May 2009

Propionic acid can be successfully produced from fermentation broth once an efficient recovery method is available for the produced acid. Reactive extraction in this regard is a promising recovery method. pH, salt, substrate, and temperature studies are crucial in the extraction of propionic acid, because these parameters varied in actual fermentation broth. With this regard, effects of these were studied. Extraction from model solutions and salt or substrate containing systems is lower than what was obtained from normal aqueous solutions. Reason of this is the varying degree of hindrances of the salts on extraction of the acid. pH has very large effect on extraction efficiency of the extracting system. At pH > pKa of acid, very low extraction was obtained. Temperature was found to have no effect on the extraction from model solutions used. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Acute weight gain and diastolic dysfunction as a potent risk complex for post stem cell transplant atrial fibrillation
Authors: Fatema Kaniz , Gertz Morie A. , Barnes Marion E. , Eisinger Amy D. , Ness Sue Ann C. , Gersh Bernard J. , Micallef Ivana N.M. , Seward James B. , Cha Stephen S. , Bailey Kent R. , S.M. Tsang Teresa
Published: May 2009

The management of atrial fibrillation (AF) following stem cell transplant (SCTX) is often challenging because of the universal presence of profound bone marrow suppression. The incidence of and risk factors for AF/flutter following SCTX are not well known. A total of 395 multiple myeloma (MM) patients consecutively underwent SCTX between 2002 and 2005 at the Mayo Clinic, and 383 of whom, mean age 57 ± 9 years, had no history of evidence of AF/flutter constituted the study population. During 1,002 person‐years of follow up, 39 (10%) patients developed first AF/flutter (incidence of 39 per 1,000 person years), and 28 of these (72%) occurred within 21 days of SCTX. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, weight gain of ≥7% in the 1st week post‐SCTX (HR 3.68; P = 0.0120) and presence of diastolic dysfunction at MM diagnosis (HR 2.294; P = 0.0082) were independent predictors of AF/flutter. The risk of AF/flutter post‐SCTX increased by about ninefold when both factors were present. Compared to age and sex‐matched MM patients without SCTX, the risk of AF/flutter differed significantly only over the 1st year after MM diagnosis, during which SCTX was performed for the majority. Beyond the 1st year, there was no significant difference in risk of AF/flutter between the two groups. The data suggested that SCTX was associated with significantly increased risk of first AF/flutter, which typically occurred within the first 21 days of the transplant. Weight gain of ≥7% was strongly predictive of first AF/flutter, and the risk was augmented by the presence of diastolic dysfunction at baseline. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie zeigt: Die Einschlusskörperchen von HET‐s(218–289) in E. coli sind Amyloide
Authors: Wasmer Christian , Benkemoun Laura , Sabaté Raimon , Steinmetz Michel O. , Coulary‐Salin Bénédicte , Wang Lei , Riek Roland , Saupe Sven J. , Meier Beat H.
Published: May 2009

Während der heterologen Expression von Proteinen in E. coli tritt häufig eine Proteinablagerung in Einschlusskörperchen (IBs) auf. Die Struktur der E.‐coli‐IBs der prionbildenden Domäne des Pilzprions HET‐s wurde analysiert, und es wurde nachgewiesen, dass diese IBs die gleiche Struktur wie In‐vitro‐Fibrillen haben und eine Prioneninfektiosität zeigen. Die Resultate belegen, dass die IBs von HET‐s(218–289) Amyloide sind.

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Metallfreie regioselektive Triazol‐Ligationen liefern konformativ fixierte cis‐Peptidmimetika
Authors: Ahsanullah  , Schmieder Peter , Kühne Ronald , Rademann Jörg
Published: May 2009

Metallfreie Triazolschleifen: 1,5‐Disubstituierte Peptidyltriazole werden regioselektiv durch eine 1,3‐dipolare Cycloaddition von Peptidylphosphoranen und Aziden erhalten. So entstehen Peptidschleifen, die eine konformativ fixierte cis‐Peptidbindung enthalten. Da die Reaktion regioselektiv und ohne Schwermetallzusatz verläuft, könnte sie Anwendung in der chemischen Biologie und der medizinischen Chemie finden.

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Transition‐Metal Phosphate Colloidal Spheres
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Wei , Lu Jun , Chu Deren , Huo Ziyang , Peng Qing , Li Yadong
Published: May 2009

Kolloidale Kugeln aller Art mit einem Metall (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni oder Cu) oder mehreren (wie Fe‐Ni‐, Co‐Cu‐, Fe‐Co‐Cu‐, Fe‐Co‐Ni‐Cu‐, Mn‐Fe‐Co‐Ni‐Cu‐ und Mn‐Fe‐Co‐Ni‐Cu‐Zn‐Phosphate) wurden bei niedriger Temperatur in Lösung hergestellt. Durch Einstellen des pH‐Werts ließen sich auch poröse und hohle Eisenphosphatkugeln leicht erhalten.

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A Rhenium Tricarbonyl 4′‐Oxo‐terpy Trimer as a Luminescent Molecular Vessel with a Removable Silver Stopper
Authors: Coogan Michael P. , Fernández‐Moreira Vanesa , Kariuki Benson M. , Pope Simon J. A. , Thorp‐Greenwood Flora L.
Published: May 2009

Ein lumineszierendes Metallacalixaren mit dreieckigem Querschnitt und einem Silberverschluss (siehe Bild; Re gelb, N blau, O rot) wird in zwei Stufen aus kommerziell erhältlichem Material gebildet. Durch Entfernen der Silberions entsteht ein offenes Calixaren, das als potenzieller Wirtkäfig für kleine Ionen und Moleküle dienen kann. Die Koordination des Silbers löst eine Lumineszenzänderung aus.

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Synthesis and Ligand Properties of a Persistent, All‐Carbon Four‐Membered‐Ring Allene
Authors: Melaimi Mohand , Parameswaran Pattiyil , Donnadieu Bruno , Frenking Gernot , Bertrand Guy
Published: May 2009

Ein einzelner Donorsubstituent an jedem äußeren C‐Atom genügt, um die CCC‐Einheit von Allenen sehr flexibel zu machen und dem zentralen Kohlenstoffatom Kohlenstoff(0)‐Charakter zu verleihen. Das so zugängliche viergliedrige carbocyclische Allen kann doppelt protoniert werden und verhält sich gegenüber Übergangsmetallen als sehr starker η1‐Donorligand (siehe Schema).

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Nanoporous Nanorods Fabricated by Coordination Modulation and Oriented Attachment Growth
Authors: Tsuruoka Takaaki , Furukawa Shuhei , Takashima Yohei , Yoshida Kaname , Isoda Seiji , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: May 2009

Gezieltes Wachstum: Nanostäbe aus porösen Koordinationspolymeren (PCPs) sind zugänglich, indem die Koordinationsgleichgewichte zwischen den Gerüstkomponenten moduliert werden, um die Geschwindigkeit der Gerüstausdehnung und des Kristallwachstums einzustellen. TEM‐Untersuchungen deuten an, dass eine Bevorzugung bestimmter Oberflächen der PCP‐Kristalle das anisotrope Wachstum von Nanostäben durch orientierte Anlagerung begünstigt.

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Difluoro‐λ5‐Phosphinonitrile F2PN: Matrix Isolation and Photoisomerization into FPNF
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge
Published: May 2009

Splendid Isolation: Monomeres Phosphazen F2PN (1A1) wurde erstmals hergestellt, und zwar durch Bestrahlen von F2PN3 in einer Argonmatrix mit einem ArF‐Excimerlaser (λ=193 nm). Bei anschließender Bestrahlung mit einer Hochdruckquecksilberbogenlampe (λ=255 nm) lagerte sich F2PN durch eine 1,2‐Fluorverschiebung in das Iminophosphan cis‐FPNF um.

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Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reaction of Thioamides
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Yazaki Ryo , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: May 2009

Weich hilft hart: Die Titelreaktion zwischen Thioamiden und N‐(Diphenylphosphinoyl)iminen nutzt die kooperative Katalyse einer weichen Lewis‐Säure und einer harten Brønsted‐Base, um Thioamid‐Kohlenstoff‐Pränucleophile in Mannich‐Produkte zu überführen (siehe Schema). Folgereaktionen mit der Thioamideinheit unterstreichen die Nützlichkeit des Verfahrens.

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Medicinal Toxicology of Natural Substances.Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. Von Donald G. Barceloux.
Authors: Pohnert Georg
Published: May 2009

John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2008. 1158 S., geb., 162.50 €.—ISBN 978‐0471727613

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Innentitelbild: Knüpfung von Thiostannat‐Sn‐Sn‐Bindungen in Lösung: In‐situ‐Bildung des gemischtvalenten funktionalisierten Komplexes [{(RSnIV)2(μ‐S)2}3SnIII2S6] (Angew. Chem. 24/2009)
Authors: Hassanzadeh Fard Zohreh , Müller Christian , Harmening Thomas , Pöttgen Rainer , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: May 2009

Ein gemischtvalenter Thiostannat‐Komplex mit einer SnSn‐Bindung, [{(RSnIV)2(μ‐S)2}3SnIII2S6] (R=CMe2CH2COMe), kristallisiert unter Tageslicht nach Kondensation des Doppeldecker‐artigen Thiostannats [(RSn)4S6], wie S. Dehnen et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4507 ff. beschreiben. Mößbauer‐Spektren und DFT‐Rechnungen bestätigen, dass der gemischtvalente Komplex formal SnIII‐ neben SnIV‐Zentren enthält. Beide Verbindungen enthalten terminale Carbonylgruppen, die sich für weitere Reaktionen an der Ligandenhülle zur gezielten Synthese komplexer Hybridverbindungen eignen.

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Metal‐Ion‐Coated Graphitic Nanotubes: Controlled Self‐Assembly of a Pyridyl‐Appended Gemini‐Shaped Hexabenzocoronene Amphiphile
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jin Wusong , Fukushima Takanori , Ishii Noriyuki , Aida Takuzo
Published: May 2009

The assembly line: Hexabenzocoronene amphiphiles appended with pyridyl‐terminated triethylene glycol side chains, in combination with trans‐[Pt(PhCN)2Cl2], lead to the formation of graphitic nanotubes. The structural features and dimensions of the nanotubes depend on the assembly conditions. A platinum(II)‐bridged cyclic dimer having two HBC units self‐assembles into a nanotubular structure.

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A Rhenium Tricarbonyl 4′‐Oxo‐terpy Trimer as a Luminescent Molecular Vessel with a Removable Silver Stopper
Authors: Coogan Michael P. , Fernández‐Moreira Vanesa , Kariuki Benson M. , Pope Simon J. A. , Thorp‐Greenwood Flora L.
Published: May 2009

Shining metal cups: A luminescent tube of triangular cross‐section and stoppered by a silver ion (see picture: Re yellow, N blue, O red) is formed in two steps from commercial materials. The silver ion can be removed to give a tube, and both species are potential hosts for small ions and molecules; a change in luminescence is triggered by the encapsulation of silver.

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Synthesis and Ligand Properties of a Persistent, All‐Carbon Four‐Membered‐Ring Allene
Authors: Melaimi Mohand , Parameswaran Pattiyil , Donnadieu Bruno , Frenking Gernot , Bertrand Guy
Published: May 2009

A single donor substituent at each terminus is sufficient to make the CCC skeleton of allenes very flexible and give carbon(0) character to the central carbon atom. This allows the synthesis of a four‐membered carbocyclic allene, which can be doubly protonated and behaves as a very strong η1‐donor ligand for transition metals (see scheme).

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Nanoporous Nanorods Fabricated by Coordination Modulation and Oriented Attachment Growth
Authors: Tsuruoka Takaaki , Furukawa Shuhei , Takashima Yohei , Yoshida Kaname , Isoda Seiji , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: May 2009

A growing attachment: Porous coordination polymer (PCP) nanorods are synthesized by modulation of the coordination equilibria between framework components, which regulates the rate of framework extension and crystal growth. Investigation of the crystal growth mechanism by TEM indicates that face‐selective modulation on the surfaces of PCP crystals enhances the anisotropic crystal growth of nanorods by an oriented attachment mechanism.

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Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reaction of Thioamides
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Yazaki Ryo , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: May 2009

Taking the reins: The title transformation of thioamides and N‐diphenylphosphinoyl imines is described. By harnessing the power of cooperative catalysis between a soft Lewis acid and a hard Brønsted base, thioamide carbon pronucleophiles can furnish Mannich products (see scheme). Divergent transformation of the thioamide functionality highlights the utility of this methodology.

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Inside Cover: Thiostannate Tin–Tin Bond Formation in Solution: In Situ Generation of the Mixed‐Valent, Functionalized Complex [{(RSnIV)2(μ‐S)2}3SnIII2S6] (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24/2009)
Authors: Hassanzadeh Fard Zohreh , Müller Christian , Harmening Thomas , Pöttgen Rainer , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: May 2009

A mixed‐valent thiostannate complex with a SnSn bond, [{(RSnIV)2(μ‐S)2}3SnIII2S6] (R=CMe2CH2COMe), crystallizes upon condensation of the dissolved double‐decker thiostannate [(RSn)4S6] in daylight, as S. Dehnen et al. describe in their Communication on page 4441 ff. Mössbauer spectra and DFT calculations confirm that the mixed‐valence complex formally contains SnIII and SnIV atoms. Both compounds have terminal carbonyl groups, which can be used for further reactions at the ligand shell for the targeted synthesis of complex hybrid compounds.

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Reactivity of mixed organozinc and organocopper reagents. 3. Atom economic electrophilic amination of methyl arylzinc reagents
Authors: Erdik Ender , Ömür Pekel Özgen , Kalkan Melike
Published: May 2009

Reaction of methyl arylzincs with acetoneO‐(mesitylenesulfonyl)oxime in THF in the presence of CuCN at room temperature is efficient in selective electrophilic amination of aryl carbanions. This procedure allows for the preparation of arylamines in moderate to good yields and provides an efficient and atom economic alternative to existing amination methods for diarylzincs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of ReFeO3 nanocrystalline powders by auto‐combustion of citric acid gel
Authors: Wu Anhua , Cheng Guofeng , Shen Hui , Xu Jiayue , Chu Yaoqing , Ge Zengwei
Published: May 2009

Autocombustion of citric acid gel was employed to prepare ReFeO3 (Re = Gd, Nd) nanocrystalline powders. The phase identification and lattice parameters were investigated by the X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) investigations were carried out to examine the morphology and average size of these powders. Several one phonon lines, two‐magnon excitation, and two‐phonon scattering have been assigned in their Raman spectra. Both NdFeO3 and GdFeO3 nanocrystalline powders were single ReFeO3 phase, which are agglomerated with average crystallite size of 70–90 nm. The investigations indicated that the autocombustion of citric acid gel method is an effective technology to prepare ReFeO3 nanocrystalline powders. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism study on carbon reducing reaction in the preparation process of strontium carbonate (SrCO3)
Authors: Meng Jun , Liu Gousheng , Zhao Hongyu , Wang Lijuan , Yu Jianguo
Published: May 2009

The mechanism for preparation of strontium carbonate (SrCO3) by the method of carbon reducing reaction is studied in this paper. Based on the mass ratio of SrSO4/C = 1.5 for this reaction, thermodynamics and kinetics calculation are conducted and also verified by TG‐DSC experimental methods. For each side reaction, the changes of standard molar Gibbs function at proposed temperature are calculated through Gibbs‐Helmholtz, Van't Hoff and Kirchhoff equations. TG‐DSC data are used to explore the mechanism of the reaction, and to calculate the apparent activation energy and reaction orders. It has been demonstrated by TG and DSC thermal analysis for the whole reducing reaction that the apparent activation energy E is 350.6 and 307.3 kJ·mol−1, and the reaction orders n are 0.91 and 0.88, respectively. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrier effects on oxygen mass transfer behavior in a moving‐bed biofilm reactor
Authors: Jing Jie Ying , Feng Jie , Li Wen Ying
Published: May 2009

This study investigates the carrier effects on the oxygen mass transfer behavior of a gas–liquid biofilm surface, and aims to provide evidence for parameter optimization in the practical operation of a moving‐bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) during the coking‐plant wastewater process. By using the dynamic oxygen dissolution method, the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient KLa was measured by varying the suspended carrier stuffing rate and the intensity of aeration. Within the range of fluidizable flow rate, the efficiency of oxygen mass transfer increased with suspended carrier stuffing rate, and KLa reached its peak value when the stuffing rate was 40%. KLa has an increasing trend with an increase of the aeration intensity, but high aeration intensity was not favorable for reactor operation. Better oxygen mass transfer effect and higher oxygen transfer efficiency could be achieved when the aeration intensity was 0.3 m3 h−1 and the suspended carrier stuffing rate was 30–50%. The possible mechanisms that can account for carrier effects on oxygen mass transfer are the changes in the gas–liquid interfacial area. The ammonia nitrogen removal performance of the coking‐plant wastewater in MBBR was satisfied by using the above‐suggested conditions. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overexpression of β‐Catenin is Responsible for the Development of Portal Hypertension During Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Hong Jian‐Jun , Pan Fei‐Yan , Qian Yan , Cheng Li‐Cheng , Zhang Hong‐Xia , Xue Bin , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: May 2009

β‐catenin functions as both a structural protein and a transcriptional activator. In this study, we examined the expression of β‐catenin in human cirrhotic livers, and administered adenoviruses carrying the β‐catenin or ΔTCF4 genes to cirrhotic rats to investigate the role of β‐catenin in the development of liver cirrhosis development. β‐catenin expression was associated with liver cirrhosis development in cirrhotic human and rat liver. β‐catenin adenovirus was capable of accelerating cirrhosis progress but this progression was unaffected by administration of ΔTCF4 adenovirus. β‐catenin was mainly located in the intercellular regions between liver cells and was highly concentrated in the hepatic sinusoid wall, where α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA) was also mainly distributed. The binding of β‐catenin to α‐SMA was also increased in cirrhotic liver. Portal vein blood pressure was significantly increased in the group administered β‐catenin adenovirus, but not in that receiving ΔTCF4 adenovirus. These results suggest that high concentrations of β‐catenin at the hepatic intercellular membrane and the hepatic sinusoid wall contribute to hepatic hyperpiesia in liver cirrhosis patients. β‐catenin functions as a structural molecule, but not as a signaling molecule, during liver cirrhosis development. Anat Rec, 292:818–826, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGF‐beta1 and TGFBR1 are Expressed in Ameloblasts and Promote MMP20 Expression
Authors: Gao Yuguang , Li Dongliang , Han Tingting , Sun Yan , Zhang Juanjuan
Published: May 2009

Transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐beta) signaling exerts a wide spectrum of biological functions. To investigate TGF‐beta signaling in amelogenesis, we initially assessed the expression of TGF‐beta1 and TGF‐beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) in developing teeth by immunohistochemistry. Both TGF‐beta1 and TGFBR1 were strongly expressed in secreting ameloblasts. Next, we studied the effects of TGF‐beta signaling on the expression of MMP20 and KLK4 mRNA using ameloblast‐lineage cells (ALC) in vitro. Our RT‐PCR study showed that TGF‐beta1, TGFBR1, and enamel matrix proteases (MMP20 and KLK4) were expressed in ALC. Following TGF‐beta1 treatment, the expression of MMP20 mRNA, but not KLK4 mRNA, was significantly upregulated. To further confirm the TGF‐beta signaling involvement in the MMP20 expression, we constructed the activated TGFBR1 vector and transfected the construct into ALC. The activated TGFBR1 notably promoted MMP20 expression, but had no obvious effects on the KLK4 mRNA expression. Our studies strongly suggest that TGF‐beta signaling involved in amelogenesis is partially mediated by regulating the expression of MMP20 mRNA. Anat Rec, 292:885–890, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labial Cartilages in the Smalltooth Sandtiger Shark, Odontaspis ferox (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) and Their Significance to the Phylogeny of Lamniform Sharks
Authors: Shimada Kenshu , Rigsby Cynthia K. , Kim Sun H.
Published: May 2009

Using computed tomography, we discovered labial cartilages (splanchnocranial components) in an enigmatic lamniform shark, Odontaspis ferox (smalltooth sandtiger). We demonstrate that the presence of labial cartilages is plesiomorphic in Lamniformes, affirming that their “reduction” cannot be used as a synapomorphy for the order. Rather, their loss occurred through lamniform phylogeny. Anat Rec, 292:813–817, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autografts and Xenografts of Skin Fibroblasts Delivering BMP‐2 Effectively Promote Orthotopic and Ectopic Osteogenesis
Authors: Wang Rongying , Zou Yanqiong , Yuan Zhen , Wang Ying , Chen Yuying , Mao Yuanqing , Zhu Zhen‐An , Li Hui , Tang Xueming , Lu Jian , Yi Jing
Published: May 2009

Typicalex vivobone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) gene therapy for localized bone formation usually utilizes bone marrow stromal cells as gene delivering cells. Skin fibroblasts, which are abundant and easily obtained, have potential advantages for autologous transplantation, but this application has not been adequately investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the osteogenetic potential of fibroblasts delivering human BMP‐2 (hBMP‐2) gene by a retroviral system. The phenotypes of osteogenesis in human dermal fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 were determinedin vitro. Ectopic osteogenesis was evaluated following the injection of these cell xenografts into muscles of null mice, and the potential for orthotopic bone regeneration was evaluated from syngrafts and autografts of rat dermal fibroblasts in rat calvaria defects. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and expression of osteocalcin in fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 were increased, and ectopic osteogenesis could be detected in muscles from null mice. The syngrafts and autografts of rat dermal fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 gene significantly promoted bone repair and partially healed the calvarial defects. Syngrafts and autografts of rat fibroblasts transduced with hBMP‐2 gene had greater average areas exhibiting an osteogenic response compared with the control. The success of bone regeneration in calvaria defects induced by the autologous hBMP‐2‐modified skin fibroblasts provides evidence that fibroblasts could be effectively used inex vivogene therapy for local bone repair. Anat Rec, 292:777–786, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Jaw Muscle Anatomy in Kangaroos, Wallabies, and Rat‐Kangaroos (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea)
Authors: Warburton Natalie Marina
Published: May 2009

The jaw muscles were studied in seven genera of macropodoid marsupials with diets ranging from mainly fungi in Potorous to grass in Macropus. Relative size, attachments, and lamination within the jaw adductor muscles varied between macropodoid species. Among macropodine species, the jaw adductor muscle proportions vary with feeding type. The relative mass of the masseter is roughly consistent, but grazers and mixed‐feeders (Macropus and Lagostrophus) had relatively larger medial pterygoids and smaller temporalis muscles than the browsers (Dendrolagus, Dorcopsulus, and Setonix). Grazing macropods show similar jaw muscle proportions to “ungulate‐grinding” type placental mammals. The internal architecture of the jaw muscles also varies between grazing and browsing macropods, most significantly, the anatomy of the medial pterygoid muscle. Potoroines have distinctly different jaw muscle proportions to macropodines. The masseter muscle group, in particular, the superficial masseter is enlarged, while the temporalis group is relatively reduced. Lagostrophus fasciatus is anatomically distinct from other macropods with respect to its masticatory muscle anatomy, including enlarged superficial medial pterygoid and deep temporalis muscles, an anteriorly inflected masseteric process, and the shape of the mandibular condyle. The enlarged triangular pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, in particular, is distinctive of Lagsotrophus. Anat Rec, 292:875–884, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Feeding Biomechanics of Lystrosaurus and the Generalized Dicynodont Oudenodon
Authors: Jasinoski Sandra C. , Rayfield Emily J. , Chinsamy Anusuya
Published: May 2009

Differences in cranial morphology among the Dicynodontia have been correlated with changes in masticatory function, and hence, dietary preference. Although the derived masticatory apparatus of dicynodonts allowed propaliny, it has previously been hypothesized that Lystrosaurus primarily utilized powerful orthal jaw movements to process fibrous vegetation. Cranial specializations of Lystrosaurus, such as shortened and deepened cranium and a mobile premaxilla‐nasal suture, are thought to have increased the efficiency of its masticatory system compared with generalized Permian dicynodonts. Here we aim to test this assertion using biomechanical modeling techniques. We use finite element analysis (FEA) and a study of cranial functional morphology to compare the biomechanical performance of the crania of Lystrosaurus and Oudenodon, a generalized dicynodont, during orthal bite simulations. Muscle forces were estimated for each dicynodont using the dry skull method and applied to each cranium to produce a reaction force at a bite point. Patterns and average magnitude of Von Mises stress in each dicynodont cranium and in segmented regions of interest were assessed. During orthal bite simulations, higher stress occurs throughout the Oudenodon cranium, indicating that the cranium of Lystrosaurus is more resistant to normal, static feeding loads. Despite this difference in stress magnitude, patterns of stress are similar within both taxa. The FE‐stress results, along with mechanical advantage of adductor musculature, a broad symphyseal contact, and other cranial features suggest that Lystrosaurus may have used a snapping bite to cope with tough fibrous vegetation. Anat Rec, 292:862–874, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cochlear Labyrinth Volume and Hearing Abilities in Primates
Authors: Kirk E. Christopher , Gosselin‐Ildari Ashley D.
Published: May 2009

The primate cochlea is a membranous, fluid‐filled receptor organ that is specialized for sound detection. Like other parts of the inner ear, the cochlea is contained within the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone. The close anatomical relationship between the bony cochlear labyrinth and the membranous cochlea provides an opportunity to quantify cochlear size using osteological specimens. Although mechanisms of cochlear frequency analysis are well studied, relatively little is known about the functional consequences of interspecific variation in cochlear size. Previous comparative analyses have linked increases in basilar membrane length to decreases in both the high and low frequency limits of hearing in mammals. However, these analyses did not consider the potentially confounding effects of body mass or phylogeny. Here, we present measurements of cochlear labyrinth volume in 33 primate species based on high‐resolution computed tomography. These data demonstrate that cochlear labyrinth volume is strongly negatively allometric with respect to body mass. Scaling of cochlear volume in primates is very similar to scaling of basilar membrane length among mammals generally. Furthermore, an analysis of 10 primate taxa with published audiograms reveals that cochlear labyrinth volume is significantly negatively correlated with the high frequency limit of hearing. This result is independent of body mass and phylogeny, suggesting that cochlear size is functionally related to the range of audible frequencies in primates. Although the nature of this functional relationship remains speculative, our findings suggest that some hearing parameters of extinct taxa may be estimated using fossil petrosals. Anat Rec, 292:765–776, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
UCF‐101, A Novel Omi/HtrA2 Inhibitor, Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Su Danying , Su Zhiqiang , Wang Jiaye , Yang Shanshan , Ma Jing
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and neuroprotective mechanisms of UCF‐101, a novel Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor, following ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 hr of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion. Animals were divided into 3 groups: sham, vehicle‐treated ischemia/reperfusion, and UCF‐101 treatment. In the UCF‐101 treatment group, rats were intraperitoneally administered UCF‐101 (1.5 μmol/kg) 10 min prior to reperfusion. The rats were evaluated for neurological deficits, and brain infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5‐triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. TUNEL staining was utilized to evaluate the amount of apoptosis. In addition, expressions of protein caspase‐8, caspase‐3, FasL, and FLIP were examined by Western blot analysis. Results demonstrated that UCF‐101 treatment significantly decreased cerebral infarct size by about 16.27% (P < 0.05) and also improved neurological behavior. TUNEL staining revealed that UCF‐101 treatment significantly reduced TUNEL‐positive cells in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the upregulation in the expression of FasL and the cleavage products of active caspase‐8 and caspase‐3 induced by ischemia was attenuated in mice treated with UCF‐101, whereas upregulation of FLIP levels was increased. The present results demonstrated that UCF‐101 protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. UCF‐101 provided neuroprotection in vivo, and this was correlated with regulation of Fas‐mediated apoptotic proteins. Taken together, the use of UCF‐101 is a potent, neuroprotective factor for the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Anat Rec, 292:849–856, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal‐Catalyzed Derivatization of Cα‐Tetrasubstituted Amino Acids and Their Use in the Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides
Authors: Grauer Andreas , Späth Andreas , Ma Dawei , König Burkhard
Published: May 2009

Making circles with N and O: Cyclic tripeptides containing an unnatural Cα‐tetrasubstituted THF amino acid are prepared by copper(I) and palladium(0)‐catalyzed N‐ and O‐arylation reactions. The reactions give access to side chain‐modified derivatives of the unnatural amino acid and macrocyclic peptidomimetics.

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Cα‐tetrasubstituted amino acids are important building blocks in the design and preparation of novel peptidomimetics. We report on the functionalization of the Cα‐tetrasubstituted THF amino acid rac‐5 by copper(I) catalyzed N‐arylation reactions. The aryl bromide substituent of rac‐5 is replaced by a variety of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Intramolecular N‐arylation yielded only small amounts of a cyclic tripeptide 2, whereas cyclic tripeptide ethers 4 and 50 were obtained in an enantiomerically pure form from a palladium(0)‐catalyzed intramolecular O‐arylation.
A General Strategy for the Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Traditional Chinese Medicines and Their Potential Application as Catalysts
Authors: Huang Jiale , Wang Wenta , Lin Liqin , Li Qingbiao , Lin Wenshuang , Li Mei , Mann Stephen
Published: May 2009

Tea time! Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) could be readily prepared by a general strategy involving the reduction of aqueous HAuCl4 in the presence of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Spheroidal and triangular gold nanoparticles were observed depending on the TCM used. The strategy exemplified the universal application of plant bioresources for the synthesis of GNPs and catalytic purposes.

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Assessing the merits and faults of holistic and disaggregated judgments
Authors: Arkes Hal R. , González‐Vallejo Claudia , Bonham Aaron J. , Kung Yi‐Han , Bailey Nathan
Published: May 2009

Three studies explored both the advantages of and subjects' preferences for a disaggregated judgment procedure and a holistic one. The task in our first two studies consisted of evaluating colleges; the third study asked participants to evaluate job applicants. Holistic ratings consisted of providing an overall evaluation while considering all of the characteristics of the evaluation objects; disaggregated ratings consisted of evaluating each cue independently. Participants also made paired comparisons of the evaluation objects. We constructed preference orders for the disaggregated method by aggregating these ratings (unweighted or weighted characteristics). To compare the holistic, disaggregated, and weighted‐disaggregated method we regressed the four cues on the participant's holistic rating, on the linearly aggregated disaggregated ratings, and on the average weighted disaggregated rating, using the participant's “importance points” for each cue as weights. Both types of combined disaggregated ratings related more closely to the cues in terms of proportion of variance accounted for in Experiments 1 and 2. In addition, the disaggregated ratings were more closely related to the paired‐comparison orderings, but Experiment 2 showed that this was true for a small set (10) but not a large set (60) of evaluation objects. Experiment 3 tested the “gamesmanship” hypothesis: People prefer holistic ratings because it is easier to incorporate illegitimate but appealing criteria into one's judgment. The results suggested that the disaggregated procedure generally produced sharper distinctions between the most relevant and least relevant cues. Participants in all three of these studies preferred the holistic ratings despite their statistical inferiority. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The origin of Metazoa: a transition from temporal to spatial cell differentiation
Authors: Mikhailov Kirill V. , Konstantinova Anastasiya V. , Nikitin Mikhail A. , Troshin Peter V. , Rusin Leonid Yu. , Lyubetsky Vassily A. , Panchin Yuri V. , Mylnikov Alexander P. , Moroz Leonid L. , Kumar Sudhir , Aleoshin Vladimir V.
Published: May 2009

For over a century, Haeckel's Gastraea theory remained a dominant theory to explain the origin of multicellular animals. According to this theory, the animal ancestor was a blastula‐like colony of uniform cells that gradually evolved cell differentiation. Today, however, genes that typically control metazoan development, cell differentiation, cell‐to‐cell adhesion, and cell‐to‐matrix adhesion are found in various unicellular relatives of the Metazoa, which suggests the origin of the genetic programs of cell differentiation and adhesion in the root of the Opisthokonta. Multicellular stages occurring in the complex life cycles of opisthokont protists (mesomycetozoeans and choanoflagellates) never resemble a blastula. Here, we discuss a more realistic scenario of transition to multicellularity through integration of pre‐existing transient cell types into the body of an early metazoon, which possessed a complex life cycle with a differentiated sedentary filter‐feeding trophic stage and a non‐feeding blastula‐like larva, the synzoospore. Choanoflagellates are considered as forms with secondarily simplified life cycles.
Transposable elements and an epigenetic basis for punctuated equilibria
Authors: Zeh David W. , Zeh Jeanne A. , Ishida Yoichi
Published: May 2009

Evolution is frequently concentrated in bursts of rapid morphological change and speciation followed by long‐term stasis. We propose that this pattern of punctuated equilibria results from an evolutionary tug‐of‐war between host genomes and transposable elements (TEs) mediated through the epigenome. According to this hypothesis, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms (RNA interference, DNA methylation and histone modifications) maintain stasis by suppressing TE mobilization. However, physiological stress, induced by climate change or invasion of new habitats, disrupts epigenetic regulation and unleashes TEs. With their capacity to drive non‐adaptive host evolution, mobilized TEs can restructure the genome and displace populations from adaptive peaks, thus providing an escape from stasis and generating genetic innovations required for rapid diversification. This “epi‐transposon hypothesis” can not only explain macroevolutionary tempo and mode, but may also resolve other long‐standing controversies, such as Wright's shifting balance theory, Mayr's peripheral isolates model, and McClintock's view of genome restructuring as an adaptive response to challenge.
Transformation of a dwarf Arabidopsis mutant illustrates gibberellin hormone physiology and the function of a Green Revolution gene
Authors: Molina Isabel , Weber Katrin , dos Santos Déborah Y. Alves Cursino , Ohlrogge John
Published: May 2009

The introduction of dwarfing traits into crops was a major factor in increased grain yields during the “Green Revolution.” In most cases those traits were the consequence of altered synthesis or response to the gibberellin (GA) plant hormones. Our current understanding of GA synthesis and physiology has been facilitated by the characterization of mutants. To introduce concepts about GA hormone physiology and plant transformation in an undergraduate laboratory course we have used ga5, a semi‐dwarf Arabidopsis mutant with reduced activity of GA 20‐oxidase. In this laboratory exercise, Arabidopsis ga5 mutant plants are transformed by the floral‐dip method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying plasmid constructs conferring kanamycin resistance and containing the GA5 gene. Within 4 weeks, seeds of transformed plants can be easily screened by antibiotic resistance on plates. After transfer to soil the dwarf mutant plants transformed with a wild‐type version of the gene show normal size. In addition to offering a visual understanding of the effect of GA on stem elongation, students learn additional techniques in this experiment, including PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. This experiment is cost effective and can be completed within a 4‐month term.
Use of case studies to introduce undergraduate students to principles of food microbiology, molecular biology, and epidemiology of food‐borne disease
Authors: Ponder Monica A. , Sumner Susan
Published: May 2009

Mock outbreaks of infectious disease offer the ability to introduce principles of food microbiology, ecology, and epidemiology to undergraduate students using an inquiry driven process. Students were presented with an epidemiological case study detailing patient history, clinical presentation, and foods recently consumed. The students then had to form hypotheses about the causative agents and attempt to identify the vehicle of transmission from foods their patient consumed. Students applied biochemical testing protocols to explore bacterial metabolism that are used to identify pathogens. After biochemically identifying their case's causative agent, the students were introduced to rapid methods that are used by health departments. Students extracted DNA, performed PCR reactions to amplify the 16s rDNA gene and identified it by comparing the PCR product sequence to a database using BLAST. Rapid methods, which do not employ time‐consuming culturing methods, are increasingly being used; this exercise ensures that students have the technical skills necessary to compete in an increasingly technological global market.
Problem–solving test: The role of a micro‐RNA in the regulation of fos gene expression
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: May 2009

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test. Proto‐oncogenes, transcription factors, gene regulation, cell proliferation, malignant transformation, cloning of DNA fragments, expression vector, recombinant plasmid, transfection, phorbol ester, Western blotting, Northern blotting, cDNA probe, diacylglycerol, cAMP1, protein kinase C, mRNA, 3′‐untranslated region, open reading frame, rRNA, actin.
Development of instructional courseware in thermodynamics education
Authors: Liu Yucheng
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a concise computer courseware for solving three types of fundamental thermodynamic problems: determine gas status after specified processes; evaluate a pure substance's thermodynamic properties at given state; and analysis of basic thermodynamic cycles, including power cycle, refrigeration cycle, and heat pump cycle. Common programming language C# is selected to develop the courseware and interfaces. The application of the developed courseware in teaching thermodynamic courses can efficiently help students to improve their problem‐solving skills and make them better understand basic thermodynamic laws. The presented teaching approach can be expansively applied in thermodynamics education. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 115–124, 2011
Compatible quadrangulation by sketching
Authors: Yao Chih‐Yuan , Chu Hung‐Kuo , Ju Tao , Lee Tong‐Yee
Published: May 2009

Mesh quadrangulation has received increasing attention in the past decade. While previous works have mostly focused on producing a high quality quad mesh of a single model, the connectivity of the quadrangulation is typically difficult to control and varies among models even with similar shapes. In this paper, we propose a novel interactive framework for quadrangulating a set of models collectively with compatible connectivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate its application to 3D mesh morphing. In our approach, the user interactively sketches a skeleton within each model, and our method automatically computes compatible base domains for all models from these skeletons, on which the models are parameterized. With this novel parameterization, it is very easy to generate a pleasing and smooth 3D morphing sequence among these compatible models. The method yields quadrangulation with comparable quality to existing approaches, but greatly simplifies compatible re‐meshing among a group of topologically equivalent models, in particular characters and animals models, with direct applications in shape blending and morphing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation and fracturing using adaptive shape matching with stiffness adjustment
Authors: Ohta Makoto , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Nishita Tomoyuki
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a fast method that computes deformations with fracturing of an object using a hierarchical lattice. Our method allows numerically stable computation based on so‐called shape matching. During the simulation, the deformed shape of the object and the condition of fracturing are used to determine the appropriate detail level in the hierarchy of the lattices. Our method modifies the computation of the stiffness of the object in different levels of the hierarchy so that the stiffness is maintained uniform by introducing a stiffness parameter that does not depend on the hierarchy. By merging the subdivided lattices, our method minimizes the increase of computational cost. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.