bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1
Authors: KERFOOT WILLIAM B. , VACCARO RALPH F.
Published: March 2010

Activated carbon can remove trace amounts of complexed and ionic copper from water. Just 10 mg of finely divided carbon is sufficient to concentrate copper from seawater to 700 times its natural level. When the copper is eluted with acid and analyzed by atomic absorption, the results compare well with organic extraction methods now in use, although the accuracy is somewhat reduced.
DISPERSAL PROCESSES OF FRESHWATERS IN THE PO RIVER COASTAL AREA1
Authors: Grancini Gianfranco , Cescon Bruno
Published: March 2010

Tidal effects on the vertical structure and dynamic pattern of the freshwater plume in the Po River coastal area were evaluated. A large vertical density gradient just below the surface and a lateral density front separate the fresh and seawaters. The horizontal extent of the river waters was followed by the continuous analysis of nitrate, whose conservative behavior, evidenced by a linear relationship with salinity, is justified by the observed trophic conditions.
THE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLES IN THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE OCEAN WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SARGASSO SEA1
Authors: Sheldon R. W. , Sutcliffe W. H. , Prakash A.
Published: March 2010

In the surface waters of the ocean particle production and consumption are in balance. The structure of the pelagic food chain and the morphological limitations dictated by the environment are such that, in general, large particles have to consume smaller ones. If the large particles are removed the small particles cannot be consumed and their production rate can be measured. A state of exponential growth seems to be normal. The rate of production, as revealed by small particle growth following predation release, is much greater than the apparent rate of primary production indicated by radiocarbon uptake.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE PRODUCTIVITY: BIOMASS RATIO FOR PHYTOPLANKTON IN A SMALL MARINE BASIN
Authors: Platt Trevor , Filion Christiane
Published: March 2010

The productivity:biomass (P:B) ratio for phytoplankton was studied using a replicated sampling design at six stations in a small marine basin. On six out of ten sampling days, statistically significant differences were revealed in the P:B ratios between stations. This result is consistent with the concept of contemporaneous disequilibrium which emphasizes the spatial component of the heterogeneity of the phytoplankton habitat.
BREEDING AND GROWTH OF THE CHAETOGNATH SAGITTA ELEGANS IN BEDFORD BASIN1
Authors: Zo Zinntae
Published: March 2010

Within 1 year two generations of Sagitta elegans were found in Bedford Basin. The spring generation, reaching maturity in mid‐September, reproduced during the remainder of the year. The autumn generation, consisting of the offspring of the spring generation, appeared to overwinter and established the spring adult population.

The temperature‐size relationship of S. elegans from Bedford Basin is in close agreement with McLaren’s curve for this species in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

Net carbon production rate, calculated from the spring generation, was highest in mid‐September when the majority of the population approached maturity.
THE DETERMINATION OF A STABILITY CONSTANT FOR THE AQUEOUS COMPLEX Zn(OH)20 USING ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY1
Authors: Bradford Wesley L.
Published: March 2010

The shift in the potential of the zinc stripping current maximum observed in anodic stripping voltammetry is related to the free energy of the reaction between ionic zinc and a complexing anion. The model was tested using the zinc hydroxyl system; the agreement with experimental results was excellent. The findings suggest the existence of the aqueous complex, Zn(OH)2o, which has been reported only once before. The stability constant calculated here is in good agreement with the single published value.
A sampler for the chemical analysis of freshwaters using evacuated tubes
Authors: JONES ROGER , STUART C. J. S.
Published: March 2010

A freshwater sampler is described having three evacuated glass tubes which fill simultaneously at the selected depth when each rubber sealing stopper is pierced by a hypodermic needle. Each tube acts as the sample collector and container.
PHOSPHORUS RELEASE BY DAPHNIA1
Authors: Peters R. H. , Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

The flux of 32P from fully labeled Daphnia rosea, feeding on the yeast Rhodotorula, has been used to produce a multiple regression model relating the rate of phosphorus release (per unit of animal dry weight) to temperature, food cell concentration, food phosphorus content, and animal dry weight. This model adequately predicted the release rate of phosphorus by other daphnids and by D. rosea feeding on other foods. The validity of the model’s predictions was further confirmed by comparing the phosphorus excretion rate with assimilation minus growth and reproduction. These corresponded closely at higher food levels, and even at the lowest level the correlation was considerably better than the extreme variation in the literature. The model appears to support other tracer studies in suggesting that experiments of long duration substantially underestimate the excretion rates of aquatic animals.
DENSITY, SIZE, AND CLUTCH OF TWO HIGH ALTITUDE DIAPTOMID COPEPODS
Authors: Maly Edward J.
Published: March 2010

Population characteristics of two copepod species, Diaptomus shoshone Forbes and Diaptomus coloradensis Marsh, and both interspecific and intraspecific interactions are examined. Both species vary in size among years and among several high altitude ponds in Colorado. Larger individuals with larger clutches are found in ponds where the density of developing individuals is low. Size differences can occur as a result of conditions in nauplii or copepodid stages. Clutches of both species vary in a given pond as the season progresses, but larger individuals carry larger clutches, and, at least in D. shoshone, first clutches are found on large individuals. There is little interaction between the two species, and temperature does not affect adult size.
THE POSSIBLE PHOTOSYNTHETIC USE OF SULFIDE BY THE FILAMENTOUS PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIA OF HOT SPRINGS1
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: March 2010

Filamentous gliding bacteria containing bacteriochlorophylls a and c occur abundantly in hot springs of alkaline pH and usually arc in direct contact with blue‐green photoautotrophs even though the bacteria may have a higher growth temperature limit. In contrast, hot springs with at least 0.2 mg liter−1 of soluble sulfide in water of 60–70°C support orange to green mats of these bacteria upstream from and independent of the presumed organic donation of the blue‐green algae. In these cases sulfide seemed the only plausible source of reductant in phototrophism and CO2 the only likely carbon source. In the field and in culture, the stimulatory effect of sulfide on CO2 photoincorporation was only a small (1.2–3.4‐fold) increase over the nonsulfide rate. Anaerobic illuminated cultures showed an increase in dry weight and pigment in basal autotrophic medium only when sulfide was added. However, small amounts of yeast extract resulted in far greater yields. The combined observations and results suggest that photoautotrophy, with sulfide as electron donor, is a possible alternative to photoheterotrophy in this newly discovered group of phototrophic bacteria.
THE INTERSTITIAL WATER COMPOSITION IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE GREAT LAKES. I. WESTERN LAKE ONTARIO
Authors: Weiler R. R.
Published: March 2010

Four stations in the western end of Lake Ontario were cored and the interstitial water together with the water lying immediately above it were analyzed for the major ions, soluble reactive phosphate, nitrate, silica, iron, and manganese.

The interstitial waters are enriched relative to lake waters in all components except chloride, fluoride and sodium and strongly depleted with respect to sulfate. The Eh was generally negative and the pH was around 7.4. No changes from May to August could be observed, but in most cases, silica, alkalinity, manganese, and iron increased with depth in the sediment; chloride, fluoride, sulfate, sodium, and calcium decreased and the other parameters remained more or less constant.

The major factors governing the chemistry of the interstitial waters are diffusion, bacterial reduction of sulfate, and equilibrium with various minerals in the sediments. There is evidence that the iron concentration is governed by FeCO3 but no firm conclusions could be drawn concerning manganese.
Trends in drogue design1,2
Authors: MONAHAN EDWARD C. , MONAHAN ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2010

Drogues in use today in the Lagrangian measurement of currents are in general inferior in behavior to those in use a century or more ago. This results from the historical tendency toward smaller drogues. For optimum measurements, one should select a drogue design that maximizes ease in handling and then scale it up to the largest size practicable.
Improved device for the collection of sedimenting matter
Authors: FUHS G. WOLFGANG
Published: March 2010

A novel device for the collection of sedimenting matter in lakes consists of a Van Dorn water sampler divided in half by a horizontal septum. During exposure, one compartment, directed upward, serves as the sampling compartment; the other, directed downward, serves as a reference compartment containing only hypolimnetic water and attached growth. The device is reliable and easy to handle. Its application in Canadarago Lake, New York, during the 1969 growth season shows that incoming phosphorus in this lake is recycled about 10 times during the growing season.
A biological measurement of the copper complexation capacity of seawater1
Authors: DAVEY PRAGER EARL W. , MORGAN MYRA J. , ERICKSON STANTON J.
Published: March 2010

Copper titrations of known concentrations of chelators in artificial seawater illustrated that the growth depression of Thalassiosira pseudonana in response to copper could be used to quantitate the chelator levels to within ± 5% at concentrations down to 10−7 M EDTA. These results suggest that measured variations in T. pseudonana—copper bioassays to samples from Narragansett Bay and vicinity could be due to organic chelators in seawater.
A general theory of steady state phytoplankton growth in a nutrient saturated mixed layer
Authors: Bannister T. T.
Published: March 2010

An improved theory relating steady‐state phytoplankton density, primary production, and growth rate to environmental variables and to phytoplankton parameters is presented and developed in detail for a nutrient saturated, well mixed layer. For this case, mathematical statement of the theory requires seven equations: two expressing crop density and primary production as functions of environmental variables and phytoplankton parameters; one stating the dependence of the upper limit for daily production on incident light and phytoplankton parameters; three stating the dependence of phytoplankton parameters on growth rate; and one describing phytoplankton losses to primary consumers. The first six can be quantitatively stated on the basis of existing experimental information. The seventh cannot, and it is tentatively assumed that consumption is regulated in a way that maximizes the steady‐state harvest. For a nutrient saturated layer that absorbs all incident light, calculations arc relatively simple. Graphs of predicted crop density and primary production, as general functions of nonphytoplankton absorption and sedimentation rate, are used to predict the quantitative consequences of changes in seasonal date, sedimentation rate, nonphytoplankton light absorption, and mixed layer depth.
The effect of varying phytoplankton concentration on submarine light transmission in the Gulf of California1
Authors: Kiefer Dale A. , Austin Roswell W.
Published: March 2010

Beam transmission and phytoplankton fluorescence were measured simultaneously in the Gulf of California. In each profile the depth distribution of the volume attenuation coefficient, α, corrected for the attenuation by particle‐free water, paralleled the distribution of phytoplankton fluorescence. For most open water profiles the correlation coefficient, r, between α and fluorescence was greater than 0.96. The covariation of the two parameters was quantitatively similar for profiles separated by large distances, so that a single linear regression adequately described the correlation for all open water profiles. When considered in terms of particle scattering theory, the correlation indicated that nonphytoplankton material in seawater consisted of two components: one which remained constant with depth and locale and one whose optical cross section covaried with that of phytoplankton.
Recovery of the mud substrate and its associated fauna following a dry phase in a tropical lake1
Authors: McLachlan A. J.
Published: March 2010

Lake Chilwa was dry for over a year. Following heavy rains, refilling was complete within 5 months, and, after 6 weeks, benthic insect populations of up to 3,500 mg m−2 were recorded. This pioneer population, mainly larvae of Chironomus transvaalensis Kieffer, disappeared 12 weeks later leaving a scanty benthic fauna resembling that of the drying phase.

Isolated populations of C. transvaalensis persisted in some peripheral sites. The disappearance of fauna followed precipitation of fine grained material derived from erosion at the advancing shoreline during filling, which lowered the resistance of the larvae to major salinity variations and subsequent seasonal events. Persistence of larvae at the periphery was associated with plant debris which seemed to counteract the effects of the change in the mud.
Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by phytoplankton in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, in relation to nutrient concentrations1
Authors: Vanderhoef Larry N. , Huang Chi‐Ying , Musil Robert , Williams Jeffery
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) and the growth of blue‐green algae were studied in Green Bay (Lake Michigan) during summer 1972. Where concentrations of all nutrients were high Microcystis predominated. As combined nitrogen concentrations decreased Aphanizomenon increased. Aphanizomenon showed increasing C2H2‐reducing efficiency as the NH4+ + NO3− concentration declined, but its standing crop decreased with declining P concentration. At 40 km from the Fox River diatoms were predominant. Increased algal growth and nitrogen fixation in 1972, as compared to 1971, correlated with higher phosphate concentrations. Almost half as much nitrogen was added to the bay by fixation as was delivered by the Fox River during the same period.
An improved in situ pH sensor for oceanographic and limnological applications
Authors: Ben‐Yacikov S. , Ruth E.
Published: March 2010

An improved in situ pH sensor and signal conditioner suggest that an accuracy of 0.02 pH can be achieved and that ion selective electrodes can be useful in in situ experiments such as carbonate saturometry.
Use of emergence data for estimating annual production of aquatic insects1
Authors: Speir Jon A. , Anderson N. H.
Published: March 2010

Use of emergence data for aquatic insects is proposed as an indirect method of estimating production rate. Concurrent production and emergence estimates are compared for four species of black flies (Diptera : Simuliidae). The pooled production: emergence ratios for all four species were 4.3 in 1971 and 4.8 in 1972.
Predation by chironomid (Diptera) larvae on oligochaetes1
Authors: Loden Michael S.
Published: March 2010

Eight species of chironomid larvae fed on oligochaetes in laboratory cultures. Setae of 5 species of oligochaetes were observed in gut contents from 13 species of chironomid larvae collected from four different habitats. Abundance of oligochaetes occurring with chironomids in polluted waters seemed to be influenced by predation.
An inexpensive sampler for studying the microbiology of river mud
Authors: Webster R. M.
Published: March 2010

A sampler with a plastic internal lining was used to obtain undisturbed cores of mud for ATP determinations and total counts of bacteria and fungi; another application of the internal lining was the successful recovery of nylon mesh buried in the mud.
Laboratory comparisons of four surface microlayer samplers1
Authors: Hatcher Roger F. , Parker Bruce C.
Published: March 2010

The collection and recovery efficiencies of four surface microlayer samplers used by various investigators, compared under laboratory controlled conditions, reveal significant variations.
The mixing patterns of the Jordan River in Lake Kinneret1
Authors: Serruya Salvador
Published: March 2010

The major flow of the Jordan River into Lake Kinneret is during winter. At the beginning of the floods, the river water flows southward directly on the bottom of the lake. In late winter or spring, the river water is deflected toward the western shore and mixes rapidly in the upper layers of the lake. These patterns are explained on the basis of density changes due to variations of temperature, salinity, and suspended material.
Resonant and nonresonant motion in a spindle‐shaped basin with an entrance
Authors: Thomas N. D. , Clarke D. J.
Published: March 2010

Resonant and nonresonant motions in a spindle‐shaped (i.e. formed by the intersection of two confocal parabolae) basin are examined when the assumption is made that they are caused by the formation of a standing wave due to incident wave action through the entrance. The spindle basin is transformed into a square region with two entrances and the modified boundary value problem is solved approximately by the Galerkin method. The trial functions are chosen to satisfy the boundary conditions across the entrances in the square region. The amplification of the incident waves is calculated for the internal points of the spindle basin at various frequencies and those frequencies causing large amplifications are found.

The results are applied to Port Kembla Outer Harbor.
The ion‐association model and the buffer capacity of the carbon dioxide system in seawater at 25°C and 1 atmosphere total pressure
Authors: Whitfield Michael
Published: March 2010

The ion‐association model of Berner has been extended to calculate the contributions of the various ion‐pair formation reactions to the buffer capacity of the carbon dioxide system in seawater. These reactions are shown to make the major contribution to the equilibrium buffer capacity at pH values greater than 8. However the indifference of the pH to quite large changes in solution composition arises, not from any pH‐statting effect, but because the metal‐carbonate ion‐pairs form only a small proportion of the total cation concentration under normal conditions.
Summer phytoplankton blooms in Auke Bay, Alaska, driven by wind mixing of the water column1
Authors: Iverson Richard L. , Curl Herbert C. , O'Connors Harold B. , Kirk Deborah , Zakar Karen
Published: March 2010

Winds blowing from the southeast along the only significant fetch into Auke Bay mixed nitrate into the photic zone from deeper in the water column; major summer phytoplankton blooms in the bay resulted. The wind‐mixing effect could be monitored by measuring salinity changes in the water column caused by mixing of freshwater from the glacially originating Mendenhall River down into the water column.
Phosphorus model of lake eutrophication
Authors: Imboden Dieter M.
Published: March 2010

A two‐box lake model is presented with the subsystems epilimnion (E) and hypolimnion (H) and phosphorus as the limiting nutrient factor. The mean O2 consumption in H as a function of P loading is calculated and critical P‐loading figures above which the lake turns toward eutrophy are given for varying lake mean depth z and hydraulic loading factor qs. The results agree with an empirical relation between z and P loading given by Vollenweider. In addition, P retention factors are calculated using the model and compared to measured values.
Arsenate uptake and reduction by Pocillopora verrucosa1
Authors: Pilson Michael E. Q.
Published: March 2010

A scleractinian coral removed arsenate from solution and converted some of it to arsenite, which reappeared in the ambient seawater. This suggests that organisms other than bacteria may be responsible for maintaining some of the arsenic in seawater in a reduced form. Reduction of arsenate may be a mechanism to allow the loss from the living cell of arsenate transported in along with phosphate.
A shallow‐water system for sampling macrobenthic infauna1
Authors: Kaplan Eugene H. , Welker J. R. , Krause M. Gayle
Published: March 2010

Two suction‐corers for use in shallow water estuarine areas penetrated to a depth of 20– 30 cm in substrates ranging from silt to gravel, taking samples of about 30 liters in volume and 0.1 m2 in area. The manually reversing model is limited to a maximum water depth of 3.5 m, but the automatically reversing instrument samples at depths limited only by the length of the hose used to evacuate the chamber.
A pneumatically operated slurp gun
Authors: Wilcox J. Ross , Meek Robert P. , Mook David
Published: March 2010

Field tests with a pneumatically operated slurp gun have demonstrated the gun to be effective in capturing epibenthic and pelagic organisms unharmed.
A simple, rapid method of solubilizing algal tissue for scintillation counting1
Authors: Lohban Christopher S.
Published: March 2010

The Mahin‐Lofberg perchloric acid‐hydrogen peroxide method of solubilizing animal tissues is effective in digesting labeled Macrocystis and other seaweeds for liquid scintillation counting. The reaction is carried out in the scintillation vial and is faster and more convenient than extraction or combustion of samples. Solubilization is practically complete, counting efficiency is high, and recovery of 14C is greater than 90%. Over 250 mg of fresh Macrocystis blade tissue can be digested per vial; dry samples or extracted residues can also be solubilized.
Carbon‐14 assimilation, chlorophyll, and particulate organic matter in steady state systems at Lake Tahoe1
Authors: Tunzi Milton G. , Porcella Donald B.
Published: March 2010

Eight large outdoor tanks (~8,000 liters) were brought to a steady state algal population by the constant addition of Lake Tahoe water alone or combined with 0.1 and 1.0% additions of secondary or tertiary sewage effluents. 14C assimilation rates and chlorophyll concentrations were related to growth rate and limiting nutrient. This result would be expected from the kinetics of a steady state (chemostat) system. Radioactive carbon fixation values underestimated the productivity of the phytoplankton as measured by the weight of the particulate organic matter produced per residence time. 14C assimilation rates were highly correlated with algal chlorophyll concentration but poorly correlated with particulate organic matter concentration in the tanks at steady state.
The distribution and significance of Richelia intracellularis Schmidt in the North Pacific Central Gyre1
Authors: Venrick E. L.
Published: March 2010

Localized blooms of phytoplankton observed in the upper 60 m of the North Pacific Central Gyre during three expeditions are accompanied and often dominated by an increase in the abundance of species of the diatom genus Rhizosolenia that contain the endophytic cyanophyte Richelia intracellularis, which may fix molecular nitrogen. It is hypothesized that the phytoplankton blooms are stimulated and sustained by an increase in the available nitrogenous nutrients resulting from nitrogen fixation by Richelia.
Lake Kinneret sediments: Nutrient composition of the pore water and mud water exchanges1
Authors: Serruya Colette , Edelstein Miriam , Pollingher Utsa , Serruya Salvador
Published: March 2010

Various elements of the pore water of Lake Kinneret sediments have been analyzed and their fluctuations observed during 20 months at four stations, with concomitant measurements of bottom currents, temperature, and benthic flora. Dissolved iron reaches its maximum solubility at the beginning of turnover. The exchangeable phosphorus seems to be the iron‐bound fraction and its concentration in the pore water increases simultaneously with the reduction of sulfates and precipitation of iron sulfide, but its release is controlled by the calcium phosphate equilibria. This mechanism explains how the rate of release of phosphorus is only 0.8 mg m−2 day−1 and how the Kinneret sediments play the role of a sink as far as phosphorus is concerned. Ammonia is produced by an intense process of ammonification and its rate of release reaches 25 mg m−2 day−1. The internal nutrient load is compared to the external one. Since there is evidence that the winter‐spring Peridinium bloom can be supported solely by the internal load, working hypotheses are provided concerning the relationship between the release of nutrients from the mud and the nature of the bloom.
Continuous monitoring of dissolved organic matter by UV‐visible photometry1
Authors: Mattson James S. , Smith Carroll A. , Jones Thomas T. , Gerchakov Sol M.
Published: March 2010

The biggest obstacles in using UV absorbance data to monitor dissolved organics are the effects of light‐scattering (on unfiltered samples) and the variety of extinction coefficients anticipated from the many possible organic constituents of natural waters. These parameters can be reasonably constant over a limited geographical region and a UV‐visible method for continuous analysis of water is as precise as TOC analyses of filtered water samples.
Nonmetallic elutriation and sieving device for benthic macrofauna
Authors: Pedrick Robert A.
Published: March 2010

This simply built device for shipboard use incorporates a tilt adjustable 57‐liter drum and an effluent collector of high density polyethylene. The nonmetallic construction removes possible sources of heavy metals contamination; an enclosed elutriation drum top helps prevent spillage.
An elntriation apparatus for macroinvertebrates1
Authors: Worswick Joseph M. , Barbour Michael T.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive hydropneumatic apparatus screens macroinvertebrates from bottom samples containing silt, mud, or clay. The elutriator, an acrylic cylinder with screened windows, cemented on an upright plastic funnel, retains benthic fauna while the sediment is washed away. The apparatus yields clean samples and has reduced the time required to sort benthos sediments by more than 80%.
Changes in oxygen 18 as a measure of long‐term fluctuations in tropical lake levels and molluscan populations1
Authors: Covich Alan , Stuiver Minze
Published: March 2010

In Laguna Chichancanab, the largest closed basin in northern Yucatan, large‐scale changes in lake levels have been documented by 18O analyses of snail shell carbonates. A continuous 9‐m series of lake sediments has been deposited during the last 8,000 years, whereas a discontinuous sedimentary record extends from 9 m to beyond 12 m in depth. At least one marked hiatus occurred in this older record during which time the lake is thought to have been seasonally dry (or very much reduced in size). The fluctuations are verified by other stratigraphic evidence including absolute numbers of shells, loss on ignition, carbon:nitrogen ratios, and major cations (calcium, magnesium, and sodium).
Calculation of instantaneous birth rate1
Authors: Paloheimo Jyri E.
Published: March 2010

A formula giving the instantaneous birth rate is derived for egg bearing species or species which bear their young. It is shown that the instantaneous birth rate can be calculated when the egg ratio or pregnancy rate and the development time are known. The new method is compared with earlier ones by Edmondson and Caswell: the latter applies incorrectly an earlier formula by Leslie while Edmondson’s formula gives biased results, the bias depending on the length of the development time.
Automated phosphate analysis in the presence of arsenic
Authors: Goulden P. D. , Brooksbank Peter
Published: March 2010

An automated method is described for eliminating arsenate interference in the determination of phosphate in natural waters by the molybdenum blue method. The arsenate is reduced to arsenite by thiosulfate in an acidic medium before the color‐producing reagents are added.
The phosphorus‐chlorophyll relationship in lakes1,2
Authors: Dillon P. J. , Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

Data for summer chlorophyll and spring total phosphorus concentration were collected from 19 lakes in southern Ontario and combined with data reported in the literature for other North American lakes to produce a regression line that can be used to predict the average summer chlorophyll concentration from a single measurement of phosphorus concentration at spring overturn. This equation is not significantly different from a previously published phosphorus‐chlorophyll relationship derived for a number of Japanese lakes.
Phosphorus, iron, and manganese distribution in sediment cores of six Wisconsin lakes1
Authors: Bortleson Gilbert C. , Lee G. Fred
Published: March 2010

Depositional patterns of iron, manganese, and phosphorus in one central and five northern Wisconsin lakes ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic, primarily from natural causes, have been investigated. One‐meter cores from one or more locations within each lake were analyzed. The historical pattern of iron and manganese deposition is closely related to the pattern of phosphorus deposition in most of the cores. Four of the nine cores show a strong positive correlation coefficient between P and Fe and seven between P and Mn. Manganese has more predictive value than iron for determining the concentration of phosphorus in a given core; however, the iron content appears to be the dominant factor in the phosphorus sorptive and retentive capacity of sediments.
Release of dissolved organic matter by autolysis of a submersed macrophyte, Scirpus subterminalis1
Authors: Otsuki Akira , Wetzel Robert G.
Published: March 2010

Thirty to forty percent of the net production of the submersed freshwater angiosperm Scirpus subterminalis was released as dissolved organic matter on autolysis. Most of the autolytic organic matter was released within 5 days under both oxic and anoxic conditions and represents a major source of total dissolved organic carbon to a hard water lake in which the plant dominates primary productivity.
A method for analysis of fatty acids in coral
Authors: Meyers Philip A. , Quinn James G. , Marshall Nelson
Published: March 2010

A method using gas‐liquid chromatography was developed to analyze the total fatty acid composition of animals having carbonate skeletons and used to determine the fatty acids in a scleractinian coral and a milleporine coral. The major acid in both samples is palmitic acid, and marine‐type polyunsaturated fatty acids were not detectable in either type of coral.
Thermodynamic limitations on the use of the platinum electrode in Eh measurements
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: March 2010

The thermodynamic stability of surface oxide and sulfide coatings on the platinum electrode is considered. In well mixed environments thermodynamic considerations and experimental evidence suggest that the platinum surface acts as an oxide electrode that responds to pH rather than to oxygen partial pressure. In stagnant conditions in the marine or estuarine environment the slow formation of platinum sulfide may push the measured Eh values to more negative potentials if permanently emplaced electrodes are used. These reactions may restrict the operational use of Eh measurements.
Transport limitation of nutrient uptake in phytoplankton1
Authors: Pasciak Walter J. , Gavis Jerome
Published: March 2010

When single‐celled phytoplanktonic organisms absorb nutrients from impoverished water they may deplete a region around them of nutrient and become transport limited in their uptake rates. A criterion is derived, based on the solution to the diffusion equation for a spherical cell with a surface absorption rate given by an equation of the Monod form, by which the importance of transport limitation may be ascertained. The criterion can be applied to organisms for which half‐saturation constants and maximum uptake rates are known for specified nurients. It can be broadened to include the influence of motility. Application to a list of organisms for which uptake kinetics data are available showed that transport limitation could be significant for some organisms, and that for at least one motile organism motility could not entirely eliminate the influence of transport on uptake rate.
The use of a deep tank in plankton ecology. 2. Efficiency of a planktonic food chain1
Authors: Mullin Michael M. , Evans Pamela M.
Published: March 2010

Populations of copepods and ctenophores were maintained in a quasi‐steady state in a 70‐m3 tank supplied with phytoplankton and harvested regularly for several months. Paracalanus parvus replaced Acartia tonsa as the dominant copepod; in the absence of ctenophores, the yield of copepods was 10.4–12.5% of the phytoplankton supplied as food. When the carnivorous ctenophores were present, their yield was 2.6% of the phytoplankton supplied but could have been as high as 3.2% had not copepods been harvested simultaneously.
Photorespiration and productivity in submersed aquatic vascular plants1
Authors: Hough R. Anton
Published: March 2010

A 14C assay for photorespiration (the light‐induced uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide resulting from glycolate metabolism) was developed for use with submersed aquatic plants. Laboratory studies with axenic cultures of Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. and Schmidt indicated that respired carbon dioxide is refixed extensively in the light and that the 14C assay is a measure of net, rather than gross, photorespiration. Analyses of leaf anatomy and early 14C fixation products of photosynthesis indicated that N. flexilis is a C3 plant with Calvin‐Benson cycle photosynthesis and glycolate metabolism. Respiration in the light in axenic N. flexilis increased with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration, which indcated the presence and enhancement of photorespiration and that net photosynthesis would decrease with increasing oxygen concentration. In situ experiments with N. flexilis and Scirpus subterminalis demonstrated variations in photorespiration and dark respiration within a 1‐day photosynthetic period and seasonally.
Improved analysis for “particulate” organic carbon and nitrogen from seawater1
Authors: Sharp Jonathan H.
Published: March 2010

Modifications are described to the Hewlett‐Packard model 185B CHN analyzer. “Particulate” organic carbon and nitrogen on 24‐mm‐diam GFC filters can easily be run simultaneously with the modified analyzer. With appropriate blank controls, the practical lower limits for analysis are about 5 µg C and 1 µg N. Thus it is possible to filter 1 liter or less for all seawater samples other than deep oceanic ones where up to 5 liters would probably be preferable.
Swarming in Moina affinis
Authors: Ratzlaff Willis
Published: March 2010

Swarms of Moina affinis were composed almost entirely of adults of which 8.1−9.4% were males, 13.3−59.3% were females with ephippia, 32.6−69.5% were parthenogenetically reproducing, and up to 7.7% were immature. Other species made up <0.2% of the swarms. In contrast, Moina affinis made up only 25.8% of a nearby nonswarming portion of the planktonic crustacea and nearly half of those were immature. Swarming may be associated with reproduction.
Aids to benthic sampling by SCUBA divers in rivers1
Authors: Gale William F. , Thompson J. Douglas
Published: March 2010

A submersible raft transports samples and sampling gear between a boat and the river bottom. Another device aids movement of SCUBA divers across stony substrates.
The seasonal phytoplankton cycles of two saline lakes in central Washington1
Authors: Walker K. F.
Published: March 2010

Soap Lake and Lake Lenore occupy adjacent basins in the Lower Grand Coulce, Washington, but show several strong limnological contrasts despite correspondence in rates and trends of heat storage. Seasonal events in the dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations generally coincide with different phases in thermal behavior of the lakes. Both lakes show a dramatic summer decline in phytoplankton population density, with spring and fall periods of more intense activity. In Soap Lake, which stratifies thermally in summer, a dense algal population is established in the metalimnion. The summer phytoplankton minima in both lakes coincide with maximum development of zooplankton populations, although there is no conclusive evidence that zooplankton grazing actually limits phytoplankton growth. The seasonal phytoplankton cycles may be more closely dependent on nutrient depletion in surface waters, and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis might also be implicated. Close agreement was evident in 14C productivity measurements for both lakes, but these may have been affected by oxygen inhibition in light and dark bottles. Both lakes, however, are highly productive, and productivity estimates are comparable with those obtained for soda lakes elsewhere.
The role of aquatic macrophytes in the recovery of the benthic fauna of a tropical lake after a dry phase1
Authors: McLachlan A. J.
Published: March 2010

The role played by aquatic macrophytes as a habitat for benthic fauna during recovery of a saline African lake from a dry period is examined. The vegetation is of special interest since the mud is unoccupied by fauna over most of the lake bottom. There are two distinct kinds of aquatic macrophytes: those like Typha, which are part of a permanent flora, and those like Aeschynomene and Diplacne, which persist only for a few years after reflooding. The respective roles of the two types during the recovery of the lake are considered. Reasons for persistence of a large and distinctive vegetation fauna were studied by experiments on salinity tolerance and competition with the dominant species of mud fauna.
Tidal discharge asymmetry in a salt marsh drainage system1,2
Authors: Boon John D.
Published: March 2010

Tidal discharge and area‐averaged current speed were measured over complete tidal cycles at the entrance to a salt marsh drainage system near Wachapreague, Virginia. A pronounced asymmetry in curves of discharge and current speed through time was observed which can be simulated by a model incorporating semidiurnal tides and “overtides” in conjunction with marsh and channel storage relationships. As a persistent feature in marsh channel flow relationships, the asymmetry, along with an apparent difference in flood and ebb maxima, may have a systematic, long term influence on the net transport of suspended matter entering and leaving natural marshes.
Runoff from an intertidal marsh during tidal exposure— recession curves and chemical characteristics1
Authors: Gardner Leonard Robert
Published: March 2010

The runoff from marshlands during low tide exposure is enriched in dissolved silica, phosphate, and bicarbonate and probably also ammonia. These substances diffuse from the interstitial water reservoir of the sediment into a thin layer of seawater left on the surface of the marsh by the receding tide; during the period of exposure this thin layer of enriched water drains from the marsh surface. The input of these substances to coastal waters by runoff from the marshlands of South Carolina is probably about equal to that supplied by freshwater runoff from the state. Thus marsh runoff may have an important effect on the concentration of nutrient elements in coastal waters.
Morphometric control of variation in annual heat budgets
Authors: Timms B. V.
Published: March 2010

The extent of variation in annual heat budget of 23 European, North American, and Australian lakes tends to be related to lake volume and mean depth.
Nutrient transports through Lancaster Sound in relation to the Arctic Ocean's reactive silicate budget and the outflow of Bering Strait waters1
Authors: Codispoti L. A. , Owens T. G.
Published: March 2010

Data from the Lancaster Sound region help balance the Arctic Ocean’s reactive silicate budget, but a net removal is still indicated. The reactive phosphorus and reactive silicate concentrations in Lancaster Sound suggest an enrichment with Bering Strait waters.
An automated technique for total dissolved free amino acids in seawater1
Authors: Coughenower D. Douglas , Curl Herbert C.
Published: March 2010

An automated method for total dissolved free amino acid in seawater, using an air‐stable ninhydrin solution, is most suitable as a field method providing real time information. Data taken in two estuaries are presented to show the distribution of total amino acid.
Electromagnetic flow sensors1
Authors: Kamoisher John , Lawson Kenneth
Published: March 2010

Flow sensors based on the principle of electromagnetic induction were investigated as alternatives to commonly used mechanical devices utilizing rotors and propellers. Prototype sensors were constructed showing considerable promise. Measurement accuracy in excess of 1 cm sec−1 seems feasible with devices suited to long term battery operation. The inertial effects and many of the reliability problems inherent in moving part devices would be overcome by use of an electromagnetic sensor.
Instar and species‐specific diets in two species of Chaoborus1
Authors: Fedorenko Alice Y.
Published: March 2010

Analysis of crop contents of chaoborid larvae from Eunice Lake, British Columbia, revealed seasonal changes and instar‐specific differences in the food composition of two coexisting species—Chaoborus americanus and Chaoborus trivittatus. Diel vertical migration played an important role in determining the diet and time of feeding of C. trivittatus. Prey size, abundance, and distribution were used to interpret larval diets. Prey size determined the diet of the first three larval instars, which had difficulty handling large prey. In the fourth larval instar the diet was determined largely by the spatial availability of prey.
A threshold feeding behavior in Calanus pacificus1
Authors: Frost B. W.
Published: March 2010

Adult females of a marine planktonic copepod, Calanus pacificus, were fed the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis at several densities of cells well below the critical concentration. As food concentration decreased, copepods filtered at a constant maximal rate until their ingestion rate fell below about 15% of the maximal hourly ration; then the copepods fed at a significantly depressed rate. The concentration of food at which this threshold feeding behavior occurs apparently depends on the size of the food particles.
Orthophosphate and dissolved oxygen in Puget Sound1
Authors: Duxbury Alyn C.
Published: March 2010

The concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic orthophosphate at a single location in the main basin of Puget Sound over the period 1934–1973 show no long term change that can be related to man’s increasing discharge of wastes. A change in concentration in annual mean values of dissolved oxygen and inorganic orthophosphate can however be related to variations in the freshwater content and the influx of seawater into the sound.
A saline intrusion into Seneca Lake, New York1
Authors: Ahrnsbrak William F.
Published: March 2010

A warm, saline plume sinks, upon entering Seneca Lake, to just above the thermocline, 15 to 25 m deep. At that depth, based on vertical soundings of temperature and conductivity, the plume spreads radially, maintaining a distinct identity for 150–200 m. Temperature measurements alone suggest that the plume retains its identity to a distance of 1 km from its origin.
The specific surface area of clays in lake sediments‐measurement and analysis of contributors in Lake Kinneret, Israel1
Authors: Banin A. , Gal M. , Zohar Y. , Singer A.
Published: March 2010

The specific surface area of Recent sediments of Lake Kinneret was measured and the contributions of various sediment components to it were evaluated. Most of the lake sediments had specific surface areas larger than 100 m2 g−1. Average SSA of the sediments is 181.8 ± 59.7 m2 g−1, whereas that of the noncarbonate fraction, constituting on the average 54.8 ± 12.3% by weight of the sediment, is 374.6 ± 106.9 m2 g−1. Despite their high proportion in the sediment, carbonates contribute only a very small fraction of the specific surface area; clay minerals in the 0–2‐µ size fraction, particularly smectite, contribute most of it.
The study of 14C penetration into filters in primary productivity measurements using double side counting
Authors: Theodorsson Pall
Published: March 2010

The 14C‐labeled assimilated organic matter penetrates into filters when primary productivity is measured but does not lie in a thin layer on the surface as has been assumed. This has been demonstrated by counting the filters from both sides with a Geiger‐Müller counter and confirmed by measuring the counting efficiency of individual filters. When the double side counting indicates deeper penetration, the Geiger‐Müller efficiency decreases as expected.
An improved sorting device for zooplankton
Authors: Furnass T. I. , Findley W. C.
Published: March 2010

An improved version of Nivals’ device is described together with an alternative method which can be used for sorting live planktonic crustaceans with little stress and for handling particularly agile animals with ease. With this new design and method it is impossible for individual animals to return to the viewing chamber after sorting, and the number of groups of organisms that can be separated from a mixed culture at one time has been raised to three.
Physical model study of circulation patterns in Lake Ontario1
Authors: Li Chih‐yen , Kiser Kenneth M. , Rumer Ralph R.
Published: March 2010

A distorted hydraulic model of Lake Ontario has been constructed and operated in a rotating laboratory. The model study includes the effects of the earth’s rotation, gravity, and hydraulic through‐flow. Boundary shear in the model was checked against theoretical predictions of seiche decay. Wind shear was adjusted to achieve appropriately sealed drift velocities in the model. Observed surface and subsurface circulation patterns are presented for a homogeneous and stratified lake model with and without a westerly wind.
Formation and collapse of surface films
Authors: Wheeler John R.
Published: March 2010

Films that accumulate from lake water, coastal seawater, and Sargasso Sea water with low concentrations of added protein can collapse when subjected to increased surface pressure. Collapse is accompanied by the transformation of some film organic material to particulate material that cannot spread at the interface; these particles are formed from filter‐passing organic material previously in the bulk liquid. Film collapse and accompanying particle formation in nature may be a part of a process that, in some areas, removes filter‐passing surface‐active material from water and precipitates it as particles back into the water column. Such particles tend to sink and could provide particulate food to organisms in the surface waters and perhaps at greater depths.
The role of amino acids in the nitrogen cycle of Lake Mendota1
Authors: Gardner Wayne S. , Lee G. Fred
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of most dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) in Lake Mendota, a eutrophic Wisconsin lake, were generally low (< 0.01 µM) but detectable and appeared to be controlled by bacterial uptake. Combined amino acids occurred in concentrations an order of magnitude higher than DFAA. Of 10 amino acids examined, serine and alanine were generally most prevalent in the DFAA fraction (glycine was not measured). Concentrations of dissolved amino acids (free and combined) showed little variation with depth or season, but the levels of particulate amino acids increased in the epilimnion during the warmer months when conditions were favorable for algal growth. In the hypolimnion concentrations of amino acids in particulate material were lower than in the dissolved fraction.

Daily examination of shore samples suggested that the concentrations of the DFAA generally remained at trace levels, with substantially higher concentrations during a period of rapid algal decomposition following an Aphanizomenon bloom. Shore water samples from 3 m below the lake surface contained lower and more uniform DFAA concentrations from day to day than did surface samples.