bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olfactory protocerebral pathways processing sex pheromone and plant odor information in the male moth Agrotis segetum
Authors: Lei Hong , Anton Sylvia , Hansson Bill S.
Published: August 2002

We investigated protocerebral processing of behaviorally relevant signals in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum. Single neurons were studied both physiologically and morphologically using intracellular recording techniques. In moth pheromone communication systems, the presence of the complete, female‐produced pheromone blend is necessary for male attraction. We predicted that more protocerebral neurons, compared with AL, would display blend interactions. However, only a few protocerebral neurons responded differently to the blend than could be deduced from the response to single components. The majority of the pheromone‐sensitive protocerebral neurons identified in this study responded to the major pheromone component. In coding time, most AL neurons can follow a 5‐Hz odor stimulus, whereas most protocerebral neurons failed at higher frequencies than 1 Hz. The majority of neurons that responded to the odorants tested innervated one or both of the protocerebral lateral accessory lobes. If only one of these was innervated, then the innervation always displayed a varicose appearance, suggesting a presynaptic function. Thus, information seems to be transferred from other protocerebral areas to the lateral accessory lobes. Into these, descending neurons sent smooth, postsynaptic branches. A majority of the neurons innervating the superior medial protocerebrum were found to display single‐component specificity. Few additional correlations between odor specificity and structural characteristics were apparent. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:356–370, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of age on the thickness of myelin sheaths in monkey primary visual cortex
Authors: Peters Alan , Sethares Claire , Killiany Ronald J.
Published: August 2002

The effect of age on myelin sheath thickness was determined by an electron microscopic examination of cross sections of the vertical bundles of nerve fibers that pass through primary visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. The tissue was taken from the cortices of young (4–9 years of age) and old (over 24 years of age) monkeys, and the sections were taken at the level of layer 4Cβ. From the electron photomicrographs, the diameters of axons and the numbers of lamellae in their myelin sheaths were determined. No change was found in the diameters of axons with age, although the mean numbers of myelin lamellae in the sheaths increased from 5.6 in the young monkeys to 7.0 in the old monkeys. Much of this increase in mean thickness was due to the fact that, in the old monkeys, thick myelin sheaths with more than ten lamellae are more common than in the young monkeys. While this increase in the thickness of myelin sheaths is occurring in old monkeys, there are also age‐related changes in some of the sheaths. Consequently, it seems that, with age, there is some degeneration of myelin but, at the same time, a continued production of lamellae. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:241–248, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Algorithms for computation of stresses and elasticity moduli in terms of Seth–Hill's family of generalized strain tensors
Authors: Miehe Christian , Lambrecht Matthias
Published: August 2002

The paper discusses algorithms for the computation of stresses and elasticity moduli for stored energy functions which are given in terms of a Seth–Hill‐type generalized strain measure. The key contribution is distinct computational representations of a chain rule representation for the stresses and moduli which may serve as a basic tool for an effective numerical implementation of complex elasticity models. The representations are formulated in the Lagrangian geometric setting based on a spectral decomposition of the right Cauchy–Green tensor and contain particular representations for the case of equal eigenvalues. Two algorithmic boxes are pointed out for three‐ and two‐dimensional problems, respectively. Furthermore, a distinct algorithmic setting is developed for applications of the Seth–Hill‐type measures to the isochoric part of the deformation based on a spectral decomposition of the unimodular part of the right Cauchy–Green tensor. The computation of the stress response in connection with generalized Hookean laws is considered as a simple application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimization of indirect addressing for edge‐based field solvers
Authors: Löhner Rainald , Galle Martin
Published: August 2002

A point renumbering scheme that halves the number of indirect addressing operations required for edge‐based field solvers has been developed. At the same time, an alternative (and entirely serendipitous) assembly of right‐hand side vectors was found to enhance performance considerably. The new loop structure is especially attractive for vector‐parallel machines with direct memory access. Timings on the CRAY‐SV1 and NEC‐SX5 show that for Laplacian loops, which appear in many CFD and CEM codes, CPU can be reduced considerably. The new renumbering scheme does not require any new data structures or arrays, allowing for progressive porting of loops in large‐scale production codes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive weak approximation of stochastic differential equations
Authors: Szepessy Anders , Tempone Raúl , Zouraris Georgios E.
Published: August 2002

Adaptive time‐stepping methods based on the Monte Carlo Euler method for weak approximation of Itô stochastic differential equations are developed. The main result is new expansions of the computational error, with computable leading‐order term in a posteriori form, based on stochastic flows and discrete dual backward problems. The expansions lead to efficient and accurate computation of error estimates. Adaptive algorithms for either stochastic time steps or deterministic time steps are described. Numerical examples illustrate when stochastic and deterministic adaptive time steps are superior to constant time steps and when adaptive stochastic steps are superior to adaptive deterministic steps. Stochastic time steps use Brownian bridges and require more work for a given number of time steps. Deterministic time steps may yield more time steps but require less work; for example, in the limit of vanishing error tolerance, the ratio of the computational error and its computable estimate tends to 1 with negligible additional work to determine the adaptive deterministic time steps. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow cytometric detection of activated mouse integrin αIIbβ3 with a novel monoclonal antibody
Authors: Bergmeier Wolfgang , Schulte Valerie , Brockhoff Gero , Bier Ulrich , Zirngibl Hubert , Nieswandt Bernhard
Published: August 2002

Background

Integrin αIIbβ3 mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation and plays a crucial role in thrombosis and hemostasis. αIIbβ3 is expressed in a low affinity state on resting platelets. Upon platelet activation, αIIbβ3 shifts to a high affinity conformation that efficiently binds its ligands. On human platelets, the high affinity conformation of αIIbβ3 is detected by the monoclonal antibody (mAb), PAC‐1. However, a reagent with binding specificity to high affinity mouse αIIbβ3 has not been described so far.

Methods

A novel rat mAb directed against mouse αIIbβ3 (JON/A) was generated and characterized. JON/A was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (JON/AFITC) or with R‐phycoerythrin (JON/APE) and used for flow cytometric analysis of mouse platelets.

Results

Although JON/AFITC bound to resting and activated platelets, virtually no binding of the larger JON/APE to resting platelets was detectable. However, strong binding of JON/APE occurred on platelet activation in a dose‐dependent manner. Binding of JON/APE required extracellular free calcium and was irreversible, thereby stabilizing the high affinity conformation of αIIbβ3.

Conclusion

JON/APE is the first tool for direct assessment of integrin αIIbβ3 activation in mice. Furthermore, JON/AFITC and JON/APE provide the first examples of fluorescent antibody derivatives with identical antigenic specificitiy that allow the discrimination between the resting and the activated state of an integrin. Cytometry 48:80–86, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic actions of exendin‐4 in the rat: Comparison with glucagon‐like peptide‐1
Authors: Parkes David , Jodka Carolyn , Smith Pam , Nayak Sonali , Rinehart Liz , Gingerich Ron , Chen Kim , Young Andrew
Published: August 2002

Exendin‐4, originally isolated from saliva of the lizard Heloderma suspectum, shares 53% sequence homology and several potentially antidiabetic actions with the mammalian hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1(7‐36)amide (GLP‐1). It shows a higher potency and longer duration of effect in vivo, which may be partly attributed to pharmacokinetic properties. The present study compares the pharmacokinetics of GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 in rats after intravenous (iv), subcutaneous (sc), or intraperitoneal (ip) administration. Samples were assayed for active GLP‐1 (7‐36) amide using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay that does not detect GLP‐1 (1‐36‐amide), (1‐37), (9‐36‐amide) or (9‐37). In parallel experiments, samples were assayed for exendin‐4 using a two‐site immunoradiometric assay that reacts specifically with full‐length exendin‐4. The estimated half‐life for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 were 0.8–4.7 min and 18–41 min for iv bolus, and 4.6–7.1 min and 90–216 min for SC administration, respectively. Half‐lives after ip injection were 0.6–13.5 min for GLP‐1 and 125–174 min for exendin‐4. Bioavailability for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 was 44–71% and 65–75%, respectively, for sc injection. For ip injection, bioavailability for GLP‐1 and exendin‐4 was 36–67% and 74–76%, respectively. Plasma clearance, as determined from iv infusion data, was 35–38 ml/min for GLP‐1 and 4‐8 ml/min for exendin‐4. Both Co/Cmax and AUC values were proportional to dose with each route of administration. Plasma clearance of exendin‐4 was reduced by 4.4‐fold in nephrectomized animals. In conclusion, exendin‐4 exhibited a much longer plasma half‐life than GLP‐1 in rats after iv, sc, or ip injection, which may contribute in some part to reported differences in duration of biological action of the two peptides. Drug Dev. Res. 53:260–267, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse α1(I)‐collagen promoter is the best known promoter to drive efficient Cre recombinase expression in osteoblast
Authors: Dacquin Romain , Starbuck Michael , Schinke Thorsten , Karsenty Gérard
Published: August 2002

Cell‐ and time‐specific gene inactivation should enhance our knowledge of bone biology. Implementation of this technique requires construction of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase in osteoblasts, the bone forming cell. We tested several promoter fragments for their ability to drive efficient Cre expression in osteoblasts. In the first mouse transgenic line, the Cre gene was placed under the control of the 2.3‐kb proximal fragment of the α1(I)‐collagen promoter, which is expressed at high levels in osteoblasts throughout their differentiation. Transgenic mice expressing this transgene in bone were bred with the ROSA26 reporter (R26R) strain in which the ROSA26 locus is targeted with a conditional LacZ reporter cassette. In R26R mice, Cre expression and subsequent Cre‐mediated recombination lead to expression of the LacZ reporter gene, an event that can be monitored by LacZ staining. LacZ staining was detected in virtually all osteoblasts of α1(I)‐Cre;R26R mice indicating that homologous recombination occurred in these cells. No other cell type stained blue. In the second line studied, the 1.3‐kb fragment of osteocalcin gene 2 (OG2) promoter, which is active in differentiated osteoblasts, was used to drive Cre expression. OG2‐Cre mice expressed Cre specifically in bone. However, cross of OG2‐Cre mice with R26R mice did not lead to any detectable LacZ staining in osteoblasts. Lastly, we tested a more active artificial promoter derived from the OG2 promoter. The artificial OG2‐Cre transgene was expressed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in cartilage and bone samples. After cross of the artificial OG2‐Cre mice with R26R mice, we detected a LacZ staining in articular chondrocytes but not in osteoblasts. Our data suggest that the only promoter able to drive Cre expression at a level sufficient to induce recombination in osteoblasts is the α1(I)‐collagen promoter. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of elevated homocysteine on cardiac neural crest migration in vitro
Authors: Brauer Philip R. , Rosenquist Thomas H.
Published: August 2002

A positive correlation between elevated maternal homocysteine (Hcys) and an increased risk of neural tube, craniofacial, and cardiac defects is well known. Studies suggest Hcys perturbs neural crest (NC) development and may involve N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Rosenquist et al., 1999). However, there is no direct evidence that Hcys alters NC cell behavior. Here, we evaluated the effect of Hcys on cardiac NC cell migratory behavior in vitro. Neural tube segments from chick embryos treated in ovo with or without Hcys were placed in culture and the migratory behavior of emigrating NC cells was monitored. Hcys significantly increased in vitro NC cell motility at all embryonic stages examined. NC cell surface area and perimeter were also increased. However, the relative distance NC cells migrated from their original starting point only increased in NC cells treated in ovo at stage 6 or at the time neural tube segments were cultured. Cysteine had no effect. NMDA mimicked Hcys' effect on NC motility and migration distance but had no effect on cell area or perimeter. The noncompetitive inhibitor of NMDA receptors, MK801+, significantly inhibited NC cell motility, reduced migration distance, and also blocked the effects of NMDA and Hcys on NC motility and migratory distance in vitro. A monoclonal antibody directed against the NMDA receptor immunostained NC cells in vitro and, in western blots, bound a single protein with the appropriate molecular weight for the NMDA receptor in NC cell lysates. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a Hcys‐sensitive NMDA‐like receptor is expressed by early emigrating NC cells or their precursors, which is important in mediating their migratory behavior. Perturbation of this receptor may be related to some of the teratogenic effects observed with elevated Hcys. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibulin‐2 expression marks transformed mesenchymal cells in developing cardiac valves, aortic arch vessels, and coronary vessels
Authors: Tsuda Takeshi , Wang Hui , Timpl Rupert , Chu Mon‐Li
Published: August 2002

Previous studies showed that extracellular matrix protein, fibulin‐2, is expressed during epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in the endocardial cushion matrix during embryonic heart development. Our current study revealed that, in addition to the cardiac valvuloseptal formation, fibulin‐2 is synthesized by the smooth muscle precursor cells of developing aortic arch vessels and the coronary endothelial cells that are originated from neural crest cells and epicardial cells, respectively. In the cardiac valves and the aortic arch vessels, fibulin‐2 expression shows robust up‐regulation when the transformed mesenchymal cells migrate into the existing extracellular matrix. In the epicardium, epicardial cells produce fibulin‐2 upon their migration over the myocardial surface and its expression persists throughout coronary vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Fibulin‐2 is produced by the endothelial cells of coronary arteries and veins but not by the capillary endothelial cells in the myocardium. Thus, fibulin‐2 not only uniquely marks the transformed mesenchymal cells during mouse embryonic cardiovascular development, but also indicates vascular endothelial cells of coronary arteries and veins in postnatal life. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical support for a model of dieting: Findings from structural equations modeling
Authors: Huon Gail F. , Gunewardene Anoushka , Hayne Angela , Sankey Melissa , Lim Jacqueline , Piira Tina , Walton Carla
Published: August 2002

Objective

This paper presents the results of an evaluation of a model of dieting (Huon, G.F., & Strong, K.G., International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 361–370, 1998). It represents the culmination of a large‐scale time‐extended study of dieting among adolescent girls.

Methods

Data were collected from approximately 1,000 girls. A battery of questionnaires assessed dieting status, social influence, vulnerability (conformity) disposition, protective social skills, and aspects of the familial context as core components of the model.

Results

When the data were subjected to analyses within structural equations modeling, all specific hypotheses within the model found strong support. Moreover, multiple indices revealed that the model had a very good fit with the data and accounted for 89% of the variance in commitment to dieting.

Conclusion

This study provides strong support for the validity of Huon and Strong’s model of dieting among Australian girls. Its generality among girls in other cultures remains to be established. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 210–219, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10023
Body image disturbance in obese outpatients before and after weight loss in relation to race, gender, binge eating, and age of onset of obesity
Authors: Sorbara Maria , Geliebter Allan
Published: August 2002

Objective

To assess body image disturbance as a composite of three aspects (distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction) in obese subjects before and after weight loss. Disturbance was then related to race, gender, binge eating behavior, and age of onset of obesity.

Methods

Eighty‐two obese outpatients (24 males, 58 females) completed the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS). A Disturbance score was derived from the weighted sum of distortion, discrepancy, and dissatisfaction. The measures were repeated 4 weeks after starting a medically supervised liquid formula diet.

Results

Prior to weight loss, race (r = .28, p = .01) and gender (r = .25, p = .02) were each predictive of disturbance, with Caucasians and men having the most disturbance. Binge eaters exhibited more discrepancy (p = .03) and dissatisfaction (p = .005) than non‐binge eaters. Early‐onset subjects demonstrated more discrepancy than adult‐onset subjects (p = .02). Following weight loss, disturbance scores decreased for all groups (p = .009). However, early‐onset subjects still showed more discrepancy (p = .002) and more dissatisfaction (p = .005) than adult‐onset subjects.

Discussion

Body image disturbance was viewed as a composite of three aspects. Prior to weight loss, the high disturbance score in Caucasians may be due to them experiencing greater cultural pressure to be thin. The men may have exaggerated their degree of obesity because of less denial of being overweight than women. Following weight loss, disturbance decreased for all groups but remained elevated for those with early onset, possibly because of a persistent self‐image from adolescence. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 416–423, 2002.
Girls' recurrent and concurrent body dissatisfaction: Correlates and consequences over 8 years
Authors: Ohring Richard , Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: August 2002

Objective

The present study examines the patterns of body dissatisfaction during adolescence in order to determine whether girls enter onto trajectories of body dissatisfaction that are associated with eating and depressive symptoms during adolescence and in young adulthood.

Method

Body dissatisfaction was studied in 120 adolescent girls drawn from a normal population of students enrolled in private schools in a major metropolitan area. They were seen at three times over an 8‐year period (mean ages = 14.3, 16.0, and 22.3).

Results

Recurrent body dissatisfaction during adolescence was associated with earlier pubertal maturation and elevated depressive and eating symptoms in young adulthood compared with girls who maintained positive body images during adolescence. Concurrent body dissatisfaction was also a correlate of greater depressed affect and eating symptoms at the time these girls experienced body dissatisfaction.

Discussion

Findings suggest that adolescent body dissatisfaction has consequences for affect in adulthood. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 404–415, 2002.
The Australian experience of day programs for patients with eating disorders
Authors: Thornton Christopher , Beumont Peter , Touyz Stephen
Published: August 2002

Objective

To describe the authors' experience in establishing and implementing day programs for the treatment of eating disorders in Australia.

Method

This is a descriptive article based on the author's experience. Five‐day programs are described in terms of their structure, theoretical orientation, and intended outcome.

Results & Discussion

The authors conclude that day programs need to be matched to the heterogeneous needs of the patients according to their stage of change. The further the patient is towards an action stage of change the less supervision of their eating‐ and skills‐based therapy is required. Accordingly, treatment can be more focused on understanding the factors that maintain the eating disorder on a more extensive day program. Patients with longstanding eating disorders that have not responded to traditional treatments may benefit from a readiness and motivational therapy approach in a day program. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 1–10, 2002.
Specificity in the relationship between depressive and eating disorder symptoms in remitted and nonremitted women
Authors: Troop Nicholas A. , Serpell Lucy , Treasure Janet L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

There is a strong association between eating disorders and depression. However, because both eating disorder symptoms and depression are multifactorial, this study explored the relationship between these two disorders in women with eating disorders and women in remission.

Method

Two hundred and eight (mostly female) volunteers with a history of eating disorders participated. They completed a self‐report questionnaire of eating disorder symptoms, the Short Evaluation for Eating Disorders (SEED), and a questionnaire measuring depression, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).

Results

According to the SEED, 57 volunteers were classified as being in remission and 151 were classified as being ill. Those who were in remission were significantly less depressed overall than those who were still ill with 72% of the former falling in the “not depressed” or “mildly depressed” categories and 73% of the latter falling in the “moderately” or “severely depressed” categories. Factor analyses of the SEED and BDI identified three subscales of eating disorder symptoms (dietary restriction, bulimia, and body mass index [BMI]/menstruation) and two subscales of depression (cognitive and somatic/affective). Dietary restriction and bulimia, but not BMI/menstruation, were uniquely associated with the cognitive symptoms of depression. However, none of the eating disorder symptoms were uniquely associated with the somatic/affective symptoms of depression.

Discussion

Although eating disorders and depression share considerable comorbidity, a specific association is restricted to that between the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of eating disorders and the cognitive symptoms of depression. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 306–311, 2001.
Dosimetric evaluation of human head for portable telephones
Authors: Wang Jianqing , Fujiwara Osamu
Published: August 2002

With explosive growth of the use of portable telephones, the public has become concerned with how the radio waves generated by the phones may affect the human body. Developed countries started setting local absorption limits and standards for body protection from the portable phones. However, different countries use different methods of evaluation for the local absorption rate of electric energy which was introduced as the evaluation criterion (SAR: Specific Absorption Rate). Generally speaking, quantitative analysis of SAR in the human body exposed to electromagnetic radiation is referred to as dosimetry. This article offers a discussion of the current situation and problems relating to dosimetry based mainly on the results of domestic and foreign research of in‐head dosimetry for portable phones. The authors also offer their views on methods of evaluation of the safety of portable telephones and identify problems to be considered in the future. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(7): 12–22, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1107
Reactions to an offense in relation to authoritarianism, knowledge about risk, and freedom of action
Authors: Feather N. T. , Boeckmann Robert J. , McKee Ian R.
Published: August 2002

This research investigated a situation where a fictitious company distributed contaminated meat that led to serious food poisoning. Participants (N = 241) responded to scenarios that varied information about knowledge of risk (aware, unaware) and freedom of action (free to act, constrained by higher authority). They provided judgments concerning compliance, foreseeability, negligence, recklessness, seriousness of offense, responsibility, deservingness, anger, sympathy, harshness/leniency of penalty, compensation, jail sentence, and community service. They also completed Altemeyer's Right‐Wing Authoritarianism Scale. Results implied that high authoritarians were less sensitive and less responsive to information about the risk of contamination and more sensitive and more responsive to information about constraints from the higher authority when compared with low authoritarians. These interaction effects involving authoritarianism and the two contextual variables occurred for judgments that related to the organizations and to the executive officers within them. These differences in the reactions of high and low authoritarians to the contextual cues were interpreted as reflecting the effects of value differences and possible differences in the way information was subsequently processed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐disclosure in computer‐mediated communication: The role of self‐awareness and visual anonymity
Authors: Joinson Adam N.
Published: August 2002

Three studies examined the notion that computer‐mediated communication (CMC) can be characterised by high levels of self‐disclosure. In Study One, significantly higher levels of spontaneous self‐disclosure were found in computer‐mediated compared to face‐to‐face discussions. Study Two examined the role of visual anonymity in encouraging self‐disclosure during CMC. Visually anonymous participants disclosed significantly more information about themselves than non‐visually anonymous participants. In Study Three, private and public self‐awareness were independently manipulated, using video‐conferencing cameras and accountability cues, to create a 2 × 2 design public self‐awareness (high and low)×private self‐awareness (high and low). It was found that heightened private self‐awareness, when combined with reduced public self‐awareness, was associated with significantly higher levels of spontaneous self‐disclosure during computer‐mediated communication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similarity as a source of differentiation: the role of group identification
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Spears Russell , Manstead Antony S. R.
Published: August 2002

The present research examines the relation between perceived intergroup distinctiveness and positive intergroup differentiation. It was hypothesised that the distinctiveness–differentiation relation is a function of group identification. In two studies group distinctiveness was varied and level of identification was either measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2). Results support the prediction that low group distinctiveness leads to more positive differentiation for high identifiers, although we found less support for the prediction that increased group distinctiveness leads to enhanced positive differentiation for low identifiers. The difference in emphasis between social identity theory and self‐categorisation theory concerning the distinctiveness–differentiation relation is discussed and the importance of group identification as a critical factor of this relationship is stressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking (active and passive) and breast cancer: Epidemiologic evidence up to June 2001
Authors: Morabia Alfredo
Published: August 2002

The first generation of studies evaluating the association between exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer merely compared active to nonactive smokers, with varying degrees of detail in the definition of active smoking. With rare exceptions, studies of this kind failed to show an effect of smoking on breast cancer risk. However, such analysis is probably insufficient. The most recent reports on the smoking–breast cancer connection have two characteristics. Some have separated women exposed to passive smoking from those nonexposed to either active or passive smoke. Other reports have focused on factors that modify the effect of smoking on breast cancer incidence, such as genetic markers or hormone receptors. A minority of reports combines these two characteristics. This review addresses the epidemiologic evidence for a link between smoking and breast cancer and discusses the implications of this evidence for future studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:89–95, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ERCC1: A comparative genomic perspective
Authors: Wilson Michael D. , Ruttan Cindy C. , Koop Ben F. , Glickman Barry W.
Published: August 2002

ERCC1 plays an essential role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. We compare 37 kb of sequence from the ERCC1 region on human chromosome 19q13.3 to the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 7. In addition to showing the conserved gene structure between ERCC1, ASE‐1, and their murine counterparts, this genomic comparison reveals a highly conserved 497 bp segment found 5 kb upstream of ERCC1 exon 1 that contains a CpG island and previously unidentified “classical” promoter elements. Additional putative regulatory elements are also found within a conserved LINE‐1 (long interspersed nuclear element) sequence 800 bp upstream of exon 1 in both human and mouse. Expressed sequence tag (EST) assemblies for human ERCC1 identified numerous splice variants involving exons 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 that could affect DNA repair efficiencies of ERCC1. A previously undescribed transcript that reads through exon 9 and utilizes the polyadenylation signal of a neighboring Alu element accounts for nearly half of the total splice variants identified in the human EST database. This transcript would theoretically translate to a larger ERCC1 protein product containing a novel C‐terminal end. Overall, approximately 18% of publicly available ERCC1 cDNA sequences were determined to be splice variants, while no variants were found in the mouse. The ability to assess novel transcripts and identify candidate regulatory regions demonstrates the potential utility for a catalogue archiving comparative analyses for all genes involved in DNA repair. Our comparative genomic analysis of ERCC1 can be viewed at
http://web.uvic.ca/∼bioweb/laj.html. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:209–215, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical evaluation of the damping‐solvent extraction method in the frequency domain
Authors: Basu Ushnish , Chopra Anil K.
Published: August 2002

The damping‐solvent extraction method for the analysis of unbounded visco‐elastic media is evaluated numerically in the frequency domain in order to investigate the influence of the computational parameters—domain size, amount of artificial damping, and mesh density—on the accuracy of results. An analytical estimate of this influence is presented, and specific questions regarding the influence of the parameters on the results are answered using the analytical estimate and numerical results for two classical problems: the rigid strip and rigid disc footings on a visco‐elastic half‐space with constant hysteretic material damping.

As the domain size is increased, the results become more accurate only at lower frequencies, but are essentially unaffected at higher frequencies. Choosing the domain size to ensure that the static stiffness is computed accurately leads to an unnecessarily large domain for analysis at higher frequencies. The results improve by increasing artificial damping but at a slower rate as the total (material plus artificial) damping ratio ζt gets closer to 0.866. However, the results do not deteriorate significantly for the larger amounts of artificial damping, suggesting that ζt≈0.6 is appropriate; a larger value is not likely to influence the accuracy of results. Presented results do not support the earlier suggestion that similar accuracy can be achieved by a large bounded domain with small damping or by a small domain with larger damping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and evaluation of a low thermal mass gas chromatograph for rapid forensic GC–MS analyses
Authors: Sloan Kelly M. , Mustacich Robert V. , Eckenrode Brian A.
Published: August 2002

Field as well as laboratory gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) systems are limited in several ways. Laboratory systems with air circulation ovens are bulky, power inefficient, and have a narrow range of temperature programming rates. Commercial field‐portable GC–MS systems are too heavy, and many are limited to isothermal column temperature control. A resistively heated low thermal mass (LTM) GC system has been developed that can overcome most of these limitations, offering laboratory‐level performance, or better, in a small, lightweight package. A prototype LTM GC was developed and evaluated in parallel with a commercial laboratory GC–MS used as a benchmark. A series of hydrocarbons, a Grob mixture, and a drug mixture critical pair of cocaine and nortriptyline were analyzed under different chromatographic conditions, and the performance of both systems was compared in terms of speed, efficiency, temperature control, resolution, precision, and power demand. The LTM GC was found to provide performance that was equivalent to the lab‐based commercial GC when conventional temperature ramp rates were used (up to 30°C/min). The LTM GC provided additional advantages over the conventional GC system in terms of positive or negative temperature ramping rates and range, cool‐down time reduction, and lower power requirements (1–5 W/m). This new GC system demonstrated a capability for a wider range of linear temperature programming rates providing analysts flexibility when performing established forensic methods. Method development and implementation of the LTM GC was successful in demonstrating GC analyses that are controllable, reproducible, and fieldable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 288–301, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10011

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Biological agent detection and identification by the Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer*
Authors: Griest Wayne H. , Wise Marcus B. , Hart Kevin J. , Lammert Stephen A. , Thompson Cyril V. , Vass Arpad A.
Published: August 2002

The Block II Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) detects and identifies both chemical and biological warfare agents. Biodetection is based upon respirable particle collection by an opposed‐jet virtual impactor, liberation of derivatized biomarkers by thermolysis‐methylation and their analysis by direct‐sampling ion trap mass spectrometry in the full‐scan chemical ionization mode. Results from laboratory and field trials demonstrate the capability of the Block II CBMS for biodetection and identification. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 177–184, 2001
Variability in essential oil composition of Tunisian Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. et Link.
Authors: Hedhili Lassaad , Romdhane Mehrez , Abderrabba Abdelmenef , Planche Henri , Cherif Imed
Published: August 2002

The yield and composition variation of the essential oil from Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. et Link., an aromatic plant which grows in the wild state in the area of Korba (Tunisian Cap Bon) were determined. Essential oil was obtained by steam distillation apparatus at atmospheric pressure. The yield in essential oil showed a maximum at the flowering stage (1.08–2%) and a minimum during the dormancy period (about 0.2%). Analysis was performed by GC and GC–MS. The composition also showed different patterns at different phases of the vegetative cycle. At the flowering period the essential oil is rich in carvacrol. p‐Cymene showed a variation with a maximum at the minimum of carvacrol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum spp. from Turkey†
Authors: Gören Nezhun , Demirci Betül , Başer K. Hüsnü Can
Published: August 2002

Water‐distilled essential oil of leaves and flowers of Tanacetum argyrophyllum (C. Koch) Tvzel. var. argyrophyllum and leaves of Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd. subsp. canum (C. Koch) Grierson var. canum, herbal parts of Tanacetum praeteritum (Horwood) Heywood subsp. praeteritum and Tanacetum praeteritum (Horwood) Heywood subsp. massicyticum Heywood (Compositae), endemic taxa, were analysed by GC–MS. Sixty‐eight, 51, 50, 47 and 72 compounds, representing 90%, 86%, 72%, 91%, 83% of the oils, respectively, were identified. α‐Thujone (52% and 63%) was the major constituent of Tanacetum argyrophyllum var. argyrophyllum leaf and flower oils, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide (13%) and α‐thujone (12%) were found as the main constituents of the oil of Tanacetum argenteum subsp. canum var. canum. Borneol (28%), 1,8‐cineole (12%) and bornyl acetate (10%) were the major constituents of T. praeteritum subsp. praeteritum. In the oil of subsp. massicyticum, α‐thujone (51%) and β‐thujone (10%) were characterized as the main constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving free surface fluid flow problems by the minimal kinetic energy functional
Authors: Lonyangapuo J. K. , Elliott L. , Ingham D. B. , Wen X.
Published: August 2002

In this paper a more accurate minimization technique, namely the minimal kinetic energy method, is developed and used to investigate the free surface fluid flow caused by an obstacle on the bottom of a channel whose exact shape and location are unknown a priori. The fluid flow is assumed to be two‐dimensional, steady, inviscid, incompressible, irrotational and under the effect of the gravitational force. The minimization technique is based on the combination of the boundary integral method and the variational principle technique. This technique is extensively used in identifying unknown bottom surfaces. To illustrate this technique the free surface profile to be applied in the inverse analysis has been generated following a direct formulation when the solid bottom boundary possesses a double hump/double depression, a hump in front of a step, and a depression and a hump in front of a step. For all problems considered, the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the known analytical solution. In fact the computed profiles for both the bottom and free surfaces are graphically indistinguishable from the analytical results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of amplified BCR/ABL fusion genes into the short arm of chromosome 17 as a novel mechanism of disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Metzke‐Heidemann Simone , Harder Lana , Gesk Stefan , Schoch Robert , Jenisch Stefan , Grote Werner , Siebert Reiner , Schlegelberger Brigitte
Published: August 2002

We describe the cases of two patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in whom the extramedullary blastic phase developed during disease progression. The similar clinical presentations of these patients was accompanied by gain of identical secondary chromosome abnormalities, that is, monosomies 9, 14, and 22, and by a clustered amplification of the BCR/ABL fusion gene. The additional copies of the BCR/ABL fusion gene were integrated into the short arm of structurally abnormal chromosomes 17 in both patients. The conformity of these genetic features in two patients with a rare disease manifestation leads us to the assumption that either the clustered amplification of the BCR/ABL fusion gene or the integration of this cluster into the short arm of chromosome 17 or both are associated with extramedullar disease progression in CML. Furthermore, the insertion of amplified BCR/ABL fusion genes into structurally abnormal chromosomes provides a novel mechanism of disease progression in BCR/ABL‐positive CML. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic component to susceptibility to Trichuris trichiura: Evidence from two Asian populations
Authors: Williams‐Blangero Sarah , McGarvey Stephen T. , Subedi Janardan , Wiest Peter M. , Upadhayay Ram Prasad , Rai Dev R. , Jha Bharat , Olds G. Richard , Guanling Wu , Blangero John
Published: August 2002

Trichuris trichiura is an helminthic infection with potentially severe health consequences. The hypothesis that host genetic factors can account for the distribution of Trichuris was tested using familial data on egg counts available for two populations, the Jirels of Nepal and the population of Jishan Island in Jiangxi Province of the People’s Republic of China. Whipworm is highly prevalent in the Jishan Island population (86%), but occurs at a low rate in the Jirel population (14%). A quantitative genetic analysis was performed on each data set, using a variance component approach. Approximately 28% of the variation in Trichuris trichiura loads was attributable to genetic factors in both populations. Common household effects accounted for only 4% of the variation in the Jirels and none of the variation in the Jishan Island population. These concordant results from two separate populations provide strong evidence of the important role of genetics in determining differential susceptibility to whipworm infection. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:254–264, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress in glial cultures: Detection by DAF‐2 fluorescence used as a tool to measure peroxynitrite rather than nitric oxide
Authors: Roychowdhury Sanjoy , Luthe Andreas , Keilhoff Gerburg , Wolf Gerald , Horn Thomas F.W.
Published: August 2002

4,5‐diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐2DA) is widely used as a fluorescent probe to detect endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO). Recent reports that refer to the high sensitivity of DAF‐2 toward NO prompted us to test its efficiency and specificity in a mixed murine primary glial culture model, in which the NO‐synthesizing enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). Cultures were loaded with DAF‐2DA and the fluorescence was measured using confocal microscopy. NO production in the cultures was determined using the ozone/chemiluminescence technique. Due to the extremely high photosensitivity of DAF‐2, low laser intensities were used to avoid artifacts. No difference in DAF‐2 fluorescence was observed in NO‐producing cultures compared to control cultures, whereas the NO/peroxynitrite‐sensitive dye 2,7‐dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCF) showed a significant fluorescence increase specifically in microglia cells. A detectable gain in fluorescence was seen when NO‐containing buffer was added to the DAF‐2DA–loaded cells with a minimum NO concentration at 7.7 μM. An additional gain of DAF‐2 fluorescence was obtained when the cells were depleted of glutathione (GSH) with L‐buthionine S,R‐sulfoximine (BSO). Hence, we monitored the change in DAF‐2 fluorescence intensity in the presence of NO and Oin a cell‐free solution. The fluorescence due to NO was indeed larger when Owas added, implying a higher sensitivity of DAF‐2 for peroxynitrite. Nevertheless, our results also indicate that measurement of DCF fluorescence is a better tool for monitoring intracellular changes in the levels of NO and/or peroxynitrite than DAF‐2. GLIA 38:103–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental apoptosis in the spinal cord white matter in neonatal rats
Authors: De Louw A.J.A. , Van De Berg W.D.J. , De Vente J. , Blanco C.E. , Gavilanes A.W.D. , Steinbusch H.P.J. , Steinbusch H.W.M. , Troost J. , Vles J.S.H.
Published: August 2002

We investigated developmental apoptosis in the white matter of the cervical spinal cord at postnatal days 2, 5, and 8. Apoptotic cells were labeled using TUNEL and caspase‐3 immunostaining. Apoptotic cells were diffusely distributed throughout the white matter of the spinal cord. The total amount of apoptotic cells in the cervical spinal cord white matter was related to postnatal age, with the lowest at P2 (mean 7.9, SD 5.6) and the highest at P8 (mean 109, SD 21.4). Using double immunostaining for ED‐1 and O4, apoptotic cells were identified as microglia and oligodendrocytes. GLIA 37:89–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing late‐life depression in primary care practice: a case study of the Health Specialist's role
Authors: Schulberg Herbert C. , Bryce Cindy , Chism Keira , Mulsant Benoit H. , Rollman Bruce , Bruce Martha , Coyne James , Reynolds Charles F. ,   the PROSPECT Group
Published: August 2002

Complexities in the diagnosis and treatment of late‐life depression have stimulated various strategies for assisting the primary care physician to fulfil these tasks more effectively. The role of Health Specialist was developed for this purpose in a study to reduce suicidality among older depressed patients. This role includes clinical and case management tasks which aim to provide the physician with timely, patient‐specific information and recommendations. Evolution of this role and its rewards/stressors during the study's first year are described. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotropic resolution diffusion tensor imaging with whole brain acquisition in a clinically acceptable time
Authors: Jones Derek Kenton , Williams Steve Charles Rees , Gasston David , Horsfield Mark Andrew , Simmons Andrew , Howard Robert
Published: August 2002

Our objective was to develop a diffusion tensor MR imaging pulse sequence that allows whole brain coverage with isotropic resolution within a clinically acceptable time. A single‐shot, cardiac‐gated MR pulse sequence, optimized for measuring the diffusion tensor in human brain, was developed to provide whole‐brain coverage with isotropic (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm) spatial resolution, within a total imaging time of approximately 15 min. The diffusion tensor was computed for each voxel in the whole volume and the data processed for visualization in three orthogonal planes. Anisotropy data were further visualized using a maximum‐intensity projection algorithm. Finally, reconstruction of fiber‐tract trajectories i.e., ‘tractography’ was performed. Images obtained with this pulse sequence provide clear delineation of individual white matter tracts, from the most superior cortical regions down to the cerebellum and brain stem. Because the data are acquired with isotropic resolution, they can be reformatted in any plane and the sequence can therefore be used, in general, for macroscopic neurological or psychiatric neuroimaging investigations. The 3D visualization afforded by maximum intensity projection imaging and tractography provided easy visualization of individual white matter fasciculi, which may be important sites of neuropathological degeneration or abnormal brain development. This study has shown that it is possible to obtain robust, high quality diffusion tensor MR data at 1.5 Tesla with isotropic resolution (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm) from the whole brain within a sufficiently short imaging time that it may be incorporated into clinical imaging protocols. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:216–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.