bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionalization of browning revealed by whole subcutaneous adipose tissue imaging
Authors: Barreau Corinne , Labit Elodie , Guissard Christophe , Rouquette Jacques , Boizeau Marie‐Laure , Gani Koumassi Souleymane , Carrière Audrey , Jeanson Yannick , Berger‐Müller Sandra , Dromard Cécile , Plouraboué Franck , Casteilla Louis , Lorsignol Anne
Published: March 2016

Objective

White and brown adipose tissues play a major role in the regulation of metabolic functions. With the explosion of obesity and metabolic disorders, the interest in adipocyte biology is growing constantly. While several studies have demonstrated functional differences between adipose fat pads, especially in their involvement in metabolic diseases, there are no data available on possible heterogeneity within an adipose depot.

Methods

This study investigated the three‐dimensional (3‐D) organization of the inguinal fat pad in adult mice by combining adipose tissue clearing and autofluorescence signal acquisition by confocal microscopy. In addition, the study analyzed the expression of genes involved in adipocyte biology and browning at the mARN and protein levels in distinct areas of the inguinal adipose tissue, in control conditions and after cold exposure.

Results

Semiautomated 3‐D image analysis revealed an organization of the fat depot showing two regions: the core was structured into segmented lobules, whereas the periphery appeared unsegmented. Perilipin immunostaining showed that most of the adipocytes located in the core region had smaller lipid droplets, suggesting a brown‐like phenotype. qPCR analysis showed a higher expression of the browning markers Ucp1, Prdm16, Ppargc1a, and Cidea in the core region than at the periphery. Finally, cold exposure induced upregulation of thermogenic gene expression associated with an increase of UCP1 protein, specifically in the core region of the inguinal fat depot.

Conclusions

Altogether, these data demonstrate a structural and functional heterogeneity of the inguinal fat pad, with an anatomically restricted browning process in the core area.
Project Innovation: Evidence-Informed, Open, Effectual, and Subjective
Authors: Huff Anne Sigismund
Published: March 2016

Entrepreneurship provides promising bases for project innovation in unpredictable settings that require general adaptability rather than responsive variety. However, important theories in this area are based on world views that are antithetical to the causal assumptions that support often-productive theory and practice in project management. This article outlines four entrepreneurial models of innovation, concluding with subjective innovations based on interactively defined lifestyle and ideological values rather than scientific or economic logic. Their adoption requires difficult personal and organizational admissions of failures in current practice as well as recognition that deeply rooted beliefs in causal logic are an impediment in intrinsically unpredictable environments.
Pilot Error? Managerial Decision Biases as Explanation for Disruptions in Aircraft Development
Authors: Akkermans Henk , van Oorschot Kim E.
Published: March 2016

Although concurrency between project development stages is an effective approach to speeding up project progress, previous research recommends concurrent engineering primarily for less complex, incremental projects. As such, in complex radical aircraft development projects, managers opt for less concurrency; however, by using system dynamics modeling, this study shows that less concurrency can contribute to overall project delays, rather than preventing them. The time lost by rework due to early starts of project stages is more than compensated by the time gained by early feedback and faster learning, with positive effects on project completion and subsequent sales.
Antimicrobial resistance: are we doing enough?
Authors: Buckland Danny
Published: March 2016

UK government initiatives and new research seek to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance, but are these strategies enough to have an impact on this looming global catastrophe?
Pre‐exposure prophylaxis to reduce HIV infection in the UK
Authors: Stewart Kate
Published: March 2016

Recent research has estimated that pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using the antiretroviral therapy Truvada (tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine) in men who have sex with men could prevent thousands of new HIV infections in the UK by the end of the decade. However, the treatment has not yet been made available on the NHS for this indication.
Direct‐acting antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C
Authors: Stewart Kate
Published: March 2016

New direct‐acting antiviral drug treatments for hepatitis C are more effective, easier to take and have fewer side‐effects than older treatments. New technology appraisals from NICE have recommended specific combinations of these treatments for different patient groups with hepatitis C, meaning that more patients will now have access to these drugs on the NHS.
Model‐Based Analysis of Unbound Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV‐Infected Pregnant Women Supports Standard Dosing in the Third Trimester
Authors: Chen J , Malone S , Prince HMA , Patterson KB , Dumond JB
Published: March 2016

Physiological changes during pregnancy can affect drug pharmacokinetics. Here we present a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the longitudinal change of unbound lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) PK parameters with gestational age, and to predict unbound LPV concentrations under different dosing regimens. The changes in apparent intrinsic clearances of LPV and RTV during pregnancy are described using an exponential function of gestational age. The unbound fractions of LPV/RTV are not significantly different between pregnancy and postpartum. Simulation reveals that despite increases in LPV intrinsic clearance, effective LPV inhibitory quotient (IQ) values are predicted with the standard dosing (400/100 mg b.i.d.) in >90% of simulations, with ≤4‐fold increase in viral IC50. As viral susceptibility decreases, higher doses increase the likelihood of efficacy. With ≥40‐fold increases in IC50, IQs suggest alternate regimens be considered. This approach refines previous LPV PK reports, and supports that standard dosing is effective with susceptible virus.
Tandem mass spectrometry determination of the putative structure of a heterogeneous mixture of Lipid As isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens SJ‐19a
Authors: Almostafa Mervt , Allehyane Bashaeer , Egli Stefana , Bottaro Christina , Fridgen Travis D. , Banoub Joseph
Published: March 2016

Rationale

We report herein the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry analysis (CID‐MS/MS) of a mixture of lipid As isolated from the rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the mutant wild strain of the Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens (SJ‐19a, resistant) grown in the presence of phages. The interaction between the phages and the Gram‐negative bacteria regulates host specificity and the heterogeneity of the lipid A component of the LPS.

Methods

The heterogeneous mixture of lipid As was isolated by the aqueous phenol method from the LPS of the rough wild strain of Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens (SJ‐19a). Hydrolysis of the LPS was with 1% acetic acid, and purification was by chromatography using Sephadex G‐50 and Sephadex G‐15. ESI‐MS and low‐energy CID‐MS/MS analyses were performed with a triple‐quadrupole (QqQ) and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer.

Results

Preliminary analysis of the lipid As mixture was conducted by ESI‐MS in the negative ion mode and the spectrum obtained suggested that the lipid A SJ‐19a was composed of a heterogeneous mixture of different lipid A molecules. CID‐MS/MS experiments confirmed the identities of the various mono‐phosphorylated β‐D‐GlcpN‐(1→6)‐α‐D‐GlcpN disaccharide entities. This lipid As mixture was asymmetrically substituted with fatty acids such as ((R)‐14:0(3‐OH)), (14:0(3‐(R)‐(O‐12:0)) and (14:0(3‐(R)‐O‐(14:0)) located on the O‐3, O‐3', N‐2 and N‐2' positions, respectively.

Conclusions

Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry in‐space (QqQ‐MS/MS) and in‐time (FTICR‐MS/MS) allowed the exact determination of the fatty acid acylation positions on the H2PO3→4‐O′‐β‐D‐GlcpN‐(1→6)‐α‐D‐GlcpN disaccharide backbones of this heterogeneous mixture of lipid As, composed inter alia of seven different substituted lipid As, formed from the incomplete biosynthesis of their respective LPS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venture Advocate Behaviors and the Emerging Enterprise
Authors: Saxton Todd , Wesley Curtis L. , Saxton M. Kim
Published: March 2016

Research summary

Venture founders rely on the help of others in their community to move their emerging enterprises forward. While these helping behaviors, here called venture advocate behaviors (VABs), are critical for founders with limited resources, they have received little theoretical or empirical attention. We explore VABs and develop propositions regarding a venture advocate's propensity to engage in such behaviors. Using social exchange theory, we examine how reciprocity between different actors, including paying back and paying forward, and other factors promote VABs.

Managerial summary

Founders of new ventures need to understand the factors that encourage others to give them the help they need for their new firms to survive and grow—what we call venture advocate behaviors (VABs). A new firm that enables these VABs is able to access resources without a monetary burden because they are activated through social exchanges. In order to enable VABs, founders need to understand the individual characteristics of potential advocates, how they will assess the likelihood of success of the new venture, and the decision rules they will use, such as reciprocity, building socioemotional wealth, and the positive identification the potential advocate has within the local venture ecosystem. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Photochemical Oxidation of NIR Photosensitizers in the Presence of Radical Initiators and Their Prospective Use in Dental Applications
Authors: Brömme Thomas , Schmitz Christian , Moszner Norbert , Burtscher Peter , Strehmel Nadine , Strehmel Bernd
Published: March 2016

Photochemical oxidation of near infrared (NIR) photosensitizers in the presence of diaryl iodonium salts bearing either bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or hexafluorophosphate was investigated by exposure with NIR LEDs emitting either at 790 nm, 830 nm, 850 nm or 870 nm. Four different cyanines with barbituryl group at the meso position exhibit similar absorption in the NIR. These photosensitizers initiate in combination with diaryliodonium salts radical photopolymerization of dental composites with the focus to cure large thicknesses. Furthermore, the mixture comprising the cyanine and the iodonium salt was used to generate brown color in dental composites on demand. This required to understand the mechanism of dye decomposition in more detail applying exposure kinetics and a coupling of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the photoproducts formed. Data showed cleavage of the polymethine chain at typical positions in case of the oxidized species. These were formed as result of electron transfer between the excited state of the photosensitizer and the iodonium salt. UPLC‐MS experiments additionally indicated a certain sensitivity of the system upon adding of acids and radicals generated by thermal treatment of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Thus, treatment of the photoinitiator composition led almost to the same products no matter the system was either exposed with NIR light or treated with acids or radicals generated by thermal decomposition of AIBN. These findings helped to understand the large curing depth of 14 mm upon NIR exposure at 850 nm and the brown color formed.
Characterization of Intra‐ and Intermolecular Protein Crosslinking by Top Down Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cammarata Michael B. , Brodbelt Jennifer S.
Published: March 2016

Interactions within and between proteins impact structure and function, and mapping these interactions is a key hallmark of structural proteomics. One popular method for mapping protein interactions utilizes homobifunctional crosslinkers with defined distance constraints, followed by bottom‐up mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, characterization of protein crosslinks was accomplished by top‐down mass spectrometry (MS) using both ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) and higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) in conjunction with reversed phase nanoscale liquid chromatography (nanoLC). Four intramolecular crosslinks of ubiquitin were identified, all in agreement with the known tertiary structure. Three intermolecular crosslinks of insulin were unambiguously assigned, consistent with the hexameric complex adopted by insulin in solution. This integrated top‐down nanoLC/UVPD/HCD‐MS approach affords a powerful strategy for deciphering details about tertiary structure and intermolecular protein interactions.
Recent Development of Advanced Materials with Special Wettability for Selective Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Ma Qinglang , Cheng Hongfei , Fane Anthony G. , Wang Rong , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2016

The increasing number of oil spill accidents have a catastrophic impact on our aquatic environment. Recently, special wettable materials used for the oil/water separation have received significant research attention. Due to their opposing affinities towards water and oil, i.e., hydrophobic and oleophilic, or hydrophilic and oleophobic, such materials can be used to remove only one phase from the oil/water mixture, and simultaneously repel the other phase, thus achieving selective oil/water separation. Moreover, the synergistic effect between the surface chemistry and surface architecture can further promote the superwetting behavior, resulting in the improved separation efficiency. Here, recently developed materials with special wettability for selective oil/water separation are summarized and discussed. These materials can be categorized based on their oil/water separating mechanisms, i.e., filtration and absorption. In each section, representative studies will be highlighted, with emphasis on the materials wetting properties and innovative aspects. Finally, challenges and future research directions in this emerging and promising research field will be briefly described.
Association between three‐dimensional transvaginal sonographic markers and outcome of pregnancy of unknown location: a pilot study
Authors: Reid S. , Nadim B. , Bignardi T. , Lu C. , Martins W. P. , Condous G.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To assess the accuracy of three‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal sonographic (TVS) parameters in predicting the evolution of a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL).

Methods

This was a prospective observational study performed at the early pregnancy unit of a university hospital from September 2008 to June 2012. Women with a positive pregnancy test without any signs of intra‐ or extrauterine pregnancy at their first TVS examination were considered eligible and a 3D dataset containing the entire uterus was acquired. An experienced observer analyzed all 3D datasets for assessment of the following parameters: endometrial thickness, volume, mean gray‐scale index and asymmetry. Women were followed until they were classified as having: (i) non‐visualized pregnancy loss (NVPL); (ii) intrauterine pregnancy (IUP); or (iii) ectopic pregnancy or persistent PUL. We compared the values of the TVS parameters across the three groups. We also assessed the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve of the 3D‐TVS parameters in comparison to that for serum β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) ratio (48 h/baseline) to predict PUL outcome. We then evaluated whether combining the 3D‐TVS parameters with serum β‐hCG ratio improved the predictive accuracy for PUL outcome by performing a logistic regression analysis.

Results

During the study period 4939 consecutive pregnant women presented at the unit for their initial TVS examination and 325 (7%) were classified as having a PUL, of whom 161 women were enrolled and had a 3D scan of the uterus. However, 19 were excluded because of incomplete follow‐up. Data from 142 women with PUL were therefore included in the analysis and the outcomes of these women were: NVPL in 98 (69%), IUP in 27 (19%) and ectopic pregnancy + persistent PUL in 14 + 3 = 17 (12%). Endometrial thickness, endometrial volume and the proportion of women with asymmetric endometrial shape differed significantly between the outcome groups. Endometrial thickness and volume could be used as reasonable predictors of both NVPL and IUP, whereas asymmetric endometrial shape and mean gray‐scale index could be used as reasonable predictors of IUP only. The best single parameter to predict PUL outcomes was the β‐hCG ratio. Regression analysis demonstrated that endometrial volume and endometrial shape asymmetry added significantly to the β‐hCG ratio in predicting IUP but not NVPL.

Conclusions

3D‐TVS markers have a low diagnostic accuracy in predicting PUL outcome. The addition of endometrial volume and shape asymmetry improves the accuracy of the β‐hCG ratio in predicting IUP. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Putting the cat in the box: why our models should consider subsurface heterogeneity at all scales
Authors: Hartmann Andreas
Published: March 2016

Subsurface heterogeneity is found across the whole hydrological cycle. It causes preferential flow in the soil, the vadose zone, and the bedrock. Aside of this, it has many other consequences for water flow and storage. This opinion paper discusses the implications of subsurface heterogeneity across the hydrological cycle and its implications for hydrological modeling. It focuses on the representation (and misrepresentation) of subsurface heterogeneity within hydrological models at different scales. Possible limitations to the prediction performance of hydrological models that disregard subsurface heterogeneity are introduced and discussed. The paper ends with practical recommendations to include subsurface heterogeneity into hydrological models, to parameterize them realistically, and to present possible directions for future research. WIREs Water 2016, 3:478–486. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1146

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Increased Serum Level of Cyclopropaneoctanoic Acid 2‐Hexyl in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia‐Related Disorders
Authors: Mika Adriana , Stepnowski Piotr , Chmielewski Michal , Malgorzewicz Sylwia , Kaska Lukasz , Proczko Monika , Ratnicki‐Sklucki Krzysztof , Sledzinski Maciej , Sledzinski Tomasz
Published: March 2016

We recently reported the presence of various cyclopropane fatty acids—among them, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl—in the adipose tissue of obese women. The aim of this study was to verify whether the presence of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl in human serum was associated with obesity or chronic kidney disease (both being related to dyslipidemia), and to find potential associations between the serum level of this compound and specific markers of the these conditions. The serum concentration of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in non‐obese controls, obese patients, obese patients after a 3‐month low‐calorie diet, and individuals with chronic kidney disease. Obese patients and those with chronic kidney disease presented with higher serum levels of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl than controls. Switching obese individuals to a low‐calorie (low‐lipid) diet resulted in a reduction in this fatty acid concentration to the level observed in controls. Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl was also found in foods derived from animal fat. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerols in the analyzed groups followed a pattern similar to that for serum cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl, and these variables were positively correlated with each other among the studied groups. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia‐related conditions presented with elevated serum levels of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl. Our findings suggest that its high serum level is related to high serum triacylglycerol concentrations rather than to body mass or BMI.
Preparation of Sesaminol from Sesaminol Triglucoside by β‐Glucosidase and Cellulase Hydrolysis
Authors: Peng Zhen , Xu Yayuan , Meng Qingran , Raza Husnain , Zhao Xiaoqing , Liu Bin , Dong Cao
Published: March 2016

Sesaminol triglucoside (i.e., 2,6‐O‐di(β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl sesaminol, STG) is a physiologically active substance obtained abundantly from defatted sesame cake. Since, the industrial preparation of sesaminol from STG has not been reported previously, the aim of this research was to prepare sesaminol by hydrolysis of STG using β‐glucosidase and cellulase. Under the optimal conditions of total enzyme dosage 100 μL (8,000.72 U), the ratio of β‐glucosidase and cellulase 20:80 (v/v) (0.72:8,000, U/U), reaction time 24 h, substrate concentration 6 mg/mL, reaction temperature 50 °C, and reaction system pH 4.8, the yield of sesaminol was 48.9 %. Further, sesaminol and other hydrolysis products (sesaminol diglucoside and sesaminol monoglucoside) were successfully determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry.
Qualitative Neuromuscular Monitoring: How to Optimize the Use of a Peripheral Nerve Stimulator to Reduce the Risk of Residual Neuromuscular Blockade
Authors: Thilen Stephan R. , Bhananker Sanjay M.
Published: March 2016

This review provides recommendations for anesthesia providers who may not yet have quantitative monitoring and sugammadex available and thus are providing care within the limitations of a conventional peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) and neostigmine. In order to achieve best results, the provider needs to understand the limitations of the PNS. The PNS should be applied properly and early. All overdosing of neuromuscular blocking drugs should be avoided and the intraoperative neuromuscular blockade should be maintained only as deep as necessary. The adductor pollicis is the gold standard site and must be used for the pre-reversal assessment, also when the ulnar nerve and thumb were not accessible intraoperatively. Spontaneous recovery should be maximized and neostigmine should be administered after a TOF count of 4 has been confirmed at the adductor pollicis. Extubation should not occur within 10 min after administration of an appropriate dose of neostigmine.
A rare presentation of clinically intractable hypertension: Pancreatic paraganglioma
Authors: Tseng Chao‐Ming , Tsai Jen‐Wei , Tai Chi‐Ming , Chang Chi‐Yang , Tang TaoQian , Wang Hsiu‐Po
Published: March 2016

Paraganglioma is a rare extra‐adrenal pheochromocytoma which originates from chromaffin cells within the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and of the celiac, renal, suprarenal, and hypogastric plexuses. Pancreatic paragangliomas are rarer still. And even then, paragangliomas are mostly reported to be nonfunctional. We report a case of a 64‐year‐old woman with underlying disease of hypertension who presented with biliary colic. Contrast‐enhanced computer tomography showed an enhancing mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas. Pylorus‐sparing Whipple procedure was performed for complete tumor excision. Hypertensive crisis developed after Whipple, which improved after continuous intravenous nicardipine infusion. Pathology revealed a paraganglioma. A 24‐h catecholamine urine test showed increased norepinephrine and vanillylmandelic acid level. Functional paraganglioma was diagnosed.
Regularity of the free boundary for the obstacle problem for the fractional Laplacian with drift
Authors: Garofalo Nicola , Petrosyan Arshak , Pop Camelia A. , Smit Vega Garcia Mariana
Published: March 2016

We establish the

C^{1 + \gamma }

-Hölder regularity of the regular free boundary in the stationary obstacle problem defined by the fractional Laplace operator with drift in the subcritical regime. Our method of the proof consists in proving a new monotonicity formula and an epiperimetric inequality. Both tools generalizes the original ideas of G. Weiss in [15] for the classical obstacle problem to the framework of fractional powers of the Laplace operator with drift. Our study continues the earlier research [12], where two of us established the optimal interior regularity of solutions.
Satisfaction Trust and Loyalty of Repeat Online Consumer within the Japanese Online Supermarket Trade
Authors: Moriuchi Emi , Takahashi Ikuo
Published: March 2016

Japanese consumers are changing their consumption patterns, following those of the Europeans and Americans (Salsberg, 2010). Generally known to be brand and quality conscious, Japanese are not willing to sacrifice quality and convenience for discounted and online purchases. Japanese consumers pick and choose their products differently. In general, the modified structural equation model shows that all relationships proposed by the theoretical model were significant except for two (i.e. product towards satisfaction and distribution towards e-satisfaction). The results suggest that to determine an online repeat shopper's e-satisfaction, companies need to focus their attention on their promotional activities, pricing and shopper's experience. On the other hand, when companies are seeking to determine an online repeat shopper's e-trust, companies need to focus their attention on product, promotional pricing and shopper's experience. Most importantly, the results show that between e-trust and e-satisfaction, e-satisfaction has a more significant impact on repeat online shoppers’ loyalty.
Correlation of the three-dimensional ultrasound findings with pathology in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis submitted to surgery
Authors: da Silva Maria Cecilia Lunardelli , dos Reis Lima Doryane Maria , Sagae Univaldo Etsuo
Published: March 2016

Objective This study aims to correlate the findings of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography (3D-AUS) with pathological findings in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis.

Methods Prospective study of a series of 40 patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis diagnosed by three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography and who were submitted to a laparoscopy. The specimens were examined histologically and compared with the results of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The research was conducted between March 2008 and March 2011.

Results The results of the examinations were: 72.5% of patients (n = 29) with endometriosis, 12.5% (n = 5) with nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction, 5% (n = 2) with nonspecific fibrous tissue, 2.5% (n = 1) with adenomyoma, 2.5% (n = 1) with colonic mucosa with foci of recent hemorrhage, edema of lamina propria and superficial erosions, 2.5% (n = 1) with hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, and the remaining 2.5% (n = 1) with peritoneal tissue within normal limits.

Conclusion We conclude that the use of three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis aid in the diagnosis of rectal lesions, when compared with the pathological findings of surgical specimens.
Vortex breakdown in premixed reacting flows with swirl in a finite-length circular open pipe
Authors: Rusak Zvi , Choi Jung J. , Bourquard Nicholas , Wang Shixiao
Published: March 2016

A global analysis of steady states of low Mach number inviscid premixed reacting swirling flows in a straight circular finite-length open pipe is developed. We focus on modelling the basic interaction between the swirl and heat release of the reaction. For analytic simplicity, a one-step first-order Arrhenious reaction kinetics is considered in the limit of high activation energy and infinite Peclet number. Assuming a complete reaction with chemical equilibrium upstream and downstream of the reaction zone, a nonlinear partial differential equation is derived for the solution of the flow stream function downstream of the reaction zone in terms of the specific total enthalpy, specific entropy and circulation functions prescribed at the inlet. Several types of solutions of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the columnar flow case describe the outlet states of the flow in a long pipe. These solutions are used to form the bifurcation diagram of steady reacting flows with swirl as the inlet swirl level is increased at a fixed heat release from the reaction. The approach is applied to two profiles of inlet flows, the solid-body rotation and the Lamb–Oseen vortex, both with constant profiles of the axial velocity, temperature and mixture reactant mass fraction. The computed results provide theoretical predictions of the critical inlet swirl levels for the appearance of vortex breakdown states and for the size of the breakdown zone as a function of the inlet flow swirl level, Mach number and heat release of the reaction. For the inlet solid-body rotation, flow is decelerated to breakdown as the inlet swirl is increased above the critical swirl level, and there is a delay in the appearance of breakdown with the increase of the heat release of the reaction. For the inlet Lamb–Oseen vortex at low values of heat release, the critical swirl for breakdown is decreased with the increase of heat release while, at high values of heat release, the appearance of breakdown is delayed to higher incoming flow swirl levels with the increase of heat release. The analysis sheds light on the global dynamics of low Mach number reacting flows with swirl and vortex breakdown and on the interaction between vortex breakdown and heat release that affects the shape of the reaction zone in the domain.
The social and economic consequences of the Desmond rebellion of 1579–83
Authors: McCormack Anthony M.
Published: March 2016

The Desmond rebellion was one of the most brutal military conflicts to have taken place in Ireland in the sixteenth century. Initiated by James FitzMaurice Fitzgerald, cousin of Gerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond, in July 1579 in order to restore the Catholic faith in Ireland, the rebellion quickly developed from the landing of a small expeditionary force of approximately sixty men into a bloody contest which engulfed Munster for four and a half years. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, but such was the ferocity of the conflict that it had a profound and devastating impact on Munster. The social and economic consequences were immense, for it exacted a huge economic cost on the province, both in terms of physical destruction and lost economic activity, and produced a very substantial depopulation of the province. The result was the overthrow and destruction of the traditional social order in Munster, an act that paved the way for the subsequent Munster plantation.
‘Fenians at Westminster’: the Edwardian Irish Parliamentary Party and the legacy of the New Departure
Authors: McConnel James
Published: March 2016

Many historians have noted the symbolic role the veteran Fenian and 1916 proclamation signatory, Thomas J. Clarke, played as a ‘living link’ between the neo-Fenians of Easter 1916 and the previous generation of Irish revolutionaries. However, before 1914 the neo-Fenian claim to the revolutionary nationalist tradition was by no means unchallenged. For constitutional nationalists also claimed the legacy of the ‘men of ’67’. Although this now seems most implausible, at the time it was much more convincing, not least because of the presence of so many former Fenians in the Irish Parliamentary Party. In 1887 the R.I.C. estimated that 23 of the 83 Parnellite M.P.s had been Fenians before entering parliament. Paul Bew has argued that their presence influenced the ‘ideological tone’ of Parnellism, bringing an admiration for armed insurrection which, though emphasising its inexpediency, also stressed its nobility and heroic qualities.
Accounting for the early success of the Gaelic Athletic Association
Authors: Neal Garnham
Published: March 2016

Writing some years after the events he was describing, Michael Cusack, the first secretary of the Gaelic Athletic Association, suggested that in its early years the ‘Association swept the country like a prairie fire’. This is perhaps a little exaggerated, but its success was striking. Eighteen months after its foundation the G.A.A. was reckoned to have 50,000 individual members. Six months later there were around 400 affiliated clubs. The relative success of the G.A.A. is particularly apparent when its progress is compared with that of two of its rival organisations. The Irish Football Association was founded in 1880. Ten years later only 124 clubs had affiliated to it. By the same date the G.A.A., founded in 1884, had 875 member clubs.
Popular disturbances in late eighteenth-century Ireland: the origins of the Peep of Day Boys
Authors: Powell Martyn J.
Published: March 2016

The name ‘Peep of Day Boys’, or the less common variant ‘Break of Day Men’, has become most closely linked with the Armagh disturbances beginning in the 1780s. In particular, the Peep of Day Boys are known as the group that metamorphosed into the Orange Order after the ‘battle of the Diamond’ in north Armagh in 1795. In recent years David Miller has done much to provide a more subtle interpretation of the link between the Peep of Day Boys and the Orange Order, and more light has been shed on the nature of popular violence in Armagh by Miller, Jim Smyth and Louis Cullen. However, the origins of the term ‘Peep of Day Boys’ are still rather unclear. Many contemporaries believed that it was linked to Protestant searches for weapons in Catholic homes at daybreak.
Revisionist historians and the modern Irish state: the conflict between the Advisory Committee and the Bureau of Military History, 1947–66
Authors: Gkotzaridis Evi
Published: March 2016

The most resounding charge brought during the last two decades against ‘revisionism’ in Irish historiography has been that of a tacit collaboration between historians and the government. This accusation is too serious to be left unexamined. Traditionalists have denounced ‘revisionism’ as a dubious device designed to prop up the border and undo the work of the revolution. Desmond Fennell declared categorically that ‘Both in its ultimate thrust, and as a matter of objective fact, [it] is the historiography of the counter-revolution.’ Séamus Deane defined it as ‘a provincial phenomenon’ and dismissed its practitioners as ‘neo-unionists’.
‘Savage’ Irishman? William Johnson and the variety of America
Authors: Doyle David Noel
Published: March 2016

Among emigrants, the canny and the politic have often risen to some influence. It is flattering to believe that such people made a difference. But for most, ubi panis, ibi patria — conformity and loyalty were the natural price of daily bread and the essential cost of any real eminence. Even constructive opposition presupposed this. Those who thought otherwise were marginalised, sensibly enough, by their hosts.
Sir Geoffrey Fenton and the office of secretary of state for Ireland, 1580–1608
Authors: Barry Judith
Published: March 2016

In May 1560 a new office was established in the Irish administration, the first to be introduced in almost twenty years. It was that strange creation, the office of secretary of state for Ireland. The chief inspiration behind its foundation was Thomas Radcliffe, earl of Sussex, and it is clear from his writings on the subject that he believed some special office of this kind was needed if the policy of reestablishing English government in Ireland was to be implemented successfully.
Historical revision: Was O’Connell a United Irishman?
Authors: Woods C.J.
Published: March 2016

Daniel O’Connell, asked when appearing before a select committee of the House of Commons on 1 March 1825 whether there had been many Catholics among the United Irishmen, replied that there were scarcely any among the leading United Irishmen. The leading United Irishmen were almost all Presbyterians or Dissenters. In the north the lower classes of United Irishmen were at first almost exclusively Dissenters. It spread then among the Roman Catholics and as it spread into the southern counties and of course, as it took in the population, it increased in its numbers of Roman Catholics. In the county of Wexford, where the greatest part of the rebellion raged, there were no United Irishmen previous to the rebellion and there would have been no rebellion there if they had not been forced forward by the establishment of Orange lodges and the whipping and torturing and things of that kind.
Select document: ‘The present state of Ireland’, 1749
Authors: Magennis Eoin
Published: March 2016

The effectiveness of the government of Ireland throughout the period of its rule by England and then Britain depended on the accuracy of the information provided to Dublin Castle and sent from thence to the political masters, based largely in London. The text reproduced below is one of a large number of manuscripts that were sent periodically in the early modern period and the eighteenth century to inform those not resident in Ireland about conditions in the country. Some of these are calls to action for various monarchs or their ministers, with prescriptions for the ‘reform’ of Ireland.
The experience and understanding of religious revival in Ulster Presbyterianism,c.1800–1930
Authors: Holmes Andrew
Published: March 2016

The phenomenon of religious revival has attracted considerable attention from scholars working in a variety of disciplines. In the Irish context, this is especially true in the case of Presbyterianism whose origin is often traced to the Six Mile Water revival of 1625 and is closely associated with the spectacular revival of 1859. The term revival is usually understood as describing a situation in which religious concerns and feelings acquire a new urgency and which may result in large numbers of conversions and unusual physical and emotional behaviour. An older tradition of interpretation saw religious revivals in terms of fanaticism or mass hysteria, stimulated by political and economic upheaval.
Dublin Castle, Whitehall, and the formation of Irish policy, 1879–92
Authors: Warren Allen
Published: March 2016

In the past historians of the Anglo-Irish union have concentrated largely on the leading political figures. Peel, O’Connell, Gladstone, Parnell, Salisbury, Redmond, Asquith and Lloyd George and their Irish policies have all received detailed attention. For the years following the onset of the great agricultural depression, this tendency has been inevitably reinforced by the turmoil of politics following the Third Reform Act and Gladstone’s attempt to introduce home rule for Ireland.
The ‘Irish’ policeman and the Empire: influencing the policing of the British Empire–Commonwealth
Authors: Sinclair Georgina
Published: March 2016

In the history of the modern world, it is well known that the British Isles have exercised an influence entirely disproportionate to their size. In the history of modern police, Ireland’s contributions are little known. The time is long overdue to recognize the importance of this small island in the development of police in the British archipelago and beyond.
The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922–49
Authors: Lowry Donal
Published: March 2016

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, when Ireland and Britain are ‘offshore islands’ of an ostensibly ever-deepening European Union, it is, perhaps, relatively easy to overlook that imperial stage upon which both Irish partition in 1920 and the Anglo-Irish settlement of 1921 were enacted. Yet without this wider context, these momentous decisions are impossible to understand fully. Current questions about whether Ireland has essentially been a colony will inevitably continue to be debated, but the imperial circumstances of these events remain inescapable and essential to a full appreciation of the mindset of the leading participants in these affairs.
The road to Asia, and the Grafton Hotel, Dublin: Ireland in the ‘British world’
Authors: Jeffery Keith
Published: March 2016

The title of this essay draws on a quotation from an article reflecting on the 1919–22 ‘crisis of empire’ written by the late J. A. (Jack) Gallagher (one half of Robinson and Gallagher, the finest double act in British imperial historiography). The complete sentence from which the title is derived reads as follows: ‘But for us the road to Asia lies through the swing doors of the Grafton Hotel in Dublin, one of the cover headquarters of the revolutionary Irish Government’. From time to time, alas, even Gallagher (like Homer) nodded, and it has to be said that his typically arresting image of the route to Asia is somewhat occluded by the fact that there is not, and never has been, a Grafton Hotel in Dublin. (He was evidently thinking of theGreshamHotel.) Yet the underlying point of his image is sound.
Reassessing the Irish ‘monastic town’
Authors: Valante Mary A.
Published: March 2016

D. A. Binchy stated that ‘the idea of a town, with a corporate personality distinct from that of the ruler, was quite foreign to the Gaelic mind until the Scandinavians set up their “cities” in Dublin, Limerick, Waterford and elsewhere’. Numerous scholars have disagreed with Binchy’s assessment and have claimed instead that Irish monasteries were evolving, whether before Viking settlement in Ireland or somehow as a response to that presence, into what have been variously called ‘protourban’ sites, ‘pre-urban nuclei’, ‘centres of … industrial activity and local trade’, or simply ‘monastic towns’. The term ‘monastic town’ has been in use for many years, and is now part of the standard vocabulary in discussions of early medieval Ireland. From scholarly works to popular publications for tourist consumption, the Irish monastic town has been a known and accepted entity. Armagh, Downpatrick, Kildare and Clonmacnoise are the most commonly cited examples, and Charles Doherty has argued that these monasteries were beginning to function as urban centres by the ninth century. Many scholars would agree that by the tenth and eleventh centuries, possibly in response to Scandinavian urban settlement in Ireland, certain Irish monasteries were urban centres themselves. Brian Graham has raised a number of objections to the concept of the monastic town in Ireland, but his work has remained unacknowledged; others have recently called for a critical reassessment of the theory, but none has as yet been forthcoming.
The Royal Navy and the Irish Civil War
Authors: Linge John
Published: March 2016

Historical study of the Irish Civil War of 1922–3 has hitherto concentrated overwhelmingly on internal matters — the actual internecine struggle on the ground for ideological and political control. While the value of this approach is obvious, it has inevitably failed to focus on the continuing role of the British armed services; furthermore, an exclusive concern with land-army affairs, whether Irish or British, must result in a distorted picture. It is thus particularly unfortunate that the activities of the Royal Navy during the revolutionary period have been largely neglected. Here it is hoped to demonstrate that the Royal Navy, beyond its expected role of gun-running prevention, did have an influence on the early course of the Civil War, an influence that was, in part, determined by the wider protection of imperial interests once British troops had withdrawn from the localities in May 1922.

The fragmentation of southern Irish politics and society, in the wake of the treaty settlement of December 1921, came as a genuine surprise to the Admiralty. At the time, it had taken the promise of peace at face value, making it known that, pending negotiations on certain properties and signal stations, it had little future interest in Ireland provided the three southern ‘treaty ports’ (Cóbh/Queenstown, Berehaven and Lough Swilly) were safeguarded and visiting rights upheld. In such circumstances, there was seen to be no need for the standard Irish Patrol of three destroyers, naval forces being ‘ultimately’ reduced to just two fishery protection vessels. Nor, as future area command was to pass to C.-in-C. Plymouth, was there technical need or political advisability in the retention of the two flag officer commands at Buncrana (C.-in-C. Western Approaches) and Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire).
Nationalism and partition: the political thought of Arthur Clery
Authors: Maume Patrick
Published: March 2016

Arthur Chanel Clery appears in James Joyce’s Stephen Hero among the students at University College, Dublin, as a platitudinous timeserver called Whelan who criticises Stephen Dedalus’s views on Ibsen and wants to be a county court judge. Clery became a Gaelic Leaguer, defence lawyer for 1916 insurgents, Sinn Féin Supreme Court judge during the War of Independence, Republican envoy to the Vatican during the Civil War, and — briefly — an abstentionist T.D. He was also one of the few nationalists of his generation to advocate partition, not as a matter of political expediency, but because he regarded the Ulster Protestants as a separate nation entitled to self-determination. This article traces the development of his political attitudes from his youthful advocacy of Christian democracy in response to snobbery and anti-Catholic discrimination, to his final years as an extreme Republican who called parliamentary democracy a sham invented by Freemasons to justify exploitation of the poor, and advocated a new Catholic social order which would combine the achievements of Lenin and Mussolini.
Historical revisit: Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic (1937)
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan
Published: March 2016

Dorothy Macardle’s vast The Irish Republic first appeared in 1937, the year in which her inspiration and her patron de Valera unveiled Bunreacht na hÉireann, his own monument to pragmatic republicanism. Macardle, in Joseph Lee’s phrase the ‘hagiographer royal to the Irish Republic’, is rather out of fashion as a narrator of and commentator on the emergence of independent Ireland; it appears to be largely committed republicans and those who study them who now acknowledge and draw on her ‘classic’ work. The book itself is long out of print. Yet in its construction, its breadth of treatment, its declared ambition and its obvious subtexts, it stands apart both from militant republican writing of the period and from more formally dispassionate academic works. It is also a monument to the emergence of the ‘slightly constitutional’ politics of the first generation of Fianna Fáil, the party created by de Valera to bring the majority of republicans across the Rubicon from revolutionary to democratic politics. Finally, in its faithful and adoring exegesis of most of de Valera’s twists and turns during his tortuous progress from armed opponent to consolidator of the twenty-six-county state, it provides a possible historical template for laying aside the armed struggle which has contemporary resonances for a republican movement attempting to talk its way into a new form of non-violent politics in Northern Ireland without passing under the yoke of unequivocal decommissioning: in that context, a senior Irish official recently pointed somewhat wistfully to de Valera’s statement of 23 July 1923 (as reproduced by Macardle) that ‘the war, so far as we are concerned, is finished’ (p. 787).