bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individualismo, liberalismo e filosofia da história
Authors: Bachur João Paulo
Published: May 2006

O artigo aborda a principal questão da teoria política: a legitimidade. O tema é desenvolvido a partir dos conceitos básicos da filosofia política iluminista: individualismo, liberalismo e filosofia da história, com a ajuda da historiografia conceitual de Reinhart Koselleck, para demonstrar, como resultado, uma aporia política. A articulação específica entre esses conceitos é então utilizada para ler os principais trabalhos de Friedrich August von Hayek, como um exemplo da adaptação desse conjunto conceitual para o neoliberalismo, e, de outro lado, para ler o núcleo da obra de Jürgen Habermas, como exemplo da versão social-democrata dessa adaptação. A conclusão aponta para a teoria de sistemas de Niklas Luhmann como uma possível alternativa à aporia política herdada do arcabouço conceitual do Iluminismo.
Ciência pós-normal e comunidades ampliadas de pares face aos desafios ambientais
Authors: Funtowicz Silvio , Ravetz Jerry
Published: May 2006

Os novos problemas relacionados a riscos e ao meio ambiente têm aspectos comuns que os distinguem dos problemas científicos tradicionais: os fatos são incertos, os valores, controvertidos, as apostas, elevadas e as decisões, urgentes. Chamamos de ciência pós-normal a estratégia de resolução de problemas adequada a esse contexto. A função essencial de controle de qualidade e avaliação crítica não pode mais ser desempenhada por um corpo restrito de especialistas. O diálogo sobre a qualidade e a formulação de políticas devem ser estendidos a todos os afetados pela questão, que formam o que chamamos de 'comunidade ampliada dos pares".
Análise não-linear inelástica de edifícios
Authors: Fonseca Neto João de Deus , Pimenta Paulo de Mattos
Published: May 2006

Esse trabalho apresenta uma investigação original, ao estudar o comportamento estrutural de edifícios de múltiplos andares, através de um modelo de análise não-linear inelástica. Emprega-se a teoria geometricamente exata para cascas inicialmente planas em regime elástico não-linear e para barras no espaço tridimensional em regime elasto-plástico em carregamento monotônico modelado por elasticidade não-linear. Considera-se a influência da rigidez transversal da laje de concreto fundido no local como material homogêneo.Diferentes estruturas de edifícios são analisadas e com o auxílio do GID, versão 7, o comportamento estrutural dos edifícios pode ser observado através de diversas figuras. Os exemplos numéricos demonstram a robustez, precisão e eficiência do método e do programa computacional empregados.
Avaliação muscular isocinética da articulação do joelho em atletas das seleções brasileiras infanto e juvenil de voleibol masculino
Authors: Bittencourt Natalia Franco N. , Amaral Giovanna Mendes , Anjos Marco Túlio Saldanha dos , D'Alessandro Rogério , Aurélio Silva Anderson , Fonseca Sérgio Teixeira
Published: May 2006

O salto vertical é inerente à prática do voleibol e demanda grande capacidade de geração de força e trabalho da musculatura envolvida, principalmente do músculo quadríceps. Devido a esta demanda, desequilíbrios entre os músculos extensores e flexores podem estar presentes, levando à sobrecarga das estruturas musculotendíneas da articulação do joelho. Sendo assim, torna-se necessário o estabelecimento de parâmetros de função muscular relacionados a esta articulação em atletas de voleibol. Portanto o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de dinamometria isocinética, torque máximo, trabalho máximo, razão agonista/antagonista e índice de fadiga de flexores e extensores de joelho em duas categorias do voleibol. Os testes isocinéticos de flexão e extensão do joelho foram realizados no modo concêntrico-concêntrico, na posição sentada, nas velocidades de 60 e 300º/s em 36 atletas (20 da categoria Infanto-Juvenil e 16 da Juvenil). Os dados possibilitaram estabelecer parâmetros de função muscular da articulação do joelho em atletas das Seleções Brasileiras Infanto-Juvenil e Juvenil de Voleibol Masculino do ano de 2003. Estes atletas apresentaram valores de torque máximo e trabalho máximo normalizados pela massa corporal para quadríceps superiores às médias da população de atletas e não-atletas. Quando comparadas as categorias, os atletas juvenis apresentaram significativamente valores maiores de razão agonista/antagonista e trabalho máximo de flexores de joelhos na velocidade de 60°/s. Além disso, a razão agonista/antagonista foi inferior ao valor de referência esperado em ambas as categorias, caracterizando a predominância da musculatura extensora sobre a flexora. O índice de fadiga encontra-se próximo ao esperado para a maior parte dos atletas. O presente estudo pode servir de base para comparações em futuros estudos que avaliem a função muscular isocinética de atletas de voleibol.
Comparação entre os tratamentos aberto e endovascular dos aneurismas da aorta abdominal em pacientes de alto risco cirúrgico
Authors: Mendonça Célio Teixeira , Moreira Ricardo C. R. , Timi Jorge R. Ribas , Miyamotto Márcio , Martins Mário , Stanischesk Isidoro C. , DelValle Carlos E. , Jarabiza Rossano
Published: May 2006

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados dos tratamentos aberto e endovascular de aneurismas da aorta abdominal em pacientes de alto risco cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: O tratamento aberto foi realizado em 31 pacientes, e o endovascular, em 18. Sucesso no tratamento endovascular foi definido como perviedade da endoprótese sem endoleaks ou conversão para tratamento aberto. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença na mortalidade perioperatória entre o tratamento aberto (dois óbitos [6,45%] em 31) e o endovascular (um óbito [5,55%] em 18) (P = 0,899); também não houve diferença entre a mortalidade tardia no tratamento aberto (dois óbitos [6,9%] em 29) e no endovascular (dois óbitos [11,7%] em 17) (P = 0,572). A taxa de sucesso imediato foi de 100% (31/31) no tratamento aberto e de 66,7% (12/18) no endovascular (P = 0,0006); a taxa de sucesso tardio foi de 100% (27/27) no tratamento aberto e de 73,3% (11/15) no endovascular (P = 0,0047). Os valores médios do tempo de internação na UTI, tempo de internação hospitalar e da perda de sangue para os grupos dos tratamentos aberto e endovascular foram: 65,6 versus 34,1 horas*, 9 versus 5,6 dias* e 932 versus 225 ml*, respectivamente (*P < 0,05). O tratamento endovascular foi 436% mais caro que o tratamento aberto. CONCLUSÕES: Na presente série, o tratamento aberto foi o método mais confiável para o reparo dos aneurismas da aorta abdominal, apresentando a mesma mortalidade perioperatória e tardia que o endovascular.
Fístula arteriovenosa safeno-femoral superficial como acesso à hemodiálise: descrição de técnica operatória e experiência clínica inicial
Authors: Corrêa João Antônio , Pires Adilson Casemiro , Kafejian Ohannes , Miranda Jr. Fausto , Galego Sidnei José , Yamazaki Yumiko Regina , Fujii Eliane Yumi , Fioretti Alexandre César
Published: May 2006

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma técnica de confecção de fístula arteriovenosa para acesso à hemodiálise, avaliando os aspectos técnicos de sua confecção, eficácia e complicações. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas 16 fístulas arteriovenosas safeno-femoral superficial em 15 pacientes, no período de agosto de 1998 a outubro de 2000. Esses procedimentos foram efetuados em pacientes sem opções de acesso em membros superiores. A técnica utilizada foi a anteriorização e superficialização da veia safena magna, anastomosando-a na artéria femoral superficial distal. As fístulas arteriovenosas safeno-femoral superficial foram avaliadas quanto à facilidade de punção, fluxo adequado, pressão venosa espontânea, adequação de diálise e complicações no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todas as fístulas puderam ser concluídas com sucesso, sem complicações no intra-operatório. Houve um óbito precoce, porém as demais estavam aptas às punções no 30º dia pós-operatório. Quatorze fístulas foram utilizadas e, na evolução, três pacientes foram submetidos a transplante renal, quatro apresentaram trombose, dois apresentaram pseudoaneurisma de punção. CONCLUSÃO: As fístulas arteriovenosas safeno-femoral superficial mostram-se como boa alternativa para pacientes que não possuem outras possibilidades de acesso em membros superiores, permitindo tratamento hemodialítico eficaz, com boa taxa de perviedade em médio prazo.
Periodontitis and Plasma C‐Reactive Protein During Pregnancy
Authors: Pitiphat Waranuch , Joshipura Kaumudi J. , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. , Williams Paige L. , Douglass Chester W. , Gillman Matthew W.
Published: May 2006

Background: Periodontitis has been associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in non‐pregnant adults. We examined the relationship between periodontitis and CRP among women who provided dental radiographs and had blood collected during early pregnancy, excluding smokers and diabetic patients.

Methods: From Project Viva, an ongoing cohort study, we measured plasma CRP in 35 subjects with periodontitis (i.e., at least one site with ≥3 mm of alveolar bone loss) and a random sample of 66 periodontally healthy subjects matched on age and race/ethnicity. We performed linear regression analysis with log‐transformed CRP levels as the outcome.

Results: The mean (± SE) CRP level was 65% higher (95% confidence interval: –2%, 180%; P = 0.06) in women with periodontitis (2.46 ± 0.52 mg/l) than in controls (1.49 ± 0.22 mg/l), adjusting for factors related to CRP levels, including age, race/ethnicity, pre‐pregnancy body mass index, alcohol intake, education, income, and gestational age at blood collection.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that periodontitis may increase CRP levels in pregnancy. CRP could potentially mediate the association of periodontitis with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Nitrogen Requirements for Flue‐Cured Tobacco
Authors: Marchetti Rosa , Castelli Fabio , Contillo Renato
Published: May 2006

Fertilizer N excesses may have negative effects on both crop and water quality. To reduce the risk of N excesses it is essential to accurately define fertilizer N rates. The estimate of the most suitable N rate is complicated by the fact that a certain amount of the N taken up by the crop during the growth season is supplied by the soil. The aim of this work was to estimate the amount of N that can become available for plant uptake during the crop growth season. The effects of five N rates (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg N ha−1) on production traits of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) cv. K326, and on selected items of an N balance applied to the soil–plant system were studied on a loam soil, in 1998 and 1999, at Bovolone (Verona, northern Italy). The fertilizer N rate positively and significantly influenced cured‐leaf yields only in 1999, whereas the time to harvest increased linearly for increasing N rates, in both years (0.25 d on average for every further kg of fertilizer N). The N balance indicated a remarkable reduction of the soil organic N stock and an increase of the soil inorganic N levels throughout the crop growth period. As these changes were both proportional to the fertilizer N rate, the occurrence of a positive priming effect was hypothesized. The formulation of N fertilizer recommendations to farmers should take into account the existence of priming effect phenomena.
Microbial Biomass Turnover in Indian Subtropical Soils under Different Sugarcane Intercropping Systems
Authors: Suman Archna , Lal Menhi , Singh A. K. , Gaur Asha
Published: May 2006

Changes in soil organic C (Corg), total N (Nt), available nutrients, soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic), and mineralizable C and N in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.) rhizosphere were evaluated under intensive sugarcane cropping systems with intercrops including wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), maize (Zea maysL.), rajmash (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), green gram [Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek var.radiata], cowpea [Vign aunguiculata(L.) Walp.], lentil (Lens culinarisMedik.), mustard (Brassica rapaL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), and sesbania (Sesbania rostrataBremek. & Oberm.) in subtropical soils of India. Organic C increased significantly when maize (25%), wheat (24%), mustard (19%), potato (17%), and rajmash (13%) were intercropped with sugarcane, while legume intercrops substantially increased Ntand available N. Increase in microbial respiration was greater where maize (42%), wheat (37%), or mustard (31%) were intercropped compared with pulse crops. Soil microbial biomass C accounted for 2.7 to 3.3% of Corgcontent and Nmicaccounted for 2.6 to 3.7% of Ntunder different intercropping conditions. A higher CO2evolution rate and wider Cmic/Nmicratios were recorded with cereal and mustard intercrops, whereas higher N mineralization was recorded with pulse intercrops. Results indicate that intercropping with pulse crops and incorporation of their labile C substrate improved N mineralization. The build up of the C pool and Cmicin the case of cereals, mustard, and potato intercropping should promote long‐term stability.
Casualties: Narrative and Images of the War on Iraq
Authors: Yamada Seiji , Fawzi Mary C. Smith , Maskarinec Gregory G. , Farmer Paul E.
Published: May 2006

The Iraqi people have endured an excess burden of morbidity and mortality during the past 15 years due to war and sanctions, with the March 2003 Anglo-American assault on and subsequent occupation of Iraq representing the most recent chapter. Children have been disproportionately affected; many have died from infectious disease, malnutrition, and lack of access to health care. There have been significant differences in the availability of narrative accounts and images of this suffering, reflective of the need of those who wage wars and impose sanctions to keep the public uninformed. This article suggests that public health and medical practitioners have a responsibility to seek out such accounts and images. The authors explore possible responses to narrative and images of this suffering, and outline the sorts of responses engendered by three perspectives—charity, development, and social justice. The suffering of the people of Iraq should spur a response from the health community to alleviate the situation and prevent unnecessary suffering.
Asbestos Products, Hazards, and Regulation
Authors: Castleman Barry
Published: May 2006

Asbestos is present in the United States in a multitude of products used in past decades, and in some products that continue to be imported and domestically produced. We have limited information on the hazards posed by some of these individual products and no information at all on most of them. Legal discovery of corporate documents has shed some light on the use of asbestos in some products and exposures from asbestos in others, sometimes adding considerably to what was in the published literature. But liability concerns have motivated corporate efforts to curtail governmental public health guidance on long-recognized hazards to workers. Liability considerations have also evidently led, in the case of asbestos brake linings, to the support of publication in the scientific literature of review articles denying in the 21st century what had been widely accepted and established in health policy in the 20th century. This report is an effort to illustrate the suppression and emergence of scientific knowledge in a climate of regulation and liability. Examples discussed are vinyl-asbestos flooring, feminine hygiene products, automotive friction materials, and asbestos contamination of other minerals such as talc and vermiculite. Global efforts to deal with the hazards of continuing marketing of asbestos products are also discussed.
New 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate resins with good swelling characteristics
Authors: Bukowska Agnieszka , Bukowski Wiktor , Noworól Jarosław
Published: May 2006

2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers with styrene and series of the cross‐linkers (divinylbenzene and mono‐, di‐ and triethylene glycol dimethacrylates) with low cross‐linking degree (2–5 mol %) were obtained by suspension polymerization. Loading capacity of the resins, their glass transition temperature, and swelling characteristics in 20 solvents were analyzed depending on monomers composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1487–1493, 2006
Construction and evaluation of novel fusion proteins for targeted delivery of micro particles to cellulose surfaces
Authors: Lewis William , Keshavarz‐Moore Eli , Windust John , Bushell Donna , Parry Neil
Published: May 2006

The use of IgG antibodies and fragments has been limited to specific sectors of the biotechnology industry due to the high cost of producing large batches of product necessary for alternative applications. A novel class of Camelid antibodies, known as VHH offer a more economical opportunity to meet a wider application in industry. In this study, we report the evaluation of four llama VHH‐cellulose binding domain fusion proteins displaying varying formats of VHH and CBD domains. Proteins were characterized in a targeted particle delivery system as a method of delivering agents such as perfume to laundry in the wash cycle. Fusion proteins were shown to be stable at high pH and in the presence of a detergent base. They were also shown to bind effectively to both the designated antigen, the azo‐dye reactive‐red 6 (either conjugated to BSA or attached to coacervate microparticles), and cellulose. Binding strength differences were observed between the different fusion protein formats using surface plasmon resonance. The effect of key laundry ingredients was also studied. Combining the fusion proteins and particles into a delivery and deposition study generated clear microscopy evidence for bifunctionality. Confirmation of this was validated by GC‐MS analysis of retained fragrance. This research, reporting the construction and characterization of a variety of fusion proteins, illustrates that the single multidomain fusion protein route offers a new technology for successful targeted delivery of encapsulated benefit agents. Furthermore, the potential to modify or select for proteins to recognize a wide range of surfaces is also possible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stoichiometric and kinetic characterisation of Nitrobacter in mixed culture by decoupling the growth and energy generation processes
Authors: Vadivelu Vel M. , Yuan Zhiguo , Fux Christian , Keller Jurg
Published: May 2006

The growth, maintenance and lysis processes of Nitrobacter were characterised. A Nitrobacter culture was enriched in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Fluorescent in situ hybridisation showed that Nitrobacter constituted 73% of the bacterial population. Batch tests were carried out to measure the oxygen uptake rate and/or nitrite consumption rate when both nitrite and CO2 were in excess, and in the absence of either of these two substrates. The results obtained, along with the SBR performance data, allowed the determination of the maintenance coefficient and in situ cell lysis rate of Nitrobacter. Nitrobacter spends a significant amount of energy for maintenance, which varies considerably with the specific growth rate. At maximum growth, Nitrobacter consume nitrite at a rate of 0.042 mgN/mgCODbiomass · h for maintenance purposes, which increases more than threefold to 0.143 mgN/mgCODbiomass · h in the absence of growth. In the SBR, where Nitrobacter grew at 40% of its maximum growth rate, a maintenance coefficient of 0.113 mgN/mgCOD · h was found, resulting in 42% of the total amount of nitrite being consumed for maintenance. The above three maintenance coefficient values obtained at different growth rates appear to support the maintenance model proposed in Pirt (1982). The in situ lysis rate of Nitrobacter was determined to be 0.07/day under aerobic conditions at 22°C and pH 7.3. Further, the maximum specific growth rate of Nitrobacter was estimated to be 0.02/h (0.48/day). The affinity constant of Nitrobacter with respect to nitrite was determined to be 1.50 mgNO‐N/L, independent of the presence or absence of CO2. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elevated vascular endothelial cell growth factor affects mesocardial morphogenesis and inhibits normal heart bending
Authors: Drake Christopher J. , Wessels Andy , Trusk Tom , Little Charles D.
Published: May 2006

Montage of repeated images of QH‐1 labeled quail hearts at 8 and 12 somite stages. Color has been inverted using Photoshop for design purposes. See Drake et al., Developmental Dynamics 235:10–18. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline mutations 657del5 of the NBS1 gene contribute significantly to the incidence of breast cancer in Central Poland
Authors: Steffen Jan , Nowakowska Dorota , Niwińska Anna , Czapczak Dorota , Kluska Anna , Piątkowska Magdalena , Wiśniewska Alicja , Paszko Zygmut
Published: May 2006

Recent studies have demonstrated that heterozygous carriers of the NBS1 657del5 mutation have an increased risk for familial and bilateral breast cancer, but similar studies in consecutive breast cancer patients were inconclusive. Here, in a study of 562 nonselected breast cancer patients from Central Poland, we found 11 (1.96%) 657del5 mutation carriers vs. 3.47 expected (OR 3.21, 95%CI: 1.36–7.61, p = 0.0107) and only 9 (1.6%) carriers of the 5382insC mutation of the BRCA1 gene, most frequently found among breast cancer patients in Poland. No carriers of R215W, another pathogenic mutation of the NBS1 gene, were found in the present study. All carriers of the 657del5 mutation had sporadic breast tumors while 5 of 9 5382insC carriers had a family history of breast/ovarian cancer or bilateral breast carcinoma. In the pooled group of patients from the present and our previous study, carried out also in patients from Central Poland, we obtained the following risk estimates (OR) for 657del5 carriers, as related to the age at breast cancer diagnosis: <40 years: 8.36; (95%CI: 2.57–27.27) p = 0.0003; <50 years: 4.27 (95%CI: 1.67–10.89) p = 0.003; ≥50 years: 2.40 (95%CI: 0.91–6.35) p = 0.1250; all ages: 3.13 (95% CI: 1.40–7.00) p = 0.0066. These findings demonstrate conclusively that NBS1 657del5 mutation carriers have a significantly, though moderately increased, age‐related risk of breast cancer, and imply that in populations with a high 657del5 carrier frequency this mutation may contribute substantially to the overall incidence of breast cancer, particularly in younger age groups. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of cell adhesion changes on proliferation and survival during prostate cancer development and progression
Authors: Knudsen Beatrice S. , Miranti Cindy K.
Published: May 2006

In the normal prostate epithelium, androgen receptor (AR) negative basal epithelial cells adhere to the substratum, while AR expressing secretory cells lose substratum adhesion. In contrast, prostate cancer cells both express AR and adhere to a tumor basement membrane. In this review, we describe the differential expression of integrins, growth factor receptors (GFRs), and AR in normal and cancerous epithelium. In addition, we discuss how signals from integrins, GFRs, and AR are integrated to regulate the proliferation and survival of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells. While cell adhesion is likely of great importance when considering therapeutic approaches for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, no data on integrin expression are available from tissues of prostate cancer metastasis. However, several drug targets that are upregulated after androgen ablative therapy regulate cell adhesion and thus novel targeted therapies indirectly interfere with cell adhesion mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 345–361, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II may trigger illegitimate recombination in living cells: Experiments with a model system
Authors: Umanskaya Olga N. , Lebedeva Svetlana S. , Gavrilov Alexey A. , Bystritskiy Andrey A. , Razin Sergey V.
Published: May 2006

We have developed a plasmid test system to study recombination in vitro and in mammalian cells in vivo, and to analyze the possible role of DNA topoisomerase II. The system is based on a plasmid construct containing an inducible marker gene ccdB (“killer” (KIL) gene) whose product is lethal for bacterial cells, flanked by two different potentially recombinogenic elements. The plasmids were subjected to recombinogenic conditions in vitro or in vivo after transient transfection into COS‐1 cells, and subsequently transformed into E. coli which was then grown in the presence of the ccdB gene inducer. Hence, all viable colonies contained recombinant plasmids since only recombination between the flanking regions could remove the KIL gene. Thus, it was possible to detect recombination events and to estimate their frequency. We found that the frequency of topoisomerase II‐mediated recombination in vivo is significantly higher than in a minimal in vitro system. The presence of VM‐26, an inhibitor of the religation step of the topoisomerase II reaction, increased the recombination frequency by 60%. We propose that cleavable complexes of topoisomerase II are either not religated, triggering error‐prone repair of the DNA breaks, or are incorrectly religated resulting in strand exchange. We also studied the influence of sequences known to contain preferential breakpoints for recombination in vivo after chemotherapy with topoisomerase II‐targeting drugs, but no preferential stimulation of recombination by these sequences was detected in this non‐chromosomal context. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 598–608, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the volatile components of Cheddar cheese by direct thermal desorption‐GC×GC‐TOF/MS
Authors: Gogus Fahrettin , Ozel Mustafa Z. , Lewis Alastair C.
Published: May 2006

Volatile compounds were isolated from Cheddar cheese using direct thermal desorption (DTD) and analysed using comprehensive 2‐D GC (GC×GC) coupled with TOF MS (TOF/MS). In total 12 aldehydes, 13 acids, 13 ketones, 5 alcohols, 3 hydrocarbons and 9 miscellaneous compounds were identified at desorption temperatures of 100, 150, 200 and 250°C using mature Cheddar cheese. A temperature of 150°C was found to be optimum for the DTD of volatiles from mature Cheddar cheese. The major components were acetic acid, butanoic acid, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone and 2,3‐butanediol. A DTD temperature of 150°C was used to observe the effect of maturation (mild, medium or mature) on the volatiles of Cheddar cheese. The major components of the volatiles of mild, medium and mature Cheddar cheese were almost the same. However, their percentage compositions were found to change with the stage of maturity. DTD is simple, fast and requires only a small amount of sample (approximately 10 mg) and works well with comprehensive GC×GC‐TOF/MS. Comprehensive GC also separated a number of components which remained overlapped on the single column, such as octane and hexanal.
Propeller EPI in the other direction
Authors: Skare Stefan , Newbould Rexford D. , Clayton Dave B. , Bammer Roland
Published: May 2006

A new propeller EPI pulse sequence with reduced sensitivity to field inhomogeneities is proposed. Image artifacts such as blurring due to Nyquist ghosting and susceptibility gradients are investigated and compared with those obtained in previous propeller EPI studies. The proposed propeller EPI sequence uses a readout that is played out along the short axis of the propeller blade, orthogonal to the readout used in previous propeller methods. In contrast to long‐axis readout propeller EPI, this causes the echo spacing between two consecutive phase‐encoding (PE) lines to decrease, which in turn increases the k‐space velocity in this direction and hence the pseudo‐bandwidth. Long‐ and short‐axis propeller EPI, and standard single‐shot EPI sequences were compared on phantoms and a healthy volunteer. Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) was also performed on the volunteer. Short‐axis propeller EPI produced considerably fewer image artifacts compared to the other two sequences. Further, the oblique blades for the long‐axis propeller EPI were also prone to one order of magnitude higher residual ghosting than the proposed short‐axis propeller EPI. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disease progression in recently diagnosed patients with inherited marrow failure syndromes: A Canadian inherited marrow failure registry (CIMFR) report
Authors: Steele J.M. , Sung L. , Klaassen R. , Fernandez C.V. , Yanofsky R. , Wu J. , Odame I. , Silva M. , Champagne J. , Ali K. , Brossard J. , Samson Y. , Abish S. , Le D. , Jardine L. , Hand J.P. , Lipton J.H. , Charpentier K. , Stephens D. , Freedman M. , Dror Y.
Published: May 2006

Background

Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IMFSs) are genetic disorders characterized by defective single‐lineage or multi‐lineage hematopoiesis. IMFS patients are at risk for severe cytopenias, development of marrow cytogenetic abnormalities (MCA), myelodysplasia (MDS), and malignancy. The rate of disease progression and proportion of patients at risk for these complications is currently unclear. We examined recently diagnosed IMFS patients to determine distribution of diagnoses, disease progression and development of significant outcomes.

Methods

The CIMFR is a prospective multi‐center study established in 2001 to register all IMFS patients in Canada. Analysis was restricted to patients diagnosed after November 30, 1997. Summary statistics were used to depict the study population while survival was described using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

74 CIMFR patients were considered recently diagnosed. Median age at diagnosis was 2.7 years (range, birth to 40.6). Annual follow‐up data were available for 53 (72%) patients. The five most prevalent diagnoses were Fanconi anemia (FA), Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS), Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA), dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), and Kostmann's neutropenia (KS). Eighteen (24%) patients were unclassifiable. Twenty‐eight (53%) follow‐up patients had disease progression as indicated by new or worsening cytopenias, new marrow changes, or initiation of transfusion support and/or medical therapy. Fourteen (19%) fulfilled minimal diagnostic criteria for myelodysplasia. Eleven patients had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by first follow‐up. Five patients have died. Survival at 36 months is 89.8 ± 5.7%.

Conclusions

IMFS patients are often diagnosed at a young age. The relative distribution of diagnoses is similar to previous reviews of published cases; however, 25% of patients are currently unclassifiable. Disease progression has occurred in approximately 50% of follow‐up patients. Early mortality is noted. Continued prospective observation of these patients is warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of amphetamines and ketamines in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Lin Huei Ru , Lua Ahai Chang
Published: May 2006

A method for the simultaneous determination of amphetamines and ketamines (ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine) in urine samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Urine samples were extracted with organic solvent and derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The limits of detection and limits of quantification for each analyte were lower than 19 and 30 ng/mL, respectively. Within‐day and between‐day precisions were within 0.5% and 10.6%, respectively. Biases for three levels of control samples were within −10.6% and +7.8%. The concentration of dehydronorketamine was greater than those of ketamine or norketamine in 19 of 35 ketamine‐positive samples. A group of 110 human urine samples previously determined to contain at least one of the target analytes was analyzed using the new method, and excellent agreement was observed with previous results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of heat‐induced degradation products from purified betanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Herbach Kirsten M. , Stintzing Florian C. , Carle Reinhold
Published: May 2006

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005; 19: 2603–2616
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONSECUTIVE CLOSED BIRTH INTERVALS IN FEMALES IN UTTAR PRADESH
Authors: YADAVA R. C. , SHARMA S. S.
Published: May 2006

Most studies of closed birth intervals are regarding their variation at specific orders among females. This paper attempts to study the nature of the distributions of consecutive closed birth intervals. Data from the Uttar Pradesh National Family Health Survey 1998–99 (NFHS-2) were analysed. It was found that, under certain assumptions, the postpartum amenorrhoea period and menstruating interval are negatively associated, indicating that socio-cultural factors are affecting the menstruating interval.
Linear dynamics of wind waves in coupled turbulent air—water flow. Part 1. Theory
Authors: Belcher S. E. , Harris J. A. , Street R. L.
Published: May 2006

When air blows over water the wind exerts a stress at the interface thereby inducing in the water a sheared turbulent drift current. We present scaling arguments showing that, if a wind suddenly starts blowing, then the sheared drift current grows in depth on a timescale that is larger than the wave period, but smaller than a timescale for wave growth. This argument suggests that the drift current can influence growth of waves of wavelength λ that travel parallel to the wind at speedc.

In narrow ‘inner’ regions either side of the interface, turbulence in the air and water flows is close to local equilibrium; whereas above and below, in ‘outer’ regions, the wave alters the turbulence through rapid distortion. The depth scale,la, of the inner region in the air flow increases withc/u*a(u*ais the unperturbed friction velocity in the wind). And so we classify the flow into different regimes according to the ratiola/λ. We show that different turbulence models are appropriate for the different flow regimes.

When (u*a+c)/UB(λ) [Lt ] 1 (UB(z) is the unperturbed wind speed)lais much smaller than λ. In this limit, asymptotic solutions are constructed for the fully coupled turbulent flows in the air and water, thereby extending previous analyses of flow over irrotational water waves. The solutions show that, as in calculations of flow over irrotational waves, the air flow is asymmetrically displaced around the wave by a non-separated sheltering effect, which tends to make the waves grow. But coupling the air flow perturbations to the turbulent flow in the water reduces the growth rate of the waves by a factor of about two. This reduction is caused by two distinct mechanisms. Firstly, wave growth is inhibited because the turbulent water flow is also asymmetrically displaced around the wave by non-separated sheltering. According to our model, this first effect is numerically small, but much larger erroneous values can be obtained if the rapid-distortion mechanism is not accounted for in the outer region of the water flow. (For example, we show that if the mixing-length model is used in the outer region all waves decay!) Secondly, non-separated sheltering in the air flow (and hence the wave growth rate) is reduced by the additional perturbations needed to satisfy the boundary condition that shear stress is continuous across the interface.
Comparative early development of wake vortices behind a short semicircular-section cylinder in two opposite arrangements
Authors: Boisaubert Nathalie , Coutanceau Madeleine , Ehrmann Patrick
Published: May 2006

As a first step in a more general study of the influence of the body shape upon the initial time-development of wake vortices, we consider the case of a 5.20 aspect-ratio semicircular-section cylinder, fitted with two endplates, and with the rounded side and the flat side in turn facing the oncoming current. The flow structure is analysed by means of a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of numerous flow visualization pictures, for Reynolds numbers Re ranging between 60 and 600. Beyond the first phase of development, necessary for the vortex-shedding process to take place (t* [ges ] 6), a change in the flow evolution with Re is found for both body configurations, at a critical Reynolds number Rec whose final value is, within about 5%, 190 and 140 for the rounded and flat forebody respectively. However, this change varies with the body shape. Thus, above Re = 200, it is shown that the reversal of the body compared to the free stream (flat-forebody configuration) implies a clear difference in the wake development with a quasi-symmetrical shifting of the vortex cores to the rear of the recirculating zone and a complete annihilation of the process of vortex shedding, at least during the limited period of time corresponding to the present observation. The consequences of the modifications of the wake behaviour are quantitatively evaluated by considering the time- and Re-evolution of the wake geometrical parameters and of the axial velocity distribution; they are related to the body geometry.
NMR structures of paramagnetic metalloproteins
Authors: Arnesano Fabio , Banci Lucia , Piccioli Mario
Published: May 2006

1. Introduction 168

1.1 Genomic annotation of metalloproteins 168

1.2 Why NMR structures? 168

1.3 Why paramagnetic metalloproteins? 169

2. General theory 170

2.1 Nuclear and electron spins 170

2.2 Hyperfine coupling 171

2.3 The effect of the hyperfine coupling on the NMR shift: the hyperfine shift 173

2.4 The effect of the hyperfine coupling on nuclear relaxation 174

2.5 Interplay between electron spin properties and features of the NMR spectra 178

3. Paramagnetism-based structural restraints 180

3.1 Contact shifts and relaxation rates as restraints 181

3.2 Locating the metal ion within the protein frame: pseudocontact shifts 184

3.3 Cross-correlation rates 186

3.4 Residual dipolar couplings 188

3.5 Interplay between different restraints 190

4. NMR without1H detection 191

4.1 The protocol for 13C-detected protonless assignment of backbone and side-chains 194

4.2 Protonless heteronuclear NMR experiments tailored to paramagnetic systems 196

5. The use of lanthanides as paramagnetic probes 198

6. The case of Cu(II) proteins 202

7. Perspectives 208

8. Acknowledgments 209

9. References 209

Metalloproteins represent a large share of the proteome and many of them contain paramagnetic metal ions. The knowledge, at atomic resolution, of their structure in solution is important to understand processes in which they are involved, such as electron transfer mechanisms, enzymatic reactions, metal homeostasis and metal trafficking, as well as interactions with their partners. Formerly considered as unfeasible, the first structure in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of a paramagnetic protein was obtained in 1994. Methodological and instrumental advancements pursued over the last decade are such that NMR structure of paramagnetic proteins may be now routinely obtained. We focus here on approaches and problems related to the structure determination of paramagnetic proteins in solution through NMR spectroscopy. After a survey of the background theory, we show how the effects produced by the presence of a paramagnetic metal ion on the NMR parameters, which are in many cases deleterious for the detection of NMR spectra, can be overcome and turned into an additional source of structural restraints. We also briefly address features and perspectives given by the use of 13C-detected protonless NMR spectroscopy for proteins in solution. The structural information obtained through the exploitation of a paramagnetic center are discussed for some Cu2+-binding proteins and for Ca2+-binding proteins, where the replacement of a diamagnetic metal ion with suitable paramagnetic metal ions suggests novel approaches to the structural characterization of proteins containing diamagnetic and NMR-silent metal ions.
Evaluating the sustainability of hunting: a comparison of harvest profiles across three Huaorani communities
Authors: FRANZEN MARGARET
Published: May 2006

Yasuni National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Ecuador's Amazon basin is home to the Huaorani and an area of high conservation value. As a result of oil development in the early 1990s, a road was constructed in the northern region of the Park. Three Huaorani communities have since been established in proximity to the road, two of them when the road was built, ten years prior to this study, and the third in a previously uninhabited area. This allowed for a natural experiment comparing harvest compositions across communities of different ages at one point in time. Harvest profiles suggest that the spider monkey Ateles belzebuth is facing local depletion near the two old communities and the howler monkey Alouatta seniculus may also be depleted near one of the old communities. That the two oldest communities still harvested a relatively high number of other vulnerable species is attributed to their use of the road to increase forest access. The spider monkey appears to be the first species to become depleted in persistently hunted areas.
Socioeconomic factors that lead to overfishing in small-scale coral reef fisheries of Papua New Guinea
Authors: CINNER J.E. , McCLANAHAN T.R.
Published: May 2006

The coral reefs of Papua New Guinea are among the most species diverse in the world, support an important artisanal fishery, but lack an effective national conservation programme. Increased commercialization, population growth, promotion of fisheries development projects, and the live reef food fish trade are expected to increase demand for the country's reef fish. This paper examines how socioeconomic factors affect the condition of the artisanal multi-species coral reef fishery in six sites in Papua New Guinea. Catch characteristics such as diversity, trophic level and body size by landing site were examined along a fishing pressure gradient. Both exogenous factors such as markets and endogenous factors such as fishing pressure were related to the condition of fish catch. In general, the trophic level and lengths of fish captured in Papua New Guinea were relatively high, but were reduced on reefs with high fishing effort near fish markets. Fisheries showed signs of depletion above c. 25 fishing trips per km2 per day and the proximity of markets was a better indicator of overfishing than human population size. A cross-scale approach to fisheries management is required in Papua New Guinea to coordinate decentralized local management, limit the intrusion of extractive enterprises, and develop policies that seek to minimize exogenous pressures on marine resources.
Sonographie des Skrotums
Authors: Stuckmann
Published: May 2006

Die Sonographie ist hervorragend geeignet, benigne und maligne Erkrankungen des Skrotums nachzuweisen und nach Lage und Struktur zu differenzieren. Neben dem sonographischen Aspekt kommen dem klinischen Kontext und der Lokalisation intraskrotaler Tumoren entscheidende Bedeutung für die Artdiagnose zu, insbesondere für die Unterscheidung zwischen benignen und malignen Läsionen. Für die Differentialdiagnose des akuten Skrotums sowie vaskulärer und entzündlicher Erkrankungen ist die Untersuchung mittels Doppler-Ultraschall eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung. Der vorliegende Artikel gibt eine systematische Übersicht über die häufigsten intra- und extratestikulären Erkrankungen und ihren sonographischen Aspekt.
HLA‐DRB1*, ‐DQB1* in Piramalai Kallars and Yadhavas, two Dravidian‐speaking castes of Tamil Nadu, South India
Authors: Shanmugalakshmi S. , Balakrishnan K. , Manoharan K. , Pitchappan R.M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Two Dravidian‐speaking castes of Tamil Nadu, Piramalai Kallars (PKs, n = 205) and Yadhavas (YDs, n = 239) and a random panel (84) were studied for HLA‐DRB1* and ‐DQB1* polymorphisms by DNA‐SSOP typing methods. XI and XII International Histocompatibility primers and non‐radioactive‐labelled oligo probes were employed to identify the alleles. Results revealed that PKs possessed >0.1 allele frequencies of HLA‐DRB1*15011, 0301, ‐DQB1*0201, 0501 and 0601; YDs, HLA‐DRB1*0301, 0401, 07 and ‐DQB1*0601; and the random panel, DRB1*15021, 0401, 07, ‐DQB1 0201, 0301, 0302 and 0501. The highest frequency of DRB1*1501 in the world (GF = 0.225) was found in PKs. The most frequent two‐locus haplotype (>500/10,000) in all the study samples was DRB1*10‐DQB1*0501, while 1501–0601 was frequent in PKs and YDs. Comparison of the HLA‐DRB1* data with Eastern European and South‐East Asian populations suggested migration as the prime cause of the observed diversity in DRB1* allele frequencies. Nonetheless, the heterozygocity test and Watterson's homozygosity test indicated that balancing selection still operates on HLA‐DRB1* locus, in this endemic region of various infectious diseases. This and spatial autocorrelation analysis support the view that selection may be a cause of ‘generating’ new variants and allelic diversity in different ancient settlements. The study suggested that South Indian, inbred, endogamous, sympatrically isolated castes or similar well‐defined breeding isolates around the world, living under the same milieu‐epidemiology, may be ideal models to test the immunogenetic basis of disease susceptibility.
TNFA promoter polymorphisms and narcolepsy
Authors: Wieczorek S. , Gencik M. , Rujescu D. , Tonn P. , Giegling I. , Epplen J.T. , Dahmen N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Narcolepsy is a debilitating sleep disorder that affects up to 0.05% of individuals in Caucasian populations. It is highly associated with the HLA‐DR2 group antigen or the HLA‐DRB1*1501‐DQB1*0602 haplotype, respectively. However, the HLA association by itself cannot sufficiently explain the increased risk to family members, as HLA‐DR2 is quite common in the general population and most people harboring the respective genotype do not develop any symptoms of narcolepsy. Situated in the HLA class II region, the TNFA gene is translated into the pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α. TNFA promoter polymorphisms have been linked to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We analyzed three SNP of the TNFA promoter and one adjacent microsatellite in 103 patients and 96 controls. The T‐allele of the C‐857T polymorphism was strongly associated with narcolepsy in the subgroup of DRB1*15/16 (HLA‐DR2 type) negative patients, but not in DRB1*15/16 positive patients. These results point towards an etiological influence of TNFA alleles in narcolepsy and support previous findings suggesting genetic heterogeneity and differences in pathophysiological characteristics of HLA‐DR2 positive and negative narcolepsy.
The Stress-activated Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade Promotes Exit from Mitosis
Authors: Reiser Vladimír , D’Aquino Katharine E. , Ee Ly-Sha , Amon Angelika
Published: May 2006

In budding yeast, a signaling network known as the mitotic exit network (MEN) triggers exit from mitosis. We find that hypertonic stress allows MEN mutants to exit from mitosis in a manner dependent on the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. The HOG pathway drives exit from mitosis in MEN mutants by promoting the activation of the MEN effector, the protein phosphatase Cdc14. Activation of Cdc14 depends on the Cdc14 early anaphase release network, a group of proteins that functions in parallel to the MEN to promote Cdc14 function. Notably, exit from mitosis is promoted by the signaling branch defined by the Sho1 osmosensing system, but not by the Sln1 osmosensor of the HOG pathway. Our results suggest that the stress MAP kinase pathway mobilizes programs to promote completion of the cell cycle and entry into G1 under unfavorable conditions.
Query Chem: a Google-powered web search combining text and chemical structures
Authors: Klekota Justin , Roth Frederick P. , Schreiber Stuart L.
Published: May 2006

Summary: Query Chem () is a Web program that integrates chemical structure and text-based searching using publicly available chemical databases and Google's Web Application Program Interface (API). Query Chem makes it possible to search the Web for information about chemical structures without knowing their common names or identifiers. Furthermore, a structure can be combined with textual query terms to further restrict searches. Query Chem's search results can retrieve many interesting structure–property relationships of biomolecules on the Web.

Contact: Klekota@gmail.com