bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Inverse, Polar, and Rectangle-Wedge-Tail Fortran Routines for Pseudo-Random Normal Number Generation
Authors: Dolker Michael , Halperin Silas
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN IV version of the Marsaglia rectangle-wedge-tail algorithm and IMSL's commercially available Box-Muller polar method of normal deviate pseudo-random number generation were combined with various linear congruential uniform pseudo-random number generations and tested on a 32-bit-word IBM 370/155 computer. Looking at their relative speed and degree of meeting normality as joint performance criteria placed Marsaglia's method very slightly ahead of Box-Muller's. A commercially available IMSL inverse normal subroutine performed least effectively.
Two-Group Comparisons and Univariate Classification
Authors: Huberty Carl J. , Holmes Susan E.
Published: March 2007

An alternative analysis of the traditional two-group single response variable design is discussed. The proposed analysis involves the classification, or assignment, of experimental units to populations represented by the two groups. Methods of estimating probabilities of correct classification are discussed. Three real data sets are provided to illustrate the utility of a classification analysis in describing both group as well as individual differences. A table of sample sizes required to yield estimates of probabilities of correct classification within a given tolerance of optimum probabilities is presented. Operational definitions of "substantive significance" are proposed.
The Effects of Unequal Covariances on the Tukey WSD Test
Authors: Renner Barbara Rochen , Ball Donald W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of violating the assumption of homogeneity of covariance for the Tukey WSD test on the familywise rate of Type I error, when all other assumptions of the test were met. Determinations of the empirical significance level were made using computerized Monte Carlo simulations varying the number of treatment groups ( k = 3 and 5), sample size ( n = 5, 15, and 25), and degree of covariance heterogeneity (none, moderate, and high). For each of the resulting 18 combinations, 10,000 separate data sets were generated and analyzed at nominal α = .01 and .05 using the Tukey WSD procedure for all pairwise comparisons of means.

For the conditions investigated in this study, degree of covariance heterogeneity showed a consistent effect on the empirical significance level. As the degree of covariance heterogeneity was increased, the empirical significance levels increased beyond the nominal levels. In general, different combinations of sample size and number of treatments produced no consistent effect on the empirical significance level.
Alternate Forms of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Devito Anthony J. , Kubis Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

Alternate forms of the state anxiety (A-State) and trait anxiety (A-Trait) scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were constructed by dividing the 20 items of each scale into two briefer forms having 10 items each. The alternate forms were equated according to several criteria including item mean scores and itemremainder correlation coefficients. For the A-State scale, the item statistics were taken from the STAI manual. In the case of the A-Trait scale, the item statistics were based on an administration of the scale to 189 female and 113 male introductory psychology students. The alternate forms and item statistics are presented.
The Predictive Validity of the Descriptive Tests of Language Skills for Developmental Students over a Four-Year College Program
Authors: Snyder Vivian , Elmore Patricia B.
Published: March 2007

The sample for this study included 496 students admitted to a large midwestern university through the special admissions program. Validity coefficients of the Descriptive Tests of Language Skills (DTLS), the Academic Tests of the ACT Assessment Program (ACT), and high school percentile rank were calculated with cumulative grade point average (CGPA) at the end of each of four years of college. The most valid predictor of CGPA was ACT composite, although selected ACT tests and DTLS tests yielded statistically significant validity coefficients. High school percentile rank, traditionally a significant predictor in other studies, was not predictive of CGPA at any time for this sample. Regression analyses for a subset of 138 of the special admissions students remaining in college after four years showed that, after the first year in college, the DTLS tests did not make a significant contribution to academic success in college over and above that of the ACT tests and high school rank. At the end of the first year, the three DTLS tests in combination contributed over and above the ACT tests and high school rank. Also, at the end of the first year, the DTLS Vocabulary Test and DTLS Logical Relationships Test separately contributed over and above what the ACT tests, high school rank, and the other two DTLS tests did contribute.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Factor Structures of Anxiety Measures: A Multiple Group Comparison
Authors: Newton Rae R. , Kameoka Velma A. , Hoelter Jon W. , Tanaka-Matsumi Junko
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the construct generality of self-report measures of anxiety across male and female samples, and illustrates the use of confirmatory maximum likelihood techniques for examining factorial invariance. Factor structures for each of five anxiety inventories (state and trait forms of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale; two forms of Endler, Hunt and Rosenstein's S-R Inventory of Anxiousness) are identified and used to develop explicit measurement models. The generality of these models is assessed by examining the extent to which the model obtained for each measure is factorially invariant across sex groups. Results indicate that in this sample of 256 female and 135 male college students all measures, except the manifest anxiety scale, obtained statistically invariant factor patterns across sex groups.
Predicting GED Scores on the Bases of Expectancy, Valence, Intelligence, and Pretest Skill Levels with the Disadvantaged
Authors: Moore Ray T. , Davies Jon A.
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that General Educational Development (GED) scores could be predicted from motivational variables derived from Vroom's expectancy-valence theorem. Subjects were 224 economically disadvantaged and/or handicapped students who were entering three-month GED classes. An experimental scale, the MDI, was developed by using data from 150 of the 224 GED students to measure expectancy and valence. Independent variables were the TABE Test score, the GATB G score, expectancy and valence subscale scores, the K score from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), last grade completed, and gender. The dependent variable was the average GED score, obtained at the end of the class. Multiple regression analysis on data from the remaining 74 students showed that the valence subscale, last grade completed, and gender had no relationship to the outcome. In order of importance the TABE score, the GATB G score, the expectancy subscale score, and the K scale score accounted for about 2/3 of the variance in the outcome GED scores. The results of the test construction process indicated, however, that the MDI is not ready for general use.
Reference Group in the Analysis of Nonparallel Regression Lines
Authors: Sabban Yitzchak
Published: March 2007

Available approaches for determining significant differences between various groups are considered for use when the homogeneity of slopes precludes standard analysis of covariance. The advantages and statistical procedures for relating to a reference group are presented and criteria are suggested for choosing the best groups.
Factorial Validity of the Stanford Achievement Test for First-Grade Children
Authors: Watkins Ernest O. , Wiebe Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The factorial validity of the Stanford Achievement Test was investigated with a sample of first grade pupils. Although eight areas are proposed from the SAT, this analysis produced only a single factor. Although the general factor included all eight areas of the SAT, it appeared to be highly influenced by verbal comprehension or reading abilities. In light of these results, interpretation of the SAT for first-grade children should be limited to a total score approach.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Crites's Career Maturity Inventory Attitude Scale, Counseling Form B-1
Authors: Stowe Randall W.
Published: March 2007

The multitrait-multimethod matrix procedure was employed to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the five subscales of the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) Attitude Scale, Counseling Form B-1. The subjects were 97 ninth graders from a suburban high school. The Counseling Form subscales were intercorrelated with five short-answer test items developed for this study and designed to assess the five variables making up the Career Choice Attitudes factor in Crites's theoretical model of Career Maturity. Evidence was found to support the convergent and discriminant validity of the Decisiveness, Involvement, and Independence subscales. Since convergence was not achieved between the Orientation and Compromise subscales of the Counseling Form and the short-answer test items intended to assess these variables, the discriminant validity of these two subscales could not be examined.
Item Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Sipps Gary J. , Alexander Ralph A. , Friedt Larry
Published: March 2007

The current study explores the item structure of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). A factor analysis of responses of a large sample (n = 1291) yielded six salient factors, four resembling the four scales of the MBTI. Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficients are reported for the scales and factors. Pearson rs are also reported for the factor-scale relationships. All analyses yield only limited support for the item validity of the MBTI. Relevant issues involving the construction of the test are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.
The Development and Validation of the Power Apprehension Scale
Authors: Offermann Lynn R.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the development and validation of a new instrument entitled the Power Apprehension Scale (PAS) to be used by researchers interested in an objective self-report measure of negative attitudes toward power. Two PAS subscales have been identified, one dealing with concerns about having power oneself, and one dealing with concern about the power of others. The primary "Self' subscale was shown to have high test-retest reliability as well as high internal consistency. The "Others" subscale was shown to have moderately high test-retest reliability, but only modest internal consistency. Evidence for both the construct and discriminant validity of the PAS is presented.
The Application of the Management Behavior Survey to the Measurement of Principal Leadership Behaviors
Authors: Charters W. W. , Pitner Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the application of Yukl's (1981) Management Behavior Survey in an educational setting (a sample of 47 elementary schools). The instrument is designed to tap 23 categories of managerial behavior. Detailed methodological information is provided. The purpose of this paper was to discuss three problems encountered with the instrument: (a) lack of response; (b) interrater disagreement; and (c) ceiling effects. In addition, the dimensionality of the measure was evaluated through factor analysis. This information should be valuable to researchers attempting to measure behavior reflecting leadership.
Factors Underlying Teacher Perceptions of Highly Gifted Students: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Busse Thomas V. , Dahme Gisela , Wagner Harald , Wieczerkowski Wilhelm
Published: March 2007

Each of 434 West German and 446 American high school teachers nominated one student as highly gifted. The teachers taught native language, mathematics/physics, music/art, or modern foreign language. All teachers completed a questionnaire in which they rated their nominees on 83 characteristics. The intercorrelations of the items were factor analyzed separately in the two samples to yield seven German and five American factors. The factors for the German sample were (a) self-centered/neurotic, (b) dynamic/popular, (c) achievement-oriented, (d) artistic, (e) logical problem solving, (f) verbally proficient, and (g) precocious/conforming. The factors identified in the American sample were (a) intelligent, (b) self-centered/neurotic, (c) dynamic/popular, (d) creative, and (e) achievement-oriented. Implications for definitions of giftedness and for the identification of gifted students are discussed.
An Instrument to Assess Students' Perceived Control at School
Authors: Adelman Howard S. , Smith Douglas C. , Nelson Perry , Taylor Linda , Phares Vicky
Published: March 2007

A scale developed to aid in investigation of students' perceived control at school is described, and data on its reliability, validity, and factor structure are reported. Also, discussed is a parallel instrument designed to measure the degree to which a student values such control. Findings reported indicate the usefulness of the perceived control scale by summarizing data from several studies, and the discussion highlights promising directions for its future use and evolution.
The Structural Constituents of Sentence-Completion—Verbal Comprehension Test Items
Authors: Peled Zimra
Published: March 2007

This study represents an attempt to explain verbal comprehension by analyzing the multifaceted structure of the item of a sentence-completion test. Three stimulus constituents were postulated: technical, logical-semantic, and associative-contextual. Responses of 2,853 Israeli sixth graders to a sentence completion test provided the raw data for the investigation. Guttman's facet and order theories and Smallest space analysis were used to define and to test the radex and the cylindrex configurations of the item-stimulated processing procedures and skill components. The hypotheses, confirmed empirically, suggest that: (a) Item tasks are multi procedural, multi componential stimuli composites that explain cognitive and technical constituents of task responses. (b) Comprehension-successful performances, schematically portrayed by the radex and the cylindrex configurations, uniformly involve the application of analytic, associative, technical and higher level executive processing procedures and skill components. (c) Deviations from these uniformly applied procedures and skills may explain individual differences in comprehension.
The Validity of the Ball Aptitude Battery (BAB): III. Relationship To CAB, DAT, and GATB
Authors: Dong Hei-Ki , Sung Yong H. , Goldman Steven H. , Dohm Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationships between the Ball Aptitude Battery (BAB) and three other aptitude test batteries: Comprehensive Ability Battery, Differential Aptitude Tests, and General Aptitude Test Battery. Results showed what was judged to be adequate convergent and discriminant validities for all BAB tests except for Inductive Reasoning, which was factorially complex.
The Use of the Arc-Sine Transformation in the Analysis of Variance
Authors: Milligan Glenn W.
Published: March 2007

The use of the arc-sine transformation in the analysis of variance is discussed. The application of the transformation can lead to difficult inference situations and pose interpretational problems for the researcher. An example data set is used to illustrate the difficulty. Additional Monte Carlo results are presented which suggest that the application of the transformation has no effect on the Type I error rate. Furthermore, the transformation can produce tests of noticeably lower power when the null hypothesis is false. As such, the transformation is not recommended as a standard data analytical tool.
Transformation Abilities: A Reanalysis and Confirmation of SOI Theory
Authors: Khattab Ali-Maher , Hocevar Dennis , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reanalyze correlational data from selected test variables in Guilford's Aptitudes Research Project (Hoepfner, Guilford, and Bradley, 1968). Results indicated that Guilford's model does serve to reproduce more closely the original correlation matrix than does either a no factor (null) model, a random factor model, or a single (general) factor model. Further, most of Guilford's tests exhibited high loadings on their hypothesized factors. Factors were well-differentiated. These results were interpreted as providing at least modest, if not strong, support for Guilford's SOI theory.
Factor Analysis of Partial Covariance Matrices
Authors: Levin Joseph
Published: March 2007

Partial covariance matrices Cy.x are sometimes employed in factor analytic studies. The relation between the factor pattern Cyy and Cy.x is derived, where x and y are any two sets of variables. It is shown that the factor pattern is invariant, and the factor intercorrelation matrix P becomes Pf.x, where the latter is the variance covariance matrix of the factors f.x, i.e., f from which x is partialed out. The factor pattern of the two solutions can be rotated to proportional profiles in orthogonal space.
Reliability and Validity of a Shortened Form of the Inventory of Learning Processes
Authors: Bartling Carl A.
Published: March 2007

Several measures of reliability and validity were used to compare a shortened and a complete form of the Inventory of Learning Processes (Schmeck, Ribich, and Ramanaiah, 1977). Very similar reliability and validity statistics were produced with the two forms, suggesting that the shorter (37 item) version may be a suitable substitute for the longer (62 item) version, particularly when greater brevity is important. Surprisingly low, validity coefficients were produced with both inventories in this study. This was attributed to the time of administration of the inventories, i.e., just prior to the start of students' first college semester. Longitudinal studies of changes in students' learning and study processes using inventories such as the Inventory of Learning Processes are suggested as an important research area.
Age and Gender Differences with the Anger Expression Scale
Authors: Stoner Sue B. , Spencer W. Boyd
Published: March 2007

The Anger Expression Scale (AX) was administered to 150 volunteers ranging in age from 21 to 83 years. Participants were placed into one of three groups on the basis of their chronological age: Young Adult (21 to 39 years), Middle Age (40 to 59 years) and Old (60 to 83 years). The AX yields three scores, anger-in, anger-out and total AX. Each of the three AX scores was analyzed by a 3 (Age Group) x 2 (Gender of Subject) ANCOVA with educational level as the covariate. Results indicated that the Young Adult Group expressed more anger-out than the Old Group, and both the Young Adult and Middle-Age groups had higher total AX than the Old. No significant main effects were observed for the variable anger-in, and no gender differences were found for any of the three variables. Implications of results are discussed.
Self-Expressed Competence and the Preservice Teacher: An Instrument Validation Study
Authors: Gretes John A. , Wolfe Delores M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an account of the development of an instrument which measures self-expressed competence in teaching techniques. Psychometric properties of the instrument are discussed including construct validity, stability, and internal consistency. Suggestions for possible use of the instrument in teacher education are included.
Brain Dominance Cognitive Style and the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test
Authors: Payne David A.
Published: March 2007

Self-report subscale scores from the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile (HBDP) were correlated with the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude Test (GRE) Verbal (V), Quantitative (Q), and Total (T) scores of 98 primarily doctoral level graduate students. Findings included (a) modest relationships between the Herrmann left cerebral and total cerebral scores and the GRE-Q, and GRE-T scores (b) inverse relationships between the Herrmann limbic scores and the GRE scores, and (c) a modest positive correlation (+.40) and negative correlation (-.40) between the GRE-Q and the Herrmann left and right hemisphere scores respectively. Findings parallel those using the HBDP and Scholastic Aptitude Test.
Testing the Dimensionality of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Benson Jeri , Rentsch Joan
Published: March 2007

Confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to assess several structural models that have been reported in the literature regarding the construct validity of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (CSC). Responses from 885 Black, White, and Hispanic students in grades 3 to 6 were analyzed by using the LISREL VI program. Results indicating support for a three-factor model (one content factor plus two phrasing factors) suggested that the construct validity of the CSC is a function not only of content but also of manner of phrasing. Future research on the construct validity of the CSC and applications of structural modeling techniques are discussed.
A Factor Analysis of Direct and Indirect Measures of English as a Second Language Writing Ability
Authors: Perkins Kyle , Pohlmann John T. , Brutten Sheila R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a study to determine whether an analysis of objective test measures and holistically scored composition data would support a single or a multifactor theory of writing assessment and to determine which category of measure-direct or indirect-was the more reliable. Four experimental objective tests of writing ability based on an information-processing approach were administered to one hundred foreign university students for whom English was not their native language. The subjects also wrote descriptive essays which were holistically graded. The results indicated that the holistic and objective assessments were relatively independent measures of writing ability, indicating support for a two-factor theory of ability assessment. The holistic assessment was found to be more reliable than the objective assessment.
Potential Biases in Leadership Measures: How Prototypes, Leniency, and General Satisfaction Relate to Ratings and Rankings of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Constructs
Authors: Bass Bernard M. , Avolio Bruce J.
Published: March 2007

Eighty-seven respondents completed either a graphic rating or a forced ranking questionnaire describing their immediate superior. Five leadership scales were embedded in each questionnaire. Three represented transformational leadership constructs (charismatic leadership, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation); two reflected transactional leadership constructs (contingent reward and management-by-exception). Appended to each questionnaire were five additional scales. The items constituting these scales measured two outcomes-satisfaction with the leader and effectiveness of the leader. The remaining scales measured each participant's leadership prototype, the participant's tendency to be lenient in his/her ratings, and a general measure of satisfaction. As expected, the intercorrelations among the factor scores representing the transformational and transactional leadership constructs were reduced substantially by using the forced rankings as compared with the graphic ratings. Also, the magnitude of the relationships among leadership and outcome factor scores was reduced, on average, when using the forced rankings. Prototypicality factor scores were more highly correlated with factor scores reflecting transformational than were factor scores portraying transactional leadership. The tendency of participants to be more or less lenient in their ratings or rankings and their general level of satisfaction were of little or no consequence to the intercorrelations among the leadership and outcome factor scales.
Estimates of the Internal Consistency of a Factorially Complex Composite
Authors: Benito Juana Gomez
Published: March 2007

In this study of 852 subjects between four and nine years of age an endeavor was made to estimate the degree of consistency among the elements comprising Borelli-Oldron's Performance Scale by taking into account two levels of analysis: item clusters and subtest clusters. On the first level, handling as variables the items of each of the subtests, alpha coefficients were calculated to estimate the internal consistency of each cluster. On the second level, in which variables constituted subtests that conformed to hypothesized dimensions, every one of the factors was confirmed in an earlier publication. The estimation procedure of multicomponent reliability put forward by Werts, Rock, Linn, and Joreskog (1978) was used. Given that this technique makes it possible to obtain consistency estimates of a composite scale made up of tests clustered in different factors, it was also applied to the full scale.
Power of the Likelihood Ratio Test in Multiple Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis under Partial Measurement Invariance
Authors: Kaplan David
Published: March 2007

The power of the likelihood ratio test in multiple group confirmatory factor analysis under partial measurement invariance is studied. A six-variable, two-factor model is considered where a specification error exists for one group. The size of the specification error as well as the size of the free parameters are varied. Power is obtained via the method of Satorra and Saris (1985). Results show that the power of the test is dependent on the size of the misspecified parameter, the size of the free loadings, as well as the correlation between the misspecified parameter and the parameter held invariant. Bias is also observed for estimates of the invariant parameters. Results are discussed in terms of strategies of multiple group modeling.
Providing Item Feedback in Computer-Based Tests: Effects of Initial Success and Failure
Authors: Wise Steven L. , Plake Barbara S. , Pozehl Bunny J. , Barnes Laura Boettcher , Lukin Leslie E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of providing item feedback on student achievement test performance and anxiety, and how these effects may be moderated by the amount of success and students experience on the initial items of the test. Introductory statistics students were randomly assigned to six forms of a computer-based algebra test that differed in terms of (a) the difficulty of the first five items, and (b) the type of item feedback provided. Although test performance was not affected significantly by differences among the test forms, student anxiety levels were significantly increased when administered the test form using difficult initial items and providing item feedback along with a running score total. Implications for the use of item feedback in computer-based testing are discussed.
The Analysis of a Construct that Does not Exist: Misunderstanding the Multidimensional Nature of Trait Anxiety
Authors: Endler Norman S. , Parker James D. A.
Published: March 2007

Davis and Cowles (1989) examined the relationship of trait anxiety and need for approval, to the use of computer administered scales. Unfortunately, they analyzed a total trait anxiety score on the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS)—a unidimensional construct that this multidimensional measure does not assess. The Davis and Cowles data were reanalyzed using the appropriate scoring procedure for the EMAS. Individuals with a high need for social approval have a tendency to "fake good" only on particular dimensions of trait anxiety.
Factor Structure of the Wisc-R Mexicano
Authors: Rousey Annmaria
Published: March 2007

Factor structures were compared for a Spanish language version of the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, administered to 300 children from Baja California, Mexico, and for the English version administered to 613 Latino and 668 Anglo children from California. Children were randomly selected from public schools in their respective states, stratified by ethnicity and sex. The parallel analysis criterion suggested a three-factor solution for the Mexican sample. These three factors were identifiable as Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility. Coefficients of congruence indicated that these factors were highly similar to those found for Anglos and Latinos in the United States.
An Empirical Demonstration of the Stability of the Maximized Correlation as an Internal-Consistency Reliability Estimate for Tests of Small Item Size
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Adair Holiday E. , Alexander Ralph A.
Published: March 2007

Heterogeneity and negative skew often result in an underestimate of internal reliability when the usual split-half or alpha coefficients are computed for tests with a small number of items. A maximized correlation, although it may be positively biased, appears to be a more rational alternative. It was shown that r max is a stable statistic as well as a higher estimate of test reliability than alpha or r1l. Its use as a standard procedure was recommended.
Proportions, Pitfalls and Pendulums
Authors: Micceri Theodore
Published: March 2007

The use of proportions to transform raw scores into standardized, dimensionless units creates measurement problems. Such transformations alter the relationships among scale points in a way that impedes accurate comparisons among values. The loge of proportional values can be used to alleviate this problem. A second, related problem arises in the use of fractional (percentage) uncertainties for physical or any other measurements. Where possible, such uncertainties are better related to tolerance limits than to the absolute magnitude of the characteristic being measured. Problems of standardization are shown to be present across scientific fields.
Predicting Underachievement in Business Statistics
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Raiszadeh Farhad M. E.
Published: March 2007

The influence of students' race and gender on their academic achievement has been the subject of numerous studies along with the development of a number of models to predict students' performance in a particular area of study (e.g., mathematics). These models, even though generally useful, tend to lose their validity when applied to a specific course. In the current investigation, a model has been developed to predict students' success and failure in a particular course (i.e., the first business statistics course). Through the use of discriminant analysis, this model was able to predict students' success and failure with approximately 72% accuracy. The model can be used to identify potential underachievers from the beginning of semesters. With such information, students who have been categorized as possible under-achievers can be monitored closely and provided with additional help in the form of tutorials and special classes, or workshops to improve their performance.
The Development of Conceptually Independent Subscales in the Measurement of Modes of Problem Solving
Authors: Jabri Muayyad M.
Published: March 2007

A number of researchers have provided phenomenological characterization of the logical and intuitive modes of problem solving. In an effort to delve into more detailed analyses of the formal criteria for distinguishing between logical and intuitive modes of problem solving, this paper reports the development of independent subscales for measurement of each of these two modes. Preliminary results from a sample of 535 respondents suggest two factorially independent subscales. These were interpreted as describing quite accurately the two postulated classifications as advanced above. Findings suggest the subscales warrant additional examination in other samples and settings. Practical implications are discussed, including those for researching the area of person-job fit/misfit.
The Relationship between the SCII Introversion-Extroversion Scale and Occupational Scales
Authors: Broday Steven F. , Sedgwick Charlalee
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between the Introversion-Extroversion Scale (IE) and the Occupational Scales of the 1985 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII). The subjects were 153 female and 70 male career-counseling clients at a university counseling service. The results indicated that introversion was highly related to realistic and investigative occupations, and that extroversion was highly related to social and enterprising occupations. Also, the occupations which showed the greatest sex differences in IE tended to involve business interests, with the males being more extroverted than the females; it was suggested that males might enter business occupations at least in part to have their social needs met.
Construction of a Nonverbal Adaptation of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition
Authors: Glaub Vincent E. , Kamphaus Randy W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to construct a nonverbal short form of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition (Binet 4) for use in the evaluation of hearing impaired, speech/language disabled, and limited English proficient children. Subtests were selected based on ratings of Binet 4 users. The subtests selected included Bead Memory, Pattern Analysis, Copying, Memory for Objects, and Matrices. The reliability coefficient for this new composite score was .95, and the validity of this composite, as estimated by its correlation with the test composite from the full battery, was .91. A procedure for generating estimated composites based on the Binet Nonverbal Scale is provided with a rationale for its use in clinical assessment practice.
Power Estimates: The Effect of Dependent Variable Reliability on the Power of One-Factor Anovas
Authors: Kopriva Rebecca J. , Shaw Dale G.
Published: March 2007

The literature indicates that the power of a statistical test is influenced by the reliability of the dependent variable; however the authors disagree about the direction and strength of this effect. The purpose of this study was to quantify and to tabulate the degree to which reliability affects the power of the one-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by taking into account sample size, level of significance, and true score effect size. True score effect size is defined as the difference between means in true score standard deviation units without variation due to the inconsistency of an instrument or lack of its reliability. Results confirm that the impact on power is substantial, particularly when sample sizes are less than 100 per group and/or when small or moderate effect size differences are expected. It is suggested that the influence of reliability is of considerable interest to those who include subtest analyses in their work as well as those who study low incidence populations. The tables provide easy, accurate, one-step estimates of power for various combinations of reliability, sample size, level of significance, and true score effect size and as such should be quite useful to researchers from various human science fields.
Bayesian Interpretation of Test Reliability
Authors: Jones W. Paul
Published: March 2007

A Bayesian alternative to interpretations based on classical reliability theory is presented. The central issue in reliability is defined as the extent to which a test score can predict itself, rather than a hypothetical true score. Procedures are detailed for calculation of a posterior score and credible interval with joint consideration of item sample and occasion error.
Mbti Learning Style-Teaching Style Discongruencies
Authors: Cooper Stewart E. , Miller John A.
Published: March 2007

The learning style of students and teaching style of faculty within a college of business was assessed utilizing the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory. Professors were more likely to teach in an "intuitive" manner, whereas more students wanted to learn in a "sensing" style. The level of learning style-teaching style congruency was related to academic performance and to student evaluations of the course and the instructor. Differences in these evaluations were significant, while differences in course grades, which did fall into the expected directions, were not.
The Latent Structure of the Salvation Opinionnaire, a Measure of Religious Attitudes in the American Christian Tradition
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: March 2007

Data gathered on the Salvation Opinionnaire, a 25-item religious attitude questionnaire, from 778 individuals representing a broad spectrum of religious attitudes was analyzed by the structural equations program, LISREL 7, to determine the instrument's latent structure. By exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses a predicted four-factor structure was demonstrated. The data were divided into odd and even cases of 389 apiece and confirmatory analyses carried out, again with confirmation of a four-factor structure in each case. Comparisons of the two sets of structures of the odd and even cases achieved a high degree of comparability with the use of the Ahmavaara transformation and the congruence coefficient, but testing equality by means of LISREL proved impossible on account of lack of positive definiteness of one covariance matrix. Some (logical) parallels were found between the dimensions of the Salvation Opinionnaire and the dimensions of others' instruments.
Lisrel Model of Three Latent Variables from 19 Meaning of Work Items for Vocational Students
Authors: Kraska Marie F. , Wilmoth James N.
Published: March 2007

The problem for this investigation was to clarify relationships among responses to manifest variables by using scores on theoretical latent variables. The Meaning and Value of Work Scale, part I: Meaning of Work, was administered to 482 high school students enrolled in their first year of a vocational education program in Alabama. Polychoric correlations and asymptotic variance and covariance matrices were computed with PRELIS for the 40 meaning of work items. Three latent variables, Self-Actualization, Independence, and Societal were identified for the study. Results are reported on an unweighted least squares analysis. Phi of .81 was obtained between Independence and Societal with a corresponding t-value exceeding 20. The total coefficient of determination (reliability) for the manifest Self-Actualization variable was .85, for the manifest Independence and Societal variables, .96, and for the structural equations, .89. Results indicated that an individual's attitudes toward independence and society in a work-related context may contribute to one's work-oriented self actualization.
Generating Correlated Bivariate Random Normal Standard Scores in Quickbasic
Authors: Alliger George M.
Published: March 2007

A Quick BASIC program for generating random bivariate normal standard scores with given correlation is described. The program uses the Box-Muller (1958) generation method. Compiled run-time and source code versions of the program are available.
Validity and Reliability of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for a Sample of Non-Western Teachers
Authors: Abu-Hilal Maher M. , Salameh Kayed M.
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the construct validity and reliability of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in a Non-Western setting, the instrument was administered to 223 Jordanian teachers. Responses to the MBI were subjected to principal factors analysis. Three factors, rotated obliquely, accounted for 42% and 43% of the total variance of the frequency and intensity dimensions, respectively. The correlations between these two dimensions for each of the three subscales were rather large and ranged from .84 and .92. The findings tend to support the contention of past researchers that the Depersonalization subscale can be broken into two subscales. However, the support was only partial. Reliabilities were also cornputed for the subscales and found acceptable. They ranged from .71 to .84.
Chi Square Tests for the Difference between Correlated Weighted Kappas and Correlated Unweighted Kappas'
Authors: Ross Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Large sample chi square tests of the significance of the difference between two correlated kappas, which may be weighted or unweighted, are derived. Two cases are presented: one judge in common between the two kappas and no judge in common. An illustrative calculation is included.
The Wais-R Number-Of-Factors Quandary:A Cluster Analytic Approach Toconstruct Validation
Authors: Fraboni Maryann , Saltstone Robert
Published: March 2007

Six hierarchical clustering methods were applied to subtest intercorrelations for each of the nine age groups in the WAIS-R standardization sample. The multiple-methods approach was adopted to overcome method-dependent results and to challenge the stability of clusters across methods. The WAIS-R number-of-factors issue was addressed by observing the agglomeration procedure when data were at a three-cluster solution, followed by a two-cluster solution. The 114 clustering results were interpreted by(a) summarizing cluster membership of subtests across age groups and methods and (b) quantitatively comparing obtained results with results expected by the historical two- and three-factor solutions for the WAIS-R. Varying degrees of support were found for "g," two-, and three-factors. Results of this hierarchical examination of the WAIS-R constructs, coupled with the history of evidence for all three structures of the WAIS-R, points to the possibility of three simultaneously, plausible solutions.
Computerized Adaptive Testing Using the Partial Credit Model: Effects Of Item Pool Characteristics and Different Stopping Rules
Authors: Dodd Barbara G. , Koch William R. , De Ayala Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

Simulated datasets were used to research the effects of the systematic variation of three major variables on the performance of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) procedures for the partial credit model. The three variables studied were the stopping rule for terminating the CATs, item pool size, and the distribution of the difficulty of the items in the pool. Results indicated that the standard error stopping rule performed better across the variety of CAT conditions than the minimum information stopping rule. In addition it was found that item pools that consisted of as few as 30 items were adequate for CAT provided that the item pool was of medium difficulty. The implications of these findings for implementing CAT systems based on the partial credit model are discussed.
Salary Compression in Faculty Salaries: Identification of a Suppressor Effect
Authors: Mcculley William L. , Downey Ronald G.
Published: March 2007

Typically, regression approaches have been used to study salary equity problems. In a university salary prediction study, one of the predictor variables that entered the equation was years of service. Although this variable had only a very low correlation with salary, it made a significant contribution to predicting salary levels. An analysis of number of years of service revealed that it was acting as a negative suppressor. This suppressor effect was interpreted as salary compression, or the failure of the organization to recognize seniority (continuation at the institution) with adequate compensation increases while meeting current market values for lower ranked individuals hired into the institution.
Psychometric Properties of the Leadership Practices Inventory-Updated
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Kouzes James M.
Published: March 2007

Accurately assessing leadership behavior continues to be important to both researchers and management development practitioners. In a series of follow-up studies employing the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), data from over 36,000 respondents were used to reexamine the psychometric properties of the instrument and to explore possible gender, functional field, ethnic and/or cross-cultural background differences. Factor analytic results sup- ported a 5-factor scale that was consistent with the five hypothesized dimensions of the LPI (Challenging, Inspiring, Enabling, Modeling, and Encouraging). Gender differences were observed for performance on the Modeling and Encouraging subscales with females reportedly engaging in these activities more frequently than do males. Additional findings are discussed.
A Q-Sort Measure of Beliefs about Abortion
Authors: Werner Paul D.
Published: March 2007

A Q-Sort procedure for assessing beliefs about abortion is presented. University respondents ( N = 119) sorted 41 items, derived in part from open-ended responses of a large community sample, into a 7-category forced distribution. Cluster analysis of their sorts yielded four types, two reflecting "pro-life" orientations toward this issue and two representing "pro-choice" orientations. Significant differences among the types were found on eight scales of the California Psychological Inventory, including scales assessing interpersonal effectiveness, intellectual competence, and flexibility. However, the types did not differ on scales assessing respondents' orientation toward norms. These results suggest the utility of employing the Abortion Beliefs Q-Sort in further studies on this complex and controversial social and health issue.
Mca: A Simple Program for Multiple Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Gorman Bernard S. , Primavera Louis H.
Published: March 2007

MCA.EXE is a program that performs multiple correspondence analysis of categorical data on MS/DOS and PC/DOS computers. Using the formulas provided by Carroll and Green, the program also generates matrices for further INDSCAL analysis.
Comparing Different Methods for Implementing Parallel Analysis: A Practical Index of Accuracy
Authors: Cota Albert A. , Longman R. Stewart , Holden Ronald R. , Fekken G. Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Of the various methods and rules-of-thumb for deciding the 4correct" number of components to retain in principal components analysis, parallel analysis is arguably the most useful. Recently, researchers have become interested in developing alternative methods of implementing parallel analysis and of comparing their accuracy. The accuracy of three methods of implementing parallel analysis with mean eigenvalues (regression, interpolation, and computation with three samples of random data) was compared. The index of accuracy was the proportion of agreement on the number of components for extraction suggested by each of these three procedures and those suggested by implementing parallel analysis with 40 runs of random data, in a sample of 28 published correlation matrices. Moreover, the accuracy of two methods of implementing parallel analysis with 95th percentile eigenvalues (regression and interpolation) was compared using the aforementioned index of accuracy. In separate analyses for mean and 95th percentile eigenvalue strategies, no evidence of differential accuracy emerged. Implications for implementing parallel analysis are discussed.