bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Return to Kantian Critique: Recognizing the Rights of Ordinary Consciousness
Authors: Bristow William F.
Published: May 2007

This chapter argues that Hegel's return to the standpoint of Kantian criticism turns on his belated recognition that the epistemological demand expressed in that project — namely, that we establish the possibility of metaphysical knowledge in a subjective reflection on our cognitive criteria as a condition of the possibility of metaphysics itself — is grounded in the independence (Selbständigkeit) of the knowing subject. Whereas Hegel earlier rejects distinctively modern epistemological projects — prominently Kant's criticism — as inherently subjectivistic, he comes to recognize that the epistemological demand expressed in these projects cannot be dismissed, insofar as it is backed by a distinctively modern self-discovery, the discovery of the individual subject as self-standing. Kant contributes essentially to this discovery with his articulation of the knowing and acting subject as the author of the highest principles of its epistemic and practical activity. With this recognition, Hegel comes to see that modern dualisms and subjectivism cannot be evaded by returning to an ancient model of epistemology that is yet innocent of these.
The Instruction in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Weeks Stuart
Published: May 2007

Instructions arose in Egypt, and perhaps independently in Mesopotamia and elsewhere, as a type of poetic literature. They take the form of a testamentary speech, in which an individual passes on his knowledge and experience, usually to his son, at the point when he must hand over to the next generation. Beyond that convention, instructions have no fixed form or content. Classic texts in the genre were perceived as culturally significant, and were read in schools, which may have influenced certain developments in the genre, but which does not suggest that they were ever composed expressly as pedagogical textbooks.
Proverbs 1–9 as an Instruction
Authors: Weeks Stuart
Published: May 2007

Apart, perhaps, from the Egyptian instruction of Amenemope, it is doubtful that many foreign instructions would have been accessible to a Jewish writer. The genre was represented in Israel, however, and was surely known to the author of Proverbs 1-9. That work exploits its conventions in new ways, borrowing structural elements and the elevated style of instructions, and thereby offering clues to its own unity and structure, but also introducing multiple voices and characters alongside the conventional figure of the father.
Theme and Imagery in Proverbs 1–9
Authors: Weeks Stuart
Published: May 2007

Proverbs 1-9 uses figurative language intensively, and certain themes or motifs occur throughout. In particular, the work seems to develop an imagery based on competing characters, who invite the uninstructed to turn in their direction. Wisdom's invitation, with its genuine promise of benefits, can be distinguished from more dangerous ones (especially that of the ‘foreign woman’) only by those who have accepted instruction. This motif is linked to a figurative use of paths and ways through life.
Charles Wesley and the Struggle for Methodist Identity
Authors: Lloyd Gareth
Published: May 2007

Charles Wesley has been a problem figure for church historians. The great hymn‐writer's contribution to Methodism and the 18th century Evangelical Revival has frequently been seen primarily in terms of his poetic work. His vital role in other aspects has been undervalued and often seen through a filter imposed by denominational historians who have Charles's brother John Wesley as the main focus of attention.

This book examines Charles's relationship with his brother and role in Methodist affairs. In particular, Charles has often been portrayed as being isolated and out of touch with the needs and wishes of the Methodist people during the last thirty years of his life. This book shows that this view is a distortion and that he was in fact representative of a considerable body of opinion within the Wesleyan societies. The Church‐Methodist viewpoint that he championed against those who wished to separate from the Anglican Church had as great an impact on Methodist evolution as the better‐known opinions of his opponents. Out of this struggle came a denomination with an identity that was rooted in its Anglican past but with an evangelical dynamic that produced one of the great success stories of the 19th century Christian Church. Extensive use is made of neglected primary sources to present a substantial reappraisal of Charles Wesley's ministry, which in turn permits a new interpretation of aspects of the history of early Methodism, the 18th century Church of England and the way that Methodists have viewed their Church's past.
Brothers in Arms: The Early Relationship and Shared Ministry of John and Charles Wesley
Authors: Lloyd Gareth
Published: May 2007

The most important relationship of Charles Wesley's life was with his brother John. From their days at Oxford University and involvement with the holy club, John and Charles forged an exceptionally strong bond that was to become one of the most important contributory factors to the success of Wesleyan Methodism. Even though John was the dominant partner until 1749, Charles played an invaluable role in the birth and early years of the Methodist movement and in some aspects of ministry, he was his brother's superior.
Cooperation, Conflict, and Controversy During the Early Years of the Revival
Authors: Lloyd Gareth
Published: May 2007

One of the ways in which the strength of the Wesley brothers' partnership proved of fundamental importance to the future of Methodism was in the controversies that plagued the Evangelical Revival virtually from its beginnings. The Wesley brothers engaged in conflict with other evangelical groups as well as the parent Church of England and it was in this struggle that Wesleyan Methodist identity was forged. The brothers' combined strength of character and combative nature proved decisive in elevating the Wesleyan movement to the forefront of the Evangelical Revival.
Charles Wesley the Paradoxical Anglican
Authors: Lloyd Gareth
Published: May 2007

The traditional image of Charles Wesley is that of a loyal Anglican whose attachment to the parent Church of England led to his isolation within Methodism in his later years. There is a contradiction in this viewpoint as Charles Wesley, despite his protestations of Anglican loyalty, contributed a great deal to the establishment of an evangelical popular movement. The more that one examines the activities of Charles Wesley, the clearer it becomes that he was in fact a radical conservative, whose high Sacramental theology was combined with the promotion of new worship practices such as congregational hymn singing and the class meeting. This mix of different elements produced a Methodist movement that was a combination of High Church theology, strict discipline, and innovative forms of structure, devotion, and worship.
Continuing Family Quarrels and the Methodist Opinion of Charles Wesley
Authors: Lloyd Gareth
Published: May 2007

The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and Charles's gradual disengagement from the Methodist itinerancy. Charles also experienced increasingly difficult relations with some preachers, whom he suspected of disloyalty to the Church of England. This rash of problems resulted in Charles Wesley's controversial decision to retire from the Methodist itinerancy in 1756. His withdrawal from the itinerancy did not, however, result in Charles's complete isolation within the Methodist movement. He remained a popular figure with many of the laity and his loyalty to the Church was shared by a substantial body of Methodist opinion.
5 Versailles and Social Justice, 1919
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: May 2007

Perhaps the least discussed aspect of the 1919 settlement is its provisions on social justice, and yet an entire section of the Versailles Treaty and an article of the League Covenant were devoted to the international regulation of labour, which resulted in establishment of the International Labour Organization. These developments reflected the activities of the trade union movement, and particularly its Congresses during the war, as well as heightened sensitivity to labour in the context of both the war and the outbreak of the Russian revolution. It is clear that inclusion of a section on labour was sponsored by all of the Big Three powers for various political and instrumental reasons. What was radically new about the structure of the ILO was that it allowed membership from state representatives, but also from business and labour, thereby recognizing world society membership in an otherwise international society forum. The decisive argument was that social justice was properly the business of international society because it was fundamental to achieving international peace.
Epistola Doct. Johannis Wallisii, priman inventionera & demonstrationem æqualitatis lineæ curvæ paraboloidis cum recta, Anno 1657. factam, Dn. Guilielmo Neile p. m. asserens; proximeque Dn. Christophoro Wren equiti, inventionem lineæ rectæ æqualis cycloidi ejusque partibus, anno 1658
Authors: Wallis John
Published: May 2007

Clarissime vir,
Qvodad Rectification istius Curvœ spectat, quam ego
Paraboloidem
Semi-cubicalem appellare soleo; omnino errat
Cl. Hugenius (pag. 71, 72, Horologii Oscillatorii)
cum ejus inventionem primam tribuit
Johanni Heuratio
Harlemensi, Anno
1659.
Microsatellite variation in cod Gadus morhua throughout its geographic range
Authors: O’Leary D. B. , Coughlan J. , Dillane E. , McCarthy T. V. , Cross T. F.
Published: May 2007

Previous genetic studies using neutral markers such as allozymes, mtDNA and minisatellite loci have demonstrated varying amounts of population structure in cod Gadus morhua throughout the Atlantic. Microsatellite loci, which are potentially the most informative of presently available neutral genetic markers, have been applied extensively within western and eastern Atlantic areas but not on a range‐wide basis. In the present study, six microsatellite DNA loci were used to screen cod samples from nine locations throughout the geographic range from the Scotian Shelf in the West Atlantic to the Barents and Baltic Seas in the east. Overall FST value was 0·03 (P= < 0·001) across all samples. Statistically significant population differences over all loci combined were evident between more geographically distant samples, using either heterogeneity tests or FST analysis, with at least one locus showing significant differences between all samples (prior to Bonferroni correction). A significant correlation was observed between genetic and geographical distance, suggesting a higher level of historical and contemporary gene flow between adjacent populations than more distant populations. Samples from either end of the geographic range (Scotian Shelf and Baltic Sea) were particularly distinct when analysed using the STRUCTURE programme and also showed a high level of self‐assignment when individuals of either the Scotian Shelf or Baltic Sea were tested against the entire data set. The present microsatellite study demonstrates a high level of geographic population structure between the western Atlantic, middle and eastern Atlantic and Baltic Sea, and thus, the findings should be useful in devising overall management and conservation strategies for the species.
The genetic variation and biogeography of catostomid fishes based on mitochondrial and nucleic DNA sequences
Authors: Sun Y. H. , Xie C. X. , Wang W. M. , Liu S. Y. , Treer T. , Chang M. M.
Published: May 2007

The genetic variation, phylogeny and biogeography of catostomid fishes were investigated based on mitochondrial cytochromeband nuclear 18S‐ITS1‐5.8S DNA sequences. The pair‐wise genetic distance of cytochromebfor 17 catostomids varied considerably, from 1·00% (Chasmistes brevirostrisandDeltistes luxatus) to 23·3% (Cycleptus elongatusandMoxostoma anisurum). The size of the 18S‐ITS1‐5.8S sequence ranged from 315 bp (Moxostoma robustum) to 575 bp (Ictiobus cyprinellus). The 18S‐5.8S region was conservative and the length of ITS1 regions was found to vary considerably among the seven catostomids. It is interesting that the primitiveI. cyprinellusandMyxocyprinus asiaticushad longer ITS1 regions than suckers from the Catostominae. Based on the nucleotide substitution model, the nuclear 18S‐5.8S gene had a faster evolution rate than the mitochondrial cytochromebgene. In a phylogenetic analysis, 17 catostomids from 14 genera representing three subfamilies were not distinctly divergent. Nevertheless, three major genetically divergent clades were identified. Clade I (95% bootstrap) included generalCatostomus,Thoburnia,Xyrauchen,ChasmistesandDeltistes. Clade II (94% bootstrap) includedHypentelium,MoxostomaandScartomyzon. Clade III (77% bootstrap) was a monophyletic Ictiobinae containingI. cyprinellusandCarpiodes carpio. The biogeography of old world catostomids followed a disperse event, and the speciation of the extant catostomids was a vicariance event. The earliest catostomid evolved in Asia from one branch of ostariophysans in the early Tertiary. Before the Eocene, catostomids belonging to the genusAmyzonhad a wide, trans‐Pacific distribution over Asia and North America. Later, oceanic ingression and the Tertiary glacial event forced catostomids to evolve on both mainlands, respectively. The present disjunct distribution pattern of catostomids was presumably due to competitive pressure from cyprinids, geographical events, their Late Cenozoic radiation in North America and glacial events. The divergence time based on the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences suggests that catostomids began to diverge in the early or mid‐Miocene, which agrees with the fossil evidence.
Identification of nuclear SNPs in gilthead seabream
Authors: Cenadelli S. , Maran V. , Bongioni G. , Fusetti L. , Parma P. , Aleandri R.
Published: May 2007

A novel panel of 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was detected in seabream. These SNPs can be used to establish pedigrees in selection programmes and to assign progeny to parents in breeding studies. This panel represents the first description of nuclear SNPs in seabream.
Morphological and mitochondrial DNA divergence validates blackmouth, Galeus melastomus, and Atlantic sawtail catsharks, Galeus atlanticus, as separate species
Authors: Castilho R. , Freitas M. , Silva G. , Fernandez‐Carvalho J. , Coelho R.
Published: May 2007

A total of 60 morphometric traits and nucleotide sequences of the entire mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene [1047 base pair (bp)] in 23 individuals of blackmouth, Galeus melastomus, and 13 individuals of sawtail catsharks, Galeus atlanticus, caught in Southern Portugal, were examined to test the validity of these two taxa. These sharks closely resemble each other, have overlapping geographical ranges and are difficult to identify by morphological characters. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling of morphometric variables indicates a clear separation between the two species, with 10 characters each contributing 2·12–2·45% of the total variability between species. Maximum likelihood, parsimony and neighbour‐joining trees revealed two major mtDNA haplotype clades, corresponding to the two species, with an average corrected sequence divergence between them of 3·39 ± 0·56%. Within species divergences between haplotypes averaged 0·27 ± 0·18% in G. melastomus and 0·12 ± 0·08% in G. atlanticus. A total of 35 diagnostic nucleotide site differences and four restriction fragment length polymorphism recognition sites in the ND2 gene can be used to distinguish the two species.
Comparing microsatellite variation in north‐east Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) to genetic structuring as revealed by the pantophysin (Pan I) locus
Authors: Skarstein T. H. , Westgaard J.‐I. , Fevolden S.‐E.
Published: May 2007

Variation at seven microsatellite loci was compared with variation observed at Pan I, a single copy nuclear DNA gene coding for pantophysin, in 14 samples of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stretching from Spitsbergen to the North Sea. Population structuring indicated by the two types of markers was concordant and in agreement with the traditional grouping of cod in the study area into three main populations: north‐east Arctic cod (NEAC), Norwegian coastal cod (NCC) and North Sea cod (NSC). Microsatellites, however, revealed genetic heterogeneity not only within NCC, as did Pan I, but also within NEAC and NSC, which appeared to be homogenous when analysed for Pan I. Moreover, microsatellites displayed lower levels of differentiation than Pan I between NEAC and two other groups. Differences in the magnitude of differentiation for the two types of markers may be attributable to higher levels of polymorphism and alleged selective neutrality of microsatellites. Isolation by distance was clearly apparent for microsatellites but was less evident for Pan I, indicating that environmentally induced selection appears to shape the patterns of genetic differentiation for this marker. Even though the population structure of north‐east Atlantic cod, as revealed by microsatellites and Pan I, appears to be maintained largely by restricted gene flow, selection acting on a recent historical time scale probably contributes to the observed geographic pattern of Pan I frequencies.
The effect of migratory behaviour on genetic diversity and population divergence: a comparison of anadromous and freshwater Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Tonteri A. , Veselov A. Je. , Titov S. , Lumme J. , Primmer C. R.
Published: May 2007

The genetic diversity of anadromous and freshwater Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations from north‐west Russia and other north European locations was compared using microsatellite variation to evaluate the importance of anadromous migration, population size and population glacial history in determining population genetic diversity and divergence. In anadromous Atlantic salmon populations, the level of genetic diversity was significantly higher and the level of population divergence was significantly lower than among the freshwater Atlantic salmon populations, even after correcting for differences in stock size. The phylogeographic origin of the populations also had a significant effect on the genetic diversity characteristics of populations: anadromous populations from the basins of the Atlantic Ocean, White Sea and Barents Sea possessed higher levels of genetic diversity than anadromous populations from the Baltic Sea basin. Among the freshwater populations, the result was the opposite: the Baltic freshwater populations were more variable. The results of this study imply that differences in the level of long‐term gene flow between freshwater populations and anadromous populations have led to different levels of genetic diversity, which was also evidenced by the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of taking the life history of a population into consideration when developing conservation strategies: due to the limited possibilities for new genetic diversity to be generated via gene flow, it is expected that freshwater Atlantic salmon populations would be more vulnerable to extinction following a population crash. Hence, high conservation status is warranted in order to ensure the long‐term survival of the limited number of European populations with this life‐history strategy.
Involvement of integrin‐induced activation of protein kinase C in the formation of adherens junctions
Authors: Ozaki Misa , Ogita Hisakazu , Takai Yoshimi
Published: May 2007

In epithelial cells, tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) form junctional complexes. At AJs, cadherins and nectins are the major cell‐cell adhesion molecules. Nectins first form cell–cell adhesions and then recruit cadherins to the nectin‐based cell–cell adhesion sites to form AJs in coordination with the activation of integrin αvβ3, followed by the formation of TJs. We previously demonstrated that when MDCK cells precultured at a low Ca2+ concentration were treated with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), incomplete AJs and a TJ‐like structure were achieved. However, it remains unknown how PKC is activated and how it regulates the formation of cell–cell junctions. When MDCK cells precultured at a low Ca2+ concentration were treated with TPA, incomplete AJs were formed without the activation of integrin αvβ3. Treatment of cells with TPA also enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK, which transmits the outside‐in signal of integrin and plays a role in the nectin‐induced formation of AJs. In addition, inhibition of PKC suppressed the formation of AJs. These results indicate that the activation of PKC functions downstream of integrin αvβ3 and upstream of FAK, and is important for the nectin‐induced formation of AJs.
Cyanobacterial NDH‐1 complexes: multiplicity in function and subunit composition
Authors: Battchikova Natalia , Aro Eva‐Mari
Published: May 2007

In cyanobacteria, the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NDH‐1) is involved in a variety of functions like respiration, cyclic electron flow around PSI and CO2 uptake. Several types of NDH‐1 complexes, which differ in structure and are responsible for these functions, exist in cyanobacterial membranes. This minireview is based on data obtained by reverse genetics and proteomics studies and focuses on the structural and functional differences of the two types of cyanobacterial NDH‐1 complexes: NDH‐1L, important for respiration and PSI cyclic electron flow, and NDH‐1MS, the low‐CO2 inducible complex participating in CO2 uptake. The NDH‐1 complexes in cyanobacteria share a common NDH‐1M ‘core’ complex and differ in the composition of the distal membrane domain composed of specific NdhD and NdhF proteins, which in complexes involved in CO2 uptake is further associated with the hydrophilic carbon uptake (CUP) domain. At present, however, very important questions concerning the nature of catalytically active subunits that constitute the electron input device (like NADH dehydrogenase module of the eubacterial ‘model’ NDH‐1 analogs), the substrate specificity and reaction mechanisms of cyanobacterial complexes remain unanswered and are shortly discussed here.
Alternative method for checking toxicity of hair dyes
Authors: TACHON P. , COTOVIO J. , DOSSOUy K. G. , PRUNIERAS M.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

We have compared the in vitro and in vivo toxicities of 19 hair dyes. In vitro, the toxic effect was estimated in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79), using a cell growth inhibition test. For each compound, the concentration required to reduce 50% of the growth (CI50) was determined.

In vivo, compounds were administered by i.p. route to groups of 10 Swiss mice per dose. The LD50 values obtained were used to estimate the acute toxicity. The comparison of the results in vivo and in vitro showed that there is a good correlation between both ranking orders (correlation coefficient r= 0.90 with a first kind error P= 10‐4). These results suggest that the use of cell culture tests is valuable as pre‐screening systems to appreciate the toxicity level of hair dyes, in order to reduce the use of animals in safety evaluation.

Résumé

Le pouvoir cytotoxique de 19 colorants capillaires (quatre dérivés de la paraphénylène diamine, six dérivés de la 2‐nitro paraphénylènediamine, trois dérivés de la mètaphénylènediamine et six dérivés phénoliques) est comparéà leur potentiel toxique in vivo.

In vitro, l'effet cytotoxique est mesuré sur des fibroblastes pulmonaires de hamster Chinois (V79) par un test d'inhibition de la croissance cellulaire. Les cellules, en monocouche, sont traitées pendant trois jours en présence de la substance à tester. La concentration réduisant la quantité de protéines cellulaires de 50% (CI50) est estimée.

In vivo, la substance est injectée par voie intrapéritonèale à des groupes de 10 souris Swiss par dose. La dose létale 50 (LD50) est le paramètre retenu pour l'estimation de la toxicité aigue.

La comparaison des résultats obtenus in vitro (CI50) et in vivo (LD50) montre une bonne corrélation (r= 0.90, P= 0.0001).

Ces résultats suggèrent que les cultures de cellules permettent de prédire le potentiel toxique des colorants capillaires tout en réduisant le nombre d'animaux utilisés.
Study of the re‐oiling process of hair with the replica technique
Authors: COURTOIS MONIQUE , KRIEN PAUL , MEYRONNE LUC , GROLLIER JEAN‐FRANÇOIS
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

In the case of individuals with oily hair, the sebum excreted to the scalp surface spreads over the hair during the days following hair washing. The migration of sebum from the roots to the ends of hairs creates a gradient which may be measured by making casts on appropriate materials.

An optical reading device enables the assessment of the alterations of the material brilliancy as a function of the sebum presence. The following parameters may be assessed from the recording: length of the cast, surface, height and width of the peak. Thus, different types of oily states may be identified according to:

— the number of days after the last shampoo;

— the characteristics of sebum (e.g. quantity, viscosity);

— the features of hair.

The casts reflect the oily state of hair as accurately as if it were assessed with a sensory method. Thus, this technique enables the study and comparison of oily states. It can be used to determine the efficacy of products having an effect on the re‐oiling process of hair.

Etude du regraissage des chevelures a I'aide d'une technique d'empreintes

Chez des sujets à cheveux gras, le sebum excrétéà la surface du cuir chevelu se propage sur la chevelure, au cours des jours qui suivent le shampooing. La migration du sebum des racines vers les pointes des cheveux, crée un gradient qui peut ètre mesuréà I'aide d'une empreinte.

La lecture optique de cette empreinte, enregistre I'altération de la brillance du support dûe à la présence du sebum.

Sur le graphe édité, les paramétres (surface, hauteur et largeur du pic) permettent de définir plusieurs types d'états gras. Ceux‐ci varient avec:

— le nombre de jours écoulés depuis le shampooing

— les caractéristiques du sebum = quantité, viscosité…

— la nature des cheveux.

Les mesures effectuées à I'aide de cette technique sont en relation directe avec la perception des états gras.

Ainsi, cette technique permet de suivre et de comparer différents états gras. Elle peut donc être utilisée pour mesurer I'efficacité de produits destinés aux cheveux gras.
Comparison of different instruments for measuring stratum corneum moisture content
Authors: DIKSTEIN S. , KATZ M. , ZLOTOGORSKI A. , BROUN Y. , WILSON D. , MAIBACH H.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Stratum corneum moisturization was measured by two instruments simultaneously on the same subjects at different body sites. One instrument is based on the 1 GHz focused mirowave dielectric measurement; the other instrument measures impedance at 16 Hz.

A linear relationship r = 0.86 was observed between the measurements by the two above‐mentioned instruments. The 1 GHz focused microwave measurement is more accurate in measuring water concentration in the stratum corneum, especially in the upper layers relevant to “moisturization”; it is, however, an expensive research instrument. The low frequency impedance measurement involves a much simpler, cheaper and portable instrument which can be used routinely to evaluate ‘moisturization’ for the purpose of skin classification under field conditions.

Comparaison de divers appareils de mesure de I'hydratation de la couche cornee

ésumé

L'hydratation de la couche cornée a été mesurée simultanément par deux appareils sur plusieurs sites de mêmes sujets: le front, la face et les membres. Un appareil est basé sur la mesure par micro ondes, I'autre mesure I'impédance à 16 Hz.

On observe une relation linéaire, r= 0.86, entre les mesures effectuées par les deux appareils ci‐dessus. L'appareil à micro ondes est plus précis pour la mesure de la concentration en eau de la couche cornée et plus spécialement dans les couches supérieures qui sont importantes pour I'hydratation, mais cet appareil est onéreux. La mesure des impédances à basse fréquence utilisé un appareil portable, simple et bon marché qui peut être utilisé en routine pour évaluer I'hydratation dans le but de classer des types de peaux sur le terrain.

II n'est pas toujours possible de comparer des appareils diffeérents sur les mêmes personnes et dans le même temps et il est encore plus difficile d'obtenir des donneées sur un nombre de personnes de type diffeérent. Nous suggeérons d'utiliser à I'avenir une meéthode de comparaison diffeérente basée sur I'application d'un traitement standard bien défini, qui pourrait par example consister en I'application pendant une heure d'une solution à 2% de glycérine sur I'avant bras, avant la mesure.

Ces données, avec la connaissance de la distribution des valeur du prétraitement pour les divers appareils, permettraient également la comparaison et la validation des différentes méthodes.
Skin contact allergy to emulsifiers
Authors: HANNUKSELA MATTI
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Contact allergy to cetyl and stearyl alcohols has been reported for many years. About one per cent of eczema patients are allergic to either alcohol or a mixture of the two. In the present study, 11 of 1374 patients reacted to 20% cetylstearyl alcohol in patch tests. Results of a previous study, suggested that some impurities in commercial cetyl and stearyl alcohols might be responsiblefor the contact allergies.

Sorbitan esters are also contact allergens in dermatological preparations. Sorbitan sesquioleate (20% in petrolatum) was patch‐tested in 4469 eczema patients in the present study, with a positive result in 25 (0.56%) of them. Widespread dermatitis from moisturizing creams was seen in two patients, one of whom was treated with peroral corticosteroids and the other with a potent corticosteroid cream.

Several other emulsifiers have also occasionally been found to cause contact allergy. Popular emulsifiers are thus potential allergens, especially in preparations commonly used as moisturizersfor dry or slightly eczematous skin.

Les allergies cutanees aux emulsifiants

Résumé

Les allergies par contact aux alcools cetyliques et stéaryliques ont déjà fait l'objet de nombreux articles. Environ 1% des patients souffrant d'eczéma sont allergiques soit à l'un des deux alcools, soit à leur mélange. Dans cette étude, 11 patients sur 1374 ont réagi àdes patch tests à 20% d'alcool cetostearylique.

Les résultats d'une étude précédente laissaient supposer que les impuretés présentes dans les alcools cétyliques et stéaryliques du commerce pourraient être responsables de ces allergies de contact.

Les esters de sorbitan sont également des allergisants dans les préparations dermatologiques. Le sesquioleate de sorbitan (à 20% dans la vaseline) a été testé sur 4469 patients souffrant d'eczéma, avec un résultat positif pour 25 d'entre eux (0.56%). Des dermatoses importantes ont été observés chez deux patients utilisant des crèmes hydratantes; l'un d'entre euxa été traité par des corticosteroides par voie buccale et l'autre par une crème corticosteroide puissante. Il a également été démontré que de nombreux autres émulsifiants pouvaient causer des allergies de contact. Les émulsifiants courants sont des allergisants potentiels, spécialement dans les préparations hydratantes pour les peux sèches ou légèrement eczémateuses.
Dehydroacetic acid sodium salt stability in cosmetic preservative mixtures
Authors: BENNASSI C. A. , SEMENZATO A. , LUCCHIARI M. , BETTERO A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Dehydroacetic acid sodium salt Prevan (DHANa) stability in presence of other cosmetic preservatives as Bronopol, Germall 115 and Kathon CG was investigated through a HPLC method that permits simultaneous determination of binary and ternary mixtures of the above preservatives.

A new molecule coresponding to 3,7–dimethyl‐1H, 9H, 10H, dipyrano (4,3‐b: 3',4'‐e) pyran‐1, 9‐dione has been discovered to be spontaneously formed between DHA and free or released formaldehyde. Its structure has been established by means of elemental analysis, NMR and mass spectrometry aswell as its chromatographic and antimicrobial behaviour.

The magnesium salt present as stabilizer in the Kathon CG solution can also cause the formation of insoluble magnesium salt from DHANa.

The ascertained chemical interaction among these preservatives is therefore discussed as a function of their cosmetic application.

La stabilité de l'acide dehydroacééique de sel de sodium Prevan—(DHANa) a étéétudiée par la méthode HPLC en prééence d'autres conservateurs cosmétiques tels que le Bronopol, Germall 115 et Kathon CG, ce qui a permis une détermination simultanée des mélanges binaires et ternaires des conservateuis ci‐dessus. Quelques interactions importantes ont été découvertes.

Une nouvelle molécule correspondant à 3,7‐dimethyl‐1H, 9H, 10H, dipyrano (4,3‐b: 3',4'‐e)pyran‐1, 9‐dione a été découverte. Cette molécule se forme spontanément entre le DHA et le formaldehyde libre ou produit. Sa structure a étéétablie par des moyens d'analyse élementaires, NMR et spectrometrie de masse ainsi que grâce a son comportement chromatographique et antimicrobien.

Le sel de magnésium présent en tant que stabilisateur dans les solutions de Kathon CG peut également inactiver DHANa par la formation d'un sel de magnésium insoluble.

Par conséquent, la constatation des interactions chimiques parmi ces conservateurs est discutée comme étant une fonction de leur application cosmétique.
Love Labour as a Distinct and Non-Commodifiable Form of Care Labour
Authors: Lynch Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the nature of love labouring and explores how it can be distinguished from other forms of care work. It provides a three fold taxonomy for analysing other-centred work, distinguishing between work required to maintain primary care relations (love labour), secondary care relations (general care work) and tertiary care relations (solidarity work). A central theme of the paper is that primary care relations are not sustainable over time without love labour; that the realization of love, as opposed to the declaration of love, requires work. Drawing on a wide range of theoretical and empirical sources, including a study of caring undertaken by the author, the paper argues that there is mutuality, commitment, trust and responsibility at the heart of love labouring that makes it distinct from general care work and solidarity work. It sets out reasons why it is not possible to commodify the feelings, intentions and commitments of love labourers to supply them on a paid basis.
Perceived intentionality intensifies blameworthiness of negative behaviors: Blame‐praise asymmetry in intensification effect1
Authors: OHTSUBO YOHSUKE
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The intensification effect in moral judgment refers to the fact that a behavior elicits more extreme blame or praise when it is intentionally (rather than unintentionally) performed. Two vignette experiments tested the hypothesis that intensification is stronger for blameworthy behaviors than for praiseworthy behaviors. In Study 1, 40 Japanese participants read 10 brief descriptions of negative or positive behaviors. Participants who attributed intentionality to negative (or positive) behaviors rated those behaviors as more blameworthy (or praiseworthy) than those who did not. Study 2 (N = 94) presented 20 descriptions of behaviors that differed according to a 2 × 2 (valence of behavior: positive vs. negative; intentionality: present vs. absent) between‐participants design. Explicit indication of intentionality elevated blameworthiness of negative behaviors but not praiseworthiness of positive behaviors.
Constructing intergroup relationships in social communication
Authors: KWOK WAI WAI , WRIGHT BENJAMIN , KASHIMA YOSHIHISA
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  People communicate with each other about their ingroup and outgroup in a social context. These social communications may have profound effects in constructing intergroup relationships. In this paper, we outline how different combinations of the social identities of the sender, receiver, and target of the social communication may give rise to differing face concerns of the ingroup and outgroup, and may result in different patterns of communications about them. People may enhance or protect their ingroup social identity, and derogate the outgroup social identity to their ingroup audiences; however, they are more likely to enhance and protect their outgroup's social identity when communicating with outgroup audiences. Two studies tested these predictions. Study 1 used real groups of Australian and Asian students communicating about an Asian student in an Australian university context. In Study 2, participants assigned to two fictitious groups communicated about their ingroup and outgroup. In both studies, the findings were interpreted within the framework of intergroup communication, although there were some notable deviations from the predictions. Future directions of the research were also discussed.
Status hierarchy and the role of disidentification in discriminatory perception of outgroups1
Authors: IKEGAMI TOMOKO , ISHIDA YASUHIKO
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The present study proposes that disidentification is distinct from non‐identification and investigates its relationship to outgroup perceptions. One hundred and ninety‐six Japanese university students completed a university identification/disidentification scale. They then engaged in an idiosyncratic stereotyping task where they listed and rated attribute characteristics of their own and three other universities (superior, equal, and inferior to their own in terms of academic standards). Prior to the stereotyping task, the level of threat to ingroup status was manipulated. Results showed that disidentification was associated with the tendency to select derogating inferior outgroup targets. Results were discussed based on the role of disidentification in the discriminatory perception of outgroups in a status hierarchy.
Werner syndrome protein prevents DNA breaks upon chromatin structure alteration
Authors: Turaga Ramachander V. N. , Massip Laurent , Chavez Alejandro , Johnson F. Brad , Lebel Michel
Published: May 2007

Werner syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by genome instability and the premature onset of several pathologies associated with aging. The gene responsible for Werner syndrome codes for a RecQ‐type DNA helicase and is believed to be involved in different aspects of DNA repair, replication, and transcription. The human Werner protein (WRN) translocates from nucleoli to the nucleoplasm upon DNA damage. Here, for the first time we show WRN translocation following treatment with chloroquine (CHL) or trichostatin A (TSA), agents that alter chromatin structure without producing DNA breaks. In contrast to normal cells, WRN deficient human and murine cells incurred extensive DNA breaks upon CHL or TSA treatment, indicating a functional role for WRN in the proper response to these agents. Cells deficient for another RecQ‐type helicase, Bloom syndrome, were not sensitive to these agents. WRN is known from in vitro studies to bind and stimulate the activity of topoisomerase I (TopoI). CHL enhanced the association between WRN and TopoI, suggesting that topological stress elicits a requirement for the stimulation of TopoI by WRN. Supporting this idea, overexpression of TopoI reduced CHL and TSA‐induced DNA breaks in WRN null cells. We thus describe a novel function for WRN in ensuring genome stability to act in concert with TopoI to prevent DNA breaks, following alterations in chromatin topology.
Continuous Improvement of Arterial Compliance Beyond Blood Pressure Decrease After 5 Years of Antihypertensive Treatmente
Authors: Bellido Claudio A. , Iavicoli Oscar R. , Rusak Eduardo J. , Vazquez Sonia T. , Piñeiro Daniel J. , Vazquez Sonia T. , Lerman Jorge
Published: May 2007

Pulse wave velocity is a reliable marker of arterial compliance. Stiffness of large and elastic arteries leads to a faster propagation of pulse wave. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in arterial distensibility using antihypertensive drugs. This treatment focused on the inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system and the changes produced in blood pressure. Measurements were taken at baseline and throughout 60 months in 66 previously untreated hypertensive patients (22 men and 44 women, aged 54±9.5 years, range 38–73 years at baseline). All patients received either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or, in case of adverse effects, angiotensin receptor blockers. To control blood pressure, diuretics, calcium channel blocking agents, or â blockers were added when appropriate. Statistical analysis was performed by means of ANOVA with á=0.05. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased during the first year without significant changes thereafter. There were no significant changes in pulse pressure. Pulse wave velocity showed a continuous and significant decrease throughout the follow‐up period, but its reduction since the third year was more evident than the decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.0001 for both). This observation could be related to changes in arterial remodeling probably due to angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition or renin angiotensin system blockade. Further investigations are needed to establish this relationship.
Age‐Dependent Seizure Semiology in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Fogarasi András , Tuxhorn Ingrid , Janszky József , Janszky Imre , Rásonyi György , Kelemen Anna , Halász Péter
Published: May 2007

Summary: Objective:To examine the effects of age on different aspects of temporal lobe seizure semiology.

Methods:We performed a video analysis of 605 archived seizures from 155 consecutive patients (age 10 months to 49 years) selected by seizure freedom after temporal lobectomy. Eighty patients had hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Beside semiological seizure classification, we assessed age dependency of several axes of seizure semiology: (1) aura, (2) number of different lateralizing signs, occurrence of ictal (3) emotional signs, (4) autonomic symptoms, (5) automatisms, and (6) secondary generalization as well as (7) the ratio of motor seizure components.

Results:From the 155 patients, 117 reported aura, 39 had ictal emotional signs, 51 had autonomic symptoms, 130 presented automatisms, while 18 patients showed secondary generalization at least once during their seizures. Altogether 369 (median: 2/patient) different lateralizing signs were recorded. Frequency of HS (p < 0.001), ictal automatisms (p < 0.001), secondary generalization (p = 0.014), number of different lateralizing signs (p < 0.001) increased while the ratio of motor seizure component (p = 0.007) decreased by age. Auras, emotional symptoms, and autonomic signs occurred independently of patients' ages. Hippocampal sclerosis adjusted linear models revealed that the frequency of automatisms and secondarily generalized seizures as well as the number of different lateralizing signs are HS‐independent significant variables.

Conclusion:Our findings support that brain maturation significantly influences the evolution of some important aspects (motor seizures, lateralizing signs) of temporal lobe seizure semiology. Conversely, other aspects (aura, emotional, and autonomic signs) are independent of the maturation process. This is the first report investigating age dependency of epileptic seizure semiology comparing all age groups.
Maternal Epilepsy and Offsprings' Adult Intelligence: A Population‐Based Study from Norway
Authors: Øyen Nina , Vollset Stein E , Eide Martha G , Bjerkedal Tor , Skjærven Rolv
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Purpose: We examined if children of mothers with epilepsy had normal intelligence, speculating that either epilepsy or its therapy might affect this parameter.

Methods: In a population‐based cohort study in Norway, information on maternal epilepsy reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, 1967–1979 was linked to information on 18–19‐year‐old men's intellectual ability and anthropometric measures ascertained by the Norwegian Conscripts Service, 1984–1999. The standardized intelligence test (IQ score) was reported as single‐digit standard scores with values from 1 to 9. No individual information on antiepileptic drug therapy was available.

Results: Mean IQ score was lower in 1,207 conscripts whose mothers had epilepsy reported on the birth notification form, as compared with 316,554 conscripts of mothers without epilepsy; 4.8 (standard deviation 1.8) versus 5.2(1.8), p < 0.001, respectively. This difference remained after adjustment for maternal education, maternal age, birth order, marital status, year of birth, and weight and length at birth. When comparing men with and without reported maternal epilepsy, the odds ratio of having an IQ score ≤3 was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–1.8), which was unaffected by adjustment for confounding factors. Mean height among conscripts of mothers with and without epilepsy measured 178.6 and 179.9 cm, respectively, a difference of 1.3 cm (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: We observed that almost 20 years after birth, maternal epilepsy was associated with reduced IQ score and also shorter adult height in male offspring. We do not know whether these findings will persist when epilepsy is better treated with the newer and safer generation of antiepileptic drugs.
Intravenous Immunoglobulins in Refractory Childhood‐Onset Epilepsy: Effects on Seizure Frequency, EEG Activity, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Profile
Authors: Billiau An D. , Witters Peter , Ceulemans Berten , Kasran Ahmad , Wouters Carine , Lagae Lieven
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Purpose: Several studies have reported favorable effects of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in refractory epilepsy. Evidence substantiating an immunomodulatory action is scarce. In an open‐label study, we prospectively investigated the effect of IVIG on clinical, EEG and serum/CSF immunological parameters in patients with refractory childhood‐onset epilepsy.

Methods: Thirteen patients (median age 6.9 years; range 1.6–25.8) with refractory seizures despite 3–4 antiepileptic drug regimens were given IVIG (Sandoglobulin, ZLB‐Behring, add‐on, 4 × 400 mg/kg/3 weeks). Seizure frequency, 24‐h video‐EEG, and CSF/serum immunological parameters and cytokine profiles (IL‐6/IL‐8/IL‐12/IL‐10) were documented before and after completion of the course.

Results: Seizure frequency was reduced by ≥50% in four, and by 25%–50% in three patients. In contrast, variation in automatically recorded spike counts (1‐h‐wake and ‐sleep) did not correlate with clinical improvement. Serum immunological parameters showed variable deviations in eight patients (e.g., IgG2 deficiency) and CSF immunoblotting showed oligoclonal bands in two patients. Blood–brain barrier permeability was normal in 12 patients. IL‐6 and IL‐8 were clearly detectable in CSF of all patients; the levels were significantly higher than those in plasma but remained unaffected by IVIG treatment.

Conclusions: Despite unchanged EEG spike counts, substantial reductions in seizure frequency occurred in 7 of 13 patients, suggesting that IVIG hinder progression of central epileptic activity into clinical seizures. Intrathecal presence of IL‐8 and IL‐6 was documented in all patients, but was unaffected by IVIG, suggesting that their production is directly related to electrical seizure activity and that IVIG may act through interference with immune pathways downstream to IL‐6 and IL‐8.