bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of bait collection on Nereis virens populations and macrofaunal communities in the Solent, UK
Authors: Watson G.J. , Farrell P. , Stanton S. , Skidmore L.C.
Published: May 2007

The Solent European Marine Sites contain many tiers of habitat and species conservation, but also high
levels of bait collection. Effective management strategies must be founded on up-to-date and locally based
information from relevant studies of the impacts; these have been lacking for the collection of Nereis virens, a
key bait species. The impacts on macrofauna were assessed through two approaches; (a) undug and dug
sites in the Solent were compared over two years of repeat sampling; and (b) monitoring the long-term
effects of simulated bait collection at an undug site through five years of yearly sampling. Dug sites had
significantly higher densities of N. virens, but the mean weight was found to be significantly lower than those
collected from the undug sites, but percentage maturity was not different. Organic content and sediment
particle sizes differed between sites, and only the presence of gravel had a significant positive correlation
with density. No clear patterns of other macrofauna species present were evident, although there was a
significantly lower density of the terebellid polychaete Neoamphitrite figulus at the dug sites. Simulated bait
collection did not alter overall macrofauna diversity, but certain species were affected. Abundance of N.
figulus and the commensal Harmothoë glabra remained consistently lower in the dug area, whilst Cerastoderma
edule numbers were reduced initially, but recovered. Numbers of Nephtys hombergii declined in both areas,
but at a significantly greater rate in the dug area. A general decline in the abundance of many species,
irrespective of digging, occurred over the period. The importance of these changes in Nereis virens populations
and in the macrofauna community needs to be investigated prior to any management decisions on
collection.
Dislodged but not dead: survivorship of a high intertidal snail following wave dislodgement
Authors: Miller Luke P. , O'Donnell Michael J. , Mach Katharine J.
Published: May 2007

Waves breaking on rocky shorelines impart large forces on intertidal organisms, sometimes dislodging
individuals. Dislodged individuals may be deposited in habitats that have a greater risk of predation or that
prevent return to preferred regions on the shore. Thus, dislodgement is often assumed to be lethal. We
experimentally dislodged Littorina keenae snails from high in the intertidal zone to test the likelihood of
survival. Under a variety of wave conditions, we measured return rates to the high shore of 54–90%, so
in this species, dislodgement is not equal to death. Snails showed a strong preference for returning to the
approximate tidal height from which they were dislodged, but we found no evidence of widespread homing
behaviour back to the original site of dislodgement.
Reproductive patterns of the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata in sandy beaches of the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Pérez-Castañeda Roberto , Salum-Fares Alberto , Defeo Omar
Published: May 2007

Daily censuses of the hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata were taken during the nesting seasons 1995–2001 in three sandy beaches of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Celestun, El Cuyo and Isla Holbox), to
evaluate aspects of its reproductive biology. A total of 9059 hawksbill turtle clutches was estimated for the
study period. Nesting seasons began in mid-April and ended in early September, peaking in May–June.
No significant differences were detected in the mean number of clutches per km among beaches. The largest
number of clutches was observed in the supralittoral zone (6341: 70%), followed by the dune (2491: 27.5%)
and the intertidal (227: 2.5%) zones. Variation in number of clutches showed a main peak in 1999,
decreasing in 2000 and 2001. A significant decrease (3 cm) in body size of nesting females was detected
between 1995 and 2001. Mean clutch size was 140 eggs/clutch, and a significant positive relationship
between curved carapace length and mean clutch size was found at the three beaches. Incubation period,
hatching success and emergence success varied between years (lowest values in 1998) and beaches (highest
values at Isla Holbox), with no significant differences between the supralittoral and dune zones. Even
though there was no evidence of a decreasing trend in nesting activity for the study period, the decrease
in 2000–2001 suggests that additional beach monitoring is necessary to identify long-term trends, and to
reduce potential losses of nests by human and natural causes in this globally important region for the
hawksbill turtle.
The quick and the dead: larval mortality due to turbulent tidal transport
Authors: Jessopp M.J.
Published: May 2007

Marine populations are typically connected over greater spatial scales than their terrestrial counterparts
due to many species having a highly dispersive, planktonic larval phase. However, high levels of larval
mortality in the plankton may reduce connectivity between populations. The effect of turbulence on
larval mortality was investigated under natural conditions in a field experiment. Larvae were collected
before and after being subjected to turbulent tidal flow from a marine reserve, with differential mortality
being observed between taxa. Thin-shelled veligers of gastropods and bivalves showed significantly
increased mortality, while barnacle nauplii and cyprids, bryozoan cyphonaute larvae and polychaete
trochophores showed no effect of turbulent tidal transport. Where appropriate, marine reserve design
should account for the reduced connectivity between populations associated with turbulent tidal transport
between reserve and adjacent areas.
Bathymetric distribution patterns and biodiversity of benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) in the Bay of Biscay (north-eastern Atlantic)
Authors: Altuna Alvaro
Published: May 2007

Bathymetric distribution data were compiled on benthic Medusozoa (Cnidaria) of the Bay of Biscay and
nearby seas. The area of study extended from 42°N to 48°30′N, and westwards to 10°W. The depth range of
each species was traced in a review of the literature. The number of species in each of several depth zones is
summarized here: intertidal, intertidal–30 m, 30–100 m, and thereafter at 100 m depth intervals
throughout the entire column (0–5000 m). Some 200 species were included (six Scyphozoa, four
Staurozoa, 190 Hydrozoa). Of these, 196 could be ascribed to the Coastal Realm (0–200 m) (118 exclusives;
60% of the fauna) and Deep Benthic Realm (200+m) (31 exclusives;16%), with 47 species inhabiting both
(24%). Eighty-eight species (45%) were present intertidally. Biodiversity was highest above the summer
thermocline (30 m) (133 species, 67%), and no species have been recorded from depths greater than
4706 m. Beyond the thermocline, biodiversity dropped with increasing depth. A significant change
occurred in the 30–100 m interval (123 to 78 species; Distinctiveness=51%), although all intervals down
to the 300 m isobath exhibited substantial changes. Most species in the Deep Benthic Realm thrive on the
upper part of the slope (200–800 m; 50 species). Biodiversity appeared homogeneous across wide bathymetric
ranges in deep bathyal and abyssal regions, perhaps due to unique vertical biocenological units.
Thus, 15 species are known between 1400 and 2000 m, and four between 3100 and 4300 m. Fifty-four
species were considered eurybathic (34%), with some showing impressive bathymetric ranges of over
4000 m, but most species were stenobathic (106, 66%).

As with data on benthic medusozoans from South Africa, the north-western Atlantic, the Arctic, and the
warm western Atlantic (Bermuda), bathymetric biodiversity was highest in the first 100 m, with a substantial
drop below that in species numbers on the shelf and at the beginning of the bathyal. While numbers of
species may vary widely from one geographical region to another, such variations are due to differences in
biodiversity in the upper 100 m. Hydroid species richness in the deep bathyal and abyssal is similar and
always low. Worldwide, benthic medusozoan biodiversity is highest at shallow depths, and these organisms
normally seem to be minor components of deep benthos. Very likely, the graph of biodiversity at increasing
depth is similar worldwide for the Hydrozoa.
An interactive semantics of logic programming
Authors: Bruni Roberto , Montanari Ugo , Rossi Francesca
Published: May 2007

We apply to logic programming some recently emerging ideas from the field of reductionbased communicating systems, with the aim of giving evidence of the hidden interactions and the coordination mechanisms that rule the operational machinery of such a programming paradigm. The semantic framework we have chosen for presenting our results is tile logic, which has the advantage of allowing a uniform treatment of goals and observations and of applying abstract categorical tools for proving the results. As main contributions, we mention the finitary presentation of abstract unification, and a concurrent and coordinated abstract semantics consistent with the most common semantics of logic programming. Moreover, the compositionality of the tile semantics is guaranteed by standard results, as it reduces to check that the tile systems associated to logic programs enjoy the tile decomposition property. An extension of the approach for handling constraint systems is also discussed.
Racial Segregation and the San Francisco Musicians' Union, 1923–60
Authors: MILLER LETA E.
Published: May 2007

The practice of segregated union locals, common in the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) during the first half of the twentieth century, led to racial confrontation in San Francisco. In 1934, black Local 648 sued its much larger counterpart, Local 6, which had attempted to control all musical employment in the Bay Area. Though Local 648 eventually withdrew its suit, its charter was revoked and black musicians were placed in “subsidiary” status. A new “colored local” (669) was chartered in 1946 and worked alongside Local 6 until the state forced amalgamation in 1960. Many other segregated locals did not merge until the late 1960s or early 1970s.

The saga of Locals 6, 648, and 669 brings into focus the complex social and economic forces buffeting the working musician in the early twentieth century. Racialist attitudes in the US labor movement, mirrored in the musicians' union, forced blacks to organize separately and accept lower wages in order to secure employment. The AFM, for its part, was constrained by its dedication to local autonomy. Black union musicians were themselves divided—torn between outrage at their second-class status and the apparent benefits of working for change from within the organization.
Sozio-moralisches Denken bei Jungen mit einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Stadler Christina , Rohrmann Sonja , Knopf Andrea , Poustka Fritz
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie überprüft, ob sich Patienten mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens von gesunden Kindern hinsichtlich ihres moralischen Entwicklungsniveaus unterscheiden und inwieweit kognitive Faktoren, Erziehungsfaktoren sowie psychosoziale Belastungsfaktoren eine mediierende Rolle für die Stufe des sozio-moralischen Entwicklungsniveaus spielen. Methodik: Untersucht wurden 16 9- bis 14-jährige Jungen mit einer nach ICD-10 diagnostizierten Störung des Sozialverhaltens und 16 klinisch nicht-auffällige Jungen. Das Entwicklungsniveau sozio-moralischen Denkens wurde mit der deutschsprachigen Version des Sociomoral Reflection Measure ( Gibbs et al.,1992 ) untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die untersuchten Patienten tendenziell von gesunden Kindern im sozio-moralischen Entwicklungsniveau unterscheiden. In Anlehnung an Gibbs und Mitarbeiter (1992) sind gesunde Kinder in ihrem moralischen Urteil bereits einer reifen Entwicklungsstufe zuzuordnen (charakterisiert durch eine prosoziale und wechselseitige moralische Haltung), während Kinder mit einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens auf einer Übergangsstufe zwischen unreifem und reifem sozio-moralischem Niveau stehen, sie folgen eher einer rationalen, austauschorientierten Moral. Entscheidenden Einfluss auf die soziale Moralentwicklung nehmen die Faktoren «Intelligenz» und «mütterliche Unterstützung». Diskussion: Es ist zu überprüfen, inwieweit die gefundenen Ergebnisse in einer größeren Stichprobe generalisiert werden können.
Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen - Früherkennung bereits im Säuglingsalter möglich?
Authors: Esser Günter , Fischer Sascha , Wyschkon Anne , Laucht Manfred , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: May 2007

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Lassen sich auf der Grundlage der im Säuglingsalter erhobenen organischen und pyschosozialen Risikobelastung, der psychopathologischen Symptomatik, des kognitiven, motorischen und neurologischen Entwicklungsstandes sowie der Erziehungsbedingungen Kinder voneinander unterscheiden, die mit acht Jahren eine hyperkinetische Störung aufweisen bzw. unauffällig sind? Sind solche Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen für diese Störungsgruppe spezifisch? Methodik: Die 26 Grundschüler mit hyperkinetischen Störungen wurden 241 unauffälligen Grundschülern sowie 25 Kindern mit emotionalen Störungen und 30 Kindern mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens gegenübergestellt und mit diesen im Hinblick auf Auffälligkeiten im Säuglingsalter verglichen. Ergebnisse: Als bedeutsamste Prädiktoren für spätere hyperkinetische Störungen erwiesen sich ein geringes Geburtsgewicht, die Herkunft der Mutter aus zerrütteten Verhältnissen, frühe Kontaktstörungen der Kinder sowie die Vernachlässigung der Säuglinge durch die Mutter. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt bleibt die Vorhersage hyperkinetischer Grundschulkinder aus Auffälligkeiten im Säuglingsalter eher unbefriedigend und unspezifisch.
Mechanisms for the intraseasonal variability of tropospheric ozone over the Indian Ocean during the winter monsoon
Authors: Chatfield R. B. , Guan H. , Thompson A. M. , Smit H. G. J.
Published: May 2007

We synthesize daily sonde (vertical) information and daily satellite (horizontal) information to provide an empirical description of ozone origins over the northern Indian Ocean during the INDOEX (Indian Ocean Experiment) field campaign (February–March 1999). This area is shown to be a significant portion of the “high‐ozone tropics”. East‐west O3 features and their flow are identified, and ozone origins are compared to other tropical regions, using water vapor as a second tracer. In the study period, multiple processes contribute to O3 column enhancements, their importance varying strongly by latitude: (1) Low‐altitude O3 pollution over the northern Indian Ocean mainly originates from the Indian subcontinent and is traceable to high emission areas. Convective activity south of Sri Lanka helps direct ozone outflow from the northern Indian subcontinent. (2) Middle tropospheric O3 maxima over the northern Indian Ocean originate from various sources, often transitioning within a few hours. Convective venting of Asian pollutants can add 20–30 ppbv to the middle troposphere at 5°N–10°N, alternating with stratospheric influence. (3) A number of cases suggest that strong mixing‐in of stratospheric air along the subtropical jet raised tropospheric O3 in early March by ∼40–50 ppbv, especially poleward of ∼10°N. (4) Influences of lightning and large‐scale biomass burning were not strong during this period, in contrast to the situation in Africa and the South Atlantic or locally in Southeast Asia. This work illustrates successes and limitations in approaches to synthesizing disparate information on trace‐gas distributions taken from satellite retrieval products and ozonesondes.
Magnetization of Martian lower crust: Revisited
Authors: Arkani‐Hamed Jafar
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the magnetization that can be acquired by the lower crust of Mars in the absence of a core field but in the presence of the magnetic field of the upper crust that is magnetized by the core field. A uniformly magnetized vertical prism of a square horizontal cross section is considered to be a magnetic source in the upper crust for simplicity. Three thicknesses of 40, 60, and 80 km and six horizontal dimensions of 180, 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 km are considered for the prism. To estimate the upper limit for the contribution of the lower crust to the observed magnetic anomalies, a potentially magnetic layer of 100 km thickness is adopted. Coarse‐grain hematite is uniformly distributed in the lower crust with 4, 10, 20, or 30% concentration of hematite. The first is equivalent to the oceanic extrusive basalt as far as its thermo‐remanent magnetization (TRM) is concerned. It is shown that the magnetization of the lower crust has minor effects on the strong magnetic anomalies of Mars over the southern hemisphere. However, if the lower crust has 20 to 30% coarse‐grain hematite, which is highly unlikely, it may have appreciable contributions to small magnetic anomalies of Mars with horizontal dimensions smaller than 200 km.
Density structure and buoyancy of the oceanic lithosphere revisited
Authors: Afonso J. C. , Ranalli G. , Fernàndez M.
Published: May 2007

The density structure of the lithospheric and sublithospheric oceanic mantle is assessed with an integrating methodology that incorporates mineral physics, geochemical, petrological, and geophysical data. Compressibility, partial melting, and compositional layering are considered in addition to the standard thermal modelling. The results indicate that due to differences in the degree of melt depletion and crust segregation, the depth‐averaged density of old oceanic plates with thermal thicknesses of ∼105 ± 5 km is always lower than the density of the underlying sublithospheric mantle. Moreover, representative depth‐averaged density contrasts between the plate and the adiabatic mantle, , do not exceed values of ∼40 kg m−3, in contrast to what is assumed ( > 70 kg m−3) in many geodynamic models. Thus, the role of in triggering/assisting processes such as subduction initiation may be less critical than previously thought.
Status of and prospects for the fast ignition inertial fusion concept
Authors: Key M. H.
Published: May 2007

Fast ignition is an alternate concept in inertial confinement fusion, which has the potential for easier ignition and greater energy multiplication. If realized, it could improve the prospects for inertial fusion energy. It poses stimulating challenges in science and technology, and the research is approaching a key stage in which the feasibility of fast ignition will be determined. This review covers the concepts, the state of the science and technology, the near-term prospects, and the challenges and risks involved in demonstrating high-gain fast ignition.
Isotope effects between hydrogen and deuterium microwave plasmas on chemical vapor deposition homoepitaxial diamond growth
Authors: Mizuochi N. , Isoya J. , Niitsuma J. , Sekiguchi T. , Watanabe H. , Kato H. , Makino T. , Okushi H. , Yamasaki S.
Published: May 2007

This article shows that replacing hydrogen with deuterium improves the quality of microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition homoepitaxial diamond. Suppression of point defects in the bulk and of nonepitaxial crystallites and increasing of free-exciton emission intensity were revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance, optical microscopy, and cathodoluminescence, respectively. The isotope effects on the etching rate of diamond by deuterium are also revealed. The isotope effects are discussed from the viewpoint of etching effects.
Nonlinear transport properties of La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 and Fe3O4 films in the extreme Joule heating regime
Authors: Chen Y. F. , Ziese M.
Published: May 2007

The influence of the base temperature, magnetic field, current, and current sweep rate on the nonlinear transport properties of La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 and Fe3O4 films were studied in the regime of strong Joule heating. In resistance-current curves of the La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 film an abrupt hysteretic transition was observed that was induced by global and reversible heating of the film, as could be shown by a direct measurement of the film temperature. In contrast to this behavior, in the case of the Fe3O4 film, only a gradual change of the voltage-current curves was detected, although also in this case Joule heating is present. Simulations of the resistance-current and temperature-current curves were carried out for the La2∕3Ca1∕3MnO3 film based on a model of global Joule heating. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Dynamics on the HOCO potential energy surface studied by dissociative photodetachment of HOCO− and DOCO−
Authors: Lu Zhou , Hu Qichi , Oakman Jonathan E. , Continetti Robert E.
Published: May 2007

An experimental study of the dissociative photodetachment (DPD) dynamics of HOCO− and DOCO− at a photon energy of 3.21eV has been carried out to probe the potential energy surface of the HOCO free radical and the dynamics of the OH+CO→H+CO2 reaction. These photoelectron-photofragment coincidence experiments allow the identification of photodetachment processes leading to the production of stable HOCO free radicals and both the H+CO2 and OH+CO dissociation channels on the neutral surface. Isotopic substitution by deuterium in the parent ion is observed to reduce the product branching ratio for the D+CO2 channel, consistent with tunneling playing a role in this dissociation pathway. Other isotope effects on the detailed partitioning of kinetic energy between photoelectrons and photofragments are also discussed. The results are compared to recent theoretical predictions of this DPD process, and evidence for the involvement of vibrationally excited HOCO− anions is discussed.
Domain imaging and domain wall propagation in (Ga, Mn)As thin films with tensile strain
Authors: Wang K. Y. , Rushforth A. W. , Grant V. A. , Campion R. P. , Edmonds K. W. , Staddon C. R. , Foxon C. T. , Gallagher B. L. , Wunderlich J. , Williams D. A.
Published: May 2007

We have performed spatially resolved polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy measurements on as-grown and annealed Ga0.95Mn0.05As thin films with tensile strain. We find that the films exhibit very strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which is increased upon annealing. During magnetic reversal, the domain walls propagate along the direction of surface ripples for the as-grown sample at low temperatures and along the [110] direction for the annealed sample. This indicates that the magnetic domain pattern during reversal is determined by a combination of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a distribution of pinning sites along the surface ripples that can be altered by annealing. These mechanisms could lead to an effective method of controlling domain wall propagation.
Molecular nitrogen-N2 properties: The intermolecular potential and the equation of state
Authors: Strąk Paweł , Krukowski Stanisław
Published: May 2007

Quantum mechanical (QM) high precision calculations were used to determine N2–N2 intermolecular interaction potential. Using QM numerical data the anisotropic potential energy surface was obtained for all orientations of the pair of the nitrogen molecules in the rotation invariant form. The new N2–N2 potential is in reasonably good agreement with the scaled potential obtained by van der Avoird et al. using the results of Hartree-Fock calculations [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 1629 (1986)]. The molecular dynamics (MD) of the N2 molecules has been used to determine nitrogen equation of state. The classical motion of N2 molecules was integrated in rigid rotor approximation, i.e., it accounted only translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Fincham [Mol. Simul. 11, 79 (1993)] algorithm was shown to be superior in terms of precision and energy stability to other algorithms, including Singer [Mol. Phys. 33, 1757 (1977)], fifth order predictor-corrector, or Runge-Kutta, and was therefore used in the MD modeling of the nitrogen pressure [S. Krukowski and P. Strak, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 134501 (2006)]. Nitrogen equation of state at pressures up to 30GPa (300kbars) and temperatures from the room temperature to 2000K was obtained using MD simulation results. Results of MD simulations are in very good agreement (the error below 1%) with the experimental data on nitrogen equation of state at pressures below 1GPa (10kbars) for temperatures below 1800K [R. T. Jacobsen et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 735 (1986)]. For higher temperatures, the deviation is slightly larger, about 2.5% which still is a very good agreement. The slightly larger difference may be attributed to the vibrational motion not accounted explicitly by rigid rotor approximation, which may be especially important at high temperatures. These results allow to obtain reliable equation of state of nitrogen for pressures up to 30GPa (300kbars), i.e., close to molecular nitrogen stability limit, determined by Nellis et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1661 (1984)].
A Lefschetz fixed point theorem in gravitational lensing
Authors: Werner Marcus C.
Published: May 2007

Topological invariants play an important role in the theory of gravitational lensing by constraining the image number. Furthermore, it is known that, for certain lens models, the image magnifications μi obey invariants of the form ∑iμi=1. In this paper, we show that this magnification invariant is the holomorphic Lefschetz number of a suitably defined complexified lensing map, and hence a topological invariant. We also provide a heat kernel proof of the holomorphic Lefschetz fixed point formula which is central to this argument, based on Kotake’s proof [Commun. Pure. Appl. Math. 22, 789 (1969)] of the more general Atiyah-Bott theorem [Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 245 (1966)]. Finally, we present a new astronomically motivated lens model for which this invariant holds.
Characterization of the diffraction properties of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating
Authors: Wang Chuanke , Kuang Longyu , Wang Zhebin , Liu Shenye , Ding Yongkun , Cao Leifeng , Foerster Eckhart , Wang Deqiang , Xie Changqing , Ye Tianchun
Published: May 2007

A new dispersive element named as quantum-dot-array diffraction grating [L. F. Cao, China patent No. 200410081499 (August 10, 2004)] for visible light has been developed and characterized experimentally. A large number of quantum dots distributed on a substrate as sinusoidal function can be used to diffract x rays without higher-order diffraction. The experimental patterns show that the higher-order diffractions which inevitably exist in the spectrum recorded using traditional diffraction gratings can be eliminated effectively by this newly designed element. It indicates that quantum-dot-array diffraction grating could be an attractive alternative of presently used diffraction grating in soft x-ray spectroscopy application to get rid of the higher-order diffraction distortions.
Multifunctional fluorescence correlation microscope for intracellular and microfluidic measurements
Authors: Pan Xiaotao , Foo Willy , Lim Wanrong , Fok Marcus H. Y. , Liu Ping , Yu Hanry , Maruyama Ichiro , Wohland Thorsten
Published: May 2007

A modified fluorescence correlation microscope (FCM) was built on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) by adding two sensitive detectors to perform fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). A single pinhole for both imaging and spectroscopy and a simple slider switch between the two modes thus facilitate the accurate positioning of the FCS observation volume after the confocal image acquisition. Due to the use of a single pinhole for CLSM and FCS the identity of imaged and spectroscopically observed positions is guaranteed. The presented FCM system has the capability to position the FCS observation volume at any point within the inner 30% of the field of view without loss in performance and in the inner 60% of the field of view with changes of FCS parameters of less than 10%. A single pinhole scheme for spatial fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy performed on the FCM system is proposed to determine microfluidic flow angles. To show the applicability and versatility of the system, we measured the translational diffusion coefficients on the upper and lower membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Two-photon excitation FCS was also realized by coupling a pulsed Ti: sapphire laser into the microscope and used for flow direction characterization in microchannels.
Dynamic surfing and trapping of charged colloids in a traveling-wave electrophoretic ratchet
Authors: Wei Hsien-Hung
Published: May 2007

The author theoretically demonstrates a gel-free electrophoretic ratchet under a nearly unidirectional traveling electric field whose wavelength is much longer than the transverse dimension. Because of length scale separation, a charged particle can migrate synchronously or asynchronously with the field as if it was surfing on the wave. The author shows, with a dynamical phase portrait, that if the wave speed is slower than the characteristic electrophoretic velocity, a suspension of charged particles can be trapped into distinct particle bands synchronizing with the field. A tunable sieving capability of this ratchet provides the potential for continuous fractionation and characterization of colloidal suspensions.
Highly efficient white organic light-emitting diodes using two emitting materials for three primary colors (red, green, and blue)
Authors: Seo Ji Hoon , Seo Ji Hyun , Park Jung Hyun , Kim Young Kwan , Kim Jun Ho , Hyung Gun Woo , Lee Kum Hee , Yoon Seung Soo
Published: May 2007

The authors have demonstrated highly efficient white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) by using two emissive materials as a dopant, 1,4-bis[2-(7-N-diphenyamino-2-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)) vinyl] benzene (DAF-ph) and iridium(III) bis(5-acetyl-2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2′) acetylacetonate ((acppy)2Ir(acac)). It was found that the OLED fabricated in this study emitted a white color consisting of three primary colors (red, green, and blue). The luminance-voltage (L-V) characteristics of the WOLEDs showed the maximum luminance of 30500cd∕m2 at 14V and the maximum luminous efficiency of 38.0cd∕A, respectively. The CIEx,y coordinates of the WOLED also showed (x=0.33, y=0.40) at 10V.
Chromosome instability, chromosome transcriptome, and clonal evolution of tumor cell populations
Authors: Gao ChongFeng , Furge Kyle , Koeman Julie , Dykema Karl , Su Yanli , Cutler Mary Lou , Werts Adam , Haak Pete , Vande Woude George F.
Published: May 2007

Chromosome instability and aneuploidy are hallmarks of cancer, but it is not clear how changes in the chromosomal content of a cell contribute to the malignant phenotype. Previously we have shown that we can readily isolate highly proliferative tumor cells and their revertants from highly invasive tumor cell populations, indicating how phenotypic shifting can contribute to malignant progression. Here we show that chromosome instability and changes in chromosome content occur with phenotypic switching. Further, we show that changes in the copy number of each chromosome quantitatively impose a proportional change in the chromosome transcriptome ratio. This correlation also applies to subchromosomal regions of derivative chromosomes. Importantly, we show that the changes in chromosome content and the transcriptome favor the expression of a large number of genes appropriate for the specific tumor phenotype. We conclude that chromosome instability generates the necessary chromosome diversity in the tumor cell populations and, therefore, the transcriptome diversity to allow for environment-facilitated clonal expansion and clonal evolution of tumor cell populations.
A remarkable female cranium of the early Oligocene anthropoid
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
(Catarrhini, Propliopithecidae)
Authors: Simons Elwyn L. , Seiffert Erik R. , Ryan Timothy M. , Attia Yousry
Published: May 2007

The most complete and best-preserved cranium of a Paleogene anthropoid ever found, that of a small female of the early Oligocene (≈29–30 Ma) stem catarrhine species
Aegyptopithecus zeuxis
, was recovered from the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Fayum Depression, Egypt) in 2004. The specimen is that of a subadult and, in craniodental dimensions, is the smallest
Aegyptopithecus
individual known. High-resolution computed tomographic (microCT) scanning of the specimen's well preserved cranial vault confirms that
Aegyptopithecus
had relatively unexpanded frontal lobes and a brain-to-body mass ratio lower than those of living anthropoids. MicroCT scans of a male cranium recovered in 1966 [Egyptian Geological Museum, Cairo (CGM) 40237] reveal that previous estimates of its endocranial volume were too large. Thus, some amount of encephalization evolved independently in platyrrhine and catarrhine anthropoids, and the relative brain size of the last common ancestor of crown Anthropoidea was probably strepsirrhine-like or smaller.
A. zeuxis
shows extreme sexual dimorphism in craniodental morphology (apparently to a degree otherwise seen only in some highly dimorphic Miocene catarrhines), and the crania of female
Aegyptopithecus
lack a number of morphological features seen in larger males that have been accorded phylogenetic significance in catarrhine systematics (e.g., a well developed rostrum, elongate sagittal crest, and frontal trigon). Although a unique pattern of craniofacial sexual dimorphism may have characterized advanced stem and basal crown catarrhines, expression of various allegedly “discrete” craniofacial features may have been intraspecifically variable in early catarrhine species due to high levels of dimorphism and so should be treated with caution in phylogenetic analyses.
Double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA induce a common antiviral signaling pathway in human cells
Authors: Cheng Guofeng , Zhong Jin , Chung Josan , Chisari Francis V.
Published: May 2007

Virus infection triggers IFN immune defenses in infected cells in part through viral nucleic acid interactions, but the pathways by which dsDNA and DNA viruses trigger innate defenses are only partially understood. Here we present evidence that both retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) are required for dsDNA-induced IFN-β promoter activation in a human hepatoma cell line (Huh-7), and that activation is efficiently blocked by the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which is known to block dsRNA signaling by cleaving MAVS. These findings suggest that dsDNA and dsRNA share a common pathway to trigger the innate antiviral defense response in human cells, although dsDNA appears to trigger that pathway upstream of the dsRNA-interacting protein RIG-I.
Monoclonal antibody-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infectionin vitroandin vivoand strategies for prevention
Authors: Goncalvez Ana P. , Engle Ronald E. , St. Claire Marisa , Purcell Robert H. , Lai Ching-Juh
Published: May 2007

Infection with dengue virus (DENV) or any other flavivirus induces cross-reactive, but weakly neutralizing or nonneutralizing, antibodies that recognize epitopes involving the fusion peptide in the envelope glycoprotein. Humanized mAb IgG 1A5, derived from a chimpanzee, shares properties of cross-reactive antibodies. mAb IgG 1A5 up-regulated DENV infection by a mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) in a variety of Fc receptor-bearing cellsin vitro. A 10- to 1,000-fold increase of viral yield in K562 cells, dependent on the DENV serotype, was observed over a range of subneutralizing concentrations of IgG 1A5. A significant increase of DENV-4 viremia titers (up to 100-fold) was also demonstrated in juvenile rhesus monkeys immunized with passively transferred dilutions of IgG 1A5. These results, together with earlier findings of ADE of DENV-2 infection by a polyclonal serum, establish the primate model for analysis of ADE. Considering the abundance of these cross-reactive antibodies, our observations confirm that significant viral amplification could occur during DENV infections in humans with prior infection or with maternally transferred immunity, possibly leading to severe dengue. Strategies to eliminate ADE were explored by altering the antibody Fc structures responsible for binding to Fc receptors. IgG 1A5 variants, containing amino acid substitutions from the Fc region of IgG2 or IgG4 antibodies, reduced but did not eliminate DENV-4-enhancing activity in K562 cells. Importantly, a 9-aa deletion at the N terminus of the CH2domain in the Fc region abrogated the enhancing activity.
From cradle to early grave: juvenile mortality in European shags
Phalacrocorax aristotelis
results from inadequate development of foraging proficiency
Authors: Daunt F , Afanasyev V , Adam A , Croxall J.P , Wanless S
Published: May 2007

In most long-lived animal species, juveniles survive less well than adults. A potential mechanism is inferior foraging skills but longitudinal studies that follow the development of juvenile foraging are needed to test this. We used miniaturized activity loggers to record daily foraging times of juvenile and adult European shags
Phalacrocorax aristotelis
from fledging to the following spring. Juveniles became independent from their parents 40 days post-fledging. They compensated for poor foraging proficiency by foraging for approximately 3 h d
−1
longer than adults until constrained by day length in early November. Thereafter, juvenile foraging time tracked shortening day length up to the winter solstice, when foraging time of the two age classes converged and continued to track day length until early February. Few individuals died until midwinter and mortality peaked in January–February, with juvenile mortality (including some of the study birds) five times that of adults. In their last two weeks of life, juveniles showed a marked decline in foraging time consistent with individuals becoming moribund. Our results provide compelling evidence that juveniles compensate for poor foraging proficiency by increasing foraging time, a strategy that is limited by day length resulting in high winter mortality.
A framework for evaluating animals as sentinels for infectious disease surveillance
Authors: Halliday Jo E.B , Meredith Anna L , Knobel Darryn L , Shaw Darren J , Bronsvoort Barend M. de C , Cleaveland Sarah
Published: May 2007

The dynamics of infectious diseases are highly variable. Host ranges, host responses to pathogens and the relationships between hosts are heterogeneous. Here, we argue that the use of animal sentinels has the potential to use this variation and enable the exploitation of a wide range of pathogen hosts for surveillance purposes. Animal sentinels may be used to address many surveillance questions, but they may currently be underused as a surveillance tool and there is a need for improved interdisciplinary collaboration and communication in order to fully explore the potential of animal sentinels. In different contexts, different animal hosts will themselves vary in their capacity to provide useful information. We describe a conceptual framework within which the characteristics of different host populations and their potential value as sentinels can be evaluated in a broad range of settings.
Classification of perturbations of the hydrogen atom by small static electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Efstathiou K , Sadovskií D.A , Zhilinskií B.I
Published: May 2007

We consider perturbations of the hydrogen atom by sufficiently small homogeneous static electric and magnetic fields of all possible mutual orientations. Normalizing with regard to the Keplerian symmetry, we uncover resonances and conjecture that the parameter space of this family of dynamical systems is stratified into zones centred on the resonances. The 1 : 1 resonance corresponds to the orthogonal field limit, studied earlier by Cushman & Sadovskií (Cushman & Sadovskií 2000
Physica
142
, 166–196). We describe the structure of the 1 : 1 zone, where the system may have monodromy of different kinds, and consider briefly the 1 : 2 zone.
Proteomics‐based identification of α‐enolase as a tumor antigen in non‐small lung cancer
Authors: He Ping , Naka Tetsuji , Serada Satoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Tanaka Toshio , Hashimoto Shoji , Shima Yoshihito , Yamadori Tomoki , Suzuki Hidekazu , Hirashima Tomonori , Matsui Kaoru , Shiono Hiroyuki , Okumura Meinoshin , Nishida Toshiro , Tachibana Isao , Norioka Naoko , Norioka Shigemi , Kawase Ichiro
Published: May 2007

Autoantibodies against tumor antigens represent one type of biomarker that may be assayed in serum for detection of cancer and monitoring of disease progression. In the present study, we used a proteomics‐based approach to identify novel tumor antigens in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). By combining two‐dimensional electrophoresis, western blotting, mass spectrometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technology, we detected autoantibodies against α‐enolase in a subset of NSCLC patients’ sera. When ‘Mean ODhealthy control sera + 3 SDhealthy control sera’ was used as the cut‐off point, the prevalence of this autoantibody was 27.7% in patients with NSCLC (26 of 94), 1.7% in healthy control subjects (1 of 60), and not detectable in sera from 15 patients with small cell lung cancer, 18 patients with gastrointestinal cancer and nine patients with Mycobacterium avium complex infection of lung. Immunohistochemical staining showed that expression of α‐enolase was increased in cancer tissues of NSCLC patients, and flow cytometric analysis confirmed the expression of α‐enolase at the surface of cancer cells. The combined detection of autoantibodies against α‐enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1) enhanced sensitivity for the diagnosis of NSCLC. Therefore, autoantibodies against α‐enolase may constitute a promising biomarker for NSCLC. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1234–1240)
Population pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics of alemtuzumab (Campath®) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and its link to treatment response
Authors: Mould D. R. , Baumann A. , Kuhlmann J. , Keating M. J. , Weitman S. , Hillmen P. , Brettman L. R. , Reif S. , Bonate P. L.
Published: May 2007

What is already known about this subject

• The pharmacokinetics of alemtuzumab have been incompletely described to date.

• At most, presentations of half‐life have been reported in clinical articles using data at the individual level.

What this paper adds

• This paper presents a comprehensive population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model for alemtuzumab in B‐CLL patients using lymphocyte counts as the biomarker and links the model to clinical outcomes.

Aims

To characterize alemtuzumab pharmacokinetics and its exposure–response relationship with white blood cell (WBC) count in patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).

Methods

Nonlinear mixed effects models were used to characterize plasma concentration–time data and WBC count‐time data from 67 patients. Logistic regression was used to relate summary measures of drug exposure to tumour response.

Results

Alemtuzumab pharmacokinetics were best characterized by a two‐compartment model with nonlinear elimination where Vmax (µg h−1) was [1020 × (WBC count/10 × 109 l−1)0.194], Km was 338 µg l−1, V1 was 11.3 l, Q was 1.05 l h−1 and V2 was 41.5 l. Intersubject variability (ISV) in Vmax, Km, V1 and V2 was 32%, 145%, 84% and 179%, respectively. The reduction in WBC over time was modelled by a stimulatory loss indirect response model with values of 18.2 for Emax, 306 µg l−1 for EC50, 1.56 × 109 cells l−1 h−1 for Kin and 0.029 per h for Kout. The probability of achieving a complete or partial response was ≥50% when the maximal trough concentration exceeded 13.2 µg ml−1 or when AUC0–τ exceeded 484 µg h−1 ml−1.

Conclusions

Alemtuzumab displayed time‐ and concentration‐dependent pharmacokinetics with large interpatient variability, both in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which was probably reflective of differences in tumour burden among patients. A direct relationship between maximal trough concentrations and clinical outcomes was observed, with increasing alemtuzumab exposure resulting in a greater probability of positive tumour response.
Population genetic structure of three freshwater mussel (Unionidae) species within a small stream system: significant variation at local spatial scales
Authors: BERG DAVID J. , CHRISTIAN ALAN D. , GUTTMAN SHELDON I.
Published: May 2007

1. Unionid mussels are highly threatened, but little is known about genetic structure in populations of these organisms. We used allozyme electrophoresis to examine partitioning of genetic variation in three locally abundant and widely distributed species of mussels from a catchment in Ohio.

2. Within‐population variation was similar to that previously reported for freshwater mussels, but genotype frequencies exhibited heterozygote deficiencies in many instances. All three species exhibited significant among‐population variation. Evidence of isolation‐by‐distance was found in Elliptio dilatata and Ptychobranchus fasciolaris, while Lampsilis siliquoidea showed no geographical pattern of among‐population variation.

3. Our results suggest that the isolating effects of genetic drift were greater in L. siliquoidea than in the other species. Differentiation of populations occurred at a much smaller spatial scale than has previously been found in freshwater mussels. Differences among species may reflect differences in the dispersal abilities of fishes that serve as hosts for the glochidia larvae of mussels.

4. Based on our results, we hypothesise that species of mussels that are common to large rivers exhibit relatively large amounts of within‐population genetic variation and little differentiation over large geographical distances. Conversely, species typical of small streams show lower within‐population genetic variation and populations will be more isolated. If this hypothesis can be supported, it may prove useful in the design of conservation strategies that maintain the genetic structure of target species.
Modelling the effects of dams on freshwater fish distributions in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: FUKUSHIMA MICHIO , KAMEYAMA SATOSHI , KANEKO MASAMI , NAKAO KATSUYA , ASHLEY STEEL E.
Published: May 2007

1. We examined the effects of habitat fragmentation caused by dams on freshwater fish species using a database of 7848 fish presence/absence surveys, conducted between 1953–2003 in Hokkaido, Japan.

2. A series of generalised linear models showed that for 11 of 41 taxa examined, the probability of occurrence had been influenced either negatively (eight taxa) or positively (three taxa) by the presence of a dam downstream from their habitat.

3. Maps of modelled predictions revealed that dams had had widespread negative impacts on certain taxa, while for other taxa the impact was limited to specific basins. Two of the three taxa whose probability of occurrence was increased in areas above dams have long been transplanted into reservoirs in Japan.

4. For four of the eight taxa whose probability of occurrence was reduced above dams and all three taxa whose probability of occurrence increased above dams, the temporal length of habitat isolation (i.e. the number of years between dam construction and sampling) was also a significant predictor of the probability of occurrence. This pattern indicates that these taxa experienced a gradual rather than an instantaneous population impact as a result of dam construction.

5. The eight taxa whose probability of occurrence was reduced as a consequence of dams all exhibit migratory life cycles. Although migratory taxa are probably more susceptible to the negative effect of dams, we could not detect significant relationships between migration life histories and the effect of fragmentation by dams.

6. These analyses enable stream and fisheries managers to quantify the impacts of habitat fragmentation because of dams for individual species. The spatially explicit nature of our analyses also enables identification of the areas of the impact at broad geographical scales. Using our results, managers can take effective conservation and restoration measures to predict, mitigate or remove the impact of dams. For example, our results can be used to prioritise dams for removal or to predict losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services in advance of dam construction.