bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Response of Cattle to Different Serotype Antigens in Monovalent and Trivalent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines
Authors: Graves J. H.
Published: December 2022

Inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, prepared from monovalent and trivalent 140 S antigens in which the virus mass was balanced according to complement-fixing titers, were compared in cattle. The vaccine containing type C virus produced significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels and disease resistance against challenge with homologous virus than did those containing types A and O. No significant differences occurred in antibody levels or immunity between monovalent and trivalent vaccines, indicating the absence of a foot-and-mouth disease immunizing antigen common to all three types.
Antibody Elicited by Brucella Abortus Antigen in Vitro: Prolonged Production by Cell Suspensions
Authors: Richardson Marvis
Published: December 2022

It has been found that Brucella antibody can be elicited in vitro. Spleen cell suspensions from rabbits immunized 6 to 13 months earlier to Brucella abortus antigen were antigenically stimulated in vitro and cultured up to 30 days. Four to five days after initiation of the response antibody-synthesizing cells could be detected by passive localized hemolysis in agar. For detecting the cells, the ratio of Brucella erythrocyte-sensitizing substance to erythrocytes proved critical. After the exponential phase of their appearance, at 4 to 6 days, plaque-forming cells could no longer be demonstrated.

The Brucella-stimulated cells synthesized high concentrations of specific bacterial agglutinins. Extracellular antibody reached a maximum by 8 to 11 days and remained at this level for 1 to 2 weeks. Titers of 1:160 and 1:320 were attained regularly. The prolonged “steady-state” of antibody production permitted an examination of the late phase of the immune response in vitro and the effect of various factors on it. Within limits, the antibody response of the cultured spleen cells was a function of antigen concentration. Although 106 brucellae elicited a high level of antibody from 107 spleen cells, antibody synthesis was sustained for 1 to 2 weeks only when higher numbers of brucellae were present. The amount of antibody produced depended markedly on the normal rabbit serum used in the medium, the atmosphere, and the physical conditions of culture. It was found that actinomycin D at 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml completely inhibited the secondary immune response of cultured cells to Brucella abortus antigen when added at 0 hr or up to day 3. Aflatoxin at 1 µg/ml reduced the response significantly when the agent was added up to day 3. On disc electrophoresis, the antibody elicited in vitro migrated as a single band with the slow γ globulins, at the same rate as Brucella antibody produced in the rabbit. On the basis of sensitivity to 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, over 90% of the antibody was IgM.

It was concluded that the prolonged production of antibody provided a sensitive means of studying the effect of various factors on the secondary immune response in vitro. With cultures of dispersed cells initiated at 107 spleen cells/ml, antigenically stimulated with 108 killed Brucella abortus and grown under rather rigid conditions, the results were reproducible.
Ontogeny of Circulating Immunoglobulins in Normal, Bursectomized and Irradiated Chickens
Authors: Van Meter Ronee , Good R. A. , Cooper M. D.
Published: December 2022

Normal chickens develop peak levels of IgM earlier than they develop peak levels of IgG. Despite its suppressive effect on primary antibody responses, bursectomy at hatching has no effect on the early rise in circulating IgM. This treatment delays but does not prevent the normal increase with age of plasma IgG concentrations. Near-lethal whole body irradiation on the 2nd day of life does not suppress the development of circulating immunoglobulins. Early bursectomy and irradiation prevented synthesis of detectable IgM and IgG over an 8-week period in 59% of birds so treated. The observations suggest that circulating γ globulin levels may bear no direct relationship to the number of stem cells of the plasma cell line.
The Relationship of the Hemolytic Activity of Active C′ls to Its TAMe Esterase Action: A New Method of Purification and Assay
Authors: Nagaki K. , Stroud R. M.
Published: December 2022

Active C′1s was isolated from the euglobulin fraction of human serum by column chromatography on CM and DEAE cellulose and Pevikon block electrophoresis. The final product revealed a single precipitin line against horse anti-whole human serum on immunoelectrophoresis and did not contain C′1q. A spectrophotometric assay was introduced for measuring the esterase activity of C′1s using TAMe as a substrate. Active C′1s was capable of generating SAC′4,2a although it did not bind to EAC′4 cells and EA. The esterase activity and the hemolytic activity as well as the C′2 and C′4 destructive activity of active C′1s were associated with a single homogeneous protein which migrated to the α-globulin region and had a molecular weight of approximately 110,000. A molecular titration of active C′1s is not possible because active C′1s transfers from site to site; however, SAC′4,2a generating activity could be correlated with TAMe esterase activity. As the ratio of hemolytic to esterase activity of active C′1s was 20 to 40 times less than that of C′1a, the firm binding of C′1a mediated through the combining site for antibody, presumably on the C′1q subunit, increases the efficiency of cleavage and transfer of C′2 at SAC′4.
Antibody Responses in Nasal Secretions and Serum of Elderly Persons Following Local or Parenteral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Hume Evan B. , Fulk Robert V. , Togo Yashushi , Huber Margret , Hornick Richard B.
Published: December 2022

Nasal secretion and serum neutralizing antibody responses of 22 elderly persons to vaccination with a bivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine by local or parenteral routes were compared. Each 1.0 ml of vaccine contained 300 chicken cell agglutination (CCA) units each of A2/Taiwan/1/64 and A2/Japan/170/62, and 600 CCA units of B/Mass/3/66 influenza virus antigens. The titers and duration of IgA antibody in nasal secretions were higher and appeared to persist longer following repeated nasopharyngeal vaccination than after a single subcutaneous immunization. The frequency and duration of serum antibody responses induced by local administration of vaccine were not significantly different from those seen following parenteral vaccination.
Neutralizing Antibody Complex of Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Stinski M. F. , Cunningham C. H.
Published: December 2022

The reaction between infectious bronchitis virus-42 (Beaudette) and neutralizing antibody, and dissociation of the antigen-antibody complex, was studied by the plaque technique using chicken embryo kidney cell cultures. Neutralization was a first-order reaction dependent upon time and concentration of antibody. When the complex was diluted, there was a slight but statistically significant dissociation. The complex clarified by centrifugation did not dissociate after dilution. Complexes were readily dissociated by acid with a direct relationship to H+ ion concentration. Maximum dissociation occurred within 1 min at pH 1.7 with a recovery of 60% of the original infectious virus. Virus and antibody dissociated at low pH could be reassociated at neutrality. The complexes adsorbed to cells. Brief acidification dissociated neutralizing antibody from the complexes allowing virus to infect the cells.
Isologous and Homologous Lymphoid Transplants
Authors: Hyslop Newton E. , Stone Sanford H.
Published: December 2022

Stimulation of guinea pigs with protein antigen incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant results in sequential production of three types of immunoglobulins. The initial response of rapidly sedimenting or macroglobulin antibody is superseded by a γ1 (PCA) 7 S antibody response. Subsequently the γ2 (cytotoxic) 7 S antibody appears in significant amounts. This last stage signals full maturation of the circulating antibody response so far as it can be measured by current techniques.

By extirpation of the stimulated regional lymph nodes at discrete intervals during the differentiation process and injection of the dispersed cells into isologous normal recipients, the various stages of the primary immune response can be isolated and studied. In the absence of additional antigen, the types of antibody detectable in the donor at the time of transfer are the only kinds produced in the recipient. The possible mechanism of this arrest of maturation and the application of this model system are discussed.
Physical Characteristics of Rubella Virus
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Hobbins Thomas E.
Published: December 2022

Rubella virus centrifuged over a preformed CsCl gradient for 1.5 hr gave a sharp, opaque band at a density of 1.22. Recovery of infectivity and hemagglutinin from crude suspensions was almost complete. Electron microscopic examination of the band showed structured particles averaging 55 mµ in diameter (range was 42 to 71 mµ). Some particles showed spicule surface subunits. The number of characteristic particles in different fractions correlated well with biologic activity, offering strong evidence for the identity of rubella virus as a 55-mµ particle (average diameter). Tween 80 treatment fragmented these particles into burr-like components which were highly reactive as hemagglutinin. Its small size and the absence of 180 Å ribonucleoprotein in disrupted preparations suggests that rubella virus does not belong in the myxovirus or paramyxovirus group. Fifty-five-millimiron particles were efficient in stimulating rubella virus antibody in guinea pigs. However, neither this antibody nor post-rubella human serum agglutinated the 55-mµ particles.
Antigenic Analysis of the Hemagglutinating Subunits of the Animal Influenza Virus Strains A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63, A/Equine-2/Miami/I/63 and A/Duck/England/62
Authors: Drescher Joachim , Weidauer Doris
Published: December 2022

The antigenic composition of the hemagglutinating subunits produced by ether treatment of the animal influenza virus strains A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63, A/Equine-2/Miami/1/63 and A/Duck/England/62 was analyzed.

Both Equine-2 strains were found to contain A/1/PR 301 and A/2/AA/23/57 components as minor antigens, and the Milford strain, in addition, contained an A/Swine component.

The relative concentration of these antigenic components was determined and it was found that about half the hemagglutinating activity of ether-treated Equine-2 viruses is represented by doubly-antigenic hemagglutinins that carry the major antigen in combination with one of the minor antigens.

The hemagglutinating subunits of the strain A/Duck/England/62 were also found to be antigenically inhomogenous. However, the identification of minor antigens was not achieved.

The antibody response to vaccination with intact and ether-treated human influenza viruses was tested comparatively. The strains A/Swine, A/1/PR 301 and A/2/23/57 were found to contain an A/Equine-2/Milford/2/63 component. In contrast, no evidence for the presence of A/Equine-2/Miami/1/63 or A/Duck/England/62 components in human strains was obtained.

The patterns of cross-reaction of intact and ether-treated animal viruses were found to reflect primarily their major antigenic components and were not measurably influenced by the minor antigenic components as identified in ether-treated viruses.
Biologic Activity and Morphology of Three Types of Rabbit IgM Antibody Subunits
Authors: Chesebro Bruce , Svehag Sven-Eric
Published: December 2022

The antibody activity and antigen-binding capacity of rabbit IgM antibody subunits obtained by three different methods of reduction or reduction-alkylation were compared with that of the original IgM antibody. The three types of subunits retained only 7% to 12% of the poliovirus neutralizing activity and no detectable adenovirus hemagglutination-inhibiting capacity. Multivalent, cysteine-reduced and reaggregated IgM antibody retained 30% neutralizing and 55% hemagglutination-inhibiting activity.

Electron microscopic examination of poliovirus reacted with intact IgM antibody, reduced and reaggregated IgM, and the three types of reduction subunits gave evidence that the subunits bound only weakly to the viral antigen and that their effective valence in this system was one. The dimensions of the subunits were about 90 by 35 Å. Multivalent, cysteine-reduced and reaggregated IgM bound effectively to poliovirus.
Differentiation of Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A. , Kind Phyllis
Published: December 2022

Experiments were conducted which examined the relative roles of proliferation and differentiation of both precursor cells and plaque-forming cells in causing the increase in plaque-forming cells, which is seen with higher doses of antigen. Both plaque-forming cells and precursor cells in the spleens of mice were analyzed on days 2 through 7 after injection of 106, 107 or 108 SRBC. Both cell types increased after injection of antigen and reached higher levels with higher doses of antigen. As the dose of antigen was increased, the doubling times of both plaque-forming cells and precursor cells decreased. At every dose of antigen the doubling time of plaque-forming cells was approximately one-half that of precursor cells.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Vicari Giuseppe , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: December 2022

A blood group “inactive” glycoprotein was isolated from the ovarian cyst fluid of a Nigerian (OG.). The analytical properties of the purified material correspond closely to those reported for the other human blood group substances, except for the unusually low fucose content. The OG. substance is devoid of A, B, H and Le activity and shows a high cross-reactivity with type XIV antipneumococcal serum. This material probably represents a precursor of blood group macromolecules bearing the A, B, H. Lea and Leb specificities. Analytical and immunochemical data are reported on two glycoprotein fractions isolated from gastric cancer.
Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes by Anti-λE Antibodies
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Johansson S. Gunnar O. , Bennich Hans
Published: December 2022

Rabbit antibodies specific for human γE released histamine from the leukocytes of atopic patients, whereas antibodies specific for the other immunoglobulin classes did not. Antibodies specific for the light chains of immunoglobulins also released histamine. The results indicated that the histamine release is a reversed type allergic reaction. The concentration of anti-γE required for 50% histamine release from leukocytes varied, depending on the donors. This concentration roughly correlated with the minimal concentration of the same antibody required to induce erythema-wheal reactions in their skin but was unrelated to the γE concentration in their sera. The sensitivity of leukocytes to anti-γE was increased by passive sensitization of the cells with reaginic serum containing a high concentration of γE. The results showed that γE is present on/in leukocytes and that γE antibodies on the cells are responsible for histamine release by allergen.
Lymphocyte In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Mechanism of Lymphotoxin-Induced Tarcet Cell Destruction
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Granger Gale A.
Published: December 2022

Lymphotoxin-induced cell destruction in vitro is a progressive cytolysis occurring over 36 to 48 hr. This process was shown to be temperature and concentration dependent. Cell destruction was characterized by the following observations: a) LT does not bind to the target cell, b) it acts non-specifically, causing destruction of cells from many mammalian species, c) it causes lysis of red blood cells, and d) polyanions of similar charge compete and block the cytolytic action of LT. The mechanism of action of LT appears to be the result of LT interaction on membrane site(s) which are common to many different types of cells. The concept of LT as an important mediator of cell destruction in systems in which ymphocytes participate is discussed.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Hunter Robert L. , Southworth Joanne , Rabson Alan S.
Published: December 2022

The in vivo effects of rabbit antilymphocyte (ALS) and antithymocyte sera (ATS) on splenic morphology and phagocytic function were studied in BALB/c mice which had been treated with one, two or three successive intraperitoneal injections of serum. There were no discernible differences between the effects produced by ALS or ATS, although the amount of histologic alteration varied from animal to animal. The major changes included red pulp hyperplasia, decreased cellularity of the marginal zone, and lymphocyte depletion of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath.

Following immunization with sheep erythrocytes, ALS-treated mice had a decrease in the size and number of germinal centers in splenic lymphoid follicles when compared to controls.

ALS-treated mice which had been injected with 3H-thymidine had a significant increase in the amount of isotope incorporated into splenic DNA when compared to both untreated and normal rabbit serum-treated mice. These findings correlated with autoradiographs, and suggested that ALS was more potent than NRS as an in vivo mitogen.

Following the injection of 125I-labeled flagella of S. typhi, ALS-treated mice retained much less antigen in lymphoid follicles than did NRS-or untreated controls. These data suggested that ALS preferentially impaired the function of splenic dendritic macrophages.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Grossman Burton J.
Published: December 2022

Indirect immunofluorescence has been used to search for heart-specific antibodies in the sera of 35 rabbits and 42 human infants immunized with streptococcal M protein vaccines. No antibodies specific for human or rabbit myofibers were found in these immune sera.

A survey of the sera of 150 acute rheumatic fever patients showed about 50% with heart-specific antibodies. Many of these sera also had high-titer antibodies to type 12 M protein. When these sera (first absorbed with liver powder) were absorbed with an antigenic excess of type 12 M protein, no significant diminution was observed in the intensity of the immunofluorescent heart staining reaction.

These results indicate that purified M proteins are unrelated to those antigens of heart tissue that are shared with group A streptococci. The results are discussed in reference to the safety of antistreptococcal M protein vaccines.
Immune Hemolysis: Serial Studies on the Dissociability of IgG and IgM Anti-Forssman Antibodies Using the C′la Fixation and Transfer Technique
Authors: Linscott William D.
Published: December 2022

The C′1a fixation and transfer test was found to be a useful procedure for measuring the dissociation of rabbit IgG and IgM anti-Forssman antibodies from sensitized sheep erythrocytes. During the first few weeks after the start of immunization, IgG antibodies were found to be of such low avidity that much antibody could be removed from sensitized erythrocytes simply by washing at 25°C to 30°C. Nearly all antibody activity could be retained on the cells by washing at 0°C with low ionic strength buffer. With IgM fractions from the same sera, avidity was much higher. Only in preimmune sera were low-avidity IgM antibodies observed. Both classes of antibody showed a progressive increase in avidity with time after the start of immunization, although the major increase was much earlier for the IgM than for the IgG class.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Simpson Blanche A. , Bast Robert C.
Published: December 2022

Sephadex chromatography of commercial HSA results in a low polymer fraction (at least up to pentamer) comprising 12% to 28% of total protein and a nearly homogeneous monomer fraction comprising the remainder. Both fractions and starting material are cleared from the serum of guinea pigs at identical rates, induce unresponsiveness with equal effectiveness, and are immunogenic when incorporated in adjuvant. Heat-aggregated HSA is relatively ineffective as a tolerogen.

Heat-aggregated HGG is initially cleared from the serum more rapidly than native HGG. However, it elicits a state of split tolerance in adult guinea pigs with greatly depressed delayed hypersensitivity and hemolytic antibody but with undiminished 7 S γ1 titers.

Further evidence is presented documenting a diminution of all immunologic parameters including immune clearance and 7 S γ1 antibody titers in animals suppressed with HSA in saline. These findings are inconsistent with the interpretation that unresponsiveness represents immune deviation.
Detection of Rabbit Pancreas-Specific Isoantibodies by Bis-Diazotized Benzidine Hemagglutination
Authors: Brinckerhoff Constance E. , Rose Noel R.
Published: December 2022

A BDB hemagglutination technique allowed the detection of pancreas-specific isoantibodies in the rabbit. It uses 1% normal rabbit serum plus 0.075 M sucrose as diluent. Hemagglutinins were absent from the serum prior to immunization. Upon injection of rabbit pancreas extract, antibody specific for rabbit pancreas was produced; no reaction was observed with other rabbit organs or with the pancreas of other species. In contrast to the complement fixation tests, cross-reactions with rabbit ileum were not found by BDB hemagglutination. No examples of autoantibodies were encountered.

A comparison of isoantigen-isoantibody patterns of rabbit pancreas antisera with individual rabbit pancreas extracts, using both complement fixation and BDB hemagglutination techniques, showed differences in reaction patterns. Reduction and alkylation had no effect on the hemagglutinating capacity of the antiserum, while the complement-fixing activity was abolished.
Alterations in Immune Responses by Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine
Authors: Craig Charles P. , Reynolds Scott L. , Airhart Jim W. , Staab Edward V.
Published: December 2022

Attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine infection enhanced the immune response in Hartley strain guinea pigs. Accelerated immune clearance of 1 or 20 mg 125I-bovine γ globulin injected 24 or 48 hr before or 24 hr after VEE vaccine was demonstrated.

Elevated hemagglutinating titers to BGG were obtained on days 8, 12, 21, 28 and 35 when the VEE vaccine preceded BGG by 24 hr and on days 8 and 12 when VEE followed BGG by 24 or 48 hr. Increased titers were demonstrated only at 8 days in guinea pigs infected 5 to 30 min or 48 hr before BGG.

All the HA antibody activity in the sera collected on the 4th day was 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) reducible. A significant portion of the HA antibody at 8 and 12 days was 2-ME resistant.

Noninfective formalin-killed attenuated VEE virus did not produce an increase in the HA titers.
Alterations in Immune Responses by Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine
Authors: Airhart Jim W. , Trevino Gilberto S. , Craig Charles P.
Published: December 2022

The pathology of infection with attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis vaccine, 83rd tissue culture passage, in guinea pigs was studied by routine microscopic examination of tissues and fluorescent antibody staining for viral antigen. Transient centrilobular hepatic degeneration, arteriolar endothelial swelling, and splenic and lymph node germinal center proliferation, chiefly of reticuloendothelial elements but also of immature lymphoblasts, were demonstrated. Circulating lymphopenia and leukopenia, followed by lymphocytosis, also occurred. Two peaks of viral antigen concentrations were found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidney, the first immediately after infection, the second between days 7 and 15. No differences were found in organ localization or persistence of fluorescent bovine γ globulin given 24 hr after VEE.

The significance and implications of the findings to the adjuvant effect of VEE virus infection were discussed.
Anti-Immunoglobulin Control of Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Romeyn J. A. , Ross Stephen
Published: December 2022

19 S anti-immunoglobulin inhibits complementary lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 7 S or 19 S hemolysin.

7 S anti-immunoglobulin inhibits complementary lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 19 S hemolysin but facilitates lysis of erythrocytes sensitized with 7 S hemolysin.

7 S anti-immunoglobulin prepared by immunizing guinea pigs with normal rabbit serum does not facilitate lysis by 7 S hemolysin, whereas 7 S anti-immunoglobulin made by immunizing with guinea pig erythrocytes coated with rabbit hemolysin does facilitate such hemolysis.

7 S and 19 S autologous anti-immunoglobulin are present in rabbit-produced anti-erythrocyte serum in amounts which can substantially influence the lytic power of the serum or its fractions. Thus, the presence of such anti-immunoglobulin acts as a mechanism controlling the effectiveness of cytolytic antibody, presumably in vivo as well as in vitro.

Mercaptoethanol destroys the lytic capacity of the 7 S fraction of anti-erythrocyte serum and this can be restored to its original level by anti-immunoglobulin. In addition, anti-immunoglobulin can facilitate the lytic capacity to as high a level as that achievable with untreated 7 S hemolysin.
Pattern of Immunoglobulin Production in Individual Cells of Human Hematopoietic Origin in Established Culture
Authors: Takahashi Morinobu , Yagi Yasuo , Moore George E. , Pressman David
Published: December 2022

The presence of immunoglobulins and their subunits was studied in cultured cells of 27 established cell lines of human hematopoietic origin. Antibodies monospecific to each of the component chains of immunoglobulin (γ, α and µ heavy chains and κ and λ light chains) were conjugated with either fluorescein (Fl) or tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and paired mixtures of a Fl-conjugated antibody of one specificity and a TMR-conjugated antibody of another specificity were used to investigate individual cells in culture.

It was found that cell lines can be classified into the following groups with respect to the nature of immunoglobulins and their subunits produced in individual cells: a) Two cell lines contained cells in which only light chains of a single type were detected; b) Four cell lines contained cells in which only heavy chains of a single class were detected; c) Eleven cell lines contained a single population of cells in which heavy chains of a single class and light chains of a single type (presumably a single immunoglobulin) were detected; d) Five cell lines consisted of a mixture of two or mor cell populations each of which contained single immunoglobulins of different classes; e) Five cell lines contained a substantial number of individual cells in which heavy chains of two different classes, γ and α (two cell lines), or γ and µ (three cell lines) and light chains of a single type were detected.

In contrast to the coexistence of two different heavy chains in individual cells of five cell lines, no cell was found to contain more than a single type of light chains and even the cells containing two heavy chains had only a single light chain. This suggests that the lymphoid cells differentiate earlier for the regulation of light chain genes than for the regulation of heavy chain genes.
Coccidioidin Delayed Hypersensitivity: Skin Test and In Vitro Lymphocyte Reactivities
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Pappagianis Demosthenes , Maibach Howard , Hildreth Eugene A.
Published: December 2022

Delayed skin test reactivity and in vitro antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were compared in three groups of subjects. Addition of coccidioidin to lymphocyte cultures led to an increased rate of isotope uptake into DNA in cells of strongly coccidioidin skin test positive subjects but not in cells of weakly coccidioidin skin test positive or of coccidioidin skin test-negative individuals. Coccidioidin-induced lymphocyte proliferation was antigen-dose dependent. There was no evidence of in vitro cross-reactivity between coccidioidin and tuberculin in lymphocyte cultures.
Susceptibility of Anti-Chlamydial IgG Antibodies to Reduction and Alkylation
Authors: Isa Abdallah M.
Published: December 2022

Whole sera and purified IgG fractions in three host species (human, monkey and rabbit) lost serologic activity to chlamydial antigens following reduction with 2-ME and alkylation with IOD. Loss of antibody activity observed by others following the mercaptan treatment of sera (8, 9) may have resulted from the inactivation of IgG rather than any IgM antibodies. Susceptibility to the action of sulfhydryl reagents (2-ME) thus can not be used as a valid criterion to distinguish between IgM and IgG antibodies.
Hemolysis of Sheep Erythrocytes by Complement Without Participation of Antibody
Authors: Inai S. , Tsuyuguchi I. , Hiramatsu S.
Published: December 2022

Sheep erythrocytes, to which aggregated human IgG (EagG) was coupled by CrCl3, were lysed by diluted guinea pig serum. The kinetics of the lytic process, the mode of inhibition of the hemolysis by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the formation of the intermediate products of the complement reaction, i.e., EagG C′1a, EagG C′1a4 and EagG C′4, all confirmed the participation of complement in the process.

IgM-coupled erythrocytes were also lysed by complement; in contrast IgA- or IgD-coupled erythrocytes were not lysed even at much higher concentrations of complement. These observations are consistent with the facts that IgM, as well as IgG, fix complement while IgA does not. From the hemolytic behavior of IgD-coupled erythrocytes and estimation of the complement-fixing capacity of IgD, it was concluded that IgD does not fix complement.

Direct coupling of partially purified human C′1a to sheep erythrocytes by CrCl3 was also achieved.
The Effect of ATP Content of Human Erythrocytes on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Miyama A. , Kogami J. , Kashiba S. , Amano T.
Published: December 2022

Previous work has shown that ATP-rich human erythrocytes are less sensitive to the action of antibody and complement than ATP-poor cells. Earlier studies by us had demonstrated that ATP content of red cells decreased concomitantly with the release of hemoglobin during immune hemolysis. It was postulated that antibody and complement may modify the membrane ATPase of human red cells. Portions of EA, mixed either with C′ or with EDTA-C′ were lysed by reducing the ionic strength. ATPase activity of ghosts was assayed in the presence or absence of ouabain. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase increased and reached a maximum within 5 min after addition of C′, whereas the release of hemoglobin was slightly delayed. ATPase activity of red cell ghosts prepared from EA and EDTA-C′ remained constant without any activation. ATPase activity of red cell ghosts that were prepared in the absence of A and C′ also increased when exposed to A and C′.
Studies on the Eighth and the Ninth Components of Complement
Authors: Tamura N. , Shimada A.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pig C′9, to which rabbit antiserum was prepared, formed a single precipitin line in the α2 region when analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis. Development in the α2 region of a hemolytic band in an agar overlay containing EAC′1–8 was completely inhibited by the precipitin line formed with the IgG fraction of the antiserum. Furthermore, by mixing the IgG fraction with guinea pig serum in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), more than 99.5% of C′9 activity was precipitated while all the other components remained in the supernatant fluid. The C′9-depleted guinea pig serum obtained by the above method was not bactericidal against Salmonella typhi 0901; bactericidal activity was restored by adding purified guinea pig or human C′9.

Lysis of EAC′1–8 by C′9 was inhibited by antiserum to C′9; transformation of EAC′1–9 to ghosts, however, was not affected by anti-C′9.

Antiserum from rabbits immunized with partially purified guinea pig C′8 inhibited the formation of EAC′1– from EAC′1–7 and C′8.
Distribution of Poliovirus Antibody in Serum, Nasopharynx and Alimentary Tract Following Segmental Immunization of Lower Alimentary Tract with Poliovaccine
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Karzon David T.
Published: December 2022

Poliovirus antibody response in serum, nasopharynx and segments of the lower alimentary tract has been studied following immunization of the distal segment of the colon in twelve patients with double-barrel surgical eolostomy. The response was characterized by the appearance of secretory γA antibody in the immunized segment of colon. The antibody appeared 14 days after immunization and gradually increased in titer. Low levels of γA antibody appeared in the segments of colon that were in close proximity to the immunized segment. However, antibody activity in the nasopharynx was conspicuously absent.

Subsequent oral administration of live poliovaccine after the closure of the colostomy in three patients, who had previously received immunization of the distal colon with live vaccine, elicited an appreciable antibody response in the nasopharynx. Pre-existing levels of antibody in rectal washings did not influence nasopharyngeal susceptibility to infection. However, virus excretion in rectal washings was significantly limited.
Individual Patterns of Ram Seminal Antigens
Authors: Kulangara Abraham C.
Published: December 2022

Nine rams were shown to give individual patterns of seminal antigens. Five to 10 spermatozoan antigens and 6 to 11 seminal plasma antigens were detected in the different individuals, but only one SS and one SP antigen were common to five Blackface rams. Similarly, four Merino rams shared one SS and one SP antigen.

Seminal plasma antigens of the ram showed very little or no electrophoretic migration at pH 5 and 8.2, which distinguished them from spermatozoan antigens as a group.

There was evidence for an exchange of some antigens between seminal plasma and spermatozoa.
Effects of Temperature upon “Naturally Occurring” Blood Group Agglutinins in Fresh Water Catfish
Authors: Kuhns William J. , Nigrelli Ross F. , Chuba Joseph V.
Published: December 2022

“Naturally occurring” isohemagglutinins and heterophilic agglutinins in 10 fresh water catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus, Le Sueur, and Ictalurus catus, Linneaus), disappeared from circulating blood following a decrease in storage temperature from 25C° to 5°C. They reappeared subsequent to an increase in storage temperature from 5°C to 25°C.

The changes in agglutinating activity were accompanied by corresponding alterations in total body weight, total serum proteins and in certain electrophoretic components. It is suggested that the change in immunologic status is but one reflection of general metabolic shifts associated with fluctuations in ambient temperature.
Tolerance Induction with Thymus Grafts in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Stutman O. , Yunis E. J. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2022

Prolonged survival and restoration of immunologic functions could be induced in neonatally thymectomized C3Hf/Bi mice by i.p. grafting at 30 days of age of two thymuses from syngeneic or hemiallogeneic donors. Allogeneic thymus grafts were less effective and early mortality was high, suggesting participation of a graft-vs.-host reaction.

Tolerance to skin of the same origin as the thymus graft was observed in some hemiallogeneic combinations but not in others.

Discriminant spleen assays of the restored animals always showed an immunocompetent host component, and also indicated specific tolerance when tolerance to skin was present.

Chromosome analysis of neonatally thymectomized mice treated with (C3H × T6)F1 thymuses indicated low numbers of donor mitoses in the thymus graft and in superficial lymph nodes, especially when tolerance to (C3H × T6)F1 skin was present.

Attempts to transfer tolerance induced by thymus grafts with spleen cells injected into C3Hf/Bi newborns failed, regardless of the duration of tolerance in the donor.

Tolerance induced by injecting spleen cells into either normal C3Hf/Bi newborns or neonatally thymectomized 5-day-old C3Hf/Bi mice could be easily transferred by injecting 5 × 106 spleen cells from tolerant donors into newborn syngeneic mice.
Antimucopeptide Antibodies and Their Specificity
Authors: Rolicka Mary , Park James T.
Published: December 2022

The immunochemical specificity of the common part of bacterial mucopeptide, which is composed of the polysaccharide backbone and the peptide side chains, was studied in a heterologous system consisting of soluble, nondialyzable, lysozymedigest of M. lysodeikticus cell walls as test antigen and anti-S. pyogenes group A or A variant antiserum. A modified S. aureus mucopeptide was used for inhibition studies. It was confirmed that the mucopeptide contains two antigenic determinants—the peptide and the polysaccharide. A more detailed study of the polysaccharide backbone specificity revealed that the immunodominant sugar is the β-N-acetylglucosamine, suggesting a terminal position for this amino sugar in the antigen. The experimental data favor the conclusion that mucopeptide was the main antigen in the heterologous precipitation, but constituted an insignificant part of the homologous precipitation.
The Use of Affinity Chromatography for the Specific Purification of Antibodies and Antigens
Authors: Wofsy Leon , Burr Benjamin
Published: December 2022

Our laboratory has been able to prepare highly efficient immunoadsorbents by coupling haptens or immunoglobulins to sepharose activated with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) (1–3).

The general procedures reported by Cuatrecasas et al. (3) for selective enzyme purification by affinity chromatography are readily adapted to the specific purification of antibodies and antigens. These methods make the preparation of superior immunoadsorbents a remarkably easy task.

Anti-hapten antibody purification. Sepharose activation is carried out as described (3); we have found it most satisfactory to add the sepharose slurry to a 25 mg/ml aqueous CNBr solution, immediately after adjusting the pH of the latter to 11.5, and the pH is maintained at 11.0 to 11.5 for the 8 to 10 min reaction time.

Haptens with a free amino function are coupled to washed activated sepharose in 0.1 N sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.0, at 4° to 5°C, also as previously described (3); we react 4 µmols of hapten/ml wet activated sepharose.
Specific Role of Each Human Leukocyte Type in Viral Infections
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick , Edelman Robert
Published: December 2022

The 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever virus replicates and induces interferon in mixed cultures of human leukocytes prepared directly from peripheral blood. Treatment of the leukocytes with interferon prior to inoculating them with 17D virus markedly inhibits virus replication. Studies with nearly homogeneous cultures of each leukocyte type reveal that 17D virus replicates to high titer and induces interferon in human monocytes. No virus replication on interferon production takes place in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A small amount of 17D virus replication may take place in lymphocyte cultures in association with the production of interferon. Treatment of lymphocytes with the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, either before 17D virus inoculation or as late as 9 days thereafter renders these cells capable of supporting virus replication to high titers. These in vitro studies suggest that human leukocytes may serve as host cells for virus replication and interferon production in human infection with yellow fever vaccine virus.
Immunosuppression by Leukemia Viruses
Authors: Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman
Published: December 2022

Specific antibody-forming cells contained in spleen cell suspensions from normal immunized donor mice were adoptively transferred to both normal and Friend disease virus-infected recipient mice. There was little or no suppression with time in the number of the transferred antibody-forming cells in infected animals as compared to controls, under conditions in which there was a marked suppression of antibody-forming cells in mice directly challenged with antigen.

A study of the cytokinetics of the antibody plaque response in infected and control recipients indicated that the largest number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) could be determined in recipient spleens between 1 and 3 days after cell transfer. However, there were significant numbers of PFC in recipient spleens 6 and 9 days after transfer.

Infection of recipient mice simultaneously or 3 days before cell transfer did not result in an inhibition of the expected number of PFC. In most instances there was a 60% to 70% increase in the number of plaque-forming cells in spleens of mice infected the same day as cell transfer during the subsequent 3 days.

Recipient mice infected 8 days before cell transfer generally had 25% to 40% fewer antibody-forming cells in their spleens on the peak day after cell transfer, as compared to control recipients. However, there were almost normal numbers of antibody- forming cells 6 to 9 days after transfer, as compared to controls and the other groups of infected recipients.

The results of these experiments have been interpreted as indicating that the immunosuppressive effects of a murine leukemia virus such as Friend disease virus do not occur at the level of mature antibody-forming cells.
Protein a from Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Sjöquist J. , Stålenheim G.
Published: December 2022

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus added to guinea pig serum inactivates the hemolytic complement (C′) of the serum. Preformed aggregates of protein A and guinea pig or human IgG inactivate complement. It is probable that the complement-consuming property of protein A is due to its ability to combine with the Fc part of the IgG, thus rendering the IgG complement-fixing. The possibility that the in vivo sensitivity-promoting activity of protein A is due to its ability to activate the complement system is discussed. A hemagglutination technique was developed in order to determine small amounts of protein A.
Complement: Chemical Coupling of a Functionally Active Component to Erythrocytes in the Absence of Antibody
Authors: Linscott William D. , Faulk W. Page , Perucca Philip J.
Published: December 2022

Unsensitized sheep erythrocytes exposed to the first component of complement (C′1) and tannic acid, bis-diazotized benzidine (BDB), or CrCl3 were lysed by whole guinea pig C′, but similarly treated cells not exposed to C′1 were not lysed. Lysis of the tanned, C′1-treated cells was blocked by: a) heat-inactivating the C′1; b) diluting the C′ in EDTA; c) washing the cells with EDTA after exposure to C′1 but before exposure to whole C′; and d) exposing the cells to a high concentration of protein before adding the C′1. C′1 could be demonstrated on tanned C′1-treated cells by the C′1 transfer technique. The C′1 coupled to cells by BDB or CrCl3 appeared to be more tightly bound than with tannic acid, as indicated by failure to transfer C′1 from these cells and by retention of cell-bound reactivity after washing with EDTA. BDB and CrCl3, and to a lesser extent tannic acid, were quite destructive of fluid-phase C′1. Coupling of functionally active C′1 to red cell membranes may account for earlier observations on the lysis of tanned erythrocytes by C′ in the absence of antibody.
Particulate and Soluble Antigens of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi in the Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Shishido Akira , Hikita Michiko , Sato Takeshi , Kohno Seiya
Published: December 2022

Particulate (P) and soluble (S) antigens of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi for complement fixation were prepared from HeLa cell cultures infected with the Kato, Karp and Gilliam strains. The P antigens of the three strains were found to be type-specific, and the S antigens to be group-specific. The antigens were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the density (g/ml) of the former being 1.13 to 1.15 and that of the latter 1.06 to 1.08. In animals infected with R. tsutsugamushi, antibody against P antigen was produced earlier and persisted longer in higher titer than that against S antigen. The antigenic structure of R. tsutsugamushi was discussed.
Immunologic and Immunochemical Studies on the Gar, Lepisosteus Platyrhincus
Authors: Bradshaw Claire M. , Clem L. William , Sigel M. Michael
Published: December 2022

The immune response of the gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus), a fresh water holostean, was investigated to test its capacity to evince immunologic memory and to characterize the molecular species of antibody produced during prolonged immunization (414 days).

With aluminum phosphate-adsorbed diphtheria toxoid, the response to primary stimulation was poor. In contrast, after secondary stimulation all fish showed a uniform anamnestic response with antibody persisting for at least 275 days. The latter response also was characterized by the presence of precipitating as well as hemagglutinating antibody.

With the use of alum-precipitated bovine serum albumin, a variable degree of secondary response was noted depending upon the dose of antigen, the best results being obtained with 5 mg and 50 mg.

With Salmonella typhosa flagellar antigen a secondary response could not be detected, possibly owing to the high titer of “natural” antibody present in non-immunized fish.

Antisera obtained during the course of immunization with each of the antigens were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and to density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The antibody activity was seen to reside only in the macroglobulin fraction. Fractions obtained by gel filtration of gar sera from the secondary response to BSA also were assayed by the Farr technique. Radioactive binding was detected only in the fractions from the macroglobulin region. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis with 131I BSA showed one arc of radioactivity, which corresponded to the arc of precipitation formed at the origin when developed with BSA. Antisera to all antigens were wholly susceptible to mild reduction and alkylation. In summary, the gar were found to manifest an anamnestic response that was associated exclusively with macroglobulin antibody.
Persistence of the Autoimmune Pathogenetic Process in Experimental Autologous Immune Complex Nephritis
Authors: Edgington Thomas S. , Lee Sun , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

The histopathologic, immunohistochemical and physiologic evidence of chronicity and continued activity of the pathogenetic process in experimental autologous immune complex nephritis has been supported by transplanting normal syngeneic rat kidneys 3 to 18 months after the initial eliciting immunogenic challenge, and observing the subsequent localization of specific pathogenetic antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli of these “detector” kidneys. The evidence indicates an active pathogenetic process and continued synthesis of small amounts of antoantibody to RTE-α5 for a prolonged period following primary sensitization.
Multi-Compartment Distribution Analysis of Antibrain Radioantibodies in Density Gradients
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Lassiter Sylvester
Published: December 2022

In order to use normal IgG, labeled with one radioiodine isotope, as a control for antiserum IgG, labeled with another radioiodine isotope, for the purpose of correcting for normal IgG uptake in radioantibody absorption tests, it is first necessary to identify and isolate a fraction that contains normal globulin but is void of antibody. As long as one such antibody-void compartment is obtained, the number of compartments containing antibody may be multiple. Through the use either of normal globulin distribution coefficients or antibody-void conversion coefficients, both the total amount of antibody and its distribution profile in several compartments may be obtained. This method, called multi-compartment distribution analysis or MCDA, was applied to the determination of antibrain radioantibodies that were absorbed by brain sediments and then compartmentalized by density-gradient centrifugation.