bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gross Motor Skills Performance of Hong Kong Chinese Children
Authors: WONG Allison Ka Yee , CHEUNG Siu Yin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to provide normative information regarding gross motor skills performance of Hong Kong Chinese children. The Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2; Ulrich, 2000) was administered to 1251 participants (N = 1251). After preliminary data screening, a total of 1228 cases (N = 1228) were used for further analysis. Mean scores of locomotor subtest, object control subtest and the total scale of the TGMD-2 indicated that the mastery level of gross motor skills tended to follow an age trend. Norm-referenced values of locomotor subtest, object control subtest and total scale of the TGMD-2, based on percentiles, were developed to provide a database for subsequent evaluation of children's gross motor skills performance.本研究之目的為探討香港兒童的大肌肉運動能力表現，並為有關動作技能提供常模數據。是次研究選用由Ulrich (2000)設計的「大肌肉動作發展測驗-二」(Test of Gross Motor Development-2; TGMD-2)來評估1251名香港兒童的大肌肉運動能力表現，其中1228名參加者的測試成績被用作進一步數據分析。結果顯示兒童的大肌肉運動能力表現隨著年齡而提高；本研究更按參加者的年齡及性別計算「移動性基本動作技能」、「操作性基本動作技能」及「整體大肌肉動作發展」的百分位數，這些數據有助體育工作者了解香港兒童的大肌肉運動能力之發展狀況。
Strength of Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks
Authors: NONIS Karen P. , LARKIN Dawne , PARKER Helen E.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This study forms part of a larger study that investigated preference in girls' lower limb tasks. This paper reports the expression of girls' (N = 51) strength of preference over time. Strength of preference was analysed using two two-way ANOVA repeated measures designs. The first analysis had Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 Sessions) as the within subjects factor while the second analysis used Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factor. The results showed that the stability of girls' lower limb preference varied according to the task that they performed.本篇研究是一個以探討女孩在不同動作任務上其下肢動作偏向的研究之其中一部份。此篇報吿探悉五十一位女孩們在為期一對時間，對不同動作的任務，其下肢体的表現方法是否有一致性，或不一致性的現象。此研究使用雙向ANOVA 二因子重複量數變異數分析設計。第一次分析的兩個因子，分別為以"年齡"為因子(把受試者分為四個不同階段的年齡群)，和以"時段"為因子(單一受試者在四個不同動作測試的時段內)的兩因子重複量數變異數分析。第二次分析使用"任務"為因子(六種不同任務)和"每一受試者其個別下肢動作偏向"為因子，進行分析。研究結果顯示，女孩們對下肢動作的偏向，會依不同的動作任務，而有持續的不同表現方法。
Bold First Ascent and Difficult Repeats: A Study of Guides and Porters on Mount Kilimanjaro
Authors: SHEHU Jimoh , NDEE Hamad
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This qualitative study examines the material conditions of youth serving as porters and guides to tourists making their ways across Mt Kilimanjaro. That mountaineering is a risky and onerous venture is well known. What is not often clear are the experiences of young school leavers who place their lives and limbs in jeopardy working as guides and porters. Yet this is a group whose jobs are increasingly complex, have multiple significances for the growth of mountain tourism and carry the potential to mask poverty and exclusion. As this study shows, it is neither the thrill of ascent nor the wages paid by tour operators that induce many youngsters to endure exposure to cold, back-breaking work and job insecurity - it is poverty. Since few people engage in mountaineering, mountain guides and porters are often considered to be a minority so small or so far beyond the realm of experience as to be a target of policy interventions. While effort is being made by policy makers to expand job real opportunities for the youthful segment of society, attention must also be paid to the problem of the working poor - represented in this study by the cooks, porters and guides on Mt. Kilimanjaro.本文旨在探討非洲年青人參與登山挑夫工作的原因，質性研究資料顯示貧窮是參與工作的動機。
Passive Repetitive Isokinetic Training Compared with Resistance Training: Effects on Performance and Hormones in Untrained Men
Authors: LEE Shu Lin , CHEN Chuan Show , SHIANG Tzyy Yuang , CHANG Mu San , LO Hsin I , HSU Mei Chich
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks Passive Repetitive Isokinetic Training (PRI) training on hormone concentrations and physical performance. Nineteen untrained men were randomized to intervention with either PRI training (n=10) or traditional resistance training (n=9). PRI group performed five sets with ten repetitions with corresponding 70-75% repetition maximum (RM) loads on the PRI platform and 2-min rest periods, whereas TR group performed the same protocol with squat exercise. Strength and power performance testing were measured before and after 10-week training. Resting hormones were measured at pre-training (week-0), week-6, and post training (week-10). The results of our study were that after 10 weeks of PRI training, vertical jump, running vertical jump, 30-m sprint time and maximal strength by squat-test were significantly higher with respect to pre-training (p<0.05). In TR group, maximal strength by squatting test was significantly increased compared with pre-training (p<0.05), while no significantly changes were observed for the other power tests. There were no significantly changes in GH, IGF-1, testosterone, cortisol, and T/C ratio during the 10-week training period in both groups. The data indicated that PRI and traditional resistances training have similar hormonal states. The PRI training significantly increased power and strength performance.
被動反覆衝擊式訓練(Passive Repetitive Isokinetic Training；PRI)主要是依據伸展縮短循環(Stretch-Shortening-Cycle)特性所發展出的一種訓練肌力和爆發力的器材，然而PRI訓練對訓練效果及人體體內荷爾蒙的影響，尚無相關的實驗數值來證實。因此，本研究目的在探討PRI訓練前後安靜期血液中荷爾蒙之變化及肌力與爆發力等運動表現的影響。研究中共有19名受試者，隨機分為PRI訓練組(n=10)及傳統蹲舉訓練組(TR；n=9)，進行每週三次共10週之訓練，並於訓練前、訓練第6週及訓練後分別進行安靜時的血液採集，分析安靜時血液中生長激素(Growth hormone；GH)、類胰島素生長因子(Insulin-likc growth factor)、睪固酮(Testosterone)及皮質醇(Cortisol)的濃度我於訓練前後進行肌力及爆發力測試，結果發現：PRI組其肌力及爆發力表現在訓練後顯著的提升，而TR組僅增加最大肌力，兩組間以變化百分比進行比較：PRI在肌力及爆發力的變化百分比皆顯著高於TR組。血液荷爾蒙的結果：第6週和第10週時之安靜生長激素、類胰島素生長因子、睪固酮及皮質醇的濃度，組內訓練前後相比並無顯著性的改變；PRI組與TR組兩組間安靜期的荷爾蒙濃度反應亦無差異。由本研究得知：為期10週之PRI訓練能有效的提升肌力以及爆發力之運動表現，然而安靜期的荷爾蒙於訓練前、中、後並無顯著的變化。
Effects of Guizhi-Longgu-Muli Tang Supplementation on Physiopsychological Responses in Mental Stimuli
Authors: LO Hsin I , LIN Cheng Hsien , CHEN Mei Yen , TANG Wen Tzu , HSU Mei Chich
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of Guizhi-Longgu-Muli Tang (a traditional Chinese medicine) supplement on physiopsychological responses in mental stimuli in personal archery competition. Eleven archery athletes were randomly allocated into two groups: Guizhi-Longgu-Muli Tang (GLMT group) and Yi-Ren (placebo, PL group). All subjects completed 2 sessions following 3 days (2.0g/time, 3 times per day) of GLMT and placebo administered in a double-blind counterbalanced crossover maimer with 14-day washout. Besides, the subjects also took 2.0g of GLMT or placebo 30 min before the personal archery competition. Our findings showed that no difference was seen between treatments in physical parameters of HR (heart rate), SBP (systolic blood pressure) before and after the competition. However, there was a significantly lower pre- and post-competition DBP (diastolic blood pressure) response in the GLMT trial than in the PL trial. In biochemical parameters, there was a significantly lower pre-competition GLU (glucose), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), and NE (norepinephrine) response in the GLMT trial than in the PL trial. Additionally, the trait anxiety was significantly positive correlated to state anxiety both in GLMT and PL groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that Guizhi-Longgu-Muli Tang supplementation could decrease the level of DBP, GLU, ACTH and NE. It might reduce physiopsychological responses in mental stimuli and probably improve exercise performance of the archery athletes.
本研究主要探討服用桂枝龍骨牡蠣湯後從事個人對抗賽對射箭選手生理心理反應之影響。以11位健康射箭選手為對象，採隨機交叉平衡次序法，分別給予每位受試者服用桂枝龍骨牡蠣湯(GIMD或安慰劑(PL)三天，每天服用三次，每次服用2.0g，並於射箭對抗賽前30分鐘再服用2.0g，之後在於射箭個人對抗賽前，測量心跳率、血壓及測定促腎上腺皮質激素、皮質醇、腎上腺素、正腎上腺素、睪固酮、生長激素及泌乳素等荷爾蒙的濃度。結果顯示，服用桂枝龍骨牡蠣湯不影響競賽前後心跳率及收縮壓；但GLMT組舒張壓顯著低於PL組；GLMT組競賽前的血糖、促腎上腺皮質激素、正腎上腺素濃度顯著低於PL組；此外， GLMT組與PL組的特質性焦慮與狀態性均呈正相關。綜合以上結果得知，服用桂枝龍骨牡蠣湯，可降低競賽前的舒張壓、血糖、 促腎上腺皮質激素及正腎上腺素，或許可降低競賽前的心理壓力，進而促進運動表現。
Can the Games Solve the Problems?
Authors: CRUZ Alberto
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study examined the effect of the application of games on students' interest and learning in volleyball lessons. Two experienced secondary physical education teachers involved in the Secondary Teaching Evaluation and Mentoring Project (STEM) were purposely invited to take part in the study. They were trained with the skills and knowledge of mentorship as well as the application of variation theory in designing lessons for learning. The study was premised on a conceptual framework of variation theory and employed an action research methodology. The study lessons were taught in three cycles by the two teachers to three S. 2 classes of students in their own schools. Games were specially adopted to address the students’ interest and learning in the lessons. Pre and post conferences were arranged for reviewing and improving the effectiveness of the lessons. Questionnaire and a volleyball skill test were developed to evaluate the student perception and learning in the lessons. The results revealed that there was an increase in the number of students showing interest in participating in volleyball lessons as well as the students had improved significantly in the application of volley pass skill. Findings of the present study hold implications of the instructional practice for physical educators.

本研究探討遊戲學習模式影響學生學習排球及興趣。兩位曾參加教學啟導與中學課堂教學評估計劃的經驗體育教師被邀參與是次研究。本研究設計建基於變易理論及行動研究模式。兩位教師以遊戲形式設計課堂活動，利用三循環周對三班中二生進行研究，在課前課後會議檢討反思課堂教學效能，並利用問卷及技巧測試評估學生學習。結果顯示學生參與排球課興趣的人數明顯增加。學生於上手傳球技巧應用亦顯著改善。結果對體育教學有多方面啟示。
Sports Anxiety among High School Athletes
Authors: Omar FAUZEE M. S. , LAI Wing Wai , SOH Kim Geok , ABD LATIF Rozita
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study examined competitive anxiety in sports among the participants in a high school located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One hundred and fifteen students (60 males and 55 females) took part in this study, all of who at least participated in a sport or game representing sport house, school, or district level. All subjects were 15 years old. The results showed that there was a significant difference between male and female participants where male participants reported lower level of competitive anxiety than female. As predicted, participants represented district level also reported lower of competitive anxiety compared to participants representing sport house or school level. No significant difference in competitive anxiety emerged among participants of different ethnicity. Recommendations were suggested for further studies.

本文旨在探討馬來西亞吉隆坡中學運動選手的競賽運動焦慮情況。邀請了60位男生和55位女生參加是次研究，結果顯示：男生的競賽焦慮情緒低於女生，明顯差異也存在於來自不同地區的學生及學校組別等。
Comparison of Emotional Intelligence in College Students Participating in Different Levels of Exercise
Authors: LI Gladys Shuk Fong , WANG Hsiu Hua , LIAO Chang Ning
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

Emotions are an integral and significant aspect of human nature and the motivation for behavior. Regular Exercise participation substantially help individual to maintain and increase positive mood. Purposes: to compare the differences of EQ in the following variables: different level of exercise participation, PE class and non-PE class. Methods: BarOn EQ-I measured the EQ of 326 college students, the data was analyzed by Independent group t ratio, Independent Group ANOVA, and Independent Group MANOVA, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 10.0. Results: The major findings were as follows: 1) College students participated in higher levels of exercise was significantly (p< .05) higher than lower levels exercisers in total EQ score, the five composite scores, and the 15 EQ subscale scores; and 2) Students attending physical education class was significantly (p< .05) higher than the non physical education students in the scores of 'intrapersonal skill', 'interpersonal skill’, 'adaptability’，’stress management’, and 'general mood’. Conclusion: From the above findings, the more the exercise and the physical education participation, the higher the EQ in the college students was ascertained. The importance of increasing exercise participation and physical education should be reinforced and implemented in the college level. Furthermore, the mind-body linkage has been proved through this research.

情緒智力(Emotional Intelligence, El)是察覺，整合，瞭解，及管理情緖之智力；也是関於瞭解自己及別人，與別人建立關係，適應及因應週遭環境，更能成功的應付環境需求的自覺能力。透過從事規律運動所帶來的正面回饋，個人之正向情緒感受會大為提昇。目的：旨在探討不同運動參與程度與體育課參與情況，對大學生情緒智力表現是否有差異。方法：使用BarOn EQi測量326名大學生之情緒智力，統計方法分別採用獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數與多因子變異數等加以分析。結果：一、運動參與程度較高之大學生在情緒智商(Emotional Quotient, EQ)總分、五個量表、及15項EQ因子之分數、皆顯著(p< .05)高於運動參與程度較低之大學生。二、參與體育課程之大學生在EQ總分、五個EQ分量表之得分，皆顯著 (p< .05)高於無參與體育課程之大學生。結論：大學生運動參與時間愈多，比運動參與時間較少之大學生有更高的EQ；再者，參與體育課程比沒有參與體育課程之大學生有較高的EQ，因此，本研究中顯示出運動參與及體育課對大學生之重要性，更進而強化身心一元之理論。
Validation of Parent Proxy Report with Pedometry on Preschool Children's Physical activity
Authors: CHOW Bik C. , AU Yung Ching
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) as parent proxy report about the physical activity levels of five- to six-years-old children. Twenty-three children were randomly selected from upper classes in a preschool in Hong Kong. The children's physical activity levels on one typical weekday and one typical weekend were obtained by having their parents completed the HAES questionnaire. And daily steps taken by children on four consecutive days including weekdays and weekend were collected by the pedometer (Yamax, SW-700). The pedometer data were used to assess its agreement with the HAES parent proxy report of the children's physical activity levels. The results showed that the step counts of children between weekdays and weekend as well as between genders were not significantly different. The result also indicated that there was no significant correlation between the HAES proxy report and the daily step counts of children on both weekdays and weekend. To conclude, the validity of HAES parent proxy report in assessing five-years-old preschool children's physical activity levels was low when compared with pedometer data.

本研究旨在評估由家長觀察兒童使用「Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)日常活動推算表」的有效度，邀請了二十三名五至六歲的幼稚圍生參與作為觀察之用，他們的父母觀察及記錄兒童於上課日和非上課日的日常活動，並以步行計記錄身體活動量來作分析。結果顯示：Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)和步行計的相關系數沒有出現顯著的相關，指出了Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES)的效度不高。
Basketball Shoe Brand Preference of the Young Basketball Enthusiasts in Hong Kong
Authors: LOUIE Lobo
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The study attempts to investigate the choice preference of basketball shoe brands as perceived by the young basketball players in Hong Kong. A survey questionnaire was designed with content validity being established. The data for this study were collected from 240 young basketball enthusiasts in Hong Kong. Data were treated utilizing descriptive statistics mainly in terms of frequency counts and percentages. Chi-square statistic was used to determine the gender differences in various variables. Nike is the most dominant basketball shoe brand as indicated by the respondents. Male subjects chose the basketball shoe products because of the ‘comfortableness' and ‘price', whereas shoe ‘style' is the females' first choice. Kobe Bryant, Michael Jordan, and Lebron James were identified as the top three most popular NBA players who are endorsers to basketball shoe brands. The use of NBA to promote basketball shoe branding in Hong Kong appears to have further room for development. The present finding provides some insight and understanding about the basketball shoe products and market in Hong Kong.
本研究旨在探討本港年青籃球愛好者對籃球鞋品牌的喜好，研究以問卷調查方式進行，共收集了240名年青籃球愛好者的意見並進行統計分析。結果顯示：Nike是最受歡迎的品牌；「舒適」和「價錢」是男性受訪者喜歡選購籃球鞋的原因；而女性則喜愛籃球鞋的款式。高比拜仁、米高佐敦及勒邦占士的贊助品牌是最受年青籃球愛好者所喜歡的。
Can the Center of Mass Reflect the Metabolic Expenditure?
Authors: FUNG Ying ki , SHIANG Tyzz yuang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

In the past studies, the movement of center or mass (COM) was one of the descriptor to estimate the metabolic expenditure. However, the sensitivity of this method among the wide range speed, the locomotion pattern and during the Energetically Optimal Transition Speed (EOTS) is still unexplored. Hence that, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the metabolic and COM pattern differences between walk and run among the EOTS with a reflective marker motion analysis system and indirect pulmonary ventilation machine. The results showed that there is a metabolic intersection on two locomotion patterns (walk and run) between 100 and 125% Preferred Transition Speed (PTS), which coincides with the past EOTS studies, whereas, COM result showed that the variation of vertical COM displacement for running is significantly higher than walking among the entire tested speed. The pattern between the metabolic and COM variables is an inverse relation after the EOTS. Hence, the present investigator doubted that there would be a reliability problem for those instruments which use the COM displacement to estimate the metabolic cost or the intensity of physical activity among 5.15 to 9.82km/h for walk and run.

在過去的研究，身體質量中心移動常常被用作評估身體耗能的一種方法。可是這種方法在不同速度、動作型態及最佳轉換速度(EOTS)之可信範圍一直都沒有作出深入探討。因此本研究目的希望利用動作及生理分析系統對身體中心及身體耗能在兩種動作型態(走和跑)和在EOTS的情況底下的趨勢上作出分析及探討。結果顯示在兩個動作型態上在100及125%自然轉換速度情況下身體耗能出現交叉點(EOTS)，而此發現與過去EOTS之文獻相吻合，反之身體質量中心結果顯示，跑步在身體質量中心之穩定性在所有測試速度情況下都比走路有統計上之差異，跑步的垂直位移變異量明顯比走路大。由此可見身體耗能及身體質量中心變異量顯示出兩者在EOTS出現後是反比關係。因此本研究結果可推斷現在有利用身體質量中心變異量去推估身體耗能或身體活動量的儀器在速度5.15—9.82公里的情況底下可能會出現信度問題。
Team Sport Players' Perception of Imagery Use and Confidence in Sport
Authors: ADEGBESAN Olufemi Adegbola
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The relationship of imagery use and confidence were examined on forty-eight elite male team sport players in volleyball, basketball and football from Botswana with mean age {M=22.50; 1.32} using Sport Imagery Questionnaire {SIQ} and the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire {SSCQ} The result of the correlation matrix indicated a positive but moderate relationship of perceived imagery use and sport confidence with correlation value ranging from r=.30 to .77. The result further revealed an apparent significant {P<.05} composite effect of the imagery use on the team sport players' sport confidence. The reflection of the dual motivational and cognitive functions of imagery use for the prediction of the team sport players' sport confidence was also revealed in the study.

本文旨在探討博茨瓦納青年人參與排球、籃球和足球等隊際運動對意象及信心的關係，結果顯示兩者存有明顯的正相關。
Study on Gender Differences in Food Habits and Sport Performance among Secondary School Boys and Girls in Sri Lanka
Authors: SENEVIRATHNE Walter
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The objectives of this research were to identify the significant difference between students food habits at different periods of sport activity, to identify gender differences in food habits and to identify sport performance in food habits and, sport performance among secondary school boys and girls. A descriptive survey method was adopted. The situation sampling method (non-randomized) was used to select 10 secondary schools and 100 students (N=100) including 50 girls and 50 boys who are aged between 17-19. Data were obtained by distribution questionnaires to the sample and the data were analyzed using a bi-nominal probability test and Pearson's chi-square test and descriptive method. The mixed results were revealed in this research (both significant difference and no significant difference) in food habits and sport performance. The bi-nominal probability test implies that in the pre exercise period, those who got good food habits shows high level of performance among girls than boys. However for the water intake no significant difference was recorded During the exercise period those who got good food habits instead of showing high level of performance among girls than boys. However no significant difference in other drinks habits. Regarding post exercise period significant difference was recorded with interruptions for food habits and protein intake. Pearson’s chi squire test, shows DF (12) P value = 0.839 twelve cells with expected counts less than 5.0. According to the chi test, no significant difference of sport performance with two habits were found in terms of gender and nature of game (indoor and outdoor). This study also reveals that the food habits of both boys and girls were quite traditional.

本文旨在探討斯里蘭卡中學生的飲食行為與運動表現，採用問卷形式共調查了一百位男女中學生，結果顯示他們的飲食行為與運動表現都較為傳統的。
Dynamic Pedagogy of Physical Education Teacher Preparation: Linking Practice with Theory
Authors: EDGINTON Christopher R. , KIRKPATRICK Beth , SCHUPBACH Rick , PHILLIPS Carol , CHIN Ming-kai , CHEN Peter
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Physical education teacher preparation programs are being called into question, failing to inspire, motivate or adequately prepare the needs of learners in the 21st Century. The application of the technical-rationality model for preparing teachers, where gaining theoretical knowledge as a prelude to practice, is being questioned. The problem is that the teaching of theoretical knowledge has not been adequately tied to actual practice of physical education in an effective fashion. This paper presents a frame work for a unique master’s degree program focused on preparing physical education teachers with an emphasis on technology. Known as the POLAR Scholar program, the uniqueness of the program emerges from the unique blend of seven curricular components in a holistic fashion. These include: 1) linking practice with theory, not the reverse; 2) creation of a total immersion, contextually based learning environment; 3) emphasis on the use of technology; 4) daily ongoing engagement with a master physical education teacher; 5) opportunities to use reflection as a strategy to improve professional practice; 6) extension of learning environments to partner organizations beyond the school, leading to greater community engagement; and 7) recruitment and selection of students to operate within cohort groups.

面對21世紀教育的發展趨勢，體育教師的培養面臨挑戰，如何鼓舞，激勵和迎合學生的需要成為關注的重點。以技術理性為主，從理論到實踐的教師培訓模式正在受到質疑。問題是，理論知識在體育教學中並沒有得到有效的實踐和應用。本文闡述了一 種獨特、創新的大學與社區合作的體育碩士培訓課程 -- POLAR Scholars，由美國北愛荷華大學，格蘭迪中心社區學校和芬蘭Polar Electro, Inc.合辦。該課程運用以科技為主的沉浸式教學方法，使用POLAR心率監控器為依據來觀測小學生體育課的運動負荷量，提高學生終身體育與健康意識。課程設計以綜合全面的培訓模式作為重點，包括七個方面: 1) 參加課程培訓的教師從實踐到理論來獲得的直接體育教學經驗，而不是理論到實踐; 2) 採用沉浸式教學方法在學校和社區進行實踐學習；3) 科技教學手段的實際運用; 4) 實習教師與輔導教師的之間的日常協作與夥伴關係；5) 通過實踐學習，提高反思能力；6) 學校和社區相結合，提供與社區交流的機會，讓學生走進社區進行實踐學習; 7) 每年進行全國的招募，審核和挑選優秀的學生參加課程培訓。
Primary School Teacher' Perceptions towards the Physical Education Component of Creative and Performing Arts Curriculum in Botswana
Authors: KASALE Lobone L. , MOKGWATHI Martin M.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Creative and Performing Arts is a new subject that has been introduced at the primary school level in Botswana. The subject draws its contents from various disciplines such as Arts and Craft, Design and technology, Home Economics, Business Studies, Drama, Dance, Music and Physical Education. The aim of the study is to evaluate the perceptions of the primary school teachers with regards to teaching of the Physical Education component of Creative and Performing Arts curriculum. Nine primary schools in the greater Gaborone area were randomly selected for the purpose of this study. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire that was designed for the purpose of this study. The Cronbach Alpha was used to test the reliability of the instrument and a value of 0.73 was obtained in the test. The questionnaire was distributed among the primary school teachers who responded to it. Data analysis revealed that teachers were not adequately trained to demonstrate physical education skills and therefore had difficulties in teaching the subject. It is hence recommended that teachers who are required to teach the physical education component of Creative and Performing Arts must be qualified physical education professionals who will be able to correctly demonstrate physical education skills to the learners. In this way, students may be able to benefit from creative and performing arts as a curriculum subject.

本文旨在探討博茨瓦納小學的體育科與創意藝術科的融合，結果顯示需要培訓足夠的教師去教授這些融合的課程。
Effects of Psychological Interventions on Regulating Pre-Competition Mood States in Malaysian Volleyball Players
Authors: LIM BH , BALBIR SG , CHONG KY
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three psychological intervention strategies in regulating the pre-competition mood states among volleyball players with matching hypothesis. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was employed to examine the pre-competition mood states patterning of its six sub-scales during the time leading up to competition. Participants were the youth state volleyball players (N=96; boys = 48, girls = 48; Age: M=16.35 yr., SD = .89 yr.) competing in the Under 18 National School Sport Council of Malaysia Volleyball Tournament 2008. The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) was employed to collect the baseline data two months prior to the official competition during the first meeting. The group with the highest group mean scores in cognitive anxiety component was assigned to a cognitive intervention group (n = 24) in which participants underwent breathing technique & autogenic relaxation with music lasting for 30 minutes per session; the group with the highest group mean scores in somatic anxiety component (n=24) completed the somatic intervention with progressive muscular relaxation lasting for 30 minutes; the selfconfidence intervention group which rated the lowest mean group scores in self-confidence component carried out the intervention with positive self-talk and goal setting exercises lasting 30 minutes; and a control group (n = 24). Results of this study revealed that the cognitive intervention was the most effective intervention followed by the somatic intervention in regulating the bad mood states and facilitating the good mood states prior to competition. Similarly, the self-confidence intervention was able to facilitate the vigour sub-scale prior to competition.

本研究的目的是探討三項心理調節策略的成效，對排球運動員賽前情緒狀態調節之間的匹配假說。在即將面對激烈的競賽期間採用布魯內爾情緒量表(BRUMS)，以觀察賽前情緒狀態模式的六個因素。參與者是參加18歲以下全國學校體育委員會2008年馬來西亞排球錦標賽的各州少年排球運動員(N = 96；男生 = 48，女生= 48；年齡：M = 16.35歲，SD = .89歲。)。在正式比賽前兩個月的第一次會議中，採用競賽狀態焦慮量表第二修訂版(CSAI-2R)收集了基線資料。在認知焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別， 其參與者被分配到認知調節組 (n = 24)，在每節30分鐘的音樂播放下經歷呼吸技巧和自生放鬆; 在軀體焦慮部分獲平均得分最高的組別(n = 24)以持續30分鐘的漸進性肌肉放鬆完成了軀體調節；在自信心部分平均數排名最低的自信心調節組，則開展了持續30分鐘以積極的自我對話和目標設置練習作調節; 對照組 (n = 24)。本研究結果顯示，認知調節能於比賽前最有效地介入調節不良情緒狀態和促進良好的情緒狀態，其次是軀體調節。同樣，自信心調節能夠在比賽前促進活力因素。
Effects of Reciprocal Style on Junior Secondary Students’ Learning Interest, Collaboration Skill and Communication Skill in Volleyball Lessons
Authors: LAM Chi Yung , CRUZ Alberto
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

Mosston and Ashworth (1994) introduced the spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. Research findings indicated that reciprocal teaching style brought positive benefits to student learning. This study aimed at examining the effects of reciprocal style on junior secondary students’ learning interest, collaboration skills and communication skills in volleyball lessons. Participants were 32 female junior secondary students and they were taught in ten volleyball lessons with reciprocal teaching style. Mixed methods were employed to collect both quantitative and qualitative data in the study. The collaboration skill and communication skill analysis checklists, participant observation field notes and individual interview were used as to understand the learning process and the students’ perceptions on the teaching style within the lessons. Findings indicated that there were positive effects on students’ learning interest, collaboration and communication skills under this teaching style. Results were discussed in the following aspects: (1) how did the students enhance learning interest, (2) how did the students develop collaboration skills, and (3) how did the students develop communication skills under this teaching style. The findings of this study have implications on the practice of physical educators.

本研究旨在探討互惠式排球教學對學生的學習興趣、協作能力及溝通能力的影響。三十二位女學生接受十堂互惠式排球課。 透過協作及溝通能力分析表、參與式觀察及個人訪談，了解學生的學習過程及對此模式的感受及意見。結果顯示此教學法對學生的學習興趣、協作及溝通能力都有正面的影響。討論包括此教學法:(一) 如何提升學生學習興趣; (二) 如何發展學生協作能 力; 及(三) 如何發展學生溝通能力。研究結果帶給體育教師教學啓示。
Analysis of the Use of Exercise Imagery Functions by Exercisers in Nigeria
Authors: ADEGBESAN Olufemi Adegbola , OLADIPO Isiaka Oludele
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

It is a general position that imagery plays a cognitive behavioral role in enhancing the performance of sport skills as noted in Short and Short (2005), the use of imagery is also more equally significant in exercise activities and can bring to fruition the performance of an individual exerciser because of its unique motivational function. Research studies has been conducted examining imagery use by different categories of participants related to sport and exercise in the developed world, there have been dearth of literature on imagery use on similar participants in the developing countries, hence the purpose of this study. Participants (482) male and female students were recruited from universities of Nigeria (mean age 24.0 ±SD4.7; male, n=256) and (mean age 23.0±SD5.2, female, n=226). A demographic questionnaire and the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ) Hausenblas et. al (1999) were used for data collection. Results indicated that no significant difference (p>0.5) was found on the three imagery functions by sex. But significant difference (p<0.5) was located on the appearance imagery function based on the criterion independent variables of three exercise activity groups of the exercise participants.

本研究旨在探討表象訓練對尼日利亞大學生運動行為的改變，共邀請了482名大學生進行比較分析，結果顯示沒有明顯的運動行為改變。
Association between Body Mass Index and Body Fat in College Students
Authors: HUNG Chang Hung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study explored the association between BMI and body fat assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in college students. Cross-sectional studies of 2,531 college students were measured. BIA was used to quantify body fat mass (BFM), percentage of body mass (%BF) and visceral fat area (VFA). Significant correlations between BMI and BFM, %BF, VFA were fund, respectively (r=0.923, 0.836, 0.912 in male, p<0.001; r=0.920, 0.741, 0.920 in female, p<0.001). Regression analysis revealed that 85.3%, 69.9%, and 83.1% of the variance for BFM, %BF, and VFA could be explained by BMI in male students (p<0.001); and 84.7%, 54.9%, and 84.6% of the variance for BFM, %BF, VFA could be explained by BMI in female students (p<0.001). BFM and VFA were highly associated with BMI in college students, suggesting that BMI serves as a good surrogate marker for obesity in college students aged 18-24 years. However, a significantly medium correlation existed in BMI and %BF, which may be a limitation for BMI, when used to study risk factors for cardiovascular or metabolic diseases.
本研究主要探討大學生身體質量指數 (BMI) 與體脂肪之關連性。總共有2,531位大學生進行測量。以生物電阻分析(BIA) 身體脂肪量 (BFM)、身體脂肪百分比 (%BF) 與內臟脂肪 (VFA)，結果顯示: BMI與BFM、%BF、VFA均達顯著相關 (p<0.001)。本研究結果顯示大學生族群BMI與BFM、VFA有高度的關連性。因此，建議BMI可以做為18–24歲大學生族群評估肥胖之替代指標。然而，由於BMI與%BF僅存著中等的關連性，如果以BMI作為研究心血管或代謝疾病的危險因子，可能會成為研究之限制。
Serving PE Teachers’ Views on the Interface of Primary and Secondary School PE in Hong Kong
Authors: LI Chung , CRUZ Alberto , KAM Kevin Wai Keung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study explored the views of 296 serving physical education (PE) teachers concerning the interface of secondary and primary school PE in Hong Kong. Attached to the interpretive research perspective, questionnaire and follow-up telephone interviews were adopted for soliciting their views on the importance, measures taken and suggestions for improvement. The findings indicated that over 91% of serving PE teachers acknowledged the importance of interface for facilitating pupils’ learning. Similar articulations with the functions and content of school PE that facilitated the interface were found. Although 21% of them claimed that they had taken some measures for enhancing curricular interface, most of them were not systematic and well-planned. Thus, most PE teachers looked forward to a standardized curriculum stipulated by the Education Bureau as to ensure the effectiveness of the interface. The study suggests reinforcing teachers’ awareness of the interface of PE; considering the inclusion of PE in the internal school assessment for the Secondary School Places Allocation System and strengthening the interface from system, school and classroom levels. Consequently, it would enhance the learning and teaching in physical education.
本文旨在探討296位在職體育教師對中小學體育課程銜接的意見。研究以詮釋理念為依據，透過問卷及跟進電話訪談以顯證他們對體育課程銜接的重要性、實施措施和改善建議的意見。結果顯示九成一在職體育教師認同銜接對促進學生學習的重要性，認定學校體育功能和所教授內容相近，有利相關課程的銜接。雖然有百分之二十一在職體育教師表示已推展一些課程銜接措施，但有關銜接措施未見系統及計劃推行。大多數體育教師期望教育局能訂定一系列標準課程以確保其成效。本研究建議提升體育教師對課程銜接的醒覺性，考慮將體育納入為小學升中呈分試科目之一，並從系統、學校及課室等層面上優化中小學體育課程的銜接，促進學與教。
General Attitudes of Middle School Students Towards Physical Education
Authors: BARNEY David , Christenson Robert
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Attitudes are formed by beliefs and experiences a person has had in their life (Silverman & Subramanian, 1999). This principle applies to middle school students’ attitudes in physical education. The purpose of this study was to determine middle school students’ attitudes towards physical education. For this study 227 middle school students in the Midwest of the United States were surveyed, then 28 students were interviewed regarding the attitudes towards physical education. It was found that middle school students tend to have positive attitudes towards physical education more specifically, the student felt that physical education is important their education and that the activities they participate in are fun and the physical education class is an important aspect of a students’ school day.

態度是由個人生活的信念和經驗所形成的(Silverman和Subramanian, 1999)。這一原則適用於初中學生的對體育課的態度。本研究的目的是要確定中學生對體育課的態度。本研究有227名中學生參與，在美國中西部地區進行調查，然後28名學生再進行面訪對體育的態度。結果發現，中學生往往對體育課有積極的態度，學生認為體育是重要的教育，參加活動感覺很有趣，體育課是學生的一個重要學習天。
Instructional Pyramid: Expanding Coach Wooden’s “Pyramid of Success” to Guide P.E.T.E. Professionals
Authors: CHRISTENSON Robert , BARNEY David
Published: March 2021

What in the teaching-learning process can PETE (Physical Education Teacher Education) faculty identify as being effective and a critical part of this multifaceted practice? Which of the physical activity learning experiences best serves the student? Finally, how does a future-professional physical education teacher, who is inexperienced and intimidated by their first job circumstances, wade through all the information and responsibilities to perform up to expectations? As described by Veal (2011), “Teachers operate in an intensely complicated and demanding world. They face 30 or more students at once - each one different from the other, demanding individualized attention and treatment. Teachers must respond to a continuous and rapid succession of events, many of which are unanticipated, leaving little time for thoughtful decision making.”  (Abstract taken from first part of Introduction)
Respiratory Health and Nutritional Strategy for Competitive Swimmers
Authors: LEE Shu Lin , LEE Yi Fang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

There is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects in swimming pools, and the potential for swimming-related health hazards, which is gaining importance in competitive swimmers. This review was focused to discuss the following topics: (1) prevalence of respiratory difficulties in swimmers; (2) the possible factors and mechanisms which lead to the development of airway disorders in elite swimmers; (3) diet and nutrient supplementation for the management and prevention of airway problems. Summaries were concluded in this review according to the current knowledge of the respiratory problems in swimmers: (1) a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases in the elite swimmer population; (2) the potentially harmful effects in airway epithelial damage and lung permeability may caused by exposure in cold air, chlorinated products in swimming pools, and high intensity training in swimmers. (3) Observational studies have reported associations between airway symptoms and nutritional intervention (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary antioxidants, and vitamin D), which may have application for promoting health and sports performance for swimmers.

運動選手(如游泳選手)發生呼吸系統疾病問題逐漸受到重視，本篇綜評旨在討論下列課題：(1)選手發生呼吸道疾病之發生率；(2)發生呼吸疾病之可能原因及機轉；(3)飲食與營養補充對減低呼吸疾病症狀之探討。統整相關文獻後，獲以下結語：(1)游泳選手發生呼吸道疾病之情形高於其他運動者(如：冬季運動項目、短跑與長跑等)；(2)長期處於含氯物質及其氯產物環境，對吸呼道黏膜及肺組織將有所傷，而冷空氣環境及高強度訓練模式，亦是增加游泳選手發生呼吸道不適症狀的影響因素；(3)多元不飽和脂肪酸、抗氧化物質及維生素D等營養素，在減低呼吸疾病臨床研究上證實有改善效益，對於呼吸道疾病發生率較高的游泳選手而言，應是不錯的飲食及營養補充介入不錯的選擇。
Justification of An Inclusion of Tai-Chi Chuen in the School Physical Education Programmes in Hong Kong
Authors: 周 昭和
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Tai-chi Chuen as a Wushu item dose not only present a Chinese art, but also include significant cultural meanings. This article attempts to justify an inclusion of Tai-chi Chuen in school physical education programmes in Hong Kong through a consideration of various aspects. The paper argues that Tai-chi Chuen as a physical activity contributes to physical and mental health in pupils. As a low impact physical activity it balances school PE programmes, which at present are heavily committed to high impact physical activities. As a cultural activity Tai-chi Chuen extends Chinese cultural heritage. Moreover, it has high carry-over value. The paper also includes some discussion of strategies related to the teaching of Tai-chi Chuen in schools.太極拳是源遠流長的中國體育活動之一。它是一門有豐富內涵的文化藝術，亦是一項甚具敎育意義的活動。本文嘗試從學生生理及精神效益、社會文化體驗及學科活動平衡三方面，闡述太極拳融入香港體育課程的適合性，並就太極拳敎學方面提出一些意見。
Fitness Test in Measuring Aerobic Fitness in National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) of Secondary Two Students
Authors: CHEN Hui Jia , WONG Shiying , OR Vin Fern Ivy , QUEK Chin Hwee Steven
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This study aims to investigate the correlation between the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test and the Multi-stage Fitness Test (MST) in measuring aerobic fitness in the National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) of Secondary 2 students in Singapore. 187 Secondary 2 students (age 14 years) of a mixed gender secondary school were recruited for the study. Subjects performed the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test and the MST. The VO2 max level obtained from both tests were compared using the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and Paired-sample t-test. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis shows that the predicted VO2 max from the two tests share a strong positive correlation with r=0.78. However, Paired-sample t-test shows that VO2 max predicted by the 2.4 km Run-Walk test is significantly (t = 13.82, p < 0.05) greater (mean = 36.70 L/min, SD = 4.32) than that predicted by MST (mean = 33.60 L/min, SD = 4.91). Results of the present study suggest that both the MST and 2.4 km Run-Walk test can measure aerobic fitness of 14-year old participants for NAPFA. In unfavourable weather, the MST can replace the 2.4 km Run-Walk Test. Further research can be done to enhance the test setting and environmental factors, as well as to include subjects of other age groups and ethnicities, to obtain a more holistic perspective on the interchangeability of the two tests for NAPFA assessment.
本文旨在探討2.4公里耐力跑與20米每分鐘遞增速度往返跑測驗(簡稱20米往返跑)在新加坡全國體能測驗中測試中二學生 心肺功能的關係。本研究對187名男女同校的中二學生(14歲)進行2.4公里耐力跑與20米往返跑。接著，從這兩項測驗中預測 學生最大吸氧量，採用積差相關係數與相依樣本T鑒定進行檢驗。積差相關係數顯示2.4 公里耐力跑與20米往返跑預測的最大 吸氧量正相關(r=0.78)。相依樣本T鑒定顯示2.4公里耐力跑預測的最大吸氧量顯然(t=13.82,p<0.05) 高於(mean=36.70 L/min, SD=4.32)20米往返跑預測的最大吸氧量 (mean=33.60 L/min, SD=4.91)。研究結果顯示，2.4公里耐力跑與20米往返跑可用於新 加坡全國體能測驗，是測試新加坡中二學生心肺功能的可靠方法。若天氣不佳，20米往返跑可取代2.4公里耐力跑。為了在現有 的基礎上加強實驗的整體設定，以及減少環境因素造成的影響，可以進行更深入調查。其外，也可以從不同年齡和種族背景方面 擴大研究物件，從一個更全面的角度研究並分析這兩種測驗在新加坡全國體能測驗的可替換性。
Comparative Study of Graduate Physical Education Teacher Preparation Program among Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan
Authors: GAO Lulu , WU Ting
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purposes of this study were to use the teacher preparation models of graduate programs from Capital Sports University, Education University of Hong Kong, and National Taiwan Normal University as examples, to analyze and compare the differences in the aspects of program development, aims of program, recruitment policies and curriculum system these four difference regions. The results of this study illustrated the diverse teacher preparation models from three different educational systems, cultures, and teacher preparation models, would greatly help experts to understand these differences, and learn from each other.

本研究以首都體育學院、香港教育大學、臺灣師範大學的體育專業研究生培養模式為例，從三所高校的發展歷程、培養目標、招生制度、課程體系四個方面做比較研究，從而分析和對比中國大陸與香港、臺灣地區高校體育專業研究生培養模式的差異及優缺點，通過比較與借鑒擁有“中西合璧”風格的香港、臺灣地區的體育學研究生教育方式，優化和改革中國大陸體育研究生教育的課程結構、內容、培養方式等措施，以提高我國體育專業研究生的教育品質。
Student Voices for Why College Students’ Take Physical Activity Classes When it is not required for Graduation
Authors: BARNEY David , Higginson Kelsey
Published: March 2021

The time in college is a time to prepare to go out into the world and be a contributing member of society. Typically, a college education should take four years to complete. Many colleges are eliminating the physical activity requirement for graduation, hoping that it will aid the student in graduating in a timely manner. Yet, students still take physical activity classes while working towards graduation. For this study 420 college students (235 males & 185 females) participated in this study. Students in physical activity classes at a private university of the western United States completed a survey in regards to why they take physical activity classes even when it is not required for graduation.The surveys asked the student’s respond and explain why they are taking physical activity classes. Generally, it was found that students take physical activity classes to have fun along with other reasons.
Effects of the Amount of Dietary Nitrates Consumption on Endurance Performance
Authors: WAH Vera , KOH Sarah , NG Denise , WANG Grace , QUEK Steven
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The current study examined the effects of dietary nitrates consumption on endurance performance of recreational athletes in Singapore. The consumption of dietary nitrates has been shown to reduce whole body oxygen cost of submaximal exercise and enhance tolerance to high intensity exercise. Beetroot, which is concentrated in dietary nitrates, is a popular natural food that has been associated with enhancement of endurance performance. Majority of studies on the effects of beetroot consumption on endurance performance have been carried out using 500ml of beetroot juice. To make the juice more palatable, and hence encourage consumption by the young athletes, this study used 250ml of beetroot juice, mixed with 250ml of apple and orange juice. 23 subjects (10 males and 13 females aged between 12 and 24) were recruited for the study. Subjects performed the Multi-stage Fitness Test (MST) on two separate days after consuming 500ml of Apple and Orange (AO, Control Group) juice or Apple, Beetroot and Orange (ABO, Experimental Group) juice. The VO2 max obtained from both tests were compared using a Paired Sample t-test. Paired Sampled t-test (t = -0.08, p < 0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the VO2 max of the experiment group and the VO2 max of the control group. Results of the present study suggests that 250ml of beetroot juice combined with 250ml of apple and orange juice did not result in significant differences in endurance performance.
本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽， 可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的 表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝 了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組)或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量。相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯 示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動 表現沒有顯著的影響。本文旨在探討膳食補充硝酸鹽如何影響新加坡休閒運動員的耐力運動表現。過去研究顯示在日常飲食內攝取膳食硝酸鹽， 可以降低亞極量運動的氧價，並增強對激烈運動的耐受力。由於甜菜根高含硝酸鹽，眾人深信食用甜菜根是能提升耐力運動的 表現。多數研究在實驗內利用500毫升的甜菜根汁來探測它對耐力表現。為了鼓勵年輕運動員飲用甜菜根汁，本研究混合了250 毫升的甜菜汁及250毫升的蘋果和橙汁。23名12歲至24歲的休閒運動員(10名男性與13名女性)參與本研究。實驗在分別兩天喝 了500毫升蘋果與橙汁(控制組）或500毫升蘋果，橙與紅甜菜根汁(實驗組)之後，進行了多階段體能測試(Multi-stage Fitness Test 短稱 MST)。實驗採用相似樣本T鑒定法比較從這兩次MST測試到的最大攝氧量相似樣本T鑒定(t=-0.08, p<0.05)顯示控制組與實驗組的VO2 max之間沒有顯著的差異。因此，本研究顯示250毫升甜菜根加入250毫升蘋果和橙混合汁對耐力運動表現沒有顯著的影響。
What Barriers Keep College-Aged Females from Using the Campus Recreation Center?
Authors: BARNEY David , KENSINGER Weston , MILLER Bridget , JORDAN Scott
Published: March 2021

Attending college offers many opportunities for students to be involved in many different activities. One activity that may be neglected is physical activity. This applies to all groups of students, in particular College-Aged Females (CAF). The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that affect CAF students from using a college exercise and wellness facility. A sample of 269 CAF (243=Caucasian & 24 African American Female) students (AAF) were surveyed and then interviewed as a group to better learn what barriers may be keeping them from using the campus exercise and wellness facility. Generally, it was found the CAF did not use the college and wellness facility for cultural, educational and personal reasons. The results from this study can be used to better encourage and market strategies to the CAF population on college campuses.
discussion of the regularity of combining fitness with bodybuilding
Authors: ZHONG Yongjun
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Body building is the sports event that has the closest connection with the sports of fitness for all in all physical sports events. At the moment that the First Project of the National Health Plan develops into the second stage - forming a social environment as well as a social atmosphere of fitness - living and participating in fitness - building -, discussing the regularity of combining the sports of fitness for all with body building has an active role in increasing people's consciousness of fitness and body building.健美運動是所有體育運動項目中與全民健身運動"血緣"關係最近的運動項目，在全民健身計劃第一期工程進入第二階段"形成崇尚健身、參與健身的社會環境和社會風氣"的時刻，探討全民健身運動與健美運動相結合的規律，對於提高國人健身、健美意識有積極的作用。
Effect of Training at Altitude
Authors: CHUNG Pak Kwong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In 1968, when the Summer Olympic Games were scheduled to be held in Mexico City, at an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level, considerable attention was directed at the questions of how altitude would affect exercise performance. During the preparation for the Mexico City Olympics, many concerns existed about the possible beneficial effects of the lower pressure and air resistance at the altitude for events involving speed and power; and the possible detrimental effects of the reduced oxygen at the altitude for the endurance events. What are the acute physiologic responses to altitude? Can altitude training improve endurance performance at sea level? All such questions would be explored in this article.