bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and application of Setaria viridis‐like heterostructures using nickel phyllosilicate decorating polyaniline nanorods: Toward the robust and wear‐resisting epoxy‐based composites
Authors: Jiang Liu , Nie Shibin , Yang Jinian , Dong Jie
Published: September 2023

Performance improvement to epoxy (EP)‐based composites is imperative yet a challenge for the application of high‐quality tribo‐materials. In this study, we reported the successful construction of a Setaria viridis‐like heterostructure using the fine nickel phyllosilicate lamellae to decorate the rod‐shaped polyaniline, and the corresponding polymer composites involving diverse mass ratios of EP resin and the heterostructures were prepared successively. The dry‐sliding tests confirmed the created composites had a significantly enhanced resistance to wear, and a concentration of 5% heterostructures dropped the wear rate to the lowest value of 1.5 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, which was ca. 78.6% lower than pure resin. The augmented wear resistance should be closely related to the enhanced strength, stiffness, and hardness. Moreover, the introduced heterostructures also improved the thermal stabilities of EP‐based composites, shifting the thermal decomposition to higher temperatures and restraining the mass loss rate to some extent. This study offered a promising pathway to develop high‐quality polymeric tribo‐materials.

Highlights

A Setaria viridis‐like heterostructures of PANI@NiPS were facilely synthesized.

Adequate PANI@NiPS enhanced the tensile properties and hardness moderately.

PANI@NiPS showed a considerable positive influence on wear resistance.

PANI@NiPS improved the thermal stabilities of EP composites.
Chemical crosslinking regulating microstructure of lignin‐derived hard carbon for high‐performance sodium storage
Authors: He Jun , Lan Nan , Yu Huaibo , Du Dayue , He Hanna , Zhang Chuhong
Published: September 2023

Lignin, a biomass derived polymer, has gained considerable recognition as a highly promising precursor of hard carbon primarily due to its ample reserve, eco‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, lignin‐derived hard carbon via direct carbonization generally yields suboptimal performance for sodium storage due to the unsuitable microstructure. Herein, a simple phytic acid activation combined high‐temperature annealing strategy is proposed to regulate the microstructure of lignin‐derived hard carbon for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) anode. Phytic acid activation not only reduces the ordering and creates abundant closed pores through improving the crosslinking degree and thermal stability of lignin but also introduces P heteroatoms to effectively expand the interlayer spacing of the derived hard carbon. High‐temperature carbonization further increases the size of closed pores, leading to a more favorable sodium storage in the plateau region. Consequently, the optimal phytic acid activating lignin derived hard carbon (PLHC 1300) delivers a high capacity of 380.3 mAh g−1 with an enhanced plateau capacity ratio of near 68.1% at 30 mA g−1, and achieves a capacity retention of near 100% after 150 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work significant advances the application of lignin in energy storage and contributes to the progression of commercial SIBs.
Self‐organized pattern formation and plasma diagnosis in atmospheric pressure helium glow discharges with a liquid anode
Authors: Qin Xiaoru , Feng Bowen , Wang Ruoyu , Ma Yupengxue , Zhang Qing , Zhong Xiaoxia
Published: September 2023

A negative DC high voltage is used to generate plasma at ambient condition. Self‐organized patterns (SOPs) are formed on the surfaces of the liquid anodes. With increased current or gap distance or reduced gas flow rate, the diameters of SOPs increase and SOPs become more complex, coinciding along with an increases of gas temperature and plasma radius and a decrease of electron density. Both plasma expansion and liquid evaporation in terms of gas temperature, lead to a drop of electron density and pattern formation. Our research elucidates the correlation between SOPs evolution and plasma properties and clarifies the physical process of SOPs formation based on the interaction between atmospheric pressure plasma and liquid anodes.
How large must a dose‐optimization trial be?
Authors: Norris David C.
Published: September 2023

Recently promulgated Draft Guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE) recommends randomized, parallel dose–response trials for “dose optimization,” but with vaguely stated aims that engage none of the statistical principles which typically attend randomization. Here, I advance a criterion for reasonable precision of such trials, and examine its implications for minimum enrollment, within a utility‐based framework that acknowledges interindividual heterogeneity simultaneously in pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and in the subjective evaluation of efficacy‐toxicity trade‐offs. Even when designed and conducted under ideal circumstances, reasonably sized trials of the kind advocated by OCE may need to enroll many hundreds of participants.
Flavonoids as promising anticancer therapeutics: Contemporary research, nanoantioxidant potential, and future scope
Authors: Gupta Mukta , Ahmad Javed , Ahamad Javed , Kundu Snehashis , Goel Archit , Mishra Awanish
Published: September 2023

Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds considered safe, pleiotropic, and readily available molecules. It is widely distributed in various food products such as fruits and vegetables and beverages such as green tea, wine, and coca‐based products. Many studies have reported the anticancer potential of flavonoids against different types of cancers, including solid tumors. The chemopreventive effect of flavonoids is attributed to various mechanisms, including modulation of autophagy, induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and antioxidant defense. Despite of significant anticancer activity of flavonoids, their clinical translation is limited due to their poor biopharmaceutical attributes (such as low aqueous solubility, limited permeability across the biological membranes (intestinal and blood‐brain barrier), and stability issue in biological systems). A nanoparticulate system is an approach that is widely utilized to improve the biopharmaceutical performance and therapeutic efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals. The present review discusses the significant anticancer potential of promising flavonoids in different cancers and the utilization of nanoparticulate systems to improve their nanoantioxidant activity further to enhance the anticancer activity of loaded promising flavonoids. Although, various plant‐derived secondary metabolites including flavonoids have been recommended for treating cancer, further vigilant research is warranted to prove their translational values.
Density functional theory study of the isomerization conversion of the cluster ConMoS (n = 1–5)
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Yao , Fang Zhi‐Gang , Wang Jie , Liu Li‐E , Wu Ting‐Hui , Song Jia
Published: September 2023

To investigate the isomerization transition of cluster ConMoS (n = 1–5), we employ density functional theory and transition state theory methods in this study. The cluster is optimized at the B3LYP/def2tzvp quantum chemical level. The results reveal eight isomerization reactions for the clusters ConMoS (n = 3, 5). Analyzing the activation energies shows a greater propensity for the isomerization transformation in the forward reaction compared to the reverse reaction. At room temperature, six isomerization transformation processes exhibit rapid conversion to the product configurations. Investigation of the equilibrium constants and application of the Arrhenius formula demonstrate that the cluster isomerization reactions are primarily driven by the forward reactions, with four reactions displaying efficient reactant to product conversion rates. Furthermore, there exists a consistent relationship between the structural complexity of the cluster and the change in entropy value. This study provides theoretical insights into reaction rates and optimization of reaction pathways, facilitating mutual validation and development between experimental and theoretical approaches.
Defining the term “Brownfield” in India
Authors: Verma Nihal S. , Banerji Haimanti
Published: September 2023

Brownfields are viewed as an opportunity for sustainable development. Researchers across the world have argued about the benefits of brownfield redevelopment. However, India is still in the initial stages of defining brownfields, as no attempts have ever been made by researchers to define it and no definition is available for it in the Indian context. The main objective of this study is to derive a definition for a brownfield and fill the gap. We used the Delphi technique involving a panel of experts from relevant fields posted in governmental agencies and organizations. A list of eight keywords, derived from the definition of brownfields from various countries, and two keywords recommended by experts were rated in multiple rounds. Statistical validation for the responses was established using gray relational analysis and relative to identified distribution (RIDIT) analysis. A significant finding of this study is the importance given by the Indian experts to the “condition of the land” while attempting to define a brownfield. With a proposed definition “previously used, derelict, or polluted land is identified as a brownfield,” this research represents an attempt to provide further avenues for research on brownfields for sustainable cities in India.
Photoelectron spectroscopy of ceria: Reduction, quantification and the myth of the vacancy peak in XPS analysis
Authors: Morgan David J.
Published: September 2023

Primarily due to its inherent redox chemistry, ceria (CeO2) is of use in many diverse areas of research. However, there is a wealth of misinterpretation of the oxygen spectra when discussing the result of damage or reduction to the CeO2 lattice, especially with regard to a signal in this region attributed to oxygen vacancies. In this paper, it is shown that this peak cannot be due to vacancies and that a better understanding of the changes in stoichiometry of CeO2 is best viewed from that of the Ce(III) component when considered in tandem with the O 1s signal.
Classification of longitudinal profiles using semi‐parametric nonlinear mixed models with P‐Splines and the SAEM algorithm
Authors: Márquez Maritza , Meza Cristian , Lee Dae‐Jin , De la Cruz Rolando
Published: September 2023

In this work, we propose an extension of a semiparametric nonlinear mixed‐effects model for longitudinal data that incorporates more flexibility with penalized splines (P‐splines) as smooth terms. The novelty of the proposed approach consists of the formulation of the model within the stochastic approximation version of the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood, the so‐called SAEM algorithm. The proposed approach takes advantage of the formulation of a P‐spline as a mixed‐effects model and the use of the computational advantages of the existing software for the SAEM algorithm for the estimation of the random effects and the variance components. Additionally, we developed a supervised classification method for these non‐linear mixed models using an adaptive importance sampling scheme. To illustrate our proposal, we consider two studies on pregnant women where two biomarkers are used as indicators of changes during pregnancy. In both studies, information about the women's pregnancy outcomes is known. Our proposal provides a unified framework for the classification of longitudinal profiles that may have important implications for the early detection and monitoring of pregnancy‐related changes and contribute to improved maternal and fetal health outcomes. We show that the proposed models improve the analysis of this type of data compared to previous studies. These improvements are reflected both in the fit of the models and in the classification of the groups.
Direct Determination of the Aluminum Content in Antiperspirants Using Digital Image Colorimetry
Authors: Teixeira Gustavo G. , Virgilio Alex , Santos Poliana M.
Published: September 2023

In this work a dilute‐and‐shoot procedure using digital image colorimetry (DIC) was evaluated for the determination of aluminum in antiperspirants. Derivatization was performed by means of the reaction between Al(III) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) reagent. Digital images were acquired using a table scanner and the average values for red, green and blue channels (RGB) were obtained. Optimal conditions were set at pH=4.5, ARS concentrations 10‐fold higher than Al(III) and using the G channel. The method presented linearity in the 2.0–10.0 mg L−1 range, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.1 mg L−1 and precision was better than 2.55 %. Accuracy was checked by the analysis of spiked samples at 2.0 and 4.0 mg L−1 Al(III), and good recoveries (82.6–117.5 %) were obtained. Eight samples of roll‐on antiperspirants were analyzed by the proposed colorimetric method and the well‐stablished flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) comparative method. The obtained results were not statistically different at 95 % confidence level. An analytical greenness assessment was performed for both methods and the procedure based on digital image colorimetry was proven to be a greener approach due to miniaturization, low sample consumption, least amount of waste and high sample throughput.
Recent Synthetic and Biological Developments on 1,2,4‐Triazolopyrimidines
Authors: Kaushik Parul , Kumar Ravinder , Khokhar Shiwani , Dhiman Sukhvinder , Kamal Raj
Published: September 2023

1,2,4‐Triazolopyrimidines scaffold spaciously acknowledged with anticancer, antimalarial, antitubercular and many other fascinating biological applications in recent years (2015–2022). Moreover, numerous mild synthetic methodologies reported, which has been summarized as (i) condensation of 2‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole or 5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole with 1,3‐dielectrophilic equivalents like 1,3‐diketones, β‐ketoester (ii) oxidative‐cyclization of hydrazones or related analogues. This review would flourish the synthetic and medicinal chemist to design more bioactive 1,2,4‐triazolopyrimidines molecules for drug development with enhanced binding interactions, structural features with the help discussed SAR and cost effective methodologies in the coming years.
A CoFe2 Alloy‐Functionalized Few‐Layer Graphene Sheet Nanocomposite as an Electrocatalyst of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Guo Xiqiong , Yuan Fangying , Wang Peixi , Li Runqiu , Zheng Hui
Published: September 2023

Searching for a high‐efficiency, recycled and cheap catalytic material for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is urgently needed in fuel cells. In this study, we successfully fabricated a nanocomposite consisting of CoFe2 alloy functionalized few‐layer graphene sheets (CoFe2/FLGs) by employing ferric nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and glucose as precursors. Various measurements conducted in this research confirm that the nanosized CoFe2 alloy particles are evenly dispersed within the FLGs and possess significant magnetism. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the CoFe2/FLGs exhibit a high positive onset potential (0.901 V), follow a four‐electron pathway, display a low Tafel slope (77.21 mV/dec), possess a low charge‐transfer resistance (∼72 Ω), and exhibit strong methanol tolerance. Consequently, the resulting CoFe2/FLGs nanocomposite demonstrates excellent electrocatalytic performance and recyclability for the ORR, positioning it as a promising catalyst for fuel cells.
α‐Hydrogen spirocyclic alkoxyamines synthesis: ESR verified Nitroxides generation and their potential application in NMP polymerization
Authors: Guerrero‐Caicedo Alejandro , Pardo‐Tamayo Juan S. , Romero Elkin L. , Zuluaga Fabio , Echegoyen Luis , Jaramillo‐Gómez Luz M.
Published: September 2023

Herein, we report a synthetic methodology towards the construction of new cylic alkoxyamines without the prior obtention of their respective nitroxides. These systems are constituted by an indene core connected to a pyrrolidine nucleus through a spiro carbon atom, containing an adjacent α‐hydrogen to the N atom, in order to exhibit the 1‐azaspiro[4.4]nonane frame. Alkoxyamines were synthesised by a free radical‐based spirocyclization, starting from functionalized oxime ethers, involving aryl and neutral alkoxyaminyl radicals in 16–40 % yields. Then, the novel spirocyclic aminoxyl radicals (nitroxides) were detected in ESR spectra, when alkoxyamines were subjected by the thermal homolytic cleavage of their −C−O−N− bond. In general, the temperatures found were in accordance with the increase in the stability of the carbon‐centred radical for the same type of nitroxides. In addition, a spirocyclic alkoxyamine 8 b with α‐hydrogen was employed as initiators/mediators in the styrene bulk homopolymerization, obtaining high conversions and relatively narrow dispersity (Ð~1.5). This suggests that the synthetic methodology used in this research work to obtain α‐hydrogen spirocyclic alkoxyamines would have the potential to be applied in nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP).
AIE‐Active ‘Turn‐On’ Sensors for Highly Selective Detection of Bovine Serum Albumin**
Authors: Gawade Vilas K. , Jadhav Ratan W. , Singh Prabhat K. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: September 2023

Tetraphenylethylene (TPE)‐based, two molecular ‘Turn‐On’ probes i. e. 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetraphenol (tetrahydroxy‐TPE, coded as: TPE‐1) 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetraaniline and tetraamino‐TPE, coded as: TPE‐2) have been successfully reported for the selective detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) over its other biological competitors. The BSA sensing has been investigated using UV‐Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, where the fluorescence of probes tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE was significantly enhanced in the presence of BSA. The BSA sensing was also characterized by visual eye detection, where a significant color change of probe tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE was observed with BSA. The detection limit for BSA was calculated to be 0.2 nM and 1.41 nM for using probes tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE, respectively. The binding constant was observed to be1.8×103 M and 1.4×103 M for probes tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE, respectively. A molecular docking study is also performed to investigate the detailed interactions between probes tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE with BSA. The lowest binding energy conformation for probes tetrahydroxy‐TPE and tetra‐amino‐TPE was found at −8.1 kcal/mol and −8.2 kcal/mol, respectively.
Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate Prussian Blue Analogs for Aqueous Proton Storage: Excellent Electrochemical Properties and Mechanism Insights
Authors: Yang Jun , Hou Wenxiu , Ye Lingqian , Hou Guoyu , Yan Chao , Zhang Yu
Published: September 2023

The significant attraction toward aqueous proton batteries (APBs) is attributable to their expedited kinetics, elevated safety profile, and economical feasibility. Nevertheless, their practical implement is significantly blocked by the unsatisfactory energy density due to the limited cathode materials. Herein, vanadium hexacyanoferrate Prussian blue analog (VOHCF) is introduced as a potentially favorable cathode material for APBs. The findings demonstrate that this VOHCF electrode exhibits a notable reversible capacity of 102.7 mAh g−1 and exceptional cycling stability, with 95.4% capacity retention over 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1. It is noteworthy that this is the detailed instance of VOHCF being proposed as a cathode for APBs. Combining the in situ characterization techniques and theoretical simulations, the origins of excellent proton storage performance are revealed as the multiple redox mechanisms with double active centers of ─C≡N group and V═O bond in VOHCF as well as the robust structure stability. A proton full cell with excellent performance is further achieved by coupling the VOHCF cathode and diquinoxalino[2,3‐a:2′,3′‐c] phenazine (HATN) anode, demonstrating the great potential of VOHCF in practical applications. This work could provide fundamental understanding to the development of feasible cathode materials for proton storage device.
Disease Area Detection for Chest X‐Ray Image Diagnosis Using Deep Learning with Pseudo Labeling and Ensemble Learning
Authors: Gerdprasert Thanawit , Mabu Shingo , Kido Shoji
Published: September 2023

The amount of labeled samples always plays a significant role in deep learning. When there are insufficient training samples, deep learning usually struggles to carry out its task successfully. The problem becomes more prominent in that labeled data are expensive to obtain. Therefore, we want to address the problem by introducing a method that utilizes unlabeled samples to improve object detection performance. We propose a framework that utilizes a pseudo‐labeling approach in semi‐supervised learning and applies it to disease diagnosis of chest X‐ray images. Our objective is to train a model that works as a labeling expert and perform the labeling task for improving the object (disease area) detection model by these newly labeled samples. In addition, we also apply an ensemble technique to our framework to reduce the model bias and improve the generalization ability for pseudo‐labeling, which results in improvements in object detection performance. Our proposed method improves the mean average precision up to 5.32, compared with the method without the pseudo‐labeling. Additionally, the mean average precision further increases by up to 19.11 when applying ensemble learning. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
In situ observation of electrochemical reaction of Zn primer steel plate in NaCl solution using confocal micro‐x‐ray fluorescence imaging
Authors: Matsuyama Tsugufumi , Sonoda Shota , Fuchita Tomoki , Sakashita Shinji , Tsuji Kouichi
Published: September 2023

Steel plates have been widely used in bridges, vehicle bodies, guardrails, and so forth. Generally, to improve corrosion resistance, the surface of a steel plate is coated with a Zn layer. However, when the coated steel plate is scratched by external factors, the corrosion resistance decreases. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the elution processes of elements in coated layers and steel plates to develop new coated films and improve corrosion‐resistant techniques. During corrosion, an elution reaction between the coated metal and Fe (anodic reaction) and a reduction reaction of oxygen (cathodic reaction) occur. Confocal micro‐x‐ray fluorescence imaging was employed to visualize the elution processes at the anodic and cathodic steel plates. A Zn primer steel plate was scratched and then immersed in sodium chloride solution. The Zn elution process at the anodic side was observed when a constant current was applied to the two steel plates by a galvanostat. The Fe elution process did not occur, and we believe that the sacrificial protection of Zn inhibited the process. The elutions of Zn and Fe were not observed on the cathodic side of the steel plate. Using the proposed method, we successfully visualized the elemental distributions at the anodic and cathodic sides of the steel plates.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Mononuclear Coordinated Copper(I) Complexes with Thio‐triazole and Thio‐triazine based Schiff base Ligands
Authors: Bazyari Pariya , Tabatabaee Masoumeh , Nasirizadeh Navid , Dušek Michal , Eigner Václav
Published: September 2023

Reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3(2H)‐thione (AMTT) and 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐thio‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (AMTTO) with 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde led to the synthesis of corresponding Schiff base ligands [(Z)‐4‐((2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino)‐3‐methyl‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐5(4H)‐thione (L1) and (Z)‐4‐((2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino)‐6‐methyl‐3‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (L2)]. Treatment of synthesized Schiff base ligands with CuCl provided the complexes [Cu(L1)3Cl] (1) and [Cu(L2)2Cl] (2). Synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction studies. Complex 1 consists of a metal ion coordinated with one chloride ion and three Schiff base ligands via sulfur atoms in a distorted tetrahedral environment, whereas 2 consists of a metal ion coordinated with one chloride ion and two sulfur atoms from two different Schiff base ligands in a trigonal planar arrangement. Crystal data for 1 at –153 °C revealed an orthorhombic space group Fdd2, a = 34.8088(7), b = 33.8156(8), c = 11.6142(2) Å, Z = 16, R1 = 0.0357; for 2 at –178 °C the symmetry was triclinic, space group P1, a = 7.27520(10), b = 15.4620(2), c = 23.7985(4) Å, α = 72.1964(13), β = 86.5208(12), γ = 89.8597(11)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0359.
A Concept of Precise VLBI/GNSS Ties with Micro-VLBI
Authors: Petrov Leonid , York Johnathan , Skeens Joe , Ji-Cathriner Richard , Munton David , Herrity Kyle
Published: September 2023

We present here a concept of measuring local ties between collocated GNSS and VLBI stations using the microwave technique that effectively transforms a GNSS receiver to an element of a VLBI network. This is achieved by modifying the signal chain that allows to transfer voltage of the GNSS antenna to a digitizer via a coaxial cable. We discuss the application of this technique to local tie measurement. We have performed observations with a GNSS antenna and FD-VLBA radiotelescope and detected a strong interferometric signal from both radiogalaxies and GNSS satellites.
Newly Acquired Gravity Data in Support of the GeoNetGNSS CORS Network in Northern Greece
Authors: Natsiopoulos D. A. , Mamagiannou E. G. , Triantafyllou A. , Tzanou E. A. , Vergos G. S. , Tziavos I. N. , Ramnalis D. , Polychronos V.
Published: September 2023

The main purpose of the GeoNetGNSS project, funded by the European Union and National Funds through the Region of Central Macedonia (RCM), is to establish a dense network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in northern Greece to support geodetic, surveying, engineering, and mapping applications. A regional, high-accuracy and high-resolution gravimetric geoid model is essential for the accurate determination of physical heights from CORS so as to transform the geometric heights into orthometric ones. In that frame and given the geological complexity and topographic peculiarities of the region, gravity campaigns have been designed and carried out around the newly established CORS stations to densify the already available land gravity database. The observations have been carried out employing the GravLab CG5 relative gravity meter and have been referred to GRS80/IGSN71, relative to the absolute gravity stations established by GravLab at the AUTH premises using the A10 (#027) absolute gravity meter. Moreover, dual-frequency GNSS receivers in network real time kinematic (NRTK) mode were used for orthometric height determination. Τhis work also leverages a database of previous gravity measurements to ensure the data coverage for the region. The XGM2019e Global Geopotential Model (GGM) has been used to model the low frequencies. Moreover, as the development of the geoid model is based on the Remove-Compute-Restore (RCR) technique and the Least Squares Collocation (LSC), the topographic corrections were calculated by the spectral Residual Terrain Model (RTM) method. In this work, the gravity anomalies derived from terrestrial gravity observations over the wider region of Central Macedonia are analyzed and compared with gravity anomalies derived from the XGM2016e GGM. The evaluation of the terrestrial gravity data was performed over six separate traverses, at various heights, in order to investigate the effect of height on the measurements. This technique allows for the comparison of the magnitude of gravity anomalies and the correlation with height, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the region’s gravitational field and possible improvement with the newly acquired data.
Hybrid Geoid Modeling for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Grebenitcharsky Rossen S. , Vergos Georgios S. , Al-Shahrani Sultan , Al-Qahtani Abdullah , Iuri Golubinka , Othman Alrubayyi , Aljebreen Suliman
Published: September 2023

A significant improvement in the accuracy and homogeneity has been achieved with the new gravimetric geoid model for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA-Geoid21GRAV) w.r.t the previous Geoid models KSA2009, KSA2015 and KSA-Geoid17. The gravimetric geoid prediction was carried with the remove-compute-restore technique resulting in external absolute accuracies at the 10–11 cm level and relative accuracies at the 1–5 ppm. In this work, the estimation of the hybrid KSA-Geoid21 model is described. A hybrid deterministic and stochastic approach is used to model the residuals of the gravimetric model relative to available GNSS/Levelling geoid heights. Various parametric models ranging from simple north-south bias and tilt one to second and third degree polynomial models have been evaluated. After various tests a second order polynomial model was selected resulting in a 10.3 cm absolute difference of the adjusted residuals between the gravimetric KSA-Geoid21 geoid model and the GNSS/Levelling geoid heights. Following that, a stochastic modelling of the residuals after the fit has been carried out, resulting in errors relative to the GNSS/Levelling data at the 0.014 m level. Compared to the previous geoid model, KSA-Geoid2017, improved residuals to 75.2% of the benchmarks is found with a mean improvement at the 1.1 cm, while for the rest 24.8% a mean deterioration of 0.7 cm is found.
A Review of Space Geodetic Technique Seasonal Displacements Based on ITRF2020 Results
Authors: Collilieux Xavier , Altamimi Zuheir , Rebischung Paul , de La Serve Maylis , Métivier Laurent , Chanard Kristel , Boy Jean-Paul
Published: September 2023

The new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, ITRF2020, differs from ITRF2014 by the addition of parametric functions describing annual and semi-annual displacements for every station. ITRF2020 coordinates are now described with piece-wise linear functions, occasional exponential and logarithmic functions modelling post-seismic displacements and the newly provided seasonal parameters. The paper first shortly presents the ITRF2020 seasonal parameters provided both in the Center of Mass (CM) and in the Center of Fig. (CF) frames. The station-specific seasonal displacements determined by the four space geodetic techniques (DORIS, GNSS, SLR, VLBI) are then reconstructed from the ITRF2020 results in the CF frame. The estimated seasonal signals are shown to agree generally within their uncertainties at co-location sites if a realistic noise model is considered.
Quantum Diamond Magnetometry for Navigation in GNSS Denied Environments
Authors: Wang X. , Li W. , Moran B. , Gibson B. C. , Hall L. T. , Simpson D. A. , Kealy A. N. , Greentree A. D.
Published: September 2023

Satellite-based navigation is a transformational technology that underpins almost all aspects of modern life. However, there are environments where global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are not available, for example undersea or underground, and navigation that is robust to GNSS outages is also required for resilient systems. Here we explore the potential for quantum diamond magnetometers as aids to obtain external position fix for navigation in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-denied environments. Diamond magnetometers offer high sensitivity and low measurement noise. We demonstrate this by simulating external position fix from the magnetic field measurements with a geographical data map using the probabilistic multiple hypotheses map matching filter with probabilistic data association for data mapping.
Zusammenfassung für Entscheidungstragende
Authors: Aigner Ernest , Görg Christoph , Madner Verena , Muhar Andreas , Novy Andreas , Posch Alfred , Steininger Karl W. , Bohunovsky Lisa , Essletzbichler Jürgen , Fischer Karin , Frey Harald , Haas Willi , Haderer Margaret , Hofbauer Johanna , Hollaus Birgit , Jany Andrea , Keller Lars , Krisch Astrid , Kubeczko Klaus , Miess Michael , Ornetzeder Michael , Penker Marianne , Pichler Melanie , Schneider Ulrike , Smetschka Barbara , Steurer Reinhard , Svanda Nina , Theine Hendrik , Weber Matthias , Wieser Harald
Published: September 2023

Die Zusammenfassung für Entscheidungstragende gibt die wesentlichen Ergebnisse in verdichteter Form wieder. Die Zusammenfassung ist das Ergebnis eines internen Abstimmungsprozess und wird daher von allen koordinierenden Leitautor_innen mitgetragen. Bei jeder Aussage sind die relevanten Kapiteln und die Übereinstimmung und der Umfang der Literatur angegeben. Details zu den Aussagen können in den jeweiligen Kapiteln nachgelesen werden.
Kapitel 7. Erwerbsarbeit
Authors: Hofbauer Johanna , Gerold Stefanie , Klaus Dominik , Wukovitsch Florian
Published: September 2023

In den Industrienationen des globalen Nordens hat Erwerbsarbeit eine zentrale Bedeutung erlangt. Sie ist Quelle materieller Existenzsicherung, sozialer Einbindung und Identitätsentwicklung. Daneben bildet Erwerbsarbeit eine wesentliche Grundlage für die Finanzierung des Sozialstaats. Erwerbsarbeit hat zugleich enorme klimapolitische Bedeutung. Als Produktionsfaktor in einem kapitalistischen Wirtschaftssystem beinhaltet sie unzählige Tätigkeiten und Abläufe, die mit Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauch verbunden sind. Zudem ist sie Treiber von Wirtschaftswachstum und damit steigender Umweltbelastung. Erwerbsarbeit ist daher ein bedeutendes Element des klimapolitischen Umbaus von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Das Kapitel folgt der Frage: Wie muss Erwerbsarbeit gestaltet werden, damit sich Menschen sowohl im Rahmen ihrer Berufstätigkeit als auch außerhalb ihrer Erwerbsarbeit klimafreundlich verhalten können? Es bietet eine Einschätzung des Status quo, eine Darstellung von Konzepten erwerbsarbeitsbezogener Klimapolitik, eine Gegenüberstellung von Barrieren und treibenden Kräften eines Strukturwandels sowie einen Abschnitt zu gestaltungspolitischen Maßnahmen für eine klimafreundlichere Arbeitswelt.
Kapitel 11. Recht
Authors: Hollaus Birgit , Madner Verena , Schulev-Steindl Eva
Published: September 2023

Aufgrund des Querschnittcharakters des Klimaschutzes werden für ein klimafreundliches Leben zahlreiche rechtliche Handlungsfelder relevant, vom Welthandelsrecht, über europäische Binnenmarktregeln oder den europäischen Emissionshandel bis zum Finanzverfassungsrecht, dem Wohnrecht oder dem Bau- und Raumordnungsrecht. In diesen Handlungsfeldern gesetzte rechtliche Maßnahmen stehen miteinander in Beziehung(en), die von einer Fülle von Koordinierungs-, Über- und Unterordnungsregeln geprägt ist bzw. sind und ihrerseits oft bestimmen, inwieweit und wie inhaltliche Gestaltungsentscheidungen geändert werden können. Gerade auf diese Wechselbezüge und ihre langfristig strukturprägende Wirkung legt der folgende Beitrag besonderes Augenmerk, wenn er den rechtlich geprägten Status quo für ein klimafreundliches Leben analysiert, notwendige strukturelle Veränderungen, ihre treibenden und hemmenden Faktoren sowie dabei relevante Akteur_innen aufzeigt und ausgewählte Reformanliegen diskutiert.
Kapitel 16. Geld- und Finanzsystem
Authors: Miess Michael
Published: September 2023

Dieses Kapitel bewertet anhand eines breiten Überblicks an Literatur aus Marktperspektive, Innovationsperspektive, Bereitstellungsperspektive und Gesellschaftsperspektive, inwiefern Anreizstrukturen des Geld- und Finanzsystems die Transformation zu einer klimafreundlichen und nachhaltigen Lebensweise in Österreich begünstigen oder behindern. Zudem trifft es eine literaturbasierte Einschätzung darüber, in welche größeren wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Strukturen das Geld- und Finanzsystem in Österreich eingebettet ist. Bereits eingeleitete und potenzielle zukünftige Reformen des Finanzsystems und Änderungen des bestehenden Geldsystems werden dahingehend überprüft, inwiefern sie Kapitalströme mobilisieren können, die für die Finanzierung der Strukturen für eine klimafreundliche Lebensweise notwendig sein werden.
Kapitel 17. Soziale und räumliche Ungleichheit
Authors: Essletzbichler Jürgen , Miklin Xenia , Volmary Hans , Ornetzeder Michael
Published: September 2023

Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang von sozialer/räumlicher Ungleichheit und Klimawandel. Basierend auf einer Literaturübersicht wurde die folgende Sachlage festgestellt: Die Auswirkungen von Umwelt- und Klimaschäden und von Mitigations- und Adaptionsmaßnahmen sind sozial und räumlich ungleich verteilt. Die Verteilung von Löhnen, Einkommen, Vermögen oder dem Zugang zu sozial-ökologischer Infrastruktur beeinflusst die Möglichkeiten, klimafreundlich zu leben. Ungleichheit kann zu Statuswettbewerb und erhöhtem Konsum und dadurch zu negativen Auswirkungen auf das Klima führen. Klimaschützende Maßnahmen, die bestimmte Bevölkerungsschichten stärker benachteiligen, können die gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz dieser Maßnahmen reduzieren – vor allem in den betroffenen Bevölkerungsschichten.

Folgende Optionen zur sozial verträglichen Umweltpolitik wurden identifiziert: Da in Österreich selbst die einkommensschwächste Bevölkerungsgruppe die Emissionsgrenze zur Einhaltung der Pariser Klimaziele überschreitet, reichen Steuern und Geldtransfers (eg. ökosoziale Steuerreform) allein nicht aus, um klimafreundliche Lebensweisen gesamtgesellschaftlich durchsetzen zu können. Diese „marktbasierten“ Maßnahmen sollten von der Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter, technologischer Innovationen und einer sich ändernden gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmung von Konsum und Wohlstand begleitet werden. Dafür notwendige (infra-)strukturellen Bedingungen können vor allem in besonders ressourcenintensiven Handlungsfeldern, wie dem Verkehrs-, Wohn- und Energiesektor, geschaffen werden. Sachleistungen in Form von öffentlichen Gütern sind sowohl von positiven Klima- als auch Verteilungseffekte charakterisiert.
Kapitel 18. Sozialstaat und Klimawandel
Authors: Schneider Ulrike
Published: September 2023

Wie wirken Klimawandel und Klimapolitik auf die Handlungsfelder der Sozialpolitik? Welche Rolle nehmen soziale Absicherung und sozialer Ausgleich im Übergang zu einer klimafreundlichen Gesellschaft ein? Wie können Sozial- und Klimapolitik so abgestimmt werden, dass sie positiv zusammenwirken? Dieser Beitrag legt Wechselbezüge zwischen Sozialstaat und Klimawandel mit Fokus auf Österreich dar, leitet daraus Handlungserfordernisse ab und prüft, wie der Sozialstaat bereits in seinem grundlegenden Design klimafreundlich gestaltet werden kann. Eingehender wird dabei der aktuelle Forschungsstand zu Wirkungen sozialstaatlicher Leistungen auf die Klimapolitik sowie die unmittelbar klimawirksamen Effekte ihrer Produktion und Finanzierung behandelt. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass der Sozialstaat die gesellschaftliche Schadensanfälligkeit gegenüber dem Klimawandel und Anpassungsmöglichkeiten deutlich prägt. Eine transformative Strategie kann darin bestehen, Sozial- und Klimapolitik inhaltlich wie institutionelle umfassender zu integrieren.
Technische Zusammenfassung
Authors: Aigner Ernest , Görg Christoph , Krisch Astrid , Madner Verena , Muhar Andreas , Novy Andreas , Posch Alfred , Steininger Karl W. , Bohunovsky Lisa , Essletzbichler Jürgen , Fischer Karin , Frey Harald , Haas Willi , Haderer Margaret , Hofbauer Johanna , Hollaus Birgit , Jany Andrea , Keller Lars , Kubeczko Klaus , Miess Michael , Ornetzeder Michael , Penker Marianne , Pichler Melanie , Schneider Ulrike , Smetschka Barbara , Steurer Reinhard , Svanda Nina , Theine Hendrik , Weber Matthias , Wieser Harald
Published: September 2023

Die technische Zusammenfassung richtet sich an das Fachpublikum und fasst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Berichtes zusammen, ohne aber alle Details auszuführen. Jedes Kapitel wird auf ungefähr zwei Seiten zusammengefasst. Hierbei wird bei den relevanten Aussagen eine Bewertung mit Hinblick auf Übereinstimmung und Literaturbasis angeführt. Im Unterschied zur Zusammenfassung für Entscheidungstragende wird auch die Literatur angeführt.
Technical Summary
Authors: Aigner Ernest , Görg Christoph , Krisch Astrid , Madner Verena , Muhar Andreas , Novy Andreas , Posch Alfred , Steininger Karl W. , Bohunovsky Lisa , Essletzbichler Jürgen , Fischer Karin , Frey Harald , Haas Willi , Haderer Margaret , Hofbauer Johanna , Hollaus Birgit , Jany Andrea , Keller Lars , Kubeczko Klaus , Miess Michael , Ornetzeder Michael , Penker Marianne , Pichler Melanie , Schneider Ulrike , Smetschka Barbara , Steurer Reinhard , Svanda Nina , Theine Hendrik , Weber Matthias , Wieser Harald
Published: September 2023

The technical summary is aimed at a professional audience and summarizes the most important findings of the report, but without going into all the details. Each chapter is summarized on approximately two pages. For the relevant statements, an evaluation with regard to agreement and literature basis is given. In contrast to the summary for decision-makers, the literature is also cited.
Kapitel 1. Einleitung: Strukturen für ein klimafreundliches Leben
Authors: Aigner Ernest , Görg Christoph , Madner Verena , Novy Andreas , Steininger Karl W. , Nabernegg Stefan , Wiedenhofer Dominik
Published: September 2023

Die Einleitung gibt zuerst das Verständnis der zentralen Begriffe wieder (klimafreundliches Leben, Strukturen sowie Gestalten von Strukturen). Diese fungieren als Vermittler zwischen verschiedenen Milieus, Diskursen, Werthaltungen und Disziplinen. Weiters gibt die Einleitung einen Überblick über die Rolle unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Akteur_innen. Darauf folgt ein Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen und die Verteilung klimaschädigender Emissionen mithilfe unterschiedlicher Maßzahlen (produktions- sowie konsumbasiert) und entlang unterschiedlicher Verteilungen (Wirtschaftssektoren, Güter, Aktivitäten und Einkommensverteilung).
Kapitel 3. Überblick Handlungsfelder
Authors: Smetschka Barbara , Hofbauer Johanna , Penker Marianne , Jany Andrea , Frey Harald , Wiedenhofer Dominik
Published: September 2023

Teil 2 gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über alle Lebensbereiche, indem die Klimaauswirkungen verschiedener Handlungsfelder analysiert werden. Kapitel 3 bietet einen Überblick über diese Handlungsfelder und ihre Verflechtungen. Untersucht werden die Klimawirkungen in den Bereichen Wohnen, Mobilität und Ernährung sowie für die Handlungsfelder Erwerbsarbeit, Versorgung, Betreuungs- und Pflegearbeit und die frei verfügbare Zeit für Erholung und soziale Aktivitäten. Um die in Paris beschlossenen Klimaziele zu erreichen, sind Veränderungen im Alltag der Menschen und in ihrem täglichen Verhalten notwendig. Diese Veränderungen können nicht primär durch Appelle an die Eigenverantwortung ausgelöst werden. Vielmehr bedarf es geeigneter Strukturen wie Regulierung, steuerliche Anreize, infrastrukturelle Veränderungen und Verbote sowie Zeit, um Aktivitäten mit hohen Emissionen zu begrenzen bzw. solche mit geringen Emissionen zu erhöhen. Klimafreundliche Strukturen sind notwendig, um klimafreundliches Handeln leichter in den Alltag zu integrieren und eine attraktive Alternative zu bestehenden, nicht nachhaltigen Praktiken zu bieten.
Kapitel 4. Wohnen
Authors: Jany Andrea , Bukowski Meike , Heindl Gabu , Kreissl Katharina
Published: September 2023

Wohnraum als begrenzter Raum und Ort sowie Wohnen als Tätigkeit, welche sich über den eigenen Wohnraum hinaus in die Nachbarschaft und Freiräume erstreckt, bestehen aus einem multiplen Beziehungsgeflecht ökologischer, ökonomischer, sozialer und kultureller Aspekte. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen gebauten Wohnstrukturen, der Konzeptionierung und Planung dieser und die Auswirkungen auf Verhalten und Lebensqualität der BewohnerInnen stellen einen zentralen Pfeiler in der Ausgestaltung eines klimafreundlichen Lebens dar. Um Strukturen eines klimafreundlichen Wohnens zu verstehen, hilft ein integrativer Blick auf das österreichische Wohnungssystem. Dieser umfasst alle in das Themenfeld Wohnen involvierten Akteur_innen, Aktivitäten und strukturellen Bedingungen von der Bodeninanspruchnahme und Produktion bis zur Nutzung und Wiederverwertung. Im Folgenden wird auf die Fragen ob gebaut werden muss, wenn ja wie und wer für wen baut entlang wissenschaftlicher Grundlagen für Österreich aufgearbeitet. Des Weiteren werden Barrieren und Konflikte für klimafreundliche Strukturen im Bereich Wohnen diskutiert. Abschließend wirft der Beitrag einen Blick auf mögliche Gestaltungsoptionen in Österreich zu denen unter anderem die Restrukturierung der Flächenverbräuche, die Aktivierung und Attraktivierung des Bestandes als auch die Förderung innovativer Wohnformen zählen.
Kapitel 5. Ernährung
Authors: Penker Marianne , Brunner Karl-Michael , Plank Christina
Published: September 2023

Die Literatur diskutiert eine Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen in der Agrar- Ernährungswirtschaft. Dies findet jedoch wenig Resonanz in bisherigen klimapolitischen Strategien. Das größte Potenzial zur Reduktion der Emission von Treibhausgasen liegt in der Produktion, Distribution sowie im Konsum von tierischen Produkten. (hohe Übereinstimmung, starke Literaturbasis)

Die Verarbeitungsindustrie und der Handel sind machtvolle Akteure in derWertschöpfungskette. Ihre Rolle wurde bisher wissenschaftlich wenig untersucht. Aus einer Marktperspektive tragen diese Akteure punktuell zu einer klimafreundlichen Ernährung bei (z. B. durch Produktangebote), gleichzeitig werden aber klimaschädliche Strukturen weiterbefördert. (hohe Übereinstimmung, schwache Literaturbasis)

Abhängig von der Kulturart und den Kontextfaktoren können die Produktion, die Distribution und der Konsum biologisch produzierter Lebensmittel einen gewissen Beitrag zu einer klimafreundlichen Ernährung leisten und Co-Benefits mit sich bringen (unter anderem Biodiversität, Tierwohl, bäuerliche Einkommen). Bestehende klimaschutzbezogene Nachteile müssen aber in Rechnung gestellt werden. (geringe Übereinstimmung; schwache Literaturbasis)
Gravitational waves from SU(N)/SP(N) composite Higgs models
Authors: Frandsen Mads T. , Heikinheimo Matti , Rosenlyst Martin , Thing Mattias E. , Tuominen Kimmo
Published: September 2023

Abstract

We study possible strong first-order electroweak phase transitions in Composite Higgs models and we quantify the part of parameter space that can be probed with future gravitational wave experiments. We focus on models where the Composite Higgs sector arises from underlying four-dimensional strongly interacting gauge theories with fermions, and where the Standard Model fermion masses are induced via linear mixing terms with composite fermions — the so-called fermion partial compositeness framework. We perform our analysis for the general class of Composite Higgs models arising from N Weyl fermions in a pseudo-real representation of the new strongly interacting gauge group that dynamically triggers the global chiral symmetry breaking pattern SU(N) → Sp(N). The minimal model has N = 4 and for N > 4 the models feature complex scalar dark matter candidates arising as pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons. We find a large number of points in the models parameter space which yield strong first-order electroweak phase transitions and identify the most important operators characterizing the strength of the phase transition. Almost all of these points are testable with future GW detectors such as LISA, Taiji, Tianqin, BBO, DECIGO and Ultimate-DECIGO.