bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow-mediated release of nitric oxide in isolated, perfused rabbit lungs
Authors: Ogasa Toshiyuki , Nakano Hitoshi , Ide Hiroshi , Yamamoto Yasushi , Sasaki Nobuhiko , Osanai Shinobu , Akiba Yuji , Kikuchi Kenjiro , Iwamoto Jun
Published: December 2017

The effects of changing perfusate flow on lung nitric oxide (NO) production and pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) were tested during normoxia and hypoxia and after N G-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) treatment during normoxia in both blood- and buffer-perfused rabbit lungs. Exhaled NO (eNO) was unaltered by changing perfusate flow in blood-perfused lungs. In buffer-perfused lungs, bolus injections of ACh into the pulmonary artery evoked a transient increase in eNO from 67 ± 3 (SE) to 83 ± 7 parts/billion with decrease in Ppa, whereas perfusate NO metabolites (pNOx) remained unchanged. Stepwise increments in flow from 25 to 150 ml/min caused corresponding stepwise elevations in eNO production (46 ± 2 to 73 ± 3 nl/min) without changes in pNOx during normoxia. Despite a reduction in the baseline level of eNO, flow-dependent increases in eNO were still observed during hypoxia.l-NMMA caused declines in both eNO and pNOx with a rise in Ppa. Pulmonary vascular conductance progressively increased with increasing flow during normoxia and hypoxia. However,l-NMMA blocked the flow-dependent increase in conductance over the range of 50–150 ml/min of flow. In the more physiological conditions of blood perfusion, eNO does not reflect endothelial NO production. However, from the buffer perfusion study, we suggest that endothelial NO production secondary to increasing flow, may contribute to capillary recruitment and/or shear stress-induced vasodilation.
Role of intrinsic airway neurons in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in ferret trachea
Authors: Wu Zhong-Xin , Maize David F. , Satterfield Brian E. , Frazer David G. , Fedan Jeff S. , Dey Richard D.
Published: December 2017

Exposure to ozone (O3) enhances airway responsiveness, which is mediated partly by the release of substance P (SP) from airway neurons. In this study, the role of intrinsic airway neurons in O3-induced airway responses was examined. Ferrets were exposed to 2 ppm O3or air for 1 h. Reactivity of isolated tracheal smooth muscle to cholinergic agonists was significantly increased after O3exposure, as were contractions to electrical field stimulation at 10 Hz. Pretreatment with CP-99994, a neurokinin type 1 receptor antagonist, partially abolished the O3-induced reactivity to cholinergic agonists and electrical field stimulation. The O3-enhanced airway responses were present in tracheal segments cultured for 24 h, a procedure shown to deplete sensory nerves while maintaining viability of intrinsic airway neurons, and all the enhanced smooth muscle responses were also diminished by CP-99994. Immunocytochemistry showed that the percentage of SP-containing neurons in longitudinal trunk and the percentage of neurons innervated by SP-positive nerve fibers in superficial muscular plexus were significantly increased at 1 h after exposure to O3. These results suggest that enhanced SP levels in airway ganglia contribute to O3-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.
Hypoxic metabolic response of the golden-mantled ground squirrel
Authors: Barros Renata C. H. , Zimmer Mary E. , Branco Luiz G. S. , Milsom William K.
Published: December 2017

We examined the magnitude of the hypoxic metabolic response in golden-mantled ground squirrels to determine whether the shift in thermoregulatory set point (Tset) and subsequent fall in body temperature (Tb) and metabolic rate observed in small mammals were greater in a species that routinely experiences hypoxic burrows and hibernates. We measured the effects of changing ambient temperature (Ta; 6–29°C) on metabolism (O2 consumption and CO2 production), Tb, ventilation, and heart rate in normoxia and hypoxia (7% O2). The magnitude of the hypoxia-induced falls in Tb and metabolism of the squirrels was larger than that of other rodents. Metabolic rate was not simply suppressed but was regulated to assist the initial fall in Tb and then acted to slow this fall and stabilize Tb at a new, lower level. When Ta was reduced during 7% O2, animals were able to maintain or elevate their metabolic rates, suggesting that O2 was not limiting. The slope of the relationship between temperature-corrected O2 consumption and Taextrapolated to a Tset in hypoxia equals the actual Tb. The data suggest that Tset was proportionately related to Ta in hypoxia and that there was a shift from increasing ventilation to increasing O2extraction as the primary strategy employed to meet increasing metabolic demands under hypoxia. The animals were neither hypothermic nor hypometabolic, as Tb and metabolic rate appeared to be tightly regulated at new but lower levels as a result of a coordinated hypoxic metabolic response.
Women at altitude: short-term exposure to hypoxia and/or α1-adrenergic blockade reduces insulin sensitivity
Authors: Braun Barry , Rock Paul B. , Zamudio Stacy , Wolfel Gene E. , Mazzeo Robert S. , Muza Stephen R. , Fulco Charles S. , Moore Lorna G. , Butterfield Gail E.
Published: December 2017

After short-term exposure to high altitude (HA), men appear to be less sensitive to insulin than at sea level (SL). We hypothesized that the same would be true in women, that reduced insulin sensitivity would be directly related to the rise in plasma epinephrine concentrations at altitude, and that the addition of α-adrenergic blockade would potentiate the reduction. To test the hypotheses, 12 women consumed a high-carbohydrate meal at SL and after 16 h at simulated 4,300-m elevation (HA). Subjects were studied twice at each elevation: once with prazosin (Prz), an α1-adrenergic antagonist, and once with placebo (Pla). Mathematical models were used to assess insulin resistance based on fasting [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and postprandial [composite model insulin sensitivity index (C-ISI)] glucose and insulin concentrations. Relative to SL-Pla (HOMA-IR: 1.86 ± 0.35), insulin resistance was greater in HA-Pla (3.00 ± 0.45; P < 0.05), SL-Prz (3.46 ± 0.51; P < 0.01), and HA-Prz (2.82 ± 0.43; P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity was reduced in HA-Pla (C-ISI: 4.41 ± 1.03; P < 0.01), SL-Prz (5.73 ± 1.01; P < 0.05), and HA-Prz (4.18 ± 0.99; P < 0.01) relative to SL-Pla (8.02 ± 0.92). Plasma epinephrine was significantly elevated in HA-Pla (0.57 ± 0.08 ng/ml; P < 0.01), SL-Prz (0.42 ± 0.07; P < 0.05), and HA-Prz (0.82 ± 0.07; P < 0.01) relative to SL-Pla (0.28 ± 0.04), but correlations with HOMA-IR, HOMA-β-cell function, and C-ISI were weak. In women, short-term exposure to simulated HA reduced insulin sensitivity compared with SL. The change does not appear to be directly mediated by a concurrent rise in plasma epinephrine concentrations.
Effect of contraction frequency on leg blood flow during knee extension exercise in humans
Authors: Hoelting Brian D. , Scheuermann Barry W. , Barstow Thomas J.
Published: December 2017

Previous studies in isolated muscle preparations have shown that muscle blood flow becomes compromised at higher contraction frequencies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of increases in contraction frequency and muscle tension on mean blood flow (MBF) during voluntary exercise in humans. Nine male subjects [23.6 ± 3.7 (SD) yr] performed incremental knee extension exercise to exhaustion in the supine position at three contraction frequencies [40, 60, and 80 contractions/min (cpm)]. Mean blood velocity of the femoral artery was determined beat by beat using Doppler ultrasound. MBF was calculated by using the diameter of the femoral artery determined at rest using echo Doppler ultrasound. The work rate (WR) achieved at exhaustion was decreased ( P< 0.05) as contraction frequency increased (40 cpm, 16.2 ± 1.4 W; 60 cpm, 14.8 ± 1.4 W; 80 cpm, 13.2 ± 1.3 W). MBF was similar across the contraction frequencies at rest and during the first WR stage but was higher ( P < 0.05) at 40 than 80 cpm at exercise intensities >5 W. MBF was similar among contraction frequencies at exhaustion. In humans performing knee extension exercise in the supine position, muscle contraction frequency and/or muscle tension development may appreciably affect both the MBF and the amplitude of the contraction-to-contraction oscillations in muscle blood flow.
Validation of equilibration and chromium reduction methods for deuterium measurements of fluid volumes
Authors: Hedestig T. , Ebberyd A. , Lindahl S. G. E.
Published: December 2017

Determinations of fluid volumes are of importance for correct treatment of patients subjected to shock and trauma. Gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GIRMS) is an advanced method for analysis of stable isotopes. These can be used as tracers for measurement of various fluid volumes. In the current in vitro study, deuterium was used to determine different volumes of water simulating a range of body fluid volumes from neonates to adults. A high-precision scale gave control weights (i.e., volumes), and two methods, equilibration (EQ) and chromium reduction (CR), were compared by use of a GIRMS. The coefficient of variation was <1% when using both EQ (0.45%) and CR (0.79%). The variability was greater at small volumes, and, when regression equations for the relation between measured and calculated volumes were used as formulas, the deviation was 0.4% using EQ and 2.8% using CR at the volume of 1,000 ml. At larger volumes, the deviation when using CR approached 1%. These variations are better than previously published data using other methods. It was concluded that GIRMS is a suitable technique for fluid volume determinations in neonates as well as in adult patients, using deuterium as a tracer. EQ and CR methods were both regarded to give acceptable variabilities in this in vitro study. GIRMS may in the future increasingly be used clinically for accurate measurements of body fluid volumes.
Frequency characteristics of lung tissue strip during passive stretch and induced pneumoconstriction
Authors: Romero Pablo V. , Zin Walter A. , Lopez-Aguilar Josefina
Published: December 2017

To investigate the frequency-dependent changes of lung tissue mechanics during pneumoconstriction, we studied guinea pig subpleural lung strips submitted to a multisinusoidal deformation composed of five equal-amplitude discrete frequencies ranging between 0.2 and 3.1 Hz. Strips were submitted to graded step stretch changes (SS) and to graded histamine stimulation (HS) in organ bath. Elastance, resistance, and hysteresivity were calculated at each frequency. The model accounting for the relationship between the complex Young's modulus and the angular frequency showed that the constant-phase hypothesis was satisfied in SS condition. However, HS modified all parameters in the model, and the constant-phase hypothesis could be rejected for HS of 10−5 and 10−3 M. The hysteresivity time course changed with angular frequency, but differently in the HS and SS conditions. Our results agree with a serial disposition of the connective matrix and contractile system in lung tissue. We conclude that pneumoconstriction induced significant structural changes at the level of the connective matrix.
Effect of short-term microgravity and long-term hindlimb unloading on rat cardiac mass and function
Authors: Ray Chester A. , Vasques Marilyn , Miller Todd A. , Wilkerson M. Keith , Delp Michael D.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to short-term microgravity or long-term hindlimb unloading induces cardiac atrophy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. For the microgravity study, rats were subdivided into four groups: preflight (PF, n = 12); flight (Fl, n = 7); flight cage simulation (Sim, n = 6), and vivarium control (Viv, n = 7). Animals in the Fl group were exposed to 7 days of microgravity during the Spacelab 3 mission. Animals in the hindlimb-unloading study were subdivided into three groups: control (Con, n = 20), 7-day hindlimb-unloaded (7HU, n = 10), and 28-day hindlimb-unloaded (28HU, n = 19). Heart mass was unchanged in adult animals exposed to 7 days of actual microgravity (PF 1.33 ± 0.03 g; Fl 1.32 ± 0.02 g; Sim 1.28 ± 0.04 g; Viv 1.35 ± 0.04 g). Similarly, heart mass was unaltered with hindlimb unloading (Con 1.40 ± 0.04 g; 7HU 1.35 ± 0.06 g; 28HU 1.42 ± 0.03 g). Hindlimb unloading also had no effect on the peak rate of rise in left ventricular pressure, an estimate of myocardial contractility (Con 8,055 ± 385 mmHg/s; 28HU 8,545 ± 755 mmHg/s). These data suggest that cardiac atrophy does not occur after short-term exposure to microgravity and that neither short- nor long-term simulated microgravity alters cardiac mass or function.
Effects of human eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins on C-fiber afferents in the rat lung
Authors: Lee Lu-Yuan , Gu Qihai , Gleich Gerald J.
Published: December 2017

Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that human eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins stimulate vagal C-fiber afferents in the lungs and elicit pulmonary chemoreflex responses in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Intratracheal instillation of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP; 1–2 mg/ml, 0.1 ml) consistently induced an irregular breathing pattern, characterized by tachypnea (change in breathing frequency of 44.7%) and small unstable tidal volume (Vt). The tachypnea, accompanied by decreased heart rate and arterial blood pressure, started within 30 s after the delivery of ECP and lasted for >30 min. These ECP-induced cardiorespiratory responses were completely prevented by perineural capsaicin treatment of both cervical vagi, which selectively blocked C-fiber conduction, suggesting the involvement of these afferents. Indeed, direct recording of single-unit activities of pulmonary C-fibers further demonstrated that the same dose of ECP evoked a pronounced and sustained (>30-min) stimulatory effect on pulmonary C-fibers. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these afferents to lung inflation was also markedly elevated after the ECP instillation, whereas the vehicle of ECP administered in the same manner had no effect. Other types of eosinophil granule cationic proteins, such as major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase, induced very similar respiratory and cardiovascular reflex responses. In conclusion, these results show that eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins induce a distinct stimulatory effect on vagal pulmonary C-fiber endings, which may play an important role in the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with eosinophil infiltration in the airways.
Normovolemic hemodilution improves oxygen extraction capabilities in endotoxic shock
Authors: Creteur Jacques , Sun Qinghua , Abid Omar , De Backer Daniel , Van Der Linden Philippe , Vincent Jean-Louis
Published: December 2017

We studied the effects of normovolemic hemodilution on tissue oxygen extraction capabilities in a canine model of endotoxic shock. Eighteen anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs underwent normovolemic hemodilution with 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution to reach hematocrit (Hct) levels around 40, 30, or 20% before the administration of 2 mg/kg of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Cardiac tamponade was then induced by repeated injections of normal saline into the pericardial sac to reduce cardiac output and study whole body oxygen extraction capabilities. Whole body critical oxygen delivery was lower in the Hct 20% and 30% groups (8.4 ± 0.4 and 10.4 ± 0.7 ml · kg−1 · min−1, respectively) than in the Hct 40% group (12.8 ± 0.8 ml · kg−1 · min−1) (both P < 0.005). The whole body critical oxygen extraction ratio was higher in the Hct 30% and 20% groups (49.1 ± 8.2 and 55.2 ± 4.6%, respectively) than in the Hct 40% group (37.1 ± 4.4 %) (both P < 0.05). Liver critical oxygen extraction ratio was also higher in the Hct 30% and 20% groups than in the Hct 40% group. The arterial lactate concentrations and the gradient between ileum mucosal Pco 2 and arterial Pco 2 were lower in the Hct 20% and 30% groups than in the Hct 40% group. We conclude that, during an acute reduction in blood flow during endotoxic shock in dogs, normovolemic hemodilution is associated with improved tissue perfusion and increased oxygen extraction capabilities.
Lack of α2-adrenergic antilipolytic effect during exercise in subcutaneous adipose tissue of trained men
Authors: De Glisezinski I. , Marion-Latard F. , Crampes F. , Berlan M. , Hejnova J. , Cottet-Emard J. M. , Stich V. , Rivière D.
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the antilipolytic α2-adrenergic receptor pathway in the regulation of lipolysis during exercise in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). Seven trained men and 15 untrained men were studied. With the use of microdialysis, the extracellular glycerol concentration was measured in SCAAT at rest and during 60 min of exercise at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption. One microdialysis probe was perfused with Ringer solution; the other was supplemented with phentolamine (α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist). No differences in baseline extracellular or plasma glycerol concentrations were found between the two groups. The exercise-induced extracellular and plasma glycerol increase was higher in trained compared with untrained subjects ( P < 0.05). Addition of phentolamine to the perfusate enhanced the exercise-induced response of extracellular glycerol in untrained subjects but not in trained subjects. The exercise-induced increase in plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations and the decrease in plasma insulin were not different in the two groups. These in vivo findings demonstrate higher exercise-induced lipolysis in trained compared with untrained subjects and show that, in trained subjects, the α2-mediated antilipolytic action is not involved in the regulation of lipolysis in SCAAT during exercise.
NO2 interfacial transfer is reduced by phospholipid monolayers
Authors: Connor Lydia M. , Bidani Akhil , Goerke Jon , Clements John A. , Postlethwait Edward M.
Published: December 2017

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a ubiquitous, pollutant gas that produces a broad range of pathological and physiological effects on the lung. Absorption of inhaled NO2 is coupled to near-interfacial reactions between the solute gas and constituents of the airway and alveolar epithelial lining fluid. Although alveolar surfactant imparts limited resistance to respiratory gas exchange compared with that contributed by either the pulmonary membrane or uptake in red blood cells, resistance to NO2 flux could have a significant effect on NO2 absorption kinetics. To investigate the effect of interfacial surfactant on NO2 absorption, we designed an apparatus permitting exposure of variably compressed monolayers. Our results suggest that compressed monolayers enriched in 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-3-glycero-phosphocholine present significant resistance to NO2 absorption even at surface tensions greater than those achieved in vivo. However, monolayers composed of pure unsaturated phospholipids failed to alter NO2 absorption significantly when compressed, in spite of similar reductions in surface tension. The results demonstrate that phospholipid monolayers appreciably limit NO2 absorption and further that monolayer-induced resistance to NO2 flux is related to physicochemical properties of the film itself rather than alterations within the aqueous and gas phases. On the basis of these findings, we propose that pulmonary surfactant may influence the intrapulmonary gas phase distribution of inhaled NO2.
Activation of the arousal response and impairment of performance increase with anxiety and stressor intensity
Authors: Noteboom J. Timothy , Barnholt Kerry R. , Enoka Roger M.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of trait anxiety and stressor intensity on arousal and motor performance during a pinch task. We examined the steadiness of a precision task in the presence and absence of an imposed stressor on subjects with moderate and low trait anxiety. Subjects with the 26 highest and 14 lowest anxiety scores were assigned to one of three groups: a control group (5 women, 5 men), a moderate-anxiety group (8 women, 8 men), or a low-anxiety group (7 women, 7 men). Subjects in the anxiety groups received electric shocks and experienced significant increases in cognitive and physiological arousal compared with baseline and control subjects, especially subjects in the moderate-anxiety group. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and electrodermal activity were elevated during the stressor, whereas diastolic blood pressure was unchanged. Cognitive and physiological arousal tended to increase with stressor intensity and was accompanied by changes in steadiness. Although steadiness was markedly reduced with the highest intensity of shock, the average electromyogram activity was unaffected by the stressor. These findings indicate that the increase in arousal and the impairment of steadiness increased with trait anxiety and with the intensity of the noxious stimulus.
Duration of feeding on a sucrose-rich diet determines metabolic and morphological changes in rat adipocytes
Authors: Soria Ana , D'Alessandro María Eugenia , Lombardo Yolanda B.
Published: December 2017

In this work, we studied the effect of a short-term (3 wk) and a long-term (15 wk) administration of a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) to Wistar rats on the morphological aspects and metabolic function of the epididymal adipose tissue that may contribute to the mechanism underlying the impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. The present work showed the following. 1) There was both a moderate increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of the antilipolytic action of insulin in the adipocytes of rats fed a SRD for 3 wk. Neither size alterations nor increases in adipose tissue mass were recorded in this period. 2) There was a significant ( P < 0.05) increase of epididymal weight after 15 wk on a SRD as well as a hypertrophy of adipocytes with a clear alteration in the cell size distribution. This was accompanied by a significant increase ( P < 0.05) of basal and stimulated lipolysis and a marked decrease ( P < 0.05) of the antilipolytic action of insulin. Moreover, these changes appear together with a worsening of both impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Our results also indicate that the length of time on the SRD plays an important role in the evolution of the adiposity and metabolic changes observed in the fat pad. Furthermore, the latter precedes the detection of adiposity.
Relation of bone mineral density and content to mineral content and density of the fat-free mass
Authors: Evans Ellen M. , Prior Barry M. , Arngrimsson Sigurbjorn A. , Modlesky Christopher M. , Cureton Kirk J.
Published: December 2017

Differences in the mineral fraction of the fat-free mass (MFFM) and in the density of the FFM (DFFM) are often inferred from measures of bone mineral content (BMC) or bone mineral density (BMD). We studied the relation of BMC and BMD to the MFFM and DFFM in a heterogeneous sample of 216 young men ( n = 115) and women ( n = 101), which included whites ( n = 155) and blacks ( n = 61) and collegiate athletes ( n = 132) and nonathletes ( n = 84). Whole body BMC and BMD were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA; Hologic QDR-1000W, enhanced whole body analysis software, version 5.71). FFM was estimated using a four-component model from measures of body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by DXA. There was no significant relation of BMD to MFFM( r = 0.01) or DFFM ( r = −0.06) or of BMC to MFFM ( r = −0.11) and a significant, weak negative relation of BMC to DFFM( r = −0.14, P = 0.04) in all subjects. Significant low to moderate relationships of BMD or BMC to MFFM or DFFM were found within some gender-race-athletic status subgroups or when the effects of gender, race, and athletic status were held constant using multiple regression, but BMD and BMC explained only 10–17% of the variance in MFFM and 0–2% of the variance in DFFM in addition to that explained by the demographic variables. We conclude that there is not a significant positive relation of BMD and BMC to MFFM or DFFM in young adults and that BMC and BMD should not be used to infer differences in MFFM or DFFM.
Flow-independent nitric oxide exchange parameters in healthy adults
Authors: Shin Hye-Won , Rose-Gottron Christine M. , Perez Federico , Cooper Dan M. , Wilson Archie F. , George Steven C.
Published: December 2017

Currently accepted techniques utilize the plateau concentration of nitric oxide (NO) at a constant exhalation flow rate to characterize NO exchange, which cannot sufficiently distinguish airway and alveolar sources. Using nonlinear least squares regression and a two-compartment model, we recently described a new technique (Tsoukias et al. J Appl Physiol 91: 477–487, 2001), which utilizes a preexpiratory breath hold followed by a decreasing flow rate maneuver, to estimate three flow-independent NO parameters: maximum flux of NO from the airways ( JNO,max, pl/s), diffusing capacity of NO in the airways ( DNO,air, pl · s−1· ppb−1), and steady-state alveolar concentration (Calv,ss, ppb). In healthy adults ( n = 10), the optimal breath-hold time was 20 s, and the mean (95% intramaneuver, intrasubject, and intrapopulation confidence interval) JNO,max, DNO,air, and Calv,ssare 640 (26, 20, and 15%) pl/s, 4.2 (168, 87, and 37%) pl · s−1· ppb−1, and 2.5 (81, 59, and 21%) ppb, respectively. JNO,maxcan be estimated with the greatest certainty, and the variability of all the parameters within the population of healthy adults is significant. There is no correlation between the flow-independent NO parameters and forced vital capacity or the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity. With the use of these parameters, the two-compartment model can accurately predict experimentally measured plateau NO concentrations at a constant flow rate. We conclude that this new technique is simple to perform and can simultaneously characterize airway and alveolar NO exchange in healthy adults with the use of a single breathing maneuver.
Long-term activity in upper- and lower-limb muscles of humans
Authors: Kern Drew S. , Semmler John G. , Enoka Roger M.
Published: December 2017

Despite limited data on humans, previous studies suggest that there is an association between the duration of daily muscle activity and the proportion of type I muscle fibers. We quantified the activity of limb muscles in healthy men and women during normal use and compared these measurements with published reports on fiber-type proportions. Seven men (age range = 21–28 yr) and seven women (age range = 18–26 yr) participated in two 10-h recording sessions. Electromyogram (EMG) activity of four muscles in nondominant upper (first dorsal interosseus and biceps brachii) and lower limbs (vastus medialis and vastus lateralis) was recorded with surface electrodes. Hand and arm muscles were active for 18% of the recording time, whereas leg muscles were active for only 10% of the recording time. On average, upper-limb muscles were activated 67% more often than lower-limb muscles. When lower-limb muscles were activated, however, the mean amplitude of each burst was greater in leg muscles [18 and 17% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)] compared with hand (8% MVC) and arm (6% MVC) muscles. Temporal association in activity between pairs of muscles was high for the two lower-limb muscles ( r 2 = 0.7) and relatively weak for the two upper-limb muscles ( r 2 = 0.09). Long-term muscle activity was only different between men and women for the biceps brachii muscle. We found no relation between duration of muscle activity in 10-h recordings and the reported values of type I fibers in men and women.
Selected Contribution: Cerebrovascular NOS and cyclooxygenase are unaffected by estrogen in mice lacking estrogen receptor-α
Authors: Geary Greg G. , McNeill Anne Marie , Ospina Jose A. , Krause Diana N. , Korach Kenneth S. , Duckles Sue P.
Published: December 2017

Estrogen alters reactivity of cerebral arteries by modifying production of endothelium-dependent vasodilators. Estrogen receptors (ER) are thought to be involved, but the responsible ER subtype is unknown. ER-α knockout (αERKO) mice were used to test whether estrogen acts via ER-α. Mice were ovariectomized, with or without estrogen replacement, and cerebral blood vessels were isolated 1 mo later. Estrogen increased levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-1 in vessels from wild-type mice but was ineffective in αERKO mice. Endothelium-denuded middle cerebral artery segments from all animals constricted when pressurized. In denuded arteries from αERKO but not wild-type mice, estrogen treatment enhanced constriction. In endothelium-intact, pressurized arteries from wild-type estrogen-treated mice, diameters were larger compared with arteries from untreated wild-type mice. In addition, contractile responses to indomethacin were greater in arteries from wild-type estrogen-treated mice compared with arteries from untreated wild-type mice. In contrast, estrogen treatment of αERKO mice had no effect on diameter or indomethacin responses of endothelium-intact arteries. Thus ER-α regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-1 pathways appears to contribute to effects of estrogen on cerebral artery reactivity.
Inspired CO2and O2in sleeping infants rebreathing from bedding: relevance for sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Patel Aloka L. , Harris Kathy , Thach Bradley T.
Published: December 2017

Some infants sleep facedown for long periods with no ill effects, whereas others become hypoxemic. Rebreathing of expired air has been determined by CO2measurement; however, O2levels under such conditions have not been determined. To evaluate this and other factors influencing inspired gas concentrations, we studied 21 healthy infants during natural sleep while facedown on soft bedding. We measured gas exchange with the environment and bedding, ventilatory response to rebreathing, and concentrations of inspired CO2and O2. Two important factors influencing inspired gas concentrations were 1) a variable seal between bedding and infants' faces and 2) gas gradients in the bedding beneath the infants, with O2-poor and CO2-rich air nearest to the face, fresher air distal to the face, and larger tidal volumes being associated with fresher inspired air. Minute ventilation increased significantly while rebreathing because of an increase in tidal volume, not frequency. The measured drop in inspired O2was significantly greater than the accompanying rise in inspired CO2. This appears to be due to effects of the respiratory exchange ratio and differential tissue solubilities of CO2and O2during unsteady conditions.
Bronchial edema alters 99mTc-DTPA clearance from the airway surface in sheep
Authors: Foster W. Michael , Wagner Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2017

Airway wall edema, prominent in inflammatory airways disease, may alter barrier properties at the airway air-liquid interface such that normal absorption of soluble substances into the airway circulation is altered. We studied the effects of bradykinin-induced airway wall edema on the clearance of the soluble tracer technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) from subcarinal airways in sheep ( n = 8). 99mTc-DTPA (6–10 μl) was delivered by a microspray nozzle inserted through a bronchoscope to a fourth-generation bronchus both before and 1 h after bradykinin (20 ml; 10−6 M) had been infused through a cannulated and perfused bronchial artery. Airway retention (by scintigraphy) and blood levels of radiolabel were monitored for 30 min after the local deposition of 99mTc-DTPA. During control conditions, 85–90% of the tracer cleared from the deposition site within 30 min. The maximum blood level during that time was 17% of the total delivered tracer. However, 1 h after bradykinin infusion, there was significant retention of the marker at the deposition site with clearance within 30 min reduced to 63–70% and decreased blood levels of radiolabel (8%; both P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that moderate airway wall edema alters blood uptake and removal of soluble substances delivered to the subcarinal airways. We suggest that the interplay between vascular and mucociliary clearance routes will impact the resident time for clearance of soluble air toxins and/or therapeutic agents from the epithelial surface.
A model of sleep-disordered breathing in the C57BL/6J mouse
Authors: Tagaito Y. , Polotsky V. Y. , Campen M. J. , Wilson J. A. , Balbir A. , Smith P. L. , Schwartz A. R. , O'Donnell C. P.
Published: December 2017

To investigate the pathophysiological sequelae of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), we have developed a mouse model in which hypoxia was induced during periods of sleep and was removed in response to arousal or wakefulness. An on-line sleep-wake detection system, based on the frequency and amplitude of electroencephalograph and electromyograph recordings, served to trigger intermittent hypoxia during periods of sleep. In adult male C57BL/6J mice ( n= 5), the sleep-wake detection system accurately assessed wakefulness (97.2 ± 1.1%), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (96.0 ± 0.9%) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (85.6 ± 5.0%). After 5 consecutive days of SDB, 554 ± 29 (SE) hypoxic events were recorded over a 24-h period at a rate of 63.6 ± 2.6 events/h of sleep and with a duration of 28.2 ± 0.7 s. The mean nadir of fraction of inspired O2 (Fi O2 ) on day 5 was 13.2 ± 0.1%, and 137.1 ± 13.2 of the events had a nadir Fi O2 <10% O2. Arterial blood gases confirmed that hypoxia of this magnitude lead to a significant degree of hypoxemia. Furthermore, 5 days of SDB were associated with decreases in both NREM and REM sleep during the light phase compared with the 24-h postintervention period. We conclude that our murine model of SDB mimics the rate and magnitude of sleep-induced hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and reduction in total sleep time found in patients with moderate to severe SDB in the clinical setting.
Comparison of acute cardiovascular responses to water immersion and head-down tilt in humans
Authors: Shiraishi Makoto , Schou Morten , Gybel Mikkel , Christensen Niels Juel , Norsk Peter
Published: December 2017

The hypothesis was tested that acute water immersion to the neck (WI) compared with 6° head-down tilt (HDT) induces a more pronounced distension of the heart and lower plasma levels of vasoconstrictor hormones. Ten healthy males underwent 30 min of HDT, WI, and a seated control (randomized). During WI, left atrial diameter and stroke volume increased to the same extent as during HDT. Cardiac output increased by 1 l/min more during WI than during HDT. ( P < 0.05). Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide increased during WI ( P < 0.05) but not during HDT, whereas plasma norepinephrine, vasopressin, and renin activity were suppressed similarly. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 9 mmHg ( P < 0.05) during HDT and was unchanged during WI, and heart rate decreased more during HDT ( P < 0.05). Arterial pulse pressure increased considerably more during HDT than during WI. In conclusion, the hypothesis was not confirmed because the cardiac atria were similarly distended by acute HDT and WI and the release of vasoconstrictor hormones were suppressed to the same extent.
Regional V˙a,Q˙, and V˙a/Q˙during PLV: effects of nitroprusside and inhaled nitric oxide
Authors: Harris R. Scott , Willey-Courand Donna-Beth , Head C. Alvin , Galletti Gaetano G. , Call Daniel M. , Venegas José G.
Published: December 2017

Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with high-specific-weight perfluorocarbon liquids has been shown to improve oxygenation in acute lung injury, possibly by redistributing perfusion from dependent, injured regions to nondependent, less injured regions of the lung. Our hypothesis was that during PLV in normal lungs, a shift in perfusion away from dependent lung zones might, in part, be due to vasoconstriction that could be reversed by infusing sodium nitroprusside (NTP). In addition, delivering inhaled NO during PLV should improve gas exchange by further redistributing blood flow to well-ventilated lung regions. To examine this, we used a single transverse-slice positron emission tomography camera to image regional ventilation and perfusion at the level of the heart apex in six supine mechanically ventilated sheep during five conditions: control, PLV, PLV + NTP, and PLV + NO at 10 and 80 ppm. We found that PLV shifted perfusion from dependent to middle regions, and the dependent region demonstrated marked hypoventilation. The vertical distribution of perfusion changed little when high-dose intravenous NTP was added during PLV, and inhaled NO tended to shift perfusion toward better ventilated middle regions. We conclude that PLV shifts perfusion to the middle regions of the lung because of the high specific weight of perflubron rather than vasoconstriction.
Involvement of thromboxane A2in airway mucous cells in asthma-related cough
Authors: Xiang Anbo , Uchida Yoshiyuki , Nomura Akihiro , Iijima Hiroaki , Sakamoto Tohru , Ishii Yukio , Morishima Yuko , Masuyama Kuniko , Zhang Minjie , Hirano Kuniyoshi , Sekizawa Kiyohisa
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of thromboxane A2(TxA2) on asthma-related cough in guinea pigs. Animals were immunosensitized and repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin as an antigen. Coughs were induced by the inhalation of 10−5M capsaicin solution for 10 min. Thromboxane synthetase (TxS) inhibitor OKY-046 and thromboxane-receptor antagonist AA-2414 significantly inhibited cough responses in repeatedly challenged animals. Inhalation of TxA2mimic STA-2- potentiated cough responses in normal and immunosensitized animals but not in repeatedly challenged ones. Moreover, STA-2-potentiated coughs were inhibited by administration of neurokinin-receptor antagonist FK-224. In repeatedly challenged animals, concentration of TxB2in airway lavage fluid, expression of TxS mRNA in tracheal epithelia, and the immunostaining intensity against TxS in mucous cells of the epithelium significantly increased compared with normal and sensitized animals. These results suggest that TxA2derived from mucous cells potentiated cough responses to capsaicin in allergic airway inflammation.
Family-Related Stress versus External Stressors: Differential Impacts on Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in Young Men
Authors: Rougemont-Bücking Ansgar , Grazioli Veronique S. , Daeppen Jean-Bernard , Gmel Gerhard , Studer Joseph
Published: December 2017

Intense stress increases substance use (SU). However, little is known about the extent to which distinctive forms of stress should be weighted with regard to their effects on SU. This study aimed to determine whether family-related stress factors (FSF) influenced SU in a different way than external stress factors (ESF). Data was drawn from a Swiss cohort study on SU risk factors (C-SURF), involving 5,308 young adult men. Twelve month use of alcohol and of illicit substances was assessed. FSF and ESF for the time period preceding SU were measured. FSF and ESF were both significantly associated with SU. FSF had a greater impact on the use of most substances than did ESF. The FSF with the strongest association with SU was lack of parental monitoring. Regarding ESF, the cumulative number of stressful external events had a higher impact on SU than previous physical or sexual assault by a stranger. In contrast, physical or sexual assault by a family member was not found to be associated with subsequent SU. These findings have important implications for SU prevention programmes focusing on male teenagers, as it is difficult to screen and intervene in subtle forms of maltreatment in families.
A Prospective Audit of Intermittent Anti-Androgen verses Pituitary Blockade Suggests a Bipolar Androgen Type Strategy May Be Safe in Untreated Prostate Cancer
Authors: Oliver Timothy , Wilson Peter , Ansell Wendy , Philp Tim , Chinegwundoh Frank , Shamash Jonathan , Shaw Greg , Ahmad Amar
Published: December 2017

Objective: A locally advanced Gleason 4 + 4 prostate cancer patient who was on self-medication with intermittent anti-androgen monotherapy (iAAm) over 14 years suggested that raised testosterone was not dangerous and this suggestion needed investigating. Patients: Others who were on AA continuously were recruited to ongoing audit of intermittent hormone therapy (IHT) and iAAm outcomes were compared with intermittent LHRH therapy (iLHRH or iMAB). Results: Between 1994 and 2007, 111 patients sought IHT because of side effects of treatment. Forty-two M0 patients received IHT with iLHRHm or iMAB and 33 received iAAm (31 of these were M0). PSA nadir below 4 was necessary for entry. Overall survival was 87, 72 and 67% with iAAm and 73, 56 and 43% with iLHRH/MAB at 5, 8 and 10 years respectively. Overall survival was 61, 55 and 33% continued on iAAm and 56, 41, and 32% on iLHRH/MAB at 5, 8, and 10 years respectively. Multivariable analysis and matched case control analysis confirm that the maintenance of advantage for iAAm Testosterone levels in patients on iAAm compared to iLHRH therapy was more intense throughout treatment. Conclusion: These results complement recent progress in using bipolar androgen therapy to reverse castration resistance and add to the increasing acceptance that controlled testosterone exposure might be relevant in hormone-naïve patients.
Campanhas de combate ao Aedes aegypti na região amazônica: uma análise de atenção visual com o uso do eye tracker
Authors: Kawano Diogo Rógora , Jardim Ana Clara Amorim , Shimabukuro Marcia , Rodrigues Luan Matheus Gonçalves , Batista Leandro Leonardo
Published: December 2017

Além de duas importantes doenças endêmicas presentes no Brasil (dengue e chikungunya), o país tem enfrentado nos últimos anos outro problema atrelado ao mosquito Aedes aegypti: o Zika vírus e uma de suas consequências, a microcefalia. Nesse cenário, embora haja muitos desafios, a comunicação de risco emerge enquanto estratégia fundamental para auxiliar no combate a essas doenças. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar como as campanhas de combate ao mosquito Aedes aegypti veiculadas na região amazônica são percebidas pelos indivíduos. Para tanto, observou-se, com o auxílio do equipamento de rastreamento ocular eye tracker, de que modo alguns elementos da campanha, como título do anúncio, imagens e textos, além da identificação dos anunciantes, foram capazes de atrair a atenção visual dos participantes. Os principais resultados mostram que a saliência dos elementos, associada à sua forma de disposição na campanha, foram capazes de modular a atenção visual dos participantes, evidenciando que (i) a metodologia do eye tracking se mostrou assaz pertinente para os estudos de comunicação de risco e (ii) há gargalos no processo de planejamento desses conteúdos, que impactam diretamente a atenção dada a eles.
Um olhar prismático sobre a criação de narrativas publicitárias
Authors: Gonçalves Renato
Published: December 2017

CARRASCOZA, João Anzanello. Estratégias criativas da publicidade: consumo e narrativa publicitária. São Paulo: Estação das Letras e Cores, 2014. 176 p.
Fronteiras da religião: a comunicação no Instagram entre o Papa Francisco e as mulheres
Authors: Musacchio Cláudio de , Oling Jociane Marchesan
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho analisa qualitativamente a comunicação do Papa Francisco na mídia digital, mais precisamente no aplicativo Instagram considerando seu conteúdo, objetivos, formas de abordagem e a relação com algumas fundamentações teóricas. A análise foi desenvolvida a partir de vídeos e fotos no perfil @franciscus do aplicativo. Em relação ao público, fez-se um recorte para analisar a repercussão dessa comunicação no público feminino observando alguns comentários de dois vídeos específicos. O aporte teórico obteve a contribuição epistemológica de Douglas Kellner, Roberto Tietzmann, além de outros pesquisadores. Como embasamento metodológico, foi utilizada a técnica da análise de conteúdo a partir de Laurence Bardin, Christian Laville e Jean Dionne. E os resultados preliminares indicam sinais de que Papa Francisco atinge seus objetivos obtendo suporte dos recursos digitais para expandir sua comunicação evangelizadora.
Literatura e consumo: uma leitura do clássico Vidas Secas
Authors: Carrascoza João Anzanello
Published: December 2017

A cena midiática é constituída por um sem-número de discursos do consumo. Seguindo o conceito de retextualização de Bettetini, podemos retirar um texto (materialidade do discurso) de seu domínio original e transportá-lo para outro. Assim como Benjamin se vale dos poemas de Baudelaire para investigar o surgimento da sociedade de massa, discutimos o consumo e suas relações com a comunicação, por meio do romance Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos. Conceitos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa serão mobilizados em nossa discussão.
O ensino do telejornalismo nas universidades federais do Nordeste do Brasil em tempos de convergência digital
Authors: Cajazeira Paulo Eduardo
Published: December 2017

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as tecnologias digitais no ensino de telejornalismo em universidades federais da região Nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa inicial focou-se no estudo do perfil dos docentes e das suas produções laboratoriais. No total foram pesquisadas doze universidades em nove estados brasileiros. A pergunta norteadora procurou verificar como as instituições de ensino acompanharam a mudança curricular com as novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de Jornalismo e os impactos da tecnologia digital no ensino do telejornalismo. Para tanto, entrevistamos um grupo fechado de professores universitários que lecionam essa unidade curricular e analisamos as matrizes curriculares e as produções audiovisuais acadêmicas a fim de compreender o processo de convergência digital pelo qual passa o ensino do telejornalismo.
Education-Service Integration in the host of new students at the Campus USP-Bauru.
Authors: Bastos Roosevelt Silva , Rubira Cassia Maria Fischer , Santos Paulo Sérgio Silva , Mondelli Maria Fernanda Capoani Garcia , Suedam Ivy Kiemle Trindade , Honório Heitor Marques , Foger Debora , Sá Letícia Marques , Velasco Sofia Rafaela Maito , Silva Emanoele Paixão da Silva , Souza Sylvia Helena Scombatti de , Zanella Nildicelli Leite Melo
Published: December 2017

A recepção ao calouro na universidade é foco de grande preocupação atualmente. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar a atividade “Saúde é o que interessa” da Semana de Recepção de Calouros 2014, com vistas à divulgação de uma atividade eminentemente de promoção de saúde da comunidade, realizada a partir do conceito de integração ensino-serviço no acolhimento ao calouro de Odontologia e Fonoaudiologia do Campus USP-Bauru. Uma praça pública foi estruturada por áreas de atuação: educação e prevenção em odontologia e em fonoaudiologia e em fisiologia, escovação dentária com dentifrício fluoretado supervisionada e prevenção do câncer bucal. Esta atividade permitiu a vivência das necessidades da comunidade bauruense, fazendo com que os estudantes pudessem refletir desde a primeira semana na universidade sobre as responsabilidades que o profissional da área de saúde tem com a sociedade.