bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative and Absolute Chronology
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

The term ‘Protogeometric’ (PG) was first introduced by Schweitzerin 1917 to define a style of pottery which was different from both the previous Sub-Mycenaean (SM) and the succeeding Geometric. This stylistic sequence was confirmed by Kraiker and Kübler’s important publication in 1939 of the finds from the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens which marked the beginning of the study of the PG period and allowed them to identify the stylistic development of the pottery within it.

Kraiker, in his account of the Kerameikos cemetery, divided the PG material into phases, using a stylistic analysis of the pottery as the basis for his divisions. These were termed ‘Transi tional’ from SM to PG, ‘Early’, ‘Ripe’, and ‘Late’. His stylistic analysis was mainly based on the development of vase shapes: from vases with a globular profile, as found in the Transitional and Early phases, to the better-made and better-proportioned vases of the Ripe stage. This development reaches its highest point during the Late phase when vases appear with a slender ovoid body.
The Pottery
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter a more detailed account is given of the PG pottery, which is the main, and quite often the only, evidence provided by several sites. Moreover, as has been made clear in the previous chapter, pottery has been the chief means of establishing the relative chronology.

The pottery is examined by vase types, following its development in all the PG sites, from its first appearance to the end of the period. This method differs from that used when the pottery is examined by region, since the aim here is to follow the evolution of each vase type in all the areas where it appears, by studying each vase type separately. At the same time, this method allows the geographical origin of each type to be more easily located, while communication among PG areas may be shown by the way a particular vase type is adopted by one region from another. Equally, regional preferences are revealed when a vase type or sub-type occurs only locally.
Metal and Other Finds
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

Although there had been sporadic use of iron, it became much more common at the beginning of the Protogeometric period with the frequent and widespread use of iron technology. Both meteoritic and smelted iron were known during the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean but they were used mostly for making precious objects, such as jewellery and ceremonial weapons. Archaeological and textual evidence shows that in the second millennium iron was a rare material associated with other luxurious items found in temples, palaces, and royal burials, while in the Late Bronze Age, and especially after the 1200 BCupheavals, iron started to be used slightly more frequently for the making of tools and weapons, although most of the objects made of iron were still luxurious personal ornaments.
Burial Practices
Authors: Lemos Irene S
Published: November 2023

Prehistoric archaeologists often employ mortuary remains to interpret the social structure of ancient societies, based on the belief that the treatment of the dead corresponds to the status or the ‘social persona’ that the deceased had in life. Over the years this debate has involved both anthropologists and archaeologists, some of whom have been cautious about the limits of such studies which attempt to establish a close correlation between mortuary remains and social ranking in life.

Aegean archaeologists have also been involved in such discussions. Two major studies, in particular by Morris and Whitley, employ mortuary data mostly from Athens in order to understand the social changes reflected in the burial customs. Their aim was to explain the rise of the polis.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Thomas Lovell Beddoes’s summary of the fate of German poets— living gods reduced in death to cultural compost—turns on two related applications of the term ‘remains’ to material forms: ‘That which is left of a person when life is extinct; the (dead) body, corpse’; ‘The literary works (esp. the unpublished ones) left by an author; also, the fragments of an ancient writer’ (OED). Latent in the analogy between ‘decaying corporeal substance’ and ‘literary remains’ is a suggestion of the peculiar vulnerability of authorial death. Where the bodies of obscure humanity rot undisturbed, the poet’s two ‘bodies’ are in the public domain, subject to homage and exploitation.
Reading the Poet’s Grave with Rossetti
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

In November 1869, to mark the death of a recently acquired pet in the Tudor House menagerie, Dante Gabriel Rossetti improvised a commemorative verse and ink drawing parodying Victorian memorial conventions (Fig. 3). The verse rewrites Thomas Moore’s popular lyric from ‘The Fire-Worshippers’ section of Lalla Rookh, ‘I never nurs’d a dear gazelle’ as ‘I never reared a young Wombat’, the speaker lamenting that when ‘he most was sweet and fat … he was sure to die!’ The drawing poses Rossetti’s distinctive corpulent figure as the conventional ‘female mourner’, eyes covered with a large handkerchief, kneeling over the reciprocally corpulent wombat lying on its back with four feet in the air.
‘Nothing but Dust’: Resurrecting Burns
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Traditionally held to have been composed by Shakespeare shortly before his death on 23 April 1616, and still protecting his nameless grave in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, this is the most notorious and debated epitaph of any English poet.1 It has been bombarded with analysis and startling theses founded on the rubble, notably the reattribution of Shakespeare’s canon to Francis Bacon or Christopher Marlowe.2 Many have shared William Honey’s view that the ‘poorness of the doggerel rhyme’ argues against Shakespeare’s authorship, while others treat the warning as a code by which the Bard sought to speak from the grave.
‘The Grave of a Poetess’
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

Glennis Stephenson has argued that Romantic poetesses such as Felicia Hemans and Letitia Landon knowingly constructed their poetic personae in relation to their readers’ assumption that the woman and her text were the same, implicitly that ‘woman’s truth is located in her body, and that this truth cancels out her words’.1 Susan Brown extends this readerly assumption to the literal textual corpus: a ‘com- modified aestheticism&frequently conflates the woman poet’s body with her literary corpus’, making ‘the poetical body of a woman available for consumption’.
Wordsworth in ‘The Churchyard among the Mountains’
Authors: Matthews Samantha
Published: November 2023

In April 1850 Henry Crabb Robinson paradoxically ‘fear[ed]’ the death of his friend the ‘great poet’, yet had to welcome the author’s death that conferred immortal life on the surviving works.1 Robin- son recognizes that readers’ tendency to conflate works and man destabilizes contemporary critical valuations, an issue Stephen Gill dramatizes in Wordsworth and the Victorians (1998) as the coexistence of two late-Wordsworths:There was ‘Wordsworth’, the identifying term for an ever-increasing body of poetry and prose, some of which reached back to the end of the previous century … But there was also William Wordsworth, Esq., of Rydal Mount, latterly, title-pages proudly announced, ‘D. C. L., Poet Laureate, etc.
The Early Publication of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s sonnets as we know them were first printed as a collection in 1609, towards the end of his career. But some of them had already been overed to readers either publicly or privately. The first mention of Shakespeare as a writer of sonnets comes in Palladis Tamia, or Wit’s Treasury, a book published in 1598 by the Cambridge-educated clergyman Francis Meres (1565–1647), who was well acquainted with the literary scene. The bulk of this volume is an anthology of supposedly wise sayings culled from classical and modern writers, but Meres adds a ‘Comparative Discourse of our English Poets with the Greek, Latin, and Italian Poets’ in which he writes admiringly of Shakespeare as both playwright and poet, saying that ‘the sweet witty soul of Ovid lives in mellixuous and honey-tongued Shakespeare, witness his Venus and Adonis, his Lucrece, his sugared sonnets among his private friends, etc.
The History and Emergence of the Sonnet as a Literary Form
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

In Shakespeare’s comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor, written probably around 1597, at the height of popularity of the English sonnet sequence, young Abraham Slender, seeking inspiration in his wooing of Anne Page, declares ‘I had rather than forty shillings I had my book of songs and sonnets here’ (1.1.181–2). He is speaking of the Wrst English poetry anthology, the Songs and Sonnets published in 1557 by Richard Tottel, and now generally known as Tottel’s Miscellany. This is a substantial collection of sonnets and other lyrical poems, many of them written by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503–42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (?1517–47), which had previously circulated only in manuscript.
The Place of ‘A Lover’s Complaint’
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley
Published: November 2023

At the end of Shakespeare’s collection of sonnets in the 1609 Quarto is printed a 329-line poem called ‘A Lover’s Complaint’. It has a separate heading repeating the attribution to Shakespeare, but in spite of this its authorship has long been questioned. Estimates vary as to the number of new words the poem contains which are not found anywhere in Shakespeare. Colin Burrow (p. 139) counts forty-nine, for example ‘plaintful (l. 2), ‘Xuxive’ (l. 50), and ‘pensived’ (l. 219). In an article for Shakespeare Quarterly, 48/2 (1997), Ward Elliott counts eighty-eight new words and continues seriously to doubt the poem’s attribution to Shakespeare.
Oratorians and the Teaching of Cartesian Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Ariew Roger
Published: November 2023

On. November 11,1611, a group of six priests led by Pierre de Berulle gathered at a house on rue Saint-Jacques in front of the Carmelite convent in Paris, with the intent to live together as a community.1 The Oratory of France began that day.2 Within two years Pope Paul IV signed the bull Sacro Sanctae, sanctioning the institution called Congregation de l’Oratoire de Notre Seigneur Jesus-Christ en France, and Parlement registered the patent letters authorizing the society’s foundation.
‘A College in the Air’: Myth and Reality in the Foundation Story of Downing College, Cambridge
Authors: Hochstrasser Tim
Published: November 2023

Should you have any thoughts of materially altering your plan, let me know; for why may not I build my Castle—or rather my College—in the Air as well as another man? (John Ranby to Francis Annesley, c. 1797)
Nation and nationalism
Authors: Smith Helmut Walser
Published: November 2023

That we die but once to serve our country. (The cover page inscription, a citation from Joseph Addison’s Cato, chosen by Thomas Abbt for the first edition of his On Death for the Fatherland, 1761) As there was no first nationalist, so there was no first event initiating the course of German nationalism. In the beginning, there was neither an absence of revolution nor the fact of Napoleon; there was, instead, the slow, tentative emergence of a discourse, transatlantic in reach, that transformed the way men thought about fighting and dying for their country. This was a discourse about nations.
The idea of Medieval Narrative
Authors: Davenport Tony
Published: November 2023

Look on a shelf labelled ‘Medieval Narrative’ nowadays and you are as likely to find the adventures of Brother Cadfael or Sister Fidelma, or a trilogy called Merlin or Guenevere, as a copy of the Nibelungen- lied or The Canterbury Tales. The Middle Ages has, from the sixteenth century on, repeatedly been reinvented : King Lear, The Eve of St Agnes, News from Nowhere, and many other plays, poems, novels are indicators of writers’ interest in using their historical imagination on actual stories from the medieval past, or invented situations placed in medieval settings or idealizations of medieval political systems and living conditions.
Essays, newspapers, and magazines
Authors: Christie William
Published: November 2023

Periodicals—printed forms that recur periodically—had been around in Britain since the beginning of printing in the fifteenth century in the form of almanacs, annals, and annuals. It took a number of legal, cultural, and political changes, however, as well as changes in what we would call communications and technology, to allow that network of newspapers, magazines, journals, and Reviews that the Romantics were the first to identify as ‘the periodical press’ to develop and flourish. Some of the changes necessary for the development of a periodical press had themselves been accelerated by it.
Sciences
Authors: Gaull Marilyn
Published: November 2023

The legacies of Romanticism in science include concepts such as the age and origin of the earth and of life; discoveries such as oxygen and electricity, theories of light, sound, and colour; inventions such as steam engines, tin cans, hot-air balloons, bicycles, umbrellas, sewing machines, cotton underwear, carbon paper; and the organization of the sciences as professions and disciplines, with credentials, languages, societies, and publications. By 1830 individual sciences in the modern sense had emerged, including astronomy, biology, physics, chemistry, anatomy, palaeontology, geology, botany, and zoology.
Jane Austen’s Textual Lives
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Through three intertwined histories Jane Austen's Textual Lives. offers a new way of approaching and reading a very familiar author. One is a history of the transmission and transformation of Jane Austen through manuscripts, critical editions, biographies, and adaptations; a second provides a conspectus of the development of English Studies as a discipline in which the original and primary place of textual criticism is recovered; and a third reviews the role of Oxford University Press in shaping a canon of English texts in the twentieth century. Jane Austen can be discovered in all three. Since her rise to celebrity status at the end of the nineteenth century, Jane Austen has occupied a position within English-speaking culture that is both popular and canonical, accessible and complexly inaccessible, fixed and certain yet wonderfully amenable to shifts of sensibility and cultural assumptions. The implied contradiction was represented in the early twentieth century by, on the one hand, the Austen family's continued management, censorship, and sentimental marketing of the sweet lady novelist of the Hampshire countryside; and on the other, by R. W. Chapman's 1923 Clarendon Press edition of the Novels of Jane Austen, which subjected her texts to the kind of scholarly probing reserved till then for classical Greek and Roman authors obscured by centuries of attrition. It was to be almost fifty years before the Clarendon Press considered it necessary to recalibrate the reputation of another popular English novelist in this way. Beginning with specific encounters with three kinds of textual work and the problems, clues, or challenges to interpretation they continue to present, Kathryn Sutherland goes on to consider the absence of a satisfactory critical theory of biography that can help us address the partial life, and ends with a discussion of the screen adaptations through which the texts continue to live on. Throughout, Jane Austen's textual identities provide a means to explore the wider issue of what text is and to argue the importance of understanding textual space as itself a powerful agent established only by recourse to further interpretations and fictions.
Manuscripts and the Acts of Writing
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

There is something more than usually poignant about the evidence provided by Jane Austen’s manuscripts. Their survival could hardly have been better planned. They stand for bold, facetious experiment, for failure or dead ends, and eventually for death itself. In the case of the juvenilia and the novella Lady Susan, a bookmaker’s pride enhances their fair copy status as cofidential documents.1 These are her exuberant beginnings as a writer, the make-believe or vanity publications for family circulation of a literary apprentice.
Speaking Commas
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

For much of the twentieth century debates about textual authority operated according to the unexamined claim that authorial practice and textual co ruption shared a common identity when the author was female. Put bluntly, it was assumed that the texts of works by female authors were likely to display more errors, more fundamentally, and in more places. Such assumptions had much to do with the ideological gendering of the act of writing and of textual critical practices as they served to form and defend a literary canon, West of Classical and in more recent centuries of vernacular works.
Introduction: Why Greek Tragedy in the Late Twentieth Century?
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

By May 1968 the President and the administration of the most powerful state in the world found themselves in an unprecedented crisis. US involvement in an armed conflict the war in Vietnam-was opposed not only by large portions of the world but by the mainstream consensus of domestic American opinion.
Bad Women: Gender Politics in Late Twentieth-Century Performance and Revision of Greek Tragedy
Authors: Foley Helene
Published: November 2023

Unquestionably, contemporary performances and revisions of Greek tragedy world-wide have responded explicitly and self-consciously to the prominent gender politics of Greek tragedy. With out a doubt, the increased interest in these aspects of Greek tragedy since the late 1960s has reflected or engaged with developments in both the feminist and gay and lesbian movements.
Accountability in Restorative Justice
Authors: Roche Declan
Published: November 2023

In reviving the idea of an informal approach to conflict resolution, the Restorative Justice movement attempts to break out of the predominantly punitive thinking which shapes modern criminal justice. Its proponents claim that its guiding ideals – personalism, participation, reparation, and reintegration – deliver a fairer, more effective, and more humane justice than does the court system. However, a simplistic tendency both to extol the virtues of restorative justice and to denigrate all conventional formal approaches risks blinding enthusiasts to the dangers inherent in unchecked participant power, as well as to the protection which state institutions and professionals can provide to individuals and communities. The procedural safeguard of institutional accountability helps reduce these dangers. Examining the experiences of 25 programmes in six countries, Accountability in Restorative Justice uncovers a number of neglected, overlapping, and incomplete types of accountability, including the informal type built into deliberations between victims and offenders and their supporters. This deliberative accountability can provide a rigorous check for regulating decision-making, holding state agencies accountable, and monitoring the completion of agreements reached between participants. This book also considers the role played by formal types of accountability, such as external review. It suggests a new approach, in which judges become more involved in monitoring the quality of deliberation in restorative justice conferences than with enforcing traditional sentencing principles.
Israeli Jewry
Authors: Kaplan Eran
Published: November 2023

Israel is home to diverse Jewish groups that, though united in a single political entity, are deeply divided in their attitudes to Jewish nationalism, religion, and Jewish history. The tenuous relations between state and religion, and between secular and religious Jews, grow out of the inherent contradictions of Zionism, which sought to be at the same time a modern national movement and the legitimate representative of an ancient religious tradition; and which sought to provide a home for all Jews, yet accepted Orthodox–Ashkenazi–Judaism as the only authentic representation of the Jewish tradition.
Prayer and worship
Authors: Langer Ruth
Published: November 2023

Traditional Judaism integrates the holy into every aspect of life. Consequently, prayer and the synagogue represent only one, not particularly privileged, subset of Jewish sacred activities and locations. Other activities, like Torah study, being charitable, or even eating, and other places, like the study hall or the home, are also sacred. However, the Christian world’s stricter separation of sacred and secular spaces and activities meant that the synagogue took a leading role in Judaism’s move into modernity. If Jews and Judaism were to be accepted as legitimate parts of western society, then public Jewish religious life, to which Christians would first look in characterizing Judaism, needed to be ‘presentable’ in Christian eyes.
The authority of texts
Authors: Lange Nicholas de
Published: November 2023

Judaism has always been a text-based religion. Literacy has traditionally been highly valued, and the written word has enjoyed a status that is all the stronger for want of a well-developed continuous tradition of musical or visual art. In the past the book was accorded a status little short of magical. At the heart of Jewish worship is the display, reading, and exposition of a written text, the Torah. Public education has been accorded a high priority in Jewish society down the ages, and the possession of books has been a feature of Jewish homes even when it was rare in the surrounding culture.
Theological issues: survey
Authors: Samuelson Norbert M
Published: November 2023

Aristotle named the book that comes after (meta -) his book on physics (physica ) ‘theology’ because its subject-matter was a systematic and logical study (-logy) of God (theo-). His Physics deals with the general causal principles by which what we call the ‘natural’ world must be understood, principles whose ultimate foundation rests logically and causally on a first and final cause of everything. He (and other natural philosophers of the ancient Greek world) called such a principle ‘deity’ (theos ), and he devoted an entire book solely to that principle.
‘Striking too short at Greeks’: The Transmission of Agamemnon to the English Renaissance Stage
Authors: Ewbank Inga-Stina
Published: November 2023

There are a number of reasons, dive rent but interrelated, why the impotence of Priam ‘ [s]tricking too short at Greeks’ serves me for an index to the quest this paper proposes to pursue. The first is a general one. It seems to image a long-held axiom of English Renaissance scholarship that, when the playwrights wielded their antique sword, it struck too short at Greeks and lay where it fell, that is on Roman Seneca. His plays, Thomas Nashe complained in 1589, had become a storehouse for would-be playwrights with little or no Latin, who read ‘ English Seneca . . . by candlelight’ ‘ [L]et bloud line by line and page by page’ Seneca ‘ will afford you whole Hamlets, I should say handfuls of tragicall speeches’.2 This axiom is no longer so unquestioned,3 and in the last couple of decades
Ariane Mnouchkine and the History of the French Agamemnon
Authors: Combe Pierre Judet de La
Published: November 2023

When someone decides to stage the Agamemnon of Aeschylus, s/he is involved in a very complex debate about the possible meanings of the play and about the aesthetics of modern theatrical performance. S/he has to deal with some difficult and well-known technical questions, such as: ‘ How should one resolve the problem of the tragic chorus? When should Clytemnestra appear on stage? What kind of music is most appropriate today? ’ And so on. But if a director wants his/her work to get some individual and acknowledged value within theatre history, if s/he is not content with simply mounting just another good production of the play but seeks instead to innovate, then there are greater difficulties to contend with.
Virtues, Values, and Moral Objectivity
Authors: Siep Ludwig
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that virtues are valuable character traits or dispositions to behave regularly in the right way. If there are any values at all, justice, wisdom, and bravery are among them and just actions are instantiations of the value of justice. Therefore, if virtues can lay claim to some sort of objectivity, we may conclude that there are at least some objective values.
Hybrid Theories of Normativity
Authors: Detel Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

What is the source of ethical normativity? It is often thought that the ancient world-view provides an easier answer to this question than the modern scientific picture of the world. The traditional diagnosis is that the ancients conceived of the universe as being a teleological structure. The real is supposed to be in some sense normative and human life has a purpose which depends on the teleology exhibited by the universe as a whole. This is supposed to be sufficient to establish that ethics really is normative and that its demands on us are justified. At the same time, the ancient view seems to ground ethical normativity firmly in nature. According to the traditional diagnosis, the modern scientific world-view has deprived us of the idea that the world has a purpose or telos. In the modern view, nature is taken to be the realm of laws that are in no way teleological or normative.
Socratic Ethics: Ultra-Realism, Determinism, and Ethical Truth
Authors: Penner Terry
Published: November 2023

I offer an outline here of a rather unusual ethical theory which I find in the Socratic parts of Plato’s early dialogues and which I shall call ‘Socratic Ethics’. This is a remarkable theory by modern lights, first for its naturalism or descriptivism: no norms, no values, no practical principles—just matters of fact, objective truths about the agent’s good. The good referred to here is that real good (happiness) which the agent wants to see realized in his or her life to the greatest extent possible, given the circumstances that the agent is in. The desire in question is egoistic, in that it is within one’s own life that one wants the good maximally realized. It is, nevertheless, the same good, the same happiness, that each of us wants maximally realized in our own lives—I that this happiness be maximally realized in my life, you that this same happiness be maximally realized in your life, and so forth.
Out of the Labyrinth: Plato’s Attack on Consequentialism
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret
Published: November 2023

What is the relation between Plato’s account of virtue and his defence of ethical objectivity? Some views of Platonic virtue may relegate it to a role severely subordinate to objective value. In what follows I reflect on Plato’s attack on consequentialism in the Euthydemus and consider how that dialogue, read as an integrated whole, may provide a view of value inimical to consequentialism. From this view, I argue, flows an account of the nature of value to which virtue is central; but the metaphysics of that account explains objectivity too. This, in turn, may illuminate our modern concerns: for it provides a distinctive starting-point for the metaphysics of value, and hence for any debate with the consequentialist.
An Aristotelian Commentator on the Naturalness of Justice
Authors: Sharples R W
Published: November 2023

The question of whether justice or ‘what is right’, dikaiosunêor to dikaion, is a matter of nature or convention is a central one in ancient Greek thought from the time of the Sophists onwards. It has a particular importance in the context of ancient eudaimonistic ethics. Justice in the more general sense of the term is, Aristotle argues, the aspect of virtue concerned with our behaviour towards other people; and in a system of thought which assumes, as ancient eudaimonistic ethics does, that I should act in my own true self-interest, the question whether and why it is in my own interest to treat other people justly is nothing less than the question of the basis of morality.
Assimilations of Inﬂuence
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

Elizabeth Jennings, writing in the 1960s, argued that Frost’s impact on the work of other poets could only ever be fugitive, his influence general and nebulous rather than speciﬁc. In the case of Heaney and Muldoon I would counter that his influence has at times been manifest in quite explicit ways, and that the points of intersection can be pinpointed rather more precisely than Jennings claims. This is, of course, aided by the fact that both poets have written and spoken freely about Frost’s poetry, and about its influence on their own work, in correspondence, lectures, and interviews. Yet, valuable though it is, this material should be approached with a degree of caution: poets’ own views on other poets change over time, and in accordance with their current preoccupations. Heaney is himself quick to acknowledge this.
Intention, Purpose, and Design
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

Both Frost and Muldoon believe that, in the composition of a poem, freedom is most often evident within, indeed dependent upon, the constraint of a design. Likewise both poets, when speaking of cosmological or metaphysical issues, profess a belief in external constraints within which free will might operate. To follow the parallel through from the level of aesthetics and form within poetry, free will can be viewed as dependent on a framework, on a type of restraint. For Frost, these external constraints can be equated with a notion of a deity, however indifferent or diabolical that deity might be. As the poem ‘Accidentally on Purpose’ a little laconically declares: For Muldoon, these constraints might be genetic or societal. In his 1996 interview with John Redmond he discusses this in relation to the interplay of the determined and the random:
The Eastern Mediterranean in Early Antiquity
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: November 2023

‘Mediterraneanism’ involves itself with a region, and as such it needs to define its subject of study and set its borders. While the aim of the approach is to be trans-historical—inspired as it is by Braudel’s longue durée—it should be obvious that historical circumstances defined what belonged to the Mediterranean world at any given point in time. Political and economic conditions determined what regions were in contact with those at the Mediterranean shores, and these changed over time. While the Mediterranean might be a timeless and trans-historical concept, what falls within its reach is not. In his study of the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II, Fernand Braudel could include the Flemish city of Antwerp, but no one would claim that city to have been a Mediterranean one throughout its history.
Travel and Experience in the Mediterranean of Louis XV
Authors: Armstrong Christopher Drew
Published: November 2023

Travel in Enlightenment culture was seen as differing essentially from travel in earlier periods. Circumscribed by extensive commercial and diplomatic networks, travel took place within an administrative framework that facilitated the gathering of knowledge around the world. Transformed by the development of new navigational technologies—specifically the invention of the marine chronometer and mathematically rigorous cartography—the relationship between the traveler and the environment could be plotted with an unprecedented degree of certainty. While knowledge of the world remained fragmentary, it was possible nonetheless to fully apprehend the extent of missing geographic information and to imagine a future state when a complete understanding of the earth’s geography would be realized through the efforts of scientific travelers.
Alphabet Soup in the Mediterranean Basin: The Emergence of the Mediterranean Serial
Authors: Alcock Susan E
Published: November 2023

Figure 13.1 captures, in graphic form, an arresting phenomenon. In a nutshell, the past two decades or so have witnessed the emergence of a number of academic journals which deal, to a greater or lesser extent, with the historical Mediterranean. The sample is admittedly a small one; the circulation of many rather limited; the life-span of a few regrettably brief. Nonetheless, the pattern is clear enough to invite review and contextualization, and to encourage some thought about the nature, and purpose, of these ‘Mediterranean serials’.
Textuality
Authors: Wray Ramona
Published: November 2023

In an earlier manifestation, textual studies the term incorporates the twin disciplines of bibliography and editing stood outside mainstream Renaissance criticism. Bibliography and editing were seen as peripheral, less important than the ‘real work’ of literary analysis. One of the gains of the theoretical paradigm which has reshaped the Renaissance in recent years has been to unite these two strands of endeavour: theory has enabled a thorough revision of bibliography and editing, integrating both within the interpretive act and, in the process, transforming the status of textual studies. Signcant investigations into the construction of particular Renaissance editions, and discussions of the contemporary and subsequent histories of the early modern book, have given bibliography critical currency.
Chances Are: Henry Buckle, Thomas Hardy, and the Individual at Risk
Authors: Small Helen
Published: November 2023

This essay is about that old philosophical conundrum, neatly fingered here by Monty Python, of how one can plausibly assert individualism in a context where being one of a crowd is of the essence. Strictly speaking, there should be no para dox: there is nothing logically inconsistent about the claim that societies are constituted of individuals. Nevertheless, to announce individuality as the grounds for commonality is to find oneself teetering on the edge of absurdity.
Freud’s Theory of Metaphor: Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Nineteenth-Century Science and Figurative Language
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

One of his earliest publications in 1893, written while he was still seeking a new form for his researches into the unconscious mind, was called Project for a Scientific Psychology, and announced his intention to ‘furnish a psychology that shall be a natural science: that is, to represent psychical processes as quantitatively determinate states of specifiable material particles’. But twenty years later he acknowl edged that the Project had failed, remarking that ‘every attempt to ... discover a localization of mental processes, every endeavour to think of ideas as stored up in nerve-cells and of excitations as travelling along nerve-fibres, has miscarried completely’.
‘Chloe Liked Olivia’: The Woman Scientist, Sex, and Suffrage
Authors: Oannou Maroula J
Published: November 2023

This Chapter explores the representation of the woman scientist in three early twentieth-century novels: H. G. Wells’s Ann Veronica (1909) and what I take to be two feminist responses to it some fifteen years on: Edith Ayrton Zangwill’s The Call (1924) and Charlotte Haldane’s Man’s World (1926). Wells’s novel, the best remembered of the three works, established a powerful and provocative typology for the representation of the female scientist-a typology that Zangwill and Haldane both endorsed in several important respects but that they were also determined to resist.
The Confessionalization of Physics: Heresies, Facts and the Travails of the Republic of Letters
Authors: Liithy Christoph
Published: November 2023

According to a time-honoured view, there existed in an early modern Europe lacerated by confessional wars, ravished by famines, and decimated by the black plague, an elite of intellectuals who tenaciously functioned according to the rules of later centuries; who were the true precursors of the Enlightenment; and who engaged in measured scholarly discourse across confessional divides. These were the self-appointed members of the Republique des Lettres, an international alliance of reasonable people who followed higher rules of conduct than those prescribed by the warlords, preachers, and pamphleteers of their times.
Copernicanism, Jansenism, and Remonstrantism in the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands
Authors: Nouhuys Tabitta van
Published: November 2023

According to the Dutch historian of science Reyer Hooykaas, the Reformation contributed greatly to the rise of modern science. According to the Reformed way of thinking, Man was created by God with the power to scrutinize and understand nature, and had a duty to do so; the idea of the priesthood of all believers was conducive to the idea that both Scripture and nature were to be studied, and could fruitfully be studied, by each individual directly, without the intervention of tradition or interpretation by others. These ideas are of course related to the famous Merton thesis. Not only did Hooykaas devote his energies to explaining the link between Protestantism and science in general; he also wrote specifically on the reception of particular, novel scientific theories. In an article on Copernicanism in England and the Netherlands, he treated the enthusiasm of certain Dutch and English Protestants for the heliocentric theory, and claimed that Catholic contemporaries such as Galileo and Gassendi believed all or most of the Calvinistic scholars in the Netherlands to have been Copernicans.
When Did Pierre Gassendi Become a Libertine?
Authors: Osler Margaret J
Published: November 2023

Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) is best known as the thinker who baptized the philosophy of Epicurus, hoping to provide a theologic-ally acceptable alternative to Aristotelianism for seventeenth-century thinkers who were searching for a new philosophy of nature. Natural philosophers in the latter half of the seventeenth century regarded Gassendi as one of the founders of the new, mechanical philosophy of nature. Gassendi was a Catholic priest and canon of the cathedral at Digne in the south of France. During his lifetime, he had a reputation as a person of moderate habits who shared the Epicurean values of a quiet life that provided opportunities for the freedom to philosophize and the joys of friendship.
Hobbes, Heresy, and Corporeal Deity
Authors: Leijenhorst Cees
Published: November 2023

The Great Fire of London of 1666 occurred amidst an atmosphere of mounting religious hysteria in England. The irate souls wasted little time in finding a suitable scapegoat in Thomas Hobbes, as his Leviathan of 1651 was considered by many to be the very epitome of heresy and atheism. The House of Commons set up a committee to consider a ‘Bill against Atheisme Prophaneness and Swearing impowered to receive Informacion toucheing such bookes as tend to Atheisme Blasphemy or Prophaneness or against the Essence or Attributes of God. And in particular ... the booke of Mr Hobbs called the Leviathan ‘. A more salient version of these events is to be found in the Brief Lives by John Aubrey, who was not only an incurable gossip, but also a friend and admirer of his fellow Wilt shireman. According to Aubrey, some of the bishops made a motion in Parliament ‘to have the good old gentleman burnt for a heretic ‘. Fortunately for Hobbes, the order to set up a committee was coun-tered by his protector, the Secretary of State Henry Bennet, Baron of Arlington.
The Heterodox Career of Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott
Published: November 2023

There never was a better Man, than Mr Facio: His whole Life, like that of his blessed Master, was spent in doing good: And it might be as truly said of him, as some Person said of Nathaniel; he was a Man in whom there was no guile. As to his Learning: He had few, if any equals: He had read more than almost any other Man; and had the Happiness of remember[ing] every thing he had ever read. But, great as his learning was; his Modesty and Humility was still greater: He could bare contradiction from Children in Knowledge; and that, too in things that were plain and evident to him even to a Demonstration.
Virtue Ethics, Role Ethics, and Business Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: November 2023

Much has been written in substantive moral philosophy from the perspective of the ‘big three’ theories: Kantianism, Virtue Ethics, and Consequentialism (Baron, Pettit, and Slote 1997). Considerably less has been written about the nature of a Kantian, virtue ethical, or consequentialist role ethics. Part of the explanation for this neglect lies in scepticism about role ethics itself, or at least scepticism about its importance or centrality. In this chapter I remedy the neglect by elaborating my own conception of a virtue ethical role ethics, showing how my view handles apparent role conflict, and conflict between role ethics and ‘ordinary morality’.
The Intentions Of Natural Science And Theology
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Much light is cast on the intentions of the scientific and theological enterprises by setting them in their social and historical, or, rather, their social-anthropological, context. It comes as something of a shock to the Western scientifically educated inquirer to find that, in the anthropological and, to some extent, the sociological literature,48 too, the scientific perspective on the world is often included among today’s ‘myths’ and ‘rituals’-those narratives and actions which societies relate and perform in relation to the natural world in order to meet real existential needs.
Introduction: Immensity
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

From time to time in the history of thought there emerges from the laboratory a scientist who, throwing aside the conventional detachment of his kind from the affairs of the world, throws down a gauntlet at the feet of the believer in God-and does so with especial vehemence if that believer is a Christian. Such a one, in his day, was Thomas Henry Huxley, ‘Darwin’s bulldog’, who espoused Darwin’s theory of natural selection as much for its use as a stick with which to beat the Christianity of his time as for the scientific evidence in favour of it.
Chance And Necessity In An ‘Ensemble’ Of Universes
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Carter’s reference to an ‘ensemble of universes’ serves to intro duce us to another major speculation of cosmologists. It is clear that, in tracing the history of the universe back to the point c. IO billion years ago when all its mass is postulated as having been concentrated into a relatively small space (of the size of an average laboratory), there comes a point beyond which the laws of physics as we know, test, or extrapolate them, cannot be applied.
Conclusion: A Creator Who Communicates Meaning
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Even with these powerful models of God’s action in the world whether of God as agent, of the world being in God, of the masculine and feminine aspects of procreation-I find myself still left with a sense of unease about some vital feature which is missing. We have been using the model of human agency, of the self, the ‘I’ whose intentions are implemented in and through the physical body, in order to take serious account of our scientific understanding of the unity of the world as a hierarchy of complex systems of physical units.
The Doctrine Of Creation In The Light Of The Emergence Of Man
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

So we ask, how does the foregoing account of the nature of man and of the processes leading to his emergence affect our models of Creation, the concept that all that is comes into being as an expression of the purpose and as a result of the action of a transcendent, yet immanent, Creator God? We recall that this concept was formulated to render the fact of existence intelligible and that the models appropriate for God’s creative action have (in these lectures) been devised and elaborated (or so I have intended) in the light of what the sciences have shown is in the world and how it has come to be there.
Prognoses
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

For more than a decade, there have been raised strident voices from prophets of the doom which is imminent for mankind as the consequence of what is already happening to his environment and population. One of the most famous deliverances of this kind was the 1972 report14 sponsored by the Club of Rome which, on the basis of a computerized ‘world model’, predicted collapse of the economic and industrial systems of ‘developed’ countries by about the year 2 1oo, unless the birth rate should come to equal the death rate and capital investment should come to equal capital depreciation.
‘Ecological Values’ And The Doctrine Of Creation
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

What is the relation of the foregoing to the generation of the best ‘ecological values’, meaning by this term the principles on which to base the making of wise personal and social decisions, with respect to those of our actions that impinge on the environment? This apparently simple question is more complex than first appears. No simple answer can be given, but nevertheless I wish to argue for the vital relevance to the development of appropriate ecological values in the coming decades of man’s understanding of his and nature’s relation to God as Creator.
Conclusion
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

It seems to me that to accept a doctrine of creation of the kind I have been developing is in fact to deploy a model which allows one to recognize ecological changes, problems, value-judgements, evils, etc. for what they are. This satisfies the second criterion, that a model of reality must facilitate wise ecological decisions, in that such a picture ( or model) of nature as creation can incorporate current scientific understandings of man in his global ecosystems and can elicit ecologically desirable and realistic perceptions on the world.
Future And Hope In Contemporary Theology
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Christian reflection on the relation between the ‘last things’ and present reality, with its hopes and fears, inevitably involves conclusions about the interrelations of past, present, and future. This cannot but be interlocked with the developments in the concept of time which have resulted from relativity and quantum theory and which philosophy is still in the process of digesting.
Phenomenal Belief, Phenomenal Concepts, and Phenomenal Properties in a Two-Dimensional Framework
Authors: Nida-Rumelin Martine
Published: November 2023

Peter, who is looking at the cloudless sky during the day, and Eve, who is looking at a painting of Yves Klein, have something in common. They both have a visual experience that has a common feature with respect to the color sensation. They are both having a blue sensation. The property of having a blue sensation is a paradigmatic example of phenomenal properties. Phenomenal properties arc often conceived of as properties of inner events or processes. I prefer to think of phenomenal properties as properties of sentient beings. A person who never had color experiences may have a concept of the property of having blue experiences (acquired by talking with sighted people or by reading books) but she does not have a phenomenal concept of having blue experiences. Phenomenal concepts are acquired on the basis of one’s own experiences of the relevant kind. Phenomenal concepts of having color experiences of particular kinds are acquired on the basis of one’s own color experiences. The question of how to account for the relation between phenomenal concepts and phenomenal properties is at the center of the current debate about the ontological status of consciousness.
Keeping Track of Objects in Conversation
Authors: Spencer Cara
Published: November 2023

Suppose Ortcutt and Lingens arc talking at a local bar. An eavesdropper overhears two fragments of their conversation. I have numbered some of their utterances for later reference. It is important that the numbers are understood to refer to utterances of these sentences in this conversation rather than the sentences themselves.