bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Health Record Security in Cloud
Authors: Vamsi Desam , Reddy Pradeep
Published: October 2019

Security is the primary issue nowadays because cybercrimes are increasing. The organizations can store and maintain their data on their own, but it is not cost effective, so for convenience they are choosing cloud. Due to its popularity, the healthcare organizations are storing their sensitive data to cloud-based storage systems, that is, electronic health records (EHR). One of the most feasible methods for maintaining privacy is homomorphism encryption (HE). HE can combine different services without losing security or displaying sensitive data. HE is nothing but computations performed on encrypted data. According to the type of operations and limited number of operations performed on encrypted data, it is categorized into three types: partially homomorphic encryption (PHE), somewhat homomorphic encryption (SWHE), fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). HE method is very suitable for the EHR, which requires data privacy and security.
Human Factors and Cultism Control in Social Media for Higher Education
Authors: Azeta Ambrose Agbon , Ativie Raymond , Misra Sanjay , Azeta Angela E. , Chidozie Felix Chidozie , Amosu Olufunmilola
Published: October 2019

The social media network is one of the trending platforms engaged for communication by students. Regrettably, this system has been used by persons to plan and commit cyber fraud and public vices. Some of the tertiary institutions including secondary and university in Nigeria have been turned to cultist environments resulting in killings and disorder amongst students in the school and environs. This is a situation that has continued to struggle with solutions in most higher institutions in the country, particularly in the government owned institutions. This obviously is a human factor issue that needs to be addressed. The objective of this study is to provide social media-based system that is integrated with anti-cultism component services towards combating cultism on campus. The platform will support interaction and learning on and off campus while at the same time helping to curtail cultism among students through filtering of keywords communicated on social media that are crime-based or cultism-related. In carrying out this study, appropriate research methods and implementation techniques such as modeling, design, server-side programming, database were deployed. The platform provides a dual platform that will enable active students to participate in learning, and also cultism control in the school system.
Human Factor in Designing an Elderly Care Ecosystem
Authors: Baldissera Thais Andrea , Camarinha-Matos Luis M. , De Faveri Cristiano
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides a brief overview of the demographic evolution and aging process, introducing a collaborative framework to assist senior citizens. The importance of supporting the age-related care needs, and the potential technologies for aging support are highlighted. A conceptual model for an elderly care ecosystem (ECE) and methods for care service personalization and evolution based on a collaborative environment are presented. To facilitate the consideration of human factors in the early design stage of ECE, a care need goals taxonomy and human-centered design principles are introduced. Customer, service, and service provider template profiles to design the elderly care ecosystem are proposed. Experimental results and feedback from lead users are presented and discussed. The goal of the ECE framework is to provide assistance in service recommendation (and adaptation) for the elderly care domain taking into account human factors.
Human Knowledge and Expertise Platform for Managing Genomics Projects
Authors: Yang Jitao
Published: October 2019

Genomics has been used to more accurately support the realization of scientific research, personalized healthcare, and precision medicine. Professional knowledge and expertise are required to process the genomics project and laboratory workflows which include project enrollment, project and sample tracking, sample warehousing, nucleic acid extraction, library construction, concentration and peak map detection, pooling, sequencing, etc. Therefore, the digitizing management of projects and laboratory workflows is very important to support the handling of tens of thousands of samples in parallel. This chapter implements the human knowledge and expertise to a project and laboratory management platform, which can integrated manage the complex genomics projects, the laboratory workflows, the sequencing instruments, the analysis pipelines, and the genetic interpretation service. The platform can automate routine tasks, facilitate communication, optimize business procedures and workflows, process tens of thousands of samples parallelly, and increase the business efficiency.
The Politics of Domestic Violence Laws Against Women and the Dignity of Womanhood
Authors: Wogu Ikedinachi Ayodele Power , Elegbeleye Ayotunde , Uwaoma Kalu Uche , Chukwuedo Charles Nathaniel , Edogiawere Morris , Aguziendu Chidiebere , Misra Sanjay
Published: October 2019

Studies on domestic violence against women (DVAW) reveals that the patriarchal and socio-cultural mindset of Nigerians, which tend to dignify the roles of men over women, thus encumbering the full implementation of the laws designed to protect the dignity of womanhood, is at the crux of factors militating against women. With the culture violence theory as theoretical framework for the study, Marilyn's ex-post-facto research method was adopted since the chapter utilized data gathered from previously analyzed studies on the subject of DVAW. Socio-cultural and the lackadaisical behavior of politicians were identified as pertinent factors influencing the rising cases of DVAW recorded, despite the presence of the Violence Against Persons Prohibition Act (VAPPA) laws that prohibit violence against persons in states, a factor impeding most women from attaining their full potential and dignity in African societies. The need to strengthen and increase sensitization about the essence of VAPPA laws and what women and girls stand to achieve by its enforcement were emphasized.
A Critical Assessment and Enhancement of Metrics for the Management of Scarce Human Resources
Authors: Radant Olaf , Stantchev Vladimir
Published: October 2019

The effect of digitalization and its transformative power in all aspects of corporate strategies and organizations are visible everywhere. As leaders try to make sense of the “digital tornado” and prepare, try out, and set courses in new business directions, the authors propose to take a step back and focus on what is still at the core of corporate change – the people of your organization. In this chapter, the authors reflect on the forces and challenges that employees are facing in times of rapid and digitally driven change. They also mirror this, considering structural, sociological, and demographic change in the workforce, especially with regards to younger employees. They provide a set of fundamental metrics that can quantify the human resource strategy of an organization to derive measures which can be controlled via a DMAIC cycle. This contribution is an extended version of and includes an enhanced set of metrics to address challenges of digitalization and agile work environments. Further, approaches to possible solutions and first steps for an implementation in companies are presented.
Observations of Elementary and Middle School Children Interacting With Computers
Authors: Goodwin David R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter summarizes exploratory field observations with interpretive comments in three Chicago area schools (two elementary and one middle) and explores the relationship between children's literacy, use of computers, and the world wide web. These observations provide better understand of how the world wide web could be used to support children's literacy development. The cases provide detail related phenomena that could be further explored and achieve fuller understanding of the role computer technology plays in children's classroom learning and advocates for the holistic study of the wellbeing in children.
Narratives of Child Care in Public Policy in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Mutsuko
Published: October 2019

The repositioning of certain phenomena as issues and selectiveness and prioritization when adding specific issues into policy agenda are not always accompanied by scientific evidence. Much has been spoken and written about childcare, family, and the reconciliation of work and family issues by the media, critiques, scholars, and citizens for decades in Japan. Still, many years passed before public policy started any serious attempt to make a proper response. Despite substantial public attention, some issues were not immediately meant to be major agendas for public policy, unlike others. Implicit or explicit priority or selectiveness when making policy agendas for specific issues does matter in daily life.
An Ultra-Fast Method for Clustering of Big Genomic Data
Authors: Kenidra Billel , Benmohammed Mohamed
Published: October 2019

The clustering process is used to identify cancer subtypes based on gene expression and DNA methylation datasets, since cancer subtype information is critically important for understanding tumor heterogeneity, detecting previously unknown clusters of biological samples, which are usually associated with unknown types of cancer will, in turn, gives way to prescribe more effective treatments for patients. This is because cancer has varying subtypes which often respond disparately to the same treatment. While the DNA methylation database is extremely large-scale datasets, running time still remains a major challenge. Actually, traditional clustering algorithms are too slow to handle biological high-dimensional datasets, they usually require large amounts of computational time. The proposed clustering algorithm extraordinarily overcomes all others in terms of running time, it is able to rapidly identify a set of biologically relevant clusters in large-scale DNA methylation datasets, its superiority over the others has been demonstrated regarding its relative speed.
Information Technology Governance in a Higher Education Institution
Authors: Frogeri Rodrigo Franklin , Pardini Daniel Jardim , Cunha Gustavo Rodrigues
Published: October 2019

This study characterizes and analyzes information technology governance in a Brazilian institution of higher education. The methodological aspects included the quantitative approach, with application multivariate analysis, clusters and descriptive statistics from a sample of 62 individuals, and qualitative by means semi-structured interviews of ten professionals responsible for institution IT sectors. Analysis are presented a scenario in which IT governance can be characterized as a non-adopted practice and without planning for adoption. Aspects such as, lack of personnel, training, and planning of projects were observed as critical factors to IT governance implantation success. A bidirectional communication absence between IT and organizational management has led the institution to responsibilities dispersion and lacks horizontal integration with possible investments without adding value. The governance model identified was considered anarchic.
Mobile Health and Telemedicine
Authors: Etim Alice , Etim David N. , Scott Jasmine
Published: October 2019

In 2016, the U.S. Government health expenditures reached $3.35 trillion and the cost per person stood at $10,345. Health is seen as impacting both one's quality of life and finances. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) (2008 - 2016) brought the issue of cost to the forefront for all people especially those in the health disparate communities. Advances in health informatics coupled with new approaches to healthcare delivery may hold promise for this large industry in the USA that critically needs to be cost effective in order to sustain itself. This paper reports a study that investigated importance of health, mobile health (m-Health) and telemedicine awareness along with its adoption in a health disparate community that has one of the Historical Black Colleges & Universities (HBCUs) in the country. The findings were that, all participants owned a mobile (cell) phone with smart features. Although a large number them indicated that their health was very important to them, there was lack of awareness and adoption of m-Health and telemedicine.
Lone Wolves in Distance Learning?
Authors: Kayser Ina , Merz Thomas
Published: October 2019

Distance learners are often referred to as ‘lone wolves' who, as a result of the geographical distance and other system-specific characteristics of distance learning programs, place little emphasis on communicating with the university and, in particular, their fellow students. This article, following a demonstration of the developments in the field of distance learning, focuses on the communication patterns of distance learners. As part of a quantitative study, the students of a German distance university answered a survey on this topic. A significant result was the division of the students into three groups according to their tendency to communicate: Power communicators, regular communicators, and the lone wolves. Moreover, a shift within the student cohorts can be identified: students in later semesters prefer synchronous communication as opposed to the asynchronous use of emails. Learning analytics and a shift in the role of academic support towards mentoring can support an increase in the tendency to communicate and, ultimately, in student motivation and performance.
A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study on the Antimalarial Activities of 4-Aminoquinoline, Febrifugine and Artemisinin Compounds
Authors: Ou Yu Heng , Chang Chia Ming
Published: October 2019

Quantum chemical molecular descriptors representing different types of chemical reactivity were employed to investigate the antimalarial activities of 4-aminoquinoline, febrifugine, artemisinin and their derivatives. The quantitative structure-activity relationship results reveal that: (i) the antimalarial activities of 4-aminoquinoline compounds against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain are mainly affected by the electron flow and polarization interactions; (ii) The reactivity descriptors for the activities of febrifugine compounds against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain are the electron-acceptance chemical potential, the maximum nucleophilic and electrophilic local softness, the maximum positive charge of the hydrogen atom, etc.; (iii) The electron-donation chemical potential, the maximum negative charge, the inverse of the apolar surface area and the molar volume of artemisinin compounds are the most important descriptors for evaluating the activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W-2 strain.
QSAR/QSPR in Polymers
Authors: Rasulev Bakhtiyor , Casanola-Martin Gerardo
Published: October 2019

Predictive modeling of the properties of polymers and polymeric materials is getting more attention, while it is still very complicated due to complexity of these materials. In this review, we discuss main applications of quantitative structure-property/activity relationships (QSPR/QSAR) methods for polymers published recently. The most relevant publications are discussed covering this field highlighting the main advantages and drawbacks of the obtained predictive models. Examples dealing with refractive index, glass transition temperatures, intrinsic viscosity, thermal decomposition and flammability properties are shown, together with a fouling-release activity study. Finally, some considerations are discussed in order to give some clues that could lead to the improvement in the efficient computational design and/or optimization of new polymers with enhanced properties/activities.
Local Policy and Water Access in Baguio City, Philippines
Authors: Mendoza Lorelei C. , Cruz Gladys A. , Ciencia Alejandro N. , Penalba Maileenita A.
Published: October 2019

This article focuses on how water users perceive the state of water security and their concerns about water resources in Baguio City using survey data from 300 poor households. The financial and social aspects of the poor household's access to potable water are described before features of the Baguio Water Code on drinking water quality, water permits and groundwater extraction, and rainwater harvesting are tackled. The high expectations that accompanied the approval of this breakthrough legislation to address the city's long-standing water problems which were only partially met as the key provision on water permits remains unimplemented. Drinking water quality and rainwater harvesting have had some success in implementation. Still more needs to be done through measures that rely on the partnership of the local water utility and the city government offices in order to respond to the need of poor households for clean water.
Young Farmers' Motivation and Participation in Horticultural Organic Farming in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Hariadi Sunarru Samsi , Widhiningsih Diah Fitria
Published: October 2019

This research aims at analyzing how to further young farmers' motivation and participation and the impact of influencing factors of relevance. Prominent among the goals of this research is to enhance youth psychological characteristics so as to arrange the best strategy to promote horticultural organic farming. Eighty young farmers were selected by means of simple random sampling method. Path analysis was employed to decide the fit model. It was found that agricultural extension workers changed young farmers' motivations and that they had an impact on participation by enhancing perception. The role of agricultural extension workers should be improved; and they should help control the communication between local leaders and farmers. Hopefully, this research can be used as the basis of agricultural policy in developing countries.
Aspectos quantitativos de materialidade das informações divulgadas nas demonstrações contábeis e nas notas explicativas de empresas brasileiras da indústria de alimentos processados1
Authors: Castro Livia Arruda , Leôncio Yohanna Jade dos Santos , Silva Régis Barroso , Domingos Sylvia Rejane Magalhães , Ponte Vera Maria Rodrigues
Published: October 2019

Investigou-se o atendimento a critérios quantitativos de materialidade das informações divulgadas em demonstrações contábeis e em notas explicativas de empresas brasileiras da indústria de alimentos processados, referentes aos sete exercícios financeiros do período de 2010 a 2016. Considerando-se os critérios quantitativos conhecidos na literatura acadêmica, o estudo se propôs a: (i) calcular a materialidade das companhias da amostra com base no critério quantitativo de 1% da Receita Líquida; (ii) verificar se os itens divulgados nas demonstrações contábeis e nas notas explicativas atendem a esses critérios; e (iii) calcular o percentual médio de itens que não atendem à materialidade de 1% daReceita Líquida Líquida. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram constatar que o Balanço Patrimonial foi o demonstrativo que apresentou os maiores percentuais de divulgação de informações não materiais, com uma média de 35%, seguido pela Demonstração do Valor Adicionado, com 34%, pela Demonstração de Fluxos de Caixa, com 32%, e pela Demonstração do Resultado do Exercício, com 27%. A análise mostrou ainda que o percentual médio de itens que não atendem à materialidade de 1% da Receita Líquida nas notas explicativas foi bem inferior àquele calculado para as demonstrações contábeis, de apenas 6%. Além disso, os resultados evidenciam uma redução das médias, dos valores máximos e dos intervalos dos percentuais de informações abaixo da materialidade a partir de 2014, o que pode ser atribuído à aprovação e à divulgação da OCPC 07, ocorridas no citado ano.
Ureteral realignment with combined access as a treatment of complete ureteral transection
Authors: Panach-Navarrete Jorge , Lloret-Durà Marcos Antonio , Medina-González María , Martínez-Jabaloyas José María
Published: October 2019

Ureteral realignment using a ureteral stent can be an alternative treatment in cases of complete ureteral transection and may avoid the need for reconstructive surgery. The combined access can help the passage of the guidewire through the injured area and the threading of the urinary system of the patient. We present a case of a 38-year-old man with multiples abdominal surgeries, who underwent a complete ureteral section treated with ureteral realignment with combined access. The subsequent evolution was favourable, with resolution of the ureteral injury at the acute time, and without the presence of long-term obstruction. Although we must accept that the standard treatment of the complete ureteral transection is reconstruction and anastomosis, in cases such as the one prsented, with multiple abdominal surgeries and whenever it is technically feasible, ureteral realignment may be a treatment option.
Biochemical and nutritional characteristics of buffalo meat and potential implications on human health for a personalized nutrition
Authors: Tamburrano Andrea , Tavazzi Barbara , Callà Cinzia Anna Maria , Amorini Angela Maria , Lazzarino Giacomo , Vincenti Sara , Zottola Tiziana , Campagna Maria Concetta , Moscato Umberto , Laurenti Patrizia
Published: October 2019

The human consumption of food animal products is the main topic of an important debate among professionals in this sector: dietologists, dietitians and nutritional biologists. The red meat provides all the essential amino acids, bioavailable iron, zinc, calcium, lipids and B-group vitamins. A valid alternative to beef could be the buffalo meat. Italy is the largest European producer of buffalo meat and derivatives. The high nutritional characteristics of buffalo meat make it suitable to be included in the Mediterranean diet to customize it in relation to the needs and conditions of the population. Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio can be influenced by diet, breed and type of breeding, but muscle tissue fat percentage is the main factor in determining a favorable fatty acid composition. This review focuses on the biochemical and nutritional characteristics of the buffalo meat (content of fats, cholesterol, amino acids, vitamins and minerals), explaining their variability depending on the different breeds, and the favorable implications on the human health. These results suggest that buffalo meat can be a healthier alternative to beef, not only for healthy people in particular physiological conditions (i.e. pregnancy), but also for persons at risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, thus achieving the goal of a personalized nutrition.
The function ω ƒ on simple n-ods
Authors: Vidal-Escobar Ivon , Garcia-Ferreira Salvador
Published: October 2019

Given a discrete dynamical system (X, ƒ), we consider the function ωƒ-limit set from X to 2x as

ωƒ(x) = {y ∈ X : there exists a sequence of positive integers 
 n1 < n2 < … such that limk→∞ ƒnk (x) = y},

for each x ∈ X. In the article [1], A. M. Bruckner and J. Ceder established several conditions which are equivalent to the continuity of the function ωƒ where ƒ: [0,1] → [0,1] is continuous surjection. It is natural to ask whether or not some results of [1] can be extended to finite graphs. In this direction, we study the function ωƒ when the phase space is a n-od simple T. We prove that if ωƒ is a continuous map, then Fix(ƒ2) and Fix(ƒ3) are connected sets. We will provide examples to show that the inverse implication fails when the phase space is a simple triod. However, we will prove that:

Theorem A 2. If ƒ: T → T is a continuous function where T is a simple triod then ωƒ is a continuous set valued function iff the family {ƒ0, ƒ1, ƒ2,} is equicontinuous.

As a consequence of our results concerning the ωƒ function on the simple triod, we obtain the following characterization of the unit interval.

Theorem A 1. Let G be a finite graph. Then G is an arc iff for each continuous function ƒ: G → G the following conditions are equivalent:
 (1) The function ωƒ is continuous.
 (2) The set of all fixed points of ƒ2 is nonempty and connected.
Simple dynamical systems
Authors: Ali Akbar K. , Kannan V. , Subramania Pillai I.
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we study the class of simple systems on R induced by homeomorphisms having finitely many non-ordinary points. We characterize the family of homeomorphisms on R having finitely many non-ordinary points upto (order) conjugacy. For x,y ∈ R, we say x ∼ y on a dynamical system (R,f) if x and y have same dynamical properties, which is an equivalence relation. Said precisely, x ∼ y if there exists an increasing homeomorphism h : R → R such that h ◦ f = f ◦ h and h(x) = y. An element x ∈ R is ordinary in (R,f) if its equivalence class [x] is a neighbourhood of it.
Shipborne measurements of ClNO2 in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula during summer
Authors: Eger Philipp G. , Friedrich Nils , Schuladen Jan , Shenolikar Justin , Fischer Horst , Tadic Ivan , Harder Hartwig , Martinez Monica , Rohloff Roland , Tauer Sebastian , Drewnick Frank , Fachinger Friederike , Brooks James , Darbyshire Eoghan , Sciare Jean , Pikridas Michael , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Shipborne measurements of nitryl chloride (ClNO2),
hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were made during the
AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign in
summer 2017. The dataset includes measurements over the Mediterranean Sea,
the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of
Oman, and the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf) with observed
ClNO2 mixing ratios ranging from the limit of detection to ≈600 pptv. We examined the regional variability in the generation of
ClNO2 via the uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to
Cl-containing aerosol and its importance for Cl atom generation in a marine
boundary layer under the (variable) influence of emissions from shipping and
the oil industry. The yield of ClNO2 formation per NO3 radical
generated was generally low (median of ≈1 %–5 % depending on the
region), mainly as a result of gas-phase loss of NO3 dominating over
heterogeneous loss of N2O5, the latter being disfavoured by the
high temperatures found throughout the campaign. The contributions of
ClNO2 photolysis and OH-induced HCl oxidation to Cl-radical formation
were derived and their relative contributions over the diel cycle compared.
The results indicate that over the northern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and
the Gulf of Oman the formation of Cl atoms will enhance the oxidation rates
of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), especially in the early morning.
Assessment of the theoretical limit in instrumental detectability of northern high-latitude methane sources using δ13CCH4 atmospheric signals
Authors: Thonat Thibaud , Saunois Marielle , Pison Isabelle , Berchet Antoine , Hocking Thomas , Thornton Brett F. , Crill Patrick M. , Bousquet Philippe
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Recent efforts have brought together bottom-up quantification approaches
(inventories and process-based models) and top-down approaches using regional observations of methane atmospheric concentrations through inverse modelling
to better estimate the northern high-latitude methane sources. Nevertheless,
for both approaches, the relatively small number of available observations
in northern high-latitude regions leaves gaps in our understanding of the
drivers and distributions of the different types of regional methane sources. Observations of methane isotope ratios, performed with instruments that
are becoming increasingly affordable and accurate, could bring new insights
on the contributions of methane sources and sinks. Here, we present the
source signal that could be observed from methane isotopic 13CH4 measurements if high-resolution observations were available and thus what
requirements should be fulfilled in future instrument deployments in terms
of accuracy in order to constrain different emission categories. This
theoretical study uses the regional chemistry-transport model CHIMERE driven
by different scenarios of isotopic signatures for each regional methane
source mix. It is found that if the current network of methane monitoring
sites were equipped with instruments measuring the isotopic signal
continuously, only sites that are significantly influenced by emission
sources could differentiate regional emissions with a reasonable level of
confidence. For example, wetland emissions require daily accuracies lower
than 0.2 ‰ for most of the sites. Detecting East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) emissions requires accuracies lower than 0.05 ‰ at
coastal Russian sites (even lower for other sites). Freshwater emissions
would be detectable with an uncertainty lower than 0.1 ‰ for
most continental sites. Except Yakutsk, Siberian sites require stringent
uncertainty (lower than 0.05 ‰) to detect anthropogenic
emissions from oil and gas or coal production. Remote sites such as
Zeppelin, Summit, or Alert require a daily uncertainty below
0.05 ‰ to detect any regional sources. These limits vary
with the hypothesis on isotopic signatures assigned to the different
sources.
Controls on the water vapor isotopic composition near the surface of tropical oceans and role of boundary layer mixing processes
Authors: Risi Camille , Galewsky Joseph , Reverdin Gilles , Brient Florent
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Understanding what controls the water vapor isotopic composition of
the sub-cloud layer (SCL) over tropical oceans (δD0) is
a first step towards understanding the water vapor isotopic composition
everywhere in the troposphere. We propose an analytical model to predict
δD0 motivated by the hypothesis that the altitude from
which the free tropospheric air originates (zorig) is an important
factor: when the air mixing into the SCL is lower in altitude, it
is generally moister, and thus it depletes the SCL more efficiently.
We extend previous simple box models of the SCL by prescribing the
shape of δD vertical profiles as a function of humidity profiles
and by accounting for rain evaporation and horizontal advection effects.
The model relies on the assumption that δD profiles are steeper
than mixing lines, and that the SCL is at steady state, restricting
its applications to timescales longer than daily. In the model, δD0
is expressed as a function of zorig, humidity and temperature
profiles, surface conditions, a parameter describing the steepness
of the δD vertical gradient, and a few parameters describing
rain evaporation and horizontal advection effects. We show that δD0
does not depend on the intensity of entrainment, in contrast to several
previous studies that had hoped that δD0 measurements
could help estimate this quantity. Based on an isotope-enabled general circulation model simulation,
we show that δD0 variations are mainly controlled by mid-tropospheric
depletion and rain evaporation in ascending regions and by sea surface
temperature and zorig in subsiding regions. In turn, could δD0
measurements help estimate zorig and thus discriminate between
different mixing processes? For such isotope-based estimates of zorig
to be useful, we would need a precision of a few hundred meters in
deep convective regions and smaller than 20 m in stratocumulus regions.
To reach this target, we would need daily measurements of δD
in the mid-troposphere and accurate measurements of δD0
(accuracy down to 0.1 ‰ in the case of stratocumulus clouds,
which is currently difficult to obtain). We would also need information
on the horizontal distribution of δD to account for horizontal
advection effects, and full δD profiles to quantify the uncertainty
associated with the assumed shape for δD profiles. Finally,
rain evaporation is an issue in all regimes, even in stratocumulus
clouds. Innovative techniques would need to be developed to quantify
this effect from observations.
Evaluation of NU-WRF Performance on Air Quality Simulation under Various Model
Resolutions – An Investigation within Framework of MICS-Asia Phase III
Authors: Tao Zhining , Chin Mian , Gao Meng , Kucsera Tom , Kim Dongchul , Bian Huisheng , Kurokawa Jun-ichi , Wang Yuesi , Carmichael Gregory R. , Wang Zifa , Akimoto Hajime
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Horizontal grid resolution has a profound effect on model performances on meteorology and air quality simulations. In contribution to MICS-Asia Phase III, one of whose goals was to identify and reduce model uncertainty in air quality prediction, this study examined the impact of grid resolution on meteorology and air quality over East Asia, focusing on the North China Plain (NCP) region. NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) model has been applied with the horizontal resolutions at 45-, 15-, and 5-km. The results revealed that, in comparison with ground observations, no single resolution can yield the best model performance for all variables across all stations. From a regional average perspective (i.e., across all monitoring sites), air temperature modeling was not sensitive to the grid resolution but wind and precipitation simulation showed the opposite. NU-WRF with the 5-km grid simulated the best wind speed, while the 45-km grid yielded the most realistic precipitation as compared to the site observations. For air quality simulations, finer resolution generally led to better comparisons with observations for O3, CO, NOx, and PM2.5. However, the improvement of model performance on air quality was not linear with the resolution increase. The accuracy of modeled surface O3 out of the 15-km grid was greatly improved over the one from the 45-km grid. Further increase of grid resolution, however, showed diminished impact on model performance on O3 prediction. In addition, finer resolution grid showed large advantage to better capture the frequency of high pollution occurrences. This was important for assessment of noncompliance of ambient air quality standards, which was key to air quality planning and management. Balancing the findings and resource limitation, a 15-km grid resolution was suggested for future MICS-Asia air quality modeling activity. This investigation also found out large overestimate of ground-level O3 and underestimate of surface NOx and CO, likely due to missing emissions of NOx and CO.
Modelling the potential impacts of the recent, unexpected increase in CFC-11 emissions on total column ozone recovery
Authors: Keeble James , Abraham N. Luke , Archibald Alexander T. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Dhomse Sandip , Griffiths Paul T. , Pyle John A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The temporal evolution of long-lived, anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons is a key control on the timing of total column ozone (TCO) recovery. Recent observations have shown that the atmospheric mixing ratio of CFC-11 is not declining as expected under complete compliance with the Montreal Protocol, and indicate a new source of CFC-11. In this study, the impact of a number of potential future CFC-11 emissions scenarios on TCO recovery is investigated using the UM-UKCA model. Key uncertainties related to this new CFC-11 source and their impact on the timing of TCO recovery are explored, including: the duration of new CFC-11 emissions/production; the impact of any newly created bank; and the effects of co-production of CFC-12. Scenario-independent relationships are identified between cumulative CFC emissions and the timing of ozone recovery, which can be used to establish the impact of future CFC emissions pathways on ozone recovery in the real world. It is found that, for every 200 Gg Cl emitted, the timing of global TCO recovery is delayed by ~ 0.56 years. However, a marked hemispheric asymmetry in the latitudinal impacts of cumulative Cl emissions on the timing of TCO recovery is identified, with longer delays in the southern hemisphere than the northern hemisphere for the same emission. Together, these results indicate that, if rapid action is taken to curb recently identified CFC-11 production then no significant delay in the timing of TCO recovery is expected, highlighting the importance of ongoing, long-term measurement efforts to inform the accountability phase of the Montreal Protocol. However, if the emissions are allowed to continue into the future, and are associated with the creation of large banks, then significant delays in the timing of TCO recovery may occur.
First measurements of tides in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere by ground-based Doppler microwave wind radiometry
Authors: Hagen Jonas , Hocke Klemens , Stober Gunter , Pfreundschuh Simon , Murk Axel , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric tides are important for the vertical coupling in the atmosphere from the stratosphere down to the troposphere and up to the ionosphere. They are gravity waves with well-known periods that are integer fractions of a day and can be observed in the temperature or wind field in the atmosphere. Current lidar and satellite techniques measure atmospheric tides only in the temperature field and continuous measurements of the tides in the wind field of the stratosphere and lower mesosphere are not available. In this study, we present measurements of the diurnal tide in the wind field in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere by ground based microwave wind radiometry for two different campaigns in tropical and polar regions. Further, we compare our measurements to MERRA-2 reanalysis data. In the three-monthly mean, we find a good overall correspondence between measurements and reanalysis with the most important features of the diurnal tides represented in both data sets. When looking at shorter timescales, we find an intermittency of the diurnal tide that is not represented in the MERRA-2 reanalysis data. We conclude, that continuous ground based observations of tides in the middle atmospheric wind field are feasible, even on short timescales of 7 to 13 days, and thus provide additional insight to middle atmospheric dynamics that is complementary to temperature observations and reanalysis data.
Lab scale salt caverns – first results on construction and investigation techniques
Authors: Strauch Bettina , Zimmer Martin , Tjallingii Rik
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Salt caverns from solution mining in bedded or domal
saline structures are of increasing importance as temporary subsurface
storage space to buffer fluctuating renewables and secure a stable energy
supply. To assure the integrity of caverns during operation and long term
abandonment, knowledge of geochemical rock–water interactions in the
transition zone between cavity and salt rock is necessary. Due to the
inaccessibility of cavern walls, a set of lab-based experiments were
performed in hand-sized specimens by creating cm-sized cavities using fresh
water injection and brine removal. The experimental simulations proved
challenging and vacuum pressure tests revealed frequent leakage subsequent
to borehole preparation. The samples were cut to expose the formed cavity
and its margin. Micro X-ray Fluorescence mapping was employed to obtain
information on element distributions and showed a clear separation between
Na, Mg and K salt layers. XRF mapping represents a suitable technique to
track spatial mineralogical changes related to rock-fluid interaction in
salt rocks. Fluorescent liquids were used to visualize potential fluid
pathways. First results show that these methods are promising in detecting
geochemical changes and their extent and are, thus, useful tools in
unravelling geochemical processes related to marginal areas of cavernous
structures in salt deposits based on lab-scale simulations.
Low CO2 evasion rate from the mangrove surrounding waters of Sundarban
Authors: Akhand Anirban , Chanda Abhra , Watanabe Kenta , Das Sourav , Tokoro Tatsuki , Chakraborty Kunal , Hazra Sugata , Kuwae Tomohiro
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Globally, water bodies adjacent to mangroves are considered sources of atmospheric CO2. We directly measured the partial pressure of CO2 in water, pCO2(water), and other related biogeochemical parameters with very high (1-min) temporal resolution at Dhanchi Island in India’s Sundarbans during the post-monsoon season. We used elemental, stable isotopic, and optical signatures to investigate the sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic matter (OM) in these waters. Diel mean pCO2(water) was marginally oversaturated in creeks (efflux, 69 ± 180 µmol m−2 h−1) and undersaturated along the island boundary and in the main river (influx, −17 ± 53 and −31 ± 73 µmol m−2 h−1, respectively) compared to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. The possibility in earlier studies of over- or underestimating the CO2 flux because of an inability to capture tidal minima and maxima was minimized in the present study, which confirmed that the waters surrounding mangroves in this region can act as a sink or a very weak source of atmospheric CO2. δ13C values for DIC suggest a mixed DIC source, and a three-end-member stable isotope mixing model and optical signatures of OM suggest negligible riverine contribution of freshwater to OM. We conclude that the CO2 sink or weak source character was due to a reduced input of riverine freshwater [which usually has high pCO2(water)] and the predominance of pCO2-lean water from the coastal sea, which eventually increases the buffering capacity of the water as evidenced by the Revelle factor. Up-scaling the CO2 flux data for all seasons and the entire estuary, we propose that the CO2 evasion rate observed in this study is much lower than the recently estimated world average. Mangrove areas having such low emissions should be given due emphasis when up-scaling the global mangrove carbon budget from regional observations.
ESD Ideas: Structures dominate the functioning of Earth systems,
but their dynamics are not well represented
Authors: Kleidon Axel , Zehe Erwin , Loritz Ralf
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Many fluxes in Earth systems are not homogeneously distributed across space, but occur highly concentrated in structures, such as turbulent eddies, river networks, vascular networks of plants, or human-made infrastructures. Yet, the highly-organized nature of these fluxes is typically only described at a rudimentary level, if at all. We propose that it requires a novel approach to describe these structures that focuses on the work done to build and maintain these structures, and the feedbacks that they cause on a system’s ability to perform work, which requires placing these structures into their environmental Earth system context.
Identification and ordering of drainage divides in digital elevation models
Authors: Scherler Dirk , Schwanghart Wolfgang
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We propose a novel way to measure and analyse networks of drainage divides from digital elevation models. We developed an algorithm that extracts drainage divides, based on the drainage basin boundaries defined by a stream network. In contrast to streams, there is no straightforward approach to order and classify divides, although it is intuitive that some divides are more important than others. We thus propose a divide-network metric that orders divides based on the average distance one would have to travel down on either side of a divide to reach a common stream location. Because measuring these distances is computationally very expensive, we instead sort divide segments in a tree-like network, starting from endpoints at river junctions. The sorted nature of the network allows assigning distances to points along the divides, which can be shown to scale with the average distance downstream to the common location. Furthermore, because divide segments tend to have characteristic lengths, an ordering scheme in which divide orders increase by one at junctions, mimics these distances. We applied our new algorithm to a natural landscape and to results from landscape evolution model experiments to assess which parameters of divides and divide networks are diagnostic of divide mobility. Results show that stable drainage divides strive to attain a constant hillslope relief as well as flow distance from the nearest stream, provided a distance of > ~ 5 km from endpoints. Disruptions of such pattern can be related to mobile divides that are lower than stable divides, closer to streams, and often asymmetric in shape. In general, we observe that drainage divides high up in the network, i.e., at great distance from endpoints, are more vulnerable than divides closer to endpoints of the network and are more likely to record disturbance for a longer time period. We compared different topographic metrics to assess drainage divide mobility and found that cross-divide differences in hillslope relief proved more useful for assessing divide migration than other tested metrics. Finally, we introduced a new metric to assess divide junction stability, based on the connectivity of junctions with adjacent drainage divide segments.
Mapping landscape connectivity as a driver of species richness under tectonic and climatic forcing
Authors: Salles Tristan , Rey Patrice , Bertuzzo Enrico
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Species distribution and richness ultimately result from complex interactions between biological, physical, and environmental factors. It has been recently shown for a static natural landscape that the elevational connectivity, which measures the proximity of a site to others with similar habitats, is a key physical driver of local species richness. Here we examine changes in elevational connectivity during mountain building using a landscape evolution model. We find that under uniform tectonic and variable climatic forcing, connectivity peaks at mid-elevations when the landscape reaches its geomorphic steady state and that the orographic effect on geomorphic evolution tends to favour lower connectivity on leeward-facing catchments. Statistical comparisons between connectivity distribution and results from a metacommunity model confirm that to the 1st order, landscape elevation connectivity explains species richness in simulated mountainous regions. Our results also predict that low-connectivity areas which favour isolation, a driver for in situ speciation, are distributed across the entire elevational range for simulated orogenic cycles. Adjustments of catchment morphology after the cessation of tectonic activity should reduce speciation by decreasing the number of isolated regions.
Monitoring aseismic creep trend in Ismetpasa and Destek segments throughout the NAF with a large scale GPS network
Authors: Yavaşoğlu Hasan Hakan , Alkan Mehmet Nurullah , Bilgi Serdar , Alkan Öykü
Published: October 2019

Abstract. North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is an intersection area between Anatolian and Eurasian plates. Also another plate is responsible for this formation, Arabian plate, which squeezes the Anatolian plate from the south between Eurasian plate and itself. Block boundaries, forming the faults, generally locked to the bottom of seismogenic layer because of the friction between blocks, and responsible for these discharges. However, there are also some unique events observed around the world, which may cause partially or fully free slipping faults. This phenomenon is called aseismic creep, and may occur through the entire seismogenic zone or at least to some depths and is a rare event in the world, with two reported segments along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF): Ismetpasa and Destek. In this study, we established GPS networks covering these segments and made three campaigns between 2014–2016. Considering the long term geodetic movements of the blocks (Anatolian and Eurasian plates), previous studies for each segment, calculated surface velocities and fault parameters; aseismic creep still continues to some rates, 13.2±3.3 mm/year at Ismetpasa and 9.6±3.1 mm/year at Destek. Results indicates that this aseismic creep behavior will not prevent a medium-large scale earthquake in the long term.