bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for the formation of gas-phase protonated alcohol-ether adducts by VUV laser ionization and density-functional calculations
Authors: Lam Selay , Shi Y. J. , Mosey N. J. , Woo T. K. , Lipson R. H.
Published: November 2004

The neutral vapors above liquid alcohol/ether mixtures, (diethyl ether/methanol, diethyl ether/ethanol, tetrahydrofuran/methanol, and tetrahydrofuran/ethanol) were co-expanded with He in a supersonic jet, ionized with a 118-nm vacuum ultraviolet laser, and detected in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In each case, features attributed to protonated alcohol-ether dimers and protonated ether monomers were observed, as well as those ions obtained by ionizing neat alcohol or ether samples alone. Theoretical calculations, carried out to establish the energetics of the various possible reactions leading to the formation of the observed binary adducts, indicate that the most thermodynamically favorable pathway corresponds to the addition of a protonated alcohol monomer to neutral ether.
Locating stationary points of sorbate-zeolite potential energy surfaces using interval analysis
Authors: Lin Youdong , Stadtherr Mark A.
Published: November 2004

The diffusion of a sorbate molecule in a zeolite can be studied using transition-state theory. In this application, and other applications of transition-state theory, finding all local minima and saddle points of the potential energy surface is a critical computational step. A new strategy is described here for locating stationary points on a potential energy surface. The methodology is based on interval analysis, and provides a mathematical and computational guarantee that all stationary points will be found. The technique is demonstrated using potential energy surfaces arising in the use of transition-state theory to study the diffusion of three sorbates, xenon, methylene, and sulfur hexafluoride, at infinite dilution in silicalite.
Scaled opposite-spin second order Møller–Plesset correlation energy: An economical electronic structure method
Authors: Jung Yousung , Lochan Rohini C. , Dutoi Anthony D. , Head-Gordon Martin
Published: November 2004

A simplified approach to treating the electron correlation energy is suggested in which only the α-β component of the second order Møller–Plesset energy is evaluated, and then scaled by an empirical factor which is suggested to be 1.3. This scaled opposite-spin second order energy (SOS-MP2), where MP2 is Møller–Plesset theory, yields results for relative energies and derivative properties that are statistically improved over the conventional MP2 method. Furthermore, the SOS-MP2 energy can be evaluated without the fifth order computational steps associated with MP2 theory, even without exploiting any spatial locality. A fourth order algorithm is given for evaluating the opposite spin MP2 energy using auxiliary basis expansions, and a Laplace approach, and timing comparisons are given.
Finances, figures and fiction
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: November 2004

Whether out of an understandable reluctance to neglect any of the scarce available sources or simply for want of more trustworthy evidence, classical scholars nolentes volentes tend to rely to a large extent on references to amounts of money in the ancient literary sources whenever they aim at quantifying, however roughly and shielded by appropriate disclaimers, some fundamental features of Roman economy and society. In view of this, the almost complete lack of systematic enquiries into the very nature of these particular data is almost as inexplicable as it seems inexcusable. While several studies have been devoted to the use of rounded numbers in Greek and Roman literature in general, none of these has specifically addressed the stylization of monetary valuations. The only notable exception is provided by the work of Richard Duncan-Jones who in a pioneering survey of prices in the Latin novel above all showed beyond reasonable doubt that in this genre, prices expressed in multiples of thirty (up to thirty million) should best be understood as purely conventional valuations. In his latest book, he has subjected the ancient numerical evidence for two areas of major concern—the public treasury and state expenditure during the Principate—to an analogous examination that has highlighted the stylized character of many relevant references and has thus largely confirmed his previous findings. Even so, owing to the limitation of these studies to a small number of authors and subject matters, a vast pool of similar data from ancient literature has hitherto been left virtually untapped. What is more, Duncan-Jones did not attempt to complement his re-evaluation of multiples of thirty with a systematic exposition of complementary patterns of stylization. In this paper, I hope to demonstrate the need for a more extensive and much more radical reassessment of much of the available evidence.
Aelian, Varia Historia 8.1 and the Transmission of [Plato], Theages 128d2–3
Authors: Joyal M. A.
Published: November 2004

Dilts (Teubner, 1974) prints ⋯c⋯ᾳ πομπῇ (⋯c⋯αν πομπ⋯c codd., corr. Faber). Hercher before him (Teubner, 1866) adopted the conjecture θε⋯α πομπή (Davis). Several pieces of evidence tell in favour of the latter text.
The actions of Philip II in 347 and 346 B.C.: a reply to N. G. L. Hammond
Authors: Buckler John
Published: November 2004

Professor N. G. L. Hammond has of late published some of his thoughts on the activities of Philip II in 347 and 346 B.C. In addition he has treated aspects of Philip's earlier involvement in Thessalian, Thracian, and Phokian affairs. In the process he has in many instances disagreed with a number of current findings. Among those challenged are some of mine. Healthy scholarly debate is always desirable, and in this f spirit I should welcome an opportunity to contest Professor Hammond's views on several points, the most important being the basic factor of methodology and the interpretation of various factual details.
The fragments of Furius Antias
Authors: Batstone W. W.
Published: November 2004

Between Ennius and Vergil the Latin epic hexameter underwent dramatic changes in both prosody and diction.1The precise history of these changes remains obscure, although it is clear from Catullan spondiazontes and Lucretian archaisms, from variation in the use of enjambment and the history of Hermann's bridge, that the versatile and expressive instrument the hexameter was to become in Vergil's hands was not the result of linear development. In fact, despite the pivotal role often assigned to Cicero,2in many ways the last one hundred years of the Republic is better characterized as a period of poetic variety and innovation than one of linear progress toward classical perfection. The fragments of Furius Antias can shed light on this period of change. They show remarkable prosodic characteristics and verbal finesse, and they appear to have influenced both Vergil and Ovid.
Statius and insomnia: allusion and meaning in Silvae 5.4
Authors: Gibson B. J.
Published: November 2004

Statius′ Silvae 5.4 is one of the best-known poems in the collection, although it is also one of the least representative. Its nineteen lines make it the shortest poem in the Silvae, and although there are other brief poems, such as those describing the parrot of Melior and the tame lion (Silvae 2.4 and 5), it is quite different from the many longer poems that deal with subjects and persons from contemporary society. Of course insomnia must always be a universal issue, but this is nevertheless a poem that does not draw the reader into the ‘ life and times’ of Statius as do the poems which precede and follow it, the laments for his father and for a child (Silvae 5.3 and 5.5).
Mythological incest: Catullus 88
Authors: Harrison S. J.
Published: November 2004

Here Gellius, also the target of poems 74, 80, 89, 90, 91 and 116, is accused of incest with his mother, sister, and aunt. This accusation is coupled with the only extended mythological reference to be found in the group of short Catullan epigrams 69–116:2 not even Tethys or Oceanus can wash out Gellius' crimes. This notion that large bodies of water are unable to wash away the stain of crime is of course a topos going back to Greek tragedy, but the individual naming of the two sea-deities seems to make a point—a literary point which is relevant to the invective of the poem.
Revisiting Evander atAeneid8.363
Authors: Rees Roger
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this note is to revive Servius Auctus' interpretation ofAeneid8.363, which has been overlooked or dismissed without argument by recent scholars. It concerns the identification and location of Evander'sregia. The relevant lines are worth quoting in full (359–67):

There has been general agreement amongst scholars this century that the building is to be understood to be occupying the same place—or thereabouts—as that later to be taken by Augustus' house. It is now established that this was on the South-West of the Palatine.
Athenian impiety trials in the late fourth century B.C.
Authors: O′Sullivan L. L.
Published: November 2004

Dotted throughout the records of the turbulent last decades of fourth-century Athens are reports—often frustratingly vague—of prosecutions, many of intellectuals on the charge of (136xxx1). Most belong to the period of Macedonian domination: Theophrastus was one targeted at this time, and we hear also of actions against Demetrius of Phalerum, Theodorus the atheist, and Stilpo of Megara. Even before the Athenian capitulation to Macedon, in the immediate aftermath of the death of Alexander, prosecutions were launched against Demades and Aristotle. These two early (and relatively well documented) prosecutions are generally accepted to have had a political purpose, being attacks aimed at Macedonian sympathizers by the more staunchly pro-democratic Athenian elements; the later trials, however, are poorly attested in the sources and have received less scholarly attention, particularly for their political aspects.
A bull for Poseidon: the bull′s bellow inodysse21.46–50
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: November 2004

Recognition of the technical complexity and literary sophistication of Homeric oral poetry1 encourages close, detailed examination of Homeric similes in their immediate context and in the larger context of the poem in which they occur. The similes offer direct access to understanding and appreciating Homeric poetic technique. Even so, this approach to Homeric poetics is, for the most part, often only taken seriously in the case of the longer or ‘extended’ similes in the poems. Careful study of even a shorter simile, one all too likely to be dismissed as merely decorative, can be fruitful as well.2 This paper explores the implications of the analogy in Odyssey 21.48–50 between the creaking sound of a pair of heavy doors opening and the bellow of a bull.
Translation in Aulus Gellius
Authors: Beall Stephen M.
Published: November 2004

In the last twenty years, the study of translation has emerged as a discipline in its own right.1 Scholars in various fields have turned their attention to the linguistic, philosophical, and ideological issues involved in the ‘carrying over’ of ideas from one language into another. This new discipline has a natural affinity with Latin philology, since the Romans may be regarded as pioneers in the art of translation in the West. At present, however, we have only begun to study what they really thought about translation and how they went about doing it. In the present paper,31 will re-examine a valuable but under-appreciated witness: Aulus Gellius, author of theAttic NightsSome of Gellius′ brief essays contain translations from Greek, and a few of them were prepared specifically as exercises in thears interpretandi.By studying them, we learn how the questions associated with translation were addressed by a Roman litterateur of the Antonine period.
Ammianus and sometribuni scholarum palatinarumc. A.D. 53–364
Authors: Woods David
Published: November 2004

The Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus is a major source of our knowledge of the late Roman army. However, although himself a former army officer, it was not the intention of Ammianus to explain the institutions and organization of the late Roman army to his readers. We learn about these only from the incidental pieces of information which are scattered throughout his text. It was not his intention either to present us with the regimental histories of any individual units, yet repeated references to the more prominent and prestigious units were inevitable in a history such as his. This was particularly true in the case of the scholae palatinae because of their role as the bodyguard units of the emperors. It is my intention here to draw together such information as Ammianus provides about the scholae in order to demonstrate how, in a number of cases in particular, it is possible to reconstruct an almost complete list of their commanders for the period c. 353–364
A fragment of Simonides?
Authors: Johnstone Hugh
Published: November 2004

In Aristotle′s Nicomachean Ethics (E.N.), at 1149b15–16, there is a quotation: Aristotle does not tell us who wrote these words, and we now find the quotation as lyric fr. adesp. 949.2
Horace,Carm.3.30.1–5
Authors: Gibson B. J.
Published: November 2004

In the poem which sets the seal on his three books of odes, Horace declares that his monument to himself will be more durable than bronze and higher than the pyramids. As T. E. Page noted in his commentary, aere can suggest not only bronze tablets, but also commemorative statuary, although tablets seems more to the fore here, given the reference tomonumentumAs for the pyramids, they are a fine example of grandiloquent architecture, but of a kind which is nevertheless subject to the destructive natural forces from which Horace exempts his own commemoration.
Martial 14.100: Panaca
Authors: Leary T. J.
Published: November 2004

The wine referred to in the second line of the epigram was produced near Verona, at the foot of the Rhaetian Alps. It was well regarded by most and was a favourite of the Emperor Augustus: for references see Mynors at Verg. G. 2.96 and my note at Mart. 14.100.2. It appears, however, to have undue prominence in this poem, supposedly about the earthenware drinking vessels which, presumably, were
manufactured in the same area.

There is also the question of why Martial refers to Verona in such a circumlocutory way. Is he merely following a well established elegiac/epigrammatic convention in associating Verona with Catullus (cf. e.g. Ovid, Am. 3.15.7 and Mart. 1.7.2), or does his circumlocution here have any particular point?
The new passage of Tiberius Claudius Donatus
Authors: Watt W. S.
Published: November 2004

In CQ 45 (1995), 547–50, S. J. Harrison and M. Winterbottom (hereafter H-W) propose a series of emendations to the text of the recently discovered passage of Donatus which contains his commentary on Aen. 6.1–157. I offer some further emendations (bold figures refer to lines of Virgil).
Comic technique and the fourth actor
Authors: Marshall C. W.
Published: November 2004

A recent article on ‘The Number of Speaking Actors in Old Comedy’ by D. M. MacDowell has argued that to perform the plays of Aristophanes required the use of four, but never five, speaking actors.1 Systematically argued, MacDowell presents a cogent case against Henderson (xli–xliv), who has suggested that at times five actors were permitted. MacDowell also presents some very sensible observations on the nature of any prescription which might limit the number of actors. The final paragraphs, however, express considerable discomfort at the earliest work in the extant corpus: 'Akharnians, however, remains problematic, since it has two scenes which may be thought to require five actors' (MacDowell, 335). A tentative solution is offered by MacDowell, which is that 'these scenes were actually performed without a fifth actor, by making very quick changes in the scene with Amphitheos and the Envoy, and by using dolls for the Megarian's Daughters' (MacDowell, 335). Unspeaking performers for the Megarian's Daughters are more likely than dolls, since they must follow orders for movement (Akh. 732, 740–5). Apart from this, I have no doubt that this is indeed howAkharnianswas performed, and an examination of the specific comic techniques employed by Aristophanes in the two problematic scenes inAkharniansdemonstrates not only the comic desirability of their use, but their applicability to other plays by Aristophanes.
The private banks in fourth-century b.c. Athens: a reappraisal
Authors: Shipton Kirsty M. W.
Published: November 2004

This essay has two aims: to affirm the significance of private banking in fourthcentury B.C. Athens, and to propose a model of its role in the economy. Such a project is desirable because there has been a tendency since the publication of Finley's The Ancient Economy to minimalize the significance of banking in ancient Greece. Banking is seen as a ‘fringe activity’ largely carried out by such ‘outsiders’ as metics and ex-slaves.Consequently historians have frequently overlooked the value of banking as a tool for understanding the Greek economy.
Recollection and self-understanding in thePhaedo
Authors: Robins I. N.
Published: November 2004

Socrates' account of recollection in thePhaedohas been the subject of much study, but little attention has been paid to the questions whether and how far his arguments address Simmias' claim that he needs to recollect and be reminded that learning is recollection (73b6–10). I shall argue that Socrates reminds Simmias by appealing to Simmias' experience of question-and-answer discussion in order to show him how in these discussions they are regaining forgotten knowledge, but have not yet completed this process.
Fragments of lost Hippocratic writings in Galen's glossary
Authors: Salazar C. F.
Published: November 2004

Within Emile Littreés classification of Hippocratic works, class ten consists of three lost works, two of which appear to have been treatises on the treatment of serious wounds and on the extraction of arrows. The sources for their titles—Erotian, Galen, an eleventh-century Arabic MS and the twelfth-century MS Vat.graec.276–disagree on minor points, but it is clear that they are all referring to the same works.
Euripides, Phoenissae 1567–1578
Authors: Cropp Martin
Published: November 2004

I give the text as printed by James Diggle in his new Oxford Classical Text. His deletion of 1570–6 is rejected by Donald Mastronarde in his recent commentary. Apart from this, Mastronarde's text differs from Diggle's on only a couple of minor points which are immaterial to the main problems.
A new fragment on Niobe and the text of Propertius 2.20.8
Authors: Hollis A. S.
Published: November 2004

Michael Choniates (c. 1138–c. 1222), a pupil of Eustathius of Thessalonica, who was Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Athens for some 25 years up to that city's capture by Frankish crusaders ina.d.1205, is best known to classical scholars as the possessor of probably the last complete copy of Callimachus'HecaleandAetia. He had brought with him from Constantinople many books of all kinds, and added to his collection when in Athens. Although an immense task, it would be well worth trying to identify all Michael's classical allusions, as an indication of how much ancient Greek literature was still available just before Constantinople too succumbed to the crusaders.
P. Sulpicius' law to recall exiles, 88 b.c.
Authors: Lewis R. G.
Published: November 2004

This brief enquiry concerns two main questions: how and why Sulpicius' law differed from a similar prior rogation of the same year, which he had vetoed; and the probable authorship of the latter.
Another chapter in the history of scholia
Authors: McNamee Kathleen
Published: November 2004

The ancient law school about which we have the most information was at Beirut. Editors of legal papyri have occasionally speculated about possible connections between particular ancient texts and the activities of professors of law in that city, but no one has examined the evidence in a body. It is likely, I think, that legal papyri reflect the state of contemporary legal education at Beirut, and that they preserve, moreover, primary evidence for the history of scholarship in general. With so broad a topic, it would be useful first to consider what we know about legal instruction in antiquity, particularly at Beirut, then to review the relevant papyrological evidence, and finally to draw the two subjects together by considering the possible relation between the marginal commentaries of legal papyri and the extensive scholia which fill the broad margins of many medieval manuscripts.
Phrynichus fr. 27 K-A: a pun
Authors: de Boo E. L.
Published: November 2004

Punning on names was common in Old Comedy. Aristophanes punned on the name of Lamachus, who died at Syracuse (μαχ⋯ν / κα⋯ Λαμ⋯χων, Acharnians 269–70; cf. 1071). In the same play he made the famous joke, ‘some went to Kamarina, others to Gela, and some to Katagela’—‘an invention of the poet's from the fact that the men's officers laughed at them’ (schol. Ar. Ach. 606).
Vergil, Aeneid 5.458–60
Authors: Jacobson Howard
Published: November 2004

It appears to have gone unnoticed that the simile used by Vergil at Aeneid 5.458–60 was appropriated by him from Apollonius Rhodius.
On Two Lacunae in Zosimus'New History
Authors: Buck David F.
Published: November 2004

The retired Byzantine bureaucrat, Zosimus, wrote hisNew Historyin the early sixth century. This work is not only one of the primary sources for the history of the Later Roman Empire in the fourth and early fifth centuriesa.d., but it is also the primary witness to the now fragmentaryHistoriesof Eunapius of Sardis (a.d. 347–c.414) which it faithfully epitomizes. In the last part of theNew Historywhich depends upon Eunapius, two lacunae have been detected which are of interest with respect to the original texts of both authors.
Iliad 24.649 and the semantics of KEPTOMEΩ
Authors: Clay Jenny Strauss
Published: November 2004

The meaning of κερτομω and its congeners in Homer has been the subject of debate in this journal. Jones has argued that ‘to κερτομ⋯ω someone is to speak in such a way as to provoke (whether intentionally or not) a powerful emotional reaction’, whether of anger or fear, and thus means ‘“to utter stinging words at [someone]”, “pierce to the heart”, “cut to the quick”, rather than merely “provoke” This definition seems to work well enough for some cases, but certainly not for all, and especially not for the passage from which the whole controversy began: Iliad 24.649, where Achilles speaks to Priam ༐πικερτομέωυ. As Richardson says in his Iliad commentary, ‘there is no sign that Akhilleus’ speech has this direct effect [i.e. arouses fear] on Priam’. Jones's article was responding to an earlier one by J. T. Hooker, who attempted to ascertain the sense of Achilles’ ༐πικερτομέυ by surveying the usage of kertom- words throughout Homeric epic. He concluded that the basic meaning is ‘to taunt’ or, more abstractly, it ‘indicates the provocation of another person into behaving in a certain way, whether that is the behaviour desired by the speaker… or is not desired by the speaker’. The problem was that this definition did not seem to fit the very line from which his inquiry began, the words of Achilles to Priam. Hooker then hypothesized that the verse betrayed signs of an ‘imperfect adaptation’ of a different version of the poem in which Achilles taunted a defeated enemy or perhaps preserved his grudge against Agamemnon to its end. This explanation is unpersuasive.
Simonides, PMG 542.1–3
Authors: Henry W.B.
Published: November 2004

‘It is hard to become a truly good man': so Plato's Protagoras purports to understand the first line (Prt. 339d), and modern interpreters of the poem have followed him without exception.
Aristophanes, Birds 65: the Libyan Bird
Authors: Coppola Alessandra
Published: November 2004

Euelpides and Peisthetaerus have just left Athens, looking for a better place to settle. Frightened by the arrival of Tereus' servant, they introduce themselves as birds. Peisthetaerus says that he is ‘Fearfowl, a Libyan bird’:
Travelling actors in the fifth century?
Authors: Wilson N. G.
Published: November 2004

The object of this note is to draw attention to a piece of evidence about the history of the Greek theatre which appears to have gone unnoticed, yet may be of some importance. Aelian in hisHistoria animalium11.19 reports the fate of Pantacles the Lacedaemonian, who refused to allow some actors on their way to Cythera to pass through Sparta. Later, when performing official duties as ephor, he was torn to pieces by dogs.
Terpsicles(RE 1)
Authors: Spanoudakis Konstantinos
Published: November 2004

Terpsicles is neglected in all current Histories of Greek Literature and Dictionaries of Antiquity, except for a five-lines-long entry by E. Bux in Real-Encyclopädie V.A. 790. He is the author of a treatise Περί ἀΦροδισίων, which is only known from two references in Athenaeus—7.325d and 9.391e—and seems to have been a collection of sex-related marvels. In the first passage he provides a piece of information on the red mullet:
A new reading in Diogenes of Oinoanda fr. 69
Authors: Smith Martin F.
Published: November 2004

In fr. 69 Smith, the Epicurean Diogenes of Oinoanda, like Lucretius 4.353–63, explains why a square tower viewed from the distance appears to be round. The explanation is that εἲδωλα, filmy atomic images, emanating from the tower, are forced out of shape by the air through which they pass on their way to our eyes. Diogenes’ account is fragmentarily preserved on a stone which I discovered in 1970. The stone bears the right half of one fourteen-line column and the left half of a second one. I first published the text in 1971. When, twenty years later, I came to deal with it again, in preparing an edition of all the known fragments, I was able, thanks in no small measure to the discussions and suggestions of other scholars, whose names can be seen in my apparatus criticus, to print a text which represents a considerable advance on that of the editio princeps. However, with so much of what Diogenes wrote missing, there has remained scope for further progress, and in this note I correct an error—an error present not only in my text, but also on the stone itself.
Aelian, Varia Historia 5.5
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2004

This translation of καì αὐτɂυ ῥυπŵυτα ('and a dirty one at that’) gives the sense we need. But the words mean something different: ‘and it too was dirty (like Epaminondas)’. Cf. VH 12.1 πευομέυη δέ ༐καì τρεøομέυη ὑπɂ πατρì καì αὐτŵι πέυητι (‘she was poor and was looked after by her father who was poor too’). See LSJ αὐτóc 1.8, KG 1.653 (f).
Sponsio quae in verba facta est? Two lost speeches and the formula of the Roman legal wager
Authors: Churchill J. Bradford
Published: November 2004

Our limited evidence for the formula of the Roman sponsio is enough to clear up lingering controversy about two otherwise obscure speeches preserved only in testimonia and fragments. The elder Cato wrote a speech whose title is variously cited by our sources: ‘si se Caelius tribunus plebis appellasset’; ‘in M. Caelium si se appellasset’; ‘contra M. Caelium’ (Fest. p. 266L); ‘in Marcum Cae[ci]lium’. On the reasonable postulate that these are variations on a single original, the fullest expression is relatively easy to reconstruct: ‘si se M. Caelius tribunus plebis appellasset’.Doubts about the sense of these words have led to more radical proposals which have little to recommend them, especially in view of the new analysis I intend to offer. The conclusion among those who have attempted to explain the obvious reading has been that the title of the speech is a condition contrary to fact referring to a hypothetical situation to which the speech responded: some have suggested that Cato wrote the speech against the possibility that Caelius might make an accusation against him; Antonio Cima suggested that Caelius had made a speech against Cato without naming him and that Cato had responded, ‘if Caelius had meant to refer to me… ’.
Creative rhetoric in Euripides’Troades:some notes on Hecuba's speech
Authors: Meridor Ra’anana
Published: November 2004

Euripides'Troadeswas a work not much studied until the end of World War II. Since then the play, and in particular the part played by Helen and the debate concerning her accountability for her elopement and its consequences, have not ceased to attract scholarly attention. The recent interest in the rhetoric of thisagonhas thrown additional light on the entire scene, the third and last episode of the play. The debate is occasioned by Menelaus’ announcement (873–5) that the men who captured his runaway wife handed her over to him for execution—or, should he so choose, to take her back home. In the first speech (914–65) Helen tries to persuade Menelaus that she cannot justly be punished with death for having served as the tool of a most powerful goddess. Hecuba, in her answering speech (969–1032), strives to discredit Helen in order to prevent her reinstatement and oblige Menelaus to carry out the death sentence. In this paper I would like to draw further attention to some of Hecuba's arguments. Assuming general acquaintance with current readings of theagon, I shall start with a section-by-section discussion of the old queen's speech and its immediate effect, with an emphasis on significant motifs. Certain further implications will be pointed out at the end of the paper.
Political Developments in Boeotia
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: November 2004

In this article I try to give a precise meaning to the political terms which are used in the sources, and to use those terms for an understanding of political developments. I take these developments in their historical order, and at the end of each period I assess the value of the evidence. I finish with reflection on the contributory system and the hegemony of the Thebans.
Plato's Disappointment with his Phaedran Characters and its Impact on his Theory of Psychology
Authors: Tomin Julius
Published: November 2004

In the Phaedrus scientific psychology is an integral part of Plato's outline of scientific rhetoric. An accomplished rhetorician must know all types of human souls (ψυχς γένη, 271b1–2), he must know what kind of soul is affected by what kind of speech, and he must be able to apply this theoretical knowledge in front of an audience, so as to achieve the intended persuasion with unfailing certainty. This knowledge is an essential qualification of a philosopher; it enables him to choose a soul of the right type (λαβῲν ψνχήν προσήκουσαν, 276e6) and plant in it words of wisdom. His words, that is the authentic logos, acquire new life in the soul of the recipient, who in his turn sows their progeny in other suitable souls (276e5–277a3). In the dialogue, Socrates implants the words of wisdom in the soul of Phaedrus, and wishes that Phaedrus may similarly influence Lysias (257ab).

Socrates’ work on Phaedrus permeates the whole dialogue, giving it its dramatic unity, and yet interpreters disagree on it. The late dating of the dialogue, which has been accepted as axiomatic throughout this century, stands in the way of seeing it clearly. Phaedrus in the Protagoras and in the Symposium does not appear like a man who would appropriate the exalted ideal raised before him in the Phaedrus. The majority of modern interpreters therefore cannot see Phaedrus’ conversion to philosophy in the Phaedrus as anything but ironic. I shall argue that Plato in the dialogue does enact his Phaedran ideal of the authentic communication of philosophy, and that this precludes the ironical reading of the dialogue.
Aristotle, Speusippus, and the method of division
Authors: Falcon Andrea
Published: November 2004

Introduction

As Aristotle himself says,A.Po.2.13 is an attempt to provide some rules to hunt out the items predicated in what something is, namely to discover definitions. Since most of this chapter is devoted to the discussion of some rules of division(diairesis), it may be inferred that somehow division plays a central role in the discovery of definitions. However, in the following pages I shall not discuss what this role is. Nor shall I discuss what place division has in the wider discussion of definition and explanation as it emerges fromA.Po. 2.1 shall rather focus on the argument that Aristotle reports and discusses inA.Po.2.13.97a6–22, and which our extant sources ascribe to Speusippus. As will become clear later on, this argument undermines the possibility of giving any definition, and Aristotle deals with it here because he can block it by exploiting some properties of the method of division.
Flaccus
Authors: Parker Holt N.
Published: November 2004

The idea that ‘Horace repeatedly puns on his name’ has recently sprung up again.Flaccuswe are told means ‘limp’ and Horace uses his name to make various jokes about impotence. This is a load of cobblers.
‘Purpureo bibet ore nectar’: a reconsideration
Authors: Eidinow J.S.C.
Published: November 2004

‘To attempt to say anything new about Horace may seem absurd.’ To attempt to say anything new about the Roman Odes may seem still more absurd; my purpose, nevertheless, is to reconsider the lines ofCarm. 3.3 set out above, and to reinterpret an argument begun by the editor of the Delphin Horace (1691) in which the authority of Bentley is against me. My question is: what does Horace mean the reader to understand by describing Augustus as drinking nectar ‘purpureo ore’?
Propertius on the Parilia (4.4.73–8)
Authors: Butrica James L.
Published: November 2004

The necessity of emending immundas… dapes in 78 to immundos… pedes has long been recognized, but I argue here that the text is unsatisfactory in three further respects: (1) the difficulties of style, sense, and punctuation in 73–75; (2) diuitiis in 76, wrongly retained by most editors and, when emended, wrongly emended to deliciis; and (3) raros in 77, of which no satisfactory explanation has been offered.
Two textual problems in Aristophanes
Authors: Wilson N. G.
Published: November 2004

In 1023ff. the poet explains that he has not been spoiled by success. The verb ༐κτελσαι in 1024 has been suspected, and though recent editors accept it, taking it as absolute, I am far from convinced that it is what the author wrote. Blaydes, in his usual fashion, records conjectures and makes some of his own, but though he hits the mark quite often in Aristophanes as he does in Sophocles, in this passage his efforts, e.g. ༐κγελσαι, fail to satisfy. I propose instead ༐κχαλσαι, ‘relax’. It might be transitive, but I slightly prefer to take it as intransitive. It is a rare word and all the more likely to be corrupted. The best parallel I can find is Hippocrates, De Octimestri Partu 1.2 (ed. Joly, 5 ed. Grensemann): οἱυες ༐υ oἶσι τυ ρχυ ༐τρøη, ὣσπερ τυ σταχωυ, ζεχλασαυ πρσθευ υαγκαζώμευου 祴 τελεως ζαδρυυθυαι τυ καρπυ.

The verb is correctly transmitted in the best MS, Marc.gr. 269, while the other main source of the treatise, Vat.gr. 276, offers ζεκλεσαυ9, which is clearly due to an error by a scribe who did not recognize the unusual word required by the context. As to the date of this treatise, it is believed by one of the best modern authorities to be no later than the end of the fifth century and is therefore nearly contemporary with Aristophanes.
Was there a decree of Syrakosios?
Authors: Trevett Jeremy
Published: November 2004

A much-discussed fragment of Phrynichos’ comedy Monotropos, together with the comments of the scholiast on Aristophanes who preserves it, have often been taken to indicate that at some point before the production of the play, in spring 414 B.C., the Athenian politician Syrakosios moved a decree that restricted the right of comic playwrights to satirize individual Athenians. The relevant passage (schol. ad Arist. Aves 1297 = Phrynichos F 27 K–A) reads as follows (I reproduce the text of Kassel and Austin):
Six notes on the text of Seneca, Natvrales Qvaestiones
Authors: Watt W. S.
Published: November 2004

The most recent and by far the best edition of this work is that of H. M. Hine (Stuttgart/Leipzig, 1996), to which I refer for full bibliographical information. Many passages of the text are most helpfully discussed in the same scholar's Studies in the Text of Seneca's Naturales Quaestiones (Stuttgart/Leipzig, 1996).

ut nubes infici possint, … sol ad hoc apte ponendus est; non enim idem facit undecumque effulsit, et ad hoc opus est radiorum idoneus ictus.

Seneca is dealing with rainbows. Hine (Studies, 24–5) shares Axelson's suspicion of ictus, but is unhappy both with Axelson's situs (‘seems too static a word for the sun's rays’) and with my tractus, ‘direction’ (‘in this sense seems to be used only of concrete physical objects’); very tentatively he suggests angulus. Much more credible palaeographically and still yielding good sense and a good clausula would be ietus, a noun which is very common in this work of Seneca's.

Hostius fuit Quadra obscenitatis in scaenam usque perductae.
Three critical notes on the Metamorphoses of Apuleius
Authors: Martos Juan
Published: November 2004

The process of giving greater credence to the codices has been constant in editions of Apuleius from the last century to the present day. Accordingly, the following suggestions are proposed.

I

et statim miser ut cum ilia adquieui, ab unico congressu annosam ac pestilentem con contraho.

And at the very moment when I—wretch that I am!—lay with her, from that one relationship, I contracted this interminable and miserable condition.

condicionem contraho scripsi: con contraho Fø: coniunctionem c. Chodaczek: consuetudinem c. van der Vliet: contagionem c. Lütjohann: cladem c. Helm: luem c. Heinsius: contraho adfectionem Novák con dittographiam putans, cf. 8.14.1 (187.22): noxam ante annosam Giarratano, post annosam Birt

In this case, where a word is obviously missing and the mysterious con appears, there are two general possibilities for correcting the text: con may be taken as a dittograph for contraho or considered to be part of the missing word. Another approach would be to interpret contraho differently: the verb can apply to a disease (as proposed by Lütjohann and Heinsius—followed by Hildebrand—no doubt swayed by pestilentem), harm or misfortune (meaning: ‘draw misfortune upon oneself’, as in the later sentence nequam tibi lingua intemperante noxam contrahas [Helm, Giarratano, and Birt]), a custom (more or less following van der Vliet and Novák) or marriage (Chodaczek). The solutions offered by van der Vliet, in particular, and Novák are reasonable: other commentators have been led astray by the sentence I have quoted, assuming that what is missing is something like ‘harm', ‘misfortune’.
Telemachus Transformed? The Origins of Neoptolemus in Sophocles'Philoctetes
Authors: Whitby Mary
Published: November 2004

Sophocles'Philoctetescontains many moments of high drama and of tension between conflicting protagonists. The prologue scene between Odysseus and Neoptolemus lays the foundations for the development of the dramatic crisis by portraying their fundamental disagreement as to the best means of bringing Philoctetes back to Troy, while the long first episode (219–675) depicts the evolution of the intense relationship between Philoctetes and the youthful Neoptolemus, who has in the prologue reluctantly agreed to implement Odysseus' plan to deceive Philoctetes. The first stage of this interaction is the mutual communication of past histories: Philoctetes describes his abandonment and life on Lemnos, and in return Neoptolemus tells how Odysseus fetched him to Troy from Scyros with the story that, since Achilles was now dead, his son was required to take the city.
Making a Drama Out of a Crisis: Livy on the Bacchanalia
Authors: Walsh P. G.
Published: November 2004

Livy's celebrated account of the Bacchanalia has long been a magnet for students of Roman politics, social life, religion, and private law. Two recent surveys document this extensive range of scholarship. J-M. Pailler, the wellknown French archaeologist, has published a massive monograph of 850 pages, admirably documented and containing a chapter of sixty pages reviewing the bibliography of the past hundred years. Erich Gruen, in his collected papers entitledStudies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy, has contributed a long essay on the political aspects, again with a full bibliography. This paper has the more modest aim of reviewing Livy's account primarily from the literary aspect, concentrating in particular on the opening chapters which describe how the allegedconiuratiowas detected.
Greek Plays In Georgian Reading
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2004

If you lived in Reading in 1821, you might be tempted by the advertisement in your local newspaper for forthcoming attractions at the neighbourhood's commercial theatre. Should your taste encompass Greco-Roman themes, you might want to see ‘Monsieur DECOUR, the renowned FRENCH HERCULES!! Who will perform… FEATS AND EVOLUTIONS…’. If you preferred oriental stunts, you would choose ‘The Chinese JUGGLERS from the Court of Pekin!!’ Such exhibitions are fairly typical of the popular entertainments enjoyed during the late Georgian era in any fast industrializing provincial town not too far from London. But what is surprising is that the same newspaper offers a review of a production in the town hall of Euripides’ little known tragedyOrestes.
The Bimillennium
Authors: Grant Michael
Published: November 2004

Everyone is now celebrating the Bimillennium, and very many are writing about it. Bimillennium of what? Of our era, of course: A.D. 2000. Our era is supposed to have begun with the birth of Jesus Christ. But Jesus Christ was not, unfortunately, born in A.D. 1: he was born in 11 or 7 or 6 or 5 or 4 B.C. We do not know exactly when, and our sources have made no particular effort to tell us. Our era was only established by a Russian monk Dionysius Exiguus, in the sixth century A.D. – he had been asked to attack the problem by Pope John I. The theory of Dionysius (which appears, incidentally, to be based on a mathematical error) was taken up by the West, and has held the field ever since. That is why, quite illogically, we commemorate the Bimillennium today: and why governments are spending a great deal of their peoples' money to do so. But let us not, all the same, belittle this misconceived Bimillennium. For it gives a great many people the opportunity to think a lot about their lives – to turn over a new leaf, hoping confidently that their new era and behaviour will be an improvement on the past. So for that reason let us welcome the Bimillennium. But not because it is the Bimillennium of the birth of Jesus Christ, because it is not. Not that the public, as a whole, minds. Any more than it minds about the religious basis of Christmas. It is, however, in my opinion, worth recording that this religious basis exists, and that on these grounds the whole foundation of the Bimillennium is fallacious, although no doubt it will receive the most massive celebrations, and these are justified in so far as they persuade people to change and improve their lives and the life of the community to which they belong. This was certainly the case in A.D. 1000, and I hope and believe it will be the case in 2000 as well.
The Significance of Stage Properties in EuripidesElectra
Authors: Raeburn David
Published: November 2004

Stage properties in Greek tragedy are used economically, a fact which enhances the significance of their dramatic function. Oliver Taplin has amply demonstrated how their appearance on stage is not an adventitious means of lending life to a character or situation but rather a device by which the dramatist underlines some essential aspect of the scene in which they occur or theme in the play as a whole. Economy of props in tragedy is in marked contrast with their multiplicity in Aristophanic comedy. When it comes, therefore, to interpreting the poet's artistic intention in a particular tragedy, the props list may prove a useful critical instrument, as I hope will be evident from this study of their use in Euripides'Electra.
A semi-persistent adult ocular dominance plasticity in visual cortex is stabilized by activated CREB
Authors: Pham Tony A. , Graham Sarah J. , Suzuki Seigo , Barco Angel , Kandel Eric R. , Gordon Barbara , Lickey Marvin E.
Published: November 2004

The adult cerebral cortex can adapt to environmental change. Using
monocular deprivation as a paradigm, we find that rapid experience-dependent
plasticity exists even in the mature primary visual cortex. However, adult
cortical plasticity differs from developmental plasticity in two important
ways. First, the effect of adult, but not juvenile monocular deprivation is
strongly suppressed by administration of barbiturate just prior to recording
visual evoked potentials, suggesting that the effect of adult experience can
be inactivated acutely. Second, the effect of deprivation is less persistent
over time in adults than in juveniles. This correlates with the known decline
in CREB function during maturation of the visual cortex. To compensate for
this decline in CREB function, we expressed persistently active VP16-CREB and
find that it causes adult plasticity to become persistent. These results
suggest that in development and adulthood, the regulation of a trans-synaptic
signaling pathway controls the adaptive potential of cortical circuits.
Coordinate high-frequency pattern of stimulation and calcium levels control the induction of LTP in striatal cholinergic interneurons
Authors: Bonsi Paola , De Persis Cristiano , Calabresi Paolo , Bernardi Giorgio , Pisani Antonio
Published: November 2004

Current evidence appoints a central role to cholinergic interneurons in
modulating striatal function. Recently, a long-term potentiation (LTP) of
synaptic transmission has been reported to occur in these neurons. The
relationship between the pattern of cortico/thalamostriatal fibers
stimulation, the consequent changes in the intracellular calcium concentration
([Ca2+]i), and the induction of synaptic plasticity was
investigated in striatal cholinergic interneurons from a rat corticostriatal
slice preparation by means of combined electrophysiological intracellular
recordings and microfluorometric techniques. Different protocols of
stimulation were considered, varying both the frequency and the duration of
the train of stimuli. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) (three trains at 100 Hz
for 3 sec, 20-sec interval) induced a rise in [Ca2+]i,
exceeding by fivefold the resting level, and caused a LTP of synaptic
transmission. Tetanic stimulation delivered at lower frequencies (5-30 Hz)
failed to induce long-term changes of synaptic efficacy. The observed
elevation in [Ca2+]i during HFS was primarily mediated
by L-type high-voltage activated (HVA)-Ca2+ channels, as it was
fully prevented by nifedipine. Conversely, blockade of NMDA and AMPA glutamate
receptor did not affect either LTP or the magnitude of the
[Ca2+]i rise. Interestingly, the pharmacological
analysis of the post-tetanic depolarizing postsynaptic potential (DPSP)
revealed that LTP was attributable, to a large extent, to the potentiation of
the GABAA-mediated component. In conclusion, the expression of LTP
in striatal cholinergic interneurons is a selective response to a precise
stimulation pattern of induction requiring a critical rise in
[Ca2+]i.