bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrin and Phosphorus(III): A Versatile Combination for Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis
Authors: Jouffroy Matthieu , Armspach Dominique , Matt Dominique
Published: August 2015

Review: approaches to covalently bind the ubiquitous P(III) donor atom with a cyclodexrin cavity and coordination and catalytic properties of these cavity‐shaped liga nds; 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Click Metallodendrimers and Their Functions
Authors: Astruc Didier , et al.
Published: August 2015

Review: [93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Symmetry of Bioinspired Short Peptide Nanostructures and Their Basic Physical Properties
Authors: Handelman Amir , Shalev Gil , Rosenman Gil
Published: August 2015

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Supramolecular Catalysis with Small Self‐Assembled Peptides
Authors: Singh Nishant , Tena‐Solsona Marta , Miravet Juan F. , Escuder Beatriu
Published: August 2015

Review: [52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Chiral Phosphine‐Based Organocatalysts in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: August 2015

Review: [advances in the field of enantioselective phosphine organocatalysis within the last couple of years; 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Photocatalysis for Organic Synthesis by Using Plasmonic‐Metal Nanoparticles Irradiated with Visible Light
Authors: Xiao Qi , Jaatinen Esa , Zhu Huaiyong
Published: August 2015

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Meeting the Challenge of Intermolecular Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloadditions of Alkynes and Allenes
Authors: Muratore Michael E. , Homs Anna , Obradors Carla , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: August 2015

Review: [61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Unstrained Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage
Authors: Liu Hui , Feng Minghao , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: August 2015

Review: [development of unstrained C—C bond‐cleavage reactions — categorized as metal or metal‐free reactions — including the cleavage of single, double, and triple carbon—carbon bonds; 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylene Ethynylene Macrocycles: From Molecular Hosts to Components of High‐Performance Supramolecular Architectures
Authors: Smith Merry K. , Miljanic Ognjen S.
Published: August 2015

Review: [22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of Hypophosphite Derivatives in Reduction
Authors: Guyon Carole , Metay Estelle , Popowycz Florence , Lemaire Marc
Published: August 2015

Review: [197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed C—O/C—H Cross‐Coupling Reactions for C—C Bond Formation
Authors: Chen Tieqiao , Han Li‐Biao
Published: August 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: De Novo Synthesis of Gem‐Dialkyl Chlorophyll Analogues for Probing and Emulating Our Green World
Authors: Lindsey Jonathan S.
Published: August 2015

Review: 468 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Golden Age of Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Wang Dong , Astruc Didier
Published: August 2015

Review: 765 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development Approaches Towards a 4‐Spiro Cyclopropane Proline Scaffold (S)‐5‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)‐5‐azaspiro[2.4]heptane‐6‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Baenziger Markus , Bucher Christoph
Published: August 2015

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3‐Pyrazolidinones
Authors: Groselj Uros , Svete Jurij
Published: August 2015

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bronsted Acidity in Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Jiang Juncong , Yaghi Omar M.
Published: August 2015

Review: 252 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinnamamide Derivatives for Central and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders — A Review of Structure—Activity Relationships
Authors: Gunia‐Krzyzak Agnieszka , Panczyk Katarzyna , Waszkielewicz Anna M. , Marona Henryk
Published: August 2015

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemical Biology of Sirtuins
Authors: Chen Bing , Zang Wenwen , Wang Juan , Huang Yajun , He Yanhua , Yan Lingling , Liu Jiajia , Zheng Weiping
Published: August 2015

Review: chemical biology for the physiologically and therapeutically important sirtuin family of Nε‐acyl‐lysine deacylase enzymes; 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide (LSMO) Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Kulkarni Vaishnavi M. , Bodas Dhananjay , Paknikar Kishore M.
Published: August 2015

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Catalysis Science: Nanoparticle Synthesis and Instrument Development for Studies under Reaction Conditions
Authors: Gross Elad , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: August 2015

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Dimension‐Based Spatially Ordered Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Liu Siqi , Tang Zi‐Rong , Sun Yugang , Colmenares Juan Carlos , Xu Yi‐Jun
Published: August 2015

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Considerations on Catalytic H/D Exchange Mediated by Organometallic Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Di Giuseppe Andrea , Castarlenas Ricardo , Oro Luis A.
Published: August 2015

Review: 259 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Fluorescent Probes Based on Protection—Deprotection of the Key Functional Groups for Biological Imaging
Authors: Tang Yonghe , Lee Dayoung , Wang Jiaoliang , Li Guanhan , Yu Jinghua , Lin Weiying , Yoon Juyoung
Published: August 2015

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Addressing the Stereochemistry of Complex Organic Molecules by Density Functional Theory‐NMR
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Saielli Giacomo
Published: August 2015

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Membrane‐Based Microextraction Techniques in Analytical Chemistry: A Review
Authors: Carasek Eduardo , Merib Josias
Published: August 2015

Review: 153 refs.
Multimodality Evaluation of the Right Ventricle: An Updated Review
Authors: Tadic Marijana
Published: August 2015

The assessment of the volumes, function, and mechanics of the right ventricle (RV) is very challenging because of the anatomical complexity of the RV. Because RV structure, function, and deformation are very important predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, or arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, it is of great importance to use an appropriate imaging modality that will provide all necessary information. In everyday clinical practice, 2‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) represents a method of first choice in RV evaluation. However, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) remained the gold standard for RV assessment. The development of new imaging tools, such as 3‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE), provided reliable data, comparable with CMR, and opened a completely new era in RV imaging. So far, 3DE has shown good results in determination of RV volumes and systolic function, and there are indications that it will also provide valuable data about 3‐dimensional RV mechanics, similar to CMR. Two‐dimensional echocardiography–derived strain is currently widely used for the assessment of RV deformation, which has been proven to be a more significant predictor of functional capacity and survival than CMR‐derived RV ejection fraction. The purpose of this review is to summarize currently available data about RV structure, function, and mechanics obtained by different imaging modalities, primarily 2DE and 3DE, and their comparison with CMR and cardiac computed tomography.
The Contrasting Recognition Behavior of β‐Cyclodextrin and Its Sulfobutylether Derivative towards 4′,6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole
Authors: Shinde Meenakshi N. , Bhasikuttan Achikanath C. , Mohanty Jyotirmayee
Published: August 2015

The noncovalent interactions between 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) and sulfobutylether β‐cyclodextrin (SBE7β‐CD) are evaluated by using photochemical measurements and compared with that of native β‐CD. Contrasting recognition behavior and intriguing modulations in the photochemical behavior of DAPI were observed. In particular, a large enhancement in the fluorescence emission and excited‐state lifetime were seen upon binding to SBE7β‐CD, with the SBE7β‐CD inclusion complex being approximately 1000 times stronger than that of β‐CD. The ensuing fluorescence “turn on” was demonstrated to be responsive to chemical stimuli, such as metal ions and adamantylanmine (AD). Upon addition of Ca2+/AD, nearly quantitative dissociation of the complex was established to regenerate the free dye and result in fluorescence “turn off”. The SO3− groups are believed to be critical for the strong and selective binding of the chromophore and the stimuli‐responsive tuning. This is as an important design criterion for the optimization of host–guest properties through supramolecular association, which is relevant for drug‐delivery applications.
Metallic nanocrystals synthesized in solution: a brief review of crystal shape theory and crystallographic characterization
Authors: Kappes Branden B. , Leong G. Jeremy , Gilmer George H. , Richards Ryan M. , Ciobanu Cristian V.
Published: August 2015

This article reviews the main theoretical/computational techniques and the experimental characterization methodologies that are used in the quest to investigate the shape, size, composition, and crystallography of metallic nanoparticles. Two morphological regimes are described, one governed by equilibrium thermodynamics, and another in which the shape can be controlled kinetically: in each case, the focus is on key phenomenological effects, ignoring to a large extent the specifics of the materials. For the equilibrium crystal shape, the field has recently experienced developments beyond the basic Wulff construction. For the kinetically controlled case, we argue that models informed by experiments can lead to insights into the growth mechanisms, as well as into the resulting shapes and morphologies. Experimentally, the increasing resolution of characterization techniques can inform and validate the growth models. While ex situ characterization techniques have become de facto standards for investigations of nanoparticles, in situ techniques offer significant advances in spatial and temporal resolution and help establish a fundamental understanding of growth mechanisms.
Effects of early adversity on young children's diurnal cortisol rhythms and externalizing behavior
Authors: Bernard Kristin , Zwerling Jordana , Dozier Mary
Published: August 2015

Early adversity is associated with biological and behavioral dysregulation in early childhood. We examined whether early adversity (i.e., poverty and involvement with child protective services [CPS]) had an indirect effect on externalizing behavior through HPA axis dysregulation, specifically blunted diurnal cortisol patterns. Participants included 94 children between the ages of 3.94 and 6.52 years old, who had a history of CPS involvement (n = 53) or no history of CPS involvement (n = 41). Cortisol samples were collected at wake‐up and bedtime across 3 days, and parent‐reported externalizing behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results showed that history of CPS involvement and poverty were associated with blunted cortisol patterns, which in turn led to elevated externalizing behavior. The indirect effect of CPS involvement on externalizing behavior through blunted cortisol was significant, whereas the indirect effect of poverty on externalizing behavior was nonsignificant. Findings add to our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms linking early adversity to psychopathology. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 935–947, 2015.
The influence of early maternal care on perceptual attentional set shifting and stress reactivity in adult rats
Authors: Sakhai Samuel A. , Saxton Katherine , Francis Darlene D.
Published: August 2015

Stress influences a wide variety of outcomes including cognitive processing. In the rat, early life maternal care can influence developing offspring to affect both stress reactivity and cognitive processes in adulthood. The current study assessed if variations in early life maternal care can influence cognitive performance on a task, the ability to switch cognitive sets, dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex. Early in life, offspring was reared under High or Low maternal Licking conditions. As adults, they were trained daily and then tested on an attentional set‐shifting task (ASST), which targets cognitive flexibility in rodents. Stress‐sensitive behavioral and neural markers were assayed before and after the ASST. High and Low Licking offspring performed equally well on the ASST despite initial, but not later, differences in stress axis functioning. These results suggest that early life maternal care does not impact the accuracy of attentional set‐shifting in rats. These findings may be of particular importance for those interested in the relationship between early life experience and adult cognitive function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:39–51, 2016.
Rhenium Complexes of Ligands Based on Stilbene – Synthesis, Characterization, ­Reactivity, and Conformational Analysis
Authors: Pino‐Cuevas Arantxa , Carballo Rosa , Muñoz Luis , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M.
Published: August 2015

The imine ligand L1 was prepared by the reaction of 4‐amino‐4′‐(dimethylamino)stilbene and 2‐pyridinecarbaldehyde. The amine ligand L2 was obtained in good yield by the reduction of L1 with NaBH4. The complexes [ReX(CO)3(Ln)] (1a: X = Cl, n = 1; 1b: X = Br, n = 1; 2a: X = Cl, n = 2; 2b: X = Br, n = 2) were prepared through the reactions of equimolar solutions of the corresponding ligand and [ReX(CO)3(CH3CN)2]. The complexes were characterized spectroscopically, and the structures of 1a and 1b were established by X‐ray diffraction. A configurational and conformational study of the amine complex 2b in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution was performed through molecular modeling and with the experimental NMR spectroscopy data. The transformations of 2a and 2b into 1a and 1b, respectively, were also monitored by UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of β‐Substituted meso‐Tetraaryl‐21,23‐dithiaporphyrins by Heck Reaction
Authors: Forezi Luana da S. M. , Gomes Ana T. P. C. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Ferreira Vitor F. , Boechat Fernanda da C. S. , de Souza Maria C. B. V. , Cavaleiro José A. S.
Published: August 2015

meso‐Tetraphenyl‐21,23‐dithiaporphyrin was selectively monobrominated at one β‐pyrrolic position in good yields. This dithiaporphyrin was then functionalized by Heck reaction with styrene derivatives containing different electronic features. The reaction profile was found to depend on the electronic characteristics of the styrene derivatives; the new compounds were fully characterized.
Three‐Component Synthesis of 7‐Hydroxy‐7‐polyfluoroalkylhexahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]­pyridin‐5(1H)‐ones
Authors: Goryaeva Marina V. , Burgart Yanina V. , Kudyakova Yulia S. , Ezhikova Marina A. , Kodess Mikhail I. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Saloutin Victor I.
Published: August 2015

A new straightforward three‐component approach to 7‐hydroxy‐7‐(polyfluoroalkyl)hexahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐5(1H)‐ones with high diastereoselectivity and regiospecificity was developed starting from commercially available 3‐oxo esters, methyl ketones, and 1,2‐ethanediamines. The scope of this cyclization and its plausible mechanism are reported.
Construction of Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones by Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzaldimines with Water
Authors: Zhang Mingliang , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Ruan Wenqing , Wen Ting‐Bin
Published: August 2015

The Cu(OAc)2‐catalyzed tandem reaction of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines with water for the synthesis of isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones was developed. Moreover, 4‐halogen‐substituted isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones were obtained in good yields simply by including N‐halosuccinimides (NXS: X = Cl, Br, I) in the reaction system. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reactions are probably initiated by highly regioselective intramolecular cyclization of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines to give the corresponding isoquinolinium intermediates.
Absolute power leads to absolute corruption? Impact of power on corruption depending on the concepts of power one holds
Authors: Wang Fang , Sun Xunwei
Published: August 2015

Power has long been linked to the stigma of corruption. Three studies indicated that different power concepts have different implications for corruption behavior and perception. The personalized power concept relates to using power to pursue self‐centered goals for one's own benefit, whereas the socialized power concept relates to using power to pursue other‐focused goals for benefiting and helping others. Three studies were conducted to explore the effect of these two types of power concepts on corrupt intention or practice. The power concepts were measured in Study 1, primed through previous experience in Study 2, and utilized within a specific context in Study 3, respectively. Taken together, the three studies indicate that the personalized (vs. socialized) power concept increases (vs. decreases) self‐interested behavior and tolerance towards others' (especially high‐position others') corrupt practices.
The who and whom of help giving: An attributional model integrating the help giver and the help recipient
Authors: Tscharaktschiew Nadine
Published: August 2015

In this article, we investigate the influence of responsibility, moral emotions, and empathy on help giving for stigmatized persons in need. Both characteristics of the recipient of help and the help giver are analyzed within a general theoretical framework. Based on an online study (N = 332), structural equation models confirm and extend an attributional explanation of help‐giving, based on a thinking‐feeling‐acting model. Conditions promoting help giving are identified: (i) A potential help giver who regards himself or herself as responsible for the recipient's misfortune is likely to experience guilt, regret, and shame, thus increasing the likelihood of help. (ii) A potential recipient of help who is regarded as being not responsible for his or her plight elicits sympathy and is thus more likely to receive help. In contrast, when the person in need is regarded as being responsible for his or her plight, anger and even schadenfreude are elicited, and likelihood of help giving decreases. (iii) Different aspects of empathy as a stable personal characteristic exert direct and indirect (i.e., emotionally mediated) effects on help giving. Using structural equation modeling, we outline an attributional model of helping conceptualizing helping behavior within an actor–observer system integrating a variety of moral emotions involved in help giving.
Characterization of acidic and basic variants of IgG1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies based on non‐denaturing IEF fractionation
Authors: Dada Oluwatosin O. , Jaya Nomalie , Valliere‐Douglass John , Salas‐Solano Oscar
Published: August 2015

Characterization of both the acidic and basic regions of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) profile of an IgG1 antibody was achieved through preparative immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing (IPG‐IEF) fractionation. Recent attempts at using this method to fractionate charge variants of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown promising results, but identification of the chemical modifications in the variants was limited to the basic species. We have optimized the method to achieve enrichment of each variant across the icIEF profile of an IgG1 mAb. The fractionation was followed by extended characterization to elucidate the composition of the acidic, main, and basic species observed in the icIEF profile. Deamidation, sialylation, glycation, and fragmentation were identified as the main modifications contributing to acidic variants of the mAb while C‐terminal lysine, C‐terminal proline amidation, and uncyclized N‐terminal glutamine were the major species contributing to the basic variants. This characterization allows a better understanding of the modifications that contribute to the charge variants observed by icIEF, facilitating the evaluation of impacts on product safety and efficacy.
Mutagenicity profile of atmospheric particulate matter in a small urban center subjected to airborne emission from vehicle traffic and sugar cane burning
Authors: Alves Debora Kristina M. , Kummrow Fábio , Cardoso Arnaldo A. , Morales Daniel A. , Umbuzeiro Gisela A.
Published: August 2015

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is genotoxic and recently was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. PM chemical composition varies depending on source and atmospheric conditions. The Salmonella/microsome assay is the most used mutagenicity test and can identify the major chemical classes responsible for observed mutagenicity. The objective of this work was to characterize the mutagenicity of PM samples from a countryside city, Limeira, Brazil, which is influenced by heavy traffic and sugar cane biomass burning. Six samples of total PM were collected. Air mass backward trajectories were calculated. Organic extracts were assayed using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension mutagenicity assay using TA98, YG1041, and TA1538, with and without metabolic activation (S9). YG1041 was the most sensitive strain and mutagenicity reached 9,700 revertants per m3 without metabolic activation. Potency for TA1538 was higher than TA98, indicating that this strain should be considered in air mutagenicity studies. The increased response to YG1041 relative to TA98, and the decreased response with S9, suggests that nitroaromatics are the major contributors. Limeira is among the most mutagenic cities in the world. High mutagenicity in Limeira seems to occur when the air mass from the area of sugarcane production is mixed with air from the region impacted by anthropogenic activities such as traffic. An increase in the formation of nitro‐polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may result from longer contact time between the aromatic compounds and the atmosphere with high NOx and ozone concentration, although more studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:41–50, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determine what types of rankings are useful for your institution, prospective students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2015

The Obama administration's plans for a ranking system have been controversial among enrollment managers and others in higher education. The Department of Education's most recent statements about the plan scale it back. The proposed website will be a “ratings tool” where families can compare colleges based on their own top criteria, said Ted Mitchell, undersecretary of education.
Copyrolysis energy analysis of municipal solid waste and agricultural stalk
Authors: Jia Jinwei , Lu Mingyuan , Liu Lu , Yang Fengsheng , Fu Xiaoheng , Fu Xingmin , Yang Di , Shu Xinqian
Published: August 2015

Co‐pyrolysis of municipal solid waste with cassava stalk or corn stalk was investigated in this work. Profiles of the product yields versus different agricultural stalk adding ratios during pyrolysis at 600°C reveal that the char yields reduced, and the liquid and gas yields increased at start‐up stage but afterwards decreased with adding ratios of agricultural stalk increasing. The differences between experimental and theoretical yields of char ranged from 18.26 to 10.35% as cassava stalk ratios from 10 to 50%, and from 8.13 to 11.09% as corn stalk ratios from 10 to 50%. The statistical analysis of theoretical and experimental data implied the synergistic effect between municipal solid waste and agricultural stalk during co‐pyrolysis process. The energy balance showed that pyrolysis of municipal solid waste alone could not produce enough pyrolysis liquid to compensate the energy consumption of pyrolysis system, and the co‐pyrolysis system could dispose of municipal solid waste without extra energy input. The calculated results also showed that the feed stock comprised of 49.21% of cassava stalk or 40.12% of corn stalk could guarantee the energy balance of the co‐pyrolysis system. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 547–552, 2016
Neurocognitive Effects of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Spitznagel Mary Beth , Hawkins Misty , Alosco Michael , Galioto Rachel , Garcia Sarah , Miller Lindsay , Gunstad John
Published: August 2015

This review paper will discuss the recent literature examining the relationship between obesity and neurocognitive outcomes, with a particular focus on cognitive changes after bariatric surgery. Obesity is now recognized as an independent risk factor for adverse neurocognitive outcomes, and severely obese persons appear to be at even greater risk. Bariatric surgery is associated with rapid improvements in cognitive function that persist for at least several years, although the mechanisms underlying these improvements are incompletely understood. Assessment of cognitive impairment in bariatric surgery patients is challenging, and improved methods are needed, as poorer performance on neuropsychological tests of memory and executive function leads to poorer clinical weight outcomes. In addition to its clinical importance, further study in this area will provide key insight into obesity‐related cognitive dysfunction and clarify the possibility of an obesity paradox for neurological outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Bankruptcy Finding for Utility Threatens Entire Financial System
Authors: Sabino Anthony Michael , Sabino Michael A.
Published: August 2015

Regrettably, in troubled times even members of such stalwart industries as natural gas and electricity can succumb to financial difficulties, and thus be compelled to seek refuge in the nation's bankruptcy courts. Creditors of energy companies know this all too well. Accordingly, they are vigorous in protecting their rights to repayment.
Hepatic stellate cells regulate liver immunity to visceral leishmaniasis through P110δ‐dependent induction and expansion of regulatory T cells in mice
Authors: Khadem Forough , Gao Xiaoling , Mou Zhirong , Jia Ping , Movassagh Hesamaldin , Onyilagha Chukwunonso , Gounni Abdelilah S. , Wright Matthew C. , Uzonna Jude E.
Published: August 2015

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is associated with severe immune dysfunction and if untreated leads to death. Because the liver is one of the primary target organs in VL, unraveling the mechanisms governing the local hepatic immune response is important for understanding the immunopathogenesis of VL. We previously reported that mice with inactivating knockin mutation in the p110δ gene (p110δD910A) are resistant to VL, due in part to impaired regulatory T‐cell (Treg) expansion. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of this resistance by focusing on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are known to regulate Treg induction and expansion. We show that HSCs are infected with Leishmania donovani in vivo and in vitro and that this infection leads to the production of interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6, and transforming growth factor‐β, cytokines known to induce Tregs. We further demonstrate that L. donovani infection leads to expansion of HSCs in a p110δ‐dependent manner and that this correlated with proliferation of hepatic Tregs in vivo. In vitro studies clearly show that L. donovani–infected HSCs induce CD4+ T cells to become Tregs and expand Tregs in a p110δ‐dependent manner. Targeted depletion of HSCs during infection caused a dramatic reduction in liver Treg numbers and proliferation, which was associated with a decrease in interleukin‐10 production by hepatic T cells and a more efficient parasite control. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the critical role of HSCs in the pathogenesis of VL and suggest that the enhanced resistance of p110δD910A mice to L. donovani infection is due in part to impaired expansion and inability of their HSCs to induce and expand Tregs in the liver. (Hepatology 2016;63:620–632)
Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis: Circulating miRNAs for Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Huang Jing‐Tao , Liu Song‐Mei , Ma Haiqing , Yang Ying , Zhang Xuan , Sun Huanhuan , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xu Jianqing , Wang Jin
Published: August 2015

Because early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to diagnose using the existing techniques, identifying better biomarkers would likely improve the patients’ prognoses. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published studies to appraise the utility of microRNAs (miRNAs) for the early diagnosis of HCC. Pertinent literature was collected from the Medline, Embase, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We analyzed 50 studies that included 3423 cases of HCC, 2403 chronic hepatic disease (CH) patients, and 1887 healthy controls in 16 articles. Summary receiver operating characteristic analyses of all miRNAs showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82, with 75.8% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity in discriminating patients with HCC from healthy controls. miR‐21 and miR‐122 individually distinguished patients with HCC from healthy controls, with an AUC of 0.88 for miR‐21 and 0.77 for miR‐122. The sensitivity and specificity for miR‐21 were 86.6% and 79.5%, respectively, those for miR‐122 were 68.0% and 73.3%. We conclude that circulating miRNAs, particularly miR‐21, and miR‐122, are promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 328–335, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histochemical evidence of β‐chitin in parapodial glandular organs and tubes of Spiophanes (Annelida, Sedentaria: Spionidae), and first studies on selected Annelida
Authors: Guggolz Theresa , Henne Stephan , Politi Yael , Schütz Roman , Mašić Admir , Müller Carsten H.G. , Meißner Karin
Published: August 2015

A generic character of the genus Spiophanes (Annelida, Sedentaria: Spionidae) is the presence of parapodial glandular organs. Parapodial glandular organs in Spiophanes species include secretory cells with cup‐shaped microvilli, similar to those present in deep‐sea inhabiting vestimentiferans and frenulate Siboglinidae. These cells are supposed to secrete β‐chitin for tube‐building. In this study, transverse histological and/or ultrathin sections of parapodial glandular organs and tubes of Spiophanes spp. as well as of Glandulospio orestes (Spionidae) and Owenia fusiformis (Oweniidae) were examined. Fluorescent markers together with confocal laser scanning microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to detect chitin in the parapodial glandular organs of Spiophanes and/or in the glands of Owenia and Glandulospio. Tubes of these taxa were tested for chitin to elucidate the use of it for tube‐building. The examinations revealed a distinct labelling of the gland contents. Raman spectroscopy documented the presence of β‐chitin in both gland types of Spiophanes. The tubes of Spiophanes were found to have a grid‐like structure that seems to be built with this β‐chitin. Tests of tubes of Dipolydora quadrilobata (Spionidae) for chitin were negative. However, the results of our study provide strong evidence that Spiophanes species, O. fusiformis and probably also G. orestes produce chitin and supposedly use it for tube‐building. This implies that the production of chitin and its use as a constituent part of tube‐building is more widespread among polychaetes as yet known. The histochemical data presented in this study support previous assumptions inferring homology of parapodial glandular organs of Spionidae and Siboglinidae based on ultrastructure. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy‐based evidence of secretory cells with nail‐headed microvilli in O. fusiformis suggests homology of parapodial grandular organs across annelids including Sipuncula. J. Morphol. 276:1433–1447, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in a trophically polymorphic cichlid fish?
Authors: Hulsey Christopher Darrin , García‐De León Francisco J. , Meyer Axel
Published: August 2015

Sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits is ubiquitous in animals. However, other types of intraspecific phenotypic divergence, such as trophic polymorphism, are less common. Because linkage to sex should often lead to balancing selection, understanding the association between sex and phenotypic divergence could help explain why particular species show high morphological variability. To determine if sexual dimorphism could be helping to maintain ecomorphological variation in a classic case of intraspecific trophic polymorphism, we examined the association between sex and morphological divergence in the cichlid Herichthys minckleyi. Although H. minckleyi with enlarged molariform teeth on their pharyngeal jaws have been reported to more commonly be male, we did not find an association between sex and pharyngeal morphotype. Sex was associated with divergence in body size (as measured through standard length). But, sex was not associated with any of the other trophic traits examined. However, pharyngeal morphotype did show an association with gut length, gape, and tooth number. Sexual dimorphism is not playing a central role in enhancing trophic diversity within H. minckleyi. J. Morphol. 276:1448–1454, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationships between serum asunaprevir concentration and alanine aminotransferase elevation during daclatasvir plus asunaprevir for chronic HCV genotype 1b infection
Authors: Akuta Norio , Sezaki Hitomi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Kawamura Yusuke , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Kobayashi Mariko , Saitoh Satoshi , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: August 2015

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations were the most frequent adverse events during all‐oral combinations with daclatasvir and asunaprevir for patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the underline mechanisms are unclear. Seventy patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection, who were introduced daclatasvir 60 mg once daily plus asunaprevir 100 mg twice daily for 24 weeks, were measured serum asunaprevir concentrations at the one point or more of 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the start of treatment. In 4 and 8 weeks after the start of treatment, asunaprevir concentrations in patients with albumin levels <3.6 g/dl at baseline were significantly higher than those in patients with albumin levels ≥3.6 g/dl. The baseline factors did not affect to ALT severe elevations (≥300 IU/l). At 2 weeks after the start of treatment, ALT severe elevations with asunaprevir concentrations of ≥800 ng/ml (54.5%) tended to indicate the higher rates than those of <800 ng/ml (17.6%). Furthermore, the discontinuation or reduction of asunaprevir improved ALT levels, regardless the significant decrease of serum asunaprevir concentrations. In conclusion, serum albumin levels affected to serum asunaprevir concentrations, and serum asunaprevir concentrations might partly affect to ALT severe elevations. Further large‐scale prospective studies are needed to investigate the impact of the discontinuation or reduction of asunaprevir to help in the design of more effective therapeutic regimens. J. Med. Virol. 88:506–511, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
November seesaw in northern extratropical sea level pressure and its linkage to the preceding wintertime Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Choi Yeon‐Woo , Ahn Joong‐Bae , Kryjov Vladimir N.
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the impact of the wintertime Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the following November circulation. The application of a set of statistical methods shows that a response of November sea level pressure (SLP) to the preceding wintertime AO operates on a hemispheric scale. At high and middle latitudes, this response is a well‐pronounced seesaw in SLP between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Winters of the positive AO polarity tend to be followed by positive SLP anomalies spanning the whole Northern Eurasia and negative SLP anomalies extending from the Bering Sea through the Western North Atlantic. Opposite SLP anomalies prevail after winters of the negative AO polarity. The response of November SLP to the preceding wintertime AO closely resembles the first empirical orthogonal function of November SLP. That is, the polarity of the wintertime AO precedes the polarity of the leading mode of variability of November SLP over the Northern Hemisphere. The wintertime AO exerts a 9‐month lag impact on November circulation due to the re‐emergence of a sea surface temperature anomaly over the western North Atlantic.
Peritendinous elastase treatment induces tendon degeneration in rats: A potential model of tendinopathy in vivo
Authors: Wu Yen‐Ting , Wu Po‐Ting , Jou I‐Ming
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of elastase on tendinopathy, as well as to evaluate the potential for peritendinous injections of elastase into rats to cause tendinopathy. We first investigated the expression of elastase in the tendons of patients with tendinopathy, and then established the effects of elastase injection on the Achilles tendons of rats. Ultrasonographic and incapacitance testing was used to conduct tests for 8 weeks. Tendon tissues were collected for histological observation and protein levels of collagen type I and type III were detected using Western blotting. The percentage of elastase‐positive cells increased in human specimens with grades II and III tendinopathy. The rat model demonstrated that the thickness of the tendon increased after elastase injection during Week 2–8. Hypercellularity and focal lesions were detected after Week 2. The expression of elastase was increased and elastin was decreased in Week 8. Collagen type I expression was decreased, but type III was increased in Week 4. These results suggested that elastase may be involved in the development of chronic tendinopathy, and that peritendinous injection of elastase may result in tendinopathy in rats. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:471–477, 2016.
Multi‐lineage differentiation and angiogenesis potentials of pigmented villonodular synovitis derived mesenchymal stem cells ‐ pathological implication
Authors: Chiang En‐Rung , Ma Hsiao‐Li , Wang Jung‐Pan , Liu Chien‐Lin , Chen Tain‐Hsiung , Hung Shih‐Chieh
Published: August 2015

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign tissue proliferation characterized by its hyper‐vascularity within the lesion. The true etiology and cell source of this disease entity still remain unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in various tissues of human body. However, it has not been clarified whether MSCs could be isolated from tissue of PVNS. Here, we isolated MSCs from PVNS (PVNS‐SCs), and by comparing to the MSCs from normal synovium (Syn‐SCs) of the same individual, we investigated whether PVNS‐SCs differed in the capacity for multi‐differentiation and inducing angiogenesis. We first demonstrated that PVNS‐SCs existed in the lesion of PVNS of three individuals. Moreover, we showed PVNS‐SCs had better osteogenic differentiation potential than Syn‐SCs, whereas Syn‐SCs had better capacity for adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. By genome–wide analysis of gene expression profile using a complementary DNA microarray and comparing to Syn‐SCs, we identified in PVNS‐SCs a distinct gene expression profile characterized by up‐regulation of genes involved in angiogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies further confirmed that PVNS‐SCs had better capacities for promoting angiogenesis. In summary, the identification of PVNS‐SCs in PVNS tissue and their distinct angiogenic potential may help elucidate the underlying etiology of this disease. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:395–403, 2016.
Estimating patient‐specific soft‐tissue properties in a TKA knee
Authors: Ewing Joseph A. , Kaufman Michelle K. , Hutter Erin E. , Granger Jeffrey F. , Beal Matthew D. , Piazza Stephen J. , Siston Robert A.
Published: August 2015

Surgical technique is one factor that has been identified as critical to success of total knee arthroplasty. Researchers have shown that computer simulations can aid in determining how decisions in the operating room generally affect post‐operative outcomes. However, to use simulations to make clinically relevant predictions about knee forces and motions for a specific total knee patient, patient‐specific models are needed. This study introduces a methodology for estimating knee soft‐tissue properties of an individual total knee patient. A custom surgical navigation system and stability device were used to measure the force–displacement relationship of the knee. Soft‐tissue properties were estimated using a parameter optimization that matched simulated tibiofemoral kinematics with experimental tibiofemoral kinematics. Simulations using optimized ligament properties had an average root mean square error of 3.5° across all tests while simulations using generic ligament properties taken from literature had an average root mean square error of 8.4°. Specimens showed large variability among ligament properties regardless of similarities in prosthetic component alignment and measured knee laxity. These results demonstrate the importance of soft‐tissue properties in determining knee stability, and suggest that to make clinically relevant predictions of post‐operative knee motions and forces using computer simulations, patient‐specific soft‐tissue properties are needed. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:435–443, 2016.
Toroidal dipole‐induced transparency in core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Jianfa , Miroshnichenko Andrey E.
Published: August 2015

The scattering of nanoparticles plays a profound role in the recently flourishing fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. However, current investigations into nanoparticle scattering are based on the electric and magnetic resonances only, where their toroidal counterparts are usually not considered. The inclusion of toroidal terms can render new explanations for some fundamental scattering properties and thus may stimulate further breakthroughs in both scattering‐related basic researches and applications. Here we revisit the most fundamental problem of Mie scattering by individual spherical nanoparticles and show that compared to conventional interpretations in terms of electric and magnetic responses, the roles played by their toroidal counterparts are indispensable. Based on the demonstration of efficient toroidal dipole excitation in homogeneous dielectric particles, we reveal that the extensively studied scattering transparencies of core–shell nanoparticles can actually be classified into two categories: (i) the trivial transparency with no effective multipole excitations and (ii) the non‐trivial transparency induced by the destructive interferences of excited electric and toroidal multipoles. The incorporation of toroidal multipoles offers new insights into the study of nanoparticle scattering in both near and far fields, which may shed new light on many applications, such as biosensing, imaging, nanoantennas, photovoltaic devices, and so on.

image
Combined effect of donor and recipient risk on outcome after liver transplantation: Research of the Eurotransplant database
Authors: Blok Joris J. , Putter Hein , Rogiers Xavier , van Hoek Bart , Samuel Undine , Ringers Jan , Braat Andries E. ,   for the Eurotransplant Liver Intestine Advisory Committee
Published: August 2015

Recently the Eurotransplant donor risk index (ET‐DRI) was published, a model based on data from the Eurotransplant database that can be used for risk indication of liver donors within the Eurotransplant region. Because outcome after liver transplantation (LT) depends both on donor and recipient risk factors, a combined donor‐recipient model (DRM) would give a more complete picture of the overall risk involved. All liver transplants in adult recipients from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 in the Eurotransplant region were included. Risk factors in donors and recipients for failure‐free (retransplant free) survival were analyzed in univariate and multivariate analyses. A simplified recipient risk index (sRRI) was constructed using all available recipient factors. A total of 4466 liver transplants were analyzed. Median donor risk index and ET‐DRI were 1.78 and 1.91, respectively. The ET‐DRI was validated in this new cohort (P < 0.001; concordance index [c‐index], 0.59). After construction of a simplified recipient risk index of significant recipient factors, Cox regression analysis showed that the combination ET‐DRI and sRRI into a new DRM gave the highest predictive value (P < 0.001; c‐index, 0.62). The combined model of ET‐DRI and sRRI gave a significant prediction of outcome after orthotopic LT in the Eurotransplant region, better than the ET‐DRI alone. This DRM has potential in comparing data in the literature and correcting for sickness/physical condition of transplant recipients. It is a first step toward benchmarking of graft survival in the Eurotransplant region. Liver Transpl 21:1486‐1493, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Development and Applications of Lectins as Biological Tools in Biomedical Research
Authors: Dan Xiuli , Liu Wenlong , Ng Tzi Bun
Published: August 2015

As a new and burgeoning area following genomics and proteomics, glycomics has become a hot issue due to its pivotal roles in many physiological and pathological processes. Glycans are much more complicated than genes or proteins since glycans are highly branched and dynamic. Antibodies and lectins are the two major molecular tools applied for glycan profiling. Though the study of antibodies and lectins started at almost the same time in 1880s, lectins gained much less attention than the antibodies until recent decades when the importance and difficulties of glycomics were realized. The present review summarizes the discovery history of lectins and their biological functions with a special emphasis on their various applications as biological tools. Both older techniques that had been developed in the last century and new technologies developed in recent years, especially lectin microarrays and lectin‐based biosensors, are included in this account.
Non‐uniform sampling: post‐Fourier era of NMR data collection and processing
Authors: Kazimierczuk Krzysztof , Orekhov Vladislav
Published: August 2015

The invention of multidimensional techniques in the 1970s revolutionized NMR, making it the general tool of structural analysis of molecules and materials. In the most straightforward approach, the signal sampling in the indirect dimensions of a multidimensional experiment is performed in the same manner as in the direct dimension, i.e. with a grid of equally spaced points. This results in lengthy experiments with a resolution often far from optimum. To circumvent this problem, numerous sparse‐sampling techniques have been developed in the last three decades, including two traditionally distinct approaches: the radial sampling and non‐uniform sampling. This mini review discusses the sparse signal sampling and reconstruction techniques from the point of view of an underdetermined linear algebra problem that arises when a full, equally spaced set of sampled points is replaced with sparse sampling. Additional assumptions that are introduced to solve the problem, as well as the shape of the undersampled Fourier transform operator (visualized as so‐called point spread function), are shown to be the main differences between various sparse‐sampling methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.