bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Simulated Rainfall on Disease Development and Weed Control of the Bioherbicidal FungiAlternaria cassiaeandColletotrichum truncatum
Authors: Boyette C. Douglas , Bryson Charles T. , Hoagland Robert E. , Weaver Mark A.
Published: February 2012

Alternaria cassiaeandColletotrichum truncatumare bioherbicidal pathogens of sicklepod, and hemp sesbania, respectively. The effects of simulated rainfall followed by 12 h simulated dew application, immediately or delayed by 1 to 4 h, on disease severity and weed control were studied for each pathogen on its weed host under greenhouse conditions. After each simulated rainfall event, treated plants were placed in a dew chamber for 12 h. Regardless of rainfall amount and/or timing, only slight differences occurred onA. cassiaedisease severity and sicklepod control (85 to 100% for both parameters). However, when similar tests were imposed onC. truncatum, disease severity and hemp sesbania control were highly variable, ranging from 5 to 100%. Regardless of rainfall amount, disease development and control of hemp sesbania were greatly reduced (60%) when dew application was delayed by only 1 h following inoculation, regardless of rainfall treatment. Rainfall at 1.27 and 2.58 cm had little effect on disease development and control in hemp sesbania, but the effect of transfer time to dew application exhibited a greater role on these parameters. Thus the time between bioherbicide application and dew application was more important forC. truncatumthan forA. cassiae. These results indicate that rainfall amounts and the timing of dew application caused differential effects on disease severity and weed control after application of these bioherbicides to their target weeds.
Response of Advanced Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Breeding Lines to Halosulfuron-Methyl
Authors: Brandenberger L. , Burgos N. , Payton M. , Morelock T. , Motes D. , Eaton S. , Martin L. , Carrier L.
Published: February 2012

Studies were conducted in Oklahoma and Arkansas to evaluate the tolerance of nine advanced cowpea breeding lines and one cultivar treated PRE with halosulfuron at 1× (0.054 kg ha−1) and 2× (0.107 kg ha−1) rates. The breeding lines, developed by the University of Arkansas, included 01-103, 01-111, 01-117, 01-140, 01-174, 01-180, 01-181, 01-184, and 01-198. ‘Early Scarlet’ was also included as the standard commercial cultivar. Halosulfuron did not reduce the emergence of the breeding lines and Early Scarlet in Oklahoma, but reduced cowpea emergence 14% at the 2× rate in Arkansas. All breeding lines and Early Scarlet had similar emergence capacity in both locations. Higher injury (crop stunting, up to 59% at the 2× rate) and reduction in flowering (up to 83% points at the 1× rate) were observed in Arkansas, but not in Oklahoma. Averaged over herbicide rate, yield was higher and did not differ among cultivars in Arkansas (0.89 to 1.18 Mg ha−1) versus Oklahoma (0.36 to 0.82 Mg ha−1). The highest yield in Oklahoma was obtained from 01-174, 01-103, and 01-117. Despite the observed phytotoxicity symptoms, halosulfuron did not reduce cowpea yield. Halosulfuron is safe to use with these breeding lines and cultivar, at the 0.054 kg ha−1rate, but may delay cowpea maturity almost 1 wk in soils of close to neutral pH or higher.
Vegetable Crop Response to EPTC Applied Preemergence Under Low-Density Polyethylene and High Barrier Plastic Mulch
Authors: Wallace Rebekah D. , Culpepper A. Stanley , MacRae Andrew W. , Sosnoskie Lynn M. , Grey Timothy L.
Published: February 2012

The continued phase-out of methyl bromide (MBr) challenges vegetable growers' abilities to control weeds in plasticulture production. Herbicides, such as EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), may be needed as part of a MBr alternative system. An experiment was conducted during the springs of 2008 and 2009 in Ty Ty, GA, to determine tomato, pepper, eggplant, and watermelon tolerance to EPTC applied under mulch. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of four rates of EPTC (0, 2, 3, or 4 kg ai ha−1) and two plastic mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] mulch or a high barrier mulch [HBM]). Each crop was planted 28 d after applying herbicides and laying mulch. EPTC, regardless of rate, applied under LDPE mulch did not impact plant growth, fruit number produced, or fruit weights for any crop. Conversely, pepper, tomato, and eggplant heights were reduced 65 to 72%, 30 to 75%, and 9 to 32%, respectively, by EPTC at 2 to 4 kg ai ha−1when applied under HBM. Similar trends were observed for crop yield; fruit number and weight were reduced by 71 to 84% for pepper, 36 to 76% for tomato, and 7 to 15% for eggplant when EPTC was applied at 2 to 4 kg ai ha−1as compared to the no EPTC HBM control. Watermelon stem lengths, fruit number, and fruit weights were not impacted by EPTC applied under HBM mulch. It appears as though HBMs reduce the loss of EPTC through volatilization, thereby increasing the dose present at time of planting. EPTC could be included as part of a MBr alternative system for tomato, pepper, eggplant, and watermelon when applied under LDPE mulch, and may also be applied at labeled rates with the HBM utilized in this experiment for watermelon.
Confirmation and Management of Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Resistant to Diclosulam
Authors: Chandi Aman , Jordan David L. , York Alan C. , Lassiter Bridget R.
Published: February 2012

Selection for biotypes of common ragweed expressing resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides has increased in North Carolina and surrounding states. Research was conducted in North Carolina to confirm common ragweed resistance to diclosulam and to compare herbicide programs designed to control ALS-resistant common ragweed in corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean. In greenhouse experiments, 50% inhibition values following POST application of diclosulam for mortality of plants, visual estimates for percentage of control, and percentage of reduction in plant fresh weight were 557- to 653-fold higher for the suspected ALS-resistant biotype compared with a suspected ALS-susceptible biotype. Herbicides with different modes of action, including atrazine, dicamba, and glyphosate in corn; fomesafen, glyphosate, MSMA, and prometryn in cotton; bentazon, flumioxazin, and lactofen in peanut; and flumioxazin, glyphosate, and lactofen in soybean controlled common ragweed more effectively than programs relying on cloransulam-methyl (soybean), diclosulam (peanut), thifensulfuron (corn), and trifloxysulfuron (cotton), which typically control nonresistant common ragweed populations. Applying tank-mix or sequential applications of herbicides with different modes of action was effective in controlling ALS-resistant common ragweed in all crops.
Evaluation of Imazosulfuron for Broadleaf Weed Control in Drill-Seeded Rice
Authors: Godara Rakesh K. , Williams Billy J. , Webster Eric P. , Griffin James L. , Miller Donnie K.
Published: February 2012

Field experiments were conducted in 2006, 2007, and 2008 at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center's Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA, to evaluate imazosulfuron programs involving rate, application timings, and tank mixes for PRE and POST broadleaf weed control in drill-seeded rice. Imazosulfuron showed residual activity against both Texasweed and hemp sesbania. PRE-applied imazosulfuron at 168 g ai ha−1and higher rates provided 83 to 93% Texasweed control at 4 WAP. At 12 WAP, Texasweed control with 168 g ha−1and higher rates was 92%. Hemp sesbania control with 168 g ha−1and higher rates was 86 to 89% at 4 WAP and 65 to 86% at 12 WAP. Imazosulfuron at 224 g ha−1applied EPOST provided 84 to 93% Texasweed control and 82 to 87% hemp sesbania control, and it was as effective as its tank mixture with bispyribac-sodium. When applied LPOST, four- to five-leaf Texasweed, imazosulfuron alone at 224 g ha−1was not effective against Texasweed and hemp sesbania, but did improve weed control when mixed with bispyribac-sodium at 17.6 g ai ha−1.
Using Plant Growth Regulators to Limit Herbicide-Induced Stem Fragmentation of Aquatic Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Authors: Clements Daniel , Dugdale Tony M. , Butler Kym L.
Published: February 2012

Alligatorweed is subject to an eradication program in Victoria, Australia. In aquatic situations, the herbicides glyphosate and metsulfuron are used. Alligatorweed has been shown to break up soon after the application of these herbicides, resulting in the production of many stem fragments that are viable and capable of downstream colonization, compromising the effectiveness of the eradication program. This paper reports on an experiment to investigate the usefulness of commercially available plant growth regulators (PGRs) in reducing the number of viable propagules produced post-herbicide application. Three herbicide treatments (no herbicide, glyphosate, and metsulfuron) and four PGR treatments (no PGR, aviglycine [AVG], naphthalene acetic acid [NAA], and 2,4-D) were investigated in a factorial experiment. Chemicals were applied to alligatorweed growing in separate aquaria, the resulting stem fragments were collected and counted, and a subset was tested for viability. There was no evidence of PGRs having any effect on the total number of viable stem fragments produced. However, AVG reduced the total number of fragments produced. PGRs in combination with herbicide treatment had an antagonistic effect on the efficacy of the herbicides. PGRs increased belowground biomass of alligatorweed, as well as the number of apical growing tips present. Results indicate that although PGRs, particularly AVG, may be of benefit in reducing the number of alligatorweed propagules produced post-herbicide application, at the application rates tested here there would be no benefit from incorporating them into herbicide control programs for alligatorweed.
Evaluation of Thermal Implements and Organic Herbicides for Weed Control in a Nonbearing Almond (Prunus dulcis) Orchard
Authors: Shrestha Anil , Moretti Marcelo , Mourad Nathalia
Published: February 2012

Sustainable weed management strategies are needed for organic orchard systems. A study was conducted in an almond orchard in Fresno, CA from 2009 to 2011. Treatment comparisons included steam, flame, and broad applications of either lemongrass oil or D-limonene. An untreated control was also included. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Weekly evaluations on percent weed control were taken and weed biomass was sampled 4 to 8 wk after treatment (WAT). Weed control and biomass differed between seasons but, in general, steam and flame provided as much as 95% control 1 WAT. However, the effects lasted only 3 to 4 wk as new weeds emerged or the treated weeds overcame the suppressive effects of the thermal treatments. Weed biomass was 95% lower in the steam- and flame-treated plots compared with the untreated plots in summer. Both steam and flame were more effective on certain erect-growing broad-leaved weed species than on prostrate-growing weeds and grasses. Lemongrass oil provided very little weed control. However, D-limonene provided up to 95% weed control 1 WAT and in one experiment 53% control was observed up to 5 WAT. This herbicide also resulted in lower weed biomass than the untreated and the thermal-treated plots. Monthly applications of steam or flame or applications of D-limonene every 5 to 6 wk may have to be made to adequately suppress weeds in organic almond orchards. Cost estimates of propane use were $41 to 56 ha−1 and $26 ha−1 for the steam and flame treatments, respectively. The cost of D-limonene was estimated as $275 ha−1. To optimize weed control and costs, these tools may need to be used in combination rather than by themselves.
PRE and POST Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Indaziflam
Authors: Brosnan James T. , Breeden Gregory K. , McCullough Patrick E. , Henry Gerald M.
Published: February 2012

Indaziflam controls annual grassy weeds by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. Research was conducted from 2008 to 2011 in Tennessee, Texas, and Georgia evaluating the efficacy of indaziflam for PRE and POST control of annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf. In Texas, indaziflam at 30, 40, 50, and 60 g ai ha−1 applied PRE provided 93 to 100% annual bluegrass control through 28 wk after treatment. When applied PRE at 80 g ai ha−1 and at 4, 8, and 12 wk after PRE (WAP), indaziflam controlled annual bluegrass 67 to 100% 32 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) in Tennessee; however, reduced efficacy was observed with 12 WAP treatments in a single year of a 2-yr study. Similarly, annual bluegrass control with PRE applications or with 4 and 8 WAP applications of indaziflam at 35 and 52.5 g ai ha−1 ranged from 88 to 100% at 30 WAIT in Tennessee. In Georgia, these rates of indaziflam applied PRE and 4 WAP controlled annual bluegrass 96 to 100% on all evaluation dates and resulted in 97 to 100% reduction in plant counts relative to the untreated control at 30 WAIT. When applied 8 WAP, the 35 and 52.5 g ai ha−1 rates of indaziflam controlled annual bluegrass only 51 to 71% at 30 WAIT in Georgia. Although increasing the application rate of indaziflam treatments 8 WAP provided greater annual bluegrass control, each rate provided significantly lower control when applied 8 WAP compared with PRE or at 4 WAP. No bermudagrass injury was observed in this research. Results suggest indaziflam provides effective PRE and early POST control of annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf. However, additional research is needed to determine the effects of plant size and maturity on indaziflam efficacy for POST annual bluegrass control.
Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Inhibitor-Resistant Wild Buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus) in Alberta
Authors: Beckie Hugh J. , Warwick Suzanne I. , Sauder Connie A.
Published: February 2012

Wild buckwheat is the most abundant broadleaf weed across the Prairie region of western Canada. Acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are commonly used to control this species and other broadleaf weeds in cereal crops. A field survey in Alberta in 2007 identified a single population that was putatively resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In herbicide resistance screening in the greenhouse, all F1 progeny tested were resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides thifensulfuron/tribenuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, or florasulam, a triazolopyrimidine herbicide; dose response of shoot biomass indicated the population was 10- and 20-fold less sensitive to thifensulfuron/tribenuron and florasulam, respectively, than a susceptible control population. ALS gene sequencing of 24 F1 progeny indicated that the Trp574Leu target-site mutation was responsible for conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in this biotype, the first global report of ALS-inhibitor resistance for this species. Because this mutation typically endows high-level resistance across all five ALS-inhibitor classes, this wild buckwheat biotype may only be controlled by a different site-of-action herbicide.
Weed Ecology and Weed Management Strategies for Dry-Seeded Rice in Asia
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: February 2012

Rice is a principal source of food for more than half of the world population, and more than 90% of rice worldwide is grown and consumed in Asia. A change in establishment method from manual transplanting of rice seedlings to dry-seeded rice (DSR) has occurred in some countries as growers respond to increased costs or decreased availability of labor or water. However, weeds are a major constraint to DSR production because of the absence of the size differential between the crop and the weeds and the suppressive effect of standing water on weed growth at crop establishment. Herbicides are used to control weeds in DSR, but because of concerns about the evolution of herbicide resistance and a scarcity of new and effective herbicides, there is a need to integrate other weed management strategies with herbicide use. In addition, because of the variability in the growth habit of weeds, any single method of weed control cannot provide effective and season-long control in DSR. Various weed management approaches need to be integrated to achieve effective, sustainable, and long-term weed control in DSR. These approaches may include tillage systems; the use of crop residue; the use of weed-competitive cultivars with high-yield potential; appropriate water depth and duration; appropriate agronomic practices, such as row spacing and seeding rates; manual or mechanical weeding; and appropriate herbicide timing, rotation, and combination. This article aims to provide a logical perspective of what can be done to improve weed management strategies in DSR.
Control of Morningglories (Ipomoeaspp.) in Sugarcane (Saccharumspp.)
Authors: Bhullar Makhan Singh , Walia U. S. , Singh Surjit , Singh Megh , Jhala Amit J.
Published: February 2012

Morningglories are summer annual or perennial dicots, and are troublesome weeds in sugarcane cultivated in northern India. If not controlled, they may compete with sugarcane, interfere in the harvest operation, and reduce yields. Managing morningglories in sugarcane continues to be a serious challenge for sugarcane growers. Field experiments were conducted during the 3-yr period from 2007 to 2009 to evaluate herbicides applied PRE and POST for control of morningglories in sugarcane. The herbicides applied PRE included diuron, metribuzin, and atrazine at 1.6, 1.4, and 1.0 kg ai ha−1, respectively, applied alone or followed by 2,4-D amine salt (0.58 or 1.16 kg ae ha−1) or 2,4-D sodium salt (0.8 or 1.6 kg ae ha−1) applied POST. Herbicides applied PRE controlled morningglories ≤ 87% at 15 d after treatment (DAT); however, control reduced to ≤ 56% at 90 DAT. Control improved when herbicides applied PRE were followed by POST application of 2,4-D amine or sodium salt. For example, diuron applied PRE followed by 2,4-D amine salt applied POST at any rate provided 100% control of morningglories at 15 and 30 DAT. At 90 d after POST application, control ranged from 68 to 82% with the PRE followed by POST herbicides, compared to 0% control when metribuzin or atrazine were applied PRE alone. The density and biomass of morningglories was also reduced to zero in treatments that included 2,4-D amine salt. The number of millable canes, cane height, and single cane weight was superior in PRE followed by POST herbicide treatments compared to herbicides applied PRE alone. Maximum cane yield was recorded for the treatments that included 2,4-D amine or sodium salt compared to only PRE treatments, and it was usually comparable with the nontreated weed-free control. It is concluded that a combination of PRE and POST herbicides were effective for control of morningglories; however, more research is required to evaluate other herbicides and their tank mix partners for control of morningglories in sugarcane.
Value |Theory|Crisis
Authors: Nealon Christopher
Published: February 2012

My aim in this short essay is to make it possible to read these two passages together, but not in the way i think we'd typically do so in the literary humanities. The passage by Walter Benjamin is a canonical instance of left-literary writing that means to ground itself in Marx's account of capital by demonstrating that the struggle of oppressed peoples, even before the rise of capital, leaves traces in texts and in reading practices. Because of his use of the figure of “the Messiah,” it is possible to read the passage as evidence of Benjamin's messianism, though that is exactly what I intend to suggest we shouldn't do.
Humanities of Scale: Marxism, Surface Reading—and Milton
Authors: Bartolovich Crystal
Published: February 2012

John Milton only enters Slavoj Žižek's in defense of lost causes through a passing reference—to Satan—but in the history of unlikely attempts to draw victory from the jaws of defeat Milton's response to the Restoration ranks high by any standard (345). In 1660, when almost everyone else associated with the revolutionary government was trying to look as innocuous as possible, Milton instead wrote The Ready and Easy Way, a defense of republicanism, published it, then republished it, even as Charles II was on his way back to England. Why make such a seemingly futile, potentially life-threatening gesture? The most interesting answer might be that The Ready and Easy Way is the political equivalent of Walter Benjamin's stunning assessment of art in “The Task of the Translator”: “No poem is intended for the reader …” (253). From this point of view, all great human gestures and accomplishments belong to eternity: they are enacted or produced because they intersect with truth. We can participate in their truth, but that is our good fortune, not their purpose.
An Attempt to Unify All the Fine Arts and Sciences under the Concept ofThat Which Is Complete in Itself
Authors: Moritz Karl Philipp , Schreiber Elliott
Published: February 2012

Charting the origin of romantic aesthetics intheories of the symbol, Tzvetan Todorov points to an eighteenth-century author who remains little known outside the field of German studies: Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–93). Todorov locates the birth of the modern aesthetic of “intransitive signification” (162)—the doctrine of aesthetic autonomy, or the idea that works of art signify nothing outside themselves—in Moritz's essay “An Attempt to Unify All the Fine Arts and Sciences under the Concept ofThat Which Is Complete in Itself”(1785). Surprisingly, even more than a quarter century after the publication of Todorov's book in the United States, Moritz's seminal treatise is not available in a complete English translation.
Global resorption efficiencies and concentrations of carbon and nutrients in leaves of terrestrial plants
Authors: Vergutz Leonardus , Manzoni Stefano , Porporato Amilcare , Novais Roberto Ferreira , Jackson Robert B.
Published: February 2012

Nutrient resorption in plants influences nutrient availability and cycling and is a key process in biogeochemical models. Improved estimates of resorption parameters are needed for predicting long‐term primary productivity and for improving such models. Currently, most models assume a value of 50% resorption for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and lack resorption data for other nutrients and for specific vegetation types. We provide global estimates of resorption efficiencies and nutrient concentrations for carbon (C), N, and P and the first global‐scale estimates for essential nutrients such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). We also examine leaf mass loss during senescence (LML) globally and for different plant types, thus defining a mass loss correction factor (MLCF) needed to quantify unbiased resorption values. We used a global meta‐analysis of 86 studies and ∼1000 data points across climates for green and senesced leaves in six plant types: ferns, forbs, graminoids, conifers, and evergreen and deciduous woody angiosperms. In general, N and P resorption differed significantly from the commonly used global value of 50% (62.1%, 64.9%, respectively; P < 0.05). Ca, C, and Mg showed lower average resorptions of 10.9%, 23.2%, and 28.6%, respectively, while K had the highest resorption, at 70.1%. We also found that resorption of all nutrients except Ca depended on leaf nutrient‐status; globally, C, N, P, K, and Mg showed a decrease in resorption with increased nutrient status. On average, global leaf mass loss was 24.2%. Overall, our resorption data differ substantially from commonly assumed values and should help improve ecological theory and biogeochemical and land‐surface models.
A shared-cube approach to ESOP-based synthesis of reversible logic
Authors: Nayeem Noor , Rice Jacqueline
Published: February 2012

Reversible logic is being suggested as a possibility for overcoming potential
power loss and heat dissipation problems that the computing industry may soon
be at a loss to overcome. However, for reversible logic to be a solution we
must have techniques for synthesizing function descriptions to reversible
circuits. This paper presents an improved ESOP-based reversible logic
synthesis approach which leverages situations where cubes are shared by
multiple outputs and ensures that the implementation of each cube requires
just one Toffoli gate. It has the potential to minimize both gate count and
quantum cost, and in fact our experimental results show that this technique
can reduce the quantum cost up to 75% compared to results from the existing
work.
Decomposition of reversible logic function based on cube-reordering
Authors: Lukac Martin , Kameyama Michitaka , Perkowski Marek , Kerntopf Pawel
Published: February 2012

We present a novel approach to the synthesis of incompletely specified
reversible logic functions. The method is based on cube grouping; the first
step of the synthesis method analyzes the logic function and generates
groupings of same cubes in such a manner that multiple sub-functions are
realized by a single Toffoli gate. This process also reorders the function in
such a manner that not only groups of similarly defined cubes are joined
together but also don?t care cubes. The proposed method is verified on
standard benchmarks for both reversible and irreversible logic functions. The
obtained results show that for functions with a significant portion of don?t
cares the proposed method outperforms previously proposed synthesis methods.
Using negated control signals in quantum computing circuits
Authors: Moraga Claudio
Published: February 2012

White dots have been used in the schematic representation of reversible
circuits to indicate that a control variable has to be inverted to become
active. The present paper argues that the use of negated control signals may
also offer advantages for the realization, by reducing the number of
elementary components. In the case of quantum circuits, this contributes to
reduce the quantum cost. It is shown that mixed polarity Reed Muller
expressions, possibly extended with Boolean disjunctions, are very helpful to
design quantum computing circuits including negated control signals.
The EXOR gate under uncertainty: A case study
Authors: Yanushkevich Svetlana , Tran Hong , Tangim Golam , Shmerko Vladimir , Zaitseva Elena , Levashenko Vitaly
Published: February 2012

Probabilistic AND/EXOR networks have been defined, in the past, as a class of
Reed-Muller circuits, which operate on random signals. In contemporary logic
network design, it is classified as behavioral notation of probabilistic
logic gates and networks. In this paper, we introduce additional notations of
probabilistic AND/EXOR networks: belief propagation, stochastic, decision
diagram, neuromorphic models, and Markov random field model. Probabilistic
logic networks, and, in particular, probabilistic AND/EXOR networks, known as
turbo-decoders (used in cell phones and iPhone) are in demand in the coding
theory. Another example is intelligent decision support in banking and
security applications. We argue that there are two types of probabilistic
networks: traditional logic networks assuming random signals, and belief
propagation networks. We propose the taxonomy for this design, and provide
the results of experimental study. In addition, we show that in forthcoming
technologies, in particular, molecular electronics, probabilistic computing
is the platform for developing the devices and systems for low-power
low-precise data processing.
GPU accelerated computation of fast spectral transforms
Authors: Gajic Dusan , Stankovic Radomir
Published: February 2012

This paper discusses techniques for accelerated computation of several fast
spectral transforms on graphics processing units (GPUs) using the Open
Computing Language (OpenCL). We present a reformulation of fast algorithms
which takes into account peculiar properties of transforms to make them
suitable for the GPU implementation. A special attention is paid to the
organization of computations, memory transfer reductions, impact of integer
and Boolean arithmetic, different structure of algorithms, etc. Performance
of the GPU implementations is compared with the classical C/C++
implementations for the central processing unit (CPU). Experiments confirm
that, even though the spectral transforms considered involve only simple
arithmetic, significant speedups are achieved by implementing the algorithms
in OpenCL and performing them on the GPU.
Convergent daily urban systems of Jagodina, Cuprija and Paracin
Authors: Ivkovic Marija
Published: February 2012

Commuting is an extremely important phenomen for understanding the
functioning of urban systems. In this paper are presented convergence daily
urban systems of three Velika Morava?s cities: Jagodina, Cuprija and Paracin.
These three cities are located in a relatively short distance and their daily
urban systems are specific in many ways, because of their spatial-demographic
development and expression, and because of their mutual entanglement. The
current statistics show that, by mass commuting, convergent daily urban
influence is far more prominent than the divergent systems of all three
cities. Also, workers commuters in all three cities make the main mass of
commuters (83.0% in Jagodina, 79.7% in Paracin and 74.5% in Cuprija). That is
why this paper is to retain some relevant features of convergence of labor
commuters, while convergent commuting of pupils and students will be shown in
the second part of the work.
Tourism and international business: The theoretical approach and practical experiences
Authors: Jovicic Dobrica , Stojiljkovic Marko
Published: February 2012

The paper discusses the relationships between tourism and international
business. The research is based upon combining various theoretical concepts,
significant empirical experiences and own attitudes of the authors. The key
conclusion of the paper is that, despite of the partial progress in
understanding tourism businesses, the relationships between tourism and
international business need additional stimulus. In other words, more
complete research in the related domains is needed in future. Any
understanding of tourism is inadequate without appreciating the contributions
that international business might bring, yet at the same time international
business is incomplete in its coverage of international trade unless tourism
is considered. The consumption-driven agenda of much tourism research has
been favoured over supply-side discourses of the production process it self.
That is why the role of major transnational companies, setting the trends
that other types of firms in the tourism sector follow is focused in the
paper.
Indicators of sustainable development of rural and ethno tourism of the lower Danube basin
Authors: Cuculovic Rodoljub , Mrksa Milutin , Cuculovic Ana
Published: February 2012

Indicators that should express all forms of sustainable development of rural
tourism are analyzed in this paper. These are primarily indicators of
economic efficiency, technological development, social success and ecological
sustainability. The objective of this paper is to indicate the need and
method for the creation of modern programmes for the development of rural and
ethno tourism and projects of tourist activity and offer, based on the
sustainable development principles. It also indicates standard procedures for
integral control of ethno-tourist programmes and projects. These indicators
can be used both in analytical parts of plans and development programmes, and
also in control of the implementation of these plans and programmes. It is
preferable that these indicators should show the real state with elements
showing potentials and limitations. It is recommended that these indicators
should be expressed in a quantitative form whenever possible. However, even
in developed societies the methodology of quantification of sustainable
development indicators has not been developed enough, leaving the possibility
for imprecise evaluation of development potentials.
Podcinennye kontrastnye predlozenija v sovremennom serbskom jazyke
Authors: Tanasic Sreto
Published: February 2012

(ruski) V sovremennom serbskom jazyke suscestvuet odin tip predlozenij s
sojuzom dok, kotorye do sih por nedostatocno opisany. Sintaksiceski oni ne
prinadlezat sloznosocinennym protivitel?nym predlozenijam, nesmotrja na to,
cto oni na semanticeskom urovne shodny mezdu soboj, v to vremja kak na
sintaksiceskom urovne obladajut osobenostjami, harakternymi dlja vseh
sloznopodcinennyh predlozenij. S drugoj storony dannye predlozenija
nevozmozno otnesti ni k pridatocnym predlozenijam vremeni s sojuzom dok.
Avtor v dannoj rabote opisal sintaksiceskie harakteristikiukazannogo tipa
predlozenij i pokazal, v ceem oni otlicajutsja ot sloznopodcinennyh vremennyh
predlozenij s sojuzom dok. V pervuju ocered? sloznopodcinennye predlozenija
vremeni s sojuzom dok harakterizujutsja naliciem odnovremennosti dejstvij,
vyrazennyh predikatom upravljajuscej i podcinennoj temporal?noj klauzy.
Vsloznopodcinennyh kontrastnyh predlozenijah takaja situacija mozet
otsustvovat?. V podcinennoj vremennoj klauze s sojuzom dok na urovne
buduscego vstrecaetsja buduscee vtoroe vremja ili prezens kak ego ekvivalent
po otnoseniju k buduscemu pervomu vremeni v upravljajuscej klauze. V
sloznopodcinennom kontrastnom predlozenii takoe raspredelenie glagol?nyh form
nevozmozno, odnako vozmozno pojavlenie formy buduscego pervogo i v
upravljajuscej i v podcinennoj klauze. I nakonec, imejutsja slucai, kogda
dejstvja upravljajuscej i podcinennoj klauzy v kontrastnom predlozenii
prinadlezat odnomu vremennomu planu, odnako mezdu nimi ne ustanavlivaetsja
vremennoe otnosenie, a otnoseneie protivitel?nosti. Poetomu v klauzu,
kontrastiruemuju s predyduscej, vsegda mozno vkljucit? sintagmu nasuprot tome
i drugie shodnye sintagmy obladajuscie znaceniem kontrastnogo adverbial?nogo
opredelenija, cto ne javljaetsja vozmoznym, kogda rec? idet o vremennom
predlozenii s sojuzom dok.
Jazyk sakruma kak predmet issledovanij v rusistike
Authors: Koncarevic Ksenija
Published: February 2012

(ruski) V rabote predlagaetsja obzor teolingvisticeskih issledovanij v
rusistike, rassmatrivaetsja ee teoretiko-metodologiceskij i ponjatijno
kategorial?nyj apparat i kriticeski obsuzdajutsja vaznejsie rezul?taty,
dostignutye v poslednem desjatiletii HH i pervom desjatiletii XXI veka v
fundamental?nyh i prikladnyh oblastjah izucenija jazyka sakruma, kotorye
izlagajutsja v dissertacijah, monograficeskih publikacijah, trudah,
opublikovannyh v tematiceskih sbornikah, sbornikov materialov naucnyh
konferencij i v naucnyh zurnalah v Rossijskoj Federacii (s bibliograficeskimi
referencami). Vaznym dostizeniem rossijskoj teolingvistiki, kak otmecaet
avtor, javljaetsja priznanie ucenymi nalicija samostojatel?nogo
funkcional?nogo stilja, svjazannogo s religioznoj sferoj, vydelenie osobyh
sakral?nyh zanrov s prisuscimi kazdomu iz nih stilisticeskimi osobennostjami,
a takze vyjavlenie v sovremennom russkom literaturnom jazyke raznourovnevyh
konfessional?no markirovannyh sredstv. Kritike podvergajutsja otdel?nye
klassifikacionnye i terminologiceskie nedocety i predlagaetsja bolee sirokoe
vnedrenie v rusistiku novyh kljucevyh kategorij, relevantnyh dlja
teolingvisticeskih issledovanij, takih, kak sakral?nyj//profannyj
funkcional?no-stilevoj kompleks.
Antibalkanizmy
Authors: Sobolev Andrej
Published: February 2012

(ruski) Potrebnost? v naucnoj definicii balkanizma kak sojuzoobrazujuscego
priznaka balkanskoj lingvisticeskoj obscnosti zastavljaet obratit?sja k
lingvisticeskim suscnostjam i operacijam, kotorye protivopostavleny
balkanizmam, v hode balkanskogo jazykovogo kontakta ne vyhodjat za predely
ishodnogo jazyka, maksimal?no trudno zaimstvujutsja i kal?kirujutsja v drugie
jazyki, t. e. nosjat svoego roda antidonacionnyj harakter. Dlja nih v stat?e
predlagaetsja oboznacenie antibalkanizmy i privoditsja ih neiscerpyvajuscij
spisok dlja balkanoslavjanskih jazykov.
Cryptoglossia as part of linguistic practice of the slavophone population of Kosovo and Metohija
Authors: Reljic Mitra
Published: February 2012

Due to frequent interethnic crises, territory occupations and other similar
life circumstances, the Slavic population of Kosovo and Metohija,
particularly the Serbs, have been too often forced to disquise their
linguistic and national identities. In terms of its range of practice and of
aspects of manifestation, this phenomenon, here referred to by the term
cryptoglossia, was especially evident in the early post-conflict period at
the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The paper
discusses the causes, different aspects of manifestation, and consequences of
the phenomenon, illustrating them with a number of examples taken from our
study material.
The hydrothermal synthesis of hydrotalcite by using different partially soluble and insoluble in water mangesium and aluminium components
Authors: Bankauskaite A. , Baltakys K.
Published: February 2012

In this work, the influence of different partially soluble and insoluble in
water Mg and Al components on the formation of hydrotalcite by using only
hydrothermal synthesis was examined. Hydrothermal synthesis duration was 4,
24 and 72 h at 200?C and Mg/Al ratio was equal to 3:1. The starting materials
were: 4MgCO3?Mg(OH)2?5H2O, Mg5(CO3)4?(OH)2?4H2O, Al(OH)3 and ?-Al2O3. It was
determined that Mg and Al containing compounds have most important influence
on the formation of hydrotalcite by hydrothermal conditions.
4MgCO3?Mg(OH)2?5H2O as raw material is not recommendable for the synthesis of
hydrotalcite, because even after 24 h of isothermal curing at 200?C
temperature hydrotalcite is not formed and magnesium aluminum hydroxide
hydrate is dominant in the synthesis products. Besides, initial magnesium
containing component is decomposed into magnesium carbonate and hydroxide. It
was examined that hydrotalcite is formed already after 4 h of hydrothermal
synthesis at 200?C temperature when Mg/Al molar ratio is equal to 3:1 in the
Mg5(CO3)4?(OH)2?4H2O - ?-Al2O3/ Al(OH)3 - H2O system. However, together with
this compound a fair amount of an intermediate compounds (boehmite and
magnesium carbonate) are formed. The duration of isothermal curing determines
the formation of a hexagonal plates which are characteristic to hydrotalcite.
Fabrication of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite by a novel method
Authors: Zhu J. , Ye L. , Wang F.
Published: February 2012

A Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite was synthesized using Ti, Al, C and TiO2 as raw
materials by a novel combination of high-energy milling and hot pressing.
The reaction path of the 3Ti-8C-16Al-9TiO2 mixture of powders was
investigated, and the results show that the transitional phases TiC, TixAly
and Al2O3 are formed in high-energy milling first, and then TixAly is
transformed to the TiAl phase during the hot pressing. Finally, a reaction
between TiC and TiAl occurs to produce Ti3AlC2 and the nanosized
Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite is synthesized. The Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite
possessed a good combination of mechanical properties with a hardness of 6.0
GPa, a flexural strength of 600 MPa, and a fracture toughness (K1C) of 5.8
MPa?m1/2. The strengthening and toughening mechanisms were also discussed.
Lumbar Total Disc Replacement
Authors: Gill Norman W. , Konitzer Lisa N. , Hoppes Carrie W.
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 27-year-old woman with an 18-month history of low back pain that was insidious in onset. She worked as a military pilot, and her pain was unresponsive to all nonsurgical measures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a L4-5 herniated nucleus pulposus, and 6 months later the patient underwent an L4-5 microdiscectomy. However, due to continued debilitating pain, she was medically removed from flight status and was pending discharge from the military. The patient underwent an L4-5 total disc replacement using the Maverick disc prosthesis. The patient began treatment with a physical therapist 1 month after total disc replacement surgery. At 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years following total disc replacement, Oswestry Disability Index scores were 0%. Additionally, the patient returned to flight status and full recreational activities. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(3):200. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0405
Author Guidelines JAIM
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v1i1.5910 Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine. 2012; 1(1)Click on the PDF link below in order to access the Author Guidelines.
Editorial v8i1
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i1.5884 SAARCTB 2011; 8(1): i
Behavior And Hiv/Sti Seroprevalence Survey Among Migrant Labors, Their Wives And Other Women With Sti Syndromes In Kanchanpur
Authors: Bohara MS , Dhungana GP , Thakuri BC
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Migrant people were high risk group in acquiring HIV and others STI. Nepal is facing rapid increase in prevalence among high-risk groups such as sex workers, injection drug users and migrants. Western part of Nepal faces the same threat. The objective of the study is to measure HIV/STI status in-migrant labors, their wives and women with STD syndromes in Kanchanpur. Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in migrant labors, their wives and women with STD syndromes in year 2009 at Department of Microbiology, Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur. Results: Out of 208 migrant workers, wife/husband of migrant workers, children of migrant workers 18(8.5 %) were found HIV positive and 40 (19%) had different STI. The HIV acquiring is highly associated with STIs co- infected patients (p<0.01). Fifty-three (26%) respondents always used condom and 47 (23%) did not use. A large number 43(21%) had prostitute as sexual partner and majority of 130 (64%) were stricted to single sexual partner but 49 (24%) had 2 to 4 sexual partners and 24 (12%) had more than 4 sexual partners. Conclusion: It was found that migrant people were at high risk of acquiring HIV and other STIs. Male migrants may engage in having sexual relationship with multiple partners. Adult migrant had HIV infection. The HIV infection was signifi cantly associated with other STIs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i1.5886 SAARCTB 2011; 8(1): 9-14
Panel Testing Of Sputum Smear Microscopy Of National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratories In Saarc Region: 2003-2010
Authors: Jha KK , Thapa B , Salhotra VS , Afridi NK
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Quality assured sputum smear microscopy is a priority for Tuberculosis Control Programme to be successful to meet the global TB targets of 70% case detection and 85% treatment success rate. The SAARC TB Reference Laboratory has been conducting Panel Testing under External Quality Assurance Sputum Smear Microscopy for National TB Reference Laboratories of SAARC Member States to strengthen the Sputum Smear Microscopy. The study aims to review and analyse the Panel Testing for National Reference Laboratories of SAARC Member States. Methodology: The reports of seven rounds (2003-2010) of Panel Tests were collected and data from these reports was compiled and analysed. Results: Seven rounds of Panel Testing in the region have been completed since 2003 and ten TB Reference Laboratories within eight Member States participated. Afghanistan has been participating since 2007. Seven hundred and seventy-eight panel test slides were dispatched to and read by the participating laboratories and percentage agreement was 98.07%. Percentage agreement of individual participating laboratories varied from 87.50 to 100%. Fourteen minor errors and one major error (high false positive) were also observed with sensitivity and specifi city ranging from 90.90 to 100% and 83.33 to 100%, respectively. Conclusion: Panel Testing within the SAARC TB Laboratory network is extremely doing well. The success of TB control programmes in the SAARC Member States is refl ected by the excellent Panel Testing within the SAARC TB Laboratory Network. Continuation and improvement of External Quality Assurance of Sputum Smear Microscopy, introduction of External Quality Assurance of culture & drug susceptibility testing along with the introduction of recent diagnostic tests within the region is necessary to fi ght against TB. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i1.5889 SAARCTB 2011; 8(1): 31-35
Tuberculosis Of Larynx – A Case Study, India
Authors: Iqbal I , Qazi SM , Ali I , Masoodi ZA , Derwesh I
Published: February 2012

Tuberculosis of larynx is a rare form of tuberculosis. Patients usually present with hoarseness of voice or dysphagia and other non- specifi c constitutional symptoms like fever or localized pain. We are reporting a case of 55 year old male who presented to us with hoarseness of voice, odynophagia and a proliferative growth in the epiglottis which was diagnosed as laryngeal tuberculosis on histopathological examination (HPE). He also had associated pulmonary tuberculosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i1.5891 SAARCTB 2011; 8(1): 41-43
Molecular Characterization And Comparison Of Multi Drug Resistant Strains Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis By Phenotypic And Genotypic Method
Authors: Bhatt CP , Bhatt AB , Shrestha B
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Drug resistant tuberculosis is a signifi cant threat to tuberculosis control because only a few effective drugs are available against M. tuberculosis. The aims of this study were to compare multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of tuberculosis by phenotypic and genotypic method and determine type, location and frequency of rpoB and KatG gene mutations. Methodology: Anti-tuberculosis drugs susceptibility test of M. tuberculosis grown on Lowenstein Jensen medium was performed by proportion method. MDR cases were analyzed for mutation of rpoB and KatG genes. The regions of these genes were amplifi ed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Results: Two different mutations were identifi ed in rifampicin resistant strains. The most common point mutations were in codons TCG 531→TTG (85%) and GAC 516→TTC (15%) of the rpoB gene. Two different mutations in KatG gene were detected. The most common KatG point mutations were AGC 315 ACC (Ser→Thr) (85%) and CGG 463 CTG (Arg→Leu) (10%). In this study DNA sequencing analysis did not fi nd mutation on KatG gene of one of the strain tested. Male and female were equally affected by MDR tuberculosis and majorities (35%) of them were found in 21-30 years age group. Conclusion: The present investigation agrees that genetic mutation is responsible for change in phenotypic characteristics of M. Tuberculosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i2.5896 SAARCTB 2011; 8(2): 17-22
National External Quality Assurance Scheme For Hiv Testing Using Dried Blood Spot: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Thapa B , Koirala S , Upadhaya BP , Mahat K , Malla S , Shakya G
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Dried Blood Spot (DBS) for National External Quality Assurance Scheme (NEQAS) is becoming popular in resource limited and geographically constrained settings. The feasibility of using DBS for EQAS for HIV testing in Nepal is studied. Methodology: National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) and fi ve Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers (VCT) located at the Mid-Western and Central region of Nepal were chosen as the organizing and participating laboratories, respectively. HIV tests were performed on 35 samples using rapid test kits following the National algorithm. Two sets of samples were blotted on a DBS card, dried, packed, stored and posted to NPHL using normal postal delivery. The eluted DBS were tested by rapid test and ELISA and results were compared. Results: All DBS cards were received in a good condition. The rapid test result obtained at VCT and NPHL was 100% concordant. By ELISA, 32 (91.4%) and 3 (8.6%) samples were concordant and discordant, respectively. The sensitivity and specifi city of the rapid test were 88.9% and 94.0%, respectively. The DBS was stable with mean transportation time of 2.25 days and storage time of one month. Conclusion: DBS is an easy, simple, cost effective and a dynamic platform for blood collection in a country like Nepal and can be considered for implementation for NEQAS for HIV testing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v8i2.5897 SAARCTB 2011; 8(2): 23-27