bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of body size on the intermittent locomotion of a pelagic schooling fish
Authors: Noda Takuji , Fujioka Ko , Fukuda Hiromu , Mitamura Hiromichi , Ichikawa Kotaro , Arai Nobuaki
Published: June 2016

There is a potential trade-off between grouping and the optimizing of the energetic efficiency of individual locomotion. Although intermittent locomotion, e.g. glide and upward swimming (GAU), can reduce the cost of locomotion at the individual level, the link between the optimization of individual intermittent locomotion and the behavioural synchronization in a group, especially among members with different sizes, is unknown. Here, we continuously monitored the schooling behaviour of a negatively buoyant fish, Pacific bluefin tuna (N= 10; 21.0 ∼ 24.5 cm), for 24 h in an open-sea net cage using accelerometry. All the fish repeated GAU during the recording periods. Although the GAU synchrony was maintained at high levels (overall mean = 0.62 for the cross-correlation coefficient of the GAU timings), larger fish glided for a longer duration per glide and more frequently than smaller fish. Similar-sized pairs showed significantly higher GAU synchrony than differently sized pairs. Our accelerometry results and the simulation based on hydrodynamic theory indicated that the advantage of intermittent locomotion in energy savings may not be fully optimized for smaller animals in a group when faced with the maintenance of group cohesion, suggesting that size assortative shoaling would be advantageous.
Can you teach an old parrot new tricks? Cognitive development in wild kaka (
Nestor meridionalis
)
Authors: Loepelt Julia , Shaw Rachael C. , Burns Kevin C.
Published: June 2016

Despite recent efforts to characterize innovative individuals within a species, we still know very little about the ontogeny of innovation ability. A number of studies have found that innovation rates are correlated with personality traits, such as neophilia and exploration. Juvenile birds are frequently more neophilic and explorative, yet few studies have found evidence of age-related differences in innovative problem-solving success. Here, we show consistently higher innovation efficiency in juveniles of a wild, omnivorous parrot species across a variety of tasks and contexts. We tested 104 kaka (
Nestor meridionalis
), ranging in age from four months to 13 years. Twenty-four individuals participated in all three of our problem-solving tasks, two of which involved a familiar feeder and one an entirely novel apparatus. Juveniles were the most efficient problem-solvers in all three tasks. By contrast, the adults’ success was context dependent and limited to the novel apparatus, which did not require modification of a pre-learned behavioural response. This suggests greater behavioural flexibility in the juvenile birds, who also showed higher persistence and exploratory diversity than adults. These traits may enable young kaka to discover efficient foraging techniques, which are then maintained throughout adulthood.
Invasion of two tick-borne diseases across New England: harnessing human surveillance data to capture underlying ecological invasion processes
Authors: Walter Katharine S. , Pepin Kim M. , Webb Colleen T. , Gaff Holly D. , Krause Peter J. , Pitzer Virginia E. , Diuk-Wasser Maria A.
Published: June 2016

Modelling the spatial spread of vector-borne zoonotic pathogens maintained in enzootic transmission cycles remains a major challenge. The best available spatio-temporal data on pathogen spread often take the form of human disease surveillance data. By applying a classic ecological approach—occupancy modelling—to an epidemiological question of disease spread, we used surveillance data to examine the latent ecological invasion of tick-borne pathogens. Over the last half-century, previously undescribed tick-borne pathogens including the agents of Lyme disease and human babesiosis have rapidly spread across the northeast United States. Despite their epidemiological importance, the mechanisms of tick-borne pathogen invasion and drivers underlying the distinct invasion trajectories of the co-vectored pathogens remain unresolved. Our approach allowed us to estimate the unobserved ecological processes underlying pathogen spread while accounting for imperfect detection of human cases. Our model predicts that tick-borne diseases spread in a diffusion-like manner with occasional long-distance dispersal and that babesiosis spread exhibits strong dependence on Lyme disease.
Particularity of “Universal resilience patterns in complex networks”
Authors: Arnoldi Jean-Francois , Haegeman Bart , Revilla Tomas , Loreau Michel
Published: June 2016

In a recentLetter to Nature,Gao, Barzel and Barabási1describe an elegant procedure to reduce the dimensionality of complex dynamical networks, which they claim reveals “universal patterns of network resilience”, offering “ways to prevent the collapse of ecological, biological or economic systems, and guiding the design of technological systems resilient to both internal failures and environmental changes”. However, Gao et al restrict their attention to systems for which all interactions between nodes are mutualistic. Since antagonism is ubiquitous in natural and social networks, we clarify why this stringent hypothesis is necessary and what happens when it is relaxed. By analyzing broad classes of competitive and predator-prey networks we provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms at work in Gao et al’s theory, and novel predictions for dynamical systems that are not purely mutualistic.
The potato NLR immune receptor R3a does not contain non-canonical integrated domains
Authors: Giannakopoulou Artemis , Chaparro-Garcia Angela , Kamoun Sophien
Published: June 2016

A recent study by Kroj et al. (New Phytologist, 2016) surveyed nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins from plant genomes for the presence of extraneous integrated domains that may serve as decoys or sensors for pathogen effectors. They reported that a FAM75 domain of unknown function occurs near the C-terminus of the potato late blight NLR protein R3a. Here, we investigated in detail the domain architecture of the R3a protein, its potato paralog R3b, and their tomato ortholog I2. We conclude that the R3a, R3b, and I2 proteins do not carry additional domains besides the classic NLR modules, and that the FAM75 domain match is likely a false positive among computationally predicted NLR-integrated domains.
Significant competitive dominance in mid-latitude European plant communities
Authors: Capitán José A , Cuenda Sara , Ordóñez Alejandro , Alonso David
Published: June 2016

Understanding the main determinants of species coexistence across space and time is a central question in ecology. However, ecologists still know little about the scales and conditions at which biotic interactions matter and their interplay with the environment to structure species assemblages. Here we develop ecological theory to analyze plant distribution and trait data across Europe and find that plant height clustering is related to evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity. Our analysis suggests competitive dominance as a plausible mechanism underlying community assembly patterns over these continental scales. In particular, we find a clear signal of plant-to-plant competition in mid-latitude ecoregions, where conditions for growth (reflected in actual evapotranspiration rates and gross primary productivities) are optimal. Under severe conditions, either climate is too harsh and overrides the effect of competition or other interactions play a relevant role. Our approach bridges the gap between modern coexistence theory and large-scale species distribution data analysis.
Centromeres of the yeastKomagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris)have a simple inverted-repeat structure
Authors: Coughlan Aisling Y. , Hanson Sara J. , Byrne Kevin P. , Wolfe Kenneth H.
Published: June 2016

Centromere organization has evolved dramatically in one clade of fungi, the Saccharomycotina. These yeasts have lost the ability to make normal eukaryotic heterochromatin with histone H3K9 methylation, which is a major component of pericentromeric regions in other eukaryotes. Following this loss, several different types of centromere emerged, including two types of sequence-defined ("point") centromeres, and the epigenetically-defined "small regional" centromeres of Candida albicans. Here we report that centromeres of the methylotrophic yeastKomagataella phaffii(formerly calledPichia pastoris) are structurally-defined. Each of its four centromeres consists of a 2-kb inverted repeat (IR) flanking a 1-kb central core (mid) region. The four centromeres are unrelated in sequence. CenH3 (Cse4) binds strongly to the cores, with a decreasing gradient along the IRs. This mode of organization resemblesSchizosaccharomyces pombecentromeres but is much more compact and lacks the extensive flanking heterochromatic otr repeats. Different isolates ofK. phaffiishow polymorphism for the orientation of the mid regions, due to recombination in the IRs.CEN4is located within a 138-kb region that changes orientation during mating-type switching, but switching does not induce recombination of centromeric IRs. The existing genetic toolbox forK. phaffiishould facilitate analysis of the relationship between the IRs and the establishment and maintenance of centromeres in this species.
Using Yeast Transposon-Insertion Libraries for Phenotypic Screening and Protein Localization
Authors: Kumar Anuj
Published: June 2016

This protocol details how to use a transposon-insertion library for phenotypic screening and protein localization. The insertion library was generated by mutagenesis of a plasmid-based yeast genomic DNA library by using a multipurpose transposon; the transposon produces gene disruptions, and, by Cre-mediated recombination at lox sites incorporated within the transposon, alleles with an in-frame insertion can be truncated to a residual transposon encoding multiple copies of the hemagglutinin epitope. Insertions are generated in yeast by shuttle mutagenesis. Yeast genomic DNA containing a transposon insertion is released from the library, and the mutagenized DNA sequences are introduced into a desired strain of yeast, where the insertion alleles replace native loci by homologous recombination. The insertion mutants can be screened for phenotypes, and the site of transposon insertion can subsequently be identified in selected mutants by inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In-frame insertions within genes of interest can be truncated to an epitope-tagged allele by Cre-lox recombination, and the subcellular localization of the encoded protein product can be identified by standard methods of indirect immunofluorescence. In summary, the transposon-insertion libraries represent an informative resource for large-scale mutagenesis, presenting a straightforward alternative to labor-intensive targeted approaches for the construction of deletion alleles and fluorescent protein fusions.
Cell Cycle Synchronization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by Lactose Gradient Centrifugation to Isolate Small Cells
Authors: Hagan Iain M. , Grallert Agnes , Simanis Viesturs
Published: June 2016

Size selection of small cells from an asynchronous Schizosaccharomyces pombe culture offers a simple way to generate cultures in which progression through the mitotic cell division cycle is synchronized throughout the population. Here, we describe how density centrifugation of cells from asynchronous cultures through lactose gradients selects small G2 cells to generate synchronized cultures as large as 500 mL. The ease and simplicity of this approach makes it an accessible and attractive method for generating synchronous cultures.
Analyzing Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA Content by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Boye Erik , Anda Silje , Rothe Christiane , Stokke Trond , Grallert Beáta
Published: June 2016

Flow cytometry can be used to measure the DNA content of individual cells. The data are usually presented as DNA histograms that can be used to examine the cells’ progression through the cell cycle. Under standard growth conditions, fission yeast cells do not complete cytokinesis until after G1 phase; therefore, DNA histograms show one major peak representing cells in G1 (2×1C DNA) and G2 phase (1×2C DNA). By analysis of the duration of the fluorescence signal as well as the intensity of the DNA-related signal, it is possible to discriminate between cells in M/G1, S, and G2. This protocol describes how to prepare cells for flow cytometry and analyze them. We also describe the application of barcoding for more accurate comparison of samples.
Effects of gender in library and information science research
Authors: Gul Sumeer , Shah Tariq Ahmad , Hamade Samir N. , Mushtaq Rabiya , Koul Ikrah
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This study aims to showcase the effect of gender in the field of library and information science.

Design/methodology/approach

Research and review articles published from 2005 through 2014 inThe Electronic Library, a prominent journal in the field of Library and Information Science, were examined from the perspective of authors’ gender. Influence of gender was assessed with respect to at individual and collaborative levels, quality in terms of citedness and citation count, and receipt of research grants.

Findings

There has been an increase in the proportion of male authors over the years with a resulting decline in female authors. Male authors are more productive as teachers, while females contribute more as working professionals or while they peruse their academic/research programmes. Though the productivity in collaborative works has increased in all gender combinations, it is more prominent when authors of opposite gender team up. No significant difference is observed in the number of national or international works produced in different collaborative authorship patterns. There is no difference in the number of male and female authors in male–female collaborative works. Works sponsored by grants are produced more frequently in groups comprising male–female or male–male members. No significant difference is observed in the number of cited or uncited works produced in different authorship patterns. The number of citations to works is independent of the nature of gender-wise authorship patterns.

Research limitations/implications

The study examines the status of women in research, specifically in the field of library and information science. The findings of the study are based on the contribution of the authors involved with the journal, “The Electronic Library”. Readers are encouraged to expand the study by including authors that contribute to other library and information science journals.

Originality/value

The study is first of its kind to highlight the involvement and observe the influence of female authors in the field of library and information science research.
A comparative analysis of available features and Web 2.0 tools on selected Nigerian and South African university library websites
Authors: Tella Adeyinka , Oladapo Oyegunle John
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The study aims to present a comparative analysis of available Web 2.0 tools in library websites of selected Nigerian and South African universities.

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis was adopted as the design for the study. Twenty university library websites comprising ten top-ranking Nigerian universities and ten top-ranking South African universities were sampled for data collection. Five research questions developed and answered.

Findings

The findings show that the use of Web 2.0 tools in the selected universities is encouraging. There are more Web 2.0 tools available on the South African university library websites. The South African university libraries are ahead of their Nigerian counterparts in terms of the integration of Web 2.0 tools, e-resources and e-databases and provide platforms for easy retrieval of information by their users. There are more e-resources available on the South African university library websites compared with their Nigerian counterparts. e-Journals are the most available e-resources in the selected university library websites of both countries. Similarly, more academic e-databases are available on the South African university library websites, whereas only few are listed on the web pages of the selected Nigerian university library websites.

Research limitations/implications

Because available studies seem to ignore the possibility of comparing one university library’s website with another, conducting a study such as this will provide an insight and idea on the types of features, tools and applications to be included on university library websites. This will be useful for university whose library is planning to develop a website.

Originality/value

Because of the wide variation reported in this study concerning available tools and resources on the university library websites in South Africa and Nigeria, it is recommended that African universities should come up with a standard that will mandate universities to have a certain number of tools identified in this study on their various university websites.
What are the interpersonal antecedents of women’s network satisfaction?
Authors: Bourdil Maryline , Géraudel Mickael
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine whether women entrepreneurs are satisfied with belonging to a women’s network, as this issue is crucial for network performance and legitimacy.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors tested the hypotheses on a sample of 127 French women entrepreneurs who belonged to women’s networks using multiple regression analysis.

Findings

The authors showed that these women entrepreneurs were satisfied when they developed strong ties and when cliques in the network were limited. Education had a negative effect: the higher the educational level, the less satisfaction with their networks the women reported.

Research limitations/implications

The sample was small and composed only of women entrepreneurs who were members of women’s networks and not women who had left them.

Practical implications

The survey findings suggest ways that managers can optimize network satisfaction to keep current members while continuing to add new ones: create an environment with no cliques where members can develop strong ties. This means connecting members with similar values or status and common interests, while making sure that cliques do not develop.

Originality/value

To the authors’ knowledge, satisfaction with professional women’s networks has never been studied. The authors’ highlight the role of strong ties in these networks and identify the contingent effect of cliques.
Getting acquainted with social networks and apps: Instagram’s instant appeal
Authors: Anderson Katie Elson
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The rise in the popularity of smartphone apps is hard to ignore. People are accessing information and connecting through social media on their smartphones at increasing rates.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a literature review.

Findings

Almost half of the total digital media time spent by US adults is spent on smartphone apps. Smartphone apps account for two-thirds of all growth in digital media engagement in the past two years, and those users spend the most time using social networking apps.

Originality/value

Photo apps were found to have some of the highest engagement in users, and the photo app Instagram is the second most used mobile app among US adults in the age group of 18-34 years.
2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Las Vegas: Virtual 3D Cameras and More
Authors: Kesselman Martin
Published: June 2016

Purpose

This paper is a conference report.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents the review of Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2016.

Findings

impression
mc>Originality/value new writing.
Qualitative usability evaluation of databases: a case study
Authors: Iqbal Memoona , Ullah Ahsan
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to particularly define the usability regarding interface of digital library Web site. It discusses the multi-dimensional constructs of usability and methods applied in the evaluation of the usability of digital library Web site interface. The Usability of HEC National Digital Library Web site interface is measured in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

For this purpose, a qualitative approach, that is, focus group technique, is used. This study includes eight members in the focus group. These members were MA students from the Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab Lahore.

Findings

Usability evaluation was made by using effectiveness, efficiency, learnability and satisfaction constructs. It also discovers the opinion of focus group members on the “ease of use”, “organization of information”, “terminology and labeling”, “visual attractiveness” and “mistake recovery”. “Click cost” is particularly examined.

Originality/value

No usability study has been conducted in Pakistan about the National Digital Library of HEC. This library is a very important source of electronic content for academic community. This study will explore the usability evaluation, problems faced by users and solutions to solve these problems.
CD19+CD20−CD27hiIL‐s10‐producing B cells are overrepresented in R‐CHOP‐treated DLBCL patients in complete remission
Authors: Qiu Huiying , Li Junguo , Feng Zhenjun , Yuan Joanna , Lu Jie , Hu Xiaoxia , Gao Lei , Lv Shuqing , Yang Jianmin , Chen Lei
Published: June 2016

Treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with rituximab, an anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, has resulted in significantly improved patient responses with longer event‐free intervals and higher overall survival rates. However, since rituximab depletes all CD20‐expressing cells, including noncancerous B cells, the effects of rituximab on the normal immunity of DLBCL patients under remission need to be examined. Here, we observed that DLBCL patients under remission contained significantly lower frequencies of total B cells, with a significantly overrepresented interleukin (IL)‐10‐producing B cell (B10) population in the peripheral blood. Further examination confirmed that a large fraction of B10 cells was CD20−CD27hi plasmablasts, possibly explaining the persistence of B10 cells after R‐CHOP treatment. We also observed that the percentage of B10 cells in DLBCL patients in remission gradually reduced during the first year of achieving complete remission, primarily due to the replenishment of non‐B10 B cells. Despite this, the percentage of B10 cells in DLBCL patients after 1 year of achieving complete remission was still higher than that in controls. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells cocultured with B10‐enriched B cells secreted significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines IFN‐g and TNF‐a, compared to those incubated with B10‐depleted B cells. Together, our data observed a long‐lasting overrepresentation of B10 cells in DLBCL patients under remission. Whether this change could impact on the overall anti‐tumor immunity during remission requires further studies.
Environmental information sharing: a means to support the legitimization of oyster farmers’ stewardship over water quality management in NSW, Australia
Authors: Paget Nicolas , Daniell Katherine Anne , Rubio Zuazo Ana , Barreteau Olivier
Published: June 2016

Oyster farmers depend on good water quality. Activities upstream from estuaries result in externalities that impact water quality. Over the last 10 years, oyster farmers have been developing estuary‐wide environmental management systems (
EMSs
) to tackle internal (i.e. industry‐related) and external (i.e. catchment) issues in
N

ew
S

outh
W

ales,
A

ustralia. Drawing on interview‐based research and document analyses, this paper shows that the process of creating an EMS for the oyster industry, as well as the creation of the
EMS
itself, resulted in legitimizing the industry's stewardship over the natural resource it depends on (water). For the oyster industry, this result was due to a change in the scale on which
EMSs
have been developed: instead of viewing issues at the individual business level, the systems expanded their viewpoint to the entire catchment, and included every oyster business in the estuary, as well as all other activities in the upper catchment. By providing a means of communicating internal efforts and with the support of local government bodies,
EMSs
provided a mechanism with which influence over upstream actors and activities could be exerted. We demonstrate this by using the ‘social‐ecological systems’ and ‘

ENCORE

’ frameworks, emphasizing the transitions that allowed for this change of scale to take place.
Assessment of diabetes care and the healthcare system in economically and transport underdeveloped rural mountain areas of western China: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Ke Linqiu , Zhang Yuwei , Wang Xiaoqian , Li Shengyong , Yang Wei , Tong Nanwei
Published: June 2016

Background

The aim of the present study was to assess the quality of diabetes care and characteristics of the healthcare system in underdeveloped rural mountain areas of western China.

Methods

Questionnaires were used to collect data from 288 diabetic patients with a multistage cluster sampling method in Zhongjiang County (Sichuan Province) between October 2009 and April 2010. Sixty‐two village clinics, 23 town health centers, and a county central hospital were included to assess the availability of diabetes‐related medical resources, in addition to diabetes‐related medical insurance, reimbursement policies, and manpower.

Results

Of 288 patients, 38.2 % monitored their blood glucose regularly. Targets for fasting blood glucose (≤7 mmol/L) and blood pressure (≤130/80 mmHg) were achieved by 7.6 % and 9.7 % of patients, respectively. On average, each patient paid US$120 out of pocket annually for out‐patient diabetes care, with a maximum US$86 reimbursed. The county central hospital was the only healthcare facility in the county that could provide all essential diabetes‐related drugs and process‐of‐care measures and tests, except measures of HbA1c and the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio. Insulin was not available at village clinics, and only 29 % of village clinics had glucometers. “Certified” doctors were not available to provide primary care in village clinics.

Conclusions

The quality of diabetes care was quite poor in underdeveloped rural mountain areas of western China. Recommendations for further intervention research to improve diabetes healthcare include increasing investment in medical infrastructure, improving the availability of essential drugs and process measures, organizing regular diabetes patient education, and recruiting village doctors.
In Search of Robert Lovell: Poet and Pantisocrat
Authors: Jarvis Robin
Published: June 2016

Robert Lovell (1771‐1796) is known chiefly as one of the apostles of the ill‐fated Pantisocratic emigration scheme conceived by Coleridge and Southey. This essay considers Lovell's life and work in their own right. It establishes the biographical facts and builds a portrait of his character and personality. With reference to recent work on the importance of literary coteries, it re‐evaluates Lovell's role in Joseph Cottle's circle and in the cultural life of eighteenth‐century Bristol. It also undertakes a fresh assessment of Lovell's own poetry, with a particular focus on his treatment of his home city in Bristol: A Satire (1794).
Describing Self‐Care Self‐Efficacy: Definition, Measurement, Outcomes, and Implications
Authors: Eller Lucille S. , Lev Elise L. , Yuan Changrong , Watkins Ann Vreeland
Published: June 2016

PURPOSE

The pragmatic utility method of concept analysis was used to explore the usefulness of the concept self‐care self‐efficacy.

DATA SOURCES

Empirical studies across disciplines published between 1996 and 2015 were used as data.

DATA SYNTHESIS

A data matrix was developed. Analytical questions and responses were derived from the data to understand patterns, develop new knowledge and achieve synthesis.

CONCLUSION

Usefulness of the concept is contingent on how it is defined and measured. Self‐care self‐efficacy is associated with performance of self‐care activities and positive health outcomes in diverse populations.

IMPLICATIONS

Research can guide development of targeted interventions to increase patients' self‐care self‐efficacy, thus reducing costs, and assisting people to achieve optimal health.
Usefulness of the Diagnosis “Decreased Cardiac Output (00029)” in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Rojas Sánchez Lyda Zoraya , Hernández Vargas Juliana Alexandra , Trujillo Cáceres Silvia Juliana , Roa Díaz Zayne Milena , Jurado Arenales Adriana Milena , Toloza Pérez Yesith Guillermo
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical and construct validity of the nursing diagnosis “decreased cardiac output” (DCO) in patients with chronic heart failure.

METHODS

Cross‐sectional study.

RESULTS

A total of 200 people were studied. The defining characteristics with the highest prevalence were as follows: arrhythmia (62.5%) and fatigue (61.5%). Adjustment measures such as infit and outfit were maintained between 0.50 and 1.56 and the total variance explained by the measures was 29.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study determined the clinical validity of the nursing diagnosis DCO. Regarding construct validity, adjustment of the defining characteristics to the Rasch model was observed.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

This study improves the evidence‐based practice of nursing and strengthened the role of the nurse who leads care to this population.

OBJETIVO

Determinar la validez clínica y de constructo del diagnóstico de enfermería “Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco” en pacientes con falla cardíaca crónica.

MÉTODOS

Estudio de corte transversal.

RESULTADOS

Un total de 200 pacientes fueron estudiados. Las características definitorias con las mayores prevalencias fueron: arritmia (62.5%) y fatiga (61.5%). Medidas de ajuste como el infit y outfit se mantuvieron entre 0.50 y 1.56. El total de la varianza explicada por las medidas fue de 29.3%.

CONCLUSIONES

Este estudio determinó la validez clínica del diagnóstico de enfermería “Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco”. En cuanto a la validez de constructo, se observó que 19 de las 21 características definitorias se ajustaron al modelo Rasch.

IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA DE ENFERMERÍA

Este estudio mejora la práctica basada en la evidencia de enfermería y fortalece el rol de las enfermeras que lideran el cuidado en esta población.
Treatment of nodular vasculitis with colchicine
Authors: Wee Edmund , Kelly Robert I
Published: June 2016

Nodular vasculitis (NV) refers to a chronic relapsing lobular panniculitis that is thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic triggers. While it is commonly associated with tuberculosis, in many cases no underlying cause is found and the condition is difficult to manage. Here, we report three patients with refractory idiopathic NV effectively treated with colchicine, leading to a significant improvement or complete resolution of their symptoms. Colchicine was successfully used as a steroid‐sparing agent, and in one patient its cessation was associated with a flare of disease.
Effects of cysteamine supplementation on the intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters and intestinal health in finishing pigs
Authors: Zhou Ping , Luo Yiqiu , Zhang Lin , Li Jiaolong , Zhang Bolin , Xing Shen , Zhu Yuping , Gao Feng , Zhou Guanghong
Published: June 2016

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cysteamine supplementation on the expression of jejunal amino acid and peptide transporters and intestinal health in finishing pigs. Sixty barrows were allocated into two experimental diets consisting of a basal control diet supplemented with 0 or 142 mg/kg cysteamine. After 41 days, 10 pigs per treatment were slaughtered. The results showed that cysteamine supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) and the trypsin activity in jejunal digesta (P < 0.01). Cysteamine supplementation also increased the messenger RNA abundance of SLC7A7, SLC7A9 and SLC15A1, occludin, claudin‐1 and zonula occludens protein‐1 (P < 0.001) in the jejunum mucosa. Increased glutathione content (P < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde content (P < 0.01) were observed in pigs receiving cysteamine. Additionally, cysteamine supplementation increased the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) (P < 0.05), IgM (P < 0.001) and IgG (P < 0.001) in the jejunal mucosa. It is concluded that cysteamine supplementation could influence protein digestion and absorption via increasing trypsin activity, enhancing the digestibility of CP, and promoting the expression of jejunal amino acid and peptide transporters. Moreover, cysteamine improved intestinal integrity, antioxidant capacity and immune function in the jejunum, which were beneficial for intestinal health.
Sex‐specific effects of relaxin‐3 on food intake and body weight gain
Authors: Calvez Juliane , de Ávila Camila , Timofeeva Elena
Published: June 2016

Relaxin‐3 (RLN3) is a neuropeptide that is strongly expressed in the pontine nucleus incertus (NI) and binds with high affinity to its cognate receptor RXFP3. Central administration of RLN3 in rats increases food intake and adiposity. In humans, RLN3 polymorphism has been associated with obesity and hypercholesterolaemia. Emerging evidence suggests that the effects of RLN3 may have sex‐specific aspects. Thus, the RLN3 knockout female but not male mice are hypoactive. RLN3 produced stronger orexigenic and obesogenic effects in female rats compared with male rats. In addition, female rats demonstrated higher sensitivity to lower doses of RLN3. Repeated cycles of food restriction and stress were accompanied by an increase in RLN3 expression and hyperphagia in female but not in male rats. Furthermore, stress‐induced binge eating in female rats was blocked by an RXFP3 receptor antagonist. RLN3 increased the expression of corticotropin releasing factor in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in male but not in female rats. Conversely, in female rats, RLN3 increased the expression of orexin in the lateral hypothalamus. There is evidence that orexin directly activates the RLN3 neurons in the NI. The positive reinforcement of the RLN3 effects by orexin may intensify behavioural activation and feeding in females. Sex‐specific effects of RLN3 may also depend on differential expression of RXFP3 receptors in the brain. Given the higher sensitivity of females to the orexigenic effects of RLN3 and the stress‐induced activation of RLN3, the overall data suggest a possible role for RLN3 in eating disorders that show a higher propensity in women.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc
Modeling Statistical Insensitivity: Sources of Suboptimal Behavior
Authors: Gagliardi Annie , Feldman Naomi H. , Lidz Jeffrey
Published: June 2016

Children acquiring languages with noun classes (grammatical gender) have ample statistical information available that characterizes the distribution of nouns into these classes, but their use of this information to classify novel nouns differs from the predictions made by an optimal Bayesian classifier. We use rational analysis to investigate the hypothesis that children are classifying nouns optimally with respect to a distribution that does not match the surface distribution of statistical features in their input. We propose three ways in which children's apparent statistical insensitivity might arise, and find that all three provide ways to account for the difference between children's behavior and the optimal classifier. A fourth model combines two of these proposals and finds that children's insensitivity is best modeled as a bias to ignore certain features during classification, rather than an inability to encode those features during learning. These results provide insight into children's developing knowledge of noun classes and highlight the complex ways in which statistical information from the input interacts with children's learning processes.
Effects of Disfluency in Online Interpretation of Deception
Authors: Loy Jia E. , Rohde Hannah , Corley Martin
Published: June 2016

A speaker's manner of delivery of an utterance can affect a listener's pragmatic interpretation of the message. Disfluencies (such as filled pauses) influence a listener's off‐line assessment of whether the speaker is truthful or deceptive. Do listeners also form this assessment during the moment‐by‐moment processing of the linguistic message? Here we present two experiments that examined listeners’ judgments of whether a speaker was indicating the true location of the prize in a game during fluent and disfluent utterances. Participants’ eye and mouse movements were biased toward the location named by the speaker during fluent utterances, whereas the opposite bias was observed during disfluent utterances. This difference emerged rapidly after the onset of the critical noun. Participants were similarly sensitive to disfluencies at the start of the utterance (Experiment 1) and in the middle (Experiment 2). Our findings support recent research showing that listeners integrate pragmatic information alongside semantic content during the earliest moments of language processing. Unlike prior work which has focused on pragmatic effects in the interpretation of the literal message, here we highlight disfluency's role in guiding a listener to an alternative non‐literal message.
Augmentation Provides Nominal Genetic and Demographic Rescue for an Endangered Carnivore
Authors: Manlick Philip J. , Woodford James E. , Gilbert Jonathan H. , Eklund Daniel , Pauli Jonathan N.
Published: June 2016

Augmentations are used frequently to restore populations of conservation concern. Carnivores, in particular, are often targeted for augmentations, yet quantitative assessments of these efforts are rare. In Wisconsin, USA, American martens were reintroduced and subsequently augmented, yet remain state endangered. To evaluate this restoration effort, we sampled martens before and after augmentation, used genetic mark‐recapture and parentage analyses to quantify stage‐specific vital rates for each step of the augmentation, and assessed demographic viability with and without augmentation. Surprisingly, augmentation provided minimal genetic and demographic contributions, and persistence was instead driven by intrinsic population attributes such as recruitment. Our findings question augmentation as a primary restoration strategy for carnivores, and we urge conservation practitioners to focus on identifying and enhancing limiting population processes such as immigration and juvenile survival prior to using costly and controversial measures like augmentation.
Balancing Ecosystem and Threatened Species Representation in Protected Areas and Implications for Nations Achieving Global Conservation Goals
Authors: Polak Tal , Watson James E.M. , Bennett Joseph R. , Possingham Hugh P. , Fuller Richard A. , Carwardine Josie
Published: June 2016

Balancing the representation of ecosystems and threatened species habitats is critical for optimizing protected area (PA) networks and achieving the Convention on Biological Diversity strategic goals. Here we provide a systematic approach for maximizing representativeness of ecosystems and threatened species within a constrained total PA network size, using Australia as a case study. We show that protection of 24.4% of Australia is needed to achieve 17% representation for each ecosystem and all threatened species habitat targets. When the size of the PA estate is constrained, trade‐off curves between ecosystem and species targets are J‐shaped, indicating potential “win‐win” configurations. For example, optimally increasing the current PA network to 17% could protect 9% of each ecosystem and ensure that all threatened species achieve at least 78% of their targets. This method of integrating species and ecosystem targets in PA planning allows nations to maximize different PA goals under financial and geographical constraints.
Competence, competency‐based education, and undergraduate dental education: a discussion paper
Authors: Chuenjitwongsa S. , Oliver R. G. , Bullock A. D.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

The aim of undergraduate dental education is to provide competent dentists to serve societal needs and improve population oral healthcare. Competency‐based education has influenced the development of dental education for decades but this term is problematic. This article explores components of competency‐based undergraduate health professional education in order to help the dental profession have a better understanding of the context and purposes of undergraduate dental education.

Methods

This is a discussion paper based on a wide reading of the literature on the education of health professionals with a specific focus on competency‐based undergraduate education.

Results and Discussion

Competence comprises an integration of knowledge, skills and attitudes indicating a capability to perform professional tasks safely and ethically. The process of becoming a competent practitioner is complex. Four characteristics of competency‐based education are: curriculum components and content shaped by societal needs; focused on student‐centred learning; learning achievement; and limited attention to time‐based training and numerical targets. Alongside a competency‐based approach, undergraduate dental education can be influenced by institutional features and external factors but these receive little consideration in the literature.

Conclusion

Understanding competence, competency‐based education, and institutional and external factors will help to improve educational quality, define roles and professional development for the dental educator, and inform further research.
New ILAE versus previous clinical status epilepticus semiologic classification: Analysis of a hospital‐based cohort
Authors: Rossetti Andrea O. , Trinka Eugen , Stähli Christine , Novy Jan
Published: June 2016

Objectives

In 2015, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) issued a new status epilepticus (SE) classification, including a detailed semiologic axis. This study assesses frequencies of SE forms in a cohort of adult patients, and explores differences and practical implications as compared to a seizure‐type–bound classification.

Methods

The prospective adult SE registry of the Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) was considered over 5 years (2011–2015); each SE episode was retrospectively reclassified for its semiology according to the new ILAE scheme. Mortality rates were retrieved for each subgroup of SE.

Results

Among 488 SE episodes, according to the seizure‐type–bound classification, 230 (47%) had a generalized convulsive, and 29 (6%) had a nonconvulsive SE in coma; both categories overlapped almost perfectly between the two classifications. However, the 84 episodes with focal SE without consciousness impairment and the 141 episodes with consciousness impairment were each translated into two major (and five sub‐) categories of the new ILAE classification, having markedly different mortality rates. In addition, of 140 episodes labeled as focal motor SE according to the new classification, 54% had concomitant consciousness impairment, whereas 46% did not; again, mortality rates were heterogeneous.

Significance

Although generalized convulsive and nonconvulsive SE in coma show an almost perfect correspondence across SE semiologic classifications, focal SE is markedly heterogeneous and appears to be better reflected in the new classification, offering more clinically relevant subdivisions, also differing in mortality rates. This refined knowledge may allow the development of clinical prognostic scores that are more precise than existing tools, and should be taken into account for epidemiologic studies.
Increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol following survival of cerebral malaria in mice
Authors: Grauncke Ana C. B. , Souza Thaíze L. , Ribeiro Leandro R. , Brant Fátima , Machado Fabiana S. , Oliveira Mauro S.
Published: June 2016

Malaria is considered a neglected disease and public health problem, affecting >200 million people worldwide. In the present study we used the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) model of experimental cerebral malaria (CM) in C57BL/6 mice. After rescue from CM and parasite clearance, animals were submitted to a seizure susceptibility test (45 days after infection) using a low dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 30 mg/kg) and monitored with use of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) methods. Mice rescued from CM presented a reduced latency to myoclonic and tonic–clonic seizures and an increased duration of tonic–clonic seizures. In addition, quantitative analysis of EEG revealed a decrease in relative power at beta frequency band in PbA‐infected animals after PTZ injection. Our results suggest that CM may lead to increased susceptibility to seizures in mice.
Combining a chimeric antigen receptor and a conventional T‐cell receptor to generate T cells expressing two additional receptors (TETARs) for a multi‐hit immunotherapy of melanoma
Authors: Uslu Ugur , Schuler Gerold , Dörrie Jan , Schaft Niels
Published: June 2016

The adoptive transfer of engineered T cells represents an important approach in immunotherapy of melanoma. However, relapse of the tumor can occur due to immune‐escape mechanisms developed by the tumor cells, for example antigen loss, downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex presentation machinery and defects in antigen processing. To counteract these mechanisms, we combined a T‐cell receptor and a chimeric antigen receptor, specific for different common melanoma antigens, gp100 (PMEL) and MCSP (HMW‐MAA), to generate functional CD8+ T cells expressing two additional receptors (TETARs) by electroporation of receptor‐encoding mRNA. These TETARs produced cytokines and were lytic upon recognition of each of their cognate antigens, while no reciprocal inhibition of the receptors occurred. When stimulated with target cells, which express both antigens, an enhanced effect was suggested. The confirmation that chimeric antigen receptors and T‐cell receptors can be functionally combined opens up new avenues in cancer immunotherapy, and the generation of TETARs helps by‐passing major mechanisms by which tumor cells escape immune recognition.