bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Synergistic Association of ACE I/D and eNOS G894T Gene Variants with the Progression of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy – A Pilot Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez José C. , Macías-Reyes Antonio , Jiménez-Sosa Alejandro , Companioni Osmel , Rodríguez-Esparragón Francisco J. , Cobo Marian A. , Checa-Andrés María D. , Palop-Cubillo Leocadia , Alonso Ana , Torres Armando
Published: June 2009

Background: Individual variability in the natural history and response to therapy of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) suggests a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the non-immunologic progression of renal disease are related with disease progression. Methods: This is a pilot historic cohort study of 64 Caucasian patients with biopsy-proven IgAN and a median follow-up of 70 months. Three SNPs of the renin-angiotensin system genes (angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) 1166A/C), 2 of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), 4a/b and G894T, and 1 of the bradykinin 1 receptor, G–699C, were genotyped. The primary outcome was ‘kidney survival’ defined as a 30% decrease of baseline creatinine clearance; annualized decrease of glomerular filtration rate was also calculated. Results: Proteinuria, histological lesions, and mean arterial pressure were related to an unfavorable outcome. The simultaneous presence of the DD and GG variants of the ACE and eNOS genes was related to an unfavorable outcome as compared with other combinations [hazard ratio ranging from 4.7 (95% CI 1.52–14.33) to 8.4 (95% CI 2.45–29.10)] after controlling for proteinuria, mean arterial pressure and baseline histological lesions. Conclusion: This study suggests that in our population with IgAN, an interaction between ACE and eNOS polymorphisms may be a prognostic factor for renal function deterioration.
Lack of Association between Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Yeo Youngsun , Byun Seung Woon , Lee Ji Young , Min Won-Ki , Park Jung Sik , Kim Soon Bae
Published: June 2009

Background/Aims: Small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) is a newly recognized risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the general population. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between sd-LDL, and CAD and cardiovascular risk factors such as other lipid profiles and hemostatic factors, in patients with chronic hemodialysis (CHD). Methods: Thallium single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed to evaluate for CAD in 126 CHD patients. Coronary angiography was performed in patients with positive thallium SPECT. CHD patients were classified into CAD and non-CAD group. LDL subfractions, other lipid profiles, and hemostatic factors were measured. Results: The proportion of sd-LDL, and mean LDL size did not differ between CHD patients and healthy controls. Twenty-eight CHD patients had CAD by thallium SPECT and coronary angiography. The proportion of sd-LDL and mean LDL size did not differ between CAD and non-CAD patients. Age, diabetes mellitus presentation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly higher, and prealbumin and apolipoprotein A1 levels were significantly lower, in the CAD group (p < 0.05). The proportion of sd-LDL was positively correlated with triglyceride levels (p < 0.001), apolipoprotein B (p < 0.05) and fibrinogen (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that sd-LDL is not increased in CHD patients and is not associated with CAD in such patients.
Evaluation of Polymorphisms in Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) Gene and Their Association with Cardiovascular-Renal Disease Risk in Mexican Americans
Authors: Thameem Farook , He Xin , Voruganti V. Saroja , Nath Subrata D. , Fanti Paolo , Blangero John , MacCluer Jean W. , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Arar Nedal H. , Abboud Hanna E.
Published: June 2009

Background/Aims: Genetic polymorphisms in the paraoxonase 2 (PON2) gene are thought to alter its activity and contribute to the development of cardiovascular and renal disease risk. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Arg148Gly, Cys311Ser and rs12794795 polymorphisms of PON2 examined previously by others, are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and subclinical measures of cardiovascular and renal disease risk in Mexican Americans. Methods: Study participants (n = 848; 21 families) were genotyped for the three polymorphisms by TaqMan assay. Association between the genotypic and phenotypic data was performed by measured genotype approach as implemented in the variance component analytical tools. Results: The Arg148Gly variant was found to be monomorphic in our dataset. Of the phenotypes examined for association, the A/C variant located in intron-1 (rs12794795) exhibited statistically significant association only with diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.018) after accounting for the trait-specific covariate effects. The Cys311Ser variant failed to show statistically significant association with any of the phenotypes examined. Conclusion: In conclusion, the variants examined at the PON2 locus in Mexican Americans do not appear to be a major contributor to T2DM, cardiovascular or renal disease risk, although they exhibited a small effect on the blood pressure values.
ClpX Contributes to Innate Defense Peptide Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes of Bacillus anthracis
Authors: McGillivray Shauna M. , Ebrahimi Celia M. , Fisher Nathan , Sabet Mojgan , Zhang Dawn X. , Chen Yahua , Haste Nina M. , Aroian Raffi V. , Gallo Richard L. , Guiney Donald G. , Friedlander Arthur M. , Koehler Theresa M. , Nizet Victor
Published: June 2009

Bacillus anthracis is a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A priority pathogen and the causative agent of the deadly disease anthrax. We applied a transposon mutagenesis system to screen for novel chromosomally encoded B. anthracis virulence factors. This approach identified ClpX, the regulatory ATPase subunit of the ClpXP protease, as essential for both the hemolytic and proteolytic phenotypes surrounding colonies of B. anthracis grown on blood or casein agar media, respectively. Deletion of clpX attenuated lethality of B. anthracis Sterne in murine subcutaneous and inhalation infection models, and markedly reduced in vivo survival of the fully virulent B. anthracis Ames upon intraperitoneal challenge in guinea pigs. The extracellular proteolytic activity dependent upon ClpX function was linked to degradation of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, a front-line effector of innate host defense. B. anthracis lacking ClpX were rapidly killed by cathelicidin and α-defensin antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme in vitro. In turn, mice lacking cathelicidin proved hyper-susceptible to lethal infection with wild-type B. anthracis Sterne, confirming cathelicidin to be a critical element of innate defense against the pathogen. We conclude that ClpX is an important factor allowing B. anthracis to subvert host immune clearance mechanisms, and thus represents a novel therapeutic target for prevention or therapy of anthrax, a foremost biodefense concern.
The Shock of Aging: Molecular Chaperones and the Heat Shock Response in Longevity and Aging – A Mini-Review
Authors: Calderwood Stuart K. , Murshid Ayesha , Prince Thomas
Published: June 2009

Background: Aging can be thought of as the collision between destructive processes that act on cells and organs over the lifetime and the responses that promote homeostasis, vitality and longevity. However, the precise mechanisms that determine the rates of aging in organisms are not known. Objective: Macromolecules such as proteins are continuously exposed to potential damaging agents that can cause loss of molecular function and depletion of cell populations over the lifetime of essential organs. One of the key homeostatic responses involved in maintaining longevity is the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs), a conserved reaction to damaged intracellular proteins. We aim to discuss how the interplay between protein damage and its repair or removal from the cell may influence longevity and aging. Methods: We have reviewed experiments carried out in mammalian and non-mammalian organisms on molecular chaperones and the transcription factor (heat shock factor 1, HSF1) responsible for their expression. We have discussed mechanisms through which these molecules are regulated in cells, respond to stimuli that enhance longevity and become impaired during aging. Results: The transcription factor HSF1 initiates the prolific induction of HSP when cells are exposed to protein damage. HSPs are molecular chaperones that protect the proteome by folding denatured polypeptides and promoting the degradation of severely damaged proteins. Activation of HSF1 is coupled functionally to fundamental pathways of longevity and orchestrates the evasion of aging through HSP induction and antagonism of protein aggregation. In addition to mediating protein quality control, some HSPs such as Hsp27 and Hsp70 directly protect cells against damage-induced entry into death pathways. However, the heat shock response declines in potency over the lifetime, and enfeeblement of the response contributes to aging by permitting the emergence of protein aggregation diseases, reduction in cellular vigor and decreased longevity. Conclusions: Molecular chaperones play an important role in the deterrence of protein damage during aging and their expression is required for longevity. Chemical stimulation of HSP synthesis might therefore be a significant strategy in future design of antiaging pharmaceuticals.
Comparative Proteome Analysis of Splenic Lymphocytes in Senescence-Accelerated Mice
Authors: Luo Yuanming , Li Yaojun , Lin Chentao , Ma Hong , Zhang Jindan , Wu Shuzhen , Wang Xiaorong , Gao Youhe , Liu Yanxin , Zheng Dexian
Published: June 2009

Background: Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) are commonly used as animal models for studying aging. To date, aging-related proteomes in the livers and brains of SAMP8 mice have been reported; however, spleen of SAM has not yet been used as material for studying the aging-related proteome despite its extremely important role in the progress of aging or aging-related diseases. Objective: To identify proteins associated with aging or aging-related diseases in SAM. Methods: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) was used to compare the proteomes of splenic lymphocytes from two strains of SAM (SAMP8 and SAMR1). Differentially expressed spots whose expression altered over twofold (p < 0.01) were identified by LC-MS/MS and database search. Results: Identification results showed that 18 differentially expressed protein spots represented 14 different proteins known to be involved in aging- or aging disease-related pathways, i.e., annexin I, calgranulin B, transaldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and an unnamed protein product were involved in oxidative stress and cell defense, phosphoglycerate mutase I, aldose reductase, carbonic anhydrase I and carbonic anhydrase II were involved in glycolytic energy metabolism and homeostasis, and macrophage capping protein and high mobility group box-1 protein were involved in infection and DNA damage. Conclusion: 2DE combined with MS is effective for comparative proteome analysis of splenic lymphocytes of SAM to identify proteins closely involved in aging or aging-related diseases, especially immune diseases, and further functional studies of these proteins in SAM may throw some light on the study of biomarkers for aging or aging-related diseases.
Art and Aging
Authors: Wagner Manfred
Published: June 2009

The study explores the process of aging in artists as reflected in their creative output after the age of 60. Additionally, a wide range of artists who died young are also included, as their late work, i.e. the work of their last years of life, is very similar to the late work of their older colleagues. Therefore, it is quite right to describe it as work done later in life (in relation to their age).
Characterization of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Engineered Cartilage: Analysis of Its Ultrastructure, Cell Density and Chondrocyte Phenotype Compared to Native Adult and Fetal Cartilage
Authors: Hillel Alexander T. , Taube Janis M. , Cornish Toby C. , Sharma Blanka , Halushka Marc , McCarthy Edward F. , Hutchins Grover M. , Elisseeff Jennifer H.
Published: June 2009

The production of engineered cartilage from mesenchymal stem cells is a rapidly developing field. Potential applications include the treatment of degenerative joint disease as well as the treatment of traumatic and surgical bone injury. Prior to clinical application, however, further characterization of the morphology, ultrastructure, biocompatibility, and performance of the engineered tissue is warranted. To achieve this, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were grown in vitro in pellet culture for 3 weeks in chondrogenic medium conditions. The resultant engineered cartilage was compared to native adult and fetal tissue. Routine histology, special stains, and ultrastructural and quantitative histomorphometric analyses were performed. The engineered tissue demonstrated a similar chondrocyte phenotype, collagen fibril appearance, and matrix distribution when compared to native cartilage. By histomorphometric analysis, the cell density of the engineered cartilage was between that of native fetal and adult cartilage. The cell-to-matrix ratio and cellular area fraction of engineered cartilage samples was significantly greater than in adult samples, but indistinguishable from fetal cartilage samples, supporting the hypothesis that hMSC-engineered cartilage regeneration may mimic fetal cartilage development.
Professional Development in Scientifically Based Reading Instruction
Authors: Podhajski Blanche , Mather Nancy , Nathan Jane , Sammons Janice
Published: June 2009

This article reviews the literature and presents data from a study that examined the effects of professional development in scientifically based reading instruction on teacher knowledge and student reading outcomes. The experimental group consisted of four first- and second-grade teachers and their students ( n = 33). Three control teachers and their students ( n = 14), from a community of significantly higher socioeconomic demographics, were also followed. Experimental teachers participated in a 35-hour course on instruction of phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency and were coached by professional mentors for a year. Although teacher knowledge in the experimental group was initially lower than that of the controls, their scores surpassed the controls on the posttest. First-grade experimental students’ growth exceeded the controls in letter name fluency, phonemic segmentation, nonsense word fluency, and oral reading. Second-grade experimental students exceeded controls in phonemic segmentation. Although the teacher sample was small, findings suggest that teachers can improve their knowledge concerning explicit reading instruction and that this new knowledge may contribute to student growth in reading.
Are Musical Instrument Gender Associations Changing?
Authors: Abeles Hal
Published: June 2009

The researcher sought to examine gender associations across three decades to determine if changes in the sex stereotyping of musical instruments has occurred. First, the study examined the paired comparison gender—instrument rankings of 180 college students. The results confirmed a reduction of instrument gender associations reported in the 1990s. The second index of gender associations employed was the instruments that middle school children played ( N = 2001). A comparison of the instruments played by boys and girls across three studies conducted in 1978, 1993, and 2007 showed little difference in the sex-by-instrument distribution. Girls played predominately flutes, violins, and clarinets, and most boys played drums, trumpets, and trombones. There was some evidence that in band settings, girls were more likely to play nonconforming gender instruments than were boys. Further studies that focus on parents' influence on children's instrument choices and the effect of ethnicity are recommended.
Preservice Music Teachers' Perceptions of Fieldwork Experiences in a Special Needs Classroom
Authors: Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine phenomenologically a special needs fieldwork experience through the perceptions of seven participants. All of the participants were a part of a long-term field experience. The research question was: How was this experience, assisting and teaching students with special needs in an elementary general music context, perceived and constructed by the participants individually and as they collaborated and interacted with one another, as indicated by journals, semistructured interviews, case writing, and field observations? A qualitative particularistic case study design was used in this investigation. Data included journals, participant interviews, observations, and an orientation session video. Findings suggested that (a) the orientation process to fieldwork with children with disabilities, which included the case method of teaching, was perceived as valuable; (b) observation, journaling, discussion, and the relationships that emerged were important to the participants; and (c) reflective practice may have occurred in this study.
Effects of Temporal Sequencing and Auditory Discrimination on Children's Memory Patterns for Tones, Numbers, and Nonsense Words
Authors: Gromko Joyce Eastlund , Hansen Dee , Tortora Anne Halloran , Higgins Daniel , Boccia Eric
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children's recall of tones, numbers, and words was supported by a common temporal sequencing mechanism; whether children's patterns of memory for tones, numbers, and nonsense words were the same despite differences in symbol systems; and whether children's recall of tones, numbers, and nonsense words was related to their aural discrimination ability. Participants ( N = 74) were children enrolled in grades 1 through 3, drawn from an urban magnet school. On the basis of U-shaped performance profiles, the authors concluded that a common temporal sequencing mechanism may undergird children's recall of tones and nonsense words; thus, these domains may be linked at some basic level. Based on intraclass correlations that compared children's patterns of memory for tones, numbers, and nonsense words, the authors found that children's memory for information varied by symbol system and according to the characteristics of patterns within each symbol system. Finally, they found that aural discrimination skill contributed to children's recall despite differences in symbol systems.
The Effects of Harmonic Accompaniment on the Tonal Improvisations of Students in First Through Sixth Grade
Authors: Guilbault Denise Marie
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of harmonic accompaniment on the tonal improvisations of elementary school students. Specifically, this study was designed to (a) determine if the addition of a root melody accompaniment to song instruction affects the implied harmonic changes and harmonic rhythm in the tonal improvisations of students in first through sixth grade and (b) determine whether age affects the tonal improvisation scores of students in first through sixth grade. Results indicated that students who received song instruction with root melody accompaniment received significantly higher tonal improvisation rating scores than those students who did not have such instruction. No statistical difference was found for the main effect of grade level.
National Estimates of Retention, Migration, and Attrition
Authors: Hancock Carl B.
Published: June 2009

This study was designed to estimate the magnitude of retention, migration, and attrition of music teachers; the transfer destinations of those who migrated; the career path status of those who left; and the likelihood that former music teachers would return to teaching. Data, which were analyzed for music ( n = 881) and non-music teachers ( n = 17,376), came from the 1988—1989, 1991—1992, 1993—1994, and 2000—2001 administrations of the National Center for Education Statistics's Teacher Follow-up Survey, a national survey designed to compile comprehensive data concerning changes in the teacher labor force. Results indicated that between 1988 and 2001, 84% of music teachers were retained by schools, 10% migrated to different schools, and 6% left the profession every year, in rates similar to non-music teachers. Transferring music teachers migrated primarily to different school districts in the same state. One year after leaving the profession, former teachers were attending college (28%), retired (23%), out of teaching (21%), in education but not as a teacher (14%), or working as a homemaker (12%). Approximately one third of former music teachers planned to return to teaching within 5 years, and an additional quarter planned to return after 5 or more years.
Transport and Regional Dispersal of Tourists: Is Travel Modal Substitution a Source of Conflict between Low-Fare Air Services and Regional Dispersal?
Authors: Koo Tay T. R. , Wu Cheng-Lung , Dwyer Larry
Published: June 2009

This article explores the relationship between low-cost carrier (LCC) service proliferation and regional dispersal of tourists by examining the mode choice decision of leisure tourists. This research applies a stated choice method controlling for travel mode attributes as well as trip context (whether a trip is single- or multidestination). The results suggest that leisure traveler mode choice is influenced by the trip context; however, low airfares more than offset this effect on travel mode choice. On the basis of data collected in the Northern New South Wales travel corridor in Australia, this article shows that a study of travel mode choice can reveal potential conflicts and synergies in the marketing and management of destinations. The results have implications for destinations worldwide.
Description of a Standardized Treatment Center That Utilizes Evidence-Based Clinic Operations to Facilitate Implementation of an Evidence-Based Treatment
Authors: Donohue Brad , Allen Daniel N. , Romero Valerie , Hill Heather H. , Vasaeli Kathryn , Lapota Holly , Tracy Kendra , Gorney Suzanne , Abdel-al Ruweida , Caldas Diana , Herdzik Karen , Bradshaw Kelsey , Valdez Robby , Van Hasselt Vincent B.
Published: June 2009

Developers of evidence-based therapies are enhancing methods of teaching therapists to implement “best practices” with integrity. However, there is a relative dearth of information available as to clinic operations and related contextual factors necessary to sustain successful implementation of these treatments. This article describes various evidence-based administrative strategies and methods utilized by clinic staff to effectively implement a comprehensive evidence-based treatment for substance abuse (i.e., Family Behavior Therapy). The basic structure of the clinic, standardized behavioral methods associated with its day-to-day operations, and maintenance of treatment integrity are delineated. Infrastructural systems are underscored, including clinical record keeping, quality assurance, and staff management.
Agrarian Origins of Management Ideology: The Roman and Antebellum Cases
Authors: Ruef Martin , Harness Alona
Published: June 2009

Drawing on archival materials from the Roman Republic and US antebellum South, this paper challenges the distinction between research on `modern' and `pre-modern' management thought, where the former commonly entails a critical analysis of management thinking within a social context and the latter offers documentation of past knowledge and practices. Contrary to this division, we offer a critical analysis of management discourse taking place in agrarian societies based on chattel slavery. In the late Roman Republic and early empire, the patrician elite confronted challenges to their large-scale land ownership, run by hired managers upon the landlord's absence. In the antebellum South, following the Nat Turner revolt, plantation owners staved off threats from abolitionism and Northern political activists. These challenges led to a considerable effort devoted to the elaboration of principles regarding the private management of unfree labor. Texts not only provided practical managerial advice, but also promoted an ideology supportive of the labor arrangements in dispute. We conclude by pointing to the relevance of these case studies from both an historical and a contemporary perspective.
Differences in Immunolocalization of Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 in Kidneys of Gentamicin-, Cisplatin-, and Valproic Acid-Treated Rats: Potential Role of iNOS and Nitrotyrosine
Authors: Zhang Jun , Goering Peter L. , Espandiari Parvaneh , Shaw Martin , Bonventre Joseph V. , Vaidya Vishal S. , Brown Ronald P. , Keenan Joe , Kilty Cormac G. , Sadrieh Nakissa , Hanig Joseph P.
Published: June 2009

The present study compared the immunolocalization of Kim-1, renal papillary antigen (RPA)-1, and RPA-2 with that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine in kidneys of gentamicin sulfate (Gen)- and cisplatin (Cis)-treated rats. The specificity of acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarkers, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine was evaluated by dosing rats with valproic acid (VPA). Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) with 100 mg/kg/day of Gen for six or fourteen days; a single intraperitoneal (ip) dose of 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg of Cis; or 650 mg/kg/day of VPA (ip) for four days. In Gen-treated rats, Kim-1 was expressed in the epithelial cells, mainly in the S1/S2 segments but less so in the S3 segment, and RPA-1 was increased in the epithelial cells of collecting ducts (CD) in the cortex. Spatial expression of iNOS or nitrotyrosine with Kim-1 or RPA-1 was detected. In Cis-treated rats, Kim-1 was expressed only in the S3 segment cells, and RPA-1 and RPA-2 were increased in the epithelial cells of medullary CD or medullary loop of Henle (LH), respectively. Spatial expression of iNOS or nitrotyrosine with RPA-1 or RPA-2 was also identified. These findings suggest that peroxynitrite formation may be involved in the pathogenesis of Gen and Cis nephrotoxicity and that Kim-1, RPA-1, and RPA-2 have the potential to serve as site-specific biomarkers for Gen or Cis AKI.
15q11.2-13 Duplication, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Developmental Disorders
Authors: Frye Richard E.
Published: June 2009

Multiple developmental phenotypes have been associated with duplication in the 15q11-13 region. Recently, the 15q11-13 duplication has been associated with a distinct pattern of mitochondrial abnormalities that includes a deficiency in complex III. This report describes the third case with this duplication and a similar pattern of mitochondrial dysfunction. Genetic studies performed on this case rule out the previously suggested role of the UBE3A gene. It is proposed that interactions of the duplicated SNRPN gene with nuclear respiratory factor 1 could result in destabilization of mitochondrial complex formation and activation of apoptosis under metabolic stress, resulting in the pattern of abnormalities found in the current and previously reported cases. In light of the frequency of this duplication in children with developmental dishabilles, the wider implication of the association between this duplication and mitochondrial dysfunction needs to be considered.
Ketogenic Diets: An Update for Child Neurologists
Authors: Kossoff Eric H. , Zupec-Kania Beth A. , Rho Jong M.
Published: June 2009

The ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low-glycemic-index treatment have all emerged over the past decade as important therapeutic options for children with intractable epilepsy. Whereas only a decade ago the ketogenic diet was seen as an ``alternative'' treatment of last resort, it has become more frequently used throughout the world. The past year alone 2 randomized and controlled trials of the ketogenic diet were published, as well as the use of the ketogenic diet for new-onset epilepsy (infantile spasms), and a 26-member international consensus statement guiding optimal clinical management. There has been an equally dramatic increase of interest into mechanisms of action using various experimental models. Researchers are also highly interested in using diets for neurologic disorders other than epilepsy, including autism and brain tumors. This review will update child neurologists on the recent advances in the use of ketogenic diets.
Functional Life Skills Curricular Interventions for Youth With Disabilities
Authors: Alwell Morgen , Cobb Brian
Published: June 2009

The relationship between functional or life skills curricula (the intervention) and transition-related outcomes for secondary-aged youth with disabilities is explored in this systematic review. A total of 50 studies intervening with 482 youth with (largely) disability labels of moderate to severe mental retardation were reviewed. The findings of this review provide tentative support for the efficacy of the use of functional or life skills curricular interventions across educational environments, disability types, ages, and gender in promoting positive transition-related outcomes. These findings are discussed in terms of characteristic features of the literature set and competing trends in secondary education. Selected studies in a number of specific curricular areas are recommended.
Information Communication Technologies and Framing for Backfire in the Digital Rights Movement
Authors: Postigo Hector
Published: June 2009

In 2001, Dmitry Sklyarov was arrested for his role in designing the Advanced e-Book Processor, the software that cracked Adobe’s e-Book encryption. Using historical data and situating itself within social movement theory, this article focuses on the case of Sklyarov’s arrest to show how the digital rights movement, using online networks, mobilized activists and framed the event in a manner that led to ‘‘backfire’’ against government prosecutors and Adobe Systems Inc. The case illustrates positive outcomes for social movements when they use movement-specific online networks—networks that help rapidly define the meaning of issues and that have the potential to inform mass media outlets, and through them, broader publics.
“Late” Capital: Amusement and Contradiction in the Contemporary Funeral Industry
Authors: Sanders George
Published: June 2009

The contemporary funeral industry exists in a restive, unsettled state within late capitalism. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnography, I discuss recent crises that have revealed apparent cultural contradictions in the funeral industry. The funeral industry mediates and transforms these inherent contradictions as evidenced by the meanings made available to the consumer (via consumables). I argue that many of these constructed meanings are at odds with one another while still permitting consumers to occupy multiple positions simultaneously. This is accomplished in part due to the incorporation of amusement along multiple levels of the funerary apparatus, from the institutional logic of the industry, to the enacted bereavement rituals of participants. Amusement, then, works to resolve, bracket, and perpetuate contradictions.
Capitalism and the Carnival Character: The Escape from Reality
Authors: Langman Lauren , Ryan Maureen
Published: June 2009

Every social epoch fosters certain distinctive kinds of `social character' — a widely shared constellation of values and self-identity. Today, as the crises of capitalism become more and more evident, we have also witnessed the emergence and diffusion of the `carnival character' for whom public rituals of moral transgression express a critique of capitalist culture — and at the same time, the transformation of political critique into a profitable commodity serves to reproduce the very conditions that elicit critique. Whereas for Bakhtin, the peasant carnival served to sustain feudalism, today, as Marcuse first suggested, the commodification of `de-sublimation' serves to reproduce capitalism.
Critique with Anthropological Authority: A Programmatic Outline for a Critical Sociology
Authors: Willig Rasmus
Published: June 2009

Contemporary conditions show that critique is not necessarily used as a means of emancipation. On the contrary, it has become a well-established weapon for communication strategists in the maintenance of contemporary relations of dominance, and is also utilized as an individualized control function. The anorexic, the depressive, and those suffering from stress or anxiety are all characterized by extremely negative self-criticism and an unbearable weariness of being themselves. The article formulates the first steps towards revitalizing the concept of critique so that it becomes possible to formulate a critical sociology which applies the positive characteristics of the concept as a yardstick for society's moral development.
How Does Tie Strength Affect Access to Social Capital Resources for the Careers of Working and Middle Class African-Americans?
Authors: Parks-Yancy Rochelle , DiTomaso Nancy , Post Corinne
Published: June 2009

This study uses qualitative interviews with 50 working and middle class African-Americans to explore how they use social capital resources from their strong and weak ties to obtain education and jobs. As expected, the strong tie relationships of middle class blacks provided college information, while the working class did not discuss such assistance. The working class respondents relied primarily on strong tie relationships for social capital resources, but this did not always improve their career trajectories. Conversely, the middle class interviewees' networks consisted of both strong and weak ties who offered social capital resources that helped with their careers. Still, while both class groups had social ties that provided information about jobs, neither group knew many people who could actually hire them. Thus, while the middle class respondents had greater access to social capital resources, their advantages were not as large as one might expect, given their class divisions.
Caring for Student-Athletes Following a Concussion
Authors: Piebes Sarah K. , Gourley Meganne , Valovich McLeod Tamara C.
Published: June 2009

The school nurse plays a dynamic role in the care and treatment of a concussed athlete. Concussions in the adolescent populations are of special concern due to their potential impact on mental development and cognitive function, as well as an increased risk of serious complications including second impact syndrome. The complexity of a concussion requires collaboration between of a variety of health care and school personnel to create an optimal situation for the student-athlete and their family. As the primary health care provider for students during the school day, school nurses can help ensure all necessary steps are taken to aid the recovery of an injured student-athlete. It is important that school nurses are up-to-date on current concussion information to allow for optimal care following injury and during the recovery process.
Beyond Supply and Demand: A Feminist-institutionalist Theory of Candidate Selection
Authors: Krook Mona Lena
Published: June 2009

Dynamics of candidate selection are central to political representation. The dominant model used to study the case of women focuses on the supply of and demand for female aspirants. This article develops a critique of this approach, by drawing on two sets of theoretical tools: institutionalism and feminism. It subsequently elaborates an alternative perspective on candidate selection based on configurations of three kinds of gendered institutions: systemic, practical, and normative. The utility of this approach is then explored through three paired comparisons of cases in which quota policies have been introduced, disrupting some but not necessarily all aspects of gendered institutional configurations.
Face Processing: The Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Authors: Park Joonkoo , Newman Lee I. , Polk Thad A.
Published: June 2009

A number of behavioral and neuroscientific studies suggest that face processing is qualitatively different from the processing of other visual stimuli. Why? Is face processing in some sense innate? What role does experience play in the development of face processing? The authors review recent evidence related to these questions. They begin by identifying some of the ways in which face processing is special. They then consider findings that demonstrate a crucial role for experience-independent genetic mechanisms in the development of face processing and its neural substrates. Finally, the authors review studies demonstrating the crucial role played by experience-dependent mechanisms. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a genetic predisposition for a special face processing mechanism, but that experience plays a crucial role in tuning this mechanism during development.
A Story of Transition
Authors: Price Aultman Lori
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this article is to illuminate one researcher’s experience in working with poetic representation while researching participants’ perspectives of the transition from high school to college. Two integral points are discussed: (1) making the choice of using alternative representation—letting the data speak, and (2) the flow experience of adapting and creating a process of analysis and representation.
Functional Analysis and Treatment of Inappropriate Vocalizations Using a Speech-Generating Device for a Child With Autism
Authors: Franco Jessica H. , Lang Russell L. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Chan Jeffrey M. , Sigafoos Jeff , Rispoli Mandy
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to extend the research on functional communication training by examining the use of a speech-generating device (SGD) for a 7-year-old child with autism and no spoken language who demonstrated inappropriate vocalizations that served multiple functions. An analog functional analysis was used to determine the function of the behavior and the potential viability of the SGD as a treatment option. The child was taught to discriminate among multiple options on the SGD and then to choose an appropriate message in two generalization settings. When the SGD was available the child reduced his inappropriate vocalizations across all settings and increased his engagement in both appropriate activities and interactions with others.
Project ÒRÉ: A Friendship-Based Intervention to Prevent HIV/STI in Urban African American Adolescent Females
Authors: Dolcini M. Margaret , Harper Gary W. , Boyer Cherrie B. , Pollack Lance M.
Published: June 2009

There is an urgent need for continued innovation in the design of HIV/STI prevention interventions for African American females, a group at high risk for STIs and HIV. In particular, attention to social development and to culture is needed. The present study reports on a group randomized controlled trial of a friendship-based HIV/STI prevention intervention delivered at community-based centers in four San Francisco neighborhoods ( n = 2, experimental; n = 2, control). This brief program focuses on youth and their friendship group ( N = 264). Program outcomes vary by age at 3-month follow-up, evidencing decreases in risky sex in the oldest group ( p ≤ .05), decreases in multiple partners in the middle age group ( p ≤ .05), and increases in HIV testing in the youngest group ( p = .05). Findings extend recent work on the efficacy of interventions to reduce sexual risk for racial and ethnic minority youth.
Immigrants' Continuing Bonds with their Native Culture: Assimilation Analysis of Three Interviews
Authors: Henry Hani M. , Stiles William B. , Biran Mia W. , Mosher James K. , Brinegar Meredith Glick , Banerjee Prashant
Published: June 2009

Three case studies of immigrants to the US from China, Iraq, and Mexico were used to build a theory of acculturation in immigrants by integrating the continuing bonds model, which describes mourning in bereavement with the assimilation model, which describes psychological change in psychotherapy. Participants were interviewed about the loss of their native culture and their life in the US. One participant had not fully assimilated the loss of her native culture, but used her continuing bonds with her culture as a source of solace. Another participant used his continuing bonds with his culture as a source of solace, but these bonds had become a source of conflict with the host culture. The third participant had largely assimilated the loss of his native culture such that the voices of this culture were linked via meaning bridges with the voices of the host culture, and the continuing bonds were resources that helped him in his land of immigration.
Problemas de Nervos: A Multivocal Symbol of Distress for Portuguese Immigrants
Authors: James Susan , Fernandes Mark , Navara Geoffrey S. , Harris Sara , Foster Durwin
Published: June 2009

This article outlines research on a previous unstudied form of suffering specific to the Portugese immigrant community: problemas de nervos. Thirty-two Portuguese immigrant women (in Waterloo, ON and Boston, MA) were interviewed and each completed a questionnaire. Cluster analysis demonstrated that problemas de nervos has many meanings. The study profiled symptoms, causes and therapies associated with four variations of this culture-specific form of distress: “ mal da cabeca” meaning problems with/in the head (e.g., lack of control, visions); “ aflição” meaning affliction (e.g., nervous attacks, heart problems); immigration stress (causing sleep disturbances); and, conflicts with others (resulting in pressure within the body). None of the symptom clusters reported matched criteria for a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, suggesting that problemas de nervos represents an idiomatic rather than universal expression of distress.
Working Together for Public Health
Authors: Martelli Pompeo
Published: June 2009

Italy's recent economic growth and strategic position in the Mediterranean Sea have made it a prime destination for immigrants and asylum seekers in Europe. Despite its well-developed health care system, statistics on foreign citizens' health are worrisome. In 1998 public health services were extended to illegal immigrants, giving them the right to necessary urgent and non-urgent medical assistance, even for a prolonged period. This paper examines a two-year joint intervention project between Centre for the Study and Research of Public Health (Mental Health), Local Health Agency ROMA E (LHA RME) and the non-governmental organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in Rome.
The Role of Leisure in the Lives of Psychotic Patients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Pondé Milena Pereira , Peireira Camila Teles Machado , Leal Bianca , Oliveira Sabrina Calmon
Published: June 2009

Quality of life is defined by indicators that measure the life patterns of a person or community in relation to an ideal model. Leisure is an important component of quality of life and a tool for rehabilitation for patients with chronic psychosis. This qualitative study evaluated the role of leisure in the life of patients living with psychosis. Interviews with patients and relatives indicate that sociability is an important value for both groups. Deeper analysis, however, indicates that sociability is a culturally learned concept for patients and does not relate to their real needs. Improvement of symptoms and respect of individuality are more central to their well-being.
Autism in Saudi Arabia: Presentation, Clinical Correlates and Comorbidity
Authors: Al-Salehi Saleh M. , Al-Hifthy Elham H. , Ghaziuddin Mohammad
Published: June 2009

Although autism is a global disorder, relatively little is known about its presentation and occurrence in many developing countries, such as Saudi Arabia. This article describes the reasons for referral and clinical characteristics of a sample of 49 children (37 males and 12 females) diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder at a tertiary referral center in Saudi Arabia. The diagnosis of autism was based on DSM-IV criteria supplemented by information obtained from parent and child interviews, rating scales, and examination of school and hospital records. Females were older than males at the time of referral. Eleven patients had a history of seizure disorder and one patient had a chromosome abnormality. Twenty-five patients were taking psychotropic medications and 14 patients were the product of consanguineous marriages. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Strange, Incredible and Impossible Things: The Early Anthropology of Reginald Scot
Authors: Littlewood Roland
Published: June 2009

Reginald Scot has been acclaimed as an early rationalist for his critical consideration of witchcraft in 1584. At the same time, the Discoverie of Witchcraft appears organized much as later classic anthropological monographs. This article considers whether his methods and writing might indeed correspond to what we recognise as the procedures of medical or psychiatric anthropology.
Danish EQ-5D population norms
Authors: Sørensen Jan , Davidsen Michael , Gudex Claire , Pedersen Kjeld Møller , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik
Published: June 2009

Background: The EQ-5D is a widely used generic health-related quality of life instrument that has been used to describe population health and health outcomes in clinical trials and health economic evaluations. Aims: To generate Danish population norms for the EQ-5D index score, stratified by age and gender. Methods: The EQ-5D data from three population health surveys were pooled, thus providing EQ-5D profile data for 15,700 individuals aged 20-79 years. The Danish TTO scoring algorithm was used to weight each respondent's profile data to derive a single index score. Mean values were computed by gender and 10-year age groups, and educational groups. Results: In a random sample from the general Danish population, the mean EQ-5D index score ranged between 0.93 for 20—29 year-olds and 0.83 for 70—79 year-olds. Men had a significantly higher score than women in all age groups. Longer education was associated with higher EQ-5D index score in most age groups. Conclusions: The calculated mean values for the EQ-5D index score may be used as reference values for comparative purposes in future Danish population health and evaluative studies.
Obesity and prevalence of risk behaviour for eating disorders among young Danish women
Authors: Waaddegaard Mette , Davidsen Michael , Kjøller Mette
Published: June 2009

Aims: Danish women aged 16—29 from two nationwide, representative, cross-sectional interview/questionnaire surveys from 2000 and 2005 are analyzed for trends in prevalence of risk behaviour for developing eating disorders and associations to BMI and age. Methods: Participants completed the Danish Health Interview Survey and an 8-item screen, RiBED-8, for risk behaviour for eating disorders. To analyze how the prevalence of risk behaviour depends on age, BMI, and year of survey, logistic regression analyses were applied. On acceptance of no interaction, the effect of each variable was tested and described using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Women aged 16—19 or with a BMI of>25 had the greatest chance of reporting risk behaviour for eating disorders. However, many women in their 20s also had risk behaviour. Prevalence of risk behaviour for eating disorders did not change from 2000 to 2005. Conclusions: The shared risk factors for obesity and eating disorders require further investigation for development of collaborative prevention and treatment strategies that should also be directed towards young women in their 20s as well as young teenagers.