bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of esmolol infusion on cardiovascular parameters and quality of general anaesthesia in younger and older patients
Authors: Lončar-Stojiljković Dragana
Published: July 2021

Background: Esmolol is a cardioselective b-adrenergic antagonist that is used during general anaesthesia to blunt the sympathetic reflex tachycardia and hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the potential beneficial and adverse effects of esmolol differ depending on the patient age. Methods: A total of 50 ASA I/II patients scheduled for elective upper abdominal surgery were divided in two groups: younger (patients aged up to 35 years) and older (patients older than 65). After premedication with Diazepam, they were infused with esmolol during the first 5 min at a rate of 0.3 mg/kg/min and 0.1 mg/kg/min thereafter. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium 3-5 mg/kg intravenously (iv) and fentanyl 1.5 µg/kg IV. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with suxamethonium 1-2 mg/kg IV. Long-term neuromuscular blockade was induced with pancuronium bromide 0.07 mg/kg IV bolus and maintained with incremental IV boluses of 0.01 mg/ kg. Inhalational anaesthesia was maintained with a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (O2 /N2 O) 2 : 1. Results: The systolic blood pressure remained constant during the intubation phase in the group of older patients, at the same time being around 89 % of the pre-induction values, while in younger patients it rose up to 100 %. During the same phase of anaesthesia, the diastolic blood pressure in older patients remained at about 91 %, while in younger patients it rose up to 107 % of the pre-induction values. The consumption of drugs and the speed and quality of the recovery from anaesthesia did not differ between the two groups of patients. Conclusion: Infusion of esmolol contributes to the concept of general balanced anaesthesia in elective patients scheduled for upper abdominal surgery equally in younger and older patients.
responsabilidad de los representantes frente a sus electores en Colombia
Authors: Silva Arroyave Sergio Orlando
Published: July 2021

Los principales Estados occidentales del mundo adoptaron una forma de gobierno conocida inicialmente como el «Régimen representativo», para proteger y satisfacer los derechos de sus ciudadanos, permitiéndole a los electores hacer responsables a sus Representantes por las malas decisiones que toman, a través de la reelección periódica. En aquellos Estados, el Régimen representativo ha logrado en buena parte su propósito. Sin embargo, el estudio de la responsabilidad de los Representantes frente a sus electores en Colombia, realizado a través de una metodología analítico-descriptiva, permitió identificar que la manera como está reglamentado en concreto el Régimen representativo en este país, dificulta en la práctica que los electores puedan hacer responsables a sus Representantes por su mala representación.
A vueltas con el terrorismo e internet: hacia una definición de ciberterrorismo
Authors: Montes Noblejas Diego
Published: July 2021

La expansión de internet no solo ha generado innumerables beneficios y posibilidades, sino que también ha favorecido la aparición de las llamadas «ciberamenazas». Una de ellas, el «ciberterrorismo», es analizada en las siguientes páginas. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una definición propia de ciberterrorismo que pueda resultar válida desde la óptica del derecho internacional general. Para ello se sigue una aproximación inductiva. Primero, se proporciona una definición de terrorismo internacional obtenida después de sintetizar algunas de las nociones más relevantes en relación con dicho término. A continuación, tras exponer la importancia que tiene internet en el terrorismo internacional actual, se presenta dicha definición de ciberterrorismo. A este respecto, se opta por una concepción estricta que permite distinguir esta ciberamenaza de otras con las que habitualmente se confunde, como son «el uso de internet con fines terroristas» y el «hacktivismo». Por último, antes de presentar las conclusiones alcanzadas, se evalúan las posibilidades de que el ciberterrorismo acontezca en un futuro próximo y su consideración como una amenaza real.
Diplomacia deportiva, una disciplina por desarrollar
Authors: Sobrino de Toro Javier
Published: July 2021

El deporte es el fenómeno social más importante de los últimos años con una proyección multinacional inigualable. Como tal puede ser utilizado como instrumento de la acción exterior por parte de los países y de las empresas a través de la denominada diplomacia deportiva. El presente artículo aborda esta disciplina desde el punto de vista de los objetivos a los que puede contribuir y de los medios de los que puede disponer. Los objetivos son muy variados, estructurándose en objetivos de identificación, intercambio y contribución. Por lo que respecta a los medios, estos incluyen agentes deportivos, actividades, infraestructuras, conocimiento y productos y servicios. La adecuada definición y gestión de dichos objetivos y medios supone un gran potencial en el empeño de estructurar, desarrollar y, sobre todo, aplicar esta nueva disciplina llamada diplomacia deportiva.
Reseña a Gonzalo J., Basso, Determinación judicial de la pena y proporcionalidad con el hecho, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2019, 429, Páginas., ISBN: 9788491236146
Authors: Cruz Palmera Roberto
Published: July 2021

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La dirección escolar ante la participación del alumnado
Authors: García-Raga Laura , Boqué Torremorell Maria Carme , Alguacil de Nicolás Montserrat
Published: July 2021

La participación es un derecho que los niños y niñas deben tener la oportunidad de ejercer y la escuela es un escenario idóneo para que el alumnado pueda hacer oír su voz exponiendo ideas, tomando decisiones y formulando propuestas. Con el objetivo de detectar las opciones del alumnado de participar en el centro y apuntar vías para maximizarlas efectuamos un estudio a partir de un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc dirigido a todos y todas los directores y directoras de escuelas de Cataluña. En concreto, participaron 684 y los resultados indican que los niños y las niñas no solo opinan en clase, sino que toman decisiones cuando trabajan en grupo, en relación con la convivencia o votando sus propias propuestas. Además, pueden influir en el centro reivindicando y defendiendo sus intereses. En conclusión, los diferentes grados de participación del alumnado revelan una evolución desde la participación simbólica o aparente hacia opinar y decidir y, también, incidir. Todo ello sin inmiscuirse demasiado en terrenos tradicionalmente regidos por los adultos o tomar iniciativas a la hora de formular los propios mecanismos participativos. Convendría, pues, fortalecer los diferentes niveles de participación y promover aquellos tipos que apenas se han detectado en este estudio.

Participation is a right that children should have the opportunity to put into practice. Schools are an ideal setting for students to make their voices heard by expressing ideas, making decisions and formulating proposals. With the aim of exploring the options of the students to participate in the school and to point out ways to maximize these options, we conducted a study by means of an ad-hoc questionnaire addressed to all school principals in Catalonia. Specifically, 684 participated and the results indicate that not only do boys and girls give their opinion in class, but also make decisions when they work in groups, in relation to classroom coexistence or by voting their own proposals. In addition, they can influence the school by claiming and defending their interests. In conclusion, the different degrees of student participation reveal an evolution from symbolic or apparent participation towards giving opinions and making decisions, an also having an influence. However, participation in areas traditionally governed by adults and the possibility of establishing participatory mechanisms are rare. It would therefore be appropriate to strengthen the different levels of participation and to promote those types that have hardly been detected in this study.
Oportunidades de aprendizaje y formación docente: una mirada desde las Ecologías de Aprendizaje
Authors: Souto-Seijo Alba , Estévez Iris , Sande Olalla
Published: July 2021

Una de las características más relevantes de la Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento es que el aprendizaje ya no solo tiene lugar en las instituciones formativas regladas, sino que también se halla en espacios no formales e informales. Las tecnologías digitales nos brindan la posibilidad de aprender en cualquier momento y en cualquier lugar, rompiendo las barreras espacio-temporales por lo que, actualmente, las experiencias de aprendizaje son ilimitadas. Así pues, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo las diferentes oportunidades de aprendizaje y formación contribuyen al desarrollo profesional de los docentes. Esta investigación, de corte cualitativo, se ha desarrollado a través de la tradición de investigación de Estudio de Caso. Los participantes que conforman el caso son cuatro docentes de Educación Infantil de la provincia de A Coruña. La técnica de recogida de datos empleada ha sido la entrevista en profundidad. La información fue procesada mediante estrategias de análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que los docentes llevan a cabo múltiples actividades formativas para mantenerse actualizados, entre las que destacan los cursos que oferta la propia Administración educativa, a través de los Centros de Formación y Recursos, y las reuniones con otros profesionales. Las Ecologías de Aprendizaje se presentan como un marco útil desde el cual poder integrar y optimizar las diversas experiencias de aprendizaje, para entender de forma holística los diversos elementos que determinan el proceso de desarrollo profesional de los docentes del caso de estudio y el potencial de sus sinergias.

One of the most relevant characteristics of the Information and Knowledge Society is the fact that learning no longer takes place merely in regulated training institutions, but also in non-formal and informal spaces. Digital technologies give us the possibility to learn at any time and in any place. This breaks space-time barriers generating learning experiences which nowadays are unlimited. Thus, the present work aims to analyse how the different learning and training opportunities contribute to the professional development of teachers. This qualitative piece of research adopted a case study design. The participants were four Early Childhood Education teachers from the province of A Coruña (Spain). Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The information was processed through content analysis strategies. The results show that teachers carry out multiple training activities to keep up-to-date including courses offered by the educational administration, through the Training and Resource Centres, and meetings with other professionals. Learning Ecologies are presented as a useful framework from which it is possible to integrate and optimize various learning experiences, understanding holistically the manyfold elements that determine the professional development of the four teachers in the case study and the potential of their synergies.
Internet y redes sociales: un desafío a la convivencia familiar
Authors: Dans Álvarez-de-Sotomayor Isabel , Muñoz Carril Pablo César
Published: July 2021

Este artículo explora cómo internet y las redes sociales pueden convertirse en el origen de conflictos en la esfera familiar. Se analiza la influencia de Internet en la convivencia familiar, examinando las preocupaciones y necesidades para educar en el ámbito digital. Se ha desarrollado un estudio cuantitativo no experimental empleando el método de encuesta. Participaron 1144 estudiantes de educación secundaria de la ciudad de A Coruña, todos ellos usuarios de internet y redes sociales. Un 76% de los encuestados manifiesta que sus padres no les prohíben nada cuando navegan por la red. Entre las principales acciones que los progenitores impiden realizar a sus hijos e hijas, se encuentran: realizar compras en línea, dar información personal y enviar correos a personas desconocidas. También se ha podido identificar que un 49% de los menores discute con sus padres por el uso de internet. Asimismo, se constata que las mujeres, frente a los hombres, son las que afirman que su familia se preocupa en mayor medida por el tipo de contenidos a los que acceden, así como por los contactos incluidos en sus redes sociales. Resulta necesario que padres y madres tomen conciencia de la importancia que supone educar a sus hijos/as en un uso responsable de la tecnología. En este sentido, adquirir una adecuada educación digital en el seno familiar resulta clave para minimizar conflictos, así como prevenir y tomar conciencia de los riesgos derivados de un uso inadecuado de internet y de las redes sociales.

This article explores how the Internet and social networks can become the source of conflicts in the family sphere. The influence of the Internet on family life is analyzed, examining the concerns and needs when it comes to education in the digital world. A non-experimental quantitative study was carried out using the survey method. 1144 high school students from the city of A Coruña participated, all of them Internet and social media users. 76% of those surveyed state that their parents do not forbid them anything when they surf on the Net. The main actions that parents prevent their sons and daughters from doing include making online purchases, giving personal information and sending emails to strangers. It was also identified that 49% of minors argue with their parents about using the Internet. Likewise, it was found that women, in contrast to men, affirm that their family cares more about the type of content they access, as well as the contacts included on their social networks. It is necessary for parents to become aware of the importance of educating their children in a responsible use of technology. In this sense, acquiring adequate digital education within the family is key to minimizing conflicts, as well as preventing and becoming aware of the risks derived from an inappropriate use of the Internet and social networks.
MAKROEKONOMSKI MODEL REPUBLIKE SRPSKE ZA PERIOD 2007-2019.
Authors: Stevanović Saša
Published: July 2021

Bilo koju društvenu ili prirodnu pojavu
moguće je objasniti modelom. Međutim, ekonomski model funkcionisanja Republike Srpske do sada nije zabilježen. Serija podataka koja je dostupna za ekonomski sistem Republike daje mogućnost za razvijanje različitih modela. Ovi modeli sa standardnom greškom koju posjeduju mogu da budu od koristi donosiocima ključnih ekonomskih odluka u društvu. Pandemija izazvana virusom COVID-19, pored zdravstvenih, napravila je i ekonomske probleme. Strah koji je zabilježen, neizvjesnost u funkcionisanju ekonomskog sistema u rangu je krize 2008/09. Ekonomija Republike zabilježila je pad ekonomske aktivnosti, koji je ipak manji nego pad nakon krize 2008/09. Upravljanje agregatnom tražnjom je najefikasniji instrument vođenja kontraciklične ekonomske politike. Treba se nadati da će izloženi model poslužiti kao osnova za kritiku naučnoj i stručnoj javnosti, te da će sam model naći primjenu kod kreatora domaće ekonomske politike.
La responsabilidad patrimonial de los concesionarios de obras públicas por los daños sufridos por terceros durante la fase de explotación de la concesión
Authors: Loo Gutiérrez Martin
Published: July 2021

El trabajo presenta el estado actual del derecho que regula la responsabilidad de los concesionarios frente a terceros que sufren daños en las obras públicas concesionadas durante su fase de explotación. Al respecto es posible advertir que la jurisprudencia de nuestras Cortes ha elaborado, al menos, dos soluciones que siguen caminos argumentativos diversos. Se someterá a juicio crítico ambas respuestas y se concluirá que la responsabilidad de los concesionarios por los daños sufridos por terceros, tengan o no la calidad de usuarios, durante la fase de explotación de la concesión, es de naturaleza extracontractual y, por tanto, no se encuentra sujeta a las normas de la Ley de Protección del Consumidor.
Influence of Sowing Dates and Varieties on the Biological Yield of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Roshan Sediq Omar , Hashimi Rahmatullah , Noori Ghulam Habib
Published: July 2021

A field experiment was carried out in Dar-ul-Aman Research Farm, Kabul Afghanistan in 2017, to study the influence of sowing dates and varieties on the biological yield of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with a split-plot arrangement having three replications. Wheat was sown in different sowing dates i.e., October 24th, November 2nd, 12th, and 22nd in main plots, whereas five wheat varieties (Chounth # 1-2010, Moqawim-09, Shisham Bagh-08, Dar-ul-Aman-07 and Solh 2002) were in sub plots. November 2nd planted wheat had a highest biological yield of (6642.1 kg ha-1) followed by October 24th and November 12th which gave (6576.5) and (5711.0 kg ha-1) respectively. The lowest biological yield of (2975.1 kg ha-1) was given by the wheat varieties sown on November 22nd. Among the all-wheat varieties, Solh 2002, had significantly higher biological yield of (6263.7 kg ha-1) followed by Shisham Bagh-08 with biological yield of (5571.8 kg ha-1). However, Moqawim-09 had lowest biological yield of (4976.8 kg ha-1) compare to other varieties. While, evaluating performance of different wheat varieties on different sowing dates, Solh 2002, resulted in maximum biological yield (7476.2 kg ha-1) on November 2nd followed by Dar-ul-Aman-07 (6933.3 kg ha-1) and Shisham Bagh-08 (6860.0 kg ha-1) on November 2nd and October 24th respectively. On the other hand, Dar-ul-Aman-07 had lowest biological yield among the varieties (2015.5 kg ha-1) on November 22nd, it shows that, Dar-ul-Aman-07 had highest biological yield on early planting but lower yield on late sowing dates. The study shows that delay in wheat planting or selection of other varieties rather than Solh 2002 and Dar-ul-Aman-07 reduces the biological yield of the crop.
Diversity of Arthropods and Population Dynamics of Diamondback Moth Visiting Organically Cultivated Cabbage
Authors: Pathak Sourav , Dhote Vishal Walmik , Dere V. K.
Published: July 2021

The biodiversity of insects visiting cabbage and population dynamics of diamondback moth was studies on Golden acre variety of cabbage. The experiment was conducted at experimental plot of Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Morabadi, Ranchi, during October to January, 2018-19. During the experiment, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Diamondback moth, Cabbage aphid, Cabbage maggot, Cabbage butterfly, Tobacco caterpillar, Ladybird beetle, Rice bug, Cricket and Spider were noticed. The population of diamondback moth was positively correlated with maximum, minimum, average temperature and maximum relative humidity and negatively correlated with minimum RH, wind speed; rainfall. The highest larval population of was recorded during 1st week of January (1st Standard Meteorological Week, SMW).
A Succinct Exploration on Bilwa (Aegle marmelos) Plant – A Literature Review
Authors: Pillai R. Sai Nath , Manu R. , Chandran T. S. Remesh
Published: July 2021

Aegle marmelos (L) Correa (family: Rutaceae) is used to treat a wide range of ailments. This plant has been around since prehistoric time. As it produces a number of alkaloids, all aspects of the plant, including fruits, leaves, bark, stem, and root, are used to treat variety of diseases. Antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties are some of the most important medicinal properties of Bilwa. Fruit-derived compounds have been shown to have biological promise in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes, gastric ulcers, and hyperlipidaemia. Many experiments have been conducted on its medical properties and uses which demonstrate its importance in today's environment. The anatomy, distribution, dietary action, Ayurveda applications, and pharmacological properties of this plant is outlined in this review manuscript.
Clinical Analysis of Nasal Parameters of 61 Medical Students in South Indians
Authors: Atin Mukherjee Ankita , Kesarwaani Shivaam
Published: July 2021

Background: The shape of the nose indicates the ethnicity ,race, age, and sex. Anthropometric parameters vary with age, sex, and ethnic background, and several authors have attempted to document the normative values which may serve as references.

Materials and methods: This study includes measurement of  different parameters of nose among 61 South Indian medical students (34 females;27 males) which were statistically analysed.

Results: 1) Morphological width of the nose -3.3cm (males) and 2.9 cm(females).2) Columella Length -1.8 cm(males) and 1.6 cm(females).3) Columella Width -0.59 cm(males) and 0.57 cm(females).4) Alar Width -0.52 cm (males) and 0.45 cm (females). 5).The most common type of cheek alar groove was cheek type followed by labial and tube type in both males and females.

Conclusion: All the measurements can be used for evaluation of nasal deformity, treatment   planning and post surgical evaluation of the correction achieved during rhinoplasty.
Factors Influencing Reader Satisfaction and Quality of Service in Modern Libraries
Authors: Oqlu Kazimi Parviz Firudin , Qurbanov Azad
Published: July 2021

The article examines the factors influencing the overall satisfaction of readers and the quality of service in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the library and information activities of Azerbaijan. The research was carried out on the basis of the "SERVQUAL" model. The Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) was calculated, evaluated on a 7-point Laykert scale for 5 dimensions and a “threshold” index was determined. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, the ergonomic environment, the provision of new information, the professionalism of the staff and openness to managerial innovations were identified as the main factors influencing the satisfaction of readers and the quality of service.
Preliminary Investigations into Use of Metomidate for Euthanasia of Ornamental Fishes
Authors: Yanong Roy P. E.
Published: July 2021

The goals of this study were to investigate the potential use of metomidate for one-step euthanasia of ornamental fish species representing commonly sold families in the ornamental fish trade and to determine a baseline euthanasia dose for most species tested. Metomidate hydrochloride, a rapid-acting, water-soluble, nonbarbiturate hypnotic related to etomidate, was tested at various concentrations and durations for euthanasia of species representing the following freshwater and marine aquarium fish families: Apogonidae, Ariidae, Blenniidae, Callichthyidae, Characidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Gyrinocheilidae, Loricariidae, Melanotaeniidae, Osphronemidae, Pimelodidae, Poeciliidae, Pomacentridae, and Pseudochromidae. Fish in each trial were euthanized as a group (n = 1). Most groups contained 10–12 fish. Some higher doses required buffering. Euthanasia was considered successful if all fish in each group did not recover after 6 h in unmedicated water. All species immediately lost buoyancy and equilibrium, dropping to the tank bottom within 1 min and ceasing ventilation typically within minutes. However, reactivity to vibration, sound, or touch was noticeable for varying time periods afterward (8–66 min), so an additional 30 min of exposure after cessation of reactivity was included as part of the protocol. Although some species (Neon Tetras Paracheirodon innesi and Australian Rainbowfish Melanotaenia australis) were euthanized at a concentration of 40 mg/L metomidate for a total exposure time of 38 min, most species tested were successfully euthanized with metomidate at a concentration of 100 mg/L, with total exposure times ranging from 35–96 min. A few catfish species (Otocinclus sp. and Bronze Corydoras Corydoras aeneus) were refractory and recovered after 100 mg/L. However, Otocinclus sp. were successfully euthanized at 250 mg/L, and Bronze Corydoras were euthanized at 1,000 mg/L. Further studies are needed to provide additional data for these and other species and families, for different water chemistry conditions, and for various biological factors to fine-tune dosing regimens.
Physical Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis: The Patient Perspective
Authors: Liem Sophie I. E. , van Leeuwen Nina M. , Vliet Vlieland Thea P. M. , Boerrigter Gerrie M. W. , van den Ende Cornelia H. M. , de Pundert Lian A. J. , Schriemer Marisca R. , Spierings Julia , Vonk Madelon C. , de Vries‐Bouwstra Jeska K.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To assess the use, satisfaction, needs, and preferences regarding physical therapy (PT) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

A total of 405 SSc patients, treated in the Leiden University Medical Center multidisciplinary care program and fulfilling American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) 2013 SSc criteria, received a questionnaire containing 37 questions on use and satisfaction regarding PT over a 2‐year period, and their needs and preferences for future PT.

Results

A total of 204 SSc patients (median age 63 years, 81% female) completed the questionnaire. One hundred twenty‐eight patients (63%) had used or were using PT in a primary care setting. For 39% of patients not using PT, lack of referral or lack of knowledge was the reason for not using it. The most frequently reported active treatments were muscle‐strengthening (n = 92 [72%]), range of motion (n = 77 [60%]), and aerobic exercises (n = 72 [56%]). Specific SSc hand‐ and mouth‐opening exercises were reported by 20 (15%) and 7 (6%) patients, respectively. Manual treatment (massage or passive mobilization) was reported by 83 patients (65%). The mean ± SD satisfaction score (range 0–10) was 8.2 ± 1.6. Regarding patients' needs, 96 patients (47%) of the total group wanted to receive more information concerning PT, and 128 (63%) wanted to continue, start, or restart PT in the near future, with 56 of the 128 patients (44%) favoring individual treatment on a continuous basis.

Conclusion

We observed a significant variation in the use and content of PT for SSc patients in a primary care setting. Our results suggest potential underuse of PT care, in particular for hand and oral dysfunction, and underpin the need for initiatives to improve the quality and accessibility of PT care for SSc patients.
Rapid Review of Medication Taking (Adherence) Among Patients With Rheumatic Diseases During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Rebić Nevena , Park Jamie Y. , Garg Ria , Ellis Ursula , Kelly Ayano , Davidson Eileen , De Vera Mary A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

We aimed to identify, appraise, synthesize, and contextualize rapidly emerging reports on medication taking (adherence) among patients with rheumatic diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for peer‐reviewed communications, letters, and articles published during the COVID‐19 pandemic evaluating medication taking among individuals with rheumatic diseases. We appraised assessment and reporting of medication adherence according to established definitions of 3 distinct problems of medication taking (i.e., noninitiation, poor implementation, and discontinuation) and pooled findings using random‐effects models.

Results

We included 31 peer‐reviewed studies in our synthesis from various jurisdictions, of which 25 described medication taking among rheumatology patients and 6 described medication prescribing among rheumatology providers. The pooled prevalence of overall medication nonadherence was 14.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 12.3–17.2) and that of medication discontinuation (i.e., stopping of prescriptions) and poor implementation (i.e., not taking medication at the dose/frequency prescribed) as 9.5% (95% CI 5.1–14.0) and 9.6% (95% CI 6.2–13.0), respectively. Noninitiation (i.e., not starting/not filling new prescriptions) was not addressed.

Conclusion

Medication taking among individuals with rheumatic diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic varies globally. Unclear reporting and extensive variation in research methods between studies create barriers to research replication, comparison, and generalization to specific patient populations. Future research in this area should use consistent and transparent approaches to defining and measuring medication taking problems to ensure that findings appropriately describe the epidemiology of medication adherence and have the potential to identify modifiable targets for improving patient care.
Domain Controlling by Compound Additive toward Highly Efficient Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Dezhong , Fu Yunxing , Liu Chunyu , Zhao Chenyang , Gao Xiang , Zhang Jidong , Guo Wenbin , Liu Jun , Qin Chuanjiang , Wang Lixiang
Published: July 2021

Quasi‐2D perovskites with enlarged exciton binding energy and tunable bandgap are appealing for application in perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, wide n domains distribution is commonly formed in solution‐processed quasi‐2D perovskite films due to the uncontrollable crystallization behavior, which leads to low device performance. Here, the crystallization process is successfully regulated to narrow the n domains distribution by introducing compound additive of ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Cryptand complexant. ZrO2 NPs can avoid the segregation of organic large and small cations by strengthening the solvent extraction capacity of antisolvent, while Cryptand offsets the poor solubility of PbBr2 by forming an intermediate state to slow down the crystallization of high‐n domains. Consequently, both high photoluminescence quantum yields over 90% and a high external quantum efficiency of 21.2% are obtained in the optimized green quasi‐2D PeLEDs. Moreover, the lifetime extends about four times compared with control devices. The strategy of domain controlling by compound additive provides a powerful way to develop high‐performance quasi‐2D perovskite optoelectrical devices.
Multifunctional Conjugated Ligand Engineering for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Ke , Atapattu Harindi R. , Zhao Qiuchen , Gao Yao , Finkenauer Blake P. , Wang Kang , Chen Ke , Park So Min , Coffey Aidan H. , Zhu Chenhui , Huang Libai , Graham Kenneth R. , Mei Jianguo , Dou Letian
Published: July 2021

Surface passivation is an effective way to boost the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, a key challenge faced by most of the passivation strategies is reducing the interface charge recombination without imposing energy barriers to charge extraction. Here, a novel multifunctional semiconducting organic ammonium cationic interface modifier inserted between the light‐harvesting perovskite film and the hole‐transporting layer is reported. It is shown that the conjugated cations can directly extract holes from perovskite efficiently, and simultaneously reduce interface non‐radiative recombination. Together with improved energy level alignment and the stabilized interface in the device, a triple‐cation mixed‐halide medium‐bandgap PSC with an excellent power conversion efficiency of 22.06% (improved from 19.94%) and suppressed ion migration and halide phase segregation, which lead to a long‐term operational stability, is demonstrated. This strategy provides a new practical method of interface engineering in PSCs toward improved efficiency and stability.
An Innovative Solvent‐Responsive Coiling–Expanding Stent
Authors: Shi Shuo , Cui Miao , Sun Fengxin , Zhu Kunkun , Iqbal Mohammad Irfan , Chen Xiaoyu , Fei Bin , Li Robert K. Y. , Xia Qingyou , Hu Jinlian
Published: July 2021

Coronary artery disease is the “first killer” in the world, while the classical treatment for this disease is to implant stent. An ideal vascular stent should be nontoxic with self‐expanding characteristics, quick expanding speed, and appropriate mechanical supporting property. However, no existing vascular stent covers all properties. Herein, a two‐way shape‐memory cellulose vascular stent, which can realize shape adjustments by mild solutions such as water and alcohol, is constructed. The shape‐memory characteristics, mechanical properties, cell toxicity, and biocompatibility, are systemically investigated by ex vivo experiment as well as molecule simulation and theoretical modeling, revealing that the achieved bilayer two‐way shape‐memory films (BSMFs) can be used as an artificial vascular stent. In particular, this vascular stent made from BSMFs shows superb biocompatibility according to live/dead cell viability assays. Ex vivo experiments reveal that the novel vascular stent can support arteria coronaria sinistra, or the left main coronary artery, at the opening state while the cross‐section of the vessel becomes two times larger than that of the initial state after implantation. Thus, it is believed that effective and scalable BSMFs can make meritorious fundamental contributions to biomaterials science and practical applications such as vascular stents.
Geometric Modulation of Local CO Flux in Ag@Cu2O Nanoreactors for Steering the CO2RR Pathway toward High‐Efficacy Methane Production
Authors: Xiong Likun , Zhang Xiang , Chen Ling , Deng Zhao , Han Sheng , Chen Yufeng , Zhong Jun , Sun Hao , Lian Yuebin , Yang Baiyu , Yuan Xuzhou , Yu Hui , Liu Yu , Yang Xiaoqin , Guo Jun , Rümmeli Mark H. , Jiao Yan , Peng Yang
Published: July 2021

The electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to CH4 stands as one of the promising paths for resourceful CO2 utilization in meeting the imminent “carbon‐neutral” goal of the near future. Yet, limited success has been witnessed in the development of high‐efficiency catalysts imparting satisfactory methane selectivity at a commercially viable current density. Herein, a unique category of CO2RR catalysts is fabricated with the yolk–shell nanocell structure, comprising an Ag core and a Cu2O shell that resembles the tandem nanoreactor. By fixing the Ag core and tuning the Cu2O envelope size, the CO flux arriving at the oxide‐derived Cu shell can be regulated, which further modulates the *CO coverage and *H adsorption at the Cu surface, consequently steering the CO2RR pathway. Density functional theory simulations show that lower CO coverage favors methane formation via stabilizing the intermediate *CHO. As a result, the best catalyst in the flow cell shows a high CH4 Faraday efficiency of 74 ± 2% and partial current density of 178 ± 5 mA cm−2 at −1.2 VRHE, ranking above the state‐of‐the‐art catalysts reported today for methane production. These findings mark the significance of precision synthesis in tailoring the catalyst geometry for achieving desired CO2RR performance.
Tetrafluoroborate‐Induced Reduction in Defect Density in Hybrid Perovskites through Halide Management
Authors: Nagane Satyawan , Macpherson Stuart , Hope Michael A. , Kubicki Dominik J. , Li Weiwei , Verma Sachin Dev , Ferrer Orri Jordi , Chiang Yu‐Hsien , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. , Grey Clare P. , Stranks Samuel D.
Published: July 2021

Hybrid‐perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices are demonstrating unprecedented growth in performance, and defect passivation approaches are highly promising routes to further improve properties. Here, the effect of the molecular ion BF4−, introduced via methylammonium tetrafluoroborate (MABF4) in a surface treatment for MAPbI3 perovskite, is reported. Optical spectroscopy characterization shows that the introduction of tetrafluoroborate leads to reduced non‐radiative charge‐carrier recombination with a reduction in first‐order recombination rate from 6.5 × 106 to 2.5 × 105 s−1 in BF4−‐treated samples, and a consequent increase in photoluminescence quantum yield by an order of magnitude (from 0.5 to 10.4%). 19F, 11B, and 14N solid‐state NMR is used to elucidate the atomic‐level mechanism of the BF4− additive‐induced improvements, revealing that the BF4− acts as a scavenger of excess MAI by forming MAI–MABF4 cocrystals. This shifts the equilibrium of iodide concentration in the perovskite phase, thereby reducing the concentration of interstitial iodide defects that act as deep traps and non‐radiative recombination centers. These collective results allow us to elucidate the microscopic mechanism of action of BF4−.
“Manipulation” of Crystal Structure by Methylthiolation Enabling Ultrahigh Mobility in a Pyrene‐Based Molecular Semiconductor
Authors: Takimiya Kazuo , Bulgarevich Kirill , Abbas Mamatimin , Horiuchi Shingo , Ogaki Takuya , Kawabata Kohsuke , Ablat Abduleziz
Published: July 2021

Control and prediction of crystal structures of molecular semiconductors are considered challenging, yet they are crucial for rational design of superior molecular semiconductors. It is here reported that through methylthiolation, one can rationally control the crystal structure of pyrene derivatives as molecular semiconductors; 1,6‐bis(methylthio)pyrene keeps a similar sandwich herringbone structure to that of parent pyrene, whereas 1,3,6,8‐tetrakis(methylthio)pyrene (MT‐pyrene) takes a new type of brickwork structure. Such changes in these crystal structures are explained by the alteration of intermolecular interactions that are efficiently controlled by methylthiolation. Single crystals of MT‐pyrene are evaluated as the active semiconducting material in single‐crystal field‐effect transistors (SC‐FETs), which show extremely high mobility (32 cm2 V−1 s−1 on average) operating at the drain and gate voltages of −5 V. Moreover, the band‐like transport and very low trap density are experimentally confirmed for the MT‐pyrene SC‐FETs, testifying that the MT‐pyrene is among the best molecular semiconductors for the SC‐FET devices.
Dragging a manure hose over corn at early growth stages does not reduce yield
Authors: Wilson Melissa L. , Pfarr Christopher J. , Fernández Fabián G. , Coulter Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2021

Sidedressing corn (Zea mays L.) with liquid manure slurry via a manure hose application system was recently shown to be a viable practice to apply manure to a growing crop. However, little is known about what growth stage different corn hybrids can be dragged with a manure hose before plant population and grain yield is affected. A small‐plot field study was conducted in 2019 and 2020 at both Saint Paul and Waseca in Minnesota to evaluate the effect of dragging a manure hose over corn on plant population, grain yield, and grain moisture of two hybrids with different mid‐season brittle stalk ratings (Pioneer P0339R and P0306AM). Plots were dragged in both directions along the row with a manure hose from the first through sixth leaf collar growth stages (vegetative [V] growth stage V1 through V6) and compared to a non‐dragged control. Plant population, grain yield, and grain moisture were generally not significantly affected by dragging corn between the V1 and V3 (third leaf collar) growth stages. Dragging at V4 reduced plant population and yield by 41% in 1 of 4 site‐years, while dragging after V5 significantly reduced yield by 21–79% and in most cases, increased grain moisture. Yield did not differ between hybrids in any site‐year except in Waseca 2019 when a July windstorm disproportionately affected hybrid P0306AM more than P0339R. These results suggest that when using a manure drag hose application system to sidedress corn, sidedressing should be completed before V4 to avoid damaging the crop, regardless of hybrid.
Establishment of a Machine Learning Model for Early and Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Laboratory Routine Data
Authors: Wang Beilei , Wei Wenxin , Shao Zhuo , Qin Qin , Wang Zhiyong , Jia Yin , Guo Jie , Pang Yanan , Jiang Lei , Jin Gang , Mao Chuanbin , Liu Shanrong
Published: July 2021

Early diagnosis and clear differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from chronic pancreatitis (CP) is clinically challenging. A machine learning model is developed for the diagnosis of PDAC. The model is induced using a dataset of 13  987 participants, of which 12  402 are used for training the model and the remaining 1585 for testing purposes. One thousand sixty‐six laboratory variables are reduced to 18 measures using standard filtering and feature importance methods. Then, five machine learning classifiers are evaluated for the study. Hyperparameter optimization for each classifier is carried out, and the optimal algorithm is established using a tenfold cross validation on the training data. Finally, gradient boosting decision tree‐based ternary classifier composed of 18 routine laboratory variables (GBDT‐TC18) is established. In the test cohort, GBDT‐TC18 differentiates PDAC from CP and healthy control (HC) with an accuracy better than carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9)‐based diagnosis. It also maintains a high diagnostic accuracy for stages I, IIA, and IIB PDAC, small‐sized PDAC, body and tail adenocarcinoma, CA19‐9‐negative PDAC, and nonjaundice PDAC. What's more, GBDT‐TC18 shows a higher accuracy than CA19‐9 in distinguishing PDAC from CP. GBDT‐TC18 can be used to augment the capability of doctors for early and differential diagnosis of PDAC.
Human Brain Resilience: A Call to Action
Authors: Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Bartres‐Faz David
Published: July 2021

At present, resilience refers to a highly heterogeneous concept with ill‐defined determinants, mechanisms, and outcomes. This call for action argues for the need to define resilience as a person‐centered multidimensional metric, informed by a dynamic lifespan perspective and combining observational and interventional experimental studies to identify specific neural markers and correlated behavioral measures. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic highlights the urgent need of such an effort with the ultimate goal of defining a new vital sign, an individual index of resilience, as a life‐long metric with the capacity to predict an individual's risk for disability in the face of a stressor, insult, injury, or disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:336–349
Solution blow spinning of piezoelectric nanofiber mat for detecting mechanical and acoustic signals
Authors: Elnabawy Eman , Farag Mazen , Soliman Amira , Mahmoud Kamal , Shehata Nader , Nair Remya , Kandas Ishac , Atif Rasheed , Combrinck Madeleine , Khaliq Jibran , Shyha Islam , Kilic Ali , Hassanin Ahmed H.
Published: July 2021

Solution blow spinning (SBS) technique can produce nanofibers (NFs) mat in large‐scale production. In this work, the SBS was used to fabricate piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) NF membranes that can be utilized for energy harvesting applications. The effect of operating air pressure from (2–5 bar) on the surface morphology of the NFs has been studied. The structural analysis for crystalline polymorph β‐phase for PVDF powder, casted film, electrospinning and SBS NFs has also been presented with the aid of Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF NFs mats were tested by applying impact impulse with different weights from different heights between 1 and 10 cm. The sensitivity of the voltage response increased from 1.71 mV/g to 8.98 mV/g, respectively. Besides, the SBS generated PVDF mat is found to be sensitive to pressure forces in a range of few Newtons with the generated voltage according to detected sensitivity of 80 mV/N based on the analysis of the impact of a few Hertz mechanical vibrations. In addition, the produced SBS NFs were applied as an acoustic signal detector within different acoustic frequencies. The results suggest that the β‐phase PVDF nanofibrous membrane produced via the SBS technique has a great potential to be used as a piezoelectric sensor.
A facile approach to prepare anhydrous MgCO3 and its effect on the mechanical and flame retardant properties of PVC composites
Authors: Bi Qiuyan , Lu Yunhua , Zhao Chunyan , Ma Xiaohong , Khanal Santosh , Xu Shiai
Published: July 2021

Anhydrous MgCO3 is considered a promising inorganic filler because of its many outstanding properties. In this study, a facile approach was developed to prepare anhydrous MgCO3 using urea as CO2 source. MgCO3 with cube‐like morphology (MC‐cube) was prepared and then modified with β‐cyclodextrin (CD) (CD@MC‐cube) in order to improve its interfacial adhesion with PVC matrix. The results indicate that the incorporation of MgCO3 can not only reinforce and toughen PVC composites, but it can also enhance their thermal stability and flame retardancy. Specifically, the impact strength of CD@MC‐cube/PVC composite with 4 wt% of CD@MC‐cube is increased by 92.5%, and the total smoke production and the total heat release of CD@MC‐cube/PVC composite with 12 wt% of CD@MC‐cube are decreased by 38.8% and 51.3% compared with that of PVC matrix, respectively.
Simultaneously improving thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/expanded graphite via melt blending with polyamide 6
Authors: Tong Jun , Zhang Haichen , Li Wei , Chen Haichu , Wang Daoyong , Hu Manfeng , Wang Zhifeng
Published: July 2021

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polyamide 6/expanded graphite (PVDF/PA6/EG) composite is prepared via one‐step melt extrusion. The EG is well dispersed with the addition of PA6 and mainly distributed in the PA6 phase due to the stronger affinity between them. As a result, the PVDF/PA6/EG sample presents higher dielectric permittivity than the PVDF/EG sample and maintain a low dielectric loss due to its sea‐island phase structure, which impedes the formation of conductive path in the composite. The mean interlayer spacing of the EG in the polymer matrix decreases obviously due to its improved dispersion state, which is in favor of the phonon transportation in the composite. As a result, the PVDF/PA6/EG sample exhibits a significantly improved thermal conductivity of about 0.48 W m−1 K−1, which is 140% higher than that of the PVDF sample and 37% higher than that of the PVDF/EG sample. Moreover, the PVDF/PA6/EG sample presents higher Young's modulus and tensile strength than the PVDF/EG sample. While the elongation at break of the PVDF/PA6/EG sample is only a little lower than that of the PVDF/EG sample. This means that the tensile properties of the composite are not destroyed obviously by melt blending with the immiscible PA6.
Drivers of biodiversity loss in freshwater environments: A bibliometric analysis of the recent literature
Authors: Williams‐Subiza Emilio A. , Epele Luis B.
Published: July 2021

Species are disappearing at a rate comparable with previous mass extinctions. Freshwater environments are being particularly affected, with biodiversity losses occurring much faster in freshwater than in terrestrial or marine ecosystems.

This study assessed the research on drivers of biodiversity loss in freshwater environments as described in nearly 37,000 articles published in the last decade. Articles on biodiversity published between 2010 and 2019 were retrieved from the Web of Science to determine the number of articles that addressed a particular driver of biodiversity loss, by analysing the titles, abstracts, and keywords. The biodiversity and development status of a country was also investigated to see how it affects its scientific output (i.e. number of published articles).

Twenty per cent of the articles on biodiversity addressed freshwater biodiversity. Researchers devoted considerable effort to six drivers – climate change, water pollution, flow modification, expanding hydropower, species invasions, and habitat degradation – but practically ignored other threats, such as plastic and light pollution. It was also found that megadiverse countries, which for the most part were also developing countries, published substantially fewer articles than developed but less biodiverse countries.

We recommend a series of actions that could contribute to mitigate the biases found in this study.