bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making a Case
Authors: Milstein Sara J.
Published: September 2021

Outside of the Bible, all of the known Near Eastern law collections were produced in the third to second millennia BCE, in cuneiform on clay tablets, and in major cities in Mesopotamia and in the Hittite Empire. None of the five major sites in Syria to have yielded cuneiform tablets has borne even a fragment of a law collection, despite the fact that several have yielded ample legal documentation. Excavations at Nuzi have turned up numerous legal documents, but again, no law collection. Even Egypt has not yielded a collection of laws. As such, the biblical blocks that scholars regularly identify as law collections would represent the only “western,” non-cuneiform expressions of the genre in the ancient Near East, produced by societies not known for their political clout, and separated in time from the “other” collections by centuries.
Making a Case challenges the long-held notion that Israelite and Judahite scribes either made use of older law collections or set out to produce law collections in the Near Eastern sense of the genre. Rather, Milstein suggests that what we call “biblical law” is closer in form and function to a different and oft-neglected Mesopotamian genre: legal-pedagogical texts. In the course of their education, Mesopotamian scribes copied a variety of legal-oriented school texts: sample contracts, fictional cases, sequences of non-canonical law, and legal phrasebooks. When “biblical law” is viewed in the context of these legal-pedagogical texts, its practical roots in legal exercises begin to emerge.
The Mythic Elements of Chinatown
Authors: Bishop Daniel
Published: September 2021

In Chinatown, Jerry Goldsmith’s score negotiates conflicting senses of mythic atemporality and expressive immediacy. The score draws upon avant-garde sounds, a “presentist” gesture that allegorizes the film’s tale of corruption for the world of the seventies, negating the “period” quality associated with genre pastiche. At the same, a jazz-inflected main theme and director Roman Polanski’s neoclassicist formalism balance seventies allegory with a sense of “pastness.” The tension between these two dimensions of the score suggests a mythic suspension of temporality, whereas the elemental connotations of musical timbre (water, earth) convey the film’s atmosphere of paranoia with discomforting immediacy. Drawing upon philosopher Gaston Bachelard’s work on the phenomenology of elemental images within the poetic imagination, this chapter attempts to understand musical timbre as a form of mythic immanence that allows us imaginative access to modernity’s terrors, whose actuality we must wrestle with in order to claim a position of ethical engagement.
Radio, Memory, and the Past in the Nostalgia Film
Authors: Bishop Daniel
Published: September 2021

Several prominent New Hollywood filmmakers experimented with limiting their soundtracks to ostensibly diegetic source music. In particular, two films associated with a trend of fifties nostalgia use the compiled pop scoring and the medium of radio to articulate complex sensibilities of the past. Both films experiment with the aesthetic flow of radio broadcasting, while adopting the image of the radio signal itself as a technological-aesthetic metaphor for melancholy temporal distance. In The Last Picture Show, radio conveys a sense of entrapment in the film’s world, and a sense of the fragility of the connections linking past and present. In American Graffiti, radio broadcast cultivates a precious, yet melancholy sense of communal identity. In this way, both films articulate a paradoxical attitude toward the past, a nostalgic desire to conjure what has been lost to time, which coexists with an awareness of the impossibility of this recovery outside of imagined experience.
The Game Music Handbook
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

Writing music for games is an art that requires conceptual forethought, specialized technical skill, and a deep understanding of how players interact with games and game audio. The Game Music Handbook embarks on a journey through numerous soundscapes throughout video game history, exploring a series of concepts and techniques that are key to being a successful game music composer. This book organizes key game music scoring concepts into an applicable methodology, describing them with memorable distinctions that leave readers with a clear picture of how to apply them to creating music and sound. Any music composer or musician who wishes to begin a career in game composition can pick up this text and quickly gain a solid understanding of the core techniques for composing video game music, as well as the conceptual differences that separate it from any other compositional field. Some of these topics include designing emotional arcs for nonlinear timelines, the relationship between music and sound design, discussion of the player’s interaction with audio, and more. There is also much to be gained by advanced readers or game audio professionals, who will find detailed discussion of game state and its effect on player interaction, a composer-centric lesson on programming, how to work with version control, information on visual programming languages, emergent audio, music for virtual reality (VR), procedural audio, and other indispensable knowledge about advanced reactive music concepts. The text often explores the effect that music has on a player’s interaction with a game. It discusses the practical application of this interaction through the examination of various techniques employed in games throughout video game history to enhance immersion, emphasize emotion, and create compelling interactive experiences.
Introduction
Authors: Gautreau Justin
Published: September 2021

The book’s introduction traces the emergence of so-called motion picture fiction in the pages of industry fan magazines. Such novels as Robert Carlton Brown’s My Experience as a Film Favorite (published in Photoplay in 1913 and 1914) and, later, Edward J. Clode’s My Strange Life: The Intimate Life Story of a Moving Picture Actress (published in 1915 as a standalone book) positioned readers to imagine themselves as stars at a time when the film industry was promoting itself as a place of romance and opportunity. The function of motion picture fiction, however, took a swift turn following a string of celebrity scandals in the 1920s. After laying out the structure for the rest of the book and touching on other studies on the Hollywood novel, the introduction highlights the Hollywood novel’s relevance to and resonance with film theory and more contemporary scandal in the entertainment industry.
Evidence, Mechanisms, and Complexity
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the role of evidence in public policy. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often thought to provide the most rigorous way of establishing causal claims. On this basis it has been claimed that what public policy requires is a solid evidence base of RCTs, which are then synthesized into an account of ‘what works’. The chapter argues that this is mistaken. Even if it can be shown with confidence that an intervention had a particular size of effect within a trial population at a particular time, this does not show that the intervention will work in a wide range of contexts, or in a policymaker’s particular context. A number of factors, including the greater difficulty of controlling for confounding factors, and the greater variability in causal networks, make evidence less likely to travel in public policy than in clinical medicine.
Which Risks to Health Matter Most?
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses how to prioritize public health policies. Public health interventions need to be justifiable to individuals, but designing approaches to prioritization that are adequately justifiable to individuals can be extremely difficult. One tool for clarifying the problem, which has been widely explored in the philosophical literature, is the idea of a claim—where the strength of an individual’s claim depends on features such as how badly off they are, their capacity to benefit, the time at which their need arises, and whether the bad that will befall them is certain or merely possible. The chapter argues that it is mistaken to think that there is a single and uniquely correct way of measuring claims. Approaches to prioritization need to be pluralistic, and need to reflect on the measures most appropriate for a particular policy challenge.
The Command of God as a Moral Norm
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

Barth’s divine command ethics claims that God’s grace to human beings in Jesus Christ is the norm of human action. In Jesus Christ, God both poses and answers the question of the good of human action, which is the question of its conformity to grace. Rather than a norm of a distinctively Christian way of acting or form of life, Barth argues that this is a moral norm that pertains to human action as such. When moral philosophy considers the question of conformity to the good that is posed to human action, it implicitly attests the grace of God which poses this question. And when moral philosophy considers the answers to the question of the good that derive from reason or experience, it implicitly attests the grace of God as the answer to the question. In its explicit attestation of the grace of God as the norm of human action, theological ethics makes use of this implicit attestation in moral philosophy. Barth thus endorses the traditional position according to which theology articulates the moral norm with the assistance of philosophy. However, Barth’s claim that the norm of human action is a revealed norm, and not a rational norm that is clarified, specified, and extended by revelation, qualifies the goodness of the human creature, fails to secure the mutual accountability of those who are inside and outside the circle of revelation, and limits the grounds on which Christians and others cooperate with one another in moral endeavors.
The Command of God as a Morally Binding Norm
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

As a version of divine command ethics, Barth’s theological ethics answers the two fundamental questions posed to every divine command ethics, namely, how is it that God’s command determines the good of human action, and why is it that human beings must accept what God determines as good? Barth’s answer to both question is that in Jesus Christ, God both poses the question of the good to human beings and answers it in their place. In him, God’s goodness both confronts other human beings as the norm of their goodness and fulfills that norm in their place. It therefore determines the good of human action insofar as Jesus Christ is the human being who takes the place of other human beings. And other human beings must accept what God thereby determines as their good because—again, insofar as Jesus Christ has taken their place—their good is already a reality in him, in whom they exist as the human beings they are. The problem is that while the grace of God in Jesus Christ is the genuinely human good of other human beings insofar as they exist in Jesus Christ, it is, precisely as grace, a good that constitutes them from outside and not a good that fulfills them as the kind of creature they are.
The Continuity of God’s Commands
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

For Barth, the command of God is a moral norm, which pertains to human action as such, and not only to a particular way of acting or form of life. As a moral norm, so understood, it should be rationally intelligible. A minimum condition of its rational intelligibility is its continuity from one instance of divine commanding to another. Yet Barth seems to deny the continuity of God’s commands by insisting that they are irreducibly particular requirements issued by God in distinct events of encounter with a human being. However, Barth also insists that particular commands are all specifications of what is finally the one command of God and that they thereby exhibit a formal consistency in their multiplicity. And he insists that God’s commands exhibit the constancy of what he takes to be the character or standards that will always pertain to them. Nevertheless, Barth’s effort to demonstrate the constancy of God’s commands fails, leaving him vulnerable to the charge that God’s particular commands are arbitrary.
Divine Action and Human Action
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

Throughout his work, Barth is determined to consider human action in relation to divine action, and not in itself. This determination poses three questions. First, can Barth make human action intelligible as the agent’s own action? Second, does he leave human action unstable, lacking anything that secures its continuity throughout its engagements with divine action? Third, is the agent who encounters divine action a fully and genuinely human agent with the full range of agential capacities? Barth adequately answers all three questions, but it is unclear that he can answer any of them in a fully satisfactory way without the notion of habits as persistent tendencies of action. Without such a notion, Barth cannot account for morally good action as a persistent tendency enabled by grace—that is, as virtue. This limitation limits the plausibility of this theological ethics.
How Stereotypes Deceive Us
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

Stereotypes sometimes lead us to make poor judgements of other people, but they also have the potential to facilitate quick, efficient, and accurate judgements. How can we discern whether any individual act of stereotyping will have the positive or negative effect? How Stereotypes Deceive Us addresses this question. It identifies various factors that determine whether or not the application of a stereotype to an individual in a specific context will facilitate or impede correct judgements and perceptions of the individual. It challenges the thought that stereotyping only and always impedes correct judgement when the stereotypes that are applied are inaccurate, failing to reflect social realities. It argues instead that stereotypes that reflect social realities can lead to misperceptions and misjudgements, and that inaccurate but egalitarian social attitudes can facilitate correct judgements and accurate perceptions. The arguments presented in this book have important implications for those who might engage in stereotyping and for those at risk of being stereotyped. They have implications for those who work in healthcare and those who have mental health conditions. How Stereotypes Deceive Us provides a new conceptual framework—evaluative dispositionalism—that captures the epistemic faults of stereotypes and stereotyping, providing conceptual resources that can be used to improve our own thinking by avoiding the pitfalls of stereotyping, and to challenge other people’s stereotyping where it is likely to lead to misperception and misjudgement.
Introduction
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

How Stereotypes Deceive Us is a study of how stereotypes and stereotyping impact judgement and perception. It draws on work from philosophy and various other disciplines, including psychology and the social sciences, to provide a detailed study of when and how stereotypes lead us to misperceive and misjudge each other. The Introduction sets out the goals and main theses of the book. The interdisciplinary methodology adopted throughout the book is described. Finally, a detailed overview of the coming chapters is provided.
The Multiple Ways Stereotypes Deceive Us
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 begins the project of identifying precisely when and how stereotypes lead us to misperceive and misjudge each other. It is argued that there are multiple ways that stereotypes can lead us to make these errors. This multifactorial view of stereotyping contrasts with two existing views of stereotypes and stereotyping: the single and dual factor view. It is shown that, contrary to the single factor view, it is not only the extent to which a stereotype reflects reality that determines whether its application leads to misperceptions and misjudgements. And, contrary to the dual factor view, it is not only the accuracy of the stereotype and the quality of case-specific information that determines the same. This chapter outlines questions that can be asked about any specific act of stereotyping to establish whether it is likely to lead to misperception or misjudgement. In the process it provides a response to a common defence of stereotypes and stereotyping: that as long as a stereotype reflects reality there is epistemic value in applying it.
Stereotyping and Disclosure of Social Identity
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the position occupied by people who have aspects of their social identity that they could hide and which are likely to be stereotyped. It argues that they face a dilemma: if they disclose information about their social identity they are likely to be misperceived due to being stereotyped. However, if they choose not to disclose the same information they face being misperceived due to people failing to recognize those of their characteristics and needs that relate to their social identity. The claim that people face a dilemma of this kind is developed by considering the case study of people with mental health conditions, but it is shown that the claim applies more broadly, in other cases where people have aspects of their social identity that they could choose to hide or reveal.
International Organization as Technocratic Utopia
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: September 2021

As climate change and a pandemic pose enormous challenges to humankind, the concept of expert governance gains new traction. This book revisits the idea that scientists, bureaucrats, and lawyers, rather than politicians or diplomats, should manage international relations. It shows that this technocratic approach has been a persistent theme in writings about international relations, both academic and policy-oriented, since the 19th century. The technocratic tradition of international thought unfolded in four phases which were closely related to domestic processes of modernization and rationalization. The pioneering phase lasted from the Congress of Vienna to the First World War. In these years, philosophers, law scholars, and early social scientists began to combine internationalism and ideals of expert governance. Between the two world wars, a utopian period followed that was marked by visions of technocratic international organizations that would have overcome the principle of territoriality. In the third phase, from the 1940s to the 1960s, technocracy became the dominant paradigm of international institution-building. That paradigm began to disintegrate from the 1970s onwards, but important elements remain until the present day. The specific promise of technocratic internationalism is its ability to transform violent and unpredictable international politics into orderly and competent public administration. Such ideas also had political clout. This book shows how they left their mark on the League of Nations, the functional branches of the United Nations system, and the European integration project.
A global New Deal
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: September 2021

This chapter shows how technocratic internationalism survived the crisis of world order utopias in the 1940s and gained influence on the negotiation of the post-war order. The first section discusses the critique of modern rationalism in the war and post-war years. In the field of international thought, that critique came in the guise of a ‘realist’ backlash against the ‘idealism’ of the interwar period. The second section documents the enduring prominence of technocratic ideas during the Second World War. David Mitrany re-proposed his functional approach in his Working Peace System, a pamphlet that addressed policy-makers rather than academics. Regardless, this wartime version of Mitrany’s functionalism became the point of reference for subsequent generations of scholars. Technocratic thought gained political influence when American policy-makers projected the New Deal and its institutions onto the international plane in the founding of the United Nations system. The final section studies the co-existence of realist and technocratic figures of thought. Realist Hans J. Morgenthau came to advocate international cooperation in the field of low politics, but also multilateral control over nuclear technology. In doing so, he drew directly on Mitrany’s functionalism. E. H. Carr, the eminent British critic of utopianism, in the 1940s suggested a technocratic European planning authority and a bank of Europe to unite the continent.
Disenchantment and renewal
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: September 2021

This chapter shows how the tide turned against technocratic internationalism in the 1970s and 1980s. The first section describes a general backlash against bureaucracy as an organizational form that also affected international organizations. Thomas G. Weiss’s criticism of the United Nations and their bureaucracy serves as a key work to illustrate the shifting perception. The chapter then discusses the return of the state and intergovernmentalism in international theory. A new generation of liberal-internationalist literature, influenced by economics and rational choice theory, put the emphasis on actors’ behaviour, on political will, and on the conditions under which international cooperation was negotiated. Few authors now seemed to believe that objective problem pressure alone would induce international cooperation. Yet other elements of the functionalist account remained almost unquestioned. This is illustrated with the emergent literature on global environmental problems, to be tackled by new international ‘regimes’, which became a new field for expert-driven, de-politicized governance. Technocratic ideas about public planning were still present on the left of the political spectrum. The partisans of a New International Economic Order suggested global administrative bodies should manage and re-distribute the world’s resources, such as the minerals of the deep seabed.
Belief and Judgment
Authors: Marcus Eric
Published: September 2021

I develop an account of belief by way of discussing the following five interrelated truths: (i) to believe that p is to represent p as true; (ii) truth is a standard by which beliefs are assessed; (iii) a certain sense of the question ‘Why?’ has application to beliefs; (iv) beliefs are governed by the law of non-contradiction; and (v) a belief is the sort of thing one can bring to mind. To believe, I argue, is to represent a proposition as what one should represent as true. Paradigmatic beliefs (which I call judgments) are governed metaphysically, and not just normatively, by the law of non-contradiction. One cannot clearly and distinctly at once represent as true both a proposition and its contrary. I respond to a variety of objections to this position, including—at length—the objection that the account is undermined by the beliefs of non-human animals and human infants.
Norms, Procedures and Practices of Transnational Criminal Law in 18th and Early 19th-Century Europe
Authors: Härter Karl
Published: September 2021

Karl Härter explores the 18th and 19th century ‘breeding ground’ of many of the transnational criminal procedures dealt with later in this volume. His focus is on early modern Europe and the ius commune, where, as he illustrates, acceptance of jurisdictional claims to enforce domestic law over conduct that occurred extra-territorially was driven by a shared interest in acting against certain kinds of criminals with loose connections to particular states.
Transnational Epistemic Communities
Authors: Lingen Kerstin von
Published: September 2021

Kerstin von Lingen explores the parallel development of international prohibitions on the use of force and the crime against humanity to the prosaic development of transnational criminal law in the League era concerned with drugs and humans. Her main concern is to show how representatives from small states, scholars and NGO activists came to form a transnational epistemic community that pressed for change to first how state aggression is controlled under international law and then how crimes against civilians are to be dealt with in the latter phases of World War II.
Corporate Liability for Economic Crimes
Authors: Elliot Michael , Lüth Felix
Published: September 2021

Michael Elliot and Felix Lüth examine the development of corporate criminal liability. Reaching back to its historical roots in the United States, they discuss how the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was internationalized through organizations like the OECD and FATF and in a more diluted fashion through the UN, giving corruption its current character as a public-sector problem committed by corrupt individuals rather than by institutions as a whole.
The Historical Development of International Law Enforcement Cooperation—The Case of Interpol
Authors: Hufnagel Saskia
Published: September 2021

Drawing out the theme of conflict between practice of police cooperation and political imperatives, Saskia Hufnagel shows how modern police cooperation grew up in continental Europe from harmonized practices imposed during the Napoleonic era. She shows how minimal political engagement and the overriding concern with technical matters carried through to the founding conferences that led to Interpol.
International Fundamental Values and Obligations Erga Omnes
Authors: Iovane Massimo , Rossi Pierfrancesco
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that international law is a value-oriented legal order, and that the way in which its fundamental values are safeguarded reflects the unique structural features of the international legal system. In lack of an international constitution in a formal sense, the international fundamental values materialize through the brute practice of states, international organizations, and a number of open-ended legal concepts allowing the legal relevance of the underlying ethical convictions of the international community. In the field of international responsibility, such is the function fulfilled by the concept of obligations erga omnes. This chapter maintains that lawful responses to breaches of obligations erga omnes should always bear some elements of collectiveness. This condition realizes not only through institutionalized processes but also by means of a wide range of collective, scarcely formalized procedures of concertation of state action which may take place in institutional, political, or diplomatic settings.
Introduction
Authors: Lecours André
Published: September 2021

The first chapter explains the contributions of the book to the literature on nationalism. The first is to highlight the importance of the interplay between nationalist movements and the state for understanding a nationalist movement. The second is to emphasize temporality in the accommodation of nationalist movements as the key dimension for explaining why nationalism sometimes becomes strongly secessionist while other times it does not. The third contribution is to highlight the divided nature of nationalist movements. The book’s fourth contribution is a conceptual innovation about autonomy. It distinguishes between static autonomy, which corresponds to permanent autonomy arrangements, and dynamic autonomy, which features autonomy arrangements that are, or can be, laterally adjusted or enhanced in time. This conceptual distinction represents the building blocks for sketching a theory about secessionism in liberal democracies. Such a theory is the fifth contribution of this book. This theory is that static autonomy stimulates secessionism while dynamic autonomy staves it off.
Catalonia
Authors: Lecours André
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents the first case study, Catalonia. By the mid 2010s, the traditional autonomism of Catalan nationalism had become a minority position. The basic argument of the chapter is that Catalonia’s autonomy within Spain, at least since 2010, is static, which means Catalans consider there is little chance that the current system can adapt to their national identity and take into consideration their evolving collective interests. The 2010 Spanish Constitutional Court’s judgment, that invalidated and narrowly interpreted many articles of the reform to the Catalan Stature of Autonomy negotiated four years earlier between the Catalan and Spanish governments, represented a clear statement of the static nature of Catalan autonomy. That statement generated mounting pressures by civil society on nationalist parties, particularly CiU, to adopt clear secessionist positions. The status quo and secession seem to be the only two possible constitutional options, and defending the status quo for Catalonia’s nationalist parties was an untenable political and electoral position. As such, the Catalan secessionist turn involved CiU’s own secessionist turn. As the Catalan government embarked on a process of self-determination, the Spanish state responded by declaring any independence referendum, as well as the act of secession itself, unconstitutional. In so doing, the Spanish state reaffirmed that Catalonia’s autonomy was static insofar as no Catalan political act could trigger a progressive change in the powers of the Generalitat. This stance consolidated the new secessionist pathway of Catalan nationalism.
South Tyrol
Authors: Lecours André
Published: September 2021

The sixth chapter looks at another case, South Tyrol, where secessionism has remained weak. While there has not been in Italy a series of constitutional changes affecting regional autonomy, the long-time slogan of the SVP, dynamic autonomy, speaks to the nature of South Tyrol’s autonomy within the Italian state. A striking feature of the Second Autonomy Statute for South Tyrol is that its implementation took 20 years (1972–1992). During this period, which followed a decade, the 1960s, punctuated by secessionist and irredentist violence, there was virtually no reason to adopt and support secessionist positions, as autonomous measures were gradually put into place. Most crucially, the bilateral commissions tasked with the implementations of the Second Autonomy Statute continued their work after 1992, keeping South Tyrol’s autonomy on the move, adjusting it to new circumstances, and even expanding it. These two bodies, the Commission of Six and the Commission of Twelve, play central roles in the governance of both the region of Trentino-Alto Adige and the province of Bolzano/Bozen as their enactment degrees become Italian law. The fact that South Tyrol still develops its autonomy has kept secessionist forces at bay. Indeed, incentives to support independence or reintegration with Austria are virtually non-existent in a context where autonomy can be progressively adapted, fine-tuned, and even developed in a way that largely shields South Tyrol from the broader Italian politics and maximizes the prosperity of the Alpine community.
Government Policy in Multinational-Dominated Global Value Chains
Authors: Barnes Justin , Black Anthony , Monaco Lorenza
Published: September 2021

Through a series of government plans, the South African automotive industry has achieved undeniable success, especially in terms of its export orientation. The industry uses efficient technologies and is integrated into global markets. However, major structural weaknesses exist. Export growth has not been accompanied by increasing local content, investment has been modest and employment creation insignificant. Vehicle and component imports into the domestic market are high and the industry runs significant trade deficits. Most core technologies are imported, including advanced power trains and electronics. This chapter considers the structural impediments to the industry’s development, as well as issues related to ownership and power relations between the state and multinational firms. Analysing the potential for further localization and the deepening of the supply chain, the chapter considers global technology developments, domestic productive capabilities, and power dynamics in the global value chain (GVC). The chapter argues that state–business bargaining dynamics have negatively affected this potential. While efforts to deepen the supply chain would allow for more sustainable growth, the achievement of such goals is impossible without concerted commitment from all stakeholders.
Predator Ecology
Authors: DeLong John P.
Published: September 2021

Predator-prey interactions form an essential part of ecological communities, determining the flow of energy from autotrophs to top predators. The rate of predation is a key regulator of that energy flow, and that rate is determined by the functional response. Functional responses themselves are emergent ecological phenomena – they reflect morphology, behavior, and physiology of both predator and prey and are both outcomes of evolution and the source of additional evolution. The functional response is thus a concept that connects many aspects of biology from behavioral ecology to eco-evolutionary dynamics to food webs, and as a result, the functional response is the key to an integrative science of predatory ecology. In this book, I provide a synthesis of research on functional responses, starting with the basics. I then break the functional response down into foraging components and connect these to the traits and behaviors that connect species in food webs. I conclude that contrary to appearances, we know very little about functional responses, and additional work is necessary for us to understand how environmental change and management will impact ecological systems
Confession as Encounter with Early Modernity
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 examines confession in seventeenth-century Muscovy and Ukraine as part of the European ‘disciplinary revolution’. In their use of confession as a way of meeting challenges to religious and political harmony, seventeenth-century Russia and Ukraine resembled the broad European tendency to religious unification, social discipline, and control. First separately, and then together, Muscovite and Ukrainian clerics in the seventeenth century began to emphasize the sacraments in ways similar to that pursued in the Roman Catholic world. Their emphasis on confession created a new religious culture that brought Orthodox East Slavs into the religious and disciplinary framework of modern Europe. The Old Believer schism in the middle of the century gave confession a practical purpose: it was the most effective way of establishing who was Orthodox, and therefore broadly reliable, and who was schismatic, and therefore dangerous.
A Gendered Experience
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 examines confession in the first half of the nineteenth century through the lens of gender. As men often served in the military or held government positions, they were more likely to be suspected of conspiracies or treason and to experience confession as a means of discipline and surveillance. As a result, their depictions of confession showed its external, social, and political side. By contrast, women came to approach confession as an autobiographical narrative and a form of private literary production, seeking closer relationships with their father-confessors. Sacramental confession became part of a textual process of Russian women’s reading, devotion, and life-writing. Both in women’s going to confession in larger numbers and in their desire for a more meaningful confession, confession became an increasingly feminine phenomenon.
Discipline for the Masses
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 explores how state and Church finally reached their goal of enforcing confession among the Russian masses. Enforcement of confession over the Orthodox population became more extensive and more rigorous. Proof of having gone to confession became a routine component of getting married, getting divorced, or filing one’s business paperwork. Being caught shirking the sacraments itself called for penance. There were more attempts to use police to enforce confession and penances in the 1850s and early 1860s in the Russian empire than at any other time—and they worked. In the middle of the nineteenth century Church and state came far closer to getting the Orthodox Christian masses to reach the same baseline level of Christian performance as the elites had a century earlier.
Restrictions on Remedies
Authors: Daly Paul
Published: September 2021

Whereas the discussion of remedial discretion in Chapter 5 was of individualised reasons for refusing to grant a remedy, in this chapter the issues discussed are general principles restricting the granting of judicial review remedies. These are systemic in nature and not specific to the circumstances presented by individual applicants and the decisions they wish to challenge. Some overlap is, of course, to be expected, but the procedural requirements of promptness and permission; the principle that an applicant must exhaust alternative remedies before seeking judicial review; the bar on collateral attack; privative clauses; the principles relating to ripeness and prematurity and the obligation to demonstrate standing to seek judicial review are all general, in that they apply to each and every application for judicial review regardless of the particular factual and legal matrix. This chapter argues that the law in relation to this wide range of restrictions on remedies can be understood in terms of administrative law values.
Same Rules, Higher Costs
Authors: Arriola Leonardo R. , Phillips Melanie L. , Rakner Lise
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 examines whether women face fundamentally different challenges as they seek to become political leaders in Zambia. The chapter demonstrates that women largely use the same strategies as men to succeed in politics but face distinct costs due to their gender. The chapter provides a nuanced assessment of how women’s experiences differ from men’s across distinct political stages, from initial entry into politics to actual campaigning. The chapter shows, contrary to existing theories, that women candidates report the same sources of encouragement and equivalent qualifications as men. Women are also found to pursue the same partisan strategies as men when seeking a spot on the ballot. The chapter shows, for example, that women are as likely as men to use bribes during the nomination process. However, the chapter also reveals that women candidates are significantly less likely than men to give public speeches or participate in rallies during campaigning.
Who Speaks (for Women) on the Floor When Men Dominate Parliament?
Authors: Kang Alice J. , Fisher Rachel S.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 8 examines the question of substantive representation in one of Africa’s newest democratizing countries, Burkina Faso. Kang and Fisher’s study uses parliamentary records as a primary source in the study of women’s political participation and substantive representation. Contrary to critical mass theories that posit women will actively participate in legislative debate only when the proportion of women reaches a critical mass, Kang and Fisher find that women speak at somewhat higher rates than men in Burkina Faso’s legislature. Moreover, while women do serve as substantive representatives by raising women’s concerns on the floor of the legislature, they also participate on a wider range of issues and are chosen to speak by their parties just as often as men.
Public Opinion Polling in Mid-Century British Literature
Authors: Faragher Megan
Published: September 2021

Whereas modernist writers lauded the consecrated realm of subjective interiority, mid-century writers were engrossed by the materialization of the collective mind. An obsession with group thinking was fueled by the establishment of academic sociology and the ubiquitous infiltration of public opinion research into a bevy of cultural and governmental institutions. As authors witnessed the materialization of the once-opaque realm of public consciousness for the first time, their writings imagined the potentialities of such technologies for the body politic. Polling opened new horizons for mass politics. Public Opinion Polling in Mid-Century British Literature: The Psychographic Turn traces this most crucial period of group psychology’s evolution—the mid-century—when “psychography,” a term originating in Victorian spiritualism, transformed into a scientific praxis. The imbrication of British writers within a growing institutionalized public opinion infrastructure bolstered an aesthetic turn towards collectivity and an interest in the political ramifications of meta-psychological discourse. Examining works by H.G. Wells, Evelyn Waugh, Val Gielgud, Olaf Stapledon, Virginia Woolf, Naomi Mitchison, Celia Fremlin, Cecil Day-Lewis, and Elizabeth Bowen, this book utilizes extensive archival research to trace the embeddedness of writers within public opinion institutions, providing a new explanation for the new “material” turn so often associated with interwar writing.
The Morass of Morale
Authors: Faragher Megan
Published: September 2021

The Ministry of Information (MoI) had a robust morale-research apparatus which, more often than not, failed to successfully appeal to the public in high-profile information campaigns. Cecil Day-Lewis, who worked in the Publications division of the MoI during the war, allegorized such failures through his detective fiction; in both Malice in Wonderland and Minute for Murder, he alludes to Ministry campaigns like the “Silent Column Campaign,” which failed to appropriately respond to public criticism elicited from Home Intelligence morale reports. Day-Lewis’s subtle critiques of MoI morale assessment are also mirrored in the wartime work of Elizabeth Bowen, who used her information work in Ireland to encourage the MoI to take on more sympathetic public stances towards the neutral nation during the war. While Bowen attempted to read and translate the desires of the Irish public to English officials, The Heat of the Day likewise emphasizes characters’ struggles in interpreting and mastering the desires of others. In both The Heat of the Day and in her wartime short stories, Bowen returns to early psychographic symbols of ghosts and apparitions to elucidate the precarious position of the public opinion worker during wartime. In this chapter, both Bowen and Day-Lewis remind readers that the desire to manifest interiority as material produces fear and anxiety amongst citizens who feel themselves spied upon and who see psychographics as just another means of control for governments and institutions against its citizens.
The Jim Crow Boomerang
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 examines the US military’s successful efforts to restrict black people’s access to the nation’s fighting forces during World War II, and blacks’—and some whites’—efforts to fight back. In part thanks to African Americans’ spirited struggle for the “right to fight,” black troops’ contribution to the war effort was unquestionably substantial—in all, more than one million men and women served. But it would have been considerably more substantial had military authorities—sometimes supported and other times opposed by President Roosevelt, members of Congress, and the courts—not placed countless enlistment barriers in African Americans’ way.
Conclusion
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A.
Published: September 2021

The conclusion traces the ways that racist boundaries waxed and waned in the final stages of World War II military service and addresses the larger impact that these boundaries had on American troops, the American military, and the nation. In the end, black-white lines, if blurred some, still defined many troops’ last days in uniform. White-nonwhite lines also appeared here and there, but still lacked the same institutionalization, reach, and force. And this broader complex of lines fundamentally shaped postwar America in numerous, complicated, and too often forgotten ways. They politicized a varied and substantial group of veterans, who returned home prepared and determined to democratize the military and the nation. But the cost of these lines was enormous. They impeded America’s war effort, undermined the nation’s Four Freedoms rhetoric, traumatized, even killed, an unknowable number of nonwhite troops, further naturalized the very concept of race, deepened many whites’ investments in white supremacy, especially anti-black racism, and further fractured the American people and their politics.
Amílcar Cabral
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

The Guinean-born Amílcar Cabral has been hailed as one of the most original voices in revolutionary processes on the African continent. He was not only behind one of the most resourceful independence movement in Africa, the PAIGC (African Party for the Liberation of Guinea and Cape Verde). But the challenge he posed against the colonial military might was also instrumental to end of Portuguese colonialism altogether. For reaction against Estado Novo brewed mostly in Bissau, on the account of a war the Portuguese was waging against the guerrilla and could not win. This biography describes Cabral’s upbringing in Cape Verde, his political coming of age in Lisbon, as a student in agronomy and anticolonial activist, as well as his transformation into one of the most revered revolutionaries in the world. However, contrary to most studies on Cabral, which tend to rely on the materials produced during the liberation war, this book approaches the life of Cabral from a slightly different perspective. It explores a trove of Lusophone sources, particularly those ones that use contemporary issues to illuminate historical conundrums. The political trajectory Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau have followed sheds light not only on Cabral’s quest for identity – being born in Guinea-Bissau from Cape Verdeans parents – But also on the day-to-day conduction of the anti-colonial war itself.
From Christian to Jew
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

The next crucial step in the siblings’ journey to gain the right to live and pray as they pleased came in 1811 when they moved to Suriname, a South American colony on the Caribbean Sea. In Suriname, Sarah and Isaac found their home among the largest multiracial Jewish community in the Americas and formally converted to Judaism. This community provided a spiritual home for Sarah and Isaac, but it also marked them as second-class citizens. Since their father, Abraham, had not married their mother, Surinamese law considered Sarah and Isaac people of color. This racial designation followed them into the synagogue, where they would sit separately from whites and couldn’t partake in synagogue honors. This chapter places the siblings’ experiences alongside that of other multiracial Jews who lived in Paramaribo at that time, highlighting their battles against oppression.
The Tumultuous Island
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

The years following Sarah and Isaac’s conversion were ones of great change on the island, rife with controversies and rebellion. On the one hand the Brandon-Lopez-Gill clan was prospering, with both Brandon cousins and Lopez-Gill uncles making important marriages. Yet the synagogue was in disarray, with interracial sex often at the center of controversies. While unmarried Jewish men like Sarah and Isaac’s father suffered no penalties for extramarital affairs, married Jews and religious leaders found themselves repeatedly sanctioned by the synagogue, their intimate affairs laid open. Racial tensions on the island reached a peak in 1816 when a slave revolt broke out near the southern coast. In the years following the revolt, free people of color would seek compensation for their support in suppressing the insurrection. Petitions and religion, rather than open rebellion, became the new path to power.