bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abelard and Heloise
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

In Abelard and Heloise, a dual intellectual biography of Peter Abelard (1079–1142) and Heloise (d. 1164), I argue that there is a fundamental continuity to the evolution of Abelard’s thought from his early concern with dialectic, to his growing interest in theology in the 1120s and in ethical questions in the 1130s. Heloise was much more than the disciple and lover of Abelard. She emerges as a distinct thinker in her own right, deeply versed in classical ideals of friendship and ethics, which she wished to apply to her relationship to Abelard. While they have both functioned as mythic figures in the western imagination, I argue that both participated in a broader 12th-century renewal of interest in both classical literature and in religious reform. I examine Abelard’s dialectic as a theory not just about universals, but about language as a whole. Tracing the maturing of his dialectic from his earliest glosses to the Logica ‘Ingredientibus’, written after his early affair with Heloise (1115–17), I argue that Abelard was initially unable to come to terms with the ethical questions presented by Heloise in her side of messages (Epistolae duorum amantium) they exchanged during those years. After Abelard became a monk at St Denis, he started to write about theology. I trace the evolution of his theological interests, from his early concern with linguistic concerns to increasing preoccupation with the Holy Spirit and divine goodness, as manifest in Jesus. After Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete from 1129, responded to his Historia calamitatum and demanded he pay greater attention to the community he had founded, Abelard started to devote much more attention to commenting on Scripture and to reflecting on the ethical questions with which she had always been concerned. Accusations spread by St Bernard that Abelard promoted heresy distort the true character of his contribution to theology, on which Heloise exercised a profound influence.
Heloise and Discussion about Love
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Heloise and Discussion about Love. This chapter examines the significance of the early love affair of Abelard and Heloise. It argues that this relationship was not simply a matter of fornication portrayed by Abelard in the Historia calamitatum. Drawing on the Epistolae duorum amantium, which I argue is a record of an early exchange between Abelard and Heloise, I explain that Heloise wanted to apply Ciceronian ideals of friendship to love between a man and a woman. At her request, Abelard did endeavor to define friendship in terms based on Cicero, but he never developed her interest in true friendship as not seeking any personal reward. His love letters are more strongly influenced by a passionate ideal of love, inspired by the poetry of Ovid.
Returning to Logica
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Returning to Logica. This chapter examines the Logica ‘Ingredientibus’, a series of commentaries on Porphyry, Aristotle, and Boethius more profound than any of his earlier glosses. I argue that in these commentaries Abelard adopts a much more profound theory of universals and of other parts of speech than in the Dialectica. Rather than emphasizing differences of opinion with William of Champeaux, they demonstrate how far Abelard had come to distance himself from the arguments of Boethius. Instead of speaking uniquely about dialectic, he is now interested in logica, the arts of language in general.
Faith, Sacraments, and Charity
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Faith, Sacraments and Charity. This chapter considers Abelard’s lectures or sententie on faith, sacraments and charity (from the 1130s) in which he formulated a synthetic vision of theology, recorded by students. It also reviews Abelard’s theology through the perspective of one of his foremost critics, Hugh of St. Victor, in the De sacramentis. While Abelard was always known as a logician, he emerged in the 1130s as one of the most original theologians and theorist of ethics of his generation. The chapter considers the evolution of the Theologia ‘Scholarium’ in the context of his teaching in the schools. It concludes by looking at the evolution of his thinking about the distinction between vice and sin in his Ethics or Scito teipsum, arguing that here he is responding to a longstanding concern of Heloise.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the eight tales in this volume. The stories celebrate Satya Pīr, a figure of religious power who is nominally both Muslim and Hindu; they vault women or their offspring into heroic roles as the men flounder in uncertainty and helplessness; they play with gender distinctions, all in an effort to comment, critique, and even stretch the traditional values reaffirmed in the conclusions of each tale. The perpetuation of cultural narratives in South Asia and the sectarian literatures of Satya Pīr are also discussed.
ABOUT THE TRANSLATIONS
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

This chapter talks about the translations of the eight tales in this volume. The author has taken a slightly different tack: the translations are not retellings, but faithful renderings of the handwritten and printed originals, with many of the qualities of Bangla retained, including some that might qualify as quirks and oddities in English. Consequently, the stories will inevitably be somewhat uneven, because some of the authors are better than others in telling a tale.
The Unwilting Garland of Faithfulness
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Unwilting Garland of Faithfulness, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
The Disconsolate Yogī Who Turned the Merchant's Wife into a Dog
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Disconsolate Yogī Who Turned the Merchant's Wife into a Dog, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
The Bloodthirsty Ogress Who Would Be Queen
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Bloodthirsty Ogress Who Would Be Queen, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
Quaker Holiness
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson stepped into the prevailing winds of holiness when he joined the Chester Preparative of the Westfield Monthly Meeting in 1889. By this time, holiness had flourished in the soil of Indiana Quakerism for over 20 years. The emergence of the holiness movement within the Society of Friends was dubbed as the “transformation of American Quakerism”. Many Friends had begun following the lead of Joseph John Gurney in dismantling the walls separating them from the wider world of evangelicalism. They embraced Victorian middle class culture, and believed in the efficacy of rational means to advance moral and religious cases such as abolition.
Visions of Eden
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

A.J. Tomlinson and his fellow “bible missionaries” relocated to Culberson, North Carolina, a small town less accessible to the outside world and more accessible to the poor mountain whites they wanted to reach. The mission was a modest affair involving the distribution of religious literature, home visitation, and local revivals. Tomlinson sought to create an Eden in Appalachia, where mortals could unmake the fall and refashion the garden as it had been before shame entered.
Devī in the Saundarya Laharī
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

The Saundarya Lahari is a hymn of 100 verses, composed in Sanskrit, in the Saiva tantric tradition, and voiced in praise of the great Goddess, Devi. It is attributed to Sankaracarya, the renowned 8th century theologian, although scholars deem its authorship and date uncertain. The hymn praises Devi as the consort of Siva, Herself the power who creates, sustains, and guides the world. From the perspective of tantra, She is also the vital force pervading the cakras (physiological and spiritual centers of energy in the body) and rising as the kundalini energy through them. She is visualized austerely and geometrically in the complex triangles, circles, and other figures comprising the design known as the sricakra, and She is invoked by many public titles but also by a secret mantra name of 16 syllables. She is most importantly the supremely beautiful Mother; contemplating Her in loving detail is an efficacious and even supreme religious act. The Saundarya Lahari thus appropriates a traditional view of the female form while yet transforming the power relationships related to beauty and insisting that male viewers too become involved in the drama of a world centered on Her. In order to support the practice of visualization, it argues that the superior mode of approach to Her is to gaze upon Her. As a hymn, it addresses the Goddess directly and teaches devotees how to conceive of Her, see Her, and reach Her. Mary, represented in the Stabat Mater, is likewise visualized as the powerful woman to whom one turns in seeking salvation.
A Question of Identity
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

The riots of 1391 in Spain triggered a series of developments that would change the course of Jewish history as well as of Spanish history. Spanish society was not willing to accept the large group of Jews that succumbed to forced baptism at this time; this rejection led to ethnic discrimination, the establishment of the Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, and the forced conversions of the Jews in Portugal in 1497. Regardless of their outward religious affiliation, these Iberian conversos retained a strong sense of identity that was deeply connected to Iberia, an identity that became defined as being a member of the Nation. This identity remained with the converso, whether he or she resided in Iberia or emigrated; in the latter case, each emigrant had to contend with the reality of his or her new environment. While a destination like Holland allowed for a relatively free expression of one's new Jewish affiliation, France and England did not. By contrast, the emigrant in Italy faced an array of choices, from joining an existing Jewish community to forming one's own, to remaining Catholic to attempting to maintain an ambiguous commute between the two worlds. The ties between the members of the nation were first and foremost ethnic, but also economic, familial, and emotional. Later, when the descendants of some of these conversos faced modernity, unexpected changes transpired: in Majorca, intermarriages took place for the first time; in Belmonte, conversions to Judaism were recorded; in the Southwest, claims that are extremely difficult to substantiate have been made by supposed descendants of sixteenth-century conversos . Consequently, the question of identity among Iberian conversos has proven to be surprisingly long-lived, for debates on the topic are still taking place well into the twenty-first century.
The Aftermath and a New Reality
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Although the Church insists that a convert to Catholicism is to be fully accepted by his co-religionists, the socio-economic and ethnic situation in Spain did not allow the conversos to fully experience assimilation. Local laws were passed in the fifteenth century that essentially represented ethnic discrimination against the "New Christians," who were also deemed untrustworthy and insincere. As a result, the Church and Crown decided to establish a national (Spanish) inquisition in order to extirpate the Judaizing heresy. The development of the converso class resulted in serious repercussions for Church, State, and for the Jewish world.
The Expulsion and Its Consequences
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

The rationale for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was ostensibly because they exerted a negative influence on the baptized conversos. In truth, Jewish-converso relations during the fifteenth century were extremely complicated. In 1492, the reluctance of so many Jews to abandon their homeland led them to choose baptism, creating a new group of New Christians far more knowledgeable about Judaism than the descendants of the conversos of 1391. At the same time, some of the Jews who chose exile subsequently regretted their decision; those who opted for baptism between 1492 and 1499 formed a group of returnees. At the turn of the century, a Judaizing messianic movement transpired in Spain that resulted in increased inquisitorial activity.
England
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Because the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, the conversos could not openly live as Jews in this locale. Portuguese merchants began to settle in London in the seventeenth century and quietly began the task of building a community, forming the congregation of Shaar Asamaim, although at first they imported leaders (hahamim) from Amsterdam and elsewhere. Not all were able to commit themselves to the new and, at times, onerous demands of Jewish life. This, together with the open nature of British society, led to a considerable degree of assimilation and intermarriage. Regardless of the path they chose, the majority of the conversos had strong ethnic ties to their fellow members of the Nation.
Modern Manifestations
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Three examples of modern manifestations of converso identity have been chosen in order to examine how the passage of time has affected the converso experience. For centuries the first group, the Chuetas of Majorca, was stigmatized, was known for its endogamy, and lived separately while maintaining a sense of membership in the Nation despite the fact that the level of Judaizing of its members was unclear; recent immigration to Majorca has led to a previously unknown high rate of intermarriage. The conversos of Belmonte, Portugal, managed to perpetuate a crypto-Judaism of their own until the twentieth century; their encounter with modernity has led to many conversions to so-called normative Judaism although signs of syncretism with their “traditional” crypto-Judaism can be detected. The third manifestation originates in the Southwest portion of the United States where individuals are claiming to be the modern descendants of conversos who migrated to sixteenth-century Mexico and maintained secrecy over the centuries. This phenomenon is the most problematic, for there are as yet no clear-cut criteria for determining who is a descendant, if there is a common denominator for them, and what constitutes a converso identity.
Inconsistency, Asymmetry, and Non-Locality
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.
Introduction: Theories and Models
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the two main aims of this book: investigating the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and showing that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It then provides a brief survey of philosophical accounts of scientific theorizing, focusing on the role of consistency conditions in these accounts. This is followed by an overview of the chapters in this volume.
Inconsistency
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that the main approach to modeling the interactions between classical microscopic particles and electromagnetic fields is inconsistent. Contrary to what many philosophers consider as ‘philosophical common sense’, a theoretical scheme can be inconsistent and yet be successful. Even without the certain prospect of a ‘correct’ theory waiting in the wings, very good and interesting physics can be done with an inconsistent theory.
Non‐Locality
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines several locality conditions. It argues that two of these principles are irreducibly causal: the principle that all causal propagation takes place at a finite velocity of which relativistic locality is a special case, and spatiotemporal locality, according to which no causal influences can be transmitted across spatiotemporal ‘gaps’. Neither of the two causal principles can be reduced to the noncausal condition of diachronic locality.
The Retardation Condition
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the most promising answer to the puzzle of the arrow of radiation. This solution appeals to the retardation condition, according to which the field associated with a charged particle is a diverging wave. This condition is best viewed as a time-asymmetric constraint.
The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

When evaluating emerging stock markets, analysts usually fit them into a model of corporate governance derived from Western industrial experience, one where shares are dispersed and shareholders influence firm management through the price mechanism, or one where shares are held in blocs and banks play a role. This book challenges this approach and the underlying assumptions, which are focused on economies at relatively high levels of development. It argues that the political dimension inherent in developing countries prevents the institutional formation of a price mechanism in corporate governance along Western lines. For these markets, stock is a political as well as an economic instrument that has negotiated the transitions associated with building and dismantling the state sector since the 19th century. The book begins with a historical overview of stock markets in developing countries and the international political circumstances that at times facilitated and at times hampered their growth. By focusing on the multiple possible connections between the ownership of shares of an individual firm and the control of rights attached to them, it details how those who wish to issue stock in emerging markets must comply simultaneously with the changing requirements of external actors and internal political constituencies. It then presents case studies of share issues from Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa, which build from the level of the firm, to the state, to the international system across the same time span. The book concludes with reflections on the role of equity finance in broader processes of privatization, development, and economic globalization.
Politics and the Extension of Equity Finance to Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter sets forth an explanation for international convergence in state behavior in creating and promoting emerging stock markets. Focusing on the commanding heights of privatized industry, it uses the metaphor of a two-level game from international relations theory to argue that when political leaders privatize large enterprise, they must negotiate with individuals outside the state to seek outcomes that are acceptable to structural international necessity, and they must negotiate with domestic constituencies to seek outcomes that are politically acceptable at home. To do so, policymakers create the specific financial instruments, with specific ownership and control characteristics. Since the new offerings joined whatever shares may or may not have already been listed on a given exchange, the resulting financial institutional structures fail to converge on one “model” of corporate governance or another, as Western financial institutions have converged over time. This theoretical premise would thus predict a large number of new exchanges appearing, at least in name, yet having vastly different volumes and types of listings, relative to the size of the local economy.
Financing Joint-Stock Companies in the Colonial Era
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter explores the origins of global equity markets that in fact have deep historical roots. Stocks were created to finance trade and expansion overseas as part of the European imperial project, yet prior to the imposition of direct rule. Later, equity finance in the industrial era brought together large amounts of capital to finance industrial projects overseas such as railroads, electric projects and water projects. The structure of global equity markets mirrored the structure of the markets within the colonial metropole; hence the chapter emphasizes the role ofand linkages with British, French, and Dutch colonial rule.
Globalization without Integration: International Considerations
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

The chapter explores both the role of international organizations in promoting equity market finance and the circumstances of the international market for equities, which make a local market necessary. It pays particular attention to the role of the International Finance Corporation (a part of the World Bank Group) in fostering convergence in the market for transnational equities. This market is really only available to large, multinational firms and sophisticated institutional investors. Hence, national or local markets become necessary for the creation of certain securities, particularly those associated with privatization programs.
Privatization and Share Supply in Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

The chapter considers domestic politics and share supply on emerging market stock exchanges. It argues that since the 1980s, states have created new exchanges not as vehicles to raise capital, but to reserve a role for local capital as it disengages from active management of the firm. Thus the state and the market do not act in opposition to each other; rather, the state creates a local market to allow its citizens access to ownership of local firms despite the fact that control of many of these firms lies overseas. The operative goal of the sale is thus corporate control, combined with revenue, and not just revenue alone. Structures respond to a myriad of domestic political concerns.
Russia and Eastern Europe
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter considers former Soviet bloc examples, three of which overtly modeled their securities market institutions on Anglo-American practice. These country examples contain cases of Ibusz, Cherkizovsky Group, and Harvard Capital that came from the Hungarian case-by-case program, the Russian mass-privatization program, and the Czech voucher program, respectively. In addition, it considers the Polish system, which emulated the German-Japanese example. The company case of Szczecin Shipyard in Poland also demonstrates that as large firms have sought to forge keiretsu-style conglomerates and failed, the state has re-entered their management.
Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

The examples in this chapter are chosen from the African region and diverge among countries as the Asian examples did. Firms on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange have responded to the opportunities presented by the international system to switch their listings to London; however, given the shareholding patterns of these firms, what little external pressure on management has occurred, has developed from the listing requirements of the London, and not Johannesburg exchange. The Cairo exchange in Egypt boomed in the 1990s along with other emerging markets, yet it boomed by selling minority shares of family-controlled firms. Finally, the two West African exchanges of Ghana and Senegal are examples of extremely small, thin markets dominated by issues of one or two privatized firms. The chapter examines the shareholder arrangements of Anglo-American, Olympic Group, Ashanti Goldfields, and Sonatel.
Stock Markets in the Global Political Economy
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This concluding chapter sums up the argument of the book and considers contending views on stock exchanges as an independent variable where economic growth, financial contagion, and democracy in the semi-periphery and periphery of the world system become the dependent variable. It compares emerging stock markets and the price mechanism in corporate governance with developed markets in the core of the world economy. Finally, it considers the future of stock markets in broader processes of financial globalization.
The Lesser Trinitarian Treatises I
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

This treatise points to some factors that are essential for the understanding of the concept of divine persons: (1) The relation of the divine persons to the divine substance is similar to the relation between the individual and the universal; (2) a divine person is understood as a unique collection of properties; (3) the divine persons are relational entities; (4) the main differences among the divine persons are that the Father is ungenerated, the Son is the only begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeds forth from the Father; and (5) the divine persons are in a permanent and perfect communion with one another. This last factor makes them be living persons and not merely unique collections of properties.
Against Eunomius and the Refutation of the Confession of Faith of Eunomius
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

The bulk of this chapter deals with the issue of divine relationality in the two treatises mentioned in the chapter title. As corollaries to this, I also study what I call Gregory’s theology of humanity’s exile and homecoming, with special attention to Gregory’s view of divine freedom and the issue of gender language in reference to the Holy Trinity. In his concept of divine relations, Gregory of Nyssa does not differ significantly from such patristic predecessors as the Alexandrian theologians (Origen, Dionysius, Alexander, Athanasius) or his brother, Basil of Caesarea. Moreover, all of them seem to be influenced by Aristotle’s category of relation that they apply to God. Thus, a father is both the name of a person and also points to a son—a reality that is different from the father but has the same nature.
Characters, Plots, and Motivations in Tibetan History
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

Chapter 2 begins with Tibetan origin myths and looks at the debates over the marriage of Songtsen Gambo and Wencheng: was she a cultural ambassador for China? Was she a war bride? Was he a barbarian who sought to eradicate his own culture and sinicize Tibet, or was he a military commander seeking to expand his empire? Or was he an incarnation of the buddha Avalokitesvara?
Family Reunion or Shotgun Wedding?
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

The Chinese takeover of Tibet in the 1950s is the focus of this chapter. It looks at the narratives that have developed around the event, and how each side presents its version, extracting keywords that reflect the general tenor of their respective discourses.
On Stating the Problem and Thesis
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter begins with presenting some background on the painting September 11 used on the cover of this book, which is by Russian artist Akmal Mizshakarol. It then presents the question posed by the book: how do we transcend the cycles of violence that bewitch our human community while still living in them? The chapter suggests that transcending violence is forged by the capacity to generate, mobilize, and build the moral imagination.
On Touching the Moral Imagination
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter presents four stories on transcending violence and discusses the morals behind them. The first story involves the emergence of peace amidst the ethnic conflict in Ghana during the 1990s. The second story details how women of Wajir — a district in northeastern Kenya — stopped a war. The third story tells how a group of peasants in Colombia dealt with the violence of numerous armed groups that traversed their lands and demanded their allegiance. The fourth story involves the Tajikistan civil war and how one professor talked philosophy with one of the warlords and convinced him to join peace negotiations with the government.
On Aesthetics
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the aesthetics of social change. It argues that the aesthetics of social change proposes a simple idea: building adaptive and responsive processes requires a creative act, which at its core is more art than technique. The creative act brings about processes that have not existed before. To sustain themselves over time, processes of change require constant innovation.
On Space
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses social webs. It presents three ideas that help to integrate the web of life for peacebuilding: (i) think, feel, and follow relationships; (ii) develop a capacity to see and think strategically about social spaces; and (iii) be smart flexible; the key to sustainability is not massive strength or greater force but adaptability: the capacity to recognize and then flexibly adapt processes of response that shift in form and shape while sustaining their core purpose of creating life.
On Mass and Movement
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses critical mass and social movements. It argues that critical mass is understood as a strategy for making things happen by mobilizing large numbers to effect a desired change. Driven by political, business, and military concepts, we seem to have an image that this kind of strategic thinking translates into maximizing output. Constructive social change requires a different image of strategy. Strategy in peacebuilding means thinking about what gives life and what keeps things alive. In the simplest terms, to be strategic requires that we create something beyond what exists from what is available but has exponential potential. In reference to social change, it means we must develop a capacity to recognize and build the locus of potential for change.
On Web Watching
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter discusses a critical but overlooked component of peacebuilding: the craft of watching webs. The web approach suggests that the way out of the pattern of repeated violence goes through the web of relational spaces in the context. Finding the relational spaces will mean that the location for sustaining social change in the context can be found. The approach of web watching also suggests that the process of locating webs demands careful attention to how we are in and how we relate to the setting.
On Time
Authors: Lederach John Paul
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that the moral imagination requires us to develop the art of living in multiple time and space spheres. Multi-dimensionality is present even in the moments of greatest crisis, when the urgency of the situation seems to hinge on quick short-term decisions. Thus, we need the imagination of the past that lies before us. This imagination involves the capacity to restory, to find the narrative that gives meaning to life and ongoing relationships.
Matter
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that matter, for Dante, can have no ontological ground or source other than Intellect-Being. Dante's world is not made of fundamental building blocks, rather all sensible reality is a contingent (but otherwise absolutely “real”) projection of self-subsistent Being, identified with pure Intellect or Awareness (which is not a thing). In rough terms this means, for example, that ontologically the brain depends upon consciousness, and not vice versa. It also implies that there is a way to travel in the physical world, and even beyond it, that leaves aside the laws of physics and material bodies. It is the route the pilgrim exploits, or rather the route that happens to the pilgrim: to identify more and more perfectly with the dimensionless conscious reality to which all spatiotemporal experience is immediately present, as in an extensionless point. To locate oneself in space and time is to locate oneself in conscious being, which is, as one who reaches the Primo Mobile discovers, “where” they exist.
Sunrises and Sunsets
Authors: Moevs Christian
Published: April 2005

The first twelve verses of Paradiso 29 are set off from the textual narrative and mark the center of the pilgrim's sojourn in the Primo Mobile. At least by one way of counting, they mark its exact center: they are preceded by 187 lines (from Dante's arrival in the Primo Mobile at Paradiso 27.100), and followed by 187 lines (to the narrative end of Dante's ascent to the Empyrean, at Paradiso 30.54). If Dante structured this intentionally, it may not be a coincidence that the digits of 187 numerologically add up to seven, a number Dante conjures by evoking two and five just after the pilgrim's entry into the Primo Mobile. As seen in “Time” section of the preceding chapter, seven for Macrobius represents the Neoplatonic world soul, the nexus between the One and the Many, as for the patristic tradition it represents the Holy Spirit; seven also denotes the completion of the work of creation. Seven is the number of man, the bridge or knot (like the Primo Mobile itself) between Creator and creation, between the self-subsistent and the contingent, between intellect (a three) and matter (a four). It is argued that those opening four tercets, which make a seven bracketed by sevens, mark a turning point or bridge, perhaps parallel to the “pivot”of conversion between earthly cupidity and selfless love that Singleton traced — as another pivotal seven framed by sevens — at the center of the entire Comedy. There may also be a link to proud Niobe (Pg 12.37-39), standing between seven and seven children killed by Apollo (in an acrostic spelling uom [“man”]), after having scorned Apollo's mother Latona for having only two children (Apollo and Diana). It is shown that pride, the downfall of man, is not to know both Latona's children as oneself, not to know oneself as both Apollo and Diana.
Morality
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2005

This chapter distinguishes between morality — the informal public system that people use — usually implicitly, when making moral decisions and judgments, and a moral theory, which provides an explicit description, explanation, and justification of morality. It presents some examples of incorrect accounts of morality and moral theories, including an extended account of John Stuart Mill’s views, and then provides correct accounts of these. It also provides a preliminary account of excuses and of moral judgments.
Rationality and Irrationality
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2005

This chapter provides an account of rationality and irrationality as the fundamental normative concepts, with irrationality being the more basic. It provides accounts of irrational beliefs and desires, and shows that the irrationality of both of these is derived from the concept of an irrational action. It examines Hume’s account of irrational action and its successors, the maximum satisfaction of desires account, and the “cool moment view,” showing all to be inadequate.
Reasons
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2005

This chapter distinguishes reasons and concepts from which these are often confused, such as motives and desires. It distinguishes between objective reasons and personal reasons, and between the justifying force of a reason and its requiring force. It provides an account of the kinds of facts and beliefs that can count as reasons, and clarifies the distinction between being an adequate reason and being no reason at all.
Goods (Benefits) and Evils (Harms)
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2005

This chapter provides definitions of goods (benefits) and evils (harms), and presents lists of the basic goods and evils. It establishes the objectivity of the concepts of goods (benefits) and evils (harms) by showing how the concepts of reward, punishment, and malady require the use of these concepts. It argues that although there is universal agreement about what the basic goods and basic evils are, there is some rational disagreement on the rankings of these goods and evils.
Impartiality
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: April 2005

This chapter provides a definition of impartiality, and shows that the most commonly accepted account confuses impartiality with consistency. It provides an account of the kind of impartiality required by morality by discussing the respect in which morality requires impartiality and the group with regard to which morality requires impartiality in this respect. It shows that rational persons can disagree about the scope of moral impartiality, that is, about the group with regard to which morality requires impartiality.
Graham Greene's Catholic Imagination
Authors: Bosco Mark
Published: April 2005

This book focuses on the importance of Catholicism in Graham Greene’s life and writings. In his 67 years of writing, Catholicism was always the thread that bound his literary preoccupations into a recognizable pattern. The chapters in this volume explore the development of Greene’s Catholic imagination by situating him in the two historical and theological milieus that dominate 20th century Catholicism: the Catholic revival in the first half of the century, and the Vatican II and post-Vatican II concerns that found new expression in his later novels.
Catholicism
Authors: Bosco Mark
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that Catholicism is more textured and complicated than the usual schematic framework expounded in studies on Graham Greene and the Catholic novel. It carries out two separate but related investigations: a summary assessment and critique of the “Catholic” genre in 20th century literature and Greene’s place in this literary heritage; and an appraisal of Green’s own Catholicism as expressed in interviews, essays, and biographical details. The first part of the investigation will expand the historically conservative context that presently defines the Catholic novel. The second part demonstrates Greene’s ongoing dialogue with, and immersion in the theological development of Catholicism throughout his life.
AUTHORITY AND CONTROL>
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

The pre-Reformation Church as an institution is analysed, beginning with the different influence of the papacy in England, Scotland, and Ireland, then moving to the internal relationship between church and state. The chapter emphasizes the strength of the crown in England, and the general order of the English church as compared with its Scottish and Gaelic counterparts.
THE STATE OF THE CLERGY
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

This continues the study of the pre-Reformation Church, focusing on the ordinary clergy, first the regulars and then the seculars. It highlights the relative strength of English monasticism, but stresses particularly the importance of the friars and the observant movement. Parish clergy are compared across the British Isles and the relationship between wealth and proper performance of duties is debated.
COMMUNITIES AND BELIEFS
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

The concluding chapter of the 1st part discusses communities and beliefs: lay religious behaviour and devotion before the Reformation, the nature of the parish, the sacramental life of the community, images, and pilgrimage. Its final section evaluates popular dissent and Lollardy. The problems of Scottish and Irish evidence are discussed. The strength of traditional English religious behaviour and belief is emphasized.
THE WORD DISSEMINATED
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

The first of two chapters that depart from the chronological framework of the text to discuss text and doctrine. This considers Protestant evangelism, the dissemination of scriptural knowledge, preaching, catechizing, and new forms of worship. It pays particular attention to the Protestant determination to replace images with words and to replace scriptural translation into the vernaculars of the British Isles.
CUIUS REGIO, EIUS RELIGIO?THE CHURCHES, POLITICS, AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITIES, 1558–1600
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

This discusses the political history of the religious settlements between 1558 and the end of the century. It contrasts England and Scotland, roughly characterized by having reformation from above and from below, but also emphasizes shared concerns and attitudes. The problems of reform in Ireland are treated separately: here the danger of assuming inevitable failure for Protestantism is stressed.
REFORMING PEOPLE AND COMMUNITY: CHURCH, CLERGY, AND LAITY, 1558–1600
Authors: HEAL FELICITY
Published: April 2005

Finally, the experience of the people of the British Isles in the half-century after the political reformations is considered. The parish ministry in Scotland and England is compared, as is the use of churches, the nature of the liturgy and the practice of discipline. The text concludes with an attempt to understand what sort of Protestants emerged from the crises of the century.
Justice Beyond Borders
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2005

Examines which political principles should govern global politics. It explores ethical issues in justice that arise at the global level and addresses questions such as: are there universal values, and if so, what are they; what human rights, if any, are there; are there global principles of distributive justice; should there be a system of supra-state institutions; is national self-determination defensible; when, if ever, may political regimes wage war; and is humanitarian intervention justified?

The book outlines and defends an egalitarian liberal brand of cosmopolitanism to address these questions, maintaining that there are universal principles, arguing that these include universal civil and political human rights, and defending the application of global principles of distributive justice. On this basis, it makes a case for a system of supra-state political institutions to promote these universal principles of justice further. Having set out principles of ideal theory, the book then examines what principles should apply when injustices are committed. To do this it examines when political regimes may wage war and when they may engage in intervention, and thereby draws on cosmopolitan principles to derive and defend a cosmopolitan conception of just war and humanitarian intervention. In arriving at these conclusions, the book engages in a sustained analysis of the competing arguments on all the above issues, examining the arguments of nationalists, realists, and those who affirm the ideal of a society of states. To do this, the book explores and integrates the work of philosophers, political theorists, and international relations scholars, and illustrates its ethical argument and theoretical analysis with empirical examples. Furthermore, it argues that the issues examined in the book cannot be adequately treated in isolation from each other but must be treated as an interlinked whole.
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2005

Focuses on the question of whether it is ever justified to intervene in the affairs of another political regime. To answer this question, the chapter begins, in Section I, with an analysis of what is meant by humanitarian intervention, and then goes on, in Section II, to outline a cosmopolitan argument for the right, and indeed duty, of humanitarian intervention. Sections III–VI then consider four counter-arguments for a norm of non-intervention presented by ‘society of states’ theorists, realists, and nationalists; these are that humanitarian intervention is illegitimate because it fails to respect the right to self-government, is presumptuous and arrogant, destroys international stability, and rarely succeeds. Sections VII–VIII argue that there is a moral case for intervention on humanitarian grounds, and analyse the conditions that must be satisfied before intervention is attempted (VII), as well as the principles that should guide the conduct of an intervention (VIII). Section IX examines whether international law should affirm a right to humanitarian intervention, and Section X summarizes and concludes, suggesting that overall, on cosmopolitan grounds, humanitarian intervention is defensible under certain conditions, but pointing out that it is a reactive policy, and that there is a strong case to be made for tackling and preventing problems rather than responding to them after they have arisen.
Conclusion
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2005

The aims of this book have been to defend a cosmopolitan theory (both a specific cosmopolitan theory and also a cosmopolitan perspective more generally) and to analyse and evaluate competing political philosophies in relation to global justice and politics. This conclusion pulls the threads of the previous six chapters together and offers some more general reflections on different ways of thinking about ethical issues that arise at the global level. The chapter begins by highlighting some key features of the cosmopolitan vision that have emerged from the preceding chapters. It then seeks to locate where non-cosmopolitan political philosophies dissent from (challenge) the cosmopolitan vision.
The Resource‐based View: Aligning Strategy and Competitive Equilibrium
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: April 2005

Resource-based view of the firm (RBV) has emerged as the dominant approach to strategy-content theory. However, the RBV was developed in hurry by a few key contributors, while its nearly 20 years of existence is considered short in the social science context. It is argued that the RBV is underpinned by a patched-up version of the competitive equilibrium model, and that this introduced an explanatory straitjacket that the RBV appears to only now be breaking out of.
Graceful Reading
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: April 2005

Bunyan’s theology is not obsessed with a forbidding Calvinist doctrine of predestination. Rather, his is a comfortable doctrine, in which the believer is encouraged to accept salvation through the more accommodating terms of Bunyan’s covenant theology. Bunyan’s narrative style is informed by this doctrine, and his major works (with particular focus on Grace Abounding and The Pilgrim’s Progress) reveal a profound sensitivity to narrative and reading practices, with reading itself instrumental to spiritual instruction. The ‘graceful reading’ of the book’s title thus encompasses a Bunyan for whom grace rather than predestination is most important, as well as a Bunyan whose narrative style tests the reader by presenting narratives that must be read for something other than ‘story’ alone. As commentators tend to divorce the ‘literary’ aspects of Bunyan’s works from their Calvinism, this book suggests a more constructive way of reading his narrative and doctrinal writings, by integrating literary interpretation with their theology and by viewing them in the context of late seventeenth-century Nonconformist culture, as well as against the narrative strategies of postmodernist fiction.