bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deformation and power characteristics monolithic reinforced concrete bearing systems in the mode of progressive collapse
Authors: Kabantsev Oleg , Mitrovic Bozidar
Published: December 2018

The paper considers the question of substantiating the choice of criteria for limiting states of monolithic reinforced concrete bearing systems for the regime of progressive collapse. Based on the results of computational and theoretical studies, structural elements and structural units of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings are determined, the destruction of which occurs first of all in the event of a failure of the vertical bearing structure. It is established that the destruction of such structural units and structural elements leads to the initialization of the process of progressive collapse. A computational and theoretical analysis has been performed to determine the ultimate deformation effects or load values according to the criteria for the bearing capacity of crutial units of monolithic reinforced concrete systems with different span sizes. It is established that as a basic criterion for estimating the stress-and-strain state of monolithic reinforced concrete structures for the mode of failure of a vertical bearing structure, the relative deformation amount corresponding to the formation of the “fracture” zone of the retaining section of the overlap under the action of transverse forces can be adopted.
Seismic stability of the 20-storey reinforced concrete frame building by various normative documents
Authors: Avetisyan Levon
Published: December 2018

This article provides a comparative analysis of three different regulatory documents on earthquake-resistant construction. For the calculation example and comparative analysis, the calculation of a 20-storey reinforced concrete frame building for seismic resistance according to Russian, European and American normative documents is made. A comparative analysis of the calculation results of strength and deformation characteristics is made, seismic resistance is evaluated according to the considered norms. The Pushover analysis at different spatial rigidity of the building under study was carried out, the values of the damage coefficient were obtained and compared. It is established that European and American regulations impose more stringent requirements for seismic resistance of the building than the Russian regulatory document, but due to the high safety factors and calculation algorithms at the same loads, the building calculated according to Russian standards has less seismic resistance in the calculation example. This follows from the results of the calculation of the building considered. The displacements along the x and Y axes in the case of Russian norms are more than 2 times higher. At the same time, the greatest deflections were obtained in the calculation of the European regulations, with 35% more than the maximum. Pushover analysis in the calculation of the Russian regulations showed a very small coefficient of permissible damage K1, 36% less than the minimum. After increasing the spatial stiffness of its value increased by more than 2 times and began to fully satisfy the seismic resistance. In all calculated cases, there was an increase in the coefficient K1 with an increase in the rigidity of the building, and the values themselves sought to close each other's numbers.
Features of gas excretion in wastewater treatment processes by the method of electroflotation
Authors: Alekseev Evgeny , Stashevskaya Nadezhda
Published: December 2018

The method of wastewater treatment by electroflotation is based on the electrochemical process of obtaining a gas dispersion. Features of the chemical composition of wastewater affect the electrochemical processes of water decomposition and the excretion of electrolysis gases. The aim of the research was to study the regularities of the separation of electrolysis gases from the ratio of the areas of polar electrodes and the value of the active reaction of the treated water (pH). It is established that the optimum value of the ratio of the electrode areas (fa : fc) close to 1. The value of the current density at the electrodes is recommended to take in 150 – 200 A/m2. An increase in the current density leads to heating of the liquid and an over-expenditure of electricity. The greatest influence of the pH of wastewater on the process of gas excretion is noted in the acidic medium. The gas yield is independent of the pH value in neutral and alkaline media. The gas yield remains practically unchanged with a current density of more than 150 A/m2 over the entire range of pH changes from 2 to 12.
Technology of groundwater biological deferrization
Authors: Govorova Zhanna , Muraveva Ekaterina , Govorov Vadim , Semenovykh Vasiliy
Published: December 2018

Applicability of development of technology using bioreactor and floating media filter is shown. The technology is based on the biological oxidation of iron and manganese by a group of iron oxidizing bacteria (IOB). The description, the operating principle and the results of technology testing are given. If the content of iron is 4,9-5,71 mg/L, manganese - 0,12-0,2 mg/L and carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are present, the quality of treated water meets all normative requirements. A microscopic analysis of the backwash water from bioreactor and filter was carried out. It has been established that Leptothrix type iron oxidizing bacteria are involved in the oxidation of compounds of dissolved forms of iron and manganese.
Improvement of assembly technique efficiency for installation of buildings and related structures in light building constructions
Authors: Drozdov Anatoliy
Published: December 2018

Mounting technology from light steel structures gets ever-growing use in construction. The advantages of such technologies with their wide variety of applications are: durability, low specific gravity of structures, environmental friendliness, fire-resistance, low operation cost, fast efficient multi-season installation, resistance to stress, etc. Further development of this technology is associated with the improvement of normative base for calculation and design of buildings and related structures in light steel building constructions with indication of their loading and mounting parameters, implemented using riveting and screwed connections. Improving performance of erecting depends largely on the choice of a mechanized tool whereby these tasks are performed. Production processes of tightening screwed connections are carried out in vibroimpact modes, and one of the problems is to reduce vibration level decrease perceived by the operator, in order to protect him and extend the allowed operating hours. An effective method for solving it is employment of machinery with vibration control, with hydroimpulsive mechanisms in the drive.
Sustainability of multi-skin facades
Authors: Hui Yang , Lushin Kirill
Published: December 2018

The paper considers the issues of buildings multi-skin envelope construction. Such a constructions is often used for buildings with wet inside air and for buildings with low energy consumption. A number of factors effect on the durability, sustainability and other properties of facade during the whole lifecycle of a building.
Influence of the binder filtration on residual stresses at the composite constructions manufacturing
Authors: Sergeev Andrei , Turusov Robert , Gorenberg Arkadiy , Kuperman Alexandr
Published: December 2018

Stress changes generated during the composite winding on the mandrel surface is investigated. A model of liquid binder filtration through the fibrous filler in the form of disc-shaped gap in the structure of the coil-processing material is proposed. An equation, considering the stress decrease occurring in consequence of the coils winding due to binder filtration is suggested. Experimental results of unidirectional rings winding on mandrels studied using strain gages are demonstrated.
A long-term strength of constructive materials
Authors: Larionov Evgeny
Published: December 2018

A long-term strength materials under an axially loading of constructive elements is considered and the estimates of this strength are reduced. The proposed approach is connected with the notion so-called energy of entirety [1]. It is notable that this value can be used instead of known Reiner’s invariant [2]. A material (concrete, steel, graph) is considered as a union of its links with statistical disturbed strengths [3]. This conception allows to modify Boltzmann’s principle superposition of fraction creep deformations [4] and in addition, implies the identity of non-linear stresses function for the instantaneous and retarding deformations. The degeneration of long-term strength because of vibrational influence take into account and the strengthening of the materials in the course of their formation is considered.
Management of the investment project structure in the field of manufacturing innovative building materials
Authors: Safronova Anastasia , Kurenkov Petr , Egorov Anatoly , Sokolova Alla , Pilipchuk Nadezhda
Published: December 2018

In the current economic situation for many domestic enterprises, the problems of development of investment activity are of the utmost importance. The range of issues solved in the field of investment management is wide enough and connected with the main activities of the enterprise. The fact of the shortage of investment resources for the creation of high-tech manufacturing facilities in advanced fields of industry requires a special approach to the formation and management of private resources of large industrial enterprises. The existing problems together with the complexity and high degree of uncertainty of investment results have created demand for improving management of investment process of an enterprise.
Modeling an Individual and Group Decision on the Implementation of a Real Estate Development Project
Authors: Romanova Elena
Published: December 2018

The implementation of the real estate development project are accompanied many management decisions. These decisions can be made by one person or a project team. The article describes the advantages and disadvantages of individual and group decisions. The results of a comparative research of decision-making by one person and a group using computer decision support systems and without them. It is shown that using of automation tools facilitates decision making and increases confidence in its correctness. It has been experimentally proved that the individual solution is based on a smaller number of factors, is accepted more quickly and more satisfied by the person making the decision, in comparison with the group decision. Further the difficulties in implementing computer decision support systems in the work of a development company and acquired benefits are listed.
Socio-psychological aspects of innovation behavior of workers in construction organizations
Authors: Leontev Mikhail
Published: December 2018

The ability for introduction of innovation, improve products, services and work processes is becoming increasingly important for the construction industry today. This paper focuses on the personal and socio-psychological characteristics of innovation: employee attitudes toward innovations, the degree of employee involvement in innovation activity, personal motivation and incentives. It was found that the innovative behavior of workers in construction organizations is positively influenced by: participative leadership style, support of employees’ innovative behavior on the part of management, external business contacts, innovative results, successful practice of introducing innovations in the firm (enterprise). These factors, combined with material incentives, the desire for self-realization, the involvement of employees in all stages of the innovation process, create a suitable environment for the innovative activity of employees.
Management of the sustainable development of heating systems construction during changes of the conditions of the assessment
Authors: Verstina Natalia , Evseev Evgeny
Published: December 2018

Scientific-and-practical aspects of regulating the matters of the assessment of sustainable development, are considered in the article. The tendencies of the heating systems development construction are systematized. The authors offer the methodical approach to the formation of information for the definition of indicators of sustainable development of heating systems construction in the built-up territories, taking into account the interrelation of the heating systems life cycle stages.
Integrated information support for the production and services on the basis of open technical vocabulary
Authors: Cherkina Vera
Published: December 2018

Among the various directions in the development of Russian processes for standardizing products, both military and civilian, taking into account the international system for standardizing the information flow of data on products and technologies, the questions of improving of master data as a material carrier of information. The problem of data quality is payed increased attention, especially in countries of Western Europe, and primarily the United States. Developed and implemented are the corresponding series of international standards - ISO-8000, regulating the structure, syntax, semantics, portability and other attributes of data, and ISO-22745, determining their quality. Both standards were proposed by the US Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).
Entrepreneurial Risks in the Realities of the Digital Economy
Authors: Lyapuntsova Elena , Belozerova Yulia , Drozdova Ilona , Afanas’ev Grigory , Okunkova Elena
Published: December 2018

The topic of the development of the digital economy has become one of the priorities at the international level, and on the agenda of the G20 Summit, held July 7-8, 2017 in Hamburg. In the communiqué of the leaders on the results of the summit in the framework of the “digital block”, the heads of state of the G20 stressed the importance of developing digital literacy. Russia has initiated a discussion on consumer protection in the G20 format. The particular relevance of these issues for the global community is noted in the article by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin dedicated to cooperation in the framework of the “twenty”. The advantages and opportunities of the digital economy are undoubted. However, the risks and challenges that consumers of the digital economy face daily threaten the harmonious development of new models of this sector of the economy. In this article, the authors tried to consider business risks in the realities of the digital economy. People and their level of confidence in new technologies and market models are not only key elements, but also the most important indicators of the successful development of the digital economy.
The capability of three seperable finite-strain viscoelastic models to predict response of a filled rubber material
Authors: Jridi Nidhal , Arfaoui M. , Hamdi A. , Salvia M. , Bareille O. , Ichchou M. , Ben Abdallaha J.
Published: December 2018

Three integral-based finite strain viscoelastic models under the assumption of time-strain separability have been investigated within this work. To this end, experimental investigation has been conducted on a carbon black filled rubber, a mixture of natural rubber and bromobutyl. The monotonic tests were performed to capture the long-term response of the material. Relaxation tests were intented to identify the time-dependent material properties, and completed with a dynamic mechanical analysis. Models under consideration are Christensen, Fosdick and Yu and Simo model implemented in the finite element solver Abaqus. Under the assumption of an homegeneous incompressible material with a Mooney-Rivlin elastic potential, the response of the three models is compared for uniaxial tension and simple shear motions in time and frequency domains with respect to strain-rate, frequency and static predeformation dependencies. The equilibrium and non-equilibrium stress is predicted in a limited range mainly related to the choice and identification of the hyperelastic model. For stress relaxation, the long-term response is asymptotically reached with good accuracy, while the hysteritic response is mainly overestimated for Christensen model, and better approximated for both Fosdick and Yu and Simo models. In the frequency domain, Fosdick and Yu model shows no dependence on the predeformation. Christensen model is likely adapted to unfilled rubbers, and is unable to predict the softening effect due to the static predeformation effect. Simo model shows better prediction capabilities with a minimal set of material parameters.
Arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff repair: a comprehensive review of the literature
Authors: Aydin Nuri , Karaismailoglu Bedri , Gurcan Mert , Ozsahin Mahmut Kursat
Published: December 2018

Rotator cuff repairs seek to achieve adequate tendon fixation and to secure the fixation during the process of biological healing. Currently, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has become the gold standard. One of the earliest defined techniques is single-row repair but the inadequacy of single-row repair to precisely restore the anatomical footprint as well as the significant rates of retear especially in large tears have led surgeons to seek other techniques. Double-row repair techniques, which have been developed in response to these concerns, have various modifications like the number and placement of anchors and suture configurations.

When the literature is reviewed, it is possible to say that double-row repairs demonstrate superior biomechanical properties. In regard to retear rates, both double row and transosseous equivalent (TOE) techniques have also yielded more favorable outcomes compared to single-row repair. But the clinical results are conflicting and more studies have to be conducted. However, it is more probable that superior structural integrity will yield better structural and functional results in the long run. TOE repair technique is regarded as promising in terms of better biomechanics and healing since it provides better footprint contact. Knotless TOE structures are believed to reduce impingement on the medial side of tendons and thus aid in tendon nutrition; however, there are not enough studies about its effectiveness.

It is important to optimize the costs without endangering the treatment of the patients. We believe that the arthroscopic TOE repair technique will yield superior results in regard to both repair integrity and functionality, especially with tears larger than 3 cm. Although defining the pattern of the tear is one of the most important guiding steps when selecting the repair technique, the surgeon should not forget to evaluate every patient individually for tendon healing capacity and functional expectations.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) – Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-Up. Guideline of the DDG and DGGG (S3 Level, AWMF Registry Number 057/008, February 2018)
Authors: Schäfer-Graf Ute , Gembruch Ulrich , Kainer Franz , Groten Tanja , Hummel Sandra , Hösli Irene , Grieshop Mellita , Kaltheuner Matthias , Bührer Christoph , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Laubner Katharina , Bancher-Todesca Dagmar
Published: December 2018

A team of experts from the fields of gynaecology and obstetrics, diabetology, internal medicine, paediatrics and midwifery from Germany, Austria and Switzerland produced a new version of the existing S3 guideline on gestational diabetes. It replaces the recommendations of the German Association for Gynaecology and Obstetrics and the German Diabetes Association on the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes from 2011 and is valid for the three German-speaking countries. The primary aim of the guideline is to improve and standardise the prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of gestational diabetes through evidence-based recommendations for the outpatient and inpatient area. A large number of new studies and data published in the last few years required a comprehensive revision of the 2011 guideline. The new aspects include early screening of pregnant women with a high risk for diabetes or gestational diabetes, the validity of two-stage screening in the third trimester by means of the 50-g challenge test, as specified in the maternity guidelines, use of metformin instead of or in addition to insulin in gestational diabetes, and birth planning with GDM and/or macrosomia. The recommendations are based on the evidence from the literature, which was selected through a systematic external literature search. All recommendations had to pass through a consensus process. The present text corresponds to the practice guideline on gestational diabetes, which is an action-oriented short version of the evidence-based S3 guideline that can be viewed on the internet.
Multiple positive solutions for a class of (2, p)-Laplacian equation
Authors: Li Fuyi , Rong Ting , Liang Zhanping
Published: December 2018

In this work, we investigate the (2, p)-Laplacian equation −Δu − Δpu = f(x, u) in Ω with the boundary condition u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω is a smooth bounded domain in RN, p > 2, and the nonlinearity f has extension property at both the zero and infinity points. We observe that the above equation admits at least two positive solutions, owing to the mountain pass theorem and Ekeland’s variational principle.
Electron emission and capture by oxygen-related bistable thermal double donors in silicon studied with junction capacitance techniques
Authors: Markevich V. P. , Vaqueiro-Contreras M. , Lastovskii S. B. , Murin L. I. , Halsall M. P. , Peaker A. R.
Published: December 2018

It has been recently suggested that oxygen-related bistable thermal double donors (BTDDs) are responsible for the reduction of minority carrier lifetime and conversion efficiency of novel amorphous-crystalline Si heterojunction solar cells with their base formed from n-type Czochralski-grown (Cz) silicon [M. Tomassini et al., J. Appl. Phys. 119, 084508 (2016)]. To test this hypothesis, we have studied processes associated with carrier emission and capture by BTDDs in p+-n and Schottky barrier diodes on n-type Cz-Si materials with the use of junction capacitance techniques. By means of deep level transient spectroscopy, we have detected electron emission signals from the deep donor state of the BTDD-0 and BTDD-1 centers. The values of activation energy for electron emission (Eem) have been determined as 1.01 ± 0.01 and 0.91 ± 0.01 eV for the BTDD-0 and BTDD-1 centers, respectively. Such high Eem values are very unusual for defects in Si. We have carried out measurements of electron capture kinetics and associated shallow donor–deep donor transformations for the BTDD-0 and BTDD-1 defects at different temperatures in the diodes with different doping levels. Energy barriers for the capture-transformation processes have been determined. It is argued that BTDDs are responsible for carrier trapping in n-type Cz-Si crystals but are not effective recombination centers.
Ultra-wide bandgap, conductive, high mobility, and high quality melt-grown bulk ZnGa2O4 single crystals
Authors: Galazka Zbigniew , Ganschow Steffen , Schewski Robert , Irmscher Klaus , Klimm Detlef , Kwasniewski Albert , Pietsch Mike , Fiedler Andreas , Schulze-Jonack Isabelle , Albrecht Martin , Schröder Thomas , Bickermann Matthias
Published: December 2018

Truly bulk ZnGa2O4 single crystals were obtained directly from the melt. High melting point of 1900 ± 20 °C and highly incongruent evaporation of the Zn- and Ga-containing species impose restrictions on growth conditions. The obtained crystals are characterized by a stoichiometric or near-stoichiometric composition with a normal spinel structure at room temperature and by a narrow full width at half maximum of the rocking curve of the 400 peak of (100)-oriented samples of 23 arcsec. ZnGa2O4 is a single crystalline spinel phase with the Ga/Zn atomic ratio up to about 2.17. Melt-grown ZnGa2O4 single crystals are thermally stable up to 1100 and 700 °C when subjected to annealing for 10 h in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres, respectively. The obtained ZnGa2O4 single crystals were either electrical insulators or n-type semiconductors/degenerate semiconductors depending on growth conditions and starting material composition. The as-grown semiconducting crystals had the resistivity, free electron concentration, and maximum Hall mobility of 0.002–0.1 Ωcm, 3 × 1018–9 × 1019 cm−3, and 107 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The semiconducting crystals could be switched into the electrically insulating state by annealing in the presence of oxygen at temperatures ≥700 °C for at least several hours. The optical absorption edge is steep and originates at 275 nm, followed by full transparency in the visible and near infrared spectral regions. The optical bandgap gathered from the absorption coefficient is direct with a value of about 4.6 eV, close to that of β-Ga2O3. Additionally, with a lattice constant of a = 8.3336 Å, ZnGa2O4 may serve as a good lattice-matched substrate for magnetic Fe-based spinel films.
Impact of proton irradiation on conductivity and deep level defects in β-Ga2O3
Authors: Ingebrigtsen M. E. , Kuznetsov A. Yu. , Svensson B. G. , Alfieri G. , Mihaila A. , Badstübner U. , Perron A. , Vines L. , Varley J. B.
Published: December 2018

Single crystalline bulk and epitaxially grown gallium oxide (β–Ga2O3) was irradiated by 0.6 and 1.9 MeV protons to doses ranging from 5 × 109 to 6 × 1014 cm−2 in order to study the impact on charge carrier concentration and electrically active defects. Samples irradiated to doses at or above 2 × 1013 cm−2 showed a complete removal of free charge carriers in their as-irradiated state, whereas little or no influence was observed below doses of 6 × 1012 cm−2. From measurements at elevated temperatures, a thermally activated recovery process is seen for the charge carriers, where the activation energy for recovery follow a second-order kinetics with an activation energy of ∼1.2 eV. Combining the experimental results with hybrid functional calculations, we propose that the charge carrier removal can be explained by Fermi-level pinning far from the conduction band minimum (CBM) due to gallium interstitials (Gai), vacancies (VGa), and antisites (GaO), while migration and subsequent passivation of VGa via hydrogen-derived or VO defects may be responsible for the recovery. Following the recovery, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) reveals generation of two deep levels, with energy positions around 0.75 and 1.4 eV below the CBM. Of these two levels, the latter is observed to disappear after the initial DLTS measurements, while the concentration of the former increases. We discuss candidate possibilities and suggest that the origins of these levels are more likely due to a defect complex than an isolated point defect.
Pump-probe optical response of semiconductor quantum dot–metal nanoparticle hybrids
Authors: Kosionis Spyridon G. , Paspalakis Emmanuel
Published: December 2018

We study optical effects in a hybrid system composed of a semiconductor quantum dot (SQD) and a spherical metal nanoparticle (MNP) that interacts with a weak probe and a strong pump electromagnetic field. We use modified nonlinear density matrix equations for the description of the optical properties of the system and calculate, numerically, the first-order susceptibilities of the SQD, the MNP, and the total hybrid nanostructure of the probe field in the presence of the pump field. We investigate the dependence of the probe absorption and dispersion spectra of the SQD, the MNP, and the total nanostructure on the interparticle distance and the detuning of the pump field, and stress the influence of the MNP contribution to the total optical response. The results we find are explained according to the theory of two distinct metastates, which constitute conjugations of the SQD excitonic and the MNP plasmonic excitations. We also show that the optical response strongly depends on the actual values of the SQD material parameters.
Nanowires for energy: A review
Authors: Goktas N. I. , Wilson P. , Ghukasyan A. , Wagner D. , McNamee S. , LaPierre R. R.
Published: December 2018

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) represent a new class of materials and a shift from conventional two-dimensional bulk thin films to three-dimensional devices. Unlike thin film technology, lattice mismatch strain in NWs can be relaxed elastically at the NW free surface without dislocations. This capability can be used to grow unique heterostructures and to grow III-V NWs directly on inexpensive substrates, such as Si, rather than lattice-matched but more expensive III-V substrates. This capability, along with other unique properties (quantum confinement and light trapping), makes NWs of great interest for next generation optoelectronic devices with improved performance, new functionalities, and reduced cost. One of the many applications of NWs includes energy conversion. This review will outline applications of NWs in photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, and betavoltaics (direct conversion of solar, thermal, and nuclear energy, respectively, into electrical energy) with an emphasis on III-V materials. By transitioning away from bulk semiconductor thin films or wafers, high efficiency photovoltaic cells comprised of III-V NWs grown on Si would improve performance and take advantage of cheaper materials, larger wafer sizes, and improved economies of scale associated with the mature Si industry. The thermoelectric effect enables a conversion of heat into electrical power via the Seebeck effect. NWs present an opportunity to increase the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric devices by decreasing the thermal conductivity (κ) due to surface phonon backscattering from the NW surface boundaries. Quantum confinement in sufficiently thin NWs can also increase the Seebeck coefficient by modification of the electronic density of states. Prospects for III-V NWs in thermoelectric devices, including solar thermoelectric generators, are discussed. Finally, betavoltaics refers to the direct generation of electrical power in a semiconductor from a radioactive source. This betavoltaic process is similar to photovoltaics in which photon energy is converted to electrical energy. In betavoltaics, however, energetic electrons (beta particles) are used instead of photons to create electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor by impact ionization. NWs offer the opportunity for improved beta capture efficiency by almost completely surrounding the radioisotope with semiconductor material. Improving the efficiency is important in betavoltaic design because of the high cost of materials and manufacturing, regulatory restrictions on the amount of radioactive material used, and the enabling of new applications with higher power requirements.
Effect of hydriding induced defects on the small-scale plasticity mechanisms in nanocrystalline palladium thin films
Authors: Lumbeeck Gunnar , Idrissi Hosni , Amin-Ahmadi Behnam , Favache Audrey , Delmelle Renaud , Samaee Vahid , Proost Joris , Pardoen Thomas , Schryvers Dominique
Published: December 2018

Nanoindentation tests performed on nanocrystalline palladium films subjected to hydriding/dehydriding cycles demonstrate a significant softening when compared to the as-received material. The origin of this softening is unraveled by combining in situ TEM nanomechanical testing with automated crystal orientation mapping in TEM and high resolution TEM. The softening is attributed to the presence of a high density of stacking faults and of Shockley partial dislocations after hydrogen loading. The hydrogen induced defects affect the elementary plasticity mechanisms and the mechanical response by acting as preferential sites for twinning/detwinning during deformation. These results are analyzed and compared to previous experimental and simulation works in the literature. This study provides new insights into the effect of hydrogen on the atomistic deformation and cracking mechanisms as well as on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline thin films and membranes.
A study of laser-induced surface defects in silicon and impact on electrical properties
Authors: Sun Zeming , Gupta Mool C.
Published: December 2018

Laser processing of silicon solar cells has unique advantages that offer the potential for low-cost high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. The understanding, monitoring, and control of laser-induced defects in silicon become important challenges that limit photovoltaic efficiency. In this work, the fundamental investigation of laser-induced defects was achieved by identifying defect types and origins at different laser-fluence regimes, assessing defect concentrations, and evaluating their impact on surface electrical properties and photovoltaic device performance. Studies showed that below laser melting, little degradation of electrical properties is observed, but no defects are identified; between laser melting and ablation, point defects and oxygen incorporation mainly occur; above laser ablation, dislocations and strain are primarily generated. Laser-induced dislocation density and strain are found likely to increase exponentially with laser fluence, and laser-induced strain is identified to be a possible major source of dislocation generation. In order to understand carrier recombination and charge transport in laser-processed silicon surface, we quantified the drift mobility, conductivity, carrier lifetime, and leakage current at various laser fluences and dislocation levels. The laser-defect induced degradation of surface electrical properties is governed by a probable exponential relationship with laser fluence, suggesting that laser-processing fluences near silicon melting should be carefully chosen for minimizing induced defects and electrical property degradation. Finally, the control of laser-induced defects was demonstrated through laser or furnace post annealing of laser-processed solar cell devices. After two laser-annealing steps, the open circuit voltage, fill factor, series resistance, and shunt resistance were significantly improved, resulting in an increased photovoltaic efficiency.
History, distribution and world production.
Authors: Leal F. , d'Eeckenbrugge G. C.
Published: December 2018

With a world production of above 25 million tonnes, having duplicated in less than 25 years, pineapple is the third most important tropical fruit, behind bananas and mango (considering that citrus cultivation is mostly subtropical). This chapter discusses the pre-Columbian importance and distribution of pineapple. Its early post-contact diffusion is discussed, as well as the colonial and post-colonial germplasm diffusion and improvement. Also, the development of the world production and trade of pineapple are described.
VEGF expands erythropoiesis via hypoxia-independent induction of erythropoietin in noncanonical perivascular stromal cells
Authors: Greenwald Alissa C. , Licht Tamar , Kumar Saran , Oladipupo Sunday S. , Iyer Seema , Grunewald Myriam , Keshet Eli
Published: December 2018

Insufficient erythropoiesis due to increased demand is usually met by hypoxia-driven up-regulation of erythropoietin (Epo). Here, we uncovered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a novel inducer of Epo capable of increasing circulating Epo under normoxic, nonanemic conditions in a previously unrecognized reservoir of Epo-producing cells (EPCs), leading to expansion of the erythroid progenitor pool and robust splenic erythropoiesis. Epo induction by VEGF occurs in kidney, liver, and spleen in a population of Gli1+SMA+PDGFRβ+ cells, a signature shared with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived from mesenchymal stem cell–like progenitors. Surprisingly, inhibition of PDGFRβ signaling, but not VEGF signaling, abrogated VEGF-induced Epo synthesis. We thus introduce VEGF as a new player in Epo induction and perivascular Gli1+SMA+PDGFRβ+ cells as a previously unrecognized EPC reservoir that could be harnessed for augmenting Epo synthesis in circumstances such as chronic kidney disease where production by canonical EPCs is compromised.
Sustainable industrial systems within kernel density analysis of artificial intelligence and industry 4.0
Authors: Soebandrija Khristian Edi Nugroho , Hutabarat Daniel Patricko , Aerna  , Khair Fauzi
Published: December 2018

This paper conveys the theoretical perspectives of sustainable industrial systems of On board Unit (OBU) in Electronic Toll and its transportation industry. It proposes kernel density analysis of artificial intelligence approach to industry 4.0. Regulation for technology developments in artificial intelligence and robotics are deemed as one of beneficial yet structurally neglected domain. This domain refers to human perspective on augmenting automation. This regulation was emphasized in 2017 by the European Parliament report level. The mentioned regulation comprises attention in Indonesia transportation industry indicating positive innovation domains in term of safeguards and regulations are needed. Prior, current and posterior trends of the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and Physical Internet constitutes the results of the data development and understanding. Therefore, the topical framework of automation and robotics are triggered by these developments. The mention triggers has impacted the most important wide range implementation of industries in the future. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) system is 40% higher in cost efficiency than Manual Toll Collection (MTC) system. In this situation, Indonesian government has already issued full swing policy implementation on non-contact freeway toll collection system by the end of 2018. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is capitalized to proceed to data processing. Result of this research shown the driver's characteristics that significantly affect willingness to pay an on-board unit are education expenses, distance and frequency. The average value of driver willing to pay an on-board unit was 225.781 IDR and factors that affecting values of the willingness to pay an on-board unit are expenses and distance.
Enzyme-linked oligonucleotide hybridization assay for direct oligo measurement in blood
Authors: Lorenson Mary Y , Chen Kuan-Hui Ethan , Walker Ameae M
Published: December 2018

Small oligonucleotides (oligos) are increasingly being utilized as diagnostics or treatments for disease. An impediment to broader use is the ability to readily measure oligos in biological fluids. Here, we describe a very straightforward assay with detection in the sub-picomole range that does not require extraction from serum/plasma or polymerization chain reaction amplification. As a result, there are no losses or errors due to sample handling, and the assay can be used to measure oligos modified in a variety of ways that increase therapeutic efficacy. The enzyme-linked oligonucleotide hybridization assay (ELOHA) is based on competition with a detection oligo for hybridization to a capture oligo covalently linked to a solid substrate. The versatility of ELOHAs is demonstrated by application to the measurement of three oligos, including two morpholino-oligos with 3′-octaguanidine derivatization for efficient cell uptake. The third oligo is unmodified and has a DNA sequence equivalent to miR93. The assays have sensitivity as low as 0.28 pmol/sample reaction at 50% hybridization. Adding to clinical utility is the need for only a simple 96-well absorbance plate reader and the finding that neither EDTA nor heparin interferes with detection.
Informing Social Work Practice with Theory: Reflections on the Protection of Aboriginal Children in Remote Communities of Australia
Authors: Nietz Heidi
Published: December 2018

Recent reforms to the Australian child-protection sector have widened its scope from solely a statutory child-protection system to a public-health model to increase the number of agencies involved in the provision of services for children who are deemed ‘vulnerable’ or ‘at risk’. Nevertheless, the number of Aboriginal children in the sector continues to increase. This paper argues that the reflective basis of social work practice in Australia contains a lack that evades consideration of the ‘projective identifications’ informing practice. Social workers are more likely to achieve safety outcomes for children when such projections are acknowledged and tendered to in their reflective practice.
The Dynamics of Change
Authors: Wikstrom Per-Olof H. , Treiber Kyle
Published: December 2018

This chapter develops and refines the key suppositions of the development ecological action (DEA) model of individual stability and change in crime involvement. First, the chapter discusses some limitations of key developmental theories of crime, arguing that there is a neglect of, and therefore a need for, a stronger focus on the crime event and the criminogenic person–environment interactions that cause acts of, and drives pathways in, crime. The chapter then introduces the basic propositions of situational action theory (SAT) as well as the DEA model. It also explores the DEA model in more depth, explicating the role of psychosocial and socioecological processes in stability and change in people’s crime propensities and criminogenic exposure. Finally, this chapter sums up the key arguments and their implications for the study of criminal careers.
Migration and the Mobility of Labor
Authors: De Genova Nicholas
Published: December 2018

The reduction of human beings into human commodities, or “human capital”—indeed, into labor and nothing but labor—which was the essence of modern slavery, served as a necessary predicate for the consolidation and perfecting of what Marx called “labor in the abstract.” This requires us to re-situate enslaved labor as the defining and constitutive limit for how we comprehend labor as such under capitalism. The production of labor in the abstract, or labor “in general,” depended furthermore upon concrete productions of sociopolitical difference, particularly the branding of race. Analogously, migration provides a key site for contemplating the mobility of labor “as such”—labor “in general,” or labor in the abstract—while simultaneously illustrating precisely how such mobility is inexorably subordinated through the production of spatialized/ racialized difference that arises through the enforcement of (“national”) state borders and immigration law, branding migrant labor as “foreign” if not “illegal.”
Consumer Culture Theory
Authors: Arnould Eric J. , Thompson Craig J.
Published: December 2018

Consumer culture theory (CCT) refers to a heteroglossic assemblage of theoretical perspectives and methodological orientations that seeks to illuminate the dynamic, interactive relationships among consumer actions, marketplace systems, cultural meanings, and broader sociostructural forces, such as socialization in class and gender practices and ideologies. This chapter traces out the historical evolution of CCT and the four major domains of theoretical interests that organize its research program. Using Jeffrey Alexander’s metaphor of disciplinary fault lines, this chapter profiles the intellectual tangencies that link CCT to cultural sociology and their respective points of differentiation. It further discusses how the future trajectories of CCT research are likely to be shaped by actor-network, flat ontologies, and efforts to more directly address macro-level societal problems emanating from the logics of consumerism and the neoliberalization of global consumer culture.
The Record of Economic Growth, Business Cycles, and Economic Policies in American Economic History
Authors: Ohanian Lee
Published: December 2018

This chapter documents and analyzes the American historical economic record of growth and business cycles within the context of long-run and short-run economic policy changes. The United States is unique among all of the developed countries in terms of having a sustained and fairly stable record of economic growth. Given the large changes in various policies that have occurred over time, this record suggests that policy shifts have had almost no impact on the growth rate over the very long run. However, policy changes have had a significant impact on economic activity over shorter horizons, including the Great Depression and World War II. This chapter also argues that microeconomic policies, such as regulatory policies, tax policies, and labor policies, have had as much of an impact on aggregate economic activity as macroeconomic policies, such as monetary policy and government spending and transfer policies
Lying, Sincerity, and Quality
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: December 2018

This chapter considers various ways of theorizing about lying from the point of view of Gricean Quality maxims. It first discusses attempts to characterize lying as a violation of the First Maxim of Quality and then turns to views of lying in terms of the supermaxim of Quality. The chapter suggests that both these types of view on lying give the wrong results on non-deceptive lies, the difference between lies and ironic statements, and the difference between lying and misleading. The chapter finishes by considering the view that lies are insincere assertion in relation to the Gricean view that Quality maxims have a special status in relation to the other maxims and the Cooperative Principle.
Bald-Faced Lies
Authors: Meibauer Jörg
Published: December 2018

Bald-faced lies are utterances that seem to lack the intent of the speaker to deceive the hearer, which is usually assumed in the definition of proper lying. Therefore, the so-called non-deceptionists call the latter assumption into question. The so-called deceptionists, sticking to the traditional definition of lying, argue in turn that bald-faced lies either are no real lies or are connected to an intention to deceive. The chapter gives a concise overview of the main positions in this dispute, discusses the cases typically employed to illustrate bald-faced lies, and summarizes recent experimental findings on how ordinary speakers perceive bald-faced lies. It turns out that ordinary speakers often think that bald-faced lies are lies and that they are deceptive at the same time. This poses problems for both the deceptionists and the non-deceptionists.
Lying and Humour
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: December 2018

There appears to be a paucity of research on the topic of humour and lying both in interdisciplinary humour studies and in the linguistic or philosophical scholarship on deception, whilst claims and proposals can be found only intermittently in both fields. This chapter addresses the interface between humour and lying, as well as other forms of deception, taking account of two groups of phenomena: categories of humour which pivot on deception/lying and genuine deception/lying which exerts humorous effects. Thus, several notions are elucidated: garden-path humour, put-ons and other lie-based teasing, lying to the recipient, deceptive autotelic humour, and genuine lying in multi-party interactions. Also, against the backdrop of humour theory, a number of postulates are put forward to explain the humorous potential of deception, with lying as a case in point.
Lying, Metaphor, and Hyperbole
Authors: Claridge Claudia
Published: December 2018

Both metaphor and hyperbole are akin to lying in saying something that is strictly speaking false (i.e., exhibits no world–word fit) and thus have deceptive potential. How close or distant the relationship metaphor/hyperbole versus lie is seen to be depends on the theoretical approach taken, which is illustrated by brief treatments of classical rhetoric, philosophy, Gricean pragmatics, relevance theory, and cognitive linguistics. From a functional perspective the overlap between metaphor/hyperbole and lying may be small, but nevertheless is present in various politeness functions of hyperbole and in using metaphors for reconceptualization and (euphemistic) disguising. Depending on the forms and contexts chosen, the distinction between hyperbole/metaphor and lying might be blurred or sharpened. The former is found, e.g., by diminishing the recognizability of the contrast between literal and non-literal forms in hyperbole, while the latter happens in case of extreme flouts or metalinguistic marking, which is possible for hyperbole/metaphors but not for lies.