bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State-of-the Art Low Salinity Waterflooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Dang Cuong .T. , Nghiem Long X. , Chen Zhangxin , Nguyen Quoc P. , Nguyen Ngoc .T.
Published: October 2013

Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) is an emerging enhanced oil recovery technique in which the salinity of the injectedwater is controlled to improve oil recovery vs. conventional, higher salinity waterflooding. Despite significant growing interest in LSW, a consistent mechanistic study has not yet emerged, and the mechanisms behind the LSW process have been debated for the last decade due to the complexity of the crude oil-brine-rock interactions. The intent of this paper is to:

Provide a concise review of the current understanding of LSW mechanism and prediction methods; Address the current development and challenges of LSW modeling and numerical simulation; Summarize and highlight the success and failur of LSW implementation in pilot tests; Discuss the potential of a Hybrid LSW in the current and future projects.
Ensuring Data Security for Drilling Automation and Remote Drilling Operations
Authors: Cavazos Catherine J.
Published: October 2013

The data of drilling contractor and operator assets is extremely valuable, and its loss, corruption, or theft can translate into potential safety hazards, significant monetary damages, and negative impacts to their business. As technology has improved the accuracy, rapidity, and remote accessibility of data, so too must it be used to ensure data security.

Today’s methods for addressing data security could be described as security obscurity. Some erroneously believe that security is inherent. Others depend on data standards that involve communication protocols allowing connectivity, but many of these standards inadequately address security in the upstream digital oilfield. With the petroleum industry increasingly becoming a target for virus attacks, which can adversely impact rigsite safety, operations, and performance, thorough security understanding and ensuing changes are needed to improve information controls and defenses.

Any organization operating in this cyber security climate can apply practical questions and identify salient variables to ensure its data is being delivered securely and managed effectively according to best practices and ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standards. This includes effective monitoring and management of rigsite information which is essential to securing data. Knowing what determines a secure environment, identifying what variables are involved, and understanding what questions to ask are all important concerns that this paper addresses.

The in-depth understanding gained in establishing a security framework thus diminishes risks and the negative impacts a virus has on rig automation and control systems. Additionally, these practices make real-time (RT) security of information management more sound and robust.

This paper also highlights the requirements needed to support cyber security in an age when companies are practicing lean business practices and leveraging resources for increased efficiency within the business structure. The area of data security is an exception to the rule of leveraged system resources. Keeping networks and architecture separate and secure minimizes safety risks and maximizes data integrity.
A Practical Method of Predicting Chemical Scale Formation in Well Completions
Authors: Hamid Syed , De Jesus Orlando , Jacinto Carlos Magno , Izetti Ronaldo , Pinto Hardy , Drougett Enrique , Edwards Chris , Cassidy Juanita , Zhang Haoyue , Dagenais Pete , Batocchio Marcelo
Published: October 2013

Scale formation in downhole tubular-flow passages can cause partial to complete plugging that will affect production or injection rates adversely. In an intelligent well completion in which the interval control valve (ICV) positions must be changed in order to control flow rate; the completion will become ineffective, if plugging of clearances prevents valve actuation. To mitigate these problems, a method to predict the potential rate of scale formation under realistic conditions has been developed.

This paper describes this method, which allows prediction of tool performance under scale-forming conditions for downhole applications. This semi-empirical method uses chemical data and flow fields generated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for downhole tools. Chemical data are obtained from laboratory tests on coupons using brines matching the chemistry of connate fluids. Tests in a high-pressure, corrosion-resistant vessel over a range of high pressures (100 to 10,000 psi) and high temperatures (75 to 150°C) to simulate downhole well conditions have been conducted. Two test sets each with fluid at rest and where an impeller generates low velocity in the reaction vessel were conducted, ranging from 4 hours to 4 days with scaling rates determined from coupon weight gain. Concentrations in the range of 50% to 125% of the typical connate fluid concentration were used.

The laboratory test data are used with velocity field data to develop an artificial-intelligence-based mathematical model to determine scale formation rates. The model can be applied to any tool geometry as long as the operating conditions are within allowable limits of the model. The model also provides some insight into the mechanism of scale formation.

To verify accuracy, scale formation in a 4.5-inch interval control valve was predicted at high-pressure, high-temperature conditions at a low flow rate. Laboratory tests on the valve matched the model predictions reasonably well, enabling Petrobras to design a better completion and fluid-handling system for a pre-salt well.
On certain transformations of Archimedean copulas:
Application to the non-parametric estimation of their
generators
Authors: Di Bernardino Elena , Rullière Didier
Published: October 2013

We study the impact of certain transformations within the
class of Archimedean copulas. We give some admissibility
conditions for these transformations, and define some equivalence
classes for both transformations and generators of
Archimedean copulas. We extend the r-fold composition of
the diagonal section of a copula, from r ∈ N to r ∈ R. This extension,
coupled with results on equivalence classes, gives us
new expressions of transformations and generators. Estimators
deriving directly from these expressions are proposed
and their convergence is investigated. We provide confidence
bands for the estimated generators. Numerical illustrations
show the empirical performance of these estimators.
Simple Methodology for Estimating Queue Lengths at Signalized Intersections Using Detector Data
Authors: Chang Jinil , Talas Mohamad , Muthuswamy Satya
Published: October 2013

A simple methodology estimates queue length on an approach to a signalized intersection. This method has a minimal set of data requirements—flow, occupancy, cycle length, and detector setback—in contrast to prevailing methods that use detailed data defined on a per signal cycle basis to estimate vehicle trajectories. The key element of the algorithm is the estimation of two baseline occupancies that correspond to the relative position of the queue with respect to the detector location. The results of the algorithm were evaluated through traffic simulation and were also compared with field observations. Comparison of the queue estimates suggests that the detector location would be ideal for estimating queues if under prevailing conditions the tail of the queue is routinely longer than the detector setback. For detectors with appropriate setback, queue estimates match well in both comparisons. This algorithm was developed as part of the Midtown in Motion project and is operational in New York City as one of the elements of the active traffic management system.
Increasing the Capacity of Signalized Intersections with Dynamic Use of Exit Lanes for Left-Turn Traffic
Authors: Zhao Jing , Ma Wanjing , Zhang H. Michael , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: October 2013

Many congested intersections have a heavy traffic volume on movements for which capacity is insufficient because of geometric limitations. An unconventional approach that increases the capacity of heavily congested intersections is presented: this approach opens up exit lanes for left-turn traffic dynamically with the help of an additional traffic light installed at the median opening (the presignal); this situation is referred to as exit lanes for left-turn (EFL) control. An optimization problem for EFL control was formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program, in which the geometric layout, main signal timing, and presignal timing were integrated. The mixed-integer nonlinear program was solved by transformation into a series of mixed-integer linear programs. The latter problem can be solved with the standard branch-and-bound technique. The results of extensive numerical analysis and VISSIM simulation showed that the EFL approach could increase intersection capacity and reduce traffic delay substantially, especially under high left-turn demand. Moreover, the EFL control can be applied to one or multiple legs simultaneously; thus the control is particularly useful for intersections with an unbalanced left demand and a degree of saturation in travel directions.
“His Turn”
Authors: Swan A.C.
Published: October 2013

It was his turn and he came. Shuffled, snuffled, sighed, As he plunked into the chair.[...]
Preventing ovarian cancer by salpingectomy
Authors: Foulkes W.D.
Published: October 2013

An error was made in the text of the paper (p. 139, col. 1, under the subheading The Origins of High-Grade Ovarian Carcinoma). [...]
EXPRESSION OF THE PROANGIOGENIC PROTEIN HEPATOMA-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR IN NEOVESSELS IN AN ARTERIAL VENOUS LOOP-BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING CHAMBER
Authors: Chan Elsa C. , Tai Ming-Hong , Wu Pei-Chang , Kuo Hsiao-Mei , Jiang Fan , Tee Richard , Morrison Wayne A. , Dusting Gregory J. , Liu Guei-Sheung
Published: October 2013

Boosting angiogenesis is a crucial process to enhance tissue growth in tissue engineering (TE). Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) has been identified as an angiogenic factor, but its involvement in angiogenesis in an arteriovenous loop-based TE chamber developed by the laboratory is unclear. In this study, the authors first examined the effects of HDGF on angiogenic responses in endothelial cells and in a corneal model of neovascularization, and then characterized the expression of HDGF in the TE chamber. HDGF (1–500 ng/mL) induced concentration-dependent angiogenic responses in human endothelial cells in vitro (proliferation, migration, and tube formation). Local application of HDGF stimulated neovascularization in a rat model of corneal angiogenesis. In the TE chamber, there was an increase in blood vessel volume from day 3 to day 14. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that HDGF is highly expressed in the neovessels in the chamber. Peak expression of HDGF (day 3) coincided with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the mRNA level of endogenous HDGF correlated with that of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). In vitro, TNFα stimulated HDGF expression in endothelial cells. The data suggest that HDGF may be involved in angiogenic responses in the TE chamber and the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα may have a pivotal role in stimulating HDGF expression. Enhancing HDGF signaling may be a new approach to extend vascularization for TE.
Time Factor Assessment in Game-Based Learning
Authors: Usart Mireia , Romero Margarida
Published: October 2013

From primary school levels to lifelong learning, the use of games for educational purposes has been an increasing focus of interest for instructional designers, teachers, and researchers. One of the factors that can be assessed in Game-Based Learning (GBL) is the time factor. In this chapter, time is considered as the time used by players (time-on-task) and as psychological time perceived by students (time perspective). Time Perspective (TP) is a cognitive aspect of players, defined as the manner in which individuals divide time into past, present, and future. This variable can be considered as an individual difference; players with a temporal perspective focused on the future may play games differently than students oriented to the past or present. This chapter aims to study how Serious Games (SG) can help in assessing time-on-task by learners and time perspective. After a theoretical review of these aspects, a case study of MetaVals is presented as an example of time assessment in SG. This game was designed by ESADE’s learning innovation team and monitors player times for individual and collaborative phases of the game. The results focus on the key aspects for assessing time in the class use of GBL and offer designers and teachers a reliable instrument for better personalising and implementing of SG tasks in the context of time.
Neurofeedback and Serious Games
Authors: Ninaus Manuel , Witte Matthias , Kober Silvia E. , Friedrich Elisabeth V. C. , Kurzmann Jürgen , Hartsuiker Erwin , Neuper Christa , Wood Guilherme
Published: October 2013

Neuroscience as well as computer gaming have rapidly advanced in the last decades. Yet, the combination of both fields is still in its infancy. One example of an emerging alliance is neurofeedback, where participants are required to learn controlling their own brain activity. So far, this kind of training is mostly applied in therapeutic settings, for example improving symptoms in epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or autism spectrum disorder. However, there are some promising approaches that used neurofeedback in everyday situations for healthy subjects. This may prove especially valuable for serious games that aim to improve learning capabilities and cognitive aspects of individual users. The following chapter introduces the basic concepts and standards of neurofeedback. The different non-invasive imaging techniques are introduced along with successful applications in neurofeedback. Finally, benefits and pitfalls for future combinations of neurofeedback and games are discussed: while the former may profit from realistic and motivating video scenarios, the latter is expected to be a tool for evaluating and monitoring the direct effects on the user’s brain.
Development Curriculum for Knowledge-Based Organizations
Authors: Toiviainen Hanna , Kerosuo Hannele
Published: October 2013

This article presents arguments for designing tutoring models for learning networks of knowledge-based organizations, whose tasks increasingly involve the development of expertise and knowing. The potential is examined of a curriculum, when the object of learning, in-house development, is deeply situated in the knowledge practices of organizations, is cross-disciplinary and is beyond formal education. A sociocultural understanding of a curriculum is used to analyze a model that the authors developed in collaboration with the learning network of the South Savo region in Finland. The model in question applies the theory of expansive learning and developmental work research (Engeström, 1987) by specifying it in a learning network setting. The cultural-historical activity theory approach is used to elaborate on the notion of multi-mediation as the main challenge for the pedagogical modeling of a learning network. The outcome of the analysis is summarized in terms of four tension-laden dimensions of learning to be mediated by a development curriculum.
Ranking Organizational Factors Influencing the Success of Information Systems using AHP
Authors: Farsijani Hassan , Sepahvand Reza , Arefnejad Mohsen , Nikabadi Mohsen Shafiei
Published: October 2013

Decisions in today's competitive and turbulent environments without access to information can confuse managers. The information system, which is planning, design and deployment as efficient and effective way, can help to improve the organization and create competitive advantages. One of the success factors and effectiveness of information systems in organizations is the organizational factors. In this research, organizational factors such as top management support, resource allocation, decision-making structure, management style and alignment of goals and knowledge of IT management, that affects the success factors of information systems (System quality, user satisfaction, perceived usefulness and quality of information), were analyzed and prioritized by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Industries and Mines Organization of Isfahan Province. After gathering information and analysis them by using the Expert Choice, it was found that among success factors of information systems, and user satisfaction is the most important factor and the most important factor affecting success of organizational information system is the top management support.
Robotic Technologies and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Koops Bert-Jaap , Di Carlo Angela , Nocco Luca , Casamassima Vincenzo , Stradella Elettra
Published: October 2013

Robotic technologies?constructed systems that interact with their environment in a way that displays some level of agency?are increasingly intertwined with human life and human bodies. This raises many regulatory questions, since current legal frameworks have few robotics-specific provisions and robotics pose new challenges to legal notions and underlying assumptions. To help guide the regulation of robotics, fundamental rights should provide a basic touchstone. However, the constitutional framework of fundamental rights is itself not immune to being influenced by robotics. This paper discusses how the protection of fundamental rights is affected by robotics technologies, taking into account the mutual-shaping process of fundamental rights, regulation, and technology. After a general overview of how fundamental rights are challenged by robotics technologies, we zoom in on three specific application domains: industrial robotics and the issue of workers’ rights and liability, assistive technology with a focus on autonomy and privacy of elderly and disabled people, and biomedical robotics (including brain-machine interfaces) in relation to informed consent and self-determination. The analysis highlights diverse implications of robotics in light of fundamental rights and values, suggesting that regulators will have to deal with rights and value conflicts arising from robotics developments. To help address these conflicts, a set of shared norms, standards and guidelines could be developed that may, in the form of soft-law, serve as a bridge between abstract fundamental rights and concrete robotics practice.
Bedrock topography, buried valleys and nature of the drift, Virden map-area, Manitoba
Authors: Klassen R W , Wyder J E
Published: October 2013

This report is based largely on field data obtained by sampling and electrical logging some 24,000 feet of drift and bedrock and from the results of surface (DC) resistivity surveys within a 4,000-square-mile area of southwestern Manitoba during the summers of
1967 and 1968. A number of buried valleys of Tertiary and/or Pleistocene ages are filled with 300 feet to 500 feet of drift. The preglacial Missouri Valley can be traced from the Manitoba-Saskatchewan boundary diagonally northeastward across the study area as a broad bedrock depression 30 miles wide
and 200 feet deep. A secondary valley (Pierson Valley) up to h miles wide and incised 100 to 250 feet below sea level of the preglacial Missouri Valley, follows the latter except in the southwestern corner of the area where it is continuous to the south with the preglacial Souris Valley of North
Dakota. The 1000est bedrock elevations are not necessarily coincident with preglacial drainage channels, for Pleistocene alluvium occurs in the deepest parts of buried valleys. It appears that, in this area, base level during later Tertiary time was probably 100 or 200 feet higher than it was in
early Pleistocene time. In the subsurface, the drift comprises mainly multiple tills and intercalated glacial acustrine deposits. Of the drift penetrated in boreholes, about 75 per cent is till, IS per cent is silt and clay and 10 per cent is gravel and sand. Although this investigation does not
provide an evaluation of the quality or quantity of ground water in the area, it does provide a general frame work for future groundwater investigations.
Gravity modelling of the Blatchford Lake Intrusive Suite, Northwest Territories
Authors: Birkett T C , Richardson D G , Sinclair W D
Published: October 2013

The geometry of the Blatchford Lake Intrusive Suite, a complex of alkaline igneous rocks on the north shore of Hearne Channel, Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, was investigated by a detailed gravity survey (1-2 km station spacing) along two east-west
traverses. Modelling of the resulting gravity profiles indicates that the granitic and syenitic rocks in the eastern part of the complex have the form of a thin tabular body; the maximum thickness of these rocks is modelled as 1 km. The gravity data suggest that mafic rocks in the western part have
a deep root, and that a related, sill-like branch may extend under the granitic and syenitic rocks for as much as one-half of the area of the complex.
Interpretation of airborne geophysical data for the Thor Lake area, Northwest Territories
Authors: Charbonneau B W , Legault M I
Published: October 2013

Radiometric, magnetic, and electromagnetic patterns detected over the Blatchford Lake Intrusive Suite were investigated on the ground in order to gain a better understanding of this complex and the related Thor Lake rare-metal deposits (beryllium, yttrium,
rare-earth elements, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, gallium). Bedrock radioelement concentrations in the Grace Lake Granite and Thor Lake Syenite, two major units of the Blatchford Lake complex, average 4.6% K2O (3.8% K), 3 ppm equivalent uranium, and 18 ppm equivalent thorium. Principal
radioactive minerals in these rocks are zircon and bastnaesite with minor REE-rich apatite and monazite. Although the radioactivity of the Thor Lake deposits is typically one to two orders of magnitude higher than surrounding rocks, there is no apparent halo of uranium or thorium around the
deposits. Felsic dykes within the Grace Lake Granite and Thor Lake Syenite are one order of magnitude more uraniferous or thoriferous than host rocks and are enriched in elements found in the Thor Lake deposits. A prominent magnetic anomaly in the western part of the complex is related to the
Caribou Lake Gabbro. Two significant magnetic anomalies are present in the eastern part of the complex. One occupies the western half of the Thor Lake Syenite, and the other forms a crescent-shaped feature within the Grace Lake Granite. These two anomalies are related to magnetite produced by
alteration of ferromagnesian minerals. The alteration may be either autometasomatic or related to fenitization by a nepheline syenite body which underlies the rare-metal deposits. The electromagnetic patterns relate primarily to conductive lake bottom material and faults.
Geological setting and genetic aspects of mineral occurrences in the southern Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories
Authors: Gandhi S S
Published: October 2013

The southern part of the Great Bear magmatic zone is characterized by abundant continental felsic volcanic rocks and related plutons, which were emplaced 1870-1840 Ma ago. The basement rocks include remnants of an early Proterozoic metamorphosed platform-shelf
sequence and granitic plutons intrusive into the sequence. Mineral occurrences and deposits in the area are of six distinct metallogenic types. The argillaceous and silty beds of the Proterozoic metasedimetary sequence host synsedimentary/diagenetic sulphide and magnetite concentrations, some of
which also served as favourable host rocks for later epigenetic mineralization. Occurrences genetically related to the Great Bear magmatic activity are of four types: felsic volcanic-associated uranium occurrences; monometallic and polymetallic iron oxide-rich veins and breccia-fillings exemplified
by the magnetite-apatite-actinolite veins of Kiruna-type and the copper-uranium-gold-silver-rare-earth-bearing breccia zones of Olympic Dam-type; granite-related molybdenum-uranium+copper occurrences; and bismuth-cobalt-copper-gold-bearing hydrothermal arsenopyrite-pyrite veins and disseminations.
The occurrences that postdate the Great Bear magmatic activity are the fracture-fillings and quartz veins containing pitchblende and copper sulphides, and include those in a giant quartz vein at the Rayrock mine that produced uranium in the 1950s. The most attractive targets from the standpoint of
present exploration are the polymetallic Olympic Dam-type deposits. Evolution of the magmatic zone and the geological setting of the selected occurrences of each metallogenic type are described. Their genetic aspects are discussed and some comments on the resource potential and guides to exploration
are provided.
Die skrifbeskouing van feministiese teoloë, in die besonder dié van Fiorenza, Brenner en Van Dijk-Hemmes – beoordeel in die lig van die gereformeerde teologie
Authors: Swart Alta E. , Coetzee Carel F.C.
Published: October 2013

Dit wil voorkom asof die feministiese Skrifbeskouing op die beginsel van selektiewe Skrifgesag berus. Dit beteken dat slegs dié dele in die Bybel wat met die feministiese ideologie ooreenstem, as gesaghebbend aanvaar word. Dit is veral die sogenaamde androsentriese taalgebruik wat dit vir aanhangers van hierdie benadering moeilik maak om die hele Skrif as gesaghebbend te erken. Hermeneuties vertoon hierdie benadering groot ooreenkomste met die Postmodernisme, waarin geen vaste reëls bestaan om die betekenis van tekste te bepaal nie. Gesien in die lig van die gereformeerde teologie, soos veranker in die Woord en belydenisskrifte, vertoon die feministiese teologie ernstige leemtes. Die bydraes (Skrifbeskouing) van drie prominente feministiese teoloë – Fiorenza, Brenner en Van Dijk-Hemmes – word onder die loep geneem en teologies-krities geëvalueer ten einde hierdie leemtes uit te wys.It appears that the feminist view of Scripture is based on the principle of selective authority of the Scriptures, which means that only the parts of the Bible corresponding with the feminist ideology are accepted as authoritative. The use of androcentric language, in particular, makes it difficult for followers of feminism to accept the whole Bible as authoritative. Hermeneutically, their approach resembles Postmodernism, interpreting without any rules. Viewed from the paradigm of the reformed theology, which is anchored in Scripture and the articles of faith, feminist theology shows serious shortfalls. The contributions of three prominent feminist theologians – Fiorenza, Brenner and Van Dijk-Hemmes – are studied closely and evaluated critically in the light of the reformed theology, to underline these shortfalls.
The role of socio-demographic variables and their interaction effect on sense of coherence
Authors: Barnard Antoni
Published: October 2013

Orientation: Socio-demographics play a role in sense of coherence (SOC), indicating the strength of resistance resources available to employees from different socio-demographic groupings.Research purpose: To explore whether and how socio-demographic variables and their interactive effect determine a distinctively high or low SOC.Motivation for the study: Various studies include an exploration of the role of socio-demographic attributes on SOC, yet do not investigate the interactive effect of these socio-demographics on high or low SOC.Research design, approach and method: Quantitative, cross-sectional survey design. The chi-square interaction detection method (CHAID) was applied to a large-scale employee sample (n = 7185). Confirmatory analysis was done by exploring predictor effects on two possible permutations of high or low SOC classifications.Main findings: Results indicated a statistically significant four-factor interactive effect of demographic variables on SOC. Level of income most strongly partitioned high to low SOC ratio groups. Marital status and number of dependants, with level of income, further distinguished statistically distinct high to low SOC ratio groups. Race indicated distinct high to low SOC ratio groups in the higher income group. No statistically significant effects were found for age and gender.Practical/managerial implications: Companies should provide lower income employees with financial counselling and special support for single or divorced employees and employees who are married but the sole household earner. In the middle to high income category employee assistance should cater for employees with dependants and especially for the sole household earners.Contribution/value-add: Establishing whether and how demographic variables predict high to low SOC ratios broadens the theoretical knowledge base of SOC. The study contributes methodologically in its application of CHAID analysis.
Carbon transfer, partitioning and residence time in the plant-soil system: a comparison of two 13CO2 labelling techniques
Authors: Studer M. S. , Siegwolf R. T. W. , Abiven S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Various 13CO2 labelling approaches exist to trace carbon (C) dynamics in plant-soil systems. However, it is not clear if the different approaches yield the same results. Moreover, there is no consistent way of data analysis to date. In this study we compare with the same experimental setup the two main techniques: the pulse and the continuous labelling. We evaluate how these techniques perform to estimate the C transfer velocity, the C partitioning along time and the C residence time in different plant-soil compartments. We used identical plant-soil systems (Populus deltoides x nigra, Cambisol soil) to compare the pulse labelling approach (exposure to 99 atom% 13CO2 for three hours, traced for eight days) with a continuous labelling (exposure to 10 atom% 13CO2, traced for 14 days). The experiments were conducted in climate chambers under controlled environmental conditions. Before label addition and at four successive sampling dates, the plant-soil systems were destructively harvested, separated into leaves, petioles, stems, cuttings, roots and soil and the microbial biomass was extracted from the soil. The soil CO2 efflux was sampled throughout the experiment. To model the C dynamics we used an exponential function to describe the 13C signal decline after pulse labelling. For the evaluation of the 13C distribution during the continuous labelling we suggest to use a logistic function. Pulse labelling is best suited to assess the maximum C transfer velocity from the leaves to other compartments. With continuous labelling, the mean transfer velocity through a compartment, including short-term storage pools, can be observed. The C partitioning between the plant-soil compartments was similar for both techniques, but the time of sampling had a large effect: shortly after labelling the allocation into leaves was overestimated and the soil 13CO2 efflux underestimated. The results of belowground C partitioning were consistent for the two techniques only after eight days of labelling, when the 13C import and export was at equilibrium. The C mean residence time estimated by the rate constant of the exponential and logistic function was not valid here. However, the duration of the accumulation phase (continuous labelling) could be used to estimate the C residence time. Pulse and continuous labelling techniques are both well suited to assess C cycling. With pulse labelling the dynamics of fresh assimilates can be traced, whereas the continuous labelling gives a more integrated result on C cycling, due to the homogeneous labelling of C pools and fluxes. The logistic model suggested here, has the potential to assess different parameters of C cycling independent on the sampling date and with no disputable assumptions.
Characteristics and assessment of biogenic phosphorus in sediments from the multi-polluted Haihe River, China, using phosphorus fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR)
Authors: Zhang W. Q. , Zhang H. , Tang W. Z. , Shan B. Q.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We studied the phosphorus (P) pollution, as described by concentrations, distribution and transformation potential, of sediments of the water scarce and heavily polluted Fuyang River, a tributary of the Haihe River, using P fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR).The sediments of the Fuyang River accumulate significant amounts of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and organic phosphorus (Po) from industrial and domestic wastewater and agricultural non-point pollution. In terms of their contribution to total phosphorus, the rank order of the P fractions was as follows: H2SO4-P > NaOH-Pi > Res-P > NaOH-Po > KCl-P and their average relative proportions were 69.7:47.5:15.9:2.9:1.0 (the proportion was based on the average proportion of the KCl-P). Seven P compounds were detected by the 31P-NMR analysis. Orthophosphate (Ortho-P: 45.2–92.4%) and orthophosphate monoesters (mono-P: 6.6–45.7%) were the dominant forms. Smaller amounts of pyrophosphates (pyro-P: 0.1–6.6%), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-P: 0.3–3.9%), phosphonates (phon-P: 0–3.3%), phospholipids (lipids-P: 0–2.7%) and polyphosphate (poly-P: 0–0.04%) were observed in the sediments. Results of P fractionation and 31P-NMR analysis showed that 35% of Pi was labile P, including KCl-P and NaOH-Pi (Fe-P and Al-P). Biogenic-P accounted for 24% of P in the sediments. Analysis of the relationships between P species and water quality indicated that the Po compounds would mineralize to form ortho-P and would be potentially bioavailable for recycling to surface water, supporting further growth of phytoplankton and leading to algal blooms.
A first-order second-moment calculation for seismic hazard assessment with the consideration of uncertain magnitude conversion
Authors: Wang J. P. , Yun X. , Wu Y.-M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Earthquake size can be described with different magnitudes for different purposes. For example, local magnitude ML is usually adopted to compile an earthquake catalog, and moment magnitude Mw is often prescribed by a ground motion model. Understandably, when inconsistent units are encountered in an earthquake analysis, magnitude conversion needs to be performed beforehand. However, the conversion is not expected at full certainty owing to the model error of empirical relationships. This paper introduces a novel first-order second-moment (FOSM) calculation to estimate the annual rate of earthquake motion (or seismic hazard) on a probabilistic basis, including the consideration of the uncertain magnitude conversion and three other sources of earthquake uncertainties. In addition to the methodology, this novel FOSM application to engineering seismology is demonstrated in this paper with a case study. With a local ground motion model, magnitude conversion relationship and earthquake catalog, the analysis shows that the best-estimate annual rate of peak ground acceleration (PGA) greater than 0.18 g (induced by earthquakes) is 0.002 per year at a site in Taipei, given the uncertainties of magnitude conversion, earthquake size, earthquake location, and motion attenuation.
The application of Bayesian networks in natural hazard analyses
Authors: Vogel K. , Riggelsen C. , Korup O. , Scherbaum F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In natural hazards we face several uncertainties due to our lack of knowledge and/or the intrinsic randomness of the underlying natural processes. Nevertheless, deterministic analysis approaches are still widely used in natural hazard assessments, with the pitfall of underestimating the hazard with potentially disastrous consequences. In this paper we show that the Bayesian network approach offers a flexible framework for capturing and expressing a broad range of different uncertainties as those encountered in natural hazard assessments. Although well studied in theory, the application of Bayesian networks on real-world data is often not straightforward and requires specific tailoring and adaption of existing algorithms. We demonstrate by way of three case studies (a ground motion model for a seismic hazard analysis, a flood damage assessment, and a landslide susceptibility study) the applicability of Bayesian networks across different domains showcasing various properties and benefits of the Bayesian network framework. We offer suggestions as how to tackle practical problems arising along the way, mainly concentrating on the handling of continuous variables, missing observations, and the interaction of both. We stress that our networks are completely data-driven, although prior domain knowledge can be included if desired.
Two new charismatic Pristimantis species (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the tepuis of the "Lost World" (Pantepui region, South America)
Authors: Kok Philippe J.R.
Published: October 2013

Two new colourful species of direct-developing frogs of the genus Pristimantis are described from the summit of two isolated tepuis (sandstone table mountains) in the Eastern Pantepui District of the Guiana Shield highlands. Pristimantis jamescameroni sp. nov. is described from the summit of Aprada-tepui from 2557-2571 m elevation, and P. imthurni sp. nov. is described from the summit of Ptari-tepui at 2471 m elevation. Both species share the absence of a differentiated tympanic membrane and external tympanic annulus (but presence of tiny pharyngeal ostia), the presence of nuptial pads in males, and the presence of lateral fringes on fingers and toes, a combination of characters that immediately distinguishes them from all other known Pantepui congeners. The two new species are morphologically similar to each other and are phylogenetically closely related, but they can be distinguished based on colour pattern and morphological characters such as head proportions, dorsal skin texture, and condition of the supratympanic fold. The IUCN conservation status of the new species is considered as Endangered (EN) owing to their apparent very restricted ranges. The number of described Pristimantis species occurring exclusively on tepui (and faunistically related granitic mountains) summits and upper slopes now reaches eleven.
Life in the Fast Lane: Blinding in the Digital Age
Authors: Hertel Joshua T. , Martin Tami S.
Published: October 2013

The November 2013 issue of JRME marks the end to the 44th volume. Looking back on the history of the journal, many things have changed since the first issue was published in January 1970. In particular, the process through which manuscripts are submitted, reviewed, and published has changed greatly. Gone are the days of mailed manuscripts and reviews. As the journal has matured with the field of mathematics education, the standards and expectations for both manuscripts and reviews have also evolved. These standards and expectations are to a great extent influenced by the peer-review process and are thereby linked to the practice of blinding. When submitting a manuscript to JRME, authors must submit both a blinded and an unblinded version. The blinded version is sent to reviewers, and the unblinded version is used by the editorial staff. Although other journals use a single-blind process (reviewers are aware of the identities of the authors) or an open review process (both parties are aware of the others' identities), the JRME review process remains a double-blind process in which neither authors nor reviewers are aware of the others' identities.
Mathematical Micro-Identities: Moment-to-Moment Positioning and Learning in a Fourth-Grade Classroom
Authors: Wood Marcy B.
Published: October 2013

Identity is an important tool for understanding students' participation in mathematics lessons. Researchers usually examine identity at a macro-scale: across typical classroom activity and in students' self-reports. However, learning occurs on a micro-scale: in moments during a lesson. To capture identity in these moments, I used positioning theory to develop a framework of micro-identity and then to examine the identities and learning of 1 fourth-grade student during 1 mathematics lesson. This study demonstrates how mathematical identities can shift in dramatic ways in response to minor changes in context so that a student might be, in one moment, engaged in an identity that undermines learning and then later engaged in an academically productive identity. These shifting micro-identities have important implications for mathematical learning, classroom contexts, and macro-identities.
Relire Ingarden : l’ontologie des oeuvres musicales, entre fictions et montagnes
Authors: Buch Esteban
Published: October 2013

Qu’est-ce qu’une oeuvre musicale? La question ontologique soulevée par Roman Ingarden dans sa critique de la phénoménologie de Husserl a de nombreux points communs avec la querelle du “platonisme musical” déployée dans les années quatre-vingt par des philosophes analytiques tels que Jerrold Levinson et Peter Kivy. En 1992, Lydia Goehr a proposé une historicisation radicale du concept d’oeuvre musicale, sans pour autant liquider un projet ontologique qui, tout récemment, insiste dans les réflexions de Roger Pouivet à propos de “l’oeuvre musicale rock”. Cet article fait le point sur ces débats philosophiques avant de signaler la crise sociologique de la notion d’oeuvre liée au virage numérique et à la fragmentation du répertoire classique selon les standards de l’industrie culturelle. Reprenant la définition d’Ingarden de “l’objet purement intentionnel” à partir de cet ébranlement du sens commun, il compare pour finir le statut ontologique de l’oeuvre musicale à celui des êtres de fiction, un personnage de roman par exemple, ainsi qu’à celui d’entités qui, telles les montagnes évoquées par la “théorie granulaire de la réalité” de Barry Smith, résultent de la projection d’une pratique langagière sur la surface sonore du monde.
Concerning Web-based e-learning at a Maritime Higher Education Institution: Case Study
Authors: Bauk Sanja , Radlinger Roland
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this article is threefold. Firstly, it considers the real needs which led to the idea of conceiving and developing new study program supported by web-based e-learning system (WELS) at the Faculty of Maritime Studies (University of Montenegro) as maritime higher education and training institution. In this part of the article the collaborative projects which enhanced this idea and its implementation are described briefly, as well. Secondly, the results of the polls realized among certain number of involved students, teachers, and experts in related activities, are presented and discussed in order to identify main features along with pros and cons of the WELS being here examined. And, thirdly, some empirically based suggestions when it comes to choose the appropriate software tools for creating more interesting, engaging, inciting, and thus of higher quality instructional materials being available through WELS, are given.
In Vivo Measurement of Intragastric Pressure with a Rubber Balloon in the Anesthetized Rat
Authors: Zádori Zoltán S. , Gyires Klára
Published: October 2013

The protocols described in this unit are designed to measure the intragastric pressure in anesthetized rats by a water‐filled low‐compliance rubber balloon. The balloon is introduced into the stomach either orally (by passing the balloon down the esophagus) or directly via a small incision of the fundus after laparotomy. The effects of both stimulatory (e.g., carbachol) and inhibitory (e.g., oxymetazoline) agents can be evaluated on the gastric tone and phasic contractions. The model allows the evaluation of dose‐response curves and also the time‐course of the effects. Furthermore, by combining centrally or peripherally acting agents the site of action can also be determined. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 57:21.12.1‐21.12.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantitative Analysis of Surface Expression of Membrane Proteins Using Cold‐Adapted Proteases
Authors: Ahmad Faraz , Kaila Kai , Blaesse Peter
Published: October 2013

This unit presents an improved method for quantitative analysis of surface expression of membrane proteins utilizing a cold‐adapted trypsin. Preservation of the proteolytic activity of the enzyme at 0° to 4°C allows cleavage of surface‐expressed membrane proteins at temperatures at which trafficking of the mammalian plasmalemmal proteins is blocked. This provides an important advantage over established trypsin‐cleavage protocols since it can be applied to membrane proteins with a fast turnover rate of the membrane pool and a fast recycling rate. Compared to surface biotinylation, the method is less time consuming. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:3.11.1‐3.11.12. © 2013 by JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein Knockouts in Living Eukaryotes Using deGradFP and Green Fluorescent Protein Fusion Targets
Authors: Caussinus Emmanuel , Kanca Oguz , Affolter Markus
Published: October 2013

This unit describes deGradFP (degrade Green Fluorescent Protein), an easy‐to‐implement protein knockout method applicable in any eukaryotic genetic system. Depleting a protein in order to study its function in a living organism is usually achieved at the gene level (genetic mutations) or at the RNA level (RNA interference and morpholinos). However, any system that acts upstream of the proteic level depends on the turnover rate of the existing target protein, which can be extremely slow. In contrast, deGradFP is a fast method that directly depletes GFP fusion proteins. In particular, deGradFP is able to counteract maternal effects in embryos and causes early and fast onset loss‐of‐function phenotypes of maternally contributed proteins. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:30.2.1‐30.2.13. ‐ 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Purification of Vitronectin
Authors: Akiyama Steven K.
Published: October 2013

This unit describes the purification of extracellular vitronectin from plasma or serum by using heparin‐affinity chromatography. First, the plasma is depleted of fibronectin plus other heparin‐ and Sepharose‐binding proteins and treated with urea to activate the heparin‐binding activity of vitronectin, which is subsequently bound to a heparin affinity column and eluted. The resulting vitronectin should be ∼98% pure. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 60:10.6.1‐10.6.7. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technology Improvements for the 2013 AGU Fall Meeting
Authors: Robichaux Emily , Tomb Jennifer
Published: October 2013

AGU staff is dedicated to offering cutting‐edge technology at Fall Meeting to improve meeting attendees' experience, provide state‐of‐the‐art scientific content features, and continue developing features and elements of community building and social media. The overall goal is to implement technology that provides an accessible, manageable, and personal experience at Fall Meeting.
Capitanio Receives 2012 Jason Morgan Early Career Award: Response
Authors: Capitanio Fabio A.
Published: October 2013

I am deeply grateful for the Jason Morgan Early Career Award. It is an honor to be considered for this prize and a privilege to be the 2012 recipient. Access to unprecedented technologies and knowledge makes this a thrilling time to be a scientist. At the same time, it has made it increasingly difficult for an early‐career researcher to find a way to make an individual and original contribution. The support of the community becomes instrumental for early‐career scientists, and awards such as this one are a clear expression of encouragement from distinguished members of our community.