bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GESTÃO DINÂMICA DO CAPITAL DE GIRO NA INDÚSTRIA DE CONFECÇÕES DE PERNAMBUCO
Authors: Ramos Raquel Souza , Santos Joséte Florencio , Vasconcelos Adriana Fernandes
Published: April 2018

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar como as empresas que compõem o Polo de Confecções do Agreste de Pernambuco realizam a gestão do capital de giro segundo o modelo dinâmico de Fleuriet. O modelo dinâmico, conhecido também como modelo de Fleuriet, foi desenvolvido a fim de proporcionar uma visão menos estática e mais adequado à realidade brasileira, no que tange a análise financeira. O modelo apresenta uma nova classificação do balanço patrimonial, em que as contas são classificadas conforme o tempo que leva para realizar um giro. Após esse processo de definições dos ciclos, a empresa consegue identificar as três variáveis que o modelo desenvolveu: Necessidade de Capital de Giro (NCG), o Capital de Giro (CDG) e a disponibilidade de recursos, representado pelo saldo de Tesouraria (T). Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo realizado em 55 empresas, com coleta de dados realizada através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado. A análise foi efetuada por meio das três variáveis do modelo a NCG, o CDG e o T. Os resultados referentes à situação financeira das empresas pela ótica do modelo dinâmico se mostraram favorável, pois as empresas apresentaram uma situação financeira excelente, devido à necessidade de capital ser negativa, o capital de giro positivo e o saldo tesouraria também positivo, demonstrando uma alta liquidez, sendo um dos principais motivos a opção pelo capital gerado internamente.
Long-chain diols in rivers: distribution and potential biological sources
Authors: Lattaud Julie , Kirkels Frédérique , Peterse Francien , Freymond Chantal V. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Hefter Jens , Mollenhauer Gesine , Balzano Sergio , Villanueva Laura , van der Meer Marcel T. J. , Hopmans Ellen C. , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Long chain diols (LCDs) occur widespread in marine environments and also in lakes and rivers. Transport of LCDs from rivers may impact the distribution of LCDs in coastal environments, however relatively little is known about the distribution and biological sources of LCDs in river systems. In this study, we investigated the distribution of LCDs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of three river systems (Godavari, Danube, and Rhine) in relation with season, precipitation, temperature, and source catchments. The dominant long-chain diol is the C32 1,15-diol followed by the C30 1,15-diol in all studied river systems. In regions influenced by marine waters, such as delta systems, the fractional abundance of the C30 1,15-diol is substantially higher than in the river itself, suggesting different LCD producers in marine and freshwater environments. A change in the LCD distribution along the downstream transects of the rivers studied was not observed. However, an effect of river flow is observed, i.e. the concentration of the C32 1,15-diol is higher in stagnant waters, such as reservoirs and during seasons with river low stands. A seasonal change in the LCD distribution was observed in the Rhine, likely due to a change in the producers. Eukaryotic diversity analysis by 18S rRNA gene sequencing of SPM from the Rhine showed extremely low abundances of sequences (i.e.
Elevated lipoprotein(a)-associated accelerated thromboangiitis: A case report
Authors: Harris Jerad A.K. , Gillispie Mark Shane , Solario Claribel , Tran Melody L. , Pinon-Gutierrez Rogelio , Rutledge John C.
Published: April 2018

We describe a 47-year-old African American woman affected by a rapidly progressing thromboangiitis associated with high serum levels of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)).
Early Recurrence of a Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in a Young Child After Resection: Technique and Literature Review and Two-year Follow-up After Corpectomy
Authors: Samir Barakat Ahmed , Alsingaby Hisham , Shousha Mootaz , El Saghir Hesham , Boehm Heinrich
Published: April 2018

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are considered to be rare benign tumors that may affect long bones or the vertebral column. Their incidence varies and is reported to be 1.4% of all benign skeletal tumors. The solid-variant aneurysmal bone cyst (S-ABC) is even rarer and constitutes 3.5% to 7% of all vertebral ABCs. We report the case of an Enneking stage 3 S-ABC in a 5-year-old boy at C7 that showed rapid local recurrence after primary excision from posterior and dorsal stabilization requiring ventral corpectomy and posterior excision of the right lateral mass and right posterolateral fusion. Histologic examination disclosed an S-ABC. To our knowledge, this is the first case of S-ABC described in the literature that used both anterior and posterior approaches and complete corpectomy. Over a 2-year period, the patient showed no radiologic or clinical signs of local recurrence with excellent neurologic function. Solid-variant aneurysmal bone cysts are difficult to diagnose and treat, and careful clinical and radiologic assessment should be done to tailor an appropriate surgical plan to prevent recurrence and neurologic sequelae. To the best of our knowledge, there are to date no publications that studied the behavior of this subtype.
Oak Kernels—Volatile Constituents and Coffee-Like Beverages
Authors: Rakic Sveto , Kukic-Markovic Jelena , Petrovic Silvana , Teševic Vele , Jankovic Snežana , Povrenovic Dragan
Published: April 2018

Modern consumers are much aware of potential health benefits of food and food ingredients. The food industry has been constrained to develop new products with improved sensory, nutritive and functional characteristics. In this work a potential use of English (Quercus robur) and Turkish oak (Quercus cerris) kernels as functional food components was estimated. Volatiles from native and roasted kernels were isolated using continuous hydro distillation with CH2Cl2 and analyzed with GC/MS. Coffee-like beverages were prepared from roasted kernels of both species and a sensory assessment was conducted. In the native samples the main compounds were beta-eudesmol and palmitic acid (39.9 and 24.9%, respectively) in Q. robur, and palmitic acid (53.8%) in Q. cerris. In the roasted samples the main compounds were furans: furfural (51.7 and 60.6%) and 5-methyl-furfural (8.6 and 9.4%, respectively). Coffee-like beverages from roasted oak samples were evaluated for sensory properties gaining high scores for appearance, with satisfying taste and fullness. The presented results, along with previous findings on substantial antioxidant and antiradical activities of English and Turkish Oak kernels, draw attention to these easy available, cheap, but neglected native raw materials as valuable functional food components. Further investigations on this matter are warranted.
Combination Capacity and Association Among Traits of Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A Review
Authors: Rigatti Alexsander , Pelegrin Alan J. de , Meier Carine , Lunkes Andrei , Klein Luís A. , Silva Alisson F. da , Bellé Eduardo P. , Silva Antonio D. Bortoluzzi , Marchioro Volmir S. , Souza Velci Q. de
Published: April 2018

Grain yield is a complex quantitative trait, because its expression is associated to the large number of genes with small effect. In addition, there is interaction among different yield components and environment effect, making difficult the direct selection of genotypes. The most viable alternative for wheat breeding programs, an autogamous plant, is use artificial crosses in order to obtain superior genotypes. Hybridization after use of successive self-fertilizations results in segregating populations, which reveal the genetic variability, especially when the parents are genetically different. Therefore, it is important to know genetic relationships between crosses, which will serve as reference for decision making in the choice of combinations. Therefore, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are used, which facilitate choice of the best parents to compose crossover block. In addition to these parameters, path analysis can be used to determine importance of primary and secondary traits and to guide indirect selection of promising genotypes by means of interest traits.
Analysis of Seasonal Behavior, Cycle Occurrences and Price Trends of Brazil nut Products Exported from Brazil
Authors: Santana Lorena Figueira de , Sozinho Thiago Manoel , Silva João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da , Frega José Roberto , Almeida Lauro Brito de , Valerius Jaqueline
Published: April 2018

The exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represent a way of subsistence for Amazon extractive communities, which demonstrate great recognition of its importance to income generation, notably in rural areas. This paper aims to identify and analyze the existence of seasonal behavior, cycle occurrence and price tendency upon Brazil nuts products (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) exported by Brazil to international market during 2005 to 2015. Products quantity and price database were collected from Foreign Trade Information Analysis System (AliceWeb) and used as proxy to estimate its unit price in US$/kg. Deflated by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), using as reference base December 2015, the analysis consisted on applying the Mobile Geometric Mean (MGM) and the ARIMA econometric models. The evaluation of cycles and tendency were realized by graphic analysis of the stationary indexes, visual identification of structural series breaks and plotting reference value to analyze the occurrence of increase or decrease price. Because of the models application a seasonal price behavior was observed for both Brazil nuts products analyzed, shelled and in shell. Although the tendency of price growth was verified for both, the in shell products presented short term annual cycles, while for the shelled product  only three long term cycles with distinct intervals were noticed.
An Investigation Into the Short-Term Effects of Biochar on Nitrate Leaching From Artificial Columns of Sand
Authors: Sombo Daniel
Published: April 2018

Leaching of NO3 has been shown to be a major problem in coarse-textured sandy soils. It has been suggested that biochar application to sandy soils could reduce leaching of NO3. However, how biochar could be used to provide short-term NO3 leaching reduction in sandy soils has received little research attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if and how biochar could be used to reduce NO3 leaching from artificial columns of sand (sandy soil). To achieve this, a simple assay was developed in a controlled temperature room to assess the short-term impacts of biochar on NO3 leaching from a column containing sand. The capacity to pick-up variations in NO3 leaching pattern from the sand columns based on the concentrations of the NO3 solutions used to perfuse the sand columns, as well as, the rate at which these solutions were perfused through the sand columns using this approach was initially established. A pulse chase experiment showed that the NO3 was very mobile, and once the supply was removed, the column of sand rapidly lost the NO3. The exception appears to the inclusion of biochar where this process is slowed down, but eventually the sand column lost all the NO3. When oak biochar produced through high temperature pyrolysis (500-600 oC) by a commercial producer (Humko, d.o.o., Bled Sheenjek, Slovenija) was applied to the sand columns at a rate of 10% (w/w), the pattern of NO3 leaching was modified. Biochar appeared to delay NO3 leaching from the sand. The extent of this delay, and how it may influence NO3 availability in the soil for plant uptake requires further research.
Agronomic Performance and Multivariate Analysis Applied to Three-Waycross Maize Hybrids
Authors: Rosa Tiago Corazza da , Carvalho Ivan Ricardo , Szareski Vinicius Jardel , Pelegrin Alan Junior de , Barbosa Mauricio Horbach , Santos Nathan Lobler dos , Martins Tamires da Silva , Uliana Adriel Somavilla , Souza Velci Queiróz de
Published: April 2018

The aim of this wok was to evaluate the agronomic performance of three-waycross maize hybrids grown in different environments, to determine linear associations and to employ multivariate analysis for the measured traits. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in factorial scheme, arranged in three replicates. The three-way cross maize hybrids evaluated evidence phenotypic variability for the traits spike diameter, spike length, number of rows with grains, number of grains per row, cob mass and spike grains mass. The growing environment of Campos Borges-RS favors the increment of spike diameter, number of grains per row, spike mass, cob diameter, cob mass, mass of a thousand grains, spike grains mass and grain yield. Significant interactions between three-way cross maize hybrids and growing environments are verified for plant height, spike insertion height and prolificity. The traits spike diameter, mass of a thousand grains and mass of grains per spike present positive correlation with maize grain yield. The distinction of three-way cross hybrids is based on spike insertion height, spike diameter, plant height and mass of a thousand grains. The hybrids 2B688 HX® and 2A55 HX® are genetically closer, according to the biometric approach of canonical variables.
Silicon in the Embriogenic Potential of Callus in vitro of Passiflora edulis
Authors: Dias Gabrielen De Maria Gomes , Dos Anjos David Correia , Souza Bárbara Nogueira De , Pasqual Moacir , Homem Bruno Grossi Costa , Costa Irton De Jesus Silva
Published: April 2018

Adding silicon to the culture medium may contribute, to improve many growth parameters including embryogenesis and organogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the embryogenic potential of passion fruit in vitro (Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa O. Deg), submitted to different concentrations of silicon. Nodal segments of plants were inoculated at five concentrations of silicic acid added to the culture medium, 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1. After 60 days, the visual characteristics (% contamination, callus, bud, root and oxidation), cytochemical test and microanalysis of X-rays evaluated. Concentrations of 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 g L-1 of silicon did not differ in relation to callus formation. By the cytochemical test, all treatments presented embryogenic cells indicated by the reaction to acetic Carmine and, little reaction to the Evans blue associated with cell death. By the microanalysis of X-rays, the nutrients sulfur and phosphorus, presented significant absorption responses at the concentration of 1.5 g L-1 of silicon in comparison to the other concentrations. The silicon added to the culture medium has a response in the formation of cells with embryogenic potential in nodal segments of passion fruit. The concentration of 2.0 g L-1 of silicon acid (H4SiO4) has a high embryogenic potential in passionflower cells, Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa O. Deg.
Biofertigation of Forage With Effluents of Green Line of a Cattle Slaughterhouse: Microbial Diversity and Leaf Dry Mass Productivity
Authors: Carvalho Joaquim Jose de , Luz José Maria Rodrigues da , Henrique Jaqueline , Silva José Geraldo Delvaux , Silva José Expedito Cavalcante da , Santos Edivaldo Alves dos
Published: April 2018

The wastewater has been an environmental problem, but your used as fertilizers could reduce or eliminate the application of commercial fertilizers in soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) are a good parameter to analyze the impacts of this fertigationon soil. We aimed to evaluate the distribution and diversity of AMF and NFB before and after applications of wastewater or manure from green line of a cattle slaughterhouse in the irrigation of B. brizantha cv Marandu in Cerrado soil and leaf biomass productivity. The experimental design was performed in completely randomized blocks with ten biofertigation managements. The seeds of the forage were distributed in grooves with spacing of 5 cm. This seeds were covered with a soil layer. NFB and AMF diversity was performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The leaf biomass productivity in the biofertigation managements was higher than in the managements without the use wastewater/manure. After biofertigation managements, changes in the DGGE profile of the NFB and AMF communities were observed. These changes may be due to the difference in the sample collection period and in the soil humidification. Thus, these DGGE profiles was a good parameter to diagnose the efficacy of wastewater/manure as an alternative biotechnological irrigation.
Distinguishing Positive and Negative Self-Evaluations in Age Differences in Possible Selves
Authors: Morawiak Adrian , Gutral Joanna , Cypryańska Marzena , Nezlek John
Published: April 2018

Participants in the present study (82 high school students and 60 seniors) used a version of the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) to describe their past (10 years ago), present, and future (10 years from the present) selves. From the TIPI we derived measures of positive and negative self-evaluation. We analyzed these data with 2 (young-old) x 3 (past, present, and future) ANOVAs. Consistent with previous research, for positive self-evaluations, we found that younger people thought they were better now than they had been in the past and would be better in the future than they were now, and older people thought that had been better in the past than they were now, and that they were better now than they would be in the future. In contrast, and inconsistent with previous research, for negative self-evaluations, we found few differences among ratings of the three selves. We provide a tentative explanation of these results based on possible differences in how positive and negative age related stereotypes are incorporated into self-evaluations. Previous research has not distinguished positive and negative self-evaluations when examining differences among possible selves, and we believe the present results suggest that this might be a fruitful area of inquiry.
Some Temporarily Successful Experiences along Three Decades of Failure: Crime and Public Policy in Brazil
Authors: Freitas Renan Springer de , Ribeiro Ludmila
Published: April 2018

Introduction
Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing
Authors: Trafimow David , Amrhein Valentin , Areshenkoff Corson N. , Barrera-Causil Carlos , Beh Eric J. , Bilgiç Yusuf , Bono Roser , Bradley Michael T. , Briggs William M. , Cepeda-Freyre Héctor A. , Chaigneau Sergio E. , Ciocca Daniel R. , Carlos Correa Juan , Cousineau Denis , de Boer Michiel R. , Dhar Subhra Sankar , Dolgov Igor , Gómez-Benito Juana , Grendar Marian , Grice James , Guerrero-Gimenez Martin E. , Gutiérrez Andrés , Huedo-Medina Tania B. , Jaffe Klaus , Janyan Armina , Karimnezhad Ali , Korner-Nievergelt Fränzi , Kosugi Koji , Lachmair Martin , Ledesma Rubén , Limongi Roberto , Liuzza Marco Tullio , Lombardo Rosaria , Marks Michael , Meinlschmidt Gunther , Nalborczyk Ladislas , Nguyen Hung T. , Ospina Raydonal , Perezgonzalez Jose D. , Pfister Roland , Rahona Juan José , Rodríguez-Medina David A. , Romão Xavier , Ruiz-Fernández Susana , Suarez Isabel , Tegethoff Marion , Tejo Mauricio , van de Schoot Rens , Vankov Ivan , Velasco-Forero Santiago , Wang Tonghui , Yamada Yuki , Zoppino Felipe C. , Marmolejo-Ramos Fernando
Published: April 2018

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p= .05 to .005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of .05, .01, .005, or anything else, is not acceptable.
Antishear Stress Bionic Carbon Nanotube Mesh Coating with Intracellular Controlled Drug Delivery Constructing Small‐Diameter Tissue–Engineered Vascular Grafts
Authors: Ding Ning , Dou Ce , Wang Yuxin , Liu Feila , Guan Ge , Huo Da , Li Yanzhao , Yang Jingyuan , Wei Keyu , Yang Mingcan , Tan Ju , Zeng Wen , Zhu Chuhong
Published: April 2018

Small‐diameter (<6 mm) tissue–engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) have a low patency rate due to chronic inflammation mediated intimal hyperplasia. Functional coating with drug release is a promising solution, but preventing the released drug from being rushed away by blood flow remains a great challenge. A single‐walled carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotube (C‐SWCNT) is used to build an irregular mesh for TEBV coating. However, an interaction between the released drug and the cells is still insufficient due to the blood flow. Thus, an intracellular drug delivery system mediated by macrophage cellular uptake is designed. Resveratrol (RSV) modified CNT is used for macrophage uptake. M1 macrophage uptakes CNT‐RSV and then converts to the M2 phenotype upon intracellular RSV release. Prohealing M2 macrophage inhibits the chronic inflammation thus maintains the contractile phenotype of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), which reduces intimal hyperplasia. Additionally, RSV released from the mesh coating also directly protects the contractile VSMCs from being converted to a secretory phenotype. Through antishear stress coating and macrophage‐based intracellular drug delivery, CNT‐RSV TEBVs exhibit a long‐term anti‐intimal hyperplasia function. Animal transplantation studies show that the patency rate remains high until day 90 after grafting in rat carotid arteries.
A Hepatocyte‐Mimicking Antidote for Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Xu Duo , Han Hui , He Yuxin , Lee Harrison , Wu Di , Liu Fang , Liu Xiangsheng , Liu Yang , Lu Yunfeng , Ji Cheng
Published: April 2018

Alcohol intoxication causes serious diseases, whereas current treatments are mostly supportive and unable to remove alcohol efficiently. Upon alcohol consumption, alcohol is sequentially oxidized to acetaldehyde and acetate by the endogenous alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Inspired by the metabolism of alcohol, a hepatocyte‐mimicking antidote for alcohol intoxication through the codelivery of the nanocapsules of alcohol oxidase (AOx), catalase (CAT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to the liver, where AOx and CAT catalyze the oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde, while ALDH catalyzes the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetate. Administered to alcohol‐intoxicated mice, the antidote rapidly accumulates in the liver and enables a significant reduction of the blood alcohol concentration. Moreover, blood acetaldehyde concentration is maintained at an extremely low level, significantly contributing to liver protection. Such an antidote, which can eliminate alcohol and acetaldehyde simultaneously, holds great promise for the treatment of alcohol intoxication and poisoning and can provide therapeutic benefits.
Nahinfrarot‐sensibilisierte photoinduzierte ATRP mit einer Kupfer(II)‐Katalysatorkonzentration im ppm‐Bereich
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Schmitz Christian , Strehmel Veronika , Yagci Yusuf , Strehmel Bernd
Published: April 2018

Eine NIR‐sensibilisierte photoinduzierte radikalische Atomtransferpolymerisation (ATRP) gelingt mit [CuII(Tri(2‐pyridylmethyl)amin)]Br2 als Katalysator in ppm‐Konzentrationen, einem Polymethin als Photosensibilisator und α‐Bromphenylacetat als Alkylhalogenid‐Initiator. Unter den untersuchten Polymethinen mit einer kationischen (1), zwitterionischen (2, 3) und anionischen (4) Struktur war lediglich 2 als Sensibilisator mit NIR‐Licht bei Raumtemperatur geeignet, um Polymere mit kontrollierten Molekulargewichten und Funktionalitäten zu erhalten. Die Barbituratgruppe von 2 trägt maßgeblich zur Aktivität in dieser ATRP bei. Die Funktionsfähigkeit der Endgruppe des erhaltenen Polymers wurde mittels Kettenverlängerungs‐ und Blockcopolymerisationsexperimenten nachgewiesen. Das System ist sehr photostabil bei Bestrahlung mit NIR‐Licht. Die Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Strahlung wurde durch periodische Ein/Aus‐Phasen während der Polymerisation gezeigt.
High‐performance composite nanofiltration membranes fabricated via ternary mixture: Complementary preponderance of the fluorine‐containing monomer 2,2′‐bis(1‐hydroxyl‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐2,2,2‐triflutoethyl)‐4,4′‐methylene dianiline and the rigid monomer bisphenol F
Authors: Tang Yong‐Jian , Ding Hao , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Huang Ben‐Qing
Published: April 2018

In a previous study, we proved that tailoring the polyamide backbone stiffness is an effective way to fabricate high‐performance polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membranes. However, in the previous study, we mainly focused on the flat membrane and did not consider its chlorine tolerance. In this study, by regulating the aqueous‐phase compositions in the interfacial polymerization process, chlorine tolerance on NF hollow‐fiber membranes was endowed while the membrane performance stayed high. The experimental results show that when the ratio of Piperazine (PIP)–bisphenol F (BPF)/2,2′‐bis(1‐hydroxyl‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐2,2,2‐triflutoethyl)‐4,4′‐methylene dianiline (BHTTM) was 5:1:4, the NF membrane possessed a permeate flux of 21.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and an Na2SO4 rejection up to 90.0%. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis also confirmed that the polymerization degree of the PIP–BPF–BHTTM NF membrane was the highest. Moreover, the NF membrane could tolerate active chlorine to over 10,000 ppm h Cl. After the active chlorine treatment, the permeate flux increased over 30.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, and the Na2SO4 rejection was about 90.0%. Although the PIP–BHTTM NF membrane also possessed good chlorine tolerance, its permeate flux (after active chlorine treatment) was only 60% of that of the PIP–BPF–BHTTM NF membrane. Therefore, the PIP–BPF–BHTTM NF membrane possessed a combination of high flux and high chlorine tolerance and showed good potential in water treatment in rigorous environments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46482.
Poly(lactic acid)–thermoplastic poly(ether)urethane composites synergistically reinforced and toughened with short carbon fibers for three‐dimensional printing
Authors: Qian Kaiyao , Qian Xin , Chen Yulong , Zhou Mi
Published: April 2018

In this study, we prepared short‐carbon‐fiber (CF)‐reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA)–thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends by melt blending. The effects of the initial fiber length and content on the morphologies and thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the composites were systematically investigated. We found that the mechanical properties of the composites were almost unaffected by the fiber initial length. However, with increasing fiber content, the stiffness and toughness values of the blends were both enhanced because of the formation of a TPU‐mediated CF network. With the incorporation of 20 wt % CFs into the PLA–TPU blends, the tensile strength was increased by 70.7%, the flexural modulus was increased by 184%, and the impact strength was increased by 50.4%. Compared with that of the neat PLA, the impact strength of the CF‐reinforced composites increased up to 1.92 times. For the performance in three‐dimensional printing, excellent mechanical properties and a good‐quality appearance were simultaneously obtained when we printed the composites with a thin layer thickness. Our results provide insight into the relationship among the CFs, phase structure, and performance, as we achieved a good stiffness–toughness balance in the PLA–TPU–CF ternary composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46483.
Preparation, characterization, and investigation of poly(AMPS/AM/SSS) on application performance of water‐based drilling fluid
Authors: Huo Jin‐Hua , Peng Zhi‐Gang , Ye Zhong‐bin , Feng Qian , Zheng Yong , Zhang Jian , Liu Xianjie
Published: April 2018

Based on the requirement of the synthesized polymer resistant to higher temperature and lower cost demand of water‐based drilling fluid system, a novel polymer, which named poly(AMPS/AM/SSS), was synthesized using acrylamide (AM), 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and p‐styrenesulfonate (SSS). At first, the molecular structure was investigated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H‐NMR) and element analysis. Simultaneously, the molecular weight and distribution was obtained by gel chromatography method. Moreover, the thermal stability was produced by thermal analysis (TG). Secondly, the poly(AMPS/AM/SSS) was introduced into water‐based drilling fluid system. As a result, it was shown that the use of poly(AMPS/AM/SSS) significantly improved the filtration performance of drilling fluid system. When the adding amount is 1.2 wt %, the FLAPI of drilling fluid system is 9.20 mL. Moreover, it was found that the flow curve of water‐based drilling fluid systems are more fitted to the Herschel–Bulkley flow model. Besides, the temperature resistance of water‐based drilling fluid system was obviously improved. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the cost of water‐based drilling fluid system was significantly reduced. During this study, the filtration mechanism of the synthesized poly(AMPS/AM/SSS) was studied by adsorption analysis, Zeta potential method, and morphology analysis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46510.
chromploid: An R package for chromosome number evolution across the plant tree of life
Authors: Zenil‐Ferguson Rosana , Burleigh J. Gordon , Ponciano José Miguel
Published: April 2018

Premise of the Study

Polyploidy has profound evolutionary consequences for land plants. Despite the availability of large phylogenetic and chromosomal data sets, estimating the rates of polyploidy and chromosomal evolution across the tree of life remains a challenging, computationally complex problem. We introduce the R package chromploid, which allows scientists to perform inference of chromosomal evolution rates across large phylogenetic trees.

Methods and Results

chromploid is an open‐source package in the R environment that calculates the likelihood function of models of chromosome evolution. Models of discrete character evolution can be customized using chromploid. We demonstrate the performance of the BiChroM model, testing for associations between rates of chromosome doubling (as a proxy for polyploidy) and a binary phenotypic character, within chromploid using simulations and empirical data from Solanum. In simulations, estimated chromosome‐doubling rates were unbiased and the variance decreased with larger trees, but distinguishing small differences in rates of chromosome doubling, even from large data sets, remains challenging. In the Solanum data set, a custom model of chromosome number evolution demonstrated higher rates of chromosome doubling in herbaceous species compared to woody.

Conclusions

chromploid enables researchers to perform robust likelihood‐based inferences using complex models of chromosome number evolution across large phylogenies.
Secretory Overexpression of Bacillus thermocatenulatus Lipase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Combinatorial Library Strategy
Authors: Kajiwara Shota , Yamada Ryosuke , Ogino Hiroyasu
Published: April 2018

Simple and cost‐effective lipase expression host microorganisms are highly desirable. A combinatorial library strategy is used to improve the secretory expression of lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus (BTL2) in the culture supernatant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A plasmid library including expression cassettes composed of sequences encoding one of each 15 promoters, 15 secretion signals, and 15 terminators derived from yeast species, S. cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Hansenula polymorpha, is constructed. The S. cerevisiae transformant YPH499/D4, comprising H. polymorpha GAP promoter, S. cerevisiae SAG1 secretion signal, and P. pastoris AOX1 terminator, is selected by high‐throughput screening. This transformant expresses BTL2 extra‐cellularly with a 130‐fold higher than the control strain, comprising S. cerevisiae PGK1 promoter, S. cerevisiae α‐factor secretion signal, and S. cerevisiae PGK1 terminator, after cultivation for 72 h. This combinatorial library strategy holds promising potential for application in the optimization of the secretory expression of proteins in yeast.
Regulated Expression of sgRNAs Tunes CRISPRi in E. coli
Authors: Fontana Jason , Dong Chen , Ham Jennifer Y. , Zalatan Jesse G. , Carothers James M.
Published: April 2018

Methods for implementing dynamically‐controlled multi‐gene programs could expand capabilities to engineer metabolism for efficiently producing high‐value compounds. This work explores whether CRISPRi repression can be tuned in E. coli through the regulated expression of the CRISPRi machinery. When dCas9 is not limiting, variations in sgRNA expression alone can lead to CRISPRi repression levels ranging from 5‐ to 300‐fold. Titrating sgRNA expression over a 2.5‐fold range results in 16‐fold changes in reporter gene expression. Many different classes of genetic controllers can generate 2.5‐fold differences in transcription, suggesting they may be integrated into dynamically‐regulated CRISPRi circuits. Finally, CRISPRi cannot be reversed for up to 12 hours by expressing a competing sgRNA later in the growth phase, indicating that CRISPR‐Cas:DNA interactions can be persistent in vivo. Collectively, these results identify genetic architectures for tuning CRISPRi repression through regulated sgRNA expression and suggest that dynamically‐regulated CRISPRi systems targeting multiple genes may be within reach.
Covalent or Non‐Covalent? A Mechanistic Insight into the Enantioselective Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dearomatization of Indoles with Allenamides
Authors: Giacinto Pietro , Bottoni Andrea , Garelli Andrea , Miscione Gian Pietro , Bandini Marco
Published: April 2018

The reaction mechanism of the enantioselective Brønsted acid catalyzed dearomatization of C(2),C(3)‐disubstituted indoles with allenamides is investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ESI‐MS analysis. The first step of the process (rate‐determining step) is the formation of a covalent adduct between allenamide and the chiral organo‐promoter. The resulting chiral α‐amino allylic phosphate undergoes dearomative condensation with indoles. In the first step, the indole moiety remains bonded to the catalyst through strong hydrogen contacts. It can take on two different orientations that make the Re or Si prochiral face available to the subsequent electrophilic attack of allenamide. The attack on the indole faces originates two reaction paths leading to different stereoisomeric products, which differ in the configuration of the new stereocenter at the C3‐indole position.
Quantifying the Sub‐Cellular Distributions of Gold Nanospheres Taken Up by Cells through Stepwise, Site‐Selective Etching
Authors: Huo Da , Xia Younan
Published: April 2018

A quantitative understanding of the sub‐cellular distributions of nanospheres taken up by cells is of key importance to the development of effective nanomedicine. With gold nanospheres as a model system, here we demonstrate, for the first time, how to quantify the numbers of nanospheres bound to plasma membrane, accumulated in cytosol, and entrapped in endo‐lysosomes, respectively, through stepwise, site‐selective etching. Our results indicate that the chance for nanospheres to escape from endo‐lysosomes is insensitive to the presence of targeting ligand although ligand–receptor binding has been documented as a critical factor in triggering internalization. Furthermore, the presence of serum proteins is shown to facilitate the binding of nanospheres to plasma membrane lacking the specific receptor. Collectively, these findings confirm the potential of stepwise etching in quantitatively analyzing the sub‐cellular distributions of nanospheres taken up by cells in an effort to optimize the therapeutic effect.
Porous Single‐Crystalline CdSe Nanobelts: Cation‐Exchange Synthesis and Highly Selective Photoelectric Sensing toward Cu2+
Authors: Guo Zheng , Su Yao , Li Yi‐Xiang , Li Gang , Huang Xing‐Jiu
Published: April 2018

Porous single‐crystalline nanostructures are of tremendous interest for their application in the catalytic, electronic and sensing fields due to their large active surfaces, favorable diffusion, and good electronic transport. Despite the recent advances of various other components, photoelectric chalcogenides remain almost undeveloped. The present study contributes a facile strategy to prepare porous single‐crystalline CdSe nanobelts through a cation‐exchange reaction, in which ZnSe⋅0.5 N2H4 hybrid nanobelts are employed as precursors. The detailed characterizations indicate the preservation of the belt‐like morphology of the precursors due to the spatial confinement effect, which arises from the coated surfactant layer during the cation‐exchange process. Simultaneously, CdSe nanobelts with porous and single‐crystalline structures are formed following a complete exchange between Zn2+ and Cd2+, the release of N2H4, and the atomic arrangement. The native photoelectric properties of the as‐prepared porous single‐crystalline CdSe nanobelts are systematically addressed based on the nanodevices fabricated with a single nanobelt and assembled nanobelt array. The results indicate that they present a rapid, stable, and repeatable photoelectric response. Moreover, as‐prepared nanobelts exhibit highly selective photoelectric sensing toward Cu2+ with a low detection limit down to 0.1 ppm. To illuminate this phenomenon, a possible sensing mechanism is also discussed.
Group 9 Metallacyclopentadienes as Key Intermediates in [2+2+2] Alkyne Cyclotrimerizations. Insight from Activation Strain Analyses
Authors: Dalla Tiezza Marco , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Orian Laura
Published: April 2018

The intramolecular oxidative coupling converting a bis‐acetylene complex of formula CpM (C2H2)2 (Cp=C5H5−; M=Co, Rh, Ir) into a 16‐electron metallacycle is studied in silico. This reaction is paradigmatic in acetylene [2+2+2] cycloaddition to benzene catalyzed by CpM fragments, being the step with the highest activation energy, and thus affecting the whole catalysis. Our activation strain and quantitative molecular orbital (MO) analyses elucidate the mechanistic details and reveal why cobalt performs better than rhodium and iridium catalysts outlining general principles for rational design of catalysts to be used in these processes.
An extended kinetic model for the thermal force on impurity particles in weakly collisional plasmas
Authors: Homma Yuki , Hoshino Kazuo , Tokunaga Shinsuke , Yamoto Shohei , Hatayama Akiyoshi , Asakura Nobuyuki , Sakamoto Yoshiteru , Tobita Kenji ,   Joint Special Design Team for Fusion DEMO
Published: April 2018

We have developed an extended kinetic model for the thermal force on test impurity particles in plasmas. This model makes use of a combination of the plasma ion heat flux qGM derived from the generalized moment equations (E. Zawaideh et al., Phys. Fluids 1988, 31) and the numerical algorithm presented earlier (Y. Homma, A. Hatayama, J. Comput. Phys. 2013, 250). The applicable condition extends from collisional to weakly collisional plasmas, and weakens when the plasma collisionality decreases. A test simulation is performed assuming a tentative weakly collisional plasma. The results show that it can have a non‐negligible influence on transient impurity transport in a DEMO‐scale tokamak to take into account the effect of plasma collisionality in thermal force modelling.
Preparing Students to Counsel Clients With Potentially Spiritually Transformative Experiences
Authors: Blalock Sarah M. , Holden Janice Miner
Published: April 2018

After defining potentially spiritually transformative experiences (pSTEs) and reviewing empirical research on the contents and aftereffects of 2 well‐researched pSTEs commonly disclosed by clients, the authors summarize research on client harm due to counselors’ lack of knowledge, attitudes, and skills to address these experiences appropriately. The authors contend that clients with pSTEs meet criteria for multicultural difference and advocate for including the topic of clients with pSTEs in counselor education diversity course curricula so that counselors are empowered to provide ethical, culturally sensitive, and clinically appropriate services. The authors conclude with suggested content for this curriculum.
Oral insulin does not alter gut microbiota composition of NOD mice
Authors: Kihl Pernille , Krych Lukasz , Buschard Karsten , Wesley Johnna D. , Kot Witold , Hansen Axel Kornerup , Nielsen Dennis S. , von Herrath Matthias G.
Published: April 2018

Background

Oral insulin as a preventive strategy and/or treatment of type 1 diabetes has been the target of much research. Producing oral insulins is a complex and challenging task, with numerous pitfalls, due to physiological, physical, and biochemical barriers. Our aim was to determine the impact of oral insulin on the delicate gut microbiota composition.

Methods

Female nonobese diabetic mice were given oral porcine insulin 2 times a week from 5 weeks of age for 4 weeks, and then subsequently once a week for 21 weeks, or until euthanized. The mice were divided into groups on a gluten‐reduced diet or a standard diet. Gut microbiota composition was analysed based on faecal samples, and the type 1 diabetes incidence of the mice was monitored.

Results

We observed no influence of the oral porcine insulin on the gut microbiota composition of mice on a gluten‐reduced or a standard diet at 9 weeks of age. Also, the administration of oral insulin did not influence the incidence of type 1 diabetes at 30 weeks of age.

Conclusions

Oral porcine insulin does not alter the gut microbiota composition of nonobese diabetic mice on either a gluten‐reduced diet or standard diet. Also, the oral porcine insulin did not influence the incidence of type 1 diabetes in the groups.
Understanding Polyarene Trifluoromethylation with Hot CF3 Radicals Using Corannulene
Authors: Kuvychko Igor V. , Clikeman Tyler , Dubceac Cristina , Chen Yu‐Sheng , Petrukhina Marina A. , Strauss Steven H. , Popov Alexey A. , Boltalina Olga V.
Published: April 2018

New insights into the process of high‐temperature trifluoromethylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were gained in a detailed study of the reactions between corannulene (C20H10) and CF3I gas. Ten new poly(trifluoromethyl)corannulenes were made in these reactions and were fully characterized. A detailed computational study explains the observed trends in the product distribution and why some products cannot be prepared even with an excess of the reagent gas. The approach utilized here may have good predictive value for designing new effective and selective synthetic methodologies for various thermally stable electron‐deficient PAHs.
Interfacial Thermal Resistance in Magnetocaloric Epoxy‐Bonded La‐Fe‐Co‐Si Composites
Authors: Sellschopp Kai , Weise Bruno , Krautz Maria , Cugini Francesco , Solzi Massimo , Helmich Lars , Hütten Andreas , Waske Anja
Published: April 2018

Magnetocaloric composites made from La−Fe−Co−Si particles and an epoxy binder matrix exhibit mechanical stability and good magnetocaloric properties, but also a large characteristic time for thermal transport. Here, the origin of this large time constant is examined by comparing two measurement techniques, direct and contactless, to finite‐element simulations based on a tomographic dataset of the sample. The combination of the low thermal conductivity of the epoxy matrix and a thermal resistance at the interface between epoxy and La−Fe−Co−Si is shown to be in good agreement in simulations and experiments. The findings help to disentangle the role of the thermal conductivity and the interfacial thermal resistance for the heat flow in magnetocaloric composites. It is shown that the low thermal conductivity of the epoxy alone cannot explain the large time constant and possibilities for using the interfacial thermal resistance to tailor anisotropic thermal conductivity for directional heat transfer in magnetocaloric composites are presented.
The response strategy and the place strategy in a plus‐maze have different sensitivities to devaluation of expected outcome
Authors: Kosaki Yutaka , Pearce John M. , McGregor Anthony
Published: April 2018

Previous studies have suggested that spatial navigation can be achieved with at least two distinct learning processes, involving either cognitive map‐like representations of the local environment, referred to as the “place strategy”, or simple stimulus‐response (S‐R) associations, the “response strategy”. A similar distinction between cognitive/behavioral processes has been made in the context of non‐spatial, instrumental conditioning, with the definition of two processes concerning the sensitivity of a given behavior to the expected value of its outcome as well as to the response‐outcome contingency (“goal‐directed action” and “S‐R habit”). Here we investigated whether these two versions of dichotomist definitions of learned behavior, one spatial and the other non‐spatial, correspond to each other in a formal way. Specifically, we assessed the goal‐directed nature of two navigational strategies, using a combination of an outcome devaluation procedure and a spatial probe trial frequently used to dissociate the two navigational strategies. In Experiment 1, rats trained in a dual‐solution T‐maze task were subjected to an extinction probe trial from the opposite start arm, with or without prefeeding‐induced devaluation of the expected outcome. We found that a non‐significant preference for the place strategy in the non‐devalued condition was completely reversed after devaluation, such that significantly more animals displayed the use of the response strategy. The result suggests that the place strategy is sensitive to the expected value of the outcome, while the response strategy is not. In Experiment 2, rats with hippocampal lesions showed significant reliance on the response strategy, regardless of whether the expected outcome was devalued or not. The result thus offers further evidence that the response strategy conforms to the definition of an outcome‐insensitive, habitual form of instrumental behavior. These results together attest a formal correspondence between two types of dual‐process accounts of animal learning and behavior.