bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modest Proposal: New directions in researching and understanding Ireland's Great Famine
Authors: Kinealy Christine
Published: April 2022

The Great Irish Famine of 1845–1852 was a defining event in the development of modern Ireland. As a result of large‐scale and sustained emigration, it was also a transnational event, creating diasporas that regarded the Famine as their foundation story. Following decades of silence and limited scholarship, the 150th anniversary of the first appearance of potato blight in 1995 triggered a global interest that extended far beyond academia. This overview of the historiography and recent debates concerning the Great Famine suggests a vibrancy and an interest that shows no sign of abating. It has resulted in an ever‐growing body of scholarship that is constantly providing fresh and nuanced ways of understanding this tragedy, through the use of new methodological and theoretical approaches and partnerships with professionals outside the academy.
Prebiotic effect of galacto‐oligosaccharides on the skin microbiota and determination of their diffusion properties
Authors: Petrov Anja , Ćorović Marija , Milivojević Ana , Simović Milica , Banjanac Katarina , Pjanović Rada , Bezbradica Dejan
Published: April 2022

Objective

Recently, prebiotics are attracting plenty of attention in the field of skin care, since it is found that they are able to support the balance of beneficial and harmful microorganisms on the skin, and accordingly prevent several skin conditions associated with microbial imbalance. Topical application of prebiotics, although insufficiently investigated, holds great promise in improving skin health. The purpose of this research was to determine the prebiotic potential of galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) for skin microbiota and suitability for incorporation in different topical formulations, and finally, provide insights into their diffusion properties.

Methods

The prebiotic effect of GOS was evaluated through the influence on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, the most common resident and pathogenic bacterium of the skin microbiota, respectively. Also, with the future use of GOS in cosmetic products in mind, the diffusion of GOS molecules from two different topical formulations, hydrogel and oil‐in‐water (O/W) gel emulsion, was monitored employing Franz diffusion cell and two systems—with cellulose acetate membrane and transdermal diffusion test model, Strat‐M® membrane. Course of fermentation and the amount of diffused GOS molecules were monitored using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results

The in vitro results revealed that GOS at a concentration of 5% (w/v) has a pronounced stimulatory effect on S. epidermidis, while simultaneously showing an inhibitory effect on S. aureus, both in nutrient broth and cosmetic formulations. GOS trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide diffusion coefficients from O/W gel emulsion were calculated to be 5.61·10−6 cm2 s−1 and 1.41·10−8 cm2 s−1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient of GOS trisaccharides from hydrogel was 3.22·10−6 cm2 s−1, while it was not determined for tetrasaccharides due to low diffused concentration. Transdermal diffusion tests revealed that GOS incorporated in two formulations stays at the surface of the skin even after 24 h.

Conclusion

When applied in adequate concentration, GOS has the potential to be used as a skin prebiotic. Novel GOS enriched formulations, Aristoflex® AVC‐based hydrogel and Heliogel™‐based O/W gel emulsion, provided efficient diffusion and delivery of prebiotic GOS molecules to the skin surface.
Social investment agenda setting: A personal note
Authors: Hemerijck Anton
Published: April 2022

This article reconstructs how, under the umbrella of the Europea Union (EU), discreet opportunities for EU social policy agenda setting opened for academic expertise from the late 1990s to the 2020s. This began with the Dutch presidency of the EU in the first half of 1997, endorsing the notion of ‘social policy as a productive factor’, followed by the 2000 Lisbon strategy for Growth and Social Cohesion in the open economy. The social investment landmark publication was Why We Need a New Welfare State, written by Gøsta Esping‐Andersen et al., for the Belgian presidency of 2001. Ultimately, cumulative academic insights and feedback from country‐specific reform experiences found their synthesis in the Social Investment Package in 2013. EU political codification of social investment took effect with the adoption of the European Pillar of Social Rights in December 2017. The paper concludes on the future for social investment with some personal reflections as an engaged scholar.
Seasonal influenza in children: Costs for the health system and society in Europe
Authors: Villani Leonardo , D'Ambrosio Floriana , Ricciardi Roberto , de Waure Chiara , Calabrò Giovanna Elisa
Published: April 2022

Background

Pediatric influenza causes significant morbidity annually, resulting in an increased economic burden. Therefore, we aimed to summarize existing literature regarding the costs of pediatric influenza in Europe, paying particular attention to the direct and indirect costs considered in the economic evaluations. Knowing health and social costs of childhood influenza is essential to support value‐based health decisions to implement effective immunization strategies.

Methods

We searched three databases for articles published to September 3, 2021. Eligible studies were those reporting the economic burden of influenza in the pediatric and youth population in European countries written in English language.

Results

Overall, 2225 records were screened, and 9 articles were included. Costs estimates are different across countries and in the age groups considered. Direct costs per episode, whose major expense driver are hospitalizations and pediatric examinations, range from about €74 in Italy to €252 in Germany. Important variations are observed based on age, with the youngest group absorbing in some cases double the resources of the older ones such as (in Italy, in France and in Germany). Regarding indirect costs, workdays lost by parents resulted in higher costs for children <2 years and 2–5 years than those >5 years of age and their economic impact was variable reaching €251 per week in Germany.

Conclusion

Evidence obtained in our review strengthened the awareness about the economic impact, in terms of direct and indirect costs, of pediatric influenza requiring, as a priority action in Europe, the implementation of influenza vaccination policies in this target population.
Genetic sequence data evidence that human faecal-associated HF183 sequences are on human skin and in urine
Authors: Li Dong , Van De Werfhorst Laurie C. , Holden Patricia A.
Published: April 2022

Aims

The DNA marker HF183 is a partial 16S rRNA gene sequence highly specific to human-associated Bacteroides including Bacteroides dorei. While HF183 is used to assess human faecal contamination in aquatic environments worldwide, little is known about the existence of HF183 and B. dorei in human microbiomes outside of the human gastrointestinal tract and faeces.

Methods and Results

Previously published human skin and urine microbiome data sets from five independent human body skin studies, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and three independent human urine studies were analysed. The HF183 gene sequence was detected in all skin data sets, with the ratios of positive samples ranging from 0.5% to 36.3%. Popliteal fossa (knee), volar forearm and inguinal (groin) creases were identified as hot spots. HF183 was detected in two of three urine data sets, with ratios of positive samples ranging from 0% to 37.5%. All HF183-containing sequences from these data sets were classified as associated with B. dorei.

Conclusions

HF183 is widespread on human skin and present in urine.

Significance and Impact of Study

Skin and urine microbiomes could be sources of HF183 to environmental waters. Such non-faecal sources of HF183 might explain low concentrations of HF183 in recreational waters when swimmers are present.
Characterization of cinnamon essential oil and its application in Malva sylvestris seed mucilage edible coating to the enhancement of the microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties of lamb meat during storage
Authors: Sabahi Sahar , Abbasi Amin , Mortazavi Seyed Ali
Published: April 2022

Aims

Firstly, Cinnamomum zeylani essential oil (CZEO) was isolated and characterized. Secondly, CZEO was used in Malva sylvestris mucilage (MSM) coating and its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on lamb meat slices were evaluated in 10 days at 4°C.

Methods and Results

The main chemical compounds and functional groups of the CZEO were identified and quantified by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer and by an Fourier transform infrared spectrometer respectively. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of CZEO were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent-based and aluminium chloride methods respectively. Various microbiological, physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluations were also utilized regarding the coated lamb meat slices. CZEO contains benzyl benzoate (40.93%), caryophyllene oxide (26.07%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (13.01%), with strong radical scavenging activity and antibacterial effect against investigated pathogenic microorganisms. The CZEO-loaded MSM edible coating greatly postponed the growth of microorganisms and extended the product life (>10 days). The pH value, moisture content and hardness of the samples were also preserved more efficiently when high concentrations of the essential oil were incorporated into the edible coating (p < 0.05). The CZEO-rich MSM coating was also able to possess considerable activity against lipid oxidation in lamb meat samples, and significantly decreased the production of primary and secondary oxidation products (p < 0.05). Moreover, sensory parameters of the samples were preserved more efficiently during cold storage when the CZEO-enriched edible coating, particularly MSM + 2% CZEO was used.

Conclusions

The use of edible coating based on MSM and CZEO is therefore effective in reducing microbial growth and chemical reactions in lamb meat during the storage period.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The importance of the results of this study is in order to increase the use of natural preservatives, maintain food safety and of course the health of the people in the community.
Bacterial and fungal microbiota of total mixed ration silage stored at various temperatures
Authors: Wali Ajmal , Hou Jianjian , Tsuruta Takeshi , Nishino Naoki
Published: April 2022

Aims

To obtain insights into how bacterial and fungal microbiota and fermentation products composition are affected by storage temperature for TMR silage, which can be manufactured year-round.

Methods and results

TMR silage was stored at 10°C, 25°C, ambient temperature (AT; 20–35°C) and 40°C. Lactic acid production was delayed when stored at 10°C, and acid production stagnated after 2 weeks when stored at 40°C. The patterns of acetic acid and ethanol production were inversely related, with ethanol production promoted at 10°C and 25°C and acetic acid production promoted at AT and 40°C. The bacterial diversity was reduced in TMR silage with high lactic acid and acetic acid content, and the fungal diversity was reduced in TMR silage with high ethanol content.

Conclusions

The intensity of lactic acid production was accounted for by the high abundance of Lactobacillus, and its stagnated production at a substantially high storage temperature was related to an increased abundance of Bacillus. The enhanced production of acetic acid or ethanol can be explained by differences in the fungal microbiota.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The integrated analysis of bacterial and fungal microbiota can provide in-depth insights into the impact of storage temperature on TMR silage fermentation.
Changes in gut microbiota, metabolite SCFAs, and GPR43 expression in obese diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Guo Yan , Liu Chaoqian , Zhao Xiang , Zhang Xianfang , Wu Qingzhi , Wang Zhijie , Lu Jin
Published: April 2022

Aims

To evaluate changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression and distribution in gut microbiota and explore their relationships in obese diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy.

Methods and Results

Diet-induced obese mice and obese diabetic ob/ob mice were established. Changes in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, gut microbiota, metabolite short-chain fatty acids, and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expressions were assessed in both models 10 weeks postoperatively. Mice that underwent sleeve gastrectomy exhibited sustained weight loss and reduced glucose, insulin, leptin, and cholesterol levels. Metagenomic sequencing revealed significant characteristic alterations in gut microbiota after sleeve gastrectomy, which were correlated with changes in faecal short-chain fatty acid levels. Postoperatively, G protein-coupled receptor 43 expression in the colon tissue was upregulated in both models, whereas its expression in the adipose tissue was downregulated in the diet-induced obese mouse model.

Conclusions

Metabolic improvement in obese and diabetic mice after sleeve gastrectomy is associated with alterations in gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid levels, and G protein-coupled receptor 43 expressions.

Significance and Impact of Study

Our findings reveal a possible mechanism through which sleeve gastrectomy improves obesity and diabetes via changes in bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids and G protein-coupled receptor 43.
MiR‐130a‐3p regulates neural stem cell differentiation in vitro by targeting Acsl4
Authors: Li Wen , Shan Bo‐Quan , Zhao He‐Yan , He Hui , Tian Mei‐Ling , Cheng Xiang , Qin Jian‐Bing , Jin Guo‐Hua
Published: April 2022

In the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) are the precursor cells of neurons that contribute to nervous system development, regeneration, and repair. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that regulate cell fate determination and differentiation by negatively regulating gene expression. Here, we identified a post‐transcriptional mechanism, centred around miR‐130a‐3p that regulated NSC differentiation. Importantly, overexpressing miR‐130a‐3p promoted NSC differentiation into neurons, whereas inhibiting miR‐130a‐3p function reduced the number of neurons. Then, the quantitative PCR, Western blot and dual‐luciferase reporter assays showed that miR‐130a‐3p negatively regulated acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 4 (Acsl4) expression. Additionally, inhibition of Acsl4 promoted NSC differentiation into neurons, whereas silencing miR‐130a‐3p partially suppressed the neuronal differentiation induced by inhibiting Acsl4. Furthermore, overexpressing miR‐130a‐3p or inhibiting Acsl4 increased the levels of p‐AKT, p‐GSK‐3β and PI3K. In conclusion, our results suggested that miR‐130a‐3p targeted Acsl4 to promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs via regulating the Akt/PI3K pathway. These findings may help to develop strategies for stem cell‐mediated treatment for central nervous system diseases.
Sodium butyrate inhibits aerobic glycolysis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the c‐myc/hexokinase 2 pathway
Authors: Yu Qiang , Dai Weiqi , Ji Jie , Wu Liwei , Feng Jiao , Li Jingjing , Zheng Yuanyuan , Li Yan , Cheng Ziqi , Zhang Jie , Wu Jianye , Xu Xuanfu , Guo Chuanyong
Published: April 2022

Aerobic glycolysis is a well‐known hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, targeting the key enzymes of this pathway is considered a novel approach to HCC treatment. The effects of sodium butyrate (NaBu), a sodium salt of the short‐chain fatty acid butyrate, on aerobic glycolysis in HCC cells and the underlying mechanism are unknown. In the present study, data obtained from cell lines with mouse xenograft model revealed that NaBu inhibited aerobic glycolysis in the HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. NaBu induced apoptosis while inhibiting the proliferation of the HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the compound inhibited the release of lactate and glucose consumption in the HCC cells in vitro and inhibited the production of lactate in vivo. The modulatory effects of NaBu on glycolysis, proliferation and apoptosis were related to its modulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). NaBu downregulated HK2 expression via c‐myc signalling. The upregulation of glycolysis in the HCC cells induced by sorafenib was impeded by NaBu, thereby enhancing the anti‐HCC effect of sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Thus, NaBu inhibits the expression of HK2 to downregulate aerobic glycolysis and the proliferation of HCC cells and induces their apoptosis via the c‐myc pathway.
Metabolic state switches between morning and evening in association with circadian clock in people without diabetes
Authors: Fujimoto Ruriko , Ohta Ysuharu , Masuda Konosuke , Taguchi Akihiko , Akiyama Masaru , Yamamoto Kaoru , Nakabayashi Hiroko , Nagao Yuko , Matsumura Takuro , Hiroshige Syunsuke , Kajimura Yasuko , Akashi Makoto , Tanizawa Yukio
Published: April 2022

Aims/Introduction

Understanding morning–evening variation in metabolic state is critical for managing metabolic disorders. We aimed to characterize this variation from the viewpoints of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, including their relevance to the circadian rhythm.

Materials and Methods

A total of 14 and 10 people without diabetes were enrolled, and underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp study, respectively. Participants completed the OGTT or hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp at 08.00 hours and 20.00 hours in random order. Before each study, hair follicles were collected. In mice, phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B were examined in the liver and muscle by western blotting.

Results

Glucose tolerance was better at 08 .00 hours, which was explained by the higher 1‐h insulin secretion on OGTT and increased skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity on hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. Hepatic insulin sensitivity, estimated by the hepatic insulin resistance index on OGTT, was better at 20.00 hours. The 1‐h insulin secretion and hepatic insulin resistance index correlated significantly with Per2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression. The change (evening value – morning value) in the glucose infusion rate correlated significantly with the change in non‐esterified fatty acid, but not with clock gene expressions. The change in non‐esterified fatty acid correlated significantly with E4bp4 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and the change in cortisol. In mice, phosphorylation of protein kinase B was decreased in the liver and increased in muscle in the beginning of the active period as, expected from the human study.

Conclusions

Glucose metabolism in each tissue differed between the morning and evening, partly reflecting lipid metabolism, clock genes and cortisol levels. Deeper knowledge of these associations might be useful for ameliorating metabolic disorders.
Vitamin D level in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne: A case–control study combined with prospective study following oral isotretinoin treatment
Authors: Shrestha Samir , Agrawal Sudha , Lamsal Madhab
Published: April 2022

Background

Vitamin D may have an important role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (AV) as it has an immunomodulatory effect and regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Oral isotretinoin used in the management of moderate‐to‐severe acne binds to the retinoid receptor which can form a heterodimer with vitamin D receptor (VDR) and may decrease the level of vitamin D by increasing catabolism. Two studies published so far investigating the effect of oral isotretinoin on serum vitamin D level are contradictory to one another.

Objective

This study aimed to compare the serum vitamin D levels in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls and to determine the serum level of vitamin D in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne following 3 months of oral isotretinoin treatment.

Methods

A total of 120 patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne and 90 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The patients were treated with oral isotretinoin at 0.50–0.75 mg/kg/day and serum vitamin D was measured at baseline and 3 months after the treatment.

Result

Serum vitamin D was insufficient and deficient in 90.50% of cases in comparison with 43.33% of controls (p = 0.001). Serum vitamin D had an inverse correlation with the severity of acne. Following 3 months of oral isotretinoin, there was no significant change in serum vitamin D level (p = 0.127).

Conclusion

Vitamin D was low in patients with moderate‐to‐severe acne in compared with control. Vitamin D level did not change with short‐term therapy with oral Isotretinoin.
Workplace violence, occupational commitment and intention among emergency room nurses: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Kiymaz Dilek , Koç Zeliha
Published: April 2022

Aims and Objectives

This study aimed to determine the correlations between the violence experienced by emergency nurses in the work environment, their occupational commitment and their intention to resign.

Background

The emergency service, when compared with other hospital departments, is the unit where violence against healthcare workers is most common.

Design

A multi‐method design was used.

Methods

The research was carried out between 15 January 2020 and 15 May 2021. The sample of the study consisted of 202 emergency service nurses. The first stage of the research was reserved for the validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Perceptions of the Prevalence of Aggression Scale (POPAS). Quantitative data were collected using the POPAS, the Three‐Component Model of Commitment Scale. A qualitative method was used to determine in‐depth the causes and effects of the violence the nurses were exposed to and what they thought and felt about the factors affecting their commitment to the occupation and their intention to resign. The Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) were used for this paper.

Results

The fit index values of the POPAS, which were confirmed with 15 items and four subdimensions, were determined to be acceptable and highly reliable. It was determined that 96.5% of the nurses were exposed to verbal violence. Qualitative interviews with nurses revealed that the violence they were subjected to in the working environment affected the nurses physically, psychologically, socially and caused them to consider leaving their jobs.

Conclusions

The increasing incidence of exposure to violent behaviours and verbal violence was found to decrease nurses’ emotional commitment to their occupation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses’ working conditions and work environments should be improved and their workload should be reduced in order to maximise their level of occupational commitment and prevent them from thinking about resigning.
Algorithmic Routines and Dynamic Inertia: How Organizations Avoid Adapting to Changes in the Environment
Authors: Omidvar Omid , Safavi Mehdi , Glaser Vern L.
Published: April 2022

Organizations often fail to adequately respond to substantive changes in the environment, despite widespread implementation of algorithmic routines designed to enable dynamic adaptation. We develop a theory to explain this phenomenon based on an inductive, historical case study of the credit rating routine of Moody’s, an organization that failed to adapt to substantial changes in its environment leading up to the 2008 financial crisis. Our analysis of changes to the firm’s algorithmic credit rating routine reveals mechanisms whereby organizations dynamically produce inertia by taking actions that fail to produce significant change. Dynamic inertia occurs through bounded retheorization of the algorithmic model, sedimentation of assumptions about inputs to the algorithmic model, simulation of the unknown future, and specialized compartmentalization. We enable a better understanding of organizational inertia as a socio‐material phenomenon by theorizing how – despite using algorithmic routines to improve organizational agility – organizations dynamically produce inertia, with potentially serious adverse consequences.
The effect of dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation on egg quality and liver histopathology of layer quails under cadmium challenge
Authors: Rafieian‐Naeini Hamid R. , Zhandi Mahdi , Sadeghi Mostafa , Yousefi Ali R. , Marzban Havva , Benson Andrew P.
Published: April 2022

The demand for quail eggs has been increased over the last decade due to its beneficial nutritional quality characteristics; however, different nutritional and environmental stressors adversely impact the quality of the produced eggs. This study was conducted to investigate whether dietary supplementation of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) could mitigate the negative impact of cadmium (Cd) administration on egg quality and liver histopathology. A total of 162 six‐week‐old laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were randomly allotted into three experimental groups. Treatments were as follows: (1) negative control (NC): feeding basal diet; (2) positive control (PC): feeding basal diet and Cd administration; and (3) CdQ10: feeding basal diet supplemented with CoQ10 (900 mg/kg diet) and Cd administration. Cadmium (10 mg/kg BW) was subcutaneously administrated at 10 and 11 weeks of age (woa). Feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production, egg mass, mortality rate, Cd residue in egg, liver histopathology, and some internal and external egg quality indices were evaluated. Administration of Cd increased FCR in the PC group, but supplementation of CoQ10 partially ameliorated the impact of Cd on FCR (p < 0.05). Cadmium administration decreased both egg production and egg mass; however, CoQ10 supplementation partially mitigated these adverse effects of Cd injection in the CdQ10 compared to the PC group (p < 0.05). Cadmium decreased eggshell thickness and Haugh unit in PC quail compared to both NC and CdQ10 quail (p < 0.05). Moreover, egg yolk colour intensity was enhanced by CoQ10, where a* and b* indices were higher in CdQ10 compared to PC (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the current results demonstrate the beneficial effects of dietary CoQ10 supplementation on liver histopathology and some egg quality indices of Cd‐challenged quail.
A conserved malaria parasite protein required for maintenance of sporozoite cell shape and transmission
Authors: Dessens Johannes T. , Hesping Eva
Published: April 2022

Malaria parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes and a substantial part of the parasite's complex life cycle takes place inside the insect. Parasite transmission starts with the uptake of parasite stages called gametocytes from the vertebrate host with the blood meal of a female vector mosquito, completing several weeks later with the injection of parasite stages called sporozoites into the vertebrate host by mosquito bite. The sporozoites form in their thousands inside ookinete‐derived oocysts situated on the abluminal side of the mosquito midgut epithelium by a process of cell division known as sporogony. After their formation, sporozoites egress from the oocyst into the haemolymph, invade the salivary glands and mature to become infective to the vertebrate. This MicroCommentary reviews recent reports describing a conserved plasma membrane‐associated protein of Plasmodium berghei, PBANKA_1422900, and its role in maintaining the shape and structural integrity of sporozoites in salivary glands and during inoculation into the vertebrate host. Combined results from three separate studies provide mechanistic insights into how this protein achieves structural maintenance of the sporozoite, and how in turn this promotes the sporozoite's ability to overcome several physical obstacles and allow it to establish infection in the vertebrate.
Risk factors for administration of additional reversal following neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium in children: A retrospective case–control study
Authors: Vishneski Susan R. , Saha Amit K. , Fram Madeline R. , Templeton Leah B. , Lee Lisa K. , Ririe Douglas G. , Goenaga‐Diaz Eduardo Javier , Smith Laura Daniela , Templeton Thomas Wesley
Published: April 2022

Background

The prevalence and risk factors for residual neuromuscular blockade in children remain poorly characterized. We hypothesize that specific patient and anesthetic risk factors may be associated with the administration of additional reversal in children following initial reversal of rocuronium with neostigmine.

Methods

Our electronic health record was queried for patients <18 years of age who received rocuronium and reversal with neostigmine from 2017 through 2020. Patients receiving other nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs were excluded. The outcome of interest was defined as the administration of additional neostigmine or sugammadex following primary reversal with neostigmine. Time between the last dose of rocuronium and initial dose of neostigmine, and the cumulative dose of rocuronium were dichotomized. These were combined with other covariates including age, weight, sex, racial group, procedure type, ASA physical status, >1 rocuronium dose administered during the procedure, initial neostigmine dose <0.05 mg kg−1, use of train‐of‐four monitoring, duration of anesthesia, inpatient or outpatient, emergency case, neuromuscular disease, and extremes of weight, to assess possible associations with the primary outcome.

Results

During the study period, 101/6373 (1.58%) patients received rocuronium and additional reversal. Dichotomization of time between last dose of rocuronium and neostigmine yielded <28 min since the last dose of rocuronium and cumulative dose of rocuronium >0.45 mg kg−1 hr−1. These were associated with the administration of additional reversal with an OR 1.52 (95% CI, 1.08–2.35) and OR 1.71 (95% CI, 1.10–2.67), respectively. Other risk factors included an initial neostigmine dose <0.05 mg kg−1, OR 4.98 (95% CI, 2.84–6.49), and African American race, OR 1.78 (95% CI, 1.07–2.87).

Conclusion

Risk factors associated with the administration of additional reversal included time <28 min from the last dose of rocuronium to initial dose of neostigmine, cumulative dose of rocuronium >0.45 mg kg−1 hr−1, initial neostigmine dose <0.05 mg kg−1, and African American race.
The psychologic impact of loose anagen syndrome and short anagen syndrome
Authors: Randolph Michael J. , Gwillim Eran C. , Nguyen Betty , Tosti Antonella
Published: April 2022

Loose anagen syndrome (LAS) and short anagen syndrome (SAS) are congenital hair disorders presenting with reduced hair length with or without hair thinning. We conducted a non‐validated online questionnaire of self‐identified familial participants in a Facebook support group to assess psychologic symptoms, including anxiety, depression, low self‐esteem, sadness, insecurity, worry, frustration, and body dysmorphia, in patients and their caregivers. Of 163 total respondents, negative psychologic symptoms were reported in 44.2% (38/89) of LAS patients, 48.3% (43/89) of LAS caregivers, 56.8% (42/74) of SAS patients, and 47.2% (35/74) of SAS caregivers. Our data indicate that both LAS and SAS have strong psychologic, emotional, and social impacts on affected children and their caregivers.
Effect of Enamel Pretreatment Using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation on Micro‐shear Bond Strength of a Self‐etch Fissure Sealant
Authors: Moslemi Masoumeh , Nadalizadeh Sareh , Mojahedi Masoud , Javadi Fatemeh , Iranparvar Parastoo
Published: April 2022

Fissure sealant application is an efficient method for dental caries prevention. Self‐etch fissure sealants (SE‐FS) eliminate the separate etching step for bonding. The present study investigated the micro‐shear bond strength (μSBS) of a SE‐FS (Prevent seal®, Itena©, Paris, France) to enamel pretreated with different methods including Er,Cr:YSGG laser, under noncontaminated and saliva‐contaminated conditions. Sixty human premolars were sectioned into halves and randomly assigned into two groups of saliva‐contaminated and noncontaminated. Each group was further divided into six subgroups (N = 10) of different enamel pretreatment methods: (Laser+SE‐FS), (Acid‐etch+SE‐FS), (Laser+Acid‐etch+SE‐FS), (Mechanical preparation+SE‐FS), (SE‐FS), and (Acid‐etch+Bonding+Conventional fissure sealant) as positive control. The μSBS of the sealant material to enamel was measured in all subgroups. The two‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests were applied at P < 0.05. Saliva contamination had a significant effect on μSBS (P < 0.001), while pretreatment with laser or acid etching did not significantly affect the μSBS (P = 0.251). The μSBS of SE‐FS to untreated enamel surface was significantly lower than the positive control (P = 0.035). The μSBS value in the subgroup receiving laser+etching+SE‐FS was significantly higher than the remaining five subgroups (P < 0.001). Other pairwise comparisons were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Acid‐etch and Er,Cr:YSGG laser exert a synergic effect on μSBS of Prevent Seal®, irrespective of saliva contamination.
A major variation in the virulence of the Asian soybean rust pathogen (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Motaher , Yasmin Laboni , Rubayet Md. Tanbir , Akamatsu Hajime , Yamanaka Naoki
Published: April 2022

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a major threat to soybean production in Bangladesh. Understanding the yearly changes and the current status of pathogenic structures is essential for developing appropriate breeding strategies for obtaining ASR‐resistant soybean lines. Thirty‐four P. pachyrhizi samples were collected from ASR hotspot areas (Chandpur, Lakshmipur, Noakhali, Barisal and Bhola districts) of Bangladesh in 2018 and 2019 and evaluated for pathogenicity on 12 soybean differential lines. The tested samples showed similar and dissimilar pathogenicity patterns on the differentials, yielding 21 distinct pathotypes. The cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis and principal component analysis of the disease phenotypes of 47 samples collected in 2016, 2018 and 2019 indicated a higher pathogenic diversity and virulence variation in the P. pachyrhizi samples of 2018 and 2019 compared to that of 2016. The pathogenicity profiles of the Bangladeshi P. pachyrhizi samples appeared distinct from those of Argentinian and Brazilian samples, but showed slight similarities with Japanese, Mexican and Paraguayan samples. Furthermore, none of the resistance genes for P. pachyrhizi (Rpp genes) was solely effective against all the tested samples from 2018 and 2019, while samples (BdRP‐48, BdRP‐56 and BdRP‐58) virulent to all Rpp1–Rpp6 genes were detected. The Rpp‐pyramided line No6–12–1, carrying Rpp2, Rpp4 and Rpp5, was capable of conferring robust resistance to these virulent samples. Altogether, these results indicate an increase in the virulence of the current ASR pathogen in Bangladesh, which can be resolved by pyramiding different resistance genes in soybean cultivars.
Subsequent risk of stillbirth, preterm birth, and small for gestational age: A cross‐outcome analysis of adverse birth outcomes
Authors: Bane Shalmali , Simard Julia F. , Wall‐Wieler Elizabeth , Butwick Alexander J. , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: April 2022

Background

Stillbirth, preterm birth, and small for gestational age (SGA) birth have an increased recurrence risk. The occurrence of one of these biologically related outcomes could also increase the risk for another one of these outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy.

Objectives

We assessed cross‐outcome risks for subsequent stillbirth, preterm birth, and SGA.

Methods

We used live birth and fetal death records to identify singleton, sequential birth pairs in California (1997–2017). Stillbirth was defined as delivery at ≥20 weeks of gestation of a foetus that died in utero; preterm birth as live birth at 20–36 weeks; and small for gestational age as sex‐specific birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age. Risk ratios (RR) were computed using modified Poisson regression and adjusted for potential confounders. Sensitivity analyses included analysing a cohort restricted to primiparous index births and using inverse‐probability censoring weights.

Results

Of 3,108,532 birth pairs, 16,668 (0.5%), 260,596 (8.4%) and 331,109 (10.7%) of index births were stillborn, preterm and SGA, respectively. Among individuals with an index stillbirth, the adjusted RRs were 1.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.83, 1.98) for subsequent preterm and 1.35 (95% CI 1.28, 1.41) for subsequent SGA. Among those with index preterm birth, the adjusted RRs were 2.02 (95% CI 1.92, 2.13) for stillbirth and 1.42 (95% CI 1.41, 1.44) for SGA. Among those with index SGA, the adjusted RRs were 1.54 (95% CI 1.46, 1.63) for stillbirth and 1.45 (95% CI 1.44, 1.47) for preterm birth. Similar results were reported for sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Individuals experiencing stillbirth, preterm birth, or SGA in one pregnancy had an increased risk of one of these biologically related outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy. These findings could encourage enhanced surveillance for individuals who experience stillbirth, preterm birth, or SGA and desire a subsequent pregnancy.
Exploring the role of the left DLPFC in fatigue during unresisted rhythmic movements
Authors: Vila‐Villar Aranza , Naya‐Fernández Mariña , Madrid Antonio , Madinabeitia‐Mancebo Elena , Robles‐García Verónica , Cudeiro Javier , Arias Pablo
Published: April 2022

Understanding central fatigue during motor activities is important in neuroscience and different medical fields. The central mechanisms of motor fatigue are known in depth for isometric muscle contractions; however, current knowledge about rhythmic movements and central fatigue is rather scarce. In this study, we explored the role of an executive area (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC]) in fatigue development during rhythmic movement execution, finger tapping (FT) at the maximal rate, and fatigue after effects on the stability of rhythmic patterns. Participants (n = 19) performed six sets of unresisted FT (with a 3 min rest in‐between). Each set included four interleaved 30 s repetitions of self‐selected (two repetitions) and maximal rate FT (two repetitions) without rest in‐between. Left DLPFC involvement in the task was perturbed by transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) in two sessions (one real and one sham). Moreover, half of the self‐selected FT repetitions were performed concurrently with a demanding cognitive task, the Stroop test. Compared with sham stimulation, real tSMS stimulation prevented waning in tapping frequency at the maximal rate without affecting perceived levels of fatigue. Participants' engagement in the Stroop test just prior to maximal FT reduced the movement amplitude during this mode of execution. Movement variability at self‐selected rates increased during Stroop execution, especially under fatigue previously induced by maximal FT. Our results indicate cognitive‐motor interactions and a prominent role of the prefrontal cortex in fatigue and the motor control of simple repetitive movement patterns. We suggest the need to approach motor fatigue including cognitive perspectives.
In search of the behavioral effects of fear: A paradigm to assess conditioned suppression in humans
Authors: Gerlicher Anna M. V. , Metselaar Vivian N. , Kindt Merel
Published: April 2022

Conditioned fear can substantially reduce the likelihood that an individual will engage in reward‐related behavior––a phenomenon coined conditioned suppression. Despite the unmistakable relevance of conditioned suppression for excessive fears and their adverse consequences, the phenomenon has primarily been observed in animal models and is not yet well understood. Here, we aimed to develop a conditioned suppression paradigm that enables a robust quantification of the effect of Pavlovian fear on subsequent reward‐related behavior in humans and assess its potential relation to physiological measures of fear. In phase 1, an instrumental response was incentivized with monetary rewards. In phase 2, one of two conditioned stimuli (CS+) was reinforced with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, i.e., electric stimulus). During Pavlovian fear learning we assessed differential skin conductance (SCR) and fear‐ potentiated startle responses (FPS). Lastly, we tested the effect of the fear conditioned CS+ on the response rate of the instrumental response in a transfer phase. Despite strong Pavlovian fear conditioning, as indicated by large effect sizes in differential SCR and FPS, we did not find any evidence for conditioned suppression: that is, there was no significant reduction of instrumental responding in the presence of the CS+ compared to a new control stimulus. This lack of conditioned suppression is in line with previous studies that reported difficulties inducing conditioned suppression and points toward a general challenge in investigating conditioned suppression in humans. Implications and directions for future research on the highly relevant behavioral effects of fear and anxiety are discussed.
Will there be a Nordic model in the platform economy? Evasive and integrative platform strategies in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Ilsøe Anna , Söderqvist Carl Fredrik
Published: April 2022

The entry of gig‐platforms to labor markets world‐wide has caused significant frictions with national institutions and regulators, including trade unions. In this article, we compare the interactions between taxi and food delivery platforms with the industrial relations (IR) systems of Denmark and Sweden, where we observe isolated instances of unions striking collective agreements with platforms. We assess and compare platform strategies and interactions with IR system agents, using an RIT‐framework (rulemaker‐intermediary‐ruletaker) which considers how rulemaking capacity is allocated within the Nordic IR systems. We detect both IR system evasion and integration in Denmark and Sweden, with significant variation in causes and mechanisms. We find that IR system integration can be explained by public backlash, pressure from IR system insiders, and gaining first‐mover advantages. Our findings shed light on integrative mechanisms of the Nordic IR systems allowing us to identify and discuss future challenges posed by the platform economy.
Are resources out of reach? Analyzing the accessibility of domestic violence shelter services
Authors: Freer Erica
Published: April 2022

Background and purpose

Domestic violence is a serious public health issue. Resources such as domestic violence shelters have a vital impact on victim outcomes and, consequently, on the economic costs associated with domestic violence. Although accessibility is known to be an important factor for the utilization of social services, little research has been done on analyzing accessibility to shelter services for victims. This article seeks to mend this disparity by examining the spatial relationship between victims and shelter services and various factors associated with spatial mismatch and inefficiency in the location of shelter sites.

Methods

Using Los Angeles County as a study area, the enhanced two‐step floating catchment area method was used to measure domestic violence shelter site accessibility. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the demographic characteristics of census tracts experiencing greater spatial mismatch and inefficiencies related to the location of shelter sites.

Results

The results reveal that census tracts characterized by a greater proportion of whites in poverty, males aged 18–35, and children have detrimental spatial mismatch and greater inefficiency present.

Conclusion

This research highlights the importance of utilizing spatial analysis to better understand victims’ accessibility to domestic violence shelter services and the resulting spatial mismatch and inefficiencies in their distribution. From an efficiency perspective, it is important to proportionately match service accessibility with the level of need.
Retroperitoneal abscess and splenitis with Clostridium spp. in a dog
Authors: Gregory Carly W. , Zersen Kristin M. , Schlemmer Samantha N. , Daniels Joshua B.
Published: April 2022

An 11‐year‐old spayed female Basset Hound was presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of a 7‐week history of intermittent collapse, waxing and waning lethargy, and hyporexia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a 6‐mm hypoechoic splenic nodule that, on cytologic evaluation, revealed marked neutrophilic inflammation with intracellular and extracellular bacterial rods frequently producing oval subterminal to terminal endospores, suggestive of Clostridium. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF) performed on bacteria isolated from this nodule initially identified a Clostridium species, which was eventually confirmed with 16 s rDNA sequencing. Computed tomography (CT) and exploratory laparotomy subsequently identified a 2.5‐cm diameter tubular structure beginning at the caudal aspect of the right kidney and coursing caudally containing gas and fluid, consistent with a retroperitoneal abscess, which was resected and also cultured Clostridium spp. The dog was discharged 3 days postoperatively and was alive at the time of writing, 7 months after discharge. This case highlights a previously unrecognized bacterial agent in a retroperitoneal abscess. The use of cytologic evaluation yielded a diagnosis of endospore‐forming bacteria suggestive of Clostridium sooner than culture and histopathology, which allowed for adjustment in the antibiotic protocol.
A Piecewise Nonlinear Tri-Stable Stochastic Resonance System and its Application in Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Authors: He Lifang , Liu Xiaoman , Jiang Zhongjun
Published: April 2022

An improved Piecewise Tri-stable Stochastic Resonance (PTSR) system is investigated to enhance the low performance of Classical Tri-stable Stochastic Resonance (CTSR) system for weak signal extraction. Firstly, the proposed PTSR system is theoretically compared with CTSR system. Secondly, based on adiabatic approximation theory, the analytical expressions for the Mean First Pass Time (MFPT) and the output Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the system are derived. Afterwards, a PTSR-EMD system that combines PTSR system with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed. Finally, the above three systems are applied to the detection of harmonic signals and actual fault signals, and the superior performance of PTSR-EMD system over PTSR system and CTSR system are confirmed.
Performance of Different Water-Based Binder Formulations for Ni-Rich Cathodes Evaluated in LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2//Graphite Pouch Cells
Authors: Sahore Ritu , Wood Marissa , Kukay Alexander , Du Zhijia , Livingston Kelsey M. , Wood David L. , Li Jianlin
Published: April 2022

Water-based processing for lithium-ion battery electrodes is attractive due to its lower manufacturing cost and smaller environmental impact. However, multiple challenges associated with aqueous cathode processing have hindered commercial adoption. Polymer binders are an important component of the electrode, and thus the choice of binders can alter electrode cycling performance significantly. In this work, four different water-based binder combinations are investigated for Ni-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)-based cathodes, with a focus on the long-term electrochemical performance in practical-format full pouch cells. No additional pH-modulating additives were added to the aqueous cathode slurries, and no protective coatings were present on the cathode or aluminum current collector. Results are compared with the standard PVDF/NMP-based binder/solvent combination, used as a baseline. The influence of water-based binder type on slurry rheology and electrode microstructure are also discussed. All cells made by water-processing had worse rate performance compared to the baseline. However, the cell discharge capacity after 1000 U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) cycles at C/3 charge/discharge rate was comparable to the baseline for two of the water-based cathode formulations (CMC & JSR, and LiPAA), demonstrating the potential viability of aqueous-processed Ni-rich cathodes at a commercial scale.