bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and interaction energy and DFT studies of 4-[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)methyl]-3,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyridazine
Authors: Filali Mouad , Sebbar Nada Kheira , Hökelek Tuncer , Mague Joel T. , Chakroune Said , Ben-Tama Abdessalam , El Hadrami El Mestafa
Published: August 2019

The title compound, C18H16N4O, consists of a 3,6-bis(pyridin-2-yl)pyridazine moiety linked to a 4-[(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)methyl] group. The pyridine-2-yl rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 17.34 (4)° and are rotated slightly out of the plane of the pyridazine ring. In the crystal, C—HPyrd...NPyrdz (Pyrd = pyridine and Pyrdz = pyridazine) hydrogen bonds and C—HPrpoxy...π (Prpoxy = prop-2-en-1-yloxy) interactions link the molecules, forming deeply corrugated layers approximately parallel to the bc plane and stacked along the a-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H...H (48.5%), H...C/C...H (26.0%) and H...N/N...H (17.1%) contacts, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions being the dominant interactions in the crystal packing. Computational chemistry indicates that in the crystal, the C—HPyrd...NPyrdz hydrogen-bond energy is 64.3 kJ mol−1. Density functional theory (DFT) optimized structures at the B3LYP/6–311 G(d,p) level are compared with the experimentally determined molecular structure in the solid state. The HOMO–LUMO behaviour was elucidated to determine the energy gap.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of lapachol acetate 80 years after its first synthesis
Authors: Martínez-Cabrera Miguel A. , Macías Mario A. , Ferreira Francisco , Pandolfi Enrique , Barúa Javier , Suescun Leopoldo
Published: August 2019

Lapachol acetate [systematic name: 3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl acetate], C17H16O4, was prepared using a modified high-yield procedure and its crystal structure is reported for the first time 80 years after its first synthesis. The full spectroscopic characterization of the molecule is reported. The molecular conformation shows little difference with other lapachol derivatives and lapachol itself. The packing is directed by intermolecular π–π and C—H...O interactions, as described by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The former interactions make the largest contributions to the total packing energy in a ratio of 2:1 with respect to the latter.
Robust scheduling in two-stage assembly flow shop problem with random machine breakdowns: integrated meta-heuristic algorithms and simulation approach
Authors: Tadayonirad Sahar , Seidgar Hany , Fazlollahtabar Hamed , Shafaei Rasoul
Published: August 2019

Purpose

In real manufacturing systems, schedules are often disrupted with uncertainty factors such as random machine breakdown, random process time, random job arrivals or job cancellations. This paper aims to investigate robust scheduling for a two-stage assembly flow shop scheduling with random machine breakdowns and considers two objectives makespan and robustness simultaneously.

Design/methodology/approach

Owing to its structural and algorithmic complexity, the authors proposed imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), genetic algorithm (GA) and hybridized with simulation techniques for handling these complexities. For better efficiency of the proposed algorithms, the authors used artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the parameters of the proposed algorithms in uncertain condition. Also Taguchi method is applied for analyzing the effect of the parameters of the problem on each other and quality of solutions.

Findings

Finally, experimental study and analysis of variance (ANOVA) is done to investigate the effect of different proposed measures on the performance of the obtained results. ANOVA's results indicate the job and weight of makespan factors have a significant impact on the robustness of the proposed meta-heuristics algorithms. Also, it is obvious that the most effective parameter on the robustness for GA and ICA is job.

Originality/value

Robustness is calculated by the expected value of the relative difference between the deterministic and actual makespan.
Impact of critical chain project management and product portfolio management on new product development performance
Authors: Luiz Octaviano Rojas , Souza Fernando Bernardi de , Luiz João Victor Rojas , Jugend Daniel , Salgado Manoel Henrique , Silva Sergio Luis da
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the adherence to critical chain project management (CCPM) practices and the new product development performance, in terms of the results of product development programs and product portfolio management (PPM).

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted with 79 innovative companies operating in Brazil. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis and non-parametric tests.

Findings

Significant and positive correlations were found between CCPM adoption and the performance factors proposed. The adoption of CCPM offered stronger correlation with PPM performance than with the adoption of traditional methods. The results further indicate a possible indirect contribution of CCPM practices to the product development program by means of PPM improvement.

Originality/value

This study deepens the knowledge of the joint study between project management and new product development, by bringing empirical evidence that the adoption of specific practices suggested by CCPM is used by organizations with superior performance. Moreover, the results broaden CCPM literature by attesting that companies do not necessarily have to apply the CCPM approach in a formal and explicit way to obtain the performance results given. The analyses still have practical value when indicating which CCPM practices should be prioritized by managers seeking high performance in PPM.
Barriers to frontline manager support for high-trauma workers
Authors: Kellner Ashlea Kate , Townsend Keith , Loudoun Rebecca , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Exposure to high-trauma work has been associated with negative outcomes for individuals and organisations. Support for these employees can buffer and protect against mental health problems. Frontline managers (FLMs) are well placed to provide for employee support needs but are often not effective in doing so. The purpose of this paper is to identify and understand barriers to provision of four different types of social support as identified by House (1981) by FLMs to employees in a high-trauma workplace.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study investigates three Australian ambulance service organisations, including 72 interviews.

Findings

Nine barriers to support are identified that can obstruct the provision of optimum employee support. These relate to the FLM themselves, the workplace context and employee-centric factors.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is a single industry case study; further complexity may exist in other high-trauma industries. Future research should consult policy makers to develop strategies to address the barriers to FLM support.

Practical implications

FLMs are critical support persons as they are well placed to provide many employee support needs. Emotional support is the foundation for facilitating all other types of support to employees but results here indicate it is often lacking for workers in high-trauma workplaces for a range of individual and organisational barriers that operate in isolation and combined.

Originality/value

This paper juxtaposes House’s (1981) support framework with study findings to provide a model of the barriers to optimal employee support. This model contributes to a reconceptualisation of the relationship between employee and direct manager that is particularly pertinent for high-trauma contexts.
The evolution of EU’s ‘self – presentation’: 1992-2016
Authors: Khalil Aliaa
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the ideological discourse in the EU's self-presentation, which will provide a new standpoint for scholars interested in analyzing the EU's foreign policy.

Design/methodology/approach

To understand how the EU perceives itself, the research investigates the Preamble of the Treaty of the European Union (Maastricht Treaty 1992) and its consolidated versions of 1997, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2016. Investigation of the consolidated versions of the Maastricht treaty is important to understand how the Union came to develop the image of the Self throughout time and how the international context had affected EU’s self-image. The preambles are analyzed using the socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse analysis to examine the ideological discourse of self-presentation.

Findings

It can be concluded that the discourse used in the preamble reflects an ideological discourse used by the EU to present itself in positive ways. Such an ideological discourse emphasizes the differentiation between the in-group and out-group identification. Thus, it can suggest some implications that the EU holds a negative portray of the “Other” who do not hold the same characteristics, activities, goals, norms and values.

Originality/value

Understanding the possibility of such an ideological discourse can help researchers to adopt a new standpoint to analyze the EU’s foreign policy, which can help in providing new perspective for academic scholarly work.
The regional challenges affecting Kuwait’s national security
Authors: Alenezi Adnan
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This study aims to scrutinize and analyze the regional challenges facing Kuwait and their impact on Kuwait’s national security since the outbreak of Arab Spring revolutions in 2011. These challenges are as follows: the Iranian threat, the Arab Spring revolutions and the recent Gulf crisis with Qatar.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts national interest approach, which focuses on a state’s economic, military and cultural objectives. According to this approach, a state seeks to achieve its own national interests. There are multiple national interests, but the ultimate goal is the survival and security of the state.

Findings

The study concludes that the Gulf countries, including Kuwait, are facing unprecedented challenges as a result of the dire consequences of the Arab Spring revolutions, the control of Houthi group on Yemen’s institutions and the repercussions of negotiations between 5 + 1 group (Russia, China, France, Britain, the USA + German) and Iran on the Iranian nuclear program. These developments are not in the interest of the Gulf countries in general and Kuwait in particular. The study recommends that Kuwait must adopt an external strategy based on achieving the regional balance with the countries of the region and dealing with different challenges according to its national interest.

Originality/value

The importance of the study stems from the fact that the Arab region witnessed many developments at the political, economic and social levels since the outbreak of the Arab Spring revolutions. These developments posed many threats to Arab countries such as the spread of terrorism, religious extremism, terrorist organizations and non-state actors. They also became a key determinant of foreign policy. Kuwait was affected by these developments. In addition, it faces threats affecting its national security such as the Iranian threat, the Arab Spring revolutions and the Gulf crisis with Qatar. The study addresses these threats and how Kuwait, as a small state, has dealt with such enormous ones.
Survey on technical efficiency in higher education: A meta‐fractional regression analysis
Authors: Villano Renato A. , Tran Carolyn‐Dung T. T.
Published: August 2019

There has been remarkable growth in the number of studies using data envelopment analysis (DEA) in research on higher education. Heterogeneous DEA models have been applied in assessing the performance of higher education institutions (HEIs), and the multi‐faceted production process of higher education has further motivated the extension and improvement of the DEA approach. The present study conducts a meta‐regression analysis of 109 published DEA applications in higher education at different levels of analysis to provide a better understanding of the relationship between the efficiency results and the attributes of the studies implemented in different nations.
Siegecraft on the Tudor frontier: the siege of Dublin, 1534, and the crisis of the Kildare rebellion
Authors: Ellis Steven G.
Published: August 2019

In retrospect, the turning point in the Kildare rebellion came with the rebels’ failure to capture Dublin, and the ordnance, shot and powder in the king's castle there, during the long siege in summer and autumn 1534, in part because, as this article argues, the city's capture had not initially been seen as an immediate priority. Kildare kept back most of his ordnance and gunners to defend Maynooth castle, and historians have focused instead on the brief siege and capture of Maynooth by the king's army in March. Richard Stanyhurst's description of the rebellion, written forty years later, includes much fiction and special pleading; but Dublin was Stanyhurst's native city, and his Chronicle provides the fullest account of the siege. It is here checked against available contemporary sources, suggesting that it is reliable.
Dietary Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables and Their Health Benefits via Modulation of Gut Microbiota
Authors: Cui Jiefen , Lian Yunhe , Zhao Chengying , Du Hengjun , Han Yanhui , Gao Wei , Xiao Hang , Zheng Jinkai
Published: August 2019

Dietary fibers (DFs) regulate host health through various mechanisms related to their dietary sources, specific physicochemical structures, fermentability, and physiological properties in the gut. Considering the numerous types and sources of DFs and their different physicochemical and physiological properties, it is challenging yet important to establish the key mechanisms for the beneficial health effects of DFs. In this review, the types and structures of DFs from different fruits and vegetables were summarized and the effects of different processing methods on DF properties were discussed. Moreover, the impacts of DFs on gut microbial ecology, host physiology, and health were described. Understanding the complex interaction between different DFs and gut microbiota is vital for personalized nutrition. It is also important to comprehend factors influencing gut microbiota and strategies to regulate the microbiota, thereby augmenting beneficial health responses. The exploration of molecular mechanism linking DFs, gut microbiota, and host physiology may allow for the identification of effective targets to fight against major chronic diseases.
Sensory Influence of Sweetener Addition on Traditional and Decaffeinated Espresso
Authors: Cusielo Kalinca Vitoria Cardoso , da Silva Alessandra Cazelatto de Medeiros Lins , Tavares‐Filho Elson Rogerio , Bolini Helena Maria André
Published: August 2019

Several factors have led to an increase in the consumption of sweeteners in substitution of sucrose. Studies on the behavior and the sensory properties of sweeteners are relevant, once they provide knowledge about both the adequate sweetener concentration with a sweetness equivalence to a sucrose‐sweetened product and the possible sensory changes of the product. The addition of stevia with different rebaudioside A concentrations and sucralose to traditional and decaffeinated espresso coffee was studied, using the just‐about‐right scale and magnitude estimation method, to determine the ideal sweetness and the acceptance of the samples. The effect of the intensity of sensory attributes sweet taste, bitter taste, coffee flavor, and body in the acceptance was evaluated by penalty analysis. Decaffeinated presented proportionally lower sucrose concentration and sweetness equivalence than the traditional samples. Stevia concentrations were similar, despite the different rebaudioside A concentrations, for both traditional and decaffeinated samples, and rebaudioside A levels from stevia in espresso have no differences in sweetness intensity. Sucralose was the most intense sweetener in espresso. Although no differences were observed in the acceptance test in relation to appearance, aroma, and texture among the samples, the internal preference map showed segmentation of consumers with respect to the acceptability. This segmentation is more related to the type of sample than the added sweetener. Penalty analysis demonstrated that the most penalizing sensory characteristics were “coffee flavor” and “sweet,” leading to a significant decrease in the acceptability of the samples.

Practical Application

Conclusions obtained are important source of knowledge for the coffee industry, in the development and manufacture of beverages with coffee. The present findings can help to understand the behavior and the sensory properties of sweeteners. They provide knowledge about sensory perception of sweet and bitter tastes, and the factors that influence this perception and the sensory profile of the samples, once the behavior of sweeteners varies according to the product to which they are added.
Rewriting the Past: The Global South in Human Rights History
Authors: Steinorth Charlotte
Published: August 2019

The current age of global inequality, in which life expectancy is overwhelmingly determined by geography, doesnot bode well for the relationship between human rights and the Non‐Western world. While history does not provideany guidance on how to create a more just world order, it does show us that human rights are not a fixedconcept, frozen in time.
Saliva‐derived cfDNA is applicable for EGFR mutation detection but not for quantitation analysis in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ding Shanshan , Song Xingguo , Geng Xinran , Liu Lele , Ma Hongxin , Wang Xiujuan , Wei Ling , Xie Li , Song Xianrang
Published: August 2019

Background

Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of plasma cell‐free DNA (plasma cfDNA, pcfDNA) have been well‐studied as potential biomarkers in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Accumulating evidence has proven that saliva also has the potential for the detection and analysis of circulating free DNA (saliva cfDNA, scfDNA).

Methods

In the current study, we aimed to explore the potential application of scfDNA in NSCLC diagnostics and consistency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation detection in paired pcfDNA and scfDNA using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and analyze the relationship between EGFR mutations and clinical treatment response.

Results

In the quantitative cohort study, scfDNA concentration in NSCLC patients was no different from that in healthy donors, or in benign patients. ScfDNA concentration was significantly lower than pcfDNA concentration, yet they were not statistically significant in relevance (Spearman's rank correlation r = −0.123, P = 0.269). In the qualitative cohort study, the overall concordance rate of EGFR mutations between pcfDNA and scfDNA was 83.78% (31 of 37; k = 0.602; P < 0.001). EGFR mutation detection in paired pcfDNA and scfDNA was significantly correlated with the clinical treatment response (Spearman's rank correlation r = 0.664, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that saliva might not be the idea material for a cfDNA quantitative test, and scfDNA concentration is not applicable for NSCLC diagnostics. Conversely, scfDNA was capable of acting as the supplement for EGFR mutations due to the coincidence rate of EGFR mutation detection between scfDNA and pcfDNA.
Cannabinoid receptor modulation changes the accumbal neuronal responses to morphine in the reinstatement of morphine‐induced conditioned place preference
Authors: Khaleghzadeh‐Ahangar Hossein , Haghparast Abbas
Published: August 2019

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a central component of the brain reward system. It has been known that most of the drugs of abuse such as opioids and cannabinoids affect the NAc. Although cannabinoids can modulate different stages of morphine encounter such as the reinstatement of morphine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP), there is no evidence for the NAc neurons' response to prove it. That is why the present study was designed. The procedure was as follows: The rats were entered to CPP by sc 5 mg/kg morphine in three consecutive days. During the extinction period or in the reinstatement phase, icv WIN 55,212‐2 (10mM/5 μL dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] 10%) or AM251 (0.5mM/5‐μL DMSO 10%) was infused in separate groups. Also, the NAc neurons' response to cannabinoid modulation in reinstatement to morphine was investigated by extracellular single unit recording. As a result, the cannabinoid in the reinstatement phase decreased the NAc neuronal activity. The CB1 receptor inhibition during the extinction period increased the NAc firing rate after ip 1 mg/kg morphine. Also, the inhibition of this receptor in the reinstatement phase increased the NAc neurons' firing rate. The inhibitory effect of cannabinoid on the NAc neuronal activity in the reinstatement has indicated the possible potency of cannabinoid to induce reinstatement of morphine‐induced CPP alone and in the absence of a priming dose of morphine. Also, the different effects of the CB1 agonist during the extinction period in the reinstatement phase suggest different mechanisms underlying these two parts.
Exotic vine invasions following cyclone disturbance in Australian Wet Tropics rainforests: A review
Authors: Camarero Paula
Published: August 2019

The Australian Wet Tropics region extends for almost 900 000 ha along the coastline of north‐east Queensland. The rainforests in this region have a rich and unique biodiversity and are World Heritage listed by UNESCO. Disturbance from tropical cyclones is a significant driver of the rainforest dynamics in this area, and when frequent or intense can facilitate the recruitment and expansion of exotic invasive species. Exotic vines are of particular concern for forest conservation as they can be highly competitive with native vegetation and may prevent forest regeneration. This literature review found evidence that fragmented forests, which are very common in the Australian Wet Tropics, are vulnerable to post‐cyclone vine invasion. In particular, although the diversity and abundance of herbaceous vines tend to decline as the canopy closes 2 years post‐cyclone disturbance, woody exotic vines and scramblers may persist for much longer or even increase in numbers. Since forest recovery in these systems is influenced by the severity and recurrence of disturbance, an increase in cyclone intensity under climate change may cause rapid changes in rainforest structure, composition and diversity, and increase exotic vine invasion. Post‐cyclone management of vines appears to require direct intervention, with manual cutting being currently the most effective method. However, there are a number of difficulties to its wide implementation in Australia, and further study on options for control is needed.

Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Coalition Government, Legislative Institutions, and Public Policy in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: Martin Lanny W. , Vanberg Georg
Published: August 2019

Most democracies are governed by coalitions, comprising multiple political parties with conflicting policy positions. The prevalence of these governments poses a significant question: Which parties' electoral commitments are ultimately reflected in government policy? Recent theories have challenged our understanding of multiparty government, arguing that the relative influence of coalition parties depends crucially on institutional context. Specifically, where institutions allow credible enforcement of bargains, policy should reflect a compromise among all governing parties; where such institutions are absent, the preferences of parties controlling the relevant ministries should prevail. Critically, empirical work has thus far failed to provide direct evidence for this conditional relationship. Analyzing changes in social protection policies in 15 parliamentary democracies, we provide the first systematic evidence that the strength of legislative institutions significantly shapes the relative policy influence of coalition parties. Our findings have implications for our understanding of coalition government, policymaking, and electoral responsiveness.
Improved aftercare in LVAD patients: Development and feasibility of a smartphone application as a first step for telemonitoring
Authors: Schmidt Thomas , Mewes Philipp , Hoffmann Jan‐Dirk , Müller‐von Aschwege Frerk , Glitza Jenny I. , Schmitto Jan D. , Schulte‐Eistrup Sebastian , Sindermann Jürgen R. , Reiss Nils
Published: August 2019

For the success of the treatment with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), both adequate self‐management by the patient and an optimum level of support from the implanting hospital are crucial. A smartphone application has recently been developed within the framework of a European research project for the close monitoring of LVAD patients in order to improve upon their current aftercare situation. Using this new tool, different relevant parameters (eg, weight, international normalized ratio [INR], medication, LVAD parameters, symptoms, and photos of the driveline exit) can be sent daily or as required to a corresponding clinical application at the hospital for evaluation. The objective of this study was to monitor the functionality, acceptance, and usability of this smartphone application in LVAD patients. Prospective single‐center study: in total, 13 patients (60 ± 7 years, 92% male, 1027 ± 653 days after LVAD implantation) were requested to test the application for approx. 4 weeks. At the end of the study, all entered data were evaluated and the patients were questioned regarding the acceptance and the usability. During the study period of mean 34 ± 8 days, a total of 453 data records (mean 35 ± 7 per patient) arrived at the hospital. In addition, a total of 19 photos of the driveline exit site were also sent via smartphone. The clinical application registered a total of 160 conspicuities. These comprised 126 INR deviations (target range 2.3‐2.8) and 34 symptoms (mainly nosebleeds). The smartphone application functioned reliably, was well received by the patients and was graded highly for acceptance and usability. The results show that smartphone applications can definitely be used to improve aftercare in LVAD therapy in selected patients. Long‐term studies are now needed to investigate the extent to which complications can be prevented, healthcare costs reduced, and quality of life increased.
Unpacking the Ontological Foundation of North Korea's Ambivalent Foreign Policy: Brinkmanship as Rationality
Authors: Yamamoto Andrei
Published: August 2019

Despite strong consensus regarding the rationale behind North Korea’s nuclear ambitions, namely to guarantee the regime’s survival, this paper investigates (1) why North Korea continuously engaged in provocations such as testing its nuclear and missile technologies despite its increasingly mature nuclear arsenal and thus its relatively high resilience vis‐à‐vis external interventions; and (2) why the USA was so successful at (temporarily) making North Korea cease such undertakings. Status Theory, a novel theory developed herein, is applied to provide an explanation for this phenomenon.

Status Theory aims at shedding light on this crisis through its distinction between prestige and respect. It is hypothesized that Pyongyang places great importance on enforcing respect from Washington, while increasing its prestige domestically through frequent tests of its military capabilities. The post‐June 12th détente, albeit presumably temporary, is considered conducive to Kim’s status and is thus instrumental for the regime’s ontological security, but it is not conducive to denuclearization.
Supplemental periodontal regeneration by vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants. A preclinical in vivo experimental study
Authors: Lee Changseok , Kim Sungtae , Kim Junhwan , Namgung Dajeong , Kim Kyounghwa , Ku Young
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the supplemental periodontal regeneration on adjacent teeth by vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants.

Material and methods

The second premolar and the fourth premolar were extracted from both sides of the mandible in four beagle dogs. After 2 months, defects of 3 mm and 5 mm deep were formed. In the test group, vertical ridge augmentation was performed around a dental implant, and in the control group, vertical ridge augmentation was performed without implant placement. The animals were euthanized 3 months after the procedure, and radiographic and histomorphometric analyses were performed.

Results

Overall, the test group showed better results than the control group. The presence of new cementum in the histological examination of the test group confirmed that vertical ridge augmentation with proper space maintaining could contribute to periodontal regeneration of adjacent teeth. Statistically significant difference in new bone height (%) was found in group I (5‐mm defect depth and implant placement, GBR) when compared with group III (5‐mm defect depth, GBR) and IV (3‐mm defect depth, GBR). New bone area (%) was statistically different between groups I and IV.

Conclusions

In conclusion, within the limitation of this study using mandibular residual ridges after extraction of a single tooth in dogs, grafted space was maintained by dental implants better in the deep defect (5‐mm depth) than the shallow defect (3‐mm depth). Vertical ridge augmentation around dental implants also promoted neighboring periodontal regeneration.
Behavioural impairments in mice of a novel FUS transgenic line recapitulate features of frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Lysikova Ekaterina A. , Kukharsky Michail S. , Chaprov Kirill D. , Vasilieva Nataliia A. , Roman Andrei Y. , Ovchinnikov Ruslan K. , Deykin Alexey V. , Ninkina Natalia , Buchman Vladimir L.
Published: August 2019

Multiple clinical and experimental evidences suggest that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are members of a disease continuum. Pathological inclusions of fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein have been observed in subsets of patients with these diseases but their anatomical distribution is different for two diseases. These structures are present in motor neurons in ALS cases but in cortical neurons in FTLD cases. Expression of a C‐terminally truncated form of human FUS causes an early onset and progressive motor neuron pathology in transgenic mice but only when these neurons express a certain level of this protein. Severe motor dysfunction and early lethality of mice with expression above this level prevent their use for studies of FTLD‐related pathology caused by expression of this form of FUS. In the present study, we used another line of mice expressing the same protein but not developing any signs of motor system dysfunction due to substantially lower level of transgene expression in motor neurons. In a set of tests 5‐month old mice displayed certain behavioural abnormalities, including increased impulsivity, decreased anxiety and compromised social interaction, which recapitulate behaviour characteristics typically seen in FTLD patients.
Treatment patterns of antihypertensive fixed‐dose combinations according to age and number of agents prescribed: Retrospective analysis using a Japanese claims database
Authors: Ishida Takayuki , Oh Akinori , Nishigaki Nobuhiro , Tsuchihashi Takuya
Published: August 2019

Aim

To determine the real‐world use of fixed‐dose combinations (FDC) of antihypertensive agents using data collected from a nationwide medical database of acute hospitals in Japan.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective analysis of data from the Medical Data Vision database for patients with hypertension who received an antihypertensive drug prescription between April 2014 and March 2015. The prescription rate of antihypertensive FDC were assessed by class, age and according to combinations.

Results

In total, data from 59 867 patients aged 70.0 ± 11.9 years (mean ± SD) were analyzed. Patients were prescribed 1.9 ± 1.0 oral antihypertensive agents (mean ± SD). Overall, 58.6% of patients were prescribed two or more antihypertensive agents, and the most frequently prescribed classes were calcium channel blockers (CCB) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB). As the number of concomitant antihypertensive agents prescribed increased, the prescription rate of a CCB + an ARB FDC decreased, whereas the prescription rate of an ARB + a diuretic FDC increased. This trend was the same regardless of age. Of the 12 222 patients who were prescribed a CCB + an ARB, 26.0% received a FDC. In contrast, of the 922 patients prescribed an ARB + a thiazide diuretic, 80.6% received a FDC. Medium doses of both CCB and ARB agents, and low doses of diuretics were the most frequently prescribed for each class.

Conclusions

Our analyses show that the real‐world use of FDC varies depending on the combination of agent class and the number of prescriptions; the latter was similar regardless of age. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1077–1083.
Understanding the evolution of the entrepreneurial university. The case of English Higher Education institutions
Authors: Sánchez‐Barrioluengo Mabel , Uyarra Elvira , Kitagawa Fumi
Published: August 2019

There has been strong policy interest in universities becoming more entrepreneurial and engaging in knowledge exchange activities as part of an expanding third mission agenda. However, our understanding of the evolution and diversity of such activities is limited. Using longitudinal data from the Higher Education Business Community Interaction (HEBCI) Survey, this study examines the evolving configuration of universities' knowledge exchange activities and stakeholders by analysing distinctive clusters of English universities. We find an increasingly diverse profile of third mission activities across different types of universities: within old, more established universities, Russell Group universities increasingly focus on research‐oriented activities typically in partnership with large firms and non‐commercial organisations; while another group engages in a broad range of knowledge exchange activities with low specialisation over time. Newer, less research intensive, universities increasingly rely on activities such as consultancy and formation of spin‐offs. A decreased engagement with small and medium enterprises and a lower share of knowledge exchange activities at the regional level are observed across the time studied for all universities.
Low‐temperature sintering and electrical properties of BBSZ glass‐doped ZnO‐based multilayer varistors
Authors: Lu Yongcheng , Li Yuanxun , Peng Rui , Su Hua , Tao Zhihua , Chen Mingzhou , Chen Daming
Published: August 2019

The effect of Bi2O3‐B2O3‐SiO2‐ZnO glass (denoted as BBSZ) content on the densification, microstructure, and electrical properties of ZnO‐based multilayer varistors (MLVs) has been investigated. In ZnO‐based (MLVs), BBSZ acted as a promoter in ZnO grain growth, which increased the grain size of ZnO, resulting in a decrease in breakdown voltage. Results showed that the adding of BBSZ glass had an improvement in densification and overall properties of MLVs. It was found that a maximum value of 5.45 g/cm3 of the bulk density and the optimum properties (V1mA = 27.28 V, α = 40.33, IL = 0.75 μA, Ip = 35 A) of ZnO‐based MLVs were achieved with 3 wt% BBSZ glass sintered at 925°C for 3 hours.
PVA‐ and PEG‐assisted sol‐gel synthesis of aluminosilicate precursors for N‐A‐S‐H geopolymer cements
Authors: Gevaudan Juan Pablo , Wallat Jaqueline D. , Lama Bimala , Srubar Wil V.
Published: August 2019

This study investigates critical factors affecting polymer‐assisted sol‐gel synthesis of synthetic aluminosilicate powders that can be alkali‐activated to produce a sodium‐stabilized aluminosilicate hydrate (N‐A‐S‐H) geopolymer cement. More specifically, a 22factorial experiment was conducted to elucidate the influence of polymer architecture (ie, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) vs poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)), polymer content (ie, low vs high ion‐to‐polymer‐oxide (I/O) atomic ratio), and sol‐gel aging pH conditions (ie, low vs high) on the atomic structure of resultant synthetic aluminosilicate powders and geopolymer cements. Molecular structure was investigated using solid‐state (single‐pulse and1H cross‐polarization)29Si and27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The mineralogy of geopolymer cements was assessed with X‐ray diffraction and compared to alkali‐activated metakaolin‐based cements of equivalent stoichiometry. Results demonstrate that polymer architecture (PEG vs PVA) is a key factor in producing (a) undesirable phase segregation (ie,γ‐alumina) and (b) incomplete dehydroxylation (ie, vicinal silanol) in synthetic aluminosilicate powders. More specifically, PEG‐derived aluminosilicate powders yield partial dissolution and produce geopolymer cements with variable silicate incorporation. Contrastingly, PVA‐derived aluminosilicate powders produce geopolymer cements with identical mineralogy to that of metakaolin‐based geopolymer cements and exhibit both Brønsted‐acid sites near the aluminum nuclei and geminal silanol groups. Sol‐gel aging pH conditions reveal the ability to influence the hydroxyl group content, which is an important factor affecting the durability of cementitious materials. Lastly, three plausible mechanisms of metal complexation are hypothesized to permit incorporation of solubilized metal ionsviaa polymer‐assisted sol‐gel process.
Reinforced reasoning in medicine
Authors: Auker‐Howlett Daniel , Wilde Michael
Published: August 2019

Some philosophers have argued that evidence of underlying mechanisms does not provide evidence for the effectiveness of a medical intervention. One such argument appeals to the unreliability of mechanistic reasoning. However, mechanistic reasoning is not the only way that evidence of mechanisms might provide evidence of effectiveness. A more reliable type of reasoning may be distinguished by appealing to recent work on evidential pluralism in the epistemology of medicine. A case study from virology provides an example of this so‐called reinforced reasoning in medicine. It is argued that in this case study, the available evidence of underlying mechanisms did in fact play a role in providing evidence in favour of a medical intervention. This paper therefore adds a novel and recent case study to the literature in support of evidential pluralism in medicine.
The Buffering Effect of Relationships on Combat Exposure, Military Performance, and Mental Health of U.S. Military Soldiers: A Vantage Point for CFTs
Authors: Reed‐Fitzke Kayla , Lucier‐Greer Mallory
Published: August 2019

This study examined the role of cumulative combat experiences with regard to military performance and conduct and mental health among a sample of young soldiers from the Army STARRS dataset (N = 5,283). Higher levels of cumulative combat experiences were directly related to poorer performance and conduct and a greater likelihood of anxiety, depression, and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Military performance and conduct served as a linking mechanism between combat experiences and mental health. Using moderated mediation structural equation modeling, relationship disruptions were found to exacerbate the adverse effects of combat experiences; conversely, unit cohesion buffered the impact of combat experiences. Implications for military helping professionals include identifying leverage points for intervention, particularly strengthening the social connections of service members within and outside the military.
No evidence for cell‐to‐cell transmission of the unfolded protein response in cell culture
Authors: van Ziel Anna M. , Wolzak Kimberly , Nölle Anna , Hoetjes Petrus J. , Berenjeno‐Correa Ernesto , van Anken Eelco , Struys Eduard A. , Scheper Wiep
Published: August 2019

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is one of the major cell‐autonomous proteostatic stress responses. The UPR has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and is therefore actively investigated as therapeutic target. In this respect, cell non‐autonomous effects of the UPR including the reported cell‐to‐cell transmission of UPR activity may be highly important. A pharmaca‐based UPR induction was employed to generate conditioned media (CM) from CM‐donating neuronal (‘donor’) cells (SK‐N‐SH and primary mouse neurons). As previously reported, upon subsequent transfer of CM to naive neuronal ‘acceptor’ cells, we confirmed UPR target mRNA and protein expression by qPCR and automated microscopy. However, UPR target gene expression was also induced in the absence of donor cells, indicating carry‐over of pharmaca. Genetic induction of single pathways of the UPR in donor cells did not result in UPR transmission to acceptor cells. Moreover, no transmission was detected upon full UPR activation by nutrient deprivation or inducible expression of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin M in donor HeLa cells. In addition, in direct co‐culture of donor cells expressing the immunoglobulin M heavy chain and fluorescent UPR reporter acceptor HeLa cells, UPR transmission was not observed. In conclusion, carry‐over of pharmaca is a major confounding factor in pharmaca‐based UPR transmission protocols that are therefore unsuitable to study cell‐to‐cell UPR transmission. In addition, the absence of UPR transmission in non‐pharmaca‐based models of UPR activation indicates that cell‐to‐cell UPR transmission does not occur in cell culture.

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Lactic acid 5% mouth wash vs Kenalog in Orabase 0.1% for treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent aphthous ulcer
Authors: Ibrahim Samia A. , Elkot Reham A. , Soliman Hend E.
Published: August 2019

Background

The outcomes of most therapeutic modalities for recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) are still unsatisfactory.

Aim

To evaluate lactic acid 5% mouth wash vs Kenalog in Orabase for treatment and prophylaxis of RAU.

Patients/Methods

Forty cases with early‐onset idiopathic RAU were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two equal groups; group A patients had used Kenalog in Orabase twice daily, and group B patients had used lactic acid 5% mouth wash 3 times daily. All patients had used the therapy for 1‐2 weeks according to patients' clinical response that was evaluated according to oral clinical manifestations index (OCMI); before therapy, during course of treatments and in follow‐up visits.

Results

At the ends of both first and second weeks, from beginning of therapy, OCMI was reduced more in group B patients than in group A with statistically significant results. These results revealed that group B achieved more reduction in the size, pain, and healing time of RAU. During the follow‐up period, group A showed 40% recurrence rate while group B showed 5% only.

Conclusions

Lactic acid 5% mouth wash is natural, safe, and effective so it is better alternative to corticosteroids for treatment and prophylaxis of RAU without any side effects.
Survey on egg and fry production of giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy): Current rearing practices and recommendations for future research
Authors: Kristanto Anang Hari , Slembrouck Jacques , Subagja Jojo , Pouil Simon , Arifin Otong Zenal , Prakoso Vitas Atmadi , Legendre Marc
Published: August 2019

Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) is one of the main freshwater fish of economic importance in Indonesia. Although this species has been reared for decades, particularly in the province of West Java, and naturally spawns in captivity, the availability of fry is still a limiting factor in aquaculture. Research efforts on giant gourami aquaculture are, however, limited and do not always address the difficulties encountered by fish farmers. The objectives of the present study were to provide the first description of giant gourami egg and fry production and highlight the main problems faced by farmers through targeted questionnaires and interviews. Our results show that the production of this species from eggs to juveniles is highly segmented, and there are currently no clear and standardized production methods. Farming practices vary greatly from one fish farmer to another. Climate factors (such as rain and temperature), proximity to urban areas, and the availability and quality of food are identified as the main limiting factors for egg and fry production. Based on a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis, we explore possible approaches to improve giant gourami aquaculture in Indonesia. The present study provides guidance for future research.
Increased incidence of autoimmune hepatitis is associated with wider use of biological drugs
Authors: Valgeirsson Kjartan B. , Hreinsson Jóhann P. , Björnsson Einar S.
Published: August 2019

Background & aims

Population‐based studies on the epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are scarce. Drug‐induced AIH (DIAIH) is increasingly recognized in association with immunomodulatory therapy. We aimed to determine the incidence, prevalence and natural history of AIH in a population‐based setting.

Methods

We collected data of new diagnosis of AIH in Iceland from 2006 to 2015. Cases were identified through search of diagnostic codes and text search for AIH within electronical medical records of all hospitals in Iceland and through records of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) test results by the only laboratory in the country analyzing SMA. Patients were included in the final analysis if they received the clinical diagnosis of AIH or were started on immunosuppressive therapy.

Results

The mean annual incidence of AIH in Iceland was 2.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Point prevalence on 31 December 2015 was 27/100 000. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years and 86% of patients were of female gender. DIAIH was suspected in 13 of 71 patients (18%) of which eight cases were related to infliximab. Immunosuppressive treatment was started in all but two patients. At the end of follow‐up (median 4.8 years) 66 of 71 (93%) patients were alive.

Conclusion

The incidence and prevalence rates of AIH in Iceland are the highest reported so far in a population‐based setting. Higher incidence can partly be explained by the increasing use of biological drugs. Immunosuppressive therapy was very effective in achieving remission and prognosis was favorable.
Find your balance – the challenges of developing portion size guidance for the public
Authors: Benelam B. , Stanner S.
Published: August 2019

Portion size of foods and drinks is likely to be an important factor in helping people to control their weight. The British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) undertook work, with input from an Expert Panel of academics, to develop portion size guidance for healthy adults to complement the UK Eatwell Guide. A Working Group from the food industry provided funding and input on issues related to their sector. To inform the development of the portion size guide, information on portion sizes provided in food‐based dietary guidance from selected countries was reviewed as well as the methods used to develop the guidance. Portion sizes for a range of foods from the main food groups of the Eatwell Guide (excluding fruit and vegetables) were developed with reference to consumption data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey and portion sizes available in major supermarkets. These were tested within different dietary patterns (e.g. omnivorous vs. vegetarian) for their ability to meet current UK food and nutrient‐based recommendations. Views on portion size and design concepts for the guidance were then explored in consumer focus groups. The final Find your balance resources were published in January 2019, with a large amount of associated media coverage and over 58 000 downloads from the BNF website in the 6 months following publication.