bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turbulence structure of the boundary layer below marine clouds in the SOFIA experiment
Authors: Réchou A. , Durand P. , Druilhet A. , Bénech B.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The SOFIA (Surface of the Ocean: Flux and Interaction with the Atmosphere) experiment, included in the ASTEX (Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment) field program, was conducted in June 1992 in the Azores region in order to investigate air-sea exchanges, as well as the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer and its capping low-level cloud cover. We present an analysis of the vertical structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), and especially of its turbulence characteristics, deduced from the aircraft missions performed during SOFIA. The meteorological situations were characteristic of a temperate latitude under anticyclonic conditions, i.e., with weak to moderate winds, weak surface sensible heat flux, and broken capping low-altitude cloud cover topped by a strong trade inversion. We show that the mixed layer, driven by the surface fluxes, is decoupled from the above cloud layer. Although weak, the surface buoyancy flux, and the convective velocity scale deduced from it, are relevant for scaling the turbulence moments. The mixed layer then follows the behaviour of a continental convective boundary layer, with the exception of the entrainment process, which is weak in the SOFIA data. These results are confirmed by conditional sampling analysis, which shows that the major turbulence source lies in the buoyant moist updrafts at the surface.
Space-time distribution of temperature inversions in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer
Authors: Nagurny A. P.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. An increase in the amplitude and frequency of temperature inversions in the boundary layer (1.5 km above the Earth's surface) in the Arctic was detected using aerological data from the Russian ice stations during the interval 1954–1987.
A satellite study of dayside auroral conjugacy
Authors: Vo H. B. , Murphree J. S. , Hearn D. , Newell P. T. , Meng C.-I.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A study of dayside auroral conjugacy has been done using the cleft/boundary layer auroral particle boundaries observed by the DMSP-F7 satellite in the southern hemisphere and the global UV auroral images taken by the Viking spacecraft in the northern hemisphere. The 22 events have been studied on the basis of an internal IGRF 1985 magnetic field; it is shown that there is a displacement of up to 4° in latitude from the conjugate points with the northern aurora appearing to be located poleward of the conjugate point. No local time dependence of the north-south auroral location difference was seen. The use of a more realistic magnetic field model for tracing field lines which incorporates the dipole tilt angle and Kp index, the Tsyganenko 1987 long model plus the IGRF 1985 internal magnetic field model, appears to organize the data better. Although with this external plus internal model some tracings did not close in the opposite hemisphere, 70% of those that did indicated satisfactory conjugacy. The study shows that the degree of auroral conjugacy is dependent upon the accuracy of the magnetic field model used to trace to the conjugate point, especially in the dayside region where the field lines can either go to the dayside magnetopause near the subsolar point or sweep all the way back to the flanks of the magnetotail. Also the discrepancy in the latitude of northern and southern aurora can be partially explained by the displacement of the neutral sheet (source region of the aurora) by the dipole tilt effect.
Radar observations of auroral zone flows during a multiple-onset substorm
Authors: Morelli J. P. , Bunting R. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Farrugia C. J. , Freeman M. P. , Friis-Christensen E. , Jones G. O. L. , Lester M. , Lewis R. V. , Lühr H. , Orr D. , Pinnock M. , Reeves G. D. , Williams P. J. S. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. We present an analysis of ground magnetic field, ionospheric flow, geosynchronous particle, and interplanetary data during a multiple-onset substorm on 12 April 1988. Our principal results concern the modulations of the ionospheric flow which occur during the impulsive electrojet activations associated with each onset. During the first hour of the disturbance these take place every ~12.5 min and involve the formation of a new intense westward current filament in the premidnight sector, just poleward of the pre-existing extended current system driven by the large-scale flow. These filaments are ~1 h MLT wide (~600 km), and initially expand poleward to a width of ~300 km before contracting equatorward and coalescing with the pre-existing current, generally leaving the latter enhanced in magnitude and/or expanded in latitude. Within the impulsive electrojets the flow is found to be suppressed to values 50–100 m s–1 or less during the first few minutes, before surging equatorward at 0.5–1.0 km s–1 during the phase of rapid coalescence. The implication is that the precipitation-induced Hall conductivity within the impulsive electrojet initially rises to exceed ~100 mho, before decaying over a few minutes. This value compares with Hall conductivities of ~20 mho in the quasi-steady current regions, and a few mho or less in the regions poleward of the electrojets and in the preonset ionosphere. Preliminary evidence has also been found that the flow surges propagate from midnight to the morning sector where they are associated with arrested equatorward motion or poleward contractions of the current system. These observations are discussed in terms of present theoretical paradigms of the global behaviour of fields and flows which occur during substorms.
Response of the ionosphere to natural and man-made acoustic sources
Authors: Pokhotelov O. A. , Parrot M. , Fedorov E. N. , Pilipenko V. A. , Surkov V. V. , Gladychev V. A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A review is presented of the effects influencing the ionosphere which are caused by acoustic emission from different sources (chemical and nuclear explosions, bolides, meteorites, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, launches of spacecrafts and flights of supersonic jets). A terse statement is given of the basic theoretical principles and simplified theoretical models underlying the physics of propagation of infrasonic pulses and gravity waves in the upper atmosphere. The observations of "quick" response by the ionosphere are pointed out. The problem of magnetic disturbances and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave generation in the ionosphere is investigated. In particular, the supersonic propagation of ionospheric disturbances, and the conversion of the acoustic energy into the so-called gyrotropic waves in the ionospheric E-layer are considered.
A model study of the temporal behaviour of the emission intensity and rotational temperature of the OH Meinel bands for high-latitude summer conditions
Authors: López-González M. J. , Murtagh D. P. , Espy P. J. , López-Moreno J. J. , Rodrigo R. , Witt G.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The temporal variation of OH* emission and weighted rotational temperature has been studied for high-latitude summer conditions. Observations for 60°N latitude show OH weighted temperatures that always exceed 145 K even during periods of noctilucent clouds. Using a one-dimensional model the effects in excited OH concentration produced by changes in temperature, eddy diffusion, and water concentration have been analysed. We are forced to conclude that there remains a discrepancy between the OH temperatures predicted by the model and that obtained from OH* measurements. An increase in OH* concentration from June to the beginning of August, followed by a slow decrease during August has been obtained in agreement with the measurements. The 16-day modulation present in the measurements was simulated in a simple manner by varying the temperature in the mesopause region. This variation produces periodic modulations in both OH* concentration and weighted temperature of 16 days. The results show the temperature leading the OH* column concentration by three days. This phase shift is also present in the observations.
A new numerical model to compute photolysis rates and solar heating with anisotropic scattering in spherical geometry
Authors: Balluch M.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. For calculating photolysis rates and solar heating in the atmosphere, the radiation field has to be calculated very accurately. Previous investigations have shown that for large solar zenith angles a solution of the radiation equation which accounts for the Earth\\'s curvature is needed. A new simplified version of the 3D radiation equation in spherical geometry allowing for anisotropic scattering is presented. The horizontal variation of physical quantities, the variation of the solar zenith angle with different longitude and latitude for the scattering calculation for one vertical column of air and any effects of refraction are neglected. A numerical model is introduced which efficiently solves this new 3D radiation equation accurately. The effects of anisotropic scattering are shown to be very important for the directional dependence of the scattered intensity. Anisotropic scattering by aerosols and air molecules can change the intensity in certain directions by up to 180% and 25%, respectively. However, most of these changes cancel each other out when averaged over all angles, so that the effect of anisotropic scattering for large solar zenith angles on the mean intensity (actinic flux) is much smaller, i.e. less than 10%. For the heating rates, the effect of anisotropic scattering for large solar zenith angles is even smaller, being less than a few percent. Generally, the effects of anisotropic scattering and the effects of including aerosols are the larger on higher altitudes the larger the solar zenith angle is. Results of the model are shown to compare well with results of previous investigations, including the independent work of Dahlback and Stamnes. The agreement is especially good in the case of isotropic scattering by air molecules and neglecting the effects of aerosols.
Comparative influence of land and sea surfaces on the Sahelian drought: a numerical study
Authors: Diedhiou Arona , Mahfouf Jean-Francçois
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The aim of this work is to compare the relative impact of land and sea surface anomalies on Sahel rainfall and to describe the associated anomalies in the atmospheric general circulation. This sensitivity study was done with the Météo-France climate model: ARPEGE. The sensitivity to land surface conditions consists of changes in the management of water and heat exchanges by vegetation cover and bare soil. The sensitivity to ocean surfaces consists in forcing the lower boundary of the model with worldwide composite sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies obtained from the difference between 4 dry Sahel years and 4 wet Sahel years observed since 1970. For each case, the spatiotemporal variability of the simulated rainfall anomaly and changes in the modelled tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and African easterly jet (AEJ) are discussed. The global changes in land surface evaporation have caused a rainfall deficit over the Sahel and over the Guinea Coast. No significant changes in the simulated TEJ and an enhancement of the AEJ are found; at the surface, the energy budget and the hydrological cycle are substantially modified. On the other hand, SST anomalies induce a negative rainfall anomaly over the Sahel and a positive rainfall anomaly to the south of this area. The rainfall deficit due to those anomalies is consistent with previous diagnostic and sensitivity studies. The TEJ is weaker and the AEJ is stronger than in the reference. The composite impact of SST and land surfaces anomalies is also analyzed: the simulated rainfall anomaly is similar to the observed mean African drought patterns. This work suggests that large-scale variations of surface conditions may have a substantial influence on Sahel rainfall and shows the importance of land surface parameterization in climate change modelling. In addition, it points out the interest in accurately considering the land and sea surfaces conditions in sensitivity studies on Sahel rainfall.
A coarse resolution North Atlantic ocean circulation model: an intercomparison study with a paleoceanographic example
Authors: Seidov Dan , Prien Ralf
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Paleoreconstructions suggest that during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the North Atlantic circulation was noticeably different from its present state. However, the glacial salt conveyor belt is believed to be similar to the present-day's conveyor, albeit weaker and shallower because of an increased freshwater flux in high-latitudes. We present here the investigation of the conveyor operation based on ocean circulation modelling using two numerical models in parallel. The GFDL primitive equation model and a planetary geostrophic model are employed to address the problem of the paleocirculation modelling in cases of uncertain and sparse data comprising the glacial surface boundary conditions. The role of different simplifications that may be used in the ocean climate studies, including the role of grid resolution, bottom topography, coast-line, etc., versus glacial-interglacial changes of the ocean surface climatology is considered. The LGM reverse conveyor gyre appeared to be the most noticeable feature of the glacial-to-interglacial alteration of the ocean circulation. The reversed upper-ocean conveyor, weaker and subducting 'normal' conveyor in the intermediate depths, and the change of the deep-ocean return flow route are robust signatures of the glacial North Atlantic climate. The results are found to be 'model-independent' and fairly insensitive to all factors other than the onset of the glacial surface conditions.
Detailed PSC formation in a two-dimensional chemical transport model of the stratosphere
Authors: Fonteyn D. , Larsen N.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. A new two-dimensional zonal model of the stratosphere, based on a formulation in an isentropic framework, with complete chemistry has been coupled with a high resolution detailed microphysical model for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The 2D model chemistry includes all presently known heterogeneous processes on sulfate aerosols and PSCs. The coupling of these two models, with inherently different time scales, is discussed. It is demonstrated that in order to obtain a realistic interrelationship between NOy and N2O an accurate simulation of the sedimentation by PSC particles is necessary. A good agreement of model PSC presence and observations is found for the Antarctic polar winter without the need to impose additional artificial temperature variations in the model. The calculated occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds and resulting heterogeneous chemistry during the Antarctic winter are discussed. Sensitivity of the polar stratospheric chemical composition and cloud formation for different perturbations is investigated by studying the effects of transport across the polar vortex boundary and heterogeneous processing by an enhanced sulfate aerosol load. The importance of including sedimentation for all cases is also discussed.
Seasonal change in CO2 and H2O exchange between grassland and atmosphere
Authors: Saigusa N. , Liu S. , Oikawa T. , Watanabe T.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The seasonal change in CO2 flux over an artificial grassland was analyzed from the ecological and meteorological point of view. This grassland contains C3 and C4 plants; the three dominant species belonging to the Gramineae; Festuca elatior (C3) dominated in early spring, and Imperata cylindrica (C4) and Andropogon virginicus (C4) grew during early summer and became dominant in mid-summer. CO2 flux was measured by the gradient method, and the routinely observed data for the surface-heat budget were used to analyze the CO2 and H2O exchange between the grassland and atmosphere. From August to October in 1993, CO2 flux was reduced to around half under the same solar-radiation conditions, while H2O flux decreased 20% during the same period. The monthly values of water use efficiency, i.e., ratio of CO2 flux to H2O flux decreased from 5.8 to 3.3 mg CO2/g H2O from August to October, the Bowen ratio increased from 0.20 to 0.30, and the ratio of the bulk latent heat transfer coefficient CE to the sensible heat transfer coefficient CH was maintained around 0.40-0.50. The increase in the Bowen ratio was explained by the decrease in air temperature from 22.3 °C in August to 16.6 °C in October without considering biological effects such as stomatal closure on the individual leaves. The nearly constant CE/CH ratios suggested that the contribution ratio of canopy resistance to aerodynamic resistance did not change markedly, although the meteorological conditions changed seasonally. The decrease in the water use efficiency, however, suggested that the photosynthetic rate decreased for individual leaves from August to October under the same radiation conditions. Diurnal variations of CO2 exchange were simulated by the multi-layer canopy model taking into account the differences in the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic pathway between C3 and C4 plants. The results suggested that C4 plants played a major role in the CO2 exchange in August, the contribution of C4 plants decreased in September, and daily variations of CO2 exchange were mainly due to C3 plants in October. The results also suggested that the decrease in the net canopy CO2 exchange from August to October was induced partly by the decrease of net photosynthesis on the individual leaves in both C4 and C3 plants, which could be due to aging of the leaves.
ULYSSES observations of energetic particle acceleration and the superposed CME and CIR events of November 1992
Authors: Lim T. L. , Quenby J. J. , Reuss M. K. , Keppler E. , Kunow H. , Heber B. , Forsyth R. J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. During November 1992, a series of forward and reverse shocks passed the ULYSSES spacecraft. Spectral and anisotropy measurements are reported for protons and alpha particles between 0.28 and 6 MeV observed by the Energetic Particle Composition Experiment, data recorded by the Magnetometer Experiment and the high-energy (2.7–300 MeV) proton data from the Kiel Electron Telescope. An analysis of energetic particle, plasma and magnetometer data from ULYSSES has allowed a unique study of the corresponding arrival of fare particles, particles within a corotating interaction region and particles transported with a coronal mass ejection. We present an analysis of these data in terms of possible diffusive shock acceleration but conclude that this is likely to be incompatible with the short transit time of the particles. Shock drift acceleration of particles with energies 0.3 MeV/nucleon or solar acceleration followed by particle trapping behind the shock front are alternative possibilities.
Recurrent variations of anomalous oxygen in association with a corotating interaction region
Authors: Reuss M. K. , Fränz M. , Keppler E.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The fluxes of anomalous oxygen (E ranging from 3.5-6.8 MeV/amu), as measured by the EPAC instrument on ULYSSES, show a recurrent variation with the solar rotation period, which is anticorrelated with the fluxes of particles accelerated at the shocks of a corotating interaction region (CIR), and correlated with the fluxes of galactic cosmic rays known to be modulated by the CIR. The amplitude of this variation is much higher than expected for galactic cosmic rays of the same rigidity.
Ducted whistler-mode signals received at two widely spaced locations
Authors: Clilverd M. A. , Thomson N. R. , Smith A. J.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Whistler-mode signals from a single VLF transmitter that have propagated in the same duct, have been observed simultaneously at Faraday, Antarctica (65°S, 64°W) and Dunedin, New Zealand (46°S, 171°E). The signals received have group-delay times that differ in the order of 10 ms, which can be explained by the differences in southern-hemisphere sub-ionospheric propagation time from duct exit region to receiver for the two sites. This difference has been used to determine the location of the duct exit region, with confirmation provided by arrival-bearing information from both sites. The whistler-mode signals typically occur one or two days after geomagnetic activity, with Kp\\geq5. The sub-ionospheric-propagation model, LWPC, is used to estimate the whistler-mode power radiated from the duct exit region. These results are then combined with estimated loss values for ionospheric and ducted transmission to investigate the role of wave-particle amplification or absorption. On at least half of the events studied, plasmaspheric amplification of the signals appears to be needed to explain the observed whistler-mode signal strengths.
Diagnosis of cirrus cloud occurrence using large-scale analysis data and a cloud-scale model
Authors: Cautenet G. , Gbe D.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The development of cirrus clouds is governed by large-scale synoptic movements such as updraft regions in convergence zones, but also by smaller scale features, for instance microphysical phenomena, entrainment, small-scale turbulence and radiative field, fall-out of the ice phase or wind shear. For this reason, the proper handling of cirrus life cycles is not an easy task using a large-scale model alone. We present some results from a small-scale cirrus cloud model initialized by ECMWF first-guess data, which prove more convenient for this task than the analyzed ones. This model is Starr\\'s 2-D cirrus cloud model, where the rate of ice production/destruction is parametrized from environmental data. Comparison with satellite and local observations during the ICE89 experiment (North Sea) shows that such an efficient model using large-scale data as input provides a reasonable diagnosis of cirrus occurrence in a given meteorological field. The main driving features are the updraft provided by the large-scale model, which enhances or inhibits the cloud development according to its sign, and the water vapour availability. The cloud fields retrieved are compared to satellite imagery. Finally, the use of a small-scale model in large-scale numerical studies is examined.
Usage of regularization techniques for effective electron collision frequency determination from oblique ionospheric sounding
Authors: Denisenko P. F. , Nastasyina N. V. , Vodolazkin V. I.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Computer modelling is used to investigate the possibility of determining ionospheric parameters from slightly oblique ionospheric soundings, using absorption data for decametric radio waves of different polarization. It is shown that with mean square measurement errors of 0.5 dB, and using regularization algorithms to solve the inverse problems, electron collision frequency profiles can be obtained for the night F-region with errors of less than 30%. Both temperatures of electrons and neutrals are also determined to within 10%.
Finding regions of influence on SO2 and SO=4 daily concentration measurements at four sites in Spain
Authors: Hernández E. , Rúa A. , Méndez R. , Gimeno L.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. Contamination by the pollutants SO2 and SO=4 was analyzed for the 1989–1992 period at four regional stations in Spain under the auspices of the EMEP-BAPMON program. The evolution of the time series of the daily pollution has also been assessed, and high mean concentrations at La Cartuja and Logroño observed, with values of 3.8 and 4.5 μg m–3 for SO2, respectively. Maximum annual concentrations were recorded in 1989, when SO2 reached values of 6.24, 5.39, 5.71, and 9.30 μg m–3 for the stations of La Cartuja, San Pablo de los Montes, Roquetas, and Logroño, respectively. This work attempts to establish a relationship between the concentrations of the pollutants – both SO2 gas and SO=4 aerosol – and the zones of emission or persistence of these long-range transported pollutants. In this way, those regions showing a greater impact on the air quality in each season have been determined. To achieve this, the trajectories of the air masses carrying away the pollution to each of the receiving stations were considered and followed by a sectorial analysis. Nonparametric statistical methods were implemented to contrast the chemical homogeneity among the different sectors. The criterion that several homogeneous sectors form a chemically homogeneous region was used. To improve this sectorial analysis, we have proposed a new technique based on the Potential-Source-Contribution Function (PSCF). Starting out from a set of specified regions, considered to be chemically homogeneous domains, it is possible to determine the likelihood that an air mass with particular characteristics (e.g., that a value of the daily concentration higher than the mean recorded at the station has been obtained) will arrive at a given station after having crossed one of the previously defined regions. Using this technique, it is possible to determine the source regions through which the air masses circulate and bring high pollution concentrations to the studied stations. Thanks to the PSCF, these statistical methods offer, through a sectorial analysis, the possibility to pass from a qualitative to a more quantitative view.
Equatorial ionospheric response to isolated auroral substorms over a solar cycle (1980−85): evidence of longitudinal anomaly
Authors: Hajkowicz L. A.
Published: July 2005

Abstract. The equatorial ionospheric response to 228 isolated, rapid-onset auroral substorms (as defined from the auroral electrojet index AE) was found from enhancements of the virtual (minimum) height of the F-region (∆h$^\\prime$F) in the declining phase of a solar cycle (1980–85). The responses, found for three longitudinal sectors at the equator: Africa (Ouagadougou and Dakar), Asia (Manila) and America (Huancayo), were compared with the response close to the auroral source region at Yakutsk (northern Siberia). The auroral substorm onsets were centered at 17 and 15 UT at sunspot maximum (1980–82) and minimum (1983–85), preceding by 3–5 h the period of post-sunset height rise in the African sector whereas other sectors were in the early afternoon (Huancayo) and morning (Manila). The African response, particularly at Ouagadougou, was distinctly different from other sectors. In the sunspot maximum years (1980–81) the auroral surges were followed after about 3 h by a sharp depression (∆h$^\\prime$F<0) in the post-sunset height rise, with a period of little or no response (∆h$^\\prime$F=0) in 1982. A response polarity reversal (∆h$^\\prime$F>0) was noted in this sector for sunspot minimum (1983–85) when large h$^\\prime$F enhancements were observed at the sunset region. The responses in the Asian and American sector were positive except for a case in Huancayo when response was negative, following an auroral surge before the sunset at this station. It appears that the aurorally generated large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs), which first cause positive height enhancements in a sub-auroral location (Yakutsk), subsequently affect the unstable post-sunset ionosphere in the equatorial Africa.
Brief report: Adaptation of the Italian Version of the Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale to the adolescent population
Authors: Gini Gianluca
Published: July 2005

Social intelligence is a construct that has shown promising practical applications, but its use in research and applied settings has been limited by definitional problems and the complexity of most existing measures of social intelligence. The goal of the present study was to adapt the Italian version [Gini & Iotti (2004) La Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale: Traduzione e adattamento alla popolazione Italiana. Italy: University of Padova.] of the Troms⊘ Social Intelligence Scale, TSIS [Silvera, Martinussen, & Dahl (2001). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 313–319.] to the adolescent population (the sample comprised 320 Italian adolescents, 132 boys and 188 girls). Our analyses revealed the same factorial structure of the original scale and showed a good internal reliability. The items of the TSIS‐IV were reasonably unbiased in terms of social desirability response bias.
Phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase γ is associated with cell—cell junction in A431 epithelial cells
Authors: Akiyama Chiyuki , Shinozaki‐Narikawa Naeko , Kitazawa Takatoshi , Hamakubo Takao , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Shibasaki Yoshikazu
Published: July 2005

Cell to cell contact in epithelial cells is crucial for tissue integrity and is maintained by junctional complexes, such as the adherens junction (AJ). Actin polymerization has been shown to be important for AJ formation; however, the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. It has been shown that increased phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) induces actin polymerization. It is thus of interest to know more about the production of PIP2 during cell—cell adhesion formation in epithelial cells. The distribution of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinase γ635 (PIP5Kγ635), an isoform of the PIP2 synthesizing enzymes, was examined in epithelial cell line A431. It was found that, in non‐contact cells, PIP5Kγ635 was not concentrated at the plasma membrane. However, in cells that were in contact, PIP5Kγ635 localized to the intercellular contact sites and colocalized with E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, two components of AJ, and with polymerized actin, but did not colocalize with focal adhesion, integrin‐mediated cell—substratum complex. Decreasing calcium ion concentration induced both disruption of intercellular adhesion and the dissociation of both PIP5Kγ635 and actin from the contact site. These results suggest that PIP5K has an important role in actin polymerization in epithelial cell—cell adhesion.
Antipsychotic agents. Gradually improving treatment from the traditional oral neuroleptics to the first atypical depot
Authors: Möller H.-J.
Published: July 2005

Relapse is one of the key factors in the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. The consequences of relapse are diverse and often unpredictable, and the time to recovery and degree of recovery worsen with each successive relapse. There is now overwhelming evidence that advances in antipsychotic drug treatment have led to significant reductions in the rate of relapse. This review charts the developments that have taken place in antipsychotic therapy from the introduction of depot formulations, through atypical agents, to the development of the first long-acting atypical antipsychotic. Depot formulations of conventional antipsychotics were developed in the 1960s and led to fewer relapses and episodes of hospitalization, compared with oral equivalents. Meta-analysis has confirmed that patients receiving depot antipsychotics experience significantly greater global improvement than those receiving the respective oral agents. Conventional antipsychotics are, however, associated with a range of potentially serious adverse events. The atypical antipsychotics were introduced in the 1990s and have significant advantages over conventional agents with regard to positive and negative symptoms. There is also evidence that atypical agents can reduce the risk of relapse. Importantly, atypical antipsychotics have an improved safety profile compared with older agents, particularly with regard to extrapyramidal symptoms. One disadvantage of atypical agents has been that they are only available in an oral form. The recent development of a long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone means that a new treatment option is available to physicians.
Traction Radiography for the Diagnosis of Scapholunate Ligament Tears
Authors: SCHÄDEL-HÖPFNER M. , BÖHRINGER G. , GOTZEN L. , CELIK I.
Published: July 2005

The diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injury by traction radiography was investigated within a consecutive study. The right wrists of 25 healthy volunteers and 22 wrists with arthroscopically proven complete scapholunate ligament tears were examined. Traction radiography was performed under fluoroscopy with a force of 5 kg applied to the thumb. In the normal wrists, this led to selective widening of the scapholunate joint space whereas the lunotriquetral distance remained unchanged. In 25 healthy right wrists, the median scapholunate distance measured 2.1 (range 1.3–2.6) mm on resting radiographs and 2.2 (range 1.7–3.5) mm on the stress radiographs. For the 22 wrists with complete scapholunate ligament tears, the median scapholunate distance was increased from 2.0 (range 1.0–3.0) mm to 3.8 (range 3.0–5.5) mm by traction (median difference of 1.8 (range 1.0–3.0) mm). In conclusion, a scapholunate distance of 3.0 mm or more in unloaded wrists or widening of the scapholunate interval by 1.0 mm or more under thumb traction should both be considered as pathological findings. We recommend traction radiography as a simple and valuable diagnostic procedure for suspected scapholunate ligament injury.
Dupuytren’s Disease in France – 1831 to 2001 – From Description to Economic Burden
Authors: MARAVIC M. , LANDAIS P.
Published: July 2005

We recorded all elective admissions for Dupuytren’s disease from the French National Hospital Database. We used the data from first hospitalizations to calculate the 2001 hospitalization rates for this condition and determine geographical differences between different regions of France. We also calculated the hospital costs of treating admissions with this disease. Fourteen thousand eight hundred and sixty hospitalizations for Dupuytren’s disease were reported in France in 2001, of which 93% were for a first treatment. The disease was mostly present in men and was mostly managed by surgical fasciectomy. Most operations were carried out in private hospitals, with a mean stay of 2 days. Geographical differences were found in men only. The total hospital cost for all elective admissions was 14, 179, 998 Euros, indicating the considerable financial burden to the State of treating this condition.
The antecedents of supply chain agility of a firm: Scale development and model testing
Authors: Swafford Patricia M. , Ghosh Soumen , Murthy Nagesh
Published: July 2005

In a constantly changing global competitive environment, an organization's supply chain agility directly impacts its ability to produce, and deliver innovative products to their customers in a timely and cost effective manner. While the beneficial impact of supply chain agility is generally acknowledged, very little research exists to date addressing how an organization can achieve supply chain agility. This study first presents a framework of an organization's supply chain process flexibilities as an important antecedent of its supply chain agility, and then establishes the key factors that determine the flexibility attributes of the three critical processes of the supply chain—procurement/sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution/logistics. Using empirical data, we develop flexibility and agility scales related to our supply chain agility model, and then test the model. Findings reveal that supply chain agility of a firm is directly and positively impacted by the degree of flexibility present in the manufacturing and procurement/sourcing processes of the supply chain; while it is indirectly impacted by the level of flexibility within its distribution/logistics process. The results also support our view that a firm's supply chain agility is impacted by the synergy among the three process flexibilities in its internal supply chain.
Impacts of climate and river flooding on the hydro-ecology of a floodplain basin, Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada since A.D. 1700
Authors: Wolfe Brent B. , Karst-Riddoch Tammy L. , Vardy Sheila R. , Falcone Matthew D. , Hall Roland I. , Edwards Thomas W.D.
Published: July 2005

Multi-proxy paleolimnological analyses on lake sediment cores from "Spruce Island Lake" (58° 50.82′ N, 111° 28.84′ W), a perched basin in the northern Peace sector of the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD), Canada, give insights into the relative roles of flow regulation of the Peace River and climatic variability on the basin hydro-ecology. Results indicate substantial variability in basin hydro-ecology over the past 300 years ranging from seasonal to periodic desiccation in the 1700s to markedly wetter conditions during the early 1800s to early 1900s. The reconstruction is consistent with (1) dry climatic conditions that defined the peak of the Little Ice Age and subsequent amelioration evident in conventional ring-width and isotopic analyses of tree-ring records located hydrologically and climatically upstream of the PAD, and (2) Peace River flood history inferred from sub-annual magnetic susceptibility measurements from another lake sediment record in the Peace sector of the PAD. Although regulation of the Peace River for hydroelectric power generation since 1968 has long been considered a major stressor of the PAD ecosystem leading to reduced frequency of ice-jam and open-water flooding and an extended period of drying, our results show that current hydro-ecological status is not unprecedented as both wetter and drier conditions have persisted for decades in the recent past under natural climatic variability. Furthermore, paleolimnological evidence from Spruce Island Lake indicates that recently observed dryness is part of a longer trend which began some 20�"40 years prior to Peace River regulation.
NATIONHOOD, POWER AND HISTORY: UNFINISHED BUSINESS AND THE LONGUE DURÉE IN UGANDA Governing Uganda: British Colonial Rule and its Legacy. By GARDNER THOMPSON. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2003. Pp. x+366. £22.95, paperback (ISBN 9970-02-394-2). Landed Obligation: The Practice of Power in Buganda. By HOLLY ELISABETH HANSON. Portsmouth NH: Heinemann, 2003. Pp. xxii+264. No price given (ISBN 0-325-07037-7); $26.95, paperback (ISBN 0-325-07036-9).
Authors: REID RICHARD
Published: July 2005

The appearance of these two books marks the continuation of what has been a veritable resurgence of interest in Ugandan history in the last decade or so, facilitated in part by the relative stability provided by Yoweri Museveni's presidency. The renaissance dates to the early and mid-1990s: while scholars of a more senior generation published work which seemed to encapsulate several decades' thinking on the region – Christopher Wrigley and Jean-Pierre Chrétien foremost among them – a new generation turned its attention to Uganda in a manner that had not been possible since the 1960s. A number of doctoral theses produced by European and North American scholars during the 1990s have progressed into monograph form or given rise to flurries of articles. Holly Hanson's book is part of that wave; Gardner Thompson's research was undertaken a little earlier, but the Ph.D. thesis that forms the basis of his book was completed at the beginning of the 1990s. While not all of this work has been concerned with Buganda, it is clear that the kingdom continues to loom large in the scholarly imagination. The centrality of Buganda in Ugandan history is a theme which has linked together much of the work of the last decade, in terms of the nature of the precolonial kingdom, its relationship with the British and its role in the protectorate, and later independent nation, of Uganda. Other critical issues have been raised, too, such as the need to revisit both the precolonial and the colonial pasts, and discontinuity, in terms of understanding the degree to which the colonial ‘moment’ was as disruptive as it was transitory.
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN AFRICA: NOBLE CLAIMS, REVISIONIST PERSPECTIVES, AND AFRICAN VOICES? African Historical Archaeologies. Edited by Andrew M. Reid and Paul J. Lane. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004. Pp. 408. $70, paperback (ISBN 0-306-47996-6).
Authors: SCHMIDT PETER R. , WALZ JONATHAN R.
Published: July 2005

The editors of this volume affiliate their mission with an amplified and heightened sense of history that has swept Africanist scholarship in the post-independence era. They claim to take historical archaeology in Africa in a new direction by beginning the process of constructive interaction between history and archaeology (pp. 27-8). An intended component of their project is to create ‘alternative histories rooted in explicitly African sources’ (p. 16). They further raise our anticipation that the volume will examine the disjuncture between the practice of archaeology and contemporary life on most of the continent. This is a noble sentiment, yet the contributors fail to draw on African scholars who attempt to make archaeology pertinent to daily African lives. The editors' insistence on African representations in writing the past is poignantly contradicted by the paucity of African authors in their volume fourteen years after Peter Robertshaw's A History of African Archaeology was faulted for its failure to include more than two (non-white) African contributors. This practice largely restricts knowledge production to hegemonic Western perspectives and subverts the book's primary rhetorical theme of giving ‘voice’ to silenced African pasts. The cost of the paperback – $70 – also hinders access to African readers and their capacity to engage issues that arise in the fourteen chapters, three of which focus on West Africa, three on East Africa, one on North Africa and five on southern Africa.
Assessment of older people in the community: from ‘75-and-over checks’ to National Service Frameworks
Authors: Iliffe Steve , Drennan Vari
Published: July 2005

Population aging, escalating costs in pensions, health care and long-term care have prompted the emergence of a new policy agenda for active aging and quality of life in old age across the European Union. In the UK, the government has made a commitment to improve services for older people through combating age discrimination, engaging with older people, better decision-making for services for older people, better meeting of older people's needs and promoting a strategic and ‘joined-up’ approach. A raft of policy initiatives not only sets the tone for service reconfiguration but also specifies objectives and time scales.
Precipitation assessment of a superensemble forecast over South‐East Asia
Authors: Mahmud Mastura , Ross R.S.
Published: July 2005

A superensemble forecast that consists of six operational general circulation models is tested to simulate weather parameters over the equatorial South‐East Asian region. The forecast technique, developed at Florida State University, is a unique ensemble that has proved to be one of the better prognosticators for weather forecasting. In this paper, the root mean square errors of the superensemble precipitation for a case of a severe tropical rainfall event during the winter monsoon of 2001 were smaller than the other global operational member or ensemble models used, indicating a skilled forecast. This trait is also reflected in the equitable threat score which indicates the association of the common rainfall threshold distribution between the forecast and observed best rainfall analysis from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) dataset, where although it is slightly underpredicted for light rain thresholds, its results are still superior to other individual member or even the ensemble mean forecasts. Higher correlation between the superensemble forecast and the observed is maintained for up to 3‐day forecasts, which indicates its potential as a reliable and good forecast tool for predicting equatorial precipitation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Automatic generation of CHR constraint solvers
Authors: ABDENNADHER SLIM , RIGOTTI CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we present a framework for automatic generation of CHR solvers given the logical specification of the constraints. This approach takes advantage of the power of tabled resolution for constraint logic programming, in order to check the validity of the rules. Compared to previous work (Apt and Monfroy 1999; Ringeissen and Monfroy 2000; Abdennadher and Rigotti 2000; Abdennadher and Rigotti 2001a), where different methods for automatic generation of constraint solvers have been proposed, our approach enables the generation of more expressive rules (even recursive and splitting rules) that can be used directly as CHR solvers.
CHR grammars
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN HENNING
Published: July 2005

A grammar formalism based upon CHR is proposed analogously to the way Definite Clause Grammars are defined and implemented on top of Prolog. These grammars execute as robust bottom-up parsers with an inherent treatment of ambiguity and a high flexibility to model various linguistic phenomena. The formalism extends previous logic programming based grammars with a form of context-sensitive rules and the possibility to include extra-grammatical hypotheses in both head and body of grammar rules. Among the applications are straightforward implementations of Assumption Grammars and abduction under integrity constraints for language analysis. CHR grammars appear as a powerful tool for specification and implementation of language processors and may be proposed as a new standard for bottom-up grammars in logic programming.
Optimizing compilation of constraint handling rules in HAL
Authors: HOLZBAUR CHRISTIAN , DE LA BANDA MARIA GARCIA , STUCKEY PETER J. , DUCK GREGORY J.
Published: July 2005

In this paper we discuss the optimizing compilation of Constraint Handling Rules (CHRs). CHRs are a multi-headed committed choice constraint language, commonly applied for writing incremental constraint solvers. CHRs are usually implemented as a language extension that compiles to the underlying language. In this paper we show how we can use different kinds of information in the compilation of CHRs to obtain access efficiency, and a better translation of the CHR rules into the underlying language, which in this case is HAL. The kinds of information used include the types, modes, determinism, functional dependencies and symmetries of the CHR constraints. We also show how to analyze CHR programs to determine this information about functional dependencies, symmetries and other kinds of information supporting optimizations.
Tests und Tools
Authors: Brandstätter Veronika
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird der Objektive Leistungsmotivations-Test (OLMT), der als computergestütztes Verfahren eine objektive Leistungsmessung unter verschiedenen Aufgabeninstruktionen mit unterschiedlichen situativen Leistungsanreizen (persönliche Bestleistung erbringen, sich individuelle Ziele setzen, mit einem Konkurrenten in Wettbewerb stehen) vornimmt. Im OLMT wird die Leistung als Indikator der generellen Anstrengungsbereitschaft und damit der Leistungsmotivation einer Person interpretiert. Der OLMT wurde auf der Grundlage gängiger leistungsmotivationstheoretischer Konzeptionen entwickelt. Er ist für den Einsatz in der Eignungsdiagnostik, in der Berufsberatung sowie in arbeits-, organisations- und sportpsychologischen Untersuchungen vorgesehen. Testdurchführung, Auswertung und Anweisungen zur Ergebnisinterpretation sind sehr anwenderfreundlich gestaltet. Es liegen Normen für drei Altersgruppen (18-49 Jahre, 50-64 Jahre, 65 Jahre und älter) vor, die an einer repräsentativen deutschsprachigen Stichprobe gewonnen wurden. Der OLMT wurde bislang anhand verschiedener kognitiver Leistungstests und der Abiturnote validiert. Validierungsstudien mit anderen Verfahren zur Messung der Leistungsmotivation stehen noch aus. Inwieweit der Test wirklich Leistungsmotivation und nicht eher sensu-motorische Fertigkeiten in einer Testsituation misst, die maximale Anstrengungsbereitschaft induziert, werden erst weitere Studien klären können.