bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Assessment of Marine Environmental Quality Along the Coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Kileo Wilfred J. , Likamba Mansour R. , Kunambi Majid M. , Mihale Matobola J.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents qualitative assessment of marine environmetal quality on the selected beaches and coastal areas including the port of Dar es Salaam. With the long-held misconception, the huge and resilient ocean could tolerate anything; ocean degradation has been happening for decades. From that ideology, this work came up with a research study with focuse on the qualitative assessment of the quality of marine environments along the coastline of the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. In this paper field survey and observation, interviews, and questionnaires were employed to assess the situation. Results showed that, approximately 70% of the respondents visit the beaches frequently, showing their familiarity with the beach environments. However, 50% of the respondents have witnessed regular beach cleaning exercises, although they have commented that there have been inadequate cleaning efforts around the beaches. Additionally, all respondents commented that human activities in the study area are attributed to 90% of the environmental pollution. Also, from the methodology approached, this research work identified various anthropogenic activities contributing to marine environmental pollution on the coastline of the Dar es Salaam region, where the authors of this work propose measures such as clean-up campaigns, social media initiatives, educational programs, and the enforcement of laws and policies, aiming to minimize pollution and promote sustainable practices along the Dar es Salaam coast.
Validating the Educational Equity Model for the Education System of Iraq
Authors: Hamdolalah Marhab Al Asadi Jalal , Aghakasiri Zohreh , Abdol Aziz Selif Movafagh , Abdellahi Seyyed Majid
Published: February 2025

The present study aimed to design and validate an educational equity model for the education system of Iraq. This research, based on its objective, is categorized as applied research and is descriptive-survey in terms of data collection methodology. The statistical population consisted of all schoolteachers in Iraq, totaling 1,122,345 individuals. From this population, based on Krejcie and Morgan's table (1970), a sample size of 384 participants was selected. The sampling method employed was cluster sampling. A researcher-designed questionnaire was utilized as the data collection tool. To examine the validity of the measurement tool, two methods were used: content validity (face validity) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis approach). Data analysis was performed using the confirmatory factor analysis approach with Amos software. The findings revealed that confirmatory factor analysis of the equity category in the domains of students, parents, teachers, and administrators indicated that the primary concept of "students" had a path coefficient of 0.98, "teachers" had a path coefficient of 0.52, "administrators" had a path coefficient of 0.35, and "parents" had a path coefficient of 0.92. These concepts exhibited strong correlations with the factor "equity in human resources," making them strong indicators for measuring this factor. Additionally, the p-values for all primary concepts within this factor were less than 0.05, signifying a significant relationship between each category and its higher-order factor. It can be concluded that addressing the indicators and variables discussed in this study is essential for achieving social equity, and planners must pay serious attention to them.
Investigating the Anti-Allergic, Bronchoprotective, and Antioxidant Activities of Psidium guajava Extract in Experimental Animals: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Saraf Sampada
Published: February 2025

The utilization of gum and mucilages in modern pharmaceutical practices has emerged as a pivotal area of research, offering multifaceted contributions to drug development and formulation. This abstract delves into the significance of these natural polymers, exploring their diverse roles and applications. Gums, derived from plant exudates, and mucilages, extracted from plant seeds and tissues, serve as versatile excipients, providing unique properties such as viscosity, stability, and bioadhesion. In pharmaceutical formulations, these substances act as binders, disintegrants, and sustained-release agents, playing a crucial role in enhancing drug delivery systems.
Furthermore, the biocompatibility and biodegradability of gum and mucilages align with the growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly pharmaceutical practices. This abstract sheds light on recent advancements in the utilization of these natural polymers, presenting case studies and innovations that showcase their adaptability to various drug delivery challenges. As pharmaceutical scientists continue to explore novel formulations, the potential of gum and mucilages remains a dynamic and evolving field, offering promising avenues for the development of efficient, patient-friendly drug delivery systems. This review consolidates current knowledge, highlighting the intricate interplay between gum and mucilages and their indispensable role in shaping the future of pharmaceutical formulations.
EVALUATION OF VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, LFTS IN BETA THALASSEMIA PATIENTS
Authors: Abubakar Bin Ikram  , Dr. Tahira Batool  , Dr Farhan Ali Khanzada  , Azka Mubeen  , Qurba Kiran  , Imad Ud Din Khan  , Abdul Nasir
Published: February 2025

Beta-thalassemia is a severe hereditary blood disorder characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, chronic anemia, and iron overload due to frequent blood transfusions. This study evaluates liver function tests (LFTs), serum vitamin D, calcium, and ferritin levels in 200 pediatric patients (110 males, 90 females) with beta-thalassemia major. The biochemical analysis revealed that 55.5% of patients had elevated AST levels (>40 U/L), 22% had ALT >56 U/L, and 10% exhibited ALP >129 U/L, indicating potential liver damage due to iron overload. A striking 99% of patients had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), highlighting a critical issue in thalassemic children despite adequate sunlight exposure. Serum calcium levels were normal in 71% of patients, while 20% had low levels. Ferritin levels ranged from 1000 to 6000 ng/mL in 61% of patients, with a mean value of 4584.78 ng/mL, substantially over normal limits. A substantial association was found between high ferritin levels and vitamin D insufficiency, indicating a link between iron excess and bone metabolism disruptions. These findings highlight the need for enhanced management techniques, such as vitamin D supplements and iron chelation therapy, to reduce liver dysfunction and bone health deterioration in beta-thalassemia patients.
Analisis Perkembangan UMKM menurut Pandangan Ibnu Khaldun terhadap Kemajuan Perekonomian Islam Indonesia
Authors: Fathorrahman Fathorrahman
Published: February 2025

The development of MSMEs is currently a driving force for economic growth in lndonesia, this can be seen from the increasing number of MSME actors who open businesses through social media pages. The economic empowerment program for Muslims is also being developed by the government and is expected to be implemented well. The research method used is descriptive qualitative based on events, and social conditions in the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the progress of MSMEs towards the Islamic economy in lndonesia. The results of the study show that MSMEs play an important role in the progress of the Islamic economy in Indonesia.
Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Kualitas Pelayanan, dan Harga terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen dalam Membeli Produk Fashion Muslim di E-Commerce Tokopedia pada Mahasiswa Institut Pesantren KH. Abdul Chalim
Authors: Laili Dinda Nur , Sundari Sundari
Published: February 2025

One of the main roles of the internet in the economics aspect is in online buying and selling activities or commonly known as e-commerce. Tokopedia e-commerce is an e-commerce that is experiencing quite rapid growth in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of product quality, service quality, and price partially or simultaneously on consumer satisfaction in buying muslim fashion products in Tokopedia e-commerce for the students at the Institute Pesantren KH. Abdul Chalim. This type of research is a quantitative research with a survey method. Data collection was carried out through the questionnaire method. The total population that became the research subject was 1,649 and the number of samples was 94 respondents. The analysis used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis technique. From the results of this study it was found that product quality partially had a negative and significant effect, service quality and price partially had a positive and significant effect. Then product quality, service quality, and price silmutaneously have a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction in buying muslim fashion products in Tokopedia e-commerce for students at the Institute Pesantren KH. Abdul Chalim. This is indicated by the calculated F value of 583,952 and the table F value of 2,71. The significance value is 0,000. This value indicates that the calculated F value > F table and a significance value < 0,05.
Microteaching Dalam Pembelajaran Kode Etik Profesi Hubungan Masyarakat Pada Mahasiswa Universitas Sunan Giri Surabaya
Authors: Firmanto Imam Subeki , El-Yunusi Muhammad Yusron Maulana , Aliyah Nailud Darojaatul
Published: February 2025

This study aims to examine the application of microteaching in learning the code of ethics of the public relations profession for students of Sunan Giri University Surabaya. The code of ethics of the public relations profession is an important aspect in shaping the professionalism of students who will later be involved in the public relations industry. Microteaching, as a teaching method focused on developing teaching skills in a short period of time, is expected to improve students' understanding and ability to apply the principles of the code of ethics in professional practice. This study was conducted using a descriptive quantitative approach to measure the effectiveness of microteaching in improving students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards the code of ethics of the public relations profession. The results showed that microteaching can increase students' understanding of the importance of the professional code of ethics, improve their communication skills, and strengthen their professionalism in public relations practice. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that microteaching is an effective method to introduce and deepen students' understanding of the code of ethics of the public relations profession.
Peran Keterampilan Human Relation Kepala Madrasah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Di MA Islamiyah Candi Sidoarjo
Authors: Mahmudah Nur , Mutmainah Mutmainah
Published: February 2025

Peran kepala madrasah sebagai edukator, supervisor, motivator yang harus melaksanakan pembinaan kepada para karyawan, dan para guru di madrasah yang dipimpinnya karena faktor manusia faktor sentral yang menentukan seluruh gerak aktivitas suatu organisasi, walau secangggih apapun teknologi yang dipergunakan tetap faktor manusia yang menentukannya. Setiap kepala madrasah juga dituntut untuk memiliki keterampilan manajerial. Keterampilan manajerial adalah kemampuan seseorang dalam mengelola sumber daya organisasi yang ditetapkan dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang telah ditentukan. Keterampilan manajerial ini diperlukan untuk melaksanakan tugas sebagai manajer dalam pendidikan secara efektif. Untuk mengetahui kinerja guru pada Madrasah Aliyah Islamiyah Tanggulangin Candi Sidoarjo.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui Peran dan faktor pendukung keterampilan  human  relation kepala madrasah dalam  meningkatkan  kinerja guru pada Madrasah Aliyah Islamiyah Tanggulangin  Candi Sidoarjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif.  Penelitian deskriptif yaitu jenis penelitian yang menggambarkan kondisi sebenarnya berdasarkan data yang ada di lapangan.
Peran Keterampilan manajerial kepemimpinan yang dilakukan oleh Kepala MA.Islamiyah Tanggulangin Candi Sidoarjo terhadap guru melalui manajerial human skill yaitu dengan dilakukannya komunikasi formal atau resmi yaitu melakukan rapat koodinasi dengan para wakil kepala, guru dan seluruh   guru . Dalam acara itu peran pimpinan memberikan pengarahan, instruksi, dan petunjuk terhadap para guru dan   guru  untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kerjanya.
The State of good governance amongst barangays: The case of Jolo municipality
Authors: Tan Ayesha-Rema
Published: February 2025

This study explores the perceptions of local governance in the barangays of Jolo, Sulu, Philippines, focusing on the effectiveness of barangay-level governance in delivering basic social services. We surveyed residents to assess their views on key governance dimensions: Accountability, Direction, Fairness, Legitimacy & Voice, and Performance. The findings reveal generally positive perceptions, with respondents rating most aspects as "Good" or "Very Good," suggesting a high level of trust in local leaders. However, the study also uncovers a complex relationship between socioeconomic factors and perceptions of governance. While demographic factors such as gender, age, and civil status did not significantly influence perceptions, educational attainment and income did, with lower-income respondents expressing more favorable views than their higher-income counterparts. This finding challenges the expected positive correlation between good governance and income distribution, as posited by Nguyen et al. (2019). Furthermore, the study revealed strong positive correlations among the different governance dimensions, highlighting their interconnectedness and the potential for positive spillover effects. These findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach to local governance, emphasizing the need for inclusive strategies that address the diverse needs of the community, particularly in relation to socioeconomic factors. The research advocates for further investigation into the factors influencing these perceptions, particularly in relation to income levels and educational backgrounds, to inform targeted interventions that enhance local governance effectiveness and community engagement.
The Role of Plant-Based Diets in Preventing Chronic Diseases: Current Trends and Evidence
Authors: Elizawarda Elizawarda
Published: February 2025

Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease and cancer are major challenges in global public health. Unhealthy diets, such as the consumption of foods high in saturated fat and low in fiber, contribute to the increasing prevalence of these diseases. Research shows that plant-based diets have significant potential in the prevention of these chronic diseases, thanks to their high fiber, antioxidant and phytonutrient content and low saturated fat. In addition to the health benefits, plant-based diets also support environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, land use and natural resources compared to animal-based food production. While the adoption of plant-based diets is gaining popularity, challenges such as nutritional misconceptions, limited access to plant-based foods and cultural barriers need to be overcome. Stronger education and supportive public policies, such as subsidizing plant-based products and taxing animal products, are essential to expand their impact. Plant-based diets are not only a personal health solution, but also part of a global strategy to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing food security. This study aims to comprehensively explore the dynamics of adoption of plant-based diets as a chronic disease prevention strategy and its impact on health and the environment
Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration in Education Management to Achieve SDGs 2030
Authors: Abdurrahim M. Iqbal
Published: February 2025

This study aims to identify effective collaboration models in improving the quality of education, as well as assessing their impact on the achievement of SDG 4 (Quality Education) educational goals. This article aims to analyze the roles and challenges of collaboration between various stakeholders in effective education management efforts to support the achievement of the 2030 SDGs. In terms of research methods, the approach used is qualitative with case studies to explore in depth the roles and experiences of stakeholders in educational collaboration. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews with representatives from the government sector, the private sector, NGOs, and the community, as well as focus group discussions (FGD). The results of the study show that there are several effective collaboration models in improving education management, including cooperation between the government, the private sector, and the community. This collaboration has been proven to accelerate the achievement of SDG 4, by improving access and quality of education, as well as the relevance of curricula at various levels of education. However, the study also identified various factors that were inhibiting, such as a lack of coordination between stakeholders and differences in priorities between sectors
The Global Food Crisis and its Impact on Nutritional Adequacy in Developing Countries
Authors: Mustika lubbis Mitra
Published: February 2025

The global food crisis afflicting developing countries is further exacerbated by dependence on food imports, which makes these countries highly vulnerable to fluctuations in international food prices. This dependence limits the access of people, especially the poor, to nutritious food and hinders the development of local food production. Disparities in food distribution and climate change affecting agricultural yields also exacerbate food security problems. Malnutrition, especially among children and pregnant women, is widespread, threatening the quality of future generations. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and focus  group discussions (FGDs) to explore the impact of the food crisis on nutritional adequacy in developing countries. The findings show that solutions that can reduce dependence on food imports include policies that support the diversification of local food production, strengthening the agricultural sector, and implementing agricultural technology adaptive to climate change. In addition, access to nutritious food and appropriate interventions for vulnerable groups are needed to address malnutrition. This research emphasizes the importance of equitable food distribution policies and adequate infrastructure to improve food security and the quality of life of people in developing countries
The Role of Digital Technology in Improving Nutrition Education for Millennials and Generation Z
Authors: Nursiah Andi
Published: February 2025

Digital technology has brought about a revolution in personalized nutrition for Millennials and Z generations, who increasingly rely on artificial intelligence (AI)-based apps for dietary recommendations tailored to individual needs. These apps analyze personal data such as weight, height, physical activity and food preferences to provide more relevant advice. Devices such as smartwatches also help track diet and healthy living habits. However, challenges related to data privacy and security are still major issues that require strict regulation. On the other hand, digital technology is also expanding access to nutrition education through more interactive e-learning platforms, webinars and digital modules, enabling more enjoyable and effective learning. In addition, online communities that support healthy lifestyles are growing in popularity, providing motivation and useful information. Gamification approaches in nutrition education also help encourage active participation with diet challenges and virtual rewards. However, the digital divide in remote areas remains a major obstacle in ensuring equitable access. This research aims to explore the role of digital technology in improving nutrition awareness among the younger generation, using a qualitative approach through phenomenological and case study studies. The findings are expected to provide insights into the potential and challenges of using technology in nutrition education as well as recommendations for more inclusive and safe development
Redesigning design : the missals of Christopher Plantin and the Giunta family (1570-1589)
Authors:   , Fragua Valdivieso Jorge
Published: February 2025

This dissertation is an interdisciplinary research that applies a quantitative methodology to evaluate the graphic quality of the Reformed Missal printed by Cristóbal Plantin and the Giunta family between 1570 and 1589. The study focuses on the first years of production, which were crucial for the graphic development of this liturgical text and is set in a historical context marked by the Catholic Reformation and the political and economic influence of the Court of Philip II and the Vatican. The research is based on three fundamental principles: obtaining historiographical data on the object of study, understanding the context of production, and a detailed reading of the documentation relating to the creation of the missal. In order to understand the graphic evolution of the Missal, the analysis focused on the editions produced by Plantin and the Giunta family, making visual comparisons of the graphic structure of each. The analysis showed that the Plantin missal was more in line with the requirements of the Vatican and Pope Philip II, both in terms of graphic structure and historical documentation. The Giunta family editions, on the other hand, although they had a wider distribution network, were more unstable in their structure and less consistent with the graphic models and documentary requirements. A key finding of the research is that the form and structure of the missal responded to a historical-cultural context defined by these institutions. In summary, the analysis shows how the historical context and political decisions influenced the production and graphic evolution of the Reformed Missal.
Public interiors : sites of encounters for the urban and the interior
Authors:   , Poot Tine
Published: February 2025

In our everyday journeys through the city, we often encounter a particular kind of interior space that is publicly accessible but does not fit the traditional definition of public space. You can walk through these spaces to get from A to B. You might stop for a coffee, a meal or to meet with friends. They are often adjacent to other public spaces and can be lively and bustling or surprisingly quiet and empty. As a researcher trained in the design disciplines of interior architecture and urbanism, I discovered that these spaces occupy a marginal position in both interior and urban discourse. I conceptualize them as public interiors. These spaces of betweenness blur traditional spatial binaries, such as interior vs. exterior, public vs. private, and even disciplinary boundaries. In my PhD, I explore how designers can approach public interiors from both urban and interior perspectives. This interdisciplinary perspective bridges the realities of interior architects and urbanists, offering an alternative view of urban public space. The perspective is structured around a framework of thematic lenses that highlights key concepts, such as transition, movement, time, copresence, control, shell/capsule, and program. These lenses enable designers to focus on the phenomena that are unique to public interiors, enhancing their awareness of ambivalence and encouraging them to embrace the complexities and overlaps that define these spaces. The framework also provides a method for shifting between interior and urban scales, allowing designers to understand the broader influence of their work. To test this framework, I conducted a case study on the arcades or galleries of Brussels. The arcade typology can be seen as a precursor to many patterns and tendencies observed in today’s public interiors. Brussels provides a unique context, as the arcade type was not only a model for urban development projects but also became solidified within the city’s architectural landscape, continuing to thrive long after its decline elsewhere. My research revealed that the design of Brussels’ galleries was often a deliberate urban strategy to encourage movement and connectivity between city districts. These arcades function as multi-scalar spaces, linking broader political, social, and economic systems. They also provide inclusive localities for marginalized groups, showcasing the collision of diverse ideas about the city and the many ways public interiors are inhabited and reinterpreted.
Facilitating The Successful Communication and Knowledge Acquisition of Students with Unique Needs in Virtual Environments. Formal Education Entails Gaining Information and Competence Via Classroom Study
Authors: Laila Jamroz
Published: February 2025

Virtual reality (VR) encompasses a range of technology advancements that allow people to actively participate and interact with computer-generated three-dimensional "worlds" or "environments." These virtual settings have significant promise for including digital replicas of urban landscapes, architectural structures, scenic routes, and molecular structure models. Debates arose in the early 1990s over the possible integration of virtual reality (VR) in educational environments. Bricken (1991) asserts that throughout that period, there was a prevailing conviction in the development of unique and influential learning settings that surpassed all other surroundings. Following that, a growing group of scholars specialising in virtual reality (VR) has sought to investigate the possible advantages of this technology in various educational settings, spanning from basic to advanced training. This article briefly discusses the potential benefits of integrating virtual reality (VR) technology into educational settings. Through the utilisation of virtual reality (VR), individuals have the opportunity to participate in highly authentic simulated scenarios, allowing them to enhance and perfect their interpersonal communication skills in controlled and supervised environments. This article provides an account of four studies undertaken by the Virtual Reality Applications Research Team and their collaborators in the subject of special needs education, starting in 1991. The focus of these studies was primarily on the application of virtual reality in this sector. The field of inquiry focuses on the creation and evaluation of applications specifically built for virtual environments. The main objective is to improve the daily independence of individuals with learning and communication difficulties.
ساختیات و پس ساختیات نظریاتی مباحث
Authors: محمد عبداللہ رضا  , قرۃالعین  , ڈاکٹر رابعہ  سرفراز
Published: February 2025

Criticism started clinch the epoch of Aristotle. Theorizing is of fundamental importance in the process of criticism. Structuralism is also a concept similar to Karl Marx’s Marxism or communism, Darwin' evolution and Sigmund Fried's Psychoanalysis. Because a theory has several ideas behind itself as if it is an organized structure of many ideas and concepts. Ferdinand De Saussure presented the idea of Structuralism and introduced it as a linguistic concept. He was born at Geneva Switzerland in 1857 and died in 1913.the lectures that he delivered at the university of Geneva were published in book form by his two students Charles Bailey and Albert Shelley under the title 'The Course of Linguistic Study' in 1916 after three years of his death. French theorists introduced his theory in all subjects of social sciences including literature. furthermore, a theorist named Levi Strauss gave a formal impetus to his theory and applied it to literature.
Key word: Structuralism, code, Simbel, text, linguistics, Social Science
Islamic and Western Ideology of Democracy: A Comparative and Analytical Study
Authors: Tooba Khalid  , Dr. Muhammad Sajjad Malik  , Siddiqua Aslam Qureshi
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the theoretical foundations and practical manifestations of democracy are to be explored in the context of Islamic and Western thought. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast the conceptions of democracy in these two distinct cultural and philosophical traditions. This paper sheds light on Islamic political thought, explaining the principles of governance as defined in the Qur'an, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence. It explores the concepts of shura (consultation), ijma (consensus) and musleh (public interest) as fundamental elements of Islamic governance, highlighting their compatibility with democratic principles. The study examines the practical implementation of democracy in both Islamic and Western contexts, examining case studies from countries with Muslim-majority populations as well as Western democracies. It examines the challenges and opportunities faced in adapting democratic ideals into functional political systems within these diverse cultural environments. Through this comparative analysis, this paper explores similarities, differences and possible points of convergence between Islamic and Western ideals of democracy. Tries to clarify. It offers insight into how cultural, historical and religious factors shape the concept and practice of democracy, ultimately contributing to a critical understanding of democratic theory and its application in diverse socio-political contexts.
                       Keywords: Democracy, Islamic and Western Thought, Islamic Political Thought, Religious Factors, Socio-Political
Exploring The Linguistic Landscape of Arabian Gulf Countries Through Analysis of Flag Designs: A Study of Language Use and Identity
Authors: Waheed Shahzad  , Nabeela Tabassum  , Dr. Muhammad Anwar Farooq  , Dr. Majid Rashid
Published: February 2025

Every country aspires to expand and achieve greater success. The flags serve as a symbol of national embelm as well as for international identity by other countries, The flags are a manifestation of a country’s history and serve as a symbol of resilience and shared experience, uniting people under a common banner, that is why it is more than just a simple dyeing and printing job. The aim of this study is to close this gap by performing a semiotic analysis of the flags of Arabian Gulf Countries, with an emphasis on the function of multimodal discourse in creating connections and meanings. Research aims to investigate how different semiotic aspects are interlinked and mix in flags to create identity appeal and meaning, as well as how flags are important in defining a nation's identity. A range of qualitative research methods, such as comparative analysis and thematic analysis, are used in the study to draw patterns, themes, and insights from the data. For this study, samples of flags were chosen, including Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Iraq, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Qualitative analysis techniques are employed to interpret the collected data. There are several themes that are discussed here which include importance of flags based on: the first one is Islamic Identity, the second is the cultural presentiveness, third is national identity, fourth is historical legacy, fifth is regional cooperation and lastly, political change. Create a flag that stands out/ is unique and reflects the culture, history, values and is a proud symbol of national identity for its nation. By utilizing distinctive symbols, fonts, or design components, you may differentiate your flag from others and make it extremely easy to recognize. The flag design can be improved through iterative testing by considering responses from the real world. Create a flag that stands out/ is unique and reflects the culture, history, values and is a proud symbol of national identity for its nation. By utilizing distinctive symbols, fonts, or design components, you may differentiate your flag from others and make it extremely easy to recognize. The flag design can be improved through iterative testing by considering the five themes that the researcher found from the findings. It is crucial to gather feedback from focus groups or target customers in order to assess the logo's effectiveness.
Keywords: flag, national identity, qualitative analysis, symbols, semiotic analysis, theme, comparison etc.
رضیہ سجاد ظہیر اور عصمت چغتائی کی خاکہ نگاری کا موازنہ
Authors: Ayaz Ali Jarah  , Dr. Shazra Hussain  , Perwaiz Ahmed
Published: February 2025

Razia Sajjad Zaheer and Ismat Chughtai are both big names in Urdu literature. And has an important place. As much as they have gained popularity among people, most women have not been able to make their name and place alive and immortal in this way in literature. Razia Sajjad Zaheer was born in Ajmer on 15th October 1918. She was a member of Progressive movement and was a writer of a very high standard, etc. and succeeded in bringing her name to the front page in every genre. She was honored with the Sovietland Nehru Award and the Uttar Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award. Razia Sajjad Zaheer died in Delhi on 18 December 1979 ۔While Ismat Chughtai was born on 21 August 1915 in Uttar Pradesh. Ismat Chughtai is also a fiction writer and a novelist, biographer and an excellent cartoonist. His brother Mirza Azim Baig Chughtai was also a good writer and was famous for comic writing. He died in ۔1991 at the age of 77. Ismat Chughtai was a member of the progressive movement and received the Ghalib Award in 1948 and the Film fare Award in 1975.Both of them has served in all genres of literature. But we will review the sketching and writing of both.
Keywords: Raziz Sajjad, Ismat Chaghatai, Sketch writing, Progressive movement, fiction
بین المتونیت
Authors: محمد شہزاد انجم  , حمزہ محبوب  , ڈاکٹر رابعہ سرفراز
Published: February 2025

Exploring the Significance of Intertextuality in Contemporary Discourse Intertextuality, a term coined by literary theorist Julia Kristeva, has emerged as a fundamental concept in contemporary discourse across various mediums. It delves into the intricate connections and references between different texts, shedding light on the interwoven nature of literary, cinematic, and artistic creations. This article aims to delve into the multifaceted significance of intertextuality, examining its role in shaping narratives, fostering creativity, and enriching cultural discourse.At its core, intertextuality underscores the idea that no text exists in isolation; rather, it is influenced and shaped by the texts that precede it. This notion challenges traditional notions of authorship and originality, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between texts and the ongoing dialogue within cultural and literary spheres.
Keywords: Intertexuality, Literature, Art, Culture, Relationships, Languages, Texts, Analysis, Interpretation Themtic, Historical, Intertextual Connections, Intertemporal, Translation Evolution.
Putin Doctrine in Russian Foreign Policy, Challenges for us
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Naveed Ul Hasan Shah  , Shumaila Abbas  , Dr. Ibrar Hussain
Published: February 2025

The main guidelines and orientations of Russia’s foreign policy include a set of principles and strategies known as the Putin Doctrine developed by Russian President Vladimir Putin. As it goes without saying, being concentrated on the problems which the Putin Doctrine poses to the USA, this work introduced a clear method on how to study the subject and its impact on political relations in global level. In the given work, to explore the theoretical propositions outlined in the Putin Doctrine, the stages of development, and the principles of the Putin Doctrine, the information garnered from official governmental sources, academic journals, and primary documents is used. For an understanding of how the Doctrine has influenced the decisions of the Russian foreign policy and led to the aggressive actions in the cyber space, the Middle East, and in Eastern Europe. The research also measures the influence of the Putin Doctrine on the relations with the United States and Russia that includes conflicts and disagreements that come from actor interest and objectives. In this context, the article tries to look at policy measures over one to five US administrations to know whether there are outcomes out there that might in some way help mend US-Russian relations and in enhancing stability in a world of more polarity. The present study also analyses the effects of Putin Doctrine on the global security along with safety and peace, diplomacy as well as the process of extending alliance and other procedures to resolve the issues, if any. Based on the found out policy implications of the Putin Doctrine and defining the potential of the approaching century world politics, the article identifies the policy implications and the future research opportunities for the topic.
Keywords: Putin’s Doctrine, International Security, Diplomatic Engagement, Policy Implications
Book review: Positive Leadership: Using Positive Psychology for a Better Workplace Culture (Management, Change, Strategy, and Positive Psychology) by Merethe Dronnen
Authors: Tabak Zoltan
Published: February 2025

This book review examines "Positive Leadership: Using Positive Psychology for a Better Workplace Culture" by Merethe Dronnen and its application of positive psychology in the workplace. The review highlights the book's focus on practical activities and interventions for leaders to create a positive work environment. It also discusses the book's structure and the introduction of the MEGA IMPACT framework for positive leadership. While the book delivers on its promises, the review notes the lack of critical discussion regarding the scientific basis of positive psychology, particularly the positivity ratio concept. The reviewer, a corporate trainer and team leader, finds value in the book's concepts and techniques for enhancing leadership practices and overall workplace well-being. The review recommends the book to busy managers seeking practical tools and ideas.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Conversations of Kenya’s Competence Based Curriculum
Authors: Achuodho Victor Omondi
Published: February 2025

Since the inception of Kenya’s new education system named the Kenya Competence Based Curriculum (KCBC) in 2017, there have been several debates and conversations about it from scholars and stakeholders in the country. The present paper’s aim is to unearth the perceptions and challenges of Kenya’s new education system that are revealed from the conversations of the education stakeholders in Kenya. The researcher relies on the tenets of van Dijk’s Ideological Square, an approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), in the qualitative analysis of the data obtained from the talk show conversations of selected media stations in Kenya; two private owned and one government owned. The conversations were obtained from YouTube channels of the three media stations. The panelists from the selected stations comprised of legislators, educationists, private school owners and a representative of the teachers’ unions. The findings reveal that whereas the new curriculum is greatly celebrated by some stakeholders, fundamental questions regarding its origin, design and implementation remain a puzzle to others, who view it as an expensive venture that catalyzes the exacerbation of class, power and identity struggles in the country.
Operation of Bozsik Institutional Programme in Hungary, focus on Cegléd city in Pest county
Authors: Széchenyi Márton , Révész-Kiszela Kinga
Published: February 2025

The research aims to present and evaluate the operation of Bozsik Institutional Programme in Hungary with a particular focus onCegléd, Pest County. Study is based on comprehensive data from the past five years, employing document analysis and behavioural overview to investigate the following: 1. Bozsik Institutional Programme (BIP) was initiated in 2011, with its predecessor being the Children's Football Association, which was reformed by leaderships. Before that, the program was known as the Goliath McDonald's Cup. 2. In 2022, 123.000 children were involved in the programme. This year, on a national level, the Bozsik Institutional Programme has successfully integrated a total of 265 regions, reaching 134,000 children so the number of them is increasing by 8,9%. 3. The programme provides financial incentives for institutions and educators in various categories. 4. In Cegléd, 16 institutions (five schools and 11 kindergartens) are now part of the programme, involving 555 children. In Cegléd, BIP employs 21 group leaders, six schoolteachers, and 15 kindergarten teachers. Among the programme staff, 18 hold qualifications organized by the Hungarian Football Federation (MLSZ), while 3 do not. The results, based on comprehensive documentation and on-site visits, indicate that BIP has a significant impact on the education system, there are disparities between documented and actual activities. Therefore, it is essential to continue the training of educators and strengthen the role of grassroots coordinators. The analysis underscores the critical importance of BIP in increasing physical activity among young people and supporting school readiness, offering valuable insights for the broader research field exploring the impact of the Bozsik Institutional Program. Consequently, further efforts are required to enhance the efficiency of the system and promote the involvement of more children and institutions in the programme.
Experiential Pedagogy as a Non-formal Education Method in Teacher Education and Training.
Authors: Petzné dr. Tóth Szilvia
Published: February 2025

In a rapidly changing world, there is a need for continuous innovation in teaching-learning processes. The fast-changing world ofeducation and learning is constantly changing. The focus has shifted from lexical knowledge to the ability to continuously acquire knowledge throughout life. Learning environments and methods are also undergoing a renewal. There is a need to actively involve the learner in the learning process, rather than passively listening and receiving. Through practical’s, workshops or projects, students can gain hands-on experience and deepen their theoretical knowledge. Research in previous years has shown that students encounter formal education, including frontal class work, most during their own studies. This lack of differentiation is not conducive to learning processes. Non-formal education methods offer an alternative that makes the educational process more adaptable, more personalized. One of the possibilities is experiential education. Experiential education is always based on active, cooperative action and focuses on solving problems modelled on real life situations. Experience is therefore not interested in lexical knowledge in the classical sense. The focus is on the individual and personal development through challenging situations and a high level of collaboration, including the use of digital tools. In the field of teacher education, it is essential to strengthen students' commitment to learning and self-development, which they can later use in their own profession. This study presents the possibilities of this teaching method, its forms of expression, its digital toolbox, its tried and tested good practices and its measurement results in the field of teacher education and training.Measurements have been carried out in recent years on several themes and aspects. Attitude and performance measurement has also been focused on what methods and tools students know and prefer, and the results of the pilot courses have been measured.
The Possibilities of Non-formal Learning and Teaching in Technical Education
Authors: Márföldi Anna , Nagy Zsolt
Published: February 2025

With the increasing importance of lifelong learning, the concepts of learning and education have evolved and expanded alongside the advancements in technology, technical tools, and systems. As learning spaces and forms have become more diverse, their dimensions also required redefinition and rethinking. Non-formal learning has gained increasing prominence in educational processes, particularly playing a crucial role in technical education. In the realm of technical education, non-formal learning can manifest in numerous forms. Through industrial practices, workshop activities, or projects, students can gain tangible experiences and deepen their theoretical knowledge. This type of learning helps foster creative thinking and problem-solving skills among students. The digitalization trend has also infiltrated this educational form. Technological advancements and the COVID situation further reinforce the prominence of these educational and learning approaches.
Research is being conducted in a corporate environment to examine mandatory occupational safety training, involving a micro-survey of 100 participants divided into 50-person groups under non-formal and formal educational frameworks. The topic revolves around mandatory occupational safety training. Non-formal tools included the use of a safety corridor as a new educational space, web-based, AR-driven content, and tangible resources. Students can learn at their own pace, select topics of interest, or relevant to their professional goals. However, in this method, assessment techniques need restructuring to prepare and sensitize students for the new learning process to enhance the efficiency of the learning process.
Formal education involved knowledge transfer through presentations and lecturing formats. The research proved that non-formal, quality, practice-oriented education should not be confined solely to formal schooling but should encompass both formal and non-formal educational and learning activities. This research provides significant assistance, tools, ideas, and methods for instructors to ensure sustainable technical education in the field of occupational safety throughout practical training.
Millennials as Religious Tolerance Agents
Authors: Wijaya Roma
Published: February 2025

The 21st century is known to the public as the millennium era or the millennial generation. People who fall into this group are those born around the 1980s and 1990s, even up to the 2000s. The dynamics of social change experienced by the millennial dynasty is that it is routinely dominated by technology, especially the internet and smartphones. Millennials' morals and behavior experience abstract patterns, because they imitate from the internet, especially social media ranging from Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and others. Supposedly, the triumph of technology today is a tool to realize religious tolerance. However, until now the phenomenon of intolerance is still rolling like a ball that is always contested. This article aims to explore the social dynamics of millennial groups who become agents of implementing religious tolerance values. This paper uses a descriptive-analytic approach. The result is Millennials who are considered proficient in internet technology based on social media utilize it to access and disseminate to the public content with tolerance nuances. In addition to accessing accounts or websites based on tolerance values such as UNOY, YIPC, Peace Generation, and so on. Millennials can also create personal accounts or websites with cultural, racial, political, and religious diversity content. Instead of accessing or spreading hateful posts to each other.