bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Codetype Agreement between MMPI-2 and Estimated MMPI Profiles in Chemically Dependent Inpatients
Authors: Ladd Jon S.
Published: August 2011

The extent of codetype agreement between the revised version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and estimated MMPI profiles was examined in a sample of 121 inpatients being treated for chemical dependence, primarily alcoholism. Rates of codetype agreement among the entire sample and various subsamples are comparable to those reported elsewhere derived for different samples and using different methods. Implications for MMPI-2 codetype interpretation are discussed.
On the Assessment of Thought Disorder from the Rorschach
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

While the Rorschach has been proven useful in assessing severity of thought disorder, the assessment of extent of thought disorder evidenced in any one protocol is made subjectively, that is, on the basis of clinical impression. Objective methods for assessing thought disorder on the Rorschach were reviewed and evaluated. Problems in the development of such methods which have limited their psychometric efficiency were discussed, and possible solutions of these problems were suggested. Since severity of thought disorder relates to prognosis and treatment, the further exploration of more effective ways of assessing thought disorder by the Rorschach seems warranted.
Attitudes toward War in Adolescents
Authors: Pacifico Corinne , Lester David
Published: August 2011

180 college students did not differ from 31 high school students in positive attitudes toward war or cynicism. College students held, however, less patriotic attitudes.
Early Intervention for Preschoolers with Developmental Delays: The Case for Increased Child Collaboration
Authors: Goodman Joan F.
Published: August 2011

In this article are analyzed the four following premises that explain why early intervention programs for preschool children with mental retardation (and other disabilities) have tended to adopt a teacher-directed “cultural transmission” or remedial model of education, whereas preschool programs for children without disabilities have generally preferred a more child-directed “developmental” model. (1) The purpose of early intervention is to accelerate and remediate, rather than support, cognitive growth. (2) Learning and accountability are maximized by specific instructional objectives written into educational plans rather than by encouraging children's own constructivist efforts. (3) Children with retardation are defective, not just slow but otherwise normal and so require extensive adult direction. (4) Research findings are favorable rather than ambiguous towards demonstrating the effectiveness of existing instructional methods. The four premises are reviewed and critiqued. It is concluded that there is sufficient doubt about the cultural transmission remedial model to justify further expansion of the developmental approach in early intervention programs, at least for some children in some areas. Changes in attitudes and practices that such an expansion would entail are discussed.
Revised Neo Personality Inventory Profiles of Narcissistic and Nonnarcissistic People
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Detwiler Fred R. J. , Byravan Anupama
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory against the Revised NEO Personality Inventory to test the hypothesis that narcissistic and nonnarcissistic people have different personality profiles The two inventories were administered to 96 male and 92 female undergraduates Multivariate as well as univariate analyses of variance indicated that the Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles were significantly different for narcissistic and nonnarcissistic groups which supported the construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.
Interview Duration, Interpersonal Attraction, and Hiring Decisions
Authors: Stone Nancy J. , Winfrey Steven
Published: August 2011

Length of the interview, applicants' behavior, and interview strategy were manipulated to investigate their interactive effects on ratings and hiring decisions. 202 students viewed either a short or long interview in which the applicant displayed inappropriate or appropriate behaviors and responded to questions which either covered a variety of topics or requested more detail on topics questioned in the beginning of the interview. The behavioral manipulation affected all ratings. Interestingly, interview duration and interview strategy independently affected ratings of qualifications. These results suggest that interview duration, interview strategy, and applicants' behavior may have additive effects on perceptions of qualifications.
Preferences for Religious or Nonreligious Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Privette Gayle , Quackenbos Stephen , Bundrick Charles M.
Published: August 2011

Religious values in counseling and preferences for religious or secular counseling were investigated in two geographic areas. Over-all, 164 respondents distinguished religious from secular counseling and endorsed the importance of religious issues and the availability of counseling which can deal with religious issues. 51 preferred religious counseling. Small minorities expressed biases against religious or nonreligious counseling. Counseling preferences were based on the type of problem: religious counseling was preferred for marriage and family problems, and nonreligious counseling was preferred for mental illness and addiction, but religious and nonreligious counseling were equally chosen for depression. Frequency of church attendance was broadly related to preferences for religious and nonreligious counseling.
Relationship of Job Stressors to Job Performance: Linear or an Inverted-U?
Authors: Abramis David J.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the potential positive effects of stressors on job performance by examining the shape of the relation between stressors and job performance. The 281 respondents were a demographically and organizationally heterogeneous group from the Detroit area, who were employed during the study. They were given four structured in-home interviews, approximately 6 weeks apart, over a period of 18 weeks. Interviews were also conducted with a significant other, nominated by each respondent from work life. Stressors examined were role ambiguity, role conflict, and job insecurity. Strains, also examined as potential stressors, were job dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and anger. Technical and social aspects of respondents' job performance were measured separately, as were absenteeism and tardiness. All zero-order Pearson correlations were either statistically significant and in predicted directions or essentially zero. All relationships were monotonic, suggesting that, for these stressors, their optimal amounts are generally zero. Results are discussed in terms of arousal and activation, information-processing, and expectancy theory.
Effects of Gun Control on Homicide in Canada
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

Data from Canada from 1969 to 1985 showed that the passage of a stricter firearms control law in 1977 was associated with a decrease in the use of firearms for homicide but an increase in the use of all other methods for homicide.
Reliability of Children's Self-Esteem Assessment: What I Think about Myself
Authors: Kosmoski Georgia J. , Pollack Dennis R. , Estep Sondra G.
Published: August 2011

The reliability coefficients for the What I Think About Myself were computed in a test-retest design for 277 suburban elementary students. For all students rtt was .93. For Grades 1 through 5 significant values ranged from .75 to .96.
Patterns of Priority in Careers among Managerial and Professional Women in Bulgaria: Costs of the Mommy Track?
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Kotzeva Tatyana , Todorova Irina , McKeen Carol A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined correlates of patterns of priority in careers, anchored at the extremes by career-primary and career-family orientations, among 218 managerial and professional women in Bulgaria. Data were collected using anonymously completed questionnaires to replicate similar research conducted in Canada. Career-family women were more likely to be married, have more children, work fewer extra hours per week, been with a present employer for a longer period of time and reported less job involvement than did career-primary women. There were no differences on job and career satisfaction or on measures of psychological well-being. Many of the relationships present in the Canadian sample were absent in the Bulgarian sample.
A Confluent Model of Outcomes for Adult Children of Alcoholics: Implications for Assessment, Treatment, and Research
Authors: Seefeldt Richard W. , Lyon Mark A.
Published: August 2011

Current conceptions of adult children of alcoholics do not account for recent suggestions that characteristics used to describe them are not valid. These conceptions do not explain the documented heterogeneity with regard to life and therapeutic outcomes. In this paper, an alternative model of outcomes is formulated. This model is based on self-schema theory, behavioral self-regulation and self-efficacy, the influences of the “ecological environment,” and objective signs and subjective symptoms of dysfunction. It is argued that the model provides a better “fit” to the empirical data concerning outcomes and carries implications for assessment, treatment, and research.
Prevalence of Prior Adult Sexual Contact in a Sample of Adolescent Male Sex Offenders
Authors: Zgourides George , Monto Martin , Harris Richard
Published: August 2011

The present study provides data on the prevalence of prior adult sexual contact among a sample of 47 adolescent male sex offenders and 109 male nonoffenders. Offenders (61.7%) reported a higher rate of sexual touching by an adult than did nonoffenders (19.3%).
The Dynamics of Managed Mental Health Care
Authors: Herron William G. , Adlerstein Lydia K.
Published: August 2011

Presented here is an exploration of the motivations involved in the development and application of managed mental health care to the private practice of outpatient psychotherapy. The interaction of management policy and psychotherapy is conceptualized in a dynamic model designed to provide insights into effective care policies. The model is described first, then the development of managed care, which appears defensive and is becoming symptomatic to the point of needing significant change. It is suggested that management policies providing choices of therapists and therapies will be the most effective in addressing ethical, fiscal, and psychological concerns of funders, consumers, and providers.
Comments on a Process for Identifying Stages of Dementia in Residents of Nursing Facilities
Authors: Williams Robert B. , Swift Michael B.
Published: August 2011

This paper gives a description of how items of the Global Deterioration Scale's Brief Cognitive Rating Scale and Functional Assessment Staging can be verified by reviewing specific sections and items of the Minimum Data Set for Nursing Facility Resident Assessment and Care Screening which is completed annually and updated every three months or when significant changes in health occur. A likely outcome of such comparisons is improved understanding of the cognitive and functional status of residents with dementia and other medical conditions.
Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Level of Care and Utilization Survey
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Mirilli Edward , Ahr Paul R.
Published: August 2011

A level-of-care instrument was developed for individuals with severe mental illness. A random sample of 300 patients residing in two state hospitals and a state-operated nursing home was used to test the concurrent validity and reliability of the instrument. Analysis indicated excellent test-retest reliability, good split-half reliability, adequate internal consistency, and reasonable concurrent validity. Thus, the questionnaire may provide a base for clinicians and administrators responsible for designing programs and health-care systems of treatment in the least restrictive environment possible.
Trigger Pulling for Monetary Reinforcements by a Single Subject during Ninety-Nine Ten-Minute Sessions
Authors: Mawhinney Thomas C.
Published: August 2011

Reinforcement maximization by identifying and following switching rules that occurred on conFR/VI-10 sec. reinforcement schedules did not occur when the subject experienced conFR/VI-20 sec. reinforcement schedules. Exclusive preference for the schedule with the lower valued N on conFR-N/FR-N schedules occurred as predicted by both matching and maximization theories of operant choice behavior. Additional research is required to assess the reliability of the phenomenon observed and factors upon which its occurrence may depend.
Ranking Police Stressors
Authors: Violanti John M. , Aron Fred
Published: August 2011

Police stressors were measured using Spielberger's Police Stress Survey with a sample of 103 police officers. Rankings of police stressors are discussed.
Social Desirability and Alexithymia
Authors: Fukunishi Isao
Published: August 2011

We examined the influence of alexithymia on social desirability among 215 Japanese college students. Alexithymic-scoring students who showed a lack of communicating their feelings to other people were likely to indicate higher scores on hostility and lower scores on social desirability. The scores on hostility were negatively correlated with those on social desirability. Recent studies have shown that alexithymia is positively correlated not only with neurotic and psychotic conditions but also with neuroticism. Unfavorable expression of hostile feelings by alexithymic-scoring students may be related to their lower scores on social desirability.
Chronicity of Symptoms in Combat Veterans with PTSD Treated by the VA Mental Health System
Authors: Frueh B. Christopher , Mirabella Robert F. , Chobot Keith , Fossey Mark D.
Published: August 2011

Self-report questionnaire data, collected at two stages of treatment, are presented for a group of 40 combat veterans with PTSD treated within the VA mental health system. Patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Mississippi Scale, and Dissociative Experiences Scale prior to treatment at a PTSD outpatient clinic and at midtreatment follow-up. Patients' symptom reports at follow-up were not correlated with length of time in treatment. Further, results suggest that patients' self-reported symptoms on these measures do not show evidence of improvement after entry into the VA mental health system. Explanations for this apparent chronicity of symptoms are discussed.
Performance by Gender in a Stop-Smoking Program Combining Hypnosis and Aversion
Authors: Johnson David L. , Karkut Richard T.
Published: August 2011

Increased rates of smoking initiation and smoking-related illness among women have narrowed the gender gap in smoking behavior. Past studies of performance by gender in prevention and treatment programs have reported reduced success with women and have suggested a need for stronger interventions having greater effects on both genders' smoking cessation. A field study of 93 male and 93 female CMHC outpatients examined the facilitation of smoking cessation by combining hypnosis and aversion treatments. After the 2-wk. program, 92% or 86 of the men and 90% or 84 of the women reported abstinence, and at 3-mo. follow-up, 86% or 80 of the men and 87% or 81 of the women reported continued abstinence. Although this field study in a clinical setting lacked rigorous measurement and experimental controls, the program suggested greater efficacy of smoking cessation by both sexes for combined hypnosis and aversion techniques.
Effects of Four Instrumental Variables on Survey Response
Authors: Pourjalali Hamid , Kimbrell Janet
Published: August 2011

The response rate in mail surveys has been steadily declining. This decline has led those who perform surveys to look for more cost-effective methods to increase response rates. Previous research has shown that a number of factors can influence the respondents and their response to survey questionnaires. This research extends the previous research by presenting the effect of a set of variables and their interactions on the response rate of a mail survey. These variables were perceived ethnicity and sex of the investigator, the formality of the covering letter, and the order of questions in the questionnaire. As in previous studies, findings suggest that the response rate increases when an informal letter is written to solicit the response and questions easier to respond to are first. This study yielded no significant difference in the response rate, however, when perceived race of investigator was African-American, white, or other than Spanish. The best response rate was obtained when an informal request covering letter was signed by an African-American female investigator and was accompanied by a questionnaire in which questions easier to respond to were put first.
Validity and Reliability Findings for an Experimental Short Form of the Wonderlic Personnel Test in an Academic Setting
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

For 225 undergraduates, scores on an untimed experimental short form of the Wonderlic Personnel Test were correlated .285 with grades. Three-week predictive validity against the Wonderlic test was .545 ( n = 86). Three-week test-retest and alternate-form reliabilities for the short form were .658 and .722 ( ns = 86, 85), respectively. The untimed short form is not judged to be superior to the original Wonderlic test in an academic setting.
Profiling Psychological Distortion in Alleged Child Molesters
Authors: Haywood Thomas W. , Kravitz Howard M. , Grossman Linda S. , Wasyliw Orest E.
Published: August 2011

Sex offenders frequendy show denial and distortion during forensic psychological evaluations, but research into assessment of rationalizations and cognitive distortions among sex offenders has been limited We examined patterns of psychological distortion in 59 alleged child molesters. We compared fake-good and fake-bad orientations on the MMPI with psychological distortion on the Multiphasic Sex Inventory questionnaire which assesses various psychosexual characteristics among sex offenders. Analysis indicated that distortion on the Multiphasic Sex Inventory indices of minimization and exaggeration was significantly associated with response-bias on the MMPI. Cognitive-distortion indices were highly influenced by response-bias. Admitters differed from deniers on scales with items requiring admission or denial of offenses. Caution is warranted in clinical interpretation of the validity scales of this questionnaire, which are of limited utility for deniers. Subtle items on cognitive-distortion indices may be useful in assessment of those who deny and should be subjected to further research.
Academic Procrastination among African-American College Students
Authors: Clark Jeffrey L. , Hill Oliver W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the generality to African-American college students of previous findings regarding the prevalence of students' procrastination and their reasons for procrastinating. The Procrastination Assessment Scale—Students of Solomon and Rothblum was administered to 184 African-American college students. This scale measures the frequency of procrastination on a variety of academic tasks as well as reasons for procrastinating on writing a term paper. A high number of subjects reported nearly always or always procrastinating on studying for examinations ( n = 52), writing a term paper ( n = 55), and reading weekly assignments ( n = 66). Also, a high number of subjects reported that such procrastination was nearly always or always a problem ( n = 60 for studying for exams, n = 46 for writing a term paper, and n = 63 for reading weekly assignments). Factor analysis of the reasons for procrastinating on writing a term paper identified two primary factors, Evaluation Anxiety and Task Aversiveness. These results are very similar to those obtained in 1984 by Solomon and Rothblum who examined procrastination among Caucasian students, suggesting that self-reported procrastination patterns are quite general among college students.
Responsibility for Eldercare: A Concern for Organizations?
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined responsibility for eldercare among 1608 employees of a single organization. Only 90 employees (5.6%) indicated such responsibilities. Women and men were equally likely to have eldercare responsibilities. The small percentage of employees having eldercare responsibilities reflected the relatively young age of the sample. While not a large problem for employees at present, as they and their parents age the firm may find increasing future need for policies and programs in this area.
Comparison of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire-Junior with an Adolescent Inpatient Sample
Authors: Siemen James R. , Warrington Craig A. , Mangano Elizabeth L.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation was undertaken to assess the correlation of scores on the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire—Junior. 9 adolescents (aged 15 to 17 years), on being admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility, were given the two inventories. Of the 20 categories on the Millon, scores on 10 were significantly correlated with scores on suicide ideation. High suicide ideators tended to experience school-related problems, report poor self-concept, have poor family rapport, and be overly sensitive. Results were discussed in light of the importance of finding a subtle and commonly administered assessment tool that would be useful for those who work with adolescents at risk for suicide.
Effect of General Self-Efficacy Expectancies on Performance Attributions
Authors: Watt Susan E. , Martin Paul R.
Published: August 2011

Self-efficacy is usually conceived of as specific to a situation; however, it has been proposed that self-efficacy across the individual's entire history of achievement experiences contributes to a general set of expectations of competence—general self-efficacy expectancy. Shelton suggested in 1990 that high general self-efficacy expectancy is the product of a history of more self-attributed successes than failures. Because attributions made for causes of performance can be biased by expectations, it is suggested here that level of general self-efficacy, as an expectation of personal competence, may be conserved through the attributionsl process. In a 2 × 2 group experimental design, 60 subjects received nonveridical feedback of either success or failure for a computer-generated response-latency task and then rated attributions for the cause of their performance against the Causal Dimension Scale, providing data for attributions on three dimensions. Perceived performance influenced attributions for both forms of self-efficacy, indicating that a self-serving bias operated in the attributional process to maintain high self-efficacy. The results confirm the basic assumption that there is a substantial, positive relationship between general and specific self-efficacy and shed some light on the processes of forming such judgments.
Factor Analysis of the General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Epstein Richard S. , Fullerton Carol S. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: August 2011

We present the factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire-60 as derived from a population of 2115 Army soldiers. An eight-factor principal components analysis provided the most clinically relevant solution and explained 58.0% of the variance. We distinguished two types of depressive symptomatology, suggesting the questionnaire may be useful in differentiating shame-ridden dysphoria from anergic disinterest.
Teachers' Views towards Participation in Educational Decision Making
Authors: Monyooe Lebusa A.
Published: August 2011

To examine views of graduate students on teachers' participation in educational decision making, 50 women and 40 men, whose ages ranged between 20 and 50 years, responded to a questionnaire. Upgrading resource facilities and providing specialized training in planning and development were said to be important in providing teachers skills to make informed decisions on educational matters.
Replication of Sujan's Attributional Analysis of Salespeople's Motivation to Work Smarter versus Harder
Authors: Harmon Harry A. , Brown Gene , Hammond Kevin L.
Published: August 2011

Several theoretical models are available to explain salespersons' performance. This research examined the model developed in 1986 by Sujan on failed sales effort and the effect of motivation on selling effort and strategy. The research reported here attempted to replicate the Sujan conclusions by examining the construct of failed sales effort from the sales manager's perspective. That is, if a salesperson is unsuccessful in obtaining an order, to what does the sales manager attribute the failure? The sales manager may believe the subordinate failed because of poor or ineffective selling strategies or possibly because the salesperson did not put forth enough effort. The survey research used a mail questionnaire with a sample of 158 sales managers employed by manufacturing organizations. Each sales manager considered the “average” salesperson and rated the extent the described behavior contributed to the failed effort. A factor analysis confirmed the factor loadings and assessed the reliability. The results indicate, in some cases, that sales managers perceive a different attributional style and motivation relationship for failed sales than do salespeople.
Levels of Psychopathology at Hospital Admission and Discharge: The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory as a Prognostic Measure
Authors: Silverstein Marshall L. , Daniels Linda , Feldmar Gabriel G.
Published: August 2011

This study compares two pathological personality disorder scales and two severe clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in relation to clinical change from admission to discharge on the major dimensions of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. For a sample of 52 inpatients, 17 with schizophrenia, 27 with major depression, and 8 with bipolar (manic) disorder, we investigated the prognostic utility of these Millon scales for identifying clinical improvement. Findings indicated that, while the Millon scales identified admission levels of psychopathology on three Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales, the Millon inventory predicted clinical improvement on only the brief rating of Thinking Disturbance. These findings are considered in light of prognosis as a clinical research question that is distinct from diagnostic discrimination and case identification.
Involvement in War and Suicide Rates in Great Britain, 1901–1965
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In Great Britain from 1901 to 1965, suicide rates were lower during times of war, but the effect did not reach statistical significance in a regression analysis.
Effect of Videocassette Recorders on the Academy of Motion Picture Annual Best Picture Nominee and Winner: A Comparison of Two Periods
Authors: Austin Bruce A. , Edgehill Sharon D.
Published: August 2011

Armchair observers have long argued that the time of year at which a motion picture is released affects the movie's potential for gaining an Academy Award nomination. The introduction of consumers' videocassette recorders (VCRs) in 1975 had the potential to erase this bias. The month of release for 11 years of pre- and 11 years of post-VCR Best Picture nominees and winners was analyzed. A disproportionate number of the films were released during the last three months of the year, especially in December. No significant difference was found for the month of release between films released during 1965–1975 (prior to the introduction of VCRs) and those released during 1981–1991 (after VCRs became widely available).
Evaluation of a Prototype Psychology Course for Adult Education
Authors: Tomic Welko
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with the evaluation of a prototype introductory psychology course for The (Dutch) Open University. For this purpose a random sample of 400 students completed a questionnaire asking them to evaluate course content, arrangement of course material, level of difficulty, expectations for the course, opportunities to monitor one's own progress, self-instruction strategies, usefulness of the study guide, use of prior knowledge related to the course, and workload. The responses to most questions were positive. It appears, however, that students made only limited use of audiovisual aids and those who did were not positive about its effectiveness. The nominal workload was exceeded amply. Students preferred an integration of the textbook and the study guide.
Age of First Use and Present Use of Alcohol by Undergraduates
Authors: Haemmerlie F. M. , Montgomery R. L. , Saling C.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed age of first experimentation with alcohol and its present use and consequences of use by 231 college students at a midwestern university. Early alcohol use was significantly associated with present use of alcohol, negative consequences of present alcohol use, and several measures of adjustment including academic and personal-emotional adjustment.
Effects of Situational Variables on Leader's Choice of Behavior
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: August 2011

The effects of “substitutes for leadership” variables on choice of leader behavior in two laboratory experiments showed the 35 male and 41 female undergraduates' intent to use directive behaviors was a joint effect of the situational variables of motivation and ability plus work problems.
Child Molestation, Rape, and Ethnicity
Authors: West John , Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

Of 206 convicted sex offenders in a men's prison a disproportionate number of child molesters were white and a disproportionate number of rapists were black. Of the 758 inmates in general, a disproportionate number of both child molesters and rapists were white ( n = 171 vs 35 black men).
When Cognitive Dissonance is Also Memory-Based
Authors: Desrichard O. , Monteil J. M.
Published: August 2011

In this experiment, 118 subjects were asked to recall personal behaviors which were inconsistent with one of their attitudes. Analysis showed that an attitude change in the direction of the recalled behavior occurred only when the behavior was specific (infrequent) and voluntary. Recall of summary behaviors (frequent) or involuntary behaviors did not modify the subject's attitude. The interpretation proposed is based on cognitive dissonance theory.
Note on Assessing a Mentor Program
Authors: Roberts Albert , Cotton Lynyonne
Published: August 2011

To clarify the literature on mentor programs, self-esteem and grade point average after such a program were assessed for 30 boys and 46 girls in Grade 11 from 2 high schools. Mixed findings were discussed in terms of possible influences.
Hostility in Depression
Authors: Moreno J. Kelly , Selby Michael J. , Fuhriman Addie , Laver Gary D.
Published: August 2011

Subjects (39 men and 30 women) from two university counseling centers and one university medical center were administered the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the State-Trait Anger Scale, and the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire. Results showed significant positive correlations between self-reported severity of depression and all subtypes of hostility including behavior, attitude, affect, intropunitiveness, and extrapunitiveness. Hierarchical regression analysis using demographic and hostility variables as predictors of depression scores showed increasing age, lower education, and female gender to account for 50% of the explained variance. The Intropunitive subscale from the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire accounted for an additional 19% of the explained variance and was the single most powerful predictor of depression. Correlational analysis showed women tending to have higher scores on most hostility measures. Implications of these results with respect to theory and clinical practice are discussed.
Undergraduates' Class Standing and Critical Thinking
Authors: Royalty Joel
Published: August 2011

After controlling for American College Test composite score and grade point average, class standing of 160 college undergraduates accounted for .02 proportion of the variability in scores on the Cornell Critical Thinking Test.
Lunar Phases and Psychiatric Hospital Admissions
Authors: Gorvin John J. , Roberts M. Susan
Published: August 2011

To assess the lunar hypothesis as predictive of mental health emergencies and antisocial behavior, the relation of the lunar hypothesis and the occurrence of psychiatric hospital admissions of developmentally disabled adults was examined. The full moon phase of the lunar cycle did not explain a higher rate of hospital admission and accounted for only .007% of the variance. A critique of the methodology in prior research led to the suggestion that more immediate stressors and environmental factors are more plausible contributing factors to hospital admission.
Depression and Acculturation in Mexican-American Women
Authors: Masten William G. , Penland Elizabeth A. , Nayani Elisabeth J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between depression and acculturation in Mexican-American women. For this purpose, two samples of 67 women from social service agencies in Kansas City and 57 college women from South Texas were examined. Pearson product-moment correlations of scores on depression and acculturation suggested a nonsignificant association (–.02) for the South Texas sample, but a low negative significant relationship (–.29) for the Kansas City group.
Construct Validation Study of the Fear of Powerlessness Scale
Authors: Royal K. Good , Rutherford David
Published: August 2011

To establish construct validity with 129 subjects for the Fear of Powerlessness Scale parallels were drawn among Levenson's Locus of Control Scales, the Fear of Powerlessness, and the Desire for Control Scale. Analysis yielded significant correlations between scores on the Fear of Powerlessness Scale, the Desire for Control Scale (negative), and 2 of Levenson's Locus of Control Scales, the Chance Scale and the Powerful Others Scale (positive).
Causal Attribution and Affective Response as Mediated by Task Performance and Self-Acceptance
Authors: Green Thomas D. , Bailey Roger C. , Zinser Otto , Williams Dale E.
Published: August 2011

Predictions derived from cognitive consistency theories, self-esteem theories, and ego-serving-bias theory concerning how students would make attributional and affective responses to their academic performance were investigated. 202 university students completed a measure of self-acceptance of their college ability and made attributional and affective responses to an hypothetical examination performance. Analyses showed that students receiving positive feedback perceived greater internal causality and responded with greater positive affect than students receiving negative feedback. Self-acceptance did not moderate the attributions or affective reactions. The results supported the ego-serving-bias theory and provided partial support for self-esteem theory. Findings did not support predictions from cognitive-consistency theory.
Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement among South African University Students
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Although studies in Western and a few developing countries have indicated students with low scores on test anxiety tend to perform better on academic tasks than those who score higher on test anxiety, at this South African university no statistically significant mean difference on a test in educational psychology was noted for 121 students who scored high on the Anxiety Achievement Test and those 117 who scored low.
False Consensus Bias and Gender: Presidential Preferences and the Right to Choose
Authors: Brown Clifford E. , Shuman Vicki L.
Published: August 2011

Both Clinton supporters and pro-choice advocates (31 male and 79 female students of psychology) underestimated the prevalence of their own opinions; yet their estimates were higher than those made by individuals with differing opinions. Although both women and men strongly and similarly favored pro-choice over pro-life, women presumed that men would be less likely to favor the pro-choice position.
Dietary Restraint as a Predictor of Reported Weight Loss and Affect
Authors: Tiggemann Marika
Published: August 2011

This study investigated dietary restraint as a predictor of subsequent reported weight loss. Neither chronic dieters nor nondieters reported actually losing weight over a 7-mo. period. With respect to recent weight change, restrained eaters reported both more recent weight loss and more recent weight gain than unrestrained eaters. Further, such weight changes had a much larger influence on their affect. It was concluded that chronic dieting is likely to produce temporary swings in both weight and mood but no permanent change. As such, chronic dieters might best be advised to abandon their dieting attempts.
Uric Acid Levels and Severity of Aggression
Authors: Spitz Reuben T. , Hillbrand Marc , Foster Hilliard G.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of serum uric acid levels of 106 men admitted to a forensic hospital for crimes of violence showed 48 more violent men had higher uric acid levels than those for 58 less violent men.
Parents' Perceptions of Their Adolescence: Implications for Parent-Youth Conflict and Family Satisfaction
Authors: Scheer Scott D. , Unger Donald G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation between parents' perceptions of “storm and stress” in their own adolescence and their current relationships with their children. A sample of 121 adolescents and their parents (106 mothers) were surveyed. Analysis indicated that over 48% of these parents viewed their adolescence as being stormy and stressful. Parents who experienced greater storm and stress as youth had more conflict in their relationships with their children and were less satisfied with their families. Implications for intergenerational theory and family intervention are presented.
Measures of Treatment Outcome of Depression: An Effect-Size Comparison
Authors: Senra Carmen
Published: August 2011

Meca-analytic studies of the values of various measures of the outcome of antidepressive treatment have consistently shown that different scales produce different patterns of progress for the same patients, but results have differed somewhat in other respects. The present results suggest that these problems are probably related to use of different scales emphasizing different aspects of depression.
How Salespersons' Use of a Power Base Can Affect Customers' Satisfaction in a Social System: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Zemanek James E.
Published: August 2011

The effects of salespersons' use of a power base on customers' satisfaction was investigated. Data were collected from 178 intermediary customers in a marketing channel. A maximum likelihood, ordered logit estimation was conducted to detect the relationship between customers' satisfaction and the salesperson's use of a particular power base. Contrary to previous power studies, the salespersons' application of a referent power base played the largest role in ensuring customers' satisfaction, followed by reward, expert, and legitimate power. The salespersons' use of a coercive power base had an inverse effect on customers' satisfaction.
Individualism and Divorce
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 26 nations, crude divorce rates in 1980 were associated with individualism scores obtained from samples of workers for one international company in those nations.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Family Environments and Achievement Motivation of Anglo-, Greek-, and Italian-Australians
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Discriminant analysis was used to examine cultural group differences in the family environments and achievement motivation of 700 11-yr.-old children. Analysis indicated sex- and ethnic-group differences in the family environments and extrinsic achievement motivation of children from Anglo-, Greek-, and Italian-Australian families.
Survey of the Nature and Prevalence of Patients' Noncompliance and Implications for Intervention
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Buckalew N. M.
Published: August 2011

The problem of patients' noncompliance is discussed, noting possible biases in estimates of prevalence (18 to 82%) which may overestimate compliance rates and frequent failure to define conditions constituting compliance. This survey obtained information on the nature and incidence of noncompliance from a “healthy,” Census-based, sample ( n = 148), age 20 to 79 years. Data were examined to identify relationships among variables in compliance and demographic characteristics. The typical household had 3.9 prescribed drugs, 46% of respondents chose generic products, 54% preferred tablets or pills, and 69% cited physicians as their primary information source on medications. Rates were identified for obtaining and using all prescribed drugs and following frequency and dose instructions for prescriptions. Full compliance was reported by 25%, and seriousness of illness was the most important factor cited as an influence.
Escalation of Commitment in Professional Tax Preparers
Authors: Brody Richard G. , Lowe D. Jordan
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that decision makers tend to lock into a chosen course of action and continue this decision process even under changing conditions, suggesting alternative courses of action. Prior research has shown that escalation of commitment is quite robust when students are subjects and tasks are unfamiliar. This phenomenon was tested with 60 professional income tax preparers as subjects relying on familiar tasks. Our results are not consistent with the escalation of commitment phenomenon. Researchers should extend our study to other realistic settings to test the robustness of this phenomenon.
Assessment of Subjective Distress by Patients' Self-Report versus Structured Interview
Authors: Eisen Susan V.
Published: August 2011

Comparison was made of symptom and behavior scores obtained by structured interview versus self-report using the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale. Psychiatric hospital admissions were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 assessment groups, structured interview, self-report, or choice of procedure. Analysis indicated that patients in the self-report group reported significantly greater difficulty on 1 of 5 dimensions assessed by the scale. The results suggest that a self-report questionnaire form of the measure is a viable alternative to the structured interview.
Factor Analysis of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale is one of the most popular instruments for survey work with the general population. A 1993 study by Thorson and Powell reported a 5-factor solution. The present study was undertaken to replicate these findings; however, factor analysis with varimax rotation based on the responses of 187 students yielded 4 factors of depressed affect, somatic disturbance, positive affect, and interpersonal difficulties. Although these data do not replicate the 5-factor work of Thorson and Powell, they do largely confirm the previous research.
Examining the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Paranoia
Authors: Christoffersen David , Stamp Clifton
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relationship between Machiavellianism and paranoid tendencies we administered the Mach IV scale and Fenigstein and Vanable's Paranoia scale to 150 students enrolled in 4 sections of a course, Introduction to Psychology, at a university in the Middle South. Scores on the 2 were significantly and positively correlated (Pearson r = .50). Men had a significantly higher mean score on Machiavellianism than women. Although men obtained a higher mean on the Paranoia scale than women, the difference was not statistically significant. Implications are discussed.
Maintenance of Weight Loss after a Very-Low-Calorie Diet Involving Behavioral Treatment
Authors: Snow Janeanne T. , Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2011

The long-term effects of a very-low-calorie diet coupled with behavioral therapy were studied for 209 subjects. Although a low goal weight, frequent calorie counting and exercise, and a later age of onset of obesity predicted a low relative weight, most respondents had regained most of the weight they had lost.
The Rotterdam Daytime Sleepiness Scale: A New Daytime Sleepiness Scale
Authors: Van Knippenberg F. C. E. , Passchier J. , Heysteck D. , Shackleton D. , Schmitz P. , Poublon R. M. L. , Van Der Meche F.
Published: August 2011

A new daytime sleepiness scale was constructed on the basis of interviews with 96 apnea patients (the Rotterdam Daytime Sleepiness Scale) and included three subscales of Global Evaluation, Behavioral Impact, and Affected Life Domains. The scale showed satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity.
Risk Factors for Drug Abuse in Pakistan: A Replication
Authors: Gillis John S. , Mubbashar Malik H.
Published: August 2011

While a number of risk factors have been identified for drug abuse in the United States, little evidence is available about such factors in some other countries. Among these latter is Pakistan, a nation in which heroin addiction is a major problem. The present study was done to examine those psychosocial characteristics which differentiated 60 heroin addicts from 60 nondrug-using controls in Pakistan. Most of the drug-abuse factors identified earlier were significant in Pakistan as well. Applying cut-off scores previously established for each of 9 variables, the relationship between drug status and number of factors at risk was also examined. Over 98% of the addicts were at risk for five or more factors; only 15% of controls were at risk for 5 variables and none exceeded 5. Precursors for abuse appear to cut across cultural lines. The high-risk individual in Pakistan, as in the United States, is one with ready access to drugs and the social inducements to use them while lacking bonds with societal institutions or value systems which might mitigate against drug use. Because several of the risk factors represent deep and long-standing aspects of the addict's personality, both prevention and treatment confront formidable difficulties.
Relation of Scores on WISC–III and WRAT–3 for a Sample of Referred Children and Youth
Authors: Vance Booney , Fuller Gerald B.
Published: August 2011

This investigation compared the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III with the Wide Range Achievement Test–3 for a sample of 60 children and youth who were referred for special education services. Pearson product-moment correlations for the criterion measures for the WRAT–3 showed a significant positive association with the WISC–III scores. Implications for concurrent validity between the tests are discussed.
A Theoretical Examination of the Role of Personality in Research on Strategic Process
Authors: Thomas Anisya S. , Moss Sherry E.
Published: August 2011

This paper incorporates an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the relationship between business strategy and top managers' personalities. The fundamental premise of this paper, derived from upper echelon theory, is that the study of managers within the context of their organizations or situations is more fruitful than the independent investigation of managers or organizations. The arguments are justified by drawing on studies from personality theory, career theory, and strategic management. Specific propositions concerning ideal matches between business-level strategies and managerial personality attributes are also developed, and their implications for organizational performance are discussed.