bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in government accounting conservatism across jurisdictions, their determinants, and consequences: the case of Canada and the United States
Authors: Cziffra Johnathon , Fortin Steve , Singer Zvi
Published: February 2022

We use the year-end adjustments to the provisions for student loan losses of state and provincial governments in the United States and Canada to study government accounting conservatism and how it varies between these adjacent and highly integrated countries. Building on Canada’s more conservative cultural attributes, we hypothesize and find that Canadian provincial governments report more conservative provisions for student loan losses than U.S. state governments. Moreover, the year-end adjustments to the provisions in Canada are excessively conservative; they are larger than the audit materiality threshold. We further find that the political ideology of the government, government reporting incentives, government debt, and political competition are important determinants of government accounting conservatism. Finally, we find a negative association between the year-end adjustment to the provision and future student lending. This result suggests that government accounting conservatism leads to credit rationing and significant societal consequences for students. Overall, our study highlights important aspects of the determinants and consequences of government accounting conservatism. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine government unconditional accounting conservatism.
Violence Regimes: A Useful Concept for Social Politics, Social Analysis, and Social Theory
Authors: Hearn Jeff , Strid Sofia , Humbert Anne Laure , Balkmar Dag
Published: February 2022

This paper critically interrogates the usefulness of the concept of violence regimes for social politics, social analysis, and social theory. In the first case, violence regimes address and inform politics and policy, that is, social politics, both around various forms of violence, such as gender-based violence, violence against women, anti-lesbian, gay and transgender violence, intimate partner violence, and more widely in terms of social and related policies and practices on violence and anti-violence. In the second case, violence regimes assist social analysis of the interconnections of different forms and aspects of violence, and relative autonomy from welfare regimes and gender regimes. Third, the violence regime concept engages a wider range of issues in social theory, including the exclusion of the knowledges of the violated, most obviously, but not only, when the voices and experiences of those killed are unheard. The concept directs attention to assumptions made in social theory as incorporating or neglecting violence. More specifically, it highlights the significance of: social effects beyond agency; autotelic ontology, that is, violence as a means and end in itself, and an inequality in itself; the relations of violence, sociality and social relations; violence and power, and the contested boundary between them; and materiality-discursivity in violence and what is to count as violence. These are key issues for both violence studies and social theory more generally.
A Life-Course Approach to the Relationship Between Education, Family Trajectory and Late-Life Loneliness Among Older Women in Europe
Authors: Fernández-Carro Celia , Gumà Lao Jordi
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study is to expand our knowledge about the factors that condition late-life loneliness from a longitudinal perspective. We assess the long-term relationship between education, late-life loneliness and family trajectories in terms of the role of partnership and motherhood, as well as their timing for older women. We set two initial hypotheses: (1) family trajectory has a mediating effect and (2) education has a selection effect. Cross-sectional and retrospective data are drawn from the three waves of the SHARE survey (3rd, 5th and 7th waves), selecting a subsample of women aged 65 and over from 11 European countries (N = 10,615). After distinguishing eight different family trajectories by carrying out a Sequence Analysis, the Karlson-Holm-Breen method is used to assess the mediator effect of family trajectory on the relationship between education and loneliness. Multinomial analysis is used to explore whether the probability of different family trajectories of older European women is defined by their level of education. Our results show that education has a selection effect on family trajectories: a higher educational level increases the probability of a non-standardised family trajectory. Significant results of the mediator effect of family trajectory are however only observed for women with medium-level education, as being single and childless at older ages increases the probability of loneliness among these women. Adopting a life-course perspective has permitted us to introduce the longitudinal dimensions of life events, education and family trajectories to the study of feelings of loneliness among women in old age.
Comparing the Monetary and Living Standards Approaches to Poverty Using the Australian Experience
Authors: Saunders Peter , Naidoo Yuvisthi , Wong Melissa
Published: February 2022

This paper compares the monetary and living standards approaches to poverty using Australian data for the period 2006–2017. The aim is to highlight the conceptual and empirical strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and identify the similarities and differences that emerge when both are applied to examine what happened over the period and to a limited degree, why. The acknowledged limitations of estimating poverty rates by comparing household income with a poverty line have to a degree been addressed by developments in deprivation research that have generated estimates that are more directly related to living standards, more democratic and more credible. But this approach also has limitations, so its growing popularity need not signify the end of poverty line studies. This paper compares the two approaches, with specific attention paid to ensuring that the estimates are internally consistent over time and comparable at a point in time. Both show a consistent pattern of modest improvement in social disadvantage over the period examined, but they reveal different aspects of change. The monetary approach highlights the role of housing costs in driving changes in poverty, while the more nuanced explanation generated by estimates of deprivation provides detailed insights. The results suggest that each has a positive role to play in better understanding the nature of poverty and identifying the factors driving change over time.
Effect of Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate Replenishment on Tribological Performance of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oil
Authors: Al Sheikh Omar A. , Salehi F. Motamen , Farooq U. , Neville A. , Morina A.
Published: February 2022

Soot is the main contamination that affects oil performance and increases the frequency of oil changes in heavy-duty engine oil. Several studies discussed that additive concentration in engine oil can be influenced due to additive depletion over time and additive adsorption on soot particles. To extend oil drain intervals and improve oil performance, filter manufactures explore removing the soot to a certain level and replenishing the consumed additives. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is one of the most favored antiwear additives that react very rapidly with rubbing surfaces to form tribofilm that reduces wear. In this study, the experimental work aims to investigate the effect of ZDDP replenishment on tribological performance in the existence of soot and after removing soot from heavy-duty used oil. The study reveals that reclaiming the used oil can be achieved by removing the soot to a certain level. The results demonstrate that the reclaimed oil after removing soot is still not as good as the fresh oil. This study proves that additive depletion, additive adsorption on soot, and the decomposition of antiwear additive adversely influence the reclaimed oil performance. However, replenishing the consumed additive by adding a small amount of ZDDP helps to improve the reclaimed oil performance compared to a large amount of ZDDP which is required to re-gain the oil performance in the existence of soot.
Association of Social Needs and Healthcare Utilization Among Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries in the Accountable Health Communities Model
Authors: Holcomb Jennifer , Highfield Linda , Ferguson Gayla M. , Morgan Robert O.
Published: February 2022

Background

Integration of health-related social needs (HRSNs) data into clinical care is recognized as a driver for improving healthcare. However, few published studies on HRSNs and their impact are available. CMS sought to fill this gap through the Accountable Health Communities (AHC) Model, a national RCT of HRSN screening, referral, and navigation. Data from the AHC Model could significantly advance the field of HRSN screening and intervention in the USA.

Objective

To present data from the Greater Houston AHC (GH-AHC) Model site on HRSN frequency and the association between HRSNs, sociodemographic factors, and self-reported ED utilization using a cross-sectional design. Analyses included descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression.

Participants (or Patients or Subjects)

All community-dwelling Medicare, Medicaid, or dually covered beneficiaries at participating GH-AHC clinical delivery sites were eligible.

Main Measures

Self-reported ED utilization in the previous 12 months served as the outcome; demographic characteristics including race, ethnicity, age, sex, income, education level, number of people living in the household, and insurance type were treated as covariates. HRSNs included food insecurity, housing instability, transportation, difficulty paying utility bills, and interpersonal safety. Clinical delivery site type was used as the clustering variable.

Key Results

Food insecurity was the most common HRSN identified (38.7%) followed by housing instability (29.0%), transportation (28.0%), and difficulty paying utility bills (26.7%). Interpersonal safety was excluded due to low prevalence. More than half of the beneficiaries (56.9%) reported at least one of the four HRSNs. After controlling for covariates, having multiple co-occurring HRSNs was strongly associated with increased risk of two or more ED visits (OR 1.8–9.47 for two to four needs, respectively; p < 0.001). Beneficiaries with four needs were at almost 10 times higher risk of frequent ED utilization (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is only the second published study to report screening data from the AHC Model. Future research focused on the impact of multiple co-occurring needs on health outcomes is warranted.
Factors to Consider During Identification and Invitation of Individuals in a Multi-stakeholder Research Partnership
Authors: Parker Roses , Tomlinson Eve , Concannon Thomas W. , Akl Elie , Petkovic Jennifer , Welch Vivian A. , Crowe Sally , Palm Marisha , Marusic Ana , Ekanem Comfort , Akl Imad Bou , Saginur Michael , Moja Lorenzo , Kuchenmüller Tanja , Slingers Nevilene , Teixeira Ligia , Dormer Laura , Lang Eddy , Arayssi Thurayya , Greer-Smith Regina , Brahem Asma Ben , Avey Marc , Tugwell Peter
Published: February 2022

Background

Health research teams increasingly partner with stakeholders to produce research that is relevant, accessible, and widely used. Previous work has covered stakeholder group identification.

Objective

We aimed to develop factors for health research teams to consider during identification and invitation of individual representatives in a multi-stakeholder research partnership, with the aim of forming equitable and informed teams.

Design

Consensus development.

Participants

We involved 16 stakeholders from the international Multi-Stakeholder Engagement (MuSE) Consortium, including patients and the public, providers, payers of health services/purchasers, policy makers, programme managers, peer review editors, and principal investigators.

Approach

We engaged stakeholders in factor development and as co-authors of this manuscript. Using a modified Delphi approach, we gathered stakeholder views concerning a preliminary list of 18 factors. Over two feedback rounds, using qualitative and quantitative analysis, we concentrated these into ten factors.

Key Results

We present seven highly desirable factors: ‘expertise or experience’, ‘ability and willingness to represent the stakeholder group’, ‘inclusivity (equity, diversity and intersectionality)’, ‘communication skills’, ‘commitment and time capacity’, ‘financial and non-financial relationships and activities, and conflict of interest’, ‘training support and funding needs’. Additionally, three factors are desirable: ‘influence’, ‘research relevant values’, ‘previous stakeholder engagement’.

Conclusions

We present factors for research teams to consider during identification and invitation of individual representatives in a multi-stakeholder research partnership. Policy makers and guideline developers may benefit from considering the factors in stakeholder identification and invitation. Research funders may consider stipulating consideration of the factors in funding applications. We outline how these factors can be implemented and exemplify how their use has the potential to improve the quality and relevancy of health research.
Tuning Physical Properties of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@SiO2 Nanoferrites by Thermal Treatment
Authors: Bajorek A. , Berger C. , Dulski M. , Zubko M. , Lewińska S. , Prusik K. , Ślawska-Waniewska A. , Grasset F. , Randrianantoandro N.
Published: February 2022

The comparison between NiFe2O4 (co-precipitation) and NiFe2O4@SiO2 (co-precipitation and microemulsion) ferrite nanoparticles in their as-received and annealed form is presented. The structural characterization revealed the gradual crystallization of as-received samples induced by thermal treatment. The existence of cubic inverse spinel ferrite structure with tetrahedral and octahedral iron occupancy is confirmed in all samples by the comprehensive study. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the typical spinel structure and other Fe-based states, whereas the presence of nonstoichiometric hematite is detected in the annealed NiFe2O4 sample. In the case of nanoparticles embedded into the silica matrix, the crystallization of initially amorphous silica is revealed in structural and microstructural characterization. As shown by FTIR, the applied thermal treatment reduces the water molecules and hydroxyl units compared to the initial material. The separation of the rhombohedral hematite α-Fe2O3 phase in the NiFe2O4 ferrite evidenced during the annealing process is demonstrated in structural and magnetic studies. The analysis of saturation magnetization pointed to the spin canting phenomenon in the surface layer with a slight change of the so-called dead layer upon heating. The room temperature superparamagnetic state (SPM) is modified in the NiFe2O4 sample across annealing as an effect of ferrite crystallization and grain growth as well as hematite separation. For as-received NiFe2O4, with temperature decrease, the blocking process preceded by the freezing process is observed. The silica shell is recognized as the sustaining cover for the SPM state. The electronic structure studies confirmed the complex nature of the Fe-based states.
H6PD overexpression promotes ex vivo expansion of human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Jin Yuting , Wang Qin , Ding Qingwei , Yao Chunxu , Jiang Rongzhen , Guo Bin , Meng Qingyou
Published: February 2022

Graphical abstract
SEOM-GECP-GETTHI Clinical Guidelines for the treatment of patients with thymic epithelial tumours (2021)
Authors: Remon J. , Bernabé R. , Diz P. , Felip E. , González-Larriba J. L. , Lázaro M. , Mielgo-Rubio X. , Sánchez A. , Sullivan I. , Massutti B.
Published: February 2022

Thymic epithelial tumours (TET) represent a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies that include thymomas and thymic carcinoma. Treatment of TET is based on the resectability of the tumour. If this is considered achievable upfront, surgical resection is the cornerstone of treatment. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard regimen for advanced TET. Due to the rarity of this disease, treatment decisions should be discussed in specific multidisciplinary tumour boards, and there are few prospective clinical studies with new strategies. However, several pathways involved in TET have been explored as potential targets for new therapies in previously treated patients, such as multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors with antiangiogenic properties and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). One third of patient with thymoma present an autoimmune disorders, increasing the risk of immune-related adverse events and autoimmune flares under ICIs. In these guidelines, we summarize the current evidence for the therapeutic approach in patients with TET and define levels of evidence for these decisions.
Towards automatic evaluation of the Quality-in-Use in context-aware software systems
Authors: Salomón Sergio , Duque Rafael , Montaña José Luis , Tenés Luis
Published: February 2022

Context-aware systems adapt their services to the user’s intentions and environment to improve the user experience. However, how to evaluate the quality of these systems in terms of user perception and context recognition is still an open problem. Our goal in this work is to evaluate the Quality-in-Use (QinU) for context-aware software systems according to the ISO/IEC 25010 standard and in an automated manner. This evaluation is oriented to be model-based, with domain specification and log data as input, while quality metrics and representations of users’ behavior as output. In this process, we use probabilistic models to discover user patterns, heuristic metrics as QinU estimation, clustering techniques to obtain user profiles according to their QinU, and feature selection to identify relevant factors of context. We propose a framework for assessing the QinU in context-aware software systems called Framework for Assessing Quality-in-use of Software (FAQuiS). FAQuiS includes a set of models to represent all dimensions of context, a methodology to apply the quality analysis to any system, and a set of tools and metrics to support and automate the process. We seek to test the impact and ease of integration in the industry for this framework. A case study in a company allows us to validate the applicability in a real environment. We analyze the mechanisms that support the QinU evaluation in context-aware systems, the feasibility of the QinU quantification, and the suitability of the integration in companies. Compared to previous works, our proposal offers a novel data-driven approach with general-purpose and industrial viability. FAQuiS can be used as a solution to assess the QinU based on the ISO 25010 standard and the models of user behaviors in different contexts. This solution analyzes the context changes in the user interaction, can quantify the quality loss in these contexts, and does not require big efforts to be integrated into a software development process.
Government Surveillance, Privacy, and Legitimacy
Authors: Königs Peter
Published: February 2022

The recent decades have seen established liberal democracies expand their surveillance capacities on a massive scale. This article explores what is problematic about government surveillance by democracies. It proceeds by distinguishing three potential sources of concern: (1) the concern that governments diminish citizens’ privacy by collecting their data, (2) the concern that they diminish their privacy by accessing their data, and (3) the concern that the collected data may be used for objectionable purposes. Discussing the meaning and value of privacy, the article argues that only the latter two constitute compelling independent concerns. It then focuses particularly on the third concern, exploring the risk of government surveillance being used to enforce illegitimate laws. It discusses three legitimacy-related reasons why we should be worried about the expansion of surveillance capacities in established democracies: (1) Even established democracies might decay. There is a risk that surveillance capacities that are used for democratically legitimated purposes today will be used for poorly legitimated purposes in the future. (2) Surveillance may be used to enforce laws that lack legitimacy due to the disproportionate punishment attached to their violation. (3) The democratic procedures in established democracies fail to conform to the requirements formulated by mainstream theories of democratic legitimacy. Surveillance is thus used to enforce laws whose legitimacy is in doubt.
CTRW modeling of quantum measurement and fractional equations of quantum stochastic filtering and control
Authors: Kolokoltsov Vassili
Published: February 2022

Initially developed in the framework of quantum stochastic calculus, the main equations of quantum stochastic filtering were later on derived as the limits of Markov models of discrete measurements under appropriate scaling. In many branches of modern physics it became popular to extend random walk modeling to the continuous time random walk (CTRW) modeling, where the time between discrete events is taken to be non-exponential. In the present paper we apply the CTRW modeling to the continuous quantum measurements yielding the new fractional in time evolution equations of quantum filtering and thus new fractional equations of quantum mechanics of open systems. The related quantum control problems and games turn out to be described by the fractional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations on Riemannian manifolds. By-passing we provide a full derivation of the standard quantum filtering equations, in a modified way as compared with existing texts, which (i) provides explicit rates of convergence (that are not available via the tightness of martingales approach developed previously) and (ii) allows for the direct applications of the basic results of CTRWs to deduce the final fractional filtering equations.
Application of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Effectively Eliminates Endotoxemia to Protect Rat from Acute Liver Failure Induced by Thioacetamide
Authors: Jiang Ting , Xia Geng , Yang Bo , Zhang Hong-wei , Yin Yue-shan , Tang Cheng-wei , Yang Jin-hui
Published: February 2022

Background:

Endotoxemia is related to worse clinical outcomes in acute liver failure (ALF), but its management remains unsatisfactory. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) could eliminate endotoxemia and protect rats against ALF induced by thioacetamide (TAA).

Methods:

BMSCs were isolated from rats and identified by the specific morphology, differentiation potential, and surface markers. The optimal dose of TAA for this study was explored and TAA-induced ALF rats were randomized to three groups: the normal control group (Saline), ALF group (TAA + Saline), and BMSCs-treated group (TAA + BMSCs). The intestinal migration and differentiation of BMSCs was tracked in vivo, and intestinal permeability, endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines, histology, and mortality were analyzed. Moreover, we added the inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway into the co-culture system of BMSCs with enterocytes and then performed CK and Villin expression experiments to assess the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway in the intestinal differentiation of BMSCs.

Results:

BMSCs migrated to the intestinal injury sites and differentiated into enterocytes, intestinal permeability was decreased compared with the ALF group. The higher expression of endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines were reversed after BMSCs transplantation in rats with ALF. Mortality and intestinal lesion were significantly decreased. Blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway inhibited BMSCs’ intestinal differentiation in vitro.

Conclusion:

BMSCs can eliminate endotoxemia and reduce mortality in rats with ALF, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway is involved in intestinal differentiation. BMSCs transplantation could be a potential candidate for the treatment of endotoxemia in ALF.
Memristive Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Kwon Ki Chang , Baek Ji Hyun , Hong Kootak , Kim Soo Young , Jang Ho Won
Published: February 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (TMC) and their heterostructures are appealing as building blocks in a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic devices, particularly futuristic memristive and synaptic devices for brain-inspired neuromorphic computing systems. The distinct properties such as high durability, electrical and optical tunability, clean surface, flexibility, and LEGO-staking capability enable simple fabrication with high integration density, energy-efficient operation, and high scalability. This review provides a thorough examination of high-performance memristors based on 2D TMCs for neuromorphic computing applications, including the promise of 2D TMC materials and heterostructures, as well as the state-of-the-art demonstration of memristive devices. The challenges and future prospects for the development of these emerging materials and devices are also discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide an outlook on the fabrication and characterization of neuromorphic memristors based on 2D TMCs.
Vortex breakdown in variable-density gaseous swirling jets
Authors: Keeton Benjamin W. , Carpio Jaime , Nomura Keiko K. , Sánchez Antonio L. , Williams Forman A.
Published: February 2022

Theoretical predictions and numerical simulations are used to determine the transition to bubble and conical vortex breakdown in low-Mach-number laminar axisymmetric variable-density swirling jets. A critical value of the swirl number

$S$

for the onset of the bubble (

$S^*_B$

) and the cone (

$S^*_C$

) is determined as the jet-to-ambient density ratio

$\varLambda$

is varied, with the temperature dependence of the gas density and viscosity appropriate to that of air. The criterion of failure of the slender quasi-cylindrical approximation predicts

$S^*_B$

that decreases with increasing values of

$\varLambda$

for a jet in solid-body rotation emerging sharply into a quiescent atmosphere. In addition, a new criterion for the onset of conical breakdown is derived from divergence of the initial value of the radial spreading rate of the jet occurring at

$S^*_C$

, found to be independent of

$\varLambda$

, in an asymptotic analysis for small distances from the inlet plane. To maintain stable flow in the unsteady numerical simulations, an effective Reynolds number

$Re_{eff}$

, defined employing the geometric mean of the viscosity in the jet and ambient atmosphere, is fixed at

$Re_{eff}=200$

for all

$\varLambda$

. Similar to the theoretical predictions, numerical calculations of

$S^*_B$

decrease monotonically as

$\varLambda$

is increased. The critical swirl numbers for the cone,

$S^*_C$

, are found to depend strongly on viscous effects; for

$\varLambda =1/5$

, the low jet Reynolds number (51) at

$Re_{eff}=200$

delays the transition to the cone, while for

$\varLambda =5$

at

$Re_{eff}=200$

, the large increase in kinematic viscosity in the external fluid produces a similar trend, significantly increasing

$S^*_C$

.
Linear instability analysis of a viscoelastic jet in a co-flowing gas stream
Authors: Ding Zhaodong , Mu Kai , Si Ting , Jian Yongjun
Published: February 2022

The instability characteristic of a viscoelastic jet in a co-flowing gas stream is studied comprehensively. The important role of the non-uniform basic velocity in the instability analysis of viscoelastic jets is clarified, which first induces an unrelaxed elastic tension, and then produces a coupling term between the elastic tension and perturbation velocity. The elastic tension promotes the instability of the jet, while the coupling term exhibits a stabilizing effect, which is essentially related to the nonlinear constitutive relation of viscoelastic fluids and the non-uniform basic velocity. The competition between these two factors leads to the non-monotonic effect of fluid elasticity on the disturbance growth rate, which can be divided into two different regimes characterized by the Weissenberg number with values smaller or larger than unity. In different regimes, the structure of the eigenspectrum is also significantly different. Furthermore, three instability mechanisms are identified using the energy budget analysis, corresponding to the predominance of the surface tension, elastic tension and shear and pressure of the external gas, respectively. By analysing the variations of the growth rate and phase speed of the disturbances, the general features of viscoelastic jet instability are obtained. Finally, the transitions of instability modes in parameter spaces are investigated theoretically and the transition boundaries among them are provided. This study provides guidance for understanding the underlying mechanism of instability of a viscoelastic jet surrounded by a co-flowing gas stream and the transition criterion of different instability modes.
Global modes of viscous heated jets with real gas effects
Authors: Demange S. , Qadri U.A. , Juniper M.P. , Pinna F.
Published: February 2022

This study investigates the stability features of spatially spreading heated jets in the viscous regime with real gas effects, using both unsteady two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations and linear analyses of the steady state and time-averaged states. At a Reynolds number of

$400$

, the heated jets are found to undergo a subcritical Hopf bifurcation, marking the start of self-sustained oscillations when decreasing the temperature ratio

$S=T_{\infty }/T_{{c}}$

, which highly depends on the thermodynamic and transport property assumptions imposed in the simulations. Once the flow enters a limit cycle past the Hopf bifurcation, the linear analyses over the steady base state are unable to capture the oscillation's frequency. Nevertheless, this study confirms that including real gas effects in the stability equations has a strong effect on the growth rate of the global mode once the centreline temperature of the jet reaches that of the dissociation reaction onset, which is

$T=2800$

 K for air at

$p_s=100$

 mbar. The linear global analyses over the time-averaged states lead to a satisfying prediction of the oscillation's frequency for the cases studied, and the baroclinic torque obtained from the resulting global mode matches well with that of the simulations.
Proper Lie automorphisms of incidence algebras
Authors: Fornaroli Érica Z. , Khrypchenko Mykola , Santulo Ednei A.
Published: February 2022

Let X be a finite connected poset and K a field. We study the question, when all Lie automorphisms of the incidence algebra I(X, K) are proper. Without any restriction on the length of X, we find only a sufficient condition involving certain equivalence relation on the set of maximal chains of X. For some classes of posets of length one, such as finite connected crownless posets (i.e., without weak crown subposets), crowns, and ordinal sums of two anti-chains, we give a complete answer.
Antonio degli Albizzi and Lutheran Propaganda in Early Seventeenth-Century Italy
Authors: MAGHENZANI SIMONE , FIRPO MASSIMO
Published: February 2022

In the early 1610s, some Italian Lutheran propaganda came to the attention of the Holy Office. Such propaganda is an anomaly for the period, and questions the current scholarship on the topic. Via the bibliographic study of pamphlets previously neglected or unknown, this article investigates this activity, mostly attributing it to Antonio degli Albizzi (1547–1627), sometime secretary to the Cardinal of Austria. This curious case elucidates the longevity of interest in Lutheranism in the Italian peninsula, and, even if in the mind of just one man, the belief that seventeenth-century Italians could still turn to Protestantism.
The discursive construction of new citizen identities in Singapore
Authors: Vitorio Raymund
Published: February 2022

This article investigates how new citizens reconfigure dominant indexes of citizenship to claim status as legitimate new citizens of Singapore. New citizens are expected to resolve a tension that underpins public discourses in Singapore society: while the statal narrative of multiculturalism countenances new citizens to have perceivable markers of difference, everyday discourses expect new citizens to assimilate into the ‘Singapore core’—a term used in Singapore that denotes a homogeneous understanding of what it means to be Singaporean. By adopting a metapragmatic approach, this article identifies three common indexes of citizenship that new citizens negotiate to resolve this contradiction: language, loyalty, and legacy. By reconfiguring common markers of citizenship in Singapore, new citizens are able to discursively construct a type of citizenship that they can legitimately claim and contribute to. This expands common understandings of the notion of citizenship in Singapore society. (Citizenship, language ideologies, multiculturalism, metapragmatics, Singapore)*
Anthropogenic Influence on Recent Severe Autumn Fire Weather in the West Coast of the United States
Authors: Hawkins Linnia R. , Abatzoglou John T. , Li Sihan , Rupp David E.
Published: February 2022

Extreme wind‐driven autumn wildfires are hazardous to life and property, due to their rapid rate of spread. Recent catastrophic autumn wildfires in the western United States co‐occurred with record‐ or near‐record autumn fire weather indices that are a byproduct of extreme fuel dryness and strong offshore dry winds. Here, we use a formal, probabilistic, extreme event attribution analysis to investigate the anthropogenic influence on extreme autumn fire weather in 2017 and 2018. We show that while present‐day anthropogenic climate change has slightly decreased the prevalence of strong offshore downslope winds, it has increased the likelihood of extreme fire weather indices by 40% in areas where recent autumn wind‐driven fires have occurred in northern California and Oregon. The increase was primarily through increased autumn fuel aridity and warmer temperatures during dry wind events. These findings illustrate that anthropogenic climate change is exacerbating autumn fire weather extremes that contribute to high‐impact catastrophic fires in populated regions of the western US.
Climate Change Impacts on the Patagonian Shelf Break Front
Authors: Franco B. C. , Ruiz‐Etcheverry L. A. , Marrari M. , Piola A. R. , Matano R. P.
Published: February 2022

We characterize long‐term trends of sea surface temperature (SST), absolute dynamic topography, and chlorophyll‐a (CHL) in the Patagonian shelf break front (SBF) using 27 years (1993–2019) of satellite data. Warming of the Argentinean shelf waters and the southwestward displacement of the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence (BMC) impact the northernmost extension of the SBF. Cooling of the Malvinas Current (MC) and the concurrent warming of the adjacent shelf waters lead to a significant increase of SST gradients along the outer shelf. The southwestward displacement of the BMC implies a similar shift of the SBF. An increase in CHL trend appears to be associated with southerly wind anomalies along the shelf break. We estimate a southward shift of the northernmost penetration of the MC of −0.11 ± 0.076°/decade.
Reconstructing High Resolution ESM Data Through a Novel Fast Super Resolution Convolutional Neural Network (FSRCNN)
Authors: Passarella Linsey S. , Mahajan Salil , Pal Anikesh , Norman Matthew R.
Published: February 2022

We present the first application of a fast super resolution convolutional neural network (FSRCNN) based approach for downscaling earth system model (ESM) simulations. Unlike other SR approaches, FSRCNN uses the same input feature dimensions as the low resolution input. This allows it to have smaller convolution layers, avoiding over‐smoothing, and reducing computational costs. We adapt the FSRCNN to improve reconstruction on ESM data, we term the FSRCNN‐ESM. We use high‐resolution (∼0.25°) monthly averaged model output of five surface variables over North America from the US Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model's control simulation. These high‐resolution and corresponding coarsened low‐resolution (∼1°) pairs of images are used to train the FSRCNN‐ESM and evaluate its use as a downscaling approach. We find that FSRCNN‐ESM outperforms FSRCNN and other super‐resolution methods in reconstructing high resolution images producing finer spatial scale features with better accuracy for surface temperature, surface radiative fluxes, and precipitation.
An Adaptable Random Forest Model for the Declustering of Earthquake Catalogs
Authors: Aden‐Antoniów F. , Frank W. B. , Seydoux L.
Published: February 2022

Earthquake catalogs are essential to analyze the evolution of active fault systems. The background seismicity rate, or rate of earthquakes that are not directly triggered by other earthquakes, directly relates to the stressing rate, a crucial quantity for understanding the seismic hazards. Determining the background seismicity rate is challenging because aftershock sequences may dominate the seismicity rate. Classifying these events in earthquake catalogs—known as catalog declustering—is a common practice and most declustering solutions rely on spatiotemporal distances between events, such as the nearest‐neighbor‐distance algorithm, widely used in various contexts. This algorithm assumes that the nearest‐neighbor distance (NND) follows a bimodal distribution related to the background seismicity and to the aftershocks. Constraining these two distributions is crucial to distinguish the aftershocks from the background events accurately. Recent work often uses linear splitting based on the NND, ignoring the potential overlap between the two populations and resulting in a biased identification of background earthquakes and aftershock sequences. We revisit this problem with machine‐learning algorithms. After testing several popular algorithms, we show that a random forest trained with various synthetic catalogs generated by an Epidemic‐Type Aftershock Sequence model outperforms approaches such as k‐means, Gaussian‐mixture models, and support vector machine classification. We apply our model to two different earthquake catalogs: the relocated Southern California earthquake center catalog and the GeoNet catalog of New Zealand. Our model capably adapts to these two different tectonic contexts, highlighting the differences in aftershock productivity between crustal and intermediate‐depth seismicity.
Air‐Water Mixing in Vegetated Supercritical Flow: Effects of Vegetation Roughness and Water Temperature on Flow Self‐Aeration
Authors: Bai Ruidi , Bai Zhongtian , Wang Hang , Liu Shanjun
Published: February 2022

Vegetated flow is rarely investigated for supercritical flow regime, in which self‐aeration occurs and modifies the flow dynamics, energy dissipation, and mass transfer between the water body and ambient air environment. In this study, natural river water was used at two flow rates in combination with six bottom vegetation conditions to investigate the air‐water flow development in an 18‐m‐long sloping chute. The vegetation configurations included two artificial turfs with different grass lengths and three flexible plant covers with different canopy densities, in addition to a reference case of smooth solid boundary, providing flow resistance and turbulent disturbance with different orders of equivalent roughness heights. Physical measurements were focused on the air concentration, free‐surface splashing, turbulent velocity, bubble count frequency, and bubble size distributions from the upstream non‐aerated flow to the far‐field fully developed aeration region. Compared to the velocity developing to uniform equilibrium shortly downstream the inception of aeration, the flow self‐aeration reached air‐concentration equilibrium at further downstream positions, while the bubble count and air‐water interfacial area kept increasing. The vegetation roughness conditions affected the inception location, equivalent bubble rise velocity, superfacial splashing height, velocity gradient, and maximum bubble count near the free surface, whereas the equilibrium air concentration in the fully developed region depended only upon the slope. The vegetation type influenced the percentage of submillimetre bubbles. Little differences were shown in the air‐water flow characteristics by repeating the summer experiments in winter with a 25.5°C drop in water temperature, despite the variation in fluid viscosity thus the Reynolds number under identical discharge.
Inactivation of EGLN3 hydroxylase facilitates Erk3 degradation via autophagy and impedes lung cancer growth
Authors: Jin Ying , Pan Yamu , Zheng Shuang , Liu Yao , Xu Jie , Peng Yazhi , Zhang Zemei , Wang Yadong , Xiong Yulian , Xu Lei , Mu Kaiyu , Chen Suwen , Zheng Fei , Yuan Ye , Fu Jian
Published: February 2022

EGLN3 is critically important for growth of various cancers including lung cancer. However, virtually nothing is known about the role and mechanism for EGLN3 hydroxylase activity in cancers. EGLN3 catalyzes the hydroxylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (Erk3), a potent driver of cancers. The role and mechanism for EGLN3-induced stabilization of Erk3 remain to be defined. Here, we show that Erk3 interacts with heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa (HSC70) and lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2 A (LAMP2A), two core components of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). As a consequence, Erk3 is degraded by the CMA-lysosome pathway. EGLN3-catalyzed hydroxylation antagonizes CMA-dependent destruction of Erk3. Mechanistically, hydroxylation blunts the interaction of Erk3 with LAMP2A, thereby blocking lysosomal decay of Erk3. EGLN3 inactivation inhibits macrophage migration, efferocytosis, and M2 polarization. Studies using EGLN3 catalytically inactive knock-in mice indicate that inactivation of EGLN3 hydroxylase in host cells ameliorates LLC cancer growth through reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME). Adoptive transfer of macrophages with inactivated EGLN3 restrains tumor growth by mounting anti-tumor immunity and restricting angiogenesis. Administration of EGLN3 hydroxylase pharmacologic inhibitor to mice bearing LLC carcinoma impedes cancer growth by targeting the TME. LLC cells harboring inactivated EGLN3 exhibit reduced tumor burden via mitigating immunosuppressive milieu and inducing cancer senescence. This study provides novel insights into the role of CMA in regulating Erk3 stability and the mechanism behind EGLN3-enhanced stability of Erk3. This work demonstrates that inactivation of EGLN3 in malignant and stromal cells suppresses tumor by orchestrating reciprocal interplays between cancer cells and the TME. This work sheds new light on the role and mechanism for EGLN3 catalytic activity in regulating cancer growth. Manipulating EGLN3 activity holds promise for cancer treatment.
Active demethylation upregulates CD147 expression promoting non-small cell lung cancer invasion and metastasis
Authors: Liao Cheng-Gong , Liang Xiao-Hua , Ke Yuan , Yao Li , Liu Man , Liu Ze-Kun , He Lin , Guo Yi-Xiao , Bian Huijie , Chen Zhi-Nan , Kong Ling-Min
Published: February 2022

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a fatal disease, and its metastatic process is poorly understood. Although aberrant methylation is involved in tumor progression, the mechanisms underlying dynamic DNA methylation remain to be elucidated. It is significant to study the molecular mechanism of NSCLC metastasis and identify new biomarkers for NSCLC early diagnosis. Here, we performed MeDIP-seq and hMeDIP-seq analyses to detect the genes regulated by dynamic DNA methylation. Comparison of the 5mC and 5hmC sites revealed that the CD147 gene underwent active demethylation in NSCLC tissues compared with normal tissues, and this demethylation upregulated CD147 expression. Significantly high levels of CD147 expression and low levels of promoter methylation were observed in NSCLC tissues. Then, we identified the CD147 promoter as a target of KLF6, MeCP2, and DNMT3A. Treatment of cells with TGF-β triggered active demethylation involving loss of KLF6/MeCP2/DNMT3A and recruitment of Sp1, Tet1, TDG, and SMAD2/3 transcription complexes. A dCas9-SunTag-DNMAT3A-sgCD147-targeted methylation system was constructed to reverse CD147 expression. The targeted methylation system downregulated CD147 expression and inhibited NSCLC proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, we used cfDNA to detect the levels of CD147 methylation in NSCLC tissues and found that the CD147 methylation levels exhibited an inverse relationship with tumor size, lymphatic metastasis, and TNM stage. In conclusion, this study clarified the mechanism of active demethylation of CD147 and suggested that the targeted methylation of CD147 could inhibit NSCLC invasion and metastasis, providing a highly promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.
GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas
Authors: Majzner Robbie G. , Ramakrishna Sneha , Yeom Kristen W. , Patel Shabnum , Chinnasamy Harshini , Schultz Liora M. , Richards Rebecca M. , Jiang Li , Barsan Valentin , Mancusi Rebecca , Geraghty Anna C. , Good Zinaida , Mochizuki Aaron Y. , Gillespie Shawn M. , Toland Angus Martin Shaw , Mahdi Jasia , Reschke Agnes , Nie Esther H. , Chau Isabelle J. , Rotiroti Maria Caterina , Mount Christopher W. , Baggott Christina , Mavroukakis Sharon , Egeler Emily , Moon Jennifer , Erickson Courtney , Green Sean , Kunicki Michael , Fujimoto Michelle , Ehlinger Zach , Reynolds Warren , Kurra Sreevidya , Warren Katherine E. , Prabhu Snehit , Vogel Hannes , Rasmussen Lindsey , Cornell Timothy T. , Partap Sonia , Fisher Paul G. , Campen Cynthia J. , Filbin Mariella G. , Grant Gerald , Sahaf Bita , Davis Kara L. , Feldman Steven A. , Mackall Crystal L. , Monje Michelle
Published: February 2022

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and other H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are universally lethal paediatric tumours of the central nervous system1. We have previously shown that the disialoganglioside GD2 is highly expressed on H3K27M-mutated glioma cells and have demonstrated promising preclinical efficacy of GD2-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells2, providing the rationale for a first-in-human phase I clinical trial (NCT04196413). Because CAR T cell-induced brainstem inflammation can result in obstructive hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure and dangerous tissue shifts, neurocritical care precautions were incorporated. Here we present the clinical experience from the first four patients with H3K27M-mutated DIPG or spinal cord DMG treated with GD2-CAR T cells at dose level 1 (1 × 106 GD2-CAR T cells per kg administered intravenously). Patients who exhibited clinical benefit were eligible for subsequent GD2-CAR T cell infusions administered intracerebroventricularly3. Toxicity was largely related to the location of the tumour and was reversible with intensive supportive care. On-target, off-tumour toxicity was not observed. Three of four patients exhibited clinical and radiographic improvement. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were increased in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Transcriptomic analyses of 65,598 single cells from CAR T cell products and cerebrospinal fluid elucidate heterogeneity in response between participants and administration routes. These early results underscore the promise of this therapeutic approach for patients with H3K27M-mutated DIPG or spinal cord DMG.