bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful and safe use of Q‐switched lasers in the treatment of nevus of Ota in children with phototypes IV–VI
Authors: Belkin Daniel A. , Jeon Hana , Weiss Elliot , Brauer Jeremy A. , Geronemus Roy G.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Nevus of Ota represents congenital dermal melanocytosis in a trigeminal distribution, most commonly occurring in Asian individuals and other individuals with skin of color. Evidence suggests early treatment is beneficial. Multiple reports have shown efficacy and safety of Q‐switched laser treatment in adults. There is little data on children and in non‐Asian skin types. This series was done to demonstrate safe and effective use of Q‐switched laser therapy in children of multiple skin types.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

This was a chart review of patients under 18 years old who presented to our practice from 2002 to 2015 with a clinical diagnosis of nevus of Ota who were treated with Q‐switched lasers (694 and 1,064 nm). Patients were treated without the use of general anesthesia or sedation, and corneal shields were used in appropriate cases. Percentage of improvement as well as side effects were rated by five physicians independently. Improvement, when present, was rated in quartiles (1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and 76–100% improvement).

Results

Twenty‐four children were included. The average age at the start of treatment was 3.9 years old (range of 3 months to 12.4 years), and patients had Fitzpatrick skin types IV through VI. The mean number of treatments was 9.3. Assessment revealed excellent response (76–100% improvement) in 70% of patients and good to excellent response (51–100% improvement) in 86%. Two patients (8%) had post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation, one of whom also had focal hypopigmentation.

Conclusion

Treatment of nevus of Ota with Q‐switched lasers in children with skin of color, without general anesthesia or sedation, is safe and effective. Early intervention should be encouraged for better efficacy and to prevent psychosocial distress in later childhood and adulthood. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:56–60, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic renal lesion segmentation in ultrasound images based on saliency features, improved LBP, and an edge indicator under level set framework
Authors: Gui Luying , Yang Xiaoping
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Segmentation of lesions in ultrasound images is widely used for preliminary diagnosis. In this paper, we develop an automatic segmentation algorithm for multiple types of lesions in ultrasound images. The proposed method is able to detect and segment lesions automatically as well as generate accurate segmentation results for lesion regions.

Methods

In the detection step, two saliency detection frameworks which adopt global image information are designed to capture the differences between normal and abnormal organs as well as these between lesions and the normal tissues around them. In the segmentation step, three types of local information, i.e., image intensity, improved local binary patterns (LBP) features, and an edge indicator, are embedded into a modified level set framework to carry out the segmentation task.

Results

The cyst and carcinoma regions in the ultrasound images of the human kidneys can be automatically detected and segmented by using the proposed method. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are validated by quantitative evaluations and comparative measurements with three well‐recognized segmentation methods. Specifically, the average precision and dice coefficient of the proposed method in segmenting renal cysts are 95.33% and 90.16%, respectively, while those in segmenting renal carcinomas are 94.22% and 91.13%, respectively. The average precision and dice coefficient of the proposed method are higher than those of three compared segmentation methods.

Conclusions

The proposed method can efficiently detect and segment the renal lesions in ultrasound images. In addition, since the proposed method utilizes the differences between normal and abnormal organs as well as these between lesions and the normal tissues around them, it can be possibly extended to deal with lesions in other organs of ultrasound images as well as lesions in medical images of other modalities.
Effects of Introduction of InGaN Quantum Structures on Structural and Optical Properties of InGaN Nanocolumns
Authors: Oto Takao , Mizuno Yutaro , Yoshida Jun , Yanagihara Ai , Miyagawa Rin , Ema Kazuhiro , Kishino Katsumi
Published: November 2017

We systematically investigate and compare the structural and optical properties of InGaN nanocolumns (NCs) and InGaN/GaN single quantum structures (SQSs) fabricated on top of GaN NCs as functions of the GaN column diameter. Each InGaN/GaN SQS comprises an In‐rich InGaN single quantum dot at the center of a semipolar Ga‐rich InGaN single quantum well. The InGaN NCs and InGaN/GaN SQSs qualitatively exhibit similar optical properties. However, the specific diameters at which the photoluminescence spectra change from single‐peak emission patterns to double‐peak patterns are different. Based on scanning transmission electron microscopy observations of the InGaN layers formed on the GaN NCs with different growth times, a model for the growth of InGaN on GaN NCs is proposed and the origin of the difference in the specific diameters is elucidated. Finally, when QSs are introduced to the InGaN‐based NCs, the radiative recombination probability increases while the nonradiative and surface recombination probabilities decrease, thus leading to high emission efficiency.
Strong winds in a coupled wave–atmosphere model during a North Atlantic storm event: evaluation against observations
Authors: Pineau‐Guillou Lucia , Ardhuin Fabrice , Bouin Marie‐Noëlle , Redelsperger Jean‐Luc , Chapron Bertrand , Bidlot Jean‐Raymond , Quilfen Yves
Published: November 2017

Strong winds may be biased in atmospheric models. Here the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) coupled wave–atmosphere model is used (i) to evaluate strong winds against observations, and (ii) to test how alternative wind stress parametrizations could lead to a more accurate model. For the period of storms Kaat and Lilli (23–27 January 2014), we compared simulated winds with in situ – moored buoys and platforms – and satellite observations available from the North Atlantic. Five wind stress parametrizations were evaluated. The first result is that moderate simulated winds (5–20 m s−1) match with all observations. However, for strong winds (above 20 m s−1), mean differences appear, as much as −7 m s−1 at 30 m s−1. Significant differences also exist between observations, with buoys and Advanced Scatterometer ASCAT‐KNMI generally showing lower wind speeds than the platforms and other remote‐sensing data used in this study (AMSR2, ASCAT‐RSS, WindSat, SMOS and JASON‐2). Buoy and ASCAT‐KNMI winds are likely to underestimate the real wind speed. It is difficult to conclude which dataset should be used as a reference. The second result is that common wave‐age dependent parametrizations produce unrealistic drags and are not appropriate for coupling, whereas a newly empirically adjusted Charnock parametrization leads to higher winds compared to the default ECMWF parametrization. This proposed new parametrization may lead to more accurate results in an operational context.
Facile Preparation of Cu‐Al Oxide Catalysts and Their Application in the Direct Synthesis of Ethanol from Syngas
Authors: Li Xiaoli , Zhang Qingde , Xie Hongjuan , Gao Xiaofeng , Wu Yingquan , Yang Guohui , Wang Peng , Tian Shaopeng , Tan Yisheng
Published: November 2017

A simplified catalytic system K‐Cu/Al2O3 (KCA‐xCu‐T) with Cu‐Al oxides was prepared by a facile impregnation method and was successfully applied in the direct synthesis of ethanol from syngas. The results demonstrated that the distribution of CuO, CuAl2O4, and CuAlO2 in KCA‐xCu‐T catalysts can be effectively tuned by varying the calcination temperature (T/°C) and CuO loading (xCu/wt%). The cooperative effect between Cu0 and CuAlO2(Cu+) was proved to be responsible for the enhanced ethanol selectivity. Furthermore, the formation of CuAlO2 could efficiently fix Cu+ species in KCA‐10Cu‐900 sample, and thus lead to excellent catalytic stability (300 h at 400 °C). CuAl2O4 itself has no catalytic effect but can be gradually decomposed into Cu+ and/or Cu0 species during reaction, which further influenced the ethanol selectivity (38.4 wt%).
Ionic Liquid‐Encapsulated Zeolite Catalysts for the Conversion of Glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Saxena Pooja , Velaga Bharath , Peela Nageswara Rao
Published: November 2017

Ionic Liquid (1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Bromide ([BMIM]Br) or Choline Chloride (ChCl)) encapsulated zeolites (HY and H‐MOR) have been synthesized by ship‐in‐a‐bottle strategy and tested for selective conversion of glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Nitrogen sorption analysis showed that the surface area and total pore volume decreased and average pore size increased significantly when the zeolites are encapsulated with ionic liquids. The major effect was found to be on the microporosity whereas the mesoporosity is affected only marginally. From Thermogravimetric Analysis it is observed that the decomposition temperature of ionic liquids increased when encapsulated in the zeolite. The catalytic tests were carried out in presence of NaCl and an extraction phase to remove the formed HMF. The test results of BMIMBr−H‐MOR indicate that even though there is a significant decrease in the surface area with encapsulation, the yield and selectivity are higher with this catalyst as compared to its bare zeolite counterpart. The effect of the addition of NaCl and extraction phase and reaction conditions such as reaction time and temperature on activity and yield of HMF are evaluated on the best catalyst. In catalyst stability study, the reasons for deactivation of catalyst are identified by post‐reaction catalyst characterizations.
Green Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitosan Biomass Catalyzed by Benzimidazole‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhang Mingchuan , Zang Hongjun , Ma Bin , Zhang Xiaolei , Xie Ruirui , Cheng Bowen
Published: November 2017

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is one of the most important platform chemicals in biorefinery, which could be further converted into bio‐fuels. In this work, an effective and green route for 5‐HMF production from chitosan biomass in a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/water mixed solvent using acidic ionic liquids as the catalysts is reported. Several ionic liquids were successfully synthesized and used as catalysts for the degradation of chitosan. Benzimidazolium chloride ([Hbim]Cl) exhibited the best catalytic activity. We achieved a maximum 5‐HMF yield of 34.9 mol% in 10 wt% DMSO‐water mixed solvent. Moreover, the catalyst could be easily recycled and reused at least five times without a significant loss of activity. Our investigation involved the use of recycled catalysts and crustacean waste as the starting material, which makes the process “green” and sustainable.
Glycoclusters with Additional Functionalities for Binding to the LecA Lectin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Angeli Anthony , Dupin Lucie , Madaoui Mimouna , Li Muchen , Vergoten Gérard , Wang Shuai , Meyer Albert , Géhin Thomas , Vidal Sébastien , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Chevolot Yann , Morvan François
Published: November 2017

Due to the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) to develop antibiotic resistances, alternative therapeutic strategies have been proposed. Among others, carbohydrate multivalent molecules targeting lectin‐based virulent factors have been widely reported in particular those targeting LecA. LecA is a tetravalent galactose specific lectin involved in biofilm formation and cell internalization. Herein, we report the synthesis of 36 galactoclusters built from galactosides with aromatic and non‐aromatic aglycons and with an additional chain. The chains were either neutral or positively charged. Only the galactoclusters with naphthyl or tyrosine aglycon showed a moderate increase of binding for the positively charged 3‐dimethylammonium propyl chain. In contrast, the non‐aromatic galactoclusters display typically poorer binding properties towards LecA. The introduction of these side chains led to improved affinities up to becoming comparable to the high‐affinity aromatic galactoclusters.
A Facile and Green Approach for the One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Triaryl‐ and 1,2,4,5‐Tetraarylimidazoles by Using Zinc‐Proline Hybrid Material as a Catalyst
Authors: Agarwal Shalini , Kidwai Mazaahir , Poddar Roona , Nath Mahendra
Published: November 2017

A concise, green, highly versatile and selective one‐pot synthesis of 2,4,5‐triarylimidazoles and 1,2,4,5‐tetraarylimidazoles is reported in this paper. This methodology involves the condensation of bezil or benzoin with various aldehydes and ammonium acetate or aromatic amines in water : ethanol (4:1) mixture containing zinc‐proline hybrid material (ZnPHM) as catalyst to afford various triaryl and tetraarylimidazoles. The facile and mild protocol eliminates the use of expensive and corrosive reagents, toxic solvents and ensures operational simplicity with easy workup. The prominent features of this protocol are avoidance of harsh reaction conditions, recyclability of the catalyst and excellent yields of the desired products after simple crystallization.
Development of Endothelial Cell Networks in 3D Tissues by Combination of Melt Electrospinning Writing with Cell‐Accumulation Technology
Authors: Bertlein Sarah , Hikimoto Daichi , Hochleitner Gernot , Hümmer Julia , Jungst Tomasz , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru , Groll Jürgen
Published: November 2017

A remaining challenge in tissue engineering approaches is the in vitro vascularization of engineered constructs or tissues. Current approaches in engineered vascularized constructs are often limited in the control of initial vascular network geometry, which is crucial to ensure full functionality of these constructs with regard to cell survival, metabolic activity, and potential differentiation ability. Herein, the combination of 3D‐printed poly‐ε‐caprolactone scaffolds via melt electrospinning writing with the cell‐accumulation technique to enable the formation and control of capillary‐like network structures is reported. The cell‐accumulation technique is already proven itself to be a powerful tool in obtaining thick (50 µm) tissues and its main advantage is the rapid production of tissues and its ease of performance. However, the applied combination yields tissue thicknesses that are doubled, which is of outstanding importance for an improved handling of the scaffolds and the generation of clinically relevant sample volumes. Moreover, a correlation of increasing vascular endothelial growth factor secretion to hypoxic conditions with increasing pore sizes and an assessment of the formation of neovascular like structures are included.
Rhombic‐Shaped Nanostructures and Mechanical Properties of 2D DNA Origami Constructed with Different Crossover/Nick Designs
Authors: Ma Zhipeng , Huang Yunfei , Park Seongsu , Kawai Kentaro , Kim Do‐Nyun , Hirai Yoshikazu , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Yamada Hirofumi , Tabata Osamu
Published: November 2017

DNA origami methods enable the fabrication of various nanostructures and nanodevices, but their effective use depends on an understanding of their structural and mechanical properties and the effects of basic structural features. Frequency‐modulation atomic force microscopy is introduced to directly characterize, in aqueous solution, the crossover regions of sets of 2D DNA origami based on different crossover/nick designs. Rhombic‐shaped nanostructures formed under the influence of flexible crossovers placed between DNA helices are observed in DNA origami incorporating crossovers every 3, 4, or 6 DNA turns. The bending rigidity of crossovers is determined to be only one‐third of that of the DNA helix, based on interhelical electrostatic forces reported elsewhere, and the measured pitches of the 3‐turn crossover design rhombic‐shaped nanostructures undergoing negligible bending. To evaluate the robustness of their structural integrity, they are intentionally and simultaneously stressed using force‐controlled atomic force microscopy. DNA crossovers are verified to have a stabilizing effect on the structural robustness, while the nicks have an opposite effect. The structural and mechanical properties of DNA origami and the effects of crossovers and nicks revealed in this paper can provide information essential for the design of versatile DNA origami structures that exhibit specified and desirable properties.
Self‐Organization of Amorphous Carbon Nanocapsules into Diamond Nanocrystals Driven by Self‐Nanoscopic Excessive Pressure under Moderate Electron Irradiation without External Heating
Authors: Wang Chengbing , Ling San , Yang Jin , Rao Dewei , Guo Zhiguang
Published: November 2017

Phase transformation between carbon allotropes usually requires high pressures and high temperatures. Thus, the development of low‐temperature phase transition approaches between carbon allotropes is highly desired. Herein, novel amorphous carbon nanocapsules are successfully synthesized by pulsed plasma glow discharge. These nanocapsules are comprised of highly strained carbon clusters encapsulated in a fullerene‐like carbon matrix, with the formers serving as nucleation sites. These nucleation sites favored the formation of a diamond unit cell driven by the self‐nanoscopic local excessive pressure, thereby significantly decreasing the temperature required for its transformation into a diamond nanocrystal. Under moderate electron beam irradiation (10–20 A cm−2) without external heating, self‐organization of the energetic carbon clusters into diamond nanocrystals is achieved, whereas the surrounding fullerene‐like carbon matrix remains nearly unchanged. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the defective rings as the active sites dominate the phase transition of amorphous carbon to diamond nanocrystal. The findings may open a promising route to realize phase transformation between carbon allotropes at a lower temperature.
Emission Tuning with Size‐Controllable Polymer Dots from a Single Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Kim Jongho , Lee Taek Seung
Published: November 2017

Two conjugated polymers (CPs) with various compositions of phenylene and benzoselenadiazoben (BSD) are synthesized to have a special emitting property; different fluorescence colors in solution and in the solid states, allowing the resulting conjugated polymer dots (Pdots) to emit different fluorescence colors upon their size variation. The photophysical property of such different‐sized Pdots is investigated using fluorescence spectra and fluorescence lifetimes. A decrease in the fluorescence lifetime of Pdots is observed with an increase in the size of Pdots, caused by quantitative change in energy transfer from phenylene (energy donor) to the BSD unit (energy acceptor). The results provide that any CP can be used for the fabrication of Pdots with size‐tunable emission, as long as the CP shows different emissions according to its phases. Such emission of Pdots can even be observed when in the solid solution in polymer matrix, which emits different fluorescence colors depending on the size of embedded Pdots in the polymer matrix.
Wavy Architecture Thin‐Film Transistor for Ultrahigh Resolution Flexible Displays
Authors: Hanna Amir Nabil , Kutbee Arwa Talal , Subedi Ram Chandra , Ooi Boon , Hussain Muhammad Mustafa
Published: November 2017

A novel wavy‐shaped thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) architecture, capable of achieving 70% higher drive current per unit chip area when compared with planar conventional TFT architectures, is reported for flexible display application. The transistor, due to its atypical architecture, does not alter the turn‐on voltage or the OFF current values, leading to higher performance without compromising static power consumption. The concept behind this architecture is expanding the transistor's width vertically through grooved trenches in a structural layer deposited on a flexible substrate. Operation of zinc oxide (ZnO)‐based TFTs is shown down to a bending radius of 5 mm with no degradation in the electrical performance or cracks in the gate stack. Finally, flexible low‐power LEDs driven by the respective currents of the novel wavy, and conventional coplanar architectures are demonstrated, where the novel architecture is able to drive the LED at 2 × the output power, 3 versus 1.5 mW, which demonstrates the potential use for ultrahigh resolution displays in an area efficient manner.
Morphological and Physicochemical Changes in Great Dwarf Banana (Musa cavendish AAA) Starch Modified by Pyrodextrinization and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Olvera‐Hernández Viridiana , Betancur‐Ancona David , Chel‐Guerrero Luis A. , Ble‐Castillo Jorge L. , Castellanos‐Ruelas Arturo F.
Published: November 2017

Resistant starch have a low glycemic index and its consumption have been associated with the prevention and reduction of colon cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease, among other diseases. An evaluation is done of the changes in resistant starch content and physicochemical characteristics in Musa cavendish native starch after pyrodextrinization and enzymatic hydrolysis. The factors considered during pyrodextrinization were starch/acid (2.2 M HCl) ratio (80:1 to 160:1 w/v); temperature (90 and 110 °C), and reaction time (1 and 3 h). All three factors positively affected resistant starch yield at the lowest levels. Maltodextrin was produced using two enzyme concentrations (0.01% and 0.05%) and reaction times (10 and 30 min); the lowest enzyme concentration resulted in the lowest dextrose equivalents values. Crystallinity is progressively lost during native starch modification, meaning resistant starch content is reduced in the modified starches. Water solubility increased in the pyrodextrin and maltodextrin. The studied enzyme‐resistant maltodextrins are a promising ingredient for improving dietary fiber content in a wide range of foods, especially drinks, dairy products, creams, and soups.
Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filters in spatiotemporal analysis
Authors: Zurbenko Igor G. , Smith Devin
Published: November 2017

This paper is an extension of WIRE publication Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filters, 2010. It addresses computational aspects of multidimensional KZ filtering for unevenly spaced data. Some real examples are provided to illustrate some of the details of such data analysis. The identification and separation of different spatial or temporal scales in spatiotemporal data can provide essential improvements to the accuracy of explanations. In particular, long term scales can be made to display clear patterns which are absolutely indistinguishable using standard multivariate analysis methods. WIREs Comput Stat 2018, 10:e1419. doi: 10.1002/wics.1419

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Signal and Image Processing and Coding

Data: Types and Structure > Image and Spatial Data

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Coadjoint orbit action of Virasoro group and two-dimensional quantum gravity dual to SYK/tensor models
Authors: Mandal Gautam , Nayak Pranjal , Wadia Spenta R.
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons of the SYK model are described by a coset space Diff/SL(2, ℝ), where Diff, or Virasoro group, is the group of diffeomorphisms of the time coordinate valued on the real line or a circle. It is known that the coadjoint orbit action of Diff naturally turns out to be the two-dimensional quantum gravity action of Polyakov without cosmological constant, in a certain gauge, in an asymptotically flat spacetime. Motivated by this observation, we explore Polyakov action with cosmological constant and boundary terms, and study the possibility of such a two-dimensional quantum gravity model being the AdS dual to the low energy (NG) sector of the SYK model. We find strong evidences for this duality: (a) the bulk action admits an exact family of asymptotically AdS2 spacetimes, parameterized by Diff/SL(2, ℝ), in addition to a fixed conformal factor of a simple functional form; (b) the bulk path integral reduces to a path integral over Diff/SL(2, ℝ) with a Schwarzian action; (c) the low temperature free energy qualitatively agrees with that of the SYK model. We show, up to quadratic order, how to couple an infinite series of bulk scalars to the Polyakov model and show that it reproduces the coupling of the higher modes of the SYK model with the NG bosons.
Objective Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Coutinho Enia Lucia , Herbella Fernando A. M. , Lovato Carlos Alexandre Volponi , Patti Marco G. , Schlottmann Francisco , de Paola Angelo Amato Vincenzo
Published: November 2017

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Some evidence shows that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may be a trigger for paroxysmal AF (PAF). Most of the previous studies that correlated GERD and AF used questionnaires to diagnose GERD, not an objective evaluation. This study aims to evaluate in patients with PAF: (a) accuracy of symptoms to diagnose GERD; (b) prevalence of GERD; and (c) temporal correlation between cardiac arrhythmia and reflux.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients (59% females, mean age 68 years) with PAF underwent esophageal manometry followed by ambulatory pH monitoring and concurrent Holter. Eight (36%) patients had GERD symptoms. Patients were grouped as GERD+ or GERD− based on the DeMeester score. Temporal correlation between arrhythmia and reflux was recorded.

Results

Six (27%) patients were GERD+. Symptoms had sensitivity and specificity of 50 and 70%, respectively, for the diagnosis of GERD. Episodic AF occurred in one patient only (GERD−). There were 23 episodes of AF during the test with 14% correlation with reflux. Persistent AF during the period of the test was found in five patients (60% GERD+).

Conclusions

Our results show: (a) Symptoms have a low accuracy for the diagnosis of GERD; (b) the prevalence of GERD in patients with PAF is low; and (c) temporal correlation between episodes of reflux and cardiac arrhythmia is low.
Using parent‐ and self‐reports to evaluate eating disturbances in young girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Bitsika Vicki , Sharpley Christopher F.
Published: November 2017

Background

Eating Disturbances (ED) often occur in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) but most previous studies have relied on parent‐reported data about males with ASD. Few studies have collected data from younger girls with ASD using self‐reports and parents’ reports.

Aims

To compare self‐reports and parents’ reports of ED in a sample of 52 young girls with ASD, a standardised scale for ED was revised for use with younger girls with ASD.

Methods

Mothers of 52 girls with ASD aged from 6 to 17 years completed the Swedish Eating Assessment for Autism spectrum disorders (SWEAA) on their daughters; the girls also completed the SWEAA as a self‐report.

Results

The prevalence of severe ED in the sample was low (about 11%). There were minimal significant differences between mothers’ and daughters’ SWEAA responses across most SWEAA subscales. Deletion of several of the original SWEAA items produced a scale that can be used as a self‐report or a carer‐report with young girls with ASD.

Conclusion

The clinical assessment of ED via self‐ or parent reports is suggested as a pathway to identify girls with ASD who also exhibit ED so that adequate treatment planning can be developed for them.
Interdisciplinary semantic model for managing the design of a steam-assisted gravity drainage tooling system
Authors: Leitch Michael , Yusuf Yishak , Ma Yongsheng
Published: November 2017

Complex engineering systems often require extensive coordination between different expert areas in order to avoid costly design iterations and rework. Cyber-physics system (CPS) engineering methods could provide valuable insights to help model these interactions and optimize the design of such systems. In this work, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), a complex oil extraction process that requires deep understanding of several physical-chemical phenomena, is examined whereby the complexities and interdependencies of the system are explored. Based on an established unified feature modeling scheme, a software modeling framework is proposed to manage the design process of the production tools used for SAGD oil extraction. Applying CPS methods to unify complex phenomenon and engineering models, the proposed CPS model combines effective simulation with embedded knowledge of completion tooling design in order to optimize reservoir performance. The system design is expressed using graphical diagrams of the unified modelling language (UML) convention. To demonstrate the capability of this system, a distributed research group is described, and their activities coordinated using the described CPS model.

Highlights A modelling framework is proposed to manage interaction between engineering systems. Phenomenon feature concept is introduced to facilitate knowledge representation. Model framework is extensible and facilitates interoperability. Steam assisted gravity drainage oil extraction process is modelled.
Unusual Iliac Crest Stress Fracture in a Marathoner: A Case Presentation
Authors: West Amy M. , McInnis Kelly C.
Published: November 2017

This case presentation describes a 50‐year‐old healthy woman who developed left‐sided hip pain while training for the Boston Marathon. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a stress fracture of the left iliac body. This injury was unique in that it did not occur in the setting of low bone mineral density and it did not fall into the current published radiographic categorization based on location of injury. This case illustrates an uncommon and atypical bone stress injury in an endurance athlete. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of runners presenting with hip or lumbopelvic pain.

Level of Evidence

V
Systemic Judicial Authority: The “Fourth Corner” of “The Judicial Trilemma”?
Authors: Hernández Gleider
Published: November 2017

Jeffrey Dunoff and Mark Pollack's Judicial Trilemma is a refreshing challenge to prevailing narratives about judicial decision-making in international courts and tribunals and is part of a growing wave of scholarship deploying empirical, social science-driven methodology to theorize the place of judicial institutions in the international legal field. Seeking to peek behind the black robes and divine the reasoning behind judicial decisions without descending into speculation and actively trying to thwart considerations of confidentiality is a fraught endeavor on which I have expressed skepticism in the past. The Judicial Trilemma admirably seeks to overcome these challenges, and I commend the authors for tackling the hard question as to whether one can truly glance behind the black robe.
A green revolution from below? A social approach to fertiliser use in eighteenth-century Flanders
Authors: DE GRAEF PIETER
Published: November 2017

Profound changes in output and productivity characterised eighteenth-century agriculture, both in regions of large-scale capitalist farming and smallholding cultivation. Aggregate, macro-level studies offer valuable insights, but often prove unable to explain yield increases. Therefore, this article proposes a social approach to agricultural production through a micro-level analysis of fertilisation strategies, taking the smallholding economy of inland Flanders as a starting point. The household perspective demonstrates that a green ‘fertiliser’ revolution with increasing levels of fertilising intensity and off-farm nutrient inputs was instigated from below on both small and large holdings as a response to the broader economic and societal situation.
Clandestine weddings at the Fleet Prison, c. 1710–1750: who married there?
Authors: FIELD JACOB F.
Published: November 2017

During the first half of the eighteenth century, thousands of Londoners (and people from the rest of England) married clandestinely at the Fleet Prison. More weddings were celebrated there than any other location in England. This article will examine quantitatively who was marrying there, detailing their premarital status, origin and occupation. It will show that Londoners who married at the Fleet were broadly representative of London's population topography and occupational structure. The article also examines the non-Londoners who married at the Fleet, and shows that by c. 1750 the Fleet was hosting at least 10 per cent of all marriages in England.
Women and contentious speech in fifteenth-century Brabant
Authors: HAEMERS JELLE , DELAMEILLIEURE CHANELLE
Published: November 2017

This article revalorises women's protest and popular political ideas in history. A case study focusing on three cities of the Low Countries shows that not only men, but also women were involved when it came to spreading subversive ideas, undermining the authority of urban governors, and mobilising discontent. The analysis of fifteenth-century records of repression from Antwerp, Mechelen and Leuven demonstrates that both male and female commoners permanently strove to change the governmental practices in town by using contentious speech.
A New Measure of Mobility-Related Behavioral Flexibility and Routines in Old Age
Authors: Penger Susanne , Oswald Frank
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Although daily out-of-home mobility is crucial for well-being in later life, the psychological determinants thereof are not yet fully understood. This study describes attitudes toward daily out-of-home mobility from a person-environment interaction perspective and develops an instrument to measure mobility-related behavioral flexibility and routines in old age. Data were drawn from 265 older adults (aged 65–99). An examination of the factorial structure using exploratory factor analysis revealed three main mobility-related factors: behavioral flexibility with regard to environmental challenges, behavioral flexibility with regard to personal challenges, and a preference for routines. The instrument demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and factorial validity. The study contributes toward a better understanding of the motivational aspects of daily out-of-home mobility in later life.
Cerebral organoids reveal early cortical maldevelopment in schizophrenia—computational anatomy and genomics, role of FGFR1
Authors: Stachowiak E. K. , Benson C. A. , Narla S. T. , Dimitri A. , Chuye L. E. Bayona , Dhiman S. , Harikrishnan K. , Elahi S. , Freedman D. , Brennand K. J. , Sarder P. , Stachowiak M. K.
Published: November 2017

Studies of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from schizophrenia patients and control individuals revealed that the disorder is programmed at the preneuronal stage, involves a common dysregulated mRNA transcriptome, and identified Integrative Nuclear FGFR1 Signaling a common dysregulated mechanism. We used human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from four controls and three schizophrenia patients to model the first trimester of in utero brain development. The schizophrenia organoids revealed an abnormal scattering of proliferating Ki67+ neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from the ventricular zone (VZ), throughout the intermediate (IZ) and cortical (CZ) zones. TBR1 pioneer neurons and reelin, which guides cortico-petal migration, were restricted from the schizophrenia cortex. The maturing neurons were abundantly developed in the subcortical regions, but were depleted from the schizophrenia cortex. The decreased intracortical connectivity was denoted by changes in the orientation and morphology of calretinin interneurons. In schizophrenia organoids, nuclear (n)FGFR1 was abundantly expressed by developing subcortical cells, but was depleted from the neuronal committed cells (NCCs) of the CZ. Transfection of dominant negative and constitutively active nFGFR1 caused widespread disruption of the neuro-ontogenic gene networks in hESC-derived NPCs and NCCs. The fgfr1 gene was the most prominent FGFR gene expressed in NPCs and NCCs, and blocking with PD173074 reproduced both the loss of nFGFR1 and cortical neuronal maturation in hESC cerebral organoids. We report for the first time, progression of the cortical malformation in schizophrenia and link it to altered FGFR1 signaling. Targeting INFS may offer a preventive treatment of schizophrenia.
Spatial regulation of contractility by Neuralized and Bearded during furrow invagination in Drosophila
Authors: Perez-Mockus Gantas , Mazouni Khalil , Roca Vanessa , Corradi Giulia , Conte Vito , Schweisguth François
Published: November 2017

Embryo-scale morphogenesis arises from patterned mechanical forces. During Drosophila gastrulation, actomyosin contractility drives apical constriction in ventral cells, leading to furrow formation and mesoderm invagination. It remains unclear whether and how mechanical properties of the ectoderm influence this process. Here, we show that Neuralized (Neur), an E3 ubiquitin ligase active in the mesoderm, regulates collective apical constriction and furrow formation. Conversely, the Bearded (Brd) proteins antagonize maternal Neur and lower medial–apical contractility in the ectoderm: in Brd-mutant embryos, the ventral furrow invaginates properly but rapidly unfolds as medial MyoII levels increase in the ectoderm. Increasing contractility in the ectoderm via activated Rho similarly triggers furrow unfolding whereas decreasing contractility restores furrow invagination in Brd-mutant embryos. Thus, the inhibition of Neur by Brd in the ectoderm differentiates the mechanics of the ectoderm from that of the mesoderm and patterns the activity of MyoII along the dorsal–ventral axis.
Forming a three-dimensional porous organic network via solid-state explosion of organic single crystals
Authors: Bae Seo-Yoon , Kim Dongwook , Shin Dongbin , Mahmood Javeed , Jeon In-Yup , Jung Sun-Min , Shin Sun-Hee , Kim Seok-Jin , Park Noejung , Lah Myoung Soo , Baek Jong-Beom
Published: November 2017

Solid-state reaction of organic molecules holds a considerable advantage over liquid-phase processes in the manufacturing industry. However, the research progress in exploring this benefit is largely staggering, which leaves few liquid-phase systems to work with. Here, we show a synthetic protocol for the formation of a three-dimensional porous organic network via solid-state explosion of organic single crystals. The explosive reaction is realized by the Bergman reaction (cycloaromatization) of three enediyne groups on 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexaethynyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[1,2]benzenoanthracene. The origin of the explosion is systematically studied using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, along with high-speed camera and density functional theory calculations. The results suggest that the solid-state explosion is triggered by an abrupt change in lattice energy induced by release of primer molecules in the 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexaethynyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[1,2]benzenoanthracene crystal lattice.
Turbulent mass transfer caused by vortex induced reconnection in collisionless magnetospheric plasmas
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Hasegawa H. , Daughton W. , Eriksson S. , Li W. Y. , Nakamura R.
Published: November 2017

Magnetic reconnection is believed to be the main driver to transport solar wind into the Earth’s magnetosphere when the magnetopause features a large magnetic shear. However, even when the magnetic shear is too small for spontaneous reconnection, the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability driven by a super-Alfvénic velocity shear is expected to facilitate the transport. Although previous kinetic simulations have demonstrated that the non-linear vortex flows from the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability gives rise to vortex-induced reconnection and resulting plasma transport, the system sizes of these simulations were too small to allow the reconnection to evolve much beyond the electron scale as recently observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. Here, based on a large-scale kinetic simulation and its comparison with MMS observations, we show for the first time that ion-scale jets from vortex-induced reconnection rapidly decay through self-generated turbulence, leading to a mass transfer rate nearly one order higher than previous expectations for the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.
Ocean forecasting of mesoscale features can deteriorate by increasing model resolution towards the submesoscale
Authors: Sandery Paul A. , Sakov Pavel
Published: November 2017

Submesoscale dynamics are ubiquitous in the ocean and important in the variability of physical, biological and chemical processes. Submesoscale resolving ocean models have been shown to improve representation of observed variability. We show through data assimilation experiments that a higher-resolution submesoscale permitting system does not match the skill of a lower resolution eddy resolving system in forecasting the mesoscale circulation. Predictability of the submesoscale is inherently lower and there is an inverse cascade in the kinetic energy spectrum that lowers the predictability of the mesoscale. A benefit of the higher-resolution system is the ability to include information content from observations to produce an analysis that can at times compare more favourably with remotely sensed satellite imagery. The implication of this work is that in practice, higher-resolution systems will provide analyses with enhanced spatial detail but will be less skilful at predicting the evolution of the mesoscale features.
Global role of the bacterial post-transcriptional regulator CsrA revealed by integrated transcriptomics
Authors: Potts Anastasia H. , Vakulskas Christopher A. , Pannuri Archana , Yakhnin Helen , Babitzke Paul , Romeo Tony
Published: November 2017

CsrA is a post-transcriptional regulatory protein that is widely distributed among bacteria. This protein influences bacterial lifestyle decisions by binding to the 5′ untranslated and/or early coding regions of mRNA targets, causing changes in translation initiation, RNA stability, and/or transcription elongation. Here, we assess the contribution of CsrA to gene expression in Escherichia coli on a global scale. UV crosslinking immunoprecipitation and sequencing (CLIP-seq) identify RNAs that interact directly with CsrA in vivo, while ribosome profiling and RNA-seq uncover the impact of CsrA on translation, RNA abundance, and RNA stability. This combination of approaches reveals unprecedented detail about the regulatory role of CsrA, including novel binding targets and physiological roles, such as in envelope function and iron homeostasis. Our findings highlight the integration of CsrA throughout the E. coli regulatory network, where it orchestrates vast effects on gene expression.
Pericytes regulate VEGF-induced endothelial sprouting through VEGFR1
Authors: Eilken Hanna M. , Diéguez-Hurtado Rodrigo , Schmidt Inga , Nakayama Masanori , Jeong Hyun-Woo , Arf Hendrik , Adams Susanne , Ferrara Napoleone , Adams Ralf H.
Published: November 2017

Pericytes adhere to the abluminal surface of endothelial tubules and are required for the formation of stable vascular networks. Defective endothelial cell-pericyte interactions are frequently observed in diseases characterized by compromised vascular integrity such as diabetic retinopathy. Many functional properties of pericytes and their exact role in the regulation of angiogenic blood vessel growth remain elusive. Here we show that pericytes promote endothelial sprouting in the postnatal retinal vasculature. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) by pericytes spatially restricts VEGF signalling. Angiogenic defects caused by pericyte depletion are phenocopied by intraocular injection of VEGF-A or pericyte-specific inactivation of the murine gene encoding VEGFR1. Our findings establish that pericytes promote endothelial sprouting, which results in the loss of side branches and the enlargement of vessels when pericyte function is impaired or lost.
Interference-like patterns of static magnetic fields imprinted into polymer/nanoparticle composites
Authors: Yang Zhijie , Wei Jingjing , Giżynski Konrad , Song Myung-Geun , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: November 2017

Interference of waves is important and used in many areas of science and technology but does not extend to static magnetic fields which lack the wave structure. On the other hand, magnetic fields can be spatially modulated using microstructured materials comprising magnetic and non-magnetic domains. Here, we show that when such spatial modulation is coupled to the dynamics of magnetic particles, it can give rise to interference-like patterns. These patterns are imprinted into thin polymer films by overlaying “stamps” presenting periodic arrays of magnetic and nonmagnetic regions. The structures that emerge from such a superposition are sensitive to any motions of the stamps, can depend on the history of these motions, can produce features significantly smaller than those in the stamps, and can be either planar or three-dimensional.
A study of the ground-attachment process in natural lightning with emphasis on its breakthrough phase
Authors: Tran M. D. , Rakov V. A.
Published: November 2017

Synchronized high-speed (124 or 210 kiloframes per second) video images and wideband electromagnetic field records of the attachment process were obtained for 4 negative strokes in natural lightning at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville, Florida. The majority of imaged upward connecting leaders (UCLs) and upward unconnected leaders, inferred to be mostly initiated from trees, exhibited a pulsating behavior (brightening/fading cycles). UCLs, whose maximum extent ranged from 11 to 25 m, propagated in virgin air at speeds ranging from 1.8 × 105 to 6.0 × 105 m/s with a mean of 3.4 × 105 m/s. Within about 100 m of the ground, the ratio of speeds of the downward negative leader and the corresponding positive UCL was about 3–4 for 2 events and 0.5 for 1 event. The breakthrough phase (final jump) was imaged for 2 events. The initial length of the common streamer zone (CSZ) was estimated to be about 30–40 m. For 2 events, speeds of positive and negative leaders developing toward each other inside the CSZ were found to be between 2.4 × 106 and 3.7 × 106 m/s. For 1 event, opposite polarity leaders were observed to accelerate inside the CSZ. The current at the end of the breakthrough phase, lasting on average 4.7 μs, was estimated to be approximately one-half of the overall current peak. Thus, about one-half of the current peak traditionally attributed to the return-stroke process is actually associated with two leaders extending toward each other to collision inside the CSZ.
Body size estimation in women with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using 3D avatars
Authors: Cornelissen Katri K. , McCarty Kristofor , Cornelissen Piers L. , Tovée Martin J.
Published: November 2017

A core feature of anorexia nervosa is an over-estimation of body size. However, quantifying this over-estimation has been problematic as existing methodologies introduce a series of artefacts and inaccuracies in the stimuli used for judgements of body size. To overcome these problems, we have: (i) taken 3D scans of 15 women who have symptoms of anorexia (referred to henceforth as anorexia spectrum disorders, ANSD) and 15 healthy control women, (ii) used a 3D modelling package to build avatars from the scans, (iii) manipulated the body shapes of these avatars to reflect biometrically accurate, continuous changes in body mass index (BMI), (iv) used these personalized avatars as stimuli to allow the women to estimate their body size. The results show that women who are currently receiving treatment for ANSD show an over-estimation of body size which rapidly increases as their own BMI increases. By contrast, the women acting as healthy controls can accurately estimate their body size irrespective of their own BMI. This study demonstrates the viability of combining 3D scanning and CGI techniques to create personalised realistic avatars of individual patients to directly assess their body image perception.