bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Occurrence of Marine Fungi in the Diet of Littorina angulifera and Observations on the Behavior of the Periwinkle*
Authors: Kohlmeyer J. , Bebout B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.The feeding and resting patterns ofLittorina angulifera, the southern periwinkle, were observed in mangrove habitats of Belize (Central America). The snails feed predominantly on the surface of prop roots ofRhizophora manglein a narrow zone at and above the mean high water mark. This area contains large numbers of hyphae and chlamydospores of an unidentified marine fungus(Deuteromycetes)and filaments of a chlorophyte(Chlorochytriumsp.). Both organisms are ingested by snails whose digestive tracts and fecal pellets contain ground‐up cork cells, tricho‐sclereids, tracheids, calcium oxalate crystals, fungal hyphae and chlamydospores, as well as undigested cyanobacteria. Most fungal particles pass through the gut unchanged. During dry periods,L. anguliferais in a dormant state, usually attached with dried mucus to leaves high in the tree, causing necrotic, crescent‐shaped marks. The leaf tissue under the area of shell attachment becomes meristematic, separating dead tissues from healthy mesophyll. The snails detach during rainfall and move downward to the feeding sites on the prop roots.
Benthic Metabolism and Standing Stock in the Central and Northern Deep Red Sea
Authors: Thiel H. , Pfannkuche O. , Theeg R. , Schriever G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Benthic metabolism and standing stocks were investigated in the deep Red Sea between 21o and 27oN, Activity was assessed by the determination of respiration rates with a shipboard method and by calculating oxygen consumption from the activity in the electron transport system. We attempted to compare results from different latitudes within the warm Red Sea and with data from cold Atlantic environments. Our investigations were part of an environmental risk assessment to evaluate future mining of metalliferous sediments from the Atlantis II Deep.
Small‐scale Spatial Distribution of a Pyramidellid Snail Ectoparasite, Boonea impressa, in Relation to its Host, Crassostrea virginica, on Oyster Reefs
Authors: Powell E.N. , White M.E. , Wilson E. A. , Ray S.M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The pyramidellid snail, Boonea (= Odostomia) impressa (SAY), is an important ectoparasite of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). The small‐scale spatial distribution of snails was examined in 11 oyster populations in the Copano Bay ‐ Aransas Bay area of the Texas coast. Snails were contagiously distributed (s2/>1) and positively spatially autocorrelated. Patchiness was better developed and patches were larger on enclosed reefs than on more exposed open‐bay reefs, probably because higher wave energy and increased distance between oyster clumps limited clump‐to‐clump movement by snails on open‐bay reefs. Small snails were consistently distributed differently from large snails because small snails were less host specific. As the snails grow, a narrowing of host preference results in a substantial change in spatial distribution. Snails were consistently more contagiously distributed than their hosts; however, snail distribution was not host‐density dependent. Factors determining the spatial distribution of the host had surprisingly little effect on the distribution of snails. Snail aggregates apparently form randomly by chance meetings of a few snails and then grow by attraction of additional snails. Consequently, snail behavior, which determines the size and length of time a patch retains its integrity, and the age distribution of the snail population may be the two most important factors, besides population size, determining the impact of B. impressa on oyster populations.
Structural Adaptations to Light Reception in Two Morphotypes of Corallina elongata ELLIS & SOLAND
Authors: Algarra Patricia , Niell F. Xavier
Published: May 2008

Abstract. A tentative method is developed to determine the assimilative surface and the total and active photosynthetic volume in caespitose algal communities. The estimation of these variables and the analysis of photosynthetic pigments allow the description of structural adaptive responses in relation to light reception in two morphotypes of Corallina elongata, i. e., those growing in sunny and shaded intertidal localities.

A cross transplantation of both morphotypes demonstrates that one type rapidly converts to the other. This indicates an adaptivity of morphology and pigment composition.

The results presented in this work as well as the comparison between intertidal and terrestrial communities suggest that both have a similar potential efficiency in harvesting the incident radiation, but that the degree of compactation of the photosynthetic apparatus (Leaf Area Index) is different.
Structure et variabilité de I'ichtyofaune d'une zone rocheuse protégée en Méditerranée (Pare national de Port‐Cros, France)
Authors: Harmelin Jean‐Georges
Published: May 2008

Abstract. A Mediterranean fish assemblage has been visually censused over a period of two years from two permanent, rocky, infralittoral stations (10–15 m) which display a high habitat complexity and are located in a protected area. Six home‐range categories were defined for a better understanding of the community structure which was analyzed through qualitative and quantitative data. The respective roles of different sources of variability in species composition and numerical abundance were evaluated.
Structure of the Epiphytic Community of Posidonia oceanica Leaves in a Shallow Meadow
Authors: Casola E. , Scardi M. , Mazzella L. , Fresi E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The structure of the epiphytic community (hydroids, bryozoans, and the most abundant macrophytes) of Posidonia oceanica leaves in a shallow meadow near Lacco Ameno, Ischia was studied. The structure of the community changed along an age gradient that extended from the inner to the outer leaves and from the basis to the apex of each leaf. This structure was also affected by microclimatic factors. The dynamics of community “maturation” is described.
The Ecology of Amorphous Aggregations (Marine Snow) in the Northern Adriatic Sea:
Authors: Herndl Gerhard J. , Peduzzi Peter
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In the water‐column of the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea) flocculent, amorphous aggregates known as marine snow reach maximum density and dimensions up to 20cm in diameter during summer months. Sampling of these fragile macro‐aggregates was carried out by SCUBA‐divers.

A large detrital component was found to be embedded in an organic matrix together with a large array of intact phytoplankton species. Heterotrophic bacterial density ranged from 2–65 × 108 cells‐g‐1 (marine snow dry wt) and is therefore of the same order of magnitude as in the surface layer of the sediments of the Gulf. In terms of biomass, bacteria reached only 30–95% of heterotrophic microflagellates.

A mean abundance of marine snow of 5g (marine snow dry wt) m‐3 was obtained for the water‐column above the pyenolinc. At this boundary layer, however, a mean abundance of about 10g (marine snow dry wt) m‐3 led to the formation of a distinct, 10‐50cm thick layer. Based on these data and sedimentation rates of marine snow to the pyenoclinc (38 g [marine snow dry wt] m‐2 d‐1) the potential ecological significance of these macro‐aggregates for the pelagic system of the Gulf of Trieste is discussed.
Depth Distribution of Thalassia testudinum in two Meadows on the West Coast of Florida; a Difference in Effect of Light Availability
Authors: Dawes Clinton J. , Tomasko David A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Shoot density was lower, while leaf area index and above‐ to below‐ground biomass ratios were higher for Thalassia testudinum collected from the deep edge when compared to the shallow edge of a meadow off Anclotc Key, Florida. These three characters followed patterns predicted from previous studies. The characters were reversed in order for plants from shallow and deep edges of a meadow off Egmont Key, about 50 km south of Anclote Key. Causes other than light were not evident to explain this reversal in the Egmont Key meadow. This study suggests that although light limitation may be the usual limiting factor for depth distribution in seagrass meadows, other factors cannot be ignored in many meadows along the west coast of Florida.
Spatial Variation in the Structure of Kelp Forest Communities Along a Wave Exposure Gradient
Authors: Harrold Christopher , Watanabe James , Lisin Susan
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Four sites were sampled in kelp (Macrocysiis pyrifera) forests occupying rocky bottom habitats along a wave exposure gradient in central California. Consistent betwecn‐site differences were found in the three major structural elements ‐ the surface canopy, the undcrstory assemblage, and the ground cover/turf assemblage ‐ of kelp forest communities. Macrocysiis pyrifera was found at all four sites. Nereucyslis tuelkeana only at the most exposed site. The understory kelps Laminaria setchellii and Pterygopltora californica were also characteristic of exposed sites. Articulated coralline algae were more abundant at exposed sites than protected, while fleshy red algae showed the opposite pattern. All four study sites were located along 8.5 km of coastline, and thus were assumed to have available to them the same species pool for colonization. The substrate composition was the same and the amount of unconsolidated substrate was similar at all four sites. We suggest that exposure to wave‐generated water motion, through its influence on the surface canopy and therefore on the amount of light reaching the bottom, is responsible for these between‐site differences.
Simulation of SPOT Satellite Imagery for Charting Shallow‐Water Benthic Communities in the Mediterranean
Authors: Belsher Thomas , Meinesz Alexandre , Lefevre Jean Robert , Boudouresque Charles‐François
Published: May 2008

Abstract. In order to simulate SPOT‐typc satellite imagery, remote sensing of the Bay of San Cyprianu (Corsica) was carried out using a radiation sensor mounted in an aircraft. The resulting simulated image was calibrated using a chart of the benthos produced by SCUBA diving. We show that remote sensing by satellite should be able to resolve certain bottom types and benthic communities in water down to a depth of 12 m.
Eiefsis Bay Anoxia: Nutrient Conditions and Benthic Community Structure
Authors: Friligos Nikolaos , Zenetos Argyro
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The changes in the concentrations of silicate, phosphate, and inorganic nitrogen in Eiefsis Bay. an intermittently anoxic basin, arc described and related to the changes in the physical properties of the water. Winter convection resulted in a very small vertical gradient of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients. Stratification started to develop in May and persisted for about 6 months. High values of silicate, phosphate, and ammonia occurred during the anoxic conditions prevailing in summer. The vertical transport of particulate organic matter and decomposition of abundant pelagic and benthic organic matter during the summer produced a low oxygen level in the bottom layer below the pycnoclinc. A high sea water temperature and vertical stability contributed to the development of anoxic conditions during the summer in the near bottom layer and to mass mortality of benthic macrofauna. Also the Eiefsis Bay anoxia appears to have had significant ecological effects on many other marine species, including several of economic importance.
Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Wilkinson Clive R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Populations of foliose dictyoccratid sponges were surveyed on the forc‐rccf (windward) slopes of reefs across the central and northern sections of the Great Barrier Reef. Foliose sponges constitute more than 50 % of invidual abundance on clean water reefs and more than 80 % on some of these reefs. These sponges arc generally small and occur in greatest abundance on the slopes between 10 and 30 m depth, forming more than 20% of the total sponge biomass. Species of the genera Phyllospongia and Carteriospongia were most prevalent, particularly the species P. lamel‐losa, C. flabellifera, C.foliascens, and an unidentified thorcctid. The majority of these foliose sponges have a predominantly phototrophic nutrition with more than 50% of carbon energy being derived from the photosynthetic activities of cyanobactcrial symbionts. The foliose dictyoccratids were absent from inner‐shelf reefs, which feature higher sediment loads and concentrations of organic nutrients.
Mussel Periostracum from Deep‐Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: The Scalloping Periostracum Borer
Authors: Hook James E. , Golubic Stjepko
Published: May 2008

Abstract. A complex and highly unusual eukaryotic microorganism was discovered to be penetrating and removing the periostracum of deep‐sea mussels from the Florida Escarpment brine seeps at a depth of 3266 m. These brine seeps support a chemolithoautotrophic redox community similar to those known from Pacific hydrotherma! vents. This microorganism of unknown taxonomic affinity is filamentous and coenocytic, with a simple plasma membrane and no cell wall. It forms prostrate, radiating systems of branched tunnels, 8–15 u.m in diameter. The surface of the tunnels is sculptured by helically organized, scale‐like depressions, which are left as scars in the process of periostracum removal by the organism. Periostracum is removed in discrete pieces (scallops) at the ends of the tunnels. This organism has been found at three Atlantic deep‐sea redox communities, but not in similar communities of the Pacific.
Bionomy of the Amphipods in the Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea)
Authors: Kevrekidis Th. , Koukouras Ath.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The composition and distribution of the amphipod fauna in the area of Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea) have been investigated by means of quantitative sampling. On the basis of similarity in distribution among stations, 3 groups of species have been distinguished. The dependence of the distribution of these 3 groups, as well as of each species separately, on certain environmental factors is discussed.
Diel Activity Patterns and Foraging Dynamics of the Sea Urchin Tripneustes ventricosus in a Tropical Seagrass Community and a Reef Environment (Virgin Islands)
Authors: Tertschnig Wolfram P.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Feeding and movement activity patterns and the foraging behavior of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus were investigated in a Thalassia testudinum seagrass bed and on a patch reef at St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Most of T. ventricosus in the seagrass bed fed during both the day and night. Consumption of seagrass blades amounted to 1.4 g dw · individual‐1· d‐1 (mean sea urchin size 12.1 cm ambitus diameter). The population consumed approximately 3.6% of the daily seagrass production.

The movement of T. ventricosus was diel with high nocturnal activity levels and rates of locomotion, and little activity during daylight hours. Foraging activity was reduced under turbulent conditions. Movement rates were not governed by food availability. T. ventricosus travelled 3.7 m · d‐1 on the patch reef. Individuals in the seagrass bed moved 8.8 m · d‐1, most of which was accomplished during the night. The area traversed contained more than one hundred times the amount of food consumed daily. It is assumed that this behavior requires high energy expenditures for locomotion, thus yielding a low net energy profit from feeding.

The high rate of movement in seagrass beds may represent an innate behavioral adaptation to predation by night‐active helmet conchs (Cassis spp.). Fitness optimization by T. ventricosus may have been achieved by minimizing the predation risk during night hours. In an evolutionary context, survival by means of an increased energy expenditure for locomotion may compensate for the lower net energy gain from foraging.
Descriptive Analysis and Classification of Benthic Communities in Some Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons (Central Italy)
Authors: Gravina M. F. , Ardizzone G. D. , Scaletta F. , Chimenz C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Benthic samples were taken seasonally at 32 stations in five coastal lagoons of Central Italy (Fogliano, Monaci, Caprolace, Fondi, and Lungo) during a two‐year period (1982–1984). Composition and distribution of benthic populations in each lagoon as well as seasonal trends of species richness, density, diversity, and redundancy are presented and discussed.

The faunal differentiation appeared to be mainly due to the different degree of water exchange, both with marine and continental systems.
Foliose Dictyoceratida of the Australian Great Barrier Reef III. Preliminary Electrophoretic Systematics
Authors: Stoddart James A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Techniques of starch‐gel electrophoresis were applied in a taxonomic assessment of a difficult group of dictyoceratid sponges. A phylogenetic tree derived from the resultant electrophoretic characters agreed well with a recent taxonomic revision of this group produced in a companion study. However, this must be seen as a preliminary result, as the electrophoretic character set was restricted to only three enzyme systems due to the extensive effects of a nonspecific enzyme which precluded the effective interpretation of most other enzymes assayed. This non‐specific enzyme may be linked to a highly developed relationship between this group of sponges and symbiotic cyanobacteria.
Sponge Communities in Three Submarine Caves of the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean): Adaptations and Faunistic Composition
Authors: Bibiloni M. A. , Uriz M.J. , Gili J.M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The sponge fauna of three neighbouring submarine caves of the Island of Majorca (Balcaric Islands) is studied along a light gradient; 45 species have been recorded and systematic data are given for those showing morphological, pigmentary, or spicule differences. Adaptation to darkness and precarious trophic conditions is also discussed.
Short‐Term Thermal Effects of a Power‐Generating Plant on Zooplankton in the Swartkops Estuary, South Africa
Authors: Perissinotto R. , Wooldridge T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The short‐term effect of elevated water temperatures (Δ t = 5–10°C after passing through the cooling circuit of an electricity generating plant) on plankton in a warm temperate estuary. South Africa, was investigated. Phytoplankton entrained on the flood tide was more severely affected than that entrained on the ebb, but chlorination of cooling water was probably a major factor affecting phytoplankton assemblages. Abundance of zooplankton of marine origin was significantly reduced after passing through the cooling circuit. The effect of thermal stress on the curyhalinc zooplankton was not clear, as the origin of the water canal to the generators is located at the extreme seaward limit of spatial distribution of cstuarinc plankton at low tide. Estuarinc species of zooplankton were therefore infrequently sampled and in low numbers only. Other factors which increase mortality are discussed.
The Effects of Industrial Pollution on the Development and Succession of Marine Fouling Communities I. Analysis of Species Richness and Frequency Data
Authors: Moran P. J. , Grant T. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The effects of industrial pollution were determined by comparing the pattern of development of marine fouling communities situated along a pollution gradient within Port Kembla Harbour (Australia) with those from nearby Wollongong Harbour, a relatively unpolluted area. Fifty‐three fouling species were found in the communities from Wollongong Harbour compared to only 40 in those from Port Kembla Harbour. Twenty‐eight species (including many bryozoans) occurred only in the former, while 15 species occurred solely in the latter. Ten of the 25 species common to both areas were more numerous in Port Kembla Harbour, probably because of the greater availability of free substratum and food in this area. The species richness of fouling communities in Port Kembla Harbour was found to decrease as pollutant concentrations increased. In both study areas, communities established in summer showed significantly higher species richness than those whose development was initiated in winter. This difference was less pronounced in Port Kembla Harbour and was attributed to the effects of pollution on larval settlement. Although species richness increased at all sites through time, Wollongong Harbour communities contained a greater number of species at the end of the experiment than communities from Port Kembla Harbour. Despite this, fewer species were found in the very early developmental stages of the communities from Wollongong Harbour. This result highlights the inherent problems associated with using species richness or diversity measures as a means of determining marine environmental quality.
Proximate Constituents, Biomass, and Energy in Posidonia oceanica (Potamogetonaceae)
Authors: Lawrence J. M. , Boudouresque Ch.‐F. , Maggiore F.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The proximate composition of the various components of Posidonia oceanica is given in terms of gravimetric and energetic level and amount of plants from 2 depths at Port‐Cros (Var. France). The level of proximate constituents differed little between the leaves (regardless of age) and the roots, but the rhizome contained much more soluble carbohydrate and less structural carbohydrate and ash. Because of this, the energy level in the leaves was more in terms of organic material and less in terms of total material than the energy level in the rhizome. The leaves of a P. oceanica shoot at 2 m depth in July contained 1.6 g organic material. 29.0 kJ. The weight and energy of the soluble carbohydrate in the rhizome from the base of the leaves to the 18th sheath scale decreased by ca. 40% from October to March and increased by ca. 100% from March to July.
Water Flow, Trophic Depletion, and Benthic Macrofauna Impoverishment in a Submarine Cave from the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Zabala Mikel , Riera Tecla , Gili Josep Maria , Barange Manel , Lobo Agustin , Peñuelas Josep
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Biotic zonation and severe impoverishment of benthic macrofauna are two of the most conspicuous features of submarine caves. The prevailing explanation assumes trophic depletion caused by reduction of water flow. However, no isolation of water was found in the studied Catalan submarine cave, even in the wall microlayer. Fluorescein diffusion was so fast that it was detectable everywhere in the cave already only a few minutes after the injection. The rate of dissolution of plaster spheres was even greater in the cave than in a nearby tunnel – without benthic macrofauna impoverishment – showing a considerable water flow. The oxygen concentration of water in dialysis bags placed at varying distances from the cave walls showed that no wall microlayer gradients were present.

Biochemical gradients did not indicate any decrease in food supply. Although photosynthetic pigment concentration generally decreased inside the cave, and although the gradients were not linear but formed different patterns throughout the cave, the BOD5, the POM, the C:N ratio, the [3H]‐thymidine incorporation rate, and the ETS activity were higher in the inner part of the cave. There was an accumulation of detritic material and bacteria in the inner parts that constitute a plausible food supply for benthic macrofauna.

If neither water motion nor food supply can be invoked, research into the causes of zonation and disappearence of benthic macrofauna is proposed to be carried out on biotic interactions and behavioural processes.
Zonation and Ecology of Epiphytic Hydroids in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon: The ‘Stagnone’ of Marsala (North‐West Sicily)
Authors: Piraino Stefano , Morri Carla
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Distribution patterns of epiphytic hydroids of seagrass (Posidonia occanica and Cymodocea nodosa) beds were studied in the ‘Stagnone’, a moderately hypcrhaline lagoon in Sicily. The role of water movement in determining the spatial and temporal zonation of epiphytic hydroids and their morpho‐physiological variations is evaluated. Remarks on systematics arc also included.
Seasonal Changes in Limestone and Sand Plant Communities off the Florida West Coast
Authors: Dawes Clinton J. , Lawrence John M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.The benthic flora of the limestone (20%) and sand (80%) substrates typical of intermediate depths on the west coast of Florida was sampled using quadrats over a three year period. Twenty seven taxa of macroscopic algae and one seagrass,Halophila decipiens, were collected. No plants were found during February of two consecutive years. The biomass and available energy ranged from 0 (winter) to 12.4g dry weight and 128 kJ (summer) per 25cm:on the limestone outcroppings and from 0 to 4.4g dry weight and 43 kJ for the sand substrate. The flora was seasonal with no dominant macroscopic algae occurring throughout the year. The flora of the intermediate depths is subjected to abiotic disturbances and is rudcral in nature. Thus, secondary production in the extensive intermediate depths along the west coast of Florida must depend more on the inshore, shallow water seagrass communities for primary production.
Laboratory Culture and Preliminary Characterization of the Nitrogen‐Fixing Rhizosolenia‐Richelia Symbiosis
Authors: Villareal Tracy A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.The oceanic diatomRhizosolenia cleveiand its cyanobactcrial symbiontRichelia intracel‐luluriswere isolated into laboratory culture and their biology and growth dynamics examined. Nitrogen‐fixation by the symbiont could sustain the symbiosis. Growth and nitrogenase activity demonstrated light saturation kinetics, with no photoinhibition up to 315 μE m‐1s‐1for growth and 780μE m‐1s‐1for nitrogen fixation. The symbiosis is not obligate forRhizosolenia, which is capable of growth independent of the symbiont if a nitrogen source is available. The symbiont is contained in the pcriplasmic space between theRhizosoleniaplasmalcmma and frustulc, and preliminary evidence suggests excretion of fixed nitrogen into the medium may be occurring.
Pattern of Nematode Species Diversity in Temperate and Tropical Subtidal Sediments
Authors: Boucher Guy
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Revision of published data on species diversity of marine nematode assemblages indicated significantly higher values in temperate coastal sediments than in tropical open sea and lagoonal sublittoral sediments of similar depth. The influence of sample size, mean grain size, latitude. degree of isolation and stability of the system arc discussed for 112 temperate samples and 85 tropical samples from 23 localities around the world.
Micro‐Meiofaunal Community Structure and Nematode Diversity in a Lagoonal Ecosystem (Fangataufa, Eastern Tuamotu Archipelago)
Authors: Gourbault N. , Renaud‐Mornant J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Mciofaunal assemblages in a semi‐closed Polynesian atoll have been assessed. High densities, numerous micro‐ and meiobenthic groups, and 62 diversified (H′= 2.64) nematode species occur. As a whole, the lagoonal habitat may be considered as homogeneous, its variability being controlled by oceanic inflows.
Polychaetes (Annelida) in the Gut Contents of Goatfishes (Mullidae), With New Polychaete Records for the Mediterranean Coast of Israel and the Gulf of Elat (Red Sea)
Authors: Ben‐Eliahu M.N. , Golani D.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. An analysis was made of polychaete prey in the guts of 5 species of goatfishes (Mullidiw): Upeneus usymmetricus, a Lessepsian migrant goatfish collected from both Mediterranean and Elat (Red Sea) locations; Mullus sunnuletus, ill. burbcuus, and U. moluccensis, a Lessepsian migrant taken only in the eastern Mediterranean; and Mulloides flavolineatus, collected in the Gulf of Elat. Mullus barbutus accounts for nine new polychaete records for the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Mulloides flavolineatus fed on two species which arc new records for the Gulf of Elat; one, Lumbrineris meteorunu, is a new record for the Red Sea. The polychaete prey provides some information on the ecology of the fishes: There appears to be little overlap regarding polychaete prey among the different goatfish species in the Mediterranean.
Karyological and Ecological Evolution of the Monocelididae (Platyhelminthes, Proseriata)
Authors: Curini‐Galletti M.C. , Martens P.M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The karyology and ecology of 76 species of Monocelididae arc discussed. Species with a basic karyotype are mainly limited to low dynamic subtidal areas: this is considered to be the ancestral habitat of the group. From there, parallel evolution resulted in colonization of more stressed environments. In all lineages, the colonization of new environments is correlated with karyotype rearrangements such as translocations and Robertsonian mechanisms of fusion and fission.
Observations on the Aggregative Behavior of Mysidium columbiae, the Mangrove Mysid
Authors: Modlin Richard F.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The mangrove mysid Mysidium columbine (Zimmer) occurs in aggregations of tens to millions of individuals. Few indepth studies on the aggregative behavior of this species have examined structural composition, response to light intensity changes, and its ability to reduce prcdation. Snorkel and SCUBA observations, as well as aquarium experimentation on shoals/ schools of this species in shallow waters around a mangrove archipelago were made at irregular intervals to determine their structure, dynamics, and influence on prcdation. In summer, aggregations occurred as large cylindrical shoals, in winter as small ovoid schools. In daylight, shoals/schools were very sensitive to changes in light intensity. At night the smallest juveniles formed compact swarms, while larger individuals became solitary. At sunrise a definite rc‐shoaling behavior existed. Shoals/schools were stratified by life stages. A hypothesis stating that conspecific schools in winter did not mix was tested. Mysidium shoals/schools seemed to discourage prcdation by fishes.
Opportunistic Feeding in Mediterranean Blennioid Fishes (Blenniidae and Tripterygion) as Revealed by Experimental Food Provisioning in the Field
Authors: Kotrschal Kurt , G.Lindquist Dave , Illich Ingeborg P.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Consistent differences were found in trophic opportunism between species and between sexes by food provisioning experiments in an assemblage of 15 species of Mediterranean blennioid fishes. The degree of trophic opportunism in the different species was significantly and positively correlated with body size and two features indicative for intensity of male parental care. The degree of trophic opportunism correlated neither with trophic level, depth distribution, or relative abundance. Females of all species in which sex could be distinguished visited the feeding stations at higher frequencies than conspecific males.
The Macrobenthic Associations of Haifa Bay, Mediterranean Coast of Israel
Authors: Tom Moshe , Galil Bella
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of macrobenthic fauna were examined at Haifa Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Benthic samples were taken over a two‐year period at twenty sites ranging in depth from 10‐80m. The relevant sedimentological features of the area are discussed. Classification of the faunal data produced a hierarchical grouping of sites and species, displayed as dendrograms. Ten sample groups and eleven species associations are identified. The obsérved qualitative differences arc related to the prevailing environmental conditions in the area. A unique species association, related to cobble‐sized bioherms, is described. Massive penetration by four benthic species of Indo‐Pacific origin, Lessepsian migrants, is reported.
Environmental Instability and Demographic Variability in Acrocnida brachiata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Douarnenez Bay (Brittany: France)
Authors: Bourgoin A. , Guillou M. , Glémarec M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The recruitment and growth modalities of two populations of Acrocnida brachiata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the intertidal and from a depth of 20 m in Douarnenez Bay (Brittany) were compared. This study was conducted in order to establish whether the populations developed differently according to environmental stability. The results were compared with those found in another amphiurid, Amphiura filiformis, distributed along a similar gradient of disturbance in the subtidal zone. The purpose was to determine whether the biological parameters from different species vary in a similar manner along such a gradient and. if not, what is the role of biotic and physical factors in the control of demographic structure in intertidal and subtidal populations.
Life Histories and Breeding Patterns of Three Intertidal Sand Beach Isopods
Authors: Ruyck AN M. C. DE , Donn Theodore E. , McLachlan Anton
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Three‐weekly transects were done over a 14‐month period at Sundays River Beach, a high energy beach in Algoa Bay, South Africa, to determine the life histories, breeding patterns, and fecundities of three intertidal cirolanid isopods. Eurydice longicornis. Pontogeloides latipes, and Excirolana naialensis. E. longicornis exhibits an annual, multivoltine life history with a more extended breeding period than the other two species. P. latipes and E. natalensis both have biennial. univoltine life histories with lower fecundities than E. longicornis.
Midlittoral Soft Substratum Macrofaunal Assemblages in the North Aegean Sea
Authors: Koukouras Athanasios , Russo Anthony
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The soft substratum macrobenthic assemblages of the midlittoral zone, along the atidal shores of the upper Thermaikos (polluted) and Strymonikos (unpolluted) Gulfs in the North Aegean Sea, arc qualitatively and quantitatively described. The composition of each of the seven assemblages found (four in Thermaikos and three in Strymonikos Gulf) is statistically tested and discussed in relation to abiotic factors. One of the four Thermaikos Gulf assemblages is located on a silt to fine sand substrate in brackish waters and is characterized by the dominance of the polychactc Hedisie diversicolor and the amphipod Corophium orientate. The other three assemblages arc located on coarse substrates and characterized by the very high dominance of the bivalve Donacillu corneu and the polychactc Ophelia bicornis (both of which are exclusive inhabitants of the midlittoral zone); the First is additionally characterized by the very high dominance of the polychactc Nerine cirratulus, both the second and the third by the dominance of turbellarians due to the pollution of the Gulf (stations located near sewage discharge, high organic carbon, low oxygen). In Strymonikos Gulf, one of the three assemblages is dominated by H. diversicolor and C. orientate; it is similar to the corresponding assemblage found in Thermaikos Gulf, although located on a relatively coarSér sediment. The second is dominated by D. cornea and O. bicornis and is also similar to that of Thermaikos Gulf. The third assemblage does not have a corresponding one in Thermaikos Gulf, is located on a substrate consisting of granules to pebbles, arid is characterized by the high dominance of the amphipods Allorchestes aquilinus and Echinogammarus olivii and the isopod Sphaeroma Sérratum. The corresponding assemblages of the two gulfs are compared. The results of the data analysis are discussed and compared with the literature.
The Influence of Population Density on the Mating System of Thalassoma pavo, a Protogynous Mediterranean Labrid Fish
Authors: Wernerus François M. , Tessari Valentina
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The aim of the present study is to determine the factor balancing the reproductive polymorphism obSérved in Thalassoma pavo, a Méditerranean labrid fish that shows two sexually distinct types of males: small gonochoristic males and large sex‐changed males. Large males defend specific mating sites above which females come to spawn. In such a mating system (pair spawning performed only by large territorial males), small males almost never get the opportunity to spawn. In a similar situation, Thalassoma bifasciatum, a coral reef species, shows a change of its mating system due to the influence of population density. As the population density grows, the proportion of small males in the population increases until they are numerous enough to take over a mating site where they perform group spawns. Concerning Thalassoma pavo, neither the group spawning behavior nor any other factor has ever been described to explain the maintenance of the two types of males.
Primary Production and Growth Dynamics in Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Buia Maria Cristina , Zupo Valerio , Mazzella Lucia
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Studies on leaf growth and production were performed in two stands, at depths of 5 m and 22m, in the Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile bed off Lacco Ameno, Ischia (Gulf of Naples). Experiments were carried out in situ from May 1988 to August 1989 at monthly intervals.

Leaf growth and production profiles differed in the two stands investigated. Growth rates were higher at 5 m, with a peak in autumn (5.8 mg · shoot‐1· d‐1) and another in March (3.8 mg · shoot‐1· d‐1). At 22 m the maximum rate occurred in May (3.9 mg · shoot‐1· d‐1). These differential growth rates resulted in a delayed maximum leaf surface and biomass at the deep stand, where lower irradiance values and different temperature patterns were also found. The biomass of epiphytic algae showed trends similar to those of leaves; however, there were remarkable differences in the values between the two stations and for the two investigated years.

The production data of the present study are compared with those of other reports, and it is shown that growth processes are greatly influenced by physical factors.
Depth and Seasonal Distribution of Some Groups of the Vagile Fauna of thePosidonia oceanicaLeaf Stratum: Structural and Trophic Analyses
Authors: Gambi Maria Cristina , Lorenti Maurizio , Russo Giovanni F. , Scipione Maria Beatrice , Zupo Valerio
Published: May 2008

Abstract.The taxonomical and trophic structures of the vagile fauna communities of the leaf stratum in aPosidonia oceanicameadow at Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy) were investigated at five stations along a depth gradient (1 to 25 m). Sampling was performed in July, November, February, and May. The analyzed groups ‐ polychaetes, molluscs, tanaids, isopods, amphipods, and decapods ‐ exhibited similar distributional trends in all seasons, with coenotic discontinuities occurring at well‐defined depths. The same zonation pattern was produced by feeding‐guild analysis. Eleven trophic groups were identified. The most abundant groups were: Herbivores, which were found mainly at the shallow stations; Herbivores‐deposit feeders, which were widely distributed along the transect; Deposit feeders‐carnivores, found mainly at the deep stations.

This study suggests that in thePosidonialeaf stratum, herbivores and herbivores‐deposit feeders, as consumers of epiphytic micro‐ and macroflora and deposited particulate organic matter, play an important role in the energy transfer from producers to higher trophic levels of the system.
The Detritic Compartment in aPosidonia oceanicaMeadow: Litter Features, Decomposition Rates, and Mineral Stocks
Authors: Romero Javier , Pergent Gérard , Pergent‐Martini Christine , Mateo Miguel‐Angel , Regnier Cécile
Published: May 2008

Abstract.The ecosystem associated to the Mediterranean seagrassPosidonia oceanicashows a clear distinction in two subcompartments regarding turnover time: aboveground and belowground. Aboveground parts (leaves) are highly dynamic, and most of the leaf material is decomposed or exported in less than one year, representing a net loss of nutrients. In contrast, belowground biomass (roots and rhizomes) has a turnover time of the order of centuries, with a consequent accumulation of organic matter in the sediment. The accumulation rates for the single elements rank in the order C > N > P. This ecosystem may be considered as a sink for biogenic elements.
Circalittoral Macrobenthic Assemblages of Strymonikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea)
Authors: Dounas Costas G. , Koukouras Athanasios S.
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Six macrobenthic assemblages of the circalittoral zone found in Strymonikos Gulf, North Aegean Sea, are described and compared with the corresponding ones from other Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. For the delimination of these assemblages and the evaluation of the major environmental gradients governing their distribution, several numerical techniques were used.
Mussel Periostracum from Deep‐Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 3. Secondary Inhabitants
Authors: Hook James E. , Golubic Stjepko
Published: May 2008

Abstract. Vacated microborings in periostracum of live mussels of the Florida Escarpment redox community (depth of 3266 m) become a habitat for a prolific secondary microbiota consisting of a variety of prokaryotic and a few eukaryotic organisms. Periostracum surface is also colonized by diverse microorganisms, dominated by presumed chemolithotrophic bacteria with stacks of intracellular lamellae. Unlike sheltered microflora within borings, the surface community is heavily grazed upon by numerous archaeogastropods and ciliates.
Studies on Migratory Movements of the Prawn Penaeus kerathurus (Forskal, 1775) at Amvrakikos Gulf, Western Greece
Authors: Klaoudatos Spiros , Tsevis Nikolaos , Conides Alexis
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The prawn Penaeus kerathurus completes its life cycle in Amvrakikos Gulf. The reasons for not entering the open sea depend on the status of biotic and abiotic factors of the gulf. The migratory movements of the species in the gulf are described by a simple square model, in each corner of which, the wintering, spawning, nursery, and recruitment area exist. The wintering area is located below the 25m isobath and wintering period lasts from late December to late March. Spermatophores on females are observed throughout the year but the highest percentages between April and August. The spawning season begins late in spring and continues through the summer. The spawning area is located below the 10m isobath, mainly around 25m. The nursery area of Penaeus kerathurus is in shallow waters near river estuaries, and the temporal limits were determined to be between mid‐summer and mid‐autumn. Finally, the recruitment area is located near the nursery area, with recruitment taking place in autumn, while the major stock renewal is restricted to winter.
Vegetative Reproduction in Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Meinesz Alexandre , Molenaar Heike , Bellone Eric , Loques Françoise
Published: May 2008

Abstract. An investigation was conducted on transplantation in the Mediterranean seagrass, Posidonia oceanica. The effects of rhizome length and season of transplantation were investigated over the first year of growth in relation to survival and development in orthotropic shoots. Twelve batches, each composed of 36 transplants bearing one leaf bundle, were detached and planted at the same site and depth. They were fixed horizontally to mesh supports. These twelve batches, comprising three classes of rhizome length (10, 15, and 20 cm), were transplanted at four times of year. Mortality was highest for transplants made in early summer, when temperatures exceeded 20°C, and lowest for those made in autumn. Although initial rhizome length had no discernible effect on subsequent mortality, it was positively related to the length of the necrosed portion one year later. The most successful transplants, made in autumn with 10 to 15 cm long rhizomes, gave survival rates of 92 to 97%. These results should help to develop transplantation techniques for restoring damaged sites.
Observations on the Spatio‐Temporal Distribution of Crustacean Amphipods in the Fusaro Coastal Lagoon (Central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) and Some Notes on Their Presence in Mediterranean Lagoons
Authors: Procaccini Gabriele , Scipione Maria Beatrice
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The amphipod population of the Fusaro coastal lagoon (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) was studied on a spatial‐temporal scale. During a one‐year period, samples were collected on hard and soft bottoms along a transect from the inland to the seaward side of the lagoon. Thirteen species were identified. The dominant taxa included species typical of lagoon environments, such as Corophium insidiosum and Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, and species typical of marine environments yet also inhabiting sheltered or semi‐closed areas, such as Corophium acutum, Ericthonius brasiliensis, and Elasmopus rapax.

An inner‐outer gradient was not evident, while a seasonal pattern was recognizable. At the community level, clear differences between the two substrata were not evident because of high algal growth and organogenic detritus on the soft bottoms. The importance of hydrodynamic forces in a euhaline lagoon in selecting amphipod communities ‐ characterized by a typical trophic behaviour and way of life – is discussed. Information on the ecology of the collected species and a list of Mediterranean lagoons where they are present are also provided.
Community Structure of the Subtidal Macroinfauna in an Estuarine Mussel Bed in Southern Chile
Authors: Jaramillo Eduardo , Bertrán Carlos , Bravo Alejandro
Published: May 2008

Abstract. The mussels Choromytilus chorus and Mytilus chilensis are the most distinctive bivalves of the subtidal soft bottoms of Queule River estuary, southern Chile (ca. 40 °S). In some artificially farmed areas of this estuary, the semi‐buried mussels reach densities as high as 250–300 adult indiv. m‐2. We carried out seasonal (1983) and fortnightly samplings (August 1984 to December 1985) to compare abiotic and biotic characteristics (i. e., macroinfaunal community structure) on bottom areas with and without mussels. Biodeposition within the mussel bed area did not result in organic enrichment of the sediments, a situation which is discussed in relation to the breakdown of mussel biodeposits. During most of this study, organic matter (%) was higher in the sediments of this area versus that without mussels. While the sediments of the mussel and control area were dominated by the same macroinfauna (i.e., polychaetes), that of the mussel area generally had lower abundances, number of species, and diversity indices. Several explanations are presented to account for diminished abundance and diversity values here. These include insufficient substrate for settling larvae, space limitation, and negative effects of sediment characteristics.

Mussel biodeposition in a mussel bed area at the Queule River estuary did not result in organic enrichment of the sediments. This may be attributed to the high rate of biodeposit disintegration. During most of the study, the percentage of combustibles (i. e., organic matter) was higher in the mussel bed sediments. This was not necessarily the effect of mussel biodeposit accumulation, since field studies (between‐site comparisons during flood and ebb tides) showed no significant differences between the amount of organic matter in the near fluid, fecal‐rich sediments surface (i. e., 0.5 cm) of the mussel and control area. The macroinfauna of both areas was dominated by the spionid Minuspio chilensis and one capitellid worm. The abundance of the whole macroinfauna and that of the most characteristic taxa peaked during summer‐autumn months. No changes were detected in the community structure of either area (e. g., no changes in the rank of dominant species). The abundances, number of species, and diversity indices were generally lower in the mussel bed area. This condition may be related to negative effects of some sort of mussel‐macroinfauna interaction such as space reduction, adult‐larval interactions, or changes in sediment characteristics.