bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superior Vena Cava Flow in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Karabulut Muhammed , Yıldırım Kübra
Published: September 2023

Objective Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whose definition, diagnosis and treatment has been the subject of debate in the scientific community for a long time, is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood. There are many studies on the pathophysiology of attention deficit. However, there is no study in the literature based on direct or indirect measurement of cerebral venous circulation in ADHD, and the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on cerebral venous circulation. Therefore, it was aimed to noninvasively measure superior vena cava (SVC) flow, which is an indirect indicator of cerebral venous flow, by transthoracic echocardiography in patients with ADHD.Methods In the study, 44 healthy children, and 40 ADHD patients who were planned to start on osmotic-release oral system (OROS)- MPH were included. SVC flows were measured in healthy children and before and after drug therapy of ADHD patients.Results SVC flow was found to be higher in ADHD patients compared to healthy children. A significant decrease was found in SVC flow of ADHD patients after OROS-MPH treatment. There was no decrease in SVC flow of patients who did not respond adequately to MPH treatment.Conclusion This first study of SVC flow in children with ADHD showed that ADHD was associated with increased SVC flow and MPH treatment had a reducing effect on this increased SVC flow. We believe that noninvasive, easily measurable, and reproducible SVC flow may be a new focus of interest for future comprehensive studies as a biomarker to support clinical evaluation in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of ADHD patients.
The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Anxiety on Loneliness: Moderated Mediation Effects of Gratitude
Authors: Jeon Seong-Eun , Ryu Seunghyong , Lee Ju-Yeon , Kim Jae-Min , Kim Sung-Wan , Kang Young-Shin
Published: September 2023

Objective This study was conducted to identify factors related to loneliness during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and focused on how the fear of COVID-19 infection affects loneliness and the conditional effect of gratitude as a moderator in the relationship among the fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and loneliness.Methods For the analysis of this study, a survey was conducted among 1,500 individuals aged 19 to 69 years living in three metropolitan areas in South Korea. Questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychological experience and stress associated with COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale–7, UCLA Loneliness Scale–3, and Gratitude Questionnaire–6. An analysis was conducted by applying SPSS PROCESS macro models 4 and 7.Results First, anxiety mediated the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 infection and loneliness. Second, the effect of the fear of COVID-19 infection on loneliness through anxiety was moderated by gratitude. The higher the gratitude, the more the fear of COVID-19 infection is buffered in the path to anxiety, and the lower the indirect effect on loneliness.Conclusion This suggests that in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions for psychological problems such as anxiety and loneliness can be carried out through gratitude, a significant protective variable.
ANLATIM TEKNİĞİ OLARAK MEKTUBUN KULLANIMI: VECİHİ’NİN İKİ ROMANI
Authors: ÇETİN Seda , ACAR Barış Berhem
Published: September 2023

Bir iletişim aracı olarak yüzlerce yıldır kullanılan mektup, özellikle 18. yüzyıldan itibaren edebî tür olarak değer kazanmıştır. Bireyselleşmenin artmasıyla birlikte insanların kendi düşüncelerini aracısız ifade etme ihtiyacı hissetmesiyle edebî mektupların sayısında ciddi bir artış gözlemlenir. Bu dönemde Batı’da mektuplarla beraber romanın da yükselişe geçmesi, mektup-romanların doğmasını sağlar. Birçok örneği yazılan mektup-romanlarda özellikle kadınların mektuplarla seslerini duyurmaya çalıştığı gözlemlenir. Türk edebiyatında da Batı edebiyatının etkisinin başladığı Tanzimat yıllarında ilk mektup-romanların yazıldığı, Batı’da olduğu gibi bu türe ilginin fazla olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada, Vecihi’nin kaleme aldığı mektup-roman türünün ilk örneklerinden sayılabilecek ancak gözardı edilmiş Müjgan ve Mesude romanlarına odaklanılacak, bu romanlarda mektubun işlevi ortaya konacaktır. Mektup-romanın tarihine ve genel özelliklerine kısaca değinildikten sonra Vecihi’nin birbirinin devamı olan iki romanından alınan örneklerle nasıl bir mektup roman yazdığı belirtilmeye çalışılacaktır.
YÜKSEKLİK KAVRAMINDA ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN YAŞADIKLARI ZORLUKLAR VE MATEMATİK ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN BU KONUDAKİ GÖRÜŞLERİ
Authors: ŞAHİN Mücahit , GÜVEN Murat Bayram , IŞIK Cemalettin
Published: September 2023

Öğretmenler, matematik eğitiminde bir kavramı öğretirken farklı öğrenci düşünceleriyle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu düşünceler, bazen öğrencilerin kavramları hiç zorlanmadan ve anlamlı bir şekilde öğrendiklerini gösterirken bazen de yanlış ve eksik öğrenmelerinin yansımalarını gösterirler. Bu çalışmada öğrencilerin yükseklik çiziminde sıklıkla yaşadıkları zorlukların nedenlerini belirleyerek bu zorlukların nedenlerinin neler olabileceği hakkında matematik öğretmenlerinin görüşlerini ortaya koymak ve yaşanan zorluklar hakkında ne tür öneriler sunacaklarını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 92 ortaokul öğrencisi ve 9 ortaokul matematik öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada veriler iki aşamada toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında 8. sınıfta öğrenim gören öğrencilere yükseklik konusuyla ilgili 4 açık uçlu sorudan oluşan test uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra öğretmenlere uygulanmak amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen açık uçlu sorularla ilgili senaryo hazırlanmıştır. Verilerin analiz sürecinde ilk olarak öğrencilerin açık uçlu sorulara verdikleri cevaplar, araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmiş ve sıklıkla yapılan hatalar tespit edilmiştir. Bundan sonra ise senaryolar yoluyla öğretmenlerle yapılan mülakatlardan elde edilen veriler çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ise öğretmenler, öğrencilerin karşılaştıkları farklı öğrenme zorlukları olduğunu ifade ederken öğrencilerdeki bu hataları gidermek için çözüm önerilerinin sınırlı sayıda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca öğretmenlerin çözüm önerilerinin, farklı hata türleri ve zorluklarda da birbirine benzer olduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle her senaryoda “anlatırım, söylerim ve çizdiririm” vb. ifadeleri kullanmaları “öğretmen merkezli” eğitim anlayışını benimsediklerini göstermektedir.
YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMDE HAKKANİYET ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: KURT Seda Nur , ARASTAMAN Gökhan
Published: September 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin hakkaniyete dayalı eğitim algılarını ölçmeyi sağlayan bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmanın birinci aşamasında n=219 katılımcıdan oluşan açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) yapılmıştır. AFA sonucunda ölçeğin toplam varyansın %52.10’unu açıklayan üç faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu faktörler sırasıyla “örgütsel kaynakların adil dağılımı”, “akademisyen-öğrenci iletişimi”, ve “erişim” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Ölçek maddelerinin faktör yük değerleri birinci faktör için .468 ile .771, ikinci faktör için .759 ile .873 ve üçüncü faktör için .543 ile.713 arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Ortaya çıkan bu yapının doğrulanması için çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında n=906 kişiden oluşan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonucu elde edilen uyum iyiliği değerlerinin “χ2 /df= 3.4, RMSEA=.05, RMR=.06, CFI=.95 iyi uyum, NFI=.93, IFI =.95, GFI=.92 ve AGFI=.91” şeklinde olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğe ilişkin güvenirlik ise Cronbach Alpha katsayısı ile ölçülmüştür. Güvenirlik analizi sonucunda, güvenirlik katsayıları faktörler için sırasıyla .909, .930, .667 ve ölçek toplamı için .891 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, üniversite öğrencilerinin hakkaniyete dayalı eğitim algılarını ölçmeyi sağlayan Hakkaniyet Ölçeği (HÖ)’nin 22 madde ve üç faktörden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
La modernidad tan temida: alianzas y lecturas en La gran aldea (1884), de L. V. López
Authors: Gasparini Sandra
Published: September 2023

En La gran aldea (1884), de Lucio V. López, conviven el temor al despojo simbólico de un conjunto de valores atesorados por una élite patricia y el cuestionamiento del impacto modernizador de la Buenos Aires de la década de 1880. Con las herramientas de la novela, la autobiografía ficcional, el cuadro de costumbres y la memoria, constituye un fresco donde el liberalismo conservador sostenido por López permite pensar en las alianzas políticas cambiantes que se establecieron durante 1882-1884, un breve período de la primera presidencia de Roca de neto impulso laicista. López se aleja veinte años de este lapso y regresa, pero las discusiones de los oradores y sus partidarios, las prácticas de lectura y comunicativas que defienden o la cosificación de los cuerpos de las mujeres trabajadoras o las arribistas conforman un proyecto literario que procesa las condiciones de producción del texto en sintonía con sensibilidades conservadoras anticlericales.
Assessing the Implementation of School Discipline Policy in Ghanaian Basic Schools
Authors: ABONYİ Usman , SALİFU Inusah
Published: September 2023

As part of the effort to create safer and more protective learning environments in Ghanaian schools, the Ghana Education Service in 2017 officially banned all forms of corporal punishment and required teachers to adopt a positive discipline toolkit based on a manual prescribed as an alternative to corporal punishment. This study sought to investigate the implementation of the alternative positive discipline policy in the basic schools of Ghana. The study utilized qualitative research approach to gather data from 15 teachers through semi-structured interviews. Based on thematic analysis, the study showed that the teachers used many discipline methods per the policy on school discipline. They included writing lines, manual work, physical punishments, time-out periods, classroom rules, appointment and withdrawal of positions, and counselling to manage students’ behavior. The study, however, found that teachers perceive the positive discipline methods to be ineffective in managing students’ behavior compared to the use of corporal punishment. The implication drawn from the study was that despite the use of some alternative discipline methods by the teachers, they have not abandoned all forms of corporal punishments in schools. The study therefore recommended, among other things, that school leaders and other authorities institute surveillance and monitoring systems to check violators and sanction teachers who refuse to employ the non-violent discipline methods prescribed by the Ghana Education Service.
Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: The Role of Demographic Characteristics and Their Psychological Empowerment in Turkey
Authors: BERHANU Kelemu Zelalem , SABANCI Ali , YALCİN Goksel
Published: September 2023

This research was aimed at examining the influence of teachers’ psychological empowerment on their commitment to the school in the case of private schools in Antalya province, Turkey. Data were collected twice, first 297 teachers for scale development; second, we collected data from separate 297 teachers for the main analysis. A correlational type of research design was utilized. As a result, teachers were psychologically empowered and strongly committed to school at a high level. Teachers have statistically no or very weak differences regarding their education level, gender, and length of service in their perception of both psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Moreover, psychological empowerment and teachers’ organizational commitment were significantly correlated. Finally, it was seen that the influence dimension was an important predictor of organizational commitment. Attitude, length of service, and age had no significant effect. Therefore it is recommended that principals should actively build the social, intellectual, and professional capital of teachers, which results in teachers themselves being empowered psychologically and finally committed to the school.
Success Through Leadership Resilience: Qualitative Exploration of a Selected Rural High School
Authors: ULEANYA Chinaza
Published: September 2023

Failure and drop-out rate in rural high schools (RHSs) in South Africa remains a prevailing crisis. This has been attributed to issues such as poor/limited infrastructures, poverty, unemployment, among others. Thus, this case study explores the issue of a purposively selected South African Rural High School (RHS) with 15 years’ success rate at terminal examination known as Matric. Qualitative method was adopted, hence, interviews were conducted with eight purposively selected staff members of the school: one principal, one deputy principal, three departmental heads, two teachers and one senior admin clerk. The collected data was coded, categorised, thereafter thematically analysed. The findings of the study showed that resources in the selected rural high school are limited, and dropout impacts the school negatively. Nonetheless, with resilience and collaborative efforts of the school leaders: principal, deputy principal, teachers and other staff members, as well as limited reliance on government learners can be supported to succeed, thus increasing pass rate. The study therefore, recommends among others the need for school leaders to believe in their abilities, be resilient in their pursuit of ensuring learners’ success and if need be, rely minimally on support from the government.
Culturally Relevant Leadership: Bridging the Equity Gap
Authors: KUYURTAR Dilan , KORUMAZ Mithat
Published: September 2023

The study aims to examine in depth the culturally relevant leadership behavior tendencies of school leaders to prevent inequalities in schools with high refugee student population in Türkiye. We utilized phenomenology in this qualitative research study. We gathered the data via face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 14 school leaders and used both descriptive and content analysis in the process of analyzing the data. The components of “personal awareness”, “equity pedagogy”, “policy mediation” and “professionalism” constituted the themes of the research. The views of school leaders revealed that the methods and strategies in eliminating the prejudice, exclusion, and xenophobia against refugee students are insufficient, and these problems lead the inequalities for refugee students in school context. Based on the findings of the study, we suggest that multicultural educational management approaches need to be promoted, and so the training programs and good practice examples from different contexts experienced in such practices should be followed.
Juxtapositions and Inventions: Sergei Parajanov, Ispoved’, and Armenian Identity
Authors: Usitalo Steven
Published: September 2023

Sergei Parajanov, famously and sardonically, noted in various ways that he was an Armenian, born in Georgia, educated in Moscow, and arrested in Kiev for Ukrainian nationalism. He was also the quintessential idealized Soviet subject of the Caucasus. Parajanov directed a series of highly experimental films that are impossible to categorize. He began work on his Confession (Ispoved’) an autobiographical script exploring his upbringing, as an Armenian, in Tiflis/Tbilisi. Parajanov began to film Confession in 1989, but became ill before more than a fragment was filmed. This essay examines Confession in an effort to decipher Parajanov’s self-image as an Armenian/Soviet director from Tbilisi.
Exploring the Evolution of Waqf Laws and Contemporary Practices in Muslim Countries
Authors: Iskandar Iskandar , Sofuoğlu Hadi
Published: September 2023

Muslim countries. Throughout Islamic history's trajectory, waqf has served as a crucial element in the advancement of Islamic civilization. It has substantially contributed to religious, social, educational, economic, and community progress. To ensure the effective preservation and management of waqf assets, the presence of a robust waqf law that serves as a guiding framework is indispensable. In modern times, the legislation pertaining to waqf in Muslim countries has undergone significant evolution and enhancement. However, waqf laws in Muslim countries are subject to change. This paper employed a qualitative research method using secondary data to analyze the evolution and contemporary practices of waqf laws in Muslim countries. The result of this study found that waqf laws in Muslim countries have experienced multiple reforms, with the number of changes varying across different nations. Reforms in waqf laws across Muslim countries demonstrate ongoing efforts to enhance the legal frameworks governing waqf management and administration, addressing the evolving needs and challenges associated with waqf properties. These reforms aim to ensure efficient utilization and management of waqf assets for the betterment of society.
Profile of Pancasila Students in Al-Farabi's Educational Philosophy
Authors: Ashari Muhammad Khakim
Published: September 2023

One of the famous Muslim philosophers among Muslims is al-Farabi who lived in the Middle Ages. Al-Farabi wrote many works numbering in the hundreds. Through various thoughts and the fruits of his work which were then followed and continued to be studied by subsequent generations to the present. However, not many of his works have been found in their entirety, of the hundreds of works produced, only a few have been preserved and can be studied to this day. A number of his works have been re-translated into several world languages, therefore his thoughts are widely spread throughout the world because they are studied by many groups. The description in this paper is to discuss al-Farabi's various theories related to Islamic educational philosophy, starting from thoughts about God, human beings, reason, the nature of education, educational material or curriculum, and also a discussion of al-Farabi's educational philosophy of thought. This research is included in the research library research. The data from this study came from books, journals and various articles related to the research theme. Data analysis in this study uses content analysis. The result of this study is that in viewing Islamic education, al-Farabi must integrate theoretical knowledge and implement educational values at a practical level. Human success in achieving happiness in the world and the hereafter is determined by both, namely the integration of knowledge and noble morality. Al-Farabi when viewed from the perspective of Islamic educational philosophy, he is a figure with the al-diniy al-'aqlaniy or religious-rational wing. Al-Farabi's thoughts also correlate with the values in the profile of Pancasila students, namely the aspects of faith and fear of God Almighty and noble character, as well as aspects of critical thinking.
Do K-wire Configurations and Numbers Have Effects on Gartland Type 3 Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures?
Authors: ÇELİK Malik , BAYRAK Alkan
Published: September 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare pin configuration effects on early secondary displacement in the surgical treatment of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures (SCHF).

Methods: The study consisted of 100 (68M, 32F) children who underwent surgery between 2010 and 2013 for Gartland Type 3 (SCHF). The patients were divided into five groups according to the top configurations. The average age at the time of injury was 7.34 (between 2 and 14 years). Bauman angle (BA), Humerocapital angle (HCA), Anterior humeral line (AHL), flexion range, extension range, and Carrying angle (CA) were compared at preoperative, postoperative 1st-day, postoperative last control, and non-operated side.

Results: There was no statistical difference between all five subgroups in terms of BA, AHL, HCA, and CA were the same on postoperative 1st-day and postoperative last control. Also, there was no statistically significant difference was observed between age, sex, and type of fracture. Five of the cases have pin site infection and in three patients occurred ulnar nerve injury due to initial trauma.

Conclusion: After a good and gentle reduction and early treatment of pediatric SCHF, all pin configurations maintain alignment. All pin configurations can be used for stabilization.
Food Related Behaviors and Sleep Quality in University Students: A Descriptive Study
Authors: İSLAMOĞLU Ayşe Hümeyra , SABUNCULAR Güleren
Published: September 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between food addiction, night eating status and sleep quality in students studying at different faculties or departments of various universities in Turkey.

Methods: A total of 1044 students from 11 different departments/faculties were included. Night Eating Questionnaire, Yale Food Addiction Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale were applied to the students. Also, the dietary habits (main meal and snack consumptions, the meal they skipped and the reasons, duration of meals, consumption of tea and coffee etc.) of the students were questioned.

Results: Significant relationships were found between BMIs, faculties/departments, use of antidepressants, skipping breakfast status and tea/coffee consumption of students. Moreover, there were significant differences between both food addiction status (p
Anatomie in der immersiven virtuellen Realität: Eine qualitative Studie zu Vorstellungsänderungen, Einbindungsgraden und Reflexion eines immersiven Herzmodells
Authors: Thomsen Dorian , Büssing Alexander Georg
Published: September 2023

Die Digitalisierung ermöglicht vermehrt neue virtuelle Unterrichtszugänge zu naturwissenschaftlichen Phänomenen. Dabei fehlen jedoch vielfach grundlegende fachdidaktische Erkenntnisse über die Lernwirksamkeit. Eine neuartige digitale Anwendung ist die immersive virtuelle Realität (IVR; engl. virtual reality). Durch die Nutzung von VR-Brillen wird dabei die Illusion einer digitalen Realität erzeugt, welche entsprechend innovative Möglichkeiten zur Darstellung naturwissenschaftlicher Objekte zu Themenfeldern wie der Humanbiologie sein kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden daher Reaktionen ausgewählter Lernender auf ein immersives Herzmodell im Rahmen qualitativer Interviews untersucht. Dabei wurden (1) fachliche Lernprozesse auf Grundlage der Vorstellungen von Lernenden rekonstruiert, (2) der Einbindungsgrad der digitalen Medien mithilfe des SAMR Modells untersucht und (3) mögliche Vor- und Nachteile durch Lernende reflektiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einsatz von IVR fachlich adäquate Vorstellungen bei ausgewählten Lernenden fördern kann. Zudem könnte IVR hochwertige digitale Interaktionsmöglichkeiten bieten, welche gerade dann Desiderate anderer analoger oder digitaler Repräsentationsformen überwinden könnten, wenn primäre Erfahrungen nicht möglich sind. Durch die Lernenden wurden dabei insbesondere die Anschaulichkeit und Motivation hervorgehoben, auch wenn ebenfalls kritische Punkte wie die sinnvolle Einbindung in den Unterricht und mögliche Ablenkungen diskutiert wurden. Die qualitative Studie ist eine mögliche Grundlage für die weitere fachdidaktische Beschäftigung mit Anatomie in der virtuellen Realität, wobei jedoch insbesondere Lerneffekte vor dem Hintergrund gesteigerter kognitiver Belastung (engl. cognitive load) weiter untersucht und quantitativ abgesichert werden müssen.
Looking for social class in all the wrong places: Differences in interdependence emerge reliably between—but not within—class contexts
Authors: Fendinger Nicholas , Lou Siyi(Ice) , Knowles Eric
Published: September 2023

Despite theorizing that many cultural phenomena originate in collective processes, psychologists often analyze such phenomena at the individual level. This approach can skew conclusions by obscuring processes that unfold primarily at the level of groups or contexts. To demonstrate the importance of examining cultural effects at the group or contextual level, we examine differences in social interdependence as a function of social class. Across three large datasets (Ntotal = 30,332), full-sample correlations between class proxies (i.e., income and education) and indices of interdependence (i.e., social network structure and reported social support) were weak and inconsistent. However, when latent profile analysis (LPA) is used to model these associations at the level of class-cultural groups, we observe a working-class group that displays reliably higher levels of interdependence relative to a middle/upper-class group. Our work underscores that class-cultural differences often constitute contextual phenomena that are not reducible to individual-level processes.
Control of OPTN by NOD2.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: September 2023

We provide evidence here from overexpression-based gain-of-function studies in human cells (1, 2) which demonstrate control of optineurin, encoded by OPTN, by the NLR (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor) family protein NOD2.
Inadequate Foundational Decoding Skills Constrain Global Literacy Goals for Pupils in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Crawford Michael , Raheel Neha , Korochkina Maria , Rastle Kathleen
Published: September 2023

Learning to read is the most important outcome of primary education. However, despite substantial improvements in primary school enrolment, most students in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) fail to learn to read by age 10. We report reading assessment data from over half a million LMIC pupils from 48 countries tested primarily in a language of instruction and show that these pupils are failing to acquire the most basic skills that contribute to reading comprehension. LMIC pupils across the first three instructional years are not acquiring the ability to decode printed words fluently, and in most cases, are failing to master the names and sounds associated with letters. Moreover, performance gaps against benchmarks widen with each instructional year. Literacy goals in LMICs will be reached only by ensuring focus on decoding skills in early grade readers. Effective literacy instruction will require rigorous systematic phonics programmes and assessments suitable for LMIC contexts.
POLYTOMOUS IRT MODELS WITH A CUT-POINT FORMATION MECHANISM: AN APPLICATION TO THE MEASUREMENT OF ANXIETY
Authors: Fok Dennis , Godes David , Wedel Michel
Published: September 2023

Anxiety is a common mental disorder that is haracterized by intense worry or apprehension about a possible future adverse event. Accurately assessing it is important for prevention and treatment. Like other mental states, anxiety is often assessed on questionnaires that are comprised of multiple polytomous items. We propose a polytomous Item Response Theory (IRT) model that incorporates a specification of the mechanism behind the binning process by which individuals select the cut points that they use to map their underlying continuous state to the discrete response options. Individuals select these cut points by minimizing the expected error made in communicating their experienced mental state relative to their beliefs about a reference distribution held by the interviewer. We are thus able to disentangle the distinct process of selecting cut points to optimize expected communication, from that associated with a specific realization of a mental state. We apply the model to data collected on anxiety among 800 respondents. The results show that the proposed model fits the data better than classical IRT models which treat cut points as (homogeneous or heterogeneous) incidental parameters. Our data collection and analyses allow us to validate key aspects of the model. The analyses provide meaningful insights about the underlying mechanism by which people communicate their levels of anxiety.
Testing the continuum/spectrum model in Russian-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder
Authors: Gomozova Militina , Lezzhova Valeriia , Dragoy Olga , Lopukhina Anastasiya
Published: September 2023

Purpose: Previously, Lancaster and Camarata (2019) showed that the continuum/spectrum model of the developmental language disorder (DLD) best explained the high heterogeneity of symptoms in children with DLD. We hypothesize that the continuum/spectrum approach can include not only children with DLD, but also typically developing children with different timelines and patterns of language acquisition. This model can explain individual language profiles and deficits in children.Method: We assessed language abilities in a group of Russian-speaking children with DLD aged 4-to-7 years (N = 53) and their age- and gender-matched peers without speech and language diagnoses (N = 53, TD). We evaluated the children’s performance at four language levels in production and comprehension domains, using 11 subtests of the standardized language assessment for Russian – RuCLAB. Using the k-means cluster method and RuCLAB scores, we obtained two clusters of children and analyzed their language performance in individual subtests.Results: The analysis revealed that the two clusters of children both included DLD and TD participants: Group 1, with higher test scores (TD = 45, DLD = 24 children) and Group 2, with lower scores (TD = 8, DLD = 29). Children from Group 1 mostly had lower scores at one of the language levels, whereas those from Group 2 struggled at several language levels. Furthermore, children with DLD from both Groups tended to be more sensitive to linguistic features like word length, noun case, sentence reversibility compared to TD children.Conclusions: The presence of two mixed groups shows that children with diagnosed DLD could perform on par with TD children, whereas some younger TD children could perform similarly to children with DLD. Our findings support the continuum/spectrum model: linguistic skills in pre-school children are a continuum, varying from high to poor skills at all language levels in comprehension and production. To describe a child’s language profile, the tasks assessing all language levels should be used.
What makes working memory work? A multifaceted account of the predictive power of working memory capacity
Authors: Robison Matthew Kyle , Miller Ashley L. , Wiemers Elizabeth A. , Redick Thomas , Unsworth Nash , Brewer Gene Arnold
Published: September 2023

Working memory capacity (WMC) has received a great deal of attention in cognitive psychology partly because WMC correlates broadly with other abilities (e.g., reading comprehension, second-language proficiency, fluid intelligence), and thus seems to be a critical aspect of cognitive ability. However, it is still rigorously debated why such correlations occur. Some theories posit a single ability (e.g., attention control, short-term memory capacity, controlled memory search) as the primary reason behind WMC’s predictiveness, whereas others argue that WMC is predictive because it taps into multiple abilities. Here, we tested these single- and multifaceted accounts of WMC with a large-scale (N = 974) individual-differences investigation of WMC and three hypothesized mediators: attention control, primary memory, and secondary memory. We found evidence for a multifaceted account, such that no single ability could fully mediate the relation between WMC and higher-order cognition (i.e., reading comprehension and fluid intelligence). Further, such an effect held regardless of whether WMC was measured via complex span or n-back.
The Challenge of Learning Adaptive Mental Behavior
Authors: Hitchcock Peter , Frank Michael
Published: September 2023

Many psychotherapies aim to help people replace maladaptive mental behaviors (such as those leading to unproductive worry) with more adaptive ones (such as those leading to active problem solving). Yet, little is known empirically about how challenging it is to learn adaptive mental behaviors. Mental behaviors entail taking mental operations and thus may be more challenging to perform than motor actions; this challenge may enhance or impair learning. In particular, challenge when learning is often desirable because it improves retention. Yet, it is also plausible that the necessity of carrying out mental operations interferes with learning the expected values of mental actions by impeding credit assignment: the process of updating an action's value after reinforcement. Then, it may be more challenging not only to perform—but also to learn the consequences of—mental (vs. motor) behaviors. We designed a task to assess learning to take adaptive mental vs. motor actions via matched probabilistic feedback. In two experiments (N=300), most participants found it more difficult to learn to select optimal mental (vs. motor) actions, as evident in worse accuracy not only in a learning but also test (retention) phase. Computational modeling traced this impairment to an indicator of worse credit assignment (impaired construction and maintenance of expected values) when learning mental actions, accounting for worse accuracy in the learning and retention phases. The results suggest that people have particular difficulty learning adaptive mental behavior and pave the way for novel interventions to scaffold credit assignment and promote adaptive thinking.
A Virtual Reality Experiment shows that Augmented Reality can improve Collaboration in Ship Navigation
Authors: van den Oever Floris , Sætrevik Bjørn , Fjeld Morten , Nordby Kjetil
Published: September 2023

•In a virtual reality experiment, we studied the effects of adding augmented reality features to ship navigation equipment on situation awareness and communication about situation awareness, as well as usability and participants’ reflections on augmented reality for ship navigation.•Adding augmented reality features to ship navigation equipment for lookouts increased situation awareness and communication about situation awareness. This indicates higher shared situation awareness and improved collaboration.•The participants judged the AR to be usable and indicated that it made crucial task information more accessible. On the other hand, they highlighted risks of overreliance, information overload, visual clutter, and attention capture.•The applicability of augmented reality for collaboration in safety-critical operations should be studied in further research.
Rapid worldwide return to nature after lockdown as a motivator for conservation and sustainable action
Authors: Nikoo Mitra L. , Richards Cerren , Bates Amanda E.
Published: September 2023

Exposure to nature is increasingly regarded as a key part of human health, and the recognition that urban environments must provide access to green spaces for the wellbeing of citizens. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to many governments issuing stay-at-home orders and closing parks, limiting the options of accessible green spaces for people seeking to safely socialise and cope with stress. Here, we gain a global perspective on how quickly people returned to nature (visiting parks and beaches) in comparison to necessities (accessing groceries and pharmaceuticals) and luxury activities (retail purchases and recreation) following COVID-19 lockdowns using Google Mobility data. We found that people from around the world returned to nature 76 days after peak lockdown, 28 days after people returned to necessities and 77 days before the return to luxuries. Central Asia, Europe, and Northern America returned to nature before necessities. These patterns held even after seasonally-detrending the data. We further found a strong negative correlation between the speed people pulsed back to nature and the strength of government response measures. ¬Combined, our data support the value of nature to people and the need to consider access to green and natural space for human well-being. At the same time, the large-scale return to nature also highlighted the need to promote messages on how to minimise the impacts of human activities in these spaces. We advocate for building and protecting green spaces, combined with strong eco-education, to foster pro-environmental behaviour.
Signals of Belonging: Emergence of Signalling Norms as Facilitators of Trust and Parochial Cooperation
Authors: Macanovic Ana , Tsvetkova Milena , Przepiorka Wojtek , Buskens Vincent
Published: September 2023

Mechanisms of social control reinforce norms that appear harmful or wasteful, such as mutilation practices or extensive body tattoos. We suggest such norms arise to serve as signals that distinguish between ingroup “friends” and outgroup “foes”, facilitating parochial cooperation. Combining insights from research on signalling and parochial cooperation, we incorporate a trust game with signalling in an agent-based model to study the dynamics of signalling norm emergence in groups with conflicting interests. Our results show that costly signalling norms emerge from random acts of signalling in minority groups that benefit most from parochial cooperation. Majority groups are less likely to develop costly signalling norms. Yet, norms that prescribe sending costless group identity signals can easily emerge in groups of all sizes – albeit, at times, at the expense of minority group members. Further, the dynamics of signalling norm emergence differ across signal costs, relative group sizes, and levels of ingroup assortment. Our findings provide theoretical insights into norm evolution in contexts where groups develop identity markers in response to environmental challenges that put their interests at odds with the interests of other groups. Such contexts arise in zones of ethnic conflict or during contestations of existing power relations.
Assessment of Oral Hygiene Status and Practices among a Sample of 12-Year-Old Chepang Children of Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Santosh , Humagain Manoj , Tamrakar Lucky
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Hygienic oral health practices are necessary from a young age to ensure positive long-term oral and general health. The oral hygiene status and practices among the underprivileged Chepang children of Nepal have not been adequately assessed.

Objective: To assess the oral hygiene status and practices among the 12-year-old Chepang children of Nepal, and to identify the association of demographic variables and oral hygiene practices with the oral hygiene status of the children.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a pretested questionnaire was used to assess the oral hygiene practices and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) to examine the status of oral hygiene among 160 Chepang children of central Nepal. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS v.17. Statistical significance was determined using an independent t-test and an ANOVA test.

Results: The study showed that 68 (42.5%) of the 12-year-old Chepang children had good oral hygiene, 68 (42.5%) had fair oral hygiene, and only 24 (15%) had poor oral hygiene. The mean OHI-S score for them was 1.62±1.09. Most of the children (138, 86.3%) regularly brushed their teeth and rinsed their mouth after meals (117, 73.1%), but tongue cleaning was performed by only 36 (22.5%) of them.

Conclusions: The study showed that oral hygiene intervention programs are needed for the Chepang children who do not go to schools and who do not stay at hostels.
Mechanical Properties of Polyester Matrix Composites with Carbon Hybrid Reinforcement and Woven Wire
Authors: Pohan Gerald Adityo
Published: September 2023

This study is aimed to determine the mechanical properties of composite materials using hybrid reinforcing materials, namely carbon fiber and woven wire. The variations in the composition of the matrix / carbon fiber / woven wire (in%) used were 70/0/30, 70/30/0, 70,20 / 10, 50/30/20. The mechanical tests performed were the tensile test (ASTM D 638-03) and the impact test (ASTM D 6110). The results show that the composites with the composition 50/30/20 have the highest tensile and impact strength. Specimens with the highest carbon fiber content have better tensile strength.
Landslides Risk Analysis on Pacitan â€“ Ponorogo National Road Section of East Java Province
Authors: Indroyono Achmat Insana Masruchi , Suraji Aji , Sudjianto Agus Tugas
Published: September 2023

Landslide is a natural event that at this time the occurrence is increasing. Landslide natural disasters can occur due to land use patterns that do not follow the rules of environmental sustainability, such as deforestation and the collection of natural resources that exceed their carrying capacity. This research was obtained that the threat, vulnerability of landslides on the national road section of Pacitan - Ponorogo obtained from the results of risky analysis is a very high risk. The result of the risk of very high level of Landslide is found at km 13+900 - 14 +000, km 12+500 - 12+600, km 27+201 - 28+051, km 27+200 - km 27+300, km 33+300 - 33+500, km 12+500 - 13+500. The level of Landslide risk on the Pacitan â€“ Ponorogo National road is very varied, some are medium risk, medium risk, high risk to very high risk. Landslide handling techniques on the National road section of Pacitan - Ponorogo to be more effective and efficient because the conditions and value of Landslide risk are different, it will be better to handle in accordance with the level of Landslide risk in each location.
Mixed Characteristics of Activated Charcoal Ori Bamboo and Red Ginger as Air Purifier on Food Cabinets
Authors: Astuti S. , Rastini F. E. K. , Priskasari E. , Praswanto D. H.
Published: September 2023

Most of the community while preservation of food using refrigeration machines and chemicals, which less attention to hygiene. The storage space made of wood, glass or plastic where are almost airtight except the refrigerators which have poor air circulation and it cause of cross-contamination and also triggers bacteria growth, virus and fungi that cause decay and also disease source. These problems encourage the researchers to make a hygienic food storage space by consider the air circulation which is given an air purifier natural ingredients combinations that absorb pollutants, heavy metals, and anti-microbials. The air purifier ingredients which expected are original bamboo charcoal active, and red ginger. To make the air purifier can work effectively, a certain balanced composition is needed. The research method used is an experimental method where food ingredients are stored in a space where the air circulation is coated with a particle layer of original bamboo charcoal activate and red ginger rhizome with different compositions. The material used are mixture of charcoal and ginger rhizome by making an air purifier derived from activated charcoal from ori bamboo waste at a certain percentage of charcoal maturity. After that the product will be tested in food storage space with tofu for the food sample. In this research, the composition combination of ori bamboo charcoal active with red ginger extract was 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1;3, 0:4 where the ori bamboo charcoal active was used with a maturity percentage of 50%, 75%, 100 %. From the results of the research, it was found that the samples stored without using the filter grew with microbes after the second day, the samples that were filtered with the composition of activated charcoal only grew microbes on the third day and there was a change in the shape of the filter, namely the aqueous filter. Samples with a composition of activated charcoal with varying maturity and ginger extract began to grow with microbes after the fourth day. The best filter results using 100% mature activated charcoal with a composition of activated charcoal and ginger extract, which is 2:2. Microbes that can still grow in that composition are Bacillus substilis but in small quantities and no viruses or other microbes are found.
Overview of Angiography in GI Bleeding
Authors: Bednarek Thomas
Published: September 2023

From humble beginnings angiography has emerged as a sophisticated, widely available diagnostic technique. Within the past ten years its role has been broadened to include therapeutic applications. In these days of rapidly developing new technologies, it has maintained its place as a primary diagnostic modality in the evaluation of acute and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. It plays a vital complementary role with endoscopy in prompt, accurate diagnosis and management of these oft times critically ill patients. The following presentation is designed to outline a balanced viewpoint of the relative role angiography has to play with the other tools in the diagnostic armamentarium.
Case Presentations
Authors: Kikkawa Kaz
Published: September 2023

HPI: A 34-year-old female admitted with abdominal pain and rectal bleeding. No pyrosis, nausea or vomiting. History of hepatitis, age 17.
GeoEye-1 Uydu Görüntüsü Kullanarak Ormanlık Alanların Nesne Tabanlı Sınıflandırma Yöntemi ile Analizi: Kastamonu İli Örneği
Authors: BIYIKLI Duygu , MARANGOZ Aycan Murat
Published: September 2023

Uzaktan algılama teknolojilerinin gelişmesi, farklı analiz yöntemleri ve yazılımlar sayesinde uydu görüntüleri üzerinden nesnelerin yüksek doğrulukla sınıflandırılmaları mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, Kastamonu Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü, Merkez İşletme Şefliğine ait 12X12 km’lik çalışma alanının, 3 Eylül 2011 tarihinde çekilmiş yüksek çözünürlüklü GeoEye-1 uydu görüntüsü kullanılarak, arazi örtü tipleri ve diğer sınıf türlerine ait sınıflandırma başarıları incelenmiştir. Genel doğruluk değeri %90.59 olurken kappa değeri ise 0.872 olarak bulunmuştur. eCognition yazılımı ile nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilen yüksek doğruluklu sınıflandırılmış görüntü sonrası, 1/25000 ölçekli raster veri olan meşcere haritası NetCAD v5.2 yazılımı ile vektör veri haline getirilerek karşılaştırmalar için altlık olarak hazırlanmıştır. Uygulamanın devamında GeoEye-1 uydu görüntüsü elle vektörleştirilerek, sınıflandırma sonuçları ve meşcere haritasına ait vektör veri ile hem görsel hem de sayısal olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ormancılık faaliyetlerinde kullanılan meşcere haritasının, hem büyük ölçekli hem konumsal çözünürlüğünün düşük olması hem de sadece orman örtü tipleri gibi geniş alanlara sahip sınıf türlerini göstermesinden kaynaklı, nesnelerin hassas sınıflandırılmaları için yeterli olmadığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Görsel ve sayısal olarak yüksek doğrulukla elde edilen sınıflandırılmış GeoEye-1 uydu görüntüsü ile ormancılık alanında meşcere haritalarının yerine rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği de gösterilmiştir.
Konut Bölgelerinde Elektrikli Taşıt Şarj İstasyonlarının Elektrik Şebekesine Entegrasyonunun Analizi
Authors: MERT Recep Buğra , UMURKAN Nurettin
Published: September 2023

Ekonomik ve çevresel etkenler elektrikli taşıt sayısını küresel boyutta önemli bir seviyeye ulaştırmıştır. Bu durum, dağıtım şebekelerinin tasarım ve yönetimi üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi gerekliliğini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Elektrikli taşıtların dağıtım şebekelerine etkisi üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmasına rağmen, Türkiye dağıtım şebekesine uygulanan çalışmalar çok fazla yapılmamıştır. Çevre dostu olan elektrikli taşıtların gerekli altyapı hazır olmadan yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte taşıtların şarj işlemlerinde problemlerin ortaya çıkması beklenmektedir. Toplu konut projelerinde kurulu ve talep güçleri arasında ciddi fark bulunmaktadır. Bu farktan dolayı konut bölgeleri içerisinde elektrikli taşıt şarj istasyonu kurulması planlama açısından daha uygun olacaktır. Bu çalışma, konut bölgelerinde elektrikli taşıtların Türkiye alçak gerilim dağıtım şebekelerine entegrasyonu analizi üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Gerçek kullanıcı verileri ile ortaya çıkan durumlara göre elektrikli taşıt şarj istasyonları kullanım karakteristiği entegre edilmiş dağıtım şebekesi modellenip incelenmiştir ve geniş çaplı elektrikli taşıt şarj istasyonu kullanım modeli geliştirilmiştir. Ek olarak, transformatör yüklenmeleri, hat yüklenmeleri ve şebeke kayıplarına dayalı sonuçların elde edilmesi ve sunulması üzerine bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntem, dağıtım şirketlerinin gerekli yatırımları ve zamanlarını belirlemede yardımcı olacaktır. Dağıtım şirketlerinin planlama mekanizmasını geliştirip dağıtım şirketlerinin daha gerçekçi ve doğru yatırım planlarını düzenleme kuruluna ibraz edebilecektir.