bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Territorializing Ethnicity in the Russian Empire? The Case of the Augustav/Suvalki Province
Authors: Staliūnas Darius
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Принято считать, что империя Романовых не практиковала территоризацию этничности – иными словами, имперские власти не были заинтересованы в том, чтобы административные границы совпадали с этническими территориями. Такой принцип административного деления в полной мере реализовался лишь в Советском Союзе. Однако в настоящей статье этот общепринятый взгляд пересматривается на примере проектов учреждения “этнической” Сувалкской губернии в рамках Королевства Польского. В этой губернии большинство населения составляли литовцы. Время от времени российские чиновники рассматривали возможность объединить все населенные литовцами территории в общую административную единицу. В статье анализируются причины, в силу которых подобные проекты возникали, а также причины их провала на практике.
The Closed Nuclear City and Big Brother®: Made in America
Authors: Brown Kate
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Историки, которые исследуют закрытые атомные города СССР, в целом придерживаются мнения, что ЗАТО (Закрытые административно-территориальные образования) были естественным продуктом сталинского режима, в том числе карательной политики, феномена ГУЛАГа и архитектурных идей сталинского социализма. В своей статье Кейт Браун обосновывает противоположный взгляд: вопреки всем рациональным основаниям, создание ЗАТО вдохновлялось донесениями советской разведки из Нью-Йорка и Вашингтона, в которых описывался Манхэттенский проект. Другими словами, автор полагает: есть веские основания считать, что ЗАТО был американским импортом. Организаторы советской ядерной отрасли близко следовали в своей работе образцам американских разработок ядерного оружия, моделям первых ядерных реакторов и планам обеспечения безопасности первых американских закрытых городов. Для обоснования своей гипотезы автор статьи анализирует материалы советской разведки о Лос Аламос и Оук Ридж, а также прослеживает параллельную историю создания первых в мире городов-заводов оружейного плутония: Ричланд (штат Вашингтон) и Челябинск-40.
ДЫРА В КАРТИНЕ МИРА: ПОЧЕМУ КОЛОНИАЛЬНЫЕ АВТОРЫ ПИСАЛИ О РОССИИ, А ПОСТКОЛОНИАЛЬНЫЕ НЕТ
Authors: Эткинд Александр
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
This is the authorized translation of a chapter from a new book by Alexander Etkind, Internal Colonization. Russia’s Imperial Experience (forthcoming from Polity Press, September 2011). In this book, Etkind traces how the Russian Empire conquered foreign territories and domesticated its own heartlands, thereby colonizing many peoples, Russians included. This vision of colonization as simultaneously internal and external is crucial for scholars of empire, colonialism, and globalization. Starting with the fur trade, which shaped Russia’s enormous territory, and ending with the Empire’s collapse in 1917, Etkind explores serfdom, the peasant commune, and other institutions of internal colonization. His account brings out the formative role of foreign colonies in Russia, the self-colonizing discourse of Russian classical historiography, and the revolutionary leaders’ illusory hopes for an alliance with the exotic, pacifist sectarians. Transcending the boundaries between history and literature, Etkind examines striking writings about Russia’s imperial experience, from Defoe to Tolstoy and from Gogol to Conrad. The message is historical, theoretical, and literary at once. Postcolonial theory helps us to understand Russian history; Russian literature fills gaps in postcolonial theory.
Sensations to Superpowers
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
В годы холодной войны граждане двух супердержав научились характеризовать разделяющие их дистанции, а также редкие взаимные контакты в интуитивных категориях. Безусловно, материальную реальность эпохи Холодной войны отрицать было невозможно. Однако в некоторых обстоятельствах люди писали и говорили так, будто материальные качества можно взвешивать на разных весах, от интимных до дипломатических, от замеряющих ощущения до оценивающих по-литические решения. “Блеск” и “тусклость”, “вялость” и “упругость”, “холодность” и “теплота” – эти определения характерны для самых разных семиотических ситуаций контакта, которые позволяли ощутить Железный занавес как что-то прочное, возможно, даже меняющее суть самого опыта.

В настоящей статье описываются коммуникационные “провалы” времен Холодной войны и рассматриваются проекции, позволявшие (и все еще позволяющие) оправдывать обращение к интуитивным определениям и суждениям о дистанции, разделяющей друзей и врагов. Автор рассматривает примеры, когда такого рода американские суждения адаптировались московскими дискурсами себя и другого, а также размышляет о взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости разрывов и контактов как таковых. Траектории анализируемых в статье дискурсов коммуникации, безусловно, искажаются многочисленными препятствиями. Автор задается вопросом о том, насколько американцы, мало озабоченные тем, как их видят “иные”, более подвержены воздействию этих препятствий.
БАКІ: ПРОГУЛКИ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ПО ОДНОМУ “ЮЖНОМУ ГОРОДУ”
Authors: Гасимов Заур
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In the Russian-speaking post-Soviet space the myth of the Southern City still exists. Baku was hailed as a positive example of internationalism by stars of Soviet music, such as Müslüm Maqomayev and Polad Bülbüloğlu. The multinational character of Baku was stressed by the Azeri émigrés in Paris, Ankara, and Warsaw in the 1920s–1930s, although different aspects of it were highlighted. What explains the fascination and disillusionment with Baku of these different people and how did intellectuals who resided in Baku conceive of the city’s multiculturalism? In his article, Zaur Gasimov provides the answers to these questions. The article traces multiple historical legacies that shaped Baku as the multicultural and multilingual periphery of the Persian, Russian, and Soviet empires. In the twentieth century Baku was mapped as the city of the Baku commune and the twenty-six Baku commissars, the capital of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918–20), the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialistic Republic, and the Republic of Azerbaijan since 1990. The author analyzes the role of the Russian language and Russian culture in Baku and the phenomenon of identification with Baku among the educated layer of Azeri, Russians, and Armenians. At the same time, the author traces the emergence of Baku as the center of the Azeri national movement that distanced itself from the Soviet-Azeri intelligentsia and oriented itself toward Pan-Turanian ideas and the modular case of Istanbul. The discursive reality of the nation-building project was connected to the changing demographic balance in the city in which the Azeri started to dominate the urban landscape numerically and culturally. The resilient multicultural character of the city, even though it has declined since the late Soviet period, became a point of contention in the perception of the Russian-speaking intelligentsia and professed Azeri national activists: for the latter it signifies the failure of Azeri nation-building and the postcolonial condition of post-Soviet Azerbaijan.
On Sufis, Scholarship, and Many Different Discourses that Existed in Russian Empire
Authors: Steinwedel Charles
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Чарльз Стейнведел характеризует книгу Михаэля Кемпера “Суфии и ученые в Татарстане и Башкортостане (1789–1889). Исламский дискурс под русским господством” как основополагающую работу, адресованную не только исламоведам, но и специалистам по исламу в России и историкам Российской империи. Именно в качестве такового рецензент отмечает не только очевидные достоинства труда Кемпера, но и наиболее проблемные моменты работы. В частности, Стейнведел критикует то, что Кемпер понимает “исламский дискурс” за пределами сугубо исламоведческого подхода, как дискурс, формировавшийся и функционировавший в имперском контексте. По его мнению, Кемпер создает портрет дискурса и группы, которые, будучи интегрированы в систему имперского управления и экономики, оставались глубоко изолированными в культурном отношении. Стейнведел считает, что это представление искажает историческую реальность. Кемпер сосредоточился на теологическом дискурсе и не анализировал дискурс мусульман, не получивших глубокого богословского образования, но принимавших участие как в интеллектуальной жизни общины, так и в институтах имперского управления. Сам исследовательский ракурс и метод Кемпера, по мнению рецензента, увеличивает дистанцию, существовавшую между исламскими и европейскими дискурсами. Стейнведел предлагает примеры обратного и делает предположение, что имперский дискурс в России связывал разнообразные религиозные и секулярные дискурсы, создавая основу для институтов, языка и символов, посредством которых подданные императора осмысливали общее политическое пространство, к которому принадлежали. Империя могла не поддерживать мусульманскую интеллектуальную жизнь и даже проявлять враждебность по отношению к ней, но она неизбежно являлась инкубатором мусульманской мысли. Именно потому, заключает Стейнведел, историк Российской империи, изучающий, как в ней артикулировались и упорядочивались различия между группами, найдет в книге Кемпера столь богатый материал для размышлений.
Eye to Eye with the “Main Enemy”: Soviet Youth Travel to the United States
Authors: Kozovoi Andrei
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Соглашение в культурной сфере, подписанное 27 января 1957 г. между США и СССР, включало в себя договор о туристических обменах между странами. На сегодняшний день политическая и культурная история туристических обменов между СССР и США мало исследована. Документы организации ВЛКСМ “Спутник”, которые хранятся в комсомольском архиве РГАСПИ в Москве, дошли до нас в очень неполном комплекте. Тем не менее они позволяют восстановить частицу этой забытой истории. В статье изучаются поездки делегаций “Спутника” в США в 1975–1985 гг., т.е. в период конца “разрядки” и так называемой “новой холодной войны”. В этом непростом контексте тщательно отобранные для таких поездок молодые туристы играли разные роли: они должны были быть представителями “социалистического рая” и доносителями, а по ходу реализации программы становились потребителями. С другой стороны, эти туры предоставляли участникам не только редчайшую возможность сопоставить реальности почти “потустороннего мира” со стереотипами антиамериканской советской пропаганды – они также способствовали обогащению коллективной и личной идентичности. Автор приходит к заключению, что в результате этих поездок Америка теряла флер “потустороннего мира” в глазах молодых туристов, что делало ее привлекательной для нескольких поколений советских граждан. В этом состоит весь парадокс “закрытого общества”: ограничивая путешествия в США, советская система способствовала распространению идеалов “воображаемого Запада” у молодежи, которая таким образом все более отдалялась от господствующей идеологической системы советского режима.
“БИБЛИОТЕЧНЫЙ” СЮЖЕТ ПРОЗЫ И. А. БУНИНА В СВЕТЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИМПЕРИИ И НАЦИИ
Authors: Анисимов Кирилл
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
This article addresses the problem of artistic interpretations of nation and empire in Ivan Bunin’s prose of the period from 1900 to the early 1920s. The author considers Bunin’s large-scale reconstruction of the traditional mores, the repertoire of people’s reading (the novel The Village ) and the locus of the noble estate’s library ( Antonov apples , Grammar of Love , The Unhurried Spring ) that is clearly counterpoised to the two former loci. From this analysis the author derives a historical–philosophical antithesis, the poles of which relate to nation and empire. While scrutinizing the structural elements of the “library plot” (its chronotop, symbolic artifacts, interactions with the hero), the author exposes the connection between the library and the elite culture of the end of the eighteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century. On an ideological level, Bunin stressed the absence of material and spiritual partitions between noble and peasant estates. In view of this position, the author treats cross-social love affairs ( Dry Valley [Sukhodol], Grammar of Love ) as artistic representations of the “collective body” – the key concept of a nation. The article reveals the dramatic and tragic quality of Bunin’s prognoses of social integration, which disregarded “high” (in terms of its social status) and imperial (in terms of its origin) classical culture.
Travel and Survival in the Colonial Malay World: Mobility, Region, and the World in Johor Elite Strategies, 1818–1914
Authors: Koh Keng We
Published: October 2015

Travel and travel narratives are not only important in the study of cross-cultural encounters but also central in the sociopolitical and historical imaginaries and structures of societies, especially in the case of the maritime Malay world. This study examines the place of travel in the strategies of Malay world elites in the context of colonial expansion. The travels and mobility of the elites from the Johor polity, which was divided as a result of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch treaty and the indirect delineation of British and Dutch imperial spheres, highlighted not only their engagement with different conceptions of region, world, and modernity and their networks, but also how the history of colonialism in the Malay world region is inextricably linked to the making of the modern world-system and contesting circuits of modernity.
Advertising Community: Union Times and Singapore’s Vernacular Public Sphere, 1906–1939
Authors: Kenley David
Published: October 2015

Newspapers have long played an important role in Singapore’s vernacular public sphere. Drawing on scholarly work in the fields of sociology, economics, history, and communications, this paper analyzes advertisements in the Chinese-language newspaper Zonghui bao (Union times) between 1908 and 1941. At the most simple level, advertisers told consumers what to wear, ingest, and drive. Additionally, ads defined worldviews, gender relations, and cross-cultural associations. However, advertisers also responded to the needs and demands of their audience. It was within this public sphere between seller and consumer that Singapore’s multiethnic society developed.
“One’s Molokai Can Be Anywhere”: Global Influence in the Twentieth-Century History of Hansen’s Disease
Authors: Inglis Kerri A.
Published: October 2015

In 1897 the first International Leprosy Congress was held in Berlin. Delegates came from all reaches of the colonized world, where leprosy (now known as Hansen’s disease) was of great concern and thought to be an “imperial danger” by some. By this time, the settlement on Molokai had become well known; most notably the service and death of Father Damien de Veuster had brought much notoriety to the small peninsula on Molokai’s northern shore. At the conference, the Norwegian model of voluntary quarantine was held up as a means to stop the spread of the disease, but it was the model of the leprosy settlement of Molokai and its policies of compulsory isolation that was most often followed by those in the colonized world. Thus, similar forms of quarantine for leprosy—isolation, separation, geographical boundaries—were soon found in many parts of the world, many citing Molokai as their inspiration. But what was the “truth” of Molokai, and was this a model of success? Why did so many others look to Hawai‘i as the example to follow? These and other questions are explored in this paper, illuminating an ironic twist of Brother Joseph Dutton’s words that “one’s Molokai can be anywhere.”
“Together They Might Make Trouble”: Cross-Cultural Interactions in Tang Dynasty Guangzhou, 618–907 c.e .
Authors: Fong Adam C.
Published: October 2015

The city of Guangzhou and its surrounding territory—called Lingnan—was seen during the Tang as a wild frontier zone of strange and mysterious creatures and people. Increasing this frontier nature was the presence of merchants from all over the Indian Ocean basin. By analyzing written documents produced during the Tang—from both Chinese and non-Chinese sources—a better understanding can be had of what cross-cultural interactions were possible at this point in world history. While the situation in Tang dynasty Guangzhou was certainly not a utopia of cross-cultural acceptance, nuanced investigation of the interactions between locals and foreigners reveals much more than hostility and violence. The exchanges that took place in Tang Guangzhou had a definite impact on how societies saw China and how China viewed other nations. This paper contributes to scholarly discussions of cross-cultural exchanges, borderlands, maritime trade and trade diasporas, and how to evaluate premodern Chinese history.
A Canal without a Zone: Conflicting Representations of the Panama Canal
Authors: Lasso Marixa
Published: October 2015

Al contrastar un mapa del Canal de Panamá publicado por la Sociedad Geográfica Nacional en 1912 con un mapa del canal francés publicado en 1881, este artículo examina las diferentes maneras en las que se podía imaginar la relación entre el canal y el espacio que lo rodeaba. Estos mapas son particularmente útiles para entender como el canal fue separado de la gente que vivía a su alrededor y del país donde fue construido. Los mapas contribuyeron a crear una relación particular entre el Canal de Panamá y su área, o zona, aledaña. Ellos ayudaron a naturalizar la idea de que el canal y su Zona eran un espacio estadounidense en Centro América, sin conexiones históricas o políticas con los panameños que durante siglos habían vivido, trabajado y comerciado en el área.
Taking the Enlightenment Underground: Mining Spaces and Cartographic Representation in the Late Colonial Andes
Authors: Scott Heidi V.
Published: October 2015

Las publicaciones académicas existentes que tratan de las culturas cartográficas de Hispanoamérica apenas prestan atención a los mapas mineros. Sin embargo, la época de los Borbones experimentó una producción cartográfica proliferante dentro del contexto de las reformas mineras. Centrándose en el Perú, este artículo propone que los mapas reflejaron y también fomentaron la confianza en la posibilidad de introducir ‘el orden ilustrado’ en los espacios mineros. El análisis se enfoca sobre todo en un plano minero de 1790 y una petición presentada en Lima en el mismo año. Según su autor, el plano no sólo representaba un método innovador de trabajar las minas sino que constituía una herramienta esencial para introducir el orden ilustrado en las minas del Perú, tanto debajo de la tierra como en la superficie.
Mapping Amerindian Captivity in Colonial Mosquitia
Authors: Offen Karl
Published: October 2015

En 1764 el coronel español Luis Diez Navarro mapeó el diverso y mezclado asentamiento británico de Black River, en el lugar que hoy es la costa noreste de Honduras. Utilizo este mapa como punto de partida para examinar el origen de los residentes indígenas y mestizos de Black River y de los demas asentimientos a lo largo de la costa de los Mosquitos en el siglo dieciocho. Sugiero que el mapa de Diez Navarro se puede leer como una pista para entender la historia regional de violencia, la importancia y larga influencia de los nor-europeos y especialmente los británicos, la presencia significativa de gente libre de color y la importancia económica y social de la cautividad femenina en general y el tráfico en esclavos indígenas en particular. El artículo demuestra cómo los Mosquito, tanto los Afro-indígenas como los indígenas, se involucraron con el comercio de las indígenas cautivas durante tiempos de paz entre los Españoles y los Británicos, así como también participaron en la captura de indígenas, afrodescendientes y mulatos durante el tiempo del conflicto Anglo-Hispano. El artículo sostiene que la cautividad indígena, mestiza y mulata convierte a la costa de los Mosquitos en una de las sociedades más diversas de la Atlántica británica y merece un sitio mucho más central que el que tiene actualmente en la academia.
Mapping Flower Plantations in the Equatorial High Andes
Authors: Knapp Gregory
Published: October 2015

Cut flowers have become the premier agricultural export of the high Andes over the last two and a half decades. The expansion of this activity was monitored for a crucial part of this period by the Ecuadorian publicity firm “Marketing Flowers.” A commercial wall map from this association is presented and analyzed in terms of its purposes, makers, and utilization. Maps by commercial or industrial groups, although neglected in the scholarly literature, can be very significant in providing information on the changing cultural landscape as well as promoting the agendas of these actors. Flores cortadas se han convertido en lo mas importante producto agrícola de exportación de los Andes de altura en las últimos dos décadas y media. La expansión de esta actividad era estudiado durante una parte crucial de este período por la empresa de publicidad ecuatoriana “Marketing Flowers.” Un mapa mural hecho por esta asociación se presenta y analiza en términos de su propósito, los fabricantes, y la utilización. Mapas por grupos comerciales o industriales, aunque poco estudiado en la literatura académica, puede ser muy importante en el suministro de información sobre el cambio de paisaje cultural, así como sobre la promoción de las agendas de estos actores.
“Mapitas,” Geografías Visualizadas and the Editorial Piedra Santa: A Mission to Democratize Cartographic Literacy in Guatemala
Authors: Dym Jordana
Published: October 2015

En la década de los 1940, Guatemala se encontraba en medio de sus diez años de primavera, y los maestros de escuela crearon con entusiasmo materiales para introducir a las nuevas generaciones de escolares al pasado presente y futuro de Guatemala. Un modelo fue la Geografía elemental de Guatemala (1936), escrito por el educador y futuro presidente Juan José Arévalo, quién estudió en Argentina. Pero el libro de Arévalo, aunque lleno de interesantes mapas y estadísticas para alentar a los maestros a participar a los estudiantes con ejercicios prácticos, costaba caro y tal vez introdujo tareas demasiado exigentes. Entran los profesores de secundaria Julio y Oralia Piedra Santa, quienes comenzaron a vender “mapitas” a un centavo a los escolares en 1947. El libro de Arévalo es ahora una rareza y poco conocido. La Editorial Piedra Santa, bajo el mando hoy de la hija y la nieta de sus fundadores, es un próspero negocio editorial que todavía vende mapitas en su tienda en el centro de la ciudad de Guatemala, entre muchos otros materiales. Un pionero en una gama de materiales escolares, desde la década de 1950 ha vendido libros de geografía entre otros, incluso desde 1976 la serie Geografía Visualizada . Este ensayo analiza las tradiciones de mapeo de Julio Piedra Santa y sus sucesores, y cómo las publicaciones de la Editorial Piedra Santa buscan mejorar el conocimiento geográfico de Guatemala y más allá para todos edades y los niveles de la sociedad.
Surplus, Authorial Intentions, and Hypothetical Intentionalism
Authors: Trivedi Saam
Published: October 2015

I begin in the first section of this essay by restating and defending an old objection against actual intentionalism, the view that the historical author or artist’s actual intentions, when embodied or realized successfully in the artwork, determine or fix the work’s meaning, which in turn is known through tracking those intentions. The objection I defend shows that authorial intentions are surplus or otiose. In the second section of the essay, I state one moderate version of an alternate view about interpretation known as hypothetical intentionalism, which has been advanced in different versions for almost forty years now by writers as varied as Michael Baxandall, Wayne Booth, Gregory Currie, Jerrold Levinson, Alexander Nehamas, and William Tolhurst, amongst others. I conclude by defending hypothetical intentionalism from some recent criticisms raised by Noël Carroll, Stephen Davies, and Robert Stecker.
Can An Algorithm Be Disturbed?: Machine Learning, Intrinsic Criticism, and the Digital Humanities
Authors: Dobson James E.
Published: October 2015

This essay positions the use of machine learning within the digital humanities as part of a wider movement that nostalgically seeks to return literary criticism to the structuralist era, to a moment characterized by belief in systems, structure, and the transparency of language. It argues that the scientific criticism of the present attempts to separate methodology from interpretation and in the process it has deemphasized the degree to which methodology also participates in interpretation. This essay returns to the deconstructive critique of structuralism in order to highlight the ways in which numerous interpretive decisions are suppressed in the pre-processing of text and in the use of machine learning algorithms.
From Cold War Politics to Post–Cold War Fiction: Philip Roth’s I Married a Communist and the Problem of Cultural Pluralism
Authors: Loeffler Philipp
Published: October 2015

I Married a Communist is arguably one of the most understudied Philip Roth novels. This article makes two claims that underline the book’s unacknowledged centrality both within the immediate context of the so-called “American Trilogy” and as a powerful example of post–Cold War historical fiction. First, despite its seemingly realist ambition, the novel denounces traditional truth questions in historical writing (and their skeptical rebuttal) and instead focuses on the uses of history as potential forms of world-making. Second, I Married a Communist complicates the notion that only the end of the Cold War conditioned the general turn away from ideology questions in favor of a dubious identitarian pluralism—a point variously reiterated and critiqued after Walter Michaels’s Shape of the Signifier ()—by arguing that such pluralistic desires in fact emerged in a necessary historical co-evolution with the rise of ideological antagonism during the 1940s and 1950s. Storytelling is featured in the novel as a pluralistic form of world-making to stress exactly this point.
The Proslavery Social Problem Novel: Maria J. Mcintosh’s Narrative of Reform in the Plantation South
Authors: Burnett Katharine A.
Published: October 2015

This essay reinterprets a little-studied proslavery novel, Maria J. McIntosh’s The Lofty and the Lowly (1852), in the context of transatlantic debates over slavery and the global economy during the 1850s. I argue that The Lofty and the Lowly functions as a medium through which McIntosh attempts to reconcile two very different ideologies that circulated within antebellum southern society: the impulse toward economic (and thereby social) progress, and the desire to maintain a “traditional” South structured around slavery. To do so, McIntosh adapts the form of popular British social problem and industrial novels in order to bring slavery into conversation with modern modes of free market capitalism. Ultimately, this reading utilizes the intersection of economic history and literary genre as a way to highlight the centrality of debates over slavery to national and international discussions of economic modernization in the nineteenth century.
“ Experiment Is Each Scroll of White Pages Joined Together”: Reading Punctuation, Mathematics, and Science in Myung Mi Kim’s Dura
Authors: Sohn Stephen Hong
Published: October 2015

With its mathematical vocabulary, innovative geometrical form, lyric density, and funky deployment of punctuation, Dura exemplifies Kim’s interest in poetic experimentation. This article investigates how Kim negotiates two foci through Dura : on the one hand, employing experimental linguistics that grant punctuation, mathematical notations, and scientific vocabulary multiple signifying possibilities, while on the other, pushing forth a political project that speaks to the continuing issue of radical social inequalities. Punctuation, mathematics, and science all operate under a rubric of efficiency. Punctuation enables more effective forms of communication, while mathematical and scientific advances enable inventions that provide greater comfort, easier transport, faster communication, and other improvements. But Kim’s lyric style in Dura questions the logic of efficiency that undergirds modes of standardization and perceived trajectories of advancement. Hence, the use of experimental punctuation and nonstandard use of mathematical and scientific language enable Dura to stage a trenchant critique of driving forces behind colonialism and empire.
Beyond Excess: Romanticism, Surplus, and Trust
Authors: Milnes Tim
Published: October 2015

Romantic ‘excess’ is often linked to the notion of an overproductive imagination whose plenitude compensates for the mind’s failure to represent the Ding an sich . This overproduction can be seen as the Romantic response to the bankruptcy of empiricism, which had attempted to locate truth in the correspondence between mind and world. In this essay, however, I read Romantic excess as a form of epistemic surplus . Taking Wordsworth as a key example, I show how Romantic writing explores the pragmatic surplus of trust as one of the preconditions of communication, and thus of thought itself. Wordsworth’s writing performs this transaction in ways that demonstrate the dependence of the poetic voice upon dialogical interactions with other individuals. In this respect, the ideas of the Romantics appear closer than has been recognized to the theories of the Scottish Enlightenment, for which trust and sociability were cornerstone concepts.
“A Balance of Power”: The Covert Authorship of Ian McEwan’s Double Agents in Sweet Tooth
Authors: Walker Laura Savu
Published: October 2015

In Ian McEwan’s novel Sweet Tooth , a wariness of an extreme form of (human) control characteristic of Cold War politics indirectly reflects an anxiety about authorial manipulation. Rather than asserting his own direct authority over the text, McEwan uses tropes of romance and espionage to interrogate the conjunction of power and masculinity on which his authorship—and the cultural-political divide, largely speaking—is predicated. By foregrounding the perspective of a female spy, doubly positioned as the lover and reader of the writer within the novel, Sweet Tooth complicates what it means to construct narrative authority, while also challenging the binary thinking that dominated the Cold War years.
Relocating Englishness: The 1960s Postimperial Turn and National Identity in John Fowles’s The Magus
Authors: Hurwitz Matthew
Published: October 2015

British novelist John Fowles’s The Magus (1965) is typically interpreted by critics as an early postmodern narrative about freedom and authenticity; however, this novel also engages directly with imperial contraction and changing notions of Englishness during the postwar decades. Fowles attempts through the novel’s complex plot, centered on the travel of its young male protagonist from London to Greece and back again, to revivify a pre-imperial English identity and counter the prevailing imperial nostalgia of the 1960s. In the process, Fowles demonstrates the insufficiency of British Mediterranean travel narratives to define Englishness in an emerging postimperial context.
Capturing Qualitative Data: Northwestern University Special Libraries’ Acknowledgments Database
Authors: Stigberg Sara , Guittar Michelle , Morse Geoffrey
Published: October 2015

Assessment and supporting data have become of increasing interest in librarianship. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of the Northwestern University Library Acknowledgments Database tool, which gathers and documents qualitative data, as well as its component reporting function. This collaborative project and resulting products demonstrate how librarians and library staff, who are generally not experts in programming and software development, can successfully produce practical and functional tools to achieve their assessment goals.
From Standards to Frameworks for IL: How the ACRL Framework Addresses Critiques of the Standards
Authors: Foasberg Nancy M.
Published: October 2015

The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, since their publication in 2000, have drawn criticism for ignoring the social and political aspects of information literacy. The ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards Task Force responded with the Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education, which rethinks information literacy by acknowledging that it is a social phenomenon and by recognizing students as participatory learners. This article contrasts the constructions of information, information literacy, and students in the Framework and the Standards to show how the Framework addresses some of the critiques of the Standards.
Academic Utilization of Government Publications in Three Nigerian University Libraries
Authors: Okwor Roseline Ngozi , Mole Austin J. C. , Ihekwoaba Emmanuel Chukwudi
Published: October 2015

This paper seeks to examine the current state of academic utilization of government publications in Nigerian university libraries. Using a descriptive survey, the study focused on three academic libraries in Southeastern Nigeria serving a population of 11,996 undergraduate and postgraduate student library users, 592 of whom answered a questionnaire. The study relied on questionnaires, interviews, and observation checklists for data collection. Means, frequency counts, and percentages were used to analyze the data. The study recommended that libraries should make the reading spaces and environment in government document sections more comfortable and that government document libraries should engage fully in online subscriptions to government publications.
A Survey of Instructional Support for Undergraduate Research Programs
Authors: Hensley Merinda Kaye
Published: October 2015

Undergraduate research and other high-impact educational practices simulate real-world learning environments and present an opportunity for high-level information literacy teaching to be better incorporated into the curriculum. The purpose of this survey is to examine efforts of libraries currently offering IL instruction to undergraduate research programs. The study provides crucial background and data for librarians and campus administrators of undergraduate research programs to deepen their understanding in developing meaningful information literacy experiences.
Usability Definitions in a Dynamically Changing Information Environment
Authors: Chen Yu-Hui , Rorissa Abebe , Germain Carol Anne
Published: October 2015

The authors compared Web usability definitions, collected from library professionals at academic institutions of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) through online surveys in 2007 and 2012, to determine whether library practitioners’ perspectives had altered as information technologies evolved during this time. The authors applied three techniques of statistical data analysis— t -tests, cluster analyses, and the Mantel test—for comparisons. The results indicated significant increased emphases on the Interface/Design and Effectiveness attributes in the 2012 data set. This increase may be due to the rise in the use of mobile devices for information access, driving practitioners to place a stronger emphasis on these attributes.
Project RAILS: Lessons Learned about Rubric Assessment of Information Literacy Skills
Authors: Belanger Jackie , Zou Ning , Mills Jenny Rushing , Holmes Claire , Oakleaf Megan
Published: October 2015

Rubric assessment of information literacy is an important tool for librarians seeking to show evidence of student learning. The authors, who collaborated on the Rubric Assessment of Informational Literacy Skills (RAILS) research project, draw from their shared experience to present practical recommendations for implementing rubric assessment in a variety of institutional contexts. These recommendations focus on four areas: (1) building successful collaborative relationships, (2) developing assignments, (3) creating and using rubrics, and (4) using assessment results to improve instruction and assessment practices. Recommendations are discussed in detail and include institutional examples of emerging practices that can be adapted for local use.
The “Research Audit” Model: A Prototype for Data-Driven Discovery of Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research
Authors: Burnette Margaret (Peg) H.
Published: October 2015

The increasing interdisciplinarity of scientific research creates both challenges and opportunities for librarians. The liaison model may be inadequate for supporting campus research that represents multiple disciplines and geographically dispersed departments. The identification of units, researchers, and projects is a first step in planning and providing support for research and publication. The proposed research audit model seeks to inventory research projects and personnel for interdisciplinary biomedical research using a relational database. The innovative use of a discipline-specific ontology as descriptive metadata holds promise for revealing connections that might not otherwise be discovered.
Standing Alone No More: Linking Research to a Writing Course in a Learning Community
Authors: Rapchak Marcia , Cipri Ava
Published: October 2015

Collaborating with teaching faculty is a well-established method of making library instruction more meaningful and engaging to students, and learning communities provide an excellent opportunity to work closely with both teaching faculty and a cohort of students. A typical learning community brings students together around a similar discipline or theme. The students take some of the same courses and may live together on campus. At Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, the authors of this article, one a librarian and the other a writing instructor, worked together in a learning community to support students as they mastered research skills across two courses, an information literacy course and a first-year writing course. The results of this collaboration show improved achievement in student learning outcomes and increased retention of valuable research skills in writing.
Internationalization in German Academic Libraries: Moving beyond North American Perspectives
Authors: Bordonaro Karen , Rauchmann Sabine
Published: October 2015

This paper explores how internationalization is understood and experienced in German academic libraries. Its main purpose is to move the discussion of internationalization in academic libraries beyond the boundaries of English-speaking North America by investigating a European perspective. Its secondary purpose is to investigate the role of English in German academic libraries. An online survey and a series of in-person interviews conducted in Germany in April 2015 provided the data for this study. What emerged are a series of stated differences and similarities between North America and Germany informed by the two overarching themes of implicit internationalization and plurilingualism, the ability to switch from one language to another as required.
A New History of Ourselves, in the Shadow of our Obsessions and Compulsions
Authors: Castel Pierre-Henri , Sass Louis
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to show why a systematic history of obsessive and compulsive symptoms (today called OCD) offers more than a special chapter in the history of psychiatry. It opens a window on the genesis of the Western individual by casting new light on the functions of self-restraint, self-control, and the self-monitoring of intentions and moral feelings (guilt, anxiety), as well as on the formation of a sense of individual autonomy and ‘interiority.’ Such a project aligns with Norbert Elias’s notion of the ‘civilizing process,’ but is distinct from Foucault’s views on madness and normalcy. I finally consider contemporary cognitive and behavioral treatments of OCD in light of their participation in this historical process. The efficacy of such treatments might be explained, in large measure, as deriving from their reliance on, and implicit fostering of, contemporary cultural ideals of autonomy.
Individualisms and their Discontents: The American Self Versus the French Institution
Authors: Ehrenberg Alain
Published: October 2015

In France, a new discourse on psychological suffering has developed, one that concerns social malaise and focuses on the values and norms of autonomy. It can be summed up in the dual idea that 1) the individual is overburdened with responsibilities and 2) social ties are weakening to the point of creating a crisis in the sense of community and social obligation. To place this French malaise in perspective, a comparison with the United States is offered on two grounds: 1) whereas the autonomy ideal tends to unify Americans, it divides the French, 2) whereas reference to personality or ‘self’ is a familiar tradition in the United States, Americans find the concept of institution more problematic. The present article shows how problems of mental health, which concern moral and social misfortune as well as illness, have been key issues in a transformation of the Freudian theme of civilization and its discontents into a concern with the pathology of contemporary democratic societies of individualism.
Lacan, Foucault, and the ‘Crisis of the Subject’: Revisionist Reflections on Phenomenology and Post-structuralism
Authors: Sass Louis
Published: October 2015

This article offers a revisionist interpretation of the relationship between phenomenology and post-structuralism through an analysis of the post-structuralists most influential at philosophy’s intersection with the ‘psy’ professions: Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault. French structuralists and post-structuralists sharply criticized subjectivity as a domain of study (the ‘primacy of consciousness’) and notions of the ‘autonomous subject,’ arguing instead for the determining role of language and other semiotic systems. I discuss Heidegger’s role as a ‘vanishing mediator,’ an influence on both phenomenology and post-structuralism whose own focus on forms of being (the ontological dimension) undermines this assumed opposition. I discuss the relevance for phenomenology of Foucault’s ‘epistemes’ (in Order of Things ) and of Lacan’s registers of Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real. Finally, I consider ways in which Foucault (in Discipline and Punish ) and Lacan (on ethics and the ‘psychoanalytic act’) seem to accept elements of the traditional notion of the subject, including forms of freedom and responsibility, and the possibility of self-reflection.
After the Shooting: On Yoram Kaniuk’s Peripatetic Palmaḥnik
Authors: Katz Stephen
Published: October 2015

Wounded in body and spirit following his participation in Israel’s War of Independence, Yoram Kaniuk’s (1930–2013) protagonist of several key and stylistically sophisticated America-centered novels escapes to the New World. There, seeking a haven for recuperation and finding his identity, he exhibits some of the unheroic qualities that are a manifestation of his upbringing, of the mythological and unsavory sabra, or are the mirror of the fragmented social circle of acquaintances he makes in New York. Seeking an identity, he attempts to own the New World, doing so by attempts at conquest—of women, financial stability, or climbing the ladder of social hierarchy. In terms of women, he fails at exhibiting a lasting commitment with any. He fails at maintaining a successful career, while the “aristocracy” with which he affiliates turns out to be flawed and decaying. So while he meets some of New York’s rich and famous, he finds no model whom to emulate among them. None of these avenues bring any succor to him emotionally, spiritually, or physically from the trauma of the war memories that continue to haunt him and as he continues to search for a place to call home. Realizing the futility of it all, the protagonist escapes to other realms, mostly by returning to Israel in the expectation of finding a modus vivendi there with his memories and the reality of the new society.
Israeli Mothers in Film: “Re-visioning” Culture, Engendering Autonomy
Authors: Burstein Janet H.
Published: October 2015

In many Israeli films, mothers play conventional supporting roles. But several critically important films made between the 1970s and the first decade of the new century become culturally reflexive as they feature mothers who become the interface between family and culture. In part, these films clarify the difference between satisfying cultural expectations, and living satisfactory personal lives. In part these films perform what Adrienne Rich called a “re-visioning” of cultural assumptions through their effects on mothers. The first section of this paper examines gendered cultural assumptions common to the state’s early decades. In the second section, seven films set in those decades mark maternal vulnerability to cultural imperatives apparently nourished by gendered assumptions. In the third section, four films by one filmmaker look back at a family’s past and move beyond it. Having “re-visioned” the cultural intersection in which one mother suffered and broke down, this filmmaker’s protagonists struggle through the first three films with the residue of the maternal ordeal; the repetitions and differences that figure in their memory of the personal past suggest the affective burden carried by recollective narrative. The protagonist of the fourth film in this series moves past personal remembering toward a more general understanding of mental distress that will engender her autonomy.
Factors to Consider When Making Lexical Comparisons of Sign Languages: Notes from an Ongoing Comparison of German Sign Language and Swiss German Sign Language
Authors: Ebling Sarah , Konrad Reiner , Braem Penny Boyes , Langer Gabriele
Published: October 2015

This article discusses some of the methodological factors taken into consideration in a first, and still ongoing, study of lexical similarity between German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS) and Swiss German Sign Language (Deutschschweizerische Gebärdensprache, DSGS). For our investigation we followed the approach of Xu (2006) and Su and Tai (2009) by taking iconicity into account. However, whereas these earlier studies operated on the general concept of iconic motivation, we have added a more specific method of labeling both the image-producing techniques and (when possible) the underlying image and/or motivating elements (Langer 2005), which we believe are necessary for a more precise understanding of how lexical pairs from the two languages compare with regard to identity, similarity, and difference.
Signed Names in Japanese Sign Language: Linguistic and Cultural Analyses
Authors: Nonaka Angela , Mesh Kate , Sagara Keiko
Published: October 2015

This article describes the types of signed names given and used by deaf users of Japanese Sign Language. Drawing from a dataset of 216 signed names, we identify and describe nine strategies for signed name formation. Notably, seven of these represent written Japanese surnames. We explain how language contact with written Japanese characters (kanji) and syllabograms (kana) gives rise to a distinctive set of naming strategies. We further discuss the culture of literacy in Japan that emphasizes the written forms of surnames and consider its influential role in Japanese deaf education when sustained contact between many deaf people made naming a central concern.