bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exclusion From School: A First Step in Exclusion From Society?
Authors: Blyth Eric , Milner Judith
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.In recent years increasing concerns have been expressed about the behaviour of young people in Britain and responses to it. Within schools this has focused on the nature and incidence of violent and disruptive behaviour displayed by children and levels of exclusion. Perceptions that ‘too many children’ are excluded from school have prompted inquiries by the government, professional teaching associations and independent researchers and generated considerable media interest. This paper analyses existing evidence and identifies remaining gaps in knowledge concerning exclusion from school. In conclusion the authors argue that an adequate understanding of exclusion from school can only be achieved by locating it within the wider debate concerning social control and civic exclusion.
Fathers‐The Secondary Partners: Professional Perceptions and Fathers' Reflections
Authors: Herbert Elaine , Carpenter Barry
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The following is an account of a research project exploring the recollections of seven fathers at the time of the birth of their children with Down's Syndrome. It discusses the disclosure of diagnosis and subsequent contacts the fathers made both professionally and socially during the period following both in the hospital and at home. This is combined with the personal recollections of one father, not part of the original study, whose child was born with special needs. The implications for both professional practice and fathers are highlighted. Whilst there is an acknowledgement that the project was small scale, the conclusions will raise challenging issues for further discussion both among professionals and individual members of families.
Reflections on Practical Approaches to Involving Children and Young People in the Data Analysis Process
Authors: Coad Jane , Evans Ruth
Published: August 2010

This article reflects on key methodological issues emerging from children and young people's involvement in data analysis processes. We outline a pragmatic framework illustrating different approaches to engaging children, using two case studies of children's experiences of participating in data analysis. The article highlights methods of engagement and important issues such as the balance of power between adults and children, training, support, ethical considerations, time and resources. We argue that involving children in data analysis processes can have several benefits, including enabling a greater understanding of children's perspectives and helping to prioritise children's agendas in policy and practice. © 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2007 National Children's Bureau.
Project Jump: Young People's Perspectives on a Sexual Health Drama Project for Hard to Reach Young People
Authors: Orme Judy , Salmon Debra , Mages Linda
Published: August 2010

This article explores the qualitative process findings from an evaluation of Project Jump — a sexual health drama project for hard to reach young people. Project Jump aimed to enable young people to consider their sexual behaviour and its impact and consequence on other people and themselves. The research aimed to capture the experiences and perceptions of young people's involvement in the project, particularly in relation to the use of drama as a medium for learning. Findings from young people demonstrate that drama can offer an important alternative to traditional health promotion in that young people articulated positive aspects of their involvement. These included enthusiastic participation, empowerment and sexual health skills acquisition. In addition, critical areas for consideration for policy‐makers and practitioners in employing a drama‐based approach particularly in relation to effective identification, engagement and ongoing follow‐up activity with vulnerable groups are highlighted. © 2006 University of the West of England. Journal compilation © 2006 National Children's Bureau.
Trapped in Space? Children's Accounts of Risky Environments
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this article is to explore children's perceptions and experiences of safety and risk in one highly contested interface area in Belfast. Interface areas are landscapes divided by physical and symbolic boundaries on the basis of religious/ethno‐national identification. The research draws on maps and focus group discussions with young teenagers from four schools in an interface area located in North Belfast. The teenagers identified both private and public places of risk that they faced in their everyday lives. The types of risks produced by this environment are outlined and the teenagers’ strategies for managing the daily risks that they faced in their everyday lives are assessed. The data reveal how teenagers negotiate movement across different types of space and illustrate the extent to which their immediate geographical environment is dependent on its location within wider political, social and cultural systems.
A ‘Children's Government’ in England and Child Impact Assessment
Authors: Payne Lisa
Published: August 2010

Despite structural changes made to central government and the development of the Every Child Matters programme in England, compartmentalised child policy proposals are often created for service settings and in response to a specific political imperative. This article provides a rationale for child impact assessment — a systematic process in which proposals for policy and legislation are reviewed and assessed for their potential impact on children and young people — and reviews project work in England involving the National Children's Bureau and the Children's Legal Centre.
Children's Presence in the Neighbourhood: A Social‐Pedagogical Perspective
Authors: De Visscher Sven , Bouverne‐De Bie Maria
Published: August 2010

In this article we discuss some theoretical and methodological perspectives for studying children's neighbourhoods as a social‐pedagogical context. This social‐pedagogical perspective includes a focus in research on a reflective approach based on the acquisition of empirical indicators about the impact of the neighbourhood on children's socialisation. A research outline based on the idea of mapping children's neighbourhoods within their social and historical context is presented as one possible example of such an analysis.
Accounting for Agency
Authors: valentine kylie
Published: August 2010

Children are increasingly described as agents and agency is important to arguments for children’s rights and participation. Yet agency is rarely defined or theorised in childhood studies. This article reviews common uses and meanings of agency and argues that critical, social conceptualisations have yet to be extensively taken up in childhood studies but offer much to the field. Based on the work of Giddens, his critics and feminist theory, I propose a model of agency that is more ambivalent than that usually presented in childhood studies. Given the conventional emphasis of agency on articulation, rationality and strategy, a failure to incorporate a critical, embodied, engendered, material account of agency into childhood studies risks reinscribing a model in which privileged children will be accorded more agency than those who do not display rationality and choice in conventional ways.
The maltase activity of bovine serum as an aid to the study of the Amylase I locus1
Authors: Griffiths M. W. , Banks W.
Published: August 2010

A method has been described for the detection of maltase activity in starch gels. This method has been used to resolve the difficulties encountered when analysing animals with weak AmIB activity for Ami genotype. It was found that, with the herd of the Hannah Research Institute, the heterozygote excess observed could be explained largely on the basis of these weak AmIB bands.
Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus
Authors: Kimura Masao
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M. anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.
Biochemical polymorphisms in muscle and liver extracts and in the serum of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Diebig E. , Meyer J.‐N. , Glodek P.
Published: August 2010

The frequency of polymorphic phenotypes determined by starch gel electrophoresis from six enzyme systems was investigated on 664 rainbow trout (stock I) originating equally from six full‐sib families. The enzyme systems studied were CA, AKP, G‐6‐PD, SOD, AEP, and 6‐PGD.

On material deriving from six parental matings totalling 212 offspring (stock II) the mode of inheritance of the first four enzymes (AEP and 6‐PGD were not polymorphic) and the additional systems IDH, PGM, Alb, and Psta, not analysed in stock I, were investigated.

The G‐6‐PD system showed no polymorphism in the family material. The CA, PGM, Alb, and Psta systems were easily identifiable. Their mode of inheritance with two alleles each can be considered as proven. For SOD three alleles, in four out of six possible progeny types, were found, for which the postulated mode of inheritance was confirmed.

For IDH the mode of inheritance found by Allendorff & Utter (1973) was confirmed. This pattern shows two disomic gene loci, one of which is monomorphic, while the other carries four different alleles.

The number of alleles and their mode of inheritance for the AEP system, which was not clearly identifiable, could not be elucidated.
BSACI guidelines for the management of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis
Authors: Scadding G. K. , Durham S. R. , Mirakian R. , Jones N. S. , Drake‐Lee A. B. , Ryan D. , Dixon T. A. , Huber P. A. J. , Nasser S. M.
Published: August 2010

This guidance for the management of patients with rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis has been prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI). The recommendations are based on evidence and expert opinion and are evidence graded. These guidelines are for the benefit of both adult physicians and paediatricians treating allergic conditions. Rhinosinusitis implies inflammation of the nose and sinuses which may or may not have an infective component and includes nasal polyposis. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts up to 12 weeks and resolves completely. Chronic rhinosinusitis persists over 12 weeks and may involve acute exacerbations. Rhinosinusitis is common, affecting around 15% of the population and causes significant reduction in quality of life. The diagnosis is based largely on symptoms with confirmation by nasendoscopy. Computerized tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging are abnormal in approximately one third of the population so are not recommended for routine diagnosis but should be reserved for those with acute complications, diagnostic uncertainty or failed medical therapy. Underlying conditions such as immune deficiency, Wegener's granulomatosis, Churg‐Strauss syndrome, aspirin hypersensitivity and allergic fungal sinusitis may present as rhinosinusitis. There are few good quality trials in this area but the available evidence suggests that treatment is primarily medical, involving douching, corticosteroids, antibiotics, anti‐leukotrienes, and anti‐histamines. Endoscopic sinus surgery should be considered for complications, anatomical variations causing local obstruction, allergic fungal disease or patients who remain very symptomatic despite medical treatment. Further well conducted trials in clearly defined patient groups are needed to improve management.
Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma: a review
Authors: Pijnenburg M. W. H. , De Jongste J. C.
Published: August 2010

As an ‘inflammometer’, the fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FeNO) is increasingly used in the management of paediatric asthma. FeNO provides us with valuable, additional information regarding the nature of underlying airway inflammation, and complements lung function testing and measurement of airway hyper‐reactivity. This review focuses on clinical applications of FeNO in paediatric asthma. First, FeNO provides us with a practical tool to aid in the diagnosis of asthma and distinguish patients who will benefit from inhaled corticosteroids from those who will not. Second, FeNO is helpful in predicting exacerbations, and predicting successful steroid reduction or withdrawal. In atopic asthmatic children FeNO is beneficial in adjusting steroid doses, discerning those patients who require additional therapy from those whose medication dose could feasibly be reduced. In pre‐school children FeNO may be of help in the differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms, and may potentially allow for better targeting and monitoring of anti‐inflammatory treatment.
Increased cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in exhaled breath condensate of asthmatic children
Authors: Robroeks C. M. H. H. T. , Rijkers G. T. , Jöbsis Q. , Hendriks H. J. E. , Damoiseaux J. G. M. C. , Zimmermann L. J. I. , Van Schayck O. P. , Dompeling E.
Published: August 2010

Background
Airway inflammation in asthma is characterized by the production of cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules. The assessment of these inflammatory biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is hampered by low detection rates. However, the use of a glass condenser system combined with a sensitive analytical technique may increase the possibility to assess these biomarkers in EBC in a reliable way.

Objective
(1) To assess the detection rates of cytokines (IL‐1α, ‐1β, ‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐10, ‐12p70, ‐13, ‐18, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α), chemokines [MIP1α (CCL3), MIF, eotaxin (CCL11), RANTES (CCL5), IP10 (CXCL10), IL8 (CXCL8), MCP1] and soluble adhesion molecules [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM)] in EBC of children with asthma and healthy control children; (2) To study the differences in the biomarker concentration between children with asthma and controls.

Methods
Sixty children were included: 31 asthmatics (71% atopic) and 29 controls. Exhaled breath condensate was collected using a glass condenser system. The inflammatory markers (IM) were analysed using multiplex immunoassay technology.

Results
Detection percentages of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules ranged from 94% to 100%, except for eotaxin (CCL11) and RANTES (CCL5) (detection rates of 10% and 45% in healthy controls, respectively). The intra‐subject variability of biomarkers in EBC in the group as a whole ranged from 5.2% to 35.0%. In asthmatics, the levels of cytokines (IL‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐13, IFN‐γ), chemokines (MIP1α [CCL3], MIF, RANTES [CCL5], IP10 [CXCL10], IL8 [CXCL8], MCP1) and adhesion molecules (sICAM, sVCAM) were significantly increased in comparison with controls (P<0.05).

Conclusion
If collected with a glass condenser and analysed by multiplex immunoassay technology, cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules can be reliably demonstrated in EBC of children. Most of these IM were elevated in EBC of asthmatics compared with controls.

Cite this as: C. M. H. H. T. Robroeks, G. T. Rijkers, Q. Jöbsis, H. J. E. Hendriks, J. G. M. C. Damoiseaux, L. J. I. Zimmermann, O. P. van Schayck, E. Dompeling, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 77–84.
Induction of regulatory T cells by probiotics: potential for treatment of allergy?
Authors: Fink L. N.
Published: August 2010

Cite this as: L. N. Fink, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 5–8.
Trends and recommendations in studies of mouse airway function
Authors: Inman Mark D.
Published: August 2010

Cite this as: Mark D. Inman, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 524–527.
How do teenagers manage their food allergies?
Authors: Monks H. , Gowland M. H. , MacKenzie H. , Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse M. , King R. , Lucas J. S. , Roberts G.
Published: August 2010

Background
The peak incidence of deaths from anaphylaxis associated with nut allergy occurs in teenagers and young adults. During adolescence, the management of food allergy shifts from being the responsibility of parents to that of the young person. This is a group who therefore need special attention in the clinic.

Objective
This study aimed to understand the practical challenges that teenagers with food allergy experience using a qualitative approach and generate potential interventions for tackling these.

Methods
Teenagers aged 1118 years with food allergy completed a questionnaire about their food allergy and underwent a focused, semi‐structured interview with open questions guided by a priori topic areas. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach.

Results
The study enrolled 18 teenagers with a median age of 15 years (10 females); the most common food allergens were peanuts and tree nuts. Three key themes emerged: avoidance of allergens, preparation for reactions and the treatment of reactions. The majority of teenagers reported eating foods labelled as ‘may contain’ an allergen as they perceive that they are actually very unlikely to contain an allergen. Many of the teenagers only carried their self‐injectable adrenaline when they thought they are particularly at risk of a reaction. Some do not know how to appropriately treat an allergic reaction. More than half believed that educating other students at school about the seriousness of food allergies would make it easier to live with their food allergy.

Conclusions
A significant number of teenagers demonstrate risk‐taking behaviour in the management of their food allergies. Teenagers also felt it would be helpful for their peers to be educated about food allergy. This novel strategy might help them to avoid trigger foods and enable teenagers to access help more readily if they suffer a reaction.

Cite this as: H. Monks, M. H. Gowland, H. MacKenzie, M. Erlewyn‐Lajeunesse, R. King, J. S. Lucas and G. Roberts, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1533–1540.
The versatility of HDL: a crucial anti‐inflammatory regulator
Authors: Säemann Marcus D. , Poglitsch Marko , Kopecky Chantal , Haidinger Michael , Hörl Walter H. , Weichhart Thomas
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1131–1143

Background  Low levels of plasma high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) represent a major cardiovascular risk factor and therefore raising HDL has been proposed to positively affect patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. However, the current evidence that raising HDL per se will reduce atherosclerosis and thereby cardiovascular events still remains controversial.

Aims  In this review, we discuss the diverse anti‐atherogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties of HDL in the light of recent findings indicating that the quality rather than the mere quantity of HDL determines its beneficial effects against atherosclerosis. More specifically, we will focus on the conspicuous anti‐inflammatory properties of HDL as this might contribute to the overall beneficial effects of HDL in diseased patients such as modulation of costimulatory/adhesion molecule expression, cytokine production and inhibition of the prototypical proinflammatory transcription factor NF‐κB.

Results  A range of clinical disorders share permanent inflammation as a characteristic hallmark including coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis and also display distinct qualitative changes in the HDL compartment. Loss of anti‐inflammatory functions of HDL is emerging as an important risk factor for disease progression and survival in these clinical entities.

Conclusions  It will be important to define the anti‐inflammatory effects of HDL at the molecular level and to dissect the manifold functional implications to develop both novel functional assays that enable meaningful outcome studies and foster new therapeutic concepts in patients with altered HDL function.
Characterization of iron in alkaline EDTA and NH4OH extracts of podzols
Authors: McBRIDE M. B. , GOODMAN B. A. , RUSSELL J. D. , FRASER A. R. , FARMER V. C. , DICKSON D. P. E.
Published: August 2010

Mössbauer and ESR spectroscopy have shown that the iron extracted from the Bh horizons of an iron humus podzol and an iron podzol by EDTA at pH 9.1 is predominantly in the form of complexes* of polymeric Fe(III) hydroxide and oxide with organic matter (O.M.). Small amounts of monomeric Fe(III)‐O.M. and Fe(III)‐EDTA complexes also occur. In contrast EDTA at pH 7 extracts iron from these podzols predominantly in the form of iron‐EDTA complexes. Some monomeric Fe(III)‐O.M. complex also occurs in a pH 9.1 NH4 OH extract of these horizons and in a pH 9.1 EDTA extract of the B3 horizon of a peaty podzol.

Dialysis experiments show that the particle dimensions of the polymeric hydroxy Fe(III)‐O.M. complex, which accounts for about 66% of the Fe extracted from the iron humus podzol and about 36% of that from the iron podzol, are greater than 2.4 nm. The thermal behaviour of the Mössbauer peaks indicated that the size of the iron cores was of the order of 5 nm, thus suggesting that the complex probably consists of hydroxyiron cores surrounded by large organic molecules. Results from XRD and IR suggest that these hydroxyiron cores may have structural organizations similar to those of goethite and ferrihydrite.

The relationship between these forms of iron in the extracts and those in the soil is briefly discussed.
Using the continuous‐quality theory to predict microbial biomass and soil organic carbon following organic amendments
Authors: Nilsson K. S. , Hyvönen R. , Ågren G. I.
Published: August 2010

Soil microbial biomass and microbial quotient (the ratio of soil microbial biomass to soil organic carbon) are considered to be useful as rapidly responding indicators of perturbations of soil properties. In this paper we will use a well‐tested model (the continuous‐quality theory) to analyse these variables in a Swedish 35‐year‐old field experiment with a black fallow, crop with no N addition, crop with calcium nitrate addition, and six treatments with organic amendments: straw, green manure, peat, farmyard manure, sawdust and sewage sludge.

The model predicts correctly that the amount of microbial biomass increases for all the treatments with organic amendments compared with the black fallow treatment. The microbial biomass quotient increases also for all the amended treatments, except peat and sewage sludge, and decreases for the other treatments. The microbial biomass and microbial quotient increase with both the amounts of organic matter added (crop residues and amendments) and the quality of the added matter. However, to fully explain the observations it is also necessary to have an increasing microbial mortality with substrate quality. Moreover, short‐term observations can be misleading with respect to both the magnitude and direction of long‐term changes in biomass and related variables. Special attention must be paid to such amendments as sewage sludge, where contaminants such as heavy metals may determine process rates. We find no relation between microbial biomass or microbial quotient and yields.
Registry of inherited bleeding disorders in Poland – current status and potential role of the HemoRec database
Authors: ZDZIARSKA J. , CHOJNOWSKI K. , KLUKOWSKA A. , ŁĘTOWSKA M. , MITAL A. , MUSIAŁ J. , PODOLAK‐DAWIDZIAK M. , WINDYGA J. , OVESNA P. , BRABEC P. , ZAWILSKA K.
Published: August 2010

Summary.  We present data collected in HemoRec, an Internet‐based platform implemented in 2006 in 15 haemophilia treatment centres in Poland and compare them with the national registry of inherited bleeding disorders established since 1991 at the Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion in Warsaw. We also analyse the current status of haemophilia treatment in Poland as well as future perspectives. Data on 1102 patients registered in HemoRec were analysed and compared with 4294 patients in the national registry (status as at 17.08.2009). The number of patients with severe haemophilia, mild/moderate haemophilia and von Willebrand in HemoRec is 530, 328 and 54 (respectively), compared with 1199, 1167 and 1128 in the national registry. The mean age of all haemophilic patients registered in HemoRec is 26.2 years, compared with 37.3 years in the general Polish male population in 2008. The number of haemophilic patients with inhibitor registered in HemoRec is 102 compared with 155 in the national registry (resulting in a prevalence of 14.9% of all severe haemophilia A and 1.6% of all severe haemophilia B patients). HemoRec includes data on a representative group of Polish haemophilic patients, mostly with haemophilia and haemophilia with inhibitor. von Willebrand’s disease is largely under‐registered in Poland. The survival of Polish haemophilic patients is shorter than that in the general population. The number of inhibitor patients in Poland is relatively large and should be decreased by wider availability of immunotolerance induction in 2010.
An unusual case of regional odontodysplasia
Authors: LOWRY L. , WELBURY R. R. , SOAMES J. V.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A case is presented of a 3‐year‐old child with regional odontodysplasia affecting all erupted and developing mandibular teeth. Maxillary teeth were unaffected. This pattern of distribution does not appear to have been reported previously and the extent of involvement poses problems for the long‐term dental management of the patient.

Le cas présenté est celui d'un enfant de trois ans qui présentait une odonto dysplasie intéressant toutes les dents mandibulaires ayant fait leur éruption ou en voie de formation. Les dents maxillaires n' étaient pas touchées. Ce modéle de distribution ne semple pas avoir été rapporté précédemment. L' importance des lésions pose probléme pour la prise en charge à long terme de ce patient.

Ein Fall eines 3 jährigen Kindes wird beschrieben mit einer regionalen Odontodyplasie, bei welcher alle durchgebrochenen und sich entwickelden Zähne des Unterkiefers befallen sind. Die Zähne des Oberkiefers waren nicht betroffen. Diese Form der Verteilung wurde bisher noch nicht beschrieben. Das Ausmass stellt Probléme bei der Langzeitbehandlung dieses Patienten.

Se presenta un caso de una niña de 3 años de edad con odontodisplasia regional afectando todos los dientes erupcionados y los dientes mandibulares en desarrollo. Los dientes del maxilar superior no estuvieron afectados. Este patron de distribución no parece haber sido previamente descrito y la extención de la involucración presenta problemas para el tratamiento odontológico a largo plazo.
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and abnormal root development: a case report
Authors: BROOK UZI
Published: August 2010

Summary. A boy developed Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme) 2 weeks after taking a course of slow‐release theophylline at the age of 9 years. He had suffered from bronchial asthma since early infancy. He did not attend for dental treatment until the age of 14 years, when panoramic radiography demonstrated varying degrees of arrested root development in the permanent dentition.

Le syndrome de Stevens‐Johnson est ap‐paru, deux mois après le début du traitement par aminophyline à diffusion lente, chez un garçon, qui avait souffert d'asthme bronchique depuis la petite enfance et n'avait pas eu de traitement dentaire jusqu'à l'âge de 14 ans. La radiographic panoramique pratiquée alors a montré un arrêt du développement des racines, à divers stade.

Nach der Einnahme des Medikamentes Theopylline‐slow‐release, entwickelte ein Jahr alter Knabe das Steven‐Johnsen Syndrom. Er litt seit Geburt an Asthma‐bronchialis. Er hatte keinerlei zahnärztliche Behandlung bis zum 14 Lebensjahr. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt konnte man uaf einer Panorama‐aufnahme feststellen dass die Wurze‐lentwicklung der bleibenden auf verschiedene Stufen stehen geblieben ist.

Un niño de 9 años de edad desarrolló síndrome de Stevens‐Johnson dos semanas después de tomar teofilina. El niño habia sufrido de asma bronquial desde la infancia. No había attendido a la consulta dental sino hasta los 14 años de edad cuando se le tomaron radiografias panorámicas que demonstraron diferentes grados de desarrolló radicular detenido en la dencitición permanente.
Compound odontomes associated with impacted maxillary primary central incisors: report of two cases
Authors: HAISHIMA K. , HAISHIMA H. , YAMADA Y. , TOMIZAWA M. , NODA T. , SUZUKI M.
Published: August 2010

Summary. Odontomes associated with primary teeth are rare. This report describes two cases of compound odontome associated with impacted maxillary primary central incisors in patients aged 1 year 8 months and 1 year 2 months, the latter being the youngest to have been reported with the condition. The odontomes were removed under local anaesthesia. Histological examination revealed immature dental tissues in both cases, but no evidence of root formation. Case 1 revealed ‘ghost cells’ within the enamel epithelium. The impacted incisors erupted following removal of the odontomes; in Case 2 the crown had an unusual ridge on its labial surface, extending from the gingival margin to a few millimetres from the incisal edge.

Les odontomes associés aux dents temporaires sont rares. Cette étude décrit deux cas d'odontomes complexes, associés à des incisives centrales maxillaires temporaires non évoluées, chez deux sujets âgés de 1 an 8 mois et 1 an 2 mois, ce dernier étant le plus jeune cas rapporté dans la littérature. Les odontomes furent extraits sous anesthésie locale. l'examen histologique a montré des tissus dentaires immatures dans les deux cas, mais aucune formation radiculaire. Le cas 1 montrait des ‘cellules fantômes’ dans l'épithélium de l'émail. Les incisives retenues ont fait leur éruption après suppression des odontomes; dans le cas 2, la couronne avait une crête inhabituelle sur la surface labiale, s'étendany du bord gingival à quelques millimétres du bord incisif.

Odomtome sind selten im Milchgebiss. In dieser Arbeit werden 2 Fälle von Odomtome beschrieben im Zusammenhang mit impaktierten zentralen oberen Schneidezähne bei 2 Patienten im Alter von 1 Jahr 8 Monate und von 1 Jahr und 2 Monate. Die Odomtome wurden entfernt, histologisch fand man unreifes Zahngewebe ohne Wurzelbildung. Im ersten Fall fand man ‘Ghost’ Zellen im Schmelzepithelium. Nach Entfernung der Odomtome brachen die inpaktierten Zähne durch. Im zweiten Fall fand man eine unübliche Vorwölbung auf der Gingiva bis fast an der Inzisalen Kante reichend.

Los odontomos asociados a la dentición temporal son raros. Este artículo describe dos casos de odontomas compuestos asociados a incisivos centrales temporales impactados en pacientes de 1.8 y 1.2 años. El de 1.2 años es el más jóven reportado en la literatura. Los odontomas fueron removidas bajo anestesia local. El examen histológico reveló tejido dental inmaduro en ambos casos, pero no hubo evidencia de formación radicular. El Caso í reveló ‘células fantasmas’ dentro del epitelio del esmalte. Los incisivos impactados erupcionaron después de la remoción de los odontomas. En la Caso 2, la corona mostró un reborde inusual en la superficie vestibular extendiéndose desde el margen gingival hasta unos milímetros del borde incisal.
The relationship between dental age, bone age and chronological age in 54 children with short familial stature
Authors: VALLEJO‐BOLANTOS ENCARNACIÓN , ESPANTA‐LÓPEZ ANTONIO JOSé
Published: August 2010

Summary. Patients with short familial stature (SFS) have a short body height, but their bone age is normal. The aim of this research was to assess dental maturity in 54 patients with SFS, aged from 4 to 151/2 years. Bone age was judged from radiographs of the left wrist, and dental age from orthopantomograms. Dental age was retarded in relation to chronological age and to bone age.

Relations entre l'âge dentaire, l'âge osseux et l'âge chronologique chez 54 enfants de petite taille d'origine familiale

Les patients présentant une petite taille d'origine familiale (PTF) ont une faible hauteur du tronc, mais leur âge osseux est normal. Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier la maturité dentaire de 54 patients avec PTF, âgés de 4 à 15 ans et demi. L'âge osseux était apprécié d'après les radiographies du poignet gauche et l'âge dentaire d'après les orthopantomogrammes. L'âge dentaire était retardé en relation avec l'âge chronologique et l'âge osseux.

Die Relation zwischen Dentalenalter Knochenalter und dem Chronologischenalter bei 54 familären kleinwüchsigen Kinder

Kleinwüchsige Patienten (Short Familial Stature‐SFS) haben aber ein normales Knochenalter. Der Zweck dieser Studie war, bei 54 SFS Patienten in Alter von 4–151/2 Jahren, die dentale Maturität zu beurteilen. Das Knochenalter wurde anhand von Röntgenaufnahmen des linken Handgelenkes beurteilt, das Dentalealter anhand von Panoramaaufnahmen. Es wurde gefunden dass das dentale Alter retardiert ist bei diesen Pateinten in Relation zum Knochenalter und dem Chronologischen Alter.

RelaciÓn entre edad dental, edad Ósea y edad cronolÓgica en 54 niños con baja estatura familiar

Los pacientes con baja estatura familiar (BEF) tienen baja estatura corporal, pero su edad Ósea es normal. El propÓsito de esta investigaciÓn fue evaluar la madurez dental en 54 pacientes de 4 a 151/2 años con BEF. La edad Ósea fue determinada con radiografias de la muñeca izquierda y la edad dental con radiografias panorámicas. La edad dental estuvo retardada en relaciÓn con le edad cronolÓgica y la edad Ósea.
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid presenting as desquamative gingivitis in a 14‐year‐old child
Authors: ROCHE C. , FIELD E. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary. A 14‐year‐old girl presented with painful, erythematous gingivae, which occasionally developed blisters. There were no other mucosal or skin lesions. Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence studies suggested a diagnosis of benign mucous membrane (cicatricial) pemphigoid, presenting as desquamative gingivitis. Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid in childhood is rare and only a few cases with exclusive oral mucosal involvement have been reported in the literature. The desquamative gingivitis responded well to a topical steroid regimen.

Pemphigus membraneux muqueux bénin avec gingivite desquamative chez un enfant de 14 ans

Le cas présenté est celui d'une jeune fille de 14 ans avec gingivite érythémateuse, douloureuse et bulles occasionnelles. Il n'y avait pas d'autres lésions de la peau ou de la muqueuse. Les recherches cliniques, histo‐pathologiques et en immunofluorescence étaient en faveur d'un pemphigus bénin (cicatriciel) de la membrane muqueuse, se présentant comme une gingivite desquamative. Le pemphigus membraneux muqueux dans l'enfance est rare et seulement quelques cas, avec participation de la muqueuse orale, ont été décrits dans la littérature. La gingivite desquamative répond bien á un traitement topique stéroidien.

Ein gutartiges Muköses Membran‐Pemphigoid welches sich als ein desquamatöse Gingivitis presentierte, bei einen 14 Jahr alten Kind

Ein 14 Jahr altes Mädchen erscheint mit einer schmerzvollen geröteten Gingiva mit heufiger Blasenbildung. Keinerlei andere muköse oder Hautläsionen waren zu finden. Klinische histopathologische und immunfluoreszierende Untersuche führten zur Diagnose eines gutartigen mukösen Membran‐Pemphigoid im der Form einer desquamatösen Gingivitis. Solche Pemphigoide sind selten in der Kindheit, und es wurde nur, über wenige Fälle welche exklusiv die orale Mukosa befallen, in der Literatur berichtet. Diese Form der Gingivitis reagiert sehr gut auf der Oberflächean‐wendung von Steroiden.

Pénfigo membranoso mucoso benigno presentádose como gingivitis descamativa en una niña de 14 años de edad

Una niña de 14 años de edad se presentÓ con encía eritematosa y con dolor. Ocasionalmente se presentaban vesículas. No hubo ninguna otra lesiÓn en la mucosa o piel. Los exámenes clinicos, histopatolÓgicos y de immunofluorescencia sugirieron un diagnÓstico de pénfigo membranoso (cicatricial) mucoso benigno presentándose como gingivitis descamativa. Esta lesiÓn es muy rara en niños y solo algumos casos han sido reportados en la literatura. La gingivitis descamativa respondiÓ favorablemente a la terapia con esteroides tÓpicos.
REVIEW: Perspectives on wastewater treatment wetlands and waterbird conservation
Authors: Murray Christopher G. , Hamilton Andrew J.
Published: August 2010

1. With the global loss of natural wetlands, waterbirds have become increasingly dependent on alternative and artificial habitats, but the use of such wetlands by waterbirds is typically opportunistic and little consideration has been given to the potential implications for water treatment or waterbird conservation objectives.

2. Wastewater treatment wetlands are currently of critical importance for certain waterbird species in some parts of the world, and we illustrate this with an example from south‐eastern Australia. Furthermore, we argue that their significance is likely to increase as they offer the most realistic means of treating wastewater in developing countries, where the demand for improved sanitation to lift people out of poverty is intense.

3. There is little scientific evidence to guide the construction of wastewater treatment wetlands with waterbird conservation in mind.

4. The use of wastewater by waterbirds poses health risks for both birds and humans and these risks must be better understood.

5. Synthesis and applications. Wastewater treatment wetlands are not a substitute for natural wetlands and reliance upon them should not compromise wetland conservation efforts. Nonetheless, they are a potentially valuable resource for waterbirds, and research should be directed towards deepening our understanding of their global distribution; food‐web dynamics; methods of deterring or excluding birds when bird or human health may be compromised; the effects of wastewater contaminants and pathogens on birds; and the role of waterbirds in human disease transmission.
Integrating phylogenetic and taxonomic evidence illuminates complex biogeographic patterns along Huxley’s modification of Wallace’s Line
Authors: Esselstyn Jacob A. , Oliveros Carl H. , Moyle Robert G. , Peterson A. Townsend , McGuire Jimmy A. , Brown Rafe M.
Published: August 2010

Aim Nearly 150 years ago, T. H. Huxley modified Wallace’s Line, including the island of Palawan as a component of the Asian biogeographic realm and separating it from the oceanic Philippines. Although Huxley recognized some characteristics of a transition between the regions, Palawan has since been regarded primarily as a peripheral component of the Sunda Shelf. However, several recent phylogenetic studies of Southeast Asian lineages document populations on Palawan to be closely related to taxa from the oceanic Philippines, apparently contradicting the biogeographic association of Palawan with the Sunda Shelf. In the light of recent evidence, we evaluate taxonomic and phylogenetic data in an attempt to identify the origin(s) of Palawan’s terrestrial vertebrate fauna.

Location The Sunda Shelf and the Philippines.

Methods We review distributional and phylogenetic data for populations of terrestrial vertebrates from Palawan. Using taxonomic data, we compare the number of Palawan taxa (species and genera) shared with the Sunda Shelf and oceanic Philippines. Among widespread lineages, we use phylogenetic data to identify the number of Palawan taxa with sister relationships to populations or species from the Sunda Shelf or oceanic Philippines.

Results Although many terrestrial vertebrate taxa are shared between Palawan and the Sunda Shelf, an increasing number of species and populations are now recognized as close relatives of lineages from the oceanic Philippines. Among the 39 putative lineages included in molecular phylogenetic studies with sampling from the Sunda Shelf, Palawan and the oceanic Philippines, 17 of them reveal sister relationships between lineages from Palawan and the oceanic Philippines.

Main conclusions Rather than a simple nested subset of Sunda Shelf populations, Palawan is best viewed as having played multiple biogeographic roles, including a youngandold extension of the Sunda Shelf, a springboard to diversification in the oceanic Philippines, and a biogeographic component of the Philippine archipelago. Palawan has a long, complex geological history, which may explain this variation in pattern. Huxley originally noted transitional elements in Palawan’s fauna; we therefore suggest that his modification of Wallace’s Line should be recognized as a filter zone, reflecting both his original intent and available taxonomic and molecular evidence.
Evaluation of communication assessment practices during the acute stages post stroke
Authors: Vogel Adam P. , Maruff Paul , Morgan Angela T.
Published: August 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  Early detection of communication impairment post stroke is an important prognostic indicator and promotes the use of individualized treatment protocols. Therefore, the methods for speech and language assessment used by communication experts in acute settings following stroke were investigated.

Methods  A survey was conducted among 254 speech and language pathologists providing acute care for patients following stroke in all states and territories across Australia and New Zealand. Respondent attitudes and practices in speech and language assessment post stroke were recorded with a standardized questionnaire collected online.

Results  A total of 174 (68.5%) speech and language pathologists responded. Over 70% of participants assessed language and 80% assessed speech using their own clinical assessments. Respondents identified limited test repeatability and poor sensitivity to change over acute periods as key areas of concern for currently available standardized assessments.

Conclusions  Subjective and/or un‐standardized assessments were the most commonly used measures of communication during the acute phases post stroke. These results highlight a critical need for the development of population‐specific communication assessments that build on existing clinician derived techniques and expertise while considering the acute time demands and transient nature of patient's communicative functioning.
Shifting stroke care from the hospital to the nursing home: explaining the outcomes of a Dutch case
Authors: van Raak Arno , Groothuis Siebren , van der Aa Robert , Limburg Martien , Vos Leti
Published: August 2010

Rationale, aims and objectives  Supply chains can contribute to better care for stroke patients and more efficiency. However, such outcomes are hampered when links in the chain are weak. The article aims to further the knowledge about the causes and possible improvements of weak links thereby using theory about rules for action and routines (action patterns).

Method  We executed a single case study of a chain of service delivery to stroke patients by a university hospital and a nursing home in the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Methods included document study, interviews, observations, process mapping, use of data matrices and performance of t‐tests.

Results  In the case, the care delivery process in the chain was redesigned to improve the flow of patients and to reduce the length of hospital stay. Length of stay was reduced. However, transfer of patients from the hospital to the nursing home was hampered. At this weak link in the chain, the redesign clashed with the routines of hospital paramedics who did not want to work according to the redesign.

Conclusions  The applied theory is useful to understand why a link in a supply chain is weak. Negotiations can be used to strengthen a link.
The impact of physicians' reactions to uncertainty on patients' decision satisfaction
Authors: Politi Mary C. , Clark Melissa A. , Ombao Hernando , Légaré France
Published: August 2010

Rationale  Patients' and physicians' response to uncertainty may affect decision outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of patients' and physicians' reactions to uncertainty on patients' satisfaction with breast health decisions.

Methods  Seventy‐five women facing breast cancer prevention or treatment decisions and five surgeons were recruited from a breast health centre. Patients' and physicians' anxiety from uncertainty was assessed using the Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty Scale; wording was slightly modified for patients to ensure the scale was applicable. Patients' decision satisfaction was assessed 1–2 weeks after their appointment. A mixed‐effects logistic regression model was used to assess associations between patients' and providers' anxiety from uncertainty and patients' decision satisfaction. A provider‐specific random effects term was included in the model to account for correlation among patients treated by the same provider.

Results  Patients' decision satisfaction was associated with physicians' anxiety from uncertainty (beta = 0.92, P < 0.01), but not with patients' anxiety from uncertainty (beta = −0.18, P > 0.27).

Conclusions  This study suggests that physicians' reactions to uncertainty may have an effect on decision satisfaction in patients. More research is needed to confirm this relationship and to determine how to help patient–provider dyads to manage the uncertainty that is inherent in most cancer decisions.
Twenty‐three deaths with γ‐hydroxybutyrate overdose in western Sweden between 2000 and 2007
Authors: KNUDSEN K. , JONSSON U. , ABRAHAMSSON J.
Published: August 2010

Background: γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug of abuse with a status as being safe. In spite of a reputation of low toxicity, a huge number of deaths associated with this drug have been recorded during recent years in Sweden. It is unclear whether coingestion with other drugs or ethanol causes death in GHB overdoses or whether GHB itself is the main cause of death.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the cause of death in GHB‐related fatalities seen in our region.

Methods: All cases of deaths with GHB during the year 2000–2007 in the region of western Sweden were studied retrospectively. The cases were classified as either GHB poisonings without any, with a minor or a major influence of other drugs on the cause of death.

Results: Twenty‐three cases were diagnosed as deaths due to GHB overdose. Ninety‐one percent coingested other substances. Ninety‐one percent of the decedents were male. Age varied between 16 and 46, with the median age at 25 years. Forty‐three percent of the cases were classified as GHB poisonings without any or a minor influence of other drugs on the cause of death. Thirty percent also ingested ethanol. Two patients (9%) were only intoxicated with GHB.

Conclusions: Intoxication with GHB carries some mortality. Combining GHB with ethanol does not explain the many deaths in our region, nor do extremely high plasma concentrations of GHB. The intake of opioids increases the toxicity of GHB. The drug itself has such biological activities that an overdose is dangerous and may lead to death.