bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families of abelian varieties with many isogenous fibres
Authors: Orr Martin
Published: July 2013

Let Z be a subvariety of the moduli space of principally polarised abelian varieties of dimension g over the complex numbers.
Suppose that Z contains a Zariski dense set of points which correspond to abelian varieties from a single isogeny class.
A generalisation of a conjecture of André and Pink predicts that Z is a weakly special subvariety.
We prove this when

dim
Z
=
1

$\dim Z = 1$

using the Pila–Zannier method and the Masser–Wüstholz isogeny theorem.
This generalises results of Edixhoven and Yafaev when the Hecke orbit consists of CM points and of Pink when it consists of Galois generic points.
Integral points in two-parameter orbits
Authors: Corvaja Pietro , Sookdeo Vijay , Tucker Thomas J. , Zannier Umberto
Published: July 2013

Let K be a number field, let

f
:

ℙ
1

→

ℙ
1

$f: {\mathbb {P}}_1 \rightarrow {\mathbb {P}}_1$

be a
nonconstant rational map of degree greater than 1, let S be a finite set of places of K,
and suppose that

u
,
w
∈

ℙ
1

(
K
)

$u, w \in {\mathbb {P}}_1(K)$

are not preperiodic under f.
We prove that the set of

(
m
,
n
)

∈

ℕ
2

$(m,n) \in \mathbb {N}^2$

such that

f

∘
m

(
u
)

$f^{\circ m}(u)$

is S-integral relative to

f

∘
n

(
w
)

$f^{\circ n}(w)$

is finite and
effectively computable. This may be thought of as a two-parameter
analog of a result of Silverman on integral points in orbits of
rational maps.
This issue can be translated in terms of integral points on an open subset of

ℙ
1
2

${\mathbb {P}}_1^2$

; then one can apply a modern version of the method of Runge, after increasing the number of components at infinity by iterating the rational map. Alternatively, an ineffective result comes from a well-known theorem of Vojta.
Tits alternatives for graph products
Authors: Antolín Yago , Minasyan Ashot
Published: July 2013

We discuss various types of Tits alternative for subgroups of graph products of groups,
and prove that, under some natural conditions, a graph product of groups satisfies a given form of Tits alternative if and only if each vertex group satisfies this alternative.
As a corollary, we show that every finitely generated subgroup of a graph product of virtually solvable groups is either virtually solvable or large.
As another corollary, we prove that every non-abelian subgroup of a right angled Artin group has an epimorphism onto the free group of rank 2. In the course of the paper we develop the theory of parabolic subgroups, which allows to describe the structure of subgroups of graph products
that contain no non-abelian free subgroups. We also obtain a number of results regarding the stability of some group properties under taking graph products.
G-protein-coupled designer receptors – new chemical-genetic tools for signal transduction research
Authors: Thiel Gerald , Kaufmann Anke , Rössler Oliver G.
Published: July 2013

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of plasma membrane receptors in nature and are activated by a variety of different ligands. The biological outcome of GPCR stimulation is complex, as a plethora of signaling pathways are activated upon stimulation. These complexity and diversity of GPCR signaling make it difficult to manipulate the signaling pathway of a specific GPCR by natural ligands. To reduce the complexity in experimental settings, specific pharmacological ligands that preferentially activate one signaling pathway have been developed. In addition, G-protein-coupled designer receptors that are unresponsive to endogenous ligands but can be activated by otherwise pharmacologically inert compounds have been designed. These receptors have been termed designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. The lack of constitutive activity of these designer receptors allows their use for in vitro and in vivo studies of GPCR-mediated signal transduction. The analysis of recently generated transgenic mice showed that the expression of G-protein-coupled designer receptors represents a powerful chemical-genetic tool to investigate GPCR signaling and function.
Cathepsin S generates soluble CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Fonović Urša Pečar , Jevnikar Zala , Kos Janko
Published: July 2013

CX3CL1 chemokine (fractalkine) is highly expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerotic lesions. Its membrane-bound form promotes cell-cell interactions, whereas the soluble form induces chemotaxis of CX3CR1- expressing leukocytes. We show that the cysteine protease cathepsin S, expressed by VSMCs, is able to cleave membrane-anchored CX3CL1, releasing a 55-kDa fragment to the medium, thus regulating the adhesion of VSMCs and the capture of monocytes to the sites of atherogenesis. Moreover, strong co-localization of cathepsin S and CX3CL1 with a recycling endosome marker Rab11a suggests a processing of CX3CL1 in recycling endosomes during its redistribution to the plasma membrane.
More characteristic subgroups, Lie rings, and isomorphism tests for p-groups
Authors: Wilson James B.
Published: July 2013

We introduce three families of characteristic subgroups that refine the traditional verbal subgroup
filters, such as the lower central series, to an arbitrary length. We prove that a positive logarithmic proportion of finite p-groups admit
at least five such proper nontrivial characteristic subgroups whereas verbal and marginal methods explain only one.
The placement of these subgroups in the lattice of subgroups is naturally recorded by a filter over an arbitrary
commutative monoid M and induces an M-graded Lie ring. These Lie rings permit
an efficient specialization of the nilpotent quotient algorithm to construct automorphisms
and decide isomorphism of finite p-groups. As a demonstration, we identify some large families of p-groups
that are worst-case examples for the traditional nilpotent quotient algorithm but run in polynomial time
when using our new filters.
Finite locally-primitive complete bipartite graphs
Authors: Fan Wenwen , Li Cai Heng , Pan Jiangmin
Published: July 2013

We characterize groups which act locally-primitively on a complete bipartite graph. The result particularly determines certain interesting factorizations of groups.
Property Rights, Law, and Economic Development
Authors: Xu Guangdong
Published: July 2013

This article explores the relationship between property rights and economic performance. Property rights, or more precisely, formal, individualized property rights, have long been regarded as the fundamental precondition for sustainable economic growth. However, the available empirical evidence shows that formal private ownership fails to bring about desirable economic outcomes in most developing countries despite the advantages claimed by numerous economists and lawyers. This puzzle can be addressed by taking into consideration such factors as the functioning of related markets, the influence of social norms, and the role of the state.
Institutional Capacity Building and Legal Reform in Iraq: Toward Innovation and Public Administration Modernization
Authors: Hendrix Steven E.
Published: July 2013

Iraq is often cited as a test case as to whether “nation-building” can work. Since 2003, the U.S. government has been advancing institutional capacity development with Iraq’s national government. Now 10 years later, it is clear that the program, the largest such as U.S. government program since the Vietnam War, has been a success. Tangible durable institutional reforms are now in place to professionalize the civil service, improve electricity production, make public procurement more transparent and efficient, and upgrade budget formulation and execution. The program, known locally as USAID/Tatweer, worked across executive branch agencies, to improve government performance and expand institutional capacity development. Its accomplishments, so far almost entirely unrecognized by the media, will continue to advance democratic change in Iraq for generations to come.
Low toxic ytterbium complexes of 2,4-dimethoxyhematoporphyrin IX for luminescence diagnostics of tumors
Authors: Ivanov Andrey V. , Rumyantseva Valentina D. , Shilov Igor P. , Markushev Valerii M. , Panas Andrey I. , Ryabov Alexandr S. , Mironov Andrey F. , Terentyuk Georgii S. , Rühm Adrian , Yu. Barishnikov Anatolii , Shchamkhalov Kamil S.
Published: July 2013

This article deals with the creation of new low-toxic photosensitizers on the basis of Ytterbium-2,4-dimethoxyhematoporphyrin IX (Yb-DMHP) and their application for the luminescence diagnostics of cancer. These substances were found to weakly generate singlet oxygen, exhibit pronounced luminescence, and retain the tumor-tropic properties of therapeutic photosensitizers. Basic photophysical properties of Yb-DMHP were studied, and the primary toxicological and pharmacokinetic investigations were performed in the organisms of experimental animals. The 4f-luminescence of Yb-DMHP in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region was observed. Comparative investigations were performed for one of the photodynamic medications which have been approved for clinical application: “Photoditazin”, a diglucosamine salt of chlorin e6. It was shown that the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation is lower by approximately one order of magnitude in the case of Yb-DMHP. The experimental data prove that Yb-DMHP-based substances are promising as non-toxic markers for the luminescence diagnostics of malignant tumors in the NIR spectral range (900–1100 nm), because they are free of the phototoxicity that is typical of conventional porphyrins, while at the same time providing a relatively high luminescence contrast and a selective accumulation in tumor tissue.
Thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends
Authors: Khun Nay Win , Liu Erjia
Published: July 2013

Polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) were blended by varying ABS content. The thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of the PC/ABS blends were systematically characterized. Increasing ABS content in the PC/ABS blends decreased thermal stability of the blends, as a result of the lower thermal stability of the ABS than that of the PC. Although the tensile strength of the PC/ABS blends apparently decreased with increased ABS content, the PC/ABS blend with 10 wt% of ABS had the highest tensile strength, because of improved processability of the blend. The friction and wear of the ABS measured against a steel ball of 6 mm in diameter were higher than those of the PC. As a result, a higher ABS content in the PC/ABS blends resulted in higher friction and wear of the blends. The scratch results showed that scratching with a 5 mm steel ball generated a scratch with a shorter length and lower depth on the PC than on the ABS, which indicated better scratch resistance of the PC. Therefore, the PC/ABS blend with 50 wt% of PC had better scratch resistance than the ABS, due to the influence of the PC embedded in the blend.
Do food commodity prices have asymmetric effects on euro-area inflation?
Authors: Porqueddu Mario , Venditti Fabrizio
Published: July 2013

This paper analyzes the relationship between commodity prices and consumer food prices in the euro area and in its largest countries (Germany, France and Italy) and tests whether the latter respond asymmetrically to shocks to the former. The issue is of particular interest for those monetary authorities that target headline consumer price inflation, which has been heavily influenced by pronounced swings in international commodity prices in the past decade. The empirical analysis is based on two distinct but complementary approaches. We first use a structural model, identify a shock to commodity prices and check through formal econometric tests whether the Impulse Response Functions of food consumer prices is invariant to the sign of the commodity price shock. Next, we employ predictive regressions and examine the relative forecasting ability of linear models with respect to that of models that allow for sign-dependent nonlinearities. Overall, the empirical analysis uncovers very little evidence of asymmetries.
Foreign Impacts Revisited: Islamists’ Struggles in Post-War Iraq
Authors: Dai Yamao
Published: July 2013

A great number of scholarship has been devoted to examining the impacts of domestic politics to foreign policies. Many studies have also examined the impacts of international politics to domestic politics, focusing on democracy-building or constructing political institutions within the framework of the state-building. However, such scholarship has not focused enough on the impacts of international politics to opposition forces and their relationship to political conflict in the post-conflict era. In countries that have experienced regime change, the formerly exiled opposition forces that became the ruling parties had changed their policies under the influence of the host country and other foreign actors in international politics during their exile. This paper sheds light on the two main Iraqi Islamist parties, the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI, and clarifies their changing policies under the influence of the host countries and international politics. It also makes clear how these changes were reflected by the political conflict in post-war Iraq. Scholars of Iraqi politics have discussed the reasons of political conflict in post-war Iraq as following: (1) sectarian conflicts as a result of the artificiality of the Iraqi state; and (2) struggles for the mobilization of votes in elections. Against these arguments, this paper considers the historical and international impacts on the formerly exiled Islamist ruling parties as a more significant factor in explaining the reasons for political conflict in post-war Iraq.

By analyzing primary sources on segments of the Da‘wa Party and the SCIRI after their exile, the following two facts are clarified: First, the two Islamist parties came to have differing ideology as well as policy as a result of the influences from the host country and international politics, which reflected the political conflict in post-war Iraq. The SCIRI maintained good relations with the host country, Iran, and had its original Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party, not being able to maintain cooperative relations with the host country, consequently changed its Islamist ideology to a more nationalist ideology under the direct influence of Western society. In the post-war era, the SCIRI attempted to construct a regional government in the south based on a transnational Islamist ideology, while the Da‘wa Party attempted to construct a centralized government based on a nationalism that aimed to strengthen national unity. Second, the international societies’ intervention into the Iraqi opposition forces created mutual distrust, which in turn prolonged political conflict in post-war era. Therefore, an analysis of the historical and international impacts on opposition forces is necessary to understand the reasons for the political struggles in the post-conflict countries.
Concentration of Decision-Making Power: Investigating the Role of the Norwegian Cabinet Subcommittee
Authors: Kolltveit Kristoffer
Published: July 2013

The empowerment of chief executives has been apparent in several parliamentary democracies in recent decades. However, few accounts have been produced of developments in recent Norwegian cabinets. The aim of this article is two-fold. First, changes regarding the concentration of decision-making power in Norwegian cabinets in the past 15 years are examined and, second, how political factors have contributed to the concentration of power is also examined. Drawing on interviews with 19 ministers from the Bondevik II and Stoltenberg II cabinets, the article finds that collegial elements of cabinets have been weakened, and there has been a centralization of power around an inner cabinet, the so-called subcommittee, consisting of the prime minister and the party leaders. The article also shows how political distances between coalition parties and the cabinet’s parliamentary basis have affected the concentration of power.
Referendum: A Complement or a Threat to Representative Democracy?
Authors: Toplak Cirila
Published: July 2013

Referendum, the instrument which allows the citizens to directly decide on important public issues, is the original form of democratic decision-making procedure. It may be perceived as a welcome and necessary complement to representative democracy, especially in the current crisis of confidence in political institutions and parties. However, leaving the decisions to citizens may also cast doubt on the ability and credibility of the elected representatives; the referenda may become a public vote of confidence or distrust in the initiator(s). This article considers the implementation of the referendum in history, as well as the conception of it in political theory and political practice, and implementation of the referendum in (post-Communist) Central Europe. To this end, a comparative analysis of six Central European representative democracies is presented, from the perspective of past national experience with direct democracy, and related national issues and regulatory solutions.
MKs Usage of Personal Internet Tools, 2009: On the verge of a New Decade
Authors: Haleva-Amir Sharon
Published: July 2013

This paper examines internet use as a personal political device among Members of the Knesset (hereafter: MKs). We will first describe the social and political trends which promote Israeli and worldwide parliamentarians’ use of personal internet platforms as a communication medium. Description of these trends will be accompanied by examples from 17th-Knesset MKs’ websites. We will also review the changes which took place in MKs’ use of personal internet tools, in accordance with the identified developmental phases. Finally, we will discuss the distinction between Internet use as a means of political communication during campaigns and Internet use as a platform for interaction with the public while in office.
Political Parties and Pension Generosity in Times of Permanent Austerity
Authors: Zohlnhöfer Reimut , Wolf Frieder , Wenzelburger Georg
Published: July 2013

The quantitative strand of social policy research suffers from a double deficit: on the one hand, analyses of aggregate expenditure dominate, and on the other hand, most studies of replacement rates focus on unemployment or sickness benefits, while pensions are excluded. This paper addresses the said deficit firstly by discussing the pension sectors’ theoretical peculiarities and by proposing two hypotheses: one on the retrenchment of pension replacement rates and one on the role played by political parties in implementing it. Secondly, after a brief literature review and an outline of our methodological approach, we present regression results of replacement rate changes in 18 developed democracies. Our findings show considerably smaller cuts of pensions than of unemployment or sickness benefits, and striking differences regarding partisan effects between the sectors.
On the Catalytic Activity of Ceria for Direct Carbon Conversion in a SOFC
Authors: Desclaux Pauline , Rzepka Matthias , Stern Edda , Woiton Michael , Stimming Ulrich , Hempelmann Rolf
Published: July 2013

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are very promising systems to
provide electricity at medium term due to the more efficient
utilization of carbon at high temperatures. In this work, the
focus is on a DCFC operating with a SOFC system. Button cells with
an anode layer for carbon conversion, based on gadolinia-doped
ceria (GDC) and CuO, are used in the experimental setup. Different
contents of ceria have been incorporated in the electrode
composition to test its catalytic activity for the direct carbon
conversion. Vulcan® XC72 is used in the fuel cell as
carbon fuel, and results in the temperature range of 750–850 °C
are presented. Performing measurements of YSZ-based cells with or
without anode layers as well as a systematic analysis of the
anodic off-gas composition, it can be demonstrated that ceria
catalyzes both reactions: the direct carbon conversion and in
particular the partial oxidation of carbon. Moreover, it has been
found that the DCFC system is dominated by the complete oxidation
of carbon.
The Third-Party Doctrine and the Third Person
Authors: Stern Simon
Published: July 2013

According to the third-party doctrine, a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy in information that has been shared with others—including a bank, phone company, or credit card company. The doctrine got its start through an appeal to a locatable observer who corresponds, in literary terms, to a narrator with a limited perspective. This is the kind of perspective that courts have traditionally emphasized when explaining how to assess probable cause. The third-party doctrine turns the limited perspective into an omniscient one. The doctrine takes apparently private conduct and classifies it as public, effectively treating the perspective of the “arresting officer” as if it could encompass large quantities of information, widely distributed in space and time. The discussion here examines a recent defense of the third-party doctrine that similarly collapses the limited and omniscient viewpoints. Then, after exploring the narrative analogy by reference to literary analyses of the omniscient narrator in Victorian fiction, the discussion ends by considering the analogy in relation to contemporary modes of omniscient narration.
“Everyone does it to everyone”
Authors: Maguire James
Published: July 2013

This article scrutinizes the emergence and transformation of school bullying as a novel form of legally cognizable transgression in twenty-first century America, with the goal of highlighting an incipient shift away from the logic of individual intent that dominated twentieth-century criminological thinking. Through a survey of bullying definitions employed in various state statutes and an intensive examination of the genealogy of a seminal 2010 Massachusetts law, the article explores the shifting relationship between competing modes of carving out a determinate legal offense from the formerly colloquial concept of bullying. Specifically, it demonstrates that bullying legislation may be divided into laws focused on the culpability of individual offenders and those structured around broader, but less personal, social and institutional conditions. Massachusetts’ anti-bullying legislation in turn serves as an illustration of a broad trend marking the ascendency of this second, depersonalized, mode of defining transgression. The article concludes by considering the larger implications for criminal law of this new legislative attitude, which displaces the subjective individual as the central figure of morally salient transgression and legal intervention.
The Impossibility of Defining Terrorism
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline S. , Tadros Victor
Published: July 2013

The legal definition of terrorism has very high importance. This is so both because it determines which actions count as acts of terrorism, and hence who is regarded as a terrorist, but also because the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the central dilemmas that must be confronted to develop an adequate definition of terrorism. These include the questions of whether acts count as acts of terrorism only if they have a particular political purpose, what acts are sufficiently harmful to count as acts of terrorism, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the identity of those targeted, whether acts of terrorism are distinguished by the methods that terrorists use, and the importance of the identity of the terrorists themselves. It examines a range of legal definitions across jurisdictions in the light of the framework developed. It is argued that there is no prospect for a fully adequate definition of terrorism: the definition will inevitably be over-inclusive. A number of reasons explain this, but the central one is that courts lack the expertise to distinguish adequately legitimate political resistance from terrorism. Tensions that this problem has created in the case law are explored, not only in the criminal law, but also in the civil law. We then briefly examine the extent to which the discretion of officials can ameliorate this problem, highlighting the weakness of this solution. Overall, we conclude, disappointingly, that the standards that we ought to find in other areas of criminal justice cannot be met in the area of terrorism.
Variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de um argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob pastagem e vegetação secundária em regeneração natural
Authors: Lima Julião S. de S. , Sattler Marcos A. , Passos Renato R. , Oliveira II Paulo C. , Souza Gustavo S. de
Published: July 2013

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob pastagem e vegetação secundária em regeneração natural. Duas áreas foram escolhidas em uma encosta, com a amostragem de solo à profundidade de 0-0,2 m, com os pontos georreferenciados em uma malha regular de 10x10 m, totalizando 64 pontos em cada área. Foram avaliados o volume total de poros, macroporosidade, microporosidade, densidade do solo, resistência do solo à penetração e umidade do solo em cada ponto. Os atributos estudados na área de pastagem apresentam indicador de compactação do solo pelo pisoteio de animais, com estrutura moderada e forte dependência espacial, com exceção da macroporosidade e a resistência à penetração. Na área de vegetação secundária (VN), somente a macroporosidade não apresenta dependência espacial. O volume total de poros e a densidade do solo apresentam o mesmo padrão espacial na área sob pastagem.
Crystallographic Properties of Osmium
Authors: Arblaster John W.
Published: July 2013

The crystallographic properties of osmium at temperatures from absolute zero to the experimental limit at 1300 K are assessed following a review of the literature published between 1935 and to date. Selected values of the thermal expansion coefficients and measurements of length changes due to thermal expansion have been used to calculate the variation with temperature of the lattice parameters, interatomic distances, atomic and molar volumes and densities. The data is presented in the form of Equations and Tables. The density of osmium at 293.15 K is 22,589 kg m−3
.
Airway Management in Pierre Robin Sequence: Patterns of Practice
Authors: Collins Benjamin , Powitzky Rosser , Robledo Candace , Rose Christopher , Glade Robert
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To report survey results from American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association members on the practice patterns of airway obstruction management in patients with Pierre Robin sequence.

Design

A 10-question online survey was sent and the data were reviewed.

Setting

Online survey of members of the American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association.

Patients

Surveys assessed management patterns of patients with Pierre Robin sequence whom a surgeon member of the American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association treated for airway obstruction.

Interventions

The survey comprised data on management strategies for airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence, including tracheostomy, tongue-lip adhesion, mandibular distraction, and treatments that falls in the “other” category.

Results

A total of 87 American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association members completed the survey. Respondents' results were analyzed as a whole and by individual subspecialty: plastic surgery (n = 33), oromaxillofacial surgery (n = 21), and otolaryngology (n = 29). Although most of the surgeons were trained to manage airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence patients using tracheostomy (47%, n = 39) and tongue-lip adhesion (31%, n = 26), 48% reported a current preference for mandibular distraction (n = 40). Of surgeons who preferred to manage Pierre Robin sequence with tongue-lip adhesion (n = 23), 65% were trained to do so (n = 15). Surgeons preferring mandibular distraction (n = 40) and tracheostomy (n = 14) more often reported they were trained to manage Pierre Robin sequence with tracheostomy.

Conclusions

Currently there are various practice patterns for the management of airway obstruction in Pierre Robin sequence. Training habits and subspecialty category may influence a surgeon's preference in patients who fail conservative therapy. Treatment guidelines are lacking and may require significant collaboration among centers and subspecialties to develop a more standardized approach to a challenging clinical entity.
Dispersal and the design of effective management strategies for plant invasions: matching scales for success
Authors: Fletcher Cameron S. , Westcott David A.
Published: July 2013

Dispersal of propagules makes invasions a fundamentally spatial phenomenon, and to be effective, management actions to control or eradicate invasive species must take this spatial structure into account. While there is a vibrant literature linking detailed dispersal measurements to the rate of invasive spread, and a separate literature focused on incorporating management into invasive models in order to improve the control of weeds, there are relatively fewer manuscripts incorporating state‐of‐the‐art dispersal modeling and management modeling together to provide on‐ground recommendations for structuring effective management.

In this paper, we perform a generalized analysis of a spatially explicit, individual‐based simulation model of invasion management with empirically determined dispersal processes, illustrated with the example of Miconia calvescens in the Australian Wet Tropics rain forest, to explore how matching the spatial scale of management to the spatial scale of the dispersal processes underpinning invasion influences the success of management. We find that management strategies designed to maximize the number of weeds removed from the management region, either in the first year of management or over longer periods, provide a poor estimate of the spatial scale of management that maximizes the probability of eradication. We show that achieving a goal of certainty of eradication requires exceeding a minimal spatial scale of management and total management resourcing. We generalize these results to examine how the spatial scale of dispersal drives the spatial scale of effective management strategies.

These results show that to be effective, management of dispersal‐driven invasions must occur at spatial scales determined by the scale of dispersal processes, and resourced accordingly. It illustrates how those scales might be calculated for a specific case for which detailed dispersal data are available and generalizes the result to highlight how dispersal scale drives the scale of effective management. The results highlight the importance of understanding the ecological drivers of invasion to structure effective management.
Adolescents' Comprehension about Sustainable Development as a Device to Study Socio-Economic Knowledge Related to Citizenship
Authors: Diez-Martinez Evelyn
Published: July 2013

Environmental education has been included in the school curricula of many countries in the last 15 years. Implementation has been not as successful as expected due to various constraints reported in several research projects. Its achievement remains uncertain and more research is required in all areas of education. In order to propose a curriculum change, research is needed on how and what students really understand and know concerning sustainable development. An exploratory study was undertaken to study levels of comprehension of certain themes of sustainable development in adolescents. Interviews were conducted with 40 Spanish and Mexican high school students in aspects relating to waste and recycling, several forms of pollution and contamination, ideas on scarcity of natural resources, and population increase. Data illustrate that students are aware of environmental issues, but lack knowledge of how ecological, social and economic aspects are related in sustainable development, showing that information provided in school has not been enough for students to consider these aspects and use them for the fostering of citizenship participation. Knowing the concepts that adolescents use to explain sustainable development, as well as knowledge and information gaps, can allow us to improve environmental education.
Beyond ‘Navel-Gazing’ and ‘Mush’: Learning about Identity in Australian Classrooms
Authors: Brett Peter
Published: July 2013

This article explores how teaching about identity in Australia has been framed by the recent historical and political context. It analyses the influential characterisation of Australian identity during John Howard's period in office between 1996 and 2007. The findings of Australian education researchers relating to young people's sense of what it means to be Australian are reviewed. The author goes on to discuss the curriculum content, language, and underpinning intellectual frameworks of key areas of the emerging Australian Curriculum. Methodologically, the article draws upon the tools of critical policy and discourse analysis. The History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship curricula and related cross-curricular priorities are analysed in relation to their articulation of learning about identity. Some conclusions are drawn as to how Australian teachers can best be supported to address issues relating to identity in their school contexts. The author argues that teachers need help in developing the skills and confidence to see the emerging Australian Curriculum as a framework and not a straitjacket which prevents them from exploring unarticulated identity issues. He further concludes that there need to be curriculum opportunities to explore the political dimensions of identity issues in critical and participative ways.
The Persistence in the Association between Section 404 Material Weaknesses and Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Myllymäki Emma-Riikka
Published: July 2013

This study examines whether Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 404 material weakness (MW404) disclosures are predictive of future financial reporting quality. I find evidence that for companies with a history of MW404s, the likelihood of misstatements in financial information continues to be significantly higher for two years after the last MW404 report compared to companies without a history of reported MW404s. The magnitude of the effect decreases non-linearly with decreasing speed. The findings further imply that the reason for the misstatement incidences is the unacknowledged pervasiveness of control problems. In particular, it appears that in many cases, the future misstatements are unrelated to the MW types disclosed in the last MW404 report, suggesting that some MW types are unacknowledged and, hence, control problems are even more pervasive than what was identified. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the importance of discovering and disclosing material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting.
The Assets Are Virtual but the Behavior Is Real: An Analysis of Fraud in Virtual Worlds and Its Implications for the Real World
Authors: Dilla William N. , Harrison Andrew J. , Mennecke Brian E. , Janvrin Diane J.
Published: July 2013

Virtual worlds are computer-generated, immersive environments where participants interact with others while engaging in social, entertainment, and economic endeavors. To illustrate how virtual worlds can be used to study fraud, we examine documented virtual world fraud cases using the “fraud diamond” model (Wolfe and Hermanson 2004). Our findings have real-world implications regarding the causes and prevention of fraud. They include: (1) perpetrator motivations often include non-monetary achievement and manipulation, as well as financial gain, (2) fraud victims tend to have misplaced trust and overestimate the capability of fraud prevention governance mechanisms, (3) participant-designed record-keeping systems may protect corporate assets from theft, and (4) virtual worlds may serve as a laboratory for evaluating risk management strategies. We also identify future research questions related to these issues. This research illustrates how parallels between fraudulent behaviors in virtual and real worlds can advance our understanding of fraud antecedents.
Influence of Application Techniques on Contact Formation and Voids in Anterior Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Kwon SR , Oyoyo U , Li Y
Published: July 2013

This study evaluated the influence of three different application techniques on contact formation and voids in anterior resin composite restorations. Artificial ivorine teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, with 20 specimens in each group. One operator performed all restorations using the Teflon tape, pull-through, or bioclear matrix technique. The treatment time required for each restoration was recorded. An examiner blinded to the treatment group performed the visual evaluation of six criteria, including proper contact formation. The restored teeth were cut to yield a total of 180 sections for microscopic evaluation. The Kruskal-Wallis procedure was performed to evaluate the significance of treatment time, number of voids, percent porosity area, and void diameter. There were significant differences in treatment time among the three groups (p<0.05). The bioclear matrix technique required the least time for the treatment of one diastema closure (p<0.05). The Teflon tape technique resulted in proper contact formation in 80% of specimens, a rate that was significantly lower than that associated with the pull-through and bioclear matrix techniques (p<0.05). Out of 540 imaging areas 160 images were free of voids. The number of voids and the percent porosity area were not significantly different among the three techniques (p>0.05). However, the mean void diameter was greater with the bioclear matrix technique compared to the other two techniques (p<0.05).
Morphometric Study of Sacral Hiatus: A Basis for Successful Caudal Epidural Block
Authors: Pal Diplani Rani , Rahman Md. Ashfaqur , Fatema Kanij
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 5-10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15750
Suggesting Objective Stuctured Practical Exam Format for Structuring the Embryology and Genetics Practical Exam of the M Phil Anatomy Course
Authors: Nahar Lutfun , Shamin Khondker Manzare , Sultana Rubina , Bepari MA Jalil , Hasan Ferdous
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 11-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15751
Corticomedullary Index of Human Kidney
Authors: Hassan SM Nurul , Nargis Waheeda , Khalil Mansur , Khalil Mohsin , Alam Md. Rafiqul
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 20-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15753
Study of Internal Diameter of the Common Bile Duct in Human Cadaver
Authors: Khan Laila Farzana , Naushaba Humaira , Parash M Tanveer Hossain , Qasim Rubina , Tabriz Shams -E-
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 23-26 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15754
Impact of use of illustration in the presentation of Neuroanatomy through the analyses of the illustration in the Neuroanatomy text books commonly used by the medical postgraduates of Bangladesh
Authors: Yasmin Quazi Shamsunnahar , Banu Laila Anjuman , Rahamn Md. Fashiur , Hossain Samira , Akhter Zakia
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 27-31 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15756
Study on Thickness of Gray MAtter of Cerebellum in Bangladeshi Cadaver
Authors: Haque AQM Ataul
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2012, Vol. 10 No. 1 pp 32-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v10i1.15757
Treatment of metal-containing effluents from textile-dyeing industries by aquatic macrophytes to improve surface water treatment systems
Authors: Momtaz H , Alam F , Ashan MA , Alam AKMR , Sultana N , Siraj S , Akbor MA , Rashid MM
Published: July 2013

The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of industrial effluents and to find out suitable macrophytes in removing metals from wastewater in order to enhance surface water treatment systems. The effluent samples, effluent free water and aquatic macrophytes were collected from Savar region. Higher values of temperature (56°C), pH (12.32), electrical conductivity (12375 ?S/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (835 mg/L), total suspended solids (2187 mg/L), total dissolved solids (6952 mg/L), turbidity (89.53 NTU) and total organic carbon (421.6 mg/L) were recorded in industrial effluents comparing with control. The lowest concentration of DO in industrial effluents (0.12 mg/L) was much lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). The concentration of Cr (0.69 mg/L), Se (0.08 mg/L), Pb (0.23 mg/L) and Cu (0.71 mg/L) in the effluent exceeded the limit of DOE. Although the concentration of Cd (0.017 mg/L), Li (0.019 mg/L), Ni (0.7 mg/L) and Zn (0.38 mg/L) of effluent water were within the limit of DOE, but were much higher than the control water. The cultures of aquatic macrophytes, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata using textile-dyeing effluent can efficiently uptake metals from the effluent. The uptake of metals increased with raising effluent concentration in relation to control culture. When cultured in 100% effluent, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata can uptake relatively high amount of Cr, Cd, Cu, Li, Ni, Zn, Co, Se and Pb compared to other two cultures (control, 50% effluent). At 100% effluent water, Eichornia crassipes and Pistia stratoites can uptake more than 90% Co and 80% Se and Pb with low survival capacity. Salvinia cucullata can efficiently absorb Cr, Cd, Li, Ni and Pb with long time survival capacity. While individually Pistia stratoites is more effective in absorbing Cu, Zn and Eichornia crassipes for absorbing Co and Pb in order to enhance surface water treatment system. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 89-96, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15738
Pulping of different parts of whole green jute (C. Capsularies) plant by Kraft process
Authors: Alam MR
Published: July 2013

The chemical composition of the top, middle and bottom part of green jute plant (GJP) are not alike, thus the yield and strength properties of the pulp produced may vary if these are pulped separately. The alpha -cellulose content increases, whereas hemi-cellulose, lignin, ash and extractives decrease from top to bottom part of GJP. The Kraft pulp yield and strength properties increases (except tear) from top to bottom part of GJP. The pulp produced from GJP was found to undergo rapid beating in comparison to those of muli bamboo, jute cuttings. This indicates less energy requirement during refining operation of the GJP pulp. Low extractive (pectin) and high alpha-cellulose is favorable for pulping. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 105-108, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15740
Bacteriological quality and safety of raw cow milk in Madurai (South India)
Authors: Lingathurai S , Vellathurai P
Published: July 2013

The microbiological quality and safety of raw milk from 60 dairy farms in Madurai were determined. Milk samples were collected at 60 centers from four regions, namely northern, eastern, western and southern (NEWS) according to stratified random sampling design. Samples were analyzed for Total plate count (TPC), psychrotrophs, thermophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, Escherichia coli 0157: H7 and Salmonella. The mean counts per ml for TPC, psychrotrophs and thermophiles were 12.5x106, 5x103 and 6.85x103 respectively. From the 60 milk samples tested, coliform bacteria contaminated approximately 90% and 70% were E. coli positive, with mean counts ranged from 103 to 104 cfu ml-1. S. aureus was isolated from more than 61.7% of the samples and the mean count per ml was 6.2x103. Meanwhile, E. coli 0157: H7 was also detected in 39 (65%) samples. However, Salmonella was only detected in 8 (13.3%) of the samples with the southern region having the highest frequency of isolation. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 109-114, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15741
Optical orientation of electron spins and their relaxation mechanism in n-type GaAs
Authors: Miah MI , Staff A
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 131-136, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15744
Formulation and evaluation of loratadine mouth dissolving tablet
Authors: Shanmugam S , Senthil Dr , Ventrichelvan T
Published: July 2013

Loratadine 10 mg mouth dissolving tablet (MDT) was prepared by using super disintegrant such as sodium starch glycollate, crosscarmellose sodium, crospovidone at various concentration, aspartame was used as sweetening agent. The excipients were used for this study was based on the compatibillity studies. All the formulation was prepared by direct compression method. Among all the formulations crospovidone at 10 mg/tab gives 99.1% drug release at end of 12th min. It was considered as optimized batch. The optimized batch was processed for all the evaluation parameter and stability studies. The final formulations were packed in blister package. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 137-142, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15745
Impact of vehicle fleet characteristics on ambient PM concentrations during rainy season at Farm Gate (CAMS-2) in Dhaka
Authors: Begum BA , Hossain A , Saroar G , Nahar N , Nasiruddin M
Published: July 2013

The impact of vehicle fleet characteristics on ambient particulate matters (both PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations during the rainy season was investigation. Sampling was carried out at the continuous air monitoring station (CAMS-2) at the Farm Gate site, a location near a major traffic intersection. It was observed from the analysis, that the PM2.5 concentrations were not varying so much between day and night time. This might be due to the rainfall and high humidity during these days. As the PM2.5 is less, so BC/PM2.5 becomes high compared to winter season. Therefore PM2.5 /PM10 ratio is also less compared to winter time, as PM2.5 is the part of PM10. The black carbon (BC) value is less during this period compared to winter due to both local and meteorological effect. It was also found that although there was heavy rainfall on 13 July 2010, the PM concentration is also high. It may be due to the contribution of sea salt to PM. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 143-150, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15746
EFFECTS OF PROTEIN AND VITAMIN ADE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN BROILER
Authors: Salahuddin M. , Miah M. A. , Ahmad N.
Published: July 2013

The effects of additional supplementation of protein and vitamin ADE on growth performance and haemato-biochemical profile were studied in "Cobb 500" broiler chicks. The chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=5). Group A was considered as control, fed only with commercial ration and other groups were supplemented with either 20% protein (group B) or 3 ml vitamin ADE/liter D.W. (group C) or both of them (group D) in addition to commercial ration. Body weight was increased significantly (p <0.05) in all three treated groups and highest body weight was recorded in group D. Weights of different organs (liver, skin, legs, breast and viscera) were also varied significantly (p <0.05) among the treated groups. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed among the groups for RBC and Hb but increase in PCV values were insignificant (p> 0.05). Serum transaminases (AST, ALT) and creatinine level decreased insignificantly but urea level significantly (p <0.05) varied among the treated groups. The study revealed that combined supplementation of protein and vitamin ADE result better in body weight and different organs weight gain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15640