bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMOTION IN IRVING KARCHMANR’S NOVEL MASTER OF THE JIN
Authors: Darmadi Dedi
Published: April 2018

The research is about the analysis of the emotion of some characters in Karchman’s novel Master of the Jin. The purpose of this research to describe types of emotion shown by the main characters emotions of the character in the novel Sang Raja Jin. Feelings and emotions are generally dubbed as state existing in the individual or organism at a time. For example, a person feels sad, happy, afraid, angry or other symptoms after seeing, hearing, or feeling something. In other words, feelings and emotions are characterized as a psychological state in organisms or individuals as a result of events or circumstances experienced by the organism. (Izard, 1990). This research used qualitative descriptive method and psychology literature approach. (Moleong,2010) The source of data was derived from the novel Sang Raja Jin. The finding shows that both the positive and the negative emotions are found in the novel. The positive emotions are love and happy emotion. Meanwhile, the negative emotions were anxious, fear, anger, sad emotion.
GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR REPRESENTATIONS AND TRANSGRAMMATICAL SEMANTIC DOMAINS IN THE SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING IN INDONESIA
Authors: Saragih Amrin
Published: April 2018

Grammatical metaphor refers to the coding of meaning or experience in the manner as if the meaning or experience were coded by another lexicogrammatical coding.  Metaphorical representation implies that there are two manners of coding, namely the congruent or literal and incongruent or metaphorical coding.  Transgrammatical semantic domains extends meaning by a range of grammatical units.  Transgrammatical semantic coding implies that agnated meanings are realized by more than one semantic unit.  Grammtical metaphor representation inherently contains transgrammatical coding.  This paper addresses grammatical metaphor commonly used in texts of science, technology and academics, which are very difficult for Indonesian students to understand and translate into good bahasa Indonesia (BI).  By applying knowledge or competence of gramatical metaphor and transgrammatical semantic domain Indonesian students are expected to effectively learn the meaning of English text of science, technology and academics and to translate the texts into good BI.
Kur’ân Ayetleri Bağlamında Kelâm Ekollerinin İlah Tasavvurlarına Dair Bir İnceleme
Authors: Özdemir Faruk
Published: April 2018

Kelâm ekollerinin ilah tasavvurlarına baktığımızda Eş’ariyye’nin “mutlak
mürîd ve tam mâlik” bir Allah tasavvurunu merkeze aldıkları; Mu’tezile’nin
“mutlak âdil ve tam hakîm” bir ilah tasavvurunu düşünce sistemlerinin merkezine
alıp diğer kelâmî meselelere bu perspektiften bakarak yorum geliştirdikleri
dikkat çekmektedir. Mâtürîdiyye ise ilah düşüncesinde
“mutlak hikmetçi” yaklaşımı benimseyerek diğer kelâmî konulara bu merkezden
yorumlar sunmuşlardır. İlkeli özgürlükçü görüşü savunanlara göre ise Allah’ın fiilleri,
O’nun ilkeleri ve sıfatlarının doğal bir yansıması olacak şekilde gerçekleşir.
Yani Allah, fiillerini bize bildirmiş olduğu sıfatları ve ilkelerine uygun
olarak gerçekleştirir. Söz konusu ekollerin ve kelâmî eğilimlerin Allah
tasavvurlarına yön veren ve Kur’ân’da
Allah’a izafe edilen fiillerin ve sıfatların yer aldığı pasajlar,
tematik ve bağlamsal açıdan Kur’ân bütünlüğü içerisinde irdelendiğinde, başka
bir deyişle Kur’ân metinleri, âyetlerin siyak-sibak, nüzul sebepleri, tarih,
sosyo-kültürel çevre ve makâsıd gibi Kur’ân metnini doğru anlamanın
temel parametreleri dikkate alınarak incelendiğinde, öyle anlaşılıyor ki Allah
eylemlerini ya da fiillerini ne Eş’ariyye’nin iddia ettiği gibi “mutlak mürîd
ve tam mâlik” bir ilah tasavvuruyla gerçekleştirmekte ne de Mu’tezile’nin
“mutlak âdil ve tam hakîm” ilah telakkisiyle icra etmektedir. Mâtürîdiyye’nin “mutlak hikmetçi” ilah
tasavvuruna gelince; Allah’ın fiillerinin hikmetli olduğunun söylenmesi makuldür. Fakat
bu düşünce bütün mevcudâtı Allah’a ait tek bir sıfat (hikmet) üzerinden anlamlı
kılma çabasıdır. Dolayısıyla doğru bir Allah tasavvuruna ulaşmak için
Mâtürîdî’nin benimsediği hikmet kavramını biraz daha açmak gerektiği
kanaatindeyiz. Nitekim ilâhî mesajlar tematik ve bağlamsal olarak
incelendiğinde öyle görünüyor ki Allah fiillerini, belirli ilkeler ve sebepler
çerçevesinde icra etmektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Allah, fiillerini ancak bize
bildirmiş olduğu sıfatları ve ilkelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirmektedir.
Buna göre Allah hakkında oluşturulacak isabetli bir ilah düşüncesi için
başlangıç noktası Allah’ın ilkeleriyle hareket eden bir varlık olduğunun
kabulüdür, diyebiliriz. Yani Allah belirli ilkeleri, prensipleri, kanunları ya da ilâhî yasaları (sünnetullah)
çerçevesinde fiillerini icra etmekte, sebepsiz ve illetsiz yere kullarına ceza
vermemekte, vaadinden asla dönmemekte, el-mü’min vasfıyla güven vermekte,
kullara zerre miktarı zulmetmemekte, adaletli, merhametli ilah olduğunu
vurgulamaktadır. Binâenaleyh kelâm ekolleri benimsedikleri ilah telakkileri
doğrultusunda ilâhî mesajları yorumladıkları için âyetleri bağlamından
koparmışlar, ne yazık ki Allah’ın kastetmediğini adeta âyetlere
söyletmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla kanaatimiz odur ki Kur’ân’da Allah’a izafe edilen
tüm fiiller, yer aldıkları siyak-sibak, nüzul sebepleri, tarih,
sosyo-kültürel çevre ve makâsıd gibi Kur’ân metnini doğru anlamanın
temel parametreleri dikkate alınarak maksad-ı ilâhîye uygun şekilde yeniden ele
alınmalı ve incelenmelidir.
Abdullah Bosnevî’nin Tefsirciliği
Authors: Aydar Hidayet
Published: April 2018

Osmanlı
döneminin önemli âlimlerinden biri olan Abdullah Bosnevî’yi konu alan bu
çalışmamızda, müellifin Tefsir çalışmaları ele alınacaktır. Bosnalı olan âlimimiz,
hayatının büyük bir kısmını başta İstanbul ve Konya olmak üzere Anadolu’da
geçirmiştir. Bilhassa Tasavvuf alanında öne çıkmıştır. Bununla beraber muhtelif
sure ve ayet tefsirleri de yapmıştır. Çalışmamızda Bosnevî’yi daha iyi anlamak
açısından kısaca işârî tefsir, Bosnevî’nin hayatı ve tasavvuf yönü üzerinde de
kısaca durulacaktır. Daha sonra hazırlamış olduğu sure ve ayet tefsir
risaleleri tanıtılacaktır. Müellifimizin tefsirciliği ülkemizde çalışmalara
fazlaca konu olmamıştır. Biz de burada Bosnevî’nin tefsir yönüne dikkat çekmek
istedik. Bunun için müellifin tefsir risalelerini teker teker tanıtacak;
bazılarını daha detaylı ele alacağız. Bu çalışmada Bosnevî’nin tefsir
risalelerini ilim kamuoyuna tanıtmak, genç araştırmacıların dikkatini bu
noktaya çekmek istihdaf edilmiştir.Osmanlı
döneminin önemli âlimlerinden biri olan Abdullah Bosnevî’yi konu alan bu
çalışmamızda, müellifin Tefsir çalışmaları ele alınacaktır. Bosnalı olan âlimimiz,
hayatının büyük bir kısmını başta İstanbul ve Konya olmak üzere Anadolu’da
geçirmiştir. Bilhassa Tasavvuf alanında öne çıkmıştır. Bununla beraber muhtelif
sure ve ayet tefsirleri de yapmıştır. Çalışmamızda Bosnevî’yi daha iyi anlamak
açısından kısaca işârî tefsir, Bosnevî’nin hayatı ve tasavvuf yönü üzerinde de
kısaca durulacaktır. Daha sonra hazırlamış olduğu sure ve ayet tefsir
risaleleri tanıtılacaktır. Müellifimizin tefsirciliği ülkemizde çalışmalara
fazlaca konu olmamıştır. Biz de burada Bosnevî’nin tefsir yönüne dikkat çekmek
istedik. Bunun için müellifin tefsir risalelerini teker teker tanıtacak;
bazılarını daha detaylı ele alacağız. Bu çalışmada Bosnevî’nin tefsir
risalelerini ilim kamuoyuna tanıtmak, genç araştırmacıların dikkatini bu
noktaya çekmek istihdaf edilmiştir.
Coisas são nós! Um comentário sobre as relações humano/coisas sob a bandeira da Arqueologia Social
Authors: Webmoor Timothy , Witmore Christopher L.
Published: April 2018

Qual papel desempenha o adjetivo “social” em Arqueologia Social? Qual o caráter das relações humano/coisas sob a rubrica da arqueologia social? Levantamos essas questões em relação ao recente “A Companion to Social Archaeology” de Meskell e Preucel. Enquanto o corretivo “social” tem sido extremamente produtivo, com o levantamento destas questões entramos em águas muito turvas. Nossa tarefaneste artigo é mostrar onde os sentidos do “social” faliram e como os quadros de referência para o entendimento das relações pessoas/coisas se tornaram lamacentos. Construindo sobre a força da arqueologia no que diz respeito às coisas, buscamos revisitar a questão: o que é ser humano?
Entre seres e coisas: a aplicação de tecnologias 3D como ponte entre patrimônio arqueológico e sociedade
Authors: Wichers Camila A. de Moraes , Zanettini Paulo , Tega Glória
Published: April 2018

Estudos realizados no sítio arqueológico Pinheiros II, no bairro homônimo, zona Oeste de São Paulo, resultaram na identificação de uma olaria voltada à produção de utensílios domésticos, datados entre os séculos XVII e XIX. O programa de Educação Patrimonial devotado à socialização desse patrimônio foi estruturado em dois grandes eixos: Exposição Itinerante e Comunicação de Massa. A Exposição Itinerante objetivou aproximar pessoas e o patrimônio arqueológico, sendo atingidas diretamente cerca de duas mil pessoas. A experiência sensorial entre pessoas e objetos foi potencializada por meio do uso da tecnologia de escaneamento laser 3D de exemplares do acervo. Por seu turno, as ações de Comunicação Integrada contribuíram para a disseminação em larga escala, tendo sido atingido um público de 17 milhões de pessoas.
Reconhecimento de padrões na Arqueologia Histórica
Authors: South Stanley
Published: April 2018

O processo de identificação de padrões (pattern recognition) através de dados de sítios históricos é explanado empregando informações do sistema colonial britânico. O "padrão Brunswick" monitora o comportamento de descarte de restos do século XVIII. O "padrão Carolina" monitora a relação de artefatos em ocupações domésticas. o "padrão Frontier" é encontrado em sítios de fronteira assim como em áreas internas de ruínas domésticas, e é caracterizado pela predominância de restos associado à arquitetura sobre os do grupo cozinha. A fórmula de reconheciento de padrões demonstrada pela denominada "Férmula de Datação de Cerâmica" (Mean Ceramic Date Formula) é um recurso baseado no reconhecimento de padrões altamente regulares de variação na popularidade da cerâmica através do tempo. Tal reconhecimento de padrão é fundamental em sítios históricos, para ajudar na explanação dos processos culturais. A Arqueologia Histórica tem potencais, até o momento não explorados, para contribuir no aperfeiçoamento dos métodos de estudo e construção de teoria na arqueologia. Esta é uma promessa excitante que a arqueologia histórica guarda para o futuro.
Artefatos e vozes ativas: cultura material como discurso social
Authors: Beaudry Mary C. , Cook Lauren J. , Mrozowski Stephen A.
Published: April 2018

Um tema comum que conecta as interpretações do registro material do passado dizrespeito às formas como as pessoas se envolvem com o mundo material em uma dada expressão cultural e nas suas negociações da vida cotidiana. A relação entre comportamento e mundo material está longe de ser passiva. Os artefatos são encarnações tangíveis das relações sociais, incorporando atitudes e comportamentos do passado.
Chris Gosden, Archaeology and Colonialism. Cultural contact from 5000 BC to the present. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, 200pp, ISBN 0521787955
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo A.
Published: April 2018

Chris Gosden tem se notabilizado por sua leitura crítica da Arqueologia e este volume constitui um aporte substancial, ao destrinchar as relações entre a disciplina e o colonialismo. Inicia por considerar que a Arqueologia tem um papel especial no estudo do colonialismo, por ser a única disciplina que trata de todas as formas coloniais, ao longo dos milênios. Critica a abordagem dos sistemas mundiais (world system), por desvaloriza as especificidades históricas locais, a cada caso. Difere, também, da vertente pós-colonial, ao considerar que as diversidades locais ganham se colocadas em um quadro comparativo mais amplo e, ainda mais, por avaliar que a cultura material não foi devidamente levada em conta pelos teóricos pós-coloniais.
Monumentos restaurados e histórias em ruínas: as intervenções arqueológicas no sobrado do IPHAN em São Cristovão/SE
Authors: Ferreira Ton , Oliveira Vanessa , Santana Marcos
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo é fruto das intervenções arqueológicas realizadas no processo de restauração do sobrado adquirido peo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional localizado na cidade de São Cristóvão/Sergipe. A pesquisa buscou compreender os usos do bem restaurado, bem como identificar as memórias a ele associadas. Através dos resultados foi possível identificar estruturas de uma casa do XVIII, cujos restos materiais foram usados na construção do sobrado, no século XIX. Associada à história do sobrado destaca-se Adriana Freire, ex-esposa do barão de Laranjeiras, cujas memórias foram suplantadas em detrimento da figura do ouvidor.
Encontros culturais e etnogênese: o caso das comunidades afro-brasileiras do Vale do Guaporé
Authors: Symanski Luis Claudio Pereira , Zanettini Paulo
Published: April 2018

Pretendemos, neste trabalho, discutir o processo de etnogênese da população afro-brasileira que, desde o século XVIII, habita o vale do Guaporé, no Mato Grosso e Rondônia. Essa região foi abandonada pela elite luso-brasileira no começo do século XIX, e o complexo material relacionado ao processo de colonização foi reapropriado pela população africana e afro-descendente, composta, sobretudo, por escravos forros e quilombolas. Essa população conformou um território afro-brasileiro que se estendeu por todo o vale do Guaporé, simultaneamente construindo uma identidade própria, fortemente pautada em referênciais culturais centro-africanos. Com base em registros escritos, tradição oral, estudos etnográficos e dados arqueológicos, discutiremos como ocorreu esse processo de etnogênese afro-guaporeana.
Arqueologia Polar e Patrimônio Polar - pesquisa acadêmica e em conservação na Arqueologia Antártica
Authors: Pearson Michael
Published: April 2018

Este artigo trata da relação entre os objetivos arqueológicos acadêmicos e os objetivos da conservação patrimonial, no contexto antártico. A pesquisa arqueológica pode oferecer informações cruciais acerca de sítios, informações tais que não são disponíveis a partir dos regstro históricos fragmentários existentes para a maior parte da história da Antártica. Essa informação pode ser utilizada tanto na área da conservação, como também para abordar questões de pesquisa. A maior parte do trabalho arquelógico realizado na Antártica até o presente tem sido voltada ou para informar a conservação física e a interpretação de sítios, ou para resgatar e registrar os mesmos, concomitantemente a trabalhos de conservação. Crescentemente, no entanto, estão sendo elaboradas estratégias de pesquisa para aprimorar o valor da arqueologia orientada para a conservação e para elaborar questões mais amplas acerca da evidência arqueológica. Existem tensões entre os dois objetivos da Arqueologia Polar. Uma escavação orientada para conservação pode não incorporar questões acadêmicas ou não ser provida de recursos para tal pesquisa. Por outro lado, uma pesquisa arqueológica puramente acadêmica pode ignorar as necessidades de conservação dos locais de patrimônio ou oferecer pouco (ou nenhum) benefício a compreensão e à conservação do local de patrimônio que está sendo pesquisado. O desafio para os arqueólogos e aos gestores dos sítios é buscar, tanto satisfazer os objetivos da pesquisa acadêmica, quanto realizar uma contribuição substancial em favor da conservação contínua dos locais de patrimônio que estudam. Esse artigo focaliza a história da arqueologia na Antártica e busca identificar o propósito da pesquisa arqueolólogica até o momento. Ele defende uma melhor compreensão das maneiras pelas quais, tanto a arqueologia voltada para a conservação quanto a arqueologia de pesquisa acadêmica podem ser combinadas, para o benefício de ambos objetivos.
Arqueologia Subaquática ou Arqueologia Marítima?: definindo conceitos, contextualizando práticas e assumindo posições
Authors: Duran Leandro Domingues
Published: April 2018

Este artigo explora as diferenças existentes entre os conceitos de "Arqueologia Subaquática" e "Arqueologia Marítima", entendendo-se enquanto fruto de propostas interconectadas, porém distintas. Partindo de uma análise histórica sobre o desenvolvimento da relação entre a prática do mergulho e a fundação de uma "arqueologia dos ambientas aquáticos", tomamos como base as proposições inicialmente desenvolvidas pelo arqueólogo Keith Muckelroy no final dos anos de 1970 e discutimos posicionamento mais recentes formulados por autores como David Gibbins, Sean McGrail e Jonathan Adams, para desenvolvermos nossa própria idéia de uma "arqueologia do mar".
A faiança portuguesa entre os séculos XVIII e XIX
Authors: Bandeira Beatriz
Published: April 2018

A faiança portuguesa é bastante encontrada em sítios históricos a partir do período colonial, mas um utensílio doméstico pouco estudado na arqueologia brasileira. Estando a par dos novos conhecimentos sobre o tema, a partir de recentes estudos da arqueologia portuguesa, um projeto de mestrado foi desenvolvido em torno das faianças oriundas do edifício histórico Paço Imperial (Praça XV de Novembro, centro do Rio de Janero). Foi realizada a identificação cronológica de suas variantes estilísticas, e a síntese de informações de diferentes coleções originadas, tanto de particulares, quanto de sítios arqueológicos. Os resultados informam a produção de faiança portuguesa ao longo de 300 anos.
Arqueotoxicologia de las cerámicas coloniales: análisis arqueométrico de la utilización del plomo en las cerámicas de Santafé de Bogotá (Colombia)
Authors: Romero José Leonardo Patiño
Published: April 2018

O vidrado cerâmico com chumbo é um elementro frequente nos utensilios domésticos da população colonial "neogranadina", sua presenã em Santafé é igual à de outras cidades do continente, devido à expansão colonial européia a partir do século XVI. A análise que se apresenta aqui corresponde ao estudo arqueométrico feito às cerâmicas de produção "santafereña", para avaliar sua toxicidade em quanto aos níveis de chumbo que puderam lixiviar para os alimentos. A motivação da investigação é a falta de informação existente sobre o tema, a alta representatividade desta cerâmica no registro arqueológico histórico e a toxicidade que representa o chumbo para o ser humano.
En busca de las experiencias perdidas. Arqueología del encuentro entre los loberos y las Islas Shetland del Sur (Antártida, Siglo XX)
Authors: Salerno Melisa A. , Zarankin Andres
Published: April 2018

Historiadores y arqueólogos se han aproximado a la historia temprana de Antártida, abordando el encuentro entre los loberos y las Islas Shetland del Sur en el siglo XIX. A pesar que la temática del encuentro pudo haber estimulado discusiones sobre la experiencia encarnada de los grupos humanos en un territorio hasta el momento desconocido, lo cierto es que la mayor parte de los trabajos subestimó su importancia. En este articulo perseguimos dos objetivos relacionados. Por un lado, analizamos los estudios tradicionales sobre el encuentro, discutiendo los factores que pudieron impactar de manera negativa el interés por la experiencia corporal. En segundo lugar, presentamos una propuesta que intentará reintegrar el compromiso de los cuerpos con el mundo.
Pautas de consumo de los primeros pobladores de Rosario (Argentina). Zooarqueología histórica de un pozo de basura del siglo XVIII
Authors: Colasurdo Maria Belén
Published: April 2018

El presente manuscrito tiene por objetivo presentar los datos obtenidos delanálisis de los restos arqueofaunísticos de un sitio histórico del siglo XVIII de laciudad de Rosario, en la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Dicho sitio denominado “Casa Parroquial”, corresponde al pozo de basura de la primera catedral de la ciudad, ubicada en el área fundacional. El análisis siguió los lineamientos del análisis zooarqueológico general y las interpretaciones realizadas apuntan a inferir las pautas de consumo de animales de un grupo determinado de habitantes, los primeros pobladores de lo que a mediados del siglo XIX sería la ciudad de Rosario.Teniendo en cuenta el momento histórico en el que se genera dicho pozo de basura, es que se cruzaron los datos provenientes de fuentes escritas secundarias y el registro arqueológico, a los fines de generar aproximaciones relacionadas con las especies consumidas y la forma de consumo de las mismas.
Arqueología y sensorialidad. Hacia una ontología de afectos y flujos
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis
Published: April 2018

En este artículo, basado en un libro que recientemente he publicado (Hamilakis, 2013, 2015), desarrollo y expando mi concepto de arqueología sensorial, como paradigma alternativo a la tradición arqueológica dominante, occidental y moderna, de carácter antropocéntrico y logocéntrico. Si bien ha surgido de aproximaciones y estudios ligados al embodiment y la corporalidad, este enfoquepropone un cambio creativo y positivo desde la corporalidad a la sensorialidad.A partir de ello, reconoce que los sentidos corporales exceden lo orgánico, perotambién propone evitar los entendimientos limitados y reificados sobre el cuerpohumano, como totalidad coherente y autónoma. La propuesta opta, en cambio,por el campo de la experiencia sensorial, producida por una infinidad de flujossensoriales en paisajes trans-corporales. El campo de la sensorialidad crea lascondiciones para que los conjuntos sensoriales se reúnan y cobren existencia;conjuntos que pueden incluir componentes numerosos y heterogéneos –desdehumanos hasta rocas, monumentos, condiciones climáticas, ondas de sonido,recuerdos, entre otros. Se trata de una arqueología multi-temporal, en el sentidoque reconoce la habilidad de la materia y las cosas materiales para activar simultáneamente varios tiempos. Implica, consecuentemente, una arqueología que se distancia de la linealidad de la modernidad occidental, y que acepta diversas temporalidades, y sus efectos ontológicos, epistémicos y políticos. En el artículo intentaré mostrar cómo este marco no sólo puede contribuir a repensar nuestros acostumbrados problemas en arqueología; también puede ayudarnos a enfrentar los grandes desafíos de nuestra era. Áreas emergentes como la arqueología del antropoceno, la arqueología de la militarización permanente, la arqueología de la migración indocumentada desde el polo sur al polo norte, requieren nuevasherramientas conceptuales que una arqueología sensorial puede proporcionar.
Benzhydrylamine: An Effective Aminating Agent for the Synthesis of Primary Amines
Authors: Sun Quan-Wei , Xing Jun-De , Qin Yu-Hong , Yin Xu-Wen , Zhou Yi
Published: April 2018

Aldehydes, ketones, alkyl toluene- p-sulfonates and halides are converted into the corresponding primary amines with benzhydrylamine as a valuable ammonia synthon in moderate to excellent yields.
From Persianate pasts to Aryan antiquity. Transnationalism and transformation in Afghan intellectual history, c.1880–1940
Authors: Green Nile
Published: April 2018

This essay forms a case study of the transnational dimensions of Afghanistan's modern intellectual history through a focus on the practice of history. It traces the development of Afghan historical writing between around 1880 and 1940, with an emphasis on the revolutionary historiographical transformations of the 1930s. Prior to this decade, Afghan historians broadly continued the dynastic and genealogical traditions of the Persianate tarikh (‘chronicle’). After discussing several such texts, the focus turns to the new intellectuals associated with the Kabul Literary Society (Anjuman-i Adabi-yi Kabul) in its role as a crossroads for the importation and adaptation of European intellectual disciplines. Drawing on Anglophone and Francophone scholarship in their Dari-Persian publications, the Society's historians forged radically new conceptions of collective identity by adapting European linguistic and archaeological methods. An examination of the writings of two such historians, Ya‘qub Hasan Khan and Ahmad ‘Ali Kuhzad, documents the subsequent rise of the new historical ideology of Aryanism by which Afghanistan and its peoples were linked to the ancient Aryans and their homeland of Bactria qua Aryana.
Le monastère de Qol-e-Tut à la lumière des fouilles archéologiques
Authors: Paiman Zafar
Published: April 2018

Le monastère se déploie sur une pente, au sud de la citadelle de Kaboul, dans une zone riche en sites bouddhiques. Des fouilles entamées en 2013 avec l'Institut afghan d'archéologie ont permis de dégager notamment jusqu'ici dix terrasses occupées par dix huit chapelles, abritant les restes de bodhisattva colossaux en argile séchée et polychromée. Leur nombre suggère que le site leur était dédié. Seule une chapelle est occupée par un Bouddha, monumental, enseignant, sans équivalent dans la région par son geste, sa taille et son raffinement. Au cœur de l'ensemble, une salle de prière (?) à banquettes, dotée d'un élément central circulaire énigmatique, encadré de quatre bases de piliers, ouvrait sur trois chapelles. Les monnaies et céramiques découvertes à Qol-e-Tut indiquent que son existence s'est étendue du 6ème siècle au plus tôt, à la fin du 11ème siècle au moins. Ce site complexe témoigne donc du remarquable développement de l'art bouddhique à Kaboul, de son originalité et de sa pérennité, sous le règne des Hephtalites, puis des Hindu-Shahi, ainsi que le suggéraient déjà nos fouilles du monastère de Tepe Narenj, situé à proximité. Ceci contredit les récits anciens d'historiens arabes et persans, datant de la deuxième moitié du 7ème siècle l'islamisation de Kaboul.
The Sci-Fi Brain: Narratives in Neuroscience and Popular Culture
Authors: Alftberg Åsa , Bengtsen Peter
Published: April 2018

The connection between neuroscience, popular media and lay perceptions of the brain involves the framing of complex scientific processes and results through familiar cultural narratives and metaphors. Such narratives are often built on the premise that neuroscience, with the help of powerful new technologies, will finally solve the mysteries of brain and mind, consciousness and morality. At the same time, popular culture—especially the science fiction genre—tends to focus on worst case scenarios of the implementation of technology. This article explores cultural narratives of what the brain is and how it functions in two different contexts—among neuroscientists and within popular culture. In particular, narratives about technology and the malleable brain as well as the notion of the mad scientist are studied. The article explores how these narratives are presented and used in popular culture and how neuroscientists relate to the narratives when describing their work. There is a contrast, but also a blurring of boundaries, between actual research carried out and the fictional portrayals of scientists constructing, or altering, fully functional brains. To some extent, the narratives serve as a background for the public’s understanding of, and attitude towards, neuroscience—something that must be taken into consideration when dealing with the therapeutic treatment of patients. The narratives of neuroscience in popular culture are to a certain degree shaped by actual scientific practices and findings, but neuroscience is also influenced by laypeople’s perceptions, which often have their roots in the narratives of popular culture.
Cloud Longwave Scattering Effect and Its Impact on Climate Simulation
Authors: Zhao Wenjie , Peng Yiran , Wang Bin , Li Jiangnan
Published: April 2018

The cloud longwave (LW) scattering effect has been ignored in most current climate models. To investigate its climate impact, we apply an eight-stream DIScrete Ordinates Radiative Transfer (DISORT) scheme to include the cloud LW scattering in the General circulation model version of the LongWave Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTMG_LW) and the Community Atmospheric Model Version 5 (CAM5). Results from the standalone RRTMG_LW and from diagnostic runs of CAM5 (no climate feedback) show that the cloud LW scattering reduces the upward flux at the top of the atmosphere and leads to an extra warming effect in the atmosphere. In the interactive runs with climate feedback included in CAM5, the cloud LW scattering effect is amplified by the water vapor-temperature feedback in a warmer atmosphere and has substantial influences on cloud fraction and specific humidity. The thermodynamic feedbacks are more significant in the northern hemisphere and the resulting meridional temperature gradient is different between the two hemispheres, which strengthens the southern branch of Hadley circulation, and modulates the westerly jet near 50° S and the upper part of Walker circulation. Our study concludes that the cloud LW scattering effect could have complex impacts on the global energy budget and shall be properly treated in future climate models.
Repercussion of Large Scale Hydro Dam Deployment: The Case of Congo Grand Inga Hydro Project
Authors: Oyewo Ayobami , Farfan Javier , Peltoniemi Pasi , Breyer Christian
Published: April 2018

The idea of damming the Congo River has persisted for decades. The Grand Inga project, of up to 42 GW power generation capacity, can only be justified as part of a regional energy master plan for Africa, to bridge the energy gap on the continent. Proponents of very large dams have often exaggerated potential multiple benefits of a mega dam, marginalise environmental concerns and neglect the true risk of such projects, in particular for the fragile economies of developing countries. Studies have reported the financial risks, cost overruns and schedule spills associated with very large dams. In addition, most of the dams in the region are poorly managed. Therefore, the type and scale of Grand Inga is not the solution for millions of not yet electrified people in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this research, scenarios are defined based on announced costs and expected costs. Cost escalations in the range from 5% to 100% for the Inga project in 2030 and 2040 are considered, as average cost overruns are typically at about 70% or higher for similar mega-dams. It was found that when the cost overrun for the Grand Inga project exceeds 35% and −5% for 2030 and 2040 assumptions, respectively, the project becomes economically non-beneficial. In all scenarios, Sub-Saharan Africa can mainly be powered by solar photovoltaics to cover the electricity demand and complemented by wind energy, supported by batteries. Hydropower and biomass-based electricity can serve as complementary resources. The grid frequency stability of the power system is analysed and discussed in the paper. Benefits of the Inga hydropower project have to be increasingly questioned, in particular due to the fast cost decline of solar photovoltaics and batteries.
Test of Different Sensitizing Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Nb2O5 Photoanodes
Authors: Latini Alessandro , Panetta Riccardo
Published: April 2018

High-performance dyes routinely employed in TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were tested in cells assembled using Nb2O5 nanostructure-based photoanodes. The sensitizers were chosen among both metal-complex (two Ru-based, N749 and C106, and one Zn-based dye, DNF12) and metal-free organic dyes (DNF01, DNF11 and DNF15). Two different sensitization processes were performed: the one commonly used for TiO2 photoanodes, and a new process relying on high pressure by autoclavation. The assembled cells were characterized by current density–voltage (J–V) curves under air mass (AM) 1.5 G illumination and in the dark, incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The tested cells show different proportional efficiencies of the dyes under investigation for Nb2O5- and TiO2-based devices. Furthermore, the results were compared with those obtained in our previous work using N719 anchored on Nb2O5. A remarkable efficiency value of 4.4% under 1 sun illumination was achieved by coupling the C106 dye with a nonvolatile electrolyte. This value is higher than the one attained under the same conditions by using N719.
Optimal Siting of Wind Farms in Wind Energy Dominated Power Systems
Authors: Becker Raik , Thrän Daniela
Published: April 2018

Electricity from renewable energy (RE) sources gained in significance due to green-friendly governmental initiatives in the form of either direct subsidizes, tax incentives or tradable certificates. Thereby, RE generators are incentivized to maximize energy feed-in or the remuneration from governmental subsidizes, meanwhile neglecting any market interaction. Consequently, wind farms are clustered in windy regions. Along with the governmentally initiated integration of RE generation into power markets, the siting of RE generators will change. In wind power dominated power systems that fully integrate RE generators into power markets, wind farms will compete against each other and try to maximize their market value. Hence, wind speed correlations with other wind farms will become increasingly important when choosing a site in a uniform or zonal pricing system. To quantify the impact of market integration on future wind farm siting, an approach is developed that takes into account the local wind potential of a certain site, wind speed correlations to other sites and their installed capacities. An optimization that minimizes the normalized sum of wind power correlations to all other sites and their respective normalized installed wind power capacity is performed. To achieve a predefined minimum energy output, the average wind yield is considered as an additional constraint. The outcome is an optimal wind farm site in a wind energy dominated system. Running this for a given wind power expansion scenario enables decision makers to foresee the spatial development of wind farm installations. To demonstrate the model’s applicability, a case study is performed for Germany. Thereby, wind speed data for four years from the European reanalysis model COSMO-REA6 is used. The results indicate that a full market integration of RE generators will space out more evenly new wind farms. Thereby, wind farms can economically benefit from the non-simultaneity of wind speed.
Methodologies for the Exploitation of Existing Energy Corridors. GIS Analysis and DTR Applications
Authors: Massaro Fabio , Ippolito Mariano Giuseppe , Zizzo Gaetano , Filippone Giovanni , Puccio Andrea
Published: April 2018

The exploitation of power lines currently in operation has now become a common practice among electric system operators. The construction of new power lines requires taking economic, political and social problems into consideration. This paper considers two methodologies adopted by the Italian Transmission System Operator (TSO), Terna S.p.A.: Dynamic Thermal Rating (DTR) and Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging-Geographic Information System (L-GIS). DTR systems dynamically calculate the real transport capacity of a power line. The L-GIS system allows, after the geo-referencing of the power line, the management of any interference between the line and the nearby obstacles, permitting the optimization of the high voltage line operation. In this paper, after a brief illustration of the two methods, the authors report the results of some applications in the Sicilian electrical power High Voltage (HV) system.
Virtual Inertia Control Application to Enhance Frequency Stability of Interconnected Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration
Authors: Kerdphol Thongchart , Rahman Fathin Saifur , Mitani Yasunori
Published: April 2018

Due to a rapid increase in the utilization of power converter-based renewable energy sources (RESs), the overall system inertia in an interconnected power system might be significantly reduced, increasing the vulnerability of the interconnected power system to the system instability. To overcome problems caused by the significant reduction in system inertia, this paper proposes a new application of virtual inertia control to improve frequency stability of the interconnected power system due to high penetration level of RESs. The derivative control technique is introduced for higher-level applications of virtual inertia emulation. Thus, the proposed virtual inertia control loop has a second-order characteristic, which provides a simultaneous enabling of damping and inertia emulations into the interconnected power system, enhancing frequency stability and resiliency. System modeling and simulation results are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink® (R2016b, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Trajectory sensitivities are also performed to analyze the dynamic effects of virtual inertia control’s parameters on the system stability. The effectiveness of the virtual inertia control concept on stability improvement is verified through a multi-area test system with high RESs penetration level for different contingencies.
New Switched-Dual-Source Multilevel Inverter for Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Operation
Authors: Aganah Kennedy Adinbo , Luciano Cristopher , Ndoye Mandoye , Murphy Gregory
Published: April 2018

The increasing integration of large solar PV and wind farms into the power grid has fueled, over the past two decades, growing demands for high-power, high-voltage, utility-scale inverters. Multilevel inverters have emerged as the industry’s choice for megawatt-range inverters because of their reduced voltage stress, capability for generating an almost-sinusoidal voltage, built-in redundancy and other benefits. This paper presents a novel switched-source multilevel inverter (SS MLI) architecture. This new inverter shows superior capabilities when compared to existing topologies. It has reduced voltage stress on the semiconductor, uses fewer switches (i.e., reduced size/weight/cost) and exhibits increased efficiency. The proposed SS MLI is comprised of two voltage sources ( V 1 , V 2 ) and six switches. It is capable of generating five-level output voltage in symmetric mode (i.e., V 1 = V 2 ) and seven-level output voltage in asymmetric mode (i.e., V 1 ≠ V 2 ). We present simulations results (using MATLAB®/Simulink®) for five- and seven-level output voltages, and they strongly support the validity of the proposed inverter. These positive results are further supported experimentally using a laboratory prototype.
The Impact of Surgical Ventricular Restoration on Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Butkuvienė Irena , Ivaškevičienė Loreta
Published: April 2018

Objective. The aim of current study was to evaluate and compare the changes in clinical status and mitral regurgitation (MR) grade and long-term postoperative survival after left ventricle surgical restoration (SVR) operations. Material and Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 139 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease and left ventricular aneurysms or large akinesia, who underwent SVR and coronary artery bypass grafting without MR surgical correction between 1999 and 2006. The mean long-term postoperative follow-up was 3.6 years (SD, 3.0). Nine patients (6.5%) died during the first 30 postoperative days. Results. The mean MR grade during the long-term period increased significantly. The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors for the long-term mortality were age (P=0.002), decompensation signs before SVR (P=0.03), treatment with diuretics (P=0.01), NYHA functional class IV (P=0.008), and moderate and severe MR (P=0.04); however, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that only patient’s age was an independent predictive factor (P=0.004). MR correction was found to be a significant prognostic factor of borderline significance for perioperative mortality (P=0.05). The analysis of MR grade (mild versus moderate versus severe) impact on long-term survival failed to demonstrate any association (P=0.22). Conclusions. Remodeling continued during the long-term period after SVR and CABG: there was an increase in the mean MR degree. Left ventricular remodeling with moderate and severe MR decreased survival rates during long-term period after surgical ventricular restoration; however, mitral regurgitation was not found to be an independent predictor of poor outcome.
An Open-Label Multicenter Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy Study of Recombinant Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in the Prevention of Neutropenic Complications in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Sveikata Audrius , Liutkauskienė Sigita , Juozaitytė Elona , Characiejus Dainius , Tamošaitytė Laimutė , Šeštakauskas Kastytis
Published: April 2018

The primary objective of this open-label, two chemotherapy arm, phase 4 study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of newly developed recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) used to prevent neutropenia-related complications in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with docetaxel (75 mg/m2) and doxorubicin (50 mg/m2) or docetaxel (100 mg/m2) alone. Material and Methods. A total of 50 patients who were treated with a maximum of 6 cycles of either docetaxel-doxorubicin (36 patients) or docetaxel alone (14 patients) every 21 days were recruited from 3 centers in Lithuania. All the patients received study medication rG-CSF at a dosage of 5 μg/kg per day (Sicor Biotech UAB, Teva Group) from day 2 of each cycle and continued for minimum 5 days or until absolute neutrophil count reached ≥1.5×109/L. Results. A total of 611 adverse events were reported. Most of them were related to myelotoxic chemotherapy. Two patients withdrew due to adverse events (neuropathy and bone pain). One patient died possibly because of pulmonary thromboembolism. The most frequently reported adverse events related to study drug in the docetaxel-doxorubicin and docetaxel groups were leukocytosis (22% and 21%, respectively), bone pain (19% and 21%, respectively), and headache (8% and 14%, respectively). The incidence of grade 4 neutropenia in both the groups was 47% and 29%, respectively, in all cycles and 42% and 21%, respectively, in cycle 1. The incidence of febrile neutropenia was 8% in cycle 1 and 14% across all cycles. The mean duration of febrile neutropenia was 2.1 days (SD, 1.9) in cycle 1 and 2.14 days (SD 2.0) across all cycles in both the treatment groups. Conclusion. This study provide data that the study drug rG-CSF has the expected safety and could be an efficacious medication to decrease the risk of febrile neutropenia and related complications of myelosuppressive chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Introduction of Novel Semiquantitative Evaluation of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT Before and After Treatment of Glioma
Authors: Deltuva Vytenis , Jurkienė Nemira , Kulakienė Ilona , Bunevičius Adomas , Matukevičius Algimantas , Tamašauskas Arimantas
Published: April 2018

Background and Objective. There is a need for objective semiquantitative indexes for the evaluation of results of single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) in patients with brain glioma. The aim of this study was to validate the total size index (TSI) and total intensity index (TII) based on technetium-99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) SPECT scans to discriminate the patients with high-grade glioma versus low-grade glioma and to evaluate the changes of viable glioma tissue by the means of TSI and TII after surgery and after radiation treatment. Material and Methods. Thirty-two patients (mean age, 55 years [SD, 18]; 20 men) underwent a 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT scan before surgery. Of these patients, 27 underwent a postoperative 99mTc- MIBI-SPECT scan and 7 patients with grade IV glioma underwent a third 99mTc-MIBI-SPECT scan after radiation treatment. TII that corresponds to the area and intensity of tracer uptake and TSI that corresponds to the area of tracer uptake were calculated before surgery, after surgery, and after radiation treatment. Results. The TII and TSI were found to be valid in discriminating the patients with high-grade versus low-grade glioma with optimal cutoff values of 3.0 and 2.5, respectively. Glioma grade correlated with the preoperative TSI score (r=0.76, P<0.001) and preoperative TII score (r=0.64, P<0.001). There was a significant decrease in the TII and TSI after surgery in patients with grade IV glioma. After radiation treatment, there was a significant increase in the TII in patients with grade IV glioma. Conclusions. TSI and TII were found to be reliable in discriminating the patients with high-grade versus low-grade glioma and allowed for the semiquantitative evaluation of change in viable glioma tissue after surgery and after radiation treatment in patients with grade IV glioma.
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Types 16, 18, and 45 in Women With Cervical Intraepithelial Changes: Associations With Colposcopic and Histological Findings
Authors: Jarienė Kristina , Vaitkienė Daiva , Bartusevičius Arnoldas , Tvarijonavičienė Eglė , Minkauskienė Meilė , Nadišauskienė Rūta , Kruminis Valdemaras , Kliučinskas Mindaugas
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, and 45 in women with cervical intraepithelial changes caused by high-risk HPV in relation to colposcopic and histological findings. Material and Methods. A prospective study of 393 women with cervical cytologic changes confirmed by the Papanicolaou test was undertaken from April 3, 2006, to April 3, 2007. The Hybrid Capture 2 assay was performed. HPV-positive women underwent genotyping for types 16, 18, and 45. Colposcopy and biopsy were performed in 317 (80.7%) and 249 women (63.4%), respectively. The results were analyzed by age groups. Results. Of all the women with cervical intraepithelial changes, 59% were positive for HR HPV, and 62% were positive for HPV types 16, 18, and 45. HPV types 16, 18, and 45 were detected in 54.8% of women with ASC-US/AGUS/ASC-H, 50.0% of women with LSIL, and 75.6% of women with HSIL. After confirmation of any histological and colposcopic changes, HPV types 16, 18, and 45 were detected in 68.0% and 69.0% of women, respectively. Moreover, 84.2% of the women with HSIL and high-grade colposcopic changes, and 78.5% of the women with HSIL and CIN 2/ CIN 2-3/CIN 3/carcinoma in situ were positive for HPV types 16, 18, and 45. The sensitivity of the Papanicolaou test together with the Hybrid Capture 2 test compared with the Papanicolaou test together with the HPV 16/18/45 test diagnosing CIN 2+ changes did not differ (96.7% vs. 97.1%), but the specificity was higher (40.3% vs. 8.0%). Conclusions. The majority of the cytologic, colposcopic, and histological changes were caused by HPV types 16, 18, and 45. Despite the high prevalence of HPV types 16, 18, and 45, testing for these genotypes together with the Papanicolaou test did not improve the diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.