bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low radiation dose to treat pneumonia and other inflammations
Authors: Chew Ming Tsuey , Daar Eman , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Jones Bleddyn , Nisbet Andrew , Bradley David A
Published: June 2021

Infection, the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses, causes reactive inflammation mediated by endogenous signals, with influx of leucocytes with distinct properties and capable of mounting a cellular or antibody response. Different forms of inflammation may also occur in response to tumours, in allergy and autoimmune disorders. Pneumonia, respiratory tract infection and septic shock for instance can arise as serious complications of the Covid-19 virus. While radiotherapy has been most widely used to control malignant tumours, it has also been used for treatment of non-malignant diseases, including acute and chronic inflammation in situations where anti-inflammatory drugs may be ineffective or contraindicated. The present review examines the history and prospects for low-dose anti-inflammatory radiation treatments, the present interest largely being motivated by the increased incidence of pulmonary disease associated Covid-19 infections. Evidence in support of the suggested efficacy are covered, together with an appraisal of one of the number of potential convenient sources that could complement external beam arrangements.
Regulation of reversible conformational change, size switching, and immunomodulation of RNA nanocubes
Authors: Blanco Carcache Peter J. , Guo Sijin , Li Hui , Zhang Kaiming , Xu Congcong , Chiu Wah , Guo Peixuan
Published: June 2021

In biological systems, conformational changes and allosteric modulation play pivotal roles in regulating biological functions, such as the dynamic change of protein molecules, in response to binding or interacting with other factors such as pH, voltage, salt, light, or ligand. RNA can be manipulated and tuned with a level of simplicity that is characteristic of DNA or polymers, while displaying versatility in structure, diversity in function, and adaptability in a configuration similar to proteins. In the past, the work on the investigation of conformational change mainly focused on protein. The induced-fit and conformational capture in RNA have also been explored, such as in the study of riboswitches. Herein, we report the engineering of three-dimensional RNA nanocubes and demonstrated the operation and regulation for its configuration. We demonstrate the operation of reconfigurable RNA nanocubes whose shapes change precisely and reversibly in response to a specific trigger strand. The shape, size, and conformation can be regulated precisely and reversibly in response to the specific triggering signals. The shape and conformational conversion were observed by cryo-EM and gel electrophoresis, respectively. Harnessing the size, shape, conformation, and self-assembly capabilities of the RNA nanocube can provide a new potential use of this technology as nanocarriers for the treatment of various diseases.
Cytoplasmic long noncoding RNAs are differentially regulated and translated during human neuronal differentiation
Authors: Douka Katerina , Birds Isabel , Wang Dapeng , Kosteletos Andreas , Clayton Sophie , Byford Abigail , Vasconcelos Elton J.R. , O'Connell Mary J. , Deuchars Jim , Whitehouse Adrian , Aspden Julie L.
Published: June 2021

The expression of long noncoding RNAs is highly enriched in the human nervous system. However, the function of neuronal lncRNAs in the cytoplasm and their potential translation remains poorly understood. Here we performed Poly-Ribo-Seq to understand the interaction of lncRNAs with the translation machinery and the functional consequences during neuronal differentiation of human SH-SY5Y cells. We discovered 237 cytoplasmic lncRNAs up-regulated during early neuronal differentiation, 58%–70% of which are associated with polysome translation complexes. Among these polysome-associated lncRNAs, we find 45 small ORFs to be actively translated, 17 specifically upon differentiation. Fifteen of 45 of the translated lncRNA-smORFs exhibit sequence conservation withinHominidea, suggesting they are under strong selective constraint in this clade. The profiling of publicly available data sets revealed that 8/45 of the translated lncRNAs are dynamically expressed during human brain development, and 22/45 are associated with cancers of the central nervous system. One translated lncRNA we discovered isLINC01116, which is induced upon differentiation and contains an 87 codon smORF exhibiting increased ribosome profiling signal upon differentiation. The resulting LINC01116 peptide localizes to neurites. Knockdown ofLINC01116results in a significant reduction of neurite length in differentiated cells, indicating it contributes to neuronal differentiation. Our findings indicate cytoplasmic lncRNAs interact with translation complexes, are a noncanonical source of novel peptides, and contribute to neuronal function and disease. Specifically, we demonstrate a novel functional role forLINC01116during human neuronal differentiation.
The Impact of Emotions on Our Rational Economic Decisions
Authors: Cevizli İbrahim , Bilen Mahmut
Published: June 2021

There are many factors that affect the attitudes and behaviors of human beings, which have a very complex structure. However, mainstream economic theories have ignored other characteristics, including the role of emotions, by assuming that human beings are “rational” in the economic decision-making process. Although this assumption is actually controversial, it still maintains its strong established position in economic theories. In the study, the history of economic rationality and the objections developed against the rational individual were examined, and whether emotions affect the economic decision-making process was analyzed with a hypothetical experimental study, first based on observation, and then subjected to the Mann Whitney U test. According to the findings, it was determined that people are also affected by their feelings that they do not act solely on the assumption of rationality in the economic decision-making process. This finding is presented both as a unique contribution to the economics literature and as an option to be evaluated for economic policy makers.
Mental Health Determinants in Turkey: Investigating an Extensive List of Variables
Authors: Tirgil Abdullah , Hızıroğlu Aygün Aygün
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışma ruh sağlığı belirleyicilerini; sosyodemografik faktörleri, bireylerin sağlık ve yaşam tarzı seçimlerini,ev ve çevresel faktörleri, sosyal sermayeyi ve çalışma ortamını da işin içerisine katarak geniş bir perspektifle elealmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, lineer regresyon modelleri kullanılarak ruh sağlığıyla ilişkili faktörler yetişkin bireyleriçin incelenmektedir. Bunun için Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından yapılan, 2008-2012 yılları arasını kapsayanve bütün Türkiye için temsil gücü bulunan Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması anketi verileri temel alınmıştır. Bulgularımızagöre, erkeklerin kadınlara kıyasla ruh sağlığı bakımından daha yüksek skora sahip oldukları ortaya çıkmaktadır.Çevredeki ses ve gürültü, ev veya çevredeki şiddet ve suçların özellikle kadınlarda düşük ruh sağlığı skoruyla ilişkiliolduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun yanında iş sahibi olmanın sadece erkeklerin ruh sağlığını olumlu etkilediği görülmüştür. Diğer önemli bir sonuç ise, hane halkı gelirinin, kişinin sağlığı ve çevresinde güvenebileceği insanlarınolması gibi parasal olmayan faktörlere nazaran ruh sağlığını çok az ölçüde etkilediğinin gözlemlenmesidir. Ayrıcaişyerinde maruz kalınan ayrımcılık ve kaba davranışların her iki cinsiyetin ruh sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilediğigözlemlenmiştir. Araştırmamızdan çıkan sonuçlar başkalarına güven, sağlık, evde, iş yerinde ve çevrede huzurlubir ortamın oluşturulması gibi maddi olmayan değerlerin kişilerin hayatında fark yaratacağı sonucuna işaret eder.
Discussion of Azerbaycanism Idealism in Resulzade’s Thought in the context of Small Nation Model
Authors: Valiyev Orkhan
Published: June 2021

Nationalism emerged at the end of the eighteenth century as a doctrine which rendered a decisive influence on the maturation of modern order, modern politics and state-governance. Hence, nationalism can be used to explain the process of nation-building of sovereign nations. Because nationalism explains the transformation of an existing state. In contrast, Miroslav Hroch uses the term national movement instead of nationalism to explain the nation-building processes of small nations. In this study, the last phase of the nation-building process in Tsaristruled Azerbaijan is going to be discussed by using Hroch’s A, B, C model of oppressed nations. In this context, I am going to discuss Mehmet Emin Resulzade’s national ideal (mefkure) and his debate of Azerbaijanism. Resulzadeh, has provided to contain political demand for the purpose of independence within the framework of the national ideal of the national movement. For this reason, Resulzadeh’s thought and nationalism have been shaped as Azerbaijan centred. This study argues that the process of nationalism can only be explained by Horch’s A, B, C model, considering the fact that Tsarist-ruled Azerbaijan had no state or national existence before the respective national movement which took place under the Tsarist rule.
Alevi Identity Demands: The Legal and Perceptual Dimensions of the Struggle for Recognition
Authors: Köse Talha , Tuğsuz Nigar
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışma, Alevi toplumunun kimlik ve inanç temelli taleplerini Alevi kanaat önderlerinin ifadeleri ile ortaya koymaktadır. Cemevlerinin hukuki statüsü, zorunlu din eğitimi ve Alevi dedelerinin durumu gibi konular, Alevi toplumunun üzerinde mutabık kaldıkları temel beklentilerdir. Bu çalışmada bütün bu beklentilerin, özünde bir varoluş mücadelesi ve asimilasyona dair kaygılar eşliğinde, yasal ve algısal boyutları olan bir tanınma mücadelesine dönüştüğü görülmektedir. Alevi toplumunun ayrımcılığa uğradığına dair eleştiriler ve ayrımcılığın giderilmesine dair somut beklentiler, diğer bütün somut taleplerle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Son 10 yılda siyasi iktidarla yaşanan güveninşası konusundaki aksaklıklar, talepler konusundaki beklentilerin karşılanamamasına ve sözü edilen asimilasyon kaygılarının artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, Türkiye’nin dört şehrinde, Alevi kanaat önderleri olan dedelerin ve Alevi kurumlarının temsilcilerinin katılımıyla gerçekleşen dört büyük çalıştaydan elde edilen verilere dayanmaktadır. Alevi kanaat önderlerinin konu ile ilgili yaklaşımlarına bakıldığında, taleplerin kalıcı olarak karşılanmasının ve kaygılarının giderilmesinin tek yolunun, yasal ve algısal boyutları hesaba katacak bütüncül bir perspektif ve politikalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Determinants of Political Content Sharing on Social Media: Impulsiveness, Social Recognition, Risk-taking, and Collective Opinion
Authors: Yelpaze İsmail
Published: June 2021

This paper examined what role impulsiveness and perceived social recognition played in the way young adults shared political content on social media. Th e study also looked into the mediating role of risk-taking and collective opinion in the relationship between these variables. Th e sample consisted of 554 university students (357 women and 193 men) from six faculties of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Th e study adopted a predictive correlational design. Data were collected using valid and reliable scales. Th e results showed that participants with high impulsiveness and perceived social recognition were more likely to share political content on social media. Risk-taking was a partial mediator between perceived social recognition and political content sharing, while it was a full mediator between impulsiveness and political sharing. Collective opinion was a partial mediator between perceived social recognition and political content sharing on social media. The results indicate that young adults with high impulsiveness are more likely to share political content on social media because they can take more risks. Moreover, young adults who care about social recognition are more likely to share political content on social media because they can take more risks and care more about collective opinion.
Modeling the impact of early interventions on the transmission dynamics of coronavirus infection
Authors: Bornaa Christopher Saaha , Seidu Baba , Seini Yakubu Ibrahim
Published: June 2021

A deterministic model is proposed to describe the transmission dynamics of coronavirus infection with early interventions. Epidemiological studies have employed modeling to unravel knowledge that transformed the lives of families, communities, nations and the entire globe. The study established the stability of both disease free and endemic equilibria. Stability occurs when the reproduction number, R0, is less than unity for both disease free and endemic equilibrium points. The global stability of the disease-free equilibrium point of the model is established whenever the basic reproduction number R0 is less than or equal to unity. The reproduction number is also shown to be directly related to the transmission probability (β), rate at which latently infected individuals join the infected class (δ) and rate of recruitment (Λ). It is inversely related to natural death rate (μ), rate of early treatment (τ1), rate of hospitalization of infected individuals (θ) and Covid-induced death rate (σ). The analytical results established are confirmed by numerical simulation of the model.
Space weather: risk factors for Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Authors: Demyanov Vladislav , Yasyukevich Yury
Published: June 2021

Extreme space weather events affect the stability and quality of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) of the second generation (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou/Compass) and GNSS augmentation. We review the theory about mechanisms behind the impact of geomagnetic storms, ionospheric irregularities, and powerful solar radio bursts on the GNSS user segment. We also summarize experimental observations of the space weather effects on GNSS performance in 2000–2020 to confirm the theory. We analyze the probability of failures in measurements of radio navigation parameters, decrease in positioning accuracy of GNSS users in dual-frequency mode and differential navigation mode (RTK), and in precise point positioning (PPP). Additionally, the review includes data on the occurrence of dangerous and extreme space weather phenomena and the possibility for predicting their im- pact on the GNSS user segment. The main conclusions of the review are as follows: 1) the positioning error in GNSS users may increase up to 10 times in various modes during extreme space weather events, as compared to the background level; 2) GNSS space and ground segments have been significantly modernized over the past decade, thus allowing a substantial in- crease in noise resistance of GNSS under powerful solar radio burst impacts; 3) there is a great possibility for increasing the tracking stability and accuracy of radio navigation parameters by introducing algorithms for adaptive lock loop tuning, taking into account the influence of space weather events; 4) at present, the urgent scientific and technical problem of modernizing GNSS by improving the scientific methodology, hardware and software for monitoring the system integrity and monitoring the availability of required navigation parameters, taking into account the impact of extreme space weather events, is still unresolved.
Behavior of electron density in the ionosphere over Norilsk during the period of declining solar activity
Authors: Yakovleva Olga , Kushnarenko Galina , Kuznetsova Galina
Published: June 2021

We report the results of approximation of electron density Ne array obtained with a digisonde at the high-latitude station Norilsk (69.40° N, 88.10° E) during years of declining solar activity (2003–2006). The calculations are made using the author's semi-empirical model with new coefficients calculated specifically for the station Norilsk. We obtain altitudinal changes of annual variations in daily Ne at heights of the ionospheric layer F1 (120–200 km). Approximation of experimental data describes Ne quite satisfactorily at these heights. Nevertheless, there are periods with quite pronounced deviations of model values from the experiment. The presence of significant geomagnetic disturbances during these periods is probably one of the reasons for such deviations.
Shakespeare’s Statuary Women and the Indoor Theatre’s Discovery Space
Authors: O'Gorman Myles , Lander Johnson Bonnie
Published: June 2021

This article places three scenes by Shakespeare within a specific architectural history. It reads the statuary female bodies of Desdemona, Hermione, and Imogen as revered and desecrated objects within the niched spaces of the indoor theatre’s discovery space.
Editorial
Authors: Gough Melinda J. , Kelly Erin E. , Johnson Sarah E.
Published: June 2021

This Editorial summarizes changes to the journal's practices and policies in connection with equity-focused, antiracist conversations prompted in part by the RaceB4Race executive board’s June 2020 open letter calling for structural changes in scholarly publishing within medieval and early modern studies. It also announces the journal's 2021 essay prize winners.
LA APLICACIÓN DE LAS NORMAS DE COORDINACIÓN A LAS PRESTACIONES DE PREJUBILACIÓN.
Authors: del Valle de Joz Juan Ignacio
Published: June 2021

El crecimiento del desempleo y de las exigencias de modernización de las empresas han convertido a los trabajadores de mayor edad en un grupo especialmente necesitado, cuya protección ha devenido en un riesgo estructural para cualquier sistema de relaciones laborales y de Seguridad Social. El presente artículo analiza la proyección de esta nueva contingencia sobre las normas comunitarias de coordinación de legislaciones de Seguridad Social. En primer lugar, se analizan las limitaciones y lagunas del Reglamento 1408/71 respecto a las prestaciones de prejubilación, para más tarde examinar las novedades que incorpora el Reglamento 883/2004 y los efectos de su entrada en vigor para los trabajadores titulares en España de dichas prestaciones.
EL CONTRATO PARA LA FORMACIÓN DUAL UNIVERSITARIA: UNA PRIMERA APROXIMACIÓN A LA ESPERA DE SU IMPRESCINDIBLE DESARROLLO REGLAMENTARIO.
Authors: Moreno Gené Josep
Published: June 2021

La puesta en práctica del modelo de formación dual universitaria plantea importantes incógnitas en relación con la manera de organizar la parte de la formación universitaria que se desarrolla en las entidades colaboradoras, puesto que se suscitan enormes dudas a la hora de seleccionar la concreta modalidad contractual a través de la cual deben contratarse a estos estudiantes por parte de las mismas, así como sobre el íntegro régimen jurídico aplicable a dicha contratación, especialmente, en materia retributiva. En este contexto, se ha introducido una nueva modalidad de contrato formativo, denominada contrato para la formación dual universitaria, con la que se pretende establecer un mecanismo de contratación idóneo para este modelo de formación universitaria. En este estudio se pretende analizar, precisamente, aquellos elementos del régimen jurídico del contrato para la formación dual universitaria que vienen regulados de un modo expreso por la ley, pero también, efectuar una previsión de por dónde puede ir el previsto desarrollo reglamentario de algunos de los elementos fundamentales del régimen jurídico de esta modalidad contractual.
INDEMNIZACIÓN Y TRABAJADOR EN EXCEDENCIA AFECTADO EN EXPEDIENTE DE REGULACIÓN DE EMPLEO.
Authors: Poquet Catala Raquel
Published: June 2021

En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de los derechos del trabajador en excedencia voluntaria que se encuentra afectado en un expediente de regulación de empleo, concretamente, del derecho a recibir la correspondiente indemnización por despido colectivo o no. La doctrina judicial y jurisprudencial ha negado que el trabajador excedente incurso en un expediente de regulación de empleo tenga derecho a la misma. No obstante, ello va unido a la posición que se tenga sobre la naturaleza jurídica de la excedencia voluntaria, aspecto debatido entre la doctrina, tanto científica como judicial. En este sentido, una línea doctrinal ha considerado que la excedencia voluntaria tiene un carácter extintivo, mientras que otra una naturaleza suspensiva y otra estima que es un tertium genus.
Estrategias del iter procesal civil en un supuesto de Derecho de Familia: conducción artificial y humana.
Authors: Flores Martín Jackeline
Published: June 2021

El estudio expone una comparativa sobre el tratamiento procesal que puede recibir un asunto de Derecho de Familia, desde el punto de vista del profesional de la abogacía, bien como profesional humano, bien como inteligencia artificial. El supuesto concreto ha sido extraído de la praxis forense real de un despacho de abogados. El planteamiento se enfoca a la resolución de la conducción del proceso civil desde sus inicios hasta su finalización en la vía judicial. El supuesto de hecho aborda la problemática de la decisión de las medidas a acordar en unas relaciones paterno-filiales especialmente conflictivas y con varios factores problemáticos. El análisis trata de confrontar las respuestas dadas por el jurista, desde un marco subjetivo inherente a su cualidad de persona, frente al de una inteligencia artificial, desde su contexto puramente objetivo. El Código Civil y la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil constituyen la regulación legal que sirve de base para las distintas interpretaciones.
Breves notas sobre el régimen de responsabilidad civil derivado de los sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial: especial referencia al algoritmo de recomendaciones de Netflix.
Authors: Platero Alcón Alejandro
Published: June 2021

En el presente trabajo se analizarán los postulados existentes en la Unión Europea en relación con el régimen de responsabilidad civil derivado de posibles daños producidos por sistemas de inteligencia artificial. Además, se analizará el sistema de recomendaciones de títulos utilizado por Netflix, sistema que será catalogado como de bajo riesgo, exponiendo también, las posibles consecuencias civiles derivadas del acceso a los datos personales del usuario de la citada plataforma.
Derechos humanos, ética y transparencia algorítmica.
Authors: Téllez Carvajal Evelyn
Published: June 2021

Hoy en día el uso de algoritmos que resuelven o predicen problemáticas en el entorno digital hacen uso de información de los individuos quienes con sus datos nutren las bases que a su vez son el insumo de los análisis de los grandes cúmulos de datos. Sin embargo, es necesario reconsiderar si la información que se recolecta es adecuadamente recogida y protegida. ¿Qué tanto conoce un diseñador de algoritmos sobre la protección de datos personales y del adecuado manejo de los mismos?, ¿cuáles son los límites en el entrenamiento de los algoritmos?, ¿cuáles deberían ser los principios que rigen el diseño de los algoritmos base de la Inteligencia Artificial? La presente contribución busca entender lo que es la ética y la transparencia algorítmica así como la importancia de comprender el manejo de la información que atañe a los individuos cuando se trata del tema de Inteligencia Artificial.
La inclusión del feminismo en la agenda setting durante las dictaduras españolas y portuguesas.
Authors: Etura Dunia , Cerqueira Carla
Published: June 2021

Movimientos como el #Me Too, Time´s up o el 8M, han sido determinantes para situar el feminismo en la agenda mediática internacional en los últimos años. Sin embargo, como se muestra en este artículo, el inicio de la inclusión del feminismo y de un cambio social estructural en los medios de comunicación españoles y portugueses se encuentra en los últimos años de las dictaduras de ambos países, cuando algunas profesionales relevantes como Carmen Sarmiento y María Antónia Palla comienzan a incluir un enfoque feminista en los contenidos que realizan con el fin de trasladar a la ciudadanía un nuevo modelo de mujer basado en la independencia y la igualdad. Este artículo parte del ejemplo concreto de estas dos mujeres periodistas, a través del análisis de entrevistas y sus producciones periodísticas, para evaluar la importancia de las minorías activas en determinados ámbitos profesionales, y cómo lograron poner a las mujeres en la agenda informativa
Unfair dismissal?
Authors: Buxton Sarah
Published: June 2021

Sarah Buxton considers how a fear of Covid-19 is viewed by employment tribunals
A rewarding experience
Authors: Thomas Wayne
Published: June 2021

Wayne Thomas shares his journey to becoming an associate examiner for NEBDN
The Reliability and Validity Study of the Scale Measuring High School Students’ Attitude Towards Biology: Using Factor Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Shahzad , Sultana Naveed , Jamil Sadia
Published: June 2021

This study focused on the statistical technique using factor analysis to validate the scale measuring high school students’ attitudes towards Biology. The study sample consisted of 500 students (male=220, female =280) from public and private institutions offering high school education with Biology as an elective subject, in Islamabad. As part of this study, the scale developed by (Ahmad and Jamil, 2019) for the attitude of students towards biology was adopted. Research has shown that attitude and achievement are interrelated. Previously, research studies used exploratory factor analysis to analyze the validity of the scale construction. The present study used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to fill the gap in the literature because, after exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis is required to test whether the models estimate the intended theoretical constructs. Following the procedure of factor analysis, six factors of the Biology Attitude Scale (BAS) were identified. The findings of the study show that the scale had a multidimensional construct. Further, the internal consistency reliability analysis was performed. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.86 which shows high internal consistency. It is recommended that BAS is a reliable and valid measurement tool that can be used to determine the attitude of secondary students towards Biology.
Anterior cervical osteophytes causing dysphagia and dyspnoea
Authors: Barker T , Gill D , Khatun F , Lutchman L
Published: June 2021

A 75-year-old man presents to his general practitioner (GP) with dyspnoea, and dysphagia to liquids and solids, with regurgitation causing recurrent episodes of dyspnoea. He had a background of osteoarthritis, was an ex heavy smoker and had undergone coronary artery bypass graft five years previously. After several emergency admissions, initial investigation by the GP, and referral to ear, nose and throat specialists with no cause for dysphagia found, he underwent computed tomography imaging of the neck and thorax which demonstrated large cervical osteophytes at the level of C3–C4. He was referred to spinal orthopaedics and after multidisciplinary team discussion the cervical osteophytes were removed via an anterior approach, resulting in complete resolution of his symptoms.
Outcomes of primary and recurrent inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh in a single region over 15 years
Authors: Smith L , Magowan D , Singh R , Stephenson BM
Published: June 2021

Background

Sutured inguinal hernia repairs are now uncommon, with evidence suggesting that those augmented with mesh are associated with a lower recurrence rate. We aimed to explore the suggestion that the established use of mesh does indeed lower the rate of operation for recurrence in a single National Health Service region.

Method

We collected retrospective Office of Population Censuses and Surveys coded data across one region of all primary and recurrent inguinal hernia repairs over 15 years (2004–2019). Electronic records of recurrent repairs were scrutinised to identify year and type of previous primary repair.

Results

In total, 7,234 repairs were performed during this time, of which 289 (4%) were for symptomatic recurrence. Operations for primary repair increased year on year (111 in 2004 to 402 in 2019). Frequency of operation for recurrent herniation declined with increasing use of mesh (8.8% in 2004 to 3.5% in 2019). The majority of repairs (73%) for recurrence were by an open approach. As opposed to an open mesh repair, a primary laparoscopic repair was associated with an earlier recurrence.

Conclusions

Inguinal hernia repairs are increasing in frequency but operations for later symptomatic recurrence following an open primary prosthetic mesh repair are not.
Assessing the performance and learning curve of orthopaedic surgical trainees in primary total hip arthroplasty
Authors: McCulloch RA , Howgate D , Gibbs VN , Palmer AJR , Taylor AH , Kendrick BJL
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The aims of this study were threefold: first, to review the surgical performance of trainees in our departments by reviewing postoperative radiographs and operative times; second, to investigate the effect of supervision and assistant grade on postoperative radiographs and operative times; and third, to monitor trainees over a 6-month period looking for changes in postoperative radiograph appearances and operative times to assess whether these parameters reflect a trainee’s learning curve.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation of a continuous series of primary hip arthroplasty procedures performed by 12 trainee orthopaedic surgeons (StR) during their arthroplasty rotation. In total, 348 primary total hip replacement (pTHR) operations were performed by StRs. Operative time, acetabular cup inclination, radiological leg length discrepancy (rLLD), femoral stem alignment (FSA) and the Barrack score for cementation were evaluated. The mean number of pTHRs performed per 6-month placement was 29 (range 15–51). Operative times were available for 292 cases and all postoperative imaging was evaluated.

Results

The mean operative time for StRs as first-surgeon was 84.3 minutes (range 42–174 minutes). Significant differences in operative times were observed between individual StRs. As a cohort, the operative times were not affected by the level of supervision but were significantly slower when StRs were assisted by other StRs. Significant differences in rLLD, FSA and Barrack score for cementation were observed across the cohort of StRs, although this did not change at a group or individual level between the first and second halves of the 6-month placement.

Conclusions

Used in isolation, postoperative radiographs and operative time are not an effective measure of the learning curve in primary hip arthroplasty, however, they may be a useful adjunct in assessing the performance of orthopaedic trainees when learning primary hip arthroplasty.
Atypical facial presentation of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
Authors: Edafe O , Stenton S , Cohen MC , Beasley N , Carr S
Published: June 2021

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) is a rare self-limiting panniculitis. It is thought to be associated with perinatal hypoxia and therapeutic hypothermia. It is characterised by firm subcutaneous nodules on the back, shoulder and arms. We present a rare facial presentation of SCFN in a 4-week-old infant with no history of therapeutic cooling. She presented with a discrete right cheek mass with no overlying skin changes. We present the diagnostic challenge and undertake a review of the literature. SCFN is an important differential diagnosis in a neonate with subcutaneous facial lesions. SCFN can be complicated by metabolic derangements including hypercalcaemia.
Devices for illuminating defended subjectivities in complex qualitative case interpretation: an example from recent BNIM practice
Authors: Flynn Susan , Wengraf Tom
Published: June 2021

For a long time now, fairly central to what has emerged as ‘psychosocial studies’ has been the notion of psychosocietal ‘defendedness’. This is the psychoanalytic notion that people (not excluding social science researchers) must be understood in general as being ‘defended subjectivities’. This immediately raises the question of the ‘defended researcher’ being sensitive to – and having procedures for detecting and interpreting the working of – such ‘defensiveness’ in the interactions of their subjects and themselves. Biography-based research raises these issues particularly strongly. One such method, known as the ‘biographical narrative interpretative method’ (BNIM) of interviewing and case interpretation, has been used in the anglophone world for more than 20 years. While BNIM prescribes an audit trail for its interpretative practices, it is rare to discover a fully audited sequence of components, and rarer still to have access to illuminating free-associative fieldnotes that catalogue the researcher’s evolving subjectivity. This article discusses defendedness in a case interpretation within a BNIM-using PhD. We conclude that, to defeat the defensiveness of both researcher and peer-auditor (the co-authors of this article), several BNIM techniques need to be used systematically and that, in particular, a ‘private and confidential’ independent peer audit is valuable under certain conditions, and should be provided for in any research proposal. Through peer audit, the researcher can be (usually uncomfortably) sensitised to new possibilities about their otherwise inadequately understood defended processes and conclusions.
Using knowledge brokering to produce community-generated evidence
Authors: Harris Janet , Springett Jane , Mathews Debbie , Weston Guy , Foster Alexis
Published: June 2021

Background:

Devolution and integration of health and social care have placed increasing pressure on local statutory services, with a corresponding shift of health and social care to community organisations. The voluntary and charitable sector (VCS) is expected to make the case for increased funding by providing evidence of value and impact.

Aims and objectives:

This paper explores the challenges of compiling evidence on health outcomes which do not reflect the holistic nature of VCS support. We document how knowledge brokering can be used to enable the VCS to generate evidence.

Key conclusions:

Knowledge brokering (KB) may be an effective approach for developing community-generated evidence. Brokering is also needed to change perspectives on what counts as good evidence
Public-academic partnerships to foster use of research evidence in improving youth outcomes: findings from document analysis
Authors: Page Amy P. , Olubiyi Oluwatoyin B. , Wong Yin-Ling Irene , Kang-Yi Christina D.
Published: June 2021

Background:

Although public-academic partnerships (PAPs) to improve the health and well-being of vulnerable populations have proliferated in public care for youth, existing literature lacks information about whether PAPs lead to public care agency leaders’ use of research evidence and promote youth mental health and well-being.

Aims and objectives:

The document analysis was conducted to understand PAP contexts and mechanisms leading to public care agency leaders’ use of research evidence. This paper introduces US public mental health and child welfare systems, shares strategies of identifying PAPs, obtaining and conducting systematic document review of PAPs, and documents analysis findings.

Methods:

This project conducted document analysis of US PAPs aiming to improve mental health and promote well-being of youth aged 12–25 years.

Findings:

The 23 PAPs analysed had diverse partnership goals including implementation and dissemination of research/evaluation evidence, information sharing, and prioritising and streamlining research priorities. PAPs sustained longer than 10 years had more focused goals of programme and policy evaluations and professional training, while PAPs 10 years or newer were engaged in more diverse goals. The majority of PAPs used journal articles, presentations, and multimedia as dissemination strategies of findings. Fewer than half of the PAPs reported on use of PAP-generated evidence in subsequent decision making by public care agency leaders.

Discussion and conclusions:

Further research should examine which mechanisms link partnership contexts, PAP leaders’ research evidence use, and youth outcomes improvement. Future research should also examine PAPs by detailed stages of development and ask PAP leaders directly about their evidence use.
Thatcher’s ‘Right to Buy’ reform at 40: a policy feedback analysis of UK social housing policies
Authors: Naqvi Sanya , Béland Daniel , Waddan Alex
Published: June 2021

Focusing on policy feedback, this article examines the influence, four decades after its enactment, of Margaret Thatcher’s 1980 ‘Right to Buy’ (RtB) policy on today’s social housing institutions in the UK. We argue that through interest-group feedback mechanisms, RtB helped expand and reinforce the UK landlord class. Furthermore, we assert that the policy pressures placed on local councils to embody housing within the welfare state contributed to a path-dependent, privatisation feedback mechanism. More generally, an analysis of the UK case is important as it could help us think about housing privatisation in terms of policy feedback and long-term historical legacies.
Dynamic mode decomposition based predictive model performance on supersonic and transonic aero-optical wavefront measurements
Authors: Shaffer Benjamin D. , McDaniel Austin J. , Wilcox Christopher C. , Ahn Edwin S.
Published: June 2021

Air density variations around an airborne directed energy system distort a beam’s wavefront, resulting in degraded performance after propagation into the far field. Adaptive optics (AO) can be used to correct for these rapidly evolving aero-optical aberrations; however, in some conditions, the inherent latency between measurement and correction in state-of-the-art AO systems results in significantly reduced performance. Predictive AO control methods utilize future state predictions to compensate for rapidly evolving distortions and are promising techniques for mitigating this limitation. This paper demonstrates an application of the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method on turbulent boundary layer wavefront data from supersonic and transonic wind tunnel flow from the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Aero-Effects Laboratory. DMD is a lightweight algorithm used to isolate spatiotemporal patterns in a dataset into physically meaningful modes with associated dynamics, which were used to predict future states from a given wavefront. This method showed notable improvements in simulated wavefront correction, providing a reduction of residual wavefront distortion, measured as root mean square over the aperture, by up to 25.4% over a simulated latency model, which could accordingly result in higher laser system performance.
Anamorphic objective design for extreme ultraviolet lithography at the 5∼1  nm technology node
Authors: Liu Mo , Li Yanqiu
Published: June 2021

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) has been applied in integrated circuit manufacture at the 9–7 nm technology node, in which the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective is 0.33, and the reduction of the objective is 4 along both the

x

and

y

direction. The high

N
A

(
≥

0.55

)

objective with anamorphic magnification of 8 and 4 reduction ratios in the scanning direction along the

y

axis (My8) and

x

axis (Mx4), respectively, was proposed at

5

∼

1

n
m

technology node. In optical theory, a high NA objective corresponds to high resolution of a lithography image. However, high NA objective, large exposure field of view (

26

m
m

×

1.5

∼

2

m
m

), and strict lithography performance are severely restricted or conflict with each other, which makes the optical design too difficult to realize. A new, to the best of our knowledge, design of an anamorphic objective with a free-form surface is implemented in this paper. The design method with manufacturability potential and a high optimization degree of freedom is established. By this design method, the number of terms of

x

−

y

free-form surface shape coefficients can be controlled well, the aberration compensation can be improved significantly, and the optimization degree of freedom and manufacturability is optimized. The objective lens design meets the requirements of imaging performance for NA 0.55 EUV lithography.
Estimation of core body temperature by near-infrared imaging of vein diameter change in the dorsal hand
Authors: Shourav Mohiuddin Khan , Salsabila Syifa , Lee Joo-Young , Kim Jung Kyung
Published: June 2021

Core body temperature (Tcore) is a key indicator of personal thermal comfort and serves as a monitor of thermal strain. Multi-parametric sensors are not practical for estimating core temperature because they require long data collection times and a wide variety of settings. This study introduces dorsal hand vein dynamics as a novel indicator along with heart rate (HR) and dorsal hand skin temperature (Thand) for predicting Tcore during rest following Tcore elevation. Twelve healthy males aged 27 ± 9 years old participated in the experiment. The experimental procedure consisted of a 10-min rest followed by 60 min of passive heat stress induced by leg immersion in hot water at 42°C and a 40-min thermal relaxation period after the legs were removed from the water. A near-infrared (NIR) imaging system was configured to monitor the dorsal hand veins during the entire experimental session. The values of HR, Thand, and Tcore were continuously monitored while the ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) were maintained in a climate chamber at 20°C and 50%, respectively. Our selected predictor parameters demonstrated similar patterns in the Tcore such that the value increased as a result of passive heat stress and decreased in the thermal relaxation phase. The experimental data were divided into two phases: thermal stress and relaxation. At the resting condition, inclusion of the hand vein diameter (VD) improved the multiple linear regression value (R2) about 26%. At the relaxation phase, however, training regressions R2 = 0.68 and R2 = 0.94 were observed in the regression model with and without considering VD, respectively. The test regression value of R2 = 0.88 and the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.18°C showed good agreement with the predicted values. These findings demonstrate acceptable validity of the non-invasive Tcore estimation at the resting condition. In particular, the inclusion of VD as a predictor in the regression analysis increases the prediction accuracy with a lower RMSE value.
Fast thermo-optical modulators with doped-silicon heaters operating at 2 μm
Authors: Zhong Chuyu , Ma Hui , Sun Chunlei , Wei Maoliang , Ye Yuting , Tang Bo , Zhang Peng , Liu Ruonan , Li Junying , Li Lan , Lin Hongtao
Published: June 2021

The 2-μm-waveband has been recognized as a potential telecommunication window for next-generation low-loss, low-latency optical communication. Thermo-optic (TO) modulators and switches, which are essential building blocks in a large-scale integrated photonic circuit, and their performances directly affect the energy consumption and reconfiguration time of an on-chip photonic system. Previous TO modulation based on metallic heaters at 2-μm-waveband suffer from slow response time and high power consumption. In this paper, high-performance thermo-optical Mach–Zehnder interferometer and ring resonator modulators operating at 2-μm-waveband were demonstrated. By embedding a doped silicon (p++-p-p++) junction into the waveguide, our devices reached a record modulation efficiency of 0.17 nm/mW for Mach–Zehnder interferometer based modulator and its rise/fall time was 3.49 μs/3.46 μs which has been the fastest response time reported in a 2-μm-waveband TO devices so far. And a lowest Pπ power of 3.33 mW among reported 2-μm TO devices was achieved for a ring resonator-based modulator.
Two-dimensional complex wavelet with directional selectivity used in fringe projection profilometry
Authors: Han Mengqi , Chen Wenjing
Published: June 2021

The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) has been used in fringe projection profilometry (FPP) to recover a three-dimensional surface from a single-frame fringe. This Letter constructs a two-dimensional (2D) continuous complex wavelet employing a 2D real Mexican hat wavelet function, combined with the single-orthant analytical 2D Hilbert transform. The 2D complex wavelet has an asymmetric frequency envelope in the radial direction and the ability of direction selectivity, which results in better matching between the local fringe and daughter wavelets. We provide a complex wavelet construction model, present a theoretical analysis, and conduct experimental validation. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides high phase accuracy in the single-frame FPP method.
Hybrid vanadium dioxide-liquid crystal tunable non-reciprocal scattering metamaterial smart window for visible and infrared radiation control
Authors: Madhuri P. Lakshmi , Bhupathi Saranya , Shuddhodana S. , Judeh Zaher M. A. , Yang Sheng-Hsiung , Long Yi , Abdulhalim Ibrahim
Published: June 2021

Smart windows based on VO2 can control the infrared
radiation entering the building based on the temperature, however, the
visible part of the spectrum is not controlled. Liquid crystal (LC)
based privacy windows, on the other hand, control the visibility
either with temperature or applied voltage, however, the total
transparency remains fixed as the scattering is mainly in the forward
direction. To be able to control both the visibility and the
temperature in the house, here we combine both layers in which the LC
layer is made of a composite of nanoporous organic microparticles
called Cochleates at small concentrations embedded in the LC matrix,
thus acting as a tunable scattering metamaterial. The
VO2-LC interface has less Fresnel reflectivity and
therefore higher solar modulation is expected in an optimized window.
In addition, being hidden under the LC layer, VO2 will be
protected from oxidation. Electro-optic and thermo-optic properties of
the device are investigated including the response time measurements.
A non-reciprocity effect is observed showing better performance when
the VO2 layer is facing the outside world, in which the
window becomes more transparent from inside than from outside and also
showing higher solar modulation. Response time is 1 ms for the rise
and 10 ms fall time at 70 V. This approach opens up a new possibility
of thermochromic VO2 and LC-based systems to satisfy the
real-life requirements on smart window applications.
An oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptide modulates social foraging behavior in the clonal raider ant
Authors: Fetter-Pruneda Ingrid , Hart Taylor , Ulrich Yuko , Gal Asaf , Oxley Peter R. , Olivos-Cisneros Leonora , Ebert Margaret S. , Kazmi Manija A. , Garrison Jennifer L. , Bargmann Cornelia I. , Kronauer Daniel J. C.
Published: June 2021

Oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptides are highly conserved and play major roles in regulating social behavior across vertebrates. However, whether their insect orthologue, inotocin, regulates the behavior of social groups remains unknown. Here, we show that in the clonal raider ant Ooceraea biroi, individuals that perform tasks outside the nest have higher levels of inotocin in their brains than individuals of the same age that remain inside the nest. We also show that older ants, which spend more time outside the nest, have higher inotocin levels than younger ants. Inotocin thus correlates with the propensity to perform tasks outside the nest. Additionally, increasing inotocin pharmacologically increases the tendency of ants to leave the nest. However, this effect is contingent on age and social context. Pharmacologically treated older ants have a higher propensity to leave the nest only in the presence of larvae, whereas younger ants seem to do so only in the presence of pupae. Our results suggest that inotocin signaling plays an important role in modulating behaviors that correlate with age, such as social foraging, possibly by modulating behavioral response thresholds to specific social cues. Inotocin signaling thereby likely contributes to behavioral individuality and division of labor in ant societies.