bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Hexahydro‐1H‐pyrido[3,2‐c]azepines as Hypotensive Agents of Expected Calcium‐Channel Blocking Activity.
Authors: El‐Sadek Mohamed E. , Aboukull Mansour , El‐Sabbagh Osama I. , Shallal Hassan M.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unsaturated Five‐Membered Selenium—Silicon Containing Heterocycles Based on the Reactions of Selenium Di‐ and Tetrahalides with Diorganyl Diethynyl Silanes.
Authors: Amosova Svetlana V. , Martynov Alexander V. , Mahaeva Natalia A. , Belozerova Olga V. , Penzik Maxim V. , Albanov Alexander I. , Yarosh Oleg G. , Voronkov Mikhail G.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dactylospongiaquinone (I), a New Meroterpenoid from the Australian Marine Sponge Dactylospongia n. sp.
Authors: Jankam Aroon , Somerville Michael J. , Hooper John N. A. , Brecknell Douglas J. , Suksamrarn Apichart , Garson Mary J.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Frondosin C (I) and (.+‐.)‐8‐epi‐Frondosin C via a Tandem Anionic 5‐exo Dig Cyclization—Claisen Rearrangement Sequence.
Authors: Li Xin , Kyne Robert E. , Ovaska Timo V.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Aquaticol by Biomimetic Phenol Dearomatization: Double Diastereofacial Differentiation in the Diels—Alder Dimerization of Orthoquinols with a C2‐Symmetric Transition State.
Authors: Gagnepain Julien , Castet Frederic , Quideau Stephane
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of New Dimeric‐PEG‐Supported Cinchona Ammonium Salts as Chiral Phase Transfer Catalysts for the Alkylation of Schiff Bases with Water as the Solvent.
Authors: Wang Xin , Yin Liang , Yang Ting , Wang Yongmei
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cochinchistemonine, a Novel Skeleton Alkaloid from Stemona cochinchinensis.
Authors: Lin Li‐Gen , Tang Chun‐Ping , Dien Pham‐Huu , Xu Ren‐Sheng , Ye Yang
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the European Society for the Study of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Man
Authors: several authors several authors
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Arid Land Plants and Microorganisms. Part 11. Asperpyrone D and Other Metabolites of the Plant‐Associated Fungal Strain Aspergillus tubingensis.
Authors: Zhan Jixun , Gunaherath G. M. Kamal B. , Wijeratne E. M. Kithsiri , Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Prenylated Isoflavone from Tephrosia tinctoria.
Authors: Reddy B. Anil Kumar , Khalivulla S. Ibrahim , Gunasekar D.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise and Efficient Synthesis of Linear Furocoumarins: Psoralen and 4‐Methylpsoralen.
Authors: Zhang Bang‐Le , Wang Fang‐Dao , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluoride Based Electrode Materials for Advanced Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Amatucci Glenn G. , Pereira Nathalie
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Impacts of Fluorine on the Electrochemical Properties of Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 and Li[Li0.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55] O2
Authors: Amine K. , Chen Zonghai , Kang S.‐H.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benzene‐o‐dithiolate Ligands as Versatile Building Blocks in Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Kreickmann Thorsten , Hahn F. Ekkehardt
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemo‐Differentiating ABB′ Multicomponent Reactions: Privileged Building Blocks
Authors: Tejedor David , Garcia‐Tellado Fernando
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic‐ and Molecule‐Based Magnets
Authors: Miller Joel S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Natural Thiazoles: An Important Class of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: de Souza Marcus
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonylation and Decarbonylation
Authors: Tamaru Yoshinao
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyynes via Alkylidene Carbenes and Carbenoids.
Authors: Eisler Sara , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Heterocycles and Carbocycles by Electrophilic Cyclization of Alkynes.
Authors: Larock Richard C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Halo‐1‐(organochalcogeno)alk‐1‐enes
Authors: Khlebnikov A. F. , Kostikov R. R.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Hayashi Tamio
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Nitrogen‐functionalized 1‐(Organooxy)alk‐1‐enes (Ketene O,N‐acetals)
Authors: Kantlehner W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Development of Reactive Intermediate Chemistry: A Case Study of Singlet Biradicals
Authors: Abe Manabu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Histological asymmetries of primary motor cortex predict handedness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Sherwood Chet C. , Wahl Elizabeth , Erwin Joseph M. , Hof Patrick R. , Hopkins William D.
Published: May 2007

Like humans, chimpanzees display robust and consistent hand preferences during the performance of certain tasks. Although correlations have been demonstrated between gross anatomic measures of primary motor cortex asymmetry and handedness in captive chimpanzees, the relationship between histological architecture and behavioral lateralization has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we examined interhemispheric asymmetry of several different microstructural characteristics of the primary motor cortex in the region of hand representation from 18 chimpanzees tested on a coordinated bimanual task before death. At the population level our data showed leftward bias for higher layer II/III neuron density. Of note, however, there was no population‐level asymmetry in the areal fraction of Nissl‐stained cell bodies, a finding that differs from previous studies of this cortical region in humans. Nonetheless, we found that asymmetry in the density of layer II/III parvalbumin‐immunoreactive interneurons was the best predictor of individual hand preference. These results suggest that histological asymmetries are related to handedness in chimpanzees, while overall patterns of asymmetry at the population level might differ from humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:525–537, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attribution in conversational context: Effect of mutual knowledge on explanation‐giving
Authors: Slugoski Ben R. , Lalljee Mansur , Lamb Roger , Ginsburg Gerald P.
Published: May 2007

Attribution theorists typically have conceived the attribution process in terms of universal laws of cognitive functioning, independent of social interaction. In this paper we argue for the notion, grounded in recent ordinary language philosophy, that any consideration of the form of everyday explanation must take into account its function as an answer to a ‘why’ question within a conversational framework. Experiment 1 provides support for the idea that speakers should identify as causally relevant that necessary condition for the occurrence of an event about which the enquirer is ignorant. Experiment 2 replicates this basic finding and further demonstrates that speakers will change their explanations to enquirers believed to be sharing different knowledge about the same target event. Experiment 2 also assessed the role of individual differences in conversational rule‐following, and found in apparent contrast some previous predictions that high self‐monitoring individuals were no more likely than lows to tailor their explanations to suit the enquirer's knowledge state. If anything, the reverse occurred. Taken together, these experiments support the central contention of the abnormal conditions focus model (Hilton and Slugoski, 1986), that the common sense criterion of causality is that of an ‘abnormal condition’ rather than constant conjunction as instantiated in the ANOVA model of causal attribution (Kelley, 1967, 1973).
Procedural fairness and self‐esteem
Authors: Koper Gerda , Van Knippenberg Daan , Bouhuijs Francien , Vermunt Riel , Wilke Henk
Published: May 2007

We argue that people's self‐esteem is affected by the fairness of procedures to which they are subjected; unfair treatment will lower self‐esteem. Moreover, since this influence on self‐esteem is presumably due to the implicit evaluation expressed by the choice of procedure and hence by the evaluation expressed by the person implementing the procedure, people's concern with the fairness of treatment will be focused on the interactional aspects of the procedure. In two experiments designed to test these hypotheses subjects received either a high or a low grade on an ability test on the basis of either fair or unfair grading procedures. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that subjects' self‐esteem was lower after unfair treatment, and this influence was only apparent when subjects received high test feedback. Additionally, ratings of the fairness of the interaction were lower following unfair grading procedures. Experiment 2 also manipulated level of involvement with the test. Self‐esteem was affected by procedural fairness and procedural fairness influenced perceived fairness of the interaction only in the high involvement condition.
Beliefs about rape and women's social roles: A Turkish replication
Authors: Costin F. , Kaptanoḡlu C.
Published: May 2007

Various researchers on feminist issues have argued that rape against women is supported by beliefs encouraging socioeconomic domination of women and that acceptance of ‘rape myths’ foster those beliefs. If this is true, acceptance of such myths should be correlated with restrictive beliefs about women's social roles. Two previous studies, carried out in England, Israel, United States, and West Germany, confirmed that hypothesis (Costin, 1985; Costin and Schwarz, 1987). The replication of those investigations in Turkey adds further support for the hypothesis.
Mood and the expression of intergroup attitudes: The moderating role of affect intensity
Authors: Haddock Geoffrey , Zanna Mark P , Esses Victoria M.
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the effect of mood on the favourability of intergroup attitudes, and on two important components of intergroup attitudes, namely stereotypes and feelings (i.e. emotional associates) toward social groups. In addition, the individual difference variable of affect intensity (AIM, Larsen and Diener, 1987) was considered as a potential moderating variable. With high AIMs expected to demonstrate more pronounced mood‐judgment effects. After a musical mood induction, subjects completed measures assessing attitudes, stereotypes, and feelings toward French Canadians and Pakistanis. The results revealed that mood influenced attitudes. Stereotypes, and feelings toward the groups, but only for high AIMs. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.
Minority influence: The effects of social status of an inclusive versus exclusive group
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica
Published: May 2007

An experiment investigated the effects of source status (high versus low) and source's attitude towards the target (Inclusive versus éxclusive) on minority influence. It was predicted that an inclusive minority in the high‐status source condition would primarily have a direct impact (compliance), while in the low‐status source condition it would have little direct or indirect influence but would stimulate autonomous cognitive work (divergence) Moreover, exclusive minorities, irrespective of status, would have a mainly indirect impact (conversion) Results appear to confirm the hypotheses with two significant qualifications: First, minority status interacts with subjects' initial attitude, furthering or hindering indirect influence; second, an exclusive minority encourages the production of externally‐generated thoughts, albeit only in low‐status source condition.

The study also provided some information on the relationship between indirect influence and divergence, and between the quantity and the quality of cognitive production.
The ingroup overexclusion effect: Identity concerns in decisions about group membership
Authors: Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Bellour Fanny
Published: May 2007

There are circumstances in which one is reluctant to express a judgment on the basis of the available information. This is for instance the case when the decision may jeopardize the integrity of the group one is a member of. In particular, ingroup members are considered less judgeable than outgroup members. This phenomenon corresponds to the ingroup overexclusion effect (Leyens and Yzerbyt, 1992). An experimental situation was designed in order to rule out an explanation of this phenomenon in terms of confirmation of hypothesis. French‐ or Dutch‐speaking subjects heard recordings of 40 sentences and, depending on the specific wording of the question, decided whether the speakers belonged to the group of French‐speaking (i.e. Walloon) versus Dutch‐speaking (i.e. Flemish) Belgians or not. The 40 sentences enabled to cross three factors with five sentences in each cell: Walloon versus Flemish speakers, French versus Dutch sentences, and short versus long sentences. As predicted, subjects made most errors when ingroup members read short outgroup sentences. Most importantly, the specific wording of the question did not lead to a reversal of the pattern of errors of group identification. Subjects also took longer to make a decision about an ingroup member reading an outgroup sentence than about an outgroup member reading an ingroup sentence. Such a pattern clearly supports a motivational explanation and undermines a confirmation of hypothesis explanation of the ingroup overexclusion effect. Older accounts of ethnic identification phenomena are addressed and it is suggested that identity concerns greatly affect impression formation processes.
A two‐dimensional model of social representations
Authors: Moliner Pascal
Published: May 2007

This paper reports a series of four experiments conducted to gain insight into students' social representations of the firm. The results suggested a possible revision of the central core theory. They showed that the central elements of the representation were treated differently by the subjects. More specifically, the notion of Profit and Hierarchy, both central, did not play the same role in the representation. The subjects were found to grant evaluative power to the notion of Profit but not to the notion of Hierarchy. This differentiation by evaluative potential was also found for two peripheral elements. These differences suggest that independently of their central or peripheral nature, the various elements of a representation can be placed along an evaluative continuum. By combining the evaluative dimension and the central or peripheral dimension of the elements, we obtain a two‐dimensional model of representations which divides discourse and cognition into four fields.
The relation of formal education to ethnic prejudice: Its reliability, validity and explanation
Authors: Wagner Ulrich , Zick Andreas
Published: May 2007

This paper examines three issues concerning the frequently documented negative correlation between formal education and ethnic prejudice, namely its reliability, its validity and the manner in which it is mediated. Reliability is demonstrated across three indices of ethnic attitudes in seven representative samples drawn from four European countries (West Germany, Netherlands, France, Great Britain; total N=3788). The hypothesis that this correlation reflects only the tendency of more highly educated respondents to give more socially desirable answers and not true attitude differences was inconsistent with the finding from the survey data that educational level also correlated negatively with responses to an index of subtle prejudice. Results from an experiment employing the bogus pipeline procedure similarly refute this hypothesis, indicating that significant education‐related differences in expressed prejudice remain under conditions in which the tendency to give socially desirable responses is reduced. Finally, path analysis based on the survey data show that part but not all of the association between low education and ethnic prejudice is mediated by social psychological variables, particularly group relative deprivation, perceived belief incongruency, political conservatism, and acceptance of inter‐ethnic contact.
Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe
Authors: Pettigrew T. F. , Meertens R. W.
Published: May 2007

This paper develops, measures, and tests two types of intergroup prejudice—blatant and subtle. Blatant prejudice is the traditional, often studied form; it is hot, close and direct. Subtle prejudice is the modern form; it is cool, distant and indirect. Using data from seven independent national samples from western Europe, we constructed 10‐item scales in four languages to measure each of these varieties of prejudice. We report the properties, structure and correlates of both scales across the seven samples, and make initial checks on their validity. The cross‐nationally consistent results support the value of the blatant‐subtle distinction as two varieties of prejudice. While they share many correlates, their distinctive differences suggest better specification of these correlates of prejudice. And the blatant‐subtle distinction also aids in more precise specification of the effects of prejudice on attitudes toward immigrants. The paper closes with a normative interpretation of Subtle Prejudice.
Determination of Platinum in Plant Samples by Voltammetric Analysis
Authors: Kolodziej Magdalena , Baranowska Irena , Matyja Anna
Published: May 2007

A voltammetric method using solid electrode of glassy carbon as a working electrode is describes for determination of platinum in grass samples taken from the vicinity of a motorway. Standard addition was used for quantitative analysis of Pt in 0.05 M H2SO4. The analyte concentration in plant tissues reached 19.1±1.6 ng g−1 for leaves of samples collected from the least polluted areas, and up to 136±2 ng g−1 for roots of sample taken from the area of heavy road‐traffic.
A big chapter about small theories: Theory as method: Small theories of treatments
Authors: Leviton Laura C. , Lipsey Mark W.
Published: May 2007

This chapter situates Lipsey's chapter on small theories in the now much‐broader literature on program theory, and highlights key contributions like the focus on relevant constructs and causal attributions.

An overview of the critical issues in theory‐driven applied research is presented.
Making sense of participatory evaluation: Framing participatory evaluation
Authors: King Jean A. , Cousins J. Bradley , Whitmore Elizabeth
Published: May 2007

In this commentary, a longtime admirer of Cousins and Whitmore discusses why their 1998 article on participatory evaluation made an important contribution to the field.

This chapter posits two principal streams of participatory evaluation, practical participatory evaluation and transformative participatory evaluation, and compares them on a set of dimensions relating to control, level, and range of participation. The authors then situate them among other forms of collaborative evaluations.
Use of liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐ion trap mass spectrometry for identification of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in Anoectochilus roxburghii (wall.) Lindl
Authors: Huang Liying , Chen Tianwen , Ye Zhao , Chen Guonan
Published: May 2007

Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are the two important bioactive compounds in Anoectochilus roxburghii (wall) Lindl (A. roxburghii), which has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine. So far, there has been no report to indicate that A. roxburghii contains these two bioactive compounds. It is necessary to develop an effective method to extract and analyze OA and UA in A. roxburghii. In this paper, a quantitative method, consisting of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐ion trap mass spectrometry (LC‐APCI‐IT‐MS) analysis, was developed for identification of OA and UA in A. roxburghii. The extraction was carried out by using CO2 as the supercritical fluid and ethanol as the modifier before LC separation. The mobile phase used for LC separation consisted of acetic acid (1%, v/v), water (15%, v/v) and methanol (84%, v/v), and the elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in APCI(+) mode with selected ion monitoring (SIM) to quantify OA and UA at m/z 439.4. Under optimum conditions, the linear responses of OA and UA were obtained in the concentration range of 0.5–80 (r = 0.9992) and 0.5–50 µg/ml (r = 0.9989) with the detection limits of 0.125 and 0.085 µg/ml, respectively. The proposed method has been used for the identification and quantitation of OA and UA in a real A. roxburghii sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival Outcomes in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Comparing Impact of Hepatitis C Versus Other Etiology of Cirrhosis†
Authors: Bozorgzadeh Adel , Orloff Mark , Abt Peter , Tsoulfas Georgios , Younan Durald , Kashyap Randeep , Jain Ashok , Mantry Parvez , Maliakkal Benedict , Khorana Alok , Schwartz Seymour
Published: May 2007

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise worldwide as the most common primary hepatic malignancy. In the US approximately one half of all HCC is related to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The relationship between the primary disease and HCC recurrence after liver transplantation is unknown. We hypothesized that the primary hepatic disease underlying the development of cirrhosis and HCC would be associated with the risk of recurrent HCC after transplantation. A retrospective review was conducted of all primary liver transplants performed at the University of Rochester Medical Center from May 1995 through June 2004. The pathology reports from the native livers of 727 recipients were examined for the presence of HCC. There were 71 liver transplant recipients with histopathological evidence of HCC. These patients were divided in two groups on the basis of HCV status. Group 1 consisted of 37 patients that were both HCV and HCC positive, and Group 2 consisted of 34 patients that were HCC positive but HCV negative. Patient characteristics were analyzed, as well as number of tumors, tumor size, presence of vascular invasion, lobe involvement, recipient demographics, donor factors, pretransplantation HCC therapy, rejection episodes, and documented HCC recurrence and treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups, with the exception of recipient age and the presence of hepatitis B coinfection. The tumor characteristics of both groups were similar in numbers of tumors, Milan criteria status, vascular invasion, incidental HCC differentiation, and largest tumor size. The HCV positive population had a far lower patient survival rate with patient survival in Group 1 at 1, 3, and 5 years being 81.1%, 57.4%, and 49.3% respectively, compared with 94.1%, 82.8%, and 76.4% in Group 2 (p = 0.049). Tumor-free survival in Group 1 at 1, 3, and 5 years was 70.3%, 43%, and 36.8% respectively, vs. 88.1%, 73%, and 60.8% in Group 2. In a subgroup analysis, tumor-free survival was further examined by stratifying the patients on the basis of Milan criteria. Group 1 patients outside of Milan criteria had a statistically lower tumor-free survival. By contrast, there was no statistical difference in tumor-free survival in Group 2 patients stratified according to Milan criteria. Cox regression analysis identified HCV and vascular invasion as significant independent predictors of tumor-free survival. Our results suggest that Milan selection criteria may be too limiting and lose their predictive power when applied to patients without HCV infection. Liver Transpl 13:807–813, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
MELD is Superior to King's College and Clichy's Criteria to Assess Prognosis in Fulminant Hepatic Failure†
Authors: Yantorno Silvina E. , Kremers Walter K. , Ruf Andrés E. , Trentadue Julio J. , Podestá Luis G. , Villamil Federico G.
Published: May 2007

Assessment of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is essential for the need and appropriate timing of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this study we investigated the prognostic efficacy of King's College criteria, Clichy's criteria, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), and Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) in 120 consecutive patients with FHF. Survival with medical therapy (18%), death without OLT (15%), and receipt of a liver transplant were similar in adults (n = 64) and children (n = 56). MELD scores were significantly higher in patients who died compared to those who survived without OLT, both in adults (38 ± 7 vs. 26 ± 7, P = 0.0003) and children (39 ± 7 vs. 23 ± 6, P = 0.0004). Using logistic regression analysis in this cohort of patients, concordance statistics were significantly higher for MELD (0.95) and PELD (0.99) when compared to King's College (0.74) and Clichy's criteria (0.68). When data was analyzed in a Cox model including patients receiving transplants and censoring the time from admission, the concordance statistic for MELD (0.77) and PELD (0.79) remained significantly higher than that of King's College criteria but not higher than that of Clichy's criteria. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that MELD and PELD are superior to King's College and Clichy's criteria to assess prognosis in FHF. However, because data was generated from a single center and included a rather low number of patients who survived or died without OLT, further confirmation of our findings is required. Liver Transpl 13:822–828, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Sirolimus-Induced Pneumonitis Following Liver Transplantation
Authors: Roberts Rebecca J. , Wells Antonia C. , Unitt Esther , Griffiths Meryl , Tasker Angela D. , Allison Michael E.D. , Bradley Andrew J. , Watson Christopher J.E.
Published: May 2007

Sirolimus-induced pneumonitis has emerged as a potentially serious complication in renal transplantation but only single case reports of this condition have been described after liver transplantation (LT), where experience with sirolimus is relatively limited. We report our experience, the largest to date, of sirolimus-induced pneumonitis following LT. Between 1999 and 2006, 186 liver transplant patients received sirolimus-based immunosuppression, after initial therapy with calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). All cases of sirolimus-induced pneumonitis were recorded and a retrospective review of the case notes of such patients was undertaken for the purpose of this analysis. Of 186 liver transplant patients receiving sirolimus, 4 (2.2%) developed pneumonitis that was attributed to the drug; the time from starting sirolimus to presentation was varied (1.5-30 months). The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea, cough and fatigue. The median sirolimus level at the time of diagnosis was 9.7 ng/mL (range, 7-19.5 ng/mL). All patients in the series underwent thoracic computed tomography, which showed similar changes in all patients, and lung biopsy, which revealed features consistent with a drug-induced pneumonitis. In all 4 patients, sirolimus-induced pneumonitis resolved following cessation of therapy but took weeks to months for complete recovery. In conclusion, sirolimus-induced pneumonitis occurred in at least 2% of liver transplant recipients and should be suspected in patients who develop respiratory symptoms while on sirolimus. Although it may be life threatening, early recognition and cessation of sirolimus can lead to complete resolution of pneumonitis. Liver Transpl 13:853–856, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Long-Term Results of Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Glycogen Storage Disorders in Children†
Authors: Iyer Shridhar G. , Chen Chao-Long , Wang Chih-Chi , Wang Shih-Ho , Concejero Allan M. , Liu Yueh-Wei , Yang Chin-Hsiang , Yong Chee-Chien , Jawan Bruno , Cheng Yu-Fan , Eng Hock-Liu
Published: May 2007

Liver transplantation (LT) may be indicated in glycogen storage disorders (GSD) when medical treatment fails to control the metabolic problems or when hepatic adenomas develop. We present our institutional experience with living donor LT (LDLT) for children with GSD. A total of 244 patients underwent primary LDLT at our institution from June 1994 to December 2005. A total of 12 (5%) children (8 female and 4 male) were afflicted with GSD and were not responsive to medical treatment. Nine patients had GSD type I and 3 had GSD type III. The median age at the time of transplantation was 7.27 yr (range, 2.4-15.7). All patients presented with metabolic abnormalities, including hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis. In addition, 4 patients presented with growth retardation. A total of 11 patients received left lobe grafts and 1 received a right lobe graft. The mean graft-to-recipient weight ratio was 1.25 (range, 0.89-1.61). Two patients had hepatic vein stenoses that were treated by balloon dilatation; 1 patient had bile leak, which settled spontaneously. The overall surgical morbidity rate was 25%. Three patients had hepatic adenomas in the explanted liver. There was a single mortality at 2 months posttransplantation due to acute pancreatitis and sepsis. The mean follow up was 47.45 months. The metabolic abnormalities were corrected and renal function remained normal. In patients with growth retardation, catch-up growth was achieved posttransplantation. In conclusion, LDLT is a viable option to restore normal metabolic balance in patients with GSD when medical treatment fails. Long-term follow-up after LT for GSD shows excellent graft and patient survival. Liver Transpl 13:848–852, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Can the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Be Used to Predict the Prognosis in Patients with Budd-Chiari Syndrome?
Authors: Murad Sarwa Darwish , Kim Ray W. , de Groen Piet C. , Kamath Patrick S. , Malinchoc Michael , Valla Dominique-Charles , Janssen Harry L.A.
Published: May 2007

The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) is a widely accepted and objective scoring system for end-stage liver disease (ESLD) but has never been evaluated for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). We investigated whether MELD can be used to predict survival in patients with BCS. Patients with BCS (n = 237) were obtained from a large international study. Patients with ESLD (n = 281) were used to compare the discriminative ability of MELD in BCS versus other chronic liver diseases. MELD and the Rotterdam BCS index, a recently developed prognostic index for BCS, were calculated with standard equations. Receiver operating characteristic curves and concordance statistics (c-statistics) were used to assess the models' ability to predict 1-year survival. The median MELD score was 12.5 (range = −7.4 to 43.4) for BCS and 11.3 (−3.0 to 49.5) for ESLD (P = 0.12). The c-statistic of MELD in BCS was 0.695 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59-0.80], in contrast to 0.848 (95% CI = 0.80-0.90) in ESLD. Survival was significantly poorer in ESLD than in BCS (P < 0.001). The c-statistic of the Rotterdam BCS index was 0.760 (95% CI = 0.67-0.85). The correlation between MELD and the Rotterdam BCS index was 0.61, and most of the discrepancy existed in BCS patients with a high prevalence of ascites and encephalopathy and preserved liver function. The addition of ascites and encephalopathy to MELD improved the c-statistic to 0.751 (95% CI = 0.65-0.85). In conclusion, MELD showed a suboptimal discriminative ability to predict survival in BCS. This was explained by the highly variable degree of liver dysfunction and hence clinical outcome in BCS in contrast to ESLD. Liver Transpl 13:867–874, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Portopulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Fix Oren K. , Bass Nathan M. , De Marco Teresa , Merriman Raphael B.
Published: May 2007

Moderate to severe portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) increases the risks of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Epoprostenol is an effective treatment of PPHTN, but long-term effects on pulmonary hemodynamics or liver function in PPHTN are poorly defined. We sought to describe the long-term effects of treatment with or without epoprostenol on pulmonary hemodynamics, liver biochemistries, and survival in patients with moderate to severe PPHTN at a single center. A large retrospective cohort was identified with moderate to severe PPHTN diagnosed before OLT. Baseline and follow-up pulmonary hemodynamics and liver biochemistries were compared and outcomes assessed. Nineteen patients were treated with epoprostenol and 17 were not treated with epoprostenol. There were significant improvements in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP, 48.4-36.1 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR, 632-282 dynes · s · cm−5; P < 0.0001), and cardiac output (5.7 to 7.7 L/min; P = 0.0009) with epoprostenol after a median of 15.4 months. Liver biochemistries did not change significantly, and survival did not seem to differ between the 2 groups (hazard ratio, 0.85; P = 0.77). In the epoprostenol group, patients who survived had greater absolute changes in MPAP, transpulmonary gradient, and PVR than those who died. Two patients in the epoprostenol group successfully underwent OLT. Long-term epoprostenol therapy greatly improves pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with PPHTN. Liver biochemistries are not greatly changed. Survival seemed not to differ between treatment groups. A minority of patients treated with epoprostenol will improve sufficiently to undergo OLT. Liver Transpl 13:875–885, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Characterization of the Relations in Grzegorczyk's Hierarchy Revisited
Authors: Gakwaya Jean‐Sylvestre
Published: May 2007

In his 1953's paper, Grzegorczyk proved that a certain kind of relation classes of Grzegorczyk's hierarchy could be characterized inductively. We give a simpler version of this characterization.
On Binary Computation Structures
Authors: Heinemann Bernhard
Published: May 2007

Based on a modification of Moss' and Parikh's topological modal language [8], we study a generalization of a weakly expressive fragment of a certain propositional modal logic of time. We define a bimodal logic comprising operators for knowledge and nexttime. These operators are interpreted in binary computation structures. We present an axiomatization of the set T of theorems valid for this class of semantical domains and prove – as the main result of this paper – its completeness. Moreover, the question of decidability of T is treated.
On the Universal Splitting Property
Authors: Downey Rod
Published: May 2007

We prove that if an incomplete computably enumerable set has the the universal splitting property then it is low2. This solves a question from Ambos‐Spies and Fejer [1] and Downey and Stob [7]. Some technical improvements are discussed.
Infinitary S5‐Epistemic Logic
Authors: Heifetz Aviad
Published: May 2007

It is known that a theory in S5‐epistemic logic with several agents may have numerous models. This is because each such model specifies also what an agent knows about infinite intersections of events, while the expressive power of the logic is limited to finite conjunctions of formulas. We show that this asymmetry between syntax and semantics persists also when infinite conjunctions (up to some given cardinality) are permitted in the language. We develop a strengthened S5‐axiomatic system for such infinitary logics, and prove a strong completeness theorem for them. Then we show that in every such logic there is always a theory with more than one model.
Decidability in the Constructive Theory of Reals as an Ordered ℚ‐vectorspace
Authors: Erdélyi‐Szabó Miklós
Published: May 2007

We show that various fragments of the intuitionistic/constructive theory of the reals are decidable.
Undecidability of the Real‐Algebraic Structure of Scott's Model
Authors: Erdélyi‐Szabó Miklós
Published: May 2007

We show that true first‐order arithmetic of the positive integers is interpretable over the real‐algebraic structure of Scott's topological model for intuitionistic analysis. From this the undecidability of the structure follows.
Filters, Antichains and Towers in Topological Spaces and the Axiom of Choice
Authors: Keremedis Kyriakos
Published: May 2007

We find some characterizations of the Axiom of Choice (AC) in terms of certain families of open sets in T1 spaces.
An All‐ROMP Route to Graft Copolymers
Authors: Hilf Stefan , Kilbinger Andreas F. M.
Published: May 2007

A new versatile synthesis strategy for macromonomers has been developed that uses the living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with commercial Grubbs first generation ruthenium initiators. Homopolymers as well as diblock copolymers were end‐functionalized with norbornene derivatives to serve as macromonomers. The graft copolymerization of the macromonomers was also carried out employing ROMP. Well‐defined and highly functional graft copolymers are accessible by this new synthetic route.

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Poly(amidoamine)s with 2‐Dithiopyridine Side Substituents as Intermediates to Peptide–Polymer Conjugates
Authors: Ranucci Elisabetta , Ferruti Paolo , Suardi Marco Alessandro , Manfredi Amedea
Published: May 2007

Cystamine, when employed as a cross‐linking agent, leads to poly(amidoamine) networks, which on reaction with 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine turn into linear poly(amidoamine)s with side dithiopyridyl groups that easily undergo exchange reactions with reduced L‐glutathione, a model thiol‐containing biologically active peptide. The resultant products represent the first examples of soluble poly(amidoamine)–peptide conjugates in which the peptide moieties are linked to the polymer chain by SS bonds stable in blood, but cleavable inside cells.

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Progressive up‐regulation of genes encoding DNA methyltransferases in the colorectal adenoma‐carcinoma sequence
Authors: Schmidt Wolfgang M. , Sedivy Roland , Forstner Birgit , Steger Günther G. , Zöchbauer‐Müller Sabine , Mader Robert M.
Published: May 2007

Epigenetic silencing is a prominent feature of cancer. Here, we investigated the expression of DNA demethylase and three DNA methyltransferases during colorectal tumorigenesis comparing the genes encoding DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1), 3A, and 3B (DNMT3A and DNMT3B) with methyl‐CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), recently described as the only active DNA demethylase. Total RNA isolated from normal colonic mucosa (n = 24), benign adenomas (n = 18), and malignant colorectal carcinomas (n = 32) was analyzed by reverse transcriptase‐PCR with subsequent quantification by capillary gel electrophoresis. In contrast to MBD2, expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3A increased in parallel to the degree of dysplasia, with significant overexpression in the malignant lesion when compared with mucosa or with benign lesions (DNMT1). Pairwise comparisons between tumors and matched, adjacent healthy mucosa tissue (n = 13) revealed that expression of all three genes encoding DNA methyltransferases increased by two‐ to three‐fold. Our data suggest a relevant role of the DNA methyltransferases during colorectal tumorigenesis. This increase is not counterbalanced by enhanced expression of the demethylating component MBD2. As a consequence, epigenetic regulation in the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence may be driven by increased methylating activity rather than suppressed demethylation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic resistance to apoptosis of colon epithelial cells is a potential determining factor in the susceptibility of the A/J mouse strain to dimethylhydrazine‐induced colon tumorigenesis
Authors: Oumouna‐Benachour Karine , Oumouna Mustapha , Zerfaoui Mourad , Hans Chetan , Fallon Kenneth , Boulares A. Hamid
Published: May 2007

Alterations in the delicate balance between cell proliferation and cell death disrupt colon homeostasis and serve as determining factors in colon tumorigenesis. The two mouse strains, AKR/J (resistant) and A/J (susceptible), have been widely used as models for dimethylhydrazine‐induced colon tumorigenesis. This study examined whether the differential susceptibilities of the two mouse strains to the tumorigenic effect of dimethylhydrazine were associated with intrinsic differences in the apoptotic machinery of the colon epithelial cells. While acute exposure to dimethylhydrazine caused massive apoptosis of colon epithelial cells in AKR/J mice, the effect was considerably less in A/J mice. Apoptosis in AKR/J mice occurred not only in the luminal side of the mucosa but also deep in the colonic crypts. In addition, this apoptosis appeared to involve caspase‐3. The increased sensitivity of AKR/J to dimethylhydrazine was associated with a persistent expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but not of its receptors. After establishing a new method for isolating primary colon epithelial cells, we determined that cells derived from A/J mice were substantially more resistant to apoptosis in response to dimethylhydrazine or to a combination of TNF, cyclohexamide, and butyrate compared to cells from AKR/J mice. These results strongly suggest that a higher intrinsic resistance to apoptosis of colon epithelial cells may be an important determinant of predisposition to colon tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse strain. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of pramipexole on the onset of levodopa‐related dyskinesias
Authors: Constantinescu Radu , Romer Megan , McDermott Michael P. , Kamp Cornelia , Kieburtz Karl
Published: May 2007

Dyskinesias are a major complication of dopaminergic therapy in the long‐term treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the CALM‐PD trial, subjects were initially randomized to levodopa or pramipexole and could later add levodopa if needed. After adjusting for disease duration and daily levodopa dosage, the incidence of dyskinesias after initiating levodopa was not significantly different among subjects initially randomized to levodopa and those initially randomized to pramipexole. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Blepharospasm and limb dystonia caused by Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome with a novel splice‐site mutation in the deafness/dystonia peptide gene
Authors: Kim Hee T. , Edwards Mark J. , Tyson Jess , Quinn Niall P. , Bitner‐Glindzicz Maria , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: May 2007

Mohr‐Tranebjaerg syndrome (MTS) is an X‐linked disorder characterized by childhood‐onset progressive deafness, dystonia, spasticity, mental deterioration, and blindness. It is due to mutations in the deafness/dystonia peptide (DDP1) gene. We describe a sporadic 42‐year‐old man with MTS presenting with postlingual deafness, adult‐onset progressive dystonia with marked arm tremor, mild spasticity of the legs, and visual disturbance due to a novel mutation (g to a transition at the invariant gt of the 5′ splice donor site of exon 1) in the DDP1 gene. This case, and a review of previously reported cases, highlights a variety of potential diagnostic pitfalls in this condition. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Treatment with levodopa and risk for malignant melanoma
Authors: Olsen Jørgen H. , Tangerud Karina , Wermuth Lene , Frederiksen Kirsten , Friis Søren
Published: May 2007

A large follow‐up study in Denmark of 14,088 patients in whom Parkinson's disease was diagnosed at hospital showed a twofold higher incidence of malignant melanoma in these patients than in the general population. In a nested case–control study of 45 patients with malignant melanoma, 97 patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer, and 172 control subjects, we investigated the hypothesis that treatment with levodopa increases the risk for skin cancer. Information on diagnoses and treatment was retrieved from medical records. We observed a significant fourfold to fivefold increase in the risk for malignant melanoma in a subgroup of patients with a probable diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease as compared with other patients. There was apparently no effect of levodopa on the risk for malignant melanoma as indicated by an odds ratio of 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.8–1.3) per 1,000 g cumulative intake of the drug. We conclude that the increased rate of malignant melanoma observed in patients treated at hospital for Parkinson's disease is restricted to those with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, however, unrelated to the treatment with levodopa. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society