bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPON TANAMAN SAWI PAKCOY (Brassica rapa) TERHADAP LARUTAN HARA (KOTORAN IKAN) PADA SISTEM AKUAPONIK
Authors: Astuti Sri , Larasati Wenda Ayu
Published: July 2020

Aquaponics is a combined cultivation method between fisheries and plants in one container. Aquaponics constantly use water from fish to plant management and on contrary from plants to fish ponds. In aquaponics, animal excretion is given to plants to be broken down into nitrates and nitrites through natural processes, and utilized by plants as nutrients. The aim of this research was to determine the response of Pakcoy green cabbage (Brassica rapa) to the nutrient solution nutrient (fish droppings) in the aquaponic system. This research was conducted on December 20, 2017 to February 20, 2018. The yield data from green cabbage plants (Brassica rapa) that had been obtained was analyzed using descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the study, by providing nutrient solutions in the form of fish droppings on green cabbage plants grown using the aquaponic system responds to the symptoms of yellow leaves and the size of small tubers.
JENIS-JENIS PARASIT INTERNAL PADA FESES SAPI (Bos sp.) DI DESA LEMPUING KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Kamilah Santi Nurul , Wulandari Dwi Ayu
Published: July 2020

Cows are one of the ruminant animals which have high economic value because they have various needs for human life. In Bengkulu many cattle farms are found, but this is not free from parasitic infections which have special disadvantages on very large cattle. The purpose of this study was to identification the types of parasites found in cow feces in the village of Lempuing Bengkulu. The research was conducted on 2 July-2 August 2018 at the UPTD Laboratory and Bengkulu Animal Health Clinic using three methods: the native method, the sedimentation method and the mammalian faecal sedimentation method with 3 faecal samples. In the nativemethod no parasites were found containing worm eggs. In the method of sedimentation of cow feces (Bos sp.) obtained positive results of parasites containing worm eggs of Ascaris sp., Schistosoma sp. and Oesophagostomum sp. In the mammalian faecal sedimentation method, the presence of parasitic worm eggs Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp.
Galcanezumab in the prophylaxis of migraine
Authors: Kopka Marcin
Published: July 2020

The aim of preventive treatment of episodic and chronic migraine is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and thereby improve the quality of patients' lives. It is estimated that 38% of patients with migraine would benefit from preventive treatment. However, in clinical practice only approximately 13% of patients with migraine receive it. Intolerable side effects and lack of efficacy of pharmacological treatment are the main reasons of treatment discontinuation. It is suggested that calcitonin-gene-related-peptide (CGRP) plays a critical role in migraine pathophysiology. One of them is galcanezumab – a humanised monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the CGRP peptide. Galcanezumab has demonstrated efficacy in EVOLVE-1, EVOLVE-2 and REGAIN trials. It significantly reduces migraine days per month versus placebo. Moreover, the quality of patients' lives treated with galcanezumab also improved. It has a favourable safety profile, similar to placebo groups. The most frequent adverse event in patients treated with galcanezumab was injection site pain. No toxic effects on the liver or negative influences on hemodynamic or laboratory parameters were reported. The discontinuation rates due to adverse events in patients treated with galcanezumab were low. In October 2019, lasmiditan was approved by FDA and EMA in prophylaxis treatment of migraine in adult patients. Currently, this medicine is not accessible in Poland.
Sleep disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Katarelos Karolina , Piechal Agnieszka , Kurkowska-Jastrzębska Iwona
Published: July 2020

Sleep disorders is a common problem that patients report to their doctor. They can accompany many mental and somatic disorders or be primary. There are many types of sleep disorders; most commonly, they are associated with problems with falling asleep and maintaining sleep continuity, or more complex disorders, such as parasomnias, breathing disorders and movement disorders associated with sleep. In the following work, we have focused on sleep problems in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). These patients more often than healthy people of the same age complain about sleep disorders and these dis­orders increase with the progress of the disease and the appearance of other symptoms. Depressed mood, chronic fatigue, pain and urinary problems significantly affect the quality of sleep in patients with MS. On the other hand, excessive sleepiness and trouble with falling asleep intensify the feeling of fatigue, which is a major problem and impair cognitive functions. However, sleep-related symptoms are often overlooked during medical visits due to other symptoms of multiple sclerosis, especially those causing motor disability. The treatment of sleep disorders in patients with MS is based on basic methods used in the general population. In the treatment of sleep disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis, appropriate disease modifying therapy is also important.
Predator populations differ in their foraging responses to acute seawater acidification
Authors: Contolini GM , Kroeker KJ , Palkovacs EP
Published: July 2020

Local adaptation can cause predator populations to vary in traits and their effects on prey, but few studies have tested whether divergent predator populations respond differently to acute environmental stressors. We tested how Nucella dogwhelks from 3 populations with natural exposure to distinct environmental regimes in the California Current System altered consumption of mussel prey (Mytilus californianus) in ambient (pH 8.0, 429 µatm partial pressure of CO2 [pCO2]) and acidified (pH 7.6, 1032 µatm pCO2) seawater. Overall, experimental acidification increased the variation in consumption time observed among populations. We found reduced consumption time for the population that experienced more frequent exposure to low pH conditions in nature but not for populations with less prior exposure. Exposure to acidification also altered the individual components of consumption time—search time and handling time—depending on source population. These results indicate that impaired predator performance is not a universal response to acidification, that predation responses to acute acidification can be population specific, and that individual population responses may relate to prior exposure. Our study highlights how population-specific responses to climate change can lead to differences in ecological effects that may restructure prey communities at local scales.
The effects of soil manganese status on the bioavailability of soil cobalt for pasture uptake in New Zealand soils
Authors: Li Zheng , Mclaren R.G. , Metherell A.K.
Published: July 2020

The effects of soil properties on the availability of cobalt (Co) for pasture uptake have been studied using a wide range of New Zealand soils. There is a strong positive correlation between total or EDTA-extractable Co and manganese (Mn) concentration. However glasshouse studies have shown that Co availability is inversely related to the Mn concentration. Across a wide range of soil groups, EDTA-extractable Co is a poor predictor of cobalt availability. CaCl2-extractable Co was found to decrease with soil pH and was too pH sensitive to be a good predictor of Co availability. It is concluded that soil Mn plays a crucial role in soil Co status and has significant effects on plant Co uptake because of its involvement in the soil redox system and the scavenging properties of soil Mn oxides. Co deficiency is more likely to occur and Co fertiliser is less effective on soils with high Mn, especially under dry conditions. Keywords: lime, pasture cobalt, soil cobalt, soil manganese, soil moisture, trace elements
The impact of shelterbelts in North Island East Coast dryland regions
Authors: Hawke M.F. , Gillingham A.G. , Gray M. , Dean M.
Published: July 2020

Shelterbelts are a feature of the New Zealand landscape and in the dryland East Coast regions of the North Island, are seen in a diversity of planting patterns, species and silvicultural practices. To date, their economic benefits have not been assessed, partly because of the difficulty in evaluating the many interrelated pasture, soil, animal and forestry factors. Recent shelterbelt research in New Zealand has been conducted as a collaborative approach by AgResearch, Forest Research and Hort Research. Results of pasture, soil and tree measurements in the East Coast region indicate that shelterbelts, however managed, do not significantly increase pasture production in the sheltered zone. The competitive effects of trees reduce soil moisture in zones close to the shelter, which also encourages the accumulation of dung and urine nutrients in this zone by animals seeking protection. The modification in resting patterns as a result of shelter may be reflected in improved animal welfare and production but this was not measured. The value of timber from shelterbelts on the East Coast indicates that they have a role in diversifying farming income and offering a modified land use, which will help to sustain productive farming practices. Keywords: livestock, log value, pasture production, Pinus radiata, shelter, shelterbelts, soil moisture, soil nutrients, wood yields
Commercialisation of genetically modified crops in New Zealand
Authors: Willocks M.J.
Published: July 2020

Commercialisation of genetically modified organisms creates new challenges for marketers and developers of this technology. The cost of development is high, and the need to gain a return on investment that reflects this cost is critical to ensure that this technology is brought to New Zealand agriculture. A further challenge is that the regulatory requirements differ from those required for non-transgenic crops. Once introduced into the market, it is important to develop a product stewardship programme to ensure continued trait performance and prevent factors arising that will negate the value of these traits such as pest resistance. Keywords: genetically modified organisms, market analysis, product stewardship, regulatory process, return on investment
Effect of selenium applied to pasture on the selenium status of grazing sheep
Authors: Moorhouse A.M. , Westwood C.T. , Dumbleton A.J. , Donnelly L.P. , Bridger L.A.
Published: July 2020

Blood selenium concentrations and liveweight gains were assessed for sheep grazing pastures treated with different selenium supplements over a 2-year period. Three 0.5 hectare irrigated blocks with pasture selenium concentrations of less than 0.04 Î¼g/g DM were identified near Lincoln, Canterbury during 1997. Treatments applied in early November 1997 were: (1) 1 kg/ha of an experimental selenium product (SRSe5, containing 10g selenium); (2) 1 kg/ha of a commercially available slow release selenium product (positive control, containing 10g selenium) and (3) nil selenium treatment (negative control); all treatments used 60 kg urea/ha as the carrier. Treatments were stocked at 30 lambs/ha in November 1997. Liveweight gains and concentrations of blood selenium were monitored fortnightly for the first 4 months of the study and monthly thereafter. Following mating in April 1998, blood selenium concentrations and liveweight gains of spring born progeny were assessed. Ewes grazing the SRSe5 and positive control treatments had significantly greater concentrations of blood selenium than the negative control group and the concentrations for the SRSe5 group were significantly greater than from the positive control. Negative control ewes and their lambs were removed from the study at lambing due to low blood selenium concentrations and concerns regarding their health. Concentrations of blood selenium did not differ significantly between lambs of SRSe5 and positive control ewes born in the second year of the study. Lamb and ewe blood selenium concentrations were highly correlated. Liveweight gains did not differ significantly between SRSe5, positive control or negative control groups for ewes or lambs during either year of the study. This study demonstrated that the application of selenium to pastures is a highly effective longterm strategy by which concentrations of blood selenium may be elevated in sheep under New Zealand pastoral conditions. While liveweights did not differ significantly between treatments during either year of the study, the small numbers of animals used limited the power with which differences could be detected between treatments. Keywords: pasture, selenium, sheep, supplementation, topdressing
Suitability of new subterranean clovers in the Canterbury region
Authors: Widdup K. , Pennell C.
Published: July 2020

The annual legume, subterranean clover, is adapted to permanent pastures in the summer drought-prone areas of eastern New Zealand. Dry summers over the last decade in Canterbury have renewed the interest from farmers in the use of sub clover. As the previously used cultivars Mt Barker and Tallarook are no longer available, a trial was established at AgResearch Templeton to evaluate a new series of cultivars and breeding lines from Australia together with recent New Zealand selections. The lines were sown in rows in May 1993 and assessed for seed set, autumn seedling regeneration and spring growth under sheep grazing for 4 years. The new Australian cultivars had improved seed set and consistently better seedling regeneration and herbage yield compared with older cultivars. The late-flowering, small-leaved and densely branched types were best adapted to the Canterbury environment. The late-maturity cultivars Denmark and Leura, selected from Sardinian germplasm, re-established 50% more seedlings and produced 25% greater late winter/ spring growth than Mt Barker and Tallarook in the third year. The New Zealand selection Ak 948 had similar performance to Denmark and Leura but the remaining selections were mediocre by the fourth year. The Sardinian ecotype breeding material appeared well-adapted to Canterbury conditions and future cultivars based on this material may be most suitable. Further trials are required in harsher sites to confirm these cultivar recommendations. Keywords: Australian cultivars, dry regions, herbage yield, seedling regeneration, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum
Caucasian clover was more productive than white clover in grass mixtures under drought conditions
Authors: Black A.D. , Lucas R.J.
Published: July 2020

This experiment compared the productivity of caucasian or white clover when established with five perennial grass species over 6 years in a dry lowland environment. Hexaploid 'Endura' caucasian clover or 'Grasslands Demand' white clover were sown in December 1994 with high endophyte 'Yatsyn' perennial ryegrass, 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot, 'Grasslands Advance' tall fescue, 'Grasslands Gala' grazing brome, or 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris into a deep, fertile silt loam. Initial establishment of clovers was poor with ryegrass and grazing brome. Some volunteer white clover established in all 10 treatments. After the first 14 months, no irrigation was applied over the following 4 years. Sheep grazed plots about six times each year. The legume cover in 15-month-old pastures was higher when sown with white clover (29%) than caucasian clover (21%) but dry conditions during 1997/1998 (60% of 680 mm mean annual rainfall) and 1998/1999 (66% of mean rainfall) decreased the percentage of legume in white clover pastures. In February 1998 and March 1999, legume contributed 37% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) in caucasian clover pastures, but only 4% and 1% in pastures sown with white clover. Rainfall during the sixth season (1999/2000) was more favourable (111% of mean rainfall). Total DM production from July 1999 to June 2000 was 10.0 t DM/ha from caucasian clover pastures and 8.7 t DM/ha from pastures sown with white clover. The mean proportion of legume in white clover pastures ranged from 9% when sown with ryegrass and phalaris to 1% with cocksfoot. In contrast, mean caucasian clover legume contents were similar across all grass treatments at 20%, but reached 46% with cocksfoot during summer. It was concluded that caucasian clover is more tolerant of summer moisture stress than white clover when in association with perennial grass species. Keywords: botanical composition, Bromus stamineus, Dactylis glomerata, legume content, Lolium perenne, moisture stress, pasture production, Phalaris aquatica, Schedonorus phoenix syn. Festuca arundinacea, Trifolium ambiguum, T. repens
Pasture nematodes: the major scourge of white clover
Authors: Watson R.N. , Mercer C.F.
Published: July 2020

This paper reviews current research within AgResearch to reduce the impact of plant-feeding nematodes. Plant-feeding nematodes reduce pasture production by around 15% annually, mainly through their effect on white clover. Nematicide application increases clover yields in pasture by an average 40% and N-fixation levels by over 50%. The problem occurs nationally. When pasture nematode burdens are reduced in established or newly sown ryegrass-white clover pasture, white clover can generally assume dominance during periods of active plant growth. The impact of clover nematodes in reducing nitrogen inputs and forage quality is estimated to exceed $1 billion annually in lost production potential. A gain of 1% in clover performance applied nationally is estimated to be worth up to $48 million. The research programme on pasture nematodes conducted within AgResearch has included evaluation of management practices that may reduce nematode impacts, selection of white clover seedlines for resistance or tolerance to nematodes, and identification of agents for biological control of nematodes within New Zealand pastures. Keywords: clover nematodes, Heterodera trifolii, impacts, Meloidogyne trifoliophila, M. hapla, Pratylenchus spp., Trifolium repens
Improving on-farm profitability of sheep and deer systems using pasture renewal in the southern South Island
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Gibson A.K. , Casey M.J.
Published: July 2020

A cost benefit analysis of pasture renewal for sheep and deer systems is presented for cultivatable land in Otago and Southland. Pasture renewal was costed at between $400/ha (direct drilling) and $550/ha (full cultivation). The benefits from new pastures were assumed to peak at between 2 and 4 years after sowing and to last for 10 years. Sheep farm productivity was improved by up to 132%, and deer production by 60% with these models. The cost benefit analyses showed that net income increased by $409/ha and $184/ha when sowing improved ryegrass pastures for sheep and deer systems, respectively. The inclusion of chicory increased the advantage to $503/ha and $304/ha for sheep and deer systems, respectively. Increasing annual pasture renewal rate from 5% to 10%, 15% and 20% on a sheep and beef property improved net returns per hectare by $191/ha, $332/ha, $370/ ha and $409/ha respectively. In conclusion, when actively managed by farmers, pasture renewal benefits gained through improved seasonality of supply and increased pasture quality are highly profitable when realised through higher stocking rates and per head performance. Keywords: cost:benefit, deer, modelling, pasture renewal, profitability, sheep
Sowing strategies for slow-establishing pasture species on a North Otago dairy farm
Authors: Hurst R.G.M. , Black A.D. , Lucas R.J. , Moot D.J.
Published: July 2020

Slow-establishing, high quality, pasture species are frequently added to standard ryegrass-white clover seed mixtures in an effort to improve pasture nutritive value. However, intense competition during establishment can suppress these species. Four alternative sowing strategies (Treatment 1: temporal separation of species (clovers sown in November 1998 before ryegrass direct-drilled at 10 kg/ha in March 1999); Treatment 2: substitution of ryegrass with slower-establishing timothy; Treatments 3 and 4: physical separation (alternate drill rows) of slower-establishing species from lower than average ryegrass seeding rates (3.5 kg/ ha or 8 kg/ha)) were used on a commercial North Otago dairy farm. Total dry matter (DM) production after 16 months was greater from pastures initially sown with ryegrass (19.1 t DM/ ha) (Treatments 3 and 4) than when ryegrass sowing was delayed or substituted with timothy (15.2 t DM/ha) (Treatments 1 and 2). The percentage of red plus white clover was similar in all pastures at 16 months of age and averaged 54%, compared with less than 1% for caucasian clover. Timothy sown without ryegrass contributed 42% of production (Treatment 2), compared with 7% when sown with ryegrass (Treatments 3 and 4). Ryegrass composition was similar (43%) regardless of sowing rate (Treatments 3 and 4) and sowing date (Treatment 1). This on-farm study demonstrated successful establishment of red and white clover in all four treatments but timothy and caucasian clover were suppressed by the inclusion of low rates of ryegrass. Keywords: botanical composition, competition, dry matter production, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, seeding rates, Trifolium ambiguum, T. pratense, T. repens
An integrated approach to economic and community development
Authors: Troon J.
Published: July 2020

Over the past 10 years, the Southland District Council has developed a proactive integrated approach to economic development. The approach has developed in response to identified needs and opportunities. The strategy recognises the importance of quality recreational opportunities, local services, amenities and infrastructure in the retention of population and attraction of new residents. These are seen as being complementary to initiatives targeted at producing increased employment opportunities. Regional initiatives are undertaken with other authorities or organisations where appropriate, and include: • Tourism Southland • Regional Identity - Branding • Crops for Southland • Topoclimate • Enterprise Connections. A close working relationship and accountability to local communities is maintained through elected members. These include the Mayor, Councillors and 12 Community Boards and 16 Community Development Area Committees. Concept development plans, prepared in conjunction with local communities, provide the basis for identifying local aspirations and priorities and linking these, where appropriate, to regional initiatives to ensure an integrated approach is achieved. A project-based approach and working with groups or organisations with a clear focus and expertise relevant to the project or issue, ensures effective use of resources and the achievement of positive outcomes. Keywords: crops, climate, economic development, forestry, soils, tourism
A comparison of bull beef production from Friesian type and selected Jersey type calves
Authors: Muir P.D. , Fugle C.J. , Smith N.B. , Ormond A.W.A.
Published: July 2020

Three on-farm experiments were undertaken to examine the comparative performance of Friesian and selected Jersey x Friesian bulls in intensive bull beef systems. In Experiment 1, Friesian, ¼ Jersey/¾ Friesian and ½ Jersey/½ Friesian bulls were sourced as 4-day-old calves, reared together and farmed commercially through until slaughter at 29 months of age. When slaughtered at the same age, Friesian bulls averaged 290 kg carcass weight, with ¼ Jersey and ½ Jersey bulls averaging 289 and 271 kg, respectively. There was considerable variation in animal performance within the breed types, with the top 50% of the ½ Jersey bulls averaging 553 kg liveweight and the bottom 50% of the Friesian bulls averaging 522 kg at 29 months of age. In Experiment 2, 31 rising 2-year-old Friesian type bulls (436 kg) and 32 rising 2-year-old Jersey x type bulls (423 kg) were each allocated to two lanes of a Technosystem and stocked at 1828 kg liveweight/ha. Between May and November, Friesian type bulls produced 2.5% more beef liveweight per hectare than the Jersey x bulls (816 vs 796 kg of liveweight/ha). In Experiment 3, 43 rising 1-year-old Friesian type (199 kg) and 46 rising 1-year-old Jersey x bulls (185 kg) were each allocated to two lanes of a Technosystem and stocked at 1016 kg liveweight/ ha. Between June and December, Jersey x type bulls produced 1% more liveweight/ha than the Friesian type bulls (1151 vs 1141 kg of liveweight/ ha). The Friesian type bulls outperformed the Jersey x type bulls on a per head basis. Nevertheless there were a number of high performing Jersey x type bulls, suggesting that coat colour is not a suitable means of identifying better or poorer performing bulls. When Friesian type and Jersey x type bulls were stocked at a similar liveweight per hectare, there was little difference in terms of total output of beef per hectare. Since bulls are bought and sold on a liveweight basis, Jersey x type bulls can be as profitable as Friesian type bulls provided the purchase price is discounted to reflect the fact that more of them will be slaughtered in lower paying weight ranges. Our calculations indicate that on present prices, this discount for selected Jersey x type bulls could be as little as $11 per head to offset reductions in carcass value. Current discounts for Jersey x type bulls are well in excess of this and may reflect the difficulties in re-selling Jersey x type bulls and perceived behavioural problems with these bulls. Keywords: bull beef, Friesian, Jersey, per head, per hectare
Traceability of meat products - application of DNA technology
Authors: Tate M.L.
Published: July 2020

Traceability requirements for market access, food safety and disease control are a key issue in the meat industry. Traceability also offers new opportunities for market-lead product improvement and genetic selection. DNA technology has recently provided a solution to the problem of tracing meat cuts from overseas markets back to the New Zealand processor's carcass record and the farm of origin. The DNA system involves storing a sample of every carcass processed, and using forensic DNA matching to identify the ensuing meat cuts. While the system has solved one aspect of traceability, significant challenges remain to provide cost effective meat traceability for market assurance and product improvement. Keywords: animal welfare, consumers, DNA, market access, traceability
Establishment of ryegrass pastures containing a novel endophyte
Authors: Bluett S.J. , Burggraaf V.T. , Hume D.E. , Tapper B.A. , Thom E.R.
Published: July 2020

An experiment was conducted at Dexcel, Hamilton from September 1999 to April 2001 to evaluate how pre-sowing pasture management and establishment method influenced the contamination of a newly sown AR1 endophyte-infected ryegrass dairy pasture with ryegrass infected with the wild endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). Contamination level was estimated by counting the number of volunteer ryegrass plants between drill rows and by analysing bulk ryegrass samples for lolitrem B concentration. Hay, silage, grazed, grazed/topped and a turnip crop as pre-sowing managements generated large differences in viable ryegrass seed density (2555, 747, 348, 391 and 25 seeds/m2, respectively) on the soil surface after natural reseeding in March 2000. Measurements on 20 November 2000 showed the spray/cultivation and double-spray/fallow establishment methods were effective in reducing contamination with volunteer ryegrass plants (8 and 34 plants/m2, respectively), in contrast to drilling AR1 endophyte- infected ryegrass seed into hard-grazed existing pasture (581 plants/m2). On 14 March 2001, lolitrem B levels were lower in the spray/ cultivated and double-spray/fallow treatments compared to the hard-grazed treatment (0.3, 0.5, 1.1 Î¼g/g, respectively). Information is also presented on sown plant density of AR1 endophyteinfected ryegrass. Keywords: AR1 endophyte, cultivation, glyphosate, Lolium perenne, natural reseeding, Neotyphodium lolii
Black beetle damage to perennial ryegrass infected with AR1 endophyte
Authors: Popay A.J. , Baltus J.G.
Published: July 2020

AR1 is a new fungal endophyte that is being released in perennial ryegrass to New Zealand farmers. This endophyte lacks the mammalian toxins, ergovaline and lolitrem B, but produces peramine which provides resistance to a major ryegrass pest, Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis). Black beetle (Heteronychus arator) is another important pest of ryegrass in northern areas of New Zealand. Adults are selective feeders, and avoid feeding on ryegrass infected with wildtype endophyte. A limited supply of suitable food greatly reduces their reproductive capacity. Laboratory and field investigations were therefore carried out to evaluate the degree of resistance to black beetle provided by AR1. Assessments of adult black beetle feeding were made on two field trials planted in autumn 1999. In both trials, adult feeding was significantly higher on ryegrass infected with AR1 than on ryegrass with wild-type but also significantly lower on AR1 than on endophyte-free ryegrass. In a pot trial conducted in summer, black beetle adult damage to 4-week-old AR1-infected ryegrass was no different from damage to endophyte-free plants. However in 6-month-old plants, damage to AR1 plants was significantly less than to endophyte-free plants and was similar to damage levels on wild-type plants. A further pot trial showed that beetles overwintering on AR1 ryegrass had a higher reproductive capacity than those overwintering on wild-type infected ryegrass. In February 2001, two field trials planted the previous June were sampled for black beetle larvae. Black beetle presence was significantly higher on endophyte-free plots than on wild-type plots, with presence on AR1 intermediate between these treatments. Ryegrass infected with AR1, although showing a degree of resistance to black beetle compared with endophyte-free ryegrass, is more susceptible to damage than wild-type, particularly in its first year of planting. Limited data indicate that older AR1 swards may have similar resistance to that of the wild-type but further research is needed to clarify the effect of stand maturity on black beetle damage to ryegrass infected with this new endophyte. Keywords: AR1, black beetle, endophyte, Heteronychus, Listronotus, Neotyphodium, ryegrass
EVALUASI PEMBERIAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN DEMAM TIFOID DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT AZRA KOTA BOGOR
Authors: Oktavia Dewi , Indriani Lusi , Dewi Mira
Published: July 2020

Demam tifoid adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Salmonella typhi atau Salmonella thyposa dari genus Salmonella. Gejala penyakit demam tifoid biasanya berkembang dalam1-3 minggu pasca terpapar bakteri yang ditandai demam tinggi, malaise, sakit kepala, sembelit atau diare, bintik-bintik kemerahan pada dada, serta pembesaran limpa dan hati. Untukmemastikanpenyebabdemamtifoid pemeriksaan laboratorium mikrobiologi sangatdiperlukan. Idealnya adalah test Widal dan kadar leukosit, selain itu perlu diperhatikan juga gejala-gejala klinis seperti suhu tubuh, tingkat kesadaran, nyeri perut, mual atau muntah dan nafsu makan. Tujuandaripenelitianiniadalahmenilai efektivitas antibiotik yang digunakan pasien yang menderitademam tifoid. Penilaiandilakukandenganmelihathasilwidal test, kadar leukosit, suhu tubuh, tingkat kesadaran, nyeri perut, mual atau muntah, dan nafsu makan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara terlebih dahulu mengumpulkan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien, register pasien, dan resep obat pasien yang terdiagnosis demam tifoid yang disesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi, kemudian secara non-eksperimental dideskripsikan dengan pendekatan retrospektif.Hasilpenelitianmenunjukkanbahwapemberianantibiotikterbuktiefektifterhadapwidal test sebanyak 85%,terhadapkadarleukositsebanyak97%, terhadapsuhutubuhpasiensebanyak94%, terhadapkesadaranpasiensebanyak100%, terhadapnyeriperutpasiensebanyak100%, terhadapmual dan muntahpasiensebanyak99%, danterhadapnafsumakanpasiensebanyak100%.EVALUASI PEMBERIAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN DEMAM TIFOID DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT AZRA KOTA BOGOR
Courtyard Housing around the World: A Cross-Cultural Analysis and Contemporary Relevance
Authors: Zhang Donia
Published: July 2020

The courtyard house is one of the oldest dwelling types, spanning at least 5,000 years and occurring in distinctive forms in many parts of the world across climates and cultures. This article takes a panoramic view and makes a cross-cultural analysis of the courtyard houses in six cultures: Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Greco-Roman, Spanish, and Hispanic-American, by addressing four areas of concern: cosmic axis and architectural symbolism, favorable orientation of buildings, socio-spatial organization, and cultural activities in the courtyard houses. It then looks at contemporary new courtyard housing around the world. The paper concludes that the courtyard form is a common heritage of humanity that has a past as well as a future. Moreover, the courtyard form has been built all over the world, and the shared meaning of the courtyard house is an earthly paradise, from which one may construe that the meaning of the world is a courtyard garden.
Fältexperiment för att studera etnisk diskriminering på den svenska arbets- och bostadsmarknaden
Authors: Ahmed Ali M , Ekberg Jan
Published: July 2020

Under senare år har fältexperiment använts för att studera etnisk diskriminering på den svenska arbets- och bostadsmarknaden. I nedanstående framställning ges en presentation av fältexperiment som metod och en översikt över den forskning som genomförts med hjälp av fältexperiment i Sverige. Dessutom görs en framåtblickandediskussion.
Rättvisa i fördelning av sociala resurser: En socialpsykologisk forskningsöversikt
Authors: Kazemi Ali , Johansson Lars-Olof
Published: July 2020

Rättvisefrågor har diskuterats sedan Platon och Sokrates. Men till skillnad från områdets normativa framtoning i filosofiska kretsar, är socialpsykologerna intresserade av att studera människors subjektiva upplevelser av (o)rättvisa. Fokus ligger därför på förståelse och kartläggning av orsaker till och effekter av upplevd (o)rättvisa i olika sammanhang. I denna artikel ges en forskningsöversikt över området. Artikeln avslutas med en kort diskussion om vad den socialpsykologiska rättviseforskningen kan tillföra i fråga om förståelse av social problematik.
Religion och samhällspraktik. En jämförande analys av det sekulariserade Sverige
Authors: Pettersson Thorleif
Published: July 2020

I ett internationellt perspektiv kännetecknas den svenska kulturen av en särpräglad kombination av mycket låga nivåer för kyrkoorienterad religion och höga nivåer för en individualistisk grundhållning. Särprägeln är inte ny, och historiskt material från ett stort antal länder ger empiriskt stöd till två motsatta modeller för kulturell förändring. Modellerna innebär att den kyrkoorienterade religionen blir starkare tack vare ökad religiös mångfald och svagare på grund av ökad välfärd. Sammantaget innebär de båda modellerna att religionen i stort sett har förblivit stabil, också i Sverige, och den påverkar fortfarande hur den lokala samhällspraktiken i de svenska kommunerna är utformad.
Mobbning: ett tidsbundet socialt problem?
Authors: Larsson Anna
Published: July 2020

I denna artikel diskuteras mobbning som ett socialt problem. Här visas hur en medial debatt uppstod 1969 och hur mobbning i och med detta konstruerades och etablerades som ett socialt problem. Särskilt fokuseras begreppsformuleringens betydelse.
Samhällsvårdade barn, gate-keeping och forskning
Authors: Sallnäs Marie , Wiklund Stefan , Lagerlöf Hélène
Published: July 2020

Ett aktörsperspektiv på barn har blivit alltmer centralt i barn- och barnavårdsforskning. I artikeln diskuteras principiella och praktiska frågor när ett sådant perspektiv ska omsättas i forskning om samhällsvårdade barns förhållanden. Avvägningen mellan forskningsintresset och barns rätt till skydd och integritet analyseras.
Ändrad styrning av välfärdsprofessioner – exemplet evidensbasering i socialt arbete
Authors: Liljegren Andreas , Parding Karolina
Published: July 2020

Styrningen av professionellt arbete har förändrats, bland annat har dokumenterad kunskap – evidensbasering – kommit att bli ett ledord i många organisationer där välfärdsprofessionella verkar, detta inte minst i socionomernas arbetsvardag. Denna artikel diskuterar mötet mellan två logiker för styrningen av professionellt arbete – yrkes- och organisationsprofessionalism.
Vision: En källa till innovation, illusion eller social kontroll?
Authors: Chaharbaghi Kazem
Published: July 2020

Begreppet vision har kommit att få en framträdande position i modernt ledarskap. En vision kan vara en inspirerande beskrivning av vad en organisation ska bli och vad den vill uppnå i framtiden. Organisationer som präglas av mångfald och icke-hierarkiska strukturer kännetecknas dock alltid av tvetydighet vad gäller mål och mått på framgång. Samtidigt är det omöjligt att veta var organisationen är på väg om visionen är luddig och saknar riktigt innehåll. I så fall blir visioner illusioner som inte förmår att motivera människor. Men när insikt, reflektion och framsynthet betonas, då kan visionen bli konstruktiv. Detta argument utvecklas här med hjälp av en modell med tre dimensioner som fungerar både som kritik av nuvarande användning av visioner i organisationer och visar hur en framtida bättre lösning skulle kunna åstadkommas.
Att stå på egna ben – om övergången från samhällsvård till vuxenliv
Authors: Höjer Ingrid , Sjöblom Yvonne
Published: July 2020

Artikeln behandlar hur övergången från ung till vuxen ter sig för en sårbar grupp av unga, de som varit i samhällsvård. Vilken roll spelar vården, socialtjänsten och den biologiska familjen för dem? Vilken betydelse får den förlängda ungdomstiden för ungdomar vars sociala nätverk är resurssvaga?
I välfärdssamhällets marginal – om socialbidragstagande bland ensamstående mödrar av svensk och utländsk härkomst
Authors: Stranz Hugo , Wiklund Stefan
Published: July 2020

I den här artikeln analyseras socialbidragstagande bland ensamstående mödrar, med fokus riktat mot ersättningsnivåer, varaktighet, förekomst av individrelaterade problem och skillnader mellan svensk- och utrikes födda klienter. Artikeln baseras på projektet ”Ensamstående mödrar – välfärd, försörjning och socialtjänst”, som bygger på uppgifter om 875 slumpmässigt utvalda klienter i landets tre storstäder.
Nya trender och gamla mönster. Doktorsavhandlingarna i socialt arbete 1980-2009
Authors: Dellgran Peter , Höjer Staffan
Published: July 2020

Doktorsavhandlingar har en speciell roll i den akademiska kunskapsbildningen. Förutom att producera ny vetenskaplig kunskap återspeglar de i varierande grad inomdisciplinära traditioner, strömningar och forskningsfronter. I artikeln görs en kartläggning av former och innehåll i samtliga doktorsavhandlingar i socialt arbete fram t o m år 2009. Genomgången visar att vissa mönster består men också att nya tendenser gör sig gällande. Under 2000-talet ökade t.ex. inslaget av studier av sociala arbetsmetoder och sammanläggningsavhandlingar.
Föräldrars förhållningssätt till sitt unga vuxna barns transidentitet
Authors: Bergström Helena , Roll Bennet Petra
Published: July 2020

Parental views of relationships with trans identified young adults The shaping of identities in relationships is an important part of people’s lives and so are norms of identity expression, for example, how gender continuity is expected to be expressed. Relationships can be challenged when a closely related person does not identify as the gender assigned at birth. This study focuses on how parents describe their views of their relationship with their young adult child who identifies as transgender. From a relational perspective, the study focuses on how parents position the child’s agency and the results are discussed in terms of care. Based on fifteen interviews with parents, three ways to relate to the child have been identified. The first is a protecting and questioning approach, which is characterized by a view where the adult child appears to be regarded as someone who needs to be protected and persuaded to change their decision. The second is a supportive and neglecting view where the significance of gender is toned down while the parent gives practical and emotional support to the child. The third identified view can be described as respectful and ambivalent, characterized by ambivalence facing the child changing, but at the same time trying to support the child’s process. The three approaches show how the parents present themselves as caring parents, but that the interpretations of what this means differ, as well as the perception of the adult child’s position in the family. Parents’ attitudes and behaviour towards the adult child can be understood as ways of caring, but do not necessarily mean that the child’s trans identity is confirmed.
Kollektiv identitet och hjälparroll i brottsofferjourer
Authors: Jägervi Lotta , Johnsson Eva
Published: July 2020

Collective identity and the supportive role in Victim Support SwedenThe purpose of this article is to show how a collective identity and the role of a helper is created and retained in a voluntary organization like Victim Support Sweden. The empirical material consists of 12 focus groups with local victim support organizations, Victim Support Sweden’s website and educational material used in basic training for new members. We highlight the internal and external collective identity and the supportive role and show how they are formed, centrally by Victim Support Sweden and by the local organizations. The results show that Victim Support Sweden has a strong internal and external collective identity, which is highly prioritized by its members. There is a clear and consensual idea about an ideal-type group member, who is needed by crime victims and flexible in relation to their needs. S/he is presented as an ”ordinary, slightly professional, wise and unpretentious person” whom crime victims can relate to and trust.
Skyddar en parrelation på äldre dar mot ensamhet?
Authors: Öberg Peter , Andersson Lars , Bildtgård Torbjörn
Published: July 2020

Does couplehood in later life protect against loneliness?The purpose of this article is to study the importance of intimate relationships as protection from loneliness in later life. We base the study on a survey of Swedes aged 60–90 (n=1,225) focusing on intimate relationships. The analysis considers neglected issues in ageing research on loneliness: the importance of union form, the importance of looking at relationship dissolution in terms of both widowhood and divorce, and the importance of new late-life unions (a gains perspective). We use two theoretical perspectives: the discrepancy model (realities vs. ideals), and the protection hypothesis, where the partner is generally the first and most important source of support in everyday life. The results show that a partner protects against loneliness and that union form matters: marriage provides the best protection, followed by cohabitation and living apart together (LAT). Feelings of loneliness decrease over time following a union dissolution – and, for men, more rapidly after separation than widowhood. The more one’s ideal union form differs from one’s actual union form, the more common are feelings of loneliness. Initiating a new relationship after a union dissolution protects against loneliness. The article discusses the importance of using union form instead of civil status as relationship indicators in studies of older people in late modern Sweden, and of including separation/divorce as indicators of union dissolution besides widowhood. It also stresses the importance of looking at later life not only from a loss perspective but also from a gains perspective.
Motiverande samtal och vetenskaplig evidens för effekt – en systematisk litteratursammanställning baserad på metaanalyser
Authors: Tholén Susanna Larsson
Published: July 2020

Motivational Interviewing and scientific evidence for its effects – a systematic litera- ture review based on meta-analyses The present study reviews the scientific evidence on the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing in relation to improved health for individuals. Based on meta-analyses of original studies with a controlled design, a systematic literature review was carried out. Searches were conducted in 19 databases and covered literature published in English-language peer-reviewed journals between the years 1980 and 2013. Further criteria for inclusion were that Motivational Interviewing con- stituted the main intervention, that the effect was evaluated, and that the audience was adults. Ten meta-analyses of treatment were included. Compared to weak treatment or no treatment the results gave support for Motivational Interviewing as a more effective intervention in the pro- blem areas of alcohol, drug addiction, smoking cessation, HIV-risk behaviour, gambling, diet and exercise, treatment adherence, water purification/safety, parenting practices and willingness/ intention to change. Albeit more limited, the results also provided evidence that Motivational interviewing is more effective than other active treatments regarding the areas of alcohol, smoking cessation, HIV-risk behaviour, gambling, diet and exercise, and water safety. As regards eating disorders, intimate relationships/couples, well-being and ability to change, the results showed no support for Motivational interviewing being a more effective intervention than either of the alter- natives strong, weak, or no intervention. The results of the present study thereby corroborate that Motivational Interviewing has effects regarding alcohol use, smoking cessation, HIV-risk beha- viour, gambling, eating habits and physical activity, as well as water purification/safety.
Psykisk ohälsa, utsatthet och en legitimerande oro – diskursiva förståelser av flickor som placeras vid särskilda ungdomshem
Authors: Vogel Maria Andersson
Published: July 2020

State-run secure accommodation has a double public function, which places it in the borderland between welfare and legal systems. However, girls in these facilities seldom show criminal beha- viour but often report severe mental health problems. Given this, it has been questioned whether this form of care is suitable for these girls. This article aims to investigate discourses about girls and secure care as they are manifested in interviews with social workers. The interviews are analysed as conversations, and therefore feature the researcher in the material. The analysis is inspired by Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Theory. The results show that a gendered dichotomy dominates the discourse about girls in contact with social services. Girls are constructed, in relation to boys, by concepts of mental health and vulnerability. This discourse is somewhat destabilized by the suburban girl who simultaneously is given meaning by discourses about the suburbs and their inhabitants as ”the Others”. Further, there seems to be a discursive battle concerning girls placed in secure care, who are constructed both as vulnerable girls and as antisocial in terms that tie them to the constructions of boys. Central to this battle is the social workers’ great concern over the girls’ actions and their consequences. The secure accommodation is discursively constructed on one hand as an institution imbued with meaning of being a horrible place, and on the other hand as a function with the possibility to stop, hold and protect. By emphasizing the connection between the social workers’ concern and the secure accommodation as a holding and protecting function, referring a girl discursively constructed as a vulnerable victim to this locked and discipli- ning form of care is legitimized.
Djursholm – Sveriges ledarsamhälle
Authors: Barfoed Elizabeth Martinell
Published: July 2020

Holmqvist, Mikael, Djursholm – Sveriges ledarsamhälle, Atlantis, 2015.