bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The FTA Show: Jane Fonda, the GI Movement, and Celebrity Activism in the Late Vietnam War
Authors: King Sarah
Published: April 2021

This article explores the FTA (or Free the Army) show, a touring antiwar performance led by Hollywood actors Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland in 1971. FTA sought to support antiwar GIs who, by the early 1970s, constituted a GI movement opposed to the Vietnam War. FTA visited military towns in the continental United States, performing for an estimated 15,000 GIs and reflecting antiwar GIs’ increasingly intersectional analysis of war, militarism, racism, and sexism. In November, the troupe traveled to the Asia‐Pacific—the staging ground for the American war effort in Vietnam—to perform for an additional 64,000 US troops in Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, and Okinawa. Pitched as a counter‐USO show, FTA, which took its critique of the war to the doorstep of the US military, not only served as a megaphone for the under‐reported GI movement, but also evolved celebrity activism, taking it to new heights of oppositional politics.
Death Pathways Associated with Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kessel David
Published: April 2021

This report describes studies involving ER vs. lysosomal targeting and is designed to assess the initiation of different death pathways as a function of subcellular targeting and PDT dose. Photodamage directed at mitochondria or lysosomes initiates apoptosis, a death pathway generally considered to be irreversible. Photodamage that involves the ER can lead to another death pathway termed paraptosis. This does not involve caspase activation, can eradicate cell types with impaired apoptosis; at high levels of irradiation, apoptosis and necrosis were observed. Autophagy has a cytoprotective function unless lysosomes are targeted; loss of lysosomal integrity can interfere with the autophagic recycling processes.
Resentment and retrenchment: Rereading Doniger on comparison and Edward Said
Authors: Geslani Marko
Published: April 2021

Despite significant genealogical work in recent decades, curricula in religious studies still struggle to incorporate disciplinary histories of colonialism and Orientalism, especially at the undergraduate level. This reticence seems ironic, given the historic importance of Asian religions to twentieth century frameworks of comparison still regnant today. To assess this postcolonial impasse, I juxtapose Wendy Doniger's theory of comparison in her 1998 work, The Implied Spider, to her obliquely critical comments on Edward Said and postcolonial studies. Doniger's still canonical work illustrates a tendency to post‐Saidian retrenchment, which poses postcolonial thought beyond the bounds of the humanism that undergirds the comparative approach to religious studies. To the extent that such deferrals of postcolonial politics continue to hold sway, they will inhibit our development of antiracist pedagogies in the field.
The Syntax of Hoo‐Resultatives in Taiwanese Southern Min*
Authors: Wang Chyan‐an Arthur
Published: April 2021

This article investigates the hoo‐resultative construction in Taiwanese Southern Min from the syntactic perspective. Specifically, it is argued that the morpheme hoo in hoo‐resultatives is responsible for causativizing an otherwise non‐unaccusative secondary predicate in resultative formation. The restriction with respect to the occurrence of object pronouns in the sentence‐final position is argued to result from prosodic considerations that ban two consecutive weak constituents from surfacing on the right edge. It is also suggested that the counterpart of this particular hoo in resultatives of Mandarin Chinese is covert and has no phonetic content. This view offers a systematic way to capture several cross‐linguistic contrasts with respect to resultatives between Taiwanese Southern Min and Mandarin Chinese.
Characterization of the novel allele, HLA‐DQB1*04:74, by sequencing‐based typing in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: Liu Feng , Chen Jianhua
Published: April 2021

HLA‐DQB1*04:74 differs from HLA‐DQB1*04:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 54 in exon 2.
Conversion from cytomegalovirus universal prophylaxis with valganciclovir to the preemptive monitoring approach to manage leukopenia after kidney or pancreas transplantation
Authors: Jorgenson Margaret R. , Wong Cynthia , Descourouez Jillian L. , Saddler Christopher M. , Smith Jeannina A. , Mandelbrot Didier A.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

In clinical practice, conversion from universal cytomegalovirus prophylaxis (CMV PPX) with valganciclovir (VGC) to targeted therapy (preemptive monitoring, PEM) is often pursued in the setting of leukopenia. It is unknown if this is an effective strategy.

Methods

Adult patients receiving a kidney and/or pancreas transplant were included if converted from PPX to PEM between 9/1/19 and 3/1/20 due to leukopenia. A positive CMV viral load (VL) was defined as CMV PCR greater than the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) based on local lab testing. A CMV VL of >500 IU/mL was chosen as the preemptive treatment (PET) threshold. Primary objective was to describe the impact of conversion on resolution of leukopenia. Secondary objectives were to assess PEM associated outcomes.

Results

There were 49 patients converted from PPX to PEM due to leukopenia in the study period; 88% were KTRs and 96% received lymphocyte‐depleting induction; 84% were seropositive at transplant (R+) and 16% were high‐risk (D+/R−). Mean WBC at time of enrollment was 1.4 ± 0.4. After PEM conversion, WBC recovered to >3 in 87.8% of the population in a mean of 26.8 ± 24.5 days. Immunosuppression was modified in 96% of the population and GCSF was required in 46.9% of patients.

CMV viremia occurred in 36.7% of the population; 78% were KTRs and 94% were R+. Time from PEM enrollment to PET was 64 ± 34 days. Median VL at first detection was 587 IU/mL, median peak was 1920 IU/mL. Five patients (27.8%) presented with symptoms consistent with CMV syndrome, none had end organ disease. Six patients (33%) presented with a VL <500 IU/mL at first detection, but all subsequently surpassed the threshold and required PET. Mean duration of PET was 25 ± 11 days. Mean change in WBC in response to PET was −0.4 ± 1.3. Immunosuppression required further adjustment in 61% of patients. There were no deaths or graft loss due to CMV at last follow‐up.

Conclusion

In kidney and pancreas transplant recipients who undergo PEM conversion due to leukopenia, withholding of VGC can improve leukopenia, but other concomitant measures are necessary. This population should be considered fairly high risk, with a threshold of treatment of first quantifiable replication. Our findings suggest lack of harm from this approach but highlight the importance of close monitoring to prevent symptomatic replication. Larger studies with longer follow‐up are needed to better evaluate the impact of PEM conversion on late‐onset CMV and patient and graft outcomes.
High‐quality chromosome‐level genomes of Cucumis metuliferus and Cucumis melo provide insight into Cucumis genome evolution
Authors: Ling Jian , Xie Xiaoxiao , Gu Xingfang , Zhao Jianlong , Ping Xingxing , Li Yan , Yang Yuhong , Mao Zhenchuan , Xie Bingyan
Published: April 2021

Cucumis metuliferus (African horned cucumber), a wild relative of Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and Cucumis melo (melon), displays high‐level resistance to several important plant pathogens (e.g., root‐knot nematodes and several viruses). Here, we report a chromosome‐level genome assembly for C. metuliferus, with a 316 Mb genome sequence comprising 29 039 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of related species in family Cucurbitaceae indicated that the divergence time between C. metuliferus and melon was 17.8 million years ago. Comparisons between the C. metuliferus and melon genomes revealed large structural variations (inversions and translocations >1 Mb) in eight chromosomes of these two species. Gene family comparison showed that C. metuliferus has the largest number of resistance‐related nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) genes in Cucurbitaceae. The loss of NBS‐LRR loci caused by large insertions or deletions (indels) and pseudogenization caused by small indels explained the loss of NBS‐LRR genes in Cucurbitaceae. Population structure analysis suggested that C. metuliferus originated in Zimbabwe, then spread to other southern African regions where it likely underwent similar domestic selection as melon. This C. metuliferus reference sequence will accelerate the understanding of the molecular evolution of resistance‐related genes and enhance cucurbit crop improvement efforts.
To map or not to map the cN0 neck: Impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy in canine head and neck tumours
Authors: Chiti Lavinia E. , Stefanello Damiano , Manfredi Martina , Zani Davide D. , De Zani Donatella , Boracchi Patrizia , Giudice Chiara , Grieco Valeria , Di Giancamillo Mauro , Ferrari Roberta
Published: April 2021

Tumour stage is a prognostic indicator for canine malignant head and neck tumours (MHNT). However, consensus is lacking on nodal staging in the absence of clinically apparent nodal disease (cN0 neck). This prospective observational study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiopharmaceutical and blue dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), to assess the correspondence between sentinel lymph node (SLN) and clinically expected regional lymph node (RLN) and the impact on staging of the procedure in dogs with MHNT and cN0 neck. Twenty‐three dogs with MHNT and cN0 neck underwent tumour excision and SLNB guided by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma‐probe and blue dye. Diagnostic performances and detection rate were calculated. Correspondence between SLN and RLN, number of nodes excised, histopathological status of the SLN and complications related to the procedure were recorded. The mapping technique identified at least one SLN in 19/23 dogs, with a detection rate of 83%. The SLN did not correspond to the RLN in 52% of dogs. Multiple nodes were removed in 61% of dogs. At histopathology, eight (42%) dogs had SLN+, of which four differed from the RLN. Only minor self‐limiting complications occurred in five (22%) dogs. Radiopharmaceutical and blue dye guidance is accurate (sensitivity 88.9%; specificity 100%) for SLNB in dogs with MHNT and cN0 and allowed the extirpation of unpredictable and/or multiple SLN with minimal morbidity. Incorporation of SLNB in the management of MHNT is desirable to correctly stage the cN0 neck, owing the unpredictability of the lymphatic drainage.
Resonance Attenuation in Fluid Transmission Through Channels Without the Use of Accumulator Systems
Authors: Nair Prashant Unnikrishnan
Published: April 2021

Accumulators are often effective in reducing noise from hydraulic systems due to their pressure spike dampening effect. Their use is feasible in most cases where replacements are easy. However, in certain conditions, like harsh environments or certain operations, such as subsea fishing, accumulator replacements are challenging. In-line dampeners provide a straightforward solution but have never been designed to cater for resonance dampening as such. Commercially developed in-line dampeners also have nitrogen-filled bladders or act like and behave as accumulators, posing the same risk of rupture and replacement. A simple device has been developed that eliminates the need for a bladder/bladderless accumulator for the moderate-pressure, high-rate flow of a non-Newtonian fluid for reduced resonance. Test results show minimal backpressure from the use of the device. This brief only addresses the resonance factor and not the usual pressure spike that hydraulic lines suffer from where accumulators work best. Proprietary material and innovation used in the design of the dampener are not discussed here. Sound attenuation for various input levels is compared between the device made and a traditional accumulator. Test results were used to complete the in-line bladderless nitrogen-free resonance attenuation device, which performs better than having an accumulator in the system.
Curved Ballasted Track-Vehicle Dynamic Interaction: Effects of Curve Radius and Track Structural Nonlinearity
Authors: Pan Liu , Xu Lei , Chen Xianmai , Zhu Zixu
Published: April 2021

In this work, a model for characterizing the ballasted track-vehicle interaction is presented. The vehicle is modelled as a multi-rigid-body system consisting of a car body, two bogie frames and four wheelsets, and the track is modelled by finite elements including the rail, the sleeper and the track bed. All bodies are connected by spring-dashpot elements. With novelty, the geometric nonlinearity of curved rail beam and mechanical nonlinearity of ballasted bed lateral resistance have been fully considered. Besides, numerical solution procedures including iteration and increment have been also developed to accurately clarify the dynamic nonlinear performance of vehicle-track systems. Apart from model validations in statics and dynamics, the influence of track nonlinearity and curved track radius on vehicle-track dynamic performance has been revealed in detail.
A Study of Hydroformed Bellows, Applying a Finite Element Method: Relationship of Bellows Dimensions, Shape, Spring Rate and Stress
Authors: Ishiyama Asahiko , Suefuji Yoshihiro , Yonemitsu Masato , Ura Akira
Published: April 2021

The spring rate of hydroformed bellows are generally calculated by shell theory or energy theory. In both cases, the calculation model of the bellows will be simplified and the thickness of the bellows convolutions will be assumed as a uniform thickness plate. It is often found that calculated solutions differ from experimental spring rates and stresses since the outside thickness of the bellows is different to the inside thickness. In this paper a finite element method (FEM) is applied to obtain the spring rate and stress of bellows. The calculated spring rates are almost the same as those of experimental data and indicate that the spring rate value is very sensitive to the ratio of OD thickness and ID thickness. The design diagrams for spring rate and maximum shear stress reflecting OD and ID thickness ratio are therefore presented.
Structural Optimization Methods for Aluminum Beverage Can Bottoms
Authors: Bhakuni Nila D. , Trageser Andrew B. , Sundaresan Sivakumar , Ishii Kosuke
Published: April 2021

The objective of this research is to minimize the weight of beverage cans subject to structural, geometric, manufacturing, and volume constraints. The structural constraints are: internal pressure, drop loading, and axial column loading which can buckle and damage the can. This study concentrates on the variation of the geometry of the can bottom. Parameterization is a key issue as three distinct parameter sets are essential to the optimization of the can: the Tooling parameters allow the can to be made, the geometric parameters allow the can to be analyzed by the finite element method, and the continuous parameters allow the can to be optimized. The optimization can be done only by integrating geometric, mechanical, mathematical, and physical insight to the problem. Finite element automation and monotonicity analysis were essential in optimizing this problem in a solution space with 14 variables. A sensitivity analysis of both the nominal and optimal design provided insight to the variation of tooling tolerances on the structural performance, fill volume, and weight of the can. Additional research could address robust design by minimizing sensitivity.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the assessment of focal nodular hyperplasia – results of a multicentre study
Authors: Şirli Roxana , Sporea Ioan , Popescu Alina , Dănilă Mirela , Săndulescu Daniela Larisa , Săftoiu Adrian , Moga Tudor , Spârchez Zeno , Cijevschi Cristina , Mihai Cătălina , Ioanițescu Simona , Nedelcu Dana , Iacob Nicoleta , Miclăuș Grațian , Brisc Ciprian , Badea Radu
Published: April 2021

Aim: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become a relevant imaging method for the evaluation of focal liver le-sions (FLL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of CEUS for the assessment of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) in a large study group. Material and methods: We performed a multicentre prospective observational study, which included successive CEUS examinations from fourteen Romanian centres. CEUS examinations were performed in de novo FLL, using low mechanical index ultrasound, following an intravenous bolus of 2.4 ml SonoVue. CEUS was considered conclusive for FNH if a typical pattern was present following contrast (rapid “spoke-wheel” enhancement during the arterial phase, hyperenhanced lesion during venous phase, hyper- or isoenhanced in the late phase). In all cases a reference method was available (contrast enhanced CT or MRI or biopsy). The trial was registered in clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier NCT01329458). Results: During the 6 years study, 2062 “de novo” FLL were evaluated by CEUS. From this cohort, 94/2062 (4.5%) had a typical enhancing pattern for FNH as described in the EFSUMB guidelines. Contrast enhanced CT/MRI and biopsy diagnosed additional 15 FNH. From the 94 cases diagnosed as FNH by CEUS, in nine the final diagnosis was different (five of them adenomas). CEUS had 85% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 90.4% positive predictive value, 99.2% negative predictive value and 98.8% diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of FNH. Conclusions: CEUS is a sensitive and very specific method for the diagnosis of FNH.
Nuclear receptors FXR and SHP regulate protein N-glycan modifications in the liver
Authors: Mathur Bhoomika , Shajahan Asif , Arif Waqar , Chen Qiushi , Hand Nicholas J. , Abramowitz Lara K. , Schoonjans Kristina , Rader Daniel J. , Kalsotra Auinash , Hanover John A. , Azadi Parastoo , Anakk Sayeepriyadarshini
Published: April 2021

Loss of two hepatic nuclear receptors muddles the Golgi and the sugarcoat on proteins.
Laser-based temperature control to study the roles of entropy and enthalpy in polymer-nanopore interactions
Authors: Angevine Christopher E. , Robertson Joseph W.F. , Dass Amala , Reiner Joseph E.
Published: April 2021

Laser-based heating offers insight into the thermodynamic processes in a nanopore sensor.
Assessing China’s efforts to pursue the 1.5°C warming limit
Authors: Duan Hongbo , Zhou Sheng , Jiang Kejun , Bertram Christoph , Harmsen Mathijs , Kriegler Elmar , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Wang Shouyang , Fujimori Shinichiro , Tavoni Massimo , Ming Xi , Keramidas Kimon , Iyer Gokul , Edmonds James
Published: April 2021

Change in the air

The 2016 Paris Agreement set the ambitious goals of keeping global temperature rise this century below 2°C, or even better, 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. Substantial interventions are required to meet these goals, particularly for industrialized countries. Duan
et al.
projected that China will need to reduce its carbon emissions by more than 90% and its energy consumption by almost 40% to do its share in reaching the 1.5°C target. Negative emission technology is an essential element of any plan. China's accumulated economic costs by 2050 may be about 3 to 6% of its gross domestic product.

Science
, this issue p.
378
Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
Authors: Yoshino Mihoko , Yoshino Jun , Kayser Brandon D. , Patti Gary J. , Franczyk Michael P. , Mills Kathryn F. , Sindelar Miriam , Pietka Terri , Patterson Bruce W. , Imai Shin-Ichiro , Klein Samuel
Published: April 2021

Anti-aging supplement effects in humans

Synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
+
) decreases during aging, which is thought to limit the activity of enzymes that require it for their catalytic activity. Studies in animals indicate that replenishment of cellular NAD
+
can have beneficial effects on aging and age-related diseases, but the situation in humans is less clear. Yoshino
et al.
report the effects of supplementation with the NAD
+
precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide in overweight or obese postmenopausal women with prediabetes (see the Perspective by Hepler and Bass). The treatment improved insulin sensitivity in muscle, although a change in NAD
+
content was not detected. The treatment also increased the expression of platelet-derived growth factor b. The results support potential therapeutic action of NAD
+
supplementation in humans, but how various NAD+ precursors are processed in specific tissues remains to be fully explored.

Science
, abe9985, this issue p.
1224
; see also abj0764, p.
1147
Josephson junction infrared single-photon detector
Authors: Walsh Evan D. , Jung Woochan , Lee Gil-Ho , Efetov Dmitri K. , Wu Bae-Ian , Huang K.-F. , Ohki Thomas A. , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Kim Philip , Englund Dirk , Fong Kin Chung
Published: April 2021

A junction for single-photon detection

Josephson junctions are simple superconducting devices comprising an insulator or semiconductor separating two superconducting regions. They form the workhorse of superconducting technologies and are exquisitely sensitive to magnetic field. One long-sought proposal has been to use these devices to detect light. Walsh
et al.
have realized a photosensitive Josephson junction based on graphene that is capable of sensing single infrared photons. Such a photosensitive Josephson junction is expected to operate as a high-speed, low-power consumption optical interconnect for communication between superconducting-based supercomputers and quantum computers.

Science
, this issue p.
409
Lack of transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Yeager Meredith , Machiela Mitchell J. , Kothiyal Prachi , Dean Michael , Bodelon Clara , Suman Shalabh , Wang Mingyi , Mirabello Lisa , Nelson Chase W. , Zhou Weiyin , Palmer Cameron , Ballew Bari , Colli Leandro M. , Freedman Neal D. , Dagnall Casey , Hutchinson Amy , Vij Vibha , Maruvka Yosi , Hatch Maureen , Illienko Iryna , Belayev Yuri , Nakamura Nori , Chumak Vadim , Bakhanova Elena , Belyi David , Kryuchkov Victor , Golovanov Ivan , Gudzenko Natalia , Cahoon Elizabeth K. , Albert Paul , Drozdovitch Vladimir , Little Mark P. , Mabuchi Kiyohiko , Stewart Chip , Getz Gad , Bazyka Dimitry , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy , Chanock Stephen J.
Published: April 2021

Genomics of radiation-induced damage

The potential adverse effects of exposures to radioactivity from nuclear accidents can include acute consequences such as radiation sickness, as well as long-term sequelae such as increased risk of cancer. There have been a few studies examining transgenerational risks of radiation exposure but the results have been inconclusive. Morton
et al.
analyzed papillary thyroid tumors, normal thyroid tissue, and blood from hundreds of survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and compared them against those of unexposed patients. The findings offer insight into the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis and characteristic patterns of DNA damage associated with environmental radiation exposure. In a separate study, Yeager
et al.
analyzed the genomes of 130 children and parents from families in which one or both parents had experienced gonadal radiation exposure related to the Chernobyl accident and the children were conceived between 1987 and 2002. Reassuringly, the authors did not find an increase in new germline mutations in this population.

Science
, this issue p.
eabg2538
, p.
725
Distributed manufacturing for and by the masses
Authors: Okwudire Chinedum E. , Madhyastha Harsha V.
Published: April 2021

Networked systems, artificial intelligence, and an engaged public can enable mass customization of local products
Crafting a culture of secrecy
Restricted Data
Alex Wellerstein
University of Chicago Press, 2021. 528 pp.
Authors: Brown Kate
Published: April 2021

Clandestine research defined America's atomic age
The hidden crisis beneath our feet
Authors: Famiglietti James S. , Ferguson Grant
Published: April 2021

Disappearing groundwater requires action to prevent widespread water scarcity
José Manuel Baselga (1959–2021)
Authors: Scaltriti Maurizio
Published: April 2021

Transformative oncologist who laid the groundwork for precision medicine
Development of a Broth Microdilution Method for Exebacase Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Oh Jun T. , Ambler Jane E. , Cassino Cara , Schuch Raymond
Published: April 2021

Exebacase (CF-301) belongs to a new class of protein-based antibacterial agents, known as lysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases). Exebacase, a novel lysin with antistaphylococcal activity, is in phase 3 of clinical development.
Pneumatosis intestinalis and intestinal perforation in a case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Heza Lela , Olive Aliza , Miller Jenna
Published: April 2021

This case demonstrates pneumatosis intestinalis and small bowel perforation in a paediatric patient with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Our patient presented with fever, abdominal pain and shortness of breath. She progressed to haemodynamic failure and small bowel perforation approximately 1 week after admission. Patients with suspected or confirmed MIS-C should be monitored closely for abdominal catastrophe, especially when critically ill in the intensive care unit.
High rate and large intercentre variability in retreatment of retinopathy of prematurity in infants born <24 gestational weeks
Authors: Lundgren Pia , Jacobson Lena , Hård Anna-Lena , Al-Hawasi Abbas , Larsson Eva , Gränse Lotta , Saric Marie , Sunnqvist Birgitta , Tornqvist Kristina , Wallin Agneta , Holmstrom Gerd E , Smith Lois LE , Morsing Eva , Hellström Ann
Published: April 2021

Objective

Prematurity is a major risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We aimed to elucidate ROP prevalence, treatment and retreatment in infants born before 24 gestational age (GA) weeks in a Swedish cohort.

Methods and analysis

Infants with completed ROP screening, born at <24 GA weeks, 2007–2018 in Sweden were included. Data of GA, birth weight (BW), sex, neonatal morbidities, maximal ROP stage, aggressive posterior ROP (APROP), ROP treatments, treatment modality and treatment centre were retrieved.

Results

In total, 399 infants, with a mean GA of 23.2 weeks (range 21.9–23.9) and a mean BW of 567 g (range 340–874), were included. ROP was detected in 365 (91.5%) infants, 173 (43.4%) were treated for ROP and 68 of 173 (39.3%) were treated more than once. As the first treatment, 142 (82.0%) received laser and 29 (16.1%) received intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). Retreatment was performed after first laser in 46 of 142 (32.4%) and in 20 of 29 (69.0%) after first anti-VEGF treatment. Retreatment rate was not associated with GA, BW or sex but with APROP, treatment method (anti-VEGF) and treatment centre where the laser was performed (p<0.001). Twenty eyes progressed to retinal detachment, and two infants developed unilateral endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF treatment.

Conclusion

Infants, born at <24 weeks’ GA, had high rates of treatment-warranting ROP and retreatments. Treatment centre highly influenced the retreatment rate after laser indicating that laser treatment could be improved in some settings.
Short-course IL-15 given as a continuous infusion led to a massive expansion of effective NK cells: implications for combination therapy with antitumor antibodies
Authors: Dubois Sigrid P , Miljkovic Milos D , Fleisher Thomas A , Pittaluga Stefania , Hsu-Albert Jennifer , Bryant Bonita R , Petrus Michael N , Perera Liyanage P , Müller Jürgen R , Shih Joanna H , Waldmann Thomas A , Conlon Kevin C
Published: April 2021

Background

Full application of cytokines as oncoimmunotherapeutics requires identification of optimal regimens. Our initial effort with intravenous bolus recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) was limited by postinfusional reactions. Subcutaneous injection and continuous intravenous infusion for 10 days (CIV-10) provided rhIL-15 with less toxicity with CIV-10 giving the best increases in CD8+lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. To ease rhIL-15 administration, we shortened time of infusion. Treatment with rhIL-15 at a dose of 3–5 µg/kg as a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion (CIV-5) had no dose-limiting toxicities while effector cell stimulation was comparable to the CIV-10 regimen.

Methods

Eleven patients with metastatic cancers were treated with rhIL-15 CIV-5, 3 µg (n=4), 4 µg (n=3), and 5 µg/kg/day (n=4) in a phase I dose-escalation study (April 6, 2012).

Results

Impressive expansions of NK cells were seen at all dose levels (mean 34-fold), including CD56brightNK cells (mean 144-fold for 4 µg/kg), as well as an increase in CD8+T cells (mean 3.38-fold). At 5 µg/kg/day, there were no dose-limiting toxicities but pulmonary capillary leak and slower patient recovery. This led to our choice of the 4 µg/kg as CIV-5 dose for further testing. Cytolytic capacity of CD56brightand CD56dimNK cells was increased by interleukin-15 assayed by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), natural cytotoxicity and natural killer group 2D-mediated cytotoxicity. The best response was stable disease.

Conclusions

IL-15 administered as CIV-5 substantially expanded NK cells with increased cytotoxic functions. Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies dependent on ADCC as their mechanism of action including alemtuzumab, obinutuzumab, avelumab, and mogamulizumab could benefit from those NK cell expansions and provide a promising therapeutic strategy.

Trial registration numbers

NCT01572493,NCT03759184,NCT03905135,NCT04185220andNCT02689453.
Transepithelial nasal potential difference in patients with, and at risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Mac Sweeney Rob , Reddy Kiran , Davies Jane C , Parker Mike , Kelly Barry , Elborn J Stuart , Conlon John , Verghis Rejina M , Calfee Carolyn S , Matthay Michael A , Alton Eric W F W , McAuley Daniel F
Published: April 2021

Background

Impaired alveolar fluid clearance, determined in part by alveolar sodium transport, is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Nasal sodium transport may reflect alveolar transport. The primary objective of this prospective, observational study was to determine if reduced nasal sodium transport, as measured by nasal potential difference (NPD), was predictive of the development of and outcome from ARDS.

Methods

NPD was measured in 15 healthy controls and in 88 patients: 40 mechanically ventilated patients defined as ‘at-risk’ for ARDS, 61 mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS (13 who were previously included in the ‘at-risk’ group) and 8 ARDS survivors on the ward.

Results

In at-risk subjects, maximum NPD (mNPD) was greater in those who developed ARDS (difference –8.4 mV; 95% CI –13.8 to –3.7; p=0.005) and increased mNPD predicted the development of ARDS before its onset (area under the curve (AUC) 0.75; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.89). In the ARDS group, mNPD was not significantly different for survivors and non-survivors (p=0.076), and mNPD was a modest predictor of death (AUC 0.60; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.75). mNPD was greater in subjects with ARDS (−30.8 mV) than in at-risk subjects (−24.2 mV) and controls (−19.9 mV) (p<0.001). NPD values were not significantly different for survivors and controls (p=0.18).

Conclusions

Increased NPD predicts the development of ARDS in at-risk subjects but does not predict mortality. NPD increases before ARDS develops, is greater during ARDS, but is not significantly different for controls and survivors. These results may reflect the upregulated sodium transport necessary for alveolar fluid clearance in ARDS. NPD may be useful as a biomarker of endogenous mechanisms to stimulate sodium transport. Larger studies are now needed to confirm these associations and predictive performance.
Formulation and Stability Analysis of a Multi-Scale Modeling Approach for Simulation of Elastic Wave Propagation
Authors: Raorane Siddhesh , Uhl Tadeusz , Packo Pawel
Published: April 2021

In this work, we report on the formulation and detailed stability analysis of a dynamic multi-scale scheme involving two different local computational strategies for modeling of elastic wave propagation. The coupled model involves the Local Interaction Simulation Approach and Cellular Automata for Elastodynamics, however the presented analysis approach is general and applies to other numerical techniques. This scheme is capable of coupling two numerical models with possibly dissimilar spatial discretization lengths and material properties, hence it is appealing for a multi-scale and/or multi-resolution analysis. The method developed in this paper employs an interface force–displacement coupling to yield the multi-scale model equations. It is shown that the governing equations contain a self-coupling term that affects the stability of the system, as it contributes to additional stiffness at the interface. Stability analysis is presented in terms of rotations of two vectors in [Formula: see text] space, where each vector represents individual model’s stability. Three model configurations of practical interest were investigated, analytical formulae derived and used to analyze stability. These analytical formulae were compared against results from numerical simulations and perfect agreement was observed.
Assessing the impact of agrochemicals on schistosomiasis transmission: A mathematical study
Authors: Cai Liming , Yue Peixia , Ghosh Mini , Li Xuezhi
Published: April 2021

Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease, which is affecting almost 240 million people worldwide. The number of humans affected by schistosomiasis is continuously increasing with the rise in the use of agrochemicals. In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated and analyzed to assess the effect of agrochemicals on the transmission of schistosomiasis. The proposed model incorporates the effects of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides on susceptible snails and snail predators along with schistosomiasis disease transmission. The existence and stability of the equilibria in the model are discussed. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the key parameters of the proposed model, which contributes most in the transmission of this disease. Numerical simulations are also performed to assess the impact of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides on schistosomiasis outbreaks. Our study reveals that the agricultural pollution can enhance the transmission intensity of schistosomiasis, and in order to prevent the outbreak of schistosomiasis, the use of pesticides should be controlled.
A note on pebbling bound for a product of Class 0 graphs
Authors: Pleanmani Nopparat , Worawiset Somnuek
Published: April 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a connected graph. For a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of [Formula: see text], a pebbling move on [Formula: see text] is the process of taking two pebbles from a vertex and adding one of them on an adjacent vertex. The pebbling number of [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text], is the least number of pebbles to guarantee that for any configuration of pebbles on [Formula: see text] and arbitrary vertex [Formula: see text], there is a sequence of pebbling movement that places at least one pebble on [Formula: see text]. The graph [Formula: see text] is said to be of Class 0 if its pebbling number equals its order. For a Class [Formula: see text] connected graph [Formula: see text], we improve a recent upper bound for [Formula: see text] in terms of [Formula: see text].
Fundamental relations on hyper bi-modules and characterizations of complete hyper bi-modules
Authors: Nooranian M. , Davvaz B.
Published: April 2021

A hyper bi-module is a commutative hypergroup that is both a left and a right hypermodule, such that the left and the right multiplications are compatible. We define the fundamental relation on an [Formula: see text]-hyper bi-module, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are hyperrings and the left and the right multiplications are compatible. Also, we state some conditions that are equivalent to the transitivity of this relation and finally we characterize the complete [Formula: see text]-hyper bi-modules.
A Composite Framework of Co-located Asymmetric Virtual Reality
Authors: Ouverson Kaitlyn M. , Gilbert Stephen B.
Published: April 2021

As the variety of possible interactions with virtual reality (VR) continues to expand, researchers need a way to relate these interactions to users' needs and goals in ways that advance understanding. Existing efforts have focused mainly on the symmetric use of technology, which excludes a rising form of interaction known as asymmetric VR, in which co-located participants use different interfaces to interact with a shared environment. There must be a clear path to creating asymmetric VR systems that are rooted in previous work from several fields, as these systems have use cases in education, hybrid reality teams (using VR and other technologies to interact online and face to face), accessibility, as well as entertainment. Currently, there is no systematic way to characterize 1) how a system may be asymmetric, 2) how the different mediation technology and affordances within asymmetric VR support (or do not support) users' goals, and 3) the relationships and collaborative capabilities between users of these different technologies. In this paper, the authors use a scoping review to explore relevant conceptual frameworks for asymmetric interaction, mediation technology, and computer supported cooperative work to clarify the dimensions of asymmetry and synthesize the literature into a Composite framework for Asymmetric VR (CAVR). The paper concludes with suggestions of ways to test and expand the framework in order to guide future research as it identifies the most-beneficial interaction paradigms for co-located asymmetric VR.
Nobody Puts Redditor in a Binary
Authors: Stewart Leo G. , Spiro Emma S.
Published: April 2021

Prior work on transgender technology users in CSCW has primarily focused on how they interact with algorithms and communication technology, empirically identifying specific use cases and profiles, and speaking largely to the designers and developers of these platforms. This work has emphasized how trans people are excluded, harmed, and misrepresented in existing platforms, algorithms, and research methods. While these critiques are important, this paper explores what trans-inclusive quantitative methods could be by applying a participant- or user-driven approach. While the problem of trans-inclusive, -affirming, or -empowering research methods is not specifically a CSCW problem---as we directly confront by comparing and contrasting the perspectives of CSCW and conventional demography---we argue that a CSCW lens may be uniquely suited to addressing it. To this end, this paper makes several contributions: conceptually, we identify points of increasing convergence between conventional demographic research methods (and criticisms thereof) and CSCW, focusing on shared limitations surrounding how identity is handled in research; methodologically, we present a sketch of how these limitations might be addressed by using social network analysis to "triangulate" social identities while considering them relative and situated; empirically, we implement these methods in a case study of gender within the broader social context of Reddit and discuss the results.
Shared Understanding in Care Coordination for Children's Behavioral Health
Authors: Richards Olivia K. , Choi Adrian , Marcu Gabriela
Published: April 2021

Care coordination involves crossing boundaries to connect services in support of the health and well-being of an individual. In this paper, we describe how care coordination depends on the ability to develop a shared understanding of care goals and progress. A distributed group of professionals and non-professional caregivers need to share information to provide consistent and holistic support across settings. We conducted fieldwork comprising of 20 interviews and 51 hours of observation across three different programs focused on children's behavioral health. From this empirical investigation of practices used by distributed care teams, we generated a conceptual framework of shared understanding in care coordination. We identified barriers to shared understanding, as well as nine practices that contribute to its development via two key mechanisms: (1) building relationships across boundaries, and (2) sharing actionable information. We conclude with design implications for enhancing the collaborative practices of members of a care team to cross boundaries despite the barriers that are common in behavioral health and other contexts requiring complex care coordination.
CrowdFolio
Authors: Foong Eureka , Kim Joy O. , Dontcheva Mira , Gerber Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2021

Freelancers increasingly earn their livelihood through online marketplaces. To attract new clients, freelancers continuously curate their online portfolios to convey their unique skills and style. However, many lack access to rapid, regular, and inexpensive feedback needed to improve their portfolios. Existing crowd feedback systems, which collect feedback on individual creative projects (i.e., decomposed approach), could fill this need, but it is unclear how they might support feedback on multiple projects (i.e., holistic approach). In a between-subjects study with 30 freelancers, we compared decomposed and holistic feedback collection approaches using CrowdFolio, a crowd feedback system for portfolios. The holistic approach helped freelancers discover new ways to describe their work, while the decomposed approach provided detailed insight about the visual attractiveness of projects. This study contributes evidence that portfolio feedback systems, regardless of collection approach, can positively support professional development by impacting how freelancers portray themselves online and reflect on their identity.
Joint Action Storyboards
Authors: Homaeian Leila , Wallace James R. , Scott Stacey D.
Published: April 2021

Building and maintaining common ground is vital for effective collaboration in CSCW. Moreover, subtle changes in a CSCW user interface can significantly impact grounding and collaborative processes. Yet, researchers and technology designers lack tools to understand how specific user interface designs may hinder or facilitate communication grounding. In this work, we leverage the well-established theory of communication grounding to develop a visual framework, called Joint Action Storyboards (JASs), to analyze and articulate how interaction minutiae impact the costs of communication grounding. JASs can depict an integrated view of mental actions of collaborators, their physical interactions with each other and the CSCW environment, and the corresponding grounding costs incurred. We present the development of JASs and discuss its various benefits for HCI and CSCW research. Through a series of case studies, we demonstrate how JASs provide an analysis tool for researchers and technology designers and serve as a tool to articulate the impact of interaction minutiae on communication grounding.
Misfires, Missed Data, Misaligned Treatment
Authors: Taylor Lauren C. , Belan Kelsie , De Choudhury Munmun , Baumer Eric P. S.
Published: April 2021

Technology bears important relationships to our health and wellness and has been utilized over the past two decades as an aid to support both self-management goals as well as collaboration among treatment teams.However, when chronic illnesses such as eating disorders (ED) are managed outside of institutionalized care settings, designing effective technology to support collaboration in treatment necessitates that we understand the relationships between patients, clinicians, and support networks. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured, interviews with 9 ED patients and 10 clinicians to understand the ED journey through the lens of collaborative efforts, technology use, and potential detriments. Based on our analysis of these 19 interviews, we present novel findings on various underlying disconnects within the collaborative ED treatment process disconnects among clinicians, between treatment foci, among preferences in tracking, within support networks, and inpatients' own identities. Our findings highlight how these various disconnects are concomitant with and gaps can stem from a lack of collaboration between different stakeholders in the ED journey. We also identify methods of facilitating collaboration in these disconnects through technological mediators.
Examining Interactions Between Community Members and University Safety Organizations through Community-Sourced Risk Systems
Authors: Ming Shufan , Mayfield Ryan D.W. , Cheng Haocong , Wang Ke-Rou , Huang Yun
Published: April 2021

An increasing number of safety departments in organizations across the U.S. are offering mobile apps that allow their local community members to report potential risks, such as hazards, suspicious events, ongoing incidents, and crimes. These "community-sourced risk'' systems are designed for the safety departments to take action to prevent or reduce the severity of situations that may harm the community. However, little is known about the actual use of such community-sourced risk systems from the perspective of both community members and the safety departments. This study is the first large-scale empirical analysis of community-sourced risk systems. More specifically, we conducted a comprehensive system log analysis of LiveSafe--a community-sourced risk system--that has been used by more than two hundred universities and colleges. Our findings revealed a mismatch between what the safety departments expected to receive and what their community members actually reported, and identified several factors (e.g., anonymity, organization, and tip type) that were associated with the safety departments' responses to their members' tips. Our findings provide design implications for chatbot-enabled community-risk systems and make practical contributions for safety organizations and practitioners to improve community engagement.
Practice-Based Teacher Questioning Strategy Training with ELK
Authors: Wang Xu , Thompson Meredith , Yang Kexin , Roy Dan , Koedinger Kenneth R. , Rose Carolyn P. , Reich Justin
Published: April 2021

Practice is essential for learning. However, for many interpersonal skills, there often are not enough opportunities and venues for novices to repeatedly practice. Role-playing simulations offer a promising framework to advance practice-based professional training for complex communication skills, in fields such as teaching. In this work, we introduce ELK (Eliciting Learner Knowledge), a role-playing simulation system that helps K-12 teachers develop effective questioning strategies to elicit learners' prior knowledge. We evaluate ELK with 75 pre-service teachers through a mixed-method study. We find that teachers demonstrate a modest increase in effective questioning strategies and develop sympathy towards students after using ELK for 3 rounds. We implement a supplementary activity in ELK in which users evaluate transcripts generated from past role-play sessions. We have tentative evidence that a combination of role-play and evaluating conversation moves may be more effective for learning. We contribute design implications of using role-play systems for communication strategy training.