bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

On May 26, 1977 a series of four treatments was applied to Bigleaf Wintercreeper Euonymus vines growing against a brick wall on a local landscaped home in West Lafayette, Indiana. The vines were infested with the euonymus scale and crawlers of the first generation were emerging. Sprays were applied to runoff with a B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. The systemic insecticide was applied as a soil drench using one gallon of water poured into a cultivated ring around the base of the plant with the measured amount of insecticide. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water applied to seal the soil and wash the insecticide below soil level. The experiment was replicated five times. One month after treatment, 6 inch twig samples were removed, placed in paper sacks and transported to the laboratory where they were refrigerated until counts were made under a binocular microscope. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity.
Purple Passion, Mealybug Control, 1974
Authors: Poe S. L. , Matthews S. R. , Childs G. H.
Published: March 2022

Foliage mealybugs Phenacoccussolani group infesting purple passion plants were treated with five insecticides and numbers compared to those of untreated plants before and three, seven and 14 days after treatment. Counts were made on three leaves and the two internodal regions between them from each of five, one plant replicates. Insecticides were applied to foliage with a hand sprayer to the point of runoff. Plants were grown in containers under greenhouse conditions.
Scots Pine,

D

.

Zimmermani

Control, Illinois, 1977
Authors: Appleby J. E. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

A 5-acre nursery of Scots pine trees of 4-6 ft in height planted 4 feet apart and consisting of 14 rows with ca 100 trees per row was selected in Whiteside County, Illinois because of the high incidence of Zimmerman pine moth damage. On September 10, 1976, 9 trees that had symptoms of Zimmerman pine moth infestations were tagged in each of 14 rows. On September 14, 1976, insecticide sprays were applied until runoff onto the branches and trunks of the trees, using a 100 gallon hydraulic sprayer. Each treatment was applied onto 9 trees in each of 2 adjoining rows. On April 16, 1977 other trees in adjoining rows were treated as described in the September 14 applications, using the same insecticides. On May 20, 1977 the hardened sap exudate from previous infestations was scraped off all the tagged trees. On August 12, 1977 the number of new infestation sites seen as sap exudate was counted on each tree.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Pissodes Weevils Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine Christmas tree stumps, cut the previous holiday season, in a local plantation were treated on April 15 and second treatment was applied to half of the previously treated stumps on May 8. Materials were applied with a one gallon B & G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 psi. The exposed portion of the stump and the surrounding area were sprayed until thoroughly wet. The overwintering adult weevils were crawling on the stumps and ovipositing at the time of the first treatment. The experiment was replicated four times. On September 26th the bark was removed from the stumps and the number of chip cocoons counted.
Apple, Apple Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 16-year-old apple trees on August 5 at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of ca 300 gal per acre. Polyram 80W (1 lb/100 gal) and Benlate 50W (2 oz) were sprayed on the trees at 2-3 week intervals from mid-June to mid-August. There were no tank-mixtures of insecticides with the fungicides. There were 2 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Mcintosh and 1 Spartan cultivars per treatment. Prior to treatment, 5 succulent terminal vegetative shoots were tagged around the periphery of each tree, at a height of 3 to 6 feet. Evaluation was based on a count of all live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves on each tagged termi-al shoot. Aphid population pressure was not severe.
Dips for Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae in Pots, Ohio 1977
Authors: Montgomery M. E. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

Three-year-old yews in 7-inch pots containing 4 qt of sandy-silt loam were inoculated with 50-75 lst-instar larvae during February. Infested plants were maintained in the greenhouse until larvae were 4th and 5th instar. Pots were then moved outdoors and soil moisture allowed to approach wilting point, although soil moisture was not monitored. On April 30, pots were immersed in insecticide solutions until bubbling ceased, approx 3 min. Each pot absorbed ca. 1 qt of solution. Treatments were replicated 6 times. Soil temperature was 25°C. Soil was emptied from the pots and numbers of larvae determined 17 days post-treatment.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Boggs Joseph F.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by laboratory bioassay of foliar residues collected from the field at specified intervals. Finished spray was applied to runoff with a C02 compression sprayer operating at 50 psi with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle between 9:00 A.M. and 12:00 noon (EDT) on July 26, 1977 under sunny skies at 19°C with a slight breeze (8-12 kilometers/hr)- Small portions (0.5-1.0 m wide) of Taxusmedia ‘Hatfieldi’, 3+ m high, growing in the Secrest Arboretum at Wooster were thoroughly sprayed with each candidate material. One day later, 3 10-15 cm twigs were clipped from each treatment area and placed individually in 9 x 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with a screen lid. Five ovipositing weevils were added to each container; containers were held in the laboratory at ca 22°C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity. All weevils used were previously field collected in the Wooster area and held in a rearing chamber with fresh taxus foliage at approximately the above conditions. Additional bioassays were conducted at intervals given in Table 1. Mortality was assessed 72 hr after caging weevils with sprayed foliage.
White Oak,

L

.

Hamadryadella

Control, Lisle, Illinois, 1977
Authors: Appleby J.E.
Published: March 2022

White oak trees of ca 50 ft in height that had foliage heavily infested with leaFmining larvae were selected for the test. Single tree plots were used with 3 replications of all treatments. Each treatment was applied onto a 3 ft long branch of each tree having numberous leaves infested with leafminers. On June 13, 1977 the treatments were applied as foliar sprays until runoff using a 1-gallon knapsack sprayer. On June 20, 3 infested leaves were removed from each treated branch and the number of live and dead larvae counted per leaf.
Soil Insecticides for Control of Larvae of the Japanese Beetle, 1976-77
Authors: Lawrence Kenneth O.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested over 2 years at 8 locations in 3 states. Two sites were plant nurseries with a volunteer ground cover of weeds and grasses; the other sites were (mostly) golf course turf with a mixture of common grasses. Granular insecticides were applied with a push type lawn spreader to 100 sq ft plots laid out in randomized complete block design with 5 or 6 replications. Treatments were not watered and days until the first significant rainfall (ca. .25 in) was recorded. Chiordane was discontinued as the standard after 1976 since there are several sites with resistant populations. Plots were sampled by counting the larvae in each of four, 7x7 inch plugs dug at random from each plot. The November treatment were made after the grubs burrowed down 6 to 8 inch to their overwintering sites, so they were unaffected until the following spring.
American Cockroach Trapping and Control, 1977
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Blythe Ron , Ree Bill , Bogle David , Mussett Kevin
Published: March 2022

The test site consisted of a meats laboratory building located on the Oklahoma State University Campus, Stillwater, Oklahoma. The building contained two floors, one above ground and a basement, which contained a total of approximately 22,000 sq ft of floor space. The building had 40 rooms which were used for classrooms, offices, storage, animal slaughter, and meat processing. Application equipment consisted of 2 gal B & G compressed air sprayer equipped with a Mulfi-Teejet Spraying Systems nozzle plus a crack and crevice extension. Two gal of 2% microencapsulated diazinon finish spray were applied on March 16 at 15 - 20 psi to the area. Food handling areas were treated with the crack and crevice extension while other areas were treated according to standard procedures used by commerical pest control operators. Pretreotment and post-treatment cockroach populations consisted of trapping the cockroaches in qt (wide mouth) fruit jars which contained one tablespoon of bentonite clay (Montmorillonoid type N. B. 77-100-1) and a 1 1/2 X 1 1/2" piece of white bread. Forty eight traps were placed throughout the building except as noted in the table. At each trapping date, the jars were left for 1 week at which time cockroaches were collected and recorded. The jars were numbered and replaced in the same location for each trapping period.
Cattle, Horn Fly Control with Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides Applied as Sprays and Dusts, 1977
Authors: Burns Edward C. , Mayeux Miles W.
Published: March 2022

ICI PP 557 (ECTIBAN) and Burroughs-Wellcome BW 21Z were each applied as 0.025% or 0.05% sprays to cattle at two different locations. At a third location, ECTIBAN (0.25%) and BW 21Z (0.5% and 1.0%) were applied as dusts. In each study, a herd of cattle was sprayed with 0.125% dioxathion (standard), and at the first and third locations, an untreated control was used. Cattle in spray treatments received ca. 2.84 liters/animal of finished spray while those in dust treatments received ca. 5.7g/animal/day of dust from double thickness burlap bags hung beneath open sheds which provided the only shade in the pastures. Horn flies were counted in early morning on one side of the animals with the aid of binoculars. Random counts were made on 10 animals/herd. Horn fly counts are given as total flies per animal averages.
Apple, Oystershell Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 16-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of ca. 500 gal per acre. Spray dates were May 26 (petal fall) and June 6 (first cover); each insecticide was applied on both dates. The standard pesticide program through mid-July consisted of captan 80W (1.0-1.25 lb/100 gal) on 10 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on May 27, June 6, and 16, Solubor (1 lb) on June 6, and Sevin 80W (.62 - 1.25 lb) on June 13, 19, and July 13. There were no tank-mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 3 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 1 Mcintosh and 2 Golden Delicious cultivars per treatment. On August 31-September 1, a count was made of all scales found on the 1977 vegetative growth of 10 terminals per tree; only those terminals which bore scales on 1976 growth were examined. European red mites were counted on 33 or 34 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; the mites were counted the same day. Scale and mite populations were somewhat vigorous in this orchard. There were frequent and heavy rains in June.
Cattle, Hypoderma Lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bui I is, Bexar County, Texas, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides discovered in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 2: 144-5). In initial tests, animals are weighed and given insecticides either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray consisting of 4 liters/animal at > 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Tritone X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts)). Normally, cattle are treated at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists, but maximum dosages for initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. In succeeding tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as described above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate).
Chickens, Insecticide Screening for Control of Chicken Lice, 1977
Authors: Darrow D. I. , LeMeilleur C. A.
Published: March 2022

Chickens naturally or artificially infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), were treated with acetone, athanol, or water solutions of technical or finer grade experimental compounds. Material (40 ml of solution) was applied to the infested chickens with an artist’s airbrush modified to give a coarse spray at a pressure of 40 psi. The applications were made while the chickens were suspended by the legs with a soft cotton rope and rotated to assure complete and adequate coverage. Treated chickens were confined separately in cage-layer cells for a 28-day posttreatment observation period. Animals treated similarly were placed in adjacent cells, but those treated with different materials or concentrations were separated by one cell. Any reinfestation that occurred was limited to lice hatching from viable eggs present on the test animals at time of treatment. Pretreatment louse populations were estimated by counting the motile forms found in 10 partings of feathers; 2 each at the vent, breast, back, neck, and wings.
Mouse, Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mg/kg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R. E.,etal., 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65 (3): 742-5, and Drummond, R. O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Cntomol. 65 (4): 1211-2. Recent results were presented by Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 2: 144-5.
The Importance of Reporting Soil Properties in Insecticide and Acaricide Tests and Methods of Determination
Authors: Nesmith William C. , Averre Charles W.
Published: March 2022

A large number of tests are performed annually to evaluate the efficacy of chemicals for controlling plant pathogenic microorganisms and insects in the soil. Many of these testsare reported with minimal or no reference to soil conditions. Yet, the soil can have profound effects on the efficacy of a chemical in two major ways: 1) it can affect the susceptibility of a organism to the chemical and 2) it can have a direct effect on the toxicological properties of the chemical (10). For example: Most organisms, to varying degrees, are less sensitive to toxicants when in a dormant or resting state which is often encouraged by unfavorable soil conditions such as cold temperature, drought, and flooding. Also, soils are very reactive chemically and physically. Many chemicals are adsorbed or absorbed on soil particles such as clay and organic matter and thus may become inactivated. In other cases, the soil structure, texture, temperature and moisture may limith the dispersal of the toxicant throughout the plow layer from the point of application; this is especially critical with fumigant type products. The soil pH can have a marked influence on the toxicity of the chemical.
Apple, Plum Curculio, Insecticidal Efficacy, 1976
Authors: Holloway Rodney L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were made by dipping thinning apples in a formulated solution of each respective insecticide. After drying 3 apples were placed in a screenwire covered plastic container. Ten laboratory reared plum curculios were placed in each plastic cup with 5 containers being used per treatment.
Apple, Evaluation of Sprayers, 1977
Authors: Hull L. A. , Hickey K. D.
Published: March 2022

Distribution pattern, amount of deposit and biological efficacy of pesticides applied by different commercial airblast sprayers were measured in a mature block of ’Stayman Winesap’ apple trees. Trees used were planted at a distance of 9.1 m in rows 10.7 m apart and were well pruned to a height of 3.7 to 4.3 m. Three major objectives were: 1) to determine by gas chromatographic analyses the deposit of dicofol on leaves in different areas of the tree; 2) to determine the eradicative effect of a single application of endosulfan on a high population of apple aphid; 3) to estimate the amount of leaf surface covered by spray droplets as measured visually using a fluorescent chemical tracer for comparison with actual chemical deposits measured by gas chromatographic techniques. Comparisons of three conventional and two low-volume, mist-type airblast sprayers with a high pressure hydraulic hand sprayer (dilute spray) were made.
Apple, Insect Control, 1977
Authors: Mouzin T. E. , Reed D. K.
Published: March 2022

Two replications of 18 tree plots (6 Jonathan - 6 Red Del. - 6 Golden Del.) were treated with phosmet (0.5 lb ai/100 gal), captan (0.5 lb ai/100 gal), and Dikar (1.6 lb ai/100 gal) using different application schedules: A - 3 appl. (May5, Jun7, Jul27), B - appl. (May5, Jull, Jul27), C - 4 appl (May5, Jun7, Jull, Jul27), D - 7 appl (May5, Mayl7, May25, Jun7, Jun20, Jull, Jul27), E - 10 appl (May5, Mayl7, May25, Jun7, Jun20, Jull, Jull3, Jul27, Aug8, Augl7) and F - no treatment. Applications were made with a John Bean sprayer operated at 400-450 psi at the rate of 5 gal/tree. Fruit infestation ratings were obtained by picking fruit at random and examining for damage at the end of the season. Pheromone survey traps revealed a low population of codling moth during 1977.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Los Lorraine
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to Rosy Apple Aphids and Green Apple Aphids. There was 2 replicates of each treatment with each replicate containing 5 infested terminals to achieve a nested design. Treatments were applied on June 24 to 13 year old Sungold trees by using a back pack sprayer to saturate infested terminals. Live aphids were counted 72 hours after treatment.
Apple, Mite Control, Hudson Valley, 1977
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated for their effects on mite populations in a seasonal control program conducted in a thirteen-year-old planting on the EM 2 rootstock. Eight-tree plots containing from 5 to 7 dif-ferent apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using ca 3.8 gal spray/tree (370 gal/acre) with a handgun sprayer at 425 psi. Treatments were applied at pink (Mcintosh) Apr 19, petal fall May 13, and in six cover sprays - May 25, June 13, June 27, July 14, and July 28, and Aug 11. The Ambush, Croneton + Guthion, Dipel, and Penncap treatments were applied June 9, but 2.2 in. of rain fell shortly after application and the treatments had not dried so they were reapplied with the rest of the treatments on June 13.
Pear, Psylla And Codling Moth Control on Pear, 1977
Authors: Riedl H. W. , Hoying S. A.
Published: March 2022

A 1.1 acre section of a 15 year-old pear block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Station in San Jose, CA was used to test the efficacy of SD 43775 25WP. Treatments varied in dosage and the number of applications (see tables for details). Material was applied until runoff using a handgun sprayer operating at 20684 kPa. Each treatment including the untreated check consisted of four 16-tree plots with only the inner four trees in each plot being sampled. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design. Effectiveness on adult psylla was evaluated by beating tray counts from 16 trees/treatment. Effectiveness on psylla nymphs and eggs was evaluated by spur (48/treatment) and leaf (96/treatment) samples. Codling moth damage was assessed on June 24 on 160 fruit/treatment and Aug 3 on all the fruit on 4 trees on each replicate (av. 156 fruit/tree). Phytophagous mite populations were assessed at harvest. Sample size consisted of 80 leaves/treatment.
Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mites on Strawberries, 1971
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Plictran was compared with a mixture of Kelthane + Tedion. The variety ‘Midway’ was selected because of its susceptibility to attack by mites. Both treatments were applied with a Kinkelder (Model - Marvel) low volume row crop sprayer with a 3-sided row %fop head. Sprays were applied at the rate of 10 gal/acre at 15 psi. The air velocity produced by the sprayer was 160-180 mph. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. The plots were 30 ft long and 3 rows wide, the center row being used as the record row. All rows were planted on a 42-inch row spacing. Check plots were obtained by covering certain rows with clear 4 mil polyethylene plastic film. Check plots remained covered for 12 hr. All samples for mite counts consisted of 5 trifoliate leaves per plot. The record row was located 12.25 ft from the center of the sprayer.
Citrus, D. Abbreviatus Control, Plymouth, Florida, 1975
Authors: Schroeder W. J. , Sutton R. A.
Published: March 2022

Granular formulations of soil insecticides were applied to m2-areas in a citrus grove near Apopka, FL, April 7, 1975. The soil type was Astatula fine sand, type quartzipsamment. Each insecticide was applied at rates of 4.49, 13.46, and 22.43 kg Al/ha; each treatment was replicated 5 times. Rainfall for April, May, and June was 5.64, 13.77, and 7.41 cm, respectively. Soil samples were taken from each plot at 7, 14, 32, 46, 58, and 73 days posttreatment by inserting a 50 ml beaker 6 cm into the soil and removing a plug. The sample was placed in a 150 ml beaker 6 cm into the soil and removing a plug. The sample was placed in a 150 ml shallow, waxed paper cup having a fine, screen bottom; 20 neonate larvae were placed on the soil surface; and the cup was covered and placed over a container of water. Larvae moved through the soil, and survivors fell into the water. The effect of treatment was measured by the number of larvae failing to pass through the soil.
Snap Beans, Seed Corn Maggot Control, 1977
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Cawley Bryant M. , Gauthier Norma L. , Sanborn Stephen M. , Libby John L.
Published: March 2022

Snap Beans, Seed Corn Maggot Control, 1977: ‘Early Gallatin’ beans were planted with a cone seeder in 20-ft rows on 36-inch centers on June 13 and 14, 1977, near Hancock, Wisconsin. Thirteen double-row treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates were compared with an untreated control. Treatments included 4 materials applied as seed treatments and 9 granular insecticides. Infestations of seed com maggots were enhanced by sprinkling meat meal (0.5 lb per 20 ft) over the furrow. Soil type was Plainfield Sand with adequate irrigation. Average soil temperatures on June 13 and 14, 1977, were 63.5° and 73°F, respectively. Seed com maggot damage was assessed on June 23 and 24 by determining the percentage of plants damaged in each row.
Cabbage Looper Control in Broccoli with Orthene Granules, 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

’Waltham 29’ broccoli was transplanted August 15 in 3-ft rows with 17-inch spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 10-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: Band at transplant - Banded 2 to 3 inches from plant and about 3 inches deep on both sides of the row on August 31. Furrow cut alongside row with hand cultivator, the granules dropped therein with a hand shaker and then covered. Foliar at transplant-Distributed over top of broccoli plants with a hand shaker on August 31. Foliar at transplant and lay-by - Orthene 5G (5 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 and again at lay-by on September 28; Foliar at transplant and 1 lb ai/acre foliar as needed - Orthene 5G (3 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 21 and 28; Foliar at transplant plus 2 lb ai/acre foliar at 2-week intervals - Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) dis-tributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 14 and 28; Foliar weekly - Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) distributed over foliage on August 31 followed by subsequent applications at same rate on September 14, 21, and 28; Foliar spray - Applied August 31, September 7, 14, 21, and 28 with D. B. Smith 5-gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre using a D. B. Smith #147 adjustable cone nozzle. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 5 broccoli plants or by foliage injury ratings.
Granular Insecticide Whorl Applications to Cabbage, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, NY, to correlate the performance of a controlled release insecticide formulation, Orthene, by measuring the total degree of insect feeding injury and percent insect control. A randomized block design of 3 replications was used with 24-inch row spacing (21/780 linear feet of row/acre) in a plot of 5 x 30 ft. Two hundred lb of 20-20-20 was fall applied and disced in; Dacthal 75W herbicide was applied at 12 lb/acre preemergence. White cabbage of the variety ‘Penn State Ballhead’ was direct seeded with model JD-37 seeder June 10, 1976, and insecticide applications were made postemergence August 24, 1976. A hand-held shaker can was used to deliver premeasured granular insecticide amounts per plot over the tops of plants. At this time the cabbage was approximately 12 inches high with the first several head leaves formed.
Cabbage Maggot Control with Drenches on transplant Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Libby John L.
Published: March 2022

Single row 27-ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were transplanted with ‘Globe’ variety cabbage on May 25 at the U. W. Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as drenches at 4 oz per plant (450 gal/acre). The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 8%) with a pH 6.0 and 30 tons O.M. per acre. Results were taken on July 27.
Imported Cabbag E Worm and Cabbage Looper Control with 10-Day Interval Spray Program, 1977
Authors: Libby John L. , Longridge J. L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots consisted of 2 rows 54 ft long, with 36 inches between rows, at 14-inch plant spacing. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. ‘Globe’ variety cabbage was transplanted on June 15. Sprays were applied on June 30, July 11, 22, August 1, and 11 through a tractor-drawn 18-ft boom sprayer at 60 gal of spray per acre. Insects were counted by dissecting heads in the field on August 15. The crop acceptability rating was conducted August 22.
Cabbage Looper Control, 1977
Authors: McFadden Thomas L. , Creighton Charlie S.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was planted with a tractor-mounted Planet Jr. in 50-ft rows on 36-inch centers on Feb-rurary 15, 1977, on the Clemson Truck Experiment Station. Ten single-row treatments were arranged in randomized block design (4 replications). Soil type was Bladen sandy loam with adequate irrigation. Sprays were applied 5 times (April 26, May 2, 9, 16, and 23) in 50 gallons of water per acre with hand-operated compressed-air knapsack sprayers. Cabbage loopers were counted on 10 randomly selected plants per plot on May 3, 11, and 18. Also plants were judged for extent of feeding on May 31; those with firm heads and 4 wrapper leaves free of all visible feeding were rated Class 1 (uninjured); injured plants (but head still eligible to U. S. Grade 1) were rated Class 2; and plants with firm heads and 4 wrapper leaves sufficiently injured by feeding to be ineligible for U. S. Grade 1 were rated Class 3 (damaged).
European Corn Borer Control on Peppers, 1977
Authors: Libby John L.
Published: March 2022

’Stoddon Select’ variety sweet bell peppers were transplanted on May 24 at the University of Wisconsin Experimental Farm, Hancock, Wisconsin. Plots consisted of 10 plants per row at 18 inches in the row, 4 rows per plot and 4 replicates per treatment. Row spacing was 36 inches. The 2 center rows of each plot were sprayed using a tractor-mounted Myers Sprayer with a 6-ft boom delivering 33 gal spray/acre. Sprays were applied on July 12, 19, 26, August 2, 9, and 16. European corn borer egg masses (approximately 50 eggs/mass) were pinned one on each plant on July 29. The soil type was Plainfield loamy sand (sand 89%, silt 4%, clay 7%), the pH 6.2 and O.M. 13 tons. The crops received 20.74 inches of ranfall and irrigation between transplanting and harvest on August 30.
Potato Pest Control with Foliar Insecticidal Sprays, 1977
Authors: Cancelado Rafael E. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 19 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Foliar insecticidal sprays were applied June 28, July 12, July 26, August 9, August 23, and September 7, in 100 gal water/acre at 250 psi. A tractor-drawn boom sprayer with 3 drop nozzles per row was used; only the 4 center rows of each plot were sprayed. Potato leafhopper nymphs and green peach aphid and potato aphid apterae were counted from 35 midplant leaves from the center 2 rows of each plot. Counts were made on the day following the first application of spray treatments and thereafter on the day preceedingand the day following treatment.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes, 1977
Authors: Cancelado Rafael E. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 19 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. The field had been in alfalfa the previous 2 years. The soil type is a Waukegan silt loam. Plots were a single row, 100 ft long, spaced 40 inches apart, and randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. The insecticides were applied by hand in 8-inch-wide bands on the center of the rows and incorporated prior to planting. No insecticidal sprays were applied all season. Potatoes were harvested September 28 from the center 60 ft of each row. Potatoes were washed, counted, and scored for wireworm damage.
Systemic Insecticides for Control Of

M

.

Persicae

and

L

.

Decemlineata

on Potato, 1976
Authors: Powell D. M. , Mondor W. T.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted April 16 in Ritzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington. Plots were 2 rows wide, 34 inches (86 cm) apart and 50 ft (15.2 m) long. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. On June 1, when about 75% of the plants had emerged, sidedress applications of granular materials were applied with tractor-mounted Gandy applicators. These granules were placed in 1-inch (2.54-cm) bands, 4 inches (10.2 cm) to each side and at about the same depth as the potato seed pieces. On the same date, topical applications of granular materials were made by using a funnel-type, hand-operated applicator. These granules were placed in 6-to 8-inch (15- to 20-cm) bands over the tops of the small potato plants and then mixed into the soil with a Lilisfon cultivator. The crop was sprinkler irrigated immediately following the treatments. Aphid populations were determined by collecting 20 compound potato leaves from the lower two-thirds of the plants from each plot on June 8, 18, July 8, and August 3. Visual ratings of the damage (0 = no damage and 10 = plants destroyed) done by the Colorado potato beetle were made in each plot on August 12, 19, 26, and September 2. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Furrow Application of Systemic Insecticides for Control of Aphids and Beetles, Yakima, Washington, Tests 2 and 3, 1977
Authors: Powell D. M. , Mondor W. T.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted in open furrows on April 20, 1977, in Ritzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington. Plots were 2 rows wide, 1.72 m, and 15.2 m long. On the same day the granular insecticides were dribbled through a hand-operated, funnel-type applicator over the potato seed pieces, and the sprays of the emulsifiable concentrates were applied in 187 liters of spray/ha over the seed with a CO2 sprayer; then the seed pieces were covered with soil. The treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The crop was sprinkler-irrigated: 38 cm of water was applied between May and September. Aphid counts were made from 20 compound potato leaves/plot in June and from 15 compound potato leaves/plot in July. The percent of plants damaged by the Colorado potato beetle was recorded on July 7, 18, and August 19. The data were subjected to analysis of variance with Duncan’sMultiple Range Test.
Soil Treatments for Control of Aphids and Beetles, Test 4, 1977
Authors: Powell D. M.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted in furrows on April 20, 1977, in Ritzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington. Plots were 2 rows wide, 1.72 m, and 15.2 m long. Furrow applications of granular insecticides were made by dribbling the materials through a hand-operated, funnel-type applicator over still uncovered potato seed pieces; then the seed pieces were covered with soil. Sidedress applications were made June 3, when about 75% of the plants had emerged; these applications were made with a tranctor-mounted Gandy applicator in about 5-cm bands, 10 cm to each side of the plants and about the depth of the potato seed pieces. Topical applications were also made June 3 but with a hand-operated applicator in about 25-cm bands over the top of the emerging potato plants; then the granules were lightly incorporated into the soil with a Lilliston cultivator. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The crop was sprinkler irrigated: 38 cm of water was applied between May and September. Aphid counts were made from 20 compound potato leaves in June and from 15 such leaves in July. The percent of plants damaged by the Colorado potato beetle was recorded on July 7, 18, and August 19. The data were subjected to analysis with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Irish Potato, European Corn Borer Control, 1976
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

‘Pungo’ Irish potatoes were planted on March 11, 1976, in 3-row plots, 50 ft long at the Tidewater Research Station in Plymouth, North Carolina. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were sprayed five times on a weekly basis starting May 6 and ending May 27. Insecticides were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 100 psi and delivering the equivalent of 100 gallons of water per acre. A 3-row boom was arranged with 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row. Percent plants infested with European corn borer were determined on June 10, 1976. The middle row of the 3-row plots was harvested on June 28. Potatoes were field graded into #11’s and #2’s and yields were taken.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1977
Authors: Storch R. H. , Sewell Gary H.
Published: March 2022

Experiments A, B, C, D, and E were 7x6, 7x6, 8x6, 7x6, and 6x6 randomized complete block designs respectively and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was sown to oats in 1976. The planting date was May 25, 1977, for all experiments. In each experiment the 9.1-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats at planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.2 m long. The 57-g healthy seed pieces were hand planted 30.5 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight control was effected by weekly foliar applications of Rohm & Haas M45 (1121 g/ha week of July 17 and 1781 g/ha weeks of July 24 through August 28, 1977). Soil applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide into the furrow fust prior to planting. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Slosser sprayer (14.1 kg/cm2 and 1.2 kl/ha). Foliar insecticides were mixed with the fungicide.
Potato, Wireworm and False Wireworm Control, Echo, Oregon, 1977
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a grower’s center-pivot, sprinkler-irrigated field. The soil type was Ritzville (Calciorthidie Haploxerolls) silt loam; it contained less than 0.5% organic matter. Soil samples (150) taken in a similar adjacent field with a 51/2-in. diam posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 in. gave 12 Great Basin wireworms and 40 false wireworms. Each plot measured 50-ft long and 6-rows wide (34-in. apart), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The materials, all granular formulations, were broadcast Apr 1 with a hand-operated grass seeder and disced to a depth of 4-6 in. within 1 h after application. The seed pieces were planted Apr 2 by the grower. On Aug 29, tubers were obtained from rows 2 and 5 of each plot (15 ft/row). All were washed and examined, and the percentages, by weight, of injured and culled tubers were determined. “Injured” was defined as any penetration of a tuber by wireworms or false wireworms and “culled” was defined as any injury severe enough to meet the description of “damage” in Sec. 51.1554 of the U. S. Standard for potatoes. The percentages were transformed to arcsine and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. All of the treatments produced significantly fewer injured and culled tubers than the check.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Potatoes, 1978
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Seed pieces were planted 4 in. apart in marl soil Nov 2‘77. The plots were single rows, 30 ft long, planted on 3 ft centers. Treatments were applied Dec 28 and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Applications were made by hand with a CO2 charged 2½ gal sprayer with a single nozzle at the rate of 100 gal water per acre. Apterous aphid counts were made 2, 7, 15 and 21 days post-treatment. The aphid population was normal size. Means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Sweet Potatoes: Control of Soil Insects, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

Fields were prepared and treated for nematodes with Mocap (8 lb ia/acre). Prepared beds then were treated with granular insecticides Jul 13 (Tift Co.) and Jul 22 (Jeff Davis Co.) and planted to sweet potato vine cuttings. Plots were 2-rows, 50-ft in length with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Each treated plot at Tift Co. had an adjacent untreated check plot. Post plant granules were applied at layby on Sep 1 in both counties. Granules were broadcast by hand. Plots at Tift Co. received sprays on Jul 19, and Aug 22 with a 1-nozzle, hand held compression sprayer at 30 psi and 50 gal/acre. Potatoes were harvested Oct 25 (Jeff Davis) and Nov 15 (Tift) and a sample of 25 roots randomly selected from each plot and examined for soil insect injury.
Control of Sweetpotato Flea Beetle Larvae on Sweet Potatoes, 1973
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

California sweet potato sprouts were planted in 2-row plots (32 inch row spacing), 45 ft. in length, on Jun 4‘73. Plant population was approximately 14,000 plants/A. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All chemicals were applied broadcast using a small Gandy push-type applicator. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Preplant treatments were applied May 28 and were incorporated 3-5 inches into the soil.with a single discing. Soil temperature at the 4 inch depth at the time of preplant application was 22°C. Post plant treatments were applied over the foliage at root-swell on Jul 24. Yield data were taken from 2 sections of row, 35 feet in length. At harvest time 100 roots/trearment/replicar:on were selected at random and examined for flea beetle larvae injury (shallow writing on the roots).
Control of Wireworm on Sweet Potatoes, 1973
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

On Jun 4‘73 ‘California’ sweet potato sprouts were transplanted in 2 row plots (32 inch row spacing) 45 feet in length. Plant population on an acre basis was approximately 14,000 plants per acre. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All chemicals were applied as a broadcast treatment using a small Gandy push-type applicator. Preplant broadcast treatments were applied May 28‘73 and were incorporated 3-5 inches into the soil with a single discing. Soil temperature at the 4 inch depth at the time of preplant application was 22°C. Post plant treatments were applied over the foliage at root-swell on July 24. Yield data were taken from 2 sections of row, 35 feet in length. At harvest time 100 roots/treatment/replication were selected at random and examined for wireworm injury.
Control of Wireworm on Sweet Potatoes, 1976
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘California’ sweet potato sprouts were planted on Jun 9‘76 in 3-row plots (32 inch row spacing) 45-feet in length. Plant population was approximately 14,000 plants/A. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. The preplant treatments were broadcast over-all with a shaker can and disced into the top 4-5 inches of soil. Soil temperature at the 4 inch depth at the time of preplant application, Jun 2‘76, was 20°C. The post plant application of diazinon was broadcast with a shaker can over the foliage when the roots began to enlarge on Aug 2‘76. Yield data were taken from 3 sections of row, 30 feet long. At harvest time, 100 roots/treatment/replication were selcected at random and examined for wireworm injury.
Tomatoes: Effect of Systemic Insecticide-Potting Soil Mix on Germination and Fleabeetle Control in the Field, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seed was combined with Jiffy-Mix potting soil at the rate of 1 gm seed/200 gms dry mix. Insecticides were then blended for 10 minutes using a contra-rotating mixer. The finished mix was moistened with sufficient water to prevent drifting in the air then planted on Jun 7 with a plug-mix planter at the rate of 1/4 cup per foot. One-half the plot received additional systemic insecticides in a 4 in. band over the row at planting. Plots were 1-row (6-ft row spacing), 50-ft in length, with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Soil was a loamy sand. Plots were examined Jun 21 for germination, phytotoxicity and fleabeetle injury.
Control of Aphids, Colorado Potato Beetles, and Cabbage Looper on Tomatoes, 1978
Authors: Henne Richard C.
Published: March 2022

Field plots were located on a sandy loam soil with treatments replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Three-row plots, 5-ft apart and 20-ft long were planted at 12-inch spacing on May 12. Granular systemic treatments were banded 2-inches deep, 6-inches from the plants on both sides of the row on Jun 2. Foliar treatments were initiated Jun 20 and repeated 5 times Jul 6, 18, 27, and Aug 4 and 21. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with drop nozzles on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center delivered 66 gal/A at 300 psi. Control data for aphids and Colorado potato beetles are reported for the Jul 10 evaluation date. Aphid populations were determined by counting the number present on 10 randomly selected leaves from each plot. Colorado potato beetle counts represent the mean number of both adults plus larvae per 20 ft of row. Cabbage looper activity was indexed Aug 28 by recording the evidence of looper feeding holes present on 10 randomly selected leaves per plot. Tomatoes were harvested twice on Aug 15 and 28.
Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monomouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. In Test 1, 28-yr-old trees were sprayed at a rate of ca. 250 gal/acre; in Tests 2 and 3, 13-yr-old apple trees were treated at 500 to 600 gal/acre. Spray dates were Jun 23 and Jul 3 (Test 1), Jun 26 and Jul 3 (Test 2), and Jul 20 and Aug 16 (Test 3); each material was applied on both dates for the respective tests. The fungicide and insecticide program during the course of these acaricide tests consisted of captan 80W (1.25 lb/100 ga I) on 4 dates; Imidan 50W (1.25 lb/100 gal) on Jul 5, 17, and Aug 2; Thiodan 50W (.5 lb/100 gal) on Jul 11 and 17; and Sevin 80W (1.25 lb/100 gal) on August 15. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized, complete-block design was utilized with 2 Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious cultivars per treatment in Tests 1 and 3 and 2 Cortland and 2 Mcintosh per treatment in Test 2. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was heavy in August. On the prespray date, egg populations ranged from 4 to 8 eggs/leaf (Test 1), 1 to 2 eggs/leaf (Test 2), or 15 to 30 eggs/leaf (Test 3). July and August were very dry and hot months.
Mole Cricket Control on Tomato and Pepper, 1978
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato and pepper plants were set Sep 29, 1.5 ft apart on 32-in. wide by 8-in. high plastic mulched beds of Myakka fine sand. Phytotoxicity plots consisted of 15 tomato and 15 pepper plants replicated 3 times in a split plot design with crop as subplots and insecticide as main plots. Efficacy plots consisted of sand-filled troughs (2 ft long x 6 in. x 6 in.) with screened bottoms buried between crops. Seven field collected mole crickets were placed in each trough and a screen was stapled to the top after the granules were applied to the entire bed by hand. Beds were covered with the mulch and plants were set. Seven days later, the number of living mole crickets was determined for each plot. Percent control was calculated using Abbott’s formula and values were transformed arcsin prior to analysis.