bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Interprofessional Practice: A Course on a System of Care for Children with Severe Emotional Disturbance and their Families
Authors: Herrick Charlotte A. , Arbuckle Margaret B. , Claes Jacalyn A.
Published: March 2007

A college course was developed to educate preservice mental health professionals about a model for mental health care titled Family-Centered Interdisciplinary Practice: System of Care. System of Care is a seamless system of collaborating agencies providing services that are wrapped around families of children with severe emotional disturbance (SED) so that there is a safety net as family members struggle with their child’s illness. The course was inter-disciplinary in design, construction, and teaching and involved family members of children with SED as faculty partners. The underlying principles of the course were interprofessional collaboration, family empowerment, family-centered care, cultural competence, and community-based services. The primary goal for the course was the development of a model for educating preprofessionals to work collaboratively with other professionals and with families.
Family Support, Adolescent Individuation, and Drug and Alcohol Involvement
Authors: Tuttle Jane
Published: March 2007

To better understand the psychosocial context of adolescent substance abuse, 1,938 students in Grades 9 through 12 were anonymously surveyed regarding their level of involvement with alcohol and drugs, and their number of negative personal consequences in the past year due to substance use. Multivariate analysis of variance using grade in school as a covariate revealed that the strongest predictor of lower levels ofsubstance involvement and consequences was perceived social supportfrom thefamily. A measure of emotional autonomy was highly correlated with greater substance involvement and consequences. When autonomy was considered in the context of support (individuation), students who were high in autonomy but low in support had the highest levels of substance involvement and consequences. Autonomous students whofelt supported by theirfamilies had somewhat higher involvement with, and consequences of, substance use when compared to their less autonomous "supported" peers. Females in the study reported less substance use but the same number of negative personal consequences as did males. There was no interaction between gender and support with autonomy. These findings suggest that family support is an important context for the development of autonomy and the prevention of substance abuse and other health risk behaviors during adolescence. The findings also support the notion that successful individuation is related to advances in autonomy within the context offamily support.
Managing Large Qualitative Data Sets in Family Research
Authors: Knafl Kathleen A. , Ayres Lioness
Published: March 2007

The authors describe two complementary data management techniques-family case summaries and computer generated matrices-and their contribution to the analytic goals of a study offamily response to childhood chronic illness. Family case summaries enabled the investigators to reduce a large qualitative data set in a way that preserved thefamilyfocus of the research. The use of a database management software system contributed to the efficient display and manipulation of thematically coded data in a way thatfostered constant comparison of the data and analytic insights. The importance of using the two techniques in a way that supports the overall purpose and methodological underpinnings of a given study is emphasized.
Resisting Invitations to Depression: A Narrative Approach to Family Nursing
Authors: McLeod Allison A.
Published: March 2007

People may believe depression to be an inherent quality over which they have little influence. Through a social constructionist lens and ideas offered in a narrative approach to clinical work, clinicians can assist clients to experience depression in less oppressive ways. Cultural discourses that encourage lifestyles of depression can be examined and challenged, and new discourses can be created that privilege a client's strength, voice, and experience. Clients can begin to see depression as an external entity that is subject to personal influence and to highlight those times when depression is "put in its place." In this article, the author offers narrative ideas that advanced practice nurses may use when working with clients experiencing depression.
Family Empowerment: A Nursing Intervention With Suggested Outcomes for Families of Children With a Chronic Health Condition
Authors: Hulme Polly A.
Published: March 2007

Families of children with a chronic health condition often feel powerless in satisfying the health care needs of their child and in sustaining their family life. A small body of scholarly literature suggests that family empowerment is an intervention that nurses could use to help these families. This interactive intervention is designed to aid families through the empowerment process, which consists of phases that correspond to the amount of trust and decision making a family shares with health professionals. Intervention activities are based on the assumption that all people have existing strengths and capabilities and the capacity to grow and become more competent. Suggested family outcomes of the intervention include negotiation with health professionals, minimization of the effect of the chronic condition on the child and siblings, rearrangement of family roles and responsibilities, satisfaction of the health care needs of the child, and lowered health care use and costs.
Science Mass Communication
Authors: LOGAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a conceptual history of science mass communication, which is seen as divided into the scientific literacy and interactive science traditions. The origins of the ideas that underlie the scientific literacy and interactive science traditions, as well as some of the issues researchers have raised, are introduced. The author argues the two traditions are not mutually exclusive, although the interactive tradition is a response to the applied problems within the scientific literacy model. It is argued that the pace of research might be accelerated if there were a more comprehensive collaboration among science communication, health communication, and risk communication scholarship.
Case Studies and Organizational Innovation
Authors: Yin Robert K. , Bateman Peter G. , Moore Gwendolyn B.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies the methodological characteristics of high-qualuy case studies, when case studies are used as a research tool. The findings are based on an analysis of 53 case studies of organizational innovation, which identified the characteristics leading to high global ratings of the cases. The findings suggest that investigators doing case study research in the future should delineate five components of their studies: problem definition, research design, data collection, data analysis, and report presentation. Second, an important consideration is whether the research is aimed at contributing to knowledge about practice or about theory, as different characteristics appear related to these outcomes. Finally, among all the characteristics, the definition of the innovation process being studied, in clear operational terms, appears to be related to high-quality case studies, regardless of their purpose.
Acquisition of Knowledge About an Innovation in Patient Management
Authors: Sadowsky Donald , Kunzel Carol
Published: March 2007

This study focused on the impact of dentists' attitudes and orientations on acquisition of knowledge about the prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Excperts' recommenda tions for the prevention of the disease are periodically revissed: each succeeding revision therefore represents an innovation. Analysis of data collectedfrom a telephone survey revealed that orientations seemingly compatible with the innovation (preventive, innovative) were not predictive of knowledge acquisition concerning it. The predictive power of other orientations (professional, educational) varied according to practice setting (urban/rural). The generalizability of the notion of "compatibilty" as facilitating innovation adoption was found to be limited.
Scientific Access and Political Constraint to Knowledge
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: March 2007

In reflecting on changes in policy analysis, the author notes the climate of suspicion for policy advising and some of the major errors or "sins" in the way policy analysis choose, define, and analyze problems. All too often policy analysts and their sponsors, the users of analysis, react to typical issues, have an investment in change, and ignore the imperatives of the policy process.
Communication Networks Among Municipal Administrators
Authors: Kearns Kevin P.
Published: March 2007

To whom do municipal administrators turn for information and advice on a new management technology? Why do administrators seek out certain information sources to the exclusion of others? Can change agents who are active in the development and dissemination of innovative management technologies benefit in tangible and practical ways from a better understanding of professional and interpersonal communication networks? This article addresses these and other questions by documenting and inter preting patterns of interpersonal communication among administrators in 127 communities in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The findings have practical relevance because interpersonal networking among municipal administrators is an important but heretofore undocumented form of intergovernmental cooperation and resource sharing. The findings also have implications for the testing and refinement of theoretical models of information access, diffusion, and utilization.
Independent Inventions in the Social Sciences
Authors: Clignet Remi , Fertziger Allen
Published: March 2007

This research note examines a historical example of independent inventions in the social sciences—specifically, convergences between sociological and cognitive psychological research on ambiguous stimuli. During the same year (1949), psychologists Bruner and Postman experimented with perceptual responses to "freak," or anomalous, playing cards, while sociologist Hughes identified patterns of human responses to "anomalous" social identities and roles. This unique example of synchronic independent inventions illustrates, at once, the hazards of interprofessional insularity and the rich potential of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization.
Use of Research and Different Discourses in Social Work
Authors: Eriksson Ingalill
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use made of research findings. The hypothesis is that the use of research findings is promoted by divergent but compatible discourses when there is a meeting between science and the field of social work The actual way in which research is used may also tell us something about the character of social work itself.
On Scientific Misconduct in University Research
Authors: Gunsalus C.K.
Published: March 2007

To approach the problem of research misconduct sensibly, we need a better understanding of not only the incidence of misconduct but also alternative mechanisms for handling allegations. Universities with well-developed mechanisms might provide support and information to institutions newly confronting such issues. Reconsideration and articulation of standards will help, but all efforts must be balanced with attention to how they may affect the U.S. research system overall.
A Story Too Good to Kill
Authors: Badash Lawrence , Hewlett Richard G.
Published: March 2007

In July I944, the U.S. Naval Magazine at Port Chicago, California, was devastated by the largest stuteside explosion during World War II. One ammunition ship disappeared and another was broken in two at this depot near San Francisco; the Navy Court of Inquiry found that all evidence of the cause also disappeared. In 1982, however, a journalist raised the possibility that Port Chicago was destroyed by U.S. authorities in a deliberate, clandestine test of a nuclear weapon. This explanation advanced by a full year the "official" historical date of the first nuclear detona tion (formerly accepted as the Los Alamos Laboratory's "Trinity" test). The reporter presented evidence that the explosion bore nuclear characteristics, that a gun-type weapon was designed by that date, and that sufficient uranium 235 had been purified for a Hiroshima-type bomb. This article examines that evidence critically, and refutes the conclusion that Port Chicago could have been a nuclear event. The episode demonstrates insights into the sociology of publishing astounding knowledge claims, and suggests how historians might better assist journalists in evaluating such claims.
Intellectual Property Rights in a North-South Economic Context
Authors: PARK WALTER G. , GINARTE JUAN CARLOS
Published: March 2007

There is a need for strong intellectual property rights in less developed countries, particularly for production-related innovations. Intellectual property protection can solve market failure problems and, through a policy “credibility” effect, encourage innovations and international technology diffusion. The article outlines the need for such protection and critiques some of the arguments for making an exception to strong protection in less developed countries.
Measuring the Impact of Grassroots Outreach
Authors: MESSMORE ANN B.
Published: March 2007

In 1993, the American Chemical Society (ACS) launched a volunteer-based public program called “Kids & Chemistry,” which was directed at improving children's understanding of science and their attitudes toward science and scientists. The project offered volunteer scientists a structured program and innovative demonstration materials and kits. This article describes the results of the ACS Public Outreach Office's research program to measure the impact of the Kids & Chemistry program on both the children and the volunteers.
Denial of Health Insurance due to Preexisting Conditions: How Well does One High-Risk Pool Work?
Authors: Sumner Brian , Dowd Bryan , Pheley Alfred M. , Lurie Nicole
Published: March 2007

This study assesses whether Minnesota's high-risk insurance pool is successful at insuring those denied health insurance coverage because of preexisting medical conditions. Eight hundred and twenty-nine individuals who had been denied health insurance coverage were interviewed. At the time of the survey, 80 percent of the sample had obtained coverage, 22 percent through the state's high-risk insurance pool. Seventeen percent remained uninsured. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of remaining uninsured. Younger age and less education were significantly associated with being uninsured versus enrolling in the high-risk pool. Younger age, less education, unemployment, being non-White, and having worse mental health were significantly associated with being uninsured versus having non-high-risk pool insurance. Despite the presence of a large high-risk pool in Minnesota, specific groups are identified as being at risk for remaining uninsured after being denied health insurance.
Health Maintenance Organizations and Hospital Quality for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Escarce José J. , Van Horn R. Lawrence , Pauly Mark V. , Williams Sankey V. , Shea Judy A. , Chen Wei
Published: March 2007

This study uses hospital discharge data for 1992-1994 to assess differences between HMO and insured non-HMO patients in California and Florida with regard to the quality of the hospitals used for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The authors found that commercially insured HMO patients in California used higher quality hospitals than commercially insured non-HMO patients, controlling for patient distance to the hospital. In contrast, commercially insured HMO and non-HMO patients in Florida were similarly distributed across hospitals of different quality levels, whereas Medicare HMO patients in Florida used lower quality hospitals than patients in the standard Medicare program. The authors conclude that the association between HMO coverage and hospital quality may differ across geographic areas and patient populations, possibly related to the maturity and structure of managed care markets.
Competitive Behavior in Local Physician Markets
Authors: Brasure Michelle , Stearns Sally C. , Norton Edward C. , Ricketts Thomas
Published: March 2007

Competition often is viewed as a mechanism for controlling cost. Competition may work well in urban areas with many providers; competition may not exist in rural areas with few providers. The authors use the empirical framework developed by Bresnahan and Reiss to analyze the entry behavior of physicians into local markets to determine the level of physician supply consistent with competitive behavior. The study estimates entry patterns for total and specialty physicians located in nonmetropolitan health service areas using longitudinal data. The authors find a surprising drop in the population increments necessary for entry by the second provider, possibly due to the unattractiveness of being the solo physician in an area. Subsequent population increments stabilize at three to five physicians. Since more than 93 percent of the U.S. population lives in areas that can support three to five physicians, competition between physicians through mechanisms such as managed care may be feasible.
A Three-Generational Study Comparing the Families of Supportive and Unsupportive Mothers of Sexually Abused Children
Authors: Leifer Myra , Kilbane Teresa , Grossman Gail
Published: March 2007

This three-generational study investigated family histories of attachment relationships and abusive experiences as well as current functioning of family members that differentiate supportive from unsupportive mothers of sexually abused children. Interviews and standardized adult and child measures were administered to a sample, including (a) 99 nonoffending African American mothers and their children aged 4 to 12 years, of whom 61 mothers were classified as supportive and 38 were classified as unsupportive, and (b) 52 grandmothers, of whom 33 were the mothers of supportive mothers and 19 were the mothers of unsupportive mothers. The authors' findings indicate that a history of conflicted and/or disrupted attachment relationships between grandmother and mother, and mother and child, and less support provided by the grandmother to the child characterize families in which sexually abused children do not receive maternal support. Also, nonsupportive mothers showed more substance abuse, criminal behaviors, and problematic relationships with male partners.
CPS Operations and Risk Assessment in Child Abuse Cases Receiving Services: Initial Findings from the Pittsburgh Service Delivery Study
Authors: Kolko David J.
Published: March 2007

The Pittsburgh Service Delivery Study (PSDS) documents the service delivery experiences and outcomes of 90 families referred to Child Protective Services (CPS) following allegations of child physical or sexual abuse. In addition to describing the sample and methods, this article examines the psychometric characteristics of CPS caseworkers' risk assessment and subgroup differences in risk parameters. Findings revealed variability in the timeliness of worker decisions and good correspondence between sources for abuse classification. Risk assessment reports for a subset of cases were virtually unrelated to selected clinical functioning measures. Several risk parameters differentiated physically and sexually abusive families, which, collectively, correctly classified most of the cases. The findings provide a basis for understanding some of the operations of CPS and their role in the service delivery system.
Validation of the Trauma Symptom Inventory in a Canadian Sample of University Women
Authors: Runtz Marsha G. , Roche Diane N.
Published: March 2007

A group of 775 women from a medium-size western Canadian university completed the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) along with assessments of childhood sexual abuse and physical maltreatment and a number of other psychological and behavioral measures. Multivariate analyses determined that women with a history of either form of child maltreatment had significantly higher scores on the TSI than did nonmaltreated women. Similarly, indicators of greater severity of abuse or maltreatment were predictive of higher symptom scores. Normative data derived from this sample are provided, and evidence of the reliability and validity of the TSI for the assessment of trauma-related difficulties in female university students is described.
Co-Occurrence of Spousal Violence and Child Abuse: Conceptual Implications
Authors: Shipman Kimberly L. , Rossman B. B. Robbie , West Jennifer C.
Published: March 2007

Although research has suggested high levels of comorbidity between spouse abuse and child abuse (Carlson, 1984), there has been little attention directed toward identifying factors that may distinguish spouse-abusive and spouse- and child-abusive families. The present study examined what familial and child factors differentiate between nonabusive, spouse-abusive, and spouse- and child-abusive families. Findings indicated a constellation of factors that discriminated between groups, although the discrimination was most effective between nonviolent and violent groups. Of particular interest was the observation that spouse-abusive and spouse- and child-abusive families differed primarily in severity and not qualitative pattern (Trickett, 1998). Conceptual implications of findings will be discussed.
Extended Forensic Evaluation When Sexual Abuse is Suspected: A Model and Preliminary Data
Authors: Carnes Connie Nicholas , Wilson Charles , Nelson-Gardell Debra
Published: March 2007

This article describes an extended forensic evaluation model, designed and piloted at the National Children's Advocacy Center (NCAC). The design and rationale of the NCAC forensic evaluation model are described. Outcomes achieved by using the model for 2 years are documented. Also described is a multisite research project, which is currently under way, that involves more than 30 Children's Advocacy Centers across the United States. This project will further test the efficacy of the model and refine its practice.
Recurrent Maltreatment During Childhood: A Survey of Referrals to Police Child Protection Units in England
Authors: Hamilton Catherine E. , Browne Kevin D.
Published: March 2007

The aims of this study were to identify patterns of abuse and neglect over time and compare recurrent maltreatment by the same perpetrator with recurrent maltreatment by different perpetrators. The sample consisted of 400 referrals to police child protection units, 24% of which were subjected to at least one rereferral within the 27-month follow-up. The greatest risk of referral was in the first 30 days. A study of 54 firsttime referrals who were later rereferred showed that 57% had suffered repeat victimization by the same perpetrator, 25% suffered revictimization by a different perpetrator, and 18% suffered both. Police response was not related to either the rate or type of rereferral, although one quarter of perpetrators have been previously in contact with the police. The most predictive warning signs of rereferral were family psychiatric problems, drug or alcohol abuse, in addition to child learning difficulties, behavioral problems, or previous referrals.
Maintenance and Change in the Diet of Hispanic Immigrants in Eastern North Carolina
Authors: McArthur Laura H. , Anguiano Ruben P. Viramontez , Nocetti Deigo
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this descriptive, exploratory study were to assess maintenance and change in the food consumption, preparation, and purchasing practices of Hispanic immigrants currently residing in eastern North Carolina who had lived in the United States for no more than 10 years, and to identify underlying ecological factors and perceptions about food quality that shape their postmigrational food habits. The participants were 33 Hispanic immigrants: 8 males and 25 females. Qualitative data were collected using individual interviews and a focus group session. Findings suggest that these Hispanic immigrants struggle to retain their cultural food traditions and are consuming more high‐fat, high‐sugar foods than they did in their home countries. Improved economic status and school food service offerings are examples of factors that promote dietary change among children and families. These influences and identified misconceptions about food safety and freshness are important topics for culturally sensitive nutrition education for this population.
Consumer Sciences Research: A Two‐Decade Comparison, 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Reynolds Laura M. , Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

A comparison and assessment of research published in the 1980s and 1990s in the areas of consumer economics, consumption economics, family economics, household management, and family financial planning and counseling was performed. Four journals were selected for this study: Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, and Journal of Family and Economic Issues. The following pieces of information were extracted from each article and transferred into table form: area of specialization, institutional affiliation of the researcher(s), source of data, sample size, topical classification, research methodology, and statistical analysis. The use of the tables should help to accelerate the work of educators, current and future researchers, and undergraduate and graduate students interested in locating an example of a particular area, topic, methodology, or statistical analysis.
A Model of Factors Correlated to Homeownership: The Case of Utah
Authors: Delgadillo Lucy
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between homeownership and socioeconomic, demographic, and market factors in Utah. Units of analyses were census‐designated places. The goal was to provide a model that can be replicated by housing specialists and consumer scientists to gain a better understanding of how homeownership (dependent variable) differs from place to place and how this variation relates to socioeconomic index, population density, affordability ratio, and the median value of owner occupied housing units (independent variables). The 1990 data set was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Homeownership percentages were regressed on the linear combination of the socioeconomic scale, log of population density, and affordability ratios. Log of population density was the factor that explained most of the variance. The interaction equation slightly improved the explanatory power, accounting for more than 50% of the variance.
Factors Associated with Seeking and Using Professional Retirement‐Planning Help
Authors: Joo So‐Hyun , Grable John E.
Published: March 2007

This article presents findings from a study that examined the factors that influence who is more likely to seek and use help with their retirement questions and concerns from professional advisors or others, including friends, colleagues, and publications. A model of retirement help‐seeking behavior is presented. Logistic regression results using data from the 1998 Retirement Confidence Survey (N = 711) showed that among preretirees, women versus men, those who (a) had higher incomes, (b) exhibited better financial behaviors, (c) had positive and proactive attitudes toward retirement, and (d) had a higher level of financial risk‐tolerance were more likely to seek and use help from financial professionals when making retirement investment decisions.
Goal‐Settin Behavior of Occupations Students in Home Economics
Authors: Harvey Ann L. , Nelson Helen Y.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of this research was to develop a method for teaching home economics occupations students to set realistic goals, thereby increasing performance levels. Seventy‐four students from 10 classes in New York State were included in the two‐phase training program to develop goal‐setting belzavior. A measure of achievement motivation was obtained on all students in the classes and only high and low ranking thirds were retained in the sample. Sets of photographs were made showing mistakes in various home economics‐ related jobs. In a controlled treatment design, subjects were trained to set goals, first with the pictures and then with rating scales related to ongoing work experience. Performance on the picture experience of subjects exposed to goal‐setting instructions was significantly higher than that of the control subjects. Following the work experience, low achievement‐ motivation subjects reported greater performance increments than high achievement‐moti vation subjects. Treatment differences for the work experience were not significant. Responses to a pre‐ and postmeasure of attitude toward competitive situations revealed significant treatment differences between experimental and control subjects. Interaction between achievement motivation and treatment effects on attitude change was significant.
Book Reviews
Authors: Madera Kathryn
Published: March 2007

Book Reviewed in this Article:

Clothing Concepts: A Social Psychological Approach. By Mary Lou Rosencranz. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972, 339 pp., $9.50.
Conventional and Microwave Heating of Beef: Use of Plastic Wrap1
Authors: Ruyack Diane Ferger , Paul Pauline C.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, heat has been the usual direct energy source for cooking. Microwave energy has become available through the use of electronic ovens. The development of plastic wraps that can be used in oven cookery led to a study of the effects of these on cooking losses and other characteristics of beef roasts cooked by microwave and by heat energy.

Twenty‐four choice semitendinosus muscles were divided into anterior and posterior sections, and each was allocated to one of four cooking methods: conventional electric oven, meat uncovered; conventional oven, meat tied in modified polyester sleeve; microwave oven, meat uncovered; microwave oven, meat tied in polyester sleeve. A randomized incomplete block design was used and replicated 12 times.

Cooking times were significantly less and cooking losses greater for roasts cooked by microwave than by conventional heating. Use of polyester wrap increased the cooking losses for both heating methods. The change in percent total solids with cooking was greater for roasts cooked electronically than for roasts cooked conventionally. Shear force was not affected by any of the four cooking methods. Penetrometer readings ranged from highest for uncovered roasts to lowest for covered roasts in the conventional oven. Of taste panel scores, only the scores for external color differed significantly.
Research Model for Process of Choice in Family Food Buying
Authors: Hammett Ruth A. , Van de Mark Mildred S.
Published: March 2007

A model based on the steps in problem solving, related to homemaker environment; infor mation sources; food consumption at home; and the events of product choice, mental evaluations, and purchase in retail markets, was developed to organize findings from 18 years of consumer behavior research. The model is offered for use by other research workers in project planning, data analysis, and reporting so that consumers may be studied simul taneously in home and market environments.
Differences in Reported Food Expenditures of Sons and Daughters Resulting from Choice of Respondent
Authors: Mork Lucile F. , Pennock Jean L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of reported expenditures is influenced by the choice of respondent within a selected household. The investigation compared responses on expenditures for food away from home by sons and daughters 14 through 25 years of age as reported in parallel samples by the homemaker and by the sons or daughters. When the homemaker was asked the questions at an interview, almost com plete reporting for the 14 through 25 age group resulted. However, when the sons and daughters were asked to report for themselves by filling out a post card and mailing it in, about half responded. There was no followup on post cards not returned. Based on a comparison of averages for the two groups, reports of homemakers for the amounts spent for food away from home by daughters were very close to the amounts the daughters reported for themselves. The homemakers' estimates for sons in the same age group, however, were considerably lower than the amounts sons reported for themselves. If the young people are to be asked to report their own expenditures, measures should be taken to avoid a high rate of nonresponse.
Educational Participation and Dietary Changes of EFNEP Homemakers in Louisiana1
Authors: Verma Satish , Jones J.H.
Published: March 2007

Are dietary levels of homemakers participating in a nutrition educational program influenced by length of participation? By the kind of learning experience they are involved in? By the intensity of the learning exposure? These questions were examined in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in Louisiana to see how diets changed over a 12‐month period. Homemakers were instructed through personal visits and meetings. Consumption of the basic four food groups was found to increase in the first 2 to 4 months, then reach a plateau. Other studies in Louisiana indicated a drop, either to former or slightly higher than former levels, when the educational effort was discontinued. Visits and meetings had about the same effect on diet changes, but more people were reached through meetings. Intake of two food groups correlated positively with frequency of visits or meetings. The findings suggested the need for a continuing education program using a variety of teaching procedures, combined with better tools for evaluating effectiveness of the educational effort.
Macrostructure and Nomenclature of Plant and Animal Food Sources
Authors: Hsu Debbie Liang , Jacobson Marion
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to search for accurate and generally accepted terminology to describe changes observed in the macrostructure of certain plant and animal foods. The foods selected for investigation were apple, pineapple, cabbage, bean sprouts, potato, rice, egg, fish, chicken, and beef. A survey of the available published horticultural, botanical, and zoological sources revealed many discrepancies in structural identifications. Such lack of agreement derived in part from customary usage in applied sciences. Verification of terminology thus became the essential first step in this research. Preliminary diagrams of each food product were drawn. Morphological details and nomenclature were referred to experts for verification. This was supplemented by reference to published sources. After revision, macrostructural illustrations with nomenclature were prepared. When generally accepted technical names were associated with the major tissues of the raw foods, it was possible to use this terminology to describe changes observed in cooked or preserved products.
Home Maintenance and Improvement Behavior of Owners1
Authors: Meeks Carol B. , Firebaugh Francille M.
Published: March 2007

A systems approach was the basis for analysis of maintenance and improvement behavior of owners of single‐family dwellings. Situational determinants influencing demands and resources were analyzed as well as the influence of demands and resources on the behavior. The sample was composed of 188 male heads of intact families living in small towns.

Least squares analysis of variance revealed that maintenance skill and time available influenced maintenance behavior; improvement skill affected improvement behavior; goal preferences decreased with age of the head whereas occurrent wants increased with increased age and with a decreased consumption orientation, but decreased with increased house value. In relation to resources, the consumption orientation of the head affected maintenance skill and interest, and improvement skill and interest. Community location affected maintenance skill and interest, while occupation of the head affected maintenance and improvement interest. Improvement interest also varied with husband's age.
Role Satisfaction of Vocational Students as Individual, Parent, and Spouse
Authors: Petrich Beatrice , Henning Judy , Rodman Nancy
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with individual, parent, and spouse role satisfaction of recent graduates of Wisconsin's Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education system. Responses from 1,302 subjects were analyzed. Subscores on the “Life Skills” Inventory determined the level of satisfaction.

Scores indicated overall satisfaction with preparation for life skills. However, analysis of variance revealed significant differences on Individual Role scores by sex, age, and current residence. Spouse Role scores were significantly different for marital status and current residence. Significant differences due to sex, marital status, and number of children were found for Parent Role scores. Differences in satisfaction with life skills imply that curriculum development for education for individual, parent, and spouse roles should proceed differently for persons differing in sex, age, residence, marital status, and number of children.
Edge Abrasion of Durable‐Press Fabrics Due to Launderin and Wear
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Prato Harriet H.
Published: March 2007

In a wear study of polyesterlcotton durable‐press trousers, the laundry process was found to cause approximately half of the total edge abrasion. No significant differences in amount of edge abrasion were found among trousers laundered by different methods. Laboratory studies using polyesterlcotton fabrics indicated that the least abrasion occurred when simulated cuff samples were washed wrong side out, with slow agitation speed, or with a shortened wash cycle.

Studies using 100 percent cotton durable‐press fabrics indicated that an increase in tumble drying time resulted in a significant increase in amount of edge abrasion. Turning samples wrong side out, shortening the wash period, and using slow agitation speed tended to reduce the amount of edge abrasion. Edge abrasion was evaluated by comparison of samples with photographic standards and examination of samples with the scanning electron microscope.
Nutritional Adequacy of Diets of a Selected Group of Low‐ Income Women: Identification of Some Related Factors1
Authors: Johnson Nancy E. , Nitzke Susan
Published: March 2007

One in five homemakers participating in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program reported dietary inadequacies. They consumed diets containing less than 55 percent RDA for calcium, iron, vitamin A, magnesium, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B6; estimates for the last three nutrients are tentative because of limited food composition information. Seventeen environmental and personal characteristics of these women showed potential relationships to overall nutrient adequacy of diets and 10 of these variables were significantly related to adequacy. Women who were short had poorer diets than those who were tall and women who were trying to lose weight had lower calcium intakes and possibly poorer vitamin A values than those who were not. The length of time the women participated in the nutrition education program had a positive influence on vitamin A intake.
Medical Care Use by Individuals
Authors: Krassa Lucie G. , Kline Kristin L.
Published: March 2007

In view of rapid changes in the health care delivery system, which are bringing about changes in medical care prices, in the proportion of costs paid by the family, and in pay ment methods, estimation of family medical care costs from surveys of household expendi tures is unsatisfactory. The purpose of this study was to explore a method for estimating amounts of medical services used by individuals with given characteristics. These estimates could be used as a basis for developing family budget guidance materials and for public policy planning. Three types of medical services were studied—hospital services, doctors' services, and dentists' services. From among a number of individual and family characteris tics for which national survey data were available, several that help to explain variation in use of the three types of medical services by individuals were identified by regression analy sis: age, sex, presence or absence of a chronic health condition, education, family income, employment status, metropolitan residence, and region. Adjusted coefficients of multiple determination were significant. Only a small proportion of the variance was explained, indicating the need for more information as to factors affecting the use of medical services by individuals.
Financial Problems of Urban Families
Authors: Williams Flora L. , Nall Martha , Deck Pat Zwaagstra
Published: March 2007

Frequencies of 11 financial problems were examined in relation to (1) measures of well‐ being, (2) income, and (3) family characteristics. Families from disadvantaged areas in East Chicago, Indiana and Toledo, Ohio were selected randomly; 363 homemakers responded in personal interviews. Most families reported they never experienced the prob lems of “someone else spends the money before I can get hold of it” and “the money is lost, stolen or taken from my purse before I can spend it.” The remaining nine problems were experienced in this order from least to most often: danger of having gas or electricity turned off; getting behind in rent or house payments; not affording to keep household equipment and appliances in running order; not having enough food to last until there is money to buy more; inability to meet large bills; not enough money for dentist, doctor, or medicine; inability to buy new shoes or clothes; inability to buy special things my kids want; and inability to save money. Problems were associated with family income, income index, income dependability, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class. Perceptions of income adequacy increased as frequency of problems decreased.
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies on Carrots: Effects of Cooking on the Xylem and Phloem1
Authors: Davis Eugenia A. , Gordon Joan , Hutchinson Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructural changes of xylem and phloem tissue of mature carrots when cooked to doneness by the home preparation methods of steaming, boiling, and pressure cooking. This study yielded strong evidence for noncellulose polysaccharide fibrillar material between cells as theo rized by Colvin and Leppard (1973). This material was susceptible to degradation during cooking and resulted in varying degrees of disruption of cellular integrity. The data obtained clearly show the value of SEM in studies of this type.
Nutrition Camp—A Method for Human Nutrition Research
Authors: Ritchey S.J. , Korslund Mary K.
Published: March 2007

The nutrition camp has been a successful vehicle for balance studies with preadolescent children. This method requires a large staff for supervision of subjects, diet preparation, recreation, and laboratory analyses. The advantages, potential problems, and successful operating procedures are discussed. The method has general applicability for use with sev eral age groups. Though very expensive, the method can be justified as an approach to pro vide reliable data about the nutritional needs of normal human subjects.
Role Clarification and Helping Behavior in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Strattner Mary Jane , Brandt Melda M.
Published: March 2007

The study explored the effect on kindergarten children of four different presentations of an opportunity to help an adult with a simple task. Subjects were observed under one of four conditions which varied in explicitness of the need for help expressed by the adult and in the amount of clarification of the child's role in the situation: expressed need, expressed need and suggestion, expressed need and pressure, no expression of need. The “suggestion” and “pressure” conditions were perceived similarly by the children and yielded signifi cantly more helping behavior than the other conditions. IQ (as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was correlated with helping only in the expressed need condition. Helping behavior was also considered in relation to responses on a picture instrument used to assess the child's ability to recognize and respond to a need for help in several hypotheti cal situations. Responses on the picture instrument were not correlated with behavior in the task situation. The need for further study of role clarification as it affects helping behav ior is discussed.
Iron Status and Family Structure of Teenage Girls in a Low‐Income Area
Authors: Hertzler Ann A. , Yamanaka William , Nenninger Carol , Abernathy Areva
Published: March 2007

A study of 257 teenage girls in a low‐income area of Missouri included dietary status (Iron Intake and Iron Frequency Scores), nutrition knowledge (Iron Knowledge Score), nutri tional status (hematocrit), and family structure measures. Varying correlations occurred among the indicators of dietary status, knowledge level, and nutritional status. Few of these indicators were directly associated with family structure. Since family structure was con sidered an important variable in understanding food habits, associations between these iron measures were studied by controlling for low and high family structure scores. For girls with low family structure scores, hematocrit was negatively correlated with the two dietary measures of iron; but girls who ranked in the upper portion had hematocrits that had little correlation with the two dietary iron measures. The negative correlation between hematocrit and dietary measures with girls receiving low family structure scores suggests the importance of including nutrition as well as some aspect of group dynamics in educa tion programs.
Heat Distribution and Heating Efficiency in Selected Pans on Conventional and Glass/Ceramic Surfaced Electric Range Units
Authors: Peters Cheryl A. , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

Heat distribution and heating efficiency were investigated on conventional and glass/cerami c surfaced electric ranges with saucepans of selected materials and bottom con formations. Loads were fat‐f lour, water, and vegetable oil. Heating rate and efficiency but not patterns of heat distribution were better on the conventional electric range than on either of the two glass/ceramic cooking tops. A flat‐bottomed pan with high thermal con ductivity performed best on all ranges.