bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is Basic about Basic Emotions? Lasting Lessons from Affective Neuroscience
Authors: Panksepp Jaak , Watt Douglas
Published: September 2011

A cross-species affective neuroscience strategy for understanding the primary-process (basic) emotions is defended. The need for analyzing the brain and mind in terms of evolutionary stratification of functions into at least primary (instinctual), secondary (learned), and tertiary (thought-related) processes is advanced. When viewed in this context, the contentious battles between basic-emotion theorists and dimensional-constructivist approaches can be seen to be largely nonsubstantial differences among investigators working at different levels of analysis.
On-chip constructive cell-network study (II): on-chip quasi-in vivo cardiac toxicity assay for ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation measurement using ring-shaped closed circuit microelectrode with lined-up cardiomyocyte cell network
Authors: Nomura Fumimasa , Kaneko Tomoyuki , Hattori Akihiro , Yasuda Kenji
Published: September 2011

Backgrounds

Conventional in vitro approach using human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) assay has been considered worldwide as the first screening assay for cardiac repolarization safety. However, it does not always oredict the potential QT prolongation risk or pro-arrhythmic risk correctly. For adaptable preclinical strategiesto evaluate global cardiac safety, an on-chip quasi-in vivo cardiac toxicity assay for lethal arrhythmia (ventricular tachyarrhythmia) measurement using ring-shaped closed circuit microelectrode chip has been developed.

Results

The ventricular electrocardiogram (ECG)-like field potential data, which includes both the repolarization and the conductance abnormality, was acquired from the self-convolutied extracellular field potentials (FPs) of a lined-up cardiomyocyte network on a circle-shaped microelectrode in an agarose microchamber. When Astemisol applied to the closed-loop cardiomyocyte network, self-convoluted FP profile of normal beating changed into an early afterdepolarization (EAD) like waveform, and then showed ventricular tachyarrhythmias and ventricular fibrilations (VT/Vf). QT-prolongation-like self-convoluted FP duration prolongation and its fluctuation increase was also observed according to the increase of Astemizole concentration.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the convoluted FPs of the quasi-in vivo cell network assay includes both of the repolarization data and the conductance abnormality of cardiomyocyte networks has the strong potential to prediction lethal arrhythmia.
The Martial Art of “Cinema”: Modes of Virtuosity à la Hong Kong and the Philippines
Authors: Beller Jonathan
Published: September 2011

The cinematic mode of production has orchestrated the real subsumption of society by capital unevenly in the Asia-Pacific, affecting film form, genre, gender, performativity, and exhibitionism in various ways, as well as structures of agency and regimes of truth. Variations in Chinese, Hong Kong, and Philippine cinema are explored here, each demonstrating differing inflections in relation to digitization, finance capital, gender performativity, and generic style. Haptic mapping, the rapidly oscillating gender of the “female” martial artist, the transcendent “male” virtuosic body, and “stuplime” (coined by Sianne Ngai) farce are among the formal innovations occasioned by the digital maelstrom of informatic capital. Taken together these indicate a transformed terrain of domination and struggle—one that requires an attention to regional specificity as well as an understanding of a geopolitically integrated world-media system for adequate conceptualization.
The Macho Machine: Male Sexual Commodification in Philippine Realist Film
Authors: Cañete Reuben Ramas
Published: September 2011

The understanding of male sexual labor commodification in Philippine realist film has often been linked exclusively to economic and political determinations associated with authoritarianism and migrant labor from the 1980s to the 1990s. Little discussion has been focused on cultural and socio-sexual relations among gendered and sexed publics in the Philippines, and how this is configured in a political economy that privileges Filipino masculinity as a “stabilizing term” in relation to a tripartite relation between “bisexual” men, heterosexual women, and homosexual men. This study focuses on the films Macho Dancer (1987) by Lino Brocka and Sibak (1993) and Burlesk King (1998) by Mel Chionglo to foreground the specific categories by which these tripartite sexual relations occur within a common delineated space: the filmic space of cinema, and the territory of male commodification in the sexual economy from which this documentation of Filipino homoerotica is taken, the gay bar. As a productive space for maleness and its consumption, the lives of these machos interact with the specific material conditions of a neoliberal sexual economy reemerging in the Philippines since 1986, but one that continues the class and gendered divisions underwriting the consumption of male bodies.
Strong(er) Women and Effete Men: Negotiating Chineseness in Philippine Cinema at a Time of Transnationalism
Authors: Chu Richard T.
Published: September 2011

For centuries, dominant groups subjected the Chinese in the Philippines to different forms of identifications as a way to localize them. The Chinese in turn found ways to deflect and manipulate such means of control. Focusing on five films on Chinese Filipinos, this essay describes how, in an era of increasing globalization and China's ascendance to superpower status, the Chinese in the Philippines construct and negotiate contemporary versions of “Chineseness” to achieve economic success and social acceptance. In particular, it focuses on a Filipino-Chinese organization's invention of the category “Tsinoy” as a creative but delicate attempt to embed the Chinese in the national consciousness and construct a positive image of the Chinese. For, as seen in the films, other Chinese can appropriate the term while both local and regional changes reinforce certain Chinese stereotypes. Furthermore, as Chinese Filipinos engage in transnational practices and participate in triumphalist versions of Chineseness, gender roles are either reinforced or reconfigured. Women assume more power, hence becoming “stronger.” However, such “empowerment” is still proscribed within the Confucian moral economy of the family, thereby preserving Chinese patriarchy. Simultaneously, men who are trapped between the traditional norms of masculinity and desire for self-expression become effete or ineffectual.
Managing the “Moro Problem”: Fractured Nation/Narration in Bagong Buwan
Authors: Nubla Gladys
Published: September 2011

The 2001 film Bagong buwan (New Moon) was hailed as the first feature film to focus seriously on the long-standing conflict between the Philippine central government and Muslims in the southern Philippines, and the first to treat Muslim Filipinos (Moros) with sympathy and sensitivity. A heavily “pro-peace” rhetoric was deployed by the Christian Filipino director and producers during their promotion of the film. The article argues that, given the history of Moro disenfranchisement and oppression, the film and the pro-peace discourse surrounding it attempt to sublimate not only the legitimate claims of Moros for secession/separation from the Philippines but also the feminist critique of military sexual violations against Moro women. Yet despite the controlling pro-peace discourse, the film features a series of fractures and discontinuities in narrative and characterization that leave the viewer with a conflicted notion of what peace and reconciliation between Christian and Muslim Filipinos might look like. Using gendered tropes of family and women's bodies to stand in for the nation, the film attempts to interpellate Moros back into the nation through its pro-peace discourse, but the film ultimately does not disrupt the shift in government rhetoric that now brands Moros, previously perceived as “insurgents,” as terrorists in their own land. In the end, despite its purported desire to empower Moros and humanize them by making them seem just like other Filipinos, the film reinscribes a State-Christian normativity on which the “normalcy” of Philippine citizenship is based.
Crossing the Americas: The U.s. War on Terror and Arab Cross-Border Mobilizations in a South American Frontier Region
Authors: Karam John Tofik
Published: September 2011

George W. Bush hardly finished his declaration of war on terror when the U.S. government turned its attention toward a trinational region where Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay meet, called the triple frontera (Triple Border, in Spanish) and the tríplice fronteira (in Portuguese). My article traces how border residents of Muslim Lebanese origins responded to this post-9/11 U.S. counterterrorist encompassment. I suggest that Arabs publicly mobilized through three media- and state-sponsored initiatives that sought to combat U.S.-derived suspicions. Beginning in September 2001, they led the Peace without Frontiers movement, bringing together some forty-five thousand Triple Border residents; in late 2002, they participated in a border city government’s lawsuit against the Cable News Network (CNN) for defamation; and in mid-2003, they supported the publicity campaign that satirized the alleged visit of Osama bin Laden. Arabs crossed ethnic and national boundaries in order to collaborate with South American media and state powers against the U.S. war on terror. At the same time U.S. counterterrorism traversed the continent, Brazilians and Paraguayans of Arab origins mobilized across the post-9/11 Americas as well.
Law’s Inhumanities: Peripheral Racialization and the Early Development of an Iranian Race
Authors: Farnia Nina
Published: September 2011

This article examines the racialization of Iran and Iranians by excavating the treatment of Iran in the naturalization cases from the early twentieth century. In so doing, the article highlights both the continuities and disjunctures of a racialization process that began long before there were identifiable populations of Iranians in the country or the United States had developed a coherent foreign policy vis-á-vis “the Middle East.” Iranians and Iranian Americans find themselves in a precarious position in contemporary race discourse. On the one hand, Iranians are formally categorized as white by the state. Likely as a result of this categorization, few scholars have taken up the question of how Iranians are raced, particularly in the context of law and public policy. On the other hand, if and when the community is discussed in academic or popular literature on race, it is thrown into the emergent, amorphous category of “Arab and Muslim.” While it is true that the racialization of Iranians, Arabs, and Muslims is an overlapping process that similarly affects all three communities, an analysis of the law reveals that the racialization of Iranians has a distinct lineage in American foreign and domestic policy, such that in the same moment that the state rendered Arab Americans white for purposes of naturalization, Iranians were deployed as the primary colored referent from which Arabs should be distinguished. I call this process “peripheral racialization.” This article attempts to prompt questions about the role of American foreign policy interests in race-ing Iranians in the United States. The example of Iran is particularly salient in the contemporary context, for it has much to tell us about the operation of white supremacy in America’s efforts to develop and maintain a modern empire in “the Middle East.”
Cosmopolitanism in Hobson-Jobson: Remaking Imperial Subjects
Authors: Anand Ari Singh
Published: September 2011

As a contribution to critical studies of colonial discourse, this essay offers an analysis of Hobson-Jobson, the well-known nineteenth-century British colonial glossary of Anglo-Indian argot, as an instance of a colonial attempt to resolve the contradiction between benign intent and the violence of colonial rule in India under the Raj. The analysis draws on concepts in linguistic anthropology such as language ideology and generic intertextuality, as well as a Peircean approach that emphasizes indexicality as a key means of signification. The essay performs a close reading of Hobson-Jobson as a primary text and draws on secondary historical and theoretical literature to make the argument. It demonstrates both the need for more sober readings of the primary text than are typically offered and the particular value of the Peircean notion of indexicality in analyzing discourses with an eye to relations of power that constitute sociohistorical contexts. Finally, the essay argues that what is problematic about Hobson-Jobson despite all its linguistic richness is not just the history from which it arose but its active participation in facilitating and constituting both that history and its agents.
A Skeptic's View of Global Budget Caps
Authors: Poterba James M
Published: September 2011

This brief paper explores the likely effects of government-imposed global budget caps, such as those in the Clinton administration proposal, on health care spending. It argues that health reform proposals that guarantee universal access to a basic package of medical benefits create a substantial new constituency for higher health care outlays. Political and potential legal pressures to expand rather than limit the set of guaranteed benefits, coupled with an expansion of the number of individuals with health insurance coverage, make it unlikely that global budget targets will succeed in reducing the rate of health care spending growth.
Odd Catalan Numbers Modulo
Authors: Lin Hsueh-Yung
Published: September 2011

This article proves a conjecture by S.-C. Liu and J. C.-C. Yeh about Catalan numbers, which states that odd Catalan numbers can take exactly
Direkte Rede und Emotionsverben im Russischen
Authors: Sonnenhauser Barbara
Published: September 2011

The present paper is concerned with the construction ‘direct speech + verb of emotion’ in Russian, focusing on the question where the ‘utterance’-interpretation for verbs of emotion in this specific context derives from. Moreover, a tentative typology of direct speech constructions will be provided, illustrating that the type of relation between direct speech and matrix verb, and hence the motivation for the ‘utterance’-interpretation, depends on the semantic characterisation and the event structure of the ‘matrix’ verb.
Transparent Lu2O3:Eu Ceramics
Authors: Seeley Zachary M. , Kuntz Joshua D. , Cherepy Nerine J. , Payne Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

We are developing highly transparent ceramic oxide scintillators for high energy (MeV) radiography screens. Lutetium oxide doped with europium (Lu2O3:Eu) is the material of choice due to its high light yield and stopping power. As an alternative to hot-pressing, we are utilizing vacuum sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Nano-scale starting powder was uniaxially pressed into compacts and then sintered under high vacuum, followed by HIP’ing. Vacuum sintering temperature proved to be a critical parameter in order to obtain highly transparent Lu2O3:Eu. Under-sintering resulted in open porosity disabling the driving force for densification during HIP’ing, while over-sintering lead to trapped pores in the Lu2O3:Eu grain interiors. Optimal vacuum sintering conditions allowed the pores to remain mobile during the subsequent HIP’ing step which provided enough pressure to close the pores completely resulting in fully-dense highly transparent ceramics. Currently, we have produced 3 mm thick by 4.5 cm diameter ceramics with excellent transparency, and anticipate scaling to larger sizes while maintaining comparable optical properties.
Laser Welding of Transparent High Performance Polymer Foils by using Silver Nanoparticles as Absorption Layer
Authors: Neuber Matthias , Heilmann Andreas
Published: September 2011

Laser welding of transparent high performance polymer foils requires an additional absorption layer at the interface of both foils. This paper demonstrates that metallic nano-particles, e.g. gold, silver or copper, can act as such an absorption layer. Silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of 200 μm thick ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) polymer foils by evaporation processes or by magnetron sputtering. For their additional mechanical stabilization, thin films produced by plasma polymerisation of hexamethyldisilazane or PTFE-polymer sputtering were deposited on top of the metal nanoparticles. Laser irradiation of the coated foil together with the untreated joining partner was performed by a continuous wave diode laser at a wavelength of 808 nm. With the defocused laser, the foils were welded and finally a nearly transparent welding seam was achieved. The nanostructure and the optical properties of the nanoparticle layer before laser irradiation were determined and compared with the nanostructure and the optical properties of the polymer metal nanocomposite after laser welding.
Polymer Nanoporous and Co-crystalline Phases
Authors: Guerra Gaetano , Daniel Christophe
Published: September 2011

The first part of this presentation will be devoted to the description of the two nanoporous crystalline forms and of the various co-crystalline structures which can be obtained with syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS). Then, the second part will deal with the co-crystals formed with active guest molecules (nonlinear active, fluorescent, photoreactive, chiral, ...) while the final part of the lecture will focus on the possible applications of materials characterized by nanoporous crystalline s-PS phases.
Experimental Evidence of Non-Diffusive Thermal Transport in Si and GaAs
Authors: Johnson Jeremy A. , Maznev Alexei A. , Eliason Jeffrey K. , Minnich Austin , Collins Kimberlee , Chen Gang , Cuffe John , Kehoe Timothy , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M. , Nelson Keith A.
Published: September 2011

The length-scales at which thermal transport crosses from the diffusive to ballistic regime are of much interest particularly in the design and improvement of nano-structured materials. In this work, we demonstrate that the departure from diffusive transport has been observed in Si and GaAs using an optical transient thermal grating technique where an arbitrary, experimentally set length scale can be imposed on a material. In a transient thermal grating experiment, crossed laser pulses interfere creating a well-defined periodic absorption and temperature profile. A probe beam is diffracted from this transient grating and length-scale dependent thermal transport properties can be determined from the signal decay. As the length scale is decreased to lengths shorter than the mean free paths of heat carrying phonons, quasi-ballistic heat transport effects become apparent allowing us to map out length scales and mean free paths relevant to nondiffusive thermal transport in Si and GaAs.
First Principles Calculations of Defects in Unstable Crystals: Austenitic Iron
Authors: Ackland G.J. , Klaver T.P.C. , Hepburn D.J.
Published: September 2011

First principles calculations have given a new insight into the energies of point defects in many different materials, information which cannot be readily obtained from experiment. Most such calculations are done at zero Kelvin, with the assumption that finite temperature effects on defect energies and barriers are small. In some materials, however, the stable crystal structure of interest is mechanically unstable at 0K. In such cases, alternate approaches are needed. Here we present results of first principles calculations of austenitic iron using the VASP code. We determine an appropriate reference state for collinear magnetism to be the antiferromagnetic (001) double-layer (AFM-d) which is both stable and lower in energy than other possible models for the low temperature limit of paramagnetic fcc iron. Another plausible reference state is the antiferromagnetic (001) single layer (AFM-1). We then consider the energetics of dissolving typical alloying impurities (Ni, Cr) in the materials, and their interaction with point defects typical of the irradiated environment. We show that the calculated defect formation energies have fairly high dependence on the reference state chosen: in some cases this is due to instability of the reference state, a problem which does not seem to apply to AFM-d and AFM-1. Furthermore, there is a correlation between local free volume magnetism and energetics. Despite this, a general picture emerge that point defects in austenitic iron have geometries similar to those in simpler, non-magnetic, thermodynamically stable FCC metals. The defect energies are similar to those in BCC iron. The effect of substitutional Ni and Cr on defect properties is weak, rarely more than tenths of eV, so it is unlikely that small amounts of Ni and Cr will have a significant effect on the radiation damage in austenitic iron at high temperatures.
Structural and electrical characterization of carbon nanotube interconnects by combined transmission electron microscopy and scanning spreading resistance microscopy
Authors: Hantschel Thomas , Ke Xiaoxing , Chiodarelli Nicolo’ , Schulze Andreas , Bender Hugo , Eyben Pierre , Bals Sara , Vandervorst Wilfried
Published: September 2011

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) as interconnects in future integrated circuits (IC) is being considered as a replacement for copper. As this research needs also innovative metrology solutions, we have developed a combined approach for the plane-view analysis of CNT integrated in contact holes where transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enables the quantitative measurement of density and structure of the CNT and where scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) is used to electrically map the distribution of the CNT. This paper explains the used methodologies in detail and presents results from 300 nm diameter contact holes filled with CNT of 8-12 nm in diameter and a density of about 2 x 1011 cm-2.
The holoplankton of the Santa Catarina coast, southern Brazil
Authors: Resgalla Jr Charrid
Published: September 2011

This paper presents information from different sampling surveys carried out along the Santa Catarina coast in order to outline the biogeographical characteristics of the zooplankton in this region and identify species or groups of species with potential use as bioindicators. Based on a checklist of species of the zooplankton community in the state, it was observed that, in the warmer months of the year, the fauna is similar to that of the states of Paraná and São Paulo (e.g. Creseis virgula f. virgula, Penilia avirostris; Acartia lilljeborgi and Oithona oswaldocruzi), while in the colder months there are coastal representatives of the fauna of Rio Grande do Sul (e.g. Acartia tonsa). However, the zooplankton consists predominantly of warm water species for most of the year, which is typical of Tropical Shelf Waters. Various species of zooplankton can be used as hydrological indicators, enabling a distinction to be made between coastal waters which are influenced by continental inputs (e.g. Paracalanus quasimodo and Parvocalanus crassirostris), common in the north of the state, and processes of upwelling (e.g. Podon intermedius) and the influence of the Subtropical Shelf Front (e.g. Pleopis polyphemoides), coming from the south. The different environments investigated present a zooplankton abundance that depends on the influence of continental inputs and the possibility of their retaining and contribution for the coastal enrichment, which varies seasonally
Modelos multinível de coeficientes aleatórios e os efeitos firma, setor e tempo no mercado acionário Brasileiro
Authors: Fávero Luiz Paulo Lopes , Confortini Débora
Published: September 2011

A literatura não tem atingido um consenso sobre como os efeitos firma e setor influenciam a rentabilidade das ações listadas em bolsa de valores ao longo do tempo. Sob as hipóteses inicias de que há alterações significativas na rentabilidade de papéis de empresas na Bovespa nos últimos anos, e que estas variações ocorrem em função das características existentes em cada firma e dos setores de atuação, este estudo propõe, por meio de modelagem hierárquica linear, uma abordagem que permite analisar os efeitos aleatórios como alternativa para a avaliação da evolução da rentabilidade. Por meio de uma amostra com 45 firmas atuantes em 10 setores no período 2001-2007, totalizando 272 observações, verifica-se que há apenas uma baixa representatividade, em caráter multinível, do efeito do setor de atuação para a diferenciação da rentabilidade anual média e das taxas de crescimento dos preços das ações entre empresas listadas na Bovespa nos últimos anos.
Quartz Resonator Based, 0.12 μW, 32768 Hz Oscillator with ±100 ppm Frequency Accuracy
Authors: Nizhnik Oleg , Higuchi Kohei , Maenaka Kazusuke
Published: September 2011

A 0.12 μW power dissipation quartz oscillator with 32,768 Hz frequency was designed and fabricated. Stability of the oscillator versus power supply and temperature variations was measured. The design is suitable for the role of the RTC (real-time clock) or main system clock in low-power, battery-powered and energy harvesting systems.
Enhancement of Lutein Production in Chlorella sorokiniana (Chorophyta) by Improvement of Culture Conditions and Random Mutagenesis
Authors: Cordero Baldo F. , Obraztsova Irina , Couso Inmaculada , Leon Rosa , Vargas Maria Angeles , Rodriguez Herminia
Published: September 2011

Chlorella sorokiniana has been selected for lutein production, after a screening of thirteen species of microalgae, since it showed both a high content in this carotenoid and a high growth rate. The effects of several nutritional and environmental factors on cell growth and lutein accumulation have been studied. Maximal specific growth rate and lutein content were attained at 690 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 28 °C, 2 mM NaCl, 40 mM nitrate and under mixotrophic conditions. In general, optimal conditions for the growth of this strain also lead to maximal lutein productivity. High lutein yielding mutants of C. sorokiniana have been obtained by random mutagenesis, using N-methyl-N′-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as a mutagen and selecting mutants by their resistance to the inhibitors of the carotenogenic pathway nicotine and norflurazon. Among the mutants resistant to the herbicides, those exhibiting both high content in lutein and high growth rate were chosen. Several mutants exhibited higher contents in this carotenoid than the wild type, showing, in addition, either a similar or higher growth rate than the latter strain. The mutant MR-16 exhibited a 2.0-fold higher volumetric lutein content than that of the wild type, attaining values of 42.0 mg L−1 and mutants DMR-5 and DMR-8 attained a lutein cellular content of 7.0 mg g−1 dry weight. The high lutein yield exhibited by C. sorokiniana makes this microalga an excellent candidate for the production of this commercially interesting pigment.
Les mobilités éprouvantes. Regards sur les pénibilités des déplacements ordinaires
Authors: Enaux Christophe , Lannoy Pierre , Lord Sébastien
Published: September 2011

Dans l’excitation intellectuelle liée à l’émergence, dans les sciences sociales, de ce nouveau et riche champ de recherche qu’est l’étude des mobilités quotidiennes, il est un versant de ce phénomène auquel peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés. On a en effet porté peu d’attention aux caractères éprouvants de ces réalités pour celles et ceux qui en sont les acteurs ordinaires. Pourtant, dans un contexte où les formes et les pratiques de mobilité se voient généralisées, les expériences pénibles dans les déplacements elles aussi se multiplient et se diversifient. Dans une première approche, on peut penser que ces pénibilités sont liées à des contraintes de trois ordres. Premièrement, dans la mesure où la très grande majorité des actifs travaille en dehors de leur domicile, leur mobilité est largement contrainte par l’emploi, sa localisation et sa nature. Deuxièmement, les rythmes de l’obligation scolaire constituent une autre dimension très contraignante pour de nombreux ménages, et scandent de manière remarquable la circulation dans les espaces publics. Troisièmement, l’accès spatial aux consommations, entendues au sens large comme usages « libres » de fournitures de services (commerces, services administratifs, loisirs, activités culturelles, tourisme, etc.), est également fortement structuré par les localisations et les temporalités de ces services. Ces différentes contraintes (professionnelles, scolaires et consommatoires) placent d’emblée la mobilité quotidienne sous le signe de la pression, du respect d’horaire, des tensions ou tout au moins de l’exigence d’organisation et de coordination. Les formes des pénibilités liées à ces déplacements peuvent alors se différencier par le lieu où leur épreuve se manifeste concrètement : la sphère domestique, la sphère professionnelle et les espaces publics. Ces territoires apparaissent en effet comme les pôles principaux où s’expriment les contraintes et injonctions de mobilité et où se vivent les épreuves de leur confrontation.Ce numéro rassemblera une sélection de contributions issues du colloque international « Les mobilités éprouvantes » tenu à l’Université Libre de Bruxelles en mars 2010 à l’initiative du groupe de travail « Mobilités spatiales et fluidité sociale » de l’Association internationale des sociologues de langue française (AISLF). Elles s’intéresseront toutes, et selon des perspectives disciplinaires différentes, aux pénibilités des expériences de mobilité, c’est-à-dire aux aspects éprouvants, pour les individus ou pour les groupes auxquels ils appartiennent, des configurations au sein desquelles s’engendrent et s’expérimentent les circulations quotidiennes. Parmi les aspects étudiés, on trouvera les déplacements des adolescents, les pénibilités associées à la fréquentation des espaces de transport, les mobilités contraintes par les structurations socio-spatiales, les institutions (services aux personnes, contrôles routiers, prisons) ou les situations politiques.
Response of Protective Current to Environmental Conditions During Sacrificial Anode Concrete Repair Treatments
Authors: Holmes S. , Roberts A. , Glass G. , Robins P. , Wilcox G.
Published: September 2011

This work examines the current response of installed “hybrid” (combined impressed current and sacrificial) anodes to changes in environmental conditions and investigates the effect of this “responsive behavior” on anode life span. The behavior reported is also discussed in terms of its correlation with the two reported models regarding the criteria for steel protection in concrete. The study showed that current passed by the installed anode was responsive to changes in concrete temperature, moisture, and chloride content during both the impressed current and galvanic phases of the hybrid treatment. This meant that anode life was conserved in benign conditions and shortened when the concrete environment was aggressive. It was also seen that a high current density impressed current treatment “activated” the installed anode, allowing it to pass a much higher current during the galvanic phase of the treatment. The data collected fits better with the acidification/pit realkalization model for corrosion monitoring of steel in atmospheric concrete, rather than the pitting potential/repassivation potential model used frequently in the industry.
As a Third Worker Tests Positive for Bird Flu in US Dairy Cattle Outbreak, Here’s What to Know
Authors: Abbasi Jennifer
Published: June 2024

This Medical News article discusses the latest developments in the H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in the US.
Efficacy and Safety of Abrocitinib in Prurigo Nodularis and Chronic Pruritus of Unknown Origin
Authors: Kwatra Shawn G. , Bordeaux Zachary A. , Parthasarathy Varsha , Kollhoff Alexander L. , Alajmi Ali , Pritchard Thomas , Cornman Hannah L. , Kambala Anusha , Lee Kevin K. , Manjunath Jaya , Ma Emily Z. , Dillen Carly , Kwatra Madan M.
Published: June 2024

Importance

Prurigo nodularis (PN) and chronic pruritus of unknown origin (CPUO) are chronic pruritic diseases that dramatically impair quality of life, but therapeutic options are limited. Abrocitinib, a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, represents a promising therapy for both conditions.

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of 200-mg oral abrocitinib administered once daily in adults with moderate to severe PN or CPUO.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This phase 2, open-label, nonrandomized controlled trial conducted between September 2021 and July 2022 took place at a single center in the US. A total of 25 adult patients with moderate to severe PN or CPUO were screened. Ten patients with PN and 10 patients with CPUO were enrolled. All 20 patients completed the 12-week treatment period, 18 of whom completed the 4-week follow-up period.

Intervention

Abrocitinib, 200 mg, by mouth once daily for 12 weeks.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary efficacy end point was the percent change in weekly Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (PP-NRS) scores from baseline to week 12. Key secondary end points included the percentage of patients achieving at least a 4-point reduction in weekly PP-NRS score from baseline to week 12 and the percent change in Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores.

Results

A total of 10 patients with PN (mean [SD] age, 58.6 [13.1] years; all were female) and 10 patients with CPUO (mean [SD] age, 70.7 [5.6] years; 2 were female) enrolled in the study. The mean (SD) baseline PP-NRS score was 9.2 (1.0) for PN and 8.2 (1.2) for CPUO. PP-NRS scores decreased by 78.3% in PN (95% CI, −118.5 to −38.1; P < .001) and 53.7% in CPUO (95% CI, −98.8 to −8.6; P = .01) by week 12. From baseline to week 12, 8 of 10 patients with PN and 6 of 10 patients with CPUO achieved at least a 4-point improvement on the PP-NRS. Both groups experienced significant improvement in quality of life as demonstrated by percent change in DLQI scores (PN: −53.2% [95% CI, −75.3% to −31.1%]; P = .002; CPUO: −49.0% [95% CI, −89.6% to −8.0%]; P = .02). The most common adverse event among patients was acneiform eruption in 2 of 20 patients (10%). No serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions and Relevance

The results of this nonrandomized controlled trial suggest that abrocitinib monotherapy may be effective and tolerated well in adults with PN or CPUO. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted to validate these findings.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05038982
Body Roundness Index and All-Cause Mortality Among US Adults
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Ma Ning , Lin Qiushi , Chen Kening , Zheng Fangjieyi , Wu Jing , Dong Xiaoqun , Niu Wenquan
Published: June 2024

Importance

Obesity, especially visceral obesity, is an established risk factor associated with all-cause mortality. However, the inadequacy of conventional anthropometric measures in assessing fat distribution necessitates a more comprehensive indicator, body roundness index (BRI), to decipher its population-based characteristics and potential association with mortality risk.

Objective

To evaluate the temporal trends of BRI among US noninstitutionalized civilian residents and explore its association with all-cause mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this cohort study, information on a nationally representative cohort of 32 995 US adults (age ≥20 years) was extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 and NHANES Linked Mortality File, with mortality ascertained through December 31, 2019. Data were analyzed between April 1 and September 30, 2023.

Exposures

Biennial weighted percentage changes in BRI were calculated. Restricted cubic spline curve was used to determine optimal cutoff points for BRI.

Main Outcome and Measures

The survival outcome was all-cause mortality. Mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website and linked to the NHANES database using the unique subject identifier. Weibull regression model was adopted to quantify the association between BRI and all-cause mortality.

Results

Among 32 995 US adults, the mean (SD) age was 46.74 (16.92) years, and 16 529 (50.10%) were women. Mean BRI increased gradually from 4.80 (95% CI, 4.62-4.97) to 5.62 (95% CI, 5.37-5.86) from 1999 through 2018, with a biennial change of 0.95% (95% CI, 0.80%-1.09%; P < .001), and this increasing trend was more obvious among women, elderly individuals, and individuals who identified as Mexican American. After a median (IQR) follow-up of 9.98 (5.33-14.33) years, 3452 deaths (10.46% of participants) from all causes occurred. There was a U-shaped association between BRI and all-cause mortality, with the risk increased by 25% (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.47) for adults with BRI less than 3.4 and by 49% (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.31-1.70) for those with BRI of 6.9 or greater compared with the middle quintile of BRI of 4.5 to 5.5 after full adjustment.

Conclusions and Relevance

This national cohort study found an increasing trend of BRI during nearly 20-year period among US adults, and importantly, a U-shaped association between BRI and all-cause mortality. These findings provide evidence for proposing BRI as a noninvasive screening tool for mortality risk estimation, an innovative concept that could be incorporated into public health practice pending consistent validation in other independent cohorts.
Extended Swedish Adoption Study of Adverse Stress Responses and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Amstadter Ananda B. , Abrahamsson Linda , Cusack Shannon , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: June 2024

Importance

Twin studies have found that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors within a generation. No study has used an adoption design, which can address questions about the degree and sources of cross-generational transmission of adverse stress responses (ASRs) and PTSD.

Objectives

To examine whether ASRs or PTSD are transmitted from parents to offspring, and to clarify the relative importance of genes and rearing.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used nationwide Swedish registry data from parents and offspring (n = 2 194 171, born 1960-1992) of 6 types of families (intact; had not lived with biological father; had not lived with biological mother; lived with stepfather; lived with stepmother; and adoptive). Follow-up occurred on December 31, 2018, and data were analyzed from March 3, 2023, to January 16, 2024.

Exposures

Three sources of parent-offspring resemblance: genes plus rearing, genes only, and rearing only.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Diagnoses of ASRs or PTSD were obtained from national inpatient, outpatient, and primary care medical registries. Parent-child resemblance was assessed by tetrachoric correlation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to control for possible shared traumatic events.

Results

The study population included 2 194 171 individuals of 6 family types (1 146 703 [52.3%] male; median [range] age, 42 [20-63] years). The weighted tetrachoric correlations across family types were 0.15 (95% CI, 0.15-0.16) for genes plus rearing, 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06-0.11) for genes only, and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.07-0.12) for rearing only. Controlling for potential shared traumatic events, sensitivity analyses found that the correlation for rearing decreased, with the most conservative control (exclusion of parent-offspring dyads with onset of ASRs or PTSD within 1 year) suggesting equal correlations with genes and rearing.

Conclusions and Relevance

Diagnosis of ASRs or PTSD demonstrated cross-generational transmission, including both genetic and rearing correlations. Sensitivity analyses suggested that shared traumatic events partially accounted for the observed rearing correlations.
The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago
Authors: Poulson Michael , Riley Kian , Haqqani Maha , Green Kaye-Alese , Kenzik Kelly , Scantling Dane
Published: June 2024

Importance

Black and other racially minoritized groups are overrepresented among those who experience firearm homicide. There has been a stark increase in incarcerated populations in the US since the 1980s, largely due to differential drug sentencing, of which racially minoritized individuals are also overrepresented; social disorganization theory postulates that community and family instability resulting from incarceration can further worsen crime.

Objective

To understand the association of race-specific incarceration with race-specific firearm violence rates in Chicago, Illinois, through the lens of social vulnerability and family instability.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study with a retrospective cohort design utilized homicide data for the city of Chicago from January 1, 2001, to August 31, 2019. Demographic data at the census block level was obtained from the 2010 decennial census. Incarceration rates were obtained by race and ethnicity at the census tract level from the Opportunity Atlas. Data analysis occurred from January to June 2023.

Exposure

Race-specific incarceration rates were the primary exposures of interest. The Social Vulnerability Index and single-parent households were studied as mediators.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Race-specific firearm homicide rates were the outcomes of interest. Structural equation modeling was used to understand the mediating effect of social vulnerability and single-parent households on the association of incarceration with firearm homicides.

Results

A total of 46 312 census blocks were evaluated. Black-specific incarceration rates were found to be associated with Black-specific firearm homicides (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.50-1.94), but there was no association for Hispanic incarceration rates (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28) or White incarceration rates (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.39-1.16). In the association of Black incarceration rates with Black firearm homicide rates, social vulnerability did not mediate the interaction, but the percentage of single-parent households mediated 23% of the interaction.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found that higher rates of incarceration were associated with increased rates of firearm homicides among Black communities alone; this association was found to be mediated partially through the density of single-parent households in these areas, suggesting that social disorganization resulting from mass incarceration may perpetuate firearm homicides. Targeted policies addressing mass incarceration and the disparities therein may be a means of reducing urban firearm homicides.
Polyurethanes, Miscellaneous Organic Polymers, and Silicones
Authors: Cragg Steven T.
Published: June 2024

The toxicity of the polymers discussed in this chapter may be attributed generally to the residual monomers, catalysts, and other additives present rather than the polymerper se. The cured polymer itself may be of high molecular weight and, consequently, more or less toxicologically inert. Carefully manufactured, highly refined polymers contain few residual toxic chemicals. However, some of the polymers discussed in this chapter, at least in some applications, go through an intermediate stage consisting of “prepolymers” (sometimes referred to as oligomers or resins) that react further to achieve their final, cured form. These may have high levels of monomers or additives that could present an exposure hazard to workers.
Exploring the impact of automated correction of misinformation in social media
Authors: Burel Grégoire , Tavakoli Mohammadali , Alani Harith
Published: June 2024

Correcting misinformation is a complex task, influenced by various psychological, social, and technical factors. Most research evaluation methods for identifying effective correction approaches tend to rely on either crowdsourcing, questionnaires, lab‐based simulations, or hypothetical scenarios. However, the translation of these methods and findings into real‐world settings, where individuals willingly and freely disseminate misinformation, remains largely unexplored. Consequently, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how individuals who share misinformation in natural online environments would respond to corrective interventions. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of corrective messaging on 3898 users who shared misinformation on Twitter/X over 2 years. We designed and deployed a bot to automatically identify individuals who share misinformation and subsequently alert them to related fact‐checks in various message formats. Our analysis shows that only a small minority of users react positively to the corrective messages, with most users either ignoring them or reacting negatively. Nevertheless, we also found that more active users were proportionally more likely to react positively to corrections and we observed that different message tones made particular user groups more likely to react to the bot.
Compositionally Complex Alloy MnFeCoNiCu for Brazing Nickel‐Based Superalloy Haynes 214
Authors: Vogler Jonas , Schneiderman Benjamin , Yu Zhenzhen , Huber Jakob , Völkl Rainer , Glatzel Uwe
Published: June 2024

The microstructural and mechanical properties of a MnFeCoNiCu braze filler are analyzed and compared to a conventional nickel‐based braze filler alloy on Haynes 214 as the base material. Tensile tests reveal that the samples brazed with the MnFeCoNiCu compositionally complex alloy (CCA) exhibit superior ductility increased by a factor of 1.6 compared to those brazed with the nickel‐based filler. The ultimate tensile strength remains comparable (factor 1.03). Contact angles recorded during the brazing process indicate comparable wetting properties between the two fillers. Based on experimental investigations and Thermo–Calc predictions, improved brazing parameters are proposed for the CCA filler on Haynes 214. These recommendations include lower brazing temperatures, shortened holding times, and faster cooling rates.
Submillimeter‐Scale Superlubric Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Bu Tianzhao , Deng Wenli , Liu Yaoyao , Wang Zhong Lin , Chen Xinchun , Zhang Chi
Published: June 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for mechanical energy harvesting has been regarded as one of the most prospective energy technologies for the new era. However, inevitable material wear during triboelectrification results in output reduction and even failure of the TENG. In this work, a submillimeter‐scale superlubric TENG (SS‐TENG) is reported that enables ultra‐low friction coefficient (µ) and stable power generation. By using the micro/nano‐processing technology, the interdigital electrodes are embedded into the dielectric layer as a flat surface, on which the highly‐hydrogenated diamond‐like carbon (PLC) is deposited as the triboelectric layer to effectively reduce the friction coefficient. The frictional properties are systematically investigated at different parameters, in which a submillimeter‐scale (130 µm) superlubricity state (µ = 0.0084) is achieved at 4 N, 2 Hz and nitrogen atmosphere. Meanwhile, the SS‐TENG has a maximum power density of 3 mW m−2, which can remain stable at the superlubric condition. This work has first realized the freestanding‐mode superlubric TENG in submillimeter scale and provided a viable strategy for the development of long‐lifetime TENG, which may have great applications in frictional energy recovery from mechanical components, human joint motion, and the natural environment.