bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La consecución de la alfabetización universal en el Alto Nervión (País Vasco)
Authors: Merino Zulueta Aketza
Published: May 2019

El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en realizar un estudio de caso concreto acerca del proceso de alfabetización en la comarca vasca del Alto Nervión, entre Araba/Álava y Bizkaia. Basándose en la necesidad de huir de generalizaciones y resaltar matices, valoramos los avances de esta comarca en relación al calendario marcado por otras zonas próximas, otras provincias o España en su conjunto, en el contexto de los estudios que analizan las capacidades alfabetizadoras como elemento esencial para la mejora del capital humano, factor necesario aunque no suficiente para el desarrollo económico, reflexión a la que se dedica la primera parte del trabajo. A continuación se realiza un recorrido que abarca desde los primeros datos sobre alfabetización que aparecen a mediados del siglo XIX, hasta 1935, momento en que la comarca ya ha alcanzado la alfabetización universal, pasando por una fase intermedia protagonizada por una importante crisis económica y demográfica. El estudio se lleva a cabo mediante fuentes estadísticas como son los padrones municipales de población que reflejan la adquisición por parte de cada individuo de las capacidades de leer y escribir. El análisis nos lleva a concluir que el proceso de alfabetización, a pesar de enfrentar importantes desequilibrios territoriales, de género o socioprofesionales, se había completado ya antes de la Guerra Civil, capacitando a su capital humano para el desarrollo económico que el Alto Nervión estaba emprendiendo.
La Semana Trágica de Barcelona de 1909 en la historiografía escolar: del africanismo a la posmodernidad
Authors: Castillejo Cambra Emilio
Published: May 2019

El tratamiento de los sucesos de la Semana Trágica de Barcelona de 1909 que hizo la historiografía escolar antes de 1975 (final de la dictadura de Franco), estuvo condicionado por factores diversos: sacralización del orden social y del sistema de la Restauración, el africanismo, el pensamiento eclesial. Desde esta fecha, a pesar de los avances de la historiografía profesional y de las libertades democráticas, comprobamos que los manuales de Historia siguen sin dar las claves para evidenciar las complicidades que sostienen el sistema de poder frente al que se produce la revuelta de julio de 1909 en Barcelona, y las ideologías que sirven para legitimarla: anticolonialismo, anticapitalismo, antimilitarismo y anticlericalismo. En esta ocultación intervienen reminiscencias del pasado (palabras-trampa del pensamiento eclesial, del militarismo, del colonialismo...), tabúes sociales sobre la Iglesia católica y el Ejército, y la liquidez y falta de compromiso del pensamiento posmoderno imperante.
Disappearing refugees inside the United States
Authors: Gray Gerald
Published: May 2019

I have been working as a psychotherapist and social worker with refugee survivors of torture since 1990. I am now involved at the Texas-Mexico border, drawn there by the torture of refugee families and their children who are disappeared under the U.S. Administration’s phrase, “family separation.” In the El Paso Sector, I collaborate with several clinical, legal, and investigative journalism organizations. We’ve read of the thousands of children and parents disappeared from one another at the border under that official phrase “family separation.”
PERSONNEL SELECTION BASED ON INTEGRATED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING TECHNIQUES
Authors: DEMİRCİ Ayşe Ecenaz , KILIÇ Hüseyin Selçuk
Published: May 2019

Personnel selection is the most important process in human resources
management discipline since a right selection contributes to other human
resources management functions directly. An effective match indicates the
quality of human resources department in an establishment. The process of
selecting the most matching personnel is regarded as a ‘Multi Criteria Decision
Making’ problem because of various criteria (qualitative and quantitative) for
specific business positions. Hence, ‘Multi Criteria Decision Making’ techniques
are very suitable to solve recruitment problems via finding the optimal
candidate for a job position. This paper proposes a model that includes
Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Analytical Network
Process (ANP) and Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality (ELECTRE) tools
for the first time to overcome this problem. In the first step of the
methodology, network relations of the job criteria are identified by DEMATEL
method. Afterwards, the network relations are used as inputs in the ANP process
and the importance weights of the job criteria are obtained via ANP method.
Finally, ELECTRE method is implemented to rank the applicants. In all the
steps, expert opinions are utilized and the integrated methodology is implemented
in a corporation to show its applicability. Therefore, this study contributes
to the literature both theoretically and practically.
Phonological distortion as a humorous strategy in Folarin Falana’s comedy skits
Authors: Adesoye Ronke Eunice
Published: May 2019

Various studies exist on the social functions of humour and such studies have been carried out in diverse fields that range from the humanities to the sciences. In linguistics specifically, research shows that humour has been studied from the perspectives of syntax, pragmatics and semantics; moreover, there is a dearth of studies on the creation of humour through phonological processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate humour and how it is achieved using phonological processes. The study engages mainly qualitative methods of analysis. Five comedy skits were purposively selected from Folarin Falana’s (Falz the Bahd Guy) eleven collections. These were chosen on the basis of their internet popularity among Nigerians; this popularity was determined on the basis of the rates of downloading the skits. McGraw & Warren’s (2010) Benign Violation Theory was used to account for the phonological violations in the comedies. The various phonological processes that were violated include liaison, deletion, insertion, monophthongisation, coalescence and vowel strengthening. It is argued that the phonological distortions are deliberately made to achieve humour in these Nigerian comedies, especially when the high educational level of the artist is considered. Also, there anti-Anglicism and pro-Nigerianism in the data as the artist identifies himself with Nigeria(ns) and creates a niche for himself in the entertainment industry using the phonological peculiarities among Nigerians’ language use, especially the Yoruba tribe. He also creates different personalities to project different messages which are not only peculiar to Nigeria but to the world, using these personalities to portray people’s feelings and views of the world and how these influence their attitudes.
Lost in Warsaw: the subversion of multilingual humour in the Italian subtitles to the Polish war comedy Giuseppe in Warsaw (1964)
Authors: Wozniak Monika
Published: May 2019

In 1964, many decades before multilingual movies have become fashionable, a Polish director, Stanisław Lenartowicz, made a war comedy called “Giuseppe in Warsaw”. It narrates the adventures of an Italian soldier who on his way home from the Russian front during World War II is stranded in Poland. Pseudo-language, translation, mistranslation,  and mock translation figure conspicuously in the movie, which shows a series of clashes between Polish, German and Italian languages in the most improbable combinations. The original film used no subtitles, because the linguistic chaos was pivotal to showing the absurdity of the war through the deforming lenses of the comedy. This paper analyses various mechanisms of the multilingual humour in the original film and in its subtitled version in Italian, in order to see how the dynamics of humour change in the case of L3TT which becomes L2 in translation (Italian), especially when the point of the view of the audience is subverted and the viewers identify with the protagonist rather than the Polish characters in the movie.
Imagery ability of elite level athletes from individual vs. team and contact vs. no-contact sports
Authors: Di Corrado Donatella , Guarnera Maria , Vitali Francesca , Quartiroli Alessandro , Coco Marinella
Published: May 2019

Background

In the sport context, imagery has been described as the condition in which persons imagine themselves while executing skills to deal with the upcoming task or enhance performance. Systematic reviews have shown that mental imagery improves performance in motor tasks

Methods

The aim of the present study was to explore whether imagery vividness (i.e., the clarity or realism of the imagery experience) and controllability (i.e., the ease and accuracy with which an image can be manipulated mentally) differ by sport types (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact). Participants were athletes from team contact and non-contact sports (rugby and volleyball, respectively), and individual contact and non-contact sports (karate and tennis, respectively) between the ages of 20 and 33 years (M = 24.37, SD = 2.85). The participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2, and the Mental Image Transformation Tasks.

Results

A 2 ×2 × 2 (gender × 2 contact-no-contact × 2 sport type) between groups MANOVA showed differences in imagery ability by sport type. Practical indications deriving from the findings of this study can help coaches and athletes to develop mental preparation programs using sport-specific imagery.
Joint action of miR‐126 and MAPK/PI3K inhibitors against metastatic melanoma
Authors: Pedini Francesca , De Luca Gabriele , Felicetti Federica , Puglisi Rossella , Boe Alessandra , Arasi Maria Beatrice , Fratini Federica , Mattia Gianfranco , Spada Massimo , Caporali Simona , Biffoni Mauro , Giuliani Alessandro , Carè Alessandra , Felli Nadia
Published: May 2019

Emerging data support the rationale of combined therapies in advanced melanoma. Specifically, the combined use of drugs with different mechanisms of action can reduce the probability of selecting resistant clones. To identify agents active against melanoma cells, we screened a library of 349 anti‐cancer compounds, currently in clinical use or trials, and selected PIK‐75, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway, as the ‘top active’ drug. PIK‐75 was then used alone or in combination with vemurafenib, the first BRAF inhibitor approved for patients with melanoma harboring BRAF mutations. We identified a combined dose of PIK‐75 and vemurafenib that inhibited both the PI3K/AKT and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, thereby overcoming any compensatory activation. In view of the important tumor suppressor function induced by restoring expression of microRNA (miR)‐126 in metastatic melanoma cells, we examined whether miR‐126 has a synergistic role when included in a triple combination alongside PIK‐75 and vemurafenib. We found that enforced expression of miR‐126 (which alone can reduce tumorigenicity) significantly increased PIK‐75 activity when used as either a single agent or in combination with vemurafenib. Interestingly, PIK‐75 proved to be effective against early passage cell lines derived from patients’ biopsies and on melanoma cell lines resistant to either vemurafenib or dabrafenib, thus suggesting that it potentially has the capability to overcome drug resistance. Finally, the synergistic role played by miR‐126 in combination with vemurafenib and/or PIK‐75 was demonstrated in vivo in mouse xenograft models, in which tumor growth inhibition was associated with increased apoptosis. These results not only show the efficacy of PIK‐75 and vemurafenib co‐treatment but also indicate that restoration of miR‐126 expression in advanced melanoma can enhance their antitumor activity, which may possibly allow dose reduction to decrease adverse events without reducing the therapeutic benefits.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence and Time to Onset of Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The California Lupus Surveillance Project
Authors: Maningding Ernest , Dall'Era Maria , Trupin Laura , Murphy Louise B. , Yazdany Jinoos
Published: May 2019

Objective

The California Lupus Surveillance Project (CLSP) is a population‐based registry of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) residing in San Francisco County, California from 2007 to 2009, with a special focus on Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic patients. We used retrospective CLSP data to analyze racial and ethnic differences in lupus manifestations and in the timing and risk of developing severe manifestations.

Methods

A total of 724 patients with SLE were retrospectively identified. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of SLE manifestations were calculated using Poisson regression models stratified by race/ethnicity and adjusted for sex, age at SLE diagnosis, and disease duration. We studied onset of severe SLE manifestations after SLE diagnosis using Kaplan‐Meier methods to examine time‐to‐event and Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). White patients were the referent group in all analyses.

Results

African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic patients had increased prevalence of renal manifestations (PR 1.74 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.40–2.16], PR 1.68 [95% CI 1.38–2.05], and PR 1.35 [95% CI 1.05–1.74], respectively). Furthermore, African Americans had increased prevalence of neurologic manifestations (PR 1.49 [95% CI 1.12–1.98]), and both African Americans (PR 1.09 [95% CI 1.04–1.15]) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (PR 1.07 [95% CI 1.01–1.13]) had increased prevalence of hematologic manifestations. African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic patients, respectively, had higher risk of developing lupus nephritis (HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.6–3.8], HR 4.3 [95% CI 2.9–6.4], and HR 2.3 [95% CI 1.4–3.8]) and thrombocytopenia (HR 2.3 [95% CI 1.1–4.4], HR 2.3 [95% CI 1.3–4.2], and HR 2.2 [95% CI 1.1–4.7]). Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic patients had higher risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome (HR 2.5 [95% CI 1.4–4.4] and HR 2.6 [95% CI 1.3–5.1], respectively).

Conclusion

This is the first epidemiologic study comparing lupus manifestations among 4 major racial and ethnic groups. We found substantial differences in the prevalence of several clinical SLE manifestations among racial/ethnic groups and discovered that African Americans, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic patients are at increased risk of developing several severe manifestations following a diagnosis of SLE.
A Simple Strategy towards Highly Conductive Silver‐Nanowire Inks for Screen‐Printed Flexible Transparent Conductive Films and Wearable Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Li Dongdong , Liu Xing , Chen Xin , Lai Wen‐Yong , Huang Wei
Published: May 2019

Printable silver‐nanowire (Ag NW) inks with simple formulation, low cost, and high conductivity are developed and screen printed on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates. By using ultralong Ag NWs (≈75 µm in length) as the conductor, the screen‐printed Ag NW patterns exhibit exceptional conductivity (up to 8.32 × 103 S cm−1) and excellent mechanical robustness. Rheological behavior suitable for screen printing is achieved by adjusting the formulation of the inks, which assures neat and smooth screen‐printed lines with resolution as high as 100 µm. Uniform and honeycomb‐structured Ag NW transparent conductive films with superior flexibility and optical transmittance ≈80% are obtained by screen printing the Ag NW inks. Flexible all‐solid‐state supercapacitors based on Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS electrodes reach areal specific capacitance as high as 8.58 mF cm−2, a value threefold higher than that of pristine PEDOT:PSS electrodes. Moreover, a high flexibility with a bending angle of 180° and long‐term stability with ≈90% capacitance retention over 2500 cycles, is also obtained, manifesting this material's great potential applications for flexible and wearable energy‐storage devices.
Silver nanoparticles promote osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts by regulating the RhoA–TAZ axis
Authors: Xu Yunhe , Zheng Bowen , He Jia , Cui Zhao , Liu Yi
Published: May 2019

Silver nanoparticles (AgNps) are well established antibacterial agents, which have been reported to promote osteogenesis of stem cells. Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and Tafazzin (TAZ) have been recently shown to be involved in osteogenic differentiation. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of AgNps on osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs), and investigate the underlying mechanisms of AgNps activity. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to determine the safe concentration of AgNps in HPDLFs. Using an alkaline phosphatase assay, Alizarin red S staining and detection of the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), osterix (OSX), and collagen‐I, we found that AgNps, at a concentration range of 25–100 μM, promoted osteogenic differentiation of HPDLFs in a dose‐dependent manner. We also found that 100 μM AgNps up‐regulated the active RhoA expression level. The results of ALP activity and expression of osteogenic markers showed that the effects of AgNps on osteogenic differentiation were abrogated by a RhoA pathway inhibitor, C3 reagent. Additionally, silencing of TAZ attenuated the AgNps‐induced osteogenic differentiation of HPDLFs, as shown by decreased ALP activity and down‐regulation of osteogenic markers. Interestingly, TAZ knockdown had a very small effect on the activity of RhoA, whereas C3 suppressed the expression of TAZ, indicating that TAZ was a downstream effector of RhoA. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that AgNps promoted osteogenic differentiation of HPDLFs by activating the RhoA–TAZ axis.
pH‐Induced Fluorescence and Thermal Relaxation Rate Modulation in a Hydrazone Photoswitch
Authors: Shao Baihao , Aprahamian Ivan
Published: May 2019

A recently developed family of bistable hydrazone‐based photochromic compounds open new possibilities for molecular machinists with their unique combination of properties. Herein we report on the effect of acid/protonation on the switching and fluorescence emission of a recently reported dimethyl amino hydrazone derivative (1). The fluorescence of 1 can be turned ON/OFF upon deprotonation/protonation cycles, and protonated 1 photoswitches efficiently. Meanwhile, acid catalysis leads to a dramatic acceleration of its thermal relaxation rate (from years to hours).
Myosteatosis is associated with poor physical fitness in patients undergoing hepatopancreatobiliary surgery
Authors: West Malcolm A. , van Dijk David P.J. , Gleadowe Fredrick , Reeves Thomas , Primrose John N. , Abu Hilal Mohammed , Edwards Mark R. , Jack Sandy , Rensen Sander S.S. , Grocott Michael P.W. , Levett Denny Z.H. , Olde Damink Steven W.M.
Published: May 2019

Background

Body composition assessment, measured using single‐slice computed tomography (CT) image at L3 level, and aerobic physical fitness, objectively measured using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), are each independently used for perioperative risk assessment. Sarcopenia (i.e. low skeletal muscle mass), myosteatosis [i.e. low skeletal muscle radiation attenuation (SM‐RA)], and impaired objectively measured aerobic fitness (reduced oxygen uptake) have been associated with poor post‐operative outcomes and survival in various cancer types. However, the association between CT body composition and physical fitness has not been explored. In this study, we assessed the association of CT body composition with selected CPET variables in patients undergoing hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery.

Methods

A pragmatic prospective cohort of 123 patients undergoing hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery were recruited. All patients underwent preoperative CPET. Preoperative CT scans were analysed using a single‐slice CT image at L3 level to assess skeletal muscle mass, adipose tissue mass, and muscle radiation attenuation. Multivariate linear regression was used to test the association between CPET variables and body composition. Main outcomes were oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (
O2 at AT), oxygen uptake at peak exercise (
O2 peak), skeletal muscle mass, and SM‐RA.

Results

Of 123 patients recruited [77 men (63%), median age 66.9 ± 11.7, median body mass index 27.3 ± 5.2], 113 patients had good‐quality abdominal CT scans available and were included. Of the CT body composition variables, SM‐RA had the strongest correlation with
O2 peak (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) and
O2 at AT (r = 0.45, P < 0.001) while skeletal muscle mass was only weakly associated with
O2 peak (r = 0.24, P < 0.010). In the multivariate analysis, only SM‐RA was associated with
O2 peak (B = 0.25, 95% CI 0.15–0.34, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.42) and
O2 at AT (B = 0.13, 95% CI 0.06–0.18, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.26).

Conclusions

There is a positive association between preoperative CT SM‐RA and preoperative physical fitness (
O2 at AT and at peak). This study demonstrates that myosteatosis, and not sarcopenia, is associated with reduced aerobic physical fitness. Combining both myosteatosis and physical fitness variables may provide additive risk stratification accuracy and guide interventions during the perioperative period.
Simultaneous determination of short‐chain fatty acids in human feces by HPLC with ultraviolet detection following chemical derivatization and solid‐phase extraction segmental elution
Authors: Wang Huai‐You , Wang Cheng , Guo Lin‐Xiu , Zheng Yun‐Feng , Hu Wei‐Hui , Dong Tina T. X. , Wang Tie‐Jie , Tsim Karl W. K.
Published: May 2019

Short‐chain fatty acids are currently the most studied metabolites of gut microbiota, but the analysis of them, simultaneously, is still challenging due to their unique property and wide concentration range. Here, we developed a sensitive and versatile high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method, using pre‐column derivatization and solid‐phase extraction segmental elution, for the quantification of both major and trace amounts of short‐chain fatty acids in human feces. Short‐chain fatty acids were converted to 3‐nitrophenylhydrazine‐derived analytes, and then solid‐phase extraction segmental elution was used for extraction of major analytes and enrichment of trace analytes. The method validation showed limits of quantitation ˂0.04 mM, and coefficient of determination > 0.998 at a wide range of 0.04–8.0 mM. The intra‐ and interday precision of analytes were all within accepted criteria, and the recoveries were 96.12 to 100.75% for targeted analytes in fecal samples. This method was successfully applied in quantification of eight analytes in human feces, which therefore could provide a sensitive and versatile high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method for precise and accurate quantitation of short‐chain fatty acids in human feces.
Does Caragana korshinskii plantation increase soil carbon continuously in a water‐limited landscape on the Loess Plateau, China?
Authors: Chai Qinglin , Ma Zhanying , An Qiqi , Wu Gao‐Lin , Chang Xiaofeng , Zheng Jiyong , Wang Guojie
Published: May 2019

Although afforestation of nitrogen‐fixing shrubs, especially Caragana korshinskii in semiarid areas, is expected to improve ecosystem restoration and carbon sequestration, water shortage induced by these thirsty shrubs may negate potential benefits. Yet there is poor understating of the persistence of soil carbon sequestration in nitrogen‐fixing shrub plantations. Here, we selected three C. korshinskii plantations with different ages (10, 20, and 30 years) on the Loess Plateau to evaluate the persistence of soil carbon sink. We examined dynamics of soil carbon, total nitrogen, and soil water, as well as their relationships along the plantation ages. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) were tightly coupled. SOC, STN, and soil water stocks (0–100 cm) were significantly decreased by 23.9%, 19.9%, and 29.2% from 10 to 30 years, respectively. The reduction of SOC and STN was likely caused by lowered intercanopy herbaceous productivity due to soil drying and intensified competition from shrubs. We present evidence that the positive carbon sequestration by afforestation of leguminous shrub in short term may be further weakened by water shortage, making our ability to restore degraded land in semiarid regions more challenging than previously thought. Therefore, it is essential to improve management of afforestation land such as thinning for maintaining SOC sequestration persistently in water‐limited areas.
Regulatory Roles of Pectin Oligosaccharides on Immunoglobulin Production in Healthy Mice Mediated by Gut Microbiota
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Hu Haijuan , He Wanying , Muhammad Zafarullah , Wang Lufeng , Liu Fengxia , Pan Siyi
Published: May 2019

Scope

The prebiotic regulation of the gut microbiota is a promising strategy to induce protective humoral and mucosal immune responses. The potential immune‐improving effects of pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in healthy mice and the potential mechanism mediated by specific intestinal bacteria are investigated.

Methods and results

POS is prepared using a hydrogen‐peroxide‐assisted degradation. Mice that consumed diets containing POS are tested for microbial community shifts, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and immunoglobulin (Ig) production using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, gas chromatography, and ELISA kits. Pearson's correlation analyses are performed between Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or SCFAs. POS treatment significantly improves the growth of healthy mice. Moreover, 4‐week POS administration results in a profound change in intestinal microbial composition and a significantly higher fecal concentration of acetate, which leads to substantial increases of the levels of fecal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum IgG.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the inclusion of POS in a diet can increase Ig production and optimize the composition of the gut microbiota. A significant correlation is observed between changes in Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or acetate, providing insight into the mechanism of POS as a potential immune‐enhancing supplement.
Porvair satisfies ink producer's stringent requirements for ‘clean filtration system’
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: May 2019

Porvair Filtration Group, which develops and supplies high-performance, materials and products for applications in filtration and separation, recently provided one of its customers – an offset printing ink manufacturer – with technical support and equipment to set up a digital ink filtration system as part of the firm's new manufacturing line and product expansion strategy.
Germination of White Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) Seeds
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

White horehound (Marrubium vulgareL. # MAQVU) is one of the few perennial, herbaceous alien weeds to successfully colonize semiarid to arid rangelands in the Great Basin. Seeds of white horehound, collected from diverse habitats within the Lahontan Basin of northwestern Nevada, were incubated at constant or alternating temperatures ranging from 0 to 40 C. Germination was low and largely limited to alternating temperatures (10 to 25 C alternating with 35 to 40 C). At least a 15-C range in diurnal fluctuation was required for optimum germination (defined as not lower than the maximum observed minus one-half of the confidence interval with 1% probability). Cool-moist stratification at 2 C for 4 to 8 weeks enhanced germination at optimum temperature regimes by as much as 70% and increased overall average germination by 35 to 40%. Cool-moist stratification caused a shift in temperature optima for germination from widely fluctuating temperatures to constant 15 or 20 C. The magnitude of this shift varied among sources of seeds.
Evidence for Allelopathy by Residues and Aqueous Extracts of Rye (Secale cereale)
Authors: Barnes Jane P. , Putnam Alan R.
Published: May 2019

Under simulated no-till conditions in the greenhouse, rye (Secale cereale L. ‘Wheeler’) residues reduced emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Ithaca’) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L. # PANMI) by 58 and 35%, respectively, over that obtained with a wood shaving control mulch. Rye shoot tissue inhibited lettuce germination 52% more than root tissue. Petri dish bioassays of residue in soil confirmed phytotoxicity on cress (Lepidium sativum L. ‘Curly’), lettuce, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. # ECHCG), and proso millet. Radicle elongation was a more senstive measure of phytotoxicity than germination per se. Phytotoxicity increased as the distance from seeds to rye residues decreased. While rye shoot residues caused 40% greater inhibition of cress radicle elongation in sterile soil than nonsterile soil, barnyardgrass was equally inhibited in both soil regimes. Phytotoxicity decreased in nonsterile soil, indicating that the compounds were degraded by microorganisms. Phytotoxic compounds in shoots were water extractable. Cress and barnyardgrass responded similarly to both aqueous rye extracts and to residues added to soil.
Weed Control with Fluazifop and Residues in Cucurbit Crops (Cucumissp.) and Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
Authors: Parker Nancy Y. , Monaco Thomas J. , Leidy Ross B. , Sheets Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} controlled annual grasses in cucumbers (Cucumis sativusL. ‘Calypso’ and ‘Poinsett’), cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL. ‘Edisto 47’), zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepoL. ‘Elite’), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatasL. ‘Jewel’) when applied as single or repeated applications of 0.3 or 0.6 kg ai/ha during 1982 and 1983 in North Carolina. All crops were generally tolerant to fluazifop and yields were equal to cultivated controls in all but one experiment. Residues detected in the various crops by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) decreased as time elapsed between application and harvest increased. Approximately 1 ppm (w/w) of fluazifop was detected in cucumbers at 8 days after application, but residues were below the least detectable limit (0.05 ppm) when cucumbers, squash, and cantaloupe were harvested at 18 to 29 days after application. Fluazifop concentrations were 0.06 ppm or less in sweet potatoes at 55 days after application, and no fluazifop was detected at 84 days after application. Small cucumbers (<12 cm long) had greater fluazifop residues than larger fruit (>12 cm long) 20 days following application.
Buried Ice and Sand Caps at the North Pole of Mars: Revealing a Record of Climate Change in the Cavi Unit With SHARAD
Authors: Nerozzi S. , Holt J. W.
Published: May 2019

The cavi unit at the north pole of Mars is a deposit of aeolian sand and water ice underlying the Late Amazonian north polar layered deposits. Its strata of Middle to Late Amazonian age record wind patterns and past climate. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Shallow Radar (SHARAD) reveals extensive internal and basal layering within the cavi unit, allowing us to determine its general structure and relative permittivity. Assuming a basalt composition for the sand (ε′ = 8.8), results indicate that cavi contains an average ice fraction between 62% in Olympia Planum and 88% in its northern reaches beneath the north polar layered deposits and thus represents one of the largest water reservoirs on the planet. Internal reflectors indicate vertical variability in composition, likely in the form of alternating ice and sand layers. The ice layers may be remnants of former polar caps and thus represent a unique record of climate cycles predating the north polar layered deposits.
The Onset and Growth of the 2018 Martian Global Dust Storm
Authors: Sánchez‐Lavega A. , del Río‐Gaztelurrutia T. , Hernández‐Bernal J. , Delcroix M.
Published: May 2019

We analyze the onset and initial expansion of the 2018 Martian Global Dust Storm (GDS 2018) using ground‐based images in the visual range. This is the first case of a confirmed GDS initiating in the Northern Hemisphere. A dusty area extending about 1.4×105 km2 and centered at latitude +31.7°±1.8° and west longitude 18°±5°W in Acidalia Planitia was captured on 30 and 31 May 2018 (Ls = 184.9°). From 1 to 8 June, daily image series showed the storm expanding southward along the Acidalia corridor with velocities of 5 m/s and simultaneously progressing eastward and westward with horizontal velocities ranging from 5 to 40 m/s. By 8 June the dust reached latitude ‐55° and later penetrated in the South polar region, whereas in the North the dust progression stopped at latitude approximately +46°. We compare the onset and expansion stage of this GDS with the previous confirmed storms.
Balancing Open Science and Data Privacy in the Water Sciences
Authors: Zipper Samuel C. , Stack Whitney Kaitlin , Deines Jillian M. , Befus Kevin M. , Bhatia Udit , Albers Sam J. , Beecher Janice , Brelsford Christa , Garcia Margaret , Gleeson Tom , O'Donnell Frances , Resnik David , Schlager Edella
Published: May 2019

Open science practices such as publishing data and code are transforming water science by enabling synthesis and enhancing reproducibility. However, as research increasingly bridges the physical and social science domains (e.g., socio‐hydrology), there is the potential for well‐meaning researchers to unintentionally violate the privacy and security of individuals or communities by sharing sensitive information. Here we identify the contexts in which privacy violations are most likely to occur, such as working with high‐resolution spatial data (e.g., from remote sensing), consumer data (e.g., from smart meters), and/or digital trace data (e.g., from social media). We also suggest practices for identifying and addressing privacy concerns at the individual, institutional, and disciplinary levels. We strongly advocate that the water science community continue moving toward open science and socio‐environmental research and that progress toward these goals be rooted in open and ethical data management.
The Indirect Mineral Carbonation of Electric Arc Furnace Slag Under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Tong Zhibo , Ma Guojun , Zhou Dan , Yang Gang , Peng Cheng
Published: May 2019

The indirect mineral carbonation of industrial residues is one of the potential technologies for CO2 sequestration. In this paper, the leaching and carbonation of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag under microwave irradiation was investigated. The experimental results show that the main reactive calcium-containing phase in the EAF slag carbonation process is calcium silicate, and the final leaching ratio of larger particles is lower than that of smaller particles due to the silica layer produced on the surface of the calcium silicate. The Drozdov equation with a self-impeding coefficient can describe EAF slag leaching kinetics under microwave irradiation. The explosive homogeneous nucleation phenomenon under microwave irradiation contributes to the thinning and narrowing of crystals. Microwave irradiation can inhibit the crystaltype transformation of vaterite.
Pan-cancer analysis connects tumor matrisome to immune response
Authors: Lim Su Bin , Chua Melvin Lee Kiang , Yeong Joe Poh Sheng , Tan Swee Jin , Lim Wan-Teck , Lim Chwee Teck
Published: May 2019

Recent sequencing efforts unveil genomic landscapes of tumor microenvironment. A key compartment in this niche is the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its related components – matrisome. Yet, little is known about the extent to which matrisome pattern is conserved in progressive tumors across diverse cancer types. Using integrative genomic approaches, we conducted multi-platform assessment of a measure of deregulated matrisome associated with tumor progression, termed as tumor matrisome index (TMI), in over 30,000 patient-derived samples. Combined quantitative analyses of genomics and proteomics reveal that TMI is closely associated with mutational load, tumor pathology, and predicts survival across different malignancies. Interestingly, we observed an enrichment of specific tumor-infiltrating immune cell populations, along with signatures predictive of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, and clinically targetable immune checkpoints in TMIhigh tumors. B7-H3 emerged as a particularly promising target for anti-tumor immunity in these tumors. Here, we show that matrisomal abnormalities could represent a potential clinically useful biomarker for prognostication and prediction of immunotherapy response.
A bright red-emitting flavonoid for Al3+ detection in live cells without quenching ICT fluorescence
Authors: Abeywickrama Chathura S. , Bertman Keti A. , Pang Yi
Published: May 2019

A bright red-emitting flavonoid derivative was synthesized, which exhibited a large Stokes shift (Δλ > 150 nm) and high fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl = 0.10–0.35).
A fully heterogeneous catalyst Br-LDH for the cycloaddition reactions of CO2 with epoxides
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Li Shaopeng , Yang Youdi , Shen Xiaojun , Liu Huizhen , Han Buxing
Published: May 2019

An easily prepared fully heterogeneous catalyst Br-LDH for the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides with CO2.
DNA size in confined environments
Authors: Zoli Marco
Published: May 2019

For short DNA molecules in crowded environments, we evaluate macroscopic parameters such as the average end-to-end distance and the twist conformation by tuning the strength of the site specific confinement driven by the crowders.
Strongly enhanced luminous efficiency of organic light emitting diodes in molecular heterojunctions
Authors: Lu Qiuxia , Ma Xiaolei , Gao Teng , Xie Shijie , Qu Fanyao
Published: May 2019

The internal electroluminescent quantum efficiency enhanced by increasing the spin–orbit coupling and hyperfine interactions in molecular heterojunction.
On the ubiquity of helical α-synuclein tetramers
Authors: Xu Liang , Bhattacharya Shayon , Thompson Damien
Published: May 2019

The stability of oligomers linearly increases from dimers to octamers, but assembly of oligomers larger than tetramers requires high activation energies.
Integrated elastomer-based device for measuring the mechanics of adherent cell monolayers
Authors: Sorba Francesca , Poulin Alexandre , Ischer Réal , Shea Herbert , Martin-Olmos Cristina
Published: May 2019

We developed an integrated device for measuring the Young's modulus of adherent cell monolayers over time within a physiological environment.
The formation and physicochemical properties of PEGylated deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Chen Wenjun , Bai Xiyue , Xue Zhimin , Mou Hongyu , Chen Jiangang , Liu Zhaotie , Mu Tiancheng
Published: May 2019

Polymer PEG was used to form eutectic molecular liquids with hydrogen bonding acceptors.
Structures of solvated ferrous ion clusters in ammonia and spin-crossover at various temperatures
Authors: Boukar Ousman , Fifen Jean Jules , Malloum Alhadji , Dhaouadi Zoubeida , Ghalila Hassen , Conradie Jeanet
Published: May 2019

The solvated ferrous ion in ammonia is hexa-coordinated, irrespective of the temperature.
CTRP3 is Significantly Decreased in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Closely Related with Osteoporosis
Authors: Demirtas Derya , Acıbucu Fettah , Baylan Filiz Alkan , Gulumsek Erdinc , Saler Tayyibe
Published: May 2019

Background Adipokines derived from adipocytes are one of the important
factors that act as circulating regulators of bone metabolism. Complement
C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3), a paralog of
adiponectin, is are member of the CTRP superfamily. The aim of this study was to
investigate the role of serum CTRP3 in the development of osteoporosis in
patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods This study included 53 patients with diagnosed primary
hyperparathyroidism and 30 healthy controls. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis
of primary hyperparathyroidism and serum levels of CTRP3 measured for all
patients. Bone mineral density was obtained on lumbar spine 1 and 4 by dual
energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results Serum CTRP3 levels were lower in patients with primary
hyperparathyroidism than in the control group (p<0.001). In addition,
primary hyperparathyroidism patients are were divided into two groups as, with
and without osteoporosis; the levels of CTRP3 were lower in patients with
osteoporosis than in patients without osteoporosis (p=0.004). In
logistic regression analysis, only CTRP3 levels independently determined the
patients to be osteoporosis (p<0.05). According to this analysis,
decreased CTRP3 (per 1 ng/mL) levels were found to increase the
risk of patients for osteoporosis by 6.9%. When the CTRP3 cut-off values
were taken as 30 ng/mL, it determined osteoporosis with
76.4% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity. CTRP3 and urine calcium
levels were independently associated with T score in dual energy X-ray
absorptiometry.

Conclusions CTRP3 levels were significantly decreased in patients with
primary hyperparathyroidism, and it is also related to osteoporosis.
Weinreb Amides as Privileged Acylating Agents for Accessing α-Substituted Ketones
Authors: Senatore Raffaele , Ielo Laura , Monticelli Serena , Castoldi Laura , Pace Vittorio
Published: May 2019

The acylation of α-substituted carbanion-type reagents (MCR1R2X; X = halogen, OR, SR, NR3R4, SeR, etc.) with Weinreb amides constitutes a highly versatile and flexible approach for accessing α-functionalized ketones. In this short review we will present a series of transformations—from our own and the work of others—documenting the general applicability of the methodology. Chemoselectivity is uniformly manifested including for critical substrates featuring additional electrophilic functionalities or sterically demanding elements. Importantly, the stereochemical information contained in the Weinreb amides can be fully transferred to the targeted ketones without affecting the optical purity. The protocol is also applicable to chiral carbanions generated through sparteine-mediated asymmetric deprotonation: the careful design of the experimental procedure allows recycling of the sparteine and the Weinreb ‘amine’ (N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine), thus improving the sustainability perspective of the processes.

1 Introduction

1.1 The Problem of the Synthesis of α-Substituted Ketones

1.2 Weinreb Amides: General Features and Preparation

2 Synthesis of α-Substituted Ketones

2.1 α-Haloketones

2.2 Synthesis of α-Cyanoketones

2.3 Synthesis of α-Oxyketones

2.4 Synthesis of β-Oxo Thioethers (α-Thioketones)

2.5 Synthesis of Chiral α-Oxy and α-Nitrogen Ketones via the Sparteine-Mediated Generation of Optically Active Organolithiums

2.6 Synthesis of α-Selenomethyl Ketones

2.7 Reactivity of α-Phosphorus Carbanions with Weinreb Amides

2.8 Modification of the Weinreb Amide Core: The CLAmP Reagent

3 Competing Attack of Nucleophiles at More Reactive Electrophilic Sites than Weinreb Amides

4 Conclusions
Synthesis of 6-(Fluoromethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol, a Fluorinated Analogue of NP-59, using the Mild Fluorinating Reagent, TBAF(Pinacol)2
Authors: Winton Wade P. , Brooks Allen F. , Wong Ka Kit , Scott Peter J. H. , Viglianti Benjamin L.
Published: May 2019

For 45 years, efforts to prepare a fluorinated analogue of the scintiscanning/SPECT agent 6-(iodomethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol (NP-59) for development of a PET imaging agent have failed due to undesired elimination reactions and unexpected rearrangements observed­ while utilizing a wide variety of fluorinating conditions (e.g., cesium­ fluoride, silver fluoride, (2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)diethylamine (FAR), diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), and hexa­fluoro­propene diethylamine FPA). Herein, we report the full synthesis of NP-59, followed by the four-step synthesis of 6-(fluoromethyl)-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3-ol (FNP-59) using a recently developed mild fluorinating reagent, less prone to producing elimination reactions in the preparation of primary fluorides, TBAF(pinacol)2, with an overall yield of 16% (four steps). Also included is an evaluation of the TBAF(pinacol)2 reagent on eight test substrates to investigate its scope.
The effect of defect size on the quantitative estimation of defect depth using sonic infrared imaging
Authors: Obeidat Omar , Yu Qiuye , Favro Lawrence , Han Xiaoyan
Published: May 2019

Sonic infrared (SIR) imaging is a hybrid nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method that uses ultrasonic excitation along with thermal imaging to detect defects in materials and structures. SIR NDE uses an ultrasonic pulse in the 15–40 kHz range from a transducer to produce localized heating at the defect while a thermal camera will record surface temperature during the inspection. In a previous article, we presented a model that describes heat diffusion from subsurface defects in a composite material. The model uses certain aspects of the temperature-time curve for defect depth profiling, namely, half-maximum power time, the peak slope time, and the second derivative peak time. In this study, we investigate the effect of defect size on the quantitative estimation of defect depth. The theoretical results are calculated and compared with the experimental data. We demonstrate that the experimental data have good correlation with the theoretical calculation. The peak slope time and the second derivative peak time are less sensitive to changes in defect size than the half-maximum power time in the defect depth assessment.
A local fingerprint for hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity: From methane to peptides
Authors: Pérez-Conesa S. , Piaggi Pablo M. , Parrinello Michele
Published: May 2019

An important characteristic that determines the behavior of a solute in water is whether it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The traditional classification is based on chemical experience and heuristics. However, this does not reveal how the local environment modulates this important property. We present a local fingerprint for hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity inspired by the two body contribution to the entropy. This fingerprint is an inexpensive, quantitative, and physically meaningful way of studying hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity that only requires as input the water-solute radial distribution functions. We apply our fingerprint to octanol, benzene, and 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Our measure of hydrophilicity is coherent with chemical experience, and moreover, it also shows how the character of an atom can change as its environment is changed. Finally, we use the fingerprint as a collective variable in a funnel metadynamics simulation of a host-guest system. The fingerprint serves as a desolvation collective variable that enhances transitions between the bound and unbound states.
Shear-induced particle migration and size segregation in bidisperse suspension flowing through symmetric T-shaped channel
Authors: Reddy M. Mallikarjuna , Singh Anugrah
Published: May 2019

Transport of dense suspension in T-shape channels is encountered in many practical applications. We report numerical simulations of bidisperse suspension flowing through symmetric T-shape channels in converging as well as diverging flow conditions. The difference in the migration flux of the two species leads to size segregation, and this causes alteration of velocity and concentration profiles in the downstream locations of confluence or bifurcation. The velocity and concentration profiles for bidispersed suspension are compared with that of the monodisperse case. The effect of the particle size ratio and the concentration of individual species on the size segregation are investigated. Depending upon the particle size ratio and species concentration, one or both species enriched the channel center. For a suspension comprised of an equal concentration of both species, larger particles always enriched the channel center. On the other hand, the position of the concentration peak for smaller particles strongly depends on the size ratio. The segregation behavior in the different branches of the channel was observed to be influenced by the particle size ratio.