bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SynBioEcoli: a comprehensive metabolism network of engineered E. coli in three dimensional visualization
Authors: Tu Weizhong , Ding Shaozhen , Wu Ling , Deng Zhe , Zhu Hui , Xu Xiaotong , Lin Chen , Ye Chaonan , Han Minlu , Zhao Mengna , Liu Juan , Deng Zixin , Chen Junni , Wei Dong‐Qing , Hu Qian‐Nan
Published: March 2017

Background

A comprehensive metabolism network of engineered E. coli is very important in systems biology and metabolomics studies. Many tools focus on two‐dimensional space to display pathways in metabolic network. However, the usage of three‐dimensional visualization may help to understand better the intricate topology of metabolic and regulatory networks.

Methods

We manually curated large amount of experimental data (including pathways, reactions and metabolites) from literature related with different types of engineered E. coli and then utilized a novel technology of three dimensional visualization to develop a comprehensive metabolic network named SynBioEcoli.

Results

SynBioEoli contains 740 biosynthetic pathways, 3,889 metabolic reactions, 2,255 chemical compoundsmanually curated from about 11,000 metabolism publications related with different types of engineered E. coli. Furthermore, SynBioEcoli integrates with various informatics techniques.

Conclusions

SynBioEcoli could be regarded as a comprehensive knowledgebase of engineered E. coli and represents the next generation cellular metabolism network visualization technology. It could be accessed via web browsers (such as Google Chrome) supporting WebGL, at http://www.rxnfinder.org/synbioecoli/.
Visualization of phage DNA degradation by a type I CRISPR‐Cas system at the single‐cell level
Authors: Guan Jingwen , Shi Xu , Burgos Roberto , Zeng Lanying
Published: March 2017

Background

The CRISPR‐Cas system is a widespread prokaryotic defense system which targets and cleaves invasive nucleic acids, such as plasmids or viruses. So far, a great number of studies have focused on the components and mechanisms of this system, however, a direct visualization of CRISPR‐Cas degrading invading DNA in real‐time has not yet been studied at the single‐cell level.

Methods

In this study, we fluorescently label phage lambda DNA in vivo, and track the labeled DNA over time to characterize DNA degradation at the single‐cell level.

Results

At the bulk level, the lysogenization frequency of cells harboring CRISPR plasmids decreases significantly compared to cells with a non‐CRISPR control. At the single‐cell level, host cells with CRISPR activity are unperturbed by phage infection, maintaining normal growth like uninfected cells, where the efficiency of our anti‐lambda CRISPR system is around 26%. During the course of time‐lapse movies, the average fluorescence of invasive phage DNA in cells with CRISPR activity, decays more rapidly compared to cells without, and phage DNA is fully degraded by around 44 minutes on average. Moreover, the degradation appears to be independent of cell size or the phage DNA ejection site suggesting that Cas proteins are dispersed in sufficient quantities throughout the cell.

Conclusions

With the CRISPR‐Cas visualization system we developed, we are able to examine and characterize how a CRISPR system degrades invading phage DNA at the single‐cell level. This work provides direct evidence and improves the current understanding on how CRISPR breaks down invading DNA.
Focal gigantism in tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Bhatkar Sanat , Takkar Aastha
Published: March 2017

A 38 year lady had recurrent generalized and myoclonic seizures since 6 years of age. On examination she had facial adenoma sebaceum and periungal fibromas, cutaneous angiofibromas on the back. Contrast enhanced magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain was suggestive of multiple cortical tubers with sub ependymal nodules consistent with the diagnosis of Tuberous sclerosis. Focal hypertrophy of the skin of the dorsal aspect of the left hand with focal gigantism was noted.
Genetic epistasis regulates amyloid deposition in resilient aging
Authors: Felsky Daniel , Xu Jishu , Chibnik Lori B. , Schneider Julie A. , Knight Jo , Kennedy James L. , Bennett David A. , De Jager Philip L. , Voineskos Aristotle N.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

The brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) interacts with important genetic Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors. Specifically, variants within the SORL1 gene determine BDNF's ability to reduce amyloid β (Aβ) in vitro. We sought to test whether functional BDNF variation interacts with SORL1 genotypes to influence expression and downstream AD‐related processes in humans.

Methods

We analyzed postmortem brain RNA sequencing and neuropathological data for 441 subjects from the Religious Orders Study/Memory and Aging Project and molecular and structural neuroimaging data for 1285 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

Results

We found one SORL1 RNA transcript strongly regulated by SORL1‐BDNF interactions in elderly without pathological AD and showing stronger associations with diffuse than neuritic Aβ plaques. The same SORL1‐BDNF interactions also significantly influenced Aβ load as measured with [18F]Florbetapir positron emission tomography.

Discussion

Our results bridge the gap between risk and resilience factors for AD, demonstrating interdependent roles of established SORL1 and BDNF functional genotypes.
Age Is Just a Number: WPATH-Affiliated Surgeons' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Vaginoplasty in Transgender Females Under 18 Years of Age in the United States
Authors: Milrod Christine , Karasic Dan H.
Published: March 2017

Background

A rising number of female-affirmed transgender adolescents are being treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues and subsequently cross-sex hormones at early or mid-puberty, with vaginoplasty as the presumed final step in their physical transition. But, despite the minimum age of 18 years defining eligibility to undergo this irreversible procedure, anecdotal reports have shown that vaginoplasties are being performed on minors by surgeons in the United States, thereby contravening the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) standards of care (SOC).

Aim

To explore surgeons' attitudes toward ethical guidelines in the SOC; any professional experiences of performing vaginoplasty on transgender minors; views of surgical risks, benefits, and harm reduction measures; and perceptions of future challenges and concerns in this area of surgical practice.

Methods

A qualitative semistructured interview approach was used to collect data from 13 male and 7 female surgeons who perform transgender vaginoplasty in the United States.

Outcomes

Professional experiences and attitudes toward vaginoplasty in transgender minors were analyzed using the constant comparative method applied to 20 individual interview transcripts.

Results

While there was close agreement concerning surgical techniques, proper patient selection, and predictive elements of postoperative success, attitudes toward the SOC and the reliance on the guidelines varied. The sole practitioner model is gradually giving way to a more holistic team approach, with patient responsibility dispersed among different professionals. Different approaches to surgical training, professional standards, and fellowship programs were suggested. Several participants expressed a need for centralized data collection, patient tracking, and increased involvement of the WPATH as a sponsor of studies in this emergent population.

Clinical Implications

Drawing on surgeons' attitudes and experiences is essential for the development of standards and practices. A more precise and transparent view of this surgical procedure will be essential in contributing to the updated version 8 of the WPATH SOC.

Strengths and Limitations

The abundant data elicited from the interviews address several meaningful research questions, most importantly patient selection criteria, surgical methods, and issues critical to the future of the profession. Nevertheless, the limited sample might not be representative of the surgical cadre at large, particularly when exploring experiences and attitudes toward vaginoplasty in minors. A larger participant pool representing WPATH-affiliated surgeons outside the United States would improve the generalizability of the study.

Conclusion

Taken together, the study and its findings make a significant contribution to the planned revision of the WPATH SOC.
Nasal septum suture combined with inferior turbinate coblation after septoplasty: Does it improve quality of life and reduce complications?
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Min , Wu Yu‐Xiao , Wang Szuchi , Xing Zhi‐Min
Published: March 2017

Objective

Nasal packing is routinely applied after septoplasty. Patients, however, report feeling very uncomfortable while the packing is in place. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nasal septum suture combined with inferior turbinate coblation to the effects of nasal packing after septoplasty.

Methods

In this study, 135 patients undergoing septoplasty were divided into 3 groups: group 1 patients had microdebrider with packing, group 2 received coblation with packing and group 3 had coblation with suture. Early postoperative quality of life and complications were compared between the 3 groups.

Results

The patients in group 1 experienced the most postoperative nasal pain, headache, dysphagia, sleep disturbance and bleeding on the night of surgery; while the patients in group 3 experienced the fewest symptoms. No difference in epiphora was observed between the 3 groups. More pain and bleeding were experienced when comparing the pack removal (Group 1 and 2) with the clearance of the nasal cavity (Group 3). We noted one case of postoperative bleeding in group 1, one septal hematoma in group 1 and a second septal hematoma in group 2. No such postoperative complications were found in group 3.

Conclusion

Nasal septum suture combined with inferior turbinate coblation was not only associated with less pain, increased patient satisfaction and an improved quality of life; but also reduced postoperative complications. Our results confirm that it is a more comfortable, reliable alternative to the more common nasal packing.
Global existence for the Vlasov-Poisson equation in 3 space variables with small initial data
Authors: Degond P. , Bardos C.
Published: March 2017

In this paper we consider the Vlasov Poisson equation in three space variables in the whole space. We show the existence of dispersion property. With this dispersion property we are able to prove the existence of a smooth solution for all times under the following assumption: the initial data are localised and small enough.

On considère l’équation de Vlasov Poisson en dimension 3, dans l’espace entier. On dégage une propriété de dispersion. L’utilisation de cette propriété permet de prouver l’existence d’une solution régulière pour tout temps, pourvu que les données initiales soient localisées et assez petites.
The Dirichlet problem for harmonic maps from the disk into the euclidean n-sphere
Authors: Benci V. , Coron J.M.
Published: March 2017

Let

Ω = \{(x,\:y) \in ℝ^{2}|x^{2} + y^{2} < 1\}, \quad \mathrm{S}^{n} = \{v \in ℝ^{n + 1}|\:|v| = 1\} \quad (n ⩾ 2),

and let

γ \in C^{2,δ}(∂Ω; \mathrm{S}^{n})

. We study the following problem

\tag{$\ast$}
\begin{cases}
u \in \mathrm{C}^{2}(Ω;\mathrm{S}^{n})\: \cap \mathrm{C}^{0}(\overline{Ω};\mathrm{S}^{n})\\
−Δu = u|\left.\nabla u|\right.^{2}\\
u = \gamma \:\:\text{on}\:\:∂Ω.
\end{cases}

Problem (

\ast

) is the « Dirichlet » problem for a harmonic function

u

which takes its values in

S^n

. We prove that, if

γ

is not constant, then (

\ast

) has at least two distinct solutions.

Soit

γ

une application du bord d’un disque de

ℝ^{2}

à valeurs dans une sphère euclidienne de dimension

n

. On montre que, si

γ

n’est pas une application constante, il existe au moins deux applications harmoniques du disque dans la sphère égales à

γ

sur le bord du disque.
Adjoint differential inclusions in necessary conditions for the minimal trajectories of differential inclusions
Authors: Frankowska H.
Published: March 2017

We define an adequate concept of « derivative » of a set valued map and of its transpose for constructing the « adjoint inclusions » associated to a trajectory of a differential inclusion minimizing a functional. This result can be applied to the optimal control problem with non smooth data, in finite or infinite horizon.

On définit une notion convenable de « différentielle » d’une correspondance et de sa transposée pour construire les inclusions adjointes associées aux trajectoires d’une inclusion différentielle minimisant une fonctionnelle. Ce résultat s’applique au problème de contrôle optimal avec des données non régulières en horizon fini ou infini.
Radially symmetric cavitation for hyperelastic materials
Authors: Stuart C.A.
Published: March 2017

The question of radially symmetric cavitation for a ball of hyperelastic material is considered. It reduces to a non-linear boundary value problem for a singular second order differential equation. For a broad class of stored-energy densities, the shooting method is used to determine whether or not cayitation occurs under various conditions on the boundary of the ball.

On considère la question de cavitation avec symétrie radiale d’une boule d’un milieu hyperélastique. Elle est ramenée à un problème aux limites non-linéaire pour une équation différentielle singulière du deuxième ordre. Pour une grande classe de densités d’énergie, la méthode du tir permet de déterminer si oui ou non il y aura cavitation sous des conditions diverses sur le bord de la boule.
Conservation laws for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Gutkin Eugène
Published: March 2017

We propose a method of calculating the operator densities

\hat h_{n}\:n = 0,1,\ldots

of the conservation laws for the quantum nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It follows from the method that

\hat h_{n}

are polynomials in fields and their derivatives and in the coupling constant. The densities

\hat h_{n}\:n \leq 4

are explicitly calculated. Comparison with the integral densities

b_n = 0, 1,\ldots

for the classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation shows that the correspondence between

\hat h_{n}

and

b_n

breaks down after

n = 3

.

On propose une méthode pour calculer les densités opératoires

\hat h_{n}\:n = 0,1,\ldots

pour les intégrales de l’équation de Schrödinger non linéaire quantique. Il s’ensuit que les

\hat h_{n}

sont des fonctions polynomiales des champs, de leurs dérivées et de la constante de couplage. Les densités

\hat h_{n}\:n \leq 4

, sont calculées explicitement. En les comparant avec les densités intégrales

b_n = 0, 1,\ldots

pour l’équation de Schrödinger non linéaire classique, on voit que la correspondance entre

b_n

et

\hat h_{n}

n’est plus valable pour

n> 3

.
Évolution d’une interface par capillarité et diffusion de volume I. Existence locale en temps
Authors: Duchon Jean , Robert Raoul
Published: March 2017

We prove existence locally in time for the following problem: a curve moves with velocity equal to the normal derivative of a harmonic function, whose boundary value is given by the curvature of the curve (here in the case of an initial curve graph of a smooth function).

Existence locale en temps pour le problème suivant : une courbe se déplace à une vitesse égale à la dérivée normale d’une fonction harmonique, égale au bord à la courbure de la courbe (cas d’une donnée initiale graphe d’une fonction régulière).
Normal modes of a Lagrangian system constrained in a potential well
Authors: Benci V.
Published: March 2017

Let

a, U \in C^2(Ω)

where

Ω

is a bounded set in

ℝ^n

and let

\mathrm{L}\left(x,\xi \right) = \frac{1}{2}a\left(x\right)\left|\xi \right|^{2}−\mathrm{U}\left(x\right),\:\:x \in Ω;\xi \in ℝ^{n}.

We suppose that

a, U > 0

for

x \in Ω

and that

\lim \limits_{x\rightarrow ∂Ω}\mathrm{U}\left(x\right) = + ∞.

Under some smoothness assumptions, we prove that the Lagrangian system associated with the above Lagrangian

\mathrm{L}

has infinitely many periodic solutions of any period

\mathrm{T}

.

Soit

a, U \in C^2(Ω)

où

Ω

est un borné de

ℝ^n

, on pose

\mathrm{L}\left(x,\xi \right) = \frac{1}{2}a\left(x\right)\left|\xi \right|^{2}−\mathrm{U}\left(x\right),\:\:x \in Ω;\xi \in ℝ^{n}.

Nous supposons que

a, U > 0

pour

x \in Ω

et que

\lim \limits_{x\rightarrow ∂Ω}\mathrm{U}\left(x\right) = + ∞.

Moyennant quelques hypothèses de différentiabilité, nous démontrons que le système Lagrangien associé à

\mathrm{L}

a une infinité de solutions

\mathrm{T}

-périodiques, quel que soit

\mathrm{T}

.
The concentration-compactness principle in the Calculus of Variations. The Locally compact case, part 2
Authors: Lions P.L.
Published: March 2017

In this paper (sequel of Part 1) we investigate further applications of the concentration-compactness principle to the solution of various minimization problems in unbounded domains. In particular we present here the solution of minimization problems associated with nonlinear field equations.

Dans cette deuxième partie, nous examinons de nouvelles applications du principe de concentration-compacité à la résolution dedivers problèmes de minimization dans des ouverts non bornés. En particulier nous résolvons des problèmes de minimisation associés aux équations de champ non linéaires.
Harnack inequalities for quasi-minima of variational integrals
Authors: Di Benedetto E. , Trudinger Neil S.
Published: March 2017

In his fundamental work on linear elliptic equations, De Giorgi established local bounds and Hölder estimates for functions satisfying certain integral inequalities. The main result of this paper is that the Harnack inequality can be proved directly for functions in the De Giorgi classes. This implies that every non-negative Q-minimum (in the terminology of Giaquinta and Giusti) satisfies a Harnack inequality.

Dans son travail fondamental sur les équations linéaires elliptiques, De Giorgi a donné des estimations locales et hölderiennes pour des fonctions satisfaisant certaines inégalités intégrales. Le résultat principal de cet article est que l’inégalité de Harnack peut être démontrée directement pour les fonctions appartenant aux classes de De Giorgi. Ceci implique que tout Q-minimum (au sens de Giaquinta et Giusti) non-négatif vérifie une inégalité de Harnack.
On the global Cauchy problem for some non linear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Ginibre J. , Velo G.
Published: March 2017

We study the Cauchy problem for a class of non linear Schrödinger equations in space time dimension

n + 1

. We look for solutions which are continuous functions of time with values in the Sobolev space

H^k(ℝ^n)

,

k > n/2

. Under suitable assumptions on the interactions, we prove in particular the existence of global solutions for

n ≤ 7

. The global existence proof breaks down for

n ≥ 8

.

On étudie le problème de Cauchy pour une classe d’équations de Schrödinger non linéaires en dimension

n + 1

d’espace temps. On cherche des solutions fonctions continues du temps à valeurs dans l’espace de Sobolev

H^k(ℝ^n)

),

k > n/2

. Sous des hypothèses convenables sur les interactions, on prouve en particulier l’existence de solutions globales pour

n ≤ 7

. La démonstration d’existence globale ne s’applique pas pour

n ≥ 8

.
Équations de Monge-Ampère invariantes sur les variétés Riemanniennes compactes
Authors: Delanoё Philippe
Published: March 2017

Let

(V_n, g)

be a smooth

n

-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold (without boundary). Let

g′

be a mapping which assigns to the second covariant jet (in the metric

g

) of any

C^k

function

φ

on

V_n

,

k ⩾ 2

, a field

g′_{\varphi }

twice covariant and symmetric. We take

g′

such that there exists

φ* \in C^k(V_n)

,

k ⩾ 2

,
admissible
i.e. for which Trace

\left[(g′_{\varphi })^{−1} \cdot \frac{∂g′_{\varphi }}{∂(\nabla ^{2}\varphi )}\right]

is a new
metric
(everywhere positive definite) (see below and e.g. [3, 4, 5, 6]). Then, given F smooth, one may consider the following non-linear elliptic problem of
Monge–Ampère
type: find

φ \in C^∞(V_n)

admissible, solution of the equation,

\mathrm{M}(\varphi ) \equiv (|g′_{\varphi }| \cdot |g|^{−1}) = \exp [\mathrm{F}(\mathrm{P},\nabla \varphi ;\varphi )]

where

P

denotes a generic point of

V_n

(the
admissibility
of

φ

simply means that the symbol of the differential map

d[\mathrm{Log} M(φ)]

is positive definite, hence the ellipticity at

φ

). In the present article we give existence and uniqueness results for such a Monge–Ampère problem, not in its full generality, but when prescribing on

\varphi \rightarrow g′_{\varphi }

to be of a form general to be
invariant by changes of unknown function
of the type

φ → ψ

, where:

\forall P \in V_n

,

ψ(P) ≡ γ[P, φ(P)]

,

γ(P, t)

being a function of

C^∞(V_n × ℝ)

such that

\frac{∂\gamma }{∂t} > 0

.

Soit

(V_n, g)

une variété Riemannienne de classe

C^∞

compacte de dimension

n

(sans bord). Soit

g′

une application qui associe au deuxième jet covariant (dans la métrique

g

) de toute fonction

φ

de classe

C^k

sur

V_n

,

k ⩾ 2

, un champ

g′_{\varphi }

deux fois covariant symétrique. On prend

g′

telle qu’il existe

φ\in C^k(V_n)

,

k ⩾ 2

,
admissible
i.e. pour lequel Trace

\left[(g′_{\varphi })^{−1} \cdot \frac{∂g′_{\varphi }}{∂(\nabla ^{2}\varphi )}\right]

soit une nouvelle
métrique
(partout définie positive) (voir ci-après et e.g. [3, 4, 5, 6]). Dès lors, pour F de classe

C^∞

donnée
, on peut considérer le problème non linéaire
elliptique
du type
Monge–Ampère
suivant : trouver

φ\in C^∞(V_n)

admissible, solution de l’équation

\mathrm{M}(\varphi ) \equiv (|g′_{\varphi }| \cdot |g|^{−1}) = \exp [\mathrm{F}(\mathrm{P},\nabla \varphi ;\varphi )]

où

P

désigne un point générique de

V_n

(l’
admissibilité
de

φ

signifie simplement que le symbole de la différentielle

d[\mathrm{log} M(φ)]

est défini positif, d’où l’ellipticité en

φ

). Dans le présent article nous donnons des résultats d’existence et d’unicité pour un tel problème de Monge–Ampère, non pas dans toute sa généralité, mais en imposant à

\varphi \rightarrow g′_{\varphi }

d’être d’une forme suffisamment générale pour être
invariante par changements de fonction inconnue
du type

φ → ψ

, où

\forall P \in V_n

,

ψ(P) = γ[P, φ(P)]

,

γ(P, t)

étant une fonction de

C^∞(V_n × ℝ)

telle que

\frac{∂\gamma }{∂t} > 0

.
Functional viability theorems for differential inclusions with memory
Authors: Haddad Georges
Published: March 2017

This paper is a study of the relations that must exist between a multivalued dynamical system with memory and constraints depending on the past, in order to have the existence of solutions of the dynamical system satisfying the constraints.

Such solutions are called viable solutions.

Ce papier est une étude des relations devant exister entre un système dynamique multivoque avec mémoire et des contraintes d’état dépendant du passé, afin d’assurer pour le système dynamique l’existence de solutions vérifiant les contraintes.

De telles solutions sont appelées des solutions viables.
Quasi-minima
Authors: Giaquinta Mariano , Giusti Enrico
Published: March 2017

The aim of this paper is to introduce the new notion of quasi-minima (Q-minima) of regular functionals in the calculus of variations.

The interest of this notion lies mainly in its unifying features; it includes among other things minima of variational integrals, solutions of elliptic partial differential equations and systems, quasi-regular mappings.

We prove some regularity results for Q-minima in

L^p

and

C^{0, α}

-spaces as well as qualitative features: Liouville property, weak maximum principle, removal of singularities.

Le but de cet article est d’introduire la notion de quasiminima (Q-minima) de fonctionnelles régulières du calcul des variations.

L’intérêt principal de cette notion consiste en son caractère unificateur; elle contient, entre autres choses, les minima d’intégrales variationnelles, les solutions d’équations et de systèmes d’équations aux dérivées partielles de type elliptique, les applications quasi-régulières.

Nous démontrons des résultats de régularité pour les Q-minima dans les espaces

L^p

et

C^{0, α}

; et aussi des propriétés qualitatives comme la propriété de Liouville, le principe du maximum faible, la suppression des singularités.
Shearer's point process, the hard-sphere model, and a continuum Lovász local lemma
Authors: Hofer-Temmel Christoph
Published: March 2017

A point process isR-dependent if it behaves independently beyond the minimum distanceR. In this paper we investigate uniform positive lower bounds on the avoidance functions ofR-dependent simple point processes with a common intensity. Intensities with such bounds are characterised by the existence of Shearer's point process, the uniqueR-dependent andR-hard-core point process with a given intensity. We also present several extensions of the Lovász local lemma, a sufficient condition on the intensity andRto guarantee the existence of Shearer's point process and exponential lower bounds. Shearer's point process shares a combinatorial structure with the hard-sphere model with radiusR, the uniqueR-hard-core Markov point process. Bounds from the Lovász local lemma convert into lower bounds on the radius of convergence of a high-temperature cluster expansion of the hard-sphere model. This recovers a classic result of Ruelle (1969) on the uniqueness of the Gibbs measure of the hard-sphere model via an inductive approach of Dobrushin (1996).
A stable particle filter for a class of high-dimensional state-space models
Authors: Beskos Alexandros , Crisan Dan , Jasra Ajay , Kamatani Kengo , Zhou Yan
Published: March 2017

We consider the numerical approximation of the filtering problem in high dimensions, that is, when the hidden state lies in ℝd with large d. For low-dimensional problems, one of the most popular numerical procedures for consistent inference is the class of approximations termed particle filters or sequential Monte Carlo methods. However, in high dimensions, standard particle filters (e.g. the bootstrap particle filter) can have a cost that is exponential in d for the algorithm to be stable in an appropriate sense. We develop a new particle filter, called the space‒time particle filter, for a specific family of state-space models in discrete time. This new class of particle filters provides consistent Monte Carlo estimates for any fixed d, as do standard particle filters. Moreover, when there is a spatial mixing element in the dimension of the state vector, the space‒time particle filter will scale much better with d than the standard filter for a class of filtering problems. We illustrate this analytically for a model of a simple independent and identically distributed structure and a model of an L-Markovian structure (L≥ 1, L independent of d) in the d-dimensional space direction, when we show that the algorithm exhibits certain stability properties as d increases at a cost 𝒪(nNd2), where n is the time parameter and N is the number of Monte Carlo samples, which are fixed and independent of d. Our theoretical results are also supported by numerical simulations on practical models of complex structures. The results suggest that it is indeed possible to tackle some high-dimensional filtering problems using the space‒time particle filter that standard particle filters cannot handle.
Subgeometric rates of convergence for Markov processes under subordination
Authors: Deng Chang-Song , Schilling René L. , Song Yan-Hong
Published: March 2017

We are interested in the rate of convergence of a subordinate Markov process to its invariant measure. Given a subordinator and the corresponding Bernstein function (Laplace exponent), we characterize the convergence rate of the subordinate Markov process; the key ingredients are the rate of convergence of the original process and the (inverse of the) Bernstein function. At a technical level, the crucial point is to bound three types of moment (subexponential, algebraic, and logarithmic) for subordinators as time t tends to ∞. We also discuss some concrete models and we show that subordination can dramatically change the speed of convergence to equilibrium.
Physiological Evaluation of Cooling Devices in Conjunction With Personal Protective Ensembles Recommended for Use in West Africa
Authors: Quinn Tyler , Kim Jung-Hyun , Strauch Amanda , Wu Tianzhou , Powell Jeffery , Roberge Raymond , Shaffer Ronald , Coca Aitor
Published: March 2017

Objective

Cooling devices (CDs) worn under personal protective equipment (PPE) can alleviate some of the heat stress faced by health care workers responding to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.

Methods

Six healthy, young individuals were tested while wearing 4 different CDs or no cooling (control) under PPE in an environmental chamber (32°C/92% relative humidity) while walking (3 METs, 2.5 mph, 0% grade) on a treadmill for 60 minutes. Exercise was preceded by a 15-minute stabilization period and a 15-minute donning period.

Results

The control condition resulted in a significantly higher rectal temperature (Tre) at the end of the exercise than did all CD conditions (CD1,P=0.004; CD2,P=0.01; CD3,P=0.000; CD4,P=0.000) with CD1 and CD2 resulting in a higher Trethan CD3 and CD4 (P<0.05). The control condition resulted in a higher heart rate (HR) at the end of exercise than did the CD3 (P=0.01) and CD4 (P=0.009) conditions, whereas the HR of the CD1 and CD2 conditions was higher than that of the CD3 and CD4 conditions (P<0.05). Weight loss in the control condition was higher than in the CD3 (P=0.003) and CD4 (P=0.01) conditions. Significant differences in subjective measurements of thermal stress were found across conditions and time.

Conclusions

Use of CDs can be advantageous in decreasing the negative physiological and subjective responses to the heat stress encountered by health care workers wearing PPE in hot and humid environments. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:573–579)
Analyse comparative et critique de Togeby et Tesnière
Authors: Ducretet-Bol Marie-Paule
Published: March 2017

L’Objet de cette étude est une analyse comparative et critique de deux ouvrages portant sur la syntaxe structurale du français, celui de Knud TogebyStructure immanente de la langue française(SI) et celui de Lucien TesnièreEléments de syntaxe structurale(ESS).

Nous avons essayé de dégager les principes d’analyse syntaxiques utilisés par ces deux auteurs, de marquer dans quelle mesure leur méthode et les résultats qu’ils ont obtenus sont originaux à l’égard de la grammaire traditionnelle et s’ils apportent des solutions suffisantes à tous les problèmes de la syntaxe.
Coherent structures near the wall in a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Jeong J. , Hussain F. , Schoppa W. , Kim J.
Published: March 2017

Coherent structures (CS) near the wall (i.e.y+ ≤ 60) in a numerically simulated turbulent channel flow are educed using a conditional sampling scheme which extracts the entire extent of dominant vortical structures. Such structures are detected from the instantaneous flow field using our newly developed vortex definition (Jeong & Hussain 1995) - a region of negativeλ2, the second largest eigenvalue of the tensorSikSkj+ ΩikΩkj- which accurately captures the structure details (unlike velocity-, vorticity- or pressure-based eduction). Extensive testing has shown thatλ2correctly captures vortical structures, even in the presence of the strong shear occurring near the wall of a boundary layer. We have shown that the dominant near-wall educed (i.e. ensemble averaged after proper alignment) CS are highly elongated quasi-streamwise vortices; the CS are inclined 9° in the vertical (x, y)-plane and tilted ±4° in the horizontal (x, z)-plane. The vortices of alternating sign overlap inxas a staggered array; there is no indication near the wall of hairpin vortices, not only in the educed data but also in instantaneous fields. Our model of the CS array reproduces nearly all experimentally observed events reported in the literature, such as VITA, Reynolds stress distribution, wall pressure variation, elongated low-speed streaks, spanwise shear, etc. In particular, a phase difference (in space) between streamwise and normal velocity fluctuations created by CS advection causes Q4 ('sweep’) events to dominate Q2 ('ejection’) and also creates counter-gradient Reynolds stresses (such as Ql and Q3 events) above and below the CS. We also show that these effects are adequately modelled by half of a Batchelor's dipole embedded in (and decoupled from) a background shearU(y). The CS tilting (in the (x, z)-plane) is found to be responsible for sustaining CS through redistribution of streamwise turbulent kinetic energy to normal and spanwise components via coherent pressure-strain effects.
Gradient and counter-gradient scalar transport in turbulent premixed flames
Authors: Veynante D. , Trouvé A. , Bray K. N. C. , Mantel T.
Published: March 2017

In premixed turbulent combustion, the modelling of the turbulent flux of the mean reaction progress variable remains somewhat controversial. Classical gradient transport assumptions based on the eddy viscosity concept are often used while both experimental data and theoretical analysis have pointed out the existence of countergradient turbulent diffusion. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used in this paper to provide basic information on the turbulent flux of and study the occurrence of counter-gradient transport. The numerical configuration corresponds to twoor three-dimensional premixed flames in isotropic turbulent flow. The simulations correspond to various flame and flow conditions that are representative of flamelet combustion. They reveal that different flames will feature different turbulent transport properties and that these differences can be related to basic dynamical differences in the flame-flow interactions: counter-gradient diffusion occurs when the flow field near the flame is dominated by thermal dilatation due to chemical reaction, whereas gradient diffusion occurs when the flow field near the flame is dominated by the turbulent motions. The DNS-based analysis leads to a simple expression to describe the turbulent flux of , which in turn leads to a simple criterion to delineate between the gradient and counter-gradient turbulent diffusion regimes. This criterion suggests that the occurrence of one regime or the other is determined primarily by the ratio of turbulence intensity divided by the laminar flame speed, and by the flame heat release factor, τ ≡ (Tb — Tu)/Tu, where Tu and Tb are respectively the temperature within unburnt and burnt gas. Consistent with the Bray-Moss-Libby theory, counter-gradient (gradient) diffusion is promoted by low (high) values and high (low) values of τ. DNS also shows that these results are not restricted to the turbulent transport of . Similar results are found for the turbulent transport of flame surface density, Σ. The turbulent fluxes of and Σ are strongly correlated in the simulated flames and counter-gradient (gradient) diffusion of always coincides with counter-gradient (gradient) diffusion of Σ.
Towards the concept of hydrodynamic cavitation control
Authors: Chatterjee Dhiman , Arakeri Vijay H.
Published: March 2017

A careful study of the existing literature available in the field of cavitation reveals the potential of ultrasonics as a tool for controlling and, if possible, eliminating certain types of hydrodynamic cavitation through the manipulation of nuclei size present in a flow. A glass venturi is taken to be an ideal device to study the cavitation phenomenon at its throat and its potential control. A piezoelectric transducer, driven at the crystal resonant frequency, is used to generate an acoustic pressure field and is termed an ‘ultrasonic nuclei manipulator (UNM)'. Electrolysis bubbles serve as artificial nuclei to produce travelling bubble cavitation at the venturi throat in the absence of a UNM but this cavitation is completely eliminated when a UNM is operative. This is made possible because the nuclei, which pass through the acoustic field first, cavitate, collapse violently and perhaps fragment and go into dissolution before reaching the venturi throat. Thus, the potential nuclei for travelling bubble cavitation at the venturi throat seem to be systematically destroyed through acoustic cavitation near the UNM. From the solution to the bubble dynamics equation, it has been shown that the potential energy of a bubble at its maximum radius due to an acoustic field is negligible compared to that for the hydrodynamic field. Hence, even though the control of hydrodynamic macro cavitation achieved in this way is at the expense of acoustic micro cavitation, it can still be considered to be a significant gain. These are some of the first results in this direction.
Finite-amplitude convection in rotating spherical fluid shells
Authors: Tilgner A. , Busse F. H.
Published: March 2017

Finite-amplitude convection in rotating spherical fluid shells is considered for a variety of Prandtl numbers P and Rayleigh numbers Ra up to about 10 times the critical value. Convection at low Rayleigh numbers in the form of azimuthally periodic or weakly aperiodic drifting waves is characterized by relatively low heat transport, especially for P ≲ 1. The transition to strongly time-dependent convection leads to a rapid increase of the heat transport with increasing Rayleigh numbers. Onset of convection in the polar regions is delayed, but contributes a disproportionate fraction of the heat transport at high Rayleigh number. The differential rotation generated by convection, the distributions of helicity, and the role of asymmetry with respect to the equatorial plane are also studied.
Population dynamics of the hermit crab Paguristes erythrops (Diogenidae) from Anchieta Island, southern Brazil
Authors: Garcia Renata B. , Mantelatto Fernando L.M.
Published: March 2017

The population of Paguristes erythrops (Crustacea: Anomura) was studied based on seasonal abundance, size–frequency distribution, sex ratio and reproductive period (percentage of ovigerous females). Specimens were collected monthly by SCUBA diving in the infralittoral area of Anchieta Island, Ubatuba. A total of 543 individuals was analysed. Animal size (minimum and maximum shield length, respectively) was 1·7 and 11·8 mm for males, 1·7 and 10·3 mm for non-ovigerous females, and 3·2 and 7·8 mm for ovigerous females. The sex ratio was 0·91:1. Sexual dimorphism was recorded by the presence of males in the largest size-classes. The absence of ovigerous females during winter months (June to August) and their high incidence from January to March indicated discontinuity in the reproductive cycle, suggesting that females become ovigerous and breed in the summer, with the spawning period lasting from spring to autumn. This strategy of reproduction probably was based on competition with other coexisting species in this area.
The relationship between sperm reservoir and spermatophore length in benthic octopuses (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)
Authors: Voight Janet R.
Published: March 2017

The relationship between sperm reservoir and total spermatophore length among 168 spermatophores from 44 species in 11 genera has been considered. Bivariate plots show that four Atlantic species of the genus Eledone produce spermatophores with relatively large sperm reservoirs that differ from all others. Measurements of the remaining spermatophores are so tightly correlated that a single equation explains over 96% of the variation. Functional constraints on gross spermatophore morphology may be so strong that males cannot manipulate sperm reservoir size independently of spermatophore size to maximize the sperm delivered at a single copulation. Alternate means to assure male paternity may have evolved in the group as a result. Despite the overall uniformity of the relationship among all species other than those of Eledone in the Atlantic, these measurements distinguish the overtly similar species Octopus bimaculatus–Octopus bimaculoides and separate Benthoctopus januarii from all others.
Quantitative analysis of a deep-water bryozoan collection from the Hebridean continental slope
Authors: Hughes David J.
Published: March 2017

Bryozoans were collected from nine stations between 569 and 1278 m depth on the Hebridean continental slope north-west of Lewis. The 21 species recorded from 1544 colonies included three species new to the British fauna. The bryozoan fauna, growing on pebbles, cobbles and small boulders, was dominated by species with encrusting, spot or ribbon-like colony morphologies. The few erect species were rare. Colony density on available rock substrata declined from 569 to 855 m, but was high at 1278 m, where the nodular species Turbicellepora boreale occurred on pebbles as small as 1 cm diameter. Cyclostomates made up >90% of the colonies in the shallowest sample and were present in lower numbers to 855 m. None were recorded at 1278 m. In the 569–855 m depth range, diversity and evenness were lowest at 569 m but relatively constant at the other stations. A species accumulation curve suggests that the 20 species recorded is a good estimate of the total fauna in this depth range.
Effects of resource matrix, gut region analysed and sample size on diet statistics in co-existing species of flatfish
Authors: Randall P.J. , Myers A.A.
Published: March 2017

The diet breadth and diet overlap of two co-existing species of flatfish, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and dab (Limanda limanda) inhabiting a shallow bay in south-west Ireland are compared. They were shown to vary with the resource matrix, the gut region and the sample size. Diet breadth was calculated using Levin's index and diet overlap calculated using Horn's index. Values of diet breadth were considerably less for numerical abundance data when compared to percentage occurrence data. Similarly, diet overlap values were less for numerically derived data. In dab, diet breadths were significantly lower for stomach-only contents than for intestine-only or whole gut contents. In plaice, there were no significant differences in diet breadths between gut regions. Significantly lower diet overlaps for stomach-only data were also found. Reducing the size of sample to N=30 and N=10 resulted in increases in the calculated value of diet breadth, by as much as 0·13 and 0·34 respectively, these increases were frequently significant. The same reductions in sample size for diet overlap decreased overlap values by 0·02 and 0·13 respectively, significant only when sample reduced to N=10.
Chromatin-remodeling for transcription
Authors: Lorch Yahli , Kornberg Roger D.
Published: March 2017

The nucleosome serves as a general gene repressor, preventing all initiation of transcription except that which is brought about by specific positive regulatory mechanisms. The positive mechanisms begin with chromatin-remodeling by complexes that slide, disrupt, or otherwise alter the structure and organization of nucleosomes. RSC in yeast and its counterpart PBAF in human cells are the major remodeling complexes for transcription. RSC creates a nucleosome-free region in front of a gene, flanked by strongly positioned +1 and −1 nucleosomes, with the transcription start site typically 10–15 bp inside the border of the +1 nucleosome. RSC also binds stably to nucleosomes harboring regulatory elements and to +1 nucleosomes, perturbing their structures in a manner that partially exposes their DNA sequences. The cryo-electron microscope structure of a RSC–nucleosome complex reveals such a structural perturbation, with the DNA largely unwrapped from the nucleosome and likely interacting with a positively charged surface of RSC. Such unwrapping both exposes the DNA and enables its translocation across the histone octamer of the nucleosome by an ATP-dependent activity of RSC. Genetic studies have revealed additional roles of RSC in DNA repair, chromosome segregation, and other chromosomal DNA transactions. These functions of RSC likely involve the same fundamental activities, DNA unwrapping and DNA translocation.
Management Options for Multiple Herbicide–Resistant Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) in Spain
Authors: Rey-Caballero Jordi , Royo-Esnal Aritz , Recasens Jordi , González Ignacio , Torra Joel
Published: March 2017

Corn poppy is the most widespread broadleaf weed infesting winter cereals in Europe. Biotypes that are resistant (R) to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl have evolved in recent decades, thus complicating their chemical control. In this study, field experiments at two locations over three seasons were conducted to evaluate the effects of different weed management strategies on corn poppy resistant to 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl, including crop rotations, delayed sowing and different herbicide programs. After 3 yr, all integrated weed management (IWM) strategies reduced the initial density of corn poppy, although the most successful strategies were those which either included a suitable crop rotation (sunflower or field peas), or had a variation in the herbicide application timing (early POST or combining PRE or early POST and POST). The efficacy of IWM strategies differed between both locations, possibly due to different population dynamics and the genetic basis of herbicide resistance. Integrated management of multiple herbicide–resistant corn poppy is necessary in order to reduce selection pressure by herbicides, mitigate the evolution of new R biotypes, and reduce the weed density in highly infested fields.
High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaques – a correlation study with histopathology
Authors: Xia Zhangyong , Yang Hua , Yuan Xiaochun , Wang Jiyue , Zhang Shigang , Zhang Liyong , Qu Yang , Chen Jun , Jiao Liqun , Wang Le-xin , Du Yifeng
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Background: This study aimed to utilize high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the characteristics of stable and vulnerable carotid arteriosclerotic plaques, with correlations to histopathological findings. Patients and methods: High-resolution MRI was performed in 817 patients, using three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography. Plaque composition was evaluated by measuring the areas occupied by calcification, a lipid-rich necrotic core, intra-plaque haemorrhage, and fibrous cap rupture. Plaque morphology was analysed by measuring vessel wall area, thickness, and luminal area at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Plaque tissues were sampled during carotid endarterectomy and examined using haematoxylin-eosin, Oil Red O, Masson trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68. Results: Patients were divided into stable plaque group (n = 462) and vulnerable plaque group (n = 355), based on intraoperative observations and postoperative histopathological findings. Compared to the stable plaque group, the vulnerable plaque group exhibited increased vessel wall areas and thickness, and decreased mean luminal areas (P < 0.001). The vulnerable plaque group also had a lower collagen content, a higher lipid content, and higher CD68 expression in plaque tissues on histological examinations (P < 0.01). Incidences of lipid-rich necrotic core (38.1 % vs. 34.3 %), intra-plaque haemorrhage (26.9 % vs. 22.8 %), plaque calcification (45.2 % vs. 40.9 %), and fibrous cap rupture (36.0 % vs 39.8 %) in the plaques were concordant with MRI observations and histopathological findings (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Stable and vulnerable carotid plaques had different morphologies and compositions. High-resolution MRI can assess such differences qualitatively and quantitatively in vivo and provide guidance for risk stratification and management.
EPA Reassesses Feasibility of Plan to Increase Fuel Efficiency
Authors: Jacobsen Elizabeth
Published: March 2017

This January, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized mileage standards set in 2012. Now, at the push of the auto industry, EPA and other agencies are going back for another look.