bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imidacloprid decreased lifespan and increased intestinal fat deposition in C. elegans (1029.8)
Authors: Zheng Jolene , Sirigireddy Harsha , Gao Chenfei , Greenway Frank , Martin Roy , Keenan Michael , Burton Jeffrey , Johnson William , Finley John , Enright Frederic , Shen Peiyi , Park Yeonhwa
Published: June 2021

Two thirds of the US population is overweight or obese and childhood obesity is increasing. Growing evidence supports a connection between obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and environmental chemical exposure. Effects of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on intestinal fat deposition and lifespan were tested in wild type (N2) and daf‐16 deficient (daf‐16(mgDf50)I) Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in liquid culture supplied with 5‐fluoro‐2’‐deoxyuridine (0.24mM). Control group received E. coli (OP50). Experimental group was treated with additional imidacloprid (0.1‐1,000nM). Half of the nematodes were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed with PBS, stained with Nile red and fluorescent spectrometry determined intensity. Imidacloprid dose‐dependently reduced mean survival time during 22 day study and increased intestinal fat deposition in N2. The reduced fat deposition was diminished and the lifespan was mildly decreased by imidacloprid in daf‐16(mgDf50)I (0.1nM, P=0.003). These data prove that imidacloprid adversely affects health of C. elegans, is associated with increased fat accumulation, and is partially mediated via the daf‐16 pathway.
Interaction of dietary iron and fat on glucose clearance (1030.4)
Authors: Byrd Aria , Liu Lumei , Cao Wenhong , Erikson Keith , Han Jian
Published: June 2021

Iron is an essential nutrient for hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen delivery and enzyme activity in lipid metabolism. Modifications in iron content and high fat consumption have been both separately found to impair insulin sensitivity. The objective of this study was to identify how insulin resistance was affected by dietary iron and fat interaction in developing mice. Thirty weanling C57BL/6J male mice were divided into six groups and randomly assigned into various diets (10% fat + 3.6 mg iron, 10% fat + 36.9 mg iron, 10% fat + 529 mg iron, 45% fat + 3.6mg iron, 45% fat + 36.9 mg iron, 45% fat + 529 mg iron) for eight weeks. Body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance were measured. Results showed that low dietary iron content (3.6 mg iron) was associated with lower body weight and total amount of food intake regardless of the level of fat consumption (P<0.05). The level of dietary iron content did not prevent mice on high fat diets (45%) from developing insulin resistance, although the 45% fat + 36.9 mg iron diet was found to facilitate glucose clearance. A negative association between iron status and fasting glucose level (at week 8) was observed in 45% fat + 3.6 mg iron group. In summary, dietary iron has a role in glucose clearance in mice, yet the effect was only found to be modulated based on fat intake levels.
Health risk indicators in incoming freshmen at a public mid‐western university (1031.11)
Authors: Leone Ryan , Ludy Mary‐Jon , Morgan Amy
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this was study to explore the prevalence of health risk indicators in college students upon commencement of freshman year. Within three weeks of arriving on campus, freshmen (n=20 M, 68 F; 18±0.4y) underwent measurement of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), and body composition (BF%) using air‐displacement plethysmography. Subjects also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Subjects predominantly displayed a healthy BMI (24.5±4.5 kg/m2): 57% normal weight, 37% overweight/obese, and 5% underweight. WC was 88.1±14.7cm (M) and 82.3±11.1cm (F); 23% had increased health risk based on high WC. Systolic (117.9±11.4 mmHg) and diastolic (69.7±89.4 mmHg) BP demonstrated that 5% were hypertensive, 35% were prehypertensive, and 60% were normotensive. BF% was 20.5±9.6% (M) and 29.7±7.9% (F), indicating that 32% were overfat. ACSM guidelines for physical activity were met by 81% of participants. Despite self‐reporting sufficient physical activity, a large percentage of freshmen (58%) had 蠅 1 health risk indicator based on BMI, WC, BP, or BF%; 35% had 蠅 2 indicators. In conclusion, these data indicate that a majority of entering college freshmen are at increased health risk and support the need to develop targeted interventions on campus.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Bowling Green State University’s Faculty Research Committee
Evaluation of body composition by two current bioelectric impedance small scales as compared with two new anthropometric equations and the two most published used equations used as references (1031.12)
Authors: Masse Priscilla , Jerbi Ramzi , Laforge Marie‐Pier , Pacifique Maisha
Published: June 2021

Assessment of adipose tissue and lean body mass (LBM) is useful in clinics to follow‐up obese patients on diet and cases of body weight (BW) loss (e.g. malnutrition) or gain of muscle mass due to physical training or experimental special diets or products. The present study was conducted on 76 well‐selected healthy Caucasian women aged 22.0 ± 1.9 yrs. BW and body fat distribution were normal based on BMI and Waist/Hip ratio. Body frame was medium based on ∑acromial‐bitronchanteric distances. Circumferences and skinfolds were measured at several Lohman sites; muscular circumferences and surfaces were calculated by means of validated equations. % adipose tissue values obtained from Tanita and the practical Gallagher et al.’s equation based on BMI were similar to the Durnin & Womersly’s reference equation; Omron over‐estimated by 22.8% ((p<0.0001). The Tanita scale is misleading for LBM; the value 76.9 ± 7.7% of BW corresponds to total fat‐free body (FFB), a body compartment of no great clinical interest. Values from Lee et al.’s equation and the Omron scale reflected LBM. Compared with the value derived from Heymsfield et al.’s reference equation for muscular tissue, the difference was significant (p<0.001) in the former case; the % ∆ of Omron was only ‐0.5. In conclusion, the two BEI scales are not equal in determining BC, Tanita and Omron being reliable only for adipose or muscular tissues, respectively.
Urbanization effect on pre‐ vs. postnatal mis‐matched young child growth in China (1031.17)
Authors: Min Jungwon , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Objectives: Investigate risk of mis‐matched pre vs. postnatal growths on childhood overweight and the urbanization effects on childhood excessive growth in China.

Methods: Childhood excessive weight growth defined as upward crossing of major percentile lines of child weight growth references compared to birth weight percentile. Using conditional transition probability analysis, logistic regression and GEE models, we examined longitudinal effect of excessive weight growth on childhood overweight at age4‐5 and its association with socio‐environmental characteristics among 117,398 children repeatedly followed during 2000‐2005 in South China.

Results: The 35.7% of children experienced excessive growth of weight at least once and 64.2% continuously kept excessive growth up to age 4‐5 y. Those with excessive weight growth were more likely to be overweight (BMI Z score>=1) at age 4‐5[RR= 3.83, (95%CI: 3.34‐ 4.38)]. Especially those in urban areas, having a mother with a job and higher education showed significantly higher risk of childhood excessive weight growth than their counterparts[OR=1.8 (1.5‐ 2.1); 1.2 (1.1‐ 1.2); 1.4 (1.3‐1.4)).

Conclusions: 35.7% children had excessive weight growth compared to the birth size, positively associated with overweight risk and urban residence, maternal employment and education, indicating urbanization effect on child obesity in China.

Grant Funding Source: The study was supported in part by a NIH center grant (U54HD070725).
Body composition changes within the first four weeks of the freshman year at a private university (1031.6)
Authors: Meeks Lauren , Vera Desiree , Dunn Sarah
Published: June 2021

Obesity rates and weight gain have been shown to increase within the first year on a college campus in the US. Gaining the “freshmen 15” may be due to a combination of factors, including poor eating habits and adjusting to an independent lifestyle. Freshmen weight gain studies focus on weight gain over long periods of time and very little is known about the acute changes in body composition during the first 4 weeks of the first semester at a private institution. To examine any differences in body composition, diet and physical activity in fifteen college freshmen (body mass index, 24.1 ± 6.9 kg/m^2, age, 18.3 ± 0.62 years) during the first 4 weeks of their fall semester at the University of La Verne. Following informed consent, participants (N=15, males n=9, females n=6) were asked to report to the laboratory for pre and post (four weeks after each participant’s initial testing session) body composition measurements (fat mass, fat free mass, etc…) and to complete the modified Kaiser Physical Fitness Survey (KPAS) along with a 3‐day dietary analysis. A paired T‐test to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) between pre‐ and post‐testing sessions for all participants was administered. Differences in body composition measurements (body mass 0.3 ± 1.2 kg, fat mass 2.0 ± 4.5 kg, p = 0.09, percent body fat, 1.4 ± 3.0 %, waist circumference 1.0 ± 3.8 cm) were found although no significant differences were associated. No significant differences were seen for caloric intake (‐292.2 ± 696.1 kcal) and physical activity (30.8 ± 386.7 score for KPAS), or between males and females across the 4 weeks for any of the variables measured. A trend in increasing fat mass exists in freshmen with no significant differences between gender for the first 4 weeks of the Fall semester. This suggests that the “freshmen 15” exists on the University of La Verne campus although either more participants or more time (greater than 4 weeks) is needed to see significant gains in body composition.
Green tea polyphenols improve cortical bone and bone quality in alcohol‐induced bone loss of young male rats (1032.1)
Authors: Shen Chwan Li , Bergeson Susan , Syapin Peter , Brackee Gordon , Graef Jennifer , Smith Brenda
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the efficacy of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on bone microarchitecture and quality in young male rats using a binge drinking‐induced bone loss model. Forty‐eight 30‐day‐old SD male rats were assigned to a 2 (placebo vs. alcohol i.p. at 3 g/kg body weight on 3 consecutive days/week) × 3 (0, 0.1%, and 0.5% (wt/vol) GTP in drinking water) factorial deign for 6 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, micro‐CT, and 3‐point bending test. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. The results show that 6‐week alcohol administration lowered bone mineral content, density, and strength at femur, trabecular bone volume at proximal tibia and lumbar vertebra, and cortical thickness at tibial mid‐diaphysis. Supplementation of GTP into drinking water for 6 weeks increased bone mineral density at femur and cortical thickness at tibial mid‐diaphysis, but had no impact on trabecular volume, number, thickness, and separation. An interaction between alcohol and GTP was observed in bone quality resulting in the alcohol+0.5% GTP group had the greatest energy to max force, deflection, and strain than other groups. This study demonstrates that GTP supplementation in drinking water can improve bone quality through enhancing cortical thickness in young male rats administered with alcohol, an animal model of binge drinking.
Sirt1 nutrient signaling regulates fetal programming of nephrogenesis (1033.10)
Authors: Magee Thomas , Nast Cynthia , Ross Michael , Desai Mina
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE Fetal programming as a result of maternal undernourishment (MUN) results in adult nephropenia and hypertension. In this study we examined the expression of the nutrient sensor SIRT1 and its possible regulation of nephrogenesis.

METHODS Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rat dams were fed either ad libitum diet (control) or were 50% maternal food restricted (MUN) from E10. Fetal kidneys (E20, n=5 dams for MUN and control) were examined for mRNA, protein expression, immunohistochemistry, and epigenetic histone modification at the SIRT1 promoter. To assay the regulation of SIRT1 on nephrogenesis, E16 control rat kidneys (n=10 per group) were incubated ex vivo with the SIRT1 agonist resveratrol or antagonist EX527. Kidneys were fixed and stained with fluorescein‐labeled dolicus bifluoros agglutin, imaged, and terminal buds quantitated. All values are given as mean +/‐ SEM. Data were considered statistically significant by t‐test at p < 0.05.

RESULTS Both SIRT1 mRNA (1.6 fold; p < 0.05) and protein expression (1.7 fold; p < 0.05) were increased in MUN kidneys compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry detected SIRT1 expression in MUN and control kidneys. SIRT1 promoter histone H3K9 methylation was reduced by MUN. Control E16 kidneys treated with SIRT1 agonist resveratrol had reduced bud tip number of 23%; p < 0.01; in contrast, treatment with SIRT1 antagonist EX527 increased bud tip number by 57%; p < 0.01.

CONCLUSIONS Up‐regulation of SIRT1 during MUN nephrogenesis decreases the number of ureteric bud tips and hence ureteric bud branching rate, thus providing a mechanism for the reduction in nephron number seen during fetal programming. SIRT1 increased activity may be due to reduced histone methylation at the SIRT1 promoter.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH grant R03 HD060782‐02 to TRM; NIH AXIS Grant G0811K15 to TRM
Early sex differences in hepatic metabolic signaling in offspring of obese female mice (1033.11)
Authors: Miller Colette , Krishna Saritha , Lin Zhoumeng , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Harn Donald , de la Serre Claire , Baile Clifton , Filipov Nickolay
Published: June 2021

Rates of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease are increasing in all age groups. Maternal obesity imprints the fetal liver; however, little is known about the influence of sex in hepatic metabolic signaling. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate sex differences in the liver of offspring of high fat diet‐fed (HFD) dams. C57BL/6 dams were fed either a 4.3% or 35% fat diet for 6 weeks prior to and during mating, gestation, and lactation. Offspring were sacrificed at post‐natal day 21 to measure expression of genes related to lipogenesis and insulin signaling. Maternal HFD had a significantly increased offspring body weight (p<0.01). Sex had a significant effect on liver weight (p<0.03) and females from obese dams had smaller livers than both male groups (p<0.10). HFD resulted in 2‐fold increases in the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1c in both sexes (p<0.02). Sex had a significant effect on GLUT4 expression‐ females having higher expression than males (p<0.05). Furthermore, females from HFD‐fed dams had higher expression of GLUT4 compared to control females (p<0.02). These data show that the liver can be affected by sex and by HFD that is entirely of maternal origin.

Grant Funding Source: Support: UGA Obesity Initiative, Atlanta ARCS Fnd, & GRA Eminent Scholar endowment (CAB)
Effects of methylating vitamins and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on intra‐uterine growth retardation in a feed‐restricted swine model (1033.8)
Authors: Lima Hope , Jacobi Sheila , Man Chaolai , Walker Kaitlyn , Sommer Jeffrey , Flowers William , Blikslager Anthony , Xi Lin , Odle Jack
Published: June 2021

IUGR can result from malnourishment during pregnancy and negatively influences the long‐term health of offspring; being litter bearing, swine have an increased incidence. Our study exploited this to examine nutritional influences on fetal development in malnourished dams. Control gilts (n=5) received 2.0 kg/d of a corn‐isolated soy‐protein diet supplemented with a mixture of vitamins (mg/kg feed) containing folic acid (1.3), pyridoxine (1.0), B12 (0.015), riboflavin (3.75), choline (1250) and DHA (2420). Basal diet allotment to restricted sows was reduced progressively from 1.0 to 0.6 kg/d and was supplemented according to a 2 (± vitamins) x 2 (± DHA) factorial design (n = 4‐6; vitamin amounts described above). Control dams gained more weight (49.31 ± 6.19 kg) than restricted dams (3.01 ± 3.34; p <0.0001). Average term piglet weight (1.13 ± 0.016 kg; p = 0.5094) and percent of IUGR piglets (< 900 g; 17.9 ± 3.76%; p = 0.6223) were unaffected. Piglet brain weights were reduced by 3.9% (p <0.02) in restricted treatments lacking vitamin and DHA supplementation. Addition of DHA to restricted sow diets reduced relative liver weight of piglets (2.54 ± 0.06 %BW) vs. control (2.96 ± 0.06) and other restricted dams (2.99 ± 0.04). These results illustrate strong preferential partition of limited maternal resources to developing fetuses during extreme nutrient depravation, with modest effects of micronutrient supplementation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
In utero exposure to dietary lipotropes affects DNA methylation and gene expression in mammary glands of offspring (1033.9)
Authors: Cho Kwang Bog , Mabasa Lawrence , Cho Kyongshin , Crane Courtney , Choi Woo‐Sik , Park Chung
Published: June 2021

Lipotropes are methyl group‐containing essential nutrients (i.e., methionine, choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12) that play key roles in one‐carbon metabolism. One‐carbon metabolism provides methyl groups for biological methylation pathways, including DNA methylation which controls the expression of genes. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which maternal dietary lipotropes affect DNA methylation and the expression of genes in mammary glands of the offspring. Pregnant rats were fed either the control or lipotropes supplemented diet until parturition, at which point, rats were fed the control diet until weaning. At weaning, randomly selected female offspring from each group were kept on the control diet until they were bred for collection of the mammary tissues. Tissues were analyzed for global DNA methylation and gene expression. Maternal dietary lipotropes significantly increased DNA methylation in mammary tissues of the offspring [P=0.04]. Transcription of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) [P=0.01] and beta‐casein (Csn2) [P=0.01] genes was increased by maternal methyl diet. While, Dnmt1 is responsible for establishing and regulating methylation patterns, Csn2 is a marker for mammary cell differentiation. Thus, data may be informative to studies aimed at improving mammary development and lactation potential.

Grant Funding Source: NIH‐National Cancer Institute
Effect of commercial sweetener intake on the NF‐κB and AP‐1 pro‐inflammatory pathways in liver and small intestine in mice (1034.10)
Authors: EspinoBarros‐Flores Adamaris , Estrada José , Pliego‐Rivero Bernardo , Contreras Irazu
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Commercial sweetener intake has increased over the last few years, not only in patients diagnosed with a chronic non‐communicable disease, but in the general population. These sweeteners are deemed safe for consumption; however, the effect of their constant use on the immune system is unknown.

Objectives: To determine the effect of frequent sweetener intake on NF‐κB and AP‐1 signaling pathways in the liver and intestine of BALB/c mice.

Methods: 14 week old BALB/c mice (male and female) were grouped (6 mice/per group, male and female) as follows: 1) control (water); 2) sucrose (10%); 3) sucralose (1%) and 4) rebaudioside A (1%). Sweeteners were administered orally in drinking water for 6 weeks. Food and liquid intake was measured daily and weight was measured every week, from week 8 to week 14. After treatment, mice were sacrificed to obtain the proteins from liver and small intestine. Analysis of total, as well as phosphorylated, protein expression for IκBα, c‐Jun, JNK and ERK was performed by WB.

Results: Our results show that sweetener intake does not appear to have an impact on weight; however, we observed alterations in water and food consumption. Liquid intake was increased in the sucrose groups, whereas food ingestion was higher in the sucralose group (p蠄0.05). Expression of total proteins was not altered, compared to the control group; nonetheless, we still have to determine if there are alterations in the expression of the phosphorylated proteins.
Red ginseng supplementation effects on the liver inflammation in whole‐body gamma irradiated mice (1034.3)
Authors: Sohn Eun‐Hwa , Namkoong Seung , Jang Seon‐A , Kim Tae‐Hyung , Kang Se Chan , Koo Hyun Jung
Published: June 2021

Exposure to ionizing radiation induces oxidative damage to liver, leading to liver inflammation and fibrosis. This study aimed to identify the radioprotective effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RG) on the liver inflammation against whole‐body gamma‐irradiation (γIR) in mice. RG was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orally (p.o.) to C57BL/6 mice for five days, which were then exposed to 6.5 Gy of 137Cs‐γIR. Liver was harvested three days afterwards, and liver inflammatory markers, cyclooxygenase‐2(COX‐2), TGF‐beta1, and iNOS expression were examined as well as intracellular signal‐related markers, MAPKs and NF‐κB activation using Western blotting. The exposure of gamma ray increased COX‐2, TGF‐beta1, and iNOS, and these were significantly restored by the RG supplementation. In addition, RG decreased the radiation‐induced p‐ERK and NF‐κB activation. These results suggest that the RG supplementation provides protective effects against radiation‐induced liver inflammation, and the potential to be utilized in clinical trials and functional foods.

Grant Funding Source: This work was partially supported by research fund from Korea Sanhak Foundation in 2013
Self‐weighing to prevent age‐related weight gain in young adults (1035.13)
Authors: Bertz Fredrik , Pacanowski Carly , Levitsky David
Published: June 2021

Short term trials of frequent self‐weighing has shown promise in reducing weight gain among first semester college students, as a model of preventing age‐related population weight gain. The current study evaluates a low‐cost, internet based intervention using wifi‐connected scales and individualized visual email feedback, to reduce age‐related weight gain over the course of 4 years among university students. A total of 167 freshman were randomized to experimental (E) or control (C) group. Both groups were provided with wifi‐connected scales. E was instructed to weigh daily and view a graph of weight which is immediately emailed to them after stepping on the scale. C were free to weigh at any time, but did not receive feedback. They were asked to weigh themselves every six months upon notification by the experimenters. Data from the first 6 months show that C gained weight (1.5±7.6 lbs), whereas E reduced weight (‐0.7±6.0 lbs), p=0.05 using last value carried forward and adjusted for baseline weight. Moreover, the frequency of self‐weighing was associated with weight change (‐0.3 lbs/days of weighing/week). Retention was 85% in both groups. These preliminary data are based on the one of longest interventions of college students to date and included the summer holiday months. The internet based frequent self‐weighing system used here appears feasible and efficacious in preventing age‐related weight gain in young adults.

Grant Funding Source: Dr. Bertz fellowship is supported by The Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research
Butyrate‐induced upregulation of intestinal glucose transport represents a possible nutrient therapy for individuals with malabsorptive disorders (1035.14)
Authors: Mangian Heather , Mangian Heather , Tappenden Kelly
Published: June 2021

Individuals with significant intestinal malabsorption face challenges digesting and absorbing sufficient nutrients. Therapies that increase intestinal nutrient processing capacity are needed. Objective: Our objective was to identify the impact of butyrate (B) upon intestinal glucose transport capacity. We hypothesized that ileal B would increase jejunal glucose transport via increased glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) abundance. Further, mechanistic stimulation of enteroendocrine L cells by B was examined. Method: Sprague Dawley rats were surgically modified with an ileal cannula for infusion of either 10 mM B or saline solution (for 96 or 156m) and a portal cannula for blood sampling. All rats received the tracer (3‐O‐[methyl‐14C] ‐D‐glucose (8 uCi), but were randomized to be fed (3 mg/kg BW D‐glucose) or fasted (0 mg/kg BW D‐glucose). Results: Glucose absorption decreased after extended ileal saline infusion compared to a shorter saline infusion (AUC 4,640,245 vs. 2,567,799 DPM/ml2, P< 0.05) . B abolished this decrease. B increased jejunal GLUT2 (by 23% ; P<0.05) but not SGLT1 mRNA. Proglucagon mRNA abundance was 2‐fold higher in the cecum of B rats (B 0.679 vs. S 0.332, proglucagon mRNA/18S; P<0.0014). B also increased Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2&3 (FFAR2 and FFAR3) mRNA abundance in the cecum. Conclusions: Treatment of the distal intestine with B increases the glucose absorptive capacity of the proximal intestine.

Grant Funding Source: NIDDK 1 R01 DK57682
Basal energy expenditure in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and severe malnutrition (1035.2)
Authors: Vasquez‐Garibay Edgar , García‐Contreras Andrea , Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Sandoval Montes Imelda , Ibarra‐Gutierrez Ana , Troyo‐Sanroman Rogelio
Published: June 2021

With the purpose to analyze the energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry (IC) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP) and severe malnutrition it was carried out and intervention study with 13 participants (10 females and three males) during the nutritional recovery period. All were fed via naso‐gastric tube or gastrostomy and received 12 kcal/cm/d the first week and 14‐16 kcal/cm/d afterwards. Anthropometric measurement, basal energy expenditure (BEE) by IC and BIA were obtained at initial, 15 and 30 days.

Table 1. Comparison of basal energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and bioelectrical impedance analysis in children with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy and severe malnutrition

Indirect calorimetry 1
Bioelectrical impedance analysis 2

N
X
SD
N
X
SD

Initial
13
5673
135
10
8013
78

15 days
13
7904
254
10
8304
76

30 days
13
7755
169
10
8495
75

1 Initial vs. 15 d, p = 0.002; initial vs. 30 d, p = 0.001; 15 d vs. 30 d, p=0.318

2 Initial vs. 15 d and initial vs. 30 days, p = 0.001; 15 vs. 30 d, p= 0.002

3 p < 0.001; 4 p =0.06; 5 p = 0.05

It is probable that children with severe malnutrition would be weak enough at the initial measurement for the effort to the exhalation and that could explain the lower value of BEE with IC; that problem would be corrected at 15 days of intensive nutritional support because results were similar between IC and BIA at 15 and 30 d.

Grant Funding Source: none
Bioavailability and metabolomic targets of sulforaphane in humans (1036.2)
Authors: Atwell Lauren , Clarke John , Hsu Anna , Bella Deborah , Stevens Jan , Dashwood Roderick , Williams David , Ho Emily
Published: June 2021

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, has many potential health benefits. Yet, there is limited knowledge about its bioavailability and biological functions in humans. Crucifers contain glucoraphanin (GFN), which is hydrolyzed to SFN by myrosinase (MYR). Study objectives were to determine SFN bioavailability and examine metabolomic profiles in plasma following consumption of a MYR‐treated broccoli sprout extract (BSE) supplement and broccoli sprouts. We have previously shown a 7‐fold decrease in SFN bioavailability from GFN supplements with inactivated MYR than from broccoli sprouts, suggesting MYR activity impacts SFN bioavailability. SFN bioavailability from BSEs was improved over MYR‐inactivated GFN supplements but was ~3 times lower than sprouts. High‐throughput metabolomic analysis revealed alterations in plasma metabolites following SFN consumption. Unique metabolomic profiles following BSE and sprout consumption suggested differential metabolic responses from the supplemental and whole‐food forms of SFN. BSE and sprout consumption was associated with unique biochemical targets, and several common targets of the two SFN forms were altered in opposite directions. This research provides important information for conducting SFN supplementation studies to understand SFN’s role in disease prevention.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by R01CA122906, P01CA090890, P30 ES000210
Lipoprotein lipase variants interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate obesity traits in Puerto Ricans (1037.7)
Authors: Ma Yiyi , Tucker Katherine , Smith Caren , Lee Yu‐Chi , Huang Tao , Lai Chao‐Qiang , Parnell Laurence , Richardson Kris , Ordovas Jose
Published: June 2021

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a candidate gene for obesity based on its role in metabolism of lipids and fatty acids. Our objective was to define the interaction between dietary fatty acids and LPL variants to modulate obesity traits. Based on known association with blood lipids and obesity, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs320, rs2083637, rs17411031, rs13702, rs2197089) were selected for the analysis in 1171 participants (333 men and 838 women, aged 45‐75 y) of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. rs320 interacted with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), respectively, in both categorical (P=0.01 and 0.02) and continuous analysis (P=0.009 and 0.004). Higher intake of PUFA was associated with lower BMI and WC, respectively, in major allele homozygotes (TT) according to both categorical (P=0.03 and 0.01) and continuous analysis (P=0.01 and 0.004) but not in carriers of the minor allele (TG+GG). The other variants showed no such associations. To conclude, dietary PUFA interacted with LPL rs320 for anthropometric traits in a Puerto Rican population. These interactions may have implications for genotype‐based dietary recommendations for obesity prevention in US Hispanics.

Grant Funding Source: P01AG023394, HL54776, DK075030, 53‐K06‐5‐10, 58‐1950‐9‐001
Changes in signaling pathways through NOD2 in high fat diet‐induced obesity is associated with inflammatory response in immune cells (1037.8)
Authors: Kim Min Soo , Kim Hye‐Kyeong , Park Chan Yoon , Park Jeong Min , Han Sung Nim
Published: June 2021

Previously, we observed higher production of inflammatory cytokines and higher expression of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) by immune cells from obese mice. The changes in signaling pathways through NOD2 protein were investigated to understand the mechanisms involved in inflammatory response associated with obesity. Four‐wk‐old C57BL mice were fed diets containing 10% energy from fat (Control) or 45% energy from fat (HFD) for 18 wks. HFD group gained significantly more weight than the Control. Splenocytes (1 x 107 cells) were stimulated with 10 µg/mL peptidoglycan for 6 or 24 hrs. Production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and IL‐6, were significantly higher in HFD compared with Control. The mRNA levels of Nod2, Nlrp3 and IL‐18 were significantly higher in HFD compared with Control (49%, 89%, and 76% higher in HFD than Control, respectively). The protein expression of NOD2, pIκB/IκB, and caspase‐1 p10 (cleavage form) were higher in HFD compared with Control, but, there was no difference in the expression of pERK/ERK. Increased expression of NOD2 and NLRP3 with obesity might have contributed to higher caspase‐1 activation, leading to higher IL‐18 expression and IL‐1 β production. In conclusion, increased NOD2 expression with obesity seemed to lead to NF‐κB and Caspase‐1 activations, but, not ERK activation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the grant from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea, (NRF‐2010‐0024878).
Polymorphisms in the MGLL gene are associated with plasma LDL‐C response to a marine n‐3 PUFA supplementation (1038.1)
Authors: Ouellette Catherine , Cormier Hubert , Rudkowska Iwona , Lemieux Simone , Couture Patrick , Vohl Marie‐Claude
Published: June 2021

Omega‐3 (n‐3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation from marine sources has an inconsistent effect on plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels, as some individuals increase their levels while some others do not. Genetic factors may be involved in this inter‐individual variability observed in LDL‐C levels in response to an n‐3 PUFA supplementation. The objective of this study was to test whether SNPs within the MGLL gene, encoding the monoglyceride lipase, explain inter‐individual variability observed in plasma LDL‐C levels after an n‐3 PUFA supplementation. A total of 208 subjects consumed 5 g/d of a fish oil supplement, containing 1.9‐2.2g EPA and 1.1g DHA, for 6 weeks. Plasma lipids were measured before and after the supplementation. SNPs rs782440 and rs6776142 from MGLL were genotyped using the TaqMan technology (Life Technologies Inc. Burlington, ON, Canada). Results show that for rs782440 and rs6776142, there were differences in the mean variation in LDL‐C (delta LDL) between genotype groups (C/C, C/T and T/T) in an ANOVA adjusted for age, sex and BMI. Also, a chi‐square test showed differences in genotype frequencies for rs782440 (p<0.05) between responders and non‐responders defined on the basis of delta LDL, as well as a tendency for rs6776142 (p=0.099). In conclusion, two SNPs of the MGLL gene may influence the plasma LDL‐C variation in response to an n‐3 PUFA supplementation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by CIHR
The CETP polymorphism rs5882 is associated with triglyceride lowering in response to plant sterol consumption (1038.3)
Authors: MacKay Dylan , Eck Peter , Baer David , Jones Peter
Published: June 2021

Plant sterol (PS) consumption may lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. However, human clinical trial evidence is inconsistent, with only some trials showing TG reductions. This heterogeneity in responsiveness of TG concentrations to PS consumption could have a genetic basis. Our objective was to investigate whether SNPs in genes related to TG metabolism could be associated with changes in TG concentrations following PS consumption. 63 mildly hypercholesterolemic adults, pre‐assessed for cholesterol synthesis using lathosterol to cholesterol ratio (L/C) (High, n=24, L/C = 2.03 ± 0.39 umol/mmol; Low, n=39, L/C =0.99±0.28 umol/mmol) consumed either 2g/d (free sterol) of PS ester or placebo in margarine for 28 d in a dual‐center, single‐blind, randomized, crossover design. Serum TG concentrations were measured at the end of each phase. Candidate SNPs and ApoE variant were accessed by TaqMan assay. PS consumption did not lower TG overall (p=0.0506), but had an interaction with rs5882 in CETP (p=0.0080). Homozygous minor allele (G/G=‐0.47mmol/L, p=0.0002, n=10) carriers of rs5882 had reductions in TG concentrations with PS consumption, while A/A (+0.01mmol/L, p =0.6634, n=25) and A/G (‐0.04mmol/L, p= 0.3399, n=28) carriers did not. rs5882 in CETP associated with TG lowering due to PS consumption, and could serve as a genetic marker to identify individuals who derive TG lowering benefits from PS consumption.

Grant Funding Source: CIHR
Snacking influences adipokine concentration independent of body composition and inflammation in overweight humans (1039.2)
Authors: Clayton Zachary , Fusco Elizabeth , Kass Lisa , Carpenter Jennifer , Hooshmand Shirin , Hong Mee Young , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

Adipose tissue is a major energy reserve of the human body. It is also a source of the primary adpidocytokines leptin and adiponectin. The expression of adiponectin, specifically high‐molecular weight adiponectin (HMW‐A), and leptin have been demonstrated to decrease and increase, respectively, in relation to an increase in subcutaneous fat. Furthermore, HMW‐A and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) have been demonstrated to have a reciprocal relationship. Effects of eight weeks of twice daily snacking (100 kcals each) of either a whole food (dried plums) or refined food (low‐fat muffins) on adipokines, body composition and hs‐CRP were assessed. HMW‐A decreased from baseline to eight weeks (p<.05) during the muffin intervention, demonstrating a non‐significant, two‐fold greater decrease than during the dried plum trial. No difference was seen in body weight, body composition, leptin or hs‐CRP. This suggests that the addition of energy through snacking to usual dietary intake, regardless of nutrient composition, may not be advantageous in promoting anthropometric or metabolic alterations in overweight individuals.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the California Dried Plum Board
Chronic intake of honey, sugar and high fructose corn syrup exert equivalent effects on glucose and insulin (1039.4)
Authors: Raatz Susan , Beals Katherine , Johnson LuAnn , Picklo Matthew
Published: June 2021

Consumption of nutritive sweeteners is high with added sugars’ intake from the WWEIA (2009‐2010) survey in all individuals 蠅 2 yr at 76.2 g or 295 kcal daily. Controversy continues regarding the metabolic effects of the source of sweetener. Our goal was to evaluate the glycemic and insulin effect of chronic consumption of honey, sucrose, and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS 55). A randomized, crossover designed study compared glucose and insulin responses in overweight and obese adults (n=46). Participants underwent an OGTT at baseline and after 2 weeks of a daily dose of 50 g of the assigned sweetener. All participants were asked to not consume any other sweeteners throughout the trial. A 1‐2 week washout period was completed before cross‐over assignment to another nutritive sweetener. Body weight was measured and blood samples for the OGTT were obtained at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes and glucose and insulin concentrations determined. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin was determined by trapezoidal rule. Outcome data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. There were no statistically significant differences between or within treatment for glucose or insulin iAUC at baseline or post‐treatment. Body weight was unchanged by treatment. Chronic intake of honey, sugar and HFCS 55 exerted similar effects on glycemic and insulin responses assessed by OGTT in overweight and obese adults.
Carbohydrate‐rich snacks influence plasma glucose, insulin and ghrelin responses in overweight adults (1039.5)
Authors: Fusco Elizabeth , Clayton Zachary , Kass Lisa , Carpenter Jennifer , Hooshmand Shirin , Hong Mee Young , Kern Mark
Published: June 2021

The effects of a whole food (dried plums; DP) or refined (low‐fat muffins; LFM) snack on satiety and insulin responses following consumption were assessed before and after a snack intervention trial. Forty overweight men and women (age: 36.5 + 11.4, BMI: 32.8 + 7.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume isocaloric, macronutrient‐matched 100 kcal snacks twice per day of DP or LFM for 8‐weeks. At baseline and 8 weeks, fasted subjects consumed 238 kcal of their randomly assigned food, and blood samples were collected at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min following intake. Insulin was lower (p蠄0.05) and an earlier peak was observed in DP versus LFM at baseline and 8 weeks. Both groups exhibited lower plasma glucose during the acute response testing after 8 weeks, but glucose peaked earlier in DP than LFM. There were no significant differences in ghrelin concentration over time in either group. These results support the concept that consuming a whole food snack such as dried plums enhances insulin sensitivity as compared to an isocaloric refined snack food, as evidenced by lower insulin concentrations and an earlier peak in insulin and glucose in DP compared to LFM.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the California Dried Plum Board
Effect of hummus on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy individuals (1039.6)
Authors: Kendall Cyril , Esfahani Amin , Campbell Janice , Jenkins Alexandra , Jenkins David
Published: June 2021

Background: Pulses and chick peas are some of the lowest glycemic index (GI) foods and in clinical studies have been shown to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Hummus, composed of chick peas, vegetable oil and tahini, has a healthy macronutrient profile and is a popular and commonly consumed product. However few studies have assessed the potential health benefits of hummus consumption. The aim of present study was to determine the glycemic index of hummus and to assess the dose response effect of hummus on the post‐prandial blood glucose and insulin responses when consumed alone or when combined with a high carbohydrate food.

Methods: 10 healthy participants consumed breakfast study meals, in random order, on eleven occasions over a 6‐10wk period: Study Meals: Phase 1: 1‐3. White Bread (WB) Control (1) (25g available carbohydrate [avCHO]) 4. Hummus (1 serving [28g]) (2.7g avCHO) 5. Hummus (4 servings [112g]) (10.8g avCHO) 6. Hummus (9 servings [259g]) (25g avCHO) Phase 2: 7,8. WB Control (2) (50g av CHO) 9. Hummus (1 serving [28g]) plus WB (50g avCHO) 10. Hummus (2 servings [56g]) plus WB (50g avCHO) 11. Hummus (4 servings [112g]) plus WB (50g avCHO) Postprandial glucose and insulin was measured over a 2hr period for the determination of glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and insulin index (II).

Results: To be presented.

Grant Funding Source: Sabra Dipping Company
Glycemic response to high‐amylose rice in humans (1039.7)
Authors: Stewart Maria , Zenel Alison
Published: June 2021

Rice is a staple carbohydrate in many countries. Previous studies have indicated that solid foods with resistant starch (RS) can attenuate glycemic response. The present study investigated the best rice for glycemic control. A single‐blind, randomized, crossover clinical trial was performed with 18 healthy subjects. Three treatments were administered at three separate study visits: short grain rice, high amylose (HA) rice 1, and HA rice 2. Postprandial capillary blood glucose, venous blood glucose and insulin measurements, and appetite visual analogue scale (VAS) surveys were done over the course of two hours. The capillary blood glucose concentrations were significantly lower for HA rice 2 compared to short grain rice at 30 min, and for HA rice 1 and HA rice 2 compared to short grain rice at 45, 60, and 120 min. Capillary blood glucose AUC was significantly lower for HA rice 1 and HA rice 2 compared to short grain rice. Venous insulin concentrations were significantly lower for HA rice 1 and HA rice 2 than short grain rice at 60 min. Subjects were significantly more hungry at 30 minutes after HA rice 1 intake than HA rice 2 intake, but there were no other significant effects in appetite ratings. The present study determined that intake of HA rice can attenuate postprandial blood glucose and insulin response in comparison to short grain rice.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA Hatch project number HA‐262
Effect of resistant starch on subjective appetite and food intake in healthy adults (1040.2)
Authors: Hollis James , Hutchison Christine , Hsu Walter
Published: June 2021

The effect of replacing rapidly digestible starch with Fibersym® resistant wheat starch was investigated using a randomized, cross‐over study design. Following an overnight fast, 27 healthy adults (aged 23±2 years with a BMI of 23.0±3.0 kg/m2) consumed a fixed‐amount meal of breakfast (muffins) that provided either 2g (control) or 24g (RS) of dietary fiber. The control breakfast provided 777kcal and the RS breakfast 693kcal. Baseline appetite questionnaires and plasma samples were collected and at regular time points for 240 minutes following the breakfast meal. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose and insulin, ghrelin and GLP‐1. After the final blood draw an ad libitum meal was provided and the amount eaten recorded. Following the lunch meal, food intake was recorded using a food log and hourly appetite questionnaires were collected for the rest of the day. There was no effect of treatment on subjective appetite, plasma glucose, insulin or satiety hormones (>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant effect of treatment on food intake which was 178 kcal lower following the RS breakfast (p<0.05) These results indicate that replacing rapidly digestible starch with resistant wheat starch decreases meal caloric density, which may result in decreased total caloric intake for the day.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Plant Sciences Instutute, Iowa State University
Vitamin E status of the U.S. adult population by use of dietary supplements (1041.7)
Authors: McBurney Michael , Yu Elaine , Ciappio Eric , Bird Julia , Eggersdorfer Manfred , Stoecklin Elisabeth , Mehta Saurabh
Published: June 2021

Vitamin E is essential for human health and achieving an optimal status is associated with beneficial health outcomes. Given that >90% of Americans are not meeting vitamin E intake recommendations, we assessed serum α‐tocopherol (AT) and related these to an optimal serum concentration (30 µmol/L) found to have the lowest mortality in the Alpha‐Tocopherol Beta‐Carotene study. Cross‐sectional AT status data from the 2003‐2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in adults 蠅20y (excluding pregnant and lactating women) was analyzed. Population (n=7969) mean AT concentrations differed by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and dietary supplement use (p < 0.01). Mean AT concentrations were 29.9, 25.0 and 34.2 µmol/L for the total population, non‐supplement (NS), and supplement (S) users, respectively. S users (49% of subjects) had a lower prevalence (45%) of suboptimal AT concentrations (<30 µmol/L) than NS (81%, p<0.01). In addition to differences (p<0.01) in AT concentrations between S and NS subpopulations by gender and race/ethnicity, a higher proportion of younger than older adults had suboptimal AT concentrations (p<0.01) especially if they were not supplement users: 20‐30y NS (93%) vs S (79%); 31‐50y NS (81%) vs S (54%); 51+y NS (71%) vs S (28%). Despite a low prevalence of overt vitamin E deficiency, many American adults have suboptimal AT status even when supplementing their diet.

Grant Funding Source: DSM Nutritional Products LLC
Biofortified pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. provides more bioavailable iron than standard pearl millet: studies in poultry (Gallus gallus) and an in vitro digestion/Caco‐2 model (1042.3)
Authors: Tako Elad , Cherian Binu , Reed Spenser , Budiman Jessica , Glahn Raymond
Published: June 2021

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is the most widely grown type of millet, primarily in Africa and the India. Our objective was to compare the capacities of two isolines of pearl millet (standard and Fe biofortified) to deliver Fe for Hb synthesis. In vitro analysis indicated that the biofortified line should provide more Fe (P<0.05), and indicate the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds that inhibit Fe absorption. Pearl millet based diets (75% w/w) were formulated except for Fe (dietary Fe concentrations were 22.1±0.5 and 78.6±0.5μg/g) to be tested in vivo (Gallus gallus). For 6 wks, Hb, feed‐consumption and BW were measured (n=12). As from wk 5, Hb values were higher (P<0.05) in the biofortified group vs. standard. Also, final total Hb‐Fe content was higher in the biofortified vs. the standard (26.7±1.4 and 15.5±0.8 mg, respectively) groups (P<0.05). DMT‐1, Dcyt‐B, and ferroportin expressions were higher and liver ferritin was lower (P<0.05) in the standard group vs. the biofortified group, indicating adaptive response to Fe deficiency. We conclude that the biofortified pearl millet diet delivered more absorbable Fe and thus represents a promising vehicle for increasing intakes of bioavailable Fe in human populations that consume this dietary staple. Further research into improving the nutritional content of pearl millet should involve assessment of the polyphenolic profile.