bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Methods and Models in Earth Science
Authors: Ghosh Parthasarathi
Published: May 2023

The book is designed as an introductory undergraduate and graduate course for engineering, science and mathematics students of all desciplines. The Numerical Methods book covers all the major aaspects such as numerical computation; linear system of equations; solutions of algenric and transcendental equations; numerical differentiation; finite differences and interpolation; curve fitting, regression and correlation; numerical integration; and solutions of ordinay and partial differential equations. This book is written in simple and easy language, in systematic manner, student-friendly and numerical problem solving orientation. Balance is maintained between theory and its examples. Each concept can be justified with the help of examples (which is unavailable in other books) as student may come dilemma to find the solution of the concept from other books. So learning is with the help of examples, as examples are the best source to learn and remember that particular problem. At the end of chapters, excercise questions will be given
Oilseeds: Properties,Products,Processing and Procedures
Authors: Nagaraj G.
Published: May 2023

The book serves as a major source of information on all the cultivated oilseeds and major tree borne and minor oilseeds grown globally. Composition, characteristics, properties and utility of different oilseeds and their constituents, namely, oil, protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and Phytochemical in food and non-food sectors including medicine has been covered in detail. The book also deals with post-harvest technology and processing of oilseeds to obtain good quality products like vegetable oil and oilcakes. The processing aspects like ghani, expeller, extrusion, solvent, and SC-CO2 extraction along with the refining of oils have been discussed. Oilseeds and their quality especially, the nutritional quality of oils, oilcakes, oleo-chemicals and preparation of edible products from groundnut, soybean sesame, sunflower, Niger and coconut have been discussed and presented in the book. Anti-nutrients, when present interfere with the digestion process as also the health of humans and animals. Hence methods of reduction/removal of anti-nutrients like phenolics, protease inhibitors, ricin, glucosinolates and aflatoxins etc. have also been covered in detail in the book. Evaluation of quality is important for understanding and utilization of any commodity. Keeping this aspect in view, methods of analysis of oil, protein, sugars, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients have been presented in the on procedures. This book is thus is a comprehensive coverage of all aspects of oilseeds and their quality. It will be highly useful to students, researchers, producers, processors and policy planners.
Pesticides and Plant Protection Appliances
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev
Published: May 2023

Pesticides and Plant Protection Appliances is designed as a practical manual for students and teachers specializing in plant protection. The theme of this book is to acquaint with latest knowledge in rational use of pesticides in plant disease and pest management. Forty four chapters covering various aspects of Pesticides and Plant Protection Appliances such as their definition ,advantage and disadvantage, classification, registration procedures, laboratory and field evaluation methodology, problems with pesticide resistance and its management, residues and environmental pollution, spraying technology, need based pesticide use reduced risk pesticide etc. have been included in this manual The book will be useful to researchers, teachers, extension specialists and students of plant protection and can also be useful to crop pathologists, plant protectionists and personnel of agricultural and horticultural departments.
Pesticides: Methods of Their Residues Estimation
Authors: Kumari Beena , Kathpal T.S.
Published: May 2023

This book provides the traditional as well as modern analytical techniques used for sample preparation of different matrices for extraction, clean-up, detection and estimation of pesticide residues in soil, water and food commodities. It touches some aspects of most extraction cum clean-up techniques known as Quenchers methods. Brief history of pesticide development, modern pesticides and metabolic pathway of selected xenobiotics from different group of pesticides, imparts information on basic nature of pesticides. The book discusses latest analytical techniques like TLC, GLC, HPLC, HPTLC, super critical extraction and chromatography in simple but vivid manner. The sampling extraction, clean-up and solid phase extraction technique for residue analysis has been explained in the detail. Recently developed multi-residue methods have been outlined in a separate . Help from a number of standard reference books and research papers have given it a modern touch. Additionally a containing glossary of pesticide residue terms can be extremely helpful for a beginner in this fields. The book will provide students with sufficient background for the pesticides, their metabolism and above all various techniques for the estimation of residues of the toxic xenobiotics in all components of the environment. In short the book offers an excellent readable material for a knowledge seeker, may be a student or a research worker. It is that the book will prove highly valuable to all those who are engaged in the area of pesticides."
Physio-Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Rana M.K.
Published: May 2023

This book is aimed at providing systematic information on nutritional importance of vegetables in human nutrition, physiology, post-harvest technology, biochemistry and biotechnology of vegetables at a single source. The book contains very concise and precise information on physio-biochemical and biotechnological aspects of vegetable crops and also covers areas like resistance against diseases and herbicides and tolerance against drought and salinity and the physical aspects of quality, i.e., shape, size, texture, colour, tenderness, etc. It also contains the information on best possible solutions of problems faced by the students, scientists, growers and tradeThe information given in this book is truly based on scientific records of scientists working on vegetables in various institutes. The book on physio-biochemical and biotechnological aspects of vegetable crops compiled for the students of postgraduate and postdoctoral programs is one such attempt to make them learn and understand the subject more precisely and motivate them o improve their knowledge in the field of physio-biochemistry and biotechnology of vegetables crops to meet the future needs. In addition, this book may be user-friendly to others who have the concern to expand their knowledge in the field of physio-biochemistry and biotechnology of vegetable crops and wish to fetch more remuneration from vegetable crops."
Phytochemical Techniques
Authors: Raaman N.
Published: May 2023

Phytochemicals are the individual chemicals from which the plants are made and plants are the key sources of raw material for both pharmaceutical and aromatic industries. the improved methods for higher yield of active compounds will be the major incentive in these industries. To help those who are involved in the isolation of compounds from plants, some of the essential phytochemical techniques are included in this book. The theoretical principles of various instruments, handling of samples and interpretation of spectra are given in detail. Adequate chemical formulas are included to support and explain various structures of compounds and techniques. The book will prove useful to students, researchers, professionals in the field of Plant Physiology and Pathology, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Horticulture.
SISTEM DEGAZACIJE KAO PREVENTIVNA ZAŠTITA PRI RADU U IZBOJNOJ RADNOJ SREDINI U RUDNICIMA UGLJA
Authors: Ivković Mirko
Published: April 2023

Degazacija (kaptiranje) metana je savremeni način eliminisanja opasnosti od metana i predstavlja kako sigurnosni tako i proizvodni faktor, s obzirom da obezbeđuju nesmetano izvođenje radova eksploatacije upodzemnim rudnicima sa većim izdvajanjem metana . U praksi, tehnologija degazacije zahteva stručno poznavnje rudarskih disciplina kao što su: principi i metode izvođenja rudarskih radova, rudnička aerologija, hidrogeologija, geomehanika ugljenog sloja i pratećih stena i tehnologija bušenja. Ovaj sistem je efikasan kako u uslovima pojačanih izdvajanja metana, tako i kod rada u uslovima izbojne radne sredine. U radu se obrađuju osnovni principi degazacije metana u rudnicima, pri čemu je kao objekat istraživanja korišćeno ležište Rudnika „Soko“ – Soko Banja.
PRILOG METODOLOGIJI REVITALIZACIJE BUNARA U VODONOSNIKU POD PRITISKOM NA PRIMJERU BUNARA „CC WELL“ COCA-COLA – SARAJEVO
Authors: Skopljak Ferid , Bašagić Mirza , Filipović Boris , Svetina Božo
Published: April 2023

U radu je prikazana metodologija revitalizacije bunara izvedenog u krečnjačkom vodonosniku pod visokim pritiskom na primjeru bunara “CC Well” u izvorištu "Olimpija" Coca-Cola Beverages -Sarajevo. Cilj revitalizacije bio je pretvoriti istražno-eksploatacioni bunar u trajni eksploatacioni vodozahvat koji će omogućiti dugotrajnu eksploataciju ovog objekta, uz zadržavanje postojećeg kapaciteta i kvaliteta zahvaćenih podzemnih voda sa eliminacijom svih eventualnih negativnih uticaja na režim i kvalitet podzemnih voda u pribunarskoj zoni. Poseban inovativni doprinos i prilog metodologiji revitalizacije bunara u specifičnim geološko-tehničkim uslovima, autori ovog rada su dali prilikom projektovanja “pakera” koji je omogućio izoliranje vodonosnika pod visokim pritiskom od dijela konstrukcije bunara u kojem je izvršena cementacija, te tehnologije izvođenja cementacije. Ovaj rad je prilog metodologiji revitalizacije bunara izvedenih u krečnjačkom vodonosniku pod visokim pritiskom i može poslužiti kao primjer izvođenju ovakve vrste hidrogeoloških radova.
STRATEGY OPTIMIZATION FOR RESPONDING TO PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND RESIDUAL RISKS CONSIDERING COST AND TIME DIMENSIONS IN PETROCHEMICAL PROJECTS
Authors: Tabatabay Asl Maryam , Tabababay Asl Saeedeh
Published: April 2023

Risk management throughout the project life cycle, from the initial phase beginning to the final phase, ended continuously and dynamically, is one of the basic requirements for the success of any project oriented organization. To effectively identify and manage risks at all stages of the project, careful selection must be made at all levels of the organization. In some cases, implementing the response may eliminate the risk but reciprocally create additional risks for the project. Most of the available risk selection methods mainly focus on eliminating the primary risks without understanding the secondary and residual risks that may arise during the project implementation. The occurrence of secondary risk can be a direct result of performing an activity that responds to a primary risk. This study proposes an optimization model to select risk response measures for primary and secondary risks. The difference between our proposed method and Zhao method (2018) will be that the proposed one does not lead to selecting a predetermined strategy. This method examines the two dimensions of time and costs in response to primary and secondary risks. In addition, the genetic metaheuristic algorithm has been used to solve the problem in the dimensions mentioned above.
Hendiduras. Una experiencia colectiva de una troupe de mujeres en Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Losada Camila
Published: April 2023

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, de uma perspectiva antropológica e feminista, a performance circense Hendiduras, realizada em 2022 na Universidade Nacional de San Martín em Buenos Aires, Argentina, como tese de licenciatura em Artes Cênicas focada no Circo por Victoria, Marecos e sua trupe feminina de acro-duo. Propus a expoloração das dimensões da cinestesia, corporalidade, afetos e performance como produtoras de saberes corporificados e de gênero que torcem códigos heterossexuais em dois aspectos inter-relacionados: na técnica hegemônica acro-duo circense que atribui ao homem cisgênero o papel de "forte" ou "portador" e a mulher de "volante"; e no espaço cênico do circo, fazendo surgir formas coletivas e inovadoras e dissonantes de dramatizar a feminilidade no circo. Por fim, vinculei a peça cênica com o contexto mais amplo de efervescência do movimento feminista do qual faz parte.
A arquitetura teatral para as linguagens cênicas contemporâneas
Authors: Xavier Janaina Silva , Bauermann Jussara Schultz
Published: April 2023

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre a arquitetura para espaços teatrais contemporâneos. Têm-se os seguintes objetivos: caracterizar e discutir as práticas contemporâneas das artes cênicas, identificando suas necessidades espaciais; e apresentar orientações para a construção de teatros contemporâneos. A metodologia empregada foi a discussão bibliográfica, o exame de exemplos arquitetônicos e o estudo do contexto teatral. Como conclusões percebeu-se que as cidades têm demandas de novos teatros, que esse espaços devem ser ambientes flexíveis que favoreçam uma relação mais próxima e interativa entre o público e os atores, privilegiando as modernas tecnologias de cenografia, sonorização, projeção e iluminação.
Afdækning og kompetence- og uddannelsesudvikling af professionsunderviseres generiske digitale kompetencer
Authors: Pedersen Peder Møgelvang , Bertelsen Jesper Vedel
Published: April 2023

Denne artikels formål er at undersøge, hvilke potentialer og udfordringer resultaterne fra en systematisk afdækning af underviseres generiske digitale kompetencer giver. Artiklens baggrund er UCL’s 4-årige projekt “Afdækningen af underviseres generiske digitale kompetencer” (2018-2022), hvor generiske digitale kompetencer hos professionsundervisere er kortlagt systematisk med henblik på datainformeret, målrettet og dialogbaseret kompetenceudvikling.
Først og fremmest konkluderes det teoretisk, at underviseres generiske digitale kompetencer er en processuel udvikling, som anerkender digitale teknologiers og den digitale undervisnings påvirkning af og påvirkning fra den studerendes læringskontekst. Dernæst argumenteres der for, at spørgerammen for underviseres generiske digitale kompetencer indeholder 5 domæner: kompetenceområde, temaer, læringsdomæner, spørgsmål og vejledende forklaring, der samlet giver en forståelse af digitale kompetencer som viden, færdigheder og kritisk forståelse.  Slutteligt konkluderes det, at projektet skaber et fælles sprog og en systematisk tilgang til at planlægge og gennemføre målrettede kompetenceforløb, så uddannelser, ledere og undervisere kan modnes strategisk og digitalt.
Could an event of extreme drought (2019-2020) affect the feeding ecology of Bubo magellanicus (Gmelin 1788) (Strigiformes: Strigidae) in a Mediterranean region of Chile?
Authors: Catchpole Ahumada Sam , Carrera Suárez Luis , Rivera Reinaldo
Published: May 2023

Global warming generates changes in environmental conditions, affecting the spatial-temporal dynamics of precipitation and temperature. Droughts, events of low rainfall, are becoming more frequent and severe. In central Chile, from 2010 to date, an unprecedented drought event has developed, affecting the ecosystem and creating pressure on the dynamics of food webs. The present study analysed the trophic ecology of Bubo magellanicus, a top predator in the Mediterranean region of Chile, between 2019 and 2020 a period with a rainfall deficit of 72.6%. Our results established a diet mainly described by invertebrates (97.75%), in particular by the Gramnostola rosea spider (87.86%), and a low contribution of small vertebrates (2.24%). The trophic niche breadth (B = 0.37) and the standardised Levin’s index (BSTA = 0.01) are the lowest recorded in the species B. magellanicus. A comparative analysis of trophic ecology with other studies developed in the same region established significant differences in the composition of the diet (frequency of occurrence of prey unit). This work provides evidence that droughts and other extreme environmental scenarios restructure the food webs of an ecosystem, with direct consequences on the trophic niche of the species, specifically top predators.
The Challenges and Prospects of E-learning in Higher Education in Bangladesh- A Review
Authors: Alam Md. Jahangir , Pervez A. K. M. Kanak , Kabir Md. Shahriar , Amin Md. Ruhul , Bhuiya Rejvi Ahmed
Published: April 2023

Aims: The main objectives of the research were to identify the significant challenges that Bangladesh's higher education sector needs to improve before implementing e-learning, assess the possibilities for implementation of e-learning in Bangladesh, and the benefits e-learning might offer Bangladesh and how it might help the country's advancement.

The Challenges of E-Learning in Bangladesh: E-learning is a potential replacement for conventional classroom instruction, but there are several obstacles to its adoption, such as a lack of technology and infrastructure, a digital gap, a lack of trained teachers and educators, and a lack of high-quality E-learning resources. These issues have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of internet connectivity and digital gadgets among some pupils, making it difficult for them to participate in e-learning programs. In addition, the shortage of qualified instructors and resources is also a significant issue.

The Prospect of E-Learning in Bangladesh: E-Learning has the potential to close the digital gap, expand educational opportunities, and raise academic standards in Bangladesh. It can provide pupils with high-quality instruction and bridge the gap between rural and remote regions. E-learning can also broaden pupil access to education and equip them with the competencies they need to thrive in the real world. Additionally, it can offer pupils attractive, collaborative learning opportunities and allow instructors to track student development and spot areas where students might need extra help. E-learning can revolutionize Bangladesh's educational system by providing students with high-quality instruction, flexible learning, personalized instruction, global learning, and women's empowerment.

Conclusion: The future of e-learning in Bangladesh looks promising, with the potential to close the digital divide, expand educational opportunities, raise academic standards, advance technology, encourage inclusivity, offer flexible and personalized learning, give access to resources for global education, and empower women. To ensure this, the government should create and carry out programs and policies that support ease and equality, facilitate diversity and accessibility, and keep track of and assess electronic-learning projects.
Assessment of Multiple Tolerance Indices to Identify Rice Lines Suitable for the Aerobic System of Cultivation
Authors: Padmashree R. , Honappa  , Reddy Vishal , Magar Nakul D. , Barbadikar Kalyani M. , Balakrishnan Divya , Gireesh C. , Siddaiah Anantha M. , Badri Jyothi , Lokesha R. , Ramesha Y. M. , Senguttuvel P. , Diwan J. R. , Madhav Maganti Sheshu , Rani Ch. Suvarna , Sundaram R. M.
Published: May 2023

Climate resilience is the most concentrated subject in the current scenario for rice improvement. The aerobic system of rice cultivation involving direct seeding with need-based irrigation in non-puddled soil is gaining ground with respect to a current scenario of water scarcity. The selection of lines suitable and stable under aerobic along with irrigated conditions without any yield penalty is one of the focus areas of the breeding programme for resource use efficiency. In the present study, we have screened a panel of 118 rice lines under aerobic i.e. limited water conditions and irrigated conditions at ARS Dhadesugur Karnataka to identify ideal selection indices viz. STI, TOL, SSI, YSI, YR, YI, PYR, MP and GMP for selecting the best high-yielding and stable lines under both rice cultivation methods. The deployment of selection indices here only pertains to finding the differences in yield per plant under aerobic and irrigated conditions. According to the results of multivariate analysis (correlation and PCA), STI, YI, MP and GMP exhibited a strong correlation with YP and YS. Therefore, they appear to be the most effective stress indices for the selection of lines with good yield potential under water-limited and irrigated conditions. These indices serve as valuable selection criteria for the identification of aerobic-tolerant cultivars from both water-limited and normal conditions. These indices identified lines, DB 5 (Swarna × Oryza nivara (IRGC 81848)) and NPK-40 (Swarna × Oryza nivara (IRGC81832)) wild introgression lines. GNV-14-96-1 (BPT-5204 × Nerica line) Advanced breeding line. JBB 631-1 ((Swarna*2/ IRGC 4105) (RP 5405-JBB-631-1-1-1-1-1-1)) Tropical japonica × indica introgression line. KR-209 (Wazuhophek × ISM) and KR-262 (Wazuhophek × ISM) recombinant introgression lines. TI-36 and TI-124 Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutants of BPT-5204. WB-10 (Langphou) and WB-16 (Phouoibi) North-Eastern Landraces were promising for both environments. These lines are suitable because of low grain yield loss under aerobic conditions and can be further considered for cultivation.
Effect of Spacing and Nitrogen Management on Yield and Economics of Summer Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Madhavi Vaka , Singh Rajesh , Indu Thakur , Pradhan Akankhya , Suneeth Dondapati
Published: May 2023

A field experiment was carried out in Zaid 2022 at the Department of Agronomy's Agricultural Research Farm in Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). There are three planting geometries used in the experiment 30 cm x 10 cm, 40 cm x 10 cm, and 50 cm x 10 cm. There are three nitrogen management treatments used in the experiment 50% of the Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) through inorganic fertilizer, 50% of the RDN th rough inorganic fertilizer in combination with 50% of Nitrogen provided through Farm yard manure with Azotobacter seed inoculation, and 50% of the RDN through inorganic fertilizer. Ten treatments were duplicated three times in the randomized block design of the experiment. Findings showed that with 30x10cm spacing ,50% RDN + 50% N through Farm yard manure + biofertilizer (Azotobacter) highest grain yield (552.38 kg/ha), net return (30221.00 INR/ha), gross return (71809.00 INR/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (1.73).
Effective Administration of Plant Growth Regulators in Horticultural Crops: A Review
Authors: Gupta Sheetanshu , Maurya Deepak , Kashyap Shakuli
Published: May 2023

Natural and synthetic plant growth regulators have been used with increasing frequency to modify crop plants by changing the rate or pattern, or both, of their responses to the internal and external factors that govern development from germination. The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in modern horticulture is well established, particularly in horticulture in industrially advanced countries, and their application is fast picking up in developing nations as well. The research review indicated that the use of plant growth regulators, regulation of plant metabolism, control of flowering, effects on fruit set and development, control of abscission, Breaking of Seed dormancy and seed germination, enhancing and regulation of flowering, controlling flower drop, fruit thinning, fruit setting, parthenocarpy, post-harvest management and extending the shelf life of horticultural crops.
Evaluation of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Before and After Surgical Correction of Cicatricial Entropion of the Upper Eye Lid
Authors: Elbary Doaa Fetouh Abd , Shabana Reham Refaat , Shalaby Osama El-said , El-Desouky Mohamed Ashraf
Published: May 2023

Background: The malfunctioning of the meibomian glands (MGD) is one of the most important causes of dry eye. MGD refers to a set of disorders characterised by functional abnormalities of the Meibomian gland. This study's objective was to assess meibomian gland dysfunction before and after surgical correction of cicatricial entropion of the upper eyelid using two distinct techniques: Tarsal fracture technique and anterior lamellar reposition with grey line split technique.

Methods: This randomized study included thirty consecutive eyes who were randomly divided into two equal groups according to the surgical technique: group (A) that included cases who underwent tarsal fracture technique and group (B) that included cases who underwent anterior lamellar reposition with gray line split technique. Patients were subjected to complete history taking, Ophthalmic examination, Assessment of the visual acuity (VA), Slit lamp bio-microscopy, Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), Posterior segment examination, Assessment of        dry eye.

Results: The preoperative TBUT was insignificant between group A and group B (p=0.689). The preoperative meibography was insignificant between the group A and group B (p=0.992). The mean postoperative TBUT after 1month in group A was 8 ± 2.38 seconds while in group B was 8.50 ± 2.72 seconds with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.596). The mean postoperative meibography (meibomain gland dropout percentage) after 1month in group A was 51.27 ± 15.69 while in group B was 49.85 ± 19.19 with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.825).

Conclusions: Meibomain gland dropout by meibography and TBUT increased postoperatively in both group A and group B but more in group A with no statistically significant difference due to small number of cases. Cicatrcial entropion of upper eye lid can be corrected effectively by two different types of surgery: tarsal fracture technique and anterior lameller reposition. Infrared meibography is a good indicator of diagnosis of MGD.
Evaluation of Birth by Cesarean Delivery and Development of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Cao Yin , Nguyen Long H. , Tica Stefani , Otegbeye Ebunoluwa , Zong Xiaoyu , Roelstraete Bjorn , Chan Andrew T. , Warner Barbara B. , Stephansson Olof , Ludvigsson Jonas F.
Published: April 2023

Importance

The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), diagnosed younger than 50 years of age, has increased worldwide. Gut dysbiosis throughout the life course is hypothesized as a leading mechanism, yet epidemiologic data are limited.

Objective

To prospectively examine the association between birth by cesarean delivery and early-onset CRC among offspring.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this population-based, nationwide case-control study in Sweden, adults diagnosed with CRC between 18 and 49 years of age from 1991 to 2017 were identified through the Epidemiology Strengthened by Histopathology Reports in Sweden (ESPRESSO) cohort. Up to 5 general population control individuals without CRC were matched with each case on age, sex, calendar year, and county of residence. Pathology-confirmed end points were linked with the Swedish Medical Birth Register and other national registers. Analyses were conducted from March 2022 through March 2023.

Exposure

Birth by cesarean delivery.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was development of early-onset CRC in the overall population and by sex.

Results

We identified 564 case patients with incident early-onset CRC (mean [SD] age, 32.9 [6.2] years; 284 [50.4%] male) and 2180 matched controls (mean [SD] age, 32.7 [6.3] years; 1104 [50.6%] male). Compared with vaginal delivery, birth by cesarean delivery was not associated with early-onset CRC in the overall population (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.28; 95% CI, 0.91-1.79) after multivariable adjustment for matching and maternal and pregnancy-related factors. A positive association was found for females (aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.01-2.60), but there was no association for males (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.64-1.72).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this nationwide, population-based case-control study, birth by cesarean delivery was not associated with early-onset CRC compared with birth by vaginal delivery in the overall population in Sweden. However, females born by cesarean delivery had greater odds of early-onset CRC compared with individuals born through vaginal delivery. This finding suggests that early-life gut dysbiosis may contribute to early-onset CRC in females.
Longitudinal Analysis of Change in Mammographic Density in Each Breast and Its Association With Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Jiang Shu , Bennett Debbie L. , Rosner Bernard A. , Colditz Graham A.
Published: April 2023

Importance

Although breast density is an established risk factor for breast cancer, longitudinal changes in breast density have not been extensively studied to determine whether this factor is associated with breast cancer risk.

Objective

To prospectively evaluate the association between change in mammographic density in each breast over time and risk of subsequent breast cancer.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This nested case-control cohort study was sampled from the Joanne Knight Breast Health Cohort of 10 481 women free from cancer at entry and observed from November 3, 2008, to October 31, 2020, with routine screening mammograms every 1 to 2 years, providing a measure of breast density. Breast cancer screening was provided for a diverse population of women in the St Louis region. A total of 289 case patients with pathology-confirmed breast cancer were identified, and approximately 2 control participants were sampled for each case according to age at entry and year of enrollment, yielding 658 controls with a total number of 8710 craniocaudal-view mammograms for analysis.

Exposures

Exposures included screening mammograms with volumetric percentage of density, change in volumetric breast density over time, and breast biopsy pathology-confirmed cancer. Breast cancer risk factors were collected via questionnaire at enrollment.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Longitudinal changes over time in each woman’s volumetric breast density by case and control status.

Results

The mean (SD) age of the 947 participants was 56.67 (8.71) years at entry; 141 were Black (14.9%), 763 were White (80.6%), 20 were of other race or ethnicity (2.1%), and 23 did not report this information (2.4%). The mean (SD) interval was 2.0 (1.5) years from last mammogram to date of subsequent breast cancer diagnosis (10th percentile, 1.0 year; 90th percentile, 3.9 years). Breast density decreased over time in both cases and controls. However, there was a significantly slower decrease in rate of decline in density in the breast that developed breast cancer compared with the decline in controls (estimate = 0.027; 95% CI, 0.001-0.053; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found that the rate of change in breast density was associated with the risk of subsequent breast cancer. Incorporation of longitudinal changes into existing models could optimize risk stratification and guide more personalized risk management.
Biometric Risk Factors for Angle Closure Progression After Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
Authors: Bao Yicheng K. , Xu Benjamin Y. , Friedman David S. , Cho Austin , Foster Paul J. , Jiang Yu , Porporato Natalia , Pardeshi Anmol A. , Jiang Yuzhen , Munoz Beatriz , Aung Tin , He Mingguang
Published: April 2023

Importance

Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) is the most common primary treatment for primary angle closure disease (PACD). However, there are sparse data guiding the longitudinal care of PAC suspect (PACS) eyes after LPI.

Objective

To elucidate the anatomic effects of LPI that are associated with a protective outcome against progression from PACS to PAC and acute angle closure (AAC) and to identify biometric factors that predict progression after LPI.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective analysis of data from the Zhongshan Angle Closure Prevention (ZAP) trial, a study of mainland Chinese people aged 50 to 70 years with bilateral PACS who received LPI in 1 randomly selected eye. Gonioscopy and anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) imaging were performed 2 weeks after LPI. Progression was defined as the development of PAC or an acute angle closure (AAC) attack. Cohort A included a random mix of treated and untreated eyes, and cohort B included only eyes treated with LPI. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were developed to assess biometric risk factors for progression in cohorts A and B. Data were analyzed from January 4 to December 22, 2022.

Main Outcome and Measure

Six-year progression to PAC or AAC.

Results

Cohort A included 878 eyes from 878 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.9 [5.0] years; 726 female [82.7%]) of whom 44 experienced progressive disease. In a multivariable analysis, treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.34-1.33; P = .25) was no longer associated with progression after adjusting for age and trabecular iris space area at 500 μm (TISA at 500 μm) at the 2-week visit. Cohort B included 869 treated eyes from 869 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.9 [5.0] years; 717 female [82.5%]) of whom 19 experienced progressive disease. In multivariable analysis, TISA at 500 μm (HR, 1.33 per 0.01 mm2 smaller; 95% CI, 1.12-1.56; P = .001) and cumulative gonioscopy score (HR, 1.25 per grade smaller; 95% CI, 1.03-1.52; P = .02) at the 2-week visit were associated with progression. Persistent angle narrowing on AS-OCT (TISA at 500 μm ≤0.05 mm2; HR, 9.41; 95% CI, 3.39-26.08; P <.001) or gonioscopy (cumulative score ≤6; HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.13-6.93; P =.04) conferred higher risk of progression.

Conclusions and Relevance

Study results suggest that persistent angle narrowing detected by AS-OCT or cumulative gonioscopy score was predictive of disease progression in PACS eyes after LPI. These findings suggest that AS-OCT and gonioscopy may be performed to identify patients at high risk of developing angle closure who may benefit from closer monitoring despite patent LPI.
Abnormal Eye Movements in a Young Girl
Authors: Sechrist Samantha J. , Glastonbury Christine M. , de Alba Campomanes Alejandra G.
Published: April 2023

A 5-year-old girl was referred for nystagmus with a history of esophageal atresia, small bowel obstruction, mild cognitive impairment, low tone, and increased reflexes. Alternating vertical and torsional nystagmus was noted. What would you do next?
Association Between Myopia and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma by Race and Ethnicity in Older Adults in the California Medicare Population
Authors: Yao Melissa , Kitayama Ken , Yu Fei , Tseng Victoria L. , Coleman Anne L.
Published: April 2023

Importance

Racial and ethnic differences in the association between myopia and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are not well understood.

Objective

To investigate the association between myopia and POAG in the 2019 California Medicare population and to investigate whether there was evidence of effect measure modification of this association by race and ethnicity.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used administrative claims data from 2019 California Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older with California residence and active coverage with Medicare parts A and B. Analysis took place between October 2021 and October 2023.

Exposures

The primary exposure was myopia, which was defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codes.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The outcome of interest was POAG, which was defined by ICD-10-CM code.

Results

Of 2 717 346 California Medicare beneficiaries in 2019, 1 440 769 (53.0%) were aged 65 to 74 years, 1 544 479 (56.8%) identified as female, 60 211 (2.2%) had myopia, and 171 988 (6.3%) had POAG. Overall, 346 723 individuals (12.8%) identified as Asian, 117 856 (4.3%) as Black, 430 597 (15.8%) as Hispanic, 1 705 807 (62.8%) as White, and 115 363 (4.2%) as other race and ethnicity. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, beneficiaries with myopia had higher odds of POAG compared with beneficiaries without myopia (odds ratio [OR], 2.41; 95% CI, 2.35-2.47). In multivariable models stratified by race and ethnicity, the association between myopia and POAG was stronger in Asian (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.57-2.92), Black (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.31-2.94), and Hispanic (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 3.08-3.48) beneficiaries compared with non-Hispanic White beneficiaries (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 2.08-2.21).

Conclusions and Relevance

In the 2019 California Medicare population, myopia was associated with greater adjusted odds of POAG. This association was stronger among Asian, Black, and Hispanic beneficiaries compared with non-Hispanic White beneficiaries. These findings suggest possible disparities in glaucoma risk by race and ethnicity in individuals with myopia and may indicate greater need for glaucoma screening in individuals with myopia from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds.
The ABC of Generalized Coordination Numbers and Their Use as a Descriptor in Electrocatalysis
Authors: Calle‐Vallejo Federico
Published: April 2023

The quest for enhanced electrocatalysts can be boosted by descriptor‐based analyses. Because adsorption energies are the most common descriptors, electrocatalyst design is largely based on brute‐force routines that comb materials databases until an energetic criterion is verified. In this review, it is shown that an alternative is provided by generalized coordination numbers (denoted by or GCN), an inexpensive geometric descriptor for strained and unstrained transition metals and some alloys. captures trends in adsorption energies on both extended surfaces and nanoparticles and is used to elaborate structure‐sensitive electrocatalytic activity plots and selectivity maps. Importantly, outlines the geometric configuration of the active sites, thereby enabling an atom‐by‐atom design, which is not possible using energetic descriptors. Specific examples for various adsorbates (e.g., *OH, *OOH, *CO, and *H), metals (e.g., Pt and Cu), and electrocatalytic reactions (e.g., O2 reduction, H2 evolution, CO oxidation, and reduction) are presented, and comparisons are made against other descriptors.
Molecular stacking controlling coherent and incoherent singlet fission in polymorph rubrene single crystals
Authors: Liu Yanping , Yang Xuexiao , Ye Lei , Ma Haibo , Zhu Haiming
Published: April 2023

Singlet fission (SF) is an appealing process where one photoexcited singlet transforms to two triplets, which can overcome thermalization energy loss and improve solar cell efficiency. However, it remains unclear how intermolecular coupling, which is subject to molecular stacking, controls SF pathways and dynamics. Here, we prepared polymorph rubrene single crystals with different stacking geometries, including orthorhombic (Orth.), triclinic (Tri.), and monoclinic (Mono.) phases. By micro‐area ultrafast spectroscopy, we find that Orth. and Tri. phases with closer π‐π stacking exhibit co‐existing coherent and incoherent SF channels while loosely stacked Mono. phase shows only incoherent SF. Furthermore, incoherent SF is thermally activated in Orth. but barrierless in Mono. and Tri. phases. Quantum mechanical calculation reveals that different electronic coupling strength in different phases leads to different SF dynamics. This study demonstrates that molecular stacking governs SF dynamics through electronic coupling, providing guidance for designing efficient SF materials via crystal structural engineering.
Don't forget primary progressive aphasia for anti‐amyloid drugs: An estimation of eligible patients from the Lausanne Memory Center registry
Authors: Hausmann Alessa , Chiabotti Paolo Salvioni , Nasuti Mirco , Rouaud Olivier , Allali Gilles
Published: April 2023

The study recently published on the clinical effect of lecanemab in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) only includes patients with amnestic presentation. However, a significant portion of AD patients presents a non‐amnestic phenotype of AD, such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and could benefit of rather than on lecanemab. Therefore, we conducted a 10‐year retrospective study at the Leenaards Memory Center in Lausanne (Switzerland) to identify how many PPA patients would be eligible for lecanemab. Among 54 patients with PPA, we identified 11 (20%) eligible patients. Furthermore, almost half of the 18 patients with logopenic variant would be eligible for lecanemab treatment.
Overcoming the Ambient Manufacturability‐Performance Bottleneck in Perovskite Nanocrystal Emitters for Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yin Wenxu , Li Mengkai , Dong Wei , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zheng Weitao
Published: April 2023

Colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have risen rapidly in luminescence efficiency and color purity. However, their high performance requires careful and complex pre‐treatment of precursors and precise regulation of the reaction atmosphere; otherwise, their emission will be weak and broad. To overcome these limitations, we develop a facile ligand exchange method using a new type of bidentate ligand, which is obtained by reacting cheap sulfur with tributylphosphine (S‐TBP). During ligand exchange, the double bond between P and S atoms breaks and a single bond is formed between them, after which S‐TBP switches into a bidentate ligand and binds to a perovskite NC at two points. With short‐chain S‐TBP ligands that have high spatial position resistance, both NC spacing and surface ligand density can be reduced, thereby improving carrier injection and transport. On the NC surface after ligand exchange, halogen vacancies were substantially filled, leading to a PbSP (Pb, S, and P elements) component‐dominated shell that greatly decreases trap density and enhances material stability. The resulting perovskite NCs are stable and bright with a photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈96 %, and an external quantum efficiency of 22 %. Note that our ligand‐exchange strategy remains effective even when scaling up, which should accelerate commercialization.
Dual Recycling of Depolymerization Catalyst and Biodegradable Polyester that Markedly Outperforms Polyolefins
Authors: Li Xin‐Lei , Clarke Ryan W. , An Hai‐Yan , Gowda Ravikumar R. , Jiang Jing‐Yang , Xu Tie‐Qi , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: April 2023

Chemically recyclable, circular polymers continue to attract increasing attention, but rendering both catalysts for depolymerization and high‐performance polymers recyclable is a more sustainable yet challenging goal. Here we introduce a dual catalyst/polymer recycling system in that recyclable inorganic phosphomolybdic acid catalyzes selective depolymerization of high‐ceiling‐temperature biodegradable poly(δ‐valerolactone) in bulk phase, which, upon reaching suitable molecular weight, exhibits outstanding mechanical performance with a high tensile strength of ≈66.6 MPa, fracture strain of ≈904 %, and toughness of ≈308 MJ m−3, and thus markedly outperforms commodity polyolefins, recovering its monomer in pure state and quantitative yield at only 100 °C. In sharp contrast, the uncatalyzed depolymerization not only requires a high temperature of >310 °C but is also low yielding and non‐selective. Importantly, the recovered monomer can be repolymerized as is to reproduce the same polymer, thereby closing the circular loop, and the recycled catalyst can be reused repeatedly for depolymerization runs without loss of its catalytic activity and efficiency.
Phosphorothioated DNA Engineered Liposomes as a General Platform for Stimuli‐Responsive Cell‐Specific Intracellular Delivery and Genome Editing
Authors: Yan An , Chen Xiaoqing , He Jie , Ge Yifan , Liu Qing , Men Dong , Xu Ke , Li Di
Published: April 2023

Intracellular protein delivery is highly desirable for protein drug‐based cell therapy. Established technologies suffer from poor cell‐specific cytosolic protein delivery, which hampers the targeting therapy of specific cell populations. A fusogenic liposome system enables cytosolic delivery, but its ability of cell‐specific and controllable delivery is quite limited. Inspired by the kinetics of viral fusion, we designed a phosphorothioated DNA coatings‐modified fusogenic liposome to mimic the function of viral hemagglutinin. The macromolecular fusion machine docks cargo‐loaded liposomes at the membrane of target cells, triggers membrane fusion upon pH or UV light stimuli, and facilitates cytosolic protein delivery. Our results showed efficient cell‐targeted delivery of proteins of various sizes and charges, indicating the phosphorothioated DNA plug‐in unit on liposomes could be a general strategy for spatial‐temporally controllable protein delivery both in vitro and in vivo.
Tuning Pore Polarization to Boost Ethane/Ethylene Separation Performance in Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhou Yunzhe , Chen Cheng , Krishna Rajamani , Ji Zhenyu , Yuan Daqiang , Wu Mingyan
Published: April 2023

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) show great potential in energy‐saving C2H6/C2H4 separation, but there are few examples of one‐step acquisition of C2H4 from C2H6/C2H4 because it is still difficult to achieve the reverse‐order adsorption of C2H6 and C2H4. In this work, we boost the C2H6/C2H4 separation performance in two graphene‐sheet‐like HOFs by tuning pore polarization. Upon heating, an in situ solid phase transformation can be observed from HOF‐NBDA(DMA) (DMA=dimethylamine cation) to HOF‐NBDA, accompanied with transformation of the electronegative skeleton into neutral one. As a result, the pore surface of HOF‐NBDA has become nonpolar, which is beneficial to selectively adsorbing C2H6. The difference in the capacities for C2H6 and C2H4 is 23.4 cm3 g−1 for HOF‐NBDA, and the C2H6/C2H4 uptake ratio is 136 %, which are much higher than those for HOF‐NBDA(DMA) (5.0 cm3 g−1 and 108 % respectively). Practical breakthrough experiments demonstrate HOF‐NBDA could produce polymer‐grade C2H4 from C2H6/C2H4 (1/99, v/v) mixture with a high productivity of 29.2 L kg−1 at 298 K, which is about five times as high as HOF‐NBDA(DMA) (5.4 L kg−1). In addition, in situ breakthrough experiments and theoretical calculations indicate the pore surface of HOF‐NBDA is beneficial to preferentially capture C2H6 and thus boosts selective separation of C2H6/C2H4.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Hydrocyanation toward Ligand‐Controlled Stereodivergent Synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐Trisubstituted Acrylonitriles
Authors: Long Jinguo , Zhao Ruihua , Cheng Gui‐Juan , Fang Xianjie
Published: April 2023

We herein describe a palladium‐catalyzed hydrocyanation of propiolamides for the stereodivergent synthesis of trisubstituted acrylonitriles. This synthetic method tolerated various primary, secondary and tertiary propiolamides. The cautious selection of a suitable ligand is essential to the success of this stereodivergent process. Control experiments indicate the intermediacy of E‐acrylonitriles, which lead to Z‐acrylonitriles via isomerization. The density functional theory calculations suggests that the bidentate ligand L2 enables a feasible cyclometallation/isomerization pathway for the E to Z isomerization, while the monodentate ligand L1 inhibits the isomerization, leading to divergent stereoselectivity. The usefulness of this method can be demonstrated by the readily derivatization of products to give various E‐ and Z‐trisubstituted alkenes. In addition, the E‐ and Z‐acrylonitrile products have also been successfully employed in cycloaddition reactions.