bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A symptom-based approach in predicting ECT outcome in depressed patients employing MADRS single items
Authors: Carstens Luisa , Hartling Corinna , Stippl Anna , Domke Ann-Kathrin , Herrera-Mendelez Ana Lucia , Aust Sabine , Gärtner Matti , Bajbouj Malek , Grimm Simone
Published: July 2021

Establishing symptom-based predictors of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) outcome seems promising, however, findings concerning the predictive value of distinct depressive symptoms or subtypes are limited; previous factor-analytic approaches based on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) remained inconclusive, as proposed factors varied across samples. In this naturalistic study, we refrained from these previous factor-analytic approaches and examined the predictive value of MADRS single items and their change during the course of ECT concerning ECT outcome. We used logistic and linear regression models to analyze MADRS data routinely assessed at three time points in 96 depressed psychiatric inpatients over the course of ECT. Mean age was 53 years (SD 14.79), gender ratio was 58:38 (F:M), baseline MADRS score was M = 30.20 (SD 5.42). MADRS single items were strong predictors of ECT response, remission and overall symptom reduction, especially items 1 (apparent sadness), 2 (reported sadness) and 8 (inability to feel), assessing affective symptoms. Strongest effects were found for regression models including item 2 (reported sadness) with up to 80% correct prediction of ECT outcome. ROC analyses were performed to estimate the optimal cut-point for treatment response. MADRS single items during the course of ECT might pose simple, reliable, time- and cost-effective predictors of ECT outcome. More severe affective symptoms of depression at baseline and a stronger reduction of these affective symptoms during the course of ECT seem to be positively associated with ECT outcome. Precise cut-off values for clinical use were proposed. Generally, these findings underline the benefits of a symptom-based approach in depression research and treatment in addition to depression sum-scores and generalized diagnoses.
Global high-throughput genotyping of organellar genomes reveals insights into the origin and spread of invasive starry stonewort (Nitellopsis obtusa)
Authors: Sleith Robin S. , Karol Kenneth G.
Published: July 2021

Aquatic invasive species are damaging to native ecosystems. Preventing their spread and achieving comprehensive control measures requires an understanding of the genetic structure of an invasive population. Organellar genomes (plastid and mitochondrial) are useful for population level analyses of invasive plant distributions. In this study we generate complete organellar reference genomes using PacBio sequencing, then use these reference sequences for SNP calling of high-throughput, multiplexed, Illumina based organellar sequencing of fresh and historical samples from across the native and invasive range of Nitellopsis obtusa (Desv. in Loisel.) J.Groves, an invasive macroalgae. The data generated by the analytical pipeline we develop indicate introduction to North America from Western Europe. A single nucleotide transversion in the plastid genome separates a group of five samples from Michigan and Wisconsin that either resulted from introductions of two closely related genotypes or a mutation that has arisen in the invasive range. This transversion will serve as a useful tool to understand how Nitellopsis obtusa moves across the landscape. The methods and analyses described here are broadly applicable to invasive and native plant and algae species, and allow efficient genotyping of variable quality samples, including 100-year-old herbarium specimens, to determine population structure and geographic distributions.
Combining socio-economic and climate projections to assess heat risk
Authors: Landreau Armand , Juhola Sirkku , Jurgilevich Alexandra , Räsänen Aleksi
Published: July 2021

The assessments of future climate risks are common; however, usually, they focus on climate projections without considering social changes. We project heat risks for Finland to evaluate (1) what kind of differences there are in heat vulnerability projections with different scenarios and scales, and (2) how the use of socio-economic scenarios influences heat risk assessments. We project a vulnerability index with seven indicators downscaled to the postal code area scale for 2050. Three different scenario sets for vulnerability are tested: one with five global Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios; the second with three European SSPs (EUSSPs) with data at the sub-national scale (NUTS2); and the last with the EUSSPs but aggregated data at the national scale. We construct projections of heat risk utilizing climatic heat hazard data for three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and vulnerability and exposure data for five global SSPs up to 2100. In the vulnerability projections, each scenario in each dataset shows a decrease in vulnerability compared to current values, and the differences between the three scenario sets are small. There are evident differences both in the spatial patterns and in the temporal trends when comparing the risk projections with constant vulnerability to the projections with dynamic vulnerability. Heat hazard increases notably in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, but a decrease of vulnerability especially in SSP1 and SSP5 alleviates risks. We show that projections of vulnerability have a considerable impact on future heat-related risk and emphasize that future risk assessments should include the combination of long-term climatic and socio-economic projections.
Testing for Sex Differences in the Nomological Network of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Individuals
Authors: Sica Claudio , Perkins Emily R. , Joyner Keanan J. , Caudek Corrado , Bottesi Gioia , Caruso Maria , Giulini Paolo , Ghisi Marta , Patrick Christopher J.
Published: July 2021

The triarchic model of psychopathy conceptualizes variants of this clinical condition as expressions of three distinct biobehavioral dispositions, termed boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. As a trait-oriented model, the triarchic model situates psychopathy within a broader nomological network of personality and psychopathology, and has proven useful for characterizing how psychopathy relates to variables in these domains as well as to biological and behavioral variables. The current study was the first to examine sex differences in the external correlates of psychopathic traits as described by the triarchic model in a prison sample. Results were generally consistent with hypotheses: The triarchic traits related to measures of personality and psychopathology in patterns that were largely consistent across sex, but with some notable differences between males and females, in the correlates of disinhibition in particular. These included stronger associations for disinhibition with substance use problems, self-harm, and staff ratings of prison misbehavior among females compared to males. Findings from this study support the value of the triarchic model for understanding similarities and differences in the nomological network of psychopathy in incarcerated males and females.
Paving the path: drivers of standardization participation at ISO
Authors: Blind Knut , von Laer Maximilian
Published: July 2021

Several studies investigating the trade effects of standardization have found a positive impact of the number of international standards in a country on its trade volumes. While international standards have so far been considered as exogenous, we investigate what drives countries to take over leading roles, i.e. secretariats, in committees of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) using a panel dataset on the ISO participation of 12 countries. Looking at this phenomenon through the perspective of agenda setting in international institutions we expect ISO participation to be a desirable tool for shaping technological trajectories and substantiating global influence via international technology transfer. We find that, while for most countries no systematic pattern can be observed, both China and the US show a close correlation between R&D and standardization work at ISO. For China, we attribute this finding to having a strategic approach toward standardization participation, for the US to the distinct features of the decentralized US standardization system. Finally, we derive implications of findings for both research and practice.
GIS derived synthetic rating curves and HAND model to support on-the-fly flood mapping
Authors: Scriven Blair William Gerald , McGrath Heather , Stefanakis Emmanuel
Published: July 2021

A timely and cost-effective method of creating inundation maps could assist first responders in allocating resources and personnel in the event of a flood or in preparation of a future disaster. The Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) model could be implemented into an on-the-fly flood mapping application for a Canada-wide service. The HAND model requires water level (m) data inputs while many sources of hydrological data in Canada only provide discharge (m3/sec) data. Synthetic rating curves (SRCs), created using river geometry/characteristics and the Manning’s formula, could be utilized to provide an approximate water level given a discharge input. A challenge with creating SRCs includes representing how multiple different land covers will slow impact flow due to texture and bulky features (i.e., smooth asphalt versus rocky river channel); this relates to the roughness coefficient (n). In our study, two methods of representing multiple n values were experimented with (a weighted method and a minimum-median method) and were compared to using a fixed n method. A custom ArcGIS tool, Canadian Estimator of Ratings Curves using HAND and Discharge (CERC-HAND-D), was developed to create SRCs using all three methods. Control data were sourced from gauge stations across Canada in the form of rating curves. Results indicate that in areas with medium to medium–high river gradients (S > 0.002 m/m) or with river reaches under 5 km, the CERC-HAND-D tool creates more accurate SRCs (NRMSE = 3.7–8.8%, Percent Bias = −7.8%—9.4%), with the minimum-median method being the preferred n method.
Optimization of competitive supply chains with retailers’ horizontal cooperation and consumers’ green preference
Authors: Shang Wenfang , Teng Liangliang , Yang Jian-bo
Published: July 2021

With the wider recognition of the concept of environmental protection and sustainable development, more and more manufacturers have begun to implement green manufacturing strategies. However, green development is a gradual process, and the coexistence of ordinary and green products is common. This paper examines the competition between ordinary products and green ones based on supply chains, and discusses the impact of retailers’ horizontal cooperation on pricing, greenness, market demand, profit, and other related decisions and results. Model solutions and numerical experiments have shown that consumers’ green preference (CGP) has a positive impact on the results of green products and negative effects on those of ordinary ones; however, the impact of competition intensity (CI) is more complex, and the trend tends to change if it exceeds a certain critical value. In general, cooperation encourages retailers to raise prices and make manufacturers lower wholesale prices, but the retail and wholesale prices of green products are always higher than the corresponding prices of ordinary ones. Market demand can be reduced due to cooperation, but it is conducive to strengthening green products’ greenness. However, if CI exceeds a certain threshold, the greenness will be weakened by cooperation. Both retailers can benefit from cooperation easily and they always reach a win-win situation, but manufacturers suffer badly as a result. Nevertheless, when CI is weak, cooperation will bring a greater profit improvement to the whole chain of ordinary products; in this case, if a retailer is willing to compensate for a manufacturer’s profit loss and help it benefit from cooperation, the manufacturer will encourage the retailer to cooperate horizontally with the green retailer, but the green chain will be seriously damaged. When CI is strong, the greenness of green products is not obvious enough, and cooperation can bring some chances to achieve a win-win situation for two chains; if the green retailer can obtain a larger share from cooperation under this scenario, it can also enable its manufacturer to obtain compensation and change the profit increment from negative to positive. From an overall perspective, when CI is very weak or very strong, horizontal cooperation is conducive to improving the profit of the entire supply chain competition system, but when CI is relatively flat, independent operation for each chain is more advantageous; if the competition status is stable and unchanged, independent competition will be superior to horizontal cooperation.
Review on the extraction of calcium supplements from eggshells to combat waste generation and chronic calcium deficiency
Authors: Singh Akshita , Kelkar Nachiket , Natarajan Kannan , Selvaraj Subbalaxmi
Published: July 2021

When faced with a plethora of issues, the possibility of one problem becoming the solution of another is a rare, yet beneficial scenario. This report explores the prospect of viewing the accumulation of organic waste matter in India as a potential calcium reservoir to relieve the issue of calcium deficiency in the population. Waste generation has seen gradual growth, and it has created a problem of waste disposal. A large segment of the generated waste primarily consists of food waste which contains significant amounts of nutrients. Food waste such as eggshells, waste from shellfish, bones, and fish scales contain good amounts of bioavailable calcium, and large quantities of this discarded bioavailable calcium remain unused. Global studies show India to have significantly lower levels of calcium intake than the global average, thus increasing the risk of calcium deficiency-related diseases. Furthermore, research shows that for over the past half of the century, the intake of dietary calcium has declined drastically throughout India. This has led to chronic calcium deficiency-related diseases throughout most of the Indian population. Hence, development of calcium supplements from calcium-rich waste material has the potential to not only reduce the strain on waste management, but also to provide the calcium-deficient population with a cheaper alternative to traditional supplements. Owing to the abundance and ease of separation, eggshells have been chosen as the focus of the review. This review highlights and compares their extraction methods of providing cheap calcium supplements while reducing the amount of eggshell waste.
CRISPR-Cas9 and beyond: what’s next in plant genome engineering
Authors: Zess Erin , Begemann Matthew
Published: July 2021

Scientists have developed and deployed successive generations of genome engineering technologies for use in plants, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TAL effector nucleases, and CRISPR nucleases. Each of these tools has been hailed as potentially revolutionary, capable of providing more efficient and precise ways to modify plant genomes toward improving agronomic traits or making fundamental discoveries. The CRISPR nucleases, in particular, have accelerated the pace of innovation and expanded the boundaries of what is achievable within the plant research space. This review will take care to discuss current plant genome engineering technologies, covering both well-established and up-and-coming tools, as well as describe potential and real-world applications.
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Ready for Prime-Time in Clinical Practice?
Authors: Luchini Claudio , Lawlor Rita T. , Bersani Samantha , Vicentini Caterina , Paolino Gaetano , Mattiolo Paola , Pea Antonio , Cingarlini Sara , Milella Michele , Scarpa Aldo
Published: July 2021

Purpose of Review

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase-independent mechanism used by some types of malignancies, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, to overcome the issue of telomere shortening, thus supporting tumor growth and cell proliferation. This review is focused on the most important achievements and opportunities deriving from ALT assessment in PanNET onco-pathology, highlighting the most promising fields in which such biomarker could be implemented in clinical practice.

Recent Findings

In pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET), ALT is strongly correlated with the mutational status of two chromatin remodeling genes, DAXX and ATRX. Recent advances in tumor biology permitted to uncover important roles of ALT in the landscape of PanNET, potentially relevant for introducing this biomarker into clinical practice. Indeed, ALT emerged as a reliable indicator of worse prognosis for PanNET, helping in clinical stratification and identification of “high-risk” patients. Furthermore, it is a very specific marker supporting the pancreatic origin of neuroendocrine neoplasms and can be used for improving the diagnostic workflow of patients presenting with neuroendocrine metastasis from unknown primary. The activation of this process can be determined by specific FISH analysis.

ALT should be introduced in clinical practice for identifying “high-risk” PanNET patients and improving their clinical management, and as a marker of pancreatic origin among neuroendocrine tumors.
Adapting services for autism: Recommendations from a specialist multidisciplinary perspective using freelisting
Authors: Petty Stephanie , Bergenheim Milja-Leea , Mahoney Georgina , Chamberlain Lucy
Published: July 2021

The guidance available for tailoring mental health services for autistic people is limited and dispersed. Practitioners attempting to appropriately adapt mental healthcare and therapy provision report low confidence and inconsistency in their approach. This study contributes to the guidance by providing a shortlist of usable and priority adaptations for diagnostic and therapy services as described by multidisciplinary staff members responsible for the design and delivery of a specialist autism service in the UK. Individual freelisting interviews were conducted with 15 staff, who were asked to list the ways that they adapt their practice individually, within therapy, and collectively as a service. Salience and cultural consensus analyses demonstrated the following agreed priority service adaptations: ensuring the suitability of the service environment with consideration of sensory demands, adapting communication, knowing individual gender identity preferences and minimising client uncertainty. Detailed examples are given for flexibly adapting therapy to individual needs to inform general and specialist services. The findings require replication and evaluation.
Entrepreneurship education in Indonesian higher education: mapping literature from the Country’s perspective
Authors: Amalia Ria Tristya , von Korflesch Harald F. O.
Published: July 2021

Entrepreneurship education has become an important and fast-growing research area contributing to understanding and acknowledging global and national trends and developing future educational policies and actions. From the country’s perspective, the development of entrepreneurship education in Indonesia is relatively recent. This circumstance is reflected by the minimal amount of research in English language articles published in prominent journals, the uneven provision programs, and the lack of modern practices in teaching and learning entrepreneurship in higher education across the country. Due to those rationales, this study aims to serve as an initial proposition by mapping some current states concerning Indonesian entrepreneurship education programs’ provision, its common learning practices within the higher education context, and its relation to students’ entrepreneurial competencies, characteristics, and Indonesian entrepreneurs’ issues on entrepreneurship education. By using mapping literature methodology, this study has identified and analyzed 31 articles concerning Indonesian entrepreneurship in higher education, searched through electronic database and international and national universities publications for the last ten-year period (2010–2019). The results showed that major entrepreneurship education program provisions and implementation of contemporary entrepreneurship course contents and teaching methods in Indonesia are centralized in Java Island—Indonesia. Another notable finding is mentoring, the most recent and emerging entrepreneurial type in Indonesia to support more students’ learning engagement and independence, or education through entrepreneurship. The study’s findings could inform the Indonesian government, educators, researchers, and educational policymakers concerning the current circumstances of Indonesian entrepreneurship education and how to improve them in the future.
Salt
Authors: Harding Anthony
Published: July 2021

This Element provides a concise account of the archaeology of salt production in ancient Europe. It describes what salt is, where it is found, what it is used for, and its importance for human and animal health. The different periods of the past in which it was produced are described, from earliest times down to the medieval period. Attention is paid to the abundant literary sources that inform us about salt in the Greek and Roman world, as well as the likely locations of production in the Mediterranean and beyond. The economic and social importance of salt in human societies means that salt has served as a crucial aspect of trade and exchange over the centuries, and potentially as a means of individuals and societies achieving wealth and status.
Surveillance practices and air-sampling strategies to address healthcare-associated invasive mold infections in Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Research Network hospitals—United States, 2020
Authors: Gold Jeremy A. W. , Jackson Brendan R. , Glowicz Janet , Mead Kenneth R. , Beer Karlyn D.
Published: July 2021

With this survey, we investigated healthcare-associated invasive mold infection (HA-IMI) surveillance and air sampling practices in US acute-care hospitals. More than half of surveyed facilities performed HA-IMI surveillance and air sampling. HA-IMI surveillance was more commonly performed in academic versus nonacademic facilities. HA-IMI case definitions and sampling strategies varied widely among respondents.
How we do it: impacted oesophageal foreign body removal using a dilatation balloon
Authors: Chakravarty P D , Kunanandam T , Walker G
Published: July 2021

Background

Ingested foreign bodies are a common presentation to paediatric ENT services. Depending on the site, these are usually managed with flexible or rigid oesophagoscopy and retrieval. This paper presents a novel technique for removing a hollow foreign body that could not be removed using conventional means.

Method and results

After rigid and flexible approaches failed, a guidewire was passed through the foreign body under fluoroscopic guidance and a dilatation balloon passed through the lumen of the object. Inflating the balloon allowed dilatation of the inflamed mucosa above and below the object, facilitating straightforward removal under traction.

Conclusion

This is a novel and reproducible technique that uses equipment readily available in tertiary referral centres. Employed in this context, the technique enabled removal of an impacted object surrounded by granulation tissue, and would be appropriate for other objects with a lumen.
Implicational generalizations in morphological syncretism: The role of communicative biases
Authors: STORME BENJAMIN
Published: July 2021

Cross-linguistic generalizations about grammatical contexts favoring syncretism often have an implicational form. This paper shows that this is expected if (i) morphological paradigms are required to be both as small and as unambiguous as possible, (ii) languages may prioritize these requirements differently, and (iii) probability distributions for grammatical features interacting in syncretic patterns are fixed across languages. More specifically, this approach predicts that grammatical contexts that are less probable or more informative about a target grammatical feature$ T $should favor syncretism of$ T $cross-linguistically. The paper provides evidence for these predictions based on four detailed case studies involving well-known patterns of contextual syncretism (gender syncretism based on number, gender syncretism based on person, aspect syncretism based on tense, and case syncretism based on animacy).
Childhood maltreatment disrupts HPA-axis activity under basal and stress conditions in a dose–response relationship in children and adolescents
Authors: Marques-Feixa Laia , Palma-Gudiel Helena , Romero Soledad , Moya-Higueras Jorge , Rapado-Castro Marta , Castro-Quintas Águeda , Zorrilla Iñaki , José Muñoz María , Ramírez Maite , Mayoral María , Mas Ariadna , José Lobato María , Blasco-Fontecilla Hilario , Fañanás Lourdes ,   EPI-Young Stress GROUP
Published: July 2021

Background

This study investigates the impact of childhood maltreatment (CM) on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning and on anxiety perception. Moreover, the influence of CM severity and frequency was also explored.

Methods

In total, 187 participants aged 7–17 were assessed for CM history using validated questionnaires and ad hoc interviews to be classified according to the criteria of the Tool for Assessing the Severity of Situations in which Children are Vulnerable (TASSCV). Psychopathology was ascertained using the K-SADS-PL5. To assess HPA-axis functioning, salivary cortisol samples were collected throughout a normal day and during an acute psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C). Subjective anxiety was evaluated using STAI/-C.

Results

Youth with a CM history had higher overall diurnal cortisol levels (p = 0.001), blunted cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress (p = 0.002) and greater perceived anxiety (p = 0.003), than those without CM. Specifically, participants exposed to moderate/severe or often/frequent CM showed the greater diurnal cortisol output (pseverity = 0.002; pfrequency = 0.003), and blunted cortisol response during the TSST-C (pseverity = 0.006; pfrequency = 0.008). Meanwhile, youth with low CM severity/frequency exhibited a similar cortisol response to those without CM. However, perceived anxiety was higher in those exposed to CM (p < 0.001), regardless of its severity/frequency.

Conclusions

Disturbances in HPA-axis functioning are already evident early after CM exposure, while psychological and physiological responses to an acute stressor are dissociated in youth exposed to CM. The dose–response relationship described in this paper highlights the need to comprehensively evaluate CM so that vulnerable children can be identified and assigned to proper interventions.
The birth of oppida: small towns in Hungary in the Angevin period
Authors: Szende Katalin
Published: July 2021

This article revisits the origins of small towns in medieval Hungary from the perspective of their owners and seigneurs. The fourteenth-century development of small towns on the estates of private landowners resulted from the coincidence of several factors. Among these, the article considers the intersection of royal and private interests. The aristocrats’ concern to endow their estate centres with privileges or attract new settlers to their lands was dependent on royal approval; likewise, the right to hold annual fairs had to be granted by the kings, and one had to be a loyal retainer to be worthy of these grants. The royal model of supporting the mendicant orders, which were gaining ground in Hungary from the thirteenth century onwards, added a further dimension to the overlords’ development strategies. This shows that royal influence, directly or indirectly, had a major impact on the development of towns on private lands in the Angevin period (1301–87).
Balancing Competences? Proportionality as an Instrument to Regulate the Exercise of Competences after the PSPP Judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht
Authors: Petersen Niels , Chatziathanasiou Konstantin
Published: July 2021

Analysis of proportionality in the context of Article 5 TEU after the PSPP judgment – Bundesverfassungsgericht challenging Court of Justice to control European Central Bank’s motives – Doctrinal tradition of ‘smoking out’ illicit motives through proportionality – Article 5(4) TEU: proportionality of exercise of competences, primarily safeguarding member states’ autonomy – Court of Justice case law on proportionality: deferential standard of review towards measures of EU institutions – Bundesverfassungsgericht case law on federal competences and municipal autonomy: less deferential but still respectful standard of review – PSPP inconsistent with case law and with Article 5 TEU – Balancing-stage of proportionality unsuitable for motive control
Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens oder der Sprache nach ICD-11
Authors: Freitag Christine M. , Noterdaeme Michelle , Snippe Kristin , Schulz Petra , Kim Ziyon , Teufel Karoline
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Sprach- und Sprechstörungen kommen bei zahlreichen Kindern vor und werden in der ICD-11 analog zur ICD-10 als Entwicklungsstörungen im Kapitel 6 (Psychische, Verhaltens- und Entwicklungsstörungen) klassifiziert. International sind bislang die ICD-10-Kriterien nicht von allen Professionen, die sich mit Sprach- und Sprechstörungen klinisch oder im Rahmen der Forschung beschäftigen, akzeptiert. Sie werden einerseits als zu wenig differenziert hinsichtlich der unterschiedlichen Sprachkomponenten vonseiten der Linguistik, Sprachtherapie oder Logopädie erlebt. Zum anderen wird die unklare Abgrenzung organisch bedingter Sprach- und Sprechprobleme von der Sprachentwicklungsstörung vonseiten der Medizin teilweise kritisch bewertet. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird deshalb einerseits die Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechproblemen und -störungen in der ICD-11 im Vergleich zur ICD-10 vorgenommen. Wesentlich erscheint hier die in der ICD-11 neu eingeführte Differenzierung in „primäre“ und „sekundäre“ Neuroentwicklungsstörungen. Zum anderen erfolgt aber auch eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem DSM-5 sowie anderen Klassifikationsvorschlägen vonseiten der englischsprachigen Sprachtherapie (CATALISE-2) und der deutschsprachigen Pädaudiologie („phonologische Wahrnehmungsstörung“) sowie der Vorschlag einer Ergänzung der aktuellen ICD-11-Klassifikation hinsichtlich konkreter sprachlicher Einschränkungen bei einem Kind mit Sprachentwicklungsstörung, basierend auf einer ausführlichen Diagnostik. Wir hoffen, mit dem Artikel so den Weg für eine berufsübergreifende Klassifikation von Sprach- und Sprechstörungen nach ICD-11 zu bahnen, damit perspektivisch alle Berufsgruppen, die Diagnostik und Therapie der betroffenen Personen anbieten, eine vergleichbare Terminologie verwenden. Diese vergleichbare Terminologie soll sowohl die klinische Versorgung verbessern als auch die unterschiedlichen Forschungsansätze und -richtungen vergleichbarer machen.
Vertical Propagation of Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Associated With the Foreshock of the Tohoku Earthquake Observed Using HF Doppler Sounding
Authors: Nakata H. , Takaboshi K. , Takano T. , Tomizawa I.
Published: July 2021

The vertical propagation of coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) associated with the foreshock of the Tohoku earthquake was examined using an HF Doppler sounding system. The sounding system used in this study received radio waves at four different frequencies (5.006, 6.055, 8.006, and 9.595 MHz), indicating that ionospheric disturbances can be observed at up to four altitudes. CIDs were observed at these four frequencies in association with the foreshock of the Tohoku earthquake. From the propagation speed of the coseismic disturbances, it is assumed that the ground motion caused by the Rayleigh wave propagating from the epicenter generates the acoustic mode wave propagating upward, causing the neutral atmospheric particles to move vertically. To examine the characteristics of the acoustic wave, we determined the ratio of the vertical speed of the neutral particles to that of the ground motion observed by a seismometer. The vertical profiles of the ratio are roughly explained in terms of the characteristics of the acoustic mode wave resulting from the ground motion. However, the absolute values of the ratio are smaller than the theoretical ratio estimated by the atmospheric mass density and the attenuation model considering the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and relaxation losses. This result implies that the CIDs in this event may be affected by the nonlinear behavior of the acoustic mode wave.
Observations of Multiple Internal Wave Packets in a Tidal River Plume
Authors: Rijnsburger Sabine , Flores Raúl P. , Pietrzak Julie D. , Lamb Kevin G. , Jones Nicole L. , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Souza Alejandro J.
Published: July 2021

Remotely sensed images document the occurrence of multiple packets of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the Rhine River plume at the same time. We use a combination of field observations, and non‐hydrostatic and hydrostatic modeling to understand the processes that lead to the generation and retention of multiple ISW packets within the Rhine plume. Previous numerical modeling shows that the tidal plume front is trapped in the mid‐field plume for more than one tidal cycle due to tidal straining and recirculation within the plume, resulting in the presence of multiple fronts in the near‐and mid‐field plume regions. In this work, we show how variations in the strength of these fronts can lead to the release of ISW packets. We conclude that the retention of the fronts in the mid‐field region of the plume and modulation in the strength of the fronts can explain the presence of multiple ISW packets. A frontal Froude number analysis shows that fronts generated during the previous ebb tide can release ISWs in addition to the newly released tidal plume front.
Lawn Irrigation Contributions to Semi‐Arid Urban Baseflow Based on Water‐Stable Isotopes
Authors: Fillo Noelle K. , Bhaskar Aditi S. , Jefferson Anne J.
Published: July 2021

In semi‐arid cities, urbanization can lead to elevated baseflow during summer months. One potential source for additional water is lawn irrigation. We sought to quantify lawn irrigation contributions to summertime baseflow in Denver, Colorado, USA using water‐stable isotope (δ18O and δ2H) analysis of surface water, tap water, and precipitation. If lawn irrigation contributed significantly to baseflow, we predicted the isotopic composition of Denver's urban streams would more closely resemble local tap water than precipitation or streamflow from nearby grassland watersheds. We expected tap water to be distinctive due to local water providers importing source water from high elevations. Thirteen urban streams and two grassland streams were selected for sampling. None of the streams had high‐elevation headwaters or wastewater effluent, and the grassland streams did not receive irrigation. Tap water was sampled from five water service areas. The grassland streams flowed for 60% of summer 2019 while urban streams flowed for 90%–100% of the summer. An isotope mixing analysis using tap and precipitation end‐members over a two week antecedent period estimated that tap water contributed 65% ± 10%–93% ± 3% with a mean of 80% of urban baseflow on specific days in late summer. After taking contributions from infrastructure leakage into account, we estimated that lawn irrigation return flows made up 32% ± 10%–82% ± 21% of analyzed baseflow. Quantifying lawn irrigation contributions to urban baseflow provides a basis for understanding how changes to lawn irrigation efficiency would affect water yield in the Denver metropolitan area.
Instantaneous River‐Wide Water Surface Velocity Field Measurements at Centimeter Scales Using Infrared Quantitative Image Velocimetry
Authors: Schweitzer Seth A. , Cowen Edwin A.
Published: July 2021

This paper describes a novel velocimetry method we call infrared quantitative image velocimetry (IR‐QIV), that uses infrared (IR) images of thermal patterns advecting on water surfaces to calculate time‐resolved, instantaneous, two‐dimensional surface velocity fields. The method works day or night, and under most weather conditions, by tracking subtle thermal patterns on the water surface itself, which are present under most environmental conditions. No particle “seeding”, external light sources, or contact with the water are required. A form of remote sensing, IR‐QIV has significant advantages over visible‐light surface velocimetry methods such as particle image velocimetry (PIV). IR‐QIV allows calculation of instantaneous velocity at high spatial (centimeter scale) and temporal (1 Hz) resolutions over large areas (thousands of square meters), allowing metrics of turbulence to be calculated. Results from field measurements are presented, showing excellent agreement with nearby acoustic velocity measurements. We discuss best practices for IR image acquisition and processing based on our experience developing and working with IR‐QIV. Additionally, we discuss uncertainty analysis in velocimetry techniques using images collected at oblique viewing angles and pattern tracking in images containing gradients of intensity rather than discrete particles, as well as the deleterious effects of, and post‐processing ways to remove, camera fixed pattern noise, considerations relevant to all types of image‐based velocimetry. This approach can improve measurements from both fixed and mobile platforms such as unoccupied aerial systems (UASs).
Assessment of the Troposphere Products Derived From VMF Data Server With ERA5 and IGS Data Over China
Authors: Yang F. , Guo J. , Li J. , Zhang C. , Chen M.
Published: July 2021

The accurate modeling of zenith troposphere delay (ZTD) is significant for data processing of radio‐space‐geodetic techniques such as GNSS. The delay can be estimated by classic tropospheric models, which need the surface meteorological parameters. Considering the difficulty of obtaining meteorological data caused by various environment factors and the modeling errors in the models themselves, the above methods are often difficult to provide accurate products for GNSS data processing. Based on continuously updated NWP data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Vienna Mapping Functions (VMF) data server provides a widely used data‐source for achieving ZTD with two types of models, that is, the discrete (VFM3) and empirical model (GPT3). Little or no accuracy comparison of these two models with different horizontal resolutions in GNSS community has been conducted over China. This study investigates the performance of the models in terms of calculation of ZHD, ZWD and ZTD, using the hourly values derived from the ERA5 and IGS data as references. The results show that the discrete model outperforms the empirical model and the increasing of horizontal resolution can improve the accuracy of the models. The performance of the empirical model in ZHD/ZWD calculation shows obvious influences of latitude changes and land‐sea differences, while the discrete model improves this phenomenon. The empirical distribution function and boxplot well indicate the accuracy differences of the two models in different seasons. We also found that the diurnal variation can only be detected in the ZHD calculation by the discrete model. The ZTD comparison gives the details of the two types of models at GNSS stations.
Have You Seen Ball Lightning? Scientists Want to Know About It
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: July 2021

Reports of ghostly spheres of light are often too qualitative. These scientists want your detailed accounts.
Reflection Full Waveform Inversion With Second‐Order Optimization Using the Adjoint‐State Method
Authors: Wang Tengfei , Cheng Jiubing , Geng Jianhua
Published: July 2021

In controlled‐source seismology, the standard full waveform inversion (FWI) can't reliably recover the macrovelocity structure in the deep part, if the surface seismic data lack of ultra‐long offsets and very low frequencies. Reformulating the FWI for pre‐critical reflections based on model scale separation leads to reflection waveform inversion (RWI), which aims to improve the reconstruction of low‐to‐intermediate model wavenumbers. However, the state‐of‐art RWI approaches rely on the gradient‐type optimization, resulting in slow convergence and inaccurate recovery of the deep macrovelocities. Therefore, we present a Hessian‐based second‐order optimization in the context of RWI. Based on the reflection Fréchet derivative with respect to the background model, the approximate Hessian and the point spread functions (PSFs) on toy models with two and three layers are constructed to gain physical insights about parameter coupling and spatial resolution at the scale of low‐to‐intermediate wavenumbers for finite‐offset and band‐limited data. The high‐velocity anomaly and checkerboard experiments demonstrate the benefit of incorporating the inverse approximate Hessian effect on the functional gradient. Accordingly, for large‐scale applications, we propose a matrix‐free Gauss‐Newton RWI approach, in which the Hessian‐vector product is formulated with the second‐order adjoint‐state method and an optimal updating direction is estimated in the nested inner loop to accelerate the convergence. A synthetic example and an application to the real data from East China Sea demonstrate that the proposed method can improve velocity model building and seismic imaging, especially for the deep targets.
ARVib suppresses growth of advanced prostate cancer via inhibition of androgen receptor signaling
Authors: Liu Chengfei , Armstrong Cameron M. , Ning Shu , Yang Joy C. , Lou Wei , Lombard Alan P. , Zhao Jinge , Wu Chun-Yi , Yu Aiming , Evans Christopher P. , Tepper Clifford G. , Li Pui-kai , Gao Allen C.
Published: July 2021

Targeting androgen signaling with the second-generation anti-androgen drugs, such as enzalutamide (Enza), abiraterone (Abi), apalutamide (Apal), and darolutamide (Daro), is the mainstay for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). While these treatments are effective initially, resistance occurs frequently. Continued expression of androgen receptor (AR) and its variants such as AR-V7 despite AR-targeted therapy contributes to treatment resistance and cancer progression in advanced CRPC patients. This highlights the need for new strategies blocking continued AR signaling. Here, we identify a novel AR/AR-V7 degrader (ARVib) and found that ARVib effectively degrades AR/AR-V7 protein and attenuates AR/AR-V7 downstream target gene expression in prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, ARVib degrades AR/AR-V7 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway mediated by HSP70/STUB1 machinery modulation. ARVib suppresses HSP70 expression and promotes STUB1 nuclear translocation, where STUB1 binds to AR/AR-V7 and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation. ARVib significantly inhibits resistant prostate tumor growth and improves enzalutamide treatment in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that ARVib has potential for development as an AR/AR-V7 degrader to treat resistant CRPC.
Evolution of rhizobial symbiosis islands through insertion sequence-mediated deletion and duplication
Authors: Arashida Haruka , Odake Haruka , Sugawara Masayuki , Noda Ryota , Kakizaki Kaori , Ohkubo Satoshi , Mitsui Hisayuki , Sato Shusei , Minamisawa Kiwamu
Published: July 2021

Symbiosis between organisms influences their evolution via adaptive changes in genome architectures. Immunity of soybean carrying the Rj2 allele is triggered by NopP (type III secretion system [T3SS]-dependent effector), encoded by symbiosis island A (SymA) in B. diazoefficiens USDA122. This immunity was overcome by many mutants with large SymA deletions that encompassed T3SS (rhc) and N2 fixation (nif) genes and were bounded by insertion sequence (IS) copies in direct orientation, indicating homologous recombination between ISs. Similar deletion events were observed in B. diazoefficiens USDA110 and B. japonicum J5. When we cultured a USDA122 strain with a marker gene sacB inserted into the rhc gene cluster, most sucrose-resistant mutants had deletions in nif/rhc gene clusters, similar to the mutants above. Some deletion mutants were unique to the sacB system and showed lower competitive nodulation capability, indicating that IS-mediated deletions occurred during free-living growth and the host plants selected the mutants. Among 63 natural bradyrhizobial isolates, 2 possessed long duplications (261–357 kb) harboring nif/rhc gene clusters between IS copies in direct orientation via homologous recombination. Therefore, the structures of symbiosis islands are in a state of flux via IS-mediated duplications and deletions during rhizobial saprophytic growth, and host plants select mutualistic variants from the resultant pools of rhizobial populations. Our results demonstrate that homologous recombination between direct IS copies provides a natural mechanism generating deletions and duplications on symbiosis islands.
Simulation of nanoparticles interacting with a cell membrane: probing the structural basis and potential biomedical application
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Ma Guanghui , Wei Wei
Published: July 2021

Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their ultrasmall size, have been extensively researched for potential applications in biomedicine. During their delivery and functionalization within the organism, they frequently interact with cells. The resulting nano-bio interfaces between the NPs and cell membrane play an important role in dominating the physiological effects of NPs. Therefore, understanding how the properties of NPs affect their nano-bio interface interactions with the cell membrane is important. Compared to experimental and theoretical analyses, simulations can provide atomic-level accuracy regarding dynamic changes in structure, which can reveal the mechanisms of nano-bio interface interactions for feasible modulation. Thus, we reviewed the current advances in nano-bio interfaces from the perspective of simulations. This study will determine how the properties of NPs affect their interactions with cell membranes to provide insights for the design of NPs and summarize their corresponding biomedical applications.
Responsible use of negative research outcomes—accelerating the discovery and development of new antibiotics
Authors: Yu Helen
Published: July 2021

Failure to share and make use of existing knowledge, particularly negative research outcomes, has been recognized as one of the key sources of waste and inefficiency in the drug discovery and development process. In the field of antibiotic research, providing a platform where negative outcomes could be shared to prevent the vicious cycle of duplicating costly studies that produce the same negative results would greatly de-risk and accelerate the development of new antibiotics. Providing a legally supported framework that recognizes negative outcomes as intellectual contributions, which can subsequently be translated into a revenue-sharing model, may lead to more openness and value creation in support of a sustainable and responsible transformation of research into socially and economically beneficial innovations.