bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kincardine Bridge, Scotland – an engineering triumph 85 years on
Authors: Pritchard David K. , Simmonette Ryan D. , O'Connor Kieran , Gair Cameron B.
Published: December 2021

When construction of Kincardine Bridge was completed in 1936, it was the longest road bridge in Scotland and the largest swing-span bridge in Europe. The bridge, listed as category A by Historic Environment Scotland, remains in service 85 years on and carries around 12 000 vehicles daily across the Forth estuary. On occasions, when the Queensferry Crossing and the Forth Road Bridge are closed simultaneously, Kincardine Bridge offers the shortest available diversion route across the estuary for unrestricted traffic. A 2019 principal inspection highlighted deterioration to some structural elements and, in 2020, bridge assessment standards in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges were revised. As a result, a quantitative assessment was undertaken to provide confidence that the bridge remains safe for use and fit for purpose and to inform future maintenance requirements. This focus of this paper is on the multitude of structural forms that comprise the overall bridge and how they have comparably performed relating to durability over the past 85 years, have been quantitatively assessed, have comparably withstood present-day traffic loading criteria and will be maintained in the future.
Progress in fabrication and applications of micro/nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Wang Qing , Xu Shuangshuang , Xing Xiaoting , Wang Ning
Published: December 2021

Natural biological surfaces such as lotus leaves and water striders have micro- and nanostructures and low-surface-energy materials, possessing excellent superhydrophobicity. It has become an important research topic to construct bionic superhydrophobic surfaces and explore their functional applications. This paper reviews the research progress on the fabrication and applications of superhydrophobic surfaces with micro/nanostructures. The techniques used for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces, including the template method, nano-imprinting technique, laser-treatment, plasma treatment, electrospinning technique, solution-chemical etching method, electrochemical technique, phase separation method and sol–gel process, were introduced. Also, the diverse functional applications of superhydrophobic surfaces such as self-cleaning, anti-icing, oil–water separation, anti-corrosion and drag reduction were summarised. It is believed that green fabrication will become the future development direction of superhydrophobic surfaces. Further exploration for the superhydrophobic surfaces with mechanical stability and durability will be expected to expand the application prospect and commercial value of superhydrophobic surfaces.
Job Characteristics' Causal Effects on Individual Job Performance Perceptions and Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors:   İstanbul Esenyurt University, KAYA Metin , DEMIRER Halil ,   HMKW
Published: December 2021

This study aims to reveal the dimensions of job characteristics' causal effects on the dimensions of job performance perception and the mediating role of extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction in this relationship. All the variables are examined for individual-organization interaction at the individual level. Primary research data were gathered by using a structured questionnaire that included valid and reliable scales, namely Job Characteristics Inventory, Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and The Job performance quality scale. The sample of the study consists of 472 employees randomly chosen from five private and public hospitals in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used for factor validation. Path analysis and bootstrap analyses are used to detect direct and mediating effects on a path model using the structural equation modeling technique. Findings revealed that skill variety and friendship have a positive causal effect on compliance and task performance. Friendship, skill variety, and autonomy have a positive causal effect on job satisfaction. Internal job satisfaction has a positive causal influence on compliance, contextual, and task performance. Friendship, skill variety, and autonomy's causal effects on compliance, contextual, and task performance are mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction.
The Moscow State Conference of 1917 in Overcoming the Language of Class Struggle
Authors:   St.Petersburg  Institute  of  History,Russian  Academy  of  Sciences, Tarasov K. A. ,   St.Petersburg State Electrotechnical University,   National Research University"Higher School of Economics"
Published: December 2021

The article examines the history of the State Conference in Moscow on 12–15 August 1917. This public forum is considered in the context of the corporate policy of the Provisional Government, which attracted various public, professional, national, and other organizations to participate in governing the country. The idea of the Conference began to be implemented only after an attempt to remove the government from power on 3–5 July 1917. In total, the meeting was attended by up to 2,600 people representing the central bodies of the Soviets, former members of the State Duma, various military, economic, food organizations, local government, etc. For four days, the speakers tried to find a common language that would facilitate unification. However, the sessions of the State Conference were held in a conflict atmosphere. During the discussions, the division of the participants into two conventional camps was noticeable. The groups that disagree on several issues can hardly be attributed to the contradiction "bourgeoisie" - "democracy". The border between them was not social, but discursive in origin. Nevertheless, serious mutual claims did not allow them to work out a common political program. The author concludes that during the Conference, it was not possible to implement the "pure form" of corporatism and representation of group interests. The main political groups managed to unite a significant part of public and professional organizations around their declarations. The language of the class struggle remained dominant in the discourse of the conference. It was used by very different social groups to describe the varied conflicts of the time.
Victims of Mass Political Repressions in Mordovia: Social Identfication, Memory and Oblivion
Authors:   Mordovia State University, Bogatova O. A.
Published: December 2021

The subject of the study undertaken in 2019–2020 by the method of in-depth sociological interviews with the descendants of persons suffered of massive political repressions, including the dispossessed peasants, is the social memory of the population of the Republic of Mordovia about the mass political repressions of the 1920s – 1940s. The aims of the study were to identify the main strategies for dealing with collective trauma in families of repressed in a regional society, the main subjects of social memory about traumas of repression, strategies for remembering and forgetting, and social factors that influence their choice, strategies for group self-identification of the descendants of the repressed, prerequisites (or their lack) for the consolidation of broader traumatized communities, as well as the underlying cultural modalities of discussing trauma and repressions in terms of detraumatization or retraumatization. The results of the study show that the families of the repressed are the main social subjects that preserve the memory of mass repressions in Mordovia. At the same time, the descendants of the repressed do not show a tendency to form wider traumatized communities based on remembering the repressions and identifying their perpetrators. There are three main strategies for dealing with collective trauma in families of the repressed. The first one is silence which is typical mainly for the commemorative strategies of families that have not changed their place of residence, contributing to the individualization of trauma and its intergenerational transmission. The second strategy is “talking cure” the trauma of repressions in terms of legal and moral assessment, based in the Soviet period on the assimilation of the self-identification of the “Soviet person” instead of the former group identity destroyed by repressions. The third strategy is the creation of an anti-communist counter-narrative about mass repressions based on the least stable in intergenerational perspective strategy of family self-segregation. Family narratives about traumatic experience are dominated by detraumatizing modalities of historicization and mythologization, which do not question the value of group identities acquired due to the integration of the descendants of the repressed into the structure of Soviet society. In local communities, the predominant model for dealing with the traumatic past remains “dialogical oblivion”.
Space Superhero: Formation of the Cult of Yuri Gagarin in the Context of the Relationship between Power and Society in the USSR
Authors:   Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Popov A. D.
Published: December 2021

Based on the archival and published documents, materials of periodicals and other sources, the article characterizes the formation of a cult of the first Soviet astronaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin during the period from April 12 to May 1, 1961. According to the author, the basis of this cult was put by the decisions of the supreme authorities of the USSR on a personal initiative of Nikita Khrushchev and included the following elements: 1) astronaut's rewarding with the state awards and distinctions; 2) inclusion of the first space flight date in the memorial calendar; 3) making decision on the creation of the memorial constructions connected with Gagarin’s name. On this basis, various practices, rituals, and discourses connected with Gagarin’s cult that in general corresponded to the mechanisms of personal glorification during the Stalin’s period in the 1930s and during the Great Patriotic War were built on. The local authorities, separate labor collectives and individual actors seeking to make the contribution to Gagarin's celebration actively participated in the process within the limits of their powers and opportunities. It was expressed in such forms as assignment of Gagarin’s name to various objects, generation of prizes and production initiatives, writing amateurs’ poems on the space theme for the Soviet press, etc. The USSR authorities encouraged the maximum distribution of the Gagarin’s cult throughout the country; however, various initiatives "from below" became noticed and were supported only when they promoted implementation of the consolidating, mobilizational and educational scenarios of the power.
“The Starry Round Dance”: Mastering the Universe by the Means of Folk Choreography in the USSR of the 1960s
Authors:   Perm State University, Narskiy I. V. ,   University of Tyumen
Published: December 2021

In 1961, Tatiana Ustinova, the choreographer of the famous Pyatnitsky Choir, choreographed “To the Stars”, the first dance on the theme of space exploration in the Soviet repertoire. The suite, in the Russian pseudo-popular style, told of the Russian cosmonaut's encounter with the moon and stars. However, this work remained in the repertoire of the famous chorus for a relatively short time. How to assess the emergence and disappearance of this dance from the point of view of a historian? To answer this question, the choreographic event is placed within the Soviet historical context of the Thaw and the dance-artistic context of 1930s – 1960s. The paper shows that a combination of circumstances outside and within Soviet choreography was not favourable for the conjuncture of space dance in the USSR. The pathos of a break-through into the future expired soon after Khrushchev resigned, the boundless pride for the unparalleled leap forward was superseded by the bitterness of the untimely loss of the first man in space and the success of the American space programme, and the language of Soviet choreography was hopelessly anachronistic for description of a new reality. But the very attempts to portray space on the dance stage are evidence of the incredible popularity and ubiquity of the theme of space in the USSR in the early 1960s.
The Split among the Nihilists – the Strife among the Nihilists. On the History of Russian Revolutionary-Democratic Press of the 1860s
Authors:   The State Museum of Political History of Russia, Kirillov V. L.
Published: December 2021

In 1863–1865, two influential Russian revolutionary-democratic journals “Sovremennik” (“The Contemporary”) and “Russkoe Slovo” (“The Russian Word”) debated literary and social issues. In historiography, this debate – the so-called “split among the nihilists” – was an example of political conflicts in Russian press, but the author states that a personal factor was a more important reason for that case. It was not a single occasion of personal conflicts in the journalist community in the middle and the second half of the 1860s. In this period, there were the similar episodes: Maxim Antonovich and Yuly Zhukovsky’s accusation against Nikolay Nekrasov, the conflict between Alexander Herzen and “the young emigrants”, the debates in the periodicals of Mikhail Elpidin’ printing house, etc. They happened during the crisis of the Sixtiers movement (or the revolutionary-democratic movement), when expectations of a revolutionary explosion of the Russian people were not justified, censorship oppression rose, and political disorientation of Russian oppositional community increased. Under those circumstances, discussions did not lead to new ideas and trends, but only aggravated the depressive atmosphere in the journalistic community. Even among the Russian revolutionary diaspora – without censorship and other influence of the Russian government – publicists could not avoid personal conflicts. Many memoirs also confirm that those splits – or, more precisely, that strife – were more personal rather than political conflicts.
Representation Rhetoric of the Civil War in “Izvestia” (October 1917 – January 1918)
Authors:   National Research University ", Reznik A. V. ,   Higher School of Economics"
Published: December 2021

The aim of the article is to address the question of the meaning and the specificity of the concept of the "civil war" in Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, a newspaper which reflected the views of the Bolsheviks and their allies. This case study examines the genealogy of the language of the civil war from October 27th, 1917 to the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, a momentous event on the path to the frontal Civil War. The article reconstructs a basic repertoire of the rhetorical techniques of representation, revealing what could be said in public about the civil war and under what conditions. It demonstrates the dynamics and the contexts of rhetorical "mobilization" and "demobilization", when the militaristic rhetoric of Izvestia switched to peaceful, and vice versa, correspondingly to the usage frequency of the term "civil war". The language of class struggle, and revolutionary mythology, especially that of the French Revolution, constituted the basis of Izvestia's rhetorical strategy aimed at legitimizing the policy of the Council of People's Commissars. The concept of the "civil war" had multiple meanings in Izvestia denoting a "condition", a "circumstance", and a "threat", in different circumstances, related to past, current, and future events. It is shown that constant criticism was levelled not only at the bourgeoisie, but also at the so-called right-wing socialist parties, which were held responsible for the civil war. The civil war was semantically designated in the past, present, and future tenses. The principle of a "just civil war" was explicitly expressed on the eve of convocation and during the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, justifying the acts of violence. The article concludes that the concept of floating signifier can be applied to the civil war as a means of refocusing the research into the issue of political communication.
Distanciamiento social ante la COVID-19: Simulación del aforo máximo de personas mediante PHP
Authors: Peña Cáceres Oscar J. M. , More More Manuel A. , Cornejo Sojo Ruth E. , Garay Silupu Elvis R.
Published: December 2021

La confluencia poblacional en áreas internas o externas incrementa considerablemente la trasmisión de la COVID-19, por no respetar el distanciamiento social que establece el sistema de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer uso de técnicas de programación, empleando el lenguaje PHP (preprocesador de hipertexto), para el desarrollo de una aplicación que simule el aforo máximo de personas que pueden ingresar a un área interna o externa. La metodología permitió el reconocimiento de áreas internas y externas comunes, configuración al entorno de desarrollo, codificación, propuesta de simulación y ejecución del simulador donde se ha evaluado un caso práctico y diez lugares para determinar su confiabilidad. El simulador brindó el aforo máximo de personas que pueden ingresar a un lugar de área interna o externa cumpliendo el distanciamiento social de 2 m. Los resultados permitieron conocer que el uso de las tecnologías de información a través de las técnicas de programación y el lenguaje PHP contribuyó en ser una alternativa tecnológica para la lucha contra la propagación del virus.
ALGORITHMS FOR SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS OVER VARIOUS CLASSES OF FINITE GRAPHS
Authors:   Sobolev Institute of Mathematics (Omsk, Russia), Il’ev A. V. , Il’ev V. P. ,   Dostoevsky Omsk State University (Omsk, Russia Federation)
Published: December 2021

The aim of the paper is to study and to solve finite systems of equations over finite undirected graphs. Equations over graphs are atomic formulas of the language L consisting of the set of constants (graph vertices), the binary vertex adjacency predicate and the equality predicate. It is proved that the problem of checking compatibility of a system of equations S with k variables over an arbitrary simple n-vertex graph Γ is N P-complete. The computational complexity of the procedure for checking compatibility of a system of equations S over a simple graph Γ and the procedure for finding a general solution of this system is calculated. The computational complexity of the algorithm for solving a system of equations S with k variables over an arbitrary simple n-vertex graph Γ involving these procedures is O(k 2n k/2+1(k + n) 2 ) for n > 3. Polynomially solvable cases are distinguished: systems of equations over trees, forests, bipartite and complete bipartite graphs. Polynomial time algorithms for solving these systems with running time O(k 2n(k + n) 2 ) are proposed.
INTERNATIONAL TCHAIKOVSKY COMPETITION AS A PHENOMENON OF WEBCAST
Authors:   Kuban State University (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), Denisov Nicholas G. , Khramov Valery B. ,   Kuban State University (Krasnodar, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2021

The International Tchaikovsky Competition has been held for sixty years and has become a tradition with an intention to renew itself. An essential aspect of this is the webcast, which, being performed at the highest level, not only develops the established democratic orientation of this competition, but makes the competition a relatively independent artistic event. The empirical base of the research is Internet broadcasting of XV and XVI competitions. Method – a comparative analysis, performed in the context of cultural knowledge. The article analyzes the features of the modern Internet broadcast of the competition, which distinguish it from previous TV and Internet broadcasts. The specific difficulties of shooting musical events related to their duration and the static of what is happening, as well as the resources that were used by the director and operators of "Medici.tv" in the creative solution of these problems, were understood. It is shown that the perception of the online broadcast of the competition is not inferior in terms of artistic criteria to the impression that the listener who attends the concert receives, but this is a different impression, not canceling, but supplementing the traditional one. On this basis, the conclusion is formed that the Internet broadcasting enriches the artistic culture. It provides the audience with new opportunities for creative perception of an artistic work. In addition, the webcast allows the art critic to carry out research on the phenomena of the performing arts at a fundamentally different level, to increase the degree of reliability of the knowledge gained. Previously, the theory of performing arts relied on an unreliable empirical research base: a single viewing and listening to a concert version of a work and memories of it. Webcasting allows multiple viewing and listening, verification of the findings, including through the use of computer programs, which allows one to overcome the degree of subjectivity that is unacceptable for science, which is inevitably present in art criticism, based on the empirical experience of a researcher attending a concert, protects against the accidents of perception that lie in wait for the listener in the concert hall. And the theory of performance objectively becomes on a par with other branches of art history - the theory of painting, architecture, musicology, studying musical notation, etc. The webcast changed the status of the Tchaikovsky Competition. Initially, in 1958, it was conceived and implemented as, first of all, a socio-political event, marking the beginning of the period of the "policy of openness" pursued by the leadership of our country. Thanks to the webcast, the competition has become a completely self-sufficient event - it exists as a “piece of art”, which you can which can be enjoyed again and again, just as we re-read works of classical literature over and over again.
THE COMPLEX OF MUSICAL AND VERBAL COMPONENT IN MUSLIM DIVINE SERVICE
Authors:   Krasnoyarsk State Institute of Arts (Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation), Shaiakhmetova Alfiya K.
Published: December 2021

To begin with that is well known fact that any traditional culture (including Islamic culture) is variable in its nature. The regional component of divine service (Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Moscow) is a specific factor of modification in this article. Moreover, it is assumed that the objective reason of the appearance of regional features of the researched musical material could be the vastness of the Russian territory and the relative distance of mosques in provincial cities from the Kazan center. By the way, despite the different ways of musical intoning, the sacred word of the Koran remains unchanged, and variability is the universal principle of any traditional culture. The ritual-plastic side introduces a special feature in the chanting of juma-namaz, the Friday prayer, that is prescribed by the Koran (obligatory collective prayer of Muslims is performed on Friday during the noon prayers in mosques). Actually in any religious cult prayer practice is associated with certain bodily movements that are determined not only the nature of vocal intonation, but often with the direction of the melodic movement. Moreover, this interconnection of musical and plastic intonations in chanting of juma-namaz deserves a separate consideration. The ritual gestures are strictly defined. They are canonized not only by gestures and movements, but also with what verbal formula they must be coincided. The main complex of ritual movements in juma-namaz is concentrated in “dramatic heart” of worship. It is concentrated two rak’ahat-standing (the canonized order of words and actions that constitute the Muslim prayer). The supreme variety of movements is “Takbir” (exaltation of God), which includes a waist-bow and straightening, two earthly bows and seats, a waist-bow and straightening after a bow. The gestures can be changed during one chant or in the transition between two chants. The special cohesion of bodily and melodic movements is singled out the hymns of rak'ah in general. By the way, if in the first two chants attention is focused on intense melodic movement in a relatively unfolded vocal form, in “Takbir”, on the contrary, the relative “low mobility” and shortness of melodic structures “the score” of body movements is richer. Taking everything into account, the body movement is not an end in itself. It is just one of the ways of expressing the prayer state of the soul, which is in some way consistent with other methods – words and melodies. In this case, the art of the singing also acts as one of the methods of prayer and it determines not only by the proper musical patterns (it is secondary), but it mostly determines be the tajwid (the rules of reading the Koran).
SYNCHRONIZATION OF MODERNITY: “RHIZOME” OF RUSSIAN CONTEMPORARY ART IN GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Galkin D.V. , Kuklina A.Y. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2021

The authors address issues of the development of contemporary art in Russian regions. On the one hand, the task is to formulate the philosophical and theoretical foundations of such an analysis. On the other hand, original empirical data are used (based on a number of Russian and European cases). The authors propose an original concept of synchronization of modernity as an attempt to overcome the contradiction between global normalization of cultural processes (“homogenization”) and opposition to it in the trends of “heterogenization” based on locality and originality. Synchronization is viewed as a “rhizome” of connections, relationships and projects in the flows of fluid modernity (Z. Bauman's liquid Modernity). The concept of “synchronization of modernity” is proposed as a philosophical basis for the analysis and practical development of contemporary art in the regions of Russia, in which, in particular, it is supposed to resolve the contradiction by homogenization (or global normalization) and heterogenization in the dynamic situation of “liquid Modernity” (Bauman) and cultural hybridization, which involves not only taking into account the conditions of deterritorialization, but also various forms of actualizing the local / regional context. These are the conditions and limitations for the formation of a “rhizome” (in the sense of Deleuze and Guattari) of contemporary art in Russia. The initial assumptions of the concept of synchronization of modernity are applied to the analysis of the current historical and cultural situation, the development of contemporary art in the regions of Russia, where this “rhizome” grows in a clash between the translation of the global international context (prestigious exhibitions, institutions, curators, auctions) and the search for distinctive regional (local) grounds. It is also shown that in the current empirical and practical context, the synchronization of modernity is implemented in several approaches: 1) “local identity”, 2) global normalization (“colonization”), 3) network “stitching of territories”, 4) chaotic search / open initiative.
THE ROLE OF THE DELOCALISATION THEORY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRENCH LEGISLATION ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
Authors:   Winston & Strawn LLP (Paris, France), Astakhova Daria O.
Published: December 2021

The notion of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration has recently drawn increasing attention from Russian and foreign scholars. The main problematic of scientific discussions relates to the question of how closely international commercial arbitration is related to the legal order of the seat of arbitration. The emergence and development of the theory of delocalisation of international commer-cial arbitration is inextricably linked to the French legal science. French scientists stand at the origins of this theory. Besides, French law and jurisprudence have been significantly influenced by the theory of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. The following provi-sions of the French legislation provide the most significant examples. First, article 1511 of the French code of civil procedure constitutes a basis for the use by arbitrators of the method of direct choice of law (“voie directe”). This implies that arbitrators do not have to apply any conflict of laws rules. Therefore, French law provides for a broad autonomy of arbitrators in the choice of law, while at the same time reducing the link between arbitration and national law, including the French law. French law is thus in perfect harmony with the concept of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. Second, it is worth mentioning that the French code of civil procedure contains a limited number of grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. This particularity permits to ensure the highest efficiency of international commercial arbitration, to maintain an arbitration friendly approach at the stage of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, as well as to recognise and enforce arbitral awards that have been set aside at the seat of arbitration. This corresponds to the idea of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. Third, the influence of the delocalisation theory on the French legislation is also reflected in the scope of international competence of the French supporting judge, who can act in cases where one of the parties incurs the risk of denial of justice. This means that the French sup-porting judge is entitled, for example, to nominate an arbitrator if one of the parties fails to do so, even if the dispute does not have any objective links to France. The features of the French legislation on international commercial arbitration examined above prove that it is impacted by the theory of delocalisation of international commercial arbitration. The recognition in legal science, law and court practice of the autonomy of inter-national commercial arbitration from national legal orders contributes to the growth of attrac-tiveness of Paris as a place of cross-border dispute resolution.
THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON LIABILITY FOR FRAUD IN RUSSIA
Authors:   West Siberian Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Arkhipov Andrey V. ,   Tomsk Regional Court (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2021

The article examines the history of the emergence and development of Russian legislation on criminal liability for fraud. It is noted that for the first time fraud is mentioned in the legal acts of the second half of the 16th century - the Codes of Justice of Tsars Ivan IV and Fyodor Ioannovich. Initially, fraud was most often understood as a deft but petty theft, in which de-ception was used to facilitate its commission. The understanding of fraud as the theft of other people's property, committed by deception, began to be formed only in the second half of the 18th century with the publication on April 3, 1781 by Empress Catherine II of the Decree "On the court and punishments for theft of different kinds and the establishment of working houses in all the gubernias." In the 19th century, the clarifying process of the content of the term "fraud" continued. It was reflected in the first codified criminal laws of the Russian Empire - Code of crimi-nal and corrective penalties of Russia of 1845 and the Charter on Punishments imposed by the justices of the peace of 1864. A significant contribution to the development of the Russian criminal law on liability for fraud was made by a group of legal scholars involved in the de-velopment of the Criminal Code of the Russian Empire, in which the whole Chapter 33 (Arti-cles 591-598) contained the rules on liability for fraud. Although the 1903 Criminal Code was not fully enacted, it had a significant impact on the formation of criminal law on liability for fraud in subsequent regulations. During the Soviet period, the legislation on the responsibility for fraud continued to develop. For the first time, abuse of trust was mentioned as a method of crime, along with deception. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the adoption in 1993 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law 10 of 01.07.1994 made signifi-cant changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1960 that served as the basis for the system of crimes against property in modern Russia.
Age Rating of Books and Readability: On the Correlation of Two Indices
Authors:   University of Tyumen (Tyumen, Russian Federation), Glazkova Anna V.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the correlation of two indices characterizing the level of linguistic or semantic complexity of the book content. The first index is the age rating in accordance with the Russian Age Rating System for information products. The second index is the ease of understanding of the text, calculated based on the common readability metrics. The author compares the values of readability metrics for texts with different age rating scores. The experiments were carried out on the collection of 5,516 book previews collected by the author of the article. The previews used are freely available in electronic libraries, and they have age rating scores obtained from their publishers. In accordance with the system adopted in the Russian Federation, age rating scores characterize the book’s targeting to the following age categories: 0+, 6+, 12+, 16+, and 18+. In most cases, the size of the book preview is 10% of the full text, which makes it possible to calculate readability indices. The collected texts were scored according to five commonly used readability metrics: Flash-Kincaid Index, Coleman-Liau Index, ARI Index, SMOG Index, and Dale-Chell Formula. As a result of the readability assessment for the texts of each age category, the author obtained recommended levels of education necessary for their understanding. The obtained values were averaged within the age category and analyzed. The results of the experiments allow asserting that in most cases there is a direct relationship between the age rating score of the book and the expected level of education required to understand it. Moreover, readability scores in accordance with all the considered metrics are directly proportional to age rating scores for age categories from 0+ to 16+. The readability scores of books in the 18+ category roughly correspond to children’s literature, which is apparently explained by the genre characteristics of the books marked by the 18+ label. First of all, the results obtained indicate the adequacy of the existing approach to assessing the book age rating in terms of attributing the text to the target audience by age. Secondly, the relationship between readability indices and age rating scores allow using the values of readability metrics as text features in various computational linguistics tasks aimed at text addressee prediction.
Respiratory adverse events associated with deep propofol sedation during upper gastrointestinal procedures in children
Authors: William E Novotny , Khanh Nguyen , Folashade Jose , Dynita Haislip , Gregg A Grothmann , Dmitry Tumin
Published: December 2021

Background/Aims: Upper airway stimulation with endoscopes and pH-impedance probes during deep propofol sedation confers unknown risk for associated respiratory adverse airway events. This report quantifies frequencies of such events and airway rescue interventions associated with Esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD) and multi-channel intraluminal acid detection impedance probe (MIIP) placements. Methods: This was a prospective observational study regarding occurrence of adverse respiratory events in 42 children undergoing propofol sedated EGDs and MIIP placements: Group 1. (n=21 EGDs), Group2 (n=21 EGDs before MIIP), Group 3. (n=21 during MIIP). Results: All procedures were successfully completed using deep propofol sedation. Respiratory events were transient and associated with no morbidity or mortality. Nearly half of each group experienced a respiratory event. “Partial airway obstruction” during 42 EGDs occurred in 28.6% and responded to simple airway interventions. “Complete airway obstruction” occurred during 1/42 EGDs and 2/21 MIIPs. Throughout MIIP placement, endoscopic visualization of the glottis was maintained and unnecessary stimulation of the glottis was avoided; nonetheless, complete airway obstruction occurred in 2/21. Advanced airway rescue maneuvers were not required in either instance. Conclusions: Respiratory adverse events commonly occurred during EGDs and MIIP placements. All events were successfully rescued by simple airway interventions.
Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated Influenza Split-Virion vaccine administered via a Transdermal Microneedle System
Authors: Mahmoud Ameri , Hayley Lewis , Joe Nguyen
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated influenza split virion vaccine administered via a transdermal microneedle system. In this Phase 1, single-center, randomized, controlled study, 90 subjects aged 18 to 40 years received influenza vaccine (strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) either via a transdermal microneedle system (“patch”; 10 µg) for 5 or 15 minutes or by Intramuscular (IM) injection (15g). Influenza antibody titers were measured by the hemagglutinin inhibition method and compared to EMEA guidelines for influenza vaccines (seroconversion rate, mean increase in hemagglutinin inhibition titer, and percentage of seroprotected subjects). Safety was assessed through local and systemic adverse events, and specific application site events in the transdermal groups. At Day 21, the EMEA criteria were met in all treatment groups for all three influenza strains. The immunogenicity response was similar between all three groups and increased antibody levels persisted to Month 6. The transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated, although pinpoint red spots, edema, and erythema were noted after patch removal in most subjects. Influenza vaccination administered via a novel transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated and provided similar antibody response using a lower dose than IM injection.
Gram staining v1
Authors: not provided lydiariver
Published: December 2021

Gram staining is one of the first techniques used for the identification of group B Streptococcus agalactiae and one would expect to see gram-positive cocci under the microscope. The technique consists of applying a series of colorants and bleaches (acetone), which interact with the lipids of the membranes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The cell walls of gram-positive organisms retain the dye after acetone treatment and appear purple in color, whereas gram-negative organisms become discolored after acetone treatment and appear pink.
Catalase test for bacterial identification v1
Authors: not provided lydiariver
Published: December 2021

Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (2H2O2 + Catalase → 2H2O + O2). Organisms that do not present the catalase enzyme such as group B Streptoccoccus can not degrade hydrogen peroxide and therefore no bubble formation is observed.
Hydra collecting for citizen scientists v3
Authors: Hyland Callen , Sladek Kimberly
Published: December 2021

The freshwater cnidarian Hydra has been a model system for regeneration and developmental biology for over 250 years, but much remains unknown about their biodiversity and global distribution. As a citizen scientist, you can contribute to our understanding of Hydra in the wild by becoming a "Hydra Hunter". All it takes is a few simple materials and a little patience. Collecting Hydra in the wild can be challenging. You will certainly not find them everywhere you look. Keep in mind that NOT finding Hydra is still useful information because this will help us understand the environmental factors that effect their distribution. Metadata submission form: https://forms.gle/cAZCiiRCyE922G5t5 Please contact chyland@sandiego.edu for more information or to receive a Hydra collecting kit. Hydra collecting kits were purchased with a grant to Kimberly Sladek from the University of San Diego Associated Students Government. Thank you to Rob Steele for helpful feedback on this protocol. References: Campbell, R. D. (1983). Hydra Collecting. In H. M. Lenhoff (Ed.). Hydra: Research Methods. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Martínez, D. E., et al. (2010). Phylogeny and biogeography of Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 403-410. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.016
Dynamic Control of Computation Consistency in the Parallel Dataflow Computing System
Authors:   Dynamic Control of Computation Consistency in the Parallel Dataflow Computing System, Levchenko N. N. , Zmejev D. N. ,   Dynamic Control of Computation Consistency in the Parallel Dataflow Computing System
Published: December 2021

When developing high-performance multiprocessor computing systems, much attention is paid to ensuring uninterrupted operation, both in terms of hardware and software. In traditional computing systems, software is the main focus in address­ing these issues. The article discusses the solution to the issue of ensuring uninterrupted operation for the parallel dataflow computing system (PDCS), which implements the dataflow computational model with a dynamically formed context. Due to the features of the PDCS, it is proposed to implement this type of control in hardware, which will increase its efficiency, since the computational process will be controlled in dynamics, and not only in statics.
Velocity Models for the Crust Hosting the Main Aftershock Cluster of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake
Authors: Islam S. M. Ariful , Powell Christine A. , Chapman Martin C.
Published: December 2021

Three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity (VP and VS) models are determined for the crust containing the main aftershock cluster of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake using local earthquake tomography. The inversion uses a total of 5125 arrivals (2465 P- and 2660 S-wave arrivals) for 324 aftershocks recorded by 12 stations. The inversion volume (22 × 20 × 16 km) is completely contained within the Piedmont Chopawamsic metavolcanic terrane. The models are well resolved in the central portion of the inversion volume in the depth range 1–5 km; good resolution does not extend to the hypocenter depth of the mainshock. Most aftershocks are located within a northeast-trending, southeast-dipping region containing negative VP anomalies, positive VS anomalies, and VP/VS ratios as low as 1.53. These velocity results strongly argue for the presence of quartz-rich rocks, which we attribute to either the presence of a giant quartz vein system or metamorphosed orthoquarzite sandstones originally deposited on the Laurentian passive margin and subsequently incorporated into the Chopawamsic thrust sheets during island arc collision in the Taconic orogeny.
Seismotectonic Analysis of the 2019–2020 Puerto Rico Sequence: The Value of Absolute Earthquake Relocations in Improved Interpretations of Active Tectonics
Authors: Cromwell Copeland W. , Furlong Kevin P. , Bergman Eric A. , Benz Harley M. , Yeck Will L. , Herman Matthew
Published: December 2021

We present a new catalog of calibrated earthquake relocations from the 2019–2020 Puerto Rico earthquake sequence related to the 7 January 2020 Mw 6.4 earthquake that occurred offshore of southwest Puerto Rico at a depth of 15.9 km. Utilizing these relocated earthquakes and associated moment tensor solutions, we can delineate several distinct fault systems that were activated during the sequence and show that the Mw 6.4 mainshock may have resulted from positive changes in Coulomb stress from earlier events. Seismicity and mechanisms define (1) a west–southwest (∼260°) zone of seismicity comprised of largely sinistral strike-slip and oblique-slip earthquakes that mostly occurs later in the sequence and to the west of the mainshock, (2) an area of extensional faulting that includes the mainshock and occurs largely within the mainshock’s rupture area, and (3) an north–northeast (∼30°)-striking zone of seismicity, consisting primarily of dextral strike-slip events that occurs before and following the mainshock and generally above (shallower than) the normal-faulting events. These linear features intersect within the Mw 6.4 mainshock’s fault plane in southwest Puerto Rico. In addition, we show that earthquake relocations for M 4+ normal-faulting events, when traced along their fault planes, daylight along east–west-trending bathymetric features offshore of southwest Puerto Rico. Correlation of these normal-faulting events with bathymetric features suggests an active fault system that may be a contributor to previously uncharacterized seismic hazards in southwest Puerto Rico.
SOSYAL MEDYANIN GENÇLERİN DİN ALGISINA ETKİLERİ
Authors: ARICAN Sümeyra , ARICI Handan
Published: December 2021

Bireylerin yoğun bir arayış içinde oldukları ve kimliklerinin belirlendiği ergenlik dönemi din eğitimi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Sosyal medya dini ve ahlaki konuların da aktarıldığı/tartışıldığı bir ortam olarak gençleri etkilemektedir. Bu araştırma ergenlik ve genç yetişkinlik döneminde bulunan bireylerin dini ve ahlaki konulara dair yaklaşımlarında sosyal medyanın etkisini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, Fenomenolojik desende hazırlanmış, kartopu örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 15-21 yaş aralığındaki lise ve üniversite öğrencileriyle gerçekleştirilen mülakatlar sonunda 4 tema halinde ele alınmıştır. Katılımcıların sosyal medyayı aktif olarak kullandıkları, ailelerin sosyal medya kullanımını anlayışla karşıladıkları, sosyal medyada insanlara güven duymadıkları, sosyal medyada tartışılan din dili, Kur’an ve günümüz insanı, dinin anlamı ve yaratıcı konusundaki söylemlere katılmadıkları, ahlaki değerlerin kaynağı olarak insanı merkeze aldıkları, vazgeçilemez görülen değerlerinin oldukça çeşitlilik gösterdiği, sosyal medyada yer alan dini bilgilere güvenmedikleri, ahlaki ilkelerine uymayan paylaşımları engelledikleri, sosyal medyadaki lüks hayatlara özendikleri tespit edilmiştir.
Plastic Chemical Bisphenol A Dampens Our Cardiovascular System: Evidence from Clinical and Animal Studies
Authors: Khan Saif , Ding Shinyi , Hong Aimee , Ketama Abel , Chen Jiwang
Published: December 2021

The environmental exposure of Bisphenol A (BPA) is a pervasive and growing concern. BPA is a high-volume industrial chemical that possesses estrogen-like properties and functions as an environmental endocrine disruptor. It is used extensively in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins for food and beverage packages and hygienic products. An increasing amount of plastic pollution prevalent throughout the world has resulted in the nearly ubiquitous exposure of BPA towards humans and animals alike. Concerns have surfaced accordingly, surrounding the potentially detrimental effects that might result from BPA leaching into foods and beverages. The increase in epidemiological studies related to BPA have since been able to conclude links between BPA-induced oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. This review will incorporate current literature examining BPA exposure through clinical and epidemiological trials; these trials will encompass the physiological and toxicological effects that BPA can impose on the human cardiovascular system.