bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bibliometric Review of Reinforced Soil Wall Research Topics
Authors: Malekmohammadi Khashayar , Damians Ivan P.
Published: May 2024

Reinforced soil or mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall structures offer straightforward construction techniques as an alternative to conventional retaining earth walls. The benefits of MSE wall structures are their low cost, rapid construction, minimal ground occupation, and high tolerance for differential settlements. In the past, a vast amount of research has been conducted on this specific topic, but there is no state-of-the-art overview on the general reinforced soil walls subject. In this paper, a bibliometric review of MSE walls literature is carried out to provide multiple data points regarding the state-of-the-art in MSE wall publications. To present/demonstrate the main traditional applications, current utility, and last developments of MSE walls, a thematic/keyword cluster categorization is performed to catalog and organize the numerous applications analyzed and published in the last 4 decades. Furthermore, a discussion of MSE wall characteristics is conducted to assist researchers in expanding their understanding of potential future research areas.
In situ build surface topography determination in electron beam powder bed fusion
Authors: Renner Jakob , Markl Matthias , Körner Carolin
Published: May 2024

Electron optical imaging is the most promising process monitoring method in electron beam powder bed fusion. State of the art in modern machines is the installation of a single detector in the top center of the build chamber. Exemplary applications are the reconstruction of digital twins of manufactured parts to compare their dimensional accuracy or analysing the top surface of each layer to identify surface features like pores or material transport. Multi-detector systems are currently under research and have shown great potential in reconstructing the surface topography in situ. A recently developed ray tracing model, describing the image formation process, allows to formulate design guide lines for multi-detector systems and provides a method for the computation of the normal vector field of the build surface. This work utilizes the recent progress and presents a newly developed four-detector system and an updated computation chain, which enable build surface topography reconstruction in situ in every layer of a build process. The computation chain contains a normal integration algorithm, which employs Tikhonov regularization to cope with measurement irregularities. The integration method is validated with ex situ measured as-built surfaces. Additionally, first applications are demonstrated and connections to process parameter changes illustrated.
Behavioral Sleep Interventions for Children with Rare Genetic Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Retrospective Analysis of Overall Outcomes for 26 Cases
Authors: Woodford Emma C. , France Karyn G. , Blampied Neville M. , Hanning Ursula , Swan Catherine E. , McLay Laurie K.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Sleep difficulties are highly prevalent among children with rare genetic neurodevelopmental conditions (RGNC) such as Angelman and Smith-Magenis syndromes. Behavioral interventions are commonly used in the treatment of sleep difficulties in children; however, research is limited in children with RGNC. This study evaluated the overall effectiveness and acceptability of function-based behavioral sleep interventions for children with RGNC.

Methods

Data was collated from a series of experimental single-case research studies with 26 children (18 months to 19 years of age) with a range of RGNC, who received a behavioral sleep intervention. Intervention strategies included circadian (e.g., sleep/wake rescheduling), antecedent (e.g., sleep hygiene), and/or consequence (e.g., positive reinforcement of sleep-conducive behavior and modified extinction) modifications implemented by parents. Clinicians provided support for parents mostly via telehealth methods. Overall outcomes were examined using modified Brinley plots and effect size estimates. The effect of age, gender, and a range of psychological variables on intervention response was also examined.

Results

Improvements in sleep problem severity were observed for 24/26 participants, and gains were maintained at long-term follow-up for 13/16. Interestingly, 50% of the children achieved clinically significant change with less restrictive strategies (e.g., circadian, antecedent and positive reinforcement strategies), suggesting extinction procedures may be used as the last option in a sequence of interventions. Parents generally perceived interventions to be acceptable. There was minimal evidence of any differential response to intervention as a function of age, gender, or psychological variables.

Conclusions

Results suggest function-based behavioral interventions offer an effective and socially valid method for treating sleep disturbance in children with RGNC.
La révolution de l’IRM prostatique
Authors: Bacchetta Frédéric , Roth Beat , Martel Paul
Published: May 2024

Dépister le cancer de la prostate, connu pour sa cinétique généralement lente et son apparition tardive a longtemps questionné sur son utilité de santé publique. Si la mesure du PSA associée à des biopsies aléatoires a permis de réduire graduellement la mortalité, au prix d’un surdiagnostic et d’un surtraitement excessif, la qualité du diagnostic a beaucoup progressé avec l’utilisation de l’IRM. La détection inutile de formes indolentes est efficacement limitée en parallèle d’un net gain en précision diagnostique, permettant de réserver les traitements aux situations de nécessité. Cet article résume l’évolution d’une discipline longtemps critiquée, ayant trouvé avec l’IRM une réponse technique à la problématique du dépistage.
Effect of SiC addition on laser-based CoNi binary alloy coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy
Authors: Adesina Olanrewaju Seun , Popoola Abimbola Patricia , Farotade Gabriel Ayokunle , Obadele Babatunde Abiodun , Sanyaolu Olufemi Oluseun , Jeje Samson Olaitan , Rominiyi Azeez Lawan
Published: May 2024

This research explores the impact of variations in laser scanning speed and the incorporation levels of SiC-Ni-Co powders on Ti-6Al-4V alloy using laser surface cladding technique. Key parameters, including a consistent laser power of 700 W, a 4 mm beam spot size, a powder feed rate of 1.0 g/min, and a gas flow rate of 3 L/min, along with fixed powder compositions, were maintained. The laser scanning speeds were adjusted to 0.4 m/min, 0.8 m/min, and 1.2 m/min. Microstructural analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while Vickers microhardness was employed to assess coating hardness, and corrosion properties were evaluated using a linear potentiodynamic polarization technique. Following the corrosion attack, the protective oxides formed were identified through SEM and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results revealed a strong metallurgical relationship between the clad layer and the substrate, demonstrating the effectiveness of the laser-clad technique. Particularly, the highest laser scan speed exhibited the most significant improvements in hardness and corrosion resistance. The coatings displayed an average hardness value of 1269.20 HV0.1, a notable fourfold increase compared to the substrate's value of 334 HV0.1. Concerning corrosion, a clear correlation emerged between scan speed and polarization resistance, confirming that higher scan speeds could lead to enhanced polarization resistance.
Optimization of different drying methods and its impact on antioxidant potential of Ocimum basilicum L.
Authors: Bhatt Sunita , Tewari Geeta , Bisht Mamta , Aabha  , Pande Chitra , Kanyal Bhawana , Rani Akansha
Published: May 2024

In the present study, the effect of different drying methods (sun drying, shade drying, oven drying at 35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C and hot air blower drying) was assessed to optimize the essential oil (EO) quality of Ocimumbasilicum L. The fresh and dried samples were hydrodistilled using a Clevenger apparatus to extract the EO. The EO composition was determined by GC and GC–MS techniques. The antioxidant activity was measured using 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity; FRAP activity and Fe2+- ferrozine test system for iron chelating activity methods. The content of iron, copper, zinc and manganese were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Sun dried O.basilicum showed the highest EO yield (0.8%, v/w). Linalool (10.67–32.91%) and methyl chavicol (16.24–58.00%) were present as the major components in all the EOs being the highest for blower dried and shade dried samples respectively. EO obtained from the shade dried material was showing the highest antioxidant potential followed by blower dried plant sample. Dried material exhibited higher micronutrient content as compared to the fresh one. The shade drying method can be a good option for obtaining the best quality essential oil from O.basilicum in terms of the major component and antioxidant potential.
Use of aquaculture wastewater in the cultivation of cactus pear as an alternative for semi-arid regions
Authors: Pedrosa Talita Dantas , Batista Rafael Oliveira , Dombroski Solange Aparecida Goularte , de Medeiros José Francismar , de Oliveira Palloma Vitória Carlos , de Melo Rafael Rodolfo , Portela Jeane Cruz
Published: May 2024

The objective was to characterize the dilutions of aquaculture wastewater in supply water and the morphometric and productive characteristics of the cactus pear. The experiment was installed at the Water Reuse Experimental Unit in Mossoró-RN, a Semi-Arid region of Brazil. The design was in randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications, being (D1—100% supply water; D2—75% supply water and 25% aquaculture wastewater; D3—50% supply water and 50% aquaculture wastewater; D4—25% supply water and 75% aquaculture wastewater; and D5—100% aquaculture wastewater). The physical–chemical characterization of the dilutions and the evaluation of the palm production and development parameters were carried out. The occupied area (Aop), the fresh volume of aerial phytomass (Vf), and the fresh weight of the aerial phytomass produced by the forage cactus (Pf) were estimated. The proportion of 75% aquaculture wastewater and 25% supply water provided the lowest average value for plant height in the analysis carried out over time and 365 days after planting. Variations in dilutions of aquaculture wastewater in supply water did not provide any difference in the plant's moisture content. Replacing supply water with aquaculture wastewater by up to 25% allowed productivity-like control.
Safeguarding human values: rethinking US law for generative AI’s societal impacts
Authors: Cheong Inyoung , Caliskan Aylin , Kohno Tadayoshi
Published: May 2024

Our interdisciplinary study examines the effectiveness of US law in addressing the complex challenges posed by generative AI systems to fundamental human values, including physical and mental well-being, privacy, autonomy, diversity, and equity. Through the analysis of diverse hypothetical scenarios developed in collaboration with experts, we identified significant shortcomings and ambiguities within the existing legal protections. Constitutional and civil rights law currently struggles to hold AI companies responsible for AI-assisted discriminatory outputs. Moreover, even without considering the liability shield provided by Section 230, existing liability laws may not effectively remedy unintentional and intangible harms caused by AI systems. Demonstrating causal links for liability claims such as defamation or product liability proves exceptionally difficult due to the intricate and opaque nature of these systems. To effectively address these unique and evolving risks posed by generative AI, we propose a “Responsible AI Legal Framework” that adapts to recognize new threats and utilizes a multi-pronged approach. This framework would enshrine fundamental values in legal frameworks, establish comprehensive safety guidelines, and implement liability models tailored to the complexities of human-AI interactions. By proactively mitigating unforeseen harms like mental health impacts and privacy breaches, this framework aims to create a legal landscape capable of navigating the exciting yet precarious future brought forth by generative AI technologies.
Is ChatGPT the way toward artificial general intelligence
Authors: Emmert-Streib Frank
Published: May 2024

The success of the conversational AI system ChatGPT has triggered an avalanche of studies that explore its applications in research and education. There are also high hopes that, in addition to such particular usages, it could lead to artificial general intelligence (AGI) that means to human-level intelligence. Such aspirations, however, need to be grounded by actual scientific means to ensure faithful statements and evaluations of the current situation. The purpose of this article is to put ChatGPT into perspective and to outline a way forward that might instead lead to an artificial special intelligence (ASI), a notion we introduce. The underlying idea of ASI is based on an environment that consists only of text. We will show that this avoids the problem of embodiment of an agent and leads to a system with restricted capabilities compared to AGI. Furthermore, we discuss gated actions as a means of large language models to moderate ethical concerns.
Global Burden and Trends of Primary Liver Cancer Attributable to Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among People Living with Hepatitis B: An Observational Trend Study from 1990 to 2019
Authors: Xie Jinzhao , Lin Xiao , Fan Xiaoyan , Wang Xu , Pan Deng , Li Jinghua , Hao Yuantao , Jie Yusheng , Zhang Lei , Gu Jing
Published: May 2024

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of liver cancer among people living with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our study aimed to estimate the global burden and trends of liver cancer attributable to comorbid T2DM among people living with HBV from 1990 to 2019.

Methods

We calculated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of liver cancer attributable to comorbid T2DM among the burden of HBV-related liver cancer. We applied the PAFs to the burden of HBV-related liver cancer derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database to obtain the burden of liver cancer attributable to HBV–T2DM comorbidity. The prevalence, disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and deaths of liver cancer attributable to the comorbidity were assessed at the global, regional, and country levels and then stratified by the sociodemographic index (SDI), sex, and age group. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify the temporal trends.

Results

In 2019, the global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates of liver cancer attributable to HBV–T2DM comorbidity were 9.9 (8.4–11.5) and 182.4 (154.9–212.7) per 10,000,000 individuals, respectively. High-income Asia Pacific and East Asia had the highest age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates of liver cancer attributable to HBV–T2DM comorbidity, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates increased in 16 out of 21 GBD regions. High-income North America had the largest annual increases in both age-standardized prevalence rates (EAPC = 6.07; 95% UI, 5.59 to 6.56) and DALY rates (EAPC = 4.77; 95% UI, 4.35 to 5.20), followed by Australasia and Central Asia. Across all SDI regions, the high SDI region exhibited the most rapid increase in age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. Additionally, men had consistently higher disease burdens than women across all age groups. The patterns of mortality burden and trends are similar to those of DALYs.

Conclusions

The burden of liver cancer attributable to comorbid T2DM among people living with HBV has exhibited an increasing trend across most regions over the last three decades. Tailored prevention strategies targeting T2DM should be implemented among individuals living with HBV.
Studies on partial replacement of waste high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) plastic with fine aggregate (FA) on mechanical, durability and thermal properties of M30 and M40 grade concrete
Authors: Suvidha Y. , Jain Sumesh , Kumar C. Arvind
Published: May 2024

The aim of the present paper is to incorporate two different waste plastic materials that is High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Poly-Propylene (PP), were replaced with Fine Aggregate (FA) at a 10% by 2.5% increment. The widespread formation of HDPE and PP waste plastics has become a major environmental issue, endangering ecosystems and human health. Traditional disposal techniques, such as landfills and incineration, lead to pollution and resource depletion. Incorporating these polymers into concrete provides a long-term solution that reduces environmental effect while improving material qualities. The Different tests conducted are compressive strength (3, 7, 28 and 60 days) (150 × 150x150 mm), flexural strength (3, 7, 28 and 60 days) (100 × 100x500 mm), acid attack (28, 56 and 90 days) (100 × 100x100 mm), sulphate attack (28, 56 and 90 days) (100 × 100x100 mm), and thermal conductivity (180 mm dia x 20 mm thick). The compressive strengths of 40.52 MPa and 38.41 MPa for PP and HDPE material were observed in M30-grade concrete, respectively. Similarly, for M40-grade concrete, 43.6 MPa and 41.8 MPa are for PP and HDPE material, respectively. The optimum percentages of 5% and 7.5 for PP and HDPE material, respectively, can be replaced in concrete for flexural strength in both M30 and M40 grades. The least percentage loss in acid attack was observed at 28 days for both HDPE and PP material, but for 56 days and 90 days, the percentage loss of weight was significantly less (< 5%). The sulphate attack for both M30 and M40 grade concrete showed less than 10% percentage loss in weight after 90 days. Thermal conductivity (k) was also reduced by 30–35% for both HDPE and PP material, with 10% replacement in concrete for M30 and M40 grades. The use of Waste HDPE and PP material can be used to improve the mechanical, durability & thermal property of M30 and M40 grade concrete under controlled conditions.
Pathologic characteristics of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms
Authors: Yoon Sun Och
Published: May 2024

Histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms comprise diverse tumors originating from the mononuclear phagocytic system, which includes monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification updating the categorization of these tumors, reflecting a deeper understanding of their pathogenesis.

In this updated classification system, tumors are categorized as Langerhans cell and other dendritic cell neoplasms, histiocyte/macrophage neoplasms, and plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms. Follicular dendritic cell neoplasms are classified as mesenchymal dendritic cell neoplasms within the stroma-derived neoplasms of lymphoid tissues.

Each subtype of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms exhibits distinct morphological characteristics. They also show a characteristic immunophenotypic profile marked by various markers such as CD1a, CD207/langerin, S100, CD68, CD163, CD4, CD123, CD21, CD23, CD35, and ALK, and hematolymphoid markers such as CD45 and CD43. In situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) identifies a particular subtype. Immunoprofiling plays a critical role in determining the cell of origin and identifying the specific subtype of tumors. There are frequent genomic alterations in these neoplasms, especially in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, including BRAF (notably BRAF V600E), MAP2K1, KRAS, and NRAS mutations, and ALK gene translocation.

This review aims to offer a comprehensive and updated overview of histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, focusing on their ontogeny, morphological aspects, immunophenotypic profiles, and molecular genetics. This comprehensive approach is essential for accurately differentiating and classifying neoplasms according to the updated WHO classification.
Revisiting Taylor’s analysis of the Trinity test
Authors: Mone Elizabeth , Seshadri Pranay
Published: May 2024

The atomic bomb uses fission of heavy elements to produce a large amount of energy. It was designed and deployed during World War II by the United States military. The first test of an atomic bomb occurred in July 1945 in New Mexico and was given the name Trinity; this test was not declassified until 1949. In that year, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor released two papers detailing his process in calculating the energy yield of the atomic bomb from pictures of the Trinity explosion alone. Many scientists made similar calculations concurrently, although Taylor is often accredited with them. Since then, many scientists have also attempted to calculate a yield through various methods. This paper walks through these methods with a focus on Taylor’s method—based on first principles—as well as redoing the calculations that he performed with modern tools. In this paper, we make use of state-of-the-art computer vision tools to find a more precise measurement of the blast radius, as well as using curve fitting and numerical integration methods. With more precise measurements we are able to follow in Taylor’s footstep toward a more accurate approximation.
Rainbow Serpents and Boiling Springs: Indigenous Sovereignty and the Fight for Groundwater in the United States and Australia
Authors: SMITHERS GREGORY , HOPSON SUSANNAH
Published: May 2024

Around the world, Indigenous people are preparing for futures of climate uncertainty and resource shortages. Indigenous communities are looking to the past and seeking guidance from their traditions – diverse systems of knowledge that change over time – so that they and future generations might nurture connections to the “deep time” of geological and human histories. In this essay we examine how the Wangan and Jagalingou Family Council in Australia and the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians in the United States have taken long-term views on ecological sustainability and sovereignty. We focus on these two Indigenous communities on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean because they are among the highest-profile battles over ancient groundwater in the past decade. Set against a backdrop of global settler state interference and exploitative economic practices, both cases reveal how the concept of kinscapes – or a shared sense of relatedness to interconnected ecosystems, histories, and places (or nodes) of belonging – can sharpen our understanding of environmental stewardship and its importance to Indigenous sovereignty. Whereas mining corporations and settler governments continue to make decisions with short- to medium-term objectives in mind, Wangan and Jagalingou and Agua Caliente leaders have used legal battles over groundwater to underscore their spiritual and physical connectedness with local environments. Like Indigenous communities around the world, the Wangan and Jagalingou Family Council and the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians are making ontological choices by asserting their sovereignty through environmental stewardship.
Assessment of food availability in New Zealand primary schools
Authors: Pillay D. , Piddington M. , Ali A. , Wham C.
Published: May 2024

Childhood obesity and overweight rates in New Zealand are considerably higher than that globally with one in three children aged between 2-14 years being overweight or obese(1). Children’s dietary knowledge and food preferences are influenced by various factors including the food environment. Schools are an excellent setting to influence children’s dietary behaviours since they have the potential to reach almost all children during the first two decades of their lives. However, previous analyses indicate many school canteens and food providers do not supply foods that promote healthy eating and nutrition behaviours (2,3). The Ministry of Health (MoH) recently implemented a ‘Food and Drink Guidance for Schools’ which utilises a traffic-light framework dividing foods into three categories: ‘green’, ‘amber’, and ‘red’(4). The aim of this study was to assess primary school canteen food menus against the newly implemented MoH Guidance. A convenience sample of 133 primary school canteen menus were collected in 2020 as part of the baseline evaluation of the Healthy Active Learning initiative across New Zealand. Four researchers (three nutritionists and one dietitian) developed a menu analysis toolkit to undertake the analysis of all menus collected. The toolkit provided a breakdown of commonly packaged foods and meals/menu items available to purchase within schools based on Health Star Ratings, ingredients, and/or standard recipes. Assumptions were created for menu items requiring additional detail to be categorised according to the guidance through consensus by all four researchers. Primary school menus were coded by two researchers, and intercoder reliability was ensured by independent coding and cross-checking of 10% of menus. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS and P<0.05 denoted significance. Analyses of canteen menus revealed that most menu items belonged to the less healthy amber (41.0%) and red (40%) food categories. Low decile schools had a lower percentage of green food items (8.6%) and a higher percentage of red food items (48.3%) compared to high decile schools (p = 0.028). Similarly, schools in low deprivation areas had a significantly higher percentage of green food items (14.2%) compared to high deprivation areas (8.6%) (p = 0.031). Sandwiches, filled rolls, and wraps were the most commonly available items (86%) followed by baked foods and foods with pastry (71%). Sugar-sweetened beverages were just as prevalent as water on school food menus (54% each). Over half of in-house catered canteen menu items were classified as 'red’ foods (55.3%). This study highlights that most school canteens were not meeting the guidelines for healthy food and drink provision outlined by the MoH. Improving school food availability for children in socioeconomically deprived areas needs to be prioritised to reduce inequities. Findings suggest the need for more robust national policies and mandated school guidance to improve the food environments in New Zealand schools.
Nutrient trade in Oceania
Authors: Smith N.
Published: May 2024

Human nutrition is a key component of the definitions of both sustainable food systems and sustainable healthy diets, and features prominently in the Sustainable Development Goals. However, progress towards complete nutrition and food security for the entire global population is poor, and the burden of malnutrition and food insecurity is felt in countries of all income levels, including in Oceania. While countries like Australia and New Zealand (NZ) are widely perceived as sources of high-quality food exported overseas due to great surpluses above national requirement, this hides domestic issues. The international nutrition community recognises and are demanding that our food systems must be sustainable, which is not yet the case anywhere in Oceania. Food insecurity at the household level is not uncommon, nor are nutrient deficiencies. It is often presumed that, should the inequitable distribution of food be balanced, these challenges would disappear. However, food supply and trade data show that even at the national and regional levels, insufficient food and nutrient supplies to meet population requirements are the established norm. For example, it has been demonstrated that domestic vegetable production falls short of NZ dietary recommendations, with imports making a negligible difference other than via energy dense crops(1). Likewise, after consideration of trade, NZ has undersupplies of calcium, potassium, vitamins C and E, and dietary fibre compared to population requirements(2). A wealth of data exists quantifying food production, trade, and availability and various scales. Increasingly, researchers are matching these to human requirements, whether at the food or nutrient level, to identify gaps(3). Insights generated from these data-driven approaches are being directed at trade policy, enabling decisions that can realise aspirational goals to reduce food insecurity through international trade. Making this data accessible to all via interactive user interfaces promotes wider engagement, understanding, and dissemination of findings. It also allows stakeholders in various countries to identify their own vulnerabilities, both as a result of current undersupplies, and due to high reliance on trading partners for food and nutrition security. Trade data can also be connected to environmental measures to identify scenarios where trade can be leveraged to the benefit of both nutrition and broader sustainability goals(4). High level, data driven approaches are not a substitute for individual-based studies on nutrition, but are a useful complement to them. With regionally or nationally deficient food and nutrient supplies, complete nutrition for individuals cannot be attained. A holistic, system-wide understanding is necessary for any policy decisions to advance nutrition.
An audit of plant-based, ultra processed vegan foods in New Zealand
Authors: Czifra A.J. , Batty R. , Beck K.L. , von Hurst P.R.
Published: May 2024

As concerns grow about the impact of animal farming on the environment, the appeal of plant-based diets has increased(1). The most extreme of these diets is the vegan diet which excludes all animal and insect sourced products. The vegan diet is often lauded as being beneficial for cardiovascular health, with the exclusion of saturated fats from animal meats, and the high intake of fibre from fruit and vegetables. More lately, however, there has been an exponential increase in the availability of vegan ultra-processed (UPFs), ready to eat foods which may not be so heart healthy. This study aimed to audit the vegan-labelled, plant-based meat and dairy analogues (PBMAs and PBDAs) available in New Zealand supermarkets. The objective was to compare the nutrient content against foods of animal origin that these products emulate. The audit was completed between March and June 2022 using a combination of on-site data collection and online sources. Data were collected from New Zealand’s five major supermarkets, Countdown, Fresh Choice, New World, Pak’nSave and Four Square. The audit recorded vegan and plant-based labelled products imitating animal meats (chicken, mince, beef, sausage, burgers, bacon, nuggets), and dairy (milk, cheese, yoghurt). Nutrient composition was taken from the Nutrition Information Panel (NIP) for each product and then a mean (SD) derived from a sample of each category. Nutrient composition for the comparison meat and dairy products was taken from NZ FOODFiles(2). All nutrients were reported per 100g or100ml. The PBMAs generally had higher energy, sodium and fibre, and lower protein than their meat counterparts. For example, plant-based burgers compared with beef burgers had 863kJ vs 761kJ energy, 436g vs 130g sodium, 2.3g vs 1.2g fibre, 15g vs 19g protein per 100g. Total fat and saturated fat were mostly lower in the meat products than in PBMAs, except for sausages. The plant-based milk analogues were lower in protein and fat than dairy milk, except soy (protein) and coconut (fat) milks. PBDAs were either completely lacking in calcium or were fortified to a similar level as dairy milk. Most plant-based cheeses and yoghurts were not fortified with calcium and were higher in energy, total fat and saturated fat than dairy. Vitamin B12 fortification of all plant-based products varied widely but contained less than meats and dairy. The wide range of plant-based UPFs included in this audit demonstrated little or no health advantage over animal derived meats and dairy products. The high salt and saturated fat content of these products suggest increased cardiometabolic risk if consumed as a regular part of the vegan diet despite higher fibre content.
Adherence and eating experiences differ between participants following a flexitarian or vegetarian diet in a 10-week randomised dietary intervention trial
Authors: Gillies N.A. , Worthington A. , Li L. , Conner T.S. , Bermingham E.N. , Knowles S.O. , Cameron-Smith D. , Hannaford R. , Braakhuis A.
Published: May 2024

Flexitarian, vegetarian and vegan diets are increasingly popular, particularly amongst young adults. This is the first randomised dietary intervention to investigate the health, wellbeing, and behavioural implications of consuming a basal vegetarian diet that additionally includes low-to-moderate amounts of red meat compared to one containing plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) in young adults (NCT04869163)(1). The objective for the current analysis is to measure adherence to the intervention, nutrition behaviours, and participants’ experience with their allocated dietary group. Eighty healthy young adults participated in this 10-week dietary intervention as household pairs. Household pairs were randomised to receive approximately three serves of beef and lamb meat (average of 390 g total cooked weight per person per week, flexitarian group) or PBMAs (350–400 g, vegetarian group) on top of a basal vegetarian diet. Participants were supported to adopt healthy eating behaviours, and this intervention was developed and implemented using a behaviour change framework(2). Diet adherence (eating allocated meat or PBMA, abstaining from animal-based foods not provided by researchers) was monitored daily, with total scores calculated at the end of the 10-week intervention period. Eating experiences were measured by the Positive Eating Scale and a purpose-designed exit survey, and a food frequency questionnaire measured dietary intake. Analyses used mixed effects modelling taking household clustering into account. The average total adherence score was 91.5 (SD = 9.0) out of a possible 100, with participants in the flexitarian group scoring higher (96.1, SD = 4.6, compared to 86.7, SD = 10.0; p < 0.001). Those receiving meat were generally more satisfied with this allocation compared to those receiving the PBMAs, even though a leading motivation for participants joining the study was an opportunity to try plant-based eating (35% expressed that that interest). Participants in both intervention groups had increased vegetable intake (p < 0.001), and reported more positive eating experiences (p = 0.020) and satisfaction with eating (p = 0.021) at the end of the 10-week intervention relative to baseline values. Behavioural methods to encourage engagement with the trial were successful, as participants demonstrated excellent adherence to the intervention. The flexitarian and vegetarian diets elicited different responses in adherence and eating experience. This holds relevance for the inclusion of red meat and PBMAs in healthy, sustainable dietary patterns beyond this study alone.
Phytochemicals from Monty’s Surprise apple are absorbed in humans, increase plasma antioxidant response, and inhibit lung and breast cancer proliferation in vitro
Authors: Nezbedová L. , Heyes J. , Ahmed Nasef N. , Mehta S.
Published: May 2024

Apples consumption is associated with improved health and reduced risk of cancer which is attributed to its phytochemical content(1). Evidence suggests that apple phytochemicals affect different Hallmarks of cancer and reduce oxidative stress, which is involved in the pathology of cancer(2). The limiting factor to obtain these effects in the human body is apple phytochemicals’ low bioavailability. Our study is focused on a heritage apple cultivar discovered in New Zealand - Monty’s Surprise. Based on our previous liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis this apple contains high phytochemical (mainly flavonoids) concentrations when compared to some other commercial apple cultivars available in New Zealand. This study aims to evaluate the bioavailability of Monty’s Surprise apple phytochemicals in humans and Monty’s Surprise phytochemicals’ effects on blood total antioxidant capacity and lung, and breast cancer cell proliferation. Twelve healthy participants received either apple puree or a placebo as a control in a randomised crossover human study. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting and at regular intervals up to eight hours post-meal consumption. The main phytochemical metabolites in the participant’s plasma were evaluated by LC-MS-MS. Plasma total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power. Based on the results from the metabolomics analysis we then created a synthetic mixture of the Monty’s Surprise apple phytochemical metabolites and evaluated their effects on cell proliferation using SYBR green assay in vitro. We were able to detect twenty-seven different phytochemical metabolites in the participant’s plasma after consumption of Monty’s Surprise apple puree. The main metabolites detected were metabolites of phenolic acids, and phase II metabolites, but also phloretin metabolites. Moreover, Monty’s Surprise apple puree consumption significantly increased (p < 0.001) plasma total antioxidant capacity 30 minutes post-meal intake (from the baseline to 170.76 µmol/L ± 34.58), when compared to the placebo consumption. In addition, Monty’s Surprise apple phytochemical metabolites inhibited lung and breast cancer cell proliferation at different concentrations. Results from this study demonstrated that Monty’s Surprise apple phenolic compounds are absorbed and enter the systemic circulation after apple puree ingestion and their absorption improves plasma antioxidant status. Moreover, Monty’s Surprise apple blood metabolites inhibit lung and breast cancer cell growth in vitro. These findings suggest that incorporating Monty’s Surprise apple into the diet may improve human health and prevent cancer development.
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in the Central Division of Fiji
Authors: Palu A. , Santos J. , Shahid M. , Coyle D. , Waqa G. , Moala A. , Bell C. , McKenzie B.L.
Published: May 2024

Availability of ultra-processed foods is likely to be high in the Pacific(1) however, information on consumption is limited. This study aimed to assess consumption levels and dietary sources of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in a population of adults in the Central Division of Fiji. A random sample of 700 adults was selected from two statistical enumeration areas (one semi-urban, one rural) in Fiji. Participant characteristics were collected, along with a three-pass 24-hour diet recall. Foods consumed were coded based on level of processing, in alignment with the NOVA categorisation system (1 = unprocessed, 2 = minimally processed,3 = processed and 4 = ultra-processed). UPF contribution to total energy, salt, fat, and sugar intake were estimated. Main sources of UPFs were then estimated by food group. 534 adults participated (76% response rate, 50% female). Preliminary results suggest that UPFs contributed 21.5% (%95 CI, 19.5% to 23.4%) of total energy intake. Further, UPFs contributed to 22.8% (%95CI 20.5% to 25.1%) of total salt intake, 24.0% (%95 CI, 21.4% to 26.6%) of fat intake and 18.6% (%95 CI, 16.5% to 20.7%) of sugar intake. UPFs contributed over 20% of total energy intake in this sample of Fijian adults and over 20% of salt, fat, and sugar. Messages and interventions that encourage consumption of minimally processed foods while reducing consumption of UPFs are likely needed to improve the healthiness of diets.
Dietary fibre intakes of two cohorts of New Zealand adults with and without constipation
Authors: Ng H.M. , Maggo J. , Wall C. , Bayer S. , Roy N.C. , Gearry R.
Published: May 2024

Adequate dietary fibre (DF) intake is recommended to relieve constipation and improve gut health(1). It is often assumed that individuals with constipation have relatively low DF intake and do not meet the recommended adequate intake of 25 g and 30 g for females and males, respectively. The 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey confirmed that the mean DF was 17.9 grams (g) per day for females and 22.8 g per day for males, which was well below the recommended adequate intake(2). With the continuous shift of dietary patterns over time, we sought to compare the current usual DF intake of two cohorts of New Zealand adults: those who have constipation with those without constipation but with relatively low DF intake. We report baseline dietary data from two randomised controlled dietary studies (Kiwifruit Ingestion to Normalise Gut Symptoms (KINGS) (ACTRN12621000621819) and Bread Related Effects on microbiAl Distribution (BREAD) (ACTRN12622000884707)) conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The KINGS study included adults with either functional constipation or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome to consume either two green kiwifruit or maltodextrin for four weeks. The BREAD study is a crossover study and included healthy adults without constipation but with relatively low DF intake (<18 g for females, <22 g for males) to consume two types of bread with different DF content, each bread for four weeks separated by a two-week washout period. All participants completed a non-consecutive three-day food diary at baseline. Dietary data were entered into FoodWorks Online Professional (Xyris Software Australia, 2021) to assess mean daily DF intake. Fifty-six adults from the KINGS study (n = 48 females, n= 8 males; mean age ± standard deviation: 42.8 ± 12.6 years) and BREAD study (n = 33 females, n= 23 males; mean age: 40.4 ± 13.4 years) completed a baseline food diary. In the KINGS study, females with constipation had a daily mean DF intake of 25.0 ± 9.4 g whilst male participants consumed 26.9 ± 5.0 g per day. In the BREAD study, females without constipation had a mean daily DF intake of 19.4 ± 5.8 g, whereas males had 22.6 ± 8.5 g per day. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean daily DF intake between females with constipation and those without constipation (p < 0.001) but not between males (p = 0.19). These two studies found that DF intakes among females with constipation were not as relatively low as previously assumed, as they met their adequate intake of 25 g. Further data analysis from the KINGS and BREAD studies will reveal the effects of using diet to manage constipation and promote better gut health in these two cohorts of New Zealand adults.
Change in symptoms of depression and eating disorders in adolescents with obesity participating in a clinical trial
Authors: Jebeile H. , Kwok C. , House E.T. , Inkster M. , Day K. , Lang S. , Grunseit A. , Gow M.L. , Liseter N.B.
Published: May 2024

Depression and eating disorder (ED) risk are heightened during adolescence(1) and both were exacerbated during COVID-19 lockdowns. This analysis reports changes in self-reported symptoms of depression and eating disorders throughout the Fast Track to Health trial. Fast Track to Health was a 52-week multi-site randomised-controlled trial, conducted 2018-2023, comparing intermittent (IER) and continuous energy restriction (CER) in adolescents with obesity and ≥1 associated comorbidity(2). The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-revised 10-item version for adolescents (CESDR) was used to assess symptoms of depression (no symptoms, sub-threshold, or possible, probable, major depressive episode). Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) was used to assess ED risk; defined as global score ≥2.7, ≥2 episodes of binge eating with/without loss of control, or ≥1 episode of purging within the last 28-days. The Binge Eating Scale (BES) assessed severity of binge eating (no binge eating, mild/moderate, severe). Adolescents were monitored for disordered eating during dietetic consults. Linear mixed models, retaining all data consistent with intention-to-treat analysis, were used to estimate the change in outcomes from baseline to week-52. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the number of participants meeting screening criteria at baseline and week-52. One hundred and forty one adolescents were enrolled and 97 completed the trial, with median (IQR) EDE-Q score 2.28 (1.43 to 3.14), CESDR 9.00 (4.0 to 14.5) and BES 11.0 (5.0 to 17.0) at baseline. EDE-Q (change in estimated marginal means [SE], IER −0.63 [0.18], CER −0.56 [0.17]) and CESDR (IER −2.70 [1.15], CER −3.87 [1.07]) scores reduced between baseline and week-52 in both groups (p<0.05) with no difference between groups. There was a between group difference (p = 0.019) in change in BES. The IER group had a reduction between baseline and week-52 (−3.72 [1.27]) and the CER group had no change. At baseline, 31 (22%) adolescents were classified as having a possible/probable/major depressive episode, 110 (78%) met ≥1 ED criteria and 28 (21%) as mild/moderate or severe binge eating, reducing to 8 (9%), 56 (61%) and 15 (16%) respectively at week-52. A small sub-group of adolescents required additional support for disordered eating. Overall, treatment-seeking adolescents with obesity have symptoms of depression and ED. Although symptoms reduce for most, some required additional support. Screening and monitoring for depression and ED are important to ensure early intervention.
A systematic review of nutritional guidelines for preterm infants
Authors: Meiliana M. , Alexander T. , Bloomfield F.H. , Cormack B.E. , Harding J.E. , Walsh O. , Lin L.
Published: May 2024

The estimated global preterm birth rate in 20201 was more than 10% of livebirths or 13.4 million infants. Nutrition in the neonatal period is a key factor to optimise growth, neurodevelopment, and later metabolic disease risk2. There is no consensus on optimal nutrition for preterm infants, leading to substantial practice variation3. We aimed to assess the quality of nutritional guidelines for preterm infants, the consistency of recommendations, and the gaps in these recommendations. This review is reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 checklist. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327248). We searched six databases and 44 websites for nutritional guidelines for preterm infants before first hospital discharge, which were endorsed, prepared, or authorised by a regional, national, or international body, written in English, and published between 2012-2023. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted relevant data including nutritional recommendations (ranges or descriptions), the quality of recommendations (certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation), and gaps in recommendations, defined as those identified by the guidelines or when recommendations were based on very low certainty evidence. Disagreements were resolved by discussion or a third reviewer. Four reviewers appraised the included guidelines using AGREE II. We identified 7051 records, 27 guidelines were included in the review, 26% of which were of high quality. Most guidelines lacked stakeholder involvement and rigour of development. Twelve guidelines had recommendations for macronutrient intake, 18 for micronutrient intake, 12 for feeding, eight for fortification, and 14 for monitoring of nutritional adequacy. Only two guidelines provided recommendations for all five of these aspects. We found considerable variation in recommendations, many of which lacked details of certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation. Recommendations for feeding types and breastmilk fortification were consistent among high quality guidelines, but recommendations varied for intakes of almost all nutrients and monitoring of nutritional adequacy. Different guidelines gave different certainty of evidence for the same recommendations. Most gaps in recommendations were due to a very low certainty of evidence. Future development of nutritional guidelines for preterm infants should follow the standard guideline development method and ensure rigorous process including stakeholders’ involvement to improve the reporting of strength of recommendation, certainty of evidence, and gaps in recommendation. Evidence is needed to support recommendations about macro and micronutrient intakes, breastmilk fortification, and markers on adequacy of intake of different nutrients.