bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the respective relationships between rumination time within the first 10 days in milk and periparturient diseases, subclinical hypocalcemia, negative energy balance, and milk production in dairy cows
Authors: Opsina P. A. , Nydam D. V. , Caixeta L. S.
Published: February 2023

Healthy dairy cows ruminate approximately 400 to 500 minutes per day; however, rumination time can be affected by several factors such as diet composition, health status, environment, and stress. Increased rumination time can be associated with increased health because of increased saliva production, whereas decreased rumination time has been associated with negative health effects. Historically, evaluating rumination time was laborious and limited to a few animals at a time; however, adoption of new technology like rumination collars has allowed increased data collection and monitoring of rumination time at both the individual and herd level. The effect of rumination time early in the postpartum period, based on rumination collar data, on milk production has not been thoroughly evaluated. The objectives of this pilot study were to evaluate the maximum number minutes per day spent ruminating during the first 10 days-in-milk (DIM) for cows that developed displaced abomasum (DA), clinical ketosis (CK), subclinical hypocalcemia, or excessive negative energy balance, and to evaluate the association between rumination minutes and total milk production during the first 30 DIM after controlling for potential confounders.
association of dystocia and metritis with daily activity patterns of Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Titler M. , Maquivar M. G. , Bas S. , Gordon E. , Rajala-Schultz P. J. , Schuenemann G. M.
Published: February 2023

Calving related losses due to dystocia and metritis affect the bottom line of dairy operations, and their underlying causes should be investigated to develop preventive procedures with consideration given to animal welfare and farm profitability. Monitoring cow activity patterns around the clock may allow dairy producers and their veterinarians to improve the identification of cows at risk of devleoping dystocia or metritis. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of dystocia on cow activity behavior 4 days before calving and to assess the effect of metritis on cow activity behavior 3 days before and after diagnosis.
Effect of cobalt supplementation on humoral immune response in weaned beef calves
Authors: Sager R. B.
Published: February 2023

The National Research Council (NRC) requirements for cobalt (Co) (0.1 mg/kg or 0.1 ppm; DM intake) were first published in the 1950s when production expectations for beef cattle production were two-thirds as great as present-day production expectations. Recommended NRC Co requirements were derived during the 1950s from experiments with cattle that were genetically different, fed different rations, and raised with different production and economic expectations compared with cattle today. Compared with their 1950s counterparts, today's beef cattle are 35 to 40% larger anatomically, grow at increased rates, and were genetically selected for maximum muscle growth. Rumen microbial organisms use Co for the synthesis of vitamin B12, which is a necessary cofactor for vital metabolic pathways in lipid and carbohydrate energy metabolism. In the past, studies have focused on the effect of Co supplementation on performance and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate supplementation of weaned beef calves with 3 levels of Co on humoral immune response to Brucella abortus vaccination.
Assessment of work shift transition of calving personnel on stillbirth in Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Hunter A. , Maquivar M. G. , Bas S. , Workman J. D. , Schuenemann G. M.
Published: February 2023

Calving-related losses, such as stillbirth, affect the bottom line of dairy operations, and the underlying causes should be investigated to develop preventive procedures that consider both animal welfare and profitability. Comprehensive training on calving management practices for dairy personnel is a top priority, especially to reduce the prevalence of stillbirth in dairy herds. Risk factors affecting stillbirth vary from farm to farm, and blanket recommendations often fail when applied to a variety of different herds. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of time of birth during the 1-hour period before and after the work shift transition of calving personnel (n=3) on 1 commercial dairy on the prevalence of stillbirth in Holstein cows.
Efficacy of oral immunization with Cryptosporidium parvum in a colostrum-deprived neonatal calf challenge model
Authors: Carter D. P. , Welter M. W.
Published: February 2023

A major cause of reduced performance and death in neonatal dairy calves is diarrhea, regardless of cause. Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoal pathogen that is frequently associated with diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves. Virtually all dairy calves that are raised on commercial operations are infected with C. parvum by 3 weeks of age. Conventional colostrum does not contain protective levels of antibodies against C. parvum, and therapeutic agents with efficacy for prevention of C. parvum oocyst excretion or reduction of clinical severity of diarrhea are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an inactivated C. parvum preparation as an oral immunogen in a colostrum-deprived calf challenge model.
Milk quality
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: February 2023

Milking system cleaning is an extremely important aspect of modern dairying. Many veterinarians are not involved in milk-quality programs, particularly those involving system cleaning. Veterinarians have the basic observational skills to make a difference on dairies by simply being in the parlor during wash-up and observing the process. Several simple basic tests can be performed when counts are elevated to determine the issues on the dairy. Veterinarians should be monitoring milk-quality records to bring added value to their producers by improving the overall quality of milk shipped from the dairies with which they work on a regular basis.
Milking records
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: February 2023

More veterinarians should be involved in milk quality monitoring on a regular basis. There is a need for more monitoring, training, and record evaluation on a set schedule to improve the overall milk quality on many dairies. Understanding the available data and the importance of monitoring current performance levels, as either management or equipment settings are adjusted, is important for overall profitability ofthe dairy. A review of some available data will be presented to aid to improving veterinary involvement in milk quality programs.
Use of reproductive ultrasound for goat herd management
Authors: Rowe Joan Dean
Published: February 2023

Routine reproductive ultrasound examinations in dairy and meat goat herds provide the veterinarian with the ability to view the entire female herd on a routine basis, establish a valid veterinary-client-patient relationship, measure reproductive performance, and plan strategies for the breeding, dry period, transitional period, and kidding management. Diagnosis ofpregnancy, early detection and treatment of hydrometra or other pathologic conditions, fetal enumeration, gestational staging, fetal well-being, and fetal death can all be used to make management decisions and evaluate herd performance.
Program outcomes from the Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative
Authors: MacDonald K. A. , Keefe G. P. , McKenna S. L. B.
Published: February 2023

Johne’s disease is an incurable, chronic, infectious enteritis of domestic and wild ruminants. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). It has been identified as one of the top health priorities of the Canadian dairy industry by the Dairy Farmers of Canada. The Atlantic Johne’s Disease Initiative (AJDI) was launched in 2011 as a voluntary, long-term farm strategy with the overall objective of reducing the prevalence and impact of Johne’s disease in Atlantic Canada. This report outlines program implementation statistics, prevalence data, risk assessment scores, and management plan recommendations for the AJDI.
Seroprevalence of bovine anaplasmosis in the southern US
Authors: Whitlock B. K. , Daniel J. A. , Harvey B. S. , Johnson J. K. , Coetzee J. F.
Published: February 2023

Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginal, is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to profitable production in the U.S. The introduction of anaplasmosis into a naive herd can result in a reduced calf crop and increased cull and mortality rates in infected adult cattle. The cost of anaplasmosis to the US beef industry is estimated to be over $300 million annually. Control of anaplasmosis in the U.S. is predicated on biosecurity and administration of antimicrobials both of which require knowledge of regional prevalence for implementation to be successful. The last reported prevalence of anaplasmosis in cattle in the southern U.S. ranged from 2% to 24%. However, the test used to determine the prevalence, complement fixation, is no longer considered reliable. Therefore, true prevalence of anaplasmosis in this region is likely much higher than previously reported.
Bispectral index and hemodynamic effects of a constant rate infusion of propofol combined with fentanyl in calves under spontaneous ventilation
Authors: Deschk M. , Trein T. A. , Wagatsuma J. T. , Silva G. L. , Rodrigues C. A. , Santos P. S. P.
Published: February 2023

Total intravenous anesthesia is an anesthetic modality which is commonly used in cattle due to its practicality, as it eliminates the need for sophisticated equipment and can be used under field conditions, providing adequate anesthesia and analgesia for bovine patients. This study evaluated the bispectral index (BIS) and hemodynamic effects of a constant rate infusion of propofol combined with fentanyl in calves.
Comparison of 2 gonadorelin formulations and 2 luteolytic agents on pregnancy rates in beef cattle synchronized with a 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR program
Authors: Bas S. , Brick T. A. , Starkey G. , Messerschmidt G. , Barragan A. A. , Schuenemann G. M. , Day M. L.
Published: February 2023

Improving reproductive performance in beef cattle is paramount to maximize beef operations productivity and sustainability. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteolytic agents (dinoprost tromethamine and cloprostenol sodium) are commercially available to be used in synchronization programs to allow timed artificial insemination (TAI) of cattle. Recently, a Synchronization Pack™ (Parnell) containing a combination of cloprostenol sodium and gonadorelin acetate was approved by the Food and Drug Administration to be used in TAI synchronization programs in both beef and dairy cattle. However, little research-based evidence on the pregnancy rates that can be achieved in beef cattle using these hormones is available. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of 2 gonadorelin formulations and 2 luteolytic agents (PGF) injected as part of a 5 day CO-Synch + CIDR program on fixed TAI (FTAI) pregnancy rates (PR) in beef cattle.
Spirometry in full-term and premature lambs
Authors: Bovino F. , Panelli E. M. , Camargo D. G. , Deschk M. , Santos P. S. P. , Mendes L. C. N.
Published: February 2023

Premature lambs are those born before day 137 of gestation. Animals born with premature lungs have multiple causes for developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and respiratory failure. Surfactant treatment for infants with RDS is used routinely and results in beneficial clinical responses. Prenatal glucocorticoid treatment of fetal sheep results in improvements in oxygenation, gas exchange, lung mechanics, and lung volume after pre-term delivery. Spirometry is a physiological test that measures how an individual inhales or exhales volumes of air as a function of time. The primary signal measured in spirometry may be volume or flow. The minute volume is the amount of air a person or animal breaths in a minute. The minute volume is calculated by the multiplication of the tidal volume (Vt) and the respiratory rate (RR).

The aim of this study was to evaluate respiratory capacity by spirometry in neonatal lambs, and to compare full-term and premature responses.
Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) transmission from a persistently infected goat to pregnant goats and calves
Authors: Passler T. , Riddell K. P. , Edmondson M. A. , Galik P. K. , Zhang Y. , Walz P. H.
Published: February 2023

Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) occur in various artiodactyls. Persistent infections occur in non-bovine species, but rarely in goats. Recently, a persistently infected (PI) goat was born following experimental infection of pregnant goats. The present study evaluated the potential of BVDV transmission from the PI goat to pregnant goats and calves.
Eating behavior in the feedlot
Authors: MacGregor D. Scott , Sjeklocha David , Holland Rob
Published: February 2023

Historically, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has caused major challenges in the North American feedlot industry. Commonly, BRD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedyards. Current BRD detection practices involve visual appraisal of clinical signs, such as depression, nasal discharge, altered locomotion, lack of fill, and cough. A novel high-frequency active integrated electronics system (AIES) was utilized to collect and record eating behavior of newly received, southeastern, auction-market derived calves. Two studies evaluated the health performance of calves managed by a traditional health system (cowboy assessment) versus a technology system. Results demonstrated the AIES decreased total percentage of respiratory pulls from 38.3 to 19.6 (P = 0.0001), while BRD mortalities were numerically lower for the technology treatment group, but not significantly different from the traditional system.
Altered plasma pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in cows affected with severe clinical mastitis
Authors: Gorden P. J. , Kleinhenz M. D. , Wulf L. W. , KuKanich B. , Wang C. , Coetzee J. F.
Published: February 2023

Our hypothesis is that cows affected with severe infectious disease will have altered CEF PK relative to healthy cows, necessitating variance in dose regimens and withdrawal periods.
assessment of two measuring devices for estimation of body weight in newborn beef and dairy calves
Authors: Windeyer M. C. , Palmer C. W. , Homerosky E. , Murray C. , Major E. A. , Kwong K. P. S. , Stookey J. , Campbell J. , Leslie K. E.
Published: February 2023

Calf birth weight is an important factor that can impact cow and calf health as well as performance on beef, dairy, and veal operations. Methods of estimating weight on-farm without the use of a scale have been developed, the most common of which are measuring tapes that determine the circumference around either the fetlock or girth of a calf. Despite the potential utility of these devices, there is a paucity of peer-reviewed research that evaluates their accuracy. Furthermore, many of the previous studies have not used appropriate statistical methodology to assess the agreement between 2 continuous measures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agreement of commonly-used measuring devices with actual body weight of neonatal beef and dairy calves.
Evaluation of a cow-side calcium test for determination of subclinical hypocalcemia in early postpartum cows
Authors: Spronk E. , Stampfl B. , Cramer G.
Published: February 2023

Clinical hypocalcemia is an important and prevalent metabolic disease of dairy cows. Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) has been defined as animals that do not have clinical signs, but serum concentrations of either total calcium <2.2 mmol/L or ionized calcium (iCa) <1 mmol/L. Recent work has shown that SCH in the first week of lactation is associated with reduced milk production and increased risk of displaced abomasum. Currently, various calcium products are marketed to maintain blood calcium levels. A rapid cow-side iCa test would allow targeted treatment of cows with SCH. The primary objective was to evaluate the performance of a new cow-side blood calcium meter for test characteristics and usability in the field. Additionally, we aimed to describe the relationship of SCH at different time points with postpartum diseases, including hoof lesions.
Prevalence of postpartum hyperketonemia, endometritis, and prolonged anovulation in dairy herds and their association with poor reproductive performance at first service
Authors: Dubuc J. , Denis-Robichaud J.
Published: February 2023

Postpartum hyperketonemia, endometritis, and prolonged anovulation are known risk factors for poor reproductive performance at first service at the cow level. However, it remains unclear what the acceptable prevalence of these conditions is at the herd level. The objective of this study was to quantify the prevalence of these conditions in dairy herds and to determine the optimal prevalence thresholds associated with poor reproductive performance at first service at the herd level.
use of ultrasound for assessment of muscle area and depth in postmortem preweaned Holstein dairy calves
Authors: Davis J. H. , Rossow H. A. , Barker C. M.
Published: February 2023

Real-time ultrasound is a noninvasive, quantifiable method of measuring body composition in livestock. Ultrasound has not been used to document changes in body composition in preweaned calves. The prewean growth period is a critical stage of calf development. An assessment of growth may include weighing of calves or postmortem evaluation of fat deposits in the perirenal area and coronary groove. None of these parameters offer real-time information, and an antemortem evaluation of body condition is needed. The purpose of this study was to validate the use of ultrasound for the measurement of the longissimus dorsi muscle (ribeye) linear depth and the external carpi radialis (front) and the semitendinosus (hind) muscle area in postmortem preweaned Holstein calves. Our objective was to determine the relationship between the carcass and ultrasound measurements for the ribeye depth and the front and hind muscle area. If validated, ultrasound may be used antemortemly in future scientific studies to assess muscle deposition in preweaned calves.
Economic comparison of immediate blanket treatment versus a delayed pathogen-based treatment protocol for clinical mastitis in a New York dairy herd
Authors: Capel M. , Nydam D. V. , Vasquez A. , Eicker S.
Published: February 2023

Clinical mastitis (CM) is one of the most economically important diseases in the dairy industry due to its high incidence and associated costs from decreased production, premature culling, mortality, discarded milk, and treatment expense. The industry is in need of mastitis treatment protocols that minimize antibiotic use while having minimal impact on therapeutic success. Pathogen based mastitis therapy has the potential for targeted use of intramammary (IMM) antibiotics, avoiding their overuse, reducing treatment costs, and increasing saleable milk. The objective of this study was to compare the economic impact of blanket IMM therapy with a pathogen based treatment approach. A partial budget analysis was used to compare the differences in the two approaches relative to cost of therapy, time spent in the hospital pen, and milk discarded using measured outcomes from an on-farm clinical trial.
Utilization of muscle tissue in periparturient dairy cattle as assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of muscle thickness and plasma creatinine concentration
Authors: Megahed A. A. , Hiew M. H. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

High producing dairy cattle experience a state of negative energy balance in early lactation. Dairy cattle address this metabolic challenge by increasing the rate of fat and protein mobilization. Previous studies have emphasized the rate of fat mobilization and consequently the rate of protein mobilization has not been fully investigated. The primary objective of this study was therefore to characterize the change in muscle mass during early lactation using ultrasonography and plasma creatinine concentration (creatinine).
Descriptive epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus among herds enrolled in a national study of the impacts of infection on dairy cow longevity and production
Authors: LaDronka R. M. , Norby B. , Byrem T. M. , Erskine R. J. , Grooms D. L. , Bartlett P. C.
Published: February 2023

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus prevalent in approximately 80% of US dairy herds and 30% of US dairy cattle. Previous work by our research group and others has shown that BLV infection leads to decreased milk production, impaired immune response, and decreased longevity among positive dairy cattle. Much of this work was part of a 2010 study of 113 Michigan dairy herds. Our research group is currently undertaking a nationwide study of bovine leukemia virus, in which we will be enrolling 120 herds from 11 states. The objective of this study is to confirm our findings from Michigan on a broader national scope. The descriptive epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus among herds enrolled in this study are presented here.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Authors: Lubbers Brian V.
Published: February 2023

There continues to be considerable confusion and debate regarding the utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) to aid in the antimicrobial selection process. With the renewed emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship in both human and veterinary medicine, it is important to consider all disease preventive and diagnostic tools available. The scientific literature is equivocal regarding the correlation between the in vitro susceptibility test result and clinical outcome. These studies also highlight key points that practitioners should consider when using both individual animal AST results and cumulative diagnostic summaries to select antimicrobial therapeutics.
Current concepts in dairy cattle vaccinology
Authors: Chase Christopher C. L. , Villegas Nicholas Arias
Published: February 2023

Vaccination is an important component for the prevention and control of disease in the dairy herd. Modified-live vaccines (MLV) have been used because of the good antibody response, longer duration of immunity, fewer doses needed per animal, and lower cost. N on-adjuvanted MLV vaccines fail to booster well-vaccinated animals, as active vaccine-induced immunity neutralizes vaccine virus preventing the MLV from replicating and preventing a booster immune response. Improved adjuvants have increased the scope and duration of inactivated virus immunity. Prepartum vaccination aimed at colostrum development is critical. Inactivated viral vaccines aimed at reproductive disease have greatly improved and should be considered to be given in the dry period to provide maximum conception rate during the fresh period. The periparturient period (the last 3 weeks prior to calving and the first 3 weeks following calving) are poor times to initiate an immune response-hormonal, dietary and metabolic factors limit immune responsiveness. Post-partum is also a difficult time to vaccinate, as lactation energy demand supersedes immunity. Each vaccine program needs to be designed based on animal flow, actual "disease" threats, and labor on the farm.
Longitudinal characterization of mastitis causing pathogens previously identified as "other Streptococcal species", including Lactococcus
Authors: Smith J. C. Scillieri , Moroni P. , Santisteban C. G. , Rauch B. J. , Nydam D. V.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to compare bacteriological cure, risk of recurrent mastitis, and longevity within the herd among different GPCN organisms on 5 farms in northern New York.
Incidence of health events and the associations with death and culling on 3 dairies
Authors: Bacigalupo-Sanguesa P. , Lombard J. E. , McConnel C. S. , Garry F. B. , McNeil A.
Published: February 2023

Some of the least available and most variable dairy herd data comprise records of disease and removal events. Although there are many studies based on the epidemiology of common diseases of dairy cattle, most studies solely focus on a specific disease with or without its effect on removals. Few studies have evaluated the combined impact of multiple diseases on culling and mortality. The objectives of this study were to estimate incidence of common dairy cattle disease and measure their subsequent impact on mortality and culling from the herd.
Effects of production practices on Mannheimia haemolytica
Authors: Woolums Amelia R.
Published: February 2023

Mannheimia haemolytica is a leading contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Various vaccines are available for prevention or control of BRD due to M. haemolytica; published research indicates that vaccines can decrease BRD morbidity. Several antimicrobials are labeled for treatment or control of BRD due to M. haemolytica. Historically, metaphylaxis (mass antimicrobial medication at arrival) has been shown to reliably decrease BRD morbidity in highrisk cattle. Until recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in M. haemolytica has been rare, even in cattle given antimicrobials. However, in the past 5 years multiple reports described M. haemolytica isolates from fatal BRD cases that are resistant to many or most antimicrobials. Additionally, nasopharyngeal shedding of AMR M. haemolytica by large proportions of live high-risk cattle following metaphylaxis has been reported. This information suggests that response rates following antimicrobial administration for BRD treatment or control may begin to decline. However, to date, reported death rates have not been high in cattle described to be shedding AMR M. haemolytica, and retrospective studies have not revealed a direct relationship between prevalence of AMR M. haemolytica and treatment failure. Properly designed prospective studies are needed to more clearly define the impact of AMR M. haemolytica in cattle populations.
Facts and fiction regarding anthelmintic efficacies in cattle
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Tucker C. A. , Jones L.
Published: February 2023

Very few label claims for cattle anthelmintic efficacies are factual under all circumstances. This is because: 1) no new class of anthelmintic has been commercialized in the USA since the mid 1980s; 2) worm populations are forced into selection for resistance every time a bovine is treated; 3) some resistant female worms can void >2000 eggs per day; and 4) rarely are anthelmintics given at the farm level wherein sustainable effectiveness is safeguarded. Given the above, it is not shocking that most label claims of effectiveness and persistence for ALL anthelmintics (endectocides, flukicides, and nematocides) are currently overstated. Lack of excellent nematocidal efficacies has been either accepted as normal or overlooked by cattle people, a state of affairs made possible by the fact that bovine nematodiasis is largely a subclinical condition. Lack of anthelmintic efficacy is not connected to suboptimal animal performance. Routinely, there is no "real world” quantification ofthe detriment caused by post-treatment worm burdens; an observation primarily reserved for research projects. The efficiency of the cattle industry (beef and dairy) and the per-animal productivity in the US have been on a steady rise for decades, due in large part to advances in nutrition, genetics, husbandry, and disease control. Unfortunately, the trend in effective chemical control for parasites over the same period has been in the opposite direction. Advances are sorely needed in both chemical and non-chemical (husbandry, vaccine, biological, nutriceutical, genetic) parasite controls. In this paper, a few observations will be made on anthelmintic efficacies, and the impact of ineffective nematocidal control.
Myth
Authors: May M. L. , Shreck A. L. , Rademacher R. D.
Published: February 2023

Nutritionists and veterinarians play an important role in helping feedlots with protocol generation and implementation, training, use of new technologies, and monitoring of outcomes. In general, nutritionists are judged on growth performance, feed efficiency, feed-only cost ofgain, and metabolic disorders/mortalities, while veterinarians are judged on morbidity and mortality outcomes, as well as pharmaceutical costs. In some cases, the protocols or recommendations that could be implemented to optimize these outcomes in 1 realm may conversely result in negative impacts on outcomes in another realm, thus reflecting poorly on either the nutritionist or the veterinarian. If these professionals can work cooperatively to optimize outcomes, this is the best case scenario for the client, the cattle, and ultimately the consumer. However, the client also needs to have clear communication and more importantly, realistic expectations to hold these professionals accountable for the right reasons. As technology continues to improve through monitoring tools, data collection, new products, and research, opportunities for collaboration between professionals does exist. Clear expectations from all 3 parties (feedlot, veterinarian, and nutritionist) are required for success.
Fresh cow metabolic diseases
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R.
Published: February 2023

Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperketonemia (ketosis), and hypokalemia are important metabolic diseases of fresh dairy cows. Many dairy practitioners and dairy producers need to update their approaches to these diseases because of new findings about these disorders. Hypocalcemia in standing cows is best treated orally; intravenous calcium causes a rebound hypocalcemia and should be reserved for recumbent cases of milk fever. Glucose or additional electrolytes should not be administered intravenously to cows with hypocalcemia. The strategic use of oral calcium helps manage subclinical hypocalcemia. Hypophosphatemia is less common and is usually secondary to hypocalcemia. Mild to moderate cases of hypophosphatemia are best treated with oral phosphorus; intravenous phosphorus is best reserved for severe cases. Hypomagnesemia may be a clinical problem in grazing herds or a subclinical problem in cows fed stored feeds. Clinical cases may be treated intravenously or via rectal enema; subclinical cases are best managed by oral magnesium supplementation. Ketosis (hyperketonemia) is a very common problem in early lactation cows. Early detection and early treatment of hyperketonemia is key. Hypokalemia may follow prolonged periods of anorexia in early lactation cows. Oral potassium supplementation is the best means of treating and preventing hypokalemia.
Elevated storage temperatures and concentration of large animal pharmaceuticals
Authors: Ondrak J. D. , Jones M. L. , Fajt V. R. , Mays T. P.
Published: February 2023

Most veterinary pharmaceuticals are labelled to be stored at or below 77°F or 86°F. Previous work showed that temperatures in ambulatory veterinary practice vehicles exceeded those temperatures for 67-100% of days in the summer of 2013. The project objective was to determine the effect on the active ingredient concentrations of drug products exposed to temperatures above their recommended upper storage limit.
Field trial of two calcium supplements on early lactation health and production in multiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Domino A. R. , Korzec H. C. , McArt J. A. A.
Published: February 2023

Subclinical hypocalcemia is a common and costly metabolic disorder of dairy cows in the early postpartum period and has been associated with hyperketonemia, displaced abomasum, retained placenta, metritis and mastitis, decreased reproductive performance, and decreased milk production. Prevention of subclinical hypocalcemia thus represents a sizable opportunity for avoiding other postpartum diseases in dairy cows, thereby improving animal well-being and farm economics. To our knowledge, oral and injectable calcium supplements have not been compared in a field trial on a commercial dairy. Our objectives were to 1) observe serum Ca concentrations in the first 48 h postpartum in cows supplemented with oral Ca or subcutaneous Ca and nonsupplemented cows and 2) evaluate the association of these supplements with diagnosis of metritis, displaced abomasum, mastitis, and early lactation disease (any of the diseases milk fever, retained placenta, metritis, or displaced abomasum), removal from the herd, pregnancy to first insemination, and average d milk yield by wk for the first 10 wk of lactation.
Efficacy of bovine viral diarrhea modified-live virus vaccine to provide fetal protection for BVDV type 1 and 2 virus in cattle
Authors: DeeRoos Jennifer R. , Terhaar Brett , Bridges G. Allen
Published: February 2023

Effective control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) requires that vaccination provide a high level of protection not only to the dam, but also to the calf in utero, preventing fetal infection and the development of persistently infected (PI) calves. The objective of this study was to determine if primiparous cows vaccinated with a BVDV modified-live virus vaccine (Titanium® 5 L5 HB, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA) were protected from fetal infections and the development of PI calves following exposure to virulent non-cytopathic type 1 and 2 BVDV.
Evaluation of a refugia-based strategy in pastured Stocker cattle treated with LongRange®
Authors: Paras Kelsey , Woolums Amelia , Hubbard Kris , Schneider Liesel , Karisch Brandi , Blanton John
Published: February 2023

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, so there exists a need to develop novel approaches to manage and slow this progression. Refugia are the proportion of the worm population not selected by drug treatment, and the greater the proportion of the worm population left untreated (in refugia), the slower the progression of AR. Sources of refugia include worms in animals left untreated, stages of parasites not affected by the treatment, and free-living stages in the environment (e.g. eggs/larvae on pasture). Studies in sheep demonstrate that managing refugia will reduce the progression of AR without negatively impacting the health or productivity of the flock. However, many of these strategies are impractical for use with cattle, and consequently have not been tested or widely implemented in cattle. One refugia-based strategy with good potential applicability to the cattle industry is 'selective non-treatment’ where a percentage of the herd is deliberately left untreated. In this study, we examined the use of a selective non-treatment strategy in Stocker cattle.
Preliminary validation of an indirect ELISA for diagnosis of Johne's disease in goats
Authors: Hines S. A. , Rzepka J.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis (MAP), affects a wide range of livestock species, causing chronic and severe enteritis. In the United States, there are currently no serologic tests licensed by the USDA for diagnosis of this disease in small ruminants, although several are marketed for cattle. An accurate test that was legal for diagnostic use domestically would be a valuable tool for goat and sheep producers and veterinarians in the management of Johne's disease. This study provides preliminary validation of a new indirect ELISA for the detection of anti-MAP antibodies in goats.
Staying healthy to be indispensable for the long-term
Authors: Uhlenhake Scott J.
Published: February 2023

Bovine veterinarians must perform very physically challenging tasks, and often disregard simple injury prevention techniques due to such things as a lack of knowledge, prioritizing the animals over themselves, and/ or not taking the time to consider options. Applying basic principles of body mechanics while performing essential duties could assist with decreasing stress on their bodies and prevent or at least delay the onset of pain or other symptoms. Additional knowledge regarding topics such as good posture, sleep positioning, and basic orthopedic care, including stretching, could improve the health of the veterinarian, allowing them to continue providing veterinary care while also being able to participate with activities outside of work as desired. A physical therapist spent significant time with a group of bovine veterinarians providing individual examinations and observing job tasks in a wide range of environments. To be indispensable for the long-term, bovine veterinarians must become more aware of HUMAN injury prevention and treatment options for themselves.
Disaster
Authors: Spare Randall , Gardiner Mark
Published: February 2023

This presentation describes the worst natural disaster in the history of SW Kansas, a prairie wildfire that consumed 800,000 acres of grassland, homes, and livestock. The relief efforts were spectacular, with hay, fencing, cattle, and labor donations pouring in from across America. Veterinarians played a significant role in organizing relief efforts for the stricken community. It was truly an opportunity to serve, and the veterinarians' training and experience with problem solving was a significant asset to the relief effort.
Let data driven decisions put you in the driver's seat with your clients
Authors: Giebel Sarah K.
Published: February 2023

Cattle facilities make decisions on a daily basis that have huge economic and animal health impacts. By incorporating dedicated data analysis and utilization as part of your practice model, you can drive better decision making that can improve animal health outcomes and production efficiencies. This process has the ability to improve the economic viability of your client's business, as well as your own practice, and makes you indispensable to your clients.
Dispensable vet box
Authors: Lewis Keelan
Published: February 2023

Removing vet boxes from our practice has been fruitful by decreasing costs and waste, and ensuring quality of product we sell.
Effects of transportation to and commingling at an auction market on the upper and lower respiratory tract bacterial communities of recently weaned calves
Authors: Stroebel Christina , Alexander Trevor , Timsit Edouard
Published: February 2023

Commingling at auction markets is considered a major predisposing factor for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle. However, the extent to which commingling may affect the bacterial communities of the respiratory airways is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of transportation to and commingling at an auction market on the upper and lower respiratory tract microbiotas of recently weaned beef calves.
Effect of implementing a novel calf vitality scoring system and early intervention program on pain management in newborn dairy calves
Authors: Godden S. M. , Knauer W. A. , Gapniski C. , Yorek K. , Hullinsky R. , Leslie K. , McGuirk S. , Coetzee H.
Published: February 2023

Pain management in newborn calves after dystocia and assisted calving is still not addressed by most producers or veterinarians. The calf VIGOR scoring system, developed at the University of Guelph, was designed to be applied within minutes after birth to assesses Visual appearance, Initiation of movement, General responsiveness, Oxygenation, and heart and respiration Rates in calves. The VIGOR scoring system was designed to identify high risk/low vigor calves for the purpose of applying interventions to improve vigor and survivability. In different studies conducted at the University of Guelph it was reported that providing pain management with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (meloxicam), shortly after birth, may improve calf vitality, health and performance outcomes, particularly in calves experiencing dystocia. The objective of this study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of implementing a novel program that includes assessment of newborns using the VIGOR scoring system followed by provision of meloxicam to calves with low vigor scores, on outcomes reflecting calf well-being and health.
Incidence risk of clinical mastitis in eight commercial dairy herds in central New York
Authors: Alanis Valeria , Ospina Paula , Tomazi Tiago , Moroni Paolo , Nydam Daryl
Published: February 2023

The frequency and etiological profile of clinical mastitis (CM) may differ considerably between dairy herds from different countries and even between herds within a given country. Therefore, descriptive results of epidemiological studies characterizing CM can provide information that can be used as a basis for development of targeted strategies of control and prevention. Although several studies have reported the association between pathogen and CM, few have prospectively monitored the frequency and etiology of CM on farms for an extended time. The objective of this study is to describe pathogen distribution and incidence risk of CM in 8 large New York dairy herds during 1 year.
The microbiome of Escherichia coli and culture-negative nonsevere clinical mastitis
Authors: Vasquez A. K. , Ganda E. K. , Nydam D. V. , Capel M. B. , Eicker S. , Virkler P. D. , Bicalho R. C.
Published: February 2023

Culture-negative and Escherichia coli cases are uncommonly treated in pathogen-based protocols for nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM). High-throughput sequencing might reveal missed treatment opportunities in regards to the presence of other pathogens and can provide information on microbial diversity. We wished to explore the milk microbiome and its association with milk production and postevent linear score (LS) for cows with CM characterized as negative or E. coli by culture. Our first objective was to explore the microbiome of cows with E.coli CM to determine if microbial profiles differ between cows that had positive (no drop in milk production or a next-test LS of <4.0) or negative (a drop in milk production or a next test LS of ~4.0) outcomes when not treated. Our second objective was to explore the microbiome of cows with culture-negative CM to determine if microbial profiles differ between cows that had positive or negative outcomes. Characterizing these associations will improve our understanding of CM, allowing for more effective treatment strategies.
Promoting prudent use of antimicrobials on moderate-sized dairies
Authors: Vasquez A. K. , Nydam D. V. , Eicker S. , Virkler P. D.
Published: February 2023

Selective treatment strategies for clinical mastitis (CM) promote targeted treatment of cases that will benefit from antibiotics, such as quarters infected with gram-positive organisms. A published trial by our group evaluated outcomes for the use of 24 h turnaround of culture results 7 d/wk to guide treatment decisions. In that study, cultures were performed at a certified diagnostic laboratory allowing for accuracy ofresults and confirmation of contagious and more obscure organisms. However, many dairies may not have access to a reference laboratory with a 24 h turnaround. The purpose was to determine if a selective treatment protocol for non-severe CM could be effectively implemented on the moderate-sized dairies of NY (500 to 1000 cows) that might not have daily access to a professional diagnostic laboratory.
Randomized clinical trial of ceftiofur hydrochloride treatment to prevent acute puerperal metritis in dairy cows having Escherichia coli in their uterus at day 1 postpartum
Authors: Dubuc Jocelyn , Rousseau Marjolaine , Roy Jean-Philippe , Buczinski Sébastien
Published: February 2023

Ceftiofur is a class 1 antibiotic (World Health Organization classification) and there is an increasing pressure from the veterinary and medical bodies to revisit its use for treating and preventing diseases in dairy cows such as acute puerperal metritis (APM). The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the uterus of dairy cows at day 1 postpartum was shown to increase by 3 the risk of subsequently developing APM. Unfortunately, there are no data describing the efficacy of ceftiofur treatment to prevent APM in the subset of cows with E. coli in their uterus at day 1 postpartum. Therefore, the objective of the study was to quantify the efficacy of ceftiofur treatment in dairy cows with E. coli in their uterus at day 1 postpartum to prevent APM.
Inhibition of biofilm formation and antibacterial potentiation by 2-aminoimidazole compounds evaluated using coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from goat mastitis
Authors: Healey R. S. , Zeng D. , Anderson K. L.
Published: February 2023

Biofilm formation is important in the pathogenesis of many bacterial infections of both humans and animals. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are significant biofilm-producing pathogens found in human foreign-body infections and ruminant mastitis. We have previously shown differences in biofilm production by representatives of various genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus causing bovine mastitis. We further demonstrated that 2-aminoimidazole compounds have anti-biofilm and antibacterial potentiation properties when tested in vitro using these isolates. The CNS are the bacteria most commonly isolated from goat milk, and they can be important pathogens in the goat mammary gland. Our purpose was to evaluate the biofilm-forming potential of representatives of genotypes of the most common CNS we found in goat mastitis. We hypothesized differences in biofilm-producing potential among goat CNS isolates and that biofilm formation may reflect pathogenic potential. Using the most prolific biofilm-forming CNS isolate, we hypothesized that 2-aminoimidazole compounds would inhibit biofilm production and potentiate antibacterial activity.
Trace minerals in cattle
Authors: Havenga Lourens J.
Published: February 2023

Reproductive performance is 1 of the key economic drivers in both beef and dairy production. The roles of various trace minerals in cattle reproduction have been well documented. Identifying key risk periods of imbalance of these trace minerals, due to normal physiological events like maternal transfer or environmental exposure to antagonistic minerals, may enable practitioners to formulate supplemental strategies to minimize the risk and improve or maintain herd reproductive performance.
Parasite resistance trends and practical implementation of fecal egg counts
Authors: Edmonds J. D. , Edmonds M. D
Published: February 2023

Anthelmintic resistance in the United States has recently gained the attention of the veterinary and livestock communities. The rapid rise in resistance to 2 new drug classes shortly after approval outside the United States calls for new strategies and recommendations for maintaining an effective anthelmintic program even as new drugs become available. The development of resistance is product-dependent, with observable differences between classes. Methods used to test anthelmintic efficacy allow the veterinary practitioner to make informed treatment decisions; however, the results should be interpreted carefully due to the limitations for the fecal egg count procedure.
Review of commercially available genomic technologies in cattle
Authors: Osterstock Jason B.
Published: February 2023

Genetic testing can be a key component of a beef cattle management program. Available tests can help inform parentage, selection for simple traits like coat color or polled, management of genetic defects in breeding populations, and estimating the genetic merit of individual animals for economically relevant traits. Increasingly, comprehensive genotyping arrays that assess tens of thousands of genetic markers are being used to inform selection in cattle populations.
Pregnant!
Authors: Stangaferro Matias L. , Giordano Julio O.
Published: February 2023

Artificial insemination of cows based on detected estrus is still a regular practice included in most reproductive management programs in the United States and elsewhere. Traditional methods of estrus detection are time-consuming, repetitive, and require qualified labor. In recent years, there has been an explosion in the development and adoption of automated estrus detection systems for dairy farms, especially those monitoring individual changes in physical activity. This article will discuss the potential benefits of using automated estrus detection, limitations of programs relying solely on insemination at detected estrus, and ideas for integrating activity monitors into effective reproductive programs.