bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q‐Exactive high‐resolution mass spectrometry for doping control
Authors: Ishii Hideaki , Shibuya Mariko , Leung Gary Ngai‐Wa , Yamashita Shozo , Yamada Masayuki , Kushiro Asuka , Kasashima Yoshinori , Okada Jun , Kawasaki Kazumi , Kijima‐Suda Isao
Published: December 2020

Rationale

The use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine.

Methods

Urine samples obtained from a thoroughbred after nasoesophageal administration with GW1516 were protein‐precipitated and the supernatants were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐HRMS) with a Q‐Exactive mass spectrometer. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full‐scan mass spectral data of pre‐ and post‐administration samples. A quantification method was developed and validated to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine urine.

Results

GW1516 and its nine metabolites [including GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methyl‐2‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), methyl 4‐methyl‐2‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylate (MMTC), 4‐methyl‐2‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid (MTTC), and M1 to M4] were detected in post‐administration urine samples. GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone showed the longest detection times in post‐administration urine samples and were therefore recommended as potential screening targets for doping control purposes. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone in urine.

Conclusions

For the purposes of doping control of GW1516, the GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone metabolites are recommended as the target analytes to be monitored in equine urine due to their high specificities, long detection times (1 and 4 weeks, respectively), and the ready availability of their reference materials.
Evaluating consumer environmental behavior for sustainable development: A confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Rasool Shahid , Rehman Aisha , Cerchione Roberto , Centobelli Piera
Published: December 2020

Despite there are several contributions on the relationship between various aspects of consumer behavior and environmental awareness, further research is required to analyze consumer behavior in the domain of cigarette butts littering. The aim of this study is to examine the role of feared self and environmental awareness constructs as significant antecedents of consumer behavior, as well as the impact of congruity between feared self and environmental awareness. This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM). Specifically, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to test the construct measures of the structural model and path model analysis to test the hypotheses of the structural model. The hypothesized model was tested using primary data. The main findings are consistent with the hypothesized model and highlight a positive influence of feared self on cigarette butts littering behavior, whereas congruity of feared self and environmental awareness do not have an impact on cigarette butts littering behavior. These results may draw the attention of practitioners, academicians, and policy‐makers for environmentally responsible guidance as well as consumer awareness programs for sustainable development.
An overview and critique of the use of cumulative sum methods with surgical learning curve data
Authors: Woodall William H. , Rakovich George , Steiner Stefan H.
Published: December 2020

Cumulative sum (CUSUM) plots and methods have wide‐ranging applications in healthcare. We review and discuss some issues related to the analysis of surgical learning curve (LC) data with a focus on three types of CUSUM statistical approaches. The underlying assumptions, benefits, and weaknesses of each approach are given. Our primary conclusion is that two types of CUSUM methods are useful in providing visual aids, but are subject to overinterpretation due to the lack of well‐defined decision rules and performance metrics. The third type is based on plotting the CUSUM of the differences between observations and their average value. We show that this commonly applied retrospective method is frequently interpreted incorrectly and is thus unhelpful in the LC application. Curve‐fitting methods are more suitable for meeting many of the goals associated with the study of surgical LCs.
Intercalated phases of transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Wang Ziying , Li Runlai , Su Chenliang , Loh Kian Ping
Published: December 2020

Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) play host to a wide range of novel topological states, such as quantum spin Hall insulators, superconductors, and Weyl semimetals. The rich polymorphism in TMDs suggests that phase engineering can be used to switch between different charge order states. Intercalation of atoms or molecules into the van der Waals gap of TMDs has emerged as a powerful approach to modify the properties of the material, leading to phase transition or the formation of substoichiometric phases via compositional tuning, thus broadening the electronic and optical landscape of these materials for a wide range of applications. Here, we review the current efforts in the preparation of intercalated TMD. The challenges and opportunities for intercalated TMDs to create a new device paradigm for material science are discussed.
Evaluating and understanding the outcomes of the South African National Drug Master Plan 2013–2017: A systems‐based integrative propositional analysis application
Authors: de Wee Guswin
Published: December 2020

A balanced approach using an integrated combination of strategies, namely, demand reduction, supply reduction and harm reduction, was suggested to be implemented in a balanced way to the policy vision of a South Africa ‘free of substance abuse’. Responding on the call for a comprehensive review of the National Drug Master Plan 2013–2017 to ensure consistency in policy approach, this article explores the integrative propositional analysis (IPA)‐based analysis to evaluate ‘how systemic’ and integrated were the policy strategies applied. The analysis draws insights from the internal consistency of the policy and provides complementary evidence on the systemic breakdown of the policy, which correlates with previous studies. The findings are indicative of the usefulness of the IPA‐based tools to more pragmatically develop policy that better reflects the systemic/integrated relationship of the three strategies based on their conceptual systemic integrity. This research has implications for interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, of policy and theory.
Modeling and Validation of a Four‐Tank System for Level Control Process Using Black Box and White Box Model Approaches
Authors: Subramanian Sudhahar , Chidhambaram Ganesh Babu , Dhandapani Sharmila
Published: December 2020

Mathematical modeling of a system plays a vital role in controller design, tuning to meet the desired specifications and process parameter optimization. In this paper, different identification algorithms are implemented in the four‐tank system to demonstrate the superiority of the recommended subspace system identification method (Numeric Algorithms for Subspace State Space System Identification [N4SID]) for the different input design. A system identification method was utilized to identify the model of a dynamic system. It is modeled using the First‐Principle Method (FPM), Prediction Error Method (PEM) and Numeric Algorithms for N4SID method. The identification is performed through MATLAB. The plant input and output is acquired through LabVIEW. The developed models are validated with a new dataset based on the model performance specifications: Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Best Fit Rate (BFR). The results show that the proposed N4SID method with the amplitude‐modulated pseudorandom binary signal (APRBS) signal is better than the other methods with different inputs. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Evaluating forensic DNA evidence: Connecting the dots
Authors: Meakin Georgina E. , Kokshoorn Bas , van Oorschot Roland A. H. , Szkuta Bianca
Published: December 2020

Technological developments within the field of forensic genetics have enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of DNA testing tremendously and have broadened the applications of biological evidence in criminal investigations. Evaluation and communication of the evidential findings within criminal cases have not maintained the same pace, which has largely stemmed from a failure to adopt a standardized approach within and across the various fields of forensic science. Within forensic biology, this has led to unjustified opinions on the weight of the evidence and occurrences of the association fallacy, when the weight of evidence given propositions at one level of the hierarchy of propositions is inappropriately transposed to a higher level. We further define the association fallacy to include the terms, “source level fallacy” and “activity level fallacy,” to enable the forensic science community to better identify and address issues in biological evidence evaluation. It is important to understand these concepts and their causes, and in doing so, identify potential avenues to avoid these fallacies in forensic science casework. These avenues include training and education of forensic and legal professionals, as well as research into transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery (TPPR) of DNA and biological evidence in general.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Biology > Interpretation of Biological Evidence
A General Synthetic Route to NHC‐Phosphinidenes: NHC‐mediated Dehydrogenation of Primary Phosphines
Authors: Werner Luis , Horrer Günther , Philipp Michael , Lubitz Katharina , Kuntze‐Fechner Maximilian W. , Radius Udo
Published: December 2020

The dehydrocoupling of primary phosphines with N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to yield NHC‐phosphinidenes is reported. The reaction of two equivalents of the NHCs Me2Im (1,3‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), Me4Im (1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), iPr2Im (1,3‐di‐iso‐propylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) and Mes2Im (2,4,6‐trimethylphenylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) with PhPH2 and MesPH2 led to the NHC stabilized phosphinidenes (NHC)PAr: (iPr2Im)PPh (1), (Mes2Im)PPh (2), (Me4Im)PPh (3), (Mes2Im)PMes (4), (Me2Im)PMes (5), (Me4Im)PMes (6) and (iPr2Im)PMes (7). The reaction of tBuPH2 with two equivalents of the NHCs afforded the corresponding NHC stabilized parent phosphinidenes (NHC)PH: (iPr2Im)PH (8), (Mes2Im)PH (9) and (Me4Im)PH (10). Reaction of 1 with oxygen and sulfur led to isolation of iPr2Im‐P(O)2Ph (11) and iPr2Im‐P(S)2Ph (12), whereas the reaction with elemental selenium and tellurium gave (NHC)PPh cleavage with formation of (iPr2Im)Se (13), iPr2ImTe (14) and different cyclo‐oligophosphines. Furthermore, the complexes [{(iPr2Im)PPh}W(CO)5] (15), [Co(CO)2(NO){(iPr2Im)PPh}] (16) and [(η5‐C5Me5)Co(η2‐C2H4){(iPr2Im)PPh}] (17) have been prepared starting from 1 and a suitable transition metal complex precursor. The complexes 16 and 17 decompose in solution upon heating to ca. 80 °C to yield the NHC complexes [Co(iPr2Im)(CO)2(NO)] and [(η5‐C5Me5)Co(iPr2Im)(η2‐C2H4)] with formation of cyclo‐oligophosphines. The reaction of 1 with [Ni(COD)2] afforded the diphosphene complex [Ni(iPr2Im)2(trans‐PhP=PPh)] 18.
Correction to: CT volume of enhancement of disease (VED) can predict the early response to treatment and overall survival in patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib
Authors: Colagrande S. , Calistri L. , Campani C. , Dragoni G. , Lorini C. , Nardi C. , Castellani A. , Marra F.
Published: December 2020

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00330-020-07592-0
Predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic right ventricular pacing
Authors: Rath Benjamin , Willy Kevin , Wolfes Julian , Ellermann Christian , Reinke Florian , Köbe Julia , Eckardt Lars , Frommeyer Gerrit
Published: December 2020

Background

The benefits of de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with QRS-prolongation and impaired left-ventricular function (LVEF) are well established. Current guidelines also recommend CRT-upgrade in patients requiring permanent or frequent right ventricular pacing (RVP) with symptomatic heart failure and reduced LVEF. Whereas several predictors of response to de novo CRT-implantation such as female gender, QRS-duration, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are known due to large prospective trials, similar factors regarding CRT-upgrade are currently lacking.

Methods and results

We examine 114 patients 3–6 months after CRT-upgrade due to frequent RVP (> 50%) and symptomatic heart failure. Response to CRT was evaluated by improvement in NYHA class referring to the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire. Only cardiomyopathy type and use of Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor had an impact on response to CRT-upgrade in a linear regression model. Patients with NICM presented a greater responder rate than patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) (80.4 vs. 60.3%, p < 0.05). Other traditional response predictors in de novo CRT recipients (e.g. QRS-width, female gender) showed no effect on CRT-response in this cohort.

Conclusion

Only underlying heart disease (NICM vs. ICM) and the use of ACE inhibitor were significant predictors of response to CRT-upgrade. In contrast to de novo CRT-recipients, where pre-implant QRS-duration is a key predictor, QRS-duration during RV-pacing has no significant impact on CRT-response in this cohort.

Graphic abstract
Assessment of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in German national ice hockey players preparing for the world championship
Authors: Hof zum Berge Annika , Loch Fabian , Schwarzenbrunner Karl , Ferrauti Alexander , Meyer Tim , Pfeiffer Mark , Kellmann Michael
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Objectives were to examine subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the German ice hockey junior national team prior to the world championship to identify athletes of concern and areas of optimization with the intention of equally preventing injury and enhancing performance.

Methods

Twenty-one athletes (Mage = 18.5 ± 0.6 years, Mheight = 181.7 ± 4.3 cm, Mweight = 81.4 ± 7.1 kg), playing for national (n = 13) and international (n = 8) home clubs, answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before training camp (T1, day 1) and prior to tournament (T2, day 11).

Results

Overall, 9 players at T1 and 7 at T2 were identified as bad sleepers (PSQI > 5), while high sleepiness (ESS > 10) was found for 6 athletes at each measurement time. Group means and standard deviations reduced descriptively for PSQI (T1 = 5.38 ± 2.31, T2 = 4.57 ± 2.36) and ESS (T1 = 9.24 ± 3.74, T2 = 8.48 ± 3.28). Tendential differences were visible for PSQI in international-based players (Z = −1.7, p = 0.09) and ESS in first-national-league players (Z = −1.73, p = 0.08) over time. Higher PSQI values for international-based players (6.25 ± 2.6) were found compared to first-national-league (5.83 ± 1.60) and lower-league players (4.00 ± 2.08), with large effect sizes for lower-league compared to international (d = 0.95) and national players (d = 0.98) at T1 and small effect sizes compared to first-league players (d = 0.24) at T2.

Conclusion

Findings emphasize great vulnerability and individuality and underline the importance of intraindividual sleep monitoring to meet the requirements needed to equally obtain health and enhance overall performance.
In the eye of the storm: the mental health situation of PhD candidates
Authors: Mattijssen Lucille M. S. , Bergmans Josephine E. , Van der Weijden Inge C. M. , Teelken J. Christine
Published: December 2020

None
COVID-19 and the taxation of professional athletes’ image rights
Authors: Carrick Sarah
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised and will continue to raise issues for sport for some time to come. In particular, the pressure put on athletes by politicians to take wage deductions and wage deferrals has caused controversy. This scrutiny of athletes’ tax affairs is not unusual, given the particular and somewhat constant media focus, coupled with HMRC’s ‘Football Compliance Project’ regarding footballer’s use of image rights companies to make tax deductions. This focus often presents footballers in an unflattering light. However, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the issues regarding athlete image rights are generally not due to overly sophisticated or overt actions by footballers and/or their agents but are the consequence of a convoluted system of taxation. Ultimately, HMRC guidance allows athletes to exploit an ‘image right’ to make tax savings. This ‘image right’ does not exist in law. Thus, this article will show that the current controversy surrounding footballers and their tax affairs is not a novel concept and that in the context of image rights athletes, clubs and agents have been forced to navigate a system of tax which is confusing, at best. In short, the issues surrounding footballers and image rights are due to the fact that ‘image rights’ are protected in one area of law yet do not exist in another.
China’s Stance on Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Evolution, Challenges, and Reform Options
Authors: Li Yuwen , Bian Cheng
Published: December 2020

China is one of the most active states in concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) globally. Its BITs can be categorized into three generations based on the homogeneity of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions within each generation. The China–EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment and the China–US BIT under negotiation are expected to inaugurate a fourth generation, although China’s stance on ISDS in both treaties remains indeterminate. This article elaborates on the distinctive characteristics of ISDS provisions by mapping three generations of Chinese BITs, presenting the challenges that these ISDS provisions have brought to light in investor-state adjudication as well as in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, and expounding on China’s policy options in ISDS reform. The on-going intense debate on ISDS reform presents China with an opportunity to shift from its traditional role of a rule-taker to a rule-maker in redesigning the ISDS mechanism. However, China’s current policy and practice do not demonstrate an ambition for such a transformation. Looking forward, it may well be in China’s long-term interest to endorse a Multilateral Investment Court as vigorously advocated by the EU.
Time-delay interferometry
Authors: Tinto Massimo , Dhurandhar Sanjeev V.
Published: December 2020

Equal-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the photo detector. To solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations.
II. “New Paths as We Journey toward the Future”: Reflections on Anglican/Episcopal-Roman Catholic Dialogue since Ut Unum Sint
Authors: Kujawa-Holbrook Sheryl
Published: December 2020

“Today, our world is experiencing a tragic famine of hope. How much pain is all around us, how much emptiness, how much inconsolable grief. Let us, then, become messengers of the comfort bestowed by the Spirit. Let us radiate hope, and the Lord will open new paths as we journey toward the future.” These challenging and uplifting words by His Holiness Pope Francis were part of an ecumenical service with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Coptic Archbishop of London this year. Preaching during the impact of COVID-19 worldwide, Pope Francis’ message also frames the challenges and hopes of Anglican/Episcopal-Roman Catholic dialogue in the twenty-five years since Pope John Paul II's encyclical Ut Unum Sint (UUS), “That They May Be One.”
IV. Reasons for Hope
Authors: Murray Russel
Published: December 2020

A tempting response to this question is: how has it not changed during those years? The previous quarter century was a profoundly significant period for the ecumenical movement. The movement achieved remarkable breakthroughs on historically church-dividing issues, confronted the emergence of new church-dividing issues, fostered an exchange of gifts to help churches overcome their divisions (old and new), and deepened the churches’ commitment to ecumenism, making the ecumenical movement a prophetic sign for our time. I will consider each of these points in turn. First, a word on the significance of Ut Unum Sint (UUS) itself.
Ecological Conversion as Conversion to the Child: Becoming Caregivers, Becoming Childlike
Authors: Hearlson Christy Lang
Published: December 2020

In an age of environmental crisis, ecological theologians call for the “ecological conversion” of humanity. This article, a work of practical theology, plays on the grammatical ambiguity of Mark 10:15, in which disciples are told to “receive the kingdom as a child,” to argue that ecological conversion is a twofold conversion to the child. One conversion is a turn to the well-being of children in an age of climate crisis, which involves an adult personal transformation into the role of caregiver—and thus greater maturity. The other conversion is a recovery of certain childlike capacities, including presence in the moment, interdependence in relationship, urgency, animism, and love of the small. The article draws on Pope Francis’ encyclical Laudato Si’, discussions of childhood by the nineteenth-century Protestant theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, and contemporary explorations of children and childhood, including the author's own experience of caregiving with children.
Radium traffic: radiation, science and spiritualism in early twentieth-century Japan
Authors: Nakao Maika
Published: December 2020

The emergence of modern health-related commodities and tourism in the late Meiji and Taishō eras (1900s–1920s) was accompanied by a revival of spiritualist religions, many of which had their origins in folk belief. What helped this was the people’s interpretation of radiation. This article underscores the linkages between radiation, science and spiritualism in Japan at the time of modernisation and imperialism. In the early twentieth century, the general public came to know about radiation because it was deemed to have special efficacy in healing the human body. In Japan, the concept of radiation harmonised with both Western culture and Japanese traditional culture. One can see the fusion of Western and traditional culture both in people’s lives and commercial culture through the popularity and availability of radium hot springs and radioactive commodities. Radium hot springs became fashionable in Japan in the 1910s. As scholars reported that radium provided the real potency of hot springs, local hot springs villages seized on the scientific explanation and connected their developments with national policies and industries. This paper illustrates how the discourse about radium, which came from the field of radiation medicine, connected science and spiritualism in modern Japan.
A great race of drinkers? Irish interpretations of alcoholism and drinking stereotypes, 1945–1975
Authors: Mauger Alice
Published: December 2020

From the 1930s, psychiatrists and sociologists documented the prevalence of Irish alcohol-related psychiatric admissions in the United States. These studies seemed to suggest that the Irish, as a race, had a remarkable relationship with drink, therefore reinforcing the enduring ‘drunken Irish’ stereotype. By the 1960s, the alleged Irish susceptibility to alcoholism gained increasing attention from researchers and officials in Ireland itself. Significantly, this renewed awareness coincided with a shift in Ireland’s place on the international landscape and was intertwined with the broader social, cultural and political environment. While anxieties about the apparently rising incidence of alcoholism and alcohol-related harm were not unique to Ireland, the specific cultural meanings attached to excessive drinking in a nation internationally renowned for this problem mapped onto shifting international frameworks, informing medical perceptions and shaping policy developments. This article explores expert and official interpretations of alcoholism and the ‘drunken Irish’ stereotype from 1945 to 1975. This period saw a number of important developments, including the introduction of the Irish Mental Treatment Act of 1945, the establishment of the Irish National Council on Alcoholism in 1966 and the creation of specialist alcohol treatment facilities in several psychiatric hospitals. In the same era, the contexts for understanding problem drinking began to shift from the disease concept of alcoholism towards the public health perspective on alcohol. As will be argued, in Ireland, these frameworks were coloured by concerns that social and cultural factors were contributing to rising levels of alcohol consumption and psychiatric admissions for alcoholism.
TATTERSHALL CASTLE AND THE NEWLY-BUILT PERSONALITY OF RALPH LORD CROMWELL
Authors: Wright James
Published: December 2020

Tattershall Castle (Lincolnshire, UK) was built for the Lord Treasurer of England, Ralph Cromwell, in the mid-fifteenth century. Cromwell was a skilled politician who rose from relative obscurity via royal service; however, he never attained high social rank and made significant enemies in the royal council. He is noted to have been a prickly and self-righteous individual who wore his new-found status in society with towering pride. The architecture of Cromwell’s major building project at Tattershall offers clues towards his personality. Architectural details – grouped and repeated motifs such as ancient family armorials, the Treasurer’s purse and the truculent motto ‘Have I not right?’ – may reveal fault lines and anxieties about Ralph’s relative place in society as he struggled for political survival.
[TIBULLUS] 3.7.175: AN EMENDATION
Authors: Kayachev Boris
Published: December 2020

The anonymous panegyrist concludes his prediction of Messalla's future achievements by prophesying that, after his deeds are duly honoured with triumphs, Messalla will be titled the Great (175–6):ergo ubi praeclaros poscent tua facta triumphos, 175solus utroque idem diceris magnus in orbe.

175 praeclaros A: per claros Scaliger | poscent A: ierint F: tulerint Dyer: cierint Lachmann: noscent uel scierint Postgate: peperint Nencini

Line 175 contains a well-known textual problem: A (cod. Ambrosianus R. 26 sup., the oldest complete manuscript, apparently the archetype of all complete manuscripts) offers a text that is linguistically unobjectionable, but produces a weak sense; F (Fragmentum Cuiacianum, the only other independent witness, no longer extant) seems to express a more appropriate idea, but in a way that is not idiomatic. Hence the conjectures.
Growth and flowering of young cocoa plants is promoted by organic and nitrate-based fertiliser amendments
Authors: Lambert Smilja , bin Purung Hussin , Syawaluddin  , McMahon Peter
Published: December 2020

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farmers in Sulawesi, Indonesia typically use subsidised, ammonium-based rice fertilisers that in combination with poor agricultural practices have resulted in soil acidification, loss of organic matter, aluminium toxicity and lower soil fertility. As a result, these soils are only marginally appropriate for replanting cocoa to boost production. A field experiment was performed to test alternative soil amendments for successful replanting of cocoa on these deficient soils. In a trial with a randomised block design, 6-month old seedlings, top-grafted with the local MCC02 clone, were planted under light Gliricidia sepium shade and after 3 months treated quarterly with two options of mineral fertilisers: either a customised fertiliser, consisting of Nitrabor (a combination of calcium nitrate and boron), dolomite, rock phosphate and KCl or a NPK/urea mix used by farmers, each supplied with or without ‘micronutrient’ rock salt, organic fertiliser and beneficial microorganisms or their culture medium, a mixture of chitin and amino acids (a total of 20 treatments). Over a 4-year period, the marginal mean rates of stem diameter increment and flowering score were higher in customised fertiliser than NPK/urea treatments. The average growth rate was highest in the first year and was increased by supplying organic fertiliser. A significant correlation (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) occurred between growth and available P, but concentrations of available P were higher in the NPK/urea plots, which also had lower mean growth rates. Combined supply of organic fertiliser and microbes increased available P, as well as growth rates, in both the customised and NPK/urea treatments. In contrast, NPK/urea-treated plots without these amendments demonstrated very low growth rates. The customised formulation was more effective with or without added organic fertiliser or inoculated microbes. Micronutrient supply stimulated flowering. Growth rates in trees supplied with NPK/urea were also promoted by micronutrients. Leaf flush production occurred in regular cycles and was unaffected by the nutrient amendments. After 3 years, the customised and organic fertiliser application increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, although they remained below recommended levels for cocoa production. These treatments had little impact on soil C content (about 1.3%) which was also deficient. Exchangeable Al and total Zn concentrations were higher in soils amended with NPK/urea. The results of the trial provide evidence that utilisation of organic fertiliser in combination with customised nitrate-based formulations improves cocoa establishment, growth and soil properties and should be recommended as a replacement for the NPK/urea fertilisers traditionally used by farmers.
Cléophas (Lc 24,18) : un indice de la créativité littéraire et théologique de Luc ?
Authors: Rastoin Marc
Published: December 2020

Building on the works of Richard Bauckham and Tal Ilan, this paper argues that the name Cleophas in Luke 24.18 (Gk Κλεοπᾶς) and Clopas (Gk Κλωπᾶς) in John 19.25 points to the same historical person, the father of a key leader of the Jerusalem church at the end of the first century. By making anew this assumption we have a possible access to Luke's redactional and theological work in the Emmaus narrative. Even if the whole passage is governed by Luke's literary skills and theological interests, it does have traditional support in the legitimation story that Jesus had indeed appeared to Cleophas. Luke's choice of that name is doubly smart: it highlights the respect the Pauline churches have for the Judean churches in the spirit of Rom 9–11 and establishes the legitimacy of his own sophisticated narrative through a known Judean Christian.
Σὺ λέγεις: Philologische Untersuchungen zur semantischen Valenz der Verbindung eines Personalpronomens mit einem verbum dicendi
Authors: Förster Hans
Published: December 2020

The combination of two seemingly simple and commonly used words causes problems of understanding in a specific syntactic unit. The precise meaning of the phrase σὺ λέγεις appears to be unclear. A detailed semantic analysis indicates a certain and clear meaning of this phrase. It occurs in all four canonical Gospels as Jesus’ answer within the judicial proceedings leading up to his crucifixion. Consequently, it is of fundamental importance to understanding Jesus’ trial. The semantic analysis of the phrase σὺ λέγεις presented in this article offers a new basis for the discussion of the question whether Jesus may be seen as confessus according to Roman law.
Al-Dāraquṭnı̄'s (d. 385 ah) Faḍā’il al-Ṣaḥāba: Mild anger and the history of emotions in religious merits literature
Authors: Khalek Nancy
Published: December 2020

This essay analyses the sole extant chapter of a fourth/tenth-century Faḍā'il al-Ṣaḥaba work by the ḥadı̄th critic and scholar Al-Ḥasan ʿAlı̄ ibn ʿUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn Mahdı̄ ibn Masʿūd al-Dāraquṭnı̄ (d. 385/995). As scholars have noted, faḍā’il literature beyond the chapters on religious merits of the Companions in the Ṣaḥı̄ḥayn is among a number of sub-genres of tradition-based literature (alongside, for example, targhı̄b wa tarhı̄b), which tends largely to be comprised of weak, non-canonical ḥadı̄th. This has generally been interpreted as evidence of the acceptability of “lower standards” for the inclusion of ḥadı̄th in exhortatory or edifying literature (lower when compared to standards for the authentication of ḥadı̄th in relation to law). This conceptualization both centres law as the dominant lens through which to view the reception of ḥadı̄th in general, and contributes to the marginalization of faḍā’il literature as merely folkloric. Using a history of emotions perspective to elucidate the nature and mechanisms of edification and pious instruction in faḍā’il texts, this essay argues that far from being marginal, faḍā’il works were central to the formation of emotional communities and to the construction of pious subjects in the Būyid period. Al-Dāraquṭnı̄'s fragmentary text reflects how a well-known and highly respected fourth-century ḥadı̄th scholar capitalized on the emotional resonances and sectarian ambiguities made available by the abundance of non-legal and non-prophetic ḥadı̄th generated during the second and third centuries ah.
Evolutionary mechanisms of choice: Hayekian perspectives on neurophilosophical foundations of neuroeconomics
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten
Published: December 2020

Hayek’s seminal contribution to theoretical neurosciences,The Sensory Order(1952) remains neglected in current efforts at integrating the neurosciences, psychology and economics. I defend the view that Hayek presents the case for an evolutionary alternative to leading paradigms in the field and look at two in more detail: the good-based model in neuroeconomics and the dual systems approach in behavioural economics. In both cases, essential Hayekian insights remain valid in the context of modern neuroscience, allow for taking account of recent research, and sketch a dynamic and selectionist model of choice.
Have socio-economic inequalities in sugar purchasing widened? A longitudinal analysis of food and beverage consumer data from British households, 2014–2017
Authors: Berger Nicolas , Cummins Steven , Smith Richard D , Cornelsen Laura
Published: December 2020

Objective:

To examine socio-economic inequalities in decreases in household sugar purchasing in Great Britain (GB).

Design:

Longitudinal, population-based study.

Setting:

Data were obtained from the GB Kantar Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) panel (2014–2017), a nationally representative panel study of food and beverages bought and brought into the home. We estimated changes in daily sugar purchases by occupational social grade from twenty-three food groups, using generalised estimating equations (household-level clustering).

Participants:

British households who regularly reported food and beverages to the GB Kantar FMCG (n 28 033).

Results:

We found that lower social grades obtained a lower proportion of sugar from healthier foods and a greater proportion of sugar from less healthy foods and beverages. In 2014, differences in daily sugar purchased between the lowest and the highest social grades were 3·9 g/capita/d (95 % CI 2·9, 4·8) for table sugar, 2·4 g (95 % CI 1·8, 3·1) for sugar-sweetened beverages, 2·2 g (95 % CI 1·5, 2·8) for chocolate and confectionery and 1·0 g (95 % CI 0·7, 1·3) for biscuits. Conversely, the lowest social grade purchased less sugar from fruits (2·1 g (95 % CI 1·5, 2·8)) and vegetables (0·7 g (95 % CI 0·5, 0·8)) than the highest social grade. We found little evidence of change in social grade differences between 2014 and 2017. These results suggest that recent overall declines in sugar purchases are largely equally distributed across socio-economic groups.

Conclusions:

This suggests that recent population-level policy activity to reduce sugar consumption in GB does not appear to exacerbate or reduce existing socio-economic inequalities in sugar purchasing. Low agency, population-level policies may be the best solution to improving population diet without increasing inequalities.
Immediate Experience, Mystical ‘Encounters’ and the ‘Voice’ of God: Palmquist’s Critical Mysticism and Kant’s Theory of Experience
Authors: Pasternack Lawrence
Published: December 2020

In this brief commentary, I focus on Part II of Kant and Mysticism, where Stephen Palmquist explores the space for mystical experience in Kant. In particular, I focus on (a) what Palmquist calls ‘immediate experience’ or ‘encounters’; (b) what he calls the ‘supervening’ of religious experience on ordinary experience; and (c) moral conscience as the ‘voice’ of God.
The Effect of Biofilms on Turbulent Flow Over Permeable Beds
Authors: Kazemifar Farzan , Blois Gianluca , Aybar Marcelo , Perez Calleja Patricia , Nerenberg Robert , Sinha Sumit , Hardy Richard J. , Best Jim , Sambrook Smith Gregory H. , Christensen Kenneth T.
Published: December 2020

Despite an increasingly large body of work advancing our understanding of flow interactions occurring at the interface of a turbulent flow overlying a permeable bed, little is known concerning how such flow may be affected by the presence of biofilms, which exist in nearly all aquatic environments. This study quantifies the effects on flow exerted by biofilms grown over experimental laboratory permeable beds until biofilm detachment, and then compares this to the residual effects after its detachment. The investigation is conducted in a flow channel by immersing two‐dimensional permeable beds with idealized geometry and different porosities in order to explore different bed permeabilities. Sequences of increasingly higher flow velocity conditions, followed by lower flow, were considered to explore the effect of detachment. Measurements were performed using particle image velocimetry. The total wall shear stress and friction velocity were found to increase in the presence of pregrown biofilm, and decrease after biofilm detachment, when compared at the same pump frequency. The dimensionless Reynolds stresses, at constant pump frequency, collapsed for different bed configurations in the outer layer, while for the inner layer, the presence of biofilm led to a decrease in dimensionless Reynolds stress. Quadrant analysis shows that this decrease was primarily due to a reduction in strong Q2 contributions. These results suggest that models for flow and transport over permeable media in aquatic environments cannot neglect the role of biofilms in modifying turbulence.
A Robust Proxy for Geomagnetic Reversal Rates in Deep Time
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: December 2020

The strength of Earth’s magnetic field in the distant past can tell scientists whether the planet’s magnetic poles were steady or prone to frequent reversals.
When Does the Lorenz 1963 Model Exhibit the Signal‐To‐Noise Paradox?
Authors: Mayer Björn , Düsterhus André , Baehr Johanna
Published: December 2020

Seasonal prediction systems based on Earth System Models exhibit a lower proportion of predictable signal to unpredictable noise than the actual world. This puzzling phenomena has been widely referred to as the signal‐to‐noise paradox (SNP). Here, we investigate the SNP in a conceptual framework of a seasonal prediction system based on the Lorenz, 1963 Model (L63). We show that the SNP is not apparent in L63, if the uncertainty assumed for the initialization of the ensemble is equal to the uncertainty in the starting conditions. However, if the uncertainty in the initialization overestimates the uncertainty in the starting conditions, the SNP is apparent. In these experiments the metric used to quantify the SNP also shows a clear lead‐time dependency on subseasonal timescales. We therefore, formulate the alternative hypothesis to previous studies that the SNP could also be related to the magnitude of the initial ensemble spread.
The Influence of Meltwater on Phytoplankton Blooms Near the Sea‐Ice Edge
Authors: Lester C. W. , Wagner T. J. W. , McNamara Dylan E. , Cape M. R.
Published: December 2020

Phytoplankton blooms occur annually at the sea‐ice edge throughout the Arctic during the spring melt period. Our study considers how these spring blooms may depend on sea‐ice meltwater, focusing on the role of horizontal mixing and advection. We extend the classic Fisher reaction‐diffusion equation to consider a time‐ and space‐varying death rate that represents the role of meltwater in the system. Our results indicate that blooms peak at a characteristic distance from the ice edge where (i) meltwater is concentrated enough to stratify the upper ocean such that the phytoplankton are confined near the surface and (ii) phytoplankton have been exposed to sufficient sunlight to allow for optimized growth. The results reproduce key characteristics of a large bloom observed in Fram Strait in May 2019. Our findings support the idea that sea‐ice meltwater is of central importance in setting the spatial patterns of Arctic phytoplankton blooms.
Reconstruction of GRACE Total Water Storage Through Automated Machine Learning
Authors: Sun Alexander Y. , Scanlon Bridget R. , Save Himanshu , Rateb Ashraf
Published: December 2020

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission and its follow‐on, GRACE‐FO, have provided unprecedented opportunities to quantify the impact of climate extremes and human activities on total water storage at large scales. The ∼1‐year data gap between the two GRACE missions needs to be filled to maintain data continuity and maximize mission benefits. In this study, we applied an automated machine learning (AutoML) workflow to perform gridwise GRACE‐like data reconstruction. AutoML represents a new paradigm for optimal algorithm selection, model structure selection, and hyperparameter tuning, addressing some of the most challenging issues in machine learning applications. We demonstrated the workflow over the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) using six types of machine learning models and multiple groups of meteorological and climatic variables as predictors. Results indicate that the AutoML‐assisted gap filling achieved satisfactory performance over the CONUS. On the testing data, the mean gridwise Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency is around 0.85, the mean correlation coefficient is around 0.95, and the mean normalized root‐mean‐square‐error is about 0.09. Trained models maintain good performance when extrapolating to the mission gap and to GRACE‐FO periods (after June 2017). Results further suggest that no single algorithm provides the best predictive performance over the entire CONUS, stressing the importance of using an end‐to‐end workflow to train, optimize, and combine multiple machine learning models to deliver robust performance, especially when building large‐scale hydrological prediction systems and when predictor importance exhibiting strong spatial variability.
A novel paradigm for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice
Authors: Huang Geng-Di , Jiang Li-Xin , Su Feng , Wang Hua-Li , Zhang Chen , Yu Xin
Published: December 2020

A decline in working memory (WM) capacity is suggested to be one of the earliest symptoms observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although WM capacity is widely studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks are developed to measure this variation in rodents. The present study describes a novel olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) task, which assesses the ability of mice to remember multiple odours. The task was divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for non-matching to a single-sample odour (NMSS), rule-learning for non-matching to multiple sample odours (NMMS) and capacity testing. During the capacity-testing phase, the WM capacity (number of odours that the mice could remember) remained stable (average capacity ranged from 6.11 to 7.00) across different testing sessions in C57 mice. As the memory load increased, the average errors of each capacity level increased and the percent correct gradually declined to chance level, which suggested a limited OWMC in C57 mice. Then, we assessed the OWMC of 5 × FAD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. We found that the performance displayed no significant differences between young adult (3-month-old) 5 × FAD mice and wild-type (WT) mice during the NMSS phase and NMMS phase; however, during the capacity test with increasing load, we found that the OWMC of young adult 5 × FAD mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice, and the average error was significantly increased while the percent correct was significantly reduced, which indicated an impairment of WM capacity at the early stage of AD in the 5 × FAD mice model. Finally, we found that FOS protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex after the capacity test were significantly lower in 5 × FAD than WT mice. In conclusion, we developed a novel paradigm to assess the capacity of olfactory WM in mice, and we found that OWMC was impaired in the early stage of AD.
Giant Seebeck effect across the field-induced metal-insulator transition of InAs
Authors: Jaoui Alexandre , Seyfarth Gabriel , Rischau Carl Willem , Wiedmann Steffen , Benhabib Siham , Proust Cyril , Behnia Kamran , Fauqué Benoît
Published: December 2020

Lightly doped III–V semiconductor InAs is a dilute metal, which can be pushed beyond its extreme quantum limit upon the application of a modest magnetic field. In this regime, a Mott-Anderson metal–insulator transition, triggered by the magnetic field, leads to a depletion of carrier concentration by more than one order of magnitude. Here, we show that this transition is accompanied by a 200-fold enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient, which becomes as large as 11.3 mV K−1$$\approx 130\frac{{k}_{B}}{e}$$

≈
130

k

B

e

at T = 8 K and B = 29 T. We find that the magnitude of this signal depends on sample dimensions and conclude that it is caused by phonon drag, resulting from a large difference between the scattering time of phonons (which are almost ballistic) and electrons (which are almost localized in the insulating state). Our results reveal a path to distinguish between possible sources of large thermoelectric response in other low-density systems pushed beyond the quantum limit.