bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Automatic Stereotyping From a Propositional Perspective: Is Automatic Stereotyping Sensitive to Relational and Validity Information?
Authors: Moran Tal , Cummins Jamie , De Houwer Jan
Published: July 2021

Research on automatic stereotyping is dominated by the idea that automatic stereotyping reflects the activation of (group–trait) associations. In two preregistered experiments (total N = 391), we tested predictions derived from an alternative perspective that suggests that automatic stereotyping is the result of the activation of propositional representations that, unlike associations, can encode relational information and have truth values. Experiment 1 found that automatic stereotyping is sensitive to the validity of information about pairs of traits and groups. Experiment 2 showed that automatic stereotyping is sensitive to the specific relations (e.g., whether a particular group is more or less friendly than a reference person) between pairs of traits and groups. Interestingly, both experiments found a weaker influence of validity/relational information on automatic stereotyping than on non-automatic stereotyping. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on automatic stereotyping.
Thanks, but No Thanks: Unpacking the Relationship Between Relative Power and Gratitude
Authors: Anicich Eric M. , Lee Alice J. , Liu Shi
Published: July 2021

Power and gratitude are universal features of social life and impact a wide range of intra- and interpersonal outcomes. Drawing on the social distance theory of power, we report four studies that examine how relative power influences feelings and expressions of gratitude. An archival analysis of author acknowledgements in published academic articles ( N = 1,272) revealed that low-power authors expressed more gratitude than high-power authors. A pre-registered experiment ( N = 283) involving live conversations online found that having relatively low power caused increased feelings and expressions of gratitude after benefiting from a favor. Another pre-registered experiment ( N = 356) demonstrated that increased interpersonal orientation among lower power individuals and increased psychological entitlement among higher power individuals drove these effects. Finally, an archival analysis of conversational exchanges ( N = 136,215) among Wikipedia editors revealed that relational history moderated the effect of relative power on gratitude expression. Overall, our findings highlight when and why relative power influences feelings and expressions of gratitude.
From a policy perspective: what is at stake?
Authors: Ban N.
Published: July 2021

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. What is at stake? It was one of the most frequently asked questions in a series of fora with concerned parties on the rehabilitation of living conditions in the aftermath of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. It was obvious that radioactive contamination was the source of the problem, and people were at a loss over how to cope with the situation. Various measures were taken under such circumstances, including detailed radiation monitoring, a decontamination programme to reduce the level of radiation in the living environment, and activities related to communication about radiation risk. Nevertheless, this question was asked repeatedly. Measures against radiation exposure were certainly necessary, but it is a reality that they were not enough to solve the difficulties experienced by people in the affected areas. This article presents the author's personal view of the underlying reasons for this, and discusses the way to facilitate recovery after a nuclear accident.
“They’re not leaving their home; this is where they were born, this is where they will die.”: Key Informant Perspectives From the U.S. Counties With the Greatest Concentration of the Oldest Old
Authors: Henning-Smith Carrie , Lahr Megan , Tanem Jill
Published: July 2021

The “oldest old,” age 85 and older, constitute one of the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the characteristics of U.S. counties with the highest percentage of the oldest old, nearly all of which are rural. We used qualitative analysis of key informant interviews ( n = 50) with county commissioners and other county-level representatives from rural counties with the highest prevalence of the oldest old, targeting the 54 rural counties with ≥5% of the population age 85+. We found that the rural counties with the highest proportion of residents age 85+ face unique challenges to supporting successful aging among the oldest old, including resource constraints, limited services, isolated locations, and widespread service areas. Still, interviewees identified particular reasons why the oldest old remain in their counties, with many highlighting positive aspects of rural environments and community.
A CBF decrease in the left supplementary motor areas: New insight into postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome using arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI
Authors: Boisgontier Jennifer , Fillon Ludovic , Rutten Caroline , Saitovitch Ana , Dufour Christelle , Lemaître Hervé , Beccaria Kévin , Blauwblomme Thomas , Levy Raphaël , Dangouloff-Ros Volodia , Grévent David , Roux Charles-Joris , Grill Jacques , Vinçon-Leite Alice , Saidoun Lila , Bourdeaut Franck , Zilbovicius Monica , Boddaert Nathalie , Puget Stéphanie
Published: July 2021

Postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS), characterized mainly by delayed onset transient mutism is a poorly understood complication that may occur after pediatric medulloblastoma (MB) resection. Our aim was to investigate postoperative changes in whole-brain cerebral blood flow (CBF) at rest in pCMS patients using arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion imaging. This study compared preoperative and postoperative T2-weighted signal abnormalities and CBF using a voxel-wise, whole-brain analysis in 27 children undergoing MB resection, including 11 patients who developed mutism and 16 who did not. Comparison of postoperative T2 signal abnormalities between patients who developed pCMS (mean age 7.0 years) and those who did not showed that pCMS (mean age 8.9 years) patients were significantly more likely to present with T2-weighted hyperintensities in the right dentate nucleus (DN) (p = 0.02). Comparison of preoperative and postoperative CBF in patients with pCMS showed a significant postoperative CBF decrease in the left pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) (p = 0.007) and SMA (p = 0.009). In patients who did not develop pCMS, no significant differences were observed. Findings provide evidence of an association between pCMS, injury to the right DN, and left pre-SMA/SMA hypoperfusion, areas responsible for speech. This supports the relevance of CBF investigations in pCMS.
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Arsenic-Induced Cancer Patients in Indo-Gangetic Plains of Bihar: Role of Proactive Coping
Authors: Kesh Kumar Shishu , Bharti Das Ambika
Published: July 2021

Arsenic induced cancer is a major public health issue in Indo-Gangetic plains of Bihar, India where 22 out of 38 districts report arsenic contamination of groundwater. Its psychological aspect is under studied in contrast to the physiological and social. This baseline correlational survey research explores the relationship and role of proactive coping on depression, anxiety and stress among this population. Depression, anxiety and stress were assessed in 77 consenting arsenic induced cancer patients with depression, anxiety and stress scales. Proactive Coping was assessed with proactive coping inventory. Results demonstrated negative association and influence of proactive coping on stress, anxiety and depression. Avoidance coping associated positively with depression and reflective coping predicted for depression and anxiety. The findings advocate for more research attention on psychological aspects of arsenic induced cancer. Timely psychological interventions to build proactive coping are warranted to alleviate depression, anxiety and stress among this population.
Quantitative breast density measurement based on three-dimensional images: a study on cone-beam breast computed tomography
Authors: Liu Aidi , Yin Lu , Ma Yue , Han Peng , Wu Yalin , Wu Yaopan , Ye Zhaoxiang
Published: July 2021

Background

Breast density is an independent predictor of breast cancer risk. Quantitative volumetric breast density (QVBD) is expected to provide more information on the prediction of breast cancer risk.

Purpose

To evaluate the reliability of QVBD measurements based on cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) images.

Material and Methods

A total of 216 breasts were used to evaluate the stability of QVBD measurements based on CBBCT images and the correlations between this volumetric measurement and visual and area-based measurement methods. The intra- and inter-observer consistency of QVBD measurements were compared. Visual breast density (VBD) was evaluated with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) standard on CBBCT images. The correlation between QVBD and VBD was evaluated by Spearman correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the volumetric method in distinguishing dense and non-dense breasts. The correlation between QVBD and quantitative area-based breast density (QABD) was determined with Pearson correlation coefficient. Then, the breast volume measured with CBBCT images was compared with the breast specimen obtained during nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) by Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.

Results

Excellent intra- and inter-observer consistency was found from QVBD measurements. The volumetric method distinguished dense and non-dense breasts at a cutoff value of 9.5%, with 94.5% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity. Positive correlations were found between QVBD and QABD ( r=0.890; P<0.001) and between the volume measured with CBBCT images and Archimedes method ( r=0.969; P<0.001).

Conclusion

CBBCT images can evaluate breast density reliably on a continuous scale.
Diagnostic value of mammography for accompanying non-mass enhancement on preoperative breast MRI
Authors: Kim Yunju , Jung Hae Kyoung , Park Ah Young , Ko Kyung Hee , Jang Hyunkyung
Published: July 2021

Background

Successful surgical treatment for localized breast cancer can depend on accurate diagnosis for accompanying non-mass enhancement (NME) on preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic value of mammography for accompanying NME adjacent to index cancer on preoperative breast MRI

Material and Methods

Among 569 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative breast MRI from January 2016 to August 2018 for ultrasound-guided biopsy-proven breast cancer, 471 patients who underwent initial mammography and subsequent surgery were finally included. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed preoperative MRI findings of the 471 patients and detected accompanying NME adjacent to index cancer. MRI, mammography, and histopathology findings of the accompanying NME were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U test, and logistic regression analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of MRI and combined MRI and mammography was calculated in differentiating benign from malignant accompanying NME. The reference standard was surgical pathologic findings.

Results

MRI revealed 93 accompanying NME lesions in 92 (19.5%) of the 471 patients, showing 55 (59.1%) malignant and 38 (40.9%) benign lesions. On multivariate analysis, malignant NME lesions were more associated with mammography-positive findings ( P = 0.000), clumped or clustered ring internal enhancement ( P = 0.015), and extensive intraductal component presence of index tumor ( P = 0.007) compared with benign lesions. The AUC increased after correlation with mammography showing 0.649 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.533–0.765) for MRI and 0.833 (95% CI 0.747–0.919) for combined MRI and mammography.

Conclusion

Mammography is valuable in predicting malignancy for accompanying NME on preoperative breast MRI.
Morphological changes in the pons and cerebellum during the first two weeks in term infants with pontine and cerebellar injury and profound neonatal asphyxia
Authors: Hayakawa Katsumi , Tanda Koichi , Nishimura Akira , Kinoshita Daisuke , Nishimoto Masakazu , Kizaki Zenro , Ohno Koji
Published: July 2021

Background

The morphological changes in the pons and cerebellum of neonates experiencing profound asphyxia in the early period of life remain to be clarified.

Purpose

To assess the changes in the size of the pons and cerebellum during the first two weeks of life in term neonates with pontine and cerebellar injury caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in comparison with a control group.

Material and Methods

Two groups were investigated: a group with pontine/cerebellar injury (PCI) (n = 10) demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion-weighted imaging; and a control group without PCI – focal-multifocal white matter injury and a normal pattern (n = 24). The anteroposterior diameter (APD) and height of the pons and cerebellar vermis, and the transverse width of the cerebellum were measured twice in the first and second weeks of life. Differences between the groups were analyzed statistically using paired and unpaired Student’s t-test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

In the PCI group, the pontine APD and cerebellar vermian height were significantly decreased in the second week. An increase of pons and cerebellar size was evident during the first two weeks of life in the control groups.

Conclusion

Infants with PCI and profound asphyxia show rapid decreases in pontine APD and cerebellar vermian height within the first two weeks of life.
Diagnostic performance of tomosynthesis for evaluation of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions: a comparison with radiography
Authors: Park Sekyoung , Lee In Sook , Song You Seon , Bae Ji Hyun , Kim Jeong Il , Kim Chang Won
Published: July 2021

Background

Even though radiologic diagnosis of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions is usually based on radiographs, radiographically faint imaging features sometimes remain challenging due to overlapping anatomical structures.

Purpose

To compare tomosynthesis with radiography for the evaluation of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions.

Material and Methods

Forty-seven bone tumors and tumor-like lesions were assessed with radiographs and tomosynthesis images. Two radiologists independently analyzed imaging features of lesions, including margin, periosteal reaction, cortical thinning, matrix mineralization, cortical destruction (such as pathologic fracture), and extraosseous soft-tissue extension. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used as a reference method. Diagnostic performances of radiography and tomosynthesis were analyzed and compared based on sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Effective radiation dose was compared among the three imaging modalities by phantom studies.

Results

Inter-observer variability (kappa value) for imaging features was slight to moderate on radiography (0.167–0.588), whereas it was nearly perfect on tomosynthesis (0.898–1.000) except for extraosseous soft-tissue extension (0.647 vs. 0.647). Tomosynthesis showed significantly higher sensitivity than radiography in evaluating the margin for bone tumors or tumor-like lesions (1.00 vs. 0.85; P = 0.016), and significantly higher accuracy than radiography in evaluating the margin and matrix mineralization for those (1.00 vs. 0.85; P = 0.016 and 0.91 vs.0.77; P = 0.023, respectively). In phantom studies, mean effective radiation doses were highest in order of CT, tomography, and radiography.

Conclusion

Tomosynthesis increases sensitivity and accuracy of the margin as well as accuracy of the matrix mineralization of bone tumors and tumor-like lesions compared to radiography.
Sporadic hemangioblastoma of the kidney: a clinicopathologic study of three cases and a literature review
Authors: Xu Yanmei , Ma Xuehua , Ma Yong , Li Juan , Zhang Renya , Li Xiaomei
Published: July 2021

Much attention has been paid to renal hemangioblastoma, but there are still challenges in its differential diagnosis. Three cases (2 men, 1 woman; age: 40–56 years) presented with renal tumors. The tumors were surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule, well-demarcated from the surrounding renal parenchyma, and composed of sheets or nests of polygonal to short spindle-shaped tumor cells with a rich capillary network. In cases 1 and 3, the large polygonal tumor cells contained abundant pale or eosinophilic cytoplasm, and some possessed intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. In case 2, tumor cells were characterized by a uniform size, mild, clear, or lightly stained cytoplasm, and typical "clear cell" appearance. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the polygonal stromal cells were strongly and diffusely positive for α-inhibin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 protein, and vimentin. Cluster of differentiation (CD)10 and paired box gene (PAX)8 were positive, while epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and cytokeratin (CK) were focally positive in case 3. CD34 and CD31 outlined the contours and distribution of the vascular networks. Renal hemangioblastoma is rare and prone to misdiagnosis; more attention should be paid to the morphological features and reasonable application of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of hemangioblastoma.
Mini-implant Supported Lip Bumper
Authors: Govindaraj Aravinthrajkumar , George Ashwin Mathew
Published: July 2021

Patients with a skeletal class II malocclusion are usually associated with a prognathic maxilla with orthognathic mandible or a retrognathic mandible with orthognathic maxilla or a combination of both. Patients with severe prognathic maxilla are usually associated with increased overjet which results in a lower lip trap. The lip trap should be managed the earliest as it will lead to further proclination of the upper anterior teeth and also hinder the normal growth of the mandible. To overcome the limitations of a conventional lip bumper, we arrived at an idea of fixed lip bumper supported using mini-implants.
Finite Element Modeling of a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Trial Wall
Authors: Lees Andrew , Dobie Michael
Published: July 2021

Polymer geogrid reinforced soil retaining walls have become commonplace, with routine design generally carried out by limiting equilibrium methods. Finite element analysis (FEA) is becoming more widely used to assess the likely deformation behavior of these structures, although in many cases such analyses over-predict deformation compared with monitored structures. Back-analysis of unit tests and instrumented walls improves the techniques and models used in FEA to represent the soil fill, reinforcement and composite behavior caused by the stabilization effect of the geogrid apertures on the soil particles. This composite behavior is most representatively modeled as enhanced soil shear strength. The back-analysis of two test cases provides valuable insight into the benefits of this approach. In the first case, a unit cell was set up such that one side could yield thereby reaching the active earth pressure state. Using FEA a test without geogrid was modeled to help establish appropriate soil parameters. These parameters were then used to back-analyze a test with geogrid present. Simply using the tensile properties of the geogrid over-predicted the yield pressure but using an enhanced soil shear strength gave a satisfactory comparison with the measured result. In the second case a trial retaining wall was back-analyzed to investigate both deformation and failure, the failure induced by cutting the geogrid after construction using heated wires. The closest fit to the actual deformation and failure behavior was provided by using enhanced fill shear strength.
Laboratory Evaluation of Aggregate Friction and Texture Properties
Authors: Fernando Emmanuel G. , Arambula Edith , Hu Sheng , Crockford William
Published: July 2021

Aggregate shape, texture, and angularity are important physical properties for the development of high-quality adhesive systems with asphalt binder, and a good quality aggregate skeleton in asphalt and concrete mixtures. These properties are commonly measured using systems that employ images of aggregate samples taken with a digital camera. In practice, macro-texture measurements are commonly conducted nondestructively at highway speed using high-frequency lasers. There is a need to investigate the application of these optical sensors for measuring aggregate texture in the laboratory. Researchers used a laser-based scanning system to test aggregates from five sources before and after Micro-Deval abrasion. The aggregate specimens were embedded in a ring-shaped polyester material and tested with the aggregate ring texturing system (ARTS) along with the dynamic friction tester (DFT) to characterize micro-texture and frictional properties. Researchers analyzed the laboratory test data to evaluate the relationship between DFT friction at 60 km/h (DFT60) and the micro mean profile depth obtained with the ARTS. This analysis showed that the igneous and gravel aggregates had better micro-texture and frictional characteristics compared with the dolomite and limestone aggregates. The results from this implementation project showed the potential for using the ARTS to improve the Texas Department of Transportation’s existing surface aggregate classification system. Further testing is needed to characterize aggregates from other sources and compile a more comprehensive and representative database with which to establish meaningful aggregate classification criteria that include surrogate statistics for expected field performance.
Simulation Analyses of End-Around Taxiway Operations under Four Different Runway and Taxiway Choices
Authors: Feng Yilin , Johnson Mary E.
Published: July 2021

End-around taxiways (EAT) have been implemented at four major U.S. airports to increase the safety and throughput of parallel runway systems. This paper proposes two new runway and taxiway choices that become possible because of EATs. Instead of using the inboard runway to take off, the departing aircraft could use the outboard runway and use the EAT as the taxi-out path. A discrete-event stochastic simulation model simulates the operations of four different runway and taxiway choices. Two experiments compare the performance of the four choices on average taxi times, average fuel consumption per taxi, and number of runway crossings. In general, the results indicate that using the outboard runway to take off and the EAT as a taxi-out path would yield benefits in both taxi-in and taxi-out performance, as well as enhancing runway safety. Using the outboard runway to land and the EAT as a taxi-in path would yield benefit in taxi-out performance and runway safety at the expense of a longer taxi-in time. Concerns related to using the EAT as the taxi-out path, as well as potential future research topics, are discussed.
Adipose Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Chronic Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy by Regulating Macrophage Polarization: From a Mouse Model to a Study in Human Tissue
Authors: Wang Chongyang , Zhang Yao , Zhang Guangcheng , Yu Weilin , He Yaohua
Published: July 2021

Background:

Chronic rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is one of the most prevalent causes of shoulder pain. Growing evidence suggests that macrophages play a significant role in the proinflammatory response, resolution of inflammation, and tissue healing of tendinopathy. In particular, enhancement of M2 macrophage (M2φ) activity contributes to the accelerated healing of tendinopathy. Therefore, a treatment that enhances M2φ polarization would be useful for patients with this common musculoskeletal disorder.

Purpose:

To investigate whether adipose stem cell–derived exosomes (ASC-Exos) enhance M2φ polarization and ameliorate chronic RC tendinopathy.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

First, we compared the effects of ASC-Exos on polarization of mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages between a classically activated phenotype (M1φ) and an alternatively activated phenotype (M2φ) in vitro. In total, 72 C57BL/6 mice were assigned to normal cage activity (n = 24) or 5 weeks of treadmill overuse (n = 48). The supraspinatus tendon of each treadmill overuse mouse was treated with ASC-Exos (n = 24) or saline (n = 24). Histological and biomechanical outcomes were assessed 4 weeks after treatment. Finally, tissue samples from human patients with RC tendinopathy were obtained to assay the effect of ASC-Exos on the M1φ/M2φ balance in tissue-resident macrophages.

Results:

ASC-Exos inhibited M1φ polarization and augmented M2φ polarization in vitro and in vivo. Mice in the ASC-Exos group showed less severe pathological changes than those in the saline group, including less cellular infiltration, disorganization of collagen, and ground substance deposition. The modified Bonar score of the ASC-Exos group (mean ± SD, 7.68 ± 1.03) was significantly lower than that of the saline group (9.81 ± 0.96; P < .05). Furthermore, the maximum failure load was significantly higher in the ASC-Exos group than in the saline group (4.23 ± 0.66 N vs 3.86 ± 0.65 N; P < .05), as was stiffness (3.38 ± 0.34 N/m vs 2.68 ± 0.49 N/m; P < .05).

Conclusion:

ASC-Exos–mediated polarization balance of M1φ/M2φ contributes to the amelioration of chronic RC tendinopathy. Regulation of the M1φ/M2φ balance could be a new target for the treatment of chronic RC tendinopathy.

Clinical Relevance:

Administration of ASC-Exos is a cell-free approach that may become a novel treatment option for chronic RC tendinopathy and should be explored further.
Introducing in clinical practice a new laser suction handpiece for percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: Bar-Yaakov Noam , Hertzberg Haim , Marom Ron , Jikia Jemal , Mano Roy , Beri Avi , Yossepowitch Ofer , Sofer Mario
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To assess a novel combined laser suction handpiece (LSH) for performing PCNL in a clinical setting.

Methods:

The study comprised 40 consecutive PCNLs performed between May 2019 and February 2020. The first 20 procedures (Group A) were performed with conventional ultrasonic or pneumatic devices and the other 20 (Group B) were performed with the use of the new LSH. All patients were treated by tubeless supine PCNL. The groups were compared for demographics, clinical data, operative time, lithotrite effectiveness, stone clearance rate (SCR), and outcome.

Results:

Groups A and B were similar in age, and in stone size, complexity, and density (Hounsfield units) ( p < 0.05). The average operative time was 99 and 78 min, SCR 143 and 200 mm3/min, hospital stay 1.6 and 1.1 days, and stone-free rate 90% and 95%, respectively. Despite a trend toward better results with the new LSH, none of these comparisons reached statistical significance. Ineffective lithotripsy with the initial device (ultrasonic) requiring conversion to another modality (ballistic) occurred in six (30%) procedures in Group A, while all procedures were effectively accomplished with the LSH in Group B ( p = 0.02). There were two complications in Group A and none in Group B ( p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

The LSH is as effective and safe as the traditional lithotrites for performing PCNLs. This new tool completes the capabilities of the holmium laser high-power machines, enabling them to serve as the sole platform for all endourological treatments.
Case Series of Rapid Surgical Interventions in Fulminant Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Ploof Jillian , Aylward Shawn C. , Jordan Catherine O. , Drapeau Annie I.
Published: July 2021

Aims:

Examine ophthalmologic outcomes and complications of lumbar drain and cerebrospinal fluid shunts in pediatric fulminant intracranial hypertension.

Methods:

Patients under 21 years of age with a diagnosis of fulminant intracranial hypertension with temporary lumbar drain only, shunt after lumbar drain, and shunt only were included. Parameters investigated include lumbar drain data, medication freedom, time to resolution of papilledema, improvement in cranial nerve palsy, afferent pupillary defects, visual fields, visual acuity, and complications of each intervention.

Results:

Four patients had temporary lumbar drain, 2 temporary lumbar drain and cerebrospinal fluid shunt, and 3 shunt only. All achieved medication freedom and resolution of papilledema and cranial nerve palsies (if present). Most had resolution of preprocedure afferent pupillary defects. Minor residual visual field deficits occurred in 67%, and all had visual acuity improvement. One patient’s lumbar drain dislodged, and one patient had 2 cerebrospinal fluid shunt revisions.

Conclusion:

Temporary lumbar drain with medical therapy may be a viable first approach to fulminant intracranial hypertension.
The Gendered Racialization of Asian Women as Villainous Temptresses
Authors: Hwang Maria Cecilia , Parreñas Rhacel Salazar
Published: July 2021

What explains white male animus against Asian women? We address this question by examining the murders in Atlanta, GA, which reflect a larger global pattern of violence against what are perceived as hypersexualized Asian women. Dominant discourses on these murders promote either a narrative of racial xenophobia or a stance for or against sex work. Neither discourse adequately accounts for the simultaneous racial and gendered determination of Asian women’s experiences. In this commentary, we provide a racial–gender analysis and underscore how the gendered racialization of Asian women as hypersexual can result in their perception as disposable bodies for white male rage. As we explain, hypersexualization implies immorality, which in turn threatens the social order and thereby justifies Asian women’s disposability. This commentary establishes Asian women’s hypersexualization as a century-old view in American society perpetuated in cinema and the law.
Immigrant and Refugee Youth Organizing in Solidarity With the Movement for Black Lives
Authors: Terriquez Veronica , Milkman Ruth
Published: July 2021

In recent years, politically active Latinx and Asian American Pacific Islander youth have addressed anti-Black racism within their own immigrant and refugee communities, engaged in protests against police violence, and expressed support for #SAYHERNAME. Reflecting the broader patterns of a new political generation and of progressive social movement leadership, women and nonbinary youth have disproportionately committed to inclusive fights for racial justice. In this essay, through two biographical examples, we highlight the role of grassroots youth organizing groups in training their diverse young members to become effective allies, introducing them to intersectional frameworks that motivate solidarity across racial and ethnic boundaries.
Potential of Arabic documentary sources for reconstructing past climate in the western Mediterranean region from AD 680 to 1815
Authors: Meklach Yassin , Camenisch Chantal , Merzouki Abderrahmane , Garcia Herrera Ricardo
Published: July 2021

Archival records and historical documents offer direct observation of weather and atmospheric conditions and have the highest temporal and spatial resolution, and precise dating, of the available climate proxies. They also provide information about variables such as temperature, precipitation and climate extremes, as well as floods, droughts and storms. The present work studied Arab-Islamic documentary sources covering the western Mediterranean region (documents written by Arab-Islamic historians that narrate social, political and religious history) available for the period AD 680–1815. They mostly provide information on hydrometeorological events. In Iberia the most intense droughts were reported during AD 747–753, AD 814–822, AD 846–847, AD 867–874 and AD 914–915 and in the Maghreb AD 867–873, AD 898–915, AD 1104–1147, AD 1280–1340 and AD 1720–1815 had prevalent drought conditions. Intense rain episodes are also reported.
Prolonged Grief and Bereavement Supports Within a Caregiver Population Who Transition Through a Palliative Care Program in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Wu Elizabeth X. , Collins Andrew , Briggs Shelley , Stajduhar Kelli I. , Kalsi Asha , Hilliard Neil
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To determine the prevalence of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), and self-reported resilience among bereaved caregivers within a palliative care program that serves a large region of the Lower Mainland in British Columbia, Canada. Additionally, to discern effective bereavement supports utilized by caregivers following the loss of a loved one.

Methods:

A descriptive study using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Sociodemographic information (n = 427) was collected from bereaved caregivers 3 months after their loss. PGD and resilience were prospectively assessed 12 months post-loss using the prolonged grief scale (PG-13, n = 212) and brief resilience scale (BRS, n = 215), respectively. A qualitative thematic analysis was conducted on responses to the open-ended question on what bereavement services or activities caregivers found helpful in coping with the loss of a loved one.

Results:

Of the 212 individuals that completed the PG-13, 4.7% met diagnostic criteria for PGD, 27.4% were moderate risk, and 67.9% were low risk for PGD. Of the 215 caregivers that completed the BRS, 48.4% had low resilience, 51.6% had normal resilience, and 0% had high resilience. The major themes of formal supports, informal supports, and self-care activities emerged from caregiver comments regarding effective bereavement supports.

Conclusion:

The incidence of PGD in caregivers is low within the Fraser Health Palliative Care program. Bereaved caregivers mainly utilize existing social networks and activities to cope with their loss. Focusing on a community-based approach to supports may improve bereavement experiences and lower rates of prolonged grief.
Oral Colonization and Virulence Factors of Candida spp. in Babies With Cleft Palate
Authors: de Souza Patrícia Tolentino da Rosa , Gonçalves-Wilhelmsen Nilza Cristina Valor , Rosa Rosimeire Takaki , Correia Clarice de Fatima Kamaroski Noan , Pereira Thais Munhoz , Kitahara Aldini Beuting Pereira , Ignácio Sérgio Aparecido , Azevedo-Alanis Luciana Reis , Rosa Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To examine oral colonization and virulence factors of Candida spp. in patients aged from 0 to 18 months with cleft palate (CP).

Materials and Methods:

Sixty babies were allocated into 3 groups: CP, CP with orthodontic plate (CPwP), and control group (Ctrl) without CP. Information on feeding habits, hygiene, and history of candidosis was collected. The presence of Candida spp. was investigated in samples of saliva. Fungal hydrophobicity, protease, esterase, phospholipase, and hemolysin were evaluated in a semiquantitative manner.

Results:

Positive oral isolations of Candida spp. were detected in CP (89.5%), CPwP (100%), and Ctrl (44%) groups. Candidosis was more reported in the cleft groups than in the Ctrl group ( P ≤ .023). There was a higher prevalence of Candida albicans, followed by Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis in all groups. There was no uniformity of expression of virulence factors, either among different species or among different groups.

Conclusion:

Candida spp. colonization occurred in all groups, being superior in CPwP group. Candidosis episodes were more reported in patients from CPwP than in other groups, although candidosis was also registered in other groups. Candida albicans was the predominant species and virulence factors did not exhibit any pattern for species or groups of patients.
Early Communication Behaviors in Infants With Cleft Palate With and Without Robin Sequence: A Preliminary Study
Authors: van Eeden Stephanie , Wren Yvonne , McKean Cristina , Stringer Helen
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To investigate the early communication behaviors in infants with nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate (iCP) and Robin sequence (RS).

Design:

Group comparison using parent report.

Participants:

There were 106 participants included in this study. Two groups were selected from the UK Cleft Collective resource. Parents had completed the Language ENvironment Analysis Developmental Snapshot questionnaire when their child turned 13 months. There were 78 participants in the iCP group and 28 in the RS group.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Total number of communication behaviors reported on the questionnaire. Subdomains for expressive and receptive language and social communication behaviors were also analyzed.

Results:

There were no statistically significant group differences. Parents of infants with RS reported fewer later communication behaviors compared to the iCP group. Infants in both groups had fewer communication behaviors compared to the normative sample. Across the whole sample, post hoc analysis revealed a significant correlation between severity of the cleft and social communication behaviors and expressive but not receptive language. Infants with a cleft of the hard and soft palate were more likely to be in the RS group (odds ratio: 7.04 [95% CI: 1.55-32.04]; P = .01).

Conclusions:

Both groups reported similar levels of early communication. Some divergence of more complex language skills was seen, although there were no significant group differences. A relationship with the diagnosis of a cleft of the hard or soft palate with expressive language behaviors was found. Further study into the impact of cleft severity on early speech development and the relationship with later language skills is needed along with longitudinal follow-up of this population.
Family Resilience during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
Authors: Gayatri Maria , Irawaty Dian Kristiani
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly in many countries. This pandemic has led to short-term as well as long-term psychosocial and mental health implications for all family members. The magnitude of family resilience is determined by many vulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, preexisting mental health condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due to infection or fear of infection. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and ProQuest were searched from the inception of the pandemic to December 31, 2020. Articles were screened for inclusion by Authors. Results: After exclusion, there were eight studies included in the analysis with 165,515 participants. The literature review demonstrated that pandemic has caused mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Creating daily practices of gratitude is important to build family wellbeing. It is essential to have good and healthy communication and to find positive activities to do together among family members which can build a sense of togetherness, trust, cohesion, and happiness. Conclusion: In conclusion, the pandemic has caused unpredictable and uncertain impacts that can pose a threat to the wellbeing of the families. Pandemic has caused mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression. A healthy relationship, communication, faith-based practices, a positive mindset, and building social support are adaptive coping to respond to the crisis and adversity together.
Telemedicine for the management of pediatric burn patients admitted to emergency services
Authors: Esberk Tugba , Das Koray
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Telemedicine when properly implemented can be used to facilitate consultations from physicians with little or no burn experience by providing access to qualified physicians in burn care to reduce the workload in emergency departments or elsewhere. In this study, the role of telemedicine in the management and triage of pediatric burn patients admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital is investigated.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2020 and a total of 210 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were initially evaluated in the emergency room by a pediatrician and consulted by an experienced burn specialist using lesion images. An in-person assessment of the patients was performed by another burn specialist according to the clinical decision made via telemedicine. The data of both assessments and clinical data of the patients were examined.

Results

The mean age of our patients was 3.35 ± 3.7 years. Most of the burns were scalds with hot liquids (71%). After the consultations, 73 patients were discharged from the emergency room. The rest were decided as follow-up at the burn outpatient clinic ( n = 99) or hospitalization ( n = 35) and in-person assessment was performed for these patients. The inter-rater reliability value for “clinical decision” was almost perfect (Cohen's kappa value is 0.923). Also, the level of concordance between the two assessments was very high for burned total body surface area (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.999).

Conclusion

In the management and triage of pediatric burn patients admitted to the emergency department, telemedicine and in-person examination resulted in almost perfect agreement in terms of clinical decision and total body surface area. Legal arrangements and regulatory changes are essential to support the safe and wide adoption of telemedicine, which is a reliable method in emergency room settings.
Vulnerable bodies and invisible work: The Covid-19 pandemic and social reproduction
Authors: Gordon-Bouvier Ellen
Published: July 2021

The restrained state has always sought to devalue socially reproductive work, often consigning it to the private family unit, where it is viewed as a natural part of female relational roles. This marginalisation of social reproduction adversely affects those performing it and reduces their resilience to vulnerability. The pandemic has largely shattered the liberal illusions of autonomous personhood and state restraint. The reality of our universal embodied vulnerability has now become impossible to ignore, and society’s reliance on socially reproductive work has therefore been pushed into public view. However, the pandemic has also exacerbated harms and pressures for those performing paid and unpaid social reproduction, creating a crisis that demands an urgent state response. As it is argued in this paper, the UK response to date has been inadequate, illustrating an unwillingness to abandon familiar principles of liberal individualism. However, the pandemic has also created a climate of exceptionality, which has prompted even the most neoliberal of states to consider measures that in the past would have been dismissed. In this paper, it is imagined how the state can use this opportunity to become more responsive and improve the resilience of social reproduction workers, both inside and outside the home.
“Please Miss, Please!”: An observational study of young people’s social and emotional experiences post-transition to secondary school
Authors: Mahmud Arif
Published: July 2021

The secondary school transition is considered a critical life event by practitioners and researchers alike, and the challenges presented by the pupils during this transition continues to be high-profile in educational, social and political contexts. This study focused on Year 7 pupils aged 11 to 12 years old in their first year of secondary school. Classroom observations of around 120 pupils using an open framework recording procedure offered real-time insights into the everyday lived experiences of these adolescents. The paper illustrates the skills and behaviours that children brought to their secondary school transition, and as such reveals how the transition should be perceived as both an event and a social and emotional learning process. The findings of this study highlight the challenges of flexibility and diversity within peer networks after the move to secondary school and the impact the transition can have on the pupils’ sense of self. The analysis is discussed in terms of implications for schools, practitioners and researchers with suggestions for further studies with this under-researched and vulnerable group.
Does immigration boost public Euroscepticism in European Union member states?
Authors: Yeung Eddy SF
Published: July 2021

A number of studies have established a strong link between anti-immigration and Eurosceptic attitudes. But does this relationship necessarily imply that more immigration would increase public Euroscepticism in member states of the European Union? I evaluate this question by analyzing immigration data and Eurobarometer survey data over the period 2009–2017. The analysis shows no evidence that individual levels of Euroscepticism increase with actual levels of immigration. This result suggests that a strong link between anti-immigration and Eurosceptic attitudes does not necessarily translate into a strong link between immigration levels and public Euroscepticism. Public Euroscepticism can still be low even if immigration levels are high.
The ruin(s) of Chiloé?: An ethnography of buildings de/reterritorializing
Authors: Miller Jacob C
Published: July 2021

Studying buildings can be a rich entry point into emerging cultural geographies. The archipelago of Chiloé in southern Chile is experiencing rapid change since the country’s extreme turn toward neoliberal governance in the 1970s. Once a rural, communal, and sea-faring region, it has been transformed by industrial aquaculture in recent decades which has driven a new urban landscapes and consumer-oriented lifestyles. This paper offers findings from an ethnographic study of changing consumption geographies, from iconic tourist sites linked to the region’s rich heritage geographies, to the new corporate retailers and shopping malls. Specifically, the new shopping mall clashes with the heritage and tourist landscape of colonial era churches and other unique heritage architectures that have captured the attention of tourists and investors. We glimpse a dynamic architectural geography in flux, as an array of buildings pulls the population in multiple directions at once, making it an ideal case study of the competing forces of what Deleuze and Guattari called de- and re-territorialization, an appropriate analytic for understanding the powerful forces of commodification.
Design and fabrication of anisotropic textile brace for exerting corrective forces on spinal curvature
Authors: Fok Queenie , Yip Joanne , Yick Kit-lun , Ng Sun-pui
Published: July 2021

This study focuses on the fabrication of an anisotropic textile brace that exerts corrective forces based on the three-point pressure system to treat scoliosis, which is a medical condition that involves deformity of the spine. The design and material properties of the proposed anisotropic textile brace are discussed in detail here. A case series study with 5 scoliosis patients has been conducted to investigate the immediate in-brace effect and biomechanics of the proposed brace. Radiographic examination, three-dimensional scanning of the body and interface pressure measurements have been used to evaluate the immediate effect of the proposed brace on reducing the spinal curvature and asymmetry of the body contours and its biomechanics. The results show that the proposed brace on average reduces the spinal curvature by 11.7° and also increases the symmetry of the posterior trunk by 14.1% to 43.2%. The interface pressure at the corrective pad ranges from 6.0 to 24.4 kPa. The measured interface pressure shows that a sufficient amount of pressure has been exerted and a three-point pressure distribution is realized to reduce the spinal curvature. The obtained results indicate the effectiveness of this new approach which uses elastic textile material and a hinged artificial backbone to correct spinal deformity.