bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fate of Chloromethanes in the Atmospheric Environment: Implications for Human Health, Ozone Formation and Depletion, and Global Warming Impacts
Authors: Tsai Wen-Tien
Published: September 2017

Among the halogenated hydrocarbons, chloromethanes (i.e., methyl chloride, CH3Cl; methylene chloride, CH2Cl2; chloroform, CHCl3; and carbon tetrachloride, CCl4) play a vital role due to their extensive uses as solvents and chemical intermediates. This article aims to review their main chemical/physical properties and commercial/industrial uses, as well as the environment and health hazards posed by them and their toxic decomposition products. The environmental properties (including atmospheric lifetime, radiative efficiency, ozone depletion potential, global warming potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, and surface mixing ratio) of these chlorinated methanes are also reviewed. In addition, this paper further discusses their atmospheric fates and human health implications because they are apt to reside in the lower atmosphere when released into the environment. According to the atmospheric degradation mechanism, their toxic degradation products in the troposphere include hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon monoxide (CO), chlorine (Cl2), formyl chloride (HCOCl), carbonyl chloride (COCl2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Among them, COCl2 (also called phosgene) is a powerful irritating gas, which is easily hydrolyzed or thermally decomposed to form hydrogen chloride.
Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus: An Emerging Virus Complex Threatening Vegetable and Fiber Crops
Authors: Moriones Enrique , Praveen Shelly , Chakraborty Supriya
Published: September 2017

The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) represents an important constraint to tomato production, as it causes the most predominant and economically important disease affecting tomato in the Indian sub-continent. However, in recent years, ToLCNDV has been fast extending its host range and spreading to new geographical regions, including the Middle East and the western Mediterranean Basin. Extensive research on the genome structure, protein functions, molecular biology, and plant–virus interactions of ToLCNDV has been conducted in the last decade. Special emphasis has been given to gene silencing suppression ability in order to counteract host plant defense responses. The importance of the interaction with DNA alphasatellites and betasatellites in the biology of the virus has been demonstrated. ToLCNDV genetic variability has been analyzed, providing new insights into the taxonomy, host adaptation, and evolution of this virus. Recombination and pseudorecombination have been shown as motors of diversification and adaptive evolution. Important progress has also been made in control strategies to reduce disease damage. This review highlights these various achievements in the context of the previous knowledge of begomoviruses and their interactions with plants.
Oncolytic Reovirus Infection Is Facilitated by the Autophagic Machinery
Authors: Kemp Vera , Dautzenberg Iris , Limpens Ronald , Van den Wollenberg Diana , Hoeben Rob
Published: September 2017

Mammalian reovirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that selectively infects and lyses transformed cells, making it an attractive oncolytic agent. Despite clinical evidence for anti-tumor activity, its efficacy as a stand-alone therapy remains to be improved. The success of future trials can be greatly influenced by the identification and the regulation of the cellular pathways that are important for reovirus replication and oncolysis. Here, we demonstrate that reovirus induces autophagy in several cell lines, evident from the formation of Atg5-Atg12 complexes, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) lipidation, p62 degradation, the appearance of acidic vesicular organelles, and LC3 puncta. Furthermore, in electron microscopic images of reovirus-infected cells, autophagosomes were observed without evident association with viral factories. Using UV-inactivated reovirus, we demonstrate that a productive reovirus infection facilitates the induction of autophagy. Importantly, knock-out cell lines for specific autophagy-related genes revealed that the expression of Atg3 and Atg5 but not Atg13 facilitates reovirus replication. These findings highlight a central and Atg13-independent role for the autophagy machinery in facilitating reovirus infection and contribute to a better understanding of reovirus-host interactions.
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine contains Substantial and Unexpected Amounts of Defective Viral Genomic RNA
Authors: Gould Philip , Easton Andrew , Dimmock Nigel
Published: September 2017

The live attenuated influenza vaccine FluMist® was withdrawn in the USA by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after its failure to provide adequate protective immunity during 2013–2016. The vaccine uses attenuated core type A and type B viruses, reconfigured each year to express the two major surface antigens of the currently circulating viruses. Here Fluenz™ Tetra, the European version of this vaccine, was examined directly for defective-interfering (DI) viral RNAs. DI RNAs are deleted versions of the infectious virus genome, and have powerful biological properties including attenuation of infection, reduction of infectious virus yield, and stimulation of some immune responses. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by cloning and sequencing showed that Fluenz™ vaccine contains unexpected and substantial amounts of DI RNA arising from both its influenza A and influenza B components, with 87 different DI RNA sequences identified. Flu A DI RNAs from segment 3 replaced the majority of the genomic full-length segment 3, thus compromising its infectivity. DI RNAs arise during vaccine production and non-infectious DI virus replaces infectious virus pro rata so that fewer doses of the vaccine can be made. Instead the vaccine carries a large amount of non-infectious but biologically active DI virus. The presence of DI RNAs could significantly reduce the multiplication in the respiratory tract of the vaccine leading to reduced immunizing efficacy and could also stimulate the host antiviral responses, further depressing vaccine multiplication. The role of DI viruses in the performance of this and other vaccines requires further investigation.
ON CERTAIN MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TWO-PHOTON LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPY
Authors: Simsek Burcin , Iyengar Satish
Published: September 2017

In an earlier paper, we derived the distribution of the number of photons detected in two-photon laser scanning microscopy when the counter has a dead period. We assumed a Poisson number of emissions, exponential waiting times, and an infinite time horizon, and used an equivalent inhomogeneous Poisson process formulation. We then used that result to improve image quality as measured by the signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we extend that study in two directions. First, we treat the finite-horizon case to assess the accuracy of the simpler infinite-horizon approximation. Second, we use a direct approach by conditioning on the Poisson count for the infinite-horizon case to derive several polynomial identities.
ON EFFICIENCY OF PARALLEL SOLVERS FOR THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH AORTIC VALVE
Authors: Starikovičius Vadimas , Kačeniauskas Arnas , Maknickas Algirdas , Stupak Eugeniuš , Pacevič Ruslan , Staškūnienė Miglė , Davidavičius Giedrius
Published: September 2017

Mathematical modelling of cardiac haemodynamics presents a great challenge to the computational scientists due to numerous numerical issues and required computational resources. In this paper, we study the parallel performance of 3D simulation software for the blood flow through the aortic valve. The fluid flow problem with the open aortic valve leaflets is formulated and solved in parallel. The choice between the segregated and coupled numerical schemes is discussed and investigated. We present and compare the parallel performance results of both types of parallel solvers. We investigate their strong and weak scalability.
ON THE DIRICHLET PROBLEM TO ELLIPTIC EQUATION, THE ORDER OF WHICH DEGENERATES AT THE AXIS OF A CYLINDER
Authors: Rutkauskas Stasys
Published: September 2017

In this article, an elliptic equation, which type degenerates (either weakly or strongly) at the axis of 3-dimensional cylinder, is considered. The statement of a Dirichlet type problem in the class of smooth functions is given and, subject to the type of degeneracy, the classical solutions are composed. The uniqueness of the solutions is proved and the continuity of the solutions on the line of degeneracy is discussed.
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ROAD NETWORKS AT LANDSCAPE SCALE USING SPATIAL ROAD DISTURBANCE INDEX (SPROADI)
Authors: NEMATOLLAHI Shekoufeh , FAKHERAN Sima , SOFFIANIAN Alireza
Published: September 2017

Development of roads can have deleterious effects on natural habitats containing species of conservation concern. Fragmentation of habitat into small, non-contiguous patches may result in dramatic population declinesthus appropriate studies quantifying ecological impacts of roads at landscape scale are essential. The main goal of this study was ecological impact assessment of roads network in Eastern part of Isfahan Province, including Abassabad wildlife refuge and Siahkouh National park, which are among the most important habitats for Asiatic Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List. For this purpose, Spatial Road Disturbance Index (SPROADI), as a new landscape index was applied for the ecological impact assessment of the roads. This index uses three sub-indices including traffic intensity, vicinity impact and fragmentation grade to calculate the ecological impacts of road networks. Results obtained through quantifying the landscape Index (SPROADI) showed that the degree of disturbance by roads network is between 0 and 54.53. Our results also revealed that 12 percent of Abassabad wildlife and wide range of suitable habitats for Asiatic Cheetah were affected by roads, which presents a conservation concern for this critically endangered species.
Average Albedos of Close-in Super-Earths and Super-Neptunes from Statistical Analysis of Long-cadence Kepler Secondary Eclipse Data
Authors: Sheets Holly A. , Deming Drake
Published: September 2017

We present the results of our work to determine the average albedo for small, close-in planets in the Kepler candidate catalog. We have adapted our method of averaging short-cadence light curves of multiple Kepler planet candidates to long-cadence data, in order to detect an average albedo for the group of candidates. Long-cadence data exist for many more candidates than the short-cadence data, and so we separate the candidates into smaller radius bins than in our previous work: 1–2

, 2–4

, and 4–6

. We find that, on average, all three groups appear darker than suggested by the short-cadence results, but not as dark as many hot Jupiters. The average geometric albedos for the three groups are 0.11 ± 0.06, 0.05 ± 0.04, and 0.23 ± 0.11, respectively, for the case where heat is uniformly distributed about the planet. If heat redistribution is inefficient, the albedos are even lower, since there will be a greater thermal contribution to the total light from the planet. We confirm that newly identified false-positive Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) 1662.01 is indeed an eclipsing binary at twice the period listed in the planet candidate catalog. We also newly identify planet candidate KOI 4351.01 as an eclipsing binary, and we report a secondary eclipse measurement for Kepler-4b (KOI 7.01) of ∼7.50 ppm at a phase of ∼0.7, indicating that the planet is on an eccentric orbit.
ALMA Observations of the Archetypal “Hot Core” That Is Not: Orion-KL
Authors: Orozco-Aguilera M. T. , Zapata Luis A. , Hirota Tomoya , Qin Sheng-Li , Masqué Josep M
Published: September 2017

We present sensitive high angular resolution (∼0.″1–0.″3) continuum Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the archetypal hot core located in the Orion Kleinmann-Low (KL) region. The observations were made in five different spectral bands (bands 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9) covering a very broad range of frequencies (149–658 GHz). Apart from the well-known millimeter emitting objects located in this region (Orion Source I and BN), we report the first submillimeter detection of three compact continuum sources (ALMA1–3) in the vicinities of the Orion-KL hot molecular core. These three continuum objects have spectral indices between 1.47 and 1.56, and brightness temperatures between 100 and 200 K at 658 GHz, suggesting that we are seeing moderate, optically thick dust emission with possible grain growth. However, as these objects are not associated with warm molecular gas, and some of them are farther out from the molecular core, we thus conclude that they cannot heat the molecular core. This result favors the hypothesis that the hot molecular core in Orion-KL core is heated externally.
Effects of Irradiation on the Evolution of Ultracompact X-Ray Binaries
Authors: Lü Guoliang , Zhu Chunhua , Wang Zhaojun , Iminniyaz Hoernisa
Published: September 2017

Using the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics code, we investigate the influences of irradiation on ultracompact X-ray binary (UCXB) evolution. Although the persistent UCXBs have short orbital periods that result in high irradiation flux, the irradiation hardly affects the evolution of persistent sources because the white dwarfs (WDs) in these binaries have large masses that lead to very low irradiation depth. The irradiation has a significant effect on the transient sources during outburst phase. At the beginning of the outburst, high X-ray luminosity produces high radiation flux, which results in the significant expansion of WDs. Then, the irradiation triggers high mass-transfer rates, which can last several days for the transient sources with WDs whose masses are larger than

or several hundred years for those sources with WDs whose masses are less than

. The observed three persistent UCXBs, XTE J0929-314, 4U 1916-05, and SWIFT J1756.9-2508, may belong to the latter.
Longitudinal Study of Falls among HIV-Infected and Uninfected Women: The Role of Cognition
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Hoover Donald R , Shi Qiuhu , Holman Susan , Plankey Michael W , Tien Phyllis C , Weber Kathleen M , Floris-Moore Michelle , Bolivar Hector H , Vance David E , Golub Elizabeth T , Holstad Marcia McDonnell , Yin Michael T
Published: September 2017

Background

Although fracture rates are higher in HIV+ than HIV- women, whether HIV infection increases risk of falls is unclear. We determined the longitudinal occurrence and risk factors for falls in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), and explored associations with cognitive complaints.

Methods

Recent (prior 6 months) self-reported falls were collected in 1,816 (1,250 HIV+; 566 HIV-) women over 24 months. Generalized estimating equation models using stepwise selection determined odds of any fall (versus none).

Results

HIV+ women were older than HIV- women (median 49 versus 47 years; P=0.0004), more likely to report neuropathy (20% versus 16%; P=0.023), and had greater central nervous system (CNS) medication use. At least one fall was reported in 41% HIV+ versus 42% HIV- women, including ≥2 falls in 25% HIV+ and 24% HIV-(overall P=0.30). Cognitive complaints were associated with falls among HIV+ (odds ratio [OR] 2.38; 95% CI 1.83, 3.09) and HIV- women (OR 3.43; 95% CI 2.37, 4.97); in adjusted models, cognitive complaints remained significant only in HIV- women (adjusted [aOR] 2.26; 95% CI 1.46, 3.48). Factors associated with any fall in adjusted analyses included: depressive symptoms and neuropathy (both HIV+ and HIV-); age, marijuana use, multiple CNS medications, and HCV infection (HIV+ only); and cognitive complaints, quality of life, hypertension and obesity (HIV- only).

Conclusions

Middle-aged HIV+ and HIV- women had similar fall rates. Among HIV+ women, factors affecting cognition such as age, depressive symptoms, marijuana use and multiple CNS medications were important predictors of falls, however, cognitive complaints were not.
Industrialisation et transformation structurelle : l’Afrique subsaharienne peut-elle se développer sans usines ?
Authors: Cadot Olivier , de Melo Jaime , Plane Patrick , Wagner Laurent , Woldemichael Martha Tesfaye
Published: September 2017

Avec une croissance soutenue, une vague d’investissements directs étrangers sans précédent et un net recul de la pauvreté, le bilan des quinze dernières années est largement positif pour l’Afrique sub-saharienne. Ce regain de croissance, qui s’est accompagné de réformes économiques importantes, de progrès démocratiques et d’une moindre incidence des conflits, demeure cependant fragile. La transformation structurelle, qui historiquement a pris la forme, dans la plupart des pays aujourd’hui développés, d’un transfert de ressources du secteur primaire au secteur secondaire, puis tertiaire, semble, en Afrique, avoir « contourné » le secteur secondaire. En effet, qu’il s’agisse d’emplois ou de valeur ajoutée, le secteur manufacturier ne s’est jamais réellement développé en Afrique subsaharienne. Dans la plupart des pays, la tendance, que la croissance récente ne semble pas avoir inversée, est plutôt à la désindustrialisation. Parmi les facteurs contributifs largement documentés dans la littérature et dans les données, on compte au premier chef les incertitudes de l’environnement des affaires en présence de gouvernance publique défaillante, une relative cherté de la main-d’œuvre par rapport à ses qualifications, le manque d’infrastructures énergétiques et de transport (lié souvent à des problèmes de gouvernance) et le dysfonctionnement des marchés du crédit. Malgré l’amélioration récente du climat des affaires, peu de pays d’Afrique subsaharienne offrent des conditions attractives aux investisseurs du secteur manufacturier par rapport aux localisations alternatives, en particulier en Asie du Sud-Est. L’Afrique subsaharienne peut-elle alors se développer par les services ? Jusqu’à présent, les expériences nationales de développement « sans usines » sont trop rares et idiosyncrasiques pour servir de modèle ; cependant, en présence de progrès technique dans les services et en l’absence d’alternatives manufacturières crédibles, la question reste ouverte.
Les services peuvent-ils devenir un escalator de croissance pour les pays à faible revenu ?
Authors: Ghani Ejaz , O’Connell Stephen D.
Published: September 2017

Plusieurs rapports de haut niveau s’inquiètent de la désindustrialisation prématurée dont semblent souffrir les pays à faible revenu, particulièrement en Afrique. Les derniers venus sur la voie du développement ont-ils manqué le bateau ? Leur croissance se fait-elle en l’absence de toute transformation structurelle ? Pas vraiment. Malgré la stagnation de leur secteur manufacturier, ces pays bénéficient de la Troisième révolution industrielle qui leur a permis de rattraper leur retard plus rapidement. Avec l’amplification mondiale de la production et de la commercialisation de services, fruit des progrès technologiques et de la mondialisation, les pays à faible revenu ont la possibilité de se développer plus rapidement grâce à l’amélioration de leur avantage comparatif. Cet avantage comparatif peut aussi bien concerner les services que le secteur manufacturier. Les escalators de croissance auxquels font face les lions africains pourraient simplement s’avérer différents de ceux qu’ont utilisés les tigres asiatiques.
Laïcité inclusive des institutions soignantes
Authors: Rousseau Louis , Roy Linda , Bourque Danièle , Cliche Réal
Published: September 2017

Au Québec les dernières décennies ont vu la continuité d’une écoute des besoins religieux et spirituels des patients touchés par l’institution de soin, mais également une transformation de la réponse institutionnelle. On passe d’un modèle sacral et rituel à un modèle conversationnel inscrit dans les paramètres psychosociaux de l’institution biomédicale soucieuse de respecter la liberté de conscience. Cet article se propose de décrire et problématiser ce déplacement de perspective. L’institution de soin au Québec comme ailleurs en Amérique du Nord et en Occident, explore activement une dimension de son action qu’elle peine à définir tout en reconnaissant qu’il y a là quelque chose d’incontournable dans sa mission de soigner et de guérir.
La Guyane vue par les jésuites
Authors: Andriot Cédric
Published: September 2017

L’auteur analyse le regard porté par les jésuites européens sur le territoire sud-américain de la Guyane depuis le milieu du xvii e siècle. Enfer ou paradis, la Guyane met à l’épreuve le projet missionnaire des religieux qui se vouent en priorité à l’évangélisation des Amérindiens. Leurs efforts pour décentrer leur regard, comprendre les « sauvages » et adapter leur action inspirée par le concile de Trente se heurtent à des limites. La maigreur des résultats, avant l’expulsion des jésuites en 1763, engendre une déception dans un contexte de compétition plus ou moins ouverte avec les autorités coloniales.
Les politiques publiques et l’alignement fonctionnel à la lumière des mesures d’économie dans les services publics – Enseignements tirés du Canada
Authors: Levasseur Karine , Rounce Andrea
Published: September 2017

Dans le présent article, nous examinons le processus d’Examen stratégique et fonctionnel (ESF) utilisé par le gouvernement du Canada du point de vue de la gestion stratégique. Lancé par le gouvernement Harper dans le cadre du Budget 2011 sous forme de processus étendu sur un an, l’ESF est censé permettre d’économiser 4 milliards $ d’ici 2014-2015 dans le budget de fonctionnement des départements (80 milliards $). Dans cet article, nous examinons la mesure dans laquelle les réductions des dépenses de fonctionnement contribuent aux priorités du gouvernement Harper en matière de politiques publiques. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Nous nous appuyons sur une étude de cas axée sur le Canada destinée à comprendre la manière dont sont gérées les réductions budgétaires pour examiner la manière dont les décideurs alignent les réductions fonctionnelles sur les priorités stratégiques. Si les réductions budgétaires dans cette étude de cas sont de nature fonctionnelle, le gouvernement central doit leur donner une orientation pour qu’elles contribuent aux priorités stratégiques (au lieu de les entraver).
Dépasser les tensions entre valeurs : un défi pour les cadres de services publics français et leurs écoles de formation
Authors: Larat Fabrice , Chauvigné Christian
Published: September 2017

Même si on s’accorde à leur reconnaître un rôle important dans le fonctionnement des administrations et pour la motivation des agents publics, les valeurs qui servent de référence au service public sont sujettes à évolution en ce qui concerne la manière dont elles sont appréhendées et mises en pratique, notamment au regard des nouvelles exigences de la gestion publique. L’analyse développée dans le présent article porte sur l’articulation entre différentes dimensions relatives à la perception et à l’usage des valeurs clefs de la fonction publique françaises et met en lumière l’existence de tensions alors même que l’univers axiologique de référence du public étudié semble préservé. Elle pose la question du rôle des écoles dans la formation à la gestion des valeurs. Elle s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête menée en France par le Réseau des écoles de service public auprès des cadres en formation ainsi que de leurs enseignants et personnel encadrant. Remarques pour les praticiens L’étude montre que les organisations qui ont la charge de la formation initiale ou continue des fonctionnaires sont bien un lieu privilégié de (re)production des valeurs de service public. Toutefois, pour que les personnels d’encadrement de la fonction publique puissent gérer les possibles tensions entre valeurs (absence de hiérarchie claire, contradictions apparentes) il est nécessaire de développer chez eux une analyse réflexive et une insertion dans l’action qui autorise une distance critique et favorise une démarche éthique contextualisée.
Les autorités spécialisées : Une nouveauté bienvenue dans la décentralisation au Liban ?
Authors: AbouAssi Khaldoun , O’M. Bowman Ann
Published: September 2017

Les pays en transition sont confrontés à de nombreux défis politiques et économiques, qui sont souvent exacerbés par une corruption persistante et des conflits religieux fratricides. Au Liban, les gouvernements locaux existants se sont avérés inefficaces dans la prestation d’une série de services publics, en particulier ceux qui ont des retombées et des effets externes. Dans le présent article, nous proposons un changement structurel : l’introduction d’autorités locales spécialisées, chargées d’offrir un service unique en transcendant les frontières des différents gouvernements locaux. Cette proposition promet une solution innovante et pratique à certains problèmes existants ; de plus, elle permettra de répondre à certaines des complexités dans les milieux sociaux et politiques d’un pays caractérisé par des conflits intenses. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous proposons une recommandation stratégique afin d’aborder l’un des nombreux défis auxquels est confrontée la décentralisation au Liban. Les gouvernements locaux existants se sont avérés inefficaces dans la prestation d’une série de services publics, en particulier ceux qui ont des retombées et des effets externes. Nous proposons d’introduire des autorités locales spécialisées en guise de solution innovante et pratique à certains problèmes existants ; une méthode qui permettra par ailleurs de répondre à certaines des complexités dans les milieux sociaux et politiques d’un pays caractérisé par des conflits intenses. Nous proposons certains points de décision qui seront utiles aux décideurs et aux praticiens qui réfléchissent à des moyens de résoudre les problèmes actuels, les obstacles potentiels à la mise en œuvre et les facteurs d’atténuation.
L’instruction des plus démunis : Analyse du rôle de la motivation au Brésil
Authors: Andrews Christina W. , Rezende Simone , M. Almeida Wilson
Published: September 2017

Dans la présente étude de cas multiples, qui porte sur sept municipalités au Brésil, nous soutenons que la qualité de l’éducation est une conséquence de la vocation des enseignants, un facteur qui s’explique quant à lui par la théorie de l’autodétermination (TAD). Les observations de notre étude indiquent que l’aide offerte par les agents locaux aux enseignants, leur situation sociale dans les petites municipalités et l’absence d’objectifs en matière d’instruction imposés par l’extérieur sont autant d’éléments qui ont contribué à la réalisation des besoins des enseignants en matière d’autonomie, de compétence et de proximité sociale, permettant ainsi l’émergence de la motivation et, dès lors, de la vocation. Nous soutenons aussi que ces pratiques ont amélioré l’adhésion des enseignants aux comportements pro-sociaux, ce qui explique pourquoi ils sont allés un pas plus loin pour venir en aide à leurs élèves les plus démunis. Les auteurs laissent entendre que les éclairages apportés par la TAD peuvent offrir un autre point de vue sur la politique de la carotte et du bâton dans les politiques d’enseignement. Nous terminerons l’article par quelques suggestions pour les recherches futures sur l’influence de la motivation et du comportement pro-social sur l’efficacité de la fonction publique. 2 Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les pratiques administratives associées aux politiques sociales évitent souvent de mentionner clairement leurs hypothèses théoriques et ne disent dès lors rien de leurs implications potentielles pour la motivation humaine. En examinant le cas de l’éducation dans les municipalités pauvres, l’étude montre non seulement que la vocation est un facteur essentiel pour atteindre les objectifs des politiques, mais aussi que la théorie de l’autodétermination (TAD) permet d’expliquer la théorie à la base de cette vocation. La connaissance des principes théoriques liés à la motivation peut aider ceux qui s’occupent de la définition des politiques sociales, où les objectifs à long terme sont plus importants que les objectifs à court terme. Les décideurs peuvent trouver des alternatives créatives pour faire face aux différents contextes lorsqu’ils s’inspirent de théories générales en matière de motivation, comme la TAD.
Predictability of Early Postoperative Ultrasonography After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Oh Joo Han , Kim Joon Yub , Kim Sae Hoon , Chung Nam Yun
Published: September 2017

The predictability of early postoperative ultrasonography (USG) for evaluating the structural integrity of repaired rotator cuffs is still unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the predictability of early USG performed 3 and 6 months postoperatively with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 1 year after arthroscopic cuff repair for structural failure. Among 213 patients who had arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery in 2013, one hundred thirty-eight patients who underwent USG between 3 and 6 months postoperatively and MRI at 1 year postoperatively were enrolled; the postoperative MRI findings were the reference standard used for the comparison. One hundred one patients who were examined using USG at 3 months postoperatively were allocated to group A, and 108 patients who had USG at 6 months postoperatively were allocated to group B. All diagnostic values, including positive and negative predictabilities, were calculated by 2-way tables. To compare the sensitivity and specificity between groups A and B, the area under the curve was calculated from the receiver operator characteristic curve for each group. The positive predictability values were 86.36% and 93.51% for USG at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. The negative values were 84.21% and 95.83%, respectively. The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curves for groups A and B were 0.853 and 0.947, respectively (
P
=.048). Although the predictability of a single USG at 3 months postoperatively reached approximately 85%, USG evaluation at 6 months postoperatively might be relevant for predicting structural failure after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(6):e975–e981.]
Spatial variability of nitrous oxide in the Minho and Lima estuaries (Portugal)
Authors: Gonçalves Célia , Brogueira Maria José
Published: September 2017

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent long-lived greenhouse gas and estuaries represent potentially important sources of this biogas to the atmosphere. In this work, we analyse the first N2O data obtained in the Minho and Lima estuaries, and the processes and environmental factors that may regulate its production in these systems. In September 2006, N2O attained values of up to 20.0 nmol L–1 in the upper reaches of the Lima estuary and the river was, apparently, the main source of biogas to the system. In Minho N2O reached a maximum of 14.4 nmol L–1 and nitrification appeared to contribute to the enhancement of N2O. In the upper estuary, the relatively high concentrations of nitrification substrate NH4+, the positive correlations found between N2O level above atmospheric equilibrium (ΔN2O) and apparent oxygen utilization and NO2–, and the negative correlations between ΔN2O and NH4+ and pH can be interpreted as in situ N2O production through pelagic nitrification. Principal component analysis gave evidence of considerable differences between upper estuaries, particularly in terms of higher N2O in Lima and NH4+ in Minho. Surface waters of both estuaries were always N2O-supersaturated (101-227%) and estimated N2O emissions from Minho and Lima were 0.28 Mg N2O-N yr–1 and 0.96 Mg N2O-N yr–1, respectively, which represent a reduced fraction of N2O global emission from European estuaries.
Advanced prediction to facilitate biocontrol of the mealybug Rastrococcus iceryoides (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in organic mango (Anacardiaceae) orchards
Authors: Gujjar Nagalakshmi R , Verghese Abraham , Suresh Devi Thangam , Mouly Rakshitha , Joshi Sunil
Published: September 2017

Predicting mango mealybug, Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), populations in an organic mango (Mangiferaindica Linnaeus; Anacardiaceae) ecosystem well in advance with reasonable accuracy, will facilitate biological control. In this study, an attempt was made to predict the population of mango mealybug using abiotic weather parameters as independent variables. The study was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India (12°8'N; 77°35'E). Among the abiotic variables, maximum temperature was found relevant for predicting the population of the mealybug based on significant correlations. It was found that a prediction model using maximum temperature as independent variable with R2 is most ideal. This prediction model, when considered three to four weeks in advance of an infestation, could help farmers to gear up with biological control.
A Study on the Prevalence of Risk Factors for Diabetes and Hypertension among School Children in Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Syed Meraj Ahmed , Mohammed Al Mansour
Published: September 2017

Background

The prevalence of risk factors for diabetes and hypertension in Saudi school children has achieved epidemic proportions because of enriched lifestyles. The aim of this study is to conduct a baseline study of such risk factors in a young population at the cusp of high-end technology and material comfort.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was done among school children using parental assisted self-questionnaires and anthropometric assessment of their vital statistics. This study, including planning, data collection and analysis, and the writing of the first draft, was conducted from March 2015 to October 2016 after ethical approval was obtained. Cluster sampling was done for the schools, and stratified randomized sampling was performed to choose a total of 794 male and female school children. SPSS software was used for data analysis.

Results

It was found that 11.6% of the children had a body mass index (BMI) above the normal range. The waist-to-height ratio was elevated in 16.8% of the children. Other risk factors of note were a high prevalence of sedentary habits (43%), daily consumption of carbonated sugary drinks (36.4%), and eating at fast food restaurants most days of the week (17%).

Conclusions

This gradual buildup of risk factors for diabetes and hypertension at an early age is a morbid indicator of an epidemic whose outcome has been determined. Most of these modifiable risk factors are amenable to change through concentrated efforts to educate, train and inculcate healthy habits among children and their families.
Breast Cancer Surgical Treatment Choices in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada: Patient and Surgeon Perspectives
Authors: Holly Etchegary , Elizabeth Dicks , Farah McCrate , Erin Powell , Joanne Chafe , Rebecca Roome , Charlene Simmonds
Published: September 2017

Background

Breast cancer remains the second-leading cause of cancer death among Canadian women. Treatment for breast cancer often includes surgery. Many women have a choice between mastectomy (MT; removal of the entire breast) or breast conserving surgery (BCS; removal of the tumour and some noncancerous breast tissue) followed by radiation. However, Newfoundland and Labrador consistently has a higher rate of mastectomies than the rest of Canada. In this project, we aim to better understand that trend.

Design and methods

A multi-method design was chosen. Surgical treatment data kept by the province will be examined to describe the number and types of breast cancer surgeries over time. Second, we will hold focus groups with women around the province who have made surgical treatment choices to explore influences on their decisions. Finally, semi-structured interviews with breast cancer surgeons and surgical residents will explore their opinions on surgical treatment choices.

Expected impact for public health

Cancer treatment choices are complex decisions, affected by clinical, demographic and social variables. Understanding why women from Newfoundland and Labrador have the highest rate of mastectomy in Canada is critical to ensure they are receiving appropriate screening and care. Greater understanding of the influences on women's surgical choices may encourage informed decisions amongst women and physicians and promote active communication about treatment, benefits relevant to all jurisdictions and health authorities. Further, if factors such as geographic proximity to treatment facilities are associated with treatment decisions, this information is important for public health screening and service planners.
Accuracy of the Who's Body Mass Index Cut-Off Points to Measure Gender- and Age-Specific Obesity in Middle-Aged Adults Living in the City of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Wollner Materko , Paulo Roberto Benchimol-Barbosa , Alysson Roncally Silva Carvalho , Jurandir Nadal , Edil Luis Santos
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity is considered a public health problem, leading to serious social, psychological and physical problems. However, the appropriate cut-off point of body mass index (BMI) based on body fat percentage (BF%) for classifying an individual as obese in middle-aged adults living in Rio de Janeiro remains unclear.

Materials and methods

This was a prospective cross-sectional study comprising of 856 adults (413 men and 443 women) living in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ranging from 30-59 years of age. The data were collected over a two year period (2010-2011), and all participants were underwent anthropometric evaluation. The gold standard was the percentage of body fat estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The optimal sensitivity and specificity were attained by adjusting BMI cut-off values to predict obesity based on the WHO criteria: BF% >25% in men and >35% in women, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis adjusted for age and for the whole group.

Results

The BMI cut-offs for predicting BF% were 29.9 kg/m2 in men and 24.9 kg/m2 in women.

Conclusions

The BMI that corresponded to a BF% previously defining obesity was similar to that of other Western populations for men but not for women. Furthermore, gender and age specific cut-off values are recommended in this population.
The effect of nerve mobilization exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study
Authors: Lo C.-N. , Xia G. , Leung B.P.
Published: September 2017

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. The neurogenic inflammatory mechanism plays an important role in the inflammatory process of RA, and pathological changes in neural tissues in RA have also been noted. We aim to investigate treatment of the nervous system to relieve joint pain and inflammation in RA. Nerve mobilization, a nervous system-specific therapeutic exercise, was applied on RA patients to determine the effect of nerve mobilization on joint inflammation. Twelve RA patients were recruited from the community and were randomised into an experimental and a control group. In the experimental group, the subjects were taught a set of nerve mobilization exercises while the subjects in the control group were taught a set of gentle joint mobilization exercises. Both groups were instructed to practice the exercises daily. After a 4-week period, their RA pain scale (RAPS) and pain scores were examined, as well as the C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Subjects in the experimental group showed improvements in RAPS and pain scores after 4 weeks of nerve mobilization exercises, while CRP and ESR values remained unaffected. These preliminary data showed that nerve mobilization exercises might be beneficial in controlling joint pain in RA patients.
Rectal perforation in a 42-year-old woman due to Henoch-Schönlein purpura: a case report
Authors: Almassinokiani F. , Mehdizadeh Kashi A. , Musavi A. , Khodaverdi S. , Tahermanesh K. , Ariana S.
Published: September 2017

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is caused by deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes within the blood vessels. HSP mostly occurs in children and is less common in adults. In addition to palpable purpura, arthritis or arthralgia, renal disease and abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms occur in 50% of children. These can be caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage, bowel ischemia and necrosis, intussusception, and bowel perforation. In adults, intussusception is less frequent than in children. We report a 42-year-old woman referred to our hospital with acute abdominal pain. After laboratory and radiologic examinations, laparatomy was performed which revealed rectal perforation due to HSP. HSP is a multisystem disorder. Abdominal pain in patients with HSP may herald a serious gastrointestinal problem also in adult patients.
Census and vaccination coverage of owned dog populations in four resource-limited rural communities, Mpumalanga province, South Africa
Authors: Conan Anne , Geerdes Joy A.C. , Akerele Oluyemisi A. , Reininghaus Bjorn , Simpson Gregory J.G. , Knobel Darryn
Published: September 2017

Dogs (Canis familiaris) are often free-roaming in sub-Saharan African countries. Rabies virus circulates in many of these populations and presents a public health issue. Mass vaccination of dog populations is the recommended method to decrease the number of dog and human rabies cases. We describe and compare four populations of dogs and their vaccination coverage in four different villages (Hluvukani, Athol, Utah and Dixie) in Bushbuckridge Municipality, Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in the villages of Athol, Utah and Dixie, while data from a Health and Demographic Surveillance System were used to describe the dog population in Hluvukani village. All households of the villages were visited to obtain information on the number, sex, age and rabies vaccination status of dogs. From May to October 2013, 2969 households were visited in the four villages and 942 owned dogs were reported. The populations were all young and skewed towards males. No differences were observed in the sex and age distributions (puppies 0–3 months excluded) among the villages. Athol had a higher proportion of dog-owning households than Hluvukani and Utah. Vaccination coverages were all above the 20% – 40% threshold required for herd immunity to rabies (38% in Hluvukani, 51% in Athol, 65% in Dixie and 74% in Utah). For the preparation of vaccination campaigns, we recommend the use of the relatively stable dog:human ratio (between 1:12 and 1:16) to estimate the number of dogs per village in Bushbuckridge Municipality.
Epidemiological studies based on multi-locus sequence typing genotype of methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel’s milk
Authors: Ali Alsagher O. , Mahmoud Hassan Y.A.H.
Published: September 2017

One hundred milk samples were collected from camel’s milk for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-one isolates were S. aureus, 45 were other forms of staphylococci and 24 represented other bacteria. Five isolates from S. aureus were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 26 samples were methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The whole genome sequence of S. aureus was annotated and visualised by rapid annotation using subsystem technology (RAST) which is a fully-automated service for annotating complete or nearly complete bacterial genomes. Four isolates from MSSA strains were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Three multilocus sequences types or sequence types (MLST/ST) were found, namely ST15, ST1153 and ST130. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of the seven genes forming the MLST profile of S. aureus classification revealed a high degree of similarity and close relationship between the ST15 and ST1153 while the third ST (ST130) was located in a different cluster.
Mentoring as professional development intervention for mathematics teachers: A South African perspective
Authors: Nel Benita , Luneta Kakoma
Published: September 2017

Only a small percentage of mathematics teacher professional development activities in South Africa include pedagogy and instruction approaches required to teach the content. In the light of the poor mathematics results, it is of pertinent importance that teachers need to be developed in terms of the mathematics they teach and the pedagogical component of it. A teachers’ professional development programme that used mentoring as one of the interventions was investigated where the mentor conducted classroom observations and had post–observation conferences with the teachers. The data from the observations, post observation conferences and interviews of both the mentors and the mathematics teachers was used to inform the off-site workshops on mathematics content and the instructional skills required to effectively teach the content. Mentoring supported the teachers in terms of mathematics content and instruction, team teaching and lesson preparation. The teachers’ individual content and instructional needs were also assessed and supported. The study revealed that mentoring that takes cognisance of teachers’ content and instructional needs enhanced their lesson preparation and understanding of mathematics as well as the skills required to teach it effectively. The study recommends mentoring as an effective intervention in professional development programmes especially when it is informed by the teachers’ instructional and content needs.
Spectrum of Colonic Polyps in a South Indian Urban Cohort
Authors: Jain Mayank , Vij Mukul , Srinivas M. , Michael Tom , Venkataraman Jayanthi
Published: September 2017

Background: The histological nature of polyps by site prevalence and size is unclear. Aim: To determine the prevalence of polyps in patients undergoing routine lower gastrointestinal (LGI) endoscopy and identify the histological types and their characteristics by age, location and size. Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, patients undergoing ileocolonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy between 2014 and 2016 were included. Data on age, gender, test indication, site and size of polyps and histology type were collected. Results: Two hundred and ninety (12.7%) of 2303 patients who underwent LGI endoscopy had colonic polyps (n= 317; single in 272 patients). The median age was 61.1 years (range 5-99 years) and 223 (76.4%) were men. Polyps were rare <40 years age (7.3%). By site, the polyp frequency in right colon was 6.9%, 3.9% in left colon and 4.6% in the rectum. Two thirds of polyps (64%) were <1cm size. The 3 common polyp types were adenomatous (48.9%), hyperplastic (23.7%), and inflammatory (22.4%). Adenomatous polyps were common above 60 years (p <0.0002), located often in right (35.5%) or left colon (42.6%), large in size (54.2%) and showed low grade dysplasia (89.7%). Hyperplastic polyps were most common in the middle aged and in the rectum (p <0.00001). Inflammatory polyps were the most common type below 40 years age. Almost all hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps were <1cm size (93.3% and 87.3%). Conclusions: Adenomatous polyps were the commonest type; especially >60 years age. High grade dysplasia and carcinoma were rare (10.3%). While two-thirds of polyps <1cm size were inflammatory or hyperplastic, 86% of large polyps were adenomatous.