bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deflation techniques in quantum chemistry: Excited states from ground states
Authors: Miranda‐Quintana Ramón Alain , González Marco Martínez
Published: June 2013

Applications of deflation techniques to the study of excited states of quantum systems are analyzed. It is demonstrated how these methods allow us to transform the excited state problem of one Hamiltonian, into the ground state problem of an auxiliary one. As an example, potential application in the density functional treatment of excited states is discussed. The inclusion of approximations in this scheme, such as the solution of the proposed model within a finite basis set is discussed. An extension of the Hartree–Fock (HF) method to excited states is presented. This new treatment includes previous self consistent field extensions to excited states and provides us with a way to obtain the HF extension to excited states of any ground state method. These results make the excited states of a system accessible through all ground state theoretical techniques. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concurrent and Complete Anaerobic Reduction and Microaerophilic Degradation of Mono‐, Di‐, and Trichlorobenzenes
Authors: Burns Matt , Sublette Kerry L. , Sobieraj James , Ogles Dora , Koenigsberg Stephen
Published: June 2013

Bio‐Trap®–based in situ microcosm studies were conducted to evaluate EHC‐M® stimulated degradation of mono‐, di‐, and trichlorobenzenes in anaerobic groundwater at a site in Michigan. The data show that the EHC‐M® amendment stimulated an overall increase in microbial activity and a shift in the microbial community structure, indicating more reduced conditions. Stable isotope probing with 13C6‐chlorobenzene demonstrated attenuation of chlorobenzene and subsequent separation and characterization of the 12C‐ and 13C‐deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions were used to identify the attenuating microbes. These data clearly show the participation of an obligate aerobe in the chlorobenzene biodegradation process.

Decreases in concentrations of trichlorobenzenes were also observed in comparison to a control. Due to the thermodynamically favorable reducing conditions stimulated by EHC‐M®, the mechanism of degradation of the trichlorobenzenes is presumed to be reductive dehalogenation. However, on the strength of the DNA‐based analysis of microbial community structure, concurrent microaerophilic degradation of chlorobenzene or its metabolites was definitively demonstrated and cannot be ruled out for the other chlorobenzenes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spreadsheet‐Based Design Tool for In Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation Using Soluble Substrate
Authors: Cha Ki Young , Borden Robert C.
Published: June 2013

A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet‐based design tool has been developed to assist remediation professionals in the design of injection systems for distributing soluble substrate (SS) to enhance in situ anaerobic bioremediation. The user provides site data, design parameters, and unit‐cost information to generate estimates of remediation‐system cost and steady‐state contact efficiency (CESS) for various designs. CESS is estimated from a nonlinear regression equation that includes terms for the SS injection concentration (CI), minimum substrate concentration (CMIN), groundwater travel time between rows of injection wells (TT), SS half‐life (TH), substrate reinjection time interval (TR), and pore volumes of substrate solution injected (PV). With this tool, users can quickly compare the relative costs and performance of different injection alternatives and identify the best design for their specific site conditions. The design process embodied in the tool includes: (1) entering injection‐well configuration and unit costs for well installation, injection, and substrate; (2) determining treatment‐zone dimension; (3) selecting trial injection‐well spacing, time period between substrate reinjection, and injection pore volume; and (4) estimating contact efficiency and capital and life‐cycle costs. This process is then repeated until a final design is selected. In most cases, injection costs increase with increasing CESS. However, the best (highest) ratio of CESS to injection cost typically occurs for CESS in the range of 70 to 80 percent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ignoring the matching variables in cohort studies – when is it valid and why?
Authors: Sjölander Arvid , Greenland Sander
Published: June 2013

In observational studies of the effect of an exposure on an outcome, the exposure–outcome association is usually confounded by other causes of the outcome (potential confounders). One common method to increase efficiency is to match the study on potential confounders. Matched case‐control studies are relatively common and well covered by the literature. Matched cohort studies are less common but do sometimes occur. It is often argued that it is valid to ignore the matching variables, in the analysis of matched cohort data. In this paper, we provide analyses delineating the scope and limits of this argument. We discuss why the argument does not carry over to effect estimation in matched case‐control studies, although it does carry over to null‐hypothesis testing. We also show how the argument does not extend to matched cohort studies when one adjusts for additional confounders in the analysis. Ignoring the matching variables can sometimes reduce variance, even though this is not guaranteed. We investigate the trade‐off between bias and variance in deciding whether adjustment for matching factors is advisable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discontinuous Nanoporous Membranes Reduce Non‐Specific Fouling for Immunoaffinity Cell Capture
Authors: Mittal Sukant , Wong Ian Y. , Yanik Ahmet Ali , Deen William M. , Toner Mehmet
Published: June 2013

The microfluidic isolation of target cells using adhesion‐based surface capture has been widely explored for biology and medicine. However, high‐throughput processing can be challenging due to interfacial limitations such as transport, reaction, and non‐specific fouling. Here, it is shown that antibody‐functionalized capture surfaces with discontinuous permeability enable efficient target cell capture at high flow rates by decreasing fouling. Experimental characterization and theoretical modeling reveal that “wall effects” affect cell–surface interactions and promote excess surface accumulation. These issues are partially circumvented by reducing the transport and deposition of cells near the channel walls. Optimized microfluidic devices can be operated at higher cell concentrations with significant improvements in throughput.
Error features and their possible causes in simulated low‐level winds by WRF at a wind farm
Authors: Wang Chenghai , Jin Shuanglong
Published: June 2013

The WRF model is applied to simulate the low‐level wind field for a wind farm located in a typical arid region in northwest China for February 2008. The selected region has complex terrain with sparse vegetation. Overall, the WRF model reproduced the variation features of wind speeds and wind directions. However, the model overestimated the observed low‐level wind speeds, and there were large discrepancies for the low wind velocity (i.e. the errors of simulated winds increase with height and will be larger when the observed wind speeds are lower than 2.5 m/s). The features of the simulated errors and the possible causes in the model were analysed. The simulated low‐level wind in the afternoon is more accurate than that in early morning, which is usually unstable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability and uncertainty of wind power in the California electric power system
Authors: Stoutenburg Eric D. , Jenkins Nick , Jacobson Mark Z.
Published: June 2013

The California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind energy literature survey no. 29
Authors: Henriksen Lars Christian
Published: June 2013

As a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including the following: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal and Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Please e‐mail any suggestions to corresponding author. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tree‐based iterative input variable selection for hydrological modeling
Authors: Galelli S. , Castelletti A.
Published: June 2013

Input variable selection is an important issue associated with the development of several hydrological applications. Determining the optimal input vector from a large set of candidates to characterize a preselected output might result in a more accurate, parsimonious, and, possibly, physically interpretable model of the natural process. In the hydrological context, the modeled system often exhibits nonlinear dynamics and multiple interrelated variables. Moreover, the number of candidate inputs can be very large and redundant, especially when the model reproduces the spatial variability of the physical process. The ideal input selection algorithm should therefore provide modeling flexibility, computational efficiency in dealing with high dimension data set, scalability with respect to input dimensionality and minimum redundancy. In this paper, we propose the tree‐based iterative input variable selection algorithm, a novel hybrid model‐based/model‐free approach specifically designed to fulfill these four requirements. The algorithm structure provides robustness against redundancy, while the tree‐based nature of the underlying model ensures the other key properties. The approach is first tested on a well‐known benchmark case study to validate its accuracy and subsequently applied to a real‐world streamflow prediction problem in the upper Ticino River Basin (Switzerland). Results indicate that the algorithm is capable of selecting the most significant and nonredundant inputs in different testing conditions, including the real‐world large data set characterized by the presence of several redundant variables. This permits one to identify a compact representation of the observational data set, which is key to improving the model performance and assisting with the interpretation of the underlying physical processes.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Binding to the Translocator Protein (18 kDa, TSPO) of a New Rhenium Complex as a Model of Radiopharmaceutical Agents
Authors: Piccinonna Sara , Denora Nunzio , Margiotta Nicola , Laquintana Valentino , Trapani Giuseppe , Natile Giovanni
Published: June 2013

A new tridentate 2‐phenyl‐imidazopyridin‐dipropylacetamide ligand (CB239‐H) with high (nanomolar) affinity for the TSPO protein was synthesized and its coordination compound with rhenium tricarbonyl, fac‐[Re(CO)3(CB239‐N,N,O)] was investigated. The procedure established for the synthesis of the 187/185Re complex can be also used for the synthesis of 99mTc and 188/186Re analogues, which find application in SPECT diagnosis and in therapy. Because of the tridentate coordination of CB239‐H and the kinetic inertness of the carbonyl ligands, the new complex was expected to exhibit low reactivity towards plasma proteins and hence greater resistance to deactivation. Being TSPO overexpressed in numerous types of cancers and in activated microglial cells occurring in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases, TSPO ligands can be exploited as carriers for receptor‐mediated drug targeting and hence can be used in diagnosis as well as in therapy. Very suprisingly, fac‐[Re(CO)3(CB239‐N,N,O)] resulted to be not very stable in diluted human serum but maintained a good affinity towards TSPO.
Probing the two light Higgs scenario in the NMSSM with a low-mass pseudoscalar
Authors: Cerdeño David G. , Ghosh Pradipta , Park Chan Beom
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In this article we propose a simultaneous collider search strategy for a pair of scalar bosons in the NMSSM through the decays of a very light pseudoscalar. The massive scalar has a mass around 126 GeV while the lighter one can have a mass in the vicinity of 98 GeV (thus explaining an apparent LEP excess) or be much lighter. The successive decay of this scalar pair into two light pseudoscalars, followed by leptonic pseudoscalar decays, produces clean multi-lepton final states with small or no missing energy. Furthermore, this analysis offers an alternate leptonic probe for the 126 GeV scalar that can be comparable with the ZZ

*
search channel. We emphasize that a dedicated experimental search for multi-lepton final states can be an useful probe for this scenario and, in general, for the NMSSM Higgs sector. We illustrate our analysis with two representative benchmark points and show how the LHC configuration with 8 TeV center-of-mass energy and 25 fb−1 of integrated luminosity can start testing this scenario, providing a good determination of the light pseudoscalar mass and a relatively good estimation of the lightest scalar mass.
New regions in the NMSSM with a 125 GeV Higgs
Authors: Badziak Marcin , Olechowski Marek , Pokorski Stefan
Published: June 2013

Abstract

It is pointed out that mixing effects in the CP-even scalar sector of the NMSSM can give 6-8 GeV correction to the SM-like Higgs mass in moderate or large tan β regions with a small value of the singlet-higgs-higgs superfields coupling λ ~
$ \mathcal{O} $
(0.1). This effect comes mainly from the mixing of the SM-like Higgs with lighter singlet. In the same parameter range, the mixing of the heavy doublet Higgs with the singlet may strongly modify the couplings of the singlet-like and the 125 GeV scalars. Firstly, the LEP bounds on a light singlet can be evaded for a large range of its masses. Secondly, the decay rates of both scalars can show a variety of interesting patterns, depending on the lightest scalar mass. In particular, a striking signature of this mechanism can be a light scalar with strongly suppressed (enhanced) branching ratios to
$ b\overline{b}\left( {gg,c\overline{c},\gamma \gamma } \right) $
as compared to the SM Higgs with the same mass. The γγ decay channel is particularly promising for the search of such a scalar at the LHC. The 125 GeV scalar can, thus, be accommodated with substantially smaller than in the MSSM radiative corrections from the stop loops (and consequently, with lighter stops) also for moderate or large tan β, with the mixing effects replacing the standard NMSSM mechanism of increasing the tree level Higgs mass in the low tan β and large λ regime, and with clear experimental signatures of such a mechanism.
BPS states in the duality web of the Omega deformation
Authors: Hellerman Simeon , Orlando Domenico , Reffert Susanne
Published: June 2013

Abstract

In this note, we study different limits of an Ω-deformed (2, 0) six-dimensional gauge theory realized in an M-theory fluxtrap background. Via a chain of dualities, we connect the Ω-deformed sym to a new four-dimensional gauge theory which we refer to as the reciprocal gauge theory. This theory has several properties in common with Liouville field theory, such as its gauge coupling b
2 = ϵ
2/ϵ
1, and its behavior under S-duality. Finally, we realize the bps states on the sym side of the agt correspondence and follow them along the chain of dualities. In the fluxtrap frame, we are dealing with two distinct types of states localized in different radial positions, while in the reciprocal frame, we find single states carrying both charges localized in one place which appear to be perturbatively stable. Our microscopic picture of the small-b limit exhibits semiclassically bps bound states, which are not visible at the level of the partition function.
Gauge mediation beyond minimal flavor violation
Authors: Calibbi Lorenzo , Paradisi Paride , Ziegler Robert
Published: June 2013

Abstract

We study a minimal modification of Gauge Mediation in which the messenger sector couples directly to the MSSM matter fields. These couplings are controlled by the same dynamics that explain the flavor hierarchies, and therefore are parametrically as small as the Yukawas. This setup gives rise to an interesting SUSY spectrum that is calculable in terms of a single new parameter. Due to large A-terms, the model can easily accommodate a 126 GeV Higgs with a relatively light SUSY spectrum. The flavor structure depends on the particular underlying flavor model, but flavor-violating effects arise dominantly in the up-sector and are strongly suppressed in ΔF = 2 observables. This strong suppression is reminiscent of what happens in the case of wave function renormalization or Partial Compositeness, despite the underlying flavor model can be a simple U(1) flavor model (which in the context of Gravity Mediation suffers from strong ΔF = 2 constraints). This structure allows to account for the recent observation of direct CP violation in D-meson decays.
Do Minority-owned Banks Pay Higher Interest Rates on CDs?
Authors: Kashian Russ , McGregory Richard , Lockwood Neil
Published: June 2013

This paper analyzes whether minority-owned banks pass along an advantage in access to governmental deposits to the communities they serve in the form of higher interest rates paid on certificates of deposit (CDs). Although academic evidence has not confirmed increased profitability or efficiency of these banks since the creation of the Minority Bank Deposit Program, their unique positioning within communities may allow them to meet the needs of a clientele with lower and less stable income, and with higher than average expected future deposit withdrawals. Data from the regulatory reports provided by minority and non-minority owned banks are analyzed using five distinct time horizons for CDs. The results suggest that Black-owned banks consistently pay higher interest rates on CDs, with a lower premium for longer-term CDs, and used the premium to cushion the ill effects of the recent financial collapse on their customers. Asian-owned banks provide a smaller premium for short-term CDs, while the remaining category of minority-owned banks, including Native American, Hispanic, and Women-owned banks, also paid a premium on CDs, but shrank that premium substantially following the financial collapse. Note also that minority-owned banks may use this funding advantage in a variety of other ways to serve their respecitive communities.
Use of opposite frictional forces by animals to increase their attachment reliability during movement
Authors: Wang Zhouyi , Song Yi , Dai Zhendong
Published: June 2013

Many animals have the natural ability to move on various surfaces, such as those having different roughness and slope substrates, or even vertical walls and ceilings. Legged animals primarily attach to surfaces using claws, soft and hairy pads, or combinations of them. Recent studies have indicated that the frictional forces generated by these structures not only control the movement of animals but also significantly increase the reliability of their attachment. Moreover, the frictional forces of various animals have opposite characteristics and hierarchical properties from toe-to-toe and leg-to-leg. These opposite frictional forces allow animals to attach securely and stably during movement. The coordination of several attachment (adhesion) modes not only helps animals adhere, which would be impossible in single mode, but also increases the overall stability of the attachment (adhesion) system. These findings can help the design of highly adaptable feet for bionic robots in the near future.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the orphan receptor ESDN/DCBLD2 serves as a scaffold for the signaling adaptor CrkL
Authors: Aten Tyler M. , Redmond Miranda M. , Weaver Sheila O. , Love Collin C. , Joy Ryan M. , Lapp Aliya S. , Rivera Osvaldo D. , Hinkle Karen L. , Ballif Bryan A.
Published: June 2013

A quantitative proteomics screen to identify substrates of the Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) whose phosphorylation promotes CrkL‐SH2 binding identified the known Crk‐associated substrate (Cas) of Src as well as the orphan receptor endothelial and smooth muscle cell‐derived neuropilin‐like protein (ESDN). Mutagenesis analysis of ESDN's seven intracellular tyrosines in YxxP motifs found several contribute to the binding of ESDN to the SH2 domains of both CrkCT10 regulator of kinase Crk‐Like (CrkL) and a representative SFK Fyn. Quantitative mass spectrometry showed that at least three of these (Y565, Y621 and Y750), as well as non‐YxxP Y715, are reversibly phosphorylated. SFK activity was shown to be sufficient, but not required for the interaction between ESDN and the CrkL‐SH2 domain. Finally, antibody‐mediated ESDN clustering induces ESDN tyrosine phosphorylation and CrkL‐SH2 binding.
Functional study of diacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 family in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Hung Chun-Hsien , Ho Ming-Yang , Kanehara Kazue , Nakamura Yuki
Published: June 2013

Algal triacylglycerol biosynthesis is of increasing interest for potential biodiesel production. A model microalga, Chlamydomonas, has multiple isoforms of diacylglycerol acyltransferase type 2 (DGTT) catalyzing the final step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis; however, the functions of the isoforms are poorly understood. Here, we performed heterologous complementation assay of Chlamydomonas DGTT1 to 4 in a yeast mutant defective in triacylglycerol biosynthesis. DGTT1, 2 and 3 but not 4 complemented the phenotype, including triacylglycerol levels. Interestingly, complementation by DGTT2 increased triacylglycerol content by 9‐fold.
Community Support as a Moderator of Postdisaster Mental Health Symptoms in Urban and Nonurban Communities
Authors: West Jenny S. , Price Matthew , Gros Kirstin Stauffacher , Ruggiero Kenneth J.
Published: June 2013

Objective

We examined the association between disaster exposure, community support, and mental health outcomes in urban and nonurban participants of Galveston and Chambers counties after Hurricane Ike. The moderating effect of community support was evaluated as a protective factor relative to postdisaster mental health.

Methods

A representative population-based sample of 157 urban and 714 nonurban adults were interviewed 12 to 17 months after the hurricane about their mental health functioning, disaster exposure, and perceptions of community support.

Results

A series of multiple regressions demonstrated that disaster exposure was associated with mental health outcomes for both groups. The strength of the association varied across population samples.Community support moderated the association between interpersonal effects of the disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression outcomes in nonurban participants and the association between property damage and PTSD in urban participants.

Conclusions

Community support played a larger role in reducing PTSD and depression symptoms associated with the interpersonal effects of a disaster in the nonurban sample only. Communities may play a more beneficial role in the recovery process in nonurban areas that have elevated levels of injury or death attributed to a disaster. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–9)
Second-mode attenuation and cancellation by porous coatings in a high-speed boundary layer
Authors: Brès Guillaume A. , Inkman Matthew , Colonius Tim , Fedorov Alexander V.
Published: June 2013

Numerical simulations of the linear and nonlinear two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, and linear stability theory are used to parametrically investigate hypersonic boundary layers over ultrasonic absorptive coatings. The porous coatings consist of a uniform array of rectangular pores (slots) with a range of porosities and pore aspect ratios. For the numerical simulations, temporally (rather than spatially) evolving boundary layers are considered and we provide evidence that this approximation is appropriate for slowly growing second-mode instabilities. We consider coatings operating in the typical regime where the pores are relatively deep and acoustic waves and second-mode instabilities are attenuated by viscous effects inside the pores, as well as regimes with phase cancellation or reinforcement associated with reflection of acoustic waves from the bottom of the pores. These conditions are defined as attenuative and cancellation/reinforcement regimes, respectively. The focus of the present study is on the cases which have not been systematically studied in the past, namely the reinforcement regime (which represents a worst-case scenario, i.e. minimal second-mode damping) and the cancellation regime (which corresponds to the configuration with the most potential improvement). For all but one of the cases considered, the linear simulations show good agreement with the results of linear instability theory that employs an approximate porous-wall boundary condition, and confirm that the porous coating stabilizing performance is directly related to their acoustic scattering performance. A particular case with relatively shallow pores and very high porosity showed the existence of a shorter-wavelength instability that was not initially predicted by theory. Our analysis shows that this new mode is associated with acoustic resonances in the pores and can be more unstable than the second mode. Modifications to the theoretical model are suggested to account for the new mode and to provide estimates of the porous coating parameters that avoid this detrimental instability. Finally, nonlinear simulations confirm the conclusions of the linear analysis; in particular, we did not observe any tripping of the boundary layer by small-scale disturbances associated with individual pores.
Identifying the Effect of All-Mail Elections on Turnout: Staggered Reform in the Evergreen State
Authors: Gerber Alan S. , Huber Gregory A. , Hill Seth J.
Published: June 2013

What effect does moving to all-mail elections have on participation? On one hand, all registered voters automatically receive a ballot to return by mail at their convenience. On the other hand, the social aspect of the polling place, and the focal point of election day, is lost. Current estimates of the effect of all-mail elections on turnout are ambiguous. This article offers an improved design and new estimates of the effect of moving to all-mail elections. Exploiting cross-sectional and temporal variation in county-level implementation of all-mail elections in Washington State, we find that the reform increased aggregate participation by two to four percentage points. Using individual observations from the state voter file, we also find that the reform increased turnout more for lower-participating registrants than for frequent voters, suggesting that all-mail voting reduces turnout disparities between these groups.
Credibility and Commitment in Crisis Bargaining
Authors: Fey Mark , Meirowitz Adam , Ramsay Kristopher W.
Published: June 2013

Although scholars of international security share a skepticism for the extent to which agreements can be externally enforced, much existing game-theoretic work involves strong forms of commitment. Building on the canonical model of crisis bargaining, this article analyzes the role of two forms of commitment in bargaining: the ability to commit to a settlement and the ability to commit to end negotiations and initiate war fighting. The findings show that, contrary to expectations, allowing a proposer to retract their offer after learning of its acceptance does not lead to greater demands. Instead, a rational actor can be best off if he or she honors the accepted agreement in crisis bargaining, even though the act of accepting an offer changes the proposer's beliefs about the probability that an offer is acceptable. However, allowing a proposer to continue bargaining in lieu of fighting does change the dynamics of bargaining, although this effect diminishes as players become more patient. Finally, when there is no commitment to offers (or fighting after a rejected proposal), the behavior is the same as that found in the model with only renegotiation of agreements, and thus mirrors the behavior in the model in which both forms of commitment are present.
THE -HARMONIC BOUNDARY AND -MASSIVE SUBSETS OF A GRAPH OF BOUNDED DEGREE
Authors: PULS MICHAEL J.
Published: June 2013

Let $p$ be a real number greater than one and let $\Gamma $ be a graph of bounded degree. We investigate links between the $p$-harmonic boundary of $\Gamma $ and the ${D}_{p} $-massive subsets of $\Gamma $. In particular, if there are $n$ pairwise disjoint ${D}_{p} $-massive subsets of $\Gamma $, then the $p$-harmonic boundary of $\Gamma $ consists of at least $n$ elements. We show that the converse of this statement is also true.
Who Protests in Greece? Mass Opposition to Austerity
Authors: Rüdig Wolfgang , Karyotis Georgios
Published: June 2013

The widespread opposition to unprecedented austerity measures in Greece provides a unique opportunity to study the causes of mass protest. This article reports the results of a survey of the adult population in which two-thirds of the respondents supported protest and 29 per cent reported actual involvement in strikes and/or demonstrations during 2010. Relative deprivation is a significant predictor of potential protest, but does not play any role in terms of who takes part in strikes or demonstrations. Previous protest participation emerges as a key predictor of actual protest. This study seeks to place these results within a comparative context, contrasting Greece with other countries facing similar challenges, and discusses the implications for the future of austerity politics.
Life-cycle assessment of the intensity of production on the greenhouse gas emissions and economics of grass-based suckler beef production systems
Authors: CLARKE A. M. , BRENNAN P. , CROSSON P.
Published: June 2013

In Ireland, the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is agriculture. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of stocking intensities of beef cattle production systems on technical and economic performance and GHG emissions. A bioeconomic model of Irish suckler beef production systems was used to generate scenarios and to evaluate their technical and economic performance. To model the impact of each scenario on GHG emissions, the output of the bioeconomic model was used as an inventory analysis in a life-cycle assessment model and various GHG emission factors were integrated with the production profile. All the estimated GHG emissions were converted to their 100-year global warming potential carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). The scenarios modelled were bull/heifer and steer/heifer suckler beef production systems at varying stocking intensities. According to policy constraints, stocking intensities were based on the excretion of organic nitrogen (N), which varied depending on animal category. Stocking intensity was increased by increasing fertilizer N application rates. Carcass output and profitability increased with increasing stocking intensity. At a stocking intensity of 150 kg N/ha total emissions were lowest when expressed per kg of beef carcass (20·1 kg CO2e/kg beef) and per hectare (9·2 tCO2e/ha) in the bull/heifer system. Enteric fermentation was the greatest source of GHG emissions and ranged from 0·49 to 0·47 of total emissions with increasing stocking intensity for both production systems. The current study shows that increasing stocking intensity via increased fertilizer N application rates leads to increased profitability on beef farms with only modest increases in GHG emissions.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO MEDIA AND BODY WEIGHT CONCERN AMONG FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN FIVE ARAB COUNTRIES: A PRELIMINARY CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: MUSAIGER ABDULRAHMAN O. , AL-MANNAI MARIAM
Published: June 2013

Mass media play an important role in changing body image. This study aimed to determine the role of media (magazines and television) in body weight concern among university females in five Arab countries. A total sample of 1134 female university students was selected at convenience from universities in five Arab countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Syria. The females' ages ranged from 17 to 32. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess the exposure to mass media regarding weight concerns. For the variables on exposure to mass media, girls were divided into two groups: infrequently exposed and frequently exposed. In general, the females who were exposed to mass media had a greater risk of having dieted to lose weight and changing their ideas of a perfect body shape than those who were not exposed or infrequently exposed. The association of exposure to magazines with having dieted to lose weight was only significant among females in Bahrain (p<0.044), Egypt (p<0.001) and Jordan (p<0.001). Exposure to television had a weaker association than exposure to magazines with body weight concerns of females. The association of exposure to television with females' idea of a perfect body shape was only statistically significant in females in Egypt (p<0.019) and Oman (p<0.019). The pressure from mass media on the body weight concern of female university students may lead these women to practise unhealthy weight control diets.
BROADER ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS
Authors: Tsiachristas Apostolos , Cramm Jane Murray , Nieboer Anna , Rutten- van Mölken Maureen
Published: June 2013

Objectives:The aim of this paper is to develop a methodological framework to facilitate the application of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) for a comprehensive economic evaluation of disease management programs (DMPs).

Methods:We studied previously developed frameworks for the evaluation of DMPs and different methods of MCDA and we used practical field experience in the economic evaluation of DMPs and personal discussions with stakeholders in chronic care.

Results:The framework includes different objectives and criteria that are relevant for the evaluation of DMPs, indicators that can be used to measure how DMPs perform on these criteria, and distinguishes between the development and implementation phase of DMPs. The objectives of DMPs are categorised into a) changes in the process of care delivery, b) changes in patient lifestyle and self-management behaviour, c) changes in biomedical, physiological and clinical health outcomes, d) changes in health-related quality of life, and e) changes in final health outcomes. All relevant costs of DMPs are also included in the framework. Based on this framework we conducted a MCDA of a hypothetical DMP versus usual care.

Conclusions:We call for a comprehensive economic evaluation of DMPs that is not just based on a single criterion but takes into account multiple relevant criteria simultaneously. The framework we presented here is a step towards standardising such an evaluation.
Synthesis A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000–10
Authors: Patrick Matthew R. , Smellie John L.
Published: June 2013

Of the more than twenty historically active volcanoes in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region only two, to our knowledge, host any ground-based monitoring instruments. Moreover, because of their remoteness, most of the volcanoes are seldom visited, thus relegating the monitoring of volcanism in this region almost entirely to satellites. In this study, high temporal resolution satellite data from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology's MODVOLC system using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) are complemented with high spatial resolution data (ASTER, or Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, and similar sensors) to document volcanic activity throughout the region during the period 2000–10. Five volcanoes were observed in eruption (Mount Erebus, Mount Belinda, Mount Michael, Heard Island and McDonald Island), which were predominantly low-level and effusive in nature. Mount Belinda produced tephra, building a cinder cone in addition to an extensive lava field. Five volcanoes exhibited detectable thermal, and presumed fumarolic, activity (Deception, Zavodovski, Candlemas, Bristol, and Bellingshausen islands). A minor eruption reported at Marion Island was not detected in our survey due to its small size. This study also discovered a new active vent on Mount Michael, tracked dramatic vent enlargement on Heard Island, and provides an improved picture of the morphology of some of the volcanoes.
Schwa and theloi de positionin Southern French
Authors: EYCHENNE JULIEN
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates the alternation of mid-open and mid-close vowels in southern French, a pattern known as theloi de position, and its relation to schwa. I offer a critical survey of the main analyses that have been put forward in the literature, showing how different conceptions of schwa influence the interpretation of theloi de position. I demonstrate that even in varieties where the pattern is considered fully productive, there are a number of exceptional cases that lend themselves to a usage-based approach. I develop an analysis of the phenomenon in the framework of Cognitive Grammar: theloi de positionis formalized as the result of the interplay between substantive and symbolic constructions which emerge through usage.
Foetal congenital heart disease: obstetric management and time to first cardiac intervention in babies delivered at a tertiary centre
Authors: Jowett Victoria C. , Sankaran Srividhya , Rollings Sherrida L. , Hall Richard , Kyle Pippa M. , Sharland Gurleen K.
Published: June 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the timing of neonatal cardiac intervention in babies with antenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease and the impact on obstetric management. Methods: A retrospective review of all deliveries between January, 2008 and December, 2009 was conducted in a tertiary centre with foetal and paediatric cardiology, maternal–foetal medicine, and obstetric units. All live births with antenatally detected congenital heart disease were included. Data were collected from foetal, paediatric cardiology, and maternity databases and records. Induction, delivery mode, and timing of the first cardiac intervention in the neonate were studied. Results: 205 deliveries were included. Induction and elective Caesarean section rates were 51.2% (105/205) and 14.1% (29/205), respectively. The vaginal delivery rate was 56% (115/205). There was a non-significant trend towards a higher rate of vaginal delivery after spontaneous labour than after induction (75% versus 66%; p = 0.234). The rate of neonatal cardiac intervention during the initial stay was 59.5% (122/205); it was 18.5% (38/205) within 48 hours and 25.8% (53/205) within 72 hours. The median time to first intervention was 4 days (interquartile range 2–8). Babies with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (median 3, interquartile range 2–6), transposition of the great arteries (median 1, interquartile range 0–4.5), and arrhythmia (median 0.5, interquartile range 0–1) had a significantly earlier time to first intervention compared with those with other conditions (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Vaginal delivery can be achieved in women delivering babies with major congenital heart disease at a tertiary centre. Delivery in or near a tertiary centre is recommended for patients requiring early intervention, of which many can be identified in advance.
ASPECTS OF RECURRENCE AND TRANSIENCE FOR LÉVY PROCESSES IN TRANSFORMATION GROUPS AND NONCOMPACT RIEMANNIAN SYMMETRIC PAIRS
Authors: APPLEBAUM DAVID
Published: June 2013

We study recurrence and transience for Lévy processes induced by topological transformation groups acting on complete Riemannian manifolds. In particular the transience–recurrence dichotomy in terms of potential measures is established and transience is shown to be equivalent to the potential measure having finite mass on compact sets when the group acts transitively. It is known that all bi-invariant Lévy processes acting in irreducible Riemannian symmetric pairs of noncompact type are transient. We show that we also have ‘harmonic transience’, that is, local integrability of the inverse of the real part of the characteristic exponent which is associated to the process by means of Gangolli’s Lévy–Khinchine formula.
Acute effects on the thyroid gland after non-directed radiation therapy in children and adolescents
Authors: Bonato C. C. , Dias H. B. , Alves M. da S. , Duarte L. O. , Dias T. M. , Dalenogare M. O. , Viegas C. C. B. , Elnecave R. H.
Published: June 2013

Background

During radiation therapy, unwanted scatter to healthy tissues outside the target field may occur. Children and adolescents are more sensitive to radiation injury, and the thyroid gland is particularly susceptible to these effects.

Purpose

To assess acute changes in thyroid function and volume in children and adolescents undergoing radiotherapy for a variety of non-thyroid cancers.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-one children and adolescents underwent radiation therapy of various body areas in which the thyroid was not included. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3), anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies and thyroglobulin were measured before, on the last day and at 1 and 3 months after the end of radiotherapy. Ultrasound scans were taken and 6- and 24-hour 131I uptake was measured before and after treatment. The scattered dose to the thyroid region was estimated with a treatment planning system or measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters.

Results

The median radiation dose scattered to the thyroid was 296·6 cGy (IQR 16·7–1,709·0). Levels of TSH (p = 0·575), T4 (p = 0·950), fT4 (p = 0·510), T3 (p = 0·842), thyroglobulin (p = 0·620) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (p = 0·546) were statistically similar at all four time points. There were no differences between pre- and post-radiotherapy thyroid volume and 131I uptake (p = 0·692 and 0·92, respectively).

Conclusion

More sensitive methods may be required to ascertain whether acute injury to the follicular epithelium occurs with lower radiation doses scattered to the thyroid.
Zwangsspektrum-Störungen
Authors: Buhlmann Ulrike , Endrass Tanja
Published: June 2013

Eine Reihe psychischer Störungen wird im Hinblick auf den DSM-5 aufgrund ihrer Ähnlichkeit, aber auch in Abgrenzung zur Zwangsstörung, als so genannte Zwangsspektrumsstörungen diskutiert. Im Speziellen wird die Einführung einer separaten Kategorie Zwangs- und verwandte Störungen diskutiert, der sowohl die Zwangsstörung als auch Zwangsspektrumsstörungen wie die körperdysmorphe Störung, Dermatillomanie, Trichotillomanie sowie zwanghaftes Horten als Störungen zugeordnet werden soll. Das vorliegende Themenheft möchte einen Überblick über die Zwangsstörung geben und einzelne Zwangsspektrumsstörungen sowie Perspektiven für die klinische Praxis erläutern.
Diversity of protists and bacteria determines predation performance and stability
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Fetzer Ingo , Harms Hauke , Chatzinotas Antonis
Published: June 2013

Predation influences prey diversity and productivity while it effectuates the flux and reallocation of organic nutrients into biomass at higher trophic levels. However, it is unknown how bacterivorous protists are influenced by the diversity of their bacterial prey. Using 456 microcosms, in which different bacterial mixtures with equal initial cell numbers were exposed to single or multiple predators (Tetrahymena sp., Poterioochromonas sp. and Acanthamoeba sp.), we showed that increasing prey richness enhanced production of single predators. The extent of the response depended, however, on predator identity. Bacterial prey richness had a stabilizing effect on predator performance in that it reduced variability in predator production. Further, prey richness tended to enhance predator evenness in the predation experiment including all three protists predators (multiple predation experiment). However, we also observed a negative relationship between prey richness and predator production in multiple predation experiments. Mathematical analysis of potential ecological mechanisms of positive predator diversity—functioning relationships revealed predator complementarity as a factor responsible for both enhanced predator production and prey reduction. We suggest that the diversity at both trophic levels interactively determines protistan performance and might have implications in microbial ecosystem processes and services.
Cerebral Ischemic Stroke: is Gender Important?
Authors: Gibson Claire L
Published: June 2013

Cerebral stroke continues to be a major cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in developed countries. Evidence reviewed here suggests that gender influences various aspects of the clinical spectrum of ischemic stroke, in terms of influencing how a patients present with ischemic stroke through to how they respond to treatment. In addition, this review focuses on discussing the various pathologic mechanisms of ischemic stroke that may differ according to gender and compares how intrinsic and hormonal mechanisms may account for such gender differences. All clinical trials to date investigating putative neuroprotective treatments for ischemic stroke have failed, and it may be that our understanding of the injury cascade initiated after ischemic injury is incomplete. Revealing aspects of the pathophysiological consequences of ischemic stroke that are gender specific may enable gender relevant and effective neuroprotective strategies to be identified. Thus, it is possible to conclude that gender does, in fact, have an important role in ischemic stroke and must be factored into experimental and clinical investigations of ischemic stroke.