bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES GROWN IN ALBERTA. ANISE OIL (PIMPINELLA ANISUM)
Authors: EMBONG M. B. , HADZIYEV D. , MOLNAR S.
Published: March 2010

The annual plant anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), grown in Alberta over five consecutive seasons, was rated as medium for its herb vigor and growth, and the yield and quality of its essential oil was determined. The average yield of steam-distilled oil, calculated on a dry weight basis, was 1.05–1.1% for seed and 1.2–1.35% for the whole crushed plant. The number of identified constituents, as determined by using a TL-GL-chromatography method, was 16 for the plant, and 12 for the seed oil, with corresponding percentages of 74.7 and 84.6, respectively. The only major oil constituent was trans-anethole which was 57.4% of whole plant and 75.2% of seed oil. The other constituents of plant oil, present in amounts of 1–5% were cis-anethole, carvone, β-caryophyllene, dihydrocarvyl acetate, estragole and limonene. Compositional data obtained for world market oils, which are used for flavoring by domestic food industries, suggested that the Alberta anise oils are of sufficient quality to substitute for the imported oils.
CHLORPYRIFOS, CARBARYL, ENDOSULFAN, LEPTOPHOS, AND TRICHLORFON RESIDUES ON CURED TOBACCO LEAVES FROM FIELD-TREATED TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: CHENG H. H. , BRAUN H. E.
Published: March 2010

Studies were carried out in 1971 and 1972 with chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] and leptophos [O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl-phenylphosphorothioate] used for cutworm control, and in 1973 with carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), endosulfan (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol cyclic sulfite), and trichlorfon [dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate] used for hornworm control, to determine their residues in cured tobacco leaves. Chlorpyrifos, leptophos and trichlorfon were not detected in any of the cured leaf samples regardless of the formulations, method, and number of applications employed. Residues of carbaryl and endosulfan were detected in all samples and ranged from 0.4 to 4.0 ppm, and from 11.5 to 30.9 ppm, respectively, depending on the number of applications and the interval between the last treatment and harvest. The high residues of endosulfan obtained in the 1973 experiment were confirmed in a 1975 experiment.
INTERCROPPING ON RAINFED RED SOILS OF THE DECCAN PLATEAU, INDIA
Authors: FREYMAN S. , VENKATESWARLU J.
Published: March 2010

Mutual competitive effects of several crops suited to the region were tested to develop a successful intercropping system. Highest total yields were obtained when sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) was grown at the highest population tested (220,000 plants/ha) and intercropped with sorghum or with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Reducing the population of sorghum to better accommodate intercrops reduced yield for which the intercrops did not compensate. Manipulating planting pattern to reduce mutual competition had little effect on total yield. In the 2 yr, 1974 and 1975, yields of sorghum grown at high populations (at least 220,000 plants/ha) generally surpassed yields from plots of sorghum intercropped with pigeon pea. Nevertheless, monetary, nutritional, and risk considerations favor the intercropping system.
EFFETS DE LA DENSITE DU PEUPLEMENT ET DE L’APPORT DES ELEMENTS N, P ET K SUR LA PRODUCTION D’ENSILAGE DE MAIS DE MATURITE DIFFERENTE
Authors: GENEST JEAN , DIONNE JEAN-LOUIS
Published: March 2010

The experiment was designed to measure the effect of corn maturity, plant density, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on corn silage production. Funk’s G 4252 corn hybrid planted 10 cm apart in rows 75 cm apart produced an average of 18,325 kg/ha of dry matter over 4 yr, when fertilized with 200 kg/ha of N. Nitrogen fertilization, plant density, and choice of hybrid were the most important factors in dry matter production. Yield increases of 30% were associated with a 3% decrease in quality. Optimum yields were predicted for plant densities of 133,000 pl/ha with 180 kg/ha of N. There was no significant response to P and K fertilization. Yearly applications of P at 50 kg/ha allowed an increase in available P in the soil. Even with yearly applications of K at 200 kg/ha, a constant decrease in soil exchangeable K content was observed.
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE PLANT, VARIATION WITH MATURITY, AND HERITABILITY OF GRAMINE AND HORDENINE IN REED CANARY GRASS
Authors: COULMAN B. E. , WOODS D. L. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Clones of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), which were free of tryptamines and carbolines, were divided into blades, sheaths, and stems and analyzed for gramine and hordenine. Gramine concentrations in leaf blades of first growth were more than five times higher than those in sheaths or stems. Hordenine was highest in the leaf sheaths, being more than twice as high as in blades and four times as high as in stems. The effect of maturity on the content of these alkaloids in the leaf blades was also studied. Both gramine and hordenine remained fairly constant from the vegetative stage to early heading in samples of first growth. The concentrations of both alkaloids increased considerably in new regrowth, but in more mature regrowth had declined to levels found in first growth. Under greenhouse conditions, narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.72 for gramine and 0.53 for hordenine. Hordenine was shown to be a major alkaloid of reed canary grass first growth, as concentrations were higher than those selected for lower gramine concentrations. A colorimetric assay for the estimation of hordenine is described.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED REED CANARY GRASS ALKALOIDS ON IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: COULMAN B. E. , CLARK K. W. , WOODS D. L.
Published: March 2010

A range of concentrations of pure samples of the alkaloids, gramine, hordenine, 5-methoxy-dimethyl tryptamine and N-methyl tryptamine which are normal constituents of reed canary grass were added to in vitro rumen fluid fermentations. Powdered cellulose and ground reed canary grass were used as substrates and fermentation periods were 24 and 48 h. No consistent relationship was found between the concentration of any of the above alkaloids and in vitro digestion values for either of the substrates or fermentation periods. In other studies, 24- and 48-h in vitro digestions were carried out on reed canary grass clones harvested at early heading and 6-wk regrowth. These clones showed a very wide range of gramine, hordenine and total alkaloid levels. No relationship was found between the concentration and type of alkaloids in the clones and their in vitro digestibility. These findings are in keeping with earlier similar work and it was concluded that reported poor animal performance with reed canary grass is probably due to factors other than alkaloid interference with the rumen microflora.
COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND TUBER DEVELOPMENT IN THREE POTATO CULTIVARS WITH DIVERSE CANOPY SIZE
Authors: COLLINS W. B.
Published: March 2010

The basis of differences in tuber and plant development in potato, due to differences in canopy size, was studied by measuring changes in plant dry weight and leaf area throughout the growing season. Differing canopy sizes were obtained by selecting three cultivars from the Canada Potato Breeding Program. These were F57048, Grand Falls, and F62008, which normally produce small, medium and large sized canopies respectively, with similar tuber yields. Differences in total and tuber dry weight through the season were slight compared to differences observed in leaf and stem growth. The branching capacity of the cultivars appeared to be the major determinant of canopy size. In these three cultivars, as canopy size increased, the initial tuber growth rate immediately following tuberization decreased. Thus, in the two smaller cultivars, the early tuber growth rate was more critical in determining final yield than was the case in the large-canopied cultivar, F62008. As expected, the net assimilation rate increased as canopy size decreased. The evidence indicated that the demands of the developing tubers exerted the greatest influence on the net assimilation rate.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF WILD OATS. II. GROWTH.
Authors: SHARMA M. P. , BORN W. H. VANDEN , MCBEATH D. K.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter accumulation by wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in a growth cabinet, after an initial lag period, took place rapidly until 8 wk after emergence. Plant height and the number of leaves per plant increased at a nearly linear rate until 6 wk after emergence. Tillering occurred mainly during the period 2–4 wk after emergence. Low light intensity and short photoperiod severely restricted growth, and delayed heading and maturity. Plants grew best at day–night temperatures of 20–12 C, though initial growth was faster at higher temperature (28–20 C). In a black loam soil, plants responded to added nitrogen and phosphorus only under high light intensity. Both soil moisture and soil pH greatly influenced the growth of wild oats. Greatest dry matter accumulation was attained when soil pH was 7.5 or 8.5 and soil moisture was maintained above 75% field capacity. Hull color of the seed had no effect on the growth of wild oat plants. Plants produced from large seeds had higher dry weights than plants produced from small seeds. Implications of these findings for the control of wild oats are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF ETHEPHON ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: WALKER E. K.
Published: March 2010

Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) was applied to flue-cured tobacco plants subjected to variations in cultural regime and harvesting technique to determine its influence on maturation, yield and quality. The response to ethephon treatment was evident in ripe or nearly ripe leaves after 3 days. Ethephon treatment usually caused a reduction in grade index and in content of reducing sugars, but yield and content of total alkaloids were largely unaffected by such treatment. Quality deterioration of leaves from low or middle stalk positions occurred during the curing process even though such leaves were harvested prior to the color change (yellowing) indicative of treatment effect. In spite of quality deterioration from ethephon treatment, cigarettes made from treated leaves were preferable to cigarettes made from untreated leaves. The potential of ethephon treatment would appear to be greatest for leaves at upper stalk positions, which are most likely to be damaged by frost. Such leaves responded to ethephon, if ripe or nearly so, without undergoing significant quality deterioration.
INCORPORATION DE POLYRIBONUCLEOTIDES SYNTHETIQUES DANS DES CHLOROPLASTES ISOLES DE TRITICUM AESTIVUM CV. OPAL
Authors: ASSELIN ALAIN , TRUDEL MARC J.
Published: March 2010

The incorporation of polyribonucleotides in isolated wheat chloroplasts is studied. Different radioactive synthetic polyribonucleotides are mixed with a chloroplastenriched fraction which has been isolated rapidly to preserve the chloroplasts as much as possible. After reaction, a band of class I chloroplasts is isolated by flotation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Polyribonucleotide incorporation is determined by counting TCA precipitable radioactive molecules. The extent of degradation of the incorporated polyribonucleotides is estimated by polyacrylamide gel electroploresis. The results show that class I wheat chloroplasts are permeable to synthetic polyribonucleotides of different molecular weights. Incorporated polyribonucleotides are partially degraded within the chloroplasts. Incorporation is stimulated in the presence of ATP and light but it is also detected at 5 C without these factors, suggesting a passive incorporation mechanism.
PATERNAL AND MATERNAL EFFECTS ON PROTEIN AND OIL CONTENT IN SUMMER RAPE
Authors: GRAMI BAHRAM , STEFANSSON B. R.
Published: March 2010

Comparisons among self- and cross-pollinated seeds from two summer rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, Midas and Tower, suggest that protein and oil contents of the seed are determined by the genotype of the plant which produces the seed. Pollen source also appears to have a slight effect on oil content. Comparisons among seed samples produced by the F1 and F2 progenies, derived from reciprocal crosses, indicate that protein and oil contents of the seed are controlled by nuclear genes and not by extranuclear determinants.
SEED COAT THICKNESS AND SEED CRUDE FIBRE IN FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA)
Authors: ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

There were significant differences among 49 cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) for percent seed crude fibre, seed coat thickness, 1,000-seed weight and seed protein content; 1,000-seed weight was negatively correlated with seed crude fibre (r = −0.52) and positively correlated with seed coat thickness (r = 0.66). Step-wise multiple regression analysis showed that seed coat thickness could provide a partial prediction of seed crude fibre.
A NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SEEDLING VIGOR IN WHEAT
Authors: EVANS L. E. , BHATT G. M.
Published: March 2010

A nondestructive method of screening for seedling vigor is described. The technique involves the measurement of green shoot weight and the subsequent regeneration of the plants from transplanted shoots or from the seedling base. The method is quick and can be adapted to breeding programs.
RESPONSE OF FOUR BRASSICA SEED CROP SPECIES TO ATTACK BY THE CRUCIFER FLEA BEETLE, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE
Authors: PUTNAM L. G.
Published: March 2010

Apparent resistance to attack by the crucifer flea beetle in seedlings of Yellow mustard, Brassica juncea Moench, as opposed to the susceptibility of the mustard B. juncea (L.) and the rapeseed species B. napus L. and B. campestris L., was investigated in a field plot experiment in 1976, comprising insecticidally protected and unprotected treatments of each of the four species. Seedlings of unprotected B. hirta suffered little damage and final seed yields were as high as those from the protected treatment. The mustard B. juncea and the rapeseed species B. napus and B. campestris all suffered severe seedling damage when not protected. Nevertheless the unprotected B. juncea treatment yielded as much as the protected; B. napus, however, suffered an apparent appreciable decrease and B. campestris a significant decrease.
FIELD EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF EPICUTICULAR WAX IN RAPESEED AND MUSTARD IN RESISTANCE TO ALTERNARIA BLACKSPOT
Authors: SKOROPAD W. P. , TEWARI J. P.
Published: March 2010

The role of epicuticular wax in conferring resistance to blackspot, incited by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc, has been investigated under field conditions in four cultivars of rapeseed and mustard. In increasing order of resistance to blackspot they were: Torch (Brassica campestris L.), Midas (B. napus L), Lethbridge (LB) 22A (B. juncea (L.) Czern.), and Tower (B. napus). The leaves of Midas and Tower have appreciable amounts of epicuticular wax, and wiping of the leaves with a dry cotton swab significantly increases their susceptibility to the blackspot disease. Torch and LB 22A have minimal amounts of epicuticular wax and their disease susceptibility is generally not significantly altered upon wiping. It is concluded that the epicuticular wax in rapeseed and mustard confers resistance to blackspot and that this character could be used in breeding cultivars resistant to this disease.
GREEN LIMELIGHT — A NEW GREEN-SHELL BEAN
Authors: KEMP G. A.
Published: March 2010

Green Limelight is a green-shell bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with seeds that retain their green color to full maturity resulting in a superior visual quality to the processed product. Derived from the cross Flageolet Vert *(Limelight)2)1 *Limelight)2, it possesses all of the plant, seed, and productivity characteristics of its recurrent parent Limelight. Green Limelight, either frozen or reconstituted from the mature state, gives a product similar in appearance to lima beans (Ph. lunatus L.) but without the characteristic lima flavor. Green Limelight also matures earlier than the lima bean.
DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: FOWLER D. B. , GUSTA L. V.
Published: March 2010

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.
EFFET DE L’INOCULATION MIXTE AVEC DES SOUCHES DE RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI SUR LE RENDEMENT DE LA LUZERNE, CULTIVAR SARANAC
Authors: BORDELEAU L. M. , ANTOUN H.
Published: March 2010

Effect of number of strains of Rhizobium meliloti in an inoculant for alfalfa, cv. Saranac, was studied in relationship to its yield. Combinations of one to six strains were used as inoculants. None of the strains have shown antagonistic activity toward each other in pure culture. Combinations of two strains resulted in the highest yields, indicating synergistic effects. The use of more than two strains in an inoculant resulted in lower yields as compared to a single strain.
A COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR SURVEYING ALFALFA FOLIAGE DISEASES
Authors: BASU P. K. , LIN C. S. , BINNS M. R.
Published: March 2010

Two surveys of eastern Ontario alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) fields were conducted in 1973 and 1974 to study the effects of the size of sampling area, the pattern of sampling paths, and the spread among sampling sites in relation to the incidence of common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.), Stemphylium leaf spot (Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.), and downy mildew (Peronospora trifoliorum de Bary). Results of the 1973 survey of 17 fields by three methods indicated that sampling along a 90-m diagonal of a square area of size 4,047 m2 (1 acre) within a quadrant of a field was adequate when disease incidence was either below 20 or above 80%; however, when disease incidence was intermediate (20–80%), sampling along a W-shaped path covering the entire field was more appropriate. Results of the 1974 survey of 60 fields suggested that the total number of sampling sites per field could be reduced from 40 to 15 without reducing precision, provided they were well distributed throughout the field.
ETHEPHON AS A CHEMICAL HARVESTING AID FOR THE LATE SEASON HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY COVILLE
Authors: FORSYTH F. R. , CRAIG D. L. , STARK R.
Published: March 2010

Single applications of ethephon (1,000 pm) were made at three treatment dates to 20-yr-old Coville highbush blueberry plants. Berry weight, titratable acid, soluble solids content and yield were recorded. Average weight per berry was not consistently different in treated berries than in untreated but in both years the second and third sprays decreased the mean berry weight faster than occurred in the controls or first spray. Total yield was only slightly affected by treatment, indicating that a yield reduction would not be expected through the use of ethephon. Ethephon increased the rate at which the soluble solids and titratable acid (as citric) reached the normal level for ripe fruit.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 25. Silene alba (Miller) E. H. L. Krause
Authors: McNEILL J.
Published: March 2010

A review is provided of information on the biology of Silene alba (Lychnis alba, Melandrium album), a weed species introduced from Eurasia, which occurs across the agricultural areas of Canada. A serious weed, especially of leguminous forage crops, white cockle is resistant to common herbicides such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.
LES EFFETS DU STADE, DE LA HAUTEUR D’ECIMAGE ET DE LA DISTANCE DE PLANTATION SUR LA PRODUCTION DU TABAC A CIGARE
Authors: LAMARRE M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of planting distance, topping stage and topping height on the agronomic characteristics and chemical composition of cigar filler tobacco were observed during a 4-yr period. Plants were spaced 41 or 51 cm in the row and topped at the bud, early bloom or full bloom stage; topping height was normal or high. Plant spacing of 41 cm and high topping at early bloom gave maximum yield. Tobacco quality, gross return, percent marketable tobacco, percent filler, nicotine and total alkaloids were decreased by topping at either early or full bloom, high topping or by increased planting distance in the row.
INTERACTIONS OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES AND A CARABID PREDATOR (BEMBIDION LAMPROS (HRBST.)) AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (BOUCHÉ)
Authors: OBADOFIN A. A. , FINLAYSON D. G.
Published: March 2010

Bembidion lampros (Hrbst.) is an important egg predator of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), but populations may be seriously reduced by application of broad spectrum insecticides for the control of other pests. The efficiency of B. lampros as a predator of H. brassicae eggs and the effects of three insecticides on the beetle were determined in experimental plots of Brussels sprouts. In untreated plots, B. lampros ate 45% of the H. brassicae eggs. In plots treated with methomyl, Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel), and chlorfenvinphos, egg numbers were reduced 35, 44 and 66%, respectively. One subsurface application of chlorfenvinphos granules, early in the season, prevented damage by the cabbage maggot and was not toxic to the beetle. Foliar applications of methomyl significantly reduced the number of B. lampros. In laboratory tests with methomyl at 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125%, the mortality of B. lampros was 100, 70, 40 and 0%, respectively. Dipel sprays at 0.1 or 0.5% and chlorfenvinphos in the soil at 10 or 40 ppm caused only slight mortality.
PROTEIN FRACTIONS AND LYSINE DISTRIBUTION IN BARLEY LINES DERIVED FROM HIPROLY
Authors: BERDAHL J. D. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Two high lysine barley segregants, one with a shrunken and one with a plump endosperm, were selected from an F5 population derived from the second backcross of adapted germ plasm to the non-recurrent donor parent, Hiproly. Seed protein of the two segregants and parental checks was classified by solubility in potassium sulfate, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide. Lysine content of the meal, residual meal, and protein fractions was determined with an amino acid analyzer. The data showed that lysine content of the meal protein was 13% higher for the plump and 12% higher for the shrunken segregant compared to the normal parent. The proportion of the potassium sulfate-soluble protein fraction and the lysine content of this fraction were both higher in the high lysine genotypes than in the normal lysine parent. On the average, the three solvents extracted 82.4% of the meal nitrogen and with the residual nitrogen, recovery was 96.8%. Lysine recovery from the three protein fractions and the isoluble residue averaged 76.9% of the lysine content of the meal.
CHANGES IN SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS DUE TO ICE COVER AND OTHER SIMULATED WINTER CONDITIONS
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , POMEROY M. K.
Published: March 2010

The survival of winter cereal cultivars of contrasting cold hardiness was determined after various modifications of the winter environment at two locations in 3 yr at Ottawa, Ontario. Artificially produced ice covers reduced survival in all cases, and the severest damage was associated with high soil moisture at the time of ice formation. Maintenance of soil temperatures close to zero by replacement of an insulating snow cover over ice increased average survival by about 10% compared with non-insulated plots. Naturally formed ice covers were less damaging than those artificially produced, and in one case formation of an ice cover protected plants from very low air temperatures, resulting in greater survival than in control plots. Total removal of snow in January was severely damaging, while accumulation of snow at a snowfence allowed increased survival of all cultivars. The correlation between cold hardiness and survival in ice treatments was significant, but one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar showed better survival than comparable wheats in a number of ice-stressed treatments, while not showing superiority in unstressed or controlled environment conditions.
OZONE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE INTERACTION IN WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN
Authors: HOFSTRA G. , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants were exposed to 15 pphm (v/v) ozone and/or 7.5, 15, 30, 45 or 60 pphm sulphur dioxide for 5 or 10 days in controlled environment facilities. Ozone-induced leaf injury consisted of bronze flecking on mature leaves of both species. Sulphur dioxide caused bifacial necrotic lesions on mature leaves of some white bean plants exposed to 60 pphm and had no effect on soybean leaves. The combined gases on white bean resulted in leaf injury symptoms consisting of yellow interveinal chlorosis which appeared several days later than did bronzing on corresponding leaves exposed to ozone alone. In soybean, characteristic ozone-induced lesions appeared on leaves of plants exposed to the combined gases but the onset of injury was several days later than in plants exposed only to ozone. Both injury ratings and plant weight data corresponded to the observed injury pattern.
RATE AND DURATION OF DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION IN RELATION TO KERNEL SHRIVELLING IN TRITICALE
Authors: SALMINEN SEPPO O. , HILL ROBERT D.
Published: March 2010

Several lines of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), varying in their degree of shrivelling, were grown in the field. The ratio of the final seed volume to the maximum volume attained during development was used as a measure of shrivelling. Shrivelling was correlated with total dry matter in the seed, but not with its maximum size. When rates of dry matter accumulation were normalized with respect to maximum seed volume, two families of curves were found. The shrivelled lines exhibited a lower rate and shorter duration of dry matter accumulation than the plump ones.
EFFECTS OF SLITTED POLYETHYLENE MULCHES ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN
Authors: LEE S. S. , ESTES G. O. , WELLS O. S.
Published: March 2010

During 1974 and 1975, experiments using slitted polyethylene mulch were conducted with sweet corn on a Charlton loam soil in Madbury, New Hampshire. Temperatures under slitted clear polyethylene mulch were higher than black mulch or bare soil during the early growing season; differences in soil temperature among mulch treatments decreased as the plant canopy increased. Early growth and subsequent maturity were promoted with clear but not with slitted black polyethylene mulch. Yield increased with slitted clear polyethylene mulch compared with black mulch or bare soil in 1974 due to an increase in number of ears per plant; percent stand was similar among mulch treatments. In 1975, yield increased with slitted clear polyethylene mulch compared with black mulch or bare soil of the 2 May planting due to increased percent stand; no differences in yield occurred among mulch treatments of the 23 May planting when percent stand was similar. At maturity, total accumulation of N, P, and K in the plants was higher under mulches compared to bare soil; no significant differences occurred between slitted black and clear polyethylene mulches.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GROWTH PATTERNS, YIELD COMPONENTS AND YIELD OF RAPESEED
Authors: CAMPBELL D. C. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cvs. Nugget, Oro, and Target were observed in the field on a single plant basis to evaluate the number of days to growth stages, rates of development, yield components, yield and their interrelationships on an intravarietal basis. Almost all of the significant correlations between yield components were positive. High correlations between vegetative yield and seed yield indicated that plant size was the major determinant of seed yield per plant. The partial correlations with seed yield (holding vegetative yield constant) indicated that the number of pods on the main raceme, and number of secondary and tertiary racemes are major contributors to yield. The negative correlations between earliness of growth stages and yield components indicated that growth characters associated with earlier maturity were associated with higher yield.
ETUDE AGRO-ECOLOGIQUE DANS LE COMTE DE RIVIERE-DU-LOUP: ASPECT ECOLOGIQUE
Authors: DESCHENES J. M. , ST-PIERRE J. C.
Published: March 2010

Intensive studies of soil and vegetation were performed in Rivière-du-Loup County to identify various plant associations of meadows and pastures, describe the successional trends of each ecological habitat and establish a relationship between plant associations and various environmental factors. After vegetation survey and analysis, four plant associations and their successional trends were described. Each plant association was identified by the dominant species at the most advanced stage of secondary succession: (1) red fescue-bent grass association, (2) red fescue-Lindberg’s plume moss association, (3) bent grass–red fescue association, and (4) poverty grass–mouse-eared hawkweed association. All four plant associations were distributed in space according to the physiography and nature of the soils. Vegetation was highly influenced by age of sites. Young meadows and pastures were dominanted by timothy, red top, white clover and Canada bluegrass. Red fescue was very important on all 10 yr-old sites and remained so in all successional stages except in bent grass–red fescue and poverty grass–mouse-eared hawkweed associations. Vegetation changes with age depended on both ecological factors and land utilization. The results suggest that intensive soil studies and a rapid survey of vegetation would have provided results very similar to those obtained by a very detailed ecological study.
DRY WEIGHT, SOLUBLE SUGAR CONTENT, AND STARCH CONTENT OF MAIZE KERNELS DURING THE EARLY POSTSILKING PERIOD
Authors: TOLLENAAR M. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.
EFFECTS OF CROP RESIDUES ON PRODUCTION OF BARLEY, BROMEGRASS AND ALFALFA IN THE GREENHOUSE AND OF BARLEY IN THE FIELD
Authors: WADDINGTON J. , BOWREN K. E.
Published: March 2010

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Conquest), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss. cv. Magna), and alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Beaver) were grown together in a greenhouse in soil amended with ground straw or chaff. Additions of 8,970 kg/ha of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. cv. Target and B. campestris L. cv. Echo) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Manitou) straws reduced barley grain and straw production and bromegrass dry matter production at the first harvest. Alfalfa dry matter production at the first cut increased where wheat and Echo rape straws were incorporated in the soil, but not where Target rape straw was used. Subsequent harvests of bromegrass and alfalfa showed no effects that were consistent between two independent experiments. On Span rape stubble in the field, barley produced 3,600 kg/ha of grain where a rape swath had lain the previous fall, compared with a production of 3,300 kg/ha elsewhere. This difference was significant (P < 0.01) and correlated with a difference in soil nitrogen. A second experiment where 6,730 kg/ha of rape straw were incorporated in summer-fallowed soil containing 22 ppm of nitrogen in the top 61 cm, barley yields averaged 5,100 kg/ha and were not affected by the added straw. The results are interpreted as showing that rapeseed residues in Melfort silty clay loam are not more deleterious than wheat residues to subsequent crops and that the principal cause of yield reductions is a deficiency of available nitrogen in the soil caused by microbial activity on the crop residues.
METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION OF RAPESEED INFESTED WITH SCLEROTIA OF SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM
Authors: RICHARDSON L. T. , BOND E. J.
Published: March 2010

Germination of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary from harvested seed of Brassica napus L. was not completely inhibited by methyl bromide at a concentration of 48 mg/liter and exposures up to 168 h. With 64 mg/liter, viability decreased further so that no sclerotia survived exposures of 72 h or longer. Methyl bromide was less effective against sclerotia dispersed in rapeseed samples. It appears unlikely, therefore, that viable sclerotia can be eradicated from bulk quantities of infested rapeseed by fumigation with methyl bromide within a practical exposure period.
EFFECTS OF SPRAY APPLICATIONS OF BORON, STRONTIUM AND CALCIUM ON BREAKDOWN DEVELOPMENT IN SPARTAN APPLES
Authors: LIDSTER P. D. , PORRITT S. W. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Prebloom calcium chloride or lime sprays on Spartan apple (Malus pumila Mill.) trees did not increase fruit calcium levels or decrease breakdown incidence. Boron applied in summer with calcium sprays did not decrease breakdown incidence or increase fruit calcium levels beyond the effect of the calcium sprays alone. Strontium sprays did not affect the incidence of breakdown in Spartan apples.
DORMIE KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS
Authors: SMITH J. DREW , COOKE D. A.
Published: March 2010

Dormie is a cultivar of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with a high field resistance to LTB snow mold. It is specially suited for use in amenity turf in the low snowfall areas of the prairie region.
EFFICACIES OF FUNGICIDES IN CONTROLLING SPOT BLOTCH OF BARLEY
Authors: COUTURE LUC , SUTTON JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

Efficacies of 12 fungicides in inhibiting growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana on potato dextrose agar and development of spot blotch symptoms in barley leaf segments inoculated with B. sorokiniana were examined. Efficacies in growth inhibition were high (EC95, 2–40 ppm) for RH-2161, fentin hydroxide, thiram, and carbathiin; intermediate (EC95, 250–500 ppm) for triadimefon, anilazine, captafol, and dodine; and low (EC95, [Formula: see text]) for captan, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and metiram. In symptom inhibition assays, RH-2161 was extremely effective (EC95, 70 ppm), and anilazine, chlorothalonil, fentin hydroxide, mancozeb, triadimefon, and captafol were highly effective (EC95, 150–300 ppm). Efficacies of foliar applications of six fungicides in controlling spot blotch and promoting yield of barley in the field were also examined. Triadimefon, RH-2161, and fentin hydroxide were applied at 0.25 kg a.i./ha and chlorothalonil, anilazine, and mancozeb at 2 kg a.i. ha−1 at barley growth stages 8, 10.1, and 10.4 (Feekes’ scale). Disease severity was significantly reduced in barley treated with mancozeb, RH-2161, chlorothalonil, fentin hydroxide, triadimefon, and anilazine by 63, 68, 68, 77, 82, and 88%, respectively, compared to checks. All fungicides except chlorothalonil significantly increased 1,000-kernel weights of treated plants in the range of 11–15%. Anilazine, triadimefon, and RH-2161 performed better than other fungicides evaluated in the field.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF LITTLE CHERRY DISEASE OF PRUNUS AVIUM IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: LEE J. M. , LOONEY N. E.
Published: March 2010

Lambert sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) afflicted with little cherry disease (LCD) showed reduced dry matter accumulation long before visible fruit symptoms appeared. Seed weight and mesocarp soluble solids content were strongly correlated with fruit fresh weight at maturity. Respiration and ethylene production rates on a fresh weight basis were not different between fruits from diseased and LCD-free trees during most of the developmental period. Severe symptom development in Lambert appears to be associated with the lack of a distinct ’June drop’ in this cultivar coupled with a tendency for diseased trees to set a large crop.
PHYTOTOXICITY OF SOIL-APPLIED DICHLORFOP METHYL AND ITS EFFECT ON UPTAKE OF 45Ca IN WILD OATS, BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: CROWLEY JACINTA , O’DONOVAN J. T. , PRENDEVILLE G. N.
Published: March 2010

The effect of placement of dichlorfop methyl 2[4-(2,4-dichlorphenoxy)-phenoxy propionic acid methyl ester] in the soil at the shoot and root zones of wild oats (Avena fatua L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Conquest) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L. Thatcher) on plant growth and uptake of 45Ca was investigated. Dichlorfop methyl was more toxic to the roots and aerial plant growth via root exposure than shoot exposure. Wild oats was most sensitive, followed by barley and wheat. Severe root inhibition caused by dichlorfop methyl was associated with decreased uptake of 45Ca from the root zone. Root-applied dichlorfop methyl enhanced adventitious root development in the shoots of wild oats and barley resulting in a 50% and a 127% increase in shoot uptake of 45Ca, respectively. Shoot-applied dichlorfop methyl strongly inhibited adventitious root formation with a resultant decrease in 45Ca uptake of 100 and 86%, respectively, from the shoot zone. In wheat, neither adventitious roots nor uptake of 45Ca from the shoot zone occurred.
CROPPING MIXTURES OF FIELD PEAS AND CEREALS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: JOHNSTON H. W. , SANDERSON J. B. , MACLEOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

The influence of cultivating field peas (Pisum sativum L.) with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), on pea disease severity, total seed, and protein yields was determined in a 2-yr study. Pea disease severity was reduced in mixed cropping systems in direct proportion to the amount of peas in the stands. Larger pea seed was produced with decreasing pea plant populations in mixtures. Higher concentrations of protein in the companion cereal and higher proportions of peas in the harvest mixtures resulted in increased protein yields with increasing percentages of peas seeded. Total seed and protein yields were equalled or increased in mixed crops over that of pure stands of the respective cultivars. Mixed cropping of field peas and cereals is offered as an alternate method of protein production for on-farm use.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ISOLATION DISTANCE IN TURNIP RAPE
Authors: STRINGAM G. R. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

Isolation distances for turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.) were studied using the recessive genetic marker yg-7. Average contamination levels from six tests over 2 yr were 8.5, 5.8, and 3.7% at isolation distances of 46, 137, and 366 m, respectively. The 46- and 137-m distances were judged to be inadequate, and even the 366-m distance showed greater contamination levels than desirable. No significant border effects were observed and there were no detectable differences in contamination attributable to directional orientation of the isolation blocks with the contaminant source. The data suggest that the 50- and 100-m isolation requirements in Canada for Certified seed production of turnip rape be re-examined and that border removal in lieu of spatial isolation be seriously questioned.
EFFECTS OF SOIL COMPACTION ON DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF CORN (MAIZE)
Authors: RAGHAVAN G. S. V. , McKYES E. , GENDRON G. , BORGLUM B. , LE H. H.
Published: March 2010

A 100-plot experiment was performed during the growing season of 1976 in a Ste. Rosalie clay soil, using a randomized complete-block design with 25 treatments of machinery traffic within each of four blocks. Three vehicle contact pressures, four numbers of tractor passes, before or after seeding groups and a control of zero traffic were used to relate the growth and yield variables to wheel traffic and resulting soil compaction. Plant emergence and tasselling were delayed with increasing machinery traffic. The plant growth rate monitored at 29, 44, 60, 74 and 88 days from the seeding time was dramatically different from plot to plot. Growth models at different times of the season were derived in terms of the product of contact pressure and number of passes of the vehicle. Plant and ear moisture contents were higher in plots with heavier traffic treatment. Yield, ear yield and grain yield all decreased with increases in machine contact pressure and passes. The reduction in yield was over 50% in some cases, suggesting that careful traffic planning is essential to obtain better production in agricultural fields. Prediction models were obtained for all the plant growth characteristics in terms of traffic variables for both before- and after-seeding treatments. A relation for yield in terms of soil bulk density was established.
SUNFLOWER PERFORMANCE AS RELATED TO SOURCE OF SEED AND ADVANCING GENERATIONS
Authors: DEDIO WALTER
Published: March 2010

Field performance of two sources and several generations of Krasnodarets sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was compared for 2 yr. The two sources of seed produced achenes that were significantly different in achene characteristics and oil content. There were no consistent significant differences in plant and seed characteristics with advancing generations, but there was a slight trend toward later maturity and taller plants.
EFFETS DE CERTAINS FACTEURS CLIMATIQUES ET EDAPHIQUES SUR LA SURVIE A L’HIVER DE LA LUZERNE AU QUEBEC
Authors: PESANT A. R. , BOLDUC R. , DRAPEAU R.
Published: March 2010

A comparative study conducted for the winters of 1973–74 and 1974–75 in three zones of the Province of Quebec permitted us to point out the principal climatic and edaphic factors in the winterkilling of alfalfa fields. Alfalfa plants were sampled on 21 different location–years in order to measure their potential yield index (IRP) and the heaving index (ID) of the tap root. Climatic conditions were suitable for the survival during the winter of 1974–75. Yet, during the winter of 1973–74, alternate freezing and thawing, rainfall and the lack of snow cover gave significant differences between the three zones. The IRP increased from the South (zone I) to the North (zone III) of the province. Partial correlations analysis emphasized the importance of rainfall on soil water (r = 0.58) and on snow depth (r = 0.79). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the change in soil water content during the winter was the variable which had the greatest impact on the IRP and the ID. These field experiments suggest the development, on a national basis, of an agrometeorological and statistical survey system to assess alfalfa crop injury and to recognize regional differences.
BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES.: V. Koeleria gracilis Pers.
Authors: LOOMAN J.
Published: March 2010

Koeleria gracilis Pers. is a common grass in the native grasslands of the Prairie Provinces. It occurs in all but the wet and saline grasslands, and persists in grassy openings in the forest areas. Data on its morphology, variability, phenology, ecology, and importance as a forage grass are presented.
EFFECT OF SEED MOISTURE CONTENT AT SWATHING ON EMERGENCE OF FALL RYE
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE
Published: March 2010

The after-ripening requirement of three fall rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars, harvested at three seed moisture contents (50, 42, and 32%), was assessed by monitoring the changes in seedling emergence from sowings made over a period of 60 days. All cultivars exhibited a short after-ripening requirement of 1–7 days. The absolute duration of the after-ripening requirement was not affected by the range of seed moisture contents studied. Seed treatment with captan [N[(trichloromethyl) thiol]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide] significantly increased percent seedling emergence. The captan treatment had the greatest effect on seeds harvested at the lowest moisture content.
SUDDEN WILTING OF POINSETTIA (EUPHORBIA PULCHERRIMA) CAUSED BY PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM
Authors: BOLTON A. T.
Published: March 2010

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) cuttings imported from California became severely wilted 5–6 wk after planting at Ottawa. Isolations made from these plants yielded cultures of Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that this fungus caused severe wilting of poinsettia cuttings in 2 days and complete necrosis in 6 days.
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF BRASSICA NAPUS CV. TOWER
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , SIMPSON G. M.
Published: March 2010

Growth analysis of field-grown rape (Brassica napus L.) was carried out during 1975 and 1976 at Saskatoon. Plant morphology was altered by the use of four planting densities under three water regimes. High seeding rates and non-irrigated conditions caused a greater proportion of dry matter production to occur before flowering than after flowering, while the reverse occurred at low seeding rates and under irrigated conditions. Leaf area index reached a maximum near the start of flowering, and then declined rapidly. Pod surface area was increased by irrigation and was higher at the high seeding rates than at the low seeding rates. Maximum leaf area index was correlated with seed yield. Correlations between pod area and seed yield were poor, particularly in 1976. The growth functions mean net assimilation rate [Formula: see text] and mean crop growth rate [Formula: see text] were influenced by both seeding rates and irrigation. There was an increase in [Formula: see text] during the ripening phase, suggesting increased photosynthetic efficiency. No evidence of a distinct optimum leaf area index was found.
ETHYLENEBISDITHIOCARBAMATE AND ETHYLENETHIOUREA RESIDUES IN APPLES AND APPLE PRODUCTS FOLLOWING SPRAYS OF MANCOZEB AND METIRAM
Authors: ROSS R. G. , STARK R. , WOOD F. A.
Published: March 2010

In 1975, residues of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) in fresh apples harvested 42 days after receiving the last of nine sprays of the fungicides mancozeb and metiram were 1.70 and 0.50 ppm, respectively. With both fungicides, residues of ethylenethiourea (ETU) were at the analytical sensitivity level of 0.01 ppm. On processing into apple products there was some conversion from EBDC to ETU. Canned apple juice and sauce from mancozeb-sprayed apples both contained 0.05 ppm ETU, while the level in dried apple pomace was 0.17 ppm. Similar levels were present in products prepared from metiram-sprayed apples. In 1976 with both fungicides, the EBDC fresh fruit residues were <1.0 ppm in apples receiving one, two, three or four cover sprays and ETU was not detected except for a trace in the sample of apples receiving three cover sprays of mancozeb.