bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence-based development of new qualification models for public health practice and science
Authors: Arnold L , Bimczok S , Dragano N , Götz S , Kietzmann A , Melville-Drewes A , Weyers S , Starke D
Published: October 2022

The Public Health Service (PHS) needs a sufficient and well-trained workforce to fulfill core public health activities. Given the multitude of complex challenges, from often short-term crisis management to long-term health promotion, a better integration of science and practice in the PHS is essential. In Germany, there is a lack of systematically established cooperations and integrated training concepts. However, both are essential to ensure continuous knowledge transfer between science and practice. In the EvidenzÖGD study, representatives from practice, teaching and science jointly develop and pilot new qualification models to qualify public health professionals for work at the interface of practice and science. Based on a systematic analysis of existing collaborations and qualification models, 23 expert interviews were conducted to identify qualification approaches that will enable future public health professionals to work at the interface between science and practice. In a stakeholder workshop planned for July 2022, a multistage decision-making process based on strategic orientation mapping will be conducted to prioritize the identified approaches and generate ideas for new qualification models. In total 17 papers were analyzed and inductively coded according to three main categories. In addition to (1) context-related aspects, such as credentialing, recruitment strategies and resources, also (2) content-related aspects, such as training forms and didactical concepts were extracted. Furthermore, criteria relevant for the further development and continuation of the models (3) could be identified. By strengthening the scientific nature of practice in PHS and anchoring PHS-relevant topics in academia, the EvidenzÖGD project contributes to a sustainable strengthening of evidence-informed approaches in PHS practice. The evidence-informed, participatory development of a tailored qualification model is intended to promote the pilot of the model, which is due in 2023.

Key messages

• Integrated qualification models support the strengthening of evidence-based approaches in the public health service (ÖGD) and promote the integration of ÖGD-relevant issues in science.

• Participatory approaches with explicit consideration of the perspective of young health professionals ensures that new qualification approaches meet the needs and requirements of future generations.
Suicidality among children and adolescents “in the COVID-19 era”: a worldwide metanalytic picture
Authors: Bersia M , Koumantakis E , Berchialla P , Charrier L , Dalmasso P , Comoretto RI
Published: October 2022

Background

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent suicidality is still controversial. The present systematic review and meta analysis aim to summarise findings from emerging literature about prevalences of the main suicidal outcomes among children and adolescents under 19 years old, and to compare them with the pre-pandemic period.

Methods

Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science) were systematically searched for studies published in English from January 1st, 2020 until November 3rd, 2021, reporting prevalence for suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal behaviors (SB) and suicide (S) in the general population aged <19 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Single-study prevalence data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. If studies reported prevalence estimates for both pre- and during-pandemic periods, prevalence ratio (PR) comparing the two periods has been computed and pooled.

Results

Sixteen observational studies were selected: 10 about SI, 9 about SB and 3 about S. During the pandemic, prevalence of SI among adolescents was 21% (95% CI 12-34%) while prevalence of SB was 3% (95% CI 1-10%). Comparing pre- and during- pandemic prevalences, a significant overall increase in SB was observed (PR 1.35; 95% CI 1.06-1.72) while the prevalence rates of SI remained substantially steady (PR 0.95; 95% CI 0.64-1.39). A narrative review on the population-based data on suicide rates suggested an escalating trend since Summer 2020, after an initial stability of the phenomenon.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 pandemic SB showed a 35% increase and suicides rates escalated after a initial stability. School closures might be involved, representing an initial protective factor for suicidality, while after the reopenings we could have assisted to a suicide rebound, especially among the most vulnerable young people.

Key messages

• The topic of suicidality among young people is still affected by a cultural stigma that hampers the development of both academic research, early detection and preventive policies.

• The increase in suicidal behaviors among youths after the COVID-19 outbreak highlights a major public health issue that requires adequate supporting policies to control and prevent this phenomenon.
Methodological choices in brucellosis burden of disease assessments: A systematic review
Authors: di Bari C , Venkateswaran N , Patterson G , Pigott D , Devleesschauwer B
Published: October 2022

Background

Foodborne and zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis present many challenges to public health and economic welfare. Increasingly, researchers and public health institutes use disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to generate a comprehensive comparison of the population health impact of these conditions. DALY calculations entail several methodological choices and assumptions, with data gaps and uncertainties to accommodate. The following review identifies existing brucellosis burden studies and analyses their methodological choices and assumptions.

Methods/Findings

A systematic search for brucellosis burden calculations was conducted in pre-selected international and grey literature databases. Using a standardized reporting framework, we evaluated each estimate on a variety of key methodological assumptions necessary to compute a DALY. One study reported estimates at the global level, the rest (13) at national or subnational. Most studies retrieved brucellosis epidemiological data from administrative registries. Incidence data were often estimated based on laboratory-confirmed tests. Not all studies included mortality estimates (YLLs) in their assessments due to the lack of data or the assumption that brucellosis is not a fatal disease. Only two studies used a model with variable health states and corresponding disability weights. The rest used a simplified singular health state approach. Wide variation was seen in the duration chosen for brucellosis, ranging from 2 weeks to 4.5 years, irrespective of whether a chronic state was included.

Conclusions

Available brucellosis burden assessments vary widely in their methodology and assumptions. Further research is needed to characterize better the total clinical course of brucellosis and estimate case-fatality rate. In addition, reporting of methodological choices should be improved to enhance transparency and comparability of estimates. These steps will increase the value of these estimates for policymakers.

Key messages

• Inconsistencies in reporting methods and assumptions are found, which hinder transparency and understanding of the methodological choices and the reuse of estimates for prioritization purposes.

• Thus, there is a need for a more standardized reporting system for DALY estimates, which could resemble a checklist that reports the methodological choices and assumptions.
Interactions between Bacterial Inoculants and Native Soil Bacterial Community: the Case of Spore-formingBacillusspp.
Authors: Mawarda Panji Cahya , Mallon Cyrus A , Le Roux Xavier , van Elsas Jan Dirk , Salles Joana Falcão
Published: October 2022

Microbial diversity can restrict the invasion and impact of alien microbes into soils via resource competition. However, this theory has not been tested on various microbial invaders with different ecological traits, particularly spore-forming bacteria. Here we investigated the survival capacity of two introduced spore-forming bacteria, Bacillus mycoides (BM) and B. pumillus (BP) and their impact on the soil microbiome niches with low and high diversity. We hypothesized that higher soil bacterial diversity would better restrict Bacillus survival via resource competition, and the invasion would alter the resident bacterial communities’ niches only if inoculants do not escape competition with the soil community (e.g. through sporulation). Our findings showed that BP could not survive as viable propagules and transiently impacted the bacterial communities’ niche structure. This may be linked to its poor resource usage and low growth rate. Having better resource use capacities, BM better survived in soil, though its survival was weakly related to the remaining resources left for them by the soil community. BM strongly affected the community niche structure, ultimately in less diverse communities. These findings show that the inverse diversity-invasibility relationship can be valid for some spore-forming bacteria, but only when they have sufficient resource use capacity.
Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles derived from ARPE-19 cells challenged with Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans: application in fungal endophthalmitis
Authors: Gandhi Jaishree , Joseph Joveeta
Published: October 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized-particles that play an important role in cellular cross-talk. The aim of this study was to understand the proteomic cargo of EVs, released by Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) cells challenged with Candida albicans (C-CA) and Aspergillus flavus (C-AF). EVs were isolated from culture supernatant of retinal cells infected with fungal pathogens and characterized by dynamic light scattering, SEM, and western blot. EV proteome was then evaluated by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isolated EVs were approximately 120–150 nm and higher in number in infected group compared to control. Proteomic profiling of EVs from infected cells, showed a total of 419 and 254 differentially expressed proteins, of which 218 were upregulated in C-CA group and 81 proteins were upregulated in C-AF group. Gene ontology revealed majority of proteins associated with transport, cell migration, and in activation of innate immune response. Proteins identified were annexins, calpain, and Sorcin proteins. Additionally, KEGG analysis unveiled involvement of MAPK, HIF-1, and PI3K-AKT signalling pathways. Proteomic results indicate that EVs cargo derived from fungal-infected retinal cells can activate immune signalling pathways and might contribute to the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis, indicating the potential use of EVs as theranostic marker for management of fungal infections.
BrumiR: A toolkit for de novo discovery of microRNAs from sRNA-seq data
Authors: Moraga Carol , Sanchez Evelyn , Ferrarini Mariana Galvão , Gutierrez Rodrigo A , Vidal Elena A , Sagot Marie-France
Published: October 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are key players in the regulation of gene expression. In the past decade, with the increasing accessibility of high-throughput sequencing technologies, different methods have been developed to identify miRNAs, most of which rely on preexisting reference genomes. However, when a reference genome is absent or is not of high quality, such identification becomes more difficult. In this context, we developed BrumiR, an algorithm that is able to discover miRNAs directly and exclusively from small RNA (sRNA) sequencing (sRNA-seq) data. We benchmarked BrumiR with datasets encompassing animal and plant species using real and simulated sRNA-seq experiments. The results demonstrate that BrumiR reaches the highest recall for miRNA discovery, while at the same time being much faster and more efficient than the state-of-the-art tools evaluated. The latter allows BrumiR to analyze a large number of sRNA-seq experiments, from plants or animal species. Moreover, BrumiR detects additional information regarding other expressed sequences (sRNAs, isomiRs, etc.), thus maximizing the biological insight gained from sRNA-seq experiments. Additionally, when a reference genome is available, BrumiR provides a new mapping tool (BrumiR2reference) that performs an a posteriori exhaustive search to identify the precursor sequences. Finally, we also provide a machine learning classifier based on a random forest model that evaluates the sequence-derived features to further refine the prediction obtained from the BrumiR-core. The code of BrumiR and all the algorithms that compose the BrumiR toolkit are freely available at https://github.com/camoragaq/BrumiR.
Functional genomics analysis identifies loss ofHNF1Bfunction as a cause of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome
Authors: Thomson Ella , Tran Minh , Robevska Gorjana , Ayers Katie , van der Bergen Jocelyn , Gopalakrishnan Bhaskaran Prarthna , Haan Eric , Cereghini Silvia , Vash-Margita Alla , Margetts Miranda , Hensley Alison , Nguyen Quan , Sinclair Andrew , Koopman Peter , Pelosi Emanuele
Published: October 2022

Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of the uterus and vagina in women with a 46,XX karyotype. This condition can occur as type I when isolated or as type II when associated with extragenital anomalies including kidney and skeletal abnormalities. The genetic basis of MRKH syndrome remains unexplained and several candidate genes have been proposed to play a role in its etiology, including HNF1B, LHX1 and WNT4. Here, we conducted a microarray analysis of 13 women affected by MRKH syndrome, resulting in the identification of chromosomal changes, including the deletion at 17q12, which contains both HNF1B and LHX1. We focused on HNF1B for further investigation due to its known association with, but unknown etiological role in, MRKH syndrome. We ablated Hnf1b specifically in the epithelium of the Müllerian ducts in mice and found that this caused hypoplastic development of the uterus, as well as kidney anomalies, closely mirroring the MRKH type II phenotype. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of uterine tissue in the Hnf1b-ablated embryos, we analyzed the molecules and pathways downstream of Hnf1b, revealing a dysregulation of processes associated with cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Thus, we establish that loss of Hnf1b function leads to an MRKH phenotype and generate the first mouse model of MRKH syndrome type II. Our results support the investigation of HNF1B in clinical genetic settings of MRKH syndrome and shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying this poorly understood condition in women’s reproductive health.
TgMIF Promotes Hepatocyte Pyroptosis and Recruitment of Proinflammatory Macrophages During Severe Liver Injury in Acute Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Zhou Nan , Chen Ying , Wang Jie , An Ran , Cai Haijian , Liu Shutong , Yao Lei , Tang Yuewen , Chen Lijian , Du Jian
Published: October 2022

Liver injury is a common complication during infection of Toxoplasma gondii. However, the Toxoplasma effector proteins involved remain unknown. Herein, we identified that T. gondii macrophage migration inhibitory factor (TgMIF) is a critical pathogenic factor of liver injury in acute toxoplasmosis mouse model induced by a less virulent strain, which is widely prevalent in humans. We show that TgMIF is a novel activator of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in hepatocytes, resulting in subsequent pyroptosis. Furthermore, T. gondii promotes the TgMIF-dependent infiltration of Ly6Chi proinflammatory macrophages to release cytokines, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. Although the intense inflammation induced by TgMIF inhibits the proliferation of intracellular parasites, it results in fatal liver damage. In contrast, parasites with TgMIF gene deletion significantly alleviate liver injury and prolong mice survival. The discovery of novel Toxoplasma virulence factor may expedite the development of human toxoplasmosis control strategies.
Outpatient Clonal Propagation and Rapid Regional Establishment of an Emergent Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannnii Lineage Sequence Type 499Pas
Authors: Calix Juan J , de Almeida Maria C Stockler , Potter Robert F , Wallace Meghan A , Burnham Carey-Ann D , Dantas Gautam
Published: October 2022

Eliminating carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb) disease requires comprehensive knowledge of how this noncommensal organism propagates among at-risk hosts. We molecularly characterized an ongoing surge of CRAb cases among patients in a Midwest US healthcare system, which coincided with sustained reductions in hospital-acquired CRAb infections and falloffs of cases associated with distinctly more resistant antibiotypes. Genome sequencing revealed surge isolates belonged to an emergent Pasteur scheme sequence type 499 and comprised multiple contemporaneous clonal clusters. Detailed query of health records revealed no consistent hospital source but instead identified various outpatient healthcare settings linked to cluster cases. We show that CRAb can rapidly establish a regional presence even without gains in breadth of antibiotic resistance and negligible contribution from sustained intrahospital transmission. As CRAb lineages may sidestep control efforts via outpatient epidemiological niches, our approach can be implemented to investigate outpatient CRAb propagation and inform subsequent local surveillance outside hospital settings.
Looking into the Laboratory Staffing Issues that Affected Ambulatory Care Clinical Laboratory Operations during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Huq Ronny Faisal M , Sherpa Tshering , Choesang Tenzin , Ahmad Shana
Published: October 2022

Objective

Our New York City Municipal Public Health System-based multisite ambulatory and school-based Gotham Health clinics offer waived point-of-care tests and provider-performed microscopy to the local communities. Our Gotham Health laboratory service conducts system-wide centralized implementation, monitoring, and oversight of the POCT operations. Laboratory staffing has always been an issue for us as there is a decades-long shortage of laboratory staff, primarily licensed medical technologists and technicians, in New York, like many other states. Our clinical laboratory operations team struggled to hire qualified people even before the COVID-19 pandemic onset. It has faced more significant challenges with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic cases in New York City and across the country since mid-March 2020.

Methods

As staffing continues to be a struggle, it directly affected the POCT performances and a system-wide reduction in the test numbers during the pandemic. We investigated to identify the factors that made staffing more challenging.

Results

The impact on our POCT started after laboratory staff relocated to the acute care hospital laboratories to provide testing support during the pandemic’s peak. That caused significant delays or complete cessation of POCT operations in the clinics due to a lack of oversight support. We also experienced the risk of more vacated positions where staff already feel overworked, overwhelmed, and emotionally drained, causing professional burnout. The significant challenges identified are noncompliance with vaccine mandates resulting in job dismissal and voluntary resignations in exchange for higher-paying laboratories. Finally, the other challenges identified were frequent sick calls due to mental fatigue, retirement of seasoned staff, and inability to attract qualified technologists to meet the demands of increasing test-ordering patterns.

Conclusions

Determining the factors that culminated in the staffing issues becoming more challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic in our ambulatory care clinic laboratory operations will help us in future crisis planning and mitigation.
Photometric redshift estimation of galaxies in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys
Authors: Li Changhua , Zhang Yanxia , Cui Chenzhou , Fan Dongwei , Zhao Yongheng , Wu Xue-Bing , Zhang Jing-Yi , Tao Yihan , Han Jun , Xu Yunfei , Li Shanshan , Mi Linying , He Boliang , Kang Zihan , Wang Youfen , Yang Hanxi , Yang Sisi
Published: October 2022

The accurate estimation of photometric redshifts plays a crucial role in accomplishing science objectives of the large survey projects. Template-fitting and machine learning are the two main types of methods applied currently. Based on the training set obtained by cross-correlating the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR9 galaxy catalogue and the SDSS DR16 galaxy catalogue, the two kinds of methods are used and optimized, such as eazy for template-fitting approach and catboost for machine learning. Then, the created models are tested by the cross-matched samples of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR9 galaxy catalogue with LAMOST DR7, GAMA DR3, and WiggleZ galaxy catalogues. Moreover, three machine learning methods (catboost, Multi-Layer Perceptron, and Random Forest) are compared; catboost shows its superiority for our case. By feature selection and optimization of model parameters, catboost can obtain higher accuracy with optical and infrared photometric information, the best performance ($\rm MSE=0.0032$, σNMAD = 0.0156, and $O=0.88{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) with g ≤ 24.0, r ≤ 23.4, and z ≤ 22.5 is achieved. But eazy can provide more accurate photometric redshift estimation for high redshift galaxies, especially beyond the redshift range of training sample. Finally, we finish the redshift estimation of all DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR9 galaxies with catboost and eazy, which will contribute to the further study of galaxies and their properties.
Neutron star crust can support a large ellipticity
Authors: Morales J A , Horowitz C J
Published: October 2022

Non-axisymmetrical deformations of the crust on rapidly rotating neutron stars are one of the main targets of searches for continuous gravitational waves. The maximum ellipticity, or fractional difference in moments of inertia, which can be supported by deformations of the crust (known as ‘mountains’), provides an important upper limit on the strength of these continuous gravitational wave sources. We use the formalism developed by Gittins and Andersson, along with a deforming force that acts mainly in the transverse direction, to obtain a maximum ellipticity of 7.4 × 10−6. This is larger than the original results that Gittins and Andersson obtained but consistent with earlier calculations by Ushomirsky, Cutler, and Bildsten. This suggests that rotating neutron stars could be strong sources of continuous gravitational waves.
Pulse frequency fluctuations of persistent accretion powered pulsars
Authors: Serim D , Serim M M , Baykal A
Published: October 2022

In this study, we examine the long-term torque noise fluctuations of persistent X-ray binaries Her X-1, Vela X-1, GX 301-2, Cen X-3, 4U 1538-53, OAO 1657-415, and 4U 1626-67 using the historical pulse frequency measurements provided by CGRO/BATSE and Fermi/GBM. We find that known disc-fed sources exhibit a 1/ω2 red noise component in their power density spectra which is saturated over long time-scales. On the other hand, wind-fed sources form a clear white noise component, and the wind-fed sources with occasional transient disc formation imprint 1/ω type flicker noise. We discuss their long-term timing noise properties based on the models to describe the power density spectrum of pulse frequency derivative fluctuations in terms of monochromatic and coloured noise processes. Furthermore, we investigate the relation between measured timing noise strengths and other independently measured physical parameters. Despite the low number of sample sources, we suggest that the noise strengths of these sources are correlated with their luminosities and uncorrelated with their magnetic field strengths, implying that the dominant noise-generating mechanism is accretion.
Impact of ionization and electron density gradients in X-ray reflection spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Mall Gitika , Tripathi Ashutosh , Abdikamalov Askar B , Bambi Cosimo
Published: October 2022

The models currently used for the analysis of the reflection spectra of black holes usually assume a disc with constant ionization and electron density. However, there is some debate on the impact of these assumptions on the estimate of the properties of the sources, in particular when the fits suggest very steep emissivity profiles in the inner part of the accretion disc. In this work, we re-analyse a selected set of high-quality NuSTAR and Suzaku data of Galactic black holes and we fit the reflection component with three different models: relxill_nk, in which the ionization parameter and the electron density are constant, relxillion_nk, where the electron density is still constant but the ionization profile is described by a power law, and relxilldgrad_nk, where the electron density profile is described by a power law and the ionization profile is calculated self-consistently from the electron density and the emissivity. While relxillion_nk can fit the data better, we do not find any substantial difference in the estimate of the properties of the sources among the three models. Our conclusion is that models with constant electron density and ionization parameter are probably sufficient, in most cases, to fit the currently available X-ray data of accreting black holes.
A scoping review of pediatric microdialysis: A missed opportunity for microdialysis in the pediatric neuro-oncology setting
Authors: Dalmage Mahalia R , Nwankwo Anthony , Sur Hannah , Nduom Edjah , Jackson Sadhana
Published: October 2022

Background

Brain microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique for monitoring analytes, metabolites, drugs, neurotransmitters, and/or cytokines. Studies to date have centered on adults with traumatic brain injury, with a limited number of pediatric studies performed. This scoping review details past use of brain microdialysis in children and identifies potential use for future neuro-oncology trials.

Methods

In December 2020, Cochrane Library: CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science: Core Collection were searched. Two reviewers screened all articles by title and abstract review and then full study texts, using microdialysis in patients less than 18 yo.

Results

Of the 1171 articles screened, 49 were included. The 49 studies included 472 pediatric patients (age range 0–17 years old), in the brain (21), abdominal (16), and musculoskeletal (12) regions. Intracerebral microdialysis was performed in 64 collective patients, with a median age of 11 years old, and predominance in metabolic evaluations.

Conclusion

Historically, pediatric microdialysis was safely performed within the brain in varied neurologic conditions, except neuro-oncology. Adult brain tumor studies using intratumoral/peritumoral microdialysis sampling can inform future pediatric studies to advance diagnosis and treatment options for such aggressive tumors.
Pseudo-Clementines
Authors: Jones Stanley
Published: October 2022

By “the Pseudo-Clementines” scholarship intends a specific set of pseudonymous writings attributed to Clement I of Rome, namely, those that relate an intricate story about Clement and his travels with the apostle Peter. This novelistic autobiographical account, which involves the recovery or “recognition” of Clement’s nuclear family (separated through lust, love, and shipwreck predicated by the stars), distinguishes the Pseudo-Clementines from other writings ascribed to Clement, e.g., 2 Clement and the Letters on Virginity. The main components of the Pseudo-Clementines are the Klementia (often called Homilies) and the Recognition (often called Recognitions), both from the early fourth century and the general vicinity of Antioch. The Klementia (c. 323 CE) is found in two Greek manuscripts; an untitled book “1” commences with three preliminary writings, the Letter of Peter to James, the Declaration, and finally the Letter of Clement to James, which introduces the start of the autobiographical account, and then books numbered two to twenty follow, each titled “Homily.” The Recognition (c. 323 CE), not preserved in Greek, is best accessible via an ancient Latin translation by Rufinus of Aquileia and an old Syriac translation. Current scholarship generally agrees that the Klementia and the Recognition both derive independently from an earlier form of the story, named the Circuits of Peter and often called the Basic Writing or “Grundschrift” (c. 220 CE, vicinity of Apamaea), which can be reconstructed not least via the passages that the Klementia and Recognition have in common, often verbatim. This source-critical situation is what makes the study of the Pseudo-Clementines complicated; it vitiates any surface reading of the texts from the start because it is difficult to make any sure assertion about any one of these three authors without having a clear understanding of the other two. Also, the Circuits of Peter apparently used earlier sources, though overly speculative reconstruction of some of these sources (or supposed sources, particularly the chimeral Kerygmata Petrou, “Preachings of Peter”) muddied Pseudo-Clementine research, a state from which recent studies, with greater attention to the Circuits of Peter, are beginning to emerge. Scholarship has remained attracted to the Pseudo-Clementines particularly because they are thought to contain the perspectives of the lost Jewish Christian wing of early Christianity, for example, anti-Paulinism. Indeed, the Pseudo-Clementine Basic Writing is the greatest single repository for ancient Jewish Christian ideas. Impetus from the fields of classics, ancient Jewish studies, and church history has often driven research forward.
Community Media
Authors: Howley Kevin
Published: October 2022

Long before digital devices put the means of media production and distribution into “users’” hands, and participatory culture became an academic and industry buzzword, community media have provided everyday people access to the channels of public communication. From a historical perspective, then, community media constitute a prefigurative form of contemporary social media practice: a dynamic, contested, and frequently messy means of cultural expression, civic engagement, and democratic communication. Unsurprisingly, scholars and practitioners employ an assortment of terms, such as “alternative,” “citizens,’” “grassroots,” “participatory,” and “radical,” to explain how and why local populations make use of electronic media for community communication. Despite or perhaps because of these disparate labels, and the inferences and emphases associated with each, researchers take an interdisciplinary approach to community media studies, including but not limited to perspectives from political economy, cultural anthropology, media sociology, and technology studies. Once a marginal field of inquiry, the literature of community media is expansive. For purposes of this bibliography, we begin with work that takes up conceptual issues in community media studies. Next, this article considers various forms of community media: broadcast radio and television, cable access TV and participatory video, computer-mediated communication, and more recent innovations associated with digital technologies. Subsequent sections consider ethnic, diasporic, and Indigenous community media respectively. The final section demonstrates that community media is a rich, if somewhat neglected site of local, national, and global cultural politics. Throughout, this bibliography aims to guide readers to some of the more compelling, revealing, and illustrative literature on community media.
American Grammars and Usage Guides
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: October 2022

Grammar books were the foundation of a good education in early America. A command of grammar was considered an essential first step toward higher learning for children and self-betterment for working-class adults. At a time when books were expensive and hard to come by, grammars were often the only textbooks found in schoolrooms and the only books found in many homes, aside from the family Bible. Grammars were an educational lifeline for those too old or too isolated to attend school. Abraham Lincoln famously began his progress toward a law career by mastering the contents of the most popular grammar books. Grammars began to be widely adopted in America during the 1770s. The first ones came from England, but soon Americans were producing their own. By the early decades of the nineteenth century, hundreds of titles were in circulation, with the most popular selling in the millions. Grammar books covered much more than grammar. Most followed a similar pattern. The first sections introduced the alphabet and simple words. Students then moved on to parts of speech, including noun declensions and verb conjugations based on the system in Latin grammars. These were followed by usage rules, usually including “false syntax” (examples of incorrect grammar, typically taken from the writings of famous authors). Many books also provided a final section of morally improving practice readings. Parsing exercises (identifying the part of speech and grammatical purpose of each word in a sentence) followed the text. Students were expected to memorize and recite the lessons, the usual teaching method of the time. Thus they learned reading, standard grammar, mental discipline, and good moral principles, all from the same textbook. Memorizing grammar rules was thought to prepare students to tackle more advanced subjects like rhetoric and the natural sciences. Although grammar books are no longer a part of a typical education, a number of usage rules first introduced in these books have survived into the twenty-first century, at least as an ideal standard. Americans are still deeply concerned with correct usage, as the many in-print usage guides and grammar advice websites show, and they still respect such rules as the ban on ending a sentence with a preposition and the use of nominative case after be, even if they don’t follow them. In recent decades, standard usage guides have started to base their advice more on actual usage, for example, accepting sentences like It’s me. Nonetheless, most guides still feel the need to warn their users that not everyone agrees with these changes.
Introversion–Extraversion
Authors: Wilt Joshua A.
Published: October 2022

Introversion–extraversion, referred to hereby as extraversion, is a personality trait dimension (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Trait Perspective) within basic personality taxonomies such at the Five-Factor Model of Personality (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Five-Factor Model of Personality). Historical interest in extraversion dates back to Antiquity, and psychologists have studied this trait since the end of the nineteenth century. As with any personality trait, extraversion encompasses characteristic patterns of affect, behavior, cognition, and desire (or motivation) over time and situations. Highly extraverted individuals tend to be more assertive, sociable, and enthusiastic, whereas people who are more introverted tend to be unassertive, quiet, and less enthusiastic. Extraversion is a robust predictor of life outcomes, such as life events, as well as outcomes in relational, academic, and occupational domains. This bibliography provides an overview of scholarly work on extraversion, organizes this work across a variety of topics, and highlights key references.
Computational Psychology
Authors: Sun Ron
Published: October 2022

Computational psychology is concerned with understanding the mind and its various functions and domains through developing detailed, mechanistic, process-based models, namely, computational (in a broad sense) models of representations, mechanisms, and processes. It embodies theories in computer algorithms and programs, which are in turn based on artificial intelligence and computer science. That is, it imputes computational processes onto psychological functions, and thereby it produces runnable computational models. Detailed simulations can then be conducted based on computational models. Empirical disciplines, such as cognitive psychology, social psychology, and developmental psychology, provide empirical data, findings, phenomena, ideas, and other information to computational psychology. Computational psychologists then analyze and abstract them to form coherent theories in computational forms. In turn, these theories impact other disciplines, including those disciplines from which they draw their initial inspirations. Thus, work in computational psychology relies on empirical work from various empirical disciplines, and work in other disciplines in turn is influenced by work from computational psychology. Note that computational models are, mostly, “process theories”—that is, they are meant to answer the question of how human performance and behavior comes about; by what psychological mechanisms, processes, representations, and knowledge; and in what ways exactly. In contrast, it is also possible to formulate “product theories” that provide a functional account of the phenomena but do not commit to a particular psychological mechanism or process. This article emphasizes the former. Note also that, because of the existence of many different or even conflicting viewpoints, paradigms, and theories, this article can only provide a sparse sampling of perspectives and models (especially with regard to various specific psychological or cognitive domains), not exhaustive or complete in any way. The reader should explore further and make up their own mind about various perspective and models.
Aggadah
Authors: Wasserman Mira
Published: October 2022

Aggadah is an imaginative realm of rabbinic literature and culture. It encompasses wisdom texts, narrative, and exegesis in the classical rabbinic works of Midrash and Talmud and in subsequent Jewish literary cultures. Aggadah is commonly defined negatively as “everything in rabbinic literature that is not halakha, or Jewish law,” but new scholarship is increasingly challenging this dichotomous understanding. “Aggadah” is a multivalent category, and the term is used by both scholars and lay people in diverse ways: for some, it designates a literary genre, or a subdivision of rabbinic literature; for others, it refers to the conceptual world and values conveyed in classical rabbinic works; for still others, it refers to legends, myth, and other imaginative discourse in Jewish works. Aggadah ranges over a variety of oral and literary forms, many of which partake of both scriptural exegesis and narrative to varying degrees. While some rabbinic works are exclusively dedicated to Aggadah, Aggadah also appears in rabbinic works that are primarily dedicated to halakhic matters. Sometimes the word “Aggadah” is used interchangeably with “Midrash,” though more often the terms designate overlapping categories. “Midrash” refers to rabbinic traditions of scriptural exegesis; “Aggadic Midrash” treats scriptural materials that are not legally oriented, while “Halakhic Midrash” focuses on the legal portions of the Hebrew Bible. For an overview of works of Aggadic Midrash, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Midrash.” This article focuses on scholarly discussions of Aggadah as a concept and genre rather than as a literary corpus. Aggadah has been defined and evaluated in varying ways in different historical settings. Even as aggadic works continued to be compiled throughout the medieval period, many scholarly elites in rabbinic academies disparaged Aggadah. Aggadah has been a focus of critical academic study since the early nineteenth century. Early scholarship engaged in form criticism, philology, and history. More recent scholarship examines Aggadah’s literary features and cultural contexts. Scholars investigate Aggadah for insights into the values, ideas, and cultures of rabbinic Jewish communities, often focusing on how aggadic traditions reflect Jewish interactions with non-Jewish cultures. This article reflects changing gender dynamics in the field, with early scholarship dominated by males and more recent scholarship characterized by increased gender balance. “Aggadah” is an Aramaicized version of the Hebrew “Haggadah”; both spellings are used interchangeably throughout. For treatment of the Passover Haggadah, see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Prayer and Liturgy.”
Human Trafficking
Authors: Yea Sallie
Published: October 2022

Human trafficking is an urgent contemporary human and labor rights issue. It is prevalent in a wide range of sectors, from the commercial sex sector to the construction industry to begging. Human trafficking also (increasingly) occurs in situations where the body is rendered ‘divisible,’ such as in cases of organ trafficking. The ratification of the United Nations Protocol on Human Trafficking (formally known as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children) in December 2003 has led to a proliferation of legislative and policy responses by states, interventions by international and nongovernmental organizations, and scholarly and third-sector research on the subject. International organizations, such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), have also become important players in the field of counter-trafficking, including through the publication of numerous guidelines and manuals, research publications, and other resources. With ‘human trafficking’ defined by the UN Protocol as involving the three linked elements of recruitment, movement, and exploitation, responses have centered on what are commonly labeled the ‘3 Ps’; prevention of trafficking, protection of victims, and prosecution of offenders. By nature a clandestine and illicit activity, human trafficking has proven both challenging to study and, as a transnational crime, difficult to investigate and prosecute. Research with victims and survivors is often not undertaken well because trafficked persons are viewed as a ‘hidden population’ and because of a range of ethical challenges. As a result, published research on human trafficking is often largely bereft of victims’ voices; is overly reliant on information provided primarily by key stakeholders; and exhibits a bias toward estimates, mapping the problem, and criminal justice responses. In 2022, almost twenty years after the Trafficking Protocol came into international force, critical scholarly work evaluating the achievements, shortcomings, and effects of the UN Protocol has produced a robust engagement not only with human trafficking as an important subject, but also with counter-trafficking responses as a corpus of knowledge and practice, with its own attendant institutional and political infrastructures. Geographical scholarship on the subject is, in large part, motivated by these concerns for critical and progressive engagements with the ways human trafficking and counter-trafficking responses impact the rights and dignity of victims. This focus has directed much scholarly engagement by both geographers and those in cognate disciplines, such as anthropology and gender studies, to interrelated modes of human exploitation through modern-day slavery, forced labor, and precarious work.
Transmission Potential of Human Monkeypox in Mass Gatherings
Authors: Sypsa Vana , Mameletzis Ioannis , Tsiodras Sotirios
Published: October 2022

Since May 2022, a large number of monkeypox cases have been reported in Europe, the United States, and other nonendemic settings. Taking into account the strict measures implemented due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the desire of people to reclaim what is perceived as lost time, mass gatherings this summer were highly attended. Based on data for the secondary attack rate among unvaccinated contacts from endemic countries, we estimate that, on average, >1 secondary case is anticipated per infectious person if he/she has a high number of group contacts (>30) or >8 close contacts. Although the role of group contacts in mass gatherings is uncertain (less likely to involve physical contact, shorter duration), close contacts associated with the event (eg, intimate/sexual contact with other attendees) might be the amplifying event. Enforcing awareness, early recognition, and engaging affected populations in the monkeypox response are important to control transmission.
Painting the Bunting: Carotenoids and structural elements combine to produce the feather coloration of the male Painted Bunting
Authors: Justyn Nicholas M , Weaver Ryan J
Published: October 2022

Male Painted Buntings (Passerina ciris) display at least 6 distinct plumage colors that encapsulate much of the visible light spectrum, yet the specific mechanisms responsible for generating this diversity of color have not been identified. Here, we show that metabolically derived carotenoids and nanostructures capable of producing structural color were ubiquitous across feather patches. We used digital photography, light microscopy, spectrophotometry, carotenoid extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography to show that the resulting color of each feather patch depended on the concentration of carotenoids, melanins, and underlying feather nanostructures. For example, we found that the blue-violet head feathers contained low concentrations of ketolated carotenoids, which is not typical of blue-violet structurally colored feathers. Additionally, the red breast and orange belly feathers contained a green-tuned structural color visible after carotenoid extraction, which is not typical of feathers that contain ketolated carotenoids. Although, none of these abnormal combinations of carotenoids and structural coloration appeared to significantly impact feather color. Conversely, we found the purple rump, dark green greater coverts, and bright yellow-green mantle feather coloration resulted from the combination of high concentrations of carotenoids and the presence of structural color. For the first time, we identify the combination of red ketolated carotenoids and blue structural color as a mechanism to produce purple feather coloration. Identifying the specific mechanisms that give rise to the diversity of colors within this species will facilitate the study of the—to date—unknown signaling functions of colors produced through the combination of carotenoids and nanostructures in Painted Buntings and other songbirds.
Increased sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase content inSetaria viridisdoes not affect C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Ermakova Maria , Lopez-Calcagno Patricia E , Furbank Robert T , Raines Christine A , von Caemmerer Susanne
Published: October 2022

Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes of the Calvin cycle, and increasing the abundance of SBPase in C3 plants provides higher photosynthetic rates and stimulates biomass and yield. C4 plants usually have higher photosynthetic rates because they operate a biochemical CO2-concentrating mechanism between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. In the C4 system, SBPase and other enzymes of the Calvin cycle are localized to the bundle sheath cells. Here we tested what effect increasing abundance of SBPase would have on C4 photosynthesis. Using green foxtail millet (Setaria viridis), a model C4 plant of NADP-ME subtype, we created transgenic plants with 1.5 to 3.2 times higher SBPase content compared to wild-type plants. Transcripts of the transgene were found predominantly in the bundle sheaths suggesting the correct cellular localization of the protein. The abundance of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit was not affected in transgenic plants overexpressing SBPase, and neither was leaf chlorophyll content or photosynthetic electron transport parameters. We found no association between SBPase content in S. viridis and saturating rates of CO2 assimilation. Moreover, a detailed analysis of CO2 assimilation rates at different CO2 partial pressures, irradiances, and leaf temperatures showed no improvement of photosynthesis in plants overexpressing SBPase. We discuss the potential implications of these results for understanding the role of SBPase in regulation of C4 photosynthesis.