bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Management and Digitalisation: Connecting Subsea Assets in the Digital Space
Authors: Murray John , Eriksson Klas
Published: April 2018

While topside plants have made progress in the field of digitalisation, subsea plants are lagging behind. Due to inherent differences between topside and subsea plants (e.g. frequency and ease of changes), certain areas of digitalisation also provide more value than others.

A topside plant is in a state of constant change, while a subsea production tree is ideally installed and never touched for 25 years. For example there is no need to update the 3D model of the tree every year, while it may be cost effective to do so for a topside platform.

The paper discusses digitalisation benefits in the areas of operating, maintaining and upgrading subsea plants, focusing on current and near term areas ("low hanging fruit"). This is part of a general effort to reduced cost for subsea plants.

Longer stepout become possible using DC power and fibre-optic communication systems and along with this comes the ability to connect new sensors that provide valuable insight.

IOT sensors can be attached to products to monitor equipment during manufacturing, storage, transport, deployment and in operation. These can provide insight into weaknesses in the equipment which reduces its lifetime or identify improvements to handling or operation to extend product life.

In the operating domain, one focus is on making information easily available to the control room operator, reducing alarms, and tuning the control system for optimum performance. The goal is here to maximize production while avoiding or minimizing costly shutdowns. While the control room operator is mainly concerned with keeping the plant running while avoiding trips, onshore personnel monitor the plant with longer term views, e.g. for automatically identifying trends that indicate future failures or for proactive maintenance planning. Key to this is developing intelligent systems with visualization that highlights the most important information.

In the maintenance domain, focus is on Condition Monitoring and Condition Based Maintenance. Certain deterioration mechanisms can be tracked remotely, and intervention planned in advance. A planned intervention may give a 1 day shutdown, while an unplanned can give a 30 day shutdown. Any advance warning that equipment is about to fail thus results in shorter shutdown, and less deferred production. Examples of algorithms in recent and current use and under development are presented.

Current advances in Big Data and Data Analytics are discussed in relation to how these can support lifecycle monitoring, operational support and product design improvements.
RB-FEA Based Digital Twin for Structural Integrity Assessment of Offshore Structures
Authors: Sharma Partha , Knezevic David , Huynh Phuong , Malinowski Grzegorz
Published: April 2018

The reduced basis finite element analysis (RB-FEA) technology was utilized for performing structural analyses of a semisubmersible drilling rig. The digital twin of the drilling rig based on the RB-FEA technology is about 1000 times faster to analyze than a conventional FEA model, without any compromise in the accuracy of the solution. The global model was established by integrating the individual components of the RB-FEA model with associated material properties, loads, and boundary conditions. The software for mapping of the wave loads (generated by software such as WAMIT/WADAM) onto the hull structure of the drilling rig was developed. Time domain strength and fatigue analyses were then performed for the whole structure that also included the highly refined fatigue sensitive regions of the drilling rig.

The results from the study demonstrated the efficiency and the accuracy of the RB-FEA based technology. The speedup and level of detail achieved through the RB-FEA technology is a key enabler for the digital twin technology since it enables true condition-based modeling of large and critical assets, allowing all relevant structural details to be included in the model, along with sensor and inspection-based condition data such as cracks, corrosion, and damage due to impact or collision. Asset life extension – enabled by the digital twin and condition-based monitoring using sensor systems – is the key to capitalizing on the value of existing facilities that are operating near (or beyond) their original design life.
Natural Gas Hydrates to Enable the Safe, Sustainable, and Economical Production of Offshore Petroleum Reserves
Authors: Kezirian Michael T. , Phoenix S. Leigh
Published: April 2018

This research presents a novel approach using Natural Gas Clathrate Hydrates (NGH) for the production of natural gas from deep-water petroleum reserves. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has limitations associated with its enormous capital cost (requiring significant production capacity), inherent hazards, and environmental impact.

Storage and transport of natural gas must address the economic, safety and environmental requirements, as a whole, by designing the supply chain as an end-to-end process. The solution is the production of NGH at depths where the in situ pressure and temperature inherently favor the formation in situ, based on thermodynamics and kinetics. The remaining system is then created in order to manage these products. The engineering design, safety analysis and business case are assessed concurrently in order to optimize the system and meet all of the requirements.

Containment technology, originating from space exploration, is adapted so that it will be strong, durable, flexible and lightweight. The processing rate and dimensional parameters are selected to mitigate system losses and energy dissipation during long distance ocean transport. The resulting proposed process is economically assessed to be significantly cheaper for the production of natural gas. It can be applied for small production rates and replace operations which flare gas byproducts. Theoretically, it could be scaled for the production of large natural gas fields. The proposed system presents an inherently safer system as the hazards inherent with compressed natural gas (CNG), LNG and pipeline are eliminated by design. There is no handling of compressed or cryogenically cooled fluids, and the transfer from platform to carrier is eliminated. Consistent with the industry direction to move crude oil processing to the bottom of the ocean, the new process can be managed autonomously and avoid the hazards associated with adverse weather conditions. A resulting by-product from this new process is significantly-desalinated water originating in the deep ocean away from man-made pollutants. It is proposed that this by-product can either be post-processed to yield potable water or used as-is, replacing consumption of local resources.

The proposed system can be utilized to produce natural gas reserves which would otherwise be considered as stranded reserves. It can serve markets which are too small or ports are too shallow to handle the delivery of LNG from standard carriers. A Patent Cooperation Treaty application on this proposed method was filed and received a favorable preliminary review by the United States Patent and Trademark Office; claims were found to be novel and useful.
Application of Maritime Regulatory Regime in Design of Semi-Submersible Production Units
Authors: Moe A. M. , Erb P. , Singhal G.
Published: April 2018

Increasing the application of maritime regulations to the design of offshore production units could lead to significant cost savings possibly as much as 10% or more, due to standardization and increased equipment selection. This paper summarizes the background, evaluates the benefits and consequences of applying maritime regulations and describes proposals for applying thesein the design of semi-submersible production units.

Firstly, the main differences between a typical offshore unit design approach and the maritime approach will be evaluated and described. Secondly, the main consequences of applying maritime regulations in design will be assessed in terms of solutions, safety, reliability, weight, space and cost. The aim of this exercise is to establish which systems and areas are well-suited for using maritime regulations in design, i.e. maximizing its benefits, while keeping a typical offshore design approach for other areas where application of maritime regulations in design have limited advantages.

Recommended changes to established design practice and the expected benefits of these changes will be outlined in the paper. Systems and design features well suited for the application of maritime regulations will be described together with the rationale and any assumptions. Those systems or areas not considered suited for application of maritime regulations will be identified, together with associated rationale. Relevant maritime regulatory regimes will be outlined together with special considerations needed for key areas of interest, such as North Sea and GoM including brief descriptions of hierarchy and roles of Class, flag state and shelf state.

To summarize above findings, the key benefits, including qualitative cost saving will be established for a typical semi-submersible production unit using maritime regulations where considered beneficial.
Assessment of Wind Energy in the United States Gulf of Mexico Area as Power Supply for Offshore Oil Platforms
Authors: Haces-Fernandez Francisco , Li Hua , Ramirez David
Published: April 2018

Offshore oil and gas platforms operate under independent power systems, using Gas Turbines (GT) to generate the required electricity. However, the nature of offshore operations causes GT to operate at 30% efficiency, which is low when compared with overall normal average efficiency of 55% for combined cycle gas power plants. This increases fuel consumption and the emission of air pollutants, among other disadvantages. The issue can be ameliorated by integrating the system to the onshore grid and to a wind energy system, supplemented with an energy storage component. This research developed a new methodology to evaluate the integration of offshore oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico to a hybrid electrical system of wind energy, battery components and interconnection to onshore electrical grid to improve its performance. The objectives included improving overall electric generation efficiency, decreasing both fuel consumption and air pollutant emissions and potentially increasing income by selling surplus energy from renewable sources. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Big Data analyses were applied to data generated by the NOAA's WaveWatch III to calculate offshore wind energy for assessment for use on more than 4,000 offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico from data provided by the USGS CMGP, while simultaneously evaluating interconnection feasibility with the onshore grid. The results for the distance analysis were favorable, considering the criteria expressed by previous research. Wind energy assessment revealed a seasonal behavior, with each month showing distinctive power outputs. High power levels were obtained from November to April while overall low power levels were observed from June to August. However most of the 4,000 platforms produced wind power levels above the commercial threshold and an important percentage of the locations produced power levels above capacity factor thresholds that made them exceptionally productive. Overall results indicated that all the locations were within accepted feasible distance from the coast and most of them had acceptable wind energy levels. The proposed GIS methodology can be applied for individual projects, with specific spatial and time resolution. The results of these studies can assist stakeholders on decision making processes of offshore projects.
Offshore Geological, Geotechnical and Geohazard Modelling and Design for Abu Dhabi
Authors: Matthew Free , Esad Porovic , Jason Manning , Yannis Fourniadis , Richard Lagesse , Charlene Ting , Grace Campbell , Areti Koskosidi , Andrew Farrant , Ricky Terrington , Gareth Carter , Tarek Omar
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a new purpose-built digital interface for obtaining location-specific geological and geotechnical ground conditions for four oil and natural gas fields offshore of Abu Dhabi in the UAE. The geological model was developed using the software package GSI3D which was applied to an offshore study area for the first time. Statistically derived geotechnical parameters were used to apply a probabilistic approach for the design basis of geotechnical elements for offshore structures. In addition, geostatistical methods were applied in the treatment of geological uncertainty in the model. The model also includes a detailed review of local and regional natural hazards, including seismic, tsunami and submarine geohazards, with the potential to affect existing and proposed offshore infrastructure.

The tool comprises a fully interactive 3D geological and geotechnical ground model for each oil and gas field based on a geodatabase containing nearly 60 years of ground investigation data. The interface is operated through ESRI ArcMap but the geodatabase can be integrated into any online or offline GIS- based platform. Application of the tool enables effective decision making on key oil and gas development issues related to the siting of new exploration and development platforms and related infrastructure. The costs associated with offshore ground investigations are significant and mobilisation of works are heavily constrained by access, health, safety and environmental requirements. This digital tool will allow these works to be optimised at the advanced stages of planning, saving on time, cost and significantly reducing health, safety and environmental risks.
Thermogenic Gas Hydrates Formation in Offshore Environments - Results from Numerical Simulations
Authors: Dhakal S. , Gupta I.
Published: April 2018

Development of human civilization and the growing demand for energy, as oil reserves around the world continue to deplete, have driven us to start producing from unconventional resources. Gas hydrates is one of the unconventional sources that has excited researchers and energy producers alike due to its immense potential. Numerous studies have shown the presence of gas hydrates in sea beds around the world including Gulf of Mexico. The study of hydrate formation in the Gulf of Mexico is an important step towards recognizing the potential of gas production from these reserves. However, such studies have been limited to seismic mapping and laboratory scale studies, and numerical modeling of hydrate formation has not been studied to quantify these reserves. This study intends to understand the geological and thermodynamic setting in which gas hydrates form in the subsurface and the associated reservoir quality changes (porosity/permeability) as hydrates form.

A geological model, representative of the Gulf of Mexico subsurface, with sand and shale layers with a fault running through them is generated. Thermogenic methane gas flow up the fault is simulated using TOUGH+HYDRATE, a numerical code developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The code uses integral finite difference method for space and time discretization for modeling multiphase flow. The flow geometry is generated using a MATLAB code developed specifically for this study. Sensitivities on fault angle, flow rate and reservoir properties are simulated to study the hydrate formation process.

Results from the simulation predict that initiation of gas hydrates in the reservoirs appear to directly correlate to increased pressures in the pore spaces as the fluids move up through faults and invade the adjacent formations. Permeability and porosity of the hydrate formation zone decrease as solid hydrates form in the pores. Numerical simulation of gas hydrate formation and the study of rock and fluid flow properties during hydrate formation thus can be used as an important reservoir characterization tool, which can be used for estimation of the hydrate reserves as well as determination of well placement and production strategies.
Mark 4:1–34: A simple structure for the mystery of the kingdom
Authors: Scholtz Jacob J.
Published: April 2018

Existing proposals regarding the structure of Mark 4:1–34 have not met with unqualified approval. This article proposes a simple structure for Mark 4:1–34, then highlights relevant presuppositions before providing an overview of the content of this passage. The structure elevates the parable of the lamp to a prominent position and it also pairs corresponding sections so that it becomes easier to identify the mystery that undergirds each of these parables. The collective message of Mark 4:1–34 may be that while the establishment of the Messianic kingdom has been postponed, God is sowing the word, not only in Israel, but all over the world. When the sowing of the word meets with a responsive ear and heart, God gives the believer the mystery of the kingdom and, viewed collectively, God will also bring a harvest of sons and daughters into the kingdom when it is established. It is important for all to hear, not only so that the hearers become believers and then to bear some fruit, but also because God will graciously bless to the extent that a person listens effectively. It is in this context that the parable of the lamp shines new light on Mark’s parabolic discourse.
Exploratory distributions for convex functions
Authors: Bubeck Sébastien , Eldan Ronen
Published: April 2018

Given a Lipschitz and convex function

f

on a compact and convex domain in

\mathbb R^n

, we construct an
exploratory distribution

\mu

of

f

in the following sense. Let

g

be a Lipschitz and convex function on the same domain, such that either

g=f

, or alternatively the minimum of

g

is

\epsilon

smaller than the minimum of

f

. Then

\mu

is such that

\mathrm{poly}(n/\epsilon)

noisy evaluations of

g

at i.i.d. points from

\mu

suffices to determine with high probability whether

g=f

or

g \neq f

. As an example of application for such exploratory distributions we show how to use them to estimate the minimax regret for adversarial bandit convex optimization.
Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Diagnostic Delay in Lima, Peru
Authors: Bonadonna Lily V. , Saunders Matthew J. , Guio Heinner , Zegarra Roberto , Evans Carlton A.
Published: April 2018

Early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is a global priority. Prolonged symptom duration before TB diagnosis is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and risk of transmission. We aimed to determine socioeconomic and behavioral factors associated with diagnostic delays among patients with TB. Data were collected from 105 patients with TB using a semi-structured interview guide in Lima, Peru. Factors associated with diagnostic delay were analyzed using negative binomial regression. The median delay from when symptoms commenced and the first positive diagnostic sample in public health facilities was 57 days (interquartile range: 28–126). In multivariable analysis, greater diagnostic delay was independently associated with patient older age, female gender, lower personal income before diagnosis, living with fewer people, and having more visits to professional health facilities before diagnosis (all P < 0.05). Patients who first sought care at a private health facility had more visits overall to professional health facilities before diagnosis than those who first sought care from public or insured employee health facilities and had longer diagnostic delay in analysis adjusted for age and gender. Patients with TB were significantly more likely to first self-medicate than to visit professional health facilities before diagnosis (P = 0.003). Thus, diagnostic delay was prolonged, greatest among older, low-income women, and varied according to the type of care sought by individuals when their symptoms commenced. These findings suggest that TB case-finding initiatives should target vulnerable groups in informal and private health facilities, where many patients with TB first seek health care.
Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak in Immunocompetent Children from a Remote Area of French Guiana
Authors: Mosnier Emilie , Martin Noémie , Razakandrainibe Romy , Dalle Frédéric , Roux Guillaume , Buteux Arnaud , Favennec Loïc , Brousse Paul , Guarmit Basma , Blanchet Denis , Epelboin Loïc , Girouin Camille , Martin Elise , Djossou Félix , Nacher Mathieu , Demar Magalie
Published: April 2018

In September 2014, an increase in the number of Cryptosporidium spp. gastrointestinal tract infections was reported over a 6-month period among children living in a remote area along the Maroni River in French Guiana. Children presented gastroenteritis symptoms with Cryptosporidium-positive stools. Questionnaires were administered and stool examinations were controlled 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Data collection included demographics, food consumption, river behavior, symptoms, and outcome. Stool specimens were tested using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Samples from the water systems were examined for turbidity and culture for bacteria. Data from the reference laboratory were analyzed to calculate the median cryptosporidiosis incidence among immunocompetent patients from 2008 to 2015. Data on gastroenteritis cases reported by the Delocalized Center for Prevention and Care in the area were also collected. We report a cluster of 14 cases. All cases were children, aged between 4.5 and 38 months. Seven reported moderate to severe dehydration and required hospitalization. Speciation and microbiological typing revealed the cluster strain was Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2 but C. hominis IbA9G2 and IbA15G1 strains were also identified. The median incidence in French Guiana was 5.8 cases per year before the outbreak. The first cases of the cluster appeared in the dry season. We describe the clinical features, epidemiology, and state of current investigations for the largest documented outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in French Guiana.
Necrotizing Pneumonia Caused by Chromobacterium violaceum: Report of a Rare Human Pathogen Causing Disease in an Immunodeficient Child
Authors: Frawley Alean A. , Powell Lauren , McQuiston John R. , Gulvik Christopher A. , Bégué Rodolfo E.
Published: April 2018

Chromobacterium violaceum is a rare, potentially serious pathogen. Most clinicians have no experience with its clinical appearance or treatment. We describe a case of a child presenting with necrotizing pneumonia caused by C. violaceum. We describe case complexities, including the need for a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis: Experience and Long-Term Outcome from a Tertiary Referral Center in the United States
Authors: Nash Theodore E. , Ware JeanAnne M. , Mahanty Siddhartha
Published: April 2018

Ventricular involvement in neurocysticercosis (NCC), a common serious manifestation of NCC, has distinct clinical presentations, complications, and treatments primarily because of partial or complete obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow by Taenia solium cysts. We review the clinical course, treatments, and long-term outcomes in 23 of 121 (19.0%) total NCC patients with ventricular cysts referred to the National Institutes of Health from 1985 to the October 2017. Patients had a median age of 31.8 (range: 22.4–52.6 years), were 60.9% male, diagnosed a median of 6.5 years (range: 0.17–16 years) after immigration, and were followed for a median of 3.6 years (range: 0.1–30.5 years). Other forms and manifestations of NCC were present in 73.9% (17/23). The fourth ventricle was involved in a majority (15/23, 65.2%) resulting in hydrocephalus (73.9%), ventriculitis, and periventricular edema (7/23, 30.4%). Cystectomy was accomplished in 60.9%, usually by removal of a fourth ventricular cyst through a suboccipital craniotomy. Nonresectable cysts were treated medically. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts were inserted in 43.5% (10/23) and failed in four, three from infection. Other complications included surgically induced injuries (4/23, 17.4%) and entrapment of a lateral ventricle (2/23, 8.7%). Despite a common severe early course, 90.9% (20/22) stabilized without recurrence, 15% (3/20) complained of mild-to-moderate neurological complaints, and 15% (3/20) were significantly disabled. Four patients who underwent removal of ventricular cysts without significant other NCC and who received with no cysticidal treatment became CSF cestode antigen negative without recurrence indicating that after successful extraction of cysts, additional cysticidal treatment may not be needed.
Novel pathway of SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere: reactions with monoterpene ozonolysis intermediates and secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Ye Jianhuai , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Chan Arthur W. H.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Ozonolysis of monoterpenes is an important source of atmospheric biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA). While enhanced BSOA formation has been associated with sulfate-rich conditions, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, the interactions between SO2 and reactive intermediates from monoterpene ozonolysis were investigated under different humidity conditions (10 % vs. 50 %). Chamber experiments were conducted with ozonolysis of α-pinene or limonene in the presence of SO2. Limonene SOA formation was enhanced in the presence of SO2, while no significant changes in SOA yields were observed during α-pinene ozonolysis. Under dry conditions, SO2 primarily reacted with stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) produced from ozonolysis, but at 50 % RH heterogeneous uptake of SO2 onto organic aerosol was found to be the dominant sink of SO2, likely owing to reactions between SO2 and organic peroxides. This SO2 loss mechanism to organic peroxides in SOA has not previously been identified in experimental chamber studies. Organosulfates were detected and identified using an electrospray ionization–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ESI-IMS-TOF) when SO2 was present in the experiments. Our results demonstrate the synergistic effects between BSOA formation and SO2 oxidation through sCI chemistry and SO2 uptake onto organic aerosol and illustrate the importance of considering the chemistry of organic and sulfur-containing compounds holistically to properly account for their reactive sinks.
Analysis of European ozone trends in the period 1995–2014
Authors: Yan Yingying , Pozzer Andrea , Ojha Narendra , Lin Jintai , Lelieveld Jos
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Surface-based measurements from the EMEP and Airbase networks are used to estimate the changes in surface ozone levels during the 1995–2014 period over Europe. We find significant ozone enhancements (0.20–0.59 µg m−3 yr−1 for the annual means; P-value  <  0.01 according to an F-test) over the European suburban and urban stations during 1995–2012 based on the Airbase sites. For European background ozone observed at EMEP sites, it is shown that a significantly decreasing trend in the 95th percentile ozone concentrations has occurred, especially at noon (0.9 µg m−3 yr−1; P-value  <  0.01), while the 5th percentile ozone concentrations continued to increase with a trend of 0.3 µg m−3 yr−1 (P-value  <  0.01) during the study period. With the help of numerical simulations performed with the global chemistry-climate model EMAC, the importance of anthropogenic emissions changes in determining these changes over background sites are investigated. The EMAC model is found to successfully capture the observed temporal variability in mean ozone concentrations, as well as the contrast in the trends of 95th and 5th percentile ozone over Europe. Sensitivity simulations and statistical analysis show that a decrease in European anthropogenic emissions had contrasting effects on surface ozone trends between the 95th and 5th percentile levels and that background ozone levels have been influenced by hemispheric transport, while climate variability generally regulated the inter-annual variations of surface ozone in Europe.
Using satellite measurements of N2O to remove dynamical variability from HCl measurements
Authors: Stolarski Richard S. , Douglass Anne R. , Strahan Susan E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Column HCl measurements show deviations from the expected slow decline
following the regulation of chlorine-containing compounds by the Montreal
Protocol. We use the simultaneous measurements of N2O and HCl by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
instrument on the Aura satellite to examine this problem. We find that the
use of N2O measurements at a specific altitude to represent the impact
of dynamical variability on HCl results in a derived linear trend in HCl that
is negative (ranging from −2.5 to 5.3 % decade−1) at all
altitudes between 68 and 10 hPa. These trends are at or near 2σ
statistical significance at all pressure levels between 68 and 10 hPa. This
shows that analysis of simultaneous measurements of several constituents is a
useful approach to identify small trends from data records that are strongly
influenced by dynamical interannual variability.
Sesquiterpenes identified as key species for atmospheric chemistry in boreal forest by terpenoid and OVOC measurements
Authors: Hellén Heidi , Praplan Arnaud P. , Tykkä Toni , Ylivinkka Ilona , Vakkari Ville , Bäck Jaana , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Hakola Hannele
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Concentrations of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs, i.e. aldehydes, alcohols, acetates and volatile organic acids) were investigated during two years at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland, using in situ gas chromatograph-mass spectrometers (GC-MS). Seasonal and diurnal variations of terpenoid and OVOC concentrations as well as their relationship with meteorological factors were studied. Of the studied VOCs, C2-C7 unbranched volatile organic acids (VOAs) were found to have the highest concentrations mainly due to their low reactivity. Of the terpenoids, monoterpenes (MTs) had highest concentrations at the site, but also 7 different highly reactive sesquiterpenes (SQTs) were detected. Monthly and daily mean concentrations of most terpenoids, aldehydes and VOAs were found to be highly dependent on the temperature. Highest exponential correlation with temperature was found for a SQT (β-caryophyllene) in summer. The diurnal variations of the concentrations could be explained by sources, sinks and vertical mixing. Especially the diurnal variations of MT concentrations were strongly affected by vertical mixing. Based on the temperature correlations and mixing layer height simple proxies were developed for estimating MT and SQT concentrations. To estimate the importance of different compound groups and compounds for the local atmospheric chemistry, reactivity with main oxidants (OH, NO3 and O3) and production rates of oxidation products (OxPR) were calculated. MTs dominated OH and NO3 radical chemistry, but SQTs had a major impact on ozone chemistry, even though concentrations of SQT were 30 times lower than MT concentrations. SQTs were the most important also for the production of oxidation products. Since SQTs have high secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields, results clearly indicate the importance of SQTs for local SOA production.
Laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF): performance, reference spectra and classification of atmospheric samples
Authors: Shen Xiaoli , Ramisetty Ramakrishna , Mohr Claudia , Huang Wei , Leisner Thomas , Saathoff Harald
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The laser ablation aerosol particle time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LAAPTOF, AeroMegt GmbH) is able to identify the chemical composition and mixing state of individual aerosol particles, and thus is a tool for elucidating their impacts on human health, visibility, ecosystem, and climate. The overall detection efficiency (ODE) of the instrument we use was determined to range from  ∼  (0.01 ± 0.01) to  ∼  (4.23 ± 2.36) % for polystyrene latex (PSL) in the size range of 200 to 2000 nm,  ∼  (0.44 ± 0.19) to  ∼  (6.57 ± 2.38) % for ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and  ∼  (0.14 ± 0.02) to  ∼  (1.46 ± 0.08) % for sodium chloride (NaCl) particles in the size range of 300 to 1000 nm. Reference mass spectra of 32 different particle types relevant for atmospheric aerosol (e.g. pure compounds NH4NO3, K2SO4, NaCl, oxalic acid, pinic acid, and pinonic acid; internal mixtures of e.g. salts, secondary organic aerosol, and metallic core–organic shell particles; more complex particles such as soot and dust particles) were determined. Our results show that internally mixed aerosol particles can result in spectra with new clusters of ions, rather than simply a combination of the spectra from the single components. An exemplary 1-day ambient data set was analysed by both classical fuzzy clustering and a reference-spectra-based classification method. Resulting identified particle types were generally well correlated. We show how a combination of both methods can greatly improve the interpretation of single-particle data in field measurements.
Spatio-temporal variability of Arctic summer temperatures over the past 2 millennia
Authors: Werner Johannes P. , Divine Dmitry V. , Charpentier Ljungqvist Fredrik , Nilsen Tine , Francus Pierre
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this article, the first spatially resolved and millennium-length summer (June–August) temperature reconstruction over the Arctic and sub-Arctic domain (north of 60° N) is presented. It is based on a set of 44 annually dated temperature-sensitive proxy archives of various types from the revised PAGES2k database supplemented with six new recently updated proxy records. As a major advance, an extension of the Bayesian BARCAST climate field (CF) reconstruction technique provides a means to treat climate archives with dating uncertainties. This results not only in a more precise reconstruction but additionally enables joint probabilistic constraints to be imposed on the chronologies of the used archives. The new seasonal CF reconstruction for the Arctic region can be shown to be skilful for the majority of the terrestrial nodes. The decrease in the proxy data density back in time, however, limits the analyses in the spatial domain to the period after 750 CE, while the spatially averaged reconstruction covers the entire time interval of 1–2002 CE.The centennial to millennial evolution of the reconstructed temperature is in good agreement with a general pattern that was inferred in recent studies for the Arctic and its subregions. In particular, the reconstruction shows a pronounced Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA; here ca. 920–1060 CE), which was characterised by a sequence of extremely warm decades over the whole domain. The medieval warming was followed by a gradual cooling into the Little Ice Age (LIA), with 1766–1865 CE as the longest centennial-scale cold period, culminating around 1811–1820 CE for most of the target region.In total over 600 independent realisations of the temperature CF were generated. As showcased for local and regional trends and temperature anomalies, operating in a probabilistic framework directly results in comprehensive uncertainty estimates, even for complex analyses. For the presented multi-scale trend analysis, for example, the spread in different paths across the reconstruction ensemble prevents a robust analysis of features at timescales shorter than ca. 30 years. For the spatial reconstruction, the benefit of using the spatially resolved reconstruction ensemble is demonstrated by focusing on the regional expression of the recent warming and the MCA. While our analysis shows that the peak MCA summer temperatures were as high as in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the spatial coherence of extreme years over the last decades of the reconstruction (1980s onwards) seems unprecedented at least back until 750 CE. However, statistical testing could not provide conclusive support of the contemporary warming to exceed the peak of the MCA in terms of the pan-Arctic mean summer temperatures: the reconstruction cannot be extended reliably past 2002 CE due to lack of proxy data and thus the most recent warming is not captured.
Monitoring benthic foraminiferal dynamics at Bottsand coastal lagoon (western Baltic Sea)
Authors: Schönfeld Joachim
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Benthic foraminifera from Bottsand coastal lagoon, western Baltic Sea, have been studied since the mid-1960s. They were monitored annually in late autumn since 2003 at the terminal ditch of the lagoon. There were 12 different species recognised, of which three have not been recorded during earlier investigations. Dominant species showed strong interannual fluctuations and a steady increase in population densities over the last decade. Elphidium incertum, a stenohaline species of the Baltic deep water fauna, colonised the Bottsand lagoon in 2016, most likely during a period of salinities >19 units and water temperatures of 18 ∘C on average in early autumn. The high salinities probably triggered their germination from a propagule bank in the ditch bottom sediment. The new E. incertum population showed densities higher by an order of magnitude than those of the indigenous species. The latter did not decline, revealing that E. incertum used another food source or occupied a different microhabitat. Elphidium incertum survived transient periods of lower salinities in late autumn 2017, though with reduced abundances, and became a regular faunal constituent at the Bottsand lagoon.
Irish-American Identity in Eugene O'Neill's Early Plays
Authors: Clare David
Published: April 2018

This article examines Irish-American identity in Eugene O'Neill's early work, including his “lost” plays. It demonstrates that characters such as Al Devlin in The Movie Man, Joe and Nellie Murray in Abortion, Eileen Carmody and Stephen Murray from The Straw, Robert “Yank” Smith in The Hairy Ape, and even the “Papist” child Mary Sweeney in The Rope are socially marginalized by American WASPs due to their Irish Catholic backgrounds. In the case of Yank such marginalization eventually convinces him that he is too “animalistic” to find a place in mainstream American society. Like Yank, the Irish-American characters in the other plays being examined find it hard to connect with (or are brutally disrespected by) the WASPs in their lives. Previous discussions of WASP/Irish-American tensions in O'Neill's work have focused primarily on O'Neill's late masterpieces; this article demonstrates that such tensions are a key feature of O'Neill's early work as well.
An American Futurism? Corporeal History in O'Neill's The Hairy Ape and Santell's Film Adaptation
Authors: Murphy Daniel
Published: April 2018

The article examines how O'Neill's 1922 play interrogates Italian futurism and dismantles that movement's idealized machine–man corporeality as a formal idiom and historiography. O'Neill's play, broadly about the dehumanizing effects of industrialization, more specifically concerns the grammar of selfhood and strategies in self-representation as they regard understanding one's embeddedness in larger economic, social, and semiotic networks. Drawing from the Irish revival, O'Neill's play forwards an enchanted model of exogenous personhood. By comparing the play with Alfred Santell's odd 1944 film adaptation, the article concludes by discussing the film's attempt to render “O'Neill” as a literary celebrity and popular template for a romanticized, working-class masculinity in the context of World War II. The adaptation rechannels the play's class consciousness into an affirmation of masculine power and individuality. The analysis concludes by showing how the film revisits and remediates the play's formal commitment to heroic individualism as a premise for an anachronistic economic fantasy.
Las propuestas programáticas de la coalición FMLN-USC y ARENA
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 67, 1999: 3-10
Competitividad electoral y formación de mayorías en El Salvador (1982-1997)
Authors: Artiga González Álvaro
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 67, 1999: 11-25
El Salvador de 1970 a 1990: política, economía y sociedad
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 67, 1999: 43-61
La interminable búsqueda de la salvación monetaria
Authors: Fisher Stanley
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 68, 1999: 143-155
Un acercamiento al Dios de Monseñor Romero. El Dios personal del Arzobispo mártir a la luz de las categorías zubirianas
Authors: Molina Velásquez Carlos
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 68, 1999: 207-229
Manz, Th. y Zuazo, M. (coordinadores), Partidos políticos y representación en América Latina ; Martín-Baró, l., Psicología de la liberación ; Carranza, E. (coordinador), Delito y seguridad de los habitantes
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 68, 1999: 263-267
Las declaraciones no son suficientes: las fuentes del sector financiero para la independencia del banco central
Authors: Posen Adam S.
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 69, 1999: 315-337
Brandt, R.B., Teoría ética ; AAVV, Retos para el nuevo milenio en América Latina ; Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), Educación: la agenda del siglo XXI
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 69, 1999: 385-389
Design Rationale for Total Ankle Arthroplasty Systems: An Update
Authors: Gross Christopher E. , Palanca Ariel A. , DeOrio James K.
Published: April 2018

The design of total ankle arthroplasty systems is evolving as a result of findings from longer-term studies. Our understanding of modes of failure has increased, and surgical techniques have become more refined. Currently, five total ankle arthroplasty systems are used in the United States. The landscape has changed considerably in the decade since the latest article reviewing total ankle design was published. Some implants with acceptable intermediate results had much poorer outcomes at 7- to 10-year follow-up. As more research showing mid- to long-term outcomes is published, the design rationale and current outcomes data for each of these implants must be considered.
Constructing a Composite Leading Indicator for the Global Crude Oil Price
Authors: Chong Mei-Teing , Puah Chin-Hong , Mansor Shazali Abu
Published: April 2018

Crude oil, as the most traded commodity in the world, exhibits prices with a clear influence on other commodities in the worldwide market. It also poses implications regarding the economic growth of oil-exporting and oil-importing nations. This study provides an unprecedented method of employing the indicator approach as proposed by the Conference Board, National Bureau of Economic Research, to construct a leading indicator for the global crude oil price. The results reveal that the constructed oil price indicator can predict the cyclical movement of the oil price by moving in advance of 3.5 months on average. This finding could provide better signaling to oil-related nations as well as other commodities that consider crude oil to be a leader in the market.
The Role of Financial and Monetary Policy in the Economic Activity in Jordan During the period (2000-2016)
Authors: Bataineh Talal
Published: April 2018

This study investigated the impact of each of the financial policy and monetary policy on the economic activity on Jordan during the period (2000-2016). The researcher conducted the appropriate statistical analysis (step wise) with the aim of excluding the self- correlation between variables. It was revealed through the analysis that the financial policy in Jordan was more effective, in the influence on economic activity, than the monetary policy. The study concluded a group of results and recommendation, the most important of which was the necessity for, special concern about monetary policy to perform its role together with financial policy in order to raise Jordanian economy toward the best through the increase in co-ordination between both policies.
Práticas pedagógicas na região de fronteira: uma olhar a partir de escolas de Ponta Porã
Authors: Santana Maria Luzia Da Silva
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo tem como objetivo descrever a inserção pedagógica de estudantes brasiguaios, oriundos de Pedro Juan Caballero-PY, nas escolas em Ponta Porã-BR. Para atender a isso, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico sobre o Programa de Escolas Bilíngues de Fronteira - PEBF e as práticas pedagógicas realizadas em Ponta Porã-BR com estudantes brasiguaios, oriundos de Pedro Juan Caballero-PY. A exclusão e violência permeiam a educação na região de fronteira, incluindo escolas de Ponta Porã que precisam de um olhar sensível com vistas na prática pedagógica inclusiva. Observa-se o preconceito no contexto escolar, tanto por parte de profissionais quanto de estudantes brasileiros direcionados aos brasiguaios, assim as escolas têm o desafio de incluí-lo, para isso é preciso ressignificar as relações entre estudante e professor e estudante e estudante.
Investigando a provocação entre pares
Authors: Marques Carolina Aragão Escher , Silva Lívia Maria Ferreira da , Oliveira Mariana Tavares de Almeida , Vinha Telma Pileggi
Published: April 2018

A provocação é um conflito peculiar, conceituado pela união da agressão e do humor, o que lhe confere um caráter de ambiguidade. Esse estudo, baseado nos pressupostos piagetianos, objetivou investigar as características das provocações vivenciadas por 250 alunos de 3 a 14 anos, de 6 escolas públicas do interior do estado de São Paulo. Buscou-se identificar as estratégias empregadas e as finalizações decorrentes. Foram realizadas 370 horas de observação sistemática e utilizou-se recursos qualitativos e quantitativos de análise. Os resultados indicaram que as características do desenvolvimento interferem na vivência da provocação. Apesar de ser frequente em todas faixas etárias, vai se tornando predominante com o desenvolvimento, sendo cada vez mais verbal e com mais marcas de insinuações. A quantidade das provocações interssexuais aumenta entre os jovens, já fortemente permeadas pela sexualidade. Em todas as faixas etárias, são utilizadas mais estratégias de revide e, ao final, as provocações são simplesmente, abandonadas.
Avaliação em larga escala em tempos de políticas de educação inclusiva
Authors: Bragagnolo Ana Lia Benini , Bridi Fabiane Romano de Souza
Published: April 2018

Neste texto apresenta-se resultados de pesquisa sobre o processo histórico, político e legal que levou à implantação das políticas de avalição em larga escala e as possíveis relações com as políticas de inclusão escolar em contexto nacional. A metodologia partiu de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, por meio de um levantamento das produções científicas na base de dados do site Scielo. A avaliação em larga escala tem sido ponto de partida para o trabalho pedagógico em escolas brasileiras, atuando como regulador desta ação, mobilizando instituições e professores a modificarem suas práticas visando boa colocação no Ideb. Não foram encontradas pesquisas que tratassem da relação entre as avaliações em larga escala e a participação de alunos público-alvo da educação especial.Palavras-chave: políticas públicas; avaliação em larga escala; educação inclusiva.