bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fighting Philip with Decrees: Demosthenes and the Syndrome of Symbolic Action
Authors: Mader Gottfried Johannes
Published: January 2007

Demosthenes' Philippic cycle conveys a satirical picture of Athenians
trapped in a spiral of symbolic activity: to a demos nostalgic for great-power
status but loath to energetic intervention, high-sounding resolutions substitute
for low-level responses and by their character as official enactments create the
illusion of meaningful engagement. This "syndrome" is a rhetorical scare-image
subserving a political agenda. At a time when his influence was still limited, Demosthenes found it expedient to exaggerate the cautious approach of the "peace
party" into a "knowing-doing gap" in order to move the audience to accept his
own hard line on the Macedonian question.
Eloquence under the Triumvirs
Authors: Osgood Josiah
Published: January 2007

This paper explores oratory at Rome after the death of Caesar. It examines the three main sources for the period, Plutarch, Appian, and Dio, who suggest that an outspoken oratory on affairs of state was no longer possible, and then less familiar sources, which reveal that speeches still were made, sometimes concerning affairs of state. Though it was difficult to criticize the triumvirs (as the few known efforts at protest show), aspiring orators managed to showcase talent and display doctrina and diligentia, if not libertas. Oratory did not so much decline in the triumviral period as adapt to new circumstances.
The Marriage of Cassandra and the Oresteia: Text, Image, Performance
Authors: Mitchell-Boyask Robin
Published: January 2007

In this paper I seek, first, to re-examine the bridal imagery surrounding Cassandra in Aeschylus's Agamemnon, and, second, to suggest how iconography, and its relationship to performance, can connect this scene's concerns more thoroughly with the two successive dramas of the Oresteia. Cassandra's language casts her as the bride of Apollo, in contrast to the staging of her entrance as Agamemnon's bride. Other aspects of staging, moreover, cast Cassandra as a surrogate for Iphigenia. Attention to language and performance also suggests that Cassandra's cries to Apollo Agyiates are initiated by her perception not of an aniconic stone block, but of a statue of Apollo. My main concern throughout the argument will be the effect of Cassandra's relationship with Apollo on the action of the Oresteia as a whole.
Out of Chinatown and into the Suburbs: Chinese Americans and the Politics of Cultural Citizenship in Early Cold War America
Authors: Cheng Cindy I-Fen
Published: January 2007

This essay underscores how Chinese residence in the suburbs crucially shaped the fluctuating image of the suburbs as a place inclusive of racial and ethnic minorities and one that excluded racialized populations with its whites-only restriction. During the early cold war years from 1946 to 1965, the onslaught of Soviet propaganda against U.S. racism made incorporating racial and ethnic minorities within society's institutions imperative to establishing the credibility of American democracy over communism. As the suburbs came to signify the U.S. national identity, the contradictory meanings of suburbanization translated into competing visions of Americanness. Suburbanization as Americanization thus alternately denoted a process of forging whiteness as the marker of legitimate citizenry and of assimilating and recognizing all racial and ethnic minorities as Americans. While many sociological studies focused on Chinese residence in the suburbs as a way to attest to the success of Cold War democracy in creating a socially equitable society, other studies drew attention to the Chinese only to construct the "failure" of blacks to assimilate properly within U.S. society, thus justifying their social and spatial separation from whites. The Chinese significantly functioned in these studies to speak to the leveling of racial stratifications and to explaining the persistence of a white/black divide in early cold war America. This essay also explores the values and terms which shaped the Chinese into assimilable subjects and in particular, how cold war domesticity and its promotion of the ideal of middle-class heterosexual nuclear families influenced the constructed image of the Chinese. It highlights how sociological and historiographical studies along with newspapers and magazine articles published during the early cold war years focused on the growing presence of Chinese women in order to fashion the Chinese in conformity with the domestic ideal. This emphasis helped to transform the "segregated immobility" of bachelors into heterosexual nuclear families, fit for desegregated mobility. The presence of Chinese women thus crucially mediated the terms of cultural membership in the nation. The concluding examination of the Sing Sheng case where a Chinese family battled to reside in a whites-only neighborhood in South San Francisco develops the themes introduced in this essay. It demonstrates how popular newspapers narrated the contradiction over the meaning of Americanness into a contestation over who counts as an American. It also calls attention to the ways newspapers stressed Sheng's role as father, husband, and head of a heterosexual nuclear family, in order to construct him a desirable candidate for residence in the suburbs.
"The Whole Wilderness Shall Blossom As the Rose": Samson Occom, Joseph Johnson, and the Question of Native Settlement on Cooper's Frontier
Authors: Lopenzina Drew
Published: January 2007

This article investigates the formation of two wilderness communities that sprang up in proximity to one another on the American frontier in the late eighteenth century. Cooperstown, founded by William Cooper, the speculator/politician father of James Fenimore Cooper, comes to epitomize the American frontier spirit and produces archetypal narrative templates that remain stubbornly rooted in our national psyche to this day. Brotherton, founded by the Mohegan minister Samson Occom and a group of New England Natives, is equally invested in the dreams and national will of its citizens, and yet it is a settlement that is ultimately subsumed by the suffocating fact of white encroachment. In effect, Brotherton vanishes, falls off the map, thereby serving the American hegemonic dream as fully as Cooperstown. My investigation of these two settlements is necessarily an investigation into the struggle of Native communities to retain political autonomy under relentless colonial pressures. But it also details the unusual event of a Native people seizing control of their own fate, in this era of forced removals, by ordering their own exodus. I explore the complications inherent in the competing models of settlement for these two communities, particularly in terms of how vastly different we imagine the cultural dividing lines to be between Native and Euro-American, and how those perceived differences are enforced by dominant rhetorical strategies. I focus on the writings of Samson Occom and Joseph Johnson who must tap into the prevailing discourse of the day in order to project a viable future community and find the institutional support necessary for its formation. Through the production of letters, journal passages, speeches, sermons, and even hymnals, Occom and Johnson write their imagined community into being. By doing so, however, they are in some ways positioned into reimagining who they are as a people. Ultimately the settling of Cooperstown and Brotherton offers a remarkable instruction in contrast, denoting how the ideology that so invigorated the interests of one ethnic group came to be deployed by another. For the Native American individuals who boldly developed this scheme of emigration, the incredible risks become less the risks of logistics, i.e. travel, shelter, land cultivation, and more about the politics of identity. Through the writings of Occom and Johnson, however, I hope to illustrate how the Brotherton movement was also an act of continuance, or a deliberate effort to maintain autonomy, sovereignty, and a link to communal traditions of the past.
Babies and Bacteria: Phage Typing, Bacteriologists, and the Birth of Infection Control
Authors: Hillier Kathryn
Published: January 2007

During the 1950s, Staphylococcusaureus became a major source of hospital infections and death, particularly in neonates. This situation was further complicated by the fact that Staphylococcus quickly gained resistance to most antibiotics. Controlling these infections was a pressing concern for hospital workers, especially bacteriologists who tackled it through the use of a new epidemiologic tool: phage typing. This article argues that during the mid- to late 1950s a series of staphylococcal hospital and nursery epidemics united phage typers, brought international recognition to the usefulness of their technique, and, in the process, contributed to the establishment of the new field of infection control. Through the use of this new tool, phage typers established themselves as experts in infection control and, in some places, became essential members of newly formed infection-control committees. The nursery epidemics represent a particularly important test for phage typing and infection control, for this staphylococcal strain (80/81) was especially virulent and spread rapidly beyond the hospital to the wider community. The epidemiologic information provided by phage typers was vital for devising practical advice on how to control this deadly strain of Staphylococcus and also for transforming the role of the hospital bacteriologist from mere technician into infection-control expert.
Risks, Ethics, and Airport Security
Authors: O'Malley Pat
Published: January 2007

Il convient d'établir une distinction importante entre les mesures formelles et informelles de profilage des risques. Selon la plupart des acteurs, les mesures formelles en la matière, lesquelles s'inspirent de données statistiques, représentent la meilleure facÃ¼on de prédire et, partant, d'identifier des personnes ou des situations présentant un niveau élevé de risque. Cependant, il faut reconnaître que les profils formels sont fondés en grande partie sur des profils informels établis à partir des expériences et des cultures de travail de fonctionnaires oeuvrant dans le domaine de la sécurité. Il s'ensuit que les profils formels ont tendance à renfermer les mêmes erreurs et à exprimer des prophétie auto-réalisatrice qui engendrant des erreurs de fait ainsi que des conséquences discriminatoires pour les cas faux-positifs. Ceci dit, tous les profils accusent une multitude de problèmes. Par exemple, — et il s'agit du problème qui est sans doute le plus évident et le plus important —, les personnes faisant l'objet d'interdictions peuvent repérer facilement les mesures de profilage et modifier leurs opérations en conséquence en y intégrant des activités ou des individus qui ne correspondent pas aux profils établis. De là à conclure que les mesures de sécurité fondées entièrement sur l'analyse du risque pourront devenir moins efficaces que certaines solutions de rechange, telles que les interdictions ciblées aléatoirement. A key distinction needs to be made between formal and informal risk profiling. It is usually assumed that formal risk profiling, based on statistical data, provides an optimal means of prediction and thus of detecting high-risk individuals or situations. However, it must be recognized that formal profiles are based extensively on informal profiles — those built upon the experience and working cultures of security-related officials. Formal profiles are thus prone to the same errors and tend to produce self-fulfilling prophecies, resulting in both errors of fact and discriminatory consequences for falsepositive cases. All profiles, however, are fraught with problems, perhaps the most obvious and significant being that the targets of interdiction readily become aware of them and modify their operations to incorporate activities and/or individuals that do not fit existing profiles. Consequently, totally risk-based security, ironically, may become less effective than alternatives such as randomly assigned focused interdictions.
Holding On and Letting Go: The Perspectives of Pre-seniors and Seniors on Driving Self-Regulation in Later Life
Authors: Rudman Deborah Laliberte , Friedland Judith , Chipman Mary , Sciortino Paola
Published: January 2007

Although decisions related to driving are vital to well-being in later life, little is known about how aging drivers who do not experience a medical condition that requires driving cessation regulate their driving. This exploratory, qualitative study used focus groups with 79 such community-dwelling individuals to examine driving self-regulation from the perspective of pre-senior (aged 55–64) drivers, senior (aged 65 years or over) drivers, and senior ex-drivers. Themes resulting from inductive analysis addressed the importance of driving, mechanisms of self-monitoring and self-regulation, people who influenced decision making, and opinions regarding licensing regulations. A preliminary model of the process of self-regulation that highlights intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental influences on why, how, and when aging drivers adapt or cease driving is presented. The model identifies areas for future research to enhance understanding of this process, including the effectiveness of self-regulation. Findings suggest that increased public awareness of issues related to driving and aging could assist aging drivers, their families, and their family physicians in optimizing driving safety for this population. Since a near accident or accident was seen as the only factor that would lead many informants to stop driving and few informants planned for driving cessation, there is a need for interventions that help aging drivers make the transition to ex-driver in a timely and personally acceptable way.
Older Women and Sexuality: Experiences in Marital Relationships across the Life Course
Authors: Clarke Laura Hurd
Published: January 2007

Rates of sexual activity have been found to decline over the life course, as individuals experience marital transitions and the loss of partners, health problems, and decreased sexual interest. This article compares and contrasts earlier- and later-life sexual experiences and examines the changing meanings that older women ascribe to sexuality over the life course. Qualitative data from a study involving 24 women aged 52 to 90 who were remarried after age 50 illuminate a shift, as individuals age, from an emphasis on the importance of sexual intercourse and passion to a greater valuing of companionship, cuddling, affection, and intimacy. Situating the discussion in the context of changing cultural norms and sexual scripts, the article investigates the impact of health conditions on the women's sexual relationships as well as the women's tendency to have later-life sexual experiences more positive than were their earlier sexual experiences.
Travelling in Time: How to Wholly Exist in Two Places at the Same Time
Authors: Miller Kristie
Published: January 2007

It is possible to wholly exist at multiple spatial locations at the same time. At least, if time travel is possible and objects endure, then such must be the case. To accommodate this possibility requires the introduction of a spatial analog of either relativising properties to times — relativising properties to spatial locations — or of relativising the manner of instantiation to times — relativising the manner of instantiation to spatial locations. It has been suggested, however, that introducing irreducibly spatially relativised or spatially adverbialised properties presents some difficulties for the endurantist. I will consider an objection according to which embracing such spatially relativised properties could lead us to reject mereology altogether in favour of a metaphysics according to which objects are wholly present at every space-time point at which they exist. I argue that although such a view is coherent, there are some good reasons to reject it. Moreover, I argue that the endurantist can introduce spatially relativised or adverbialised properties without conceding that objects lack spatial parts. Such a strategy has the additional advantage that it allows the endurantist not only to explain time travel, but also to reconcile our competing intuitions about cases of fission.
Grass Roots and Deep Holes: Community Responses to Mining in Melanesia
Authors: Filer Colin , Macintyre Martha
Published: January 2007

This introduction contextualizes the discussion of community responses to mining in Melanesia by looking first at the policies of minerals extraction and the shift of academic interest from economic development to the social effects of mining. As this collection concentrates on Papua New Guinea, an analysis of the sector and its problems in that country is briefly contrasted with the situation in other Pacific Island nations, canvassing the idea that the economic "resource curse" might have a social dimension. The varying interpretations of local impact and anthropological studies have challenged notions of unified interest or consensus at the local level, revealing ambivalence and contradictions. An overview of the contributions made in this special issue to current debates about stakeholder interests and economic sustainability is presented, showing that understandings of mining and its social consequences at each stage of the process are always inflected by the cultural conceptions of change, wealth, and resources that obtain in a community.
Cannibalistic Imaginaries: Mining the Natural and Social Body in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon
Published: January 2007

The history of Wau township in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, is intimately linked with the development of gold mining throughout the region. The site of a series of gold rushes in the 1920s, Wau emerged as an early administrative outpost, a town complete with all the trappings of frontier Australian communities. In recent years, Wau has declined, and the Biangai communities reflect on this decline in ways that manipulate both the early colonial discourses and their own. Central to these discussions are images of cannibalism, as the consumption of both living flesh and ancestral landscapes. In this paper I examine the gold rush, how early prospectors conceptualized the colonial project, and what Wau's subsequent decline has meant to the Biangai who now pursue new mining opportunities. I trace these events and perspectives through historical and present-day discourses. Throughout, a fascination with mountains, gold, and "cannibals" is prominent, with Wau emerging out of struggles to conquer these elements of the landscape. Cannibalism remains a pervasive theme in contemporary Biangai discourses as they now try to recreate an era of successful gold mining and community life in and around Wau by overcoming many of the same elements. However, the moral terrain between consuming flesh, consuming land, and consuming gold are differently deployed in order to explain success and failure, and to imagine the nation.
Local Laborers in Papua New Guinea Mining: Attracted or Compelled to Work?
Authors: Imbun Benedict Y
Published: January 2007

This paper examines Papua New Guinean participation in mining from the perspective of furnishing labor. It throws light not just on current employment arrangements but also on the historical emergence of the local miner and wider canvas of age-old attitudes and traditions influencing workers' perspectives on work. Analysis of a variety of data collected through interviews, document analysis, and direct observations of a number of events in Porgera and other mines indicate that Papua New Guinean mine workers are in a transitional phase of becoming full-fledged workers. Many of the current challenges stem from the recent introduction of capitalism into the previously predominantly subsistence sector. However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that local mine workers are becoming more attached to paid work and this attitude is embraced by an increasing number of educated and skilled workers. This trend is set to continue as more mines become operational and as the country in general develops economically.
The Senior Year Transition: Women Undergraduates Search for a Path
Authors: Allen Jeanie K. , Taylor Kathleen
Published: January 2007

This qualitative study compares experiences of two groups of senior women undergraduates: those who did and those who did not have a postgraduation plan. From analysis based on two constructive-developmental models, different paths emerged along the continuum from exploration to commitment. These findings suggest implications for career centers, pedagogy, and experiential education.
Differentiating Adjudicated From Nonadjudicated Freshmen Men: The Role of Alcohol Expectancies, Tension, and Concern About Health
Authors: LaBrie Joseph W , Tawalbeh Summer , Earleywine Mitchell
Published: January 2007

Identifying students at risk for violating alcohol policies could help college administrators minimize many problems. In this study, 154 male college freshmen [mean age 18.01 (SD�=�.50); 63% (n�=�54) Caucasian], 68 of whom had been adjudicated for violating alcohol policies, completed an initial questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics and beliefs about drinking as well as a Timeline Followback of previous drinking behavior. Compared to the 86 nonadjudicated participants, adjudicated men were more likely to be Caucasian, from higher income families, involved in heavy drinking, and higher on positive alcohol expectancies. They reported less concern about their health and less tension. A logistic regression with these variables successfully distinguished between the two groups. Health and tension items alone correctly classified the groups almost as well. Results suggest that simple assessments about tension and concern for health may identify male students in need of prevention efforts.
The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of NSSE Scalelet Scores
Authors: Pike Gary R
Published: January 2007

Faculty and administrators are more likely to take responsibility for student learning and development if they believe that assessment data represent their students and identify specific actions for improvement. An earlier study found that NSSE scalelets provide dependable metrics for assessing student engagement at the university, college, and department levels. Building on the earlier study, the findings of the current research indicate that the NSSE scalelets have greater explanatory power and provide richer detail than the NSSE benchmarks.
Goodall in America: The Exchange Engineer as Vector in International Technology Transfer
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the role of the exchange engineer in international technology transfer. It takes as example the transfer of aircraft carrier technology from Great Britain to the United States during World War I, and describes how that individual interpreted the design knowledge from the drawings, allowing the U.S. engineers to grasp the underlying principles of the new technology and adapt it to their own needs. The exchange engineer, a British constructor named Stanley V. Goodall, was brought to the United States to help lead the nascent effort in battlecruiser design. Within months of his arrival, he was assisting in the design of the then-novel aircraft carrier. The United States had plans and drawings of similar British ships, but this on its own would not allow a new design based on U.S. military needs. Using Goodall's designs and interpretation of the strategic and tactical requirements that led to the technical characteristics of the British carriers, the U.S. designers developed their own version of this new ship. The 1922 Washington Treaty stopped the construction of the battlecruisers (which were based on Goodall's designs), and instead the U.S. Navy built on their half-finished hulls, a pair of aircraft carriers Lexington and Saratoga, that also came from Goodall's designs. The first U.S. fleet aircraft carriers were therefore designed by a British constructor, demonstrating the utility of the exchange engineer as a vector in technology transfer. The conclusions argue that such exchanges bear the greatest fruit when the technologies address novel concepts of operation, rather than simply improving upon well-understood doctrine.
Family structure transitions and adolescent well-being
Authors: Brown Susan L.
Published: January 2007

Using data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I extend prior research on family transitions and adolescent well-being by examining the influence of parental marital and cohabitation transitions on adolescent delinquency, depression, and school engagement. Adolescents who experienced a family transition reported decreased well-being, on average, relative to those in stable, two-biological-parent families. Specific comparisons of various types of family stability and change revealed that cohabitation is often associated with poorer outcomes. Moving out of a cohabiting stepfamily into a single-mother family was not harmful and was actually associated with improvements in school engagement. Moving into a cohabiting stepfamily from a single-mother family decreased adolescent well-being, and this impact was greater than that experienced by those who moved into a married stepfamily. Stable cohabiting stepfamilies were associated with lower levels of well-being than stable married stepfamilies. Formalization of a cohabiting stepfamily through marriage did not translate into any appreciable benefits for adolescent well-being.
Cleaning up their act: The effects of marriage and cohabitation on licit and illicit drug use
Authors: Duncan Greg J. , Wilkerson Bessie , England Paula
Published: January 2007

We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to estimate changes in binge drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking surrounding young adults’ first experiences of cohabitation and marriage. Both marriage and cohabitation are accompanied by decreases in some risk behaviors, but reductions surrounding marriage are larger and most consistent, particularly for men. Binge drinking and marijuana use respond to these events, especially marriage, but smoking does not.
Education and black-white interracial marriage
Authors: Gullickson Aaron
Published: January 2007

This article examines competing theoretical claims regarding how an individual’s education will affect his or her likelihood of interracial marriage. I demonstrate that prior models of interracial marriage have failed to adequately distinguish the joint and marginal effects of education on interracial marriage and present a model capable of distinguishing these effects. I test this model on black-white interracial marriages using 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. census data. The results reveal partial support for status exchange theory within black male-white female unions and strong isolation of lower-class blacks from the interracial marriage market. Structural assimilation theory is not supported because the educational attainment of whites is not related in any consistent fashion to the likelihood of interracial marriage. The strong isolation of lower-class blacks from the interracial marriage market has gone unnoticed in prior research because of the failure of prior methods to distinguish joint and marginal effects.
The Dependent Character of Development Planning in Tanzania
Authors: Mongula Benedict
Published: January 2007

This paper examines development planning in one particular developing country, namely Tanzania, and the problem of dependency associated with it. It analyses Tanzania's shift from a comprehensive development planning to a decentralized planning in 1980 in terms of sector and area plans and indicative planning, in the form of Poverty Reduction Strategy. This shift, which had more to do with the surge of neoliberalism than domestic conditions, resulted in a simplified and more interactive planning, and lesser dependency on foreign experts than before. While Tanzania experienced rapid economic growth under the new planning regime, this was not without serious trade-offs, particularly in terms of reduced priority to industrialization and economic nationalism. The paper shows the various planning approaches as having been donor-driven, and also maintains that the way the Government has recently been trying to institutionalize O&OD planning is likely to lead to village dependency on the Districts.
Could a Muslim Be President? An Eighteenth-Century Constitutional Debate
Authors: Spellberg D. A. (Denise A.)
Published: January 2007

The essay investigates how a single day's debate in 1788 over the ratification of the Constitution in North Carolina forced Federalists to defend the future possibility of a Muslim president. This essay traces how an alternative vision of Muslims as potential American citizens emerged at a time when most contemporary depictions of Islam represented the faith and its adherents as both theological and political threats. The intent of this investigation is to complicate the concept of Muslims as a mere monolith in American thought by situating a range of references to them in a specific dialogue between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The debate also contained signal implications for Catholics and Jews, who were compared throughout these heated exchanges to Muslims.
Searching for Virtue: Physiognomy, Sociability and Taste in Isabelle Teotochi Albrizzi's Ritratti
Authors: Dalton Susan
Published: January 2007

One of the most famous Venetian women of her time, Isabella Teotochi Albrizzi (1760–1836) was known not only for her salon, but also for her published works. One of these pieces, Teotochi Albrizzi's Ritratti (1807), a series of literary portraits, reveals Europe's concern over the simulation of virtue in a society beginning to judge merit by behavior and self-presentation rather than birth. Teotochi Albrizzi's portraits demonstrate the strategies used to discern character and how the author drew on ideas concerning sexual difference in the realm of aesthetics to address concerns raised by shifting practices of sociability.
Natural History and the Pursuit of Empire in Eighteenth-Century Spain
Authors: De Vos Paula Susan
Published: January 2007

The Archive of the Indies in Seville, Spain, contains a series of documents that attest to the widespread investigation and collection of natural history specimens by colonial officials in Spanish America in the eighteenth century. These natural history collections, overlooked by most historians of the period, are of crucial importance to understanding the relationship between science, imperial politics, and economic goals in Enlightenment Spain. Although they grew out of a centuries-long tradition of bureaucratic information-gathering within the Spanish Empire, these collections also demonstrated innovation in the way they were administered and in the types of specimens sought. In this way, the collections highlight the connection between natural history and political economy made by a number of key reformers of the period and thus serve to represent the reforming spirit of the Spanish Crown in the eighteenth century.
"The Science of Sciences": Replication and Reproduction in Lavater's Physiognomics
Authors: Lyon John B.
Published: January 2007

Johann Caspar Lavater's science of physiognomics reads human character traits from external physical features. This "science," presented in a four-volume work replete with reproduced images, reflects Lavater's desire to fuse two emerging, yet distinct paradigms of reproduction: scientific replication (the scientific method) and aesthetic reproduction (artistic imitation). Despite his claims to scientific accuracy, however, Lavater values flawed artistic reproductions over accurate, replicable data. The aesthetic truths in imperfect reproductions, unlike the replicable truths of science, require his presence as a mediator. Lavater's physignomics, in favoring the aesthetic over the scientific, reproduces its creator as a mediator of truth.
Dickinson and Mathematics
Authors: Chu Seo-Young Jennie
Published: January 2007

Logical and precise in her application of mathematical language, Dickinson frequently employed such concepts as pi and exponential power to organize her speculations about death, wonder, the nature of time, and the limits of human knowledge.
Emancipation through Secularization: French Feminist Views of Muslim Women's Condition in Interwar Algeria
Authors: Kimble Sara L
Published: January 2007

Cet article examine la condition des musulmanes algériennes telle que vue par des féministes françaises entre les deux guerres mondiales. Une série de colloques nationaux et internationaux dans la région méditerranéenne analysa les limitations imposées sur les filles et les femmes musulmanes par la tradition patriarcale et s'adressa au gouvernement pour demander des réformes. Cet article démontre que ces féministes françaises approuvaient la « mission civilisatrice » de la France et conseillaient des mesures visant la modernisation, « le progrès » et la laïcité en Algérie. Alors que ces féministes orientalistes critiquaient le Code Civil de 1804 comme une source de l'inégalité des femmes françaises, elles préconisaient son imposition en Algérie pour supplanter les vestiges du droit islamique. Les tentatives de coopération entre les féministes de France et leurs interlocutrices algériennes furent gênées par des tensions irréconciliables entre laïcité et religiosité.
Urbanisme, hygienisme et prostitution a Casablanca dans les annees 1920
Authors: Taraud Christelle
Published: January 2007

As soon as France conquered Algiers in 1830, the French administration organized a coercive system aimed at controlling, regulating, concentrating, imprisoning, and capitalizing prostitution in North Africa. From military-campaign brothels to red-light districts (Bousbir in Casablanca or Abdallah Guèche in Tunis), the agents of colonial rule (police, doctors, and brothel keepers) transformed and marginalized the world of prostitution—especially in major urban areas. Both in image and in reality, the issue of prostitution reveals much about colonial society, indigenous as well as European, in particular through the lens of intercommunity sexuality. This article explores the regulatory system and the violence it produced, using the example of Bousbir in Casablanca during the 1920s.
Early Childhood Development and Social Mobility
Authors: Barnett W. Steven , Belfield C. R
Published: January 2007

Steven Barnett and Clive Belfield examine the effects of preschool education on social mobility in the United States. They note that under current policy three- and four-year-old children from economically and educationally disadvantaged families have higher preschool attendance rates than other children. But current programs fail to enroll even half of poor three- and four-year-olds. Hispanics and children of mothers who drop out of school also participate at relatively low rates. The programs also do little to improve learning and development.

The most effective programs, they explain, are intensive interventions such as the model Abecedarian and Perry Preschool programs, which feature highly qualified teachers and small group sizes. State preschool programs with the highest standards rank next, followed by Head Start and the average state program, which produce effects ranging from one-tenth to one-quarter of those of the best programs. Typical child care and family support programs rank last.

Barnett and Belfield point out that preschool programs raise academic skills on average, but do not appear to have notably different effects for different groups of children, and so do not strongly enhance social mobility. In such areas as crime, welfare, and teen parenting, however, preschool seems more able to break links between parental behaviors and child outcomes.

Increased investment in preschool, conclude Barnett and Belfield, could raise social mobility. Program expansions targeted to disadvantaged children would help them move up the ladder, as would a more universal set of policies from which disadvantaged children gained disproportionately. Increasing the educational effectiveness of early childhood programs would provide for greater gains in social mobility than increasing participation rates alone.

The authors observe that if future expansions of preschool programs end up serving all children, not just the poorest, society as a whole would gain. Benefits would exceed costs and there would be more economic growth, but relative gains for disadvantaged children would be smaller than absolute gains because there would be some (smaller) benefits to other children.
Children's Health and Social Mobility
Authors: Case Anne , Paxson Christina H
Published: January 2007

Children from low-income families are more likely than other children to have serious health problems. And, as Anne Case and Christina Paxson show, childhood health problems can prevent poor children from achieving economic success as adults.

Income-related disparities in childhood health are evident at birth or even before, and the disparities grow more pronounced as children grow older. Not only do poor children have more severe health problems than wealthier children, but they fare less well than wealthier children who have the same problems. They also receive less and lower-quality medical care for their problems. And poor families may be less well equipped to manage their children's health problems, which could worsen their effects.

The available U.S. data sets do not allow researchers to track individuals' health and economic well-being from birth into adulthood, but three British data sets are producing growing evidence that health in childhood is a determinant of educational attainment, which in turn affects adults' employment opportunities and wages. Children in poor health are also more likely to have poor health as adults, and their health as adults adversely affects their economic status.

Case and Paxson note that eliminating income-related disparities in health problems in childhood would do little to reduce earnings disparities between richer and poorer adults. However, they emphasize that, for children in poor health, improvement in physical condition in childhood would lead to substantial improvement in economic circumstances.

The authors cite several areas, including expanded prenatal care, maternal smoking cessation programs, and nutrition programs, as deserving particular attention. They contend that increased access to health care is not sufficient to improve children's health. The next wave of policies should focus on improving the quality of health care and strengthening the ability of parents to manage their children's health problems.
Objects on a Table: Anxiety and Still Life in Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Wilhelm Randall S
Published: January 2007

In A Farewell to Arms, informed by his study of modern painting, Hemingway creates a highly-coded visual text where objects frequently speak volumes. Hemingway's repeated focus on objects, especially in certain passages framed as still-life compositions, performs as a strategy for revealing characters' hidden desires, motivations, and anxieties. Specifically, Hemingway uses an array of still-life structures as a distancing strategy that allows the narrator, Frederic Henry, to both mask and reveal his emotional turmoil surrounding the death of Catherine Barkley. At the novel's conclusion, she becomes the narrative's most treasured "object on a table."
Emergency Room Use and Access to Primary Care: Evidence from Houston, Texas
Authors: Begley Charles E. , Vojvodic Rachel Westheimer , Seo Munseok , Burau Keith
Published: January 2007

To cope with the rising number of uninsured, communities around the country are pursuing a variety of strategies to expand local health care safety nets. One measure that has been suggested to evaluate what is working is primary care-related emergency department (ED) visits. In this paper, we evaluate the applicability of this measure as an access indicator by examining its correlation with other indicators of medical under-service.

We obtained ED visit data from safety net hospitals in Houston, Texas and applied the New York University ED Algorithm to estimate the rate of visits that were primary care-related. We then examined at the ZIP code level the correlation of primary care-related ED visits per 1,000 population with the federal government's Index of Medical Underservice (IMU), the poverty rate, and the uninsurance rate.

Primary care-related ED visits were found to be weakly correlated with the IMU and strongly correlated with the rate of uninsurance and poverty. These findings suggest that the combination of this indicator with other measures of access could be used to monitor and evaluate local initiatives designed to expand care and coverage to the medically underserved.
Self-perceived Loss of Control and Untreated Dental Decay in African American Adults With and Without Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Laurence Brian , Woods Dexter , George David , Onyekwere Onyinye , Katz Ralph V , Lanzkron Sophie , Diener-West Marie , Powe Neil
Published: January 2007

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between self-perceived loss of control as measured by dental external locus of control summary scores, with the amount of untreated dental decay in African American adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) and African Americans adults without SCD. The sample included 102 subjects with SCD and 103 subjects without SCD matched on age, sex, and recruitment location (mean age of all subjects 35.4 years, 55.6% female). Subjects with SCD in the highest quartile for dental external locus of control summary scores had 2.58-fold (CI 1.05, 6.34) as much untreated decay as those in the lowest quartile (p<.05) in multivariable analysis using the negative binomial regression model. For subjects without SCD, those in the highest quartile for dental external locus of control summary scores had 3.00-fold (CI 1.38, 6.49) as much untreated decay as those in the lowest quartile (p<.05) using similar analysis. This study showed that higher dental external locus of control is associated with increased untreated tooth decay, both for African Americans with and without SCD and that the magnitude of the association did not differ across groups.
Socioeconomic Status and Medical Care Expenditures in Medicare Managed Care
Authors: Kapur Kanika , Rogowski Jeannette A , Freedman Vicki A , Wickstrom Steven L , Adams John L , Escarce JosÃ© J
Published: January 2007

This study examined the effects of education, income, and wealth on medical care expenditures in two Medicare managed care plans. The study also sought to elucidate the pathways through which socioeconomic status (SES) affects expenditures, including preferences for health and medical care and ability to navigate the managed care system. We found that education, income, and wealth all affected medical care expenditures, although the effects of these variables differed across expenditure categories. Moreover, the effects of these SES variables were much smaller than the effects found in earlier studies of fee-for-service Medicare. The pathway variables also were associated with expenditures. Accounting for the pathways through which SES affects expenditures narrowed the effect of SES on expenditures; however, the change in the estimates was very small.
The Tuskegee Legacy Project: Willingness of Minorities to Participate in Biomedical Research
Authors: Katz Ralph V , Kegeles S. Steven , Kressin Nancy R , Green B. Lee , Wang Min Qi , James Sherman A , Russell Stefanie Luise , Claudio Cristina
Published: January 2007

The broad goal of the Tuskegee Legacy Project (TLP) study was to address, and understand, a range of issues related to the recruitment and retention of Blacks and other minorities in biomedical research studies. The specific aim of this analysis was to compare the self-reported willingness of Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites to participate as research subjects in biomedical studies, as measured by the Likelihood of Participation (LOP) Scale and the Guinea Pig Fear Factor (GPFF) Scale. The Tuskegee Legacy Project Questionnaire, a 60 item instrument, was administered to 1,133 adult Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites in 4 U.S. cities. The findings revealed no difference in self-reported willingness to participate in biomedical research, as measured by the LOP Scale, between Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites, despite Blacks being 1.8 times as likely as Whites to have a higher fear of participation in biomedical research on the GPFF Scale.
Youth Assets and Sexual Abstinence in Native American Youth
Authors: Oman Roy F , Vesely Sara K , Aspy Cheryl B , Tolma Eleni , Rodine Sharon , Marshall LaDonna , Fluhr Janene
Published: January 2007

Compared with youth of other races/ethnicities, Native American youth (ages 15–19 years) are more likely to have participated in sexual intercourse, thus placing them at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unintended pregnancies. This study's purpose was to investigate relationships among protective factors (assets) and sexual intercourse in a Native American youth population. Data were collected from Native American youth and their parents (N=126 youth/parent pairs) living in randomly-selected households using in-person, in-home interview methods. Nine youth assets were the independent variables and never had sexual intercourse was the dependent variable. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. One significant (p<.05) asset main effect and one asset by youth age interaction were found. Youth with the Non-Parental Adult Role Models asset were 3.8 times more likely to have never had sex compared with youth without the asset. Further study of the influence of protective factors among Native American youth is warranted.
Testimony: Beyond the Language of Truth
Authors: Strejilevich Nora
Published: January 2007

Tension exists between the ways in which testimonies voice their truth, and the expectations readers or listeners have regarding what truth means and how it should be voiced. Society favors systematizing testimony as a collection of facts whereas testimony after genocide does not abide by the rules established by the scientific/academic/legal apparatus. Rather, it voices the intimate, subjective, deep dimension of horror. Having witnessed the abyss of atrocity, survivors can no longer rely on knowledge or facts as the basis for thinking. It is mostly in the realm of literature where recounting becomes an elaboration of language so that it can invoke the true nature of the "event." Based on authors such as Giorgio Agamben, Hannah Arendt, Ariel Dorfman, Shoshana Felman, Dominique LaCapra, Dori Laub, and Walter Benjamin, this article underscores the role of testimony as a means for working through traumatic memories and for social and cultural resistance—a must for the ethical recovery of a community after the experience of utmost exclusion.
"The Compelling Dialogue of Freedom": Human Rights at the Bandung Conference
Authors: Burke Roland
Published: January 2007

This article explores the place of human rights at the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, a meeting that founded the Third World as a political entity. Contrary to most existing accounts of the conference, which emphasize the anti-colonialism and latent anti-Westernism of the participants, it will argue that there was a significant positive engagement with human rights by a range of newly decolonized states. When recognition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was challenged by Communist China, that document found enthusiastic champions at the conference, including Charles Malik, one of the major figures involved in its creation.