bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the anti‐platelet actions of FK419, a novel non‐peptide antagonist of platelet GPIIb/IIIa
Authors: Mihara Kayoko , Aoki Toshiaki , Moriguchi Akira , Yamamoto Hiroko , Maeda Masashi , Tojo Nobuteru , Yamanaka Toshio , Ohkubo Mitsuru , Matsuoka Nobuya , Seki Jiro , Mutoh Seitaro
Published: September 2004

The anti‐platelet properties of FK419 ((S)‐2‐acetylamino‐3‐[(R)‐[1‐[3‐(piperidin‐4‐yl)propionyl]piperidin‐3‐ylcarbonyl] amino]propionic acid), a novel non‐peptide GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, were compared in a variety of experimental settings, both in vitro and in vivo, with other GPIIb/IIIa antagonists including xemilofiban, lamifiban, tirofiban, and FK633. Receptor binding studies suggested that FK419 had potent GPIIb/IIIa antagonistic activity that is comparable with those of reference antagonists. FK419 effectively inhibited human platelet aggregation, regardless of agonist stimuli (IC50 = 35–170 nM). FK419 demonstrated in vitro species‐dependent anti‐platelet activity, with higher potency in human than in dog, guinea pig, or rat tissue, and dose‐dependently inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation in dogs and guinea pigs. In contrast to other antagonists, FK419 minimally affected template bleeding time at doses that completely inhibited platelet aggregation in canines. These results demonstrate that FK419 is a novel, potent, and selective GPIIb/IIIa antagonist that safely inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo, suggesting that it may be a promising anti‐platelet agent for thrombotic diseases. Drug Dev. Res. 61:233–241, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacillus Calmette Guérin triggers the IL‐12/IFN‐γ axis by an IRAK‐4‐ and NEMO‐dependent, non‐cognate interaction between monocytes, NK, and T lymphocytes
Authors: Feinberg Jacqueline , Fieschi Claire , Doffinger Rainer , Feinberg Max , Leclerc Tony , Boisson‐Dupuis Stéphanie , Picard Capucine , Bustamante Jacinta , Chapgier Ariane , Filipe‐Santos Orchidée , Ku Cheng‐Lung , de Beaucoudrey Ludovic , Reichenbach Janine , Antoni Guillemette , Baldé Ramatoulaye , Alcaïs Alexandre , Casanova Jean‐Laurent
Published: September 2004

The IL‐12/IFN‐γ axis is crucial for protective immunity to Mycobacterium in humans and mice. Our goal was to analyze the relative contribution of various human blood cell subsets and molecules to the production of, or response to IL‐12 and IFN‐γ. We designed an assay for the stimulation of whole blood by live M. bovis Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) alone, or BCG plus IL‐12 or IFN‐γ, measuring IFN‐γ and IL‐12 levels. We studied patients with a variety of specific inherited immunodeficiencies resulting in a lack of leukocytes, or T, B, and/or NK lymphocytes, or polymorphonuclear cells, or a lack of expression of key molecules such as HLA class II, CD40L, NF‐κB essential modulator (NEMO), and IL‐1 receptor‐associated kinase‐4 (IRAK‐4). Patients with deficiencies in IL‐12p40, IL‐12 receptor β1 chain (IL‐12Rβ1), IFN‐γR1, IFN‐γR2, and STAT‐1 were used as internal controls. We showed that monocytes were probably the main producers of IL‐12, and that NK and T cells produced similar amounts of IFN‐γ. NEMO and IRAK‐4 were found to be important for IL‐12 production and subsequent IFN‐γ production, while a lack of CD40L or HLA class II had no major impact on the IL‐12/IFN‐γ axis. The stimulation of whole blood by live BCG thus triggers the IL‐12/IFN‐γ axis by an IRAK‐4‐ and NEMO‐dependent, non‐cognate interaction between monocytes, NK, and T lymphocytes.
Commentary: New insights into the complexity of phosphatidylinositol lipid signaling in B lymphocytes
Authors: Tybulewicz Victor L. J.
Published: September 2004

Stimulation of B cells through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) leads to the activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways including phosphoinositide (PI) 3‐kinases (PI3K). These generate the 3‐PI lipids which in turn act as critical second messengers. Gene‐targeting experiments had shown that B cells deficient in p85α, an adaptor protein required for PI3K function, were defective in their ability to proliferate in response to BCR stimulation. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Hess et al. report analysis of intracellular signaling pathways in p85α‐deficient B cells and show that in the absence of p85α there is a partial impairment in BCR‐induced calcium flux, and a reduction in activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB. Unexpectedly, they show that while the BCR‐induced phosphorylation of the PI3K‐dependent kinase Akt is reduced in p85α‐deficient cells, the phosphorylation of two downstream targets of Akt – FOXO1 and ribosomal protein S6 – is largely unaffected. Furthermore, they show that treatment of wild‐type B cells with PI3K inhibitors had a more profound effect than disruption of the p85α gene. Taken together, these results indicate that in the absence of p85α, there is still significant residual PI3K activity. These results highlight the need for careful measurement of PI3K activity in gene‐targeted mice and cells, by directly measuring levels of the 3‐PI lipids.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425326
Fundamental differences in spontaneous synaptic inhibition between deep and superficial layers of the rat entorhinal cortex
Authors: Woodhall Gavin L. , Bailey Sarah J. , Thompson Sarah E. , Evans D. Ieuan P. , Jones Roland S.G.
Published: September 2004

We have previously shown that there are clear differences between spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents recorded in layers V and II of the rat entorhinal cortex (EC) in vitro, and have suggested that these might contribute to a more pronounced susceptibility of the deeper layer to epileptogenesis. In the present study, we have made a detailed comparison of spontaneous synaptic inhibition between the two layers by recording spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents (sIPSCs) using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques in EC slices. Pharmacological studies indicated that sIPSCs were mediated exclusively by γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. There was little difference in average amplitudes, rise or decay times of sIPSCs in layer II compared with layer V. However, in the former, events occurred at 4–5 times the frequency seen in the latter, and frequencies of ≤40 Hz were not uncommon. When activity‐independent, miniature IPSCs were isolated in tetrodotoxin (TTX), the frequency in layer V was more than halved, but in layer II only a small reduction was seen, and the frequency remained very high. In terms of kinetics, while averaged sIPSCs in each layer were very similar, detailed comparison of individual sIPSCs within layers revealed distinct differences, possibly reflecting inputs from different subtypes of interneurons or inputs at different somatodendritic locations. In layer V, sIPSCs could be divided into three groups, one with slow rise and decay kinetics and a second with fast rise kinetics, further distinguished into two groups by either fast or slow decay kinetics. The distinction between events in layer II was simpler, one group having both fast rise and decay times and the second with both parameters much slower. Finally, IPSCs could occur in high‐frequency bursts in both layers, although these were much more prevalent in layer II. The results are discussed in terms of the overall level of background inhibition in the two layers, as well as how this might relate to their susceptibilities to epileptogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving mother–child interaction in low‐income Turkish–Dutch families: A study of mechanisms mediating improvements resulting from participating in a home‐based preschool intervention program
Authors: Tuijl Cathy van , Leseman Paul P.M.
Published: September 2004

This study examined whether the effects on cognitive and language outcomes of a recently developed home‐based educational intervention program, Opstap Opnieuw, for 4–6‐years‐old disadvantaged children could be explained by improved mother–child interaction. The present sample (n=30) was drawn from a larger sample of Turkish–Dutch families (n=181) for which in a previous study significant effects of Opstap Opnieuw were found on children's (first) language and cognitive pre‐math skill, 5 months after the program ended. The present study focused on two facets of interaction quality as possible mediators of these program effects: the mean cognitive distancing level of mothers' communication and instruction behaviour as an indicator of the cognitive and verbal stimulation provided, and the degree of cooperation as an indicator of mothers' social‐emotional support to their children. Both measures were based on systematic observation of mother–child interaction during sorting tasks. Participation in the program appeared to improve mothers' social‐emotional support behaviour substantially, but not their cognitive distancing behaviour. For Turkish (first language) vocabulary, about half of the program effect appeared to be mediated by the improved social‐emotional support. For cognitive pre‐mathematical skills, two‐thirds of the program effect appeared to be mediated by improved social‐emotional support. Mothers' cognitive distancing was moderately‐strongly related to children's vocabulary development, but did not mediate program effects. Some implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations of HLA‐A*0201 complexed with a tumor‐specific antigenic peptide: Can the α3 and β2m domains be neglected?
Authors: Wan Shunzhou , Coveney Peter , Flower Darren R.
Published: September 2004

Large‐scale massively parallel molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein HLA‐A*0201 bound to a decameric tumor‐specific antigenic peptide GVYDGREHTV were performed using a scalable MD code on high‐performance computing platforms. Such computational capabilities put us in reach of simulations of various scales and complexities. The supercomputing resources available for this study allow us to compare directly differences in the behavior of very large molecular models; in this case, the entire extracellular portion of the peptide–MHC complex vs. the isolated peptide binding domain. Comparison of the results from the partial and the whole system simulations indicates that the peptide is less tightly bound in the partial system than in the whole system. From a detailed study of conformations, solvent‐accessible surface area, the nature of the water network structure, and the binding energies, we conclude that, when considering the conformation of the α1–α2 domain, the α3 and β2m domains cannot be neglected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1803–1813, 2004
Omitting axillary lymph node dissection in sentinel node negative breast cancer patients is safe: A long term follow‐up analysis
Authors: Torrenga Hans , Fabry Hans , van der Sijp Joost R.M. , van Diest Paul J. , Pijpers Rik , Meijer Sybren
Published: September 2004

Purpose

To evaluate the rate of axillary recurrences in sentinel node (SN) negative breast cancer patients without further axillary lymph node dissection (ALND).

Patients and Methods

Between October 1994 and November 1999, all SN negative breast cancer patients who did not underwent complete ALND were enrolled in this prospective study. SN biopsy was performed by using the triple technique which combines preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative use of blue dye, and a handheld gamma probe to visualize and localize the SN. SNs were examined by standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). During the first year after surgery all patients underwent clinical examination at 3 monthly intervals. This follow‐up interval was prolonged to 6 month after the first year.

Results

From the 104 patients, 93 (89%) underwent breast‐conserving therapy; all remaining patients were treated by modified radical mastectomy. In 91 cases a ductal carcinoma and in 13 cases a lobular carcinoma was diagnosed. One SN was removed in 80, two SNs in 18, and three SNs in 2 patients. Twenty patients received systemic therapy based on age and primary tumor characteristics. After a median follow‐up of 57 month only one axillary recurrence was observed. During follow‐up three patients developed distant metastases. One of these patient with metastases to the bone is alive with evidence of disease. The remaining two patients died 9 and 19 month after surgery.

Conclusions

Our long term follow‐up results indicate that survival is excellent (98%) and local axillary control is adequate (99%) after omitting ALND in a group of 104 SN negative breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:4–7. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of long‐term survival in pN3 gastric cancer patients
Authors: Kim Junuk , Cheong Jae Ho , Hyung Woo Jin , Shen Jianguo , Choi Seung Ho , Noh Sung Hoon
Published: September 2004

Background and Objectives

Patients with pN3 gastric cancer are classified as having a stage IV disease just by virtue of having more than 15 metastatic lymph nodes according to the 5th UICC cancer staging criteria. We tried to verify whether the pN3 gastric cancer patients truly constitute a homogeneous group with the same poor prognosis by looking for predictors of long‐term survival within the group.

Methods

Medical records of 347 patients who had gastrectomy with D2/D3 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer and diagnosed with pN3 disease by pathology, between January 1987 and December 1997 were reviewed. Clinicopathologic prognostic variables were evaluated as predictors of long‐term survival by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

The overall 5‐year survival rate was 13.0% (95% CI, 9.3–16.6%). The extent of gastric resection and metastatic lymph node ratio were significant independent predictors of long‐term survival on multivariate analysis. The 5‐year survival rates for the subtotal and total gastrectomy groups were 18.2 and 8.8%, respectively. The 5‐year survival rate according to the metastatic lymph node ratio was 20.2, 8.9, and 1.9% when the ratio was <0.33, 0.33–0.67, and > 0.67, respectively.

Conclusions

Patients with pN3 gastric cancer appear to be a heterogeneous group with clinicopathologic predictors that identify subgroups with significantly different long‐term prognoses. The metastatic lymph node ratio may serve as a valuable tool to predict the long‐term prognosis of these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:9–13. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life after colon interposition by necessity for esophageal cancer replacement
Authors: Cense Huib A. , Visser Mechteld R.M. , van Sandick Johanna W. , de Boer Angela G.E.M. , Lamme Bas , Obertop Huug , van Lanschot J. Jan B.
Published: September 2004

Background

After esophagectomy for cancer, the first choice for reconstruction of the gastrointestinal continuity is by gastric tube. When this is not feasible, a reconstruction by colon interposition can be performed. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life in patients at least 6 months after esophageal cancer resection and colon interposition without signs of recurrent disease. The results were compared with previously published data of patients after esophageal cancer resection and gastric tube reconstruction.

Patients and Methods

Between January 1993 and January 2002, 36 patients underwent esophageal cancer resection and gastrointestinal reconstruction by colon interposition. A one‐time Quality of Life assessment was carried out in 14 patients who were still disease free after a median follow‐up of 21 months (mean 35, range 7–97). The patients were visited at home and asked to fill in questionnaires which consisted of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) Health Survey to assess general quality of life, an adapted Rotterdam Symptom Checklist to assess disease‐specific quality of life, a visual analogue scale, and an additional questionnaire concerning other specific effects of the operation.

Results

All 14 patients returned the completed set of questionnaires. Compared to the previously published results of patients after gastric tube reconstruction patients with a colon interposition scored significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in five of the eight subscales of the SF‐36 questionnaire (i.e. general health, physical role, vitality, social functioning, and mental health). The most frequent symptoms measured by the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist were early satiety after a meal, dysphagia, diarrhea, loss of sexual interest, and fatigue. Six patients could not independently run their housekeeping and four patients still needed artificial enteral nutrition.

Conclusion

Based on the SF‐36 questionnaire, patients after colon interposition by necessity have a poor general quality of life. Even long after the operation they have a broad spectrum of persisting symptoms. Prior to surgery, patients should be informed about the disabling long‐term functional outcome of a colon interposition. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:32–38. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of fear in the case of genetically modified food
Authors: Laros Fleur J. M. , Steenkamp Jan‐Benedict E. M.
Published: September 2004

Fear appeals concerning genetically modified food (GMF) frequently appear in the mass media. They have played a crucial role in creating widespread fear of GMF (also known as “Frankenstein food” among the fearful) in a large part of the world. The present study validates a scale to measure consumers' fear of GMF and shows that Dutch consumers feel significantly more fearful of GMF than of other new food types. There are no strong relations between consumers' sociodemographic makeup and fear of GMF, indicating that fear of this technologically new type of food is an emotion that cuts across society. Fear of GMF is positively influenced by consumers' concern for the environment and negatively affected by their faith in technology in food production. Consumers who are more fearful of GMF have a more negative attitude toward genetically modified food and toward genetic modification of animals, and exhibit a greater interest in information related to food production. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personality traits and fear response to print advertisements: Theory and an empirical study
Authors: Mowen John C. , Harris Eric G. , Bone Sterling A.
Published: September 2004

This study investigates the hypothesis that different personality traits influence fear responses to advertising appeals for two types of driver safety behavior. An experiment was conducted in which personality traits taken from the 3M model of motivation and personality (Mowen, 2000) were employed to predict fear responses to advertisements that targeted either aggressive driving or inattentive driving. For the aggressive‐driving ad, introversion and need to protect and enhance body resources positively predicted fear response. For the inattentive‐driving ad, introversion and need to protect and enhance body resources were again positive predictors of fear, but so also were emotional instability and agreeableness, whereas competitiveness, need for arousal, and the need for material resources were negative predictors. It is not clear why more traits predicted fear for inattentive driving than for aggressive driving. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of fear in persuasion
Authors: Dillard James Price , Anderson Jason W.
Published: September 2004

Previous research on fear/threat appeals has correlated fear intensity with persuasion. However, fear might influence persuasion in at least four conceptually distinct ways: (a) the proclivity to experience fear, (b) the rise from baseline to peak, (c) peak intensity, and (d) the decline from peak to postmessage fear. A study was conducted in which 361 participants read a message that first described the dangers of influenza, then advocated obtaining a free vaccination. Significant positive correlations were observed between tonic, that is, traitlike, activation of the behavioral‐inhibition system (BIS) and various indices of fear arousal. Nonsignificant correlations were observed between the behavioral‐activation system (BAS) and the same indices. Both rise and peak measures of fear predicted persuasion, but decline in fear had no discernible impact on persuasion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues of spectral quality in clinical 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a gallery of artifacts
Authors: Kreis Roland
Published: September 2004

In spite of the facts that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is applied as clinical tool in non‐specialized institutions and that semi‐automatic acquisition and processing tools can be used to produce quantitative information from MRS exams without expert information, issues of spectral quality and quality assessment are neglected in the literature of MR spectroscopy. Even worse, there is no consensus among experts on concepts or detailed criteria of quality assessment for MR spectra. Furthermore, artifacts are not at all conspicuous in MRS and can easily be taken for true, interpretable features. This article aims to increase interest in issues of spectral quality and quality assessment, to start a larger debate on generally accepted criteria that spectra must fulfil to be clinically and scientifically acceptable, and to provide a sample gallery of artifacts, which can be used to raise awareness for potential pitfalls in MRS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BOLD MRI mapping of transient hyperemia in skeletal muscle after single contractions
Authors: Meyer Ronald A. , Towse Theodore F. , Reid Robert W. , Jayaraman Roop C. , Wiseman Robert W. , McCully Kevin K.
Published: September 2004

Transient increases in signal intensity (ΔSI, peak 2.6 ± 0.6 %, mean ± SE, n = 14) were observed in axial, gradient‐echo, echo‐planar magnetic resonance images acquired at 1.5 T from human anterior tibialis muscle following single, 1 s duration, isometric ankle dorsiflexion contractions. The magnitude of the MRI‐measured ΔSI was not significantly different using TR of 2000 vs 500 ms, or using spin‐echo vs gradient‐echo echo‐planar pulse sequences. However, ΔSI measured by gradient‐echo sequences was significantly greater at 3 vs 1.5 T (3.8 ± 0.8 vs 1.6 ± 0.2 %, n = 5). The time course of the transient ΔSI (peak at 7.9 ± 0.4 s after each contraction, decay with half‐time of 4.6 ± 0.6 s) was comparable to the time course of the transient increase in relative heme saturation (13 ± 2 %, n = 5) measured after single contractions in another group of subjects by near‐infrared spectroscopy (peak at 9.3 ± 0.5 s, decay with half‐time 6.2 ± 0.8 s, n = 8). Simulations of intravascular and extravascular blood‐oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) effects in muscle suggested that intravascular BOLD makes a major contribution to the transient changes, although other factors such as increased vascular volume or increased muscle cell T2 may also contribute. The transients can be exploited for muscle functional imaging analogous to BOLD‐based brain functional imaging, and might provide an index of peripheral vascular function. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic profile of the hippocampus of Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats assessed by in vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: van der Graaf Marinette , Janssen Susan W. J. , van Asten Jack J. A. , Hermus Ad R. M. M. , (Fred) Sweep C. G. J. , Pikkemaat Jeroen A. , Martens Gerard J. M. , Heerschap Arend
Published: September 2004

Localized in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to investigate metabolite levels in the brain of adult Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, an animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study focussed on the hippocampus, assumed to be one of the main brain areas affected by this disease. Together with an almost 5‐fold increase in blood glucose concentration measured by glucose oxidation, significant increases were found in the hippocampal concentrations of glucose (4.93 vs 1.66 mM p < 0.001), myo‐inositol (6.52 vs 4.30 mM; p < 0.05), and total creatine (12.71 vs 10.50 mM; p < 0.05) in ZDF rats (n = 5) compared with littermates (n = 5). Although no obvious alterations were detected in the hippocampal levels of other metabolites, including NAA+NAAG and choline‐containing compounds in the ZDF rats, the increase in Glc and Ins levels is in line with elevated brain tissue contents of these metabolites in patients with diabetes mellitus. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital diasporas and international development: Afghan‐Americans and the reconstruction of Afghanistan
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M.
Published: September 2004

Digital diasporas, diasporas organised on the Internet, offer potential to contribute relevance, representativeness and responsiveness in meeting development needs. Following a brief overview of thorny dilemmas faced by the changing international development industry, the article discusses diasporas and their current role in international development, and examines the potential mobilisation and communication benefits afforded by the Internet. Three organisations of the Afghan‐American digital diaspora are described, representing a range of development activities and intentions. Two sets of propositions are presented: those for digital diasporas seeking to promote effective development contributions and those for actors in the traditional international development industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the mechanism of thermal decomposition of carbonate esters in the gas phase
Authors: Notario Rafael , Quijano Jairo , Sánchez Claudia , Vélez Ederley
Published: September 2004

Theoretical studies on the thermolysis in the gas phase of ethyl methyl and diethyl carbonates were carried out using ab initio theoretical methods at the MP2/6–31G(d) and MP2/6–311++G(2d,p) levels of theory. Two possible pathways were studied, one of them via a six‐membered cyclic transition state and the other one in two steps, via a six‐ and a four‐membered cyclic transition state, respectively, with the formation of an alcohol, ethylene and carbon dioxide. The nucleophilic substitution to give ethers was also studied. The results indicate that the reactions occur via a mechanism in two steps. The progress of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The kinetic parameters calculated for the studied reactions agree well with the available experimental results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and non‐linear optical properties of new ionic species: tolan and diphenylbutadiyne with trimethylammonio and dimethylamino groups
Authors: Umezawa Hirohito , Okada Shuji , Oikawa Hidetoshi , Matsuda Hiro , Nakanishi Hachiro
Published: September 2004

As new ionic organic species for second‐order non‐linear optical (NLO) materials, 4‐{[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethynyl}phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (1a), 4‐{[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]butadiynyl}phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (2a) and their derivatives with 4‐substituted benzensulfonate instead of iodide were successfully synthesized. The transparent wavelength region of 1a is wider than that of a typical NLO molecule, p‐nitroaniline (pNA), whereas 2a and pNA have similar transparent regions. The experimental and calculated first hyperpolarizabilities (β) of 1a and 2a were found to be about 7 and 11 times, respectively, larger than those of pNA. Even when the volume factor was taken into account, the cationic part of 1a was found to be a better second‐order NLO material than pNA derivatives. Four second‐order NLO‐active crystals were found out of 12 salts synthesized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of new aromatic polyimides based on 2,5‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐tert‐butylbenzene and various aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Su Yu‐Yang , Wu Kuen‐Lin
Published: September 2004

A novel, fluorinated diamine monomer, 2,5‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐ trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐tert‐butylbenzene (II) was synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of tert‐butylhydroquinone (t‐BHQ) and 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride in the presence of potassium carbonate to yield the intermediate dinitro compound I, followed by catalytic reduction with hydrazine and Pd/C to afford diamine II. A series of fluorinated polyimides V were prepared from II with various aromatic dianhydrides (IIIa–f) via the thermal imidization of poly(amic acid). Most of Va–f could be soluble in amide‐type solvents and even in less polar solvents. These polyimide films showed tensile strengths up to 106 MPa, elongation at break up to 21%, and initial modulus up to 2.1 GPa. The glass‐transition temperature of V was recorded at 245–304 °C, the 10% weight loss temperatures were above 488 °C, and left more than 41% residue even at 800 °C in nitrogen. Low dielectric constants, low moisture absorptions, and higher and light‐colored transmittances were also observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5424–5438, 2004
Thiol–enes: Chemistry of the past with promise for the future
Authors: Hoyle Charles E. , Lee Tai Yeon , Roper Todd
Published: September 2004

The photopolymerization of mixtures of multifunctional thiols and enes is an efficient method for the rapid production of films and thermoset plastics with unprecedented physical and mechanical properties. One of the major obstacles in traditional free‐radical photopolymerization is essentially eliminated in thiol–ene polymerizations because the polymerization occurs in air almost as rapidly as in an inert atmosphere. Virtually any type of ene will participate in a free‐radical polymerization process with a multifunctional thiol. Hence, it is possible to tailor materials with virtually any combination of properties required for a particular application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5301–5338, 2004
The impact of time separation on coordination in global software teams: a conceptual foundation
Authors: Espinosa J. Alberto , Carmel Erran
Published: September 2004

While there has been much research on the study of global virtual teams and global software teams, there has been practically no research on the nuances of time separation. We present three converging perspectives on this topic: (a) a view from practices and tactics of global teams; (b) a theoretical view from coordination theories; and (c) a view from our prior research in which we modeled coordination costs for time‐separated dyads. Practice suggests that time separation arises not only from time‐zone differences but also from factors such as nonoverlapping weekend days and holidays, shifts, and different working schedules. It also suggests that teams employ various coping tactics when faced with time separation—synchronous, asynchronous, and education. Theory suggests that communication is necessary to coordinate and that effectiveness of communication is hampered, both in quality and timeliness, when teams are separated by time. Our model, based on coordination theory, suggests that coordination costs contain four main components—communication, clarification, delay, and rework—and that the various aspects of time‐separated work have different effects on each of these components. Our convergent view from these three perspectives shows that distance separation is symmetric—i.e. distance (A, B) = distance (B,A)—while time separation is asymmetric, which affects the planning of team interactions; that the timing of activities matters in time‐separated contexts but not in contexts with only distance separation; and thatvulnerability costs(i.e. resolving misunderstandings and rework) increase with time separation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaboration practices in global inter‐organizational software development projects
Authors: Paasivaara Maria , Lassenius Casper
Published: September 2004

Global interorganizational software development projects are becoming common, but their management and the creation of practices and processes to support collaboration seem to be harder than what the companies expect. In this article, we present successful collaboration practices collected in an interview study of eight globally distributed interorganizational software development projects.

On the basis of 34 semistructured interviews, we were able to identify several practices that the interviewees subjectively deemed successful. The identified collaboration practices include: milestone synchronization, frequent deliveries, and the establishment of peer‐to‐peer links. The need to plan for problem‐solving communication was often neglected in the beginning of the project, despite its paramount importance. We identified several ways to ease related problems, such as having a dedicated person solve problems, using bulletin boards and e‐mail lists or dedicated mailboxes. Successful projects had learned the value of two‐way communication regarding project progress monitoring. Finally, practices helping in building and maintaining a working relationship included face‐to‐face meetings, distribution of organization charts, and having people travel to give all sites faces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GNOME project: a case study of open source, global software development
Authors: German Daniel M.
Published: September 2004

Many successful free/open source software (FOSS) projects start with the premise that their contributors are rarely colocated, and as a consequence, these projects are cases of global software development (GSD). This article describes how the GNOME Project, a large FOSS project, has tried to overcome the disadvantages of GSD. The main goal of GNOME is to create a GUI desktop for Unix systems, and encompasses close to two million lines of code. More than 500 individuals (distributed across the world) have contributed to the project. This article also describes the software development methods and practices used by the members of the project, and its organizational structure. The article ends by proposing a list of practices that could benefit other global software development projects, both FOSS and commercial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of family and peer relations in adolescent antisocial behaviour: comparison of four ethnic groups
Authors: Deković Maja , Wissink Inge B. , Marie Meijer Anne
Published: September 2004

The dominant theories about the development of antisocial behaviour during adolescence are based almost entirely on research conducted with mainstream, white, middle‐class adolescents. The present study addresses this significant gap in the literature by examining whether the same model of family and peer influence on antisocial behaviour is applicable to adolescents belonging to different ethnic groups. The sample included 603 adolescents (318 females and 285 males) from four ethnic groups: 68% of adolescents were Dutch, 11% were Moroccan, 13% were Turkish and 8% were Surinamese. The questionnaires assessing antisocial behaviour, quality of parent–adolescent relationship and involvement with deviant peers were completed by adolescents individually at schools. Results show few ethnic differences in the mean level of the assessed constructs: adolescents from different ethnic groups show similar levels of antisocial behaviour, are to a similar degree satisfied with their relationships with parents, disclose as much information to them, and do not differ in their involvement with deviant peers. However, the associations of parent and peer relations with antisocial behaviour differed across the ethnic groups.
Inhibition of nitric oxide can ameliorate apoptosis and modulate matrix protein gene expression in bacteria infected chondrocytes in vitro
Authors: Lee M. S. , Tu Y. K. , Chao C. C. K. , Chen S. C. , Chen C. Y. , Chan Y. S. , Yeh W. L. , Ueng S. W. N.
Published: September 2004

Bacterial infection stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in chondrocytes. However, the role of NO in chondrocyte apoptosis after infection remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to test if inhibition of NO could ameliorate apoptosis and modulate matrix protein gene expression in bacteria‐infected chondrocytes. It was shown that pre‐treating chondrocytes with L‐NAME (1 mM) significantly decreased the release of NO (from 72 to 14 μM) and the extent of apoptosis (from 52.9% to 18.9%). Pre‐treatment with L‐NAME also counteracted the bacteria‐induced downregulation of Type II collagen (from 26% to 79%) and aggrecan (from 63% to 105%) mRNA levels. Inhibition of NO after the induction of infection could not decrease the extent of apoptosis and modulate matrix protein gene expression. The results of this study support the hypothesis that NO has an important role in bacteriainduced chondrocyte apoptosis. Pre‐treatment but not post‐treatment could ameliorate the extent of apoptosis and reestablish the cartilage matrix protein gene expression. This study suggests that in addition to NO, other mechanisms may be responsible for the sustained destruction of articular cartilage in the post‐infectious arthropathy. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Impact of land cover change on the climate of southwest Western Australia
Authors: Pitman A. J. , Narisma G. T. , Pielke R. A. , Holbrook N. J.
Published: September 2004

A sudden reduction in rainfall occurred in the southwest of Western Australia in the mid‐20th century. This reduced inflows to the Perth water supply by about 120 GL (42%) and led to an acceleration of projects to develop new water sources at a cost of about $300 million. The reduction in rainfall was coincident with warmer temperatures. A major analysis of these changes indicated that the changes in temperature were likely caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect and that the changes in rainfall were likely caused by a large‐scale reorganization of the atmospheric circulation. We explore an alternative hypothesis that large‐scale land cover change explains the observed changes in rainfall and temperature. We use three high‐resolution mesoscale model configurations forced at the boundaries to simulate (for each model) five July climates for each of natural and current land cover. We find that land cover change explains up to 50% of the observed warming. Following land cover change, we also find, in every simulation, a reduction in rainfall over southwest Western Australia and an increase in rainfall inland that matches the observations well. We show that the reduced surface roughness following land cover change largely explains the simulated changes in rainfall by increasing moisture divergence over southwest Western Australia and increasing moisture convergence inland. Increased horizontal wind magnitudes and suppressed vertical velocities over southwest Western Australia reduce the likelihood of precipitation. Inland, moisture convergence and increased vertical velocities lead to an increase in rainfall. Our results indicate that rainfall over southwest Western Australia may be returned to the long‐term average through large‐scale reforestation, a policy option within the control of local government. Such a program would also provide a century‐scale carbon sink to ameliorate Australia's very high per capita greenhouse gas emissions.
Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and thin cirrus optical depths using MODIS airborne simulator data during CRYSTAL‐FACE and CLAMS
Authors: Roskovensky J. K. , Liou K. N. , Garrett T. J. , Baumgardner D.
Published: September 2004

We have developed a new methodology to simultaneously retrieve the optical depths of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds over the oceans by using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) data. This methodology takes advantage of the fact that the visible (or a near‐infrared window) reflectance from cirrus can be characterized by its correlation to the reflectance from a near‐infrared band located in a strong water vapor absorption region. Once the reflectance due to cirrus has been removed, the residual reflectance in these bands is used to retrieve aerosol optical depth. Cirrus cloud properties are subsequently obtained by minimizing the difference between observed and calculated reflectance values stored in look‐up tables that are constructed a priori and correlated to the retrieved aerosol optical depth. Examination of the data gathered from the recent Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL‐FACE) and Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) field campaigns demonstrates that our retrievals are consistent with both in‐situ and ground based measurements.
Slip distribution of the 2003 Boumerdes‐Zemmouri earthquake, Algeria, from teleseismic, GPS, and coastal uplift data
Authors: Delouis B. , Vallée M. , Meghraoui M. , Calais E. , Maouche S. , Lammali K. , Mahsas A. , Briole P. , Benhamouda F. , Yelles K.
Published: September 2004

Using a joint inversion of seismological waveforms and ground displacement observations, we estimate several parameters of the fault geometry and rupture process of the Mw = 6.9 May 21, 2003 Boumerdes‐Zemmouri earthquake. The relocated epicenter is considered as a known parameter. Total rupture length, rupture duration, and maximum slip are 55 km (from 3.4°E to 4.0°E), 12 s, and 3 m. The modeled south dipping reverse fault, oriented ENE‐WSW outcrops a few km offshore which is consistent with the absence of observed surface rupture inland. Two shallow and relatively localized slip zones are found, on both sides of the hypocenter. To the SW, between Boumerdes and Zemmouri, slip is concentrated between 11 and 2 km depth. To the NE, between Zemmouri and Dellys, slip is concentrated between 6 km depth and the sea floor. Various resolution tests indicate that our model is well constrained by the available data, and help understanding which data constrains each parameter of the model.
Single‐particle analysis of ultrafine aerosol in College Station, Texas
Authors: Glagolenko Stanislav , Phares Denis J.
Published: September 2004

A single‐ultrafine‐particle mass spectrometer was deployed for size‐resolved ultrafine aerosol composition measurements during the winter of 2002–2003 in College Station, Texas. Three separate experiments were held between December and March with 6 week intervals. Almost 128,000 mass spectra, corresponding to particles with aerodynamic diameters between 30 and 300 nm, were collected and classified. Fifteen statistically significant classes were identified and are discussed in this paper. Nitrate, potassium, carbon, and silicon/silicon oxide were the most frequently observed ions. Nitrate was present in most of the particles, probably because of the agricultural activity in the vicinity of the sampling site. The nitrate detection frequency was found to be sensitive to the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Another particle class, identified as an amine, exhibited a strong relative humidity dependence, appearing only during periods of low relative humidity. There is evidence that some of the detected particles originated from the large urban centers and were coated with nitrate, sulfate, and organics during transport.
Ground‐based nitric acid measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, using solar and lunar Fourier transform infrared observations
Authors: Wood S. W. , Batchelor R. L. , Goldman A. , Rinsland C. P. , Connor B. J. , Murcray F. J. , Stephen T. M. , Heuff D. N.
Published: September 2004

Nitric acid plays an important role in processes leading to stratospheric ozone loss in polar regions. Spectroscopic absorption measurements of nitric acid have been made during the sunlit part of the Antarctic year at Arrival Heights (78°S, 167°E) since the late 1980s. This paper presents the first extension of these nitric acid measurements through the winter, using the Moon as a light source. Both solar and lunar measurements for the years 1998–2003 are presented. For the lunar measurements, additional corrections owing to emission of the atmosphere and the instrument must be made. The measurements show that the column amount of nitric acid within the polar vortex continues to increase after polar sunset reaching values of ∼2.5 × 1016 molecules cm−2 ∼1 month after sunset. When temperatures become low enough for the condensation of water and nitric acid molecules, polar stratospheric clouds form, and rapid depletion of the gaseous nitric acid column is observed. The measurements have captured this event particularly well in 2002. At the time of the polar sunrise the column amounts of nitric acid are extremely depleted and are as low as 0.5 × 1016 molecules cm−2. During the spring period the site can sample air from both inside and outside the polar vortex. Inside the vortex the observed gradual recovery of HNO3 in the spring and summer months is consistent with predictions of denitrification occurring during the Antarctic winter. For measurements outside the vortex, higher HNO3 columns are observed.
Isotope fractionation effects by diffusion and methane oxidation in landfill cover soils
Authors: De Visscher Alex , De Pourcq Ingrid , Chanton Jeffrey
Published: September 2004

When the open system isotope method has been used to determine the methane oxidation efficiency of a landfill cover soil, it has been assumed that gas transport from the landfill is primarily driven by advection, a mechanism that is not associated with isotopic fractionation. A controlled laboratory experiment revealed that this approach underestimated the methane oxidation efficiency because it underestimated the importance of molecular diffusion during gas transport. In a worst‐case scenario laboratory column experiment where diffusion was an important gas transport mode, a comparison between a mass balance and the open system isotope method revealed that the latter underestimated methane oxidation by a factor 2 to 4. The vertical profile of the δ13C value of methane in the column confirmed that isotope fractionation associated with gas transport occurred. Similar profiles were observed in the field, but the effect was less pronounced. It is concluded that the isotope method as currently applied produces a conservative estimate of methane oxidation by landfill cover soils.
Free tropospheric measurements of formic acid (HCOOH) from infrared ground‐based solar absorption spectra: Retrieval approach, evidence for a seasonal cycle, and comparison with model calculations
Authors: Rinsland Curtis P. , Mahieu Emmanuel , Zander Rodolphe , Goldman Aaron , Wood Steven , Chiou Linda
Published: September 2004

The seasonal variation of the free tropospheric volume mixing ratio of formic acid (HCOOH) has been derived from high‐spectral‐resolution solar absorption spectra recorded with the Fourier transform spectrometer in the U.S. National Solar Observatory facility on Kitt Peak (31.9°N, 111.6°E, 2.09 km altitude) at a typical spectral resolution of 0.005 cm−1. The spectra have been analyzed with the SFIT2 algorithm, which is based on a semiempirical application of the optimal estimation method. Absorption by HCOOH is weak in these solar spectra, but successful retrievals have been obtained with a new procedure that fits the HCOOH ν6 band Q branch at 1105 cm−1 simultaneously with a window to account for a temperature‐sensitive HDO line, which overlaps the HCOOH Q branch. After retaining only the best measurements from a database extending from June 1980 to October 2002 the retrievals show a seasonal variation, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. Average 2.09–10 km volume mixing ratios binned in 3 month intervals range from a maximum of 792 ± 323 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), or 10−12, in July–September to a minimum of 313 ± 175 pptv in October–December, with the uncertainties corresponding to statistical means from daily averages. The results are compared with previously reported measurements and model calculations.