bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leader–member exchange, work–family enrichment and their effects on mental health: the moderating role of remote e-work
Authors: Islam Md Shamirul , Amin Muslim , Karatepe Osman M. , Herjanto Halimin
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the effect of leader–member exchange (LMX) and work–family enrichment (WFE) on anxiety and depression, social functioning and loss of confidence as three dimensions of mental health. Furthermore, the paper aims to investigate telework and information and communication technology-based mobile work (TICTM) as a moderator of the effects of LMX and WFE on mental health.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 214 Bangladeshi employees in the public and private sectors via an online survey. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multi-group analysis were performed to gauge the abovementioned linkages.

Findings

The findings reveal that LMX fosters employees' social functioning while it mitigates their losing confidence. The findings further indicate that WFE enhances social functioning while alleviating anxiety and depression. However, TICTM did not act as a moderator of the effects of LMX and WFE on three dimensions of mental health.

Originality/value

Despite a plethora of empirical studies on LMX and WFE, no empirical studies have examined the effect on employee mental health as well as TICTM as a moderator in these linkages in the extant service literature so far. This paper set out to fill in these voids.
Mitigating visual impacts of built structures: the contribution of mayors in the collaborative managing of a UNESCO cultural landscape
Authors: Aimar Fabrizio
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Analyses of cultural landscapes need to combine natural and social-cultural components to promote discussions on landscape planning and heritage management. This qualitative research explores the integrated case study of ten municipalities in the “Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato”, Italy, a UNESCO World Heritage cultural landscape. The research aims to raise awareness of its aesthetic-perceptive features, the importance of effective identification of visual impacts and to promote mitigation strategies/actions for updating the current Management Plan.

Design/methodology/approach

Two rounds of interviews and focus groups with mayors were performed in 2015 and 2020 to identify trends and drivers of change affecting the territories. Potential mitigation strategies and actions were voted on and selected in response to five critical themes that emerged from the survey, mainly related to real estate and its supplies.

Findings

The results suggest tools and policies in the fields of landscape architecture and landscape design that could benefit planning and management at different levels. They support the design of sustainable scenarios, improving mayors' understanding of the significance of cultural landscapes and promoting them as heritage managers. Furthermore, they intend to preserve the authenticity of the landscape by supporting its attributes for long-term conservation.

Originality/value

The research makes an original contribution on the visual implications of anthropogenic landscape transformations in ten municipalities constituting this serial property, six years after its UNESCO nomination (2014).
Impact of fiscal consolidation on economic growth: the Tunisian case
Authors: Mtibaa Ameni , Lahiani Amine , Gabsi Foued badr
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Departing from the expansionary austerity literature, this study aims at examining how fiscal consolidation affects the economic growth in Tunisia using annual data over the period 1970–2018.

Design/methodology/approach

To revisit the fiscal consolidation-economic growth nexus, the ambiguous empirical findings in previous literature make useful the adoption of alternative econometric techniques. The authors use an extended nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach developed by Shinet al. (2014) and the Diks and Panchenko's (2006) nonlinear Granger causality test. Furthermore, a traditional approach based on changes in cyclically-adjusted primary balance was applied to define the fiscal consolidation episodes in Tunisia.

Findings

The empirical evidence reveal that fiscal adjustment in Tunisia may hurt the economy, both in the short- and long-run, through its contractionary effect on economic growth. Another important finding concerns the unidirectional nonlinear Granger causality running from fiscal consolidation to economic growth.

Practical implications

Fiscal adjustment in Tunisia is found to play a prominent role in reducing public debt; but at the same time, it may be costly and not beneficial to the economy. This view corroborates with the fact that fiscal consolidation is more likely to end successfully only under specific conditions. This calls for a deeper reflection upon new insights regarding the design of fiscal adjustment in Tunisia. To reach this end, it is suggested to combine the defensive consolidation strategy with offensive components such as investment, infrastructure, education and health.

Originality/value

The existing economic analysis on fiscal policy-growth nexus in Tunisia has often identified fiscal consolidation through the use of the actual fiscal balance. With the goal of more accurate estimation, this study bridges the gap by using the cyclically-adjusted primary balance (CAPB) as a much suitable indicator to investigate the non-Keynesian effect of fiscal consolidation in Tunisia. This indicator eliminates the influence of cyclical fluctuations and many other fixed expenditures such as the interest paid on the public debt.
Police internal affairs units: results from a national survey
Authors: Harris Christopher , Perry Sean
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This study aims to obtain information regarding the personnel, policies and practices of Internal Affairs (IA) units in large, municipal, US police departments.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors administered an 85-question survey to 436 departments that employed 100 or more full-time sworn officers in 2019 to inquire about their IA units, and 198 (45.4%) responded.

Findings

The authors find considerable variation in terms of the organization and management of IA units, frame policy findings in terms of IA’s best practices specified by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and find variation in adherence to these practices as well; some policies and practices are almost universally adopted, while others are much less frequently followed or even go against best practices.

Originality/value

There has only been a single study conducted of IA units and that is over three decades old. This study provides a much-needed expansion and update regarding the form and function of IA units in the US.
Disrupted citric acid metabolism inhibits hair growth
Authors: Shi Xiangguang , Chen Yahui , Yang Kai , Zhu Yifei , Ma Yanyun , Liu Qingmei , Wang Ji'an , Ni Chunya , Zhang Yue , Li Haiyang , Lin Jinran , Wang Jiucun , Wu Wenyu
Published: July 2022

Hair follicles (HFs) play an essential role in sustaining a persistent hair growth cycle. The activities of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and other cells inside the HFs dominate the process of hair growth. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To investigate the role of citric acid (CA) metabolism in hair growth, we evaluated the effect of citrate synthase (CS)–CA axis on hair growth in vivo and in vitro. Mice hair growth was evaluated by morphology and histopathology analysis. The inflammation and apoptosis levels in mice, HFs, and DPCs were detected by immunohistofluorescence, qPCR, ELISA, western blot, and TUNEL assay. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis in DPCs were analyzed by real‐time cell analysis and flow cytometer. We found that subcutaneous injection of CA in mice caused significant hair growth suppression, skin lesion, inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and promotion of catagen entry, compared with the saline control, by activating p‐p65 and apoptosis signaling in an NLRP3‐dependent manner. In cultured human HFs, CA attenuated the hair shaft production and accelerated HF catagen entry by regulating the above‐mentioned pathways. Additionally, CA hampered the proliferation rate of DPCs via inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Considering that citrate synthase (CS) is responsible for CA production and is a rate‐limiting enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, we also investigated the role of CS in CA metabolism and hair growth. As expected, knockdown of CS reduced CA production and reversed CA‐induced hair growth inhibition, anagen shrink, inflammation, and apoptosis both in HFs and DPCs. Our experiments demonstrated that CS–CA axis serves as an important mediator and might be a potential therapeutic target in hair growth.
Physiological responses of the xero‐halophyte Salsola drummondii to seasonal alterations of environmental conditions in a salt desert
Authors: Rasheed Aysha , Koyro Hans‐Werner , Hameed Abdul , Gul Bilquees
Published: July 2022

Global climate changes of rising temperature are threatening food security by causing desertification in many arid and semi‐arid regions. Morpho‐physiological adaptations in xero‐halophytes under extreme conditions such as high temperature, drought, and salinity could provide information for producing more resilient cash crops. This study examined seasonal variations in growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, water, and ion relations of the xero‐halophyte Salsola drummondii in its natural habitat. The resistance of Sa. drummondii to seasonal alterations was related to plant interactions with soil and atmosphere. Leaf succulence, organic weight, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, compatible solutes, and antioxidant enzyme activities correlated well with precipitation, soil moisture, and electrical conductivity. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased during the monsoon period with low vapor pressure deficit and moderate temperature. Sa. drummondii responded to reduced water availability by decreasing leaf succulence, xylem pressure, and osmotic potentials like a typical C4 plant displaying water and energy‐saving seasonal adjustment. C4 mode of photosynthesis, higher antioxidant enzyme activities, and accumulation of compatible solutes could be involved in protection against photo‐oxidative stress. This study highlights the importance of physiological and biochemical adaptations of Sa. drummondii to seasonal alterations in a salt desert and could serve as a model for future crop development in arid‐saline habitats.
An Assessment of the Resilience of Local Government in England: Was it Well‐Equipped to Overcome the Covid‐19 Pandemic?
Authors: Arrieta Tania
Published: July 2022

This article explores the resilience of local government in England and its ability to cope during the Covid‐19 pandemic. The resilience of local government is explored in three areas: its ability to cope financially; contain and manage risks; and promote civic engagement and collaborations with other sectors. By drawing on the evolutionary perspective of resilience, the article explores whether local government in England was well‐equipped to overcome a crisis of such scale. In particular, it does so by exploring the institutional context of local government and how it shaped the resilience of local government and influenced its ability to develop the type of resources needed to cope with the Covid‐19 crisis. The analysis shows a mixed and complex picture. While there is evidence that points to the ability of local government to contain the risks of the pandemic, protect their communities and engage in innovative practices, there is also evidence that points to the fragility and vulnerabilities of local government. The article concludes that local government was not well‐equipped to overcome the pandemic crisis, thus affecting its ability to provide a better response to, and management of it.
Canceling the admission priority of private schools enlarges housing price gap in public school districts: Evidence from Shanghai's new admission policy
Authors: Zhu Pengyu , Zhang Yi , Wang Juan
Published: July 2022

In 2018, Shanghai implemented an admission policy that canceled the admission priority of private schools to promote education equity. Since this policy is a unique measure for adjusting private and public school competition and discouraging private school choice priority, little is known about the policy effects. In this research, to examine the impact of the new admission policy on the capitalization of public education quality, we apply boundary fixed effect and Difference in Differences (DID) analysis to housing transaction records before and after the policy. The admission policy on average led to an additional 2% housing price premium for every standard deviation increase in public school quality. However, this average increase in premium was mainly driven by elite (top 5%) school districts, where an additional 8.6% housing price premium was generated by the policy. Housing prices in nonelite school districts, on the other hand, demonstrated no significant changes. These results indicate that the policy enlarges the housing price gap among school districts with different education quality. Thus, rather than promoting education equity, this policy may overall worsen the housing affordability in good public‐school districts and make access to quality education more exclusive.
Recognition of big mammal species in airborne thermal imaging based on YOLO V5 algorithm
Authors: XIE Yonghua , JIANG Jueze , BAO Heng , ZHAI Penghui , ZHAO Yue , ZHOU Xiaoyu , JIANG Guangshun
Published: July 2022

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, artificial intelligence, and the relevant hardware can be used for monitoring wild animals. However, existing methods have several limitations. Therefore, this study explored the monitoring and protection of Amur tigers and their main prey species using images from UAVs by optimizing the algorithm models with respect to accuracy, model size, recognition speed, and elimination of environmental interference. Thermal imaging data were collected from 2000 pictures with a thermal imaging lens on a DJI M300RTK UAV at the Hanma National Nature Reserve in the Greater Khingan Mountains in Inner Mongolia, Wangqing National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, and Siberian Tiger Park in Heilongjiang Province. The YOLO V5s algorithm was applied to recognize the animals in the pictures. The accuracy rate was 94.1%, and the size of the model weight (total weight of each model layer trained with the training set) was 14.8 MB. The authors improved the structures and parameters of the YOLO V5s algorithm. As a result, the recognition accuracy rate became 96%, and the model weight was 9.3 MB. The accuracy rate increased by 1.9%, the model weight decreased by 37.2% from 14.8 MB to 9.3 MB, and the recognition time of a single picture was shortened by 34.4% from 0.032 to 0.021 s. This not only increases the recognition accuracy but also effectively lowers the hardware requirements that the algorithm relies on, which provides a lightweight fast recognition method for UAV‐based edge computing and online investigation of wild animals.
Seasonal change of circulating leptin associated with testicular activities of the wild ground squirrels (Citellus dauricus)
Authors: YU Wenyang , FAN Sijie , WANG Xi , ZHU Jueyu , YUAN Zhengrong , HAN Yingying , ZHANG Haolin , WENG Qiang
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the variations in the circulating leptin concentrations of the wild ground squirrels in relation to seasonal changes in testicular activities. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining showed all types of elongated spermatids and spermatogenic cells existed in the testis in April, while the primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia were most advanced stages of germ cells in June. In addition, the primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatogonia were most advanced stages of germ cells in September. The highest circulating leptin concentration was consistent with the maximum body weight results from accumulation of adipose tissue in September. The mRNA expression level of leptin receptor (Ob‐R) and STAT3 was lowest in June, raised in September, and remained increased in April. Ob‐R and STAT3 were stronger staining in the Leydig cells in July. Moreover, the concentrations of testosterone (T) showed the maximum values in April, the minimum values in June, and significant increases in September. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the levels of T increased with the mRNA levels of Ob‐R, STAT3, StAR, and testicular steroidogenic enzymes (3β‐HSD, P450c17, and P450scc). Moreover, RNA‐seq analyses of testis during the different periods showed that a total of 4209 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs); further analysis revealed that DEGs related with the Jak/STAT pathways and reproduction were altered. Taken together, the results suggested that the leptin regulated testicular function through the Jak/STAT pathways and testicular steroidogenic factor expressions.
Comparison of six anthropometric measures in discriminating diabetes: A cross‐sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Liu Xiao‐cong , Liu Ying‐shan , Guan Hai‐xia , Feng Ying‐qing , Kuang Jian
Published: July 2022

Background

Traditional anthropometric measures, including body mass index (BMI), are insufficient for evaluating the risk of diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of new anthropometric measures and a combination of anthropometric measures for identifying diabetes.

Methods

A total of 46 979 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey program were included in this study. Anthropometric measures, including weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐height ratio (WtHR), conicity index (CI), and A Body Shape Index (ABSI), were calculated. Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the association between the anthropometric indices and diabetes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to compare the discrimination of different anthropometric measures.

Results

All anthropometric measures were positively and independently associated with the risk of diabetes. After adjusting for covariates, the per SD increment in WC, WtHR, and CI increased the risk of diabetes by 81%, 83%, and 81%, respectively. In the ROC analysis, CI showed superior discriminative ability for diabetes (area under the curve 0.714), and its optimum cutoff value was 1.31. Results of the combined use of BMI and other anthropometric measures showed that among participants with BMI <30 kg/m2, an elevated level of another metric increased the risk of having diabetes (P < .001). Similarly, at low levels of weight, CI, and ABSI, an elevated BMI increased diabetes risk (P < .001).

Conclusions

WtHR and CI had the best ability to identify diabetes when applied to the US noninstitutionalized population. Anthropometric measures containing WC information could improve the discrimination ability.
A common IL‐4 receptor variant promotes asthma severity via a Treg cell GRB2‐IL‐6‐Notch4 circuit
Authors: Benamar Mehdi , Harb Hani , Chen Qian , Wang Muyun , Chan Tsz Man Fion , Fong Jason , Phipatanakul Wanda , Cunningham Amparito , Ertem Deniz , Petty Carter R. , Mousavi Amirhosein J. , Sioutas Constantinos , Crestani Elena , Chatila Talal A.
Published: July 2022

Background

The mechanisms by which genetic and environmental factors interact to promote asthma remain unclear. Both the IL‐4 receptor alpha chain R576 (IL‐4RαR576) variant and Notch4 license asthmatic lung inflammation by allergens and ambient pollutant particles by subverting lung regulatory T (Treg) cells in an IL‐6‐dependent manner.

Objective

We examined the interaction between IL‐4RαR576 and Notch4 in promoting asthmatic inflammation.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of asthmatics were analyzed for T helper type 2 cytokine production and Notch4 expression on Treg cells as a function of IL4RR576 allele. The capacity of IL‐4RαR576 to upregulate Notch4 expression on Treg cells to promote severe allergic airway inflammation was further analyzed in genetic mouse models.

Results

Asthmatics carrying the IL4RR576 allele had increased Notch4 expression on their circulating Treg cells as a function of disease severity and serum IL‐6. Mice harboring the Il4raR576 allele exhibited increased Notch4‐dependent allergic airway inflammation that was inhibited upon Treg cell‐specific Notch4 deletion or treatment with an anti‐Notch4 antibody. Signaling via IL‐4RαR576 upregulated the expression in lung Treg cells of Notch4 and its downstream mediators Yap1 and beta‐catenin, leading to exacerbated lung inflammation. This upregulation was dependent on growth factor receptor‐bound protein 2 (GRB2) and IL‐6 receptor.

Conclusion

These results identify an IL‐4RαR576‐regulated GRB2‐IL‐6‐Notch4 circuit that promotes asthma severity by subverting lung Treg cell function.
Early results from implementation of a ‘watch and wait’ protocol for complete clinical response following chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer
Authors: Balasuriya Hasitha D. , Timon Charles , Entriken Fiona , Neely David , Herron John , Tang Colin , Van Hazel Guy , Warner Michael W.
Published: July 2022

Background

Neoadjuvant long course chemoradiotherapy (NLCRT) for rectal cancer can result in complete pathological response (pCR). In 2017, we started offering patients who had a complete clinical response (cCR), a choice between total mesorectal excision (TME) and an intensive surveillance or ‘watch and wait’ (W&W) program. We report the early outcomes of this prospective study.

Methods

All patients undergoing NLCRT from 2017 to 2019 were included. All patients were restaged at 8 weeks, and those who had a cCR were offered TME or W&W.

Results

Of 59 patients who underwent NLCRT, 55 had restaging. Eleven of these patients had a cCR (20%). Three chose to have TME and all had a pCR. Eight were enrolled in W&W. Two patients were diagnosed with local regrowth and underwent TME at 7 and 17 months after NLCRT.

A further nine patients, who were surgically unfit or refused TME, and had an excellent response to NLCRT, but one that did not reach criteria for a cCR, were also managed with W&W. Of these, two patients developed regrowth with distant metastases.

From 2017 to 2019, of the 17 patients who were managed with a W&W approach, 13 patients have remained regrowth free after a median of 28 (13–58) months of W&W.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest management with W&W, following cCR, may be a safe alternative to TME. There have so far been no instances of distant failure, and those with cCR that had regrowth, were identified early and successfully managed with salvage TME.
Planned cesarean section vs planned vaginal delivery among women without formal medical indication for planned cesarean section: A retrospective cohort study of maternal short‐term complications
Authors: Dahlquist Karin , Stuart Andrea , Källén Karin
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Rates of delivery by cesarean section have gradually risen in many parts of the world, and it is regarded as a safe surgical procedure with expanded indications. We assessed maternal complications within 6 weeks postpartum after planned cesarean section and after planned vaginal delivery among patients without medical indication for cesarean section.

Material and methods

This was a retrospective cohort study based on Swedish national registers and included 714 326 deliveries from 2008 to 2017. The study group consisted of cephalic, singleton, term pregnancies and excluded those with previous cesarean or pregnancy conditions that would qualify for cesarean section. We compared the risks of short‐term complications between planned cesarean section and planned vaginal delivery. We obtained adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) using modified Poisson regression models adjusting for maternal age, parity, body mass index, smoking, country of birth, and county.

Results

The outcomes studied were infections and thromboembolism. In the planned cesarean section group (n = 22 855), 15% had a postpartum infection compared with 10% in the planned vaginal group (n = 691 471) (ARR 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–1.6), and 0.08% vs 0.05% had a postpartum pulmonary embolism (ARR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.6). The obtained risk estimates corresponded to “number needed to harm” estimates of 17 and 3448, respectively. When dividing the infections into subgroups, the risk of endometritis (ARR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1–1.3), wound infection (ARR 2.7; 95% CI 2.4–3.0), urinary tract infection (ARR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3–1.7), and mastitis (ARR 2.0; 1.9–2.2) was higher after planned cesarean section.

Conclusions

Among patients without medical indication for planned cesarean section, the risks of short‐term maternal complications were higher with planned cesarean section than with planned vaginal delivery.
Bankruptcy voting process and corporate reorganization
Authors: Stef Nicolae
Published: July 2022

This study investigates the main legal determinants of corporate reorganization use. Three legal aspects of bankruptcy voting process were examined, such as the voting right of secured creditors (1), bankruptcy voting rule (2), and court's legal right to overrule creditors’ decision (3). Using a sample of 20 countries, our estimations confirm that granting a voting right to secured lenders tends to be associated with more corporate reorganizations. Secured creditors’ voting right may send a signal about firm's capacity to recover from financial distress. Such signal can encourage unsecured creditors to support the reorganization plan.
Regional assessment of gravity‐driven deformation offshore Namibia (West Africa)—Styles, distribution and controlling factors
Authors: Scarselli Nicola , McClay Ken , Elders Chris
Published: July 2022

This paper presents a semi‐quantitative analysis of gravity‐driven deformation along the Namibian margin using extensive 2D depth converted seismic data. The geometries, internal characters and distribution of gravity‐driven systems were investigated through regional and detailed seismic studies. The research shows that surficial slumps are typically ca. 50 m thick and are characterised by contorted seismic facies commonly occurring along the slopes of the margin. They commonly funnel and cluster within high relief areas such as canyons and pre‐existing landslide scars. These contrast with coherent slides that are up to 2 km thick which extend laterally along the margin for tens to hundreds of kilometres. Slides preferentially occur in the proximal part of the margin and are constrained within the main margin depocenters. Here, high sedimentation rates and loading promote the generation of distinct, weak, overpressured layers that favour initiation of sliding of relatively coherent sediment masses. This research also shows that one‐third of volume of the post‐rift sediments on the Namibian margin were affected by slides and slumps. This demonstrates that gravity‐driven deformation is a key geological process that can strongly modify the evolution of rifted passive margins.
Physical modelling of the interplay between salt‐detached gravity gliding and spreading across complex rift topography, Santos Basin, offshore Brazil
Authors: Pichel Leonardo M. , Ferrer Oriol , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Roca Eduard
Published: July 2022

The Santos Basin, offshore Brazil contains a complex set of salt‐tectonic structures, the origins of which are debated, that is, the Albian Gap and the São Paulo Plateau (SPP). The Albian Gap is a ca. 450 km long, 60 km wide feature characterized by a post‐Albian, counter‐regional rollover overlying depleted Aptian salt, and in which the Albian is largely absent. The SPP, located immediately downdip, is defined by a pre‐salt structural high overlain by ca. 2.5 km thick salt. Another prominent feature is the Merluza Graben, a rift‐related depocentre that underlies the southern portion of the Albian Gap and displays significant (3–4 km) base‐salt relief along its main faults. Two competing hypotheses have been proposed to explain the kinematics of these provinces. One invokes post‐Albian extension in the Albian Gap and kinematically‐linked contraction in the SPP. The other invokes post‐Albian salt expulsion in the Albian Gap and salt inflation in the SPP. Recent studies, however, suggest these processes likely alternate in time and space, contributing nearly equally to the evolution of these domains. We apply 3D physical modelling to (i) test this hypothesis; and (ii) to more generally understand how gravity gliding and spreading over three‐dimensionally variable base‐salt relief control regional salt tectonics. The results show a similar salt‐related evolution and structural styles to those proposed in the most recent studies. They also (i) explain the origin of the ca. 25 km wide diapir precursor of the Albian Gap by early salt inflation against base‐salt steps; (ii) show that normal faults with different polarities and rollover types form due to the interplay between gliding and spreading over different base‐salt domains and (iii) provide a mechanism for the origin of strata encased within salt structures. This improves our understanding of the distribution and origin of salt‐related structural styles in worldwide salt basins.
Climatic distribution of tree species in the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Klipel Joice , Bergamin Rodrigo Scarton , Esquivel‐Muelbert Adriane , de Lima Renato A. F. , de Oliveira Alexandre Adalardo , Prado Paulo Inácio , Müller Sandra Cristina
Published: July 2022

Species under milder climates (e.g., warm and wet) tend to experience lower variability in temperature and rainfall regimes and might occur in narrower climatic ranges than species that tolerate harsher conditions (e.g., cold or dry climates). Thus, tree species that occur under harsh conditions should have a broader climatic range, being a small subset of the flora. Here, we assess the influence of climate on species distribution of 1138 tree species from the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. We investigate their range (or niche breadth), and the “center of gravity” index (or niche optima), along with gradients of mean annual temperature and climatic water deficit (CWD). We further identified those species associated with conditions on different ends of temperature and moisture gradients. We found a small subset of species occurring under colder temperatures or under drier conditions, and these species had a wider niche breadth. The warm or wet‐affiliated species had narrower ranges along with the temperature and the CWD gradients, respectively. Moreover, species affiliated to warm and those to moister conditions had greater densities near their occurrence limits, thus they may be more susceptible to climate changes. We conclude that global climate changes will affect the incidence and abundance distribution patterns of tree species along this threatened biodiversity hotspot, mainly those with narrow niches and within the limit of its distribution.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material
Bystanders of ethnic victimization: Do classroom context and teachers' approach matter for how adolescents intend to act?
Authors: Bayram Özdemir Sevgi , Yanagida Takuya , Özdemir Metin
Published: July 2022

The study examined how adolescents' individual characteristics and class context are related to bystander behaviors in cases of ethnic victimization. The sample included 1065 adolescents in Sweden (Mage = 13.12, SD = 0.42; 55%males). Female adolescents, adolescents of immigrant background, and adolescents with positive attitudes toward immigrants had greater intentions to defend and comfort victimized peers. Positive inter‐ethnic contact norms in class were positively associated with intention to comfort the victim. Teachers' non‐tolerance of ethnic victimization was positively related to adolescents' intentions to ask the perpetrator to stop and talk to teacher. The effects were the same across adolescents with different attitudes toward immigrants. Findings highlight the importance of class context and teachers in fostering adolescents' prosocial and assertive interventions in bias‐based hostile behaviors.
Development of self‐referential effect on memory recollection
Authors: Sweatman Hilary , Lawrence Ross , Chai Xiaoqian J.
Published: July 2022

Information learned in relation to oneself is typically better remembered, termed the self‐reference effect (SRE). This study aimed to elucidate the developmental trajectory of the SRE in recollection and source memory from mid‐childhood to young adulthood. In 2018–2019 in Baltimore, Maryland, 136 seven‐ to thirty‐year‐olds (77 female; approximately 80% White, 15% Asian American, 5% Black) viewed objects on one of two backgrounds and answered a self‐referential or semantic question for each. A recognition test probed memory for objects and source details (inherent: question type; peripheral: background image). SRE increased with age for detailed recollection (r = .189), but not familiarity, and extended to inherent source memory. This suggests that self‐referencing promotes richer memory in children and develops into young adulthood.
Children at risk of being recruited for armed conflict, 1990–2020
Authors: Østby Gudrun , Rustad Siri Aas , Haer Roos , Arasmith Andrew
Published: July 2022

Although armed conflicts and crises affect people of all ages, children are particularly susceptible to the effects of war. One significant consequence of armed conflict that is especially critical for children's well‐being, is when the belligerents use tactics specifically focused on harming children, including child soldier recruitment. Despite the increased attention of policy‐makers, we still lack systematic knowledge of how many children are directly and indirectly at risk of being recruited by state and non‐state actors. In overcoming this gap, we have collected data on the use of children by state and non‐state actors from 2010 onwards. Moreover, we estimate the number of children at risk of recruitment. The results of our mapping and estimation sketch a dark picture. According to our estimates, in 2020, approximately 337 million children (or 14%, or more than one in eight of all children globally) were living in a conflict zone with reported child soldier recruitment—that is less than 50 km from ongoing conflict, which involved at least one actor who has been reported to recruit children. We close the paper by taking stock of the current knowledge on the root causes of child soldiering, and we discuss some policy implications.
Children's lives in an era of school closures: Exploring the implications of COVID‐19 for child labour in Ghana
Authors: Mohammed Abdul‐Rahim
Published: July 2022

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared COVID‐19 a global pandemic. Subsequently, governments worldwide implemented strict regimes of lockdowns and school closures to contain the transmission of the virus. Ghana's government on 15 March 2020 also announced a lockdown and closure of schools, lasting up till January 2021. Against this backdrop, the paper examined the implications of school closures on child labour in Ghana. Qualitative data for the study were collected between October 2020 to February 2021 in a small rural community in northern Ghana. Findings from 16 semi‐structured interviews with schoolchildren aged 8–13 years show how school closures have meant that children from contexts of poverty: (a) are driven into child labour as they are either forced to accompany their parents to work on farms or sell foodstuff by the roadside; and thus, ultimately (b) engage in no learning during the lockdown period.
Dental implants in patients with head and neck cancer—A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the influence of radiotherapy on implant survival
Authors: Schiegnitz Eik , Reinicke Katrin , Sagheb Keyvan , König Jochem , Al‐Nawas Bilal , Grötz Knut A.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to compare implant survival in irradiated and non‐irradiated bone and to investigate potential risk factors for implant therapy in oral cancer patients.

Material and methods

An extensive search in the electronic databases of the National Library of Medicine was performed. Systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted according to PRISMA statement. The meta‐analysis was performed for studies with a mean follow‐up of at least three and five years, respectively.

Results

The systematic review resulted in a mean overall implant survival of 87.8% (34%–100%). The meta‐analysis revealed a significantly higher rate of implant failure in irradiated bone compared to non‐irradiated bone (p < .00001, OR 1.97, CI [1.63, 2.37]). The studies also showed that implants placed into irradiated grafted bone were more likely to fail than those in irradiated native bone (p < .0001, OR 2.26, CI [1.50, 3.40]).

Conclusion

Even though overall implant survival was high, radiotherapy proves to be a significant risk factor for implant loss. Augmentation procedures may also increase the risk of an adverse outcome, especially in combination with radiotherapy.

Clinical relevance

The treatment of patients receiving radiotherapy of any form requires precise individual planning and a close aftercare. Implants should be placed in local bone rather than in bone grafts, if possible.
Horseradish peroxidase‐mediated polyethylene glycol‐templated polymerisation of gallic acid and pyrrole to improve the functionalisation and dyeing properties of silk fabrics
Authors: Baek Na‐won , Wang Dan , Zhang Xun , Wang Jie , Fan Xue‐rong
Published: July 2022

Silk fabrics treated with gallic acid/pyrrole (PGA/PPy) complexes polymerised using horseradish peroxidase have higher electrochemical activity than silk fabrics dyed with gallic acid alone. However, the degree of polymerisation decreases. As a result, the ultraviolet (UV) protection and fastness of the silk fabric were lowered. To solve this problem, we studied the degree of polymerisation of the complex and the functionality of dyed silk fabrics by applying a polyethylene glycol (PEG) template to the enzymatic polymerisation of PGA/PPy. The polymerisation mechanism of the complexes was analysed in detail using UV‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MS). Consequently, the PGA/PPy/PEG complex has a higher degree of polymerisation than the PGA/PPy prepared without PEG, indicating that the PEG template can promote the polymerisation of PGA and PPy. As a result, we found that the presence of the PEG template improved the thermal stability and UV protection function of the dyed silk fabric, but did not impair the electrochemical activity of silk fabric. As a result of analysing the colour depth, it exhibited a higher K/S value compared to the dyed silk fabric in the absence of PEG. Additionally, its colour fastness was improved.
Prioritization of public and private land to protect species at risk habitat
Authors: Proctor Caitlyn A. , Schuster Richard , Buxton Rachel T. , Bennett Joseph R.
Published: July 2022

Conservation budgets are limited, requiring strategic prioritization among actions to efficiently protect species. Systematic prioritization approaches typically determine locations for conservation that most effectively balance species protection with cost. Proxies for cost are frequently used in prioritizing land for protection. Here, we combine financial cost estimates for private land acquisition and species habitat models into a spatial prioritization to explore cost‐effective habitat protection, using a case study of species at risk in Ontario, Canada. Our findings suggest a key trade‐off, whereby protecting the areas with the greatest concentration of species at risk may not be the best strategy for protecting these species. Instead, protecting species at risk may be most cost effective in areas where species‐at‐risk richness is still relatively high, but land costs are relatively low, such as in central Ontario. However, the budget required to adequately protect species at risk through land purchase would be much larger than is currently available for conservation efforts, even if public lands are preferentially protected. Therefore, to effectively protect all species at risk in Ontario, we recommend the use of alternative conservation measures, such as easements and incentives for restoration on private land, to supplement already protected areas.
Primary cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma masquerading as leukemia cutis in a patient recently diagnosed with small lymphocytic lymphoma: Clues to the diagnosis
Authors: Haghayeghi Koorosh , Patel Dhrumil , Rice Shauna M. , Davis Michael J. , Hayes Christi Ann , Kaur Prabhjot , Lansigan Frederick , Carter Joi B. , LeBlanc Robert E.
Published: July 2022

A 54‐year‐old man recently diagnosed with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) had waxing and waning, indurated, erythematous plaques on his legs, with leukopenia and anemia disproportionate to the SLL burden in his marrow and pelvic lymph nodes. Punch biopsy of a plaque performed to evaluate for leukemia cutis revealed a lymphocytic lobular‐panniculitis‐like infiltrate resembling lupus panniculitis, but a preponderance of CD8+/Ki‐67+ T‐cells surrounding adipocytes raised concern for subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL). Additional immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies showed that the adipotropic T‐cells expressed TCR‐gamma, supporting the rare, unexpected diagnosis of Primary cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma (PCGDTCL). The patient subsequently met diagnostic criteria for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). PCGDTCL is an aggressive, HLH‐associated lymphoma requiring different management than SPTCL and SLL. This case illustrates how PCGDTCL can co‐exist with B‐cell lymphoma and resemble panniculitis on biopsies. PCGDTCL and SPTCL should enter the differential diagnosis whenever patients present with the constellation of lobular panniculitis and unexplained cytopenias. In the present case, close clinicopathologic correlation and judicious use of IHC on a small sample allowed for a prompt diagnosis.
NGO–academia research co‐production in humanitarian settings: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Lokot Michelle , Wake Caitlin
Published: July 2022

The term ‘co‐production’ is increasingly used to describe varied forms of research partnerships, expanding from its application within the health sector to other areas. In humanitarian settings, alongside more calls for localisation and decolonising aid, research co‐production is emerging as a means of tackling power dynamics within NGO (non‐governmental organisation)–academia research partnerships. Based on semi‐structured interviews with practitioners and academics with experience of co‐producing research and participating in research partnerships, this paper presents the opportunities and challenges associated with co‐producing research in humanitarian settings. The findings suggest that similar to other buzzwords in the humanitarian sector, the label of ‘co‐production’ is sometimes uncritically applied to any kind of research partnership. The study emphasises the importance of centring power within co‐produced research in humanitarian settings and suggests that while the term co‐production is sometimes misappropriated, the principles underlying this concept remain essential to unravelling power hierarchies within the humanitarian sector.
International media coverage promotes donations to a climate disaster
Authors: Chapman Cassandra M. , Hornsey Matthew J. , Fielding Kelly S. , Gulliver Robyn
Published: July 2022

The Australian bushfires in 2019–20 triggered massive amounts of charitable giving from the community. This study applied agenda‐setting theory to examine if and how disaster news coverage influenced public donations in response to the crisis. A survey of 949 Australians found that people perceived news coverage of the event to be a strong influence on the amount they donated to bushfire appeals, over and above past giving levels. Furthermore, media coverage was more influential in participants' charity selection than both peer influence and direct communications from the charities. Next, a textual analysis of international news coverage of the event (N = 30,239 unique articles) was conducted. Compared to a control corpus of text, news coverage of the disaster used words related to ‘money’ and ‘support’ at disproportionately high frequencies. Together, the studies suggest that the media plays an agenda‐setting role in determining how and to what extent people give to disaster appeals.
The effects of post‐learning alcohol ingestion on human motor memory consolidation
Authors: Hamel Raphael , Demers Olivier , Lepage Jean‐Francois , Bernier Pierre‐Michel
Published: July 2022

The neurochemical mechanisms underlying motor memory consolidation remain largely unknown. Based on converging work showing that ethyl alcohol retrogradely enhances declarative memory consolidation, this work tested the hypothesis that post‐learning alcohol ingestion would enhance motor memory consolidation. In a within‐subject and fully counterbalanced design, participants (n = 24; 12M; 12F) adapted to a gradually introduced visual deviation and ingested, immediately after adaptation, a placebo (PBO), a medium (MED) or high (HIGH) dose of alcohol. The alcohol doses were bodyweight‐ and gender‐controlled to yield peak breath alcohol concentrations of 0.00% in the PBO, ~0.05% in the MED and ~0.095% in the HIGH condition. Retention was evaluated 24 h later through reach aftereffects when participants were sober. The results revealed that retention levels were neither significantly nor meaningfully different in both the MED and HIGH conditions as compared to PBO (all absolute Cohen's dz values < ~0.2; small to negligible effects), indicating that post‐learning alcohol ingestion did not alter motor memory consolidation. Given alcohol's known pharmacological GABAergic agonist and NMDA antagonist properties, one possibility is that these neurochemical mechanisms do not decisively contribute to motor memory consolidation. As converging work demonstrated alcohol's retrograde enhancement of declarative memory, the present results suggest that distinct neurochemical mechanisms underlie declarative and motor memory consolidation. Elucidating the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the consolidation of different memory systems may yield insights into the effects of over‐the‐counter drugs on everyday learning and memory but also inform the development of pharmacological interventions seeking to alter human memory consolidation.