bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Goethe, His Duke and Infanticide: New Documents and Reflections on a Controversial Execution
Authors: Wilson W. Daniel
Published: September 2010

It has been known since the 1930s that in 1783 Goethe cast his vote as a member of the governing Privy Council (‘Geheimes Consilium’) of Saxe‐Weimar to retain the death penalty for infanticide. This decision, which followed a request by Duke Carl August for his councillors' advice on the matter, has moved to the centre of controversies over the political Goethe, since it meant that Johanna Höhn of Tannroda, who had been convicted of infanticide, was subsequently executed. The issue draws its special poignancy from Goethe's empathetic portrayal of the infanticide committed by Margarete in the earliest known version of Faust. The simultaneous publication in 2004 of two editions documenting the wider issue of infanticide and other crimes relating to sexual morality in Saxe‐Weimar has re‐ignited the controversy. The present article reexamines the issues, presenting new evidence that establishes the discourse on the question of the death penalty for infanticide in books that Duke Carl August and Goethe purchased, and presents the script of the public trial re‐enactment (‘Halsgericht’) on the market square in Weimar directly preceding the execution. It concludes that this discourse ran heavily against the death penalty, and it counters attempts in recent scholarship to draw attention away from the Höhn execution.
The ‘Halsgericht’ for the Execution of Johanna Höhn in Weimar, 28 November 1783
Authors: Wilson W. Daniel
Published: September 2010

This previously unpublished document, found in the papers of the Weimar publisher, industrialist and court official F. J. Bertuch, represents the script for the public ceremony preceding the execution of the infanticide Johanna Catharina Höhn. Since Goethe, as a member of the powerful ‘Geheimes Consilium’ of Saxe‐Weimar‐Eisenach, had recently cast his vote to retain the death penalty for execution, the script has some significance for an evaluation of his administrative activities and his political ethos. The execution took place against a background of tension concerning its legitimacy at a time when the punishment of women who had committed infanticide was hotly contested.
A Portrait of War, a Grammar of Peace: Goethe, Laukhard, and the Campaign of 1792
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

When Prussia and Austria invaded France in 1792 in an attempt to defeat the revolutionary army, Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) accompanied his sovereign Carl August on the campaign. Almost thirty years later, Goethe recorded his version of the defeat and catastrophic retreat of the allied forces. Goethe's account embraces the perspective of a privileged observer, who enjoys the relative comfort afforded by his social class. In contrast, the memoirs of Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757–1822), a failed academic turned common soldier, who also participated in the campaign, are written from the vantage point of the experienced grunt. While Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich (1822) is often considered a minor accomplishment in a major oeuvre, Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen während des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich, which forms part of his autobiography Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben (1796), has received little scholarly attention.1 In spite of these different valuations, both Laukhard's and Goethe's texts have been subject to severe criticism. Laukhard's Begebenheiten has been disparaged because of its failure to turn experience into art, while Goethe's account was condemned for its failure to represent war truthfully. Clearly, Goethe's and Laukhard's texts are different in style, structure, and ideology, and yet there is one fundamental premise on which they agree. Both Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich and Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen während des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich are radically opposed to the concept of war as a sublime experience that many of their contemporaries endorsed and advocated. Laukhard's text offers a scathing critique of aristocratic abuse of power and deconstructs the notion of war as sublime through a focus on ‘the body in pain’ (Scarry). Goethe's text, on the other hand, which has often been accused of an uncritical stance towards the war, rejects the notion of war as a creative and ennobling force. Instead, Goethe traces war's destructive effect on the web of rules and habits that govern the peaceful working of society. Laukhardt records the horrors of war, Goethe seeks to delineate a grammar of peace amidst the terror of war.2
Ancient Fears and the New Order: Witch Beliefs and Physiognomy in the Age of Reason
Authors: Kord Susanne
Published: September 2010

By common accord, the eradication of witch beliefs is one of the most important signs of the new order established in the Enlightenment. During the ‘Age of Reason’, experimental and mathematical sciences began to form the basis of new philosophies; mechanistic processes supplanted the spiritual as a method of explaining the world; witch beliefs and other superstitions began to lose their validity, and – accordingly – witch hunts, trials and executions became a thing of the less enlightened past.1 But there is also much evidence to the contrary, indicating that the old superstitions were not abandoned during the Age of Reason, but co‐existed comfortably alongside new intellectual and philosophical thought systems like Cartesianism and Deism. Witch beliefs weathered the Enlightenment in two ways: out in the open – in the form of eighteenth‐century witch hunts and witch executions – and underground, sublimated not only in ‘art’, such as the fairy tales of Romanticism,2 but also in ‘science’, such as physiognomy, a discipline embraced or at least condoned by the best and brightest of the Enlightened Age, including Goethe, Herder, Lenz, Nicolai, and Mendelssohn.3 The witch trial of Anna Göldi and physiognomic analyses of the poet Anna Louisa Karsch will serve as my test cases for this assertion. Throughout, I will take a look at an organ that has not only played an important role in both witch beliefs and physiognomy, but is also at the centre of the enlightened credo of ‘seeing is believing’: the eye.
‘Aufklärung und kein Ende’: The Place of Enlightenment in Friedrich Nietzsche's Thought1
Authors: Martin Nicholas
Published: September 2010

The following article traces the development of Friedrich Nietzsche's attitude to Enlightenment and challenges the view that he can be dismissed, or revered, as an anti‐Enlightenment irrationalist. While Nietzsche rejects certain elements of Enlightenment thought, particularly those which found expression in the tenets of the French Revolution, his philosophical diagnoses are informed to an extent by the critical principles of Enlightenment. Nietzsche admires the critical spirit of certain figures associated with eighteenth‐century Enlightenment, notably Voltaire and Lessing, as well as representatives of earlier ‘Enlightenments’, such as Epicurus, Petrarch and Erasmus. He is also impressed by the audacity of the Enlightenment project, however flawed parts of it may be, and by the scale of its philosophical legacy. However, Nietzsche's approach to Enlightenment remains ambivalent and selective. His sceptical diagnoses of the phenomenon anticipate Horkheimer and Adorno's critique in Dialektik der Aufklärung (1947). The article concludes that it is, paradoxically, Nietzsche's attempts to suggest ways forward for humanity that present the most significant obstacles to viewing him as an enlightened thinker.
La Chercheuse d'Esprit: Gender, Mobility, and the Crisis of Authorship in J. M. R. Lenz's Conception of Soldiers' Marriages
Authors: Kagel Martin
Published: September 2010

Taking as its starting point the title page from Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz's essay on soldiers' marriages, this article explores the notion of authorship, i.e. the negotiation of author positions in literary, military, and sexual discourses in Lenz's play Die Soldaten (1776) and his essay ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ (posthumously published in 1913). In the play, authorship is an emancipatory concept associated with the female protagonist, Marie, and her attempts to assume a position in society that would allow her to articulate desire and liberate herself from male domination. In ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ this position is retracted and replaced by a male author position, in which authorship is identified with masculinity and the political power it serves to advance. While Lenz's national agenda is politically progressive, it is, at the same time, based on exploitation of female sexuality, which renders it anti‐emancipatory. Lenz's decision to designate his essay as ‘par un Allemand’ is contradictory, insofar as Lenz's own emancipatory conceptualisation of authorship is at odds with the writer's submission to the political demands of the day. Ultimately, Lenz's designation implies the denial of that which it asserts.
Zur Gestik und ihren Bedeutungen in Kleists Erzählungen
Authors: Perraudin Michael
Published: September 2010

Alle Schriften Kleists – Erzählungen, Dramen, Essays, auch persönliche Briefe – enthalten eine Vielfalt von Details unwillkürlichen gestischen Verhaltens von Seiten der Figuren –äußerliche Symptome von Reaktionen, Stimmungen und Einstellungen. Sogar die Sprache fungiert weitgehend als Teil desselben Systems, indem sie unbewusste Unterwerfung, Widerstand, Herausforderung, Begierde und Willen zur Macht widerspiegelt und zum Ausdruck bringt, während sich ihr semantischer Inhalt als weitgehend unwesentlich erweist. Dies kommt einer impliziten Theorie irrationaler Kommunikation gleich, die auf einem durchgehend zynischen Verständnis zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltens und universaler Menschennatur fußt. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz wird an Hand von Beispielen vor allem aus Kleists Erzählprosa eine Typologie seiner gestischen Beobachtungen erstellt und auf die darin erkennbare antiaufklärerische Psychologie und Anthropologie des Autors hingewiesen.
Innovation and Innovators Inside Government: From Institutions to Networks
Authors: CONSIDINE MARK , LEWIS JENNY M.
Published: September 2010

Innovation and innovators inhabit an institutional space, which is partially defined by formal positions and partially by informal networks. This article investigates the role of politicians and bureaucrats in fostering innovation inside government and provides an empirical explanation of who the innovators are, whether this is mostly an attribute of position or role, or mostly an effect of certain forms of networking. The study uses original data collected from 11 municipal governments in Australia in order to define and describe the normative underpinnings of innovation inside government and to show the importance of advice and strategic information networks among politicians and senior bureaucrats (n = 947). Social network analysis is combined with conventional statistical analysis in order to demonstrate the comparative importance of networks in explaining who innovates.
Liberalization as a Development Strategy: Network Governance in the Korean Mobile Telecom Market
Authors: JHO WHASUN
Published: September 2010

This study analyzes Korea's often noted yet seldom studied spectacular rise to become one of the important global players in the mobile telecommunications industry. The Korean “leap frog” occurred in the context of liberalization under the worldwide liberal telecommunications regime. This article finds that network governance—the emphasis on the use of partnerships and network transactions with global firms as well as the local private sector—is the reason for Korea's success. It examines the origins of and driving forces acting upon the liberalization policy, and discusses how the state and telecom firms cooperated to develop the mobile market. It also assesses the new governance that is taking place in Korea's telecom market by focusing on the changing roles of the state in three major aspects: provision, regulation, and foreign entry barriers into the mobile market. While the Korean government promoted a market‐conforming telecom market and private ownership, this article argues, it formulated rather different governance principles from the U.S. model of liberal governance.
Risk of side effects associated with the use of nevirapine in treatment‐naïve patients, with respect to gender and CD4 cell count
Authors: Knobel H , Guelar A , Montero M , Carmona A , Luque S , Berenguer N , González A
Published: September 2010

Objectives

A warning about the use of nevirapine (NVP) by its pharmaceutical manufacturer has been issued in which it has been recommended that NVP should not be prescribed in patients with increased risk of toxicity based on CD4 cut‐offs and gender. The aim of this study was to determine whether these recommendations are of use in preventing side effects.

Methods

This retrospective study included antiretroviral drug‐naïve patients who started treatment with NVP. Patients were divided into two groups: those with high CD4 counts (H; women: CD4 count >250 cells/μL; men: CD4 count >400 cells/μL) and those with low CD4 counts (L; women: CD4 count <250 cells/μL; men: CD4 count <400 cells/μL).

Results

A total of 142 patients were included in the study, 61 in the H group and 81 in the L group. Skin rash developed in 6.56% of patients [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.67–15.70%] in the H group and in 14.81% of patients (95% CI 8.72–24.17%) in the L group (P=0.18). Hepatotoxicity developed in 4.92% (95% CI 1.79–13.50%) and 6.17% (95% CI 2.73–13.66%) of patients with high and low CD4 cell counts, respectively (P=1.0).

Conclusion

The recommendations not to use NVP in drug‐naïve patients at increased risk of toxicity on the basis of gender and CD4 cell count do not seem to be of use in preventing the occurrence of side effects. However, a small number of patients were included in this study, and hence the possibility cannot be excluded that the recommendations are appropriate in another clinical practice setting.
Efficacy of influenza vaccination in HIV‐positive patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Anema A , Mills E , Montaner J , Brownstein JS , Cooper C
Published: September 2010

Background

International treatment guidelines recommend that HIV‐positive patients be vaccinated for influenza annually. Evidence supporting this recommendation is limited. We assessed the efficacy of influenza vaccines in preventing influenza in HIV‐positive patients through a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

We searched 10 electronic databases independently, in duplicate (from inception to June 2007). We extracted data on study design, population characteristics and outcomes related to influenza symptoms and antibody titres. We pooled data using a random effects model and conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate heterogeneity.

Results

We included four studies. Three studies were evaluable for meta‐analysis and yielded a pooled relative risk reduction (RRR) of 66% [95% confidence interval (CI) 36–82%; I2=73%]. One case–control study yielded an odds ratio of 1.98 (95% CI 0.75–5.20). When we assessed heterogeneity according to study design, we found that the study of the highest quality, a randomized clinical trial (RCT), yielded the most conservative estimate (RRR 41%; 95% CI 2–64%).

Interpretation

Evidence supporting influenza vaccination of HIV‐positive individuals is limited, poorly quantified and characterized by substantial methodological shortcomings. A reasonable estimate of influenza vaccination effectiveness in HIV‐positive patients cannot be derived from these data. There is an urgent need for randomized trials to guide policy and clinical practice.
Increased rate of prematurity associated with antenatal antiretroviral therapy in a German/Austrian cohort of HIV‐1‐infected women
Authors: Grosch‐Woerner I , Puch K , Maier RF , Niehues T , Notheis G , Patel D , Casteleyn S , Feiterna‐Sperling C , Groeger S , Zaknun D ,   for the Multicenter Interdisciplinary Study Group Germany/Austria
Published: September 2010

Objective

The aim of the study was to assess the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes after antenatal antiretroviral therapy in a well‐defined prospective cohort of nontransmitting HIV‐infected women.

Methods

Prospective monitoring of 183 mother–child pairs from 13 centres in Germany and Austria, delivering between 1995 and 2001, was carried out. Following German–Austrian guidelines recommending an elective Caesarean section (CS) at 36 weeks, prematurity was defined as <36 weeks' gestation for these analyses.

Results

Of 183 mother–child pairs, 42% were exposed to antenatal monotherapy and 17% to dual therapy. Of the 75 women exposed to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 21 (28%) received protease inhibitor (PI)‐based HAART and the remaining 54 received nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐based HAART. In multivariable analysis (176 pregnancies), PI‐based HAART exposure during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of premature delivery [adjusted odds ratio 3.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–10.2; P=0.029, compared with monotherapy]. Congenital abnormalities affected 3.3% infants. Perinatally, 18.9% of children (34 of 179) had respiratory problems requiring interventions, which were associated with prematurity but not with type of treatment exposure. From adjusted regression analysis, the mean birth weight z‐score for children exposed to HAART with PI (+0.46; 95% CI 0.01–0.92; P=0.047) or dual therapy (+0.43; 95% CI 0.03–0.82; P=0.034) was slightly but significantly higher than that for those exposed to monotherapy; head circumference was appropriate for gestational age and there were no significant differences between treatment groups.

Conclusions

Use of antenatal PI‐based HAART initiated before or during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of premature delivery at <36 weeks' gestation. The overall crude prematurity rate was 34% (63 of 183; 95% CI 28–42).
Factors predicting the time for CD4 T‐cell count to return to nadir in the course of CD4‐guided therapy interruption in chronic HIV infection*
Authors: Boschi A , Tinelli C , Ortolani P , Arlotti M
Published: September 2010

Objective

Our previous studies on CD4‐guided therapy interruption (TI) showed that the durations of the first and second TIs were similar if antiretroviral therapy (ART) was resumed at a level of the CD4 cell count similar to or higher than the nadir CD4 T‐cell count. Therefore, in a strategy of repeated CD4‐guided TI, it is important to know which factors predict the time for the CD4 T‐cell count to return to nadir (TRN).

Methods

From a cohort of 125 patients who interrupted ART, 92 patients who reached a CD4 T‐cell count similar to the nadir count were included in the study.

Results

The median TRN was 12.3 months. In the multivariate analysis, younger age (P=0.011), lower pre‐ART HIV RNA (P=0.022) and female gender (P=0.045) were associated with a longer TRN. After TI there were 11 clinical events in the group of patients whose nadir CD4 count was >200 cells/μL. Most of these events occurred when the TI was prolonged beyond the TRN.

Conclusions

The factors predicting the TRN were age, HIV RNA pre‐ART and gender. Resumption of therapy at a CD4 cell count similar to the nadir CD4 count appears to protect against the development of clinical events. Given the observational nature of this study, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the possible application of TI in clinical practice.
The weight of evidence for ropinirole in restless legs syndrome
Authors: Trenkwalder C.
Published: September 2010

Evidence‐based guidelines consider dopaminergic therapy to be the mainstay of treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS). l‐dopa has been shown to reduce RLS symptoms, but subsequent augmentation of symptoms occurs in up to 73% of patients during continued treatment. The ergot‐derived dopamine agonist pergolide has been shown to be effective in small, open or placebo‐controlled studies, but there have been reports of pleuropulmonary or cardiac valvular disease with this ergoline agent. Amongst the non‐ergoline dopamine agonists, pramipexole has been reported to reduce RLS symptoms, but robust trial data are limited. By contrast, the RLS clinical trial programme with ropinirole is the largest published to date. This programme includes 12‐week randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies and a 36‐week maintenance‐of‐effect study. Data from the placebo‐controlled studies show that ropinirole, 0.25–4.0 mg/day, produces rapid and significant reductions, compared with placebo, in the sensory and motor symptoms of RLS, and that these benefits are associated with significant improvements in sleep and quality of life. In addition, the maintenance study has shown that these benefits are maintained during longer‐term treatment. Furthermore, ropinirole is generally well tolerated. Ropinirole thus represents a potential valuable approach to the management of RLS.
Ictal non‐forced grasping behaviour
Authors: Leiguarda R. C. , Nouzeilles M. I. , Ugarnes G. , Amengual A. , Roldán E. , Fridman E. , D’Giano C. , Merello M.
Published: September 2010

Our aim was to investigate whether patients with epileptiform foci in the frontal lobe, as revealed by video EEG (VEEG) analysis, exhibit non‐forced grasping behaviour and manipulatory movements during seizures. We retrospectively reviewed ictal videotapes of 30 consecutive patients with frontal and 30 with temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing VEEG for the presence and type of grasping and manipulatory movements. Four of the 30 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (13%) showed unilateral grasping behaviour, three of whom had whole hand prehension (one with manipulation movements as well) and one pinching movements. In all patients, arm abduction and elevation resembling reaching invariably preceded grasping hand movements. The epileptogenic focus was located in the contralateral and ipsilateral frontocentral region in two and one patient, respectively, and in the ipsilateral orbitofrontal region in another. However, none of the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy showed grasping behaviour. Patients with frontal lobe epilepsy may show non‐forced grasping with or without manipulatory finger movements as part of ictal phenomena.
Is quality of life in non‐demented Parkinson’s disease patients related to cognitive performance? A clinic‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Klepac N. , Trkulja V. , Relja M. , Babić T.
Published: September 2010

Whilst the association between dementia and poorer health‐related quality of life (Hr‐QoL) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been well established, we aimed to explore the relationship between cognitive performance and Hr‐QoL in PD without dementia. Consecutive PD patients (n = 124, 54% men, age 60.4 ± 10.3 years) judged as non‐demented based on DSM‐IV criteria and Mini Mental State Examination, free of other neurodegenerative diseases or psychotic difficulties and antipsychotic/antidepressive/anxyolitic treatment were assessed in a battery of neuropsychological tests. We used Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (PDQ‐39) to asses Hr‐QoL and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) to quantify depression. In the univariate analysis, better performance in each of the tests evaluating visual attention/memory or visuospatial and executive functions was associated with better Hr‐QoL. In multivariate analysis [adjustment for BDI score, PD severity and duration, l‐dopa dose, age, sex, education, employment status and early PD onset (<50 years of age)] in which these tests were either represented by a common variable identified in a principal components analysis or were considered individually, better cognitive performance was independently associated with better Hr‐QoL. The association was conditional on the level of depression, i.e., apparent only in patients with low(er) BDI scores. Cognitive performance appears associated with Hr‐QoL even in non‐demented PD patients.
Simvastatin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke: a safety and efficacy pilot trial
Authors: Montaner J. , Chacón P. , Krupinski J. , Rubio F. , Millán M. , Molina C. A. , Hereu P. , Quintana M. , Alvarez‐Sabín J.
Published: September 2010

Although statins are being used for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, recent experimental data have shown new pleiotropic effects of these drugs responsible for their role in neuroprotection. We conducted a pilot, double‐blind, randomized, multicenter clinical trial to study for the first time safety and efficacy of simvastatin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Simvastatin/placebo was given at 3–12 h from symptom onset to 60 patients with cortical strokes. Efficacy on the evolution of several inflammation markers [interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, C‐reactive protein, sApo/Fas, tumor necrosis factor‐α, E‐selectin, L‐selectin and nitrites+nitrates] and neurological outcome was evaluated at baseline, day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 90. No differences were found amongst the biomarkers studied regarding treatment allocation. Although simvastatin patients improved significantly by the third day (46.4% vs. 17.9%, P = 0.022), a non‐significant increase in mortality and greater proportion of infections (odds ratio 2.4, confidence interval 1.06–5.4) in the simvastatin group were the main safety concerns. Therefore, a larger clinical trial is needed to confirm the net benefit of this therapeutic approach.
Sodium lactate differently alters relative EEG power and functional connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease patients’ brain regions
Authors: Járdánházy A. , Járdánházy T. , Kálmán J.
Published: September 2010

Bilateral temporo‐parietal hypoperfusion and decreased glucose metabolism are characteristic in vivo findings in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Lactate is a metabolic vasodilator and is known to induce increased cerebral blood flow in healthy adults. The present study addresses the issue whether sodium lactate infusion affects functional state and resulting electroencephalographic patterns of AD patients. Twelve late‐onset sporadic AD probands participated in this self‐control study. The relative power and synchronization likelihood (SL) values of the electroencephalographic samples were calculated and compared off‐line before and after sodium lactate infusion (0.5 m, 5 ml/kg body weight). Based on the reactivity to sodium lactate the scalp could be divided into three parts; no significant changes were seen in the seriously damaged (P3–P4) areas. The moderately affected regions in the close neighborhood showed a paradoxic inactivation with electroencephalographic slowing, a likely consequence of the metabolic‐like steal effect of the near‐normal areas outside. These results indicate a diminished vascular and/or metabolic reserve capacity to sodium lactate challenge in AD and confirm the formerly described electroencephalographic abnormalities.
Do Development Impact Fees Reduce the Rate of Residential Development?
Authors: SKIDMORE MARK , PEDDLE MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Over the last twenty‐five years local governments in the United States and Canada have increasingly used impact fees and other development exactions as methods of financing capital and infrastructure requirements mandated by residential growth. While several studies have examined the effects of impact fees on housing and land prices, rigorous empirical analysis of their effects on residential development is lacking. In this paper a sample of all municipalities in DuPage County, Illinois from 1977 through 1992 is used to examine the effects of impact fees on the rate of residential development. The empirical results show that impact fees reduce rates of residential development by more than 25 percent.
Growth of Creative Occupations in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: A Shift‐Share Analysis
Authors: GABE TODD M.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  This article uses a shift‐share model to investigate the growth of creative occupations in U.S. metropolitan areas during the 1990s. Empirical findings indicate that the performance of the creative economy varied widely across the U.S., and that the highest competitive growth rates of the creative workforce occurred in the Rocky Mountain, Southeast, and Southwest regions. Further analysis focused on whether high competitive workforce growth between 1990 and 2000 translated into high competitive employment growth from 1999 to 2003. The results show that many of the areas with the highest competitive growth rates of creative economy employment from 1999 to 2003 were some of the weakest regions in terms of creative workforce growth during the 1990s. This raises questions about the extent to which jobs follow people in the creative economy, and suggests that an initial strong presence in the creative economy is not a prerequisite for future growth.
Changes in the Appalachian Wage Gap, 1970 to 2000
Authors: BAUMANN ROBERT
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  Since at least 1960, Appalachia has had lower wages, employment rates, and educational attainment than the rest of the country. Using a sample from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series Census project, the author identifies factors affecting the wage gap between 1970 and 2000. The author finds that increases in educational attainment in Appalachia are counterbalanced by increasing returns to observable and unobservable skill, the decline of the manufacturing industry, and rising wage dispersion, leaving the wage gap for full‐time workers in 2000 at essentially the same levels as 1970.
Changing Nature and Sustainability of the Industrial District Model: The Case of Technic Valley in France
Authors: BARABEL MICHEL , HUAULT ISABELLE , MEIER OLIVIER
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  This paper examines the impact of contemporary pressures on industrial districts and analyses the changes that are taking place in an industrial district confronted with disembedding and globalisation. We discuss the following questions: What are the processes and consequences of disembedding for the changing shape and form of inter‐firm trust, contract and network forms? Is there an evolution in subcontracting and trade interdependency? What is the role of institutional infrastructures? We performed a longitudinal qualitative study using a number of different data sources to analyse the evolution of one French industrial district, particularly how new pressures of internationalisation and disembedding work to reconfigure inter‐firm relations in this district. While the recent literature is dominated by notions about industrial districts that concern only the trend towards increased competition or disembeddedness, this article shows that there is no unilinear trend. In contrast with the findings of certain recent studies, we argue that economic logic does not fully account for recent developments because the adjustment that are being made by the district are characterised rather by re‐embeddedness, increased cooperation, and institutionalisation.
The Power of Governance in Financial Relationships: Governing Tensions in Exotic Infrastructure Territory
Authors: TORRANCE MORAG I.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The scope of financial products has recently extended to include investments in infrastructure assets that were previously community owned. While private investment in infrastructure is not new, the rise of institutional investors searching for infrastructure investments to match long‐term liabilities is a recent phenomenon. Most cannot hire the necessary expertise or take on the relatively large risks that accompany undertaking such endeavors in‐house, with many opting to place capital in specialised infrastructure funds. While there is a plethora of studies on various aspects of public and corporate governance, this paper concentrates on the governance of relationships between institutional investors and their infrastructure fund managers, contributing to the growing body of literature on financial geographies through a focus on the decision‐making of financial actors at the micro level, where the origins and destination of capital into geographies are determined. This private governance is defined as the “regulation” by private agents, insofar as they must anticipate and deal with potential or inherent conflicts of interest. Even as the “embedded” argument stresses the role of concrete personal relations and networks in generating trust, when interests need to be safeguarded in new and unfamiliar settings such as in infrastructure equity investing, the scope of private governance plays a central role in creating the financial relationship. This is supported through a discussion of four problems in private infrastructure governance, which are affected by but also have an impact upon the development of trust and long‐term relationships. Despite differing constraints and various degrees of negotiating leverage, innovative economic action is structured through anticipating and aligning diverging interests of (new) social relations.
The Chinese path to individualization
Authors: Yan Yunxiang
Published: September 2010

This article explores the rise of the individual and the consequential individualization of society which should be viewed as a reflexive part of China's state‐sponsored quest for modernity. It traces the origin of the individualization process to the Maoist era, arguing that some collectivist programmes of social engineering and the socialist path of modernization under Maoism ironically resulted in a partial individualization of Chinese society. Examining profound social changes during the three decades of the post‐Mao reforms, the article reveals a number of similarities with the individualization process in Western Europe but also demonstrates some important differences. In the last section, the theoretical implications of the Chinese case in light of Ulrich Beck's theory of individualization and second modernity are discussed.
Cerebral cortical dynamics and the quality of motor behavior during social evaluative challenge
Authors: Rietschel Jeremy C. , Goodman Ronald N. , King Bradley R. , Lo Li‐Chuan , Contreras‐Vidal Jose L. , Hatfield Bradley D.
Published: September 2010

To determine the influence of arousal on cerebral cortical dynamics and motor behavior, 58 channels of EEG were recorded in 13 college‐age men (n=6) and women during an aiming task performed alone and in a social evaluation condition. Moderate arousal, as measured by heart rate, skin conductance, and self‐reported mood, was induced during the social evaluation. In accord with the Yerkes–Dodson Hypothesis, which posits optimal performance during moderate arousal, improved performance (i.e., quality of the aiming trajectories) was observed. During social evaluation, changes in electroencephalogram dynamics included decreased coherence between the motor planning (Fz) and right temporal region (T4), increased coherence in the sensorimotor networks subserving the task, and increased local processing (gamma, 30–44 Hz) in the temporal regions. The results imply that moderate arousal promotes specific alterations in cortical dynamics that facilitate motor performance.
Cognitive control in the intertrial interval: Evidence from EEG alpha power
Authors: Compton Rebecca J. , Arnstein Daniel , Freedman Gili , Dainer‐Best Justin , Liss Alison
Published: September 2010

This study used electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum analyses to characterize neural activity during the intertrial interval, a period during which online cognitive adjustments in response to errors or conflict are thought to occur. EEG alpha power was quantified as an inverse index of cerebral activity during the period between each response and the next stimulus in a Stroop task. Alpha power was significantly reduced following error responses compared to correct responses, indicating greater cerebral activity following errors. Reduced alpha power was also observed following Stroop conflict trials compared to no‐conflict trials, suggesting that conflict engages processes of mental adjustment. Finally, hemispheric differences in alpha power during the intertrial interval supported the complementary roles of the left and right hemispheres in behavioral activation and inhibition.
Rethinking Duverger's Law: Predicting the Effective Number of Parties in Plurality and PR Systems – Parties Minus Issues Equals One*
Authors: TAAGEPERA REIN , GROFMAN BERNARD
Published: September 2010

Attempts to predict the number of political parties emerging in democracies have usually been based on one of two seemingly incompatible approaches: (1) the ‘institutional’ approach (e.g., Duverger's Law and Hypothesis) focuses on the nature of the electoral system and also on the number of seats per district; (2) the ‘ideological’ approach stresses the nature and extent of social cleavages. This article attempts a synthesis by showing that election system and cleavage type interact to affect the number of parties, with the former factor determined in part by the latter. Our most striking finding, however, is that the effective number of parties tends to be obtained by adding ‘one’ to the number of issue dimensions. Within this broader framework, Duverger's Law emerges as a special case for polities with a single issue dimension, and Duverger's Hypothesis is replaced by a much more quantitative prediction as to the effective number of parties.
The Voters Decide?: Preferential Voting in European List Systems*
Authors: MARSH MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

The electoral law in many European countries permits voters to indicate preferred candidates within a party list rather than to make a choice only between parties. This paper examines briefly the various voting arrangements which allow this and considers in some detail the patterns of their utilization and their possible consequences. Whilst such behaviour can be understood as a form of political participation, it is evident that patterns vary and consequences are uncertain due to the complex interrelationship between the different elements in the electoral situation.
Treatment and diagnosis of a dog with fulminant neurological deterioration due to anatoxin‐a intoxication
Authors: Puschner Birgit , Pratt Chap , Tor Elizabeth R.
Published: September 2010

Objective
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To describe the clinical features, treatment, diagnostic work‐up, and outcome of a dog with acute neurologic signs subsequent to algal toxin exposure.

Case Summary –

A Golden Retriever was presented for evaluation of acute onset of paraparesis after swimming in a man‐made pond in early June and ingesting algae from a nearby bucket. The dog was anxious, had mild ptyalism, and when excited, developed generalized self‐limiting tremors that progressed to generalized fasciculations and lateral recumbency. The dog was treated with activated charcoal and crystalloid fluids. Two hours after the presentation, the dog acutely decompensated and was ultimately euthanized. Gastric contents, bucket contents, pond water, bile, and urine were positive for anatoxin‐a.

New or Unique Information Provided
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Anatoxin‐a intoxication is rarely confirmed in dogs but should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any dog with acute neurologic signs. We report the first successful detection of anatoxin‐a in urine and bile of a dog exposed to blue green algae. This new test provides an enhanced diagnostic tool in suspect cases and has possible therapeutic implications in dogs.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 prevents adverse effects induced by phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors in rats
Authors: Peter D , Göggel R , Colbatzky F , Nickolaus P
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPhosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitors such as roflumilast are currently being developed as anti‐inflammatory treatments for chronic airway disorders. However, high doses of PDE4 inhibitors have also been linked to several side effects in different animal species, including pro‐inflammatory effects in the rat. Here, we analysed PDE4‐related toxicological findings in a rat model and how these side effects might be therapeutically prevented.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHWistar rats were treated orally once daily with 10 mg·kg−1roflumilast for 4 days. Macroscopic changes were monitored throughout the study and further parameters were analysed at the end of the experiment on day 5. In addition, the effects of concomitant treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors were assessed.

KEY RESULTSSupratherapeutical treatment with roflumilast induced marked body and spleen weight loss, diarrhea, increased secretory activity of the harderian glands, leukocytosis, increased serum cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant‐1 (CINC‐1) levels, and histopathological changes in thymus, spleen, mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes. All these toxicological findings could be prevented by the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) and non‐selective COX inhibitor, diclofenac, given orally. Similar protective effects could be achieved by the COX‐2 selective inhibitor lumiracoxib, whereas the COX‐1 selective inhibitor SC‐560 was generally not effective.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSTreatment with an NSAID inhibiting COX‐2 prevents the major effects found after subchronic overdosing with the PDE4‐specific inhibitor roflumilast. If this effect translates into humans, such combined treatment may increase the therapeutic window of PDE4 inhibitors, currently under clinical development.
What have positron emission tomography and ‘Zippy’ told us about the neuropharmacology of drug addiction?
Authors: Cumming Paul , Caprioli Daniele , Dalley Jeffrey W
Published: September 2010

Translational molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and allied technologies offer unrivalled applications in the discovery of biomarkers and aetiological mechanisms relevant to human disease. Foremost among clinical PET findings during the past two decades of addiction research is the seminal discovery of reduced dopamine D2/3receptor expression in the striatum of drug addicts, which could indicate a predisposing factor and/or compensatory reaction to the chronic abuse of stimulant drugs. In parallel, recent years have witnessed significant improvements in the performance of small animal tomographs (microPET) and a refinement of animal models of addiction based on clinically relevant diagnostic criteria. This review surveys the utility of PET in the elucidation of neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. It considers the consequences of chronic drug exposure on regional brain metabolism and neurotransmitter function and identifies those areas where further research is needed, especially concerning the implementation of PET tracers targeting neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine, which increasingly have been implicated in the pathophysiology of drug addiction. In addition, this review considers the causal effects of behavioural traits such as impulsivity and novelty/sensation‐seeking on the emergence of compulsive drug‐taking. Previous research indicates that spontaneously high‐impulsive rats – as exemplified by ‘Zippy’– are pre‐disposed to escalate intravenous cocaine self‐administration, and subsequently to develop compulsive drug taking tendencies that endure despite concurrent adverse consequences of such behaviour, just as in human addiction. The discovery using microPET of pre‐existing differences in dopamine D2/3receptor expression in the striatum of high‐impulsive rats suggests a neural endophenotype that may likewise pre‐dispose to stimulant addiction in humans.

LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Imaging. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐8BJPhas previously published anImaging in Pharmacologythemed section, edited by A Davenport and C Daly. To view this section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐4
3D Ichnology—recovering digital 3D models of dinosaur footprints
Authors: Remondino Fabio , Rizzi Alessandro , Girardi Stefano , Petti Fabio Massimo , Avanzini Marco
Published: September 2010

Ichnology deals with the traces of prehistoric organisms and thus with the study of dinosaur footprints and tracks. This paper reports on a reliable and precise methodology developed to integrate high‐resolution close range photogrammetry and range sensors for 3D surveys of dinosaur footprints. The 3D footprint and track models recovered here yield a great deal of accurate morphological and morphometrical information, providing palaeoichnologists with a simpler and cheaper way to document track fossils and the opportunity to formulate new hypotheses about the dynamics of dinosaur locomotion.
Combination Treatment with Ranitidine Is Highly Eff icient Against Helicobacter pylori Despite Negative Impact of Macrolide Resistance
Authors: Hultén Kristina , Jaup Bernhard , Stenquist Bo , Engstrand Lars
Published: September 2010

Background.

This double‐blind, randomized study evaluated the efficacy of dual and triple therapies including ranitidine for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Materials and Methods.

Dyspeptic patients (n = 105) with a positive rapid urease test formed the intention‐to‐treat population (ITT). All patients were assigned to 14 days treatment with ranitidine 300 mg b.i.d and clarithromycin 750 mg b.i.d. Group A (n = 53) also received a placebo twice daily, while group B (n = 52) received lymecycline 300 mg b.i.d. Treatment with ranitidine, 150 mg b.i.d, was continued for an additional 30 days. H. pylori infection was verified by culture. Twelve weeks after antibiotic treatment, H. pylori status was investigated by culture and 14C‐urea breath test (UBT). The per‐protocol (PP) group consisted of 73 patients (A, n = 38; B, n = 35).

Results.

Cure rates were 87% (95% C.I. = 72% to 94%) vs. 72% (95% C.I. = 58% to 83%) in the ITT‐group and 89% (95% C.I. = 73% to 97%) vs. 87% (95% C.I. = 72% to 96%) in the PP‐population (culture and UBT) when triple and dual therapies were compared. In all patients who were not cured, clarithromycin resistance of H. pylori was acquired. Side effects were experienced by 54% of patients.

Conclusions.

The difference in efficacy between the two treatment regimens was not significant. However, the cure rates in this study are comparable to combination treatments with omeprazole. Treatment failures were due to acquired clarithromycin resistance.
The Effect of the cag Pathogenicity Island on Binding of Helicobacter pylori to Gastric Epithelial Cells and the Subsequent Induction of Apoptosis
Authors: Minohara Yutaka , Boyd David K. , Hawkins Hal K. , Ernst Peter B. , Patel Janak , Crowe Sheila E.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection leads to gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, in part due to epithelial damage following bacteria binding to the epithelium. Infection with cag pathogenicity island (PAI) bearing strains of H. pylori is associated with increased gastric inflammation and a higher incidence of gastroduodenal diseases. It is now known that various effector molecules are injected into host epithelial cells via a type IV secretion apparatus, resulting in cytoskeletal changes and chemokine secretion. Whether binding of bacteria and subsequent apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells are altered by cag PAI status was examined in this study.

Methods:  AGS, Kato III, and N87 human gastric epithelial cell lines were incubated with cag PAI‐positive or cag PAI‐negative strains of H. pylori in the presence or absence of clarithromycin. Binding was evaluated by flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy. Apoptosis was assessed by detection of DNA degradation and ELISA detection of exposed histone residues.

Results:  cag PAI‐negative strains bound to gastric epithelial cells to the same extent as cag PAI‐positive strains. Both cag PAI‐positive and cag PAI‐negative strains induced apoptosis. However, cag PAI‐positive strains induced higher levels of DNA degradation. Incubation with clarithromycin inactivated H. pylori but did not affect binding. However, pretreatment with clarithromycin decreased infection‐induced apoptosis.

Conclusions:  cag PAI status did not affect binding of bacteria to gastric epithelial cells but cag PAI‐positive H. pylori induced apoptosis more rapidly than cag PAI‐negative mutant strains, suggesting that H. pylori binding and subsequent apoptosis are differentially regulated with regard to bacterial properties.