bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model Matematika SEIT pada Penyebaran Penyakit Tuberculosis Resistensi Primer
Authors: Imran Rusniwati S. , Pranata Widya , Ismail Safrudin
Published: May 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati dinamikapenyebaran penyakit tuberculosis jenis resistensi primer. Model matematika yang digunakanadalah model epidemic SEIT. Model matematika yang telah dibentuk dianalisis untuk melihatkestabilannya sehingga diperoleh dua titik tetap yaitu bebas penyakit dan endemik,Selanjutnya menentukan nilai reproduksi dasar ( R0 ) untuk melihat bagaimana tingkatpenyebaran penyakit tuberculosisdalam wilayah tertentu dan membuat simulasi model agardapat dilihat bagaimana pengaruh pemberian treatmen dan factor gaya hidup terhadappenderita tuberculosis jenis resistensi primer.
Kekuasaan Dan Kedaulatan Tuhan (Yeremia 18: 1-17)
Authors: ndruru steven anugerah jaya
Published: May 2020

Yeremia di suruh TUHAN untuk pergi kerumah tukang periuk. Sebenarnya apa tujuan dan maksud TUHAN menyuruh nabi Yeremia ke rumah tukang periuk? Ada apa dengan tukang periuk? Tujuan TUHAN menyuruh Yeremia untuk pergi kerumah tuakng periuk itu adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan kepada Yeremia, bahwa TUHAN berdaulat atas bangsa Israel pada waktu itu.TUHAN memberikan sebuah pengertian kepada Yeremia untuk di sampaikan kepada bangsa itu, bahwa TUHAN bisa berbuat seperti yang yang di lakukan tukang periuk itu kepada bejana yang rusak itu. Yeremia mendapat pesan untuk menyampaikan kepada bangsa itu, bahwa TUHAN berkuasa dan berdaulat atas bangsa itu, dan TUHAN berkuasa berdaulat atas bangsa itu seperti tukang periuk itu kepada tanah liat yang di bentuknya. TUHAN berdaulat melakukan pembinasaan atas bangsa itu dan TUHAN juga berkuasa merancangkan kebaikan bagi bangsa itu.TUHAN yang berdaulat dan berkuasa atas kehidupan orang-orang di bangsa itu. Dari kisah ini, menunjukkan bahwa Tuhan sedang memberikan penjelasan bahwa Tuhan berdaulat atas hidup mereka.
DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TESTING OF A MOVABLE SOLAR OPERATED SPRAYER FOR FARMING OPERATION
Authors: Issa W.A , Abdulmumuni B , Azeez R.O , I.N Okpara , Fanifosi J.O , O.B Ologunye
Published: May 2020

Famers do spray seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc. to protect crops from different insects, pests, diseases and have good harvests. Hand and fuel operated spray pumps are the most common sprayer used in Nigeria. The sprayer causes user fatigue due to excessive bulky and heavy construction, a user can't use it for more than five (5) hours without getting tired, the fuel sprayer is expensive to maintain, emits carbon dioxide and harmful to our environment. In this study, a movable solar operated sprayer for the farming operation was designed and fabricated to overcome these difficulties. The system operates in both direct mode and indirect mode. In the direct mode, the sprayer is operated from the electricity generated by 50W solar panel mounted on a movable frame and in the indirect mode it is operated on stored electrical energy in the lead-acid DC battery (12 V, 12 Ah). Priming diaphragm pump of 10W or mini DC reciprocating cycle motor of 5W is used to generate the required operating pressure to spray the liquid pesticide formulations. The capacity of the storage tank is 20 liters for uninterrupted operation of 25.1 minutes with the discharge rate of 0.79 L/min through the electric flexible mists high-pressure multiple sprayers with four (4) nozzles. Data generated from the theoretical formulae were used to fabricate the system using locally available and durable materials. The sprayer was tested in farmland on two different crops after charging the battery for 3 hours in sunlight. The results obtained were as follows: Power conversion efficiency 20.4%, the time required to charge the battery 2.88hrs, time taken to spray 1 acre of land 2.13hrs, backup time of spray 14.5hrs, application rate 0.04 𝐿/𝑚2 and operating time of the battery 8hrs. The results obtained show that solar sprayer was effective and will be useful in rural areas where there is no constant power supply. The system is incorporated with an energy bulb and charging kit to light up the farmyard and for the operator to charge his/her phone.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION OF FABRICATED WEEDER FOR TAPIOCA FARM
Authors: Annamalai Sivakumar , P Manivel , R Justin Prakasam , M Kishore G , S Karunakaran
Published: May 2020

In the present-day agriculture, weed regulator in the farm lands is a tedious process that needs more money and human effort. There are a number of methods such as manually removing the unwanted plants by using traditional hand tools or by spraying chemical weedicides which will kill the weeds or using some mechanical equipment’s. Of the above-mentioned methods, the mechanical weeding is mostly preferred due to its low operating cost and human effort. Moreover, the efficiency of the mechanical weeding process is high when compared with the other methods. In dry land tapioca farms, it is difficult to remove the unwanted weed plants by using the existing weeding equipment’s. In the tapioca farms, the tubers of tapioca are located only few millimeters below the soil surface. The present -day weeding equipment’s remove the weed plants by digging the soil surface and it is not favoured because the process will cause damage to the tubers. The use of chemical weedicides is not preferred due to the hazardous nature of the chemicals. The manual weeding process is also not preferred because of the high labour cost. So, in this project A mechanical equipment for carrying out the weeding process in the tapioca farms is designed and fabricated in a way such that it will not cause any damage to the crops. The weeder will only remove the unwanted weed crops in the farm. Apart from the weeding operation, the weeder can make the soil surface loose which will increase the porosity of the soil. Hence the water percolation will be more and the moisture content of the soil can also be maintained. Thus, the weeder will reduce the costs involved in the maintenance of the tapioca farm lands. It will also reduce the human effort involved in the weeding process
DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EMISSION AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS WITH OPTIMIZED BLEND OF B25 METHYL ESTER OF MANGO SEED OIL
Authors: Vijayaraj K. , Ganesan A. Muruga , Saravanan C.G.
Published: May 2020

Oil based fuels worldwide have not just brought about the speedy consumption of available energy sources, yet have likewise caused extreme air pollution. The quests for a substitute fuel has prompted numerous findings because of which wide assortment of alternative fuels are available now. The current investigations have revealed the utilization of vegetable oils for engines as an option for diesel fuel. Since there is a restriction in using vegetable oils in diesel engines because of their high viscosity and low volatility. In the current work, mango seed oil is converted into respective methyl ester by transesterification process. Tests are conducted using different blends of methyl ester of mango seed oil with diesel in a diesel engine. The investigation consequences demonstrated that the MEMSO biodiesel has comparable qualities to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and smoke are seen to be lower in case of MEMSO biodiesel blends than diesel. Then again, BSFC and NOx of MEMSO biodiesel blends are seen as higher than diesel. It is observed that the combustion characteristics of methyl ester of mango seed oil blends seem to be similar with that of the diesel. From this investigation, it is concluded that B25 as optimized blend and could be used as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine with no engine modifications
The Internal Structure of Semantic Relations: Effects of Relational Similarity and Typicality
Authors: Popov Vencislav , Pavlova Margarita , Hristova Penka
Published: May 2020

We examined whether the processing of semantic relations shows typicality effects similar to those found for the processing of entity concepts. Participants performed four relational processing tasks with the same set of word-pair stimuli: relational exemplar generation; similarity ranking; analogical verification; and a paired-associate learning task. In the similarity ranking task, we gathered separate rankings for relational, role and semantic similarity between word pairs. We found significant correlations at the item level among relational generation frequencies, analogical verification RTs/accuracy and relational luring in associative memory. Relational similarity predicted exemplar generation frequencies, analogical verification RTs/accuracy, and relational luring in associative memory. Role similarity predicted exemplar generation frequency, and analogical verification RTs, but not relational luring. Semantic similarity did not predict any of the tasks, after controlling for the other two factors. Contrary to current theories which posit that semantic similarity is more important for retrieving relevant analogues, and that analogical mapping is based on role-filler bindings, relational similarity was the strongest predictor across all tasks. These results suggest that just like entity concepts, semantic relations have an internal structure that gives rise to typicality effects across a variety of tasks, which could provide constraints for testing competing theories of relational representation.
Evaluation of the English version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale and its relationship with behavior change and political beliefs
Authors: Winter Taylor , Riordan Benjamin , Pakpour Amir , Griffiths Mark , Mason Andre , Poulgrain John , Scarf Damian
Published: May 2020

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has many individuals around the world fearing for their lives. The constant news coverage, rapid transmission, and relatively high mortality rate, make fearfulness a natural response. To assess the fear of COVID-19, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) was developed. The primary aim of the present study is to conduct the first psychometric assessment and validation of the English version of the FCV-19S.Methods: Two samples were collected in New Zealand. Sample 1 comprised 1,624 participants of which 1,397 completed all questions and were used in the analyses. Sample 2 comprised 1,111 participants of which 1,023 completed all questions and were used in the analyses. Several psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain the scale’s reliability and validity.Results: Across both samples, the FCV-19S had high internal consistency. Consistent with the earlier validation studies, the FCV-19S displayed a moderately strong relationship with the perceived infectability and germ aversion subscales of the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale (PVDS). Furthermore, FCV-19S scores were negatively correlated with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) scores. With respect to the motivating role of fear, there was a significant relationship between FCV-19S scores and adherence to the lockdown rules that were implemented in New Zealand. Finally, consistent with recent reports on the politicization of the COVID-19 pandemic, an exploratory question found that participants who rated themselves as more conservative tended to report lower FCV-19S scores.Conclusion: The English version of the COVID-19S is a sound unidimensional scale with robust psychometric properties and can be used with confidence among English-speaking populations.
Exposure to economic inequality at the age of 8 enhances prosocial behavior in adult life
Authors: Branas-Garza Pablo , Caldentey Pedro , Espin Antonio M. , García Teresa , Hernandez Ana
Published: May 2020

Children as young as 3-4 years old are already concerned about inequality and 18 declare that equality is a norm that should be followed. At the age of 3 to 8, they develop a strong preference for equality, which is typically reflected in both “envy” and “compassion”, that is, aversion to disadvantageous and advantageous inequality, respectively. Further studies suggest that inequality aversion does not continue increasing after that age, but rather exhibits an inverse-U shape relation with age in childhood and adolescence, with a peak at 8 years old. Since children are particularly 24 sensitive to inequality at the age of 8, it is an open question how exposure to real economic inequality at this age modulates prosocial behavior in adult life. Here, we link generosity in dictator game experiments conducted among Spanish university students (n > 400) with existing macro-level data on income inequality within the region they lived as children. The data show that individuals who were exposed to higher levels of inequality at the age of 8 are more generous in adult life. Interestingly, exposure at older ages has no impact on generosity. Our results extend previous findings on the development of egalitarianism by showing long-lasting effects of childhood inequality experiences in adult life. If prosocial behavior is (partly) developed as a reaction to an unequal environment, then inequality might be counteracted in the 34 future.
Controlled Threat Accelerates Motion Perceived Speed
Authors: Yousef Ahmad
Published: May 2020

To presumably trigger controlled threats; we installed virtual flames in front of our moving stimuli; in conclusion, the average perceived speed is highly boosted. Lengthy exhalations can reduce the arousal and therefore putting the threat under control, see reference 3. Deep exhalations, however, boost the motion perceived speed, see reference 4. Since our ultra-small sensor senses lengthier exhalation periods during the presentation of the virtual flames; together, we theorized that controlled but not uncontrolled threats catalyze the motion perceived speed.
The Role of Prediction in Learned Predictiveness
Authors: Eatherington Carla J. , Haselgrove Mark
Published: May 2020

Learning permits even relatively uninteresting stimuli to capture attention if they are established as predictors of important outcomes. Associative theories explain this “learned predictiveness” effect by positing that attention is a function of the relative strength of the association between stimuli and outcomes. In three experiments we show that this explanation is incomplete: learned overt visual-attention is not a function of the relative strength of the association between stimuli and an outcome. In three experiments, human participants were exposed to triplets of stimuli that comprised (i) a target (which defined correct responding), (ii) a stimulus which was perfectly correlated with the presentation of the target and (iii) a stimulus which was uncorrelated with the presentation of the target. Participants’ knowledge of the associative relationship between the correlated/uncorrelated stimuli and the target was always good. However, eye-tracking revealed that an attentional bias towards the correlated stimulus only developed when it AND target-relevant responding preceded the target stimulus. We propose a framework in which attentional changes are modulated during learning as a function the relative strength of the association between stimuli and the task-relevant response, rather than an association between stimuli and the task-relevant outcome.
Citizens as Consumers: White Imagined Futures
Authors: MAYORGA OSCAR Jose
Published: May 2020

This study examines how racial ideologies directly influence perceptions of the economy–specifically, how racial colorblindness ideology, a component of white supremacy ideology, is mediated through market fundamentalism. These findings challenge widely held beliefs that perceptions of the economy are solely driven by economic factors such as family income and employment status. My theoretical approach examines how whiteness and colorblindness shape and distort white consumers’ perception of the economy. I develop the framework of white imagined futures. White imagined futures assume a white-owned and white-dominated destiny of wealth and economic success based on an economy that is built to serve white people above all other racial groups. I utilize the American National Election Study due to its measures of racial colorblindness and perception of the economy. I pooled a subsample of the American National Election Study from 2000 to 2016 and conducted an OLS regression and regression-based causal mediation analysis to test how racial and economic ideologies influence perceptions of the economy. The study finds that racial colorblindness serves to stratify present perceptions of the economy and notes how racial colorblindness ideology is also being conveyed through market fundamentalism ideologies. The study also demonstrates that whites’ racial ideology has a role in shaping their perceptions of the economy. This evidence supports claims that white supremacy ideology, as defined here, is embedded within markets. Moreover, this study provides evidence that challenges the notions that economic perceptions are solely tied to a person’s economic reality (e.g. income, employment status). As a consequence, we can begin to interrogate ‘pocketbook’ or economic policy talk as a racialized discourse.
A trilemma in social extrapreneurship?
Authors: Aranda-Jan Ana C.
Published: May 2020

Social extrapreneurship needs to depart from 'trilemma' understandings. Social extrapreneurship should not be considered as such. We are not choosing if either/or particular sectoral partnerships are more suitable, but we are balancing partnerships in a both/and logic: a paradox rather than a "di/tri-lemma" form of understanding. The balance of private, public and civil sector collaboration is different given context. Our search is not for the perfect combination, but our best possible balance. We left the challenge in identifying the strategies that help us find that balance between sectors in private-public-civil collaborations.
Structural legacies and the motherhood penalty: How past societal contexts shape mothers’ employment outcomes in reunified Germany
Authors: Collischon Matthias , Eberl Andreas , Reichelt Malte
Published: May 2020

Motherhood penalties vary strongly across societal contexts. While most studies that aim to explain such differences focus on institutions, a smaller literature refers to the influence of cultural norms or a complex interaction between the two. Empirically, however, it is yet unclear if such norms play a role and how they—jointly with institutions—contribute to motherhood penalties. We make use of a unique historical setting that allows us to assess how societal contexts affect maternal work preferences and labor market outcomes in the short- and long-run. Germany’s division into socialist East and parliamentary democratic West led to considerably different gender norms. But German reunification in 1990 mostly realigned gendered institutions. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that East and West German mothers’ preferred and realized labor force participation and working hours nevertheless remain divergent. We then focus on East German women who moved to the West during and after the country’s transitionary period. Despite moving to a context with more conservative gender norms, East German mothers in the West retain and fulfill their work preferences. Our findings imply that it is the structural legacy of past norms and institutions, not current ones, that shapes maternal work preferences and thus pave the way for motherhood penalties. Moreover, societal norms at the time of childbirth do not directly affect mothers’ labor force participation, working hours, or wages. Gendered outcomes in the labor market are thus highly dependent on institutional and normative changes across cohorts.
Not What the Doctor Ordered: Racial Differences in Hospital Discharges Against Medical Advice
Authors: Hunt Trevor C.
Published: May 2020

Although a large literature exists on racial disparities in healthcare, the topic of racial differences in hospital discharges against medical advice (AMA) is relatively unexplored. Data obtained from the 2008 National Hospital Discharge Survey indicate that black patients leave the hospital against their physician’s advice nearly twice as often as white patients. This is alarming, as discharges AMA are associated with increased rates of both readmission and post-discharge mortality. In this thesis, I identify if there are racial differences in discharges AMA and examine factors that may explain these racial disparities. I find that black patients are significantly more likely than white patients to be discharged from hospitals AMA but that this relationship is largely the product of other underlying factors such as racial differences in sociodemographic characteristics, health insurance coverage, and the type of hospital visited. Additional factors explored include institutionalized racism, perceptions of physicians’ negative bias, social and cultural health capital, patient-provider communication, trust in caregivers and healthcare institutions, and utilization of preventative care. Future studies should focus on implementing policy changes in order to alleviate the disproportionate rate of discharges AMA in non-white patients and the associated health risks.
Editor's Note
Authors: Geraldo Denilson
Published: May 2020

Editor's Note
A legislação canônica da escolha dos bispos no período do século XI à primeira metade do século XVI
Authors: Luiz Reginaldo Roberto
Published: May 2020

No início do Segundo Milênio, várias tentativas foram feitas para reformar a Designatio Episcoporum, que havia se tornado motivo de profunda preocupação por parte de sucessivos pontífices romanos. O cenário certamente era bastante semelhante àquele do primeiro milênio, no qual a autoridade eclesiástica também teve que combater as investiduras leigas realizadas pelos poderes temporais da época. Um dos exemplos mais proeminentes foi a reforma conduzida pelo papa Gregório VII, que repeliu fortemente a interferência dos soberanos na escolha de candidatos ao episcopado. Havia soberanos altamente interessados ​​em escolher os bispos por várias razões, como status, prestígio, fonte de renda das dioceses etc. Diante dessa situação, a Concordata de Worms (1122 d.C.) representou um esforço da autoridade eclesiástica em recuperar a liberdade para escolha dos bispos. Uma novidade dentro desse contexto era a competência dos capítulos das catedrais para funcionarem como órgãos de eleição para a designação episcopal. Além disso, os papas não foram os únicos na Igreja dedicados ao tema da escolha de bispos, pois o assunto foi discutido por vários concílios e escritores eclesiásticos. Um evento marcante do século XIV foi a transferência da Sé Papal para Avinhão (França), o que afetou significativamente os procedimentos para a escolha de bispos.
Prevalência da brucelose bovina na região centro-oeste do Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Murilo , Macedo Cintra Acacio , Silva Mustafa Vanessa
Published: May 2020

Bovine brucellosis is a disease present worldwide, in Brazil it is endemic in all states. Because it is a zoonosis and causes socioeconomic problems, brucellosis has a particular focus on the diseases that affect farm animals whose Brazilian State wishes to eradicate. In a historical context, Brazil started its biggest step towards the eradication of the disease in mid-2004, where the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT) was implemented throughout the territory. Brazilian. To date, it was known that brucellosis was an endemic disease in several Brazilian states and that the Central West region of Brazil had a higher incidence of the disease among cattle and buffalo. After twelve years of program, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness in meeting its major goal, eradication of brucellosis. This paper presents the epidemiological evolution of brucellosis between 2012 and 2015 in the Midwest region of Brazil. The effectiveness of the program in the Central West region was regular when analyzed throughout the region, but there were weaknesses that need to be better observed so that the program of eradication and control of bovine brucellosis in Brazil does not stagnate. The states of Goiás and Mato Grosso have low prevalence, however based on the notifications was not noticeable the efficiency of the program for the eradication of the disease, since in every year the prevalence of the disease remained equivalent, while the Federal District and Mato Grosso do South presented a progressive decrease over the years analyzed. The PNCEBT has been effective in reducing cases of brucellosis, but with some obstacles to eradication, which is the main objective of the program. Underreporting and small producers who do not adhere to the program are points for improvement. In spite of it, it is important to emphasize that it is necessary researches that generate more accurate data so that, to evaluate the real effectiveness of the program, not only based on notified cases, but the circulation of the disease in the national herd.
Plate-rod associado à técnica de pino em cavilha em fêmur de cão
Authors: Krusch Bello Lucas , Curvello de Mendonça Müller Daniel , José Chávez Silva Álvaro
Published: May 2020

The current work aims to report the use of rod-plate system associated with toggle pin method for correction of comminuted femoral diaphyseal fracture with craniodorsal coxofemoral dislocation on the same limb in a dog. The dislocation was corrected through installation of the toggle pin method, in which the femur's round ligament is replaced with a thick resistant thread, capable to pattern the round ligament's functions. The osteosynthesis was operated with a blocked bone plate, size 3.5 mm and an intramedullary pin of 2.5 mm, a system known as rod plate, used to treat large fracture gaps. The denoted system offers good stability and support for biological osteosynthesis. The animal was evaluated on its 10th postoperative day along with the removal of the stitches. The patient was walking normally and, according to the tutors, already leaning on the limb on the first day after surgery. It can be stated that the coupling of these methods ensured an adequate early return of limb function in the postoperative period. When necessary, the two techniques can be used together, since the principles and indications of each are respected.
Acúmulo de forragem e características morfogênicas e estruturais de Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tamani sob intensidades de desfolhação
Authors: Costa Newton
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The effects of defoliation intensity (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm above soil level) on green dry matter (GDM) yield and morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tamani were evaluated under field conditions in Roraima´s savannas. The effects of defoliation intensity on the GDM yields, leaf area index and leaf elongation rates was adjusted to the quadratic regression model and maximum values recorded with cutting at 28.2; 33.3 and 21.6 cm above soil level, respectively. The population tiller density, number of leaves tiller-1 and leaf appearance rate was inversely proportional to the defoliation intensity, while the opposite occurred for to average leaf length and leaf senescence rate. Apical meristem removing percentage was higher with increasing defoliation intensity. Regrowth vigor showed close negative correlation with defoliation intensity. Pastures of M. maximus cv. Tamani managed under 25 to 30 cm residue provides higher forage productivity, larger efficiency of forage utilization, greater tissue renewal and canopy structure more favorable to grazing.Keywords: Green dry matter, leaves, tillering, senescence
Metilprednisona via epidural como tratamento alternativo para controle da dor na síndrome da cauda equina em cadela com instabilidade lombossacra: relato de caso
Authors: De Moura Macedo Thais , BESSI W.H.
Published: May 2020

Labor refers to the equine tail syndrome in dogs with an emphasis on clinical, noninvasive treatment for pain control. The equine tail is a collection of nerve roots that discovers the vertebral canal at the end of the spinal cord, mainly affecting large dogs. Conservative treatment is an option over surgical treatment. In view of this, this report shows the effect of the use of epidural applications of methylprednisone in three applications with interval of twenty-one days.
Data for 3D printing enlarged museum specimens for the visually impaired
Authors: du Plessis Anton , Els Johan , le Roux Stephan , Tshibalanganda Muofhe , Pretorius Toni
Published: May 2020

Museums are embracing new technologies and one of these is the use of 3D printing. 3D printing allows for creating physical replicas of items which may, due to great value or significance, not be handled by the public, or which are too small or fragile to be handled or even seen with the naked eye. One such application of new technologies has been welcomed by the National Museum in Bloemfontein, Free Sate, South Africa. Here, blown-up (enlarged) Museum specimens were 3D printed for various interactive exhibits that are aimed at increasing the accessibility of their permanent displays for visually impaired visitors who rely greatly on touch as a source of observation. A selection of scorpions, pseudoscorpions, mites and archetypal bird skulls were scanned, processed and 3D printed to produce enlarged, highly functional nylon models. This data paper provides the raw micro Computed Tomography (micro-CT) scan data and print ready STL files processed from this data. The STL files may be used in their current format and details of the printing are provided.
The IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT IN POLAND. THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Nawrot Filip Karol , Radecka Ewa
Published: May 2020

The main aim of this paper is to describe the legal instruments of climate protection in Poland. This issue is significant, because for several decades, climate changes and climate protection have been the object of legal regulation, both international, European and domestic.

The conducted analysis concerns three main legal acts: the Act of 27 April 2001 – Environmental Protection Law, the Act of 9 June 2011 – the Geological and Mining Law as regards  CCS, and the Act of 20 February 2015 on Renewable energy (including, to a certain extent, regulations of the Act of 20 May 2016 on Investments in wind power plants). The paper closes with evaluation of present regulations and formulation of de lege ferenda proposals.
Minimum standards in the European Account Preservation Order
Authors: Golak Mateusz Wiktor
Published: May 2020

The article is devoted to minimum standards in the new procedural instrument - the European Account Preservation Order. The main purpose of the preservation proceeding is to grant an interim order of creditor’s claim on debtor assets, without overburdening his property. Due to the complicated procedure established by Regulation (EU) No 655/2014, the European Account Preservation Order should serve as an additional and optional measure for the creditor, the examination of the minimum standards is essential. The Author indicates the relation between above-mentioned regulation and other regulations and gives explanation why this instrument is another symptom of the new EU legislator's approach to cross-border civil matters. Since the debtor is a person whose interests are most affected by the preservation on the bank account, it is necessary to specify his rights and obligations in this proceedings.
MARRIAGE AND THE NOTION OF CONSENT IN EARLY AMERICAN LAW
Authors: Liszka Paulina
Published: May 2020

Marriage and family relations have been in the focus of law since the beginnings of American legal history. Many legal historians underline that during the colonial period the family played very important role and therefore the growth ofstable families was generally a top priority for early colonial governments. This was one of the ways to help the development of colony and the creation of stable society. Besides, differences in origin and evolution of colonies influenced the shape of law and that is why many institutions were not uniformly regulated. Therefore the research on the development of law in British colonies in North America deserves special interest.The author’s intention was to answer the question whether the early colonial laws contained the requirement to obtain the consent before marriage, and if so – how it was regulated. In the first part, the article is focused on the analysis of thelegal regulations from colonial British America, dealing with the relation of the notion of consent and marriage. In the second part, there were presented issues like the consent for slave marriages, groundless lack of parental consent and theconsequences of marriage without consent as well as withdrawal of given consent.
JUS COGENS REVISITED
Authors: Matusiak-Frącczak Magdalena
Published: May 2020

Jus cogens raises a vital interest of judicature and doctrine of international public law. We may find different views and opinions on the problem of the existence of peremptory norms, as well as their content. On the basis of the analysisof the practice of international judicial bodies, the article constitutes an attempt to define the prerequisites of a jus cogens norm as well as it aims at determination of a current catalogue of peremptory norms. Moreover, this catalogue evolves over time and in future it might be expected that new jus cogens norms will be recognized by the international community.
LA INTERSUBJETIVIDAD EN EL PENSAMIENTO DE KAROL WOJTYLA Y SAN JUAN PABLO II: LA PERSONA ES CAPAZ DE SER PARA EL OTRO
Authors: Rodriguez Maria de las Mercedes Rosa
Published: May 2020

La visión del hombre que presenta Karol Wojtyla es transcendente, la persona no es un ser encerrado en sí mismo, que mira a los otros hombres como una amenza, bien al contrario es un ser relacional, y está constituido originalmente “para” y destinado “a” la comunión con otras personas; la intersubjetividad, ese actuar del hombre junto con otros, en la medida que permite a la persona alcanzar su propio e intrínseco desarrollo, se constituye como un derecho inalienable para la persona. Sin embargo, la relación de la persona con el otro está dada de forma potencial, y aún siendo necesaria, sólo se realiza en diálogo y en partcipación. Esta relación entre personas considerada como un derecho natural en el pensamientofilosófico de Karol Wojtyla, la encontramos igualmente formulada en el magisterio de San Juan Pablo II, donde la dignidad de la persona se expresará en términos de intersubjetividad.
INSTRUMENTAL OFFENCE IN SPANISH CRIMINAL CODE: PROBLEMS OF LEGITIMACY?
Authors: Cruz Palmera Roberto José
Published: May 2020

Presento una nueva categoría de normas penales que llamo "delitos instrumentales". Es una anticipación a través de la cual el legislador español castiga la preparación de un delito que incrimina objetos o procesos para cometer un delito con el fin de prevenir nuevas formas de delito. Sin embargo, esta decisión es ilegítima porque es incompatible con los principios constitucionales. En ese sentido, para mantener estas normas penales en el código se requerirá una interpretación que se ajuste a los principios básicos del derecho penal.
Ojciec - boski sprawca Arete (cnoty). Stanowisko Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego
Authors: Zgraja Brunon
Published: May 2020

The present article handles one of elements of Clement’s doctrine about God, that is the activity of God the Father in the context of acquiring virtue by the human person.
Poglądy Tertuliana na temat początków życia ludzkiego i aborcji
Authors: Filipowicz Adam M.
Published: May 2020

This dissertation takes analyses of Tertullian's treatise On the Soul in aspects of beginning human life and abortion in context of ancient Greek philosopher’s opinions. The article shows arguments which Tertullian used to prove that embryo have a soul so is alive and human life begins in moment of conception so man is not only body and is not only soul but is substantial union of flesh and corporal soul. The article also presents pronounces about conception of soul from psychical semen (Tertullian as tarducianist) and about abortion which Tertullian calls crime but permits as necessary in case when bad laying child could become killer of own mother during birth.
"Hexaemeron" Ambrożego z Mediolanu jako źródło do XVII księgi "Etymologii" Izydora z Sewilli
Authors: Krynicka Tatiana
Published: May 2020

El presente artlculo ofrece un intento de elucidar como, escribiendo el libro XVII de Etimologias dedicado a las plantas y su cultivo, Isidoro de Sevilla trabaja eon el texto de Hexaemeron de Ambrosio de Milan, que constituye una de sus fuentes mas importantes.
Hieronymi Epistula XLVI: Paulae et Eustochiae ad Marcellam - De locis sanctis. Commentario III Continuazione
Authors: Donati Andrea
Published: May 2020

Brak
Paszkwil mnicha Maksencjusza na papieża Hormizdasa jako przykład inwektywy chrześcijańskiej
Authors: Koczwara Stanisław
Published: May 2020

Hac in brevi dissertatiuncula auctor epistolam Joannis Maxentii monachi, quae responsio ad epistolam Hormisdae papae (514-523) habetur, uti exemplum invectivae christianae tractat atque late scrutatur.
Manlio Simonetti, Origene esegeta e la sua tradizione, Letteratura cristiana antica NS 2, coll. dir. da C. Moreschini - E. Norelli, Brescia 2004, Editrice Morcelliana, ss. 475
Authors: Szram Mariusz
Published: May 2020

recenzja
Augustyn z Hippony, O życiu szczęśliwym, tłum. A. Świderkówna, Kraków 2006, Wydawnictwo WAM, ss. 75
Authors: Longosz Stanisław
Published: May 2020

recenzja
Comparative analysis of nootropic means of consumption in Ukraine, Estonia and Norway
Authors: Tkachova O. V. , Iakovlieva L. V. , Butko Ya. O.
Published: May 2020

Cerebrovascular disease develops in neurodegenerative, vascular or cerebrovascular diseases of the brain. For their treatment, nootropic agents have neurotrophic, neuroprotective effects, increase brain energy exchange and cerebral circulation.

         The purpose of the study was to study the range and consumption of nootropic agents in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and to compare the volume and structure of their consumption with Estonia and Norway.

         The objects of this study were the representatives of two pharmacotherapeutic groups - NO6B «Psychostimulants and Nootropic Drugs» and N06D «Drugs used for dementia» present on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market. The range of these drugs and the average retail price of their packs in the pharmacy network of Ukraine during the studied period were determined using the Morion Company Pharmexplorer market research system (as of December 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017). Drugs were performed according to DDDs/1 000 inhabitants/day or DID, using pharmacoepidemiological method of study ‒ ATC/DDD methodology.

         In the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine for 2014‒2017, nootropic drugs were represented from 204 tonnes (in 2014) to 237 tonnes (in 2017), based on 18 MNN, mainly domestic production. Drug prices varied over a wide range, which made it possible to choose a drug with nootropic action, taking into account the patient's financial capabilities. Vinpocetine (0.83‒0.98 DID) and piracetam (0.50‒0.52 DID) were predominantly consumed in the N06B group in Ukraine, while Ginkgo leaves (0.51‒0.59 DID) were the most consumed in the N06D group. and memantine (0.08‒0.18 DID). Consumption leaders are represented in the pharmaceutical market in a significant amount of TH and have a wide range of pricing for drug packaging. Compared to European countries, the consumption of nootropic drugs in Ukraine is almost 3.5 times lower than in Estonia and 2.4 times lower than in Norway. In terms of consumption in Ukraine and Estonia, the leaders were Ginkgo leaves, and in Norway, Donezepil.

         In the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market there is a sufficient assortment of products with nootropic action of mainly domestic production, which have a wide range of prices for the packaging of drugs. Consumption rates for drugs in Ukraine were low and inferior to two European countries, and in terms of consumption patterns similar to those of nootropic drugs in Estonia.
Prognosis of biological activity and lipophilicity of some pyridine derivatives as components of anti-caries agents
Authors: Gelmboldt V. O. , Lytvynchuk I. V. , Shyshkin I. O. , Ognichenko L. N. , Kuz’min V. E.
Published: May 2020

In recent years, a high carioprophylactic efficacy of ammonium hexafluorosilicates with biologically active cations has been discovered (АHBC). In the case of using AHBC, there is a potential possibility of enhancing the anticaries effect of the fluorine-containing anion as a result of the contribution of the effects of cations, for example, anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the work is a virtual analysis of the biological activity and lipophilicity of pyridine derivatives containing pharmacophores associated with anti-inflammatory activity (AIA), as possible candidates for the synthesis of AHBC as anticaries agents. Objects of research are the commercially available pyridine derivatives (PubChem database) containing pharmacophore groups – residues of acetic, propionic, phenylacetic acids, the presence of which is associated with the manifestation of AIA. Assessment of the potential biological activity of the compounds was carried out using the program. PASS 2017 Professional. The lipophilicity values of logP pyridines were calculated using software packages ALOGPS, KowWin, model QSPR.

It has been established that in the series of acetic acid derivatives the highest probability of the presence of AIA (Ра) is expected for isomeric pyridine acetic acids: there is a relative increase in the values of Pa in the series of 2-, 3-, 4-isomers (Ра = 0,454, 0,506, 0,537 respectively). The introduction of the second substituent into the pyridine ring (fluorine, bromine, chlorine atoms, CF3 group) is accompanied by a decrease in the values Ра. In the rows of 2-, 3-, 4-substituted derivatives of phenylacetic and propionic acids, an increase in the likelihood of AIA manifestation is also recorded; the introduction of substituents in the propionic acid residue (fluorine atoms, НО-, H2N-groups) leads to lower values Ра. For all studied derivatives, there was no significant probability of manifestation of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Ра < 0,5), the calculated lipophilicity values of the compounds are in the range of -2,65‒2,26.

Thus, all the studied pyridine derivatives correspond to Lipinsky's «rule 5» and can be classified as low toxic «drug-like» compounds. Despite the presence of pharmacophores in the pyridines, the presence of which is associated with AIA, for almost all structures the probability of the appearance of this type of activity is small (Ра ≤ 0,5). In our opinion, compounds with phenylacetic and propionic acids fragments are interesting as objects of further experimental research as the models for elucidating the influence of the position of the pharmacophore group in the structure of the pyridine ring on the value of the CPE and AIA of the corresponding AHBC.
Allattamento al seno: protezione, incoraggiamento e sostegno. L’importanza dei ruoli dei servizi per la maternità. Indagine osservazionale multicentrica nelle strutture sanitarie campane
Authors: Guillari A. , Stile F. , Gargiulo G. , Capuano A. , Serio C. , Pulpito R. , Perrone M. , Prussiano G.F. , Rea T.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Breastfeeding has always been considered an essential and irreplaceable element, having important positive effects on the health of both the mother and the baby, in the short and long term. WHO/UNICEF recommend breastfeeding babies exclusively for at least the first six months of life, and some organizations recommend continuing breastfeeding for the first two years of life and beyond. However, current breastfeeding models are far from the recommended levels despite the fact that the WHO has constantly promoted this type of nutrition over time. The cause of this gap is the ineffective communication between the health professionals themselves and the new mothers. Objective: assessment of the degree of knowledge and adoption of the joint WHO/UNICEF declaration in Campania health structures. Materials and methods: Multicentric observational study Results: The analysis of the data highlights: that despite the high presence of documents relating to the promotion and support of breastfeeding, 76.7% (UU.OO of Obstetrics) and 86.7% (UU .OO of Neonatologies), the adoption of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Declaration is rather poor in Campania . The use of the bottle for the administration of alternative foods, together with the high number of professionals who have not followed specific training courses, seem to be the main obstacles. Conclusion: Failure to comply with the WHO/UNICEF Joint Declaration found in Campania can have repercussions on the health of mothers and children in the medium and long term. Identifying the main obstacles can facilitate the development of specific intervention programs.
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS AND UTILIZATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES AMONG THE ELDERLY IN KOCHI CORPORATION
Authors: Retnakumar Charutha , George Leyanna Susan , Chacko Maya
Published: May 2020

Background: As per Census 2011, nearly 104 million people in India are above the age of 60 years. While in Kerala, 12.6 % of the population is elderly. The government of India has launched various social security schemes and concessions for the elderly.  Hence, objective of this research is to study the awareness & utilization of social security measures. It also aimed to understand the motivators & barriers for utilization of social security measures among the elderly.

Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out in 5 geriatric care centres in the 65th division of Kochi. 7 FGDs were conducted in each of the geriatric clubs and 7 In-depth interviews were conducted among the Anganwadi workers, medical officers, public health workers, and welfare officers. The data was translated, transcribed, Coded, thematically analysed and conclusions were drawn after data triangulation.

Results: The awareness & utilization of various social security measures were found to be poor among the elderly. This was attributed to the lack of awareness among the community level workers regarding same. Pensions, railway concessions, and vayomitram project were the most popular schemes. Financial security among the pensioners through the schemes was a major motivator. While, the lack of awareness regarding the schemes and delay in processing the applications were the barriers identified.

Conclusion: Proper channelization of knowledge is important for the awareness generation among elderly and community level workers. This can further lead to effective utilization of the benefits provided.