bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of paraphrasing performance of ChatGPT, GPT‐3, and T5 language models using a new ChatGPT generated dataset: ParaGPT
Authors: Kurt Pehlivanoğlu Meltem , Gobosho Robera Tadesse , Syakura Muhammad Abdan , Shanmuganathan Vimal , de‐la‐Fuente‐Valentín Luis
Published: August 2024

Paraphrase generation is a fundamental natural language processing (NLP) task that refers to the process of generating a well‐formed and coherent output sentence that exhibits both syntactic and/or lexical diversity from the input sentence, while simultaneously ensuring that the semantic similarity between the two sentences is preserved. However, the availability of high‐quality paraphrase datasets has been limited, particularly for machine‐generated sentences. In this paper, we present ParaGPT, a new paraphrase dataset of 81,000 machine‐generated sentence pairs, including 27,000 reference sentences (ChatGPT‐generated sentences), and 81,000 paraphrases obtained by using three different large language models (LLMs): ChatGPT, GPT‐3, and T5. We used ChatGPT to generate 27,000 sentences that cover a diverse array of topics and sentence structures, thus providing diverse inputs for the models. In addition, we evaluated the quality of the generated paraphrases using various automatic evaluation metrics. Furthermore, we provide insights into the strengths and drawbacks of each LLM in generating paraphrases by conducting a comparative analysis of the paraphrasing performance of the three LLMs. According to our findings, ChatGPT's performance, as per the evaluation metrics provided, was deemed impressive and commendable, owing to its higher‐than‐average scores for semantic similarity, which implies a higher degree of similarity between the generated paraphrase and the reference sentence, and its relatively lower scores for syntactic diversity, indicating a greater diversity of syntactic structures in the generated paraphrase. ParaGPT is a valuable resource for researchers working on NLP tasks like paraphrasing, text simplification, and text generation. We make the ParaGPT dataset publicly accessible to researchers, and as far as we are aware, this is the first paraphrase dataset produced based on ChatGPT.
Novel three‐dimensional live skin‐like in vitro composite for bioluminescence reporter gene assay
Authors: Tomita Tatsunosuke , Nakajima Yoshihiro , Ohmiya Yoshihiro , Miyazaki Koyomi
Published: August 2024

We genetically manipulated HaCaT cells, a spontaneously immortalised normal keratinocyte cell line, to stably express two different coloured luciferase reporter genes, driven by interleukin 8 (IL‐8) and ubiquitin‐C (UBC) promoters, respectively. Subsequently, we generated a three‐dimensional (3D) skin‐like in vitro composite (SLIC) utilising these cells, with the objective of monitoring bioluminescence emitted from the SLIC. This SLIC was generated on non‐woven silica fibre membranes in differentiation medium. Immunohistochemical analyses of skin differentiation markers in the SLIC revealed the expression of keratins 2 and 10, filaggrin, and involucrin, indicating mature skin characteristics. This engineered SLIC was employed for real‐time bioluminescence monitoring, allowing the assessment of time‐ and dose‐dependent responses to UV stress, as well as to hydrophilic and hydrophobic chemical loads. Notably, evaluation of responses to hydrophobic substances has been challenging with conventional 2D cell culture methods, suggesting the need for a new approach, which this technology could address. Our observations suggest that engineered SLIC with constitutively expressing reporters driven by selected promoters which are tailored to specific objectives, significantly facilitates assays exploring the physiological functions of skin cells based on genetic response mechanisms. It also highlights new avenues for evaluating the physiological impacts of various compounds designed for topical application to human skin.
Predictive modelling of chlorophyll in Mombaça grass leaves by hyperspectral reflectance data and machine learning
Authors: Sánchez Miller Ruiz , Silva Carlos Augusto Alves Cardoso , Demattê José Alexandre Melo , Mendonça Fernando Campos , da Silva Marcelo Andrade , Romanelli Thiago Libório , Fiorio Peterson Ricardo
Published: August 2024

Chlorophyll (Chl) concentration is one of the factors that affects crop productivity. This study investigated the prediction of chlorophyll concentrations in Mombaça grass' leaves using hyperspectral data and machine learning techniques. Chlorophyll variations were induced by different levels of nitrogen fertilization (104, 208, 312, and 416 kg ha−1). Spectral signatures (400–2500 nm) and chlorophyll contents of the leaves were obtained in October, November, and December 2017, and January 2018. Models were generated using Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Two validation techniques were employed: holdout, dividing the data into training (75%) and testing (25%) sets; and leave‐one‐date‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV), in which one date was omitted during model training and used to predict the omitted date's value. Chlorophyll concentrations varied according to N doses, with the highest concentrations observed in October and December. In these months, there were greater variations in spectral reflectance in the green and red bands (530–680 nm). December was identified as the ideal period for chlorophyll quantification, for both holdout and LOOCV validation techniques. The SVR technique performed best (R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 0.23 mg g−1, dr = 0.72) compared to RF (R2 = 0.63, RMSE = 0.27 mg g−1, dr = 0.66) and PLSR (R2 = 0.60, RMSE = 0.27 mg g−1, dr = 0.67). Therefore, the prediction of chlorophyll in Mombaça grass using spectroradiometry is promising and applicable across different cultivation periods.
The headache research priorities: Research goals from the American Headache Society and an international multistakeholder expert group
Authors: Schwedt Todd J. , Pradhan Amynah A. , Oshinsky Michael L. , Brin Mitchell F. , Rosen Howard , Lalvani Nim , Charles Andrew , Ashina Messoud , Do Thien Phu , Burstein Rami , Gelfand Amy A. , Dodick David W. , Pozo‐Rosich Patricia , Lipton Richard B. , Ailani Jessica , Szperka Christina L. , Charleston Larry , Digre Kathleen B. , Russo Andrew F. , Buse Dawn C. , Powers Scott W. , Tassorelli Cristina , Goadsby Peter J. ,   the Headache Research Priorities Working Group Members
Published: August 2024

Objective

To identify and disseminate research priorities for the headache field that should be areas of research focus during the next 10 years.

Background

Establishing research priorities helps focus and synergize the work of headache investigators, allowing them to reach the most important research goals more efficiently and completely.

Methods

The Headache Research Priorities organizing and executive committees and working group chairs led a multistakeholder and international group of experts to develop headache research priorities. The research priorities were developed and reviewed by clinicians, scientists, people with headache, representatives from headache organizations, health‐care industry representatives, and the public. Priorities were revised and finalized after receiving feedback from members of the research priorities working groups and after a public comment period.

Results

Twenty‐five research priorities across eight categories were identified: human models, animal models, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management, treatment, inequities and disparities, research workforce development, and quality of life. The priorities address research models and methods, development and optimization of outcome measures and endpoints, pain and non‐pain symptoms of primary and secondary headaches, investigations into mechanisms underlying headache attacks and chronification of headache disorders, treatment optimization, research workforce recruitment, development, expansion, and support, and inequities and disparities in the headache field. The priorities are focused enough that they help to guide headache research and broad enough that they are widely applicable to multiple headache types and various research methods.

Conclusions

These research priorities serve as guidance for headache investigators when planning their research studies and as benchmarks by which the headache field can measure its progress over time. These priorities will need updating as research goals are met and new priorities arise.
Improved precision and mechanical properties of 3D‐printed silica ceramics via sintering temperature optimization
Authors: Mu Yunsong , Chen Yanhua , Li He , Sun Jingwen , Mu Baoxia , Colombo Paolo
Published: August 2024

Ceramic cores are the key components of precision casting hollow turbine blades, and 3D‐printed silica‐based ceramic cores are crucial to the development of the aerospace industry. However, silica‐based ceramic cores have problems in terms of mechanical properties and friction properties. In this paper, silica ceramics were prepared by stereolithography‐based 3D printing technology and processed at different sintering temperatures. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure, physical–mechanical properties, and friction and wear properties of the silica ceramics was investigated. The results show that, with the increase of sintering temperature, the average particle size and bulk density of the samples increased, while the open porosity and layer thickness decreased. The surface of ceramics became more and more flat with the increase in temperature. The flexural strength first increased with increasing temperature, and then suddenly decreased at 1350°C. The average surface roughness decreased with increasing temperature. The wear of the material decreased with increasing sintering temperature and increased at 1350°C. The optimum sintering temperatures were 1250°C and 1300°C, giving a flexural strength of 23.18 and 23.25 MPa, bulk density of 1.72 and 1.78 g/cm3, and open porosity of 24.49% and 23.66%, respectively.
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus LEF‐2 disrupts the cell cycle in the G2/M phase by triggering a host cell DNA damage response
Authors: Wang Jie , Xiao Miao , Hu Zhigang , Lin Yu , Li Kejie , Chen Peng , Lu Cheng , Dong Zhanqi , Pan Minhui
Published: August 2024

It is a common strategy for viruses to block the host cell cycle to favour their DNA replication. Baculovirus, being a double‐stranded DNA virus, can arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase to facilitate its replication. However, the key viral genes and mechanisms crucial for inducing cell cycle arrest remain poorly understood. Here, we initially examined the impacts of several Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) DNA replication‐associated genes: ie1, lef‐1, lef‐2, lef‐3, lef‐4, odv‐ec27 and dbp. We assessed their effects on both the host cells' DNA replication and cell cycle. Our findings reveal that when the lef‐2 gene was overexpressed, it led to a significant increase in the number of cells in the G2/M phase and a reduction in the number of cells in the S phase. Furthermore, we discovered that the LEF‐2 protein is located in the virogenic stroma and confirmed its involvement in viral DNA replication. Additionally, by employing interference and overexpression experiments, we found that LEF‐2 influences host cell DNA replication and blocks the cell cycle in the G2/M phase by regulating the expression of CyclinB and CDK1. Finally, we found that BmNPV lef‐2 triggered a DNA damage response in the host cell, and inhibiting this response removed the cell cycle block caused by BmNPV LEF‐2. Thus, our findings indicate that the BmNPV lef‐2 gene plays a crucial role in viral DNA replication and can regulate host cell cycle processes. This study furthers our understanding of baculovirus‐host cell interactions and provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms of antiviral research.
Disaster preparedness perceptions and psychological first‐aid competencies of psychiatric nurses
Authors: Çömez Ikican Tuba , Şahin Bayindir Gizem , Engin Yusuf , Albal Esra
Published: August 2024

Aim

This study aimed to determine the disaster preparedness perceptions and psychological first‐aid competencies of psychiatric nurses.

Background

Nurses must recognize the risks before a disaster occurs and have an action plan for providing effective physical and psychological care to patients and other affected individuals during and after the disaster. It is especially important for psychiatric nurses caring for a high‐risk group, such as psychiatric patients, to be prepared for disasters and be able to support patients by recognizing the psychological reactions that may occur after a disaster and managing their care accordingly.

Methods

For this cross‐sectional and correlational study, data on 122 nurses were collected using a personal information form, the preparedness perception scale of disaster in nurses, and the psychological first‐aid application self‐efficacy scale.

Results

The mean score for the participants’ perception of overall disaster preparedness was 76.70 ± 8.30, the mean score for the preparation stage was 27.02 ± 2.82, the mean score for the intervention stage was 30.40 ± 5.15, the mean score for the post‐disaster stage was 19.27 ± 2.88, and the mean score for psychological first‐aid application self‐efficacy was 140.28 ± 19.17.

Conclusion

The findings showed that psychiatric nurses were above the medium level in terms of disaster preparedness perceptions and psychological first‐aid application self‐efficacy.

Implications for nursing and health policy

It is important for nurses caring for high‐risk groups, such as psychiatric patients, to be aware of disaster preparedness, to recognize psychological reactions that may be observed after a disaster, and to be aware of psychological first‐aid practices that can be used to intervene in a disaster.
Association of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Levels With Long‐Term Complications in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mahajan Anadi , Kharawala Saifuddin , Desai Supriya , Kendrick Stuart , Das Joyeta , Gielen Vera
Published: August 2024

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global issue and can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is an important marker of HBV infection and HBsAg quantification could be a useful tool in clinical practice. This systematic literature review aimed to explore the association between HBsAg titres and long‐term disease outcomes and evaluate the relationship between HBsAg titres, or changes in HBsAg titres, and clinical and treatment characteristics in patients with chronic HBV infection. Structured searches were performed in MEDLINE and Embase (January 2000 to 31 March 2023). Eighty‐two studies were included, comprising 51% retrospective cohort studies, mostly conducted in Asia (85%). HBsAg levels were shown to predict the long‐term development of cirrhosis and HCC in patients who were untreated prior to and during follow‐up; however, these data were inconclusive in mixed and treated populations. HBsAg titres were significantly associated with various virological markers including serum HBV DNA, HBcrAg, HBeAg, HBV RNA levels, intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and intrahepatic HBsAg expression. HBsAg titres generally declined over time; this decline was more pronounced in early (HBeAg‐positive) than later disease phases (HBeAg‐negative). Higher decline in HBsAg levels was consistently associated with subsequent HBsAg seroclearance and a greater decline in total intrahepatic HBV DNA and cccDNA levels. In conclusion, this review showed that HBsAg levels and rates of decline could inform assessment, management and prediction of outcomes in chronic HBV infection. Further studies in broader, more diverse populations and treated patients are needed.
Internet‐delivered emotion regulation therapy for adolescents engaging in non‐suicidal self‐injury and their parents: A qualitative, online focus group study
Authors: Christensen Sofie Heidenheim , Heinrichsen Michella , Møhl Bo , Rubæk Lotte , Byrialsen Katherine Krage , Ojala Olivia , Hellner Clara , Pagsberg Anne Katrine , Bjureberg Johan , Morthorst Britt
Published: August 2024

Objectives

We explore adolescents' and their parents' experiences of internet‐based emotion regulation therapy for non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI).

Design

A qualitative study nested within a controlled feasibility trial.

Methods

Online, semi‐structured focus group interviews were conducted with outpatient adolescents with NSSI aged 13–17 years (n = 9) and their parents (n = 8) who had received therapist‐guided Internet‐delivered Emotion Regulation Individual Therapy for Adolescents (IERITA). Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Three main themes were generated: (1) Fatigue – barriers to and during treatment, comprised of two sub‐themes ‘Arriving to services exhausted, needing motivation, and leaving feeling abandoned’ and ‘the burden of IERITA and the consequences of fatigue’, (2) inter‐ and intrapersonal insights as facilitators of change and (3) Online, written contact with the therapist is beneficial and contributes with less pressure, comprised of three sub‐themes ‘the therapist behind the screen is essential’, ‘less pressure sitting alone: the physical absence of a therapist’ and ‘engaging on your own terms, in your own tempo’. Themes were consistent among adolescents and parents.

Conclusion

Fatigue due to therapeutic engagement and previous help‐seeking processes created barriers for engagement. Emotion regulation therapy was experienced as beneficial leading to inter‐ and intra‐personal insights, facilitating change of maladaptive patterns. Therapists were regarded as indispensable, and the internet‐based format did not hinder therapeutic alliance. The written format allowed for reflection and alleviated the pressure of relating to the therapist. Further research should explore experiences of other online treatment formats (e.g. synchronous or video‐based) with regard to benefits, fatigue and therapist interaction.
The role of melatonin in delaying senescence and maintaining quality in postharvest horticultural products
Authors: Liu Y. , Xu J. , Lu X. , Huang M. , Yu W. , Li C.
Published: August 2024

The postharvest lifespan of horticultural products is closely related to loss of nutritional quality, accompanied by a rapid decline in shelf life, commercial value, and marketability. Melatonin (MT) application not only maintains quality but also delays senescence in horticultural products. This paper reviews biosynthesis and metabolism of endogenous MT, summarizes significant effects of exogenous MT application on postharvest horticultural products, examines regulatory mechanisms of MT‐mediated effects, and provides an integrated review for understanding the positive role of MT in senescence delay and quality maintenance. As a multifunctional molecule, MT coordinates other signal molecules, such as ABA, ETH, JA, SA, NO, and Ca2+, to regulate postharvest ripening and senescence. Several metabolic pathways are involved in regulation of MT during postharvest senescence, including synthesis and signal transduction of plant hormones, redox homeostasis, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and degradation of pigment and cell wall components. Moreover, MT regulates expression of genes related to plant hormones, antioxidant systems, energy generation, fruit firmness and colour, membrane integrity, and carbohydrate storage. Consequently, MT could become an emerging and eco‐friendly preservative to extend shelf life and maintain postharvest quality of horticultural products.
“We May Look Like Cream‐of‐the‐Crop Kids, but it's Tough Here”: Elite Identity, Emotional Burden, and Ethical Transgressions Among Students at an Elite High School
Authors: Aviram Miri , Shoshana Avihu
Published: August 2024

This article explores the identity of students at an elite high school and how it contributes to privilege and inequality. Thirty‐two students from an elite high school in Israel were interviewed to examine two main questions: What characterizes these students' identity? How does their identity impact the cultivation and fostering of privilege and inequality? The findings identify three components of the elite student identity: (1) entitlement, as a natural experience of privilege and a developed awareness of rights; (2) the emotional burden of a competitive culture, leading to pressure to attain mind and body perfection and evoking feelings of hyper‐self‐consciousness; and (3) consequences of this burden, including pursuing corrective treatments, engaging in ethical transgressions and hazardous behaviors, and internal feelings of emptiness. The discussion interprets these characteristics of the elite student's identity in the context of their learning experience at an elite school, highlighting the consequences of these characteristics for cultivating and maintaining class privilege and social inequality.
A novel HLA‐C*18 variant allele, HLA‐C*18:20, identified by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: McLamb Nathan , Jennemann Jo‐Ellen , Willey Patricia , Liu Chang
Published: August 2024

A missense nucleotide substitution at codon 95 of HLA‐C*18:01:01:01 creates a novel allele HLA‐C*18:20.
Genomic full‐length sequence of the novel HLA‐B*40:540N allele
Authors: Yang John Jeongseok , Oh Heung‐Bum
Published: August 2024

The coding sequence of HLA‐B*40:540N differs from HLA‐B*40:02:01:01 by a non‐synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 3.
Two novel HLA class II alleles identified by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Loginova Maria , Smirnova Daria , Paramonov Igor
Published: August 2024

Two novel HLA class II, HLA‐DRB1*13:357 and HLA‐DQB1*03:525, characterised in Russian individuals.
Evaluating preoperative coagulation panels in dogs undergoing liver lobectomy for primary liver tumors: A multi‐institutional retrospective study
Authors: Burkhardt Samuel J. , Drobatz Kenneth L. , Callan Beth , Culp William T. N. , Selmic Laura E. , Tobias Karen , Wallace Mandy L. , Worley Deanna , Holt David E.
Published: August 2024

Background

The objectives of this study were to: (i) Determine whether operable primary liver tumors were associated with prolongations in prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and (ii) determine if these secondary hemostatic abnormalities were more prevalent with specific liver tumors.

Study design

Multi‐institutional retrospective study.

Animal population

Dogs (n = 359) undergoing liver lobectomy for a primary liver tumor with a preoperative coagulation panel.

Methods

Data was identified via electronic medical record review at eight veterinary teaching hospitals. Baseline dog characteristics, coagulation panel values, platelet count, emergency versus non‐emergency procedure, whether the dogs received transfusion(s) of a blood product, liver lobe removed, and histopathological diagnosis were extracted from the medical record. Chi‐square analysis was used to compare categorical variables between groups. Continuous variables were assessed for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test.

Results

A total of 74 of 359 dogs (20.6%) had a prolongation in either PT or aPTT preoperatively. A total of 20 of 359 dogs (5.6%) were found to have prolongation of both PT and aPTT. Hemangiosarcoma was the only histopathological diagnosis associated with concurrent prolongations of both PT and aPTT (p < .001) in 6/16 (37.5%) dogs.

Conclusion

Coagulation panels including PT and aPTT are unlikely to detect substantial deficiencies in secondary hemostasis in most dogs with primary liver tumors except in dogs with a histopathological diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma.

Clinical significance

PT and aPTT testing is low yield as an elective preoperative screening test in dogs with primary liver tumors except in dogs where there is a hemoabdomen or high suspicion for hepatic hemangiosarcoma.
Conservation genetics of barbel species (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) facing hybridization and introgression along an elevational gradient in protected areas of northern Italy
Authors: Ferrari Claudio , Piccoli Federica , Voccia Andrea , Rontani Pietro Maria , Leonardi Stefano , Ardenghi Alessia , Nonnis Marzano Francesco , Filonzi Laura
Published: August 2024

The European endemic barbels represent important bioindicators of river quality and are nowadays threatened by changing environmental conditions and hybridization with the invasive alien Barbus barbus. It is therefore fundamental to investigate interactions among species and adaptability to climate changes in protected areas of Northern Apennines. An investigation was carried out considering 248 barbel samples that were analysed for Cytb mitochondrial DNA and 192 at 10 microsatellite loci, to delineate the distribution and population structure of the two native species as well as the impact of invasive B. barbus inside 15 sites of the Natura 2000 network. The complex distribution of the native barbel species was highlighted, together with a significant genetic structure emerging in different populations. Only one site revealed a “pure” population of B. caninus while the other ones showed a high level of hybridization between the different barbel species. For the B. plebejus two “genetically pure” populations were found in the hill‐mountain sector, while the hybridization level resulted in increasing in the lowest altitudinal stretch of watercourses with a consistent contribution driven by B. barbus. We herein present the first evidence of B. barbus introgression along an altitudinal gradient, carried from the lowland water course to mountain stretches driven by B. plebejus migration. B. plebejus is the species that can act as vicariant organism able to transfer the B. barbus genome from the plain habitats into B. caninus genome of the higher altitude waterstreams, as a consequence of habitat shifts due to climate changes and anthropogenic acitivities.
Structural basis for the ligand recognition and G protein subtype selectivity of kisspeptin receptor
Authors: Wu Zhangsong , Chen Geng , Qiu Chen , Yan Xiaoyi , Xu Lezhi , Jiang Shirui , Xu Jun , Han Runyuan , Shi Tingyi , Liu Yiming , Gao Wei , Wang Qian , Li Jiancheng , Ye Fang , Pan Xin , Zhang Zhiyi , Ning Peiruo , Zhang Binghao , Chen Jing , Du Yang
Published: August 2024

Kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), belonging to the class A peptide-GPCR family, plays a key role in the regulation of reproductive physiology after stimulation by kisspeptin and is regarded as an attractive drug target for reproductive diseases. Here, we demonstrated that KISS1R can couple to the G
i/o
pathway besides the well-known G
q/11
pathway. We further resolved the cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of KISS1R-G
q
and KISS1R-G
i
complexes bound to the synthetic agonist TAK448 and structure of KISS1R-G
q
complex bound to the endogenous agonist KP54. The high-resolution structures provided clear insights into mechanism of KISS1R recognition by its ligand and can facilitate the design of targeted drugs with high affinity to improve treatment effects. Moreover, the structural and functional analyses indicated that conformational differences in the extracellular loops (ECLs), intracellular loops (ICLs) of the receptor, and the “wavy hook” of the Gα subunit may account for the specificity of G protein coupling for KISS1R signaling.
Doping bilayer hole-transport polymer strategy stabilizing solution-processed green quantum-dot light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhu Xitong , Luo Xiao , Deng Yunzhou , Wei Huan , Feng Peng  , Ying Lei , Huang Fei , Hu Yuanyuan , Jin Yizheng
Published: August 2024

Quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are solution-processed electroluminescence devices with great potential as energy-saving, large-area, and low-cost display and lighting technologies. Ideally, the organic hole-transport layers (HTLs) in QLEDs should simultaneously deliver efficient hole injection and transport, effective electron blocking, and robust electrochemical stability. However, it is still challenging for a single HTL to fulfill all these stringent criteria. Here, we demonstrate a general design of doping-bilayer polymer-HTL architecture for stabilizing high-efficiency QLEDs. We show that the bilayer HTLs combining the electrochemical-stable polymer and the electron-blocking polymer unexpectedly increase the hole injection barrier. We mitigated the problem by p-doping of the underlying sublayer of the bilayer HTLs. Consequently, green QLEDs with an unprecedented maximum luminance of 1,340,000 cd m
−2
and a record-long operational lifetime (
T
95
lifetime at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m
−2
is 17,700 hours) were achieved. The universality of the strategy is examined in various polymer-HTL systems, providing a general route toward high-performance solution-processed QLEDs.
Specularly reflected whistler: A low-latitude channel to couple lightning energy to the magnetosphere
Authors: Sonwalkar Vikas S. , Reddy Amani
Published: August 2024

Lightning-generated whistlers profoundly affect the energetic particle population in Earth’s radiation belts, influencing space weather and endangering astronauts and satellites. We report the discovery of specularly reflected (SR) whistler in which the lightning energy injected into the ionosphere at low latitudes reaches the magnetosphere after undergoing a specular reflection in the conjugate ionosphere, contradicting previous claims that lightning energy injected at low latitudes cannot escape the ionosphere. SR whistlers provide a low-latitude channel to transport lightning energy to the magnetosphere. We calculate the relative contributions of SR, magnetospherically reflected, subprotonospheric, and ducted whistlers to the lightning energy reaching the magnetosphere. When SR whistlers are considered, the global lightning energy contribution to the magnetosphere doubles, implying that the previous estimates of the impact of lightning energy on radiation belts may need substantial revisions. Whistler dispersion and intensity analyses quantitatively confirm our results and suggest new remote-sensing methods of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, Earth-ionosphere waveguide, and lightning flashes.
Deforestation-induced runoff changes dominated by forest-climate feedbacks
Authors: Ma Shuai , Zhou Sha , Yu Bofu , Song Jiaxi
Published: August 2024

Large-scale deforestation alters water availability through its direct effect on runoff generation and indirect effect through forest-climate feedbacks. However, these direct and indirect effects and their spatial variations are difficult to separate and poorly understood. Here, we develop an attribution framework that combines the Budyko theory and deforestation experiments with climate models, showing that widespread runoff reductions caused by the indirect effect of forest-climate feedbacks can largely offset the direct effect of reduced forest cover on runoff increases. The indirect effect dominates the hydrological responses to deforestation over 63% of deforested areas worldwide. This indirect effect arises from deforestation-induced reductions in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, which decrease and increase runoff, respectively, leading to complex patterns of runoff responses. Our findings underscore the importance of forest-climate feedbacks for improved understanding and prediction of climate and hydrological changes caused by deforestation, with profound implications for sustainable management of forests and water resources.
Functional overlap of inborn errors of immunity and metabolism genes defines T cell metabolic vulnerabilities
Authors: Patterson Andrew R. , Needle Gabriel A. , Sugiura Ayaka , Jennings Erin Q. , Chi Channing , Steiner KayLee K. , Fisher Emilie L. , Robertson Gabriella L. , Bodnya Caroline , Markle Janet G. , Sheldon Ryan D. , Jones Russell G. , Gama Vivian , Rathmell Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2024

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) and immunity (IEIs) are Mendelian diseases in which complex phenotypes and patient rarity have limited clinical understanding. Whereas few genes have been annotated as contributing to both IEMs and IEIs, immunometabolic demands suggested greater functional overlap. Here, CRISPR screens tested IEM genes for immunologic roles and IEI genes for metabolic effects and found considerable previously unappreciated crossover. Analysis of IEMs showed that N-linked glycosylation and the hexosamine pathway enzyme
Gfpt1
are critical for T cell expansion and function. Further, T helper (T
H
1) cells synthesized uridine diphosphate
N
-acetylglucosamine more rapidly and were more impaired by
Gfpt1
deficiency than T
H
17 cells. Screening IEI genes found that
Bcl11b
promotes the CD4 T cell mitochondrial activity and
Mcl1
expression necessary to prevent metabolic stress. Thus, a high degree of functional overlap exists between IEM and IEI genes, and immunometabolic mechanisms may underlie a previously underappreciated intersection of these disorders.
From raw milk cheese to the gut: investigating the colonization strategies of
Bifidobacterium mongoliense
Authors: Longhi Giulia , Lugli Gabriele Andrea , Tarracchini Chiara , Fontana Federico , Bianchi Massimiliano Giovanni , Carli Elisa , Bussolati Ovidio , van Sinderen Douwe , Turroni Francesca , Ventura Marco
Published: August 2024

The microbial ecology of raw milk cheeses is determined by bacteria originating from milk and milk-producing animals. Recently, it has been shown that members of the
Bifidobacterium mongoliense
species may become transmitted along the Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production chain and ultimately may colonize the consumer intestine. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that mediate the interaction between
B. mongoliense
and the human gut. Based on 128 raw milk cheeses collected from different Italian regions, we isolated and characterized 10
B. mongoliense
strains. Comparative genomics allowed us to unveil the presence of enzymes required for the degradation of sialylated host-glycans in
B. mongoliense
, corroborating the appreciable growth on de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) medium supplemented with 3’-sialyllactose (3′-SL) or 6’-sialyllactose (6′-SL). The
B. mongoliense
BMONG18 was chosen, due to its superior ability to utilize 3′-SL and mucin as representative strain, to investigate its behavior when co-inoculated with other bifidobacterial species. Conversely, members of other bifidobacterial species did not appear to benefit from the presence of BMONG18, highlighting a competitive scenario for nutrient acquisition. Transcriptomic data of BMONG18 reveal no significant differences in gene expression when cultivated in a gut simulating medium (GSM), regardless of whether cheese was included or not. Furthermore, BMONG18 was shown to exhibit high adhesion capabilities to HT29-MTX human cells, in line with its colonization ability of a human host.

IMPORTANCE

Fermented foods are nourishments produced through controlled microbial growth that play an essential role in worldwide human nutrition. Research interest in fermented foods has increased since the 80s, driven by growing awareness of their potential health benefits beyond mere nutritional content.
Bifidobacterium mongoliense
, previously identified throughout the production process of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, was found to be capable of establishing itself in the intestines of its consumers. Our study underscores molecular mechanisms through which this bifidobacterial species, derived from food, interacts with the host and other gut microbiota members.
Predicting
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
drug resistance using artificial intelligence and clinical MALDI-TOF mass spectra
Authors: Nguyen Hoai-An , Peleg Anton Y. , Song Jiangning , Antony Bhavna , Webb Geoffrey I. , Wisniewski Jessica A. , Blakeway Luke V. , Badoordeen Gnei Z. , Theegala Ravali , Zisis Helen , Dowe David L. , Macesic Nenad
Published: August 2024

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is widely used in clinical microbiology laboratories for bacterial identification but its use for detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains limited. Here, we used MALDI-TOF MS with artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to successfully predict AMR in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, a priority pathogen with complex AMR mechanisms. The highest performance was achieved for modern β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor drugs, namely, ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam. For these drugs, the model demonstrated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.869 and 0.856, specificity of 0.925 and 0.897, and sensitivity of 0.731 and 0.714, respectively. As part of this work, we developed dynamic binning, a feature engineering technique that effectively reduces the high-dimensional feature set and has wide-ranging applicability to MALDI-TOF MS data. Compared to conventional feature engineering approaches, the dynamic binning method yielded highest performance in 7 of 10 antimicrobials. Moreover, we showcased the efficacy of transfer learning in enhancing the AUROC performance for 8 of 11 antimicrobials. By assessing the contribution of features to the model's prediction, we identified proteins that may contribute to AMR mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate the potential of combining AI with MALDI-TOF MS as a rapid AMR diagnostic tool for
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
.

IMPORTANCE

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a key bacterial pathogen that causes significant global morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emerges rapidly in
P. aeruginosa
and is driven by complex mechanisms. Drug-resistant
P. aeruginosa
is a major challenge in clinical settings due to limited treatment options. Early detection of AMR can guide antibiotic choices, improve patient outcomes, and avoid unnecessary antibiotic use. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is widely used for rapid species identification in clinical microbiology. In this study, we repurposed mass spectra generated by MALDI-TOF and used them as inputs for artificial intelligence approaches to successfully predict AMR in
P. aeruginosa
for multiple key antibiotic classes. This work represents an important advance toward using MALDI-TOF as a rapid AMR diagnostic for
P. aeruginosa
in clinical settings.
Cyanothioacetamide in Multicomponent Synthesis of 2-Thionicotinonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Dyachenko I. V. , Dyachenko V. D. , Dorovatovskiy P. V. , Khrustalev V. N. , Nenaidenko V. G.
Published: August 2024

Multicomponent condensation of cyanothioacetamide, carbonyl compounds, enamines and alkylating reagents initiated by the Knoevenagel reaction led to the formation of 2-thionicotinonitriles. The molecular and crystal structure of the prepared products was studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction method.
Impact of the internal modes on the sphaleron decay
Authors: Navarro-Obregón S. , Queiruga J.
Published: August 2024

We study the sphaleron solutions in two deformations of the $$\phi ^6$$

ϕ
6

model and analyze the oscillons originated from them. We find that the presence of internal modes plays a crucial role in the sphaleron collapse. The positive internal modes triggered by a squeezing of the sphaleron are able to change the direction of collapse. We provide an analytical understanding behind this phenomenon.
Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Optimal Control Model for Signal Light in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Hu Xiaomin , He Yuanyuan
Published: August 2024

Day-to-day mobility among the population has increased with economic growth. Smart cities are renovated with advanced technologies to admire modern life in which intelligent transportation becomes highly focused. Because the traffic signal control systems are fixed at a constant time. They split the traffic signal into predetermined intervals and function inefficiently; they result in long wait times, waste fuel and increased carbon emissions. This research study introduces a novel technique for traffic light management to reduce the uncertainties in the system. A dynamic and intelligent traffic light adaptive optimal management system (DITLAOCS) is implemented in this research. It does this by modifying the traffic signal duration in run time and using real-time traffic data as input. Furthermore, the proposed DITLAOCS executes based on three modes: fairness mode (FM), priority mode (PM) and emergent mode (EM). In fairness mode (FM), all vehicles are prioritized equally, while vehicles in different categories receive varying priority levels. Emergency vehicles, on the other hand, receive the highest priority. Furthermore, a fuzzy inference method based on traffic data is shown to choose one mode out of three (FM, PM and EM). This model uses deep reinforcement learning to switch traffic lights in three different phases (red, green and yellow). We evaluated and accurately simulated DITLAOCS on the Shaanxi city map in China using Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO), an open-source simulator. The simulation results illustrate the efficiency of DITLAOCS when compared to other cutting-edge algorithms on several performance measures.
Wi-PT-Hand: Wireless Sensing based Low-cost Physical Rehabilitation Tracking for Hand Movements
Authors: Touhiduzzaman Md , Hernandez Steven M. , Pidcoe Peter E. , Bulut Eyuphan
Published: August 2024

Physical therapy exercises are critically important for the rehabilitation of patients with motor deficits. While these exercises can be most effective when performed properly under the supervision of a physical therapist, it may not be a viable option for all patients. Thus, there is a growing trend towards at-home physical rehabilitation tracking systems as they can be more accessible and flexible for patients. However, existing systems mostly depend on camera and wearable based solutions, which can be costly and limited. To this end, we propose a low-cost and non-intrusive end-to-end solution using IoT-based wireless sensing devices. Our solution,
Wi-PT-Hand
, leverages Channel State Information (CSI) captured from ambient WiFi signals and uses Bayesian optimizers and a hierarchical deep learning model trained to recognize the prescribed hand exercises. The proposed system includes (i) segmentation of the therapy time into activity and non-activity durations, (ii) recognition of the exercise performed in an activity segment, and (iii) counting of the number of repetitions of the exercise performed within that segment. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed system is robust and performs well in various real life scenarios, and thanks to the lightweight design it can work on low-resource edge devices properly.
Effects of Excess Sodium Consumption on Arterial Function in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Sabouri Mostafa , Zheng Xiangyu , Irwin Bryan J , Machin Daniel R.
Published: August 2024

Excess sodium consumption contributes to arterial dysfunction in humans. The C57BL/6 strain of mice have been used to identify mechanisms by which arterial dysfunction occurs after excess sodium consumption. However, there are concerns that C57BL/6 mice have strain-specific resistance to high-sodium (HS) diet-induced hypertension. To address this concern, we performed a meta-analysis to determine if excess sodium consumption in C57BL/6 mice induces arterial dysfunction. Databases were searched for HS vs. standard diet studies that measured arterial function (i.e., systolic blood pressure [BP], endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD], and central arterial stiffness) in C57BL/6 mice. A total of 39 studies were included, demonstrating that HS condition resulted in higher systolic BP than control mice with a mean difference of 9.8 mmHg (95% CI [5.6, 14], P<0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that the systolic BP was higher in HS compared to the control condition when measured during night compared to daytime with telemetry (P<0.001). We also identified that the difference in systolic BP between HS and control was ~2.5-fold higher when administered through drinking water than through food (P<0.001). A total of 12 studies were included, demonstrating that HS condition resulted in lower EDD than control with a weighted mean difference of -12.0% (95% CI [-20.0, -4.1], P=0.003). It should be noted that there was considerable variability across studies with more than half of the studies showing no effect of HS condition on systolic BP and EDD. In summary, excess sodium consumption elevates systolic BP and impairs EDD in C57BL/6 mice.
Global Genomic Profile of Hippocampal Endothelial cells by single nuclei RNA sequencing in Female Diabetic Mice is Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Milenkovic Dragan , Nuthikattu Saivageethi , Norman Jennifer E. , Villablanca Amparo C.
Published: August 2024

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disease and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular dysfunction including vascular dementia. Sex differences in the prevalence of T2D, dementia, and global genomic changes in the brain have been observed; however, most studies have been performed in males. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the consequence of T2D on cognitive function and decipher the underlying molecular transcriptomic mechanisms of endothelial cells in an important brain memory center, the hippocampus, utilizing a female murine diabetes model. We assessed cognitive function, metabolic parameters, and then performed hippocampal single nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA seq) in adult female db/db and control wild type mice. db/db mice exhibited characteristic T2D metabolism with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia when compared to WT mice. Female db/db mice presented cognitive decline compared to wild type mice, as determined by open field and Morris water maze tests. snRNAseq showed that T2D induced significant changes in the global transcriptomic profile of hippocampal endothelial cells by modulating the expression of not only protein-coding genes but also long non-coding RNAs. These genes regulate cell-cell junctions, cell chemotaxis, actin cytoskeleton organization, and cell adhesion, suggesting that diabetes increases endothelial cell permeability. Observed genomic changes also correlated with the genetics of persons with clinical Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. In conclusion, T2D, by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, regulates endothelial cell dysfunction predictive of increased vascular permeability, and negatively impacts cognitive function. Our work has implications for sex-specific molecular therapeutic targets for dementia in females.