bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of microRNA‐155 in inflammatory cells modulates liver injury
Authors: Blaya Delia , Aguilar‐Bravo Beatriz , Hao Fengjie , Casacuberta‐Serra Silvia , Coll Mar , Perea Luis , Vallverdú Júlia , Graupera Isabel , Pose Elisa , Llovet Laura , Barquinero Jordi , Cubero Francisco Javier , Caballería Juan , Ginès Pere , Sancho‐Bru Pau
Published: February 2018

MicroRNA 155 (miR‐155) is involved in immune and inflammatory diseases and is associated with liver fibrosis and steatohepatitis. However, the mechanisms involved in miR‐155 regulation of liver injury are largely unknown. The role of miR‐155 in acute liver injury was assessed in wild‐type (WT), miR‐155−/−, and miR‐155−/− mice transplanted with WT bone marrow. Additionally, miR‐155 expression was evaluated in liver tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Concanavalin A, but not acetaminophen, treatment increased the expression of miR‐155 in liver tissue of WT mice. Concanavalin A induced increases in cell death, liver aminotransferases, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (chemokine [C‐X‐C motif] ligands 1, 5, 9, 10, and 11; chemokine [C‐C motif] ligands 2 and 20; and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1) in miR‐155−/− compared to WT mice. Importantly, these animals showed a significant decrease in cluster of differentiation 4–positive/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 3–positive and forkhead box p3–positive cell recruitment but no changes in other inflammatory cell populations. Mechanistically, miR‐155‐deficient regulatory T cells showed increased SH2 domain–containing inositol 5‐phosphatase 1 expression, a known target of miR‐155. Inhibition of SH2 domain–containing inositol 5‐phosphatase 1 in miR‐155−/− mice restored forkhead box p3 recruitment and reduced liver cytokine expression. Transplantation of bone marrow from WT animals into miR‐155−/− mice partially reversed the effect of concanavalin A on miR‐155−/− mice as assessed by proinflammatory cytokines and cell death protein expression. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis showed a marked increase in miR‐155 expression in the liver but reduced expression of miR‐155 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusion: miR‐155 expression is altered in both liver tissue and circulating inflammatory cells during liver injury, thus regulating inflammatory cell recruitment and liver damage; these results suggest that maintaining miR‐155 expression in inflammatory cells might be a potential strategy to modulate liver injury. (Hepatology 2018).
“There is always a better way”: Managing uncertainty in decision making about new cancer drugs in Canada
Authors: Driedger S. Michelle , Cooper Elizabeth , Annable Gary , Brouwers Melissa
Published: February 2018

Policy decisions about the approval and funding of new cancer drugs must often be made in an environment of complex uncertainty about clinical and cost‐effectiveness data. The focus of this article is on the results from qualitative interviews with senior officials (n = 16) who make decisions about or influence cancer drug policy in various organizations in the Canadian cancer control system. Most participants identified the use of a limited number of informal approaches to address uncertainty, such as grounding decisions in evidence and advice from expert groups. People tended to focus on evidence informed decisions including price negotiations, the ability to implement policy changes, and stakeholder values. Lessons from the Canadian context related to continuing efforts to build a public culture of understanding into how policy decisions like cancer drug funding are made may result in greater acceptance and increased confidence in health policy decision‐making processes across multiple sectors internationally.
Building hospital capacity planning mechanisms in Poland: The impact of 2016/2017 regulatory changes
Authors: Dubas‐Jakóbczyk Katarzyna , Sowada Christoph , Domagała Alicja , Więckowska Barbara
Published: February 2018

Capacity planning is a crucial component of modern health care governance. The aim of this paper is to analyze the requirements that need to be met to build effective hospital capacity planning mechanisms in Poland. In this context, the recent regulatory changes strongly influencing hospital sector functioning, including introduction of health care needs maps, capital investment assessment, and hospital network regulations, are analyzed. Some possible ways forward, based on review of international experiences in hospital capacity planning, are discussed. Applied methods include literature review and analysis of statistical data as well as desk analysis of key national regulations related to hospital sector. Results indicate that at the system level, the process of capacity planning involves 4 elements: capital investment in facilities, equipment, and technology; service delivery; allocation of staff; and financial resources. For hospital capacity planning to be effective, the strategic decision at the macrolevel must be complemented by appropriate management of individual hospitals. The major challenge of building hospital capacity planning mechanism in Poland is imbedding it into the overall health system strategy. Because of the lack of such a strategy, the practical implementation of the ad hoc changes, which have been introduced, shows some inconsistencies. The regulations implemented between 2016 and 2017 provided a basis for hospital capacity planning, yet still need evaluation and adjustments. Also, including a mechanism for human resources planning is of crucial importance. The regulations should provide incentives for reducing oversized hospital infrastructure with simultaneous development of the long‐term and coordinated care models.
Factors that influence public awareness of domestic waste characteristics and management in rural areas
Authors: Han Zhiyong , Duan Qingqing , Fei Yongqiang , Zeng Dan , Shi Guozhong , Li Haimei , Hu Meilun
Published: February 2018

Public awareness of domestic waste characteristics and management (PADWCM) is a prerequisite for a domestic waste management (DWM) plan. In this study, we considered China as a typical example of developing countries to investigate the public perception of environmental pollution (PEP), its PADWCM, and its socioeconomic factors, using questionnaires and statistical methods. The results indicated that the public PEP was mainly due to obvious environmental contamination in local villages, and the PADWCM is still inadequate in rural areas. However, 83.9% of the respondents agreed that DWM is highly necessary. The PADWCM, including the hazard, recyclability, and characteristic pollution caused by domestic waste, was learned mainly from people's direct PEP, experiences, and repurchasing by recyclers. Education period had highly significant positive correlations and regressions with PEP and PADWCM, respectively. Additionally, education directly affected public awareness in different income and age groups. Demonstration projects had a significant positive effect on the awareness of characteristic pollution caused by domestic waste, which was readily perceived. Propaganda had a significant positive influence on the awareness of treatment necessity. Age and gender had no obvious effects on public PEP and PADWCM. Some aspects of PADWCM requiring a deep understanding became stronger as income increased; however, the PADWCM located close to poor people became weaker. Some aspects of PEP could significantly influence the awareness of characteristic pollution caused by domestic waste and awareness of treatment necessity. Therefore, improving environmental education, performing demonstration projects and effective environmental propaganda, increasing people's income, and attracting young people to participate in DWM will be important for enhancing environmental awareness and DWM in rural areas. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:395–406. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points

Public awareness of domestic waste characteristics and management (PADWCM) was learned from people's perception, experiences, and recyclers’ repurchase. Education had significant positive correlations and regressions with PADWCM. Demonstration significantly affected awareness of domestic waste pollution. Perception of pollution influenced awareness of domestic waste pollution and treatment necessity.
A smartphone‐based technology package to support independent activity in people with intellectual disability and blindness
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Singh Nirbhay N. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Sigafoos Jeff , Alberti Gloria , Chiariello Valeria , Perilli Viviana , Campodonico Francesca
Published: February 2018

The study assessed a technology package, based on commercial devices and designed to promote independent activity engagement, with 6 participants with intellectual disability and blindness. The technology included: (1) a smartphone Samsung Galaxy A3 fitted with Android 6.0 operating system, Bluetooth 4.0, light sensor, and Macrodroid application, (2) portable light sources, and (3) portable Bluetooth speakers. Data showed that the participants' mean percentages of independent activity responses were (virtually) 0 during baseline and increased to above 90 during the intervention when the technology was available.
mRNA‐Independent way to regulate translation elongation rate in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Negrutskii Boris , Vlasenko Dmytro , Mirande Marc , Futernyk Pavlo , El'skaya Anna
Published: February 2018

The question of what governs the translation elongation rate in eukaryotes has not yet been completely answered. Earlier, different availability of different tRNAs was considered as a main factor involved, however, recent data revealed that the elongation rate does not always depend on tRNA availability. Here, we offer another, codon‐independent approach to explain specific tRNA‐dependence of the elongation rate in eukaryotes. We hypothesize that the exit rate of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A)*GDP from the 80S ribosome depends on the protein affinity to specific aminoacyl‐tRNA remaining on the ribosome after GTP hydrolysis. Subsequently, a slower dissociation of eEF1A*GDP from certain aminoacyl‐tRNAs in the ribosome can negatively influence the ribosomal elongation rate in a tRNA‐dependent and mRNA‐independent way. The specific tRNA‐dependent departure rate of eEF1A*GDP from the ribosome is suggested to be a novel factor contributing to the overall translation elongation control in eukaryotic cells. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(3):192–196, 2018
High defibrillation threshold with a subcutaneous implantable cardiac defibrillator due to the lead having been positioned in the fat layer
Authors: Hirao Tatsuhiko , Nitta Junichi , Sato Akira , Takahashi Yoshihide , Goya Masahiko , Hirao Kenzo
Published: February 2018

A 46‐year‐old female with a body mass index of 38.9 kg/m2 and no organic heart disease underwent a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in the setting of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing during implantation detected high shock impedance and high DFT. Fluoroscopy revealed subcoil fat between the lead and the sternum, which we suspected was the reason for the high shock impedance and high DFT. We repositioned the lead to a site just above the sternum and the shock impedance and DFT improved to within the respective normal ranges.
Mechanism and Rate Constants of the CH3+ CH2CO Reaction: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Semenikhin A. S. , Shubina E. G. , Savchenkova A. S. , Chechet I. V. , Matveev S. G. , Konnov A. A. , Mebel A. M.
Published: February 2018

The mechanism of the reaction of ketene with methyl radical has been studied by ab initio CCSD(T)‐F12/cc‐pVQZ‐f12//B2PLYPD3/6‐311G** calculations of the potential energy surface. Temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent reaction rate constants have been computed using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM)–Master Equation and transition state theory methods. Three main channels have been shown to dominate the reaction; the formation of the collisionally stabilized CH3COCH2 radical and the production of the C2H5 + CO and HCCO + CH4 bimolecular products. Relative contributions of the CH3COCH2, C2H5 + CO, and HCCO + CH4 channels strongly depend on the reaction conditions; the formation of thermalized CH3COCH2 is favored at low temperatures and high pressures, HCCO + CH4 is dominant at high temperatures, whereas the yield of C2H5 + CO peaks at intermediate temperatures around 1000 K. The C2H5 + CO channel is favored by a decrease in pressure but remains the second most important reaction pathway after HCCO + CH4 under typical flame conditions. The calculated rate constants at different pressures are proposed for kinetic modeling of ketene reactions in combustion in the form of modified Arrhenius expressions. Only rate constant to form CH3COCH2 depends on pressure, whereas those to produce C2H5 + CO and HCCO + CH4 appeared to be pressure independent.
Office‐based esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer: Safety, feasibility, and cost analysis
Authors: Howell Rebecca J. , Schopper Melissa A. , Giliberto John Paul , Collar Ryan M. , Khosla Sid M.
Published: February 2018

Objective

To review experience, safety, and cost of office‐based esophageal dilation in patients with history of head and neck cancer (HNCA).

Methods

The medical records of patients undergoing esophageal dilation in the office were retrospectively reviewed between August 2015 and May 2017. Patients were given nasal topical anesthesia. Next, a transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) was performed. If the patient tolerated TNE, we proceeded with esophageal dilation using Seldinger technique with the CRE™ Boston Scientific (Boston Scientific Corp., Marlborough, MA) balloon system. Patients were discharged directly from the outpatient clinic.

Results

Forty‐seven dilations were performed in 22 patients with an average of 2.1 dilations/patient (range 1–10, standard deviation [SD] ± 2.2). Seventeen patients (77%) were male. The average age was 67 years (range 35–78 years, SD ± 8.5). The most common primary site of cancer was oral cavity/oropharynx (n = 10), followed by larynx (n = 6). All patients (100%) had history of radiation treatment. Four patients were postlaryngectomy. The indication for esophageal dilation was esophageal stricture and progressive dysphagia. All dilations occurred in the proximal esophagus. There were no major complications. Three focal, superficial lacerations occurred. Two patients experienced mild, self‐limited epistaxis. One dilation was poorly tolerated due to discomfort. One patient required pain medication postprocedure. Office‐based esophageal dilation generated $15,000 less in health system charges compared to traditional operating room dilation on average per episode of care.

Conclusion

In patients with history of HNCA and radiation, office‐based TNE with esophageal dilation appears safe, well‐tolerated, and cost‐effective. In a small cohort, the technique has low complication rate and is feasible in an otolaryngology outpatient office setting.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:2261–2267, 2018
Double‐barrel vascularized dual fibula transfer with epiphyseal growth plate for hip reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Santanelli di Pompeo Fabio , Selvaggi Gennaro , Longo Benedetto , Laporta Rosaria , Amorosi Vittoria , Sorotos Michail
Published: February 2018

We present a case report of a 10‐year‐old girl diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma treated with intra‐articular wide resection of the right femur and reconstruction with a series‐connected double‐barrel bilateral vascularized fibula graft (db‐BVFG), including fibular head for articulation with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone and preservation of the epiphyseal growth plates for eventual limb growth. No postoperative complications were observed and bone union was achieved with fibular graft hypertrophy, allowing for full weight bearing. Neither local recurrence nor metastasis was observed at 17‐year follow‐up. Range of motion degrees at last follow up: hip flexion 90 degree, extension 12 degree, abduction 31 degree, rotation 25 degree. Right versus left limb discrepancy was 60 mm. Db‐BVFG may be an option for reconstruction of long femoral defects and hip joint restoration following tumor resection and inclusion of epiphysis within the graft is a viable option in pediatric patients to restore longitudinal growth of the reconstructed long bone.
A second‐order partitioned method with different subdomain time steps for the evolutionary Stokes‐Darcy system
Authors: Li Yi , Hou Yanren
Published: February 2018

A second‐order decoupled algorithm for the nonstationary Stokes‐Darcy system, which allows different time steps in two subregions, is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The algorithm, which is a combination of the second‐order backward differentiation formula and second‐order extrapolation method, uncouples the problem into two decoupled problems per time step. We prove the unconditional stability and long‐time stability of the decoupled scheme with different time steps and derive error estimates of this decoupled algorithm using finite element spatial discretization. Numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the accuracy, effectiveness, and stability of the decoupled algorithm and show its advantages of increasing accuracy and efficiency.
Sodium Butyrate Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Migration by Downregulating Bmi‐1 Through Enhanced miR‐200c Expression
Authors: Xu Zhiyao , Tao Jingjing , Chen Ping , Chen Long , Sharma Sherven , Wang Guanyu , Dong Qinghua
Published: February 2018

Scope

Short‐chain fatty acid sodium butyrate (NaB) is the byproduct of bacterial anaerobic fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon, and has been shown to have an antitumor effect on colorectal cancer (CRC). The miR‐200 family is a key regulator of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigate the role of miR‐200s expression on cell migration in NaB‐treated CRC cells.

Methods and results

HCT116 and LOVO CRC cells treated with NaB depicted reduced cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. NaB inhibited cell migration in the wound healing and transwell assays, and in spheriod cultures while regulating EMT‐related protein expression. NaB reciprocally increased miR‐200s but reduced expression of their target genes (Bmi‐1, Zeb1, EZH2). Cells transfected with miR‐200c shRNA displayed a significant blockade of NaB‐induced anti‐invasive activity. Upregulation of Bmi‐1 expression partially reversed the effect of NaB. In addition to inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, qRT‐PCR results showed that NaB increased miR‐200c/200b/492 expression in the tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results demonstrated that NaB decreased Bmi‐1 expression in vivo.

Conclusion

NaB inhibits CRC cell migration by enhancing miR‐200c expression‐mediated downregulation of Bmi‐1. These findings support the utility of NaB in colorectal cancer therapy.
Person‐centred care in nurse‐led outpatient rheumatology clinics: Conceptualization and initial development of a measurement instrument
Authors: Bala Sidona‐Valentina , Forslind Kristina , Fridlund Bengt , Samuelson Karin , Svensson Björn , Hagell Peter
Published: February 2018

Background

Person‐centred care (PCC) is considered a key component of effective illness management and high‐quality care. However, the PCC concept is underdeveloped in outpatient care. In rheumatology, PCC is considered an unmet need and its further development and evaluation is of high priority. The aim of the present study was to conceptualize and operationalize PCC, in order to develop an instrument for measuring patient‐perceived PCC in nurse‐led outpatient rheumatology clinics.

Methods

A conceptual outpatient PCC framework was developed, based on the experiences of people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), person‐centredness principles and existing PCC frameworks. The resulting framework was operationalized into the PCC instrument for outpatient care in rheumatology (PCCoc/rheum), which was tested for acceptability and content validity among 50 individuals with RA attending a nurse‐led outpatient clinic.

Results

The conceptual framework focuses on the meeting between the person with RA and the nurse, and comprises five interrelated domains: social environment, personalization, shared decision‐making, empowerment and communication. Operationalization of the domains into a pool of items generated a preliminary PCCoc/rheum version, which was completed in a mean (standard deviation) of 5.3 (2.5) min. Respondents found items easy to understand (77%) and relevant (93%). The Content Validity Index of the PCCoc/rheum was 0.94 (item level range, 0.87–1.0). About 80% of respondents considered some items redundant. Based on these results, the PCCoc/rheum was revised into a 24‐item questionnaire.

Conclusions

A conceptual outpatient PCC framework and a 24‐item questionnaire intended to measure PCC in nurse‐led outpatient rheumatology clinics were developed. The extent to which the questionnaire represents a measurement instrument remains to be tested.
High‐order energy‐preserving schemes for the improved Boussinesq equation
Authors: Yan Jinliang , Zhang Zhiyue , Zhao Tengjin , Liang Dong
Published: February 2018

This article proposes a class of high‐order energy‐preserving schemes for the improved Boussinesq equation. To derive the energy‐preserving schemes, we first discretize the improved Boussinesq equation by Fourier pseudospectral method, which leads to a finite‐dimensional Hamiltonian system. Then, the obtained semidiscrete system is solved by Hamiltonian boundary value methods, which is a newly developed class of energy‐preserving methods. The proposed schemes can reach spectral precision in space, and in time can reach second‐order, fourth‐order, and sixth‐order accuracy, respectively. Moreover, the proposed schemes can conserve the discrete mass and energy to within machine precision. Furthermore, to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methods, the proposed methods are compared with the finite difference methods and the finite volume element method. The results of several numerical experiments are given for the propagation of the single solitary wave, the interaction of two solitary waves and the wave break‐up.
A howl from the grave: Osteological analysis of 12th‐ to 15th‐century dogs from Santa Ana, Manila, Philippines
Authors: Vitales Timothy James
Published: February 2018

This research article examines the dog remains recovered from the archaeological excavations of a 12th to 15th‐century CE grave site in Santa Ana district of Manila, Philippines. Of particular interest in this study is the articulated dog remains recovered beside a child burial, wherein spinal deformities were observed. Through osteometry and physical examination of individual bones, with consideration of their archaeological contexts and inference from ethnohistorical texts, the study was able to provide a general picture of the physical stature of dogs and their social significance within the human communities in Manila during the period known as the Protohistoric period.
Perceptions of barriers and facilitators to early integration of pediatric palliative care: A national survey of pediatric oncology providers
Authors: Dalberg Todd , McNinch Neil L. , Friebert Sarah
Published: February 2018

Objectives

The goal of this study was to assess pediatric oncology providers’ perceptions of palliative care in order to validate previously identified barriers and facilitators to early integration of a pediatric palliative care team (PCT) in the care of children with cancer.

Methods

A 36‐question survey based on preliminary, single‐institution data was electronically distributed to pediatric oncology physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, and social workers nationally. The principal outcomes measured included perceived barriers and facilitators to early integration of pediatric palliative care. Data were analyzed using Rv3.1.2 statistical software.

Results

Most respondents agreed that the PCT does not negatively impact the role of the oncologist; however, there were concerns that optimal patient care may be limited by pediatric oncologists’ need to control all aspects of patient care (P < 0.001). Furthermore, oncologists, more than any provider group, identified that the emotional relationship they form with the patients and families they care for, influences what treatment options are offered and how these options are conveyed (P < 0.01). Education and evidence‐based research remain important to all providers. Respondents reached consensus that early integration of a PCT would provide more potential benefits than risks and most would not limit access to palliative care based on prognosis.

Conclusions

Overall, providers endorse early integration of the PCT for children with cancer. There remains a continued emphasis on provider and patient education. Palliative care is generally accepted as providing a benefit to children with cancer, though barriers persist and vary among provider groups.
Impact of laser therapy for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome on subsequent pregnancy
Authors: Le Lous Maela , Mediouni Imen , Chalouhi Gihad , Salomon Laurent J. , Bussières Laurence , Carrier Aude , Bernard Jean‐Pierre , Ville Yves
Published: February 2018

Objectives

The objective of our study was to determine the impact of laser therapy for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTs) on subsequent pregnancies.

Methods

This was a monocentric retrospective observational study. Women treated by laser fetoscopy for TTTs were asked to answer a postal questionnaire about subsequent pregnancies. The primary outcome was fecundity (number of pregnancies and time to pregnancy). We also assessed pregnancy complications, birth weight, and gestational age at delivery. Pregnancy complications included the following: threatened preterm labor, preeclampsia, placenta accreta, postpartum hemorrhage, and psychological disorders. Our study population was compared with an external control group made up of mothers of monochorionic twins without TTTs.

Results

We included 122 cases managed at the Necker Hospital between 2008 and 2012 and 39 controls. The median conception time was longer in the TTTs group (6.4 ± 11.1 versus 2 ± 1.6 months, P = .03). The numbers of live childbirths at the end of those pregnancies were equivalent (77.6% versus 66.7%, P = .56). Birth weight (3317 ± 726 versus 3240 ± 382 g, P = .81) and gestational age at delivery (38.2 ± 6.8 WG versus 39.5 ± 1.2 WG, P = .64) were similar, with no increase of obstetrical complications compared with the control group.

Discussion

Twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome and its treatment do not seem to impact subsequent pregnancies.
Synthesis of β‐myrcene/glycidyl methacrylate statistical and amphiphilic diblock copolymers by SG1 nitroxide‐mediated controlled radical polymerization
Authors: Métafiot Adrien , Gérard Jean‐François , Defoort Brigitte , Marić Milan
Published: February 2018

Bulk nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) of β‐myrcene (My)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) mixtures with varying GMA molar feed fraction (fGMA,0 = 0.10–0.91) was accomplished at 120 °C, initiated by SG1‐based alkoxyamine bearing a N‐succinimidyl ester group (NHS‐BlocBuilder). Low dispersity My/GMA copolymers (Đ < 1.56) with slight number‐average molecular weights (Mns) deviations from predicted values (Mn,theo with Mn/Mn,theo > 70%) were obtained. The copolymerization was revealed to be statistical, confirmed via Fineman–Ross (rMy = 0.80 ± 0.31 and rGMA = 0.71 ± 0.15) and Kelen‐Tüdös (rMy = 0.48 ± 0.12 and rGMA = 0.53 ± 0.18) approaches. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the statistical P(My‐stat‐GMA)s increased from −77 to +43 °C as the GMA molar fraction incorporated (FGMA) increased from 0.10 to 0.90. High SG1 chain‐end fidelity for My‐rich and GMA‐rich P(My‐stat‐GMA)s was assessed by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR, SG1 fraction >69 mol %) and chain‐extensions in toluene with My, GMA and styrene (S) (monomodal shift in Mn). Last, diblock P(My‐b‐GMA) was made and treated with morpholine to produce amphiphilic copolymer able to self‐organize into micelles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 860–878
Effectiveness of Faradic and Russian currents on plantar flexor muscle spasticity, ankle motor recovery, and functional gait in stroke patients
Authors: Ganesh G. Shankar , Kumari Ranjita , Pattnaik Monalisa , Mohanty Patitapaban , Mishra Chittaranjan , Kaur Parminder , Dakshinamoorthy Anandhi
Published: February 2018

Background and Purpose

Spasticity is a major disabling symptom in patients post stroke. Though studies have demonstrated that electrical stimulation (ES) can reduce spasticity and improve passive ankle range of motion (ROM), not many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of ES on active ankle ROM. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Faradic and Russian currents in the reduction of ankle plantar‐flexor spasticity and improving motor recovery in patients post stroke.

Methods

Eighty‐three patients (29 females and 54 males; mean age of 57.12 years) were randomly assigned to Group 1 (task‐oriented exercises), Group 2 (Faradic current for 10 min and task‐oriented exercises), and Group 3 (Russian current for 10 min and task‐oriented exercises) for a period of 5 sessions per week for 6 weeks. All patients were assessed for soleus and gastrocnemius muscles spasticity measured by modified modified Ashworth scale; active and passive range ROM measured by goniometer; and functional ambulation measured by modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile at the time of recruitment to study and after 6 weeks.

Results

Both the types of stimulation and exercises were not associated with improvements in modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (p > 0.05). The results showed that all the groups are effective in improving passive ankle ROM (p < 0.05) and reducing soleus and gastrocnemius muscles spasticity (p < 0.05). Though all the groups were effective in improving active ankle ROM, no group was found to be superior to another after treatment

Conclusion

Adding ES to exercises are associated with low to medium effect sizes (<0.5) in reducing spasticity and improving ankle ROM.
Structure and function of the bacillithiol‐S‐transferase BstA from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Francis Joel W. , Royer Christopher J. , Cook Paul D.
Published: February 2018

Bacillithiol is a low‐molecular weight thiol produced by many gram‐positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. It is the major thiol responsible for maintaining redox homeostasis and cellular detoxification, including inactivation of the antibiotic fosfomycin. The metal‐dependent bacillithiol transferase BstA is likely involved in these sorts of detoxification processes, but the exact substrates and enzyme mechanism have not been identified. Here we report the 1.34 Å resolution X‐ray crystallographic structure of BstA from S. aureus. Our structure confirms that BstA belongs to the YfiT‐like metal‐dependent hydrolase superfamily. Like YfiT, our structure contains nickel within its active site, but our functional data suggest that BstA utilizes zinc for activity. Although BstA and YfiT both contain a core four helix bundle and coordinate their metal ions in the same fashion, significant differences between the protein structures are described here.
Heavy drinkers of Ilex paraguariensis beverages show lower lipid profiles but higher body weight
Authors: Chaves Graciela , Britez Nidia , Oviedo Guillermo , Gonzalez Graciela , Italiano Cristina , Blanes Monserrat , Sandoval Gladys , Mereles Derliz
Published: February 2018

Obesity is a widely recognized risk factor for several diseases, reaching an epidemic magnitude worldwide. Natural polyphenols may improve blood lipids and body weight, but their clinical relevance in the general population remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to analyze the relationship of intake of Ilex paraguariensis (I. paraguariensis) beverages to lipid profiles and body weight in a large patient population. Patients were recruited to participate in an educational program to change habits to a healthy lifestyle. Anamnesis, clinical and laboratory assessments were conducted at study enrollment and during follow‐up. I. paraguariensis beverages were defined according to preparation as obtained by repeated cold water extraction (CWE), hot water infusions, or water and sugar decoction. Heavy drinkers were defined as those persons consuming >1 L/day of one or more preparation types. Participants (N = 18,287) aged ≥18 years entered the study. Overall prevalence of I. paraguariensis consumption was 91.2%. All three forms were drunk by 35.7%, whereas CWE + hot water infusion and CWE alone by 28.4% and 14.5% participants, respectively. Heavy CWE drinkers had lower total cholesterol (191.4 ± 49.4 vs. 194.6 ± 48.3 mg/dl, p = .02) and lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (118.6 ± 38.9 vs. 121.2 ± 47.1 mg/dl, p = .001), but body weight was higher (81.1 ± 16.8 vs. 77.2 ± 16.4 kg, p < .0001) compared with moderate drinkers. Fasting glucose was lower (104.5 ± 48.7 vs. 107.2 ± 49.5 mg/dl, p < .001), and consumption of carbohydrates was higher (36.3% vs. 28.7%, p < .001). A low‐lipids high‐body‐weight paradox could be observed in a population of heavy drinkers of I. paraguariensis beverages. Induced hypoglycemia and compensatory higher intake of refined carbohydrates may represent a possible cause.
Combined heat and power scheduling: Utilizing building‐level thermal inertia for short‐term thermal energy storage in district heat system
Authors: Zhang Lei , Luo Yi
Published: February 2018

A major limitation to integrating wind power in electric power system (EPS) is the massive generation capacity of the high‐penetration inflexible combined heat and power (CHP) units in district heating system (DHS). A heat and power optimal dispatch is established in this study to exploit building‐level thermal inertia as a form of short‐term thermal energy storage (TES) to unlock the flexibility of CHP units. This proposed short‐term building TES can provide storage potential by utilizing small variations in indoor temperature under the proposed dispatch control model to control the storage capacity in the dispatch process. A linear optimization operational model is run to integrate energy systems by balancing heat and power demands over multiple time periods with CHP units, wind power, short‐term building TES, and district‐level heating network (DHN) storage capacity. A two‐stage decomposition–coordination iteration algorithm is proposed to solve this optimization program. The simulation results are analyzed to determine the potential benefits of this short‐term TES in terms of economics, wind power integration, and the flexibility of CHP units. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implications of climate change for shipping: Opening the Arctic seas
Authors: Ng Adolf K.Y. , Andrews Jonathan , Babb David , Lin Yufeng , Becker Austin
Published: February 2018

This paper assesses the value and environmental feasibility of Arctic shipping by reviewing the relevant scientific and economic peer‐reviewed literature. From the physical perspective, this paper examines the impact of climate change on sea ice and marine weather and considers the resultant consequences for Arctic shipping accessibility. From an economic perspective, it reviews the major research investigating the economic feasibility of diverting ships from conventional shipping routes to Arctic routes, the attitudes of shipping stakeholders, and other major factors affecting the prospect of Arctic shipping. This review also identifies important research gaps. Ultimately, we find that the complex environmental and economic dynamics of the Arctic suggest that an appropriate understanding of Arctic shipping will require close collaboration between natural and social scientists.

This article is categorized under:

Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change
Aggressive and Multidisciplinary Local Approach to Iterative Recurrences of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Viganò Luca , Pedicini Vittorio , Comito Tiziana , Carnaghi Carlo , Costa Guido , Poretti Dario , Franzese Ciro , Personeni Nicola , Del Fabbro Daniele , Rimassa Lorenza , Scorsetti Marta , Santoro Armando , Solbiati Luigi , Torzilli Guido
Published: February 2018

Background

Liver resection (LR) of colorectal metastases is associated with high recurrence risk. Aggressive local retreatment is advocated, but further recurrences may occur. Poor is known about presentation, treatment, and outcome of iterative recurrences.

Methods

A series of 323 consecutive patients undergoing first LR in the period 2004–2013 was reviewed. Patients with recurrence were included. Any local treatment (surgery, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)) was analyzed. If first recurrence (1st Rec) was treated, further recurrences and treatments were considered.

Results

Overall, 206 (63.8%) patients had 1st Rec; 105 (51.0%) were treated (72 surgery, 19 RFA, 14 SBRT). Among treated patients, 78.1% had 2nd Rec, 74.4% 3rd Rec, 72.2% 4th Rec. Liver involvement progressively decreased (from 81.6 to 30.8%), and pulmonary one increased (from 23.3 to 53.8%). The proportion of treated patients remained stable (1st Rec = 51%, 2nd Rec = 55%, 3rd Rec = 56.3%, 4th Rec = 69.2%): surgery and RFA decreased (from 35.4 to 23.1%; from 9.2 to 0%) and SBRT increased (from 6.8 to 46.2%). Overall, 105 patients received 205 treatments (133 operations in 80 patients). Surgery had the best local disease control: at 2 years 93.4% versus RFA 56.4% (p = 0.0008) and SBRT 74.0% (p = 0.051). In comparison with chemotherapy, recurrence treatment improved survival after 1st Rec (3‐year survival 62.9 vs. 13.4%, p < 0.0001), 2nd Rec (61.3 vs. 22.5%, p < 0.0001), and 3rd Rec (2‐year survival 88.9 vs. 30.8%, p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Aggressive local treatment of recurrent metastases may improve survival, even in the case of iterative recurrences and extrahepatic lesions. Surgery is the standard, but a multidisciplinary approach should be adopted to enlarge the pool of treatable patients.
Photocatalytic degradation of metronidazole and methylene blue by PVA-assisted Bi2WO6–CdS nanocomposite film under visible light irradiation
Authors: Rajendran Ranjith , Varadharajan Krishnakumar , Jayaraman Venkatesan , Singaram Boobas , Jeyaram Jayaprakash
Published: February 2018

The enhanced photocatalytic performance of nanocomposite is synthesized via the hydrothermal method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Under visible light irradiation, PVA assisted Bi2WO6–CdS nanocomposite film displayed enhanced photocatalytic efficiency and inhibition of photocorrosion as compared with pure CdS, pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6–CdS composite. The PVA assisted Bi2WO6–CdS composite film catalyst showed stable catalytic performance until seven successive runs with 92% of methylene blue(MB) degradation, and easy to recover after degradation of organic pollutant. PVA assisted Bi2WO6–CdS nanocomposite film has optimal band edge position for superior photocatalytic degradation. Furthermore, the trapping experiment was carried out using different scavenger for active species. Among the active species, OH· are the most responsive species which play a vital role in the degradation of metronidazole and MB.
Functional disorders of the temporomandibular joints: Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Chang Chih‐Ling , Wang Ding‐Han , Yang Mu‐Chen , Hsu Wun‐Eng , Hsu Ming‐Lun
Published: February 2018

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints of the human body. Due to its unique movement, in terms of combination of rotation and translator movement, disc of the joint plays an important role to maintain its normal function. In order to sustain the normal function of the TMJ, disc must be kept in proper position as well as maintain normal shape in all circumstances. Once the disc is not any more in its normal position during function of the joint, disturbance of the joint can be occurred which will lead to subsequent distortion of the disc. Shape of the disc can be influenced by many factors i.e.: abnormal function or composition of the disc itself. Etiology of the internal derangement of the disc remains controversial. Multifactorial theory has been postulated in most of previous manuscripts. Disc is composed of mainly extracellular matrix. Abnormal proportion of collagen type I & III may also leads to joint hypermobility which may be also a predisposing factor of this disorder. Thus it can be recognized as local manifestation of a systemic disorder. Different treatment modalities with from conservative treatment to surgical intervention distinct success rate have been reported. Recently treatment with extracellular matrix injection becomes more and more popular to strengthen the joint itself. Since multifactorial in character, the best solution of the treatment modalities should be aimed to resolve possible etiology from different aspects. Team work may be indication to reach satisfied results.
Optical measurement determines roughness and micro-structure of piston ring running surfaces
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: February 2018

Federal-Mogul Powertrain and NanoFocus AG have jointly developed an automated process for non-contact, optical-confocal measurement of the roughness and micro-structure of piston ring running surfaces, as this brief article explains.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: February 2018

International collaboration really is the name of the game in bringing forward the widespread use of fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies, both at the level of companies in different countries partnering on specific commercial activities, and also in countries working together in regional and global initiatives to develop the ‘bigger picture’.
On Intellectualism in the Theory of Action
Authors: AUDI ROBERT
Published: February 2018

This paper examines intellectualism in the theory of action. Philosophers use ‘intellectualism’ variously, but few question its application to views on which knowledge of facts—expressible inthat-clauses—is basic for understanding other kinds of knowledge, reasons for action, and practical reasoning. More broadly, for intellectualists, theoretical knowledge is more basic than practical knowledge; action, at least if rational, is knowledge-guided, and just as beliefs based on reasoning constitute knowledge only if its essential premises constitute knowledge, actions based on practical reasoning are rational only if any essential premise in it is known. Two major intellectualist claims are that practical knowledge, as knowing how, is reducible to propositional knowledge, a kind of knowingthat, and that reasons for action must be (propositionally) known by the agent. This paper critically explores both claims by offering a broad though partial conception of practical knowledge and a pluralistic view of reasons for action. The aim is to sketch conceptions of knowinghowand knowingthat, and of the relation between knowledge and action, that avoid intellectualism but also do justice to both the importance of the intellect for human action and the distinctive character of practical reason.
Anatomy of a diffracting detonation in a circular arc of explosive
Authors: Bdzil John B.
Published: February 2018

Using high-resolution numerical simulation, Short et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 835, 2018, pp. 970–998) study diffraction of a detonation as it traverses a $270^{\circ }$ finite-thickness condensed-phase explosive arc. This geometry admits a steady solution in a frame rotating with angular speed $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}$, which thereby facilitates a detailed analysis of how the loss of energy from the detonation reaction zone due to the diffraction process slows the propagation of the detonation. There exists a region of subsonic flow, between the detonation shock and the curve of sonic flow (labelled the DDZ), which is responsible for setting $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{0}$. Although the DDZ spans the entire thickness for thin arcs, it is localized to a region near the inside surface as the arc is thickened. Thus the explosive energy release near this inside surface plays a disproportionate role in the diffraction process.
Fisher's F-ratio illustrated graphically
Authors: Allen Rory
Published: February 2018

Calculating Fisher's F-ratio is a key step in a number of statistical procedures involving null hypothesis significance testing. This is particularly so in the case of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in its several forms, but even multiple regression includes a test of significance of the overall model which employs an F-ratio. The present paper aims at making the basic ideas behind this common statistic more comprehensible by providing a visual counterpart to, and justification for, its algebraic definition.

As an example of how the definition works, consider the following very simple set of data comprising an independent variable consisting of three groups, where the values of the dependent variable are 1, 2, 3 for the first group, 4, 5, 6 for the second group and 7, 8, 9 for the third group. The groups could represent three drug treatments, and the numbers, a measure of clinical outcome for each of nine participants. One might represent this set of data as a row vector thus: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Diurnal patterns of urination and drinking by grazing ruminants: a development in a mechanistic model of a grazing ruminant, MINDY
Authors: Gregorini P. , Provenza F. D. , Villalba J. J. , Beukes P. C. , Forbes M. J.
Published: February 2018

Measurement of water consumption and urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion of individual grazing ruminants is difficult, time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, prediction and modelling are critical for research to improve N and water use efficiency. The objective of the current work was to use a mechanistic model of a grazing ruminant, MINDY, to represent drinking and urination diurnal patterns, and the resulting pattern of UN excretion. This work is primarily an integration of existing knowledge of basic urination physiology and water dynamics in ruminants. MINDY reproduces observed patterns of urination achieving the correct temporal occurrence, relative volumes and nitrogen (N) concentration of individual urination events for a grazing dairy cow, comparable with those reported in the literature. The model simulates daily water imbibed and UN realistically, as well as ingestion rates for herbages with different protein content and contrasting grazing managements. Results of a cross-validation indicate that the root mean square prediction error and mean absolute error as % of the observed mean, respectively, were 26 and 23% for daily water imbibed, 26 and 27% for urination volume, and 25 and 19% for the frequency of urination. Although further parameterization and validation are needed, for a new development in an exploratory model like MINDY, these numbers are encouraging and reflect that the concepts encoded capture many of the underlying biological mechanisms that drive the diurnal pattern and daily UN excretion, as well as thirst, acceptable.
LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS FOR THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES
Authors: Kuntz-Ficker Sandra
Published: February 2018

This essay aims to introduce an issue of the RHE-JILAEH dedicated to the reconstruction of historical trade statistics of Latin American countries. It comments on the early perceptions of the quality and utility of historical trade statistics and on the way in which more recent analyses have overcome the distrust that prevailed until the last third of the 20th century. It then summarises the different criteria and methodologies that have been used to assess the accuracy and reliability of trade statistics in order to make them useful for the purpose of reconstructing new, more complete and precise trade series or re-estimating those available. The introduction ends with a brief description of the contents of this volume.