bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal and postnatal findings in small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses without structural ultrasound anomalies at 18–24 weeks
Authors: de Wit M. C. , Srebniak M. I. , Joosten M. , Govaerts L. C. P. , Kornelisse R. F. , Papatsonis D. N. M. , de Graaff K. , Knapen M. F. C. M. , Bruggenwirth H. T. , de Vries F. A. T. , Van Veen S. , Van Opstal D. , Galjaard R. J. H. , Go A. T. J. I.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To assess phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses without structural anomalies at 18–24 weeks' gestation.

Methods

This retrospective study included structurally normal singleton fetuses with an abdominal circumference ≤ 5th percentile on detailed ultrasound examination between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation. Cases were stratified according to the absence or presence of other abnormal ultrasound findings, such as abnormal amniotic fluid or soft markers. All patients were offered invasive prenatal testing with rapid aneuploidy detection by qualitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) and, if normal, consecutive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was also offered. Detailed postnatal follow‐up (≥ 5 months) was performed. In cases in which a syndromic phenotype became apparent within 5 months after birth and SNP array had not been performed prenatally, it was performed postnatally.

Results

A total of 211 pregnancies were eligible for inclusion. Of the 158 cases with isolated SGA on ultrasound, 36 opted for invasive prenatal testing. One case of trisomy 21 and one case of a submicroscopic abnormality (a susceptibility locus for neurodevelopmental disease) were detected. Postnatal follow‐up showed a postnatal apparent syndromic phenotype in 10 cases. In one case this was due to trisomy 21 and the other nine (5.8%; 95% CI, 2.8–10.0%) cases had normal SNP array results. In 32/53 cases with SGA and associated ultrasound abnormalities, parents opted for invasive testing. One case of trisomy 21 and one of triploidy were found. In 11 cases a syndromic phenotype became apparent after birth. One was due to trisomy 21 and in one case a submicroscopic anomaly (a susceptibility locus) was found. The remaining syndromic cases (17.3%; 95% CI, 8.7–29.0%) had normal SNP array results.

Conclusion

Testing for chromosomal anomalies should be offered in cases of SGA between 18 and 24 weeks' gestation. Whole chromosome anomalies occur in 1.3% (95% CI, 0.2–3.9%) of isolated SGA and 5.8% (95% CI, 1.5–14.0%) of associated SGA. In 0.6% (95% CI, 0.1–2.8%) and 1.9% (95% CI, 0.2–8.2%), respectively, SNP array detected a susceptibility locus for neurodevelopmental disease that would not be detected by karyotyping, QF‐PCR or non‐invasive prenatal testing. Therefore, and because the genetic causes of SGA are diverse, we suggest SNP array testing in cases of SGA. Thorough postnatal examination and follow‐up of infants that presented with reduced fetal growth is important because chromosomally normal syndromic phenotypes occur frequently in SGA fetuses. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Two‐dimensional monolayer designs for spintronics applications
Authors: Li Xiuling , Wu Xiaojun
Published: April 2016

The continuous reduction in the size of spintronic devices highly requires new low‐dimensional magnetic materials to mimic the traditional structures of spintronics in nanoscale. Since the discovery of graphene, two‐dimensional (2D) crystalline materials with atomic thickness have attracted extraordinary interests, partly due to their novel properties and potential applications in spintronics. In the past decades, many theoretical understandings and designs of 2D materials have been proposed for spintronics, indicating that the combination of spintronics and two‐dimensional crystals electronics should be an ideal evolution toward nanoscale spintronics devices and make for the bottom‐up spintronics nanoengineering. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:441–455. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1259

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Going beyond the vertical approximation with time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Santoro Fabrizio , Jacquemin Denis
Published: April 2016

Since two decades, time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) has been in the limelight due to its noteworthy efficiency. Indeed, in many cases, TD‐DFT provides accurate excited‐state properties for a relatively limited computational cost. Recently, there has been a rapidly growing interest in applications of TD‐DFT (partly) exploring the excited‐state potential energy surfaces. In this review, we summarize such TD‐DFT investigations going beyond the vertical approximation and devoted to spectroscopic applications, with a focus on both 0–0 energies and vibrationally resolved absorption and emission spectra. We show how these quantities can be computed, considering various models for the latter, and illustrate their advantages compared to vertical estimates in terms of comparisons with experimental data. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:460–486. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1260

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Model templates within and between disciplines: from magnets to gases – and socio-economic systems
Authors: Knuuttila Tarja , Loettgers Andrea
Published: April 2016

One striking feature of the contemporary modelling practice is its interdisciplinary nature. The same equation forms, and mathematical and computational methods, are used across different disciplines, as well as within the same discipline. Are there, then, differences between intra- and interdisciplinary transfer, and can the comparison between the two provide more insight on the challenges of interdisciplinary theoretical work? We will study the development and various uses of the Ising model within physics, contrasting them to its applications to socio-economic systems. While the renormalization group (RG) methods justify the transfer of the Ising model within physics – by ascribing them to the same universality class – its application to socio-economic phenomena has no such theoretical grounding. As a result, the insights gained by modelling socio-economic phenomena by the Ising model may remain limited.
Electrophysiological correlates of reinforcement learning in young people with Tourette syndrome with and without co‐occurring ADHD symptoms
Authors: Shephard Elizabeth , Jackson Georgina M. , Groom Madeleine J.
Published: April 2016

Altered reinforcement learning is implicated in the causes of Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). TS and ADHD frequently co‐occur but how this affects reinforcement learning has not been investigated. We examined the ability of young people with TS (n = 18), TS + ADHD (N = 17), ADHD (n = 13) and typically developing controls (n = 20) to learn and reverse stimulus‐response (S‐R) associations based on positive and negative reinforcement feedback. We used a 2 (TS‐yes, TS‐no) × 2 (ADHD‐yes, ADHD‐no) factorial design to assess the effects of TS, ADHD, and their interaction on behavioural (accuracy, RT) and event‐related potential (stimulus‐locked P3, feedback‐locked P2, feedback‐related negativity, FRN) indices of learning and reversing the S‐R associations. TS was associated with intact learning and reversal performance and largely typical ERP amplitudes. ADHD was associated with lower accuracy during S‐R learning and impaired reversal learning (significantly reduced accuracy and a trend for smaller P3 amplitude). The results indicate that co‐occurring ADHD symptoms impair reversal learning in TS + ADHD. The implications of these findings for behavioural tic therapies are discussed.
A randomized controlled trial of intramuscular versus vaginal progesterone for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth
Authors: Elimian Andrew , Smith Katie , Williams Marvin , Knudtson Eric , Goodman Jean R. , Escobedo Marilyn B.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To compare the efficacy of intramuscular hydroxyprogesterone caproate with that of vaginal progesterone for prevention of recurrent preterm birth.

Methods

A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a US tertiary care center between June 1, 2007, and April 30, 2010. Women with singleton pregnancies (16–20 weeks) and a history of spontaneous preterm birth were randomly allocated using a computer‐generated randomization sequence to receive either a weekly intramuscular injection of hydroxyprogesterone caproate (250 mg) or a daily vaginal progesterone suppository (100 mg). Participants, investigators, and assessors were not masked to group assignment. The primary outcome was birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Per‐protocol analyses were performed: participants who completed follow‐up were included.

Results

Analyses included 66 women given intramuscular progesterone and 79 given vaginal progesterone. Delivery before 37 weeks was recorded among 29 (43.9%) women in the intramuscular progesterone group and 30 (37.9%) in the vaginal progesterone group (P = 0.50).

Conclusion

Weekly intramuscular administration of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and daily vaginal administration of a progesterone suppository exhibited similar efficacy in reducing the rate of recurrent preterm birth.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00579553.
The short‐term and long‐term relationship between delirium and cognitive trajectory in older surgical patients
Authors: Inouye Sharon K. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Kosar Cyrus M. , Tommet Douglas , Schmitt Eva M. , Travison Thomas G. , Saczynski Jane S. , Ngo Long H. , Alsop David C. , Jones Richard N.
Published: April 2016

Introduction

As the relationship between delirium and long‐term cognitive decline has not been well‐explored, we evaluated this association in a prospective study.

Methods

SAGES is an ongoing study involving 560 adults age 70 years or more without dementia scheduled for major surgery. Delirium was assessed daily in the postoperative period using the Confusion Assessment Method. General Cognitive Performance (GCP) and the Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly were assessed preoperatively then repeatedly out to 36 months.

Results

On average, patients with postoperative delirium had significantly lower preoperative cognitive performance, greater immediate (1 month) impairment, equivalent recovery at 2 months, and significantly greater long‐term cognitive decline relative to the nondelirium group. Proxy reports corroborated the clinical significance of the long‐term cognitive decline in delirious patients.

Discussion

Cognitive decline after surgery is biphasic and accelerated among persons with delirium. The pace of long‐term decline is similar to that seen with mild cognitive impairment.
Balance dynamics in rotating stratified turbulence
Authors: Kafiabad Hossein A. , Bartello Peter
Published: April 2016

If classical quasigeostrophic (QG) flow breaks down at smaller scales, it gives rise to questions of whether higher-order nonlinear balance can be maintained, to what scale and for how long. These are naturally followed by asking how this is affected by stratification and rotation. To address these questions, we perform non-hydrostatic Boussinesq simulations where the initial data is balanced using the Baer–Tribbia nonlinear normal mode initialization scheme (NNMI), which is accurate to second order in the Rossby number, as the next-order improvement to first-order QG theory. The NNMI procedure yields an ageostrophic contribution to the energy spectrum that has a very steep slope. However, as time passes, a shallow range emerges in the ageostrophic spectrum when the Rossby number is large enough for a given Reynolds number. It is argued that this shallow range is the unbalanced part of the motion that develops spontaneously in time and eventually dominates the energy at small scales. If the initial flow is not nonlinearly balanced, the shallow range emerges at even lower Rossby number and it appears at larger scales. Through numerous simulations at different rotation and stratification, this study gives a clear picture of how energy is cascaded in different initially balanced regimes of rotating stratified flow. We find that at low Rossby number the flow mainly consists of a geostrophic part and a balanced ageostrophic part with a steep spectrum. As the Rossby number increases, the unbalanced part of the ageostrophic energy increases at a rate faster than the balanced part. Hence, the total energy spectrum displays a shallow range above a transition wavenumber. This wavenumber evolves to smaller values as rotation weakens.
A model problem for a supersonic gas jet from a moon
Authors: Hornung H. G.
Published: April 2016

Some celestial bodies such as planets, moons and comets (here referred to as moons for simplicity) emit jets of material at speeds that in some instances are large enough to escape gravity. Previous investigations have shown this problem to be highly complex, e.g. involving multi-phase flows, phase changes, radiation and gas rarefaction effects. In order to learn from exploring a manageable parameter space, and to provide a limiting case, the present study considers a much simpler model situation in which the material of the jet is an inviscid, non-heat-conducting, perfect gas that issues radially at the surface of the moon with sonic velocity. Theoretical considerations show that the escape velocity of a gas is much smaller than that of a solid body. An analytical solution is obtained for the maximum height reached by a jet in steady flow. A computational parameter study of unsteady, inviscid, axisymmetric flow, including the effect of an atmosphere, provides a rich picture of the features and behaviour of the model jet. The deficit of the computed maximum steady-state penetration height below the isentropic theoretical value may be explained by the effect of the atmosphere and of dissipation in shock waves that occur in the computed flows. Many of the features of the gas jet are qualitatively mirrored in an experiment using a water flow analogy in which the gravitational field is simulated by a surface of suitable shape.
Buoyant displacement flows in slightly non-uniform channels
Authors: Mollaabbasi R. , Taghavi S. M.
Published: April 2016

We consider displacement flows in slightly diverging or converging plane channels. The two fluids are miscible and buoyancy is significant. We assume that the channel is oriented close to horizontal. Employing a classical lubrication approximation, we simplify the governing equations to furnish a semi-analytical solution for the flux functions. Then, we demonstrate how the non-uniformity of the displacement flow geometry can affect the propagation of the interface between the heavy and light fluids in time, for various parameters studied, e.g. the viscosity ratio, a buoyancy number and rheological features. By setting the molecular diffusion effects to zero, certain solution behaviours at longer times can be practically predicted through the associated hyperbolic problem, using which it becomes possible to directly compute the interfacial features of interest, e.g. leading and trailing front heights and speeds. For a Newtonian displacement flow in a converging or uniform channel, as the buoyancy number increases from zero, we are able to classify three flow regimes based on the behaviour of the trailing front near the top of the channel: a no-back-flow regime, a stationary interface flow regime, and a sustained back-flow regime. For the case of a diverging channel flow, the sustained back-flow regime is replaced by an eventually stationary interface flow regime. In addition, as the displacement flow progresses, the leading front speed typically increases (decreases) in a converging (diverging) channel, while the opposite is usually true for the front height. For the no-back-flow regime (i.e. with small buoyancy), the solution of the displacement flow at long times in all the geometries considered converges to a similarity form, while no similarity form is found for the other flow regimes. As the displacement flow develops, frontal diffusive effects are reduced (enhanced) in a converging (diverging) channel and multiple fronts are progressively less (more) present in a converging (diverging) channel. Regarding non-Newtonian effects, a shear-thinning fluid displacing a Newtonian fluid exhibits an increasingly fast front that has a short height in a converging channel. When a yield stress is present in the displaced fluid, it is possible to find residual wall layers of displaced fluid that are completely static. These layers disappear at a certain critical downstream distance in a converging channel while they appear at a critical distance in a diverging channel. Finally, the combination of strong buoyant and yield-stress effects can modify the destiny of a second front that follows the leading front.
Strategic Ambiguity of Party Positions in Multi-Party Competition
Authors: Bräuninger Thomas , Giger Nathalie
Published: April 2016

Party competition is largely about making policy promises to voters. We argue that the clarity of the expressed policy position may be equally important. If blurred messages toward different audiences and therefore ambiguous positions can attract votes from different groups, parties have incentives to present ambiguous rather than clear-cut policy platforms. We present a formal model of multi-party competition with stochastic voting where party leaders make strategic choices on both the position and the level of ambiguity of their platforms. Leaders respond to the demands of two principals, the general public and party core constituencies. We derive two hypothesis on the location and ambiguity of party platforms and provide initial tests of these hypotheses in a comparative setting in 14 Western European democracies gathering data on voter and party left-right positions from Eurobarometer surveys and electoral manifestos. Ambiguity of party profiles is estimated using a variant of Wordscores on a newly established data set of electoral manifestos. We find that platforms become more ambiguous as the preferences of the two principals diverge. Our findings imply that ambiguity can be a winning strategy for parties, especially in settings with strong partisan lines.
Curcumin and cognition: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Rainey-Smith Stephanie R. , Brown Belinda M. , Sohrabi Hamid R. , Shah Tejal , Goozee Kathryn G. , Gupta Veer B. , Martins Ralph N.
Published: April 2016

Curcumin therapy in animals has produced positive cognitive and behavioural outcomes; results of human trials, however, have been inconsistent. In this study, we report the results of a 12-month, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study that investigated the ability of a curcumin formulation to prevent cognitive decline in a population of community-dwelling older adults. Individuals (n 96) ingested either placebo or 1500 mg/d BiocurcumaxTM for 12 months. A battery of clinical and cognitive measures was administered at baseline and at the 6-month and 12-month follow-up assessments. A significant time×treatment group interaction was observed for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (repeated-measures analysis; time×treatment; F=3·85, P<0·05). Subsequent analysis revealed that this association was driven by a decline in function of the placebo group at 6 months that was not observed in the curcumin treatment group. No differences were observed between the groups for all other clinical and cognitive measures. Our findings suggest that further longitudinal assessment is required to investigate changes in cognitive outcome measures, ideally in conjunction with biological markers of neurodegeneration.
Healthy dietary pattern is inversely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in elderly
Authors: Adriano Lia Silveira , Sampaio Helena Alves de Carvalho , Arruda Soraia Pinheiro Machado , Portela Clarissa Lima de Melo , Melo Maria Luisa Pereira de , Carioca Antônio Augusto Ferreira , Soares Nadia Tavares
Published: April 2016

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising, an increase that may be associated with changes in lifestyle such as unhealthy dietary patterns. Although advanced age is a risk factor for NAFLD, no studies reporting this association in the elderly population were found. In the present study, the association between dietary patterns and NAFLD in the elderly was assessed. A study including 229 older adults was conducted. NAFLD diagnosis was defined as individuals whose ultrasound examination disclosed hepatic steatosis at any stage, in the absence of excess intake of alcoholic beverages. Dietary patterns were obtained by principal components analysis. Mean scores and standard errors of each dietary pattern were calculated for the groups with and without NAFLD, and mean scores of the two groups were compared using the Mann–WhitneyUtest. The prevalence ratios and 95 % CI were estimated for each tertile of the dietary pattern adherence scores using Poisson multiple regression models with robust variance. A total of 103 (45 %) elderly with NAFLD and four dietary patterns were identified: traditional, regional snacks, energy dense and healthy. Mean scores for adherence to the healthy pattern in the groups with and without NAFLD differed. NAFLD was inversely associated with greater adherence to the healthy pattern and directly associated with the regional snacks, after adjustment for confounders. In conclusion, healthy dietary pattern is inversely associated with NAFLD in elderly.
Superimposed thermal histories in the southern limit of the Ossa Morena Zone – Portugal
Authors: FERNANDES P. , LOPES G. , MACHADO G. , PEREIRA Z. , RODRIGUES B.
Published: April 2016

The Mississippian volcano-sedimentary complex in the Toca da Moura – Cabrela areas represents remnants of intra-volcanic marine sedimentary basins, formed during the collision between the Ossa Morena Zone with the South Portuguese Zone. These rock units are unconformably overlain by the Pennsylvanian intramontane coal-bearing Santa Susana Basin. Vitrinite reflectance determinations from rocks of these two basins indicate two episodes of thermal maturation. During the first episode, the Toca da Moura – Cabrela volcano-sedimentary complexes attained high maturation levels, equivalent to anthracite coal rank (3.0–3.5% Roran), which pre-dates the middle Moscovian Santa Susana Basin. The Santa Susana Basin attained moderate maturation levels equivalent to bituminous coal rank (1.35–1.5% Roran) recording a second episode of thermal maturation. Here, peak thermal conditions did not overprint the first maturation episode. The observed effects of magmatic intrusion on the thermal maturity and the lack of any increase in vitrinite reflectance with depth through c. 400 m of section in borehole SDJ-1 indicate high geothermal gradients during the first maturation episode. A contemporaneous magmatic event associated with the c. 335–320 Ma Cuba-Alvito Gabbros/Diorites of the Beja Massif was the possible cause for the high geothermal gradients postulated for the first maturation episode. Burial under a post-upper Moscovian sedimentary cover was the most likely process to account for the maturation levels determined for the Santa Susana Basin and for the second episode of thermal maturation.
Black and Viking metal: how two extreme music genres depict, construct and transfigure the (sub-)Arctic
Authors: Sellheim Nikolas
Published: April 2016

For centuries the Arctic has served as a stage of imagination and has inspired countless artists in different ways. Also the music genre of heavy metal frequently utilises the ‘north’ and the Arctic. This paper briefly explores how two heavy metal subgenres, black metal and Viking metal, approach and utilise narratives associated with the ‘north’. By using lyrics of black and Viking metal bands, different forms of utilisation come to the fore, ranging from narratives of death to the raging Northman. Also polar exploration finds musical expression and is a source for generating extreme conceptual settings.
Interactional straining and the neoliberal self: Learning English in the biggest English corner in China
Authors: Gao Shuang
Published: April 2016

This article proposes the terminteractional strainingfor the strategic manipulation of interaction as grounded in neoliberal governmentality. The interactional practice was observed among adult English learners in Yangshuo, which, through mobilizing English-speaking foreigners and commodifying English, has been attracting Chinese nationals seeking to improve their English, the gate-keeping language in global workplaces in China. Based on ethnographic observations and interviews, it is shown that what appears to be naturally occurring interactions with foreigners actually involves reflexive thinking at the backstage (Goffman 1959), which is aimed at the strategic manipulation of interactional contents and/or structure so as to establish oneself as (pass for) a legitimate interlocutor. This study shows that interaction constitutes a key site where the contradictions and tensions of neoliberalism are lived out. It also argues that as reflexivity becomes a key morality under neoliberal globalization, metadiscourses provide important insights for our critique of neoliberalism. (English, language ideology, interaction, neoliberalism, work, globalization, China)*
Language shift from a nonspeaker perspective: Themes in the accounts of linguistic practices of first-generation non-Swedish speakers in Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine
Authors: Forsman Ludvig
Published: April 2016

In this article, the collective language shift from Swedish to Ukrainian in the traditionally Swedish-speaking community of Gammalsvenskby is studied particularly through interview data from sixteen first-generation nonspeakers of the heritage language. The article argues that it is not enough to study collective language shift merely from the point of view of the last-speaker generation, but that the nonspeaker generation's views are also needed to understand and describe language shift, since they are also participants in language shift. Two themes, seemingly central in language shift research, are explored: agency in language nontransmission, and external pressure on heritage-language speakers to conform linguistically. The conclusion of the study is that most of the interviewed nonspeakers see the language shift mainly as a pragmatic development, although some also quote external pressure as a factor. (Language shift, Gammalsvenskby, nonspeaker)*
No vacancy: holdover capacity and the continued staffing of major commissions
Authors: Madonna Anthony , Ostrander Ian
Published: April 2016

Although the United States (US) federal bureaucracy is plagued by high vacancy rates generally, quorum requirements and small board sizes make vacancies particularly problematic within major independent regulatory commissions. Not all vacancies, however, are created equal. By statute, some major boards allow members to continue serving beyond their original term in the absence of a confirmed replacement. The difference between an empty seat and a holdover official is important as it can determine whether a board is functional or inoperable. In this article, we examine how the presence of holdover provisions within such commissions alters confirmation dynamics and vacancy rates. Evidence suggests that holdover provisions lead to quicker confirmation on nominations as well as fewer complete vacancies. Such structures thus help mitigate the short-term problems stemming from staffing independent regulatory boards, especially given the tendency towards obstruction in the US Senate.
A survey on fuzzy ontologies for the Semantic Web
Authors: Zhang Fu , Cheng Jingwei , Ma Zongmin
Published: April 2016

Ontology, as a standard (World Wide Web Consortium recommendation) for representing knowledge in the Semantic Web, has become a fundamental and critical component for developing applications in different real-world scenarios. However, it is widely pointed out that classical ontology model is not sufficient to deal with imprecise and vague knowledge strongly characterizing some real-world applications. Thus, a requirement of extending ontologies naturally arises in many practical applications of knowledge-based systems, in particular the Semantic Web. In order to provide the necessary means to handle such vague and imprecise information there are today many proposals for fuzzy extensions to ontologies, and until now the literature on fuzzy ontologies has been flourishing. To investigate fuzzy ontologies and more importantly serve as helping readers grasp the main ideas and results of fuzzy ontologies, and to highlight an ongoing research on fuzzy approaches for knowledge semantic representation based on ontologies, as well as their applications on various domains,in this paper,we provide a comprehensive overview of fuzzy ontologies. In detail, wefirstintroduce fuzzy ontologies from the most common aspects such asrepresentation(including categories, formal definitions, representation languages, and tools of fuzzy ontologies),reasoning(including reasoning techniques and reasoners), andapplications(the most relevant applications about fuzzy ontologies). Then,the other important issueson fuzzy ontologies, such asconstruction,mapping,integration,query,storage,evaluation,extension, anddirections for future research, are also discussed in detail. Also, we make somecomparisons and analysesin our whole review.
GEORGE CATLIN, THE SCIENCE OF POLITICS, AND ANGLO-AMERICAN UNION
Authors: GORMAN DANIEL
Published: April 2016

This article examines the intersection of interwar debates about the scientific study of politics and international order, two fields which are often studied in isolation. It does so through an analysis of the political and international thought of the British political scientist and advocate of Anglo-American union George Catlin, one of the few political thinkers who made important contributions to each field. Catlin was one of the earliest proponents of the scientific study of politics, and his work prefigured the subsequent advent of public-choice theory. He was also the most vocal British advocate of Anglo-American union in the 1930s and 1940s. Catlin believed that international peace could be attained through the equilibrium of regional blocs based upon shared cultural identities. He saw Anglo-American union as the most feasible first step towards such international organization, given what he identified as the existing close bonds of “Anglo-Saxony.”
Julia Gillard and the Gender Wars
Authors: Trimble Linda
Published: April 2016

The Australian news media used the metaphor of the gender war(s) to describe Julia Gillard's political strategies and speech acts in the final nine months of her term as that nation's first woman prime minister. In particular, the metaphor was mobilized in response to Gillard's October 9, 2012, parliamentary speech on sexism and misogyny. Based on a critical discourse analysis of the gender wars allegory as it was applied to Gillard by three Australian newspapers, my article analyzes the meanings revealed by metaphoric constructions of the former prime minister's speeches as unusual and unjust forms of political warfare. I argue that the trope of the gender wars cast Gillard's political tactics as a violation of deeply held cultural norms about appropriate behavior on the so-called political battlefield, and it worked both to discipline Gillard for raising issues of sexism and gender inequality in politics and to bracket gendered power relations out of everyday understandings of political competition.
Rallying around the President: When and Why Do Americans Close Ranks behind Their Presidents during International Crisis and War?
Authors: Feinstein Yuval
Published: April 2016

Many studies have reported that US presidents often become more popular at the onset of wars and other security crises. Research on this “rally-round-the-flag” phenomenon has focused on either rational calculation of success, chances of military actions, popular perceptions of security threats, or the role of opinion leaders. This paper proposes a new approach: I argue that challenges to the symbolic status of the nation vis-à-vis other nations drive rally periods. This study examines the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon from a comparative historical perspective, using a new database of war events and security crises from 1950–2006. The analysis reveals that two types of status challenges result in nationalist rally reactions: first, the public has rallied behind presidents when wars and security crises were viewed as an opportunity for the United States to reclaim its previously damaged national honor; and second, rallies have emerged when the president claimed the mantle of “leader of the free world” in an internationally authorized coalition attack on a foreign country.
Klassen allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren der Psychotherapie und ihr Zusammenhang mit Therapietechniken
Authors: Pfammatter Mario , Tschacher Wolfgang
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Bis heute wird die Frage, welche Faktoren für die Wirkung von Psychotherapie verantwortlich sind, kontrovers diskutiert. Im Zentrum dieser Diskussion stehen zwei vermeintlich gegensätzliche Wirkmodelle – das Modell spezifisch wirksamer Therapietechniken und das allgemeine Wirkfaktorenmodell. Allgemeine Wirkfaktoren und Therapietechniken sind konzeptuell jedoch auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen des Psychotherapieprozesses angesiedelt. An Stelle der Entweder-oder-Debatte sollte deshalb die Analyse ihres Zusammenwirkens in den Vordergrund rücken. Fragestellung: Mit Hilfe von Expertenratings wurde untersucht, ob sich verschiedene allgemeine Wirkfaktoren durch typische Zusammenhänge mit bestimmten Therapietechniken zu übergeordneten Klassen zusammenfassen lassen. Methode: 68 deutschsprachige Psychotherapieexperten schätzten in einer internetbasierten Umfrage ein, mit welchen spezifischen Therapietechniken verschiedene allgemeine Wirkfaktoren zusammenhängen. Mittels Faktorenanalyse wurde dann geprüft, welche Klassen von allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren sich durch bestimmte Muster von Technikzusammenhängen abbilden. Durch eine hierarchische Regressionsanalyse wurden zudem die Stärke und Richtung der Zusammenhänge zwischen einzelnen Wirkfaktorenklassen und den verschiedenen Techniken untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Faktorenanalyse zeigt, dass den Zusammenhängen zwischen allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren und Techniken eine vierdimensionale Struktur unterliegt. Die vier Klassen von allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren hängen jeweils mit einer bestimmten Gruppe von Therapietechniken zusammen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Vielzahl allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren lässt sich mittels ihrer Operationalisierung durch Therapietechniken zusammenfassen.
Understanding sodium-ion diffusion in layered P2 and P3 oxides via experiments and first-principles calculations: a bridge between crystal structure and electrochemical performance
Authors: Guo Shaohua , Sun Yang , Yi Jin , Zhu Kai , Liu Pan , Zhu Yanbei , Zhu Guo-zhen , Chen Mingwei , Ishida Masayoshi , Zhou Haoshen
Published: April 2016

Layered Na
x
MeO2 (Me=transition metal) oxides, the most common electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, fall into different phases according to their stacking sequences. Although the crystalline phase is well known to largely influence the electrochemical performance of these materials, the structure–property relationship is still not fully experimentally and theoretically understood. Herein, a couple consisting of P2-Na0.62Ti0.37Cr0.63O2 and P3-Na0.63Ti0.37Cr0.63O2 materials having nearly the same compositions is reported. The atomic crystal structures and charge compensation mechanism are confirmed by atomic-scale characterizations in the layered P2 and P3 structures, respectively, and notably, the relationship of the crystal structure–electrochemical performance is well defined in the layered P-type structures for the first time in this paper. The electrochemical results suggest that the P2 phase exhibits a better rate capability and cycling stability than the P3 phase. Density functional theory calculations combined with a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique indicates that the P2 phase shows a lower Na diffusion barrier in the presence of multi-Na vacancies, accounting for the better rate capability of the P2 phase. Our results reveal the relationship between the crystal structure and the electrochemical properties in P-type layered sodium oxides, demonstrating the potential for future electrode advancements for applications in sodium-ion batteries.
Loss of anti-contractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue in offspring of obese rats
Authors: Zaborska K E , Wareing M , Edwards G , Austin C
Published: April 2016

Rationale:

Maternal obesity pre-programmes offspring to develop obesity and associated cardiovascular disease. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anti-contractile effect on the vasculature, which is reduced in hypertension and obesity.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine whether maternal obesity pre-programmes offspring to develop PVAT dysfunction in later life.

Methods:

Female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 10% (control) or 45% fat (high fat diet, HFD) for 12 weeks prior to mating and during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were killed at 12 or 24 weeks of age and tension in PVAT-intact or -denuded mesenteric artery segments was measured isometrically. Concentration–response curves were constructed to U46619 and norepinephrine.

Results:

Only 24-week-old HFD offspring were hypertensive (P<0.0001), although the anti-contractile effect of PVAT was lost in vessels from HFD offspring of each age. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with 100 μM
l-NMMA attenuated the anti-contractile effect of PVAT and increased contractility of PVAT-denuded arteries (P<0.05, P<0.0001). The increase in contraction was smaller in PVAT-intact than PVAT-denuded vessels from 12-week-old HFD offspring, suggesting decreased PVAT-derived NO and release of a contractile factor (P<0.07). An additional, NO-independent effect of PVAT was evident only in norepinephrine-contracted vessels. Activation of AMP-activated kinase (with 10 μM A769662) was anti-contractile in PVAT-denuded (P<0.0001) and -intact (P<0.01) vessels and was due solely to NO in controls; the AMPK effect was similar in HFD offspring vessels (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) but was partially NO-independent.

Conclusions:

The diminished anti-contractile effects of PVAT in offspring of HFD dams are primarily due to release of a PVAT-derived contractile factor and reduced NO bioavailability.
The Gonium pectorale genome demonstrates co-option of cell cycle regulation during the evolution of multicellularity
Authors: Hanschen Erik R. , Marriage Tara N. , Ferris Patrick J. , Hamaji Takashi , Toyoda Atsushi , Fujiyama Asao , Neme Rafik , Noguchi Hideki , Minakuchi Yohei , Suzuki Masahiro , Kawai-Toyooka Hiroko , Smith David R. , Sparks Halle , Anderson Jaden , Bakarić Robert , Luria Victor , Karger Amir , Kirschner Marc W. , Durand Pierre M. , Michod Richard E. , Nozaki Hisayoshi , Olson Bradley J. S. C.
Published: April 2016

The transition to multicellularity has occurred numerous times in all domains of life, yet its initial steps are poorly understood. The volvocine green algae are a tractable system for understanding the genetic basis of multicellularity including the initial formation of cooperative cell groups. Here we report the genome sequence of the undifferentiated colonial alga,Gonium pectorale,where group formation evolved by co-option of the retinoblastoma cell cycle regulatory pathway. Significantly, expression of theGoniumretinoblastoma cell cycle regulator in unicellularChlamydomonascauses it to become colonial. The presence of these changes in undifferentiatedGoniumindicates extensive group-level adaptation during the initial step in the evolution of multicellularity. These results emphasize an early and formative step in the evolution of multicellularity, the evolution of cell cycle regulation, one that may shed light on the evolutionary history of other multicellular innovations and evolutionary transitions.
Awake dynamics and brain-wide direct inputs of hypothalamic MCH and orexin networks
Authors: González J. Antonio , Iordanidou Panagiota , Strom Molly , Adamantidis Antoine , Burdakov Denis
Published: April 2016

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) controls energy balance. LH melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons mediate energy accumulation and expenditure, respectively. MCH cells promote memory and appropriate stimulus-reward associations; their inactivation disrupts energy-optimal behaviour and causes weight loss. However, MCH cell dynamics during wakefulness are unknown, leaving it unclear if they differentially participate in brain activity during sensory processing. By fiberoptic recordings from molecularly defined populations of LH neurons in awake freely moving mice, we show that MCH neurons generate conditional population bursts. This MCH cell activity correlates with novelty exploration, is inhibited by stress and is inversely predicted by OH cell activity. Furthermore, we obtain brain-wide maps of monosynaptic inputs to MCH and OH cells, and demonstrate optogenetically that VGAT neurons in the amygdala and bed nucleus of stria terminalis inhibit MCH cells. These data reveal cell-type-specific LH dynamics during sensory integration, and identify direct neural controllers of MCH neurons.
Statistical moments of quantum-walk dynamics reveal topological quantum transitions
Authors: Cardano Filippo , Maffei Maria , Massa Francesco , Piccirillo Bruno , de Lisio Corrado , De Filippis Giulio , Cataudella Vittorio , Santamato Enrico , Marrucci Lorenzo
Published: April 2016

Many phenomena in solid-state physics can be understood in terms of their topological properties. Recently, controlled protocols of quantum walk (QW) are proving to be effective simulators of such phenomena. Here we report the realization of a photonic QW showing both the trivial and the non-trivial topologies associated with chiral symmetry in one-dimensional (1D) periodic systems. We find that the probability distribution moments of the walker position after many steps can be used as direct indicators of the topological quantum transition: while varying a control parameter that defines the system phase, these moments exhibit a slope discontinuity at the transition point. Numerical simulations strongly support the conjecture that these features are general of 1D topological systems. Extending this approach to higher dimensions, different topological classes, and other typologies of quantum phases may offer general instruments for investigating and experimentally detecting quantum transitions in such complex systems.
Super square carbon nanotube network: a new promising water desalination membrane
Authors: Sun Ligang , He Xiaoqiao , Lu Jian
Published: April 2016

Super square (SS) carbon nanotube (CNT) networks, acting as a new kind of nanoporous membrane, manifest excellent water desalination performance. Nanopores in SS CNT network can efficiently filter NaCl from water. The water desalination ability of such nanoporous membranes critically depends on the pore diameter, permitting water molecule permeatration while salt ion obstruction. On the basis of the systematical analysis on the interaction among water permeability, salt concentration limit and pressure on the membranes, an empirical formula is developed to describe the relationship between pressure and concentration limit. In the meantime, the nonlinear relationship between pressure and water permeability is examined. Hence, by controlling pressure, optimal plan can be easily made to efficiently filter the saltwater. Moreover, steered molecular dynamics (MD) method uncovers bending and local buckling of SS CNT network that leads to salt ions passing through membranes. These important mechanical behaviours are neglected in most MD simulations, which may overestimate the filtration ability. Overall, water permeability of such material is several orders of magnitude higher than the conventional reverse osmosis membranes and several times higher than nanoporous graphene membranes. SS CNT networks may act as a new kind of membrane developed for water desalination with excellent filtration ability.
Correction: Corrigendum: Lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus oralis Uo5: a novel biochemical structure comprising an unusual phosphorylcholine substitution pattern compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Gisch Nicolas , Schwudke Dominik , Thomsen Simone , Heß Nathalie , Hakenbeck Regine , Denapaite Dalia
Published: April 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 16718; published online: 18 November 2015; updated: 22 April 2016 In Table 1 the 1H NMR resonances for glycerol (Gro) positions 2 and 3 are incorrect. In the corresponding Figure 5A the respective signals have been assigned correctly. The correct chemical shift of Gro2 in 1H NMR is δH 3.
GTP-binding of ARL-3 is activated by ARL-13 as a GEF and stabilized by UNC-119
Authors: Zhang Qing , Li Yan , Zhang Yuxia , Torres Vicente E. , Harris Peter C. , Ling Kun , Hu Jinghua
Published: April 2016

Primary cilia are sensory organelles indispensable for organogenesis and tissue pattern formation. Ciliopathy small GTPase ARLs are proposed as prominent ciliary switches, which when disrupted result in dysfunctional cilia, yet how ARLs are activated remain elusive. Here, we discover a novel small GTPase functional module, which contains ARL-3, ARL-13 and UNC-119, localizes near the poorly understood inversin (InV)-like compartment in C. elegans. ARL-13 acts synergistically with UNC-119, but antagonistically with ARL-3, in regulating ciliogenesis. We demonstrate that ARL-3 is a unique small GTPase with unusual high intrinsic GDP release but low intrinsic GTP binding rate. Importantly, ARL-13 acts as a nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of ARL-3, while UNC-119 can stabilize the GTP binding of ARL-3. We further show that excess inactivated ARL-3 compromises ciliogenesis. The findings reveal a novel mechanism that one ciliopathy GTPase ARL-13, as a GEF, coordinates with UNC-119, which may act as a GTP-binding stabilizing factor, to properly activate another GTPase ARL-3 in cilia, a regulatory process indispensable for ciliogenesis.
Correction: Corrigendum: Precipitation shapes communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Tibetan alpine steppe
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wang Fang , Che Rongxiao , Wang Ping , Liu Hanke , Ji Baoming , Cui Xiaoyong
Published: April 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 23488; published online: 22 March 2016; updated: 22 April 2016 In this Article, Affiliation 2 was omitted for Jing Zhang. The correct affiliation is listed below: College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.