bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of Lumbosacral MRI Findings in Jos University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Salaam AJ , Danjem SM , Salaam AA , Ogbu AE
Published: July 2020

Lumbosacral conditions are common disorders involving the soft tissues and bones of the low back. They may be due to underlying pathologies such as slipped disc, low back pain, TB spine, paraplegia, spinal tumour, degenerative disc disease, lumbosacral spondylosis, cord compression syndrome, traumatic spinal cord injury, caudaequina or fractures of any part of the vertebrae below T12 down to the gluteal fold. Degenerative disc disease, lumbar spondylosis, degenerative disc disease and exit nerve root compression are common findings in the MRI scan of patients with lumbosacral conditions. The MRI scan of patients with lumbosacral conditions seen between 2016 and 2017 were evaluated for the study. The features assessed were degenerative disc diseases, lumbar spondylosis, degenerative disc disease with exit nerve root compression, spinal cord contusion/injury, Pott's disease and lumbar spondylolisthesis. myelitis, lumbar spondylosis with degenerative disc disease, as well as lumbar fracture were also assessed. A total of 233 patients with lumbosacral pathologies were included in this study. There were 132 (56.7%) males and 101 (43.3%) females. Of all the patients with radiculopathies, patients with low back pain as the major indication constituted 23.2%, followed by those with lumbosacral spondylosis (19.3%), paraplegia (15.5%) and slipped disc (13.7%), while patients with caudaequina and spinal tumour represented 2.6% and 1.7% respectively. Degenerative disc disease was the most common finding representing 38.2% patients, followed by lumbar spondylosis (14.6%) and degenerative disc disease with exit nerve root compression (14.2%). Lumbar fracture was the least common finding in 1.3% of patients with lumbosacral conditions. MRI can be used to identify pathologies of lumbosacral tissues in a non-invasive manner. There was a high prevalence of radiculopathies in the lumbosacral spine of patients.
Assessment of Treatment Outcomes of Tuberculosis patients in a Rural Comprehensive Health Care Centre, Benue State, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Ogbeyi OG , Luret L , Ogiri S , Aforlaranrami T , Igbabul SA
Published: July 2020

Despite the availability of effective intervention programs over the years, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. It causes ill-health among millions of people each year and ranks alongside the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a leading cause of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in a Rural Primary Health Care Centre, Benue State, North Central Nigeria. A three-year retrospective study was employed to review 150 tuberculosis cases treated from January 2014 - December 2016. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and presented as tables and charts. The relationship between independent and outcome variables were tested with Chi-square test and P-value was set at 0.05. Of the 150 Tuberculosis patients treated, 84(56.0%) were males while 66(44.0%) were females. More than two-thirds (77.3%) of the patients had pulmonary tuberculosis. The successful treatment rate was 60.0% (32.7% treatment completed and 27.3% cured). Over twelve percent defaulted, 10.7% were lost to follow up, 6.7% were transferred out and 0.7% died. In this study, the successful treatment outcome was lower than the National target .The relationship between the disease sites; HIV status, Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and the treatment outcome were statistically significant. Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) providers should address issue of hindrances to adherence to treatment in order to improve the treatment success rate.
Factors Influencing Husbands’ Involvement in Ante Natal Care Services in a Nigerian Urban Region
Authors: Ibrahim S M , Aminu B M , Usman H A , Umaru U D , Kullima A A , Bako B G , Bukar M , Audu B M
Published: July 2020

Maternal mortality continues to be a problem in the developing world, and unfortunately few pregnant women receive antenatal care (ANC) from skilled attendants in this region. It is known that men play a significant role in the health-seeking behavior of their families. Their involvement in ANC services may lead to improved women’s clinic attendance and maternal health. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to determine the proportion of husbands in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria that accompanied their wives to ANC clinic, discussed issues related to pregnancy with them, and also the factors that influenced this role. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 307adult males, 18 years and above, who had fathered at least one child in the last two years preceding the study. Data were collected using pre-tested researcher-administered questionnaires designed from USAID Compendium of Indicators for Evaluating Reproductive Health Programs, and Health Belief Model of Health Behavioural Change Theory. The data was entered into the IBM SPSS software version 20.0 (New York, 2011). An analysis was performed to identify variables that suggest a significant association using Odds ratio and p-value <0.05 at 95 % confidence interval. Out of the 307 respondents recruited, 225 (73.3 %) were involved in ANC services. Educational status beyond primary school level, Christian faith, having means of transportation and couples making a joint decision on ANC were significant predictors for husband’s involvement in ANC services(P<0.05). Similarly, a good condition of ANC services and spending less than 30 minutes waiting for consultation (P=0.008) were significant health-related predictive factors.
Anaesthetic and Surgical Experience from Joint Replacement Therapy in a Teaching Hospital in Makurdi, Nigeria
Authors: Edem B E , Oku O O , Efu M E , Mue D D , Elachi I C
Published: July 2020

Joint replacement therapy (JRT) commonly performed in advanced countries is being introduced in some developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess anaesthesia used and the outcome of the first 17 cases performed at a young teaching hospital in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients for JRT at Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria from 23/6/2014 to 31/8/2016. Data analyzed from the anaesthetic/surgical records included age, sex, ethnicity, ASA classification, Ficat and Arlet classification of avascular necrosis, Gardens classification of fracture neck of femur, indication/type of surgery, packed cell volume (PCV), anaesthesia type, estimated blood loss, transfusions, duration of surgery and hospital stay, post-operative PCV, pain management, complications and surgical outcome. Results were summarised as means, median and percentages using SPSS version 21.0 for Windows®. One-way test of ANOVA was used for statistical significance (p= 0.05). Seventeen patients aged 27-90 years (mean 54.71±19.69). Indications were femoral neck fracture (47%), chronic osteoarthritis (35%), avascular necrosis (18%). The commonest procedure was hemiarthroplasty (41%), total hip replacement (35%), and total knee (24%). All were under regional anaesthesia with spinal (53%) and combined spinal-epidural (47%). Multimodal post-operative analgesia was used. There was no significant difference between pre and post-operative PCV (t = 0.708, p=0.05). Mean duration of hospital stay was 19.44±9.61 days. The outcome was good in all. JRT can be established in a new center with proper planning. Regional anaesthesia with multimodal analgesia is recommended. With relevant surgical skill, patient outcome is good.
The Role of Micro-RNA 466i on Vaso-Occlusive Complications of Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Anike US , Nwannadi I A , Okpala I , Madu AJ
Published: July 2020

Vaso-occlusion in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is mediated via increased expression of adhesion molecules. Micro-RNA 466i up regulates the expression of interleukin-10 and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the complications in SCA. We sought to investigate the relationship between changes in the level of micro-RNA 466i and the frequency of vaso-occlusive complications in SCA patients. Red blood cells were lysed using ammonium chloride. The resulting white blood cell pellets were lysed in guanidiumisothiocyanate (GITC) lyses buffer. From the GITC lysate, total RNA was extracted. Thereafter, the amount of micro-RNA 466i was quantified. There were no relationships between microRNA 466i and the frequency of complications in SCA patients. (p=0.066) There was also no significant difference in the levels of micro-RNA 466i between patients who had vaso-occlusive complications and those that did not.(p=0.9307) Micro-RNA 466i increased with age (p=0.03) but there was no significant difference between the males and the females patients.(p= 0.370) Micro-RNA 466i (a pro-inflammatory nucleotide) play little or no role in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive complications in SCA. Its assay in this group of patients may is not useful in the overall management of these patients.
Food Safety in Sub-urban Market: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hand Hygiene in Wadata Market, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbeyi OG , Afolaranmi TO , Amede PO , Audu O , Koko BT
Published: July 2020

A large number of males and females are engaged in the provision of food in Wadata market. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of infection prevention (IP). When optimally performed, hand hygiene reduces healthcare-associated infections (HAI), spread and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Poor compliance with hand hygiene practices remains a challenge for IP practitioners all over the world. More than 250 foodborne diseases are caused by bacteria or parasites. This study was conducted using a descriptive cross-sectional study of 138 respondents in Wadata market. Peer-reviewed and pilot tested questionnaires were employed. The questionnaires were classified into four sections namely-socio - demographic characteristics, knowledge on hand hygiene, attitude towards food hygiene and hygiene practices. Data analysis was done using Epi info a software package for statistical analysis version 23. Majority (40.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 21-30 years. There were more females (80.6%) food vendors than males. Over 65% of the respondents had education above secondary school; and most of them obtained information on hand hygiene from mass media. Over 62% could define hand hygiene correctly while more than 90% had positive attitude towards hand hygiene. The practice level of the respondents of hand hygiene in this study was poor 42.7%. There was significant association between educational status and knowledge of hand hygiene (p<0.05). Overall knowledge of hand hygiene of the respondents was good and they had positive attitude towards hand hygiene but this did not strictly translate to good practices of hand hygiene.
Knowledge and Proficiency in Skills of Initial Trauma Management among Healthcare Personnel in Secondary Care
Authors: Embu HY , Nuhu SI , Bishmang SP
Published: July 2020

Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols aim to provide good trauma care by enhancing the skills of medical personnel all over the world and while this is well established in developed countries it does not appear to be so in developing countries. This study aims to assess the knowledge and proficiency in initial trauma management skills among health caregivers in some general/cottage hospitals in north central Nigeria. Questionnaires were developed to assess the knowledge and skills of care givers in airway management, respiratory distress and shock. The questionnaires were administered on caregivers involved in trauma care in some general/cottage hospitals that offer secondary care in a state in north-central Nigeria. There were 34 health workers who responded, 10 (29.41%) were doctors and 24(70.54%) were nurses. Their years of experience were from 2 to 35 years (median 14years). Ten (29.41%) had at least one training in ATLS in the past while 24(70.59%) had none. In assessing their management skills, 97.06% reported they were able to assess the airway, 88.24% could do chin lift, 73.53% jaw thrust while 91.18% were able to insert oral airway. Thirty-one (91.18%) were able to recognize respiratory distress, 88.24 were able to administer oxygen using facemask and 64.71% using nasal prong. Thirty (88.24%) could assess a patient for shock, 82.35% could splint fractures for haemorrhage control. Twenty-seven (79.41%) reported knowing parameters to monitor during resuscitation. We concluded that knowledge of airway management was high but proficiency and confidence in performing these skills were low.
Laboratory Characteristics of Umbilical Cord Blood in Makurdi North-Central Nigeria
Authors: Nwannadi A I , Swende T Z , Alao O O , Aba H I , Onoja M A , Okoli R , Okolie I , Mke A
Published: July 2020

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) which is useful in supportive and definitive management of inherited and acquired disorders is usually discarded in our environment. We sought to establish reference values for some haematological parameters of UCB in Makurdi, Nigeria to assist clinicians better interpret results of haematological parameters of UCB. This was a prospective quantitative study that involved analyzing UCB of qualified women to determine its complete blood count, fetal haemoglobin concentration, clotting profile and fibrinogen concentration. Reference ranges of these parameters were thereafter calculated using normal distribution method. The effects of maternal and fetal factors on these parameters were assessed using the Student t-test and ANOVA. The mean total white blood count (TWBC) was 12.3±3.7 x 109/L. Female births had significantly higher TWBC than male births (13.2 ± 3.3 x 109/L vs 11.0 ± 3.8 x 109/L, p=0.003). Babies that weighed 3.0-3.5kg also had significantly higher TWBC (18.9x109L) than those that weighed 2.4-2.9kg (8.7x109/L) p=0.010.Female births had significantly higher haemoglobin concentration (Hb) (13.9g/dl) than male births (11.9g/dl) p=0.001. Similarly, older women aged 32-41 years had significantly higher Hb (13.4g/dl) than those aged 18-24 years (11.6g/dl) p=0.002. Also, women that had more than two children had higher Hb than those who had one or two, (14.7g/dl vs 12.3g/dl) p=0.030. Babies that weighed 3.0-3.5kg at birth also had significantly higher Hb (16.2g/dl) than babies that weighed 2.4-2.9kg (12.3g/dl), p=0.003.The reference values of the haematological parameters of cord blood in our study were similar to what was reported from other developing countries. This study has provided data on haematological parameters of UCB for clinical use in our environment and we recommend routine UCB analysis in order to aid early detection of some inherited and congenital disorder.
Imperatives of a Successful Medical Career
Authors: Swende T Z
Published: July 2020

A Guest Lecture on the Occasion of the Professional Induction and Admission Ceremony for the 2018 Medical Grandaunds of the College of Health Sciences Benue State University Makurdi on 23rd Day of May, 2018.
Pattern of Ocular and Adnexal Injuries Requiring Surgical Intervention among Children in a Tertiary Center in North-Central Nigeria: A 14 Year Review
Authors: Odugbo OP , Wade PD , Ewuga RO , Mpyet CD
Published: July 2020

The study assessed the pattern of ocular and adnexal injuries that required surgical intervention among children with the aim of strengthening preventive, curative and promotive eye care services. The ophthalmic surgical database of the facility was retrospectively reviewed to obtain information on children who had surgical intervention due to trauma from 1st January 2004-31st December 2017; these included demographic data; diagnosis, procedure and the type of anaesthesia administered. Epi Info software, version 3.4 was used for analysis. A total of 361 children (aged <18years) underwent a surgical procedure as a result of ocular trauma within the stated period. There were more males 255(70.6%) than females 106(29.4%) with a male:female ratio of 2.4:1. The mean age was 7.7±3.5years, 356(98.6%) participants had general anaesthesia administered, 267(73.9%) were aged ≤10 years. The main indications for surgical intervention were corneal laceration 143(39.6%), traumatic cataract 99(27.4%), corneo-scleral laceration 34(9.4%), lid ± canalicular laceration 21 (5.8%), intraocular foreign body 16(4.4%), ruptured globe 14(3.9%) and limbal rupture 11(3.1%). A higher proportion of males had corneal laceration 104(40.8%, p=0.40), intraocular foreign body 13(5.1%, p=0.25) and ruptured globe 12(4.7%, p=0.17) while a higher proportion of females had traumatic cataract 35(33%, p=0.14), lid laceration 4(3.8%, p=0.76) and scleral laceration 2(2.8%, p=0.33). The observed differences were however not statistically significant. Of 21 participants who had lid injuries 14(66.7%) were aged ≤5years. Of 14 participants who had ruptured globe, 8(57.1%) were aged 11-17years. We observed that a male child is twice more likely to have an ophthalmic surgery due to trauma.
Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Newborn in Jos: A Necessary Evaluation for Icteric Neonates
Authors: Jatau ED , Toma OB , Egesie OJ , Damulak DO , Ayuba Z , Ewuga JO , Ma'an TV
Published: July 2020

Red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a key regulatory enzyme with the major role of meeting the cellular need for reductive biosynthesis and maintenance of redox status. G6PD deficiency is a common inherited enzyme defect associated with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia that can result in permanent neurologic damage or death. This study was aimed at estimating the level of G6PD activity among icteric neonates to assess its usefulness in the evaluation of icteric neonates in Jos. One hundred and fifty icteric neonates (92 males and 58 females) whose parents consented were consecutively enrolled as they presented at the Special Care Baby Units (SCBU) of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BhUTH), and the Plateau State Specialist Hospital (PSSH), Jos. These subjects had their G6PD activity levels assayed using the Pointe Quantitative Diagnostic Kit (USA) while other relevant clinical information was obtained using a questionnaire. G6PD activity of the icteric neonates ranged between 0.54 and 24.18 IU/gHb with a mean of 8.02 ± 4.87 IU/gHb. Sixty-one (40.7 %), comprising 45 males and 16 female neonates were G6PD deficient with mean G6PD activity of 3.79 ± 1.37 IU/gHb while eighty-nine (59.3%) were G6PD normal with a mean G6PD activity of 10.92 ± 4.24 IU/gHb. G6PD activity in icteric neonates in Jos varies widely with a relatively high proportion of these neonates being G6PD deficient. Determination of G6PD activity in icteric neonates should therefore form an important evaluation tool for identification and intervention in those with the deficiency.
Pattern of X-Ray Findings at 563 Nigeria Airforce Hospital, Jos
Authors: Salaam AJ , Danjem SM , Salaam AA , Tanko AA , Oyebola EB , Ollawa CU , Sekat NB , Angba HA , Igoh EO , Gabkwet AE , Kolade-Yunusa HO
Published: July 2020

This study aimed at investigating various conditions and findings on X-rays. X-ray is an electromagnetic wave that is used in evaluating patients with different disease condition. X-ray of patients that presented to the radiology department between June 2015 and June 2016 were evaluated for the study. Demographic data, indications and findings were evaluated. The result shows, that there was a total of 368 subjects. Females (50.5%) were more than males in the study. Hypertension constituted the predominant indication for X-ray, this accounted for 87 subjects (23.6%), followed by medical fitness, 74 subjects (20.1%). Over 50% of the findings were normal, followed by lumbar spondylosis and then hypertension. In conclusion, more than half of the participants had normal findings. Lumbar spondylosis and hypertension were the most frequent indications and findings.
Menstrual Pattern and Hygiene among Female Prisoners in Kano, North-western Nigeria
Authors: Rabiu A , Sani FM , Daneji SM
Published: July 2020

Menstrual hygiene management services among female inmates should be in a professional manner equivalent to what is provided in the country. Female prisoners' menstrual patterns could differ from normal due to stress and uncertainty about the future. This cross-sectional survey was aimed to assess the menstrual bleeding pattern of the female prisoners and their menstrual hygiene. It was conducted among three selected Prisons in Kano. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Committee of Kano State Ministry of Health. Information such as socio-demographic characteristics, menstrual hygiene and pattern were recorded on a questionnaire. All consenting female prisoners were recruited for the survey. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0.A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Their mean age (±SD) was 30.1±3.42 years. The mean menstrual cycle was 28.9 ±4.42 days. The average duration of menstrual flow was 3 ± 1. Thirty-two (33.0%) of the female prison inmates experienced pains during menstruation (dysmenorrhea) while 43 (44.3%) had no dysmenorrhea. Majority of the inmates 83(85.6%) took bath once during menstrual period. More than 4/5th (81.4%) changed their absorbent twice a day during the period. Majority of the female inmates used toilet (80%) as the method of absorbent disposal. In conclusion; the survey showed that female prisoners relatively showed regular and normal menstrual patterns. Menstrual hygiene was relatively poor.
Pattern of Diabetic Eye Diseases in a Tertiary Health Facility, South East Nigeria
Authors: Nkpozi MO , Adukwu BU , Ugwu ET
Published: July 2020

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia; the latter predisposes persons living with diabetes to certain diseases of the eyes such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema, cataract, glaucoma etc, each of which may progress to visual loss and blindness. The burden and pattern of diabetic eye diseases among persons living with diabetes in the commercial city of Aba, Nigeria is not known. This study, therefore, set out to determine this. This was a 6-year retrospective study in which all diabetic patients referred to or presenting at the Ophthalmology clinic of Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH) Aba, Nigeria between January 2013 and December 2018 were included. The patients were examined by ophthalmologists and optometrists. Visual acuity, refraction, tonometry, slit-lamp examination of the anterior segment and fundus examination were carried out on each patient. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Participants in the study were 56 (44.4%) males and 70 (55.6%) females. Diabetic ocular complications occurred in 2.4% of the total Ophthalmology clinic visits in ABSUTH, Aba. The commonest diabetic eye disease was cataract which was present in 50% of the participants, No diabetic patient presented with blindness and the commonest co morbid disease in the participants was systemic hypertension. Ocular complications of DM constitute a significant burden to the Ophthalmology clinic visits in the commercial city of Aba and the commonest of these complications is cataract.
Anorectal Malformations at a University Teaching Hospital in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Nwokoro CC , Fatungase OM , Emmanuel EA , Salami BA , Ayoade BA , Ogundele IO , Amosu LO
Published: July 2020

Ano-rectal malformations comprise a wide spectrum of diseases, which can affect males and females, and involve the distal anus and rectum as well as the urinary and genital tracts. The incidence, type or variety of malformations varies from one region or geographical location to another. Ano-rectal anomalies tend to be associated with other congenital anomalies. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence, presentation and types of ano-rectal malformations and their treatment outcome. It is a prospective observational study from March 2012 to February 2019. Information obtained from cases of ano-rectal anomalies who presented to our health institution during the study period was entered into a proforma. Relevant clinical information was obtained and documented in a structured proforma. A total of 60 patients were seen during the study period. Males were 35 (58.3%) while females were 25 (41.7%). Age at presentation ranged from 2 hours -15 years. High anomalies were seen in 34 (56.7%), low anomalies 18 (30%) and intermediate 8 (13.3%). Associated congenital anomalies were seen in 12 (20%) patients. 28 patients had the traditional three-stage procedure of initial colostomy, PSARP and colostomy closure while 13 patients had double staged procedure of initial colostomy and definitive surgery with colostomy closure at the same time. Fifteen (15) patients had single staged procedure (PSARP) without an initial colostomy. Three (3) patients are awaiting colostomy closure after definitive surgery. Post-Operative complications were seen in 16 patients. A mortality of 10 (16.7%) was observed.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease in Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
Authors: Ogiator MO , Ojobi JE , Ijachi OO
Published: July 2020

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cardiovascular events. An important determinant of progression in CKD is chronic systemic inflammation which can be evaluated using the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR). We aimed to investigate the value of NLR in patients with ESRD compared with healthy subjects. This was a retrospective study that analyzed data from patients with end-stage renal disease and equal number of age and sex matched control (healthy subjects) seen at Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi from October 1st, 2012 to 31st December 2015. Out of the 118 patients studied 70(59.3) were males while 48 (40.7) were females. The mean age of the study population was 45.9 ± 16.4. The mean NLR for patients with ESRD was 3.55± 4.01 while that of healthy subjects was 1.29± 0.25. The mean NLR for patients was 3.47±4.01 for males and 3.68±4.06 for females while for the healthy subjects the mean NLR was 1.30±0.27 for males 1.27±0.22 for females. This study revealed elevated NLR in patients with ESRD. NLR reflects systemic inflammation. The availability of this ratio (NLR) can help improve outcome of patients with CKD.
Early Wet Season Distribution of Anopheles Mosquitoes in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Umbugala T A , Tongjura J D C , Ombugadu R J , Hassan S C , Ombugadu A , Amuga G A
Published: July 2020

Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of Plasmodium species, the causative agent of malaria, and a major cause of death in tropical Africa. The distribution of Anopheles species in time and space is a function of ecological factors in a given habitat. This study investigated the distribution of anopheles mosquitoes in the early wet season of 2017, in Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Mosquito’s collection was carried out in four locations in the study area using two methods: Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) and Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps. Indoor and outdoor mosquitoes were collected. All mosquitoes collected were morphologically identified using standard procedures. A total of 973 mosquitoes were collected and identified. This comprised culicines 742 (76%) and anophelines 231 (23%). There was a progressive increase in number of anophelines from April 93 (40.3%) to May 138 (59.2%). Four species of Anopheles mosquitoes were identified in the study area: An.gambiae 221 (95.7%). An.coustani 7 (3.0%), An.squamosus 2(0.9%) and An.pharoensis 1(0.4%).More Anopheles mosquitoes collected showed a statistical significant difference between the 2 months and between indoors and outdoors collection (P<0.05). These findings show the presence of the vector of malaria in the study area during the early wet season and recommends early vector control before and during the season to reduce incidence of malaria in Keffi area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Coprological Detection of Bovine Fasciolosis in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Abubakar Z , Ombugadu R J , Tongjura J D C , Amuga G A , Yako A B
Published: July 2020

Bovine Fasciolosis is a vector – borne zoonosis and one of the most neglected tropical diseases that cause huge economic losses and poor animal conditions in Nigeria. The prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was investigated. Faecal samples were collected from the cattle antemortem and analysed using copro ELISA test-kits and gross lesions were inspected at postmortem. Out of one hundred and eighty six (186) faecal samples analysed, over-all prevalence was 98(52.7%). From each abattoir was 38 (38.8%), 36 (36.7%) and 24 (24.5%) at Karu, Dei-Dei and Gwagwalada abattoirs respectively. Based on body condition scoring, infection rates were 39 (58.2%), 45 (58.4%) and 20 (47.6%) from cattle with poor, moderate and good body conditions accordingly. Males had a higher prevalence rate of 48 (50%) than females with 40 (44.4%). Based on the breed of cattle, infection rate of the diseases was 41 (66.1%), 39 (62.9%) and 20 (32.3%) in White fulani, Sokotogudali and Red bororo accordingly. Out of 186 cattle inspected at postmortem, 47 livers were condemned totally due to the presence of liver flukes (Fasciola species) in the hepatic parenchyma, fluke tracts, livers were friable and chirrotic. This led to an estimated loss of about three million, one hundred and two thousand naira (3,102,000.00). There was no statistically significant association between the infection and breed, sex and body condition score (p>0.05). Treatment of all cattle with an effective flukicides, vector control, enlightening of cattle farmers for proper intervention against fasciolosis are recommended.
Effect of Germination Duration on the Chemical Composition, functional and Pasting Properties of Acha Flour and its Potential for Biscuit Production
Authors: Ayo J A , Agbatutu A , Iribom G K
Published: July 2020

Germinated acha flour was prepared by washing the acha grain (with tap water), soaking(for 6hours), drained, spread evenly on jute bag to germinate for varied duration(0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h). The varied germinated grains were dried in a hot air oven at 60oC, milled, sieved and packaged in high density polyethylene. The functional, proximate, pasting, mineral and vitamin properties of the germinated flour were determined using standard laboratory procedures. Biscuit produced from the germinated acha flour were also analysed for physical and sensory properties. Biscuit with 100% wheat flour (WF) serves as a reference sample. The proximate results of the flour showed an increase in protein (15.38% to 12.93%), ash (3.54% to 0.58%), fat (8.08% to 5.12%), crude fibre (0.32% to 0.22%), but decrease in moisture (11.46% to 10.15%), carbohydrate (69.19% to 64.56%) content with increase in germination duration. The pasting properties of the flour, peak viscosity, trough, breakdown, final viscosity, set back, peak time and pasting temperature decreased from 1457.01 to 348.01, 1147.07 to 152.02, 310.01 to 164.02, 3306.02 to 569.01, 2159.02 to 417.02, 5.60 to 5.08 and 1397.44 to 289.17 RVU, respectively, with increase in germination duration. There was remarkable increase in the iron, zinc, vitamin B1and B2 content from 22.02 to 93.24, 49.01 to 69.01, 0.615 to 1.633 and 0.163 to 0.483mg/100g, respectively, and a decrease in the calcium and phosphorus content from 24605.53 to 18498.55 and 1124.94 to 894.960 mg/100g, respectively, with increase in germination time. The weight and spread ratio of the baked germinated acha flour increased from 11.73g to 11.43g and 4.80 to 4.27, respectively, while the break strength and the volume of the same, increased from 2.47 to 2.83kg and 60.43 to 61.58cm3 respectively, with increase (1-5days) in germination duration. All the sensory parameters of the biscuits assessed with exception of taste were accepted and compared favourably with the control (100% wheat biscuit).
Nuclei Shapes across Different Magic Numbers in the Ytterbium (Z = 70) and Lead (Z = 82) Isotopes using MATLAB Code.
Authors: Eriba-Idoko F , Daniel T , Gbaorun F , Hemba E C
Published: July 2020

The yrast state of the Ytterbium, Yb isotopes for the neutron range of 82 ≤ N≤ 180 and lead, Pb isotopes for the neutron range of 98 ≤ N≤132 for the even-even nuclei have been studied using the energies of the first excited state in these nuclei. The nuclear deformation parameters, and the reduced quadruple transition probability B (E2)↑ with other intrinsic parameters associated with the nuclei shape were obtained using a MATLAB code. The results revealed that the Pb nucleus with Z = 82 - which is one of the magic numbers have a more ‘spherically’ nuclei shape at the ground state with small degree of deformation as compared to the nuclei shapes in the Yb isotopes. Our study supports the global predictions of the prolate deformation in Yb isotopes around the neutron range of 90 ≤ N ≤ 112.
THE DIFFERENCE OF IoS AND ANDROID USAGE
Authors: Siburian Rachel Margaretha , Nuary Ripta Permata
Published: July 2020

This research aims at comparing the quality, price, users and interest of the society on IoS and Android. This research also directs readers to be more careful in choosing a product, wiser in comparing products. Both of IoS and Android products are good enough but it would be nice to choose the better one. The reason for conducting this research is to facilitate consumers in choosing products. The method research used is qualitative with natural observers, and the use of questionnaires to obtain data from several communities in the Pos Indonesia Polytechnic Campus.
PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI DAN KOMITMEN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. GARUDA MESIN AGRI
Authors: Desani Asrian , Tangelica Meidy , Irisa Winny
Published: July 2020

Garuda Mesin Agri is one of the agricultural equipment distribution companies. The fact that the level of sales of agricultural equipment from competitors who can seize market share and increased agricultural sector growth to support the performance and productivity of the company which will ultimately require agricultural equipment in case of damage, the researchers chose PT. Garuda Agri Machine as the object of research. This study aims at to testing and analyzing the effect of communication and commitment on employees’ performance. The research method used by researchers is a quantitative approach. The type of research is quantitative descriptive. Data collection methods used are interviews, distribution of questionnaires, and documentation studies. The analytical method used is multiple linear regressions, coefficient of determination, simultaneous testing (F-test), and partial testing (T-test). The population used is all employees, amounting to 75 and the total sample used is as many as 75 employees. The research findings show that: 1) communication partially had a significant positive effect on employees’ performance. 2) Commitment partially has a significant positive effect on employees’ performance at PT. Garuda Mesin Agri. 3) Simultaneous testing of independent variables communication (X1) and commitment (X2) simultaneously have a significant effect on performance (Y) at PT. Garuda Mesin Agri with a coefficient of determination of 32.1%.
DAMPAK ERUPSI GUNUNG SINABUNG TERHADAP PRODUKSI DAN HARGA CABAI MERAH (Capsicum annum L.) (Desa Beganding, Kecamatan Simpang Empat, Kab. Karo)
Authors: Sinaga Nelly , Lubis Effendi , Sinaga Yan Khoriana
Published: July 2020

This research aims at (1) finding the effects before and after the eruption of Sinabung mountain on production of red chili (Capsicum annumL.) in research area, (2) finding the effects before and after the eruption of Sinabung mountain on price of red chili (Capsicum annumL.), (3) finding the income of red chilli ((Capsicum annumL.) after the eruption of Sinabung mountain in research area. This research was conducted in Beganding village, Simpang Empat Sub-district, Karo regency, province of Sumatera Utara. Research sample was done by using Simple Random Sampling as many as 35 respondents from the total population 167 families. Method of data analysis was by paire sample t-test  to find the difference between production and price of red chili(Capsicum annum L.)both before and after the eruption of Sinabung mountain and analysis of red chili farmers’ income. Research findings show that there is a significant effect of red chili production in research area both before and after the eruption of Sinabung mountain. The production of red chili before the eruption of Sinabung mountain is as many as 1.932 kg/farmer > 1.342 kg/farmer (after the eruption of Sinabung mountain) in which the difference is 2.237 kg/farmer. The income of chili farming before and after the eruption of Sinabung mountain was categorized “low” and the comparison indicator is UMK Karo Regency in 2017. It is Rp 2.051.267/month, meanwhile UMK Karo regency is Rp 2.619.234,41.
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU AJAR INOVATIF IPA TERPADU BERBASIS INKUIRI TERBIMBING SESUAI KURIKULUM 2013 DI SMP SE-KABUPATEN TAPANULI TENGAH
Authors: Sianturi Bronika Septiani , Dongoran Jhonas
Published: July 2020

This research is a research and development which is aimed to produce a certain product or develop an existing product including test its effectiveness. The research and development procedures are included in stages such as: Potential and problems; Data collection; Product design; Design validation; Design revisions; Product I trial; Product I revision; Trial usage; Product Revision II; Mass product. The data analysis resulted as follows (1) in the teaching materials that have been developed on the subject matter of additives and addictive substances based on BSNP, (a) the aspects of content worthiness is 3.65 of mean, (b) the aspects of language worthiness is 3.70 of mean, (c) the aspects of the feasibility of serving with is 3.60 of mean, those score are valid and don’t need any revision and it is very decent. (2) It is the students understanding who use the material that has been developed, it obtained an average of 80.21. However the understanding of students who did not use the teaching materials developed just obtained an average of 65.00. This result shows that the understanding of students using the developed teaching materials is higher than without using developed teaching materials.
PEMASARAN PARIWISATA DIGITAL OLEH PEMERINTAH KOTA SABANG
Authors: Sianipar Christina Indriani , Liyushiana Liyushiana
Published: July 2020

The rapid development of technology at this time so that the manual system has almost been completely abandoned. The development of this technology is also felt in marketing and distributing information about a tourist destination. Government organizations are no less affected by the rapid development of technology in marketing tourist destinations. The trend is no longer focused on the distribution of brochures or leaflets that are printed physically, but by using digital media. The purpose of this study was carried out, to see how the Tourism and Culture Office of Sabang City, in marketing tourism destinations using digital media, made use of several media such as, websites, youtube, social media (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) in their marketing. The research instrument used was an interview technique, which was given to the government and a questionnaire given to tourists visiting tourist objects in Sabang. Therefore the title was raised as "Digital Tourism Marketing by the Sabang City Government
PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU DALAM MENGHADAPI PRE MENOPAUSE DI KELURAHAN BARU LADANG BAMBU KECAMATAN MEDAN TUNTUNGAN
Authors: Nasution Zulkarnain
Published: July 2020

Pre menopause merupakan hal yang sangat dikhawatirkan dan ditakuti oleh setiap wanita. Perubahan yang terjadi selama masa pre menopause akan menimbulkan produksi hormon estrogen menurun disertai dengan keluhan psikologi maupun fisik, yang ditandai dengan siklus haid yang tidak teratur dengan perdarahan haid yang memanjang dan ukuran perdarahan banyak yang disertai nyeri. Seiring dengan fungsi organ tubuh yang menurun seorang wanita akan mengalami kecemasan yang akan mempengaruhi hubungan dengan suami maupun lingkungan sosial yang mengakibatkan kepercayaan diri seorang wanita berkurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan dan sikap ibu dalam menghadapi pre menopause. Jenis penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 175 orang ibu-ibu pre menopause. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 64 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan ibu dalam menghadapi pre menopause kurang dan sikap ibu dalam menghadapi pre menopause positif. Pengetahuan ibu kurang karena disebabkan ibu belum pernah mendapatkan informasi tentang pre menopause dan belum pernah mendapatkan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang pre menopause. Sikap ibu yang positif disebabkan karena ibu mampu mengalihkan perasaan yang tidak menyenangkan ke hal-hal positif dengan cara melakukan berbagai aktifitas, dan menganggap bahwa hal yang dialami selama pre menopause merupakan hal wajar yang akan dialami oleh setiap wanita. Diharapkan kepada petugas kesehatan agar memberikan penyuluhan kesehatan tentang pre menopause, dan kepada ibu premenopause diharapkan proaktif untuk mencari informasi yang berkaitan dengan pre menopause.
PENGUASAAN MODEL PENILAIAN HASIL BELAJAR DALAM MERAIH MUTU SEKOLAH OLEH KEPALA SEKOLAH MELALUI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK DI SMPN 41 MEDAN
Authors: Pardede Lukman , Pardede Dewi Lestari
Published: July 2020

This study aims at determining the extent of the application of academic supervision in improving the performance of school principals in applying the learning outcomes assessment model at SMPN 41 Medan. Assessment consists of external assessments and internal assessments. External assessments are assessments made by other parties who do not carry out the learning process. External assessments are carried out by an institution, both domestic and foreign, intended among other things to control quality. While internal assessments are assessments planned and carried out by the teacher during the learning process. Class assessment is part of an internal assessment (internal assessment) to determine student learning outcomes towards mastery of competencies taught by the teacher. The aim is to assess the level of achievement of student competencies that are carried out when learning takes place and the end of learning. The assessment of student learning outcomes is carried out by the teacher to monitor the process, progress, development of student learning outcomes in accordance with their potential and expected abilities on an ongoing basis. Assessment can also provide feedback to teachers in order to improve planning and learning processes. In this surveillance action research carried out in 3 cycles, the results of the actions taken are proven to improve the quality of schools by achieving ideal standards. From 64.25% in Cycle 1, it can be increased to 73.75% in Cycle II, and in the third cycle to 83.25% and has met the ideal standard.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF NHT (NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER) BERBANTUAN MIND MAPPING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA PADA MATERI POKOK LISTRIK DINAMIS
Authors: Damanik Dede Parsaoran , Panjaitan Jelita , Simangunsong Ika Trisni
Published: July 2020

This study aims at determining the significant influence of the NHT (Numbered Head Together) Cooperative Learning Model assisted by Mind Mapping on physics learning outcomes in the dynamic electric subject matter of class XII semester I students of SMK YAPIM TARUNA Sei Rotan. This type of research is a quasi experiment. The population in this study is all students of class XII SMK IAP YAPIM TARUNA. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling technique, then obtained class XII-1 = 35 people as an experimental class taught using the NHT (Numbered Head Together) Cooperative Learning model assisted by Mind Mapping and class XII-2 = 35 people as control classes taught by the Direct Learning model. This research instrument consisted of 25 multiple choice questions with 5 options (a, b, c, d, and e) which had previously been tested to determine the validity, reliability, level of difficulty and distinguishing power of the test. From the results of the study, an average value of experimental class pretest of 32.18 with a standard deviation of 9.49 and an average value of pretest of 31.18 with a standard deviation of 10.96 was obtained. From the results of the two-party t test obtained t count = 0.49 and t table = 1.99, because t count ˂ t table (0.49 <1.99) this shows that the initial ability of the two classes is the same. Then a different treatment was given. After the learning ended, posttest was done with the average value of the experimental class 73.18 with a standard deviation of 10.37 and the average value of the Control class 56.54 with a standard deviation of 11.94. The results of one-party t test obtained the price of tcount = 7.44 and ttable = 1.67 at the significant level α = 0.05 and dk = 86, because tcount ˃ ttable (7.44 ˃ 1.67), this shows that there is a significant influence significant NHT (Numbered Head Together) Cooperative learning model aided by Mind Mapping on physics learning outcomes on the subject matter of Dynamic Electricity
PERANAN BALAS JASA DAN INSENTIF TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA PADA PT. SONY GEMERLANG MEDAN
Authors: Sinaga Sarman
Published: July 2020

PT. Sony Gemerlang Medan merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang produksi sepatu. Perusahaan memotivasi karyawan dengan memberikan balas jasa berupa gaji pokok, insentif, tunjangan, fasilitas kesejahteraan dengan memperhatikan tingkat pendidikan dan masa kerja karyawan, memberikan waktu istirahat bagi para karyawan untuk mengatasi kelelahan dan kebosanan kerja, mempromosikan tenaga kerja yang berprestasi ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi, peraturan ditetapkan bersama antara atasan dengan bawahan dan adanya kelompok kerja serta atasan berusaha memahami kebutuhan dan keinginan bawahan. Produksi sepatu pada tahun 2012 sebanyak 1.350 pasang sepatu dan tahun 2013 turun menjadi 1.265 pasang sepatu. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja karyawan menurun. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, dirumuskan masalah penelitian adalah :”Apakah Balas Jasa Dan Insentif Mempunyai Peranan Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Pada PT. Sony Gemerlang Medan?”. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis faktor – faktor yang dominan mempengaruhi motivasi kerja pada PT. Sony Gemerlang Medan. Manfaat penelitian adalah memberikan bahan masukan kepada perusahaan berupa faktor – faktor yang paling dominan mempengaruhi motivasi kerja. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis faktor. Balas jasa dan Insentif mengandung arti tidak sekedar hanya dalam bentuk bentuk finansial saja. Bentuk finansial langsung berupa upah,gaji, komisi, dan bonus. Sementara yang tidak langsung berupa asuransi, bantuan sosial, uang cuti, uang pensiun, pelatihan, dan sebagainya. Selain itu bentuk bukan finansial berupa unsur-unsur jenis pekerjaan dan lingkungan pekerjaan. Bentuk unsur pekerjaan meliputi tanggung jawab, perhatian dan penghargaan dari pimpinan, sementara bentuk lingkungan pekerjaan berupa kenyamanan kondisi kerja, distribusi pembagian kerja, dan kebijakan perusahaan. Faktor – faktor yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap motivasi kerja meliputi : insentif, kelelahan bekerja, status, uang transport, peraturan yang berlaku, tunjangan, kepuasan, kematangan pribadi, supervise yang baik, penghargaan atas prestasi dankelompok kerja. Saran yang diberikan kepada pihak manajemen adalah, sebaiknya perusahaan menambah insentif kepada karyawan yang berprestasi, memperhatikan lingkungan kerja, memperjelas status kepegawaian, menambah uang transport, peraturan yang berlaku, menambah jenis tunjangan, meningkatkan kepuasan karyawan, meningkatkan kematangan pribadi, menambah supervise yang baik, penghargaan atas prestasi dan meningkatkan kerjasama antar kelompok kerja.