bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regression of retinal capillaries following N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐induced neurotoxicity in the neonatal rat retina
Authors: Asano Daiki , Nakahara Tsutomu , Mori Asami , Sakamoto Kenji , Ishii Kunio
Published: October 2014

Degeneration of retinal capillaries occurs following N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced retinal neurotoxicity, and the degree of capillary degeneration decreases in an age‐dependent manner. To determine the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the high susceptibility of capillaries to neuronal damage during the early postnatal stage, this study compares the vascular regression patterns between NMDA‐treated retinas and retinas treated with N‐[2‐chloro‐4‐{(6,7‐dimethoxy‐4‐quinazolinyl)oxy}phenyl]‐N′‐propylurea (KRN633), a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in neonatal rats. Two days after a single intravitreal injection of NMDA (200 nmol/eye) on postnatal day (P) 7, substantial retinal neuron loss and delayed expansion of the retinal vascular bed were observed. The reduction in the capillary density in the central retina reached statistical significance 4 days after NMDA treatment. In retinas of rats injected subcutaneously with KRN633 (10 mg/kg) on P7 and P8, simplified vasculature attributable to capillary regression and prevention of endothelial cell growth were seen on P9, whereas no visible changes in the morphology of the retinal layers were observed. The degree of capillary degeneration in NMDA‐treated retinas was less than that in KRN633‐treated retinas. No apparent changes in immunoreactivities for VEGF were found 2 days after NMDA treatment. These results indicate that neuronal cell loss in the retina precedes retinal capillary degeneration following NMDA treatment, and VEGF‐dependent immature capillaries might be more susceptible to NMDA‐induced neuronal damage. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gait deviations and compensations in pediatric patients with increased femoral torsion
Authors: Bruderer‐Hofstetter Marina , Fenner Verena , Payne Erika , Zdenek Katja , Klima Harry , Wegener Regina
Published: October 2014

Coxa antetorta describes an abnormal torsion of the femur. It is commonly considered a cosmetic problem and is treated surgically only in severe cases and the presence of physical complaints. The purpose of this study was to identify deviations in gait kinematics and kinetics in pediatric patients caused by coxa antetorta and to categorize these deviations into primary and secondary deviations. We conducted a retrospective, cross‐sectional three‐dimensional (3D) gait analysis study to detect gait deviations in adolescents (n = 18; age range 10.5–17.5 years) with coxa antetorta compared to age‐matched healthy control subjects (n = 17). Principal component (PC) analysis was used for data reduction. Linear mixed models applied to PC‐scores were used to estimate the main effects within retained PCs followed by a post‐hoc subgroup analysis. Patients walked with smaller external foot progression angle, greater knee adduction, more internally rotated and flexed hips and greater anterior pelvic tilt. Subgroup analysis revealed that—depending on knee alignment—patients had higher knee and hip adduction moments. These deviations in joint kinematics and kinetics may be associated with physical complaints and accelerated development of osteoarthritis. Assessment of gait deviations related to coxa antetorta using 3D gait analysis may be an additional tool in individual clinical decision‐making. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:155–162, 2015.
Resection of primary leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with reconstruction: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Wachtel Heather , Jackson Benjamin M. , Bartlett Edmund K. , Karakousis Giorgos C. , Roses Robert E. , Bavaria Joseph E. , Fraker Douglas L.
Published: October 2014

Background

Leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare tumor which presents a unique surgical challenge. We present a series of six cases of leiomyosarcoma resection performed with IVC reconstruction.

Methods

Retrospective chart review was performed for patients undergoing initial operative resection of primary leiomyosarcoma with IVC reconstruction, at a tertiary care center.

Results

Between 2005–2013, six patients underwent resection with reconstruction. Half were female, and the mean age at presentation was 57 ± 15.4 years. Three patients required en bloc resection with adjacent organs. Three patients were resected on venovenous bypass, and one on cardiopulmonary bypass. Three underwent IVC patch repair (bovine pericardium, n = 2; saphenous vein, n = 1), and three had IVC reconstruction with graft (Dacron, n = 1; PTFE, n = 1; aortic homograft, n = 1). All achieved grossly negative margins. Median disease‐free survival was 34 months (IQR 7–52 months), and median disease‐specific survival was 51 months (IQR 20–108). Five year disease‐free and disease‐specific survival rates were 30% and 66.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Leiomyosarcomas of the IVC present a technical challenge to the surgeon. Careful preoperative workup and a collaborative team consisting of experienced cardiac and vascular surgeons and surgical oncologists can allow for a safe and successful operation despite extensive tumor involvement. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:328–333. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laryngeal adductor function in experimental models of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Rich Jason T. , Debnath Nick L.
Published: October 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Most patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis experience some degree of spontaneous reinnervation, which depends upon the type and severity of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. After partial recovery, the paretic vocal fold may or may not adduct adequately to allow glottic closure, which in turn affects phonatory and swallowing outcomes. This process was studied in a series of canine laryngeal nerve injury models.

Study Design

Animal (canine) experiments.

Methods

Maximum stimulable laryngeal adductor pressure (LAP) was measured pretreatment (baseline) and at 6 months following experimental RLN injuries (total n = 59). The nine study groups were designed to simulate a range of severities of RLN injury.

Results

The greatest LAP recovery, at 108% of original baseline, was seen in a 50% transection model; the least recovery was seen when the RLN underwent complete transection with repair, at 56% with precise alignment and 50% with alignment reversed. Intermediate models (partial RLN injuries) gave intermediate results. Crush models recovered 105% of LAP, whereas a half‐transection, half‐crush injury recovered 72%, and cautery injuries recovered 61%. Controls (complete transection without repair) had no measurable recovery.

Conclusions

The injured RLN has a strong tendency to recover. Restoration of adductor strength, as determined by the LAP, was predictably related to the severity of RLN injury. The model RLN injuries studied provide a range of expected outcomes that can be used for future experiments exploring interventions that may improve postinjury adductor function.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:E67–E72, 2015
Association between anesthesiologist experience and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Hofer Ira , Spivack John , Yaport Miguel , Zerillo Jeron , Reich David L. , Wax David , DeMaria Samuel
Published: October 2014

The anesthesiologist has been recognized as an integral member of the liver transplant team, and previous studies have demonstrated that inter‐anesthesiologist variability can be a driver of outcomes for high‐risk patients. We hypothesized that anesthesiologist experience, defined as the number of previous liver transplants performed at our institution, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, would be independently associated with outcomes for liver transplant patients. Eight hundred forty‐nine liver transplants performed between January 2003 and January 2013 with a total of 22 anesthesiologists were analyzed. Each transplant was assigned an incremental case number that corresponded to the number of transplants that the attending anesthesiologist had already performed at our institution. Several perioperative covariates were controlled for in the context of a generalized linear mixed effects model to detail the influence of threshold levels of the incremental case number on the primary outcome, 30‐day mortality, and a secondary outcome, 30‐day graft failure. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm the robustness of these findings. An incremental case number ≤ 5 was associated with a significantly greater risk of 30‐day mortality (odds ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval = 1.11‐4.54, P = 0.025), and there was evidence suggestive of a greater risk of 30‐day graft failure (odds ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval = 0.95‐3.93, P = 0.071). Sensitivity analyses ruled out threats to the validity of these findings, including dropout effects and time trends in the overall performance of the transplantation unit. In conclusion, this study shows that an anesthesiologist's level of experience has a significant effect on outcomes for liver transplant recipients, with increased mortality and possibly graft failure during a provider's first 5 cases. These findings may indicate the need for increased training and supervision for anesthesiologists joining the liver transplant team. Liver Transpl 21:89‐95, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.
Independent associations of sodium intake with measures of body size and predictive body fatness
Authors: Yi Stella S. , Firestone Melanie J. , Beasley Jeannette M.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Observational studies highlight a possible relationship between sodium intake and obesity. This investigation explores the cross‐sectional relationships between sodium intake and measures of body size and fatness (body mass index [BMI], weight, waist circumference, predictive body fatness).

Methods

Analyses were performed using data from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009‐10 with two 24‐h dietary recalls and measures of body size and fatness (n = 4,613). Regression analyses assessed the relationships of sodium (1,000 mg/day) with outcomes, adjusting for caloric intake. Analyses are presented overall and by sex; data were weighted to be representative of the non‐institutionalized US adult population.

Results

Positive associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and predictive body fatness were observed, and the magnitude of association was larger in women than in men. For each 1,000 mg/day higher sodium intake, BMI was 1.03 kg/m2 higher; weight was 2.75 kg higher; waist circumference was 2.15 cm higher; and predictive body fatness was 1.18% higher after adjustment for energy intake.

Conclusions

Longitudinal analyses examining associations between sodium intake and measures of body size and body fatness are needed.
Pathological consequences of systemic measles virus infection
Authors: Ludlow Martin , McQuaid Stephen , Milner Dan , de Swart Rik L , Duprex W Paul
Published: October 2014

The identification of poliovirus receptor‐like 4 (PVRL4) as the second natural receptor for measles virus (MV) has closed a major gap in our understanding of measles pathogenesis, and explains how this predominantly lymphotropic virus breaks through epithelial barriers to transmit to a susceptible host. Advances in the development of wild‐type, recombinant MVs which express fluorescent proteins making infected cells readily detectable in living tissues and animals, has also increased our understanding of this important and highly transmissible human disease. Thus, it is timely to review how these advances have provided new insights into MV infection of immune, epithelial and neural cells. This demands access to primate samples that help us understand the early and acute stages of the disease, which are challenging to dissect due to the mild/self‐limiting nature of the infection. It also requires well‐characterized and rather rare human tissue samples from patients who succumb to neurological sequelae to help study the consequences of the long‐term persistence of this RNA virus in vivo. Collectively, these studies have provided unique insights into how the use of two cellular receptors, CD150 and PVRL4, governs the in vivo tissue‐specific temporal patterns of virus spread and resulting pathological lesions. Analysis of tissue samples has also demonstrated the importance of differing mechanisms of virus cell‐to‐cell spread within lymphoid, epithelial and neural tissues in the dissemination of MV during acute and long‐term persistent infections. Given the incentive to eradicate MV globally, and the inevitable question as to whether or not vaccination should cease in light of the existence of closely related morbilliviruses, a thorough understanding of measles pathological lesions is essential. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down‐regulation of LPA receptor 5 contributes to aberrant LPA signalling in EBV‐associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yap Lee Fah , Velapasamy Sharmila , Lee Hui Min , Thavaraj Selvam , Rajadurai Pathmanathan , Wei Wenbin , Vrzalikova Katerina , Ibrahim Maha Hafez , Khoo Alan Soo‐Beng , Tsao Sai Wah , Paterson Ian C , Taylor Graham S , Dawson Christopher W , Murray Paul G
Published: October 2014

Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly metastatic disease that is consistently associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. In this study, we have investigated the contribution of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling to the pathogenesis of NPC. Here we demonstrate two distinct functional roles for LPA in NPC. First, we show that LPA enhances the migration of NPC cells and second, that it can inhibit the activity of EBV‐specific cytotoxic T cells. Focusing on the first of these phenotypes, we show that one of the LPA receptors, LPA receptor 5 (LPAR5), is down‐regulated in primary NPC tissues and that this down‐regulation promotes the LPA‐induced migration of NPC cell lines. Furthermore, we found that EBV infection or ectopic expression of the EBV‐encoded LMP2A was sufficient to down‐regulate LPAR5 in NPC cell lines. Our data point to a central role for EBV in mediating the oncogenic effects of LPA in NPC and identify LPA signalling as a potential therapeutic target in this disease. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of pore size and pore uniformity in films based on self‐assembling block copolymers
Authors: Vriezekolk Erik J. , de Weerd Eddy , de Vos Wiebe M. , Nijmeijer Kitty
Published: October 2014

Blends of self‐assembling polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) diblock‐copolymers and poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) homopolymers were used to fabricate isoporous and nanoporous films. Block copolymers (BCP) self‐assembled into a structure where the minority component forms very uniform cylinders, while homopolymers, resided in the core of the cylinders. Selective removal of the homopolymers by ethanol immersion led to the formation of well‐ordered pores. In films without added homopolymer, just immersion in ethanol and subsequent swelling of the P4VP blocks was found to be sufficient to create pores. Pore sizes were tuned between 10 and 50 nm by simply varying the homopolymer content and the molecular weight of the block‐copolymer. Uniformity was lost when the average pore size exceeded 30 nm because of macrophase separation. However, preparation of films from lowMWdiblock copolymers showed that it is possible to have excellent pore size control and a high porosity, while retaining a low pore size distribution. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2014,52, 1568–1579
Interplay between solid state microstructure and photophysics for poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) within oriented polyethylene hosts
Authors: Perevedentsev Aleksandr , Aksel Seda , Feldman Kirill , Smith Paul , Stavrinou Paul N. , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: October 2014

We present a study of isotropic and uniaxially oriented binary blend films comprising ≤1 wt % of the conjugated polymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO) dispersed in both ultra‐high molecular weight (UHMW) and linear‐low‐density (LLD) polyethylene (PE). Polarized absorption, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction are used to characterize the samples before and after tensile deformation. Results show that blend films can be prepared with PFO chains adopting a combination of several distinct molecular conformations, namely glassy, crystalline, and the so‐called β‐phase, which directly influences the resulting optical properties. Both PFO concentration and drawing temperature strongly affect the alignment of PFO chains during the tensile drawing of the blend films. In both PE hosts, crystallization of PFO takes place during drawing; the resulting ordered chains show optimal optical anisotropy. Our results clarify the PFO microstructure in oriented blends with PE and the processing conditions required for achieving the maximal optical anisotropy. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 22–38
Assessment and recommended treatment options for acne
Authors: Cuddy Laura , Coulson Ian
Published: October 2014

Acne can have a significant social and psychological impact, and early and appropriate treatment is key to reducing the risk of permanent scarring. Our Drug review provides a brief overview of clinical assessment and discusses the available treatment options, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of the prescription data.
The community Macmillan pharmacist project
Authors: Mellor Katy
Published: October 2014

Katy Mellor describes her role as a Macmillan clinical pharmacist within a community end‐of‐life team in Hull that provides palliative care to patients with complex needs.
Maker‐breaker games on random geometric graphs
Authors: Beveridge Andrew , Dudek Andrzej , Frieze Alan , Müller Tobias , Stojaković Miloš
Published: October 2014

In a Maker‐Breaker game on a graph G, Breaker and Maker alternately claim edges of G. Maker wins if, after all edges have been claimed, the graph induced by his edges has some desired property. We consider four Maker‐Breaker games played on random geometric graphs. For each of our four games we show that if we add edges between n points chosen uniformly at random in the unit square by order of increasing edge‐length then, with probability tending to one as n →∞, the graph becomes Maker‐win the very moment it satisfies a simple necessary condition. In particular, with high probability, Maker wins the connectivity game as soon as the minimum degree is at least two; Maker wins the Hamilton cycle game as soon as the minimum degree is at least four; Maker wins the perfect matching game as soon as the minimum degree is at least two and every edge has at least three neighbouring vertices; and Maker wins the H‐game as soon as there is a subgraph from a finite list of “minimal graphs.” These results also allow us to give precise expressions for the limiting probability that G(n, r) is Maker‐win in each case, where G(n, r) is the graph on n points chosen uniformly at random on the unit square with an edge between two points if and only if their distance is at most r. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 45, 553–607, 2014
Synthesis and Properties of Ethyl, Propyl, and Butyl Hexa‐alkyldisilanes and Tetrakis(tri‐alkylsilyl)silanes
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed A. K. , Wragg David S. , Nilsen Ola , Fjellvåg Helmer
Published: October 2014

The preparation of (R3Si)4Si (R = ethyl, n‐propyl, iso‐propyl, n‐butyl, and iso‐butyl) was attempted using the procedure reported for [(CH3)3Si)]4Si.1 The type of alkyl group affected the resulting materials significantly. For R = ethyl, [(C2H5)3Si]2 [hexaethyldisilane (1)] was obtained phase pure if careful fractional distillation (under vacuum) was used, otherwise a mixture of 1, [(C2H5)2Si]4 (octaethyltetra‐cyclo‐silane), and other unidentified product(s) was obtained. For R = n‐propyl a mixture of [(CH3CH2CH)3Si]2 (hexa‐n‐propyldisilane), [(CH3CH2CH2)2Si]4, (octa‐n‐propyltetra‐cyclo‐silane), [(CH3CH2CH2)3Si]4Si {tetrakis(tri‐n‐propylsilyl)silane} (2)], and other unidentified product(s) was obtained. From this mixture only 2, a new and previously unreported compound, was purified. 2 is the second compound of this type to be reported and is characterized by mass spectrometry (MS), elemental analysis (EA), and thermogravimetry (TG). The crystal structure of 2 is also reported [space group R$\bar{3}$ (no.148), a = 17.9249(10) Å, c = 12.2752(7) Å, at 100 K]. For R = iso‐propyl pure [{(CH3)2CH2}3Si]2 [hexa‐iso‐propyldisilane (3)] was obtained in a good yield. For R = n‐butyl or iso‐butyl no phase pure compounds were synthesized. The pure compounds prepared have potential as precursors for the currently problematic atomic layer deposition of silicon, as demonstrated by their complete sublimation under thermal analysis. The sublimation temperature is dependent on the size of the molecule.
Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry
Authors: Ferrie Gina M. , Alford Vance C. , Atkinson Jim , Baitchman Eric , Barber Diane , Blaner William S. , Crawshaw Graham , Daneault Andy , Dierenfeld Ellen , Finke Mark , Fleming Greg , Gagliardo Ron , Hoffman Eric A. , Karasov William , Klasing Kirk , Koutsos Elizabeth , Lankton Julia , Lavin Shana R. , Lentini Andrew , Livingston Shannon , Lock Brad , Mason Tom , McComb Alejandra , Morris Cheryl , Pessier Allan P. , Olea‐Popelka Francisco , Probst Tom , Rodriguez Carlos , Schad Kristine , Semmen Kent , Sincage Jamie , Stamper M. Andrew , Steinmetz Jason , Sullivan Kathleen , Terrell Scott , Wertan Nina , Wheaton Catharine J. , Wilson Brad , Valdes Eduardo V.
Published: October 2014

Amphibian biology is intricate, and there are many inter‐related factors that need to be understood before establishing successful Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs). Nutritional needs of amphibians are highly integrated with disease and their husbandry needs, and the diversity of developmental stages, natural habitats, and feeding strategies result in many different recommendations for proper care and feeding. This review identifies several areas where there is substantial room for improvement in maintaining healthy ex situ amphibian populations specifically in the areas of obtaining and utilizing natural history data for both amphibians and their dietary items, achieving more appropriate environmental parameters, understanding stress and hormone production, and promoting better physical and population health. Using a scientific or research framework to answer questions about disease, nutrition, husbandry, genetics, and endocrinology of ex situ amphibians will improve specialists' understanding of the needs of these species. In general, there is a lack of baseline data and comparative information for most basic aspects of amphibian biology as well as standardized laboratory approaches. Instituting a formalized research approach in multiple scientific disciplines will be beneficial not only to the management of current ex situ populations, but also in moving forward with future conservation and reintroduction projects. This overview of gaps in knowledge concerning ex situ amphibian care should serve as a foundation for much needed future research in these areas. Zoo Biol. 33:485–501, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Oxidative Stability of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Rich Soy Oil Obtained by Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Lele Saurabh Ravindra , Proctor Andrew , Ruan Chuan Min
Published: October 2014

A CLA rich‐soy oil (CLARSO) has been produced by heterogenous catalysis. This oil may provide significant health benefits. The objectives of this study were: to determine the oxidative stability of the CLARSO and CLARSO after adsorption treatment [1], relative to conventional soy oil, in terms of primary and secondary oxidation products and to determine CLA and other unsaturated fatty acids oxidation kinetics in the CLARSO [2]. Primary and secondary oxidation products were measured in CLARSO and soy oil samples kept at 50 °C in the dark. The CLARSO was less stable than soy oil but bleaching improved its oxidative stability. The induction times were dependent on the analytical method used. Fatty acid oxidation kinetics was determined by measuring each fatty acid and hydroperoxides in CLARSO at 52, 61 and 69 °C in the dark. Unsaturated fatty acids oxidation rate constants, activation energies and frequency factors were obtained by the Arrhenius equation. Kinetics studies showed that CLA isomers had higher rate constants, higher activation energies and higher frequency factors than linoleic acid which showed that the CLA isomers had more molecular collisions with oxygen than linoleic acid.
Desulfurization of Tall Oil Rosin
Authors: Evdokimov Andrey N. , Kurzin Alexander V. , Popova Larisa M. , Trifonova Alena D. , Vikhman Tamara M.
Published: October 2014

Tall oil rosin has limited application due to the presence of sulfur compounds. By treatments with acetic acid and 2‐ethoxyethanol the total sulfur content of tall oil rosin was reduced from 630 to 48 ppm.
The Questionable Economics of Development Assistance in Africa: Hot-Fresh Evidence, 1996–2010
Authors: Asongu Simplice A.
Published: October 2014

This paper assesses the aid-development nexus in 52 African countries using updated data (1996–2010) and a new indicator of human development (adjusted for inequality). The effects of Total Net Official Development Assistance (NODA), NODA from the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and NODA from Multilateral donors on economic prosperity (at national and per capita levels) are also examined. The findings broadly indicate that development assistance is detrimental to GDP growth, GDP per capita growth and inequality adjusted human development. The magnitude of negativity (which is consistent across specifications and development dynamics) is highest for NODA from Multilateral donors, followed by NODA from DAC countries. Given concerns on the achievement of the MDGs, the relevance of these results point to the deficiency of foreign aid as a sustainable cure to poverty in Africa. Though the stated intents or purposes of aid are socio-economic, the actual impact from the findings negates this. It is a momentous epoque to solve the second tragedy of foreign aid; it is high time economists and policy makers start rethinking the models and theories on which foreign aid is based. In the meantime, it is up to people who care about the poor to hold aid agencies accountable for piecemeal results. Policy implications and caveats are discussed.
How a romantic relationship can protect same‐sex attracted youth and young adults from the impact of expected rejection
Authors: Baams Laura , Bos Henny M.W. , Jonas Kai J.
Published: October 2014

Same‐sex attracted youth's well‐being is jeopardized by components of minority stress, but this stress can be buffered by social support. What is unknown is whether a romantic relationship can also serve as a buffer. With an online survey we examined the link between components of minority stress, psychological well‐being, and its moderated relation by romantic relationship status among 309 Dutch same‐sex attracted youth (16–24 years old, 52.9% female). The results showed that minority stress components (internalized homophobia, expected rejection, and meta‐stereotyping) were negatively related to psychological well‐being. Moderation analyses revealed that only the impact of “expected rejection” on psychological well‐being was buffered for those involved in a romantic relationship. This shows the particular functional link of romantic support in rejection contexts.
So Many Things to Do! How Multitasking Affects Memory and Attitude for Product and Brand Placements
Authors: Gunawardena Thuthi , Waiguny Martin K.J.
Published: October 2014

The majority of current product placement research is predicated on a cinema setting and assumes a rather captive audience. Little is known, about the effect of audience multitasking on product placements. As multitasking activity is most prevalent in the home, an understanding of this activity is critical to developing product placement techniques. This initial study investigates the effects of multitasking on both subtle and prominent product placements. The results indicate that less familiar, prominently placed brands suffer from significantly less recall and valuation within multitasking situations. Product placement within a multitasking situation serves to devalue the placed brand, as the placement is perceived as a distraction from other tasks being performed.
Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights: Ethical Insights for Marketers
Authors: Kennedy Ann-Marie , Laczniak Gene R.
Published: October 2014

Present copyright laws do not protect Indigenous intellectual property (IIP) sufficiently. Indigenous cultural artefacts, myths, designs and songs (among other aspects) are often free to be exploited by marketers for business’ gain. Use of IIP by marketers is legal as intellectual property protection is based on the lifetime of the person who has put the IP in tangible form. However, Indigenous groups often view ownership in a very different light, seeing aspects of their culture as being owned by the group in perpetuity. Misuse of their cultural heritage by marketers in products often denies the Indigenous group a monetary benefit from their use and is frequently disrespectful. This article discusses ethical insights that might shed moral weight on this issue.
Efficacy of lurasidone across five symptom dimensions of schizophrenia: Pooled analysis of short-term, placebo-controlled studies
Authors: Loebel A. , Cucchiaro J. , Silva R. , Mao Y. , Xu J. , Pikalov A. , Marder S.R.
Published: October 2014

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of lurasidone for schizophrenia using an established five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Methods:

Patient-level data were pooled from five randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week studies of lurasidone (fixed doses, 40–160 mg/d) for patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. Changes in five established PANSS factors were assessed using mixed-model repeated measures analysis.

Results:

Compared with placebo (n = 496), lurasidone (n = 1029, dose groups pooled) significantly improved the PANSS total score at Week 6 (−22.6 vs. −12.8; P < 0.001; effect size, 0.45), as well as all factor scores (P < 0.001 for each): positive symptoms (−8.4 vs. −6.0; effect size, 0.43), negative symptoms (−5.2 vs. −3.3; effect size, 0.33), disorganized thought (−4.9 vs. −2.8; effect size, 0.42), hostility/excitement (−2.7 vs. −1.6; effect size, 0.31), and depression/anxiety (−3.2 vs. −2.3; effect size, 0.31). Separation from placebo occurred at Week 1 for the positive symptoms, disorganized thought, and hostility/excitement factors and at Week 2 for the other factors.

Conclusions:

In this pooled analysis of short-term studies in patients with acute schizophrenia, lurasidone demonstrated significant improvement for each of the five PANSS factor scores, indicating effectiveness across the spectrum of schizophrenia symptoms.
Childhood abuse in the etiological continuum underlying psychosis from first-episode psychosis to psychotic experiences
Authors: Alemany S. , Ayesa-Arriola R. , Arias B. , Fatjó-Vilas M. , Ibáñez M.I. , Ortet G. , Crespo-Facorro B. , Fañanás L.
Published: October 2014

Goal:

The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of child abuse across the continuum of psychosis.

Patients and methods:

The sample consisted of 198 individuals divided in three groups: (1) 48 FEP patients, (2) 77 individuals scoring high in Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), classified as “High CAPE” group and (3) 73 individuals scoring low, classified as “Low CAPE” group. Childhood abuse was assessed using self-report instruments. Chi2 tests and logistic regression models controlling by sex, age and cannabis were used to perform three comparisons: (i) FEP vs. Low CAPE; (ii) FEP vs. High CAPE and (iii) High CAPE vs. Low CAPE.

Results:

The frequency of individuals exposed to childhood abuse for FEP, High CAPE and Low CAPE groups were 52.1%, 41.6% and 11%, respectively. FEP and High CAPE group presented significantly higher rates of childhood abuse compared to Low CAPE group, however, no significant differences were found between FEP and High CAPE groups regarding the frequency of childhood abuse.

Conclusion:

There is an increasing frequency of childhood abuse from low subclinical psychosis to FEP patients. However, childhood abuse is equally common in FEP and at risk individuals.
Association Study of the HTR2C, Leptin and Adiponectin Genes and Serum Marker Analyses in Clozapine Treated Long-Term Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Klemettilä J.-P. , Kampman O. , Seppälä N. , Viikki M. , Hämäläinen M. , Moilanen E. , Mononen N. , Lehtimäki T. , Leinonen E.
Published: October 2014

Clozapine treatment is associated with weight gain and cardio-metabolic consequences among patients with schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of leptin, serotonin receptor HTR2 C and adiponectin genes have been associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic comorbidity. However, the results of the studies so far are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was first to test for a possible role of serum leptin and adiponectin levels as a marker of weight gain in association with inflammatory cytokines/adipokines (IL-6, IL-1Ra, hs-CRP and adipsin), and second to study associations between SNPs LEP rs7799039 (-2548 A/G), ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2 C rs1414334 and weight gain and levels of leptin and adiponectin, in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment, with retrospectively assessed weight change and cross-sectionally measured cytokine levels. A strong association was found between serum levels of leptin and weight gain and cytokines/adipokines related to metabolic comorbidity, especially among female patients (in women leptin vs. weight gain, IL-6 and IL-1Ra,P< 0.001; in men leptin vs. weight gain,P= 0.026, leptin vs. IL-1Ra,P< 0.001). In male patients low adiponectin level was a more specific marker of clozapine-induced weight gain (P= 0.037). The results of the present study do not support a major role of SNPs LEP rs7799039, ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2 C rs1414334 in the regulation of weight gain or association of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and corresponding studied SNPs in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.
The expression of p21 is upregulated by forkhead box A1/2 in p53‐null H1299 cells
Authors: An Joo-Hee , Jang Sang-Min , Kim Jung-Woong , Kim Chul-Hong , Song Peter I. , Choi Kyung-Hee
Published: October 2014

The expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 is increased in response to various stimuli and stress signals through p53‐dependent and independent pathways. We demonstrate in this study that forkhead box A1/2 (FOXA1/2) is a crucial transcription factor in the activation of p21 transcription via direct binding to the p21 promoter in p53‐null H1299 lung carcinoma cells. In addition, histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA)‐mediated upregulation of p21 expression was repressed by knockdown of FOXA1/2 in H1299 cells. Consequently, these results suggest that FOXA1/2 is required for p53‐independent p21 expression.
MicroRNA‐874 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer by targeting CDK9
Authors: Wang Ling , Gao Wen , Hu Fan , Xu Zhiyang , Wang Fuqiang
Published: October 2014

It has been demonstrated that miR‐874 plays important roles in many types of cancers. Nevertheless, its biological function in breast cancer remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that the expression level of miR‐874 is down‐regulated in breast cancer in comparison with the adjacent normal tissues. The overexpression of miR‐874 is able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Using a bioinformatics method, we further show that CDK9 is a direct target of miR‐874 and that its protein level is negatively regulated by miR‐874. Therefore, the data reported in this manuscript demonstrate that miR‐874 is an important regulator in breast cancer and imply that the miR‐874/CDK9 axis has potential as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Characterization of the shrimp neuroparsin (MeNPLP): RNAi silencing resulted in inhibition of vitellogenesis
Authors: Yang Shi Ping , He Jian-Guo , Sun Cheng Bo , Chan Siuming Francis
Published: October 2014

The full‐length Metapenaeus ensis neuroparsin (MeNPLP) cDNA was cloned which encodes a shrimp protein homologous to the insect neuroparsin and vertebrate insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP). MeNPLP cDNA is 1389 bp in length and the longest open reading frame is 303 bp in length. The first 27 aa are predicted to be the signal peptide and aa 28–101 is the mature peptide with an estimated molecular weight of 7.83 kDa and pI of 5. It shows high amino acid sequence similarity (42–68%) to the neuroparsin of insects and N‐terminal end of the IGFBP of vertebrates. The cysteine residues in MeNPLP responsible for disulfide bond formation are conserved as in other neuroparsin‐like proteins. The expression level of MeNPLP is the highest in the hepatopancreas, followed by the nerve cord, brain, heart, ovary, and muscle. However, it was not expressed in the testis. Using an insect neuroparsin antibody, MeNPLP could only be detected in the hepatopancreatic tubules, suggesting that MeNPLP may be a secretary product. Although MeNPLP expression was stimulated in the ovary, it was inhibited in the hepatopancreas after treatment with neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT). In vivo gene silencing of MeNPLP could cause a significant decrease of vitellogenin transcript level in the hepatopancreas and ovary. As a result, a corresponding decrease in vitellogenin protein level was observed in the hemolymph and ovary. In conclusion, this study has provided the first evidence that MeNPLP is involved in the initial stage of ovary maturation in shrimp.
Erfahrungen aus dem Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst
Authors: Teichert Ute
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Dienst an der Öffentlichen Gesundheit wird tagtäglich von den Gesundheitsämtern vor Ort geleistet und trägt damit zur gesundheitlichen Versorgung der Bevölkerung bei. In der Regel steht der Öffentliche Gesundheitsdienst aber im Schatten der ambulanten Versorgung. Er rückt immer dann in den Fokus der Medien, wenn die Öffentlichkeit mit den Gefahren und Herausforderungen von Pandemien konfrontiert wird oder zur Vermeidung von Hygienemängeln in Arztpraxen, Kliniken und Heimen die Forderung nach verstärkten Kontrollen durch die Gesundheitsämter erhoben werden. Nachwuchsmangel und fehlende Nachbesetzung von offenen Stellen sind die aktuellen Herausforderungen, mit denen sich die Gesundheitsämter heute vor Ort konfrontiert sehen. Erst wenn diese Probleme beseitigt werden, kann eine flächendeckende gesundheitliche Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit einem leistungsfähigen öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst auch für morgen gesichert werden.
Lenzgesund – quartiersbezogene Gesundheitsförderung durch den kommunalen ÖGD
Authors: Trojan Alf , Lorentz Christian
Published: October 2014

Einleitung

Langfristige Kooperationen zwischen Gesundheitsämtern, Einrichtungen der Praxis und Forschungseinrichtungen sind immer noch recht selten. In mehr als 10jähriger gemeinsamer Arbeit hat das Gesundheitsamt des Hamburger Bezirks Eimsbüttel mit zahlreichen Kooperationspartnern und dem Institut für Medizin-Soziologie in der Lenzsiedlung, einem multi-kulturellen Quartier (3.000 Einw.) mit besonderem Unterstützungsbedarf, umfangreiche Maßnahmen quartiersbezogener Gesundheitsförderung durchgeführt und teilweise nachhaltig etabliert.
Characterization of Medical Care at the 161-km Western States Endurance Run
Authors: McGowan Vanessa , Hoffman Martin D.
Published: October 2014

Objective

To examine the medical care at a highly competitive 161-km mountain ultramarathon.

Methods

Encounter forms from the 2010 through 2013 Western States Endurance Run were analyzed for trends in consultation and use of intravenous fluids.

Results

A total of 63 consultations (8.2% of starters) were documented in 2012 and 2013, of which 10% involved noncompetitors. Most (77%) of the consultations with competitors occurred on the course rather than at the finish line, and were generally during the middle third of the race. Of the on-course consultations, the runner was able to continue the race 55% of the time, and 75% of those who continued after consultation ultimately finished the race. Relative number of consultations did not differ among competitors within 10-year age groups ( P = .7) or between men and women ( P = .2). Overall, consultations for medical issues were predominant, and nausea and vomiting accounted for the single highest reason for consultation (24%). Although there was an overall decrease in finish line consultations and intravenous fluid use from 2010 through 2013 ( P < .0001 for both) that was independent of maximum ambient temperature ( P = .3 and P = .4), the proportion of those being treated with intravenous fluids relative to those receiving consultation at the finish line was directly related to maximum ambient temperature ( r = .93, P = .037). Both 2012 and 2013 had a single medical emergency that required emergency evacuation.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates that the medical needs in a 161-km ultramarathon are mostly for minor issues. However, occasional serious issues arise that warrant a well-organized medical system.
Ethno-regionalist Parties in Regional Government: Multilevel Coalitional Strategies in Italy and Spain
Authors: Tronconi Filippo
Published: October 2014

In the last few decades, ethno-regionalist parties have become leading players in many regional political systems across Europe. This increased representation has opened up new strategic opportunities for these parties, and in particular it has offered them the chance to participate in regional government. Based on a newly compiled data set of 282 governmental formations in Italian and Spanish regions during the period 1945–2011, this study develops and tests several hypotheses regarding the governmental participation of ethno-regionalist parties at regional level. These have been partly drawn from similar studies of ‘outsider’ party families, such as the Green parties or the radical right. A specific focus is then placed on multilevel dynamics, based on the idea that there is a relationship between party strategies at regional and state levels, and in particular on the perception that parties are willing to adopt compatible alliance strategies at the two levels (vertical congruence), at least under certain conditions. Both types of hypothesis (single-level and multilevel) are shown to be plausible when empirically tested on the cases of Italy and Spain. Special attention is given to the conditions under which vertical congruence is used by ethno-regionalist parties as an effective way of minimizing the risks associated with inclusion in governmental coalitions at regional level.
Vulnerable Populations: Hurricane Katrina as a Case Study
Authors: Zoraster Richard M.
Published: October 2014

Mitigating disaster impact requires identifying risk factors. The increased vulnerability of the physically fragile is easily understood. Less obvious are the socio-economic risk factors, especially within relatively affluent societies. Hurricane Katrina demonstrated many of these risks within the United States.These factors include poverty, home ownership, poor English language proficiency, ethnic minorities, immigrant status, and high-density housing. These risk factors must be considered when planning for disaster preparation, mitigation, and response.
A novel ionic liquid-based monolithic column and its application in the efficient separation of proteins and small molecules by high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Qin Junxiao , Bai Ligai , Wang Jiafei , Ma Yamin , Liu Haiyan , He Shuai , Li Tengteng , An Ying
Published: October 2014

Ionic liquid was used to prepare a monolith. The resulting porous monolith had a high specific surface area and was used as the stationary phase for HPLC, showing excellent performance to separate small molecules and protein.
Magnetic resonance and optical imaging probes for NMDA receptors on the cell surface of neurons: synthesis and evaluation in cellulo
Authors: Sim Neil , Pal Robert , Parker David , Engelmann Joern , Mishra Anurag , Gottschalk Sven
Published: October 2014

A second generation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-targeted MRI contrast agents has been synthesised, based on bicyclic NMDA receptor antagonists and show selective and reversible cell-surface binding.
First total synthesis of ganglioside DSG-A possessing neuritogenic activity
Authors: Wu Yu-Fa , Tsai Yow-Fu , Guo Jhe-Ruei , Yu Cheng-Ping , Yu Hui-Ming , Liao Chun-Chen
Published: October 2014

The first total synthesis of ganglioside DSG-A (1) is achievedviachemoselective glycosylation and a [1 + 1 + 2] synthetic strategy.
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in ZIF-8
Authors: Jing Huan-Ping , Wang Chong-Chen , Zhang Yi-Wen , Wang Peng , Li Ran
Published: October 2014

ZIF-8 was used to perform photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, a typical organic dye.
Parent-to-Parent Support for Parents With Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Henderson Rebecca J. , Johnson Andrew , Moodie Sheila
Published: October 2014

Background

Parent-to-parent support for parents with children who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) is identified as an important component of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs for children with hearing loss.

Purpose

The specific aim of this review was to identify the constructs and components of parent-to-parent support for parents of children who are D/HH.

Research Design

An extensive scoping literature review identified 39 peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2014. Studies were selected and reviewed based on standardized procedures.

Results

Data were identified, extracted, and organized into libraries of thematic and descriptive content. A conceptual framework of parent-to-parent support for parents of children who are D/HH was developed and presented in a comprehensive, bidirectional informational graphic. The constructs and components of the conceptual framework are (a) well-being: parent, family, and child; (b) knowledge: advocacy, system navigation, and education; and (c) empowerment: confidence and competence.

Conclusion

The findings from this scoping review led to the development of a structured conceptual framework of parent-to-parent support for parents of children who are D/HH. The conceptual framework provides an important opportunity to explore and clearly define the vital contribution of parents in EHDI programs.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170177