bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADAPTION-INNOVATION: III. ADAPTION-INNOVATION, ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION, AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F. , Drake Jillian M.
Published: May 2006

Adaptors prefer to solve problems by applying clearly articulated rules or procedures within familiar paradigms, whereas innovators prefer to avoid structure and think“outside the box”(Kirton, 1976). In the present study using the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (Kirton,
1991), adaptors scored significantly higher than innovators in a multiple-choice examination, reflecting the“fit”between the adaptors'cognitive style and the nature of the problems to be solved (i.e., structured, convergent questions). However, despite apparent temperamental
similarities between adaptors and individuals with a high need to achieve (e.g., both groups are conforming and persistent, and prefer moderate levels of risk), the hypothesis that adaptors would have higher levels of achievement motivation than innovators was not supported, possibly due to
shortcomings inherent in Mehta's (1969) Achievement Motivation Inventory and/or difficulties in adapting Mehta's instrument for this research.
IDEAL PARTNER PREFERENCES AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Joshi Anupama
Published: May 2006

Most researchers interested in mate preference have focused on the desires of adult men and women. Few empirical investigations have been conducted on the preferences of adolescent boys and girls, despite the fact that this developmental period represents a time of awakening romantic and sexual interest. The authors asked 46 teenage boys and girls (average age = 15.09 years) to indicate their preferences for various characteristics in an ideal long-term romantic or short-term sexual partner (randomly assigned). Both sexes emphasized attributes related to physical appeal (e.g., attractive physical appearance, sexy appearance) and sexual drive (e.g., sexual passion, high sex drive, sexual responsiveness) when evaluating a casual sexual partner. Conversely, participants focused more upon intellect and other mentally appealing attributes (e.g., intelligence, humor) when considering a romantic partner. No sex differences were found, suggesting that teenage boys and girls share a similar conception of the “perfect” partner.
AGGRESSION IN YOUTH HANDBALL: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GOAL ORIENTATIONS AND INDUCED MOTIVATIONAL CONTEXT
Authors: Rascle Olivier , Coulomb Genevieve
Published: May 2006

This study examined the effects of the interaction between young male handball players'goal orientations (13-15 years of age) and induced motivational context (individual vs. collective performance) on observed aggression. 10 handball games, 5 under each induced motivational context, were videotaped and observed on monitor by means of a grid allowing the distinction between instrumental and hostile aggression. The results indicated (a) significant effects of theInduced motivational contextand theMotivational Profile;and (b) an interaction betweenInduced motivational contextandMotivational Profileon observed instrumental aggression. In a collective performance-induced context, players classified as being strongly both task- and ego-goal oriented displayed more instrumental aggression compared with those classified as having strong task-goal orientation and low ego-goal orientation.
CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN DECISION-MAKING STYLES: A STUDY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN FIVE COUNTRIES
Authors: Yi Jung-Soo , Park Soonae
Published: May 2006

The major goal of this study was to explore cultural differences in decision-making styles of college students from 5 countries: Korea, Japan, China, the United States, and Canada. On the basis of previous scholarly findings, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 837 college students in the 5 countries. Of these, 815 were included in the statistical analysis. 2 hypotheses were established that examine 5 decision-making styles: cooperative, collaborative, avoidant, competitive, and dominant. The results provide only limited support for the hypotheses. Further, some results ran counter to the expectations of cultural variability. The findings of the study imply that culture may not be a stagnant phenomenon, and more variables should be explored to accurately evaluate cultural differences in decision-making styles.
PERSONALITY DOES NOT PREDICT STRESSFUL EVENT OCCURRENCE IN ELDERLY PERSONS
Authors: Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Ormel Johan , Brilman Els I.
Published: May 2006

This study was aimed at investigating the associations between personality characteristics and event occurrence in old age. The sample included 83 individuals (mean age 71.9, SD = 7.1; 55.4% female), randomly selected from the participants of a community survey among elderly
persons. Several personality measures, obtained during the survey, were used to predict the occurrence of stressful life events in later years later. None of the personality characteristics was significantly associated with later event occurrence, neither with respect to the overall number
of negative or positive events, nor with respect to only interpersonal events. The results indicate lack of event production in old age, which may indicate that, compared to younger age groups, elderly persons are less actively involved in shaping their own experiences.
MIGRATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PSYCHOLOGY: LOOKING FOR A LINK
Authors: Sotelo Maria José , Gimeno Luis
Published: May 2006

The authors explore an alternative way of analyzing the relationship between development, migration and psychology. The method is based on the first principal component of national net immigrants'data in the Human Development Index rating domain. Results show that the main sources
of emigrants are countries with moderate development and the main sink countries are ranked from Human Development Index Rating 10 to 30. This could be in part due to a psychological reason: “If one is poor among poor, incentives to migrate might be lower than if one is poor among (relatively)
rich”.
RISK PERCEPTION, STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES IN TWO CATASTROPHE RISK SITUATIONS
Authors: López-Vázquez Esperanza , Marván Maria Luisa
Published: May 2006

This study examined the influence of risk perception on stress reactions and coping strategies in 191 Mexican people who had experienced a catastrophe either natural (SR group) or industrial (IR group), and who are still exposed to the same kind of risks. Results showed that for the
IR group and for people who rank industrial risks as the highest priority, from among a list of risks, the stress levels were higher and coping strategies were passive. There were significant correlations between feelings of insecurity and both stress level and passive coping strategies. The
results demonstrate that risk perception is an important variable influencing both stress and coping responses in a catastrophe risk situation.
INTERNALIZATION OF THE THIN IDEAL, WEIGHT AND BODY IMAGE CONCERNS
Authors: Low Kathryn Graff , Charanasomboon Swita , Brown Claire , Hiltunen Gwen , Long Katherine , Reinhalter Katherine , Jones Hannah
Published: May 2006

Weight and shape concerns in college women are epidemic. Understanding the role of the thin ideal in the development of such concerns is critical for designing prevention programs. This study examines the association between the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire
(SATAQ; Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995), a measure of internalization and awareness of the thin ideal, and eating and body image concerns in college women. Seventy undergraduates completed questionnaires on eating symptomatology, body image and demographics. In general, inernalization,
but not awareness, of the thin ideal was associated with eating and weight concerns. In two-way analysis of body mass and dichotomized SATAQ internalization scores, body mass moderated the effects of internalization, with overweight women high in internalization having the most body image
concerns. Prospectively, SATAQ-internalization scores predicted increasing drive for thinness over the school year in a subsample of women. Future research should explore the moderating effects of weight on outcomes related to internalization of the thin ideal.
MOTIVATIONAL GOAL ORIENTATIONS OF INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED ACHIEVING AND UNDERACHIEVING STUDENTS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Albaili Mohamed A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between intellectually gifted achieving and underachieving secondary school students on certain motivational goal orientations such as effort, task, competition, power, praise, feedback, token, social concern, and social dependency.
A total of 144 selected United Arab Emirates secondary school male students (15-19 years of age) participated in the investigation. Participants were classified into the following two intellectually gifted groups: achieving students (n= 98) and underachieving students (n= 46).
The Inventory of School Motivation was used as a measure of the motivational goal orientations. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated significant differences between the two intellectually gifted groups on Effort, Task, Competition, Feedback, and Social Dependency scales. Further
discriminant analysis revealed that Effort, Task, and Competition were the most discriminating variables that separate the intellectually gifted achieving students from their underachieving peers.
APPLYING THE CONSUMER DECISION MODEL TO ENFORCE MINIMUM AGE TOBACCO PURCHASING LAWS
Authors: Mccall Michael , Eckrich Donald W. , Libby Patricia , Garman Katherine
Published: May 2006

This paper describes how the consumer decision-making model can be applied to store clerks faced with determining which customers should be carded for the purchase of tobacco products. Assuming that this task induces a vigilant (high involvement) decision state, clerks (N=256)
rated four combined shopper-product profiles and assessed the likelihood that the shopper would be asked to provide identification. Results indicated that both age-related facial qualities and the gender of the customer contributed to the decision to request identification. The managerial
implications and utility of the consumer decision model for enhancing compliance with minimum age purchasing laws are considered.
TYPES OF PRESCHOOL EXPERIENCE AND SOCIOMETRIC STATUS IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Erwin Philip G. , Letchford John
Published: May 2006

This study examines how different types of preschool experience may be related to subse- quent sociometric status in the primary school. A sociometric questionnaire was given to 187 primary school children. Those who had previously attended nursery schools or play-groups scored significantly
higher than those who had attended nurseries or remained at home. The results are cautiously interpreted as evidence supporting the importance of pre-school experience for childhood social development but emphasizing that the type of experience may be crucial.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF REWARD ALLOCATION ON FUTURE WORK PARTNER PREFERENCES: AN INDIRECT TEST OF THE SELF-INTEREST VIEW
Authors: Aydin Orhan , Şahīn Denīz N.
Published: May 2006

This study explored the effects of the equality and equity principles of reward allocation on future work partner choices. For this purpose, the member who performed either the best or the worst in a three-person group was asked to rate the degree to which she would prefer to work with
each of the two other group members in the near future; one of the two others offered to divide the earned scores equally while the remaining group member suggested allocating the scores equitably. The results indicated that the participants preferred the person who had made an offer which
was to their advantage. As a future workmate, best performers preferred the one who proposed to allocate proportionately while the worst performers chose the one who offered to distribute evenhandedly.
THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRONTAL AND COMPLEX INSTRUCTION STRATEGIES
Authors: Ben-Ari Rachel , Eliassy Liat
Published: May 2006

Based on the postulates of “achievement goal theory,” the present study compared the effectiveness of two instructional strategies, frontal instruction (FIS) and complex instruction (CIS), in promoting mastery goal orientation and adaptive motivational patterns. Three motivational
variables, namely, the perception of the classroom goal structure, personal goal orientation, and achievement motivation patterns, were assessed by means of three separate questionnaires administered to 267 sixth-grade students from 5 CIS and 5 FIS classes. Overall, the results supported predictions
that the two strategies led to differential effects on each of the three motivational variables, as well as on the relationships between them. The results provide further evidence for contextual effects on achievement motivation.
IMAGINING PARTNER LOSS AND MORTALITY SALIENCE: CONSEQUENCES FOR ROMANTIC-RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION
Authors: Miller Eric D.
Published: May 2006

As hypothesized, imagining the death of one's romantic partner (for those currently involved in a romantic relationship for at least one continuous year) enhanced relationship satisfaction; unexpectedly, imagining one's own death did not markedly affect relationship satisfaction
(Experiment 1). Experiment 2 found that imagining the death of one's partner has an impact similar to imagining a positive experience with one's partner regarding relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, imagining the death of one's romantic partner causes the individual to favorably
change his/her perceptions of certain personality characteristics of the partner. Experiment 3 examined the interactive effects that certain personality traits had on imagining either the death of oneself or of one's romantic partner with respect to self-reported relation-ship satisfaction.
The applied and theoretical implications of this research are extensively discussed.
EFFECT OF COMMITMENT TO A FESTIVAL ON ATTITUDE TOWARD THE IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP
Authors: Kosugi Koji , Kato Junzo , Fujihara Takehiro
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to clarify the process of attitude change for an in-group and an out-group from different towns with regard to their involvement in Japanese traditional festivals. The 71 participants lived near to where the Usuki festival is held. An investigation was
conducted over four months using a survey questionnaire that measured attitudes toward the in-group and the out-group. The factor analysis of these attitude scales yielded four factors that included: attachment to in- and out-group towns and attachment to in- and out-group members. Attachment
to the in-group factor scores were higher than those to the out-group, and only the attitude to in-group members changed over time. It was concluded that the existence of an identity and actual contact produced this result. Finally, the importance of real-world conflict in intergroup research
is demonstrated.
PERSONALITY AND WORK LIFE: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HEARING-IMPAIRED PERSONS AND A NORMAL-HEARING POPULATION
Authors: Backenroth-Ohsako Gunnel A. M. , Wennberg Peter , Klinteberg Britt Af
Published: May 2006

Hearing loss is commonly found amongst the normal population and constitutes a hidden problem in working life. The aim of this study was to compare differences between hearing-impaired persons and a control sample of hearing subjects with regard to their work-life conditions and personality traits. The investigation group consisted of 41 hearing-impaired individuals with a mean age of 49 years. The control sample consisted of 182 subjects with a mean age of 36 years. Overall it was found that subjects in the control sample were more satisfied with their current work situation. However the investigation group reported that they performed well at work and, in comparison to the control sample, they reported a higher level of performance. Furthermore, the personality profiles differed between the two groups. The hearing-impaired sample – illustrated by case studies – showed significantly higher levels of muscular tension and psychastenia after controlling for gender and age. The results suggest the need for increased awareness of how work conditions may be experienced when a hear- ing impairment is present, as well as for future practical intervention programs to assist hear- ing-impaired employees to cope with an increasingly demanding work life.
MODELS OF JUDGMENTS OF BEHAVIOR RESPONSIBILITY IN CHINESE CULTURE FROM AN ATTRIBUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Zhang Aiqing , Guan Peilan , Zhou Fanglian , Lu Qian
Published: May 2006

Participants in this study were 217 employees and managers. Two structural equation models that reflected the relationships among locus, stability, controllability, affect responses, the change of expectancy and judgments of responsibility were set up. EQS (Bentler, 2000) was used to
test the models. The authors found that their models were well supported by the data. In these models, “cognition” (judgment of responsibility) and “affect” (sympathy and anger) had a two-way directional relationship. Not only were causal locus and stability important
attributional dimensions that could contribute to the judgment of responsibility, but also affect response contributed to the judgment of responsibility. Causal attribution (including locus, controllability, stability), affect and expectancy change could serve as the antecedents of judgments
of behavior responsibility. These findings have important significance for our understanding of people's social behavior.
PREDICTORS OF BODY IMAGE DISSATISFACTION IN ADULT MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Green Sharin Palladino , Pritchard Mary E.
Published: May 2006

Disordered eating and body image have been widely studied in college students and children. However, few studies have examined body image dissatisfaction in adulthood. Therefore, this study sought to determine the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in adult men and women. One
hundred and thirty-nine adults were surveyed on body dissatisfaction and possible relating factors. It was found that media influence predicted body dissatisfaction in women and that age, family pressure and self-esteem predicted body image dissatisfaction in both men and women. Because adults'
views about their bodies can have an impact on those of their children, it is important that researchers continue to examine body image dissatisfaction and comparable issues within adult populations.
STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS OF THE SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF AGGRESSION
Authors: Graña Gómez José Luis , Andreu Jose Manuel , Rogers Heather Lynn , Arango Lasprilla Juan Carlos
Published: May 2006

The principal aim of this study was to analyze the structural dimensions of social representation of aggression through the Expressive Representations of Aggression Scale – EXPAGG (Campbell, Muncer, & Coyle, 1992). This scale is used in many studies of aggressive behavior
among youth and in adolescent populations. Moreover, the EXPAGG is one of the self-report techniques most commonly used in the field of aggression research to measure expressive and instrumental attributions. This study uses various statistical procedures to analyze the data from a representative
sample of adolescents in the community of Madrid to conclude that the EXPAGG is a reliable and valid test to measure different attribution styles of aggression in youth and adolescents. In addition, a tridimensional structure of social representation of aggression and a significant effect
of age and gender were found.
YOUNG CHILDREN'S THEORIES OF MIND ABOUT EMPATHIC AND SELFISH MOTIVES
Authors: Ginsburg Harvey J. , Ogletree Shirley M. , Silakowski Tammy D. , Bartels Roger D. , Burk Shannon L. , Turner G. Marc
Published: May 2006

Young children's prosocial behaviors may be motivated by empathy. Forty-one 36–66 month-old children were actively involved with a pipe cleaner figurine play scenario. One figurine appeared distressed at an alarm sound. The other figurines simultaneously terminated the alarm,
expressing either empathic or selfish motives. Twenty-four participants (58.5%) correctly pointed at the empathic and selfish figurines, and correctly restated their motives. Of these, 50% (12) consistently predicted empathic or selfish figurines' motives and actions in
3 other situations. Linear regression analyses indicated children’s theories of mind about others' selfish and empathic motives predicted preferences for snack sharing with the empathic figurine (R2 = .690, p < .001) and empathically helping a friend
in distress (R2 = .702, p < .001).
PERCEIVED PARENTAL FAVORITISM AND SUICIDAL IDEATION IN HONG KONG ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Man Anton F. de , Wong Iris N. , Leung Patrick W. L.
Published: May 2006

Chinese adolescents from Hong Kong (N = 317) participated in a study of the relationship between perceived parental favoritism in terms of affection and control, and suicidal ideation. Correlation analyses showed that adolescents who believed that children in their families were
treated differently in terms of affection and control by their mothers and fathers reported greater suicidal ideation; whether they personally were the favored or nonfavored children made no difference. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified perceived differential maternal affection
as the best predictor of suicidal ideation.
THE IMPACT OF LIFE COACHING ON GOAL ATTAINMENT, METACOGNITION AND MENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Grant Anthony M.
Published: May 2006

Despite its high media profile and growing popularity there have been no empirical investigations of the impact of life coaching on goal attainment, metacognition or mental health. This exploratory study used life coaching as a means of exploring key metacognitive factors involved as
individuals move towards goal attainment. In a within-subjects design, twenty adults completed a life coaching program. Participation in the program was associated with enhanced mental health, quality of life and goal attainment. In terms of metacognition, levels of self-reflection decreased
and levels of insight increased. Life coaching has promise as an effective approach to personal development and goal attainment, and may prove to be a useful platform for a positive psychology and the investigation of the psychological mechanisms involved in purposeful change in normal, nonclinical
populations.
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF CONDOM ATTITUDES AMONG BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Madu Sylvester N. , Peltzer Karl
Published: May 2006

The factor structure of condom attitudes among black South African university students was investigated amongst 1203 undergraduate students – ranging in age from 16 to 45 years – at the University of the North, South Africa, using a 25-item anonymous self-rating questionnaire
constructed by the authors to tap students' opinions and complaints about using con- doms as a preventive measure against HIV/AIDS. Factor analysis reduced the items to five factors with five items each. Each of the factors correlated highly with the total scale and moderately or
poorly with each other. Results indicate that the study is useful as a baseline and for providing information for further investigation into related topics amongst black South African university students.
PRESCRIPTIVE AUTHORITY FOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS: A REVIEW OF THE DEBATE
Authors: Cox David E. , Ellis Jon B.
Published: May 2006

This review of current discourse and research on the granting of prescriptive authority to clinical psychologists indicates that the mental health profession is divided into two distinct perspectives regarding this issue. Both perspectives were examined along with pertinent evidence
as provided in the available discourse and research. These authors concluded that while each perspective offers varying levels of applicability, the empirical evidence supports the efficacy of granting prescriptive authority to clinical psychologists. The client stands to benefit from this
proposal in three ways: improved efficiency of treatment, better possibility of insurance coverage and reduced incidence of overmedication that may be associated with the medical orientation of those currently holding prescriptive authority.
NO PAIN NO GAIN? EXAMINING THE GENERALIZABILITY OF THE EXERCISER STEREOTYPE TO MODERATELY ACTIVE AND EXCESSIVELY ACTIVE TARGETS
Authors: Ginis Kathleen A. Martin , Latimer Amy E. , Jung Mary E.
Published: May 2006

This study examined whether the exerciser stereotype extends to moderately and excessively active individuals, and if the rater's self-described exercise status moderates the effect. Using a 2 (exercise status) x 5 (target type) design, 456 participants read a description of a
typical exerciser, a nonexerciser, an active-living target, an excessive exerciser, or a control target and rated her on 12 personality and 8 physical dimensions. MANOVAs revealed a significant main effect for target type on both personality and physical dimensions (ps < .05). For
most of the personality attributes, the exerciser and active-living target were rated more favorably than were the excessive exerciser, nonexerciser and control. For the physical attributes, the typical exerciser, active-living target and excessive exerciser were rated more highly than were
the nonexerciser and control. The exercise status x target type interaction was significant for only three physical dimensions. Overall, results indicate that the exerciser stereotype exists regardless of the rater's exercise status and can generalize to different levels of physical activity.
MOCK JUROR RATINGS OF GUILT IN CANADA: MODERN RACISM AND ETHNIC HERITAGE
Authors: Pfeifer Jeffrey E. , Ogloff James R. P.
Published: May 2006

This research investigated whether the prejudicial attitudes of mock jurors in Canada produce criminal sanction disparities similar to those reported by research in the United States. In order to investigate this hypothesis, English Canadian participants read a transcript of a sexual assault trial that varied the ethnic background of both the victim and the defendant (i.e., English, French or Native Canadian). Participants were then asked to rate the guilt of the defendant in two ways: (1) on a 7-point bipolar scale in accordance with their personal beliefs (i.e., Subjective Guilt Rating), and (2) on a dichotomous scale (guilty/not guilty) in accor- dance with judicial instructions (i.e., Legal Standard Guilt Rating). Participants were also asked to rate the victim and defendant on a number of personality traits. Results indicate that participants asked to rate the degree of guilt of the defendant according to the Subjective Guilt Rating found him more guilty if he was French, or Native Canadian as opposed to English Canadian. These prejudicial ratings, however, dissipated when participants were asked to rate the guilt of the defendant according to the Legal Standard Guilt Rating that included jury instructions. This apparent paradox in results is discussed in terms of modern racism theory.
PREDOCTORAL PSYCHOLOGY INTERN SELECTION: DOES PROGRAM TYPE MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Gayer Harvey L. , Brown Michael B. , Gridley Betty E. , Treloar James H.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the type of program (school psychology, clinical psychology or counseling psychology) is a factor in the predoctoral psychology internship selection process. Simulated application materials describing a prospective intern, identical in all respects except for the doctoral program type, were randomly sent to 535 directors of Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) internship sites. One-third of the sites each received application materials that indicated that the student's training was in an APA-accredited clinical psychology program, an APA-accred- ited counseling psychology program, or an APA-accredited school psychology program. Internship directors or intern selection committee members from 302 APPIC-listed internship sites responded, resulting in a 58% response rate.There is a pattern of greater acceptance for students from clinical psychology programs, with students from counseling psychology programs accepted somewhat less frequently, and stu- dents from school psychology programs being most often rejected. The results suggest that internship selectors may use a judgment heuristic that clinical psychology students are more suited to internships than are counseling and – especially – school psychology students during initial screening of internship applicants, even though there is no empirical evidence to support the heuristic. Internship selectors are advised to become more aware of potential biases toward students from counseling and school psychology programs.
SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY AND INTERPERSONAL STRESS IN ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Matsushima Rumi , Shiomi Kunio
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence. Three scales, measuring social self-efficacy, interpersonal stress and interpersonal stress coping were administered to 180 high school students. Scores on
social self-efficacy were negatively correlated with those on interpersonal stress and interpersonal stress coping. Furthermore, interpersonal stress scores correlated positively with interpersonal stress coping. A two-factor analysis on the mean scores for factors of interpersonal stress
was conducted to examine social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress coping differences, and the effect of social self-efficacy on the reducing of interpersonal stress.
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS WITHIN ARAB CULTURES: MEETING CHALLENGES IN CROSS-CULTURAL SETTINGS
Authors: Sayed Mohamed A.
Published: May 2006

This article reviews some of the cultural characteristics and conceptualizations that distinguish Arab patients. It is important to note that the termsArabandArabicdo not necessarily indicate a monolithic approach. Conceptually, the termArabicdenotes a common language, geography, history and shared values and characteristics. There are vast differences within different Arab cultures which may converge and diverge to form what is sometimes “lumped together” as Arab culture. The paper also attempts to delineate some of the cultural barriers that may be significant in explaining a set of mechanisms that facilitate or hinder the seeking of psychological help by Arab patients within given psychotherapeutic relationships. Issues of cultural transference and counter transference are briefly discussed. Case studies are given to illustrate how to overcome such difficulties, especially when they pertain to therapeutic encounters between Arab patients and their Western therapists and the ensuing role expectations and role confusions.
TECHNOLOGY AND SELF-REGULATION: THE CASE OF ALARM CLOCK USE
Authors: Crabb Peter B.
Published: May 2006

A study of 417 undergraduate students examined a hypothesized correlation between use of alarm clocks to awaken and self-regulatory skills. As predicted, use of awakening aids (alarm clocks, household members) was negatively correlated with self-regulation measures, while self-awakening
was positively correlated with self-regulation. Also as predicted, alarm clock use had larger negative correlations with self-regulation than did being awakened by a household member. The findings suggest that people with poorer self-regulation skills are more likely to rely on technological
aids to perform daily tasks.
HIV/AIDS EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: TEACHER KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV/AIDS: TEACHER ATTITUDE ABOUT AND CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS EDUCATION
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Promtussananon Supa
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to assess secondary school teachers' comfort in teaching adolescents about sexuality and HIV/AIDS, behavioral control and outcome beliefs about HIV/AIDS education and teacher knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The sample consisted of 54 male (35.6%)
and 96 female (64.4%) secondary school teachers who were mostly life skills teachers, from 150 schools across South Africa. Findings suggest that most secondary school teachers, are knowledgeable about AIDS, feel moderately comfortable teaching students about AIDS-related topics, have
the knowledge and ability to teach about HIV/AIDS, but lack some material and community support. Teacher in-service training was found to have a significant impact on perceived behavioral control of HIV/AIDS education and HIV/AIDS knowledge.
THE BIG FIVE AND SEXUAL ATTITUDES IN SPANISH STUDENTS
Authors: FernáNdez Maria Lameiras , Castro Yolanda RodríGuez
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to check the relationship existing between the Big Five, together with attitudes towards sexuality, in a sample of 255 Spanish university students (196 female, 59 male). A shortened Spanish interpretation of the Big Five (Benet-Martinez & John, 1998) was
used as the basis for measuring personality traits, and a shortened version of the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) by Fisher, Byrne, White & Kelley (1998) was used to measure attitudes to Sexuality. The results obtained give limited support to previous investigations in which the relationship
between the personality trait Neuroticism (N) and attitudes to sexuality is marked. Further, traits such as Openness and Conscientiousness were demonstrated to have significant links with attitudes to sexuality.
YASSIR ARAFAT: BEHAVIORAL AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Kimhi Shaul , Even Shemuel
Published: May 2006

This paper is a behavioral and strategic analysis of Palestinian Chairman, Yassir Arafat. The research is qualitatively compiled, using broad samples of behavior, referring to thoughts, feelings, and actions that have been reported in the media over a long period of time and in different
situations. The method used is based upon data collection, classification into content categories and types of information, and analysis. The behavioral and strategic analysis emerged from 25 content categories, each of them describing patterns of behavior. The categories were divided into
three major sections: (a) distinctive traits that characterize Yassir Arafat today; (b) functional characteristics and leadership style; and (c) strategic analysis.
RISK EVALUATION AND RISKY BEHAVIOR OF HIGH AND LOW SENSATION SEEKERS
Authors: Rosenbloom Tova
Published: May 2006

This study was aimed at achieving a better understanding of the role of the mediation of risk valuation between personality and risk-taking behavior. A sample of 55 females and 20 males completed the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and self-report inventory of risk-taking in one session
and a risk evaluation inventory in another session. The results show a positive correlation between risk taking and sensation seeking and a negative correlation between risk evaluation and sensation seeking. High sensation seekers are found to be higher in risk taking than in risk evaluation
while the low sensation seekers are higher in risk evaluation than in risk taking. The meaning and possible implications of these results to the relationship between risk taking and sensation seeking are discussed.
OCCUPATION, JOB CHARACTERISTICS, AND THE USE OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Snizek William E.
Published: May 2006

This study uses detailed information from the Department of Labor (O'NET 98) concerning the characteristics and content of 1,122 occupations, and combines these data with information on alcohol and drug use collected by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
in their 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Using a merged data set, based on 7,477 full-time workers, weighted logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between eight occupational and job dimensions and workers' current and prior use of alcohol
and drugs. Results show that steady employment or job security has the most pronounced negative effect on alcohol and drug use, while characteristics such as the pace of activity, job independence, and skills utilization to include feelings of accomplishment have little or no effect on employees'
alcohol and drug use. Furthermore, the etiology of cocaine use appears quite different from that of alcohol and other types of drug use: all else being equal, employees' odds of using cocaine, when working in an occupation with greater job variety, decrease by 64 percent. However, employees
in occupations with greater job autonomy are about 4 times more likely to use cocaine than are employees in jobs with less autonomy. These findings suggest that occupational conditions have a discernible influence on alcohol and drug use among employees, albeit in more complex ways than those
suggested by much of the organizational stress and occupational subcultural literature.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL TRUST ON CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF FOOD SAFETY
Authors: Sapp Stephen G. , Bird Sharon R.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the extent to which social trust affects consumers’food safety opinions. Additionally, it examined the determinants of social trust in governmental agencies and advocacy groups responsible for food safety. It also examined relationships between trust and
food safety opinions. The data came from a social survey administered by mail to 289 adults in the Minneapolis/Minnesota metropolitan area. The results show support for a conceptual distinction between food safety worry and concern, which, respectively, reflect emotional and cognitive
consumer risk assessments. Social trust significantly affected worry, but not concern. Environmentalism and social-demographic variables had significant total effects, but not significant direct effects, on trust, worry, and concern.
INSTRUMENTAL AND EXPRESSIVE TRAITS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH BIOLOGICAL SEX
Authors: Bozionelos Nikos , Bozionelos Giorgos
Published: May 2006

The study tested a part of Helgeson's (1994) model and examined the association between instrumental and expressive traits, and their relationship to biological sex in a sample of 242 university students. Women scored higher on expressive traits and marginally lower on instrumental
traits. Unmitigated instrumentality was negatively related to expressiveness, but unmitigated expressiveness was not related to instrumentality. Finally, there was no association between instrumental and expressive traits. The findings imply that the interplay of instrumental and expressive
traits may not be symmetrical, the former having stronger influence on the manifestation of the latter than vice versa.
GRATITUDE AND HAPPINESS: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF GRATITUDE, AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING
Authors: Watkins Philip C. , Woodward Kathrane , Stone Tamara , Kolts Russell L.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of these studies was to develop a valid measure of trait gratitude, and to evaluate the relationship of gratitude to subjective well-being (SWB). Four studies were conducted evaluating the reliability and validity of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT),
a measure of dispositional gratitude. This measure was shown to have good internal consistency and temporal stability. The GRAT was shown to relate positively to various measures of SWB. In two experiments, it was shown that grateful thinking improved mood, and results also supported the predictive
validity of the GRAT. These studies support the theory that gratitude is an affective trait important to SWB.
MOOD CHANGES FOLLOWING MODERN-DANCE CLASSES
Authors: Lane Andrew , Hewston Ruth , Redding Emma , Whyte Gregory P.
Published: May 2006

Full-time dancers typically spend a large proportion of time participating in dance classes. The present study examined mood state changes following two contrasting modern-dance styles on a sample of full-time dancers. Twenty-three dancers completed the Brunel University Mood Scale
(Terry, Lane, Lane, & Keohane, 1999) to assess anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor before and after two different dance classes. One class taught was the Jose Limon technique style, characterized by light flowing movement, and the other class taught was the Martha
Graham technique style, characterized by bound movements. Results showed that participants reported a positive mood profile before and after both dance classes. Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Variance results indicated a significant interaction effect (Pillai's Trace 6,
15 = .32, p < .01), whereby Vigor increased following the Limon class but remained stable after the Graham class. Future research is also needed to investigate mood changes over a sustained period to evaluate more fully mood states responses to the demands of dance classes.
THE ARABIAN FAMILY IN THE LIGHT OF MINUCHIN'S SYSTEMATIC THEORY: AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Authors: Simadi Fayez A. , Fatayer Jawad A. , Athamneh Salah
Published: May 2006

This study set out to analyze Arabian family structure in the light of Minuchin's systematic theory (1974). This theory considers the family as a social system. Based on Minuchin's perspective, researchers have identified three family types for the sake of analysis: Enmeshed,
Disengaged and Clear family. The first two types show negative impacts on their members, while the third one has a positive impact. The study has found that the enmeshed type is dominant in Arab society, a fact that reflects various problems, such as escaping to another reality, hyperactivity,
deviance, school failure and aggression. It was concluded that the first problem was related to the development of norms within the family development. The second problem was double-bind communication, which produces schizophrenic personality among children. The third problem was caused by
the imbalance of power among the members. The fourth problem was marriage stability, in which four categories of marriage were produced. Recommendations and suggestions are offered to enhance the status of the Arabic family.
ARE DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE ILLUSION OF CONTROL?
Authors: Presson Paul K. , Benassi Victor A.
Published: May 2006

This research addressed whether depressive symptoms were positively or negatively associated with the extent to which research participants showed an illusion of control. In Study 1, 85 female college students participated in a psychokinesis (PK) task and completed a magical ideation
scale. Consistent with research reported by Thalbourne and others (e.g., Thalbourne & Delin, 1994), participants who showed higher levels of depressive symptoms also showed higher illusory control scores. In Study 2, 105 participants completed a precognition task and a PK task as well
as a judgment of contingency task used by Alloy and Abramson (1979) to test the so-called “depressive realism” hypothesis. Factor analysis confirmed two factors, one on which the judgments on the Precognition and PK tasks loaded and one on which the judgment on the contingency
task loaded. Results replicated the finding in Study 1 for the paranormal tasks. For the contingency task, consistent with Alloy and Abramson's depressive realism model, participants showing higher levels of depressive symptoms also showed lower illusory control scores. Results are related
to research that documents a relation between various forms of magical thinking and psychopathology.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEEKING PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP:WHAT REALLY COUNTS FOR UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY STUDENTS?
Authors: Al-Darmaki Fatima R.
Published: May 2006

The major focus of this study was to examine attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in relation to some demographic variables, self-esteem, and depression. Three hundred and fifty undergraduate students enrolled at UAE University completed measures of attitudes toward
seeking professional help (ASPPH), self-esteem, and depression. Demographic information was also obtained. Factor analysis of the ASPPH scale revealed three moderately internally consistent factors: 1) Confidence in Professional Help Providers, 2) Stigma Tolerance, and 3) Interpersonal Openness.
Participants who were in senior years and in art-related majors showed more tolerance to stigma and more confidence in psychological help providers. High self-esteem and low depression correlated significantly with confidence in psychological help providers and stigma tolerance. Findings are
discussed in the light of previous studies and the UAE culture.
LINKING CHILDREN'S SOCIAL WORLDS: PERSPECTIVETAKING IN PARENT-CHILD AND PEER CONTEXTS
Authors: Fitzgerald David P. , White Karen J.
Published: May 2006

Parental use of victim-centered discipline (VCD) (Hoffman, 1975) was examined as it related to children's perspective-taking, social behavior, and peer acceptance. Participants were 93 (50 girls, 43 boys) primarily Caucasian (87%) school-age children. Perspective-taking was assessed via Selman's (1979) interpersonal understanding interview. Peers, parents, and teachers assessed social behavior. Nominations and play ratings determined peer acceptance. Results indicated that VCD was positively related to children's perspective-taking. Perspective-taking was negatively related to aggression and positively related to prosocial behavior. Results suggested perspective-taking mediates the previous relationship established between VCD and social behavior. Peer acceptance was negatively related to aggression and positively related to prosocial behavior. Age and socioeconomic status also were related to the pattern of relationships between VCD, perspective-taking, and social behavior.
COMPARISON BETWEEN KUWAITI AND EGYPTIAN TEACHERS IN TYPE A BEHAVIOR AND JOB SATISFACTION: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Al-Mashaan Owied S.
Published: May 2006

This study investigates the differences between males and females on the one hand, and between Egyptian and Kuwaiti teachers on the other. It also aims to examine the correlation between Type A behavior and job satisfaction. The sample consists of 406 teachers (109 females and 279 males;
253 Kuwaiti, 153 Egyptian). Tools used in this study are: Scales of Type Abehavior (Abdel-Khalek & Chukry, 1991), and job satisfaction (Cooper, Sloan, & Williams, 1998). Results reveal that there are no significant differences between males and females in Type A behavior, however there
are significant differences between males and females in job satisfaction, organization structure, and satisfaction of organizational process. Results also reveal a significant difference between Kuwaiti and Egyptian teachers in the research variables. In addition to the above, results indicate
significant positive correlations between Type A behavior and job satisfaction.
ATTITUDES TOWARD FRATERNITY HAZING AMONG FRATERNITY MEMBERS, SORORITY MEMBERS, AND NON-GREEK STUDENTS
Authors: Drout Cheryl E. , Corsoro Christie L.
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to look at differences between Greek and non-Greek college students' perceptions of a hazing incident that had taken place in a fraternity setting. Subjects were 231 students (112 Greeks, 119 independents) at a moderate size state university in the eastern United States with a moderate Greek presence. Subjects read one of four conditions of a hazing scenario involving an overdose of alcohol consumed voluntarily or involuntarily administered by a fraternity president or fraternity brother. Dependent measures included attributions of responsibility as well as causal attributions. Authoritarianism was explored as well. Responsibility attributions and causal attributions varied with the voluntary versus involuntary nature of the overdose and with membership in Greek organizations. Finally, Greek students were found to score higher on authoritarianism than were non-Greek students.