The ‘‘Common Chrysobulls’’ of Cities and the Notion of Property in Late Byzantium
Authors: KYRITSES Demetrios 
Published: November 2014

<p>&Delta;&eta;&mu;ή&tau;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Kappa;&upsilon;&rho;ί&tau;&sigma;&eta;&sigmaf;</p><p>&Tau;&alpha;&nbsp;<span style="font-family: ArialUnicodeMS; font-size: 16px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: ArialUnicodeMS; font-size: 11px" class="Apple-style-span">&lsquo;&lsquo;<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px" class="Apple-style-span">&kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;ά &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;<span style="font-family: ArialUnicodeMS; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: ArialUnicodeMS; font-size: 11px" class="Apple-style-span">&rsquo;&rsquo;<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10px" class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&tau;&omega;&nu; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&nu; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &eta; έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; ύ&sigma;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron; &Beta;&upsilon;&zeta;ά&nu;&tau;&iota;&omicron;</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--StartFragment--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--StartFragment--> <!--StartFragment--><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&Tau;&omicron; ά&rho;&theta;&rho;&omicron; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ό &epsilon;&xi;&epsilon;&tau;ά&zeta;&epsilon;&iota; &tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &delta;&iota;&alpha;&tau;ά&xi;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; &omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;έ&nu;&omega;&nu; &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;&omicron;&beta;&omicron;ύ&lambda;&lambda;&omega;&nu;, &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &epsilon;ί&chi;&alpha;&nu; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&chi;&omega;&rho;ή&sigma;&epsilon;&iota; &omicron;&iota; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&rho;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; ύ&sigma;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&eta;&sigmaf; &Beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;ή&sigmaf; &epsilon;&pi;&omicron;&chi;ή&sigmaf; &sigma;&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;ί&kappa;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;έ&nu;&omega;&nu; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&nu;. &Omicron;&iota; &delta;&iota;&alpha;&tau;ά&xi;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;έ&sigmaf;, &iota;&delta;&iota;&alpha;ί&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&alpha; ό&sigma;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &sigma;&chi;&epsilon;&tau;ί&zeta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha; &alpha;&gamma;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ώ&nu; &epsilon;&kappa;&tau;ά&sigma;&epsilon;&omega;&nu;, &sigma;ώ&zeta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&alpha; &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta; &Mu;&omicron;&nu;&epsilon;&mu;&beta;&alpha;&sigma;ί&alpha;, &tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &Kappa;&rho;ό&epsilon;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &tau;&alpha; &Iota;&omega;ά&nu;&nu;&iota;&nu;&alpha; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &mu;&pi;&omicron;&rho;&omicron;ύ&nu; &epsilon;&nu; &mu;έ&rho;&epsilon;&iota; &nu;&alpha; &alpha;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&upsilon;&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&theta;&omicron;ύ&nu; &mu;&epsilon; &beta;ά&sigma;&eta; ό&sigma;&alpha; &alpha;&nu;&alpha;&phi;έ&rho;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&epsilon; &alpha;&rho;&chi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;&kappa;ά έ&gamma;&gamma;&rho;&alpha;&phi;&alpha; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&alpha; &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &Theta;&epsilon;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;ί&kappa;&eta;&sigmaf;, &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &Beta;έ&rho;&rho;&omicron;&iota;&alpha;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &Rho;&epsilon;&nu;&tau;ί&nu;&alpha;&sigmaf;.</p><p>&Gamma;&nu;&omega;&rho;ί&zeta;&omicron;&upsilon;&mu;&epsilon; ή &mu;&pi;&omicron;&rho;&omicron;ύ&mu;&epsilon; &beta;ά&sigma;&iota;&mu;&alpha; &nu;&alpha; &sigma;&upsilon;&mu;&pi;&epsilon;&rho;ά&nu;&omicron;&upsilon;&mu;&epsilon; ό&tau;&iota; &lsquo;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;ά' &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&lambda;ύ&theta;&eta;&kappa;&alpha;&nu; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &pi;&rho;ώ&tau;&eta; &phi;&omicron;&rho;ά &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &chi;ά&rho;&eta; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;ή&lambda;&theta;&alpha;&nu; &epsilon;&kappa; &nu;έ&omicron;&upsilon; &sigma;&tau;&eta; &beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;ή &kappa;&upsilon;&rho;&iota;&alpha;&rho;&chi;ί&alpha; &mu;&epsilon;&tau;ά &tau;&omicron; 1240. &Kappa;&alpha;&tau;ά &kappa;&alpha;&iota;&rho;&omicron;ύ&sigmaf; &mu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&gamma;&epsilon;&nu;έ&sigma;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&iota; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&rho;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&pi;&iota;&kappa;ύ&rho;&omega;&nu;&alpha;&nu; &tau;&omicron; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&epsilon;&chi;ό&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&omicron; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &mu;&epsilon; &nu;έ&alpha; &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;.</p><p>&Tau;&alpha; &lsquo;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;ά &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;' &pi;&alpha;&rho;&epsilon;ί&chi;&alpha;&nu; &delta;&iota;&alpha;&phi;ό&rho;&omega;&nu; &epsilon;&iota;&delta;ώ&nu; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&nu;ό&mu;&iota;&alpha;. &Omicron;&iota; &delta;&iota;&alpha;&tau;ά&xi;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf;, ό&mu;&omega;&sigmaf;, &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &epsilon;&xi;&epsilon;&tau;ά&zeta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &epsilon;&delta;ώ, &sigma;&chi;&epsilon;&tau;ί&zeta;&omicron;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &epsilon;&iota;&delta;&iota;&kappa;ό&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&alpha; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf;. &Sigma;&tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &sigma;&eta;&mu;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ό&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&pi;&tau;ώ&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf;, &omicron;&iota; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&rho;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&gamma;&gamma;&upsilon;ώ&nu;&tau;&alpha;&iota; ό&tau;&iota; &eta; &alpha;&kappa;ί&nu;&eta;&tau;&eta; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;ί&alpha; &tau;&eta;&nu; &omicron;&pi;&omicron;ί&alpha; &kappa;&alpha;&tau;&epsilon;ί&chi;&alpha;&nu; &omicron;&iota; &lsquo;έ&pi;&omicron;&iota;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;' &tau;&omega;&nu; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&nu; &epsilon;&kappa;&tau;ό&sigmaf; &tau;&omega;&nu; &tau;&epsilon;&iota;&chi;ώ&nu; ή&tau;&alpha;&nu; ";;;&epsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;ύ&theta;&epsilon;&rho;&eta;";;;, &delta;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&delta;ή ό&tau;&iota; &delta;&epsilon;&nu; &beta;&alpha;&rho;&upsilon;&nu;ό&tau;&alpha;&nu; &mu;&epsilon; &kappa;&alpha;&mu;&mu;ί&alpha; &upsilon;&pi;&omicron;&chi;&rho;έ&omega;&sigma;&eta; έ&nu;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;, &epsilon;ί&tau;&epsilon; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ή &sigma;&upsilon;&nu;ί&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&tau;&omicron; &sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &pi;&lambda;&eta;&rho;&omega;&mu;ή &phi;ό&rho;&omicron;&upsilon; &epsilon;ί&tau;&epsilon; &sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&omicron;&chi;ή &upsilon;&pi;&eta;&rho;&epsilon;&sigma;&iota;ώ&nu;, &sigma;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&omega;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ώ&nu; ή ά&lambda;&lambda;&omega;&nu;. &Alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron; &kappa;&alpha;&theta;&epsilon;&sigma;&tau;ώ&sigmaf; &lsquo;&epsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;&upsilon;&theta;&epsilon;&rho;ί&alpha;&sigmaf;' &alpha;&pi;έ&rho;&rho;&epsilon;&epsilon; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &eta; &alpha;&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;ό&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&eta; &delta;&upsilon;&nu;&alpha;&tau;ό&tau;&eta;&tau;&alpha; &mu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&beta;ί&beta;&alpha;&sigma;&eta;&sigmaf; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf;, έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&gamma;&rho;ά&phi;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&omicron;&nu; ό&rho;&omicron; &lsquo;&kappa;&alpha;&tau;ά &lambda;ό&gamma;&omicron;&nu; &gamma;&omicron;&nu;&iota;&kappa;ό&tau;&eta;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;', &mu;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;ό&tau;&iota; &omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ό&sigmaf; &delta;&epsilon;&nu; έ&chi;&epsilon;&iota; &pi;ά&nu;&tau;&omicron;&tau;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; ί&delta;&iota;&alpha; &sigma;&eta;&mu;&alpha;&sigma;ί&alpha; &sigma;&epsilon; ό&lambda;&alpha; &tau;&alpha; έ&gamma;&gamma;&rho;&alpha;&phi;&alpha;.</p><p>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&eta;&rho;&omicron;ύ&mu;&epsilon; ό&tau;&iota; &delta;&epsilon;&nu; &pi;&rho;ό&kappa;&epsilon;&iota;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&pi;&lambda;ή -&kappa;&alpha;&iota; &gamma;&nu;&omega;&sigma;&tau;ή &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&epsilon;&lambda;&theta;ό&nu;- &pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&chi;ώ&rho;&eta;&sigma;&eta; &alpha;&pi;&alpha;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;&gamma;ώ&nu; &omicron;ύ&tau;&epsilon; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&pi;&lambda;ή &alpha;&nu;&alpha;&gamma;&nu;ώ&rho;&iota;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &tau;&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;ώ&nu;, &alpha;&lambda;&lambda;ά &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&nu;&alpha;&gamma;&nu;ώ&rho;&iota;&sigma;&eta; &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron; &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf; ό&tau;&iota; &tau;&alpha; &sigma;&upsilon;&gamma;&kappa;&epsilon;&kappa;&rho;&iota;&mu;έ&nu;&alpha; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;&iota;&alpha;&kappa;ά &sigma;&tau;&omicron;&iota;&chi;&epsilon;ί&alpha; &delta;&epsilon;&nu; έ&chi;&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&chi;&omega;&rho;&eta;&theta;&epsilon;ί &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron; ί&delta;&iota;&omicron; έ&nu;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota; &upsilon;&pi;&omicron;&chi;&rho;&epsilon;ώ&sigma;&epsilon;&omega;&nu;. &Eta; έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&kappa;&lambda;ί&nu;&epsilon;&iota; &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&delta;&omicron;&sigma;&iota;&alpha;&kappa;ό &lsquo;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&kappa;&epsilon;&iota;&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&iota;&kappa;ό' &nu;&omicron;&mu;&iota;&kappa;ό &pi;&lambda;&alpha;ί&sigma;&iota;&omicron; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &epsilon;&nu;&tau;ά&sigma;&sigma;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &pi;&lambda;&alpha;ί&sigma;&iota;&omicron; &mu;&iota;&alpha;&sigmaf; &alpha;&mu;&phi;ί&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&eta;&sigmaf; &sigma;&upsilon;&mu;&beta;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή&sigmaf; &sigma;&chi;έ&sigma;&eta;&sigmaf; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&omicron; &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, ό&pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &eta; &lsquo;&epsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;&upsilon;&theta;&epsilon;&rho;ί&alpha;' &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &tau;&omicron; &alpha;&nu;&tau;ί&theta;&epsilon;&tau;&omicron; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf;, &eta; &lsquo;&delta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&epsilon;ί&alpha;', &beta;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;ί&nu;&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&sigma;ό&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;. &Eta; &theta;&epsilon;&mu;&epsilon;&lambda;&iota;ώ&delta;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &sigma;&eta;&mu;&alpha;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &delta;&upsilon;&nu;&alpha;&tau;ό&tau;&eta;&tau;&alpha; &mu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&beta;ί&beta;&alpha;&sigma;&eta;&sigmaf; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&theta;&omicron;&rho;ί&zeta;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &mu;&epsilon; &beta;ά&sigma;&eta; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;έ&sigmaf; &tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &delta;ύ&omicron; έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&epsilon;&sigmaf;. &Epsilon;&iota;&kappa;ά&zeta;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota; ό&tau;&iota; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ή &eta; &mu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&beta;&omicron;&lambda;ή &alpha;&pi;&eta;&chi;&epsilon;ί &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&theta;ή &kappa;&alpha;&tau;ά&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&sigma;&eta; &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &delta;&eta;&mu;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&rho;&gamma;ή&theta;&eta;&kappa;&epsilon; &sigma;&tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&upsilon;&rho;&omega;&pi;&alpha;ϊ&kappa;έ&sigmaf; &epsilon;&pi;&alpha;&rho;&chi;ί&epsilon;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&tau;ά &tau;&eta; &delta;&iota;ά&rho;&kappa;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &beta;&alpha;&theta;&mu;&iota;&alpha;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &alpha;&nu;ά&kappa;&tau;&eta;&sigma;ή&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;&rho;ί&alpha;, ό&tau;&alpha;&nu; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;ύ&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron; &mu;έ&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &omicron;&iota; &epsilon;ύ&phi;&omicron;&rho;&epsilon;&sigmaf;, &kappa;&alpha;&lambda;&lambda;&iota;&epsilon;&rho;&gamma;ή&sigma;&iota;&mu;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&kappa;&tau;ά&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;ή&lambda;&theta;&alpha;&nu; &sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &kappa;&upsilon;&rho;&iota;ό&tau;&eta;&tau;&alpha; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;, &tau;&omicron; &omicron;&pi;&omicron;ί&omicron; &tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&kappa;&chi;ώ&rho;&eta;&sigma;&epsilon; &sigma;&tau;&eta; &sigma;&upsilon;&nu;έ&chi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;, &upsilon;&pi;ό &delta;&iota;&alpha;&phi;ό&rho;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; ό&rho;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;, &sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;ί&alpha;, &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&rho;&gamma;&omicron;ύ&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &tau;&omicron; &sigma;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&tau;ό.</p><p>&Tau;&alpha; &lsquo;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;ά &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;' &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;&omicron;ύ&sigma;&alpha;&nu; &sigma;&tau;&eta; &delta;&iota;&alpha;&sigma;&phi;ά&lambda;&iota;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&omega;&nu; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;&iota;ώ&nu; &tau;&omega;&nu; &kappa;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;ί&kappa;&omega;&nu; &omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;έ&nu;&omega;&nu; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&nu; &alpha;&pi;ό &epsilon;&nu;&delta;&epsilon;&chi;ό&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &alpha;&pi;&alpha;&iota;&tau;ή&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;. &Delta;&epsilon;&nu; &epsilon;&mu;&pi;ό&delta;&iota;&sigma;&alpha;&nu; ό&mu;&omega;&sigmaf; &tau;&eta; &delta;&iota;&epsilon;ί&sigma;&delta;&upsilon;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;&rho;&iota;&kappa;ή&sigmaf; &alpha;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; ή &tau;&omega;&nu; &mu;&epsilon;&gamma;ά&lambda;&omega;&nu; &mu;&omicron;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&tau;&eta;&rho;&iota;ώ&nu;, &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &mu;έ&sigma;&omega; &alpha;&gamma;&omicron;&rho;ά&sigmaf; ή &delta;&omega;&rho;&epsilon;ώ&nu;, ά&rho;&chi;&iota;&sigma;&alpha;&nu; &nu;&alpha; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;ύ&nu; &tau;&alpha; &kappa;&tau;ή&mu;&alpha;&tau;&alpha; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ά. &Sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &iota;&delta;&iota;&alpha;ί&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&eta; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;ί&pi;&tau;&omega;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;&omicron;ύ &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;&omicron;&beta;&omicron;ύ&lambda;&lambda;&omicron;&upsilon; &tau;&omega;&nu; &Iota;&omega;&alpha;&nu;&nu;ί&nu;&omega;&nu; &omicron;&iota; &omicron;&rho;&gamma;&alpha;&nu;&omega;&mu;έ&nu;&omicron;&iota; &lsquo;&kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&eta;&nu;&omicron;ί' &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&omega;&sigmaf; &epsilon;&pi;&iota;&beta;ά&lambda;&lambda;&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;&omicron;ύ&sigmaf; &mu;&epsilon; &sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&pi;ό &nu;&alpha; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&tau;&epsilon;ύ&sigma;&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &tau;&eta;&nu; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;ί&alpha; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &alpha;&pi;ό έ&xi;&omega;&theta;&epsilon;&nu; &delta;&iota;ά&beta;&rho;&omega;&sigma;&eta;. &Omicron;&iota; &alpha;&nu;&alpha;&phi;&omicron;&rho;έ&sigmaf; &sigma;&tau;&alpha; &lsquo;&kappa;&omicron;&iota;&nu;ά &chi;&rho;&upsilon;&sigma;ό&beta;&omicron;&upsilon;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;' &sigma;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;ύ&nu; &sigma;&tau;&alpha; &mu;έ&sigma;&alpha; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; 14&omicron;&upsilon; &alpha;&iota;., ό&tau;&alpha;&nu; &omicron;&iota; &epsilon;&nu; &lambda;ό&gamma;&omega; &pi;ό&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; &epsilon;ί&tau;&epsilon; &chi;ά&nu;&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&gamma;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή &epsilon;&nu;&delta;&omicron;&chi;ώ&rho;&alpha; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &epsilon;ί&tau;&epsilon; &chi;ά&nu;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &omicron;&iota; ί&delta;&iota;&epsilon;&sigmaf; &omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ά &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&eta;&nu; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;&omicron;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&omicron;&rho;ί&alpha;.</p>