bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Fortune 500 Companies Are Using Electronic Résumé Management Systems
Authors: Baker William H. , DeTienne Kristen , Smart Karl L.
Published: March 2007

Scanning technology is now playing a major role in Human Resource Infor mation Systems (HRIS). As new applications are received, many organiza tions scan the résumés into their databases and subsequently search key words to achieve a match between applicants' qualifications and job requirements. But typographical embellishments on some résumés cause scanning difficul ties. This research article reports the impact of electronic résumé-management systems in Fortune 500 companies and examines the implications of this technology, providing guidelines for producing scanner-friendly résumés.
Advising Graduate Students for Successful International Internships
Authors: Chapel William B.
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of faculty advise graduate students prior to and during internship assignments abroad. To be effective in this important task, the advi sor needs to understand the cultural dimensions of work and of internships in particular. The faculty advisor is pivotal to the success of any internship—par ticularly in international settings—and must understand how an interna tional context affects the selection, training, and monitoring of interns and the evaluation of the internships
Using Communication Audits to Teach Organizational Communication to Students and Employees
Authors: Scott Craig R. , Shaw Sandra Pride , Timmerman C. Erik , Frank Volker , Quinn Laura
Published: March 2007

Communication audits serve well as educational tools for both student auditors and employees of organizations. To use audits, teachers need to gain access to organizations, especially through internal audit departments; negotiate the exchange of essentially free audit findings for a learning experience and research data; and secure commitment from top management, other organizational mem bers, and student auditors. To administer the audit itself, teachers should start with a pilot audit followed by full assessment, conduct a two-phase process of data collection and analysis that includes questionnaires and interviews, and report findings in a timely and effective manner. The promises of the approach outweigh its inevitable perils.
Protein nutritive utilization in rats fed powder and liquid infant formulas / Utilización nutritiva de la proteína en ratas alimentadas con formulas infantiles en polvo y líquidas
Authors: Sarriá B. , López-Fandiño R. , Vaquero M.P.
Published: March 2007

The effect of food processing involved in the manufacture of infant formulas on protein absorption and metabolic utilization was investigated in rats. Powders (P1 and P2), in-bottle-sterilized (SC1) infant formulas and UHT forms (UHT2) from two manufacturers were used. The highest level of furosine was determined in P1. Lactulose was higher in the liquid than in the powder products, especially in SC1, which had the highest lactulose/furosine ratio and the most intense whey protein denaturation evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Five groups of rats were fed during 12 days with a control diet or isocaloric diets containing each of the infant formulas and a standarized diet in the proportion 40:60. The protein content of the diets was 162 g/kg. No differences were observed in intake, growth and food and protein efficiencies due to the type of infant formula consumed. Fecal nitrogen in creased and protein digestibility decreased in the SC1 group compared with the other groups. Bio logical value was lower in P1 than in SC1. However, the nitrogen balance and net protein utilization did not show differences among the four test groups. These results suggest that there are differences among infant formulas, due to the brand and the process, which may affect protein digestibility and metabolic utilization.
Review: Steam distilled spirits from fermented grape pomace Revision: Bebidas destiladas obtenidas de la fermentación del orujo de uva
Authors: Silva M.L. , Macedo A.C. , Malcata F.X.
Published: March 2007

Grape pomace is the solid residue left after juice extraction from grapes, and represents in Mediterra nean countries the most important by-product of the winemaking industry. Steam distillation of fer mented grape pomace will eventually produce a spirit, designated as bagaceira in Portugal, orujo in Spain and grappa in Italy. This paper comprehensively reviews fundamental and applied aspects of the manufacture of these spirits, encompassing their composition as well as metabolic reactions and microbial ecology that determine such composition during fermentation. These spirits adhere to maxi mum levels of methanol (potential toxic compound) and 2-butanol (potential flavor defect) fixed by EC regulations. Available studies pertaining to bagaceira, orujo and grappa have indicated that the final quality of these spirits depends strongly on the quality of the fresh grapes, the storage condi tions, and the distillation equipment and procedure employed.
Review: Mechanical properties of dry cellular solid foods / Revisión: Propiedades mecánicas de alimentos celulares sólidos
Authors: Peleg M.
Published: March 2007

The compressive stress-strain relationships of most cellular materials and solid foams have a char acteristic sigmoid shape that reflects three deformation mechanisms: primarily elastic distortion under small strains; collapse and/or fracture of cell walls; and densification. The exact shape of the relationship is mainly determined by the materials' composition including: moisture contents; the cells and cell wall size and geometry; and whether the cells are open or closed. Upon repeated compression the nature of the relationship may change as a result of irreversible changes in the solid matrix (especially rupture). When the cell wall material is very brittle the force-displacement curve can be extremely irregular and jagged, often concealing its underlying sigmoid shape. Characterization of such brittle products requires methods of jaggedness evaluation and smoothing procedures. These are now readily available and have been successfully applied to extruded puffed foods. Food particulates tested in bulk can show similar compressibility patterns even if they themselves do not have a cellular structure. Although tensile properties of spongy baked foods, like bread crumbs, can be determined experimentally they have not yet been proven useful as indicators of textural quality, primarily as it appears, because of structural non-uniformity.
Simultaneous interaction of pH, CaCl2 addition, temperature and enzyme concentration on milk coagulation properties / Interacción simultánea del pH, CaCl 2 añadido, temperatura y concentración enzimática sobre la coagulación de la leche
Authors: Sbodio O.A. , Tercero E.J. , Coutaz V.R. , Luna J.A. , Martínez E.
Published: March 2007

The simultaneous interaction, of the pH (5.6-6.8), CaCl2 addition (100-300 mg/L milk), tempera ture (30-40 °C) and enzyme concentration (0.02-0.05 rennet units/ml milk) on curd firmness (CF) and clotting time (CT) during milk coagulation were followed. The coagulation was performed in the specially designed vessel which was coupled to a rheometer. Whole milk was coagulated by the addition of two types of enzyme, one of microbial and another of bovine origin. The effect of the four variables on CT and CF was evaluated using the response surface design by Box and Wilson, consisting of 30 combinations of factors on four levels, grouped into three blocks. Surface response analysis lead to a polynomial function that describes CT and CF as a function of pH, temperature, added CaCl2 and enzyme concentration. The simultaneous interaction demonstrated that for curd firmness development the main factors were a decrease in pH and an increase in temperature. The firmness of the gel produced with microbial enzyme depended on temperature; conversely, the pH affected the curd firmness achieved with bovine rennet. Under the test conditions, maximum firm ness values were obtained over a small range of pH and temperature. Experimental tests on firm ness showed a better fit for the microbial model than for the bovine one.
Effect of anti-browning compounds on the quality of minimally processed avocados / Efecto de inhibidores del pardeamiento en la calidad de aguacates mínimamente procesados
Authors: Dorantes-Alvarez L. , Parada-Dorantes L. , Ortiz-Moreno A. , Santiago-Pineda T. , Chiralt-Boix A. , Barbosa-Cánovas G.
Published: March 2007

This work is concerned with the effect of anti-browning compounds (other than sulfites) on the preservation of minimally processed avocados. Ten different anti-browning agents were tested. After 5 days of storage results showed that cystein and tetrasodium pyrophosphate preserved better the original colour than the other agents used. Surface response analysis was used to monitor the effects of different mixtures of tetrasodium pyrophosphate/cystein, water activity, and pH of the immersing solution. It was found that one of the best combinations consisted of treatment with 1% tetrasodium pyrophosphate, 0.2% cystein at a water activity (a w) of 0.80 and pH 5.5. Selected formulations gave acceptable results for colour, flavour and strength of three minimally processed avocado slices samples, after 8 days of storage
Formación de películas biológicas en la industria alimentaria / Biofilms in the food industry
Authors: Elortondo F.J. Pérez , Salmerón J. , Albisu M. , Casas C.
Published: March 2007

Bacterial biofilms on food industry surfaces are potential sources of contamination for food products coming in contact with these surfaces. The development of biofilms in food processing environments may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. This paper describes the formation of micro bial biofilms on food contact surfaces, their characteristics, and strategies for removal of adhered microorganisms (cleaning and disinfection) or for preventing microbial adhesion to surfaces (opti mizing equipment design, altering surface chemistry, treating with antimicrobial agents).
Kinetics of heat-induced browning in concentrated milk with sucrose as affected by pH and temperature / Cinética del pardeamiento inducido por calor en sistemas de leche concentrada con alto contenido de sacarosa. Influencia del pH y de la temperatura
Authors: Pauletti M.S. , Matta E.J. , Rozycki S.
Published: March 2007

A model system constituted by whole dry milk powder, sucrose, and distilled water was used to establish kinetic parameters of the heat-induced browning process (HIBP). Second-order central com posite design was chosen with pH and temperature as selected variables. Color response was the Kubelka-Munk index (K/S) calculated from reflectance colorimetric measures as a function of time using the self-backing reflectance transformation (SBRT) procedure. Results showed that HIBP pseudo- order reactions were variable between 0 and 0.6. Reaction rate coefficient (k) was strongly dependent on pH and temperature. In general, k increased as both pH and temperature increased but the influ ence of temperature was higher than that of pH. Q10 was dependent on temperature, ranging be tween 2.15 at 130-140 °C and 2.44 at 100-110 °C, whatever the pH. k values were analyzed with the Arrhenius expression. Values of Ea, calculated for different pH, were coincident (25.34 kcal/M).
Complementary Health Care Services: A Logical Expansion
Authors: Ondeck Deborah Anne
Published: March 2007

The literature shows that alternative health care is increasingly acceptable to consumers in the western world. Services such as therapeutic massage, acupuncture, yoga, and meditation have helped treat individuals suffering from everything from the common cold to HIV. This article describes some of the more common, complementary alternative medicine services being provided in the United States today. It also provides information for consideration by organizations regarding the appropriateness of expanding their product lines to include complementary health services. Issues to evaluate during the development of such services are suggested for the interested reader.
The Significance of Culture in Caring for Mexican Americans in a Home Health Setting
Authors: Zoucha Rick
Published: March 2007

The patients of nurses and other clinicians represent a variety of distinct cultural backgrounds. Demographic data suggest that the number of Mexican Americans will continue to increase in the United States. Therefore, it will become increasingly important for all health care professionals to learn about the cultural values affecting the health and well-being of these people. Understanding the significance of culture in the treatment of Mexican Americans will enhance the effectiveness of care and improve treatment outcomes. This article describes the significance of culture as an essential concept of nursing and home health care practice.
The role of the home health care nurse in mental health assessment of the elderly
Authors: Brown Harvey
Published: March 2007

With factors such as chronic illness, change in social contacts, and the death of a spouse or close friend, the elderly patient may have a depression that could be overlooked. The symptoms may be thought to be part of the normal aging process. The author's suggestions will be helpful in dealing with the elderly on any level of health care delivery.
Informal caregiving : Its importance in long-term care
Authors: Parker Marcie , Iversen Laura Himes , Longseth Polich Cynthia
Published: March 2007

The article presents a fascinating profile of informal caregivers including their needs and concerns as well as potential solutions to these areas. In presenting their suggested solutions, these authors provide valuable information that home care providers should consider in order to better prepare themselves for that essential patient/caretaker advocacy role they hold.
Understanding the basics of intraspinal infusions
Authors: St Marie Barbara
Published: March 2007

How and why is intraspinal infusion a more effective way to treat intractable pain? In this article, the anatomy of the vertebrae, the path of needle insertion in the spinal canal, the contents of the spinal canal, the dermatome pathways, the autonomic nervous system, and the anatomy of the spinal cord are all reviewed. The article explains how this procedure makes the patient more comfortable, with less medication and fewer side effects, and thus improves the quality of life.
Pediatric home IV nutritional therapy
Authors: Young Rosemary J. , Murray Nancy D.
Published: March 2007

This is the second article in this issue that addresses pediatric IV therapy, which is one of the fastest-growing services in the IV therapy field. Twenty percent of home parenteral care patients are children. As technologic advances are developed, more children will be treated at home. The authors discuss many issues that are pertinent to all IV therapy for children, but they ultimately focus on parenteral nutrition. Discussions of safety issues, caregivers, and developmental concerns, and a venous access chart are all included.
The puzzle of educating the client with a cardiovascular disorder: Making all the pieces fit
Authors: Panchal Joan A. , Kmetz Linda L.
Published: March 2007

The focus of the education process is to enhance and improve the quality of care received by clients with cardiovascular diseases. The authors provide theories and principles of teaching with very practical application for the home health care nurse.
The role of nutrition in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Murray Nancy D. , Young Rosemary J. , Reimers Kristin J.
Published: March 2007

The three authors present a review of the cardiac challenges currently facing home care professionals from a nutritional perspective. As the knowledge regarding pathophysiol ogy, technology, and treatment regimens become more complex so do the nutritional interventions. This article clearly presents such interventions.
Home intravenous insulin therapy to avert a diabetic ketoacidosis crisis
Authors: Moeser Lynn , Lampert Andrea I.
Published: March 2007

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an emergency condition that generally requires diagnosis and treatment in a hospital emergency department. This article presents a case study of an alternate treatment choice for those patients who are knowledgeable of the signs of an impending DKA episode. A case study illustrating multidisciplinary collaboration is pre sented with a sample care plan and flowchart.
Applying a marketing framework to staff recruitment and retention
Authors: Dubuque Susan E. , Neathawk Roger D.
Published: March 2007

The same marketing techniques that many home health care agencies are using to attract patients and cultivate referral sources can be utilized to address the problem of recruiting and retaining nurses and other health care professionals. The model that follows is by no means a magic formula or quick fix. What it does offer is a structured approach to solving staffing shortages through the systematic, comprehensive, and continuing application of marketing principles.
Model approach to hospital-based home health care orientation
Authors: Mangles Lenore
Published: March 2007

This article presents a model approach to orientation that assists in familiarizing nurses and ancillary staff with their new roles, with the home environment including family dynamics, and with practice within the guidelines of the accreditation bodies. The ulti mate goals of the model are to achieve a high standard of patient care and to maintain satisfied home health staff.
A guideline for the nation: Managing urinary incontinence
Authors: Newman Diane Kaschak , McCormick Kathleen , Colling Joyce , Pearson Betty
Published: March 2007

The urinary incontinence (UI) guideline recommends a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of incontinence, one of the most costly, widely underreported and underdiagnosed health problems in the United States today. While nurses are not the only deliverers of care, the guideline places them on the front line in the identification, treatment, and prevention of incontinence.
Issues in Emergency Planning for Nuclear Accidents: The Three Mile Island Context
Authors: Seley John E. , Wolpert Julian
Published: March 2007

An extensive set of emergency plans for the area neighboring the nuclear power station at Three Mile Island (TMI) serves as a backdrop for an analysis of the issues attendant on emergency planning for nuclear accidents. A comprehen sive review of federal, state, local, and utility plans, reports on drills and exer cises, and the experiences of other states combines with field interviews and a survey of resources to describe the context for the TMI area. The paper pro ceeds to analyze the potential for further improvements in existing plans to effect a reduction in hazards posed to communities neighboring the TMI facil ity in particular and nuclear power in general. The overall analysis builds upon an earlier analysis of the problems attendant on the existing emergency-re sponse system. The authors propose remedies for the hazards identified in six distinct but interdependent issues: (1) mainstreaming, (2) readiness and per formance, (3) resources, (4) groupthink, (5) triage, and (6) flexible planning.
Managing product-harm crises
Authors: Siomkos George
Published: March 2007

A new measure of organizational success in dealing with product-harm caused crises is developed. The measure is applied to a hypothetical crisis through the use of scenarios. Important factors during a product-harm crisis are identified and sixteen combinations of those factors' levels are analyzed. Suggestions are then made regarding a troubled organization's appropriate response to the crisis.
The complexity of technological disaster management: technical, sociopolitical and scientific issues
Authors: Denis Hélène
Published: March 2007

Technological disaster management is a complex activity. This paper will at tempt to explain the dynamics of this complexity. A case study on a PCB fire in Saint-Basile-le-Grand, Quebec, Canada, was based on strategical analysis and action theory. Three points emerged from the research. First, there is a new category of issues raised by some technological disasters, apart from the two traditional categories of technical and sociopolitical problems that face disas ter managers; this is the category of scientific issues. Second, the uncertainty in each category of issues, as well as the interdependence of the various categories, increases the complexity of disaster management. Third, the number of partici pants involved (individuals, groups and organizations), their various frames of reference, the lack of coordinating mechanisms, and the relationships be tween these three elements all contribute to the complexity of disaster management.
Community impacts resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Rodin Mari , Downs Michael , Petterson John , Russell John
Published: March 2007

On 24 March 1989, the supertanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef spilling approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska's Prince Wil liam Sound. The environmental damage has been well publicized. Less well known are the disastrous social effects produced both by the spill and by the cleanup efforts that followed it. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the social impact from the oil spill and cleanup through a discussion of three influ encing factors—the environmental damage itself, the influx of extraordinary sums of money, and the operational style of the cleanup entities.
Disruption and stress in an Alaskan fishing community: initial and continuing impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Picou J. Steven , Gill Duane A. , Dyer Christopher L. , Curry Evans W.
Published: March 2007

The study of technological disasters has been characterized by conceptual am biguity and non-ecological considerations of community vulnerability. This re search employs an ecological-symbolic theoretical approach that identifies nat ural resource communities as particularly vulnerable to disasters that contaminate biophysical resources. A longitudinal panel study, including a control community, provides data on disruption and stress experienced by res idents of a small fishing community in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The analysis reveals a continuing pattern of stress and disruptions some 18 months following the spill. The report concludes with a discussion of the specific long- term patterns observed.
Crisis theory/practice: towards a sustainable future
Authors: Shrivastava Paul
Published: March 2007

We are living in a world rife with many types of crises. The most prominent and urgent crises involve the earth's ecology. Environmental crises involving Ozone depletion, global warming, toxic and radioactive wastes, air pollution, industrial accidents etc. are affecting communities around the world.

In this paper, I examine changes in crisis management theory and practice. In the past two decades, much progress has been made in our understanding of industrial and environmental crises. However, our understanding remains highly fragmented and selective. We need to integrate diverse findings and cumulatively build on past knowledge. To do this the concept of "sustainable development" provides a unifying motif. Some research questions that deserve urgent attention are identified.
Recent research in crisis management: a study of 24 authors' publications from 1986 to 1991
Authors: Pauchant Thierry C. , Douville Roseline
Published: March 2007

We describe in this article the content of the research conducted by 24 of the most active researchers in the field of crisis management over a five-year period. Our study indicates that researchers are presently focusing most of their efforts on theory building, as well as addressing three macro areas, specifically: 1) the technological issues related to crisis management; 2) the subjective and cultural issues; and 3) social criticism. These researchers also address four micro areas: i.e. the structural, communicational and strategical issues and the management of diverse stakeholders. We conclude this article by proposing some likely avenues for future research and by discussing several of the strengths and weaknesses evident in the field at present.
Crisis Accounting: The Role Of Financial Reporting In Environmental Crisis Management
Authors: Conklin David W. , Archibald T. Ross
Published: March 2007

Conklin, D. W. and Archibald, T.R., 1993, Crisis Accounting: the role of financial reporting in environmental crisis management, Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7:4, 329-332.

Environmental legislation is creating additional corporate obligations, many of a crisis nature, and this requires a new body of accounting practices, which the authors refer to as crisis accounting.

Environmental legislation and enforcement vary among jurisdictions, as do accounting practices. These differences may impact competitiveness and, consequently, trade and investment, and so they must be considered in com paring financial statements. Judicial decisions are also impacting the obliga tions of financial institutions and the terms of liability insurance. Estimates concerning these new risks and uncertainties must be included in corporate financial reporting, and it will be important to develop more uniform prac tices.

Crisis accounting can assist crisis management, as well as provide more complete information to stakeholders. While still in its early stages, crisis accounting will likely develop along lines already pioneered in other subject areas where risk and uncertainty require that financial reporting involve esti mates concerning potential outcomes.
Economic Determinants of Environmental Compliance
Authors: Cross Frank B. , Stapleton William
Published: March 2007

The widely accepted economic paradigm of corporate compliance with regu lation suggests that regulated parties engage in a cost-benefit analysis of com pliance. Under this paradigm, the measure of compliance will be determined entirely by the costs of compliance, weighed against the probability of being caught in violation multiplied by the consequences of being caught. This supposition is often made without empirical support.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of compliance with United States air pollution control regulations. Compliance was obtained from an EPA data base, broken down both by state and by industrial source category, and was analyzed through regression analysis that utilized several economic explanatory variables. The results suggest that corporate ability to pay is a significant factor in explaining compliance. There is some evidence that higher costs reduce compliance, though not so directly as might be expected. Indeed, the results imply that companies may have a "regulatory budget" implicitly devoted to compliance, rather than performing a cost-benefit analysis of compliance with each individual regulation. These results raise ethical and financial issues for managers.
Simulation of Human Behavior: Possibilities for Public Health Education
Authors: Williams Adelaide A. W.
Published: March 2007

Three levels of computer simulation of individual and aggregate human behavior are examined and applications to health education are reviewed General implications of this use of computers for the training and future role of public health educators are suggested.
Coercive Measures in Health Promotion: Can They be Justified?
Authors: Wikler Daniel I.
Published: March 2007

Though environmental hazards and lack of medical care continue to threaten the public's health, much recent attention has turned to the role of destructive health-related behavior. If, as Fuchs suggests, changing behavior patterns is the most powerful alternative open to advanced countries in the pursuit of health, the role of the health educator is likely to grow more prominent relative to other health-care professionals. At the same time, that role may change. A campaign to solve the nation's health problems by altering habits of living may require methods which are stronger than the traditional health educator's efforts to facilitate and inform. This paper examines the coercive aspects of some of these possible measures and surveys the moral justifications for a policy of using coercion to bring about the desired changes in health-related behavior. Three such arguments are most plausible: that the coercion is justified by thesocial benefit; by the benefit to the coerced; and by a right of others in society to prevent the self-destructive individual from plac ing unfair burdens upon them.
Vectorized Calculations and Use of Fast Semiconductor Memories in the Dv-Xα Method
Authors: Tago Kazutami , Kumahora Hiroki , Sadaoka Noriyuki , Kobayashi Kinya
Published: March 2007

Two types of vectorized programs of the discrete varia tional Xα method with the basis set of Slater-type or bitals have been developed. The first type calculates a basis function every time that it is used and the second type reads a basis function from outside memories. They are examined for the most efficient way of per forming calculations with the HITAC S-810/20 supercom puter (630 MFLOPS at peak) and its available outside memory devices. The acceleration factor of computation by the first type of program over scalar processing is more than 12. The second type of program has no ad vantage over the first in small electron systems of atomic clusters with primitive basis functions. But in larger systems such as Si2O7H6 with complex basis functions, the second type of program, used with semi conductor memories, results in 11 times less CPU time than the first type of program.
Supercomputer Methods for the Solution of Fundamental Problems of Particle Physics
Authors: Moriarty Kevin J. M. , Rebbi Claudio
Published: March 2007

We present motivation and methods for computer in vestigations in particle theory. We illustrate the compu tational formulation of quantum chromodynamics and selected application to the calculation of hadronic prop erties. We discuss possible extensions of the methods developed for particle theory to different areas of appli cations, such as cosmology and solid-state physics, that share common methods. Because of the commonality of methodology, advances in one area stimulate advances in other areas. We also outline future plans of research.
A Microtasking Algorithm for Optimization of Structures
Authors: Hsu Hsieh-Lung , Adeli Hojjat
Published: March 2007

A microtasking algorithm is developed on a CRAY Y-MP 8/864 machine for optimization of framed structures subjected to displacement and stress constraints using the optimality criterion approach. Speedup results are presented for three frame examples. The efficiency of the microtasking algorithm is shown to improve with the size of the structure, making it particularly suitable for minimum weight design of large structures consisting of several hundred (or thousand) members.
Environmental Scanning for the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Reichel Arie , Preble John F.
Published: March 2007

Constant changes in the U.S. Hospitality and Tourism industries require organizations to pursue an ongoing process of gathering information about trends in their respective en vironments. These changes call not only for systematic assessment of the environment but also require a high degree of human innovativeness.
How To Determine the Most Efficient Layout for Kitchen Equipment
Authors: Pavesic David V.
Published: March 2007

Most hospitality education programs will cover the principles of equipment selection and layout for food service facilities at some point in required coursework. The process for deter mining the most efficient layout of equipment has primarily been one of trial and error. The method explained herein replaces heretofore subjective judgments with quantifiable measures to arrive at the optimum arrangement of the equipment. Utilizing menu sales analysis to iden tify the most frequently prepared items, the equipment sequence can be arranged to minimize the distance traveled by either the worker or menu item. The methodology clearly demonstrates the factors that must be examined when presenting the principles of equipment layout.
Response to: Hospitality Education or Hospitality Training
Authors: Palmer John
Published: March 2007

This section is intended to accommodate short viewpoints related to hospitality education and research, rejoinders, commentaries, and rebuttals on the contents of H.E.R. Manuscripts in this section are not refereed. However, the Editor reserves the right to evaluate materials for their applicability and usefulness. All manuscripts must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Jour nal style and not exceed 3,000 words.
Herzberg's Proposals and Their Applicability To the Hotel Industry
Authors: Chitiris Leonidas
Published: March 2007

Two implications of Herzberg's Two-Factor theory were derived and tested empirically, using data obtained from 287 people employed by twenty hotels in Greece. The results supported the hypothesis that when the organization does not allow workers the opportunity to satisfy most of their needs, hygiene factors become powerful sources of motivation, leading to improved performance and thus to productivity. On the other hand, very little contribution to productivity is due to motivators. The findings were interpreted in terms of the employment conditions in Greek hotel industry.
Academic Characteristics and Faculty Compensation in U.S. Hospitality Management Programs
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Milman Ady
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire returned from a sample of 327 hospitality educators in two and four-year American institutions was used in order to identify the academic structure of their units and the compensation and working conditions of their fac ulty.
American Ethnocentrism: Alive and Well in the Caribbean Tourism Industry, Too!
Authors: Charles Kwame R.
Published: March 2007

This section is intended to accommodate short viewpoints related to hospitality education and research, rejoinders, commentaries, and rebuttals on the contents of Hospitality Education and Research Jounal. Manuscripts in this section are not refereed. However, the editors reserve the right to evaluate materials for their applicability and usefulness. All manuscripts must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Jounal style and not exceed 3,000 words.
Computer Integration in Hotel and Foodservice Management Education
Authors: Dennington Lloyd J.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted using the 108 affiliated institutions of the Council on Restaurant, Hotel, and Institutional Education in the United States to determine computer usage in hotel and foodservice management (HFM) education.

The major results of the study indicated: The respondents required computer usage in 34% of the undergraduate core courses and in 48% of the graduate core courses. Only two software applications were used by more than 50% of the respondents with WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3 being the most often mentioned packages. The attitudes of the respondents showed that most of the respondents did not agree that the use of computers in the curriculum and the use of available computer software was adequate.
Employee Job Satisfaction Determinants Within a National Restaurant Company
Authors: Tas Richard F. , Spalding J.B. , Getty Juliet M.
Published: March 2007

Nonmanagement employee turnover has long been a major concern to acade micians and business professionals. The general purpose of this study is to develop a more complete understanding of the employee turnover process for full-time and part-time employees by identifying job satisfaction determinants. The identification of specific job satisfaction determinants can be used to develop organizational strategies to control restaurant employee turnover and increase employee retention rates.
Hospitality Educators Can Be Better . Teachers Through Goal Structuring
Authors: Kapoor Sandy
Published: March 2007

Hospitality educators can be more effective teachers by using goal structuring appropriately in their classrooms. There are three kinds of goal structures: cooperative, individualistic, and competitive. The cooperative goal structure should be used whenever problem solving, divergent thinking, or creativity is desired; and wheneverquality of performance is expected, the task is complex, the learning goals are highly important and the social development of students is one of the major instructional goals. The individualistic goal structure should be used when there is a specific skill orspecific series of facts to be learned The competitivegoal structure should be used when the instructional goal is to review, drill, or achieve quantity on simple tasks.
The New Federal Polygraph Law and Its Effect On Hospitality Operators
Authors: Palmer Robert Alan
Published: March 2007

The new Employee Polygraph Protection Act severely restricts employer rights to use the "lie detector" or other devices for determining employee honesty. Some polygraph uses are still permitted, but they require significant changes in testing procedures. Most hospitality operators will now be looking for alternatives to polygraph testing, such as written honesty tests or expanded use of reference- and application-checking.
A Study of Workplace Substance Abuse Programs in the Hotel and Motel Industry
Authors: Lazarus Bruce I. , Adler Howard
Published: March 2007

It is estimated that 12% of the American workforce has a substance abuse problem. One method of combating substance is the utilization of employee assistance programs (EAP's). This paper presents findings of a survey at the corporate level of the hospitality industry to determine the availability and variety of EAP's. The paper classifies and categorizes existing EAP's, including managers' perceptions of substance abuse problems in the hospitality industry. lt concludes with the reactions and plans for those companies not currently using an EAP approach to substance abuse.
The Utility of Hospitality Market Research for Today's Convention and Visitors Bureaus: a Multi-Criterion Approach
Authors: Bonn Mark A. , Strick Sandra K.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the relationship between convention and visitors bureaus and university tourism research centers in the development of accurate and reliable visitor information for targeting and attracting potential market segments. The study was conducted for the Greater Columbia, S.C. Convention and Visitors Bureau to assist with their marketing and advertising efforts.
The Validity of Police Gang Intelligence Lists: Examining Differences in Delinquency Between Documented Gang Members and Nondocumented Delinquent Youth
Authors: Katz Charles M. , Webb Vincent J. , Schaefer David R.
Published: March 2007

Over the past 15 years, the United States has seen a dramatic increase in the number of specialized gang units established by police departments across the country. The majority of these units were established for the purpose of gathering intelligence on gangs, gang members, and gang-related activity. The present study seeks to advance the understanding of the usefulness of gang intelligence systems. In particular, the authors focus on how successful the police are at identifying and documenting youth whom they believe pose a substantial threat to the community. Using data obtained from the Mesa, Arizona, police department's gang unit and the Maricopa County Juvenile Probation Department, the authors found that gang lists may be more helpful to the police than first believed. Policy implications are presented along with recommendations for future research.
Teaching Methods in Undergraduate Business Education
Authors: Allinson C.W.
Published: March 2007

Teaching methods in higher education have received a good deal of attention in recent years. Evidence of this has been particularly apparent in the field of business and management education.

The research reported here was carried out among students reading for a B.Sc.(Hons.) degree in Business Studies at a university. During their first year they were subject to three different teaching methods on separate courses: the formal lecture followed by tutorial, programmed learning and the project method respectively.

An assessment of the students' attitudes to these teaching methods was made at the end of that first year using a semantic differential scale. It was discovered that they preferred the lecture/tutorial method; attitudes were least favourable toward the project approach.

It is suggested that the students' attitudes were a product of the extent to which each teaching method made for the achievement of course objectives, and how far it was appropriate to the course content, the examination system and students' expectations.

It is concluded that the teaching method and examination system which are suitable for a "theory" course within a Business Studies degree may not be appropriate for an "applied" course within the same scheme. Moreover, it is pointed out that since students are likely to be least acquainted with the methods used in teaching "applied" subjects, it is on these courses that the need for educational resocialisation is likely to be met.
Evaluating Development Aid
Authors: Cracknell Basil E.
Published: March 2007

The article explores the dilemma facing evaluators of development aid (as indeed of most other topics), namely, whether to give priority to accountability or lesson-learning as the main objective. It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of donor evaluation practices, and finds a strength of aid evaluation has been its role in improving agency performance in terms of the achievement of development targets (i.e. as distinct from the efficiency of aid delivery), exemplified by the current trend towards more impact evaluation. Another strength has been the forging of a closer relationship between evaluation and project-cycle management, through the use of the Logical Framework sequence. The main weaknesses are inadequate feedback, and a failure to involve the stakeholders in evaluations. The article recommends that there should be more flexible use of the Logical Framework, involving the beneficiaries at all stages, and that specific measures should be taken to ensure feedback at the policy level.
I Alexithymia: History Validation of the Concept
Authors: Taylor Graeme J.
Published: March 2007

This four-part symposium, which replaces our usual overview, derives from a panel on Alexithymia and Culture presented at the May 1986 annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in Washington. The perspectives of the authors are diverse: Taylor (a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst) and Catchlove (an anaesthetist who directs a pain clinic) present views generally sympathetic to the notion of alexithymia; while Prince and Kirmayer (psychiatrists with a more social and anthropological orientation) are distinctly more sceptical. It is to be hoped that these papers will stimulate comment, discussion, and research in those fundamental and controversial bor derline areas between culture and psychiatry: affect, affect expres sion, illness, psychotherapy, and ritual.
Suicide Among Canadian Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews research on suicide and attempted suicide among Canadian Aboriginal peoples (Amer indians, Métis and Inuit). The demographic and cul tural diversity of the Aboriginal population is described and basic epidemiological data are summar ized. Social, cultural, and political economic factors that may contribute to suicide and culturally appropri ate interventions are reviewed. A model integrating social and psychiatric perspectives on suicide is presented. The high prevalence of suicide in this population indicates widespread social problems that demand community-based interventions and socio- political change in addition to the conventional psychiatric emphasis on individual psychopathology and family dynamics.
Neurasthenia and Chronic Fatigue: Theory and Practice in Britain and America
Authors: Wessely Simon
Published: March 2007

The symptoms that make up the construct of neuras thenia, including fatigue and exhaustion, are dimension ally distributed in the community. The decision to create a category called neurasthenia is an arbitrary one, influenced by issues of severity and morbidity. The prevalence and nature of the resulting concept are also substantially influenced by the decision on how to classify the close relationships among excessive fatigue, depression and anxiety. Superimposed upon this classi fication is a second, parallel structure of illness beliefs. The original construct of neurasthenia as a physical disease that resulted from overwork, was of consider able utility to both doctors and patients. This early concept of neurasthenia can be recognized in the modem revival of interest in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in Western cultures. The current highly charged atmosphere surrounding these diagnoses reflects the issues of legitimacy and non-legitimacy in illness, usually expressed in competing physical and psychologi cal explanations of ill health.
Ventilation for People
Authors: Brundrett Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

The developing trend that Building Regulations in the future will be applied to buildings in use rather than to their design intent on paper has many important implica tions. It will lead to pressure testing of new buildings to ensure air tightness, low energy bills and the associated absence of draughts. Importantly, it means that for the first time, the ventilation air will enter the building through the air inlet ductwork. This offers the designers the opportunity to control the indoor environment to create refreshing comfortable climate while retaining low energy use. The three critical factors are sufficient air to dilute odours, better filtration to remove particulate matter with the implications of this for health, and con trolled humidity for comfort and freshness.