bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dipole oscillator strength distributions, sum rules, mean excitation energies, and isotropic van der Waals coefficients for benzene, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, s-triazine, toluene, hexafluorobenzene, and nitrobenzene
Authors: Thakkar Ajit J.
Published: September 2020

Experimental, theoretical, and additive-model photoabsorption cross sections combined with constraints provided by the Kuhn–Reiche–Thomas sum rule and the high-energy behavior of the dipole oscillator strength density are used to construct dipole oscillator strength distributions for benzene, pyridazine (1,2-diazine), pyrimidine (1,3-diazine), pyrazine (1,4-diazine), s-triazine (1,3,5-triazine), toluene (methylbenzene), hexafluorobenzene, and nitrobenzene. The distributions are used to predict dipole sum rules S(k) for −6 ≤ k ≤ 2, mean excitation energies I(k) for −2 ≤ k ≤ 2, and isotropic van der Waals C6 coefficients. A popular combination rule for estimating C6 coefficients for unlike interactions from the C6 coefficients of the like interactions is found to be accurate to better than 1% for 606 of 628 cases (96.4%) in the test set.
NMR Chemical Shift and Methylation of 4-Nitroimidazole: Experiment and Theory
Authors: Backler Frederick , Sani Marc Antoine , Separovic Frances , Vasilyev Vladislav , Wang Feng
Published: September 2020

Nitroimidazoles and derivatives are a class of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) first introduced sixty years ago. As anti-infection agents, the structure–activity relationships of nitroimidazole compounds have been particularly difficult to study due to their low reduction potentials and unique electronic structures. In this study, we combine dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state (100K), solid-state (298K), and 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) solution-state NMR techniques (303K) with density functional theory (DFT) to study the 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shifts of 4-nitroimidazole (4-NI) and 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole (CH3-4NI). The 4-NI chemical shifts were observed at 119.4, 136.4, and 144.7ppm for 13C, and at 181.5, 237.4, and 363.0ppm for 15N. The measurements revealed that methylation (deprotonation) of the amino nitrogen N(1) of 4-NI had less effect (Δδ=−4.8ppm) on the N(1) chemical shift but was compensated by shielding of the N(3) (Δδ=11.6ppm) in CH3-4NI. The calculated chemical shifts using DFT for 4-NI and CH3-4NI agreed well with the experimental values (within 2%) for the imidazole carbons. However, larger discrepancies (up to 13%) were observed between the calculated and measured 15N NMR chemical shifts for the imidazole nitrogen atoms of both molecules, which indicate that effects such as imidazole ring resonant structures and molecular dynamics may also contribute to the nitrogen chemical environment.
No sense of place in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Bradshaw Don
Published: September 2020

This essay is based on my 2019 George Seddon Memorial Lecture at the University of Western Australia. Professor George Seddon AM (1927–2007), had a Ph.D. in geology but held the Chair of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of New South Wales and later became Director of the Centre for Environmental Studies and the Dean of Architecture and Planning at Melbourne University. Across five decades he held Chairs in four different disciplines (English, University of Western Australia; Geology, University of Oregon; History and Philosophy of Science, University of New South Wales; Environmental Science, University of Melbourne) and taught at universities in Lisbon, Toronto, Bologna, Rome, Venice, Minnesota and Oregon. He was awarded the Eureka Prize from the Australian Museum in 1995, the Mawson Medal from the Academy of Science in 1996 and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Planning Institute of Australia.
A historical investigation into Persian prefixal verbs based on Siyâsat-nâmeh and a contemporary
corpus
Authors: Rahimian Jalal , Mansuri Mehrzad , Alipouri Shimasadat
Published: September 2020

Siyâsat-nâmeh ‘letter of politics’ as a famous Persian book carries verbal forms which seem different from those found in
contemporary corpora. In this paper, we focus on a comparison between prefixal verbs in Siyâsat-nâmeh and those in
contemporary corpora. Our corpus is taken randomly from political section of a popular contemporary Iranian newspaper called
Hamshahri. Since Siyâsat-nâmeh contains almost 100000 words, we take the same number of words from
Hamshahri. We focus on verbs containing one of the five frequent prefixes. First, we extracted verbs carrying such
prefixes from both sources under study, and then classified them in terms of types and tokens in AntConc (computer software). Afterward, we
compared and contrasted verbs of the two sources. A number of verbal prefixes became completely obsolete; a number of them changed into
prefixal nouns/adjectives to be used as non-verbal elements of new verbs.
Combinatorial multivalent interactions drive cooperative assembly of the COPII coat
Authors: Stancheva Viktoriya G. , Li Xiao-Han , Hutchings Joshua , Gomez-Navarro Natalia , Santhanam Balaji , Babu M. Madan , Zanetti Giulia , Miller Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2020

Protein secretion is initiated at the endoplasmic reticulum by the COPII coat, which self-assembles to form vesicles. Here, we examine the mechanisms by which a cargo-bound inner coat layer recruits and is organized by an outer scaffolding layer to drive local assembly of a stable structure rigid enough to enforce membrane curvature. An intrinsically disordered region in the outer coat protein, Sec31, drives binding with an inner coat layer via multiple distinct interfaces, including a newly defined charge-based interaction. These interfaces combinatorially reinforce each other, suggesting coat oligomerization is driven by the cumulative effects of multivalent interactions. The Sec31 disordered region could be replaced by evolutionarily distant sequences, suggesting plasticity in the binding interfaces. Such a multimodal assembly platform provides an explanation for how cells build a powerful yet transient scaffold to direct vesicle traffic.
Cancer metastasis linked to macrophage size, shape, and metabolism
Authors: Murray Peter J.
Published: September 2020

Using macrophage morphology in human colorectal cancer liver metastasis, Donadon et al. in this issue of JEM (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191847) provide a window into lipid metabolism and foamy macrophages, which accrue in numerous pathological states and here are shown to have clinical application.
Power modulation of vortex beams using phase/amplitude adjustable transmissive coding metasurfaces
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Luo Jun , Ma Qian , Rajabalipanah Hamid , Nisar Muhammad Shemyal , Zhang Lei , Abdolali Ali , Cui Tie Jun
Published: September 2020

Independent control of amplitude and phase using a single aperture is challenging but highly desirable due to its great potential applications in high-quality holograms, modern wireless communications, and other modern devices. In this paper, based on the generalized superposition principle of metasurfaces (MSs), a transmissive coding MS is proposed to manipulate the power transmitted toward specific angular directions. To this end, a cascaded coding meta-atom is presented to control both transmission amplitude and phase responses. These particles with 2-bit-phase and 1-bit-amplitude discretizations are designed by printing a metallic bar, square loops and split-ring resonators on dielectrics placed in a cascaded geometry. As an application, vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM-VB) with controllable transmitted power levels are realized by suitably distributing the phase/amplitude adjustable coding particles. Three illustrative examples are demonstrated to realize high-power OAM-VB (h-OAM-VB), low-power OAM-VB (l-OAM-VB), and medium-power OAM-VB (m-OAM-VB), respectively. Some OAM-VBs with flexible features are also generated using the convolution operations of digital coding patterns. The presented models are experimentally validated in which m-OAM-VB and h-OAM-VB patterns are successfully generated at Ku band. The proposed MS-based architecture would enable flexible power allocations in the next generation of multi-input-multi-output communication platforms.
Adsorption of gas molecules of CH4, CO and H2O on the vanadium dioxide monolayer: computational method and model
Authors: Lin Long , Chen Ruixin , Huang Jingtao , Wang Pengtao , Tao Hualong , Zhang Zhanying
Published: September 2020

Inspired by the recent use of two-dimensional nanomaterials as gas sensors, we used density functional theory calculations to study the adsorption of gas molecules (CH4, CO and H2O) on sandwich vanadium dioxide tablets. The results showed that of all these gases, only the CH4 gas molecule was the electron acceptor with significant charge transfer on the VO2 sheet. The adsorption energies of CH4, CO and H2O are −229.5 meV, −239.1 meV and −388.3 meV, respectively. We have also compared the adsorption energy of three different gas molecules on the VO2 surface, our calculation results show that when the three kinds of gases are adsorbed on the VO2 surface, the order of the surface adsorption energy is H2O > CO > CH4. It is also found that after adsorption of CH4, CO and H2O molecules, the electronic properties of VO2 sheet changed obviously. However, due to the strong adsorption of H2O molecule on VO2 sheet, it is difficult to desorption, which hinders its application in gas molecular sensors. The optical properties of VO2 sheet are further calculated. The absorption of CH4, CO and H2O molecules is introduced to red-shift the dielectric function of the thin film, which indicates that the optical properties of the thin film have changed significantly. According to the change of optical properties of VO2 sheet before and after molecular adsorption, VO2 can be used as a highly selective optical gas sensor for CH4, CO and H2O detection. These results provide a new approach for the potential application of VO2 based optical gas sensors.
Identification of low energy nuclear recoils in a gas time projection chamber with optical readout
Authors: Baracchini E , Benussi L , Bianco S , Capoccia C , Caponero M , Cavoto G , Cortez A , Costa I A , Di Marco E , D’Imperio G , Dho G , Iacoangeli F , Maccarrone G , Marafini M , Mazzitelli G , Messina A , Nobrega R A , Orlandi A , Paoletti E , Passamonti L , Petrucci F , Piccolo D , Pierluigi D , Pinci D , Renga F , Rosatelli F , Russo A , Saviano G , Tesauro R , Tomassini S
Published: September 2020

The search for a novel technology, which is able to detect and reconstruct nuclear recoil events in the keV energy range, has become increasingly important now that vast regions of high mass weakly-interacting-massive-particle–like dark matter candidates have been excluded. Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) with optical readout are very promising candidates combining the complete event information provided by the TPC technique with the high sensitivity and granularity of the latest generation light sensors. A TPC with an amplification at the anode, obtained with gas electron multipliers (GEMs), was tested at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. Photons and neutrons from radioactive sources were employed to induce recoiling nuclei and electrons with kinetic energy in the range 1–100 keV. A He-CF4 (60/40) gas mixture was used at atmospheric pressure and the light produced during the multiplication in the GEM channels was acquired by a high-position resolution and low-noise complementary
metal-oxide
semiconductor camera and a photomultiplier. A multi-stage pattern recognition algorithm based on an advanced clustering technique is presented here. A number of cluster-shaped observables are used to identify nuclear recoils induced by neutrons, which originated from a AmBe source against x-ray 55Fe photoelectrons. An efficiency of 18% to detect nuclear recoils with an energy of about 6 keV is reached, while suppressing 96% of the 55Fe photoelectrons, making this optical read-out gas TPC a very promising candidate for future investigations of ultra-rare events such as directional direct dark matter searches.
Room-temperature processed high-quality SnO2 films by oxygen plasma activated e-beam evaporation
Authors: Li Jiankang , Li Lutao , Chen Weiyuan , Yi Qinghua , Zou Guifu
Published: September 2020

Recently, SnO2 is considered to be one of the most promising materials as electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Low-temperature processed SnO2 films are crucial for SnO2-based PSCs and flexible devices. However, it is difficult to prepare stoichiometric SnO2 films by e-beam evaporation at low-temperature. Herein, SnO2 films are fabricated by oxygen plasma activated e-beam evaporation technique at room-temperature. Oxygen plasma shows strong oxidation activity, which is essential to adjust the stoichiometry of SnO
x
in the evaporation process. The SnO2 films exhibit uniformity (R

q
 = 3.05 nm), high transmittance (T > 90%), high hall mobility (μ

e
 = 10.8 cm2 V
−1 s−1) and good hydrophilic (water contact angle =19°). This work will promote the application of SnO2 films in PSCs and flexible devices.
Recent advances in real-time spectrum measurement of soliton dynamics by dispersive Fourier transformation
Authors: Wang Yunzheng , Wang Cong , Zhang Feng , Guo Jia , Ma Chunyang , Huang Weichun , Song Yufeng , Ge Yanqi , Liu Jie , Zhang Han
Published: September 2020

Mode-locking lasers have not only produced huge economic benefits in industrial fields and scientific research, but also provided an excellent platform to study diverse soliton phenomena. However, the real-time characterization of the ultrafast soliton dynamics remains challenging for traditional electronic instruments due to their relatively low response bandwidth and slow scan rate. Consequently, it is urgent for researchers to directly observe these ultrafast evolution processes, rather than just indirectly understand them from numerical simulations or averaged measurement data. Fortunately, dispersive Fourier transformation (DFT) provides a powerful real-time measurement technique to overcome the speed limitations of traditional electronic measurement devices by mapping the frequency spectrum onto the temporal waveform. In this review, the operation principle of DFT is discussed and the recent progress in characterizing the ultrafast transient soliton dynamics of mode-locking lasers is summarized, including soliton explosions, soliton molecules, noise-like pulses, rogue waves, and mode-locking buildup processes.
Structural defects in MBE-grown CdTe-basing heterojunctions designed for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Wichrowska Karolina , Wosinski Tadeusz , Domagala Jaroslaw Z , Kret Slawomir , Chusnutdinow Sergij , Karczewski Grzegorz
Published: September 2020

Structural defects in the p-ZnTe/i-CdTe/n-CdTe single-crystalline heterojunctions designed for photovoltaic applications have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Lattice parameters and misfit strain in the undoped cadmium telluride (CdTe) absorber layers of the heterojunctions, grown by the molecular-beam epitaxy technique on two different substrates, GaAs and CdTe, have been determined with high-resolution x-ray diffractometry. A dense network of misfit dislocations at the lattice-mismatched CdTe/GaAs and ZnTe/CdTe interfaces and numerous threading dislocations and stacking faults have been shown by the cross-sectional TEM imaging of the heterojunctions. The DLTS measurements revealed five deep-level traps in the heterojunctions grown on GaAs and only three of them in the heterojunctions grown on CdTe. Four of the traps have been attributed to the electronic states of extended defects, presumably dislocations, on the grounds of their logarithmic capture kinetics of charge carriers. Two of these traps, displaying the largest values of their capture cross-section and the properties characteristic of bandlike electronic states, have been ascribed to the core states of dislocations. It is argued that they are most likely responsible for decreased lifetime of photo-excited carriers resulting in a low energy conversion efficiency of solar cells based on similarly grown heterojunctions.
Asymmetrical layered assemblies of graphene oxide for programmable actuation devices
Authors: Huang Yuehua , Li Junjun , Xiang Yi , Li Nanfeng , Li Fengji , Yang Tingting
Published: September 2020

Asymmetrical structures are known to have many unique properties. They are preferred to be applied in many fields, especially in graphene oxide (GO)-based membrane actuators. Assembling GO with other materials layer by layer and post-processing a single piece of GO membrane are two effective strategies to construct asymmetrical structures. However, the above researches are built on a prerequisite that the single piece of GO membrane is regarded as homogeneous. We have now discovered a long-overlooked actuation behavior of pure GO membrane. This pure GO membrane was prepared by vacuum filtration and showed originally asymmetrical structure. Such GO membrane responded to infrared light and relative humidity change with considerable bending angle. The origin of the asymmetrical structures and their actuation mechanism have been discussed in detail. The asymmetrical interlamellar spacing and non-smooth surface morphologies of GO membrane synergistically lead to the actuation behavior. Moreover, the actuation performance could be easily regulated by adding polydopamine to control the interaction between GO sheets. This finding has wide implications in designing programmable bending devices such as microrobot, biomimetic claw and smart finger. This work exhibits great potential for application in soft robotics.
The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat)
Authors: Madeddu Silvia , Ueckerdt Falko , Pehl Michaja , Peterseim Juergen , Lord Michael , Kumar Karthik Ajith , Krüger Christoph , Luderer Gunnar
Published: September 2020

The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for the EU’s 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in 11 industrial sectors (accounting for 92% of Europe’s industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. Seventy-eight per cent of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today’s electricity (∼300 gCO2 kWhel
−1). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector IEA: 12 gCO2 kWhel
−1 in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.
Macroscopic equations for inert gas mixtures in different hydrodynamic regimes
Authors: Bisi Marzia , Groppi Maria , Martalò Giorgio
Published: September 2020

Starting from a BGK model for gas mixtures involving sums of relaxation operators, we formally derive Euler and Navier–Stokes equations in different regimes, in the asymptotic limit for proper Knudsen number, with explicit computation of the transport coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity. First, we consider a regime dominated by the whole collision phenomena; then, we focus on the case of ɛ−mixtures of heavy and light species, assuming accordingly that the collisions within each component constitute the dominant process. In this latter case we show that the two-scale collision regime leads to a multi-velocity and multi-temperature hydrodynamic description, which emphasizes the distinctive features of each constituent.
Manipulation and optimization of electron transport by nanopore array targets
Authors: YANG Yue , LI Boyuan , WU Yuchi , ZHU Bin , ZHANG Bo , ZHANG Zhimeng , YU Minghai , LU Feng , ZHOU Kainan , SHAN Lianqiang , CAO Lihua , ZHAO Zongqing , ZHOU Weimin , GU Yuqiu
Published: September 2020

The transport of sub-picosecond laser-driven fast electrons in nanopore array targets is studied. Attributed to the generation of micro-structured magnetic fields, most fast electron beams are proven to be effectively guided and restricted during the propagation. Different transport patterns of fast electrons in the targets are observed in experiments and reproduced by particle-in-cell simulations, representing two components: initially collimated low-energy electrons in the center and high-energy scattering electrons turning into surrounding annular beams. The critical energy for confined electrons is deduced theoretically. The electron guidance and confinement by the nano-structured targets offer a technological approach to manipulate and optimize the fast electron transport by properly modulating pulse parameters and target design, showing great potential in many applications including ion acceleration, microfocus x-ray sources and inertial confinement fusion.
Prediction of Alzheimer's disease using multi-variants from a Chinese genome-wide association study
Authors: Jia Longfei , Li Fangyu , Wei Cuibai , Zhu Min , Qu Qiumin , Qin Wei , Tang Yi , Shen Luxi , Wang Yanjiang , Shen Lu , Li Honglei , Peng Dantao , Tan Lan , Luo Benyan , Guo Qihao , Tang Muni , Du Yifeng , Zhang Jiewen , Zhang Junjian , Lyu Jihui , Li Ying , Zhou Aihong , Wang Fen , Chu Changbiao , Song Haiqing , Wu Liyong , Zuo Xiumei , Han Yue , Liang Junhua , Wang Qi , Jin Hongmei , Wang Wei , Lü Yang , Li Fang , Zhou Yuying , Zhang Wei , Liao Zhengluan , Qiu Qiongqiong , Li Yan , Kong Chaojun , Li Yan , Jiao Haishan , Lu Jie , Jia Jianping
Published: September 2020

Previous genome-wide association studies have identified dozens of susceptibility loci for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, but few of these loci have been validated in longitudinal cohorts. Establishing predictive models of Alzheimer’s disease based on these novel variants is clinically important for verifying whether they have pathological functions and provide a useful tool for screening of disease risk. In the current study, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study of 3913 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 7593 controls and identified four novel variants (rs3777215, rs6859823, rs234434, and rs2255835; Pcombined = 3.07 × 10−19, 2.49 × 10−23, 1.35 × 10−67, and 4.81 × 10−9, respectively) as well as nine variants in the apolipoprotein E region with genome-wide significance (P < 5.0 × 10−8). Literature mining suggested that these novel single nucleotide polymorphisms are related to amyloid precursor protein transport and metabolism, antioxidation, and neurogenesis. Based on their possible roles in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, we used different combinations of these variants and the apolipoprotein E status and successively built 11 predictive models. The predictive models include relatively few single nucleotide polymorphisms useful for clinical practice, in which the maximum number was 13 and the minimum was only four. These predictive models were all significant and their peak of area under the curve reached 0.73 both in the first and second stages. Finally, these models were validated using a separate longitudinal cohort of 5474 individuals. The results showed that individuals carrying risk variants included in the models had a shorter latency and higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that our models can predict Alzheimer’s disease onset in a population with genetic susceptibility. The effectiveness of the models for predicting Alzheimer’s disease onset confirmed the contributions of these identified variants to disease pathogenesis. In conclusion, this is the first study to validate genome-wide association study-based predictive models for evaluating the risk of Alzheimer’s disease onset in a large Chinese population. The clinical application of these models will be beneficial for individuals harbouring these risk variants, and particularly for young individuals seeking genetic consultation.
Pediatric catheter ablation at the beginning of the 21st century: results from the European Multicenter Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry ‘EUROPA’
Authors: Krause Ulrich , Paul Thomas , Bella Paolo Della , Gulletta Simone , Gebauer Roman A , Paech Christian , Kubus Peter , Janousek Jan , Ferrari Paola , De Filippo Paolo
Published: September 2020

Aims

Contemporary data from prospective multicentre registries on catheter ablation in pediatric patients are sparse. Aim of the European Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry EUROPA was to contribute data to fill this gap of knowledge.

Methods and results

From July 2012 to June 2017, data on catheter ablation in pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) including a 1-year follow-up from five European pediatric EP centres were collected prospectively. A total of 683 patients (mean age 12.4 ± 3.9 years, mean body weight 50.2 ± 19 kg) were enrolled. Target tachycardia was WPW/atrioventricular-nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) in 380 (55.7%) patients, AVNRT in 230 (33.8%) patients, ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 24 (3.5) patients, focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) in 20 (2.9%) patients, IART in 14 (2%) patients, and junctional ectopic tachycardia in 3 (0.45) patients. Overall procedural success was 95.6%. Compared with all other substrates, success was significantly lower in FAT patients (80%, n = 16, P = 0.001). Mean procedure duration was 136 ± 67 min and mean fluoroscopy time was 4.9 ± 6.8 min. Major complications occurred in 0.7% of the patients. No persisting AV block requiring permanent pacing was reported. At 1-year follow-up (605/683 patients, 95%), tachycardia recurrence was reported in 7.8% of patients. Recurrence after VT ablation (33%) was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than after ablation of all other substrates.

Conclusion

The present study proves overall high efficacy and safety of catheter ablation of various tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients. Of note, complication rate was exceptionally low. Long-term success was high except for patients after VT ablation.
Temporal dynamics in the taxonomic and functional profile of the Sphagnum-associated fungi (mycobiomes) in a Sphagnum farming field site in Northwestern Germany
Authors: Borg Dahl Mathilde , Krebs Matthias , Unterseher Martin , Urich Tim , Gaudig Greta
Published: September 2020

The drainage of peatlands for their agricultural use leads to huge emissions of greenhouse gases. One sustainable alternative is the cultivation of peat mosses after rewetting (‘Sphagnum farming’). Environmental parameters of such artificial systems may differ from those of natural Sphagnum ecosystems which host a rich fungal community. We studied the fungal community at a 4 ha Sphagnum farming field site in Northwestern Germany and compared it with that of natural Sphagnum ecosystems. Additionally, we asked if any fungi occur with potentially negative consequences for the commercial production and/or use of Sphagnum biomass. Samples were collected every 3 months within 1 year. High-throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS2 barcode was used to obtain a comprehensive community profile of the fungi.

The dominant taxa in the fungal community of the Sphagnum farming field site were all commonly reported from natural Sphagnum ecosystems. While the taxonomic composition showed clear differences between seasons, a stable functional community profile was identified across seasons. Additionally, nutrient supply seems to affect composition of fungal community. Despite a rather high abundance of bryophyte parasites, and the occurrence of both Sphagnum-species-specific and general plant pathogens, their impact on the productivity and usage of Sphagnum biomass as raw material for growing media was considered to be low.
9. Private law disputes and issues in children cases
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2020

This examines how the courts deal with private law issues or disputes relating to children’s upbringing, such as post-separation residence or contact disputes, or other specific issues, including international child abduction. It begins by setting out some general principles for deciding children cases which are contained in section 1 of the Children Act 1989, and procedural matters relating to such cases.
The Pantelides algorithm for delay differential-algebraic equations
Authors: Ahrens Ines , Unger Benjamin
Published: September 2020

We present a graph-theoretical approach that can detect which equations of a delay differential-algebraic equation (DDAE) need to be differentiated or shifted to construct a solution of the DDAE. Our approach exploits the observation that differentiation and shifting are very similar from a structural point of view, which allows us to generalize the Pantelides algorithm for differential-algebraic equations to the DDAE setting. The primary tool for the extension is the introduction of equivalence classes in the graph of the DDAE, which also allows us to derive a necessary and sufficient criterion for the termination of the new algorithm.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion
Authors: Musnick David , Datta Shae
Published: September 2020

Millions of Americans suffer from traumatic brain injuries and concussion each year. It used to be thought that recovery from a noncomplicated concussion was quick and easy. However, recent research has shown that multiple physiological mechanisms may result from a single impact to the head, and worsen with subsequent injuries. Head injuries have been shown to affect different systems of the body, including the endocrine system, the immune system, and maintenance of the gastrointestinal microbiome. This chapter will review these mechanisms, the sequelae of head injury, and the importance of conducting a thorough evaluation. Integrative methods of treatment and management will be discussed.
Integrative Medicine and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Pickut Barbara A. , Mischley Laurie K. , Joseph Reversa R.
Published: September 2020

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most rapidly increasing neurologic disorder in the world. While the etiology is unproven, interactions between genetic susceptibility, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors are felt to account for most cases. Although dopamine replacement therapy is a cornerstone of treatment, PD is best managed using a multimodal, individualized, and integrated treatment plan. Physical exercise has been shown to be preventive for the development of PD and beneficial for individuals with PD. Complementary treatment approaches such as the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment–BIG therapy, tai chi, bicycling, and dancing are evidence-based interventions that are of benefit. Acupuncture has been shown to be helpful with nonmotor as well as motor symptoms. Mind/body practices including yoga and meditation have similarly been shown to be beneficial. Nutritional interventions in PD are also important. Several drug–nutrient interactions are important in PD.
Integrative Approaches to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Vespignani Marco
Published: September 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disorder specific to the central nervous system. The incidence of MS in the United States is roughly 400,000 cases, and worldwide there are approximately 2.5 million cases. It is one of the more common neurodegenerative disease and is thought to be autoimmune, although an antibody has not yet been identified. The current standard of treatment consists of disease-modifying drugs, which have their own toxicity profiles that can inflict further harm to a patient. Indeed, many patients are wary of initiating or continuing this type of treatment. Many patients include alternative treatment approaches. This chapter reviews an integrative approach based on our understanding of the disease and the current state of evidence.
The Epigenetic Bridge Between Stress, Chronic Pain, and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Maldonado-Bouchard Sioui , Incayawar Mario
Published: September 2020

Responding to dangers is vital to our survival. However, chronic stress is a maladaptive response to a complex world. Over time, chronic stress can lead to many important epigenetic changes, including the expression and sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor. This, in turn, compromises the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis negative feedback loop and weakens the inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, microbiota, and glial cells, which has concrete implications in the development of mental illnesses and pain. The good news is that epigenetic changes are theoretically reversible; by changing our environment and providing pharmacotherapy to reverse epigenetic changes, we may be uncovering a new, more efficient way of treating certain psychiatric disorders and chronic pain.
Identifying and Assessing Overlapping Chronic Pain and Mental Illness
Authors: Treisman Glenn J.
Published: September 2020

Psychiatric comorbidity profoundly affects outcomes in chronic pain. Chronic pain alters the clinical appearance of psychiatric conditions. Problems of poor coping, limited life skills, poor social and behavioral modeling, limited resources, and poor self-efficacy all can complicate and exacerbate chronic pain disorders. Operant and classical mechanisms with inadvertent rewards for illness-related behaviors condition the behaviors associated with chronic pain. Iatrogenic addiction can also make it difficult for patients to engage in functional rehabilitation. Features of temperament, including extraversion and instability, lead to maladaptive responses to managing pain and difficulty engaging with physicians and health care professionals. Lastly, diseases of mood decrease the normal capacity to experience rewards associated with healthy behavior and divert patients toward avoidance coping, nihilistic views of recovery, and disengagement from support systems and medical care. A coherent and comprehensive diagnostic formulation including these elements leads to effective interdisciplinary rehabilitative pain treatment.
Psychometrics for Detecting Pain-Related Malingering
Authors: Tearnan Blake H.
Published: September 2020

Malingering in chronic pain patients, especially when significant incentives are present, is a substantial problem. Recent advances in understanding malingered pain and assessment techniques have contributed to improved accuracy in classifying patients who are malingering. This is especially true in the field of neuropsychological assessment and psychometric testing. Clinicians now have available tools to effectively screen for feigning and for determining the likelihood of malingering when assessing chronic pain patients. The detection of malingering depends on choosing validated detection strategies to determine the likelihood of feigning. The presence of utility measures (e.g., positive predictive power) and empirically derived cut scores is critical in the decision-making process. Diagnosing malingering requires reaching conclusions about motivation and eliminating all alternative explanations. The application of ethical principles in the use of psychological tests to determine malingering is paramount.
Considering Depression and Anxiety as Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
Authors: Kindler Stefan , Bredow-Zeden Marike
Published: September 2020

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is a painful functional disorder of the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck. TMD is a type of chronic pain and is widely used as a model for chronic pain. The etiology of TMD pain is multifactorial. Biological, behavioral, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive factors can contribute to TMD. TMD can manifest with musculoskeletal facial pain complaints and with different forms of jaw dysfunction. Biobehavioral studies suggest an association between TMD pain and coexisting psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. This chapter presents practical clinical recommendations on how to treat patients with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and TMD pain. The authors underline the importance of considering depression and anxiety as risk factors for TMD.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Chronic Pain in the Military
Authors: Sommer Jordana L. , Roy Rachel , Holens Pamela L. , El-Gabalawy Renée
Published: September 2020

This chapter summarizes the current literature on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic pain among military personnel in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, including an overview of clinical features, prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, assessment, and intervention. PTSD and chronic pain are both prevalent among military populations and commonly co-occur; however, prevalence estimates tend to vary in the literature, according to type of assessment, timing of assessment, and subsample of interest. Both PTSD and chronic pain are independently associated with various adverse correlates such as psychiatric and physical health comorbidity, and research suggests there are poorer health and adverse psychosocial effects when these conditions co-occur. These findings highlight the importance of adequate prevention, screening, and interventions among this population.
Detecting and Managing the Untreated Pain in Dementia
Authors: Corbett Anne
Published: September 2020

Dementia affects more than 30 million people worldwide and is a major public health issue because of the complex treatment and care needs of these older patients. Pain is very common in people with dementia and is closely linked to key clinical outcomes, including mobility and falls, behavioral symptoms, mental health, and quality of life. Effective pain management is therefore essential to provide a good quality of care for these individuals. Pain assessment and treatment can be challenging in dementia because of loss of communication and insight as the condition progresses. There are also indications that the dementia syndrome itself affects the experience of pain and response to established treatment approaches. Guiding principles for pain management are therefore focused on a person-centered approach, with careful monitoring to avoid the risk for polypharmacy and treatment sensitivity that is common in people with dementia.

This chapter outlines the current evidence pertaining to pain in people with dementia and sets out recommendations for both assessment and treatment of pain in this patient group.
Effective Management of Pain in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Saravane Djea
Published: September 2020

People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) suffer from chronic diseases and conditions as in the general population but are more likely to have physical and psychological comorbidities. Health problems and pain can go totally unrecognized and untreated. This places them at higher risk for experiencing pain and having more frequent or severe pain. Self-report is the gold standard in pain assessment, but people with ASD and ID often cannot provide self-reports. Pain assessment in this population is therefore challenging. Furthermore, caregivers need to be knowledgeable about alternative pain assessment methods. Until recently, persons with ASD and ID were considered insensitive to pain. The specifics of autistic functioning include sensory perceptive association, which, associated with cognitive impairment and difficulties in communication, question the real nature of the relationship between pain and people with ASD. Some data from the literature highlight that people with ASD are pain hypersensitive and that the pain expression is abnormal. New research in ASD establishing a link between behavior disorders and pain should allow us to change the way we identify, assess, and treat pain and some behavioral problems. From these elements, a specific clinical approach and assessment of pain can be promoted.
Formulation in the face of complexity
Authors: Smith Graeme C.
Published: September 2020

‘Formulation in the face of complexity’ examines complexity theory’s contribution to the task of formulating an answer to the holistic question, ‘Why is this person presenting in this way at this time?’, a question for which diagnostic labelling provides an answer insufficient for establishment of the data base required for a valid and useful management plan in the presence of mental symptoms. This chapter reviews the epistemological issues involved, including those of nous, tacit knowledge, and operationalization. It concludes that it is useful to regard the phenomena observed as having originated along many pathways, some of which may represent the self-organizing emergent, unpredictable behaviour of a complex adaptive system under stress; these constitute basic mechanisms, the new focus of mental health research. The principle of equifinality requires the use of multiple vantage points and trial-and-error management. Dialogue, with patients, carers, and peers, is essential in using these concepts.
OSCE 1
Authors: Hersey Peter , O’Connor Laura , Sams Tom , Sturman Jon
Published: September 2020

Divided into 13 stations on professionalism, resuscitation, data, and equipment, OSCE 1 is mapped to the Fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) and Competency-Based Training in Intensive Care Medicine in Europe (CoBaTrICE) curricula. Structured to reflect the real exam, answers are accompanied by syllabus references for the FFICM and CoBaTrICE domains for self-assessment, along with further reading for self-assessment.
OSCE 7
Authors: Hersey Peter , O’Connor Laura , Sams Tom , Sturman Jon
Published: September 2020

Divided into 13 stations on professionalism, resuscitation, data, and equipment, OSCE 7 is mapped to the Fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) and Competency-Based Training in Intensive Care Medicine in Europe (CoBaTrICE) curricula. Structured to reflect the real exam, answers are accompanied by syllabus references for the FFICM and CoBaTrICE domains for self-assessment, along with further reading for self-assessment.
Congenital heart disease
Authors: Elliott Perry , Lambiase Pier D. , Kumar Dhavendra
Published: September 2020

This chapter gives an overview of congenital heart disease (CHD), including the genetics that underpins its presentations, general aspects of management, and the genetic consultation in CHD. Individual genetic investigations are outlined (chromosomal microarray and molecular genetics), and then referrals for genetic counselling. The chapter then goes on to outline individual congenital heart diseases, including total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), complete atrioventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, supravalvar aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, and interruption of the aortic arch. Finally, prenatal diagnosis and management are discussed.
Mechanisms of bone and cartilage destruction
Authors: Harre Ulrike , Schett Georg
Published: September 2020

Structural damage of cartilage and bone tissue is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The resulting joint destruction constitutes one of the major disease consequences for patients and creates a significant burden for the society. The main cells executing bone and cartilage degradation are osteoclasts and fibroblast-like synoviocytes, respectively. The function of both cell types is influenced by the immune system. In past decades, research has identified several mediators of structural damage, ranging from infiltrating immune cells and inflammatory cytokines to autoantibodies. These factors result in an inflammatory milieu in the affected joints, which leads to an increased development and function of osteoclasts and the transformation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes towards a highly migratory and destructive phenotype. In addition, repair mechanisms mediated by osteoblasts and chondrocytes are strongly impaired by the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This article will review the current knowledge on the mechanisms of destruction of bone and cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis.
Disease activity assessment in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Smolen Josef
Published: September 2020

The major clinical hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are articular swelling, joint pain, and morning joint stiffness. Disease activity assessment is pivotal when following patients with RA throughout the course of their disease, and especially when assessing improvement or deterioration upon institution of the necessary therapies. To prevent an adverse outcome, it is essential to diagnose the disease early and to start treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) immediately after diagnosis. Adhering to the treat-to-target approach, which is a central strategy irrespective of the type of treatment available and the therapy applied, requires consistency in using validated composite measures of disease activity. Rather than a mere matter of using specific therapies, it is also a matter of using tools for disease activity assessment to guide therapeutic decision-making. This enables offering and achieving the best possible outcomes for RA patients.
Health economics of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Scott David L. , Wailoo Allan
Published: September 2020

Cost of illness studies show rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has high costs for patients, for healthcare funders, and for society as a whole. Historically indirect costs exceeded direct costs and the costs of drugs were relatively low. Over the last 20–30 years inpatient care reduced by over 90%, outpatient care has changed little, disability pensions and sick days have fallen, and drug costs have risen 20-fold, mainly due to the use of biologics. The cost-effectiveness of established and new treatments is usually assessed using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Economic considerations should not determine treatment decisions exclusively. But they cannot be ignored in formulating rational management policies. Given the nature of the models there is bound to be some uncertainty in economic assessments and results can vary depending on the assumptions made in modelling and the underlying data. However, as knowledge matures the models are gradually becoming more informative.
Glucocorticoids
Authors: Jacobs Johannes W.G. , Goes Marlies C. van der , Bijlsma Johannes W.J. , da Silva José A.P.
Published: September 2020

Glucocorticoids still are the most effective, broadly applicable, and cheapest immunosuppressive drugs used in the treatment of rheumatic conditions. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) they are applied for their symptomatic effects but also for disease-modifying properties. The risk of adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy in RA is dependent on patient (age, comorbidity, and comedication), glucocorticoid dose, type and route of administration, and treatment duration. Toxicity is important in treatment decisions, but for low-dose glucocorticoids, overestimation of the risk of adverse effects should be avoided. Monitoring safety of this therapy only requires that good follow-up of rheumatic patients in daily practice is extended with screening for osteoporosis, and pretreatment assessments of fasting blood glucose levels, risk factors for glaucoma, and a check for ankle oedema.