bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization
Authors: Szécsényi-Nagy Anna , Brandt Guido , Keerl Victoria , Jakucs János , Haak Wolfgang , Möller-Rieker Sabine , Köhler Kitti , Mende Balázs , Fecher Marc , Oross Krisztián , Paluch Tibor , Osztás Anett , Kiss Viktória , Pálfi György , Molnár Erika , Sebők Katalin , Czene András , Paluch Tibor , Šlaus Mario , Novak Mario , Pećina-Šlaus Nives , Ősz Brigitta , Voicsek Vanda , Somogyi Krisztina , Tóth Gábor , Kromer Bernd , Bánffy Eszter , Alt Kurt
Published: September 2014

Farming was established in Central Europe by the Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK), a well-investigated archaeological horizon, which emerged in the Carpathian Basin, in today's Hungary. However, the genetic background of the LBK genesis has not been revealed yet. Here we present 9 Y chromosomal and 84 mitochondrial DNA profiles from Mesolithic, Neolithic Starčevo and LBK sites (7th/6th millennium BC) from the Carpathian Basin and south-eastern Europe. We detect genetic continuity of both maternal and paternal elements during the initial spread of agriculture, and confirm the substantial genetic impact of early farming south-eastern European and Carpathian Basin cultures on Central European populations of the 6th-4th millennium BC. Our comprehensive Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA population genetic analyses demonstrate a clear affinity of the early farmers to the modern Near East and Caucasus, tracing the expansion from that region through south-eastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin into Central Europe. Our results also reveal contrasting patterns for male and female genetic diversity in the European Neolithic, suggesting patrilineal descent system and patrilocal residential rules among the early farmers.
OncoRep: An n-of-1 reporting tool to support genome-guided treatment for breast cancer patients using RNA-sequencing
Authors: Meißner Tobias , Fisch Kathleen M. , Gioia Louis , Su Andrew I.
Published: September 2014

Breast cancer comprises multiple tumor entities associated with different biological features and clinical behaviors, making individualized medicine a powerful tool to bring the right drug to the right patient. Next generation sequencing of RNA (RNA-Seq) is a suitable method to detect targets for individualized treatment. Challenges that arise are i) preprocessing and analyzing RNA-Seq data in the n-of-1 setting, ii) extracting clinically relevant and actionable targets from complex data, iii) integrating drug databases, and iv) reporting results to clinicians in a timely and understandable manner. To address these challenges, we present OncoRep, an RNA-Seq based n-of-1 reporting tool for breast cancer patients. It reports molecular classification, altered genes and pathways, gene fusions, clinically actionable mutations and drug recommendations. It visualizes the data in an approachable html-based interactive report and a PDF clinical report, providing the clinician and tumor board with a tool to guide the treatment decision making process. OncoRep is free and open-source, thereby offering a platform for future development and innovation by the community.
Systems consequences of amplicon formation in human breast cancer
Authors: Inaki Koichiro , Menghi Francesca , Woo Xing Yi , Wagner Joel P. , Jacques Pierre-Étienne , Lee Yi Fang , Shreckengast Phung Trang , Soon Wendy WeiJia , Malhotra Ankit , Teo Audrey S.M. , Hillmer Axel M. , Khng Alexis Jiaying , Ruan Xiaoan , Ong Swee Hoe , Bertrand Denis , Nagarajan Niranjan , Karuturi R. Krishna Murthy , Hidalgo Miranda Alfredo , Liu Edison T.
Published: September 2014

Chromosomal structural variations play an important role in determining the transcriptional landscape of human breast cancers. To assess the nature of these structural variations, we analyzed eight breast tumor samples with a focus on regions of gene amplification using mate-pair sequencing of long-insert genomic DNA with matched transcriptome profiling. We found that tandem duplications appear to be early events in tumor evolution, especially in the genesis of amplicons. In a detailed reconstruction of events on chromosome 17, we found large unpaired inversions and deletions connect a tandemly duplicated ERBB2 with neighboring 17q21.3 amplicons while simultaneously deleting the intervening BRCA1 tumor suppressor locus. This series of events appeared to be unusually common when examined in larger genomic data sets of breast cancers albeit using approaches with lesser resolution. Using siRNAs in breast cancer cell lines, we showed that the 17q21.3 amplicon harbored a significant number of weak oncogenes that appeared consistently coamplified in primary tumors. Down-regulation of BRCA1 expression augmented the cell proliferation in ERBB2-transfected human normal mammary epithelial cells. Coamplification of other functionally tested oncogenic elements in other breast tumors examined, such as RIPK2 and MYC on chromosome 8, also parallel these findings. Our analyses suggest that structural variations efficiently orchestrate the gain and loss of cancer gene cassettes that engage many oncogenic pathways simultaneously and that such oncogenic cassettes are favored during the evolution of a cancer.
The three-dimensional coordination polymer poly[[aqua[μ4-2,2′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoato]lead(II)] 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene hemisolvate]
Authors: Ma Fengji , Yu Caixia , Wang Huijuan , Zhao Feng
Published: September 2014

A novel three-dimensional coordination polymer, {[Pb(C14H8N2O4)(H2O)]·0.5C12H10N2}n, has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of Pb(OAc)2·3H2O (OAc is acetate), 2,2′-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoic acid (H2L) and 1,2-bis(pyridin-4-yl)ethylene (bpe). The asymmetric unit contains a crystallographically independent PbIIcation, oneL2−ligand, an aqua ligand and half a bpe molecule. Each PbIIcentre is seven-coordinated by six O atoms of bridging–chelating carboxylate groups fromL2−ligands and by one O atom from a coordinated water molecule. The PbIIcations are bridged byL2−ligands, forming [PbO2]nchains along theaaxis. These chains are further connected byL2−ligands along thebandcaxes to give a three-dimensional framework with a 41263topology. The channel voids are occupied by bpe molecules.
Comparison of the hydrogen-bond patterns in 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazolium hydrogen oxalate, 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–succinic acid (1/2), 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–glutaric acid (1/1) and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–adipic acid (1/1)
Authors: Matulková Irena , Císařová Ivana , Němec Ivan , Fábry Jan
Published: September 2014

The X-ray single-crystal structure determinations of the chemically related compounds 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazolium hydrogen oxalate, C2H4N3S+·C2HO4−, (I), 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–succinic acid (1/2), C2H3N3S·2C4H6O4, (II), 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–glutaric acid (1/1), C2H3N3S·C5H8O4, (III), and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole–adipic acid (1/1), C2H3N3S·C6H10O4, (IV), are reported and their hydrogen-bonding patterns are compared. The hydrogen bonds are of the types N—H...O or O—H...N and are of moderate strength. In some cases, weak C—H...O interactions are also present. Compound (II) differs from the others not only in the molar ratio of base and acid (1:2), but also in its hydrogen-bonding pattern, which is based on chain motifs. In (I), (III) and (IV), the most prominent feature is the presence of anR22(8) graph-set motif formed by N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, which are present in all structures except for (I), where only a pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds is present, in agreement with the greater acidity of oxalic acid. There are nonbonding S...O interactions present in all four structures. The difference electron-density maps show a lack of electron density about the S atom along the S...O vector. In all four structures, the carboxylic acid H atoms are present in a rare configuration with a C—C—O—H torsion angle of ∼0°. In the structures of (II)–(IV), the C—C—O—H torsion angle of the second carboxylic acid group has the more common value of ∼|180|°. The dicarboxylic acid molecules are situated on crystallographic inversion centres in (II). The Raman and IR spectra of the title compounds are presented and analysed.
Performance of seedlings from natural and afforested populations ofCupressus sempervirensunder different temperature and moisture regimes
Authors: Al‐Hawija Batoul N. , Lachmuth Susanne , Welk Erik , Hensen Isabell
Published: September 2014

For successful afforestation programs seed quality is crucial, but seedlings are susceptible to climatic stress. Therefore, to improve afforestation success it is necessary to compare performance of seedlings from natural and cultivated populations under different climatic conditions. We investigated growth performance in seedlings of three natural and four afforestedSyrianCupressus sempervirensL. populations under different temperature and moisture regimes. A “warm” climate chamber approximately simulated current mean annual temperatures (day/night: 20/10°C) while a “hot” chamber simulated an average increase of 5°C(day/night: 25/15°C). Seedlings were irrigated twice (drier) or thrice (moist) weekly. Seedlings from natural provenances outperformed those from afforested stands in all growth variables in both chambers. In the warm chamber, root length and biomass were not affected by irrigation for both population types, but shoot height decreased for afforested seedlings under drier treatment while it slightly increased in natural seedlings. In the hot chamber, shoot height decreased but root length and biomass increased for population types under the drier treatment. Comparison between the two chambers showed that under the drier treatment shoot height and biomass decreased at higher temperatures, but root length and biomass were not significantly different. The same response to higher temperatures was observed under the moist treatment, but root biomass decreased too. Our results emphasize the necessity to protect the remaining natural forest ofC. sempervirensinSyria and recommend systematic collection of seed material from natural stands for afforestation programs. This might also hold forex situcultivation of retrieving rare and endangered plant species.
Field‐scale tracking of active methane‐oxidizing communities in a landfill cover soil reveals spatial and seasonal variability
Authors: Henneberger Ruth , Chiri Eleonora , Bodelier Paul E. L. , Frenzel Peter , Lüke Claudia , Schroth Martin H.
Published: September 2014

Aerobic methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) in soils mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. We assessed spatial and seasonal differences in active MOB communities in a landfill cover soil characterized by highly variable environmental conditions. Field‐based measurements of CH4 oxidation activity and stable‐isotope probing of polar lipid‐derived fatty acids (PLFA‐SIP) were complemented by microarray analysis of pmoA genes and transcripts, linking diversity and function at the field scale. In situ CH4 oxidation rates varied between sites and were generally one order of magnitude lower in winter compared with summer. Results from PLFA‐SIP and pmoA transcripts were largely congruent, revealing distinct spatial and seasonal clustering. Overall, active MOB communities were highly diverse. Type Ia MOB, specifically Methylomonas and Methylobacter, were key drivers for CH4 oxidation, particularly at a high‐activity site. Type II MOB were mainly active at a site showing substantial fluctuations in CH4 loading and soil moisture content. Notably, Upland Soil Cluster‐gamma‐related pmoA transcripts were also detected, indicating concurrent oxidation of atmospheric CH4. Spatial separation was less distinct in winter, with Methylobacter and uncultured MOB mediating CH4 oxidation. We propose that high diversity of active MOB communities in this soil is promoted by high variability in environmental conditions, facilitating substantial removal of CH4 generated in the waste body.
System‐wide characterization of bZIP transcription factor proteins involved in infection‐related morphogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Tang Wei , Ru Yanyan , Hong Li , Zhu Qian , Zuo Rongfang , Guo Xianxian , Wang Jingzhen , Zhang Haifeng , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhengguang
Published: September 2014

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain‐containing transcription factors (TFs) function as key regulators of cellular growth and differentiation in eukaryotic organisms including fungi. We have previously identified MoAp1 and MoAtf1 as bZIP TFs in Magnaporthe oryzae and demonstrated that they regulate the oxidative stress response and are critical in conidiogenesis and pathogenicity. Studies of bZIP proteins could provide a novel strategy for controlling rice blast, but a systematic examination of the bZIP proteins has not been carried out. Here, we identified 19 additional bZIP TFs and characterized their functions. We found that the majority of these TFs exhibit active functions, most notably, in conidiogenesis. We showed that MoHac1 regulates the endoplasmic reticulum stress response through a conserved unfolded protein response pathway, MoMetR controls amino acid metabolism to govern growth and differentiation, and MoBzip10 governs appressorium function and invasive hyphal growth. Moreover, MoBzip5 participates in appressorium formation through a pathway distinct from that MoBzip10, and MoMeaB appears to exert a regulatory role through nutrient uptake and nitrogen utilization. Collectively, our results provide insights into shared and specific functions associated with each of these TFs and link the regulatory roles to the fungal growth, conidiation, appressorium formation, host penetration and pathogenicity.
Metatranscriptomic analysis of ectomycorrhizal roots reveals genes associated with Piloderma–Pinus symbiosis: improved methodologies for assessing gene expression in situ
Authors: Liao H.‐L. , Chen Y. , Bruns T. D. , Peay K. G. , Taylor J. W. , Branco S. , Talbot J. M. , Vilgalys R.
Published: September 2014

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi form symbiotic associations with plant roots that regulate nutrient exchange between forest plants and soil. Environmental metagenomics approaches that employ next‐generation sequencing show great promise for studying EM symbioses; however, metatranscriptomic studies have been constrained by the inherent difficulties associated with isolation and sequencing of RNA from mycorrhizae. Here we apply an optimized method for combined DNA/RNA extraction using field‐collected EM fungal–pine root clusters, together with protocols for taxonomic identification of expressed ribosomal RNA, and inference of EM function based on plant and fungal metatranscriptomics. We used transcribed portions of ribosomal RNA genes to identify several transcriptionally dominant fungal taxa associated with loblolly pine including Amphinema, Russula and Piloderma spp. One taxon, Piloderma croceum, has a publically available genome that allowed us to identify patterns of gene content and transcript abundance. Over 1500 abundantly expressed Piloderma genes were detected from mycorrhizal roots, including genes for protein metabolism, cell signalling, electron transport, terpene synthesis and other extracellular activities. In contrast, Piloderma gene encoding an ammonia transporter showed highest transcript abundance in soil samples. Our methodology highlights the potential of metatranscriptomics to identify genes associated with symbiosis and ecosystem function using field‐collected samples.
Why Do Countries Mandate Accrual Accounting for Tax Purposes?
Authors: GONCHAROV IGOR , JACOB MARTIN
Published: September 2014

This study investigates why countries mandate accruals in the definition of corporate taxable income. Accruals alleviate timing and matching problems in cash flows, which smoothes taxable income and thus better aligns it with underlying economic performance. These accrual properties can be desirable in the tax setting as tax authorities seek more predictable corporate tax revenues. However, they can also make tax revenues procyclical by increasing the correlation between aggregate corporate tax revenues and aggregate economic activity. We argue that accruals shape the distribution of corporate tax revenues, which leads regulators to incorporate accruals into the definition of taxable income to balance the portfolio of government revenues and expenditures. Using a sample of 26 OECD countries, we find support for several theoretically motivated factors explaining the use of accruals in tax codes. We first provide evidence that corporate tax revenues are less volatile in high accrual countries, but high accrual countries collect relatively higher (lower) tax revenues when the corporate sector grows (contracts). Critically, we then show that accruals and smoother tax revenues are favored by countries with higher levels of government spending on public services and uncertain future expenditures, while countries with procyclical other tax collections favor cash rules and lower procyclicality of corporate tax revenues.
Diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: A survey of Australasian emergency physicians and trainees
Authors: Rogers Andrew , Furyk Jeremy , Banks Colin , Chu Kevin
Published: September 2014

Objective

This study aims to establish current practice among Australasian emergency physicians and trainees on several aspects of the investigation of suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

An electronic questionnaire (SurveyMonkeyTM) was distributed to emergency physicians and trainees by email through the ACEM. Survey recipients were asked about demographics, followed by a series of questions relating to the investigation of SAH.

Results

There were 878 survey respondents (response rate 24%). Our data showed that 47.3% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that a CT brain within 6 h of headache onset is sufficient to exclude a diagnosis of SAH. For a CT performed within 12 h of ictus, 14.4% were satisfied that SAH could be excluded. After a negative CT scan, for further investigation of SAH, 88% of respondents preferred lumbar puncture to CT angiography. For detection of xanthochromia in the cerebrospinal fluid, 57.7% of respondents felt that spectrophotometry (vs visual inspection) is necessary to accurately diagnose SAH.

Conclusions

A range of information was collected regarding the investigation of suspected SAH. We report significant differences in the diagnostic approach of Australasian emergency physicians and trainees to this condition, in particular the utility of CT within 6 h for exclusion of SAH.
Review article: Components of a good quality discharge summary: A systematic review
Authors: Wimsett Jordon , Harper Alana , Jones Peter
Published: September 2014

Objective

The present study aims to inform the use of discharge summaries as a marker of the quality of communication between ED and primary care; this systematic review aims to identify a consensus on the key components of a high‐quality discharge summary.

Method

A systematic search of the major medical and allied health databases and Google Scholar was conducted, using predetermined criteria for inclusion. Two authors independently reviewed the full texts of potentially relevant studies to determine eligibility for inclusion. Data were extracted using a standard form, and the level of evidence was assessed using a predetermined scale.

Results

We screened 827 articles, and 84 articles underwent full‐text review. Thirty‐two studies were included, and 15 studies were level A or B studies. The agreement between authors for level of evidence was good: k = 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4–0.84) and for which components were included was 1011/1056, 95.7% (95% CI 94.3–96.8%). Thirty‐four components were identified; however, only four were ranked as important by ≥80% of respondents or scored ≥80% on a scale of importance. These were: discharge diagnosis, treatment received, investigation results and follow‐up plan. The quality of information contained in summaries was incompletely assessed in most studies.

Conclusion

The key components to include in a discharge summary are the discharge diagnosis, treatment received, results of investigations and the follow up required. The limited evidence pertaining to ED discharges was consistent with this. The adequacy of the components rather than just their presence or absence should also be considered when assessing the quality of discharge summaries.
Effect of Intramuscular Fat, Breed, and Age at Slaughter on Fatty Acid Composition in Green Hams
Authors: Storrustløkken Linda , Ekeberg Dag , Egelandsdal Bjørg , Håseth Torunn T. , Alvseike Ole
Published: September 2014

The evolution of fatty acid classes (ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, and ΣPUFA) in neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) in pigs were studied. The M. biceps femoris in green hams from Norwegian breeds Landrace (LR), Duroc (DU), and Hampshire (HS) slaughtered at 6, 7.5, and 9 mo of age were examined. The parameters were analyzed for age and breed effects with and without adjustment for NL or PL content. The fatty acid class contents of NL were not significantly different between the age groups. However, when NL content was adjusted, deposition of ΣSFA and ΣMUFA in NL significantly increased and deposition of ΣPUFA in NL significantly decreased with age. Duroc had consistently higher fatty acid class contents, but after adjusting for NL content, only the deposition of ΣSFA proved to be genetically different. The nonlinear relationship between NL content and ΣMUFA and ΣPUFA, together with the genetic potential of HS to deposit less ΣSFA than LR, gave significantly different fatty acid class compositions between the breeds. The content and proportion of ΣMUFA in PL increased with age. Specific ratios were also determined. The fat firmness index, C18:0/C18:2n − 6 in NL, increased with age and was lowest in HS due to genetics and highest in DU due to its high NL content. The sensory rancidity index C18:1n − 9/Σn − 6 increased in NL and decreased in PL between 7.5 and 9 mo. The C18:1n − 9/Σn − 6 in NL was highest in DU due to higher NL content. The Σn − 6/Σn − 3 in NL and PL increased between 7.5 and 9 mo.
Are staging investigations being overused in patients with low and intermediate risk prostate cancer?
Authors: Kim Laurence , Min Myo , Roos Daniel , Nguyen Luom , Yeoh Eric
Published: September 2014

Introduction

According to international best practice guidelines, staging abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CTAP) and whole body bone scan (WBBS) are not recommended for asymptomatic low and intermediate‐risk prostate cancer. Despite this, many patients undergo these investigations. Our aim was to determine the rate and cost of scans being performed for this group of patients.

Method

We utilised a database of prostate cancer patients treated by a radiation oncologist specialising in prostate cancer at the Royal Adelaide Hospital between January 2008 and December 2012. Risk criteria were defined according to the D’Amico system. We identified the staging investigations ordered.

Results

Of 236 consecutive eligible patients, 69 (70%) and 85 (86%) of 99 low risk, and 112 (82%) and 126 (92%) of 137 intermediate‐risk patients, were found to have had staging CTAP and WBBS, respectively. In fact, only 9.7% of the patients followed the international best practice guidelines and had no staging investigations. None of these scans showed evidence of metastatic disease. The total costs of these investigations for the low and intermediate‐risk groups were approximately AUD 75 000 and AUD 116 000, respectively.

Conclusion

We found that there is clearly a significant overuse of staging investigations for both these groups while the incidence of metastases identified was very low. This is likely to have a significant impact on the waiting time for scans and lead to substantial waste of resources. It places unnecessary financial burden on the patients and the healthcare system. There are also issues of increased radiation and contrast exposure, and potentially unnecessary further investigations.
Molecular diversity ofGermany's freshwater fishes and lampreys assessed byDNAbarcoding
Authors: Knebelsberger Thomas , Dunz Andreas R. , Neumann Dirk , Geiger Matthias F.
Published: September 2014

This study represents the first comprehensive molecular assessment of freshwater fishes and lampreys fromGermany. We analysedCOIsequences for almost 80% of the species mentioned in the currentGermanRedList. In total, 1056DNAbarcodes belonging to 92 species from all major drainages were used to (i) build a reliableDNAbarcode reference library, (ii) test for phylogeographic patterns, (iii) check for the presence of barcode gaps between species and (iv) evaluate the performance of the barcode index number (BIN) system, available on theBarcode ofLife Data Systems. For over 78% of all analysed species,DNAbarcodes are a reliable means for identification, indicated by the presence of barcode gaps. An overlap between intra‐ and interspecific genetic distances was present in 19 species, six of which belong to the genusCoregonus. The Neighbour‐Joining phenogram showed 60 nonoverlapping species clusters and three singleton species, which were related to 63 separateBINnumbers. Furthermore,Barbatula barbatula,Leucaspius delineatus,Phoxinus phoxinusandSqualius cephalusexhibited remarkable levels of cryptic diversity. In contrast, 11 clusters showed haplotype sharing, or low levels of divergence between species, hindering reliable identification. The analysis of our barcode library together with public data resulted in 89BINs, of which 56% showed taxonomic conflicts. Most of these conflicts were caused by the use of synonymies, inadequate taxonomy or misidentifications. Moreover, our study increased the number of potential alien species inGermany from 14 to 21 and is therefore a valuable groundwork for further faunistic investigations.
Safety guideline: skin antisepsis for central neuraxial blockade
Authors:   Membership of the Working Party:, Campbell J. P , Plaat F. , Checketts M. R. , Bogod D. , Tighe S. , Moriarty A. , Koerner R.
Published: September 2014

Concise guidelines are presented that recommend the method of choice for skin antisepsis before central neuraxial blockade. The Working Party specifically considered the concentration of antiseptic agent to use and its method of application. The advice presented is based on previously published guidelines, laboratory and clinical studies, case reports, and on the known properties of antiseptic agents.
Perinatal outcomes and travel time from home to hospital: Welsh data from 1995 to 2009
Authors: Paranjothy Shantini , Watkins W John , Rolfe Kim , Adappa Roshan , Gong Yi , Dunstan Frank , Kotecha Sailesh
Published: September 2014

Aim

To study the association between travel time from home to hospital and birth outcomes.

Methods

For all registrable births to women resident in Wales (1995–2009), we calculated the travel time between the mother's residence and the postcode‐based location for both the birth hospital and all hospitals with maternity services that were open. Using logistic regression, we obtained odds ratios for the association between travel time and each birth outcome, adjusted for confounders.

Results

In our analysis of 412 827 singleton births, for every 15‐min increase in travel time to the birth hospital, there was an increased risk of early (n = 609; OR: 1.13; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.20) and late neonatal death (n = 251; OR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.05, 1.26). Results for intrapartum stillbirth were inconclusive (n = 135; OR: 1.13; 95%CI: 0.98, 1.30). For the above‐combined (n = 995) results, we get OR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.20. No association was found with travel time to the nearest hospital (OR: 1.01; 95%CI: 0.90, 1.13 per 15‐min increase in travel time) for the composite outcome of intrapartum stillbirth and neonatal deaths.

Conclusion

Longer travel time to the birth hospital was associated with increased risk of neonatal deaths, but there was no strong evidence of association with the geographical location of maternity services.
End‐stage methotrexate‐related liver disease is rare and associated with features of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Dawwas M. F. , Aithal G. P.
Published: September 2014

Background

Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in contemporary medicine with a well‐recognised hepatotoxic potential, for which stringent laboratory and histological surveillance has long been advocated.

Aim

To estimate the population burden of end‐stage methotrexate‐related liver disease (MTX‐LD) in the United States and identify independent host risk factors for this disease entity.

Methods

We analysed the records of all individuals who had been listed for, and/or received, liver transplantation in the United States, as reported to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network between 1 October 1987 and 31 December 2011, and identified those whose liver disease was attributed, wholly or partly, to MTX therapy. We also compared the demographic and clinical characteristics of adult individuals with MTX‐LD with those listed and/or transplanted for alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n = 43 285), non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 7569) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC, n = 8526) using the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) derived from multi‐variable logistic regression models.

Results

Of 158 904 adults who had been listed for, and/or received, liver transplantation during the study period, only 117 (0.07%) had MTX‐LD. Compared with individuals with ALD and PSC, those with MTX‐LD were more likely to be older (AORs per 5‐year increase: 1.27, P < 0.001 and 1.33, P < 0.001 respectively); female (AORs: 1.78, P = 0.003 and 3.87, P < 0.001); Caucasian (AORs: 3.03, P = 0.001 and 2.05, P = 0.04); and diabetic (AORs: 2.76, P < 0.001 and 4.12, P < 0.001). With the exception of Caucasian ethnicity (AOR: 1.94, P = 0.05), the odds of these characteristics did not differ from individuals with NASH. The odds of elevated body mass index among MTX‐LD individuals were higher than those with PSC (AOR per 5 kg/m2: 1.51, P < 0.001); similar to those with ALD (AOR per 5 kg/m2:1.15, P = 0.1); and lower than those with NASH (AOR per 5 kg/m2: 0.66, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The United States population burden of end‐stage methotrexate‐related liver disease is likely to be exceedingly small, suggesting the need for reappraisal of current hepatotoxicity surveillance guidelines. The risk factor profile of methotrexate‐related liver disease supports the notion that it may share a common pathogenesis with NASH.
Effect of Approved Destination Status on Mainland Chinese Travel Abroad
Authors: Arita Shawn , La Croix Sumner , Edmonds Christopher
Published: September 2014

Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreements facilitate international leisure travel by Chinese citizens, allowing authorized travel agencies to offer group tour arrangements, including visa applications. The number of destinations with ADS agreements increased from 2 in 1983 to 114 in 2012. Using panel data for Chinese visitor arrivals in 58 countries from 1985 to 2005, we estimate a semi‐parametric matched difference‐in‐differences model of the impact of ADS on overseas departures from mainland China. Treatment with ADS increased Chinese visitor arrivals in the 3‐year period following ADS designation by more than 10 percent annually, with results varying substantially across countries.
Estimating Open Economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Korea
Authors: Piao Jishi , Joo Sangyong
Published: September 2014

We estimate the open economy new Keynesian Philips curve (NKPC) to characterize the inflation dynamics of Korea. While recent studies show that the NKPC holds for the pre‐currency crisis period, the empirical evidence is inconclusive for the post‐crisis period. Has globalization increased the role of global factors relative to domestic factors? Can labor income share still serve as a good measure of real marginal cost following the structural break? To address these issues for the post‐crisis period, we use two types of open NKPC: the relative prices model and the incomplete pass‐through model. The estimation of both models indicates that the forward‐looking behavior is important, and its role is reinforced in an open economy specification. Both NKPC models also show that the external factors are more relevant inflation drivers than the domestic factors.
Job Opportunities in Foreign Firms and Internal Migration in Vietnam
Authors: Fukase Emiko
Published: September 2014

Using the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey and the 2004 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey, this paper investigates the role of employment opportunities created by foreign‐owned firms as a determinant of internal migration and destination choice. Multinomial logit and conditional logit models are estimated to study both origin‐and destination‐specific characteristics of migrants. The paper finds that the migration response to foreign job opportunities is larger for female workers than male workers; there appears to be intermediate selection in terms of educational attainment; and migrating individuals tend to go to destinations with higher foreign employment opportunities, even when controlling for income differentials, land differentials and distances between sending and receiving areas.
Changes to the uterine epithelium during the reproductive cycle of two viviparous lizard species (Niveoscincus spp.)
Authors: Wu Qiong , Fong Cameron K. , Thompson Michael B. , Murphy Christopher R.
Published: September 2014

We investigated morphological differences in uterine epithelia of the reproductive cycle between two closely related viviparous skinks, Niveoscincus metallicus (lecithotrophic) and Niveoscincus ocellatus (placentotrophic), which have similar placental complexity but different degrees of placentotrophy. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the uterine surface of non‐reproductive females of both species is mainly covered by ciliated cells. As vitellogenesis begins, the uterine epithelium consists of ciliated and non‐ciliated cells under a thin glycocalyx. Microvilli are greatly reduced at mid‐pregnancy, and the uterus differentiates into two structurally distinct regions: the chorioallantoic and the omphaloplacenta. At late stages of pregnancy, the uterine epithelium of chorioallantoic placenta in both species is further ridged, forming a knobbly uterine surface. The ultrastructural evidence between N. metallicus and N. ocellatus cannot strictly account for the distinct differences in their placentotrophy; as yet unexplored molecular nutrient transport mechanisms that are not reflected in uterine ultrastructure must play significant roles in nutrient transportation. Characteristics consistent with a plasma membrane transformation were confirmed in both species.
Incremental validity of WISC–IVUK factor index scores with a referred Irish sample: Predicting performance on the WIAT–IIUK
Authors: Canivez Gary L. , Watkins Marley W. , James Trevor , Good Rebecca , James Kate
Published: September 2014

Background

Subtest and factor scores have typically provided little incremental predictive validity beyond the omnibus IQ score.

Aims

This study examined the incremental validity of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition (WISC–IVUK; Wechsler, 2004a, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition, Harcourt Assessment, London, UK) and factor index scores in predicting academic achievement on the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – Second UK Edition (WIAT–IIUK; Wechsler, 2005a, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test‐Second UK Edition, Pearson, London, UK), beyond that predicted by the WISC–IVUK FSIQ.

Sample

The sample included 1,014 Irish children (ages 6–0 to 16–9) who were referred for evaluation of learning difficulties.

Method

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used with the WISC–IVUK FSIQ (Block 1) and factor index scores (Block 2) as predictors and WIAT–IIUK subtest and composite scores as dependent variables.

Results

The WISC–IVUK FSIQ accounted for statistically significant and generally large portions of WIAT–IIUK subtest and composite score variance. WISC–IVUK factor index scores combined to provide statistically significant increments in prediction of most WIAT–IIUK subtest and composite scores over and above the FSIQ; however, the effect sizes were mostly small as previously observed (i.e., Canivez, 2013a, Psychol. Assess., 25, 484; Glutting et al., 2006, J. Spec. Educ., 40, 103; Nelson et al., 2013, Psychol. Assess., 25, 618). Individually, the WISC–IVUK factor index scores provided small unique contributions to predicting WIAT–IIUK scores.

Conclusion

This, in combination with studies of apportioned variance from bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (Watkins et al., 2013, Int. J. Sch. Educ. Psychol., 1, 102), indicated that the WISC–IVUK FSIQ should retain the greatest weight in WISC–IVUK interpretation.
TREM2 Protein Expression Changes Correlate with Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegenerative Pathologies in Post‐Mortem Temporal Cortices
Authors: Lue Lih‐Fen , Schmitz Christopher T. , Serrano Geidy , Sue Lucia I. , Beach Thomas G. , Walker Douglas G.
Published: September 2014

Triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has anti‐inflammatory phagocytic function in myeloid cells. Several studies have shown that TREM2 gene variant rs75932628‐T increased the risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It has been suggested that the risks could be resulted from the loss of TREM2 function caused by the mutation. Indeed, new evidence showed that several mutations in the immunoglobulin‐like V‐region led to low cell surface expression of TREM2 and reduced phagocytic function. Because of the emerging importance in understanding TREM2 expression and functions in human neurodegenerative diseases, we conducted biochemical and morphological studies of TREM2 expression in human post‐mortem temporal cortical samples from AD and normal cases. Increased expression of TREM2 protein was found to significantly correlate with increases of phosphorylated‐tau and active caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis, and also loss of the presynaptic protein SNAP25. Strong intensities of TREM2 immunoreactivity were observed in the microglia associated with amyloid plaques and in neuritic pathology‐enriched areas. Based on the findings that TREM2 expression correlated with neurodegenerative markers, further investigation on whether there is abnormality of TREM2 functions in AD brains with nonmutated TREM2 is needed.
Adrenal insufficiency: review of clinical outcomes with current glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Authors: Johannsson Gudmundur , Falorni Alberto , Skrtic Stanko , Lennernäs Hans , Quinkler Marcus , Monson John P. , Stewart Paul M.
Published: September 2014

Glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), whether primary (Addison's disease) or secondary (due to hypopituitarism), has been established for some 50 years. The current standard treatment regimen involves twice‐ or thrice‐daily dosing with a glucocorticoid, most commonly oral hydrocortisone. Based on previous small‐scale studies and clinical perception, life expectancy with conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy has been considered normal, with a low incidence of adverse events. Data from the past 10–15 years, however, have shown that morbidity remains high and life expectancy is reduced. The increased morbidity and decreased life expectancy appear to be due to both increased exposure to cortisol and insufficient cortisol coverage during infections and other stress‐related events. This is thought to reflect a failure of treatment to replicate the natural circadian rhythm of cortisol release, together with a failure to identify and deliver individualized cortisol exposure and to manage patients adequately when increased doses are required. The resulting over‐ or under‐treatment may result in Cushing‐like symptoms or adrenal crisis, respectively. This review summarizes the morbidity and mortality seen in patients receiving the current standard of care for AI and suggests areas for improvement in glucocorticoid replacement therapy.
Changes suggestive of post‐partum thyroiditis in women with established hypothyroidism: incidence and predictors
Authors: Sergi Melissa , Tomlinson George , Feig Denice S.
Published: September 2014

Objective

Post‐partum thyroiditis (PPT) is a common phenomenon in the general population. To date there have been few studies examining the incidence of PPT in women with hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the incidence and potential predictors of PPT in women with treated hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients and Methods

We compiled a cohort of 97 women with previous hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy seen in the Endocrinology in Pregnancy clinic from 1999 to 2011, collecting data on thyroid function, antibodies and levothyroxine doses post‐partum. The incidence of PPT and its predictors were analysed.

Results

A total of 66 (68%) women had fluctuations in thyroid function consistent with PPT. Of these, 22 (33%) had a hyperthyroid phase alone, 22 (33%) had a hypothyroid phase alone and 22 (33%) had both a hyper and hypo phase. The majority of women had their dose of thyroid medication adjusted during the PPT episode. Women who were on a full dose of thyroxine post‐partum were significantly less likely to have a hypothyroid phase. In multivariable analysis, the only predictor of PPT was the presence of thyroid antibodies, with 83% of antibody positive women having PPT compared to 44% of antibody negative women (P = 0·0001).

Conclusions

In our cohort, 2/3 of women had fluctuations in thyroid function consistent with PPT and most required adjustment of their thyroid dose. Women with hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy are at high risk for PPT and should be closely monitored during the first year post‐partum.
Ventral colporectopexy for overt rectal prolapse and obstructed defaecation syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Gouvas N. , Georgiou P. A. , Agalianos C. , Tan E. , Tekkis P. , Dervenis C. , Xynos E.
Published: September 2014

Aim

Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy (VR) with the use of prosthesis has been advocated for both overt rectal prolapse (ORP) and obstructed defaecation syndrome (ODS). The present study reviews the short‐term and functional results of laparoscopic VR.

Method

A search was performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Cochrane databases on all studies reporting on VR for ORP, ODS and other anatomical abnormalities of the pelvic floor from 2004 until February 2013. No language restrictions were made. All studies on VR were reviewed systematically. The main outcomes were intra‐operative complications, conversion, procedure duration, short‐term mortality and morbidity, length of stay, recurrence of ORP, recurrence of anatomical disorder, faecal incontinence and constipation, quality of life (QoL) score and patient satisfaction. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed independently by three observers.

Results

Twenty‐three studies including 1460 patients were eligible for analysis. The conversion rate ranged from 0 to 14.3%. No mortality was reported. The immediate postoperative morbidity rate was 8.6%. Length of stay ranged from 1 to 7 days. A significant improvement in constipation and incontinence symptoms was observed in the postoperative period for both ORP and ODS (chi‐square test, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic VR is a safe and effective procedure for ORP and ODS. Longer follow‐up is required, and studies comparing VR with standard rectopexy and stapled transanal rectal resection are not yet available.
Pendulum Swings in Wolf Management Led to Conflict, Illegal Kills, and a Legislated Wolf Hunt
Authors: Olson Erik R. , Stenglein Jennifer L. , Shelley Victoria , Rissman Adena R. , Browne‐Nuñez Christine , Voyles Zachary , Wydeven Adrian P. , Van Deelen Timothy
Published: September 2014

Rapid change in wildlife populations can challenge managers to promote species conservation while maintaining public support for wildlife. Wolf management during recolonization in Wisconsin, United States demonstrates the complexities of inconsistent management authority, public attitudes, and illegal killing of wolves. State management authority to control depredating wolves oscillated during a period of intense sociopolitical conflict over wolf status under the federal Endangered Species Act. We demonstrate that swings in wolf status led to inconsistent management authority, declining local public support for wolves, and possibly the unintended backlash of more illegal kills and a legislatively mandated public wolf hunt. A new Wildlife Management Matrix illustrates an idealized relationship between lethal control options and perceptions of wildlife. Moderating the sociopolitical drivers of swings in policy over short periods is essential to allow wildlife managers greater flexibility in achieving species‐specific goals. To our knowledge, this research provides the first demonstrated link between illegal wildlife killing and management authority under the Endangered Species Act, and suggests that illegal behavior may be moderated with responsible and effective wildlife management programs. We recommend states avoid prescriptive harvest legislation, and we suggest a more incremental shift from federal to state management authority.
Toward an Empirical Analysis of Justice in Ecosystem Governance
Authors: Sikor Thomas , Martin Adrian , Fisher Janet , He Jun
Published: September 2014

The 2010 Nagoya Protocol under the Convention on Biological Diversity and recent changes in the policies of major international conservation organizations highlight current interest in revisiting the moral case for conservation. Concerns with equity and human rights challenge well‐established notions of justice centered on human responsibility toward nature, the common good or the rights of future generations. This review introduces an empirical approach to the analysis of justice and shows how conservation scientists can apply it to ecosystem services‐based governance (or in short, ecosystem governance). It identifies dominant notions of justice and points out their compatibility with utilitarian theories of justice. It then discusses the limited appropriateness of these notions in many contexts in which conservation takes place in the Global South and explores how technical components of ecosystem governance influence the realization of the notions in practice. The review highlights the need for conservation scientists and managers to analyze the justice of ecosystem governance in addition to their effectiveness and efficiency. Justice offers a more encompassing perspective than equity for the empirical analysis of conservation governance.