bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on replacement of phosphate builders in laundry detergents using radiolabeled soils
Authors: Illman J. C. , Albin T. B. , Stupel H.
Published: March 2007

The fabric detergency performance of systems containing different types of surfactants and several builders of reduced phosphate content has been compared using a radiolabeled sebum‐clay soil. Use of this soil allows quantitative measurement of both sebum and clay removal from soiled swatches, generally cotton and permanent press Dacron‐cotton. One study compared alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AEOS) and alcohol ethoxylate (AEO) as surfactants in formulations containing from 0–45% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). Especially under hard water conditions, the AEO and AEOS considerably out‐perform the LAS and AS at equal use concentrations and are less sensitive to phosphate reduction. Tests with cotton swatches soiled with five different carbon black‐oil mixtures generally rank the surfactants in the same order, although individual responses of the cloths vary considerably. A further study compares the effect of replacing STPP with sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) in formulations containing varying amounts of AEO or LAS. Detergency improves significantly with increasing surfactant concentration, particularly with AEO, and declines as builder strength is reduced. AEO exceeds LAS considerably in performance under the test conditions even at relatively high concentrations of LAS. Another study compares the performance of AEO and LAS at equal concentrations in formulations containing a variety of builders. AEO is generally superior to LAS in removing both sebum and clay soils and is less sensitive to builders and water hardness. The builders generally rank in this order: STPP > NTA = citrate > carbonate > sulfate.
Acetal derivatives of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate: Plasticizers for PVC
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: March 2007

Several acetals and an enol ether were prepared from methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate and characterized with respect to their thermal, spectroscopic and chromatographic properties. These low‐melting (below −80 C) compounds were generally compatible as secondary poly(vinyl chloride) plasticizers and imparted low‐temperature properties that were intermediate between those obtained with dioctyl phthalate and dioctyl sebacate.
The component triacylglycerols of avocado fruit‐coat
Authors: Sharma Chandra B. , Martinez Glenda C.
Published: March 2007

The component triacylglycerols of avocado fruit‐coat fat have been determined by thin layer argentation chromatography and by pancreatic lipolysis. The fat was found to contain a total of 33 triacylglycerols (10 major and 23 minor) belonging to triunsaturated (43.0%), diunsaturated‐monosaturated (44.1%), disaturated‐monounsaturated (12.4%) and trisaturated (0.5%) types of acylglycerols. The results of the distribution of individual fatty acids show a 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution pattern. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid was esterified at the 2 position with greater preference than either oleic or palmitoleic acid.
Sunflowers: America’s neglected crop
Authors: Robertson James A.
Published: March 2007

The sunflower,Helianthus annuus, is a crop which has been neglected in American agriculture. Sunflower oil from seed grown in the northern U.S. typically contains 70% linoleic acid and has a high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. This makes it desirable as an edible oil in light of evidence linking saturated fats to high blood cholesterol and incidence of heart disease. In contrast sunflower oil from seed produced in the South generally contains 40–50% linoleic acid. Preliminary studies indicate that southern oil with a lower content of linoleic acid is slightly more stable than northern oil. The effect of planting dates, location and environmental temperatures on the fatty acid composition of northern and southern sunflower oils is reported. Studies also show that potato chips fried in sunflower oil are more flavorful after storage for four weeks than similarly treated chips fried in cottonseed‐corn oil mixtures. Sunflower protein is highly digestible (90%) and possesses a high biological value (60%). Protein isolates prepared by the conventional method of extraction are greenish in color due to oxidation of chlorogenic acid. However research underway indicates that development of a nearly white isolate is possible. Analysis of chemical, physical and organoleptic properties indicate that dehulled sunflower kernels can be used in various food products. Defatted meal also can be used as a partial wheat substitute in bread and other bakery products.
Sesame: Current knowledge of composition and use
Authors: Lyon C. K.
Published: March 2007

Because of its good taste and outstanding stability, sesame oil has long been one of the most desirable edible vegetable oils. Sesame meal is a valuable supplement for food and feeds because of the high methionine content of its protein relative to other oilseed proteins. Production of sesame seed in the U.S. has been small but is expected to increase with success in the development of nonshattering varieties. Current information on the composition, properties, processing and use of sesame is discussed.
Properties of aqueous solutions of disodium di‐3‐sulfopropyl α,θ‐alkane dicarboxylate
Authors: Ueno Minoru , Hikota Takeshi , Mitama Toshikatsu , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: March 2007

A series of disodium di‐3‐sulfopropyl α,θ‐alkane dicarboxylates NaO3S(CH2)3OOC(CH2)nCOO(CH2)3SO3Na (n=10, 12, 14, and 16) were prepared by the reaction of propane sultone with decane, dodecane, tetradecane or hexadecane dicarboxylic acids, and were estimated as to Krafft point and critical micelle concentration (cmc). The Krafft points of these α,θ‐type surfactants were determined from the temperature at which the abrupt changes in the conductivities of the aqueous solutions in the presence of the solid surfactant were below 0 C for n=10, 23.5 C for n=12, 31.0 C for n=14 and 38.5 C for n = 16. The α,θ‐type surfactant solution showed two break points in each plot of electroconductivity as a function of surfactant concentration. These results were considered to be due to the existence of the second cmc characteristic of these surfactants. A plot of the values obtained from the 1st cmc and the 2nd cmc of the α,θ‐type surfactants decreases logarithmically according to the increasing total number of methylene groups (N). Their relationship is given as follows: log cmc =−0.142N+3.77 (1st cmc); log cmc =−0.143N+4.20 (2nd cmc).
Recombination products from the radiolysis of tricaproin
Authors: Letellier P. R. , Nawar W. W.
Published: March 2007

A low molecular weight triglyceride, tricaproin, has been selected to study the higher molecular weight products produced by irradiation. In a previous publication the identification of the primary radiolytic products in tricaproin was reported. In the present work, 28 compounds considered to have been produced by the combination of free radicals have been identified. Among these are hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, alkanediol diesters and glyceryl ether diesters. Reaction mechanisms for the production of these compounds are discussed.
NMR chemical shift reagents in structural determination of lipid derivatives: II. Methyl petroselinate and methyl oleate
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Swern Daniel
Published: March 2007

Whentris(1,1,1,2,2,3,3‐heptafluoro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐4,6‐octaneodionato)europium (III)—Eu(fod)3—forms a complex with a sufficiently basic functional group in a donor molecule, the change in the magnetic environment of protons near the coordination site causes their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals to shift to different positions. Consequently Eu(fod)3 and other compounds that similarly affect NMR signals have been designated chemical shift reagents (csr). Because of their ability to shift proton signals, csr substantially increase the amount of structural information that can be obtained from NMR spectroscopy, frequently converting complicated splitting patterns into first‐order spectra. Some generally useful experimental and interpretive csr techniques are described here using methyl petroselinate and methyl oleate as examples. Csr studies of methyl petroselinate reveal that the position of the double bond is at C‐6, and that there is no chain substitution or branching before C‐9. Csr studies of methyl oleate reveal that the position of the double bond is at or beyond C‐9, and that there is no chain substitution or branching before C‐6. Some suggestions are presented for expanding the amount of structural information that can be obtained by csr studies of unsaturated lipid derivatives.
High resolution NMR for purity determination of cyclopropenoid concentrates
Authors: Boudreaux G. J. , Bailey A. V. , Tripp V. W.
Published: March 2007

High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance is proposed as a method for assaying the cyclopropenoid concentration of methyl sterculate and methyl malvalate concentrates. Spectra obtained on a 220 MHz instrument are analyzed and compared with that obtained on a 60 MHz instrument. Calculation of cyclopropene concentration based on methoxy protons and cyclopropene protons is discussed.
Raw materials. Handling and control
Authors: Good Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The handling and control of the raw materials for the oil seed industry can be primarily characterized by the short harvest season, by the necessity to move them into protected storage in minimum time, and by the required care before they can be processed. But they can be treated and stored successfully with minimal deterioration long enough to allow the processing industry to operate throughout the year.

Soybeans, cottonseed, flax, safflower, and other oil seeds are subject to damage primarily from biological actions, which are accelerated by high moisture content, foreign material, physical damage, and such adverse climatic conditions as frost or rain before harvest.

The primary object of the storage units, cleaners, and dryers used by oil mill processors is to minimize further damage and to reduce the effects of damage occurring prior to receipt. The various types of machinery, equipment, and storage units to accomplish this objective successfully are discussed.

It is possible to design and build equipment and storage units which will theoretically handle almost any situation, but the capital investment would be so large that carrying charges would prevent a profit in the market place. Accordingly the oil seed processor must combine ingenuity and foresight with hard work to provide a solution to the problems of each season in an industry where no season is entirely like any other.
Automated techniques in serum lipid analysis
Authors: Antonis Arnold
Published: March 2007

Semi‐ and partially‐automated procedures for the analysis of serum lipids directly on the initial solvent extract which have been developed recently by the author and other investigators are reviewed. Techniques are discussed which involve either colorimetric or fluorimetric estimation of the concentration of the individual lipid components of serum such as total cholesterol, acyl esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids. The results obtained with the automated methods are presented and evaluated by comparison to established manual methods now routinely used in clinical laboratories, and the advantage as well as the limitations of the automated procedures are indicated.
Occurrence, detection, and prevention of cyclization during hydrogenation of fatty oils
Authors: Coenen J. W. E. , Wieske Th. , Cross R. S. , Rinke Miss H.
Published: March 2007

It has been shown that, under certain extreme conditions during catalytic hydrogenation of materials containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, o‐substituted benzene monocarboxylic acids (aromatic fatty acids = AFA) can be formed. Pure AFA were isolated from isomerized linseed oil, and their structure was elucidated from spectroscopic data. Final confirmation of the structure was obtained by direct synthesis. Quantitative determinations involved IR and NMR measurements of the urea non‐adduct forming fraction. In this way as little as 0.01% AFA can be detected. To provide a greater operational latitude in technical processing without formation of these compounds, a two‐stage modified hydrogenation process has been worked out.
Effective Generation of Cat and Kitten States
Authors: Stobińska Magdalena , Milburn G. J. , Wódkiewicz Krzysztof
Published: March 2007

We present an effective method of coherent state superposition (cat state) generation using single trapped ion in a Paul trap. The method is experimentally feasible for coherent states with amplitude α ≤ 2 using available technology. It works both in and beyond the Lamb-Dicke regime.
Six Synthesis Methods for Reversible Logic
Authors: Van Rentergem Yvan , De Vos Alexis , De Keyser Koen
Published: March 2007

The (2w)! reversible transformations on w wires, i.e. reversible logic circuits with w inputs and w outputs, together with the action of cascading, form a group, isomorphic to the symmetric group S2w. Therefore, we investigate the group Sn as well as one of its subgroups isomorphic to Sn/2 × Sn/2. We then consider the left cosets, the right cosets, and the double cosets generated by the subgroup. Each element of a coset can function as the representative of the coset. The coset can then be considered as the set of all group elements that differ from the representative by merely multiplying (either to the left or to the right or to both sides) by an arbitrary element of the subgroup. Different choices of the coset space and different choices of the coset representatives lead to six different syntheses for implementing an arbitrary reversible logic operation into hardware. Evaluation of all six methods, by means of three different cost functions (gate cost, switch cost, and quantum cost), leads to a best choice.
Hip range of motion in Perthes’ disease: Comparison of pre-operative and intra-operative values
Authors: Stanitski Carl L.
Published: March 2007

Background

Children with early Perthes’ disease and clinical loss of motion are commonly noted to have normal or almost normal hip range of motion (ROM) when examined under anesthesia (EUA). Despite anecdotal comments about this observation, no series has documented these findings. The lack of such data led to this study.

Methods

Consecutive patients with unilateral Herring class B or C Perthes’ disease in mid to late Waldenstrom's fragmentation stages who failed a non-operative course of hip motion restoration had hip range of motion (ROM) documented pre-operatively and intra-operatively by a single, experienced pediatric orthopedic surgeon. The opposite normal hip's ROM was used as the control. Joint congruity was assessed arthrographically.

Results

Twenty-seven patients, 6–10 years old (average 7.9 years) with early Perthes’ disease were reviewed. Twenty-one of 27 patients (77.7%) had full or almost full hip ROM of the involved side when examined under anesthesia (EUA). Six patients (22.3%) had limited abduction (<50 degrees) and underwent an adductor tenotomy that normalized hip ROM. Five of these six patients were older than 8 years. Intra-operative arthrography did not demonstrate lack of containment, hinge abduction or joint incongruity.

Conclusions

Loss of hip ROM in this series of patients with early Perthes’ disease without intra-articular incongruity was due to pain and muscle spasm which were obviated by anesthesia, demonstrating essentially normal hip ROM in the majority of patients. Pre-operative bed rest and traction was not required to restore ROM in this group of patients.
Transforming growth factor beta‐1 enhances cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells of A549 line
Authors: Filyak Yevhen , Filyak Oksana , Stoika Rostyslav
Published: March 2007

Transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGFbeta‐1) is a regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Doxorubicin (adriamycin), an anthracycline drug causing double‐strand DNA breaks, is widely used in anticancer chemotherapy. Here we demonstrated that TGFbeta‐1 enhanced cytotoxic (proapoptotic) action of doxorubicin towards cultured human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Western‐blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to show that doxorubicin induced PARP degradation in A549 cells, and TGFbeta‐1 enhanced that action of the drug. The obtained results suggest a possibility of biomodulating effect of TGFbeta‐1 on tumor cell treatment with doxorubicin.
DNA methylation imprints on the IG‐DMR of theDlk1–Gtl2domain in mouse male germline
Authors: Hiura Hitoshi , Komiyama Junichi , Shirai Motomu , Obata Yayoi , Ogawa Hidehiko , Kono Tomohiro
Published: March 2007

Mouse genomes show a large cluster of imprinted genes at theDlk1–Gtl2domain in the distal region of chromosome 12. An intergenic‐differentially methylated region (IG‐DMR) located betweenDlk1andGtl2is specifically methylated in the male germline; IG‐DMR regulates the parental allele‐specific expression of imprinted genes. Here, we show the resetting of IG‐DMR methylation marks during male germ‐cell differentiation. For parental allele‐specific methylation analysis, polymorphisms were detected in a 2.6‐kb IG‐DMR in three mouse strains. Bisulfite methylation analysis showed erasure of the marks by E14 and re‐establishment before birth. The IG‐DMR methylation status was maintained in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of mature testes. The IG‐DMR methylation status established before birth is thus maintained throughout the lifetime in the male germline.
Analysis of membrane topology of neutral sphingomyelinase 2
Authors: Tani Motohiro , Hannun Yusuf A.
Published: March 2007

Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), which has two hydrophobic segments at its NH2‐terminus, plays an important role in ceramide‐mediated cell regulation. Here, we investigated the membrane topology of nSMase2. When a double‐tagged nSMase2 at both the NH2 and COOH termini, was overexpressed in MCF‐7 cells, the signals from both tags were detected in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, insertion of a tag into the internal sequence and green fluorescent protein‐fused deletion mutants revealed that the entire catalytic region of the protein was located on the cytosolic face of the membranes and each hydrophobic segment is integrated into the membranes, but unlikely to span the entire membrane. These results indicate the presence of the enzyme in the inner leaflet of plasma membrane.
The activities of the German Weather Service (DWD) in the field of agroclimatology
Authors: Friesland H. , Löpmeier F.‐J.
Published: March 2007

Agroclimatology represents the link between several agrometeorological fields and climatological applications. The German Weather Service (DWD) uses data from many meteorological stations for 40‐year calculations by agrometeorological models. The topics extend from microclimatic elements over the wide field of soil conditions and water content, agricultural operations and product quality to forest fires and plant pests. Analyses of agroclimatic output allow for better planning, risk assessment, objective evaluation of the current situation and even for a test of the models used. Current applications concern crop microclimate, including soil, evapotranspiration and volatilisation, plant protection, phenology and product quality, with examples such as the frequency of extreme soil frost, optimum harvest conditions, plant water stress on different soils, and the frequency of high pest incidence. Not only singular places, but regions too can be evaluated. Results from combinations of elements, such as soil frozen with high water content, are considered valuable for recommendations to agricultural users. Agroclimatic model information concerning, for example, removal of plastic cover from spring crops, soil conditions for plant water use, tractability, herbicide effectiveness, germination, nutrient washout, and harvest, is directly usable by farmers. The information about forest fire index, extreme season assessment (for compensation payments), and trend analyses is of practical use for administration. The use of risk levels for plant pathogens is important both for farmers and extension services. The future importance of agroclimatic applications is considered high. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact assessment study of climate change on agricultural zoning
Authors: Zullo Jurandir , Pinto Hilton Silveira , Eduardo Delgado Assad
Published: March 2007

If mean temperature increases, in accordance with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections and adaptations and/or genetic modifications are not considered, suitable areas for farming corn (Zea mays) and coffee (Coffea arabica) will decrease in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Further, increases in precipitation will not be enough to ameliorate the impacts associated with increases in mean temperatures. Suitability for grain production will decrease more rapidly in regions with sandy soils than in regions with clay or medium soils, as the temperature increases. The projected increase in mean temperature of up to 5.8°C would decrease the suitability for grain production drastically in spite of soil texture. Besides the reduction of suitable areas for coffee production, the projections suggest that changes will be more enhanced in the southeast of the state, especially in higher elevation regions, where farming practice, soils, and infrastructure are unsuitable for the economic production of coffee. In both cases, no compensatory increase in suitable areas for production is likely under current IPCC scenarios. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
The agroclimatic analysis at farm scale
Authors: Orlandini Simone , Marta Anna Dalla , Mancini Marco
Published: March 2007

Research was performed in Poggio Casciano Estate (Chianti area, central Italy) with the aim of defining a general approach to analyse the spatial variability of temperature at the microscale. Hourly data were collected from a network of 27 temperature stations covering an area of about 120 ha and determination coefficients (r2) between station pairs on the basis of different geo‐topographical factors were calculated. The data were analysed in order to investigate trends describing the spatial distribution of temperature inside the study area. The results pointed out a strong effect of some topographical condition on the distribution of thermal patterns, in particular altitude and the distance from valley bottoms. The results are discussed in order to formulate a general approach for the characterisation of climatic conditions at small scale. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Commission 4: Ephemerides
Authors: Krasinsky George , Fukushima Toshio , Chapront J. , Standish E.M. , Hohenkerk C. , Kaplan G. , Seidelmann P.K. , Bangert J. , Urban S. , Vondrak J.
Published: March 2007

JPL continues to be active in creating ephemerides in support of spacecraft navigation as well as various other functions. Many of the products are available on web sites: (a) “Horizons”, the interactive web site, updated on an hourly basis, is located at http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. As of August, 2005, it contains orbital elements and ephemerides for the sun and 9 planets, 150 natural satellites (including the Moon), 291, 655 asteroids, 1631 comets, and 34 Spacecraft. Horizons uses the full precision of the JPL DE405.

(b)JPL's Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides in “export” format are available via FTP from the Internet: ftp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/eph/export/ or on a CD-ROM: http://www.willbell.com/software/jpl.htm We advise to read the attached README.

(c)The observational data used in fitting the planetary ephemerides is available at the following web site, updated periodically: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/plan-eph-data/

(d)SPICE Toolkit is a subroutine package for experienced programmers who write their own main driving programs for astrometrical computations. SPICE is available at http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/. It contains a large library of subroutines useful in reading SPICE format ephemeris files (SPK) and in computing many solar system observation geometry parameters associated with the various JPL solar system missions. Available in Fortran, C, and IDL for most popular computing platforms.
COMMISSION 7: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
Authors: Milani Andrea , Burns Joseph A. , Hadjidemetriou J. , Knežević Z. , Beaugé C. , Erdi B. , Fukushima T. , Heggie D.C. , Lemaitre A. , Maciejewski A. , Morbidelli A. , Sidlichovský M. , Vokrouhlický D. , Zhou J.-L.
Published: March 2007

The orbital fits of multi-planetary systems from radial velocity data has proved to be a complex task. In some cases, different orbital solutions provide similarly good fits, especially when two planets are near mean-motion resonances. Ferraz-Melloet al(2005) and Goździewskiet al(2005) showed that the published best fits of systemsHD82932andHD160691are dynamically unstable, and re-determined their orbital parameters with Monte Carlo and genetic algorithms. In both cases dynamically stable orbits were found with RMS similar to the published orbits. It was also shown that uncertainties in the stellar mass Ferraz Melloet al(2005) and the stellar jitter Gozdziewskiet al(2005) can significantly affect the orbital determination. Ford (2005) used a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to quantify the orbit uncertainties. For some planetary systems he found a strong correlation between the orbital elements and/or significant non-Gaussian error distribution in the parameter space. As a consequence, the actual uncertainties in the orbital fits can be much larger (or smaller) than those published.
Commission 19: Rotation of the Earth
Authors: Dehant Veronique , Brzezinski Aleksander , Capitaine N. , Dickey J. , Fukushima T. , Gambis D. , Gross R. , Hefty J. , Huang C. , Ma C. , Malkin Z. , Poma A. , Ray J. , Richter B. , Ron C. , Rothacher M. , Sidorenkov N. , Soffel M. , Vondrak J.
Published: March 2007

The activities in scientific research related to Commission 19 are mostly developed in the different institutions that have sent their reports here enclosed, in the different meetings that have been organized in related themes, and in the WGs of the Division 1. An important additional activity has been developed in the frame of precession and nutation. This research has been initiated by the Descartes Prize received by the Nutation Consortium in 2003.
Division I Working Group on “Nomenclature for Fundamental Astronomy” (NFA)
Authors: Capitaine Nicole , Andrei A.H. , Calabretta M. , Dehant V. , Fukushima T. , Guinot B. , Hohenkerk C. , Kaplan G. , lioner S. , Kovalevsky J. , Kumkova I. , Ma C. , McCarthy D.D. , Seidelmann P.K. , Wallace P.T.
Published: March 2007

A Division 1 Working Group on “Nomenclature for Fundamental Astronomy” (NFA) was formed at the 25th IAU GA in 2003 in order to provide proposals for the new nomenclature associated with the implementation of the IAU 2000 resolutions on reference systems. This WG is also intended to make related educational efforts for addressing the issue to the large community of scientists. The activities of the NFA WG since October 2003 have consisted of newsletters, questionnaires, detailed e-mail discussion, and the preparation of WG recommendations and guidelines which are supported by explanatory documents. The NFA documents have been discussed during international meetings in 2004 and 2005. A NFA WG resolution proposal will be submitted to the IAU 2006 GA as a supplement to the IAU 2000 resolutions. The NFA material has been made available on the NFA web Bite at:http://syrte.obspm.fr/iauWGnfa/.
IAU Division III Commission 15: Physical Studies of Comets and Minor Planets
Authors: Tedesco Edward F. , Huebner Walter F. , Bockelée-Morvan D. , Harris A. W. , Kiselev N. , Mc Fadden L.-A. , Michalowsky T. , Muinonen K. , Reitsema H. , Ma Y. , Schulz R. , Sykes M. V.
Published: March 2007

The report of Commission 15 was prepared primarily by the chairpersons of its two working groups: the Minor Planet Working Group and the Comet Working Group. In particular, the Minor Planet section was created by A. Cellino with a little help from E. Tedesco and the Comet section by T. Yamamoto with the assistance of D. Bockelée-Morvan, W. Huebner, A. Bhardwaj, D. Biesecker, L. Jorda, H. Kawakita, H. U. Keller, H. Kimura, A. Kouchi, and D. Prialnik. E. Tedesco was responsible for the Introduction, final editing, and merging of the two reports.
Divisions I & III WG: on Near Earth Objects
Authors: Morrison David , Milani Andrea , Binzel Richard , Bowell Ted , Carusi Andrea , Chapman Clark , Harris Alan , Isobe Syuzo , Marsden Brian , Muinonen Karri , Ostro Steve , Shor Victor , Steel Duncan , Tancredi Gonzalo , Ticha Jana , Valsecchi Giovanni , Yeomans Don
Published: March 2007

The WGNEO, a Working Group of Divisions I and III, was formed in the early 1990s to coordinate study of Earth-approaching asteroids and comets (NEOs) and provide timely advice to the General Secretary and officers of the IAU on discovery of any objects that threaten collision with the Earth. Since then, the WGNEO has steadily grown, reflecting increasing international interest and concern over impacts, especially from asteroids (which dominate over comets in their risk to Earth). In this triennium, the WGNEO had a membership of 49 (including the Organizing Committee of 17 members), plus 10 consultants. The Chair is David Morrison (USA), Vice-Chair Andrea Milani (Italy), Secretary Richard Binzel (USA), and Past-Chair Andrea Carusi (Italy).
Working Group on Definition of Planet
Authors: Williams Iwan P. , Bowell Edward L. G. , Tedesco Edward , Consolmagno Guy J. , Valsecchi Giovanni B. , Gustafson Bo Å , Mann Ingrid , Meech Karen J. , A'Hearn Michael F. , Boss Alan P. , Cruikshank Dale P. , Levasseur-Regourd Anny-Chantal , Marov Mikhail , Morrison David , Tinney Chris , Marsden Brian , Stern Alan , Ticha Jana , Askness Kaare
Published: March 2007

The Working Group was formed at the request of the Board of DivisionIII and approved by the IAU Executive committee in March 2004. This was in recognition of the fact that discoveries in the Trans Neptunian region were repeatedly raising the question of “what is a planet”. The task of the WG was to investigate the options available and give indications of the level of support and opposition for each if more than one option was emerging.
Division IV: Stars
Authors: Dravins Dainis , Barbuy Beatriz , Corbally Christopher , Dziembowski Wojciech , Hartkopf William , Sneden Christopher , Spite Monique
Published: March 2007

The IAU Division IV (‘Stars’) organizes astronomers studying the characteristics, interior and atmospheric structure, and evolution of stars of all masses, ages, and chemical compositions.

During the triennial starting at the Sydney General Assembly in August 2003, the following o.cials served in Division IV: President – Dainis Dravins (Lund, Sweden); Organizing Committee – Beatriz Barbuy (São Paolo, Brazil; former Div.IV president); Christopher Corbally (Vatican & Tucson, USA; Comm. 45 President); Wojciech Dziembowski (Warsaw, Poland; Comm. 35 President); William Hartkopf (Washington DC, USA; Comm. 26 President); Christopher Sneden (Austin, USA; Comm. 29 President), and Monique Spite (Paris-Meudon, France; Comm. 36 President).
Commission 35: Stellar Constitution
Authors: Dziembowski Wojciech A. , D'Antona Francesca , Charbonnel C. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Guzik J. , Langer N. , Larson R. , Liebert J. , Meynet G. , Müller E. , Saio H. , VandenBerg D.
Published: March 2007

Ihe triennial report from Commission 35 covers its organizational activities and highlights accomplishments in various topics of stellar interior physics.
Commission 36: Theory of Stellar Atmospheres
Authors: Spite Monique , Landstreet John , Asplund M. , Ayres T. , Balachandran S. , Dravins D. , Hauschildt P. , Kiselman D. , Nagendra K. N. , Sneden C. , Tautvaišiené G. , Werner K.
Published: March 2007

Commission 36 covers all the physics of stellar atmospheres. The scientific activity in this large field has been very intense during the last triennium and led to the publication of a large number of papers which makes an exhaustive report practically not feasible. As a consequence we decided to keep the format of the preceding report: first a list of areas of current research, then web links for obtaining further information.
Commission 45: Stellar Classification
Authors: Corbally Christopher , Giridhar Sunetra , Bailer-Jones Coryn , Humphreys Roberta , Kirkpatrick Davy , Evans Tom Lloyd , Luri Xavier , Minniti Dante , Pasinetti Laura , Straižys Vytautas , Weiss Werner
Published: March 2007

This report, like its predecessors, focuses on areas which have been especially active since the last General Assembly. Two major developments have been the unification of the T-dwarf standards and the new general catalogue of stellar spectral classifications.
Working Group on Massive Stars
Authors: Leitherer Claus , Crowther Paul , Eenens Philippe , Fullerton Alex , Koenigsberger Gloria , Massey Phil , Meynet George , Moffat Tony , Owocki Stan , Puls Joachim
Published: March 2007

This report covers the activity period 2002–2005 of the IAU Working Group on Massive Stars
Commission C27: Variable Stars†
Authors: Aerts Conny , Kawaler Steven , Bedding Tim , Cacciari Carla , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Cottrell Peter , Cunha Margarida , Handler Gerald , Martinez Peter , Sasselov Dimitar , Seetha S. , Welch Doug
Published: March 2007

We report the major highlights of variable star research within the past three years. This overview is limited to intrinsically variable stars, because the achievements in variable star research stemming from binarity, or multiplicity in general, is covered by the summary report of Commissions 26 and 42.
Commission 28: Galaxies
Authors: Sadler Elaine M. , Combes F. , Binney J.J. , Fairall A.P. , Heckman T.M. , Karachentseva V. , Knapp G.R. , Kraan–Korteweg R.C. , Leibundgut B. , Lilly S.J. , Narlikar J.V. , Okamura S.
Published: March 2007

This report gives a brief overview of some of the activities and developments in extragalactic research over the past three years.
Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer
Authors: Kwok Ron
Published: March 2007

The remarkably low Arctic multiyear (MY) sea ice coverage following the summer of 2005 is placed in the context of its variability over the past seven years (2000–2006). Annual cycles of MY ice coverage, from QuikSCAT and satellite passive ice motion, show that the replenishment of MY ice area at the end of this summer is near zero (0.1 × 106 km2) compared to the previous five summers of 1.0, 1.2, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.9 × 106 km2. This is examined in terms of anomalies in ice export and the record of freezing (FDD) and melting degree‐days (MDD). The 2005 summer (Jun–Sep) saw the highest Fram Strait ice export (>0.25 × 106 km2) compared to the 7‐year mean of 0.14 × 106 km2. This directly explains ∼40% of the decrease in MY coverage of 0.6 × 106 km2 between Jan 2005 and Jan 2006. The cumulative effects of the recent warmer winters and summers, relative to the longer‐term record since 1958, explain the balance. For this short record, the combination of spatially averaged FDD and MDD anomalies of the preceding year explain ∼63% of the variance in the replenishment areas.
Jet switching phenomenon for a periodically plunging airfoil
Authors: Heathcote S. , Gursul I.
Published: March 2007

An experimental investigation has been carried out on rigid and flexible airfoils oscillating in still fluid. It was found that the vortex pairs generated by the oscillating airfoil move at an angle to the chordwise direction. The deflection angle of the induced jet was observed to change periodically in time. The switching period was found to increase with increasing airfoil stiffness and to decrease with increasing heave frequency and increasing amplitude. Over the range of frequency, amplitude, and stiffness tested, the switching period was found to be two orders of magnitude greater than the heave period. The development of the vorticity field for upward and downward deflected jets, as well as the transition between the two modes, was captured with the particle image velocimetry measurements. The deflection of the jet, and thus the jet switching effect, was found to diminish with increasing free stream velocity (decreasing Strouhal number).
Substrate pit formation and surface wetting during thermal annealing of strained-Si/relaxed-Si0.78Ge0.22 heterostructure
Authors: Jang C. H. , Paik S. I. , Kim Y. W. , Lee N.-E.
Published: March 2007

During the elevated-temperature thermal annealing of a strained-Si/relaxed-Si0.78Ge0.22 heterostructure, deep substrate pits penetrating into the relaxed-Si0.78Ge0.22 buffer were formed and the strained-Si surface was wetted by the Si and Ge atoms originating from the deep pits. The pit formation and surface wetting are presumably due to the decrease in the strained-Si surface energy, resulting in a reduction in the total energy. The strain of the remaining strained-Si layer situated away from the deep pits was slightly increased despite the increased relaxation of the SiGe buffer, which implies that the remaining strained-Si layer was morphologically stabilized by the SiGe wetting.
Efficient electrothermal actuation of multiple modes of high-frequency nanoelectromechanical resonators
Authors: Bargatin I. , Kozinsky I. , Roukes M. L.
Published: March 2007

The authors observed resonances from multiple vibrational modes of individual silicon-carbide-based nanomechanical resonators, covering a broad frequency range from several megahertz to over a gigahertz. The devices are actuated thermoelastically in vacuum at room temperature using localized Joule heating in a device-integrated metal loop. Their motion is detected piezoresistively using signal downmixing in a similarly integrated metal piezoresistor. The frequencies and amplitudes of the observed resonant peaks are in good agreement with the results from theoretical modeling and finite-element simulations.
Modification of transparent and conducting single wall carbon nanotube thin films via bromine functionalization
Authors: Fanchini Giovanni , Unalan Husnu Emrah , Chhowalla Manish
Published: March 2007

The results of bromine doping of transparent and conducting single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin films are described. Br profoundly effects the density of states (DOS) of SWNTs which leads to dramatic improvement in the electrical properties. The authors show that the role of the Br is not only in shifting the Fermi level but also in forming acceptor sites in metallic SWNTs. These modifications of the DOS through bromination lead to simultaneous increase in both the on/off ratio and mobility of thin film transistors. Furthermore, the transistor characteristics of Br-functionalized SWNTs are similar in air, inert atmosphere, and vacuum.
Alternative to pentacene patterning for organic thin film transistor
Authors: Kim Kyung-Ho , Bong Ki-Wan , Lee Hong H.
Published: March 2007

A method is presented for patterning the pentacene active layer of organic thin film transistor. The method involves forming a metal pattern on a gate dielectric surface by transfer patterning, depositing pentacene over the whole surface, and then lifting off a bilayer of pentacene on the metal with a flat elastomeric mold. Compared with the method of direct pentacene transfer reported earlier [S. Y. Park, T. Kwon, and H. H. Lee, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 18, 1861 (2006)], this alternative allows one to choose a surface for larger pentacene grain size and eliminates a high off-current associated with the direct transfer method. The rigid nature of a rigiflex mold allows the pentacene pattern size to be defined in submicrometer range and the flexible nature of rigiflex and elastomeric molds permits large area application.
Current-induced vortex-vortex switching in a nanopillar comprising two Co nano-rings
Authors: Yang T. , Hirohata A. , Hara M. , Kimura T. , Otani Y.
Published: March 2007

The authors fabricated a current-perpendicular-to-plane pseudo-spin-valve nanopillar comprising a thick and a thin Co rings with deep submicron lateral sizes. The dc current can effectively induce the flux-closure vortex states in the rings with desired chiralities. Abrupt transitions between the vortex states are also realized by the dc current and detected with the giant magnetoresistance effect. Both Oersted field and spin-transfer torque are found important to the magnetic transitions, but the former is dominant. They can be designed to cooperate with each other in the vortex-to-vortex transitions by carefully setting the chirality of the vortex state in the thick Co ring.
Destruction of amplified spontaneous emission via chemical doping at low-work-function metal/conjugated polymer interfaces
Authors: Tremolet de Villers Bertrand , Schwartz Benjamin J.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigate how the use of different metal electrodes affects the ability of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) films to undergo amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). High-work-function metals such as Ag or Au have little effect on the ASE threshold, but low-work-function metals such as Ca or Al completely shut off ASE. ASE is restored when a thin spacer layer, such as a few nanometers of polystyrene or oxidized Ca, is introduced between the MEH-PPV film and the Ca or Al electrode. This suggests that low-work-function metals chemically dope the polymer, creating polarons that destroy ASE not only by lowering the gain through emission quenching but primarily by increasing the loss via optical absorption. Thus, the exponential sensitivity of ASE to optical losses provides a spectroscopic probe of conjugated polymer/metal interfaces.
Noncontact measurement of thermal conductivity of liquid silicon in a static magnetic field
Authors: Kobatake Hidekazu , Fukuyama Hiroyuki , Minato Izuru , Tsukada Takao , Awaji Satoshi
Published: March 2007

Thermal conductivity of liquid silicon is indispensable for numerical modeling of silicon crystal growth processes and for elucidating electron transport phenomena in high-temperature liquids. However, crucial obstacles render measurement of thermal conductivity difficult: convection and contamination from contact materials. In this study, the authors developed a noncontact measurement of thermal conductivity of liquid silicon using electromagnetic levitation in a static magnetic field. Convection in the levitated silicon becomes negligible above 2T. The determined thermal conductivity shows that the electron contribution is dominant for thermal transport in liquid silicon at temperatures of 1750–2050K.
Low dielectric electromagnetic absorbing material in 18–40GHz using large scale photonic crystal structures
Authors: Narita T. , Matsumura K. , Kagawa Y.
Published: March 2007

The interaction behavior between a monolithic low dielectric block with unidirectionally aligned through holes and an electromagnetic wave at a frequency range from 18to40GHz has been studied. Hexagonally aligned through holes, whose diameters are 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0mm, are introduced to a polymethylmethacrylate block. The electromagnetic wave reflection and transmission spectra perpendicular to the hole axis show a unique structure dependence, which is related to the diameter of the hole and its arrangement. A large decrease in the reflectance and transmittance appears in the spectra, which originates from the interference effect between the electromagnetic wave and material. It is concluded that the material has a potential for controlling the electromagnetic wave at a tailored target frequency and is expected to be usable as monolithic low dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material.
Self-diffracting effects in hybrid materials
Authors: Trejo-Durán Mónica , Andrade-Lucio J. A. , Martínez-Richa Antonio , Vera-Graziano Ricardo , Castaño Víctor M.
Published: March 2007

The authors experimentally demonstrate self-diffraction effect in a hybrid material. Patterns at different light intensity levels were obtained. A dependence of the number of diffraction rings with the intensity of laser is observed.
Absence of the lactase-persistence-associated allele in early Neolithic Europeans
Authors: Burger J. , Kirchner M. , Bramanti B. , Haak W. , Thomas M. G.
Published: March 2007

Lactase persistence (LP), the dominant Mendelian trait conferring the ability to digest the milk sugar lactose in adults, has risen to high frequency in central and northern Europeans in the last 20,000 years. This trait is likely to have conferred a selective advantage in individuals who consume appreciable amounts of unfermented milk. Some have argued for the “culture-historical hypothesis,” whereby LP alleles were rare until the advent of dairying early in the Neolithic but then rose rapidly in frequency under natural selection. Others favor the “reverse cause hypothesis,” whereby dairying was adopted in populations with preadaptive high LP allele frequencies. Analysis based on the conservation of lactase gene haplotypes indicates a recent origin and high selection coefficients for LP, although it has not been possible to say whether early Neolithic European populations were lactase persistent at appreciable frequencies. We developed a stepwise strategy for obtaining reliable nuclear ancient DNA from ancient skeletons, based on (
i
) the selection of skeletons from archaeological sites that showed excellent biomolecular preservation, (
ii
) obtaining highly reproducible human mitochondrial DNA sequences, and (
iii
) reliable short tandem repeat (STR) genotypes from the same specimens. By applying this experimental strategy, we have obtained high-confidence LP-associated genotypes from eight Neolithic and one Mesolithic human remains, using a range of strict criteria for ancient DNA work. We did not observe the allele most commonly associated with LP in Europeans, thus providing evidence for the culture-historical hypothesis, and indicating that LP was rare in early European farmers.
Adhesion mechanisms of the mussel foot proteins mfp-1 and mfp-3
Authors: Lin Qi , Gourdon Delphine , Sun Chengjun , Holten-Andersen Niels , Anderson Travers H. , Waite J. Herbert , Israelachvili Jacob N.
Published: March 2007

Mussels adhere to a variety of surfaces by depositing a highly specific ensemble of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-
l
-alanine (DOPA) containing proteins. The adhesive properties of
Mytilus edulis
foot proteins mfp-1 and mfp-3 were directly measured at the nano-scale by using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). An adhesion energy of order
W
≈3 × 10
−4
J/m
2
was achieved when separating two smooth and chemically inert surfaces of mica (a common alumino-silicate clay mineral) bridged or “glued” by mfp-3. This energy corresponds to an approximate force per plaque of ≈100 gm, more than enough to hold a mussel in place if no peeling occurs. In contrast, no adhesion was detected between mica surfaces bridged by mfp-1. AFM imaging and SFA experiments showed that mfp-1 can adhere well to one mica surface, but is unable to then link to another (unless sheared), even after prolonged contact time or increased load (pressure). Although mechanistic explanations for the different behaviors are not yet possible, the results are consistent with the apparent function of the proteins, i.e., mfp-1 is disposed as a “protective” coating, and mfp-3 as the adhesive or “glue” that binds mussels to surfaces. The results suggest that the adhesion on mica is due to weak physical interactions rather than chemical bonding, and that the strong adhesion forces of plaques arise as a consequence of their geometry (e.g., their inability to be peeled off) rather than a high intrinsic surface or adhesion energy,
W
.