bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of electric field on separation and orientation of carbon nanotubes in spray coated layers
Authors: Wroblewski Grzegorz , Słoma Marcin , Janczak Daniel , Jakubowska Malgorzata
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The aims of this paper are to investigate the influence of direct current (DC) electric field on separation and orientation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in spray-coated layers and apply this method to the fabrication of elastic and transparent electrodes. The orientation of CNTs in the form of paths in the direction of electrical conduction should increase the electrode conductivity without decreasing its optical transmission.

Design/methodology/approach

– Materials are deposited using vacuum-free, ultra-fine nozzle spray coating technique, easily applicable for large-scale production. After the deposition of carbon nanomaterials, nanoparticles are oriented in the electric field and initially cured with infrared halogen lamp to evaporate solvents and preserve orientation of the nanoparticles in the deposited layer. Afterwards, layers are cured in a chamber dryer to obtain desired properties. Nanoparticles orientation and carbon nanomaterials separation via DC electric field are analysed, and the optical and electrical properties of prepared electrodes are measured.

Findings

– Experiments described in this paper showed that DC electric field can be applied provide separation and orientation of CNTs and combined with spray coating technique, can be used as additional tool for tuning the conductivity of flexible and transparent electrodes by decreasing the sheet resistance about five times.

Originality/value

– The results showed that spray coating combined with electric field orientation is a promising solution of obtaining elastic and transparent electrodes with oriented carbon particles. According to the authors’ knowledge, none of the experiments was directed to obtain DC electric field-oriented transparent layers produced with the use of spray coating technique.
Fostering interpersonal trust as a norm in organizations: five key starting points
Authors: Portis Ron
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to suggest ways that organizations can foster “interpersonal trust”. The author explores how the implementation of specific strategies can be used to “contextually cue” or “signal” the formation of interpersonal trust.

Design/methodology/approach

– The author reviews two seeming disparate streams of literature: interpersonal trust and the psychology of habit formation. The author shows how the use of “contextual cuing” can be used to create dispositions of trust and how that trust can become an organizational norm, expectation or habit.

Findings

– The author identifies five key steps that can be used to foster interpersonal trust.

Practical implications

– Organizational commitment, knowledge sharing and collaboration and organizational learning have all been shown to have significant impacts on the organization’s bottom line. Given the demonstrable importance of “trust” then must ask, “what can organizations do to more effectively foster interpersonal trust?” The author identifies five key steps that can be used to foster interpersonal trust.

Social implications

– Where there are two or more persons, there is “social interaction”. And, for that interaction to be civil, positive or productive, trust is required.

Originality/value

– There is an abundance of literature regarding the importance of interpersonal trust, organizational trust and their implications. Yet, there is very little that speaks to the operationalization of the concepts with specific and targeted strategies. The author proposes five possible strategies.
The 5 conversations that really matter in business: transforming trust, engagement and performance at work
Authors: Purse Nigel
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to outline five conversations that leaders must hold to build trusting relationships. People’s engagement at work correlates directly with the quality of relationship they have with their line manager. Leaders need to be supported to develop their capabilities in holding conversations, but more importantly to recognize the power of authenticity.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper is based on the author’s work with managers and leaders in organizations around the world.

Findings

– Holding authentic conversations that focus on the five areas identified will build trust which, in turn, will improve engagement and ultimately drive performance.

Originality/value

– Leaders are often expected to focus on visionary, decisive and driving action. This paper proposes that this is not enough; building trusting relationships must lie at the heart of effective leadership. It identifies five critical conversations that line managers as leaders must have to build trusting relationships.
When mentoring relationships fail to thrive – mentoring, managing and the organizational agenda
Authors: Starr Julie
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– A highly practical article that will help mentors, mentees or those responsible for mentoring schemes to reflect on the fine balance between acting as a mentor and becoming involved in some activities that might be seen as “managing” rather than “mentoring”. Although the latter situation is often seen as a pitfall and something to be avoided, the article outlines how all those involved can deal with the ambiguity and ensure the focus stays on the mentee.

Design/methodology/approach

– The article is written from the experience and perspective of a deeply experienced practitioner and author in the fields of mentoring and coaching in the organizational world.

Findings

– The article outlines how to maintain thriving relationships between mentors and mentees with the support of the line manager.

Originality/value

– This article provides practical advice on how to maintain thriving relationships between mentors and mentees with the support of the line manager, even when discussions stray into the territory normally associated with “managing” performance or development.
Upward career mobility
Authors: Cole Graham
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the papers in context.

Findings

– Having a successful career has significant implications for both individuals and organizations alike. Positive effects on people’s health, happiness and longevity have been partly attributed to achievements in the workplace. And employees who flourish in their roles play a major part in a company’s potential for growth and prosperity. It therefore makes sense to try and ascertain the factors which make career success more likely to occur. Success in this context can be measured in objective or subjective terms. Professional attainments reflected in promotions, status and salary levels are common indicators of objective career success. With the subjective form, it is internal beliefs about work achievements and their implications for future opportunities that are most relevant.

Practical implications

– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value

– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
A positive focus to lessen the stigma
Authors: Cole Graham
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

– It is often stated that the workforce is a company’s most important asset. Many organizations seem to recognize this. That is perhaps why finding effective ways to develop employees occupies a prominent place on growth agendas. Various options are available where training and development is concerned. Coaching is among those growing in popularity both within firms and business education courses such as Master of Business Administration programs. It typically involves a one-to-one relationship whereby a professional coach seeks to enhance the capabilities of key personnel to benefit both individual and organizational performance. Firms clearly reap the rewards when the experience is able to help top-performers reach even greater heights.

Practical implications

– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value

– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
The value of mentoring
Authors: Cole Graham
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

– This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings

– Learning is fundamental to the growth and success of any organization. And any business that fails to comprehend its importance is surely destined for a place among the also-rans. Various possibilities exist where learning and development is concerned. One such option gaining in popularity is mentoring. It has now become recognized as having a key role in the personal and professional development of those participating in such programs. Mentoring typically involves an older person imparting their knowledge and experience to a less worldly individual placed under their guidance. Enabling the “mentee” to learn thus tends to be the main objective of these arrangements.

Practical implications

– The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value

– The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Quick finite volume solver for incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by parallel Gram-Schmidt process based GMRES and HSS
Authors: Zhao Di
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop Triple Finite Volume Method (tFVM), the author discretizes incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by tFVM, which leads to a special linear system of saddle point problem, and most computational efforts for solving the linear system are invested on the linear solver GMRES.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper, by recently developed preconditioner Hermitian/Skew-Hermitian Separation (HSS) and the parallel implementation of GMRES, the author develops a quick solver, HSS-pGMRES-tFVM, for fast solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equation.

Findings

– Computational results show that, the quick solver HSS-pGMRES-tFVM significantly increases the solution speed for saddle point problem from incompressible Navier-Stokes equation than the conventional solvers.

Originality/value

– Altogether, the contribution of this paper is that the author developed the quick solver, HSS-pGMRES-tFVM, for fast solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equation.
An ensemble evolutionary approach in evaluation of surface finish reduction of vibratory finishing process
Authors: Garg Akhil , Vijayaraghavan Venkatesh , Tai Kang , Singru Pravin M , Gao Liang , Sangwan K S
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The functioning of multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) algorithm suffers from the problem of difficulty in model selection. During the preliminary analysis, it is observed that there are many models in the population whose performance is better than that of the model selected with a little compromise on training error. Therefore, an ensemble evolutionary (Ensemble-MGGP) approach is proposed and applied to the data obtained from the vibratory finishing process. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Unlike the standard GP, each model participating in Ensemble-MGGP approach is made by combining the set of genes. Predicted residual sum of squares criterion (PRESS) criterion is integrated to improve its evolutionary search. The parametric analysis and sensitivity analysis (SA) conducted on the proposed model validates its robustness by unveiling dominant input parameters and hidden non-linear relationships.

Findings

– The results indicate that the proposed Ensemble-MGGP model outperforms the standardized MGGP model. SA and parametric analysis reveals relationships and insights into vibratory finishing process.

Originality/value

– Literature emphasises on characterization of vibratory finishing process using the experimental-based-studies. In addition, the issue of difficulty in model selection in genetic programming is addressed. This work proposes a new ensemble evolutionary approach to counter these issues.
A polygonal-FEM technique in modeling large sliding contact on non-conformal meshes
Authors: Khoei Amir R. , Yasbolaghi R. , Biabanaki S.O.R.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– In this paper, the polygonal-FEM technique is presented in modeling large deformation – large sliding contact on non-conformal meshes. The purpose of this paper is to present a new technique in modeling arbitrary interfaces and discontinuities for non-linear contact problems by capturing discontinuous deformations in elements cut by the contact surface in uniform non-conformal meshes.

Design/methodology/approach

– The geometry of contact surface is used to produce various polygonal elements at the intersection of the interface with the regular FE mesh, in which the extra degrees-of-freedom are defined along the interface. The contact constraints are imposed between polygonal elements produced along the contact surface through the node-to-surface contact algorithm.

Findings

– Numerical convergence analysis is carried out to study the convergence rate for various polygonal interpolation functions, including the Wachspress interpolation functions, the metric shape functions, the natural neighbor-based shape functions, and the mean value shape functions. Finally, numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the efficiency of proposed technique in modeling contact problems in large deformations.

Originality/value

– A new technique is presented based on the polygonal-FEM technique in modeling arbitrary interfaces and discontinuities for non-linear contact problems by capturing discontinuous deformations in elements cut by the contact surface in uniform non-conformal meshes.
Thermomechanical effect of vertical well drilling in salt rocks in selected cases
Authors: Lira William Wagner Matos , Gonçalves Giancarlo de Gusmão , Araujo Catarina Nogueira , Ramos Junior Adeildo Soares , Frery Alejandro César
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the effect of the temperature on the creep deformation during vertical well drilling in salt rocks in selected cases.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors performed numerical simulations by Finite Element Method, using non-linear viscoelastic models and weak thermomechanical coupling. The authors evaluated, in selected cases, the effect of temperature during salt rock vertical well drilling. Numerical examples were performed to validate the studies. More specifically, the authors considered the problem of vertical well drilling for oil exploration below these salt layers.

Findings

– The authors concluded that the biggest reduction in the wellbore closure rate occurs when the wellbore is at low temperature with respect to the rock initial. This is due to two factors, namely, a reduced salt viscous strain rate and the thermal strain contrary to the well radial closure caused by the temperature variation. Beyond the creep effect, the thermal strain also affects the stress in the creep constitutive equation.

Practical implications

– With recent oil discoveries in deep water, for example, in the pre-salt, where temperatures are high, the study of the influence of temperature is important, since it contributes to the increase of the creep. The results here presented are relevant, although the engineering aspects of a practical solution for reducing the wellbore displacement based on temperature variation is challenging. Such approach requires cooling mechanisms that delay the heating of the drilling fluid, which is surrounded by rocks at high temperature.

Originality/value

– The main contribution of this paper is to present a numerical study, in selected cases, of the effect of temperature on the creep deformation during vertical well drilling in salt rocks, analyzing a possible reduction of these deformations when subjected to a temperature variation.
Performance management process integration in retail supply chains
Authors: Forslund Helena
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore and generate propositions of factors that affect the degree of performance management process integration in retail supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach

– The performance management processes of two retail supply chains were explored and their degree of process integration was classified. Differences in the degree of performance management process integration and affecting factors lead to the generation of five propositions.

Findings

– Dependence, brand importance, business process integration, performance demand and the existence of a performance management standard seem to be positively related to the degree of performance management process integration in the relation. Both factors that affect process integration in general and performance management process integration specifically are included. Some insights on integration in a vertically integrated retail chain were provided.

Research limitations/implications

– This study has specified the knowledge in process integration to the performance management process and expanded it into a retail context. It has generated a number of propositions on factors that affect the degree of performance management process integration, including a factor that was not found in previous research on manufacturing supply chains. The contribution to process integration theory is however limited until the propositions are validated in a broader study.

Practical implications

– Knowledge in affecting factors is useful when “performance management managers” need to communicate integration ambitions with other managers within and outside their own company. The detailed descriptions of performance management processes and integration practices can serve as inspiring benchmarks, as in the daily groceries supply chain, where the industry standard is especially interesting. They can also indicate practices to avoid, as in the home textiles supply chain. Another managerial take-away is the need to handle each relation, manufacturer-wholesaler and wholesaler-retailer store, with their specific affecting factors in specific ways.

Originality/value

– Previous knowledge on performance management process integration is mainly based on manufacturing companies. This study expands existing knowledge into a retail context.
Mental health related contact with education professionals in the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 2004
Authors: Newlove-Delgado Tamsin , Moore Darren , Ukoumunne Obioha C , Stein Ken , Ford Tamsin
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe mental health-related contact with educational professionals amongst children in the British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (BCAMHS) 2004.

Design/methodology/approach

– BCAMHS 2004 was a community-based survey of 5,325 children aged 5-16, with follow-up in 2007. This paper reports the percentage of children with a psychiatric disorder that had mental health-related contact with education professionals (categorised as teachers or specialist education services) and the percentage with specific types of psychiatric disorders amongst those contacting services.

Findings

– Two-thirds (66.1 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 62.4-69.8 per cent) of children with a psychiatric disorder had contact with a teacher regarding their mental health and 31.1 per cent (95 per cent CI: 27.5-34.7 per cent) had contact with special education either in 2004 or 2007, or both. Over half of children reporting special education contact (55.1 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 50.0-60.2 per cent) and almost a third reporting teacher contact in relation to mental health (32.1 per cent, 95 per cent CI: 29.7-34.6 per cent) met criteria for a psychiatric disorder.

Practical implications

– Many children in contact with education professionals regarding mental health experienced clinical levels of difficulty. Training is needed to ensure that contact leads to prompt intervention and referral if necessary.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to report on mental health-related service contact with education professionals in the 2004 BCAMHS survey along with its 2007 follow-up. It identifies high levels of teacher contact which represent challenges in supporting staff with training, resources and access to mental health services.
Learning from service user and carer involvement in clinical psychology training
Authors: Schreur Fides Katharina , Lea Laura , Goodbody Louise
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to build a theoretical model of how and what clinical psychologists learn from service user and carer involvement in their training.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative research design was adopted, and verbatim transcripts of semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 clinical psychologists were analysed using grounded theory methodology.

Findings

– Findings indicated that clinical psychologists learned from service user and carer involvement in a variety of ways and a preliminary model was proposed, encompassing four main categories: “mechanisms of learning”, “relational and contextual factors facilitating learning”, “relational and contextual factors hindering learning” and “impact”.

Research limitations/implications

– Further research is required to establish to what extent the current findings may be transferrable to learning from service user and carer involvement in the context of educating professionals from other disciplines. Additionally, participants had limited experiences of carer involvement, and more research in this area specifically would be useful.

Practical implications

– This study advocates for service user and carer involvement in clinical psychology training, and specific recommendations are discussed, including service user perspectives.

Originality/value

– Service user and carer involvement has become mandatory in Health Care Professional Council-approved training programmes for mental health professionals, yet if and how learning occurs is poorly understood in this context. This study makes an important contribution in evaluating outcomes of service user and carer involvement in clinical psychology training by advancing theoretical understanding of the learning processes involved. The authors are unaware of similar work.
Recommendations for a “Recovery” orientated apprenticeships scheme in mental health: a literature review
Authors: Sapani John
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– Recovery principles have been central to debates in both the government and the mental health field, when thinking about the best way to support people who have experienced mental health distress into employment and education. The purpose of this paper is to review how this principle has been employed within the most effective approaches. This information will contribute to the development of the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust apprenticeship/return-to-work scheme for people who have experienced mental health distress.

Design/methodology/approach

– NHS evidence was used to undertake searches journals on CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, HMIC, AMED, BNI, HEALTH BUSINESS ELITE and the Cochrane Library. Common search terms used were as follows: apprentice*; mental illness*; mental disorder*; psychiatric; psychosis; chronic mental disorder*; patient*; service user*; client*; return to work schemes; work; employment; unemployment; peer worker*; supported employment; vocational rehabilitation; peer training*; outcome measure*; recovery.

Findings

– Although the available literature writing about these employment schemes were not explicit in using Recovery as its guiding principle (i.e. Hope, Control and Opportunity), many of the participants in studies about a particular type of supported employment called Individual Placement Support (IPS) referred to recovery concepts in their narrative accounts, i.e. doing work that is meaningful, building self-esteem. This particular type of employment scheme was shown to have better outcomes for people who have experienced mental health difficulties then others schemes. The importance of employers having systems in place to support people’s control/self-management of their mental health condition was a key factor in helping them retain jobs once they have got them.

Originality/value

– The SLaM education and training service plans to develop a return to work programme for people who have had lived experience of mental health distress, through a workforce skills apprenticeships scheme. This is first apprenticeship scheme of this type in London. Therefore, this paper will review the literature on previous and current employment programmes for people who have experienced mental health distress, specifically highlighting what has worked well and what could be improved. This paper will also draw on the literature presented in this review and conclude on key points, which will contribute to the development of SLaM’s apprenticeships scheme. This literature review will form the basis of further research about the outcome/evaluation of the actual apprenticeship scheme after the first year.
Values and ethics in mental-health education and training: a different perspective
Authors: George Riya Elizabeth , Dogra Nisha , Fulford Bill
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to review the challenges of teaching values and ethics in mental-health, explore the differing perspectives of the key stakeholders and stimulate further questions for debate in this area; leading to a proposal of an alternative approach to educating mental-health professionals on values and ethics.

Originality/value

– In current mental-health care settings, very few professionals work with homogeneous populations. It is imperative that mental-health education and training ensures health professionals are competent to practice in diverse settings; where ethics and values are bound to differ. Establishing professional practice not only involves considering concepts such as values and ethics, but also equality, diversity and culture. Incorporating values-based practice and cultural diversity training holds promise to education and training, that is truly reflective of the complexity of clinical decision making in mental-health. Further research is needed as to how these two frameworks can be unified and taught.
Identifying the scope of practice in nursing specialties using child and adolescent mental health as an illustration
Authors: Rasmussen Philippa
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of the process of identifying a conceptual framework of practice to areas of nursing without a current clearly identified scope of practice. Worldwide, nursing is a diverse profession with many recognised sub-specialties, some of which are under threat. Nurses with specialised knowledge, experience and education are needed to provide specific care in nursing sub-specialties. However, some of these characteristics are implicit and not clear to the wider nursing community. This paper presents an overview of research to identify the parameters of practice for a sub-specialty of nursing.

Design/methodology/approach

– The methodology was interpretive enquiry as it allowed for the interpretation of multiple realities which resulted in a rich description of the work of a sub-specialty. The research used document analysis, focus group interviews and individual interviews as the methods of collecting data. Documents were analysed using iterative and thematic analysis The focus group and individual interview data were analysed using an adaptation of a six-phase thematic analysis process.

Findings

– This paper presents the findings of the entire analysis and the resultant holistic conceptual framework for the work of the child and adolescent mental health nurse in the inpatient unit. The findings have contributed new knowledge to mental health nursing, specifically child and adolescent mental health nursing making the parameters of practice more explicit. Research is currently being undertaken in Australia to further develop the framework for other sub-specialties of nursing such as community health and orthopaedics. These sub-specialties have been identified as potentially at risk.

Originality/value

– This paper discussed the applicability of a broader use of a qualitative research methodology used to identify scope of practice in child and adolescent mental health nursing, for other nursing specialties.
Black cats or black swans? Outliers, seasonality in return distribution properties, and the Halloween effect
Authors: Haggard K. Stephen , Jones Jeffrey Scott , Witte H Douglas
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which outliers have persisted in augmenting the Halloween effect over time and to offer an econometric test of seasonality in return skewness that might provide a partial explanation for the Halloween effect.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors split the Morgan Stanley Capital International data for 37 countries into two subperiods and, using median regression and influence vectors, examine these periods for a possible change in the interplay between outliers and the Halloween effect. The authors perform a statistical assessment of whether outliers are a significant contributor to the overall Halloween effect using a bootstrap test of seasonal differences in return skewness.

Findings

– Large returns (positive and negative) persist in being generally favorable to the Halloween effect in most countries. The authors find seasonality in return skewness to be statistically significant in many countries. Returns over the May through October timeframe are negatively skewed relative to returns over the November through April period.

Originality/value

– This paper offers the first statistical test of seasonality in return skewness in the context of the Halloween effect. The authors show the Halloween effect to be a more complex phenomenon than the simple seasonality in mean returns documented in prior research.
Why Indian firms issue stock distributions
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Kapoor Sujata
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the opinions of managers of Indian firms on stock splits and bonus shares (stock dividends) and relate them to explanations for stock distributions identified in the prior literature.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors use descriptive statistics from a mail survey to the company secretaries of 500 firms listed on the National Stock Exchange of India to elicit their responses about statements involving stock splits and bonus shares.

Findings

– The survey evidence shows that among the competing motives for stock splits, the liquidity hypothesis receives the highest level of support followed by the attention-getting variant of the signaling hypothesis, signaling, and the preferred trading range hypotheses. Regarding bonus shares, respondents express strong support for the retained earnings, liquidity, and signaling hypotheses but lesser support for the cash substitution and preferred trading range hypotheses.

Research limitations/implications

– The survey evidence provides new insights into the stated motivations for stock distributions, especially bonus shares, among Indian firms but the ability to generalize the results is tempered by the relatively small number of respondents. This limits the ability to test for statistically significant differences between the various competing hypotheses. Hence, the results are suggestive rather than definitive.

Practical implications

– The survey evidence suggests that no single explanation dominates all others for issuing stock splits or bonus shares in India. Thus, managers have multiple reasons for engaging in stock distributions.

Originality/value

– Few studies use survey methodology to examine Indian dividend policy. Given the dearth of survey evidence on stock distributions among Indian firms, this study not only updates the limited evidence on stock splits but also provides the first survey evidence about managerial views on bonus shares.
MA104 Cell line presents characteristics suitable for enterovirus A71 isolation and proliferation
Authors: Li Zhi‐Hui , Yue Ying‐Ying , Li Peng , Song Nan‐Nan , Li Bingqing , Zhang Ying , Meng Hong , Jiang Guo‐Sheng , Qin Lizeng
Published: July 2015

Enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71), one of the most important causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, can lead to severe clinical outcomes, even death. However, the infection spectrum of EV‐A71 in different cell lines remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, the biological characteristics of EV‐A71 Subgroup C4 in different cell lines were investigated. To this end, the infectivity of EV‐A71Jinan1002 isolated from children with severe HFMD was assessed in 18 different host cell lines. It was found that the MA104 cell line displayed biological characteristics suitable for EV‐A71 Subgroup C4 strain isolation and proliferation; indeed, it was found that a broad spectrum of cell lines can be infected by EV‐A71Jinan1002. Among the screened cells, four cell lines (HEK293, RD, MA104 and Marc145) produced high 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) values calculated in viral proliferations (ranged from 107.6 to 107.8); the TCID50 being negatively associated with the time to appearance of CPE. Proliferation curves demonstrated that EV‐A71Jinan1002 amplifies more efficiently in MA104, Hep‐2 and RD cells. Remarkably, the virus isolation rate was much higher in MA104 cells than in RD cells. Thus this study, to our knowledge, is for the first to explore the infection spectrum of EV‐A71 subgroup C4 in such a large number of different cell lines. Our data provide useful reference data for facilitating further study of EV‐A71.
Retrieving virtual reflection responses at drill‐bit positions using seismic interferometry with drill‐bit noise
Authors: Liu Yi , Draganov Deyan , Wapenaar Kees , Arntsen Børge
Published: July 2015

In the field of seismic interferometry, researchers have retrieved surface waves and body waves by cross‐correlating recordings of uncorrelated noise sources to extract useful subsurface information. The retrieved wavefields in most applications are between receivers. When the positions of the noise sources are known, inter‐source interferometry can be applied to retrieve the wavefields between sources, thus turning sources into virtual receivers. Previous applications of this form of interferometry assume impulsive point sources or transient sources with similar signatures. We investigate the requirements of applying inter‐source seismic interferometry using non‐transient noise sources with known positions to retrieve reflection responses at those positions and show the results using synthetic drilling noise as source. We show that, if pilot signals (estimates of the drill‐bit signals) are not available, it is required that the drill‐bit signals are the same and that the phases of the virtual reflections at drill‐bit positions can be retrieved by deconvolution interferometry or by cross‐coherence interferometry. Further, for this case, classic interferometry by cross‐correlation can be used if the source power spectrum can be estimated. If pilot signals are available, virtual reflection responses can be obtained by first using standard seismic‐while‐drilling processing techniques such as pilot cross‐correlation and pilot deconvolution to remove the drill‐bit signatures in the data and then applying cross‐correlation interferometry. Therefore, provided that pilot signals are reliable, drill‐bit data can be redatumed from surface to borehole depths using this inter‐source interferometry approach without any velocity information of the medium, and we show that a well‐positioned image below the borehole can be obtained using interferometrically redatumed reflection responses with just a simple velocity model. We discuss some of the practical hurdles that restrict the application of the proposed method offshore.
Using Record Linkage to Improve Race Data Quality for American Indians and Alaska Natives in Two Pacific Northwest State Hospital Discharge Databases
Authors: Bigback Kristyn M. , Hoopes Megan , Dankovchik Jenine , Knaster Elizabeth , Warren‐Mears Victoria , Joshi Sujata , Weiser Thomas
Published: July 2015

Objective

To evaluate and adjust for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) racial misclassification in two hospital discharge datasets in the Pacific Northwest.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Oregon (2010‐2011) and Washington (2011) hospital discharge datasets were linked with the Northwest Tribal Registry (NTR), a registry of AI/AN individuals who accessed services at Indian health facilities in the Northwest.

Study Design

Record linkage was used to match state hospital records to the NTR. A state record was considered misclassified if it matched the NTR and was coded as non‐AI/AN or missing race data. Effect of misclassification was evaluated by comparing prelinkage and postlinkage, age‐adjusted hospital discharge rates.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Researchers used Link Plus 2.0 software (Atlanta, GA, USA) for linkages and SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC, USA) for statistical analyses.

Principal Findings

In Oregon, 55.4 percent of matching records were misclassified (66.5 percent miscoded white, and 22.1 percent were missing race information). In Washington, 44.9 percent of matching records were misclassified (61.8 percent miscoded white, and 32.7 percent were missing race information). Linkage increased ascertainment of AI/AN hospitalizations by 31.8 percent in Oregon and 33.9 percent in Washington. Linkage increased the rate ratio (RR) for AI/AN hospitalizations in comparison to non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) from 0.81 to 1.07 in Oregon, and from 1.21 to 1.62 in Washington.

Conclusion

Correction of race in hospital discharge datasets through linkage with a reference file of known AI/AN individuals is an important first step before analytic research on AI/AN health care in the Pacific Northwest can be accomplished with administrative datasets.
Chilling times: social media policies, labour law and employment relations
Authors: Thornthwaite Louise
Published: July 2015

The increasing pervasiveness of web‐based technologies presents employers with particular challenges in terms of employee voice and resistance, as well as surveillance, privacy and discipline. This paper is concerned with the implications for human resource management and labour law of the social media policies with which employers increasingly regulate employee online behaviour when off‐duty. The object is to consider in particular the content of employers' social media policies in relation to expression of employee voice, and the limits which national labour laws might impose. Employment laws in Australia and the United States are compared. Through focusing on the implications of social media policies for the regulation of employees' online behaviour outside the workplace, this paper is concerned also with the purpose and scope of employment law and human resource policy, particularly in relation to employees' private lives and, by association, the scope of employees' implied contractual duties.
Let the evidence speak again! Financial incentives are more effective than we thought
Authors: Shaw Jason D. , Gupta Nina
Published: July 2015

In this essay, the authors rejoin the debate about financial incentive effectiveness. They (a) briefly review the state of the literature in 1998, (b) highlight new meta‐analytic findings and update conclusions regarding the financial incentives–performance relationship, (c) address the myth that financial incentives erode intrinsic motivation, (d) provide explanations for the presumed failure of financial incentives and (e) offer some concluding thoughts and suggestions for future research.
Is the Internet gaming‐addicted brain close to be in a pathological state?
Authors: Park Chang‐hyun , Chun Ji‐Won , Cho Huyn , Jung Young‐Chul , Choi Jihye , Kim Dai Jin
Published: July 2015

Internet gaming addiction (IGA) is becoming a common and widespread mental health concern. Although IGA induces a variety of negative psychosocial consequences, it is yet ambiguous whether the brain addicted to Internet gaming is considered to be in a pathological state. We investigated IGA‐induced abnormalities of the brain specifically from the network perspective and qualitatively assessed whether the Internet gaming‐addicted brain is in a state similar to the pathological brain. Topological properties of brain functional networks were examined by applying a graph‐theoretical approach to analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during a resting state in 19 IGA adolescents and 20 age‐matched healthy controls. We compared functional distance‐based measures, global and local efficiency of resting state brain functional networks between the two groups to assess how the IGA subjects' brain was topologically altered from the controls' brain. The IGA subjects had severer impulsiveness and their brain functional networks showed higher global efficiency and lower local efficiency relative to the controls. These topological differences suggest that IGA induced brain functional networks to shift toward the random topological architecture, as exhibited in other pathological states. Furthermore, for the IGA subjects, the topological alterations were specifically attributable to interregional connections incident on the frontal region, and the degree of impulsiveness was associated with the topological alterations over the frontolimbic connections. The current findings lend support to the proposition that the Internet gaming‐addicted brain could be in the state similar to pathological states in terms of topological characteristics of brain functional networks.
Population Ageing and Social Security in Asia
Authors: Chomik Rafal , Piggott John
Published: July 2015

Asian countries are at different stages of demographic transition. While Central and South Asian countries are relatively young and will remain so for some time, East and Southeast Asia are expected to age at an unprecedented rate in the next few decades. Japan has reached the future first. Other nations, such as China, are still young but ageing faster than many advanced economies, including Australia and the USA. This demographic shift has considerable implications for the development of social policy. Here too, countries differ widely. This paper sets the context for the rest of the volume. The focus is mostly on countries in East and Southeast Asia, but it includes contrasting comparisons to key regional countries such as India and Australia. First, the paper presents the context: the demographic, urbanization, and social trends facing Asia. Second, it tackles the allocation of resources for the elderly, in particular, by summarizing approaches to two areas of social policy most pertinent to population ageing: retirement income and health care.
How does the Price Regulation Policy Impact on Patient–Nurse Ratios and the Length of Hospital Stays in Japanese Hospitals?
Authors: Noguchi Haruko
Published: July 2015

This study examines how the 2000 and 2006 revisions of the fee‐for‐service system have affected patient–nurse ratios and the average length of hospital stays in Japan. The empirical results show that hospitals are quite responsive to changes in price policy. The fee revisions have certainly achieved the policy objectives of reducing patient–nurse ratios and the length of hospital stays. As a result, hospitals have responded by greatly increasing the number of expensive beds for acute care. However, this was not exactly predicted by the Japanese government, which has aimed to reallocate health‐care resources, such as beds, to subacute or long‐term care.
When One Is Company and Two Is a Crowd: Why Some Children Prefer Solitude
Authors: Coplan Robert J. , Ooi Laura L. , Nocita Gabriella
Published: July 2015

In this article, we examine research on conceptualizing and assessing individual differences in children's preference for solitude. Social withdrawal is typically defined as the process whereby a child removes himself or herself from opportunities for social interaction with peers. Most research has focused on shy children (whose retreat into solitude is driven by social fear or anxiety), but some children may instead prefer solitary activities. We aim to clarify the distinction between unsociability (i.e., a nonfearful affinity for solitude) and social avoidance (i.e., a preference for solitude driven by actively avoiding social interaction). We also provide suggestions for further research, drawing on related perspectives from personality and clinical psychology.
Intraoperative Measurement of the Distance from the Bottom of Osteotomy to the Mandibular Canal Using a Novel Ultrasonic Device
Authors: Zigdon‐Giladi Hadar , Saminsky Michael , Elimelech Rina , Machtei Eli E.
Published: July 2015

Background

In our previous study, we found that a novel ultrasound (US) device may serve as a useful intraoperative tool to measure the distance from osteotomy to the inferior alveolar canal (IAC).

Purpose

To validate our previous results in a larger group of osteotomies in the posterior mandible.

Methods

During dental implant placement surgery, osteotomies were created using a standardized 2‐mm‐diameter pilot drill. The distance from the bottom of the osteotome to the IAC was assessed using an ultrasonic device and compared with a standard panoramic radiograph used to measure the same residual distance. The total distance from the crestal bone to the IAC was measured on a preoperative computed tomography (CT) and compared with total US measurements by summing the drill depth with residual depth measurements.

Results

Mean radiographic and US residual distances were 5.19 ± 1.95 mm, 5.01 ± 1.82 mm, p = 0.79 respectively. These measurements presented strong positive correlations (r = 0.61, p = .01). Mean total CT distance was 13.48 ± 2.66 mm; mean total US calculation was 13.69 ± 2.51 mm. No significant difference was found (p > .05).

Conclusions

The results support our previous pilot study and confirm that the tested US device identifies the IAC and measures the distance from the osteotomy to the roof of the mandibular canal.
Gender and Infrastructure in the World Bank
Authors: Ferguson Lucy , Harman Sophie
Published: July 2015

This article conducts a critical analysis of the World Bank's current infrastructure strategy from a feminist perspective, arguing that failures to define gender and set meaningful targets and indicators have meant that gender has not been integrated into the implementation of infrastructure projects. It sets out three limitations to the Bank's approach to gender and infrastructure: lack of awareness of gender in the four sectors that comprise infrastructure; the Bank's narrow approach to gender equality and women's empowerment; and the failure of the Bank to mainstream gender in its current infrastructure strategy.