bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parking Space Detection System Using Video Images
Authors: Shaaban Khaled , Tounsi Houweida
Published: March 2016

This study proposes a novel method for parking space detection. The proposed system is based on individual vehicle detection using grayscale images acquired from a video camera. Two algorithms were tested in the laboratory and the field. The first algorithm was based on the maximum value of the image histogram; the second algorithm was based on the bandwidth of the image histogram. The proposed algorithms successfully recognized vacant and occupied parking spaces under different scenarios and weather conditions. From the verification of the field study, the detection rate of the proposed system reached more than 98% for both algorithms. This system can be used for monitoring parking vacancy and guiding incoming motorists to vacant parking spaces in real time. The system has simple algorithms and easy configuration and does not require high-quality images. The latter feature means that less expensive cameras or existing surveillance cameras can easily be used instead of special cameras; thus huge cost savings are provided. The system also offers a fast processing time and easy applicability to parking lots in continuous operation.
Sustainability of What? Recognising the Diverse Values that Sustainable Agriculture Works to Sustain
Authors: Piso Zachary , Werkheiser Ian , Noll Samantha , Leshko Christina
Published: March 2016

The contours of sustainable systems are defined according to communities’ goals and values. As researchers shift from sustainability-in-the-abstract to sustainability-as-a-concrete-research-challenge, democratic deliberation is essential for ensuring that communities determine what systems ought to be sustained. Discourse analysis of dialogue with Michigan direct marketing farmers suggests eight sustainability values – economic efficiency, community connectedness, stewardship, justice, ecologism, self-reliance, preservationism and health – which informed the practices of these farmers. Whereas common heuristics of sustainability suggest values can be pursued harmoniously, we discuss how this typology reflects the more intricate project of balancing values in tension with one another.
Mobile Phones for Mobile People: The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among Livestock Traders and Borana Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Debsu Dejene Negassa , Little Peter D. , Tiki Waktole , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. , Kitron Uriel
Published: March 2016

The recent widespread use of mobile communication technologies has sparked considerable interest in their application to social and economic development in low-income countries. In this article we examine the different uses of mobile phones among livestock traders and Borana pastoralists of southern Ethiopia, where increased adoption of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has been recent and shows potential for improvements in local livelihoods and marketing systems. We draw on an ongoing study of pastoralists and livestock traders who, in the past five years, have increased their reliance on mobile phones. They increasingly employ them to access information on grazing, weather and market conditions despite local differences in adoption rates. The article argues that differential rates of ICT adoption among groups of herders and traders relate to unequal access to the technology and infrastructure, as well as differences in local practices of information gathering. We show that the high-level of sharing of mobile technologies between owners and non-owners, however, dampens some of the negative effects of unequal ownership and infrastructure deficiencies. In the conclusion, we address the program and policy implications of the study's findings and point to the need for additional research on mobile phone use among pastoralists.
Herders' Territorialities and Social Differentiation in Western Burkina Faso
Authors: Gonin Alexis , Gautier Denis
Published: March 2016

Some authors have linked the question of inequalities among pastoralists to rights of access to pastureland, but their analyses of pastoralists' rights of access generally focused on the privatisation of pastureland. We reveal that a wider range of power relations between farmers and herders, local and national institutions affects pastoralists' rights of access to pastureland. We demonstrate that socio-economic inequalities among the Fulbe people are linked to the unequal capacity of pastoralists to manage territorialisation processes to their own advantage. Reciprocally, the entrenchment of the territories that results from these processes reifies inequalities between pastoralists.
Sowing time and varietal performance of wheat at higher elevation in hill environment at Khagrachari
Authors: Rahman M Ataur , Mohabbatullah M , Das CK , Sarker UK , Alam SMM
Published: March 2016

The field experiment was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Khagrachari for the two consecutive years (2009-10 and 2010-11) to find out the wheat variety suitable for hilly environment and investigate the interaction of sowing dates and varieties to recommend the promising variety with proper sowing time. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications where three dates of sowing (Nov. 20, Nov. 30 and Dec. 10) were assigned in the main plots and five modern wheat varieties (Shatabdi, Sufi, Sourav, Bijoy and Prodip) were tested in the sub-plots. The yield responses of wheat varieties during the two years showed that there were significant varietal differences under the experimental soil and environmental conditions. The variety Bijoy gave maximum grain yield closely followed by Sourav in both years. Shatabdi produced higher yield under early sowing (Nov. 20) but yield was decreased due to late sowing (Dec. 10). Initially the plant population and finally spikes/m2 were affected by late sowing that caused less yield in Shatabdi. The mean yield of all varieties pulled over the sowing time indicated that wheat yield was not affected due to delay sowing up to 10th December. The experimental result demonstrated that Shatabdi could be recommended only for early sowing whereas Bijoy and Sourav could be recommended both for early and late sowing under the experimental soil and environmental conditions at hilly region of Khagrachari.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(4): 521-528, December 2015
Influence of ethephon on ripening and quality of winter tomato fruit harvested at different maturity stages
Authors: Moniruzzaman M , Khatoon R , Hossain MFB , Rahman MT , Alam SN
Published: March 2016

An experiment taking tomato fruits (cv. BARI Tomato-14) of three maturity stages (mature green stage, breaker stage and half ripen stage) and four ethephon levels [control (distilled water spray), 500, 750 and 1000 ppm] was carried out at the laboratory of plant physiology section of Horticulture research centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute) during February 14, 2013 to February 27, 2012 to find out the suitable stage of fruit maturity for post harvest application of ethephon (ethrel) for tomato ripening. The source of ethrel was Spectrum (ethephon 39%) manufactured in the United States of America. Treatment with 500 - 1000 ppm ethephon hastened ripening of tomato by 4 days in mature green stage but by 2 and 4 days in breaker stage tomatoes when compared with control fruits. The highest value of rotting was shown by half ripen tomatoes. The 1000 ppm ethrel gave the maximum rotting irrespective of maturity stages. However, the maximum weight loss and shelf life were found in green mature tomatoes. The shelf life of tomato fruits of green mature and breaker stage tomatoes treated with 500 and 750 ppm was also high. The percentage of rotting and weight loss was increased with gradual advancement of time. The highest value of weight loss and shelf life was recorded in green mature tomatoes without ethephon and with 500 and 750 ppm ethephon treatment. The highest value of vitamin-C, TSS and titrable acidity were shown by half ripen and pH by green mature tomatoes at different days of storage. The ethephon concentration of 750 ppm the gave maximum vitamin-C at 6 and 9 days of storage but 1000 ppm gave the maximum TSS% followed by 750 ppm ethephon. The ethephon @ 750 ppm produced the maximum TSS at 9 day of storage in mature green tomatoes but in breaker and half ripen stage tomatoes 750 ppm ethephon gave TSS identical to 1000 ppm at different days of storage. The residue level of ethrel in tomato fruits treated with all ethephon concentrations at 3 and 5 days of storage was below 2 mg/kg which is safe for human health. Therefore, treated tomatoes should be consumed after 3 days of ethephon application.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(4): 567-580, December 2015
Effect of plant growth regulators on flower and bulb production of hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.)
Authors: Jamil MK , Rahman M Mizanur , Hossain M Mofazzal , Hossain M Tofazzal , Karim AJM Sirajul
Published: March 2016

The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural research field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during October 2008 to July 2009 to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on flower and bulb production of Hippeastrum. There were ten treatments comprising of three concentrations of three growth regulators viz., IAA (20, 60 and 100 ppm), ethrel (100, 300 and 500 ppm) and GA3 (100, 300 and 500 ppm) along with control (soaked in water). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Flower and bulb characteristics of Hippeastrum were influenced significantly by different levels of growth regulators. Application of IAA at 60 and 100 ppm and GA3 at 100, 300 or 500 ppm twice as foliar spray at an interval of 30 days promoted the number of bulblets on the treated plants. Ethrel at a concentration of 100 ppm increased the number of flowers per scape (4) and showed earliness in days to flower scape emergence (72.33 days) and first flower open (88.67 days). On the other hand, the biggest size of flower (15.14 cm x 12.44 cm) and flower scape (40.28 cm x 21.95cm) at harvest and the maximum days for flowering (11.50 days) were evident from plants treated with 500 ppm GA3. The highest number of bulblets per plot (40.00), bulbs weight per plot (4056 g) along with bulb yield (40.56 t/ha) were also obtained in GA3 at 500 ppm.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(4): 591-600, December 2015
Farm level impact study of power tiller operated seeder on service providers livelihood in some selected sites of Bangladesh
Authors: Miah MA Monayem , Haque M Enamul
Published: March 2016

The custom hiring of power tiller operated seeder (PTOS) is highly profitable at farm level and service providers could improve their livelihood through this machine. The data and information on these aspects are scarce in Bangladesh. Therefore, an attempt was made to conduct this study to assess the uses pattern and the impacts of PTOS operations on service providers livelihood. A total of 53 service providers were randomly selected and interviewed for this study from Dinajpur and Rajbari districts. The study revealed that most respondents provided PTOS services almost throughout the year. The custom hiring of PTOS created many positive impacts on the livelihoods of the service providers. PTOS made a remarkable improvement in the livelihoods of its service providers in the study areas. The respondent service providers experienced a considerable increase in their land holdings (8.6%), annual income (63.4%), livestock resources (44%), farm equipment (20%), household assets position, and dwelling houses (42%). The increased income of beneficiaries are mostly spent on farm machinery, nutritious food, cloths, health care, education, and making of houses that indicate higher standard of riding to some extent, compared to pre PTOS service period. The service providers faced some problems like higher fuel cost, lack of riving facility, non-availability and higher price of spare parts, roller jam, and lack of trained driver. Financial support and technical assistance regarding PTOS should be made available by the government for service providers and local manufacturers for the higher adoption of PTOS in Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(4): 669-682, December 2015
Sequentially Adaptive Bayesian Learning for a Nonlinear Model of the Secular and Cyclical Behavior of US Real GDP
Authors: Geweke John
Published: March 2016

There is a one-to-one mapping between the conventional time series parameters of a third-order autoregression and the more interpretable parameters of secular half-life, cyclical half-life and cycle period. The latter parameterization is better suited to interpretation of results using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods and to expression of a substantive prior distribution using Bayesian methods. The paper demonstrates how to approach both problems using the sequentially adaptive Bayesian learning algorithm and sequentially adaptive Bayesian learning algorithm (SABL) software, which eliminates virtually of the substantial technical overhead required in conventional approaches and produces results quickly and reliably. The work utilizes methodological innovations in SABL including optimization of irregular and multimodal functions and production of the conventional maximum likelihood asymptotic variance matrix as a by-product.
Investigation of a High Head Francis Turbine at Runaway Operating Conditions
Authors: Trivedi Chirag , Cervantes Michel , Gandhi B.
Published: March 2016

Hydraulic turbines exhibit total load rejection during operation because of high fluctuations in the grid parameters. The generator reaches no-load instantly. Consequently, the turbine runner accelerates to high speed, runaway speed, in seconds. Under common conditions, stable runaway is only reached if after a load rejection, the control and protection mechanisms both fail and the guide vanes cannot be closed. The runner life is affected by the high amplitude pressure loading at the runaway speed. A model Francis turbine was used to investigate the consequences at the runaway condition. Measurements and simulations were performed at three operating points. The numerical simulations were performed using standard k-ε, k-ω shear stress transport (SST) and scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) models. A total of 12.8 million hexahedral mesh elements were created in the complete turbine, from the spiral casing inlet to the draft tube outlet. The experimental and numerical analysis showed that the runner was subjected to an unsteady pressure loading up to three-times the pressure loading observed at the best efficiency point. Investigates of unsteady pressure pulsations at the vaneless space, runner and draft tube are discussed in the paper. Further, unsteady swirling flow in the blade passages was observed that was rotating at a frequency of 4.8-times the runaway runner angular speed. Apart from the unsteady pressure loading, the development pattern of the swirling flow in the runner is discussed in the paper.
Solution of Excited Non-Linear Oscillators under Damping Effects Using the Modified Differential Transform Method
Authors: Abdelhafez H.
Published: March 2016

The modified differential transform method (MDTM), Laplace transform and Padé approximants are used to investigate a semi-analytic form of solutions of nonlinear oscillators in a large time domain. Forced Duffing and forced van der Pol oscillators under damping effect are studied to investigate semi-analytic forms of solutions. Moreover, solutions of the suggested nonlinear oscillators are obtained using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical solution method. A comparison of the result by the numerical Runge-Kutta fourth-order accuracy method is compared with the result by the MDTM and plotted in a long time domain.
Synthesis of Naphthalene-Based Push-Pull Molecules with a Heteroaromatic Electron Acceptor
Authors: Šarlah David , Juranovič Amadej , Kožar Boris , Rejc Luka , Golobič Amalija , Petrič Andrej
Published: March 2016

Naphthalene derivatives bearing electron-accepting and electron-donating groups at the 2,6-positions belong to the family of D-π-A push-pull dyes. It has been found that these compounds, e.g., 2-(1-(6-((2-(fluoro)ethyl)(methyl)amino)naphthalen-2-yl)ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP), show not only interesting optical properties, such as solvatochromism, but they have the potential to label protein aggregates of different compositions formed in the brain of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s (AD). In continuation of our research we set our goal to find new FDDNP analogs, which would inherit optical and binding properties but hopefully show better specificity for tau protein aggregates, which are characteristic for neurodegeneration caused by repetitive mild trauma. In this work we report on the synthesis of new FDDNP analogs in which the acceptor group has been formally replaced with an aromatic five- or six-membered heterocycle. The heterocyclic moiety was annealed to the central naphthalene ring either by classical ring closure reactions or by modern transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. The chemical characterization, NMR spectra, and UV/vis properties of all new compounds are reported.
An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity
Authors: Simopoulos Artemis
Published: March 2016

In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid increased and the omega-3 fatty acid decreased, resulting in a large increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio from 1:1 during evolution to 20:1 today or even higher. This change in the composition of fatty acids parallels a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Experimental studies have suggested that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids elicit divergent effects on body fat gain through mechanisms of adipogenesis, browning of adipose tissue, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, and most importantly systemic inflammation. Prospective studies clearly show an increase in the risk of obesity as the level of omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids, whereas high omega-3 RBC membrane phospholipids decrease the risk of obesity. Recent studies in humans show that in addition to absolute amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in increasing the development of obesity via both AA eicosanoid metabolites and hyperactivity of the cannabinoid system, which can be reversed with increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is important for health and in the prevention and management of obesity.
The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin D
Authors: Hii Charles , Ferrante Antonio
Published: March 2016

Since its discovery in 1920, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating the physiological actions of vitamin D and the impact its deficiency has on human health. Despite this intense interest, there is still disagreement on what constitutes the lower boundary of adequacy and on the Recommended Dietary Allowance. There has also been a major push to elucidate the biochemistry of vitamin D, its metabolic pathways and the mechanisms that mediate its action. Originally thought to act by altering the expression of target genes, it was realized in the mid-1980s that some of the actions of vitamin D were too rapid to be accounted for by changes at the genomic level. These rapid non-genomic actions have attracted as much interest as the genomic actions and they have spawned additional questions in an already busy field. This mini-review attempts to summarise the in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to characterise the rapid non-genomic actions, the mechanisms that give rise to these properties and the roles that these play in the overall action of vitamin D at the cellular level. Understanding the effects of vitamin D at the cellular level should enable the design of elegant human studies to extract the full potential of vitamin D to benefit human health.
The Abiotic Depletion Potential: Background, Updates, and Future
Authors: Van Oers Lauran , Guinée Jeroen
Published: March 2016

Depletion of abiotic resources is a much disputed impact category in life cycle assessment (LCA). The reason is that the problem can be defined in different ways. Furthermore, within a specified problem definition, many choices can still be made regarding which parameters to include in the characterization model and which data to use. This article gives an overview of the problem definition and the choices that have been made when defining the abiotic depletion potentials (ADPs) for a characterization model for abiotic resource depletion in LCA. Updates of the ADPs since 2002 are also briefly discussed. Finally, some possible new developments of the impact category of abiotic resource depletion are suggested, such as redefining the depletion problem as a dilution problem. This means taking the reserves in the environment and the economy into account in the reserve parameter and using leakage from the economy, instead of extraction rate, as a dilution parameter.
Decreasing Obesity and Obesity Stigma: Socio-Demographic Differences in Beliefs about Causes of and Responsibility for Obesity
Authors: Brady Christy
Published: March 2016

Obesity is a stigmatized condition, and research has shown that obesity stigma varies based on the perceived cause of obesity. It is important that public health professionals develop policy and campaigns that resonate with specific populations while avoiding an increase in harmful stigma. This study identifies socio-demographic differences in causal attributions of obesity and beliefs about responsibility for obesity. Using data from a survey of 923 people in the United States conducted by ABC New/Time Magazine, attributions of cause and responsibility are analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares regression. Beliefs about cause and responsibility fall on a continuum from primarily individual cause and personal responsibility to primarily societal cause and social responsibility. In general, women and minority racial groups are found to be more likely to identify causes over which individuals have little control and place responsibility on societal factors than men and Whites. People in higher income categories are found to be more likely to identify individual responsibility for obesity. Findings from this study can be used to shape information and public health policy to address obesity in ways that will not exacerbate obesity stigma as well as to create programs that will be customized for specific communities based on their existing beliefs.
Droplet-Assisted Laser Direct Nanoscale Writing on Silicon
Authors: Chang Yuan-Jen , Chang Chao-Hsuan , Ho Chao-Ching , Hsu Jin-Chen , Kuo Chia-Lung
Published: March 2016

Nano-structuring using laser direct writing technology has shown great potential for industrial applications. A novel application of water droplets to this technology is proposed in this paper. With a hydrophobic layer and a controlled substrate temperature, a layer of randomly distributed water droplets with a high contact angle is formed on the substrate. These liquid droplets can be used as lenses to enhance the laser intensity at the bottom of the droplets. As a result, nanoscale holes can be fabricated on the substrate by controlling the laser energy density. We successfully fabricated holes with a diameter of 600 nm at a substrate temperature of 12 ∘C and a power density of 1.2 × 108 W/cm2 in our experiments. We also found that the hole diameter was around a ninth of the water droplet diameter. Meanwhile, the machined holes are not affected much by the focal length of the lens, but a hole with less than 100 nm in diameter at the center was observed.
La recherche des cadastres antiques dans la région Nord - Pas-de-Calais (état provisoire de la recherche).
Authors: Malvache Éric , Pouchain Gilles
Published: March 2016

Suite aux travaux de F. Jacques dans la région de Cassel, E. Malvache et G. Pouchain ont recherché en Atrébatie et en Morinie respectivement, cités du nord de la Gaule, s'il n'existait pas de traces de parcellaires antiques organisés, autrement dit de cadastres romains.

Cinq grandes orientations sont apparues : le 51°NO qui semble la plus ancienne, le 39°NO, le 35°-32°NO et le 27°NO.

Il faut à cela ajouter quatre directions plus localisées = le 3°NO, le 15°NO, le 44-46°NO et le 61° 30NO.

Le fonctionnement de ces trames les unes par rapport aux autres apparaît relativement complexe, mais ces réseaux qui servaient alors de cadre à l'installation de l'homme nous donnent une idée de l'espace mis en valeur à l'époque antique.
Fouilles archéologiques du métro de Lille - 1. Le cimetière et l'église de Wasquehal.
Authors: Debs Ludovic
Published: March 2016

Dans le cadre des fouilles du métro de Lille, une opération d'une durée d'un an a été réalisée dans le centre-ville de Wasquehal. La zone concernée comprend l'église paroissiale, une partie du cimetière et un îlot d'habitations. Deux églises successives ont été retrouvées. La première, construite vers 1250, est détruite à la fin de 1511. La seconde est bâtie en 1511 et démolie en 1877. 700 tombes ont été fouillées, un grand nombre d'entre elles datent des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. L'évolution de l'organisation du cimetière et certaines variations dans les coutumes funéraires ont pu être observées sur les 7 siècles d'utilisation de la nécropole. En dehors de fossés utilisés du XIIe au XIVe siècle, aucune trace d'occupation médiévale n'a pu être trouvée en dehors de l'église et du cimetière. Les premiers habitats n'apparaissent, dans l'emprise de la station, qu'au début du XVIIIe siècle. Les maisons, en briques et calcaire, sont peu modifiées jusqu'à leur destruction au XXe siècle.
Winning in style: Longer styles receive more pollen, but style length does not affect pollen attrition in wild Clarkia populations
Authors: Mazer Susan J. , Moghaddasi Arrash , Bello Alexandra K. , Hove Alisa A.
Published: March 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

One proposed function of long styles is to intensify selection among male gametophytes relative to short styles. If so, given sufficient competition, longer styles will have higher rates of pollen tube attrition (failure to reach the style base) within the style than shorter ones. Alternatively, style length may influence pollen receipt, which itself may affect attrition rates.

METHODS:

We tested these predictions by collecting senescing styles from wild populations of two insect‐pollinated Clarkia species. We examined the number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma, length of styles, and rates of attrition from the stigma surface to the stigma–style junction (SSJ), from the SSJ to the style base, and from the stigma surface to the style base. Multivariate analyses estimated the independent effects of pollen grains per stigma, the number of pollen tubes at the SSJ, and style length on attrition.

KEY RESULTS:

Style length was generally positively correlated with pollen receipt, and the number of pollen grains per stigma was positively correlated with all three attrition rates. In neither species was any attrition rate affected by style length independent of the number of pollen grains per stigma.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pollen attrition was mediated by style length, but the function of style length was primarily to increase the number of germinating pollen grains, which affected attrition rates either through stigma clogging or pollen–pollen interactions. Style length may have a direct effect on pollen receipt due to the stigma's position relative to pollinator body parts, but traits correlated with style length may also directly affect pollen receipt.
How to Attract Trainees, a Pan-Canadian Perspective: Phase 1 of the “Training the Rheumatologists of Tomorrow” Project
Authors: Cividino Alfred , Bakowsky Volodko , Barr Susan , Bessette Louis , Hazel Elizabeth , Khalidi Nader , Pope Janet , Robinson David , Shojania Kam , Yacyshyn Elaine , Lohfeld Lynne , Crawshaw Diane
Published: March 2016

Objective.

To identify what learners and professionals associated with rheumatology programs across Canada recommend as ways to attract future trainees.

Methods.

Data from online surveys and individual interviews with participants from 9 rheumatology programs were analyzed using the thematic framework analysis to identify messages and methods to interest potential trainees in rheumatology.

Results.

There were 103 participants (78 surveyed, 25 interviewed) who indicated that many practitioners were drawn to rheumatology because of the aspects of work life, and that educational events and hands-on experiences can interest students. Messages centered on working life, career opportunities, and the lifestyle of rheumatologists. Specific ways to increase awareness about rheumatology included information about practice type, intellectual and diagnostic challenges, diversity of diseases, and patient populations. Increased opportunity for early and continued exposure for both medical students and internal medicine residents was also important, as was highlighting job flexibility and availability and a good work-life balance. Although mentors were rarely mentioned, many participants indicated educational activities of role models. The relatively low pay scale of rheumatologists was rarely identified as a barrier to choosing a career in rheumatology.

Conclusion.

This is the first pan-Canadian initiative using local data to create a work plan for developing and evaluating tools to promote interest in rheumatology that could help increase the number of future practitioners.
Two-year Efficacy and Safety of Etanercept in Pediatric Patients with Extended Oligoarthritis, Enthesitis-related Arthritis, or Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Constantin Tamas , Foeldvari Ivan , Vojinovic Jelena , Horneff Gerd , Burgos-Vargas Ruben , Nikishina Irina , Akikusa Jonathan D. , Avcin Tadej , Chaitow Jeffrey , Koskova Elena , Lauwerys Bernard R. , Calvo Penades Inmaculada , Flato Berit , Gamir Maria Luz , Huppertz Hans-Iko , Raad Juan Jose Jaller , Jarosova Katerina , Anton Jordi , Macku Marie , Otero Escalante William J. , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia , Trauzeddel Ralf , Velez-Sanchez Patricia J. , Wouters Carine , Wajdula Joseph , Zang Chuanbo , Bukowski Jack , Woodworth Deborah , Vlahos Bonnie , Martini Alberto , Ruperto Nicolino ,   The Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO)
Published: March 2016

Objective.

The main objective was to determine the 2-year clinical benefit and safety of etanercept (ETN) in children with the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) categories of extended oligoarthritis (eoJIA), enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), or psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods.

CLIPPER was a 96-week, phase IIIb, open-label, multicenter study. Patients with eoJIA, ERA, or PsA received ETN 0.8 mg/kg once weekly (50 mg max) for up to 96 weeks. The proportions of patients reaching the JIA American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 30/50/70/90/100 and inactive disease responses at Week 96 were calculated. Adverse events (AE) were collected throughout the study (intention-to-treat sample).

Results.

There were 127 patients (eoJIA n = 60, ERA n = 38, PsA n = 29) who received ≥ 1 dose of ETN. The mean disease duration was 31.6 (eoJIA), 23.0 (ERA), and 21.8 (PsA) months. At Week 96, JIA ACR 30/50/70/90/100/inactive disease responses (95% CI) were achieved by 84.3% (76.7, 90.1), 83.5% (75.8, 89.5), 78.7% (70.6, 85.5), 55.1% (46.0, 63.9), 45.7% (36.8, 54.7), and 27.6% (20.0, 36.2) of patients, respectively. The most common AE (no. events, events per 100 patient-yrs) overall were headache (23, 10.7), pyrexia (12, 5.6), and diarrhea (10, 4.6). The most common infections were upper respiratory tract infection (83, 38.6), pharyngitis (50, 23.2), gastroenteritis (22, 10.2), bronchitis (19, 8.8), and rhinitis (17, 7.9). No cases of malignancy, active tuberculosis, demyelinating disorders, or death were reported.

Conclusion.

Over 96 weeks of therapy, ETN demonstrated sustained efficacy at treating the clinical symptoms of all 3 JIA categories, with no major safety issues.
Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Fulfilling the Minimal Disease Activity Criteria Do Not Have Swollen and Tender Joints, but Have Active Skin
Authors: Marin Josefina , Acosta Felquer María Laura , Ferreyra Garrot Leandro , Ruta Santiago , Rosa Javier , Soriano Enrique R.
Published: March 2016

Objective.

To evaluate components of the minimal disease activity (MDA) criteria in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods.

In patients achieving and not achieving MDA, fulfillment of each of the 7 criteria was evaluated.

Results.

Among 41 patients with MDA, 7.4% did not fulfill the tender/swollen joint count whereas 49% did not fulfill the skin criteria. Of the 42 patients not fulfilling MDA, 100%, 76.5%, and 65% did not fulfill the patient pain score, the patient’s global assessment, and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), respectively.

Conclusion.

A minority of patients with PsA fulfilling the MDA criteria presented active joints, but half had active skin. Visual analog scale scores and the PASI prevented patients from achieving MDA.
À quoi sert la vidéosurveillance de l’espace public ?
Authors: Mucchielli Laurent
Published: March 2016

Le fort développement de la vidéosurveillance dans l’espace public, en France, à partir des élections présidentielles de 2007, n’a pas fait l’objet d’évaluations scientifiques. Cet article propose une étude de cas et un travail de terrain dans une petite ville dotée d’un système de vidéosurveillance considéré comme exemplaire par les pouvoirs publics locaux. L’étude montre que la vidéosurveillance n’assure ni prévention ni dissuasion des actes de délinquance et qu’elle n’a globalement aucun impact sur le niveau de la délinquance enregistrée. L’étude illustre également le phénomène de déplacement des problèmes. Elle permet ensuite de mesurer la contribution de la vidéosurveillance au travail de police judiciaire, montrant que cette contribution est réelle mais limitée. Au final, la vidéosurveillance apparaît essentiellement comme un outil municipal de gestion urbaine de proximité, qui n’a que peu de rapport avec la politique locale de sécurité et de prévention. L’auteur analyse alors les ressorts politiques du succès de cette technologie, montrant qu’elle a constitué une ressource politique tant pour le gouvernement qui a décidé d’inciter à sa généralisation que pour les élus locaux désireux d’afficher une action dans le domaine, le tout en lien avec le fort développement des industries de la sécurité.
L’ habitus professionnel spécifique aux éducateurs de la Protection Judiciaire de la Jeunesse
Authors: Falchun Thomas , Robène Luc , Terret Thierry
Published: March 2016

Les éducateurs de la Protection Judiciaire de la Jeunesse (PJJ) mettent en place des activités de la vie quotidienne et d’autres, tel le sport, plus spécifiques, au sein d’établissements pour mineurs délinquants, cela dans un but éducatif. Cet article questionne les conceptions éducatives de ces professionnels au regard du discours officiel de la PJJ. À partir d’une comparaison entre discours des éducateurs recueillis sous forme d’entretiens semi-directifs et discours officiel établi par les formateurs de la PJJ, nous montrons des formes de convergence dans la manière de penser l’éducation des mineurs au pénal. Ces similitudes laissent à penser que la PJJ façonne, via son unique école de formation, un réel ethos professionnel spécifique à la justice des mineurs qui donne lieu à la formation d’un habitus professionnel.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Bouffin Gilles
Published: March 2016

À l'heure des bouleversements majeurs dans le champ des politiques publiques, les associations sont confrontées à des enjeux de tout premier ordre tant politiques, économiques que managériaux qui posent l'impérieuse nécessité de devoir organiser le paysage social et médico-social autour de modalités contractuelles et territoriales autres que celles qui ont prévalu jusqu'alors avec les pouvoirs publics. Les repères historiques traditionnels sont aujourd'hui bousculés dans des logiques où les notions de coopérations prennent peu à peu le pas sur des conceptions segmentées de l'intervention sociale avec en corollaire l'intérêt de mettre en exergue d'autres conceptions du fait associatif. Elles obligent dès lors à une gouvernance spécifique où la recherche de la qualité, l'efficience économique et le territoire dessinent désormais le cahier des charges des dirigeants et des professionnels dans leur ensemble. Faire association entre associations, tel est l'objet du propos présenté à la fois dans ce que cela peut impliquer de ruptures culturelles pour un secteur en pleine mutation mais aussi de devoir recourir à une méthodologie pragmatique où il apparaît que la notion de contrat prend tout son sens.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Loubat Jean-René
Published: March 2016

Les secteurs de l'action sociale et médico-sociale achèvent leur professionnalisation et leur inclusion dans la société civile. Leurs opérateurs deviennent des prestataires de services, centrés sur les projets de vie et les attentes de personnes clientes resituées au centre des dispositifs par divers textes législatifs d'influence européenne. Cette révolution galiléenne modifie tant les relations entre acteurs que les pratiques professionnelles, les modes d'organisations et de management, les fonctions et les compétences, les formations, etc. La « relation de service » révèle de nombreux horizons, de nouveaux projets et des sources d'innovation qui dessinent le futur paysage des services aux personnes.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Batifoulier Francis
Published: March 2016

Dans le cadre d'un secteur social et médico-social en profonde mutation, les pratiques dirigeantes associatives n'échappent pas aux critiques. On leur reproche notamment de ne pas se distancier suffisamment du modèle de l'entreprise marchande. Penser des modes alternatifs de gouvernement des associations qui prennent en compte les spécificités des établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux nous paraît une ambition légitime à condition de ne pas caricaturer les pratiques de direction actuelles. Sachant que la période est trop incertaine pour prétendre définir un modèle abouti de gouvernement, nous nous limiterons ici à prendre la mesure des questions majeures qui se posent aux organisations associatives quand elles s'interrogent sur leur gouvernance et leur management. Pour ce faire, il faut, tout d'abord, tenter de caractériser le fait associatif dans sa dimension structurellement paradoxale. Il importe, ensuite, de préciser le sens de la notion de gouvernance associative à un moment où son emploi souffre de trop d'imprécisions. On pourra, alors, identifier quelques-uns des chantiers prioritaires qu'il s'agit d'investir pour repenser les pratiques dirigeantes associatives. C'est ainsi que penser ensemble gouvernance et place d'exception nous paraît, l'un des principaux défis de cette démarche nécessaire qui ambitionne de construire un ou des modèles alternatifs de gouvernement des associations. L'un de ses modèles pourrait être, à notre sens, une gouvernance sociale et clinique.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Batifoulier Francis
Published: March 2016

Dans les années qui viennent et cela est déjà largement initié, le paysage associatif va être profondément modifié par des reconfigurations organisationnelles majeures, qui auront un impact sur le métier de directeur et son exercice. On peut penser que, demain, le directeur en charge de plusieurs établissements ou services interviendra de moins en moins directement dans le suivi clinique des usagers, cette intervention relevant des cadres intermédiaires. Cela ne signifie pas que le directeur n'aura plus à se préoccuper de la question clinique. Dans un contexte profondément renouvelé, il va devoir prendre la mesure de la reformulation de cette question et de son déplacement. Garantir aujourd'hui et demain la démarche clinique de la place du directeur, c'est participer à la mise en œuvre d'une clinique de l'institution. En fait, il doit s'employer à refaire de l'institution, une institution suffisamment bonne ; celle où l'on pratique une clinique institutionnelle, où les différentes parties prenantes élaborent collectivement et où les processus de décision, explicités et connus de tous, sont mis en œuvre dans le respect de la différenciation des places.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Bouquet Brigitte
Published: March 2016

Le contexte de rationalisation et les réformes successives engagées depuis plusieurs décennies reposent la question des finalités éthiques et nécessitent de se repositionner sur des valeurs partagées. Face à ces enjeux éthiques importants et complexes, cet écrit porte la réflexion sur les fondamentaux de la fonction de direction par rapport aux valeurs démocratiques, professionnelles, institutionnelles, en respect de la personne humaine. C'est bien sur ce terrain de la reconnaissance de l'autre comme sujet, dans la réciprocité des libertés, et dans les finalités sociales des institutions, que se pose l'éthique liée aux activités du directeur d'établissement ou de service. Cela nécessite de sa part une interrogation régulière sur les écarts entre la réalité du management mené et les finalités proclamées, implique de gérer les contradictions, demande de réfléchir la rationalité au regard de l'éthique, de lier les finalités sociales et le positionnement éthique conçus comme primordiaux, avec le management et la gestion conçus comme des moyens.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Miramon Jean-Marie
Published: March 2016

L'exercice du pouvoir met en lumière la personnalité de celui qui l'exerce, tant auprès de ceux qu'il dirige que des partenaires réacteurs de son environnement institutionnel. La distinction pouvoir/autorité (différence entre fonction et personne) est une porte d'entrée de l'intime du directeur. Le rapport au pouvoir subi ou exercé est porteur d'une culture originelle, d'une éducation et d'une vision du monde voire d'expérience professionnelle tout au long de sa carrière. L'exercice du pouvoir donne à voir de soi-même. Il s'agit de mieux repérer, à défaut de tout maîtriser, ce qui est de l'ordre du je et du jeu.
Quels points de vue sur les espaces partagés entre humains et animaux sauvages ?
Authors: Chanteloup Laine , Perrin-Malterre Clémence , Duparc Antoine , Loison Anne
Published: March 2016

La méthodologie de l’observation est analysée au regard de sa mise en œuvre et du type de données qu’elle permet de collecter dans le cadre d’études sur les espaces partagés entre humains et animaux sauvages. Avec le soutien financier de la Zone atelier Alpes, membre de lter France, des recherches sont menées depuis plusieurs années au sein de la Réserve nationale de chasse et de faune sauvage du massif des Bauges pour comprendre et mesurer les interactions entre les usagers de cet espace protégé et la faune de montagne. Ces recherches mobilisent une diversité d’observations : observation directe, indirecte et participante. La méthodologie de l’observation recoupe ainsi une multiplicité de pratiques, de techniques et de postures qui sont ici explicitées et comparées. L’article montre que ces différents protocoles d’observation sont complémentaires et permettent d’acquérir des données qualitatives et quantitatives en vue d’une meilleure connaissance des espaces partagés entre humains et animaux sauvages.
L’habitat, relevé et révélé par le dessin : observer l’espace construit et son appropriation
Authors: Pinson Daniel
Published: March 2016

La croissance urbaine a été accompagnée par celle des chiffres qui la mesurent et par l’abondance des discours et des paroles de ceux (et sur ceux), acteurs ou simples habitants, qui font, gouvernent et vivent les villes. En contraste, la connaissance des formes urbaines, de ce qui y est consommé et comment, et surtout de leur matérialité, de leur configuration d’objet, d’artefact matériel, semble moins saisissable, moins objectivable scientifiquement, et a moins retenu l’attention de la sociologie académique. L’observation et la description, plus familières à l’ethnologie, rendent souvent mieux compte de ces formes. Comme modalité graphique de la description, le relevé ethno-architectural constitue un outil, efficace et potentiellement fécond, de représentation de cette matérialité, mais aussi d’interprétation de ses interactions avec les pratiques et les représentations des habitants. Ses techniques de production et son apport à l’investigation, provenant de recherches menées sur la maison et ses territoires, constitueront la matière du présent article.
Motivations résidentielles et pratiques de mobilité des classes moyennes supérieures dans les villes suisses
Authors: Rérat Patrick
Published: March 2016

Cet article analyse le regain d’attractivité des villes pour les catégories socio-professionnelles supérieures dans le cas de trois centres urbains suisses. Les choix résidentiels étudiés sont étroitement liés à la recherche d’un capital spatial spécifique de la part de ménages qui placent les questions de proximité et de mobilité au cœur de leur décision de vivre en ville, qui adoptent un comportement multimodal, et qui apparaissent attachés à la proximité tout en étant potentiellement hypermobiles (à l’instar de certains pendulaires interurbains). Cette dotation en capital spatial s’explique par des stratégies d’adaptation (afin de concilier les différentes facettes de la vie quotidienne) et par certaines valeurs (notamment environnementales). Le choix résidentiel apparaît dans l’ensemble comme un choix stratégique, la localisation centrale et le potentiel de mobilité qui lui est associé devant permettre aux ménages de rendre compatible contraintes spatio-temporelles et modes de vie.
Le divin avant les Dieux
Authors: Petit Alain , Donnet Benoît
Published: March 2016

Comment la théologie est-elle philosophiquement possible s’il s’agit pour elle d’inscrire une pluralité de figures singulières dans un système qui ne les détruirait pas ? L’hénologie est une réponse possible à cette question si, avec Proclus, faisant écho à Héraclite, c’est la possibilité de la fondation d’un système des dieux qui ne serait pas le primat d’un seul d’entre eux mais une authentique théogonie qui est déployée. La figure des dieux dans l’hénologie n’en signifie-t-elle pas alors pleinement la puissance spéculative ?
Après la réalité virtuelle, la tendance sera-t-elle à la réalité réelle ?
Authors: Darche Anne
Published: March 2016

Si la réalité virtuelle s’installe dans nos vies tel qu’on le prédit, en viendra-t-on à apprécier la vraie réalité comme jamais auparavant ? Une chronique tout en questions face aux univers de pixels qui se pressent à nos portes.
Continuing Nursing Education and Outcomes: Making a Difference in Patient Care
Authors: Garafalo Lena
Published: March 2016

As a large provider unit of contact hour education to more than 16,000 nurses, a continuously growing health system needed to ensure that the education provided to their nursing staff was of significance when meeting evaluation outcome criteria. The education team came together to explore some options.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(3):103–105.
Storytelling: A Strategy for Providing Context for Learning
Authors: Billings Diane M.
Published: March 2016

Storytelling—a narrative of events related to nursing and linked to evidence—provides a context for learning, particularly for learners who require a rich context to understand and integrate concepts related to patient care. This article offers suggestions for developing and using stories in nursing education.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(3):109–110.