bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Paganism as a Legitimating Framework for Post-Materialist Values
Authors: Lassander Mika
Published: September 2009

In this article I argue that the emergence of new religious movements may be a result of an adaptation of world-views to the changing needs of individuals in post-industrial societies. I explore the relation of the emergence of new religious movements and changes in social values. I compare value priorities of people who identify themselves as Pagans and those of a sample of the Open University students, who represent the United Kingdom's mainstream population. The Pagans were found to emphasise post-materialist values significantly more than the OU students. Individuals’ values were also found to be related to their view of interpersonal relations. People who have egalitarian view of others endorse post-materialist values with emphasis on universalism, while people with a competitive view of interpersonal relations endorse post-materialist values with emphasis on achievement. Furthermore, while the majority of Pagans have similar value priorities, minority sub-groups were found with significantly different priorities.
Beyond Sacred: Recent Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments – Current Findings of the Sacred Sites Project
Authors: Blain Jenny , Wallis Robert J
Published: September 2009

Over the last decade, our Sacred Sites project has examined contemporary British Pagan engagements with pasts, focusing on archaeological monuments and associated material culture held in museum collections. Increasingly Pagans are taking issue with problems of disenchantment and reenchantment, opposing landscape exploitation, often equating their (contested) relationships to place and pasts to those of indigenous peoples elsewhere. We present findings and examples from our project, with a particular focus on understandings of the 'living landscape' and how its sacredness is celebrated within today's Paganisms. After a summary of the background to our research as co-directors of the Sacred Sites Project (published in 2007 as the volume Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagement with Archaeological Monuments) we indicate tensions and implications for heritage policy and social inclusion in relation to two sites of protest: Southend-on-Sea, where road-building has threatened Prittlewell Saxon Cemetery, and the Thornborough henge complex, threatened by quarrying.
CaPO4 Blasted Implants Inserted Into Iliac Crest Homologue Frozen Grafts
Authors: Franco Maurizio , Rigo Leone , Viscione Alessandro , De Santis Bruno , Tropina Emanuela , Brunelli Giorgio , Guidi Riccardo , Avantaggiato Anna , Carinci Francesco
Published: September 2009

In the last decade, some investigations have reported that the resorbable blast media surface (also named CaPO4 blasted implants [CaPO4-BIs]) has achieved excellent results. However, no report regarding CaPO4-BIs inserted into fresh frozen bone (FFB) is available. Thus, we planned a retrospective study on a series of CaPO4-BIs inserted into FFB to evaluate their clinical outcome. In the period between December 2003 and December 2006, 16 patients (10 females and 6 males, median age of 55 years) were operated on, and 76 CaPO4-BIs were inserted. The mean implant follow-up was 23 months. Implant diameter and length ranged from 3.25 to 4.5 mm and from 11.5 to 15 mm, respectively. Implants were inserted to replace 7 incisors, 11 cuspids, 31 premolars, and 27 molars. Only 1 out of 76 implants was lost (ie, survival rate [SVR] = 98.7%), and no differences were detected among the studied variables. When peri-implant crestal bone resorption was used as an indicator of clinical success (ie, success rate), it was possible to identify some variables that correlated with a better clinical outcome. Specifically, Cox regression showed that removable prosthetic restoration and longer implant length correlated with a statistically significant lower delta implant abutment junction (IAJ; ie, reduced crestal bone loss) and thus a better clinical outcome. In this study, CaPO4-BIs had high survival and success rates, similar to those reported in previous reports of 2-stage procedures in nongrafted bone. CaPO4-BIs inserted into FFB are reliable devices, although greater marginal bone loss occurs when fixed prosthetic restorations and short implants are used.
O registro dos limites da cidade: imagens da várzea do Carmo no século XIX
Authors: Oliveira Maria Luiza Ferreira de
Published: September 2009

Este trabalho debruça-se sobre a iconografia paulistana do século XIX, em suas pinturas, aquarelas e litografias. Partindo da constatação da existência de um privilegiamento das áreas dos arredores do centro nas representações da cidade, especificamente uma região, a várzea do Carmo, e dessa permanência ainda na virada do século, quando a cidade sofre um processo de urbanização e crescimento grande, e a fotografia já está registrando as áreas centrais, quisemos investigar os sentidos dessas representações, tanto a presença desse espaço - a várzea do Carmo - no imaginário da época (cronistas, legisladores, memorialistas), quanto as imagens da cidade que estão sendo produzidas a partir desse ângulo de registro. Escolhemos analisar algumas imagens dessa região, concentrando-nos no final do século, contrapondo com outros discursos produzidos sobre a área por cronistas, jornalistas e memorialistas, na tentativa de entender um pouco mais a sociedade que as produziu.
Pátio do Colégio, Largo do Palácio
Authors: Lima Solange Ferraz de
Published: September 2009

O artigo focaliza a trajetória do Pátio do Colégio, espaço que integra o conjunto de bens culturais da cidade de São Paulo, a partir da produção iconográfica que o tem como tema e referências aos seus usos e configuração espacial em crônicas e descrições de viajantes, no período compreendido entre 1860 e 1956. A visualidade, campo de interação entre o objeto, sua representação e sua recepção, é aqui entendida como uma das dimensões da sociedade. Nesta perspectiva, a análise empreendida abarca niveis distintos de interpretação das relações entre o espaço urbano e o documento visual, partindo do pressuposto de que a produção iconográfica de paisagens urbanas é parte integrante e ativa da produção social da cidade. Procura-se demonstrar como as imagens urbanas resultantes deste conjunto de referências iconográficas e textuais atuam como sintomas e vetores das transformações ocorridas no Pátio do Colégio.
Da Palavra à Imagem: sobre o programa decorativo de Affonso Taunay para o Museu Paulista
Authors: Mattos Claudia Valladão de
Published: September 2009

O presente artigo analisa a decoraçÃo interna do Museu Paulista, criada e implementada por Affonso d'Escagnolle Taunay durante sua gestÃo como diretor daquela instituiçÃo, procurando compreender as estratégias utilizadas por ele para traduzir suas convicções teóricas em uma linguagem visual convincente. A autora analisa ainda os vínculos do projeto proposto por Taunay com a vasta tradiçÃo de ciclos decorativos europeus e, mais especificamente, com os projetos de construçÃo de uma identidade nacional através da pintura, defendida por alguns artistas ligados à Academia de Belas Artes durante o século XIX.
Resposta tecidual ao compósito 50% hidroxiapatita: 50% poli-hidroxibutirato para substituição óssea em coelhos
Authors: Carlo E.C. , Borges A.P.B. , Vargas M.I.V. , Martinez M.M. , Eleotério R.B. , Dias A.R. , Rodrigues M.C.D.
Published: September 2009

Avaliaram-se a biocompatibilidade, a osseointegração, a osseocondução e a biodegradação de compósitos de 50% hidroxiapatita (HAP-91®) e 50% poli-hidroxibutirato. O compósito foi implantado em defeitos ósseos em 12 coelhos (grupo experimental), sendo comparado a defeitos não preenchidos (grupo-controle, de igual número). Os parâmetros clínicos dor, claudicação, infecção, deiscência e edema foram avaliados nos primeiros oito dias após a cirurgia e aos 45 e 90 dias. Radiografias foram realizadas aos oito, 45 e 90 dias após a cirurgia em quatro animais por grupo que, em seguida, foram submetidos à eutanásia para coleta de amostras destinadas a análises histológica e histomorfométrica. Não ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos para todos os parâmetros clínicos. Radiografias demonstraram um compósito com radiopacidade semelhante à do osso vizinho e contato direto entre osso e compósito aos 45 e 90 dias. Diferença significativa foi observada entre a porcentagem dos tecidos ósseo e conjuntivo dentro do defeito nos dias oito, 45 e 90, assim como na interface aos 45 e 90 dias. Foram observadas projeções dos tecidos ósseo e conjuntivo no interior do compósito e sinais de biodegradação na ausência de infiltrado inflamatório. Pode-se concluir que o compósito é biocompatível, osseocondutor, biodegradável e se integra ao tecido ósseo.
Efeitos da fonte de enxofre sobre a população de protozoários e degradabilidade no rúmen
Authors: Saran Netto A. , Zanetti M.A. , Paiva F.A. , Salles M.S.V. , Del Claro G.R. , Lopes L.C. , Nogueira Filho J.C.M.
Published: September 2009

Estudaram-se os efeitos de fontes de enxofre na dieta sobre os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos Nelore, utilizando-se oito novilhos canulados no rúmen e submetidos a quatro tratamentos, segundo a fonte de enxofre. Os animais do grupo-controle não receberam suplementação de enxofre. Os dos outros três grupos receberam flor de enxofre ou metionina ou carboquelatado, como suplementação. Os animais foram arraçoados com dieta total, utilizando cana-de-açúcar picada como volumoso. O período experimental foi de 76 dias, dividido em quatro subperíodos de 19 dias, dos quais 14 eram para adaptação à dieta e cinco para as colheitas. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as fontes de enxofre na degradabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibras em detergente ácido e neutro e no pH ruminal. O tratamento com carboquelatado resultou em maior número de protozoários ciliados e o tratamento metionina em menor contagem. O carboquelatado pode ser uma boa alternativa para a suplementação de enxofre para bovinos em confinamento.
Produção e qualidade do pasto de coastcross consorciado ou não com amendoim forrageiro com ou sem aplicação de nitrogênio
Authors: Lenzi A. , Cecato U. , Machado Filho L.C.P. , Gasparino E. , Roma C.F.C. , Barbero L.M. , Limão V.A.
Published: September 2009

Avaliaram-se a taxa de acúmulo foliar (TAF), a produção total de forragem (PTF), a composição química da forragem e os valores de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) do coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) e do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) em pastagem consorciada. Foram avaliados os tratamentos (parcelas): coastcross + A. pintoi sem nitrogênio (CA0); coastcross + A. pintoi com 100kg de nitrogênio (CA100); coastcross com 200kg de nitrogênio (C200) e coastcross + A. pintoi com 200kg de nitrogênio (CA200), e as estações (subparcelas) do ano inverno, primavera, verão e outono. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com duas repetições. Os tratamentos com os maiores níveis de adubação de nitrogênio apresentaram TAF mais alto que os demais (P<0,05). No verão ocorreu a maior PTF, seguida da primavera, outono e inverno, mas estes não diferiram entre si. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para as variáveis proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in vitro de matéria seca, tanto para as frações de folhas do coastcross, como para a planta inteira do A. pintoi. A adubação nitrogenada, quando aplicada à pastagem de coastcross singular ou associada ao amendoim forrageiro, proporcionou aumento da TAF e da PTF, com maior produtividade e qualidade no verão.
Detecção de QTL em dados de famílias estruturadas como as de um núcleo MOET por meio do método da regressão
Authors: Peixoto M.G.C.D. , Martinez M.L. , Teodoro R.L. , Machado M.A. , Carvalho M.R.S. , Gomes F.C. , Verneque R.S.
Published: September 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do método de regressão em detectar QTL com base na utilização de dados da estrutura de família (irmãos completos e meios-irmãos), como aqueles gerados em um núcleo MOET. Foram simulados dados fenotípicos e genotípicos em uma estrutura de núcleo MOET fechado de seleção. Três arquivos foram analisados, contendo: a) informações conjuntas de irmãos completos e meios-irmãos; b) apenas informações de irmãos completos e c) apenas informações de meios-irmãos. Verificou-se que o método da regressão, para dados discretos ou contínuos, foi capaz de detectar associações entre marcador e QTL em níveis bastante expressivos de significância (P<0.001 e P<0,0001), quando se utilizou o arquivo que continha informações conjuntas de irmãos completos e meios-irmãos. Os resultados indicaram a possibilidade de utilização dessa metodologia para estudos de detecção/validação de QTL em rebanhos ou núcleos de seleção que utilizam MOET.
Associação entre medidas lineares e angulares de equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador
Authors: Lage M.C.G.R. , Bergmann J.A.G. , Procópio A.M. , Pereira J.C.C. , Biondini J.
Published: September 2009

Foram analisadas 12 medidas de comprimento dos ossos, duas medidas de altura, duas medidas de perímetro e 11 medidas de ângulos articulares) de 169 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, de ambos os sexos (82% de fêmeas), com idades entre 35 e 269 meses, de 11 criatórios do Estado de Minas Gerais e cinco de São Paulo. Os efeitos de estado e criatório de origem, tipo de criação (baia ou pasto), idade e sexo sobre essas características foram avaliados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, e as associações entre as características foram quantificadas por meio da correlação de resíduos. Os modelos justificaram pouco da variação observada, com coeficientes de determinação variando de 0,09 a 0,48 para as medidas lineares e de 0,11 a 0,44 para as medidas angulares. Estado e criatório de origem, sexo, idade e tipo de criação foram importantes fontes de variação, respectivamente para 13 (48,1%), 12 (44,4%), seis (22,2%), quatro (14,8%) e três (11,1%) das 27 características avaliadas. As correlações de resíduo entre as características indicaram que a escolha de animais com úmero de maior comprimento está associada a animais com membros torácicos e pélvicos mais longos e que a escolha de animais a partir do tamanho dos membros acarretará concomitante incremento na altura da cernelha e na garupa e do perímetro da canela e torácico. Ainda, a escolha dos animais considerando as medidas dos ângulos metacarpofalangeano e dedo torácico com a horizontal refletirá positivamente na altura da cernelha e da garupa.
Factors Affecting Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum) Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence
Authors: Wei Shouhui , Zhang Chaoxian , Li Xiangju , Cui Hailan , Huang Hongjuan , Sui Biaofeng , Meng Qinghui , Zhang Hongjun
Published: September 2009

Buffalobur is a noxious and invasive weed species native to North America. The influence of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of buffalobur were evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The germination of buffalobur seeds occurred at temperatures ranging from 12.5 to 45 C, with optimum germination attained between 25 and 35 C. Buffalobur seeds germinated equally well under both a 14-h photoperiod and continuous darkness; however, prolonged light exposure (≥ 16 h) significantly inhibited the seed germination. Buffalobur seed is rather tolerant to low water potential and high salt stress, as germination was 28 and 52% at osmotic potentials of −1.1 MPa and salinity level of 160 mM, respectively. Medium pH has no significant effect on seed germination; germination was greater than 95% over a broad pH range from 3 to 10. Seedling emergence was higher (85%) for seeds buried at a soil depth of 2 cm than for those placed on the soil surface (32%), but no seedlings emerged when burial depth reached 8 cm. Knowledge of germination biology of buffalobur obtained in this study will be useful in predicting the potential distribution area and developing effective management strategies for this species.
Herbicidal Activity of the Metabolite SPRI-70014 from Streptomyces griseolus
Authors: Xu Wenping , Tao Liming , Gu Xuebin , Shen Xiaoxia , Yuan Sheng
Published: September 2009

Microbial metabolites have been identified as a promising class of natural herbicides due to their effective control against weeds and a relatively low environmental impact. Here we report on the potency and crop safety of a natural compound with herbicidal properties, the metabolite SPRI-70014 from Streptomyces griseolus CGMCC 1370. The compound showed excellent herbicidal activities on various broadleaf and gramineous weeds in both greenhouse and field trials. In germination inhibition experiments, SPRI-70014 inhibited the emergence of both root and shoot at 1 mg L−1. At a dose of 31.3 g ai ha−1, SPRI-70014 provided effective control over most broadleaf weeds in greenhouse trials. Observations on absorption and translocation using a cucumber plant model system indicated that SPRI-70014 could be absorbed by the root but only partly by the stem. Field trials showed that SPRI-70014 provided effective control over most weed species tested at a dose of 1,000 g ai ha−1. Crop safety experiments showed that the compound had no harmful effect on peanut or wheat plants at doses up to 2,000 g ai ha−1. These results indicated that this compound could be developed as a potential POST herbicide for control of broadleaf weeds in peanut and wheat fields.
Growth and Seed Production of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Populations Resistant to Glyphosate, ALS-Inhibiting, and Multiple (Glyphosate + ALS-Inhibiting) Herbicides
Authors: Davis Vince M. , Kruger Greg R. , Stachler Jeff M. , Loux Mark M. , Johnson William G.
Published: September 2009

Horseweed populations with mixtures of biotypes resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides as well as biotypes with multiple resistance to glyphosate + ALS-inhibiting herbicides have been documented in Indiana and Ohio. These biotypes are particularly problematic because ALS-inhibiting herbicides are commonly tank mixed with glyphosate to improve postemergence horseweed control in soybean. The objective of this research was to characterize the growth and seed production of horseweed populations with resistance to glyphosate or ALS-inhibiting herbicides, and multiple resistance to glyphosate + ALS-inhibiting herbicides. A four-herbicide by four-horseweed population factorial field experiment was conducted in the southeastern region of Indiana in 2007 and repeated in 2008. Four horseweed populations were collected from Indiana or Ohio and confirmed resistant to glyphosate, ALS inhibitors, both, or neither in greenhouse experiments. The four herbicide treatments were untreated, 0.84 kg ae ha−1glyphosate, 35 g ai ha−1cloransulam, and 0.84 kg ae ha−1glyphosate + 35 g ai ha−1cloransulam. Untreated plants from horseweed populations that were resistant to glyphosate, ALS-inhibiting, or multiple glyphosate + ALS-inhibiting herbicides produced similar amounts of biomass and seed compared to populations that were susceptible to those herbicides or combination of herbicides. Furthermore, aboveground shoot mass and seed production did not differ between treated and untreated plants.
Primary Dormancy and Seedling Emergence of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and Hairy Nightshade (Solanum physalifolium)
Authors: Taab Alireza , Andersson Lars
Published: September 2009

Variation in primary dormancy among populations of black nightshade and hairy nightshade collected on two dates was investigated. In addition, emergence characteristics of both species were studied during 2 yr with several populations and soil disturbance regimes. Results revealed a variation in the level of primary dormancy among populations and collection dates in black nightshade. However, fresh seeds of hairy nightshade showed no or negligible germinability, indicating a deeper level of dormancy. Emergence was higher in black nightshade than in hairy nightshade in both years, but with significant differences among populations. In addition, various categories regarding the soil temperature requirements for seedling emergence were found within seed batches. This enables the species to extend their emergence timing and therefore escape from climatic extremes or weed control operations. This information can be used to improve weed management strategies by timing weed control measures to larger seedling flushes.
Will environmental changes reinforce the impact of global warming on the prairie–forest border of central North America?
Authors: Frelich Lee E , Reich Peter B
Published: September 2009

Within the next 50–100 years, the warming climate will have major effects on boreal and northern hardwood forests situated near the prairie–forest border of central North America. This biome boundary shifted to the northeast during past episodes of global warming, and is expected to do so again. The climate of the future will likely lead to higher mortality among mature trees, because of the greater frequency of droughts, fires, forest‐leveling windstorms, and outbreaks of native and exotic insect pests and diseases. In addition, increasing populations of native deer and European earthworm invasions will inhibit the establishment of tree seedlings. The expected net impact of these factors will be a “savannification” of the forest, owing to the loss of adult trees at a rate faster than that at which they can be replaced. This will cause a greater magnitude and more rapid northeastward shift of the prairie–forest border, as compared with a shift solely attributable to the direct effects of temperature change.
Modeling of full-scale drinking water treatment plants with embedded plant control
Authors: van der Helm A. W. C. , van der Aa L. T. J. , van Schagen K. M. , Rietveld L. C.
Published: September 2009

In general, the available control actions in drinking water treatment plants are not directly related to the process objectives for water quality. Model based optimization of operation of a drinking water treatment plant by direct control of water quality objectives is discussed. Plant control with PID controllers is embedded in the model of a drinking water treatment plant and the ozonation process in the plant is used as a case study. It is concluded that direct control of water quality objectives, e.g. Giardia inactivation for ozonation, can largely reduce uncertainty and variation in process performance and leads to improvements of drinking water quality. In the discussed case it led to less bromate formation at the same disinfection capacity. Embedded plant control with PID controllers in the model of drinking water treatment plants through the use of code for writing control functionality has a large potential for model based optimization of operation.
Accurate water hammer pressure modeling for automatic modification of stress distribution along multi-segment pipelines
Authors: Abbasi A. , Sabbagh-Yazdi S. R. , Wegian F. M.
Published: September 2009

In this study, automatic modification of stresses in rigid parts of a pipe line system is modeled using the trial results of a second-order explicit Finite Volume (FV) Godunov type scheme for one-dimensional transient flow in pipes. The developed model for numerical analysis of transient pressure is based on Riemann solution of continuity equation coupled with the momentum Equation (including convective term). The implementation of boundary conditions such as reservoirs, valves, and pipe junctions in the Godunov approach is similar to that of the method of characteristics (MOC) approach. The computed pressure waves are compared with analytical solution as well as laboratory measurements for single pipes. The model is applied on two classic problems (systems consisting of a reservoir, a pipe and a valve). The second-order Godunov scheme is stable for Courant number less than or equal to unity, and therefore, can be applied for the problems with variable mesh spacing. In order to show the ability of the developed model to deal with such cases, the computed maximum pressure distribution along a pipeline with variable segment coordinates are used for trial modification of pipe thickness and stress distribution.
Dynamic programming of capacity expansion for reverse osmosis desalination plant: Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
Authors: Lamei A. , Tilmant A. , van der Zaag P. , Imam E.
Published: September 2009

With a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant designed to satisfy only the contracted-for water supply, the water company would be missing out on potential benefits that could have been obtained selling water in periods of high demand. On the other hand, sizing the RO desalination plant to produce water to satisfy peak demand means incurring additional costs as well as having the plant partially idle during periods of average or low demand. A model was developed using Excel macros to perform dynamic programming to optimize the capacity expansion of an RO desalination plant. The objective function is to maximize the present value of the total net benefits over the lifetime of the RO desalination plant. The model can be used to test different scenarios to capture time-variant tourism demand and price uncertainties on investment decisions. This study focuses on tourism dominated arid coastal regions, using Sharm El Sheikh (Sharm) in South Sinai, Egypt, as an example.19 RO plants in Sharm were surveyed and data were collected including unit production costs, O&M costs, energy consumption rates, contracted-for water supply, and utilization. Unit production cost of an RO desalination plant varies according to the degree of operation of the plant. This fact has to be taken into consideration when calculating the costs of RO desalination and when deciding on the plant capacity in order to maximize the total net benefit. Using the collected data, cost functions were developed for O&M costs as a function of utilization and plant capacity. The cost model calculated similar values to the actual total net benefit for one of the surveyed RO plant taken as an example. Using the optimization model, the maximum total net benefit is obtained with a smaller installed capacity than the actual case. A modified pricing structure is suggested in the paper that ties the water selling price to consumption in an effort to reduce demand in excess of contracted-for water supply aiding the water company to fulfill its contractual commitments to all users. However, price elasticity has to be taken into consideration to determine the impact of price change on water demand.
Potential N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from amine-based water treatment polymers in the reactions with chlorine-based oxidants and nitrosifying agents
Authors: Park Sang-Hyuck , Piyachaturawat Piti , Taylor Amelia E. , Huang Ching-Hua
Published: September 2009

The NDMA formation potential (NDMA FP) of four commonly used amine-based cationic water treatment polymers was assessed in reactions with chlorine-based oxidants (free chlorine, monochloramine and chlorine dioxide) and nitrosifying agents (nitrite and nitrate). Relatively high dosages of polymers were directly exposed to oxidants for long reaction times in the FP tests to assess the potential to form NDMA and obtain mechanistic insight. Results show that the NDMA FP of the polymers generally follows the trend of aminomethylated polyacrylamide (Mannich polymer)>>poly(epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine) (polyamine) > poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) > cationic polyacrylamide copolymer (cationic PAM). The high NDMA FP of Mannich polymer was largely due to the high amount of dimethylamine (DMA) residue in the polymer solution. For the other three polymers, the DMA concentration was increased after oxidation, indicating polymer degradation, and the trend of DMA increase agreed with that of NDMA FP. Among the oxidants, NDMA formation followed the order of monochloramine > free chlorine > chlorine dioxide, despite that the DMA release from the polymers caused by the oxidant followed the opposite order. At equal dosages, nitrite and nitrate generated NDMA from the polymers at levels comparable to those by free chlorine and chlorine dioxide; even so, the nitrosifying agents are unlikely to contribute significantly to NDMA formation due to expected lower concentrations in drinking water treatment systems. Jar tests followed by monochloramination of real water samples using conditions in line with those at potable water treatment plants generally showed relatively small contributions from polyamines and polyDADMACs to the overall NDMA formation.
Model Checking One-clock Priced Timed Automata
Authors: Bouyer Patricia , Larsen Kim G. , Markey Nicolas
Published: September 2009

We consider the model of priced (a.k.a. weighted) timed automata, an
extension of timed automata with cost information on both locations and
transitions, and we study various model-checking problems for that model based
on extensions of classical temporal logics with cost constraints on modalities.
We prove that, under the assumption that the model has only one clock,
model-checking this class of models against the logic WCTL, CTL with
cost-constrained modalities, is PSPACE-complete (while it has been shown
undecidable as soon as the model has three clocks). We also prove that
model-checking WMTL, LTL with cost-constrained modalities, is decidable only if
there is a single clock in the model and a single stopwatch cost variable
(i.e., whose slopes lie in {0,1}).
Polynomial Size Analysis of First-Order Shapely Functions
Authors: Shkaravska Olha , van Eekelen Marko , van Kesteren Ron
Published: September 2009

We present a size-aware type system for first-order shapely function
definitions. Here, a function definition is called shapely when the size of the
result is determined exactly by a polynomial in the sizes of the arguments.
Examples of shapely function definitions may be implementations of matrix
multiplication and the Cartesian product of two lists. The type system is
proved to be sound w.r.t. the operational semantics of the language. The type
checking problem is shown to be undecidable in general. We define a natural
syntactic restriction such that the type checking becomes decidable, even
though size polynomials are not necessarily linear or monotonic. Furthermore,
we have shown that the type-inference problem is at least semi-decidable (under
this restriction). We have implemented a procedure that combines run-time
testing and type-checking to automatically obtain size dependencies. It
terminates on total typable function definitions.
Universal Structures and the logic of Forbidden Patterns
Authors: Madelaine Florent R.
Published: September 2009

Forbidden Patterns Problems (FPPs) are a proper generalisation of Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs). However, we show that when the input is connected and belongs to a class which has low tree-depth decomposition (e.g. structure of bounded degree, proper minor closed class and more generally class of bounded expansion) any FPP becomes a CSP. This result can also be rephrased in terms of expressiveness of the logic MMSNP, introduced by Feder and Vardi in relation with CSPs. Our proof generalises that of a recent paper by Nesetril and Ossona de Mendez. Note that our result holds in the general setting of problems over arbitrary relational structures (not just for graphs).
Neighbourhood Structures: Bisimilarity and Basic Model Theory
Authors: Hansen Helle Hvid , Kupke Clemens , Pacuit Eric
Published: September 2009

Neighbourhood structures are the standard semantic tool used to reason about
non-normal modal logics. The logic of all neighbourhood models is called
classical modal logic. In coalgebraic terms, a neighbourhood frame is a
coalgebra for the contravariant powerset functor composed with itself, denoted
by 2^2. We use this coalgebraic modelling to derive notions of equivalence
between neighbourhood structures. 2^2-bisimilarity and behavioural equivalence
are well known coalgebraic concepts, and they are distinct, since 2^2 does not
preserve weak pullbacks. We introduce a third, intermediate notion whose
witnessing relations we call precocongruences (based on pushouts). We give
back-and-forth style characterisations for 2^2-bisimulations and
precocongruences, we show that on a single coalgebra, precocongruences capture
behavioural equivalence, and that between neighbourhood structures,
precocongruences are a better approximation of behavioural equivalence than
2^2-bisimulations. We also introduce a notion of modal saturation for
neighbourhood models, and investigate its relationship with definability and
image-finiteness. We prove a Hennessy-Milner theorem for modally saturated and
for image-finite neighbourhood models. Our main results are an analogue of Van
Benthem's characterisation theorem and a model-theoretic proof of Craig
interpolation for classical modal logic.
Decidability of higher-order matching
Authors: Stirling Colin
Published: September 2009

We show that the higher-order matching problem is decidable using a game-theoretic argument.
Lindstrom theorems for fragments of first-order logic
Authors: van Benthem Johan , Cate Balder ten , Vaananen Jouko
Published: September 2009

Lindstr\"om theorems characterize logics in terms of model-theoretic conditions such as Compactness and the L\"owenheim-Skolem property. Most existing characterizations of this kind concern extensions of first-order logic. But on the other hand, many logics relevant to computer science are fragments or extensions of fragments of first-order logic, e.g., k-variable logics and various modal logics. Finding Lindstr\"om theorems for these languages can be challenging, as most known techniques rely on coding arguments that seem to require the full expressive power of first-order logic. In this paper, we provide Lindstr\"om theorems for several fragments of first-order logic, including the k-variable fragments for k>2, Tarski's relation algebra, graded modal logic, and the binary guarded fragment. We use two different proof techniques. One is a modification of the original Lindstr\"om proof. The other involves the modal concepts of bisimulation, tree unraveling, and finite depth. Our results also imply semantic preservation theorems.
Structure Theorem and Strict Alternation Hierarchy for FO^2 on Words
Authors: Weis Philipp , Immerman Neil
Published: September 2009

It is well-known that every first-order property on words is expressible
using at most three variables. The subclass of properties expressible with only
two variables is also quite interesting and well-studied. We prove precise
structure theorems that characterize the exact expressive power of first-order
logic with two variables on words. Our results apply to both the case with and
without a successor relation. For both languages, our structure theorems show
exactly what is expressible using a given quantifier depth, n, and using m
blocks of alternating quantifiers, for any m \leq n. Using these
characterizations, we prove, among other results, that there is a strict
hierarchy of alternating quantifiers for both languages. The question whether
there was such a hierarchy had been completely open. As another consequence of
our structural results, we show that satisfiability for first-order logic with
two variables without successor, which is NEXP-complete in general, becomes
NP-complete once we only consider alphabets of a bounded size.
Depression and Diabetes among Low-Income Hispanics: Design Elements of a Socio-Culturally Adapted Collaborative Care Model Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ell Kathleen , Katon Wayne , Cabassa Leopoldo J. , Xie Bin , Lee Pey-Jiuan , Kapetanovic Suad , Guterman Jeffry
Published: September 2009

Objective:

This article describes design elements of the Multifaceted Depression and Diabetes Program (MDDP) randomized clinical trial. The MDDP trial hypothesizes that a socioculturally adapted collaborative care depression management intervention will reduce depressive symptoms and improve patient adherence to diabetes self-care regimens, glycemic control, and quality-of-life. In addition, baseline data of 387 low-income, 96% Hispanic, enrolled patients with major depression and diabetes are examined to identify study population characteristics consistent with trial design adaptations.

Methods:

The PHQ-9 depression scale was used to identify patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder (1 cardinal depression symptom + a PHQ-9 score of > 10) from two community safety net clinics. Design elements included sociocultural adaptations in recruitment and efforts to reduce attrition and collaborative depression care management.

Results:

Of 1,803 diabetes patients screened, 30.2% met criteria for major depressive disorder. Of 387 patients enrolled in the clinical trial, 98% had Type 2 diabetes, and 83% had glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels ≥ 7%. Study recruitment rates and baseline data analyses identified socioeconomic and clinical factors that support trial design and intervention adaptations. Depression severity was significantly associated with diabetes complications, medical comorbidity, greater anxiety, dysthymia, financial worries, social stress, and poorer quality-of-life.

Conclusion:

Low-income Hispanic patients with diabetes experience high prevalence of depressive disorder and depression severity is associated with socioeconomic stressors and clinical severity. Improving depression care management among Hispanic patients in public sector clinics should include intervention components that address self-care of diabetes and socioeconomic stressors.
The Abuse of Prescription Medications: Borderline Personality Patients in Psychiatric versus Non-Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Wiederman Michael W.
Published: September 2009

Objective:

In this study, the prevalence of prescription substance abuse among those with borderline personality symptomatology was examined in a large cohort of respondents who participated in one of 13 prior research projects.

Method:

The entire cohort ( N = 1039) was divided into 3 sub-samples: a psychiatric sample ( n = 440), a predominantly primary care sample ( n = 599), and an internal medicine sample ( n = 332; i.e., a well-defined subset of the predominantly primary care sample that consisted of only internal medicine outpatients seen at one location). The borderline personality scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ), either the revised (PDQ-R) or fourth (PDQ-4) version, was used to diagnose all participants either with or without borderline personality. One item from the Self-Harm Inventory, “Have you ever intentionally, or on purpose, abused prescription medication?,” was then used in the subsequent analyses.

Results:

Among the psychiatric, predominantly primary care, and internal medicine subsamples, the prevalence rates of prescription medication abuse in those diagnosed with borderline personality according to the PDQ were 46.9%, 46.2%, and 11.5%, respectively. In all subsamples, those with borderline personality were statistically significantly more likely to abuse prescription medication than those without the disorder. For example, borderline patients in the psychiatric sample were twice as likely to abuse prescription medications, in the predominantly primary care sample 4 times as likely, and in the internal medicine only sample nearly 6 times as likely.

Conclusions:

Regardless of setting, patients with BPD are at great risk for the abuse of prescription medications.
Separating Equilibria in Public Auctions
Authors: Gavious Arieh
Published: September 2009

We consider two private-value auctions where the prize in one is higher than the prize in the other. We show that a separating equilibrium exists in which bidders with a high valuation attend the auction with the higher prize while bidders with a low valuation attend the auction with the lower prize. In addition, we prove that a weak separating equilibrium exists where the strong bidders attend the high prize auction while the weak bidders randomize and may attend either auction, although with a higher probability of attending the low prize auction. In the set of auctions with separating equilibrium, we find the optimal minimum bids that maximize a seller's expected revenue.
Evaluating Voluntary Measures with Treatment Spillovers: The Case of Coal Combustion Products Partnership
Authors: Lange Ian
Published: September 2009

Voluntary measures have traditionally been evaluated using a similar framework regardless of their structure. The framework assumes that the measure provides partners with a treatment (information, research support, etc.) that will not be transferred to non-partners. In this framework, a voluntary measure is said to be worthwhile if differences are significant between the behavior of partners and non-partners, correcting for the potential endogeneity of becoming a partner. However, voluntary measures take many different forms, some which are expected to have transfers to non-partners (spillovers). The Coal Combustion Products Partnership (C2P2) is a U.S. voluntary program with a structure that is likely to provide treatment spillovers to non-partners. This paper evaluates C2P2 and tests whether treatment spillovers are affecting non-partners' behavior. Results are consistent with a program that would traditionally be considered unsuccessful, but the consideration of treatment spillovers makes it consistent with a successful program.
Effect of Pharmacological Treatment of Depression on A1C and Quality of Life in Low-Income Hispanics and African Americans With Diabetes
Authors: Echeverry Diana , Duran Petra , Bonds Curley , Lee Martin , Davidson Mayer B.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether pharmacological treatment of depression in low-income minorities with diabetes improves A1C and quality of life (QOL).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were screened for depression using Whooley's two-question tool at a county diabetes clinic. Depression was confirmed (or not) with the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Survey (CDIS) software program, and the severity of depression was assessed monthly by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). Depressed subjects with A1C levels ≥8.0% were randomly assigned to receive either sertraline or placebo. Diabetes care was provided by nurses following detailed treatment algorithms who were unaware of therapy for depression.

RESULTS

A total of 150 subjects answered positively to at least one question on Whooley's questionnaire. The positive predictive value for depression diagnosed by CDIS was 69, 67, and 84% for positive answers to question 1 only, question 2 only, or both, respectively. Of the 89 subjects who entered the study, 75 completed. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed significant differences between baseline and 6 months in HAM-D and pain scores, QOL, and A1C and systolic blood pressure levels in both groups, with no differences between groups for the first three but a significantly greater decrease with sertraline in A1C and systolic blood pressure levels. Changes in HAM-D scores and A1C levels were significantly correlated in all subjects (P = 0.45 [P < 10−6]).

CONCLUSIONS

In this low-income minority population, pharmacological treatment of depression significantly improved A1C and systolic blood pressure levels compared with placebo.
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Compared With Impaired Fasting Glucose on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in a General Japanese Population
Authors: Mukai Naoko , Doi Yasufumi , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Hata Jun , Yonemoto Koji , Iwase Masanori , Iida Mitsuo , Kiyohara Yutaka
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

We examined whether metabolic syndrome predicts incident type 2 diabetes more effectively than impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a general Japanese population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,935 nondiabetic subjects aged 40–79 years were followed-up prospectively for a mean of 11.8 years.

RESULTS

During the follow-up, 286 subjects developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with those without metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for incident type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in subjects of both sexes with metabolic syndrome, even after adjustment for confounding factors, age, family history of diabetes, total cholesterol, alcohol intake, smoking habits, and regular exercise (men: HR 2.58 [95% CI 1.85–3.59]; women: 3.69 [2.58–5.27]). The multivariate-adjusted HR of metabolic syndrome for type 2 diabetes was slightly lower in men and similar in women compared with that of IFG. The multivariate-adjusted HR for type 2 diabetes rose progressively as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased in both subjects with and without IFG. In stratified analysis, the multivariate-adjusted risk of type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome alone (2.37 [1.45–3.88]) or IFG alone (3.49 [2.57–4.74]) and markedly increased in subjects with both metabolic syndrome and IFG (6.76 [4.75–9.61]) than in subjects with neither metabolic syndrome nor IFG. Furthermore, the multivariate-adjusted risk for type 2 diabetes was also significantly higher in subjects with both metabolic syndrome and IFG than in those with either one alone (both P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that metabolic syndrome significantly increases the risk of incident type 2 diabetes, independent of IFG, and is therefore a valuable tool to identify individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes.
Maternal Glycemia and Risk of Large-for-Gestational-Age Babies in a Population-Based Screening
Authors: Kerényi Zsuzsa , Tamás Gyula , Kivimäki Mika , Péterfalvi Andrea , Madarász Eszter , Bosnyák Zsolt , Tabák Adam G.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes is a risk factor for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns, but many LGA babies are born to mothers with normal glucose tolerance. We aimed to clarify the association of maternal glycemia across the whole distribution with birth weight and risk of LGA births in mothers with normal glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We undertook a population-based gestational diabetes screening in an urban area of Hungary in 2002–2005. All singleton pregnancies of mothers ≥18 years of age, without known diabetes or gestational diabetes (World Health Organization criteria) and data on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 22–30 weeks of gestation, were included (n = 3,787, 78.9% of the target population). LGA was determined as birth weight greater than the 90th percentile using national sex- and gestational age–specific charts.

RESULTS

Mean ± SD maternal age was 30 ± 4 years, BMI was 22.6 ± 4.0 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose was 4.5 ± 0.5 mmol/l, and postload glucose was 5.5 ± 1.0 mmol/l. The mean birth weight was 3,450 ± 476 g at 39.2 ± 1.2 weeks of gestation. There was a U-shaped association of maternal fasting glucose with birth weight (Pcurve = 0.004) and risk of having an LGA baby (lowest values between 4 and 4.5 mmol/l, Pcurve = 0.0004) with little change after adjustments for clinical characteristics. The association of postload glucose with birth weight (P = 0.03) and the risk of an LGA baby (P = 0.09) was weaker and linear.

CONCLUSIONS

Both low and high fasting glucose values at 22–30 weeks of gestation are associated with increased risk of an LGA newborn. We suggest that the excess risk related to low glucose reflects the increased use of nutrients by LGA fetuses that also affects the mothers' fasting glucose.