bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single species transport and self diffusion in wide single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Mutat T. , Adler J. , Sheintuch M.
Published: June 2012

We model and simulate gas flow through nanopores using a single-walled carbon nanotube model. Efficient protocols for the simulation of methane molecules in nanotubes are developed and validated for both the self-diffusivity, following a pulse perturbation, and for the transport diffusivity in an imposed concentration gradient. The former is found to be at least an order of magnitude lower than the latter, and to decline with increasing initial pressure, while the latter increases as the pressure gradient increases until it reaches an asymptotic value. Our previous analytic model, developed for single-file diffusion in narrow pores, is extended to wider pores for the case of single species transport. The model, which predicts the observed numerical results invokes four regimes of transport. The dominant transport is by ballistic motion near the wall in not too wide nanotubes when a pressure gradient or concentration is imposed; this mode is absent in the case of self-diffusion due to periodic boundary conditions. We also present results from systematic comparisons of flexible versus rigid tubes and explicit atom versus effective atomic potentials.
Drop trapping in axisymmetric constrictions with arbitrary contact angle
Authors: Ratcliffe Thomas , Davis Robert H.
Published: June 2012

The differential Young-Laplace equations are solved numerically with an iterative solution using the method of steepest descent to determine the shape of a drop trapped under gravity in an axisymmetric ring constriction. Prior work for non-wetting drops with a contact angle of π is extended to arbitrary values of the contact angle at the three-phase contact lines. The critical Bond number, representing a dimensionless ratio of gravitational and interfacial forces, and separating static trapping at lower Bond numbers from dynamic squeezing at higher Bond numbers, decreases with decreasing contact angle, indicating that drop squeezing occurs more easily at smaller contact angle. Indeed, a critical contact angle, which depends only on the drop-to-hole and ring-cross-section-to-hole size ratios, is found, below which all drops squeeze through the hole.
Generation of high power sub-terahertz radiation from a gyrotron with second harmonic oscillation
Authors: Saito Teruo , Yamada Naoki , Ikeuti Shinji , Ogasawara Shinya , Tatematsu Yoshinori , Ikeda Ryosuke , Ogawa Isamu , Idehara Toshitaka , Manuilov Vladimir N. , Shimozuma Takashi , Kubo Shin , Nishiura Masaki , Tanaka Kenji , Kawahata Kazuo
Published: June 2012

New power records of second harmonic gyrotron oscillation have been demonstrated in the sub-THz band. The first step gyrotron of demountable type had succeeded in oscillation with power more than 50 kW at 350 GHz and nearly 40 kW at 390 GHz [T. Notake et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 225002 (2009)]. Then, the second step gyrotron of sealed-off type was manufactured. A cavity mode was carefully selected to avoid mode competition with a neighboring fundamental harmonic mode. Matching of the selected mode with the electron gun was also circumspectly considered. The second step gyrotron has attained higher power radiation than the first gyrotron. The maximum single mode power was 62 kW at 388 GHz. Then, the electron gun was modified for use of a different cavity mode with a higher coupling coefficient than that for the 62 kW mode. The new mode proved single mode oscillation power of 83 kW at about 389 GHz. These results are new second-harmonic-oscillation power records for sub-THz gyrotrons. The present study constitutes foundations of development of high power second harmonic sub-THz gyrotron for application to collective Thomson scattering measurement on fusion plasmas, especially on high-density plasmas such as those produced in LHD [N. Ohyabu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 055002 (2006)]. This paper reports the design consideration to realize high power single mode gyrotron oscillation at second harmonic and the examination of oscillation characteristics of the gyrotron.
On the quasi-linear diffusion in collisionless plasmas (to say nothing about Landau damping)
Authors: Hellinger Petr , Trávníček Pavel M.
Published: June 2012

General quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for nonrelativistic collisionless plasmas are derived for unstable modes and analytically continued to damped modes. Properties of the resulting diffusion are investigated and discussed.
Geometrical tunability of plasmon excitations of double concentric metallic nanotubes
Authors: Moradi Afshin
Published: June 2012

The plasmon frequencies of a general double concentric metallic nanotube (NT) are obtained by using the plasmon hybridization method. Theoretical calculations indicate that there are four distinct plasmon modes for the system. It is shown that these two alternating layers of dielectric and metal have a greater geometrical tunability than the single metallic nanotubes of similar dimensions.
Limiting current of axisymmetric relativistic charged-particle beam propagating in strong axial magnetic field in coaxial drift tube
Authors: Yatsenko T. , Ilyenko K. , Sotnikov G. V.
Published: June 2012

In the strong axial magnetic field approximation, we calculate the space-charge limited (SCL) current of axisymmetric relativistic charged-particle beam in a coaxial drift tube of finite length. Results are compared to analytical estimates and numerical modeling of SCL current in the infinitely long drift tube. For the infinitely long drift tube, which inner conductor is biased and the outer conductor is lined with a finite-width dielectric insert, analytic approximations for the SCL current in the bias voltage are developed.
Fast-electron self-collimation in a plasma density gradient
Authors: Yang X. H. , Borghesi M. , Robinson A. P. L.
Published: June 2012

A theoretical and numerical study of fast electron transport in solid and compressed fast ignition relevant targets is presented. The principal aim of the study is to assess how localized increases in the target density (e.g., by engineering of the density profile) can enhance magnetic field generation and thus pinching of the fast electron beam through reducing the rate of temperature rise. The extent to which this might benefit fast ignition is discussed.
Investigation on plasma parameters and step ionization from discharge characteristics of an atmospheric pressure Ar microplasma jet
Authors: Bora B. , Bhuyan H. , Favre M. , Chuaqui H. , Wyndham E. , Kakati M.
Published: June 2012

In this communication, we report a technique to estimate the plasma parameters from the discharge characteristics of a microplasma device, operated in atmospheric pressure on the basis of homogeneous discharge model. By this technique, we investigate the plasma parameters of a microplasma jet produced by microplasma device consisting of coaxial capillary electrodes surrounded by dielectric tube. Our results suggest that the complex dependence of electrical discharge characteristics observed for microplasma device operated with Ar or it admixtures probably signify the existence of step ionization, which is well known in inductively coupled plasma.
Generation of pure phase and amplitude-modulated signals at microwave frequencies
Authors: Ivanov Eugene N.
Published: June 2012

This work describes various techniques for generation of pure phase and amplitude-modulated signals at microwave frequencies. It presents experimental study of a microwave phase modulator with spurious amplitude modulation of the order of 1 ppm.
Development and application of earth system models
Authors: Prinn Ronald G.
Published: June 2012

The global environment is a complex and dynamic system. Earth system modeling is needed to help understand changes in interacting subsystems, elucidate the influence of human activities, and explore possible future changes. Integrated assessment of environment and human development is arguably the most difficult and most important “systems” problem faced. To illustrate this approach, we present results from the integrated global system model (IGSM), which consists of coupled submodels addressing economic development, atmospheric chemistry, climate dynamics, and ecosystem processes. An uncertainty analysis implies that without mitigation policies, the global average surface temperature may rise between 3.5 °C and 7.4 °C from 1981–2000 to 2091–2100 (90% confidence limits). Polar temperatures, absent policy, are projected to rise from about 6.4 °C to 14 °C (90% confidence limits). Similar analysis of four increasingly stringent climate mitigation policy cases involving stabilization of greenhouse gases at various levels indicates that the greatest effect of these policies is to lower the probability of extreme changes. The IGSM is also used to elucidate potential unintended environmental consequences of renewable energy at large scales. There are significant reasons for attention to climate adaptation in addition to climate mitigation that earth system models can help inform. These models can also be applied to evaluate whether “climate engineering” is a viable option or a dangerous diversion. We must prepare young people to address this issue: The problem of preserving a habitable planet will engage present and future generations. Scientists must improve communication if research is to inform the public and policy makers better.
Multiconfigurational nature of 5f orbitals in uranium and plutonium intermetallics
Authors: Booth C.H. , Jiang Yu , Wang D.L. , Mitchell J.N. , Tobash P.H. , Bauer E.D. , Wall M.A. , Allen P.G. , Sokaras D. , Nordlund D. , Weng T.-C. , Torrez M.A. , Sarrao J.L.
Published: June 2012

Uranium and plutonium’s 5f electrons are tenuously poised between strongly bonding with ligand spd-states and residing close to the nucleus. The unusual properties of these elements and their compounds (e.g., the six different allotropes of elemental plutonium) are widely believed to depend on the related attributes of f-orbital occupancy and delocalization for which a quantitative measure is lacking. By employing resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and making comparisons to specific heat measurements, we demonstrate the presence of multiconfigurational f-orbital states in the actinide elements U and Pu and in a wide range of uranium and plutonium intermetallic compounds. These results provide a robust experimental basis for a new framework toward understanding the strongly-correlated behavior of actinide materials.
Lycopene cyclase paralog CruP protects against reactive oxygen species in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms
Authors: Bradbury Louis M. T. , Shumskaya Maria , Tzfadia Oren , Wu Shi-Biao , Kennelly Edward J. , Wurtzel Eleanore T.
Published: June 2012

In photosynthetic organisms, carotenoids serve essential roles in photosynthesis and photoprotection. A previous report designated CruP as a secondary lycopene cyclase involved in carotenoid biosynthesis [Maresca J, et al. (2007) P
roc Natl Acad Sci USA
104:11784–11789]. However, we found that
cruP
KO or
cruP
overexpression plants do not exhibit correspondingly reduced or increased production of cyclized carotenoids, which would be expected if CruP was a lycopene cyclase. Instead, we show that CruP aids in preventing accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing accumulation of β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, a ROS-catalyzed autoxidation product, and inhibiting accumulation of anthocyanins, which are known chemical indicators of ROS. Plants with a nonfunctional
cruP
accumulate substantially higher levels of ROS and β-carotene-5,6-epoxide in green tissues. Plants overexpressing
cruP
show reduced levels of ROS, β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, and anthocyanins. The observed up-regulation of
cruP
transcripts under photoinhibitory and lipid peroxidation-inducing conditions, such as high light stress, cold stress, anoxia, and low levels of CO
2
, fits with a role for CruP in mitigating the effects of ROS. Phylogenetic distribution of CruP in prokaryotes showed that the gene is only present in cyanobacteria that live in habitats characterized by large variation in temperature and inorganic carbon availability. Therefore, CruP represents a unique target for developing resilient plants and algae needed to supply food and biofuels in the face of global climate change.
Giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): relative efficiencies of common baited traps and impacts on discards
Authors: Butcher Paul A. , Leland Jesse C. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Paterson Brian D. , Mayer David G.
Published: June 2012

Butcher, P. A., Leland, J. C., Broadhurst, M. K., Paterson, B. D., and Mayer, D. G. 2012. Giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): relative efficiencies of common baited traps and impacts to discards. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . This study was initiated in response to a scarcity of data on the efficiency, selectivity and discard mortality of baited traps to target Scylla serrata. Five replicates of four traps, including “hoop nets”, rigid “wire pots”, and collapsible “round” and “rectangular” pots were deployed for 3, 6 and 24 h in two Australian estuaries. Trapped S. serrata were “discarded” into cages and monitored with controls over 3 d. All S. serrata were assessed for damage, while subsets of immediately caught and monitored individuals had haemolymph constituents quantified as stress indices. All traps retained similar-sized (8.1–19.1 cm carapace width) S. serrata, with catches positively correlated to deployment duration. Round pots were the most efficient for S. serrata and fish—mostly Acanthopagrus australis (3% mortality). Hoop nets were the least efficient and were often damaged. No S. serrata died, but 18% were wounded (biased towards hoop nets), typically involving a missing swimmeret. Physiological responses were mild and mostly affected by biological factors. The results validate discarding unwanted S. serrata for controlling exploitation, but larger mesh sizes or escape vents in pots and restrictions on hoop nets would minimise unnecessary catches, pollution and ghost fishing.
Streptomyces

heilongjiangensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete that produces borrelidin isolated from the root surface of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]
Authors: Liu Chongxi , Wang Xiangjing , Yan Yijun , Wang Jidong , Zhang Bo , Zhang Ji , Xiang Wensheng
Published: June 2012

A borrelidin-producing actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-W2T, was isolated from the root surface of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The organism was found to have morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of streptomycetes. The G+C content of the DNA was 66.12 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NEAU-W2T revealed that the strain formed a distinct clade within the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic tree and showed highest similarity (99.61 %) to

Streptomyces neyagawaensis

ATCC 27449T. However, the DNA–DNA relatedness between strain NEAU-W2T and

S. neyagawaensis

ATCC 27449T was 58.51 %. Strain NEAU-W2T could also be differentiated from

S. neyagawaensis

ATCC 27449T and other

Streptomyces

species showing high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98–99 %), as well as other borrelidin-producing strains, based on morphological and physiological characteristics. On the basis of its physiological and molecular properties, it is proposed that strain NEAU-W2T represents a novel

Streptomyces

species,

Streptomyces

heilongjiangensis sp. nov. The type strain is NEAU-W2T ( = CGMCC 4.7004T  = ATCC BAA-2424T  = DSM 42073T).
Olivibacter jilunii sp. nov., isolated from DDT-contaminated soil
Authors: Chen Kai , Tang Shu-Kun , Wang Guang-Li , Nie Guo-Xing , Li Qin-Fen , Zhang Ji-Dong , Li Wen-Jun , Li Shun-Peng
Published: June 2012

Bacterial strain 14-2AT, isolated from a long-term DDT-contaminated soil in China, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain 14-2AT was found to be Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, non-flagellated and rod-shaped. The new isolate was able to grow at 4–42 °C, pH 6.0–9.0 and with 0–5 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the family

Sphingobacteriaceae

. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 14-2AT showed the highest similarity with

Olivibacter oleidegradans

TBF2/20.2T (99.4 %), followed by

Pseudosphingobacterium domesticum

DC-186T (93.8 %),

Olivibacter ginsengisoli

Gsoil 060T (93.6 %),

Olivibacter terrae

Jip13T (93.1 %),

Olivibacter soli

Gsoil 034T (92.8 %) and

Olivibacter sitiensis

AW-6T (89.6 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strains 14-2AT and

O. oleidegradans

TBF2/20.2T was 34.45±2.11 %. Strain 14-2AT contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, aminophospholipid and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. MK-7 is the major isoprenoid quinone. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH are the major fatty acids. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strain 14-2AT to the genus

Olivibacter

. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, and chemotaxonomic data, strain 14-2AT is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Olivibacter

, for which the name Olivibacter jilunii sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is 14-2AT ( = KCTC 23098T = CCTCC AB 2010105T).
Brumimicrobium mesophilum sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat sediment, and emended descriptions of the genus Brumimicrobium and Brumimicrobium glaciale
Authors: Yang Sung-Hyun , Seo Hyun-Seok , Oh Hyun-Myung , Kim Sang-Jin , Lee Jung-Hyun , Kwon Kae Kyoung
Published: June 2012

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and orange-coloured marine bacterium, YH207T, was isolated from a tidal flat at Yeongheung-do on the coast of the Yellow Sea, Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YH207Twas affiliated with the familyCryomorphaceaeand showed highest similarity toBrumimicrobium glacialeIC156T(95.4 %). Growth was observed at 11–36 °C, at pH 6.5–10.0 and with 0.4–7.0 % NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids when grown at 20 °C were iso-C15 : 0(44.2 %), iso-C15 : 1G (34.3 %), iso-C17 : 03-OH (8.7 %) and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 02-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 2.3 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-6. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified lipids, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid, four unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified glycolipids were identified as major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 34.3 mol%. On the basis of the data from our polyphasic taxonomic study, strain YH207Tshould be classified in a novel species in the genusBrumimicrobium, for which the nameBrumimicrobium mesophilumsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YH207T( = KCCM 42331T = JCM 14063T). Emended descriptions of the genusBrumimicrobiumandBrumimicrobium glacialeBowmanet al.2003 are also given.
Paenibacillus typhae sp. nov., isolated from roots of Typha angustifolia L.
Authors: Kong Bi He , Liu Qun Fang , Liu Min , Liu Yang , Liu Lei , Li Chun Li , Yu Rong , Li Yan Hong
Published: June 2012

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain xj7T, was isolated from roots of Typha angustifolia L. growing in Beijing Cuihu Wetland, China. The isolate was identified as a member of the genus

Paenibacillus

based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic inference. The novel strain was spore-forming, motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Optimal growth of strain xj7T occurred at 28–30 °C and pH 7.0–7.5. Diphosphatidylglycerol was the most abundant polar lipid and occurred along with phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown phospholipid and three unknown aminophospholipids. The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acid components were anteiso-C15 : 0 (56.1 %), iso-C16 : 0 (9.1 %), C16 : 0 (8.0 %), iso-C14 : 0 (6.3 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (5.1 %). The G+C content of genomic DNA was 47.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain xj7T fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus

Paenibacillus

, its closest neighbours were

Paenibacillus borealis

KK19T (97.5 %) and

Paenibacillus durus

DSM 1735T (97.1 %). However, the DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain xj7T and

P. borealis

KK19T and between strain xj7T and

P. durus

DSM 1735T, were both 35 %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain xj7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Paenibacillus

, for which the name Paenibacillus typhae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is xj7T ( = CGMCC 1.11012T = DSM 25190T).
Long noncoding RNAs in C. elegans
Authors: Nam Jin-Wu , Bartel David P.
Published: June 2012

Thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found in vertebrate animals, a few of which have known biological roles. To better understand the genomics and features of lncRNAs in invertebrates, we used available RNA-seq, poly(A)-site, and ribosome-mapping data to identify lncRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found 170 long intervening ncRNAs (lincRNAs), which had single- or multiexonic structures that did not overlap protein-coding transcripts, and about sixty antisense lncRNAs (ancRNAs), which were complementary to protein-coding transcripts. Compared to protein-coding genes, the lncRNA genes tended to be expressed in a stage-dependent manner. Approximately 25% of the newly identified lincRNAs showed little signal for sequence conservation and mapped antisense to clusters of endogenous siRNAs, as would be expected if they serve as templates and targets for these siRNAs. The other 75% tended to be more conserved and included lincRNAs with intriguing expression and sequence features associating them with processes such as dauer formation, male identity, sperm formation, and interaction with sperm-specific mRNAs. Our study provides a glimpse into the lncRNA content of a nonvertebrate animal and a resource for future studies of lncRNA function.
Early Senescence and Cell Death in Arabidopsis saul1 Mutants Involves the PAD4-Dependent Salicylic Acid Pathway
Authors: Vogelmann Katja , Drechsel Gabriele , Bergler Johannes , Subert Christa , Philippar Katrin , Soll Jürgen , Engelmann Julia C. , Engelsdorf Timo , Voll Lars M. , Hoth Stefan
Published: June 2012

Age-dependent leaf senescence and cell death in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) requires activation of the transcription factor ORESARA1 (ORE1) and is not initiated prior to a leaf age of 28 d. Here, we investigate the conditional execution of events that regulate early senescence and cell death in senescence-associated ubiquitin ligase1 (saul1) mutants, deficient in the PLANT U-BOX-ARMADILLO E3 ubiquitin ligase SAUL1. In saul1 mutants challenged with low light, the switch of age-dependent cell death was turned on prematurely, as indicated by the accumulation of ORE1 transcripts, induction of the senescence marker gene SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE12, and cell death. However, ORE1 accumulation by itself was not sufficient to cause saul1 phenotypes, as demonstrated by double mutant analysis. Exposure of saul1 mutants to low light for only 24 h did not result in visible symptoms of senescence; however, the senescence-promoting transcription factor genes WRKY53, WRKY6, and NAC-LIKE ACTIVATED BY AP3/PI were up-regulated, indicating that senescence in saul1 seedlings was already initiated. To resolve the time course of gene expression, microarray experiments were performed at narrow intervals. Differential expression of the genes involved in salicylic acid and defense mechanisms were the earliest events detected, suggesting a central role for salicylic acid in saul1 senescence and cell death. The salicylic acid content increased in low-light-treated saul1 mutants, and application of exogenous salicylic acid was indeed sufficient to trigger saul1 senescence in permissive light conditions. Double mutant analyses showed that PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) but not NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1 (NPR1) is essential for saul1 phenotypes. Our results indicate that saul1 senescence depends on the PAD4-dependent salicylic acid pathway but does not require NPR1 signaling.
Public nutrition and the role of the food industry
Authors: Sibbel Anne
Published: June 2012

Purpose

With the global community increasingly dependent on the food industry for the supply of one of the most basic of human needs, there is an imperative to consider how it can contribute to improving public nutrition into the future. This paper aims to present some ways that food companies can review policy and practice to meet this responsibility in the 21st century.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a review of relevant literature published between the 1980s through to 2010, changing attitudes and practices in the food manufacturing sector are outlined. These are analysed in the light of coinciding trends in consumer expectations and behaviour, and the development of new technologies for food production and information transfer.

Findings

Widespread concern about the environment, increasing technological innovation, growing knowledge of diet‐health relationships and changing patterns of diet‐related disease risks are redefining responsibilities across the food industry. Food companies have been criticised for some negative effects on health, in particular, for contributing to obesogenic environments in many countries. Collaborating with all stakeholders will determine the way for the manufacturing sector to make positive contributions to public nutrition in the future.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the discourse necessary to identify the emerging responsibilities, set targets, develop strategies and share the tasks to be undertaken in working towards building a health protective food supply.
Innovation implementation strategies for consumer driven fruit supply chains
Authors: Iliopoulos Constantine , Theodorakopoulou Irini , Lazaridis Panagiotis
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify which innovation implementation strategies have the highest success potential, and which factors affect the adoption of fruit‐related innovations by consumers. The authors focus on consumer‐driven and responsive fruit supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors propose a new conceptual framework that links fruit consumption to innovation implementation strategies. A total of 36 experts in four panels organised, respectively, in Spain, Poland, Greece, and The Netherlands evaluated the elements of the proposed framework.

Findings

“Market orientation” and “continuous learning and knowledge acquisition” surfaced as the innovation implementation strategies with the highest success potential. However, the optimal mix of strategies depends on the particular innovation as well as the geographic and cultural characteristics of the targeted consumer population. Furthermore, improving technological competence is the single most important factor affecting fruit innovation adoption.

Research limitations/implications

The reported results are derived from four small groups of purposefully chosen experts and supply chain stakeholders. Nevertheless, they provide new insights useful to policy makers, consumers, and entrepreneurs.

Practical implications

In designing innovations, fruit chain actors should first and foremost consider the price premium consumers will have to pay. Furthermore, for some innovations geographic or cultural characteristics become very important. Therefore, fruit supply chains should design their innovation implementation strategies accordingly.

Social implications

By adopting efficiently designed innovation implementation strategies, consumer‐driven fruit supply chains will convince consumers to eat more fruit. Thus, given the critical contribution of fruit consumption to human health, an important social goal is achieved.

Originality/value

While the literature on innovation is enormous, very little has been published on innovation implementation strategies adopted by consumer‐driven and responsive fruit chains. The significance of addressing the previously mentioned issues stems from the need to increase fruit consumption in Europe, which lags behind the levels suggested by physicians and nutrition scientists. Fruit‐related innovations are a useful means to achieving this goal.
Risks and benefits' consumption of birdbeak dogfish Deania calcea
Authors: Barros Paiva Rafaela , Neves Ana , Sequeira Vera , Cardoso Carlos , Bandarra Narcisa , Serrano Gordo Leonel , Leonor Nunes Maria
Published: June 2012

Purpose

There are very few studies that characterize the properties of the edible part from deep‐water fish species which constitute a new target for developing fisheries. Therefore this paper aimed to examine the balance between health benefits and risks associated to the birdbeak dogfish consumption, with a special emphasis on the assessment of the risks of toxic metal intake.

Design/methodology/approach

Between September 2008 and May 2009, 82 individuals were analysed. The chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein and lipid content), essential elements (zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na)), toxic elements (mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)) and fatty acid composition were determined using standard procedures.

Findings

The species is a lean fish (fat content <2.0 per cent) and for both females and males the mineral concentration in descending order was K>Na>Mg>Fe>Zn>Cu. The edible part of birdbeak dogfish is a good source of several minerals, namely K and Na, reaching respectively ca 18 and 36 per cent of the recommended daily intakes for a 150 g muscle portion. Polyunsaturated fatty acids prevail in the fatty acid composition of both sexes and significant differences between females and males were only found in palmitic acid, arachidonic acid and omega 6. Females attained larger length and higher Hg values. The risk assessment was established for three different consumption scenarios (one and two portions of 150 g per month and one portion of 150 g per week) and showed that only a regular consumption of one portion of a female dogfish per week posed a higher health risk (15 per cent).

Practical implications

This study presents the information about the quantity of shark muscle (in g) to be ingested in terms of the PTWI allowing each consumer to have access to the risks and benefits in eating this fish.

Originality/value

No data existed for fatty acid profile and risk assessment yet and this is the first information on the essential and toxic elements for the European waters.
Measuring farmers' attitudes to animal welfare and health
Authors: Hansson Helena , Johan Lagerkvist Carl
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a behavioural framework for developing a scale to measure farmers' attitudes to animal welfare and health and to take an explorative approach to initiating development of such a scale.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review was used to develop the behavioural framework. Exploratory factor analysis was then used to initiate development of a measurement scale, based on a sample of 108 Swedish livestock farmers.

Findings

Based on the framework developed, the authors' data suggest unidimensionality of farmers' attitudes to animal welfare and health; and that farmers perceive animal welfare as being about animal health and comfort in particular.

Research limitations/implications

Further research should be devoted to this area to develop a more final measurement scale. This could be done by re‐evaluating the scale obtained in this paper in both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis settings. The behavioural framework proposed here provides a basis for such scale development and a more rigid framework for evaluating and comparing farmers' attitudes to animal welfare.

Practical implications

The behavioural framework and scale development initiated in this paper can be used by policymakers and organizations responsible for quality assurance schemes to develop policy measures and education programmes to re‐train farmers' behaviour into a system that supports higher animal welfare and health standards.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper is that it develops and uses a behavioural framework based on psychological and psychometric theory to initiate development of a scale to measure farmers' attitudes to animal welfare and health.
Physical, chemical and physicochemical characterization of rice husk
Authors: Kuan Chiu‐Yin , Yuen Kay‐Hay , Liong Min‐Tze
Published: June 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the physical, chemical and physicochemical characteristics of rice husk on alkaline treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

Rice husk (RM) was alkaline treated to produce soluble (SR) and insoluble residues (IR). Each fraction was characterized and soluble fraction was used to produce nanofibres using electrospinning method.

Findings

Alkaline treatment was effective in isolating insoluble dietary fibre rich IR from the other interfering substances such as soluble dietary fibre, protein and lipids that originally present in RM and leached into SR. The problem of silica induced toxicity and indigestibility of rice husk was overcome by alkaline treatment. Alkaline treatment altered the inherent mineral content (calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, zinc) of rice husk, and increased physicochemical properties such as emulsification ability and stability, water holding ability, mineral binding capacity (calcium, copper, iron, zinc), and antioxidant activity. SR had been successfully electrospun into nanofibres with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol.

Originality/value

The paper investigated the characteristic of rice husk (RM and IR) for the development of functional foods, pharmaceutical products and new bioactives delivery system at the expense of reducing environmental liability.
Influence of low‐melting milk fat fraction on crystallization and physical properties of chocolate
Authors: Pajin B. , Radujko I. , Šereš Z. , Šoronja Simović D. , Gyura J. , Sakač M.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

Investigated milk fat fraction differs in physical attributes, first of all in melting point and solid fat content and its influence on crystallization process of cocoa butter i.e. chocolate mass. It means that this fraction slows down crystallization rate, decreases melting point of mixture with cocoa butter and causes chocolate softness. It is very important for quality of chocolate especially chocolate with nuts or sunflower kernel. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of low‐melting (26°C) milk fat fraction on crystallization processes in chocolate mass and define the optimal concentration of this fraction with suitable precrystallization temperature time regime. Solid fat content of chocolate which designates the influence of precrystallization changes in chocolate mass with addition of milk fat fractions was investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

The precrystallization was performed in a laboratory crystallizer that is in a modified Brabender pharinograph, which measures the rheological characteristics as indirect parameter of crystallization properties of chocolate mass depending on milk fat fraction concentration and precrystallization temperature. The experiments were performed according to the factorial plan 32(two factors on three levels) and the results are statistically treated.

Findings

The results showed that the optimal conditions for achieving the satisfactory tempering rate (optimal concentration of crystals in chocolate mass) are addition of 3 per cent low‐melting milk fat fraction and precrystallization temperature of 25°C.

Originality/value

The addition of high‐melting milk fat fraction slows down the chocolate mass crystallization more then low‐melting milk fat fraction. Investigated fraction influenced decreasing in solid fat content of chocolate regardless of precrystallization temperature.
Interface characterization of CO2 laser welded austenitic stainless steel and low carbon steel couple
Authors: Caligulu Ugur , Taskin Mustafa , Kejanli Haluk , Orhan Ayhan
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate interface characterization of CO2 laser welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel and AISI 1010 low carbon steel couple. Laser welding experiments were carried under argon and helium atmospheres at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W heat inputs and 200‐300 cm/min welding speeds.

Design/methodology/approach

The microstructures of the welded joints and the heat affected zones (HAZ) were examined by optical microscopy, SEM, EDS and X‐Ray analysis. The tensile strength of the welded joints was measured.

Findings

The result of this study indicated that the width of welding zone and HAZ became much thinner depending on the increased welding speed. On the other hand, this width widened depending on the increased heat input. Tensile strength values also confirmed this result. The best properties were observed at the specimens welded under helium atmosphere, at 2500 W heat input and at 200 cm/min welding speed.

Originality/value

There are many reports which deal with the shape and solidification structure of the fusion zone of laser beam welds in relation to different laser parameters. However, the effect of all influencing factors of laser welding has up to now not been extensively researched. Much work is required for understanding the combined effect of laser parameters on the shape and microstructure of the fusion zone. This paper, therefore, is concerned with laser power, welding speed, defocusing distance and type of shielding gas and their effects on the fusion zone shape and final solidification structure of some stainless steels.
Tribological synergism of surface‐modified calcium borate nanoparticles and sulfurized olefin
Authors: Li Jiusheng , Hao Lifeng , Xu Xiaohong , Ren Tianhui
Published: June 2012

Purpose

Sulfurized olefins have been extensively used in many kinds of gear lubricants as EP additives. However, their commercial applications are not totally satisfactory because of the pungent, obnoxious odor and corrosion of copper and copper alloys. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the synergistic effects of one type of calcium borate nanoparticles modified by oleic acid (code to CaBN) and sulfurized olefin, in a kind of mineral base oil MVIS 250, in order to find a potential substitute for sulfurized olefins.

Design/methodology/approach

One kind of calcium borate nanoparticle modified by oleic acid (CaBN) was prepared, and its structures were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), X‐ray power diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The tribological properties of the complex of CaBN with sulfurized olefins (T321) in base oil were evaluated using four‐ball tribotester and compared with CaBN or T321 as individual component. The worn surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the corrosion‐inhibiting properties of additives were also studied.

Findings

The results of tests show that there are significant synergistic effects on tribological properties between two kinds of additives. Based on the results of SEM and XPS, it can be deduced that a wear resistance film containing B2O3, FeS, FeS2 and CaO was formed on the worn surfaces during the sliding process. Moreover, CaBN and T321 also show excellent synergistic effect on the corrosion‐inhibiting property.

Originality/value

This paper provides a kind of “green” nanoparticle which possesses excellent synergic effect with sulfurized olefins, and gives another selection for industrial applications in which T321 is needed.
The diversity of activation markets in Europe
Authors: van Berkel Rik , Sager Fritz , Ehrler Franziska
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to analyse the diversity of markets for the provision of activation services.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is based on the outcomes of a project involving nine European countries. The project investigated changing forms of governance of income protection schemes and activation services for unemployed people. Diversity is investigated by focusing on five dimensions of diversity derived from the quasi‐market concept as developed by Le Grand: the purchasers, the providers, the customers, the purchaser‐provider split and the purchaser‐customer split.

Findings

The paper finds considerable diversity in the design of markets for the provision of activation. Diversity is visible in all dimensions involved in the analysis. One interesting finding is that a full split between purchasers and providers hardly exists, although some countries have introduced a stricter split than others. Another finding concerns the voice and choice of service consumers, which seems hardly affected by the introduction of market mechanisms in the provision of activation. Finally, marketisation does not seem to be an irreversible project, as de‐marketisation processes were identified as well.

Originality/value

Most current research into activation markets and their effects pays little attention to the issue of diversity in the design and functioning of markets. This article argues in favour of more systematic research of market diversity and of the variety of effects of various market models. Rather than comparing marketised with public service provision, a stronger focus on various market models may strengthen our insight into how service provision models affect the effectiveness of activation services.
Decentralization and centralization
Authors: Minas Renate , Wright Sharon , van Berkel Rik
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to examine the governance of activation in relation to the decentralization and centralization of activation for social assistance recipients in Sweden, The Netherlands and the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper outlines broad trends in the governance of activation policies in Europe, focusing on processes of decentralization and centralization in Sweden (characterized by a context of shifting national and local level governance of policies, cultivated within a strong tradition of active labour market policies); The Netherlands (where there has been a deliberate shift in governance towards the local level); and the UK (typified by highly centralized decision making in policy design but local variation in delivery).

Findings

The comparison identified different paths of decentralization and examines how these processes interact and overlap with modes of centralization/coordination of policies. Finally, the paper demonstrates the interface between the modes of decentralization and centralization.

Originality/value

The investigation of vertical changes in the governance of activation in three country case studies provides an original in‐depth analysis of types and paths of decentralization and centralization.
Network governance in activation policy – health care as an emergent partner
Authors: Saikku Peppi , Karjalainen Vappu
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe the implementation and results of Finnish activation policy from the viewpoint of integrated services and in the framework of network governance. Special emphasis is given to examining the role of health care as an emergent partner in activation.

Design/methodology/approach

The functioning of integrated activation policy is addressed from the perspective of network governance. Network governance refers to an ideal type of governance based on strong strategic partnership and joint action. In Finland the one‐stop model of LAFOS represents a culmination of integrated activation policy. Implementation and results of LAFOS highlight the governance demands of joined‐up service delivery. Health care proposes yet another viewpoint to the development. The analysis is based on the results of two national evaluations.

Findings

Network governance has been a good starting point in Finnish activation policy for creating a client‐centered approach and for the co‐ordination of separate resources and services. However, problems with legitimacy and accountability seem hard to overcome in the network context. Elements of different types of governance are mixed in activation policy while network governance remains in transition. In Finland, health care has been an essential party to activation, and its role is getting stronger. The challenge is to incorporate health and work ability into a wider concept of employability and capability in society.

Originality/value

The article presents an analysis of the unique model of joint services in activation, LAFOS, and its governance. It also contributes to the discussion of the role of health care in activation and integrated activation policy.
Governance reforms and their impacts on the effects of activation policies
Authors: de Graaf Willibrord , Sirovátka Tomáš
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the question of whether the expectations of improved effects due to governance reforms have been met in nine European Union (EU) countries and how they are associated with the specific characteristics of the governance of activation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper distinguishes three types of effect: first, the process effects, like the treatment of unemployed people, their voice and choice when involved in activation and the individualized nature of the service provision process. Second, the paper looks at output effects (policy effort), which include the range (scope) and variety of the programs, the coverage and outreach (targeting) of programs and services to specific groups and service content and quality. Last, the paper is interested in the outcome/employment effects (gross and net) on job placement.

Findings

The authors conclude that the effects of the governance reforms are not unequivocally in favour of the reforms. This is a remarkable finding since all the countries that have been studied show similarities and to some extent converging trends in activation reforms. The reasons for this discrepancy between aims and effects are not easy to detect; nevertheless, implementation difficulties are one explanation and problems with adequate financing may be another.

Originality/value

The complex model of the effects of activation is combined with a governance perspective. This makes it possible to disentangle the effects of governance reforms to some extent. The findings may stimulate further research and orient policy making in activation.