bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Infrastructure and In-Vehicle Driver Interfaces for Left-Turn Warnings
Authors: Nowakowski Christopher , Cody Delphine , O'Connell Jessica
Published: December 2008

To examine the feasibility of driver–infrastructure interface (DII) and driver–vehicle interface (DVI) in the context of a left-turn assistance system, 20 test participants drove through a test-track intersection with oncoming traffic. Participants decided, both with and without the aid of a real-time warning, whether there was enough time to turn in front of oncoming traffic. This study examined both the effects of warning location (DII versus DVI) and the timeliness of the warning onset, while controlling for vehicle arrivals to the intersection as measured by an algorithm that predicted the spare time (trailing buffer) if the participant decided to turn in front of an oncoming vehicle. Lag (gap) acceptance increased as the predicted trailing buffer increased, with almost all lags with a predicted spare time greater than 1 s accepted and almost all lags with a predicted spare time fewer than −1.5 s rejected. The presence of warnings in either location resulted in a reduction in the turning rate, but there were no differences between warning locations. Most drivers preferred the DII in this instance, but based on participants’ feedback, a visual-only DVI located more central to the driver's focus of attention may also be acceptable. In regard to warning onset, information provided as decision support, rather than a preemptive or reactive warning, will likely need to be provided about 3.5 to 4.5 s before a driver reaches the intersection, to be integrated into the driver's decision process.
Effect of Auditory Road Safety Alerts on Brake Response Times of Younger and Older Male Drivers
Authors: Porter Michelle M. , Irani Pourang , Mondor Todd A.
Published: December 2008

In-vehicle technology is increasingly being implemented to assist drivers. These technologies could improve driver safety or, conversely, introduce distractions that reduce safety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed, commercially available road safety device (Otto Driving Companion, Persen Technologies Inc.) that provides drivers with auditory alerts based on position and velocity data acquired via the Global Positioning System. Auditory alarms warn of situations such as speeding, crosswalks, and red light cameras. To study emergency braking situations, simulated driving was used (STISIM Driving Simulator). Younger male drivers (30 to 50 years old, n = 16) and older male drivers (70+, n = 14) participated in two sessions. In the first session, they were tested for underlying driving abilities, and they practiced driving on the simulator. In the second session, they were refamiliarized with the simulator and then drove two blocks of 10 trials, with and without auditory alerts. Braking events in each trial were either expected (e.g., person crossing at a crosswalk) or unexpected (e.g., person jaywalking). The presentation of auditory alerts resulted in faster brake response times with expected events for both groups (p < .01), and they resulted in even faster response times for the older subjects for unexpected events (p < .05). The auditory alerts also reduced the proportion of events with crashes for the older subjects (from 25.3 ± 21.7% to 10.8 ± 11.9%, p < .05). In conclusion, this simulator study demonstrated that there may be road safety benefits associated with auditory alerts.
Effect of Wireless Communication and Entertainment Devices on Simulated Driving Performance
Authors: Crisler Matthew C. , Brooks Johnell O. , Ogle Jennifer H. , Guirl Chris D. , Alluri Priyanka , Dixon Karen K.
Published: December 2008

An analysis of the effect of wireless telephone communication using text and voice modalities as well as an Apple iPod on lane keeping, speed, speed variability, lateral speed, and lane position variability was conducted with a driving simulator. Participants (young adult licensed drivers) drove in an unusually curvy simulated driving environment while using wireless devices, controlling an iPod, and participating in conversations and word games. As expected on the basis of previous research, lane-keeping performance was robust for voice communication tasks; however, the text messaging and iPod tasks that required significant manual manipulation of the device resulted in significant decrements in lane-keeping performance. In addition, all wireless communication tasks and the iPod task resulted in significant increases in speed variability throughout the driving scenario. Lateral speed increases occurred for all wireless communication tasks other than the cellular phone conversation as well as the iPod task. Increases in lane position variability were observed for the text messaging conditions. In addition to establishing the dramatic performance decrement caused by text messaging tasks, this experiment suggests that driving performance may be affected by distraction in ways not captured by lane-keeping measures alone and explores potential alternative measures of driving performance that may be useful for identifying and quantifying the effects of distracted driving.
Testing Effects of Warning Messages and Variable Speed Limits on Driver Behavior Using Driving Simulator
Authors: Lee Chris , Abdel-Aty Mohamed
Published: December 2008

This study examines the effect of warning messages and variable speed limits (VSLs) on driver speed. Using a driving simulator, the study observed behavior of 86 participants who drove a 5-mi section of a freeway. On this freeway, three types of warning message were displayed in variable message signs (VMSs) to warn of an impending speed change. Drivers were typically required to reduce speed first and then increase speed according to VSLs. It was found that when warning messages and VSLs were displayed, participants generally drove at uniform speed and their variation in speed along the section was reduced. Statistical analysis using a binary logit model revealed that there exist correlations of driver speed changes and compliance with speed limits at successive locations of VMS. Findings of the simulator experiment suggest that warning messages and VSLs are beneficial in reducing speed variation and removing congestion. These effects of warning messages and VSLs can potentially reduce crash risk and improve efficiency on freeways.
Estimation of Time Lag between Right-Turning Vehicles and Pedestrians Approaching from the Right Side
Authors: Hagiwara Toru , Hamaoka Hidekatsu , Yaegashi Taiki , Miki Katsunori , Ohshima Issei , Naito Megumi
Published: December 2008

In Japan, where vehicles travel on the left side of the road (i.e., right turns correspond to left turns in the United States), right turns can cause difficulties for a driver at an intersection, because the driver has to judge the headway in oncoming traffic while avoiding pedestrians in the crosswalk. However, few investigations have addressed the driver's avoidance of conflicts with pedestrians in the crosswalk. This study investigates conflicts between the right-turning vehicle and the pedestrian coming from the right in the crosswalk. A field experiment was conducted to measure a driver's avoidance behavior according to the time lag, defined as the interval between the time that the right-turning vehicle reaches the conflict point and the time that the pedestrian coming from the right side reaches the conflict point. This study found that the time lag is constantly reevaluated during the right turn by the driver, and the driver slows and enters the crosswalk behind the pedestrian, if the time lag at the conflict point is less than 2 s. Also, the braking location of drivers who braked to avoid conflict with the pedestrian after starting was 10.3 m before the conflict point.
Traveler Information Delivery Mechanisms
Authors: Khattak Asad J. , Pan Xiaohong , Williams Billy , Rouphail Nagui , Fan Yingling
Published: December 2008

Advanced traveler information systems (ATISs) help individuals make informed travel decisions. Current ATIS applications encompass a variety of delivery mechanisms, including the Internet, telephone, television, radio, variable message signs, and in-vehicle navigation devices to support decisions about destinations, travel mode, departure time, routes, parking, and trip cancellation. It is important for researchers and practitioners to review the status of ATIS technologies and to understand travelers’ access and response to current ATIS deployment. Focusing on largely public-sector delivery mechanisms, this study answers two fundamental questions: whether accessing more information sources is associated with a higher likelihood of travel decision adjustments and which technologies are more likely to elicit substantive adjustments to routine travel. These questions are answered by using a comprehensive and recent behavioral data set, collected in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina. The study generates useful knowledge about how to operate existing traveler information systems more efficiently and how to improve them in the future.
What Affects Use of Pretrip Public Transport Information?
Authors: Farag Sendy , Lyons Glenn
Published: December 2008

With the rise of the Internet and mobile phone, various forms of public transport information services have emerged that enable people to make better informed travel choices. Nevertheless, many people are unaware of these information services, and only a minority of the public uses them. Lack of awareness is only one of several barriers to travel information use. A study was done on factors influencing the pretrip use of public transport information services (via different media—the Internet, telephone, paper timetables, asking staff). A social–psychological perspective has been adopted that takes habit, attitudes, anticipated emotions, and perceived behavioral control into account. Twelve face-to-face in-depth interviews and six focus groups were conducted across the United Kingdom among car drivers and public transport users. Results show that social–psychological factors seem to be important determinants of travel information use. External factors such as trip context could affect these determinants. People do not tend to travel by public transport without consulting any public transport information, unless there are no time constraints, the service runs frequently, or the journey is local. Individuals also seem to have a default source of travel information that they use for most trips. Except for most people older than 60, the Internet dominates as the common default travel information source. Phoning an inquiries line is unpopular across all age groups, but for different reasons: older people prefer face-to-face contact by visiting their local station, whereas younger people prefer to look up the information for themselves online.
Pathogenic Microorganisms Associated With Childhood Diarrhea in Low-and-Middle Income Countries: Case Study of Yaoundé – Cameroon
Authors: Yongsi H. B. Nguendo
Published: December 2008

Notwithstanding significant advancement in the understanding of pathogenesis and management, diarrheal illnesses remain one of the principal causes of global childhood mortality and morbidity. Infections account for most illnesses, with pathogens employing ingenious mechanisms to establish disease. In 2002, an interdisciplinary program “Populations et al. Espaces à Risques SANitaires” (PERSAN) was set up under the patronage of the Development Research Institute (IRD). Focused on health in Cameroon’s urban environment, the program mainly sought to identify diarrhea risk factors in Yaoundé. So for, a cross-sectional epidemiological study in children aged 6-59 months was carried out using a standardized protocol. The survey was initiated in 2002 and conducted during April to June in the year 2005. 3,034 stool samples were collected from children in twenty neighbourhoods in Yaoundé and examined at the Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory of the Cameroon Pasteur Institute. About 60% of the patients were aged less than two years and 52% were male. Among the 437 patients with the diarrheal disease, 260 were found to be of infectious etiology, i.e. micro organism was detected in 59.5 % of the cases. Out of which, 10 (03.8%), 96 (36.9%), and 154 (59.2%) were respectively caused by pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic parasites. Higher prevalence was found in overcrowded and under supply spontaneous settlement (78.4%) than in less crowded and formal residential settlement (21.5%). Etiologic data on diarrheal diseases and their spatial distribution are important tools for public health management and control strategic planning.
QSAR Study of Antimicrobial 3-Hydroxypyridine-4-one and 3-Hydroxypyran-4-one Derivatives Using Different Chemometric Tools
Authors: Sabet Razieh , Fassihi Afshin
Published: December 2008

A series of 3-hydroxypyridine-4-one and 3-hydroxypyran-4-one derivatives were subjected to quantitative structure-antimicrobial activity relationships (QSAR) analysis. A collection of chemometrics methods, including factor analysis-based multiple linear regression (FA-MLR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares combined with genetic algorithm for variable selection (GA-PLS) were employed to make connections between structural parameters and antimicrobial activity. The results revealed the significant role of topological parameters in the antimicrobial activity of the studied compounds against S. aureus and C. albicans. The most significant QSAR model, obtained by GA-PLS, could explain and predict 96% and 91% of variances in the pIC50 data (compounds tested against S. aureus) and predict 91% and 87% of variances in the pIC50 data (compounds tested against C. albicans), respectively.
An Energy-Efficient and High-Quality Video Transmission Architecture in Wireless Video-Based Sensor Networks
Authors: Aghdasi Hadi S. , Abbaspour Maghsoud , Moghadam Mohsen Ebrahimi , Samei Yasaman
Published: December 2008

Technological progress in the fields of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and wireless communications and also the availability of CMOS cameras, microphones and small-scale array sensors, which may ubiquitously capture multimedia content from the field, have fostered the development of low-cost limited resources Wireless Video-based Sensor Networks (WVSN). With regards to the constraints of videobased sensor nodes and wireless sensor networks, a supporting video stream is not easy to implement with the present sensor network protocols. In this paper, a thorough architecture is presented for video transmission over WVSN called Energy-efficient and high-Quality Video transmission Architecture (EQV-Architecture). This architecture influences three layers of communication protocol stack and considers wireless video sensor nodes constraints like limited process and energy resources while video quality is preserved in the receiver side. Application, transport, and network layers are the layers in which the compression protocol, transport protocol, and routing protocol are proposed respectively, also a dropping scheme is presented in network layer. Simulation results over various environments with dissimilar conditions revealed the effectiveness of the architecture in improving the lifetime of the network as well as preserving the video quality.
Geodetic Network Design and Optimization on the Active Tuzla Fault (Izmir, Turkey) for Disaster Management
Authors: Halicioglu Kerem , Ozener Haluk
Published: December 2008

Both seismological and geodynamic research emphasize that the Aegean Region, which comprises the Hellenic Arc, the Greek mainland and Western Turkey is the most seismically active region in Western Eurasia. The convergence of the Eurasian and African lithospheric plates forces a westward motion on the Anatolian plate relative to the Eurasian one. Western Anatolia is a valuable laboratory for Earth Science research because of its complex geological structure. Izmir is a large city in Turkey with a population of about 2.5 million that is at great risk from big earthquakes. Unfortunately, previous geodynamics studies performed in this region are insufficient or cover large areas instead of specific faults. The Tuzla Fault, which is aligned trending NE–SW between the town of Menderes and Cape Doganbey, is an important fault in terms of seismic activity and its proximity to the city of Izmir. This study aims to perform a large scale investigation focusing on the Tuzla Fault and its vicinity for better understanding of the region's tectonics. In order to investigate the crustal deformation along the Tuzla Fault and Izmir Bay, a geodetic network has been designed and optimizations were performed. This paper suggests a schedule for a crustal deformation monitoring study which includes research on the tectonics of the region, network design and optimization strategies, theory and practice of processing. The study is also open for extension in terms of monitoring different types of fault characteristics. A one-dimensional fault model with two parameters – standard strike-slip model of dislocation theory in an elastic half-space – is formulated in order to determine which sites are suitable for the campaign based geodetic GPS measurements. Geodetic results can be used as a background data for disaster management systems.
Energy Harvesting Chip and the Chip Based Power Supply Development for a Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Lee Dasheng
Published: December 2008

In this study, an energy harvesting chip was developed to scavenge energy from artificial light to charge a wireless sensor node. The chip core is a miniature transformer with a nano-ferrofluid magnetic core. The chip embedded transformer can convert harvested energy from its solar cell to variable voltage output for driving multiple loads. This chip system yields a simple, small, and more importantly, a battery-less power supply solution. The sensor node is equipped with multiple sensors that can be enabled by the energy harvesting power supply to collect information about the human body comfort degree. Compared with lab instruments, the nodes with temperature, humidity and photosensors driven by harvested energy had variation coefficient measurement precision of less than 6% deviation under low environmental light of 240 lux. The thermal comfort was affected by the air speed. A flow sensor equipped on the sensor node was used to detect airflow speed. Due to its high power consumption, this sensor node provided 15% less accuracy than the instruments, but it still can meet the requirement of analysis for predicted mean votes (PMV) measurement. The energy harvesting wireless sensor network (WSN) was deployed in a 24-hour convenience store to detect thermal comfort degree from the air conditioning control. During one year operation, the sensor network powered by the energy harvesting chip retained normal functions to collect the PMV index of the store. According to the one month statistics of communication status, the packet loss rate (PLR) is 2.3%, which is as good as the presented results of those WSNs powered by battery. Referring to the electric power records, almost 54% energy can be saved by the feedback control of an energy harvesting sensor network. These results illustrate that, scavenging energy not only creates a reliable power source for electronic devices, such as wireless sensor nodes, but can also be an energy source by building an energy efficient program.
Assessment of Polarimetric SAR Interferometry for Improving Ship Classification based on Simulated Data
Authors: Margarit Gerard , Mallorqui Jordi  J.
Published: December 2008

This paper uses a complete and realistic SAR simulation processing chain, GRECOSAR, to study the potentialities of Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (POLInSAR) in the development of new classification methods for ships. Its high processing efficiency and scenario flexibility have allowed to develop exhaustive scattering studies. The results have revealed, first, vessels’ geometries can be described by specific combinations of Permanent Polarimetric Scatterers (PePS) and, second, each type of vessel could be characterized by a particular spatial and polarimetric distribution of PePS. Such properties have been recently exploited to propose a new Vessel Classification Algorithm (VCA) working with POLInSAR data, which, according to several simulation tests, may provide promising performance in real scenarios. Along the paper, explanation of the main steps summarizing the whole research activity carried out with ships and GRECOSAR are provided as well as examples of the main results and VCA validation tests. Special attention will be devoted to the new improvements achieved, which are related to simulations processing a new and highly realistic sea surface model. The paper will show that, for POLInSAR data with fine resolution, VCA can help to classify ships with notable robustness under diverse and adverse observation conditions.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Community Pharmacist—Initiated Screening and Intervention Program for Patients at High Risk for Osteoporosis—The OsteoPharm Study
Authors: Yuksel Nese , Majumdar S.R. , Biggs Catherine , Tsuyuki Ross T.
Published: December 2008

Objective:

To determine the effect of a community pharmacist-initiated screening intervention for high-risk patients on subsequent testing and treatment of osteoporosis.

Methods:

This was a randomized, controlled multisite trial with blinded ascertainment of outcomes in 15 community pharmacies in Alberta. Patients were recruited based on national guidelines for bone mineral density (BMD) testing, including patients 65 years or older, or between 50 to 64 years with a previous fracture or with multiple other risk factors. We excluded patients who had a BMD in the past 2 years or if they were on current treatment for osteoporosis. Patients randomized to the intervention group were given education, a quantitative heel ultrasound measurement and referred to their physician. Controls received “usual care” in the community. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of the performance of a BMD test or a new prescription for an osteoporosis medication within 4 months. Secondary outcomes included each component of the primary outcome, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, osteoporosis-related knowledge and quality of life.

Results:

From November 2005 to September 2007, 561 patients were screened. Overall, 262 were randomized as follows: 129 pharmacist interventions and 133 controls. Median age was 62 years, 65% were female and 17% of patients reported a previous fracture. The primary endpoint was reached in 28 patients in the intervention group (22%) compared with 14 patients in the control group (11%) (adjusted relative increase 2.14, 95% CI 1.19-3.85; p = 0.011). Calcium intake increased significantly more among intervention patients than controls (42% vs 25%, adjusted relative increase 1.69, 95% CI 1.13-2.54, p = 0.011); vitamin D intake was also greater in the intervention group, though not significant. There was no effect on knowledge or quality of life. In multivariable models, making an osteoporosis-specific appointment with the family physician, being female and having a heel ultrasound result indicating low bone mass predicted achievement of the primary endpoint.

Conclusion:

A multifaceted intervention program in community pharmacies directed at patients at high risk for osteoporosis doubled the number of patients getting the primary outcome. This study highlights the role community pharmacists can play in identifying and educating patients for preventive care.
Initial Pharmacist Experience with the Ontario-Based MedsCheck Program
Authors: Dolovich Lisa , Gagnon Antony , McAiney Carrie A. , Sparrow Linda , Burns Sheri
Published: December 2008

Background:

On April 1, 2007, community pharmacists in Ontario began providing a new medication review service called MedsCheck. MedsCheck is intended to help patients better understand their medication therapy, ensure that medications are being taken as prescribed and establish a medication history. This study explored the initial experiences with MedsCheck and identified barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of the service.

Methods:

This was a sequential, explanatory, mixed-methods study. Community pharmacists practising in Hamilton, Ontario, completed a semi-structured mailed survey. A subsample of participants also participated in a semi-structured telephone interview.

Results:

A total of 88 pharmacists returned the survey and 13 participated in an interview. Respondents reported that it took an average of 30 minutes (standard deviation 11.2; range 10–60 minutes) to complete a MedsCheck. Barriers to providing the service included lack of time, physical space and patient awareness of and interest in the service. Facilitators included pharmacist overlap coverage, scheduling reviews during slower times, personally inviting patients to participate, reducing paperwork and using electronic or paper-based tools.

Discussion:

The MedsCheck program was well received. However, numerous barriers to its implementation were identified, most notably lack of time and a workflow that is not conducive to an appointment-based, 30-minute service. Further research suggests this time estimate may be low. Changes within the pharmacy could improve the implementation of this service.

Conclusion:

This study provided information on how to facilitate the implementation of MedsCheck. The results of this study can help pharmacists to improve the delivery of MedsCheck or similar services in community pharmacies.
Estudio de la influencia del efecto matriz en el análisis de rocas carbonáticas por Fluorescencia de Rayos X
Authors: Bustillo Revuelta M. , Fort González R.
Published: December 2008

En este trabajo se hace un estudio del efecto matriz en el análisis de rocas carbonáticas por Fluorescencia de Rayos X. Para ello, se han considerado diferentes métodos de correción: comparación con patrones internos preparados en el laboratorio, considerando las relaciones Intensidad de pico/Intensidad de fondo y, por último, a través del cálculo de los diversos coeficientes de absorción de masa. Los elementos estudiados han sido: hierro, manganeso, bario, estroncio y zinc.
Los resultados indican una buena correlación para todos los elementos excepto el bario utilizando los patrones internos, resultados negativos en el manganeso a través de la relación Intensidad de pico/Intensidad de fondo y de nuevo resultados negativos en el bario considerando los coeficientes de absorción de masa. Por tanto, no se puede establecer un método general para todos los elementos en el estudio del efecto matriz en rocas carbonáticas, siendo necesario, para cada elemento, un estudio previo que permita conocer el método de corrección adecuado.
Mineralogía y condiciones de cristalización en el complejo subvolcánico de Barcarrota (Badajoz, España)
Authors: Galindo C. , Casquet C.
Published: December 2008

Se estudian las características químicas de los minerales más significativos del Complejo subvolcánico de Barcarrota, formado por litologías subalcalinas consistentes en: gabros olivínicos, dioritas, cuarzo-monzonitas y granitos anfibólicos, así como por pequeños afloramientos de granitos peralcalinos. Estos datos se emplean para definir las condiciones físico-químicas de cristalización magmática. Mediante distintos geotermómetros se obtienen las siguientes temperaturas de cristalización: Gabras olivínicos (972-1008º C), Dioritas (953-995º C), Cuarzo-monzonitas (801-833º C) y los Granitos anfibólicos 750º C. La presencia como único óxido de FeTi, de ilmenita en todas las rocas excepto en los tipos peralcalinos, que es magnetita, indica que la fO2 no superó las condiciones del tampón MW, decreciendo con el grado de diferenciación (fO2= 10-132 en los gabros olivínicos hasta 10-18,87 en los granitos).
La presencia de agua debió jugar un notable papel durante la cristalización.
En base al quimismo de los clinopiroxenos se confirma el carácter moderadamente alcalino (subalcalino), intraplaca de este magmatismo.
Estudio de rocas detríticas en la U.T.S.-3 del Terciario Continental de la Cuenca del Júcar (provincia de Albacete)
Authors: Santos García J. A.
Published: December 2008

Mediante el estudio detallado de 24 columnas litoestratigráficas, se realiza una síntesis de los conocimientos existentes sobre los materiales detríticos de la U.T.S.-3, en la cuenca del Júcar.
Se estudia detenidamente la petrografía, distribuciones granométricas, parámetros estadísticos, etc.
Se analiza la morfología del medio de sedimentación.
Se estudia en este trabajo la variación lateral y vertical de los materiales, quedando representada por una transición entre depósitos de abanicos aluviales y depósitos de ambiente lacustre.
Sutural simplification in Physodoceratinae (Aspidoceratidae, Ammonitina)
Authors: Checa A.
Published: December 2008

El análisis estructural de la interrelación concha-septo en algunos ammonites del Jurásico superior lleva a concluir que las simplificaciones suturales aparecidas a lo largo de la filogenia fueron originadas por alteraciones ocurridas en la morfología externa de la concha. En el caso concreto de la subfamilia Physodoceratinae, la simplificación observada en la morfología de la sutura puede tener un doble origen. En primer lugar, un incremento en el tamaño de los tubérculos periumbilicales puede determinar una pérdida de profundidad de los elementos de la sutura. siempre acompañada de una disminución en las indentaciones (frilling) de sillas y lóbulos. En otros casos el acortamiento en profundidad está determinado por una disminución de la tasa de expansión de la espira, sin que se observe un acortamiento aparente de las ramificaciones secundarias.
Mimomys ischus n. sp. y M. Realensis n. sp.: dos nuevos arvicólidos (Rodentia, Mammalia) del plioceno de la Cuenca del Júcar (Albacete)
Authors: Esteban F. J. , Martínez-Salanova J.
Published: December 2008

El descubrimiento de nuevos yacimientos de Micromamíferos fósiles en la Cuenca del Júcar ha permitido la identificación y caracterización de 2 nuevas especies de Arvicólidos: Mimomys ischus n. sp. y M. realensis n. sp.; encontrados en superposición estratigráfica.
M. ischus, especie de gran talla e hipsodoncia media del Villanyense temprano, se ha diferenciado de M. cappettai Michaux, 1971, Y se propone como un ancestro de M. aff. rex. de Casablanca 1.
M. realensis, de talla media y gran hipsodoncia, perteneciente al Villanyense reciente, se compara con especies afines de edad similar (M. reidi Hinton, 1926 y M. medasensis Michaux, 1971).
Análisis e interpretación de los materiales volcánicos del Cerro de los Frailes (Cabo de Gata. Almería)
Authors: Fernández Soler J. M.
Published: December 2008

La formación del volcán de Los Frailes se produjo en dos ciclos, de composiciones andesítica anfibólica (Frailes-I) y andesitica de dos piroxenos (Frailes-II), apoyadas sobre la prolongación hacia el este de las andesitas y dacitas del extremo sur de Cabo de Gata (edificio de Revancha-Sabinal-Cabo de Gata). El ciclo Frailes-I es discontínuo y ha formado domos y brechas autoclásticas principalmente, mas un nivel intermedio de colada piroclástica pumítica; este ciclo contiene niveles sedimentarios intercalados. Al NE es cubierto por una formación de rocas sedimentarias e hidroclásticas. El ciclo Frailes-II es continuo, y ha producido coladas de lava, los dos domos sumitales, y brechas piroclásticas de formación poco o nada explosiva. Otras manifestaciones volcánicas presentes son diques y domos de composición dacítica (biotítica-anfibólica), que cortan a los materiales del ciclo Frailes-I, y que serían los representantes más meridionales del grupo volcánico dacítico de Rodalquilar-Rellana-Garbanzal. Por tanto la propuesta sucesión generalizada de ciclos que comenzaron siendo muy explosivos para acabar con extrusiones subvolcánicas (domos) no es válida esencialmente en la construcción de Los Frailes. Una revisión de los datos geocronológicos, y la disposición en el campo de los materiales permite considerar la hipótesis de que las andesitas piroxénicas del ciclo Frailes-II pudieron ser contemporáneas o posteriores a las dacitas (esencialmente ignimbríticas) del grupo de Rodalquilar.
La deformación hercínica en los Macizos Paleozoicos Nororientales de la Cordillera Ibérica
Authors: Tejero R. , Capote R.
Published: December 2008

Se estudian los aspectos estructurales de los materiales precámbricos y paleozoicos aflorantes al NE de Calatayud, en la Cordillera Ibérica. La zona ha sido afectada por tres fases de deformación. La primera fase da lugar a pliegues de orientación NW-SE y una esquistosidad generalizada. La segunda fase produce fallas inversas y cabalgamientos homoaxiales con las estructuras anteriores. La tercera fase está caracterizada por pliegues WNW-NW y una esquistosidad de crenulación. Estas fases de deformación tuvieron lugar durante los tiempos hercínicos.
Strike-slip faults in the Southern border of the Vera basin (Almería, Betic Cordilleras)
Authors: Sanz de Galdeano C.
Published: December 2008

El borde sur de la depresión de Vera está afectado por una falla dextrorsa (falla de Cortijo Grande) de dirección N70E. Esta ha sido cortada por otras fallas de dirección NNE-SSW, en especial en su terminación oriental donde está fuertemente flexionada por la falla de Palomares.
Los movimientos de la falla de Cortijo Grande se han producido al menos desde el Serravalliense con compresiones según la dirección N80W a N60W que progresivamente rotaron a N20W en el Messiniense - Plioceno. Los desplazamientos de las fallas llegan a afectar en muchos casos a sedimentos cuaternarios. Los del Neógeno muestran claramente estas deformaciones coetáneas con el depósito.
Síntesis biostratigráfica de la fosa de la Cerdanya (Pirineos Orientales)
Authors: Agustí J. , Roca E.
Published: December 2008

En el presente trabajo se describen las principales características estratigráficas y sedimentológicas del relleno de la fosa de la Cerdanya. A partir de éstas se han diferenciado dos unidades: la Unidad Neógena Inferior y la Unidad Neógena Superior que reflejan dos situaciones tectónicas diferentes. La Unidad Inferior corresponde al período de formación y posterior evolución de la fosa bajo el movimiento direccional de la falla NE-SW de la Tet, mientras que la Unidad Superior refleja una situación extensional generalizada. La revisión de los numerosos yacimientos de Mamíferos fósiles de la Unidad Neógena Inferior, expuesta en esta nota, permiten concluir que esta se sedimentó en el Vallesiense. Por contra, el hallazgo del nuevo yacimiento de Can Vilella, indican que la sedimentación de la Unidad Superior se inició en el Turoliense superior (MN 13).
Consideraciones sobre la validez de la especie Hispanotherium alpani Saraç 1978 (Rhinocerotidae)
Authors: Cerdeño E.
Published: December 2008

Se discute la validez taxonómica de la especie Hispanotherium alpani Saraç 1978, definida en el yacimiento de Yeni Eskihisar, del Mioceno medio de Turquía. Se compara morfológica y biométricamente con H. grimmi e H. matritense y se establece su sinonimia con H. grimmi.
Durability of API class B cement pastes exposed to aqueous solutions containing chloride, sulphate and magnesium ions
Authors: Martín J. J. , Márquez G. , Alejandre F. J. , Hernández M. E.
Published: December 2008

This paper discusses a durability study conducted on API class B cement, the type used in shallow oil wells, when exposed to aggressive formation water. Its resistance to the major ions, namely –SO4=, Mg+2 and Cl-–, is related both to its capacity to assimilate the aggressive action of each harmful agent and to the changes in the chemical reactivity of some of its components. The methodology used consisted in preparing and immersing cement specimens in neutral solutions containing variable concentrations of these ions to monitor the chemical reactions taking place. These solutions were analyzed and XRD studies were conducted for over a year to identify mineralogical variations. The purposes of the study were to determine the effects of joint ionic attack on this kind of cement and to monitor the variations in the calcium concentration in the aqueous solutions of Na2SO4, MgCl2 and NaCl in contact with API class B cement pastes
Effect of the activation of a clay-base paper industry by-product on cement matrix behaviour
Authors: Frías M. , Sabador E. , Ferreiro S. , Sánchez de Rojas M. I. , García R. , Vigil R.
Published: December 2008

The present study addresses variations in the calcination temperature (600-750 ºC) and kiln time (two to five hours) applied to activate coated paper waste and their effect on the rheological, physical and mechanical behaviour of cement matrices containing these active additions.The results obtained showed that the conditions under which kaolinite was activated had a direct effect on the subsequent behaviour of the calcined products. At activating temperatures of over 700 ºC, pozzolanic activity and mechanical strength were observed to be lower, setting time shorter and the mortar less workable.
Minimal residual disease monitoring after allogeneic transplantation may help to individualize post‐transplant therapeutic strategies in acute myeloid malignancies
Authors: Díez‐Campelo María , Pérez‐Simón José Antonio , Pérez Jose , Alcoceba Miguel , Richtmon Juan , Vidriales Belén , San Miguel Jesús
Published: December 2008

This study evaluates the prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring by multiparametric flow cytometry in 41 patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing allogeneic transplantation. MRD assessment after transplant (day +100) allowed to discriminate different risk populations, being the most significant cut‐off value for outcome level of MRD </≥10−3. Outcome was significantly better among patients with low (<10−3) versus high (≥10−3) MRD at day +100 after transplant. Thus, overall survival was 73% versus 25% at 4 years among patients with low versus high MRD at day +100 after transplant (P = 0.002); 74% of patients with low MRD were event free at 4 years as compared to 17% among patients with high MRD (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, MRD value as well as chronic GVHD significantly influenced outcome. In conclusion, MRD monitoring early post‐transplant is an important tool for outcome prediction and should be considered in decision making after allogeneic transplantation. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The enhanced tool‐kit of two groups of wild bearded capuchin monkeys in the Caatinga: tool making, associative use, and secondary tools
Authors: Mannu Massimo , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: December 2008

The use of stones to crack open encapsulated fruit is widespread among wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) inhabiting savanna‐like environments. Some populations in Serra da Capivara National Park (Piauí, Brazil), though, exhibit a seemingly broader toolkit, using wooden sticks as probes, and employing stone tools for a variety of purposes. Over the course of 701.5 hr of visual contact of two wild capuchin groups we recorded 677 tool use episodes. Five hundred and seventeen of these involved the use of stones, and 160 involved the use of sticks (or other plant parts) as probes to access water, arthropods, or the contents of insects' nests. Stones were mostly used as “hammers”—not only to open fruit or seeds, or smash other food items, but also to break dead wood, conglomerate rock, or cement in search of arthropods, to dislodge bigger stones, and to pulverize embedded quartz pebbles (licking, sniffing, or rubbing the body with the powder produced). Stones also were used in a “hammer‐like” fashion to loosen the soil for digging out roots and arthropods, and sometimes as “hoes” to pull the loosened soil. In a few cases, we observed the re‐utilization of stone tools for different purposes (N=3), or the combined use of two tools—stones and sticks (N=4) or two stones (N=5), as sequential or associative tools. On three occasions, the monkeys used smaller stones to loosen bigger quartz pebbles embedded in conglomerate rock, which were subsequently used as tools. These could be considered the first reports of secondary tool use by wild capuchin monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 71:242–251, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive parameters in Guizhou snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi)
Authors: Yang Mouyu , Sun Dun Y. , Zinner Dietmar , Roos Christian
Published: December 2008

In this study, we present data on reproductive parameters and birth seasonality of Guizhou snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi). Our analyses are based on data from a small captive population collected over 15 years and on 5 years of observations of free‐ranging snub‐nosed monkeys. Captive females (n=4) mature at an age of 70.8±6.7 months and reproduce for the first time at 103.4±7.5 months. The mean interbirth interval was 38.2±4.4 months if the infant survived more than 6 months, which is longer than that in R. roxellana and R. bieti. In the wild and in captivity, births are very seasonal and occur only in a period from the end of March to the end of April. Our data suggest that population growth in Guizhou snub‐nosed monkeys is slow compared with the other two Chinese snub‐nosed monkey species. The risk of extinction is therefore particularly high in this species, given the small overall population size and slow population recovery potential. Am. J. Primatol. 71:266–270, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermooxidative reactions of polypropylene wax in the molten state
Authors: Salimi A. , Atai M. , Mirabedini M. , Mohseni M.
Published: December 2008

Thermooxidation of polypropylene wax was investigated in the molten state under an air‐flowing atmosphere. Calorimetric measurements were performed to investigate the effect of the inclusion of 1‐dodecanol as an efficient primary alcohol and to reveal the typical outlines of thermooxidation, that is, the induction time and oxidation rate. The same parameters were obtained and compared on the basis of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) peaks of major oxidation products, such as ketones and hydroxyl groups. The results showed that 1‐dodecanol caused a change in the shape of the calorimetric thermogram and also yielded oxidized products with more clarity in color. With the Arrhenius equation, the apparent activation energy was calculated on the basis of the induction time and oxidation rate for carbonyl and hydroxyl groups individually. The obtained apparent activation energy was in agreement with the proposed mechanism based on bimolecular hydroperoxide decomposition involving dodecanol. With FTIR spectroscopy, no changes in the chain helical conformation or double‐bond concentration were observed during oxidation up to 500 min. An acid value of up to 6 mg of KOH per gram was obtained at this time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Neuronal Phenotype and Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Expression in Cocultures of Dorsal Root Ganglion and Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Wang Lihong , Liu Zhen , Liu Huaxiang , Wan Yu , Wang Huaijing , Li Zhenzhong
Published: December 2008

The neuropeptide‐immunoreactive (IR) and neurofilament‐IR neurons are two major phenotypical classes in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk)A, TrkB, and TrkC are three members of the Trk family which may be relevant to neuronal phenotypes. Whether target skeletal muscle cells generate their expression remains unclear. Neurons containing substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), neurofilament 200 (NF‐200), TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC were quantified using immunohistochemistry in rat DRG neuronal cultures and cocultures of DRG neurons and skeletal muscle cells. The percentage of NF‐200 and TrkC‐expressing neurons in cocultures of DRG neurons and skeletal muscle cells was significantly higher, 26.86% ± 3.17% (NF‐200) and 27.74% ± 3.63% (TrkC) compared with 20.92% ± 1.98% (NF‐200) and 16.70% ± 3.68% (TrkC) in DRG cultures; whereas the percentage of SP, CGRP, TrkA, and TrkB‐expressing neurons was not changed significantly by the addition of target skeletal muscle cells. Thus, target skeletal muscle cells may influence neurofilament‐phenotype and TrkC receptor but not neuropeptide‐phenotype and TrkA and TrkB receptors. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Three‐Dimensional Arrangement of the Myocytes Aggregated Together Within the Mammalian Ventricular Myocardium
Authors: Smerup Morten , Nielsen Eva , Agger Peter , Frandsen Jesper , Vestergaard‐Poulsen Peter , Andersen Johnnie , Nyengaard Jens , Pedersen Michael , Ringgaard Steffen , Hjortdal Vibeke , Lunkenheimer Paul P. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: December 2008

Although myocardial architecture has been investigated extensively, as yet no evidence exists for the anatomic segregation of discrete myocardial pathways. We performed post‐mortem diffusion tensor imaging on 14 pig hearts. Pathway tracking was done from 22 standardized voxel groups from within the left ventricle, the left ventricular papillary muscles, and the right ventricular outflow tract. We generated pathways with comparable patterns in the different hearts when tracking from all chosen voxels. We were unable to demonstrate discrete circular or longitudinal pathways, nor to trace any solitary tract of myocardial cells extending throughout the ventricular mass. Instead, each pathway possessed endocardial, midwall, and epicardial components, merging one into another in consistent fashion. Endocardial tracks, when followed towards the basal or apical parts of the left ventricle, changed smoothly their helical and transmural angulations, becoming continuous with circular pathways in the midwall, these circular tracks further transforming into epicardial tracks, again by smooth change of the helical and transmural angles. Tracks originating from voxels in the papillary muscles behaved similarly to endocardial tracks. This is the first study to show myocardial pathways that run through the mammalian left and right ventricles in a highly reproducible manner according to varying local helical and transmural intrusion angles. The patterns generated are an inherent feature of the three‐dimensional arrangement of the individual myocytes aggregated within the walls, differing according to the regional orientation and branching of individual myocytes. We found no evidence to support the existence of individual muscles or bands. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Intracerebroventricular Injection of Iron Dextran on the Iron Concentration and Divalent Metal Transporter 1 Expression in the Caudate Putamen and Substantia Nigra of Rats
Authors: Yu Peng , Chang Yan‐zhong , Miao Wei , Wang Shu‐min , Cui Rui , Qian Zhong‐ming , Ke Ya , Duan Xiang‐lin
Published: December 2008

The cellular localization of DMT1 and its functional characterization suggest that DMT1 may play an important role in the physiological brain iron transport. But the regulation of DMT1 expression by iron in the brain is still not clearly understood. In this study, both the contents of ferric and ferrous iron as well as DMT1 expression were evaluated in CPu and SN after ICV of 500 μg iron dextran/rat/day for 3 or 7 days. It was found that the iron levels in CPu and SN were not altered obviously until ICV for 7 days. Immunohistochemistry results indicated that the expression of DMT1 (−IRE) in CPu and SN was not altered significantly after 3 days of ICV. Whereas the expression of DMT1 (−IRE) decreased significantly after 7 days of ICV when ferrous iron was increased significantly. Contrary to that of DMT1 (−IRE) in the same regions, there were no significant alterations in DMT1 (+IRE) expression in CPu and SN in spite of the existence of the altered iron levels, compared with that of control groups. The results demonstrate that DMT1 (−IRE) expression was correlated probably with brain iron levels; especially, its regulation was correlated with ferrous iron (not ferric iron) in CPu and SN in adult rats, compared with those of saline‐injected control rats. The effect of ferrous iron on the expression of DMT1 (−IRE) in the brain also suggests that it might play a major physiological role in brain iron uptake and transport, but further studies are needed to clarify these issues. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.