bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloned Genomic DNA of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus Is Infectious When Injected Directly into the Liver and Lymph Nodes of Pigs: Characterization of Clinical Disease, Virus Distribution, and Pathologic Lesions
Authors: Fenaux M. , Halbur P. G. , Haqshenas G. , Royer R. , Thomas P. , Nawagitgul P. , Gill M. , Toth T. E. , Meng X. J.
Published: July 2002

Infection of animals with a molecular viral clone is critical to study the genetic determinants of viral replication and virulence in the host. Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) has been incriminated as the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an emerging disease in pigs. We report here for the first time the construction and use of an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV2 to characterize the disease and pathologic lesions associated with PCV2 infection by direct in vivo transfection of pigs with the molecular clone. The PCV2 molecular clone was generated by ligating two copies of the complete PCV2 genome in tandem into the pBluescript SK (pSK) vector and was shown to be infectious in vitro when transfected into PK-15 cells. Forty specific-pathogen-free pigs at 4 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 each. Group 1 pigs served as uninoculated controls. Pigs in group 2 were each inoculated intranasally with about 1.9 × 10
5
50% tissue culture infective doses of a homogeneous PCV2 live virus stock derived from the molecular clone. Pigs in group 3 were each injected intrahepatically with 200 μg of the cloned PCV2 plasmid DNA, and pigs in group 4 were each injected into the superficial iliac lymph nodes with 200 μg of the cloned PCV2 plasmid DNA. Animals injected with the cloned PCV2 plasmid DNA developed infection resembling that induced by intranasal inoculation with PCV2 live virus stock. Seroconversion to PCV2-specific antibody was detected in the majority of pigs from the three inoculated groups at 35 days postinoculation (DPI). Viremia, beginning at 14 DPI and lasting 2 to 4 weeks, was detected in the majority of the pigs from all three inoculated groups. There were no remarkable clinical signs of PMWS in control or any of the inoculated pigs. Gross lesions in pigs of the three inoculated groups were similar and were characterized by systemically enlarged, tan lymph nodes and lungs that failed to collapse. Histopathological lesions and PCV2-specific antigen were detected in numerous tissues and organs, including brain, lung, heart, kidney, tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, ileum, and liver of infected pigs. This study more definitively characterizes the clinical course and pathologic lesions exclusively attributable to PCV2 infection. The data from this study indicate that the cloned PCV2 genomic DNA may replace infectious virus for future PCV2 pathogenesis and immunization studies. The data also suggest that PCV2, although essential for development of PMWS, may require other factors or agents to induce the full spectrum of clinical signs and lesions associated with advanced cases of PMWS.
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Interferon Requires Proteasome Activity†
Authors: Robek Michael D. , Wieland Stefan F. , Chisari Francis V.
Published: July 2002

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication is inhibited in a noncytopathic manner by alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) and IFN-γ. We demonstrate here that inhibitors of cellular proteasome activity can block this antiviral effect. These results suggest that a critical component of the IFN-induced antiviral response may be the proteasome-dependent degradation of viral or cellular proteins that are required for HBV replication.
Antihistamine Substances. Tricyclic Analogues of N-(4,4-Diphenyl-3-butene-1-yl)nipecotic Acid and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Šindelář Karel , Šilhánková Alexandra , Urban Jiří , Metyš Jan , Valchář Martin , Polívka Zdeněk
Published: July 2002

Alkylation of ethyl nipecotate with bromides VII - X gave amino esters Ib - Vb. Alkylation of ethyl piperazine-2-carboxylate with 4-bromo-1,1-diphenyl-1-butene afforded compound Vb. Final product Ia - Va were obtained by acid hydrolysis of corresponding esters Ib - Vb. Some of the compounds showed significant antihistamine and antiulcer activities.
Synthesis of Some Azolylquinazolines
Authors: Bodajla Michal , Stankovský Štefan , Špirková Katarína
Published: July 2002

The azole rings combined with carbonyl group via methylene bridge or with imidoyl group directly are frequent structural units of organic compounds possessing phytoefectorical and mainly pesticidal activities. In this connection we realized to prepare a series of pyrimidine ring substituted azolylquinazolines I - IV. The title compounds were prepared by reaction of 2,4-dichloroquinazoline with the corresponding azoles.
Synthesis of N2-[N5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-L-glutaminyl]-N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine
Authors: Kotva Rudolf , Pytela Jindřich , Rypáček František
Published: July 2002

This communication reports on the synthesis of dimer of HEG, N2-[N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutaminyl]-N5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine.
Synthesis and Some Reactions of 3-Substituted 1,4-Bis(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-yloxy)butanes
Authors: Klásek Antonín , Kafka Stanislav , Kappe Thomas
Published: July 2002

Condensations of 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)butane Ia and its N,N'-dimethyl derivative Ib with substituted diethyl malonates gave 1,4-bis(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-6-yloxy)butanes IIa-IIf. From these compounds, 1,4-bis(3-halogeno-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-ylox y)butanes IIIa-IIIg and 1,4-bis(3-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxy )butanes IIIh-IIIm were prepared.
Extracellular Polysaccharides of Candida mucifera Strain CCY 29-170-1
Authors: Kardošová Alžbeta , Pätoprstý Vladimír
Published: July 2002

Extracellular polysaccharides produced by Candida mucifera strain CCY 29-170-1 in a liquid medium containing malt extract have been investigated by chemical, enzymic, and NMR spectroscopic methods. Mild acid hydrolysis of the native polysaccharide, followed by enzymic treatments of the polymeric residue, afforded two low-molecular neutral homopolysaccharides. The dominant one was a (1→4)-α-D-glucan with approximately each fifth chain unit branched on O-6. The other polysaccharide was a linear (1→4)-β-D-xylan. The results of linkage analysis evidenced that, originally, some xylan-chain units bore on O-3 substituents, which were split off during the hydrolytic steps.
Regioselective Tritiation of Carbamate Dicyclic Juvenoids
Authors: Elbert Tomáš , Rejzek Martin , Virelizier Henri
Published: July 2002

The tritiated juvenoids ethyl N-{2-[4-(cis-2-hydroxy-1-cycloheptylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}carbamate (1), 2-[4-(trans-2-hydroxy-1-cyclohexylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl N-ethylcarbamate (2) and ethyl N-{2-[4-(c-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-r-1-cyclohexylmethyl)phenoxy]ethyl}carbamate (3) were prepared by Catalyzed Exchange in Solution with Gas on PdO/BaSO4. The high degree of regio- and stereoselectivity observed in the products by 3H NMR is discussed in the terms of the stereoelectronic requirements of the exchange reaction.
Chronopotentiometry with an Alternating Currentat Cylindrical Microelectrodes
Authors: Molina Ángela , Ruiz Ricardo , Martínez-Ortiz Francisco , López-Tenés Manuela
Published: July 2002

A theoretical study on the application of the first cycle of alternating current to cylindrical microelectrodes is presented. The analytical expressions obtained here are applicable to electrodes with radii of up to 50 μm, which are in the range of "large" microelectrodes. A method for determination of the kinetic parameter ks independently of α and methods for calculation of E0 are proposed.
Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Pyrolysis Products of Fossil Organic Matter from Localities of the Czech Republic
Authors: Čejka Jiří , Holý Luboš , Kříbek Bohdan , Sedláček Václav
Published: July 2002

The composition of fossil organic matter of different origin and thermal maturation was studied based on the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric characterization of their pyrolysis products. Increase in the pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500 °C was found to cause the cracking of aliphatic hydrocarbons resulting in a shortening of the n-alkane chains. High yields of pyrolysis products can be obtained at temperatures above 350 °C; the cracking reactions can be suppressed by applying relatively short duration of pyrolysis. The chromatographic patterns then clearly reflect the origin of the organic matter and degree of its thermal maturation in rocks.
Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues Derived from 6-Hetarylpurines via Cross-Coupling Reactions of 9-[2-(Diethoxyphosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]-6-iodopurine with Hetaryl Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Hocek Michal , Masojídková Milena , Holý Antonín
Published: July 2002

The title acyclic nucleotide analogues derived from 6-hetarylpurines were prepared by Pd(0)-catalysed cross-coupling reactions of 9-[2-(diethoxyphosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]-6-iodopurine (1) with hetarylorganometallics: (pyridin-2-yl)-, (imidazol-2-yl)- and (pyrrol-2-yl)zinc chlorides or (imidazol-5-yl)- stannanes, followed by deprotection in fair to good yields. The starting 6-iodopurine derivative 1 was prepared by iododeamination of the adenine derivative.
Partial Molar Volumes of Some Multicharged Electrolytes in Aqueous Dimethylformamide at Various Temperatures
Authors: Parmar Madan L. , Nageshwara Rao Ch. V. , Attri Suresh Chand
Published: July 2002

Partial molar volumes of ammonium aluminium sulfate and potassium aluminium sulfate in DMF-water mixtures (5-20 wt.% of DMF) have been determined from solution density measurements at various temperatures and electrolyte concentrations. The data were evaluated by using Masson equation and the obtained parameters were interpreted in terms of ion-solvent and ion-ion interactions. Both electrolytes have been found to act as the structure makers/promotors in DMF-water systems.
Dynamics of Protonated Acetonitrile Formation in CD3CN+· + CH3CN Collisions: A Crossed-Beam Scattering Study
Authors: Žabka Ján , Dolejšek Zdeněk , Koyano Inosuke , Herman Zdeněk
Published: July 2002

Dynamics of the elementary protonation reaction in collisions of the acetonitrile cation with acetonitrile was investigated in crossed-beam scattering experiments in the hyperthermal collision energy range 1.17-2.5 eV. The reaction proceeds by three parallel collision mechanisms: direct proton (deuteron) transfer, direct H-atom transfer, and decomposition of an intermediate complex. The relative contributions of the three mechanisms to the formation of the product at T = 2.5 eV are about equal. Analysis of product angular distributions suggests that the geometry of the critical configuration of the decomposing intermediate is prolate, not far from linear.
Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide on Pd/SiO2/Si(111) Studied by Core-Level Photoemission
Authors: Bastl Zdeněk , Šarapatka Tomáš
Published: July 2002

X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to study the adsorption of carbon monoxide on Pd dispersed on oxidized Si(111) surface. A fraction of the deposited Pd diffusing at room temperature to the SiO2/Si interface increases with decreasing SiO2 thickness. For oxide layers thinner than ≈1 nm, almost all deposited Pd diffuses to SiO2/Si interface forming there Si silicide. Consequently, the amount of adsorbed CO is dependent on the thickness of the thermally grown SiO2 layer. Two different chemical states of adsorbed carbon atoms, the population of which depends on the amount of the Pd deposited, are observed in the C (1s) spectra of adsorbed CO. Adsorption activity of Pd clusters does not depend on whether n- or p-type Si is used. Comparison of the experimental Pd/CO concentration ratios with those calculated assuming several different modes of the Pd growth on SiO2/Si points to the pseudo-Stranski-Krastanow mode (flat clusters with incomplete condensation of the first layer) at 300 K. Changes in charge balance across the Pd/SiO2/Si interface caused by CO adsorption are discussed in terms of the surface photovoltage effect and work function variation.
Role of Zinc in Zn-Loaded ZSM-5 Zeolites in the Aromatization of n-Hexane
Authors: Rojasová Edita , Smiešková Agáta , Hudec Pavol , Židek Zdenek
Published: July 2002

Aromatization of n-hexane over zinc-modified ZSM-5 zeolites was investigated. It was shown that incorporation of zinc by ion exchange into cationic positions of NH4-ZSM-5 zeolite causes acid-site strength redistribution and generation of new relatively strong Lewis acid sites in zeolite increasing the selectivity of n-hexane aromatization in comparison with the parent NH4-ZSM-5 zeolite. Simultaneous presence of Lewis and Broensted acid sites in ZSM-5 zeolite does not affect the strength of Broensted acid sites in zeolite. For the activity/selectivity of aromatization of n-hexane on Zn-modified ZSM-5 zeolites, the amount of Zn and its localization in the cationic positions are decisive. The reaction of n-hexane can be also initiated by the Zn species alone in the cationic positions. ZnO species alone as an extraframework phase was found inactive in the catalyst for aromatization of n-hexane. The influence of ZnO addition on the performance of pure ammonium forms of ZSM-5 zeolites in n-hexane conversion is a result of partial migration of zinc into cationic positions of zeolite by solid-state ion exchange.
Chemistry of Pentaborane(9). A Review
Authors: Beall Herbert , Gaines Donald F.
Published: July 2002

The chemistry of pentaborane(9) (B5H9) is reviewed on work reported since 1981. All aspects of its synthesis, reactivity, NMR spectroscopy as well as most its important derivatives including metallaboranes and linked B5 cages are presented and discussed. A review with 60 references.
Lower Bounds to Hammett σ Constants for meta and para Normal Substituents
Authors: Reis João Carlos R. , Segurado Manuel A. P. , Gomes de Oliveira Jaime D.
Published: July 2002

Twenty-four pairs of meta and para Hammett σ constants recommended by IUPAC for normal substituents, i.e. dipolar groups without a lone pair of electrons (and with a full octet) in the atom next to the aromatic ring, were analysed with respect to their meta-para interrelationship. In terms of a previous hyperbolic model, the para/meta ratio of the universal electric effect is found to be 0.964 with a standard error of 0.028 estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. This value for benzoic acid derivatives supports the view that the universal electric effect, which is proposed to be termed the Electra effect, is transmitted through space. For normal substituents, it is demonstrated that the hyperbolic model predicts lower bounding values of σm and σp constants. It is proposed that organometallic substituents in which a metallic atom is bounded to the α carbon should not be considered as normal substituents. It is asserted that no normal substituent should exist for which either σm is less than -0.1 or σp is less than -0.3 in the Hammett σ scale.
Synthesis and Structure of (π-Arene)titanium(II) Haloaluminate Complexes with Diarylmethane Ligands
Authors: Kupfer Volkmar , Mach Karel , Thewalt Ulf
Published: July 2002

Novel (arene)titanium(II) haloaluminate complexes (η6-arene)Ti[(μ-X)2AlX2]2 (X = Cl, Br) were obtained from (η6-benzene)Ti[(μ-X)2AlX2]2 (X = Cl, Br) complexes by ligand exchange reactions with bis(pentamethylphenyl)methane and dimesitylmethane. The [η6-1,2,3,4,5- pentamethyl-6-(2,3,4,5,6-pentamethylbenzyl)benzene]Ti[(μ-X)2AlX2]2 (X = Cl, Br) and [η6-1,3,5- trimethyl-2-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl)benzene]Ti[(μ-Br)2AlBr2]2 complexes containing titanium coordinated to only one of the two phenyl rings were obtained and their crystal structures were determined. (η6-Benzene)Ti[(μ-Cl)2AlCl2]2 and dimesitylmethane afforded the (η6-mesi- tylene)Ti[(μ-Cl)2AlCl2]2 complex which is isotypic with the known bromo analogue. This product shows that Friedel-Crafts scission of aryl-alkyl bonds occurs in such systems even under mild conditions.
Redox Potential - (Electronic) Structure Relationships in 18- and 17-Electron Mononitrile (or Monocarbonyl) Diphosphine Complexes of Re and Fe
Authors: Guedes Da Silva M. Fátima C. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Fraústo Da Silva João J. R. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: July 2002

The organonitrile or carbonyl complexes cis-[ReCl(RCN)(dppe)2] (1) (R = 4-Et2NC6H4 (1a), 4-MeOC6H4 (1b), 4-MeC6H4 (1c), C6H5 (1d), 4-FC6H4 (1e), 4-ClC6H4 (1f), 4-O2NC6H4 (1g), 4-ClC6H4CH2 (1h), t-Bu (1i); dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2), or cis-[ReCl(CO)(dppe)2] (2), as well as trans-[FeBr(RCN)(depe)2]BF4 (3) (R = 4-MeOC6H4 (3a), 4-MeC6H4 (3b), C6H5 (3c), 4-FC6H4 (3d), 4-O2NC6H4 (3e), Me (3f), Et (3g), 4-MeOC6H4CH2 (3h); depe = Et2PCH2CH2PEt2), novel trans-[FeBr(CO)(depe)2]BF4 (4) and trans-[FeBr2(depe)2] (5) undergo, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry at a Pt-electrode and in aprotic non-aqueous medium, two consecutive reversible or partly reversible one-electron oxidations assigned as ReI → ReII → ReIII or FeII → FeIII → FeIV. The corresponding values of the oxidation potentials IE1/2ox and IIE1/2ox (waves I and II, respectively) correlate with the Pickett's and Lever's electrochemical ligand and metal site parameters. This allows to estimate these parameters for the various nitrile ligands, depe and binding sites (for the first time for a FeIII/IV couple). The electrochemical ligand parameter show dependence on the "electron-richness" of the metal centre. The values of IE1/2ox for the ReI complexes provide some supporting for a curved overall relationship with the sum of Lever's electrochemical ligand parameter. The Pickett parametrization for closed-shell complexes is extended now also to 17-electron complexes, i.e. with the 15-electron ReII and FeIII centres in cis-{[ReCl(dppe)2]}+ and trans-{FeBr(depe)2}2+, respectively.
Sorption of Nickel and Iron on Polysulfone Cation Exchange Membranes
Authors: Kir Esengul , Cengeloglu Yunus , Ersoz Mustafa
Published: July 2002

Sorption of NiCl2 and FeCl3 or di- and trivalent cation salt mixtures on polysulfone or polysulfone polyester-supported cation exchange membranes was investigated as a function of pH and concentration. The sorption of Fe(III) was higher than that of Ni(II) for both types of membranes. The maximum sorption for Fe(III) and Ni(II) ions was observed at pH 2.8 and 4.4, respectively. The selectivity coefficient of Fe(III) was also higher than that of Ni(II). The results were explained by considering the hydration effect and ionic valence.
Electrochemical Reduction of Tetrachloromethane. Electrolytic Conversion to Chloroform
Authors: Molina Victor M. , González-Arjona Domingo , Roldán Emilio , Dominguez Manuel
Published: July 2002

The feasibility of electrolytic removal of tetrachloromethane from industrial effluents has been investigated. A new method based on the electrochemical reductive dechlorination of CCl4 yielding chloroform is described. The main goal was not only to remove CCl4 but also to utilize the process for obtaining chloroform, which can be industrially reused. GC-MS analysis of the electrolysed samples showed that chloroform is the only product. Voltammetric experiments were made in order to select experimental conditions of the electrolysis. Using energetic and economic criteria, ethanol-water (1 : 4) and LiCl were found to be the optimum solvent and supporting electrolyte tested. No great differences were found while working at different pH values. Chronoamperometric and voltammetric experiments with convolution analysis showed low kf0 and α values for the reaction. A new differential pulse voltammetric peak deconvolution method was developed for an easier and faster analysis of the electrolysis products. Electrolysis experiments were carried out using both a bulk reactor and a through-flow cell. Thus, three different kinds of galvanostatic electrolyses were carried out. Under all conditions, CCl4 conversions ranging from 60 to 75% and good current efficiencies were obtained.
Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?: Figure 1
Authors: Szabo A , Billett E , Turner J
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine in this pilot study whether aerobic exercise affects phenylacetic acid concentration in the urine.

Methods—Twenty healthy men provided 24 hour urine samples on two consecutive days for the determination of phenylacetic acid levels. Before and during day 1, subjects refrained from physical activity; on day 2 subjects ran on a treadmill at 70% of their maximal heart rate reserve (MHRR) for 30 minutes.

Results—The 24 hour mean urinary concentration of phenylacetic acid was increased by 77% after exercise.

Conclusion—As phenylacetic acid concentration in urine reflects phenylethylamine level, which is known to have antidepressant effects, phenylethylamine may be linked to the therapeutic effects of physical exercise on depression.
Associations of self estimated workloads with musculoskeletal symptoms among hospital nurses
Authors: Ando Shoko , Ono Yuichiro , Shimaoka Midori , Hiruta Shuichi , Hattori Yoji , Hori Fumiko , Takeuchi Yasuhiro
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the prevalence of neck, shoulder, and arm pain (NSAP) as well as low back pain (LBP) among hospital nurses, and to examine the association of work tasks and self estimated risk factors with NSAP and LBP.

METHODS

A cross sectional study was carried out in a national university hospital in Japan. Full time registered nurses in the wards (n=314) were selected for analysis. The questionnaire was composed of items on demographic conditions, severity of workloads in actual tasks, self estimated risk factors for fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain in the previous month. Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by the Cox's proportional hazards model to study the association of pain with variables related to work and demographic conditions.

RESULTS

The prevalences of low back, shoulder, neck, and arm pain in the previous month were 54.7%, 42.8%, 31.3%, and 18.6%, respectively. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among hospital nurses was higher than in previous studies. In the Cox's models for LBP and NSAP, there were no significant associations between musculoskeletal pain and the items related to work and demographic conditions. The RRs for LBP tended to be relatively higher for “accepting emergency patients” and some actual tasks. Some items of self estimated risk factors for fatigue tended to have relatively higher RRs for LBP and NSAP.

CONCLUSIONS

It was suggested that musculoskeletal pain among hospital nurses may have associations with some actual tasks and items related to work postures, work control, and work organisation. Further studies, however, are necessary, as clear evidence of this potential association was not shown in the study.
Hours of work and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese male office workers
Authors: Nakanishi N , Nishina K , Yoshida H , Matsuo Y , Nagano K , Nakamura K , Suzuki K , Tatara K
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between duration of overtime and the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

A cohort of 1266 Japanese male office workers aged 35–59 years and free of IFG (fasting plasma glucose concentration 6.1–6.9 mmol/l), type 2 DM (fasting plasma glucose concentration of 7.0 mmol/l or more or taking hypoglycaemic medication), history of diabetes, or medication for hypertension were re-examined over 5 successive years after their initial examinations in 1994.

RESULTS

138 men developed IFG or type 2 DM during the 5736 person-years of follow up. After controlling for potential predictors of diabetes, the relative risks of IFG or type 2 DM, compared with those who worked <8.0 hours a day, were 0.82 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.54 to 1.26), 0.69 (95% CI 0.38 to 1.26), 0.63 (95% CI: 0.37 to 1.09), and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.98) for those who worked 8.0–8.9, 9.0–9.9, 10.0–10.9, and of 11.0 hours or more a day, respectively (p for trend=0.020). 87 and 54 men developed IFG and type 2 DM during the 5817 and 5937 person-years of follow up, respectively. The multivariate adjusted relative risks of IFG tended to decrease with an increase in hours of overtime work a day, but did not reach significance (p for trend=0.202). On the other hand, the multivariate adjusted relative risks of type 2 DM significantly decreased with an increase in hours of overtime work a day (p for trend=0.014).

CONCLUSION

Longer overtime is a negative risk factor for the development of IFG or type 2 DM in Japanese male office workers.
Diagnosis of pneumothorax in critically ill adults
Authors: Rankine James J , Thomas Antony N , Fluechter Dorothee
Published: July 2002

The diagnosis of pneumothorax is established from the patients’ history, physical examination and, where possible, by radiological investigations. Adult respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, and trauma are important predictors of pneumothorax, as are various practical procedures including mechanical ventilation, central line insertion, and surgical procedures in the thorax, head, and neck and abdomen. Examination should include an inspection of the ventilator observations and chest drainage systems as well as the patient’s cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Radiological diagnosis is normally confined to plain frontal radiographs in the critically ill patient, although lateral images and computed tomography are also important. Situations are described where an abnormal lucency or an apparent lung edge may be confused with a pneumothorax. These may arise from outside the thoracic cavity or from lung abnormalities or abdominal viscera inside the chest.
Unknown primary tumours
Authors: Hillen H F P
Published: July 2002

Unknown primary tumours (UPTs) are defined by the absence of a primary tumour in biopsy proved metastatic cancer. These tumours have a specific biology with clinical characteristics of rapid progression and random atypical metastases. Cytogenetic abnormalities have been demonstrated, particularly deletion of chromosome 1p. Diagnostic evaluation that includes pathology review, physical examination, chest radiography, computed tomography of the abdomen, and mammography is directed at the identification of treatable subsets. Based on clinicopathological criteria, therapy responsive subsets of patients with UPTs can be defined. These subsets have a better prognosis than the average median survival time of four months in patients with UPTs.
The health professional’s role in preventing nosocomial infections
Authors: Saloojee H , Steenhoff A
Published: July 2002

Despite their best intentions, health professionals sometimes act as vectors of disease, disseminating new infections among their unsuspecting clients. Attention to simple preventive strategies may significantly reduce disease transmission rates. Frequent hand washing remains the single most important intervention in infection control. However, identifying mechanisms to ensure compliance by health professionals remains a perplexing problem. Gloves, gowns, and masks have a role in preventing infections, but are often used inappropriately, increasing service costs unnecessarily. While virulent microorganisms can be cultured from stethoscopes and white coats, their role in disease transmission remains undefined. There is greater consensus about sterile insertion techniques for intravascular catheters—a common source of infections—and their care. By following a few simple rules identified in this review, health professionals may prevent much unnecessary medical and financial distress to their patients.
Falls and confidence related quality of life outcome measures in an older British cohort
Authors: Parry S W , Steen N , Galloway S R , Kenny R A , Bond J
Published: July 2002

Falls are common in older subjects and result in loss of confidence and independence. The Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale (ABC) were developed in North America to quantify these entities, but contain idiom unfamiliar to an older British population. Neither has been validated in the UK. The FES and the ABC were modified for use within British culture and the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the modified scales (FES-UK and ABC-UK) assessed. A total of 193 consecutive, ambulant, new, and return patients (n=119; 62%) and their friends and relatives (“visitors”, n=74; 38%) were tested on both scales, while the last 60 subjects were retested within one week. Internal reliability was excellent for both scales (Cronbach’s alpha 0.97 (FES-UK), and 0.98 (ABC-UK)). Test-retest reliability was good for both scales, though superior for the ABC-UK (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.58 (FES-UK), 0.89 (ABC-UK)). There was evidence to suggest that the ABC-UK was better than the FES-UK at distinguishing between older patients and younger patients (‖tABC‖ = 4.4; ‖tFES‖ = 2.3); and between fallers and non-fallers (‖tABC‖ = 8.7; ‖tFES‖ = 5.0) where the t statistics are based on the comparison of two independent samples. The ABC-UK and FES-UK are both reliable and valid measures for the assessment of falls and balance related confidence in older adults. However, better test-retest reliability and more robust differentiation of subgroups in whom falls related quality of life would be expected to be different make the ABC-UK the current instrument of choice in assessing this entity in older British subjects.
An enhanced molecular marker based genetic map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) reveals comparative relationships with other Poaceae genomes
Authors: Jones Elizabeth S , Mahoney Natalia L , Hayward Michael D , Armstead Ian P , Jones J Gilbert , Humphreys Mervyn O , King Ian P , Kishida Tsugutoshi , Yamada Toshihiko , Balfourier François , Charmet Gilles , Forster John W
Published: July 2002

A molecular-marker linkage map has been constructed for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using a one-way pseudo-testcross population based on the mating of a multiple heterozygous individual with a doubled haploid genotype. RFLP, AFLP, isoenzyme, and EST data from four collaborating laboratories within the International Lolium Genome Initiative were combined to produce an integrated genetic map containing 240 loci covering 811 cM on seven linkage groups. The map contained 124 codominant markers, of which 109 were heterologous anchor RFLP probes from wheat, barley, oat, and rice, allowing comparative relationships between perennial ryegrass and other Poaceae species to be inferred. The genetic maps of perennial ryegrass and the Triticeae cereals are highly conserved in terms of synteny and colinearity. This observation was supported by the general agreement of the syntenic relationships between perennial ryegrass, oat, and rice and those between the Triticeae and these species. A lower level of synteny and colinearity was observed between perennial ryegrass and oat compared with the Triticeae, despite the closer taxonomic affinity between these species. It is proposed that the linkage groups of perennial ryegrass be numbered in accordance with these syntenic relationships, to correspond to the homoeologous groups of the Triticeae cereals.Key words: Lolium perenne, genetic linkage map, RFLP, AFLP, conserved synteny.
cDNA sequence of five mouse guanine deaminase (Gda) alleles and mapping to mouse chromosome 19
Authors: Giese Raymond D , Snyder Floyd F
Published: July 2002

Guanine deaminase catalyses the conversion of guanine to xanthine and ammonia, thereby irreversibly removing the guanine base from the pool of guanine-containing metabolites. We have identified five alleles at the mouse guanine deaminase locus by cDNA sequencing. These alleles were defined by single-nucleotide polymorphisms at a total of 19 positions. For each allele the representative strains are as follows: Gdaa, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J; Gdab, A/J; Gdac, MOLF/Ei; Gdad, CAST/Ei; and Gdae, SPRET-1. The only codon change resulting in an amino acid substitution was found at nucleotide 523, where GAT was replaced by AAT in Mus spretus resulting in the deduced substitution of Asp-174 by Asn. The single-nucleotide difference between the a and b alleles was also typed by allele-specific oligonucleotide amplification for 17 common strains of Mus musculus susbp. musculus. By typing the A×B and B×A recombinant inbred (RI) strain sets, Gda was mapped to mouse chromosome 19, a region syntenic with human chromosome 9q11q22.Key Words: mouse guanine deaminase, alleles, mapping.
MOLECULAR-COHERENT-STATES AND MOLECULAR-FUNDAMENTAL-STATES
Authors: IRAC-ASTAUD MICHÈLE
Published: July 2002

New families of Molecular-Coherent-States are constructed by the Perelomov group-method. Each family is generated by a Molecular-Fundamental-State that depends on an arbitrary sequence of complex numbers cj. Two of these families were already obtained by D. Janssen and by J. A. Morales, E. Deumens and Y. Öhrn. The properties of these families are investigated and we show that most of them are independent on the cj.
A COMMENT ON JONES INCLUSIONS WITH INFINITE INDEX
Authors: NILL FLORIAN , WIESBROCK HANS-WERNER
Published: July 2002

Given an irreducible inclusion of infinite von-Neumann-algebras [Formula: see text] together with a conditional expectation [Formula: see text] such that the inclusion has depth 2, we show quite explicitly how [Formula: see text] can be viewed as the fixed-point algebra of [Formula: see text] w.r.t. an outer action of a compact Kac algebra acting on [Formula: see text]. This gives an alternative proof, under this special setting of a more general result of M. Enock and R. Nest [6], see also S. Yamagami [28].
HYDRODYNAMICAL MODELS OF GASEOUS STARS
Authors: DUCOMET B.
Published: July 2002

We revisit the main results concerning the local and global existence and the stability of solutions for some simplified models of self-gravitating stars used in astrophysical hydrodynamics, with an emphasis on the spherical situation.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF KINK (SOLITON) STATES
Authors: SCHLINGEMANN DIRK
Published: July 2002

Several two-dimensional quantum field theory models have more than one vacuum state. Familiar examples are the Sine-Gordon and the [Formula: see text]-model. It is known that in these models there are also states, called soliton or kink states, which interpolate different vacua. We investigate the following question: Which are the properties a pair of vacuum states must have, such that an interpolating kink state can be constructed? We discuss the problem in the framework of algebraic quantum field theory which includes, for example, the P(ϕ)2-models. We identify a large class of vacuum states, including the vacua of the P(ϕ)2-models, for which there is a natural way to construct an interpolating kink state.
ALGEBRO-GEOMETRIC SOLUTIONS OF THE BOUSSINESQ HIERARCHY
Authors: DICKSON R. , GESZTESY F. , UNTERKOFLER K.
Published: July 2002

We continue a recently developed systematic approach to the Bousinesq (Bsq) hierarchy and its algebro-geometric solutions. Our formalism includes a recursive construction of Lax pairs and establishes associated Burchnall–Chaundy curves, Baker–Akhiezer functions and Dubrovin-type equations for analogs of Dirichlet and Neumann divisors. The principal aim of this paper is a detailed theta function representation of all algebro-geometric quasi-periodic solutions and related quantities of the Bsq hierarchy.
HIGH ORDER STATISTICS FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: LABBI ABDERRAHIM , BOSCH HOLGER , PELLEGRINI CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the problem of image classification using local information which is aggregated to provide global representation of different image classes. Local information is adaptively extracted from an image database using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which provides a set of localized, oriented, and band-pass filters selective to independent features of the images. Local representation using ICA techniques has been previously investigated by several researchers. However, very little work has been done on further use of these representations to provide more complex and global description of images. In this paper, we present an algorithm which uses the energy of a minimal set of ICA filters to provide class-specific signatures which are shown to be strongly discriminant. Computer simulations are carried on two image databases, one consisting of five classes -referred to as categories- (buildings, rooms, mountains, forests and beaches) and one consisting of a set of 30 objects from multiple views for viewpoint invariant object recognition. The classification performance of the algorithm using both Independent and Principal Component Analyses are reported and discussed.
BOUNDED COCYCLES ON FINITE VON NEUMANN ALGEBRAS
Authors: BATES TERESA , GIORDANO THIERRY
Published: July 2002

In this note we prove that if G is a countable discrete group, then every uniformly bounded cocycle from a standard Borel G-space into a finite Von Neumann algebra is cohomologous to a unitary cocycle. This generalizes results of both F. H. Vasilescu and L. Zsidó and R. J. Zimmer.
MODIFIED ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES FOR SOME COMPLETELY INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS
Authors: KASPERCZUK STANISŁAW P.
Published: July 2002

We modify the algebraic structure of a Poisson bialgebra by considering the deformed coproduct [Formula: see text] and deformations of an algebra e(2). These modifications lead to the quantum groups and provide new classes of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems.
A NOTE ON THE HEAT KERNEL METHOD APPLIED TO FERMIONS
Authors: DE BERREDO-PEIXOTO G.
Published: July 2002

The spectrum of the fermionic operators depending on external fields is an important object in quantum field theory. In this paper we prove, using transition to the alternative basis for the γ-matrices, that this spectrum does not depend on the sign of the fermion mass, up to a constant factor. This assumption has been extensively used, but usually without proof. As an illustration, we calculated the coincidence limit of the coefficient a2(x,x′) on the general background of metric, vector and axial vector fields.
ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS: PROPAGATION IN THE GALAXY AND ANISOTROPY
Authors: KALASHEV O. E. , KUZMIN V. A. , SEMIKOZ D. V.
Published: July 2002

We considered propagation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) through the galaxy. We investigated models with sources of UHECR distributed in the same way as Cold Dark Matter (CDM) in a self-consistent way, taking into account both extra-galactic and Galactic contributions. Using a very simple toy model of galactic magnetic field we showed that in the case of galactic origin of UHECRs the anisotropy can reach considerable values. In the case of extragalactic UHECRs origin, the anisotropy appears to be nonvanishing only for electron and photon components due to synchrotron losses, but it can hardly be reassured. The reason is an extremely low flux of UHE electrons and a too low level of γ-ray anisotropy.
COLLECTIVE COORDINATE QUANTIZATION OF CP1 MODEL COUPLED TO HOPF TERM REVISITED
Authors: CHAKRABORTY BISWAJIT
Published: July 2002

We show that the system where CP1 model coupled to Hopf term can reveal fractional spin in a collective coordinate quantization scheme, provided that one makes a transition to physically inequivalent sector within the same solitonic sector characterized by a nonvanishing topological number.
N=2 SUPERSYMMETRY AND STRING-LOOP CORRECTED MAGNETIC BLACK HOLES
Authors: IOFA MIKHAIL Z.
Published: July 2002

We study string-loop corrections to magnetic black hole. Four-dimensional theory is obtained by compactification of the heterotic string theory on the manifold K3×T2 or on a suitable orbifold yielding N=1 supersymmetry in 6D. The resulting 4D theory has N=2 local supersymmetry. Prepotential of this theory receives only one-string-loop correction. The tree-level gauge couplings are proportional to the inverse effective string coupling and decrease at small distances from the center of magnetic black hole, so that loop corrections to the gauge couplings are important in this region. We solve the system of Killing spinor equations (conditions for the supersymmetry variations of the fermions to vanish) and Maxwell equations. At the string-tree level, we reproduce the magnetic black hole solution which can also be obtained by solving the system of the Einstein–Maxwell equations and the equations of motion for the moduli. String-loop corrections to the tree-level solution are calculated in the first order in string coupling. The resulting corrections to the metric and dilaton are large at small distances from the center of the black hole. Possible smearing of the singularity at the origin by quantum corrections is discussed.
N = 1 SYM ACTION AND BRST COHOMOLOGY
Authors: ÜLKER K.
Published: July 2002

The relation between BRST cohomology and the N = 1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills action in four dimensions is discussed. In particular, it is shown that both off- and on-shell N = 1 SYM actions are related to a lower-dimensional field polynomial by solving the descent equations, which is obtained from the cohomological analysis of linearized Slavnov–Taylor operator ℬ, in the framework of algebraic renormalization. Furthermore we show that off- and on-shell solutions differ only by a ℬ-exact term, which is a consequence of the fact that the cohomology of both cases are the same.
GENERATING COMPLEX POTENTIALS WITH REAL EIGENVALUES IN SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS
Authors: BAGCHI B. , MALLIK S. , QUESNE C.
Published: July 2002

In the framework of SUSYQM extended to deal with non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, we analyze three sets of complex potentials with real spectra, recently derived by a potential algebraic approach based upon the complex Lie algebra [Formula: see text] . This extends to the complex domain the well-known relationship between SUSYQM and potential algebras for Hermitian Hamiltonians, resulting from their common link with the factorization method and Darboux transformations. In the same framework, we also generate for the first time a pair of elliptic partner potentials of Weierstrass ℘ type, one of them being real and the other imaginary and PT symmetric. The latter turns out to be quasiexactly solvable with one known eigenvalue corresponding to a bound state. When the Weierstrass function degenerates to a hyperbolic one, the imaginary potential becomes PT nonsymmetric and its known eigenvalue corresponds to an unbound state.
RETARDATION TERMS IN THE ONE-GLUON EXCHANGE POTENTIAL
Authors: SU JUN-CHEN , CHEN JIAN-XING
Published: July 2002

It is pointed out that the retardation terms given in the original Fermi–Breit potential vanish in the center-of-mass frame. The retarded one-gluon exchange potential is rederived in this paper from the three-dimensional one-gluon exchange kernel which appears in the exact three-dimensional relativistic equation for quark–antiquark bound states. The retardation part of the potential given in the approximation of order p2/m2 is shown to be different from those derived in the previous literature. This part is off-shell and no longer vanishes in the center-of-mass frame.
PROLONGATION ALGEBRA AND BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS OF DRINFELD–SOKOLOV SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Authors: KARASU (KALKANLI) AYŞE , YURDUŞEN ISMET
Published: July 2002

We show that the Drinfeld–Sokolov system of equations has a nontrivial prolongation structure. The closure process for prolongation algebra gives rise to the sl (4,c) algebra which is used to derive the scattering problem for the system of equations under consideration. The nontrivial new Bäcklund transformations and some explicit solutions are given.
SUPERSYMMETRY, VARIATIONAL METHOD AND THE LENNARD–JONES (12,6) POTENTIAL
Authors: BORGES GLÁUCIA ROSÂNGELA PEGLOW , FILHO ELSO DRIGO
Published: July 2002

The formalism of supersymmetric quantum mechanics is used to determine trial functions in order to obtain eigenvalues for the Lennard–Jones (12,6) potential from variational method. The superpotential obtained provides an effective potential which can be directly comparable to the original one.
FINITE TEMPERATURE INDUCED FERMION NUMBER
Authors: DUNNE GERALD V.
Published: July 2002

The induced fermion number at zero temperature is topological (in the sense that it is only sensitive to global asymptotic properties of the background field), and is a sharp observable (in the sense that it has vanishing rms fluctuations). At finite temperature, it is shown to be generically nontopological, and it is not a sharp observable.
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE EFFECTS ON LATTICE PROPERTIES OF PURE C60 SOLID
Authors: JINDAL V. K. , DHARAMVIR K. , SINGH SARBPREET
Published: July 2002

A simple model based on atom–atom potential has been used to calculate various bulk, structural and thermodynamic properties of pure C 60 solid by including implicit anharmonicity. The pressure and temperature dependent properties such as bulk modulus, lattice and orientational structure, thermal expansion, phonon frequency shift, Gruneisen parameters, heat capacity and entropy have been calculated and compared with available data. Though results for some of these properties have been calculated earlier, using improved potential models to suit C 60 solid, this paper ascertains the extent of validity of a potential used successfully in the past explaining the observed properties of aromatic hydrocarbons. The same potential used without modification does reproduce, barring orientational absolute minimum configuration, broadly, all the other calculated properties to similar degree of accuracy. It thus provides a platform to include additional terms for interpreting properties of doped C 60 solids and polymerized C 60 systems.
INTERPARTICLE FORCE IN NONLINEAR ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: WAN JONES T. K. , GU G. Q. , YU K. W.
Published: July 2002

The applied electric field used in most electrorheological (ER) experiments is usually quite high, and nonlinear ER effects have been measured recently. In this work, a self-consistent formalism has been employed to compute the interparticle force for a nonlinear ER fluid in an attempt to investigate the effect of a nonlinear characteristics on the particle interactions.
CHAOS IN A SIMPLE BOOLEAN NETWORK
Authors: ANDRECUT M. , ALI M. K.
Published: July 2002

We study the complex dynamics of a simple stochastic Boolean network. The investigated system is equivalent to a randomly connected Boolean cellular automaton. The dynamical evolution of the cellular automaton is exactly described by a polynomial map with binomial coefficients. We show that the map is chaotic and the route to chaos is period-doubling bifurcations.
THE DYNAMICS OF THE BLUME–EMERY–GRIFFITHS MODEL
Authors: PIGORSCH C. , SCHULZ M. , TRIMPER S.
Published: July 2002

The Fock-space method is presented to analyze the dynamics of the Blume–Emery–Griffiths (BEG) model including both spin-flip and spin-exchange processes with weighted transition rates. In this connection, the master equation on a lattice is formulated in a Quantum–Hamiltonian technique with second quantized operators. Introducing raising and lowering Para-Fermi operators for spin S = 1 the master equation is established for a three-state model where two states represent two different kinds of particles and the remaining state corresponds to an empty state. The coupled dynamical equations for the particle density and the local relative composition are derived including fluctuation corrections in lowest order of a gradient expansion. Although the underlying dynamics are subjected to the exclusion principle the resulting equations of motion may be classified according to the scheme due to Halperin and Hohenberg where the field-dependent kinetic coefficients are given explicitly. The homogeneous stationary solutions of these dynamical equations correspond to the mean-field approximation of the BEG Hamiltonian. For a special case, the diluted kinetic Ising model, phase separation is observed below a characteristic temperature. Furthermore, the crossover between thermal and non-thermal driven processes is discussed.