bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of social facilitation on water consumption in a free-living adults
Authors: Al-Jalali E , Shirreffs S M
Published: November 2011

People tend to drink and eat more when others are present than when alone (De Castro.Physiol Behav1994;56:445–55). This study investigated the influence of the presence of other people on water consumption in adults living in the UK. 8 females and 11 males who consumed 74±12% (Mean±SD) of their meals and snacks alone (1) and 8 females and 11 males who had 80±17% of their meals and snacks with other people present (2+) completed a 3-consecutive day dietary record for 1 weekend and 2 week days. Every item consumed, eating occasion (meal/snack), time, food preparation method, product brand, location of consumption and details of any people with them were recorded. Characteristics of subjects 1 and 2+ are: 31±13 y, 41±15 y; body mass 74±17 kg, 75±14 kg; height 171±11 cm, 172±8 cm; BMI 26±7 kg/m2, 25±4 kg/m2; environmental temperature 10±5°C, 10±4°C, respectively. Comparisons between groups were determined by unpaired t-tests. Group 2+ consumed more water than group 1 subjects (2482±691 ml/day, 1681±630 ml/day, (p=0.001)). This was because they consumed more water via drinks (non-water beverages: 1143±565 ml, 731±559 ml respectively (p=0.038), plain water: 791±432 ml, 383±347 ml respectively (p=0.027)) as there was no difference between groups in total water intake from food (1; 506±270 ml, 2+; 608±152 ml respectively p=0.163). There was a strong and significant correlation between water intake and other people present r=0.492, p=0.002. The amount of water ingested with other people present increase by over 801 ml/day than alone. This is similar to previous research (De Castroet al.Physiol Behav1991;51:121–5) which found that eating alone decreased intake by 200 kcal/day.
Biomechanical performance measurement using wireless inertial sensors for professional and recreational darts players
Authors: Walsh M , Tyndyk M , Barton J , O'Flynn B , O'Mathuna C
Published: November 2011

Biomechanical performance is an important factor for developing darts players. The darts throw happens so quickly (< 200 ms) that even the trained eye of an experienced coach has difficulty in identifying the small movement differences that can determine a player's technical proficiency. Traditionally for high precision sports such as darts, biomechanical information is captured with an optical marker system, which is immobile, expensive and requires a specialised team to operate. Advances in wearable sensor technology allow measurement of kinematics using non-invasive sensors embedded in athletic clothing. Data from one professional player aged 24 y and ranked within the top 60 in the Professional Darts Corporation world rankings and two recreational players aged 28 and 25 y respectively were used in this analysis. A single custom-built Wireless Inertial Measurement Unit (WIMU) was placed on the proximal forearm of each participant. Each player performed 150 throws in a real game situation. Score and the projectile's final position on the target were recorded manually. As reported previously, players with higher skill level had the ability to regulate a number of variable parameters affecting outcome, for each discrete over arm throwing action, more effectively then the less skilled players. These parameters included the maximum acceleration of the throwing arm (std. dev. Pro. 0.1 g, Rec 0.35 g), the maximum speed of the throwing arm (std. dev. Pro. 0.1 ms-1 g, Rec 0.2 ms-1), and the throw timing (std. dev. Pro. 0.15 s, Rec 0.67 s). These results concur with previous measurements taken using an optical marker system. Placing WIMU's on a darts player's arm holds potential for coaches to easily measure biomechanical factors, thus quantifying performance without the need for a complex biomechanics laboratory. Coaches can use this data to fine-tune elite athletes or to screen younger players for characteristics that are indicative of a potential for high performance.
Effect of acute L-arginine supplementation on 20 km time trial performance in competitive male cyclists
Authors: Ranchordas M K , Whitehead T
Published: November 2011

Increasing literature has studied the effects of dietary nitrates and moreover, L-arginine supplementation on tolerance to exercise and O2consumption during exercise. However, few studies have investigated the effects of L-arginine on performance measures such as a time trial. It was hypothesised that an acute 3-day L-arginine supplementation would elicit a significant improvement in performance and reduce oxygen consumption during a 20 km time trial. 6 healthy male competitive cyclists (23 ± 5 y) participated in a double-blind crossover study, and consumed either one 500 m placebo (PLA) or L-arginine (ARG) beverage, containing 6 g of L-arginine, over a 2 week testing period. Following a 3-day supplementation, participants completed a ramped incremental test to exhaustion, followed by an hours rest and subsequently a 20 km time trial. Time trial completion time was reduced by 34 s (PLA 32:38 ± 1:50 vs ARG 32:04 ± 1:38 min,P<0.05), O2consumption during the time trial was also reduced (PLA 51.6 ± 8.2 vs ARG 47.5 ± 6.1 mL.kg.min-1,P<0.05). Furthermore, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were greatly reduced (PLA 132 ± 7 vs ARG 127 ± 7 mm HgP<0.05 and PLA 79 ± 5 vs ARG 74 ± 5 mm Hg respectively,P<0.05). However, no differences were seen in participants' VO2max during the ramped incremental test to exhaustion (58 ± 8 vs 58 ± 8 ml.kg.min-1,P>0.05) although Wpeakwas higher during the same test (PLA 385 ± 38 vs ARG 395 ± 39 W). In conclusion, acute 3-day L-arginine supplementation at a dose of 6 g.day-1increases 20 km time trial performance and reduces O2consumption during time trial performance, in addition to reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, L-arginine appears to have no effect upon VO2max
Goalkeepers' positioning can reduce the uncertain of penalty shot direction in association football
Authors: Vilar L , Santos L , Araújo D , Davids K
Published: November 2011

The ability to determine ball direction in advance is a key constraint on goalkeeping performance when facing penalty kicks in association football. In this communication we examined whether the positioning of the goalkeeper on the goal line might reduce the uncertainty of the shooting direction of the penalty kicker. Twelve male (M=20,SD=2 y old) players (8 field players and 4 goalkeepers) performed 168 penalty kicks when facing goalkeepers who took up 21 different positions on the goal line (varied from the left post (−3.3 m) to the right post (3.3 m), manipulated in increments of 0.33 m). According to the shooting angle of the kicks, we divided the goal into 5 different areas: (1) −18° (left post) to −10.8°, (2) 10.8° to −3.6°, (3) −3.6° to 3.6°, (4) 3.6° to 10.8° and (5) 10.8° to 18° (right post). Outfield players aimed to score goals, while goalkeepers were asked to save the goal, maintaining their position until the ball was shot. Uncertainty of shooting direction was assessed by using Shannon's entropy measure for N=5 possible outcomes. Results showed that when goalkeepers were positioned at −0.66 m, uncertainty of shooting direction was higher (2.1) than when they were positioned at −0.33 m, 0 m, 0.66 m and 0.99 m (1.8). However, when goalkeepers were positioned at 0.33 m, uncertainty seemed to decrease to 1.5. These data suggest that the goalkeeper's positioning in the goal constrained the level of uncertainty in the direction of shooting in penalty kicks in association football. More precisely, it appears that, when the goalkeeper is positioned 0.33 m to the right of centre in the goal, this spatial location might increase the ability to determine ball direction in advance. Further research needs to examine the relation between the distance required for a goalkeeper to intercept the ball and the uncertainty in shooting direction.
Revision ACL reconstruction – causes of failure and graft choices
Authors: Akhtar M A , Bhattacharya R , Ohly N , Keating J F
Published: November 2011

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common sporting injury. Reconstruction of the ruptured ACL is accepted as standard treatment for athletes as it allows them to resume sporting activities. Revision reconstruction of the ACL is becoming a common operation following the failure of primary graft. This study looked at the aetiology of primary ACL graft failure and choices of graft used for primary and revision surgery. Prospective data was collected for 98 patients undergoing revision ACL reconstruction between 1996 and 2010 under the care of a single knee surgeon, including demographic details, type of graft used in primary and revision ACL reconstruction and possible cause of failure of the primary ACL reconstruction. The mean age was 31 y (range 13–50 y), with 69 males (70%) and 29 females (30%). 24 patients (27%) were involved in sports and the most common sport played was football (n =10, 42%). The most common graft used for primary ACL reconstruction was hamstring tendon in 39 patients (54%) followed by patella tendon in 20 patients (28%). The commonest reason for graft failure after primary ACL surgery was trauma (in 47 patients: 52%) followed by “biological” (in 36 patients-40%), technical errors (in 5 patients-5.5%) and infection (in 2 patients-2.2%). The commonest graft used for revision ACL reconstruction was bone patella tendon in 49 patients (58%) followed by allograft in 20 patients (24%) and hamstring tendon in 13 patients (15%). The commonest cause of failure of primary ACL reconstruction surgery appears to be trauma (52%) followed by “biological failure” (40%). The commonest graft used for primary ACL reconstruction was hamstring tendon in 54% and for revision ACL reconstruction was patella tendon in 58%. Appropriate advice on return to play should be given to athletes to avoid traumatic failure of primary ACL reconstruction. Biological failure is a relatively new concept and further studies are needed to fully understand this mechanism of failure.
The effectiveness of prolotherapy for recalcitrant medial tibial stress syndrome: a prospective case series
Authors: Padhiar N , Jones P R , Curtin M , Malliaras P , Chan O , Crisp T A
Published: November 2011

The aim was to evaluate whether ultrasound-guided injection of 15% dextrose for treatment of recalcitrant medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) decreases pain and facilitates a return to desired activity levels. This was a prospective case series. Participants were nine subjects: seven male and two female; (mean age=33.6 years) with MTSS, referred from sports injury clinics across the UK to a specialist centre at a London private hospital, having failed conservative treatment. An ultrasound-guided subperiosteal injection of 15% dextrose was administered by the same clinician (NP) along the length of the symptomatic area. Typically 1 ml of solution was injected per cm of symptomatic area. A second injection was subsequently administered at four weeks for 4 of the 9 subjects. Pain was assessed using a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, short-term, medium-term (mean 18 weeks) and at long-term (mean 1 year) follow-up. Symptom resolution and return to activity were measured using a Likert scale at medium-term and long-term follow-up. Subjects reported a significant (p<0.01) reduction in median VAS pain score at medium-term follow-up compared to baseline. Median improvement per subject was 5/10. At long-term follow-up, median improvement was 4/10. Subjects rated their condition as ‘much improved' at medium-term follow-up and ‘no change' at long-term follow-up. Median return to sport score at medium-term follow-up was ‘returned to desired but not preinjury level' and ‘returned to sport at an unsatisfactory level' at long-term follow-up. There were no reported adverse events. Ultrasound-guided 15% dextrose prolotherapy injection has a significant medium-term effect on pain in MTSS. There is a suggestion that this benefit may be maintained long-term. More robust trials are required to validate these findings.
A retrospective study looking at the incidence of ‘stinger' injuries in professional rugby union players
Authors: Cunnane M , Pratten M , Loughna S
Published: November 2011

Brachial plexus injuries commonly occur in athletes participating in contact sports. One such injury, commonly known as ‘stingers' or ‘burners' (US) because of the associated feeling that occurs in the affected upper limb, also results in paraesthesia, weakness and pain. A retrospective study was undertaken examining the incidences of ‘stinger' injuries in Premiership rugby union football players. Data was collected from 152 members of 1st team squads from 5 Premiership clubs via questionnaire designed to examine the frequency, symptoms, and effects of stinger injuries. 72% of players suffered from one or more stinger injury, and the range was from 0 to 20, over the course of the 2009–2010 season. The most common number of stingers was 0, and the average was 2.2 per player. The incidence of stingers was 2.5 times greater in the forwards (positions 1–8) than the backs (7–15), with the most commonly affected position being the 6–8 subgroup (the back row) which had an average of 4.4 stingers per season, the least was numbers 11 and 14 (wingers) suffering on average 0.7 per season. It appears that there is a correlation between the number of stingers sustained and the age of athlete, as well as the number of years playing professionally. The majority of injuries were reported when tackling (78%) and to a lesser extent when rucking (11%). The most commonly complained of symptoms were numbness, pain and reduction in range of movement. The majority (59%) of players reported no days with no/limited training off after the worst stinger in their memory. 95% of players who suffered from a stinger carried on playing without treatment or leaving the field. 75% of stinger injuries occurred during matches, with 4% during training, and 21% of players saying they occurred in both matches and training. In conclusion, stinger injuries do occur with a high frequency in rugby union, with forward positions being more at risk than others.
The effect of electrical stimulation on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage
Authors: Leeder J , Spence J , Taylor E , Harrison A , Howatson G
Published: November 2011

The aim was to investigate the efficacy of a commercially available electrical stimulation device purporting to facilitate recovery from strenuous exercise. Eight participants (5 male and 3 female, age range 23–30 y) volunteered for the study and were familiarised with all exercises involved. Prior to damaging exercise, participants completed tests of maximal isometric voluntary contraction of the knee extensors (MIVC-E) and flexors (MIVC-F) of both legs and perception of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was ascertained via a 200 mm visual analogue scale. To induce muscle damage, participants completed 5 sets of 20 drop jumps (10 s between jumps, 2 min between sets) from a 60 cm (males) or 40 cm high (females) platform. Electrical stimulation (Bodyflow, Victoria, Australia) was applied at 1.52 Hz for 3×20 min per day, separated by 5 h, for the next 48 h, randomised into either the dominant (n= 4) or non-dominant leg (n= 4), with the contralateral leg acting as the non-treatment control. Participants completed tests of MIVC-E and MIVC-F and a visual analogue scale 24 h and 48 h following the exercise insult. DOMS showed an increase over time (p<0.05), peaking at 48 h (119±45 mm). MIVC-E showed a reduction over time (p<0.05), indicating muscle damage was present, but MIVC-F showed no reduction over time (p>0.05). There were no effects of treatment, or interactions between treatment and time for muscle function or muscle soreness (p>0.05). At 24 h after exercise, relative reductions in MIVC-E for control and treatment groups were 16±8% and 11±7%, respectively, and at 48 h 8±8% and 5±8%, respectively. Electrical stimulation was not effective at alleviating perceptions of DOMS following muscle damaging exercise, but there was a trend towards accelerated recovery of knee extensor strength. Further research is required to elucidate this finding with a larger and more homogenous sample population.
FRACTION OF THE GLUONIUM COMPONENT IN η′ AND η
Authors: KE HONG-WEI , YUAN XU-HAO , LI XUE-QIAN
Published: November 2011

It is interesting to determine the fraction of the gluonium component in η and η′ which has been under serious discussion for many years. Measurements on different decay and/or production modes were employed in literatures, thus larger uncertainties were unavoidable. In this paper we suggest to determine the mixing angles of η-η′-G using the data of semileptonic decays of D and Ds. We extract the mixing angles ϕ′, ϕG and the model parameters simultaneously. Thanks to the new measurements carried out by CLEO Collaboration and there are sufficient decay modes to determine both the model parameters and mixing angles. The mixing angles from data are ϕ′ = (41.5 ± 2.0)° and sin ϕG = 0.00 ± 0.36. Even though the central value of sin ϕG is still zero, an upper bound is set. Moreover, as suggested in literature, η(1405) is a glueball candidate whereas in our picture, η(1405) may be identified as G with glueonium being its main content. Using all the model-parameters obtained above, we estimate the branching ratios of [Formula: see text] where G is identified as η(1405).
Tetra-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazines with externally appended pyridine rings: 11 Photoactivity of a newPt(II)pentanuclear macrocycle bearing four cisplatin-like functionalities and its related monoplatinated species
Authors: Donzello Maria Pia , Viola Elisa , Mannina Luisa , Barteri Mario , Fu Zhen , Ercolani Claudio
Published: November 2011

The pentanuclear PtIIporphyrazine compound [(PtCl2)4LPt] (L = tetrakis-2,3-[5,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazino]porphyrazinato dianion), the mononuclear species [LPt] and the octacation [L′Pt]8+(neutralized by I- ions; L′ = L octaquaternized at the pyridine N atoms) were synthesized and characterized by IR/UV-visible spectral measurements.1H and13C NMR spectral data on [(PtCl2)4LPt] indicate that the four PtCl2units are coordinated at the pyridine N atoms of the peripheral dipyridinopyrazine fragments ("py–py" coordination) and the largely prevalent conformational arrangement of the entire macrocycle, established to have the external N2(py)PtCl2coordination sites all oriented on the same side with respect to the plane of the central porphyrazine framework, closely recalls that which was previously defined for the related PdIIanalog [(PdCl2)4LPd] . The currently investigated triad of PtIImacrocycles, like the related PdIIspecies, behave as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen, the cytotoxic agent active in photodynamic therapy (PDT). A bimodal anticancer potentiality is expressed by the pentaplatinated compound, [(PtCl2)4LPt] , which represents an unprecedented example of a multifunctional drug due to the presence of four contiguous cisplatin-like functionalities.
The influence of molecular structure and π-system extent on nano- and microstructure of Langmuir layers of copper azaporphyrins
Authors: Valkova Larissa A. , Erokhin Victor V. , Glibin Alexandr S. , Koifman Oscar I.
Published: November 2011

Comparative analysis of the structure of floating layers formed by copper tetra-tert-butylsubstituted phthalocyanine ( CuPctBu4 ) and tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin ( CuThptBu4 ) dissolved in a number of solvents is performed. The influence of the π-system extent (tetra-tert-butylsubstituted copper porphyrazine and phthalocyanine: CuPaztBu4 and CuPctBu4 ) on the structure of Langmuir layers of copper azaporphyrins is studied. It is shown that both the lack of one meso-atom and the increase of the extent of the π-system cause the balance between intermolecular interactions (AP–AP) — (AP-water) to shift to the latter and lead to formation of stable monolayers with the most open face-on structure of nanoaggregates instead of the edge-on one, all other factors being equal, in Langmuir layers prepared from solutions in aromatic solvents. The micro-level structural difference of copper tetra-tert-butylsubstituted porphyrazine ( CuPaztBu4 ) and phthalocyanine ( CuPctBu4 ) resulted from the structural difference of two-dimensional nanoaggregates forming the layers was shown using Brewster angle microscopy.
COSMOLOGICAL FRAMES FOR THEORIES WITH ABSOLUTE PARALLELISM
Authors: FIORINI FRANCO , FERRARO RAFAEL
Published: November 2011

The vierbein (tetrad) fields for closed and open Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies are hard to work out in most of the theories featuring absolute parallelism. The difficulty is traced in the fact that these theories are not invariant under local Lorentz transformations of the vierbein. We illustrate this issue in the framework of f(T) theories and Born-Infeld determinantal gravity. In particular, we show that the early Universe as described by the Born-Infeld scheme is singularity free and naturally inflationary as a consequence of the very nature of Born-Infeld gravitational action.
AN EARLY UNIVERSE MODEL WITH STIFF MATTER AND A COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
Authors: OLIVEIRA-NETO G. , MONERAT G. A. , CORRÊA SILVA E. V. , NEVES C. , FERREIRA FILHO L. G.
Published: November 2011

In the present work, we study the quantum cosmology description of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model in the presence of a stiff matter perfect fluid and a negative cosmological constant. We work in the Schutz's variational formalism and the spatial sections have constant negative curvature. We quantize the model and obtain the appropriate Wheeler-DeWitt equation. In this model the states are bounded therefore we compute the discrete energy spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions. In the present work, we consider only the negative eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenfunctions. This choice implies that the energy density of the perfect fluid is negative. A stiff matter perfect fluid with this property produces a model with a bouncing solution, at the classical level, free from an initial singularity. After that, we use the eigenfunctions in order to construct wave packets and evaluate the time-dependent expectation value of the scale factor. We find that it oscillates between maximum and minimum values. Since the expectation value of the scale factor never vanishes, we confirm that this model is free from an initial singularity, also, at the quantum level.
HIGH ENERGY PROCESSES IN THE VICINITY OF THE KERR'S BLACK HOLE HORIZON
Authors: GRIB A. A. , PAVLOV YU. V. , PIATTELLA O. F.
Published: November 2011

Two particle collisions close to the horizon of the rotating nonextremal black hole are analyzed. It is shown that high energy of the order of the Grand Unification scale in the centre of mass of colliding particles can be obtained when there is a multiple collision – the particle from the accretion disc gets the critical momentum in first collision with the other particle close to the horizon and then there is a second collision of the critical particle with the ordinary one. High energy occurs due to a great relative velocity of two particles and a large Lorentz factor. The dependence of the relative velocity on the distance to horizon is analyzed, the time of movement from the point in the accretion disc to the point of scattering with large energy as well as the time of back movement to the Earth are calculated. It is shown that they have reasonable order.
AN ANALYSIS OF A REGULAR BLACK HOLE INTERIOR
Authors: PÉREZ DANIELA , ROMERO GUSTAVO E. , CORREA CAMILA A. , PEREZ BERGLIAFFA SANTIAGO E.
Published: November 2011

In this work we address the issue of the thermodynamic behavior of a non-singular spherically-symmetric black hole model introduced by Mbonye and Kanzanas (2005). This spacetime is described by Schwarschild's solution at large radius and by a de Sitter-like solution at small radius. The interior of the black hole consists of matter fields with sound speed bounded by the speed of light. The matter transits smoothly between normal matter and a core of an exotic fluid with an equation of state that approaches p = -ρ when r → 0. We derive the general equations of the thermodynamic quantities for an arbitrary matter density profile, and adjust the results to the specific regular black hole. We also calculate the Weyl and Kretschmann scalars and analyse the behaviour of the gravitational field in connection with the thermodynamics of the matter fields. Finally, we study whether the regular behaviour at the center affects the thermodynamics of the black hole, and we discuss a possible physical interpretation of the state of regular black hole interiors.
Postvaccination Influenza 2009 H1N1 Respiratory Failure Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Firstenberg Michael S. , Abel Erik , Blais Danielle , Crestanello Juan , Mangino Julie E.
Published: November 2011

The spread of pandemic Influenza A (H1N1-2009) was believed to have been attenuated by the effectiveness of worldwide vaccination initiatives. Despite the immunogenicity of a safe vaccine, we report a case of vaccine failure resulting in catastrophic influenza-associated respiratory failure.
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Based on the DistributionsContaining Lifetime as a Thermodynamic Parameter
Authors: Ryazanov Vasiliy Vasiliy
Published: November 2011

To describe the nonequilibrium states of a system, we introduce a new thermodynamic parameter—the lifetime of a system. The statistical distributions which can be obtained out of the mesoscopic description characterizing the behaviour of a system by specifying the stochastic processes are written down. The change in the lifetime values by interaction with environment is expressed in terms of fluxes and sources. The expressions for the nonequilibrium entropy, temperature, and entropy production are obtained, which at small values of fluxes coincide with those derived within the frame of extended irreversible thermodynamics. The explicit expressions for the lifetime of a system and its thermodynamic conjugate are obtained.
Glomus Tumor of the Stomach: A Rare Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Nascimento Enzo Fabrício Ribeiro , Fonte Fábio Piovezan , Mendonça Roberta Laís , Nonose Ronaldo , de Souza Carlos Alberto Fonte , Martinez Carlos Augusto Real
Published: November 2011

Introduction. Glomus tumors (GTs) are benign neoplasm originating from the glomus body, commonly described in subungual region. The involvement abdominal is rare. Our aim is to describe a case of glomus tumor of the stomach that presented upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A 34-year-old woman was admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and underwent an upper endoscopy that showed bleeding arising from an ulcerated lesion, treated by sclerosis therapy. A new endoscopy confirmed a submucosal lesion in upper portion of the stomach. During the laparotomy, a tumor at the upper anterior wall of gastric body was found and resected by a vertical gastrectomy. The pathological exam revealed hyperplastic smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis propria of the stomach wall, surrounded by hyaline stroma. The immunohistochemistry panel was positive for smooth muscle actin and type IV collagen, with low rate of mitosis studied by Ki-67 which allowed the final diagnosis of a gastric glomus tumor.Discussion. The majority of intraperitoneal glomus tumors occur in the stomach, and it is phenotypically similar to those localized in peripheral sites. Gastric GT generally is a benign tumor although it can be malignant and have the potential to metastasize.Conclusion. Even though gastric glomus tumor is rarely described, it should be considered as a possible cause of a major upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Use of the Anterolateral Thigh in Cranio-Orbitofacial Reconstruction
Authors: Parkes William J. , Krein Howard , Heffelfinger Ryan , Curry Joseph
Published: November 2011

Objective. To detail the clinical outcomes of a series of patients having undergone free flap reconstruction of the orbit and periorbita and highlight the anterolateral thigh (ALT) as a workhorse for addressing defects in this region. Methods. A review of 47 patients who underwent free flap reconstruction for orbital or periorbital defects between September 2006 and May 2011 was performed. Data reviewed included demographics, defect characteristics, free flap used, additional reconstructive techniques employed, length of stay, complications, and follow-up. The ALT subset of the case series was the focus of the data reviewed for this paper. Selected cases were described to highlight some of the advantages of employing the ALT for cranio-orbitofacial reconstruction. Results. 51 free flaps in 47 patients were reviewed. 38 cases required orbital exenteration. The ALT was used in 33 patients. Complications included 1 hematoma, 2 wound infections, 3 CSF leaks, and 3 flap failures. Conclusions. Free tissue transfer allows for the safe and effective reconstruction of complex defects of the orbit and periorbital structures. Reconstructive choice is dependent upon the extent of soft tissue loss, midfacial bone loss, and skullbase involvement. The ALT provides a versatile option to reconstruct the many cranio-orbitofacial defects encountered.
Biological Fingerprinting of Herbal Samples by Means of Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Cieśla Łukasz
Published: November 2011

Biological chromatographic fingerprinting is a relatively new concept in the quality control of herbal samples. Originally it has been developed with the application of HPLC, and recently herbal samples' biological profiles have been obtained by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This paper summarizes the application of liquid chromatographic techniques for the purpose of biological fingerprint analysis (BFA) of complex herbal samples. In case of biological TLC fingerprint, which is a relatively novel solution, perspectives of its further development are outlined in more detail. Apart from already published data, some novel results are also shown and briefly discussed. The paper aims at drawing scientists' attention to the unique solutions offered by biological fingerprint construction.
p53 Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction in Diabetic Mellitus Caused by Excessive Mitochondrial Respiration-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Lipid Accumulation
Authors: Nakamura Hideo , Matoba Satoaki , Iwai-Kanai Eri , Kimata Masaki , Hoshino Atsushi , Nakaoka Mikihiko , Katamura Maki , Okawa Yoshifumi , Ariyoshi Makoto , Mita Yuichiro , Ikeda Koji , Okigaki Mitsuhiko , Adachi Souichi , Tanaka Hideo , Takamatsu Tetsuro , Matsubara Hiroaki
Published: November 2011

Background—

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by energetic dysregulation caused by glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial alterations. p53 and its downstream mitochondrial assembly protein, synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 (SCO2), are important regulators of mitochondrial respiration, whereas the involvement in diabetic cardiomyopathy remains to be determined.

Methods and Results—

The role of p53 and SCO2 in energy metabolism was examined in both type I (streptozotocin [STZ] administration) and type II diabetic (
db/db
) mice. Cardiac expressions of p53 and SCO2 in 4-week STZ diabetic mice were upregulated (185% and 152% versus controls, respectively,
P
<0.01), with a marked decrease in cardiac performance. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was increased (136% versus control,
P
<0.01) in parallel with augmentation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) activity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-damaged myocytes and lipid accumulation were increased in association with membrane-localization of fatty acid translocase protein FAT/CD36. Antioxidant tempol reduced the increased expressions of p53 and SCO2 in STZ-diabetic hearts and normalized alterations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, lipid accumulation, and cardiac dysfunction. Similar results were observed in
db/db
mice, whereas in p53-deficient or SCO2-deficient diabetic mice, the cardiac and metabolic abnormalities were prevented. Overexpression of SCO2 in cardiac myocytes increased mitochondrial ROS and fatty acid accumulation, whereas knockdown of SCO2 ameliorated them.

Conclusions—

Myocardial p53/SCO2 signal is activated by diabetes-mediated ROS generation to increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption, resulting in excessive generation of mitochondria-derived ROS and lipid accumulation in association with cardiac dysfunction.
Loop Current Mixed Layer Energy Response to Hurricane Lili (2002). Part I: Observations
Authors: Uhlhorn Eric W. , Shay Lynn K.
Published: November 2011

The ocean mixed layer response to a tropical cyclone within and immediately adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current is examined. In the first of a two-part study, a comprehensive set of temperature, salinity, and current profiles acquired from aircraft-deployed expendable probes is utilized to analyze the three-dimensional oceanic energy evolution in response to Hurricane Lili’s (2002) passage. Mixed layer temperature analyses show that the Loop Current cooled <1°C in response to the storm, in contrast to typically observed larger decreases of 3°–5°C. Correspondingly, vertical current shear associated with mixed layer currents, which is responsible for entrainment mixing of cooler water, was found to be up to 50% weaker, on average, than observed in previous studies within the directly forced region. The Loop Current, which separates the warmer, lighter Caribbean Subtropical Water from the cooler, heavier Gulf Common Water, was found to decrease in intensity by −0.18 ± 0.25 m s−1 over an approximately 10-day period within the mixed layer. Contrary to previous ocean response studies, which have assumed approximately horizontally homogeneous ocean structure prior to storm passage, a kinetic energy loss of 5.8 ± 6.4 kJ m−2, or approximately −1 wind stress-scaled energy unit, was observed. By examining near-surface currents derived from satellite altimetry data, the Loop Current is found to vary similarly in magnitude over such time scales, suggesting storm-generated energy is rapidly removed by the preexisting Loop Current. In a future study, the simulated mixed layer evolution to a Hurricane Lili–like storm within an idealized preexisting baroclinic current is analyzed to help understand the complex air–sea interaction and resulting energetic response.
Diabetes and Femoral Neck Strength: Findings from The Hip Strength Across the Menopausal Transition Study
Authors: Ishii Shinya , Cauley Jane A. , Crandall Carolyn J. , Srikanthan Preethi , Greendale Gail A. , Huang Mei-Hua , Danielson Michelle E. , Karlamangla Arun S.
Published: November 2011

Context:

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased hip fracture risk, despite being associated with higher bone mineral density in the femoral neck.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that composite indices of femoral neck strength, which integrate dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry derived femoral neck size, femoral neck areal bone mineral density, and body size and are inversely associated with hip fracture risk, would be lower in diabetics than in nondiabetics and be inversely related to insulin resistance, the primary pathology in type 2 diabetes.

Design:

This was a cross-sectional analysis.

Setting and Participants:

The study consisted of a multisite, multiethnic, community-dwelling sample of 1887 women in pre- or early perimenopause.

Outcome Measurements:

Composite indices for femoral neck strength in different failure modes (axial compression, bending, and impact) were measured.

Results:

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, menopausal stage, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and study site, diabetic women had higher femoral neck areal bone mineral density [+0.25 sd, 95% confidence interval (CI) (+0.06, +0.44) sd] but lower composite strength indices [−0.20 sd, 95% CI (−0.38, −0.03) sd for compression, −0.19 sd, 95% CI (−0.38, −0.003) sd for bending, −0.19 sd, 95% CI (−0.37, −0.02) sd for impact] than nondiabetic women. There were graded inverse relationships between homeostasis model-assessed insulin resistance and all three strength indices, adjusted for the same covariates.

Conclusions:

Despite having higher bone density, diabetic women have lower indices of femoral neck strength relative to load, consistent with their documented higher fracture risk. Insulin resistance appears to play an important role in bone strength reduction in diabetes.
Textsymbiosen. Latein und Volkssprache im Spannungsfeld von Gebrauchssituation und Gebrauchsfunktion
Authors: Stridde Christine
Published: November 2011

The article focuses on the relation between Latin and vernacular ›benedictions‹ and asks for their situational and functional use within the particular context of transmission. The analysis of certain examples from the 9th to the 16th century offer various types of how the situational and functional use had been connected during literary history. Without claiming a teleological transition, the article states, that those types track a conceptual development starting with the original Latin functional use over to its de-contextualization right up to vernacular re-contextualization in the sense of an emancipation of vernacular language.
“Et le moyen plain de paine et tristesse”: Solution, Symbology, and Context in Ockeghem's “Prenez sur moi”
Authors: Lee-De Amici Beth Anne
Published: November 2011

For five hundred years, scholars, theorists, and performers have searched for solutions to the puzzles encoded in Ockeghem's “Prenez sur moi.” Most of the literature to date has concentrated on the opening pitches and matters of mode. Much less attention has been paid either to the text or to the illumination found in the sole surviving contemporary source, the Copenhagen Chansonnier.

This article explores connections among text, music, and illumination in an attempt to go beyond prescriptions for performance and instead to explain what the canon might have meant to Ockeghem and his contemporaries. In particular, Ockeghem seems to have drawn on the line “et le moyen plain de paine et tristesse” (and the middle full of pain and sorrow) as inspiration for a series of complex references to center, symmetry, and mirror image in the canon’s musical structure and solmization. The illumination in the Copenhagen Chansonnier also appears to participate in these references, as well as to demonstrate connections to other aspects of medieval French court culture, in particular the Roman de la rose and astrology/astronomy. Further, Ockeghem's explorations of center, symmetry, and mirror image allow us to posit that “Prenez sur moi” may be construed as a musical labyrinth.
Music for Spellbound (1945): A Contested Collaboration
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2011

Production files detailing the construction of the musical score for the film Spellbound reveal an intense and complicated collaboration involving music editor Audray Granville, director Alfred Hitchcock, composer Miklós Rózsa, and producer David O. Selznick. Tracing the formation of the score from initial outlines through composition and editing shows how these four individuals contributed to the score’s development. Conflicting instructions from Hitchcock and Selznick as well as Granville’s preview score influenced Rózsa’s compositional decisions, and Granville’s revisions of Rózsa’s recorded music affected the content of the score. The music of Spellbound does not represent a single or even shared vision, but rather an intricate conglomeration of ideas, revisions, and interpolations. Illuminating these layers of discourse enriches musico-cinematic analysis by challenging conventional notions of authorship and artistic control in the Hollywood film score.
On the Scenic Route to Irving Berlin's Holiday Inn (1942)
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: November 2011

This study of Irving Berlin's Holiday Inn (Paramount, 1942) considers the collaboration of the film's four primary creative figures: Irving Berlin, Mark Sandrich, Bing Crosby, and Fred Astaire. Extracted from a wide array of production materials, the story of the making of Holiday Inn demonstrates how archival research can address questions of broad scholarly interest, such as large-scale form, star personas, musical style, musical-dramatic integration, the representation of blackness and African American characters, and political meaning in popular-culture products.

Examining details of the film's production history sheds particular light upon the function of songs and musical routines as quasi-autonomous parts of the whole.
Incretin-based therapy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jermendy György
Published: November 2011

In the last couple of years, a new class of antidiabetic drugs became available for the clinical practice. Due to the intensive research, several new drugs reached the market. Among the incretinmimetics both the GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1)-receptor agonist exenatide and the GLP-1-analogue liraglutide can be used for treatment. As for incretin enhancers (dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 [DPP-4]-inhibitors), sitagliptin, vildagliptin and saxagliptin are available in Hungary, linagliptin will be introduced to the market in the near future. In clinical practice, any incretin-based new drugs can be used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes, preferably in combination with metformin. The clinical experiences with these new drugs are reviewed focusing on both the benefits and the potential side-effects of the particular compounds. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1931–1940.
Size‐ and food‐dependent growth drives patterns of competitive dominance along productivity gradients
Authors: Huss Magnus , Gårdmark Anna , Van Leeuwen Anieke , de Roos André M.
Published: November 2011

Patterns of coexistence among competing species exhibiting size‐ and food‐dependent growth remain largely unexplored. Here we studied mechanisms behind coexistence and shifts in competitive dominance in a size‐structured fish guild, representing sprat and herring stocks in the Baltic Sea, using a physiologically structured model of competing populations. The influence of degree of resource overlap and the possibility of undergoing ontogenetic diet shifts were studied as functions of zooplankton and zoobenthos productivity. By imposing different size‐dependent mortalities, we could study the outcome of competition under contrasting environmental regimes representing poor and favorable growth conditions. We found that the identity of the dominant species shifted between low and high productivity. Adding a herring‐exclusive benthos resource only provided a competitive advantage over sprat when size‐dependent mortality was high enough to allow for rapid growth in the zooplankton niche. Hence, the importance of a bottom‐up effect of varying productivity was dependent on a strong top‐down effect. Although herring could depress shared resources to lower levels than could sprat and also could access an exclusive resource, the smaller size at maturation of sprat allowed it to coexist with herring and, in some cases, exclude it. Our model system, characterized by interactions among size cohorts, allowed for consumer coexistence even at full resource overlap at intermediate productivities when size‐dependent mortality was low. Observed shifts in community patterns were crucially dependent on the explicit consideration of size‐ and food‐dependent growth. Accordingly, we argue that accounting for food‐dependent growth and size‐dependent interactions is necessary to better predict changes in community structure and dynamics following changes in major ecosystem drivers such as resource productivity and mortality, which are fundamental for our ability to manage exploitation of living resources in, e.g., fisheries.
Piloting a Novel Algorithm for Glucose Control in the Coronary Care Unit
Authors: Nerenberg Kara A. , Goyal Abhinav , Xavier Denis , Sigamani Alben , Ng Jennifer , Mehta Shamir R. , Díaz Rafael , Kosiborod Mikhail , Yusuf Salim , Gerstein Hertzel C. ,   for the RECREATE Investigators
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE

Elevated glucose levels are common after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and increase the risk of death. Prior trials of glucose control after AMI have been inconsistent in their ability to lower glucose levels and have reported mixed effects on mortality. We developed a paper-based glucose-lowering algorithm and assessed its feasibility and safety in the setting of AMI.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 287 participants with an acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and a capillary glucose level ≥8.0 mmol/L were randomly allocated to glucose management with intravenous glulisine insulin using this algorithm in the coronary care unit (CCU), followed by once-daily subcutaneous insulin glargine for 30 days versus standard glycemic approaches. The primary outcome was a difference in mean glucose levels at 24 h. Participants were followed for clinical outcomes through 90 days.

RESULTS

At 24 h, the mean glucose level was 1.41 mmol/L (95% CI 0.69–2.13) lower in the insulin (6.53 vs. 7.94 mmol/L). Differences in glucose levels were maintained at 72 h and 30 days. A total of 22.7% of the insulin group versus 4.4% of the standard group had biochemical hypoglycemia (with neither signs nor symptoms) in the CCU because of lower glycemic goals. However, there were no differences in symptomatic hypoglycemia or clinical outcomes between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

A paper-based insulin algorithm targeting glucose levels of 5.0–6.5 mmol/L (90–117 mg/dL) can be feasibly implemented in the CCU. A cardiovascular outcomes trial using this approach can determine whether targeted glucose lowering improves patient outcomes.
Decentralized H
∞ control for damping power system oscillations
Authors: Li Guo-Jie , Lie Tek
Published: November 2011

Inter-area oscillations are serious problems to large-scale power systems. A decentralized H
∞ generator excitation controller of a power system is proposed to damp the inter-area oscillations and to enhance power system stability. The design procedure for a linear composite system is presented in terms of positive semi-definite solutions to modified algebraic inequalities. The resulting controller guarantees closed-loop stability, robustness and an H
∞-norm bound on disturbance attenuation even under uncertainties such as high frequency noise. The control is decentralized in the sense that the control of each generator depends on local information only. The effectiveness of the H
∞ controller is demonstrated through digital simulation studies on a two-machine power system.
Process of the Economic Integration of China with Asean Countries. An Overview
Authors: Skulska Bogusława
Published: November 2011

Process of the Economic Integration of China with Asean Countries. An Overview

China occupies an important economic position in Eastern Asia, accounting for circa 60% of trade turnover and capital flows in the region. Based on the regional production network in Eastern Asia, the Chinese economy might constitute an integral part of the regional market. China is interested in a liberal, secure and stable regional market which promotes the adoption of an active role of a participant and promoter of regional trade agreements (RTA) by China, i.e. the free trade agreement China - ASEAN, proposed trilateral free trade agreement of South-Eastern Asia, or EAFTA. China is also interested in participating in and promoting regional monetary and financial cooperation, for example as part of the Chiang Mai Initiative and the development of the regional capital market. The Chinese concept of regionalism is complex due to the diversity of the neighbouring geographic areas. Despite the attachment of China to the ASEAN+3 variant, this country is relatively flexible in its approach to the form and nature of its own participation in multi-dimensional integrations structures, i.e. EAS1. At the same time China has made effort for developing institution outside the regional, i.e. for example SOC, potential security system for the North-Eastern Asia based on Hexalateral Talks.