bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China Missions and the Perils of Benevolence
Authors: Stone Garrett Shirley
Published: September 2018

Not long ago if you mentioned to academic acquaintances that you were studying China missionaries seriously, the response was one of surprise and a quick change of subject. In the world of China analysts, missionaries were dismissed as a horde of fanatics or as a club of wellintentioned but impotent meddlers.

Today, as more attention is paid the transnational influence of service organizations, China missionaries are, if not precisely in vogue, becoming a respectable field of academic inquiry. In January, 1972, the Committee on American-East Asian Relations of the American Historical Association sponsored a conference in Cuernavaca, Mexico, on China missionaries. Assorted historians gave papers on theology and American foreign policy, the corporate structure of the missionary movement and its influence in China, theories of missionary imperialism or lack thereof, among other topics. (The papers are to be published by Harvard in a book edited by John K. Fairbank, organizer of the proceedings.)
The Greek Colonels and Their Critics
Authors: Holden David
Published: September 2018

Men of intemperate minds cannot be free.

Their passions forge their fetters.

Edmund Burke

It is not necessary to carry a torch for the colonels who seized power in Greece in 1967 to suggest that they evoked from the start in much of the Western world a sense of shock and hostility beyond their obvious deserts. Their coup was bloodless, after all, and scarcely unexpected. Their authoritarian style was more typical than the preceding parliamentary system had been of the prevailing trend in other countries with similar historical, economic and social weaknesses; and in purely Greek ferms it could be seen as a comprehensible and characteristic, albeit depressing, response to a genuine national crisis. The changes in the Greek economy which had ensued from the postwar period of reconstruction, the accelerating drift from the land, the startling growth of Athens, the soaring emigration figures, and the termination of American aid had all imposed great new strains upon the country.
Puerto Rico Going Three Ways at Once
Authors: von Eckardt Ursula
Published: September 2018

Today, July 25, 1972, is Constitution Day. It is the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or, more accurately, of “The Free Associated State” that links a speck in the Caribbean, 110 by 35 miles of subtropical hills and beaches, to the United States of America. It is also the seventy-fourth anniversary of the day when American troops landed in Guanica, Puerto Rico—just about where Columbus landed on his second voyage in 1493—to take possession of the former Spanish colony, ceded at the Treaty of Paris, America's victory prize in the Spanish-American War.
Presidential Autocracy and the Rule of Law
Authors: Robinson D. L.
Published: September 2018

The year 1972 seemed fateful to those who cherish the commitment of American democracy to the tradition of checks and balances. Indeed, as the year ended, the realization was beginning to dawn that the nation was on the edge of a full-scale constitutional crisis.

Nineteen seventy-two was the year when President Nixon reopened the door to China, then mined Haiphong harbor and bombed the city of Hanoi; when he visited Moscow, concluded a treaty limiting strategic arms and directed Henry Kissinger to announce that peace was "at hand," then suddenly renewed and intensified the bombing, suspended it for thirtysix hours at Christmas, renewed it, then stopped it again—all without explanation to the people on whose behalf he was acting.
On “Containment and Change” 1966 and 1972
Authors: Shaull Richard
Published: September 2018

A conversation between Richard Shaull who wrote Containment and Change at the beginning of 1966 and the Dick Shaull who is trying to find his way in the confusing situation at the end of 1972.
Money and the New World Economy
Authors: Veit Lawrence A.
Published: September 2018

When it comes to discussing such a broad and highly speculative subject as the future of the international trade and payments system, I feel like the scholar who one day discovered that Christopher Columbus had set sail for America with four ships. Of course his astonished colleagues demanded an explanation for what had happened to the hitherto unknown fourth ship. The scholar replied that it had gone over the edge. In peering over the precipice at which the international economic system now lies, there is considerable danger of judging how the system is doing rather than what it is doing, or of projecting one's convictions about how it should operate in the future directly into a forecast. I shall try to avoid these traps.
The Case Against Prometheus
Authors: McDermott Patrick P.
Published: September 2018

The use of fire in warfare is as old as history itself. It has been an offensive weapon, a defensive weapon and an instrument of psychological terror. To the ancient warrior fire was a way to destroy wooden ships and fortifications made of inflammable materials. Greek fire, the secret weapon of the Byzantines, repelled barbarian invasions in the seventh century. General Sherman tried to break the will of the South by burning a path to the sea. The Americans, with napalm and Zippo lighters, and the Viet Cong, with flamethrowers, continued the tradition by laying waste peasant villages in Vietnam.

Concrete bunkers and steel ships have not made fire obsolete from a military viewpoint, for the technology of setting fires has stayed a step ahead of the ability to put them out. The jet streaking in low with a canister of napalm has replaced the flaming brand tossed over a wall, and the flaming arrow has given way to a warhead of white-hot magnesium or thermite.
Humanizing Industrial Society
Authors: Mueller Eberhard
Published: September 2018

According to biblical tradition the people of Israel were led by Yahweh "out of Egypt's house of bondage." Salvation was liberation from forced labor. Thus, in accord with that same tradition, we recognize that all people are called to be God's people and that this means we are destined to guide our lives in personal freedom and responsibility. So the Decalogue, a manifesto of freedom and justice, is prefaced with the words: "I am the Lord your God, who has brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of tne house of bondage. You shall have no other gods before me."
Indochina and U.S. Aid
Authors: Edmund Clubb O.
Published: September 2018

After the paris peace conference formalized the end of american military intervention in indochina, the normal expectation would be for the united states to turn to the work of reconstruction, at home and abroad, and to the longer-range task of peace. It is in fact committed to helping repair the damage it has done in indochina; but, as we enter the second development decade in the united nations program, there is need for a much greater american contribution to the developing nations in the years ahead.
Belfast Blues
Authors: Neuhaus Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Take or leave a few lives, about 865 people have been killed by political violence in Northern Ireland since the troubles broke out afresh in 1969. It is not improbable that the toll will reach a thousand by March, 1974. The outsider is inclined to view March, 1974, as a kind of moment of truth for Northern Ireland, for that is the date by which, according to the British “White Paper“ of March, 1973, the people of Northern Ireland are to get themselves together around an elected Assembly. What happens if they don't get themselves together by then is unclear, but the alternatives now under discussion are not pleasant to contemplate. An outsider, such as I, might view March, 1974, as the fast approaching moment of truth, but as one Protestant leader there remarked: “Ireland has been undergoing ‘moments of truth,’ ‘definitive crises’ and 'once-and-for-all decisions’ for several hundred years now.
Chile: A Bloody Fall
Authors: Birns Laurence R.
Published: September 2018

It is not too soon for some firm judgments to be made regarding what has just transpired in Chile. We can consider not only some of the more important current causes for the bloody coup but some contributing events from the past. Some rough idea as to what we can expect from the present military regime—that is, the military dictatorship— will emerge from the examination.

How ironic that we use that ugly word “dictatorship“ to describe an institution that but a few weeks ago was winning praises as a model of an armed service that, recognized the doctrine of civilian supremacy, the chain of command, and was in itself— ostensibly to the end of the Allende Administration— the architrave of Chilean constitutionalism.
Ethics in the Revival Tent
Authors: Smylie James H.
Published: September 2018

Liberal Christian activists have been accused of making politics Lord and the cure for the ills of the world. And by some of their near friends, too. In Up to Our Steeples in Politics (Paramus, New Jersey, 1970) Will D. Campbell and James Y. Holloway, publisher and editor of Katellagete and leaders of the Committee of Southern Churchmen, have questioned the gospel of relevance-and-realism. In approaching Evangelicals condescendingly, they argued, we have forgotten that the basic notion of these Christians is what we want persons to be—new men and women in Christ. To the question what should the people of today do, Campbell and Holloway answer, “Nothing.” And to the question what should people be, they respond in an evangelical way: “What you are—reconciled, to God and man.“
The Human Cost of Soviet Trade
Authors: Martin  , Spechler Dina
Published: September 2018

The momentum of East-West detente has grown with the summer visit of the agreeable and businesslike Leonid Brezhnev. A burst of treaties, agreements and deals has noisily signaled a singular achievement of Nixon-Kissinger diplomacy. To most Americans the sole objections, raised by Senator Jackson and others in the name of Soviet Jews and liberal dissenters, must seem unwelcome throwbacks of the cold war or at least a parochial intrusion. With world peace and free trade seemingly at stake, even many intellectuals hesitate to belabor the narrowing liberties of those dissident groups.

Both Nixon and Brezhnev agree that trade and arms reductions are practical. While neither disavows ideological competition, both now say it should be channeled to peaceful outlets.
Vietnam: The Human Cost of Communism
Authors: Robert Thompson Sir
Published: September 2018

The recent invasion of South Vietnam and the intense fighting of the past five months draw attention once again to the human cost to the Vietnamese people of the continuing war. I am not here referring to battle casualties which, although terrible, can at least be regarded as “legitimate” in war. Nor am I including those refugees who, although their plight may be tragic, are at least still alive. South Vietnam has had, in fact, a remarkable record in coping with refugees and has maintained it yet again in respect of the 750,000 who fled before the invader from the fighting zones.
Religion and Revolution Among American Indians
Authors: Deloria Vine
Published: September 2018

In the last year and a half the familiar stereotype of the faithful Indian companion silently marching alongside the white hero à la Tonto has been rudely shaken. First a group of Sioux Indians invaded a sleepy Nebraska town where one of their kinsmen had been brutally murdered and demanded justice. Then there was the occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters during the week of the 1972 national elections and the almost total destruction of that building. Tempers had hardly cooled by the end of 1972 when the same group of Indian activists invaded Custer, South Dakota, burned a stall-like Chamber of Commerce building and scared the settlers who had moved into the Black Hills, winding up their confrontation with the destruction; of several bars in Rapid City, South Dakota.
Relations Never Better
Authors: James Rudin A.
Published: September 2018

In 1967 the American Christian community was criticized for its lack of support for Israel during those terrible weeks of dread when the publicly threatened Arab invasion of Israel drew closer with each passing day. But in 1973 it was different. This time there was no long period of escalating warlike actions coming from Israel's Arab neighbors. Instead, Egypt and Syria shattered the internationally sanctioned ceasefire by commencing full-scale armed hostilities on Judaism's holiest day, Yom Kippur. Almost immediately many American Christians reacted in shock and outrage. Dr. Robert Campbell, the general secretary of the American Baptist Churches, said: “The attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria as reported by our government and the United Nations observation group was a violation of international law and a threat to the right of Israel to exist as a state.” Some Christians condemned the Arab attack as a “travesty,” a “profanation” and a “criminal act of war.”
The Future of Europe
Authors: von Habsburg Otto
Published: September 2018

For the first time since Yalta Europe is in the process of being fundamentally reorganized. The bipolar world of U.S. USSR hegemony is rapidly passing. As Europeans, we can no longer evade the task of defining the distinct European reality. In the first part of this essay I described some of the new definitions being proposed by those who envision a united and socialist Europe. It is not enough, however, simply to expose the dangerous fallacies in the proposals set forth by others. Conservatives are called upon to clarify the assumptions on which they would build an alternative definition of the European reality.
Two Christianities
Authors: Bennett John C.
Published: September 2018

Journalists, historians, sociologists and religious leaders are all agreed that the American churches are badly split. The division is partly theological, but it recognizes no traditional bounds of denomination, afflicting Roman Catholics as much as the various Protestants. The thesis of Dean Kelley's Why Conservative Churches Are Crowing, (New York, 1972) is suggested by the title he himself had chosen for the book: “Why Strict Churches Are Strong.” Churches that are ecumenical in spirit and open to the wider world do not prosper like those that are highly authoritarian and exclusivistic. Strict authoritarianism responds to the desire for secure foundations in a badly shaken culture.
The Holocaust and the Survival of Tragedy
Authors: Hux Samuel
Published: September 2018

I have read and heard it said that the fact and specter of the Holocaust have rendered morally obsolete the traditional notion of Tragedy, once considered mankind's most painfully noble mode of art. Tragedy assumed a morally ordered and rational universe—so the argument goes—which contained and structured in some ultimately reassuring way our reactions to the tragic event, no matter how painful. The Holocaust has destroyed that universe, or that orderly conception; consequently, Tragedy cannot speak to us of our particular dislocations, the Holocaust included. Individual works may work for us, but as something other than Tragedy: melodrama, minor psychological intuitions, pure form moving like music, If they work as Tragedy, they do so as the still-pleasing archaic form of another age, revealing that older peoples had their depths too, even though they hadn't experienced the terrible knowledge we have.
Reflections of an African Self-Exile
Authors: Mahoso Tafataona P.
Published: September 2018

I am essentially a village boy; I did not see the city until I was well over twenty. Now I am receiving my advanced education overseas. It is exciting, but it also involves tremendous emotional and cultural risks. How it all ends up is yet to be seen.

One thing has always been important since the day I began to dream of an intellectual, academic, and political experience beyond the borders of Zimbabwe: A man like me, whose parents never saw a school door, must ask himself if he can really justify such a risky and expensive investment in education. My parents and my brothers and sisters ask the same question, and they are right to ask it.
Paul VI at Eighty
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

September 26, 1977, marks the eightieth birthday of Giovanni Battista Montini. This does not make him the oldest pope of this century by any means. The first pope to die in the twentieth century was Leo XIII, who was ninety-three and who finished a good part of his well-known work after eighty. No man, fortunately, knows how long he will live, and Paul VI has mentioned several times that he cannot expect to be about for long. But this is mostly the wise insight of any elderly human being. (I myself have no doubt that the character of Paul VI is such that he would resign were he seriously incapacitated.) In any case, change of power, not least that of ecclesiastical power, remains one of the most fascinating of cultural questions. And Paul holds whatjs by far the oldest continuing office in the world.
Return of "The German Menace"
Authors: Koschnick Wolfgang J.
Published: September 2018

A specter is haunting Europe again, the specter of a revived German menace. To an ever increasing extent commentators on me European political scene are conjuring the horrible vision of a Europe under the yoke of West Germany's rule. West Germany has come through the worldwide recession better than anyone else. It ranks fifth in the world in per capita income, second lowest with regard to both inflation and unemployment, and second lowest in work days lost through strikes. What is more, the deutsche mark is one of the hardest currencies of the world, and Bonn's foreign currency reserves are the greatest in the world.
Food Aid vs. Development
Authors: Bird Kai , Goldmark Sue
Published: September 2018

The American electorate has acquired an ingrained prejudice against foreign aid. The public suspects that foreign aid is something the government takes from the poor in a rich country and gives to the wealthy in a poor country. This suspicion— like many of America's populist wisdoms—is the tragic truth in one of the world's poorest nations, Bangladesh.

Only a pittance of international food aid to Bangladesh feeds the starving or destitute. Even in this bumper crop year an estimated 368,000 babies and young children will die due to malnutrition or related diseases. Food aid generally does not reach the poor; 90 per cent of the 1.6 million tons of foreign food aid shipped to Bangladesh this year was used to subsidize a ration system for the middle class.
Rebels in Kyoto
Authors: Kirk Donald
Published: September 2018

It is the night before another antiwar demonstration and a half a dozen students—long-haired, bearded, blue-jeaned and sandaled— are painting placards and writing propaganda in one of the rooms of the student hall of Doshisha University. In a few hours they will board a slow train to Tokyo (they do not have enough money for the shinkansen, or bullet) and will join thousands of their contemporaries in a carefully orchestrated melee ardund one of the large stations, probably Shinjuku, favorite haunt of the young and the mod. It will not be a major demonstration resulting in mass arrests and injuries. It will barely delay trains and blockade traffic for two or three hours—enough for page one of the national papers, enough to remind everyone that radical youth is not entirely dead, enough for middle-class, nonviolent Japan to recall with shrugs of remorse and distaste the bloody excesses of the past year.
Japan: An Uncertain Giant
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

The dramatic shifts of recent years in the fortunes and policies of the nations involved in East Asian affairs are forcing Japan to undertake a basic reappraisal of its foreign policy for the first time since the end of the American occupation in 1952. This will be a difficult and painful process for the Japanese in view of their past unhappy experiences in Asian politics, domestic disagreements over the appropriate role for their, country and widespread uncertainty about the pattern of relationships that is evolving in the area.
Rennie Davis and the Guru
Authors: Wolf Arnold Jacob
Published: September 2018

At the height of the Chicago Seven (originally Eight) trial in 1969 the defendants came to our suburban synagogue to raise money and plead their cause. Almost a thousand people filled our auditorium to meet them and hear from each. They were by turns reckless {Abbie Hoffman), touching (John Froines), strong (Tom Hayden), stoned (Jerry Rubin), humorous (Lee Weiner) and intellectual (David Dellinger). But the chief spokesman, the one who stated their views most brilliantly and persuasively that night and often later, was Rennie Davis. Coming from a background of the 4-H Club and the Boy Scouts of America, middle-American Davis was the model of committed radical activist. Less flamboyant than most of the others, he often seemed more focused and more professional. Indeed, he was so courageous that some on the far Left rumored that he was a plant from the FBI.
Finlandization Is Not a Gurse Word
Authors: Fried Anne
Published: September 2018

Senior editor Arnaud de Borchgrave of Newsweek writes (July 10,1972):

Today, Western Europe is a collection of nations united only in disunity. Within the last month, I have spoken with more than a dozen of the top foreign policy planners in Europe. Never before have I seen them so gloomy; never before haye I heard so much talk about Europe's confusion and disarray. “The spectacle we are presenting to the world,” one expert told me, “is truly lamentable.” It is more than lamentable; it is highly dangerous. For Western Europe faces the threat of “Finlandization”— which is to say, of finding itself effectively dominated, so far as foreign affairs are concerned, by the Soviet Union.
Israel's Problems—and Ours
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

Jerusalem. The Old City. The Wailing Wall. Jom Kippur, 1974. The sun is bright, the sky blue, the air clear and crisp as worshippers first straggle and then seem to flow into the large square and toward the Wall, having first passed—as we all must—through the narrow funnel of military inspectors. Neither a Jew nor an Israeli, nor an uncritical admirer of the State of Israel, I nevertheless feel the special quality of this religious observance. It is marked not only by its usual solemnity but by the burden of being the first anniversary of the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the war that destroyed. the semieuphoria in which Israel had existed since 1967 and placed in new perspective the shifting relations of the nations of the Middle East.
The Yom Kippur War —A Personal Diary
Authors: Ezrahi Sidra
Published: September 2018

I am sitting by a candle beneath a shuttered window in a city blacked out against aerial attack. There is little intelligible news from the front, and the long hours between news reports are filled with old Palmach songs and coded messages calling reservists to their units.

The dimensions of this war are still unclear, but I fear that the shrill wail of yesterday's siren has shattered our peace for a long time to come. Each of us has already fixed in his mind the moment war broke in to violate our private lives and mock our petty dreams of tomorrow.
How Wars Have Ended
Authors: Elliot Gil
Published: September 2018

Historians may conclude that the Vietnam war ended some time during the week beginning March 25, 1973. Certainly in the news media—and no war has had its signposts so vividly marked out by press and television—it was ending throughout that week with increasingly complex last-minute drama, right up to the conclusive pictures of “one of the last U.S. soldiers out of South Vietnam” and “the last prisoner out of North Vietnam.” The last prisoner, more than anything, was the definitive image. Other official aspects of impending peacetreaty negotiations, troop withdrawals, cease-fires, lulls, resumptions, “peace in our time” speecheswere worn thin by months of assertion and publicity. They were no longer quite powerful enough to symbolize finality. It was the last prisoner of war physically out of North Vietnam that allowed the New York Times to announce on March 30 that “the U.S. war role in Vietnam is ended.”
Latin Americans Turn Again
Authors: Kahl Joseph A.
Published: September 2018

One of the most rapid and thorough intellectual revolutions in recent times took place in Latin America during the last decade. In the early 1960's the notion of “development” (desarrollo) still had an almost religious connotation to it, among intellectuals as well as politicians in Latin America. Today it is overwhelmingly decried as “developmentalism” (desarrollismo), an ideology-serving the interests of U.S. imperialism and serving to obfuscate the realities of exploitation. This dramatic change has far-reaching political implications. The present article, which Dr. Kahl, Professor of Sociology at Cornell, has adapted from his book Modernization, Exploitation and Dependency (soon to be published by Transaction Books), traces the change in sociology, a strategically important field for Latin Americans' self-interpretation. Its focus is on the work of two men who today are the most important Latin American sociologists, Pablo Gonzalez Casanova of Mexico and Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil.
Kenneth Clark's Reconsideration
Authors: Singer David
Published: September 2018

Names such as Armor, Pettigrew, Glazer, Jencks, Herrnstein, Clark and Moynihan have not yet appeared in the pages of Ring magazine, but it seems only a matter of time. It is no secret, after all, that these men, all intellectual heavyweights, are engaged in an ongoing, fierce slugging match over a host of issues related to the “limits of social policy.” Their verbal fisticuffs have been characterized by a good deal of fancy footwork, plenty of hard hitting, some low blows and inevitable cries of foul. For some time Public Interest was booking the best cards, but with more than 150 pages of its February, 1973, issue devoted to a detailed critique of Jencks's Inequality, it may be assumed that the Harvard Educational Review became, as it was during the Jensen brawl, the main arena of conflict. The bulk of recent attention was focused on the hard punching of Jencks's critics, but it would be a pity if the brilliant footwork of Kenneth Clark went unnoticed. His performance is simply remarkable.
Racism vs. Modernity
Authors: Stokes Randall
Published: September 2018

Contrary to many optimistic expectations, the relative position of the nonwhite in the Republic of South Africa has not improved over the past several decades. To lay observers the existence of a state committed to racial exclusion and oppression seems an anachronism in our age of modernity. There is a naive belief that explicit racism is somewhere incompatible with futuristic office buildings, double-knit business suits, teaching machines or a degree in sociology. Yet these and other trappings of the modern age coexist in South Africa with absolute racial division.
Seeing Allende Through the Myths
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

Chile since the September 11 coup is a study in contrasts. There is the striking difference between the tensions and polarization of the last months of the Allende regime and the apparent calm and renewed sense of purpose of Chile under military rule. There is the contrast between the return to normalcy during the daytime and the repressive and chilling atmosphere during the nighttime curfew hours, when shots ring out periodically, helicopters fly overhead and armored cars patrol streets where only the occasional stray dog is moving freely.
Human Costs and Foreign Policy
Authors: Krepon Michael
Published: September 2018

As Americans celebrated Christmas in 1972 they read about national disasters in Nicaragua and North Vietnam. The capitals of both countries had to be evacuated. Communications and power facilities were crippled. Hospital complexes were reduced to rubble. An earthquake caused the damage in Nicaragua; American bombers were responsible in North Vietnam.

In the wake of worldwide humanitarian concern for both countries, the initial response of the United States was to announce the release of paramedical teams and a mobile field hospital for Nicaragua and to deny that the Bach Mai hospital facility in Hanoi existed and that it had been hit by American planes.
The Joint Chiefs and the Expanded War
Authors: McLellan David S. , Hange Robert
Published: September 2018

What! Yet another article on the Vietnam war! Don't we know enough about it by now to avoid repeating it? The answer is no. We ought to, but we don't. In time there will be probing studies based on the Pentagon Papers and as yet unpublished documents and memoirs. But presently available evidence strongly indicates that the reigning explanations are one-sided and incomplete. So overwhelming has been the compulsion to blame the war on the mistakes of the civilian decision-makers that the military responsibility for beginning and prolonging the war has been virtually ignored.
Hour-X for Yugoslavia
Authors: Mojzes Paul
Published: September 2018

At the helm of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia since 1936, already called "the Old Man" (Start) by the Partisans during World War II, the undisputed head of Yugoslavia's government since 1945, President Tito is now the world's oldesf ruling statesman. Gone are Adenauer, De Gaulle, Haile Selassie, Ben Gurion, Franco, and Mao. Gone are other founders of the nonaligned movement, Nehru, Nasser, Nkruma, Ben-Bella, and Sukarno.
I Worked in Mao's China
Authors: Erdal David
Published: September 2018

China is one nation that remains profoundly unconcerned over the issue of human rights. But if only because China has more people than any other country, the issue is of importance.

The movement against Mao's wife, Chiang Ch'ing, and the “Gang of Four,” for example: Was this essentially a democratic mass movement against vicious, nasty power-maniacs? When Chinese officials say that they encourage and welcome criticism from the masses, is it perhaps to this kind of event they are referring? What happens to a Chinese who speaks his mind?

For that matter, does the truth come out? Was Chiang Ch'ing really a bad dress designer? If she had the benefit of private showings of the best of Western cinema, why wasn't she able to pass along a few hints to the directors of the appallingly repetitious, wooden, and exaggerated propaganda films that were produced under her?
They Are Us, Were We Vietnamese
Authors: Jacqueney Theodore
Published: September 2018

Grim accounts of human rights violations in Vietnam, once fragmentary and unconfirmed, are now increasingly provided by consistent eyewitness accounts. Opponents of the former Saigon Tegime—some of them victims of its police and prison atrocities—are now in "reeducation" detention centers and prisons throughout Vietnam. Others imprisoned include largely nonpolitical artists, writers, journalists, lawyers, professors, and doctors. Judges and civil servants who once held apolitical jobs are also detained.
Dreaming Ahead
Authors: Smith Janet Welt
Published: September 2018

Ours is a far less brutal world than that of the last century, for which blessing we are indebted to the determined dreamers of last century who were spokesmen for working people. Today nobody knows what working people think or feel, except that they made clear in the last election that they prefer to be ruled by an exploitive business community rather than by an Upper-Class Left which has, for a decade, made plain its contempt for them. Of course it is a rough form of self-expression to choose between two arrogant upper-class minorities, but this land of thing does not give us the benefit of workingclass morality. Today that is expressed nowhere, for working people have no party, no access to the press and certainly no dreamers. Thus in comparing the futpre-books of last century and those of this one we are really comparing die dreams of two different classes.
Interview With Kurt Waldheim
Authors: Pierre Clara
Published: September 2018

The thirty-eighth floor of the U.N. Secretariat building, though it perches high over the East River, is hardly a setting of which dreams are made. No fairy-tale castle tower this, but a practical beige and green cocoon in which some of the most important work in the world gets done. Teak and "Scandinavian modern" are much in evidence, a legacy from the Hammarskjöld years.

I was briefed by Press Secretary André Lewin before my interview with Kurt Waldheim and took that opportunity, to ask some questions about the Secretary-General. What are Mr. Waldheim's avocations, if any? He adores the opera, said Lewin, and would love to go when he is in New York, but he just hasn't any time. The Waldheims have a country retreat in Connecticut which they are able to visit from time to time on weekends.
Hope Against Violence in Argentina
Authors: O'Mara Richard
Published: September 2018

Cata had moved the children's beds out of the front room; no alarm motivated her, rather calm prudence. The house stood next to a union hall. "Someone might put a bomb," she said. That was in January, 1975, high summer in Argentina, when everyone was preoccupied with bombs. Late one night Susana, Cata's daughter, sprang from her bed. There had been a clap of thunder. "They've bombed Government House!" she exclaimed, still groggy.

Late one night Susana, Cata's daughter, sprang from her bed. There had been a clap of thunder. "They've bombed Government House!" she exclaimed, still groggy.
As South Confronts North
Authors: Swee Goh Keng
Published: September 2018

One way of looking at nations involved in the North-South confrontation is to group them as aid-givers (the industrialized rich nations) and aid-receivers (the poor Third World). Of course it is more complicated than this. Some countries of the Third World group, the Middle East oil states, are extremely rich. These played a special role in heating up the confrontation. Even among the others, not all are equally poor, but the distinction between aid-givers and aidreceivers is generally true. In fact, a great deal of the dialogue between the two groups is about how the North can more effectively assist the South in its desperate struggle to escape poverty.
Big Money in Hunger
Authors: Sheets Hal
Published: September 2018

Habitually shunned by economists, the press, and the majority of Congress, shielded by a bureaucracy in the Department of Agriculture that long ago became its prisoner, the food industry is a domain ruled by a few giant corporations remote from public accountability. Decisions that can save or condemn to death vast numbers of people are dependent on an esoteric dated market mechanism geared to profit and oblivious to human need. And the most urgent problems facing die conscience and resourcefulness of American foreign policy for the next decade remain hostage to an economic system out of the nineteenth century. That is the argument.
Solzhenitsyn's Letter
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

The now famous “Letter to the Soviet Leaders” by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, written before his exile, is undoubtedly a remarkable, even historic, document. It deserves to be read along with, say, Dostoevski's “Address on the Unveiling of the Pushkin Monument” as a witness to the human spirit and to Russia. One Soviet leader, upon the occasion of Solzhenitsyn's celebrated expulsion, remarked to the effect that now he will be out of our hair and you Westerners will soon find him a bore, a nuisance and a neurotic, just as we did. The remark was not entirely unperceptive. It recognized that much of the novelists news value was based precisely upon his being inside of the Soviet Union. Once out, he might soon have as little impact on public opinion as did Kerensky during his declining and obscure years in America.
Britain
Authors: Niebuhr Reinhold
Published: September 2018

My first visit to England was in 1921, when the Macdonald Labor government had its first but brief reign by sufferance of the Liberals. I married an English girl in 1931, and my wife and I subsequently spent every other summer in Britain until 1939. I met the late Dr. William Temple, Archbishop of York, in a preparatory meeting for the Oxford Conference on “Church, Community and State” in 1938. My contacts with Britain were chiefly on the Left in both Church and State. Dr. Temple was a member of the Labor Party and, with Professor R. H. Tawney, one of the founders of the Workers Education Association. Temple was certainly partly responsible for the general diffusion of “labor” opinion through the middle classes of Britain and beyond the limits of the industrial classes to which socialism was confined on the Continent. This diffusion laid the foundation for the victory of Labor after the War, in spite of Churchill's great eminence as the architect of British victory. The slogan “Fair shares for all” represented the conscience of the whole war-impoverished nation.
Nightmares and Prospects in Bangladesh
Authors: Bird Kai , Goldmark Susan
Published: September 2018

It was a warm, humid Bengal evening when a small party of resident foreigners gathered in the Dacca home of an American diplomat. Two journalists, two American diplomats, a French diplomat and the director of a private relief organization in Bangladesh spent five hours talking about the country's bleak economic and political future. The discussion was heated, and the conclusions drawn in the early morning hours ought to evoke nightmares worthy of the cheapest horror film. The evening's host, a diplomat seasoned in the conflicts of Southeast Asia, reluctantly admitted that Bangladesh's rapid decline into absolute economic chaos might be averted only by a dedicated and ruthless party of Maoists. In any case, after more than two years of independence and $2 billion of international aid, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Bangladesh has nothing to expect from the West.
French Canada—a Happy Ending, Maybe
Authors: Africano Lillian , Kry Margaret
Published: September 2018

The subject carries all the taboos of incest. Easier, by far, to get someone to suggest that Henry Kissinger smokes pot with President Nixon than that Rene Levesque might be received for coffee by the Canadian desk officer. That was how Washington journalist Milton Viorst described his experience when he tried to discuss French-Canadian problems with American State Department officials three years ago.

As Viorst predicted, not much has changed: “Washington is likely to keep tiptoeing around, feigning delicately that the separatist movement in Quebec doesn't really exist.”
What Future for Palestinians?
Authors: Ferguson Pamela
Published: September 2018

Well, what does the future hold for the Palestinians? How can self-determination be achieved? This is a question that should disturb us, but too often this question, at the very core of the Middle East conflict, is swept away by the mechanics of war, of peace, of oil and of troop disengagement. Such irony is hard to stomach and is a bare reward for those many Palestinians of varying political beliefs who support the involvement of the Palestine Liberation Organization at the Geneva peace talks and speak encouragingly about a separate Palestine state.

The idea of such a state needs to be scrutinized against the backgrounds of both Israeli and Jordanian policies regarding the Palestinians, in order to understand fully why these policies are quite inadequate and why it is impossible to imagine a Palestinian state linked either to Israel or Jordan. The idea of an independent state pinned between Israel and Jordan is acceptable only with radical changes and concessions—from Israelis, Palestinians and Jordanians alike—that will ensure peace and harmony from border to border.
Religious Claims to Palestine: Jews and Muslims
Authors: Miles John A.
Published: September 2018

God Almighty bless you and make you fruitful and multiply you, that you may become a company of peoples. May he give the blessing of Abraham to you and your descendants with you, that you may take possession of the land where you are living, which God gave to Abraham.

(Genesis 28:3-4)

Abraham was not a Jew, nor yet a Christian; but he was an upright man who had surrendered (to God), and he was not of the idolators. Lo! those of mankind who have the best claim to Abraham are those who followed him, and this Prophet and those who believe (with him); and God is the Protecting Friend of the believers.

(Koran, Surah III, 67-68)

Depending on the definition of terms, the Arab-Israeli war is either not a religious war or it is a religious war a dozen times over in a dozen elusive senses. In the remarks that follow we shall review Jewish and Muslim claims not to spiritual privilege or national destiny but, more narrowly, to territory. These territorial claims would become causa belli only in the unlikely event that the National Religious Party of Israel and, say, King Feisal of Saudi Arabia were to become the sole voices for, respectively, Israel and “the Arab nation.” Short of that, they are a rhetorical and psychological factor in a broader and usually more pragmatic conflict, but as such they are easily overlooked by Christian and secular observers.
Germany
Authors: Niebuhr Reinhold
Published: September 2018

My first contact with Germany was in 1921 when I visited European countries in a party conducted by that indefatigable world traveler Sherwood Eddy. We visited the Ruhr and Rhineland, where Germany was offering "passive resistance" to the efforts of Poincare to extract from a reluctant, vanquished nation the reparations which subsequently were found to be excessive and which were in effect paid by American loans (Dawes plan and Young plan). The French occupation of the Rhineland became ever more oppressive in the heat of the struggle and wrecked the economy of both nations. The British occupied the section of the Rhineland with Cologne as die center and rather ostentatiously disassociated themselves from the French designs.
Religion and…
Authors: Neuhaus Richard John
Published: September 2018

The question is asked whether Moral Majority is a threat or a challenge. The answer, I believe, is that it is both. The less intelligently we respond to the challenge, the greater is the threat.

The concern is about a cluster of organizations and movements representing an alliance between religion and the New Right in American politics. Moral Majority and its leader, Jerry Falwell, are simply the most visible part of the phenomenon. I am persuaded that the religious New Right represents a deep and long-term change in American religion, culture, and politics. Moral Majority and other organizations may not be around five years from now, but the change they represent will be with us for a long time.
The Red Hand of Ulster
Authors: Moir Patricia
Published: September 2018

An old Irish legend tells of a boat race where the prize was the kingdom of Ulster and the victor was the first to "touch the shore." O'Neill, seeing his boat slip behind, cut off his hand, flung it ashore, and won the kingdom. Ulster, but for three counties, is now Northern Ireland. O'Neill's bloody hand has been preserved through the ages as the Red Hand of Ulster, seen on flags, postage stamps, pendants, and paramilitary banners. The passions that led O'Neill to bleed for Ulster have survived as well.

When I arrived in Belfast in late June, the Red Hand was waving from Protestant doorways to herald the impending Orange Parades.
Engineers and Mystics: Chances for a Postindustrial Iran
Authors: Wilson Peter Lamborn
Published: September 2018

Tehran has been thought of as simply a mistake. Fifty years ago Western “advisors” would incredulously demand of their Iranian hosts, “You call this a city? This is nothing but an overgrown garden.” Obligingly the Iranians eradicated the garden and built Tehran. Maddeningly now the foreigners are more incredulous than ever. “You call this a city? This is simply a concrete wasteland!” Most of the foreigners who come here are simply peddling better mousetraps, however. Aside from the carpetbaggers there are a few visitors, who feel as if they were being forced to look at a distorted reflection of themselves in some grotesque carnival mirror. Here they find the doctrines of progress and the dogmas of development parodied by overearnest disciples; nowadays some of the most vehement proponents of the “Western” concepts of materialism are Easterners.
Fanaticism and Survival
Authors: Sisk John P.
Published: September 2018

Jerry Rubin's "Yippie Manifesto" is hardly a watershed document. Most "of the young whom it celebrated seven years ago would now find its callow enthusiasms embarrassing and its view of the relations among the time categories in which we live worthy only of those seven-year-olds who, the Manifesto confidently predicted, would settle "the war between THEM and US." Nevertheless, it is still useful as a display piece, in which one can see in exaggerated definition the enduring popular conviction that the past, being "back there," is separable from the present and that therefore Utopia ("HEAVEN NOW") is a real possibility.
Border Guards and Recurring Dreams
Authors: Williams Donald
Published: September 2018

For years now Ecaterina and Serban Chelariu, my wife's mother and brother, have tried to leave Rumania, and we have tried various means to help them. When we moved from Switzerland to America, my homeland, we thought the free emigration provision of the 1974 Trade Act might be a source of leverage to influence Rumanian authorities. In line with the Trade Act the U.S.-Rumanian Trade Agreement of 1975 committed Rumania to freer emigration practices and to the principle of family reunification. It committed the United States Congress either to assure compliance with the emigration provision or to cancel Rumania's "Most Favored Nation" trade status.
The Irish of South Boston
Authors: Morgan John H.
Published: September 2018

The people have a long history of being hostile to outsiders, wrote Louis Jaffe, Harvard law professor, about the inhabitants of Boston's South End. As a consultant to the Massachusetts Department of Education Jaffe urged that the impending federal court desegregation ruling exempt “Southie” from any busing plan. Jaffe's warnings went unheeded, and the buses rolled between the overwhelming black Roxbury ghetto and the neighboring, predominantly Irish South End, sparking an onslaught of racial violence one journalist described as “unparalleled in modern Boston history, a day of hatred against outsiders not witnessed here in decades.”
Détente and Re-forming the World
Authors: Shulman Marshall
Published: September 2018

We need now to make a structural change in our way of thinking about U.S.-Soviet relations. Our habit since World War II has been to move back and forth between) simplified extremes—to vacillate between overly sanguine expectations in which the inevitable difficulties in relations with the USSR are minimized and overly pessimistic and emotional positions in which the elements of change in the relationship are neglected. It is hard for public opinion in this country, perhaps in any country, to face up to emotionally unsatisfying ambiguities.
Locating the Divine
Authors: Tavard George H.
Published: September 2018

An appeal for theological affirmation is precisely what the words indicate: It calls away from the negative trends of much recent religious and theological thought. (The distinction between religion and theology does not seem useful here, though the themes in question are found in both.) Such negations have been: the extreme negation of the death-of-God theology, the reactionary negation of the main insights of Vatican II by Catholic traditionalists, the unbalanced negation of institutional religion in favor of the rights of conscience, the practical negation of Christian social commitments in the name of some vague Jesuistic or Pentecostal charisms, the implicit negation of worship in the urge to celebrate life and nature.