bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wheat Stem Rust Detection and Race Characterization in Tunisia
Authors: Abdedayem Wided , Patpour Mehran , Laribi Marwa , Justesen Annemarie F. , Kouki Hajer , Fakhfakh Moez , Hovmøller Mogens S. , Yahyaoui Amor H. , Hamza Sonia , Ben M’Barek Sarrah
Published: January 2023

Climate changes over the past 25 years have led to conducive conditions for invasive and transboundary fungal disease occurrence, including the re-emergence of wheat stem rust disease, caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) in East Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean basin. Since 2018, sporadic infections have been observed in Tunisia. In this study, we investigated Pgt occurrence at major Tunisian wheat growing areas. Pgt monitoring, assessment, and sampling from planted trap nurseries at five different locations over two years (2021 and 2022) revealed the predominance of three races, namely TTRTF (Clade III-B), TKKTF (Clade IV-F), and TKTTF (Clade IV-B). Clade III-B was the most prevalent in 2021 as it was detected at all locations, while in 2022 Pgt was only reported at Beja and Jendouba, with the prevalence of Clade IV-B. The low levels of disease incidence during these two years and Pgt population diversity suggest that this fungus most likely originated from exotic incursions and that climate factors could have caused disease establishment in Tunisia. Further evaluation under the artificial disease pressure of Tunisian wheat varieties and weather-based modeling for early disease detection in the Mediterranean area could be helpful in monitoring and predicting wheat stem rust emergence and epidemics.
Influence of Prefermentative Cold Maceration on the Chemical and Sensory Properties of Red Wines Produced in Warm Climates
Authors: Lasanta Cristina , Cejudo Cristina , Gómez Juan , Caro Ildefonso
Published: January 2023

Red wines produced in warm climates generally possess a lower content of phenolic compounds and color structure than those produced in colder climates, which hinders bottle evolution. To improve these properties, cold maceration could be a useful procedure. To study the effect of this technique, Tempranillo, Merlot and Syrah grape varieties cultivated in the Jerez area (Southwest Spain) were cold macerated at 4 °C for ten days before alcoholic fermentation. Their composition and characteristics compared to the directly fermented control grapes were analyzed for phenolic content, color, volatile compounds, and sensory properties. It has been verified that phenolic content increased by around 10% during the treatment, which was maintained after the alcohol fermentation, along with an increase in color intensity and aromatic profile. This modification on the composition provided better scores for appearance, aroma intensity, and aroma quality in sensory analysis. The evolution of all studied parameters during 12 months of aging in the bottle is also studied, confirming the advantages of this technique in preserving the compositional and sensory characteristics throughout the period studied.
In-Situ Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 Nanocomposites and Their Photocatalytic Decomposition of Sulfapyridine under Visible Light
Authors: Li Ke , Chen Miaomiao , Chen Lei , Zhao Songying , Xue Wencong , Han Zixuan , Han Yanchao , Zhang Fuguo , Yan Yu , Dong Yanhong
Published: January 2023

Highly efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photocatalyst Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 with different weight ratios from Ag3PO4 to g-C3N4 were synthesized by a facile in situ hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), photoluminescence spectra (PL), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-Vis), and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). Under visible light irradiation, Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 showed very excellent photocatalytic activity for sulfapyridine (SP) which is one of the widely used sulfonamide antibiotics. When the ratio from Ag3PO4 to g-C3N4 was 1:2, the degradation rate of SP at 120 min was found to be 94.1%, which was superior to that of pure Ag3PO4 and pure g-C3N4. Based on the experimental results, the possible enhanced photocatalytic mechanism of Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 was proposed.
Special Issue on “Progress in Food Processing in Section Food Processes”
Authors: Dziki Dariusz
Published: January 2023

Food production is being confronted by numerous difficulties related to sustainability, food quality and security [...]
Effect of Roasting Hass Avocado Kernels on Nutritional Value and Volatile Compounds
Authors: Bayomy Hala M. , Alamri Eman S. , Rozan Mahmoud A.
Published: January 2023

Because of the lack of commercial food applications of Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill) kernel, which are a useful agricultural waste and a good source of bioactive compounds, this study investigated the influence of roasting on the chemical composition, antinutritional factors, antioxidant activity, colour, and GC-MS profile in avocado kernels after roasting at 180 °C for 30 min. The nutritional data revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the oil extract, crude fibre, total phenolic compounds, Ca, K, P, Na, Zn, browning index, and redness/greenness after roasting. Conversely, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) was noticed in crude protein, total flavonoids, Fe, antinutrients, lightness, and yellowness/blueness after roasting. The 94 volatile compounds separated by GC-MS included 51 compounds from raw Hass kernels and 65 compounds from roasted kernels. The identified compounds constituted 96.21% and 93.25% in raw and roasted Hass kernels, respectively. The most compounds in the roasted Hass kernels were 3,7,11, trimethyl-8,10-dodecedienylacetate (6.28%), 2-methylbutan-1-ol (5.89%), 2-decanone, O-methyloxime (3.73%), 2-methyl-pyrazine (3.62%), and n-hexane (3.51%). Esters were the most common volatile compounds present in both raw and roasted Hass avocado kernels extract, we found 15 and 14 of these compounds (27.53 and 20.36%), respectively. This indicates that roasted Hass kernel flour is nutritionally and organoleptically suitable for food applications, including pastries and beverages, especially coffee drinks.
Thermodynamic Nature of SiO2 and FeO in Flux O Potential Control Subject to Submerged Arc Welding Process
Authors: Zhang Jin , Zhang Dan , Liu Ping
Published: January 2023

SiO2 and MnO are the essential components dictating flux O potential subject to submerged arc welding. Due to the lack of thermodynamic data on the flux properties in early trials, the roles of SiO2 and FeO in the determination of the flux O potential remain nebulous, and conclusions are often conflicting with each other. Within this framework, through the analysis of the fluxes of 23 formulas at the full coverage of acid and basic fluxes with a basicity index spanning from 0.5 to 5.6, attempts are made to obtain a better understanding of the thermodynamic interconnection between oxides (SiO2 and FeO) and the flux O potential, and to clarify the controversial conclusions raised by different investigators. In particular, a thermodynamic approach has been proposed to simulate the equilibrium FeO activity, during which no measurement of the slag composition is needed. It is revealed that the simulated equilibrium FeO activity is feasible to evaluate the flux potential for both acid and basic fluxes, which may pave a vital way to save the experimental resources on the flux design and analysis.
Iranian Scholars’ Contemporary Debate between Evolutionary Human Genesis and Readings of the Qur’an: Perspectives and Classification
Authors: Farahmand Maryam , Taqavi Mostafa , Ahmadi Ali Asghar
Published: January 2023

While the science–religion debate on human creation has been widely explored in the Muslim world, Iranian Muslim opinions have been missed in the mainstream literature. To see whether they follow the lead of the majority of Muslim thinkers or not, here is an overview of the Qur’anic Perspective of Iranian Muslim Scholars. After reviewing the previously categorized approaches of Muslims encountering evolution mentioned in the literature, this paper will survey the Qur’anic verses related to the biological creation of man with the “scientific-lexical” method of all possible states. Afterward, the views of the most-cited Iranian scholars, such as Saḥābī, Ṭabāṭabā’ī, Muṭahharī, and Jawādī, will be located within this classification by citing reasons and textual pieces of evidence from their accounts that determine the differences provided by the majority of Muslims.
“The Melancholy Dames”: Soren Kierkegaard’s Despairing Women and Wesley’s Empowering Cure
Authors: Leclerc Diane
Published: January 2023

This article will bring together the work of Soren Kierkegaard and John Wesley for the purpose of showing the relevance of their theologies for the empowerment of women. The particular focus will be on the doctrine of original sin. The paper will first address the question of why Augustine’s novel doctrine became the orthodox position and why his construction restricts its applicability to women. It will then move to Soren Kierkegaard’s understanding of anxiety and despair in his treatise, The Sickness Unto Death. In the theology of Soren Kierkegaard, there is room to interpret his understanding of original sin as “gendered”. For him, despair is the counterpart of original sin. It finds two forms: 1. despair is willing to be a self apart from the Power (God) that constitutes the self, and 2. despair is not willing to be a self at all. Feminists have questioned the legitimacy of original sin in its traditional form, and a few have even used Kierkegaard on the way to offering an alternative to pride. One method used here is to explicate this insight further. Another method is to put Kierkegaard and John Wesley in dialogue for the purpose of imagining selfhood for women more hopefully. If “despair” can be imagined as a wounding of the self, Wesley’s therapeutic model—seeing original sin as a disease and sanctification as its cure—has much to offer the conversation on personhood and empowered subjectivity, particularly for women. The primary research question investigated here is how a conversation between feminism, Kierkegaard, and Wesley offers an alternative to Augustine’s “orthodoxy” without rendering the idea of original sin completely untenable and useless for women within Christianity. Even though Wesley’s curative paradigm has been highlighted in more recent years, its particular strength to speak into the lives of those who do not/cannot will to be a self has perhaps yet to be fully mined. It reveals itself in the entire Wesleyan history of affirming women. However, the author believes the potential power of Wesley’s theology can be further unleashed by examining its mechanism’s in countering “female despair”.
Current and Future Potentials of Liberation Pedagogies: A Discussion of Paulo Freire’s, Augusto Boal’s, and Johannes A. van der Ven’s Approaches
Authors: Herbst Jan-Hendrik
Published: January 2023

In a time of social crises, pedagogical approaches are necessary that are sensitive to power relations, social crises, and political transformations. The pedagogies of Paulo Freire, Augusto Boal, and Johannes A. van der Ven represent such approaches. In this article, I aim to critically re-read these three theories and contextualize them within the vibrant and transnational history of liberation theologies. This historical approach makes it possible to uncover untapped potential for today and to think of liberation pedagogy at the cutting edge. Even though the three approaches were developed in contexts different from today’s, Freire, Boal, and Van der Ven, reflected on some commonalities that are also characteristic of the social crises of our time. With their help, I am going to outline three elements useful for the much-needed elaboration of a contemporary liberation pedagogy. A lively theory-practice-relationship and an embedding of theory in social movements (1); a complex analysis and critique of society and education and an easy-to-understand short version of it (2); and a profound emancipatory concept of education that gives freedom to learners while not being politically neutral (3).
Reenvisioning Plotinus’ Doctrine of the Triad in Byzantine Christianity as a New Type of Ethics
Authors: Chistyakova Olga Vasilievna , Chistyakov Denis Igorevich
Published: January 2023

This article reveals the continuity of Neoplatonic ideas in Greek-Byzantine patristics in the process of elaboration of the triadic dogma by the Church Fathers. Common and distinctive principles of Neoplatonism and Eastern Christianity are deduced from the point of view of the shaping of Christian ethics and the processing of Neoplatonic concepts in patristic texts. In more specific terms, Plotinus’ concept of the triad of the One–the Intellect–the Soul is considered, with special attention paid to analysis of the philosopher’s ideas of the One as Deity and the Origin of the world. It describes the process of emanation of the Neoplatonic trinity hypostasis and its connection with the material world through the World Soul. In comparison with Neoplatonism, the authors of the article present the molding of the dogma of the Holy Trinity in classical Greek-Byzantine patristics and highlight the new, theological-ethical vision of Plotinus’ triad as a form of the interconnection of the three Persons of the Trinity, expressing the absoluteness of interpersonal relations. In terms of philosophical ethics, the authors state that the Church Fathers’ understanding of the relationship among the three hypostases of the Holy Trinity serves as a model of perfect moral relationships demonstrating the absolute norms of morality for a human being. Neoplatonism was deprived of such a context in its interpretation of Plotinus’ triad. The creative and critical perception of Plotinus’ conceptual positions in the works of St. Athanasius is presented. Conclusions are made about the creative, sometimes critical, perception of the ideas of Neoplatonism in the formation of a new type of Christian ethics.
Intercultural Worship and Decolonialization: Insights from the Book of Psalms
Authors: Marzouk Safwat
Published: January 2023

This essay unpacks the relationship between an intercultural approach to worship and the vision of decolonization. It argues that for justice and liberation to be front and center in intercultural practices, there is a need to analyze the power dynamics that are present in the midst of a diverse worshipping community. Equally important is that the vision of decolonization needs the intercultural approach because of its ability to build bridges between people who are different, so that the faith community can overcome fragmentation by experiencing truth telling, healing, and transformation. The essay goes on to suggest that the book of Psalms offers rich resources for envisioning an intercultural worship that seeks to embody alternatives to oppressive, exclusionary, and alienating politics of assimilation and segregation. The book of Psalms, which was, for the most part, composed or redacted in the shadow of different empires, proclaimed God’s reign as a faith posture in the face of oppressive empires. This central motif of God’s reign, which appears in psalms of lament and psalms of praise, restores the agency of the oppressed by giving them a voice and holds those who abuse their power accountable. Practices such as lament and praise allow a diverse worshipping community to pay attention to how people experience power differently, and it calls them to be authentic and truthful so that these diverse people may work together towards transformation, justice, and healing.
Confessional Instruction or Religious Education: Attitudes of Female Students at the Teacher Education Faculties in Serbia
Authors: Šuvaković Uroš V. , Petrović Jelena R. , Nikolić Ivko A.
Published: January 2023

This paper presents an empirically study on the attitudes of female university students at all Teacher Education Faculties in Serbia (TEFS). For the purposes of this study, a survey was prepared to be completed by students online, and virtual exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling was applied. The independent variables were religion, major subjects, year of study, age, the completion of secondary schooling, whether an optional subject was studied during previous schooling, and whether female students were employed. The dependent variables were the respondents’ attitudes to religious instruction and civic education. The sample included 372 students from all TEFS, and the research was conducted in the period from 15 May to 8 June 2022. The data were processed with the aid of nonparametric statistics. The results showed that religion did not contribute to differences in students’ attitudes and opinions regarding the method of performing religious instruction and civic education, but that some other factors contributed to it, such as previous experience with these subjects and whether the respondent had completed secondary schooling. These results may be interpreted in the light of the weaknesses of the confessional model, that is, the lack of knowledge regarding the basic paradigms of other confessions, which is of great importance for countries such as Serbia which have numerous national minorities and religious communities.
Malaysian Roman Catholic Transgender Men, Simultaneous Failures in Gender and Religion, and Customisations of Spirituality and Ethical Living
Authors: Goh Joseph N.
Published: January 2023

In conservative, mostly Malay-Muslim Malaysia, transgender people are frequently articulated in mainstream Muslim and Christian discourses as gendered anomalies and recalcitrant religious dissidents. Due to the fact that normative gender identities and expressions are generally indexed as valid and, thus, ‘successful’ indicators of social and religious coherence among Malaysians, transgender people who are unable and/or unwilling to abide by regimes of gendered and religious normativity are regarded with scorn as simultaneous failures in gender and religion. By framing my analysis and theorising of selected narratives from two Malaysian Roman Catholic transgender men through Judith/Jack Halberstam’s concept of the queer art of failure, I argue that some transgender men of faith actively repudiate such disdainful perceptions by embracing gendered and religious failures, an intellectual resolution which they then translate into strategic customisations of their own spirituality and ethical living. These customisations, anchored in an unshakeable belief in God’s loving support and their inherent value in God’s eyes despite ecclesiastical disapproval, are acts of subversion that respond impertinently to and defy hegemonic ideologies of gender and religion, and re-imagine alternative knowledges, values, powers, and pleasures towards meaningful forms of liveability.
Governmental Response to ‘COVID-19’ and Religious Freedom in Korea as Compared to the United States
Authors: Choi Daeho , Kim Taesoo
Published: January 2023

During the COVID-19 crisis, the Korean government’s restrictions on religious freedom have caused several reactions. These can be divided into two categories: first, as several Christian groups have become the center of controversy over exacerbating the spread of COVID-19, the public sentiment towards religious gatherings has lost favorability. Second, there had been an increase in resistance to Christian groups and their right to worship. Regarding these issues, although the resistance from religious groups has not been as prominent as in the West, it is believed by both Korea and the West that the conflict between state power and religious right is at the root of this problem. This study reviews the Korean government’s restrictions on religious activities and the consequent resistance of churches from a legal and institutional angle. In addition, this study compares the Korean approach to that of the United States in terms of governmental measures, the resistance of churches, and judgments issued by the judiciary. After demonstrating stronger restrictions in the case of Korea, this study evaluates this response in terms of legal and religious pluralism, and suggests that more sophisticated legal and institutional supplementation is needed to establish a robust and viable religious governance based on diversity and mutual respect.
Characterizing Spring Phenological Changes of the Land Surface across the Conterminous United States from 2001 to 2021
Authors: Wu Wei , Xin Qinchuan
Published: January 2023

Monitoring land surface phenology plays a fundamental role in quantifying the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Shifts in land surface spring phenology have become a hot spot in the field of global climate change research. While numerous studies have used satellite data to capture the interannual variation of the start of the growing season (SOS), the understanding of spatiotemporal performances of SOS needs to be enhanced. In this study, we retrieved the annual SOS from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) two-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) time series in the conterminous United States from 2001 to 2021, and explored the spatial and temporal patterns of SOS and its trend characteristics in different land cover types. The performance of the satellite-derived SOS was evaluated using the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) and Harvard Forest data. The results revealed that SOS exhibited a significantly delayed trend of 1.537 days/degree (p < 0.01) with increasing latitude. The timing of the satellite-derived SOS was significantly and positively correlated with the in-situ data. Despite the fact that the overall trends were not significant from 2001 to 2021, the SOS and its interannual variability exhibited a wide range of variation across land cover types. The earliest SOS occurred in urban and built-up land areas, while the latest occurred in cropland areas. In addition, mixed trends in SOS were observed in sporadic areas of different land cover types. Our results found that (1) warming hiatus slows the advance of land surface spring phenology across the conterminous United States under climate change, and (2) large-scale land surface spring phenology trends extraction should consider the potential effects of different land cover types. To improve our understanding of climate change, we need to continuously monitor and analyze the dynamics of the land surface spring phenology.
Negative Air Ion (NAI) Dynamics over Zhejiang Province, China, Based on Multivariate Remote Sensing Products
Authors: Tao Sichen , Sun Zongchen , Lin Xingwen , Zhang Zhenzhen , Wu Chaofan , Zhang Zhaoyang , Zhou Benzhi , Zhao Zhen , Cao Chenchen , Guan Xinyu , Zhuang Qianjin , Wen Qingqing , Xu Yuling
Published: January 2023

Negative air ions (NAIs), which are known as the “air vitamin”, have been widely used as a measure of air cleanness. Field observation provides an alternative way to record site-level NAIs. However, these observations fail to capture the regional distribution of NAIs due to the limited number of sites. In this study, satellite-based bio-geophysical parameters from the climate, topography, air quality, vegetation, and anthropogenic intensity were used to estimate the daily NAIs with the Random Forest model (RF). In situ NAI observations over Zhejiang Province, China were incorporated into the model. Daily NAIs were averaged to capture the spatio-temporal distribution. The results showed that (1) the RF algorithm performed better than traditional regression analysis and the common BP neural network to generate regional NAIs at a spatial scale of 500 m over the larger scale, with an RMSE of 258.62, R2 of 0.878 for model training, and R2 of 0.732 for model testing; (2) in the variable importance measures (VIM) analysis, 87.96% of the NAI variance was caused by the elevation, aspect, slope, surface temperature, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), relative humidity (RH), and the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), while path analysis indicated that SIF was one of the most important factors affecting NAI concentration across the whole region; (3) NAI concentrations in 87.16% of the region were classified above grade III (>500 ions cm−3), which was able to meet the needs of human health maintenance; (4) the highest NAI concentration was distributed over the southwest of the Zhejiang Province, where forest land dominates. The lowest NAI concentration was mostly found in the northeast regions, where urban areas are well-developed; and (5) among different land types, the NAI concentrations were ranked as forest land > water bodies > barren > grassland > croplands > urban and built-up. Among different seasons, summer and winter have the highest and lowest NAIs, respectively. Our study provided a substantial reference for ecosystem services assessment in Zhejiang Province.
Estimation of Handheld Ground-Penetrating Radar Antenna Position with Pendulum-Model-Based Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Kaniewski Piotr , Kraszewski Tomasz
Published: January 2023

Landmines and explosive remnants of war are a significant threat in tens of countries and other territories, causing the deaths or injuries of thousands of people every year, even long after military conflicts. Effective technical means of remote detecting, localizing, imaging, and identifying mines and other buried explosives are still sought and have a great potential utility. This paper considers a positioning system used as a supporting tool for a handheld ground penetrating radar. Accurate knowledge of the radar antenna position during terrain scanning is necessary to properly localize and visualize the shape of buried objects, which helps in their remote classification and makes demining safer. The positioning system proposed in this paper uses ultrawideband radios to measure the distances between stationary beacons and mobile units. The measurements are processed with an extended Kalman filter based on an innovative dynamics model, derived from the model of a pendulum motion. The results of simulations included in the paper prove that using the proposed pendulum dynamics model ensures a better accuracy than the accuracy obtainable with other typically used dynamics models. It is also demonstrated that our positioning system can estimate the radar antenna position with the accuracy of single centimeters which is required for appropriate imaging of buried objects with the ground penetrating radars.
An Innovative Signal Processing Scheme for Spaceborne Integrated GNSS Remote Sensors
Authors: Qiu Tongsheng , Wang Xianyi , Sun Yueqiang , Li Fu , Wang Zhuoyan , Xia Junming , Du Qifei , Bai Weihua , Cai Yuerong , Wang Dongwei , Liu Cheng , Qiao Hao , Huang Feixiong
Published: January 2023

The vigorous development of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has led to a boom in GNSS radio occultation (GNSS RO) and GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) techniques. Consequently, we have proposed an innovative signal processing scheme for spaceborne integrated GNSS remote sensors (SIGRS), combining a GNSS RO and a GNSS-R module. In the SIGRS, the GNSS-R module shares one precise orbit determination (POD) module with the GNSS RO module, and the GNSS-R module first achieves compatibility with GPS, BDS, and Galileo. Moreover, the programmable non-uniform delay resolution was introduced and first used by the SIGRS to generate the output DDM, which achieves a high delay resolution in the DDM central region around the specular point to improve the accuracy of basic observables but requires fewer delay bins than the conventional DDM with uniform delay resolution. The SIGRS has been successfully used to design the GNOS II onboard the Chinese FY-3E satellite, and the results of in-orbit operation validate the performance of the SIGRS, which means the SIGRS is an economically and technically efficient design and has become the first successful signal processing scheme for spaceborne integrated GNSS remote sensors around the world.
A Method for Long-Term Target Anti-Interference Tracking Combining Deep Learning and CKF for LARS Tracking and Capturing
Authors: Zou Tao , Situ Weilun , Yang Wenlin , Zeng Weixiang , Wang Yunting
Published: January 2023

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) recycling in an underwater environment is particularly challenging due to the continuous exploitation of marine resources. AUV recycling via visual technology is the primary method. However, the current visual technology is limited by harsh sea conditions and has problems, such as poor tracking and detection. To solve these problems, we propose a long-term target anti-interference tracking (LTAT) method, which integrates Siamese networks, You Only Look Once (YOLO) networks and online learning ideas. Meanwhile, we propose using the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) for optimization and prediction of the position. We constructed a launch and recovery system (LARS) tracking and capturing the AUV. The system consists of the following parts: First, images are acquired via binocular cameras. Next, the relative position between the AUV and the end of the LARS was estimated based on the pixel positions of the tracking AUV feature points and binocular camera data. Finally, using a discrete proportion integration differentiation (PID) method, the LARS is controlled to capture the moving AUV via a CKF-optimized position. To verify the feasibility of our proposed system, we used the robot operating system (ROS) platform and Gazebo software to simulate the system for experiments and visualization. The experiment demonstrates that in the tracking process when the AUV makes a sinusoidal motion with an amplitude of 0.2 m in the three-dimensional space and the relative distance between the AUV and LARS is no more than 1 m, the estimated position error of the AUV does not exceed 0.03 m. In the capturing process, the final capturing error is about 28 mm. Our results verify that our proposed system has high robustness and accuracy, providing the foundation for future AUV recycling research.
Active Learning-Driven Siamese Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Authors: Di Xiyao , Xue Zhaohui , Zhang Mengxue
Published: January 2023

Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification has recently been successfully explored by using deep learning (DL) methods. However, DL models rely heavily on a large number of labeled samples, which are laborious to obtain. Therefore, finding a way to efficiently embed DL models in limited labeled samples is a hot topic in the field of HSI classification. In this paper, an active learning-based siamese network (ALSN) is proposed to solve the limited labeled samples problem in HSI classification. First, we designed a dual learning-based siamese network (DLSN), which consists of a contrastive learning module and a classification module. Secondly, in view of the problem that active learning is difficult to effectively sample under the extremely limited labeling cost, we proposed an adversarial uncertainty-based active learning (AUAL) method to query valuable samples, and to promote DLSN to learn a more complete feature distribution by fine-tuning. Finally, an active learning architecture, based on inter-class uncertainty (ICUAL), is proposed to construct a lightweight sample pair training set, fully extracting the inter-class information of sample pairs and improving classification accuracy. Experiments on three generic HSI datasets strongly demonstrated the effectiveness of ALSN for HSI classification, with performance improvements over other related DL methods.
Impact of SO2 Flux Estimation in the Modeling of the Plume of Mount Etna Christmas 2018 Eruption and Comparison against Multiple Satellite Sensors
Authors: Lamotte Claire , Marécal Virginie , Guth Jonathan , Salerno Giuseppe , Corradini Stefano , Theys Nicolas , Warnach Simon , Guerrieri Lorenzo , Brenot Hugues , Wagner Thomas , Bacles Mickaël
Published: January 2023

In this study, we focus on the eruption of Mount Etna on Christmas 2018, which emitted great amounts of SO2 from 24th to 30th December into the free troposphere. Simulations based on two different estimations of SO2 emission fluxes are conducted with the chemistry-transport model MOCAGE in order to study the impact of these estimations on the volcanic plume modeling. The two flux emissions used are retrieved (1) from the ground-based network FLAME, located on the flank of the volcano, and (2) from the spaceborne instrument SEVIRI onboard the geostationary satellite MSG. Multiple spaceborne observations, in the infrared and ultraviolet bands, are used to evaluate the model results. Overall, the model results match well with the plume location over the period of the eruption showing the good transport of the volcanic plume by the model, which is linked to the use of a realistic estimation of the altitude of injection of the emissions. However, there are some discrepancies in the plume concentrations of SO2 between the two simulations, which are due to the differences between the two emission flux estimations used that are large on some of the days. These differences are linked to uncertainties in the retrieval methods and observations used to derive SO2 volcanic fluxes. We find that the uncertainties in the satellite-retrieved column of SO2 used for the evaluation of the simulations, linked to the instrument sensitivity and/or the retrieval algorithm, are sometimes nearly as large as the differences between the two simulations. This shows a limitation of the use of satellite retrievals of SO2 concentrations to quantitatively validate modeled volcanic plumes. In the paper, we also discuss approaches to improve the simulation of SO2 concentrations in volcanic plumes through model improvements and also via more advanced methods to more effectively use satellite-derived products.
Back-Analysis of Slope GNSS Displacements Using Geographically Weighted Regression and Least Squares Algorithms
Authors: Dai Wujiao , Dai Yue , Xie Jiawei
Published: January 2023

Numerical simulation is a powerful technique for slope stability assessment and landslide hazard investigation. However, the physicomechanical parameters of the simulation results are susceptible to uncertainty. Displacement back-analysis is considered an effective method for the prediction of the geomechanical parameters of numerical models; therefore, it can be used to deal with the parameter uncertainty problem. In this study, to improve the interpretability of the back-analysis model, an analytical function relationship between slope displacements and physicomechanical parameters was established using geographically weighted regression. By combining the least-squares and linear-algebra algorithms, a displacement back-analysis method based on geographically weighted regression (DBA-GWR) was developed; in particular, the multi-objective displacement back-analysis was represented as an analytical problem. The developed method was subsequently used for a slope of the Guiwu Expressway in Guangxi, China. Simulation experiments and GNSS real-data experiments demonstrated that the GWR could achieve high-precision deformation modelling in the spatial domain with model-fitting precision in the order of mm. Compared with state-of-the-art methods, the precision of the simulated displacement with the proposed method was significantly improved, and equivalent physicomechanical parameters with higher accuracy were obtained. Based on the corrected numerical model, the most severely deformed profiles were forward-analysed, and the simulated deformation and distribution patterns were found to be in good agreement with the field investigation results. This approach is significant for the determination of geomechanical parameters and the accurate assessment of slope safety using monitoring data.
Spatial Prediction of Wildfire Susceptibility Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models Based on Support Vector Regression in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Nur Arip , Kim Yong , Lee Joon , Lee Chang-Wook
Published: January 2023

Australia has suffered devastating wildfires recently, and is predisposed to them due to several factors, including topography, meteorology, vegetation, and ignition sources. This study utilized a geographic information system (GIS) technique to analyze and understand the factors that regulate the spatial distribution of wildfire incidents and machine learning to predict wildfire susceptibility in Sydney. Wildfire inventory data were constructed by combining the fire perimeter through field surveys and fire occurrence data gathered from the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS)-Suomi thermal anomalies product between 2011 and 2020 for the Sydney area. Sixteen wildfire-related factors were acquired to assess the potential of machine learning based on support vector regression (SVR) and various metaheuristic approaches (GWO and PSO) for wildfire susceptibility mapping in Sydney. In addition, the 2019–2020 “Black Summer” fire acted as a validation dataset to assess the predictive capability of the developed model. Furthermore, the information gain ratio (IGR) method showed that driving factors such as land use, forest type, and slope degree have a large impact on wildfire susceptibility in the study area, and the frequency ratio (FR) method represented how the factors influence wildfire occurrence. Model evaluation based on area under the curve (AUC) and root average square error (RMSE) were used, and the outputs showed that the hybrid-based SVR-PSO (AUC = 0.882, RMSE = 0.006) model performed better than the standalone SVR (AUC = 0.837, RMSE = 0.097) and SVR-GWO (AUC = 0.873, RMSE = 0.080) models. Thus, optimizing SVR with metaheuristics improved the accuracy of wildfire susceptibility modeling in the study area. The proposed framework can be an alternative to the modeling approach and can be adapted for any research related to the susceptibility of different disturbances.
Resolving Ambiguities in SHARAD Data Analysis Using High-Resolution Digital Terrain Models
Authors: Desage Léopold , Herique Alain , Douté Sylvain , Zine Sonia , Kofman Wlodek
Published: January 2023

The SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a 20 MHz Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) that probes the first hundreds of meters of the Martian subsurface. In order to interpret the detection of subsurface interfaces with ground penetrating radars, simulations using Digital Terrain Models (DTM) are necessary. This methodology paper focuses on the analysis of the first tens of meters of the Martian subsurface with SHARAD, comparing the use of different high-resolution DTMs for radar simulation, namely, from the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) onboard the Mars Express and from the Context Camera (CTX) onboard MRO. The region of Terra Cimmeria was chosen as a demonstration area. It is a highly cratered southern midlatitude region, where, as will be discussed, the higher resolution of the aforementioned terrain models is mandatory to describe the surface at an acceptable level of detail for shallow subsurface radar interpretation. With a DTM corrected by photoclinometry using CTX imagery, we show that a reflector that was visible on SHARAD data but not on the simulation made with an HRSC DTM is, in fact, a surface echo that was not reproduced by the HRSC surface model. We also show that, unlike laser altimetry DTMs, optical DTMs are prone to artifacts that can make radar analysis more complicated for some scenarios. Reciprocally, we show that the comparison between radar and its corresponding simulated data is a way of assessing a DTM’s quality, which is especially useful in missions where ground control points are lacking, unlike Martian observations.
Simulation of Transient Topside Layer in the Martian Ionosphere
Authors: Jiang Chunhua , Tian Rong , Wei Lehui
Published: January 2023

Many Mars missions, e.g., Mariner, Viking, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Express (MEX), and Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN), have been launched to study the Martian atmosphere. These observations have improved our understanding of the ionosphere of Mars. Observations show that the Martian ionosphere could be divided into an M2 layer (at ~140 km altitude) and an M1 layer (at ~110 km altitude), ionized by EUV and X-ray solar radiation, respectively. However, there are still many scientific questions about the Martian ionosphere. A transient topsider layer (also called the M3 layer, at ~160–~220 km) can frequently be measured above the M2 layer in the Martian ionosphere. The statistical characteristics of the M3 layer show that it is not irradiated by solar incident radiation. Many candidate mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of the M3 layer. However, the method of describing or modeling the M3 layer is still one of the many open scientific questions about the Martian ionosphere. This study used a one-dimensional model, including photochemical production, loss, and dynamic transport processes to simulate the transient topside layer in the Martian ionosphere. The M3 layer was reproduced by a perturbed vertical plasma drift in this study. The enhancement of the electron temperature induced by the dynamic process of plasma could facilitate the formation of the M3 layer. Our results show that the vertical transport process of plasma might be more crucial in producing the M3 layer in the topside Martian ionosphere.
Tree Crown Detection and Delineation in a Temperate Deciduous Forest from UAV RGB Imagery Using Deep Learning Approaches: Effects of Spatial Resolution and Species Characteristics
Authors: Gan Yi , Wang Quan , Iio Atsuhiro
Published: January 2023

The automatic detection of tree crowns and estimation of crown areas from remotely sensed information offer a quick approach for grasping the dynamics of forest ecosystems and are of great significance for both biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Among various types of remote sensing data, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-acquired RGB imagery has been increasingly used for tree crown detection and crown area estimation; the method has efficient advantages and relies heavily on deep learning models. However, the approach has not been thoroughly investigated in deciduous forests with complex crown structures. In this study, we evaluated two widely used, deep-learning-based tree crown detection and delineation approaches (DeepForest and Detectree2) to assess their potential for detecting tree crowns from UAV-acquired RGB imagery in an alpine, temperate deciduous forest with a complicated species composition. A total of 499 digitized crowns, including four dominant species, with corresponding, accurate inventory data in a 1.5 ha study plot were treated as training and validation datasets. We attempted to identify an effective model to delineate tree crowns and to explore the effects of the spatial resolution on the detection performance, as well as the extracted tree crown areas, with a detailed field inventory. The results show that the two deep-learning-based models, of which Detectree2 (F1 score: 0.57) outperformed DeepForest (F1 score: 0.52), could both be transferred to predict tree crowns successfully. However, the spatial resolution had an obvious effect on the estimation accuracy of tree crown detection, especially when the resolution was greater than 0.1 m. Furthermore, Dectree2 could estimate tree crown areas accurately, highlighting its potential and robustness for tree detection and delineation. In addition, the performance of tree crown detection varied among different species. These results indicate that the evaluated approaches could efficiently delineate individual tree crowns in high-resolution optical images, while demonstrating the applicability of Detectree2, and, thus, have the potential to offer transferable strategies that can be applied to other forest ecosystems.
Does Regional Urbanization Promote Balanced Land Development? Evidence from Long Time Series Satellite Imagery
Authors: Qin Jun , Yu Wenjuan , Li Sheng , Zhou Weiqi , Shen Shouyun
Published: January 2023

The urban megaregion has been promoted as among the major urbanization forms in New-Type Urbanization in China, which aims to promote more balanced development among cities and between the urban and rural areas in a region. While numerous studies have examined developed land expansion in cities worldwide using remotely sensed imagery, fewer have investigated its dynamic process in a rural area and the differences in the growth magnitude and expansion morphology between urban and rural areas. Using Landsat imagery from 1986 to 2020, we examined the spatiotemporal patterns of developed land in both the urban and rural areas in the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban megaregion, China, using morphological analysis. We found that (1) the differences in the growth magnitude between the urban and rural areas varied between the different-sized cities, with increases in the largest city of Changsha, but decreases in the smaller ones of Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, although there was a slight increase at the megaregional scale. (2) The dynamic process of developed land in rural areas was similar to that in urban areas but showed a clear time-lag effect, where the dominant expansion types in urban areas shifted from edge to infilling expansion and to another edge expansion in 1986–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, whereas that in rural areas changed from outlying to edge expansion in 1986–2000 and 2000–2020. (3) The positive relationships between the growth speed and outlying and edge expansion suggested that the CZT urban megaregion was in the rapid outward expansion stage. Such a pattern may cause similar ecological effects, such as habitat fragmentation and urban heat archipelagos, to that in the eastern megaregions. Understanding such differences and their changes in the urban and rural areas will help optimize the strategies of urban megaregion sustainability.
Security Architecture for Secure Train Control and Monitoring System
Authors: Purwanto Yudha , Ruriawan Muhammad Faris , Alamsyah Andry , Wijaya Febry Pandu , Husna Dewi Nala , Kridanto Agri , Nugroho Fifin , Fakhrudin Anang , Itqon Mu’ammar , Febrianta Mochamad Yudha , Widiyanesti Sri , Mentari Fussy , Gozali Alfian Akbar , Romadhony Ade
Published: January 2023

A Train Control and Monitoring System (TCMS) is a vital part of monitoring sensors in a train. The data output of sensors is sent wirelessly to the data server for monitoring. However, as the wireless channel used to send the data is a shared public network, the transmitted data are prone to hackers and attacks. This paper proposes the Securebox architecture to manage secure data transfer from the onboard Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) to the data server in TCMS. The architecture is comprised of four main functions: network management, buffer management, data management, and security management. The architecture has been successfully developed in an HSM (Hardware Security Modul) and verified using alpha and beta software testing to form a secure TCMS. From the real-time testing phase in an electric-diesel train, the average performance of the AES-based HSM showed 55% faster time processing with unnoticed 0.1% added memory usage compared to the 3DES. The secure TCMS also withstands MITM attack and provides end-to-end data security compared to the (Mobile Station) MS to Base Station (BS) only in GSM-R.