bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vortex cluster arising from an axisymmetric inertial wave attractor
Authors: Boury S. , Sibgatullin I. , Ermanyuk E. , Shmakova N. , Odier P. , Joubaud S. , Maas L.R.M. , Dauxois T.
Published: September 2021

We present an experimental and numerical study of the nonlinear dynamics of an inertial wave attractor in an axisymmetric geometrical setting. The rotating ring-shaped fluid domain is delimited by two vertical coaxial cylinders, a conical bottom and a horizontal wave generator at the top: the vertical cross-section is a trapezium, while the horizontal cross-section is a ring. Forcing is introduced via axisymmetric low-amplitude volume-conserving oscillatory motion of the upper lid. The experiment shows an important result: at sufficiently strong forcing and long time scale, a saturated fully nonlinear regime develops as a consequence of an energy transfer draining energy towards a slow two-dimensional manifold represented by a regular polygonal system of axially oriented cyclonic vortices undergoing a slow prograde motion around the inner cylinder. We explore the long-term nonlinear behaviour of the system by performing a series of numerical simulations for a set of fixed forcing amplitudes. This study shows a rich variety of dynamical regimes, including a linear behaviour, a triadic resonance instability, a progressive frequency enrichment reminiscent of weak inertial wave turbulence and the generation of a slow manifold in the form of a polygonal vortex cluster confirming the experimental observation. This vortex cluster is discussed in detail, and we show that it stems from the summation and merging of wave-like components of the vorticity field. The nature of these wave components, the possibility of their detection under general conditions and the ultimate fate of the vortex clusters at even longer time scale remain to be explored.
An adjoint approach for computing the receptivity of the rotating disc boundary layer to surface roughness
Authors: Thomas Christian , Davies Christopher
Published: September 2021

An adjoint approach is developed to compute the receptivity of the rotating disc boundary layer to surface roughness. The adjoint linearised Navier–Stokes equations, in cylindrical coordinates, are derived and receptivity characteristics are computed for a broad range of azimuthal mode numbers using a fully equivalent velocity–vorticity formulation. For each set of flow conditions (i.e. azimuthal mode number), the adjoint method only requires that the linear and adjoint solutions be computed once. Thus, the adjoint approach offers significant computational and time advantages over alternative receptivity schemes (i.e. direct linearised Navier–Stokes) as they can be used to instantaneously compute the receptivity of boundary layer disturbances to many environmental mechanisms. Stationary cross-flow disturbances are established by randomly distributed surface roughness that is periodic in the azimuthal direction and modelled via a linearisation of the no-slip condition on the disc surface. Each roughness distribution is scaled on its respective root-mean-square. A Monte-Carlo type uncertainty quantification analysis is performed, whereby mean receptivity amplitudes are computed by averaging over many thousands of roughness realisations with variable length and wavelength filters. The amplitude of the cross-flow instability is significantly larger for roughness distributions near the conditions for neutral linear instability, while roughness elements radially outboard have a negligible effect on the receptivity process. Furthermore, receptivity increases sharply for roughness distributions that encompass wavelength scales equivalent to that associated with the cross-flow instability. Finally, mean receptivity characteristics are used to predict the radial range that stationary cross-flow vortices achieve amplitudes sufficient to invalidate the linear stability assumptions.
Soap film catastrophes
Authors: Habibi Hamed K. , Krechetnikov Rouslan
Published: September 2021

Earlier systematic experimental studies of bursting soap films by McEntee & Mysels (J. Phys. Chem., vol. 73, 1969, pp. 3018–3028) revealed the existence of a precursor shock wave preceding the expanding hole in a punctured film, with a disturbed region of shrinking film material in between known as the ‘aureole’. In the present work we report and interpret new phenomena associated with the aureole – the formation of folds on the surface of soap films. In search of the theoretical explanation of the experimentally identified conditions under which the folds appear, we establish that they correspond to catastrophes of collapsing soap films.
Late Sandbian (Sa2) radiolarians of the Pingliang Formation from the Guanzhuang section, Gansu Province, China
Authors: Perera Siyumini , Aitchison Jonathan C.
Published: September 2021

A diverse, well-preserved radiolarian assemblage is reported from the Sandbian age Climacograptus bicornis Graptolite Biozone. This new assemblage, recovered from the Pingliang Formation in the Guanzhuang section, China, includes six new species along with 13 other previously described taxa. Geminusphaera new genus incorporates G. grandis n. sp. and G. kongtongensis n. sp. and is proposed for inaniguttids constructed from two distinct porous spheres bearing seven or more primary spines. Protopylentonema new genus is introduced to incorporate pylomate entactinarians with five-rayed initial spicules. It includes P. ordosensis n. sp. as well as P. aperta, P. rimata, and P. insueta that were formerly assigned to Kalimnasphaera. Micro-computed tomography investigation of skeletal microstructure supports establishment of the new genera together with other new spumellarian species: Haplotaeniatum implexa n. sp., Inanigutta quadrispinosa n. sp., and Kalimnasphaera pingliangensis n. sp. It also indicates that family-level reassignment of Etymalbaillella from the Proventocitidae to the Ceratoikiscidae is appropriate.

Global distribution of Late Ordovician radiolarian occurrences highlights a strong preference for areas with equatorial to tropical sea surface temperatures. This must have led to ecological stress among radiolarian communities in adapting to global cooling in the Hirnantian.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/3d3f55b8-0e70-4f9f-9738-265750d8ec3a.
Enforcing charitable trusts: a study on the English necessary interest rule
Authors: Jing Hui
Published: September 2021

In England, Parliament introduced the ‘necessary interest rule’ through the enactment of section 115 of the Charities Act 2011 (England and Wales), allowing ‘any person interested’ in a charitable trust to initiate charity proceedings against defaulting trustees in their administration of charitable assets. Nevertheless, insufficient attention has been paid to this rule despite it being initially enacted in 1853. Parliament has refrained from clearly defining the rule, and the courts have long been grappling with its meaning in determining whether a person is eligible to sue. This paper studies the necessary interest rule by exploring the way in which the courts have interpreted it and the uncertainties surrounding its operation. It is shown that, in the context of charitable trusts, the concern of securing the due administration and execution of the trust lies at the heart of the rule. The final section of this paper discusses the significant theoretical implications of the necessary interest rule. It considers the beneficiary-enforcer debate concerning the conceptual nature of express trusts and highlights the insights that analysis of the rule can provide into this debate.
The Vital Center Reborn: Redefining Liberalism between 9/11 and the Iraq War
Authors: Stieb Joseph
Published: September 2021

Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, a set of liberal intellectuals promoted a vision of liberal renewal at home and abroad, hoping to create a new political and foreign policy paradigm. They sought to revive a form of early Cold War “Vital Center” liberalism by supporting democratization and human rights, designing a liberal version of patriotism, and supporting confrontations with illiberal autocracies and radical Islamists. They hoped to reverse decades of liberal decline in domestic politics, to distance themselves from the political left, and to critique President George Bush's response to 9/11, which they viewed as unilateralist, militaristic, and intellectually vapid. This revival of optimistic, universalist liberalism represents the peak of liberals’ post–Cold War belief in the ability of U.S. power to spread presumably universal values. The failure of the Iraq War, which many of these thinkers supported, undermined this brief project and returned liberals to a more cautious, defensive mindset.
Intraspecific facial bite marks in tyrannosaurids provide insight into sexual maturity and evolution of bird-like intersexual display
Authors: Brown Caleb M. , Currie Philip J. , Therrien François
Published: September 2021

Intraspecific aggression, or agonism, is a widespread intrasexual selective behavior important to understanding animal behavioral ecology and reproductive systems. Such behavior can be studied either by direct observation or inferred from wound/scar frequency in extant species but is difficult to document in extinct taxa, limiting understanding of its evolution. Among extant archosaurs, crocodylians display extensive intrasexual aggression, whereas birds show extreme visual/vocal intersexual display. The evolutionary origin of this behavioral divergence, and pattern in non-avian dinosaurs, is unknown. Here we document the morphology, frequency, and ontogeny of intraspecific facial bite lesions (324 lesions) in a large sample of tyrannosaurids (202 specimens, 528 elements) to infer patterns of intraspecific aggression in non-avian theropods. Facial scars are consistent in position and orientation across tyrannosaurid species, suggesting bites were inflicted due to repeated/postured behavior. Facial scars are absent in young tyrannosaurids, first appear in immature animals (~50% adult skull length), are present in ~60% of the adult-sized specimens, and show aggressor:victim size isometry. The ontogenetic distribution of bite scars suggests agonistic behavior is associated with the onset of sexual maturity, and scar presence in approximately half the specimens may relate to a sexual pattern. Considered in a phylogenetic context, intraspecific bite marks are consistent and widely distributed in fossil and extant crocodyliforms and non-maniraptoriform theropods, suggesting a potential plesiomorphic behavior in archosaurs. Their absence in maniraptoriform theropods, including birds, may reflect a transition from boney cranial ornamentation and crocodylian-like intrasexual aggression to avian-like intersexual display with the evolution of pennaceous feathers.
Low-cooling-rate freezing in biomolecular cryo-electron microscopy for recovery of initial frames
Authors: Wu Chunling , Shi Huigang , Zhu Dongjie , Fan Kelong , Zhang Xinzheng
Published: September 2021

When biological samples are first exposed to electrons in cryo-electron microcopy (cryo-EM), proteins exhibit a rapid ‘burst’ phase of beam-induced motion that cannot be corrected with software. This lowers the quality of the initial frames, which are the least damaged by the electrons. Hence, they are commonly excluded or down-weighted during data processing, reducing the undamaged signal and the resolution in the reconstruction. By decreasing the cooling rate during sample preparation, either with a cooling-rate gradient or by increasing the freezing temperature, we show that the quality of the initial frames for various protein and virus samples can be recovered. Incorporation of the initial frames in the reconstruction increases the resolution by an amount equivalent to using ~60% more data. Moreover, these frames preserve the high-quality cryo-EM densities of radiation-sensitive residues, which is often damaged or very weak in canonical three-dimensional reconstruction. The improved freezing conditions can be easily achieved using existing devices and enhance the overall quality of cryo-EM structures.
HEDGEHOGS IN LEHMER’S PROBLEM
Authors: VAN ITTERSUM JAN-WILLEM M. , RINGELING BEREND , ZUDILIN WADIM
Published: September 2021

Motivated by a famous question of Lehmer about the Mahler measure, we study and solve its analytic analogue.
Closing Time: The Local Equilibrium Effects of Prohibition
Authors: Howard Greg , Ornaghi Arianna
Published: September 2021

How do different local policies in a federal system affect local land values, production, and sorting? We study the question exploiting a large historical policy change: U.S. Alcohol Prohibition in the early twentieth century. Comparing same- state early and late adopters of county dry laws in a difference-in-differences design, we find that early Prohibition adoption increased population and farm real estate values. Moreover, we find strong effects on farm productivity consistent with increased investment due to a land price channel. In equilibrium, the policy change disproportionately attracted immigrants and African-Americans.
The Efficiency of the Chinese Silver Standard, 1920–1933
Authors: Palma Nuno , Zhao Liuyan
Published: September 2021

We test for integration of financial markets in China during 1920-1933 using a new dataset of domestic exchange rates. Our data concerns tael-denominated telegraphic transfers between Shanghai and nine other cities. We find that Chinese financial markets, as measured by the efficiency of silver-point arbitrage, were highly integrated among major commercial hubs in north and central China, but there was a lower level of integration for more remote cities in the south. Our paper presents the first comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of the Chinese silver standard and contributes to a revaluation of market performance during pre-communist China.
The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment
Authors: Becuwe Stéphane , Blancheton Bertrand , Meissner Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.
Evidence for distinct genetic and environmental influences on fear acquisition and extinction
Authors: Purves K. L. , Krebs G. , McGregor T. , Constantinou E. , Lester K. J. , Barry T. J. , Craske M. G. , Young K. S. , Breen G. , Eley T. C.
Published: September 2021

Background

Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent with an early age of onset. Understanding the aetiology of disorder emergence and recovery is important for establishing preventative measures and optimising treatment. Experimental approaches can serve as a useful model for disorder and recovery relevant processes. One such model is fear conditioning. We conducted a remote fear conditioning paradigm in monozygotic and dizygotic twins to determine the degree and extent of overlap between genetic and environmental influences on fear acquisition and extinction.

Methods

In total, 1937 twins aged 22–25 years, including 538 complete pairs from the Twins Early Development Study took part in a fear conditioning experiment delivered remotely via the Fear Learning and Anxiety Response (FLARe) smartphone app. In the fear acquisition phase, participants were exposed to two neutral shape stimuli, one of which was repeatedly paired with a loud aversive noise, while the other was never paired with anything aversive. In the extinction phase, the shapes were repeatedly presented again, this time without the aversive noise. Outcomes were participant ratings of how much they expected the aversive noise to occur when they saw either shape, throughout each phase.

Results

Twin analyses indicated a significant contribution of genetic effects to the initial acquisition and consolidation of fear, and the extinction of fear (15, 30 and 15%, respectively) with the remainder of variance due to the non-shared environment. Multivariate analyses revealed that the development of fear and fear extinction show moderate genetic overlap (genetic correlations 0.4–0.5).

Conclusions

Fear acquisition and extinction are heritable, and share some, but not all of the same genetic influences.
Indirectstructural crosslinguistic influence in early Catalan–Spanish bilinguals in adulthood: Predicate selection in Catalan existential constructions
Authors: Perpiñán Silvia , Soto-Corominas Adriana
Published: September 2021

This study reports an oral production experiment investigating the expression of existentiality in the Catalan of adult Catalan–Spanish early bilinguals (N= 58) with comparable proficiencies but different language dominance. The results show qualitative differences among the bilinguals in existential predicate selection and in their supply of partitive pronouns, modulated by language dominance. Balanced Bilinguals as well as Spanish-dominant bilinguals significantly produced moreestar(in detriment ofser-hiandhaver-hi) not only in locative contexts, where Catalan already presents optionality regulated by semantic differences, but also in existential constructions, where this optionality does not exist. We argue forindirectcrosslinguistic influence (CLI), when the bilingualperceivescertain structural overlap within constructions, mediating the influence from one structure to another one and expanding the limits of CLI. The qualitative differences found among bilinguals challenge the idea of a bilingualism continuum in Catalan–Spanish bilingualism with an identical mental representation.
Design and simulation of a PK testbed for head impact evaluation
Authors: Rueda Arreguín José Luis , Ceccarelli Marco , Torres-SanMiguel Christopher René
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the design and simulation of a Parallel Kinematic (PK) testbed for head impacts. The proposed design is presented as a novel head impact testbed using a parallel platform as main motion simulation mechanism. The testbed is used to give a motion to a head mannequin to impact against a steel plate. In addition, the platform in the testbed allows to modify the orientation of the head mannequin model to evaluate different types of impacts. The testbed has been modeled with software MS ADAMS® to evaluate its performance with a dynamic simulation and to characterize the testbed design during top and lateral impact events. Results show that PK testbed gives a significant force and acceleration to the head mannequin at the moment of the impact.
P-CURVING AS A SAFEGUARD AGAINSTP-HACKING IN SLA RESEARCH
Authors: Lindstromberg Seth
Published: September 2021

It is important to be able to identify research results likely to have been arrived at by means of “p-hacking,” a common term for research and reporting practices (such as the selective reporting of results) that are biased toward findingp< α. This paper discusses and demonstrates “p-curving,” a means of checking a set of primary studies within a specific research stream for signs ofp-hacking. A salient feature ofp-curving is that it is based entirely on significantp-values. Because of the potential usefulness ofp-curving and because it has been little used by SLA researchers, a case study illustrates the construction and analysis of ap-curve as a complement to meta-analysis. The focalp-curve in this study relates to published (quasi)experimental studies that addressed the research hypothesis that for low and middle proficiency learners L1 glosses facilitate vocabulary learning during reading better than L2 glosses do.
VISUAL WORD RECOGNITION IN BILINGUALS
Authors: Freeman Max R. , Marian Viorica
Published: September 2021

A bilingual’s language system is highly interactive. When hearing a second language (L2), bilinguals access native-language (L1) words that share sounds across languages. In the present study, we examine whether input modality and L2 proficiency moderate the extent to which bilinguals activate L1 phonotactic constraints (i.e., rules for combining speech sounds) during L2 processing. Eye movements of English monolinguals and Spanish–English bilinguals were tracked as they searched for a target English word in a visual display. On critical trials, displays included a target that conflicted with the Spanish vowel-onset rule (e.g., spa), as well as a competitor containing the potentially activated “e” onset (e.g., egg). The rule violation was processed either in the visual modality (Experiment 1) or audio-visually (Experiment 2). In both experiments, bilinguals with lower L2 proficiency made more eye movements to competitors than fillers. Findings suggest that bilinguals who have lower L2 proficiency access L1 phonotactic constraints during L2 visual word processing with and without auditory input of the constraint-conflicting structure (e.g., spa). We conclude that the interactivity between a bilingual’s two languages is not limited to words that share form across languages, but also extends to sublexical, rule-based structures.
Remarks about inhomogeneous pair correlations
Authors: RAMÍREZ FELIPE A.
Published: September 2021

Given an infinite subset
$\mathcal{A} \subseteq\mathbb{N}$
, let A denote its smallest N elements. There is a rich and growing literature on the question of whether for typical
$\alpha\in[0,1]$
, the pair correlations of the set
$\alpha A (\textrm{mod}\ 1)\subset [0,1]$
are asymptotically Poissonian as N increases. We define an inhomogeneous generalisation of the concept of pair correlation, and we consider the corresponding doubly metric question. Many of the results from the usual setting carry over to this new setting. Moreover, the double metricity allows us to establish some new results whose singly metric analogues are missing from the literature.
The United States Navy, Slave-Trade Suppression, and State Development
Authors: ERICSON DAVID F.
Published: September 2021

The mission of the United States Navy expanded significantly because of the presence of the institution of racial slavery on American soil. Most important, both proslavery and antislavery forces favored, for very different reasons, a substantial naval buildup in the late 1850s. The navy had, however, long been engaged in securing the nation’s borders against slave smuggling, an activity that also seemed to have broad support at the time. Finally, somewhat more controversially, the navy had been associated with the American Colonization Society’s Liberian enterprise from its very inception, deciding to deploy vessels to Africa in an otherwise unimaginable time frame. The relationship between the presence of slavery and the pre–Civil War activities of the navy is a largely untold—or, at best, half-told—story of American state development.
Multimodal assessment of sustained threat in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury
Authors: Başgöze Zeynep , Mirza Salahudeen A. , Silamongkol Thanharat , Hill Dawson , Falke Conner , Thai Michelle , Westlund Schreiner Melinda , Parenteau Anna M. , Roediger Donovan J. , Hendrickson Timothy J. , Mueller Bryon A. , Fiecas Mark B. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Cullen Kathryn R.
Published: September 2021

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common but poorly understood phenomenon in adolescents. This study examined the Sustained Threat domain in female adolescents with a continuum of NSSI severity (N = 142). Across NSSI lifetime frequency and NSSI severity groups (No + Mild NSSI, Moderate NSSI, Severe NSSI), we examined physiological, self-reported and observed stress during the Trier Social Stress Test; amygdala volume; amygdala responses to threat stimuli; and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Severe NSSI showed a blunted pattern of cortisol response, despite elevated reported and observed stress during TSST. Severe NSSI showed lower amygdala–mPFC RSFC; follow-up analyses suggested that this was more pronounced in those with a history of suicide attempt for both moderate and severe NSSI. Moderate NSSI showed elevated right amygdala activation to threat; multiple regressions showed that, when considered together with low amygdala–mPFC RSFC, higher right but lower left amygdala activation predicted NSSI severity. Patterns of interrelationships among Sustained Threat measures varied substantially across NSSI severity groups, and further by suicide attempt history. Study limitations include the cross-sectional design, missing data, and sampling biases. Our findings highlight the value of multilevel approaches in understanding the complexity of neurobiological mechanisms in adolescent NSSI.
It takes two: An antenatal to postnatal RDoC framework for investigating the origins of maternal attachment and mother–infant social communication
Authors: DiPietro Janet A. , Kivlighan Katie T. , Voegtline Kristin M. , Costigan Kathleen A. , Moore Ginger A.
Published: September 2021

Transformation of the maternal–fetal relationship into the mother–infant relationship remains an enigmatic process. This progression is considered using a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) informed approach centered on domains of Arousal/Regulation, Positive/Negative Valence, and Social Processes. One hundred and fifty-eight maternal–fetal dyads began participation during pregnancy, maternal–infant dyads were followed at 6 months postpartum. Women exhibited stability in feelings of attachment to the fetus and infant, and in positive/negative appraisal of pregnancy and motherhood. Elicited maternal physiological arousal to emotionally evocative videos generated fetal heart rate variability and motor activity responses. Parasympathetic (i.e., heart rate variability) suppression in the fetus was associated with more positive and regulated infant social communication in the Face-to-Face Still Face protocol; suppression of maternal respiratory sinus arrhythmia was related to infant affect but in the opposite direction. Maternal ratings of infant temperament aligned with maternal antenatal affective valence. Attachment trajectories characterized by stability from antenatal to postnatal periods were most associated with maternal affective appraisal of pregnancy; shifts were influenced by infant characteristics and maternal sympathetic responsivity. Results illustrate how variation in arousal and regulatory systems of the pregnant woman and fetus operate within the context of maternal positive and negative valence systems to separately and jointly shape affiliation and temperament in early infancy.
Aggregation, status competition and levelling mechanisms in prehistoric Chulmun, Korea
Authors: Kim Minkoo
Published: September 2021

This article discusses the aggregation and dispersion of the Chulmun hunter-gatherers (c.8000–1500bce) in prehistoric Korea. The following observations are made from settlement datasets. First, large numbers of houses do not necessarily imply aggregation, as they can be palimpsests of dwelling structures from different phases. Second, aggregation settlements were segmented and contained multiple discrete subunits. Individual residential clusters typically had fewer than 60 inhabitants. Third, there are some indications of social hierarchy in nucleated settlements such as Unseo-dong. Fourth, despite some evidence of emergent elites and social differentiation, social complexity did not intensify over the long run. Levelling mechanisms (e.g. group fission) were in operation and they suppressed the institutionalization of social hierarchy.
SNAP participation and the health and health care utilisation of low-income adults and children
Authors: Miller Daniel P , Morrissey Taryn W
Published: September 2021

Objective:

This article examined whether participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) produced changes to adult and child health and health care utilisation during a period of economic recession.

Design:

Instrumental variables analysis relying on variation in state SNAP policies to isolate exogenous variation in household SNAP participation.

Setting:

Nationally representative data on child and adult health from the 2008 to 2013 National Health Interview Survey.

Participants:

Participants were 92 237 adults and 45 469 children who were either eligible for SNAP based on household income and state eligibility rules or were low income but not eligible for SNAP benefits.

Results:

For adults, SNAP participation increased the probability of reporting very good or excellent health, and for both adults and children, reduced needing but having to go without dental care or eyeglasses. The size of these benefits was especially pronounced for children. However, SNAP participation increased the probability of needing but not being able to afford prescription medicine, and increased psychological distress for adults and behavioural problems for children under age 10.

Conclusions:

SNAP’s benefits for adult health and improved access to dental and vision care for adults and children suggest benefits from the program’s expansions during the current COVID-induced crisis. Predicted negative effects of SNAP participation suggest the need for attention to program and benefit structure to avoid harm and the need for continued research to explore the causal effects of program participation.
Trends and factors associated with the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Ghana: a secondary analysis of the 2003–2014 Ghana demographic and health survey (GDHS) data
Authors: Azupogo Fusta , Abizari Abdul-Razak , Aurino Elisabetta , Gelli Aulo , Osendarp Saskia JM , Bras Hilde , Feskens Edith JM , Brouwer Inge D
Published: September 2021

Objective:

We examined the trends over time and the factors associated with malnutrition among adolescent girls in Ghana.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis from 3 nationwide Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003 (n 983), 2008 (n 955) and 2014 (n 857). We used Cox proportional hazard models with sample weighting to model the prevalence ratio (PR) of malnutrition.

Setting:

Countrywide, covering rural and urban areas in Ghana.

Participants:

Non-pregnant adolescent girls aged 15–19 years.

Results:

Compared with 2003, thinness declined marginally (PR 0·88 (95 % CI 0·45, 1·73)) in 2008 and in 2014 (PR 0·71 (95 % CI 0·38, 1·56)). Stunting declined marginally by 19 % in 2008 (PR 0·81 (95 % CI 0·59, 1·12)), flattening out in 2014 (PR 0·81 (95 % CI 0·57, 1·17)). We found an increasing trend of overweight/obesity with the PR peaking in 2014 (PR 1·39 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·88)) compared to 2003. The anaemia prevalence remained severe without a clear trend. A low level of education of the adolescent girl was positively associated with stunting. Increasing age was positively associated with stunting but inversely associated with thinness and anaemia. Girls who ever bore a child were more likely to be anaemic compared to those who never did. A lower level of household wealth and a unit increase in household size was negatively associated with overweight/obesity. Urban dwelling girls were less likely to be stunted.

Conclusions:

The stagnant burden of under-nutrition and rising over-nutrition emphasise the need for double-duty actions to tackle malnutrition in all its forms in Ghanaian adolescent girls.
Regional education and wealth-related inequalities in malnutrition among women in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Sorif , Khudri Md Mohsan , Banik Rajon
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

This paper examines the associations of socio-economic and demographic correlates with malnutrition among women and investigates education and wealth-related inequalities in malnutrition among women by region.

Design:

We utilise a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression model to evaluate the associations and employ the concentration, Wagstaff and Erreygers’s correction indices to measure socio-economic inequalities in malnutrition among women.

Setting:

Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data.

Participants:

Non-pregnant women aged 15–49 years.

Results:

We find evidence of a significant cluster effect in the data. Women’s age, marital status, total children ever born, education level, husband’s/partner’s education level, residence and wealth index appear to be significantly associated with women underweight and overweight/obesity status. Underweight status is higher among less-educated women and women from poor households, whereas overweight/obesity is more concentrated among higher educated women and women from wealthy households. The southwestern region of the country demonstrates lower education and wealth-related inequalities in malnutrition among women. In contrast, the central and the northeastern areas apparently experience the highest education and wealth-related inequalities in malnutrition among women. The regional differences in predicted probabilities of being underweight shrink at higher education level and the richest quintile, whereas the differences in overweight/obese diminish at the primary education level and lower quintile households.

Conclusions:

Our findings strengthen the evidence base for effective regional policy interventions to mitigate education and wealth-related inequalities in malnutrition among women. There is a need for developing regional awareness programmes and establishing regional monitoring cells to ensure proper health and nutrition facilities in underprivileged regions.
Lifestyle correlates of dietary patterns among young adults: evidence from an Australian birth cohort
Authors: Ushula Tolassa W , Lahmann Petra H , Mamun Abdullah , Wang William YS , Williams Gail M , Najman Jake M
Published: September 2021

Objective:

Previous studies of sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of dietary patterns among young adults have primarily focused on physical activity and smoking, with inconclusive results. This study aims to examine the associations between a broader range of lifestyles of young adults and their patterns of food consumption.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Brisbane, Australia.

Participants:

The data set are from a long running birth cohort study which commenced in 1981. Details of dietary intake and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were from the 21-year follow-up of the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) birth cohort. The effective cohort (n 2665, 57 % women) is of young adult offspring. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Data on sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were obtained from self-reports.

Results:

Western and prudent dietary patterns were identified for the combined cohort of women and men using principal components analysis. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the associations between lifestyle variables and dietary patterns adjusting for potential confounders. Results from multivariable adjusted models showed that physical activity, watching TV and smoking were strongly associated with each dietary pattern; alcohol consumption and BMI showed weaker associations (P < 0·05 for all).

Conclusions:

Our study describes a clustering of unhealthy lifestyles in young adults. Young adults with unhealthy lifestyles less often adhere to a healthy prudent dietary pattern and more often an unhealthy Western pattern. Dietary preferences are enmeshed in a lifestyle matrix which includes physical activity, sedentary activity, smoking and alcohol consumption of young adults.
Intertemporal and intratemporal consumption smoothing at retirement: micro evidence from detailed spending and time use data
Authors: Been Jim , Goudswaard Kees
Published: September 2021

Using detailed spending and time use data from the Netherlands, this paper analyzes the causal effect of retirement on spending and time use decisions. Both total consumption and disaggregated consumption categories are considered. We do not find empirical evidence for drops in households' total non-durable spending at retirement. Our estimates suggest increases in spending at retirement on goods that are complementary to leisure, but no decreases in spending on goods that are replaceable by home production. The quantitative implication of our empirical results for the Life-Cycle Model is an intertemporal elasticity of substitution for leisure below unity.
#MeToo in East Asia: The Politics of Speaking Out
Authors: Huang Chang-Ling
Published: September 2021

The global diffusion of #MeToo has sparked case studies and scholarly discussions (Fileborn and Loney-Howes 2019; Lee and Murdie 2020; Noel and Oppenheimer 2020), but the East Asian experience remains understudied, especially from a comparative perspective within and outside the region. The internet hashtag movement emerged from quality investigative journalism, and the movement has done what the law could not (MacKinnon 2018). Examining tweets that include the English version of the hashtag, Lee and Murdie (2020) found that women are more likely to engage in #MeToo in countries where their political rights are better protected. This finding, however, does not seem to fit East Asia's experience. The region's earliest and longest democracy, Japan, had a much milder movement than neighboring South Korea. Many South Korean women publicly named their perpetrators, but Japanese women, when sharing their experience of being harassed, mostly remained anonymous (Hasunuma and Shin 2019). Moreover, Taiwan, arguably the most gender-equal country in this region—if measured by women's political representation (42% in the national legislature) or by policies toward sexual minorities (it was the first Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage)—has had virtually no #MeToo movement.
Reading Race in Slavic Studies Scholarship through a Digital Lens
Authors: Kohen Hilah , Reischl Katherine M. H. , Janco Andrew , Grunewald Susan , Puchkovskaia Antonina
Published: September 2021

This article asks, on a systemic scale, how published articles in “Slavic Studies” do and do not reflect critically on race and other cultural constructions of identity. Digital Humanities methods provide a digital bird's-eye view of over 100,000 scholarly texts, primarily in Russian and English, through three computational approaches: frequency analysis, topic modeling, and perspectival modeling. The authors demonstrate that there is an absence of critical tools for conducting research about race in our field, despite a prevalence of racialized subject matter. These results offer a data-based refutation of the common misconception that race is outside the scholarly concerns of our field. Rather, the data affirms student accounts of the field's inadequacies in grappling with race and racism, both in historical objects of study and in the world that scholars navigate. Digital methods also locate scholarship inside and outside Slavic Studies that offers positive guidance for future work.
Racism, the Highest Stage of Anti-Communism
Authors: Djagalov Rossen
Published: September 2021

There are many and different types of racism in contemporary Russia: institutional racism, far-right racism, everyday (bytovoi) racism, and a fourth kind to which this essay will be devoted, the racism of the liberal intelligentsia. Russian liberal media's reaction to the BLM protests of 2020 has offered abundant material for the study of its social base, main tropes, and underlying logic. This article attempts to historicize it, locating its origins in the anti-Soviet pro-western dissidence of the stagnation era and illustrating its workings through some statements made by Joseph Brodsky and his milieu. Furthermore, the article identifies the intersection of two main ideas from which this racism emerges. In the first place, this is Cold-War rejection of real or perceived Soviet alliances with newly decolonized countries of Africa and Asia or with African Americans during the Civil Rights era. In the second place, this is dissident civilizational hierarchies that placed the west at the top and saw the east or the south as a backward space best avoided.
Kompetenzlernen in der Echtarbeit begleiten
Authors: Wunderlich Caroline Noreen
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Kompetenzentwicklung durch Selbstreflexion – kann das wirklich gelingen? Es wird hierzu ein Selbstreflexionstagebuch vorgestellt. Die Identifikation des Lernbedarfs ermöglicht den Einstieg in eine ganzheitliche Lernprozessbegleitung. Die kompetenzorientierten Fragen leiten die Lernenden zu einer strukturierten Selbstbeobachtung an. Der Rückblick auf die Lernerfahrung kann anschließend vielfältig in Theorie und Praxis zum Arrangieren weiterer Lernsituationen genutzt werden.
Der Blick zurück stärkt auf dem Weg nach vorn
Authors: Winter Claudia
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der Pflegepraxis lernen Auszubildende eher beiläufig und unbewusst. Verbunden sind diese Lernprozesse häufig mit Enttäuschung, Frustration und Selbstzweifel. Berichtet wird von der Umsetzung einer Lernbegleitung Auszubildender beim Reflektieren emotionaler Erlebnisse an der KRH-Akademie in Hannover. Aufgrund des inhärenten körperlichtaktilen sowie sozial-interaktiven Lernverständnisses wird die Lernbegleitung in der Corona-Pandemie zur Herausforderung.
Lehre in Gesundheitsberufen: Zusammenführen was zusammengehört
Authors: Willgosch Aljoscha , Engelke Susanne , Hebestreit Norbert , Mille Urte
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Interprofessionelles Lehren und Lernen wird mehr und mehr zur gängigen Praxis in der Ausbildung von Gesundheitsberufen. Das Projekt „Medizinisches Trainingszentrum“ am SkillsLab Jena initiierte erste interprofessionelle Kurse zwischen Pflegeauszubildenden und Humanmedizinstudierenden. Das Resultat – Erfahrungswerte sowie eine Definitionsfindung für interprofessionelles Lehren auf zwei Lernlevels.
Chemical Characteristics, Size Distributions, Molecular Composition, and Brown Carbon in South Asian Outflow to the Indian Ocean
Authors: Boreddy Suresh K. R. , Hegde Prashant , Aswini A. R. , Aryasree S.
Published: September 2021

The transport of South Asian (SA) anthropogenic haze to the northern Indian Ocean (NIO) is often observed during winter, however, its chemical and molecular constituents are not well explored. To better address this problem, shipborne measurements of size‐resolved aerosol sampling were carried out over the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) for the quantification of aerosol composition (organic and inorganic) and molecular markers during the winter of 2018. The most striking outcome was the dominance of anthropogenic aerosols derived from biomass‐burning and combustion‐related emissions over the NIO during the SA outflow. Low‐level concentrations were noticed over the EIO where oceanic air mass was dominated. Organic carbon (OC), sea‐salts (Na+ and Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), and nitrates (NO3−) were enriched in the coarse mode (>2.0 µm) while elemental carbon (EC), water‐soluble OC, sulfates (SO42−), and potassium (K+) were abundant in fine mode (<2.0 µm) aerosols. Water‐soluble nitrogen aerosols showed a bimodal size distribution with a significant peak in fine mode. The molecular composition of organic aerosols (OAs) in PM1.1 was characterized by high abundances of sugars and lignin/resin products followed by hydroxy/polyacids and plasticizers. These results underscore that biomass‐burning emissions (BBEs), plastic combustions, and secondary anthropogenic aerosols are the leading sources of OAs in the SA outflow as further corroborated by the linear‐regression analysis between organic and inorganic marker compounds. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of organic (brown carbon; BrC) aerosols (MAEOC‐BrC‐365nm) was two times higher in SA outflow and largely contributed from BBEs as confirmed by the positive relationship with levoglucosan.
Isolated Peak of Oxygen Ion Fraction in the Post‐Noon Equatorial F‐Region: ICON and SAMI3/WACCM‐X
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Huba J. D. , Heelis Roderick , Englert Christoph
Published: September 2021

In the equatorial region, the fraction of oxygen ions (O+) in the topside ionosphere contains information on the source altitude of the plasma, which is controlled, in part, by the vertical plasma motion in the F‐region. Previous studies on this topic are restricted by limited coverage of local time, latitude, and season, leaving a significant knowledge gap in the distribution of the topside ionospheric composition. In this study, we statistically investigate the O+ fraction measured by ICON/IVM over all the local time sectors and seasons at low‐/midlatitudes. For the first time, we have found that an isolated peak in the O+ fraction emerges in the post‐noon equatorial region. The peak is most prominent during equinoxes, while during solstices it is connected to the O+ fraction bulges in the local summer midlatitudes. Simulations with SAMI3 coupled with thermospheric parameters from WACCM‐X reproduce the peak of the O+ fraction. The post‐noon equatorial peak can be explained by the net vertical motion of plasma consisting of transports either parallel or perpendicular to geomagnetic field lines.
SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier accompanied with basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration
Authors: Zhang Ling , Zhou Li , Bao Linlin , Liu Jiangning , Zhu Hua , Lv Qi , Liu Ruixue , Chen Wei , Tong Wei , Wei Qiang , Xu Yanfeng , Deng Wei , Gao Hong , Xue Jing , Song Zhiqi , Yu Pin , Han Yunlin , Zhang Yu , Sun Xiuping , Yu Xuan , Qin Chuan
Published: September 2021

SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to show a capacity for invading the brains of humans and model animals. However, it remains unclear whether and how SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Herein, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was occasionally detected in the vascular wall and perivascular space, as well as in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in the infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Moreover, the permeability of the infected vessel was increased. Furthermore, disintegrity of BBB was discovered in the infected hamsters by administration of Evans blue. Interestingly, the expression of claudin5, ZO-1, occludin and the ultrastructure of tight junctions (TJs) showed unchanged, whereas, the basement membrane was disrupted in the infected animals. Using an in vitro BBB model that comprises primary BMECs with astrocytes, SARS-CoV-2 was found to infect and cross through the BMECs. Consistent with in vivo experiments, the expression of MMP9 was increased and collagen IV was decreased while the markers for TJs were not altered in the SARS-CoV-2-infected BMECs. Besides, inflammatory responses including vasculitis, glial activation, and upregulated inflammatory factors occurred after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting that SARS-CoV-2 can cross the BBB in a transcellular pathway accompanied with basement membrane disrupted without obvious alteration of TJs.