bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking children's mental states while solving algebra equations
Authors: Anderson John R. , Betts Shawn , Ferris Jennifer L. , Fincham Jon M.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral and function magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) data were combined to infer the mental states of students as they interacted with an intelligent tutoring system. Sixteen children interacted with a computer tutor for solving linear equations over a six‐day period (Days 0–5), with Days 1 and 5 occurring in an fMRI scanner. Hidden Markov model algorithms combined a model of student behavior with multi‐voxel imaging pattern data to predict the mental states of students. We separately assessed the algorithms' ability to predict which step in a problem‐solving sequence was performed and whether the step was performed correctly. For Day 1, the data patterns of other students were used to predict the mental states of a target student. These predictions were improved on Day 5 by adding information about the target student's behavioral and imaging data from Day 1. Successful tracking of mental states depended on using the combination of a behavioral model and multi‐voxel pattern analysis, illustrating the effectiveness of an integrated approach to tracking the cognition of individuals in real time as they perform complex tasks. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhythm evokes action: Early processing of metric deviances in expressive music by experts and laymen revealed by ERP source imaging
Authors: James Clara E. , Michel Christoph M. , Britz Juliane , Vuilleumier Patrik , Hauert Claude‐Alain
Published: September 2011

To examine how musical expertise tunes the brain to subtle metric anomalies in an ecological musical context, we presented piano compositions ending on standard and deviant cadences (endings) to expert pianists and musical laymen, while high‐density EEG was recorded. Temporal expectancies were manipulated by substituting standard “masculine” cadences at metrically strong positions with deviant, metrically unaccented, “feminine” cadences. Experts detected metrically deviant cadences better than laymen. Analyses of event‐related potentials demonstrated that an early P3a‐like component (∼ 150–300 ms), elicited by musical closure, was significantly enhanced at frontal and parietal electrodes in response to deviant endings in experts, whereas a reduced response to deviance occurred in laymen. Putative neuronal sources contributing to the modulation of this component were localized in a network of brain regions including bilateral supplementary motor areas, middle and posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, associative visual areas, as well as in the right amygdala and insula. In all these regions, experts showed enhanced responses to metric deviance. Later effects demonstrated enhanced activations within the same brain network, as well as higher processing speed for experts. These results suggest that early brain responses to metric deviance in experts may rely on motor representations mediated by the supplementary motor area and motor cingulate regions, in addition to areas involved in self‐referential imagery and relevance detection. Such motor representations could play a role in temporal sensory prediction evolved from musical training and suggests that rhythm evokes action more strongly in highly trained instrumentalists. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accumulation of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in the halophyte plant Atriplex grown on polluted soil
Authors: Kachout Salma Sai , Mansoura Ameur Ben , Mechergui Rania , Leclerc Jean Claude , Rejeb Mohamed Nejib , Ouerghi Zeineb
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: Three annual Atriplex species—A. hortensis var. purpurea, A. hortensis var. rubra and A. rosea—growing on soil with various levels of the heavy metals copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, have been investigated.

RESULTS: Metal accumulation by Atriplex plants differed among species, levels of polluted soil and tissues. Metals accumulated by Atriplex were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance widely exists in them. The increased concentration of heavy metals in soil led to increases in heavy metal shoot and root concentrations of Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unpolluted soil. Accumulation was higher in roots than shoots for all the heavy metals. None of the plants were suitable for phytoextraction because no hyperaccumulator was identified. However, plants with a high bioconcentration factor and low translocation factor have the potential for phytostabilization. Similarly, the correlation between metal concentrations and translocations in plants (BCFs and TFs) using a linear regression was also statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Among the plants studied, var. purpurea was the most efficient in accumulating Pb and Zn in its shoots, whereas var. rubra was most suitable for phytostabilization of sites contaminated with Cu and Ni. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Conventional, organic and biodynamic farming: differences in polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of Batavia lettuce
Authors: Heimler Daniela , Vignolini Pamela , Arfaioli Paola , Isolani Laura , Romani Annalisa
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: Lactuca sativa L. ssp. acephala L., cv. Batavia red Mohican plants were cultivated under intensive conventional, organic and biodynamic farming and were analyzed for their polyphenol content and antiradical activity in order to demonstrate the influence of farming on yield, polyphenol content and antiradical activity.

RESULTS: The yield of plants from conventional farming was the highest (2.89 kg m−2), while polyphenol content, measured by spectrophotometry, of these plants was lower at P < 0.05 (1.36 mg g−1) than the content of plants from organic and biodynamic farming (1.74 and 1.85 mg g−1, respectively). The antiradical activity, measured by DPPH · assay, was positively correlated to flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents.

CONCLUSION: Flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acid and anthocyan patterns were not affected by the type of cultivation, while quantitative differences were demonstrated and some differences were found between conventional farming and organic or biodynamic farming. The yield of conventionally grown salads was the highest. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
EXCLOSURE LAND MANAGEMENT FOR RESTORATION OF THE SOILS IN DEGRADED COMMUNAL GRAZING LANDS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Mekuria W. , Aynekulu E.
Published: September 2011

In the northern highlands of Ethiopia, establishment of exclosures to restore degraded communal grazing lands has been practiced for the past three decades. However, empirical data on the effectiveness of exclosures in restoring degraded soils are lacking. We investigated the influence of exclosure age on degree of restoration of degraded soil and identified easily measurable biophysical and management‐related factors that can be used to predict soil nutrient restoration. We selected replicated (n = 3) 5‐, 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐year‐old exclosures and paired each exclosure with samples from adjacent communal grazing lands. All exclosures showed higher total soil nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and cation exchange capacity than the communal grazing lands. The differences varied between 2·4 (±0·61) and 6·9 (±1·85) Mg ha−1 for the total N stock and from 17 (±3) to 39 (±7) kg ha−1 for the available P stock. The differences in N and P increased with exclosure age. In exclosures, much of the variability in soil N (R2 = 0·64) and P (R2 = 0·71) stocks were explained by a combination of annual average precipitation, woody biomass, and exclosure age. Precipitation and vegetation canopy cover also explained much of the variability in soil N (R2 = 0·74) and P (R2 = 0·52) stocks in communal grazing lands. Converting degraded communal grazing lands into exclosures is a viable option to restore degraded soils. Our results also confirm that the possibility to predict the changes in soil nutrient content after exclosure establishment using regression models is based on field measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable and Unconventional Conformation of Single PEG Bent γ‐CD‐Based Polypseudorotaxanes
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Jin , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐ying , Feng Zeng‐guo
Published: September 2011

The unexpected formation of polypseudorotaxanes via attaching 2‐bromoisobutyryl groups to both ends of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which leads to the self‐assembly with γ‐cyclodextrins in aqueous solution, is reported in this study. The resulting polypseudorotaxanes exhibit stable and unconventional single PEG bent conformations as evident from XRD, FTIR, GPC, 13C CP/MAS, and 1H NMR analyses. These polypseudorotaxane products are so stable that they can initiate the bulk ATRP of butyl methacrylate to give rise to the same conformational polypseudorotaxanes.
THE “INVASION” OF MANUFACTURED CIVIL SOCIETY: GOVERNMENT–NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIPS IN A BRAZILIAN STATE
Authors: Peci Alketa , Figale Juliana , Sobral Filipe
Published: September 2011

The growth of the nonprofit sector in Brazil has been conceptually similar to that of the Anglo‐Saxon Third Way, where the government promotes the creation of partnerships with civil society. This process has been criticized for creating a “manufactured civil society”. This study will investigate whether the same pattern can be observed in the Brazilian context, particularly within the Management Shock Reform implemented by Minas Gerais, one of the principal Brazilian states. Management Shock is guided by a governmental partnership discourse that promotes contractual partnerships with both businesses and nonprofits. We opted for a bottom‐up oriented research approach, aiming to comprehend the rationale for initiating and sustaining the partnerships revealed in the narratives that emerged from both government and nonprofit partners. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and content analysis of documents and the media. Results show the predominance of agency‐type partnerships, highlighting the centrality of the government and its techno‐bureaucratic role in fostering and maintaining Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público or Civil Society Organization of Public Interest designs. Differing from the Anglo‐Saxon context, we observed the “invasion” of market‐driven values in nonprofits and, to some extent, in government narratives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risikoberechnungen beim autosomal-dominanten Erbgang
Authors: Fischer C. , Grimm T.
Published: September 2011

Für einfache Stammbäume werden die Risikoberechnungen bei autosomal-dominanten Erkrankungen mithilfe des Bayesschen Rechentableaus durchgeführt und dabei demonstriert, wie sich reduzierte Penetranz, Phänokopien und altersabhängige Penetranz berücksichtigen lassen und auf das Risiko auswirken. Bei altersabhängiger Penetranz ist es wichtig, zwischen Heterozygotenwahrscheinlichkeit und Restlebenszeiterkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit zu unterscheiden. Die Parameter sind in Anlehnung an ein vereinfachtes Modell für familiären Brust- und Eierstockkrebs gewählt.
Sugar and Spice and Everything Nice? Teacher Perceptions of Black Girls in the Classroom
Authors: Francis Dania V.
Published: September 2011

This paper uses national data on eighth grade female students and their English, math and science teachers to examine teacher perceptions of student behavior, such as attentiveness and disruptiveness. Particular attention is paid to differences in perception by student race and socioeconomic status. I find that black female students are perceived as less attentive and more disruptive than their white, Hispanic, and Asian counterparts. Controlling for academic performance and socioeconomic status mitigates the differences in perceptions of attentiveness but not disruptiveness. Further, the perceptions of attentiveness are significantly related to the probability that a teacher recommends a student for honors courses. I discuss the implications of these findings for the educational outcomes of black female students.
Length of near-wall plumes in turbulent convection
Authors: Puthenveettil Baburaj A. , Gunasegarane G. S. , Agrawal Yogesh K. , Schmeling Daniel , Bosbach Johannes , Arakeri Jaywant H.
Published: September 2011

We present planforms of line plumes formed on horizontal surfaces in turbulent convection, along with the length of line plumes measured from these planforms, in a six decade range of Rayleigh numbers ($1{0}^{5} \lt \mathit{Ra}\lt 1{0}^{11} $) and at three Prandtl numbers ($\mathit{Pr}= 0. 7, 5. 2, 602$). Using geometric constraints on the relations for the mean plume spacings, we obtain expressions for the total length of near-wall plumes on horizontal surfaces in turbulent convection. The plume length per unit area (${L}_{p} / A$), made dimensionless by the near-wall length scale in turbulent convection (${Z}_{w} $), remains constant for a given fluid. The Nusselt number is shown to be directly proportional to ${L}_{p} H/ A$ for a given fluid layer of height $H$. The increase in $\mathit{Pr}$ has a weak influence in decreasing ${L}_{p} / A$. These expressions match the measurements, thereby showing that the assumption of laminar natural convection boundary layers in turbulent convection is consistent with the observed total length of line plumes. We then show that similar relationships are obtained based on the assumption that the line plumes are the outcome of the instability of laminar natural convection boundary layers on the horizontal surfaces.
Fructo-oligosaccharide systemically diminishedd-galactose-induced oxidative molecule damages in BALB/cJ mice
Authors: Hsia Chien-Hsun , Wang Cheng-Hsin , Kuo Yi-Wen , Ho Ying-Jui , Chen Hsiao-Ling
Published: September 2011

Subcutaneous (s.c.)d-galactose (DG) treatment has been shown to facilitate the development of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in C57BL/6J mice. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this treatment in young BALB/cJ mice, another mouse strain, enhanced oxidative stress to similar extents shown in older mice, and to further determine the effects of fructo-oligosaccharide (FO), a prebiotic fibre and vitamin E (antioxidant control) on the DG-induced oxidative damage of lipids, proteins and mitochondrial DNA, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities. Mice (12 weeks of age,n40) were divided into four groups: vehicle (s.c. saline)+control (modified rodent chow); DG (s.c. 1·2 g/kg body weight)+control; DG+FO (5 %, w/w); DG+vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 0·2 %). Then, the animals were killed after 52 d of treatment. Another natural ageing (NA) group without any injection was killed at 47 weeks of age, which served as an aged control. The results indicated that the DG treatment enhanced malonaldehyde dimethyl acetal (MDA) levels in the plasma, liver and cerebral cortex, and protein carbonyl levels in the liver and hippocampus to similar levels shown in the NA group. FO, similar to α-tocopherol, systemically normalised DG-induced elevations in the levels of MDA in the plasma, liver and cerebral cortex, protein carbonyls in the liver and hippocampus, hepatic mitochondrial 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity. In conclusion, the s.c. DG treatment in younger BALB/cJ mice resembled the oxidative status in older mice. FO supplementation systemically prevented DG-induced oxidative stress, probably through its fermentation products and prebiotic effect.
Parasitological and histopathological effects of immunosuppression in guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Okeke O.C. , Ubachukwu P.O. , Okafor F.C. , Shoyinka S.V.O.
Published: September 2011

The parasitological and histopathological effects of immunosuppression in guinea-pigs (Cavia porcellus) experimentally infected with Schistosoma haematobium were studied. A total of 16 guinea-pigs were divided into four groups (four per group): non-immunosuppressed, non-infected group (NN); immunosuppressed, non-infected group (IN); immunosuppressed, infected group (II); non-immunosuppressed, infected group (NI). The IN and II groups were immunosuppressed with 5 mg/kg prednisolone while the II and NI animals were infected with 200–300 S. haematobium cercariae. Excretion of eggs in urine/faeces, worm burden and histopathology of some vital organs of the guinea-pigs were studied. Eggs of S. haematobium were observed in the urine of the NI and II groups from 9 weeks post-infection and in faeces from 10 and 13 weeks post-infection for the NI and II groups, respectively. However, II animals excreted more viable eggs in urine and faeces than those of the NI group. Worm recovery at 14 weeks post-infection showed that NI and II guinea-pigs had more female worms than male worms and a greater proportion of worm recovery for NI animals was of immature worms. Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed between female, male and immature worm burden of the two groups but not in their total worm burden (P>0.05). Histological changes, which were notably reactions to adult S. haematobium worms, were observed in the organs of the NI and II groups but these changes were seen more in the organs of the immunosuppressed, infected (II) than in the non-immunosuppressed, infected (NI) guinea-pigs. The results suggest that immunosuppression before infection increased worm survival and had a moderate effect on liver and bladder histology of S. haematobium infected guinea-pigs.
Microvariation in object positions: Negative Shift in Scandinavian
Authors: Engels Eva
Published: September 2011

In the Scandinavian languages, sentential negation must be licensed in Spec–head relation in the IP-domain, necessitating leftward movement of negative objects, Negative Shift (NegS). While string-vacuous NegS is possible in all Scandinavian varieties, there is a fair amount of cross-linguistic variation in non-string-vacuous NegS. In particular, the varieties contrast in which constituents can be crossed by NegS and whether or not crossing of a certain constituent requires the presence of an intervening verb. The paper presents the complex variation as to the distribution of negative objects in Scandinavian, using data from different sources, and outlines an analysis within Fox & Pesetsky's (2003, 2005a, b) cyclic linearization model, which accounts for this variation by differences in the availability of the intermediate positions non-string-vacuous movement is forced to proceed through.
A typology of non-local reflexives in the Scandinavian languages
Authors: Strahan Tania E.
Published: September 2011

The Scandinavian languages are very closely related but also vary syntactically in interesting ways, making this family useful in the study of typology variation. In this paper the issue of non-local reflexives, or ‘long-distance reflexives’ (LDR) is investigated. New LDR data from the Scandinavian languages is presented to show that the Binding Conditions cannot account for the variation in LDR in these languages, since the range of domains that LDR may or may not occur in in each variety varies non-hierarchically. For instance, LDR in Icelandic may be bound out of a finite complement clause but not out of a relative clause, while the reverse is true in most Norwegian dialects. Faroese allows LDR out of both clause types, but many dialects do not allow a second person pronoun to co-occur in a sentence containing LDR, which does not generally affect Icelandic or Norwegian LDR. An extension of Dalrymple's (1993) typology of anaphora, which is set within the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar, can account for this data, using a combination of inside-out and outside-in functional uncertainty equations, on- and off-path constraints and positive and negative constraints, all of which refer to elements (potentially) found in functional-structure.
Astronomy in the Upper Palaeolithic?
Authors: Hayden Brian , Villeneuve Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Beginning with Alexander Marshack's interpretation of engraved lines as lunar calendrical notations, a number of highly controversial claims have been made concerning the possible astronomical significance of Upper Palaeolithic images. These claims range from lunar notations, to solstice observances in caves, to constellation representations. Given the rare nature of artefacts and images that lend themselves to such interpretations, these claims are generally difficult to evaluate on the basis of archaeological data alone. However, comparative ethnology can provide at least a way of assessing the plausibility of such astronomical claims. If the premise is accepted that at least some of the Upper Palaeolithic groups were complex hunter-gatherers, then astronomical observances, or the lack of them, among ethnographic complex hunter-gatherers can help indicate whether astronomical observations were likely to have taken place among Upper Palaeolithic complex hunter-gatherers. A survey of the literature shows that detailed solstice observances were common among complex hunter-gatherers, often associated with the keeping of calendars and the scheduling of major ceremonies. Moreover, aggrandizers in complex hunter-gatherer societies often form ‘secret societies’ in which esoteric astronomical knowledge is developed. The existence of calendrical notations and secluded meeting places for secret-society members are suggested to be at least plausible interpretations for a number of Upper Palaeolithic caves and images.
Animals as Agents: Hunting Ritual and Relational Ontologies in Prehistoric Alaska and Chukotka
Authors: Hill Erica
Published: September 2011

In this article, I discuss the ways in which animals act as ontological subjects — as other-than-human persons and as agents in myth and ritual. First I outline how humans conceive of and behave with animals and their remains in indigenous cosmologies using ethnographic and ethnohistoric examples from the Arctic, Subarctic and Amazonia. I then explore the archaeological evidence for indigenous ontologies along the coasts of Chukotka and Alaska, arguing that prehistoric hunters interacted with animals as agential persons, engaging in social practices intended to facilitate hunting success and avoid offending prey. Two forms of ritual activities are discussed: the use of hunting amulets and the caching of animal bones and antlers. I conclude that focusing on shamanism in the study of hunter-gatherer belief obscures the roles of hunters and their wives. Their thoughts and actions established and maintained relationships with prey animals and may be more productively conceptualized as dynamic social behaviours embedded within the context of daily life than as privileged ritual acts.
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: McClain Paula D.
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.

Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.

In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Pontusson Jonas
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson'sWinner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Classis both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue ofThe American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.

Readers ofPerspectives on Politicswill know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels'sUnequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.”Winner-Take-All Politicsthus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.

In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Whose Equality? The Discouraging Politics of American Education (and What We Might Do about It)
Authors: Viteritti Joseph P.
Published: September 2011

Ever since 1954, when a unanimous Supreme Court declared that education is “a right that must be made available to all on equal terms,” Americans have been debating the meaning of educational equality, how it might be attained, and through what instrumentalities of government.Brownv.Board of Educationwas arguably the most important Supreme Court decision of the twentieth century, not only because it ended legal segregation in schools but also for incorporating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as a tool to promote racial equality in other aspects of American life.Brownalso thrust the federal courts deeply into primary and secondary education and opened the door to further federal intervention in a sphere of government that historically belonged to the states and localities. Debates over federalism, separation of powers, policy alternatives, and the role of government in promoting educational and social equality remain very much alive today as the Obama administration puts forth its education agenda, states struggle with its demands, and Congress reconsiders the contours of No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
Human rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: mutually reinforcing systems
Authors: Cabrera Oscar A. , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: September 2011

This article explores the connection between human rights and tobacco control, and in particular, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). We address rights-based arguments used by the tobacco industry to argue against tobacco regulation. We demonstrate the weakness of these arguments, and that tobacco control and human rights are, in fact, not in conflict, but are mutually reinforcing. We also offer counter-arguments in favour of tobacco regulation based on international human rights obligations. Moreover, we argue that international human rights law and human rights bodies can provide tobacco control advocates with avenues for international monitoring and enforceability, which are lacking in the FCTC.
The asymmetric war discourse and its moral economies: a critique
Authors: Winter Yves
Published: September 2011

Contemporary military conflicts are frequently referred to as ‘new’, ‘irregular’, or ‘asymmetric’, labels that are meant to distinguish contemporary conflict formations from previous ones. Yet the language of asymmetry is not just a conveniently vague gloss for a variety of conflicts; it also introduces a normative schema that moralizes and depoliticizes the difference between states and non-state actors. The description of contemporary conflicts as asymmetric allows states to be portrayed as victims of non-state actors, as vulnerable to strategic constellations they ostensibly cannot win. ‘Asymmetry’ is today's idiom to distinguish between civilized and uncivilized warfare, an idiom that converts ostensibly technological or strategic differences between state and non-state actors into moral and civilizational hierarchies. Furthermore, the claim that these types of conflicts are new is used to justify attempts to revisit and rewrite the international laws of armed conflicts. While such attempts are unlikely to succeed in the formal arena, informally, a transformation of the international normative order is already underway. At the heart of this transformation is how states interpret a key cornerstone of international humanitarian law: the principle of discrimination between combatants and civilians.
Identity, bargaining, and third-party mediation
Authors: Block Ray , Siegel David A.
Published: September 2011

This paper elucidates a theory of identity formation and applies it to the study of international negotiation. The theory acknowledges that actors/agents can adopt a multiplicity of identities, and it treats changes in the salience of identities as endogenous to the contextually dependent processes of interpersonal and intergroup interactions. Typically, strong identities are viewed as encouraging conflict and exacerbating interstate disputes. Our theory, however, suggests a palliative role for identity: third-party mediation can more effectivelyresolveconflicts when it enhances shared, if initially less salient, aspects of the disputants’ identities. We discuss several causal pathways through which the process of enhancing identity salience can increase the likelihood of successful conflict resolution, providing a complementary mechanism for the effectiveness of mediation to those extant in the literature. The paper concludes with a practical method for applying the theory's insights to the choice of mediator and the mediator's technique.
Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the eastern South Pacific Ocean: A composite analysis from altimetry and Argo profiling floats
Authors: Chaigneau Alexis , Le Texier Marie , Eldin Gérard , Grados Carmen , Pizarro Oscar
Published: September 2011

The mean vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the Peru‐Chile Current System is investigated by combining the historical records of Argo float profiles and satellite altimetry data. A composite average of 420 (526) profiles acquired by Argo floats that surfaced into cyclonic (anticyclonic) mesoscale eddies allowed constructing the mean three‐dimensional eddy structure of the eastern South Pacific Ocean. Key differences in their thermohaline vertical structure were revealed. The core of cyclonic eddies (CEs) is centered at ∼150 m depth within the 25.2–26.0 kg m−3 potential density layer corresponding to the thermocline. In contrast, the core of the anticyclonic eddies (AEs) is located below the thermocline at ∼400 m depth impacting the 26.0–26.8 kg m−3 density layer. This difference was attributed to the mechanisms involved in the eddy formation. While intrathermocline CEs would be formed by instabilities of the surface equatorward coastal currents, the subthermocline AEs are likely to be shed by the subsurface poleward Peru‐Chile Undercurrent. In the eddy core, maximum temperature and salinity anomalies are of ±1°C and ±0.1, with positive (negative) values for AEs (CEs). This study also provides new insight into the potential impact of mesoscale eddies for the cross‐shore transport of heat and salt in the eastern South Pacific. Considering only the fraction of the water column associated with the fluid trapped within the eddies, each CE and AE has a typical volume anomaly flux of ∼0.1 Sv and yields to a heat and salt transport anomaly of ±1–3 × 1011 W and ±3–8 × 103 kg s−1, respectively.
Dynamics of a tidally‐forced stratified shear flow on the continental slope
Authors: Bluteau C. E. , Jones N. L. , Ivey G. N.
Published: September 2011

The near seabed mean and turbulent processes on the continental slope were measured for a three week period using an array of acoustic‐Doppler velocimeters and thermistors over the bottom 30 m at the 400 m isobath. Baroclinic motions with characteristics similar to internal bores or boluses propagated onshore during the flood phase of both spring and neap tides. The arrival time of these internal bores at our measurement site varied amongst tidal cycles and their characteristics were not highly correlated with the amplitude of the barotropic tidal forcing. The passage of the internal bores was associated with large turbulent overturns, enhanced turbulent kinetic energy dissipation (ε > 10−6 W kg−1) and intensified currents (>6 times the barotropic forcing) within meters of the seabed. During the deployment, stratification and shear competed to govern our observed overturning length scale (≲4 m) that were characterized by the Ellison length scale LE. Only measurements closest to the seabed (1.7 m) were described by the log law‐of‐the‐wall; generally both buoyancy and the presence of the bottom boundary influenced LE, while sometimes flow‐induced shear determined LE. As the distance of our measurements from the seabed increased, the influence of buoyancy became more pronounced. These results highlight that a more general descriptor of the overturning length scale is necessary for complex stratified shear flows.
Literacy Outcomes of Children With Early Childhood Speech Sound Disorders: Impact of Endophenotypes
Authors: Lewis Barbara A. , Avrich Allison A. , Freebairn Lisa A. , Hansen Amy J. , Sucheston Lara E. , Kuo Iris , Taylor H. Gerry , Iyengar Sudha K. , Stein Catherine M.
Published: September 2011

Purpose

To demonstrate that early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) and later school-age reading, written expression, and spelling skills are influenced by shared endophenotypes that may be in part genetic.

Method

Children with SSD and their siblings were assessed at early childhood (ages 4–6 years) and followed at school age (7–12 years). The relationship of shared endophenotypes with early childhood SSD and school-age outcomes and the shared genetic influences on these outcomes were examined.

Results

Structural equation modeling demonstrated that oral motor skills, phonological awareness, phonological memory, vocabulary, and speeded naming have varying influences on reading decoding, spelling, spoken language, and written expression at school age. Genetic linkage studies demonstrated linkage for reading, spelling, and written expression measures to regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 15 that were previously linked to oral motor skills, articulation, phonological memory, and vocabulary at early childhood testing.

Conclusions

Endophenotypes predict school-age literacy outcomes over and above that predicted by clinical diagnoses of SSD or language impairment. Findings suggest that these shared endophenotypes and common genetic influences affect early childhood SSD and later school-age reading, spelling, spoken language, and written expression skills.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170354
Concurrent and Construct Validity of Oral Language Measures With School-Age Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Hoffman LaVae M. , Loeb Diane Frome , Brandel Jayne , Gillam Ronald B.
Published: September 2011

Purpose

This study investigated the psychometric properties of 2 oral language measures that are commonly used for diagnostic purposes with school-age children who have language impairments.

Method

Two hundred sixteen children with specific language impairment were assessed with the Test of Language Development—Primary, Third Edition (TOLD–P:3; Newcomer & Hammill, 1997) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) within a 3-month period. The concurrent and construct validities of these 2 published tests were explored through correlation analysis and principle-component factor analysis.

Results

The TOLD–P:3 Spoken Language Quotient and CASL Core Composite scores were found to have an intertest correlation value of
r
= .596 within this sample, and a paired samples
t
test revealed a statistically significant difference between these scores. Principle-component factor analyses revealed a 2-factor structure solution for the TOLD–P:3, whereas data from the CASL supported a single-factor model.

Conclusions

Analyses of assessment measure performance data from a sample of school-age children with specific language impairment revealed concurrent validity values and construct validity patterns that differed from those found in the norming samples as cited in examiner manuals. Implications for practice patterns and future research are discussed.
There's More to Taste in a Coloured Bowl
Authors: Harrar Vanessa , Piqueras-Fiszman Betina , Spence Charles
Published: September 2011

The flavour and pleasantness of food and drinks are affected by their colour, their texture or crunch, and even by the shape and weight of the plate or glass. But, can the colour of the bowl also affect the taste of the food it contains? To answer this question we served popcorn in four different coloured bowls, and participants rated sweetness, saltiness, and overall liking. The sweet popcorn, in addition to being sweet, was perceived as saltier when eaten out of a coloured (as compared to a white) bowl, and vice versa for the salty popcorn. These results demonstrate that colour in bowl design can be used to elicit perceptions of sweetness and saltiness in real foods.
Homeobox B9 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-associated radioresistance by accelerating DNA damage responses
Authors: Chiba Naokazu , Comaills Valentine , Shiotani Bunsyo , Takahashi Fumiyuki , Shimada Toshiyuki , Tajima Ken , Winokur Daniel , Hayashida Tetsu , Willers Henning , Brachtel Elena , Vivanco Maria d. M. , Haber Daniel A. , Zou Lee , Maheswaran Shyamala
Published: September 2011

Homeobox 9 (HOXB9), a nontransforming transcription factor overexpressed in breast cancer, alters tumor cell fate and promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Here we show that HOXB9 confers resistance to ionizing radiation by promoting DNA damage response. In nonirradiated cells, HOXB9 induces spontaneous DNA damage, phosphorylated histone 2AX and p53 binding protein 1 foci, and increases baseline ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phosphorylation. Upon ionizing radiation, ATM is hyperactivated in HOXB9-expressing cells during the early stages of the double-stranded DNA break (DSB) response, accelerating accumulation of phosphorylated histone 2AX, mediator of DNA-damage checkpoint 1, and p53 binding protein 1, at DSBs and enhances DSB repair. The effect of HOXB9 on the response to ionizing radiation requires the baseline ATM activity before irradiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β, a HOXB9 transcriptional target. Our results reveal the impact of a HOXB9–TGF-β–ATM axis on checkpoint activation and DNA repair, suggesting that TGF-β may be a key factor that links tumor microenvironment, tumor cell fate, DNA damage response, and radioresistance in a subset of HOXB9-overexpressing breast tumors.
Crystal structure of amyloid precursor-like protein 1 and heparin complex suggests a dual role of heparin in E2 dimerization
Authors: Xue Yi , Lee Sangwon , Ha Ya
Published: September 2011

Mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) are associated with familial Alzheimer’s disease. Recent development suggests that homo- and heterodimerization of APP and APP-like proteins (APLPs), which are enhanced by heparan sulfate binding, may play a role in signal transduction and cell adhesion. Despite efforts to model heparin binding based on known apo crystal structures, the mechanism of heparin-induced APP/APLP dimerization has not been established experimentally. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex between heparin and the E2 domain of APLP1, which harbors the conserved high affinity heparin binding site of the full-length molecule. Within the asymmetric E2:heparin complex, the polysaccharide is snugly bound inside a narrow groove between the two helical subdomains of one protein protomer. The nonreducing end of the sugar is positioned near the protein’s 2-fold axis, making contacts with basic residues from the second protomer. The inability of the E2 dimer to accommodate two heparin molecules near its symmetry axis explains the observed 2∶1 binding stoichiometry, which is confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetric experiment carried out in solution. We also show that, at high concentrations, heparin can destabilize E2 dimer, probably by forcing into the unoccupied binding site observed in the 2∶1 complex. The binding model suggested by the crystal structure may facilitate the design of heparin mimetics that are capable of modulating APP dimerization in cells.
Cryo-electron tomography reveals conserved features of doublet microtubules in flagella
Authors: Nicastro Daniela , Fu Xiaofeng , Heuser Thomas , Tso Alan , Porter Mary E. , Linck Richard W.
Published: September 2011

The axoneme forms the essential and conserved core of cilia and flagella. We have used cryo-electron tomography of
Chlamydomonas
and sea urchin flagella to answer long-standing questions and to provide information about the structure of axonemal doublet microtubules (DMTs). Solving an ongoing controversy, we show that B-tubules of DMTs contain exactly 10 protofilaments (PFs) and that the inner junction (IJ) and outer junction between the A- and B-tubules are fundamentally different. The outer junction, crucial for the initiation of doublet formation, appears to be formed by close interactions between the tubulin subunits of three PFs with unusual tubulin interfaces; other investigators have reported that this junction is weakened by mutations affecting posttranslational modifications of tubulin. The IJ consists of an axially periodic ladder-like structure connecting tubulin PFs of the A- and B-tubules. The recently discovered microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) on the inside of the A- and B-tubules are more complex than previously thought. They are composed of alternating small and large subunits with periodicities of 16 and/or 48 nm. MIP3 forms arches connecting B-tubule PFs, contrary to an earlier report that MIP3 forms the IJ. Finally, the “beak” structures within the B-tubules of
Chlamydomonas
DMT1, DMT5, and DMT6 are clearly composed of a longitudinal band of proteins repeating with a periodicity of 16 nm. These findings, discussed in relation to genetic and biochemical data, provide a critical foundation for future work on the molecular assembly and stability of the axoneme, as well as its function in motility and sensory transduction.
The period of the circadian oscillator is primarily determined by the balance between casein kinase 1 and protein phosphatase 1
Authors: Lee Hyeong-min , Chen Rongmin , Kim Hyukmin , Etchegaray Jean-Pierre , Weaver David R. , Lee Choogon
Published: September 2011

Mounting evidence suggests that PERIOD (PER) proteins play a central role in setting the speed (period) and phase of the circadian clock. Pharmacological and genetic studies have shown that changes in PER phosphorylation kinetics are associated with changes in circadian rhythm period and phase, which can lead to sleep disorders such as Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome in humans. We and others have shown that casein kinase 1δ and ε (CK1δ/ε) are essential PER kinases, but it is clear that additional, unknown mechanisms are also crucial for regulating the kinetics of PER phosphorylation. Here we report that circadian periodicity is determined primarily through PER phosphorylation kinetics set by the balance between CK1δ/ε and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). In CK1δ/ε-deficient cells, PER phosphorylation is severely compromised and nonrhythmic, and the PER proteins are constitutively cytoplasmic. However, when PP1 is disrupted, PER phosphorylation is dramatically accelerated; the same effect is not seen when PP2A is disrupted. Our work demonstrates that the speed and rhythmicity of PER phosphorylation are controlled by the balance between CK1δ/ε and PP1, which in turn determines the period of the circadian oscillator. Thus, our findings provide clear insights into the molecular basis of how the period and phase of our daily rhythms are determined.