bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis
Authors: Langmead L. , Feakins R. M. , Goldthorpe S. , Holt H. , Tsironi E. , De Silva A. , Jewell D. P. , Rampton D. S.
Published: March 2004

Background : The herbal preparation, aloe vera, has been claimed to have anti‐inflammatory effects and, despite a lack of evidence of its therapeutic efficacy, is widely used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Aim : To perform a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of aloe vera gel for the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis.

Methods : Forty‐four evaluable hospital out‐patients were randomly given oral aloe vera gel or placebo, 100 mL twice daily for 4 weeks, in a 2 : 1 ratio. The primary outcome measures were clinical remission (Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index ≤ 2), sigmoidoscopic remission (Baron score ≤ 1) and histological remission (Saverymuttu score ≤ 1). Secondary outcome measures included changes in the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (improvement was defined as a decrease of ≥ 3 points; response was defined as remission or improvement), Baron score, histology score, haemoglobin, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein and albumin.

Results : Clinical remission, improvement and response occurred in nine (30%), 11 (37%) and 14 (47%), respectively, of 30 patients given aloe vera, compared with one (7%) [P = 0.09; odds ratio, 5.6 (0.6–49)], one (7%) [P = 0.06; odds ratio, 7.5 (0.9–66)] and two (14%) [P < 0.05; odds ratio, 5.3 (1.0–27)], respectively, of 14 patients taking placebo. The Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index and histological scores decreased significantly during treatment with aloe vera (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively), but not with placebo. Sigmoidoscopic scores and laboratory variables showed no significant differences between aloe vera and placebo. Adverse events were minor and similar in both groups of patients.

Conclusion : Oral aloe vera taken for 4 weeks produced a clinical response more often than placebo; it also reduced the histological disease activity and appeared to be safe. Further evaluation of the therapeutic potential of aloe vera gel in inflammatory bowel disease is needed.
High efficacy of 1‐week doxycycline‐ and amoxicillin‐based quadruple regimen in a culture‐guided, third‐line treatment approach for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Cammarota G. , Martino A. , Pirozzi G. , Cianci R. , Branca G. , Nista E. C. , Cazzato A. , Cannizzaro O. , Miele L. , Grieco A. , Gasbarrini A. , Gasbarrini G.
Published: March 2004

Background : Helicobacter pylori infection may persist after both first‐ and second‐line current treatments.

Aim : To assess the efficacy of a third‐line, culture‐guided treatment approach for the eradication of H. pylori.

Methods : Patterns of resistance were analysed in H. pylori isolates from 94 consecutive patients in whom H. pylori infection had persisted after two eradication attempts. Using the epsilometer test, susceptibility analysis was performed for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline and levofloxacin. Patients were then treated with a culture‐guided, third‐line regimen: 89 patients with a 1‐week quadruple regimen including omeprazole, bismuth, doxycycline and amoxicillin, and five patients with a 1‐week triple regimen containing omeprazole, amoxicillin and levofloxacin or clarithromycin.

Results : Ninety‐four subjects (100%) were resistant to metronidazole, 89 (95%) to clarithromycin, 29 (31%) to levofloxacin and five (5%) to tetracycline. No resistance to amoxicillin was found in any patient. Overall, H. pylori eradication was obtained in 90% of subjects. The quadruple regimen was effective in 81 patients (92% by per protocol and 91% by intention‐to‐treat analysis). Four patients (80%, both per protocol and intention‐to‐treat analysis) were H. pylori‐negative after the triple regimen.

Conclusions : A culture‐guided, third‐line therapeutic approach is effective for the eradication of H. pylori. Furthermore, the 1‐week doxycycline‐ and amoxicillin‐based quadruple regimen is a good third‐line ‘rescue’ treatment option.
Breakdown of teenage placements in Swedish foster and residential care
Authors: Sallnäs Marie , Vinnerljung Bo , Kyhle Westermark Pia
Published: March 2004

This article deals with the problem of breakdown in different types of out‐of‐home care (foster care/residential care) for Swedish teenagers. How often are such placements prematurely terminated against the wishes and intentions of child welfare authorities? Which factors appear to increase or decrease the risk of placement breakdown? The sample consists of a national cohort of 776 youths who started 922 placements during 1991. Every placement was followed in municipal case files for a maximum period of five years.

 Between 30 and 37% of all placements were prematurely terminated, the exact figure depending on whether a narrow or wide definition of breakdown was applied. The lowest rates of breakdown were found in kinship care and secure units, the highest in non‐kinship foster homes. Teenagers who display antisocial behaviour and/or have mental health problems constitute a high‐risk category for most types of out‐of‐home care, but especially in non‐kinship foster homes. Risk factors in relation to breakdown were analysed in the four main forms of Swedish out‐of‐home care separately (foster homes, privately/publicly run residential care and secure units). The analysis pointed out that risk factors are not the same in all types of care, but antisocial behaviour at time of placement increased the risk in most forms of care.

Prior research indicates that placement breakdown is a major problem of child welfare in other countries, and this study found that Sweden is no exception.
The unheard client: Assessing the satisfaction of parents of children in foster care
Authors: Kapp Stephen A. , Vela Rebecca H.
Published: March 2004

Although client satisfaction information is often ignored, it is a critical piece of the picture when evaluating the service experience of parents who have had their children placed in foster care. This article describes the development of a client satisfaction instrument and information generated from its use. The findings describe the psychometrics of the instrument, a descriptive profile of the satisfaction scores of the respondents, and some intriguing relationships between distinct aspects of client satisfaction. The service implications of these findings are considered and discussed.
Argument versus dialogue: a response to Luepnitz, Madigan and other argumentative authors
Authors: Snyder Maryhelen
Published: March 2004

In the context of family therapy's task of serving families, the purpose of theorizing is ultimately practical. It is a prevailing cultural practice among intellectuals to use up a vast amount of ‘space’ in our brains and in the pages of our journals theorizing at a great distance from the practical. One of the reasons for this distance from the practical may be the sophistic habit of argumentativeness. An alternative is proposed in which priority is given to the practical and dialogue is focused on the co‐creation of meanings.
Family therapy and psychopathology: developments in research and approaches to treatment
Authors: Lange Alfred , Schaap Cas , van Widenfelt Brigit
Published: March 2004

The impact of family approaches in understanding and treating psychopathology is reviewed for the following disorders: schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychoactive substance use disorders, eating disorders, and conduct disorders in children. Family‐oriented interventions are concluded to be useful in treating disorders when applied flexibly and multi‐dimensionally and when used in conjunction with psychopharmacological or other valid individual treatment approaches.
Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in evaluating a course of family therapy
Authors: Stevenson Chris
Published: March 2004

This paper reports on the use of a single case (A‐B) design, with multiple measures of first and second order change and family satisfaction. A within‐session process analysis was also made. Second order change was found to relate most clearly to the process of sessions. The single case design and process study is easy to apply in practice and is a potential response to clinical audit. The problems of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches are discussed.
Promoting co‐operative parenting after separation: a therapeutic/interventionist model of family mediation
Authors: Kruk Edward
Published: March 2004

With adequate therapeutic support, the ideal of co‐operative shared parenting could become a reality for the majority of separated, divorced and remarried families. A therapeutic/interventionist approach to family mediation (as contrasted to the more short‐term, future‐focused, neutralist mainstream model, structured strictly towards the resolution of issues under dispute) may offer the most effective and efficient means to do this. Within this approach, mediation is used to introduce separating parents to shared parenting as a viable alternative, reduce their anxiety about shared parenting as a living arrangement deviating from the norm, enable them to consider a range of shared parenting options, help them work through the development of a shared parenting plan, and support them in the transition to post‐divorce parenting. In its emphasis on parental responsibility and shared parental authority in the resolution of post‐separation parenting disputes, the model reflects an orientation consistent with the philosophy of the Children Act 1989, and is ideally suited for use by family therapists working with parents during the divorce transition.
Co‐operative parenting post‐divorce: possibility or pipedream?
Authors: Walker Janet
Published: March 2004

Research shows that, after divorce, children do best when they retain a constructive relationship with both parents. Hence, mediation services and recent reforms in family law seek to encourage parents to co‐operate fully and amicably, and to share parental responsibility for the care and well‐being of their children. There is a danger that a vision of ‘happy‐ever‐after’ post‐divorce families ignores the complexity of transitions facing separating families, and the emotional, social and economic stresses which parents experience for many years.

Drawing on years of research with divorcing families, this paper invites practitioners to consider whether too much is expected of divorced parents, and whether existing services for separating families adequately address the needs of different family members.
A dialogic perspective for family therapy: the contributions of Martin Buber and Gregory Bateson
Authors: Inger Ivan B.
Published: March 2004

This paper concerns the philosophies of Martin Buber and Gregory Bateson, and the application of their philosophies to family therapy. The relevance of Buber's philosophical concepts to a social constructionist perspective in family therapy is given particular attention. Central points of Buber's and Bateson's theoretical perspectives are reviewed and compared. Both thinkers believe that relationship is the primary ingredient in the world of the living, and both have a commitment to the concept that difference is the essential building block of the world of the living. Buber and Bateson, as philosophical anthropologists, are concerned with questions of how their ontologies or epistemologies can be applied to the domain of human interactions, including various healing relationships such as family therapy. This paper shows how their theoretical ideas fit into family therapy thinking and practices, particularly from a social constructionist perspective.
Simulation as a tool in family therapy research
Authors: Finger Steven C. , Elliott John E. , Remer Rory
Published: March 2004

The efficacy and validity of simulation for purposes of training and evaluation are well established. Simulation has proven valuable in human behaviour research as well. However, based on the belief that families and other small groups behave differently, many family theorists have concluded that simulation may not be valid for family research despite the fact that some empirical studies showed little difference between simulated and actual families, suggesting that the disparity may not be as great as commonly believed. Ongoing and future studies controlling for ‘time together’, a dimension presumed to be critical in comparing simulated with actual families, may demonstrate that differences are not sufficiently large to preclude the use of simulated families in family research. Methodological problems are addressed and directions for future research proposed.
Judgements of Solomon: the relevance of a systems approach to psychiatric court reports in child care cases
Authors: Tufnell Guinevere
Published: March 2004

This study examines the way in which systems approaches have been used in court reports by a group of child psychiatrists experienced in medico‐legal work, and explores some ways in which these reports differ from those derived from a more individually based ‘psychiatric’ approach. The appropriateness of applying a systems approach to court work is also discussed.
Contemporary family therapy in the United States
Authors: Sprenkle Douglas H. , Bischof Gary P.
Published: March 2004

Major issues in contemporary family therapy in the United States are described. Issues from outside the field impacting family therapy include health care reform, family ‘values’, multiple forms of ‘family’, and the growing aging population. Issues within the field include the challenge of social construction theory, the decline of the expert, the feminist critique, sensitivity to culture, rediscovering individuals within families, focus on strengths and resources, a both–and attitude toward collaboration with other professionals, emphasis upon the person of the therapist, and convergence of ‘schools’ of family therapy. Therapists in the United States are also opening up the private process of therapy through reflecting teams, including clients in therapist thinking, multi‐family groups, and through psychoeducational groups. Finally, attempts to bridge the gap between research and practice are analyzed.
One articulation of the structural family therapy model: a biobehavioral family model of chronic illness in children
Authors: Wood Beatrice L.
Published: March 2004

This article presents the Biobehavioral Family Model (BBFM), which, as a general systems model, has the advantage of being conceptually neutral with respect to health versus pathology, and promotes integration of individual, family and social levels of theory. The BBFM provides a heuristic theory of pathways by which family patterns of interaction and individual family member physiological function influence one another. The BBFM also can be extrapolated to the clinical domain, providing a developmental biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention in childhood chronic illness or disability. A case illustration demonstrates clinical application.
Family therapy in the home
Authors: Cottrell David
Published: March 2004

There is good evidence in other areas of therapeutic endeavour that home‐based therapy may have advantages over clinic‐based work for some patients. There are some families who have real difficulties in attending clinics. Despite these facts little has been written on the topic. This brief article reviews some of the objections to home‐based family work and suggests possible solutions for the interested therapist.
Debating solutions: a model for teaching about psychosocial issues
Authors: Goldberg David , Szyndler Janina
Published: March 2004

In the course of their work paediatric ward staff encounter complex psychological and social problems and they develop expertise in helping children and their families through periods of crisis. This paper discusses a model which actively capitalizes on the problem‐solving skills of ward staff in learning how to tackle everyday but intricate psychosocial issues. The model described is a ward‐based, solution‐focused discussion group using an outside facilitator. The aim is to enable staff to discover fresh alternatives through discussions aided by the use of questioning. The discussion starts from information provided by staff and the solutions evolve from the ensuing debate.
Family therapy in general practice: ‘We have a clinic here on Friday afternoon …’
Authors: Senior Rob
Published: March 2004

General practice is an obvious but relatively untried context within which to practise family therapy. This paper describes the development of a family therapy clinic within a group general practice and considers the influence of the practice setting on the practical style and theoretical approach of the family therapy team. The influence of the clinic on the referring habits and on the consulting style of the GPs is also considered in the context of the changes taking place in the organization of general practice.
‘We are the stuff that dreams are made on’: the use of dreams in systemic therapy
Authors: Sanders Catherine Mary
Published: March 2004

This paper considers the place that dream material has occupied in therapy, and particularly family therapy. A rationale will be given for the inclusion of this source of information by systemic therapists. The use of dreams in systemic therapy with individuals, couples and families is described. Dreams are divided into five main categories: those that precipitate therapy, provide hypotheses, as memories, relationship dreams, and those that reflect the process of change. Each category is described and illustrated with relevant clinical material. The paper concludes with a method for working with dreams that is congruent with a systemic perspective applicable to individual, conjoint or family therapy sessions.
Consultation to a professional network: reflections of a would‐be consultant
Authors: Harper David J. , Spellman David
Published: March 2004

This paper discusses some of the dilemmas encountered in beginning consultancy using ideas drawn from Milan‐systemic family therapy. An example of consultancy to the professional network working with an adolescent client, involving both authors (as trainee and supervisor), is described and some of the important training issues arising from the case are highlighted.
When the boundary opens: family and hospital in co‐evolution
Authors: Seikkula Jaakko
Published: March 2004

This paper reports how, at the outset of a crisis, a psychiatric hospital admission team in Finland has experimented with openly discussing treatment decisions in the presence of and with patients and members of their families and social network. The paper aims to clarify the co‐evolving process between the family and hospital and reports some results using this approach.
The Governance of cooperatives and mutual associations: a paradox perspective
Authors: Cornforth Chris
Published: March 2004

Abstract This paper presents a new theoretical framework for understanding the governance of co‐operative and mutual organisations. The theoretical literature on the governance of co‐operatives is relatively undeveloped in comparison with that on corporate governance. The paper briefly reviews some of the main theoretical perspectives on corporate governance and discusses how they can be usefully extended to throw light on the governance of co‐operatives and mutuals. However, taken individually these different theories are rather one dimensional, only illuminating a particular aspect of the board's role. This has lead to calls for a new conceptual framework that can help integrate the insights of these different theories. The paper argues that a paradox perspective offers a promising way forward. Contrasting the different theoretical perspectives highlights some of the important paradoxes, ambiguities and tensions that boards face.
Social Economy Managers: Between Values and Entrenchment
Authors: Chaves Rafael , Sajardo‐Moreno Antonia
Published: March 2004

Abstract Managers play a key rôle in Social Economy corporate governance and can determine the path that these companies will take. This article analyses the theoretical aspects underlying the central rôle of managers in Social Economy enterprises, the nature of these strategic human resources, particularly the variables that influence their behaviour, and their ability to shape paths or strategies that strengthen or undermine the Social Economy identity of these enterprises. Finally, taking a prescriptive approach, it examines the advantages and limitations of different options for management selection and control.
Emotion‐Related Regulation: Sharpening the Definition
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L.
Published: March 2004

Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue) considered many important conceptual and methodological issues in their discussion of emotion regulation. Although it may be necessary to develop an integrated definition of the construct of emotion regulation, the definition provided in the Cole et al. article is too encompassing. It is important to differentiate emotion regulation from the effects of emotions on others and to differentiate among (a) regulation that stems from individuals external to the child versus behavior that is accomplished by the child, (b) behavior that is goal oriented versus unintentional, and (c) regulation that is voluntary versus behavior that is less voluntarily controlled. An alternate definition of emotion‐related self‐regulation is provided.
Placing Emotional Self‐Regulation in Sociocultural and Socioeconomic Contexts
Authors: Raver C. Cybele
Published: March 2004

In their review, Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue) relied on a valuable set of empirical examples of emotion regulation in infancy, toddlerhood, and the preschool period to make their case. These examples can be extended to include an emergent body of published research examining normative emotional regulatory processes among low‐income and ethnic minority children using similar experimental methods. The following article considers emotion regulation across differing income, risk, and sociocultural contexts. Review of this literature points to ways these broader contexts are likely to influence children's development of emotional self‐regulation. This review also points to innovative analytic approaches that might be useful in inferring causal mechanisms in emotion regulation research.
Emotion Regulation and the Dynamics of Feelings: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework
Authors: Hoeksma Jan B. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Schipper Eline M.
Published: March 2004

The emotional system is defined as a dynamical system that has neurological and biochemical structures that force the system to change in a regular and consistent way. This dynamic view allows for an alternative definition of emotion regulation, which describes when emotion regulation is needed, identifies its goal, and illustrates how regulation is achieved. The thesis developed here is that feelings—the private mental experience of emotion—play a crucial role in emotion regulation. Specifics of regulation are discussed and a parallel with parent–child interaction is drawn. It is shown that emotion regulation can be studied by looking at the variability of feelings. An illustrative application (N=30, age 10–13 years) shows that variability of anger is associated with the core executive function response inhibition.
Disambiguating the Components of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Goldsmith H. H. , Davidson Richard J.
Published: March 2004

Affective neuroscience and cognitive science approaches are useful for understanding the components of emotion regulation; several examples from current research are provided. Individual differences in emotion regulation and a focus on the context of emotion experience and expression provide additional tools to study emotion regulation, and its development, from a biobehavioral perspective.
On the Nature of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Campos Joseph J. , Frankel Carl B. , Camras Linda
Published: March 2004

This paper presents a unitary approach to emotion and emotion regulation, building on the excellent points in the lead article by Cole, Martin, and Dennis (this issue), as well as the fine commentaries that follow it. It begins by stressing how, in the real world, the processes underlying emotion and emotion regulation appear to be largely one and the same, rendering the value of the distinction largely for the benefit of analysis. There is an extensive discussion of how the same processes can generate emotions (i.e., are constitutive of emotion) and account for variability of manifestation of emotion in context (i.e., regulate them). Following an extensive review of many of the principles involved in emotion and emotion regulation, the paper presents implications for developmental study of infants and children, includes several methodological recommendations, and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which contemporary affective neuroscience contributes to the study of emotion and emotion regulation.
Thirteen‐Month‐Olds Rely on Shared Labels and Shape Similarity for Inductive Inferences
Authors: Graham Susan A. , Kilbreath Cari S. , Welder Andrea N.
Published: March 2004

This study examined the influence of shape similarity and labels on 13‐month‐olds' inductive inferences. In 3 experiments, 123 infants were presented with novel target objects with or without a nonvisible property, followed by test objects that varied in shape similarity. When objects were not labeled, infants generalized the nonvisible property to high‐similarity objects (Experiment 1). When objects were labeled with the same noun, infants generalized the nonvisible property to high‐ and low‐similarity objects (Experiment 2). Finally, when objects were labeled with different nouns, infants generalized the nonvisible property to high‐similarity objects (Experiment 3). Thus, infants who are beginning to acquire productive language rely on shared shape similarity and shared names to guide their inductive inferences.
Development of Numerical Estimation in Young Children
Authors: Siegler Robert S. , Booth Julie L.
Published: March 2004

Two experiments examined kindergartners', first graders', and second graders' numerical estimation, the internal representations that gave rise to the estimates, and the general hypothesis that developmental sequences within a domain tend to repeat themselves in new contexts. Development of estimation in this age range on 0‐to‐100 number lines followed the pattern observed previously with older children on 0‐to‐1,000 lines. Between kindergarten and second grade (6 and 8 years), patterns of estimates progressed from consistently logarithmic to a mixture of logarithmic and linear to a primarily linear pattern. Individual differences in number‐line estimation correlated strongly with math achievement test scores, improved estimation accuracy proved attributable to increased linearity of estimates, and exposure to relevant experience tended to improve estimation accuracy.
The Genetic and Environmental Origins of Language Disability and Ability
Authors: Spinath Frank M. , Price Thomas S. , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert
Published: March 2004

This study investigated whether genes affect language impairment to the same extent as they affect differences in language ability following up an earlier study of 579 four‐year‐old twins with low language performance and their cotwins (Viding et al., in press). The present study selected low‐language twins from 6,963 pairs of twins from the Twins Early Development Study assessed for vocabulary and grammar by their parents at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. For impaired groups corresponding to the lowest scoring 5% and 10% at each age, twin concordances and model‐fitting analyses indicated substantial genetic influence on the mean difference between affected children and the population (h2g), generally higher than for individual differences for the entire sample (h2).
Protective Longitudinal Paths Linking Child Competence to Behavioral Problems Among African American Siblings
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Kim Sooyeon , Murry Velma McBride , Brown Anita C.
Published: March 2004

A 4‐wave longitudinal design was used to examine protective links from child competence to behavioral problems in first‐ (M=10.97 years) and second‐ (M=8.27 years) born rural African American children. At 1‐year intervals, teachers assessed child behavioral problems, mothers reported their psychological functioning, and both mothers and children reported parenting practices. Structural equation modeling indicated that child competence was linked with residualized positive changes in mothers' psychological functioning from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Mothers' psychological functioning and child competence at Wave 2 forecast involved‐supportive parenting at Wave 3, which was associated negatively with externalizing and internalizing problems at Wave 4. The importance of replicating processes leading to outcomes among children in the same study is discussed.
The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and Contextual Variables on Infant–Mother Attachment
Authors: Huth‐Bocks Alissa C. , Levendosky Alytia A. , Bogat G.Anne , Von Eye Alexander
Published: March 2004

This prospective study examined the effects of maternal characteristics, social support, and risk factors on infant–mother attachment in a heterogeneous sample. Two hundred and six women between the ages of 18 and 40 were interviewed during their last trimester of pregnancy and 1 year postpartum. Structural equation modeling revealed that maternal attachment experiences were significantly related to prenatal representations of the infant and of the self as a mother, which were significantly related to infant–mother attachment assessed by the Strange Situation. Maternal risk factors were significantly related to prenatal representations, and social support from other women predicted infant–mother attachment. The overall model indicated a good fit. Thus, both individual and contextual factors were important in explaining infant attachment security.
Children's Temperament and Behavior Problems Predict Their Employed Mothers' Work Functioning
Authors: Hyde Janet Shibley , Else‐Quest Nicole M. , Goldsmith H.H. , Biesanz Jeremy C.
Published: March 2004

Numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of dual‐earner parents' employment on their children, yet the reverse process—the impact of children and their behavior on the work functioning of their parents—has been ignored. This study investigated spillover from the mother role to the work role in a sample of more than 300 families. At 4 months, 12 months, 3.5 years, and 4.5 years of age, child's difficult temperament was significantly associated with mother's work outcomes, including work role quality and rewards from combining work and family. The evidence was consistent with a structural model in which maternal sense of parenting competence and maternal depressed affect mediated these effects.
The International Socialist Peace Movement on the Eve of World War I Revisited: The Campaign of “War against War!”and the Basle International Socialist Congress in 1912
Authors: Callahan Kevin J.
Published: March 2004

International socialism's campaign of peace on the eve of World War I mobilized up to one million European workers to protest against the insanity of a European bloodletting. Yet the skewed image of “all” Europeans rallying to their fatherland in a patriotic frenzy is alive and well. The knowledge of this expansive peace movement largely has been marginalized and its nature misunderstood or interpreted ideologically. This article revisits the peace crusade of international socialism on the eve of World War I so that its size, complexity, and accomplishments can be appreciated fully. Instead of emphasizing the divisions and weaknesses of the movement—the conventional approach—the article attempts to describe and to explain how European socialist parties were able to stitch together an expansive international peace movement in spite of ideological, legal, and logistical challenges. The article starts with a brief overview of the peace activism of the Second International from 1889 to 1912 and then focuses on the spectacular antiwar campaign of “War against War!” and its concomitant International Socialist Congress of Basle in the autumn of 1912 to demonstrate three points: first, to shed new light on the peace movement of international socialism; second, to explain how the 1912 antiwar campaign informed socialist peace strategies on the eve of World War I (and thereby to dispel the myth of “war celebration” among Europe's working classes); and finally, to consider briefly the importance of this history for peace activists of today.
Interview with Amber Hollibaugh
Authors: Lekus Ian
Published: March 2004

Amber Hollibaugh has been an activist in various social justice movements since the early 1960s. Born into a working‐class family in the growing valleys of California, Hollibaugh's political activism and writings have insisted on the importance of bringing together people and identities often kept apart by class, race, gender, and sexual hierarchies. This interview with Ian Lekus, from December 21, 1999, offers a unique social history of the social justice movements of the 1960s and 1970s told from the perspective of a working‐class, queer femme.
Small Worlds and the New ‘Social Physics’
Authors: Urry John
Published: March 2004

Abstract In this article I explore the increasing overlaps between ‘sociology’ and ‘physics’ through analysing recent contributions to the social network literature concerned with exploring and explaining the so‐called ‘small world’ phenomenon. I show that this new social network literature, while very provocative, is insufficiently sociological and insufficiently complex. With regard to the former it is demonstrated that a key issue is that of meetingness and hence of travel in order to effect meetingness. Networks have, in other words, to be performed, and they have to come together from time to time, especially to talk. I further show that the small worlds literature is insufficiently complex. Social networks often involve combinations of mobilities and highly structured material immobilities. I conclude the article with an analysis of how a new ‘social physics’ based around the notion of ‘network’ might be established in an era in which time and space seem increasingly warped, bent and twisted into strikingly new topologies.
Symbols of Organization: Informal Ways of Negotiating the Global and the Local in MNCs
Authors: Moore Fiona
Published: March 2004

Abstract In this article I build on the growing number of anthropological studies of businesses and explore the role that symbols play in the development of globalizing business networks. Transnational business people employ symbols not only to define boundaries between groups and develop collective solidarity but also to construct continuously changing networks between different social spaces and even, in the final analysis, between the concepts of global and local. The case study presented here focuses on the use of the symbols defining ‘German business style’ by the employees of a branch of a German bank in London as they interact with colleagues in the office, staff at their Frankfurt head office, and their clients and competitors. I conclude that, first, the use of symbols in social interaction is key to the negotiation of global and local spaces, and second, that, as the concepts of ‘global’ and ‘local’ spaces are themselves symbolic constructs, the drawing of distinctions between the two may be misleading.
Defining a National Health Research and Practice Agenda for Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Davidson Philip W. , Heller Tamar , Janicki Matthew P. , Hyer Kathryn
Published: March 2004

Abstract With the increasing number of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) surviving into old age governments, provider agencies, and practitioners are recognizing the insufficiencies of available information related to the interaction of the aging process with lifelong disability, the incidence of disease and secondary conditions with advancing age, and the means to provide quality medical and health care. These insufficiencies were noted by a World Health Organization report that identified a need for more research on the health of older adults with IDs and reports from two meetings held by United States Public Health Service and the United States Surgeon General that examined health disparities among adults with ID. This paper reports the process and results of the Tampa Scientific Conference on Intellectual Disabilities, Aging, and Health, a meeting held in 2002 specifically to examine health issues germane to older adults with ID. The meeting produced a long‐term research agenda for determining more effective physical and mental health outcomes for aging and older persons with ID and recommendations for aging‐related medical and health surveillance practices that would improve the overall health status of adults with ID.
Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease among Individuals with Rare Syndrome Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Wallace Robyn A.
Published: March 2004

Abstract Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death among the aging members of the general population. Treatment strategies addressing the well defined risk factors and genetic factors and which prevent and reduce arterial vascular disease have been established. As in the general population, the prevalence of coronary artery disease also increases with age among adults with intellectual disability (ID), presumably due to the same risk factors. Within the ID population, however, there is a subgroup of individuals with ID due to rare syndromes who are predisposed to premature arteriosclerosis. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperhomocysteinemia, and structural arterial abnormalities appear to be associated with these syndromes predisposing them to the early development of widespread vascular disease. Reviewed are the associations between the development of premature arteriosclerosis and rare syndromes of ID. Awareness of the associations may lead to the development of more focused preventive healthcare plans among these groups of individuals.
The effect of changes in arterial PCO2 on neuroendocrine function in man
Authors: Leach R. M. , Forsling M. L.
Published: March 2004

There is evidence that changes in arterial PCO2 (Pa,CO2), as well as PO2, influence neuroendocrine function. The hyponatraemia and fluid retention (cor pumonale) seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type II respiratory failure is associated with increased vasopressin release. This study examines the specific effects of altered Pa,CO2 on hormone release from the posterior and anterior pituitary. The study was performed in 20 ventilated ICU patients in the late recovery phase of their illness. None had primary respiratory disease. Control blood samples were taken and the alveolar ventilation was then adjusted to allow the Pa,CO2 increase or decrease for a period of 3 h, during which time further blood samples were taken for the determination, by radioimmmunoassy of vasopressin, oxytocin, growth hormone and cortisol. Urine output and electrolyte concentrations were also measured. Circulating concentrations of growth hormone and oxytocin increased with increasing Pa,CO2. Vasopressin release showed a similar pattern up to a Pa,CO2 of approximately 6.0 kPa, above which vasopressin concentrations were inversely related to Pa,CO2. There was no significant effect on cortisol concentrations. No significant effects were established in urinary parameters during the short period of this study. Thus an increase in CO2 is associated with stimulated pituitary hormone release. The effect on the neurohypophysial hormones may account for the fluid retention and hyponatraemia seen in COPD and hence provide a rationale for treatment.
The effect of hypoxia on pulmonary O2 uptake, leg blood flow and muscle deoxygenation during single‐leg knee‐extension exercise
Authors: DeLorey Darren S. , Shaw Colin N. , Shoemaker J. Kevin , Kowalchuk John M. , Paterson Donald H.
Published: March 2004

The effect of hypoxic breathing on pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2p), leg blood flow (LBF) and O2 delivery and deoxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle was examined during constant‐load single‐leg knee‐extension exercise. Seven subjects (24 ± 4 years; mean ±s.d.) performed two transitions from unloaded to moderate‐intensity exercise (21 W) under normoxic and hypoxic (PETO2= 60 mmHg) conditions. Breath‐by‐breath VO2p and beat‐by‐beat femoral artery mean blood velocity (MBV) were measured by mass spectrometer and volume turbine and Doppler ultrasound (VingMed, CFM 750), respectively. Deoxy‐(HHb), oxy‐, and total haemoglobin/myoglobin were measured continuously by near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS; Hamamatsu NIRO‐300). VO2p data were filtered and averaged to 5 s bins at 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 300 s. MBV data were filtered and averaged to 2 s bins (1 contraction cycle). LBF was calculated for each contraction cycle and averaged to 5 s bins at 20, 40, 60, 120, 180 and 300 s. VO2p was significantly lower in hypoxia throughout the period of 20, 40, 60 and 120 s of the exercise on‐transient. LBF (l min−1) was approximately 35% higher (P > 0.05) in hypoxia during the on‐transient and steady‐state of KE exercise, resulting in a similar leg O2 delivery in hypoxia and normoxia. Local muscle deoxygenation (HHb) was similar in hypoxia and normoxia. These results suggest that factors other than O2 delivery, possibly the diffusion of O2, were responsible for the lower O2 uptake during the exercise on‐transient in hypoxia.
Role of angiotensin II in the pressor response to cortisol in fetal sheep during late gestation
Authors: Forhead A. J. , Fowden A. L.
Published: March 2004

Glucocorticoids increase blood pressure in utero, but the mechanisms responsible are unclear. This study investigated the hypothesis that the hypertensive effects of cortisol depend upon a functional renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The study examined, in the sheep fetus, whether blockade of the Ang II type 1 (AT1) specific receptor prevented the cortisol‐induced increase in blood pressure. From 124 ± 1 days of gestation (term 145 ± 2 days), 27 chronically catheterized sheep fetuses were infused i.v. for 5 days with one of the following: (1) saline (0.9% NaCl at 2.5 ml day−1, n= 6); (2) cortisol (3−5 mg kg−1 day−1, n= 7); (3) AT1 receptor antagonist (GR138950, 1–3 mg kg−1 day−1 in saline, GRS, n= 7); or (4) cortisol and GR138950 (GRC, n= 7). On all days of infusion, plasma cortisol was greater in both groups of cortisol‐treated fetuses than in the respective control fetuses (P < 0.05), and GR138950 prevented the pressor response to exogenous Ang II. Over 5 days of infusion, blood pressure increased by a maximum of 7.6 ± 1.4 mmHg (mean ±s.e.m., P < 0.05) in the cortisol‐, but not saline‐infused, fetuses. Blockade of the AT1 receptor caused significant reductions in blood pressure in both GRS‐ and GRC‐treated groups (P < 0.05); in the GRS‐treated fetuses, the fall in blood pressure was significant from the first day of infusion, while in GRC‐treated fetuses the decrement was not significant until the second day (P < 0.05). Over the period of the infusion, decreases in arterial blood pH and

P

, and an increase in

P

, were observed in the fetuses treated with the AT1 receptor antagonist (P < 0.05). Therefore, in the sheep fetus, 5 days of AT1 receptor antagonism suppresses the cortisol‐induced rise in blood pressure. These results suggest that cortisol may increase blood pressure within 24 h of administration by a mechanism that is independent of the fetal RAS. Thereafter, Ang II, via the AT1 receptor, may mediate, in part, the hypertensive effects of cortisol in utero.
Pharmacological plasticity of GABAA receptors at dentate gyrus synapses in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Leroy Claire , Poisbeau Pierrick , Keller A. Florence , Nehlig Astrid
Published: March 2004

In the lithium–pilocarpine model (Li‐pilocarpine) of temporal lobe epilepsy, GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (GABAA IPSCs) were recorded in dentate gyrus granule cells (GCs) from adult rat hippocampal slices. The properties of GABAA IPSCs were compared before and after superfusion of modulators in control conditions (Li‐saline rats) and in Li‐pilocarpine rats 24–48 h and 3–5 months (epileptic rats) after status epilepticus (SE). The mean peak amplitude of GABAA IPSCs increased by about 40% over Li‐saline values in GCs 24–48 h after SE and remained higher in epileptic rats. In Li‐pilocarpine rats, studied at 24–48 h after SE, diazepam (1 μm) lost 65% of its effectiveness at increasing the half‐decay time (T50%) of GABAA miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs). Diazepam had no effects on mIPSC T50% in epileptic rats. The benzodiazepine ligand flumazenil (1 μm), acting as an antagonist in Li‐saline rats, exhibited a potent inverse agonistic effect on GABAA mIPSCs of GCs from Li‐pilocarpine rats 24–48 h and 3–5 months after SE. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (100 nm), which considerably prolonged GABAA mIPSCs in Li‐saline rats, totally lost its effect in rats studied 24–48 h after SE. However, this decrease in effectiveness was transient and was totally restored in epileptic rats. In addition to the up‐regulation in the number of receptors at individual GC synapses, we propose that these ‘epileptic’ GABAA receptors possess benzodiazepine binding sites with altered allosteric properties. The failure of benzodiazepine and neurosteroid to potentiate inhibition early after SE may be a critical factor in the development of epileptogenesis and occurrence of seizures.
BK potassium channels control transmitter release at CA3–CA3 synapses in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Raffaelli Giacomo , Saviane Chiara , Mohajerani Majid H. , Pedarzani Paola , Cherubini Enrico
Published: March 2004

Large conductance calcium‐ and voltage‐activated potassium channels (BK channels) activate in response to calcium influx during action potentials and contribute to the spike repolarization and fast afterhyperpolarization. BK channels targeted to active zones in presynaptic nerve terminals have been shown to limit calcium entry and transmitter release by reducing the duration of the presynaptic spike at neurosecretory nerve terminals and at the frog neuromuscular junction. However, their functional role in central synapses is still uncertain. In the hippocampus, BK channels have been proposed to act as an ‘emergency brake’ that would control transmitter release only under conditions of excessive depolarization and accumulation of intracellular calcium. Here we demonstrate that in the CA3 region of hippocampal slice cultures, under basal experimental conditions, the selective BK channel blockers paxilline (10 μm) and iberiotoxin (100 nm) increase the frequency, but not the amplitude, of spontaneously occurring action potential‐dependent EPSCs. These drugs did not affect miniature currents recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin, suggesting that their action was dependent on action potential firing. Moreover, in double patch‐clamp recordings from monosynaptically interconnected CA3 pyramidal neurones, blockade of BK channels enhanced the probability of transmitter release, as revealed by the increase in success rate, EPSC amplitude and the concomitant decrease in paired‐pulse ratio in response to pairs of presynaptic action potentials delivered at a frequency of 0.05 Hz. BK channel blockers also enhanced the appearance of delayed responses, particularly following the second action potential in the paired‐pulse protocol. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that BK channels are powerful modulators of transmitter release and synaptic efficacy in central neurones.