bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric Dialectics Delany’s Atlantic Materialism
Authors: Allewaert Monique
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the association between Atlantic fetishes and American spiritualisms. This association emerges glancingly in Marx’s Capital and more substantively in the writing of blacks in the diaspora, particularly Martin Delany’s magazine writings in the late 1850s. Via analyses of Atlantic fetishisms as well as their migration into Delany’s spiritualized electrical theories and his quasi-fictional work Blake, the chapter traces the Atlantic origins of what it calls a relational materialism. This relational materialism emerges from the conflux of cultures at the frontiers of merchant capitalism. For this reason, it isn’t wholly subsumed within a capitalistic conception of value. Moreover, it tends toward pluralistic logics by which antagonisms and alliances emerge through the play of circumstances instead of being absolute or determined in advance.
Introduction
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the subject of the book, namely, the myriad ways in which Thomas Wolsey has been represented and commemorated since his death in 1530. His name and image have been invoked in a bewildering, and often surprising, variety of contexts, including retellings of the early English Reformation and narratives about the development of British democracy. It enumerates the major purposes for which cultural producers have told the story of Wolsey’s life, and situates this book’s contribution within recent scholarly discussions about collective memory and mnemohistory. The chapter distinguishes between mnemohistory and reception history and further describes how the terms memory, commemoration, and representation will be used throughout the book. It illustrates the book’s mnemohistorical method with a case study about the representation of Wolsey as obese. Finally, it previews the arguments of the chapters that follow.
The Basic Ingredients (1530–c. 1600)
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the emergence of three prototypical representations of Thomas Wolsey. Of these, the most prevalent is that of Wolsey the papist, whereby the cardinal symbolized all that was wrong with Roman Catholicism. A second representation depicts Wolsey as the author of the English schism, criticizing him for the role that he was believed to have played in encouraging King Henry VIII to pursue the annulment of his first marriage. Finally, there is the representation of Wolsey as repentant sinner: this prototype is not blind to the cardinal’s faults but instead portrays him as a hard-working, sometimes morally ambiguous, often put-upon administrator who sought to do the bidding of his royal master even as King Henry made increasingly impossible demands on him. The chapter elaborates how a series of sixteenth-century writers adapted and interwove memories and texts in order to construct their accounts of the cardinal.
From Restoration to Catholic Emancipation: Texts and Places (1641–c. 1860)
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 encompasses the greatest chronological sweep, 1641 to c. 1860, and it surveys the representation of Wolsey in influential histories of the English Reformation, such as those of Thomas Fuller, Gilbert Burnet, and John Lingard. The chapter observes how a number of these texts were written with contemporary ends in view: Lingard, for instance, worked amidst the controversy over Catholic emancipation. The period covered by this chapter also witnessed the publication of the first book-length biographies of the cardinal, most of which sought to defend Wolsey from what authors like Richard Fiddes (1724) and Joseph Grove (1742) considered to be the slanders of his critics. The chapter concludes with an important moment in the public history of Wolsey’s legacy, namely, Queen Victoria’s 1838 decision to open Hampton Court Palace to the public. The history of restoration work and commemorative display at Hampton Court is a fascinating one, intersecting with the heritage industry’s changing canons of preservation and authenticity.
The Crowd to Come
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

This chapter charts the course of exhortation through the contemporary work of multiple poets whose lives are bound up in global processes: Sean Bonney, Myung Mi Kim, and Agha Shahid Ali. Exhortation is one of the modes, stances, or registers of poetry that attempts to call forth a collective “we,” the “we” of lives that, in some case, lack a state at all, or, in other cases, refuse to link their identities to an oppressive regime. Yet instead of making an explicit gesture toward including an existing group, these poets use a hortatory aesthetics to shape the formal totality of the poem. However different in the stances they assume, Bonney, Kim, and Ali share a common endeavor to make the precarious “we” visible..
The No-Prospect Poem
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that, to bring the Anthropocene into a specifically poetic language, poets have recalled and revised the tradition of the loco-descriptive poem and the prospect poem. J.H. Prynne, Kofi Awoonor, Natasha Trethewey, and Juliana Spahr use the hill as an imaginative location for staging the dilemmas of the putative “global citizen” examined at length in chapter two. Far from offering spectatorial mastery to the poet, however, the hill is transformed into the ground and habitation of precarious life. The hill thus makes visible an alternative trajectory of contemporary subjectivity in which the poem’s “I” emerges from and is shaped by the collective immiseration of global capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter presents the main themes of the book. The major theme is that of “touch” as it constitutes touchability/untouchability in society. Another somewhat implicit theme is that of dalit literature. This literature is the best-known feature, currently, of Indian and non-Indian understanding of the relationship between caste and modernity. Quite a lot of non-Indian interest comes to caste after encountering dalit literature. Ultimately, this book attempts to understand operations of touching and not touching, initially in themselves, but increasingly in their social operations as they relate to caste. To arrive at an understanding of caste that is different from those already available in the saturated field of caste studies, one has to attempt to think everything differently; and to do that one has to stop depending on material—texts, ideas, analyses—already available.
Touch in Its Social and Historical Aspects I
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the social aspects of touch, distinguishing societies of inheritance from societies of acquisition. It considers the regulations on touch which generate communities. Societies could be classified by the principle of attribution of agency of value to human or inhuman and transcendental sources. It seems that it is possible to rewrite the debate about determinism and free will in these terms, along with several subordinate debates in theology. In societies of inheritance, almost everything is inherited, most certainly principles. Thus, in societies of inheritance there is less anxiety about values than in societies of acquisition, since the inherited structure and relations of value are not only accepted and consented to but are rather firmly in place. In societies of acquisition, the question of which values to acquire and which not to acquire itself generates anxiety, debate, and possibly violence.
Touch in Its Social and Historical Aspects II
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the social organization of touch. When one talks about the social organization of touch, they are talking about the organization of the meanings of the kinds of touch: That is what is being regulated and organized. In urban centers, the substance on which the regulations operate is undergoing a shift. Inasmuch as there is the situation of people of different castes forcibly mixing together under the rubric of acquisition, the body begins to stray out of the orbit of regulations. Indeed, in the ostensibly public places, the bodies themselves are more or less without regulations of the traditional kind. Thus, the most prominent occasion of involuntary touch is to be found in these public places. The more communal kind of touch is still obtained on festive and ritual occasions, where the inherited meanings of touch still operate across generations.
3
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Philippe
Published: September 2019

This chapter sets out to show that Rousseau’s concept of man as an animal with a deficit of animality leads to a thinking of man as having a “sur-vival,” an “over-life” and a “meta-physical” life, constituted by techne, a “technical life” that is paradoxically both less and more than life determined by a “proper instinct.” This technical life is understood as theoretical and intellectual, in the sense that it is based in thought, comparison, and learning, which is expressed by Rousseau in ways that resonate directly with Aristotle’s discourse on mimesis in the Problems and, especially, in the Poetics. The comparative and agonistic relation of human beings to nature and to each other constitutes a primal scene, an originary theater, in which the human animal learns to supplement a deficit by way of play, in the sense of mimesis and acting, a thesis that emerges in language strikingly similar to Aristotle’s, that is, in terms of fear and pity. It is in this sense that Rousseau’s originary theatricality is deeply philosophical.
The Two Cultures of English
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

The Two Cultures of English examines the academic discipline of English in the final decades of the twentieth century and the first years of the new millennium. During this period, longstanding organizational patterns within the discipline were disrupted. With the introduction of French theory into the American academy in the 1960s and 1970s, both literary studies and composition studies experienced a significant reorientation. The introduction of theory into English Studies not only intensified existing tensions between those in literature and those in composition but also produced commonalities among colleagues that had not previously existed. As a result, the various fields within English began to share an increasing number of assumptions at the same time that institutional conflicts between literary studies and composition studies became more intense than ever before. Through careful reconsiderations of some of the key figures that helped shape (and were shaped by) this new landscape—including Michel Foucault, Kenneth Burke, Paul de Man, Fredric Jameson, James Berlin, Susan Miller, John Guillory, and Bruno Latour—the book offers a more comprehensive map of the discipline than one would find from histories on either side of the literature/composition divide.
On the Use and Abuse of Rhetoric in Composition and Theory
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how “rhetoric” has been defined and used in different fields within the discipline of English. It examines the writings of two key figures—Paul de Man and Kenneth Burke— who have used rhetoric to underwrite their critical projects. Analyzing de Man and Burke’s respective works illuminates a shared investment in the rhetorical concept of agonism; their shared focus on agonism allows us to think beyond a familiar disciplinary narrative where literary studies’ investment in rhetoric is limited to tropes and figures while composition studies’ investment in rhetoric is limited to persuasion. De Man and Burke’s shared focus on agonism illustrates the discipline’s understanding of criticism as an “unending conversation,” a fact that ultimately complicates any clear divisions between fields within the discipline of English.
Between Standardization and Serialization: Kenneth Burke, Fredric Jameson, and Radical Criticism in the Post-Fordist Era
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the odd status of literary and rhetorical critic Kenneth Burke within English Studies. It does so by examining a debate between Burke and Fredric Jameson that occurred in the late 1970s in the journal Critical Inquiry; careful attention to the nuances of their exchange reveals why Burke has come to occupy such a central role within the discourse of rhetorical theory but has been largely overlooked within literary and critical theory. Although Burke and Jameson share many similarities concerning methodology and a host of related issues, they ultimately split on the structural characteristics of late capitalism. Whereas Burke asserts that capitalism operates by producing conformity and standardization, Jameson argues that capitalism must be understood as a much more dynamic system. Their differences on this matter illuminate a number of underlying tensions within theoretical work produced in the humanities today.
Mapping the Archival Turn in English Studies
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

The previous chapter’s analysis of the Burke-Jameson debate illuminated two different understandings of political and social organization. This chapter extends that analysis by showing these two models at work within the discipline of English over the last several decades. Indeed, the relationship between these two competing models can be productively examined in contemporary English Studies where literary theory, identity politics, democratic practices, and a decentered social organization all collide. More specifically, the chapter traces the emergence of the “archival turn” within English studies, doing so by examining the broad reception of Foucault’s work within English in both literary and rhetorical studies. The chapter illustrates how much of Foucault’s work was appropriated by a progressive political movement that soon found its own ideas appropriated elsewhere in the university.
New Things, Old Things: Reading the Latourian Turn Symptomatically
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a careful examination of the work of theorist Bruno Latour and his uptake within English studies. Both literary studies and rhetoric and composition have turned to Latour as a figure who can revitalize a sagging critical enterprise and allow it to respond more effectively to the crises of the current historical moment, most notably climate change. The chapter first examines Latour’s relationship to the major theorists (Deleuze, Derrida, Foucault) that preceded him and concludes that there is less critical distance between them than many contemporary commentators have concluded. In fact, critics within English have positioned Latour as such a departure from his predecessors as a way to obscure an underlying stability and predictability within critical discourse that they would rather not acknowledge.
A Great Sacrifice
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

This study analyzes the effects of the Civil War on northern black families as they sacrificed for a Union victory, and asks the question, how were black Union soldiers from the North and their families affected by their involvement in the Civil War? When northern black men joined the armed forces of the Union and went off to fight in the Civil War, they were the vanguard of a black community that faithfully supported the Union effort in large numbers and steadfastly sent their men to fight. Since they made a significant sacrifice, these families deserve to have their story told about their contribution to the Union war effort and how their lives were directly affected by the Civil War. Letters from family members to the government are the most valuable source used in this study. Collectively, the letters are significant because they represent the few written primary sources and records left behind by African-American women. These are their words and they are saying what was on their minds and what were their needs, concerns, and desires. Some of the letters give great insight into the minds and thoughts of these family members. The most valuable of correspondences discuss why northern blacks supported the war and what they expected in return. They talk about loyalty, citizenship, and the pride of a people. Using these letters, the Civil War history of black soldiers is examined; however, woven into this history is the story of the families on the home front.
Introduction
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

This study analyzes the effects of the Civil War on northern black families as they sacrificed for a Union victory, and asks the question, how were black Union soldiers from the North and their families affected by their involvement in the Civil War? Letters from family members to the government are the most valuable source used in this study. Collectively, the letters are significant because they represent the few written primary sources and records left behind by African-American women. These are their words and they are saying what was on their minds and what were their needs, concerns, and desires. Some of the letters give great insight into the minds and thoughts of these family members. Using these letters, the Civil War history of black soldiers is examined; however, woven into this history is the story of the families on the home front.
A Grand Opportunity
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, and provided a long awaited opportunity for northern African Americans to prove their loyalty and their worthiness for full citizenship. And for all African Americans, this was a chance to end slavery and the mark of inferiority it branded on the black race. However, the initial euphoria of these African Americans quickly evaporated when they were told this was not a war in which blacks were welcomed to participate. Their help was not requested and was outright rejected. Northern blacks (men and women) looked for and found other ways to contribute to the Union war effort. With the Emancipation Proclamation, Abraham Lincoln had decided to free all the slaves in rebel territory. The Union army now also became an army of liberation. The potential for Union forces to obtain desperately needed manpower, black troops, was another important factor for the decision.
Home Again
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

By the end of 1865, all twenty-six of the northern black regiments were mustered out of service and returned home to their families. The first was the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, which mustered out on August 20, 1865, and discharged in Boston on September 1. The last northern black regiment mustered out in December 1865. The reception once they arrived home was one of exuberance and joy for most northern black regiments. Large crowds of admirers welcomed them home. Once back where the regiment was organized, the regiment settled their final business with the paymaster and then officially disbanded. The soldiers then went home to their families. Northern black soldiers went home with a tremendous sense of accomplishment. They had successfully defended their country against rebellion, helped to put an end to slavery, shown both skill and bravery, and proved their worth to their country. In return for their loyalty, blacks felt that their actions justified equal treatment in American society. Black men and women were optimistic and continued to strive for better lives as they settled into their post-war lives. The voices of most northern black women became more silent since they were no longer writing letters to military officials.
Introduction
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: September 2019

Beginning with James Baldwin’s Another Country, this introduction argues that urban renewal was a crucial context for, and concern of, the mid-century US novel and that novelists turned to the symptomology of “shock” to depict and negotiate their experiences of the renewed city. The introduction then lays out the book’s two main interventions. First, in turning our attention back to the prehistories of neoliberalism, Novel Shocks brings into relief the material histories and struggles that produced the neoliberal forms of reason and affective structures that critics have identified in the contemporary novel. Second, by shifting the mid-century’s horizon from Cold War ideology to expanding US hegemony, Novel Shocks challenges the subversion/containment framework, which continues to govern our reading practice, and thus refigures our thinking about Cold War literary culture.
Writing American Catholic History
Authors: McGuinness Margaret M. , Fisher James T.
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the history of U.S. Catholicism, which is traced back to the efforts of Franciscan missionaries in the sixteenth-century Southwest prior to the arrival of Anglo-Protestants along the Eastern Seaboard, and then moved on to Jesuits in New France (Canada) early in the following century. By 1850, Catholicism was the largest religious denomination in the United States, and remains so to this day. American Protestant Christianity has always boasted a substantial aggregate majority of religious adherents, but Protestantism was broken into so many movements by the mid-nineteenth century that no single Protestant group equaled in size the nation's Catholic populace. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
American and Catholic and Literature: What Cultural History Helps Reveal
Authors: Cadegan Una M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the so-called “American Catholic literature” (in the form of diaries, journals, and descriptive accounts of their work intended for European sponsors). With the development of a print culture in the early national period, an American literature designed for a domestic audience began to emerge. The U.S. Catholic Church soon grew sufficiently well organized to generate its own separate literary apparatus meeting the varied needs of immigrants and acculturated readers alike. Catholics were melded into a parallel reading public by their common faith, largely insulated from a national literary industry supplying Protestant readers with tales of moral uplift and sentimental piety not so very different from the Catholic versions.
Gospel Zeal: Missionary Citizens Overseas and Armchair Missionaries at Home; American Catholic Missions in China, 1900–1989
Authors: Carbonneau, C.P. Robert E.
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with the American Catholic missionary movement in the twentieth century, which was dominated by a gospel-driven zeal to convert the Chinese. It examines two interlocking cohorts operating throughout the first half of the twentieth century. One group is the American citizens serving as missionaries in China. In addition to their national passports, spiritual citizenship in conjunction with the Holy See proved to be of paramount influence in the evangelization process. Oftentimes contentious, this fostered encounters between bishops and diplomats, priests, sisters, and laity and the local transnational political actors in China. The second group is the armchair missionaries. These important benefactors on the American home front first came to identify with associated events when they attended the dramatic departure ceremonies for missionaries proceeding on to China.
Northern Settlement Houses and Southern Welfare Centers: The Sisters of Our Lady of Christian Doctrine, 1910–1971
Authors: McGuinness Margaret M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on “the sisters,” members of women's religious communities (“nuns,” strictly speaking, were members of cloistered communities; most U.S. sisters pursued active vocations outside monastic settings). These “women religious” were surely the most conspicuous signs of Catholic presence in the Unites States from the Civil War era through the 1960s. Members of women's religious communities taught millions of parochial school students; others provided social services to immigrants and the poor. The Sisters of Our Lady of Christian Doctrine—among dozens of communities responding to the needs of immigrants—adapted the settlement house tradition founded by secular reformers with whom they shared many concerns with one fundamental difference: a sacramental worldview inspiriting apostolic work for personal rebirth and social renewal.
The Resurrection Project of Mexican Catholic Chicago: Spiritual Activism and Liberating Praxis
Authors: Davalos Karen Mary
Published: September 2019

This chapter offers a historical ethnography of community building in Chicago's historic Pilsen neighborhood on that city's Near West Side. It focuses on the Resurrection Project, a community development organization that predominantly builds and secures housing for Latino residents, and locates the organization within the historical context of mexicano Catholicism in Chicago. Focusing on the organization's first fifteen years, 1990–2005, and inaugural efforts in Pilsen, it uses historical archives, oral history interviews, and ethnographic material to view the programs for housing, community development, and leadership as a strategy to create a life of dignity, as revelation, and as an expression of “the faith of the people.”
The Role of the Campus Environment in Fostering a Sense of Mattering among Postgraduate Commuter Students in Botswana
Authors: Lyken-Segosebe Dawn , Moremi Mbiganyi , Mafuraga Mbizo , Mogotsi Benjamin
Published: September 2019

Commuter students can be found at practically every institutional type in higher education. Despite their increasing numbers as students returning to pursue Master’s and PhD programs, little is known about postgraduate commuter students and their experiences at US and international universities. A mixed-methods embedded design was utilized to investigate whether and how postgraduate commuter students at a rural public research-intensive university in Botswana perceived they mattered or were marginal to their university. Findings revealed that the physical, human aggregate, organizational, and socially constructed environments of the university influenced perceptions of mattering among study participants. Postgraduate students perceived they did not matter to the university because of its focus on undergraduates, its approach to managing postgraduate education, its failure to provide postgraduate housing, and the cost and unavailability of transportation. However, the availability of a teaching assistantship and supervisors’ interest and support fostered the sense among these students that they were receiving attention, considered important, depended on, and empathized with.Keywords: mattering, marginality, commuter students, postgraduate student experience, campus environments
Tove Nicolaisens tre fremstøt
Authors: Winje Geir
Published: September 2019

I serien «Sentrale norske religionspedagoger/religionsdidaktikere som går av med pensjon» har turen kommet til Tove Nicolaisen. Her omtales tre av hennes sentrale faglige bidrag: fortellingsdidaktikk innenfor KRL/RLE/KRLE, arbeid med hinduisme og hinduistiske barns erfaringer med RLE-faget, og engasjement for at barn skal få komme til orde på egne premisser.
Børnebibelen som kulturelt erindringssted mellem kirkekristendom og kulturkristendom
Authors: Larsen Kasper Bro
Published: September 2019

Børnebibelen som genre har i de seneste årtier oplevet en bemærkelsesværdig op-blomstring og popularitet. Denne artikel undersøger en række populære børnebibler på det danske marked som udtryk for kristen og samfundsmæssig erindringsmobilise-ring (fx de Vries 1960, Møllehave 1996, Lindhardt 1998, Barrett 2010 og Jessen 2016). Hvor den autoriserede bibel udgør et delvist glemt arkiv, afspejler børnebiblerne den kulturelt erindrede bibelkanon. Artiklen undersøger, hvordan børnebiblerne konstruerer det bibelske i kraft af mekanismer som selvnormativisering, synkroni og syntopi, værdibaseret selektion, intratekstuelle forbindelser, tekstharmonisering og kulturel tilpasning. De danske børnebibler fastholder det bibelske i den kulturelle erindring ved at favne både kirkekristendom og kulturkristendom.Nøgleord: børnebibler – kulturel erindring – Aleida Assmann – kulturel transmission – erindringssteder – evangelieharmonier – kirkekristendom – kulturkristendomAbstractIn Denmark, children’s’ bibles constitute a flourishing genre that has produced several bestsellers during the past decades. This article investigates some of the most popular examples on the Danish market as sites of cultural memory and as constructions of “the biblical.” Whereas the official bible has become a partly forgotten archive, children’s bibles reflect the actual canon in cultural memory. The article discusses how children’s bibles function as sites of cultural memory by means of self-normativization, synchrony and syntopy, value-based selection, intratextual systematization, harmonization, and cultural adaptation. Danish children’s bibles aim to maintain “the biblical” in Danish cultural memory by presenting biblical narratives as foundational to both Christianity and culture. Key words: children’s bibles — cultural memory — Aleida Assmann — cultural transmission — lieu de mémoire — gospel harmonies — modern Christianity
Revelry and Resistance
Authors: Weiss Sarah
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses women’s use of mockery and ridicule in prenuptial performance among Trinidadian and Bihari Hindus; Canadian-Moroccan and Bulgarian-Israeli Sephardic Jews; Romanian Orthodox Christians; and Muslim Tuareg smith praise singers. Following James Scott, this chapter argues that prenuptial mockery and ridicule function as weapons of the weak or the disempowered, asserting resistance to the change and loss that accompany marriage while helping to alleviate anxiety through momentary empowerment, familiarizing new social contexts for the bride and female relatives through humor and levity.
Afterword
Authors: Weiss Sarah
Published: September 2019

The afterword provides an overview of the main themes in the book. The author argues that meta-ethnography is only the beginning of the return of comparative studies in ethnomusicology. She suggests that in the future, a combination of meta-ethnography with ethnographic accounts of fieldwork and musical analysis will set the stage for an integrated approach called comparative ethnomusicology. Finally, the author argues that in a time of global conflict and religious extremism, scholars have a responsibility to demonstrate possibilities for religious harmony and peaceful coexistence whenever possible
Black Women and the Complexities of Internationalism
Authors: Blain Keisha N. , Gill Tiffany M.
Published: September 2019

This introductory essay offers a broad overview of the history and scholarship on black internationalism and examines the significance of employing a gender analysis and centering women’s ideas and activities. In so doing, it engages two central questions: (1) how was black women’s engagement in internationalism similar to or different from their male counterparts?, and (2) To what extent did black women merge internationalism with issues of women’s rights or feminist concerns? It also highlights the book’s interventions and provides a roadmap for the individual essays in the book, arranged thematically and chronologically.
“We Are Negroes!”
Authors: Byrd Brandon R.
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the ideas and activism of a woman calling herself Madame Parque, who traveled across the United States giving lectures to black and white audiences during the 1870s. Claiming to be a well-educated, multilingual, and mixed-race Haitian educator, Parque spoke at courthouses, black churches, and black schools throughout the United States, mocking racism and sexism and celebrating Afro-diasporic history and black identity. The woman who presented herself as a Haitian named Madame Parque emboldened African Americans striving for meaningful freedom and prodded white Americans to develop more enlightened perspectives about black people. Her story captures the dynamic ways in which black women influenced the directions of black thought in the postemancipation United States.
“Confraternity Among All Dark Races”
Authors: Blain Keisha N.
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the political activities of Mittie Maude Lena Gordon (1889-1961) in Depression-era Chicago. A former member of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), Gordon established her own organization, the Peace Movement of Ethiopia (PME), in 1932. While her decision to form the PME was largely driven by her interest in West African emigration, she also believed that the plight of African Americans was similar to other nonwhites globally and envisioned her organization as a vehicle to unite members of the “dark races.” Building on Garveyism while implementing new strategies of her own, she used her organization as a site for collaboration and exchange with individuals from various parts of the globe. Her activities illuminate the entangled histories of twentieth-century Black nationalism and internationalism.
“What That Meant to Me”
Authors: Wood Julia Erin
Published: September 2019

In September 1964 a group of eleven Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) activists traveled to Guinea for a three-week visit. For the women on the trip--Prathia Hall, Fannie Lou Hamer, Dona Richards Moses, and Ruby Doris Smith Robinson--their stay in Africa had a profound and lasting effect. At a time when Pan-Africanism, African nationalism, and black internationalism were often defined in masculine terms, the women of SNCC also embraced and practiced internationalism. For some SNCC women, internationalism took place internally, on a personal level, through claiming and taking pride in their African American heritage. What the SNCC women witnessed and experienced in Guinea provided them with a new affirmation of their beauty as black women and a stronger sense of their identity as people of African descent.
Afterword Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea
Authors: West Michael O.
Published: September 2019

It is a truism that black folk in the United States are an international people. From the beginning of the republic, they were compelled by force of domestic (national) circumstances to internationalize their struggle for liberation, the founders having excluded them from the US social contract. The initial affidavit of exclusion is right there in the inaugural document of the social contract, the Declaration of Independence, which, ever so cryptically, damned the king of England for having “excited domestic insurrections amongst us.” This was an attack on the self-emancipatory activities of the enslaved descendants of Africa, who were exploiting the chaos caused by the anticolonial rebellion to claim their freedom, sometimes in cahoots with the British colonialists. Unable or unwilling to confront their own contradictions, the authors of the Declaration of Independence condemned the self-determination of the slaves as the doing of outside agitators, a charge that would be hurled at African American movements and activists for generations to come—up to the present time, in fact....
Balance of Power
Authors: Ahlquist Karen
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses composers’ music—that is, music that demands a faithful adherence to detailed notation--in urban public settings in the late nineteenth century, among them formal performance series, music festivals, exhibitions, and outdoor “garden” concerts. Drawing examples from Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, Cincinnati, and Chicago, it shows Americans experimenting with strategies for musical dissemination that took audience response as an important consideration. Illustrating the relationship between social class and aesthetic perspectives in late-nineteenth-century American concert life, Ahlquist offers a potential model from the United States for the historical study of composers’ music throughout the Western world.
From Flatbush to Fun Home
Authors: Magee Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

The conventions and assumptions embedded in the presentation Broadway musicals for much of the twentieth century is the central concern in this chapter devoted to the “cozy cottage trope,” an aspect of the typical marriage plots embedded in many comedic genres. This trope illustrates the lasting appeal of seemingly innocent or nostalgic social images for both players and audiences over many decades. It is characteristically associated with a romantic couple envisioning through song a specific place (whether bungalow, flat, cottage, hotel room, or similar hideaway) as a sort of psychic oasis in which to “bill and coo and settle down in domestic bliss.” Magee describes this trope as one of the “distinctively American elements about the American musical.”
Dialogue without Words
Authors: DeLapp-Birkett Jennifer
Published: September 2019

In Jennifer DeLapp-Birkett’s analysis, the “identities and dichotomies” of her title concern a single piece of music, Aaron Copland's Piano Quartet (1950) but also a number of extramusical issues that preoccupied the composer at the time. She places Copland’s work, including his Hollywood film score for “The Heiress” and the efforts of his contemporaries (such as Schoenberg, Virgil Thomson), within the complex political landscape post-World War II, the Red Scare in the United States, and the Cold War. Several incidents in Copland’s career circa 1950 indicate that he, with good reason, felt vulnerable to the forces of reaction at work. DeLapp-Birkett demonstrates conclusively that in his public statements and in his compositional development Copland was responding consciously to the pressures from a variety of sources.
Fieldwork on the American Campus
Authors: Duchan Joshua S.
Published: September 2019

Duchan examines the process of doing fieldwork “at home,” so to speak, by exploring the musical life on American college campuses--where ethnographers often live but seldom reflect upon. In recent years, the field of ethnographic analysis has expanded from a traditional non-Western geographic locus and cultural concept to include urban and suburban Western sites and the internet. Duchan addresses two pertinent questions: What are the distinctive challenges (social, cultural, bureaucratic, and so on) the ethnographer faces in such domestic ethnography? And how might a researcher’s data be affected by historically established social structures, such as those of academic class and rank, traditional campus mores, or the politics of representation and reciprocity that play out in this setting?
Homeland Maternity
Authors: Fixmer-Oraiz Natalie
Published: September 2019

Motherhood in the context of homeland security culture is a site of intense contestation—both a powerful form of currency and a target of unprecedented assault. In this book, I designate the term homeland maternity in order to theorize the relationship between motherhood and nation in US homeland security culture. While scholars of rhetoric, feminist, and cultural studies have explored homeland security culture and the politics of contemporary motherhood from critical perspectives, no study to date has considered how recent discourses of motherhood and nation are deeply enmeshed and, as this book argues, mutually constitutive. As reproductive bodies are represented as a threat to national security, either through supposed excess or deficiency, a culture of homeland maternity intensifies the requirements of motherhood as it works to discipline those who refuse to adhere. Homeland Maternity offers a way to understand how the policing of maternal bodies in contemporary US culture serves an overt but unexamined political function—namely, securing the nation in times of perceived vulnerability, and with profound implications for reproductive justice.
Introduction
Authors: Baber Katherine
Published: September 2019

“Jazz is a very big word.” In one version of this story I could simply take Leonard Bernstein at his word and skip writing this book altogether. His statement, however offhand, has the ring of truth, and volumes of writing attest to the intellectual weight of the sound and idea of jazz. And “Bernstein” is a big word, too. Perhaps both cannot fit into the same space. Or it could be that looking at a determinedly polystylistic composer through the lens of one style, however important, might not do either the composer or the style justice. The version of the story laid out in this book, though, argues for a powerful connection between Bernstein and jazz worth exploring even if it requires “big” words—broad and complex cultural concepts—to occupy the same space. Bernstein’s way of being a musician resonates with the ways countless musicians have had of making jazz: both depend on various forms of connectivity, on the blurring of edges between ideas, sounds, and people. On the other hand, jazz musicians and Bernstein equally assert their individualism. If both jazz and Bernstein are big, the reasons for their largeness interact in interesting ways—ways crucial to Bernstein’s compositional aesthetic and significant to how we talk about jazz and its place in American musical culture....
A Tale of Two Cities II
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: September 2019

Conceived as a companion to Chapter 3, this chapter also examines movement in public spaces in two creole cities, but this time emphasizing an approach grounded in ethnography and focusing upon two relatively contemporary dance-based social communities: the rará performers of Port-au-Prince in Haiti, and the Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans. It finds well-known historical and ethnographic parallels between these two social organizations within their respective urban-Caribbean contexts but also teases out more sophisticated and less familiar understandings of raráistes’ and Indians’ political intentionality--the parallel ways in which their costume, movement, and sound enables temporary, but potent, subaltern resistance to dominant culture’s control of public spaces.
Blackface Transformations I
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates movement vocabularies associated with early-twentieth-century North American African American dance, particularly as specific performers adapted these exceptionally influential vocabularies in order to employ them for expressive and political purposes beyond the street: in the vaudeville theater, the Hollywood soundstage, and the mixed-race nightclub. This chapter suggests that these performers--Bill Robinson, Josephine Baker, and the Marx Brothers--possessed a sophisticated understanding of the transgressive power of African American street dance and deployed those movement vocabularies with intentional political effect in new, mass-market media. Methodology is drawn especially from film and drama theory, kinesics, and iconography.
Blackface Transformations II
Authors: Smith Christopher J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter draws upon iconography, film studies, and semiotics in two examples of electronically mediated masking that intentionally subvert the voyeuristic white gaze. It investigates the descriptions of Lindy Hop in The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1966) and the blackface in Spike Lee’s Bamboozled (2000), which intentionally juxtapose explicitly racist caricature and performative virtuosity, reading those passages for their cultural/political subtextual discussions. It argues that Malcolm X and Spike Lee--as cultural commentators from within the African American community--use dance as a means to problematize the paradox of black creativity’s virtuosity as it has flourished “behind the minstrel mask.”
Building the Black Arts Movement
Authors: Fenderson Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This book is the first to document and analyze Hoyt Fuller’s profound influence on the Black Arts movement. Using historical snapshots of Fuller’s life and activism as a means to rethink the period, Building the Black Arts Movement provides a fresh take on the general trajectory of African American literary (and cultural) studies as the field developed over the course of two explosive decades in the mid-twentieth century. The book argues that the Black Arts movement can be understood as a pivotal and volatile moment in the long history of America’s culture wars. Moreover, by shifting our focus from creative artists and repositioning Fuller at the center of the movement--as one of its most underappreciated architects--the book grants new insights into the critical role of editorial work, the international dimensions of the movement, the complexities of sexuality, and the challenges of Black institution building during the 1960s and ’70s.
Abandoning the Past
Authors: Fenderson Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This chapter pierces the existing scholarly silence around Hoyt Fuller’s sexuality by exploring how sexual politics shaped both the life and afterlife of the editor. It maps the ways that silences around Fuller’s sexuality have been (de)constructed across time and space. It identifies exactly who helped manufacture these silences, speculates about factors that led to their production, gestures to the contexts out of which they emerged, and illuminates rare moments when some of these silences were punctured. By mapping the production (and shattering) of silences, the chapter offers insight into the ways movement activists responded to Fuller’s sexuality. His intimate life--as a man who had sex with other men (and women)--troubles conventional wisdom about the movement and Black nationalism, more broadly. The chapter argues that instead of being simplistic, dogmatic, or uniform in their thinking, movement participants thought about sexuality in complex, varied, and inconstant ways.
A Novel GC-FID Analytical Strategy Reveals Adulteration of Fuels by Vegetable Oil
Authors: Francescangeli Adriano , Daniele Vito , Di Lorenzo Paolo Antonio , Franco Magda
Published: September 2019

Background: Adulteration of diesel fuel by the addition of vegetable oil is a problem that touches several countries around the world and bypasses the complexity of the specifications regarding the automotive diesel fuel distinguishing between customs, fiscal, and commercial–environmental specifications. At an international level, the adoption of the same analysis methods is important for the harmonization processes and the fluidity of the market. In this context, we assist to the diffusion of the same fraud touching several countries or continents since the limit of the same methods are common to many specifications. For several European countries, the revenue lost as a result of this adulteration consists of billions of euros per year. This enormous amount of illicit money feeds organized criminal networks with huge social and environmental damages. Objective: This work presents a GC method to quantify vegetable oils in the range of 0.2–7% (w/w) in adulterated diesel fuel, intended for use as motor fuel, with or without extraneous heavy mineral oil. Methods: Our study was realized on 100 fraudulent samples collected by the Italian fiscal police in regular oil stations and by the Italian fiscal police and customs officers as a consequence of controls on trucks transporting, in suspicious circumstances, “oil” often declared “antistick and anticorrosion oil” or “protective oil.” Conclusions and Highlights: High reliability of results, external validity, ease of replication, simple instrumentation, and sample preparation make this method well suited for a new “smart” protocol for diesel fuels analysis for customs, fiscal, and antifraud purposes.