bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bound within boundaries: Do protected areas cover movement corridors of their most mobile, protected species?
Authors: Hofmann David D. , Behr Dominik M. , McNutt John W. , Ozgul Arpat , Cozzi Gabriele
Published: May 2021

Conserving and managing large portions of land to connect wildlife reserves is an increasingly used strategy to maintain and restore connectivity among wildlife populations. Boundaries of such conservation areas are often determined based on expert opinion and socio‐political constraints, yet the extent to which they match species' movement corridors is rarely examined. This is mainly due to a lack of data, particularly on wide‐ranging movement behaviour such as dispersal. Nevertheless, empirically assessing the adequacy of protected areas is key for the implementation of targeted management actions and efficient use of limited conservation funds.

Between 2011 and 2019, we collected high‐resolution GPS data on 16 dispersing African wild dog Lycaon pictus coalitions from a free‐ranging population in the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA‐TFCA). Spanning five countries and 520,000 km2, the KAZA‐TFCA is the world's largest transboundary conservation area and a prime example for international conservation efforts. We used integrated step selection analysis to estimate habitat selection of dispersers and to create a permeability surface for the KAZA‐TFCA. We compared landscape permeability across different regions within the KAZA‐TFCA as well as outside its boundaries. Lastly, we calculated least‐cost paths and corridors to verify that major movement routes were adequately encompassed within the KAZA‐TFCA.

Permeability within the boundaries of the KAZA‐TFCA was more than double compared to areas outside it. Furthermore, we observed a fivefold permeability difference among the five KAZA‐TFCA countries. We also showed that major movement corridors of wild dogs ran within the KAZA‐TFCA, although some minor routes remained formally unprotected.

Differences in permeability were mainly related to different degrees of human activities across regions, and to the presence or absence of rivers, swamps and open water. The relationship between permeability and other landscape features was less pronounced.

Synthesis and applications. In this study, we showed how pertinent dispersal data of a highly mobile species can be used to empirically evaluate the adequacy of already existing or planned protected areas. Furthermore, we observed regional differences in landscape permeability that highlight the need for a coordinated effort towards maintaining or restoring connectivity, especially where transboundary dispersal occurs.
Can the Engagement Model act as a replacement for the P‐scale assessment system?
Authors: Aidonopoulou‐Read Tereza
Published: May 2021

The Engagement Model was launched in January 2020, endeavouring to address the weaknesses of the P‐scales assessment for students not yet involved in a subject‐specific curriculum. This paper will discuss how and if the tensions between previously adopted assessment systems as discussed in teacher interviews can be reconciled through the Engagement Model in relation to students with autism and severe learning difficulties. The interview findings suggested that some of the problems with assessment, when applied in this context, are related to consistency and transferability, lack of formal recognition of non‐academic progress, familiarity with the students, observation skills and training, workload and time, and subjectivity of judgement amongst professionals. When compared with the aims of the Engagement Model, the findings of the research suggest that even though it addresses some of the issues raised, it cannot act as a substitute to the P‐scale system as it serves a different purpose.
Investigating the effectiveness of institutional‐level support teams at full‐service schools in South Africa
Authors: Makhalemele Thabo , Nel Mirna
Published: May 2021

In South Africa Education White Paper 6 introduced the establishment of Institutional‐Level Support Teams (ILST) at school level to support the learning and teaching process by identifying and addressing learner, teacher and institutional needs. The core priority of these teams is to implement properly co‐ordinated learner and teacher support services. This paper therefore explores the effectiveness of the ILSTs in providing support services at Full‐Service Schools (FSS). In this article the Rubin, Plovnick and Fry's GRPI model of team effectiveness (1977) was used to explore the effectiveness of the ILSTs in selected schools. By means of focus group interviews, data was generated from two strata, namely ILST members and district officials working directly with FSS. The study was a case study within a qualitative research design. Data was analysed using an inductive analytical framework and a group interpretive data analysis method. The results indicate some efficacy of support provision, but with numerous challenges regarding attention to the desired results, agreement on the standards and expectations, misunderstanding of the boundaries in which ILSTs operate, individual and shared responsibilities, conflict resolution, and effective methods for dealing with conflict.
The utility of lung weight to heart weight ratio as a means to identify suspected drug intoxication deaths in a medico‐legal autopsy population
Authors: Gustafsson Torfinn , Eriksson Anders , Wingren Carl Johan
Published: May 2021

Fatal intoxications are common in a medico‐legal autopsy setting and are associated with sparse findings during autopsy. It has been suggested that an increased lung weight may be associated with such fatalities. Previous literature is generally limited to a descriptive approach, including only opioid deaths, and lacking a definition of “heavy” lungs. Our aim was to create a model to identify cases with heavy lungs and to assess the predictive power of “heavy” lungs in identifying cases of different types of fatal intoxications during autopsy in an unselected medico‐legal autopsy population. We identified all medico‐legal autopsy cases ≥18 years in Sweden from 2000 through 2013. The lung weight to heart weight (LWHW) ratio was calculated. The positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of both lung weight and LWHW ratio were calculated. Mean lung weight was higher in the intoxication group but the predictive power in the individual case was limited. Lung weight to heart weight ratio had better predictive power than lung weight alone, with a PPV of at most 0.15(0.14, 0.16 95% CI), while the NPV was 0.96 (0.95, 0.96 95% CI). The association between fatal intoxication and increased lung weight was positive, regardless of method and cutoffs used. While the PPV was poor, the NPV could reduce suspicion of fatal intoxication in the absence of other information. LHWH ratio is only a probability factor for fatal intoxication; accurate cause of death determination—as always—requires consideration of circumstances, autopsy, and toxicologic findings.
Towards eradicating the nuisance of numts and noise in molecular biodiversity assessment
Authors: Graham Natalie R. , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Krehenwinkel Henrik
Published: May 2021

DNA metabarcoding is a popular methodology for biodiversity assessment and increasingly used for community level analysis of intraspecific genetic diversity. The evolutionary history of hundreds of specimens can be captured in a single collection vial. However, the method is not without pitfalls, which may inflate or misrepresent recovered diversity metrics. Nuclear pseudogene copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) have been particularly difficult to control because they can evolve rapidly and appear deceptively similar to true mitochondrial sequences. While the problem of numts has long been recognized for traditional sequencing approaches, the issues they create are particularly evident in metabarcoding in which the identity of individual specimens is generally not known. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Andújar et al. (2021) provide an easy to implement bioinformatic approach to reduce erroneous sequences due to numts and residual noise in metabarcoding data sets. The metaMATE software designates input sequences as authentic (mtDNA haplotypes) or nonauthentic (numts and erroneous sequences) by comparison to reference data and by analysing nucleotide substitution patterns. Filtering is applied over a range of abundance thresholds and the choice to proceed with a more rigid or less strict sequence removal strategy is at the researchers’ discretion. This is a valuable addition to a growing number of complementary tools for improving the reliability of modern biodiversity monitoring.
Middle lobe preservation and fixation after right upper and lower lobectomy for synchronous lung cancer
Authors: Jiang Hua , Yue Bingqing , Wang Jiankai , Chao Baoting , Ma Weixia
Published: May 2021

The incidence of multiple lung cancer has been steadily increasing worldwide. Although cases of patients with lung cancers in the right upper and lower lobe have also become more frequently reported in clinical work, simultaneous right upper and lower lobectomy reports with the middle lobe preservation are still quite rare. A total of three patients with lung cancers in the right upper and lower lobe were included in the study. The patients underwent simultaneous right upper and lower lobectomy, whereas the remaining middle lobe was sutured and fixed to the intercostal muscle of the incision to prevent postoperative lobe torsion. There was no procedure to reduce residual space，such as phrenic nerve crush or thoracoplasty. All patients were discharged from the hospital 7 days after the operation. The chest tube was removed 5 days after the operation in two patients. One patient was discharged with the tube because of slight pulmonary leakage, and the tube was removed 2 weeks after the operation. Six months after the operation, the chest computer tomography showed that the middle lobe expanded well and no obvious cavity or pleural effusion was found. The suture of the remaining middle lobe and intercostal muscle of the incision is a simple and effective method that can be used to successfully avoid middle lobe torsion. This strategy is safe and can be used as the first choice for eligible patients.
Type A thymoma with simultaneous solitary intrapulmonary metastasis: A case report
Authors: Tatematsu Tsutomu , Okuda Katsuhiro , Endo Katsuhiko , Hattori Hideo , Matsui Takuya , Oda Risa , Sakane Tadashi , Yokota Keisuke , Nakanishi Ryoichi
Published: May 2021

A 79‐year‐old woman was referred to our facility because of an abnormal chest shadow. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a solitary right middle lung nodule with a maximum diameter of 3 mm and anterior mediastinal nodule with a maximum diameter of 21 mm. The lung nodule was suspected of being a primary lung cancer rather than a metastatic tumor because there were no primary malignant tumors, apart from an anterior mediastinal tumor visible on diagnostic imaging, including F18 fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography, and a solitary lung nodule. Partial lung resection by video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed, and the intraoperative frozen section of the tumor tissue resulted in a diagnosis of carcinoid tumor. As a result, right middle lobectomy by VATS was performed. The final histological diagnosis of the permanent specimen was intrapulmonary type A thymoma. VATS thymectomy was performed three months later. The histological diagnosis was type A thymoma with intrapulmonary metastasis (Masaoka stage IVb). Additional therapy was not performed because complete resection was achieved. Follow‐up CT was performed once every six months after the operation. The patient has been followed up for one year without any further recurrence.
Liquid biopsies to distinguish malignant from benign pulmonary nodules
Authors: Tao Rui , Cao Wei , Zhu Feng , Nie Jinfu , Wang Hongzhi , Wang Lixiang , Liu Pengcheng , Chen Hailong , Hong Bo , Zhao Dahai
Published: May 2021

Over the past decades, low‐dose computed tomography (LD‐CT) screening has been widely used for the early detection of lung cancer. Increasing numbers of indeterminate pulmonary nodules are now being discovered. However, it remains challenging to distinguish malignant from benign pulmonary nodules, especially those considered to be small or ground‐glass (GGN) nodules. Liquid biopsies have been successfully applied in the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer, and the potential value for early detection of lung cancer has made great progress. Recent studies have demonstrated the value of various blood‐based tumor biomarkers in determining the nature of pulmonary nodules, including cell‐free DNA (cfDNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor‐associated autoantibodies (AAbs). In this review, we summarize the latest progress of liquid biopsies, and their potential applications and challenges in the diagnosis of malignant pulmonary nodules.
Primary resistance to alectinib in a patient with STRN‐ALK‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer: A case report
Authors: Sun Kunyan , Nie Ligong , Nong Lin , Cheng Yuan
Published: May 2021

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are drivers of a subset of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The rapid progression of ALK inhibitors has significantly prolonged the progression‐free survival of patients with ALK gene‐sensitive mutations. However, the response of patients with rare ALK rearrangements to tyrosine kinase inhibitors remains unknown. Here, we report a rare case of striatin (STRN)‐ALK‐positive NSCLC showing primary resistance to first‐line therapy alectinib and limited clinical activity of crizotinib in the alectinib‐resistant setting.
The cuff leak test in critically ill patients: An international survey of intensivists
Authors: Lewis Kimberley , Almubarak Yousef , Hylander Møller Morten , Jaeschke Roman , Perri Dan , Zhang Ying , Du Bin , Nishida Osamu , Ntoumenopoulos George , Saxena Manoj , Truwit Jonathon , Young Paul J. , Alshamsi Fayez , Arabi Yaseen M. , Rochwerg Bram , Karachi Tim , Szczeklik Wojciech , Alshahrani Muhammed , Machado Flavia R , Annane Djillali , Antonelli Massimo , Girard Timothy D. , Cook Deborah , Baw Bandar , Nanchal Rahul , Piraino Thomas , Guyatt Gordon , Alhazzani Waleed ,   The GUIDE Group
Published: May 2021

Background

The cuff leak test (CLT) is used to assess laryngeal edema prior to extubation. There is limited evidence for its diagnostic accuracy and conflicting guidelines surrounding its use in critically ill patients who do not have risk factors for laryngeal edema. The primary study aim was to describe intensivists' beliefs, attitudes, and practice regarding the use of the CLT.

Methods

A 13‐item survey was developed, pilot‐tested, and subjected to clinical sensibility testing. The survey was distributed electronically through MetaClinician®. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analysis were performed to examine associations between participant demographics and survey responses.

Results

1184 practicing intensivists from 17 countries in North and South America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia participated. The majority (59%) of respondents reported rarely or never perform the CLT prior to extubating patients not at high risk of laryngeal edema, which correlated with 54% of respondents reporting they believed a failed CLT did not predict reintubation. Intensivists from the Middle East were 2.4 times more likely to request a CLT compared to those from North America. Intensivists with base training in medicine or emergency medicine were more likely to request a CLT prior to extubation compared to those with base training in anesthesiology.

Conclusion

Use of the CLT prior to extubating patients not at high risk of laryngeal edema in the intensive care unit is highly variable. Practice appears to be influenced by country of practice and base specialty training.
Effectiveness of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy—Evidence from modifications due to the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Methfessel Isabel , Besse Matthias , Belz Michael , Zilles‐Wegner David
Published: May 2021

Objective

Continuation and maintenance ECT (c‐/m‐ECT) are effective in the prevention of relapse and recurrence of both affective and psychotic disorders. However, data are scarce concerning the trajectories of severe mental disorders after the end of c‐/m‐ECT. This prospective study investigates the clinical outcome of patients with versus without modifications of their c‐/m‐ECT schedules.

Methods

In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, ECT capacities were restricted at many clinics in early 2020. All patients receiving c‐/m‐ECT in March and April 2020 at our department (n = 53, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia) were followed up for six months to investigate the impact of treatment modifications imposed by the pandemic. Based on individual decisions, c‐/m‐ECT was either (a) continued without modification, (b) continued with reduced frequency, or (c) discontinued.

Results

Both reduced frequency and discontinuation of c‐/m‐ECT were associated with significant clinical deterioration as measured by CGI‐I (Clinical Global Impression Scale ‐ Global Improvement) during the six‐month follow‐up when compared to the subgroup of patients without any treatment modification (p = 0.005, p = 0.011). Furthermore, patients with discontinued or reduced c‐/m‐ECT showed significantly higher rates of rehospitalizations (p = 0.028) and new acute courses of ECT (p = 0.018).

Conclusion

Despite the limitations of a heterogeneous and relatively small sample, our study strongly corroborates the effectiveness of c‐/m‐ECT in a real‐world population. Especially, patients with shorter time since index ECT seem to be at high risk for severe clinical deterioration in the case of treatment discontinuation or reduction.
Brain dysfunction of methamphetamine‐associated psychosis in resting state: Approaching schizophrenia and critical role of right superior temporal deficit
Authors: Yang Mei , Jia Xiaojian , Zhou Hongying , Ren Ping , Deng Huan , Kong Zhi , Xie Chunyu , Hu Wenjun , Jiang Wentao , Lai Wentao , Zhang Bin , Zhao Min , Liu Tiebang
Published: May 2021

Methamphetamine (MA)‐associated psychosis (MAP) is highly debilitating and common among individuals who use the drug, yet the underlying neural mechanism is not clear. This study compared brain functions between patients with MAP and those with schizophrenia during resting state and investigated the effect of brain alteration on the association between MA use and psychosis in patients with MAP. Three groups, including 24 patients with MAP, 17 with schizophrenia in first‐episode (SCZ) and 31 healthy controls (HCs), were included after receiving a resting‐state functional MRI scan. The severity of psychosis was assessed with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Imaging data were analysed using regional homogeneity (ReHo) to measure individual's brain function. Compared with the HC subjects, the MAP and SCZ groups had significantly lower ReHo in the cortical regions including left postcentral cortex, right superior temporal gyrus and right rolandic operculum, while had higher ReHo in the left putamen, with brain dysfunctions being more pronounced in the SCZ group. Among the MAP subjects, a mediating effect of ReHo in the right superior temporal gyrus was found on the association between MA use frequency and PANSS positive score. MAP and schizophrenia had a common trend of brain alteration, with the dysfunction being more pronounced in schizophrenia. This finding implicated that MAP might be a condition with neuropathology approaching schizophrenia. The observed critical role of right superior temporal deficit between MA use and psychosis proposed a potential target for interventions.
Perspectives of professionals on the safety and accessibility of aged care for Care Leavers and Forgotten Australians
Authors: Browne‐Yung Kathryn , O’Neil Diana , Walker Ruth , Corlis Megan , Smyth Alison , Putsey Peter , Laver Kate E. , Fernandez Elizabeth , Cations Monica
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Little is known about how prepared the aged care system is to meet the specific needs of Care Leavers and Forgotten Australians. We explored service provider and advocate perspectives about the barriers and facilitators for appropriate and safe care for this group.

Methods

Three focus groups with sixteen professional stakeholders examined the ways aged care support is accessible and inaccessible for Forgotten Australians.

Results

Participants noted structural and organisational features that act as barriers to best practice aged care. It was perceived that funding models and processes provide insufficient opportunity to develop trust with professionals and access tailored care. Once engaged with aged care services, the sector lacks the psychological literacy required to tailor care to manage the complex needs and preferences of Forgotten Australians.

Conclusions

Systemic and organisational change that promotes increased flexibility, trauma‐informed care and non‐residential housing options will improve the safety and accessibility of aged care for Forgotten Australians.
Immunological resilience and biodiversity for prevention of allergic diseases and asthma
Authors: Haahtela Tari , Alenius Harri , Lehtimäki Jenni , Sinkkonen Aki , Fyhrquist Nanna , Hyöty Heikki , Ruokolainen Lasse , Mäkelä Mika J.
Published: May 2021

Increase of allergic conditions has occurred at the same pace with theGreat Acceleration, which stands for the rapid growth rate of human activities upon earth from 1950s. Changes of environment and lifestyle along with escalating urbanization are acknowledged as the main underlying causes. Secondary (tertiary) prevention for better disease control has advanced considerably with innovations for oral immunotherapy and effective treatment of inflammation with corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and biological medications. Patients are less disabled than before. However, primary prevention has remained a dilemma. Factors predicting allergy and asthma risk have proven complex: Risk factors increase the risk, while protective factors counteract them. Interaction of human body with environmental biodiversity with micro‐organisms and biogenic compounds as well as the central role of epigenetic adaptation in immune homeostasis have given new insight. Allergic diseases are good indicators of the twisted relation to environment. In various non‐communicable diseases, the protective mode of the immune system indicates low‐grade inflammation without apparent cause. Giving microbes, pro‐ and prebiotics, has shown some promise in prevention and treatment. The real‐world public health programme in Finland (2008–2018) emphasized nature relatedness and protective factors for immunological resilience, instead of avoidance. The nationwide action mitigated the allergy burden, but in the lack of controls, primary preventive effect remains to be proven. The first results of controlled biodiversity interventions are promising. In the fast urbanizing world, new approaches are called for allergy prevention, which also has a major cost saving potential.
Li‐ESWT treatment reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway in autoimmune prostatitis rat models
Authors: Feng Bin , Dong Zhilong , Wang Yiran , Yan Guanghui , Yang Enguang , Cheng Hui , Liang Chaozhao , Hao Zongyao , Zhang Xiansheng , Song Zhengyao , Jiang Zhancheng , Chen Ming , Yue Zhongjin , Wang Zhiping
Published: May 2021

Background

Due to limited data on the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the suboptimal therapeutic effect, the development of new and effective treatment modalities was needed urgently. Low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li‐ESWT) has been reported for the treatment of CP/CPPS. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Objective

To interrogated the efficacy and the mechanism of Li‐ESWT in the treatment of CP/CPPS.

Materials and Methods

According to different treatments, RWPE‐1 cells (human prostate epithelial cells) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) group, or Li‐ESWT group (LPS‐induced RWPE‐1 managed by Li‐ESWT). Following the Li‐ESWT treatment, the levels of oxidative stress were assayed. We then established a rat model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) by injecting prostatic protein homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant. The Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, EAP group, or Li‐ESWT group. Von Frey Filament was used to quantify pelvic hyperalgesia in the rats. Prostates tissues from each group were collected for immunohistochemistry, oxidation stress, and Western blot analysis.

Results

Histological analysis showed reduced inflammation and expression of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, COX‐2, SP) in prostate tissues from the Li‐ESWT group compared with those from the EAP group (all p < 0.05). Similarly, there was reduced pelvic pain and allergic symptoms in the Li‐ESWT group compared with the EAP group (all p < 0.05). Besides, Li‐ESWT treatment could decrease oxidative stress in the prostate and in RWPE‐1 cells, respectively (both p < 0.05). Moreover, the Li‐ESWT upregulated the expression of CAT through the inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Discussion and Conclusions

Li‐ESWT may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain in rats with autoimmunity‐induced prostatitis via the PI3 K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway. It implies that Li‐ESWT can present a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors for predominantly Caucasian myopic choroidal neovascularization: 2‐year treatment outcomes in clinical practice: data from the Fight Retinal Blindness! Registry
Authors: Gabrielle Pierre‐Henry , Nguyen Vuong , Creuzot‐Garcher Catherine , Miguel Lucia , Alforja Socorro , Sararols Laura , Casaroli‐Marano Ricardo P. , Zarranz‐Ventura Javier , Gillies Mark , Arnold Jennifer , Barthelmes Daniel
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To report the 24‐month outcomes of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) in predominantly Caucasian eyes in routine clinical practice.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of treatment‐naïve eyes starting intravitreal injection of VEGF inhibitors of either bevacizumab (1.25 mg) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg) for mCNV from 1 January 2006 to 31 May 2018 that were tracked in the Fight Retinal Blindness! registry.

Results

We identified 203 eyes (bevacizumab–85 and ranibizumab–118) of 189 patients. The estimated mean (95% CI) change in VA over 24 months for all eyes using longitudinal models was +8 (5, 11) letters with a median (Q1, Q3) of 3 (2, 5) injections given mostly during the first year. The estimated mean change in VA at 24 months was similar between bevacizumab and ranibizumab [+9 (5, 13) letters for bevacizumab versus +9 (6, 13) letters for ranibizumab; p = 0.37]. Both agents were also similar in the mCNV activity outcomes, treatment frequency and visit frequency.

Conclusions

The 24‐month treatment outcomes of VEGF inhibitors for mCNV were favourable in this largest series yet reported of predominantly Caucasian eyes in routine clinical practice, with approximately two lines of visual gain and a median of three injections given mostly during the first year. These outcomes are similar to those reported for predominantly Asian eyes. Bevacizumab appeared to be as safe and effective as ranibizumab.
Blowin’ in the wind: The beginning of primary metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean
Authors: Doonan Roger C. P. , Marks Yvette A.
Published: May 2021

Our understanding of Early Bronze Age copper smelting in the Southern Aegean has improved dramatically in the last two decades through a combination of fieldwork, laboratory analyses and experimental reconstructions. The current model which has emerged from these various studies centers on a perforated furnace stack that is used in conjunction with ceramic pot bellows. This study undertakes a critique of the current model and through a series of experimental reconstructions and the analysis of results suggests that the current model has conflated various strands of evidence and resulted in a confused model. It is argued here that primary copper production in the Early Bronze Age Southern Aegean was more likely a two‐stage process that did not rely on the simultaneous use of natural draught and bellows. Along with other examples of wind‐powered furnaces, the working of the Aegean perforated furnace is reconsidered and a new model proposed along with a consideration of the wider implications.
Provenance of the white and polychrome marbles used for the architecture and sculpture of roman Sentinum (Sassoferrato, Marche, Italy)
Authors: Taelman Devi , Antonelli Fabrizio
Published: May 2021

Samples from 22 white crystalline and one greco scritto‐like marble artefacts (first–third centuries ce) from Roman Sentinum (Sassoferrato, Italy) were analysed to determine their provenance by thin‐section microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and stable isotope ratio analysis (δ18O and δ13C). Polychrome marbles were provenanced through macroscopic examination. Results show that relief sculpture and statuary were carved in white marble from Carrara, Paros, Thasos and Naxos. Architectural white marbles were identified as Proconnesian for veneer, and Proconnesian, Parian, Dokimeion and Thasian for capitals and pediments. Polychrome lithotypes include foremost africano, breccia di Sciro, cipollino verde, giallo antico, bardiglio and greco scritto (from Ephesos‐Hasançavuslar).
Exploring online social networks of school leaders in times of COVID‐19
Authors: Rehm Martin , Moukarzel Sara , Daly Alan J. , del Fresno Miguel
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has raised a wide range of challenges for school leaders that they now (rapidly) have to address. Consequently, they also turn to informal learning networks, in order to share and collect information and reach out to their communities. In this context, the current study investigates the underlying networks structures among school leaders, what type of information is being shared, and what differences can be identified when comparing a nation‐wide and a localized sample. We collected data from a US nation‐wide sample of 15 relevant Twitter conversations, as well as Tweets from an US urban mid‐sized public school district. Using a mixed‐methods approach, we discovered several key structural dimensions and a host of highly influential actors. Moreover, we found semantic evidence for users sharing information on topics such as status reports. Finally, we discovered that the urban sample did not overly use the nation‐wide, very specific approach of including COVID‐19 related hashtags. Instead, they used more localized terminologies. These findings are valuable for policy makers, as they map the underlying communication patterns and provide valuable insights into who is moving what types of resources as part of the emerging governance approach on social media.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Informal networks can be instrumental in providing support during challenging circumstances.

School leaders hold a critical position in these networks by accessing and sharing just‐in‐time information and knowledge.

Social media provide a wide range of affordances that can support the development of informal networks.

What this paper adds

Insights into the intersection between leadership and social networks.

Information on how school leaders turn to informal networks on social media to access and share information that can help them to face the challenges caused by the global COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results on underlying informal learning network structures and topical discussions of a US nation‐wide data sample.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Insights are provided on how informal online networks develop, which can be instrumental when considering other networks that are of interest to practitioners and policy makers.

Types of information and resources that are being shared are unraveled, which can act as an indicator of what type of information and resources school leaders are looking for, particularly in the face of a crisis like the global COVID‐19 pandemic.

Differences are shown in how informal learning networks are used comparing a nation‐wide exchange with a localized, urban discussion, which can help to better target the applicable audiences.
Diverse changes in microglia morphology and axonal pathology during the course of 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury in pigs
Authors: Grovola Michael R. , Paleologos Nicholas , Brown Daniel P. , Tran Nathan , Wofford Kathryn L. , Harris James P. , Browne Kevin D. , Shewokis Patricia A. , Wolf John A. , Cullen D. Kacy , Duda John E.
Published: May 2021

Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long‐term neurological dysfunction. The mechanical forces that are caused by TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. In this study, we assessed the tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1‐year post‐injury. We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. We did not detect the changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1‐year post‐injury in some cases. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits.
Antenatal low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces neurobehavioral deficits and brain injury following dexamethasone‐induced intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Hung Tai‐Ho , Liu Yu‐Cheng , Wu Chun‐Hu , Chen Chien‐Cheng , Chao Hsien , Yang Feng‐Yi , Chen Szu‐Fu
Published: May 2021

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, and IUGR survivors are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental deficits. No effective interventions are currently available to improve the structure and function of the IUGR brain before birth. This study investigated the protective effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on postnatal neurodevelopmental outcomes and brain injury using a rat model of IUGR induced by maternal exposure to dexamethasone (DEX). Pregnant rats were treated with DEX (200 μg/kg, s.c.) and LIPUS daily from gestational day (GD) 14 to 19. Behavioral assessments were performed on the IUGR offspring to examine neurological function. Neuropathology, levels of neurotrophic factors, and CaMKII‐Akt‐related molecules were assessed in the IUGR brain, and expression of glucose and amino acid transporters and neurotrophic factors were examined in the placenta. Maternal LIPUS treatment increased fetal weight, fetal liver weight, and placental weight following IUGR. LIPUS treatment also increased neuronal number and myelin protein expression in the IUGR brain, and attenuated neurodevelopmental deficits at postnatal day (PND) 18. However, the number of oligodendrocytes or microglia was not affected. These changes were associated with the upregulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) protein expression, and enhancement of neuronal CaMKII and Akt activation in the IUGR brain at PND 1. Additionally, LIPUS treatment promoted glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 production and BDNF expression in the placenta, but had no effects on GLUT3 or amino acid transporter expression. Our findings suggest that antenatal LIPUS treatment may reduce IUGR‐induced brain injury via enhancing cerebral BDNF/CaMKII/Akt signaling. These data provide new evidence that LIPUS stimulation could be considered for antenatal neuroprotective therapy in IUGR.
Efficient Rendering of Ocular Wavefront Aberrations using Tiled Point‐Spread Function Splatting
Authors: Csoba István , Kunkli Roland
Published: May 2021

Visual aberrations are the imperfections in human vision, which play an important role in our everyday lives. Existing algorithms to simulate such conditions are either not suited for low‐latency workloads or limit the kinds of supported aberrations. In this paper, we present a new simulation method that supports arbitrary visual aberrations and runs at interactive, near real‐time performance on commodity hardware. Furthermore, our method only requires a single set of on‐axis phase aberration coefficients as input and handles the dynamic change of pupil size and focus distance at runtime. We first describe a custom parametric eye model and parameter estimation method to find the physical properties of the simulated eye. Next, we talk about our parameter sampling strategy which we use with the estimated eye model to establish a coarse point‐spread function (PSF) grid. We also propose a GPU‐based interpolation scheme for the kernel grid which we use at runtime to obtain the final vision simulation by extending an existing tile‐based convolution approach. We showcase the capabilities of our eye estimation and rendering processes using several different eye conditions and provide the corresponding performance metrics to demonstrate the applicability of our method for interactive environments.
Revisiting the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on Canada's agricultural trade: The surprising case of an agricultural export boom
Authors: Barichello Richard
Published: May 2021

In contrast to April 2020 forecasts of the effects of the pandemic on Canada's agricultural trade, we find 1 year later that the recession was deeper, that total trade fell by less than was widely expected, and agricultural trade did not fall but actually increased. This was a general pattern across countries, but Canada's agricultural trade increased by at least 11%, more than the world aggregate and that of the U.S. This was mostly due to the success of crop exports, specifically in oilseeds, lentils, and cereals. Although some of the increase was due to rising commodity prices, for the most part trade volumes also increased substantially. Not only was Canada's export boom not expected but it was also not closely related to the pandemic. It was due to commodity‐specific circumstances, such as China's rebuilding of its depleted hog herd, a short crop of lentils in India, and demand shifts to Canadian wheat, durum and barley. Increased Asian demand helped this export growth, but accounted for less than a third of it.
Intrapulmonary distal airway stem cell transplantation repairs lung injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Wang Xiaofan , Zhao Yu , Li Dandan , Feng Yun , Xie Yusang , Zhou Yueqing , Zhou Min , Wang Yujia , Qu Jieming , Zuo Wei
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible lung tissue damage including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which could further develop into respiratory failure. Many studies have revealed a potential regenerative function of the distal airway stem/progenitor cells (DASCs) after lung injury.

Materials and Methods

Mouse and human DASCs were expanded, analysed, and engrafted into injured mouse lungs. Single‐cell analyses were performed to reveal the differentiation path of the engrafted cells. Finally, human DASCs were transplanted into COPD mice induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration.

Results

We showed that isolated mouse and human DASCs could be indefinitely expanded and were able to further differentiate into mature alveolar structures in vitro. Single‐cell analysis indicated that the engrafted cells expressed typical cellular markers of type I alveolar cells as well as the specific secreted proteins. Interestingly, transplantation of human DASCs derived from COPD patients into the lungs of NOD‐SCID mice with COPD injury repaired the tissue damage and improved the pulmonary function.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrated that functional lung structure could be reconstituted by intrapulmonary transplantation of DASCs, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of DASCs transplantation in treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A review of liver dysfunction in the lung transplant patient
Authors: Hyzny Eric J. , Chan Ernest G. , Morrell Matthew , Harano Takashi , Sanchez Pablo G.
Published: May 2021

Liver dysfunction is an increasingly common finding in patients evaluated for lung transplantation. New or worsening dysfunction in the perioperative period, defined by presence of clinical ascites/encephalopathy, high model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score, and/or independent diagnostic criteria, is associated with high short‐ and long‐term mortality. Therefore, a thorough liver function assessment is necessary prior to listing for lung transplant. Unfortunately, identification and intraoperative monitoring remain the only options for prevention of disease progression with isolated lung transplantation. Combined lung and liver transplantation may provide an option for definitive long‐term management in selecting patients with known liver disease at high risk for postoperative progression. However, experience with the combined operation is extremely limited and indications for combined lung and liver transplant remain unclear. Herein, we present a comprehensive literature review of patients with liver dysfunction undergoing lung transplantation with and without concurrent liver transplant in an effort to illuminate the risks, benefits, and clinical judgement surrounding decision to pursue combined lung‐liver transplantation (CLLT). We also argue description of liver function is currently a weakness of the current lung allocation scoring system. Additional algorithms incorporating liver function may aid in risk stratification and decision to pursue combined transplantation.
Childhood arterial ischemic stroke due to mineralizing angiopathy: an 18‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Gorodetsky Carolina , Pulcine Elizabeth , Krishnan Pradeep , Singh Jaspal , Moharir Mahendranath , MacGregor Daune , Bhathal Ishvinder , deVeber Gabrielle , Dlamini Nomazulu
Published: May 2021

Mineralizing angiopathy is a unique, age‐specific stroke syndrome characterized by basal ganglia infarction and lenticulostriate calcification after minor head injury in early childhood. There is limited understanding of the pathophysiology, course, and clinical outcome of this syndrome. We describe the clinical and radiographical phenotype of a single‐center, consecutively enrolled cohort of children with mineralizing angiopathy from January 2002 to January 2020 and provide a comparative analysis to previously published literature. Fourteen children were identified. Previously unreported findings include: stroke onset in eight children older than 18 months; presence of basal ganglia hemorrhage in four; multifocal basal ganglia infarcts in three; presence of additional non‐basal ganglia calcifications in three; and presence of thrombophilia in one. Seven children had moderate‐to‐severe neurological deficits. There was no symptomatic stroke recurrence (mean follow‐up 3y 7mo, SD 1y 7mo). Our expanded phenotype highlights distinct characteristics of mineralizing angiopathy in children and has the potential to inform future research.

What this paper adds

Children with mineralizing angiopathy are often misdiagnosed as having a limb fracture despite normal x‐rays.

A magnetic resonance imaging‐only approach may miss this entity.

Non‐contrast computed tomography, in addition to MRI is recommended to identify calcifications in idiopathic arterial ischemic stroke.

Most children have moderate‐to‐severe neurological sequela.
Latitudinal patterns in intertidal ecosystem structure in West Greenland suggest resilience to climate change
Authors: Thyrring Jakob , Wegeberg Susse , Blicher Martin E. , Krause‐Jensen Dorte , Høgslund Signe , Olesen Birgit , Jozef Wiktor , Mouritsen Kim N. , Peck Lloyd S. , Sejr Mikael K.
Published: May 2021

Climate change has ecosystem‐wide cascading effects. Little is known, however, about the resilience of Arctic marine ecosystems to environmental change. Here we quantify and compare large‐scale patterns in rocky intertidal biomass, coverage and zonation in six regions along a north‐south gradient of temperature and ice conditions in West Greenland (60–72°N). We related the level and variation in assemblage composition, biomass and coverage to latitudinal‐scale environmental drivers. Across all latitudes, the intertidal assemblage was dominated by a core of stress‐tolerant foundation species that constituted > 95% of the biomass. Hence, canopy‐forming macroalgae, represented byFucus distichussubsp.evanescensandF. vesiculosusand, up to 69°N, alsoAscophyllum nodosum, together withSemibalanus balanoides, occupied > 70% of the vertical tidal range in all regions. Thus, a similar functional assemblage composition occurred across regions, and no latitudinal depression was observed. The most conspicuous difference in species composition from south to north was that three common species (the macroalgaeAscophyllum nodosum, the amphipodGammarus setosusand the gastropodLittorina obtusata) disappeared from the mid‐intertidal, although at different latitudes. There were no significant relationships between assemblage metrics and air temperature or sea ice coverage as obtained from weather stations and satellites, respectively. Although the mean biomass decreased > 50% from south to north, local biomass in excess of 10 000 g ww m−2was found even at the northernmost site, demonstrating the patchiness of this habitat and the effect of small‐scale variation in environmental characteristics. Hence, using the latitudinal gradient in a space‐for‐time substitution, our results suggest that while climate modification may lead to an overall increase in the intertidal biomass in north Greenland, it is unlikely to drive dramatic functional changes in ecosystem structure in the near future. Our dataset provides an important baseline for future studies to verify these predictions for Greenland's intertidal zone.