bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Claudin‐4 immunohistochemistry is a useful pan‐carcinoma marker for serous effusion specimens
Authors: Vojtek Melissa , Walsh Michael D. , Papadimos David J. , Shield Paul W.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate the utility of claudin‐4 as a pan‐carcinoma marker in cell‐blocks of effusion specimens and compare results with Ber‐Ep4 staining.

Methods

Effusion cell‐blocks (n = 284) were stained for claudin‐4 and results compared with Ber‐Ep4. Cases included 172 metastatic malignancies (137 adenocarcinomas, 20 small cell lung tumours, eight metastatic melanoma, four squamous cell carcinoma, three urothelial cell carcinoma), 49 benign reactive cases and 63 mesotheliomas.

Results

All 49 benign effusions were negative. Only 1/63 (1.6%) mesotheliomas was positive for claudin‐4. Claudin‐4 staining was positive in 131/137 (95.6%) adenocarcinoma cases. Cases negative for claudin‐4 included single cases of metastases from breast, colon, stomach, prostate, kidney and ovary. Claudin‐4 outperformed Ber‐Ep4. Sensitivity (95.6% vs 85.4%), specificity (99.1% vs 86.6%), negative predictive value (94.9% vs 82.9%) and positive predictive value (99.2% vs 88.6%) were all higher for claudin‐4 compared with Ber‐Ep4, respectively. Only two cases were claudin‐4−/Ber‐Ep4+. Significantly (P < .0064) more cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma stained positive for claudin‐4 (131/137; 95.6%) than Ber‐Ep4 (117/137; 86.2%). Claudin‐4 staining was present in 15/20 (75%) of neuroendocrine carcinomas, 3/4 (75%) squamous cell carcinoma and 3/3 (100%) urothelial cell carcinoma. All eight cases of melanoma were negative for both claudin‐4 and Ber‐Ep4.

Conclusions

Claudin‐4 staining is a useful addition to IHC panels for effusions specimens with superior performance to Ber‐Ep4.
The role of tactile interactions in flight responses in the Bronze Cory catfish (Corydoras aeneus)
Authors: Riley Riva J. , Gillie Elizabeth R. , Savage James L. , Boogert Neeltje J. , Manica Andrea , Jungwirth Arne
Published: August 2019

One of the primary functions of animal aggregations is defence against predators. Many social animals enjoy reduced predation risk as a result of grouping, and individuals within groups can benefit from information transferred by their group‐mates about a potential predator. We present evidence that a tactile interaction behaviour we term “nudging” substantially modified group responses to a potential threat in a highly social catfish,Corydoras aeneus. These catfish deployed nudges during flight responses, and these nudges were associated with a greater likelihood of group cohesion following a threat event. Increased nudging behaviour also resulted in longer flight responses, a potentially costly outcome in natural contexts. In addition, individuals that perceived the threat first were more likely to initiate nudges, implying that nudges could be used to alert group‐mates to the presence of a threat. Taken together, our results suggest that tactile communication plays an important role in mediating anti‐predator benefits from sociality in these fish.
A refined diffuse cohesive approach for the failure analysis in quasibrittle materials—part I: Theoretical formulation and numerical calibration
Authors: De Maio Umberto , Greco Fabrizio , Leonetti Lorenzo , Luciano Raimondo , Nevone Blasi Paolo , Vantadori Sabrina
Published: August 2019

In this work, a refined interelement diffuse fracture theoretical model, based on a cohesive finite element approach, is proposed for concrete and other quasibrittle materials. This model takes advantage of a novel micromechanics‐based calibration technique for reducing the artificial compliance associated with the adopted intrinsic formulation. By means of this technique, the required values for the elastic stiffness parameters to obtain nearly invisible cohesive interfaces are provided. Furthermore, the mesh‐induced toughening effect, essentially related to the artificial crack tortuosity caused by the different orientations of the interelement cohesive interfaces, is numerically investigated by performing comparisons with an additional fracture model, newly introduced for the purpose of numerical validation. These comparisons are presented to assess the reliability and the numerical accuracy of the proposed fracture approach.
Spatial interpolation using areal features: A review of methods and opportunities using new forms of data with coded illustrations
Authors: Comber Alexis , Zeng Wen
Published: August 2019

This paper provides a high‐level review of different approaches for spatial interpolation using areal features. It groups these into those that use ancillary data to constrain or guide the interpolation (dasymetric, statistical, street‐weighted, and point‐based), and those do not but instead develop and refine allocation procedures (area to point, pycnophylactic, and areal weighting). Each approach is illustrated by being applied to the same case study. The analysis is extended to examine the opportunities arising from the many new forms of spatial data that are generated by everyday activities such as social media, check‐ins, websites offering services, microblogging sites, and social sensing, as well as intentional VGI activities, both supported by ubiquitous web‐ and GPS‐enabled technologies. Here, data of residential properties from a commercial website was used as ancillary data. Overall, the interpolations using many of the new forms of data perform as well as traditional, formal data, highlighting the analytical opportunities as ancillary information for spatial interpolation, and for supporting spatial analysis more generally. However, the case study also highlighted the need to consider the completeness and representativeness of such data. The R code used to generate the data, to develop the analysis and to create the tables and figures is provided.
Application of a new system for classifying tooth, root and canal morphology in the primary dentition
Authors: Ahmed H. M. A. , Musale P. K. , El Shahawy O. I. , Dummer P. M. H.
Published: August 2019

Knowledge of root and canal morphology is essential for the effective practice of root canal treatment. Paediatric endodontics aims to preserve fully functional primary teeth in the dental arch; however, pulpectomy procedures in bizarre and tortuous canals encased in roots programmed for physiologic resorption are unique challenges. A new coding system for classifying the roots and main canals (https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12685), accessory canals (https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12800) and developmental anomalies (https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12867) has been introduced recently. This paper discusses challenges for describing root and canal morphology in primary teeth and describes the potential application of the new classification system for root canals in the primary dentition.
Association of breastfeeding and early exposure to sugar‐sweetened beverages with obesity prevalence in offspring born to mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Vandyousefi Sarvenaz , Whaley Shannon E. , Widen Elizabeth M. , Asigbee Fiona M. , Landry Matthew J. , Ghaddar Reem , Davis Jaimie N.
Published: August 2019

Background

The relationship of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) on obesity prevalence in children has rarely been evaluated.

Objective

This study examined the association of GDM status, EBF, and SSB with obesity prevalence in children (1‐5 y).

Methods

Data are from the 2014 Los Angeles County WIC Survey, which included 3707 mothers and their children (1‐5 y).

Results

Compared with GDM offspring who were not EBF, GDM offspring who were EBF had lower odds of obesity, as did non‐GDM offspring who were and were not EBF. Compared with GDM offspring with high‐concurrent SSB intake (>3 servings/d) and no EBF, GDM offspring with high SSB intake and EBF did not have lower odds of obesity, whereas those with GDM, low SSB (≤1 serving/d), and EBF had lower odds of obesity. Using non‐GDM, EBF, and low SSB as referent, non‐GDM offspring who were not EBF, with either high or low SSB, had approximately a fourfold increase in odds of obesity.

Conclusions

In GDM offspring, EBF is only associated with lower obesity levels if later SSB intake is also low, whereas EBF is protective against obesity in non‐GDM offspring regardless of high or low later SSBs intake.
The effect of acetylation on the protein stability of BmApoLp‐III in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Yang F. , Zhu B. , Liu J. , Liu Y. , Jiang C. , Sheng Q. , Qiu J. , Nie Z.
Published: August 2019

Acetylation is an important, reversible posttranslational modification to a protein. In a previous study, we found that there were a large number of acetylated sites in various nutrient storage proteins of the silkworm haemolymph. In this study, we confirmed that acetylation can affect the stability of nutrient storage protein Bombyx mori apolipophorin‐III (BmApoLp‐III). First, the expression of BmApoLp‐III could be upregulated when BmN cells were treated with the deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589); similarly, the expression was downregulated when the cells were treated with the acetylase inhibitor C646. Furthermore, the increase in acetylation by LBH589 could inhibit the degradation and improve the accumulation of BmApoLp‐III in BmN cells treated with cycloheximide and MG132 respectively. Moreover, we found that an increase in acetylation could decrease the ubiquitination of BmApoLp‐III and vice versa; therefore, we predicted that acetylation could improve the stability of BmApoLp‐III by competing for ubiquitination and inhibiting the protein degradation pathway mediated by ubiquitin. Additionally, BmApoLp‐III had an antiapoptosis function that increased after LBH589 treatment, which might have been due to the improved protein stability after acetylation. These results have laid the foundation for further study on the mechanism of acetylation in regulating the storage and utilization of silkworm nutrition.
Managing demand for social care among adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Rojas‐Garcia Antonio , Woodhead Charlotte , Imwensi Elsie , Hassiotis Angela , Aspinal Fiona
Published: August 2019

Background

Demand for formal social services support for adults with intellectual disabilities is increasing internationally. Initiatives which empower individuals with intellectual disabilities to improve their health, develop living skills or manage chronic illnesses may promote independence and reduce unnecessary dependency on social services.

Methods

A “preventative framework” to managing demand comprising several domains was developed from existing literature to guide the search strategy.

Results

Fourteen papers related to three domains in the predetermined preventative framework were selected for inclusion in the review, including twelve economic studies. Outcomes included measurement of care needs, and cost‐comparison between social care models or cost‐effectiveness of interventions. Due to the heterogeneity, the present authors were not able to quantitatively synthesize findings.

Conclusions

The present authors conclude that evidence linking initiatives across sectors to demand for adult social care is lacking. The present authors identify several gaps in the literature and make recommendations for future research and data recording in practice.
Truncated O‐glycans promote epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and stemness properties of pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Thomas Divya , Sagar Satish , Caffrey Thomas , Grandgenett Paul M. , Radhakrishnan Prakash
Published: August 2019

Aberrant expression of Sialyl‐Tn (STn) antigen correlates with poor prognosis and reduced patient survival. We demonstrated that expression of Tn and STn in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is due to hypermethylation of Core 1 synthase specific molecular chaperone (COSMC) and enhanced the malignant properties of PDAC cells with an unknown mechanism. To explore the mechanism, we have genetically deleted COSMC in PDAC cells to express truncated O‐glycans (SimpleCells, SC) which enhanced cell migration and invasion. Since epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) play a vital role in metastasis, we have analysed the induction of EMT in SC cells. Expressions of the mesenchymal markers were significantly high in SC cells as compared to WT cells. Equally, we found reduced expressions of the epithelial markers in SC cells. Re‐expression of COSMC in SC cells reversed the induction of EMT. In addition to this, we also observed an increased cancer stem cell population in SC cells. Furthermore, orthotopic implantation of T3M4 SC cells into athymic nude mice resulted in significantly larger tumours and reduced animal survival. Altogether, these results suggest that aberrant expression of truncated O‐glycans in PDAC cells enhances the tumour aggressiveness through the induction of EMT and stemness properties.
Efficacy and safety of trelagliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes with severe renal impairment or end‐stage renal disease: Results from a randomized, phase 3 study
Authors: Kaku Kohei , Ishida Kazuyuki , Shimizu Kohei , Achira Meguru , Umeda Yuusuke
Published: August 2019

Introduction

To investigate the efficacy and safety of trelagliptin 25 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe renal impairment or end‐stage renal disease.

Materials and Methods

This multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study comprised a 12‐week double‐blind phase followed by a 40‐week open‐label phase. Patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) or end‐stage renal disease (undergoing hemodialysis), and were receiving diet and/or exercise therapy with/without one antidiabetic drug.

Results

Patients were randomized to trelagliptin (A/A, n = 55) or placebo (P/A, n = 52; double‐blind phase). Both groups received trelagliptin in the open‐label phase. The least square mean change (95% confidence interval [CI]) from baseline in hemoglobin A1c at the end of the double‐blind phase was −0.71% (95% CI −0.885, −0.542) and 0.01% (95% CI −0.170, 0.183) in the A/A and P/A groups, respectively (intergroup least square means difference −0.72%, 95% CI −0.966, −0.473; P < 0.0001). Mean hemoglobin A1c decreased after trelagliptin treatment in the P/A group to similar levels observed in the A/A group and remained comparable in both groups versus baseline up to week 52. In the double‐blind phase, the incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 72.7% and 61.5% in the A/A and P/A group, respectively; most TEAEs were mild‐to‐moderate, except in one patient (P/A group), who experienced two severe TEAEs. The incidence of serious TEAEs was 7.3% and 3.8% in the A/A and P/A group, respectively.

Conclusions

Once‐weekly trelagliptin 25 mg was efficacious, with no major safety concerns, and represents a meaningful treatment option in this patient population.
Early life of fathers affects offspring fitness in a wild rodent
Authors: Van Cann Joannes , Koskela Esa , Mappes Tapio , Mikkonen Anne‐Mari , Mokkonen Mikael , Watts Phillip C.
Published: August 2019

Intergenerational fitness effects on offspring due to the early life of the parent are well studied from the standpoint of the maternal environment, but intergenerational effects owing to the paternal early life environment are often overlooked. Nonetheless, recent laboratory studies in mammals and ecologically relevant studies in invertebrates predict that paternal effects can have a major impact on the offspring's phenotype. These nongenetic, environment‐dependent paternal effects provide a mechanism for fathers to transmit environmental information to their offspring and could allow rapid adaptation. We used the bank vole Myodes glareolus, a wild rodent species with no paternal care, to test the hypothesis that a high population density environment in the early life of fathers can affect traits associated with offspring fitness. We show that the protein content in the diet and/or social environment experienced during the father's early life (prenatal and weaning) influence the phenotype and survival of his offspring and may indicate adaptation to density‐dependent costs. Furthermore, we show that experiencing multiple environmental factors during the paternal early life can lead to a different outcome on the offspring phenotype than stimulated by experience of a single environmental factor, highlighting the need to study developmental experiences in tandem rather than independent of each other.
Life history traits and temporal trends of abundance of the orange‐spotted trevally (Carangoides bajad) from Saudi waters of the Gulf
Authors: Lin Yu‐Jia , Rabaoui Lotfi , Maneja Rommel H. , Qurban Mohammad A. , Abdulkader Khaled , Al‐Nazry Hussain , Roa‐Ureta Ruben H.
Published: August 2019

In this study we lay the groundwork for sustainability‐oriented fisheries management, by estimating parameters the life history of orange‐spotted trevally Carangoides bajad as well as trends of abundance in coral‐reef habitats. We observed a new record of maximum size of 720 mm fork length. Carangoides bajad is a moderately long‐lived (14 years) and slow‐growing (K = 0.085 year−1) carangid species, closer to a K‐selection species, with higher vulnerability to fishing and lower rates of recovery when the population level is low. Growth and biological composition in terms of length and age categories do not differ between the sexes, but females become mature faster. Reproductively active months (May–August) overlapped with those from Emirati waters further south. The abundance index showed a pronounced drop during 1990–1993, possibly in connection with habitat deterioration during the Gulf War (1990–1991) oil spill. The index increased gradually from 1994 and has fluctuated close to the reference level of 1985 up to the present. Considering the findings of large‐sized and old‐age individuals and abundance index from coral reefs close to its level three decades back, the C. bajad stock in the western part of The Gulf appears to be in healthy exploitation status despite growing harvesting rates.
An approach to the modelling of stability of waste containers during urban flooding
Authors: Martínez‐Gomariz Eduardo , Russo Beniamino , Gómez Manuel , Plumed Aurea
Published: August 2019

Before the solid waste is dumped in landfills, the collection process for large Spanish cities starts from a regular collection of household waste municipal service which is carried out through street containers. When an urban flood occurs those containers may lose their stability, thereby allowing debris (i.e., solid waste contained) and leachate to escape from the container and contaminate the flood water. Moreover, once a container loses its stability it can further constrict a narrow street and increase flooding, thereby creating a closed basin with no outlet for runoff and exacerbating the effects of flooding. Therefore, the waste containers stability when exposed to flooding is definitely an environmental, safety and health concern to be addressed. In this research stability functions for waste containers exposed to urban floods have been derived. These thresholds have been employed to analyse the containers' potential behaviour during floods in Barcelona. In order to validate the model a historical rainfall has been modelled and low‐return‐period design storms (i.e., 1, 5, and 10 years) have been used to assess the containers vulnerability against floods for frequent rainfall events. Once the number of potentially unstable containers has been estimated, an adaptation measure has been proposed in order to increase the resilience of waste sector against urban floods in Barcelona.
Short‐term and long‐term outcomes of indigo naturalis treatment for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Matsuno Yuichi , Hirano Atsushi , Torisu Takehiro , Okamoto Yasuharu , Fuyuno Yuta , Fujioka Shin , Umeno Junji , Moriyama Tomohiko , Nagai Shuntaro , Hori Yoshifumi , Fujiwara Minako , Kitazono Takanari , Esaki Motohiro
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

Indigo naturalis (IN) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine reported to be effective in inducing remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). We conducted a retrospective observational study to investigate the efficacy and safety of IN for induction and maintenance therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods

Data were collected from the electric medical records of patients with inflammatory bowel disease who had started IN treatment between March 2015 and April 2017 at Kyushu University Hospital. Clinical response and remission rates were assessed based on the clinical activity index determined by Rachmilewitz index or Crohn's disease (CD) activity index. Cumulative IN continuation rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Overall adverse events (AEs) during follow‐up were also analyzed.

Results

Seventeen UC patients and eight CD patients were enrolled. Clinical response and remission rates at week 8 were 94.1% and 88.2% in UC patients and 37.5% and 25.0% in CD patients, respectively. Clinical remission rates, as assessed through non‐responders imputation analyses at weeks 52 and 104, were 76.4% and 70.4% in UC patients and 25.0% and 25.0% in CD patients, respectively. Ten patients (40%) experienced AEs during follow‐up. Three patients (12%) experienced severe AEs, including acute colitis requiring hospitalization in two patients and acute colitis with intussusception requiring surgery in one patient.

Conclusions

Indigo naturalis showed favorable therapeutic efficacy in UC, whereas its therapeutic efficacy in CD appeared to be modest. The risk of severe AEs should be recognized for IN treatment.
After Modigliani, Miller, and Hamada: A new way to estimate cost of capital
Authors: Clère Roland
Published: August 2019

In this article, we discuss the impact of financial debt on shareholder value using a new approach that aims: (a) to explain the effect that leverage from debt has on a stock’s systematic risk, or what we shall call here “the systematic cost of leverage,” and (b) to account for default risk in the cost of equity, or what we shall call here “the cost of default.” Our assessment of systematic risk is based on a stochastic approach that is materially different from the one proposed by Hamada: the risk premium remunerates the investor for the probability of equity (expressed as market value) generating a return below that of the risk‐free rate. Furthermore, the approach we use to account for default risk is derived from reduced‐form models, but in this case, (a) we use real probabilities of default and not risk‐neutral probabilities, and (b) we extend the approach to stocks.
Histone deacetylase 6 promotes growth of glioblastoma through the MKK7/JNK/c‐Jun signaling pathway
Authors: Huang Ziyan , Xia Yong , Hu Kunhua , Zeng Shulian , Wu Liqiang , Liu Sisi , Zhi Cheng , Lai Miaoling , Chen Danmin , Xie Longchang , Yuan Zhongmin
Published: August 2019

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) activity contributes to the malignant proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells (GCs), but the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes remains elusive. Here, we reported that HDAC6 inhibition by Ricolinostat (ACY‐1215) or CAY10603 led to a remarkable decrease in the phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and c‐Jun, which preceded its suppressive effects on glioma cell growth. Further investigation showed that these effects resulted from HDAC6 inhibitor‐induced suppression of MAPK kinase 7 (MKK7), which was identified to be critical for JNK activation and exerts the oncogenic roles in GCs. Selectively silencing HDAC6 by siRNAs had the same responses, whereas transient transfections expressing HDAC6 promoted MKK7 expression. Interestingly, by performing Q‐PCR, HDAC6 inhibition did not cause a down‐regulation of MKK7 mRNA level, whereas the suppressive effects on MKK7 protein can be efficiently blocked by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. As a further test, elevating MKK7‐JNK activity was sufficient to rescue HDAC6 inhibitor‐mediated‐suppressive effects on c‐Jun activation and the malignant features. The suppression of both MKK7 expression and JNK/c‐Jun activities was involved in the tumor‐growth inhibitory effects induced by CAY10603 in U87‐xenograft mice. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of glioma malignancy regarding HDAC6 in the selective regulation of MKK7 expression and JNK/c‐Jun activity. MKK7 protein stability critically depends on HDAC6 activity, and inhibition of HDAC6 probably presents a potential strategy for suppressing the oncogenic roles of MKK7/JNK/c‐Jun axis in GCs.

image
Polyphenols as natural antioxidants in cosmetics applications
Authors: de Lima Cherubim Débora Jackeline , Buzanello Martins Cleide Viviane , Oliveira Fariña Luciana , da Silva de Lucca Rosemeire Aparecida
Published: August 2019

Background

Currently, there is a great interest in cosmetics prepared on natural resources bases and this may restrict the use of synthetic substances. Plants play a relevant role as a source of biologically active natural products with cosmetic and dermatological importance. According to this context, polyphenolic extracts are highlighted because they have proven antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐aging, antimicrobial, and supporting activity in solar photoprotection.

Aims

The purpose this study were reviewed at reporting the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, mainly applied to dermatological therapy, and highlighting the action mechanisms and structure‐activity relationship.

Methodology

In September 2017, we performed a literature search in PubMed and Scielo for scientific researches, antioxidant studies, and systemic reviews. The search terms we used were “PHYTOCOSMETICS” AND “ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY” OR “PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS” (from 2000). As inclusion criteria were used relevant original articles, scientific research in the area of interest, and crucial reference articles. Exclusion criteria were: duplicate publications, non‐relevant articles and not published in English.

Results

The potential cosmetic application of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants has been attributed to the chemical structure of these compounds, which to interfere in different phases of the oxidation mechanism.

Conclusion

The use of phenolic extracts emerges as a viable alternative for cosmetic application, ensuring a commitment to sustainability. However, it is of crucial importance to evaluate the toxicity risks of raw materials and finished products.
The knife cuts on both sides: Examining the relationship between cross‐domain communication and work–family interface
Authors: Wan Min (Maggie) , Shaffer Margaret A. , Lau Theresa , Cheung Eric
Published: August 2019

Our study aimed to understand how cross‐domain communication via technology affects employees’ work–family interface. We examine the relationships among cross‐domain communication, role‐based resource loss and gain, and the bidirectional forms of work–family conflict and enrichment. Building on Conservation of Resources theory, we expect that cross‐domain communication has positive effects on role‐based resource loss and gain as well as both work–family conflict and enrichment. Furthermore, we suggest that the relationships between cross‐domain communication and role‐based resource loss and gain vary across different levels of role response expectations and role relationship quality. We test our ideas with data from two studies. Results confirm the role of cross‐domain communication on work–family conflict and enrichment through role‐based resource loss and gain. We also find significant interactions involving cross‐domain communication, role response expectations, and role relationship quality on both work‐ and family‐based resource loss and gain as well as on the mediating effects of family‐based resource loss.

Practitioner points

Cross‐domain work and family communication is not always harmful to employees’ work and family interface.

When employees engaged in cross‐domain communication perceive high work (family) response expectations and high‐quality work (family) relationships, they experience more personal resource losses and gains within the family (work) domain.

Managers need to educate employees regarding both the pros and cons of cross‐domain work and family communication and provide them with explicit rules about how they can navigate the double‐edged functions of communicating across work and family domains.

Training employees to manage communications across domains will enable them to reduce potential work–family conflict and enhance work–family enrichment.
Packaging texture influences product taste and consumer satisfaction
Authors: Ferreira Bruno M.
Published: August 2019

This article aims to understand how and when sensory congruence (and incongruence) between packaging textures and product textures affects hedonic food taste evaluations and consumer satisfaction. Involving chocolate tastings and following experimental protocols, two studies show the effects of sensory congruence (and incongruence). Two products (with two textures: smooth and granular) and two packaging forms (with two textures: smooth and granular) were used. The first study focuses only on the visual influence of packaging texture. The second study explores both the visual and haptic influences of packaging texture on perceptions of a product when the product was contained inside the packaging. The results indicate that the effects of packaging texture on product perceptions occur mostly in presence of both visual and haptic interactions with the packaging texture. If sensory incongruence exists between packaging texture and product texture, then the packaging texture might negatively affect evaluations of product taste and the satisfaction level. These findings are generated for a single product category using experiments designed to highlight consumers' attention on product taste and their satisfaction. This article provides preliminary guidelines on how to utilize packaging texture to congruently stimulate consumers' perceptions and satisfaction.

Practical Applications

These results are relevant to sensory scientists and packaging designers interested in how packaging textures interact with product. This research contributes to the literature on food consumption and sensory marketing by integrating the influences of sensory congruence between both textures. Although previous research supports the use of packaging features to stimulate consumers' perceptions and behaviors, none examine the interaction and effects of manipulating both packaging texture and product texture. Specifically, this research shows that texturing the packaging might induce lower product taste and lower consumer satisfaction if there is sensory incongruence between the packaging texture and the product texture. This negative impact occurs in the case in which the packaging texture induces expectations about product texture that are not present in the product's features.
Updated geographic range maps for giraffe, Giraffa spp., throughout sub‐Saharan Africa, and implications of changing distributions for conservation
Authors: O'connor David , Stacy‐Dawes Jenna , Muneza Arthur , Fennessy Julian , Gobush Kathleen , Chase Michael J. , Brown Michael B. , Bracis Chloe , Elkan Paul , Zaberirou Abdoul Razazk Moussa , Rabeil Thomas , Rubenstein Dan , Becker Matthew S. , Phillips Samantha , Stabach Jared A. , Leimgruber Peter , Glikman Jenny A. , Ruppert Kirstie , Masiaine Symon , Mueller Thomas
Published: August 2019

Giraffe populations have declined in abundance by almost 40% over the last three decades, and the geographic ranges of the species (previously believed to be one, now defined as four species) have been significantly reduced or altered. With substantial changes in land uses, loss of habitat, declining abundance, translocations, and data gaps, the existing geographic range maps for giraffe need to be updated.

We performed a review of existing giraffe range data, including aerial and ground observations of giraffe, existing geographic range maps, and available literature. The information we collected was discussed with and validated by subject‐matter experts. Our updates may serve to correct inaccuracies or omissions in the baseline map, or may reflect actual changes in the distribution of giraffe.

Relative to the 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List Assessment range map, the updated geographic range maps show a 5.6% decline in the range area of all giraffe taxa combined. The ranges of Giraffa camelopardalis (northern giraffe) and Giraffa tippelskirchi (Masai giraffe) decreased in area by 37% (122432 km2) and 4.7% (20816 km2) respectively, whereas 14% (41696 km2) of the range of Giraffa reticulata (reticulated giraffe) had not been included in the original geographic range map and has now been added. The range of Giraffa giraffa (southern giraffe) showed little overall change; it increased by 0.1% (419 km2).

Ranges were larger than previously reported in six of the 21 range countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Mozambique, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe), had declined in seven (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Malawi, Niger, Uganda, and Zambia) and remained unchanged in seven (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, eSwatini, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, and South Africa).

In Kenya, the ranges of both Giraffa tippelskirchi and Giraffa camelopardalis decreased, but the range of Giraffa reticulata was larger than previously believed.

Our updated range maps increase existing knowledge, and are important for conservation planning for giraffe. However, since rapid infrastructure development throughout much of Africa is a driver of giraffe population declines, there is an urgent need for a continent‐wide, consistent and systematic giraffe survey to produce more accurate range maps, in order to inform conservation and policy planning.
Nature and specificity of altered cognitive functioning in IBS
Authors: Wong Kenneth Man‐Fung , Mak Arthur Dun Ping , Yuen Suet Ying , Leung Owen Ngo Wang , Ma Duan Yang , Chan Yawen , Cheong Pui Kuan , Lui Rashid , Wong Sunny Hei , Wu Justin Che‐Yuen
Published: August 2019

Background

It is unknown whether cognitive dysfunction found in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was attributable to the different subtypes, ongoing pathophysiological processes, trait characteristics, or psychiatric comorbidity.

Methods

Forty Rome‐III patients with IBS (20 diarrhea‐predominant [IBS‐D] and 20 constipation‐predominant [IBS‐C]) and 40 age‐, sex‐, education‐matched healthy controls were systematically recruited and compared on their cognitive function with continuous performance test (CPT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and emotional Stroop test. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), Patient Health Questionnaire‐15 (PHQ‐15) and a structured bowel symptom questionnaire were performed to measure anxiety, depressive, somatization, and bowel symptoms, respectively. Psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained with SCID‐I (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders).

Key Results

Patients with IBS showed significantly increased standard deviation of reaction time (SDRT) (P = .003) on CPT, increased failure to maintain set (FMS) (P=.002), and percentage of perseverative errors (P = .003) on WCST. SDRT did not correlate with illness chronicity or bowel symptoms. FMS correlated with bowel symptom severity. In logistic regression models controlled for BAI, BDI‐II, and PHQ‐15, SDRT (AOR = 1.08, P = .025), but not FMS (P = .25) or percentage of perseverative errors (P = .24), significantly differentiated IBS from controls. Cognitive function was not significantly different between IBS‐C and IBS‐D (P > .05), or between pure IBS (n = 22) and IBS with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (n = 17) (P > .05).

Conclusions & Inferences

Patients with IBS showed attentional and executive function impairment irrespective of subtypes but otherwise heterogeneous in terms of its state‐trait correlations and overlap with anxiety comorbidity.
Hypoglycemia‐associated autonomic failure, counterregulatory responses, and therapeutic options in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rickels Michael R.
Published: August 2019

Hypoglycemia remains a major barrier to the achievement of target levels of glycemic control for most individuals with insulin‐dependent type 1 diabetes (T1D). Both the loss of β cells and an accompanying defect in the α cell response to hypoglycemia predispose patients with T1D to the development of low blood glucose. Increased glucose variability, exposure to hypoglycemia, and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia all contribute to increased risk of experiencing severe hypoglycemia, which is explained by progressive impairment in epinephrine secretion and autonomic symptom generation in response to hypoglycemia leading to defective glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia unawareness that characterize hypoglycemia‐associated autonomic failure (HAAF). Interruption of HAAF requires interfering with the mechanisms of brain adaptation to low blood glucose that affect central glucose sensing and the autonomic response to hypoglycemia, or avoidance of hypoglycemia that may allow for eventual recovery of counterregulatory and autonomic symptom responses. Strategies for hypoglycemia avoidance that include continuous glucose monitoring may reduce, but do not eliminate, clinically significant hypoglycemia, with ongoing counterregulatory defects and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Complete avoidance of hypoglycemia can be achieved following pancreatic islet transplantation and allows for the restoration of counterregulatory and autonomic symptom responses that evidences the potential for reversing HAAF in T1D.
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in oral and salivary gland cancers
Authors: Zhan Chaoning , Yang Xiaojun , Yin Xuemin , Hou Jin
Published: August 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes) are a group of heterogeneous nanometer‐sized vesicles that are released by all types of cells and serve as functional mediators of cell‐to‐cell communication. This ability is primarily due to their capacity to package and transport various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—namely DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA), but also microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs). These contents can influence the function and fate of both recipient and donor cells. More and more studies have shown that EVs are involved in every phase of cancer development, mediating bidirectional cross talk between cancer cells and their tissue microenvironment. More specifically, EVs can promote tumor progression by modifying vesicular contents and establishing a distant premetastatic niche with molecules that favor cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and even drug resistance. Given that the packaging of these molecules is known to be tissue‐specific, EVs can not only serve as novel prognostic and diagnostic markers but also be used as potential therapeutic targets and vehicles for drug delivery. The present review discusses the current understanding of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the progression of oral and salivary gland cancers, as well as their potential use in clinical applications.
The human right to subsistence
Authors: Mancilla Alejandra
Published: August 2019

That there is a human right to subsistence is a basic assumption for most moral and political theorists interested in the problem of global poverty, but it is not one exempt from controversy. In this article, I examine four justifications for this right and suggest that it takes the form of a claim, that is, a right which creates correlative duties on others who are then taken to be the main agents in its fulfillment. I point to some criticisms made against this conceptualization and offer an alternative approach that emphasizes the key importance of the moral and political agency of the needy. Two aspects of this approach are that the needy are seen as actors in their own right when it comes to poverty alleviation measures and their demands are no longer seen as demands for mere subsistence but ultimately for putting an end to their political marginalization and exclusion. Towards the end, I point to the complementarity of both views.
Are carbonate barrier islands mobile? Insights from a mid to late‐Holocene system, Al Ruwais, northern Qatar
Authors: Rivers John , Engel Max , Dalrymple Robert , Yousif Ruqaiya , Strohmenger Christian J. , Al‐Shaikh Ismail
Published: August 2019

Barrier islands are important landforms in many coastal systems around the globe. Studies of modern barrier island systems are mostly limited to those of siliciclastic realms, where the islands are recognized as mobile features that form on transgressive coastlines and migrate landward as sea‐level rises. Barrier islands of the ‘Great Pearl Bank’ along the United Arab Emirates coast are the best‐known carbonate examples. These Holocene islands, however, are interpreted to be anchored by older deposits and immobile. The mid‐Holocene to late‐Holocene depositional system at Al Ruwais, northern Qatar, provides an example of a mobile carbonate barrier island system, perhaps more similar to siliciclastic equivalents. Sedimentological and petrographic analyses, as well as 14C‐dating of shells and biogenic remains from vibracored sediments and surface deposits, show that after 7000 years ago a barrier system with a narrow back‐barrier lagoon formed along what is now an exposed coastal zone, while, contemporaneously, a laterally‐extensive coral reef was forming immediately offshore. After 1400 years ago the barrier system was forced to step ca 3 km seaward in response to a sea‐level fall of less than 2 m, where it re‐established itself directly on the mid‐Holocene reef. Since that time, the barrier has retreated landward as much as 1000 m to its current position, exposing previously‐deposited back‐barrier lagoonal sediment at the open‐coast shoreline. In modern neritic warm‐water carbonate settings mobile barrier island systems are rare. Their construction and migration may be inhibited by reef formation, early cementation, and the relative inefficiency of sourcing beach sediments from open carbonate shelves. Carbonate barrier island systems likely formed more commonly during geological periods when ramps and unrimmed shelves predominated and in calcite seas, when meteoric cementation was minimized as a result of initial calcitic allochem mineralogy. As with their siliciclastic analogues, however, recognition of the influence of these transient landforms in the rock record is challenging.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐B allele, HLA‐B*51:01:01:36 in a Japanese individual
Authors: Khor Seik‐Soon , Hitomi Yuki , Omae Yosuke , Ogawa Ayumi , Tokunaga Katsushi
Published: August 2019

HLA‐B*51:01:01:36 differs from HLA‐B*51:01:01:01 by one nucleotide difference at position −230(G>T) with no amino acid change.
Successful expansion of community‐based drug‐resistant TB care in rural Eswatini – a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kerschberger Bernhard , Telnov Alex , Yano Nanako , Cox Helen , Zabsonre Inoussa , Kabore Serge Mathurin , Vambe Debrah , Ngwenya Siphiwe , Rusch Barbara , Tombo Marie Luce , Ciglenecki Iza
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Provision of drug‐resistant tuberculosis (DR‐TB) treatment is scarce in resource‐limited settings. We assessed the feasibility of ambulatory DR‐TB care for treatment expansion in rural Eswatini.

Methods

Retrospective patient‐level data were used to evaluate ambulatory DR‐TB treatment provision in rural Shiselweni (Eswatini), from 2008 to 2016. DR‐TB care was either clinic‐based led by nurses or community‐based at the patient's home with involvement of community treatment supporters for provision of treatment to patients with difficulties in accessing facilities. We describe programmatic outcomes and used multivariate flexible parametric survival models to assess time to adverse outcomes. Both care models were costed in supplementary analyses.

Results

Of 698 patients initiated on DR‐TB treatment, 57% were women and 84% were HIV‐positive. Treatment initiations increased from 27 in 2008 to 127 in 2011 and decreased thereafter to 51 in 2016. Proportionally, community‐based care increased from 19% in 2009 to 77% in 2016. Treatment success was higher for community‐based care (79%) than clinic‐based care (68%, P = 0.002). After adjustment for covariate factors among adults (n = 552), the risk of adverse outcomes (death, loss to follow‐up, treatment failure) in community‐based care was reduced by 41% (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39–0.91). Findings were supported by sensitivity analyses. The care provider's per‐patient costs for community‐based (USD13 345) and clinic‐based (USD12 990) care were similar.

Conclusions

Ambulatory treatment outcomes were good, and community‐based care achieved better treatment outcomes than clinic‐based care at comparable costs. Contextualised DR‐TB care programmes are feasible and can support treatment expansion in rural settings.
Imaging in pregnancy
Authors: Eastwood Kelly‐Ann , Mohan Aarthi R
Published: August 2019

Key content

The appropriate use of imaging in pregnancy is necessary for prompt investigation and management of acute and chronic medical symptoms.

Healthcare professionals should consider carefully which imaging modality and scanned area of interest will yield maximum diagnostic information.

The use of shielding techniques significantly reduces the dose of ionising radiation to which the fetus is exposed.

Theoretical concerns regarding magnetic resonance imaging use in pregnancy have not been supported in human studies.

Gadolinium contrast should be avoided in pregnancy unless the maternal benefits outweigh fetal and neonatal risks.

Learning objectives

To review the safety of different imaging modalities in pregnancy.

To understand the risks and benefits of various imaging techniques in pregnancy.

To review the investigations required to image common medical symptoms encountered by obstetricians.

Ethical issues

Do obstetricians adequately counsel women regarding safety of imaging in pregnancy to enable them to give informed consent for the procedure?
Recommendations for rehabilitation after surgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs: A 2017 survey of veterinary practitioners
Authors: Eiermann Jennifer , Kirkby‐Shaw Kristin , Evans Richard B. , Knell Sebastian C. , Kowaleski Michael P. , Schmierer Philipp A. , Bergh Mary S. , Bleedorn Jason , Cuddy Laura C. , Kieves Nina R. , Lotsikas Peter , Pozzi Antonio
Published: August 2019

Objective

To report current recommendations made by veterinarians for rehabilitation after surgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease.

Study design

Anonymized electronic survey.

Sample population

Veterinarians performing CrCL stabilization.

Methods

An electronic survey was created to collect information on general attitudes toward postoperative rehabilitation and recommendations regarding therapeutic modalities and bandaging. Quantitative data are reported by descriptive statistical analysis, percentage of responses, or mean (±SD). The recommendations for postoperative bandaging beyond 24 hours and for postoperative rehabilitation after extracapsular stabilization compared with after tibial osteotomy were tested by using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests, withP < .05 considered statistically significant.

Results

The data analysis included 376 responses (13% response rate). Most (71%) respondents consistently recommended postoperative rehabilitation. Rehabilitation was more than twofold more likely to be recommended after extracapsular stabilization than after osteotomies (P= .0142). Most respondents did not recommend bandaging beyond 24 hours postoperatively (P= .00012).

Conclusion

Most respondents recommended either formal or informal postoperative rehabilitation therapy.

Clinical significance

If the survey respondents are representative of veterinarians performing CrCL surgery, the current attitude is supportive of postsurgical rehabilitation. Most respondents would welcome evidence‐based guidelines for rehabilitation protocols.