bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Materials
Authors: Lakes Roderic
Published: January 2010

Understanding viscoelasticity is pertinent to design applications as diverse as earplugs, gaskets, computer disks, satellite stability, medical diagnosis, injury prevention, vibration abatement, tire performance, sports, spacecraft explosions, and music. This book fits a one-semester graduate course on the properties, analysis, and uses of viscoelastic materials. Those familiar with the author's precursor book, Viscoelastic Solids, will see that this book contains many updates and expanded coverage of the materials science, causes of viscoelastic behavior, properties of materials of biological origin, and applications of viscoelastic materials. The theoretical presentation includes both transient and dynamic aspects, with emphasis on linear viscoelasticity to develop physical insight. Methods for the solution of stress analysis problems are developed and illustrated. Experimental methods for characterization of viscoelastic materials are explored in detail. Viscoelastic phenomena are described for a wide variety of materials, including viscoelastic composite materials. Applications of viscoelasticity and viscoelastic materials are illustrated with case studies.
Militarization and Violence against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East
Authors: Shalhoub-Kevorkian Nadera
Published: January 2010

This book examines and discusses the ordeals that women face as violence is perpetrated against them in politically conflicted and militarized areas. In conflict zones, every act is affected by, dependent on and mobilised by militaristic values. The militarization of both the private and public space and the use of the gendered bodies increases the vulnerability of both men and women, and further masculinises the patriarchal hegemonic powers. Through the stories and ordeals of women in politically conflicted areas and war zones, and by sharing voices of Palestinian women from the Occupied Territories, it is shown that claims such as 'security reasoning', fear from 'terrorism', nationalism, preservation of 'cultural authenticity' and preservation of the land can turn women's bodies and lives into boundary markers and thus sites of violence, contestation and resistance.
German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650
Authors: Brady Jr. Thomas A.
Published: January 2010

This book studies the connections between the political reform of the Holy Roman Empire and the German lands around 1500 and the sixteenth-century religious reformations, both Protestant and Catholic. It argues that the character of the political changes (dispersed sovereignty, local autonomy) prevented both a general reformation of the Church before 1520 and a national reformation thereafter. The resulting settlement maintained the public peace through politically structured religious communities (confessions), thereby avoiding further religious strife and fixing the confessions into the Empire's constitution. The Germans' emergence into the modern era as a people having two national religions was the reformation's principal legacy to modern Germany.
Fairness in International Climate Change Law and Policy
Authors: Soltau Friedrich
Published: January 2010

This work analyses fairness dimensions of the climate regime. A central issue in international law and policy is how countries of the world should allocate the burden of addressing global climate change. With the link between human activities and climate change clearly established, and the first impacts of climate change being felt, there is a renewed sense of urgency in addressing the problem. On the basis of an overview of science and the development of the climate regime, this book seeks to identify the elements of a working consensus on fairness principles that could be used to solve the seemingly intractable problem of assigning responsibility for combating climate change. The book demonstrates how an analysis of fairness dimensions of climate change - grounded in practical developments and illustrated with reference to the key issues - can add value to our understanding of the options for international climate law and policy.
Contact Languages
Authors: Ansaldo Umberto
Published: January 2010

Why do groups of speakers in certain times and places come up with new varieties of languages? What are the social settings that determine whether a mixed language, a pidgin or a Creole will develop, and how can we understand the ways in which different languages contribute to the new grammar? Through the study of Malay contact varieties such as Baba Malay, Cocos Malay and Sri Lanka Malay, as well as the Asian Portuguese vernacular of Macau, and China Coast Pidgin, this book explores the social and structural dynamics that underlie the fascinating phenomenon of the creation of new, or restructured, grammars. It emphasizes the importance and interplay of historical documentation, socio-cultural observation and linguistic analysis in the study of contact languages, offering an evolutionary framework for the study of contact language formation - including pidgins and Creoles - in which historical, socio-cultural and typological observations come together.
Change in Contemporary English
Authors: Leech Geoffrey , Hundt Marianne , Mair Christian , Smith Nicholas
Published: January 2010

Based on the systematic analysis of large amounts of computer-readable text, this book shows how the English language has been changing in the recent past, often in unexpected and previously undocumented ways. The study is based on a group of matching corpora, known as the 'Brown family' of corpora, supplemented by a range of other corpus materials, both written and spoken, drawn mainly from the later twentieth century. Among the matters receiving particular attention are the influence of American English on British English, the role of the press, the 'colloquialization' of written English, and a wide range of grammatical topics, including the modal auxiliaries, progressive, subjunctive, passive, genitive and relative clauses. These subjects build an overall picture of how English grammar is changing, and the linguistic and social factors that are contributing to this process.
The Cosmopolitan Imagination
Authors: Delanty Gerard
Published: January 2010

Gerard Delanty provides a comprehensive assessment of the idea of cosmopolitanism in social and political thought which links cosmopolitan theory with critical social theory. He argues that cosmopolitanism has a critical dimension which offers a solution to one of the weaknesses in the critical theory tradition: failure to respond to the challenges of globalization and intercultural communication. Critical cosmopolitanism, he proposes, is an approach that is not only relevant to social scientific analysis but also normatively grounded in a critical attitude. Delanty's argument for a critical, sociologically oriented cosmopolitanism aims to avoid, on the one hand, purely normative conceptions of cosmopolitanism and, on the other, approaches that reduce cosmopolitanism to the empirical expression of diversity. He attempts to take cosmopolitan theory beyond the largely Western context with which it has generally been associated, claiming that cosmopolitan analysis must now take into account non-Western expressions of cosmopolitanism.
Medication Safety
Authors: Courtenay Molly , Griffiths Matt
Published: January 2010

The supply and administration of medicines is an area of practice in which a number of healthcare professionals (e.g. nurses, pharmacists and allied health professionals) are involved. Prescribing is a relatively new role which many of these healthcare professionals have adopted. Medication Safety focuses on promoting safety in the delivery of medicines. Chapters explore the various stages in the medication process including safety in prescribing, dispensing and administering drugs. Adverse reactions, parenteral administration, dosage calculations, safety with controlled drugs, and reporting errors and near misses are all addressed in evidence-based contributions from a highly experienced team of contributors. This text is essential reading for all healthcare professionals involved in the delivery of medicines to patients.
Husserl and the Promise of Time
Authors: Warren Nicolas de
Published: January 2010

This book provides an extensive treatment of Husserl's phenomenology of time-consciousness. Nicolas de Warren uses detailed analysis of texts by Husserl, some only recently published in German, to examine Husserl's treatment of time-consciousness and its significance for his conception of subjectivity. He traces the development of Husserl's thinking on the problem of time from Franz Brentano's descriptive psychology, and situates it in the framework of his transcendental project as a whole. Particular discussions include the significance of time-consciousness for other phenomenological themes: perceptual experience, the imagination, remembrance, self-consciousness, embodiment, and the consciousness of others. The result is an illuminating exploration of how and why Husserl considered the question of time-consciousness to be the most difficult, yet also the most central, of all the challenges facing his unique philosophical enterprise.
Conflict and Change
Authors: Olcott George
Published: January 2010

What happens to the traditional work practices of Japanese firms when they are taken over by European and American firms? How do the employees react? What lessons can be learned from examples of successful and unsuccessful acquisitions? Formerly, such questions would never have been asked, simply because the incidence of take-overs of Japanese firms by foreign companies was virtually non-existent. However, in past years, a number of major Japanese companies have come under the control of foreign firms. Conflict and Change focuses on five Japanese companies acquired by foreign firms (including Nissan, Chugai Pharmaceutical and Shinsei Bank) to show how take-overs by foreign companies have changed HR and organisational practices traditionally associated with Japanese firms. This provides invaluable information for researchers and managers about the choices and challenges associated with cross-border acquisitions of firms that are embedded in 'institutionally distant' frameworks.
Directed Algebraic Topology
Authors: Grandis Marco
Published: January 2010

This is the first authored book to be dedicated to the new field of directed algebraic topology that arose in the 1990s, in homotopy theory and in the theory of concurrent processes. Its general aim can be stated as 'modelling non-reversible phenomena' and its domain should be distinguished from that of classical algebraic topology by the principle that directed spaces have privileged directions and directed paths therein need not be reversible. Its homotopical tools (corresponding in the classical case to ordinary homotopies, fundamental group and fundamental groupoid) should be similarly 'non-reversible': directed homotopies, fundamental monoid and fundamental category. Homotopy constructions occur here in a directed version, which gives rise to new 'shapes', like directed cones and directed spheres. Applications will deal with domains where privileged directions appear, including rewrite systems, traffic networks and biological systems. The most developed examples can be found in the area of concurrency.
ON COHERENCE OF ENDOMORPHISM RINGS
Authors: ZHU HAI-YAN , DING NAN-QING
Published: January 2010

Let R be a ring and U a left R-module with S=End(RU). The aim of this paper is to characterize when S is coherent. We first show that a left R-module F is TU-flat if and only if HomR(U,F) is a flat left S-module. This removes the unnecessary hypothesis that U is Σ-quasiprojective from Proposition 2.7 of Gomez Pardo and Hernandez [‘Coherence of endomorphism rings’, Arch. Math. (Basel)48(1) (1987), 40–52]. Then it is shown that S is a right coherent ring if and only if all direct products of TU-flat left R-modules are TU-flat if and only if all direct products of copies of RU are TU-flat. Finally, we prove that every left R-module is TU-flat if and only if S is right coherent with wD(S)≤2 and US is FP-injective.
PARTIAL ORDERS ON PARTIAL BAER–LEVI SEMIGROUPS
Authors: SINGHA BOORAPA , SANWONG JINTANA , SULLIVAN R. P.
Published: January 2010

Marques-Smith and Sullivan [‘Partial orders on transformation semigroups’, Monatsh. Math.140 (2003), 103–118] studied various properties of two partial orders on P(X), the semigroup (under composition) consisting of all partial transformations of an arbitrary set X. One partial order was the ‘containment order’: namely, if α,β∈P(X) then α⊆β means xα=xβ for all x∈dom α, the domain of α. The other order was the so-called ‘natural order’ defined by Mitsch [‘A natural partial order for semigroups’, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.97(3) (1986), 384–388] for any semigroup. In this paper, we consider these and other orders defined on the symmetric inverse semigroup I(X) and the partial Baer–Levi semigroup PS(q). We show that there are surprising differences between the orders on these semigroups, concerned with their compatibility with respect to composition and the existence of maximal and minimal elements.
Curcumin as a therapeutic agent: the evidence fromin vitro, animal and human studies
Authors: Epstein Jenny , Sanderson Ian R. , MacDonald Thomas T.
Published: January 2010

Curcumin is the active ingredient of turmeric. It is widely used as a kitchen spice and food colorant throughout India, Asia and the Western world. Curcumin is a major constituent of curry powder, to which it imparts its characteristic yellow colour. For over 4000 years, curcumin has been used in traditional Asian and African medicine to treat a wide variety of ailments. There is a strong current public interest in naturally occurring plant-based remedies and dietary factors related to health and disease. Curcumin is non-toxic to human subjects at high doses. It is a complex molecule with multiple biological targets and different cellular effects. Recently, its molecular mechanisms of action have been extensively investigated. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Under some circumstances its effects can be contradictory, with uncertain implications for human treatment. While more studies are warranted to further understand these contradictions, curcumin holds promise as a disease-modifying and chemopreventive agent. We review the evidence for the therapeutic potential of curcumin fromin vitrostudies, animal models and human clinical trials.
Absorption, conjugation and excretion of the flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin from α-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice in human subjects
Authors: Bredsdorff Lea , Nielsen Inge Lise F. , Rasmussen Salka E. , Cornett Claus , Barron Denis , Bouisset Florilene , Offord Elizabeth , Williamson Gary
Published: January 2010

We have determined the absorption, conjugation and excretion of naringenin-7-O-rutinoside (narirutin) compared to the corresponding glucoside in an orange juice matrix in human subjects. Healthy volunteers (eight men and eight women), in a double blind, randomised, crossover study, consumed orange juice with (1) natural content of naringenin-7-O-rutinoside; (2) α-rhamnosidase-treated to yield naringenin-7-O-glucoside. Blood was sampled at twelve time points and three fractions of urine were collected over 24 h. The area under the plasma–time curve of naringenin from (2) α-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice was increased about 4-fold (P < 0·0001), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 5·4-fold higher (P < 0·0001) and Tmax was decreased from 311 to 92 min (P = 0·002) compared to untreated orange juice (1), indicating a change in absorption site from the colon to the small intestine. Furthermore, the amount in urine was increased from 7 to 47 % (P < 0·0001) of the dose after consumption of the α-rhamnosidase-treated orange juice (2). All urine samples contained both naringenin-7- and -4′-O-glucuronides. In addition, to examine the effect of dose and α-rhamnosidase treatment on hesperetin conjugate profiles, a further treatment where (3) orange juice fortified with three times the original content of hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside was used. Five hesperetin metabolites (3′-O-glucuronide; 7-O-glucuronide; 5,7-O-diglucuronide; 3′,7-O-diglucuronide; 3′-O-sulphate) were present after all treatments (1–3), with the same profile of the conjugates. The present data show that bioavailability of naringenin is increased by conversion from rutinoside to glucoside, but the profile of the conjugates of flavanones formed and excreted in urine is neither affected by the absorption site nor by a 3-fold change in dose.
Peanut sensitisation and allergy: influence of early life exposure to peanuts
Authors: Thompson Rachel L. , Miles Lisa M. , Lunn Joanne , Devereux Graham , Dearman Rebecca J. , Strid Jessica , Buttriss Judith L.
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the influence of early life exposure (maternal and childhood) to peanuts and the subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts during childhood. Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Studies that assessed the impact of non-avoidance compared with avoidance or reduced quantities of peanuts or peanut products on either sensitisation or allergy to peanuts, or both outcomes, were eligible. Six human studies were identified: two randomised controlled trials, two case–control studies and two cross-sectional studies. In addition, published animal and mechanistic studies, relevant to the question of whether early life exposure to peanuts affects the subsequent development of peanut sensitisation, were reviewed narratively. Overall, the evidence reviewed was heterogeneous, and was limited in quality, for example, through lack of adjustment for potentially confounding factors. The nature of the evidence has therefore hindered the development of definitive conclusions. The systematic review of human studies and narrative expert-led reviews of animal studies do not provide clear evidence to suggest that either maternal exposure, or early or delayed introduction of peanuts in the diets of children, has an impact upon subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts. Results from some animal studies (and limited evidence from human subjects) suggest that the dose of peanuts is an important mediator of peanut sensitisation and tolerance; low doses tend to lead to sensitisation and higher doses tend to lead to tolerance.
Sophisticated Voting on Competing Ballot Measures: Spatial Theory and Evidence
Authors: Hugh-Jones David
Published: January 2010

Are voters sophisticated? Rational choice theories of voting assume they are. Students of voting behaviour are more doubtful. This article examines voting in a particularly demanding setting: direct democratic elections in which two competing proposals are on the ballot. It develops a spatial model of voting and proposal qualification with competing proposals. If voters are naïve, then competing proposals can be used to block the direct democratic route to change, but, if voters vote strategically, competing proposals can bring outcomes closer to the median voter. Voting intention data from California polls provide evidence that some votes are cast strategically even in these demanding circumstances. However, the level of strategic voting appears to be affected by the nature of the election campaign.
Nonlinear condensation modes
Authors: WEILAND JAN
Published: January 2010

In the far edge, in L-mode plasmas and the outer parts of the H-mode barrier, tokamak plasmas may be so collisional that parallel electron motion can be neglected or included as a perturbation. Thus we have a regime that is basically two dimensional. We will here consider the outer part of the H-mode barrier where transport is small. Recently a condensation mode was found for this regime. We have extended the theory to the nonlinear regime.
OTHMAR SCHOECK'S SETTINGS OF GOTTFRIED KELLER
Authors: Palmer Peter
Published: January 2010

The Swiss author Gottfried Keller was 27 when he published his first volume of poems in 1846. His early poetry was partly influenced by the German battle for liberalism and the experience of those émigrés who, like Wagner, found their way to Switzerland. The main literary impulses came from Goethe and the German Romantics, impulses finding expression in subjective, even mystical verses. At the same time Keller never lost touch with the here-and-now: a feature that would earn him the description of a poetic realist.
Informal learning and meta-pedagogy in initial teacher education in England
Authors: Finney John , Philpott Chris
Published: January 2010

How do student teachers learn to use informal learning and pedagogy in their teaching? Through focusing on Initial Teacher Education (ITE) in England, this paper will explore the possibility of developing a meta-pedagogy which embraces informal learning and pedagogy in music. The paper is in two parts, the first of which examines the background to Informal Learning and Pedagogy (ILP) in English music education and some attendant issues surrounding initial teacher education. The second will report on some approaches to developing a meta-pedagogy for ILP in music, before speculating on future areas for research in music ITE. The concepts of ‘living’ and ‘excavating’ learning will be proposed as important meta-pedagogical tools in the process of student teachers learning how to teach music.
Informal music learning, improvisation and teacher education
Authors: Wright Ruth , Kanellopoulos Panagiotis
Published: January 2010

This paper1explores firstly the sense in which improvisation might be conceived of as an informal music education process and, secondly, the effects of a course in free improvisation on student teachers' perceptions in relation to themselves as musicians, music as a school subject and children as musicians. The results of a study conducted in two Greek universities are presented. Using a narrative methodology, examples of data from the reflective diaries or learning journals which 91 trainee teachers kept as part of their participation in an improvisation module are presented and discussed. The argument is made that improvisation, as a particular type of informal music learning process, has an important role to play in fostering the qualities required of teachers to work with informal pedagogies in music education. Furthermore, we would suggest that such musical experiences might gradually lead to the development of a critical perspective on both music education theories and practices. Improvisation might emerge as a moment and a practice of rupture with linearity of progress, working against reification of knowledge and glorification of received information. The findings suggest that improvisation might offer a route for creating an intimate, powerful, evolving dialogue between students' identities as learners, their attitudes towards children and their creative potential, and the interrelationships of the notions of expressive technique and culture, thus becoming ‘an act of transcendence’ (Allsup, 1997, p. 81). We propose that the issue of connecting informal learning and improvisation might be resolved by regarding improvisation as an exemplary case of creating a communicative context where most representations/conceptualisations/struggles to solve problems are left implicit. Such experiences for pupils and teachers alike might further extend the social and personal effectiveness of informal learning as music pedagogy.
Neurobiological adaptations to violence across development
Authors: Mead Hilary K. , Beauchaine Theodore P. , Shannon Katherine E.
Published: January 2010

Developmental adaptations to violent environments involve a multitude of cascading effects spanning many levels of analysis from genes to behavior. In this review, we (a) examine the potentiating effects of violence on genetic vulnerabilities and the functioning of neurotransmitter systems in producing both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology; (b) describe implications of violence exposure for brain development, particularly within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex; and (c) consider the effects of violence on developing human stress and startle responses. This review integrates literatures on the developmental effects of violence among rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Many neurobiological changes that are adaptive for survival in violent contexts become maladaptive in other environments, conferring life-long risk for psychopathology.
Developmental trajectories of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Richler Jennifer , Huerta Marisela , Bishop Somer L. , Lord Catherine
Published: January 2010

This study examined how restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBs) developed over time in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). One hundred ninety-two children referred for a diagnosis of autism at age 2, and 22 children with nonspectrum development disorders were evaluated with a battery of cognitive and diagnostic measures at age 2 and subsequently at ages 3, 5, and 9. Factor analysis of the RRB items on the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised revealed two RRB factors at each wave of data collection, one comprising “repetitive sensorimotor” (RSM) behaviors and the other “insistence on sameness” (IS) behaviors. For children with ASD, RSM scores remained relatively high over time, indicating consistent severity, whereas IS scores started low and increased over time, indicating worsening. Having a higher nonverbal intelligence (NVIQ) at age 2 was associated with milder concurrent RSM behaviors and with improvement in these behaviors over time. There was no relationship between NVIQ at age 2 and IS behaviors. However, milder social/communicative impairment, at age 2 was associated with more severe concurrent IS behaviors. Trajectory analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity in patterns of change over time for both kinds of behaviors. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of RRBs in ASD and other disorders, making prognoses about how RRBs will develop in children with ASD as they get older, and using RRBs to identify ASD phenotypes in genetic studies.
Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses
Authors: Cyr Chantal , Euser Eveline M. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Van Ijzendoorn Marinus H.
Published: January 2010

The current meta-analytic study examined the differential impact of maltreatment and various socioeconomic risks on attachment security and disorganization. Fifty-five studies with 4,792 children were traced, yielding 59 samples with nonmaltreated high-risk children (n= 4,336) and 10 samples with maltreated children (n= 456). We tested whether proportions of secure versus insecure (avoidant, resistant, and disorganized) and organized versus disorganized attachments varied as a function of risks. Results showed that children living under high-risk conditions (including maltreatment studies) showed fewer secure (d= 0.67) and more disorganized (d= 0.77) attachments than children living in low-risk families. Large effects sizes were found for the set of maltreatment studies: maltreated children were less secure (d= 2.10) and more disorganized (d= 2.19) than other high-risk children (d= 0.48 andd= 0.48, respectively). However, children exposed to five socioeconomic risks (k= 8 studies,d= 1.20) were not significantly less likely to be disorganized than maltreated children. Overall, these meta-analyses show the destructive impact of maltreatment for attachment security as well as disorganization, but the accumulation of socioeconomic risks appears to have a similar impact on attachment disorganization.
Corumination, interpersonal stress generation, and internalizing symptoms: Accumulating effects and transactional influences in a multiwave study of adolescents
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Stone Lindsey , Ann Wright Patricia
Published: January 2010

This multiwave longitudinal study investigated potential transactional and accumulating influences among corumination, interpersonal stressors, and internalizing symptoms among a sample of early and middle adolescents (N= 350; 6th–10th graders). Youth completed self-report measures of corumination at Times 1, 2, and 4, and negative life events, internalizing symptoms (general depressive, specific anhedonic depressive, anxious arousal, general internalizing), and externalizing problems at all four time points (5 weeks between each assessment across 4 months). Results supported hypotheses. First, baseline corumination predicted prospective trajectories of all forms of internalizing symptoms but not externalizing problems. Second, baseline corumination predicted generation of interpersonal-dependent, but not interpersonal-independent or noninterpersonal stressors. Third, interpersonal-dependent events partially mediated the longitudinal association between baseline corumination and prospective internalizing symptoms. Fourth, a transactional, bidirectional set of associations was supported in that initial internalizing symptoms and stressors predicted later elevations in corumination, and in turn, corumination predicted later symptoms through the mediating role of interpersonal stressors to complete both streams in the transactional chain of influence. Fifth, girls and older adolescents exhibited higher corumination, but neither age nor sex moderated any associations. These findings are discussed within a transactional, developmental cascade model.
The arrow calculus
Authors: LINDLEY SAM , WADLER PHILIP , YALLOP JEREMY
Published: January 2010

We introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes's arrows with close relations both to Moggi's metalanguage for monads and to Paterson's arrow notation. Arrows are classically defined by extending lambda calculus with three constructs satisfying nine (somewhat idiosyncratic) laws; in contrast, the arrow calculus adds four constructs satisfying five laws (which fit two well-known patterns). The five laws were previously known to be sound; we show that they are also complete, and hence that the five laws may replace the nine.
“Little language” project modules
Authors: CLEMENTS JOHN , FISLER KATHI
Published: January 2010

Many computer science departments are debating the role of programming languages in the curriculum. These discussions often question the relevance and appeal of programming-languages content for today's students. In our experience, domain-specific, “little languages” projects provide a compelling illustration of the importance of programming-language concepts. This paper describes projects that prototype mainstream applications such as PowerPoint, TurboTax, and animation scripting. We have used these exercises as modules in non-programming languages courses, including courses for first year students. Such modules both encourage students to study linguistic topics in more depth and provide linguistic perspective to students who might not otherwise be exposed to the area.
Special Issue on: Cross-cultural Pragmatics – Pragmatique comparée à la croisée des chemins: cadres du discours et perceptions culturelles
Authors: GUILLOT MARIE-NOËLLE
Published: January 2010

Ce volume thématique regroupe dans la perspective de la pragmatique comparée, domaine jusqu'ici relativement peu représenté dans le JFLS, un ensemble d'articles couvrant un éventail assez large de phénomènes, d'approches et de contextes, dont la diversité reflète les intentions. Comme la rencontre interdisciplinaire dont il est issu, il a pour objectif de rassembler, dans cette perspective générale, des travaux sur différents phénomènes de langue particulièrement sensibles à la variation culturelle afin de promouvoir la mise en rapport d'idées et d'approches théoriques, et d'explorer, au-delà des stéréotypes, des aspects et fonctionnement de la communication verbale à travers langues et cultures. Ce sont là des questions d'actualité, et dont il n'est guère besoin de rappeler l'importance dans un contexte de mondialisation et d'intensification de la communication interculturelle, où entendement linguistique et culturel, tolérance et respect de l'autre représentent des enjeux majeurs.
Development and validation of a new simple Healthy Meal Index for canteen meals
Authors: Lassen Anne D , Biltoft-Jensen Anja , Hansen Gitte L , Hels Ole , Tetens Inge
Published: January 2010

Objective

Nutrition evaluation tools should be developed both for scientific purposes and to encourage and facilitate healthy nutritional practices. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a simple food-based Healthy Meal Index (HMI) reflecting the nutritional profile of individual canteen meals.

Design

The development process included overall model selection, setting nutritional goals and defining scoring systems and thresholds. Three index components were included: (i) contents of fruit and vegetables, (ii) fat content and quality and (iii) contents of wholegrain products and potatoes. The development was built on the principles embodied by the Plate Model, but providing more specificity in some areas. The simple HMI was validated against weighed and chemically analysed food and nutrient content of a representative sample of canteen meals. The sample was split into four categories according to the total index score and compared across categories.

Setting

A total of 180 meals from fifteen worksite canteens.

Results

Average energy density decreased significantly across categories (from 876 kJ/100 g to 537 kJ/100 g, P < 0·001). Also, the content of total and saturated fat, carbohydrate and fruit and vegetables varied across categories with higher score values being closer to dietary guidelines (P < 0·001).

Conclusions

The simple HMI was successful in ranking canteen meals according to their nutritional quality. The index provides a valuable tool to both researchers and food and nutrition professionals, e.g. caterers and dietitians, who wish to evaluate nutritional quality of meals in line with the recommendations for healthier eating without the use of nutrition calculation programs.
Health motivation and product design determine consumers’ visual attention to nutrition information on food products
Authors: Visschers Vivianne HM , Hess Rebecca , Siegrist Michael
Published: January 2010

Objective

In the present study we investigated consumers’ visual attention to nutrition information on food products using an indirect instrument, an eye tracker. In addition, we looked at whether people with a health motivation focus on nutrition information on food products more than people with a taste motivation.

Design

Respondents were instructed to choose one of five cereals for either the kindergarten (health motivation) or the student cafeteria (taste motivation). The eye tracker measured their visual attention during this task. Then respondents completed a short questionnaire.

Setting

Laboratory of the ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

Subjects

Videos and questionnaires from thirty-two students (seventeen males; mean age 24·91 years) were analysed.

Results

Respondents with a health motivation viewed the nutrition information on the food products for longer and more often than respondents with a taste motivation. Health motivation also seemed to stimulate deeper processing of the nutrition information. The student cafeteria group focused primarily on the other information and did this for longer and more often than the health motivation group. Additionally, the package design affected participants’ nutrition information search.

Conclusions

Two factors appear to influence whether people pay attention to nutrition information on food products: their motivation and the product’s design. If the package design does not sufficiently facilitate the localization of nutrition information, health motivation can stimulate consumers to look for nutrition information so that they may make a more deliberate food choice.
Detection of noninteracting single domain particles using first‐order reversal curve diagrams
Authors: Egli Ramon , Chen Amy P. , Winklhofer Michael , Kodama Kenneth P. , Horng Chorng‐Shern
Published: January 2010

We present a highly sensitive and accurate method for quantitative detection and characterization of noninteracting or weakly interacting uniaxial single domain particles (UNISD) in rocks and sediments. The method is based on high‐resolution measurements of first‐order reversal curves (FORCs). UNISD particles have a unique FORC signature that can be used to isolate their contribution among other magnetic components. This signature has a narrow ridge along the Hc axis of the FORC diagram, called the central ridge, which is proportional to the switching field distribution of the particles. Therefore, the central ridge is directly comparable with other magnetic measurements, such as remanent magnetization curves, with the advantage of being fully selective to SD particles, rather than other magnetic components. This selectivity is unmatched by other magnetic unmixing methods, and offers useful applications ranging from characterization of SD particles for paleointensity studies to detecting magnetofossils and ultrafine authigenically precipitated minerals in sediments.
The effect of smoothed solar wind inputs on global modeling results
Authors: Ilie Raluca , Liemohn Michael W. , Ridley Aaron
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the role of fluctuations in the solar wind parameters in triggering a magnetic storm and assesses the storm simulation ability of the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) through a model–data comparison. The event of 22 September 1999 is examined through global magnetosphere simulations, using as input Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) observations (4 min temporal resolution) along with running averages of this data with windows of 60, 120, and 180 min. It is noted that for this storm the model produces a two phase, fast then slow recovery phase due to a sudden drop in plasma sheet density during the interval of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Also, smoothing the input with a window larger than 60 min changes the entire magnetosphere and reduces the plasma sheet density and pressure, therefore a less intense storm develops. It is worth mentioning that the main phase (measured from Storm Sudden Commencement to minimum Dst) for this magnetic storm lasted about 3 h. This explains the change in the Dst profile for the 120 and 180 min averaged input. Averaging only IMF Bz or solar wind density reveals that all input parameters are important for the development of the storm, but Bz is the most significant. Also, comparison with Dst predictions (using the formula of O'Brien and McPherron (2000)) are presented and discussed. For all cases studied, there are no significant differences for Cross Polar Cap Potential (CPCP) in both hemispheres, while the nightside plasma sheet density shows a sharp drop when the input is averaged over 60 min or more. Our results indicate that the magnetosphere responds nonlinearly to the changes in the energy input, suggesting the need for a threshold in the amount of energy transferred to the system in order for the ring current to develop. Further increase of the energy input leads to a saturation limit where the inner magnetosphere response is no longer affected by any additional amount of energy contained within high‐frequency oscillations, because the magnetospheric system acts as a low‐pass filter on the interplanetary magnetic field.
North‐south asymmetry of the location of the heliospheric current sheet revisited
Authors: Erdős G. , Balogh A.
Published: January 2010

The possible latitudinal offset of the location of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) is an important question, since it has impact on the understanding of various phenomena including the solar dynamo and the modulation of cosmic rays. In the declining phase of the previous, 22nd solar cycle, in 1993, a southward displacement of the HCS by 10° was proposed to explain the north‐south asymmetry of energetic charged‐particle fluxes measured by Ulysses. Other observations supported the north‐south asymmetry as well, and it is now widely accepted by the scientific community that in 1993, the HCS was displaced 10° southward. However, in reality, the Ulysses magnetic field measurements did not give direct evidence for such a large displacement of the HCS. Here we revisit the question and extend our previous study for the declining phase of solar cycle 23 as well. Careful analysis of the HCS crossings observed by Ulysses during the fast latitude scans shows that a southward displacement of the HCS by 2°–3° is possible and consistent with the data for cycles 22 and 23. The impact of the HCS location on the latitudinal gradients of energetic particle fluxes is discussed.
Limits of the seismogenic zone in the epicentral region of the 26 December 2004 great Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake: Results from seismic refraction and wide‐angle reflection surveys and thermal modeling
Authors: Klingelhoefer F. , Gutscher M.‐A. , Ladage S. , Dessa J.‐X. , Graindorge D. , Franke D. , André C. , Permana H. , Yudistira T. , Chauhan A.
Published: January 2010

The 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake (Mw = 9.1) initiated around 30 km depth and ruptured 1300 km of the Indo‐Australian–Sunda plate boundary. During the Sumatra‐OBS (ocean bottom seismometer) survey, a wide‐angle seismic profile was acquired across the epicentral region. A seismic velocity model was obtained from combined travel time tomography and forward modeling. Together with reflection seismic data from the SeaCause II cruise, the deep structure of the source region of the great earthquake is revealed. Four to five kilometers of sediments overlie the oceanic crust at the trench, and the subducting slab can be imaged down to a depth of 35 km. We find a crystalline backstop 120 km from the trench axis, below the fore‐arc basin. A high‐velocity zone at the lower landward limit of the ray‐covered domain, at 22 km depth, marks a shallow continental Moho, 170 km from the trench. The deep structure obtained from the seismic data was used to construct a thermal model of the fore arc in order to predict the limits of the seismogenic zone along the plate boundary fault. Assuming 100°–150°C as its updip limit, the seismogenic zone is predicted to begin 5–30 km from the trench. The downdip limit of the 2004 rupture as inferred from aftershocks is within the 350°–450°C temperature range, but this limit is 210–250 km from the trench axis and is much deeper than the fore‐arc Moho. The deeper part of the rupture occurred along the contact between the mantle wedge and the downgoing plate.
Effect of sulfates and chlorides on electrification by a noninductive process applicable to stratiform clouds
Authors: Prakash P. Jish , Kumar P. Pradeep
Published: January 2010

Laboratory investigations have been carried out to find the sign and magnitude of charge transfer during the collision between ice crystals and graupel in the presence of supercooled water droplets inside a cylindrical steel chamber kept inside the walk‐in cold room, which can reach a temperature of −30°C. The experiments were performed with pure water (Milli‐Q, 18.2 Megohms‐cm) and with a trace amount of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride at different concentrations at low rime accretion rate (<0.1 g m−2 s−1), similar to stratiform clouds in the temperature range −6°C to −26°C. The cloud was composed of supercooled water and vapor was produced by boiling premixed solutions containing trace amount of impurities. The impurities are carried into the cloud by the bubble‐breaking mechanism. This way of introducing impurities is different from the earlier experiments. The experiments were carried out at a constant impact velocity of 2.2 m/s. At higher temperatures, the sign of the graupel charging during the ice crystal–graupel collision for pure water obeys that of earlier studies. With a trace amount of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride, the sign of charge transfer is different from that of pure water. The effect of cloud droplet spectra on the sign of charge transfer for pure water were in agreement with earlier studies but differed for sodium chloride.
Mechanism of low‐temperature‐induced pollen failure in rice
Authors: Mamun Al Ezaz , Cantrill Laurence C. , Overall Robyn L. , Sutton Bruce G.
Published: January 2010

Low‐temperature stress during microspore development alters cellular organization in rice anthers. The major cellular damage includes unusual starch accumulation in the plastids of the endothecium in postmeiotic anthers, abnormal vacuolation and hypertrophy of the tapetum, premature callose (1,3‐β‐glucan) breakdown and lack of normal pollen wall formation. These cellular lesions arise from damage to critical biochemical processes that include sugar metabolism in the anthers and its use by the microspores. Failure of utilization of the callose breakdown product and other microspore wall components like sporopollenin can also be considered as critical. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of major biochemical processes including the expression of critical genes that are sensitive to low temperature in rice and cause male sterility. This paper combines a discussion of cellular organization and associated biochemical processes that are sensitive to low temperatures and provides an overview of the potential mechanisms of low‐temperature‐induced male sterility in rice.
Does activation of the FcγRIIa play a role in the pathogenesis of the acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome?
Authors: Fudala Rafal , Krupa Agnieszka , Stankowska Dorota , Allen Timothy C. , Kurdowska Anna K.
Published: January 2010

ALI (acute lung injury) and its more severe form ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) are inflammatory diseases of the lung characterized by hypoxaemia and diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Disruption of epithelial integrity and injury to endothelium are contributing factors of the development of ALI/ARDS, and alveolar damage is the most pronounced feature of ALI/ARDS. The resulting increase in lung microvascular permeability promotes influx of inflammatory cells to the alveolar spaces. Oedema fluid contains pro-nflammatory mediators and plasma proteins, including Igs (immunoglobulins). Moreover, several reports describe the presence of autoantibodies and immune complexes [anti-IL-8 (interleukin-8) autoantibody/IL-8 complexes] in lung fluids (oedema and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids) from patients with ALI/ARDS. These immune complexes associate with FcγRIIa (Fcγ IIa receptor) in lungs of patients with ARDS. Furthermore, the expression of FcγRIIa is substantially elevated in lungs of these patients. FcγRIIa appears on virtually all myeloid cells, platelets and endothelial cells. It is a low-affinity receptor for IgG that preferentially binds aggregated immunoglobulins and immune complexes. FcγRs regulate phagocytosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and initiate the release of inflammatory mediators. It should be noted that immune complexes formed between either anti-neutrophil autoantibodies and their specific antigens or anti-HLA (human leucocyte antigen) antibodies and target antigens are implicated in the pathogenesis of TRALI (transfusion-related acute lung injury), and importantly, animal studies indicate that FcγRs are essential for these complexes to cause damage to the lungs. Therefore, we hypothesize that FcγRs such as FcγRIIa could contribute to the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS.