bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ground-based retrieval of continental and marine warm cloud microphysics
Authors: Martucci G. , O'Dowd C. D.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. A technique for retrieving warm cloud microphysics using synergistic ground based remote sensing instruments is presented. The SYRSOC (SYnergistic Remote Sensing Of Cloud) technique utilises a Ka-band Doppler cloud RADAR, a LIDAR-ceilometer and a multichannel microwave radiometer. SYRSOC retrieves the main microphysical parameters such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), droplets effective radius (reff), cloud liquid water content (LWC), and the departure from adiabatic conditions within the cloud. Two retrievals are presented for continental and marine stratocumulus formed over the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station. Whilst the continental case exhibited high CDCN (N = 382 cm−3; 10th-to-90th percentile [9.4–842.4] cm−3) and small mean effective radius (reff = 4.3; 10th-to-90th percentile [2.9–6.5] μm), the marine case exhibited low CDNC and large mean effective radius (N = 25 cm−3, 10th-to-90th percentile [1.5–69] cm−3; reff = 25.6 μm, 10th-to-90th percentile [11.2–42.7] μm) as expected since the continental air at this location is typically more polluted than marine air. The large reff of the marine case was determined by the contribution of drizzle drops (large radii and few occurrences) and in fact the modal radius was reffMOD = 12 μm (smaller radius and large occurrences). The mean LWC was comparable for the two cases (continental: 0.19 g m−3; marine: 0.16 g m–3) but the 10th–90th percentile range was wider in marine air (continental: 0.11–0.22 g m−3; marine: 0.01–0.38 g m−3). The calculated algorithm uncertainty for the continental and marine case for each variable was, respectively, σN=141.34 cm−3 and 11.5 cm−3, σreff=0.8 μm and 3.2 μm, σLWC = 0.03 g m−3 and 0.03 g m−3. The retrieved CDNC are compared to the cloud condensation nuclei concentrations and the best agreement is achieved for a super-saturation of 0.1 % in the continental case and between 0.1 %–0.75 % for the marine stratocumulus. The retrieved reff at the top of the clouds are compared to the MODIS satellite reff: 7 μm (MODIS) vs 6.2 μm (SYRSOC) and 16.3 μm (MODIS) vs. 17 μm (SYRSOC) for continental and marine cases, respectively. The combined analysis of the CDNC and the reff, for the marine case shows that the drizzle modifies the droplet size distribution and reff especially if compared to reffMOD. The study of the cloud subadiabaticity and the LWC shows the general sub-adiabatic character of both clouds with more pronounced departure from adiabatic conditions in the continental case due to the shallower cloud depth and more significant mixing with dry tropospheric air.
The Pulse Azimuth effect as seen in induction coil magnetometers located in California and Peru 2007–2010, and its possible association with earthquakes
Authors: Dunson J. C. , Bleier T. E. , Roth S. , Heraud J. , Alvarez C. H. , Lira A.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The QuakeFinder network of magnetometers has recorded geomagnetic field activity in California since 2000. Established as an effort to follow up observations of ULF activity reported from before and after the M = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 by Stanford University, the QuakeFinder network has over 50 sites, fifteen of which are high-resolution QF1005 and QF1007 systems. Pairs of high-resolution sites have also been installed in Peru and Taiwan. Increases in pulse activity preceding nearby seismic events are followed by decreases in activity afterwards in the three cases that are discussed here. In addition, longer term data is shown, revealing a rich signal structure not previously known in QuakeFinder data, or by many other authors who have reported on pre-seismic ULF phenomena. These pulses occur as separate ensembles, with demonstrable repeatability and uniqueness across a number of properties such as waveform, angle of arrival, amplitude, and duration. Yet they appear to arrive with exponentially distributed inter-arrival times, which indicates a Poisson process rather than a periodic, i.e., stationary process. These pulses were observed using three-axis induction coil magnetometers that are buried 1–2 m under the surface of the Earth. Our sites use a Nyquist frequency of 16 Hertz (25 Hertz for the new QF1007 units), and they record these pulses at amplitudes from 0.1 to 20 nano-Tesla with durations of 0.1 to 12 s. They are predominantly unipolar pulses, which may imply charge migration, and they are stronger in the two horizontal (north-south and east-west) channels than they are in the vertical channels. Pulses have been seen to occur in bursts lasting many hours. The pulses have large amplitudes and study of the three-axis data shows that the amplitude ratios of the pulses taken from pairs of orthogonal coils is stable across the bursts, suggesting a similar source. This paper presents three instances of increases in pulse activity in the 30 days prior to an earthquake, which are each followed by steep declines after the event. The pulses are shown, methods of detecting the pulses and calculating their azimuths is developed and discussed, and then the paper is closed with a brief look at future work.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Developmental Hip Dysplasia Using Cementless Tapered Stem. Results after a Minimum 10-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Faldini Cesare , Nanni Matteo , Leonetti Danilo , Miscione Maria Teresa , Acri Francesco , Giannini Sandro
Published: July 2011

Acetabular and femoral abnormalities make total hip arthroplasty in developmental hip dysplasia a challenging procedure. We present details of long-term follow-up of a series of patients affected by developmental hip dysplasia treated with total hip arthroplasty using a cementless tapered stem.

Thirty-five hips in 20 patients (18 women and 2 men) aged between 44 and 60 years (mean 51 years) were observed. Clinical evaluation was conducted using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Radiographic evaluation consisted in standard anteroposterior and axial view radiographs of the hip. According to Crowe's classification, 25 hips had grade 2 and 10 hips grade 3 dysplasia. All patients were treated with total hip arthroplasty using a cementless tapered stem (Wagner Cone Prosthesis™). After surgery the patients were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months and annually thereafter. The average follow-up was 12 years (range 10–14 years).

The average HHS was 57±7 (range 45–66) preoperatively, 90±7 (range 81–100) 12 months after surgery and 90±6 (range 83–100) at last follow-up. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated excellent osseointegration of the implants in most cases. Signs of bone resorption were present in 5 hips, but no evidence of loosening was observed and none of the implants have been revised.

The tapered stem achieved adequate stability and orientation, and may be a suitable option for total hip arthroplasty for arthritis following developmental hip dysplasia.
Original article. Pharmacodynamics of dry powder formulations of salbutamol for delivery by inhalation
Authors: Sukasame Nichakorn , Nimnoo Narumon , Suwandecha Tan , Srichana Teerapol
Published: July 2011

Background: Salbutamol is a β2-selective adrenoceptor agonist used as a bronchodilator. Delivery by inhalation has many advantages over oral dosage for the treatment of asthma. It offers rapid onset of action with low systemic side effects.

Objective: Evaluate the relationship of in vitro particle size characteristics and pharmacodynamics of formulations of inhaled salbutamol dry powder.

Methods: Three formulations contained micronized salbutamol and a lactose carrier with different size ranges (40- 80, 20-40, and 10-20 μm for formulations 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Following formulation of the drug, resultant powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the aerosolization performance determined using an Andersen Cascade Impactor analysis. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for measuring the salbutamol drug content. The in vivo pharmacodynamics of the formulations was monitored in 12 healthy and 12 asthmatic volunteers.

Results: The percentage of the fine particle fractions (FPF) for formulations 1, 2, and 3 were 24.87±0.52%, 33.82±3.80%, and 41.50±2.86%, respectively. The mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) were around 3 μm for all formulations. The pharmacodynamic parameters, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and mid expiratory flow (FEF25-75), were indices for evaluation of the bioavailability of the bronchodilatory drug. All formulations improved the FEF25-75 value in asthmatics, while FVC and FEV1 were not altered.

Conclusion: The formulations of salbutamol dry powder aerosols with a fine lactose carrier produced a high deposition in the lower regions of the respiratory tract. Although the FEF25-75 value in asthmatics was improved, the value did not correlate well with the FPF of the salbutamol dry powder.
Original article. Intravenous sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy in very elderly patients of Thailand
Authors: Amornyotin Somchai , Srikureja Wichit , Pausawasdi Nonthalee , Kachintorn Udom
Published: July 2011

Background: The use of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy (GIE) procedures in elderly patients has been established as a safe and effective technique. However, it is still uncertain whether the situation is valid for Asians.

Objective: Evaluate the outcome of intravenous sedation (IVS) for GIE procedures in very elderly patients (>86 years old) in Thailand and compare the clinical efficacy of IVS between very elderly and those younger (<86 years old)

Methods: We undertook a retrospective review of the sedation service records of patients who underwent GIE procedures between 2007 and 2008 at Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. All sedations were administered by anesthetic personnel in the endoscopy room. The cohort was divided into three groups, <65 years old (group 1), 65-85 years old (group 2), and >86 years old (group 3).

Results: Sedation was provided for 1,779 patients (965, 687, and 127 patients in group 1, 2, and 3, respectively) in 2,061 GIE procedures. Fentanyl, midazolam and propofol were the most common IVS drugs used in all three groups. Patients in group 3 required lower mean doses of these intravenous sedatives than those in group 1 or 2 (p <0.001). Mean procedure time in group 3 was longer than in group 1 or 2 (p=0.010). Adverse events in group 3 occurred more frequently when compared to group 1 or 2 (p <0.001). Transient hypotension was the main complication across all aged groups.

Conclusion: IVS for GIE procedure in very elderly patients was associated with higher minor advance events but relatively safe and effective when carried out by trained anesthetic personnel with appropriate monitoring and dose adjustment.
Prevalence and recognition of geriatric syndromes in an outpatient clinic at a tertiary care hospital of Thailand
Authors: Limpawattana Panita , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak , Soonpornrai Suvanee , Huangthaisong Wilawan
Published: July 2011

Background: Geriatric syndromes are a series of clinical conditions in the elderly that do not fit into distinct categories. They affect the quality of life of a patient and are associated with disability.

Objectives: This study determined the prevalence of geriatric syndromes in an Internal Medicine Outpatient setting. It compared the prevalence of each geriatric syndrome when using a comprehensive geriatric assessment versus the routine medical assessment.

Methods: One hundred twenty elderly patients of the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of Srinagarind Hospital Medical School were randomly reviewed between January 2008 and May 2010. Information on baseline characteristics and the presence of a geriatric syndrome was collected. Data for 50 patients assessed using a comprehensive geriatric assessment were reviewed prospectively and data for 70 patients assessed by a routine medical assessment were reviewed retrospectively. The prevalence for each syndrome was compared between two groups. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used to analyze these outcomes.

Results: The mean age and sex were not different between the two groups. Comparing the comprehensive geriatric assessment and routine medical assessment groups, there were, respectively, a prevalence of 30% vs. 1% for falls, 16% vs. 19% for dementia, 24% vs. 9% for urinary incontinence, 50% vs. 17% for functional dependency, and 22% vs. 14% for depression. Each syndrome was more prevalent with increasing age and in females. Falls (RR 2.79; 95% CI, 2.07-3.75), functional dependency (RR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.51-3.33) and urinary incontinence (RR 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.70) had significantly higher prevalence in the comprehensive geriatric assessment group compared with the routine medical assessment group.

Conclusions: Geriatric syndromes were highly prevalent in the elderly outpatient population. Under-recognition of these syndromes with routine medical assessments is common. Therefore, routine screening of these conditions by the comprehensive geriatric assessment is recommended.
Original article. Development of chitosan/nanosized apatite composites for bone cements
Authors: Rattanachan Sirirat , Boonphayak Piyanan , Lorprayoon Charussri
Published: July 2011

Background: Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) is a promising materials for bone defect repair. Nanosized apatite or calcium orthophosphate has a better bioactivity than coarser crystals. Chitosan is produced commercially from chitin that is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp. The mixing of nanosized apatite and chitosan may provide the consistency cement, improving mechanical properties of the set bone cement.

Objective: Develop nanosized apatite powder with chitosan for bone composite cement.

Materials and method: Nanosized apatite was synthesized by chemical method at low temperature and used as the single-component for bone cement. The nanosized apatite powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. CPCs were developed based on chitosan/nanosized apatite and calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The compressive strength of the set cement was measured after one to four weeks. The phase composition and the morphology of the set cements were investigated.

Results: Calcium sulfate hemihydrate was effective in increasing the compressive strength after setting in a simulated body fluid for seven days. The compressive strength of chitosan/nanosized apatite composite was about 18 MPa after soaking.

Conclusion: The workability and setting time of this composite were suitable to handling for bone cement. These composite cements had a significant clinical advantage for substitution of the regenerated bone.
Brief communication (Original). Preparation of a novel porous scaffold from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/hydroxyapatite
Authors: Nazarpak Masoume Haghbin , Pourasgari Farzaneh , Sarbolouki Mohammahdnabi
Published: July 2011

Background: Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering must meet functional requirements, porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Different polymeric scaffolds have been designed to satisfy these properties. Composite materials could improve mechanical properties compared with polymers, and structural integrity and flexibility compared with brittle ceramics.

Objective: Fabricate poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) /hydroxyapatite (HA) porous scaffolds by freezeextraction method, and evaluate the possibility for optimizing their biocompatibility by changing their HA content.

Methods: Porous PLGA/HA composites structure were prepared by freezing a polymer solution, and then the solvent was extracted by a non-solvent and subsequently air-dried. The scaffolds were coated with triblock copolymer and sterilized by ultraviolet light. Human mesenchymal stem cells were cultured on the prepared scaffolds and were studied after three days by 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence microscopy.

Results: Microstructural studies with SEM showed the formation of about 50 micrometer size porous structure and interconnected porosity so that cells were adhered well into the structure of the coated samples. DAPI fluorescence microscopy showed more cell adhesion to the coated scaffolds and cell diffusion into the pores are visible. Direct assay of cell proliferation performed with MTT test showed cell growing on the scaffold similar to or more than on control samples.

Conclusion: The triblock-coated PLGA/HA porous scaffolds may provide cell adhesion and proliferation, demonstrating their potential application in bone engineering.
Clinical report. Benefits from genetic test in descendants of familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome: report of a family in southern Thailand
Authors: Wanitsuwan Worawit , Boonpipatanapong Teeranut , Kanngern Samornmas , Chaiyapan Walawee , Graidist Podchanapond , Sangkhathat Surasak
Published: July 2011

Background: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited colorectal cancer predisposing syndrome that has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with complete penetrance. Although the disease-causing gene of FAP, the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, is well understood, genetic testing for FAP remains uncommon in Thailand, possibly because of its high cost.

Objective: Present a family in southern Thailand that had benefited from this test.

Subject and methods: The proband was a 31-year-old man who had rectal cancer with profuse adenomatous polyposis of his colon.

Results: APC mutation screening revealed a novel mutation at codon 1249 (TGC1249TAA) that could predict a premature stop codon. On screening of three siblings in the same generation who were alive and 11 members of the descendant generation, four cases were positive for the mutation. The positive members were confirmed to have a type of diffuse colonic polyposis by endoscopy, and a prophylactic colectomy was performed without complications for every affected individual.

Conclusion: A genetic test is cost-effective. It should be considered for FAP, especially when the number of at-risk family members is high.
A comparison of PCR-based markers for the molecular identification of Sphagnum species of the section Acutifolia
Authors: Sawicki Jakub , Szczecińska Monika
Published: July 2011

RAPDs, ISJs, ISSRs, ITS and katGs were applied to determine genetic relationships between common Sphagnum species of the section Acutifolia. Twenty populations were genotyped using ten ISJ primers, 12 pairs of katG primers, 10 ISSR and 10 RAPD primers, and a restriction analysis of ITS1 and ITS2. ISSR and katG markers revealed the greatest number of species-specific bands. An analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 regions with restriction enzymes also proved to be a highly effective tool for species identification.
Patterning of Flexible Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors with Solution‐Processed ZnO Using the Binary Solvent Mixture
Authors: Kim Kyongjun , Park Siyun , Seon Jong‐Baek , Lim Keon‐Hee , Char Kookheon , Shin Kyusoon , Kim Youn Sang
Published: July 2011

Flexible transparent thin‐film transistors (TTFTs) have emerged as next‐generation transistors because of their applicability in transparent electronic devices. In particular, the major driving force behind solution‐processed zinc oxide film research is its prospective use in printing for electronics. Since the patterning that prevents current leakage and crosstalk noise is essential to fabricate TTFTs, the need for sophisticated patterning methods is critical. In patterning solution‐processed ZnO thin films, several points require careful consideration. In general, as these thin films have a porous structure, conventional patterning based on photolithography causes loss of film performance. In addition, as controlling the drying process is very subtle and cumbersome, it is difficult to fabricate ZnO semiconductor films with robust fidelity through selective printing or patterning. Therefore, we have developed a simple selective patterning method using a substrate pre‐patterned through bond breakage of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), as well as a new developing method using a toluene–methanol mixture as a binary solvent mixture.
Novel Method of Preparation of Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Doped TiO2 and SiO2 Plasmonic Thin Films: Optical Characterization and Comparison with Maxwell–Garnett Modeling
Authors: Pedrueza Esteban , Valdés José L. , Chirvony Vladimir , Abargues Rafael , Hernández‐Saz Jesús , Herrera Miriam , Molina Sergio I. , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P.
Published: July 2011

SiO2 and TiO2 thin films with gold nanoparticles (NPs) are of particular interest as photovoltaic materials. A novel method for the preparation of spin‐coated SiO2–Au and TiO2–Au nanocomposites is presented. This fast and inexpensive method, which includes three separate stages, is based on the in situ synthesis of both the metal‐oxide matrix and the Au NPs during a baking process at relatively low temperature. It allows the formation of nanocomposite thin films with a higher concentration of Au NPs than other methods. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy studies revealed a homogeneous distribution of NPs over the film volume along with their narrow size distribution. The optical manifestation of localized surface plasmon resonance was studied in more detail for TiO2‐based Au‐doped nanocomposite films deposited on glass (in absorption and transmittance) and silicon (in specular reflectance). Maxwell–Garnett effective‐medium theory applied to such metal‐doped nanocomposite films describes the peculiarities of the experimental spectra, including modification of the antireflective properties of bare TiO2 films deposited on silicon by varying the concentration of metal NPs. The antireflective capabilities of the film are increased after a wet etching process.
Large‐scale computational screening of metal‐organic frameworks for CH4/H2 separation
Authors: Wu Dong , Wang Cuicui , Liu Bei , Liu Dahuan , Yang Qingyuan , Zhong Chongli
Published: July 2011

Molecular simulations were performed to study a diverse collection of 105 metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) for their ability to remove CH4 from CH4/H2 mixture. To investigate the practical industrial application in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process, working capacity was also considered in addition to selectivity. The results show that MOFs are promising candidate for this separation, which give higher adsorption selectivity with similar working capacity and higher working capacity with similar selectivity than the traditional nanoporous materials such as carbonaceous materials and zeolites. To quantitatively describe the structure–property relationship for CH4/H2 mixture separation in MOFs, a new concept named “adsorbility” was defined, which shows strong correlation with limiting selectivity, with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.86. This work shows that although MOFs are promising materials for CH4/H2 mixture separation, more investigations that consider both selectivity and working capacity are necessary to screen MOFs in practical PSA application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Changes in orientation of attritional wear facets with implications for jaw motion in a mixed longitudinal sample ofPropithecus edwardsifrom Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar
Authors: Blatch Stephanie , Boyer Doug M. , King Stephen J. , Bunn Jonathan M. , Jernvall Jukka , Wright Patricia C.
Published: July 2011

In many mammalian species, the progressive wearing down of the teeth that occurs over an individual's lifetime has the potential to change dental function, jaw movements, or even feeding habits. The orientation of phase‐I wear facets on molars reveals the direction of jaw movement during the power stroke of mastication. We investigated if and how molar wear facets change with increasing wear and/or age by examining a mixed longitudinal dataset of mandibular tooth molds from wildPropithecus edwardsi(N= 32 individuals, 86 samples). Measurements of the verticality of wear facets were obtained from three‐dimensional digital models generated from μCT scans. Results show that verticality decreases over the lifetime ofP. edwardsi, a change that implies an increasingly lateral translation of the jaw as the teeth move into occlusion. A more transverse phase‐I power stroke supports the hypothesis that these animals chew to maximize longevity and functionality of their teeth, minimizing the “waste” of enamel, while maintaining sharp shearing crests. Results of this study indicate that wear facet verticality is more closely correlated with age than overall amount of tooth wear, measured as area of exposed dentin, suggesting that age‐related changes in cranial morphology may be more responsible for adjustments in jaw motion over the lifetimes ofPropithecusthan wear‐related changes inthe shape of occluding teeth. Finally, the rate of decrease in wear facet verticality with age is greater in males than in females suggesting differences in development and/or access to resources between the sexes in this species. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of boric acid treatment method on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)/iodine polarizing film
Authors: Shin Eun Joo , Lyoo Won Seok , Lee Yang Hun
Published: July 2011

Four types of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/iodine complex films were made using different boric acid treatments to prepare polarizing films having high durability under humid and warm atmospheres and to identify the effects of the boric acid treatment method on the formation of the PVA/iodine polarizing film. The four types of films were a PVA iodinated film(I), a PVA film that was iodinated and then treated with boric acid(I‐B), a PVA film that was treated with boric acid and then iodinated(B‐I), and a PVA film that was simultaneously treated with iodine and boric acid(I+B). The concentrations of I2/KI were 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 mol/L, and the concentrations of boric acid were 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mol/L. Comparing four type films treated with 0.05 mol/L I2/KI and 0.5 mol/L boric acid, the conformation of PVA/iodine complexes for I‐B film were larger than the others. The degrees of polarization (ρ) of all of the films increased to very high levels (99.9%↑). The durability of I‐B was superior to B‐I or I+B, and the change in the ρ was below 5% because the boric acid treated after iodine treatment reduced the molecular mobility of the PVA/iodine complex chains through intracrosslinking, so that the PVA/iodine complex could not easily collapse. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Location of Defensive Military Trenches in Central and Northern Greece
Authors: Kaimaris Dimitris
Published: July 2011

The defensive military trenches of the first half of the twentieth century provide valuable insight into the typology, morphology and construction techniques of their era; however, only a small number of them still exist because of recent uncontrolled city growth. Historical (from 1938) and contemporary remote sensing data are used in this research for locating the sites of military trenches and to assess the extent of their disappearance in Greece. Examples of the different construction types of defensive military trenches can be found in the wider area around Kavala, Amphipolis, Thessaloniki, Trikala and Volos. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐destructive Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey at the South Walls of the Acropolis of Athens
Authors: Tsourlos P.I. , Tsokas G. N.
Published: July 2011

We present the application and results of a fully non‐destructive electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey conducted at the Acropolis of Athens. The aim of the survey to investigate the space behind the south wall of the Acropolis. The electrode lines were deployed vertically and horizontally on the wall as well as on the top of the hill. Further ERT tomographies were conducted encompassing the volume of the material between the outer wall and inner open pits. Bentonite mud electrodes were employed instead of metal stakes in order to comply with the non‐destructive character of the whole operation. An existing ERT data processing algorithm was modified to cope with the particular requirements of this unconventional survey. Areas of increased moisture were revealed in the prospected volumes. Further, the thickness of the wall was assessed in particular locations. It is shown that this type of survey is perfectly feasible and can produce informative results and elucidating images for archaeologists and restoration scientists. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Field Magnetometer Investigation at the Phoenician Island of Mozia (Trapani), Northwestern Sicily: Preliminary Results
Authors: Di Mauro D. , Alfonsi L. , Sapia V. , Nigro Lorenzo , Marchetti M.
Published: July 2011

The island of Mozia represents a unique location for geophysical investigations applied to archaeological research. The presence of exposed structures and ongoing studies, run by the University ‘La Sapienza’ of Rome, allows a direct comparison of geophysical exploration data with the excavations results, giving an immediate control on the accuracy and robustness of the geophysical survey conducted. Four areas around the Kothon, a Phoenician artificial basin, have been investigated by means of magnetic methods; the purpose was to trace a semi‐circular wall surrounding the structure of the basin. The geophysical results confirmed the presence of the wall, as postulated by the archaeological study, and indicated magnetic anomalies associated with previously unknown structures. Subsequent archaeological excavation confirmed these latter data. The magnetic signature of the topsoils and remains characterizing the area surveyed,was undoubtedly weak, even though the resulting anomalies maps were adequately clear and allowed the characterization of the archaeological structures in the area. Field and laboratory magnetic susceptibility measurements allowed better understanding of the data. The study confirmed that geomagnetic investigations can be used in weakly magnetic susceptibility environments, as in Mozia, and are productive if conducted in accordance with an archaeological agenda. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing to enhance retention in human anatomy
Authors: Logan Jessica M. , Thompson Andrew J. , Marshak David W.
Published: July 2011

Recent work in cognitive psychology has shown that repeatedly testing one's knowledge is a powerful learning aid and provides substantial benefits for retention of the material. To apply this in a human anatomy course for medical students, 39 fill‐in‐the‐blank quizzes of about 50 questions each, one for each region of the body, and four about the nervous system, were developed. The quizzes were optional, and no credit was awarded. They were posted online using Blackboard, which provided feedback, and they were very popular. To determine whether the quizzes had any effect on retention, they were given in a controlled setting to 21 future medical and dental students. The weekly quizzes included questions on regional anatomy and an expanded set of questions on the nervous system. Each question about the nervous system was given three times, in a slightly different form each time. The second quiz was given approximately half an hour after the first one, and the third was given one week after the second to assess retention. The quizzes were unpopular, but students showed robust improvement on the questions about the nervous system. The scores increased by almost 9% on the second quiz, with no intervention except viewing the correct answers. The scores were 29% higher on the third quiz than on the first, and there was also a positive correlation between the grades on the quizzes and the final examination. Thus, repeated testing is an effective strategy for learning and retaining information about human anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Heuristic Chemistry—Elimination Reactions
Authors: Graulich Nicole , Hopf Henning , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: July 2011

Besides additions and substitutions, elimination reactions play a fundamental role in organic synthesis. However, conceptual reviews of known 1,x‐elimination patterns that go beyond the typical olefin‐forming 1,2‐eliminations are scarce. To develop a broader understanding of elimination reactions, we follow a heuristic approach and deduce recurrent reaction patterns from traditional and specific elimination reactions. Our work demonstrates that 1,x‐elimination reactions and their outcomes can be easily rationalized by defined mnemonic categories.
Predicting human plasma protein binding of drugs using plasma protein interaction QSAR analysis (PPI‐QSAR)
Authors: Li Haiyan , Chen Zhuxi , Xu Xuejun , Sui Xiaofan , Guo Tao , Liu Wei , Zhang Jiwen
Published: July 2011

A novel method, named as the plasma protein‐interaction QSAR analysis (PPI‐QSAR) was used to construct the QSAR models for human plasma protein binding. The intra‐molecular descriptors of drugs and inter‐molecular interaction descriptors resulted from the docking simulation between drug molecules and human serum albumin were included as independent variables in this method. A structure‐based in silico model for a data set of 65 antibiotic drugs was constructed by the multiple linear regression method and validated by the residual analysis, the normal Probability‐Probability plot and Williams plot. The R2 and Q2 values of the entire data set were 0.87 and 0.77, respectively, for the training set were 0.86 and 0.72, respectively. The results indicated that the fitted model is robust, stable and satisfies all the prerequisites of the regression models. Combining intra‐molecular descriptors with inter‐molecular interaction descriptors between drug molecules and human serum albumin, the drug plasma protein binding could be modeled and predicted by the PPI‐QSAR method successfully. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The anatomical collection of Giovan Battista Rini (1795–1856):
Authors: PANZER S. , CARLI A. , ZINK A.R. , PIOMBINO‐MASCALI D.
Published: July 2011

Eight anatomical preparations from the collection of Giovan Battista Rini (1795‐1856) at the Desenzano Hospital Pathology Division (Brescia, Italy) were examined by computed tomography (CT). The aim of the study was to obtain detailed information on the state of preservation of these “anatomical mummies” and the techniques used to prepare them. Relying on the existing literature, the examined specimens (five heads with necks, two busts and one heart) could be divided into three types of anatomical specimens: “dry preparations,” “corrosion preparations,” and “organ preparations.” CT examination enabled the assessment of the exact features of each specimen, some of the preparation techniques applied, the presence of foreign bodies, and the use of substances to fill the blood vessels. All of the cases demonstrated an extremely good state of preservation. The study sheds new light on important‐yet scarcely known‐preparation techniques created for different anatomical demonstrations. Results of the CT investigation were consistent with the anatomical preservation methods described in 18th to 20th century literature, particularly those of Italy. Clin. Anat. 25:299–307, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Framework for the Modulation of the Activity of the Hybrid Antibiotic Peptide Cecropin A‐Melittin [CA(1–7)M(2–9)] by Nε‐Lysine Trimethylation
Authors: Díaz M. Dolores , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Fernández‐Reyes María , Rivas Luis , Andreu David , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús
Published: July 2011

The 3D structures of six linear pentadecapeptides derived from the cecropin A–melittin antimicrobial peptide CA(1–7)M(2–9) [KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL‐NH2] have been studied. These analogues are modified by ε‐NH2 trimethylation of one or more lysine residues and showed variation in both antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, depending on the number and position of modified lysines. Since it is expected that these peptides will display a strong conformational ordering when in contact with membranes, we have investigated their structure on the basis of the data extracted from NMR experiments performed in membrane‐mimetic environments. We show that inclusion of Nε‐trimethylated lysine residues induces a certain degree of structural flexibility, while preserving to a variable extent a largely α‐helical structure. In addition, peptide orientation with respect to SDS micelles has been explored by detection of the intensity changes of peptide NMR signals upon addition of a paramagnetic probe (Mn2+ ions).
Influence of corevalve revalving system implantation on mitral valve function
Authors: De Chiara Benedetta , Moreo Antonella , De Marco Federico , Musca Francesco , Oreglia Jacopo , Lobiati Elisabetta , Bruschi Giuseppe , Belli Oriana , Mauri Francesco , Klugmann Silvio
Published: July 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify whether transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) determined changes in mitral valve (MV) function, in terms of mitral regurgitation (MR) and stenosis. Background: Little data is available regarding the effects of TAVI on global MV function, often derived from analysis primarily focused on clinical and aortic related outcomes. Methods: From May 2008 to March 2010, 73 patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis underwent TAVI with the CoreValve ReValving System. The study population consisted of 58 patients (27 males, mean age 82 ± 7 years) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography at least ≥1 month after implantation (mean follow‐up 7.8 ± 5.4 months). Results: In patients with a left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction, EF, <45%) at the baseline, EF significantly increased from 37 ± 6% to 48 ± 7% after TAVI (P = 0.003). Before TAVI, 42 patients had no or mild MR, 13 mild‐to‐moderate, and 3 moderate or moderate‐to‐severe. During follow‐up, the MR degree was unchanged in the majority of patients (55%), 12% reduced, and 33% worsened. Variables associated with worsening in MR were depth of aortic prosthesis (P = 0.02 for the distance between the ventricular end and the right coronary cusp; P = 0.04 for mean distance right‐left coronary cusps) and left atrium area at the baseline (P = 0.02). After TAVI, six patients (10%) developed mild or moderate mitral stenosis, often in a native valve with anterior calcifications. Conclusions: In the majority of patients no significant changes occurred in the degree of MR in native valve, but we found that if the aortic valve was deeply implanted in the left ventricle outflow tract, a worsening in MR can be observed. A mitral stenosis development must be sought in patients with heavy calcifications of the anterior leaflet. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary chronic total occlusions
Authors: Godino Cosmo , Latib Azeem , Economou Fotios I. , Al‐Lamee Rasha , Ielasi Alfonso , Bassanelli Giorgio , Figini Filippo , Chieffo Alaide , Montorfano Matteo , Colombo Antonio , Carlino Mauro
Published: July 2011

Aim: There are limited data on the mid‐term safety following the use of the guided‐subintimal tracking and re‐entry (guided‐STAR) technique for the treatment of chronic total occlusions (CTO) and concerns have arisen about a potential increased risk of stent thrombosis (ST). Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid‐term safety in terms of cardiac death and ST after recanalization using the contrast guided‐STAR technique when compared to conventional anterograde CTO recanalization (CA‐CTO). Methods and Results: This retrospective study analyzed 355 consecutive patients with successful angiographic recanalization (residual stenosis <20% and TIMI flow grade ≥2) of CTO lesion. Seventy‐four (20.8%) underwent guided‐STAR and 281 (79.2%) had CA‐CTO. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Compared to CA‐CTO patients, the rate of the following clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics were significantly higher in guided‐STAR patients: hypercholesterolemia (84 vs. 67%, P = 0.004), previous CABG (41.3 vs. 15.7%, P < 0.0001), three‐vessel disease, (62.7 vs. 47%, P = 0.019), right coronary artery CTO (62.7 vs. 41.6%, P = 0.002), stent length (68.15 vs. 54.05 mm, P < 0.0001). A drug‐eluting stent was implanted in the majority of cases (89.2% guided‐STAR vs. 93.5% CA‐CTO). At a median follow‐up of 779 days (IQR 495–1035), there were no significant differences in cardiac survival (97.2 vs. 97.5%, Log‐rank P = 0.912) and cumulative ARC ST rates (2.8 vs. 1.8%, Log‐rank P = 0.610) for guided‐STAR and CA‐CTO patients, respectively. The rate of restenosis was significantly higher in the guided‐STAR group compared to the CA‐CTO group (54 vs. 30%, Log‐rank P < 0.0001). The adjusted Cox proportional‐hazard analysis for procedural technique showed that the only significant independent predictor of restenosis was the stent length (HR, 1.017; 95% CI, 1.008–1.027; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: At mid‐term follow‐up, the guided‐STAR was not inferior to CA‐CTO in terms of safety. The only significant independent predictor of restenosis was the stent length. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Combination therapy involving stenting and coil embolization for atherosclerotic narrowing complicated by a coronary aneurysm
Authors: Oda Hirotaka , Suzuki Tomoyasu
Published: July 2011

There is controversy as to how atherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysms should be treated and managed because their prognosis is still unknown. This report describes a case in which atherosclerotic coronary narrowing accompanied by a saccular coronary aneurysm was successfully treated by combination therapy involving coil embolization to treat the aneurysm and stent implantation across the narrowing and the ostium of the aneurysm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel application of angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy for massive thrombosis of the native aortic valve and jarvick 2000 ventricular assist device in a patient with end‐stage heart failure
Authors: Barbieri Andrea , Bertelli Luca , Sangiorgi Giuseppe M.
Published: July 2011

With the diffusion of implantable ventricular assist pumps in heart failure patients refractory to treatments or ineligible to transplantation, acute aortic valve and device thrombosis is an unusual but potentially increasing complication. We report a novel application of angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy for acute and massive thrombosis of the native aortic valve and of the left ventricular assist device in a heart failure patient. The technical execution and clinical experience with this technique is described. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bench top evaluation and clinical experience with the szabo technique
Authors: Vaquerizo Beatriz , Serra Antonio , Ormiston John , Miranda‐Guardiola Faustino , Webber Bruce , Fantuzzi Andres , Delgado Guillermo , Brugera Jordi
Published: July 2011

Background: The Szabo technique has been described as a method to ensure accurate ostial stent placement. We sought to investigate this novel technique in detail both in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results: The technique was subjected to bench testing and also undertaken in 26 patients. Each step was recorded with cine angiography and the stents imaged by microcomputed tomography. The ostial LAD was treated in 81% and a DES was implanted in 92%. Angiographic success was 88.5% (one case of stent dislodgement). Repeat angiography was performed in 78% and restenosis observed in two patients. MACE rate at 15.5 ± 5.1 months was 13% (1 TLR, 1 MI, 1 cardiac death). Despite a seemingly excellent immediate angiographic result, we report one case of restenosis at follow up and one case of IVUS examination (performed in four patients) in which significant stent protrusion, into the proximal main vessel, was observed. In vitro bench testing confirmed a significant and asymmetric (carina side) stent protrusion into the main branch, with the last cell of the stent undergoing significant deformation. Conclusions: The Szabo technique is not a precise technique to implant a stent at the level of the ostium. The proximal end of the stent undergoes significant and asymmetric deformation, protruding into main branch. Additional concerns with this complex technique include the potential for stent damage or contamination before implantation and the risk of stent dislodgement. We conclude that there are more disadvantages than benefits to this technique which only partially addresses the difficulties encountered in the treating ostial lesions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequential trans‐catheter aortic valve implantation and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Drury‐Smith Mark , Garnham Andrew , Khogali Saib
Published: July 2011

Aortic stenosis in the elderly population is an increasing problem, with many patients being considered too high risk for surgery, and therefore being denied treatment. A percutaneous method of treatment in the form of trans‐catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is becoming an increasingly attractive option in this group of patients. Although, TAVI has been shown to be successful and improve cardiovascular haemodynamics, assessment of other comorbidities in this susceptible group of patients is essential to ensure good clinical outcomes. The presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in our patient was an example of an important comorbidity which could have a significant impact on the outcome of TAVI, if not managed appropriately. The increased systolic pressure post successful TAVI will result in an increased strain within the AAA with an increased risk of rupture. Therefore, a timely management strategy for the AAA was necessary. Our case is of sequential TAVI followed by Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The patient underwent uncomplicated TAVI. There was complete abolition of trans‐aortic gradient. EVAR was successfully undertaken three weeks post TAVI. The patient made an excellent recovery and remained well at six months follow‐up. Our case highlights the importance of a detailed assessment in all patients prior to consideration for TAVI and the importance of having a management strategy for both pathologies tailored to the patient. This case demonstrates the benefits of development of trans‐catheter techniques for two different conditions. Future developments including reduction of sheath size reduction and EVAR and TAVI device evolution, may enable simultaneous treatment of aortic stenosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm as a combined percutaneous procedure under local anaesthetic. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.