bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roman Republican Augury
Authors: Driediger-Murphy Lindsay G.
Published: April 2019

This book proposes a new way of understanding augury, a form of Roman state divination designed to consult the god Jupiter. Previous scholarly studies of augury have tended to focus either upon its legal-constitutional aspects or upon its role in maintaining and perpetuating Roman social and political structures. This book contributes to the study of Roman religion, theology, politics, and cultural history by focusing upon what augury can tell us about how Romans understood their relationship with their gods. The current scholarly consensus holds that augury, like other forms of Roman public divination, told Romans what they wanted to hear. Modern scholars speak of augury as a way of gaining control over the gods, of priests and magistrates as ‘creating’ the divine will regardless of the empirical results of augural rituals, and of Jupiter as being ‘bound’ to actualize whatever signs human beings chose to report. This book challenges this consensus, arguing that augury in both theory and practice left space for perceived expressions of divine will which contradicted human wishes. When human and divine will clashed, it was the will of Jupiter, not that of the man consulting him, which was supposed to prevail. In theory as in practice, it was the Romans, not their supreme god, who were ‘bound’ by the auguries and auspices.
‘Independent Experts’ and Immigration Policies in the UK
Authors: Ruhs Martin
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the experiences of the Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) and the Migration Observatory (MigObs) in providing independent analysis to inform immigration debates and policy‐making in the UK. The MAC was established by the UK government in 2007 and MigObs was launched as an ‘impact project’ by the University of Oxford in 2009. The chapter includes critical reflections and personal assessments based on the author’s role as one of five members of the MAC during 2007–2014 and as the first Director of MigObs during 2009–2012. The chapter shows how the institutional design of an impact initiative such as MigObs, or of an expert advisory body such as the MAC, can have important implications for its credibility and political acceptability, and thus long-term impacts on debates and policy-making.
The Politicization of Evidence-based Policies
Authors: Tamas Kristof
Published: April 2019

The Swedish experience of government committees offers interesting examples of the diversity of efforts to make research relevant for policy-making. The Swedish case is also an illustration of how the research–policy dialogue may suffer from the gap between different research and policy ‘cultures’. These need to be bridged through dialogue and exchange in order to avoid a demise in the relationships between researchers and policy-makers. The aim of this chapter is to draw on the Swedish example with government committees to discuss critically the potential opportunities, benefits, and pitfalls when attempting to bridge the gap between research and policy-making. The chapter will also cast some new light on the claim that the research–policy nexus in liberal democracies is characterized by ‘the simultaneous scientification of politics and the politicization of science’.
Metropolis and Post-truth Politics
Authors: Duncan Howard
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the experiences of the International Metropolis Project which began in 1996 with the vision of enhancing immigration and integration policy through an application of empirical research. Conceived as a network among policy officials, researchers, and civil society, Metropolis works to encourage research that is useful to policy, to have research used in policy development, and to improve the lives of those affected by migration, the migrants—those in their destination societies, and those in their homelands. Following the bridge symbol of its logo, Metropolis fosters the building of strong working relations across the academic, policy, and civil society sectors on an international scale. The underlying belief is that the research–policy gap is more effectively bridged through interpersonal relations than through traditional research dissemination practices. The confidence established through these relations may serve to fight the rise of post-truth politics in the migration field.
Aristotle on the Sources of the Ethical Life
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: April 2019

This work challenges the common belief that Aristotle’s virtue ethics is founded on an appeal to human nature, an appeal that is thought to be intended to provide both substantive ethical advice and justification for the demands of ethics. It is argued that it is not Aristotle’s intent, but the view is resisted that Aristotle was blind to questions of the source or justification of his ethical views. Aristotle’s views are interpreted as a ‘middle way’ between the metaphysical grounding offered by Platonists and the scepticism or subjectivist alternatives articulated by others. The commitments implicit in the nature of action figure prominently in this account: Aristotle reinterprets Socrates’ famous paradox that no one does evil willingly, taking it to mean that a commitment to pursuing the good is implicit in the very nature of action. This approach is compared to constructivism in contemporary ethics.
“Whatever Is, Is Right”
Authors: Moore Sean D.
Published: April 2019

Beginning with an analysis of a painting of the slaveholding founder of the Redwood Library of Newport, Rhode Island, that shows him holding a copy of Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man, this chapter documents the reading of Alexander Pope’s works in colonial America in relation to the Atlantic slavery economy. In doing so, it provides a theory that portraiture featuring books should count as evidence of the reception of them. It shows how slavery philanthropy fueled the Rhode Island book trade and endowed its libraries, and how patriot thought and activity emerged from these libraries. In examining the fragmentary remaining circulation receipt books of the Redwood, it shows patterns of reading that suggest that members of the library were more concerned about their own political “slavery” to Britain than with the condition of the Africans they were enslaving. It also investigates Rhode Island abolitionism in figures like Samuel Hopkins.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Sean D.
Published: April 2019

This Introduction shows how this book contributes to the emerging field of postcolonial book history and cultural historiography. By demonstrating its relevance to the capitalism and slavery thesis, it shows how books, too, were industrial goods capitalized by slave labor. It explains that early American proprietary subscription libraries were centers for revolutionary leadership development, and one location where colonials imbibed British political thought. In challenging the civic republicanism thesis of Caroline Robbins, J. G. A. Pocock, and Bernard Bailyn it argues that ownership of slaves was the proprietorship formative of the virtue of the republican citizen and that C. B. MacPherson’s theory of possessive individualism more accurately describes their citizenship. It maps the networks through which colonials purchased books, and gives a history of early American reading. The most popular genres among early Americans are documented, and anti-slavery is shown to be both a product of revolutionary thinking and an inspiration for it.
Human: Solving the global workforce crisis in healthcare
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

The central argument of this book is that over the next decade we are heading towards a global workforce shortage in healthcare that will harm patients, citizens, and societies. Knowing what we know, we cannot simply watch this happen; Mark Britnell believes it is possible to make good this gap by orchestrating our policies and practice in a more innovative, concerted, and collaborative way. In doing so, productivity will improve in a key section of the economy and national wealth will increase, helping individual prosperity, families, communities, and social cohesion. He looks at specific countries such as Japan, Brazil, and the Netherlands to illustrate how health systems can improve worldwide if we learn from each other. He argues for gender equality for healthcare workers, increased support for them, and more sophisticated thinking on the relationship between humans and technology.
The professions—on top of their game?
Authors: Britnell Mark
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, Mark Britnell presents a sharp analysis and criticism of current healthcare systems and argues that we need to change how healthcare workers are treated to encourage them to stay and develop within their profession. He points to the recent global OECD survey of students that found that a career in the health profession was ranked first, suggesting that young people want to become healthcare workers but are often deprived of the support they need to do their job. This chapter is about how we realize that potential—through education, training, teamwork, and technology—and harness the best we can from them as individuals and in teams.
International Organizations under Pressure
Authors: Dingwerth Klaus , Witt Antonia , Lehmann Ina , Reichel Ellen , Weise Tobias
Published: April 2019

In a contribution for the Foreign Affairs magazine in 2012, outgoing World Bank president Robert Zoellick explained ‘Why we still need the World Bank’. Taking Zoellick’s contribution as our starting point, we introduce the central theme of our book: the idea that it can no longer be taken for granted that a core institution of the post-war international order is needed and that international organizations have thus come ‘under pressure’. After laying out the ways in which our study goes beyond the state of our current knowledge, further sections elaborate on major aspects of our research design, on our core findings, and on the implications these findings have for the theory and practice of international organizations. A final section previews the content of Chapters 2 to 8.
Legitimation Contests
Authors: Dingwerth Klaus , Witt Antonia
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, we lay out the theoretical framework that informs our book. We argue that international organizations are legitimated in processes of contestation in which a plethora of actors seeks to define what distinguishes a ‘good’ from a ‘bad’ international organization. In doing so, the actors draw on as well as shape the normative environments in which international organizations are embedded. These environments, in turn, depend on the world political contexts of their time. Change in what we call the terms of legitimation therefore comes from two ends: first, from the dynamics of interaction among those who take part in legitimation contests (‘change from within’); and second, from material or ideational developments that support or challenge the persuasiveness of individual normative frames (‘change from the outside’).
More Time
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: April 2019

More Time is an extended essay on the contemporary short story focused on four recent collections: Alice Munro’s Dear Life (2012); Andre Dubus’s Dancing After Hours (1996); Joy Williams’s The Visiting Privilege (2015); and Lydia Davis’s Can’t and Won’t (2014). Each publication has appeared near the conclusion of a career devoted all but exclusively to short stories, with each defining a “late style” honed over a lifetime. As well, each diverges from others in ways that have profoundly shaped our generic conceptions, and collectively they represent the four most innovative practitioners of the past half-century (with the arguable exception of Raymond Carver). Yet in an era when writing programs, The New Yorker, and distinguished journals all promulgate the short story, it remains relatively under-examined as a major literary form. We continue to argue about what a story inherently is, ignoring how differences among practitioners enliven the field. Dubus, Munro, Williams, and Davis each defy critical efforts to identify the story form’s presumed constitution, marked by a supposedly special shape or requisite length or distinct narrative trajectory. And the very contrast among their efforts reveals the expansiveness of the genre, though few have taken such a cross-glancing interpretive approach. My effort is to open up discussion, shifting from close analysis into larger speculation about possibilities established by the most innovative ­writers in their later work.
Quantum Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Milonni Peter W.
Published: April 2019

The electromagnetic field is quantized for free space and for dispersive dielectric media. Different quantum states of the field (thermal, laser, squeezed) are discussed and their photon-statistical properties derived. The density matrix operator for the field is introduced along with a detailed discussion of the diagonal representation of the field density operator and its properties. Field commutation relations, correlation functions, and uncertainty relations are derived and discussed. Also discussed are the historically important Bohr-Rosenfeld analysis of field commutation and uncertainty relations; energy-time uncertainty relations; simultaneous (Arthurs-Kelly) measurement of non-commuting observables; and complementarity from the perspective of probability amplitudes and probabilities for distinguishable and indistinguishable processes.
Interaction Hamiltonian and Spontaneous Emission
Authors: Milonni Peter W.
Published: April 2019

The atom-field interaction is formulated within the fully quantized-field theory, starting from a detailed analysis of the transformation from the fundamental minimal coupling interaction Hamiltonian to the electric dipole Hamiltonian used extensively in quantum optics. Spontaneous emission, radiative level shifts, and the natural radiative lineshape are treated in both the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures, with emphasis on the roles of vacuum field fluctuations, radiation reaction, and the fluctuation-dissipation relation between them. The shortcomings of semiclassical radiation theories are discussed.
Atoms and Light: Quantum Theory
Authors: Milonni Peter W.
Published: April 2019

Some of the most basic aspects of the interaction of atoms with light are considered, with emphasis on distinctly quantum-electrodynamical effects. Absorption and stimulated emission are associated with interference between incident and scattered fields. The JaynesCummings model, collapses and revivals, and dressed states are discussed along with related experimental studies in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Entangled states are associated with the interference of probability amplitudes for indistinguishable processes. The no-cloning theorem is reviewed. Von Neumann’s proof concerning hidden variable theories is examined and used to introduce Bell’s theorem and its proof. Resonance fluorescence spectra and photon anti-bunching correlations are calculated and compared with experiment. Photon polarization correlations in atomic cascades are calculated from the perspectives of both source fields and entanglement, and experimental studies of these correlations and Bell inequalities are reviewed.
Becoming Creative
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

How are an individual’s ability and motivation to be creative shaped by the world around her? Why does creativity seem to flourish in some environments, while in others it is stifled? Many societies value creativity as an abstract concept and many, perhaps even most, individuals feel an internal drive to be creative; however, tremendous social pressures restrict development of creative skill sets, engagement in creative activities, and willingness to take creative risks. Becoming Creative explores how social and cultural factors enable or inhibit creativity in music. The book integrates perspectives from ethnomusicology, education, sociology, psychology, and performance studies, prioritizing the voices of practicing musicians and music educators. Insights are drawn from ethnographic research and in-depth interviews with classical, jazz, and traditional musicians in South Africa, Finland, and the United States. By comparing and analyzing these musicians’ personal experiences, Becoming Creative deepens our understanding of the development and practice of musical creativity, the external factors that influence it, and strategies for enhancing it. The book reveals the common components of how musical creativity is experienced across these cultures and explains why creativity might not always be considered socially desirable. It identifies ideal creativity-enabling criteria—specific skill sets, certain psychological traits and states, and access to opportunities and authority—and illustrates how these enablers of creativity are fostered or thwarted by a variety of beliefs, learning methods, social relationships, institutions, and social inequalities. Becoming Creative further demonstrates formal and informal strategies for overcoming inhibitors of creativity.
Interpreting Creative Experience across Diverse Musical Communities
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces creativity as a fundamental human desire and activity that is culturally embedded and socially regulated. Examples are drawn from classical, jazz, and traditional musicians in Cape Town, Helsinki, and Los Angeles. Conducting in-depth qualitative research among such diverse communities poses methodological challenges but also reveals rich insights. The chapter proposes a model of creativity based on these musicians’ experiences and discusses the components of generativity, agency, interaction, nonconformity, recycling, and flow. It theorizes why societies do not always value creativity and how they regulate it, addressing issues of power, punishment, socially induced emotions, motivation, and morality. Common enablers and inhibitors of creativity are introduced. Classical, jazz, and traditional music scenes in Cape Town, Helsinki, and Los Angeles are compared and contrasted.
Developing Psychological Enablers and Inhibitors of Creativity
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

In this chapter classical, jazz, and traditional musicians from Cape Town to Helsinki to Los Angeles express how psychological factors can lead to major hurdles in being creative. Two main psychological inhibitors are anxiety and self-perception of lacking potential, which impact motivation at four levels. Multiple sociocultural factors can influence an individual’s anxiety level, self-image, and motivation. The chapter analyzes how these psychological enablers and inhibitors of creativity are shaped by (1) different cultures’ beliefs about talent and potential; (2) identification and relationships with role models, mentors, and peers; (3) formal assessment by authority figures, informal feedback from peers, and self-judgment; and (4) values and attitudes related to perfectionism, making mistakes, and originality.
The Case against Collateral Legal Consequences as Civil Measures
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: April 2019

This chapter offers a general case against burdensome civil measures on offenders. It contends that we should take seriously the idea of punishment as the institution by which offenders pay their debts to society, and that it follows from this that imposing additional burdensome measures beyond the scope and duration of punishment is presumptively unjustified. Those who complete punishment should be regarded as having regained full, equal standing as citizens, with the same rights as everyone else. Also, those still serving their sentences should not be subject to additional measures. Policies that target offenders during and after their terms of punishment, that are not part of their formal sentences, and that restrict their access to important goods to which the rest of us have access, are presumptively unjustified.
Prosecutors, Guilty Pleas, and Collateral Legal Consequences
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines a practical problem arising from the proliferation of collateral legal consequences (CLCs). Courts have recently suggested that defendants considering guilty pleas have a right to be notified not only about the range of formal sentences they are likely to face, but also about additional legal consequences that are likely to follow from a guilty plea. This chapter examines who should bear the central responsibility for ensuring that defendants are properly informed about the range of CLCs they may face. Most assume that this responsibility falls to defense counsel. This chapter argues, instead, that the central responsibility for providing defendants access to relevant information about CLCs should fall to prosecutors. Shifting this burden from defense counsel to prosecutors is justifiable in principle and would have desirable implications in practice.
Everyday Communalism
Authors: Pai Sudha , Kumar Sajjan
Published: April 2019

The authors analyse the reasons underlying the resurgence of communalism in the 2000s in Uttar Pradesh (UP) leading to riots in Mau in 2005, Gorakhpur in 2007, and Muzaffarnagar in 2013, but more importantly move beyond riots to analyse the new ways and means whereby communalism in the present phase is being manufactured by the Hindu right. They argue that UP is experiencing a post-Ayodhya phase of communalism markedly different from the late 1980s/early 1990s. The book employs a model of institutionalized everyday communalism whose defining feature is that rather than initiating major, state-wide riots, the strategy of the BJP–RSS currently is to create and sustain constant, low-key communal tension together with frequent, small, low-intensity incidents out of petty everyday issues that institutionalize communalism at the grassroots. The use of this strategy is examined based on extensive fieldwork in the districts of eastern and western UP that experienced major riots. A fusion of rising cultural aspirations and deep economic anxieties in UP, which remains an economically backward state, and where a deepening agrarian crisis, unemployment, poverty, and inequalities are widespread, has created fertile ground for the new kind of communal mobilization. The agenda of the BJP–RSS is political to establish majoritarian rule, but equally important cultural, because India is viewed as fundamentally ‘Hindu’ in a civilizational sense in which Muslims will remain alien. It is through this lens of the new ‘avatar’ of the BJP, its ideology and strategies, and its impact on society and polity that an attempt is made to understand the current round of communalism in UP.
Bioremediation
Authors: Varjani Sunita
Published: April 2019

The study demonstrates bioremediation as an approach for petroleum hydrocarbon pollution and this pollution is major problem worldwide especially in developing countries like India. Microbial degradation of crude oil components is reported in various chapters, but novelty of this chapter is that the present scenario for oil spill management in India is also discussed in it along with use of microbes in the field of bioremediation, combination of this two is rarely found. This combination will help society to find out way for development of clean and sustainable environment. This chapter throws light on biodegradation as efficient, economic, and eco-friendly treatment. It is prepared for broader readership as language of this paper is very easy to understand. It is subject of many research investigations/thrust areas of research and real-world applications and forms the basis for emergent field of bioremediation.
Commercial and Legal Sustainability of Contract Farming in Gujarat
Authors: Mishra Satya Ranjan
Published: April 2019

The chapter discusses that there is a strong need to formalize agriculture and make farmers a beneficiary of the end market opportunities. Contract farming attempts to bring in possibilities of organizing the agricultural sector by carving commercial, financial, and technological partnerships with farmers in the commodity value chain. Contract farming has been introduced in the Indian states following the enactment of the model APMC Act of 2005.The success of contract farming with commercial exuberance and regulatory safeguards will help realize the dream of the Millennium Development Goals of reducing the world poverty by half. This chapter attempts to find the success and sustainability of formal agriculture over informal agriculture through empirically evident parameters and it critically examines the present regulatory framework’s efficacy to safeguard the interest of the most prominent actor in the commodity value chain—the farmer.
Conclusion
Authors: Jha Mithilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues about language as a marker of identity and also as a conceptual category that can be a powerful tool for exploring the varied experiences of different linguistic communities with modernity or our ‘colonial modernity’. Besides, it also allows us to revisit some of the important concepts like nation, nationalism, tradition and how these terms were used and understood by different linguistic communities in India particularly in the vernacular spheres. The study of a language is not merely the study of a speech form, but it also involves a whole web of interconnected themes, ideas, and activities which together constitute the totality of human existence. Language as a conceptual category provides a valuable link to approach that reality in all such complexities. Further, I have argued that the study of such language movements in the ‘Hindi heartland’ like the Maithili language movement would be incomplete unless it also takes into account the socialpolitical and historical context in which such movements have emerged. And then, I have explained the major shifts in and challenges to the Maithili movement in its over-a-century of struggles and contemporary developments.
Patronage Government (1953–63)
Authors: Wani Aijaz Ashraf
Published: April 2019

The aggressive campaign by Praja Parishad in Jammu and Buddhist groups of Ladakh, assisted by Hindu nationalist forces in Delhi, deeply disillusioned Sheikh Abdullah. The nature of the revolt clashed sharply with the ideology of Abdullah which had prompted him to prefer India over Pakistan. Having got disillusioned with the expectations he had pinned on Indian secularism and India’s constitutional promises of sovereignty, Sheikh voiced his disappointment publicly and drifted towards a position in support of plebiscite which led to his widely condemned dismissal. The deposition of Sheikh Abdullah in 1953, replaced by Bakhshi, created a storm in Kashmir followed by the formation of Plebiscite Front under the patronage of Abdullah. At the same time the central government had the urgency to further integrate Kashmir with India which the popular leader, Abdullah had resisted. Thus emerged the need of Gramsci’s ‘expansive hegemony’ to obtain the consent of the great mass of the people willingly and actively to the ruling establishment. The third chapter engages with the steps taken by Bakhshi under the patronage of the central government to change the tide in favour of the Indian nation-state and their impact.
A Difference in Degree (1964–75)
Authors: Wani Aijaz Ashraf
Published: April 2019

Though Bakhshi with strong backing by Delhi succeeded in creating ‘cold peace’ phase by going for development and providing basic necessities to the people, yet, some of the policy instruments especially curbing of civil liberties and promoting corruption and nepotism went well with the hegemony project as goonda raj and misuse of power evoked strong reaction both within and outside Kashmir. Most importantly, however, Bakhshi showed diffidence in cooperating with further integrationist moves of the centre. Hence it was regarded necessary to change the leadership in Kashmir and install G.M. Sadiq whose alternative views were clearly known. The fourth chapter examines the nature and the changes in governance during the period of Sadiq and the extent of his success in a hostile environment to which he also added fuel notwithstanding his celebration of ‘liberalism and clean government
Conclusion
Authors: Wani Aijaz Ashraf
Published: April 2019

Governance is the function of a cluster of factors. The priorities of governance and their hierarchical order vary from place to place, depending on specific contexts. Jammu and Kashmir is a conflicted state with both exogenous and endogenous dimensions. There is a dispute over Kashmir, a dispute with the centre, and the dispute among the regions of the state. All cumulatively create permanent instability in Kashmir. The conflict began with the Partition and it continues to stay. In July 1952, Nehru stated in the Indian Parliament, ‘If you go to Kashmir you will find normalcy and that the state is functioning adequately; but behind this normalcy is the constant tension because of the enemy trying to come in to create trouble and disturb.’...
Cold War on India’s Doorstep, 1954
Authors: Singh Zorawar Daulet
Published: April 2019

The importance of 1954 is recognised but rarely dwelled into by historians. That year was a major inflexion point in South Asian history, when the regional balance of power was altered by a US decision to craft a military alliance with Pakistan. During this same period, a crisis was also brewing in South East Asia where both blocs jostled to preserve their strategic positions both on the Indochinese battlefield and through a great power conference at Geneva. For Nehru, these twin crises were perceived as indivisible fronts of a common threat to Asian security and it triggered an unorthodox but creative strategy that aimed to counter the expansion of the Cold War in the region.
The Right to Sanitation
Authors: Cullet Philippe
Published: April 2019

The right to sanitation has been recognized for many years by the Supreme Court of India and high courts. Its recognition is not in question but there is a lack of a comprehensive legal framework that can contribute to making the right a reality on the ground. Administrative directions that have come to define governmental action in practice, particularly in rural areas, fill this gap. The focus on behaviour change, individual household toilet construction and open defecation-free status has helped in achieving some sanitation related targets. It has also raised some important concerns with regard to gender equality, universality of entitlements, and the understanding of rights holders as beneficiaries. This chapter analyses different elements that need to be addressed moving forward, including the need for giving more attention to community toilets, for convergence with other rights, for mainstreaming environmental considerations, and for ensuring equality and dignity in sanitation work.
Right to Sanitation in Urban Areas
Authors: John Mathew
Published: April 2019

This chapter looks at the emergence of the right to sanitation as a problem for public administration. Although sanitation has been articulated in terms of a human right, it is often unclear what this means for policy direction in relation to its administration and delivery. Indeed, it is even unclear whether there should be any fundamental change in administrative framework at all for the more effective delivery of urban sanitation. In this context this chapter recounts and critically analyses the legal framework (centred on water boards and urban local bodies) that delivers urban sanitation and the forms in which the various players are brought to account through courts and other forms of administrative regulation. Set against this background this chapter assess the connections between forms of governance and regulation, and their impact on the delivery of sanitation as a basic human right.
Sanitation, Gender Inequality, and Implications for Rights
Authors: Koonan Sujith , Bhullar Lovleen
Published: April 2019

This chapter unpacks specific gender dimensions of the law and policy framework for rural sanitation in India and its implementation in order to assess its contribution to the realization of the right to sanitation of women. The core question that informs the discussion is whether the framework represents a shift towards or away from gender equality. This chapter focuses on three aspects in particular. The first section examines the extent to which the framework accommodates the issues of privacy and dignity of women as well as certain women specific sanitation needs. The second section contextualizes the position of women in terms of participation and agency. The third section analyses the issue of safety, particularly gender-based violence in the context of open-defecation or access to public toilets.
Gandhian Philosophy
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

Gandhi is not interested in abstract theoretical philosophical formulations, but rather philosophy as engaged practice. He focuses on living a philosophy of satya (truth) and ahimsa (nonviolence). Gandhi’s primary concern is with developing moral character and practice and with ethics as first philosophy. This is different not only from the history of Western philosophy, but also from traditional Indian philosophy. Gandhi's greatest contribution is his moral and philosophical focus on ahimsa in greatly broadening and deepening our understanding of nonviolence and its integral relations with truth. Usually unappreciated is Gandhi's invaluable analysis of the distinction and integral relations between relative truth and Absolute Truth that challenges philosophical alternatives of essentialism and absolute foundationalism versus modern unlimited relativism. Gandhi's philosophy challenges us with a qualitatively different philosophical view of freedom and human development, critiquing dominant modern models and offering an alternative philosophical paradigm and approach.
Indigenization, Translation, and Transformation in African Christianity
Authors: Akinade Akintunde E.
Published: April 2019

Africa has provided an auspicious context for religious reformation, renewal, and revival. Its landscape has been radically shaped by the dynamic forces of Christianity. African Christianity evokes a protean image that has been moulded by the interrelated processes of mission, conversion narrative, prophecy, and waves of spiritual independence. In contemporary times, Africa continues to serve as a living laboratory for creative religious movements and models. This paper analyses the importance of translation and indigenization in African Christianity and how the processes have influenced the dissenting tradition in this religious experience. Translation provided the impetus for genuine and creative appropriation of the Christian faith in Africa. The engine of faith was enabled by the conscious effort to rediscover Christian doctrines and formulas in familiar syntax, symbols, and concepts.
Megachurches in Asia and the Dissenting Movement
Authors: Ma Wonsuk
Published: April 2019

This study examines whether Asian megachurches hold any theological and conceptual dissenting elements, historically shaped in Europe. The Yoido Full Gospel Church is used as a case study due to its mega size and the deep impact of its experience of church growth on wider global Christianity. Placing the life of the church and its founder David Yonggi Cho in their social context of Korea, the study identifies key motivations for the theological and practical processes and the outcome of church growth. Based on this assessment, it then probes whether the megachurch movement in Asia expresses any social and theological aspect of the dissenting movement. Even if there is no direct historical connection, there are important theological and social motivations that are found both in the megachurch movement and the dissenting traditions.
Pentecostals and Charismatics in America
Authors: Robeck Cecil M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter traces Pentecostal and related congregations, churches, denominations, and organizations that stem from the beginning of the twentieth century. They identify with activities at Pentecost described in Acts 2 and in the exercise of charisms in 1 Corinthians 12–14. Each of them highlights is the significance of a personal encounter with the Holy Spirit leading to a transformed life. These often interrelated organizations and movements have brought great vitality to the Church worldwide for over one hundred years, and together, they constitute as much as 25 per cent of the world’s Christians. This form of spirituality is unique over the past 500 years, since it may be found in virtually every historic Christian family/tradition, and in most churches of the twenty-first century.
Historical and Ideological Lineages of Dissenting Protestantism in Latin America
Authors: Dove Stephen
Published: April 2019

Latin America is a region where traditional dissenting institutions and denominations have a relatively small footprint, and yet the ideas of dissenting Protestantism play an important, and expanding, role on the religious landscape. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, Latin America has transitioned from a region with a de jure Catholic monopoly to one marked by religious pluralism and the disestablishment of religion. In the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries, this transition has been especially marked by the rapid growth of Pentecostalism. This chapter analyses the role of dissenting Protestantism during these two centuries of transition and demonstrates how ideas and missionaries from historical dissenting churches combined with local influences to create a unique version of dissent among Latin American Protestants and Pentecostals.
Are US Industries Becoming More Concentrated?*
Authors: Grullon Gustavo , Larkin Yelena , Michaely Roni
Published: April 2019

Since the late 1990s, over 75% of US industries have experienced an increase in concentration levels. We find that firms in industries with the largest increases in product market concentration show higher profit margins and more profitable mergers and acquisitions deals. At the same time, we find no evidence for a significant increase in operational efficiency. Taken together, our results suggest that market power is becoming an important source of value. These findings are robust to the inclusion of (i) private firms; (ii) factors accounting for foreign competition; and (iii) the use of alternative measures of concentration. We also show that the higher profit margins associated with an increase in concentration are reflected in higher returns to shareholders. Overall, our results suggest that the US product markets have undergone a shift that has potentially weakened competition across the majority of industries.
IMPACT OF THE TABLE HEIGHT AND THE OPERATOR’S HEIGHT ON THE LEVEL OF RADIATION DELIVERED TO INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGISTS
Authors: Faroux Laurent , Blanpain Thierry , Fernandez Anthony , Nazeyrollas Pierre , Tassan-Mangina Sophie , Heroguelle Virginie , Tourneux Christophe , Metz Damien
Published: April 2019

Interventional cardiologists count among the health professionals that are most exposed to ionising radiation. To minimise exposure, it is recommended that the patient be placed at the maximum distance possible from the X-ray source, but this recommendation has not been clinically validated. We aimed to investigate the impact of the average table height on the level of radiation delivered to cardiologists performing coronary interventions. The population for analysis included all invasive coronary procedures performed in our centre from March to June 2017. The primary endpoint was operator radiation exposure, as assessed using personal electronic dosimeters located on the operator’s left arm. In total, 225 invasive coronary procedures were analysed. When the average table height was 1126 mm or more, the operators received a radiation dose that was, on average, 53% lower than when the table was lower than 1126 mm. This reduction remained significant by multivariate analysis adjusted for the operator.
The Impact of Childhood Adversity on Cognitive Development in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wells Ruth , Jacomb Isabella , Swaminathan Vaidy , Sundram Suresh , Weinberg Danielle , Bruggemann Jason , Cropley Vanessa , Lenroot Rhoshel K , Pereira Avril M , Zalesky Andrew , Bousman Chad , Pantelis Christos , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Weickert Thomas W
Published: April 2019

Childhood adversity, such as physical, sexual, and verbal abuse, as well as neglect and family conflict, is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Such adversity can lead to disruptions of cognitive function during development, undermining intellectual capabilities and academic achievement. Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with cognitive impairments that may become evident during childhood. The Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank database comprises a large community cohort (N = 1169) in which we previously identified 3 distinct cognitive groups among people with schizophrenia: (1) Compromised, current, and estimated premorbid cognitive impairment; (2) Deteriorated, substantial decline from estimated premorbid function; and (3) Preserved, performing in the normal cognitive range without decline. The compromised group displayed the worst functional and symptom outcomes. Here, we extend our previous work by assessing the relationship among these categories of cognitive abilities and reported childhood adversity in 836 patients and healthy controls. Exploratory factor analysis of the Childhood Adversity Questionnaire revealed 3 factors (lack of parental involvement; overt abuse; family breakdown and hardship). People with schizophrenia reported significantly more childhood adversity than healthy controls on all items and factors. People with schizophrenia in the compromised group reported significantly more lack of parental involvement and family breakdown and hardship and lower socioeconomic status than those in the deteriorated group. The cognitive groups were not related to family history of psychosis. These findings identify specific social and family factors that impact cognition, highlighting the important role of these factors in the development of cognitive and functional abilities in schizophrenia.
Habitual late sleep initiation is associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean adults: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Authors: Seo Ji A , Lee Da Young , Yu Ji Hee , Cho Hyunjoo , Lee Seung Ku , Suh Sooyeon , Kim Sin Gon , Choi Kyung Mook , Baik Sei Hyun , Shin Chol , Kim Nan Hee
Published: April 2019

Study Objectives

Although sleep duration and quality were significant risk factors of type 2 diabetes (T2D), the impact of sleep initiation time on the development of T2D has not been studied in large longitudinal studies.

Methods

A total of 3689 participants without diabetes aged 40–69 years at baseline were enrolled from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study and followed up for 12 years. Participants were categorized based on habitual sleep initiation time by questionnaire as follows: 20:00–22:59 (early sleepers, ES, n = 766), 23:00–00:59 (usual sleepers, US, n = 2407), and 1:00–5:59 (late sleepers, LS, n = 516). Incident T2D was identified biennially by fasting plasma glucose or 2-hour glucose after 75-g oral glucose loading or use of anti-diabetes medication.

Results

During follow-up, 820 cases of T2D were documented and the LS group showed the highest increase in insulin resistance. Hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) for T2D of LS compared to ES was 1.34 (1.04–1.74) after adjustment for covariates including sleep duration. The impact of late sleep on the development of T2D was more evident in older individuals (≥65 years at baseline) (HR = 4.24 [1.42–12.68] in older LS vs. older ES, HR = 1.27 [1.00–1.62] in younger LS vs. younger ES, pinteraction = 0.002). In addition, LS with low insulin secretion and sensitivity showed an approximately fivefold increased risk for T2D compared to ES with high insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Conclusions/Interpretation

Habitual late sleep initiation is a significant risk factor for T2D in Koreans, especially in people with lower insulin sensitivity, lower β-cell function, and older age.
Higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep duration and poor sleep quality in postmenopausal women
Authors: Creasy Seth A , Crane Tracy E , Garcia David O , Thomson Cynthia A , Kohler Lindsay N , Wertheim Betsy C , Baker Laura D , Coday Mace , Hale Lauren , Womack Catherine R , Wright Kenneth P , Melanson Edward L
Published: April 2019

Study Objectives

To evaluate the associations between sedentary time, total (total-PA), light (light-PA), moderate (MOD-PA), and vigorous (VIG-PA) physical activity with indices of sleep in postmenopausal women.

Methods

Baseline self-reported data from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (n = 75 074) were used in this cross-sectional analysis. Total-PA, light-PA, MOD-PA, and VIG-PA were categorized by metabolic equivalents of the activity (MET-hour [hr]/week [wk]) and were estimated using validated questionnaires. Sedentary time was categorized by hr/day and was estimated via questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between these variables and short sleep (≤6 hr/night), long sleep (≥10 hr/night), poor sleep quality, and insomnia symptoms after adjustment for age, race, socioeconomic status, body mass index, health status, depressive symptoms, smoking status, alcohol use, hormone therapy, and comorbidities.

Results

Higher sedentary time (>11 hr/day) was associated with higher odds of short sleep (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.72–1.88), poor sleep quality (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.74–1.97), and insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.49–1.64). Light-PA (>0 MET-hr/wk) was associated with lower odds of short sleep (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–1.00), and higher amounts of total-PA (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.97), light-PA (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–1.00), and MOD-PA (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.97) were associated with lower odds of poor sleep quality.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that higher levels of light and moderate intensity physical activity are associated with better sleep quality, whereas higher amounts of sedentary time are associated with short sleep and lower quality sleep. Future studies should investigate the directionality of these associations and potential causal pathways.
Treatment-seeking behavior and practices among caregivers of children aged ≤5 y with presumed malaria in rural Uganda
Authors: Lee Yang Jae , Adusumilli Gautam , Kazungu Rauben , Anywar Godwin , Kyakulaga Francis , Katuura Esther , Parikh Shanti , Willcox Merlin
Published: April 2019

Background

We aimed to determine the rate of herbal medicine usage and the treatment-seeking patterns of children aged ≤5 y with presumed or confirmed malaria in an endemic area of Uganda.

Methods

We interviewed guardians of 722 children aged 6 months to 5 y, who had experienced an episode of presumed malaria in the previous 3 months, about the illness history.

Results

Overall, 36.1% of patients took herbal medicines but most also sought modern medical care; 79.2% received Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL), but only 42.7% received the correct AL dose. Of the 36.6% of patients treated in drug shops, 9.8% had a diagnostic test and 30.2% received the correct dose of AL. Antibiotics were frequently provided with AL at drug shops (62%) and formal health centers (45%). There were no significant differences in the self-reported outcomes associated with different treatments.

Conclusion

Almost all of the patients who took herbal medicine also took modern antimalarials, so further research is needed to explore potential interactions between them. Although formal health facilities provided the correct diagnosis and dose of AL to a majority of children with malaria, many children still received inappropriate antibiotics. Quality of care was worse in drug shops than in formal health facilities.