bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Break-even point analysis and feasibility of livestock business Kampung Unggul Balitnak-Sentul Selected (KUB-SenSe) chicken farm in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency
Authors: Surya  , Fadwiwati A Y , Rosdiana
Published: June 2021

This study was aimed to determine the break-even point in terms of sales price, revenue, and production volume as well as to analyze the feasibility of raising the KUB-SenSe chicken in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency. This research usedd descriptive analysis using primary and secondary data. The data obtained were then calculated using the break-even point analysis formula and the feasibility analysis of the KUB-SenSe chicken raising livestock business. The results obtained indicated that the analysis of the break-even point of the sale price of the KUB-Sense chicken rearing business as many as 250 heads in Talango Village, Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency is IDR 40,494 and the break-even point of receipt was IDR 8,595,901. This result showed that the revenue received by KUB-SenSe chicken farmers is profitable and the value is much greater than the break-even point of acceptance. Furthermore, the feasibility analysis is worth 1.24 which means it is feasible to be developed.
Development of pig farming based on Sili systems as a prototype of integrated agriculture farming system on highland West New Guinea, Indonesia
Authors: Monim H , Woran D , Rahardjo D D , Arim M , Widayati I , Syufi Y , Palulungan J A , Yohanes H , Saragih D , Runtuboi Y , Rumbiak F P , Iyai D A
Published: June 2021

The Sili as local wisdom of integrated farming systems can sustain livelihood of households. The objective of study was to perform the roles of such local wisdom of the Sili into pig farming systems. Study was done in highland of Jayawijaya, Papua. The 40’silys were observed and 109 farmers were interviewed. Data gathered and stored into Excel Ms and descriptively analyzed. The finding of this research was household/Sili was 2-3 family, ages 46-55 years, sili size was 11-16 (35%), monthly income 1-3 millions/hh, source of income derived from integrated farming systems, crop grown 7-9, bedding was old and new shapes, livestock reared dominated by poultry, native pigs 90%, experience in raising pigs 1-20 years, and piglets production was 346 heads. Pig farming practice dominated by free range and confinement. The feed offered twice/day using sweet potatoes root and vines. Breed sourced from market, relative and previous stocks was selected using indicator of fast growth and healthy.
Effectiveness of microfinance institutions: Perspective of beef cattle farmers in Sinjai District, South Sulawesi Province
Authors: Asnawi A , mrawaty A A , Nirwana
Published: June 2021

Microfinance institutions have been present in several countries as informal financial institutions to overcome the low access to formal financial institutions. The objectives of MFIs in Indonesia, as contained in Law No. 1 of 2013 on MFIs, are that they aim to improve community access to micro-scale finance, increase economic empowerment and community productivity, and improve the incomes and well-being of the community, particularly the poor and/or income earners low. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of microfinance institutions for beef cattle farmers in South Sulawesi. This research is a descriptive study conducted on several MFIs in Sinjai district. The questionnaire as a research tool was used to collect data while still referring to the Covid-19 prevention protocol in the community. Also, the FGD was carried out in compliance with the distance and the limited number of people and made known virtually through online seminars. Data analysis with descriptive statistics. The results showed that the existence of MFIs in rural areas was considered effective as breeders had easy access to finance without collateral, increased participation of MFI members and their involvement in various activities in rural areas, and increased livestock ownership and income generation of the breeders.
Price transmission on the Indonesian beef market
Authors: Komalawati K , Malik A , Jatuningtyas R K , Wulanjari M E
Published: June 2021

Beef has been seen as one of the strategic commodities in Indonesia. As the awareness of people to protein consumption increasing, demand for beef and its prices are also rising. However, the rising consumer price of beef is not followed by the increasing price of beef at the producer level. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the transmission of beef prices at the consumer and producer level. This study used secondary data from the Agency for Central Statistics of Indonesia. The data used were the consumer and producer prices of beef from 2008 to 2016. The data were analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results show that the prices of beef at the consumer and the producer level are asymmetric and have uni direct relationships. The consumer prices of beef influence the producer prices of beef and not vice versa. It is recommended for the Government to formulate policies that could facilitate transparent information for every actor along the beef market chain. In the long-run, the Government needs to increase the population of domestic cattle and give incentives to domestic cattle farmers with large business scales.
Socio-economic profile of small-scale laying chicken farmers in Blitar Regency Indonesia
Authors: Hartono B , Febrianto N , Akhiroh P
Published: June 2021

Blitar Regency is one of the centers for livestock production in East Java, especially poultry. Egg production was 75% of the egg demand in East Java. There are many centers for producing eggs in Srengat, Ponggok, and Kademangan. Blitar Regency is selected as a research location with the consideration that it has the largest population of laying hens in Indonesia. The result showed that the number of respondents was 70 chicken farmers selected by purposive sampling. The number of family members about 45.5% has families, 4 people. The age of the farmers was 40–49 years old about 31.8%, while the smallest age was in the range of fewer than 19 years, which was 9.1%. the education of most respondents was junior and senior high school education levels about 31.8%. The breeding experience was 54.5% of respondents who had 1–10 years of farming experience. The livestock population of the largest respondents farmers is the total population of less than 5,000, about 65.2%. The conclusion of this research is the family member of farmers was 4 people, the educational level was senior high school, the age was 40–49, the experience was 1–10 years, livestock population was 5,000.
Revenue of broiler farming partnership system post covid-19 (case study in PT Anugerah Kartika Agro Kediri)
Authors: Febrianto N , Hartono B , Kusiimastuti A K , Akhiroh P
Published: June 2021

The broiler is poultry with great potential to be developed. The broiler farm business is still a top priority to produce meat and meet the needs of the community’s animal protein. The purpose of the research was to determine how the revenue of the post COVID-19 partnership broiler system. The data were collected from July to August 2020. Research method using case studies. The selected respondents were the broiler partnership plasma of PT Anugerah Kartika Agro in the Kediri area. The data analysis used was descriptive statistics. The results showed that the revenue of post COVID-19 plasma broiler farming was not much different before the COVID-19 existence. As high as the scale of a business, it will increase the revenue. However, on a scale of 4,000 to 6,000 chickens, it decreased due to differences in selling time and prices set by partner companies.
Potential and availability of feed in paddy fields for sustainable livelihoods of moving duck farmers in Pinrang regency South Sulawesi province
Authors: Kasim K , Salman D , Siregar A R , Nadja R A , Pakiding W
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential and availability of duck fodder in paddy fields that supports the sustainability of moving duck farmers’ livelihoods. The research method used was measuring the type of food eaten by ducks in paddy fields after being harvested by tiling and cropping ducks. There were three types of local duck feed in paddy fields after harvesting that could be measured in this study, namely rice that was wasted and left behind on harvested stems (loses), golden snails and earthworms. The availability of feed based on dry weight, namely, paddy at 702.40 kg/hectare, golden snails at 251.20 kg/hectare and earthworms at 4 kg/hectare. The availability of feed in the form of golden snails was quite high, especially the fresh weight of 1.064 kg/hectare. Golden snails reproduced quickly when the fields were already inundated with water. The availability of feed in the form of earthworms is 40 kg/hectare. The results of the research from the harvesting of ducks released in the fields were the consumption of dry weight of feed of 53.24 g/duck. Thus, the estimated feed availability based on dry weight was 97.60 kg/hectare. So that one hectare of paddy fields could accommodate as many as 300 ducks for two months (60 days). For the sustainability of the availability of feed for ducks in the paddy fields after two months of grazing, it can be obtained from the fruit of paddy regrowth from paddy stalks/straw that live in paddy fields. Sources of food for ducks could also be obtained from grasses and small snails that have just hatched and several types of insects in the paddy fields. It concluded that the potential and availability of feed in the paddy fields after harvesting for ducks were still supportive. Therefore, it reduced the cost of feed for farmers.
The Vertical Profile of Chlorophyll-a in the Waters of Submarine Volcano of Kawio Barat, Indonesia
Authors: Firdaus M R , Fitriya N , Wijayanti L A S , Prayitno H B , Avianto P , Sugeha H Y
Published: June 2021

The submarine volcano can release various materials into the waters and affect the distribution of chlorophyll. Nevertheless, studies in such kinds of exciting areas are rarely done. This study aims to determine the vertical profile of chlorophyll-a around the submarine volcano waters. A field survey was conducted in October 2018 in the photic zone (200 m) around the Kawio Barat submarine volcano waters, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using a sensor of WET Labs ECO-AFL/FL as a proxy of chlorophyll-a. The temperature, salinity, and depth were measured using a CTD. The nutrients, including nitrate, orthophosphate, and silicate, were measured using autoanalyzer Skalar SAN++. The average of chlorophyll-a values ranged between 0.098 - 0.175 mg/m3. The highest average chlorophyll-a was found around the waters of Kawio Barat submarine-volcano. The vertical profile of chlorophyll-a indicated a forming of Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCM), located at a depth of 69 - 90 meters. In the Kawio Barat submarine volcano waters, the DCM is found in a depth of 90 m. It has chlorophyll-a concentration four times higher than the surface (5 m). The Principal of Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the temperature and salinity have a more substantial influence on the value of chlorophyll-a. Meanwhile, the nutrients are more influence firmly on the depth of DCM. This current study may conclude that the Kawio Barat submarine volcano waters are more productive than the other stations.
Introducing a Method for Calculating Carbon Emission Reduction on the Seagrass Ecosystem for Indonesia’s Low Carbon Development Initiative
Authors: Wahyudi A J , Prayudha B , Hafitz M , Alifatri L O , Hernawan U E , Salatalohi A , Febriani F
Published: June 2021

The increase of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) since the industrial revolution era affects the global carbon cycle and triggers climate changes. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement and declared the emission reduction for climate action (Sustainable Development Goal 13) up to 29% (independently) or 41% (with international support) in 2030 relative to the business as usual (BAU) scenario. The effort to achieve this target is implemented on Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI) starting in 2020. LCDI adopts marine and fisheries as one of the implementing sectors that focus on blue carbon. To implement the activities as part of the carbon emission reduction within the LCDI, we have to establish a calculation method that should be measurable, reportable, and verifiable (MRV). The present article introduces the MRV method for calculating the carbon emission reduction for the Conservation/Protection Seagrass Ecosystem’s climate change mitigation activity on Marine Protected Area (MPA). We present how to calculate the baseline emission (business as usual), emission leakage when implementing the activity, and emission reduction. A case study on seagrass meadows of Kepulauan Seribu MPA is presented for the trial of the introduced method and formula. Using the proposed method is reliable enough to estimate carbon emission reduction from seagrass conservation activity within the MPA. We can calculate the carbon emission will reduce 4.35 tC relative to the BAU on Kepulauan Seribu MPA by 2030.
Introduced fish species and their characters in Lake Maninjau, West Sumatra
Authors: Samir O , Dina R , Sutrisno  , Haryani G S , Lukman  , Nasution S H
Published: June 2021

The diversity of indigenous fish species in Lake Maninjau has been declining with the rise of local people’s activities. One of the causes is the invasive species, which are initiated by introduced species. This study aims to discover the species, distribution, growth pattern, and condition factor including information of the environmental condition, supporting the existence and growth of introduced fish species in Lake Maninjau. Sampling was conducted at four locations in Lake Maninjau; Bayur, Linggai, Sigiran, and Galapung. Fishes were collected by experimental gillnet which vary in mesh size, 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.5; 2; 3; and 4 inches. These nets were set about 12 hours from 8 pm to 8 am on the next day, once a month in May, July, August, September, and October 2017. Four introduced fish species were observed and examined; there were Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Three-spotted cichlid), Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia), Pterygoplichtys pardalis (Armored Catfish), and Oxyeleotris marmorata (Marble Goby). O. marmorata and O. niloticus were recorded at all of the sampling locations. C. trimaculatum was recorded in Galapung and Sigiran, while P. pardalis only found in Bayur. These dominant fish species have growth patterns each; there are negative allometric (O. marmorata), isometric (C. trimaculatum), and positive allometric (O. niloticus). Moreover, these three fish species have an almost 1.00 condition factor; there were 0.988, 1.024, and 1.001, respectively. Results and discussion infer that introduced fish species in Lake Maninjau were distributed at several locations with good growth and condition.
Dealing with uncertainties: floating solar farm in natural lakes
Authors: Santos-Borja A C
Published: June 2021

Floating solar farm has been demonstrated as technically and commercially viable in man-made lakes, ponds and in coal-mining subsidence areas. Studies on its environmental impacts are limited and some are still being conducted globally. The use of natural lakes for this kind of renewable energy generation is being explored for the first time in the Philippines, particularly in Laguna de Bay. It is considered as a potential development project, but there were concerns on the environmental and social impacts on a multiple-use lake. As an initial step to deal with uncertainties, the Laguna Lake Development Authority allowed the operation of floating solar farms on a pilot scale for one year subject to certain requirements including the monitoring of essential water quality parameters in the pilot sites to determine the impacts. The data together with the inputs from the operators of the pilot projects were used in the assessment of the environmental, technical and commercial viability of floating solar farm and was used by the Laguna Lake Development Authority in formulating a policy on this emerging use of the lake and in crafting the implementing rules and regulations.
Potential of the water flea Daphnia magna to control phytoplankton population in eutrophic waters
Authors: Tanjung L R , Chrismadha T , Sulawesty F , Nafisyah E
Published: June 2021

Water enrichment has become a national problem that needs to be resolved. This study examined the ability of water fleas Daphnia magna to grow and to control phytoplankton populations in the waters from eutrophic ponds Situ Cikaret and Situ Gunung Putri in Bogor Regency, West Java. Water samples from these water bodies were used to grow the daphnid populations in the styrofoam aquariums without artificial feeding with an initial density of 3.3 individuals/L. The experiment was carried out with three replications. Daphnid population was counted every 4–5 days to observe its growth and development. The chlorophyll content that reflects the phytoplankton biomass at the beginning of the study in the water of Situ Cikaret and Situ Gunung Putri were 52 and 22 μg/L, respectively. The water from fertile ponds allowed the development of phytoplankton populations and be utilized by daphnids to support their growth and reproduction. The results indicated that daphnids showed a preference for some phytoplankton genera more than other genera because not all phytoplankton populations were consumed. Following an increase in chlorophyll content, the daphnid density also increased to reach a maximum of 197 individuals/L in the water of Situ Cikaret and 169 individuals/L in the water of Situ Gunung Putri on day 15. The chlorophyll content decreased significantly towards the end of the experiment indicating the phytoplankton population is almost depleted. Hence, this study showed the potential of water flea Daphnia magna as bio-resources to utilize eutrophic pond waters and to control the phytoplankton population to improve water quality.
Water quality investigation of the main river in Daegu, South Korea
Authors: Nurohman Heri , Lee Tae-Gwan , Kwon Hyuk-Jun
Published: June 2021

River water quality of Daegu city has been fluctuating for the last several years. This condition requires attention to avoid the possibility of severe water quality degradation. This study aims to identify temporal and spatial distribution, sources of pollutants, and the dominance of specific pollutants on the Nakdong River. River water quality data with a duration of 5 years has been collected and analyzed statistically and combined with Geographic Information System (GIS). The data included BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP, Chl-a, and TOC. The results showed a repetition of a period of decline in river water quality due to the algal bloom phenomenon. This phenomenon closely related to the BOD concentration in the river. Also, the emergence of TOC in high concentrations requires special attention so that it does not become an ongoing problem. COD has the most positive correlation with TOC. This problem becomes serious because it was located at the inlet of water treatment plant in this river. Controlling BOD and COD concentration, especially from effluent of wastewater treatment plant, might become one of the relevant solutions to restrain river water quality degradation. The results of further identification indicate the possibility of nonpoint sources influence, which resulting the river water quality decrease.
Assessment of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) as a Source of Nutrient at Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Lubis R F , Bakti H , Afdal  , Prayitno H B , Bayhaqi A , Onodera S , Taniguchi M
Published: June 2021

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), the direct discharge of groundwater to the sea, is a ubiquitous phenomenon worldwide. While SGD is defined as “any and all flow of water on continental margins”, this review focuses on the terrestrial fraction, also known as fresh SGD Jakarta Bay, which started from the late 1980s have had greatest impact on mangrove areas and coastal water quality due to the expanding of the city. In such an environment, inputs of nutrients will play an important role in sustaining primary productivity. Atmospheric deposition and riverine runoff have been traditionally considered the main external sources of nutrients to the bay, whereas the role of submarine groundwater discharge has been largely ignored. . In this study, we used radon tracers and salinity to investigate SGD and associated nutrient inputs to Jakarta Bay especially from Citarum Estuary as the main river. The result shows that SGD becomes an important role in understanding the nutrient cycle at Jakarta Bay.
Sedimentation in Syn-Rift Set of Austalia Continent Series in east part of West-Timor, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Nurhidayati A U , Utomo B H
Published: June 2021

West Timor is a collision product of Banda Island and Australia Continental. It is the youngest collision product on the earth. The measuring section in the study area was assigned to know the outcrop and lithology of the study area. Aside, the biostratigraphy examination including pollen and large foraminifera and gravity measurement were assigned in the study area to understand the sedimentation system in the study area. The objective of the study is to ascertain the tectonic events and the basin filling of the study area in the West Timor of the syn-rift system. Based on the research conducted, the result indicates that the tectonostartigraphy in West Timor consists of syn-rift, post-rift, and syn-orogeny. The basin was formed in the Late Permian and the sediments were deposited in the terrestrial (lacustrine) environment. The rifting in the West Timor basin occurred in Late Permian-Jura and the sediments were initially deposited in the terrestrial and deepening to the deep marine during Trias and Jura. The Post-rift of West Timor occurred in the Cretaceous-Miocene. In the post-rift event, deep marine sediment was deposited.
Indonesian Throughflow Intensity and Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly since the Last Deglaciation: An Overview
Authors: Hendrizan M , Cahyarini S Y , Ningsih N S , Rachmayani R
Published: June 2021

Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is a low latitude pathway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean via Indonesian Sea. It plays an important role in the thermohaline circulation, directly impacting the budget, mass, heat, and freshwater of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, further impacting the global climate phenomena. Climate phenomena include sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the Pacific Ocean is known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO has a global economic impact on countries adjacent to the Pacific. For example, Indonesia experiences drought during El Nino. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how oceanic circulation influences the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean via Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). A Long time series of ocean data, including SST and salinity in the past, is required to better understand the variability of ITF intensity. This paper presents an overview of the previous study on the ITF intensity and its influences on climate since the last deglaciation to Holocene in the Makassar Strait
Applying Wavelet Analysis to Assess the Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) Geomagnetic Anomalies prior to the M6.1 Banten Earthquake (2018)
Authors: Febriani F , Ahadi S , Anggono T , Syuhada  , Dewi C N , Prasetio A D
Published: June 2021

The M6.1 Banten earthquake (EQ) occurred on January 23, 2018. The EQ epicenter was in Lebak Regency, Banten. The epicenter distance from the ULF geomagnetic station installed in Banten Province is about 100 km. Applying wavelet analysis on the geomagnetic time series data, we assess the ultra-low frequency (ULF) geomagnetic anomaly related to the M6.1 Banten EQ. We focused on the frequency of 0.02 Hz for the analysis of the spectral density ratio based on wavelet. We applied the Morlet wavelet as the mother wavelet in this study. The spectral density ratio analysis based on the Morlet wavelet presents the existence of the ULF geomagnetic anomalies prior to the M6.1 Banten EQ. The global geomagnetic index, Dst, did not show any peculiarity when the anomalies prior to the EQ exist. Then, we concluded that the anomaly is possibly related to the Banten EQ.
Hypocenter relocation using 2006 aftershock data and the current seismic activity in the Yogyakarta region, Indonesia
Authors: Aulia A N , Putra M H Z , Yogi I B S , Farisan A , Puswanto E , Arisa D , Priyanto W
Published: June 2021

On May 27, 2006, a significant earthquake Mw 6.4 struck Yogyakarta Area, Indonesia. In this study, we analyzed aftershocks waveform data from 16 temporary network stations of Geo Forschungs Zentrum (GFZ) located around the Yogyakarta Area. We determined the P-and S-wave arrival times manually, with the criteria recorded at least five stations starting from June 3 to July 5, 2006. We successfully relocated 1228 events consisting of 8122 P-and S-wave phases, respectively, and update the 1-D velocity model simultaneously using the Joint Hypocenter Determination Method. To confirm the aftershock distribution, we also analyze the seismic activity around the Yogyakarta Area starting from 2006 until 2019. Our results show that the aftershocks are divided into 2 clusters; cluster located in the southern part of Opak Fault and 10-20 km east of the Opak Fault. We proposed that the main fault rupture of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake located in the east of Opak Fault, where this zone is still seismically active until 2015. We conclude that the main fault rupture zone and the Opak Fault are joined in the same fault complex. However, further studies of this complex fault zone are still needed; hence, we will use the results of this study as input in conducting three-dimensional velocity and attenuation inversion.
Pre-and Coseismic Analysis of the Mw7.6 Padang Earthquake 2009 from Geodetic Approach
Authors: Arisa D. , Setiadi B. , Priyanto W. S.
Published: June 2021

On September 30, 2009, an Mw7.6 earthquake hit the west coast of Sumatra. This main shock caused the crustal deformation affecting a wide area in the western part of Sumatra. This paper presents the analysis of the deformation recorded by the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) network. More than 40 GPS stations were installed to continuously monitor the deformation in Sumatra, among 12 of them is known to have been deformed by this earthquake. We processed whole data in 2009 to understand the dynamics of western part of Sumatra before, during and after the earthquake. Relative daily position data is obtained from postprocessing with GAMIT/GLOBK software, implementing the DGPS technique to estimate daily position from GPS RINEX data. GPS measurements shows that during the earthquake, most stations in Mentawai is deformed toward the southwest direction, varies from 8 – 50 mm, and the stations in mainland Sumatra is deformed toward various direction, varies from 5 – 28 mm. There is no anomaly and strange behaviour before the event as the precursor, and the deformation trend one day after the events seems to return to the preseismic pattern.
Bearing Capacity Prediction of Mine Hauling Road Using Cone Penetration Testing (CPT)
Authors: Sirait B , Sarah D
Published: June 2021

Mine hauling road plays an important role in open pit mining that serves as the main link for transports to significant locations, such as connection from pit/quarry – crusher – stockpile/rom – jetty. Inadequate bearing capacity could result in construction failure of the haul road, therefore it is important to understand the bearing capacity of the sub base layer along the determined haul road route. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) was utilized to obtain the insitu geotechnical data used for determining the haul road bearing capacity. Results show that the occurrence of hard layer along the haul road route varies from the depth of 3.40 (CPT12) to 12.20 m (CPT06). Calculated bearing capacity of the sub base layer shows varying results along the road route. Minimum ultimate bearing capacity (qul) of 430.49 kN/m2 is found in CPT-06 site with allowable bearing capacity (qall) of 215.24 kN/m2. While maximum ultimate bearing capacity (qul) occurs in CPT-04 site of 2058.71 kN/m2 with the allowable bearing capacity (qall) of 1029.35 kN/m2. The calculated average ultimate bearing capacity (qul) is 1151.47 kN/m2 and allowable bearing capacity (qall) 575.74 kN/m2. It is suggested that the type of dump truck used for hauling should have tire pressure less than or equal to 575.74 kN/m2, in order to maintain the road during mining lifetime and prevent road deterioration.
Mineralogy and Characterization of Clay Mineral of West Lampung
Authors: Yanti Evi Dwi
Published: June 2021

Clay mineral resources were found in West Lampung Regency. Local citizen has been using clay for pottery and building materials. Optimization of mineral utilization is needed to increase the economic value of these mineral resources. The study of mineralogy and characterization was carried out to determine the possible uses of clay minerals. The study was conducted on 5 clay samples of different color using XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis. The result shows natural clay minerals assemblages are kaolinite and halloysite. Thermal behaviors of the samples have a multi-stage decomposition with relatively stable intermediates. Kaolinite appears like pseudo-hexagonal platelets with various sizesand halloysite looks like a distinct tubular form in different sizes.
Preparation of High Strength Coke from Indonesian Lignite by Deeply Pulverized
Authors: Wibawa A
Published: June 2021

Coke production from lignite was studied as a continuation of research showing the effectiveness of a sequence of hot briquettes and carbonization on preparations high strength coke from Indonesian lignite. The hot briquetting and carbonization cokes from three Indonesian lignites with a deeply pulverized. Ball milling carried out for 10 hours and 20 hours to obtain a small particle size. Raw lignite hot briquettes at mechanical pressure and temperature of 128 MPa and 200 °C, respectively, allowed cokes to be produced with a tensile strength (TS) of 7-11 MPa. Pretreatment, 10 hour and 20 hour ball milling, respectively increasing TS from the resulting coke to 15-23 and 19-36 MPa. Moreover, it is proved in this study that the structure on the coke fracture has a smooth texture and solid with less pore. There is a strong correlation between TS and coke density of individual lignites.
Linking Between Sedimentary Facies and Petrophysical Rock Type: A Case Study
Authors: Kurniawan D H , Winardi S , Anggara F
Published: June 2021

Rock typing is a technique of grouping rocks that have similar properties, which properties can be in the form of sedimentary, petrophysical, and reservoir parameters. Classification based on sedimentary parameters is called sedimentary rock type (SRT), while grouping based on petrophysical parameters is called petrophysical rock type (PRT). The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between SRT and PRT in the research area. The method used to determine sedimentary rock type is to use the facies concept approach, while the method used to determine petrophysical rock type is the Hydraulic Flow Unit Method, Global Hydraulic Element, Winland R35, and Pore Geometry Structure. In this study, determined the relationship between sedimentary rock type with petrophysical rock type, where some facies that have certain characteristics will have a certain type of petrophysical rock type pattern. Thoroughly bioturbated mudstone facies which have low porosity and permeability have two petrophysical rock types with initial sequence (RT 1 and RT 2) with the HFU, GHE, and Winland R35 methods, while with the PGS method there are RT 4 to RT 7. These facies have low rock type variations, it can be concluded that these facies are homogeneous
Sustainable Production of Concrete using Coir Fibres
Authors: Kore Sudarshan D.
Published: June 2021

This paper reports the investigation conducted in India using coir fibres as an additive substance used in the preparation of sustainable concrete mixtures. It is meant to be used as energy-saving building components. The coir fibres were added in different percentages 2%, 4%, and 6%, and to compare the results of these the reference concrete was also prepared without coir fibres. The study focuses on investigating the different parameters such as workability, density, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. The concrete blends were made while maintaining a constant water cement ratio of 0.52. The results of this study revealed that the addition of coir fibres in concrete mixes enhances the mechanical properties of concrete. An optimal percentage was proposed as 4 percent for the addition of coir fibres in concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable concrete with the use of coir fibres.
Sustainability Index: A Tool to Measure Environmental Performance of an Indian City
Authors: Goyal Rajesh , Dhawan Akshay
Published: June 2021

This paper aims at measuring and assessing the Indian Cities on the environmental performance criteria across a broad range of categories and supporting indicators. A unique tool is devised for the stakeholders to address the common environmental issues faced by a lot of Indian cities and to help them learn from each other. Metropolitan cities have various Environmental issues such as urban sprawl, loss of green and natural spaces, inadequate water supply, wastewater, solid-waste, pollution of soil and air. In order to counter these problems, the cities have been changing by introducing smart sustainable techniques. Because of these changes, there is competition not amongst various nations but also among various cities in terms of investors, tourists, workmen etc. As a result, recent trends focus on rating system. There are a number of benefits directly attached to the sustainability rating tool like to minimize the city’s environmental footprint, accommodate population growth, and safeguard quality of life of urban dwellers today and in future. It also helps investors to make a choice of their location, helps cities by being a guiding spirit to enlist various strengths and weaknesses of the cities and thereby assisting them in improvement by working on their weaknesses and in defining and planning their goals and to strategize aimed at bolstering their occupied position and to develop plan for the future.
Faecal Sludge Management in Urban Environment, Omni Processor an Innovative Technology
Authors: Vyas Anil D , Swami Suman
Published: June 2021

Comparing to wastewater management practices, various treatment options available for Faecal Sludge (FS) are almost a century old. 2.7 billion People across the globe, mainly in the developing nations are relying on “On Site Sanitation Systems”, OSS or unsewered sanitation. This situation will last for decades as city wide sanitation through sewer lines is neither feasible nor affordable. It is estimated that by the year 2030, almost five billion people across the globe would be relying on OSS. This paper focuses on issues of FS in developing nations, the huge gaps in sanitation value chain, the technological options available and innovations in treating FS through “Omni Processor”. With ultimate aim of removing pathogens and converting FS into water and electricity it works on various technological options that are not limited to super critical oxidation, pyrolysis, combustion and so on.
Life Cycle Analysis for The Production of Urea Through Syngas
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Verma Shalini , Gupta Abhishek , Ranjan Paul Akshoy , Jain Anuj , Haque Nawshad
Published: June 2021

For optimum growth of the agriculture industry certain urea-based fertilizers are used to provide better Nitrogen content to the soil, but this growth comes with a cost in terms of carbon footprint. In this paper, life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted for urea production having a minimum of 46% nitrogen content. For LCA, a fertilizer industry with 3850 MTPD urea production capacity is considered with an annual target of 1.27 MMTPA, while the functional unit is taken as 1MT of urea production. This paper is concerned about finding the MT equivalent CO2 required per MT urea production. The coal used for syngas preparation is from G9 to G14 meaning the gross calorific value (GCV) ranges from 4601 to 3400 GCV per kilocalories. The carbon footprint of catalyst is considered and showed its importance when it comes to larger production size. In this analysis, MT CO2equivalent per MT urea is 0.714and this result is also compared with the data of the developing countries.
Relational Recovery for Mental Health Carers and Family: Relationships, Complexity and Possibilities
Authors: Wyder Marianne , Barratt Jastine , Jonas Rowena , Bland Robert
Published: June 2021

Whilst recovery theory in mental health has become increasingly influential, much of the focus has been on individualistic understandings. This study aimed to explore the relevance of a family-based recovery framework developed by the authors. This framework explored the CHIME (Connectedness, Hope, Identity, Meaning and Purpose, and Empowerment) tenants of recovery from the perspectives of the consumer, the family role of providing recovery-oriented support and own recovery. Two Action Learning Sets (ASLs) were conducted with Family Peer Workers: the first ASL focused on presenting and receiving feedback on the framework and this feedback was integrated into a new model, which was represented and refined at a second ASL. The results highlight that recovery processes are strongly embedded within family networks, which can be composed of different individuals, relationships, roles and experiences. Furthermore, recovery processes are not static and individual family members can be at different stages. Whilst CHIME provides a useful framework, it did not encapsulate the experiences of loss and complicated grief many families face. A relational framework that encapsulates the interaction of recovery experiences between different family members as well as grief and loss can guide clinicians to support family’s capacity to encourage recovery of individual members as well as ameliorating the family’s psychological distress.
MUSTARD—a comprehensive resource of mutation-specific therapies in cancer
Authors: Mittal Gauri , R I Anu , Vatsyayan Aastha , Pandhare Kavita , Scaria Vinod
Published: June 2021

The steady increase in global cancer burden has fuelled the development of several modes of treatment for the disease. In the presence of an actionable mutation, targeted therapies offer a method to selectively attack cancer cells, increasing overall efficacy and reducing harmful side effects. However, different drug molecules are in different stages of development, with new molecules obtaining approvals from regulatory agencies each year. To augment clinical impact, it is important that this information reaches clinicians, patients and researchers swiftly and in a structured, well-annotated manner. To this end, we have developed Mutation-Specific Therapies Resource and Database in Cancer (MUSTARD), a database that is designed to be a centralized resource with diverse information such as cancer subtype, associated mutations, therapy offered and its effect observed, along with links to external resources for a more comprehensive annotation. In its current version, MUSTARD comprises over 2105 unique entries, including associations between 418 unique drug therapies, 189 cancer subtypes and 167 genes curated and annotated from over 862 different publications. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only resource that offers comprehensive information on mutation-specific, gene fusions and overexpressed gene-targeted therapies for cancer.

Database URL: http://clingen.igib.res.in/mustard/
Fighting the scarring effects of COVID-19
Authors: Cerra Valerie , Fatas Antonio , Saxena Sweta C
Published: June 2021

The large fall in global output and massive job losses during the current pandemic is creating a socio-economic upheaval that is likely to persist over time. From previous crises, we know that some of their effects are likely to leave permanent scars through what is known as hysteresis. This article discusses how the concept of scarring or hysteresis is relevant for the current pandemic-induced economic crisis. We discuss channels through which these effects can become persistent and how fiscal and monetary policies can minimize their consequences and work to create a global economy that is more resilient, more equal and greener.t
SARS-CoV-2 viral-load distribution reveals that viral loads increase with age: a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study
Authors: Euser Sjoerd , Aronson Sem , Manders Irene , van Lelyveld Steven , Herpers Bjorn , Sinnige Jan , Kalpoe Jayant , van Gemeren Claudia , Snijders Dominic , Jansen Ruud , Schuurmans Stekhoven Sophie , van Houten Marlies , Lede Ivar , Cohen Stuart James , Slijkerman Megelink Fred , Kapteijns Erik , den Boer Jeroen , Sanders Elisabeth , Wagemakers Alex , Souverein Dennis
Published: June 2021

Background

Describing the SARS-CoV-2 viral-load distribution in different patient groups and age categories.

Methods

All results from first nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs from unique patients tested via SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) collected between 1 January and 1 December 2020 predominantly in the Public Health Services regions Kennemerland and Hollands Noorden, province of North Holland, the Netherlands, were included in this study. SARS-CoV-2 PCR crossing-point (Cp)-values were used to estimate viral loads.

Results

In total, 278 455 unique patients were tested, of whom 9.1% (n = 25.374) were SARS-CoV-2-positive. PCRs performed by Public Health Services (n = 211 914), in which sampling and inclusion were uniform, revealed a clear relation between age and SARS-CoV-2 viral load, with especially children aged <12 years showing lower viral loads than adults (β: –0.03, 95% confidence interval: –0.03 to –0.02, p < 0.001), independently of sex and/or symptom duration. Interestingly, the median Cp-values between the >79- and <12-year-old populations differed by more than four PCR cycles, suggesting an ∼16-fold difference in viral load. In addition, the proportion of children aged <12 years with a low load (Cp-value >30) was higher compared with other patients (31.1% vs 17.2%, p-value < 0.001).

Conclusions

In patients tested by Public Health Services, SARS-CoV-2 viral load increases with age. Further studies should elucidate whether the lower viral load in children is indeed related to their suggested limited role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Moreover, as rapid antigen tests are less sensitive than PCR, these results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests have lower sensitivity in children than in adults.
Multi-PheWAS intersection approach to identify sex differences across comorbidities in 59 140 pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Gutiérrez-Sacristán Alba , Sáez Carlos , De Niz Carlos , Jalali Niloofar , DeSain Thomas N , Kumar Ranjay , Zachariasse Joany M , Fox Kathe P , Palmer Nathan , Kohane Isaac , Avillach Paul
Published: June 2021

Objective

To identify differences related to sex and define autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comorbidities female-enriched through a comprehensive multi-PheWAS intersection approach on big, real-world data. Although sex difference is a consistent and recognized feature of ASD, additional clinical correlates could help to identify potential disease subgroups, based on sex and age.

Materials and Methods

We performed a systematic comorbidity analysis on 1860 groups of comorbidities exploring all spectrum of known disease, in 59 140 individuals (11 440 females) with ASD from 4 age groups. We explored ASD sex differences in 2 independent real-world datasets, across all potential comorbidities by comparing (1) females with ASD vs males with ASD and (2) females with ASD vs females without ASD.

Results

We identified 27 different comorbidities that appeared significantly more frequently in females with ASD. The comorbidities were mostly neurological (eg, epilepsy, odds ratio [OR] > 1.8, 3-18 years of age), congenital (eg, chromosomal anomalies, OR > 2, 3-18 years of age), and mental disorders (eg, intellectual disability, OR > 1.7, 6-18 years of age). Novel comorbidities included endocrine metabolic diseases (eg, failure to thrive, OR = 2.5, ages 0-2), digestive disorders (gastroesophageal reflux disease: OR = 1.7, 6-11 years of age; and constipation: OR > 1.6, 3-11 years of age), and sense organs (strabismus: OR > 1.8, 3-18 years of age).

Discussion

A multi-PheWAS intersection approach on real-world data as presented in this study uniquely contributes to the growing body of research regarding sex-based comorbidity analysis in ASD population.

Conclusions

Our findings provide insights into female-enriched ASD comorbidities that are potentially important in diagnosis, as well as the identification of distinct comorbidity patterns influencing anticipatory treatment or referrals. The code is publicly available (https://github.com/hms-dbmi/sexDifferenceInASD).
Disrupt the Gambler’s Nirvana: Security for Costs in Investment Arbitration Supported by Third-Party Funding
Authors: Shao Xuan
Published: June 2021

Third-party funding is a recent yet rapidly growing phenomenon in investment arbitration. While it enables investors lacking funds to pursue remedies against States, it exposes States to greater risk of inability to recover arbitration costs. Against this background, this article examines the legal principles on security for costs and, contrary to the view of several tribunals and commentators, it argues that in cases involving third-party funding and the funding agreement does not cover potential adverse costs, there is a presumption in favour of ordering security for costs. However, as revealed in recent decisions in Herzig, the current legal framework on security for costs, which is predicated on the bilateral investor–State relationship, is ill-suited to regulate the tripartite relationship involving third-party funders. Unfortunately, the discussions on Investor–State dispute settlement reform and the current proposal by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) on the ICSID Rules amendment have largely overlooked this problem. Thus, this article urges policy-makers to develop new rules to regulate the tripartite relationship involving third-party funders.