bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up…!” Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century
Authors: Fritsch Kathrin
Published: November 2010

Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, the leading German geographical journal of the nineteenth century, is of fundamental significance for the early scholarly study of Africa. It printed numerous accounts by practically all of the important explorers of the time, in particular under the aegis of the geographer August Petermann. Of particular significance are the cartographic supplements to the articles published in the journal. These maps showed for the first time hitherto unknown areas of Africa. Although the data for these maps were often collected in the field under difficult conditions by European travellers, and drawn up in Gotha with the assistance of numerous specialists (astronomers, geologists, cartographers, lithographers, graphic artists), their creation would have been impossible without the cooperation of Africans. That is to say, these maps, a medium seen as a most exact expression of scientific and technical progress, could not have been produced without the assistance of so-called “natives” or “savages.” This aspect of cartographic production, to which little attention has been paid so far, is the subject of a research project at the Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig initiated in May 2009. In the course of this project, a range of German-language travelers' accounts will be studied, giving special attention to the role of indigenous informants and in combination with archival materials. This paper is based on the example of the German African explorer Georg Schweinfurth.

In September 1863, the as yet unknown botanist Georg Schweinfurth announced the start of his African projects in a “call to botanists” inPetermanns Geographische Mittheilungen, describing his planned “expedition over several years to Egypt, Nubia and the countries of the Upper Nile, devoted solely to botanical purposes.” Although Schweinfurth did not publish solely in theGeographische Mittheilungenin the following years, he remained in close contact with Petermann, especially with regard to new geographical discoveries. Unlike other travelers, Schweinfurth often visited areas barely known to geographers, where he compared existing maps most carefully with his own observations. In this way he was able to correct many inaccuracies and improve European cartographic knowledge of these regions. A total of six maps by Schweinfurth appeared in theGeographische Mittheilungenbetween 1865 and 1877.
The National Archives of Cameroon in Yaoundé and Buea
Authors: Maderspacher Alois
Published: November 2010

Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km2of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon.

Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.
A Note on the Liberian Archives
Authors: Osborne Myles
Published: November 2010

Two decades of civil war have left Liberians facing many challenges. One such group includes those concerned with the preservation and maintenance of Liberia's archives, which were severely compromised during the period of conflict. This paper provides a brief introduction for scholars as to the nature of Liberia's archival materials available in-country, the impact of the war on the collections, and details about how scholars interested in the history of Liberia may access these records.

There are three archival collections in Liberia. The first is at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on Tubman Boulevard, between 12th and 13th Streets. The second is at the Center for National Documents and Records (National Archives) at 96 Ashmun Street, while the third—the Presidential Archives—is at the Executive Mansion on Capitol Hill.
The Sediment of Nomadism
Authors: Kaufmann Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2010

And the grass dried up. And without grass their flocks and herds must die. And upon these animals depended both the shelter and food of the race—life itself.

Nomadism is a category imagined by outsiders and it brings with it many suppositions about pastoral life.…

This essay began as a footnote in which I construed “cactus pastoralism” as an anomaly in the pastoralist literature. I had found that the raising of zebu cattle in southern Madagascar on mixed diets of grass and prickly pear cactus of the genusOpuntiadid not fit the standard definition of pastoralism as “the raising of livestock on ‘natural’ pasture unimproved by human intervention.” By that definition the Mahafale herders whom I had observed striving to keep their zebu cattle alive in the arid environment by “improving” their pastures with cactus “water-food” appeared not to be pastoralists at all.

I attributed the problem to a stifling typology giving precedence to “natural” grasslands that rendered invisible human agency in the making of such landscapes. I singled out the problematic concept of “pure” or “true” nomads, in which their “life itself—as Merian Cooper wrote at the beginning ofGrass, and which I quoted above—depended entirely on their keeping livestock mobile. In the footnote I reasoned that “Western scholars of pastoralist societies rely on a typology or terminology that defines the form of pastoralism in relation to whether they are close or far from pure nomadism. Pastoralist studies have flirted with the modern constitution. As Latour wrote, ‘hybrids are indeed accepted, but solely as mixtures of pure forms in equal proportion.’“
Madiki Lemon, the “English Captain” at Ouidah, 1843–1852: an Exploration in Biography
Authors: Law Robin
Published: November 2010

The history of the commercial entrepôts on the Atlantic coast of West Africa in the pre-colonial period is far from being a neglected topic, but has attracted considerable academic research. The potential value of a biographical (or prosopographical) approach to the social history of such coastal communities has also long been recognized, the classic pioneering example being Margaret Priestley's study of the Brew family of Anomabu, on the Gold Coast (modern Ghana), founded by the locally settled Irish slave-trader Richard Brew (died 1776). The case of the Brews, however, presents exceptionally favorable conditions for the reconstruction both of individual biography and of collective family history, in that the founder was literate and generated a considerable corpus of written records which survives to the present, while for subsequent generations of the family the early establishment of an institutionalized form of British proto-colonial administration on the Gold Coast also yielded relatively abundant documentation.

Elsewhere on the coast, and more particularly for individuals and families lower down the social scale, the amount of evidence available is likely to be much more limited and fragmentary. The present article represents a tentative attempt at a biography of a person of much lesser eminence than Richard Brew or his descendants, which may therefore be regarded as a venture into the field of subaltern history. To the extent that it also concerns someone who generated no documentation of his own, but whose life has to be reconstructed from incidental references in the records of the external agencies with whom he had dealings, it is also conceived as a methodological exploration of the possibility of extracting an African voice and perspective from European (and Eurocentric) sources.
A History of the Rio Pongo: Time for a New Appraisal?
Authors: Mouser Bruce L.
Published: November 2010

Forty-five years ago (1965), when some of us were beginning our studies of the history of the Upper Guinea coast, there existed only a few published general histories of Guinea-Conakry or region-based models to guide us. André Arcin's substantial works (1907 and 1911) provided original but awkward structures from which we could commence our work, but his monographs tended to be based heavily upon a colonial presence, a necessity to make sense of a complex colony, and a reliance upon oral traditions or other uncitationed sources, many of which could not be tested a half century later. Christopher Fyfe's comprehensive history of Sierra Leone had just been published in 1962. Fyfe's foremost emphasis was to chronicle the development of the Sierra Leone settlement and chart that colony's progress, but his extensive documentation was extraordinary in that it demonstrated the clear link between the “Northern Rivers” and British enterprise from Freetown and opened Britain's archives as sources of information about the history of these rivers in new and profound ways.

Earlier works by Lucien Marie Francois Famechon, Jules Machat, Fernand Rouget, Laurent Jean B. Bérenger-Férand, Ch. Bour, and others, centering upon the peoples, economies, and terrain of coastal rivers, continued to be instructive, but these authors were writing at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, and they tended to treat the histories of indigenous peoples as interesting and exotic and at the same time relatively unimportant to the colony's regional development.
Local Historians and Strangers with Big Eyes: The Politics of Ewe History in Ghana and Its Global Diaspora
Authors: Skinner Kate
Published: November 2010

In 2001 I attended a meeting at the London headquarters of the Movement for a Resurgent Togoland (MORETO). Seven people—mainly middle-aged and elderly men from the inland Ewe-speaking areas of Ghana—had gathered together to share their findings about the modern political history of the area where they were born. They vocalised their dissatisfaction with the incorporation of this area within the borders of Ghana at independence in 1957, and they discussed how this situation came about, and whether it could be rectified. In the course of this meeting, I began to realize that contests over Ewe history had gone global. Controversial issues, which scholars had previously addressed through detailed diachronic local studies, were now being played out across a global diaspora, capturing the attention not only of Ewe-speakers originating from a specific town or district, or having a direct stake in a particular version of its history, but also of anonymous commentators, scattered thousands of miles across the globe. In this paper, I describe some of my encounters with Ewe-speaking people who study their recent political history, and I analyze some of their writings. I suggest that, despite recent attention to history-writing by Africans during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, further reflection is required on two key issues: firstly, the circulation of historical knowledge and forms of historical debate among Africans living in the global diaspora; secondly, the implications of this for historians researching the post-colonial period.
African Girls' Samplers from Mission Schools in Sierra Leone (1820s to 1840s)
Authors: Strickrodt Silke
Published: November 2010

In an article in this journal almost fifteen years ago, Colleen Kriger discussed the reluctance of historians of Africa to use objects as sources in their research. She pointed to the rich reservoir of objects “made by African hands” in museum collections around the world, which lies virtually untapped by historians. However, she also noted that while objects are “unusually eloquent remnants from the past,” they are problematic sources, presenting “special difficulties in evaluation and interpretation.”

The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the existence of a number of embroidery samplers that were stitched by African girls in mission schools in the British colony of Sierra Leone in the period from the 1820s to the 1840s. So far, I have found thirteen of these samplers, which are preserved in a number of archival, private and museum collections in Europe and the USA. To historians, these pieces of needlework are of interest because they were generated by a group of people for whom we do not usually have first-hand documentary material. Moreover, they represent the direct material traces of the activity of the girls who made them, and thus appear to offer the possibility of an emphatic insight into their experience.

However, these “textile documents” present serious problems of interpretation. What exactly can they be expected to tell the modern historian? In particular, how far, in fact, do they express the perspectives of the African girls who made them, as distinct from the European missionaries who directed their work? Careful source criticism and an examination of the purpose for which they were produced will help to clarify these issues.
Liberia and the Atlantic World in the Nineteenth Century: Convergence and Effects
Authors: Allen William E.
Published: November 2010

William C. Burke, an African American emigrant in Liberia, wrote the following to an acquaintance in the United States on 23 September 1861:

This must be the severest affliction that have visited the people of the United States and must be a sorce [sic] of great inconvenience and suffering and although we are separated from the seane [sic] by the Atlantic yet we feel sadly the effects of it in this country. The Steavens not coming out as usual was a great disappointment and loss to many in this country.

Burke's lamentation about the impact of the American Civil War on the distant Atlantic shores of Africa underscores a problem—and opportunity—in Liberian historiography. Burke's nineteenth-century world extended past the distinct national boundaries that separated the United States and Liberia. Geographically, this was the vast littoral of the four continents—Africa, Europe, North America, and South America—abutting the Atlantic Ocean. But the Atlantic world, as historians now dubbed this sprawling transnational zone, was much more extensive. Societies near and faraway were also drawn into the web of socioeconomic activities in the basin. The creation of the Atlantic world spanned almost four centuries, from the late fifteenth to the waning decades of the nineteenth century. In this period, an unprecedented multitude of migrants crisscrossed the Atlantic creating a vast network. For example, by the nineteenth century, regular transatlantic packages such as theMary Caroline Stevenswhose delay Burke called “a great disappointment,” transported passengers, provisions, and dispatches between the United States and Liberia.
Sovereignty and Socialism in Tanzania: The Historiography of an African State
Authors: Bjerk Paul K.
Published: November 2010

Observers of the Tanzanian political scene would point out that the country makes its own decisions on matters of internal and international importance. The policy ofUjamaa Vijijini[African socialism in the villages], it would be argued, was formulated here and not at the dictate of any foreign power.

In an edited volume entitledThe State in Tanzania, published in 1980 just before the precipitous denouement of President Julius Nyerere's philosophy of African socialism known asUjamaa, Haroub Othman began with the question of the sub-title, “Who Controls it and Whose Interest Does it Serve?” The cover featured a large black question mark on a red background. Provocatively Othman asked, “can one say in a specific and definite sense that Tanzania is building socialism?” Exhibiting a remarkable level of open criticism of the government in a one-party state, the essays framed their issues in the Marxist terms that were long predominant in literature on the Tanzanian state. The book dealt with an ongoing concern that Tanzania's ambitious goals for democracy and development were not being met and the overarching nationalist question of which sovereign defined those goals. It was a question that continues to vex political scientists of Africa today who seek to reconcile Westphalian concepts of sovereignty with the layered realities of African polities struggling to exert sovereign authority both internally and externally.

Reviewing a representative sample of nearly fifty years of scholarship on the postcolonial Tanzanian state, one is struck by the tension enervating Othman's essays. Scholars are torn between the impulse to understand the theoretical implications of Tanzania's experience for socialism and a more pragmatic concern to evaluate the country's claim to sovereign authority.
The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participants in Events
Authors: Gebeyehu Temesgen
Published: November 2010

In 1974 the Ethiopian government of Emperor Haile-Sellasie was overthrown and replaced by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC). Also known as the Derg, the PMAC adopted socialism, embarked on radical social changes, and retained power for over two decades under its leader, Mengistu Hayle-Maryam, eventually was overthrown in 1991. The Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg are the topics of several authors, including those publishing close to the events, such as Raul Valdes Vivo, Fred Halliday and Maxine Molyneux, and John Markakis and Nega Ayele, and those writing later, such as Christopher Clapham, Edmond Keller, and Bahru Zewde, to name just a few publishing in English. But other publications, in Amharic and English, remain the focus of a lively academic and public debate in Ethiopia. Most of these writings were produced by participants in events, or, in one case, are transcripts of interviews with participants. Some of the raconteurs were revolutionaries, others were their opponents, and still others were members of the imperial regime. Taken together, these publications shed light on the genesis of the Ethiopian Revolution (the February 1974 movements), the consolidation of Derg (in November 1977), and its aftermath. This note examines some of these materials to bring them to the attention of readers of this journal.
“Slippin’ Into Darkness”: The (Re)Biologization of Race
Authors: Omi Michael
Published: November 2010

While the dominant mantra in humanities and the social sciences is that “race is a social construction, not a biological one,” in the wake of the Human Genome Project, a vigorous debate has emerged about whether race is indeed a meaningful and useful genetic concept. This essays argues that debates about the very concept of race --- the system of classification we employ, the meanings we ascribe to racial categories, and their use in social analysis and policy formation --- are rendered more complex, indeterminate, and muddy with the increasing re-biologization of race.
Poem for Armenian Genocide Day and Rules for Postcolonials
Authors: Matsuda Mari
Published: November 2010

When there is genocide, intellectuals are targets. This essay askes why, evoking the best traditions of Asian American Studies, a field born in protest and committed to scholarship in pursuit of changed power relationships. As the AAS met in Hawaii, this essay issued a challenge to confront issues of settler vs. indigineous status, to seek groundrules for coalition building, and to teach our students the history of organizing for social change. Engaged scholarship, enraged scholarship, seeking justice always, is a goal ever more important in a time of economic upheaval and backlash against our immigrant communities.
Challenging Public Charge Policy: Coalitional Immigrant Community Strategies
Authors: Park Lisa Sun-Hee
Published: November 2010

As part of the anti-immigrant fervor in the 1990s, the state of California initiated a series of border enforcement programs that targeted immigrant women’s access to prenatal care. Using public charge policy, the state Department of Health Services (DHS) and federal immigration authorities worked to deter low-income immigrant women from accessing health services by defining immigrant women as public burdens. This paper focuses on the successful immigrant community challenge to these programs, which incorporated a coalition of Latino/a and Asian immigrant organizations to provide a powerful, alternative narrative that articulates the state’s irresponsibility and illegality in their relationship with immigrants.
Statehood: Catalyst of the Twentieth-Century Kanaka ‘Ōiwi Cultural Renaissance and Sovereignty Movement
Authors: McGregor Davianna Pomaika‘i
Published: November 2010

Unexpectedly, by the 1970s, rather than fully integrating Hawai‘i’s people into American life ways, statehood had laid the foundation for a Kanaka Oiwi cultural renaissance and revival of their historic sovereignty movement. The quest for Kanaka Oiwi sovereignty began when the U.S. government invaded Hawai'i on January 16, 1893. Critiques of Kanaka Oiwi sovereignty as unviable in a global post colonial social system cannot derail a quest that has been instilled in the hearts and minds of a people for generations. This article identifies post-statehood economic and political developments and traces the emergence of the Kanaka Oiwi movement.
Beyond Color-blind Universalism: Asians in a “Postracial America”
Authors: Võ Linda Trinh
Published: November 2010

Beyond the symbolism of President Barack Hussein Obama’s election is the unseen ways in which it is transforming the racial discourse in this country; however, whether it means a substantial transformation of structural inequities is more elusive. Does Obama’s election mean that the United States has moved beyond its historical legacy of slavery and institutionalized segregation? Are racial groups interchangeable in this colorblind universalism, so that one group can be merely substituted for another? We are in the process of digesting what his presidency means for Asian Americans on both a superficial or symbolic level, but also on the tangibles, namely the implementation of the campaign slogan “change we can believe in.” Recognizing that much remains uncertain for Asian Americans, I critique the connections, real and imagined, they have to the presidential election, provide cautionary notes on the post-racial narrative, and comment on the ongoing process and impact of racialization.
School Funding in Ohio: From DeRolph to the Evidence-Based Model (EBM) and Beyond
Authors: Pittner Nicholas A. , Carleton Melissa M. , Casto Cassandra
Published: November 2010

Beginning in 1997, a series of Ohio Supreme Court decisions ruled that Ohio's school foundation-based funding system was unconstitutional. Despite judicially mandated reform directives, little change was made until recently when Ohio adopted a modified Evidence-Based Model (EBM) into its statutory funding scheme. Ohio's EBM is intended to remedy many of the unconstitutional deficiencies found by the courts. However, due to artificial caps and guarantees on the funding that a district can receive, the EBM has yet to impact school funding in a major way. A review of the EBM, as enacted in Ohio, describes the changes to the system, as well as the shortcomings.
The Alpha and Omega Syndrome: Is Intra-District Funding the Next Ripeness Factor?
Authors: Owings William A. , Kaplan Leslie S.
Published: November 2010

Fiscal disparities within school districts may be the next area "ripe" for litigation. Equity and adequacy litigation have largely focused on between-district fiscal disparities. Research suggests that within-district disparities may be as unfair to high poverty schools. When the school funding pie is not growing, remedying within-district fiscal disparities may be a winning strategy to support education for low-income and minority students.
Jazz and the Evolution of Black American Cosmopolitanism in Interwar Paris
Authors: Gillett Rachel
Published: November 2010

This article shows that African American jazz performers created a cosmopolitan diasporic network through transatlantic touring during the interwar years. Successful black musicians and dancers lived in large international cities, or "cosmopolitan pleasure centers," to quote singer Florence Mills, and they performed in the international space of the nightclub. Most of them retained a strong sense of identity as black Americans and invoked their international experiences to criticize narrow racial practices in the United States. Collectively, these men and women forged a practice of black American cosmopolitanism that was transmitted back to America by way of the black press. Examining their experiences serves to interrogate and expand the idea of cosmopolitan practice, and understanding their experiences as cosmopolitan explains why the "jazz migration" was an important political and cultural phenomenon for the larger black American community at the time.
The Cosmopolitan Life of Alice Erh-Soon Tay
Authors: Horne Julia
Published: November 2010

This article explores the historical questions of gender, secularism, and ethnicity in relation to cosmopolitanism as a political discourse during the Cold War. By examining the early intellectual life of the Singapore-born Alice Erh-Soon Tay, whose citizenship traversed the British Empire, the new Malay state, and then Australia, the article argues that a history of cosmopolitanism must first tackle its own presumptions about the typical "cosmopolitan" as Jewish, male, and European. Focusing on the Cold War, when the language of cosmopolitanism had effectively gone underground, the article also explores how to track the concept of cosmopolitanism without the usual language of "world citizenship."
East of Enlightenment: Regulating Cosmopolitanism between Istanbul and Paris in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: November 2010

The Echelles du Levant et de Barbarie were French trading centers across the Ottoman Empire that were granted special trading privileges by the sultan. Naturally, their center was in Istanbul, where hundreds of French merchants carried out a large volume of trade across the Mediterranean. In 1781 those merchants wrote to their government to criticize the tight restrictions placed on their everyday life and trade by a new regime of regulation. Their protest revealed the currency of a new idea of the plastic and adaptable human subject, shaped by the cultural environment rather than by innate qualities: a kind of "cosmopolitan subject" that we may associate with Enlightenment thought. But they employed this conception in order to raise the specter of an "infection" spread by such adaptation, necessitating the exclusion of foreigners, and above all the subjects of the sultan, whether Jewish, Christian, or Muslim, from commercial activity between Istanbul and Marseille. Their protests were ultimately successful in scuttling the French government's nascent free-trade policies in regard to the Levant. This article suggests that the legislative activity of the French state intersected in particular ways with ideas about cosmopolitanism over the course of the eighteenth century in the reconstruction of the nature of everyday life for the "Franks" of the Echelles. It investigates how these converging processes worked to dismantle the older Levantine or "Eurasian" cosmopolitanism that had been for centuries the basis for coexistence under Ottoman rule.
International Stem Cell Tourism and the Need for Effective Regulation: Part II: Developing Sound Oversight Measures and Effective Patient Support
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B. , Cohen Peter J.
Published: November 2010

Part I of this article, published in the March 2010 issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal , traces and addresses the provision of unproven stem cell treatments in Russia and India, examines the concept of innovative treatment, and concludes that stronger regulations are needed to protect the health and informed choices of patients. The current paper, Part II, proposes that the regulatory frameworks for the development of safe and efficacious treatments in effect in the United States and the United Kingdom provide examples of strong oversight measures from which countries seeking to obtain international credibility for their biotechnological competence could draw when developing regulations for stem cell treatments. Major sources of information available to persons who consider receiving such unproven treatments are explored in order to understand and address their concerns. The paper concludes with proposed measures to inform those considering the pursuit of unproven stem cell treatments abroad more accurately about their efficacy and safety and provide them with improved medical and social support in their home countries.
Is Equal Moral Consideration Really Compatible with Unequal Moral Status?
Authors: Rossi John
Published: November 2010

The issue of moral considerability, or how much moral importance a being's interests deserve, is one of the most important in animal ethics. Some leading theorists—most notably David DeGrazia—have argued that a principle of "equal moral consideration" is compatible with "unequal moral status." Such a position would reconcile the egalitarian force of equal consideration with more stringent obligations to humans than animals. The article presents arguments that equal consideration is not compatible with unequal moral status, thereby forcing those who would justify significantly different moral protections for humans and animals to argue for unequal consideration.
Rational Noncompliance with Prescribed Medical Treatment
Authors: Stewart Douglas O. , DeMarco Joseph P.
Published: November 2010

Despite the attention that patient noncompliance has received from medical researchers, patient noncompliance remains poorly understood and difficult to alter. With a better theory of patient noncompliance, both greater success in achieving compliance and greater respect for patient decision making are likely. The theory presented, which uses a microeconomic approach, bridges a gap in the extant literature that has so far ignored the contributions of this classic perspective on decision making involving the tradeoff of costs and benefits. The model also generates a surprising conclusion: that patients are typically acting rationally when they refuse to comply with certain treatments. However, compliance is predicted to rise with increased benefits and reduced costs. The prediction that noncompliance is rational is especially true in chronic conditions at the point that treatment begins to move closer to the medically ideal treatment level. Although the details of this theory have not been tested empirically, it is well supported by existing prospective and retrospective studies.
A Review of IT Governance: A Taxonomy to Inform Accounting Information Systems
Authors: Wilkin Carla L. , Chenhall Robert H.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews Information Systems (IS) literature that is relevant to Information Technology Governance (ITG) and examines how it informs Accounting Information Systems (AIS). We present a taxonomy of research encompassing the focus areas identified by the IT Governance Institute (ITGI), namely Strategic Alignment (SA), Risk Management (RK), Resource Management (RM), Value Delivery (VD) and Performance Measurement (PM). Based upon 496 papers in ten IS/AIS and two Management Accounting journals over the period 1998–2008, we discuss research perspectives and identify avenues for future research. Results revealed a lack of integration between focus areas, with little about ITG as a whole.
IT and the Board of Directors: An Empirical Investigation into the “Governance Questions” Canadian Board Members Ask about IT
Authors: Bart Chris , Turel Ofir
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT: In modern organizations, information technologies (IT) often help drive organizational strategies. As such, IT require both judicious planning and oversight. While executive oversight over IT is quite common nowadays, several studies indicate that due to the many benefits and risks associated with IT, more/better board-level oversight may be in order. Unfortunately, there is a scarcity of research on the involvement of board members in IT governance. We attempt to partially fill this gap by empirically examining the degree to which the 27 IT governance questions that make up an IT board governance framework recommended by the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants are raised by the board members of 94 Canadian firms. We also investigate the extent to which the questions are considered important. Our findings show that: board members use only some of the IT governance questions and not all the recommended ones; there is a gap between the IT governance questions board members ask and the ones they perceive to be important; and the number and importance of IT governance questions that board members ask appear to vary with both their organization’s strategic use of IT and the need for IT reliability. Implications for research and practice are offered.
Effect of cytoskeletal element degradation on merging of concentration waves in slow axonal transport
Authors: Kuznetsov Andrey , Avramenko Andriy , Blinov Dmitry
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to investigate, by means of a numerical simulation, the effect of the half-life of cytoskeletal elements (CEs) on superposition of several waves representing concentrations of running, pausing, and off-track anterograde and retrograde CE populations. The waves can be induced by simultaneous microinjections of radiolabeled CEs in different locations in the vicinity of a neuron body; alternatively, the waves can be induced by microinjecting CEs at the same location several times, with a time interval between the injections. Since the waves spread out as they propagate downstream, unless their amplitude decreases too fast, they eventually superimpose. As a result of superposition and merging of several waves, for the case with a large half-life of CEs, a single wave is formed. For the case with a small half-life the waves vanish before they have enough time to merge.
Climacostol inhibits Tetrahymena motility and mitochondrial respiration
Authors: Muto Yoshinori , Tanabe Yumiko , Kawai Kiyoshi , Okano Yukio , Iio Hideo
Published: November 2010

Climacostol is a resorcinol derivative that is produced by the ciliate Climacostomum virens. Exposure to purified climacostol results in lethal damage to the predatory ciliate Dileptus margaritifer and several other ciliates. To elucidate the mechanism of climacostol toxic action, we have investigated the effects of this compound on the swimming behavior of Tetrahymena thermophila and the respiratory system of isolated rat liver mitochondria. When added to living T. thermophila cells, climacostol markedly increased the turning frequency that was accompanied by a decrease in swimming velocity and subsequently by cell death. Observations by DIC and fluorescence microscopy showed morphological alterations in climacostol treated T. thermophila, indicating that climacostol might exert cytotoxic action on this organism. In the experiment with isolated rat liver mitochondria, climacostol was found to inhibit the NAD-linked respiration, but had no apparent effect on succinate-linked respiration. This finding indicates that climacostol specifically inhibits respiratory chain complex I in mitochondria. The combination of results suggest that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration may be the cytotoxic mechanism of climacostol’s defenses against predatory protozoa.
Fibroblast Growth Factors: Biology, Function, and Application for Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Yun Ye-Rang , Won Jong Eun , Jeon Eunyi , Lee Sujin , Kang Wonmo , Jo Hyejin , Jang Jun-Hyeog , Shin Ueon Sang , Kim Hae-Won
Published: November 2010

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that signal through FGF receptors (FGFRs) regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions, including cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. The FGF signal pathways are the RAS/MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase/AKT pathway, and PLCγ pathway, among which the RAS/MAP kinase pathway is known to be predominant. Several studies have recently implicated the in vitro biological functions of FGFs for tissue regeneration. However, to obtain optimal outcomes in vivo, it is important to enhance the half-life of FGFs and their biological stability. Future applications of FGFs are expected when the biological functions of FGFs are potentiated through the appropriate use of delivery systems and scaffolds. This review will introduce the biology and cellular functions of FGFs and deal with the biomaterials based delivery systems and their current applications for the regeneration of tissues, including skin, blood vessel, muscle, adipose, tendon/ligament, cartilage, bone, tooth, and nerve tissues.
Hematological Reference Values for Healthy Adults in Togo
Authors: Kueviakoe Irenee Messanh , Segbena Akuete Yvon , Jouault Helene , Vovor Ahoefa , Imbert Michele
Published: November 2010

The hematological reference values are very important for diagnostic orientation and treatment decision. The aim of this study was to establish hematological reference values for healthy adults in Togo. A total of 2571 voluntary blood donors participated to this study. Only 1349 subjects negative for HIV, HBV, HCV, malaria, and without hemoglobin abnormalities in electrophoresis and hypochromia on blood smear, were definitively retained for the study. Median hemoglobin level was higher in males than females (15.1 g/dL versus 13.0 g/dL, p=0.000). Median total WBC (4.2×109/L) and absolute neutrophil counts (1.6×109/L) were similar by gender. The median lymphocyte counts in males and females were, respectively, 2.1×109/L and 2.2×109/L (p=0.11). The median platelet count was lower in males than females (236×109/L versus 247×109/L, p=0.004). Our median values for RBC parameters differ from those of African countries probably because of our inclusion criteria which eliminate most cases with iron deficiency and/or thalassemia.
Gastric IgG4-Related Autoimmune Fibrosclerosing Pseudotumour: A Novel Location
Authors: Rollins Katie E. , Mehta Samir P. , O'Donovan Maria , Safranek Peter M.
Published: November 2010

We describe the first reported case of an IgG4-related autoimmune fibrosclerosing pseudotumour located in the stomach of a 75-year old woman presenting with weight loss and vomiting. A lesion was detected in the gastric body at endoscopy. Subsequent characterisation by CT was suggestive of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Following laparoscopic resection, the patient recovered uneventfully. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed an IgG4-related fibrosclerosing pseudotumour, a novel location for this histopathological entity.
The Effect of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on Lipid Profile, Creatinine, and Serum Electrolytes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mohagheghi Abbas , Maghsoud Shirin , Khashayar Patricia , Ghazi-Khansari Mohammad
Published: November 2010

Background. Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (HS), a member of malvaceae family, is a medicinal plant with a worldwide fame. Its effect on reducing serum lipids is mentioned in several studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of this plant in reducing the serum's lipids in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods. Ninety hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to receive Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) tea or black tea for 15 days. The patients were asked to drink the tea within 20 minutes following its preparation. This process had to be repeated two times, daily. Patient's FBS and lipid profile were collected at the first visit day (day 0) and on the day 30. Results. There was no significant differences between pre and post experiment values within the two groups. An upward trend in total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL cholesterol was evident in both groups. The increase in total and HDL cholesterol in both groups relative to their initial values were significant. Conclusion. Hibiscus Sabdariffa is probably a safe medicinal plant. No significant harmful changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, serum creatinine, Na and K levels were observed within 15 days after the discontinuation of the medication.
Influence of the preparation methods on the microstructure and oxygen permeability of a CO2‐stable dual phase membrane
Authors: Luo Huixia , Jiang Heqing , Efimov Konstantin , Caro Jürgen , Wang Haihui
Published: November 2010

A CO2‐stable dual phase membrane of the composition 40 wt % NiFe2O4‐60 wt % Ce0.9Gd0.1O2‐δ (40NFO‐60CGO) was synthesized in three different ways: mixing of the starting powders (1) in a mortar and (2) in a ball‐mill as well as by (3) direct in situ one‐pot sol–gel powder synthesis. Backscattered scanning electron microscopy revealed that the direct one‐pot synthesis of 40NFO‐60CGO gives the smallest grains in a homogeneous distribution, compared with powder homogenization in the mortar or the ball‐mill. The smaller is the grains, the higher is the oxygen permeability. The permeation of the membrane can be improved by coating a porous La0.6Sr0.4CoO3‐δ (LSC) layer on the surface of the air side. The dual phase membrane of 40NFO‐60CGO prepared by in situ synthesis shows a steady oxygen flux of 0.30 ml/(min cm2) over more than 100 h when pure CO2 was used as sweep gas, which indicated that the dual phases membrane is CO2‐resistant at least over this 5 days testing period. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Partial oxidation of palm fatty acids over Ce‐ZrO2: Roles of catalyst surface area, lattice oxygen capacity and mobility
Authors: Laosiripojana Navadol , Kiatkittipong Worapon , Assabumrungrat Suttichai
Published: November 2010

Nanoscale Ce‐ZrO2, synthesized by cationic surfactant‐assisted method, has useful partial oxidation activity to convert palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; containing C16–C18 compounds) to hydrogen‐rich gas with low carbon formation problem under moderate temperatures. At 1123 K with the inlet O/C ratio of 1.0, the main products from the reaction are H2, CO, CO2, and CH4 with slight formations of gaseous high hydrocarbons (i.e., C2H4, C2H6, and C3H6), which could all be eliminated by applying higher O/C ratio (above 1.25) or higher temperature (1173 K). Compared with the microscale Ce‐ZrO2 synthesized by conventional coprecipitation method, less H2 production with relatively higher C2H4, C2H6, and C3H6 formations are generated from the reaction over microscale Ce‐ZrO2. The better reaction performances of nanoscale Ce‐ZrO2 are linearly correlated with its higher specific surface area as well as higher oxygen storage capacity and lattice oxygen mobility, according to the reduction/oxidation measurement and 18O/16O isotope exchange study. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Optimal design of multiperiod batch‐storage network including transportation processes
Authors: Yi Gyeongbeom , Reklaitis Gintaras V.
Published: November 2010

An optimally designed of batch‐storage network that uses a periodic square wave model provides analytical lot‐sizing equations for a complex supply chain network characterized as a multisupplier, multiproduct, multi‐stage, nonserial, multicustomer, cyclic system, with recycling or remanufacturing. The network structure includes multiple currency flows and material flows. The processes involve multiple feedstock and product materials with fixed compositions that are highly suitable for production processes. Transportation processes that carry multiple materials of unknown composition are included in this study, and the time frame is varied from a single infinite period to multiple finite periods to accommodate nonperiodic parameter variations. The objective function in the optimization is chosen to minimize the difference between the opportunity costs of currency/material inventories and stockholder benefits given in the numeraire currency. Expressions for the Kuhn‐Tucker conditions for the optimization problem are reduced to a multiperiod subproblem describing the average flow rates and the analytical lot‐sizing equations. The multiperiod lot‐sizing equations are shown to differ from their single‐period counterparts. The multiperiod subproblem yields a multiperiod planning model that has many advantages over existing planning models. For example, it contains terms that represent operation frequency dependent costs. Realistically sized numerical examples that deal with multinational corporations are formulated and tested. The effects of corporate income taxes, interest rates, and exchange rates are presented. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Isocyanide in der Synthese von Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen
Authors: Lygin Alexander V. , de Meijere Armin
Published: November 2010

Isocyanide bewähren sich seit langem als unersetzliche Bausteine in der modernen organischen Chemie. Die einzigartigen Eigenschaften der Isocyanogruppe machen Isocyanide für die Synthese etlicher wichtiger Klassen von Stickstoff‐Heterocyclen wie Pyrrolen, Indolen oder Chinolinen besonders wertvoll. In letzter Zeit wurde eine ganze Reihe von Cocyclisierungen von Isocyaniden über Zwitterionen und radikalische Intermediate ebenso wie übergangsmetallkatalysierte Synthesen verschiedener Arten von Heterocyclen entwickelt. Methoden, die von Isocyaniden ausgehen, weisen oftmals deutliche Vorteile gegenüber alternativen Wegen auf, was oft der verbesserten Konvergenz und der Einfachheit solcher Verfahren sowie der großen Vielfalt einfach zugänglicher Isocyanide geschuldet ist. So finden Isocyanide auch in enantioselektiven Synthesen chiraler heterocyclischer Verbindungen einschließlich Naturstoffen Verwendung.