bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatography on silicic acid of the unsaponifiable matter of fats
Authors: Capella P. , de Zotti G. , Ricca G. S. , Valentini A. F. , Jacini G.
Published: May 2007

A method has been described for the separation of unsaponifiables into their major chemical classes by silicie acid adsorption chromatography. Methods are also presented for the isolation of unsaponifiables free of fatty acids. The chromatographic procedure was tested on synthetic mixtures of hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, and sterols and then applied to the unsaponifiables of extracted and pressed olive oils, soybean, teaseed, and rapeseed oils, lard, and tallow. The major sterol of all the unsaponifiables examined was found to be β‐sitosterol. Analytical data such as infrared analysis, carbon‐hydrogen analysis, melting points of derivatives, and paper chromatography of the sterol fractions are also presented.
Methyl esters directly from acidulated cottonseed soapstock. Preliminary cost study
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Koltun S. P. , Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , Pollard E. F. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

A product containing from 80 to 95% of the methyl esters of cottonseed, soybean, and corn oil is produced commercially in the United States directly from the respective acidulated soapstocks of these oils, using a process developed at the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division. The product is marketed as a high‐energy additive for poultry and livestock feed, and its ready acceptance indicates that it has nutritional and handling advantages over other by‐product fats for this purpose, which, in 1958, represented a ready and expanding market for almost 600 million pounds of animal and vegetable fats and oils.

A flow sheet for the process is given, and hypothetical plants with capacities of 15,000 and 60,000 lbs. of acidulated foots per 24 hrs. are described for the continuous production of up to 21 million pounds of methylated foots product annually. The lowest manufacturing costs are realized for each plant when operating 24 hrs. a day, 250 days annually, averaging five days per week. For these optimum operations the estimated capital investment for the small plant is $223,000, and for the large plant $410,000.

Manufacturing costs range from a high of 11.2¢ per pound of product at an annual production of 11/4 million pounds to 6.5¢ at an annual production of 15.3 million pounds. The cost of the raw materials, although only 3.4¢ per pound of product and chiefly the cost of foots, is the largest single item of unit cost in producing methyl esters; and, for the higher productions covered by this study, raw material costs account for more than one‐half of total unit manufacturing cost. Surplus cottonseed foots can be economically converted into a low‐cost feed additive with improved nutritional and handling properties. The process is already a commercial success.
Biochemistry of the sphingolipids. XIV. Inositol lipids of flaxseed
Authors: Carter H. E. , Galanos D. S. , Hendrickson H. S. , Jann Barbara , Nakayama Teishi , Nakazawa Yasuo , Nichols Brian
Published: May 2007

A study has been made of the inositol‐containing lipids of flaxseed phosphatides. Solvent fractionation procedures have been developed for the preparation of an inositol lipid fraction from the oil‐free phosphatide. By countercurrent extraction, the inositol lipid fraction was separated into a crude phosphatidyl inositol fraction and a second fraction containing long‐chain base nitrogen. The phosphatidyl inositol was shown to exist as a mixed magnesium‐calcium salt and evidence is presented that nitrogenous impurities (mainly phosphatidylethanolamine) may be bound to phosphatidyl inositol through a chelated salt linkage. The long‐chain base fraction was shown to contain phosphatidyl inositol and two phytoglycolipids, one similar to that from corn and soybean; the other of a novel type in which the oligosaccharide portion contains galactose, arabinose and fucose. The long‐chain base in flax phosphatides was shown to be dehydrophytosphingosine. It was suggested that phytoglycolipid may exist in a loose complex with phosphatidyl inositol (possibly as a chelated magnesium and/or calcium salt).
Errors in the acid and saponification values of fatty acids
Authors: Blank Eugene W.
Published: May 2007

Attention is directed to the variation in ester value of fatty acids depending upon method of isolation. The formation of sterol esters increases the ester value of fatty acids. The increase of ester value with elapsed time is discussed. The effect of ester value variation on the results obtained in soap analysis is described, and a possible basis of explanation for the anomalous results frequently obtained with the Goldschmidt method is presented.
Studies in soap crystallization processes. Part III. Acid soap crystallization in the segregation of tall oil fatty acids
Authors: Meade Edwin M.
Published: May 2007

Tall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80舑90% oleic acid, and 60舑80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5舑10% of conjugated linoleic acid.
Coacervation in aqueous cationic soap solutions
Authors: Cohen Irving , Vassiliades Tony
Published: May 2007

The properties of several coacervating longchain quaternary ammonium salts were studied by means of light‐scattering, viscosity, and diffusion measurements. The aqueous quaternary ammonium‐electrolyte solutions, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl, Hyamine 1622‐NaNO3 and EHDDAB‐NaNO3 systems, which form coacervates, show the following distinctive characteristics as compared to the non‐coacervating Hyamine 1622‐NaAc system:

The micellar solute species in a coacervate system is one of relatively low charge density.

The addition of electrolyte to a coacervate system produces a tremendous growth of the micellar species prior to two phase formation, in many cases larger than a one hundred fold increase as compared to the salt free solution.

The phenomenon of two phase formation in these cationic soap systems shows a pronounced specificity to the anion of the added electrolyte. This specificity may be qualitatively correlated to the ionization properties of the micellar species in the presence of added electrolyte.

A relatively narrow electrolyte transition range (ETR) may be described for coacervating systems, intermediate between zero electrolyte concentration and the critical electrolyte concentration necessary for two phase formation, in which a radical reorganization of the soap micelle occurs. Light‐scattering, viscosity and diffusion data for a typical coacervating system, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl‐H2O, indicate that for electrolyte concentrations below the electrolyte transition range, the soap micelle is isotropic. For electrolyte concentration in excess of the electrolyte transition range, the data are consistent with a cylindrical rod‐shaped micellar solute particle.
A simple method for the improvement of the keeping quality of oils and fats
Authors: Bertram S. H. , Wynia G. M.
Published: May 2007

The efficiency of antioxidants is judged by means of a modified Swift test. Addition of 0.05% sulfur during the deodorizing process yields a 4‐1.4 time prolonged keeping time of oils and fats.

There is a linear relation between iodine value and the remaining speed of oxidation in % in the tests made with sulfur. The reduction of the velocity is inversely proportional to the iodine value. The effects of gallate and the sulfur seem to be additive. The residual amount of sulfur left in the oils and fats after deodorization is very small and only slightly higher than that present in ordinary deodorized oils and fats.
Lubricants. I. Preparation and properties of benzyl and substituted benzyl esters of dilinoleic acid
Authors: Parker Winfred E. , Koos R. E. , Knight H. B. , Ault W. C.
Published: May 2007

Benzyl and substituted benzyl esters of dilinoleic acid and of hydrogenated dilinoleic acid have been prepared in good yield. Some of the chemical characteristics and physical properties of the resulting products have been measured including a study of their thermal stability by thermogravimetry. Also, they have been examined by several of the bench tests used in laboratory evaluation of lubricants. Several of them compare favorably with control materials used in the study.
The chemical and physical properties of interesterified milk fat fractions
Authors: Moore J. L. , Richardson T. , Amundson C. H.
Published: May 2007

Five fractions of anhydrous milk fat were obtained by fractional crystallization in the absence of solvent. The fractions were characterized, physically and chemically, before and after interesterification.

Cholesterol tended to fractionate into the lowest‐melting fraction.

Slipping points of 38.5C, 32C, 28C, 22.5C, and 17C, respectively, were reflected in widely varying micropenetration curves, while differences in fatty acid composition were relatively small. The three higher‐melting fractions, with very similar fatty acid compositions, had very similar physical properties after interesterification. Slipping points of 38C, 37C, 37C, 33C, and 32C, respectively, indicated that interesterification generally hardened the fractions. Interesterification altered the physical properties of lower‐melting fractions more than the properties of higher‐melting fractions.

Interesterification caused some triglyceride degradation and some butyrate loss, but these factors could not fully explain the unequal physical property changes induced in the different fractions.

Fractionation possibly tends to separate symmetrical triglycerides from their lower‐melting, unsymmetrical isomers, yielding fractions with apparent differences in the degree of randomness of their triglyceride structure.

Positioning of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecule seems to be a principal determinant of the physical properties of milk fat fractions.
Some effects of pressure on the oxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Dugan L. R.
Published: May 2007

The oxidation of methyl oleate under gas pressures up to 800 p.s.i.a. has been investigated. At 120°C. the samples oxidized under pressure built up hydroperoxides rapidly and exploded. There is no necessary connection between hydroperoxide concentration and explosiveness. Oxidations at 100°C are stable, but peroxide formation is drastically reduced. The presence of cobalt acetate increases the instability of the oxidizing oleate, causing it to explode even at 100°C.
The allergen content of castor beans and castor pomace
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry
Published: May 2007

The allergen content of 10 varieties of decorticated, defatted castor beans, as determined by a serological method, ranged from 6.1 to 9.0%. This range of allergen content probably does not offer an encouraging prospect for the development of an allergen‐free castor bean by plant breeding.

The allergen content of samples of commercial castor pomace ranged from 0.092 to 4.2%. It is apparent from these results that some current commercial milling practices are capable of reducing significantly the allergen content of castor pomace.
Branched carboxylic acids from long‐chain unsaturated compounds and carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure adds readily to the double bonds of certain long‐chain unsaturated compounds in concentrated sulfuric acid to produce branehed carboxylic acids. Unsaturated compounds studied were oleic acid, 10‐hendecenoic acid, oleyl alcohol, methyl ricinoleate, and linoleic acid. A major component from the reactions of the last two compounds is the same.

Infrared spectrophotometry and gas‐liquid chromatography have been the major tools employed in determining composition and structure of the products in addition to the usual chemical and physical determinations.

Both the concentration and quantity of sulfuric acid are critically important variables in determining the yields. Water is an essential reactant also and must be available throughout the reaction.

Carbon monoxide has been prepared and utilizedin situ by a modification of Koch's (1) method in which the unsaturated compound mixed with formic acid is added to concentrated sulfuric acid or carbon monoxide from a cylinder is passed through sulfuric acid to which the unsaturated compound is added. A method for preparing methyl and butyl esters of carboxyl groups which are difficult to esterify is described.

Reaction mechanisms involving intermediate carbonium and oxoearbonium ions are proposed to account for the products.
The study of natural epoxy oils and epoxidized vegetable oils by13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gunstone Frank D.
Published: May 2007

The13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ofVernonia galamensis seed oil and of epoxidized palm super olein, soybean oil and linseed oil have been recorded and interpreted. The chemical shifts of the major signals are assigned and semi‐quantitative results are derived. The spectroscopic procedure provides a useful method of analyzing oils that contain epoxy acids. The epoxide function differs from a double bond in its influence on the chemical shifts of nearby carbon atoms.
Chemical survey and erucic acid content of commercial varieties of nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L.
Authors: Carlson Kenneth D. , Kleiman Robert
Published: May 2007

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) oil contains the highest levels of erucic acid of known seed oils (75–80%). A significant portion of the acid is attached to the 2‐position of the glycerol, and trierucin is a major component (ca. 50%) of the oil. Seeds from eleven varieties of commercially available garden nasturtium (T. majus) were screened for oil content, erucic acid levels and fatty acid distribution. Oil contents ranged fromca. 6 to 11%, and erucic acid levels in the oils ranged from 62 to 80%. One sample ofT. speciosum was also analyzed, and contained 28% oil, fatty acids from C16 to C28 and triglycerides up to C72.
Component fatty acids of marine fish liver oils
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Suwal P. N.
Published: May 2007

1. Two liver oils (Elasmobranch) fromCarcharias melanopterus andPristis cuspidatus, caught off the Madras coast are studied, and their component fatty acids are reported.

2. The mixed acids were separated into three groups (varying unsaturation) of acids, and their methylesters were fractionated.

3. The liver oils are found to belong to the fourth group of Tsujimoto’s classification of Elasmobranch fish liver oils.Carcharias melanopterus liver oil contains 31.1% unsaturated acids (myristic 3.1, palmitic 18.4, stearic 9.5, and 0.1% arachidic) and 68.9% unsaturated acids (C16 10.8, C18 19.7, C20 15.2, C22 17.1, C24 5.3%, and traces of C14 monoethenoid).Pristis cuspidatus liver oil contains 36.9% saturated acids (myristic 1.2, palmitic 22.9, stearic 12.7, and arachidic 0.1%) and 67.1% unsaturated acids (C16 8.2, C18 28.5, C20 16.4, C22 5.2, C24 4.6%, and traces of C14 monoethenoid). The unsaturations of the different groups of acids are almost of the same order.

4. The abnormal content of saturated acids can be explained by the process of bio‐hydrogenation. The relatively less amount of saturated acids inCarcharias melanopterus liver oil along with its higher content of polyethylenic acids (C20 and above) points strongly to the possible presence of intermediate types of fats among the four groups of Elasmobranch oils.
Surface‐tension determinations with a precision micro capillary rise apparatus
Authors: Nevin C. S.
Published: May 2007

Details of apparatus construction and refinements are presented for a micro capillary rise method of determining absolute values of surface tension. Experimental values of surface tension for benzene, n‐pentadecane, and methyl laurate are recorded and compared with previous literature values. Parachors are determined. The method requires a minute amount of sample and is simple, quick, precise, and accurate.
A study of the volatile compounds produced by the autoxidation of methyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis‐9‐octadecene
Authors: Fritsch C. W. , Deatherage F. E.
Published: May 2007

Methyl oleate, oleic acid, and cis‐9‐octadecene were oxidized at 80° with a stream of air, and the volatile decomposition products were collected in dry ice traps. The volatile material consisted of an aqueous fraction and water‐soluble substances, an oil fraction, and a crystalline product. The substances in the aqueous fractions were characterized as formic and acetic acid, and their formation was studied during the autoxidation of the various substrates up to 21 days. The crystalline material was purified, and its properties were examined. The purified crystals showed chemical and infrared properties very similar to a sample of synthesized bis‐(hydroxyheptyl) peroxide. Formic and acetic acid were also shown to be produced during the decomposition of hydroxyalkyl peroxides.
Identification of Unsaturated dinitrophenylhydrazones by partial hydrogenation
Authors: de Jong K. , Begemann W. J.
Published: May 2007

Small amounts of unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which originate from autoxidized fats, were converted into their corresponding 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and subsequently partially hydrogenated. Neither hydrazine nor hydrogen gas and platinum oxide gave satisfactory results, but, using palladium on calcium carbonate as catalyst, the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones could be hydrogenated partially. Only the double bonds of the aliphatic part of the molecule were reduced, whereas the carbon nitrogen double bond and the nitro groups were not attacked. After hydrogenation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, the reaction mixture was analyzed by thin layer chromatography on a Kieselguhr plate impregnated with Carbowax. In this way, the chain length of the unsaturated carbonyl compound, as well as the number of double bonds, could be determined. Carbonyl conjugated double bonds appeared to be hydrogenated faster than isolated double bonds.
Studies on antioxidant activity of tempeh oil
Authors: György P. , Murata K. , Sugimoto Y.
Published: May 2007

Various oils, such as soy, cottonseed, corn, safflower, and lard may be protected from autoxidation by the addition, often in small amount, of tempeh oil. Tempeh is obtained from cooked, dehulled soybeans by fermentation with the fungusRhizopus oligosporus. The oil is extracted from dried tempeh with hexane/alcohol 2:1 and recovered by evaporation of the solvents. This crude oil was used in most of the experiments quoted.
Relationship between utilization of fat and synthesis of cholesterol and total lipid in young female rats
Authors: Dupont Jacqueline
Published: May 2007

Young adult female rats were fed diets containing 2% of calories from corn oil plus 20, 40, 60 or 80% of calories as beef tallow or diets containing 2% corn oil and the calorie allowance restricted to 80, 60, 40 or 20% of ad libitum consumption. Incorporation of C14‐acetate into cholesterol and total fat was determined as an indication of rate of synthesis.

As dietary fat was increased there was a linear increase in cholesterol radioactivity, as measured in serum, liver and carcass. As calories were decreased there were small but significant increases in cholesterol radioactivity. There was a highly significant decrease in incorporation of acetate into total fat as dietary fat increased, and a decrease in total fat radioactivity when calorie intake was restricted. The differences in rate of cholesterol biosynthesis were not accompanied by differences in total quantity of cholesterol. The conclusion reached was that utilization of fat for energy results in accelerated cholesterol biosynthesis.
Synthesis and analysis of optically active triglycerides
Authors: Schlenk Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Physical‐chemical methods for steric analysis of asymmetrical triglycerides and 1,3‐diglycerides have been investigated.

Aliphatic triglycerides exhibit optical rotation at the D line and in the ultraviolet to 313 mƁ when they contain greatly different fatty acid substituents, such as isobutyric, sorbic or others contrasted with plamitic and similars. However, optical rotation is not demonstrable with triglyceride antipodes which have only palmitic, oleic and similar component acids. Since their optical rotation is not apparent, they are called cryptoactive glycerides.

Presence or absence of the piezoelectric effect permits diagnosis of antipode or racemate with crystalline tri‐ and diglycerides.

Mixed melting point diagrams of one antipode and/or of the racemate with the triglyceride of unknown configuration can be used to identify the latter. X‐ray diffraction patterns of antipode and racemic glycerides are different, and configuration assignment is possible by making comparisons.

The optical rotation, ॅd = +0.19Ŷ, of dolphin oil was found to be due to S(+)‐methylethylacetic acid which occurs as a component acid in the triglycerides. The optical activity ofeuphorbiaceae triglycerides is discussed and some pertinent model compounds have been prepared.

2‐Oleo‐palmitostearin from fresh cocoa beans was found to be the racemic compound.

Application of the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog R,S nomenclature to glycerides is outlined. Numerous glycerides have been synthesized in stereospecific form and their physical data are given. Some comments are made on stereospecific analysis of triglycerides without separating them.
Soil redeposition versus deposition tests in evaluation of laundry detergents
Authors: Hensley James W.
Published: May 2007

Whiteness retention results obtained with a soil 舠deposition舡 type test, in which soil material as such is added to the detergent bath, are found to be in contradiction to those obtained with soil 舠redeposition舡 tests, in which clean and soiled cloth are washed together. A carbon soil deposition test shows polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to be superior to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) equal to CMC in improving whiteness retention results with a built anionic detergent, with pronounced synergistic effects for PVA‐CMC and PEG‐CMC combination. In contrast, the redeposition tests, employing either carbon black or tagged clay soil, show only the CMC to be effective, the nonionic polymers being ineffective alone and in combinations with CMC. Further, in evaluating the effect of tripolyphosphate builder with an alkylbenzene sulfonate, the deposition and redeposition tests give quite contradictory results. The observed contradictions cast considerable doubt on the validity of the usual carbon soil deposition tests, and emphasize the need for further study of whiteness retention test methods.
The effect of antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl conjugatedcis, trans‐octadecadienoates
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo
Published: May 2007

The effect of antioxidants on the autoxidation of methyl conjugatedcis,trans‐octadecadienoates was evaluated by estimating the induction period by measuring the increase in weight with time. Peroxide values and molecular weights were also used to determine extent of oxidation. UV and IR absorption were measured to determine conjugated dienes and isolatedtrans double bonds. Antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and sesamol, lengthened the induction period as much as seven to twelve times. After autoxidation to a weight gain of 10 mg per 1.5 g, the antioxidant containing samples had higher molecular weights and lower diene contents than the control samples. The induction periods were shorter, the peroxide values lower with or without antioxidants for the conjugated dienoates than for the nonconjugated dienoates. Effect of antioxidants might be explained by the formation of a hydrogen bond of the hydroxyl of the antioxidant and π‐electrons as well as the inhibition of the chain‐reaction.
Insect sex attractants: XI. analysis ofcis andtrans isomers of fatty alcohol acetates by gas chromatography
Authors: Warthen David , Green Nathan
Published: May 2007

A gas chromatographic procedure was devised for the analysis of geometric isomers of dodecenyl acetates, tridecadienyl acetates, tetradecenyl acetates and hexadecenyl acetates. Use of diethylene glycol succinate in a 300 ft capillary column permitted the separation of nine pairs ofcis‐trans isomers and four geometric isomers of 5,9‐tridecadienyl acetate. Data are presented on the isomeric composition of alkenyl acetates prepared by three different stereospecific reactions and by elaidinization.
Crambe seed processing: Removal of glucosinolates by water extraction
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Kirk L. D. , Griffin E. L. , Booth A. N.
Published: May 2007

A method is reported for removingepi‐progoitrin, the major glucosinolate, from crambe seed meal. Defatted meal was cooked and water extracted or treated with soda ash and then water extracted. Although soda ash aided destruction and removal of glucosinolate factors, there was a 28% reduction in total lysine. In animal feeding tests designed to reflect differences due to toxic factors, soda ash treated and water extracted meals gave the best results. No toxicity was apparent in rats and chicks fed these meals in nutritionally adequate diets. The rat diet included 30% crambe meal for 90 days; the chick diet, 20% crambe meal for 4 weeks. Pathological examinations in both series showed no organ damage.
1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane for oilseed extractions
Authors: Temple S.
Published: May 2007

1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane has been evaluated as a nonflammable, low toxicity extractant in oilseeds in comparison with petroleum ether, cyclopentane, and carbon tetrachloride. Full fat and defatted soybean flake were analyzed for oil content, free fatty acid, and total fat. 1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane appears to be generally acceptable for oilseed analyses. Small, but statistically significant differences were found between solvents which were not explainable on the basis of physical parameters.
The preparation of alkyl esters from highly unsaturated triglycerides
Authors: Gauglitz E. J. , Lehman L. W.
Published: May 2007

The alcoholysis reaction has been applied to the preparation of highly unsaturated alkyl esters from menhaden oil. This reaction proceeded very rapidly, and nearly quantitative yields were obtained with virtually, no loss in double‐bond structure. The formation of esters was studied, using straight‐ and branched‐chain alcohols having 1舑6 carbon atoms. The reactions were monitored by the technique of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Maximum conversion of straight‐chain esters was found to be a linear function with respect to the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol. Reaction time varied from 2 min for methanol to 60 min for n‐hexanol. Branched‐chain alcohols reacted more slowly than did the corresponding straight‐chain compounds.

This reaction was found to be applicable to laboratory and large scale preparations of highly unsaturated alkyl esters.
Comparative evaluation of antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. , Livingston A. L. , Guggolz Jack , Ray Thompson C.
Published: May 2007

A variety of compounds were evaluated as antioxidants for carotene in mineral oil solution by an accelerated stability test. These included derivatives of aromatic amines, substituted dihydroquinolines, ureas, phenothiazine, azobenzene, and diphenylmethane.

The most effective antioxidants were hydroxy‐ and amino‐substituted diphenylamines, p‐substituted phenylenediamines, and derivatives of 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline.
Dilatometric investigations of fats. VII. Melting dilation and polymorphism of an alpha and beta tung oil
Authors: Singleton W. S. , O'Connor Robert T. , Murray Mildred , Pack F. C.
Published: May 2007

Three polymorphic forms of beta tung oil have been recognized and differentiated on the bases of their melting points and x‐ray diffraction spacings. These modifications, which melt at 52.8°, 44.4°, and 28.0°C., have been designated as Forms I, II, and III, respectively. Polymorphism was not observed in alpha tung oil.

The expansibilities of alpha tung oil and the three original polymorphic modifications of beta tung oil have been determined in both the solid and liquid states, and the melting dilation of each substance was calculated. The absolute densities of the alpha and beta oils were determined, and the absolute specific volumes over the ranges of melting of all these substances were calculated and reduced to graphic form.

Forms II and III of the beta oil irreversibly transformed to Form I with contraction in volume during dilatometric examination.

The contents of solid and liquid phases of alpha and beta tung oils were calculated over the ranges of melting of these oils. The amount of glycerides in the liquid state was found to increase substantially during the final 10 degrees of the melting range.

The isomerization of alpha to beta tung oil under ordinary laboratory illumination was found to be accompanied by a decrease in volume of about 4% and an increase in density. Isomerization in the absence of light reached approximate equilibrium with a decrease in volume of only about 60% of that occurring in the presence of light.
Soaps from fatty acids
Authors: Reinish M. D.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

It can be seen from the foregoing discussion that fatty acids are an important factor, in the present production of high quality soaps. The wide variation possible in properties of soaps made from them and their rapid and complete reaction with alkali give them advantages over fats and oils in many applications. With improvements in fatty acid processing still being made, it is to be expected that the use of fatty acids in soapmaking will continue to expand in the years to come.
Tuna fatty acids: I. initial studies on the composition of the light and dark meats of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)‐structural isomers of the monoenoic fatty acids
Authors: Roubal W. T.
Published: May 2007

Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is consumed in substantial amounts by humans. However, little has been reported on the fatty acid composition of bluefin body oil and on the isomeric structures of the unsaturated fatty acids. Because of the probable nutritional significance of unsaturated fatty acids, the present work was undertaken as an introductory study of the composition and structure of the fatty acids of tuna. The fatty acid composition of the light and dark meats from three bluefin tuna was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. A wide variety of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the oil from the meat of these speciments. the monoemoic fatty acid fraction, which comprises 34% of the total fatty acids was isolated and the isomers determined. Isomers found werecis‐9‐hexadecenoic acid,cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid,cis‐11‐octadecenoic acid,cis‐9‐eicosenoic acid,cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid,cis‐11‐docosenoic acid, andcis‐13‐docosenoic acid.
Thermal oxidation of synthetic triglycerides. II. Analysis of the volatile condensable and noncondensable phases
Authors: Endres Joseph G. , Bhalerao Vasant R. , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: May 2007

Tripalmitin, 1‐lauryl dipalmitin, 2‐lauryl dipalmitin, 1‐oleyl dipalmitin and 2‐oleyl dipalmitin were subjected to thermal oxidation at 200 C in the presence of air. The volatile consensable products of oxidation collected after 3 and 24 hours were analyzed for carbonyl and carboxyl compounds. The volatile non‐condensable products were quantitatively examined for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The results indicated that long chain carbonyls were formed in the initial stages of oxidation. When the oxidation was allowed to proceed for 24 hours, saturated aldehydes from C1 to C16, methyl ketones, and other ketones were found in the volatile oxidation products. A variety of fatty acids from C4 to C16 were identified in the volatile fatty acids. The presence of dicarboxylic acids indicated that oxygen attacked the double bond of oleic acid in 1‐oleyl dipalmitin. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the decomposition products were discussed.
Sterculic derivatives and pink egg formation
Authors: Nordby H. E. , Heywang B. W. , Kircher H. W. , Kemmerer A. R.
Published: May 2007

Sterculyl alcohol has been methylated and reduced to form the methoxyl and hydrocarbon derivatives. These two derivatives, sterculyl alcohol and the polymers of sterculic acid and methyl sterculate were fed to laying hens. The sterculic derivatives caused pink egg formation but the polymers did not.
Fractionation of Lipids by Countercurrent distribution
Authors: Therriault D. G.
Published: May 2007

The application of countercurrent distribution to the fractionation of lipids both for analytical and preparative purposes, is presented. The method has been applied to the separation of a wide variety of lipids including: fatty acids, methylesters of fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, derivatives of phospholipids, complex lipid mixtures and non‐lipid contaminants.
Study of biological structure at the molecular level with stereomodel projections I. The lipids in the myelin sheath of nerve
Authors: Vandenheuvel F. A.
Published: May 2007

Considerable uncertainty still exists regarding the detailed arrangement in protein‐lipid molecular associations found in serum lipoproteins, plasma‐membranes of cell organelles, the myelin sheath of nerve, and many other structures of paramount importance to biological mechanisms both in health and disease. Working hypotheses concerning such structures must eventually be tested by comparing known properties with those suggested by exact stereomodels. In this type of study, orthogonal projections of the molecules offer several advantages over the tri‐dimensional stereomodels from which they can be derived by a described photographic process. The rules governing the configuration to be given the molecular models used for this purpose are discussed, and the possible applications of the resulting diagrams are described and illustrated by numerous examples taken in the lipid field.

These rules are then applied to the lipids in the myelin sheath of nerve. Striking similarities in the configurational features of the two main classes of myelin lipids, the phosphatidyl (dal) and the sphingolipids, immediately suggest very similar models for them.

On the other hand, numerous independent observations have indicated the highly probable occurrence of bimolecular complexes involving members of either class with cholesterol. Such complexes are exemplified by proposed models of cholesterol‐lecithin and cholesterol‐sphingomyelin units. It is demonstrated that the cohesional forces at play should indeed promote stable complexes of this kind.

All configurational features of the lipids in myelin fit these basic models. Dimensional variations induced by a broad spectrum of component fatty acids, affect only the length of the resulting complex units. Moreover, the tail‐to‐tail arrangement of these units provides paired elements of the same length. The latter corresponds exactly to the fundamental dimension predicted for the bimolecular leaflet by low angle X‐ray diffraction studies on fresh, unfixed myelin.

A model of the bimolecular lipid leaflet produced by parallel grouping of the paired elements is discussed.
Determination of structure of unsaturated fatty acids via reductive ozonolysis
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell Christense
Published: May 2007

An improved method of reductive ozonolysis for the determination of structure of unsaturated fatty acids is reported.

The ozonization is carried out at 蜢60舑蜢70C by adding the sample dissolved in pentane to a .02舑.03 M pentane solution of ozone. The reduction is effected by the Lindlar catalyst at 0C in pentane or in other solvents, such as the methyl esters of short‐chain fatty acids or in dimethyl phthalate, and the aldehydic fragments are analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).

The method is applied to the structural analyses of methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. The sensitivity of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of methyl oleate containing a small amount of added methyl linolenate. Mixtures of methyl oleate and petroselinate are analyzed to demonstrate the identification of the simple aldehydes and ester‐aldehydes, and to show the potential of the method for quantitative analysis of mixtures of unsaturated esters.
Polyunsaturates: Domestic supplies and products
Authors: Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Sources of edible oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids are reviewed, as are the availability and composition of these oils and the products derived from them.
Improved procedure for the analysis (GLC) of resin acids
Authors: Joye N. Mason , Proveaux Adron T. , Lawrence Ray V.
Published: May 2007

The analysis of resin acid content of rosin and oleoresin often is affected by neutral material. This problem can be overcome by analyzing the sample before esterification.
Chromatographic separation and identification of nylon‐9 intermediates and coproducts derived from soybean oil
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Neff W. E. , Awl R. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

9‐Aminononanoic acid, 9‐aminononanamide, and related compounds derived from soybean oil by reactions, including reductive ozonolysis and reductive amination, were separated on an analytical scale either by gas liquid chromatography of trifluoroacetylated or trimethylsilylated derivatives or by thin layer chromatography and on a preparative scale by ion‐exchange chromatography. Comparative analyses also were carried out with certain homologous ω‐amino acids and amines.
Chemical and organoleptic properties of oxidized fats
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J. , Sims R. J.
Published: May 2007

Various commercial fats were oxidized at elevated temperatures, and the extent of off‐flavor development was evaluated organoleptically. Objective test methods also were applied to these oxidized fats, and correlations were established between the data and flavor panel results. Good to excellent correlations were obtained with pentane values, oxygen absorption values, peroxide values, and the average flavor scores. Results with the benzidine and thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometric methods were unsatisfactory. The octanoic acid method was found to be too insensitive to be of value. An exception to the above observations was lard, in which case all of the objective test methods gave good correlations with the flavor panel data.
Studies of binary systems of long chain alcohols
Authors: Al‐Mamun M. A.
Published: May 2007

Binary phase diagrams of some alcohols were developed and IR studies have been made in hexadecanol‐octadecanol system to identify the phases. When the components differ by no more than two carbon atoms, their freezing point curves show solid solution type behavior with peaks occurring at some significant compositions. The occurrence of such peaks is considered to be indicative of molecular complex formation between the components. Alcohols mix properly with each other in their high temperature form, which is not always the case with their lower temperature modifications. The reason is attributed to the nature of the high temperature forms of alcohols. This allows effective mixing between the components to take place. IR studies are found to be quite useful in phase identification in these systems.
Metabolism ofortho‐alkylbenzenealkanoic acid in rats
Authors: Van Tilborg H. , De Bruijn J. , Gottenbos J. J. , Koch G. K.
Published: May 2007

Aromatic fatty acids with 18 C‐atoms, as isolated from cyclized linseed oil, were labeled with3H in the aromatic ring by isotopic exchange. Doses of 50 mg/kg body weight were almost quantitatively absorbed by rats and excretion of metabolites via the urine was rapid (up to 95% within 30 hr). The retention curve consisted of two branches, which indicates that part of the aromatic acids are taken up into the lipid pool. This was confirmed by analysis of body lipids. The metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of the aromatic fatty acids are β‐oxidation, ω‐oxidation and (ω‐1)‐oxidation.
Practical significance of gossypol in feed formulation
Authors: Smith Keith J.
Published: May 2007

It has been recognized that gossypol has a limiting effect on the usage of cottonseed meal in nonruminant rations. Extensive research supported by practical experience has shown that cottonseed meal may be a major oilseed supplemental protein source in nonruminant rations when care is taken to accept and adjust for gossypol limitations. Scientifically derived gossypol limitations will not significantly restrict cottonseed meal usage in practical nonruminant rations.
Fatty acids in raw and processed alaska pink shrimp
Authors: Krzeczkowski Richard A.
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from whole raw shrimp, raw meat, blanched meat, canned meat and peeler waste was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The analyses revealed 29 fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from 12 to 24 carbon atoms and with 0 to 6 double bonds. Commercial processing did not alter the distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the shrimp meat.
Assessment of the nutritional value of novel proteins
Authors: Oser Bernard L.
Published: May 2007

Methods of determining the nutritive value of novel proteins or derived food products such as proteins from fish, algae, leaf or microbiological sources, are reviewed. The use of physical (solubility) or chemical (amino acid analysis) methods, feeding tests in rats and other animals for the determination of biological value, digestibility and protein efficiency ratios, rate of enzymatic hydrolysis or retention of enzymatic activity are among the procedures surveyed. The safety of new food sources must always be a first consideration.
The role of surfactants in the flotation of molybdenite at climax
Authors: Ronzio R. A.
Published: May 2007

The use of petroleum hydrocarbon as a collector for molybdenum sulfide improved metal recovery but necessitated the investigation of surfactants to produce a suitable froth for flotation at the Climax, Colorado mill of American Metal Climax, Inc. Up to December, 1958, 346 surfactants had been tested and evaluated. A sulfated monoglyceride of coconut oil is presently employed at Climax. The study of the role of surfactants for molybdenum sulfide flotation is continuing. One of the better materials evaluated in the last 10 years is ethoxylated, esterified and neutralized lauryl alcohol. Longer and shorter chain alcohols ethoxylated, esterified and neutralized have also been evaluated with encouraging results. Adsorption of iron hydrated complexes on molybdenite occurs which results in increased wettability of the molybdenite, an effect to strongly link the molybdenite to the water phase and reduce separability. Adsorption of ionic iron on montmorillonite and other clays occurs which activates the clays for adsorption onto the molybdenite particles. In fact, a cocoon‐like coating has been found to surround molybdenite particles. This coating being highly water wettable, prevents particles of molybdenite from responding to flotation. Depression of molybdenite particulates may be caused by a “failure to collect” which is a descriptive term indicating the lack of a colector reaction at the molybdenite surfaces. For example, iron ionic complexes adsorbed at the molybdenite surface may not be reactive with the collector or the iron ions could reduce the collector concentrating by reaction in the fluid phase. Certain of the iron complexes upon adsorption onto the molybdenite may react on highly hydrated surfaces, firmly linking the particulates to the water phase. Actually, the depression of molybdenite is incompletely understood, but it is known that hydrated ionic complexes of ferrous and ferric iron are surface‐active on molybdenite. In excessive concentrations these ions could be depressive. On the other hand, limited concentration of these ions could serve as activating ions.
Monocarbonyl compounds from catalytic decomposition of autoxidized unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Kimoto W. I. , Gaddis A. M.
Published: May 2007

Monocarbonyl compounds formed by the decomposition of autoxidized triolein, methyl linolenate, and methyl arachidonate were converted into their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives and analyzed by thin layer and paper chromatographies. From decomposition of autoxidized triolein with acid‐washed Fuller's earth alkanals were the only monocarbonyl products found, whereas, with metal catalysts or heat, 2‐alkenals were the primary products. Autoxidized methyl linolenate and methyl arachidonate decomposed with metal catalysts or heat yielded 23–55% of 2,4‐alkadienals but minor amounts with acid‐washed Fuller's earth. The differences in distribution of monocarbonyl products were attributed to a selective course of scission of the hydroperoxides that depended upon the conditions of decomposition.
Test method utilizing dry natural dirt for evaluating laundry detergents
Authors: Inamorato J. T. , Altz C. G. , Cross H. D.
Published: May 2007

A laboratory test has been developed for screening detergent compositions with respect to the removal of natural dry particulate soil (dirt). The fabrics are soiled uniformly with dirt obtained from a suitable area and then laundered under controlled conditions in a Tergotometer. The total soil removal is determined instrumentally. The test enables the researcher to check the effects of many variables, such as temperature, water hardness, builders, fabric, etc., with a minimum amount of preparation and time. The soil removal data is analyzed by a suitable statistical method, and the results are good indicators of practical performance.
Thermal condensation of fatty acids and amines with proteins
Authors: Sokol Phillip E.
Published: May 2007

Useful, potentially low cost, polypeptide surfactants were prepared directly from the thermal condensation (ca. 240 C, ca. 1 hr) of proteins (wool, vegetable protein, gelatin, and chicken feather) with long chain fatty acids (undecylenic, lauric, and stearic) or fatty amines (dodecylamine and N‐[γ‐aminopropyl] dodecylamine). Dilute aqueous solutions of these surfactants, at appropriate pHs, exhibit good foaming characteristics and low surface tensions. The condensation reaction is envisioned as a transamidification in which terminal anionic groups (carboxylic acid from fatty acids) or cationic groups (primary amino from fatty amines) are produced according to the following reactions
A new technique for the isolation of flavor components from fats and oils
Authors: Chang S. S.
Published: May 2007

A new continuous process for the isolation of flavor compounds from fats and oils has been developed. This new technique involves 1) countercurrent contact of the oil with steam in a 30 plate Oldershaw column, 2) condensation of the steam carrying the flavor compounds in a trap cooled with liquid nitrogen, 3) continuous liquid‐liquid extraction of the condensate with a small amount of ethyl ether, and 4) removal of the solvent with a 6 plate Oldershaw column. In this process the oil is heated to 80ŶC. for only 12 min. The peroxide number of a reverted soybean oil only decreased from 4.1 to 3.4 meq./kg. by this treatment.

Flavor compounds isolated from an oil by this new technique are characteristic of the oil. Very little decomposition occurs during the isolation process and therefore the flavor compounds isolated represent truly the flavor orginally present in the oil. Flavor compounds isolated from a reverted‐but‐not‐rancid soybean oil when added to a bland coconut oil at a concentration of less than 10 ppm make it taste exactly like a reverted soybean oil.