bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repetition and Variation in the Thirteenth-Century Refrain
Authors: Butterfield Ardis
Published: January 2007

Is there an answer to the question ‘what is a refrain?’ Traditionally, scholars of thirteenth-century French song begin their reply by noting that a refrain is the characteristic formal feature of a rondeau, that is, an element which is repeated, usually with a separate half-repetition, in alternation with a strophic ‘respond’:

Aaliz main se leva,

bon jor ait qui mon cuer a!

Biau se vesti et para,

desoz l'aunoi.

Bon jor ait qui mon cuer a

n'est pas o mot.

Moreover, most modern attempts to define refrains have explicitly begun by collecting rondeaux. But since only a small proportion of refrains occurs in rondeaux (in van den Boogaard's bibliography approximately one tenth), it is clearly not a comprehensive definition.
Questions of Authority in Some Songs by Binchois
Authors: Slavin Dennis
Published: January 2007

Few extant collections of late-medieval polyphony have been linked definitively to composers whose works they transmit. A dearth of documents that are literally ‘authoritative’ – in the sense that they come directly from the hand of the author – is not surprising in light of the small survival rate of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century manuscripts and the likelihood that pieces were not written down for the first time in versions for presentation. Most surviving manuscripts appear to be several generations removed from written originals. Nevertheless, presentation manuscripts and other anthologies were not necessarily compiled by scribes in isolation. When composers were nearby they probably were consulted, either directly or through scribal access to authoritative written exemplars. Therefore, despite a paucity of documented relationships, some extant manuscripts may have been compiled in close association with the composers whose music they contain, perhaps even under their guidance.
Eighteenth-Century Models of French Recitative
Authors: Dill Charles
Published: January 2007

As a repertory where recitative and air were not always delineated and where lyrical, mellifluous recitative was the most essential element, eighteenth-century French opera confronts historians and critics with a situation rather different from that of other operatic repertories. Whereas we can delve with relative confidence into questions about the style, shape and content of da capo arias, for example, we are confronted in French opera with a host of nagging details that make even the simplest assertions problematic. How did composers and audiences think about recitative and air? How and to what extent did the distinction between the two matter to them? Given that purely musical values, the kind informing Italian arias, resided elsewhere in French opera – primarily in its divertissements – how did one judge the musical content of recitative and to what end?
The Composer's Intention
Authors: Jacques Edgar F.
Published: January 2007

The subject on which I am about to address you has been so often before the public of late, in one form or another, that I might well have hesitated to bring it forward again, were it not that its great importance—which I assume no one will question—gives me reason to hope that I may count on your patience while I lay before you certain aspects of it upon which I greatly desire to elicit opinion. The necessity for careful study of the scope and meaning of art, and of the duties which devolve upon its interpreters, becomes more pressing every day; and yet the number of those who undertake it is exceedingly small. This, at least, I infer from the fact that the majority of those who express themselves on the subjects in question speak as though there were no difficulties in the way—a sure sign that they have given little attention to the problems involved. My own sense of these difficulties is such that I have prepared this paper less as an assertion of personal views than as an incentive to discussion. With that end before me I have drawn largely on the opinions of great writers, feeling that truth would become visible in proportion to the number of variously coloured lights I could bring to bear.
Music in Our Public Schools
Authors: Parker Louis N.
Published: January 2007

Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen,—After accepting the very flattering invitation to read a paper before your Society, on the subject of Music in our Public Schools, and upon sitting down to consider the matter, I was brought suddenly face to face with the disconcerting fact that I knew little or nothing about it. The history of music in public schools only dates back some twenty years, and during that time I have been so busy minding my own affairs at Sherborne, that I have had few opportunities of inquiring into other people's business. I have, to be sure, heard concerts at Cheltenham, Marlborough, and Harrow, but nowhere else, and this limited knowledge would certainly not qualify me to speak as an authority. For though I have heard it fabled that people do at times lecture upon subjects they are unacquainted with, I am far too timid to embark upon such an adventure before this audience. I propose, therefore, to effect a compromise, and to tell you my experience of music in a public school—namely, Sherborne. I shall, at any rate, be on safe ground, as I spent nineteen years of my life there, during the greater part of which I was responsible for whatever music was studied or performed. I must crave your indulgence beforehand if the little word “I” creeps with too great persistency into my discourse. This paper must necessarily be a fragment of musical autobiography, and the humblest autobiography must necessarily be, like a peacock's tail, all I's. On the other hand, the autobiography of the obscurest individual may teach, at any rate the younger among you, a lesson worth knowing. My paper will, therefore, not be the usual learned and luminous discourse which you are accustomed to listen to, and I can only hope it may serve as a document for some much more authoritative historian and theorist to elaborate on some future occasion.
The Construction as to form of Bach's Forty-Eight Preludes
Authors: Iliffe Frederick
Published: January 2007

Ladies and Gentlemen,—I think I should begin by saying that nowhere in the whole range of music is there a collection of pieces standing on a level with John Sebastian Bach's “Forty-eight Preludes and Fugues.” Through the splendid efforts of the elder Wesley, who lost no opportunity of playing these Fugues both in public and private, and who was continually speaking and writing of them in terms of the highest admiration, these—the Fugues—have now-a-days become well-known. The same cannot be said of the Preludes, though they are quite as wonderful, more brilliant in conception, and the fineness of the workmanship in many of them of the very highest possible order.
Hamlet and the Recorder
Authors: Welch Christopher
Published: January 2007

The Plays of Shakespeare have been handled by the naturalist, the botanist, the ornithologist, the entomologist, the psychologist, the typographist, the angler, the lawyer, the physician, and the divine, but never, as far as I can discover, by one who has brought to bear on them a study of the flute. Yet Shakespeare has honoured the flute as he has honoured no other instrument. In “Hamlet” he has brought it on the stage, displayed it to the audience, and discoursed on its music, its structure, and its manipulation. This afternoon I will break new ground: I will bring before you the views of a flute-player on the well-known Scene. I shall suggest a change in the way of mounting it, express an opinion on how it might be played, and comment on the technical phrases it contains.
Russian Literature and Russian Music
Authors: Montagu-Nathan M.
Published: January 2007

M. Camille Bellaigue, the well-known French critic, in an essay on Russian Music, expresses his opinion that the music of Russia is composed of two elements : the national element and the popular, and he then proceeds to quote Turgenef's dictum with reference to the attention that ought, in the great author's opinion, to be paid to the national element in Literature.
The Songs of Dowland
Authors: Fellowes Edmund H.
Published: January 2007

My purpose this afternoon is not to attempt to say much that is new or original about this great English composer, but rather to introduce him to you as a song-writer and to let you hear some of his songs. For, strange as it may seem, Dowland is still in the position of requiring an introduction even to English musicians. His name is certainly rather more widely known than it was ten or twenty years ago, yet his songs are far too rarely to be found in concert programmes, and few singers seem to know more than about half a dozen of them. And apart from singers, a large section of the English musical world still remains in complete ignorance as to the value of his work. If anyone should dispute this statement let him turn to a certain important work of reference recently published where he will find Dowland briefly described as “an old English composer of considerable note in his time.” And it was my own experience only last month to be told by one of our leading English musicians that he “had a grudge against Dowland” for the reason that he started the fashion of writing part-songs for four voices and thus lowered the taste of singers and composers, alienating them from the cult of the madrigal. I granted at once that if Dowland had contributed nothing to music besides part-songs for four voices, beautiful though some of these are (and he probably was acquainted with nothing beyond “Now, O now” and “Awake, sweet love”), that contribution would not perhaps have immortalized his name; but I then elicited that my friend was absolutely and entirely ignorant of the bare fact that Dowland was a composer of solo songs!
The History of the Evolution of Pianoforte Technique
Authors: Fielden Thomas
Published: January 2007

It will be obvious, at the outset, to everyone that Keyboard Technique has developed in accordance with the instruments which were available to the performers. I do not propose to enter into a detailed survey of the instruments: most of them are probably known to my hearers, and I need only mention those that may have anything to do with this particular subject of technique. In examining what writings there are, however, it will generally be found that the writers were almost unanimous in their desire to make technique a means to a musical end, rather than a mere mechanical display. I will point this out in the course of this paper. The only instruments I need mention are the clavichord, clavecin; harpsichord and hammerklavier, the modern piano coming under this last category (hammerklavier).
The Development of Folk-Song in Portugal and the Basque Country
Authors: Gallop Rodney
Published: January 2007

When the Council of the Musical Association were kind enough to invite me to address you this afternoon on the subject of Basque and Portuguese folk-music, I was at first in some doubt how best to present my material. I have already given a general account of Basque music in my Book of the Basques and of Portuguese music in two articles in Music and Letters. It occurred to me, therefore, that it might be better to approach the subject from some angle of general interest to musicians and to discuss the light which the folksongs of these two peoples throw on the general (and I must confess somewhat contentious) question of the origin and development of folk-song.
The Bassoon: Its Origin and Evolution
Authors: Langwill Lyndesay G.
Published: January 2007

It must seem remarkable that a perusal of the subjects of the many papers read before this Association, since its foundation in 1874, discloses the fact that the bassoon has never received special attention. I cannot claim to address you as a professional performer, but as an amateur musician who, since childhood, has been fascinated by the bassoon. Indeed, I believe I am devoted to it much more than if it were the means of my livelihood. It has been my experience to find that musical people know little or nothing about the origin and evolution of the bassoon. Even bassoonists know little of that aspect, and I regret to say that one accomplished performer of my acquaintance, when asked if he was interested in the history of the bassoon, replied that he was more interested in its future than in its past! For the past eight years I have collected all available information at home and abroad, including photographs of surviving specimens of all ages and with the help of a selection of slides from these photographs, I hope to be able to give a very brief historical résumé.
Martin Peerson
Authors: Wailes Marylin
Published: January 2007

The date of Martin Peerson's birth has never been established. As I shall show, this happy event—for it gave England one of her greatest composers—must have occurred between the spring of 1570 and the end of 1574, during which interval Martin's parents were married, his father died and his mother remarried. Former estimates, which appear to have been reached by guesswork, place his birth between seven and nineteen years later than this, so I will state my case briefly.
Practical Suggestions on Vocal Culture
Authors: Carozzi G. N.
Published: January 2007

To make known to the public some mechanical apparatus which will facilitate vocal culture, to demonstrate the difficulties attending the latter, and to point out the means best adapted to overcome them, is the scope of the present lecture. The long experience I have had in teaching will thus, I hope, prove of service to others who are earnestly working and seeking improvement. It is true that theory and principles can be learnt from books, but it is also true that these are as numerous and varied as the sounds on which they treat. Every teacher has his own method of imparting science and his own individuality in enforcing it. I do not wish to condemn these teachings, or to fix a theory upon the formation of the sounds based upon anotomical and physiological principles; but to suggest opportunities for those who desire successful training in this difficult science, now neglected by so many in some of the most essential points; and I propose to find the cause of the deplorable disparity of tone in many fine artistic voices of our days, which, in youth, from natural gifts promised a bright career in art, whereas they were subsequently rapidly lost to fame. My object is to review briefly the difficulties attending the study of vocal culture, and to suggest how they may be overcome, adding the latest results of modern science, and my own personal experience.
The Theory and Practice of Piccinnisme
Authors: Rushton Julian
Published: January 2007

The operatic reforms of Gluck and his subsequent conquest of Paris have received much critical attention, but discussion of his rival Piccinni tends to be anecdotal rather than analytical. The term ‘Piccinnisme’ is also liable to misunderstanding. Terry, for example, setting the scene for J. C. Bach's French opera, refers to Gluck's ‘heresies’ against Lully and Rameau, and states that his opponents summoned Piccinni as a champion of orthodoxy. Although the previous alternatives to Gluck, in the critics' eyes, were those representatives of a style since decayed, Piccinni was certainly not their champion and his supporters must be numbered among those who would gladly have buried the traditional French opera once for all.
An Essay on Cointegration and Error Correction Models
Authors: Durr Robert H.
Published: January 2007

For political scientists who engage in longitudinal analyses, the question of how best to deal with nonstationary time-series is anything but settled. While many believe that little is lost when the focus of empirical models shifts from the nonstationary levels to the stationary changes of a series, others argue that such an approach erases any evidence of a long-term relationship among the variables of interest. But the pitfalls of working directly with integrated series are well known, and post-hoc corrections for serially correlated errors often seem inadequate. Compounding (or perhaps alleviating, if one believes in the power of selective perception) the difficult question of whether to difference a time-series is the fact that analysts have been forced to rely on subjective diagnoses of the stationarity of their data. Thus, even if one felt strongly about the superiority of one modeling approach over another, the procedure for determining whether that approach is even applicable can be frustrating.
Knowledge, Strategy, and Momentum in Presidential Primaries
Authors: Brady Henry E.
Published: January 2007

Two dynamic rational choice models of primaries are analyzed that demonstrate both reformers and their critics are right about primaries. Primaries can provide public instruction and a better informed electorate, and they can be poorly designed lotteries: A “recognition” and learning model describes how changing media coverage affects voters' knowledge about candidates and their subsequent voting behavior. A “strategic” voting model describes the dynamic implications of strategic voting and “horse-race” coverage by the media. We find that the recognition model has the normatively appealing dynamic of information leading to broadly self-interested outcomes while the strategy model has the unappealing behavior of a lottery the odds of which are fixed by the media's harsh judgments of who's winning and who's losing.

In coming to these conclusions, this paper illustrates a number of methodological points such as the usefulness of macromodels based upon assumptions about individual behavior, the analysis of macromodels using methods from electrical engineering, the strengths and limitations of analytical results versus simulations for understanding dynamic models, and the use of “ideal type” recognition and strategic voting models to clarify the systemic consequences of individual risk aversion and strategic voting. More generally, the paper shows how models can be used as narratives or parables for organizing disparate observations, refining our intuitions, and directing our research efforts.
The Contamination of Responses to Survey Items: Economic Perceptions and Political Judgments
Authors: Wilcox Nathaniel , Wlezien Christopher
Published: January 2007

Much research shows that individuals' economic perceptions strongly influence their political judgments, but some scholars suggest that typical survey designs may induce this influence due to the order and proximity of items in the surveys. This study explores the extent of such “contamination” of responses to both economic and political items in surveys, using an experimental design that varies survey item order across subjects. The results show that contamination is present in responses to both political and economic items, particularly when they are placed close together. Perhaps most importantly, the pervasive and deep contamination of responses to economic items suggests potentially serious implications for research on how economic perceptions influence political judgments. Ultimately, the findings are suggestive about the parameters of contamination and also the general nature (and theory) of the survey response.
Influence of Banks on Company Auditor Choice: The Case of Japan
Authors: Pong Christopher K. M. , Kita Tsutomu
Published: December 2006

The purpose of the paper is to examine the auditor services market in Japan in 2000. We used a sample of 1,485 companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. We found that auditor mix within the client base was dependent on the main bank. There was evidence that in some cases companies had a tendency to choose their main bank’s preferred auditor. We also found that the market was dominated by four audit firms: Shin Nihon, ChuoAoyama, Asahi and Tohmatsu. These four firms collectively audited 81% of the companies. There were reasonable levels of auditor choice for companies within each industry sector. One or more of the Big 4 firms had substantial market share in each industry sector.
Psychological Characteristics Contributing to Expertise in Audit Judgment
Authors: Kent Pamela , Munro Lois , Gambling Tony
Published: December 2006

Prior research has sought a better understanding of the relation between audit expertise and judgment of auditors. The motivation for this study is derived from the need to further understand psychological characteristics contributing to audit expertise. This paper adopts part of a framework derived from the decision‐making literature in psychology and applies it to auditing. Shanteau proposes that expert decision makers inherently possess 14 psychological characteristics. The importance of these characteristics is assessed using the perceptions of 55 practising auditors from three national accounting firms in Australia within and across four phases of the audit using a survey instrument. The results indicate that each of the 14 characteristics is important across all four phases of the audit in varying degrees. In addition, the degree of importance varies across characteristics and between audit phases. These findings indicate that psychological characteristics are associated with audit expertise to be applied and tested in future research.
Prediction of metastases in melanoma patients with positive sentinel node: Histological and molecular approach
Authors: TSUTSUMIDA Arata , FURUKAWA Hiroshi , HATA Shinya , SAITO Akira , YAMAMOTO Yuhei
Published: December 2006

It is now established that sentinel node (SN) biopsy is a minimally‐invasive procedure that accurately indicates the regional nodal status. In our institute, 14 consecutive patients had only one node micrometastases after elective lymph node dissection or positive SN for primary cutaneous melanoma. These 14 patients could be clearly divided into two groups: (i) patients who developed distant metastases or in‐transit metastases (metastasized group); and (ii) and patients who remains free from metastases (non‐metastasized group). The purpose of this study was to identify the histological and molecular factors that might predict the further dissemination beyond the SN. We assessed the maximum depth from the capsule to the deepest melanoma cells and the maximum diameter of melanoma nests in the lymph nodes as histological parameters and also evaluated the quantitative expression of tyrosinase mRNA as a molecular approach. The mean maximum depth and the maximum diameter were significantly smaller in the metastasized group than those in the non‐metastasized group. Tyrosinase mRNA expression was strongly correlated with the histological tumor burden. Tyrosinase mRNA expression was higher in the former group than that in the latter group but there were no significant differences between them. Melanoma patients with small micrometastases (<0.5 mm deep, <1 mm in diameter) and a low level of tyrosinase mRNA had less chances for hematogenous metastases via lymph nodes.
Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for intractable palmoplantar psoriasis
Authors: KIM Ji Yeon , KANG Hee Young , LEE Eun‐So , KIM You Chan
Published: December 2006

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be useful in treating non‐melanoma skin cancers and a variety of benign skin conditions including psoriasis. However, only two reports of palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPP) treated with PDT have been reported. We treated three intractable cases of PPP with PDT, using 20% 5‐aminolaevulinic acid and a 630 ± 50 nm light‐emitting diode device. The power density was 30 mW/cm2 and the fluence was 15 J/cm2. After treatment, all cases showed mild to marked improvement. Topical PDT may be an alternative therapy in the treatment of PPP, but further study is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of topical PDT in PPP.
Case of metastatic melanoma in an epitrochlear lymph node arising in a pregnant woman
Authors: YOSHIDA Yuichi , TAKAHASHI Akira , KOGA Monji , KOGA Kaori , KUBOTA Yumiko , NAKAYAMA Juichiro
Published: December 2006

We describe a rare case of metastatic melanoma in an epitrochlear lymph node in a 29‐year‐old female patient. The patient had been aware of a brown macule on her right posterior forearm at puberty. Because the lesion had enlarged rapidly, she was referred to our hospital. Histological examination revealed a malignant melanoma. She underwent wide local excision with 3‐cm margins and split thickness skin graft closure, but we were not able to perform sentinel node biopsy. She also received three cycles of systemic chemotherapy with dacarbazine, nimustine, vincristine and interferon‐β. However, an epitrochlear node (interval node) metastasis occurred during pregnancy (seventh week) 2 years after the operation. We emphasize that it is important for clinicians to pay attention to the possibility of epitrochlear node metastasis in patients with malignant melanoma in the upper extremity and that it is necessary to perform sentinel node biopsy to identify uncommon lymph node metastasis.
Melanocytic nevi clinically simulating melanoma
Authors: MAKINO Eiichi , UCHIDA Takafumi , MATSUSHITA Yoshiko , INAOKI Makoto , FUJIMOTO Wataru
Published: December 2006

Melanoma and other benign or malignant pigmented skin tumors can significantly overlap in their clinical and dermoscopical presentations. Thus, pigmented skin lesions may be misdiagnosed in a large number of cases. An extensive review of the published work provides numerous examples of benign lesions mimicking melanoma. Although a number of melanocytic nevi may have been identified as melanomas, information about their clinical appearance is limited. In this report, we present the clinical appearances of two melanocytic nevi on the vulva and the upper extremity that were difficult to diagnose clinically. Detecting melanoma at an early stage is of the utmost importance. However, more attention should be given to the diagnostic accuracy of benign pigmented skin lesions, which otherwise may be diagnosed and treated as melanoma.
Atypical melanosis of the foot showing a dermoscopic feature of the parallel ridge pattern
Authors: KILINC KARAARSLAN Isil , AKALIN Taner , UNAL Idil , OZDEMIR Fezal
Published: December 2006

A 62‐year‐old male Turkish patient had a pigmented lesion on the sole with a 10‐year history. It was an asymmetrical macular lesion with an irregular border and irregular brown pigmentation and had a diameter of 1.2 cm × 1.7 cm.

Dermoscopy revealed a parallel ridge pattern and an abrupt cut‐off of pigmentation on the upper edge. Histologically lentiginous hyperplasia decorated by innocent melanocytes and scattered melanocytic proliferation with slight to moderate cytological atypia were seen. Atypical melanocytes were very scattered and it was insufficient to call it a melanoma in situ. A second finding was a microvascular proliferation located in the papillary dermis. There was no sign of regression such as fibrous tissue or host reaction. Atypical melanosis of the foot has rarely been reported in the published work, which are from Japan and Korea. This case is presented to emphasize the significance of this rare entity which has recently been reported to be a very early phase of acral melanoma.
Biomarker discovery: A proteomic approach for brain cancer profiling
Authors: Khalil Ashraf A.
Published: December 2006

Gliomas in the form of astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas are the most common brain tumors in humans. Early detection of these cancers is crucial for successful treatment. Proteomics promises the discovery of biomarkers and tumor markers for early detection and diagnosis. In the current study, a differential gel electrophoresis technology coupled with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy was used to investigate tumor‐specific changes in the proteome of human brain cancer. Fifty human brain tissues comprising varying diagnostic groups (non‐tumor, grade I, grade II, grade III and grade IV) were run in duplicate together with an internal pool sample on each gel. The proteins of interest were automatically picked, in‐gel digested and mass spectrometry fingerprinted. Two hundred and eleven protein spots were identified successfully and were collapsed into 91 unique proteins. Approximately 20 of those 91 unique proteins had, to our knowledge, not been reported previously as differentially expressed in human brain cancer. Alb protein, peroxiredoxin 4 and SH3 domain‐binding glutamic acid‐rich‐like protein 3 were upregulated in glioblastoma multiform versus non‐tumor tissues. However, aldolase C fructose‐biphosphate, creatine kinase, B chain dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, enolase 2, fumarate hydratase, HSP60, lactoylglutathione lyase, lucine aminopeptidase, Mu‐crystallin homolog, NADH‐UO 24, neurofilament triplet L protein, septin 2, stathmin and vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E were downregulated in glioblastoma multiform compared with non‐tumor tissues. These differentially expressed proteins provided novel information on the differences existing between normal brain and gliomas, and thus might prove to be useful molecular indicators of diagnostic or prognostic value. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 201–213)
Does subtle screening for substance abuse work? A review of the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI)
Authors: Feldstein Sarah W. , Miller William R.
Published: December 2006

Aim  Through a complex combination of direct (face‐valid) and indirect (subtle) subscales, the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) is purported to detect substance use disorders with a high degree of validity regardless of respondent honesty or motivation. This review evaluates empirical evidence regarding the reliability and validity of this widely used screening instrument.

Methods  Source documents were 36 peer‐reviewed reports yielding data regarding the SASSI's internal consistency, test–retest reliability, psychometric structure, convergent and divergent validity and criterion (predictive) validity.

Results  The total N of the studies reviewed equaled 22 110. Internal consistency is high for the overall SASSI and for its direct but not its indirect (subtle) subscales, suggesting that the instrument taps a single face‐valid construct. SASSI classifications converged with those from other direct screening instruments, and were also correlated with ethnicity, general distress and social deviance. Studies found test–retest reliability lower than that reported in the test manuals. Sensitivity was found to be similar to that for public domain screening instruments, but on specificity the SASSI appears to yield a high rate of false positives.

Conclusion  No empirical evidence was found for the SASSI's claimed unique advantage in detecting substance use disorders through its indirect (subtle) scales to circumvent respondent denial or dishonesty. Recommendations for screening and for future research with the SASSI are offered.
The role of sensory perception in the development and targeting of tobacco products
Authors: Carpenter Carrie M. , Wayne Geoffrey Ferris , Connolly Gregory N.
Published: December 2006

Aims  To examine tobacco industry research on smoking‐related sensory effects, including differences in sensory perception across smoker groups, and to determine whether this research informed targeted product development and impacted the development of commercial tobacco products.

Design  We searched previously secret internal tobacco industry documents available online through document databases housed at Tobacco Documents Online, the British American Tobacco Document Archive and the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. We identified relevant documents using a snowball sampling method to first search the databases using an initial set of key words and to then establish further search terms.

Findings  Sensory research is a priority within the tobacco industry directly impacting commercial markets both in the United States and internationally. Sensory factors contribute to smoker satisfaction and product acceptance, and play an important role in controlling puffing behavior. Cigarette manufacturers have capitalized on distinct sensory preferences across gender, age and ethnic groups by tailoring products for specific populations.

Conclusions  Regulation of tobacco products is needed to address product changes that are used to reinforce or contribute to tobacco dependence; for instance, the incorporation of additives that target attributes such as smoothness, harshness and aftertaste. Greater understanding of the role of sensory effects on smoking behavior may also help to inform the development of tobacco treatment options that support long‐term tobacco abstinence.
Abundance and distribution of fish in the lower Mnembo River, Malawi‐Mozambique
Authors: Delaney Leanda M. , Jamu Daniel M. , Campbell Christine E.
Published: December 2006

Endorheic Lake Chilwa is one of the most productive lakes for fisheries in Africa. High human population densities and agricultural practices in the Chilwa catchment have been linked to observed declines of the annual fish catch in the lake. The Mnembo River is a major inflow into Lake Chilwa which has received little scientific study to date. In 2003/2004, fish diversity, abundance and distribution were monitored monthly at three sites in the Mnembo River. Twelve fish species were collected, a subset of the fourteen fish species present in Lake Chilwa. Although Barbus spp. were the most abundant species sampled in the Mnembo, total biomass was higher for Labeo cylindricus (6709 and 10,434 g, respectively). Total biomass of Pareutropius longifilis (1741 g) and Brycinus imberi (1174 g) were also high in the river. Catches of Barbus and Labeo were highly correlated (r = 0.763). Compared with other inflows into Lake Chilwa (Likangala and Domasi), the Mnembo River appears to be less adversely influenced by human populations, with high abundance of Barbus and strong presence of the riverine species Labeo, Pareutropius and Brycinus.
Genome‐wide genetic diversity of Holstein Friesian cattle reveals new insights into Australian and global population variability, including impact of selection
Authors: Zenger K. R. , Khatkar M. S. , Cavanagh J. A. L. , Hawken R. J. , Raadsma H. W.
Published: December 2006

Past breeding strategies for dairy cattle have been very effective in producing rapid genetic gain to achieve industry targets and raise profitability. Such gains have been largely facilitated by intense selection of sires combined with the use of artificial insemination. However, this practice can potentially limit the level of genetic diversity through inbreeding and selection plateaus. The rate of inbreeding in Australia is increasing, primarily as a result of semen importation from a small number of prominent bulls from the USA. The effect of this genetic influx in the Australian dairy cattle population is poorly understood both in terms of diversity and local adaptation/divergence. This study uses 845 genome‐wide SNP genetic markers and 431 bulls to characterize the level of genetic diversity and genetic divergence within the Australian and international Holstein Friesian dairy population. No significant differences in genetic diversity (as measured by heterozygosity [Ho] and allelic richness [A]) were observed over the 25‐year time period (1975–1999) for bulls used in Australia. The importation of foreign semen into Australia has increased the effective population size until it was in effect a sub‐sample of the global population. Our data indicate that most individuals are equally closely related to one another, regardless of country of origin and year of birth. In effect, the global population can be considered as one single population unit. These results indicate that inbreeding, genetic drift and selection has had little effect at reducing genetic diversity and differentiating the Australian Holstein Friesian population at a genome‐wide level.
Phase II trial of denileukin diftitox for relapsed/refractory T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Dang Nam H. , Pro Barbara , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Samaniego Felipe , Jones Dan , Samuels Barry I. , Rodriguez Maria A. , Goy Andre , Romaguera Jorge E. , McLaughlin Peter , Tong Ann T. , Turturro Francesco , Walker Pamela L. , Fayad Luis
Published: December 2006

This phase II study evaluated the safety and efficacy of denileukin diftitox, an interleukin‐2–diphtheria toxin fusion protein, in relapsed/refractory T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (T‐NHL), excluding cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Eligible patients received denileukin diftitox 18 μg/kg/d × 5 d every 3 weeks for up to eight cycles. Tumour staging was performed every two cycles and the primary endpoint was the objective response rate [complete response (CR) + partial response (PR)]. For 27 patients enrolled, median age: 55 years (range 26–80 years), 70·4% male, and mean prior therapies: 2·5 (range 1–6). Objective responses (six CRs, seven PRs) were achieved in 13 patients (48·1%), stable disease in eight (29·6%) and six (22·2%) had progressive disease. An objective response was achieved in eight of 13 patients (61·5%) with CD25+ tumours (four CR/four PR) and five of 11 patients (45·5%) with CD25− tumours (two CR/three PR). Median progression‐free survival was 6 months (range, 1–38+ months). Most adverse reactions were grade 1/2 and transient. No grade 4–5 toxicities were reported. Denileukin diftitox had significant activity and was well tolerated in relapsed/refractory T‐NHL, with responses observed in both CD25+ and CD25− tumours. Further studies of denileukin diftitox in combination with other agents are warranted in previously untreated and relapsed/refractory T‐NHL.
What works in strategic partnerships for children: a research review
Authors: Reading Richard
Published: December 2006

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DOI: 10.1111/j.1099‐0860.2006.00048.
When home is where the stress is: expanding the dimensions of housing that influence asthma morbidity
Authors: Reading Richard
Published: December 2006

.
 
Sandel M. &
Wright R.J.
(
2006
)

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91
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942
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948
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DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.098376.
Detection of an allergen in dog dander that cross‐reacts with the major cat allergen, Fel d 1
Authors: Reininger R. , Varga E. M. , Zach M. , Balic N. , Lindemeier A. D. , Swoboda I. , Grönlund H. , Van Hage M. , Rumpold H. , Valenta R. , Spitzauer S.
Published: December 2006

Background
A considerable proportion of animal‐allergic patients are sensitized to both cat and dog allergens but knowledge about cross‐reactive allergens in cat and dog dander is limited.

Objective
To investigate whether dog dander contains an allergen that cross‐reacts with the major cat allergen, Fel d 1.

Methods
Recombinant Fel d 1 with the same immunological properties as natural Fel d 1 was used for quantitative (CAP) IgE competition experiments performed with sera obtained from cat‐allergic patients (n=36). A Fel d 1 cross‐reactive dog allergen was characterized by one‐ and two‐dimensional immunoblotting using rFel d 1 for IgE inhibition experiments and with monospecific, polyclonal rabbit anti‐recombinant Fel d 1 antibodies.

Results
In 25% of Fel d 1‐reactive cat‐allergic patients, more than 50% inhibition of IgE reactivity to dog allergens was achieved with recombinant Fel d 1. An Fel d 1 cross‐reactive 20 kDa allergen with a pI of approximately 3.4 was detected in dander extracts of several different dog breeds.

Conclusion
This is the first report demonstrating the presence of an Fel d 1‐like allergen in dog dander extracts, which may be responsible for double positivity to cat and dog in serology. However, the clinical relevance of this cross‐sensitization needs to be confirmed. These results are important for the diagnostic and therapeutic use of dog dander allergen extracts.
Hypoallergenic mutants of Ole e 1, the major olive pollen allergen, as candidates for allergy vaccines
Authors: Marazuela E. G. , Rodríguez R. , Barber D. , Villalba M. , Batanero E.
Published: December 2006

Background
The C‐terminal region of Ole e 1, a major allergen from olive pollen, is a dominant IgE‐reactive site and offers a target for site‐directed mutagenesis to produce variants with reduced IgE‐binding capability.

Objective
To evaluate in vitro and in vivo the immunogenic properties of three engineered derivatives of Ole e 1.

Methods
One point (Y141A) and two deletion (135Δ10 and 140Δ5) mutants were generated by site‐directed mutagenesis of Ole e 1‐specific cDNA and produced in Pichia pastoris. Ole e 1 mutants were analysed for IgE reactivity by ELISA using sera from olive pollen‐allergic patients. Their allergenicity was also investigated in both a mouse model of allergic sensitization and in basophil activation assays. IgG1 response was assayed by immunoblotting and competitive ELISA. T cell reactivity was evaluated by proliferation assays and cytokine production in splenocyte cultures.

Results
The 135Δ10 mutant showed the strongest reduction in the IgE‐binding capability of sera from olive pollen‐allergic patients. Rat basophil leukaemia assays identified the deletion mutant 135Δ10 as the variant with the lowest β‐hexosaminidase‐releasing capacity. Furthermore, the same 135Δ10 mutant induced the lowest IgE levels in a BALB/c mouse model of sensitization. All Ole e 1 mutants retained their allergen‐specific T cell reactivity. Immunization of mice with the mutants induced IgG1 antibodies, which cross‐reacted with Ole e 1 and Ole e 1‐like allergens from ash, lilac and privet pollens. The ability of the human IgE to block the binding of anti‐Ole e 1 mutant‐specific mouse IgG1 antibodies to natural Ole e 1 demonstrated that Ole e 1 mutants are able to induce in vivo antibodies reactive to the natural allergen.

Conclusion
The 135Δ10 mutant with reduced allergenicity, intact T cell reactivity and capacity to induce blocking antibodies could provide a suitable candidate vaccine for efficient and safer therapy of olive pollen allergy.
Roles of the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain of FcɛRIα in immunoglobulin E‐mediated up‐regulation of surface FcɛRI expression1
Authors: Okayama Y. , Kagaya S. , Yuki K. , Arai T. , Saito H.
Published: December 2006

Background
Human mast cells express both FcɛRIα and FcγRIα. IgE up‐regulates FcɛRIα expression, but IgG1 does not up‐regulate FcγRIα expression. The transmembrane domain (TM) of FcγRIα determines the stability of cell surface expression of this receptor.

Objective
The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of the TM and cytoplasmic domain (CY) of FcɛRIα in IgE‐mediated FcɛRI up‐regulation.

Methods
Chimeric receptors created by domain shuffling between FcɛRIα and FcγRIα were transduced into human mast cell line HMC‐1. Cell surface expression of the chimeric receptors and the effect of IgE or IgG1 on chimeric receptor expression were examined by FACS. The association of the chimeric receptors with FcRγ was investigated by immunoprecipitation.

Results
The results showed that the TM and CY of FcɛRIα are not essential for IgE‐mediated up‐regulation of surface FcɛRI.

Conclusion
The extracellular domain of each Fc receptor determines the diversity of Ig‐regulated Fc receptor expression.
Inverse association of farm milk consumption with asthma and allergy in rural and suburban populations across Europe
Authors: Waser M. , Michels K. B. , Bieli C. , Flöistrup H. , Pershagen G. , Von Mutius E. , Ege M. , Riedler J. , Schram‐Bijkerk D. , Brunekreef B. , Van Hage M. , Lauener R. , Braun‐Fahrländer C. ,   the PARSIFAL Study team
Published: December 2006

Background
Dietary interventions as a means for atopy prevention attract great interest. Some studies in rural environments claimed an inverse association between consumption of farm‐produced dairy products and the prevalence of allergic diseases, but current evidence is controversial.

Objective
To investigate whether consumption of farm‐produced products is associated with a lower prevalence of asthma and allergy when compared with shop‐purchased products.

Methods
Cross sectional multi‐centre study (PARSIFAL) including 14 893 children aged 5–13 years from five European countries (2823 from farm families and 4606 attending Steiner Schools as well as 5440 farm reference and 2024 Steiner reference children). A detailed questionnaire including a dietary component was completed and allergen‐specific IgE was measured in serum.

Results
Farm milk consumption ever in life showed a statistically significant inverse association with asthma: covariate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61–0.88], rhinoconjunctivitis: aOR 0.56 (0.43–0.73) and sensitization to pollen and the food mix fx5 (cut‐off level of 3.5 kU/L): aOR 0.67 (0.47–0.96) and aOR 0.42 (0.19–0.92), respectively, and sensitization to horse dander: aOR 0.50 (95% CI 0.28–0.87). The associations were observed in all four subpopulations and independent of farm‐related co‐exposures. Other farm‐produced products were not independently related to any allergy‐related health outcome.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that consumption of farm milk may offer protection against asthma and allergy. A deepened understanding of the relevant protective components of farm milk and a better insight into the biological mechanisms underlying this association are warranted as a basis for the development of a safe product for prevention.
Do invertebrate communities in floodplains change predictably along a river's length?
Authors: REESE ELIZABETH G. , BATZER DAROLD P.
Published: December 2006

1. Invertebrate assemblages were described for nine floodplain sites located on a longitudinal gradient of river discharge in the Altamaha River catchment. The Altamaha River and its tributaries constitute one of the few remaining ‘unregulated’ catchments in the southeastern U.S. We predicted that, as the character of lateral flood pulses into backwater swamps changed along the discharge gradient, so would the structure of invertebrate communities. We also examined the relationship between invertebrate assemblages and physicochemical factors (degree of floodplain inundation, pH, conductivity and nutrient concentrations).

2. Cluster analyses of both invertebrate abundance and biomass separated the nine sites into three groups corresponding to their positions in the catchment (upper, mid‐ and lower reach clusters). Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordinations further corroborated the groupings (with combined axis scores of 92% and 73% for abundance and biomass, respectively) and showed significant correlations with degree of inundation and conductivity (abundance), and conductivity, nitrate and phosphate concentrations (biomass).

3. Floodplains in the upper reaches were dominated by terrestrial taxa, such as earthworms, oribatid mites, collembolans and assorted terrestrial fly larvae, and some rapidly developing aquatics (harpacticoid crustaceans and mosquitoes). In the mid‐reach, the dominant taxa were longer lived aquatic organisms such as mayflies and aquatic oligochaetes, although some terrestrial organisms (elaterid beetles and mites) were still common. Invertebrate families dependent on water flow, such as riffle beetles and some mayflies, were common only in mid‐reach floodplain sites. Lower reaches were dominated by lentic aquatic taxa such as dytiscid beetles and asellid isopods, which commonly persist in wetlands after they dry.

4. Our study indicates that invertebrate community structure varies predictably among floodplains in the Altamaha catchment, with headwater habitats being dominated by terrestrial and rapidly‐developing aquatic invertebrates, mid‐reaches characterised by an influx of invertebrates from the river and lower reaches being dominated by wetland taxa with desiccation‐resistant stages. This spatial variability should be considered when applying the Flood Pulse Concept.