bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governing AMR
Authors: Hrynick Tabitha , Abbas Syed Shahid , MacGregor Hayley
Published: June 2023

There is now greater recognition of the challenges posed by AMR to societies than ever before. Much mobilization to address this unfolding crisis has taken place at global level, with UN agencies and high-income country (HIC) governments framing the problem and defining solutions through development of global governance mechanisms to address irrational drug usage. Yet, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the greatest challenges in addressing AMR. Although global discourses recognize AMR’s complexity and the imperative of ensuring equitable access to antimicrobials for all, policy solutions tend to emphasize interventions focused on individual behaviour and antimicrobial conservation in human health. This chapter explores tensions between the discourses and policies which have emerged in global governance for AMR, and the realities of LMIC settings. Drawing on an alternative conceptualization and principles of governance, and through the case of Bangladesh, the chapter examines examples of AMR governance as experienced by different actors occupying different roles in AMR policy-making and implementation. Specifically, it presents examples of national drug policy in influencing antimicrobial production and consumption, the tensions in managing a pluralistic health system, and the divergent sectoral perspectives involved in governing AMR. It argues that effective global governance for AMR is unachievable without integrating ‘governance from below’—the empowerment and leadership of people to develop their own context-appropriate solutions. A view from below is necessary to complement, and shape global governance and resource flows if the increasingly urgent problem of AMR is to be successfully, and globally, addressed.
Joint Action against AMR with a One Health Perspective
Authors: Humboldt-Dachroeden Sarah , Degeling Chris
Published: June 2023

One Health aims to attain optimal public health outcomes through interdisciplinary collaboration across the human, animal, and environment health sectors and can comprise several others (e.g., food, plants, climate). The approach recognizes that all areas are interdependent, that animal species provide a shared reservoir for pathogen exchange and spread, and that infectious disease emergence is driven by dynamic human–animal interactions at the human–animal–environment interface. One Health operates at local, regional, national, and global levels, and is based on communication, collaboration, and coordination across sectors. Because antimicrobials are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants, AMR is a complex One Health problem. Effective and sustainable solutions depend on a harmonized One Health approach, which must be adapted to national contexts. Based on survey data and policy analyses, and focusing on Europe, the chapter describes that multi-stakeholder engagements which tackle AMR need to ensure the translation of scientific findings to policy-makers efficiently to captivate political leadership. The involvement of social and political science experts in engagement will facilitate a better understanding of contextual factors and actors. The EU has a crucial role in strengthening AMR surveillance by focusing attention on including environmental actors and supporting existing international initiatives for harmonized data gathering and analysis. The chapter concludes with an overview of policy implications for AMR in a One Health context, emphasizing the importance of the approach to connect sectors and to develop efficient responses to promote the health of animals, humans, and the environment.
A Case for the Global Governance of AMR by Regulating the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
Authors: Chaturvedi Ipshita , Kavalakkat Natasha
Published: June 2023

Improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste from the drug manufacturing industry in developing countries is being directly linked with the increase in drug-resistant bacteria. While several academic studies point to this linkage, there has been no response from the international legal community on how this problem should be tackled. At the global level, current frameworks are in the form of ad hoc voluntary declarations and initiatives with no binding legal obligations, either on governments or industry. While these acknowledge the problem of drug-resistant bacteria, they do not provide necessary steps or recommendations to rectify the problem at its source. To add to this, the systems within the national borders of the countries housing these manufacturing hubs have also not been effective in regulating this sector. The chapter advocates for a supply chain-based regulatory framework that could potentially mitigate the problem since current national regulatory systems are not the most effective. Addressing supply chains could be more effective than domestic regulations to reduce regulatory gaps between jurisdictions (EU and India) as well as to increase accountability of buyers as well as manufacturers so that pharmaceutical emissions offsets are minimized.
Leaders, Markets, and Values
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the role of leaders and honest markets in conserving the global commons. While a pessimistic view would state that leaders seek to preserve their turf and markets distort, it needs to be recognized that it is possible to conserve the global commons if markets accurately reflect social costs and leaders subordinate their sectarian interests and push forward selflessly to achieve environmental goals. Indeed market mechanisms can be usefully utilized for handling the environmental ‘bads’ of water and air pollution. Though command and control systems have been set up in various countries to ensure that environmental ‘bads’ are subjected to rigid controls, the fact is that on account of various inefficiencies (such as transaction costs, rent seeking, and poor supervision) these systems have been discredited. This, in turn, strengthens the call for reducing the policy space of nation-states and transferring their responsibilities to markets and related economic institutions. Nevertheless, one needs effective national and international laws and policies to conserve the global commons. Laws and policies that are well conceived provide guidance and signals for markets to perform efficiently.
Mahale: What Happened to K Group?
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter deconstructs the demonic perspective, forged from the Four Year War and seemingly replicated by the Invasion from the South. It examines interpretations and assumptions applied to 1970s Mahale, such as how group-on-group killing and extermination were accepted on the flimsiest of evidence. It also addresses why the assumption that an adult male that disappears is dead and probably killed by outsiders is invalid, and why the widely held notion of M-group wiping out K-group was quietly dropped by Mahale researchers. The chapter mentions Japanese primatology, which followed a distinctive course from Euro-American research that is more descriptive and less theoretical. The extermination of K-group males by M-group males seemed to confirm that the Four Year War was no aberration, making it an expected, natural behavior for the phylogenetic cousins.
Social Organization and Why Male Bonobos Are Less Violent
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter builds a model of bonobo social organization, which contrasts strongly with that of chimpanzees and greatly affects the likelihood of male violence in the two species. In the demonic perspective, the dominance drive expressed in patrolling, killing neighbors, violently contesting status, and forming coalitions that are present in chimpanzees are selected out of bonobos. It explains the duality of behaviors among bonobos and chimpanzees through the anthropological concept of social organization. The chapter argues that the differences between bonobos and chimpanzees have been exaggerated because of limited study of wild bonobos, distortions related to captive observation, and politicization of the issue of male/female differences. It stresses that the two species are more alike than generally imagined and reflect ecological rather than inherited differences.
Evolutionary Scenarios and Theoretical Developments
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter critically evaluates alternative evolutionary scenarios and biobehavioral investigations for the options, and what they mean for chimpanzee, bonobo, and human natures. It cites Richard Wrangham and Marc Hauser’s Demonic Males, which offers a scenario of how the bonobo branch evolved away from the violence of chimpanzees and humans. It also provides an alternative of social evolution based on sexual physiology and ecological abundance. The chapter clarifies how bonobos and chimpanzees remain socially distinct even though they vary and overlap in specific behaviors. It highlights recent changes in evolutionary theory in general, which is consistent with behavioral plasticity and social inheritance.
The Music Curriculum in an Interdisciplinary Landscape
Authors: Barrett Janet Revell
Published: June 2023

The final chapter maps spaces for interdisciplinarity across two landscapes: first, it considers the broader field of music education, addressing needed initiatives for philosophical inquiry, case studies, professional development, and music teacher education. The second landscape speaks to interdisciplinary teaching in local contexts and communities, offering insights for music teachers to consider as they take up an interdisciplinary stance, or reimagine these principles and strategies in dynamic new forms and shapes. Music teachers are encouraged to consider how an interdisciplinary perspective expands their curricular imagination by exploring the permeable influences of music on closely related subject matters, and how a thoughtfully integrated music curriculum holds promise for deepening educative experiences in the lives of young persons.
Components of the Program
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, the reader will be presented with vignettes, a time line, and session highlights. The vignettes provide information about diverse patients and their struggles. Details about medical services and family system obstacles validate the individualized approach used in this collaborative program. The reader learns the steps of the program and how youth and family problems need to be resolved quickly. The authors explain the need for documentation of the youth’s progress during the program and at the end of the program for third-party payment.
Special Populations
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

The C-READY program was specifically developed to be flexible in administration and amenable to adaptation for special populations. In this chapter, focus is given to adaptation of C-READY components to youth with intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, and autism spectrum disorders. Special considerations are also given to decreasing barriers to care for low-income and health-disparity populations.
Settings and Environment
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides important considerations for implementation of the C-READY program depending on setting and environment. Discussion of program delivery and how this may differ in a hospital-based or private practice setting is provided. Additionally, this chapter covers utilization of trainees, including clinical psychology graduate students, and other clinical team members (e.g., social workers, masters-level licensed counselors) who can potentially partner in providing C-READY services. This chapter also covers implementation of the C-READY program in school as well as the use of telecommunication.
C-READY Research and Reporting
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses both standardized and nonstandardized measures that were utilized to evaluate goal attainment and program success, both at the individual and group level. Measures developed to capture and track skill attainment across sessions specifically for the C-READY program are also provided in this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Henry Claire , Molloy Missy
Published: June 2023

The conclusion paraphrases the main arguments of the book. It reiterates the claim that posthuman cinema cannot be quarantined to a particular generic category, narrative formation, or set of stock figures. It further reiterates the claim that, rather than mourning or celebrating the demise of the human, critical posthumanism interrogates the very concept of the human. Finally, while granting critical posthumanism a powerful force as a tool of critique, it advocates for a form of critical posthumanism that maintains a healthy skepticism of posthumanism itself. In doing so, it presents Nomadland (Chloé Zhao, 2020) as a case study that both exemplifies the value of posthumanist analysis and foregrounds the risks of a critical posthumanism that is critical of everything except its own assumptions.
Union Density in the Regulated Period (1935–1979)
Authors: Stepan-Norris Judith
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers union dynamics during the regulated period, 1935–1979. It begins with an overview of the broader political, legal, and economic context of the period, along with industry-level variation in employment, occupation, and race and gender demographics. Major events, including mass unrest in the 1930s, the establishment of the National Labor Relations Board, the launch of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and World War II led to a new terrain for labor relations. Unions grew in most industries, and some grew dramatically. In particular, unionization in manufacturing—the largest industry at the time—soared, as did public administration and education a few decades later. The tail end of this period, however, saw a decline in some industries, but not others. The chapter examines how these new developments evolved and how unions and employers tried to improve their positions within this context. It depicts the change in union density by industry, along with the trends in strikes, union elections, unfair labor practices, and employment within this context.
Defectors
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

Defectors fleeing the Soviet Union seized the world’s attention during the Cold War. Their stories were heavily reported and were dramatized in spy novels and films. Unlike other refugees, they were pursued by the states they left even as they were sought by the United States and other Western governments eager to claim them. Defectors were willing to take risks to transcend the limitations of the Cold War world. The book follows their treacherous journeys and looks at how their unauthorized flight gave shape to a globalized world. It charts a global struggle over defectors among rival intelligence agencies operating in the shadows of an occupied Europe, in the forbidden border zones of the USSR, in the disputed straits of the South China Sea, and around the walls of Soviet embassies. The book reveals a Cold War world whose borders were far less stable than the notion of an “Iron Curtain” suggests. Surprisingly, the competition for defectors paved the way for collusion between the superpowers, who found common interest in regulating the unruly spaces through which defectors moved. Disputes over defectors mapped out the contours of modern state sovereignty in previously contested places, and defection’s ideological framework hardened borders by reinforcing the view that asylum should be granted only to migrants with clear political claims. Although defection all but disappeared after the Cold War, it helped forge an international refugee system whose legacy and limitations remain with us to this day.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

The last wave of Soviet migrants was free to leave but did not necessarily have a place to go. While the Cold War’s conclusion was thought to usher in a globalized world in which the freedom of movement was universally accepted, it primarily ended restrictions on exit that the Soviet Union and its allies no longer found feasible to maintain. At the same time, privileges for post-socialist migrants evaporated, and entry, in most cases, remained gated. Although defection disappeared as a way of framing mobility, it had played a crucial role in fashioning a system of globalization in which goods, culture, capital, and certain classes of people flowed across borders with ease but the movement of the masses was tightly controlled. Migrants lacking the resources to navigate a globalized world risked being left in limbo, either behind borders or in camps far from their intended destinations.
Song, Landscape, and Identity in Medieval Northern France
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This book investigates how northern French vernacular poets and musicians writing in the late middle ages expressed relationships between people and their environments. It explores medieval French song through the critical and disciplinary lenses of ecocriticism and environmental history. The repertoire under scrutiny embraces the gamut of forms and genres of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century French music, considering the songs of the trouvères, the ars antiqua motet, the formes fixes, the plays of Adam de la Halle, and the lyric-infused narrative poetry of Guillaume de Machaut. Although these works have never before been conceptualized as a corpus of nature poetry, they routinely evoke nature and the outdoors. They feature the gardens, meadows, and trees found in the countryside that many of their authors inhabited, and they conceptualize nature as crucial to poetic inspiration, to the fulfillment of desire, and as a space symbolic of the sacred. Through a deep contextualization of these songs and the people who wrote them, Song, Landscape, and Identity offers a novel account that demonstrates how song could present modalities of engagement with nature that were determined by geography, gender, and status. Key questions include: How realistic is the nature imagery in these songs? What ways of interaction with a landscape do they encourage? Where, and for whom, were such experiences available? The answers to these questions reposition medieval song as a privileged vehicle through which songwriters expressed relationships between nature, place, and class.
Trouvère Identities
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the biographies of the trouvères who figure prominently in later chapters, such as Gace Brulé, Thibaut IV, Simon d’Authie, and Gilles le Vinier. After discussing the limited historical data known about the trouvères, the chapter shows that most of the prominent trouvères were either knights or clerics, and that as such, they were attached to well-established group identities. The chapter shows that medieval sources, particularly the songbooks known as A, M, T, and a, highlight these identities as well as the noble identities of the patrons who funded their production. In addition to depicting cleric-trouvères engaged in the activities of writing and disputation, this chapter shows that the portraits of knightly trouvères found in these songbooks borrows from the iconography of seals. This insight provides strong support for biographical interpretation of some trouvère songs since, for medieval viewers, it would have strongly connected the person of the author to the songs that followed the portrait.
In the Meadows
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This chapter argues that knightly trouvères used song to express their relationship to the land, which they understood through the lens of their chivalric identities. The songs of Gace Brulé show how knightly trouvères could harness the nature opening (Natureingang) to express an emotional attachment to a landscape that bore the hallmarks of an aristocratic estate. This emotional connection to the land was in keeping with chivalric ambitions wherein land was an important endpoint of prowess. The way that Gace combined the nature opening with pedes cum cauda form articulates a formulation of knightly identity grounded in emotional connection to the land. This connection endures in several generations of knightly trouvères, even in the songs of figures whose biographies fit imperfectly with the identity it communicates. The use of the nature opening in knightly trouvère songs is constant amid striking social and environmental changes, demonstrating the power of culture to create continuities of identity amid altered circumstances.
In the City
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores nature imagery in the songs of cleric-trouvères, who lived mostly in urban environments. In the songs of cleric-trouvères such as Adam de la Halle, Moniot d’Arras, Richard de Fournival, and others, the nature opening is conspicuously absent or alluded to derisively. In the additions to the Roman de Fauvel, the nature opening is inverted and subjected to parody. When plant imagery is found in the songs of cleric-trouvères such as Simon d’Authie and Gilles le Vinier, it differs markedly from the knightly nature openings. Instead of describing sweeping landscapes, cleric-trouvères emphasize inward, intimate connections with plant-life. Motets contrast vernacular nature imagery with the biblical tree of virtue and tree of vice.
The Song-Space of the Medieval Garden
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines a subset of the song genre known as the rondet that describes a beautiful girl dressing (the “Bele Aelis” songs) or a dance performed in the distance (the “C’est la jus” songs). Examining the topography described in these songs, this chapter locates the setting on the medieval estate, mainly in the intensively cultivated garden settings that had become increasingly common. Close readings show that some of the songs dramatize the dynamics of seeing and being viewed, hearing and overhearing. These songs construct noble female identity as tied to both garden settings and the desire for privacy.
Conclusions
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

The conclusion addresses the legacies of trouvère nature imagery in Machaut’s Remede de Fortune, a narrative work into which the composer interpolated his own songs. Machaut’s treatment of the nature opening shows his awareness of the ways in which knightly trouvères used it, but ultimately aligns him with the cleric-trouvères. This poetic continuity contrasts with dramatic changes in the environment, showing how identity projects attitudes into the future. The book closes by exploring echoes of medieval identity in the work of Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac, addressing how these speak to relationships between nature, culture, and change.
The World of the Mexica
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the Mexica empire that underwent a lengthy period of state formation before the Spaniards arrived. The chapter notes that Teotihuacan played a formative role in the development of Mexica. The exchange of goods within the region allowed the creation of a society based on the division of labor, which enabled the development of craftmanship and agriculture, and allowed for growth in the production of luxury goods and textiles. The social standing of a person from Mexica depended on their birth. The basis of social inequality in the region was related to control over land, work, and the power to govern, which were in the hands of the nobility. In addition, an individual’s military success in battle was central to his social standing. The chapter also considers that everyday life in Mexica was intimately intertwined with religion and culture. It explains why the tlatoani was blamed for the Mexica’s demise, which correlates to the reputation of Moctezuma II and the Fall of Tenochtitlan.
Endless Conquest
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the aftermath of the Fall of Tenochtitlan. The indigenous city-states allied with the Spaniards had achieved their goal of leaving Mexica vulnerable to defeat. However, Hernán Cortés believed the war was far from over after the Fall of Tenochtitlan, as his goal had been to consolidate power, supplant the Mexica rulers, and surpass them by creating a unified body politic with a single religion. The chapter explains how Cortés baptized the country New Spain to subordinate directly to the crown even though the boundaries of the new country were not precisely defined. It explores the rise of Cortés’s reputation as well as a shift in his mindset when in 1547 he instructed his heirs to return all properties that were unlawfully acquired to their respective indigenous owners. However, his legitimate son had no interest in doing his will after Cortés’s death.
Victory in Africa
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

Belisarius was reinstated as General of the East after he helped to put down the Nika Riot, but his new assignment was in the West. The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) tasked Belisarius with an assault on the Vandal Kingdom of North Africa, to restore Roman rule in the region. Belisarius sailed with his wife, Antonina, on this expedition. Arriving in North Africa, Belisarius defeated the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum (September 533) and the Battle of Tricamarum (December 533), and he captured the Vandal King Gelimer by March 534. Thus Belisarius won the war in about six months. He was rewarded by Justinian back in Constantinople with a triumph and the ancient Roman Republican office of consul.
Deportation and the Excluded Undeportable
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on if and when those who are not yet citizens can be rightfully deported from the territory to an alleged “home country.” Deportation is the forced, involuntary removal of individuals from the territory on which they are located, and on which they are often residing. The right to deport is typically treated as a legitimate part of an immigration regime; if states can make rules about whom to admit and whom to exclude, then they should be able to enforce those rules, according to many scholars. The chapter then examines several reasons to think that deportation ought to be treated, in general, as a harm to be avoided where it can be. It also looks at what the arguments against the widespread use of deportation mean for the conditions that face stateless peoples. In particular, the fact of stateless peoples demonstrates that immunity from the risk of deportation is not the only benefit offered by citizenship status. Through a consideration of what is owed to stateless peoples, the chapter explores citizenship as a status that protects its holders first from exclusion from territory and second from exclusion from membership.
Resettling (LGBTQ+) Refugees
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This chapter begins with an account of integration and the duties it imposes, both on states and immigrants, in part with the purpose of distinguishing a separate category of duties—duties of resettlement—that are owed to resettling refugees. All migrants who settle in a new state must integrate, but refugees’ path to the host state is in significant ways distinct from the path taken by voluntary migrants. Indeed, refugees face different sets of challenges and, correspondingly, states have distinct duties towards them. The chapter considers how integration programs should confront the persistence of ongoing injustice in host societies, especially injustice that shares a resemblance with the form of persecution resettled refugees may have escaped. It looks at the duties owed to specifically LGBTQ+ refugees who escape persecution on the basis of their sexual/gender identity and who resettle into spaces that nevertheless suffer from homophobia.
Cultural Accommodations and Naturalization Ceremonies
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the final step in the naturalization process: the oath ceremony. It considers whether inclusion requires accommodating cultural practices of would-be citizens or whether a host state can permissibly refuse accommodations at this stage. The chapter begins with the context that has framed recent political theory discussions around the legitimacy of naturalization requirements. Too often, the adoption of more stringent naturalization requirements is borne from an animosity towards immigrants, especially those from Middle Eastern and Muslim-majority countries. The taking of the oath represents the formal acceptance, by naturalizing individuals, of subjection to state power in exchange for the state’s commitment to protecting their full and equal rights as citizens. On this conception of what the citizenship ceremony is, the accommodation of religious and cultural practices does not undermine the purpose of the ceremony and thus should be permitted.
Conclusion
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: June 2023

This concluding chapter argues that even as the moral commitment to equality appears to have taken hold, the realization of substantive equality among citizens and residents of democratic states remains out of reach for too many. For all their commitment to inclusion, democracies engage in extensive exclusion and offer a range of justifications for doing so. Full inclusion into a state and society must track subjection to state power or else that subjection is unjust. Because subjection demands inclusion and precludes exclusion, the theoretical and policy analysis must then shift to determining clear standards for when someone is properly considered to be subjected. States may differ, within reason, on exactly where they draw the line.
A Definition—and a Measure
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: June 2023

A definition and a measure of empathic concern are provided. Empathic concern is defined as an other-oriented emotional state elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of another in need. Rather than feeling as the other feels, empathic concern involves feeling for the other. Moreover, it doesn’t refer to a single emotion but is an umbrella term that includes feelings described not only as empathy and concern but also as sympathy, compassion, tenderness, sorrow, sadness, distress, grief, and more. The author and colleagues have developed a brief six-item Empathic Concern Index to measure empathic concern and have used experiments to establish the Index’s induced-state validity. Experimental results are provided, as is a copy of the Emotional Response Scale in which the six empathic-concern items are embedded.
Realizing the Potential of Empathic Concern
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: June 2023

Realizing the potential of empathic concern is well underway. This chapter reviews some of the better-known programs in which empathy has been used to improve interpersonal and/or intergroup relations. Empathy has been used to increase prosocial behavior, as well as to reduce animosity, prejudice, and discrimination in educational settings, in protracted political conflicts, through media, and by orchestrating prosocial motives. Programs include Roots of Empathy, the Jigsaw Classroom, discrimination simulations, intergroup-dialogue classes, conflict-resolution workshops, peace workshops/camps, storytelling, media, and orchestration of empathy-induced altruism and moral motivation. It is hoped that reviewing these programs in the context of the conceptual framework and research described in previous chapters will prompt development of future programs that can further tap the potential of empathic concern.
The Iranian #MeToo Movement
Authors: Basmechi Farinaz
Published: June 2023

Iran’s #MeToo movement started three years prior to the global #MeToo when in 2017 women were protesting mandatory hijab laws in Iran. #MeToo became viral in 2020 in Iran. This chapter discusses the legal and cultural perspectives toward sexual and gender violence in Iran. A content analysis is conducted on tweets related to the #MeToo and other related hashtags, such as #Rape and #NoMeansNo. Revealing stories, rising awareness, political and cultural context, role of power, class, and race are the shared themes found in the content of tweets related to the movement. The consequences and effects of Iranian #MeToo movement and their connections with global #MeToo movement shows that the Iranian #MeToo is adapted to the local Iranian conditions and is related to major questions regarding gender-based violence in Iran. Despite this specificity to local conditions, the Iranian version of #MeToo has used and modified the main claims and hashtags of the global #MeToo. This analysis situates the Iranian #MeToo in both the global and local conversations regarding feminism and women’s rights.
Iberian Legacies
Authors: McFarlane Anthony
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 explores the institutional and cultural framework of Spanish and Portuguese government in the Americas, showing that although colonial legacies would later be blamed for the resilience of political and social hierarchies, in fact, they played an ambiguous role. The chapter explores both Spanish and Portuguese systems of rule, from the foundational early colonial era through an eighteenth-century era of reform, to the first phases of early nineteenth-century state-building. Traditionally, contractualist ideologies coexisted with much power-sharing; reforms designed to strengthen metropolitan centers and increase their profits prompted critical responses which drew on older traditions, as well as on new ideas associated with the Enlightenment and American and French revolutions. Although the new states which emerged had many self-consciously novel features, including constitutions and representative assemblies, they were also shaped by some older practices, notably in the extent to which power continued to inhere in towns and localities.
Democracy and Liberal Constitutionalism
Authors: Rivera José Antonio Aguilar , Zimmermann Eduardo
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores constitution-making, an almost universal concomitant of the forging of new, independent states across the region in this period. It explores in turn models consulted—from the United States, France, Spain’s Cádiz Constitution, and Britain; how constitutions were given a public profile through publications and celebrations; what issues new constitutions usually dealt with, and how they dealt with them, and finally–in the form of case studies of Mexico and Argentina—increasing tendencies to evoke “democracy” during constitution-making processes. It has been suggested that “Creole constitutionalism” tended to converge on similar institutional solutions: unified, centralized, strongly presidentialist, political systems. This chapter emphasizes the persistence of ideals of legislative power and devolution to localities as coexisting impulses.
Political Cultures and Practices in Spanish South American Cities
Authors: Alonso Paula , Ternavasio Marcela
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores—especially through case studies of cities in Argentina and Peru—the role played by ideas about “democracy” in post-independence Spanish American urban political culture, arguing that it is essential to pay close attention to specificities of context to understand what the term signified to contemporaries. An overview of the characteristics of Spanish American cities and towns, and their vital role in government and politics, is followed by a survey of ways in which new ideas about popular sovereignty were expressed and experienced in urban settings. Focusing on what would become Argentina and Peru, especially on Buenos Aires and Lima, the chapter describes the implications of broad franchises there, and their coexistence with top-down rule. Only in the 1840s and 1850s did these states develop more open political cultures, supported by print media. “Democracy” was in that context often invoked, but in ways shaped by local concerns.
Democracy in Mexico
Authors: Thomson Guy
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Mexico, where legacies of Spanish rule encouraged on the one hand defenses of monarchism and social hierarchy, and on the other hand, fervent support for decentralization (“federalism”) and equality in politics and society. This context left its mark on discussion of “democracy,” which was quite often viewed as a social form and as such, contrasted with “aristocracy.” Though it was championed in the 1820s, in the context of buoyant participatory politics and early party formation, it lost favor during the subsequent reaction. Thereafter, even liberals often expressed some ambivalence about it, sometimes seeing it as an irresistible historical force necessary to a better future, though turbulent and destructive while it raged, at other times seeing merits in the arguments of French “Doctrinaire” thinkers about the need to restrict access to political influence to ensure the triumph of reason.
The Allure of Democracy in New Granada, 1810–1870
Authors: Posada-Carbó Eduardo
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in New Granada, especially the future republic of Colombia, where “democracy” seems to have had more allure than elsewhere in the region. There, it was championed relatively early, sustained by the relative stability of the new representative system and ultimately gaining wide endorsement from popular “democratic societies.” Strong early support for independence and the foundation of a republic provided the context in which “democracy” first achieved currency. Simón Bolívar, who tried to weld the territory into a larger union, came to question its fit with local conditions; democracy was then championed by his critics. In the 1830s it acquired a new edge in the context of partisan political struggle. Democratic societies were founded both to build partisan support and elevate the people. From the later 1840s, the use of the term accelerated. It retained partisan connotations, though all parties made some attempt to identify with it.
Love and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2023

Here, I orient the reader toward the philosophical issues with which this project is concerned: specifically, to the question of whether love can reveal anything true about a person. I discuss how affective dispositions underlie our momentary episodes of emotion, thus rendering us vulnerable when we love someone. Is the perceived meaning of others, and of the world, an illusion? Or could we be apprehending reality when we discern value and meaning? Proust’s novel raises these questions but is conflicted about how to answer them. I note that we will consider the reasons for skeptical doubt or distrust but emphasize why love and subjectivity might indeed be truth-revealing.
On Loving Badly and Discovering Truth Nonetheless
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2023

This short chapter defends the unfashionable view that, in Proust, the one who loves really does become aware of the beloved’s distinguishing features—despite all the obstacles to accurate possession that were sorted out in the previous chapter, as well as the impossibility of gaining full and transparent knowledge of another person for whom a world exists. One need not be a moral saint to get to know the beloved other, to some degree and in some ways, and the allure of skeptical doubt is a cop-out by someone who despairs of partially apprehending the inexhaustible depths of another person.
Introduction
Authors: Demetriou Denise
Published: June 2023

The introduction begins with the arrival in Athens of Zeno the Stoic, a Phoenician immigrant from Kition on Cyprus, and uses his story to illustrate how despite prejudice and discrimination, immigrants thrived in their host societies. Zeno’s story exemplifies the adaptive strategies that immigrants mobilized to mediate their experiences and encourage a sense of membership and belonging, the new identities they constructed, the policies that host and home states employed to promote or manage migration, and the multiple ways migrants changed both themselves and the societies they joined. The introduction shows that ancient Mediterranean polities were hosts to large percentages of immigrants and adopts a broad definition of migrants to reveal the presence and contributions of those migrants, especially Phoenician ones who left behind plenty of epigraphic texts that are often bilingual, and the responses of both their home and host states.
Teaching Inpatient Medicine
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

This book combines the social and clinical aspects of teaching to present a comprehensive guide for educators of inpatient medicine in all career stages who are looking to improve their teaching approach and their ability to connect with patients and learners. The authors visited with some of the most outstanding attending physicians teaching in today’s healthcare environment and, from both the learner and attending perspectives as well as direct observations of teaching in real time, they identified specific behaviors that resonate with patients and learners. The authors provide authentic teaching examples that any attending can incorporate into their repertoire. In addition, they looked beyond the medical team to demonstrate how attendings interact with other healthcare providers and patients to create environments that are conducive to learning, connection, and healing. This edition includes new chapters and content emphasizing strategies used by female and underrepresented minority attendings to navigate gender- and race-based challenges; to mitigate unconscious bias, stereotype threat, and more overt discrimination and harassment; to position themselves as leaders of teams; and to manage imposter syndrome. Additionally, Teaching Inpatient Medicine, Second Edition explores strategies to provide and receive meaningful mentorship, engage in effective communication, and best teach and lead in times of crisis, topics not typically included in books on teaching medicine.
Building the Team
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

The attendings followed for this study made clear how seriously they take their responsibility to establish and maintain close-knit teams that were cooperative rather than competitive, with team members concerned for their patients and for each other. Such teams perform more effectively on the wards, and their members do a better job of learning to become outstanding doctors. This double obligation to minister to the sick and to learn has a checkered history, as does the role of the attending physician within the medical team. The attendings used multiple strategies to build and maintain team relationships. The attendings’ definition of the team extended beyond the learners and included other medical specialists. Attendings view the care of a patient as the team’s responsibility and not just that of the primary provider’s.
The Stories We Share
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

Physician and patient interaction influences important health outcomes. The foundation of an effective relationship centers on mutual trust and respect. Building rapport in the hospital can be challenging since many physicians have not previously met the patient and family members and are often doing so during moments of duress and stress. Attending physicians lead in mentoring and instructing yet also provide guidance through the techniques they use to effectively communicate. The attendings followed throughout this study reflect the fundamental building blocks of relationship-centered communication in healthcare through skillfully connecting with patients, fostering meaningful relationships, and making space for sacred moments. Through interacting with patients and meaningfully connecting with them, the attendings seek to elicit the untold story from their patient, helping to better fully understand the patient’s care needs.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips W. D. , Pinedo Isabel C.
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter provides readers of the collection with a basic framework through which to understand the sudden flowering of camp on American and British television in the mid-1960s. No style, movement, or genre emerges from a vacuum and Camp TV is no exception. Reviewing the longer history of camp, including its association with cultural resistance, its correlation with strategies of dual address, and its groundswell in the decade leading up to Susan Sontag’s 1964 essay “Notes on ‘Camp,’ ” this chapter prepares readers to engage with the range of television programs and analytical approaches that are found in the book’s chapters. Moreover, this introduction sets the stage for the work of the book in tracing Camp’s move, during the 1960s, from the margins to the mainstream. In the process, individual chapters and the collection as a whole serve to reevaluate American television’s “vast wasteland”—Federal Communications Commission Chairman Newton Minow’s 1961 descriptive phrase—before its well-documented turn toward “relevance” in the early 1970s. In addition, this chapter also offers a brief survey of the scholarly work on Camp and, more recently, on Camp television. The final section of this chapter summarizes each of the thirteen body chapters and the Afterword so readers may see how the entire collection fits together, more easily find the chapters that most interest them, and consider new directions in scholarship suggested by the works collected here.
Fractured Flickers (1963–64), Camp, and Cinema’s Ab/usable Past
Authors: Comiskey Andrea , Horwitz Jonah
Published: June 2023

The 1960s television series Fractured Flickers reworked older footage, mostly from silent films, to create new, absurdist replacement narratives and comic montages. Produced by Jay Ward, the show shared the antic, allusive humor of other Ward series, which themselves featured frequent references to silent cinema. Flickers belongs to a submerged history of Hollywood reusing and lampooning silents. One of several midcentury TV programs that brought silent films to the attention of a new generation, Flickers aroused the ire of critics and actors and became a byword for the abuse of cinema heritage. But rather than simply mocking older films, Flickers repurposed them in a reflexive mode that combined affection and travesty. Flickers tutored its viewers in strategies of camp reappropriation, recontextualization, and remixing. Its sophisticated approach echoed contemporaneous avant-garde found-footage cinema and presaged the likes of Mystery Science Theater 3000 and other hallmarks of “riffing” culture.
Spellcasting Camp
Authors: Owens Andrew J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines a transitional moment across both the industrial and programming landscape of 1960s American television and US occult media through the lens of what Susan Sontag and others have referred to as one of the most enigmatic sensibilities of popular culture: camp. Looking through this affection for what Sontag described as “the exaggerated, the ‘off,’ of things-being-what-they-are-not,” this chapter focuses on the ways in which Bewitched (1964–72, ABC) refracted 1960s occultism through the lens of camp in order to produce one of the most successful TV series of the decade. Yet while Sontag denies any true political potentialities of approaching the world in a campy way, I argue that Bewitched nevertheless used its love of artifice and exaggeration to assemble a generative ideological ground for analysis of American television’s ability to engage in social critique during the 1960s, especially surrounding changing midcentury mores of gender and sexuality.