bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of life after adult living donor liver transplantation: A longitudinal prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Togashi Junichi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Akamatsu Nobuhisa , Tamura Sumihito , Yamashiki Noriyo , Kaneko Junichi , Sakamoto Yoshihiro , Aoki Taku , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: January 2013

Aim

Patient survival after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has improved, but improvement of the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of LDLT recipients is also an important issue. The aim of this study was to assess the HRQOL of LDLT recipients from the preoperative period to 18 months following transplantation by prospectively evaluating Short Form‐36 Version 2 (SF‐36v2) scores.

Methods

Complete longitudinal SF‐36v2 scores were collected from 35 consecutive LDLT recipients prior to surgery and at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after transplantation.

Results

HRQOL scores were severely impaired in all dimensions preoperatively. Although the scores improved significantly up to 18 months after transplantation, they remained lower than those of healthy controls in the majority of domains. Impaired scores preoperatively were significantly associated with severity of liver disease represented by a higher Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and Child–Turcotte–Pugh class C, and scores in such patients improved significantly after LDLT in every dimension at 12 months, indicating that the greater the impairment at the pretransplant stage, the greater the improvement in both physical and mental conditions. Preoperative lower HRQOL scores and higher MELD scores were independently associated with significant physical and mental score gains during the first year after LDLT.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study may facilitate the development of measures aimed at improving recipient's post‐transplant life and establishing realistic expectations for LDLT recipients.
Large‐scale patterns in genetic variation, gene flow and differentiation in five species of European Coenagrionid damselfly provide mixed support for the central‐marginal hypothesis
Authors: Johansson Helena , Stoks Robby , Nilsson‐Örtman Viktor , Ingvarsson Pär K. , Johansson Frank
Published: January 2013

Recently, an increased effort has been directed towards understanding the distribution of genetic variation within and between populations, particularly at central and marginal areas of a species’ distribution. Much of this research is centred on the central‐marginal hypothesis, which posits that populations at range margins are sparse, small and genetically diminished compared to those at the centre of a species’ distribution range. We tested predictions derived from the central‐marginal hypothesis for the distribution of genetic variation and population differentiation in five European Coenagrionid damselfly species. We screened genetic variation (microsatellites) in populations sampled in the centre and margins of the species’ latitudinal ranges, assessed genetic diversity (HS) in the populations and the distribution of this genetic diversity between populations (FST). We further assessed genetic substructure and migration with Bayesian assignment methods, and tested for significant associations between genetic substructure and bioclimatic and spatial (altitude and latitude) variables, using general linearized models. We found no general adherence to the central‐marginal hypothesis; instead we found that other factors such as historical or current ecological factors often better explain the patterns uncovered. This was illustrated in Coenagrion mercuriale whose colonisation history and behaviour most likely led to the observation of a high genetic diversity in the south and lower genetic diversity with increasing latitude, and in C. armatum and C. pulchellum whose patterns of low genetic diversity coupled with the weakest genetic differentiation at one of their range margins suggested, respectively, possible range shifts and recent, strong selection pressure.
Genomic evaluations using similarity between haplotypes
Authors: Hickey J.M. , Kinghorn B.P. , Tier B. , Clark S.A. , van der Werf J.H.J. , Gorjanc G.
Published: December 2012

Long‐range phasing and haplotype library imputation methodologies are accurate and efficient methods to provide haplotype information that could be used in prediction of breeding value or phenotype. Modelling long haplotypes as independent effects in genomic prediction would be inefficient due to the many effects that need to be estimated and phasing errors, even if relatively low in frequency, exacerbate this problem. One approach to overcome this is to use similarity between haplotypes to model covariance of genomic effects by region or of animal breeding values. We developed a simple method to do this and tested impact on genomic prediction by simulation. Results show that the diagonal and off‐diagonal elements of a genomic relationship matrix constructed using the haplotype similarity method had higher correlations with the true relationship between pairs of individuals than genomic relationship matrices built using unphased genotypes or assumed unrelated haplotypes. However, the prediction accuracy of such haplotype‐based prediction methods was not higher than those based on unphased genotype information.
You are where you live: parasitic nematode mitochondrial genome size is associated with the thermal environment generated by hosts
Authors: Lagisz M. , Poulin R. , Nakagawa S.
Published: January 2013

There exists remarkable interspecific variation in mitochondrial sequence evolution rates and in mitochondrial genome sizes. A number of hypotheses based on the forces of mutation and selection have been proposed to explain this variation. Among such hypotheses, we test three: 1) the ‘longevity‐dependent selection’, 2) the ‘functional constraints’ and 3) the ‘race for replication’ hypotheses, using published mtDNA genomic sequences of 47 Nematoda species. We did not find any relationship between body size (used as a proxy for longevity) and genome size or the substitution rate of protein sequences, providing little evidence for the first hypothesis. Parasitic species from different thermal habitats, as determined by their definitive host type (ectothermal vs. endothermal), did not differ in their rates of protein evolution. Therefore, little support was obtained for the second hypothesis. However, we revealed that mitogenomes of parasites of endotherms were significantly smaller than those of parasites of ectotherms, supporting the race for replication hypothesis. As mitochondrial genomes of endothermal animals are usually more compact than those of ectothermal animals, intriguingly, nematode parasites of endotherms and ectotherms exhibit similar patterns of mtDNA length variation to their hosts.
CHF5074 restores visual memory ability and pre‐synaptic cortical acetylcholine release in pre‐plaque Tg2576 mice
Authors: Giuliani Alessandro , Beggiato Sarah , Baldassarro Vito A. , Mangano Chiara , Giardino Luciana , Imbimbo Bruno P. , Antonelli Tiziana , Calzà Laura , Ferraro Luca
Published: December 2012

CHF5074, a new microglial modulator, attenuates memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. In this study, the effect of an acute or subacute CHF5074 treatment on in vivo novel object recognition test and on [3H]Acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA release in pre‐plaque (7‐month‐old) Tg2576 mice have been compared with those induced by the γ‐secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat). Vehicle‐treated Tg2576 mice displayed an impairment of recognition memory compared with wild‐type animals. This impairment was recovered in transgenic animals acutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg), while LY450139 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) was ineffective. In frontal cortex synaptosomes from vehicle‐treated Tg2576 mice, K+‐evoked [3H]ACh release was lower than that measured in wild‐type mice. This reduction was absent in transgenic animals subacutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg daily for 8 days), while it was slightly, not significantly, amplified by LY450139 (3 mg/kg daily for 8 days). There were no differences between the groups on spontaneous [3H]ACh release as well as spontaneous and K+‐evoked GABA release. These results suggest that CHF5074 has beneficial effects on visual memory and cortical cholinergic dysfunctions in pre‐plaque Tg2576 mice. Together with previous findings, these data suggest that CHF5074 could be a possible candidate for early Alzheimer's disease therapeutic regimens.
Expression of 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in the Human Hypothalamus
Authors: Bisschop P. H. , Dekker M. J. H. J. , Osterthun W. , Kwakkel J. , Anink J. J. , Boelen A. , Unmehopa U. A. , Koper J. W. , Lamberts S. W. J. , Stewart P. M. , Swaab D. F. , Fliers E.
Published: January 2013

The hypothalamus is a major target for glucocorticoids and a key structure for hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis setpoint regulation. The enzyme 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) modulates glucocorticoid signalling in various tissues at the prereceptor level by converting biologically inactive cortisone to its active form cortisol. The present study aimed to assess 11βHSD1 expression in the human hypothalamus. We studied 11βHSD1 expression in five frozen and four formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded human hypothalami (obtained from the Netherlands Brain Bank) by the polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, respectively. 11βHSD1 mRNA was expressed in the area of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is the biological clock of the brain, in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and in the infundibular nucleus, which is the human homologue of the rodent arcuate nucleus. 11βHSD1 was detected by immunocytochemistry in the same nuclei. In the PVN, neuronal 11βHSD1 immunoreactivity colocalised with corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, as shown by dual fluorescence staining. Our data demonstrate that 11βHSD1 is widely expressed in the human hypothalamus. Its colocalisation with CRH in the PVN suggests a role in modulation of glucocorticoid feedback of the HPA axis, whereas the expression of 11βHSD1 in additional and functionally diverse hypothalamic nuclei points to a role for the enzyme in the regulation of metabolism, appetite and circadian rhythms.
Clinical evaluation of a pre‐tied ligating loop for liver biopsy and liver lobectomy
Authors: Cuddy L. C. , Risselada M. , Ellison G. W.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

The aim of this prospective case series was to evaluate the suitability of a pre‐tied ligating loop for liver biopsy or partial or complete liver lobectomy via midline coeliotomy for diagnosis or treatment of hepatic disease.

Methods

Nine client‐owned animals (six dogs and three cats) in which liver biopsy or partial or complete liver lobectomy was performed using a 2–0 Polysorb™ pre‐tied ligating loop (SurgiTie™; Covidien) via midline coeliotomy were included. The fit of the loop, space for incision and presence and character of bleeding from the incised surface were assessed. Pre‐ and postoperative haematocrit and peri‐operative complications were noted. Dimensions, histopathology and mineral analysis of acquired specimens were reviewed.

Results

The pre‐tied ligating loop was successfully employed for liver biopsy and resection of torsed liver lobes and neoplastic tissue. Dirty margins were obtained in one case in which complete resection of neoplastic tissue was the primary goal. Few perioperative complications were noted, the most common being generalised oozing from the cut surface in four cases, effectively controlled with local haemostasis.

Clinical Significance

The pre‐tied ligating loop is a versatile and safe method for liver biopsy or lobectomy. As with other surgical techniques, alternative methods of haemostasis should always be available.
Retrospective evaluation of doxorubicin–piroxicam combination for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs
Authors: Robat C. , Burton J. , Thamm D. , Vail D.
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To determine whether doxorubicin–piroxicam combination is safe and has activity against transitional cell carcinoma in dogs.

Methods

Data was collected retrospectively from 34 dogs from two institutions over a 6‐year period. Signalment, clinical presentation, treatment specifics, adverse events, response, progression‐free survival and overall survival time were evaluated.

Results

Dogs received doxorubicin every 3 weeks and daily piroxicam; 17 dogs (50%) had surgery. Clinical presentations were those typically reported for transitional cell carcinoma. Mean number of doses administered was 3·5. Of the 23 dogs with measurable disease, 14 (60·5%) had stable disease, 7 (30·5%) had progressive disease and 2 (9%) a partial response. Adverse events were generally manageable, and gastrointestinal in origin; one dog died of treatment‐related complications. Overall median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 103 and 168 days, respectively. Cytoreductive surgery did not result in prolongation of progression‐free survival, but significantly prolonged overall survival. All dogs but one died as a result of disease progression.

Clinical Significance

Doxorubicin–piroxicam combination therapy is well‐tolerated in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma although progression‐free survival, overall survival and biological response rates appear modest. Combination with surgery appears to offer a survival advantage; however, this may reflect tumour location and volume. Prospective studies are necessary to compare activity of combination doxorubicin–piroxicam to currently applied therapies.
Phylogeography of an alpine plant (Bupleurum smithii, Apiaceae) endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions inferred from chloroplastDNAsequence variation
Authors: ZHAO Cai , MA Xiang‐Guang , LIANG Qian‐Long , WANG Chang‐Bao , HE Xing‐Jin
Published: January 2013

To obtain a better understanding of how Quaternary climatic oscillations influenced range distributions and intraspecific split of alpine plants on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and in adjacent regions, we investigated the extant phylogeographical structure ofBupleurum smithiiin this area based on 22 populations and 103 individuals spanning the entire distribution region of this species using chloroplast DNA sequences. Two major haplotype lineages were identified, and at least two corresponding glacial refugia maintaining in the northeastern and eastern edge of the QTP during the Last Glacial Maximum were revealed. Secondary contact between populations and efficient gene flow were also found between two major haplotype lineages. In addition, based on the geographic distribution of haplotypes, we found that populations on the platform derived from individuals that recolonized this area from refugia situated at the northeastern and eastern edges of the QTP, and thatB. smithiirecolonized from southern to northern China during inter‐ and post‐glacial periods.
The role of HBsAg quantification for monitoring natural history and treatment outcome
Authors: Martinot‐Peignoux Michelle , Lapalus Martine , Asselah Tarik , Marcellin Patrick
Published: January 2013

Since its discovery by Blumberg in 1965, the hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) is used as the fingerprint of hepatitis B infection. The HBsAg level is a reflection of the transcriptional activity of cccDNA. It is an important marker that not only indicates active hepatitis B infection but can also predict clinical and treatment outcomes. Assays for HBsAg quantification are fully automated and have high output. HBsAg titres are higher in HBe antigen (HBeAg)(+) than in HBeAg(−) patients and are negatively correlated with liver fibrosis in HBeAg(+) patients. In HBeAg(−) chronic hepatitis B, an HBsAg level <1000 IU/ml and an HBV DNA titre <2000 IU/ml accurately identify inactive carriers. During PEG‐IFN treatment, HBsAg quantification is used to identify patients who will not benefit from therapy as early as week 12 on therapy, so that treatment may be stopped or switched‐ ‘week 12 stopping rule’. With nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA), the role of HBsAg quantification must be clarified. Several studies show that baseline and on‐treatment HBsAg levels might identify patients that can be treated with no subsequent risk of reactivation. In clinical practice, HBsAg quantification is a simple and reproducible tool that can be used in association with HBV DNA to classify patients during the natural history of HBV and to monitor therapy.
Contrasting patterns of genome‐wide polymorphism in the native and invasive range of the marine mollusc Crepidula fornicata
Authors: Riquet Florentine , Daguin‐Thiébaut Claire , Ballenghien Marion , Bierne Nicolas , Viard Frédérique
Published: January 2013

Selection processes are believed to be an important evolutionary driver behind the successful establishment of nonindigenous species, for instance through adaptation for invasiveness (e.g. dispersal mechanisms and reproductive allocation). However, evidence supporting this assumption is still scarce. Genome scans have often identified loci with atypical patterns of genetic differentiation (i.e. outliers) indicative of selection processes. Using microsatellite‐ and AFLP‐based genome scans, we looked for evidence of selection following the introduction of the mollusc Crepidula fornicata. Native to the northwestern Atlantic, this gastropod has become an emblematic invader since its introduction during the 19th and 20th centuries in the northeastern Atlantic and northeastern Pacific. We examined 683 individuals from seven native and 15 introduced populations spanning the latitudinal introduction and native ranges of the species. Our results confirmed the previously documented high genetic diversity in native and introduced populations with little genetic structure between the two ranges, a pattern typical of marine invaders. Analysing 344 loci, no outliers were detected between the introduced and native populations or in the introduced range. The genomic sampling may have been insufficient to reveal selection especially if it acts on traits determined by a few genes. Eight outliers were, however, identified within the native range, underlining a genetic singularity congruent with a well‐known biogeographical break along the Florida. Our results call into question the relevance of AFLP genome scans in detecting adaptation on the timescale of biological invasions: genome scans often reveal long‐term adaptation involving numerous genes throughout the genome but seem less effective in detecting recent adaptation from pre‐existing variation on polygenic traits. This study advocates other methods to detect selection effects during biological invasions—for example on phenotypic traits, although genome scans may remain useful for elucidating introduction histories.
A randomized controlled trial of three orthodontic retention methods in Class I four premolar extraction cases – stability after 2 years in retention
Authors: Edman Tynelius G. , Bondemark L. , Lilja‐Karlander E.
Published: January 2013

Structured Abstract

Objective

To evaluate three different retention methods in compliant patients after 2 years of retention.

Design

Three group randomized controlled trial.

Materials and Methods

The sample was recruited from patients having their fixed appliance treatment between 2001 and 2007. Seventy‐five patients (45 girls and 30 boys with a mean age of 14.4 years at start of retention) were randomized into three retention methods: vacuum‐formed retainer in the maxilla and bonded canine‐to‐canine retainer in the mandible (Group V‐CTC), vacuum‐formed retainer in the maxilla combined with stripping of the 10 proximal surfaces of the lower mandibular anterior teeth (Group V‐S) and prefabricated positioner covering the teeth in the maxilla and the mandible (Group P). The following linear measurements were performed: Little′s irregularity index (LII), intercanine width, intermolar width, arch length, overjet, overbite and body height growth. Registrations were made before orthodontic treatment, at start of retention, after 12 and finally 24 months in retention. Differences in means between groups were tested by one‐way analysis of variance (SPSS).

Results

After 2 years all three retention methods were successful in retaining orthodontic treatment results. The major part of relapse took place during the 1st year of retention.

Conclusions

All 3 types of retention methods were equally effective in controlling relapse to a clinically acceptable level.
Randomized trial of success of pediatric anesthesiologists learning to use two video laryngoscopes
Authors: Lees Mackenzie , Seal Robert F. , Spady Don , Csanyi‐Fritz Yvonne , Robinson Joan L.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

The primary purpose of this study was to establish the ability of pediatric anesthesiologists to learn to use two video laryngoscopes ‐ the GlideScope® system (GS) and the Karl Storz Direct Coupled Interface, DCI®, (KS).

Background

The number of intubation attempts required to attain proficiency with a video laryngoscope is not known.

Methods

Baseline intubation times, using direct laryngoscopy, were determined for each anesthesiologist on 20 children. Anesthesiologists were then randomized to perform 20 intubations with the GS or KS before crossing over to the other device.

Results

There were 193 successful intubations and eight failed intubations (4.0%) with the GS. Median time‐to‐intubation with the GS for each anesthesiologist ranged from 24.5 to 32.8 s. There were 193 successful intubations and three failed intubations (1.5%) with the KS (P > 0.05 vs failed attempts with GS). Median time‐to‐intubation with the KS ranged from 21.9 to 31.1 s. For both the GS and KS, five of eight anesthesiologists met the study definition of ‘Success’. There was no correlation between median time‐to‐intubation with all laryngoscopes combined and years since completion of training. The distribution of Cormack and Lehane scores was almost identical for the GS and KS; there were fewer grade III or IV scores than with direct laryngoscopy (P = 0.03; Fischer's exact test). Mean and median times on intubation no. 16–20 were shorter for the KS than for the GS.

Conclusions

Although only 65% of anesthesiologists attained the stringent study definition of ‘Success’, all rapidly leaned to use both video laryngoscopes.
Revisiting the anatomy of the ilio‐inguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block
Authors: van Schoor Albert‐Neels , Bosman Marius C. , Bosenberg Adrian T.
Published: December 2012

Background

The ilio‐inguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (INB) is one of the most common peripheral nerve block techniques in pediatric anesthesia, which is largely due to the introduction of ultrasound (US) guidance. Despite the benefits of US guidance, the absence of an US machine should not deter the provider from performing INB, considering that many institutions, especially in developing countries, cannot afford to provide ultrasound machines in their anesthesiology departments. The aim of this study was to revisit the anatomical position of the ilio‐inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), in a large sample of neonatal cadavers, and compare the results with a similar group in a previously published US‐guided study.

Methods

With Ethics Committee approval, the ilio‐inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves were carefully dissected in 54 neonatal cadavers.

Results

In the total sample, the ilio‐inguinal nerve was found to be 2.2 ± 1.2 mm from the ASIS, on a line connecting the ASIS to the umbilicus. The iliohypogastric nerve was on average 3.8 ± 1.3 mm from the ASIS. For the entire sample, the optimal needle insertion site was 3.00 mm from the ASIS. Although there is a strong correlation between the needle insertion point and the weight of the neonate, this will only ‘fit’ for 60% of the population.

Conclusion

The linear regression formula; needle insertion distance (mm) = 0.6 × weight + 1.8 can be used as a guideline for the position of the ilio‐inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves.
Hemodynamic instability during prone spine surgery in a patient with merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy
Authors: Jimenez Nathalia , Song Kit , Lynn Anne M.
Published: December 2012

Trans‐esophageal echocardiography (TEE) and/or central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring are important in the anesthetic management of spine fusion of pediatric patients with severe muscular weakness. This case highlights an unusual situation of apparent acute right ventricular mechanical obstruction after prone positioning and its prompt recognition with CVP monitoring. The anesthetic management of a patient with congenital muscular dystrophy, an uncommon neuromuscular disorder, is presented. Good communication and planning between the anesthesiology and surgical teams allowed completion of the procedure using a lateral approach.
Increased expression of phospholipase Dα1 in guard cells decreases water loss with improved seed production under drought in Brassica napus
Authors: Lu Shaoping , Bahn Sung C. , Qu Gang , Qin Haiying , Hong Yue , Xu Qingpeng , Zhou Yongming , Hong Yueyun , Wang Xuemin
Published: December 2012

The activation of phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) produces lipid messenger phosphatidic acid and promotes stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. To explore the use of the PLDα1‐mediated signalling towards decreasing water loss in crop plants, we introduced Arabidopsis PLDα1 under the control of a guard cell–specific promoter AtKatIpro into two canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Multiple AtKatIpro::PLDα1 lines in each cultivar displayed decreased water loss and improved biomass accumulation under hyperosmotic stress conditions, including drought and high salinity. Moreover, AtKatIpro::PLDα1 plants produced more seeds than did WT plants in fields under drought. The results indicate that the guard cell–specific expression of PLDα1 has the potential to improve crop yield by enhancing drought tolerance.
Openness, Efficiency and Technology: An Industry Assessment
Authors: Christopoulos Dimitris , McAdam Peter
Published: January 2013

Most trade and macroeconomic models imply positive impacts on the economy from greater openness. And a key factor linking openness and progress is the efficiency with which resources are used. Empirically, however, the efficiency impacts of trade have been ambiguous. Using a stochastic frontier analysis, we examine the impact of openness on technical (in)efficiency for a sample of OECD economies. Unlike the bulk of related studies, we work at the industry level. Given recent debates, we additionally examine whether Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) expenditures impact openness and efficiency. We establish the elasticity of openness with respect to (in)efficiency; TFP and Scale Economies; and Technical Inefficiency across countries and sectors. Both openness and ICT usage have robustly positive impacts on efficiency. Our results shed light on the impact of, spillovers between, and heterogeneity across countries and industries from, increasing openness interacted with the use of advanced technologies.
Comparison of two in vivo measurements for skin surface topography
Authors: Kottner Jan , Schario Marianne , Bartels Natalie Garcia , Pantchechnikova Ellina , Hillmann Kathrin , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike
Published: December 2012

Background/purpose

Non‐contact methods for quantifying skin surface topography in vivo are common in skin research. The surface evaluation of living skin (SELS) and the phaseshift rapid in vivo measurement of skin (PRIMOS) are two approaches to measure skin surface roughness and wrinkling via optical methods. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and interrelatedness of the parameters obtained by both technologies.

Methods

Three repeated measurements were conducted on four skin areas (from distal to proximal) on the volar forearm skin in 12 healthy young subjects with two different instruments using the SELS and PRIMOS methods. Subjects mean age was 32.9 (SD 7.2) years. Skin phototypes were II (n = 7), III (n = 4), and IV (n = 1). The SELS parameters, smoothness (SEsm), roughness (SEr), scaliness (SEsc), and wrinkles (SEw), and a range of DIN/ISO surface roughness parameters were obtained. Intraclass correlation coefficients to estimate the reliabilities and correlation coefficients for estimating strengths and directions of relationships were applied.

Results

Values of obtained parameters were very well comparable across the four skin areas. Reliability of the four SELS parameters was very high ranging between 0.95 and 1.00. Reliability coefficients for the roughness parameters varied between 0.35 and 1.00, whereas half of all PRIMOS estimates showed measurement errors less than 20%. SELS and the PRIMOS roughness parameters were largely unrelated.

Conclusion

Both measurement technologies provide reliable estimates indicating that skin surface measures of the volar forearm in young adults can differentiate between skin areas of different persons or different treatments in clinical studies. Skin surface topography of the volar forearm is comparable from distal to proximal assuring baseline comparability after randomization in clinical trials. SELS and PRIMOS roughness parameters of the volar forearm are not comparable and contain different types of information.
Assessing skin pigmentation in epidemiological studies: The reliability of measurements under different conditions
Authors: Uter W. , Benz M. , Mayr A. , Gefeller O. , Pfahlberg A.
Published: December 2012

Background/purpose

Different devices are used for the non‐invasive measurement of (constitutive) skin pigmentation in (epidemiological) studies. Reproducibility of measurements with the Chromameter (CM, model CR 300, Minolta, Osaka) and the Reflectometer (RM, Courage & Khazaka, Cologne) has not yet been examined in detail and was addressed in a set of four experiments and studies respectively.

Methods

Regarding the CM, the Y value of the Yxy CIE 1931 colour system was utilized, representing lightness in this colour space, while the RM measured reflectance at 660 nm with a small bandwidth of 20 nm. Both devices measure reflectance on a scale from 0 to 100%, however, in different wavelength ranges. Between 3 and 20 repetitions were performed on standard grey scales and different sets of human volunteers, including RM measurements in a large epidemiological field study.

Results

While the coefficient of variation (V) increases and the intraclass correlation coefficient decreases from controlled laboratory to field conditions, reproducibility remained in a range considered acceptable, if adequate study conditions were maintained. In a direct comparison on human skin, V of the RM was significantly smaller than that of the CM.

Conclusion

Both devices can be used confidently in field studies; however, based on considerations of skin optics and in view of slightly lesser variability, the RM may be preferable.
Acute skin barrier disruption with repeated tape stripping: an in vivo model for damage skin barrier
Authors: Gao Yanrui , Wang Xuemin , Chen Shuangyu , Li Shuyuan , Liu Xiaoping
Published: December 2012

Purpose

To establish a model of standardized acute barrier disruption, investigate the response of normal human to repeated tape stripping, and analyze the change of damaged skin with non‐invasive examination techniques for skin, such as TEWL and squamometry.

Methods

Repeated tape stripping with corneofix was applied on three different anatomical sites; the measurement of TEWL was performed on the baseline and after every 5 strips. Then, the samples of corneofix were analyzed using Visioscan® VC98 and squamometry.

Results

The parameter of TEWL and cohesion score show stable change trend. TEWL increased with frequency of stripping and were significantly higher compared with that of baseline on three sites. The results of staining of corneofix showed that the intercorneocyte cohesion is increased with the number of strips, and the more the number of strips, the more the fixation of dye per cell.

Conclusion

The changes in the skin barrier function of different sites were different after it accepted physical stimulation, the process of damaging skin barrier could be divided into three stages based on the △TEWL. In addition, through stripping the skin of an adult, the in vivo model of damaged skin barrier could be setup.
Subjective facial skin type, based on the sebum related symptoms, can reflect the objective casual sebum level in acne patients
Authors: Choi C. W. , Choi J. W. , Youn S. W.
Published: December 2012

Background

The relationship between the subjective skin type and the casual sebum level was not fully clarified.

Objectives

To investigate the characteristics of subjective skin type and to find the relationship between the subjective skin types and the skin type‐related symptoms, casual sebum level, along with the objective skin type.

Methods

Seven hundred and nine patients, clinically diagnosed with acne, were included. The questionnaire and the casual sebum level measurement were performed. The determining symptoms of each subjective skin type were investigated. The 95% confidence interval of casual sebum level of each subjective skin type was calculated.

Results

The most frequent subjective skin type was the combination type. The dryness, tightness, and oiliness can be conclusive symptoms in determining the subjective skin type. The mean and the 95% confidence interval of the casual sebum level was highest in the oily skin type, followed by the combination, normal, and dry skin type.

Conclusion

We found that the subjective skin type was determined by the skin type‐related symptoms. The 95% confidence intervals of the casual sebum level of each subjective skin type were established. Based on the skin type‐related symptoms, the casual sebum level of acne patients can be estimated.
Two‐point scoring method for the evaluation of pattern hair loss by phototrichogram using a headband and a tapeline
Authors: Lee Si‐Hyung , Kang Jin‐Soo , Jeon In Kyung , Lee Hye Sun , Cho Sung Bin
Published: December 2012

Background

A phototrichogram scalp measurement method using a headband and a tapeline was introduced as a non‐invasive and economical measuring technique.

Objective

To evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the two‐point scoring method by phototrichogram using a headband and a tapeline.

Methods

The scalp hair of seven volunteers were measured in triplicate at the ‘P’ and ‘V’ points by three dermatologists. To calculate the degree of disease progression, we used a two‐point (‘P’ point and ‘V’ point) scoring method. Statistical analyses for the evaluation of inter‐ and intra‐investigator reliability and variability were performed.

Results

Overall intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of intra‐investigator reliability demonstrated ICCs with excellent agreement for all parameters, including the number and thickness of hair at the ‘P’ and ‘V’ points, as well as calculated degree of disease progression. ICCs of inter‐investigator reliability demonstrated ICCs with excellent agreement in all parameters, except mean hair thickness at the ‘P’ point. Overall intra‐investigator variability demonstrated coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 2.6% to 9.8%, whereas inter‐investigator variability demonstrated CVs ranging from 2.9% to 6.3%.

Conclusion

We suggest that a two‐point scoring using our method is a non‐invasive and economical measurement technique with high reliability and reproducibility.
High resolution diagnosis of common nevi by multiphoton laser tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging
Authors: Arginelli Federica , Manfredini Marco , Bassoli Sara , Dunsby Christopher , French Paul , König Karsten , Magnoni Cristina , Ponti Giovanni , Talbot Clifford , Seidenari Stefania
Published: December 2012

Background

Multiphoton Laser Tomography (MPT) has developed as a non‐invasive tool that allows real‐time observation of the skin with subcellular resolution. MPT is readily combined with time resolved detectors to achieve fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). The aim of our study was to identify morphologic MPT/FLIM descriptors of melanocytic nevi, referring to cellular and architectural features.

Methods

In the preliminary study, MPT/FLIM images referring to 16 ex vivo nevi were simultaneously evaluated by 3 observers for the identification of morphologic descriptors characteristic of melanocytic nevi. Proposed descriptors were discussed and the parameters referring to epidermal keratinocytes, epidermal melanocytes, dermo‐epidermal junction, papillary dermis and overall architecture were selected. In the main study, the presence/absence of the specified criteria were blindly evaluated on a test set, comprising 102 ex vivo samples (51 melanocytic nevi, 51 miscellaneous skin lesions) by 2 observers.

Results

Twelve descriptors were identified: “short‐lifetime cells in the stratum corneum”, “melanin‐containing keratinocytes”, “dendritic cells”, “small short‐lifetime cells” in the upper and lower layers”, “edged papillae”, “non‐edged papillae”, “junctional nests of short‐lifetime cells”, “dermal cell clusters”, “short‐lifetime cells in the papilla”, “monomorphic and regular histoarchitecture”, “architectural disarray”.

Conclusion

Identified descriptors for benign melanocytic lesions proved sensitive and specific, enabling the differentiation between melanocytic nevi and non‐melanocytic lesions.
A novel HLA‐B allele, B*07:55, identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Liu N. , Zhang Z. , Shan X. , Wang L. , Cui S.
Published: December 2012

The novel allele differs from HLA‐B*07:02:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 538 in exon 3.
A novel HLA‐A allele, A*24:02:17, identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Liu N. , Zhang Z. , Shan X. , Ni L. , Wang L.
Published: December 2012

The A*24:02:17 allele differs from the most close matching allele A*24:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 2, at position 264.
Penggunaan Taburan Pareto Umum dalam Menganalisis Nilai Ekstrim Banjir Menggunakan Siri Aliran Puncak Melebihi Paras
Authors: Shabri Ani
Published: January 2013

Siri banjir tahunan maksimum (Annual Maximum, AM) merupakan pendekatan yang begitu terkenal dalam analisis frekuensi banjir. Siri puncak melebihi paras (peaks over threshold, POT) telah digunakan sebagai alternatif kepada siri banjir tahunan maksimum. Masalah utama dalam pendekatan POT adalah berkaitan pemilihan paras yang sesuai. Dalam kajian ini, kesan perubahaan paras bagi siri POT ke atas nilai anggaran dikaji. Model POT dengan andaian bahawa bilangan puncak melebihi paras bertabur secara Poisson dan magnitud puncak melebihi paras tertabur secara Pareto Umum (General Pareto Distribution, GPD) dibincangkan. Parameter taburan GPD dianggar menggunakan kaedah kebarangkalian pemberat momen (Probability Weighted Moment, PWM) untuk paras yang diketahui. Perbandingan kesesuaian model POT dan model AM dalam menganggarkan nilai hujung atas taburan dibuat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa apabila paras siri POT boleh disuaikan oleh taburan Pareto dengan proses Poisson, model POT didapati dapat menghasilkan anggaran nilai hujung atas taburan lebih baik berbanding model aliran maksimum.

Kata kunci: Siri puncak melebihi paras, proses poisson, taburan pareto umum, GEV, hujung atas taburan

Annual maximum flood series remains the most popular approach to flood frequency analysis. Peaks over threshold series have been used as an alternative to annual maximum series. One specific difficulty of the POT approach is the selection of the threshold level. In this study the effect of raising the threshold of the POT series on heavy-tailed distributions estimation is investigated. The POT model described by the generalized Pareto distribution for peak magnitudes with the Poisson process for the occurrence of peaks is discussed. Estimation of the GPD parameters by the method of probability weighted moment (PWM) is formulated for known thresholds. A comparison of the efficiencies of the POT and AM models in heavy-tailed distributions is made. The result showed that when the threshold of POT series can be fitted by GPD with the Poisson process, the POT model is more efficient than the annual maximum (AM) model in estimating the highest extreme value.

Key words: Peaks over threshold, poisson process, pareto distribution, GEV, heavy tailed distributions
Menjejak Perubahan Fertiliti dan Umur Perkahwinan di Semenanjung Malaysia
Authors: Jemain Abdul Aziz , Ab Ghani Puzziawati
Published: January 2013

Kertas ini menjejak perubahan fertiliti tujuh kumpulan kohot kelahiran. Penjejakan dilakukan dengan cara menggabung model fertiliti perkahwinan dan model umur perkahwinan. Kedua-dua model telah diusulkan oleh Coale dan Trusell. Kaedah regresi tak linear digunakan untuk menganggar parameter anu pada model. Didapati model yang dicadangkan mampu memadan data laporan kelahiran tahunan dengan baik. Berasaskan pemadanan ini didapati kadar fertiliti wanita Malaysia terus menurun. Kohot kelahiran selepas dekad lima puluhan mempunyai kadar fertiliti semulajadi 50 % kadar yang sepatutnya. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan purata umur wanita berkahwin terus meningkat. Purata tahun diambil untuk memasuki alam perkahwinan setelah seseorang mencapai umur minimum berkahwin meningkat dari tiga kepada empat tahun. Purata umur berkahwin bagi kohot muda sekitar 21 – 22 tahun manakala kohot tua sekitar 15 – 16 tahun. Kertas ini juga turut membincangkan bagaimana perubahan kegiatan ekonomi berperanan dalam mencorakkan perubahan yang dikesan.

Kata kunci: Fertiliti, kadar fertiliti, jumlah kadar fertiliti, fertiliti semulajadi, umur berkahwin

This paper attempts to trace fertility changes for seven birth cohorts. Both marital fertility model and model for age of marriage by Coale and Trussell are combined to trace the changes. Nonlinear regression technique is used to estimate the unknown parameters of the model. The model suggested is found to fit the yearly birth data well. Based on the model fitting, it is discovered that fertility rate among Malaysian women declines steadily. The post 50s birth cohorts have natural fertility rate of only half of the supposed rate. Average age of marriage among women is found to be on the increase. The study also reveals an increase from three years to four years, the average number of years required prior to entering marriage life after a woman reaches a minimum age of marriage. The younger cohorts´ average age of marriage is around 21 to 22 years whereas the older cohorts is around 15 to 16 years. This paper also discusses on how changes in economic activities are responsible to shape the pattern of changes traced.

Key words: Fertility fertility rate, total fertility rate, age of marriage
The Use Of Photogrammetry Techniques To Evaluate The Construction Project Progress
Authors: Memon Zubair Ahmed , Abd. Majid Muhd Zaimi , Mustaffar Mushairry
Published: January 2013

The modeling of 3D objects from image sequence is a challenging problem and has been an important research topic in the areas of photogrammetry and computer vision for many years. Photogrammetry is the science of calculating 3D object co–ordinates from image and provides a flexible and robust approach for measuring the static and dynamic characteristics for construction management. This paper discusses the experience in Construction Technology and Management Centre (CTMC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in adapting photogrammetry methods for specific problems in the construction industry and outlines the principles of close–range photogrammetry in evaluating the progress of construction projects. There is a need to use the principles of close–range photogrammetry to evaluate the progress of construction project and to develop the actual progress bar chart. The fundamental task of photogrammetry is to rigorously establish the geometric relationship between the image and the object, as it existed at the time of imaging event. One such software application is PhotoModeler Pro version from the Canadian company Eos System has been suggested to extract the 3D features from 2D images. The approach described in this paper demonstrates the use of digital photogrammetry as a complementary method, which describes the 3D features extraction procedure in detail and highlights the qualitative control that can be achieved during the construction. The technique uses mainly off–the–shelf digitalcamer and software technologies that are affordable to most organisations and able to provide acceptable accuracy.

Key words: Close–range photogrammetry, digital photographs, 3D–coordinates, software and digital monitoring system
Laminar Natural Convection From Isothermal Vertical Cylinders: Revisting a Classical Subject
Authors: Day Jerod C. , Zemler Matthew K. , Traum Matthew J. , Boetcher Sandra K. S.
Published: January 2013

Although an extensively studied classical subject, laminar natural convection heat transfer from the vertical surface of a cylinder has generated some recent interest in the literature. In this investigation, numerical experiments are performed to determine average Nusselt numbers for isothermal vertical cylinders (102<RaL<109,0.1<L/D<10, and Pr = 0.7) situated on an adiabatic surface in a quiescent ambient environment. Average Nusselt numbers for various cases will be presented and compared with commonly used correlations. Using Nusselt numbers for isothermal tops to approximate Nusselt numbers for heated tops will also be examined. Furthermore, the limit for which the heat transfer results for a vertical flat plate may be used as an approximation for the heat transfer from a vertical cylinder will be investigated.
Science, New Media, and the Public
Authors: Brossard Dominique , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: January 2013

A better understanding is needed about how the online environment affects the communication of science information to the public.
Genetic Variation among Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Encoding Bacteriophages in Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 30 Strains
Authors: Chen Liang , Chavda Kalyan D. , Solanki Mihir , Mediavilla José R. , Mathema Barun , Schlievert Patrick M. , Kreiswirth Barry N.
Published: January 2013

Clonal complex 30 (CC30), one of the major
Staphylococcus aureus
lineages, has caused extensive hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections worldwide. Recent comparative genomics studies have demonstrated that three CC30 clones—phage type 80/81, Southwest Pacific (SWP), and contemporary EMRSA-16 associated (Con) strains—shared a recent common ancestor more than 100 years ago. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a bacteriophage encoded toxin that has been epidemiologically linked with community-associated methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(CA-MRSA), has frequently been identified in CC30 clones, although the
pvl
gene variation and distribution of PVL-encoding phages are poorly understood. We determined here the distribution of PVL phages, PVL gene sequences, and chromosomal phage insertion sites in 52
S. aureus
CC30 PVL-harboring isolates, collected from four continents over a 75-year period. Our results indicate that PVL phages with icosahedral heads, including Φ108PVL and ΦPVL, were mainly associated with phage 80/81 strains, whereas phages with elongated heads were predominantly found in SWP (ΦSa2958 and ΦTCH60) and Con (ΦSa2USA) strains. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the
lukSF-PV
gene, with six isolates harboring the R variant that has been previously associated with CA-MRSA strains. Interestingly, all six R variant strains belonged to the same Con CC30 clone and carried a ΦSa2USA-like phage. Similar chromosomal phage insertion sites were also identified in all 52 PVL-harboring CC30 strains. These analyses provide important insights into the microepidemiology of PVL-harboring CC30 strains, while the discovery of ΦSa2USA-associated R variant strains sheds further light on the evolution of PVL-positive CA-MRSA.