bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An interactive plan and model evolution method for knowledge‐based pelvic VMAT planning
Authors: Wang Meijiao , Li Sha , Huang Yuliang , Yue Haizhen , Li Tian , Wu Hao , Gao Song , Zhang Yibao
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To test if a RapidPlan DVH estimation model and its training plans can be improved interactively through a closed‐loop evolution process.

Methods and materials

Eighty‐one manual plans (P0) that were used to configure an initial rectal RapidPlan model (M0) were reoptimized using M0 (closed‐loop), yielding 81 P1 plans. The 75 improved P1 (P1+) and the remaining 6 P0 were used to configure model M1. The 81 training plans were reoptimized again using M1, producing 23 P2 plans that were superior to both their P0 and P1 forms (P2+). Hence, the knowledge base of model M2 composed of 6 P0, 52 P1+, and 23 P2+. Models were tested dosimetrically on 30 VMAT validation cases (Pv) that were not used for training, yielding Pv(M0), Pv(M1), and Pv(M2) respectively. The 30 Pv were also optimized by M2_new as trained by the library of M2 and 30 Pv(M0).

Results

Based on comparable target dose coverage, the first closed‐loop reoptimization significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the 81 training plans’ mean dose to femoral head, urinary bladder, and small bowel by 2.65 Gy/15.63%, 2.06 Gy/8.11%, and 1.47 Gy/6.31% respectively, which were further reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in the second closed‐loop reoptimization by 0.04 Gy/0.28%, 0.18 Gy/0.77%, 0.22 Gy/1.01% respectively. However, open‐loop VMAT validations displayed more complex and intertwined plan quality changes: mean dose to urinary bladder and small bowel decreased monotonically using M1 (by 0.34 Gy/1.47%, 0.25 Gy/1.13%) and M2 (by 0.36 Gy/1.56%, 0.30 Gy/1.36%) than using M0. However, mean dose to femoral head increased by 0.81 Gy/6.64% (M1) and 0.91 Gy/7.46% (M2) than using M0. The overfitting problem was relieved by applying model M2_new.

Conclusions

The RapidPlan model and its constituent plans can improve each other interactively through a closed‐loop evolution process. Incorporating new patients into the original training library can improve the RapidPlan model and the upcoming plans interactively.
Enhancing Fatigue Strength of Selective Laser Melting‐Fabricated Inconel 718 by Tailoring Heat Treatment Route
Authors: Wan Hong‐Yuan , Zhou Zhong‐Jiao , Li Chang‐Peng , Chen Guo‐Feng , Zhang Guang‐Ping
Published: July 2018

Voids are always unavoidably introduced into metals fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM), and thus greatly degrade fatigue performance of metals. Such a fatal weakness strongly limits the application of SLM‐fabricated metals to load‐bearing structural components for the long‐term service. Here, the authors found that fatigue strength of SLM‐fabricated Inconel 718 is significantly improved after the proper heat treatment route not only due to the elimination of Laves phases and the precipitation of γ″/γ′ strengthening phases, but also the appearance of ultrafine‐scale acicular δ phases, which effectively suppressed the degraded effect of voids. The finding may provide a potential strategy to enhance fatigue strength of SLM‐fabricated materials by tailoring heat‐treatment route.
Covalent Organic Frameworks: Structures, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Lohse Maria S. , Bein Thomas
Published: July 2018

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers formed by a bottom‐up approach from molecular building units having a predesigned geometry that are connected through covalent bonds. They offer positional control over their building blocks in two and three dimensions. This control enables the synthesis of rigid porous structures with a high regularity and the ability to fine‐tune the chemical and physical properties of the network. This Feature Article provides a comprehensive overview over the structures realized to date in the fast growing field of covalent organic framework development. Different synthesis strategies to meet diverse demands, such as high crystallinity, straightforward processability, or the formation of thin films are discussed. Furthermore, insights into the growing fields of COF applications, including gas storage and separations, sensing, electrochemical energy storage, and optoelectronics are provided.
The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium‐Ion and Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fang Ruopian , Chen Ke , Yin Lichang , Sun Zhenhua , Li Feng , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: July 2018

The ever‐increasing demands for batteries with high energy densities to power the portable electronics with increased power consumption and to advance vehicle electrification and grid energy storage have propelled lithium battery technology to a position of tremendous importance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, known with many appealing properties, are investigated intensely for improving the performance of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) and lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, a general and objective understanding of their actual role in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is lacking. It is recognized that CNTs and graphene are not appropriate active lithium storage materials, but are more like a regulator: they do not electrochemically react with lithium ions and electrons, but serve to regulate the lithium storage behavior of a specific electroactive material and increase the range of applications of a lithium battery. First, metrics for the evaluation of lithium batteries are discussed, based on which the regulating role of CNTs and graphene in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is comprehensively considered from fundamental electrochemical reactions to electrode structure and integral cell design. Finally, perspectives on how CNTs and graphene can further contribute to the development of lithium batteries are presented.
Calcium‐Ion Batteries: Current State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Gummow Rosalind J. , Vamvounis George , Kannan M. Bobby , He Yinghe
Published: July 2018

Recent developments in rechargeable battery technology have seen a shift from the well‐established Li‐ion technology to new chemistries to achieve the high energy density required for extended range electric vehicles and other portable applications, as well as low‐cost alternatives for stationary storage. These chemistries include Li–air, Li–S, and multivalent ion technologies including Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Al3+. While Mg2+ battery systems have been increasingly investigated in the last few years, Ca2+ technology has only recently been recognized as a viable option. In this first comprehensive review of Ca2+ ion technology, the use of Ca metal anodes, alternative alloy anodes, electrolytes suitable for this system, and cathode material development are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of Ca2+ ion batteries including prospective achievable energy density, cost reduction due to high natural abundance, low ion mobility, the effect of ion size, and the need for elevated temperature operation are reviewed. The use of density functional theory modeling to predict the properties of Ca‐ion battery materials is discussed and the extent to which this approach is successful in directing research into areas of promise is evaluated. To conclude, a summary of recent achievements is presented and areas for future research efforts evaluated.
Influence of Plume Properties on Thin Film Composition in Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Ojeda‐G‐P Alejandro , Döbeli Max , Lippert Thomas
Published: July 2018

Despite the apparent simplicity of pulsed laser deposition, consistent deposition of thin films with the desired thickness, composition, crystallinity, and quality still remains challenging. This article explores the influence of process parameters with respect to film thickness and composition, two key aspects for thin films which have a very strong effect on film properties, possible applications, and characterization. Using five perovskite materials, a systematic analysis of different process parameters, e.g., target material, deposition pressure, fluence, substrate temperature or target to substrate distance, is performed. The results are classified under target ablation, plasma expansion, and substrates effects, which provide vital guidance to reduce the degree of trial and error when producing thin films. Moreover, they enable the understanding of what should be considered, and avoided for the deposition of thin films.
Competition between Free Carriers and Excitons Mediated by Defects Observed in Layered WSe2 Crystal with Time‐Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy
Authors: He Chuan , Zhu Lipeng , Zhao Qiyi , Huang Yuanyuan , Yao Zehan , Du Wanyi , He Yuhang , Zhang Sujuan , Xu Xinlong
Published: July 2018

The dynamics of photoexcited species is quite important for the development of next‐generation ultrafast optoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Herein, time‐resolved optical pump terahertz (THz) probe spectroscopy, which is sensitive to both bounded excitons and free electrons/holes, is employed to study the dynamics of photo‐induced carriers in the typical layered TMDs crystal tungsten diselenide (WSe2). Initial photoexcitation could generate both free carriers and excitons. The free carriers decay followed by phonon‐assistance (≈30 ps) and defect‐assistance (≈200–280 ps). The excitons decay followed by the phonon‐assisted recombination (≈100 ps) and the defect‐induced exciton separation (≈40–200 ps). With the increasing of pump fluence, more free electrons and holes will bind to form excitons by many‐body effect, while with the decay of time, more excitons will dissociate into free carriers by defects. The frequency‐dependent transient complex THz photoconductivity of layered WSe2 crystal can be well described by Drude–Smith–Lorentz model, which suggests preferential free carriers backscattering due to the defects. The ratio of free carriers to excitons suggests that free carriers dominate after the photoexcitation, which is important for the optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors.
Fully Organic Photocontrolled Deformable Mirror
Authors: Quintavalla Martino , Baratto Matteo , Natali Dario , Bonora Stefano , Bertarelli Chiara , Bianco Andrea
Published: July 2018

A light‐driven deformable mirror based on an organic photoconductive layer is designed and realized. The requirements for the photoconductive organic material are reported showing their effect on the mirror performances. The production and characterization of the photoconductive thick layer consisting in a polystyrene matrix doped with P3HT:PCBM and an arylamine (4,4′,4″‐tris[phenyl(m‐tolyl)amino]triphenylamine) are reported. A prototype of the mirror with a clear aperture of 12 mm is built and its performance measured in terms of reflective surface displacement. Moreover, a light valve device based on this mirror is built and characterized.
A Modularized and Switchable Component for Flexible Passive Device: Terahertz Photonic Crystals with Fine‐Tuning
Authors: Gao Jiannan , Wang Rong , Zhao Qian , Li Bo , Zhou Ji
Published: July 2018

In this work, tunable terahertz photonic crystals (PCs) used as modularized and switchable components in flexible passive device are designed and prepared. Flexible woodpile structures created by the direct‐writing technology with a composite ink system composed of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane are immersed in 5CB liquid crystals (LCs), where the orientation of LC molecule is modulated by the external magnetic field. Each of these can work in terahertz wavelength with specific position and depth of the dips in the transmittance spectra due to different geometries as well as having the ability of fine‐tuning. Experiments show that the photonic gaps of these PCs can cover from 0.2 to 0.3 THz, as well as about 7.5% fine tunability of photonic gap appearing with the orientation change of the magnetic field. More interestingly, the dips of photonic gaps keep the same position but become deeper with the increase of layer, an ability to realize another dimensional switchover. This work demonstrates that efficient terahertz PCs with different geometry parameters could be dynamically tuned by the orientation of magnetic field and it can open a universal approach to shrinking the size of device and rapid manufacturing in a large throughput.
Aptamer and IR820 Dual‐Functionalized Carbon Dots for Targeted Cancer Therapy against Hypoxic Tumors Based on an 808 nm Laser‐Triggered Three‐Pathway Strategy
Authors: Liu Rongjun , Zhang Liangliang , Zhao Jingjin , Luo Zhihui , Huang Yong , Zhao Shulin
Published: July 2018

As a typical characteristic of solid tumors, hypoxia diminishes the efficiency of oxygen‐dependent cancer therapy, such as type II photodynamic therapy (PDT). Tumor‐targeted multifunctional nanomedicine that overcomes hypoxic resistance is therefore highly desirable. The authors present an efficient strategy against hypoxic tumors based on aptamer‐targeting and 808 nm laser‐triggered three phototherapeutic pathways, which uses a hybrid with carbon dots, IR820 dye, and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer as a novel nanomedicine (CD‐IR820‐Aptamer) with simultaneous type I PDT (PDT I), type II PDT (PDT II), and photothermal therapy (PTT) under single 808 nm laser irradiation. The obtained CD‐IR820‐Aptamer exhibits tumor‐targeting and mitochondrial accumulation. Direct phosphorescent spectra and photothermal imaging analyses demonstrates that CD‐IR820‐Aptamer can elicit O2•−, •OH (for PDT I), 1O2 (for PDT II), and heat (for PTT) via three pathways triggered by single 808 nm laser irradiation. The oxygen‐independent production of •OH and heat ensures the applicability of CD‐IR820‐Aptamer under hypoxic conditions. Through three phototherapeutic pathways are simultaneously triggered by 808 nm laser irradiation, the proposed nanohybrid displayed high efficiency for treating solid tumors. This work provides a basis for constructing new types of photoactive nanomedicines with targeting ability and improved therapeutic efficiency under hypoxic conditions that can be further used for cancer therapy in clinical trials.
Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Varela Ana Sofia , Ju Wen , Strasser Peter
Published: July 2018

The CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising technology for converting CO2 into chemicals and fuels, using surplus electricity from renewable sources. The technological viability of this process, however, is contingent on finding affordable and efficient catalysts. A range of materials containing abundant elements, such as N, C, and non‐noble metals, ranging from well‐defined immobilized complexes to doped carbon materials have emerged as a promising alternative. One of the main products of the CO2RR is CO, which is produced on these catalysts with selectivities comparable to those of noble metal catalysts. Furthermore, other valuable products, such as formic acid, hydrocarbons, and alcohols, have also been reported. The factors that control the catalytic performance of these materials, however, are not yet fully understood. A review of recent work is presented on heterogeneous nitrogen‐containing carbon catalysts for the CO2RR. The synthesis and characterization of these materials as well as their electrocatalytic performance are discussed. Combined experimental and theoretical studies are included to bring insight on the active sites and the reaction mechanism. This knowledge is key for developing optimal catalyst materials that meet the requirement in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability needed for commercial applications.
High‐Temperature Atomic Mixing toward Well‐Dispersed Bimetallic Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chen Fengjuan , Yao Yonggang , Nie Anmin , Xu Shaomao , Dai Jiaqi , Hitz Emily , Li Yiju , Lu Aijiang , Huang Zhennan , Li Tangyuan , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Hu Liangbing
Published: July 2018

Supported bimetallic alloy nanoparticles are of great interest in various catalytic applications due to the synergistic effects between different metals for improved catalytic performance. However, it still remains a challenge to efficiently synthesize atomically mixed alloy nanoparticles with uniform dispersion onto a desired substrate. Here, in situ, rapid synthesis of atomically mixed bimetallic nanoparticles well‐dispersed on a conductive carbon network via a 1 s high‐temperature pulse (HTP, ≈1550 K, duration 1 s, the rate of 104 K s−1) is reported. The high temperature facilitates the total (atomic) mixing of different metals, while the rapid quenching ensures the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles with fine features such as twin boundaries and stacking faults, which are potentially beneficial to their catalytic performance. By varying the ratio of the precursor salts and parameters in the HTP process, the composition, size, and morphology of the resultant nanoparticles can easily be tuned. Moreover, the synthesized bimetallic (PdNi) nanoparticles demonstrate excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen peroxide electrooxidation. This work provides a general strategy for a facile and rapid synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles directly from their salts for a range of emerging applications.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Solar Hydrogen Production Using the Carbonate Effect and the Z‐Scheme Reaction
Authors: Miseki Yugo , Sayama Kazuhiro
Published: July 2018

The development of innovative technologies for solar energy conversion and storage is important for solving the global warming problem and for establishing a sustainable society. The photocatalytic water‐splitting reaction using semiconductor powders has been intensively studied as a promising technology for direct and simple solar energy conversion. However, the evolution of H2 and O2 gases in a stoichiometric ratio (H2/O2 = 2) is very difficult owing to various issues, such as an unfavorable backward reaction and mismatched band potentials. Two important findings have widened the variety of photocatalysts available for stoichiometric water‐splitting, viz. the carbonate anion effect and the Z‐scheme photocatalytic reaction using a redox mediator. The bicarbonate anion has been found to act as a redox catalyst via preferential peroxide formation and subsequent decomposition to O2. As the Z‐scheme reaction using a redox mediator mitigates band potential mismatches, it is widely applicable for various visible‐light‐active photocatalysts. This review describes the development of photocatalytic water‐splitting for solar hydrogen production using the carbonate anion effect and the Z‐scheme reaction. Moreover, recent developments in photocatalysis–electrolysis hybrid systems, an advanced Z‐scheme reaction concept, are also reviewed for practical and economical hydrogen production.
EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Beltran Brady E. , Miranda Roberto N. , Young Ken H. , Chavez Julio C. , Sotomayor Eduardo M.
Published: July 2018

Disease overview

Epstein Barr virus‐positive (EBV+) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified (NOS) is an entity included in the 2016 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma associated with chronic EBV infection, and a poor prognosis with standard chemotherapeutic approaches.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made through a careful pathological evaluation. Detection of EBV‐encoded RNA is considered standard for diagnosis; however, a clear cutoff for positivity has not been defined. The differential diagnosis includes plasmablastic lymphoma, DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, primary effusion lymphoma, HHV8+ DLBCL, NOS, and EBV+ mucocutaneuos ulcer.

Risk‐stratification

The International prognostic index (IPI) and the Oyama score can be used for risk‐stratification. The Oyama score includes age >70 years and presence of B symptoms. The expression of CD30 is emerging as a potential adverse, and targetable, prognostic factor.

Management

Patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, should be staged and managed following similar guidelines than patients with EBV‐negative DLBCL. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, however, has a worse prognosis than EBV‐negative DLBCL in the era of chemoimmunotherapy. There is an opportunity to study and develop targeted therapy in the management of patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS.
Mixed‐Valent Molecular Triple Deckers
Authors: Schmidt Hauke C. , Guo Xingwei , Richard Pascal U. , Neuburger Markus , Palivan Cornelia G. , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: July 2018

Two phenothiazine (PTZ) moieties were connected via naphthalene spacers to a central arene to result in stacked PTZ‐arene‐PTZ structure elements. Benzene and tetramethoxybenzene units served as central arenes mediating electronic communication between the two PTZ units. Based on cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis‐NIR absorption, EPR spectroscopy, and computational studies, the one‐electron oxidized forms of the resulting compounds behave as class II organic mixed‐valence species in which the unpaired electron is partially delocalized over both PTZ units. The barrier for intramolecular electron transfer depends on the nature of the central arene sandwiched between the two PTZ moieties. These are the first examples of rigid organic mixed‐valent triple‐decker compounds with possible electron‐transfer pathways directly across a stacked structure, and they illustrate the potential of oligo‐naphthalene building blocks for long‐range electron transfer and a future molecular electronics technology.
Regiodivergent Synthesis of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Enynes through Kinetically Favored Hydropalladation and Ligand‐Enforced Carbopalladation
Authors: Pradhan Tapas R. , Kim Hong Won , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: July 2018

Pd‐catalyzed hydroalkynylations were developed that involve ligand‐enabled regiodivergent addition of an alkyne to an allenamide, giving branched and linear products stereoselectively and facilitated by the neighboring amide group. Regioselectivity was achieved with the use of (o‐OMePh)3P and BrettPhos, which allowed the functionalization of various alkynes, including steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, chiral ligands, and vitamins. Based on the experimental results, it was proposed that hydro‐ and carbopalladation processes operated during the formations of the branched and linear products, respectively.
Capabilities of consistent application of geophysical and geochemical surveys of medieval settlements destroyed by plowing
Authors: Zhurbin Igor V. , Borisov Alexander V.
Published: July 2018

Currently, most of the archaeological sites on the western Urals (Russian Federation) are heavily destroyed by plowing. Archaeological excavations on the entire area of large monuments, such as medieval rural settlements, are impossible, while local excavations do not provide enough information about the boundaries and layout of the monument as a whole. To obtain more complete information about the site a new approach is proposed, which includes a comprehensive application of non‐destructive nearsurface geophysical and geochemical studies. This approach was applied for the first time in Russia on the Cushman‐3 rural settlement. In the study resistivity, magnetometry, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys of the site were consistently applied. As a result, the borders of preserved cultural layers and the thickness in different parts of the site were established. Previously unknown defensive structures in the form of ditches and ramparts, as well as the features of the proper layout were found. Therefore, in most informative sites within the settlement, the soil was drilled using an auger sampler and soil cores were studied for morphological and chemical properties. This made it possible to verify the presence of defensive structures and to study the properties of cultural layers, fillings of the ditches and pits. Soil science techniques allowed us to find the cultural layers outside the ditches, as well as to establish the causes of the destruction of buildings. The combined application of methods of geophysics and soil science made it possible to separate ‘archaeological’ geophysical anomalies from the underlying rocks heterogeneities, which can give ‘false’ anomalies under geophysical surveys. Thus, the consistent application of geophysical and geochemical surveys enables to obtain the most complete (for the non‐destructive study) information about the site, providing high‐speed research and a high degree of reliability of the results due to clarification of the consistent data with minimal volumes of archaeological excavations.
Salivary Gland Stem Cells Age Prematurely in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Pringle Sarah , Wang Xiaoyan , Verstappen Gwenny M. P. J. , Terpstra Janneke H. , Zhang Clarence K. , He Aiqing , Patel Vishal , Jones Rhiannon E. , Baird Duncan M. , Spijkervet Fred K. L. , Vissink Arjan , Bootsma Hendrika , Coppes Robert P. , Kroese Frans G. M.
Published: July 2018

Objective

A major characteristic of the autoimmune disease primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is salivary gland (SG) hypofunction. The inability of resident SG stem cells (SGSCs) to maintain homeostasis and saliva production has never been explained and limits our comprehension of mechanisms underlying primary SS. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of salivary gland stem cells in hyposalivation in primary SS.

Methods

SGSCs were isolated from parotid biopsy samples from controls and patients classified as having primary SS or incomplete primary SS, according to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria. Self‐renewal and differentiation assays were used to determine SGSC regenerative potential, RNA was extracted for sequencing analysis, single telomere length analysis was conducted to determine telomere length, and frozen tissue samples were used for immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

SGSCs isolated from primary SS parotid gland biopsy samples were regeneratively inferior to healthy control specimens. We demonstrated that SGSCs from samples from patients with primary SS are not only lower in number and less able to differentiate, but are likely to be senescent, as revealed by telomere length analysis, RNA sequencing, and immunostaining. We further found that SGSCs exposed to primary SS–associated proinflammatory cytokines we induced to proliferate, express senescence‐associated genes, and subsequently differentiate into intercalated duct cells. We also localized p16+ senescent cells to the intercalated ducts in primary SS SG tissue, suggesting a block in SGSC differentiation into acinar cells.

Conclusion

This study represents the first characterization of SGSCs in primary SS, and also the first demonstration of a linkage between an autoimmune disease and a parenchymal premature‐aging phenotype. The knowledge garnered in this study indicates that disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs used to treat primary SS are not likely to restore saliva production, and should be supplemented with fresh SGSCs to recover saliva production.
The interphase interval within a bipolar nanosecond electric pulse modulates bipolar cancellation
Authors: Valdez Chris M. , Barnes Ronald , Roth Caleb C. , Moen Erick , Ibey Bennett
Published: July 2018

Nanosecond electric pulse (nsEP) exposure generates an array of physiological effects. The extent of these effects is impacted by whether the nsEP is a unipolar (UP) or bipolar (BP) exposure. A 600 ns pulse can generate 71% more YO‐PRO‐1 uptake compared to a 600 ns + 600 ns pulse exposure. This observation is termed “bipolar cancellation” (BPC) because despite the BP nsEP consisting of an additional 600 ns pulse, it generates reduced membrane perturbation.BPCis achieved by varying pulse amplitudes, and symmetrical and asymmetric pulse widths. The effect appears to reverse by increasing the interphase interval between symmetric BP pulses, suggesting membrane recovery is aBPCfactor. To date, the impact of the interphase interval between asymmetrical BP and otherBPC‐inducing symmetrical BP nsEPs has not been fully explored. Additionally, interpulse intervals beyond 50 μs have not been explored to understand the impact of time between the BP nsEP phases. Here, we surveyed different interphase intervals among symmetrical and asymmetrical BP nsEPs to monitor their impact onBPCof YO‐PRO‐1 uptake. We identified that a 10 microsecond (ms) interphase interval within a symmetrical 600 ns + 600 ns, and 900 ns + 900 ns pulse can resolveBPC. Furthermore, the interphase interval to resolve asymmetricBPCfrom a 300 ns + 900 ns pulse versus 600 ns pulse exposure is greater (<10 ms) compared to symmetrical BP nsEPs. From these findings, we extended on our conceptual model thatBPCis balanced by localized charging and discharging events across the membrane. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:441–450, 2018. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Protein ORIGAMI: A program for the creation of 3D paper models of folded peptides
Authors: Reißer Sabine , Prock Sebastian , Heinzmann Hartmut , Ulrich Anne S.
Published: July 2018

Protein ORIGAMI (http://ibg.kit.edu/protein_origami) is a browser‐based web application that allows the user to create straightforward 3D paper models of folded peptides for research, teaching and presentations. An amino acid sequence can be turned into α‐helices, β‐strands and random coils that can be printed out and folded into properly scaled models, with a color code denoting the biophysical characteristics of each amino acid residue (hydrophobicity, charge, etc.). These models provide an intuitive visual and tactile understanding of peptide interactions with other partners, such as helix‐helix assembly, oligomerization, membrane binding, or pore formation. Helices can also be displayed as a helical wheel or helical mesh in 2D graphics, to be used in publications or presentations. The highly versatile programme Protein ORIGAMI is also suited to create less conventional helices with arbitrary pitch (e.g., 310‐helix, π‐helix, or left‐handed helices). Noncanonical amino acids, labels and different terminal modifications can be defined and displayed at will, and different protonation states can be shown. In addition to the web application, the program source code can be downloaded and installed locally on a PC. The printed paper models can be readily used for daily research and discussions, just as for educational purposes and teaching. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46:403–409, 2018.
Integrating cell and molecular biology concepts: Comparing learning gains and self‐efficacy in corresponding live and virtual undergraduate laboratory experiences
Authors: Goudsouzian Lara K. , Riola Patricia , Ruggles Karen , Gupta Pranshu , Mondoux Michelle A.
Published: July 2018

Multiple pedagogical approaches, such as experimental experiences or computer‐based activities, have been shown to increase student learning and engagement. We have developed a laboratory module that includes both a traditional “live” experimental component and a student‐designed “virtual” computer simulation component. This laboratory employs the mating pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to demonstrate four fundamental cell and molecular biology concepts: cell signaling, cytoskeleton, cell cycle, and cell cycle checkpoints. In the live laboratory, students add mating pheromone to cultures, then measure changes in cell division and morphology characteristics of the S. cerevisiae mating response. We also developed a “virtual” complement to this laboratory. Using the principles of Design Thinking and Agile methodology, we collaborated with an undergraduate Computer Science course to generate two computer simulations which can support the live laboratory or provide a virtual laboratory experience. We assessed how both the live and virtual laboratories contributed to learning gains in analytical skills and course content. Students who performed the simulation alone or the simulation plus live lab demonstrated learning gains, with greater gains for the live lab, but students who performed neither lab did not. Attitudinal assessment demonstrated increased student engagement and self‐efficacy after performing the live and virtual labs. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46:361–372, 2018.
Retracted: Euxanthone inhibits glycolysis and triggers mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis by targeting hexokinase 2 in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Zou Jun , Wang Yamei , Liu Mingdi , Huang Xiushu , Zheng Wenjian , Gao Qian , Wang Haijing
Published: July 2018

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most prevalent gynaecological cancers. Euxanthone, an active ingredient of the medicinal plant Polygala caudata, exhibits a selective cytotoxic effect in tumour cells. The present study was aimed to determine whether euxanthone could suppress ovarian tumour growth, and to study the relevant mechanism. Two EOC cell lines, SKOV3 and A2780, were used as the in vitro model and treated with euxanthone. Cell viability and apoptosis were assayed using Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and Annexin‐V FITC/PI staining, respectively. Commercially available kits were used to measure the glucose consumption, lactate production, and intracellular ATP levels. Western blots assay was conducted to examine the level of apoptotic markers. To examine the roles of HK2 and STAT3 in the anti‐tumour effect of euxanthone, cells were transfected with vectors overexpressing HK2 or STAT3, and assayed as above. Finally, SKOV3 cells were injected to mice models to appreciate the anti‐neoplastic effect of euxanthone in vivo. We found that euxanthone impaired the cell viability and induced apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in a concentration‐dependent fashion in both SKOV3 and A2780 cells. Euxanthone also caused inhibition of glycolysis. Apoptosis and glycolysis inhibition was mediated by the downregulation of HK2, which in turn was a result of STAT3 inactivation. In vivo experiments also supported that euxanthone could exert anti‐cancer activities without general toxicity. In conclusion, euxanthone triggered mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibited glycolysis in EOC cells.

Significance of the study

Euxanthone triggered mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibited glycolysis in EOC cells. Our findings provide preliminary experimental data that support further studies on the potential therapeutic role of euxanthone in ovarian cancer.
Dental erosion caused by Granny Smith apples: An evidence‐based case report and 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Al Anazi Entessar Z.
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Apples, if indiscriminately consumed without appropriate preventive measures to check erosion, can cause accelerated wear of the teeth.Dentists must be fully aware of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause erosive tooth wear. Management strategy for tooth erosion depends on the severity of erosion, esthetics, function, and patient's preference.
Urethral steinstrasse: Day case care
Authors: Adebayo Sikiru A. , Chibuzo Ijeoma N. C. , Takure Augustine O. , Ifeh Marcus O. , Olapade‐Olaopa E. Oluwabunmi , Okeke Linus I. , Shittu Olayiwola B.
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical Message

Urethral steinstrasse is rare. Only a few cases of spontaneous or postinterventional urethral steinstrasse have been reported in pediatric and adult patients. We report a case of a 52‐year‐old Nigerian man with a secondary urethral steinstrasse, and the treatment options possible, as day case procedures, under caudal anesthesia.
Innovative Combustion System for Economic and Ecological Thermal Utilization of Solid Fuel in Heating Boilers
Authors: Aleysa Mohammad , Meriee Souha , Akbary Niro , Ecker Martin
Published: July 2018

An innovative combustion system, the so‐called low‐emission combustion system (LEVS), with integrated exhaust gas treatment measurement for thermal utilization of biomass‐fueled boilers is presented. It comprises an intelligently controlled three‐fan combustion air supply and exhaust gas system, a cyclone combustion chamber, and packed‐technology, ensuring high combustion efficiency and stable low‐emission combustion. The technology was tested by preliminary experiments for various application scenarios of biomass, and the current environmental and health‐related aspects were also evaluated. The relevant emission reduction through the system results from improved combustion in critical operating phases, in which the total emissions produced in conventional gasification boilers are drastically reduced. A minimum increase of the boiler efficiency of 15 % in practice with corresponding fuel and CO2 savings can be guaranteed.
Highly Porous Si Nanoframeworks Stabilized in TiO2 Shells and Enlaced by Graphene Nanoribbons for Superior Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhang Xinlin , Huang Liwu , Zeng Pan , Wu Lin , Zhang Ruixue , Chen Yungui
Published: July 2018

To enhance the rate capability and cycling stability of Si‐based materials in lithium‐ion batteries, three‐dimensional graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) enlacing Si@TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by magnesiothermic reduction, sol‐gel and electrostatic adsorption processes. The rigid clamping layer of TiO2 on the surface of Si prevents the whole electrode from undergoing volumetric variation. GNRs act as bridges to interconnect the adjacent Si@TiO2 nanoparticles to form a successively conductive network with decreased inner resistance. Moreover, the effect of two other kinds of carbon resources (polydopamine and resorcinol formaldehyde) on the electrochemical performance of Si@TiO2 are also discussed. The Si@TiO2@GNRs composite shows an enhanced discharge capacity of 1295 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 in the 300th cycle and achieve an outstanding rate capacity of 689.3 mAh g−1 even at 10.0 A g−1. The design of the double protecting structure provides an alternative strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of M‐based materials (M=Si, Sn, and Ge).
Defect Engineering in Polymeric Cobalt Phthalocyanine Networks for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wu Haihong , Zeng Min , Zhu Xiang , Tian Chengcheng , Mei Bingbao , Song Yue , Du Xian‐Long , Jiang Zheng , He Lin , Xia Chungu , Dai Sheng
Published: July 2018

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels and valuable chemicals represents an appealing approach to alleviate energy crisis and global warming. Due to its sluggish reaction kinetics and the lack of suitable electrocatalysts it remains a major challenge. In this work, we report a facile synthetic approach to engineer a polymeric cobalt phthalocyanine network with rich defects for significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. The successful defect engineering not only promotes the formation of a stronger binding surface towards CO2, but also simultaneously turns the electronic character of the resulting cobalt phthalocyanine framework. As a result, the new defective polymer exhibits highly selective catalysis of aqueous reduction of CO2 into CO with a large faradaic efficiency of ca. 97 %, low applied overpotential of 490 mV (versus a reversible hydrogen electrode) and long‐term stability. We anticipated that this new strategy could inspire the discovery of new organic frameworks for efficient CO2 reduction, such as those (defective MOFs, COFs etc.), evidently advancing the development of catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction.
Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal (SCSC) Linear Polymerization of a Desymmetrized Anthraphane
Authors: Servalli Marco , Trapp Nils , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: July 2018

In this work we present one of the rare cases of single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) linear polymerizations, resulting in a novel ladder‐type polymer. The polymerization is based on the photoinduced [4+4]‐cycloaddition reactions between trifunctional anthracene‐based monomers. The careful design of the monomer anthraphane‐tri(OMe), results in perfectly stacked anthracene pairs in the crystal structure, with Schmidt's distances d=3.505–3.666 Å and shift s=1.109 Å, allowing a selective linear polymerization in quantitative yields and in a matter of minutes, without compromising the integrity of the single crystals. The obtained polyanthraphane‐tri(OMe), reveals moreover a very interesting and unprecedented case of stereoisomerism, which is characteristic for polyanthraphanes.
Solvatomorphism‐Induced 45 K Hysteresis Width in a Spin‐Crossover Mononuclear Compound
Authors: Djemel Abdelhak , Stefanczyk Olaf , Marchivie Mathieu , Trzop Elzbieta , Collet Eric , Desplanches Cédric , Delimi Rachid , Chastanet Guillaume
Published: July 2018

Spin‐transition compounds are coordination complexes that can present two stable or metastable high‐spin and low‐spin states at a given temperature (thermal hysteresis). The width of the thermal hysteresis (difference between the maximum and minimum temperature between which the compound exhibits bi‐stability) depends on the interactions between the coordination complexes within the compound, and which may be modulated by the absence or presence of solvent within the structure. The new compound [Fe(3‐bpp)2][Au(CN)2]2 (1, 3‐bpp=2,6‐di‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine) was synthesized and its properties were compared with those of the solvated compound [Fe(3‐bpp)2][Au(CN)2]2⋅2 H2O (1.H2O) already described. 1 has a two‐steps thermal hysteresis of 45 K, in contrast to the compound 1.H2O which exhibits a gradual conversion without hysteresis. This hysteretic transition is accompanied by a reversible reconstructive structural transition and twinning. This stepped behaviour is also observed in the photomagnetic properties despite the low efficiency of photoswitching. Single‐crystal photocrystallographic investigations confirm this low conversion, which we attributed to the high energy cost to form the high‐spin structure, whose symmetry differs from that of the low‐spin phase.
Rectal cancer in young patients: Time to take notice
Authors: Kalady Matthew F.
Published: July 2018

There is an alarming trend of increased colorectal cancer in the young. Why this is happening needs to be evaluated, and the unique characteristics that define this population and potential differences in comparison with older age rectal cancers should be explored.

See referenced original article on pages 3510‐19, this issue.
Living on the edge: Multiscale habitat selection by cheetahs in a human‐wildlife landscape
Authors: Klaassen Britt , Broekhuis Femke
Published: July 2018

Animals select habitats that will ultimately optimize their fitness through access to favorable resources, such as food, mates, and breeding sites. However, access to these resources may be limited by bottom‐up effects, such as availability, and top‐down effects, such as risk avoidance and competition, including that with humans. Competition between wildlife and people over resources, specifically over space, has played a significant role in the worldwide decrease in large carnivores. The goal of this study was to determine the habitat selection of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in a human‐wildlife landscape at multiple spatial scales. Cheetahs are a wide‐ranging, large carnivore, whose significant decline is largely attributed to habitat loss and fragmentation. It is believed that 77% of the global cheetah population ranges outside protected areas, yet little is known about cheetahs’ resource use in areas where they co‐occur with people. The selection, or avoidance, of three anthropogenic variables (human footprint density, distance to main roads and wildlife areas) and five environmental variables (open habitat, semiclosed habitat, edge density, patch density and slope), at multiple spatial scales, was determined by analyzing collar data from six cheetahs. Cheetahs selected variables at different scales; anthropogenic variables were selected at broader scales (720–1440 m) than environmental variables (90–180 m), suggesting that anthropogenic pressures affect habitat selection at a home‐range level, whilst environmental variables influence site‐level habitat selection. Cheetah presence was best explained by human presence, wildlife areas, semiclosed habitat, edge density and slope. Cheetahs showed avoidance for humans and steep slopes and selected for wildlife areas and areas with high proportions of semiclosed habitat and edge density. Understanding a species’ resource requirements, and how these might be affected by humans, is crucial for conservation. Using a multiscale approach, we provide new insights into the habitat selection of a large carnivore living in a human‐wildlife landscape.
The need for dedicated advanced heart failure units to optimize heart failure care: impact of optimized advanced heart failure unit care on heart transplant outcome in high‐risk patients
Authors: Kreusser Michael M. , Tschierschke Ramon , Beckendorf Jan , Baxmann Tobias , Frankenstein Lutz , Dösch Andreas O. , Schultz Jobst‐Hendrik , Giannitsis Evangelos , Pleger Sven T. , Ruhparwar Arjang , Karck Matthias , Katus Hugo A. , Raake Philip W.
Published: July 2018

Aim

With an increasing prevalence of heart failure (HF), more patients with advanced disease have to be treated in cardiology units by sophisticated medical and interventional strategies. We therefore developed a dedicated advanced heart failure unit (AHFU) to target the specific needs of the many patients with advanced HF. We here present our concept and its impact on outcome in high‐risk high‐urgency (HU) heart transplant candidates.

Methods and results

The eight‐bed unit was established as an extension of the cardiologic intensive care and coronary care units in an intermediate care setting. Each bed was equipped with 24 h haemodynamic, respiratory, and arrhythmia monitoring. The unit is served 24/7 by five residents in cardiology, one staff cardiologist specializing in medical and interventional HF care, and 10 intensive care nurses. The cardiology team is supported by colleagues from cardiac surgery, sports medicine, psychosomatics, and the internal medicine departments. As an example of the intensified care on the AHFU, data from the cohorts of patients undergoing heart transplantation from HU status before (pre‐AHFU 2008–11) and after establishment of the AHFU (AHFU 2012–15) were analysed. Interestingly, mortality on HU waiting list and post‐heart transplant survival was comparable in both cohorts, despite significant increase in morbidity and co‐morbidity as assessed by the Index for Mortality Prediction After Cardiac Transplantation model in the AHFU group.

Conclusions

Our AHFU provides a unique and novel setting for the integration of modern pharmacological, interventional, surgical, and supportive HF therapy embedded in an academic heart centre. This may be a major step forward in the care of critical patients with advanced HF.