bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theaters of Pardoning
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: September 2021

To address the roots of pardoning’s treatment in contemporary politics and uncover what new formulations of pardoning might contribute, this book examines the role of what it calls “theaters of pardoning”—a form of tragicomedy—in the drama and politics of seventeenth-century England. Historically, shifts in the representation of pardoning tracked the transition from a more monarchical and judgment-focused to an increasingly parliamentary and legislative vision of sovereignty. On stage, a transformation surreptitiously took place from individual pardons of revenge to more sweeping pardons of revolution. The change can be traced from Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure to later works like Philip Massinger’s The Bondman. In the political arena, the pardon correspondingly came to be envisioned in increasingly law-like terms, culminating in the idea of a general amnesty, or “Act of Oblivion,” implemented by the Restoration Parliament under King Charles II. The figuration of pardoning as lawgiving did not eliminate its connection with sovereignty but instead displaced sovereignty from the King onto Parliament. The link between pardoning and sovereignty has contributed to the suspicion that has more recently surrounded the exercise of pardoning. Only by breaking the connection between pardoning and sovereignty cemented in seventeenth-century England can we reinvigorate pardoning in the polity today.
The Future of Change
Authors: Brescia Ray
Published: September 2021

This book identifies a series of “social innovation moments” in American history. Through these moments—during which social movements have embraced advances in communications technologies—the book illuminates the complicated, dangerous, innovative, and exciting relationship between these technologies, social movements, and social change. It shows that, almost without fail, developments in how we communicate shape social movements, just as those movements change the very technologies themselves. From the printing press to the television, social movements have leveraged communications technologies to advance change. In this moment of rapidly evolving communications, it is imperative to assess the role that the Internet, mobile devices, and social media can play in promoting social justice. But first we must look to the past, to examples of movements throughout American history that successfully harnessed communications technology, thus facilitating positive social change. Such movements embraced new communications technologies to help organize their communities; to form grassroots networks in order to facilitate face-to-face interactions; and to promote positive, inclusive messaging that stressed their participants' shared dignity and humanity. Using the past as prologue, the book provides effective lessons in the use of communications technology so that we can have the best communicative tools at our disposal—both now and in the future.
The Imperial Church
Authors: Moran Katherine D.
Published: September 2021

Through a fascinating discussion of religion's role in the rhetoric of American civilizing empire, this book undertakes an exploration of how Catholic mission histories served as a useful reference for Americans narrating U.S. settler colonialism on the North American continent and seeking to extend military, political, and cultural power around the world. The book traces historical celebrations of Catholic missionary histories in the upper Midwest, Southern California, and the U.S. colonial Philippines to demonstrate the improbable centrality of the Catholic missions to ostensibly Protestant imperial endeavors. The book shows that, as the United States built its continental and global dominion and an empire of production and commerce in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, Protestant and Catholic Americans began to celebrate Catholic imperial pasts. The book demonstrates that American Protestants joined their Catholic compatriots in speaking with admiration about historical Catholic missionaries. Comparing them favorably to the Puritans, Pilgrims, and the American Revolutionary generation, commemorators drew these missionaries into a cross-confessional pantheon of U.S. national and imperial founding fathers. In the process, they cast Catholic missionaries as gentle and effective agents of conquest, uplift, and economic growth, arguing that they could serve as both origins and models for an American civilizing empire. The book connects Catholic history and the history of U.S. empire by demonstrating that the religious dimensions of American imperial rhetoric have been as cross-confessional as the imperial nation itself.
Despotism on Demand
Authors: Wood Alex J.
Published: September 2021

This book draws attention to the impact of flexible scheduling on managerial power and workplace control. When we understand paid work as a power relationship, the book argues, we see how the spread of precarious scheduling constitutes flexible despotism; a novel regime of control within the workplace. The author of the book believes that flexible despotism represents a new domain of inequality, in which the postindustrial working class increasingly suffers a scheduling nightmare. By investigating two of the largest retailers in the world, the book uncovers how control in the contemporary “flexible firm” is achieved through the insidious combination of “flexible discipline” and “schedule gifts.” Flexible discipline provides managers with an arbitrary means by which to punish workers, but flexible scheduling also requires workers to actively win favor with managers in order to receive “schedule gifts”: more or better hours. The book concludes that the centrality of precarious scheduling to control means that for those at the bottom of the postindustrial labor market, the future of work will increasingly be one of flexible despotism.
Apis andreniformis associated Actinomycetes show antimicrobial activity against black rot pathogen (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)
Authors: Promnuan Yaowanoot , Promsai Saran , Pathom-aree Wasu , Meelai Sujinan
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to investigate cultivable actinomycetes associated with rare honey bee species in Thailand and their antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes were selectively isolated from the black dwarf honey bee (Apis andreniformis). A total of 64 actinomycete isolates were obtained with Streptomyces as the predominant genus (84.4%) followed by Micromonospora (7.8%), Nonomuraea (4.7%) and Actinomadura (3.1%). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesame. Three isolates inhibited the growth of X. campestris pv. campestris during in vitro screening. The crude extracts of two isolates (ASC3-2 and ASC5-7P) had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 128 mg L−1against X. campestris pv. campestris. For isolate ACZ2-27, its crude extract showed stronger inhibitory effect with a lower MIC value of 64 mg L−1 against X. campestris pv. campestris. These three active isolates were identified as members of the genus Streptomyces based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum likelihood algorithm showed that isolate ACZ2-27, ASC3-2 and ASC5-7P were closely related to Streptomyces misionensis NBRC 13063T (99.71%), Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi NBRC 12748T (100%) and Streptomyces puniceus NBRC 12811T (100%), respectively. In addition, representative isolates from non-Streptomyces groups were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. High similarities were found with members of the genera Actinomadura, Micromonospora and Nonomuraea. Our study provides evidence of actinomycetes associated with the black dwarf honey bee including members of rare genera. Antimicrobial potential of these insect associated Streptomyces was also demonstrated especially the antibacterial activity against phytopathogenic bacteria.
Tackling the phylogenetic conundrum of Hydroidolina (Cnidaria: Medusozoa: Hydrozoa) by assessing competing tree topologies with targeted high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Bentlage Bastian , Collins Allen G.
Published: September 2021

Higher-level relationships of the Hydrozoan subclass Hydroidolina, which encompasses the vast majority of medusozoan cnidarian species diversity, have been elusive to confidently infer. The most widely adopted phylogenetic framework for Hydroidolina based on ribosomal RNA data received low support for several higher level relationships. To address this issue, we developed a set of RNA baits to target more than a hundred loci from the genomes of a broad taxonomic sample of Hydroidolina for high-throughput sequencing. Using these data, we inferred the relationships of Hydroidolina using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Both inference methods yielded well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses that largely agree with each other. Using maximum likelihood and Baysian hypothesis testing frameworks, we found that several alternate topological hypotheses proposed previously may be rejected in light of the genomic data generated for this study. Both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian topologies inferred herein consistently score well across testing frameworks, suggesting that their consensus represents the most likely phylogenetic hypothesis of Hydroidolina. This phylogenetic framework places Aplanulata as sister lineage to the remainder of Hydroidolina. This is a strong deviation from previous phylogenetic analyses that placed Capitata or Siphonophorae as sister group to the remainder of Hydroidolina. Considering that Aplanulata represents a lineage comprised of species that for the most part possess a life cycle involving a solitary polyp and free-swimming medusa stage, the phylogenetic hypotheses presented herein have potentially large implications for clarifying the evolution of life cycles, coloniality, and the division of labor in Hydrozoa as taxon sampling for phylogenetic analyses becomes more complete.
Study on the Analysis of Restrike Pattern and Radial Spectrum of AC Arc Discharge based on the Electrode Material
Authors: Lim Jong-Min , Choi Chung-Seog
Published: September 2021

In this study, we designed and fabricated a system based on IEC-62606 and UL-1699 such that stable arc discharge could be produced. AC arc discharge was performed to interpret the restrike pattern and radiation spectrum according to the electrode material. In the voltage waveform analysis of flat copper electrodes, it was analyzed that the accompaniment cycle of the negative waveform was more unstable than the half cycle of the positive waveform. We observed that the radiation spectrum of copper electrodes occurred in the ultraviolet and visible light regions. Moreover, the voltage waveform of the carbon electrode was found to be similar to the pattern produced by the copper electrode. However, we observed that the restrike generated at the half cycle of the negative waveform was produced relatively faster. The radio spectra were strongest near 589 nm, 671 nm, and 766 nm. AC arc discharges using copper electrodes and carbon electrodes were found to be between the arc-discharge patterns of copper electrodes and carbon electrodes. It has been proven that depending on the material of the electrode, there are differences in voltage list like, current patterns, and radiated spectra bands.
A Comparative Analysis of the Needs of Firefighters and Paramedic Students for Training in Basic Medical Science Disciplines
Authors: Lee Sang Goo , Kim Younghwa
Published: September 2021

This study aims to facilitate measures to increase the on-site response capabilities of firefighters by suggesting an appropriate curriculum for the inculcation of basic medical science disciplines through Borich needs assessment and the Locus and Focus model analysis by defining the learning outcomes. A survey was conducted among 188 firefighters and 48 paramedic students the results showed a need for microbiology (2.10) and public health (2.07) for firefighters, pharmacology (4.64) and anatomy and physiology (3.82) for paramedic student. The priority subjects identified in the High-High dimension of the Locus and Focus model for firefighters included public health, microbiology, anatomy and physiology. The learning outcomes, based on the level of present acknowledgment, showed a significant difference between the required and current level in 42 and 37 items of the questionnaires for firefighters and paramedic students respectively (p < .001). The highest discrepancy in priority, based on the level of present acknowledgment between firefighters and paramedic students were in: “sterilization and mechanism of antibiotic action (4th vs. 31st),” “pathogenesis of viral infection (1st vs. 23rd),” and “prevention of diseases and health promotion (14th vs. 36th).” The priority for paramedic students was “receptor-mediated drug response (25th vs. 4th).” Given the difference in the priority level of need of basic medical science disciplines between firefighters and students, an appropriate curriculum for paramedic students that also reflects the needs of firefighters should be developed.
Coverage-based frequency bands: A proposal
Authors: Brown Dale
Published: September 2021

Second language vocabulary research makes much use of word frequency lists and their division into bands. In recent years, bands of 1,000 items have become conventional. However, there does not seem to be any firm basis or rationale for this. Conventional banding may be questioned since the utility of words varies greatly depending on frequency, because there are enormous differences in frequency within higher bands, and because the reliability of the placement of words in bands becomes progressively poorer at lower frequency levels. This article suggests an alternative approach: basing bands on coverage levels. Because of the frequency distribution of words, this means the highest frequency bands would contain very few words, while lower frequency bands would contain a great many words. The article shows how such bands can be constructed and presents a re-analysis of the results of a vocabulary test designed with conventional bands in terms of coverage-based bands. This re-analysis produces a very different profile of learners’ knowledge, and it is argued that the shape of this profile may be more useful in terms of guiding instruction in that it gives a clearer indication of which words should be targeted for a group of learners. It is further argued that the smaller number of words contained in coverage-based bands at higher frequency levels makes them a more feasible basis for instruction. The article thus concludes that coverage-based bands may be a fruitful avenue for researchers to explore.
Nutritional Compositions and In-vivo Antioxidant Effect of Corchorus olitorius Ethanol Leaf Extract in CCl4-induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats
Authors: Ndukwe Josiah , Okaka Antoinette N. C. , Enemor Victor Henry Azubuike , Ogbodo Uchechukwu Chibuzo , Ezeobi Precious Uchenna
Published: September 2021

Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various disease conditions with concomitant toll on the body’s defense mechanism against free radicals. To continuously sustain and support the efficiency of the body’s antioxidant defense system, natural plant sources are required. Thus, the need for alternative options especially of plants that are neglected and under-utilized. Hence, this study aimed at investigating the proximate and phytochemical compositions and in-vivo antioxidant effect of ethanol leaf extract of C. olitorius on antioxidant enzyme activities in CCl4-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats.

Methods: Thirty albino rats of Wistar strain (120-150g) were divided into six groups (A – F) of five rats each. Groups A, B and C served as test groups and were administered 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg doses of C. olitorius leaf extract respectively while Group D served as normal control. Groups E and F served as the positive and negative controls and were administered 50 mg/kg Silymarin and distilled water respectively. The administration lasted for 15 days after which blood was collected via cardiac puncture.

Results: Findings showed that the leaf was rich in total phenol (21.47 ± 0.00 mgGAE/g) and tannin (23.34 ± 0.75 mgTAE/g) with little quantity of oxalate (0.48 ± 0.09 mg/g), cardiac glycosides (0.30 ± 0.07 %) and phytate (0.25 ± 0.01 %). The result of the proximate composition revealed that the leaf was rich in carbohydrate (44.16 ± 1.21 %), ash (20.31 ± 0.51 %) and protein (11.29 ± 2.06 %) with negligible quantity of lipid (0.46 ± 0.11 %). More so, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were all increased in the extract treated group when compared to the controls.

Conclusion: From the above findings, it can be concluded that the ethanol leaf extract of C. olitorius may possess exploitable nutritional components and potential antioxidant activity against the debilitating effects of free radicals.
A Five-year Review of Puerperal Sepsis and Its Complications at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria
Authors: Oriji P. C. , Allagoa D. O. , Ikoro C. , Oguche O. I. , Oriji V. K. , Unachukwu C. E. , Ubom A. E. , Atemie G.
Published: September 2021

Background: Puerperal sepsis is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. It complicates 1% – 8% of all deliveries, and is responsible for 15% of maternal deaths.

Objective: To determine the incidence of puerperal sepsis, and its associated complications at the Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, over a five-year period.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective survey was carried out between 1st January, 2016, and 31st December, 2020. Data were retrieved, entered into a pre-designed proforma, and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Results were presented in frequencies and percentages for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables.

Results: A total of 66 women were managed for puerperal sepsis out of 4,571 obstetric patients seen in the five-year period under review. Most women were unbooked (81.8%), and were delivered at home/unorthodox faith-based delivery units by traditional birth attendants (75.8%). Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp were cultured in 54.8%, 12.9% and 12.9% of cases, respectively. There was no maternal mortality.

Conclusion: Puerperal sepsis remains an important public health problem in developing countries. While encouraging antenatal care and supervised hospital delivery is important for its primary prevention, early diagnosis, prompt and effective antibiotic and supportive therapy will prevent its complications.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Fevers in Children among the Parents in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rao Sailaja , Alqahtani Saad , Hamoud Aziza , Hakami Rawan , Dkhn Omnia , Alhazmi Nawal , Alshahrani Saeed , Nomier Yousra
Published: September 2021

Aims: The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and preventive practices for fevers in children.

Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the parents in a poly health clinic of Jazan.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted for a period of 4 months in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: The information was collected from the respondents about their knowledge, attitude and practice towards fevers using a pre-structured questionnaire. Data collection took place via online survey for about 4 months. A total number of 318 respondents were participated and statistical data analysis was analyzed for the same.

Results: Majority of the participants were mothers (84%, bp<0.001) with their education at university level. A temperature of > 37.0 °C was defined as fever by 83.3% of participants. Most of the parents use a pharmacy or approach a doctor for immediate and quick action in the treatment of fevers in children. The parents were giving importance to visit a doctor/pharmacist for better understanding about the medications to be followed and maximum number of participants (n = 200, bp<0.001) found to be significant) opted Paracetemol in the form of syrup as a best medication for their children. Chi-squared test was used to determine the significance of the knowledge, attitude and practice in the management of fevers.

Conclusion: Hence, from the findings, it can be concluded that there was a significant improvement in controlling the fevers in children.

 

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT 

Flow chart elaborates the knowledge, attitude and practice of fevers in children among parents in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia
Effect of Oculus Guided Physical Therapy in Adjunct to Conventional Therapy in Frozen Shoulder Patients- A Research Protocol
Authors: Wankhade Shrutika , Phansopkar Pratik , Chitale Neha
Published: September 2021

Background: Frozen shoulder is a musculoskeletal ailment that causes pain and limits the range of motion of the shoulder joint. Traditional therapy, which includes mobilization, has traditionally been utilized to treat and rehab frozen shoulder patients. But, nowadays, virtual reality is also playing important role in rehabilitation programs. This study focuses on effectiveness of oculus guided physical therapy in adjunct to conventional therapy in frozen shoulder patients.

Methods: 50 participants of age more than 40 years having frozen shoulder will be randomly selected and categorized in two groups: Group A (n=25) and Group B (n=25). The duration of study will be 6 months. The pre and post assessment form will be taken from both groups and data will be analysed with the help of outcome measures which includes Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Range of motion, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).

Discussion: According to a previous study on maternal brachial plexus injury, virtual reality treatment is more successful than traditional physiotherapy in rehabilitating childrens upper extremity functions.
Management of Gastroenteritis in Primary Care – A Review
Authors: Alsudairy Najlaa Mohammad , Aljameely Saad Rashed S , Alsaihati Fatimah Mohammed J. , Alkhawfi Ahmed Mamdouh A. , Alharthi Mansour Hajed M , Alanka Mohammed Ali S. , Alatrash Marah Mohammed , Alshanqiti Hind Mohammed A. , Althuwaybi Afnan Hussain M. , Baduwailan Alaa Mohammed A. , Tohary Maryam Abdullah M. , Aljulajil Faisal Abdulaziz M.
Published: September 2021

Gastroenteritis is one the most common diseases worldwide, and it’s more dangerous in children, although in most time it’s self-limited, it can be fatal in case of children, the most dangerous side of GE is diarrhea and the dehydration that follows it. Since dehydration is the most dangerous symptom of the Gastroenteritis Oral rehydration solutions and even intravenous solution intake (in case of severe dehydration) is the main treatment, followed by symptomatic treatment such anti-emetics or antidiarrheal drugs, although caution should be considered for drugs used in children. The need to make cost-effective diagnostic and treatment decisions, avoid unnecessary investigation and referral, provide long-term effective control of symptoms, and minimize the risk of complications constitute the main challenges that PCPs face. During the last few years, the role of primary care physicians in the diagnosis and management of gastroenteritis has been recognized as very important, and it has been suggested that they have all the available resources in order to ensure high standard of care for their patients. In particular, clearly articulated clinical practice guidelines, effective medications, accurate noninvasive investigations, and evidence-based primary care management plans are available to support PCPs who want to raise their threshold for referring patients with GI symptoms.
A Review Article on Triazoles and its Pharmacological Activities
Authors: D’souza Alphonsus , Venuprasad K. D. , Nayak Prashant , Poonacha Lisha K.
Published: September 2021

Despite the fact that triazole was first synthesised over a century ago, it continues to unique the interest of chemists, biologists, technologists, and other experts.  Triazoles  have been shown to have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-tubercular, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and anti-corrosion properties in recent years. The goal of this review is to describe the structures, synthesis, reactions, and spectral properties of triazoles in order to highlight their potential applications in a variety of bioactive phenomena and analytical applications.
Correlation between Serum Uric Acid with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications
Authors: Jankar Jayshri Sadashiv , Harley Kumud Namdeorao , Jha Roshan Kumar
Published: September 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming more common over the world, making it a major health concern. Many research has been carried a link among both higher uric acid concentrations in the body and a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On a biochemical level, uric acid has been proved to have a negative impact on insulin sensitivity in animals. When nitric oxide, essential for glucose uptake, is suppressed, this occurs. The goal of this study is to review past research on the relationship between serum uric acid and diabetes type II in various parts of the world, as well as the prevalence of such a link. Articles were chosen using the PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services. We used all relevant publications to our review that dealt with the connection among both serum uric acid and diabetes type II, in addition to the other articles. Other publications that were not linked to this field were excluded. In this systematic review, serum uric Acid levels were found to be correlated to type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and carotid artery disease. Atherosclerosis is more common in people with type 2 diabetes. The reliability of concentrations of uric acid levels in blood in predicting type 2 diabetes and enhancing prevention should be the focus of future study.
Prevalence and utilization of company integration management in Germany: Results of the 2018 BiBB/BAuA survey of employed persons
Authors: Hollederer Alfons
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This secondary analysis aims to investigate the implementation of the legally required company integration management (“BEM”) in case of an incapacity for work of at least six weeks and to identify predictors.

Methods

Database is the representative randomized 2018 BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey of 20 012 employed persons in Germany.

Results

Of the 1367 employees entitled to company integration management, 40% received an offer from their employer and 27% accepted it. In the public sector, half of those who were entitled reported an offer. Among those entitled to company integration management, employees under the age of 30, at risk of dismissal, or with fixed-term employment contract received an offer particularly rarely. Entitled employees with disabilities or in companies with works/staff councils received disproportionately often an offer of company integration management. Logistic regression analyses reveal strong associations between company integration management offer and the duration of incapacity to work. The probability of receiving an offer is almost halved for those entitled in medium-sized compared to small companies. The higher the level of educational qualification, the higher are odds ratios for an offer. In companies in which employees were less or not satisfied with their work overall, the chance of a company integration management offer is significantly reduced almost by half. The chance of an offer is more than three times higher in companies with workplace health promotion compared to those without.

Conclusions

Only a minority of eligible employees received an offer that is closely associated with health-promoting corporate culture and job satisfaction.
Hybrid Tomo‐Helical and Tomo‐Direct radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Karaca Sibel , Koca Timur , Sarpün İsmail Hakkı , Tunçel Nina , Korcum Şahin Aylin Fidan
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The aim of the study is to present a new planning approach to provide better planning target volume (PTV) coverage and reduce bladder and rectum dose with hybrid Tomo‐Helical (TH)/Tomo‐Direct (TD) radiotherapy (RT) for localized prostate cancer (LPC).

Methods

Twenty‐five LPC patients were included in this retrospective study. TH plans, TD plans, and hybrid TH/TD plans were created. Lateral beams were used for the hybrid TD plan and the prescribed dose was 70 Gy in 28 fractions (hybrid plans were combined 45 Gy/ 18 fxs for TH and 25 Gy/10 fxs for TD). Doses of PTV (D2%, D98%, D50%, homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), coverage) and organs at risk (OARs) (V50%, V35%, V25%, V5%, and V95%) were analyzed. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to analyze the difference in dosimetric parameters. p‐Value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

TH plans showed better CI, and target coverage (p < 0.01) than TD and hybrid plans in all patient plan evaluations. However, TD plans D2%, D98%, and D50% doses were better than TH and hybrid plans. The HI values were similar between the three plans. Significant reductions in bladder and rectum V50%, V35%, and V25% doses (p < 0.001) were observed with hybrid plans compared to TH and TD. Penile bulb V95% and bowel V5% doses were better in the hybrid plans. Left and right femoral head V5% doses were higher in the hybrid plan compared to others (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Concurrently hybrid TH/TD RT plan can be a good option to reduce the doses of the rectum and bladder in the RT of LPC.
Nondestructive Picosecond Ultrasonic Probing of Intralayer and van der Waals Interlayer Bonding in α‐ and β‐In2Se3
Authors: Yan Wenjing , Akimov Andrey V. , Page Joseph A. , Greenaway Mark T. , Balanov Alexander G. , Patanè Amalia , Kent Anthony J.
Published: September 2021

The interplay between the strong intralayer covalent‐ionic bonds and the weak interlayer van der Waals (vdW) forces between the neighboring layers of vdW crystals gives rise to unique physical and chemical properties. Here, the intralayer and interlayer bondings in α and β polytypes of In2Se3 are studied, a vdW material with potential applications in advanced electronic and optical devices. Picosecond ultrasonic experiments are conducted to probe the sound velocity in the direction perpendicular to the vdW layers. The measured sound velocities are different in α‐ and β‐In2Se3, suggesting a significant difference in their elastic properties. Density functional theory and an effective spring model are used to calculate the elastic stiffness of the layer and vdW gap in α‐ and β‐In2Se3. The calculated elastic moduli show good agreement with experimental values and reveal the dominant contribution of interlayer atomic bonding to the different elastic properties of the two polytypes. The findings show the power of picosecond ultrasonics for probing the fundamental elastic properties of vdW materials. The data and analysis also provide a reliable description of the intra‐ and interlayer forces in complex crystal structures, such as the polytype phases of In2Se3.
Projected Mushroom Type Phase‐Change Memory
Authors: Ghazi Sarwat Syed , Philip Timothy M. , Chen Ching‐Tzu , Kersting Benedikt , Bruce Robert L. , Cheng Cheng‐Wei , Li Ning , Saulnier Nicole , BrightSky Matthew , Sebastian Abu
Published: September 2021

Phase‐change memory devices have found applications in in‐memory computing where the physical attributes of these devices are exploited to compute in places without the need to shuttle data between memory and processing units. However, nonidealities such as temporal variations in the electrical resistance have a detrimental impact on the achievable computational precision. To address this, a promising approach is projecting the phase configuration of phase change material onto some stable element within the device. Here, the projection mechanism in a prominent phase‐change memory device architecture, namely mushroom‐type phase‐change memory, is investigated. Using nanoscale projected Ge2Sb2Te5 devices, the key attributes of state‐dependent resistance, drift coefficients, and phase configurations are studied, and using them how these devices fundamentally work is understood.
Catalyst‐Free and Oxidant‐Free Cascade Difluoroalkylation and Controllable C−F Bond Activation of Aryl Enol Acetates for the Synthesis of β‐Fluoroenones and β‐Enaminones
Authors: Li Wenshuang , Liu Ruyan , Li Ruonan , Wang Shihaozhi , Li Dianjun , Yang Jinhui
Published: September 2021

Aryl enol acetates and DMF could promote radical difluoroalkylation of aryl enol acetates to generate α,α‐difluoro‐γ‐ketoacetates without a catalyst, an oxidant, or a base. When using different bases, β‐fluoroenones and β‐enaminones were synthesized by controllable C−F bond activation. These transformations provide an alternative method for the cascade difluoroalkylation and C−F bonds activation of aryl enol acetates.

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3‐D Modeling of Ultrathin Solar Cells with Nanostructured Dielectric Passivation: Case Study of Chalcogenide Solar Cells
Authors: Raja Waseem , Aydin Erkan , Allen Thomas G. , De Wolf Stefaan
Published: September 2021

Ultrathin solar cells can be a path forward to low‐cost photovoltaics due to their reduced material consumption and shorter required deposition times. With excellent surface passivation, such devices may feature higher open‐circuit voltages (VOC). However, their short‐circuit current density (JSC) may be reduced due to decreased light absorption. This mandates implementation of efficient light‐trapping structures. To design efficient ultrathin solar cells that combine surface‐passivation and light‐trapping features, accurate 3‐D modeling is necessary. To this end, a novel 3‐D optoelectrical finite‐element model is developed to analyze the performance of ultrathin solar cells. The model is applied to the case of ultrathin (<500 nm) chalcogenide solar cells (copper indium gallium (di) selenide, CIGSe), rear‐passivated with nanostructured Al2O3 to circumvent optical and electrical losses. It is found that such a nanopatterned dielectric passivation scheme enhances broadband light‐trapping with reduced rear‐surface recombination, resulting in an absolute power conversion efficiency enhancement of 3.9%, compared to cells without passivation structure. Overall, the work shows how 3‐D finite element modeling can aid in analyzing and developing new optical and electrical solar cell designs for ultrathin solar cells such as those based on chalcogenides and perovskites.
Ultra‐Fast Insulin–Pramlintide Co‐Formulation for Improved Glucose Management in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Maikawa Caitlin L. , Chen Peyton C. , Vuong Eric T. , Nguyen Leslee T. , Mann Joseph L. , d'Aquino Andrea I. , Lal Rayhan A. , Maahs David M. , Buckingham Bruce A. , Appel Eric A.
Published: September 2021

Dual‐hormone replacement therapy with insulin and amylin in patients with type 1 diabetes has the potential to improve glucose management. Unfortunately, currently available formulations require burdensome separate injections at mealtimes and have disparate pharmacokinetics that do not mimic endogenous co‐secretion. Here, amphiphilic acrylamide copolymers are used to create a stable co‐formulation of monomeric insulin and amylin analogues (lispro and pramlintide) with synchronous pharmacokinetics and ultra‐rapid action. The co‐formulation is stable for over 16 h under stressed aging conditions, whereas commercial insulin lispro (Humalog) aggregates in 8 h. The faster pharmacokinetics of monomeric insulin in this co‐formulation result in increased insulin–pramlintide overlap of 75 ± 6% compared to only 47 ± 7% for separate injections. The co‐formulation results in similar delay in gastric emptying compared to pramlintide delivered separately. In a glucose challenge, in rats, the co‐formulation reduces deviation from baseline glucose compared to insulin only, or separate insulin and pramlintide administrations. Further, comparison of interspecies pharmacokinetics of monomeric pramlintide suggests that pharmacokinetics observed for the co‐formulation will be well preserved in future translation to humans. Together these results suggest that the co‐formulation has the potential to improve mealtime glucose management and reduce patient burden in the treatment of diabetes.
Identification of LiPF6Decomposition Products in Li‐Ion Batteries with Endogenous Vanadyl Sensors Using Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Density Functional Theory
Authors: Szczuka Conrad , Jakes Peter , Eichel Rüdiger-A. , Granwehr Josef
Published: September 2021

The evaluation and enhancement of Li‐ion battery chemistries relies on detailed knowledge of the chemical processes occurring. Undesired side reactions have to be identified and correlated with used materials and operation/storage conditions, which requires suitable analytical tools, especially for minor and reactive species. Herein, a complementing experimental and theoretical method based on pulse electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory is presented using vanadyl ions as sensors for the chemical battery environment. The sensor is endogenously formed via cathode dissolution during battery operation. Probing the ligand sphere of the sensor, decomposition products of the electrolyte salt LiPF6are identified, which are proposed to comprise P(+V) and P(+III) constituents. Extensive conformational flexibility of the ligands is observed, which is investigated in terms of structural parameters and holistically with molecular dynamics simulations.
Sustainable Clinical Development of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer
Authors: Oki Eiji , Ando Koji , Taniguchi Hiroya , Yoshino Takayuki , Mori Masaki
Published: September 2021

Numerous clinical studies in an adjuvant setting have been conducted and the combination therapy of 5‐fluorouracil and oxaliplatin has been established as the standard treatment for Stage III and as an option for high‐risk Stage II patients. Biologics such as bevacizumab and antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibodies have failed to show additional survival benefits. The indication of adjuvant chemotherapy has been determined according to the pathological stage. Nevertheless, a pathological diagnosis does not necessarily result in selection of the optimal treatment. To improve treatment decisions, many trials have aimed to stratify patients into treatment groups using genomic testing. Recently, gene signature, Immunoscore, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assays have been reported and among them, ctDNA was shown to be a promising accurate predictive marker for recurrence. Treatment of ctDNA‐positive patients with aggressive chemotherapy may reduce recurrence rates. The ultimate goal is to accurately predict the risk of recurrence and to prevent recurrence in colon cancer patients. In this review we focus on the clinical development of adjuvant chemotherapy and stratification of patients according to risk of recurrence and the future direction of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Mesogens with aggregation‐induced emission properties: Materials with a bright future
Authors: Voskuhl Jens , Giese Michael
Published: September 2021

Within the past two decades, chromophores, which show aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), have gained considerable attention with respect to the development of luminescent liquid crystals. In contrast to common luminogens, AIE emitters do not suffer from aggregation‐caused quenching of the emission in the solid state. In this review, we summarize the recent development in the field of AIE‐active liquid crystals and show first model devices, which already prove the application potential of these materials. Currently, three different approaches are followed, to get access to luminescent liquid crystals––namely the synthetic approach yielding luminescent mesogens, the doping approach, and the supramolecular approach, which will be described and discussed in detail in this review.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer's disease and any dementia: A multi‐generation cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Zhang Le , Du Rietz Ebba , Kuja‐Halkola Ralf , Dobrosavljevic Maja , Johnell Kristina , Pedersen Nancy L. , Larsson Henrik , Chang Zheng
Published: September 2021

Introduction

We examined the extent to which attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and any dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, across generations.

Methods

A nationwide cohort born between 1980 and 2001 (index persons) were linked to their biological relatives (parents, grandparents, uncles/aunts) using Swedish national registers. We used Cox models to examine the cross‐generation associations.

Results

Among relatives of 2,132,929 index persons, 3042 parents, 171,732 grandparents, and 1369 uncles/aunts had a diagnosis of AD. Parents of individuals with ADHD had an increased risk of AD (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.26–1.89). The associations attenuated but remained elevated in grandparents and uncles/aunts. The association for early‐onset AD was stronger than late‐onset AD. Similar results were observed for any dementia.

Discussion

ADHD is associated with AD and any dementia across generations. The associations attenuated with decreasing genetic relatedness, suggesting shared familial risk between ADHD and AD.
Mechanical Force for the Transformation of Aziridine into Imine
Authors: Jung Sangmin , Yoon Hyo Jae
Published: September 2021

Force‐selective mechanochemical reactions may be important for applications in polymer mechanochemistry, yet it is difficult to achieve such reactions. This paper reports that cis‐N‐phthalimidoaziridine incorporated into a macromolecular backbone undergoes migration of N‐phthalimido group to afford imine under mechanochemical condition and not thermal one. The imine is further hydrolyzed by water bifurcating into amine and aldehyde. These structural transformations are confirmed by 1H NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopic analyses. Computational simulations are conducted for the aziridine mechanophore to propose the mechanism of reaction and define the substrate scope of reaction.
Assessing large‐scale movement of an endangered fish: Dispersal of stocked age‐0 pallid sturgeon in the lower Missouri River
Authors: Gemeinhardt Todd R. , Gosch Nathan J. C. , Hall Jerrod R. , Whiteman Kasey W. , Welker Tim L. , Bonneau Joseph L.
Published: September 2021

Large‐scale movement of fishes is a challenge for conservation and management in rivers, especially when individuals can cross jurisdictional boundaries.

Assessing large‐scale movement is particularly difficult during early life stages, especially when endangered species are involved. After hatching, free embryos of the federally endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) drift long distances during development. Following the transition to exogenous feeding, individuals may continue to move downstream, resulting in a potential two‐step migration.

Tagged age‐0 pallid sturgeon were stocked into the lower Missouri River, which provided an opportunity to assess pallid sturgeon dispersal as well as the hypothesized two‐step migration. From July 2018 to April 2021, 79 individuals were captured, with most dispersing 200–800 km downstream from the stocking location.

The observed dispersal of pallid sturgeon supports the two‐step downstream migration hypothesis. This migration may lead to dispersal into the Mississippi River, which highlights the need for expanded monitoring into the Mississippi River for an effective evaluation of pallid sturgeon recovery actions. This study also reinforces the importance of inter‐jurisdictional management and collaboration to better account for the large‐scale movement of river fishes.
Heterologous expression of cyanobacterial gas vesicle proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jung Harin , Ling Hua , Tan Yong Quan , Chua Nam‐Hai , Yew Wen Shan , Chang Matthew Wook
Published: September 2021

Given the potential applications of gas vesicles (GVs) in multiple fields including antigen‐displaying and imaging, heterologous reconstitution of synthetic GVs is an attractive and interesting study that has translational potential. Here, we attempted to express and assemble GV proteins (GVPs) into GVs using the model eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We first selected and expressed two core structural proteins, GvpA and GvpC from cyanobacteria Anabaena flos‐aquae and Planktothrix rubescens, respectively. We then optimized the protein production conditions and validated GV assembly in the context of GV shapes. We found that when two copies of anaA were integrated into the genome, the chromosomal expression of AnaA resulted in GV production regardless of GvpC expression. Next, we co‐expressed chaperone‐RFP with the GFP‐AnaA to aid the AnaA aggregation. The co‐expression of individual chaperones (Hsp42, Sis1, Hsp104, and GvpN) with AnaA led to the formation of larger inclusions and enhanced the sequestration of AnaA into the perivacuolar site. To our knowledge, this represents the first study on reconstitution of GVs in S. cerevisiae. Our results could provide insights into optimizing conditions for heterologous protein production as well as the reconstitution of other synthetic microcompartments in yeast.
A novel intronic circular RNA, circGNG7, inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression by blocking the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 at Ser78 and Ser82
Authors: Ju Houyu , Hu Zhenrong , Wei Dongliang , Huang Jinyun , Zhang Xinyi , Rui Mengyu , Li Zhi , Zhang Xiaomeng , Hu Jingzhou , Guo Wei , Ren Guoxin
Published: September 2021

Background

There is increasing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a significant role in pathological processes including tumorigenesis. In contrast to exonic circRNAs, which are the most frequently reported circRNAs in cancer so far, the studies of intronic circRNAs have been greatly lagged behind. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulatory role of intronic circRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Methods

We conducted whole‐transcriptome sequencing with four pairs of primary tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues from HNSCC patients. Then, we characterized circGNG7 expression in HNSCC tissues and cell lines and explored its association with the prognosis of HNSCC patients. We also identified interactions between circGNG7 and functional proteins, which alter downstream signaling that regulate HNSCC progression.

Results

In this study, we identified a new intronic circRNA, circGNG7, and validated its functional roles in HNSCC progression. CircGNG7 was predominately localized to the cytoplasm, and its expression was downregulated in both HNSCC tissues andCAL27, CAL33, SCC4, SCC9, HN6, and HN30 cells. Low expression of circGNG7 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in HNSCC patients. Consistent with this finding, overexpression of circGNG7 strongly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, in vitro migration, and in vivo tumor growth. Mechanistically, the expression of circGNG7 in HNSCC cells was regulated by the transcription factor SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4). Importantly, we discovered that circGNG7 could bind to serine residues 78 and 82 of the functional heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), occupying its phosphorylation sites and hindering its phosphorylation, which reduced HSP27‐JNK/P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) oncogenic signaling. Downregulation of circGNG7 expression in HNSCC increased HSP27‐JNK/P38 MAPK signaling and promoted tumor progression.

Conclusions

Our results revealed that a new intronic circRNA, circGNG7, functions as a strong tumor suppressor and that circGNG7/HSP27‐JNK/P38 MAPK signaling is a novel mechanism by which HNSCC progression can be controlled.