bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Framework Silica to Alumina Ratio on the Sorption Characteristics of Synthetic Large-Port Mordenites
Authors: Shaikh A.A. , Joshi P.N. , Soni H.S. , Shiralkar V.P.
Published: January 2017

Synthetic large-port mordenite samples with different framework SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (ranging from 10 to 35) obtained by direct hydrothermal crystallization were studied using different probe molecules. The influence of the framework aluminium content on the BET surface area and the micropore void volume in large-port mordenites was examined using low-temperature nitrogen sorption. Sorption uptake using different probe molecules such as water, benzene, n-hexane and cyclohexane was measured on the protonic form of the mordenite samples. The sorption energetics in large-port mordenites as a function of framework SiO2/Al2O3 ratio was discussed on the basis of the isotherms for water sorption over the temperature range 303–403 K. The sorption data were analyzed in terms of different models of sorption isotherm equations. The wide variation in the isosteric heats of sorption of polar but amphoteric water molecules exhibited by mordenite samples with different framework Si/Al ratios demonstrate the heterogeneous character of the surface.
Beyond early language unit provision: linguistic, developmental and behavioural outcomes
Authors: Law James , Durkin Carmel , Sargent Jenefer , Hanrahan Don
Published: January 2017

This study examines a group of children who had attended language unit provision between the ages of 3;6 and 7 years. At follow-up the children were between 7;10 and 13;3 years (mean 9.9 years). Of the 24 children, five went into mainstream school, 12 went into a language unit within a mainstream junior school and seven went to special school provision when they transferred at the end of year 2. Comparisons are drawn between the three groups in five areas, general ability, speech and language ability, literacy, phonological processing ability and behaviour. As a whole, the group continued to perform relatively poorly on most tasks with 19 (79%) continuing to have significantly delayed language development, 15 (62%) delayed reading accuracy and 13 (54%) delayed reading comprehension. Between 10 and 15 were presenting with behaviour difficulties depending on whether their performance is reported by parents or teachers. With some notable exceptions the pattern of results indicated that those children who went straight into mainstream school performed better on all measures than those who either went into further language unit provision or those who went to special schools. However, the differences between the mainstream and language groups did not reach statistical significance for any of the tasks except the two rhyme sub-tests from the Phonological Assessment Battery. The results suggest that there may only be marginal differences (at least on the measures employed in the present study) between those attending units and those deemed to be able to manage in mainstream school. A sub-group (n = 5) was identified which was made up of those children whose language scores had effectively normalized, remained relatively similar to those children whose delays persisted except for the rotation task of the British Ability Scale and for their reading accuracy and spelling. The results are discussed in terms of service provision to children with this type of difficulty.
A Nonlinear Approach to the Stability Analysis of Space Beam Structures
Authors: Borri C. , Chiostrini S.
Published: January 2017

In the context of a nonlinear stability theory of elastic structures, the geometrically nonlinear formulation of a spatial beam element (recently introduced by several authors) is reviewed for application to a perturbative approach of the post-buckling analysis of space beam grids or frames.

The implementation aspects of the procedure in an iterative-incremental algorithm are discussed, and the performances of several implemented iteration strategies are brought out, with the aim of improving the usual known ones. The adopted strategy to detect and trace post-buckling equilibrium paths is then discussed. Finally, some numerical examples are used to demonstrate the characteristics and capabilities of the analytical model.
Elastoplastic Analysis of Flat Grids Using Mathematical Programming
Authors: Wakefield Ron R. , Tin-Loi Francis
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a method of analysing elastoplastic grids using a mathematical programming based formulation. The elastoplastic analysis is cast as a linear complementarity problem which can be efficiently solved by means of a scheme proposed by Kaneko. A computer program based on this scheme has been developed and can be used to analyse skeletal structures including grillages. The program's application is illustrated in this paper by performing the historical elastoplastic analysis of one of the grids tested at the University of Surrey.
Glass Space Structures
Authors: Eekhout Mick
Published: January 2017

This article describes the development of several methods of structural use of glass panels in spatial structures, ranging from non-loadbearing glass panels in conventional skylights around space frames, via structurally sealed glass panels also having an extra stabilising function for the metal skeleton, to structurally load-bearing glass panels, where metal elements are only used as connection elements for additional stability. The point of view of the author is that of a product-architect, who combines the profession of an architect, a structural engineer, an industrial designer on the one hand, and a manufacturer/specialist-contractor for spatial structures plus claddings in architecture on the other hand.
Osteochondrosis, Synovial Fossae, and Articular Indentations in the Talus and Distal Tibia of Growing Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars
Authors: Etterlin P. E. , Ekman S. , Strand R. , Olstad K. , Ley C. J.
Published: January 2017

Articular osteochondrosis (OC) often develops in typical locations within joints, and the characterization of OC distribution in the pig tarsus is incomplete. Prevalence of OC is high in domestic pigs but is presumed to be low in wild boars. Postmortem and computed tomography (CT) examinations of the talus and distal tibia from 40 domestic pigs and 39 wild boars were evaluated for the locations and frequencies of OC, synovial fossae, and other articular indentations, and frequency distribution maps were made. All domestic pigs but only 5 wild boars (13%) had OC on the talus. In domestic pigs, OC consistently affected the axial aspect of the medial trochlea tali in 11 (28%) joints and the distomedial talus in 26 (65%) joints. In wild boars, all OC lesions consistently affected the distomedial talus. On the articular surface of the distal tibia, all domestic pigs and 34 wild boars (87%) had synovial fossae and 7 domestic pigs (18%) had superficial cartilage fibrillation opposite an OC lesion (kissing lesion). Other articular indentations occurred in the intertrochlear groove of the talus in all domestic pigs and 13 wild boars (33%) and were less common on the trochlea tali. The prevalence of tarsal OC in wild boars is low. In domestic pigs and wild boars, OC is typically localized to the distomedial talus and in domestic pigs also to the medial trochlea tali. Further investigations into the reasons for the low OC prevalence in wild boars may help in developing strategies to reduce OC incidence in domestic pigs.
T Lymphocytes in Histiocytic Sarcomas of Flat-Coated Retriever Dogs
Authors: Marcinowska A. , Constantino-Casas F. , Williams T. , Hoather T. , Blacklaws B. , Dobson J.
Published: January 2017

Flat-Coated Retriever dogs are predisposed to the development of histiocytic sarcoma (HS), a poorly differentiated, highly malignant neoplasm. The authors have previously documented a significant lymphocytic infiltrate in such tumors. The objective of this study was to examine the presence and expression of regulatory T cells in HS tumor samples. Forty tumors were included in this study. All tumors were immunolabeled for CD3, CD79a, CD25, CD45RA, and FOXP3. The proportion of positive cells was compared between tumors presenting as a localized primary soft tissue mass (soft tissue origin HS) and disseminated HS affecting viscera, especially the spleen (splenic origin HS). By immunohistochemistry, 95% of infiltrating T cells were positive for Foxp3 in all sections, suggesting the presence of regulatory T cells. The proportion of cells positive for FOXP3 was higher in the tumors arising in soft tissues, whereas the proportion of CD45RA-positive cells was higher in the splenic origin HS. Canine HS has an aggressive clinical behavior and is uniformly fatal. The difference in the proportion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes positive for these 2 markers in the 2 locations may represent differences in tumor microenvironment between the 2 sites.
Images of Kinship
Authors: Wheaton Robert
Published: January 2017

This article surveys representations of kin in trans-alpine Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century, with particular attention to the Netherlands and Germany. In the Middle Ages most such images occurred in a religious context where kin appeared in funeral monuments or as donors in devotional images. In the sixteenth century kin images were transformed under the influence of Erasmian Christian humanism and Protestantism into apparently secular portraits Interpreted on a symbolic level, however, they reflect the set of values that kinship ideally supported: the family as an institution, sustaining the moral, spiritual, and material well-being of its members from generation to generation. The symbolic expression of these values shifted from a basically religious idiom in the sixteenth century to a naturalistic one in the eighteenth. The changing treatment of dead members of the family is considered in this light.
Law, Land and Love: Some Reflections on the Legal History of Marriage and the Family
Authors: Traer James F.
Published: January 2017

After discussing the usefulness and limitations of law and legal documents as a means of studying marriage and the family, the article reviews works by Glendon, Donzelot, Traer, Phillips, and others writing on aspects of inheritance; and closes with some suggestions for research into parent-child relationships and inheritance choices in eighteenth-century France.
The Evolving Icelandic Rural Household in the Shift From Pastoralism to Ranching: Hólahreppur, 1703–1974
Authors: Pinson Ann
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: This article shows the changing household composition of an Icelandic rural community of isolated dispersed farms as it shifted from nineteenth century tenant farmers who raised mixed herds of sheep, dairy cattle, and horses for their own subsistence to twentieth-century freeholders who produce livestock foodstuffs for a domestic market. The farm population of the community reached its highest level under the subsistence economy with households of nuclear families and contracted live-in servants. The farmers' children replaced the live-in servants at the end of the nineteenth century as opportunities for wage labor opened up in nearby fishing settlements. Extended families became common in the community. After World War II, tenant farmers have become freeholders, the farm households are both extended families with adult children remaining on the farms and nuclear families who still retain the services of adult children who moved away as livestock owners. A range of household structures has emerged as the homogeneous Icelandic rural community has persisted.
Seasonality of Marriages in Hungary from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Faragó Tamás
Published: January 2017

In traditional Hungarian society the customary time for marriages and weddings was the late fall and the end of winter, according to earlier literature. But this picture does not correspond to the results of local studies in historical demography and does not fit the patterns identified through the analysis of official statistical data on marriage seasonality. There were at least half a dozen such regional patterns in traditional Hungarian society and these were defined much more strongly by religious denominations than by a connection to agriculture. The formation of regional seasonality patterns was also influenced by the level of urbanization and literacy, by the strength of traditional mentality, and of course by social and occupational stratification.
Does Calculus Help in Principles of Economics Courses? Estimates Using Matching Estimators
Authors: Bosshardt William , Manage Neela
Published: January 2017

This paper estimates the impact of taking a calculus course on student performance in principles of economics. The analysis takes into account the role of observable student characteristics that are likely to influence the calculus choice and the outcome in the economics course. Propensity score matching provides estimates of the treatment effect of taking calculus when there is selection on observable factors. Matching estimation and OLS both suggest statistically significant and positive effects of taking calculus before principles. The estimates of the impact of taking calculus from matching techniques are, in this case, generally similar to those obtained by OLS. The matching estimation suggests that the largest benefit of calculus may be for those less likely – but not the least likely – to take it.
Teaching Macroeconomic Principles Using Animated Cartoons
Authors: Luccasen R. Andrew , Hammock Michael , Thomas M. Kathleen
Published: January 2017

Multimedia materials are underused and powerful tools for teaching economics. We present examples from cartoons that can be used to illustrate important principles in an introductory macroeconomics class. Clips from Beavis and Butthead, Duck Tales, Futurama, and The Simpsons are used to explain the velocity of money, inflation and long-run monetary policy, interest, future and present value, household production and mismeasurement of GDP, and structural unemployment.
Being One'S Own Boss: How Does Risk Fit In?
Authors: Childers Rachel G.
Published: January 2017

Simon Parker (2004) argues economists generally think risk attitudes are an important determinant in self-employment decisions, but the econometric evidence is limited. Data shortcomings have been the primary obstacle in estimating the relationship between risk attitudes and self-employment decisions. A step toward bridging the gap between data and theory was made by Brunnermeier and Nagel (2008), who considered revealed preferences by creating risk proxy variables as the ratio between risky and safe assets. This paper explores the ways a similar risk proxy variable interacts with self-employment decisions. Overall, the relative riskiness of financial decisions impacts self-employment in complex ways.
Value in Outsourcing Labor and Creating a Brand in the Art Market: The Damien Hirst Business Plan
Authors: Haight Marjorie May
Published: January 2017

This paper examines two groups of Damien Hirst's artwork to determine which appreciates more in value over time. Do unique, Hirst-created works appreciate more because they are one-of-a-kind, or does Hirst's established brand support the prices of the pieces in the repeated series? I find that the laws of supply and demand hold in the market for Hirst's work. Scarcer, unique works exhibit higher rates of return than repeated series works. However, the fact that Hirst's repeated series works' prices still increase despite increases in supply suggests that there is value to producing enough similar work so that a style becomes recognized as iconic of an artist, in other words, a brand.
Positioning New Patterns of Privilege in Learning
Authors: Paxton-Buursma Debra J. , Mariage Troy V.
Published: January 2017

This special series represents collective courage because what is willing to be risked may be profound. At center is a willingness to reach out and cultivate new conversations on disability. Indeed, the artists who contribute to Ware’s article are key co-authors; their art ushers us into a new disability literacy that extends and challenges current cultural scripts. We examine four central themes informed by Ware’s text and art-based educational research (ABER) linked to the larger series conversation on interdisciplinary research methodology.
Reading Interventions With Varying Instructional Emphases for Fourth Graders With Reading Difficulties
Authors: Wanzek Jeanne , Roberts Greg
Published: January 2017

This study investigated the relative effects of three treatments with varying instructional emphases in reading with a comparison condition. Eighty-seven students in fourth grade with reading impairments were assigned through stratified random assignment to one of four conditions: (a) comprehension emphasis, (b) word study emphasis, (c) emphasis of either comprehension or word study based on the student’s pretest reading profile, or (d) school-provided intervention comparison condition. Students in the three researcher-provided treatments received intervention in small groups with a trained tutor for 30 min daily for approximately 28 weeks. Results revealed no statistically significant main effects between conditions on measures of word reading, fluency, vocabulary, or comprehension. Students with limited English proficiency performed significantly better at posttest in all conditions than other students. Discussion addresses the challenges of successfully remediating reading problems with older students with significant reading problems.
Validity and Reliability Evidence for the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence–Second Edition Scores From an Independent Sample
Authors: Parkin Jason R. , Beaujean A. Alexander , Firmin Michael W. , Qiu Xiao , Firmin Ruth L.
Published: January 2017

In this study, we examined the factor structure, reliability, and external validity of scores from the Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence–Second Edition (CTONI-2) using an independent sample of young adults currently enrolled in a postsecondary institution. Although the subtests appear to be measuring general intelligence, the aggregate Full Scale score should be interpreted with caution when using the instrument with adults suspected of having above average intelligence. The item difficulties were too low to capture individual differences in adults with higher intelligence. Moreover, the scores’ reliability and the relations to measures of academic achievement are lower than what is typically expected for intelligence measures.
Exploring Factors That Influence Technology-Based Distractions in Bring Your Own Device Classrooms
Authors: Kay Robin , Benzimra Daniel , Li Jia
Published: January 2017

Previous research on distractions and the use of mobile devices (personal digital assistants, tablet personal computers, or laptops) have been conducted almost exclusively in higher education. The purpose of the current study was to examine the frequency and influence of distracting behaviors in Bring Your Own Device secondary school classrooms. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 181 secondary school students (55 female and 126 male) enrolled in three schools across Canada. Almost 80% of the students reported being on task regularly when using mobile devices in class. However, students also engaged in at least one of five distracting activities occasionally or regularly with their mobile devices including emailing (64%), surfing the web (65%), using social media (52%), instant messaging (32%), and playing games (30%). Female students engaged with social media significantly more than male students, whereas male students played games significantly more than female students. Students were rarely distracted by peer use of mobile technology devices. Students were more distracted by their own use of mobile devices when engaged in independent or group work, and less distracted with lectures and student presentations. Students claimed that teacher and school restrictions were probably the most effective method to limit distracting behavior while learning.
Journalists, Public Differ on Perception of Media Coverage
Authors: Beaudoin Christopher E. , Thorson Esther
Published: January 2017

Journalists' perception of media coverage was more positive and more consistent than the Los Angeles public's perception of media coverage, according to a study of the LA Times.
Newspaper Coverage Portrays Managed Care Negatively
Authors: Lepre Carolyn Ringer , Walsh-Childers Kim , Chance Jean Carver
Published: January 2017

Health care coverage presents managed care organizations in a negative light, according to an analysis of articles published in major newspapers.
Combat, Political Violence Top International Categories
Authors: Horvit Beverly
Published: January 2017

A comparison of international news in 10 U.S. daily newspapers with circulations under 250,000 showed that most of the international news concerned combat and political violence.
Photographers Note Digital's Advantages, Disadvantages
Authors: Fahmy Shahira , Smith C. Zoe
Published: January 2017

Digital imaging has been found to increase photographer's flexibility and time management, ensure usable images and increase involvement in photo editing decisions. However, digital imaging has also been found to generate shortage and archival problems and to increase editing duties.
Partial Pre-Publication Review Gaining Favor at Newspapers
Authors: Stoltzfus Duane
Published: January 2017

Of the top 50 U.S. newspapers, the majority uses an informal, non-written policy on sources reviewing articles before publication. More common is a form a partial review, such as orally checking quotes.
Agenda Diversity Indicates Newspaper Quality
Authors: Culbertson Hugh
Published: January 2017

A study of four U.S. newspapers found that agenda diversity correlated with a commitment to coverage of Africa and newspaper prestige, suggesting the measure relates to newspaper quality.
Comparing Type of Sources in Coverage of Katrina, Rita
Authors: Fontenot Maria , Boyle Kris , Gallagher Amanda H.
Published: January 2017

This content analysis found that official sources were more prominent in government-oriented stories, while non-official sources were more common when the story focused on citizen-oriented topics.
Ombudsman Venture Began at Old New York World
Authors: Nemeth Neil
Published: January 2017

Begun in 1913, the New York World's Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play was an early systematic effort by a newspaper to make itself more accountable through investigation of reader complaints and the publication of corrections.
Study Examines Unnamed Source Policies at The Washington Post
Authors: Sheehy Michael W.
Published: January 2017

This article examines the policies on unnamed sources at The Washington Post and explains how these standards evolved. The evolution of The Post's practices shows how journalists must improvise when old rules do not apply to new situations.
Use of Graphic Devices in a Competitive Situation: A Case Study of 10 Cities
Authors: Utt Sandra H. , Pasternack Steve
Published: January 2017

Graphic devices used by newspapers in a competitive situation were analyzed. The study included separately owned, broadsheet newspapers of at least 100,000 circulation in 10 U.S. cities. Findings were: 1) Pairs of competing newspapers in close circulation battles tend to be more similar in their use of graphic devices than those whose circulation is not close; 2) Newspaper trailers (less circulation) tend to use more modern graphic devices than newspaper leaders; 3) Morning papers use more traditional graphic devices than afternoon papers, which use more traditional devices than all-day papers; and 4) The larger circulation papers tended to be the most traditional while the smaller circulation papers tended to be the most modern.
The One-Sentence/Long-Sentence Habit of Writing Leads and How it Hurts Readership
Authors: Stapler Harry
Published: January 2017

Staff-produced stories in 12 outstanding metropolitan newspapers were analyzed. Sentence length in lead paragraphs clearly exceeded lengths in the three paragraphs that followed, and leads for most papers were “difficult” to read. In contrast, “comprehension” for paragraphs 2 through 4 was much greater. The one-sentence lead writing habit is blamed for reducing readability. An extensive campaign to improve lead readability, along with specific methods, is offered.
Rupert Murdoch's Style: The New York Post
Authors: Pasadeos Yorgo , Renfro Paula
Published: January 2017

Issues of the New York Post from before and after its purchase by Rupert Murdoch were compared with each other and with corresponding samples of the competing Daily News. More visuals, “sensational” headlines, “sensational” stories and “local/regional” stories were found in “after” issues of the Post; the Daily News was not found to have changed much Findings were generally similar to those obtained in a study of Murdoch's San Antonio daily and its competitor.
Personal Liability of Newspaper Employees for Defamation
Authors: Stevens George E.
Published: January 2017

Most legal authorities say responsibility for defamation extends to “every person who directly or indirectly publishes or assists in the publication of an actionable defamatory statement.” This article considers how much involvement in an alleged libel is required for a newspaper employee to be responsible for a plaintiff's injury, and finds that some active participation in the communication has been necessary.
How Papers with and without Ombudsmen Resolve Disputes
Authors: McKinzie B.W.
Published: January 2017

This survey finds that managers at papers without ombudsmen prefer to handle reader complaints privately, one-on-one and in non-binding fashion.
Does TV Competition Lead to USA Today-Style Innovation?
Authors: Gladney George A.
Published: January 2017

This study, using newsroom ratings of the level of competitive intensity felt by newspapers, indicates that newspapers which have emulated USA Today-style innovations are more mindful of competition with local TV news than are papers which have resisted such innovations.
Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession
Authors: Garrison Bruce , Salwen Michael B.
Published: January 2017

Sports editors' opinions on professionalism, education and ethics changed little between 1988 and 1993. Sports journalists see themselves as the equals of their hard news colleagues.
Branzburg v. Hayes Revisited: A Survey of Journalists Who Become Subpoena Targets
Authors: Alexander Laurence B. , Perry Linda M. , Chamberlin Bill F.
Published: January 2017

Following a state supreme court decision denying privilege, subpoenas of the media rose markedly.
Enhancing Newspaper's Value as Local Advertising Medium
Authors: Prater Bruce W. , Wang Paul , Lavine John M.
Published: January 2017

Newspaper executives and marketers have different views of what constitutes the best marketing strategy for a newspaper.
Pagination and Digital Imaging: A Contrarian Approach
Authors: Russial John T.
Published: January 2017

One newspaper has technicians doing pagination and digital imaging, leaving editors more time to edit and photographers more time to take pictures.
Native American Journalists: Finding a Pipeline into Journalism
Authors: Reaves Shiela
Published: January 2017

The mainstream media were training grounds for approximately 40 percent of Native American Journalism Association members working in the Native media. This suggests that Native American journalists leaving the mainstream media may be doing so for cultural reasons.
Changes and Consistencies Newspaper Journalists Contemplate Online Future
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: January 2017

Q study finds three distinctive perspectives about online media among newspaper journalists.
Topic-Team Performance: A Content Study
Authors: Russial John T.
Published: January 2017

Topic teams produce better coverage and better play in health and science at the Portland Oregonian.
Newspaper Ombudsmanship as Viewed by Ombudsmen and Their Editors
Authors: Starck Kenneth , Eisele Julie
Published: January 2017

Ombudsmen and editors agree that having an ombudsman increases fairness and accuracy of the newspaper.
How Public Journalism Set the Agenda for a Public Safety Complex
Authors: Simmons Haven
Published: January 2017

A Florida newspaper's award-winning coverage of the issues involved in the site for a new safety complex produced intense dialog in the community.
New Social Movements and their Implications for Adult Education
Authors: Finger Matthias
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this article is to show how adult education is linked to the emerging crisis of modernity; in fact, education has been conceived from its very beginning as part of the project of modernity. If adult education follows the same paths as traditional education, it will end up, like modernity, in crisis too. A sign of this crisis in our field is the increasing split between vocational training and personal development. I will develop my argument by using the example of the so-called “new movements”: new movements herald a cultural transformation, where the individual becomes increasingly a central focus and where social transformation will occur through the transformation of the person. It is argued that adult education will develop its full potential only once it has admitted that it is, as a discipline, another expression of the same cultural transformation the new movements foreshadow.
The Staged Self-Directed Learning Model
Authors: Tennant Mark
Published: January 2017

Grow's article Teaching Learners to be Self-Directed ( Adult Education Quarterly, Spring 1991), in which he presents his Staged Self-Directed Learning (SSDL) Model, concludes with an implicit invitation for others to participate in the “ongoing conversation of those who encourage self-directed, lifelong learning.” The following response to his article is offered in the spirit of this “ongoing conversation.”
Distance Education: On Focus and Future
Authors: Gibson Chère Campbell
Published: January 2017

Evans, T., & Nation, D. (Eds.). (1989). Critical reflections on distance education. Philadelphia: The Falmer Press.

Garrison, D. R. (1989). Understanding distance education: A framework for the future. New York: Routledge.

Moore, M. G. (Ed.). (1990). Contemporary issues in American distance education. New York: Pergamon Press.

Verduin, J. R., & Clark, T. A. (1991). Distance education: The foundations of effective practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Fabricating high mechanical strength γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles filled poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber using electrospinning process potentially for tissue engineering scaffold
Authors: Ngadiman Nor Hasrul Akhmal , Mohd Yusof Noordin , Idris Ani , Kurniawan Denni , Fallahiarezoudar Ehsan
Published: January 2017

The use of electrospinning has gained substantial interest in the development of tissue engineering scaffolds due to its ability to produce nanoscale fibers which can mimic the geometry of extracellular tissues. Besides geometry, mechanical property is one of the main elements to be considered when developing tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, the electrospinning process parameter settings were varied in order to find the optimum setting which can produce electrospun nanofibrous mats with good mechanical properties. Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) was mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) and then electrospun to form nanofibers. The five input variable factors involved were nanoparticles content, voltage, flow rate, spinning distance, and rotating speed, while the response variable considered was Young’s modulus. The performance of electrospinning process was systematically screened and optimized using response surface methodology. This work truly demonstrated the sequential nature of designed experimentation. Additionally, the application of various designs of experiment techniques and concepts was also demonstrated. Results revealed that electrospun nanofibrous mats with maximum Young’s modulus (273.51 MPa) was obtained at optimum input settings: 9 v/v% nanoparticle content, 35 kV voltage, 2 mL/h volume flow rate, 8 cm spinning distance, and 3539 r/min of rotating speed. The model was verified successfully by performing confirmation experiments. The nanofibers characterization demonstrated that the nanoparticles were well dispersed inside the nanofibers, and it also showed that the presence of defects on the nanofibers can decrease their mechanical strength. The biocompatibility performance was also evaluated and it was proven that the presence of γ-Fe2O3 enhanced the cell viability and cell growth rate. The developed poly(vinyl alcohol)/γ-Fe2O3 electrospun nanofiber mat has a good potential for tissue engineering scaffolds.
Differentiating Sarcopenia and Cachexia Among Patients With Cancer
Authors: Peterson Sarah J. , Mozer Marisa
Published: January 2017

Patients with cancer are at an increased risk for muscle loss via 2 distinct mechanisms: sarcopenia, defined as the age‐associated decrease in muscle mass related to changes in muscle synthesis signaling pathways, and/or cachexia, defined as cytokine‐mediated degradation of muscle and adipose depots. Both wasting disorders are prevalent; among patients with cancer, 15%–50% are sarcopenic and 25%–80% are cachectic. Muscle mass may be difficult to quantify in overweight/obese individuals. Often, overweight/obese patients with cancer are assumed to be normally nourished when in fact severe muscle depletion may be present. No universally accepted treatment exists for preventing or reversing sarcopenia or cachexia in patients with cancer. Current treatment options are limited to nutrition therapy and exercise, which may lead to difficulties in adherence during cancer treatment. Future treatments may provide pharmaceutical therapy that targets muscle degradation and synthesis pathways. There is a need to determine a multimodal treatment plan for muscle depletion to improve quality of life, survival, and therapy complications in patients with cancer.
Emerging Clinical Benefits of New‐Generation Fat Emulsions in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Guthrie Gregory , Premkumar Muralidhar , Burrin Douglas G.
Published: January 2017

Soybean oil–based intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) have been the predominant parenteral nutrition IVFE used in the United States for neonates over the past 45 years. Even though this emulsion has proven useful in supplying infants with energy for growth and essential fatty acids, there have been concerns over its composition in the development of several morbidities, ranging from sepsis to liver disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and impaired neurodevelopment and growth. The exact mechanisms that drive these morbidities in preterm infants are multifactorial, but potential contributors include high ω‐6 (n‐6) fatty acid composition, low docosahexaenoic acid and antioxidant supplementation, and the presence of potentially harmful nonnutritive components (eg, phytosterols). To address these issues, new‐generation IVFEs with various types and amounts of fat have been developed containing greater amounts of the medium‐chain fatty acids, long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, lower concentrations of ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplemental vitamin E, and low or negligible amounts of phytosterols. This review examines the clinical outcomes associated with different morbidities of parenteral nutrition in neonates who have received either soybean oil–based or new‐generation IVFEs and addresses whether the proposed benefits of new‐generation IVFEs have improved outcomes in the neonatal population.
Dexmedetomidine for Refractory Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Schomer Kendra J. , Sebat Christian M. , Adams Jason Y. , Duby Jeremiah J. , Shahlaie Kiarash , Louie Erin L.
Published: January 2017

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a selective α2 adrenergic agonist that is commonly used for sedation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The role of DEX for adjunctive treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension is poorly defined. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of DEX on the need for rescue therapy (ie, hyperosmolar boluses, extraventricular drain [EVD] drainages) for refractory intracranial hypertension. Secondary objectives included the number of intracranial pressure (ICP) excursions, bradycardic, hypotensive, and compromised cerebral perfusion pressure episodes. This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients admitted to the neurosurgical ICU from August 1, 2009, to July 29, 2015, and who received DEX for refractory intracranial hypertension. The objectives were compared between the 2 time periods—before (pre-DEX) and during therapy (DEX). Twenty-three patients with 26 episodes of refractory intracranial hypertension met the inclusion criteria. The number of hyperosmolar boluses was decreased after DEX therapy was initiated. Mannitol boluses required were statistically reduced (1 vs 0.5, P = .03); however, reduction in hypertonic boluses was not statistically significant (1.3 vs 0.9, P = .2). The mean number of EVD drainages per 24 hours was not significantly different between the time periods (15.7 vs 14.0, P = .35). The rate of ICP excursions did not differ between the 2 groups (24.3 vs 22.5, P = .62). When compared to pre-DEX data, there was no difference in the median number of hypotensive (0 vs 0), bradycardic (0 vs 0), or compromised cerebral perfusion pressure episodes (0.5 vs 1.0). Dexmedetomidine may avoid increases in the need for rescue therapy when used as an adjunctive treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension without compromising hemodynamics.
Managing technology in Mexico: A tool for university–-industry linkage
Authors: Waissbluth Mario , Solleiro José Luis
Published: January 2017

This article describes the key role that adequate management of technology (MOT) can play in linking university with industry. It does so by describing the experience of the Center for Technological Innovation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, including its organization, results and a description of the profile and functions of the technology manager. Finally, it describes the evolution of MOT activities from case by case project management to organizational innovations whose purpose is to create new institutions on the boundary of university and industry.
The Ben Franklin Challenge Grant Program
Authors: Burke Jack D. , Light Robert W.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes and assesses the impact of one of the most successful and comprehensive industrial development and revitalization strategies in the USA, the state of Pennsylvania's Ben Franklin Partnership (BFP). Specifically, the focus is on the BFP's largest programme, the Challenge Grant for Technological Innovation. With the state government acting as a catalyst, the Challenge Grant Program joins together private industry and higher education to help create and retain industrial jobs and firms. The Challenge Grant Program is delivered through four university-based Advanced Technology Centres located across the state. The emphasis of the Challenge Grant Program is on joint industry-university research and development, advanced technology transfer, entrepreneurial assistance, and scientific education and advanced technology training.
US Technology and Economic Development Strategies
Authors: Maher Theodore J.
Published: January 2017

The article points out that prior to 1980 most US government support of science and technology projects was carried out at the federal level. However, during the 1980s initiatives have come increasingly from the state level. Selected federal and national schemes are described, including the NIST, the National Science Foundation and the Small Business Innovation Research Program. Various state level activities are then outlined, attention being paid to incubators and science parks, seed capital programmes and centre of excellence programmes.
Rethinking the Role of Research Universities in Economic Development
Authors: Walshok Mary Lindenstein
Published: January 2017

In this article, Mary Walshok offers a new way of thinking about university–industry relations. She argues that there is a need to support simultaneously ‘basic’ research and to establish institutional mechanisms which make knowledge more accessible and useful to economic development. Rather than advocating, as some have, that universities pursue a more ‘applied’ research agenda, she emphasizes the vital role basic research plays in technology–driven economic development and provides a description of a university–industry programme, CONNECT, which is successfully making knowledge linkages vital to economic development in the context of a leading US research university, the University of California, San Diego.
Dimensions of the Education—Industry Interface for Tourism
Authors: Shepherd Rebecca , Cooper Chris
Published: January 2017

The diversity of the tourism industry makes it difficult for those educators trying to develop tourism education to meet the needs of the industry as a whole. Since there is no real agreement between government, industry and academics in most countries as to what actually constitutes the tourism industry, the requirements to identify accurately the needs of an undefined sector and to design training and education to meet those needs are problematic. At the same time, there has been a resistance on the part of the industry to formal qualifications in travel and tourism, partly as a result of the youth of the subject area. Consequently, the development of an harmonious and mutually beneficial education-industry interface has been inhibited and this raises many issues for travel and tourism educators in the 1990s.
The Higher Educational and Industrial Challenges Facing South Africa
Authors: Whiston Thomas G.
Published: January 2017

South Africa, following the dismantling of Apartheid, now faces enormous educational, industrial and economic challenges. Simultaneously it must address gargantuan social and infrastructural problems, attend to the most urgent basic needs while also encouraging significant economic growth. The author has recently completed an extensive survey and analysis of the South African higher education challenge within the context of the critical, social, industrial and environmental dilemmas which must be ameliorated. In this article, he provides an overview of the problems to be faced and suggests a national policy agenda to address those challenges and dilemmas. In one sense the South African ‘dilemma’ is a microcosm of the global ‘North–South’ divide.
Glass-reinforced Vinyl Ester Resin Composites
Authors: Patel R. D. , Thakkar J. R. , Patel R. G. , Patel V. S.
Published: January 2017

The curing behaviour of vinyl ester resin, the condensation product of acrylic acid with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The glass-fibre-reinforced composites of the vinyl ester resin were prepared and evaluated for their chemical, electrical and mechanical properties. The incorporation of styrene during the curing of the vinyl ester resin showed significant improvements in tensile strength and dielectric properties.
The Cure Cycle of PMR-15 as Studied by in situ Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Parker Stewart F. , Hoyle Nigel D. , Walton Jacqueline R.
Published: January 2017

The results from two new applications of infrared spectroscopy to the study of PMR-15 and a model system derived from it (MDA/NE) are presented. Simultaneous reaction monitoring and evolved gas analysis (SIRMEGA) experiments allow the cure chemistry to be followed with precision and show a good correlation between the changes observed in the spectra and the evolved gases for the imidization step. For the cyclopentadiene evolution step, the changes in the infrared spectrum are less marked. The results for both PMR-15 and MDA/NE were surprising in that the application of pressure appears to stop the reaction. It is suggested that under pressure the retro Diels-Alder reaction is suppressed and that other types of cross-links are generated.
Machining Aerospace Materials with Room-Temperature and Cooled Minimal-Quantity Cutting Fluids
Authors: Pejryd L , Beno T , Isaksson M
Published: January 2017

The impact on the cutting forces and tool wear in the turning of the four most common aero-engine alloys (Inconel 718, Waspaloy, martensitic stainless steel, and titanium alloys) with minimal-quantity cooling lubrication fluids both at room temperature and when cooled have been investigated for different cutting conditions. Parameters such as the fluid-type and cutting insert materials used were varied, as were the cutting parameters. Methods of statistical experimental design were used in order to extract, in the smallest number of experimental runs, the maximum amount of information from the collected data in the presence of noise.

In this work, no evidence is found that lubrication plays a significant role during the turning of high-temperature alloys. When using room-temperature liquids, the cutting forces show in most cases either no significant changes or an increase. For the cooled cases, both significantly increasing forces and significantly decreasing forces can be observed. The most favourable industrial result is the reduction in the tool wear that can be seen for the machining of titanium alloys.
Analysis and optimization of the gear-shifting process for automated manual transmissions in electric vehicles
Authors: Qi Xiaowei , Yang Yiyong , Wang Xiangyu , Zhu Zaobei
Published: January 2017

In recent years, it has been a trend for an automated manual transmission to be adopted as the powertrain for an electric vehicle. However, the strong degrees of jerk and power interruption during the gear-shifting process affect the shifting quality and restrict the application of automated manual transmissions. Therefore, it is a currently popular research topic to find an optimal method to improve the shifting qualities of automated manual transmissions. In this paper, the clutchless shifting process is analysed on the basis of a dynamics model of an automated manual transmission in an electric vehicle, and the parameters are optimized to improve the shifting quality using a defined comprehensive evaluation index. First, the dynamics model of the shifting process for an automated manual transmission is established by considering the stiffness, the damping and the non-linearity contact backlash of the gear mesh and the synchronizer. The whole shifting process is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with that in the Adams model and bench experiments to prove the accuracy of the dynamics model. Then, the factors of the shifting quality, which include the shifting force and the control accuracy of the speed of the driving motor, are quantified. With the comprehensive evaluation index, all the main factors are described in a cobweb model diagram to find the optimal parameters of the shifting process. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation index can be reduced by 23% by regulating the parameters of the shifting process. This study may be conducive to improving the shifting quality of automated manual transmissions in electric vehicles.
Out-of-school childcare: Exploring availability and quality in EU member states
Authors: Plantenga Janneke , Remery Chantal
Published: January 2017

While a large number of studies focus on childcare facilities for preschool children, attention for out-of-school facilities is limited. The implicit assumption seems to be that facilities to combine work and care activities are less relevant once children reach the schoolgoing age. Yet, in most countries school hours are only part-time and not compatible with a full-time working week. This study adds to the literature by providing the first overview of the availability and quality of out-of-school childcare in 27 European Union (EU) member states. The results show that only a few EU countries have a well-developed infrastructure of out-of-school care services. In addition, the (structural) quality of out-of-school care varies across the member states. Given the importance of a supportive infrastructure, a further investment in comprehensive out-of-school care system remains important, both from the perspective of the (female) participation rate and the well-being of children.