bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial vaginosis. Modern view of the problem and its status in Ukraine
Authors: Kalugina L.V. , Tatarchuk T.F. , Shmulian I.V.
Published: August 2021

Research objective: to examine the incidence of asymptomatic and recurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV) in Ukrainian women and to evaluate diagnostic and treatment strategies for the disease control. Materials and methods. This study lasted from January to March 2021 and included 277 doctors of women's clinics, gynecological hospitals and oncology centers from all regions of Ukraine. Information was provided on 12 896 patients between of 18 and 59 ages with BV. Results. Analysis of data from 12 896 questionnaires allowed us to determine that women from 18 to 35 years of age (62.6%) were the most frequently consulted about BV. Only 58.72% patients with BV reported about abnormal vaginal discharge as the reason for visit, while 41.24% of the respondents reported other reasons. Questionnaire analysis of patients with vaginal discharge revealed scant symptoms of the disease: only 62.67% complained about the change of discharge character; 38.49% and 36.35% of examinees pointed to the vaginal itching and unpleasant odor, respectively; 19.89% of patients were troubled by dysuric symptoms and 15.10% of patients mentioned dyspareunia. In the list of submitted questionnaires, 59.92% of patients indicated an additional examination to identify the causes of vaginitis by the PCR method (urogenital scraping). According to its results, Gardnerella vaginalis was detected in diagnostically significant concentrations in 71.49% of patients, Atopobium vaginae was found in 11.32% of cases, Mobiluncus spp. was detected in 19.96% of patients and Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 13.12% of patients. Candida colonization was diagnosed in 62.07%, with Candida albicans in 48,52% cases and non-albicans forms in 13,55% of patients.In the treatment of BV priority was given to the vaginal forms of the most compliant therapy regimens: 2 times a day for 3 days or once a day for 7 days, depending on the clinical situation. Some patients opted for a long course of treatment for recurrent infections, choosing the combination metronidazole 750 mg / miconazole 200 mg 1 suppository once a day for 5 days for 12 months.Conclusion. Diagnosis of BV in Ukraine continues to be based on clinical conditions and requires a unified algorithm that will be based on current clinical guidelines and dictated by national protocols for management. High mycotic colonization (62,07%) in BV makes it expedient to use combined agents (metronidazole 750 mg / miconazole 200 mg tioconazole/tinidazole) both as etiotropic and empirical therapy and especially if there are clinical conditions that may can cause BV (before surgical interventions, after antibiotic therapy, in endocrine pathology, etc.).
STUDY OF THE SOLUBILIZING CAPACITY OF POLYMER-COLLOID COMPLEXES FORMED WITH SODIUM ALGINATE AND CHLORIDE HEXADECYLPYRIDINIUM
Authors: Tymchuk A. F. , Grossu A. O. , Babenko A. V.
Published: August 2021

It was examined the behavior of systems which contain surfactants and biopolymers is considered by the example of cationic surfactants and sodium alginate. The rheological and surface-active properties of the systems have been experimentally investigated. It was found that the presence of oppositely charged surfactants in the solution significantly affects the properties of sodium alginate, due to the fact that associates or polymer-colloidal complexes are formed in the solution. Their formation significantly affects the solubilizing ability in relation to non-polar liquids. Hydrodynamic parameters of macromolecules of sodium alginate in comparison with macromolecules of chitosan correspond to the conformation of the loose ball. The state of the SN is determined by the pH of the medium and temperature. The increase in temperature leads to a violation of the structure of the chain, its destruction and a subsequent decrease in viscosity. At a temperature of 293K, the macromolecule is in a more ordered state. In the alkaline environment there is a change in the conformation of the macromolecule. As a result of this change, the viscosity naturally increases. This is explained by the fact that in an alkaline environment, the macromolecule acquires an excess negative charge, there is a repulsion of the carboxyl groups of the same name in the chain links. The macromolecule acquires an expanded configuration. The viscosity increases. In acidic environment, sodium alginate has almost zero charge as a result of protonation of carboxyl groups. The molecule acquires the conformation of a loose ball with the lowest value of viscosity. The isoelectric state of the alginate macromolecule is observed in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.0. The described state of the macromolecule in solution is confirmed by our calculations. The interaction of surface-active cations with carboxyl groups of SN leads first to the formation of associates, then to polymer-colloidal complexes. The association as a result of electrostatic interaction of active groups is enhanced by the hydrophobic interaction of hydrocarbon fragments of surfactant molecules with each other and with the alginate matrix. The association ends with the formation of a polymer-colloidal complex.
SORPTION OF BISMUTON (III) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY SILICAS MODIFIED BY ORGANIC REAGENTS
Authors: Chebotarev A. N. , Snigur D. V. , Barbalat D. O. , Rakhlytskaya O. M. , Zhukovetska O. M. , Snihur K. V.
Published: August 2021

In current paper, adsorbents based on silica L 40/100 modified with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol, 1-(2-pyrylazo)naphthol‑2, pyrocatechol violet and sodium N, N‑diethyldithiocarbamate were obtained. Adsorbents were modified by non-covalent immobilization of organic analytical reagents on the silica surface. It is noted that the preparation of such adsorbents is fast and easy to manufacture. The conditions of Bismuth (III) adsorption from dilute aqueous solutions by the proposed adsorbents are studied and optimized. The optimal values of the medium acidity for the effective Bismuth (III) preconcentration by the proposed adsorbents based on silica modified with organic analytical reagents have been established. It is shown that the use of modified silicas allows efficient (95–98%) removal of Bismuth (III) from dilute aqueous solutions. Under optimal adsorption conditions, the capacity of modified adsorbents is determined. It is established that the modification of silica leads to a significant (2–3 times) increase in the capacity of the obtained sorbents by Bismuth (III) in comparison with the unmodified silica, which is associated with the processes of complexation on the surface. The desorption of Bismuth (III) from the surface of unmodified and modified silicas by solutions of mineral acids has been studied. It is shown that Bi(III) is quantitatively desorbed from the surface of unmodified silicas by solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids, and in the case of modified silicas the degree of desorption is small and does not exceed 35%. The data obtained can then be used to develop a test system for determination of Bismuth (III) via corresponding colorimetric scales or for quantitative solid phase extraction and adsorption-spectroscopic quantification of Bismuth (III) in some real samples.
SPEECH ACTS ANALYSIS OF COVID-BASED EPIDEICTIC RHETORIC
Authors: Pasternak T. A.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of speech acts of epideictic rhetoric in terms of pragmalinguistics. The research material encompasses official Covid-based speeches made by the top officials of the country: Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and Donald Trump, the former President of the United States of America. The subject of the study comprises performative utterances of the speakers from the perspective of their illocutionary force. The theoretical and methodological basis for the analysis was the Theory of Speech Acts by J. Austin, as well as the classification of illocutionary acts by J. Searle. The analysis of Covid-based speech acts revealed their representative directive character. We have found out that the use of representatives in these epideictic speeches is due to the global goal of the speakers, that is to quiet the hearers (carrying out perlocutionary effect). It is supposed that stating the inevitability of certain events and their patterns, positive predictions and personal beliefs of people in power make ordinary citizens (hearers) put up with certain restrictions and inconveniences. In the pragmatic aspect, the use of directives (the second frequently used by speakers) is justified by the situational goal – to encourage the hearers to comply with the rules in connection with the introduction of quarantine. We have also concluded that commissives are used twice less frequently compared with the representatives and directives as their usage is primarily connected with the risk for the speaker to make promises and guarantees in quite unpredictable and uncontrolled time. For top officials this also involves reputational losses in case the promises are broken. It should be noted, though, that the use of declaratives in such speeches is very common and relevant as the speakers have appropriate social status and authority for official statements, decrees or decisions of state importance. Thus, the felicity conditions of declarations can be met. According to the research results the lowest frequency of the use of expressives proves the seriousness of the situation where emotionality and uninformativeness are inappropriate.
REPRESENTATION OF IMAGE-SCHEME CONTAINER WITH IN-OUT ORIENTATION IN THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE FICTIONAL TEXT
Authors: Bystrov Yakiv , Teslyuk Lidia
Published: August 2021

This article highlights the parameters of figurative conceptualization of the set of knowledge about the world and reveals cognitive specifics of metaphorical conceptualization of the CONTAINER image-schema with IN-OUT orientation in the English literary text. The article proves that the conceptualization process within the CONTAINER image-schema is based on Langacker’s "viewing metaphor", which is associated with human experience, based on our ability to see and perceive objects in our field of view. Metaphorical extensions of the CONTAINER image-schema conceptualize different spheres of reality, because they establish the relationship between the source domain (the concept based on human physical experience) and the target domain (abstract concept). In Doris Lessing's short story "To Room Nineteen", the authors found conceptual metaphors structured by the CONTAINER image-schema with the corresponding domains, which are verbalized by prepositions in, inside, into, out, adjectives inner, filled, full, etc. Dominant conceptual domains were selected: HOUSE, ROOM, GARDEN, MARRIAGE, BODY, HOTEL ROOM. The method of interpretive analysis was used to determine that the conceptual metaphors HOUSE is PRISON, MARRIAGE is PRISON and BODY is PRISON are involved in the formation of metaphors LIFE is PRISON, DEATH is LIBERATION, which are also structured by the CONTAINER image-schema. The relationships between the target domains HOUSE, MARRIAGE, BODY and the source domain PRISON are established by the following words and phrases: "freedom", "living out prison sentence", "prisoner", "never being free", "she felt even more caged”, “forbade”, “barred”. In addition, the death of the main character of the short story is described as a process of drifting into a dark river. As a result, according to the metaphor DEATH is LIBERATION, the image of the river in the story becomes a symbol of freedom. Thus, the conceptual metaphors reveal the problem of a woman sacrificing her own identity for the sake of family life. On the example of the main character of the short story, we can see that such a problem leads to suicide.
LINGUISTIC SITUATION AS THE DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEXICOGRAPHY IN INDIA: THE BRITISH RAJ PERIOD
Authors: Bytko N. S.
Published: August 2021

The given paper features the second part of the extended research focused on the investigation of the linguistic situation as a development factor of the English language lexicography in India. Thus, in this article the main parameters of the linguistic situation during the British Raj period, with English being the case study, are scanned. The diachronic approach used towards the analysis of the linguistic situation constituencies elicits certain stability of quantitative, qualitative and evaluative parameters as regards local languages in India and the pivotal changes as regards English. The English language quantitative parameter mirrors the fluctuation in demographic rate, national identity and professional occupancy of English speaking population in India during the Raj period. The qualitative parameter of linguistic situation being enriched by another Indo-European language, maintains its multilingual, heterogeneous and unbalanced features. The English language evaluative parameter reveals the main stages of the colonial language incorporation into the linguistic situation in the country. English in India goes through the perception as the language of traders and missionaries into its adoption as а means of education obtainment, social stability access and interaction mechanisms both with foreigners and citizenry of other multilingual country regions. Such position of English in colonial India prompts the alteration of its functional characteristics with political, pedagogical and lingua franca functions being the most essential. Their actualization is only feasible due to the flourish of lexicographic practice in colonial India. Thus, the English language serves the base for a number of glossaries, bilingual and explanatory dictionaries describing various lexical layers of English in India.
LEXICAL MEANS OF VERBALIZATION OF THE ENGLISH CONCEPT HAIR
Authors: Mikava N.M.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the consideration of the features of the verbalization of the concept HAIR in the English language. The purpose of the work is to examine the structure of the English concept HAIR as a fragment of the English-language picture of the world of the English-speaking society. The main attention is focused on the analysis of the language embodiment of the given concept in the naïve and professional varients of the picture of the world. The English concept HAIR is a fragment of the conceptual picture of the world, which is reflected in the language picture of the world, namely in its three fragments, verbalized by the constituents of the lexical-semantic groups, distinguished according to the somatic feature. They are head hair, facial hair, body hair. The analysis of the language and speech material showed that the structure of the English concept HAIR in the naive picture of the world is a three-component formation, which consists of a core, a nuclear zone and a periphery. The core includes such conceptual features as somatic and gender. The nuclear zone includes objective and various associative conceptual features, namely: age, thinness, protection, beauty, strength / success, value. The periphery of the concept consists of socially-identifying functions - professional, religious and social-group. The core of the concept HAIR in the professional picture of the world includes such conceptual features as somatic, gender, structure and development. The nuclear zone includes objective conceptual features, namely: health, age, protection. The periphery of the concept consists of professional, religious, and social-group social-identifying functions. Thus the periphery of the given concept in the two variants of the picture of the world is identical. The prospects for further research are seen in the consideration of the mentioned aspects of verbalization on the material of English artistic speech as well as professional discourse.
POLITENESS/IMPOLITENESS IN CONFLICT DIALOGICAL DISCOURSE: PROSODY ASPECT
Authors: Pelivan O.K.
Published: August 2021

The given article presents an experimental phonetic investigation, which deals with a comprehensive analysis of English-language formal and informal conflict dialogues. It focuses on the study of various types of the investigated conflict dialogues intonational structure.The basic criteria of the practical material classification are: 1) the degree of relations formality between the collocutors and 2) politeness/impoliteness. According to these criteria the investigated conflict dialogues were classified as formal polite, formal impolite, informal polite and informal impolite. The recorded speech was investigated with the help of computer and statistical analyses which allowed to reveal those elements of prosody which actualize politeness/impoliteness in various types of the investigated conflict dialogues. The prosodic means that most clearly differentiate the investigated dialogical units are the pitch and intensity  range, the pitch peaks, the average syllable duration, the average duration of the emphatic centre, the pause volume, types of pauses between the key remarks. The pitch and intensity peaks that coinside with the emphatic centre of a dialogical unity are greatly important for actualizing emphasis. The speech of collocutors who try to remain polite in a formal conflict situation is characterised by a normal tempo with the tendency to slowing down, a mid  loudness, a mid pitch range that is due to the formal and official speech situation that forces the interlocutors to follow status subordination. An impolite formal conflict is characterized by a greater degree of emotionality than a polite formal one, as collocutors do not always follow the rules and standards of a formal situation behaviour being rude and harsh with their speech partners. At the prosodic level it  is expressed by a faster tempo, a greater loudness and a wider pitch range  than in the polite formal communication. The polite informal conflict communication is more emotional and natural than the polite formal one, but less emotional and natural than the impolite informal one. On the one hand  the informal situation gives complete freedom to choose emotions and ways of  their realization but on the other hand the desire to be polite in order  not to offend the speech partner forces the collocutors to restrain their negative feelings in the polite formal conflict communication. The impolite informal conflict is the most emotional and uncontrolled. Expressiveness and uncontrollability in the impolite informal conflict are caused by the the speech situation informality, unwillingness and no need to restrain, complete freedom of choice of verbal and nonverbal means. At the prosodic level this type of conflict interaction is characterised by a high loudness, an accelerated tempo and a wide pitch range of the voice. The conducted  research enabled us to state that conflict dialogical discourse represents a peculiar type of speech with a specific prosodic structure.
PECULIARITIES OF REPRODUCTION OF EMOTIONAL SPEECH OF THE CHARACTER IN THE NOVEL «EXTREMELY LOUD AND INCREDIBLY CLOSE» BY J.S. FOYER
Authors: Tykha U.I. , Marchuk T.L.
Published: August 2021

The paper deals with the study of the emotional speech of the character and the emotiveness of the novel "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close" by J. S. Foyer. Relying on the anthropocentric paradigm, linguistic-stylistic and linguopoetic methods of analysis, linguostylistic means of emotiveness have been analyzed and the main emothemes of the novel have been determined. The whole range of emotions of the main character of the novel under study is expressed in a number of emothemes: shame, anger, embarrassment, panic, anger, aggression, guilt, sadness, disappointment, happiness, relief, joy, comfort. It is shown that translation of emotional speech entails the careful selection of appropriate lexical-semantic, syntactic and stylistic means for adequate reproduction of emotionally marked micro and macro contexts. With the help of descriptive and comparative translation methods, the peculiarities of reproducing the emotiveness of the novel in the Ukrainian translation were revealed. The task of the translator of the emotionally marked speech of the character is to adequately reproduce the thoughts and emotions of the characters in order to evoke in the reader of the translation the same empathy as in the reader of the original. The translator of the novel under study exploits grammatical transformations, decompression, various lexical and semantic changes to adequately reproduce the emotional speech of the main character in J.S. Foyer's novel "Extremely Loud and Incredibly close" in the Ukrainian translation. The study also revealed sporadic cases of non-preservation of emotional connotation and alteration of stylistic mode, which led to semantic-emotional losses. It is concluded that the Ukrainian translation in most cases adequately preserves the emotional tone of the story, and the translation of key repetitions of adverbial intensifiers harmoniously correlates with the title of the novel and sets the expressiveemotional leitmotif of the whole novel.
DISCOURSOLOGY: TRENDS AND TASKS (theoretical overview)
Authors: Tomchakovska Yu.O.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions and tasks of modern discourse as a branch of linguistics. The term "discourse" is used in different meanings and is the subject of study in different scientific areas. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief overview of the main directions of discourse analysis and to outline the main tasks of discoursology as a branch of linguistics. Depending on the methodological orientation, researchers distinguish the following areas of discourse research: formal, functional (represented by semiotic and situational approaches) and activity-based. The opposition of personality-oriented and status-oriented discourse is relevant. In the first case, communicators who know each other well take part in communication, in the second case, communication is reduced to a dialogue between representatives of one or another social group. Personal discourse is represented by two main varieties – existential and everyday discourses. The peculiarity of everyday discourse is the desire to compress the transmitted information as much as possible, to reach a special abbreviated code of communication. Existential discourse is designed to find and experience essential meanings, here we are not talking about obvious things, but about the artistic and philosophical comprehension of the world. Status-oriented discourse is an institutional communication, i.e. speech interaction of representatives of social groups or institutions with each other, with people who realize their status and role opportunities within existing social institutions, the number of which is determined by the needs of society at a particular stage of its development. Among its varieties are political, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and media types of institutional discourse. The researchers note that the list may be supplemented or modified. The key problems of discourse analysis remain the structure and stratification of discourse, the establishment of its features, units, categories, types; elucidation of ways of organizing various discursive invariants, development of methods and procedures of analysis and description of discourses.
INFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE ENGLISH POLYCODE DICTIONARY ENTRIES
Authors: Tomchakovskiy O.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the informational potential of the polycode dictionary entries in English learner’s lexicography. The communicative specificity of learner’s dictionaries consists in their targeting to a clear segment of the readership. These are non-native speakers of English, studying it as a foreign language and living outside the area of its functioning, and, therefore, outside the situational context. The features of users to whom learner’s dictionaries are addressed determine the content and presentation of lexicographic material, which is aimed primarily at expanding the vocabulary of the reader and, moreover, familiarizing him more closely with the culture of Englishspeaking society. The main task of a lexicographic article in an explanatory dictionary is to provide a certain amount of information necessary for the reader to adequately understand a particular word of interest. To solve this problem, compilers of dictionaries resort to using both typesetting and pictorial non-verbal communication means. A polycode lexicographic article is a combination of two definitions of the same sememe, which are made with signs of two different semiotic systems: symbolic (linguistic) and iconic (pictographic). The analysis of the informational potential of polycode articles in English learners’ dictionaries gives grounds to claim that the appearance of the pictographic component in any case optimizes the transmission and perception of information. In addition, the iconic message, as a rule, increases the amount of information conveyed by the verbal message (definition), firstly, by explaining the ontological characteristics of the structure, existence and functioning of the nominated referent in the world, and secondly, by creating clusters semantically and linguistically related lexical items. As a result, new quanta of information appear (absent in the definition) and the information itself is structured into some microsystems that permeate the macrosystem of the dictionary.
LINGUAPRAGMATIC MEANS OF SATIRICAL METHODS REALISATION IN BRITISH MEDIA DISCOURSE
Authors: Yurchyshyn V.M.
Published: August 2021

The article investigates linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realisation in British media discourse. The material for the research includes texts from British satirical magazine Private Eye (2019-2020). The aim of the survey is to establish linguopragmatic means of realisation of satirical methods in British media discourse within the framework of discursive approach to satire. To achieve the aim, we turned to the method of discourse analysis and functional pragmatic analysis. In terms of discursive approach to satire suggested by P. Simpson this article singles out two categories of satirical methods – metaphoric satirical method and metonymic satirical method. The study argues that metaphoric satirical method is realized with the help of intertextuality which presupposes overlapping of different domains. The article establishes that metaphoric satirical method is realized through the following intertextual figures: transformed quotation, allusion, calque, pastiche and precedent-related phenomena. The metonymic satirical method embraces stylistic techniques of saturation, attenuation and negation. The research claims that saturation is accomplished by means of repetitions, stylistic inconsistencies, abundance of academic style and terms, jargons, slang expressions and even vulgarisms. Linguistic means of attenuation include undercoding, euphemisms, litotes and paraphrasing. Means of negation embrace indefinite pronouns, the negative particle “not”, the adverb “never” and the lexemes which imply negation. Further research in this direction could be done in the investigation of correlation between satirical targets and prototypical linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realization in British media discourse.
Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Food Addiction in India
Authors:   Symbiosis Institute of International Business, Pune, Das Ankan , Bharti N ,   Symbiosis Institute of International  Business, Pune. Address: G. No. 174/1, Taluka Mulshi, Dist. Pune, Hinjewadi,  Maharashtra 411057, India, Malik S ,   Symbiosis Institute of International  Business, Pune. Address: G. No. 174/1, Taluka Mulshi, Dist. Pune, Hinjewadi,  Maharashtra 411057, India
Published: August 2021

Food addiction (FA) has a long-term impact on the health of individuals. This study analyses the changes in FA and related behaviour in India in the wake of lockdown which started on 25th March 2020 as a response to the COVID-19 outbreak. This paper provides insight into the food consumption behavior of various segments of the population during this lockdown. It offers some new insights in this regard by establishing the relationship between a temporary pause in the consumption of palatable food and FA. This study was conducted between March and May 2020 in two stages. First, a quantitative study used the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) to identify food addicts from a sample of 150 respondents. In the second stage, in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with the food addicts; the responses were recorded, transcribed, and analysed to ascertain the changes in their overall consumption and addiction behavior towards palatable foods. This was done by conducting a thematic analysis with the help of the NVivo software where various tools like word cloud and cluster analysis were used. This study found that COVID-19 restrictions had significantly brought down the addiction to palatable food in India as the regular consumption chain had got broken during the lockdown. The consumption of palatable food is expected to remain low for a brief period after the lockdown due to hygiene issues like improper or lack of sanitization and cleanliness. However, in the long-run, the consumption of palatable food is expected to rise in India owing to its growing population, modernisation, increasing disposable income and changes in customer preferences. These findings have significant implications for the food, packaging and health industries as the changes in customer behavior will certainly impact them, and they need to duly change their strategy to adapt to the changes promptly.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis and Food Safety System: A Literature Review
Authors:   Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Alikord Mahsa , Molaee-aghaee E ,   Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published: August 2021

The new outbreak as unknown pneumonia that occurred in Wuhan province of China in December 2019, is a new coronavirus from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and has been termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that usually cause respiratory illness. Since food plays an essential role in human health as an integral part of human life, food safety is critical in such cases. It is essential to adopt practical strategies in controlling the COVID-19 crisis. Also, extreme economic consequences and threats to human health were imposed in the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2021. Some studies have been published by World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, there is little information about food safety and COVID-19. Although COVID-19 transmission routes through food are not currently known, contamination through contaminated food and environmental surfaces cannot be ignored, especially in manufacturing companies, restaurants, and communities that are unsanitary. Nevertheless, World Health Organization precautions on good hygiene when preparing food, and recommends effective management of food safety during COVID-19. In food safety, COVID-19 is known as a potential risk through food especially in restaurants and industrial areas. There have been very few studies on the relationship between food safety and COVID- 19. Studies have shown that COVID-19 can survive longer than MERS-CoV in food stored at 4 °C. In the current situation, several methods are used to disinfect and control the spread of COVID-19 disease, some of which are not effective and can also have problems and limitations. Heat treatment, pasteurization, UV light-based, and chemical disinfectants can be ways to prevent COVID-19 probable transmission. The temperatures (30 or 40 °C) reduced the survival time of HCoVs on the inanimate surfaces. The cooking processes (70 °C) are effective in inactivating the virus in food. SARS-CoVs were inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet (254 nm) for 1 to 6 min with an increase of up to 400-fold. Also, usage of disinfectants can be effective for inanimate surfaces. This review summarizes the available data related to some topics and methods to inactivate COVID-19 and the role and importance of the food industry and food supply chain during the pandemic.
Smallholder Farmers’ Challenges of Coping with COVID-19 Containments: Insights from two food regions in Indonesia
Authors:   Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences,Centre for Rural  Development (SLE), Hessische Str. 1-2, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Stöber Silke , Adinata K ,   JAMTANI (Jaringan Masyarakat Tani Indonesia), Babakan Dsn. Kamurang No.RT.  03/11, Babakan, Kec. Pangandaran, Pangandaran, Jawa Barat 46396, Ramba T ,   Pusbinlat Motivator Kondoran, Tana Toraja, Kondoran Sangalla, Tana Toraja, Paganini N ,   Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences,Centre for Rural  Development (SLE), Hessische Str. 1-2, 10115 Berlin, Germany, Sulejmanović N ,   Freie Universität Berlin, Otto Suhr Institute of Political Science
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments around the world to impose containment measures to prevent the rapid spread of the corona virus. The Indonesian government implemented “large-scale social restrictions,” which have impacted farming and farmers’ food security. Farmers are both producers and consumers of food and, therefore, have been facing new challenges due to transport restrictions, price spikes for inputs, price drops for their produce, or conditions which aggravated cooperation, such as social distancing. This study aims at analysing the challenges of the containments from a smallholder farmer perspective and examining farmers’ coping potential. A digital survey with 323 farmers has been designed as comparative observational research in Toraja, South Sulawesi, and selected regions of Java. The Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test was used to test for significance regarding socio-economic factors and space. A logistic regression model extracted determinants for crisis coping. Results reveal, that female farmers worry more about COVID-19 outbreak compared to men at a significant level. In contrast, male farmers, particularly in Java, are more concerned about social restrictions due to limited mobility. Food price spikes were reported in both regions, with sharp increases for fish, fruits, and vegetables in Java, for staples in Toraja, and for meat and sugar in both regions. Food groups, that trade through agents and brokers or are transported longer distances were affected most due to their complex and long supply chains that were disrupted during the restrictions. In Java, farmers face multiple shocks, of which climate change was reported even more often than the pandemic related shocks. Not being able to help each other on the farm due to social distancing is a significant concern of farmers in Toraja. As a result of food market disturbances, farmers began to grow and eat more vegetables and fruits. In conclusion, food security for farmers slightly decreased due to affordability, and market disruptions already point to long-term income losses. The study team recommends to promote smallholders’ healthy food production, value addition and direct end-consumer linkages to build back better their livelihoods post-COVID-19.
COVID-19: A Review of What You Should Know and Do to Keep Safe
Authors:   Karatina University, Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya, Lokuruka Michael
Published: August 2021

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, has resulted in high mortalities and global socio-economic disruptions. As knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 evolves, the public requires up to date and appropriate information in order to keep safe in the absence of a proven vaccine. This review of the literature was written to provide the latest information on the virus and the disease. SARS-CoV-2 bears a higher genomic homology to SARS-CoV-1 than MERS-CoV-1. Globally, COVID-19 has caused more than 4.07 million deaths and infected over 188 million people by 16th July, 2021. In Africa, more than 4.5 million and over 106,000 people have been infected and died, respectively. In Kenya, over 191,000 have been infected and 3,746 people have died from COVID-19 by the date. The figure for Kenya is much lower than the over 150,000 deaths from the Spanish flu of 1918-20. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through expiratory droplets and direct contact, while faecal and airborne transmission have been documented, but not confirmed. It enters the body through nasal passages, conjunctiva , or mouth. It can survive on bank notes, vinyl plastic, mobile phone, glass, cardboard, cloth fabric and stainless steel for varying periods. At 50% Rh, it can survive on stainless steel, vinyl plastic and glass at 20, 30 and 40oC for 28, 7 days and less than a day, respectively. On cotton fabrics, it can survive for 7, 3 days and less than 24 hr at 20, 30 and 40oC, respectively. Age, late hospitalization, diabetes co-morbidity, obesity, chronic lung disease and hypertension are the major risk factors for COVID-19 mortality. Age and laboratory indicators are predictors of mortality. Vaccines allowed for emergency use include the Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/Biontech, Moderna, Sinopharm, SINOVAC, Sputnik V and Johnson and Johnson. Although they all have shown high efficacy against the original COVID-19 strains globally, they have lower efficacy against the Brazilian P.1, the UK B.1.1.7, Finnish FIN-796H, the New Jersey/New York B.1.526, the South African B.1.351 and the Indian Delta mutant. Regular hand washing, face masking, avoiding overcrowding, physical distancing, outdoor communing, seeking immediate medical attention and isolating when infected, all can minimize SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Potential infection from frozen foods packaging, frozen foods and food preparation surfaces has been demonstrated. However, good hygiene practices can minimize infection from foods, shopping bags, take-out containers and groceries. Animal foods should not be consumed raw, while groceries require thorough washing with potable water during preparation. Despite concerns posed by the continuing evolution of virulent mutants of SARS-CoV-2, researchers are working to develop effective vaccines in order to eliminate the threat of the virus.
Turystyka kulinarna – ujęcie geograficzne
Authors: Kowalczyk Andrzej
Published: August 2021

Turystyka kulinarna, która staje się coraz bardziej popularna, jest częścią szeroko rozumianej turystyki kulturowej. Osoby uprawiające tę formę turystyki poszukują nie tylko doznań smakowych, ale pragną poszerzyć swoją wiedzę, dokonać zakupów itp. Czynnikami decydującymi o atrakcyjności kulinarnej regionu lub miejscowości są odmienność i różnorodność danej kuchni oraz wierność tradycji. Turystyka kulinarna nie tylko daje satysfakcję osobom ją uprawiającym, ale może być ważnym czynnikiem rozwoju lokalnego.
Insulin choice in feline diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gomez Mejias Yaiza
Published: August 2021

PICO question

In cats with diabetes mellitus, do protamine zinc insulin (PZI) and glargine show a similar effect in reducing clinical signs and hypoglycaemia episodes?

 

Clinical bottom line

Category of research question

Treatment

The number and type of study designs reviewed

The number and type of study designs that were critically appraised was one. This study was a non-randomised retrospective trial. A systematic review was also found, which analyses the influence of insulin in diabetic remission

Strength of evidence

Weak

Outcomes reported

Compared to PZI, using glargine in recently diagnosed diabetic cats fed exclusively an ultra-low carbohydrate-high protein canned diet, may result in lower fructosamine and mean 12 hour blood glucose concentrations as well as less episodes of hypoglycaemia

Conclusion

In view of the strength of evidence and the outcomes from the study the following conclusion is made: in cats with diabetes mellitus where currently licensed insulin fails to result in a good glycaemic control, glargine may be considered

 

How to apply this evidence in practice

The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.

Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
Somatik Belirti Bozukluğu: Tarihsel Süreç ve Biyopsikososyal Yaklaşım
Authors: ÇETİN Şahabettin , SÖZERİ VARMA Gülfizar
Published: August 2021

Somatizasyon zihin-beden ilişkisinin derinden hissedildiği bir kavramdır. Ortaya çıkmasında biyolojik, bilişsel, psikodinamik ve

kültürel etmenlerin katkısı bulunmaktadır. Bir ruhsal bozukluğun belirtisi olarak somatizasyonun tanımı, oluş nedenleri, sürdürücü

etkenleri ve tedavisi çok yönlü ve karmaşıktır. Bu bozukluk tarihsel süreçte üzerinde en çok tartışılan konulardan biridir. DSM’nin

son baskısı ile birlikte “Somatik Belirti Bozuklukları ve İlişkili Bozukluklar” başlığıyla sınıflandırmada yer almıştır. Somatik belirti

bozukluğu yaşam kalitesinin azalmasına, yeti kaybına ve sağlık hizmetlerinde yüksek maliyete yol açmaktadır. Bu haliyle hastalıkla

ilgili belirtileri biyopsikososyal bütünlük içinde ele almak kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada somatik belirti bozukluğunun

tarihsel sürecinin özetlenmesi, oluş nedenlerinin ve temel tedavi yaklaşımının biyopsikososyal bütünlük içinde sunulması

amaçlanmıştır.
The Perspectives of Women and Their Health-Care Providers Regarding Using an ECA to Support Mode of Birth Decisions
Authors: Chinkam Somphit , Steer-Massaro Courtney , Herbey Ivan , Zhang Zhe , Bickmore Timothy , Shorten Allison
Published: August 2021

This study used focus groups to assess the feasibility and acceptability of adapting an Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) to support decision-making about mode of birth after previous cesarean. Twelve women with previous cesareans, and eight prenatal providers at an academic, tertiary-care medical center, viewed a prototype ECA and were asked to share feedback on the potential role in helping women prepare for decision-making. Both groups felt that although it was somewhat “robot-like,” the ECA could provide easy access to information for patients and could augment the visit with providers. Future work is needed to improve ECA visual appeal and clarify the role and timing for utilization of decision aids using ECA technology to enhance the shared decision-making process.
Coping With the Unexpected in Childbirth: A Thematic Analysis
Authors: Hinic Katherine
Published: August 2021

This article reports original research that describes new mothers' experiences of birth and maternity care. Qualitative data were collected through a survey on birth satisfaction, which included space for women to provide comments about their birth and experience of care. Thirty-nine women provided comments that were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Two themes emerged from the women's experiences: “Unexpected birth processes: expectations and reality” and “Coping with birth: the role of health-care staff.” Participants described unexpected birthing processes, their experiences of care, and maternity care staff's contributions to coping with birth. Implications for practice for childbirth professionals include promotion of physiologic birth, respectful person-centered care during all phases of perinatal care, and the value of childbirth preparation.
Neutronic Analysis of LEU-started Molten Chloride Fast Reactor without Fuel Reprocessing
Authors: Dwijayanto R. Andika Putra , Harto Andang Widi
Published: August 2021

One of the rarely explored molten salt reactor (MSR) designs is the molten chloride fast reactor (MCFR). This MSR design employs chloride salt instead of fluoride and operated in a fast spectrum. MCFR brings all the advantages of an MSR including breeding whilst being able to burn plutonium and minor actinides efficiently. Since not many countries have access to civilian plutonium, MCFR can also be started using low-enriched uranium (LEU). This study is an initial neutronic analysis of an MCFR using LEU as its startup fuel. Parameters analyzed are conversion ratio (CR) and its neutronic safety, namely effective delayed neutron fraction (βeff), temperature coefficient of reactivity (TCR), and void coefficient of reactivity (VCR). The core is divided into Core Zone and Blanket Zone. The fuel composition of NaCl-UCl3 with a molar fraction ratio of 60:40 and 50:50 is used in Core Zone and Blanket Zone, respectively. The neutronic calculation is performed using MCNP6 code with ENDF/B-VII library. For reference geometry, CR is valued at 0.9298, βeff at 0.00731, TCR at -19.8 pcm/°C, and average VCR at -154.31 pcm/void%. Thereby, the MCFR fulfills inherent safety criteria. Although its value is remarkably high, CR can be further optimized by modifying the separator and reflector material.
The Incidence of Sick Building Syndrome and Its Causes on Employees at the Governor’s Office of West Sulawesi Province
Authors: Adiningsih Ridhayani , Hairuddin Miftah Chairani
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Indoor air quality greatly affects human health because almost 90% of human life is indoors. Some symptoms that are often felt by employees in a building with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) are fatigue; headaches; symptoms of eye, nose and throat irritation; skin irritation; dry cough, increased irritability and difficulty in concentration; nausea; drowsiness; and hypersensitivity to odor. This research aims to determine the relationship of air quality in space to the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome. Methods: This research was an analytic survey research with cross sectional approach. The samples in this study were employees who were in the Building D of the Provincial Governor's Office, West Sulawesi totalling 82 people. This research was carried out by measuring indoor air quality and giving questionnaires to find out the SBS events. Results: The results of room temperature measurements ranged from 26.14 - 41.46°C, humidity measurement was ≥ 60%, light intensity was ≤ 100 lux, the chemical quality of CO in the air was ≤ 29 mg/m3, CO2 levelin the air was ≤ 1000 ppm, and dust level was ≥ 0.15 mg/m3. Besides, there was a significant relationship between air temperature and dust levels on the incidence of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), with p value of 0.006. Conclusion: It can be concluded that factors that influenced the occurrence of SBS were air temperature and dust concentration in the room.Keywords: indoor air quality, office, sick building syndrome