bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Wirkung von SO2 und Bisulfitverbindungen auf Photosynthese, Ionentransport und Spaltöffnungsregulation bei Blättern von höheren Pflanzen
Authors: Brinckmann Enno , Lüttge Ulrich , Fischer Karl
Published: March 2023

Das als Verbrennungsprodukt entstehende Schwefeldioxid belastet unsere Atmosphäre als Schadgas in zunehmendem Maße. Begasung von Blättern höherer Pflanzen mit SO2 führt zu akuten (Wasseraustritt aus den Zellen in die Interzellularräume) und chronischen (Chlorophyllabbau, Nekrosen) Schädigungen. SO2 hemmt die Photosynthese und beeinträchtigt den Mechanismus der Spaltöffnungsregulation: die Rate der Wasserdampfabgabe, CO2‐Aufnahme und SO2‐Aufnahme verläuft nach SO2‐Beimischung zur Atmosphäre in Form einer gedämpften Schwingung

Bisulfitverbindungen (Bildung bei Lösung von SO2 in Waser) wirken schon in geringen Konzentrationen (ab 0,5 mM) auf 0,5 mm dicke Blattstreifen, bevor äußerlich sichtbare Schädigungen auftreten:

Die Wirkung der Bisulfitverbindungen wird als unspezifischer Membraneffekt diskutiert, dem bei höheren Konzentrationen spezifischere Enzymeffekte überlagert sein können

) Hemmung der 14CO2‐Fixierung bei C3‐ und C4‐Pflanzen;

) Hemmung des 14C‐Einbaus in die CO2‐Kurzzeit‐Fixierungsprodukte, d. h. Hemmung der Synthese von 3‐Phosphoglycerinsäure (3‐PGS) bei C3‐Pflanzen und von Malat und Aspartat bei C4‐Pflanzen;

) Steigerung der Synthese von 3‐PGS bei Amaranthus durch 5 mM Glyoxal‐Na‐bisulfit, da CO2 wohl direkt — nach Hemmung der Phosphoenolpyruvat‐Carboxylase im Mesophyll — in den Leitbündelscheiden fixiert wird;

) Verminderung des ATP‐Spiegels im Licht und im Dunkeln;

) Hemmung der lichtinduzierten pH‐Änderungen von Blattgewebe in ungepuffertem Medium;

) Hemmung der Chloridaufnahme bei C3‐ und C4‐Pflanzen im Licht wie im Dunkeln

Die Wirkung der Bisulfitverbindungen wird als unspzifischer Membraneffket diskutiert, dem bei höheren Konzentrationen spzifischere Enzymeffekte überlagert sein können.
Chlorophyllbiosynthese: Austausch möglicher Substrate zwischen Mitochondrien und Plastiden im Verlauf der Plastiden‐Differenzierung
Authors: Hampp R. , Wellburn A. R.
Published: March 2023

Die Anwendung einer Methode der Siliconöl‐Filtration auf isolierte Etioplasten bzw. Etiochloroplasten sowie auf Mitochondrien entsprechender Ergrünungsstadien etiolierter Primärblätter von Avenu sativa L., ließ für beide Organelle eine deutliche Zunahme der Permeabilität ihrer transportlimitierenden Membranen nach 1–2 h Gewebebelichtung erkennen. Als Testsubstanzen dienten mögliche Vorläufer der Chlorophyllbiosynthese (Succinat, Glycin, α‐Ketoglutarat, Glutamat, δ‐Aminolaevulinat). Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Versorgung früher Entwicklungsstadien von Plastiden mit Succinat aus Mitochondrien hin; Succinat dürfte damit ein wichtiges Substrat für die Porphyrinbiosynthese in Plastiden darstellen

Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden über die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / Royal Society gefördert
Untersuchungen zur Protoplastengewinnung bei verschiedenen Brassica‐Arten
Authors: Elmsheuser H. A. , Forche E. , Neumann K.‐H.
Published: March 2023

Mit der beschriebenen Methodik der Protoplastengewinnung und der Protoplastenfusion konnten lebensfähige Protoplasten von Brassica napus ssp. oleifera, Brassica campestris ssp. oleifera und Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala gewonnen und Fusionate von Protoplasten der Arten B. campestris und B. oleracea mit gemeinsamem Zellkern erhalten werden. Ein eindeutiger Nachweis für Kernfusionen konnte nicht erbracht werden. Die Fusionate entwickelten sich nicht weiter.
Photoakkumulation bei Halobacíerium halobium1
Authors: Nultsch Wilhelm , Häder Maria
Published: March 2023

Die photophobischen Reaktionen von Halobacterium halobium wurden mit Hilfe einer Populationsmethode untersucht. Step‐down‐Reaktionen führen zu Photoakkumulationen, während step‐up‐Reaktionen Entleerungen der Lichtfelder zur Folge haben. Im Weißlicht treten Photoakkumulationen bei niedrigeren und Fallenentleerungen bei höheren Beleuchtungsstärken (> 10 000 lx) auf, und zwar in Abhängigkeit von der Betriebsspannung und damit der Farbtemperatur der Quarz‐Jodid‐Lampen.

Die Aktionsspektren der step‐down‐ und der step‐up‐Reaktionen stimmen recht gut mit den von Hildebrand und Dencher (1974, 1975) ermittelten überein. Sie bestätigen die Existenz von zwei Photosystemen, PS 370 und PS 565.

Doppelbelichtungsexperimente, in denen verschiedene Wellenlängen als trap‐ und background‐Licht benutzt wurden, haben ergeben, daß die Photoakkumulationen in einer Lichtfalle von 565 nm durch eine background‐Bestrah‐lung von 392 nm völlig unterdrückt werden, sofern dessen Intensität den Schwellenwert der step‐up‐Reaktion überschreitet. Andererseits beeinflußt ein background von 565 nm die step‐up‐Reaktion überhaupt nicht.

Triphenyl‐methyl‐phosphonium (TPMP+), ein Inhibitor membrangebundener Protonenpumpen, hemmt sowohl die step‐up‐als auch die step‐down‐Reaktion bei etwa den gleichen Konzentrationen, bei welchen es einen Abfall des Membranpotentials bewirkt (> 10—3 mol). Die step‐down‐Reaktion ist etwas empfindlicher gegen TPMP+ als die step‐up‐Reaktion. Diese Befunde lassen darauf schließen, daß die photophobische Reaktion von Halobacterium durch plötzliche Änderungen im steady state des Protonentransportes durch die Cytoplasmamembran verursacht werden, die ihrerseits Änderungen im Membranpotential zur Folge haben, die zum Bewegungsapparat, d. h. zu den Geißeln, geleitet werden.
Artspezifische Wachstumsreaktionen einiger Grünalgen auf einen kombinierten DDT‐Starklicht‐Salzstreß
Authors: Munz Andreas , Witsch Hans Von
Published: March 2023

An Laborkulturen wurde das Zusammenwirken mehrerer ökologisch bedeutsamer Faktoren auf die Produktivität der Grünalgen Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata Shih et Krauss, Coelastrum proboscideum Bohlin und Chlamydomonas sp. untersucht.

Mit Hilfe der Kombination von Starklicht sowie von DDT‐ und NaCl‐Zusatz zur Nährlösung wurden Interaktionen natürlicher und anthropogener Faktoren erfaßt. Die Versuchsanstellung wurde dadurch den Freilandbedingungen möglichst angeglichen.

DDT, das selbst keine Wachstumsdepressionen auslöste, verstärkte bei Chlamydomonas die Starklichtwirkung, bei Chlorella und Coelastrum die durch NaCl‐Zusatz verursachte Wachstumshemmung. Kombinationseffekte zeigten sich auch bezüglich Starklichtschock und NaCl‐Zusatz.

Lang anhaltende und ausgeprägte Wachstumsverzögerungen wurden beim Zusammenwirken aller drei Faktoren bei jeder der untersuchten Arten beobachtet.

Den technischen Assistentinnen Fräulein E. Konz und Frau C. Göls danken wir für die stets zuverlässige Mitarbeit bei der Durchführung der Versuche.
Biliproteidkomposition und Pigmentverteilung in scheibchenförmigen Phycobilisomen von Rhodella violacea
Authors: Koller Klaus‐Peter , Wehrmeyer Werner
Published: March 2023

Ein Modell der Anordnung von Phycoerythrin, Phycocyanin und Allophycocyanin in den scheibchenförmigen Phycobilisomen von Rhodella violacea wird vorgestellt; es steht in Einklang mit der quantitativen und qualitativen Pigmentkomposition, dem intermolekularen Energietransfer sowie der Feinstruktur isolierter Phycobilisomen.

Hohe Lichtintensitäten und sechstägiger Nitratmangel führen zu einer Reduktion des gesamten Biliproteidgehalts der Zellen. Darüber hinaus ist eine Veränderung der Pigmentkomposition der isolierten Phycobilisomen nachweisbar. Der Phycocyanin‐ und der Allophycocyaningehalt sind davon unberührt, während der Phycoerythrinanteil auf wenigstens 78% verringert wird. Der Verlust von zwei bis drei Phycoerythrinaggregaten je Phycobilisom beeinträchtigt weder die Fähigkeit zum Energietransfer noch die Fluoreszenzausbeute bei 665 nm in Suspensionen gleichen Phycocyanin‐ und Allophycocyaningehalts.

Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 103) für die finanzielle Unterstützung.
Systematische Stellung und Vorkommen einer Corallinoidee (Corallinaceae, Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyceae) aus der Karibischen See: Corallina panizzoi nom. nov. et stat. nov.
Authors: Schnetter Reinhard , Richter Ursula
Published: March 2023

Corallina officinalis L. ß fastigata Kütz. aus der Karibischen See wird mit Thalli von Corallina officinalis L. (einschließlich C. mediterranea Aresch.) verschiedener Herkünfte verglichen. Wegen anatomischer (Länge und Verhältnis Länge: Breite der Markzellen der Glieder) und morphologischer Unterschiede (Stellung der Konzeptakeln, Durchmesser der Thallusglieder, Ausbildung von Hörnchen an endständigen Konzeptakeln) werden die karibischen Pflanzen als zu einer eigenständigen Art gehörig angesehen, für die der Name Corallina panizzoi vorgeschlagen wird. C. panizzoi tritt an der venezolanischen und kolumbianischen Küste nur in Gebieten auf, in denen es wenigstens während der Trockenzeit zur Auftriebwasserbildung kommt. Weitere Funde liegen von Costa Rica und Puerto Rico vor. Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze von C. panizzoi erreicht offenbar nicht das Verbreitungsgebiet von C. officinalis. In Kolumbien wächst C. panizzoi im Eulitoral und im oberen Sublitoral bis in 3 m Tiefe.
Die Populationsverteilung von Chlorophyllfluoreszenz und Zellvolumen während des Entwicklungszyklus von Scenedesmus obliquus
Authors: Postius Stefan , Kirschstein Marlies , Senger Horst
Published: March 2023

An synchronen Kulturen von Scenedesmus obliquus wurden die Änderungen der Zellvolumina und der relativen Chlorophyllfluoreszenz sowie die Streuung dieser Parameter während des Entwicklungszyklus untersucht. Die Zunahme des Zellvolumens ging mit einer theoretisch zu erwartenden Zunahme der Streuung einher. Die Streuung der relativen Fluoreszenz zeigte jedoch keine direkte Korrelation zur Änderung der Mittelwerte. Aus dem ungleichen Verhalten der Parameter wird geschlossen, daß Änderungen von Zellvolumen und Photosyntheseapparat, gemessen als Chlorophyllfluoreszenz, trotz ihrer Kopplung an den Entwicklungszyklus, unabhängig voneinander gesteuert werden. Die Streuung der relativen Fluoreszenz scheint eher auf Änderungen in der variablen als der Grundfluoreszenz zurückzuführen zu sein.

Anmerkungen. Wir danken der Firma Phywe, Göttingen, für die Leihgabe des Pulszytophotometers, Frau I. Krieger für ihre Hilfe bei der Erstellung des Manuskripts und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für finanzielle Unterstützung.
The Supply of Water and Solutes by Phloem and Xylem to Growing Fruits of Yucca flaccida Haw
Authors: van Die Jaap , Willemse Netty C. M.
Published: March 2023

Analyses of successively collected fractions of phloem exudate of Yucca flaccida, and of Yucca fruits picked at various stages of growth, together with experiments on transpiration from fruits, have led to the following conclusions:

During fruit growth potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus compounds, and nitrogenous substances are delivered to the fruit by both the xylem and the phloem. These solutes move also easily in radial direction between the xylem and phloem part of the vascular bundles. Actually they can be regarded as constituents of one stream of nutrients.

The overall efficiency of conversion of vascular‐fluid dry matter into mature‐fruit dry matter is approximately 61 %.

During its whole period of growth the fruit transpires an amount of water vapour of at least 6 times its own mature fresh weight.

Estimates could be made for the relative contributions of xylem and phloem in the delivery of fruit constituents. 18% of the water imported by the fruit during its growth had a phloem, 82 % a xylem origin; 89% is transpired, 11 % retained as a fruit constituent. At least 94 % of the dry matter, 69% of the potassium, 56% of the magnesium, 26% of the phosphorus, and 7% of the calcium of the average fruit have been delivered by the phloem. The translocation of nitrogenous substances occurs probably partly in a more indirect way with temporary storage in inflorescence parenchyma.
Behaviour of Agrostis tenuis Populations against Copper Ions in Combination with the Absence of some Macro‐Nutrient elements
Authors: Karataglis S. S.
Published: March 2023

The influence of the toxicity of copper, connected with the absence of a number of macro‐elements, was studied in two different populations of Agrostis tenuis Sibth, The tolerant mine population was adapted in contrast to the non‐tolerant population to a toxic (heavy metals), acid and low pH soil. The comparison of these two different populations has shown an increase in tolerance in the absence of macro‐nutrient elements in the tolerant population. It was thus concluded that the adaptation of the mine populations to the adverse conditions of their surroundings results in their being tolerant not only to the toxicity of the existing metals but also to other unfavourable edaphic factors to which the non‐tolerant populations show but minor resistance. As a result, the tolerant populations can withstand longer the selective pressure of their immediate surroundings, to which the non‐tolerant populations succumb.
Contrasting Effects of the Cotton Defoliant Thidiazuron and Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an Inhibitor of Ethylene Formation, on Stomatal Aperture and on Ethylene Formation in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Leaves
Authors: Elstner E. F. , Keller G. , Paradies Inge
Published: March 2023

The cotton defoliant, thidiazuron, 1‐phenyl‐3‐(1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐5‐yl)‐urea stimulated ethylene formation in primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris var. Favorit, three to eight days after spraying. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an inhibitor of ethylene formation, delayed this ethylene outburst by two to three days when sprayed together with the defoliant. Under conditions of dryness, thidiazuron inhibited the stomatal closure of bean leaves. Spraying with AVG counteracted this effect of thidiazuron on the stomates and caused a partial and reversible closure ca 1 day after spraying.
Vergleichende vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen an Schneeböden
Authors: Dierssen K.
Published: March 2023

Die begriffliche Abgrenzung von Schneeböden und ihrer Vegetation wird unterschiedlich gehandhabt und bereitet für die Einschätzung des Umfanges der Klasse Salicetea herbaceae Probleme. — Klimaunterschiede zwischen der alpinen Stufe mitteleuropäischer Gebirge und oroarktisch‐arktischer Regionen und die daraus resultierenden edaphischen Unterschiede werden als eine Ursache verschiedener Gliederungskonzepte der Vegetationstypen hervorgehoben. Die teilweise unzulängliche Berücksichtigung der Kryptogamen erschwert zusätzlich die Vergleichbarkeit der regional gewonnenen Befunde

Syndynamische Beziehungen zu Kontaktgesellschaften werden skizziert, und für die Schneeboden‐Vegetation bezeichnende Geoelemente werden vorgestellt und in ein Gliederungskonzept (Tabelle 2 und Appendix) eingearbeitet. Für die Abgrenzung der Phytozönosen im Bereich der Arktis sind zusätzliche Untersuchungen notwendig

Die ökologisdien Verhältnisse werden beispielhaft an einem Transekt aus den Zentralalpen (Ötztal, Österreich) skizziert (Abb. 2 bis 4). Die Bedeutung von Kryptogamensynusien für die Charakterisierung kleinräumig wechselnder edaphischer Unterschiede wird betont und die ökologische Amplitude einiger ”Schlüsselarten” umrissen
Lebensformen und Überlebensstrategien bei Sukkulenten
Authors: Ihlenfeldt Hans‐Dieter
Published: March 2023

7. Zusammenfassung

Sukkulente lassen sich definieren als Pflanzen, die in ihrem Körper grögere Mengen Wasser speich ern und die in der Lage sind, zu Zeiten von Wassermangel aus diesen Speichern Wasser zu mobilisieren und zur Aufrechterhaltung von wichtigen Lebensvorgangen an beliebiger Stelle des Pflanzenkorpers einzusetzen. Solche wichtigen Lebensvorgange sind z. B. die Versorgung der Sproßscheitel, der lebenden Zellen in Wurzel und Achse und die Aufrechterhaltung eines Minimums an Photosynthese. Die Wasserspeicher können zu Zeiten guter Wasserversorgung wieder gefiillt werden, d. h. der Vorgang der Wassermobilisierung ist reversibel.

Sukkulente (in dem oben definierten Sinne) lassen sich nach anatomischen Kriterien in zwei Gruppen einteilen:

. Ort der Wasserspeicherung und art der Photosynthese sind identisch (“Allzellsukkulente”).

. Ort der Wasserspeicherung und art der Photosynthese sind getrennt, d. h. es wird ein spezialisiertes Wasserspeichergewebe ausgebildet (“Speichersukkulente”).

Die anatomischen Unterschiede sind Ausdruck unterschiedlicher Investitionsstrategien und damit Lebensstrategien; zwischen anatomischem Bau, Morphologie der Photosyntheseorgane, Gestalt der Pflanze, Wuchsleistung und der Fähigkeir, unter üngewohnlich extremen Bedingungen zu überleben, bestehen enge funktioneile Beziehungen.

Allzellsukkulente sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Investitionen fur die Wasserspeicher, die gleichzeitig art der Photosynthese sind, gering gehalten werden; dies ermoglicht die flexible Nutzung von iiberdurchschnittlich giinstigen Perioden und relativ schnelles Wachstum. Grofse Wasserverluste und niedriger Nutzungsgrad der Wasserspeicher fuhren aber zu erheblichen Nachteilen wahrend besonders ungiinstiger Perioden, die vielfach zum Tod der adulten Individuen führen.

Speichersukkulente sind durch hohe Investitionen in ihre Wasserspeicher gekennzeichnet. Höherer Nutzungsgrad der Wasserspeicher und geringere Verluste ermoglichen es ihnen, selbst verlangerte Dürreperioden als adulte Individuen zu überstehen; sie sind jedoch inflexibel in der Nutzung günstiger Perioden und ihre Wuchsleistung ist gering.

Die beiden Grundstrategien können auf unterschiedliche Weise miteinander kombiniert werden. Einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Strategic‐Typen gibr die Abb. 12.

Zwischen den unterschiedlichen Strategien in der vegetativen Phase einerseits und den Strategien in der reproduktiven Phase andererseits bestehen enge funktio nelle Beziehungen. So wird z. B. die Struktur der Blütenstande eingepaßt in die Strategie der vegetativen Phase; besonders deutlich sind diese Interdependenzen beim Keimungsverhalten der Samen.
Konvergente Evolution von Blatt‐ und Epidermismerkmalen bei blattsukkulenten Familien
Authors: Jürgens Norbert
Published: March 2023

IV. Zusammenfassung

In mindestens 7 Familien (Aizoaceae s. I., Chenopodiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Piperaceae, Commelinaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae) stehen blattsukkulente Vertreter mit einem peripheren Wasserspeichergewebe solchen mit einem zentralen Speicher gegeniiber. Bei den Aizoaceae s. I. (IHLENFELDT und HARTMANN 1982) und bei den Piperaceae (KAUL 1977) kann als gesichert gelten, daß die Evolution von peripheren Speichern ausgegangen ist und zu zentraler Speicherung als optimaler Adaptation an die Anforderungen an perennierende Organe oder Pflanzen unter ariden Bedingungen fortgeschritten ist. Für Crassulaceae, Commelinaceae, Orchidaceae und Asteraceae liegen deutliche Parallelen zu den erstgenannten Familien und viele Hinweise fiir einen parallelen Evolutionsverlauf vor.

In mindestens 5 Familien (Aizoaceae, Asteraceae, Piperaceae, Commelinaceae, Orchidaceae) sind morphologische Reihen ausgebildet, die die Formen mit peripheren Speichern mit Formen mit zentralen Speich ern verbinden und die als phylogenetische Reihen interpretiert werden konnen. Demnach ist es denkbar, daß die Evolution der Blattsukkulenz in mehreren Familien ahnlich und in mehreren Teilschritten verlief: Periphere Wasserspeicher sind im Pflanzenreich weit verbreitet (s. NAPP‐ZINN 1984) und dürfen als leicht evoluierbare Adaptation an zeitweise aride Bedingungen angesehen werden, die offenbar für viele Familien den ersten Schritt zur Eroberung arider Standorte darstellt. Es ist vorstellbar, daß erst an solchen Standorten Selektionsbedingungen vorliegen, die die Entwicklung so aufwendiger Strukturen erzwingen, wie sie in den voluminösen zylindrischen Blättern mit kompliziert gebauten dickwandigen Epidermen gesehen werden miissen. Selbstverstandlich muß auch die Vorstellung einer getrennten Evolution der beiden Speichertypen in getrennten Entwicklungsreihen in Betracht gezogen werden, zumal es einige — wenn auch unbedeutende — blattsukkulente Familien gibt, die nur zentrale Speicher aufweisen. Gegen diese Vorstellung bei den oben aufgezahlten Familien spricht aber das Vorkommen von — verschieden gut belegten — Forrnenreihen, die die Extreme miteinander verbinden.

Die Vorstellung einer parallelen Evolution ausgehend von peripheren Wasserspeichern hin zu zentralen Speichern bei mehreren blattsukkulenten Familien sollte als Arbeitshypothese bei zukiinftigen phylogenetischen und ökologischen Betrachtungen der blattsukkulenten Verwandtschaftskreise in Betracht gezogen und überprüft werden.
‘We don't have the answers’: What do we know about the experiences of psychological professionals providing virtual psychological support to people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic?
Authors: Burton Holly , Gordon Kim
Published: March 2023

Background

Government restrictions enforced globally in response to COVID‐19 necessitated changes to the delivery of mental health services, with many psychology professionals (PPs) forced to transfer their face‐to‐face practice to virtual means (telephone/video therapy) overnight. This review explores what is known about the experiences of PPs providing psychological support to people with intellectual disabilities (PWID) during the pandemic.

Method

Literature was systematically searched and 11 papers were identified, critically appraised and thematically synthesised.

Results

Four themes were synthesised from findings: (1) ‘Impact at Service Level’, (2) ‘The Emotional Impact on PPs’, (3) ‘The Limitations of Virtual Support’, (4) ‘Unexpected Gains’.

Conclusions

This review highlights the challenges and positives in experiences of PPs, whilst acknowledging the inequalities experienced by PWID. It is hoped that the findings can be used to aid education and training, and inform future practice and policy. Future research is recommended.
Social skills and symptoms of anxiety disorders from preschool to adolescence: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Habibi Asgarabad Mojtaba , Steinsbekk Silje , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: March 2023

Background

Prior research, mostly cross‐sectional or prospective studies with short follow‐up periods, has indicated that childhood anxiety is associated with difficulties with social interaction. However, the etiological role of social skills in the development of anxiety in childhood remains unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether childhood anxiety impedes the development of age‐appropriate social skills.

Methods

The relation between anxiety and social skills was, therefore, examined in two birth cohorts of children who were assessed biennially from the ages of 4 to 14 years (n = 1,043). Semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews of children (from age 8) and parents were used to measure symptoms of separation, generalized, and social anxiety disorders as well as specific phobias. Social skills were measured through the parent‐reported Social Skills Rating System. A random intercept cross‐lagged panel model was used to analyze the data, adjusting for observed time‐variant covariates (emotion regulation, secure attachment, bullying victimization, and global self‐esteem) and all unobserved time‐invariant confounding effects.

Results

Reduced social skills predicted increased symptoms of anxiety at ages 8, 10, and 12 (β = −.26, β = −.17, and β = −.15, respectively), whereas an increased number of anxiety symptoms did not forecast changes in social skills.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that reduced social skills may be involved in the development of anxiety symptoms in middle childhood and should, therefore, be considered in efforts to prevent and treat childhood anxiety.
Attainment and loss of early social‐communication skills across neurodevelopmental conditions in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Havdahl Alexandra , Farmer Cristan , Surén Pål , Øyen Anne‐Siri , Magnus Per , Susser Ezra , Lipkin W. Ian , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Stoltenberg Camilla , Bishop Somer , Thurm Audrey
Published: March 2023

Background

Delays and loss of early‐emerging social‐communication skills are often discussed as unique to autism. However, most studies of regression have relied on retrospective recall and clinical samples. Here, we examine attainment and loss of social‐communication skills in the population‐based Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).

Methods

Mothers rated their child's attainment of 10 early‐emerging social‐communication skills at ages 18 and 36 months (N = 40,613, 50.9% male). Prospectively reported loss was defined as skill presence at 18 months but absence at 36 months. At 36 months, mothers also recalled whether the child had lost social‐communication skills. The Norwegian Patient Registry was used to capture diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism) and other neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs).

Results

Delay in at least one skill was observed in 14% of the sample and loss in 5.4%. Recalled loss of social‐communication skills was rare (0.86%) and showed low convergence with prospectively reported loss. Delay and especially loss were associated with elevated odds of an autism diagnosis (n = 383) versus no autism diagnosis (n = 40,230; ≥3 skills delayed: OR = 7.09[4.15,12.11]; ≥3 skills lost: OR = 30.66[17.30,54.33]). They were also associated with an increased likelihood of autism compared to some other NDDs. Delay (relative risk [RR] = 4.16[2.08, 8.33]) and loss (RR = 10.00[3.70, 25.00]) associated with increased likelihood of autism versus ADHD, and loss (RR = 4.35[1.28,14.29]), but not delay (RR = 2.00[0.78,5.26]), associated with increased likelihood of autism compared to language disability. Conversely, delay conferred decreased likelihood of autism versus intellectual disability (RR = 0.11[0.06,0.21]), and loss was not reliably associated with likelihood of autism versus intellectual disability (RR = 1.89[0.44,8.33]).

Conclusions

This population‐based study suggests that loss of early social communication skills is more common than studies using retrospective reports have indicated and is observed across several NDD diagnoses (not just autism). Nevertheless, most children with NDD diagnoses showed no reported delay or loss in these prospectively measured skills.
Drying kinetics and quality assessment of refractance window dried beetroot
Authors: Mandale Nagesh Malharso , Attkan Arun Kumar , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Nitin
Published: March 2023

Thin‐layer drying of red beetroot having slice thicknesses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm was carried out using a solar‐assisted continuous refractance window dryer at 75, 80, and 85°C drying temperatures for 30, 45, and 60 min. The drying kinetics including moisture ratio, drying rate, and moisture diffusivity was observed to understand the drying behavior of beetroot. The moisture ratio was fitted to the drying models for thin‐layer modeling of the beetroot drying. The drying operation reduced the firmness and water activity of the fresh beetroot; however, the antioxidant properties of dried beetroot increased with drying treatment. The minimum alteration was observed with a color difference and hue angle of dried slices. Process optimization was carried out to obtain the ideal drying conditions, which indicated the use of a dryer at 85°C temperature, 0.5 mm slice thickness, and 60 min exposure time with a desirability value of 0.874.

Practical applications

Fourth‐generation drying technology refractance window drying dried the beet root slices without case hardening and improve its antioxidant properties. Dried beetroot contains carotenoids, vitamins, nitrates, flavonoids, and various minerals that have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and hepato‐protective activities. Dried beetroot flakes or powder is useful for the development of different functional foods that have anti‐diabetic, cardiovascular disease lowering, hypertensive, and wound healing benefits.
Feasibility of a point‐of‐care ultrasound protocol for cardiorespiratory evaluation of horses in different clinical settings
Authors: Bevevino Kari E. , Cohen Noah D. , Gordon Sonya G. , Navas de Solis Cristobal
Published: March 2023

Background

A point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) protocol for evaluation of the cardiac and respiratory systems in horses does not exist.

Objectives

(a) Describe the windows of a POCUS protocol for cardiorespiratory assessment of horses (CRASH); (b) Estimate the number of acoustic windows that can be acquired by a sonographer‐in‐training; (c) Estimate the time required to complete the protocol for specific groups of horses; (d) Describe the sonographic abnormalities detected in horses presented with cardiovascular, respiratory, or systemic disease.

Animals

Twenty‐seven healthy horses, 14 horses competing in athletic events, and 120 horses with clinical disease.

Method

A pocket‐sized ultrasound device was used to acquire 7 sonographic cardiorespiratory windows in various clinical scenarios. The duration of the examination was timed, and images were evaluated for diagnostic quality. Abnormalities in horses with clinical disease were determined by an expert sonographer.

Results

The CRASH protocol could be performed in healthy and diseased horses in hospital, barn, and competition settings between 5.5 ± 0.9 (athletic horses) and 6.9 ± 1.9 min (horses with clinical disease). Thoracic windows were obtained most consistently, followed by right parasternal long‐axis echocardiographic windows. Frequently detected abnormalities were pleural fluid, lung consolidation, B‐lines, and moderate‐to‐severe left‐sided heart disease.

Conclusions

The CRASH protocol was feasible using a pocket‐sized ultrasound device in various groups of horses, could be completed rapidly in a variety of settings, and frequently identified sonographic abnormalities when evaluated by an expert sonographer. The diagnostic accuracy, observer agreement, and utility of the CRASH protocol merit further evaluation.
Plant life‐form distribution patterns in a tropical mountain region: Effect of climate, topography, and human disturbance
Authors: Jiménez‐López Derio Antonio , Ramírez‐Marcial Neptalí , Krömer Thorsten , González‐Espinosa Mario
Published: March 2023

Question

Understanding the specific distribution patterns of vascular plants on different spatial scales is central in ecology and conservation. We evaluate the distribution patterns of five plant life forms (climbers, epiphytes, herbs, shrubs, and trees) along the elevation gradient and geographic space of a mountain system, analyzing climate, topography, and human disturbance to explain variation in the richness of each life form, and determine the contribution of each life form to total richness along the elevation gradient.

Location

Sierra Madre of Chiapas, southeastern Mexico.

Methods

We used linear models to evaluate the elevational pattern of richness for each life form, as well as total richness, and analyzed the effects of climate (water–energy dynamics, thermal range), topography (topographic heterogeneity), and disturbance (Human Influence Index) on variation in total richness as well as of each life form using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). We used Non‐Metric Multidimensional (Distance) Scaling to determine variation in species composition along the elevation gradient. Finally, the contribution of each life form to total richness was evaluated using GLM.

Results

We recorded 235 families, 1,439 genera, and 5,196 species. Total richness and the richness of each life form increased with increasing elevation. GLM explained a high proportion of the variation in the richness of each life form (34.3% for total richness; climbers 17.2%, epiphytes 44.9%, herbs 20.4%, shrubs 33.5%, and trees 24.9%). The proportion of richness of herbs and trees to total richness decreased, and the proportion of shrubs, epiphytes, and climbers increased with elevation. Climate largely determined species richness for all life forms, whereas disturbance was significant only for epiphyte richness.

Conclusions

Results suggest that mechanisms driven by climatic variables (especially thermal range) contribute to maintaining the richness of each life form. However, human disturbance modifies distribution patterns and leads to a decrease in epiphyte richness. The differential contribution of each life form to total richness along the elevation gradient presents a challenge for designing conservation strategies applicable to all plant groups.
Baicalin and baicalein attenuate hyperuricemic nephropathy via inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF‐κB signalling pathway
Authors: Liu Ziyuan , Xiang Huilong , Deng Qin , Fu Wanting , Li Yang , Yu Zejun , Qiu Yinsheng , Mei Zhinan , Xu Lingyun
Published: March 2023

Aim

Inflammation and apoptosis are main pathological processes that lead to the development of hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN). This study aims to explore whether baicalin (BA) and baicalein (BAI) can relieve the damage through PI3K/AKT/NF‐κB signal pathway and provide more reliable and precise evidence for the treatment of HN.

Methods

HN mice were induced by yeast extract with potassium oxonate (PO), and HK‐2 cells were induced by monosodium urate (MSU). Molecular docking, western blot, q‐PCR, and other methods were used to explore the changes of various indicators in HN mice and HK‐2 cells.

Results

Molecular docking results showed that BA and BAI had good binding ability with PI3K, AKT, p65 and IκBα. BA and BAI significantly ameliorated the levels of renal function, decreased the p‐PI3K, p‐AKT and p‐p65 expression, down‐regulated the BAX/BCL2 and CASP3, and blunted the mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐18 in both renal tissue of HN mice and HK‐2 cells induced by MSU. BA and BAI also decreased the oxidative stress level of MSU‐induced HK‐2 cells.

Conclusion

BA and BAI were confirmed to attenuate HN through alleviating renal inflammatory and apoptosis in cells and tissues by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF‐κB pathway. BA and BAI were expected to be developed as new anti‐HN drugs.
Modelling changes in the prevalence of childhood myopia
Authors: Plainis Sotiris , Ktistakis Emmanouil , Sapountzis Panagiotis , Charman W. Neil
Published: March 2023

Purpose

To re‐examine the changes with time in the underlying patterns of individual refraction at different ages, which have led to an increased prevalence of myopia in a population of Asian children.

Methods

Using published cross‐sectional longitudinal data, the frequency distributions of spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) in yearly cohorts of 6‐ and 12‐year‐old Japanese children during the period 1984–1996 were modelled in terms of ex‐ and bi‐Gaussian distributions.

Results

Both models suggested that over the period of the study, little change occurred in the SE frequency distributions for 6‐year‐olds, with most children having SEs near emmetropia. In contrast, in each annual cohort of 12‐year‐olds, although the SE of some children remained near‐emmetropic, a sub‐set failed to maintain emmetropia. Most of this group became more myopic between 6 and 12 years of age. The proportion of children showing myopic progression increased over the period of study.

Conclusions

The observed increase in mean levels of myopia in older Japanese children in the late 20th century is due to a greater proportion of children failing to maintain emmetropisation between the ages of 6 and 12, rather than to myopic shifts in all children. Some children, with small SE changes between 6 and 12 years of age, would not have benefitted from any treatment intended to slow myopia progression.
Combining ability for rancidity and associated traits in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: Pallavi Mandalapu , Reddy Pulluru Sanjana , Ratnavathi Chamarthy Venkata , Krishna Kancharla Venkata Radha
Published: March 2023

Pearl millet occupies an important place in attaining nutritional security in marginal areas; however, as it develops off‐flavours, it is less preferred by food industry. The objective of the current study was to determine the variations in rancidity‐related traits and estimate the combining ability of inbreds and hybrids for these traits under varied environmental conditions. In this study, 32 hybrids were developed from eight lines and four testers using line × tester mating design and evaluated along with parents and checks 86M86 and HHB 67 for yield and rancidity‐associated traits in three environments. The hybrids L7T2 and L6T1 are identified as promising hybrids for grain yield and rancidity. Higher variance due to specific combining ability and predictability ratio for grain yield and rancidity‐associated characters indicate the predominance of non‐additive gene action. The tester T1 recorded a significant negative GCA effect with low alcoholic acidity. A significant and positive SCA for grain yield was observed in L3T1 and L7T2, whereas for rancidity in L5T4. Alcoholic acidity showed a significant positive association with 1000 seed weight, lipase and lipoxygenase in parents and negative association with 1000 seed weight in hybrids.
Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics approaches to interrogate skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise
Authors: Cervone Daniel T. , Moreno‐Justicia Roger , Quesada Júlia Prats , Deshmukh Atul S.
Published: March 2023

Acute exercise and chronic exercise training elicit beneficial whole‐body changes in physiology that ultimately depend on profound alterations to the dynamics of tissue‐specific proteins. Since the work accomplished during exercise owes predominantly to skeletal muscle, it has received the majority of interest from exercise scientists that attempt to unravel adaptive mechanisms accounting for salutary metabolic effects and performance improvements that arise from training. Contemporary scientists are also beginning to use mass spectrometry‐based proteomics, which is emerging as a powerful approach to interrogate the muscle protein signature in a more comprehensive manner. Collectively, these technologies facilitate the analysis of skeletal muscle protein dynamics from several viewpoints, including changes to intracellular proteins (expression proteomics), secreted proteins (secretomics), post‐translational modifications as well as fiber‐, cell‐, and organelle‐specific changes. This review aims to highlight recent literature that has leveraged new workflows and advances in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics to further our understanding of training‐related changes in skeletal muscle. We call attention to untapped areas in skeletal muscle proteomics research relating to exercise training and metabolism, as well as basic points of contention when applying mass spectrometry‐based analyses, particularly in the study of human biology. We further encourage researchers to couple the hypothesis‐generating and descriptive nature of omics data with functional analyses that propel our understanding of the complex adaptive responses in skeletal muscle that occur with acute and chronic exercise.
Circadian regulation of glutamate release pathways shapes synaptic throughput in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)
Authors: Ragozzino Forrest J. , Peterson Bree Anne , Karatsoreos Ilia N. , Peters James H.
Published: March 2023

Circadian regulation of autonomic reflex pathways pairs physiological function with the daily light cycle. The brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is a key candidate for rhythmic control of the autonomic nervous system. Here we investigated circadian regulation of NTS neurotransmission and synaptic throughput using patch‐clamp electrophysiology in brainstem slices from mice. We found that spontaneous quantal glutamate release onto NTS neurons showed strong circadian rhythmicity, with the highest rate of release during the light phase and the lowest in the dark, that were sufficient to drive day/night differences in constitutive postsynaptic action potential firing. In contrast, afferent evoked action potential throughput was enhanced during the dark and diminished in the light. Afferent‐driven synchronous release pathways showed a similar decrease in release probability that did not explain the enhanced synaptic throughput during the night. However, analysis of postsynaptic membrane properties revealed diurnal changes in conductance, which, when coupled with the circadian changes in glutamate release pathways, tuned synaptic throughput between the light and dark phases. These coordinated pre‐/postsynaptic changes encode nuanced control over synaptic performance and pair NTS action potential firing and vagal throughput with time of day.

image

Key points

Vagal afferent neurons relay information from peripheral organs to the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to initiate autonomic reflex pathways as well as providing important controls of food intake, digestive function and energy balance.

Vagally mediated reflexes and behaviours are under strong circadian regulation.

Diurnal fluctuations in presynaptic vesicle release pathways and postsynaptic membrane conductances provide nuanced control over NTS action potential firing and vagal synaptic throughput.

Coordinated pre‐/postsynaptic changes represent a fundamental mechanism mediating daily changes in vagal afferent signalling and autonomic function.
Static Equilibrium in a Uniform Gravitational Field
Authors: Alameh Adel
Published: March 2023

The physics of the state of equilibrium of a rigid body in a uniform gravitational field underlies two laws of equilibrium, namely, those of translational and rotational equilibrium as judged by an inertial observer in the reference frame of the body. Although the subject rests on firm ground, there exist two important geometrical features that are somehow being ignored by most authors; however, their implications for the understanding of the subject are quite indispensable. The first feature relates to the fact that if the body considered in equilibrium is acted upon by three external coplanar forces, then their lines of action should all meet in a single point. The second feature relates to finding the resultant of two parallel forces acting on a body. This paper provides a more extensive treatment of these geometric features by considering a somewhat simplified problem that examines their validity and illustrates their extreme importance.
Atmospheric Pressure vs. a Gigantic Barrel
Authors: Sakr Salam Sassine , Harb Tarek
Published: March 2023

In physics, pressure quantifies the importance of the force distribution on a surface area. In our everyday life, physical sensation is related to the pressure exerted by a mechanical force rather than the force itself. However, apart from the pain felt in our ears when landing during a flight or when going from the countryside to cities at lower altitudes, atmospheric air pressure often remains unnoticed. In the literature, many experiments have studied the effect of air pressure. In this paper, we decided to show the impact of this “unfelt” pressure in a remarkable way. Assisted by some of our undergraduate students, we constructed a 625-L steel barrel that was smashed by the atmosphere. This was made possible by creating a pressure difference at the surface of this gigantic barrel.
Efficacy and Safety of Nifurtimox in Pediatric Patients with Chagas Disease: Results at 4-Year Follow-Up in a Prospective, Historically Controlled Study (CHICO SECURE)
Authors: Altcheh Jaime , Sierra Victor , Ramirez Teresa , Pinto Rocha Jimy José , Grossmann Ulrike , Huang Erya , Moscatelli Guillermo , Ding Olivia
Published: March 2023

Nifurtimox is recommended for the treatment of Chagas disease; however, long-term follow-up data are scarce. This prolonged follow-up phase of the prospective, historically controlled, CHICO clinical trial evaluated seronegative conversion in pediatric patients aged <18 years with Chagas disease who were followed for 4 years after nifurtimox treatment.
The Interaction between Intratumoral Microbiome and Immunity Is Related to the Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Sheng Dashuang , Yue Kaile , Li Hongfeng , Zhao Lanlan , Zhao Guoping , Jin Chuandi , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2023

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of intratumoral microorganisms. However, the role of intratumoral microbes in the development of ovarian cancer and their interaction with the tumor microenvironment are largely unknown.
Legacy Effects of Phytoremediation on Plant-Associated Prokaryotic Communities in Remediated Subarctic Soil Historically Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Papik Jakub , Strejcek Michal , Musilova Lucie , Guritz Rodney , Leewis Mary-Cathrine , Leigh Mary Beth , Uhlik Ondrej
Published: March 2023

Subarctic ecosystems provide key services to local communities, yet they are threatened by pollution caused by spills and disposal of petroleum waste. Finding solutions for the remediation and restoration of subarctic soils is valuable for reasons related to human and ecosystem health, as well as environmental justice.
Rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as intramuscular haematoma due to brachioradialis tear after trauma
Authors: Warden Daniel , Cieply Kamil , Armstrong Brandon , Nelson Michelle
Published: March 2023

A man in his 40s with a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 presented to the emergency department with worsening anterior elbow pain and swelling after falling from a chair 2 months prior. An X-ray showed soft tissue swelling without fracture and the patient was diagnosed with a rupture of the biceps muscle. MRI of the right elbow showed a brachioradialis tear with a large haematoma along the humerus. This was initially thought to be a haematoma; therefore, wound evacuation was done twice. When the injury failed to resolve, a tissue biopsy was performed. This revealed a grade 3 pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. It is important to consider malignancy in the differential diagnosis with rapidly growing masses even if the initial presentation is suggestive of a benign condition. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is also associated with a higher risk of malignancy than the general population.
Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of essential packages of health services
Authors: Danforth Kristen , Ahmad Ahsan Maqbool , Blanchet Karl , Khalid Muhammad , Means Arianna Rubin , Memirie Solomon Tessema , Alwan Ala , Watkins David
Published: March 2023

Essential packages of health services (EPHS) are a critical tool for achieving universal health coverage, especially in low-income and lower middle-income countries. However, there is a lack of guidance and standards for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of EPHS implementation. This paper is the final in a series of papers reviewing experiences using evidence from the Disease Control Priorities, third edition publications in EPHS reforms in seven countries. We assess current approaches to EPHS M&E, including case studies of M&E approaches in Ethiopia and Pakistan. We propose a step-by-step process for developing a national EPHS M&E framework. Such a framework would start with a theory of change that links to the specific health system reforms the EPHS is trying to accomplish, including explicit statements about the ‘what’ and ‘for whom’ of M&E efforts. Monitoring frameworks need to consider the additional demands that could be placed on weak and already overstretched data systems, and they must ensure that processes are put in place to act quickly on emergent implementation challenges. Evaluation frameworks could learn from the field of implementation science; for example, by adapting the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework to policy implementation. While each country will need to develop its own locally relevant M&E indicators, we encourage all countries to include a set of core indicators that are aligned with the Sustainable Development Goal 3 targets and indicators. Our paper concludes with a call to reprioritise M&E more generally and to use the EPHS process as an opportunity for strengthening national health information systems. We call for an international learning network on EPHS M&E to generate new evidence and exchange best practices.