bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyse unbehandelter Jungwaldbestände als Grundlage für neue Pflegekonzepte | The Analysis of Untreated Young Stands as the Basis for a New Approach to Protection
Authors: Ammann Peter
Published: May 2007

By the example of Norway spruce, ash and maple pole-stage stands, the issue of biological rationalisation is investigated. Moreover, the timing of the first intervention required for quality timber production is discussed.
Klimawandel und der Einfluss auf die Frühlingsphänologie | Climate change and its influence on spring phenology
Authors: Rutishauser This , Studer Sibylle
Published: May 2007

Spring season (March–May) temperature trends show an increase in most regions of the world. In Europe, the spring temperatures important to plant physiology were the warmest during the decade 1997–2006 with respect to the past 500 years. A temperature increase of 1 °C would lead to an earlier onset of spring phenological phases of 2 to 10 days depending on the species and the region. A phenological multi-species index for Switzerland which includes several plant species is shown to be a suitable tool to describe Swiss spring variability over the past four decades. The index shows a mean trend of 1.5 days/decade from 1965–2002. The 280-year long series of the flowering of the cherry tree represents the index-variability of the past 40 years and gives the unique possibility to assess climate impact on spring phenological variability during past centuries.
Meteorologischer und phänologischer Jahresrückblick 2006 | Meteorological and phenological annual review for 2006
Authors: Defila Claudio
Published: May 2007

The year 2006 was characterised by a cold winter in 2005/2006 and by high temperatures during the summer and autumn of that year. Among others, these characteristics had an effect on the development of vegetation,as the beginning of the vegetation period was very late. Only the warm temperatures during April and May could make up the initial delay of the vegetation period and the high temperatures during June and July (the hottest July on record) led to the phenological summer phases beginning on time. Temperatures were also extremely high during the autumn. This may have been the reason why the phenological autumn phases, such as the leaf fall of beech, were observed relatively late. The repeated flowering and greening of the chestnut tree in Geneva can be described as a unique phenomenon.
Long-Term Body Mass Index Variability and Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes
Authors: Almuwaqqat Zakaria , Hui Qin , Liu Chang , Zhou Jin J. , Voight Benjamin F. , Ho Yuk-Lam , Posner Daniel C. , Vassy Jason L. , Gaziano J. Michael , Cho Kelly , Wilson Peter W. F. , Sun Yan V.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) is a commonly used estimate of obesity, which is a complex trait affected by genetic and lifestyle factors. Marked weight gain and loss could be associated with adverse biological processes.

Objective

To evaluate the association between BMI variability and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in 2 distinct cohorts.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) between 2011 and 2018 and participants in the UK Biobank (UKB) enrolled between 2006 and 2010. Participants were followed up for a median of 3.8 (5th-95th percentile, 3.5) years. Participants with baseline CVD or cancer were excluded. Data were analyzed from September 2022 and September 2023.

Exposure

BMI variability was calculated by the retrospective SD and coefficient of variation (CV) using multiple clinical BMI measurements up to the baseline.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was incident composite CVD events (incident nonfatal myocardial infarction, acute ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death), assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling after adjustment for CVD risk factors, including age, sex, mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes status, and statin use. Secondary analysis assessed whether associations were dependent on the polygenic score of BMI.

Results

Among 92 363 US veterans in the MVP cohort (81 675 [88%] male; mean [SD] age, 56.7 [14.1] years), there were 9695 Hispanic participants, 22 488 non-Hispanic Black participants, and 60 180 non-Hispanic White participants. A total of 4811 composite CVD events were observed from 2011 to 2018. The CV of BMI was associated with 16% higher risk for composite CVD across all groups (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19). These associations were unchanged among subgroups and after adjustment for the polygenic score of BMI. The UKB cohort included 65 047 individuals (mean [SD] age, 57.30 (7.77) years; 38 065 [59%] female) and had 6934 composite CVD events. Each 1-SD increase in BMI variability in the UKB cohort was associated with 8% increased risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.04-1.11).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that among US veterans, higher BMI variability was a significant risk marker associated with adverse cardiovascular events independent of mean BMI across major racial and ethnic groups. Results were consistent in the UKB for the cardiovascular death end point. Further studies should investigate the phenotype of high BMI variability.
PARP Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Morganti Stefania , Marra Antonio , De Angelis Carmine , Toss Angela , Licata Luca , Giugliano, Federica , Taurelli Salimbeni Beatrice , Berton Giachetti Pier Paolo Maria , Esposito Angela , Giordano Antonio , Bianchini Giampaolo , Garber Judy E. , Curigliano Giuseppe , Lynce Filipa , Criscitiello Carmen
Published: March 2024

Importance

Poly(adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of patients with germline BRCA1/2-associated breast cancer, representing the first targeted therapy capable of improving outcomes in patients with hereditary tumors. However, resistance to PARP inhibitors occurs in almost all patients.

Observations

This narrative review summarizes the biological rationale behind the use of PARP inhibitors in breast cancer, as well as the available evidence, recent progress, and potential future applications of these agents. Recent studies have shown that the benefit of PARP inhibitors extends beyond patients with germline BRCA1/2-associated metastatic breast cancer to patients with somatic BRCA1/2 variants and to those with germline PALB2 alterations. Moreover, these agents proved to be effective both in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. However, patients with metastatic breast cancer usually do not achieve the long-term benefit from PARP inhibitors observed in other tumor types. Mechanisms of resistance have been identified, but how to effectively target them is largely unknown. Ongoing research is investigating both novel therapeutics and new combination strategies to overcome resistance. PARP1-selective inhibitors, by sparing the hematological toxic effects induced by the PARP2 blockade, are promising agents to be combined with chemotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and other targeted therapies.

Conclusions and Relevance

Although the efficacy of PARP inhibitors is well established, many questions persist. Future research should focus on identifying predictive biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. Integrating well-designed translational efforts into all clinical studies is thereby crucial to laying the groundwork for future insights from ongoing research.
The Influence of Mo Content and Annealing on the Oxidation Behavior of Arc‐Melted Cr–xMo–8Si Alloys
Authors: Koliotassis Lisa , White Emma M. H. , Galetz Mathias C.
Published: March 2024

The influence of Mo (10–40 at%) additions to Cr–8 at%Si is systematically studied by analyzing arc‐melted alloys in the as‐cast and annealed state. The oxidation resistance is tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at 1200 °C in air for up to 100 h. Samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The studied Cr–xMo–8Si alloy series shows a beneficial effect of Mo on the corrosion behavior. For all of the investigated Mo contents, no nitridation is observed and the oxide scale adhesion is improved. An increased amount of intermetallic A15 phase leads to the formation of a SiO2 scale beneath the Cr2O3 layer during high‐temperature exposure. The internal SiO2 layer inhibits further internal oxidation of the A15 phase. Uniform size and distribution of A15, benefits the formation of a duplex oxide scale. Cr–25Mo–8 at%Si, shows the most promising oxidation behavior. The TGA data follows the paralinear law, with both the growth rate, kp, and volatilization rate, kv, of Cr2O3 being reduced by adding 10–25 at% Mo. A binary Cr/Mo–Si phase diagram is generated in order to determine accurate annealing conditions and estimate the stability range of the metastable σ phase.
High‐Throughput Study of the Phase Constitution of the Thin Film System Mg–Mn–Al–O
Authors: Lourens Florian , Suhr Ellen , Schnickmann Alena , Schirmer Thomas , Ludwig Alfred
Published: March 2024

The increasing importance of recycling makes the recovery of valuable elements from slags interesting. The concept of engineered artificial minerals aims at the formation of phase(s) with a high content of the to‐be‐recovered element(s) from slags of pyrometallurgical recycling processes. For this, understanding the phase constitution of the slag systems, such as the spinel‐forming subsystem Mg–Mn–Al–O from Li‐ion battery recycling, is of great importance. Herein, the phase constitution is investigated using a thin film materials library (ML) that covers the composition space (Mg14−69Mn11−38Al14−74)Ox. High‐throughput energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction confirm the formation of the spinel solid solution phase for a wide composition space. The Mn oxidation state is shown to be a mixture of Mn2+ and Mn3+ by analyzing Mn 2p3/2 spectra from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For one measurement area of the ML containing equal atomic amounts of Mg, Mn, and Al, transmission electron microscopy shows columnar spinel grains with Mg, Mn, and Al evenly distributed. Based on these results, it is suggested that the high likelihood of spinel formation in slags can be influenced by controlling the Mn oxidation state to allow the formation of desirable engineered artificial minerals for Li recovery.
Current Landscape of the Robotic Tactile Array Sensors and Algorithm‐Based Performance Enhancement
Authors: Cho Woosung , Park Yebin , Kim Hyunsoo , Yang HyeYeon , Jeong Unyong
Published: March 2024

The automated robots utilizing the traditional rigid tactile sensors have achieved significant success in effective task execution. Advancing into the era of service robots and humanoids that should perform sophisticated works in daily life, recent research trends in robotic tactile sensors have been shifting from the conventional rigid sensors to flexible/stretchable sensors. Over the past decade, the flexible/stretchable tactile sensors with human skin‐like mechanical compliance and stimulation perceptions have seen considerable advances. However, there are many substantial remaining challenges to produce practically useful flexible/stretchable tactile sensors such as the signal hysteresis originating from sensor material and the limited spatial resolution resulting from excessive addressing lines and signal interferences. Incorporation of learning‐based algorithms and data analysis techniques have been introduced recently and made remarkable successes in improving the challenges. Because most robotic tactile sensors are fabricated using the electronic sensing mechanisms or platforms, this article presents a concise overview on recent flexible/stretchable tactile sensors. This article introduces a brief discussion on the sensor performance parameters and sensing mechanisms, and the algorithmic approaches. In addition, it addresses existing challenges associated with current tactile array sensors and algorithms, then discusses prospects, and proposes a research direction for immediate practical uses in robots.
Polarization‐Sensitive Photodetector Based on Quasi‐1D (TaSe4)2I Nanowire Response to 10.6 µm
Authors: Wei Binbin , Zou Bingqian , Liu Jinxin , Wang Wenhui , Wang Wanqian , Cao Zhangyu , Han Tao , Li Feng , Luo Wei , Shan Lei , Long Mingsheng
Published: March 2024

Polarization‐sensitive infrared (IR) photodetection plays an important role in fiber optic communication, environmental monitoring, and remote sensing imaging. Semiconductors with quasi‐1D crystal structures exhibit unique optical and electrical properties due to their 1D carrier transport channels and large surface area‐to‐volume ratio, offering the possibility of high‐performance photodetectors with high photogain (G), polarization sensitivity photodetection. Herein, an ultra‐broadband photodetection (405 nm–10.6 µm) based on a quasi‐1D (TaSe4)2I single‐crystal nanowire is reported. The (TaSe4)2I photodetector exhibits excellent polarization‐sensitive photodetection, with a high dichroic ratio of Imax/Imin = 2.32 under 637 nm illumination. Notably, the (TaSe4)2I nanowire photodetector exhibits a competitive performance in uncooled mid‐wave infrared (MWIR) detection with a high photoresponsivity (R) of 110.5 AW−1 and specific detectivity (D*) of 4.8 × 1010 cmHz1/2W−1. Moreover, in the long‐wave infrared (LWIR) spectral range, an R of 67.6 mAW−1 is demonstrated at room temperature (RT). The (TaSe4)2I nanowire photodetector enables significant advancements for polarization‐sensitive and uncooled MWIR and LWIR photodetection.
Unleashing a Dual‐Warhead Nanomedicine to Precisely Sensitize Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Di , Song Qingxu , Wang Wenjuan , Li Qian , Zhao Zhipeng , Jiang Yue , Luan Yuxia
Published: March 2024

Despite remarkable achievements in cancer immunotherapy, significant challenges persist in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatment. Particularly, there is a critical issue of inadequate intratumoral infiltration of effector T cells, primarily attributed to the physical “hard” barrier caused by extracellular matrix (ECM) and the “soft” barrier imposed by immune suppression. Here, a dual‐warhead nanomedicine is reported that effectively targets and attacks the barriers to precisely sensitize PDAC immunotherapy. The nanomedicine is achieved by designing tumor cell membrane vesicle (TMV)‐coated polyamidoamine dendrimer‐condensed siRNA complexes, with hedgehog inhibitor encapsulated in TMV bilayers. With the precision‐guided stealth feature of TMV coating, the nanomedicine achieved powerful tumor‐targeting co‐delivery of hedgehog inhibitor and siRNA, resulting in a significant decrease in collagen I secretion and efficient silencing of the target gene to disrupt the ECM and immune suppression barriers. This nanomedicine enables robust immunity against PDAC progression and metastasis, offering a potent approach to PDAC therapy.
Evolution of Self‐Assembled Lignin Nanostructure into Dendritic Fiber in Aqueous Biphasic Photocurable Resin for DLP‐Printing
Authors: Wang Luyao , Wu Ruijie , Wang Qingbo , Backman Oskar , Eklund Patrik , Wang Xiaoju , Xu Chunlin
Published: March 2024

The design of lignin nanostructures where interfacial interactions enable enhanced entanglement of colloidal networks can broaden their applications in hydrogel‐based materials and light‐based 3D printing. Herein, an approach for fabricating surface‐active dendritic colloidal microparticles (DCMs) characterized by fibrous structures using nanostructured allylated lignin is proposed for the development of lignin‐based photocurable resins. With allyl‐terminated surface functionality of 0.61 mmol g−1, the entanglement between lignin‐DCM fibrils with a size of 1.4 µm successfully produces only lignin‐based hydrogels with structural integrity through photo‐crosslinking. The colloidal network of lignin dendricolloids reinforces the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels during a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing process by generating bicontinuous morphologies, resulting in six‐fold increases in toughness values with respect to the neat PEG hydrogel. The dual effectiveness of photoabsorption and free‐radical reactivity of lignin‐DCMs allow the light‐patterning of rather dilute PEG hydrogels (5–10%) with high geometric fidelity and structural complexity via DLP 3D printing. This study demonstrates a green and effective strategy for the design of 1D lignin‐DCMs that increases the versatility of the nanostructured biopolymer, opening up numerous opportunities for formulating functional hydrogels with robust structure‐property correlations.
Tough Adhesive Puncture Sealing Sutures with Swelling Triggered Bioadhesion for Enhanced Wound Closure
Authors: Ma Zhenwei , Nguyen Alex , Chung‐Tze‐Cheong Christopher , Mazy David , Ghezelbash Farshid , Yang Zhen , Liu Yin , Liu Shiyu , Lamer Stéphanie , Gao Zu‐hua , Obuseh Favour , Freedman Benjamin R. , Nault Marie‐Lyne , Li Jianyu
Published: March 2024

Surgical sutures are gold‐standard wound closure devices. However, they are unable to form a tight seal with surrounding tissues, raising the risks of body fluid leakage and surgical site infection. Additionally, the use of sutures can result in cracking at suture roots, damage and micro‐trauma to soft tissues due to the slicing and compression of suture fibers after their placement. Bioadhesives capable of mimicking natural biological interfaces are appealing alternatives, but they cannot achieve the same level of strength as conventional surgical sutures. Here, a tough adhesive puncture sealing (TAPS) suture, featuring swelling‐triggered bioadhesion to mend the gap between the suture and the surrounding tissues with a soft yet tough adhesive interface is reported. This unique design principle of TAPS sutures is applicable to diverse soft tissues of various defect sizes and can be controlled by modulating the hydrogel swelling kinetics. The advantages of the TAPS sutures for meniscal tear repair and intestine tissue sealing ex vivo, corroborates their favorable applications in managing mechanically active musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal tissues are demonstrated. The design and performance of the TAPS sutures offer extensive possibilities for redesigning surgical tools and developing next‐generation medical devices for wound management and tissue repair.
Enhanced Performance in Cesium Tellurium Chlorine by Hafnium Alloying for X‐Ray Computed Tomography Imaging
Authors: Lai Jun'an , Wang Pengjiu , Zheng Baofeng , Xuan Tongtong , Wu Daofu , Wang Zixian , Wang Yijia , Zhang Wenxia , Du Juan , He Peng , An Kang , Tang Xiaosheng
Published: March 2024

The term “light yield” (LY) refers to the ability of scintillator materials to convert high‐energy radiation into visible light. A higher LY corresponds to improved energy and spatial resolution in detectors. The enhancement of scintillator material performance is a crucial aspect of their development. In this study, the Cs2TeCl6 (CTC) double perovskite microcrystals is synthesized, and the broadband yellow emission shows a high degree of matching with the Charge‐coupled Device (CCD). However, the LY of CTC is poor for practical applications in X‐ray imaging. The scintillation performance is significantly enhanced through hafnium alloying. The LY increased from ≈4167 to 38 523 photons/MeV, and the detection limit decreased from 948 to 258 nGy s−1. The underlying mechanism of Te4+ ions emission is systematically explored through density function theory (DFT) analysis, along with investigations into pressure‐dependent photoluminescence, temperature‐dependent photoluminescence, and low‐temperature thermoluminescence. Furthermore, a flexible X‐ray scintillator screen with an outstanding high spatial resolution of 15.9 lp mm−1 is successfully fabricated. This work not only represents a substantial advancement in the scintillation performance of Te4+ ions emission double perovskite microcrystals but also provides an effective strategy for the development of the next generation of halide scintillators.
Targeted Repair of Spinal Cord Injury Based on miRNA‐124‐3p–Loaded Mesoporous Silica Camouflaged by Stem Cell Membrane Modified with Rabies Virus Glycoprotein
Authors: Fan Xiangchuang , Shi Lusen , Yang Zimeng , Li Yiwei , Zhang Chi , Bai Baoshuai , Chen Lu , Yilihamu Elzat Elham‐Yilizati , Qi Zhangyang , Li Wenxiang , Xiao Peng , Liu Mingshan , Qiu Jichuan , Yang Fan , Ran Ning , Shang Yifan , Liu Jiaxing , Zhang Tehan , Kong Xiaohong , Liu Hong , Zhou Hengxing , Feng Shiqing
Published: March 2024

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has no effective treatment modalities. It faces a significant global therapeutical challenge, given its features of poor axon regeneration, progressive local inflammation, and inefficient systemic drug delivery due to the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB). To address these challenges, a new nano complex that achieves targeted drug delivery to the damaged spinal cord is proposed, which contains a mesoporous silica nanoparticle core loaded with microRNA and a cloaking layer of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell membrane modified with rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG). The nano complex more readily crosses the damaged BSCB with its exosome‐resembling properties, including appropriate size and a low‐immunogenic cell membrane disguise and accumulates in the injury center because of RVG, where it releases abundant microRNAs to elicit axon sprouting and rehabilitate the inflammatory microenvironment. Culturing with nano complexes promotes axonal growth in neurons and M2 polarization in microglia. Furthermore, it showed that SCI mice treated with this nano complex by tail vein injection display significant improvement in axon regrowth, microenvironment regulation, and functional restoration. The efficacy and biocompatibility of the targeted delivery of microRNA by nano complexes demonstrate their immense potential as a noninvasive treatment for SCI.
Harnessing Atomically Dispersed Cobalt for the Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Lignocellulose
Authors: Li Xiancheng , Ma Rumin , Gao Xueying , Li Helong , Wang Shuizhong , Song Guoyong
Published: March 2024

The reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulose, considering lignin valorization at design time, has demonstrated the entire utilization of all lignocellulose components; however, such processes always require catalysts based on precious metals or high‐loaded nonprecious metals. Herein, the study develops an ultra‐low loaded, atomically dispersed cobalt catalyst, which displays an exceptional performance in the RCF of lignocellulose. An approximately theoretical maximum yield of phenolic monomers (48.3 wt.%) from lignin is realized, rivaling precious metal catalysts. High selectivity toward 4‐propyl‐substituted guaiacol/syringol facilitates their purification and follows syntheses of highly adhesive polyesters. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are generated by simple treatment of the obtained phenolic dimers and oligomers. RCF‐resulted carbohydrate pulp are more obedient to enzymatic hydrolysis. Experimental studies on lignin model compounds reveal the concerted cleavage of Cα–O and Cβ–O pathway for the rupture of β‐O‐4 structure. Overall, the approach involves valorizing products derived from lignin biopolymer, providing the opportunity for the comprehensive utilization of all components within lignocellulose.
Robust Anode‐Free Sodium Batteries with Durably Sodophilic Interfaces by Suppressing Sodium‐Alloy Transformation
Authors: Xie Chunlin , Wu Hao , Dai Jiawen , Fu Zhouhao , Zhang Rui , Ji Huimin , Zhang Qi , Tang Yougen , Qiu Tian , Wang Haiyan
Published: March 2024

Anode‐free sodium batteries (AFSBs) are a desirable choice for high‐energy‐density and low‐cost battery systems. However, the rapid capacity decline resulting from irreversible sodium plating and stripping remains a big challenge for AFSBs. Herein, a copper‐dominated Cu2Sb composite coating employing a co‐sputtering strategy is designed to improve the sodophilicity of copper foils. The Cu2Sb coating can construct a durably sodophilic and stable interface by suppressing the alloying transition of the sodophilic phase and alleviating the volumetric deformation of the coating. This stable alloy interface can greatly enhance sodium nucleation and improve ion transport at the interface by forming homogeneous NaF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. Ultimately, the AFSB assembled using this unique substrate with a highly loaded Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode (≈10 mg cm−2) can cycle 600 cycles deliver a discharge capacity of 75.4 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 74.2%, which is much higher than those of the untreated one or antimony coating one (<30% after 200 cycles). This co‐sputtering strategy provides new insights into the design of sodophilic coatings with sodium‐alloying ability and can be extended to the optimization of zinc‐metal batteries.
Highly Active and Stable Pd/MgAl2O4 Catalysts for Methane Catalytic Combustion
Authors: Li Jie , Cai Jieying , Zhang Yan , Wang Peng , Wang Xuehai , Fang Xiangchen , Yu Yunbo , Shan Wenpo
Published: March 2024

Mesoporous MgAl2O4 is synthesized via a novel sol–gel combustion method and the concentration of oxygen defects on the surface is modulated through varying the calcination temperature (850, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C). Notably, the 1Pd/MgAl2O4‐1000 catalyst exhibits superior catalytic activity and stability. The turnover frequency (TOF) for 1Pd/MgAl2O4‐1000 is 0.079 and 0.058 s−1 under dry conditions (300 °C) and wet conditions (380 °C), respectively. The results of H2 temperature‐programmed reduction and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the principal active species within the Pd/MgAl2O4‐y catalyst is PdO. Specifically, the Pd–MgAl2O4‐1000 catalyst exhibits the lowest temperature reduction peak (120 °C) and the highest redox capability. Additionally, O2 temperature‐programmed oxidation further elucidates that PdOx species in the Pd/MgAl2O4‐1000 catalyst is prone to decomposition and the resultant palladium metal is readily reoxidized. Consequently, the rapidity of the redox cycle between PdO and Pd0 emerges as a pivotal factor in CH4 catalytic combustion. Furthermore, a correlation analysis among catalyst particle size, oxygen defect concentration, and TOF is conducted. The findings illustrate a distinct volcano‐shaped curve in the relationship between oxygen defect concentration and TOF for the 1Pd/MgAl2O4−y catalysts. A comparable trend is also evident in the correlation between Pd particle size and TOF.
Clinical and molecular cytogenetic studies of five new patients with 20q11q12 deletion and review of the literature: Proposition of two critical regions
Authors: Bensaid Souad , Bendahmane Malika , Loddo Sara , Poke Gemma , Januel Louis , Nicolle Romain , Malan Valérie , Chatron Nicolas , Ottombrino Silvia , Dentici Maria Lisa , Novelli Antonio , Digilio Maria Cristina , Sanlaville Damien
Published: March 2024

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 20 (20q) are rare, with only 16 reported patients displaying a proximal interstitial 20q deletion. A 1.62 Mb minimal critical region at 20q11.2, encompassing three genes GDF5, EPB41L1, and SAMHD1, is proposed to be responsible for this syndrome. The leading clinical features include growth retardation, intractable feeding difficulties with gastroesophageal reflux, hypotonia and psychomotor developmental delay. Common facial dysmorphisms including triangular face, hypertelorism, and hypoplastic alae nasi were additionally reported. Here, we present the clinical and molecular findings of five new patients with proximal interstitial 20q deletions. We analyzed the phenotype and molecular data of all previously reported patients with 20q11.2q12 microdeletions, along with our five new cases. Copy number variation analysis of patients in our cohort has enabled us to identify the second critical region in the 20q11.2q12 region and redefine the first region that is initially identified. The first critical region spans 359 kb at 20q11.2, containing six MIM genes, including two disease‐causing genes, GDF5 and CEP250. The second critical region spans 706 kb at 20q12, encompassing four MIM genes, including two disease‐causing genes, MAFB and TOP1. We propose GDF5 to be the primary candidate gene generating the phenotype of patients with 20q11.2 deletions. Moreover, we hypothesize TOP1 as a potential candidate gene for the second critical region at 20q12. Of note, we cannot exclude the possibility of a synergistic role of other genes involved in the deletion, including a contiguous gene deletion syndrome or position effect affecting both critical regions. Further studies focusing on patients with proximal 20q deletions are required to support our hypothesis.
A further case of chondrodysplasia with growth failure occurring after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Authors: Kavanagh K. , Coleman J. , O'Connell S. M. , Fhoghlú C. Ní , Moore D. P. , Brenner C. , Lynch S. A.
Published: March 2024

There is an emerging body of evidence showing that young patients, post haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), can develop skeletal changes that mimic an osteochondrodysplasia process. The key discriminator is that these children have had otherwise normal growth and skeletal development before the therapeutic intervention (HSCT), typically for a haematological malignancy. Herein we present that case of a boy who underwent HSCT for Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) aged 2 years. Following Intervention with HSCT this boy's growth has severely decelerated (stature less than 1st centile matched for age) and he has developed a spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia.
14q22.3 duplication including OTX2 in a girl with medulloblastoma: A case report with literature review
Authors: Blake Claire , Widmeyer Kimmie , DAquila Kristen , Mochizuki Aaron , Smolarek Teresa A. , Pillay‐Smiley Natasha , Kim Sun Young
Published: March 2024

Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) is a known oncogenic driver of medulloblastoma. Germline duplication of 14q22.3 including OTX2 is a rare condition reported in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum, and hemifacial microsomia. There has been one previously published case of a patient carrying a 14q22.3 duplication that included OTX2 with hemifacial microsomia who also developed medulloblastoma. Here, we present a case of a 6‐year‐old girl with a history of delayed development who was diagnosed with medulloblastoma. Genetic evaluations revealed that she inherited a germline duplication of 14q22.3, which included OTX2. This genetic alteration was passed down from her mother, who also had a history of delayed development. Results from other genetic testing, including exome sequencing, fragile X syndrome, and mtDNA testing, were negative/normal. This is the second report of a 14q22.3 duplication that included OTX2 in a patient with medulloblastoma. Further studies are necessary to establish a clear association.
Aktivierung von Diorganyl‐bis(pyridylimino)isoindolid‐Aluminiumkomplexen mit sichtbarem Licht und deren organometallische Radikalreaktivität
Authors: Wenzel Jonas O. , Werner Johannes , Allgaier Alexander , van Slageren Joris , Fernández Israel , Unterreiner Andreas‐Neil , Breher Frank
Published: March 2024

Wir berichten über die Synthese und Charakterisierung einer Reihe von weitgehend luftstabilen Diorganyl‐bis(pyridylimino)isoindolid(BPI)−Aluminiumkomplexen und deren Reaktivität durch elektronische Anregung mittels sichtbarem Licht. Der redox‐aktive, “nicht‐unschuldige” BPI‐Pinzettenligand ermöglicht eine effiziente Charge‐Transfer‐Homolyse der Al−C‐Bindung. Dadurch dienen die vorgestellten Verbindungen als Ausgangsmaterialien für die Generierung von kohlenstoffzentrierten Radikalen. Die photo‐induzierte homolytische Spaltung der Al−C‐Bindung wurde mittels stationärer und transienter UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie, Abfangexperimenten der entsprechenden Radikale, sowie EPR‐ und NMR‐Spektroskopie analysiert und zudem mithilfe von quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht. Studien zur Reaktivität der entsprechenden Aluminiumkomplexe ermöglichten deren Nutzung als Reagenzien in Giese‐artigen Reaktionen und der Alkylierung von organischen Carbonylverbindungen, wobei Hinweise auf einen Wechsel von radikalischen zu polaren Mechanismen (radical‐polar‐crossover) gefunden wurden. Durch diese Arbeit wurde ein vertieftes Verständnis der physikalischen Hintergründe und der ablaufenden photochemischen Prozesse generiert, wodurch eine neue Strategie der Reaktionskontrolle von luftstabilen Organometallverbindungen des Aluminiums etabliert wurde.
Palladium(II)‐katalysierte nicht‐dirigierte late‐stage C(sp2)−H Deuterierung von Heteroaromaten ermöglicht über einen Multi‐Substrat‐Screening‐Ansatz
Authors: Dey Jyotirmoy , Kaltenberger Simon , van Gemmeren Manuel
Published: March 2024

Die Bedeutung deuterierter Verbindungen für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen, die von mechanistischen Studien bis hin zur Entdeckung von Arzneimitteln reichen, hat erhebliches Interesse an der Entwicklung neuer Methoden für den effizienten Einbau von Deuterium in organische und insbesondere in bioaktive Moleküle geweckt. Fünfgliedrige Heteroaromaten, die im Zentrum dieser Arbeit stehen, sind omnipräsente Motive in bioaktiven Molekülen und die Entwicklung effizienter Methoden zur Deuterierung dieser Verbindungen ist daher ein äußerst wichtiges Ziel der organischen Synthesechemie. Die signifikanten Unterschiede in den chemischen Eigenschaften verschiedener Heteroaromaten erschweren jedoch die Entwicklung allgemein anwendbarer Reaktionsbedingungen, so dass häufig eine separate Optimierungskampagne für jede unterschiedliche Heteroaromatenklasse erforderlich ist. In dieser Studie beschreiben wir die Verwendung eines Multi‐Substrat‐Screening‐Ansatzes, um optimale Reaktionsbedingungen für verschiedene Klassen von Heteroaromaten mit einer minimalen Anzahl von Screening‐Reaktionen zu ermitteln. Mithilfe dieses Ansatzes wurden, aufbauend auf unseren zwei Liganden‐basierten Palladiumkatalysatoren für die nicht‐dirigierte C(sp2)−H Aktivierung von Aromaten, vier komplementärere Reaktionsbedingungen identifiziert, die zusammen die Deuterierung strukturell vielseitiger Heteroaromaten, einschließlich bioaktiver Moleküle, ermöglichen.
The encapsulation and controlled release of proteins from “meltable” chemically cross‐linked hydrogels
Authors: Leung Cheney C. H. , Dura Gema , Waller Helen , Lakey Jeremy H. , Fulton David A.
Published: March 2024

Chemically crosslinked hydrogels can be used for the controlled delivery of therapeutic proteins, however, cargo loading can be challenging. A common approach involves performing the hydrogel crosslinking step in the presence of the cargo proteins, however, this can require the utilization of selective chemistries to ensure the cargos do not chemically react with the forming hydrogel network. We demonstrate that chemically crosslinked hydrogels based upon the protein polymer Capsular antigen fragment 1 (Caf1) can be used to encapsulate proteins within a chemically crosslinked hydrogel network. This encapsulation exploits the “meltable” feature of Caf1 hydrogels, where upon heating the Caf1 protein unfolds with concomitant depolymerization of the hydrogel network. Protein cargos can be loaded into the “molten” form of the hydrogel which cools with protein refolding and concomitant reformation of the hydrogel network to entrap the cargos, ensuring a more homogenous dispersion of the cargo. Analysis of release profiles indicated lower burst release in comparison to release from identical hydrogels loaded by an absorption method. This work is significant because it suggest that the “meltable” feature of Caf1 hydrogels may present an improved method of loading protein cargos into crosslinked hydrogel networks whilst avoiding the need for crosslinking chemistries.
Preparation of interwoven structure composite paper via polylactic acid infiltrating fiber network
Authors: Liu Yifan , Wang Liqiang , Wang Feijie , Ma Shufeng
Published: March 2024

Cellulose is commonly acknowledged as a sustainable material owing to its abundance and renewability. However, the abundance of hydroxyl groups makes the paper material highly hydrophilic, and the hydrogen bonds between the fibers are easily broken by water, leading to the degradation of mechanical properties. This work details the fabrication of a composite paper comprising interwoven cellulose and polylactic acid (PLA) structures through hot‐pressing and PLA impregnation onto handwritten paper derived from conventional wood pulp fibers as the substrate. The investigation assessed how varying PLA concentrations influenced the overall characteristics of the composite paper, including its morphology, structure, mechanical properties, water absorption behavior, and water contact angle. Experimental results revealed that the composite paper fabricated through our approach exhibited an intertwined structure comprising both PLA and cellulose. With a tensile index reaching 33.24 kN·m/kg and a mere 31.1% loss in tensile index post‐water treatment, the mechanical properties of the composite paper were significantly enhanced due to the robust interfacial compatibility between cellulose and PLA, as well as the adhesive effect of PLA. Furthermore, the composite paper (CP) is easily processable and amenable to thermoforming into paper trays as required, indicative of its potential applications in the packaging industry.
Synchronous hybrid brain–computer interfaces for recognizing emergency braking intention
Authors: Ju Jiawei , Feleke Aberham Genetu , Li Hongqi , Li Haiyang
Published: March 2024

Hybrid neurophysiological signals, such as the combination of electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG), can be used to reduce road traffic accidents by obtaining the driver's intentions in advance and accordingly applying appropriate auxiliary controls. However, whether they can be used in combination and can achieve better results in situations of detecting emergency braking from normal driving and soft braking has not been explored. This study used one feature‐level (hybrid BCI‐FL) and three classifier‐level (hybrid BCIs‐CLs) hybrid strategies, the spectral band, and spectral point features to construct recognition models. Offline and pseudo‐online experiments were conducted. The recognition performance with the spectral point features showed a better result than that with spectral band features. In all experiments, the two proposed hybrid BCI strategies could achieve a detection accuracy close to or above 95%, while the detection advanced time is less than 300 ms. In particular, for the developed hybrid BCI recognition models, the hybrid BCI‐FL and hybrid BCI‐CL2 recognition models with spectral point features achieved 4.25% (p < 0.015) and 4.69% (p < 0.006) higher system accuracies, respectively, than that of the current better single EMG‐based recognition model. This research promotes the application of hybrid EEG and EMG signals in intelligent driving assistance systems.
Synthesis and in vitro Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Novel Dendrobine Amide/Sulfonamide Derivatives
Authors: Jiao Zi‐Wei , Liu Han‐Fei , Lin Kai‐Qin , Xie Guang‐Tong , Lou Hua‐Yong , Pan Wei‐Dong , Zhang Mao‐Sheng
Published: March 2024

A traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, dendrobine, has been demonstrated to have anti‐inflammatory properties. However, due to its poor anti‐inflammatory properties, its clinical use is limited. Consequently, we have designed and synthesized 32 new amide/sulfonamide dendrobine derivatives and screened their anti‐inflammatory activities in vitro. Experiments showed that nitric oxide (NO) generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 cells was strongly reduced by derivative 14, with an IC50 of 2.96 μM. Western blot research revealed that 14 decreased the concentration‐dependent expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS). Molecular docking was used to predict the binding of the inflammation‐associated proteins COX‐2 and INOS to compound 14.
The interaction between lncRNAs and transcription factors regulating autophagy in human cancers: A comprehensive and therapeutical survey
Authors: Jasim Saade Abdalkareem , Almajidi Yasir Qasim , Al‐Rashidi Reyadh R. , Hjazi Ahmed , Ahmad Irfan , Alawadi Ahmed Hussien Radie , Alwaily Enas R. , Alsaab Hashem O. , Haslany Ali , Hameed Mohamood
Published: March 2024

Autophagy, as a highly conserved cellular process, participates in cellular homeostasis by degradation and recycling of damaged organelles and proteins. Besides, autophagy has been evidenced to play a dual role through cancer initiation and progression. In the early stage, it may have a tumor‐suppressive function through inducing apoptosis and removing damaged cells and organelles. However, late stages promote tumor progression by maintaining stemness features and induction of chemoresistance. Therefore, identifying and targeting molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy is a potential therapeutic strategy for human cancers. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of autophagy by modulating the expression of autophagy‐related genes (ATGs). In addition, a wide array of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of regulatory ncRNAs, have been evidenced to regulate the function of these autophagy‐related TFs through tumorigenesis. Subsequently, the lncRNAs/TFs/ATGs axis shows great potential as a therapeutic target for human cancers. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize new findings about the role of lncRNAs in regulating autophagy‐related TFs with therapeutic perspectives.
Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus promote anti‐inflammatory profile of macrophages‐derived monocytes of newly diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Javanmardi Zahra , Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Rafatpanah Houshang , Rezaieyazdi Zahra , Shapouri‐Moghaddam Abbas , Ahmadi Parisa , Mollazadeh Samaneh , Tabasi Nafiseh Sadat , Esmaeili Seyed‐Alireza
Published: March 2024

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known as an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the breakdown of self‐tolerance, resulting in disease onset and progression. Macrophages have been implicated as a factor in the development of SLE through faulty phagocytosis of dead cells or an imbalanced M1/M2 ratio. The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on M1 and M2 macrophages in new case lupus patients. For this purpose, blood monocytes were collected from lupus patients and healthy people and were cultured for 5 days to produce macrophages. For 48 h, the macrophages were then cocultured with either probiotics or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Flow cytometry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were then used to analyze the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD80, and human leukocyte antigen – DR (HLADR) markers, as well as cytokine expression (interleukin [IL]1‐β, IL‐12, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF‐α], IL‐10, and transforming growth factor beta [TGF‐β]). The results indicated three distinct macrophage populations, M0, M1, and M2. In both control and patient‐derived macrophage‐derived monocytes (MDMs), the probiotic groups showed a decrease in CD14, CD80, and HLADR expression compared to the LPS group. This decrease was particularly evident in M0 and M2 macrophages from lupus patients and M1 macrophages from healthy subjects. In addition, the probiotic groups showed increased levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β and decreased levels of IL‐12, IL1‐β, and TNF‐α in MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects compared to the LPS groups. Although there was a higher expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in lupus patients, there was a higher expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects. In general, L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus could induce anti‐inflammatory effects on MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects.
Aglycemia induces apoptosis under hypoxic conditions in A549 cells
Authors: Öğünç Keçeci Yüksel , İncesu Zerrin
Published: March 2024

Many of the cancer cells produce energy with accelerated glycolysis and perform lactic acid production even under normoxic conditions called the “Warburg effect”. Metabolism can directly or indirectly regulate the apoptotic mechanism so that cancer cells take advantage of reprogrammed metabolism to avoid apoptosis. The aim of this study is to examine the mechanism of apoptosis by incubating human lung carcinoma cells (A549) under different metabolic conditions in hypoxia or normoxia environments. A549 cells were incubated in the normoxic or hypoxic condition that contained 5 mM glucose (Glc 5), 25 mM glucose (Glc 25), or 10 mM galactose (OXPHOS/aglycemic), and the mechanism of apoptosis was investigated. In the hypoxia condition, the rate of early apoptosis in aglycemic OXPHOS cells was increased (15.5% ±7.1). In addition, the activity of caspase‐3 (6.1% ± 0.9), caspase‐9 (30.4% ± 0.9), and cytochrome c expression level increased; however, the mitochondrial membrane potential (51.9% ± 0.4) was found to be decreased. Changing the amount of oxygen in glycolytic cells had no effect on apoptosis. However, it has been determined that apoptosis is stimulated under hypoxia conditions in aglycemic cells in which galactose is used instead of glucose. Considering that the majority of cancer cells are hypoxic, these data are important in determining targets in therapeutic intervention.
The association between ferroptosis and autophagy in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Yang Junjun , Ouyang Chenxi , Meng Ning
Published: March 2024

Autophagy is a process in which cells degrade intracellular substances and play a variety of roles in cells, such as maintaining intracellular homeostasis, preventing cell overgrowth, and removing pathogens. It is highly conserved during the evolution of eukaryotic cells. So far, the study of autophagy is still a hot topic in the field of cytology. Ferroptosis is an iron‐dependent form of cell death, accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides. With the deepening of research, it has been found that ferroptosis, like autophagy, is involved in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between autophagy and ferroptosis is complex, and the association between the two in cardiovascular disease remains to be clarified. This article reviews the mechanism of autophagy and ferroptosis and their correlation, and discusses the relationship between them in cardiovascular diseases, which is expected to provide new and important treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases.