RND pumps across theAcinetobactergenus; AdeIJK is the ancestral efflux system
Authors: Darby Elizabeth M. , Bavro Vassiliy N. , Dunn Steven , McNally Alan , Blair Jessica M. A. 
Published: October 2022

Acinetobacterare generally soil-dwelling organisms that can also cause serious human infections.A. baumanniiis one of the most common causative agents ofAcinetobacterinfections and is extensively drug resistant. However, an additional 25 species within the genus have also been associated with infection.A. baumanniiencodes 6 RND efflux pumps, the most clinically relevant class of efflux pumps for antibiotic export, however the distribution and types of RND efflux pumps across the genus is currently unknown. Sixty-three species making up theAcinetobactergenus were searched for RND systems within their genomes. We also developed a novel method using conserved RND residues to predict the total number of RND proteins including currently undescribed RND pump proteins. The total number of RND proteins differed both within a species and across the genus. Species associated with infection tended to encode more pumps. AdeIJK/AdeXYZ was found in all searched species ofAcinetobacter, and through genomic, structural and phenotypic work we show that these genes are actually orthologues of the same system. This interpretation is further supported by structural analysis of the potential drug-binding determinants of the associated RND-transporters, which reveal their close similarity to each other, and distinctiveness from other RND-pumps inAcinetobacter, such as AdeB. Therefore, we conclude that AdeIJK is the fundamental RND system for species in theAcinetobactergenus. AdeIJK can export a broad range of antibiotics and provides crucial functions within the cell, for example lipid modulation of the cell membrane, therefore it is likely that allAcinetobacterrequire AdeIJK for survival and homeostasis. In contrast, additional RND systems, such as AdeABC and AdeFGH were only found in a subset ofAcinetobacter, that are associated with infection. By understanding the roles and mechanisms of RND efflux systems inAcinetobacter, treatments for infections can avoid efflux-mediated resistance and improve patient outcomes.

Impact statement

Efflux pumps extrude antibiotics from within bacterial cells directly conferring antibiotic resistance and underpinning other mechanisms of resistance. By understanding the exact complement of efflux pumps and their roles across infection-causing organisms such as those within theAcinetobactergenus, it is possible to understand how cells become resistant to antibiotics and how this might be tackled. Efflux is an attractive target for inhibition to increase susceptibility to existing drugs and therefore, knowing which pumps are present in each species is important. Furthermore, we present a novel method using conserved RND residues to predict the total number of RND proteins including currently novel systems, within bacterial genomes.

Data Summary

This study made use of publicly available datasets downloaded from NCBI’s GenBank. A full list of accession numbers can be found in supplementary text 3. Bioinformatics software used in this study was previously published and listed in the methods section. The BLASTp conserved residue files are in S1 text 1 and 2.

The authors confirm all supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files.