bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytonutrients of Nutraceutical Importance
Authors: Dias-Souza Marcus Vinícius , Martins dos Santos Renan
Published: September 2016

Phytotherapy re-emerged in the latest years as a healing system accepted and spread worldwide, and different molecules have been investigated due to their benefits to health. Nutraceutical formulations, which allow the intake of phytonutrients (generally in low levels in plant food) in concentrations that are enough to achieve the desired outcomes, represent feasible alternatives to improve general health and to prevent and treat varied diseases. Notwithstanding the incompleteness of an evidence-based clinical use of nutraceuticals, many questions remain unanswered regarding their global effects in humans and animals. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to provide recent evidence on chemical and pharmacological features of the main phytonutrients explored in nutraceutical formulations, focusing antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials. Also, some insights on drug-phytonutrients interactions will be discussed.
Exploring the Potentials of Antioxidants in Retarding Ageing
Authors: Kesheri Minu , Kanchan Swarna , Sinha Rajeshwar P.
Published: September 2016

In retrospect to the rise in the occurrence of ageing related disorders and the everlasting desire to overcome ageing, exploring the causes, mechanisms and therapies to curb ageing becomes relevant. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are commonly generated during normal growth and development. However abiotic and biotic stresses enhance the level of ROS which in turn pose the threat of oxidative stress. Ability to perceive ROS and to speedily commence antioxidant defenses is crucial for the survival as well as longevity of living cells. Therefore living organisms are bestowed with antioxidants to combat the damages caused by oxidative stress. This chapter aims to elucidate an overview of the process of ageing, generation and enhancement of reactive oxygen species, damages incurred by oxidative stress, its amelioration strategies, therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of antioxidants and various sources of bioactive compounds significant in retardation of aging process.
Food Allergy and Food Poisoning
Authors: Marquinez Jose Iñaki Alava , Lopez Miguel Angel
Published: September 2016

Taken into account data from which is considered a product not safe, estimate the safe level of a contaminant on food, for example, always have many unavoidable uncertainties. It cannot be overemphasized enough, that this also happens as in any other human activity. In most cases, we hope, to define as clearly as possible the eventual risk associated with particular conditions of exposure to a given substance in food. There are numerous toxic compounds that reside naturally in certain foods that unable these to be consumed above certain limits or even are fully prohibited in some other countries. Chapter starts with a clear explanation of differences and relationships between food allergy and food poisoning, continued with main allergens in food and main toxics. Finally, authors summarize different origins of toxins and allergens (natural from foods, from additives, pollutants and food processing).
Perspective Uses of Essential Oils in Functional Foods and Antimicrobial Packaging Material
Authors: Malik Tripti
Published: September 2016

Functional foods are recently introduced to assure superior nutritional quality; contain biologically active compounds in defined amounts. These foods have to be effectively packaged and stored in order to prevent microbial spoilage and risk of food borne infections. Recently, food technologists and scientists are formulating the Essential Oil (EOs) containing functional foods. The antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of EOs have been proved by a number of researchers. Health conscious consumers prefer natural additives, hence these volatile oils due to their green image can be safely used as a replacement of synthetic preservatives. The shelf life of functional foods can be improved by antimicrobial packaging incorporating EOs and their derivatives in the edible films and coatings. EOs can be easily fabricated as microencapsules and nanoparticles, which increases their stability and solubility. Hence EOs are considered as the most usable additives in future functional foods.
Fasti Congressuum
Authors: Pastor Elena Duce , Cristina de la Escosura María , Escámez de Vera Diego M. , del Mar Rodríguez María , Lozano David Serrano
Published: September 2016

Every year, all over the world, hundreds of calls for papers are submitted and hundreds of congresses take place, all of them devoted to some aspect of antiquity. With such an enormous amount of international activity, it is rather difficult, if not impossible, for an individual researcher, or a researching group, to keep in track of every single academic activity related to their specialty, not to say of general academic activities at international scale. It is a very common phenomenon listening to complains from students, young researchers or even consolidated ones about the lack of information on some activities they would have been interested in participating in. The members of this project have checked this experience, even personally, happening in different countries, always talking about classics and antiquity studies. Fasti Congressuum was born by and for students and researchers on Antiquity as an independent project and a tool against this situation.
The MuseBot Project
Authors: Gallozzi Arturo , Carbone Giuseppe , Ceccarelli Marco , De Stefano Claudio , Scotto di Freca Alessandra , Bianchi Marina , Cigola Michela
Published: September 2016

This chapter intends to present the MuseBot system as the result of multidisciplinary research, underway at the University of Cassino and Southern Latium, which focuses on the use of robots for visiting a museum during closing time. During the visit the visitor, connected to the robot through a home computer, smartphone or tablet can control and “drive” the device through the halls of the museum. During the virtual tour the visitor, focusing and viewing the various works on display can get a simple view or an extended examination of the work that he/she is looking at, through a specially prepared multimedia database.
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Authors: Bianchini Carlo , Inglese Carlo , Ippolito Alfonso , Maiorino Daniele , Senatore Luca James
Published: September 2016

The BIM universe will undoubtedly arouse great and diversified interests amongst actors involved in the design/building process but also of scholars dealing with representation disciplines. The BIM systems appear in fact particularly suitable to respond to both needs providing on a single platform analytic tool, visualization interfaces, assessment instruments but also a bundle for the representation of reality. And, in addition to that, always taking into account the management of the process in terms of timing that is a key element for a correct handling of any building workflow. Nevertheless, the urgency of optimization of time and resources will drive very rapidly this change achieving, eventually, the real result: an evolution of future generation professionals, more willing and able to cooperate beyond personal skills.
The Decreasing Fortune of the Drawing in the Architectural Processes
Authors: Carpiceci Marco , Colonnese Fabio
Published: September 2016

The architecture survey and the architecture design are both processes that move along the line that links a building to an exhaustive system of its representations but in the two opposite senses. The survey is concerning the knowledge of an existing architecture while the design is defining a whole building from a single original mental image. Both the processes historically adopted the drawing as the main instrument to control and develop the key actions and transmit the final product. The introduction of innovative technologies such as laser scanner and BIM has broken this practice and drawing seems today relegated to a secondary posthumous verification role while assemblage and data-base logics are threatening the continuous flow between mind, eyes and hand the drawing had been assuring for centuries. This chapter analyzes current practices of both survey and design to highlight their limits, equivoques, and risks.
Real/Not Real
Authors: Clini Paolo , Quattrini Ramona , Frontoni Emanuele , Pierdicca Roberto , Nespeca Romina
Published: September 2016

Recent advances in data acquisition techniques and modeling tools lead towards a large availability of digital 3D models. Cultural Heritage domain, and particularly Architecture and Archaeology Heritage (AAH) significantly benefits from the introduction of digital 3D modeling, which represents a means of communication and dissemination. An underlying research challenge is represented by the portability of complex artifact, making them suitable for a large set of devices (e.g. mobile devices). The aim of this chapter is to outline best practices for the correct visualization of the 3D reconstructions of architectural and cultural heritage, especially for Mobile Augmented Reality and Holographic applications. A complete methodology is presented, ranging from data acquisition, simplification and visualization, underlining the importance of fostering architectural values in a compelling way. Authors also provide state of art challenges, limitations and opportunities, arguing the dissertation through a set of ad-hoc applications developed for different case studies.
U.I.R.D.A. – Unbuilt Italian Rationalism Digital Archive
Authors: Maggio Francesco , Vattano Starlight
Published: September 2016

For twenty years, the architecture of Italian rationalism through the digital modelling has been investigated. Very often, the production of a model and the consequent representation of tridimensional views, in many case studies, as outcome of the research on architecture have been considered. Actually, the digital model, intended as a critical tool, has to be conceived as a ‘starting point' for graphic analysis of architecture and not as the outcome. Indeed, it is associated to other graphics, sometimes not ‘deducted' from the model, useful for the understanding/translation of architecture. The construction of the model is not the construction of a simple image, operation, which is often carried out for the representation of the project, but it is the hermeneutic and critical result of the drawing tending to the analysis of the form, which is the true object of ‘imitation'. This study wants to contribute to the construction of a digital archive on the topic of the single-family house investigated by Piero Bottoni and Luigi Vietti.
Palatium Vetus in Alessandria
Authors: Marotta Anna , Netti Rossana , Vitali Marco
Published: September 2016

The book “Palatium Vetus: The broletto recovered in the heart of Alessandria” is the theoretical, scientific and cognitive achievement of the complex restoration and enhancement, that have returned to the building its role of town prominent features, one of the main focal points of its architectural and urban history. The volume is presented as a result of a large-scale cultural relationship, created and programmed between the ‘Palazzo del governatore' of Alessandria and the Politecnico di Torino. The use of innovative technologies of representation, aimed to combine – also edited in new forms – the concept of 'Digital History', constitute a useful opportunity of welding between the correctness of the contents, the scientific-disciplinary outcome and the divulgative effectiveness. The 'Virtual Communication' becomes a media that clarifies the new role of the restored building as cultural center, able to revamp the image of the entire local community.
Observing to Understand, Understanding to Develop
Authors: Alletru Amélie , Munoz Grégory
Published: September 2016

Observing teaching-learning situations in order to better understand them, such was the OPEN project (Altet, Bru and Blanchard-Laville, 2012). This project has been transformed into the research federative structure of OPÉEN&ReForm (the passage from observation by research to observation for training being at stake). In this chapter, the resort to the video aiming at analyzing the activity is carried out according to an approach of professional didactics (Pastré, 2011; Vinatier, 2013) with the purpose to help the professionals in their development (Vinatier, 2013). The authors introduce the case study of a co-analysis approach of the video traces of a teacher activity, according to her point of view, in a collaborative research (Vinatier et al., 2012) in French Polynesia, what seems to constitute for her a potential situation of professional development (Mayen, 1999), in her authorizing herself to try out new ways to lead her teaching.
Learning to Unpack Standards-Based Mathematics Teaching through Video-Based Group Conversations
Authors: Santagata Rossella , Jovel Janette , Yeh Cathery
Published: September 2016

Research that focuses on understanding pre-service teachers' learning processes as they engage in video-based activities is still limited. This study investigates pre-service teachers' group conversations around videos of mathematics teaching. Conversations of two groups attending a ten-week video-based course introducing standards-based instruction were videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. Pre-service teachers' discussions included elements of an analysis framework used to guide their viewing: mathematics content, analysis of teaching and of student thinking and learning, and suggestions for instructional improvement. Analyses became more elaborated over the duration of the course. In addition, pre-service teachers discussed standards-based mathematics teaching by increasingly valorizing its characteristics. Findings highlighted important dimensions for working with video in teacher collaborative settings: the purpose, viewing lens, group dynamics, and facilitator role.
Videos in Teacher Training
Authors: Magnoler Patrizia , Pentucci Maila
Published: September 2016

What role has video analysis today in activating, supporting and guiding this professional development process? In this chapter, we will try to provide some answers and open up research paths that can provide suggestions for redirecting training and joint-training processes. The use of video-analysis as a tool for self-comparison was found to be vital; it was however decided to not give it an exclusive role, but include it as part of a more complex training device. The interest of the study was aimed at understanding action, in its planning, the contextualised situation, a review of the action and perception of oneself before and after the intervention. The research in question is based on a holistic case study that was selected for its representative nature within the group of teachers in the research-training, and can therefore be defined as an “emblematic case”.
The Use of Video Recording in the Study and Conceptualization of the Didactic Transposition Process
Authors: Pezzimenti Ljuba
Published: September 2016

This research is born of a dual interest: on one hand in the concept of didactic transposition, i.e., “the work done to manufacture a teaching object out of an object of knowledge,” (Chevallard, 1985, p. 39), and on the other hand, for studying practical research and training methods for teachers, based on observation and on the study of teaching practices. This paper describes a case study in which several filmed lessons of a primary school teacher have been analysed by the author using a model to study didactic transposition that was developed following an advanced theoretical study. By then combining the video films with interviews between the researcher and teacher, the results of lesson analysis were provided to the teacher in order to raise his awareness of some of the characteristic aspects of the way in he performed the didactic transposition for the subject of history. The training aim is followed by a research aim, i.e., “assessment” by the researcher of the training or educational route achieved by the teacher. This assessment is the linchpin of this paper.
Video-Analysis and Self-Assessment in Teaching Work
Authors: Perla Loredana , Schiavone Nunzia
Published: September 2016

Video-research, which represents a multi-methodological practice and an interdisciplinary study area, responds to various knowledge problems created by the complexity of the didactic phenomena to be investigated, and proposes instruments and technologies that have a very high potential about phenomena description, reproduction and comprehension, not only for researchers but also for teachers themselves who are the protagonists of those phenomena. Starting by these preliminary remarks, this chapter will be focused on the introduction of the preliminary results of a video-research itinerary achieved by the DidaSco group (School Didactics) throughout a project itinerary that involved six infant, primary and secondary (first degree only) schools in Bari and its province, working on History didactics intermediary processes. In the meantime, in this chapter a particular attention will be paid to the introduction of a video analysis form which was realized by the authors.
Video and Its Incorporation into Social Networking Sites for Teacher Training
Authors: De Pablos-Pons Juan , Colás-Bravo Pilar , González-Ramírez Teresa , Conde-Jiménez Jesús , Reyes-de-Cózar Salvador , Contreras-Rosado José Antonio
Published: September 2016

This chapter is proposed with the primary aim of analysing the massive incorporation of the video in social networking sites, as a narrative resource support in those platforms. At the same time, and more specifically, it aims to show how they are able to be used in teacher training, since social networking sites appear as enhancing the use of video possibilities in open teacher training. However, in the educational field are shown as an aspect that still needs to explore and deepen this line of research. First, this chapter presents the phenomenon of the incorporation of video into social networking sites. Second, we present a systematization of the research work on the pedagogical value of videos and social networking sites in teacher training. This new scenario favours knowledge democratization and involves a reformulation of teacher training models and professional identity.
Measuring Cross-Border Regional Integration with Composite Indicators
Authors: Makkonen Teemu
Published: September 2016

Earlier quantitative studies on cross-border regional integration processes have commonly neglected Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) indicators: even the most notable example of a composite indicator approach to measuring cross-border regional integration, i.e. the Oresund index, lacks a sub-category for STI. Consequently, by ignoring cross-border innovation and knowledge flows, the Oresund integration index fails to take into account one of the most important drivers of economic growth in cross-border regions. Therefore, a new composite STI indicator (sub-category) was introduced to strengthen the Oresund integration index. This was compiled from patent, publication and collaborative R&D project data. The findings show that this index performs reasonably well in depicting STI integration, while at the same time remaining simple and straightforward enough to be adopted in other cross-border regions.
Composite Indicators of a Knowledge Society
Authors: Hamid Norsiah Abdul , Ishak Mohd Sobhi , Yusof Norhafezah , Zaman Halimah Badioze
Published: September 2016

The concept of Knowledge Society (KS) began due to recognition of the importance of knowledge and information in the development of a society. This chapter proposes a holistic view of knowledge society based on the development of composite indicators in nine different dimensions. The objective of the study is to propose a multi-dimensional approach comprising human capital, ICT, spirituality, economy, social, institutional and sustainability as determinants towards achieving a KS. These dimensions are discussed in-depth by the experts in semi-structured interviews and also validated by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The semi-structured interview data are presented in a verbatim manner so as to provide readers with in-depth feedback from the experts, while the EFA and CFA results of composite indicators are presented in graphics. Thus, this chapter contributes to the understanding of composite indicators of a knowledge society which can then be used by policy makers for future policy-making decision.
Composite Indicators Construction by Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Savić Gordana , Martić Milan
Published: September 2016

Composite indicators (CIs) are seen as an aggregation of a set of sub-indicators for measuring multi-dimensional concepts that cannot be captured by a single indicator (OECD, 2008). The indicators of development in different areas are also constructed by aggregating several sub-indicators. Consequently, the construction of CIs includes weighting and aggregation of individual performance indicators. These steps in CI construction are challenging issues as the final results are significantly affected by the method used in aggregation. The main question is whether and how to weigh individual performance indicators. Verifiable information regarding the true weights is typically unavailable. In practice, subjective expert opinions are usually used to derive weights, which can lead to disagreements (Hatefi & Torabi, 2010). The disagreement can appear when the experts from different areas are included in a poll since they can value criteria differently in accordance with their expertise. Therefore, a proper methodology of the derivation of weights and construction of composite indicators should be employed. From the operations research standpoint, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) are proper methods for the construction of composite indicators (Zhou & Ang, 2009; Zhou, Ang, & Zhou, 2010). All methods combine the sub-indicators according to their weights, except that the MCDA methods usually require a priori determination of weights, while the DEA determines the weights a posteriori, as a result of model solving. This chapter addresses the DEA as a non-parametric technique, introduced by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (1978), for efficiency measurement of different non-profitable and profitable units. It is lately adopted as an appropriate method for the CI construction due to its several features (Shen, Ruan, Hermans, Brijs, Wets, & Vanhoof, 2011). Firstly, individual performance indicators are combined without a priori determination of weights, and secondly, each unit under observation is assessed taking into consideration the performance of all other units, which is known as the ‘benefit of the doubt' (BOD) approach (Cherchye, Moesen, Rogge, & van Puyenbroeck, 2007). The methodological and theoretical aspects and the flaws of the DEA application for the construction of CIs will be discussed in this chapter, starting with the issues related to the application procedure, followed by the issues of real data availability, introducing value judgments, qualitative data, and non-desirable performance indicators. The procedure of a DEA-based CI construction will be illustrated by the case of ranking of different regions of Serbia based on their socio-economic development.
Methodological Challenges in Building Composite Indexes
Authors: Santeramo Fabio Gaetano
Published: September 2016

Composite indicators are emerging in several fields and disciplines as appealing method to synthesize a multitude of information, in a compact, single, and unique way. The process of aggregating heterogeneous information is itself very challenging and exposed to numerous threats. The chapter deepens on the methodological challenges that scientists, analysts, and final users must be aware of for a correct interpretation of the composite indexes. By mean of a worked example on the construction of composite indicators for food security, the chapter concludes that while different normalization and weighting approaches do not alter composite indicators, data imputation and aggregation methods are the most crucial steps: different methods convey very different results. For instance, the adoption of different aggregation procedures may largely alter the rankings based on composite indicators. In sum, the analysis shows that the index construction decisions matter and comment on policy and practical implications for the construction of composite indicators.
Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Construct Human Development Index
Authors: Junior Paulo Nocera Alves , Mariano Enzo Barberio , Rebelatto Daisy Aparecida do Nascimento
Published: September 2016

This chapter addresses problems related to methodological issues, such as data normalization, weighting schemes, and aggregation methods, encountered in the construction of composite indicators to measure socio-economic development and quality of life. It also addresses the use of several Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models to solve these problems. The models are discussed and applied in constructing a Human Development Index (HDI), derived from the most recent raw and normalized data, using arithmetic and geometric means to aggregate the indices. Issues related to data normalization and weighting schemes are emphasized. Kendall Correlation was applied to analyze the relationship between ranks obtained by DEA models and HDI. Recommendations regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using DEA models to construct HDI are offered.
Using a Value Cycle Framework to Analyze Teamwork Capability as a Learning Outcome in Interior Design Studio Courses
Authors: Gavilanez Paola , Ortlieb Amber , Carey Thomas
Published: September 2016

Previous research on teaching and learning in the design disciplines has demonstrated the complex set of factors which need to be aligned in order for our students to be prepared for professional practice in teamwork. This chapter reports on ongoing work to extend this previous research, including integration with an institutional learning outcomes framework, incorporation of insights from beyond the design disciplines to engage student motivation in capability development, and a specific interest in the ways team teaching in design studios can contribute to the development of students' teamwork capability (in addition to advancing their development of design capability).
Prejudicial Evaluation
Authors: Tucker Richard
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers a simple but important question: can students fairly assess each other's individual contribution to team designs? The chapter focuses on a key problem when using online self-and-peer assessment to individualising design grades for team assignments, namely rater bias – the possibility of students being biased when assessing their own and their peers' contributions. Three rater-bias issues are considered in depth: (1) self-overmarking; (2) gender bias and gender differences; and (3) out-group bias in the peer assessment of international students in multicultural cohorts. Each issue is explored via the analysis of eight years of quantitative data from the use of an online self-and-peer assessment tool. Evidence is found of self-overmarking and of out-group bias in nonhomogeneous cohorts. However, no evidence is found of gender bias. The chapter concludes with recommendations for design teachers around the assessment of individual contributions to teamwork using self-and-peer assessment.
Embracing Non-Traditional Partnerships in Design Education
Authors: Rider Traci Rose , Bowen Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

This chapter reviews the outline, process, and structure of the LEED Lab course at North Carolina State University (NCSU), which has engaged students from multiple colleges across the University. This chapter will specifically address NCSU's particular approach to teamwork in design education, using an existing building on NCSU's campus and an established assessment framework to provide context. With the LEED for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance as a guide, interdisciplinary teams of students worked together to establish recommendations for future operations. Additional teamwork opportunities included the engagement of a number of NCSU facilities departments, including Repairs and Renovation, Energy Services, Waste Reduction and Recycling, and others. Using examples of team-building exercises, integration with NCSU's Facilities Division, in-class hands-on exercises, and in-process photographs, this chapter will walk the reader through the opportunities and challenges of integrating non-traditional teamwork exercises into design education processes.
Preemployment Psychological Screening of Police Officer Applicants
Authors: Mitchell Cary L.
Published: September 2016

The psychological screening of law enforcement officer applicants represents a core practice area in police psychology. Significant advances have been made in recent years regarding the development of practice guidelines and standards. This chapter provides an overview of the essential components of this specialized form of high-stakes psychological assessment. Important legal principles are highlighted and key resources are identified. The core steps in a contemporary screening model are described and the psychological self-report measures most widely used in psychological screenings are profiled. Factors impacting the validity and usefulness of psychological test results are discussed. The critical need for preemployment psychological screenings of police officer candidates to be culturally sensitive is addressed, as are some of the criticisms that have been identified in the literature. The chapter stresses the need for preemployment assessments of police officer candidates to be evidence-based, ethically attuned, and consistent with recent advances in police psychology.
Transition and Reintegration of Military Personnel to Law Enforcement Careers
Authors: Curran Stephen F. , Holt Elizabeth O. , Afanador Joseph H.
Published: September 2016

Over two million United States military service members have served in the theaters of Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001. Many of these military service members are seeking employment in law enforcement upon discharge from active duty. The skills acquired from military service are complementary to many of the essential job functions of a law enforcement officer, thus a natural fit. In addition, military reserve police officers have seen activations for deployment to combat regions. These National Guard and Reserve service members make a rapid transition from military fatigues to a police uniform upon their return from deployment. After outlining the scope of the military deployment cycle, reintegration programs and preemployment assessment challenges are described in this chapter. The comprehensive description will provide psychologists working with law enforcement and related public safety agencies the necessary tools for both assessing and supporting the success of those reintegrating to their law enforcement careers.
The Evolution of Police Interactions with People with Mental Health Problems
Authors: Cotton Dorothy , Coleman Terry G.
Published: September 2016

As early as the 1970s, some police agencies began to develop education and training initiatives as well as specialized response initiatives to assist police in responding to calls for service involving people with mental health problems. Various versions of Memphis's Crisis Intervention Team program as well as various co-response models have become increasingly common. However, the effectiveness of these often stand-alone programs remains unclear. What has become clear is that police agencies require a strategic approach to interactions between police and vulnerable populations including those with mental health problems. This chapter, which provides an overview of the evolution of these specialized police responses, proposes that there is a need for a more comprehensive third generation approach—a strategic approach—rather than solely a “program” approach. Identification is made of specific areas in which the unique skills of psychologists are important in furthering the success of the necessary strategic approach.
Police Interactions with Persons-in-Crisis
Authors: Christopher Michael E. , Tsushima Vincent G.
Published: September 2016

This chapter addresses the interaction of law enforcement officers and people who are psychologically impaired as a result of mental illness, emotional disturbance, or severe intoxication. The chapter consists of three major sections. Part One provides an overview of the larger legal and social factors that increasingly require law enforcement to develop specialized programmatic responses for responding to a Person-in-Crisis (PIC). Part Two provides an overview of different types of programmatic attempts to address the problems associated with these at-risk populations. Part Three offers recommendations to police psychologists on how to develop programmatic solutions to the challenges faced by law enforcement when dealing with PICs.
Handmade Content and School Activities for Autistic Children with Expressive Language Disabilities
Authors: Ikuta Shigeru , Ishitobi Ryoichi , Nemoto Fumio , Urushihata Chiho , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Nakui Haruka
Published: September 2016

Original teaching materials with dot codes, which can be linked to multimedia such as audio, movies, Web pages, html files, and PowerPoint files were created for use with autistic children with intellectual and expressive language disabilities. A maximum of four audio recordings can be linked to one dot code icon. One of the authors (S. I.) also created “Post-it” icons, on which dot codes were printed, and shared these with teachers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). As part of this project, many activities using dot code materials were successfully conducted at special needs and general schools. Basic information on the creation of these materials and their use in schools are presented in this paper.
Assistive Technology-Based Programs to Support Adaptive Behaviors by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Stasolla Fabrizio , Boccasini Adele , Perilli Viviana
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides readers with an overview regarding empirical evidences available in the literature within the last decade (i.e., 2005-2015) concerning the use of assistive technology for children with autism spectrum disorders. According to the including and excluding criteria, 36 studies were retained and grouped in four main categories, namely: (a) communication skills, (b) adaptive and/or social skills, (c) life skills, and (d) challenge behaviors. The first aim of the chapter was to outline strengths and weaknesses of the aforementioned studies. The second objective of the chapter was to emphasize practical applications of assistive technology-based programs. Finally, the third purpose was to discuss the findings pointing out some useful guidelines for future research. Results were fairly positive, although some failures occurred. Clinical, educational, psychological and rehabilitative implications were also discussed.
Binarism as a Recipe for Lukewarm Research into Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mapara Jacob
Published: September 2016

The thesis of this chapter is that there is need for vigorous and robust research into Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in Zimbabwe. It argues that such research is afflicted by binarism, an affliction that permeates the Zimbabwean academic psyche. It notes that the major stumbling block to meaningful research emanates from the effects of western forms of epistemology that have affected some Zimbabwean scholars who have come to believe that all good science comes from the west. The researcher further argues that what makes the Zimbabwean situation so gloomy is the fact that the country does not have an IKS policy, but a science, technology and innovation policy that makes reference to IKS in passing. It is this lack of commitment, the paper further asserts, that afflicts academia because there are areas where government is expected to take a lead, but in the case of Zimbabwe, this leadership is lacking.
Researching Indigenous Ways of Knowing-and-Being
Authors: Romm Norma Ruth Arlene
Published: September 2016

This chapter focuses on exploring the contributions of indigenous-oriented relational thinking-and-being in terms of implications for the quality of social living and for sustaining relationships with everything in our ecological niche. It offers an account of how we can treat Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) as envisaging socio-economic development differently from economic models of growth which thus far can be said to govern processes of globalization. The chapter attempts to demonstrate that resuscitating IKS is not so much a matter of researchers' documenting and respecting the content of indigenous knowledge that has been created to date. More important is to direct research with the aim of drawing out and revitalizing the styles of knowing and living that can be interpreted as characterizing indigeneity. Examples are provided of how research can be directed with this in mind.
Application and Contribution of Hermeneutic and Eidetic Phenomenology to Indigenous Knowledge Research
Authors: Ngulube Patrick , Ngulube Beatrice
Published: September 2016

Many scholars on indigenous research advocate research approaches that negate western research traditions. Although phenomenology is part and parcel of the classical western research approaches, it has the potential to offer indigenous researchers an approach of investigating the real world without invalidating indigenous voices and worldviews. Phenomenology with its emphasis on understanding and describing the phenomenon based on the human experience provides an opportunity of informing research practice in the field of indigenous knowledge. The phenomenological attitude helps in understanding the ultimate structure and essence of the life-world as experienced by participants without making any judgements or assumptions about their experiences. The participants take the centre-stage in phenomenological research approaches as they are viewed as co-researchers because of their extensive knowledge of an experience and its interpretation. This chapter demonstrates that phenomenology is a suitable approach for researching indigenous knowledge, which can complement available indigenous research pathways.
Critical Reflections on Selected Local Narratives of Contextual South African Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Masoga Mogomme Alpheus
Published: September 2016

Every humanity has some form of indigeneity – whether conscious or unconscious. It behooves all humanity to redefine and reflect on its indigenous roots. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) has been termed in different ways. These include traditional, cultural, local, community knowledge, etc. All these are interlinked and imply that IK is a body of “knowledge” owned by local people in their specific communities and passed on from generation to generation. Therefore, IK is that knowledge which is known to a group of people or is embedded in a community. It could be rural or urban. The chapter aims to present and reflect on selected local narratives to construct a context. This chapter argues for the ‘contextual' dimension when looking at IK. For the past eighteen years the researcher has worked with a number of practitioners and knowledge holders whose experience has shaped his understanding of the South African IK dialogues, debates, research and studies. The approach adopted for this study is a reflexive one.
Psychotherapy in Indigenous Context Psychotherapy in Indigenous Context
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Frances Emily , Donnir Gordon M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter posits that the science of psychotherapy is a culturally defined art. Psychological theories must, of necessity and efficacy, be adapted and responsive to the context within which they are practiced. The Ghanaian cultural context is deeply spiritually-oriented. Socio-religious beliefs in this cultural context define the Ghanaian concept of health, ill health, and health-seeking behaviours. Therefore, effective psychotherapy and culturally competent care must be context specific and suited to the needs, norms, practices and beliefs of the indigenous people. Yet, it is not unusual to find clinicians who practice in one cultural context but were trained in another; a situation that sometimes hinders effective service delivery. The chapter discusses some of the challenges faced by Ghanaian psychotherapists, practicing in Ghana, who were trained in a non-African cultural context. Excerpts of clinical case studies are used to illustrate these issues and suggestions for culturally competent care conclude the chapter.
Moving e-Learning Forward
Authors: Gearhart Deb
Published: September 2016

The purpose of the chapter is to incorporate current research into a review of the administration of an e-Learning program at a traditional university. The study reviews the background for a strategic online administrator, reviews the challenges of integrating e-Learning in a traditional institution, and review models for developing the e-Learning program of the future. The research review demonstrates the need for a strong, strategic e-Learning administrator to champion e-Learning within the institution. Literature supports the need for enrollment growth, providing services to faculty and students, to deal with internal and external constituents and the need for continuous quality improvement. Models are provided to the readers.
Arranging and Rearranging Practice in Digital Spaces
Authors: Bristol Laurette S. M. , Childs Merilyn
Published: September 2016

The study that formed the basis of this chapter aimed to understand the practices mediating the quality of an online learning program from the perspective of educators in transition from face-to-face to online learning and teaching. A narrative community of enquiry was established for the period of the study, and seven academics from a single institution volunteered to participate in a six-month conversation about the sites for practice, challenges and curriculum decisions made while teaching online. A “practice architectures” perspective was adopted. The study found that “designing and redesigning” was not limited as supposed to a single transformation from face-to-face teaching to an online learning space. Rather, it was an ongoing professional practice, regardless of how novice or experienced and “tech savvy” the academic. The digital space is rapidly evolving, as are the professional learning demands of teacher educators. “Ambitious teacher practices” are permanently required.
A Framework to Assess Appropriate Interaction to Meet Accreditation Quality Guidelines
Authors: Orellana Anymir
Published: September 2016

Appropriate interaction is one criterion of quality of online courses. The importance of interaction in online education is well documented in research findings; explained in various theoretical approaches and models; and highlighted in best practices from consortia, accrediting agencies, and by practitioners. Despite the availability of guides for quality assessment of online courses, a concern arises when program administrators are faced with the questions: What does appropriate interaction in an online course mean and how does one show evidence of it? How does one guide the implementation of appropriate interaction in order to meet recommended quality guidelines or accreditation standards? To partially answer these questions, this chapter proposes a framework to guide the assessment of appropriate interaction as a criterion of quality online course based on accreditation quality guidelines.
Building Quality Online Courses
Authors: Outlaw Veronica , Rice Margaret L. , Wright Vivian H.
Published: September 2016

The authors have personally experienced the burdens of creating online courses without the assistance of trained instructional designers. Many faculty are employed in conditions where they develop online courses without the proper knowledge and training of many essential aspects that should accompany the development of an online course (e.g., design, development, learning styles, copyright, design principles, accessibility, incorporating technology, and technical skills) (Singleton et al., 2013; Speck, 2000; Wickersham et al., 2007). The authors propose and describe the use of a detailed online course development and delivery model (Outlaw & Rice, 2015) that was created to provide distance education units with a systematic approach to course development. The proposed model nourishes the partnerships between faculty and designers to improve the quality of online courses, while providing the support faculty need to successfully create online courses. The authors discuss a model that provides consistency in efforts to create efficient workflows to develop online courses.
E-Learning and the Disciplines
Authors: Warford Mark Kellison
Published: September 2016

Pressed into unfamiliar terrain, academics may harbor resentment at being re-defined through the prism of e-learning. What if the tables were turned? The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate how one academic re-shaped e-learning through the lens of his own specialization, generating insights that potentially benefit online instruction across the disciplines. An applied linguistics stance on e-learning offers critical insights into online communication, pedagogy and enhancing a sense of community. The latest findings from this field add substance and rigor to the ways we design and engage online instruction, affirming the sense that e-learning potentially rivals the spontaneity and magic of brick-and-mortar classroom settings. The author concludes by posing ways other discipline areas may illuminate ongoing institutional conversations regarding virtues of online instruction.
Antimicrobial Consumption and Multidrug Resistant Organisms in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Jabri Fouad Farouk
Published: September 2016

Improper antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance can affect an entire community, threaten public health and create economic burdens and ecological consequences on societies. This chapter discusses the importance of counteracting this public health issue. In Saudi Arabia, the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents is of particular concern. The prescribing of broad-spectrum antimicrobials in hospital settings is not highly restricted, and antimicrobials are available over the counters in pharmacies. This unwise use provides a scenario for the emergence of bacterial resistance and subsequent public health concerns. In addition, there is a lack of representative epidemiological research on antimicrobial consumption and quantitative data linking consumption to the incidence of resistance. This chapter illustrates that the implementation and the success of the strategies that monitor and control antimicrobial consumption depend on the availability of information about the extent and patterns of antimicrobial consumption. It demonstrates the potentials and recommendations on obtaining antimicrobial consumption data using defined daily dose as a unit of measurement in Saudi hospital settings.