bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penguin Books
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: June 2017

Penguin Books transformed publishing in postwar Britain and, following the “paperback revolution,” brought its cultural mission to readers across the world. Important works of postcolonial literature and world literature have appeared in the Penguin Classics, Penguin Modern Classics, and Penguin African Library series. Penguin has a strong overseas presence with autonomous branches in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Ireland, and China. Penguin has combined a strategic exploitation of world markets with the commitment to publishing as a civic act, characterized by the publishing of controversial books (most famously, D. H. Lawrence's
Lady Chatterley's Lover
in 1960 and
The Satanic Verses
by Salman Rushdie in 1988). Pioneering local lists and now vernacular publishing, Penguin Books is one of the most recognizable global brands.
Psychoanalysis in Latin America
Authors: Legrás Horacio
Published: June 2017

This entry provides a historical overview of the development of psychoanalysis in Latin America, from the early translations of Freud's text into Spanish to the present. Unlike that in other areas of the world, the development of psychoanalysis in Latin America has been greatly influenced by the political activities of both analysts and their analysands.
Realism
Authors: Dalley Hamish
Published: June 2017

Realism has been an object of ongoing debate in postcolonial criticism and theory. Early analyses of postcolonial literature emphasized the radical potential of realist representation to unsettle hegemonic accounts of the colonized world. However, the emergence of poststructuralist reading practices and the dominance of anti‐mimetic styles in Western literature subsequently led to realism being dismissed as peripheral to postcolonial studies, and often aligned with regressive political and intellectual positions. This attitude has recently begun to shift with the reemergence of a body of postcolonial scholarship sympathetic to realism. New formulations of the concept stress its ambivalence, multiplicity, and complexity, and offer new possibilities for a sympathetic analysis of a mode that encompasses much of the literary production of the formerly colonized world.
Rodney, Walter
Authors: Campbell Horace G.
Published: June 2017

In his best‐known work,
How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
, Walter Rodney identified the world capitalist system, in its varying manifestations (mercantile, industrial, and monopoly capital), as the principal agency of underdevelopment of the African continent for over five centuries. The book covers a wide range: an introductory discussion on the concepts “development and underdevelopment”; the state of Africa prior to European invasion and plunder; Africa's contribution to capitalist development; the effects of colonial education and the impact of missionary activity; the collective nature of African organization; and of course the exploitation of African resources during the colonial era and consequent “underdevelopment.”
Secularization in Latin America
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: June 2017

Postcolonial secularization does not refer to de‐Christianization or to the modern replacing the traditional. As Carl Schmitt's famous dictum – “All significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts” – attests, secularization is a primary discourse of metaphysical transposition built on the passage from God's throne as the central and organizing principle of the world, to its supplementation by mundane and worldly factors such as state formation, economic liberalization, population management, or nationalism.
Selvadurai, Shyam
Authors: Singh Ravindra Pratap
Published: June 2017

A Sri Lankan‐Canadian gay writer, Shyam Selvadurai was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 1965, to a Sinhalese mother and Tamil father. His parents hailed from conflicting ethnic groups. Sri Lankan ethnic riots in 1983 forced his family to migrate to Canada when he was 19. His essay “Coming Out” (1997) presents an authentic account of this period. In this essay he also presents an account of the discomfort he felt with his gay partner while staying in Sri Lanka. In Canada, he pursued a Bachelor of Fine Arts program at York University, where he took creative and professional writing as part of his studies. Later, he pursued an MFA in creative writing at the University of British Columbia. Right from the York University days, he published in print and electronic media, but success came with the publication of his debut novel,
Funny Boy
(1994). Besides
Funny Boy
, he has published three brilliant novels:
Cinnamon Garden
,
Swimming in the Monsoon Sea
, and
The Hungry Ghosts
, and has edited a story collection,
Story‐Wallah: Short Fiction from South Asian Writers
(2005). He has also contributed to leading periodicals including the
New York Times
,
Time
magazine,
Toronto Life
,
Walrus
magazine,
Enroute
magazine,
The Globe
,
Mail
, and the
Toronto Star
. He has also worked as curator for the Galle Literary Festival.
Social Movements in Latin America
Authors: Legrás Horacio
Published: June 2017

The number, characteristics, functioning, and networks established by new social movements delineate a dazzling map of activism in Latin America at the dawn of the twenty‐first century. A non‐descriptive enumeration of these movements would fill the space assigned to this entry. An attempt to organize them in social, geographical, or thematic terms would result in over‐simplification. From young surfers working together to prevent the extinction of marine species in Costa Rica to the indefatigable trans‐national toiling of the members of “un techo para mi país” in the southern cone; from the barrio‐based social activism of drum‐playing in Caracas to the politics of hip‐hop in São Paulo; from the network of small associations that supported the Zapatista's other campaign in Mexico to the centers of rehabilitation from drugs and prostitution in Colombia, the impression is one of a general assault of grassroots organizations on what was until very recently the exclusive province of state attention – or inattention.
Race in Latin America
Authors: von Vacano Diego
Published: June 2017

The concept of race is central to the history of ideas in postcolonial Ibero‐America for two main reasons: one, the fact that the arrival of the Spanish in the Americas generated the first global appearance of race; two, the fact that race plays a pivotal role in the shaping of citizenship in the region to this day. From the postcolonial perspective, race is a central mechanism through which power is exercised upon subaltern groups.
Subaltern Studies
Authors: Chowdhury Arnab Roy
Published: June 2017

This entry tracks the “genealogy” and “archaeology” of subaltern studies, which has emerged as a subdisciplinary and alternative historical field over the last three decades. It broadly covers the work of Ranajit Guha, the chief proponent of the “school,” along with works by other eminent “members” like Partha Chatterjee, Dipesh Chakrabarty, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Starting with the social context and debates within which the idea of subaltern studies in the South Asian context was formed, it discusses the notion of subaltern historiography and its distinction from other “elite” historiographies. Various dimensions of the concept “subaltern” are also covered in depth and breadth, as well as the critical assessments that subaltern studies have been subjected to. The entry then traces the slow transformation of the field, as it merges into the tradition of postcolonial studies and postcolonial theory. Finally, it presents a glimpse of the current trends and future tendencies that are emerging in subaltern studies.
In‐Between Space
Authors: Borsò Vittoria
Published: June 2017

The notion of in‐between space is established in postcolonial studies, and its epistemological status makes it a direct challenge to the logic of identity and difference that sustains Western metaphysics. Since its emergence, the concept has evolved into a form of cultural politics, and is employed as a tool for displacing, dislocating, and decentering knowledge.
Palestinian Anti‐Colonialism and Literature
Authors: Rasheed Aysha Munira
Published: June 2017

Palestinian literature found an identity separate from generic Arabic literature through the anti‐colonial struggle of its people at the beginning of the twentieth century. From the first Arabic verses written in response to Urabi Pasha's revolt during the Ottoman era, through the poems, novels, and essays penned in reaction to British policies in Palestine, the threat of Zionist immigration, and the catastrophe of 1948 followed by the Palestinian exodus, to the present‐day works by Palestinian writers living in exile or under occupation, Palestinian literature has had a close association with anti‐colonial struggle. Since the genre of poetry in Arabic has participated in the struggle, there is an abundance of examples of anti‐colonial Palestinian poems. Nonetheless, Palestinian fiction such as political allegory and animal fables, and oblique modernist novels with multiple voices, also make Palestinian anti‐colonial literature noteworthy. Finally, with creative memoirs and bold articles, Palestinian literature exhibits an intermeshing of the aesthetic and the political.
United Nations
Authors: Weiß Norman
Published: June 2017

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 Member States (November 2012). Its headquarters are in New York with further offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. The UN has six principal organs and a plethora of subsidiary bodies, committees, and advisory bodies. The UN Family consists of 15 Specialized Agencies, such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), several related organizations, funds, and other UN entities. According to the preamble of its Charter, the UN is designated to secure peace, to promote respect for human rights, and to contribute to social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom for all peoples.
Walker, Alice
Authors: Harrison Faye V.
Published: June 2017

Born February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, in the US South, Alice Malsenior Walker is an award‐winning writer, best known for the epistolary novel,
The Color Purple
(1982). She is also a political activist concerned with women's rights, racial justice, and an array of global iniquities, many of which implicate US geopolitical and military policies. In 2010 and 2012, she served as a jurist in the Russell Tribunal on Palestine, an international people's tribunal promoting peace and justice in the Middle East. She has also actively opposed the US embargo against Cuba and protests the mass incarceration that disproportionately targets people, particularly young men, of color in the United States.
Women and/in Literature
Authors: Dora‐Laskey Prathim‐Maya
Published: June 2017

This entry underscores the politics and ethics of scale in reading women's movements in the global south – how they have always been simultaneously regional, national, and transnational in scale (materially if not always imaginatively) and consequently, read through the twin lens of the global and the local. Questions of scale that emphasize points of connection, proximity, and intimacy – rather than separation, distance, and distinctness – might even come to displace an opposition between the local and the global as conventionally conceived in terms of a series of binaries that ultimately reproduce unequal power relations.
Vladislavić, Ivan
Authors: Macaskill Brian
Published: June 2017

Ivan Vladislavić is a prize‐winning novelist, editor, and commentator on the arts, including conceptual graphics, cityscape, and architecture. The arts just specified, like music and like much in Vladislavić's writing, are all fundamentally anti‐mimetic: they create space rather than copying anything as such. Writing thus, and in various capacities, Vladislavić is one of the most creatively important of interregnal and post‐apartheid literary voices in South Africa.
Wynter, Sylvia
Authors: McKittrick Katherine
Published: June 2017

This entry provides an overview of the creative and theoretical insights put forth by Sylvia Wynter, who has become widely recognized for the numerous critical essays she has written on colonialism, modernity, the human, and humanism. Her creative works and critical essays have been thought about alongside the writings of Edouard Glissant, Merle Hodge, Derek Walcott, Jean Price‐Mars, Jacques Derrida, Michelle Cliff, C. L. R. James, Jan Carew, Frantz Fanon, Michel Foucault, Elsa Goveia, W. E. B. DuBois, Aimé Césaire, among others. In 2010 Wynter was awarded the Order of Jamaica.
Ionian festivals
Authors: Cuche Vincent
Published: June 2017

Besides Panionian gatherings at Delos or Cape Mykale, Ionians distinguished themselves by celebrating some civic festivals of their own, as is demonstrated by the similarities between their various calendars. The so‐called Ionian festivals included notably the Apatouria, designed as an Ionian ethnic marker, the Apollonian festival of the Thargelia and the Dionysian festival of the Anthesteria. Characteristics of many Ionian festivals are found in Athenian religion.
Potnia Theron
Authors: Muss Ulrike
Published: June 2017

The term
Potnia Theron
only appears once in Homer's
Iliad
(21.470), in association with Artemis. This term has become a
topos
for the depiction of any female divinity associated with animals and especially tamed wild animals.
Cuicul
Authors: Cordovana Orietta Dora
Published: June 2017

Cuicul is a very fine example of Roman urban architecture adapted to a rocky landscape. The original settlement was a Berber village, but at the end of the first century
ce
the city was granted the status of colony by Emperor Nerva. Its inhabitants were mainly veterans, traders, and agricultural entrepreneurs, as well as some members of the proconsul's administrative staff at Carthage. By reason of these economic activities and social structure of the dwellers, the city enjoyed steady prosperity during the Roman Empire and Late Antiquity. This is also evident in the elegant and rational structure of the urban plan, as well as in the presence of several luxurious houses decorated with mosaics of excellent quality in the North African school tradition. All these elements contributed to Cuicul's listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Himyar
Authors: Schiettecatte Jérémie
Published: June 2017

Himyar was a pre‐Islamic kingdom stretching over the southern highlands of Yemen. It can be traced back to the first century
bce
and disappeared at the end of the sixth century
ce
. After the annexation of the competing south‐Arabian kingdoms (third to fourth centuries
ce
), it extended its hold over the whole of the Arabian Peninsula. Its kings adopted Judaism in the late fourth century.
Tell el‐Farkha
Authors: Ciałowicz Krzysztof M.
Published: June 2017

Tell el‐Farkha is located in the eastern delta and was first discovered by an Italian mission in 1987. The site was taken over by a Polish expedition in 1998. It is composed of three koms (Western, Central and Eastern) covering 4 ha. The oldest period (contemporaneous with Upper Egypt's Naqada IIB‐C; ca. 3700–3500
bce
) is associated with the Lower Egyptian culture. During Naqada IID1 (3500–3450
bce
) Upper Egyptians associated with the Naqada culture settled in Tell el‐Farkha. The site flourished from Naqada IID2 into mid‐Dynasty 1 (3450–3000
bce
) when it started to decline, although it remained occupied into the early 4th Dynasty (ca. 2600
bce
), after which it was abandoned.
Whewell, William
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: June 2017

William Whewell (1794–1866) developed and vigorously defended an impressive, deeply historically informed intuitionism at odds with the secular and theological forms of utilitarianism gaining currency in his day. Although various influential critics complained that his view was no more than a simplistic intuitionism used to defend unreflective commonsense morality, Whewell knowledgeably countered that charge. He held that the theory of morality, once philosophically developed and refined, yielded a system of
a priori
moral truths, and that these were apprehended intuitively but discovered and tested historically and empirically. This approach marked a productive middle path between pure rationalism, emphasizing the role of reason (rational insight or intuition) in grounding knowledge independently of sense experience, and pure empiricism, emphasizing the role of sense experience in grounding knowledge.
Justice
Authors: Rainbolt George W.
Published: June 2017

Justice has been a central concern of philosophy from the time of Plato until today. The scope of justice is vast, covering, for example, compensatory justice, criminal justice, global distributive justice, international criminal justice, just war theory, and juvenile justice. In addition, many different kinds of things can be just: decisions, thoughts, actions, people, rules, institutions, etc. In some contexts, “justice” refers to lawfulness. As Aristotle notes, there is a broad sense of “justice” in which it is equivalent to “moral.” On a narrower usage, “justice” is a particular moral virtue, the virtue of giving a thing its due. On this usage, justice is distinct from such virtues as generosity, honesty, and humility. This essay focuses on the nature of a just society. Perhaps the central debate about the just society concerns distributive justice, justice in the distribution of a society's goods, which include money and physical objects as well as intellectual abilities, rights, obligations, and opportunities.
Marcuse, Herbert
Authors: Pfeifer Geoff
Published: June 2017

Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979) was a German‐born philosopher, social theorist, member of the Frankfurt School, and one of the leaders of the New Left movement in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. His conception of the ethical can best be understood in relation to his conception of politics and political liberation. He argues that morality itself is to be distinguished from various (and varying) historical and social conceptions of what it is to be a good person. Rather, morality is based in our biology, in our fundamental human nature
Fair Opportunity for Children and the Family
Authors: Beckley Harlan
Published: June 2017

This essay considers how recent social science demonstrates that what John Rawls called the internal life of the family bears on “fair equality of opportunity” for children so as to create a quandary for liberal egalitarian conceptions of justice that assert the autonomy of family structure and parenting independent of what Rawls calls the “basic structure” for justice. The quandary may be resolvable because a plethora of social scientific studies implicitly consider the norms of individual and family autonomy and reciprocity between society and families in promoting opportunities for children. While the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that family structure, stability, and parenting are important, perhaps indispensable, for “fair equality of opportunity” for children, and thus inform moral norms, it also allows for some freedom in family forms and parenting and establishes that some forms of reciprocal societal assistance is necessary for effective family support for child outcomes. Although the social science does not dictate necessary policy for justice, it raises nearly indisputable evidence that liberal egalitarian ethics can and should consider as bearing crucially on fair equality of opportunity for children.
Highly Robust Bendable Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors on Polyimide Substrates via Mesh and Strip Patterning of Device Layers
Authors: Lee Suhui , Jeong Daun , Mativenga Mallory , Jang Jin
Published: June 2017

Advancement in thin‐film transistor (TFT) technologies has extended to applications that can withstand extreme bending or folding. The changes of the performances of amorphous‐indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) TFTs on polyimide substrate after application of extreme mechanical bending strain are studied. The TFT designs include mesh and strip patterned source/drain metal lines as well as strip patterned a‐IGZO semiconductor layer. The robustness of the a‐IGZO TFTs with the strain of 2.17% corresponding to the radius of 0.32 mm is tested and no crack generation even after 60 000 bending cycles is found. The split of source/drain electrodes and semiconductor layer can improve the mechanical bending stability of the TFTs. This can be possible by using conventional TFT manufacturing process so that this technology can be easily applied to build robust TFT array for foldable displays.
Sur‐/Interface Engineering of Hierarchical LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2@LiCoPO4@Graphene Architectures as Promising High‐Voltage Cathodes toward Advanced Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Longwei , Wu Chen , Sun Xiaofei , Sun Xuan , Hou Linrui , Sun Jinfeng , Yuan Changzhou
Published: June 2017

Layered LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (LNMC) cathode has attracted enormous attentions for Li‐ion batteries thanks to its appealing combination of large capacity and desirable thermal stability. But it still suffers from repugnant phase distortion and serious capacity degradation upon cycling particularly with high cut‐off voltages and elevated working temperatures. Herein, an efficient sur‐/interface engineering strategy to finely fabricate hierarchical LNMC@LiCoPO4@graphene (LNMC@LCP@G) architectures is purposefully devised. Physicochemical characterizations comprehensively reveal that a uniform LCP nanoshell adheres tightly to the surface of bulk LNMC, and G sheets intersperse among LNMC@LCP microparticles as electron “bridge.” By virtue of synergetic sur‐/interface contributions from the multicomponents, the LNMC@LCP@G cathodes exhibit encouraging Li‐storage behaviors including larger capacities, higher capacity retention, and better cycling performance with high upper cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V both at 25 and 55 °C, and enhanced thermal stability in the delithiated state. More significantly, it is strongly believed that the electrode design concept here holds huge promise for smart synthesis of other advanced Ni‐based cathodes for next‐generation rechargeable lithium power batteries.
Cp*Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Directed C−H Methylation and Arylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides at the C‐8 Position
Authors: Wang Bao , Li Chunpu , Liu Hong
Published: June 2017

Herein, we report a Cp*Rh(III)‐catalyzed directed C−H methylation of quinoline N‐oxides at the C‐8 position using commercially available organotrifluoroborates as reagents. This method features perfect regioselectivity, relatively mild reaction conditions, and diverse functional group tolerance with good to excellent yields. Additionally, direct C‐8 arylated quinoline N‐oxides products could also be obtained under the same conditions. Preliminary mechanistic experiments were conducted and a possible mechanism was proposed.

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Novel Dimethylmethylene‐Bridged Triphenylamine‐PDI Acceptor for Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xiong Yu , Wu Bo , Zheng Xiaoyan , Zhao Zheng , Deng Ping , Lin Ming , Tang Benzhong , Ong Beng S.
Published: June 2017

A novel, star‐shaped electron acceptor, DMTPA‐PDI3, derived from a planar dimethylmethylene‐bridged triphenylamine core with three acetylene‐linked perylene diimide (PDI) units is developed as a nonfullerene acceptor for organic solar cells (OSCs). DMTPA‐PDI3 manifests significantly reduced intramolecular twisting, enabling sufficient system‐wide π‐electron delocalization leading to broadened spectral absorption and raised lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. As a result, higher and more balanced hole and electron transport properties are observed. Active layers for OSCs comprising DMTPA‐PDI3 acceptor and PBT7‐Th donor exhibit suppressed intermolecular aggregation, giving rise to uniform nanophase network formation. These OSC devices have afforded respectably high power‐conversion efficiency of about 5%.
Single‐Enzyme Biofuel Cells
Authors: Ji Chao , Hou Jingwei , Wang Kai , Ng Yun Hau , Chen Vicki
Published: June 2017

Herein, we demonstrate that the intramolecular electron transfer within a single enzyme molecule is an important alternative pathway that can be harnessed to generate electricity. By decoupling the redox reactions within a single type of enzyme (for example, Trametes versicolor laccase), we harvested electricity efficiently from unconventional fuels including recalcitrant pollutants (for example, bisphenol A and hydroquinone) in a single‐laccase biofuel cell. The intramolecular electron‐harnessing concept was further demonstrated with other enzymes, including power generation during CO2 bioconversion to formate catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. The novel single‐enzyme biofuel cell is shown to have potential for utilizing wastewater as a fuel as well as for generating energy while driving bioconversion of chemical feedstock from CO2.
Ceria–Zirconia Nanoparticles as an Enhanced Multi‐Antioxidant for Sepsis Treatment
Authors: Soh Min , Kang Dong‐Wan , Jeong Han‐Gil , Kim Dokyoon , Kim Do Yeon , Yang Wookjin , Song Changyeong , Baik Seungmin , Choi In‐Young , Ki Seul‐Ki , Kwon Hyek Jin , Kim Taeho , Kim Chi Kyung , Lee Seung‐Hoon , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: June 2017

The two oxidation states of ceria nanoparticles, Ce3+ and Ce4+, play a pivotal role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In particular, Ce3+ is largely responsible for removing O2− and .OH that are associated with inflammatory response and cell death. The synthesis is reported of 2 nm ceria–zirconia nanoparticles (CZ NPs) that possess a higher Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio and faster conversion from Ce4+ to Ce3+ than those exhibited by ceria nanoparticles. The obtained Ce0.7Zr0.3O2 (7CZ) NPs greatly improve ROS scavenging performance, thus regulating inflammatory cells in a very low dose. Moreover, 7CZ NPs are demonstrated to be effective in reducing mortality and systemic inflammation in two representative sepsis models. These findings suggest that 7CZ NPs have the potential as a therapeutic nanomedicine for treating ROS‐related inflammatory diseases.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Bridged [5+2] Cycloaddition of cis‐Allene‐vinylcyclopropanes to Synthesize the Bicyclo[4.3.1]decane Skeleton
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Hang , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: June 2017

Previously reported was that cis‐ene‐vinylcyclopropanes (cis‐ene‐VCPs) underwent Rh‐catalyzed [5+2] reaction to give 5,7‐fused bicyclic products, where vinylcyclopropane (VCP) acts as five‐carbon synthon. Unfortunately, this reaction had very limited scope. Replacing the 2π component of cis‐ene‐VCPs to allene moiety, the corresponding cis‐allene‐VCPs did not undergo the expected normal [5+2] cycloaddition to give 5,7‐fused bicyclic products. Instead, the challenging bicyclo[4.3.1]decane skeleton was obtained via an unprecedented bridged [5+2] cycloaddition. DFT calculations were applied to understand why this bridged [5+2] reaction is favored over the anticipated but not realized normal [5+2] reaction.
Tuning the Inter‐nanofibril Interaction To Regulate the Morphology and Function of Peptide/DNA Co‐assembled Viral Mimics
Authors: Ni Rong , Chau Ying
Published: June 2017

The ability to tune the inter‐subunit interaction within the virus capsid may be critical to assembly and biological function. This process was extended here with peptide/DNA co‐assembled viral mimics. The resulting co‐assemblies, formed and stabilized by both peptide nanofibril–DNA and peptide nanofibril–nanofibril interactions, were tuned through hydrophobic packing interactions of the peptide sequences. By strengthening peptide side‐chain complementarity and/or elongating the peptide chain (from 4 to 8 residues), we report strengthening the inter‐nanofibril interaction to create stable nanococoons that give high gene‐transfection efficacy.
Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Functional Giant Polymeric Vesicles Controlled by Oscillatory Chemistry
Authors: Bastakoti Bishnu Prasad , Perez‐Mercader Juan
Published: June 2017

We introduce a novel application of an oscillatory chemical reaction to the synthesis of block copolymers. The Belousov–Zhabotinsky (B‐Z) reaction is coupled with the polymerization of an amphiphilic block copolymer. Radicals generated in the B‐Z reaction initiate the polymerization between a polyethylene glycol (PEG) macroreversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer agent and butyl acrylate monomers. The attachment of a hydrophobic block on PEG leads to self‐assembly and formation of spherical micelles. The nanoscale micelles transform into submicrometer vesicles and grow to giant vesicles as a consequence of the oscillatory behavior of the B‐Z reaction. The one‐pot synthesis of an amphiphilic di‐block copolymer and retention of oscillatory behavior for the B‐Z reaction with the formation of giant vesicles bring a new insight into possible pathways for the synthesis of active functional microreactors in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers.
The Cope Rearrangement of 1,5‐Dimethylsemibullvalene‐2(4)‐d1: Experimental Evidence for Heavy‐Atom Tunneling
Authors: Schleif Tim , Mieres‐Perez Joel , Henkel Stefan , Ertelt Melanie , Borden Weston Thatcher , Sander Wolfram
Published: June 2017

As an experimental test of the theoretical prediction that heavy‐atom tunneling is involved in the degenerate Cope rearrangement of semibullvalenes at cryogenic temperatures, monodeuterated 1,5‐dimethylsemibullvalene isotopomers were prepared and investigated by IR spectroscopy using the matrix isolation technique. As predicted, the less thermodynamically stable isotopomer rearranges at cryogenic temperatures in the dark to the more stable one, while broadband IR irradiation above 2000 cm−1 results in an equilibration of the isotopomeric ratio. Since this reaction proceeds with a rate constant in the order of 10−4 s−1 despite an experimental barrier of Ea=4.8 kcal mol−1 and with only a shallow temperature dependence, the results are interpreted in terms of heavy‐atom tunneling.
An Electrochemical Biosensor with Dual Signal Outputs: Toward Simultaneous Quantification of pH and O2 in the Brain upon Ischemia and in a Tumor during Cancer Starvation Therapy
Authors: Liu Li , Zhao Fan , Liu Wei , Zhu Tong , Zhang John Z. H. , Chen Chen , Dai Zhihui , Peng Huisheng , Huang Jun‐Long , Hu Qin , Bu Wenbo , Tian Yang
Published: June 2017

Herein, we develop a novel method for designing electrochemical biosensors with both current and potential signal outputs for the simultaneous determination of two species in a living system. Oxygen (O2) and pH, simple and very important species, are employed as model molecules. By designing and synthesizing a new molecule, Hemin‐aminoferrocene (Hemin‐Fc), we create a single electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous detection and ratiometric quantification of O2 and pH in the brain. The reduction peak current of the hemin group increases with the concentration of O2 from 1.3 to 200.6 μm. Meanwhile, the peak potential positively shifts with decreasing pH from 8.0 to 5.5, resulting in the simultaneous determination of O2 and pH. The Fc group can serve as an internal reference for ratiometric biosensing because its current and potential signals remain almost constant with variations of O2 and pH. The developed biosensor has high temporal and spatial resolutions, as well as remarkable selectivity and accuracy, and is successfully applied in the real‐time quantification of O2 and pH in the brain upon ischemia, as well as in tumor during cancer therapy.
Bacteriophage Tail‐Tube Assembly Studied by Proton‐Detected 4D Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Zinke Maximilian , Fricke Pascal , Samson Camille , Hwang Songhwan , Wall Joseph S. , Lange Sascha , Zinn‐Justin Sophie , Lange Adam
Published: June 2017

Obtaining unambiguous resonance assignments remains a major bottleneck in solid‐state NMR studies of protein structure and dynamics. Particularly for supramolecular assemblies with large subunits (>150 residues), the analysis of crowded spectral data presents a challenge, even if three‐dimensional (3D) spectra are used. Here, we present a proton‐detected 4D solid‐state NMR assignment procedure that is tailored for large assemblies. The key to recording 4D spectra with three indirect carbon or nitrogen dimensions with their inherently large chemical shift dispersion lies in the use of sparse non‐uniform sampling (as low as 2 %). As a proof of principle, we acquired 4D (H)COCANH, (H)CACONH, and (H)CBCANH spectra of the 20 kDa bacteriophage tail‐tube protein gp17.1 in a total time of two and a half weeks. These spectra were sufficient to obtain complete resonance assignments in a straightforward manner without use of previous solution NMR data.
Physical, morphological, and biological studies on PLA/nHA composite nanofibrous webs containing Equisetum arvense herbal extract for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Khakestani Maliheh , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Zahedi Payam , Bagheri Reza , Hajiaghaee Reza
Published: June 2017

A series of herbal extract incorporated into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite nanofibrous scaffolds were successfully prepared by using electrospinning technique. Equisetum arvense extract (EE) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) in different quantities were loaded into PLA solution to fabricate composite nanofibrous webs under various electrospinning conditions. Uniform nanofibers were obtained with an average diameter of 157 ± 47 nm in the case of those containing the herbal extract. Characterization of the webs was carried out by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Mechanical properties, porosity, and contact angle of the prepared webs were also determined. Releasing behavior was investigated in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) medium. Moreover, cell studies and osteogenic capacity were assessed in vitro using human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (AT‐MSC). Evaluations of cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation of AT‐MSC were done by SEM observation and thiazolyl blue (MTT) assay. Osteogenic differentiation capability of AT‐MSC on the nanofibrous webs was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content assay. It was found that with the addition of nHA and EE to PLA nanofibrous webs, their surface hydrophobicity was reduced while the tensile strength and Young's modulus were increased satisfactorily. Regarding the samples containing EE and nHA, cellular adhesion was observed with flattened normal morphology. Osteogenic differentiation of AT‐MSC on PLA/nHA/EE webs showed the highest mineralization capacity after 3 weeks which, was about 1.8 and 3 times higher than that of PLA/nHA and tissue culture polystyrene as control, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45343.
Synthesis, Structure, and OLEDs Application of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Utilizing Substituted 2‐Phenylpyridine
Authors: Yun Seong‐Jae , Jeon Jinsil , Jin Sung‐Ho , Kang Sung Kwon , Kim Young‐Inn
Published: June 2017

The syntheses, structures, photophysical, and electroluminescent properties of three green emitting heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes, (ptfmppy)
2Ir(pic) (Ir1), (dfptfmppy)
2Ir(pic) (Ir2), and (tfptfmppy)
2Ir(pic) (Ir3) [ptfmppy = 5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐(phenyl)pyridine, dfptfmppy = 5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl) pyridine, tfptfmppy = 5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2‐(2,3,4‐difluorophenyl)pyridine, and picH = picolinic acid] and the results of an investigation on their suitabilities for phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (phOLEDs) applications are reported. X‐ray single crystal structures showed that iridium(III) cations in Ir1 and Ir2 adopted six‐coordinated geometries involving two C and two N atoms from substituted‐ppy, and one N and one O atom from pic, which produced a distorted octahedral geometry. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the synthesized iridium(III) complexes exhibited emissions at 497 ~ 534 nm in dichloromethane with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from 60 to 67%, and TGA experiments showed that they had good thermal stabilities. In Ir3, the conjugation effect rather than the electronic effect of the 3‐positioned fluorine atom on phenyl ring of ppy increased the HOMO energy level causing bathochromic shifts. Electroluminescent devices of ITO(110 nm)/PEDOT:PSS (40 nm)/PVK:TCTA:OXD‐7:Ir (80 nm)/TmPyPB (20 nm)/Al (100 nm) were fabricated using the iridium(III) complexes as phosphors in an emitting layer, and their electroluminescent performances were investigated.
Using CBT over 3 months to prevent suicide attempts in high‐risk youth
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2017

Suicide attempts are increasing among youth. Even more common are nonfatal suicide attempts, defined as self‐directed behaviors resulting in injury or potential for injury in which suicide could result, as well as broader self‐harm and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). Because NSSI is a powerful predictor of future suicide attempts, it is important to have a way to prevent such attempts in these high‐risk youths. However, there are no proven interventions for preventing suicide attempts by youths who are harming themselves, a gap researchers addressed by evaluating Safe Alternatives for Teens and Youths (SAFETY).
Excellent Selectivity with High Conversion in the Semihydrogenation of Alkynes using Palladium‐Based Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhu Yanan , Liu Chang , Wang Xiaoshi , Cao Changyan , Song Weiguo
Published: June 2017

A series of active‐carbon‐supported PdPb and PdCu bimetal catalysts were prepared for the selective semihydrogenation of alkynes in the liquid phase. The Pd0.33Pb0.67/C catalyst showed the best performance for various alkynes under mild reaction conditions (room temperature and ambient H2 pressure) and achieved 100 % conversion with 98 % selectivity to alkenes. In particular, over‐hydrogenation was avoided at complete alkyne conversion.
Uncorrelated component analysis on manifold for statistical process monitoring
Authors: Jia Qilong , Zhang Yingwei , Zhai Lirong , Feng Lin
Published: June 2017

A novel process modeling approach referred to as locally invariant uncorrelated component analysis (LIUCA) is proposed for the purpose of statistical process monitoring. The contributions are as follows: (1) LIUCA intends to find a part‐based representation subspace in which two data points are close to each other, if they are close in the k‐nearest neighbor graph; (2) LIUCA can exploit the geometrical structure of the data space, which will improve the algorithm's modeling performance in real‐world applications; (3) LIUCA‐based multivariate statistical process monitoring scheme is proposed. (4) In contrast to traditional process modeling algorithm such as principal component analysis, LIUCA imposes no restriction on data distribution. In addition, both a multivariate numerical example and a hot galvanizing pickling waste liquor treatment process are taken to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed process monitoring scheme. Experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Mechanistic Insights on the Reduction of CO2 to Silylformates Catalyzed by Ir‐NSiN Species
Authors: Julián Alejandro , Guzmán Jefferson , Jaseer E. A. , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , Royo Raquel , Polo Víctor , García‐Orduña Pilar , Lahoz Fernando J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: June 2017

The hydrosilylation of CO2 with different silanes such as HSiEt3, HSiMe2Ph, HSiMePh2, HSiMe(OSiMe3)2, and HSi(OSiMe3)3 in the presence of catalytic ammounts of the iridium(III) complex [Ir(H)(CF3CO2)(NSiN*)(coe)] (1; NSiN*=fac‐bis‐(4‐methylpyridine‐2‐yloxy); coe=cis‐cyclooctene) has been comparatively studied. The activity of the hydrosilylation catalytic system based on 1 depends on the nature of the reducing agent, where HSiMe(OSiMe3)2 has proven to be the most active. The aforementioned reactions were found to be highly selective toward the formation of the corresponding silylformate. It has been found that using 1 as catalyst precursor above 328 K decreases the activity through a thermally competitive mechanistic pathway. Indeed, the reduction of the ancillary trifluoroacetate ligand to give the corresponding silylether CF3CH2OSiR3 has been observed. Moreover, mechanistic studies for the 1‐catalyzed CO2‐hydrosilylation reaction based on experimental and theoretical studies suggest that 1 prefers an inner‐sphere mechanism for the CO2 reduction, whereas the closely related [Ir(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)] catalyst, bearing a triflate instead of trifluoroacetate ligand, follows an outer‐sphere mechanism.
A Self‐Assembled Trigonal Prismatic Molecular Vessel for Catalytic Dehydration Reactions in Water
Authors: Das Paramita , Kumar Atul , Howlader Prodip , Mukherjee Partha Sarathi
Published: June 2017

A water‐soluble Pd6 trigonal prism (A) was synthesized by two‐component coordination‐driven self‐assembly of a PdII 90° acceptor with a tetraimidazole donor. The walls of the prism are constructed by three conjugated aromatic building blocks, which means that the confined pocket of the prism is hydrophobic. In addition to the hydrophobic cavity, large product egress windows make A an ideal molecular vessel to catalyze otherwise challenging pseudo‐multicomponent dehydration reactions in its confined nanospace in aqueous medium. This study is an attempt at selective generation of the intermediate tetraketones and xanthenes by fine‐tuning the reaction conditions employing a supramolecular molecular vessel. Moreover, either poor or no yield of the dehydrated products in the absence of A under similar reaction conditions supports the ability of the confined space of the barrel to promote such reactions in water. Furthermore, we focused on the rigidification of the tetraphenylethylene‐based tetraimidazole unit anchored within the PdII coordination architecture; enabling counter‐anion dependent aggregation induced emission in the presence of water.
Structural insights into the inclusion complexes between clomiphene citrate and β‐cyclodextrin: The mechanism of preferential isomeric selection
Authors: Maheshwari Arti , Saraswat Harish , Upadhyay Santosh Kumar
Published: June 2017

A major challenge in pharmaceuticals for clinical applications is to alter the solubility, stability, and toxicity of drug molecules in living systems. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have the ability to form host–guest inclusion complexes with pharmaceuticals for further development of new drug formulations. The inclusion complex of clomiphene citrate (CL), a poorly water‐soluble drug, with native β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was characterized by a one and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic approach and also by molecular docking techniques. Here we report NMR and a computational approach in preferential isomeric selection of CL, which exists in two stereochemical isomers, enclomiphene citrate (ENC; E isomer) and zuclomiphene citrate (ZNC; Z isomer) with β‐CD. β‐CD cavity protons, namely, H‐3′ and H‐5′, experienced shielding in the presence of CL. The aromatic ring protons of the CL molecule were observed to be deshielded in the presence of β‐CD. The stoichiometric ratio of the β‐CD:CL inclusion complex was observed by NMR and found to be 1:1. The overall binding constant of β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes was based on NMR chemical shifts and was calculated to be 50.21 M−1. The change in Gibb's free energy (∆G) was calculated to be −9.80 KJ mol−1. The orientation and structure of the β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes are proposed on the basis of NMR and molecular docking studies. 2D 1H‐1H ROESY confirmed the involvement of all three aromatic rings of CL in the inclusion complexation with β‐CD in the solution, confirming the multiple equilibria between β‐CD and CL. Molecular docking and 2D 1H‐1H ROESY provide insight into the inclusion complexation of two isomers of CL into the β‐CD cavity. A molecular docking technique further provided the different binding affinities of the E and Z isomers of CL with β‐CD and confirmed the preference of the Z isomer binding for β‐CD:CL inclusion complexes. The study indicates that the formation of a hydrogen bond between –O– of CL and the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group of β‐CD was the main factor for noncovalent β‐CD:CL inclusion complex formation and stabilization in the aqueous phase.
Paper‐based Invasion Assays for Quantifying Cellular Movement in Three‐dimensional Tissue‐like Structures
Authors: Lloyd C. Chad , Boyce Matthew W. , Lockett Matthew R.
Published: June 2017

To elucidate the chemical and environmental conditions that promote invasion of cancer cells, an assay is needed in which the chemical landscape of a tumor‐like environment can be experimentally manipulated and probed. The three‐dimensional paper‐based invasion assays described here simulate poorly vascularized tissue and allow the invasion of cancerous cells to be visualized and quantified. These cultures are easy to assemble and allow multiple invasion assays to be performed in parallel. By using different materials to control gradients formed across the culture, the chemotactic potential of small molecules can be evaluated in a more representative tissue microenvironment. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shear resistance of reinforced masonry beams with and without additional concrete or prestress
Authors: Gunkler Erhard , Marx Johann Jakob , Blum Carsten
Published: June 2017

This article investigates the transferability of the Simplified Modified Compression Field Theory (SMCFT) [2], which is known in reinforced concrete design and included in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (Volume 3) [1], to reinforced or prestressed masonry beams (RM beams) with or without an additional layer of concrete. The investigation for this work is the obsolete shear design concept that has been used until now for reinforced masonry under shear loading, which does not adequately reflect the actual load‐bearing behaviour of significant areas of masonry. The fundamentals of the SMCFT are explained and the transferability of the theory to RM beams is examined, taking into account in particular the different material properties of masonry compared to reinforced concrete. A first approach for future application is represented by the equations presented here for the determination of the shear force capacity of RM beams. The verification is performed through a comparison of the shear resistances determined experimentally (exp.) and by calculation (calc.).
Structural calculation of existing masonry arch bridges
Authors: Bothe Eckard , Schöps Peter , Hinze Sirko
Published: June 2017

For masonry bridges with small spans built before 1900, there are often no documents available since such bridges were often built from experience. Surveying is often restricted to the visible parts of the structure. Geometrical assistance in the form of drilling cores is only ever at points, which inevitably have to be interpolated. Large parts of these structures are in the ground (abutments, foundations) and are largely inaccessible for adequate geometrical recording. The constitutive laws for the existing masonry can only be described with reasonable effort through minimum values from regulations. The article describes a procedure with additions to the missing documents from experience to obtain statements about the load‐bearing capacity based on approximate models, which permit categorisation into decisive bridge classes based on the regulations for the structural analysis of existing road bridges and also enable usable results for the comparison between the result of categorisation and special load cases for heavy transport.