bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of a cyprinid fish Onychostoma macrolepis by integration of nanopore sequencing, Bionano and Hi‐C technology
Authors: Sun Lina , Gao Tian , Wang Feilong , Qin Zuliang , Yan Longxia , Tao Wenjing , Li Minghui , Jin Canbiao , Ma Li , Kocher Thomas D. , Wang Deshou
Published: May 2020

Onychostoma macrolepis is an emerging commercial cyprinid fish species. It is a model system for studies of sexual dimorphism and genome evolution. Here, we report the chromosome‐level assembly of the O.macrolepis genome obtained from the integration of nanopore long‐read sequencing with physical maps produced using Bionano and Hi‐C technology. A total of 87.9 Gb of nanopore sequence provided approximately 100‐fold coverage of the genome. The preliminary genome assembly was 883.2 Mb in size with a contig N50 size of 11.2 Mb. The 969 corrected contigs obtained from Bionano optical mapping were assembled into 853 scaffolds and produced an assembly of 886.5 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 16.5 Mb. Finally, using the Hi‐C data, 881.3 Mb (99.4% of genome) in 526 scaffolds were anchored and oriented in 25 chromosomes ranging in size from 25.27 to 56.49 Mb. In total, 24,770 protein‐coding genes were predicted in the genome, and ~96.85% of the genes were functionally annotated. The annotated assembly contains 93.3% complete genes from the BUSCO reference set. In addition, we identified 409 Mb (46.23% of the genome) of repetitive sequence, and 11,213 non‐coding RNAs, in the genome. Evolutionary analysis revealed that O. macrolepis diverged from common carp approximately 24.25 million years ago. The chromosomes of O. macrolepis showed an unambiguous correspondence to the chromosomes of zebrafish. The high‐quality genome assembled in this work provides a valuable genomic resource for further biological and evolutionary studies of O. macrolepis.
Combining genotype, phenotype, and environmental data to delineate site‐adjusted provenance strategies for ecological restoration
Authors: Carvalho Carolina S. , Forester Brenna R. , Mitre Simone K. , Alves Ronnie , Imperatriz‐Fonseca Vera L. , Ramos Silvio J. , Resende‐Moreira Luciana C. , Siqueira José O. , Trevelin Leonardo C. , Caldeira Cecilio F. , Gastauer Markus , Jaffé Rodolfo
Published: May 2020

Despite the importance of climate‐adjusted provenancing to mitigate the effects of environmental change, climatic considerations alone are insufficient when restoring highly degraded sites. Here we propose a comprehensive landscape genomic approach to assist the restoration of moderately disturbed and highly degraded sites. To illustrate it we employ genomic data sets comprising thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms from two plant species suitable for the restoration of iron‐rich Amazonian Savannas. We first use a subset of neutral loci to assess genetic structure and determine the genetic neighbourhood size. We then identify genotype‐phenotype‐environment associations, map adaptive genetic variation, and predict adaptive genotypes for restoration sites. Whereas local provenances were found optimal to restore a moderately disturbed site, a mixture of genotypes seemed the most promising strategy to recover a highly degraded mining site. We discuss how our results can help define site‐adjusted provenancing strategies, and argue that our methods can be more broadly applied to assist other restoration initiatives.
Effect of TNF‐inhibitor therapy on spinal structural progression in ankylosing spondylitis patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ajrawat Prabjit , Touma Zahi , Sari Ismail , Taheri Cameron , Diaz Martinez Juan Pablo , Haroon Nigil
Published: May 2020

To review the effect of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitor (TNFi) therapies on radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients as evaluated by the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 2019. All comparative and non‐comparative studies that evaluated the clinical effectiveness of TNFi on radiographic progression as assessed by mSASSS change at a minimum follow‐up of 1 year were included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool were utilized to assess the methodological quality. Pooled analysis was performed for continuous and binomial variables where appropriate. Inter‐rater reliability of mSASSS status and change scores were assessed with intra‐class coefficients (ICC). Twenty‐one studies were identified with a total of 4460 patients (mean age: 40.4 years [range 25.3‐50 years]; 76% male; mean baseline mSASSS: 12.7 units [range 5.5‐19.8 units]). All studies (3 randomized and 18 observational studies) were considered to have moderate‐to‐high methodological quality. The inter‐rater reliability of mSASSS status and change scores from 14 of the 21 studies were excellent (ICC ranges, 0.91‐0.99) and moderate‐to‐excellent (ICC ranges, 0.58‐0.90), respectively. From the 21 studies, 11/21 (50%) demonstrated a delayed effect in mSASSS in AS patient administered TNFi. When stratifying these studies into those with ≤4 years of follow‐up and >4 years follow‐up, 3/11 (27%) and 8/10 (80%) studies respectively indicated a delayed effect of mSASSS with TNFi in AS patients. Pooling for meta‐analysis from 3 studies (1159 patients) with study durations ranging 4‐8 years, indicated that TNFi‐treated patients had reduced odds of structural progression (odds ratio 0.81; 95% CI 0.68‐0.96; P = .01; I2 = 0%). Mean rate of mSASSS change from 16 studies ranged from −0.15 to 7.3 mSASSS units for all AS patients. Meta‐analysis indicated a numerical, but statistically non‐significant, reduction in the rate of mSASSS change with TNFi treatment (7 studies [1438 patients]; mean difference, −0.24; 95% CI, −0.49‐0.01; P = .06; I2 = 0%). This systematic review and meta‐analysis indicated that >4 years of TNFi usage was associated with delayed structural progression by mSASSS. The narrative analysis of the data from 21 studies further confirmed that studies with >4 years of follow‐up had delayed structural progression with TNFi use in AS patients. The systematic review also confirmed that mSASSS has good‐to‐excellent inter‐rater reliability in AS.
A first response to osmostress inAcinetobacter baumannii: transient accumulation of K+and its replacement by compatible solutes
Authors: König Patricia , Averhoff Beate , Müller Volker
Published: May 2020

The extraordinary desiccation resistance of the opportunistic human pathogenAcinetobacter baumanniiis a key to its survival and spread in medical care units. The accumulation of compatible solute such as glutamate, mannitol and trehalose contributes to the desiccation resistance. Here, we have used osmolarity as a tool to study the response of cells to low water activities and studied the role of a potential inorganic osmolyte, K+, in osmostress response. Growth ofA. baumanniiwas K+‐dependent and the K+‐dependence increased with the osmolarity of the medium. After an osmotic upshock, cells accumulated K+and K+accumulation increased with the salinity of the medium. K+uptake was reduced in the presence of glycine betaine. The intracellular pools of compatible solutes were dependent on the K+concentration: mannitol and glutamate concentrations increased with increasing K+concentrations whereas trehalose was highest at low K+. After osmotic upshock, cells first accumulated K+followed by synthesis of glutamate; later, mannitol and trehalose synthesis started, accompanied with a decrease of intracellular K+and glutamate. These experiments demonstrate K+uptake as a first response to osmostress inA. baumanniiand demonstrate a hierarchy in the time‐dependent accumulation of K+and different organic solutes.
Switching administration of anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies as immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge in individuals with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: Case series and literature review
Authors: Kitagawa Shingo , Hakozaki Taiki , Kitadai Rui , Hosomi Yukio
Published: May 2020

Background

Based on several phase III studies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are essential and promising drugs for the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, in patients previously treated with ICI, the efficacy and safety of rechallenging the same or another type of ICI inhibitor remain unclear. Moreover, clinical data about the efficacy of switching the administration of anti‐programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) antibodies (e.g. nivolumab, pembrolizumab) and anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibodies (e.g. atezolizumab) as ICI rechallenge are limited. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of such treatment strategy in NSCLC patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 17 patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC who received both anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies during their clinical courses.

Results

Among the 17 patients, one (5.9%) and nine (52.9%) achieved partial response and stable disease, respectively, after ICI rechallenge. The median progression‐free survival of ICI rechallenge in these patients was 4.0 (range: 0.4–8.0) months, and the median overall survival from the start of the initial ICI was 31.0 (range: 7.6–46.8) months. Of the 10 patients who developed immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) during the first ICI treatment, five presented with these events after the readministration of ICI. Among them, four experienced relapsed irAEs and two patients had pneumonitis, which is a grade 3 or higher irAE. Almost all irAEs during the rechallenge treatment were manageable.

Conclusions

Switching the administration of anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies as ICI rechallenge could be a treatment option for some NSCLC patients.

Key points

• Significant findings of the study

In this study, switching the administration of anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies as ICI rechallenge could be an effective and safe treatment option for some patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC.

• What this study adds

Switching the administration of ICI may increase the efficacy of readministration. However, the mechanism is unknown. Thus, further accumulation of cases is required, and extensive investigations must be conducted to elucidate the mechanism and benefits of such treatment.
A randomized clinical trial of a group cognitive–behavioral therapy to reduce alcohol use among human immunodeficiency virus‐infected outpatients in western Kenya
Authors: Papas Rebecca K. , Gakinya Benson N. , Mwaniki Michael M. , Lee Hana , Keter Alfred K. , Martino Steve , Klein Debra A. , Liu Tao , Loxley Michelle P. , Sidle John E. , Schlaudt Kathryn , Nafula Tobista , Omodi Victor M. , Baliddawa Joyce B. , Kinyanjui Daniel W. , Maisto Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

Background and aims

Culturally relevant and feasible interventions are needed to address limited professional resources in sub‐Saharan Africa for behaviorally treating the dual epidemics of HIV and alcohol use disorder. This study tested the efficacy of a cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention to reduce alcohol use among HIV‐infected outpatients in Eldoret, Kenya.

Design

Randomized clinical trial.

Setting

A large HIV outpatient clinic in Eldoret, Kenya, affiliated with the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare collaboration.

Participants

A total of 614 HIV‐infected outpatients [312 CBT; 302 healthy life‐styles (HL); 48.5% male; mean age: 38.9 years; mean education 7.7 years] who reported a minimum of hazardous or binge drinking.

Intervention and comparator

A culturally adapted six‐session gender‐stratified group CBT intervention compared with HL education, each delivered by paraprofessionals over six weekly 90‐minute sessions with a 9‐month follow‐up.

Measurements

Primary outcome measures were percentage of drinking days (PDD) and mean drinks per drinking day (DDD) computed from retrospective daily number of drinks data obtained by use of the time‐line follow‐back from baseline to 9 months post‐intervention. Exploratory analyses examined unprotected sex and number of partners.

Findings

Median attendance was six sessions across condition. Retention at 9 months post‐intervention was high and similar by condition: CBT 86% and HL 83%. PDD and DDD marginal means were significantly lower in CBT than HL at all three study phases. Maintenance period, PDD – CBT = 3.64 (0.696), HL = 5.72 (0.71), mean difference 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13 – 4.04; DDD – CBT = 0.66 (0.96), HL = 0.98 (0.098), mean difference = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.05 – 0.58. Risky sex decreased over time in both conditions, with a temporary effect for CBT at the 1‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

A cognitive–behavioral therapy intervention was more efficacious than healthy lifestyles education in reducing alcohol use among HIV‐infected Kenyan outpatient drinkers.
Morphometric analysis of the mandible of Bardhoka autochthonous sheep in Kosovo
Authors: Özkan Ermiş , Jashari Tefik , Gündemir Ozan , Gezer İnce Nazan
Published: May 2020

Kosovo, one of the countries in the Balkan Peninsula, has a long tradition in sheep farming, and sheep breeds share triple purpose breed characteristics: milk, meat and wool. Bardhoka sheep, also with triple productive profile, is an important sheep breed because of its economic value with its milk production. In this study, 24 mandibles of adult Bardhoka sheep (12 male and 12 female) aged between 2 and 5 were used. The sheep were acquired from slaughterhouse around Kosovo, and the mandibles were selected without any deformities from healthy sheep. After cleaning the mandibles, a total of 12 morphometric measurements were taken from each sample using digital calliper. The difference between female and male was statistically significant (p < .05) for measurement 11 (height of mandible level of alveolar edge of 3rd molar tooth). The mean value of measurement 11 in male individuals was 42.26 ± 3.96, and it had a higher value than in female individuals (39.37 ± 2.57). In the literature, knowledge related to mandible morphometry of Bardhoka sheep was insufficient. The aim of this study was to determine mean values from osteometric measurements of Bardhoka sheep mandible and obtain references with the values acquired.
Enhancing the intentional self‐regulation skills of Chinese adolescents living in orphanages: A school‐based intervention
Authors: Liu Fangqing , Bowers Edmond P. , Gai Xiaosong , Ren Wei
Published: May 2020

Adolescents living in orphanages are at risk for problematic developmental outcomes. However, adolescents with higher levels of intentional self‐regulation (ISR) often exhibit higher levels of positive youth development and are more likely to avoid risk in such an environment. The present study sought to revise a suite of materials designed to promote ISR skills in U.S. youth, GPS to Success (Goal Selection, Pursuit of Strategies, and Shifting Gears), and examined the effect of these revised materials (GPS‐r) on the ISR skills of orphan adolescents in China. Sixty‐eight adolescents from 14 to 18 years old living in the same orphanage participated in the GPS‐r project. Participants were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received training on the GPS‐r materials, which lasted for 11 weeks and took 45 min per week, whereas the control group did not receive training. The results revealed that ISR skills, particularly the dimensions of goal selection and pursuit of strategies, were significantly enhanced after the GPS‐r project for the experimental group, but not the control group. The findings highlight several implications for positive youth development interventions for youth in orphanages.
Prophylactic Foley catheter insertion into defunctioning ileostomy to reduce obstruction after colorectal surgery: pilot randomized controlled trial*
Authors: Kulasegaran Suheelan , Li Ray , Nisbet Sherry , Vasey Carolyn , Otutaha Bacil , Walsh Michael , Jarvis John , Moir Mike H.
Published: May 2020

Background

Defunctioning ileostomies provide faecal diversion in major colorectal surgery. This reduces the consequences of an anastomotic leak. However, the formation of an ileostomy carries risks including obstruction at the level of the fascia. Post‐operative oedema at the level of the fascia may contribute to obstruction. We hypothesize that the prophylactic insertion of a Foley catheter into the afferent limb of a defunctioning loop ileostomy may help decompress and improve time to low‐residue diet (LRD). The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of a Foley catheter, prophylactically inserted into the afferent limb of a defunctioning loop ileostomy, after major colorectal surgery.

Methods

The study was a prospective pilot‐randomized controlled trial. Ethical approval was obtained from Northern B Health and Disability Ethics Committee 15/NTB/91 ANZCTR Trial ID: ACTRN12615000691549.

Results

Forty‐nine patients undergoing major elective colorectal surgery with a defunctioning ileostomy, between the years of 2015 and 2018 at North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand were included in this study. Patients were randomly allocated to either the Foley catheter (n = 26) or non‐Foley catheter (n = 23) group. The median time taken to tolerate LRD the primary outcome, was 2 days in the Foley group versus 2 days in the non‐Foley group (P = 0.05). There were no differences in the secondary outcome measures such as time to stoma output, length of stay or complications.

Conclusion

This trial failed to show a statistical difference in time taken to tolerate a LRD residue in the Foley catheter group. There was no difference in length of stay, time to flatus or stoma output.
Comparison of objective and subjective visual quality early after implantable collamer lens V4c (ICL V4c) and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for high myopia correction
Authors: Wei Ruoyan , Li Meiyan , Zhang Huihui , Aruma Aruma , Miao Huamao , Wang Xiaoying , Zhou Jin , Zhou Xingtao
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To investigate differences in the objective and subjective visual quality of patients with high myopia following implantable collamer lens V4c (ICL V4c) versus small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) early postoperatively.

Methods

This prospective analysis included 94 eyes of 57 patients (8 males) in the ICL V4c group (mean spherical equivalent (SE), −8.07 ± 1.03 dioptres (D)) and 103 eyes of 57 patients (13 males) in the SMILE group (mean SE, −7.85 ± 0.78 D). Refractive parameters and wavefront aberrations were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Subjective visual quality was scored with the Quality of Vision questionnaire, and operation satisfaction was evaluated 6 months postoperatively.

Results

At 6 months postoperatively, the efficacy index was 1.17 ± 0.16 in the ICL and 1.09 ± 0.20 in the SMILE group; the safety index was 1.21 ± 0.18 in the ICL and 1.12 ± 0.16 in the SMILE group. A significant increase in total higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) in both the ICL and SMILE groups was observed, but to a lesser degree in ICL (p < 0.05). In the ICL group, trefoil significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas in the SMILE group, coma, trefoil and spherical aberration significantly increased (p < 0.05). Glare, haloes and blurred vision had the highest incidences after both types of surgery, and postoperative haloes were significantly more common following ICL; 96.1% of ICL‐treated and 94.9% of SMILE‐treated patients were satisfied with their visual outcomes.

Conclusion

ICL V4c caused lower HOAs induction than SMILE. Despite the postoperative visual disturbances, both ICL and SMILE provided good efficacy, safety, predictability and high satisfaction in correcting high myopia.
No evidence from a systematic review for the use of probiotics to prevent otitis media
Authors: Chen Tzu Yu , Hendrickx Anneleen , Stevenson Duncan Scott , Bird Philip , Walls Tony
Published: May 2020

Aim

This systematic review evaluates the current evidence for the use of probiotics in the prevention of acute otitis media (AOM) in children.

Methods

This study is registered with PROSPERO prior to commencement. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane database were searched using relating keywords. All literature was screened to determine relatability to the topic. Review articles were also screened for additional literature.

Results

Thirteen studies were found on probiotics and their role in preventing AOM in children. They ranged in quality from poor to moderate. Half (2/4) of the studies that used nasal probiotic formulations showed a significant difference in reducing otitis media, while only a third (3/9) of the studies using oral formulations suggest benefit in reducing AOM. None of the studies demonstrated significant adverse effects from probiotics.

Conclusion

The evidence for any effect of probiotics on the prevention of AOM is limited, and the overall low quality of studies makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. No serious adverse events were noted, and there is some evidence to suggest possible benefit with nasal probiotic administration.
Targeting desmosomal adhesion and signalling for intestinal barrier stabilization in inflammatory bowel diseases—Lessons from experimental models and patients
Authors: Schlegel Nicolas , Boerner Kevin , Waschke Jens
Published: May 2020

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) have a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis which is incompletely understood. A typical feature closely associated with clinical symptoms is impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. Mounting evidence suggests that desmosomes, which together with tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junctions (AJ) form the intestinal epithelial barrier, play a distinct role in IBD pathogenesis. This is based on the finding that desmoglein (Dsg) 2, a cadherin‐type adhesion molecule of desmosomes, is required for maintenance of intestinal barrier properties both in vitro and in vivo, presumably via Dsg2‐mediated regulation of TJ. Mice deficient for intestinal Dsg2 show increased basal permeability and are highly susceptible to experimental colitis. In several cohorts of IBD patients, intestinal protein levels of Dsg2 are reduced and desmosome ultrastructure is altered suggesting that Dsg2 is involved in IBD pathogenesis. In addition to its adhesive function, Dsg2 contributes to enterocyte cohesion and intestinal barrier function. Dsg2 is also involved in enterocyte proliferation, barrier differentiation and induction of apoptosis, in part by regulation of p38MAPK and EGFR signalling. In IBD, the function of Dsg2 appears to be compromised via p38MAPK activation, which is a critical pathway for regulation of desmosomes and is associated with keratin phosphorylation in IBD patients. In this review, the current findings on the role of Dsg2 as a novel promising target to prevent loss of intestinal barrier function in IBD patients are discussed.
Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North
Authors: Hillier Cathlene , Sano Yujiro , Zarifa David , Haan Michael
Published: May 2020

Brain drain is an increasingly important concern for local governments in northern communities in Canada in maintaining and enhancing human capital levels to sustain vibrant economies and communities. Researchers, however, have yet to examine the magnitude of north‐south out‐migration nor do we know the characteristics of youth who are likely to relocate. Our study contributes to this knowledge gap by employing multiple waves from Statistics Canada's Youth in Transition Survey (Cohort A) linked to each youth's reading scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (measured at age 15), and longitudinally to their tax filer information until age 30 (T1 Family Files).
Rethinking Role Residual: Retired Police Officers and the Inertia of Habitus
Authors: Parnaby Patrick , Weston Crystal
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we bring conceptual clarity to the literature on “role residual.” Based on the extant literature and our own research involving police retirees, we first delineate three empirical variants of role residual: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. We then make the case that a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon requires a theoretical framework capable of conceptualizing role residual in a way that is consistent with a broader theory of practice. To that end, we use Bourdieu's work to argue that role residual comprises states of being or behavior that occur at the intersection of (a) schemas and dispositions inscribed in the habitus as a result of one's prior role‐specific orientation to the field, and (b) a configuration of proximate conditions in the present that is sufficiently similar to what one would have experienced while in one's prior role.
Working the Project: Research Proposals and Everyday Practices for Emerging Feminist Researchers
Authors: Klostermann Janna , McAleese Samantha , Montgomery Lauren , Rodimon Sarah
Published: May 2020

Seeking to support graduate students in engaging in feminist sociological research, we provide guidance on “working the project”—working collaboratively and creatively to foster compassion and solidarity as we bring diverse research projects to fruition. We offer reflections on our everyday experiences and struggles as emerging feminist researchers, including with writing research proposals. We also include four condensed research proposals ‐ on the social organization of care work, sex work, criminal justice, and abortion care ‐ to support fellow students in the process. Spurring collaborative, fun and inclusive ways of working, we speak to feminist scholar‐activists who may require additional support in navigating the social relations of academe, while contributing to collective projects of investigating and remaking the social organization of everyday life.
Are third molars associated with orofacial pain? Findings from the SHIP study
Authors: Mksoud Maria , Ittermann Till , Daboul Amro , Schneider Philipp , Bernhardt Olaf , Koppe Thomas , Bülow Robin , Metelmann Hans‐Robert , Völzke Henry , Kindler Stefan
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To examine the association between third molars and orofacial pain. We hypothesized that impacted third molars are a cause of orofacial pain.

Methods

Magnetic resonance images of 1808 participants from two population‐based cohorts from Northeastern Germany were analysed to define the status of third molars according to the Pell and Gregory classification. A self‐reported questionnaire and a clinical dental examination were used to detect chronic and acute complaints of orofacial pain, masticatory muscle pain, migraine and other types of headache. Logistic regression models were used to analyse the associations between third molar status and orofacial pain.

Results

Individuals with impacted third molars in the maxilla had a higher chance of chronic orofacial pain than those with erupted third molars (odds ratio 2.19; 95% CI 1.19‐4.02). No such association was detected for third molars in the lower jaw. Third molars were not associated with masticatory muscle pain, migraine or other types of headache.

Conclusions

Impacted maxillary third molars might be a cause of chronic orofacial pain. Thus, physicians should consider the eruption/impaction status of third molars in their decision‐making process when treating patients who complain of orofacial pain.
Open vs laparoscopic adrenalectomy for localized adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Kastelan Darko , Knezevic Nikola , Zibar Tomsic Karin , Alduk Ana‐Marija , Kakarigi Luka , Kastelan Marko , Coric Marijana , Skoric‐Polovina Tanja , Solak Mirsala , Kraljevic Ivana , Balasko Annemarie , Gnjidic Milena , Dusek Tina
Published: May 2020

Objective

The purpose of the study was to compare the long‐term outcomes of patients with localized adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) subjected to open vs laparoscopic surgery.

Design

Retrospective study.

Patients

This retrospective study included 46 patients with the ACC ENSAT stage I‐stage III of whom 23 underwent open surgery (OA group), whereas 23 were subjected to laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA group). The main outcomes analysed in the study were differences between the OA and LA groups in recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

Patients in OA group had larger tumours (120 [70‐250] mm vs 75 [26‐110] mm; P < .001), higher Ki‐67 index (16 [1‐65] % vs 10 [1‐25] %; P = .04) and higher disease stage (P = .01) compared with the patients in the LA group. The median duration of follow‐up for patients underwent OA and LA was 51 (12‐174) and 53 (5‐127) months, respectively. Eight patients (5 OA and 3 LA) experienced recurrent disease, whereas six patients (3 OA and 3 LA) died during follow‐up. No differences in RFS and OS were found between patients who underwent open or laparoscopic surgery.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that in patients with localized ACC and without invasion of extra‐adrenal tissues, LA is a plausible treatment option in terms of RFS and OS. However, our results are limited to referral centres with large experience in the management of patients with ACC and may not necessarily apply to nonspecialized centres.
The clinical expression and impact of multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 during pregnancy
Authors: Hogg Prudence , Thompson Michael , Burgess John
Published: May 2020

Context

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is characterized by multisystem neoplasia including primary hyperparathyroidism and pituitary adenoma. Despite the adolescent onset of endocrinopathies, information regarding the impact of maternal MEN 1 on pregnancy is limited to case reports.

Objective

To explore pregnancy outcomes in MEN 1 positive women.

Methods

Retrospective case series of maternofoetal outcomes MEN 1 positive mothers managed at the Royal Hobart Hospital between 1967 and 2018. Data were retrieved from medical records and Australian averages calculated based on the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare data.

Results

Twenty‐six women with MEN 1 were identified accounting for 96 pregnancies and 76 live born infants. Hyperparathyroidism was evident in 16 pregnancies. A significant increase in serum calcium in the second trimester (β = 0.14, P < .001) occurred that was not mediated by parathyroid hormone. Hypercalcaemia was mild‐moderate with parathyroidectomy or medical management required in one and four pregnancies, respectively. Compared to the Australian average, women with MEN 1 were more likely to develop gestational diabetes (56% vs 8.9%, P = .001), hypertensive disorders (25.9% vs 7.6, P = .018), have shorter gestations (38.1 vs 38.7 weeks, P = .015) and have low birthweight infants (30.1% vs 6.5%, P = .001). However, emergency caesarean deliveries (63.2% vs 52.3%) and miscarriage rate (20.8% vs 20%) were not significantly different.

Conclusion

Maternal MEN 1 is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders and low neonatal birthweight, but not with an increased miscarriage rate. Whilst hypercalcaemia worsens during the second trimester, most pregnancies progressed without overt complications or requirement for intervention.
Real‐Time Glints Rendering With Pre‐Filtered Discrete Stochastic Microfacets
Authors: Wang Beibei , Deng Hong , Holzschuch Nicolas
Published: May 2020

Many real‐life materials have a sparkling appearance. Examples include metallic paints, sparkling fabrics and snow. Simulating these sparkles is important for realistic rendering but expensive. As sparkles come from small shiny particles reflecting light into a specific direction, they are very challenging for illumination simulation. Existing approaches use a four‐dimensional hierarchy, searching for light‐reflecting particles simultaneously in space and direction. The approach is accurate, but extremely expensive. A separable model is much faster, but still not suitable for real‐time applications. The performance problem is even worse when illumination comes from environment maps, as they require either a large sample count per pixel or pre‐filtering. Pre‐filtering is incompatible with the existing sparkle models, due to the discrete multi‐scale representation. In this paper, we present a GPU‐friendly, pre‐filtered model for real‐time simulation of sparkles and glints. Our method simulates glints under both environment maps and point light sources in real time, with an added cost of just 10 ms per frame with full high‐definition resolution. Editing material properties requires extra computations but is still real time, with an added cost of 10 ms per frame.
Comparing the predictive ability of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System with the body mass index for use of health services and pharmacotherapies in Australian adults: A nationally representative cross‐sectional study
Authors: Atlantis Evan , Fahey Paul , Williams Kathryn , Edwards Suzanne , Samaras Katherine , Dugdale Paul , Shi Zumin , Sharma Arya M.
Published: May 2020

We assessed the value of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS) compared with the body mass index (BMI) for determining associations with use of health services and pharmacotherapies in a nationally representative sample of participants in the 2011–2013 Australian Health Survey. A subsample of participants aged 18 years or over, with at least overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) or central obesity (waist measurement of ≥102 cm for men; ≥88 cm for women), and who had provided physical measurements (n = 9730) were selected for analysis. For statistical significance of each predictor, we used logistic regression for model comparisons with the BMI and EOSS separately, and adjusted for covariates. For relative explanatory ability, we used the Nagelkerke pseudo R2, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under curve statistic. The EOSS was significantly better than the BMI for predicting polypharmacy and most of the health service use variables. Conversely, the BMI was significantly better than the EOSS for predicting having discussed lifestyle changes relevant to weight loss with the primary care physician. Clinicians, health care professionals, consumers, and policy makers should consider the EOSS a more accurate predictor of polypharmacy and health service use than the BMI in adults with overweight or obesity.
Temporal Binding, Causation, and Agency: Developing a New Theoretical Framework
Authors: Hoerl Christoph , Lorimer Sara , McCormack Teresa , Lagnado David A. , Blakey Emma , Tecwyn Emma C. , Buehner Marc J.
Published: May 2020

In temporal binding, the temporal interval between one event and another, occurring some time later, is subjectively compressed. We discuss two ways in which temporal binding has been conceptualized. In studies showing temporal binding between a voluntary action and its causal consequences, such binding is typically interpreted as providing a measure of an implicit or pre‐reflective “sense of agency.” However, temporal binding has also been observed in contexts not involving voluntary action, but only the passive observation of a cause–effect sequence. In those contexts, it has been interpreted as a top‐down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. These two views need not be in conflict with one another, if one thinks of them as concerning two separate mechanisms through which temporal binding can occur. In this paper, we explore an alternative possibility: that there is a unitary way of explaining temporal binding both within and outside the context of voluntary action as a top‐down effect on perception reflecting a belief in causality. Any such explanation needs to account for ways in which agency, and factors connected with agency, has been shown to affect the strength of temporal binding. We show that principles of causal inference and causal selection already familiar from the literature on causal learning have the potential to explain why the strength of people's causal beliefs can be affected by the extent to which they are themselves actively involved in bringing about events, thus in turn affecting binding.
A two‐level authentication scheme for clone node detection in smart cities using Internet of things
Authors: Shanmugam Anitha , Paramasivam Jayanthi
Published: May 2020

Clone node attack in IoT sensor devices remains a grave security concern as it paves the way for sinkhole, wormhole, and selective forwarding attacks. In this paper, a two‐level authentication scheme named Fingerprint‐based Zero‐Knowledge Authentication (FZKA) algorithm is proposed to improve the detection rate of clone node among the sensor devices. In the fingerprint generation phase, the base station calculates a distinct fingerprint value for each and every node in the network by gathering neighborhood information, represented in the form of superimposed s‐disjunct code matrix. The calculated fingerprint is considered as a secret value and distributed to each cluster nodes for the process of authentication. The FZKA algorithm improves the cloned node detection accuracy with minimal detection time. The simulation results highlight the cloned node detection rate of the proposed scheme by a margin of 92.5% against the existing Exponential Smoothing Algorithm (ETS), Position Verification Method, and Message Verification and Passing algorithms.
Machine learning approach to handle data‐driven model for simulation and forecasting of the cone crusher output in the stone crushing plant
Authors: Abuhasel Khaled Ali
Published: May 2020

Grinding and crushing of stones and other particles are associated with various significant applications. Different sectors have continuously evolved in this area. In the crushing industry, plants function under strict conditions, many of which involve grinding materials. Therefore, various factors are responsible for how the crushers perform. This research investigated the ability of the adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulate the effects of throw, eccentric speed, closed side setting, and the size of the particle on crusher output. The developed simulation model was adjusted and authenticated alongside the experimental data of the investigated parameters. The model's performance was computed by the use of several prediction criteria skills. The results of the study indicated that the developed ANFIS model could simulate the Cone crusher output and give a dependable forecast of the cumulative weight fraction. The researchers resolved that the model fostered was a suitable instrument for the onsite cone crusher assessment.
Continuous positive pressure therapy usage and incident stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Chang En‐Ting , Chen Weishan , Wang Ling‐Yi , Chen Shih‐Fen , Hsu Chung‐Y , Shen Yu‐Chih
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the main treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To date, the link between CPAP usage and incident stroke has been inconsistent.

Objective

This nationwide population study is designed to examine the effect of CPAP on stroke incidence in OSA patients.

Methods

Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), this study collected data from 4275 OSA patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 and divided them into two groups according to whether they received CPAP treatment. After matching baseline demographics and comorbidities, both cohorts contained 959 OSA patients and were followed to a newly diagnosed stroke or until the end of 2013. Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the incidence of stroke between patients with OSA receiving CPAP or no CPAP treatment.

Results

CPAP treatment for OSA patients predicted a lower incidence rate (3.41 vs 5.43 per 1000 person‐years) and tended to protect against the development of stroke (hazard ratio (HR): 0.68, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.38‐1.23) compared to those without CPAP treatment, but the estimate was not statistically significant. Similar results were also observed by dividing stroke into ischemic (2.65 vs 4.30 per 1000 person‐years; HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.35‐1.31) or hemorrhagic origin (0.76 vs 1.12 per 1000 person‐years; HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.19‐2.40).

Conclusions

It is possible that treatment with CPAP might be beneficial for protection against stroke, but this conclusion should be interpreted with caution. Future studies with satisfactory CPAP quality and duration are needed to validate this observation.
Early‐onset hereditary spastic paraplegia: the possibility of a genetic diagnosis
Authors: Blackstone Craig
Published: May 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Schiavoni et al. on pages 1068–1074 of this issue.
Do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems for people living with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Dowling L. , Wilmot E. G. , Choudhary P.
Published: May 2020

Growing numbers of people with type 1 diabetes are using do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems. While these technologies are not approved by regulatory bodies and are not commercially available, users of the technology report improvements in HbA1c and time in range, and reduced burden of diabetes. Healthcare professionals have expressed their concern that legal or regulatory body actions could ensue if they support people who choose to use do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems. Diabetes UK’s position statements make recommendations that aim to provide guidance for both people with diabetes and healthcare professionals, based on the current professional and legal situation. They respect an individual’s right to make their own informed decisions about their diabetes management, and recommend that they should have access to the technology they need for optimal diabetes management. People who wish to use do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems should continue to receive support and care from their diabetes team. Healthcare professionals should engage in conversations around do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems, if the issue is raised, to allow a balanced discussion of risks and benefits. However, healthcare professionals cannot recommend the use of do‐it‐yourself closed‐loop systems because of a lack of regulatory body approval and robust, published research to support safety or effectiveness. People using this technology should be aware that they do so at their own risk. This position statement recognizes that the development of diabetes technology is a rapidly changing environment, and guidance around do‐it‐yourself systems is required from professional and regulatory bodies.
A key effector, BxSapB2, plays a role in the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Zhao Qun , Hu Long‐Jiao , Wu Xiao‐Qin , Wang Yuan‐Chao
Published: May 2020

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes huge economic losses in pine forests. The plant‐parasitic nematodes have a complex life cycle that includes the secretion of effector proteins through a stylet into the host cell to promote parasitism. In this study, SignalP 4.1 and TMHMM 2.0 were used in preliminary screens for candidate effectors and were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana through the PVX virus expression vector. The yeast signal sequence trap system was used to further study the function of the signal peptide of an effector, BxSapB2. In situ hybridization was conducted to investigate the localization of BxSapB2, followed by RNA interference technology (RNAi) to assess the functions of BxSapB2. The results demonstrate that BxSapB2 is a secreted protein that induces cell death in N. benthamiana and is highly expressed in esophageal gland cells and amphids of B. xylophilus. BxSapB2 was determined to be related to the pathogenicity of B. xylophilus. The results of this work indicate that BxSapB2 plays an important role in the interactions between B. xylophilus and the hosts.
IgH translocation with undefined partners is associated with superior outcome in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Mao Xue‐Han , Zhuang Jun‐Ling , Zhao Duo‐Duo , Li Xiao‐Qing , Du Xin , Hao Mu , Xu Yan , Yan Yu‐Ting , Liu Jia‐Hui , Fan Hui‐Shou , Sui Wei‐Wei , Deng Shu‐Hui , Li Cheng‐Wen , Zhao Jia‐Wei , Yi Shu‐Hua , Du Chen‐Xing , Zou De‐Hui , Li Zeng‐Jun , Zhao Yao‐Zhong , Zhan Feng‐Huang , Tai Yu‐Tzu , Fang Bai‐Jun , Song Yong‐Ping , Wang Jian‐Xiang , Anderson Kenneth C. , Qiu Lu‐Gui , An Gang
Published: May 2020

Background

In multiple myeloma (MM), impact of specific chromosomal translocations involving IgH (14q21 locus, including t(4;14), t(11;14), and t(14;16)) has been explored extensively. However, over 15% MM patients harboring IgH translocation with undefined partners have long been ignored.

Methods

A prospective non‐randomized cohort study with a total of 715 newly‐diagnosed MM cases was conducted, 13.6% of whom were t(14;undefined) positive. The whole cohort was divided into four groups: no IgH split (47.7%); t(14;undefined) (13.6%); t(11;14) (17.6%); and t(4;14) or t(14;16) group (21.1%).

Results

Median OS for the four groups was 84.2, not reached (NR), 58.7, and 44.2 months, respectively, with P values for t(14;undefined) vs no IgH split, t(11;14), and t(4;14)/t(14;16) groups of 0.197, 0.022, and 0.001, respectively. In bortezomib‐based group, the survival advantage gained by t(14;undefined) group was much more significant compared to t(11;14) and t(4;14)/t(14;16) groups. Importantly, t(14;undefined) turned out to be an independent predictive factor for longer OS of MM patients in multivariate analysis, especially in the context of bortezomib treatment. Similar results were also observed in the PUMCH external validation cohort.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data confirmed and externally validated the favorable prognosis of the t(14;undefined) groups, especially in the era of novel agents.
Early volumetric changes of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex following medial temporal lobe resection
Authors: Pajkert Anna , Ploner Christoph J. , Lehmann Thomas‐Nicolas , Witte Veronica A. , Oltmanns Frank , Sommer Werner , Holtkamp Martin , Heekeren Hauke R. , Finke Carsten
Published: May 2020

Previous studies have shown that cognitive demands and physical exercise stimulate adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. Recent observations in healthy humans and patients with mild cognitive impairment moreover suggest that training‐induced increases in hippocampal volume may be associated with improved memory performance. The corresponding plasticity processes in hippocampal volume may occur on timescales of months to years. For patients with focal lesions in this region, previous functional imaging studies suggest that increased recruitment of the contralateral hippocampus and extratemporal regions may be an important part of the reorganization of episodic memory. However, it is currently unclear whether focal damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) induces gray matter (GM) volume changes in the intact contralateral hippocampus and in connected network regions on a shorter timescale. We therefore investigated whether unilateral resection of the MTL, including the hippocampus, induces measurable volumetric changes in the contralateral hippocampus and in the default mode network (DMN). We recruited 31 patients with unilateral left (N = 19) or right (N = 12) hippocampal sclerosis undergoing MTL resection for treatment of drug‐resistant epilepsy. Structural MRI was acquired immediately before and 3 months after surgery. Longitudinal voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed a significant increase of right hippocampal volume following resection of the left anterior MTL. Furthermore, this patient group showed GM volume increases in the DMN. These results demonstrate significant structural plasticity of the contralateral hippocampus, even in patients with a long‐standing unilateral hippocampal dysfunction and structural reorganization processes extending to distant, but functionally connected brain regions.