bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Draft Genome Sequences of Marinobacter similis A3d10
T
and Marinobacter salarius R9SW1
T
Authors: Ivanova Elena P. , Ng Hooi Jun , Webb Hayden K. , Feng Gao , Oshima Kenshiro , Hattori Masahira , Ohkuma Moriya , Sergeev Alexander F. , Mikhailov Valery V. , Crawford Russell J. , Sawabe Tomoo
Published: May 2014

Here, we present the draft genomes of
Marinobacter similis
A3d10
T
, a potential plastic biodegrader, and
Marinobacter salarius
R9SW1
T
, isolated from radioactive waters. This genomic information will contribute information on the genetic basis of the metabolic pathways for the degradation of both plastic and radionuclides.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Endocarpon pusillum
Strain KoLRILF000583
Authors: Park Sook-Young , Choi Jaeyoung , Lee Gir-Won , Park Chan-Ho , Kim Jung A , Oh Soon-Ok , Lee Yong-Hwan , Hur Jae-Seoun
Published: May 2014

Lichen
Endocarpon pusillum
is a highly desiccation-tolerant and dominant species in biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions. We report the draft genome sequence of a lichen-forming fungus,
E. pusillum
strain KoLRILF000583. The draft genome assembly has a size of 37,173,200 bp with a GC content of 49.71%, consisting of 40 scaffolds.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Human Enterovirus 71 Strain Isolated from a Fatal Case in Shanghai, China, in 2012
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhu Qianqian , Zeng Mei , Altmeyer Ralf , Zou Gang
Published: May 2014

The complete genome sequence of a human enterovirus 71 strain (SH12-276), isolated from a fatal case in Shanghai in 2012, was determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome sequence classified this strain into subgenotype C4.
Silent sinus syndrome as a recognised cause of unilateral painless enophthalmos
Authors: Gan Weh Loong
Published: May 2014

An uncommon case of unilateral painless enophthalmos in a 44-year-old woman is presented. Despite the noticeable orbital asymmetry caused by enophthalmos, the patient has normal visual acuities in both eyes with unremarkable ophthalmic examination. Diagnosis of silent sinus syndrome was confirmed on the CT orbits and paranasal sinuses, showing complete opacification and atelectasis of the maxillary sinus. The patient achieved satisfactory improvements in her nasal symptom and facial appearance following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
Successful non-operative management of spontaneous type II gallbladder perforation in a patient with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Alessiani Mario , Peloso Andrea , Tramelli Paola , Magnani Enzo
Published: May 2014

A 77-year-old man with Alzheimer's disease was admitted to a rural hospital in June 2012 and an acute cholecistytis was first diagnosed. Surgery was not considered as a possible option due to the critical condition of the patient and his severe comorbidities. After 2 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the patient worsened and developed severe sepsis. A gallbladder perforation with intrahepatic abscess formation was diagnosed on ultrasonography (US) and abdominal CT scan. The patient underwent percutaneous US-guided gallbladder drainage with resolution of the sepsis and rapid clinical improvement. After 1 month, the drainage was removed and the patient was discharged. He survived in good condition for 18 months and he passed away from pneumonitis in December 2013. This case shows that in a case of acute cholecystitis with gallbladder perforation, percutaneous gallbladder drainage can be a lifesaving procedure in elderly patients with severe comorbidities (including Alzheimer's disease) who are not candidates for elective surgery.
Paediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection caused byActinomyces neuii
Authors: Anderson Ian A , Jarral Fazain , Sethi Kavita , Chumas Paul D
Published: May 2014

We present the first reported case of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection secondary toActinomyces neuiiin a paediatric patient. Our patient was managed with temporary shunt removal, intrathecal antibiotics and a prolonged course of intravenous and then oral antibiotics. She went on to make a complete recovery. Subsequent cerebrospinal fluid analysis at 5 months post-treatment demonstrated no evidence of residual infection.
Ethnicity and the association between anthropometric indices of obesity and cardiovascular risk in women: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Goh Louise G H , Dhaliwal Satvinder S , Welborn Timothy A , Lee Andy H , Della Phillip R
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to determine whether the cross-sectional associations between anthropometric obesity measures, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and calculated 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk using the Framingham and general CVD risk score models, are the same for women of Australian, UK and Ireland, North European, South European and Asian descent. This study would investigate which anthropometric obesity measure is most predictive at identifying women at increased CVD risk in each ethnic group.

Design

Cross-sectional data from the National Heart Foundation Risk Factor Prevalence Study.

Setting

Population-based survey in Australia.

Participants

4354 women aged 20–69 years with no history of heart disease, diabetes or stroke. Most participants were of Australian, UK and Ireland, North European, South European or Asian descent (97%).

Outcome measures

Anthropometric obesity measures that demonstrated stronger predictive ability of identifying women at increased CVD risk and likelihood of being above the promulgated treatment thresholds of various risk score models.

Results

Central obesity measures, WC and WHR, were better predictors of cardiovascular risk. WHR reported a stronger predictive ability than WC and BMI in Caucasian women. In Northern European women, BMI was a better indicator of risk using the general CVD (10% threshold) and Framingham (20% threshold) risk score models. WC was the most predictive of cardiovascular risk among Asian women.

Conclusions

Ethnicity should be incorporated into CVD assessment. The same anthropometric obesity measure cannot be used across all ethnic groups. Ethnic-specific CVD prevention and treatment strategies need to be further developed.
Small expression tags enhance bacterial expression of the first three transmembrane segments of the apelin receptor
Authors: Pandey Aditya , Sarker Muzaddid , Liu Xiang-Qin , Rainey Jan K.
Published: May 2014

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are inherently dynamic membrane protein modulators of various important cellular signaling cascades. The apelin receptor (AR or APJ) is a class A GPCR involved in numerous physiological processes, implicated in angiogenesis during tumour formation and as a CD4 co-receptor for entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to cells. Due to the lack of efficient methods to produce full-length GPCRs enriched with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active15N,13C, and (or)2H isotopes, small GPCR fragments typically comprising 1–2 transmembrane segments are frequently studied using NMR spectroscopy. Here, we report successful overexpression of transmembrane segments 1–3 of AR (AR_TM1-3) in the C41(DE3) strain of Escherichia coli using an AT-rich gene tag previously reported to enhance cell-free expression yields. The resulting protein, with 6 additional N-terminal residues due to the expression tag, was purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Far UV circular dichroism spectropolarimetry demonstrates that AR_TM1-3 has the predicted ∼40% α-helical character in membrane-mimetic environments.1H-15N HSQC NMR experiments imply amenability to high-resolution NMR structural characterization and stability in solution for weeks. Notably, this small expression tag approach may also be generally applicable to other membrane proteins that are difficult to express in E. coli.
Life history and environmental influences on population dynamics in sockeye salmon
Authors: Braun Douglas C. , Reynolds John D.
Published: May 2014

Understanding linkages among life history traits, the environment, and population dynamics is a central goal in ecology. We compared 15 populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to test general hypotheses for the relative importance of life history traits and environmental conditions in explaining variation in population dynamics. We used life history traits and habitat variables as covariates in mixed-effect Ricker models to evaluate the support for correlates of maximum population growth rates, density dependence, and variability in dynamics among populations. We found dramatic differences in the dynamics of populations that spawn in a small geographical area. These differences among populations were related to variation in habitats but not life history traits. Populations that spawned in deep water had higher and less variable population growth rates, and populations inhabiting streams with larger gravels experienced stronger negative density dependence. These results demonstrate, in these populations, the relative importance of environmental conditions and life histories in explaining population dynamics, which is rarely possible for multiple populations of the same species. Furthermore, they suggest that local habitat variables are important for the assessment of population status, especially when multiple populations with different dynamics are managed as aggregates.
GROWTH, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND INTERFACIAL REACTION OF MAGNETRON SPUTTERED CeO2 THIN FILMS ON DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES
Authors: BERA PARTHASARATHI , ANANDAN CHINNASAMY
Published: May 2014

CeO 2 thin films were deposited on Si , Al , Ti –6 Al –4 V alloy, Si 3 N 4 and glass substrates by magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Growth of CeO 2 films on Si and Si 3 N 4 and effect of annealing were investigated by XRD, FESEM and AFM. Interaction between deposited CeO 2 films and Si , Al , Ti –6 Al –4 V alloy, Si 3 N 4 and glass substrates was investigated by XPS. XRD studies show that films are oriented preferentially to (200)-direction of CeO 2 and no significant change is observed in the XRD patterns of films after heat treatment. CeO 2 film on Si 3 N 4 exhibits rough morphology, whereas very fine morphology is observed in CeO 2 film on Si . CeO 2 film on Si shows lower roughness in relation to that on Si 3 N 4 as demonstrated by AFM studies. XPS results show that Ce is present as both +4 and +3 oxidation states in CeO 2 film deposited on Si and Al substrates, whereas Ce 4+ is the main species in CeO 2 films deposited on Ti –6 Al –4 V alloy, Si 3 N 4 and glass substrates. Ce3d , Si2p and O1s core level spectra demonstrate that Ce 2 O 3 or cerium silicate and SiO x type of species are formed at the interface of CeO 2 and Si . Similarly, formation of interfacial species like Ce 2 O 3 or cerium aluminate is evident in CeO 2 film on Al as demonstrated by XPS studies. On the other hand, interfacial reactions between CeO 2 and Ti –6 Al –4 V alloy, Si 3 N 4 and glass substrates are limited in the respective films.
A semigroup-theoretical view of direct-sum decompositions and associated combinatorial problems
Authors: Baeth N. R. , Geroldinger A. , Grynkiewicz D. J. , Smertnig D.
Published: May 2014

Let R be a ring and let [Formula: see text] be a small class of right R-modules which is closed under finite direct sums, direct summands, and isomorphisms. Let [Formula: see text] denote a set of representatives of isomorphism classes in [Formula: see text] and, for any module M in [Formula: see text], let [M] denote the unique element in [Formula: see text] isomorphic to M. Then [Formula: see text] is a reduced commutative semigroup with operation defined by [M] + [N] = [M ⊕ N], and this semigroup carries all information about direct-sum decompositions of modules in [Formula: see text]. This semigroup-theoretical point of view has been prevalent in the theory of direct-sum decompositions since it was shown that if EndR(M) is semilocal for all [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is a Krull monoid. Suppose that the monoid [Formula: see text] is Krull with a finitely generated class group (for example, when [Formula: see text] is the class of finitely generated torsion-free modules and R is a one-dimensional reduced Noetherian local ring). In this case, we study the arithmetic of [Formula: see text] using new methods from zero-sum theory. Furthermore, based on module-theoretic work of Lam, Levy, Robson, and others we study the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the monoid [Formula: see text] for certain classes of modules over Prüfer rings and hereditary Noetherian prime rings.
A Gorenstein analogue of a result of Bertin
Authors: Qiao Lei , Wang Fanggui
Published: May 2014

An integral domain R is called a Gorenstein Prüfer (G-Prüfer) domain if it is coherent and every submodule of a flat R-module is Gorenstein flat. In this paper, we show that every n-FC domain is an intersection of local G-Prüfer domains. We also give several characterizations of G-Prüfer domains.
The Glorious Dead and Sacred Communities in Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan and Wajda’s Katyń
Authors: Garbowski Christopher
Published: May 2014

Historical memory is one of the keys to strengthening what Anthony Smith calls the “deep cultural resources” of national identity (Chosen Peoples 5). This article argues that in Steven Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan of 1998 and Andrzej Wajda’s Katyń of 2007 a dialogue with sacred cultural resources takes place. Focusing as they do on wartime experiences of Americans and Poles, the historical memory brought to the fore in these films evokes the specific trials that the respective nations endured in WWII. Through the depiction of the military community at war, the films contribute to the underlying sacred national communities that remain to this day. The themes of commemoration implicit in the films foster an ethical dimension within the respective sacred communities, since commemoration of the wartime dead develops moral memory. Through the depictions of their sacrifice in both films, the glorious dead augment both the sacred sources of their immediate military communities and, either as heroes or victims, those of their larger national communities.
Extreme Rainfall Variability in Australia: Patterns, Drivers, and Predictability*
Authors: King Andrew D. , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Alexander Lisa V. , Donat Markus G. , Jourdain Nicolas C. , Maher Penelope
Published: May 2014

Leading patterns of observed monthly extreme rainfall variability in Australia are examined using an empirical orthogonal teleconnection (EOT) method. Extreme rainfall variability is more closely related to mean rainfall variability during austral summer than in winter. The leading EOT patterns of extreme rainfall explain less variance in Australia-wide extreme rainfall than is the case for mean rainfall EOTs. The authors illustrate that, as with mean rainfall, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has the strongest association with warm-season extreme rainfall variability, while in the cool season the primary drivers are atmospheric blocking and the subtropical ridge. The Indian Ocean dipole and southern annular mode also have significant relationships with patterns of variability during austral winter and spring. Leading patterns of summer extreme rainfall variability have predictability several months ahead from Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and as much as a year in advance from Indian Ocean SSTs. Predictability from the Pacific is greater for wetter-than-average summer months than for months that are drier than average, whereas for the Indian Ocean the relationship has greater linearity. Several cool-season EOTs are associated with midlatitude synoptic-scale patterns along the south and east coasts. These patterns have common atmospheric signatures denoting moist onshore flow and strong cyclonic anomalies often to the north of a blocking anticyclone. Tropical cyclone activity is observed to have significant relationships with some warm-season EOTs. This analysis shows that extreme rainfall variability in Australia can be related to remote drivers and local synoptic-scale patterns throughout the year.
Managing across Borders: Global Integration and Knowledge Exchange in MNCs
Authors: Park Kathleen , Mense-Petermann Ursula
Published: May 2014

In this article we explore expatriate managers as international boundary spanners and problem solvers in promulgating knowledge exchange in multinational companies (MNCs). Theoretical perspectives on agency, expatriation and MNCs connect notions of individual volition with expatriation interactions and organizational outcomes. This conceptualization questions the exaltation of individual excellence in the earlier heroic perspective on the expatriate. Rather, interculturally competent, strategically localized expatriate managers address recurring global–local tensions in everyday interactions with the host country subsidiary staff. The expatriates' boundary spanning, problem solving and knowledge exchange enhance the global integration, national responsiveness, and worldwide innovation and learning concomitant with the transnational form of the MNC.
Carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a multicenter, phase 2 study
Authors: Bringhen Sara , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Larocca Alessandra , Conticello Concetta , Rossi Davide , Magarotto Valeria , Musto Pellegrino , Boccadifuoco Luana , Offidani Massimo , Omedé Paola , Gentilini Fabiana , Ciccone Giovannino , Benevolo Giulia , Genuardi Mariella , Montefusco Vittorio , Oliva Stefania , Caravita Tommaso , Tacchetti Paola , Boccadoro Mario , Sonneveld Pieter , Palumbo Antonio
Published: May 2014

Key Points

This is the first study of carfilzomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone in elderly patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Carfilzomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone induced high complete response rates and was associated with low toxicity.
Gold-silicon nanofiber synthesized by femtosecond laser radiation for enhanced light absorptance
Authors: Mahmood Abdul Salam , Venkatakrishnan Krishnan , Tan Bo
Published: May 2014

In this study, we devised a new concept for the precise nanofabrication of Au-Si fibrous nanostructures using megahertz femtosecond laser irradiation in air and atmospheric pressure conditions. The weblike fibrous nanostructures of Au thin layer on silicon substrate, which are proposed for the application of solar cells, exhibit a specific improvement of the optical properties in visible wavelength. Varying numbers of laser interaction pulses were used to control the synthesis of the nanofibrous structures. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that the nanostructures are formed due to the aggregation of polycrystalline nanoparticles of the respective constituent materials with diameters varying between 30 and 90 nm. Measurement of the reflectance through a spectroradiometer showed that the coupling of incident electromagnetic irradiation was greatly improved over the broadband wavelength range. Lower reflectance intensity was obtained with a higher number of laser pulses due to the bulk of gold nanoparticles being agglomerated by the mechanism of fusion. This forms interweaving fibrous nanostructures which reveal a certain degree of assembly.

PACS

81.05.Zx; 81.07.-b
Integrative analysis of the transcriptome profiles observed in type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus reveals the role of inflammation
Authors: Evangelista Adriane F , Collares Cristhianna VA , Xavier Danilo J , Macedo Claudia , Manoel-Caetano Fernanda S , Rassi Diane M , Foss-Freitas Maria C , Foss Milton C , Sakamoto-Hojo Elza T , Nguyen Catherine , Puthier Denis , Passos Geraldo A , Donadi Eduardo A
Published: May 2014

Background

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, while type 2 (T2D) and gestational diabetes (GDM) are considered metabolic disturbances. In a previous study evaluating the transcript profiling of peripheral mononuclear blood cells obtained from T1D, T2D and GDM patients we showed that the gene profile of T1D patients was closer to GDM than to T2D. To understand the influence of demographical, clinical, laboratory, pathogenetic and treatment features on the diabetes transcript profiling, we performed an analysis integrating these features with the gene expression profiles of the annotated genes included in databases containing information regarding GWAS and immune cell expression signatures.

Methods

Samples from 56 (19 T1D, 20 T2D, and 17 GDM) patients were hybridized to whole genome one-color Agilent 4x44k microarrays. Non-informative genes were filtered by partitioning, and differentially expressed genes were obtained by rank product analysis. Functional analyses were carried out using the DAVID database, and module maps were constructed using the Genomica tool.

Results

The functional analyses were able to discriminate between T1D and GDM patients based on genes involved in inflammation. Module maps of differentially expressed genes revealed that modulated genes: i) exhibited transcription profiles typical of macrophage and dendritic cells; ii) had been previously associated with diabetic complications by association and by meta-analysis studies, and iii) were influenced by disease duration, obesity, number of gestations, glucose serum levels and the use of medications, such as metformin.

Conclusion

This is the first module map study to show the influence of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, immunopathogenic and treatment features on the transcription profiles of T1D, T2D and GDM patients.
Optimizing photo-Fenton like process for the removal of diesel fuel from the aqueous phase
Authors: Dehghani Mansooreh , Shahsavani Esmaeel , Farzadkia Mahdi , Samaei Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2014

Background

In recent years, pollution of soil and groundwater caused by fuel leakage from old underground storage tanks, oil extraction process, refineries, fuel distribution terminals, improper disposal and also spills during transferring has been reported. Diesel fuel has created many problems for water resources. The main objectives of this research were focused on assessing the feasibility of using photo-Fenton like method using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI/UV/H2O2) in removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and determining the optimal conditions using Taguchi method.

Results

The influence of different parameters including the initial concentration of TPH (0.1-1 mg/L), H2O2 concentration (5-20 mmole/L), nZVI concentration (10-100 mg/L), pH (3-9), and reaction time (15-120 min) on TPH reduction rate in diesel fuel were investigated. The variance analysis suggests that the optimal conditions for TPH reduction rate from diesel fuel in the aqueous phase are as follows: the initial TPH concentration equals to 0.7 mg/L, nZVI concentration 20 mg/L, H2O2 concentration equals to 5 mmol/L, pH 3, and the reaction time of 60 min and degree of significance for the study parameters are 7.643, 9.33, 13.318, 15.185 and 6.588%, respectively. The predicted removal rate in the optimal conditions was 95.8% and confirmed by data obtained in this study which was between 95-100%.

Conclusion

In conclusion, photo-Fenton like process using nZVI process may enhance the rate of diesel degradation in polluted water and could be used as a pretreatment step for the biological removal of TPH from diesel fuel in the aqueous phase.
Thermal behavior and indirect life test of large-area OLED lighting panels
Authors: Pang Huiqing , Michalski Lech , Weaver Michael S , Ma Ruiqing , Brown Julie J
Published: May 2014

In this work, we studied the thermal behavior and addressed the challenges of life testing of large area OLED devices. In particular, we developed an indirect method to accurately calculate the life time of large-area OLED lighting panels without physically life-testing the panels. Using small area OLEDs with structures identical with the tested panels, we performed the life tests at desired driving current densities at different temperatures and extracted the relationship between junction temperature and the lifetime for the particular device. By measuring the panel junction temperature during operation under the same current density and using the life time measured on small area test devices, we determine the lifetime of the panels based on the thermal dependence. We test this methodology by predicting the life time of white PHOLED panels and then physically testing the panels. The typical result for the lifetime to 80% of the initial luminance (LT80) of the panel at a constant dc current density of 10 mA/cm2 (3800 cd/m2), was predicted to be 526 hours in good agreement with the actual life-test at 10 mA/cm2 of 512 hrs. This good agreement, confirmed in different experiments, validates this novel technique as a practical life time predictor of large-area OLED lighting panels in a time saving manner.
Goldilocks, vitamin D and sarcoidosis
Authors: Baughman Robert P , Lower Elyse E
Published: May 2014

While low levels of vitamin D can increase the risk for osteoporosis, excessive amounts of vitamin D may also be problematic. Hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria due to increased vitamin D activity occur in a significant proportion of sarcoidosis patients. Saidenberg-Kermanac’h and colleagues compared vitamin D levels with bone fragility fractures in their sarcoidosis clinic. They found that a 25-(OH) vitamin D level between 10 and 20 ng/ml was associated with the lowest risk of bone fractures and paradoxically higher levels increased the risk of bone fractures. Using less vitamin D supplementation may simultaneously lower the risk for bone fracture and hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis.
Management of anticoagulant-related intracranial hemorrhage: an evidence-based review
Authors: Ray Bappaditya , Keyrouz Salah G
Published: May 2014

The increased use of anticoagulants for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases has led to a rising incidence of anticoagulant-related intracranial hemorrhage (AICH) in the aging western population. High mortality accompanies this form of hemorrhagic stroke, and significant and debilitating long-term consequences plague survivors. Although management guidelines for such hemorrhages are available for the older generation anticoagulants, they are still lacking for newer agents, which are becoming popular among physicians. Supportive care, including blood pressure control, and reversal of anticoagulation remain the cornerstone of acute management of AICH. Prothrombin complex concentrates are gaining popularity over fresh frozen plasma, and reversal agents for newer anticoagulation agents are being developed. Surgical interventions are options fraught with complications, and are decided on a case-by-case basis. Our current state of understanding of this condition and its management is insufficient. This deficit calls for more population-based studies and therapeutic trials to better evaluate risk factors for, and to prevent and treat AICH.
Bees associate colour cues with differences in pollen rewards
Authors: Nicholls Elizabeth K. , Hempel de Ibarra Natalie
Published: May 2014

In contrast to the wealth of knowledge concerning sucrose-rewarded learning, the question of whether bees learn when they collect pollen from flowers has been little addressed. The nutritional value of pollen varies considerably between species, and it may be that bees learn the features of flowers that produce pollen best suited to the dietary requirements of their larvae. It is still unknown however, whether a non-ingestive reward-pathway for pollen learning exists, and how foraging bees sense differences between pollen types. Here we adopt a novel experimental approach testing the learning ability of bees with pollen rewards. Bumblebees were reared under controlled laboratory conditions. To establish which pollen rewards are distinguishable, individual bees were given the choice of collecting two types of pollen, diluted to varying degrees with indigestible alpha-cellulose. Bees preferentially collected a particular pollen type, but this was not always the most concentrated sample. Preferences were influenced by the degree of similarity between samples and also by the period of exposure, with bees more readily collecting samples of lower pollen concentration after five trials. When trained differentially, bees were able to associate an initially less-preferred contextual colour with the more concentrated sample, whilst their pollen preferences did not change. Successful learning of contextual cues seems to maintain pollen foraging preferences over repeated exposures, suggesting that fast learning of floral cues may preclude continuous sampling and evaluation of alternative reward sources, leading to constancy in pollen-foraging.
How to Develop Readiness for Occupational Safety in the Interaction System «Secondary School — Higher Technical School»
Authors: Ефимова  , Efimova Nataliy
Published: May 2014

The author proposes original methodology of defining the meaning of occupational safety and the model designed to adapt learners to occupational

safety issues at the consequent stages of professional-oriented secondary school — technical higher school. The proposed model is theoretically and

methodologically backed.
Infant feeding practices among HIV-positive mothers
Authors: Ziayne Isabella , Dlamini Tengentile
Published: May 2014

The study examined infant feeding practices adopted by HIV positive mothers in three health care facilities in Swaziland. Data was obtained using structured interviews; descriptive analysis was used. Results revealed that exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding and breastmilk substitutes were used by mothers. Reasons for not breastfeeding were: avoidance of transmitting HIV infection to infants; inconsistent messages from health care professionals; formula milk was perceived to be nutritious for infants at risk of acquiring HIV infection; and employment away from home. Mothers who breastfed exclusively were following advice by midwives about the health benefits of breastfeeding even if the mothers were HIV positive. Lack of financial resources was cited as a deterrent to offering alternative feeds when mothers were avoiding mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV from breast milk. Recommendations directed to midwives are to offer quality infant feeding information and support to all mothers irrespective of the HIV status; and to use acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe (AFASS) criterion when advising about the ideal infant feeding practice. General recommendations indicate a need for extensive research on safe infant feeding practices among HIV-exposed infants, in view of conflicting findings related to interventions for reducing MTCT of HIV postnatally. The culture of breastfeeding among women should be protected, promoted and preserved at all levels.
Needs assessment and strengthening midwifery association in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mudokwenyu-Rawdon Christina , Chaibva Cynthia N
Published: May 2014

The needs assessment explored the Zimbabwe Confederation of Midwives’ (ZICOM) current status, strengths and challenges leading to agreed priorities for improving ZICOM's capacity to transform itself into a vibrant professional body. Sixty-three midwives participated in the focus group discussions (FGDs). ZICOM's documents were reviewed and provided additional valuable information. ZICOM's needs included capacity building in leadership to run the confederation as a professional association; strengthening its national structures to raise its profile; capacity building in strategic planning process and action plans; formulating polices, regulatory systems, and professional standards of practice; lobbying and advocacy; and developing communication, accounting and documentation systems. Midwives perceived themselves as independent practitioners with interdependent and dependent roles and that their work was not valued. They encounter challenges in midwifery education, practice, research, leadership and management because of acute shortages of resources in the work environment.
Descriptive statistics: simply telling a story
Authors: Delaney Laura
Published: May 2014

Descriptive statistical analysis is the simplest statistical analysis available but it can be a daunting task for many people. The purpose of this type of analysis is to describe the sample group from which data was collected. This process allows a sense of order to be gained in the data so that the story of the sample group can be told. This article is a comprehensive overview of undertaking descriptive statistical analysis.
Factors influencing women's uptake of PMTCT interventions in South Africa
Authors: Sonto Maputle , Tebogo Mothiba Maria , Kagelelo Gaorekwe , Magret Mokgothu Seipone
Published: May 2014

The study seeks to explore factors that influence women's uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions in North West Province, South Africa. The design of the study was qualitative and data were collected through six focus group discussions with 50 stakeholders involved in PMTCT interventions in North West Province, South Africa. Data collected were analysed descriptively in themes using Tesch's open coding method (Creswell, 2003). The major findings were factors that contributed to a low testing rate among pregnant women, lack of or poor adherence to the feeding options chosen by the mother, and poor adherence to follow-up visits of babies born to HIV mothers in the North West Province. Finally, recommendations were formulated to increase the uptake of PMTCT by pregnant women in North West Province, South Africa.
Treating uterine atony with the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment in Egypt
Authors: Morris Jessica , Meyer Carinne , Miller Suellen , Fathalla Mohamed MF , Al-Hussaini Tarek K , Youssif Mohammed M , Camlin Carol
Published: May 2014

Objective: To determine whether the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) reduces maternal morbidity and mortality from uterine atony.

Method: Women with uterine atony (blood loss of ≥1000 ml) and one clinical sign of shock were enrolled in a pre-intervention phase (n=169) and an intervention phase (n=269) at two referral facilities in Egypt. Differences in demographics, condition on study entry, treatment, and outcomes were examined. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for mean measured blood loss, emergency hysterectomy, and extreme adverse outcomes (EAO)—a combination of morbidity and mortality.

Results: in the intervention phase, mean measured blood loss was significantly reduced, emergency hysterectomy was significantly decreased, and there were fewer EAOs (11% to 3% in the NASG phase, relative risk=0.28, 95% CI: 0.12–0.63). A subgroup analysis of only women in severe shock demonstrated similar trends.

Conclusion: The NASG shows promise for reducing blood loss, emergency hysterectomies, and EAO from obstetric haemorrhage-related shock due to uterine atony.
Being homeless: Reasons and challenges faced by affected women
Authors: Rotich Everlyne , Mbai Isabella , Marete Irene , Yego Faith , Veny Miquel Bennasar , Lelong Berta Artigas
Published: May 2014

Traditionally, homeless people have been thought of as largely comprised of alcoholic or mentally distubed individuals, and mainly men. Recently, there has been a recognition of the need to better understand the factors leading women and youth to become homeless. There is also minimal information on the health challenges women face on the streets. This study identifies reasons for moving to the streets and the challenges faced by homeless women. Data for this study were drawn from 18 homeless women aged 17–27 years through indepth, audiotaped interviews from July to August 2010. A questionnaire was used to collect their sociodemographic characteristics. The study revealed that being homeless often resulted from orphanhood, family problems arising from alcoholism, marital disagreement among participants’ parents, polygamy, and participants themselves being in unstable marital relationships. Other reasons for being homeless include searching for means of survival, and unwanted and teenage pregnancies. The homeless women experience different challenges, including unwanted pregnancies and lack of basic needs for themselves and their children. The majority of women living in the street experienced gender violence including forced and early sexual debut; physical and verbal abuse; and rape, involving the risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of strong family units in preventing women turning to the streets, as well as social support groups to help end the cycle of poverty and homelessness.
Factors influencing application of evidence-based practice among nurses
Authors: Barako Talaso D. , Chege Margaret , Wakasiaka Sabina , Omondi Lilian
Published: May 2014

Evidence-based practice (EBP) involves the application of care that is based on scientific evidence, to ensure the delivery of quality patient care. Generally, there is a dearth of documentary evidence on the evolution of EBP and standardization of nursing practice in the developing world. This study was conducted to determine factors influencing application of EBP specifically at the Kenyatta National Hospital, in Nairobi, Kenya. Nurses working in medical and surgical wards, the surgical outpatient clinic (SOPC) and medical outpatient clinics (MOPC) were purposefully selected. A sample size of 156 was determined, with 130 nurses consenting to be interviewed and 14 nurse managers discussing and informing the interview guide to gather qualitative facts and to determine their knowledge on EBP and the extent of EBP application in the wards. Results of the descriptive analysis suggested that over 92% of the respondents agreed that EBP was not widely used and not factored into current practices. Major factors that affect application of evidence-based nursing are: level of education, ability to review literature, and nursing practice guide (hospital policy and ward routines). It appears research evidence is not fully utilized in patients’ care, although self-rating among nurses indicates that nurses with a Bachelor's degree are better placed to apply research evidence in nursing care. Other major limitations to EBP application are resources and time. Hospital management should therefore invest in and develop comprehensive policy that entrenches EBP in patients’ care. In addition, a deliberate policy stance to train more nurses to degree and postgraduate levels will positively impact on adoption of EBP.
Survey of traditional family planning methods used in Kogi state, Nigeria
Authors: Dare Ajayi Abraham , Daniel O Grace , Emmanuel Andy , Ari Eunice , Wina Folashade
Published: May 2014

In developing countries such as Nigeria, traditional contraceptive methods have been in use for many years. Nevertheless, cases of unintended pregnancies, illegal abortions and child abandonment still exist in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the traditional family planning methods used by couples in Kogi State, Nigeria and to identify factors that influenced the use among these couples. Kogi State is in the northern central geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It consists of 21 local government areas (LGAs) of which three were randomly selected to be included in the study. From each of the three LGAs, one urban area and two rural communities were selected for the study. A total of 360 respondents were used for the study. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was self-administered for literate respondents and structured interview for illiterate respondents. The findings revealed that approximately half of the respondents (50.5%) use traditional family planning methods and some (20.6%) do not use any form of contraception. The four most commonly used traditional family planning methods were abstinence, exclusive/prolonged breastfeeding, use of herbs and combined methods. ‘Magic’ and a ‘local chemical’ was used least. Age and level of education of couples significantly influenced their choices and use of traditional family planning methods in Kogi State, Nigeria, whereas location (rural or urban) and gender were not statistically significant. It is recommended that couples in Kogi State should be educated and counselled on the safe traditional methods of family planning to ensure their proper use and efficacy.
Evaluation of midwives’ communication skills
Authors: Alimoradi Zainab , Taghizadeh Ziba , Rezaypour Afsar , Mehran Abbas
Published: May 2014

Background:

Communication is the core clinical skill in primary health care. Diagnostics, treatment, and prevention always take place within a context of communication. Midwives are often the primary maternal-child health providers, and the way in which they communicate with patients can have a significant effect on health outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate midwives’ communication skills in relation to their demographic characteristics.

Methods:

Fifty midwives working in clinics in Tehran, Iran participated in a correlational survey. Data collection methods included an observer checklist used to rate the frequency of midwives’ communication skills application during midwife–client encounters and a questionnaire-guided interview to obtain demographic information.

Results:

The midwives’ communication skills (verbal and nonverbal) were undesirable. There was no relation between midwives’ age, work experience, educational status, economic satisfaction, or number of clients and their use of communication skills. However, there was a relationship between marital status and nonverbal communication skills used (P<0.07). Single participants had better nonverbal communication skills than married midwives.

Conclusions:

Midwives’ communication skills may be undesirable and not improved by work experience. Thus, interim training programmes administered by experienced personnel using effective educational methods are recommended for practicing midwives. Furthermore, it would be of value to add communication skills training to the midwifery curriculum.
Utilisation of skilled birth attendants among women of reproductive age in Central District, Kitui County, Kenya
Authors: Kanini Caroline M , Kimani Harun , Mwaniki Peter
Published: May 2014

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study utilising quantitative and qualitative approaches targeting women of reproductive age (15–49 years old). The proportion of deliveries attended by skilled birth attendants (SBA) was at 41.4%. Factors influencing utilisation of SBAs in the study area were: age (χ2=8.65(df=2), p=0.013), religion (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.22, p=0.004), level of education (OR 2.43, p=0.05), partner’s occupation (OR 0.533, p=0.029), parity (OR 0.26, p=0.002), residence (OR 4.07, p<0.0001), type of housing (OR 0.502, p=0.010), house ownership (OR 0.39, p=0.001), number of house occupants (χ2=10.9(df=2), p=0.004), household monthly income (OR 1.73, p=0.018), antenatal clinic attendance (OR 5.6, p=0.025), facility for antenatal clinic attendance (OR 0.388, p=0.001), birth preparedness (OR 0.8, p=0.015), decision to attend antenatal clinics (χ2=7.59(df=2), p=0.022), decision on delivery place (χ2=10.424(df=2), p=0.005) and facility staff’s attitude (OR 5.18, p=0.014). Barriers to utilisation of SBAs included: training of traditional birth attendants (TBA), lack of co-ordinated referral systems, poor and unreliable means of transport, limited infrastructure, and limited number of SBAs. The study sought to find out about utilisation of SBAs in Kitui County, Kenya. The results indicate sociodemographic and economic factors significantly determine utilisation. Various barriers hindered utilisation of skilled birth attendants. In conclusion, ensuring skilled deliveries is only possible in health facility settings. At the same time, this is not practical unless the health facilities are renovated and equipped with supplies and service providers. As per the key informants, there are limited numbers of skilled birth attendants even in the hospitals, the health system lacks infrastructure (means of transport), supplies are limited, the terrain is rocky and there are few retired midwives in the community to offer these services. From the study area, none of the deliveries which took place at home were conducted by a SBA.
Capturing key explanations
Authors: Vythilingum Ramoo
Published: May 2014

Coronary artery disease remains a major killer, with almost 117 000 deaths every year. In addition, many more people die from associated diseases such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy and aneurysm, among many others. Yet morbidity for all the major cardiac diseases has increased as mortality has decreased.
Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: A service development audit
Authors: Chester Tim
Published: May 2014

Background: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a growing public health problem. Interventions such as drug treatments education and specialist nurse involvement have all improved outcomes. Evidence suggests tailored exercise programmes reduce hospitalization levels and improve mortality. National and international guidelines recommend that exercise programmes form part of an overall care package for patients with CHF. However, conventional cardiac rehabilitation services have been reluctant to prescribe exercise for this group of patients.

Objectives: The aims were to investigate whether tailored classes for patients with CHF can be provided safely and without excessive costs and whether they can improve quality of life.

Methods: Patients attending the nurse-led heart failure clinic were assessed for their suitability for cardiac rehabilitation. Those considered suitable were invited to attend an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme lasting between 14 and 16 weeks. Twelve patients took part and they were divided into two groups. Baseline physiological and psychological assessments were undertaken at the beginning of the programme and these were reasessed at the end using the Borg and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.

Results: Both groups showed improvements in exercise performance. As a result their ability to perform routine daily tasks was improved. In addition, some of the patients showed reduced levels of anxiety, 82% of patients felt that the programme helped them deal with their problems and some patients reported increased confidence levels.

Conclusions: Cardiac rehabilitation can be provided safely for patients with CHF. The classes produced improved physical and psychological wellbeing for the patients. More research is needed into the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure.
Becoming an implantable defibrillator nurse specialist
Authors: Meldrum Nicola
Published: May 2014

Nicola Meldrum discusses how her role came into being and the importance of patient and health professional education in providing effective patient care.
An introduction to cardiac care
Authors: Anderson Karen Rawlings
Published: May 2014

while there are a number of excellent specialist cardiac texts on the market, there has not, until now, been a British introductory cardiac text relevant for all health professionals that covers the full spectrum of cardiac care. The editors of this book have compiled a comprehensive text which sets out the context of cardiac care and then examines relevant issues such as stable angina, acute coronary syndromes, interventional cardiology, cardiac surgery and heart failure in more depth. The book also covers less common, but nonetheless significant, disorders such as congenital heart disease and valve disease, cardiomyopathy and inflammatory disorders. Two very useful chapters on anatomy and physiology and cardiac medication are also included. The chapter on the history of cardiac care was particularly interesting as this is a topic rarely discussed in cardiac texts. Assessing the cardiac patient, disease prevention and cardiac rehabilitation, arrhythmias and resuscitation are also included in this text.