bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of modern carbonate contourite drifts
Authors: Eberli Gregor P. , Betzler Christian
Published: February 2019

Carbonate environments inhabit the realm of the surface, intermediate and deep currents of the ocean circulation where they produce and continuously deliver material which is potentially deposited into contourite drifts. In the tropical realm, fine‐grained particles produced in shallow water and transported off‐bank by tidal, wind‐driven, and cascading density currents are a major source for transport and deposition by currents. Sediment production is especially high during interglacial times when sea level is high and is greatly reduced during glacial times of sea‐level lowstands. Reduced sedimentation on carbonate contourite drifts leads to early marine cementation and hardened surfaces, which are often reworked when current strength increases. As a result, reworked lithoclasts are a common component in carbonate drifts. In areas of temperate and cool water carbonates, currents are able to flow across carbonate producing areas and incorporate sediment directly to the current. The entrained skeletal carbonate particles have variable bulk density and shapes that lower the prediction of transport rates in energy‐based transport models, as well as prediction of current velocity based on grain size. All types of contourite drifts known in clastic environments are found in carbonate environments, but three additional drift types occur in carbonates because of local sources and current flow diversion in the complicated topography inherent to carbonate systems. The periplatform drift is a carbonate‐specific plastered drift that is nearly exclusively made of periplatform ooze. Its geometry is built by the interaction of along‐slope currents and downslope currents, which deliver sediment from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate realm to the contour current via a line source. Because the periplatform drift is plastered on the slopes of the platforms it is also subject to mass gravity flow and large slope failures. At platform edges, a special type of patch drift develops. These hemiconal platform‐edge drifts also contain exclusively periplatform ooze but their geometry is controlled by the current around the corner of the platform. At the north‐western end of Little and Great Bahama Bank are platform‐edge drifts that are over 100 km long and up to 600 m thick. A special type of channel‐related drift forms when passages between carbonate buildups or channels within a platform open into deeper water. A current flowing in these channels will entrain material shed from the sediment producing areas. At the channel mouth, the sediment‐charged current deposits its sediment load into the deeper basin. With continuous flow, a submarine delta drift is built that progrades into the deep water. The strongly focused current forming the delta drift, is able to rework coarse skeletal grains and clasts, making this type of carbonate drift the coarsest drift type.
Context as a Dynamic Construct and the Problem of Context Sensitivity
Authors: Kozubíková Šandová Jana
Published: February 2019

This paper is concerned with different aspects of the concept of context, predominantly from the perspective of contemporary pragmatically‐oriented linguistics. As it is frequently claimed that the precise meaning of an utterance may be determined correctly only in context, but, at the same time, no agreement has been reached on how context should be adequately defined, one aim of this study is to focus on different characteristics of this phenomenon and to explain how context may be best understood within a pragmatic approach. This is connected with context sensitivity. Some expressions in natural language are prototypical examples of it, while others are rather controversial. The other aim of this study is to examine context sensitivity from the point of view of several semantic theories and to propose within which systematic linguistic theory it could be best integrated. It turns out that the concept of context should best be treated as a dynamic construct inherently connected with communication. Since it is, at the same time, a multilayered concept, it is almost impossible to produce a widely acceptable theory of context. Regarding a systematic theory within which context sensitivity could be integrated, semantic minimalism seems to be the most appropriate.
Preventive chemotherapy reverses covert, lymphatic‐associated tissue change in young people with lymphatic filariasis in Myanmar
Authors: Douglass Janet , Dykes Lukah , Kelly‐Hope Louise , Gordon Susan , Leggat Peter , Aye Ni Ni , Win San San , Wai Tint , Win Yi Yi , Nwe Thet Wai , Graves Patricia
Published: February 2019

Objectives

This longitudinal comparative study investigated the effect of preventive chemotherapy (PC) on covert tissue changes associated with lymphatic filariasis (LF) among young people living in an LF‐endemic area in Myanmar.

Methods

Tissue compressibility and extracellular free fluid in the lower limbs of people aged 10–21 years were measured using indurometry and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). Baseline measures were taken in October 2014, annual mass drug administration (MDA) of PC was delivered in December, and in March 2015 further PC was offered to LF‐positive cases who had missed MDA. Follow‐up measures were taken in February and June 2015.

Results

A total of 50 antigen‐positive cases and 46 antigen‐negative controls were included. Self‐reported PC consumption was 60.1% during 2014 MDA and 66.2% overall. At second follow‐up, 24 of 34 cases and 27 of 43 controls had consumed PC. Significant and clinically relevant between‐group differences at baseline were not found post‐PC. Bayesian linear mixed models showed a significant change in indurometer scores at both calves for antigen‐positive cases who consumed any PC (dominant calf: −0.30 [95% CI −0.52, −0.07], P < 0.05 and non‐dominant calf: −0.35 [95% CI −0.58, −0.12], P < 0.01). Changes in antigen‐negative participants or those not consuming PC were not significant.

Conclusion

This study is the first attempt to use simple field‐friendly tools to track fluid and tissue changes after treatment of asymptomatic people infected with LF. Results suggested that PC alone is sufficient to reverse covert lymphatic disturbance. Longer follow‐up of larger cohorts is required to confirm these improvements and whether they persist over time. These findings should prompt increased efforts to overcome low PC coverage, which misses many infected young people, particularly males, who are unaware of their infection status, unmotivated to take PC and at risk of developing lymphoedema. Indurometry and BIS should be considered in assessment of lymphatic filariasis‐related lymphedema.
The development trinity: How regional integration impacts growth, inequality and poverty
Authors: Santos‐Paulino Amelia U. , DiCaprio Alisa , Sokolova Maria V.
Published: February 2019

Developing countries today have become more active participants in regional trade agreements. This raises questions about how the benefits of integration are distributed, and the extent to which lower‐income countries are able to capture development gains. Historically, such impacts have been difficult to identify with precision. This paper seeks to address this gap by empirically analysing the impact of regional integration on development, particularly the effects on growth and welfare. Using both bilateral and regional integration measures, we show that the ability to capture gains from integration varies across developing country regional groups, with developing Asia benefiting on par with developed countries. The findings in the paper indicate that trade and trade policy play an important role in reducing inequality and poverty in developing countries. It also shows that regionalism can function as a channel to make multilateralism a more adept way of addressing national challenges.
Ophthalmologic findings associated withRhodococcus equibronchopneumonia in foals
Authors: Tarancón Iciar , Leiva Marta , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard , Ríos José , Peña Teresa
Published: February 2019

Objective

To describe ocular findings associated withRhodococcus equibronchopneumonia in foals, and to determine whether severity of the ocular lesions is related with outcome.

Animals studied

Foals diagnosed withR equiinfection at the VTH‐UAB from January 2002 to December 2017.

Procedure

Rhodococcus equiinfection was diagnosed by means of clinical signs, radiographic/ultrasonographic findings, and/or positive culture. In all the foals, a complete ophthalmic examination by a boarded ophthalmologist was performed and ocular signs were recorded and graded (0‐4).

Results

Thirty‐nine foals were included in the study, from which 12 showed signs of bilateral anterior uveitis (30.8%). Among these,three foals were classified as mildly uveitis‐affected (MUA:7.7%) and nine as severely uveitis‐affected (SUA:23.1%). Five SUA foals showed green aqueous flare (5/9;55.5%).Despite the systemic treatment, 9/39 sick foals died (23.1%), the fatality rate being different between groups: SUA (4/9;44.4%), MUA (0/3; 0%) and nonuveitis‐affected foals (5/27;18.5%). Among SUA foals, only one with green aqueous flare died (1/5;20%).

Conclusion

Bilateral anterior uveitis is highly prevalent in foals withR equipneumonia (30.8%). The severity of anterior uveitis might be considered a nonsurvival prognostic factor and, until proven otherwise, green aqueous flare could be taken as a strongly suggestive ocular sign of the disease. Findings of this study remark the clinical relevance of performing a complete ophthalmic examination in sick foals, in order to help in the diagnosis and prognosis of uveal diseases, as well as to guaranteeing visual soundness.
Optimization of a gravity‐driven membrane (GDM) system operated with simple manual cleanings for household drinking water treatment
Authors: Lee Jonghun , Yi JongChan , Jung Hyejin , Park Pyung‐Kyu , Noh Soo Hong
Published: February 2019

Manual cleaning protocols were developed for a gravity‐driven membrane (GDM) module. Such a module is a promising solution for household water treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries. A filtration system equipped with the GDM module was tested in a batchwise manner using three different feed water solutions. Two types of manual cleaning protocols were performed to delay the permeability decrease, namely cleaning between batches and long‐term cleaning (every 15 batches). The optimized protocol for cleaning between batches consisted of 3 twisting and 10 vertical shaking movements; the optimized long‐term cleaning protocol consisted of 70 vertical shaking movements for both the middle region of the module and the module header. These cleaning protocols allowed the filtration system to produce sufficient water to meet the minimum requirements for a five person family using all three kinds of feed water solutions. The module produced water without Escherichia coli, even for the wastewater influent.
The role of PHOX2B‐derived astrocytes in chemosensory control of breathing and sleep homeostasis
Authors: Czeisler Catherine M. , Silva Talita M. , Fair Summer R. , Liu Jillian , Tupal Srinivasan , Kaya Behiye , Cowgill Aaron , Mahajan Salil , Silva Phelipe E. , Wang Yangyang , Blissett Angela R. , Göksel Mustafa , Borniger Jeremy C. , Zhang Ning , Fernandes‐Junior Silvio A. , Catacutan Fay , Alves Michele J. , Nelson Randy J. , Sundaresean Vishnu , Rekling Jens , Takakura Ana C. , Moreira Thiago S. , Otero José J.
Published: February 2019

Key points

The embryonic PHOX2B‐progenitor domain generates neuronal and glial cells which together are involved in chemosensory control of breathing and sleep homeostasis.

Ablating PHOX2B‐derived astrocytes significantly contributes to secondary hypoxic respiratory depression as well as abnormalities in sleep homeostasis.

PHOX2B‐derived astrocyte ablation results in axonal pathologies in the retrotrapezoid nucleus.

We identify in mice a population of ∼800 retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) astrocytes derived from PHOX2B‐positive, OLIG3‐negative progenitor cells, that interact with PHOX2B‐expressing RTN chemosensory neurons. PHOX2B‐derived astrocyte ablation during early life results in adult‐onset O2 chemoreflex deficiency. These animals also display changes in sleep homeostasis, including fragmented sleep and disturbances in delta power after sleep deprivation, all without observable changes in anxiety or social behaviours. Ultrastructural evaluation of the RTN demonstrates that PHOX2B‐derived astrocyte ablation results in features characteristic of degenerative neuro‐axonal dystrophy, including abnormally dilated axon terminals and increased amounts of synapses containing autophagic vacuoles/phagosomes. We conclude that PHOX2B‐derived astrocytes are necessary for maintaining a functional O2 chemosensory reflex in the adult, modulate sleep homeostasis, and are key regulators of synaptic integrity in the RTN region, which is necessary for the chemosensory control of breathing. These data also highlight how defects in embryonic development may manifest as neurodegenerative pathology in an adult.
In hot water
Authors: Cornwall Warren
Published: February 2019

Five years ago, a marine heat wave began to wash across Pacific ecosystems. Researchers fear it is a preview of the oceans' future.
A sleep-inducing gene,
nemuri
, links sleep and immune function in
Drosophila
Authors: Toda Hirofumi , Williams Julie A. , Gulledge Michael , Sehgal Amita
Published: February 2019

Sleep-promoting molecule found in flies

Even the humble fruit fly needs sleep. Toda
et al.
screened ∼12,000 fruit fly lines and identified a single sleep-promoting molecule encoded by a gene they named
nemuri
(Japanese for “sleep,” abbreviated
nur
) (see the Perspective by Oikonomou and Prober). NEMURI (or NUR) is an antimicrobial peptide secreted from neurons that also promotes sleep. Overexpression of NUR helps flies survive a bacterial infection, and increased sleep helps in fighting infection; thus, NUR mediates a two-pronged strategy. Secretion of NUR also appears to underlie the sleepiness observed in sleep-deprived flies.

Science
, this issue p.
509
; see also p.
455
Correlations in high-harmonic generation of matter-wave jets revealed by pattern recognition
Authors: Feng Lei , Hu Jiazhong , Clark Logan W. , Chin Cheng
Published: February 2019

Seeing patterns in atomic jets

Atomic interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can lead to complex collective behavior. Experimentally, these interactions are often tuned by varying an external magnetic field. Feng
et al.
modulated the interaction among cesium atoms in a BEC. The collisions between atoms exposed to the modulated field sent the atoms flying out of the condensate in jets of seemingly random directions. A pattern-recognition technique revealed that certain directions were associated with particularly large numbers of scattered atoms. The pattern of the scattering maxima could be attributed to secondary collisions.

Science
, this issue p.
521
Mechanoresponsive self-growing hydrogels inspired by muscle training
Authors: Matsuda Takahiro , Kawakami Runa , Namba Ryo , Nakajima Tasuku , Gong Jian Ping
Published: February 2019

Working harder, getting stronger

Self-healing polymers attempt to restore mechanical strength after deformation. Polymer gels tend to be too soft for this to occur. Matsuda
et al.
generated self-healing hydrogels composed of a double-network material (see the Perspective by Craig). A mechanical stress breaks the more brittle of the two networks, while the other retains stability. On breakage, the fractured chains create radical initiators that polymerize new network material. With repeated network breakage and a supply of monomers, the gel gets stronger.

Science
, this issue p.
504
; see also p.
451
Ordering the elements
Authors: Gordin Michael D.
Published: February 2019

Elegant and intuitive, today's periodic table belies the hard-won discoveries hidden within
Propranolol as an effective therapy for infantile haemangioma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Anwar Taha , Malm-Buatsi Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

Infantile haemangiomas are one of the most common tumours in infancy, but typically present as cutaneous lesions; haemangiomas of the urinary bladder are incredibly rare. Although benign, these can sometimes ulcerate and bleed, causing haematuria in the case of bladder lesions. Propranolol is a well-documented medical therapy for cutaneous lesions, but surgical treatment dominates the literature on bladder haemangiomas. We present the case of a child with infantile haemangiomas of the urinary bladder, as well as internal and cutaneous lesions, treated with propranolol. At 6-week follow-up cystoscopy and MRI, there was a significant improvement in both bladder and internal lesions, respectively. Follow-up with dermatology 9 months after initiation of propranolol demonstrated excellent regression of the cutaneous lesions with a marked decrease in both size and prominence. This case demonstrates the potential role of propranolol in the treatment of bladder haemangiomas in lieu of more invasive surgical techniques.
Intravesical gossypiboma: our experience and the need for stringent checklist and training!
Authors: Kori Ronal , Bains Lovenish , Jain Sudhir Kumar
Published: February 2019

We present our experience of two cases: one of a 28-year-old male patient who presented with recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI) with passage of pus flakes in urine and a history of open cystolithotomy about 10 months ago. The second patient was a 26-year-old woman who underwent bladder exploration for a retained Double-J stent about 10 months ago and presented with recurrent UTI. The first case was treated with open surgery and in the second case, the gauze piece was retrieved endoscopically.
Polyarteritis nodosa presenting atypically as appendicitis and pyelonephritis in a single patient
Authors: Corbitt Matthew , Kurtkoti Jagadeesh , Rashid Muddassir , Nigam Sonu
Published: February 2019

A 17-year-old man presented to the emergency department 10 days postlaparoscopic appendicectomy with ongoing lower abdominal pain. The pain was associated with fevers, chills, sweating and constipation. There were no other associated symptoms. On examination, there was suprapubic and right lower quadrant tenderness and an elevated blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg). The patient later developed severe bilateral flank pain. Investigations revealed elevated C reactive protein, leukocyturia and microscopic haematuria. Blood and urine cultures were negative. CT angiogram demonstrated bilateral wedge-shaped peripheral renal hypodensities suggestive of several peripheral infarcts with intrarenal microaneurysms. Treatment with steroids and cyclophosphamide was initiated, leading to significant clinical improvement. Review of the histological appendix specimen revealed features consistent with small-medium vessel vasculitis.
Probabilistic relations between acid–base chemistry and fish assemblages in streams of the western Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA
Authors: Baldigo Barry P. , George Scott D. , Sullivan Timothy J. , Driscoll Charles T. , Burns Douglas A. , Shao Shuai , Lawrence Gregory B.
Published: February 2019

Surface waters across much of New York’s Adirondack Mountains were acidified in the late 20th century but began to recover following the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. Little data, however, are available to characterize biological impacts and predict recovery of fish assemblages in streams of the region. Quantitative fish and chemistry surveys were completed in 47 headwater streams during summer 2014–2016 to develop logistic (probabilistic) models that characterize the status of contemporary fish assemblages and predict how different nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition loads may affect future fish assemblages. Models for inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) and richness ≥1 species and for acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and total density >400 fish/0.1 ha, total biomass >1500 g/0.1 ha, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) density >0 or >200 fish/0.1 ha, and brook trout biomass >1000 g/0.1 ha were suitable for evaluating community and population responses to changes in acid–base chemistry. Anticipated changes in national (US) secondary standards for atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) to achieve target N and S deposition loads will alter acid–base chemistry and the probabilities for observing various levels of fish metrics in streams across the region and elsewhere.
Disc starts: the pectoral disc of stingrays promotes omnidirectional fast starts across the substrate
Authors: Seamone S.G. , McCaffrey T.M. , Syme D.A.
Published: February 2019

We explored how the flattened and rounded pectoral disc of the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro (Müller and Henle, 1841)) enables them to use the benthic plane during fast-start escape. Escape responses were elicited via prodding different locations around the pectoral disc and were recorded using video. Modulation of pectoral-fin movements that power swimming enabled omnidirectional escape across the substrate, with similar performance in all directions of escape. Hence, translation of the body did not necessarily have to follow the orientation of the head, overcoming the constraint of a rigid body axis. An increase in prod speed was associated with an increase in initial translational speed and acceleration away from the prod. As prod location shifted towards the snout, yaw rotation increased, eventually reorienting the fish into a forward swimming position away from the prod. Furthermore, P. motoro yawed with essentially zero turning radius, allowing reorientation of the head with simultaneous rapid translation away from the prod, and yaw rate during escape was substantially greater than reported during routine swimming for stingrays. We conclude that stingrays employ a distinctive approach to escape along the substrate, which we have termed disc starts, that results in effective manoeuvrability across the benthic environment despite limited longitudinal flexibility of the body and that challenges the concept of manoeuvrability typically used for fishes.
Non-digestible proteins and protease inhibitors: implications for defense of the colored eggs of the freshwater apple snailPomacea canaliculata
Authors: Ituarte Santiago , Brola Tabata Romina , Dreon Marcos Sebastián , Sun Jin , Qiu Jian-Wen , Heras Horacio
Published: February 2019

Apple snails (Pomacea Perry, 1810) are successful invaders that cause ecological perturbations, economic losses, and medical issues. A peculiar trait of this snail is a high biological potential, related to the absence of predators of their eggs. Eggs show protease inhibitor (PI) activity, originally ascribed to PcOvo perivitellin in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) but absent in PmPV1, the orthologoue of PcOvo, in eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata Perry, 1810. As egg fluid diminishes rat growth rate, an antidigestive effect, similar to plant defenses against herbivory, was hypothesized. However, PI activity has not been characterized in apple snail eggs. Here we identify and partially characterize P. canaliculata egg PI and improve our knowledge of the quaternary structure and evolution of PcOvo. Through N-terminal, transcriptomic or proteomic sequencing, and biochemical validation, we identified a Kunitz-type and a Kazal-type inhibitor that, though at low concentration in the egg, exhibit strong PI activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and subtilisin. Additionally, we report three new subunits for the non-digestible storage protein PcOvo. They are likely products of ancient gene duplication, as their sequences exhibit moderate similarity (30%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Kazal-type inhibition among invertebrate eggs. Inhibiting varied proteases, PI seems an efficient adaptive trait that limits predator’s capacity to digest egg nutrients.
On strong field deflection angle by the massless Ellis–Bronnikov wormhole
Authors: Bhattacharya Amrita , Potapov Alexander A.
Published: February 2019

Tsukamoto [N. Tsukamoto, Phys. Rev. D 95, 064035 (2017)] developed a method, which is an improvement over that of Bozza [V. Bozza, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103001 (2002)], for calculating light deflection angle in the strong gravity field of a spherically symmetric static spacetime. The method is directly applicable to the massless Ellis–Bronnikov wormhole (EBWH), while Bozza’s method is not applicable. We wish to show that it is still possible to obtain the same deflection angle by applying Bozza’s method but only in an indirect way, that is, first calculate the deflection by the parent massive EBWH and then take its massless limit.
Determining cuspforms from critical values of convolution L-functions and Rankin–Cohen brackets
Authors: Lanphier Dominic
Published: February 2019

We show that a holomorphic newform [Formula: see text] that is a Hecke eigenfunction can be uniquely determined by certain noncentral critical values of a family of convolution [Formula: see text]-functions [Formula: see text]. The methods are different and simpler than those that use the central value to determine cuspforms.
Hollow Silicon Oxide Sphere Coated with Cuprous Oxide and Polyaniline as an Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Ting , Zou Yong Jin , Yin Hao , Huang Yan Li , Xi Chengqiao , Kang Haixin , Li Chao , Zhang Jingjing , Lv Chunju , Fan Meiqiang , Chen Zhi
Published: February 2019

A hollow silicon oxide coated with cuprous oxide and polyaniline (hSiOx/Cu2O/PANI) was prepared via Stober method, magnesium reduction and chemical oxidative polymerization. The hSiOx/Cu2O/PANI (SiOx 62[Formula: see text]wt.%, PANI 33[Formula: see text]wt.%, Cu2O 5[Formula: see text]wt.%) presented charge/discharge capacities of up to 2000[Formula: see text]mAh[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] after 60 cycles at 0.2[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] current density and higher than 880[Formula: see text]mAh[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 8[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] current density. Microstructural analysis demonstrated that the improvement was due to the nanostructure of hollow SiOx sphere coated with Cu2O and PANI, which could release high stress caused by volume expansion during the lithiation/delithiation process and had little damage to electrode materials. Cycle voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results further confirmed that Cu2O and PANI dual-coating improved reversibility and conductivity of hSiOx and prevented it to drop from the electrode surface.
Sympathoexcitation in response to cardiac and pulmonary afferent stimulation of TRPA1 channels is attenuated in rats with chronic heart failure
Authors: Adam Ryan J. , Xia Zhiqiu , Pravoverov Kristina , Hong Juan , Case Adam J. , Schultz Harold D. , Lisco Steven J. , Zucker Irving H. , Wang Han-Jun
Published: February 2019

Excessive sympathoexcitation characterizes the chronic heart failure (CHF) state. An exaggerated cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) contributes to this sympathoexcitation. Prior studies have demonstrated that the CSAR to capsaicin [transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid 1 agonist] is exaggerated in CHF animal models. We recently discovered that capsaicin application to the lung visceral pleura in anesthetized, vagotomized, open-chested rats increases mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). We named this response the pulmonary spinal afferent reflex (PSAR). Due to the similarities between TRP vanilloid 1 and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels as well as the excessive sympathoexcitation of CHF, we hypothesized that stimulation of the CSAR and PSAR with a specific TRPA1 agonist would result in an augmented response in CHF rats (coronary ligation model) compared with sham control rats. In response to a TRPA1 agonist, both CSAR and PSAR in sham rats resulted in biphasic changes in MAP and increases in HR and RSNA 10–12 wk postmyocardial infarction (post-MI). These effects were blunted in CHF rats. Assessment of TRPA1 expression levels in cardiopulmonary spinal afferents by immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis 10–12 wk post-MI all indicates reduced expression in CHF rats but no reduction at earlier time points. TRPA1 protein was reduced in a dorsal root ganglia cell culture model of inflammation and simulated tissue ischemia, raising the possibility that the in vivo reduction of TRPA1 expression was, in part, caused by CHF-related tissue ischemia and inflammation. These data provide evidence that reflex responses to cardiopulmonary spinal afferent TRPA1 stimulation may be attenuated in CHF rather than enhanced.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Excessive sympathoexcitation characterizes chronic heart failure (CHF). The contribution of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel-mediated reflexes to this sympathoexcitation is unknown. We found that application of TRPA1 agonist to the heart and lung surface resulted in increased heart rate and sympathetic output and a biphasic change in mean arterial pressure in control rats. These effects were attenuated in CHF rats, decreasing the likelihood that TRPA1 channels contribute to cardiopulmonary afferent sensitization in CHF.
Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Identifies New Candidate Susceptibility Genes for Glioma
Authors: Atkins Isabelle , Kinnersley Ben , Ostrom Quinn T. , Labreche Karim , Il'yasova Dora , Armstrong Georgina N. , Eckel-Passow Jeanette E. , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Nöthen Markus M. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Simon Matthias , Rajaraman Preetha , Chanock Stephen J. , Shildkraut Joellen , Bernstein Jonine L. , Hoffmann Per , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Lai Rose K. , Claus Elizabeth B. , Olson Sara H. , Johansen Christoffer , Wrensch Margaret R. , Melin Beatrice , Jenkins Robert B. , Sanson Marc , Bondy Melissa L. , Houlston Richard S.
Published: February 2019

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have so far identified 25 loci associated with glioma risk, with most showing specificity for either glioblastoma (GBM) or non-GBM tumors. The majority of these GWAS susceptibility variants reside in noncoding regions and the causal genes underlying the associations are largely unknown. Here we performed a transcriptome-wide association study to search for novel risk loci and candidate causal genes at known GWAS loci using Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) data to predict cis-predicted gene expression in relation to GBM and non-GBM risk in conjunction with GWAS summary statistics on 12,488 glioma cases (6,183 GBM and 5,820 non-GBM) and 18,169 controls. Imposing a Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P < 5.69 × 10−6, we identified 31 genes, including GALNT6 at 12q13.33, as a candidate novel risk locus for GBM (mean Z = 4.43; P = 5.68 × 10−6). GALNT6 resides at least 55 Mb away from any previously identified glioma risk variant, while all other 30 significantly associated genes were located within 1 Mb of known GWAS-identified loci and were not significant after conditioning on the known GWAS-identified variants. These data identify a novel locus (GALNT6 at 12q13.33) and 30 genes at 12 known glioma risk loci associated with glioma risk, providing further insights into glioma tumorigenesis.

Significance:

This study identifies new genes associated with glioma risk, increasing understanding of how these tumors develop.
MAPK Pathway Suppression Unmasks Latent DNA Repair Defects and Confers a Chemical Synthetic Vulnerability in BRAF-, NRAS-, and NF1-Mutant Melanomas
Authors: Maertens Ophélia , Kuzmickas Ryan , Manchester Haley E. , Emerson Chloe E. , Gavin Alessandra G. , Guild Caroline J. , Wong Terence C. , De Raedt Thomas , Bowman-Colin Christian , Hatchi Elodie , Garraway Levi A. , Flaherty Keith T. , Pathania Shailja , Elledge Stephen J. , Cichowski Karen
Published: February 2019

Although the majority of BRAF-mutant melanomas respond to BRAF/MEK inhibitors, these agents are not typically curative. Moreover, they are largely ineffective in NRAS- and NF1-mutant tumors. Here we report that genetic and chemical suppression of HDAC3 potently cooperates with MAPK pathway inhibitors in all three RAS pathway–driven tumors. Specifically, we show that entinostat dramatically enhances tumor regression when combined with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, in both models that are sensitive or relatively resistant to these agents. Interestingly, MGMT expression predicts responsiveness and marks tumors with latent defects in DNA repair. BRAF/MEK inhibitors enhance these defects by suppressing homologous recombination genes, inducing a BRCA-like state; however, addition of entinostat triggers the concomitant suppression of nonhomologous end-joining genes, resulting in a chemical synthetic lethality caused by excessive DNA damage. Together, these studies identify melanomas with latent DNA repair defects, describe a promising drug combination that capitalizes on these defects, and reveal a tractable therapeutic biomarker.

Significance:

BRAF/MEK inhibitors are not typically curative in BRAF-mutant melanomas and are ineffective in NRAS- and NF1-mutant tumors. We show that HDAC inhibitors dramatically enhance the efficacy of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in sensitive and insensitive RAS pathway–driven melanomas by coordinately suppressing two DNA repair pathways, and identify a clinical biomarker that predicts responsiveness.

See related commentary by Lombard et al., p. 469.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 453
Cognitive Performance among Cognitively Healthy Adults Aged 30–100 Years
Authors: Alenius Minna , Koskinen Sanna , Hallikainen Ilona , Ngandu Tiia , Lipsanen Jari , Sainio Päivi , Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari , Hänninen Tuomo
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: To detect cognitive decline in older adults, measures of verbal fluency and verbal memory are widely used. Less is known about performance in these measures in younger persons or according to education level and gender. We investigated cognitive performance according to age, education and gender among cognitively healthy adults aged 30–100 years. Methods: The study population comprised 4,174 cognitively healthy persons participating in the nationally representative Finnish Health 2011 survey. Cognitive assessment included verbal fluency, word list memory, word list recall and word list savings from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease neuropsychological battery. Results: Total variance in the cognitive test performance explained by age, education and gender varied from 12.3 to 31.2%. A decreasing trend in cognitive performance existed in all subtests by advancing age, with differences appearing between 50 and 55 years. Persons with the highest-education level performed best for all measures. For the participants < 55 years, education explained part of the variance, while age and gender did not. Conclusions: When assessing cognition, age and education should be accounted for in more detail in research and clinical practice. Additionally, the cohort effect and its potential impact on the renewal cycle of future normative values for cognitive tests should be considered.
A Modified Transurethral Stenting Technique for (Robot-Assisted) Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation
Authors: Teng Jingfei , Jia Zhuomin  , Ai Xing , Guan Yawei , Gao Feng
Published: February 2019

Background: Ureteral stenting is a technique-demanding procedure performed during robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation (RALUR). Many stenting techniques have been reported; however, none of them could be accepted as an ideal way. Objectives: The aim of the study was to report our initial results of a modified stenting technique for RALUR. Methods: Consecutive 4 patients undergoing RALUR were prospectively enrolled into our study. Our ureteral stenting technique included the following steps: catheterize a head-cut Foley catheter at the beginning of the operation, drag out the Foley catheter from the ureterovesical stoma after finishing posterior anatomosis, insert a guide wire through the catheter to the ureter lumen, and place the double-J (DJ) stent over the guide wire with a pusher. Results: All surgeries were successfully performed without severe complications. The mean stenting time was 1.6 min. No submucosa pseudocanal was found during stenting. DJ stent was removed 4 weeks after surgery. During the 3-month follow-up, it was observed that no vesicoureteral reflux or ureter stricture was found. Conclusions: Our ureteral stenting technique is an effective, simple, and safe procedure in RALUR, and could also be performed in laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation.
La custodia indistinta, como concepto privilegiando, frente a la custodia exclusiva como forma de custodia unilateral
Authors: Barcia-Lehmann Rodrigo
Published: February 2019

(descriptivo): el presente artículo pone de manifiesto la necesidad de articular la
custodia unilateral, como indistinta, en lugar de exclusiva. Así, ambas formas de custodia tendrían una aplicación diferente, como formas de asignación unilaterales de derechos de filiación. La custodia indistinta sería la regla general, en cambio la exclusiva sería una forma de asignación más bien excepcional y específica de protección del niño.
El Abogado del Niño. Representación de una garantía procesal básica
Authors: rey-Galindo Mariana Josefina
Published: February 2019

(analytical): This study focuses on an aspect of regional research initiated in 2015 promoted by Argentinian government organizations that I participated in as a Field Assistant. The objective was to raise awareness of and explain how a child can exercise their right to participate in legal matters, mainly in the Family Court. The areas covered by this area of research included: a) the right to be heard, and b) the right to have a lawyer.
The study focused on children requiring legal representation in the province of Tucumán during the 2016/2017 period. The methodology used was descriptive and exploratory. A quantitative survey and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted. The results show that legal requirements are partially met and that access to justice for children and adolescents is a model to be followed by all operators of the legal system.
Os discursos protetivos e punitivos acerca dos adolescentes em medida de internação no Brasil
Authors: Leal Denise Maria , Macedo João Paulo
Published: February 2019

(analítico): objetiva-se apreender os sentidos de proteção integral no atendimento
ao adolescente em medida de internação, modalidade de medida socioeducativa mais aplicada no Brasil na atualidade. Esta pesquisa foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada com oito trabalhadores e análise documental do PIA, RTA, evolução do caso, sentença, relatório de avaliação in loco e medida socioeducativa pública, no Centro Educacional Masculino (CEM) em Teresina-PI, Brasil. Sob a perspectiva da análise do discurso, apreendeu-se, com base nos resultados, que os sentidos de proteção integral adquirem caráter de punição, pela compreensão do ato infracional pela ótica individual, naturalizando os processos de violência e culpabilizando a família. Nessa lógica, os discursos protetivo e punitivo alternaram-se, como se fizessem parte de uma mesma lógica de intervenção.
Adolescentes y derechos humanos: una aproximación a su ejercicio efectivo en la escuela
Authors: Nava-Preciado José María , Méndez-Huerta Mauricio ,   Universidad de Guadalajara, México
Published: February 2019

(analítico): este escrito es parte de una investigación cuyo objetivo es analizar el conocimiento de alumnas, alumnos, profesoras y profesores sobre la aplicación efectiva de la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en el espacio escolar, a tres años de su publicación en México. Es un estudio cualitativo, realizado en escuelas secundarias públicas de la ciudad de Guadalajara. La información se recuperó mediante seis grupos de discusión con adolescentes y un cuestionario aplicado a 84 docentes. Los resultados indican que el desconocimiento de la ley se vincula de manera importante con el ejercicio no eficaz de los derechos humanos. A mayor desinformación de los agentes, mayor inclinación del profesorado a vulnerar los derechos del alumnado en el aula y menor capacidad de este para exigirlos.
Do direito à cidade ao direito à periferia
Authors: Fontes Leonardo De Oliveira
Published: February 2019

A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica em dois distritos da periferia de São Paulo, o objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise a respeito das concepções de “cidadania” e “direito à cidade” formuladas a partir de uma perspectiva periférica. O texto argumenta que a cidadania deve ser entendida como estratégia política e dentro de uma luta pelo “direito a ter direitos”. Dessa maneira, promove-se uma leitura histórica em torno das lutas pela cidadania e de como elas têm se transformado recentemente nas periferias urbanas no Brasil. Ao fim, é apresentada a ideia de “direito à periferia” como forma de compreender o “direito à cidade” contemporaneamente na perspectiva dos sujeitos que buscam se articular e entrar na cena política nas periferias. A ideia de um “direito à periferia” emerge do fortalecimento de movimentos culturais de cunho identitário que buscam valorizar o “ser periférico” como parte fundamental da formação política de moradores de periferias. Desse modo, a mobilização política e social nas periferias aponta para uma luta que busca garantir o direito à igualdade de forma concomitante com o direito à diferença. O “direito à periferia” articula a luta política e a luta cultural de modo a reconhecer uma relação intrínseca e não oposta entre a igualdade e a diferença.
Poéticas e políticas do rosto na era das imagens inteligentes
Authors: Vidal Jr Icaro Ferraz
Published: February 2019

O presente artigo explora algumas inflexões contemporâneas no estatuto do rosto. Na arte contemporânea, em sistemas de vídeo-vigilância, no marketing, na pornografia etc. as tecnologias de detecção e reconhecimento facial parecem espraiar-se sobre uma vasta gama de domínios. Sem a pretensão de esgotar este campo, propomos traçar algumas linhas de força que nos ajudem a compreender o que está em jogo nessa reconfiguração estética e política dos rostos. A partir de noções que buscamos no pensamento de autores como Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, cartografamos algumas tensões entre ação e representação, cristalizadas no estatuto contemporâneo do rosto.
testemunho do inimigo
Authors: Ito Tomyo Costa
Published: February 2019

O artigo analisa o filme Duch, le maître des forges de l’enfer (Duch, o mestre das forjas do inferno, 2012), de Rithy Panh, a partir das considerações sobre o estabelecimento de uma relação com o inimigo formuladas por Comolli em 2008. Dentro das narrativas das catástrofes, em que é preciso dar conta de um passado traumático, o testemunho e o uso de arquivos na produção de espaços de memória são feitos, em sua maioria, sob o ponto de vista das vítimas. O filme traz outra perspectiva ao trabalhar contra o esquecimento por meio da palavra do ditador. Cabe à obra confrontar como Kaing Guek Eav tenta tomar a palavra, usando para isso situações na mise-en-scène e de associações na montagem.
Limites da experiência estética
Authors: Anchieta Wanderley
Published: February 2019

Oos estudos narratológicos das obras audiovisuais frequentemente concentram suas análises em abstrações teóricas. Às vezes, a busca pela explicação hermenêutica, como reclama Hans Gumbrecht, se assemelha a um exagero semântico no qual a base material (imagens e sons) é reduzida a mero vetor de conhecimento abstrato, a história. Dentre os temas negligenciados surge a cor, elemento costumeiramente estranho às análises acadêmicas. Este artigo propõe a cor como estrategicamente alocada com intenção de gerir algum grau de experiência estética nos espectadores. Sua presença, entretanto, surtirá diferentemente aos espectadores a depender de seu grau de atenção e conhecimento.
Novel Method for Assessment of His Bundle Pacing Morphology Using Near Field and Far Field Device Electrograms
Authors: Saini Aditya , Serafini Nicholas J. , Campbell Shawn , Waugh William B. , Zimberg Ryan , Sheldon Todd J. , Kron Jordana , Kalahasty Gautham , Padala Santosh K. , Trohman Richard , Shepard Richard K. , Koneru Jayanthi N. , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi , Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Sharma Parikshit S.
Published: February 2019

Background:

The 12-lead ECG is considered the gold standard to differentiate between selective (S), nonselective (NS) His bundle pacing (HBP), and right ventricular septal capture in routine clinical practice. We sought to assess the utility of device EGM recordings as a tool to identify the type of HBP morphology.

Methods:

One hundred forty-eight consecutive patients underwent HBP with a 3830 Select Secure lead (Medtronic, Inc) at 3 centers between October 2016 and October 2017. The near field V-EGM morphology (NF EGM), near field V-EGM time to peak (NF
Time to peak
), and far-field EGM QRS duration (QRSd) were recorded while pacing the His lead with simultaneous 12-lead ECG rhythm strips.

Results:

Indications for HBP were sinus node dysfunction, atrioventricular conduction disease, and cardiac resynchronization therapy in 68 (46%), 56 (38%), and 24 (16%) patients, respectively. Baseline QRSd was 108±38 ms with QRSd >120 ms in 57 (39%) patients (27 right bundle branch block, 18 left bundle branch block, and 12 intraventricular conduction delay). S-HBP was noted in 54 (36%) patients. A positive NF
EGM
and NF
Time to peak
>40 ms were highly sensitive (94% and 93%, respectively) and specific (90% and 94%) for S-HBP irrespective of baseline QRSd. All 3 parameters (+NF
EGM
, NF
Time to peak
>40 ms, and far-field EGM QRSd <120 ms) had high negative predictive value (97%, 95%, and 92%). A novel device-based algorithm for S-HBP was proposed. EGM transitions correlated with ECG transitions during threshold testing and can help accurately differentiate between S-HBP, NS-HBP, and right ventricular septal pacing with a cumulative positive predictive value of 91% (positive predictive value =100% in patients with baseline QRSd <120 ms).

Conclusions:

We propose a novel and simple criteria for accurate differentiation between S-HBP, NS-HBP, and right ventricular septal capture morphologies by careful analysis of device EGMs alone. This study paves the way for future studies to assess autocapture algorithms for devices with HBP.