bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature and pH on the Stability of Protease Produced by Alcaligenes faecalis P2
Authors: Obichi E. A. , Ezebuiro V.
Published: February 2022

Background: Bacterial proteases represent a group of very important industrial enzymes. They are involved in the hydrolysis of peptide bond found in protein. Industrial application of bacterial proteases has been limited by low yield and instability at biotechnological process conditions. This study was design to investigate the effect of temperature and pH on the stability of protease produced by Alcaligene faecalis strain P2.

Methodology: Protease-producing bacteria were isolated from beans effluent-impacted soil and screened for protease production on Casein agar plate. Protease assay was carried out following standard method for protease determination and the stability of the protease produced was investigated over temperature range of 20 to 90 oC and pH range of 3 to 12. The protease-producing bacterium was identified using its molecular characteristics.

Results: Protease assay result showed that the amount of tyrosine released by one unit of the crude enzyme was 0.176 µmol/mL resulting in 0.19 U/mL protease activity. Stability studies showed that the protease had wide spectrum of pH and temperature stability. The protease was most stable at pH 9 and temperature of 40 oC after 30 min. Maximum protease activity of 1.259 U/mL was recorded with pH 9 after 30 min. The protease-producing bacterium was classified as Alcaligene faecalis P2 based on phylogenetic analysis of its 16S gene analysis. The sequences have been submitted to GenBank under the accession number MZ477004.

Conclusion: This study therefore has demonstrated that beans effluent-impacted soil harbours protease producing bacteria with high industrial potentials. In addition, the study revealed that the protease produced in this study can retain its activity over wide temperature and pH.
Effect of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate on Bacterial Population and Hydrocarbon Degradation in Crude-oil Polluted Soil
Authors: Eedee Teka, Gold , NornuBari Barika, Prince , Pedro Peekate, Lekiah
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS) that are non-toxic to bacteria in crude-oil polluted soil, and also effective in enhancing biodegradation of the hydrocarbons.

Methodology: Seven concentrations (4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 mg/L) of LAS were prepared, and 50 ml of each were added to 500 g soils artificially polluted with crude-oil. Based on the quantity of soil used and the volume of LAS solutions added, the in-soil LAS concentrations were calculated to be 0.4 – 25.6 mg/Kg. A control was also set up were 50 ml sterile distilled water was used. The setups were maintained for seven days; on day 1, 3, and 7, the population of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) were determined. Total hydrocarbon concentrations (THC) were determined on day 1 and 7.

Results: The results obtained showed that the extent of hydrocarbon degradation increased with increase in LAS concentration from 35.9 to 61.4%, with the control having 10.9%. The THB population strength in all the setups increased from 106 to 107; in the setup treated with the highest concentration of LAS, the increase was from 106 to 108. Bacteria isolated from the setups included Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas sp, which are known hydrocarbon degraders.

Conclusion: LAS concentration of up to 25.6 mg/Kg can lead to significant hydrocarbon biodegradation in crude-oil polluted soil with no adverse effect on bacteria present in the soil.
Determination of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance Amongst Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi Isah Ja’afaru , Rabiu Ismail , Bawa Kamal Idris , Abdulfatai Khadijat
Published: February 2022

For quite a long time, mainly due to fewer treatment options, Clindamycin have been regarded as an alternative drug to effectively manage all Staphylococcus aureus infections. Strains with inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB phenotype) raise concerns because therapeutic failure may occur during treatment. Clindamycin is mostly regarded in treating serious infections that cannot be treated by other antibiotics, as it may cause colitis or mild diarrhea. A double disc diffusion test (D-test) for detecting inducible resistance to clindamycin in erythromycin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus was performed by placing a 15µg erythromycin disc in proximity to a 2µg clindamycin disc in adjacent positions. For erythromycin-resistant isolates, D-test can help to determine whether clindamycin could be used as a therapeutic option (reported as susceptible when the D-test is negative or reported as resistant when the D-test is positive). Twenty (20) out of the 30 (thirty) isolates collected were confirmed to be determined by D-test as per CLSI guidelines. Fifteen (15) isolates were D-test Negative, 5 were resistant to both Erythromycin and Clindamycin, and none was D-test positive. D-test should be included as a mandatory method in routine disc diffusion testing to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in staphylococci for the optimum treatment of patients.
Vaginal Three-Dimensional Ultrasound and Chromohysteroscopy for Endometrial Evaluation in Cases of Failed Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Authors: Mohammed Abdou Mahmoud , Sheirf Hassan Tahseen , Abdalla Manal Mostafa , Mohammady Gharib Ashraf Al
Published: February 2022

Background: Implantation failure could be due to a variety of reasons, including embryo quality and uterine receptivity, but remains unexplained in many cases. The aim of the work was to evaluate vaginal three-dimensional ultrasound, chromohysteroscopy for endometrial evaluation in cases of previous failed intracytoplasmic sperm injection and histopathological examination of the suspected areas.

Methods: This study was carried on 50 patients who attended to the department of Gynecology in Tanta University Hospital and another private hospital. All patients was allocated in one group and examined between 30 and 120 days after the failed ICSI cycle. 3D vaginal ultrasound was done for all cases at the early luteal phase period then all the hysteroscopic operations was performed in the early follicular phase (3-4 days postmenstrual) as conventional hysteroscopy.

Results: Most common hysteroscopic finding was Polypoidal endometrium in 12% of cases, Arcuate uterus in 10% of cases, Arcuate uterus + T shaped cavity in 8% of cases and Niche, Polypectomy in 4% of cases and Biopsy of dark stained area was taken from all cases. Histopathology finding was normal Proliferative endometrium in 72% of cases and Early secretory endometrium in 4% of cases. Focal chronic nonspecific endometritis in 20% of cases and Polypoid endometrial hyperplasia in 4%.

Conclusions: Chromohystroscopy is a safe and easy procedure which can help to improve the efficacy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing cases of endometritis and to increase the success rate of IVF and ICSI. It is highly recommended to be applied to cases of repeated ICSI or IVF failure.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella Species from Stool Samples of Patients with Diarrhea at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital
Authors: Chandika Alphonce B. , Mkala Reuben S. , Lugoba Bushi , C. Kipilipili Benjamin , Saitot Witness , Kamkunguru Charles E. , Susu Susu J. , Mkhoi Mkhoi L. , Lindi John B. , Chanzu Japhet D. , A. Masalu Catherine , Kiwelu Humphrey E. , Shansi Emmanuel J. , Matemba Lucas E.
Published: February 2022

Background: Enterobacteriaceae is among the large group of gram-negative rod bacteria in which it comprises Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and many other species whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and animals. Diarrheal diseases are a major problem worldwide caused by bacterial pathogens particularly in developing countries. A previous study reported a prevalence of 9.30% Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 that revealed a high (100%) resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid.

Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted at BMH. A convenient sampling method was used to enroll 308 patients with diarrhea in the study after consent for 12 months. Stool samples were collected into an acceptable clean sterile stool container and transported to Microbiology department for investigation. Analysis of data was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0.

Results: Out of 308 participants, 61.0% (188) were female whereas 39.0% (120) were male. The age group of between 18 to 45 years had a larger number of participants recruited in study 257 (83.4%) and less number 4 (1.2%) in the age group above 60 years old. About 5.2 (16/308) percent of stool samples processed were positive with pathogenic bacteria whereas 94.8 (292/308) percent were negative (no pathogenic bacteria isolated) growth. The study presented two pathogenic bacteria species named E. coli strain O157:H7 and Salmonella typhi that were isolated from stool samples of patients with diarrhea and who attended the hospital for treatment. No any shigella species was isolated in the study. The prevalence of S. typhi was 3.2% (10/308) whereas E. coli strain O157:H7 was 1.9% (6/308) out of 308 stool samples processed. The in vitro drug resistance patterns of Ampicillin were observed to be high 9 (90%) followed by Amoxicillin/Clavulanate and tetracycline of which both had 6 (60%) resistance to S. typhi.

Conclusion: The study is currently insisting laboratory practitioners carry out an investigation of Escherichia coli strain O157:H7 as a routine test in parallel with other enteric pathogens.
Knowledge and Practices of Primary Health Care Providers Regarding Childhood Immunization
Authors: Gaber Alsemary Hind Ibrahim , Shihab Nihal Salah , AlMahdy Heba Saied , Mohamed Zayed Hanaa Abdelaziz
Published: February 2022

Background: Uptake of vaccination services isn’t only dependent on provision of these services, but also in knowledge and practice of health care providers (HCPs), so WHO indicated that training of HCPs is an essential component of all expanded programs on immunization (EPI) activities. The aim of this study is to lower primary vaccine failure, morbidities and mortalities among children.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 HCPs and 16 primary healthcare units and one center in Shubra Khit District, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Predesigned questionnaire and observational checklist were applied to collect data. The questionnaire assessed the knowledge of health care providers about storage, handling, administration, scheduling, doses, routes and contraindications of the different vaccines routinely. The checklist assessed the practice of health care providers regarding cold chain, room layout, preparation for vaccination session, general and specific practice related to each vaccine.

Results:  The majority of health care providers had adequate level of knowledge about all vaccines except for MMR vaccines & Hib vaccines. There were significant associations between knowledge levels and place of work with (p= <0.001), qualification (P = 0.015), site of task (P =<0.001) and training courses (P = <0.001) among studied health care providers.

Conclusions: As regards knowledge levels among studied health care providers, nearly two third had a good knowledge; the same for practice, it was very good in about two thirds of the studied units/center.
Study Habits and Academic Performance of Science Education Undergraduates in Rivers State University, Nigeria
Authors: Sunday Etokeren Inibehe , Akporehwe Nateinyin Joy
Published: February 2022

Aims: This study investigated the study habits and academic performance of science education undergraduates in Rivers State University.

Survey Design: Descriptive survey design was adopted.

Place of Study: Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria between May and November, 2021

Methodology: The sample comprised 182 science education undergraduates form first year to final year. The instruments were Science Undergraduates Study Habits Inventory and Cumulative Grade Point Average. The study habits inventory was subjected to face and content validation by two lecturers in Department of Science Education and one lecturer in Measurement and Evaluation and reliability coefficient established by Alpha Cronbach method to be 0.76. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions while hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using independent t-test and Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient.

Results: Results of this study showed that science education undergraduate exhibit bad study habits. Also, there was no significant difference between male and female undergraduates’ study habits while a significant difference between first and final year undergraduate study habits was found. Further evidence revealed a significant relationship between study habits and academic performance of science education undergraduates.

Conclusion: Bad study habits of science education undergraduates  contributes  to their poor performance in examinations. There exist a  significant difference in study habits with regards to gender (male and female) and class level (first and final year) while there was significant relationship between study habits and academic performance of science education undergraduate.
TMPRSS6- Mutation in Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Review
Authors: Pretty T. M. Ngoubinah , Sinduja Palati , Priyadharshini R.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Iron is one of the metals involved in a variety of physiological reactions, including the construction of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen to the tissues. Chronic blood loss or insufficient food intake are the most common causes of iron insufficiency.. A germline mutation in TMPRSS6, which encodes type two transmembrane serine protease generated by the liver and helps regulate the expression of systemic iron, can induce anaemia that is resistant to oral iron treatment.

Structure: The plasma membrane is cleaved by TMPRSS6 in vitro. The signalling mechanism required for iron-dependent hepcidin transcription regulation is thought to be downregulated by TMPRSS6. They also investigated whether the robust physiologic inducer of hepcidin, iron, can affect TMPRSS6 mRNA levels in vivo, as one of the most important activators of hepcidin expression in vitro and in vivo.

Role of TMPRSS6: Overexpression of normal TMPRSS6 protein reduces Hamp promoter activity, and the TMPRSS6 cytoplasmic domain mediates Hamp suppression via the proximal promoter element. TMPRSS6 polymorphisms are more common than mutations and have been linked to variations in iron and hematologic markers.

Conclusion: Because TMPRSS6 is linked to haematological factors, it is essential for maintaining iron homeostasis and proper erythropoiesis. Overproduction of hepcidin is caused by the TMPRSS6 mutation, which contributes to poor iron absorption and utilisation. Patients with poor transferrin saturation, normal ferritin levels, high amounts of hepcidin molecules, and a family history of iron deficiency anemia should be aware of TMPRSS6 gene mutations.
Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Kumar Sarath , Padmavathi S. , Anuradha G. , Kannan A. , Krithika C. L.
Published: February 2022

Ellis Van Creveld Syndrome (EVC) is a infrequent inborn genetic disorder with an x-linked recessive pattern of inheritance. This is recognized by bilateral accessory little finger in upper extremity, short limbs, ectodermal dysplasia affecting teeth and nails, and congenital cardiac defect. The overall prevalence of this disease is 7 in 1000000. In this current case, a 9year old female patient reported with typical general and oral manifestations, which were key diagnostic features of EVC syndrome.
Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Leptin Levels in Healthy and Chronic Periodontitis Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Keziah V. Sharon , Jeyaraman Selvaraj , Jeevitha M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Leptin is a hormone-like protein, or some call it as an acute phase inflammatory protein, which recently has gained attention due to its role in regulating metabolism of the human body as well as affecting the body’s defense mechanisms, including macrophages.

Materials and Methods: Patients visiting Saveetha Dental College from July to November 2020 were examined. Thirty patients (15 males and 15 females) were included in this study and subdivided into three groups. Group A has participants with healthy periodontium. Group B, periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Group C has periodontitis patients only.

Results: Salivary leptin was observed to be the highest in periodontitis patients with diabetes mellitus followed by patients with periodontitis only and minimal levels in periodontal health patients.

Conclusion: The results indicate that salivary leptin levels are raised in the saliva of patients with periodontitis with diabetes mellitus than healthy controls and hence can be an important biomarker for periodontal therapeutic purposes.
The Inhibitory Potency of Major Teucrium polium Active Ingredients for the Main Protease (Mpro) of COVID-19
Authors: Al-Mazaideh Ghassab M.
Published: February 2022

The GC/MS and docking method were used to investigate the active coronaviral protein, the Main Protease (Mpro). This coronaviral protein was tested using Autodock with phytocompounds isolated from methanol extract made from T. polium leaves. According to the GC/MS results, the leaves extract shows 8 major natural Phytochemical compounds (Hydroxytetradecanoic acid (-5.40 kcal/mol, 110.65 μM), 3-Dodecenedioic acid (-5.38 kcal/mol, 380.36 μM), D-Glucuronic (-5.20 kcal/mol, 153.64 μM), 3-Hydroxysebacic acid (-5.12 kcal/mol, 175.66 μM), Dodecen-3-ol (-4.92 kcal/mol, 247.68 μM)). As HIV-inhibitors, these phytoconstituents demonstrated good pharmaco-kinetics (ADMET) and drug-like characteristics (Remdesivir (-4.59 kcal/mol, 431.87 μM), Chloroquine (-4.68 kcal/mol, 373.83 μM), and Hydroxychloroquine (-4.22 kcal/mol, 812.81 μM)). Because they cannot cross BBB (the blood-brain barrier), the examined molecules are believed to have a strong safety profile, great absorption through the gastrointestinal system, and low central side effects. The pharmacological potentials of these lead drugs have been identified and categorized based on their LBE (lowest binding energy) and Ki (inhibition constant). The affinity of examined compounds for Main Protease (Mpro), coronaviral protein, were investigated in order to determine their use inside the active pocket of the receptor, 3CLpro. The major compounds showed greater affinity to 3CLpro than the supporting control drugs. Furthermore, the binding of all lead compounds with all the amino acids of 3CLpro are evaluated, 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid is the highest LBE value and lowest Ki value when compared to the approved medication as well as all other compounds under examination. These compounds could be proven as potential corona viral inhibitors. Such computational findings require additional in vitro and in vivo research.
Protective Effects of Aloe vera Gel Ethanolic Extract Against Streptozotocin-induced Hepato-pancreatic Toxicity in Female Albino Rats
Authors: Ahmed Asma , Khan Hasan Akbar , Ul Haq Rana Muhammad Ahtasham , Naz Anam , Awan Sana Javaid , Shuaib Muhammad , Badar Rehana
Published: February 2022

Aims: Organ toxicity results from the accumulation of toxic substances in the organs which ultimately culminates in failure of the organ. Allopathic medications are not very effective in organ protection. Hence, it is imperative that a natural and safer organoprotective agent should be found.

Study Design: To assess the organoprotective effect of Aloe vera gel against STZ for renal, hepato and pancreatic toxicity in albino Wistar rats.

Place and Duration of Study: Whole work had been completed at the Microbiology and Molecular biology labs of IMBB, The University of Lahore during 2019- 2020.

Methodology: Organoprotective ability of different doses of ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera (A. vera) gel was evaluated against intraperitoneal induction of 55mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic, renal and hepatic toxicity in female albino Wistar rats by keeping metformin (100mg/kg) as a positive protective control.

Results: Results revealed that 200 mg/kg ethanolic extracts of A. vera gel showed significant organoprotection as ALT (57.5±7.45I U/L), AST (39.8±3.45I U/L), ALP (438±103I U/L), urea (74.1±8.71mg/dl), creatinine (0.688±0.146 mg/dl), amylase (1247±75 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L) were significantly less than organotoxic control [ALT (103±7.23I U/L), AST (237±12.7I U/L), ALP (2092±195 U/L), Urea (153±18.6mg/dl), Creatinine (1.54±0.262 mg/dl), amylase (675±83 U/L) and lipase (12.2±1.04 U/L)], and these results were near or equal to organoprotective control [ALT (71.6±8.98I U/L), AST (121±28.1 U/L), ALP (916±103 U/L), urea (115±11.4mg/dl), creatinine (1.14±0.226 mg/dl), amylase (667±80 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L)]. The histopathological analysis also highlighted more organoprotection at this concentration as compared to other doses of extract.

Conclusion: A. vera gel extract is an able organoprotective agent. This extract can be studied further for its active ingredients as a source of hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agents.
A Survey on Awareness among Dentists Treating HIV Affected Patients
Authors: Neha R. , Premavathy Dinesh
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of the present study is to create awareness among Dentists treating HIV patients.

Introduction: Healthcare workers including physicians, dentists, nurses and laboratory workers are considered to be among the groups at the risk of blood-borne pathogen transmission. Dental treatment procedures frequently involve exposure to blood and saliva that may be contaminated with HIV. Dental care of HIV-positive individuals plays a vital role in improving their nutritional intake, medication tolerance and effectives, treatment success rate, and quality of life. The main motive of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards HIV patients among dentists.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study survey was conducted among 101 dentists practicing in and around the area. It was done as an online survey. The data was collected using pre-tested self administrated 11 item questionnaire and was statistically analyzed using SPSS software version-23.

Results: The results show that the majority of the subjects in the study population were males (55%) and remaining were females (44%).There were no significant differences between males and females in the knowledge and attitude scores.

Conclusion: The results of the survey demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge and attitude of dentists about HIV/AIDS infections but some general population suggesting that higher knowledge level of dentists plays a very important role in forming the attitude and practices regarding patients with HIV/AIDS.
Designing Pillow as a Cure for Cervicogenic Headache: A Review
Authors: Devi T.  Poovishnu
Published: February 2022

Background: Presently there is probably no device such as pillows designed or available in the market for relief in case of cervicogenic headache.

Objective: The objective is to come up with a pillow which could be used by the persons having cervicogenic headache in case of orthopedic manual therapy.

Method: A pillow for cervicogenic headache with adjustable neck dimensions is characterized by left side ball, right side ball and mechanism for adjusting distance between these balls as per size of the neck of patient, entire assembly of the balls and the mechanism is embedded in socket. Result: The result is the pillow has memory foam with plush covering outside.

Conclusion: The invention provides a pillow with two balls for the treatment of cervicogenic head ache.
Morphometric Analysis of Orbital Cavity in South Indian Population
Authors: Kritheka C. K. , Premavathy Dinesh
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Each orbital cavity is actually meant as a socket for the eyeball. The human orbit is a complicated anatomic area, which performs predominant position in the craniofacial complex.

Aim: The aim of the study is to provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the south Indian population.

Materials and Methods: The present study has adopted 30 south Indian dry skulls. An orbital cavity was measured using vernier callipers. With the help of vernier calliper and ruler, the measurements such as length, breadth of the orbital cavity and biorbital breadth, interorbital breadth of the orbital cavity were measured. The paired t-test is the statistical method used in this study.

Results: The mean orbital breadth of the right orbit is 34.6±1.777 and left orbit was 34.701±1.711

The mean orbital height of the right orbit is 33.417±1.494 and the left orbit is 33.38±1.560. The mean biorbital breadth of the orbital cavity is 94.16 ± 2.533 and means interorbital breadth of the orbital cavity is 20.615±1.172. Paired t test demonstrated no significant statistical difference between the right and left orbit.

Conclusion: The orbital cavity additionally used for determination of sex and ethnic courses of a cadaver and its phase of the cranium that posses manipulate over sexual dimorphic traits.
Anaesthetic Management of Suspect COVID-19 Patient during a COVID-19 Pandemic Presenting for Emergency Limb Saving Surgery
Authors: Subramaniam Anand , Balamurugan B.
Published: February 2022

Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented crisis and has changed dynamics of health care by severely straining the resources for patients coming for both elective and emergency surgeries. Ultrasound guided nerve block has been a life saver in most covid-19 positive patients coming for emergency surgical procedures as they reduce the risk of general anaesthesia in a patient with already compromised lung physiology and also minimizes risk of aerosol contamination of the operation theatre and health care personnel. We describe the anaesthetic management of a 67year old male patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and sepsis for diabetic foot wound fasciotomy and wound debridement. The patient was operated under ultrasound guided popliteal sciatic and Saphenous nerve block of the right lower limb with all precautions taken to prevent covid spread as the patient had a high index of suspicion for covid-19. The patient was reported positive for RT-PCR in the postoperative period.
Prescriptions Audit for Antibiotics among Outpatients in the Department of Periodontics
Authors: Chaudhary Amit , Sharma Dharmesh , Supehia Sakshi
Published: February 2022

Aims: The aim of this study was to audit prescriptions for antibiotics for cost optimization in outpatients undergoing periodontal treatment.

Study Design: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was done at a dental college in Himachal Pradesh from August 2020 to July 2021.

Methodology: 849 patients agreed to share their data, 614 of whom received antibiotics. The demographic information, the name of the given antibiotic, dosage form, dose, strength, frequency, and the reason for prescribing were gathered. Antibiotic monotherapy and multitherapy prescriptions were evaluated. Antibiotics prescribed by the NLEM 2015 were calculated. For cost minimization evaluation, the price of prescribed antibiotics in branded and generic names was calculated in INR. The results were calculated using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency and percentage.

Results: This finding shows irrationality and out-of-pocket expenses in antibiotic prescribing. The most common diagnosis was periodontitis. Only 74.5% of all antibiotics prescribed were from the NLEM 2015. The most often recommended antibiotic was a fixed-dose combination of Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid (61.2%) and accounts for 87.80% of the total cost of 146669.82 INR. Only 9.7 % of antibiotics were prescribed with a generic name.

Conclusion: Generic names and prescribing from essential drug lists play a critical role in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of diseases on a worldwide scale by providing cost-effective healthcare coverage.
Gene Selection in Disease: Review
Authors: Rashmi M. , Varshney Manish
Published: February 2022

In utilizing AI algorithms to investigate expression patterns, genetic factors are a significant problem for objective aggregates. Numerous genetic characteristics exist, but just a few have substantial relationships with a specific aggregate. For example, a two-way malignant growth/non-disease investigation involves the identification of fifty of these genetic variables. Three distinct techniques are as follows. A system based on affiliation rules and half-fluffy dynamic trees has been developed for disease detection using data mining technologies. The primary approach proposes an effective half-and-half strategy for reducing the number of exceptions. Anomaly detection is an interesting topic of research in data mining. Due to the usage of bunching strategies, anomalies that do not fit into any of the groups are discovered. Nonetheless, a few ambiguous features may be included in the group. To completely purge the dataset of superfluous data, it is required to identify and purge data that has converged with the groups. This approach depends on two distinct types of data mining algorithms to discover anomalies in a dataset: multilayer neural networks (MLN) and thickness-based K-implies. Affiliation rules are established, and the effect % of everything derived from the standard upon which the fluffy guidelines are based is calculated in the manner illustrated below.
Assessing the Knowledge, Anxiety and Fear of Patients Visiting Dental Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic in Bhubaneswar City, Odisha. A Questionnaire Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Baral Subhalaxmi , Singh Dhirendra K. , Kumar Smriti P.
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Ease of transmission of COVID-19 makes people scared of getting infected with COVID-19 hence making them reluctant to visit dental health care providers, which delays dental care during COVID-19.

Aim & Objectives of the Study: To analyze the knowledge, anxiety and fear of subjects visiting dental hospital during COVID-19 pandemic in Bhubaneswar city, Odisha State, India, using a questionnaire form.

Materials and Methods: A total of 111 subjects visiting the outpatient of Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences (KIDS), Bhubaneswar who were indicated for any dental treatment were selected for the study. Fear and anxiety of the subjects was assessed before and after the required dental treatment using a questionnaire consisting. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 23 software.

Results: The result shows that majority of the subjects lack proper knowledge and were anxious to receive the treatment. Upon proper consultation and treatment, fear and anxiety reduced to a significant level.

Conclusion: Assessing pre-treatment anxiety using a questionnaire helps in modification in the treatment approach as well as the in the ambience of the dental clinic or hospital during COVID-19.
Planning of Measures and Labor Rationing of Specialists in the Sector of Veterinary Services for Commercial Goose Breeding
Authors: Vasiliev Mihail N. , Bakanova Evgeniya O. , Vasilieva Anastasia I. , Nikitin Ivan N. , Domolazov Sergey M. , Trofimova Elena N. , Akmullin Alexandr I. , Makarov Andrey S.
Published: February 2022

In goose breeding, the most current issue is to prevent the development of such infectious diseases as viral enteritis of geese, highly pathogenic avian influenza, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, Newcastle disease, colibacillosis. At the same time, specific prevention of some of them is not carried out due to the lack of unified treatments in veterinary care. The technological schemes of veterinary treatments of goose-breeding farms have big difference from each other. The study of working hours for veterinary processes of specialists in goose breeding is necessary as part of the development of recommendations for improving veterinary services for goose farms and planning the schedule of veterinary specialists. There is no modern unified effective system for the prevention of infectious diseases in geese in Russia. The aim of this work was to study the schemes of veterinary and preventive treatments, the development of a technological scheme of veterinary treatments for industrial goose-breeding farms and the time norms for the veterinary measures that ensure the prevention of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases of poultry. The study of the schemes of veterinary treatments in geese and the working time spent of veterinary specialists was carried out in the conditions of goose-breeding farms by using time- and photo-time- studies of the veterinary specialists’ work. Veterinary measures carried out in industrial goose-breeding farms depend on the technological equipment of poultry farms, geographical location, epizootic situation in the region, and the availability of biological products. Technological schemes of veterinary treatments for geese should be improved, taking into account the spread of diseases and the effectiveness of biological products. The presence of a set of measures for general and specific prevention of poultry diseases in the technological scheme of veterinary treatments, developed by us for industrial goose-breeding farms, allows to reduce the risk of spreading infectious and other diseases. During the study 14 time norms were developed for veterinary preventive measures performed by veterinary specialists in the conditions of industrial goose-breeding farms, which are recommended for using while staffing and studying the efficiency of using the labor resources of veterinary specialists.
Metoclopramide Prescribing Pattern in Al-Kharj
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Fouda Dina I. , Foudah Ahmed I.
Published: February 2022

Aim: The present study aimed to describe metoclopramide prescribing pattern in Al-Kharj.

Methodology: This was a retrospective study that was conducted to know the prescribing pattern of metoclopramide in a public hospital in Alkharj. The data were collected from the electronic prescriptions in the hospital in the first half of 2018.

Results: The outpatient pharmacy dispensed metoclopramide to 160 patients during the first half of 2018. More than half of the patients were female patients (51.25%). The age of 36.25% of the patients was between 29 and 29 years old and the age of 25.00% of them was between 30 and 39 years old. Most of the prescriptions were prescribed for 3 days (68.13%) followed by 5   days (20.00%). Emergency department prescribed about 96.25% of the metoclopramide prescriptions.

Conclusion: The present study showed that metoclopramide was used commonly in Al-kharj. Further studies are needed to describe the frequency and pattern of using metoclopramide and also to describe the pattern of using other antiemetic medications in different settings.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Voluntary Blood Donors in the Industrial Zone of Western Maharashtra
Authors: Gurwale Sushama , Jose Merin , Agarwal Neha , Ingale Yaminy Pradeep , Gore Charusheela R. , Kumar Col. Harsh
Published: February 2022

Around a million deaths are caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection worldwide. Almost more than 257 million people live with chronic Hepatitis B infection all around the world ending up with hepatocellular carcinoma. This has become a major concern of public health nowadays. The present study was aimed to assess the prevalence of Hepatitis B infection among voluntary healthy blood donors in the industrial zone of Western Maharashtra. A total of 5000 donors fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study and was accepted for blood donation during the study period of May 2019 to October 2020. The blood samples were tested for Hepatitis B surface Antigen as well as other Transfusion Transmitted Infections. Out of 5000 donors, the prevalence of HBsAg positive donors in our study was 0.62%. The HBsAg positivity rate was higher among the males (0.7%) as well as among the age group of 56 to 60 yrs (1.5%). It was concluded from the present study that the prevalence of Hepatitis B is showing a decreasing trend among voluntary blood donors when compared to similar studies. Education and awareness about blood borne infections, mass immunizations, encouragement of voluntary blood donations and vigorous screening of donors help to achieve reduction in the load of Hepatitis B and prevention of transfusion transmitted infection.
Assessment of In vitro Antioxidant Potential of the Polyphenols and the Sulphated Polysaccharides fractions of Ulva lactuca and Turbinaria ornata
Authors: Ravindran N. T. , Sadiq A. Mohamed
Published: February 2022

Aims: To assess the in vitro antioxidant potential of the polyphenols and the sulphated polysaccharides fractions from green marine alga Ulva lactuca and brown marine alga Turbinaria ornata.

Study Design: In the present work, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were used for the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of the polyphenols and the sulphated polysaccharides fractions from Ulva lactuca and Turbinaria ornata.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Adhiparasakthi College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), G.B. Nagar, Kalavai – 632 506, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methodology: The polyphenols and the sulphated polysaccharides fractions were extracted from green marine alga Ulva lactuca and brown marine alga Turbinaria ornata, and were assayed for in vitro antioxidant potential using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl raidcal and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities.

Results: Both the polyphenols and the sulphated polysaccharides fractions were extracted from green marine alga Ulva lactuca and brown marine alga Turbinaria ornata, showed good in vitro antioxidant potential with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. The percentage of inhibition ranged from 90.37 – 100.0 % inhibition for polyphenols fraction and 68.73 – 95.23 % for sulphated polysaccharides. The IC50 values ranged from 0.185 mg/ml to 0.430 mg/ml.

Conclusion: Both the polyphenols and the sulphated polysaccharides fractions from Ulva lactuca and Turbinaria ornata are shown to be capable of scavenging a wide range of synthetic and naturally occurring free radicals, and they could be utilized as good natural source of antioxidants. These data may contribute to a rational basis for the use of antioxidant-rich marine algal fractions in the therapy of diseases related to oxidative stress.
Effect of High Power Laser Therapy on Patients with Chronic Discogenic Sciatica: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Abdelmageed Shaima M. , Galal Dina Othman Shokri Morsi , Elserty Noha
Published: February 2022

Back Ground: Sciatica is a frequent clinical illness that may be intensely painful, disabling, and life-altering.

Objectives: The goal of this research was to see how high-power laser therapy affects the intensity of pain, angle of straight leg raise, six-minute walk test and electrophysiological studies in patients with chronic discogenic sciatica.

Methods: A lumbar disc herniation at L5-S1 caused chronic unilateral sciatica in thirty-six male patients were included in this study. The patients have been divided into 2 identical groups [the control group (G1) and the study group (G2)] randomly. Participants in the control group (G1) got a designed physiotherapy program that included ultrasound, stretching exercise, back muscles strengthening exercise and sciatic nerve flossing technique. While patients in the study group (G2) got the same designed physiotherapy program as G1 plus high power laser therapy (HPLT). The outcome measures were latency and amplitude of Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) for evaluating S1 nerve root function, visual analog scale (VAS) for evaluating pain level, angle of straight leg raise (SLR) and six-minute walk test (6MWT) for assessing functional impairment. Both groups were assessed before and after 4 weeks of therapy.

Results: The findings demonstrated that both groups showed a significant reduction in pain level and latency of H-reflex following therapy. The angle of SLR, 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), and the amplitude of the H-reflex all improved significantly in both groups. After therapy, the study group's VAS and H reflex latency were significantly decreased than the control group's (p < 0.01). In addition, the study group's 6MWD, angle of SLR, and H reflex amplitudes were significantly increased than the control group's (p < 0.01) following therapy. 

Conclusion:  High power laser therapy (HPLT) is a successful treatment for patients suffering from chronic discogenic sciatica.
Modeling Heat Transfers in a Typical Roasting Oven of Burkina Faso
Authors: Namoano David , Compaoré Abdoulaye , Ouédraogo Ousmane , Sawadogo Gaël Lassina , Ouedraogo Drissa , Igo Serge Wendsida
Published: February 2022

This work concerns a numerical study of heat transfers in a typical roasting oven in Burkina Faso. The numerical methodology is based on the nodal method and the heat transfer equations have been established by performing a heat balance on each node. The equations obtained were then discretized using an implicit finite difference scheme and solved by the Gauss algorithm. The numerical results validated by the experiment show that the heat transfers within the oven are mainly influenced by the gas flow, the ambient temperature, the flame extinction time and the wind speed. Increasing gas flow rate and increasing ambient temperature increase the oven cavity temperature. The increase in wind speed causes a significant drop in the oven cavity temperature after the first 15 minutes of operation. Beyond a wind speed of 3m/s, we observe a convergence of the oven cavity temperatures towards a limit value. Regardless of the time the flame is extinguished, the gas flow rate, the ambient temperature and the wind speed, the oven cavity temperature drops rapidly towards the ambient temperature.
Form Space: A New Understanding of Space in the Theory of Relativity [Shorter] Form Space in the Theory of Relativity
Authors: Tu Runsheng
Published: February 2022

What is the physical mechanism by which space contracts due to motion? Theory of relativity is reluctant to answer this question. The reason is that this physical mechanism threatens the principle of relativity. The side effects of theoretical mathematical form system have not been reported. This side effect is mainly the proliferation of mathematical formal concepts (and/or conclusions) that violate mathematical logic and do not correspond to facts. Through a series of thought experiments, it reveals the spatial difficult related to concept proliferation that have never been reported in the special theory of relativity — There is a logical contradiction in the concept of "when mutual observation, always is observed ruler shortening". The existence of such contradictions or spatial difficulties is a side effect of the above. According to the relation of mass-velocity of relativity and quantum mechanics, the conclusion that the moving object shrinks in all directions due to the motion is deduced. Deeper understanding of space time is provided and it is exposed that the areas of further research topic on the space time continuum and their role in the proper understanding of relativity theory.
Lipidomics profiles in hepatocytes from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients differ markedly from in vitro‐induced steatotic hepatocytes
Authors: Kralj Thomas , Khatri Raju , Brouwer Kenneth R. , Brouwer Kim L. R. , Creek Darren J.
Published: February 2022

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of liver injury that can be caused by a variety of stimuli and has a significant mortality rate. A common technique to induce in vitro steatosis involves culturing primary human hepatocytes (PHH) in fatty acid‐enriched media. This study compared the lipidome of PHH cultured in fatty acid‐enriched media to hepatocytes from patients with NASH and healthy controls. Hepatocytes from NASH patients displayed increased total cellular abundance of glycerolipids and phospholipids compared to healthy control hepatocytes. PHH cultured in fatty acid‐enriched media demonstrated increased glycerolipids. However, these culture conditions did not induce elevated phospholipid levels. Thus, culturing PHH in fatty acid‐enriched media has limited capacity to emulate the environment of hepatocytes in NASH patients.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Smart Antibacterial Coatings via Mussel‐Inspired Polymerization and Dynamic Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Yang Lei , Li Lin , Li Haotian , Wang Tianyou , Ren Xiancheng , Cheng Yiyun , Li Yiwen , Huang Quan
Published: February 2022

Bacterial colonization on the surface of medical implanted devices and bacterial infection‐induced biofilm have been a lethal risk for patients of clinical treatment. While antibacterial coatings fabricated by layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly techniques have been well explored, the facile preparation of substrate‐independent smart antibacterial coatings with on‐demand antibiotics release profile and excellent antibacterial performance is still urgently needed. In this work, this goal is addressed by LBL assembly fabrication of robust antibacterial coatings using naturally occurring and commercially available building blocks (i.e., aminoglycosides, 5,6‐dihydroxyindole, and formylphenylboronic acid) via the subsequentially performed mussel‐inspired polymerization and dynamic covalent chemistries. The resulting antibacterial coatings on different substates all presente a dynamic feature (i.e., pH‐responsive), on‐demand antibiotics release properties, and highly effective antibacterial performance both in vitro and in vivo. It is envisioned that this work can expand the scope of LBL assembly technique toward the next generation of robust and universal antibacterial coating materials by using natural building blocks and readily available chemistries.
Co‐Aggregation Induced by Amphiphilic Membrane Interface for the Capture of Trace Endocrine Disruptors from Water
Authors: Ouyang Qi , Gui Qilin , Liu Chang , Chen Xiaonong
Published: February 2022

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are widely detected in water resources owing to the abuse of plastic products, posing a serious global concern. Unfortunately, the rapid, effective, and economical removal of trace EDCs from water remains a significant challenge. Herein, a novel adsorptive membrane (PVPM) with excellent recyclability and stability is prepared by the UV‐initiated grafting of poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) onto the surface of polypropylene fibrous membrane (PPM). The PVPM exhibits high flux, low‐pressure drop, and excellent adsorption performance. It can efficiently capture trace (10 µg L−1) EDCs with a removal efficiency of 99%. Notably, the adsorption performance of the PVPM remains unchanged even in river water. A mechanism for the adsorption is proposed based on adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Specifically, dynamic hydrophobic microdomains are generated between amphiphilic PNVP and EDCs and form co‐aggregates on the PPM substrate. This co‐aggregation is responsible for the large adsorption capacity for EDCs. A large decrease in the free energy (−16.65 kJ mol−1) of the adsorption process provides additional evidence for the strong adsorption affinity of the PVPM to EDCs. This study introduces a new pathway for designing low‐cost and high‐performance membrane adsorbents for prompt and efficient capture of trace EDCs from water.