bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of computing properties of derivative and derivative‐free algorithms in variance‐component estimation by REML
Authors: Misztal I.
Published: March 2011

Computing properties of better derivative and derivative‐free algorithms were compared both theoretically and practically. Assuming that the log‐likelihood function is approximately quadratic, in a t‐trait analysis the number of steps to achieve convergence increases as t2 in ‘better’ derivative‐free algorithms and is independent of that number in ‘better’ derivative algorithms. The cost of one step increases as t3. Consequently, both classes of algorithms have a similar computational cost for single‐trait models. In multiple traits, the computing costs increase as t3 and t5, respectively. The derivative‐free algorithms have worse numerical properties. Four programs were used to obtain one‐, two‐, and three‐trait REML estimates from field data. Compared to single‐trait analyses, the cost of one run for derivative‐free algorithms increased by 27–40 times for two traits and 152–686 times for three traits. A similar increase in rounds of iteration for a derivative algorithm reached 5 and 21, and 1.8 and 2.2 in canonical transformation. Convergence and estimates of derivative algorithms were more predictable and, unlike derivative‐free algorithms, were much less dependent on the choice of priors. Well‐implemented derivative REML algorithms are less expensive and more reliable in multiple traits than derivative‐free ones.

Vergleich von Rechen (Computing) merkmalen von abgeleiteten und ableitungsfreien Algorithmen zur Varianzkomponentenschätzung mittels REML

Rechenmerkmale von verbesserten ableitungsfreien und Algorithmen, die Ableitung benutzen, werden theoretisch und praktisch verglichen. Unter der Annahme einer ungefähr quadratischen log‐likelihood Funktion, nimmt in der Analyse von t Merkmalen die Zahl der Rechenschritte bis zu Konvergenz mit t2 in ‘besseren’ ableitungsfreien Algorithmen zu und ist davon unabhängig von dieser Zahl in der ‘besseren’ Ableitung. Die Kosten je Schritt steigen mit t3. Daher haben beide Berechnungsarten für Einzelmerkmale ähnliche Rechenkosten. Bei mehreren Merkmalen steigen die Kosten mit t3 bzw. t5 und ableitungsfreie Algorithmen haben schlechtere numerische Eigenschagten. Vier Programme haben für ein‐, zwei‐ und drei‐Merkmale REML Schätzungen von Felddaten erzeugt. Im Vergleich zu Ein‐Merkmal Analysen stiegen Kosten für einen Lauf bei ableitungsfreien Algorithmen um das 27–40 fache bei zwei‐ und um das 152–686 fache bei drei‐Merkmalen. Die Steigerungen je Lauf bei auf Ableitung beruhenden Algorithmen waren 5–21 fach und 1.8 und 2.2 fach bei kanonischer Transformation. Konvergenz und Schätzwerte von Algorithmen mit Ableitung waren besser vorhersagbar und weniger von der Wahl der priors beeinflußt. Gut ausgestattete REML Methoden, die Ableitungen benutzen, sind ökonomischer und verläßlicher bei Mehrmerkmalsproblemen als ableitungsfreie.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Struktur der Haarfollikelgruppen bei neuseeländischen Cashmere‐, Angora‐ und Cashgoraziegen
Authors: Jonen M. , Meyer W. , Schwarz R. , Davies A. S.
Published: March 2011

Die Haarfollikelgruppen neuseeländischer Cashmere‐, Angora‐ und Cashgoraziegen wurden auf histologischer Basis untersucht. Dabei stand die strukturelle Zusammensetzung (Anteile an Primär‐ und Sekundärhaarfollikeln bzw. Sekundärhaarfollikelbündeln) ebenso im Mittelpunkt wie die Erfassung der Größe der Haarfollikelgruppen und deren Prozentanteil pro Flächeneinheit. Ergänzend wurde eine Studie der Haardurchmesser durchgeführt. Der Vergleich der drei Ziegenrassen machte deutlich, daß für alle untersuchten Parameter signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der Cashmere‐ und der Angoraziege bestanden, während die Werte für die Cashgoraziege zwischen denen der beiden anderen Rassen lagen. Insgesamt gesehen war die Cashgoraziege jedoch der Cashmereziege recht ähnlich. Die Ergebnisse werden in Relation zu den in Neuseeland vorhandenen züchterischen Möglichkeiten diskutiert und die Wichtigkeit der S/P ratio betont.

Comparative investigations into the structure of hair‐follicle groups in New Zealand Cashmere, Angora, and Cashgora goats

The structure of hair‐follicle groups was examined histologically in New Zealand Cashmere, Angora, and Cashgora goats. The specific composition (numbers of primary and secondary hair follicles, or hair‐follicle bundles) as well as the size of hair‐follicle groups and their percentage distribution per unit area of the skin was evaluated. Additionally, fibre diameters were measured. The comparison of the results obtained revealed significant differences between the three goat breeds concerning the important structural parameters. Generally, however, the structure of hair‐follicle groups in the Cashgora goat seems to be more similar to the Cashmere goat than to the Angora goat. Ways of improving fleece quality in New Zealand goats are discussed with special regard to the S/P ratio.
Biochemical polymorphisms in Spanish Avileña‐Negra Iberica cattle
Authors: Arranz J. J. , Bayón Y. , Medjugorac I. , san Primitivo F.
Published: March 2011

Thirteen biochemical blood polymorphisms were analysed in a population of 149 Spanish Avileña‐Negra Ibérica cattle. The study revealed variation at the following nine loci: HBB, CA, NP, CP, AMY1, ALB, GC, TF and PTF2. The following systems were monomorphic: CAT, DIA1, MDH1 and ME1. Using polyacrylamide‐gel electrophoresis, a slow, migrating pair of bands was found in the GC protein system. This pattern is probably controlled by the GCC allele, described in only a few cases in cattle. Furthermore, starch‐gel electrophoresis allowed the detection of a variant with intermediate mobility between the ALBA and the ALBB alleles at the albumin locus. A variant with a similar electrophoretic pattern has occasionally been reported in cattle. However, utilizing IEF under denaturing conditions, such a variant could not be differentiated from the ALBA allele and thus its significance is not clear.

Biochemischer Polymorphismus in spanischen Avileña‐Negra Iberica Rindern

Insgesamt 13 biochemische Systeme wurden in einer Population von 149 spanischen Avilena‐Negra‐Iberika‐Rindern hinsichtlich Polymorphismus analysiert. Es zeigten sich Varianten bei folgenden Loci: HBB, CA, NP, CP, AMY1, ANB, GC, TF und BTF2, während CAT, DEA, MDH1 und ME1 monomorph sind. Bei stärke Gel‐Elektrophorese wurde im Albumin‐Locus eine Variante mit intermediärer Mobilität zwischen ALBA und ÄLBB Allel entdeckt. Eine solche Variante wurde bisher nur sehr selten bei Rindern beobachtet. Darüber hinaus wurde bei Polyacrylamid‐Gel‐Elektrophorese ein langsam wanderndes Paar von Bändern im GC‐Proteinsystem gefunden. Dieses Muster ist wahrscheinlich von dem selten vorkommenden GCC‐Allel verursacht.

Se analizaron trece polimorfismos bioquímicos sanguíneos en una población de 149 animales de la raza Avileña‐Negra Ibérica de ganado vacuno. El estudio reveló la existencia de variación en los nueve loci siguientes: HBB, CA, NP, CP, AMY1, ALB, GC, TF y PTF2. Fueron monomórficos los sistemas siguientes: CAT, DIA1, MDH1 y ME1.

Utilizando eletroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida se encontró un par de bandas de migración lenta en el sistema de la proteína GC. Este patrón probablemente está controlado por el infrecuente alelo GCC, descrito en unos pocos casos en el ganado vacuno.

Además, la electroforesis en gel de almidón permitió detectar en el locus de la albúmina una banda con movilidad intermedia entre los alelos ALBA y ALBB. Una variante con un patrón electroforético similar ha sido descrita en muy pocas ocasiones en el ganado vacuno. Sin embargo, la utilización de IEF en condiciones desnaturalizantes no permitió diferenciar esta variante del alelo ALBA y, por lo tanto, el significado de la misma no está claro.
Polymorphism in the 5′ flanking region of the bovinelactoglobulin‐encoding gene and its association with β‐lactoglobulin in the milk
Authors: Ehrmann S. , Bartenschlager H. , Geldermann H.
Published: March 2011

Genomic DNA of 71 cows was analysed with the help of polymerase‐chain‐reaction‐based restriction fragment length polymorphisms of five DNA variants within the 5′ flanking region (R1, R2, R3, R5, and R14 at positions +31, +27, −22, −209, −662 bp from transcription start point +1) of the bovine β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg) encoding gene. Protein variants, content and yield of β‐Lg were determined in milk samples of each cow. Frequencies of the common alleles varied between 0.52 and 1.0 per breed. One of three different genotype combinations (BB/AA/AA/AA/AA/AA, AB/AB/AB/AA/AB/AB, and AA/BB/BB/AA/BB/BB for β‐Lg‐variant/R1/R2/R3/R5/R14) was carried by 82% of the cows, so that in populations two haplotypes at a similar frequency can be assumed. Associations between variants in the β‐Lg‐encoding gene, and yield as well as content of β‐Lg, were obtained for cows of the genotypes BB/AA/AA/AA/AA/AA, AB/AB/AB/AA/AB/AB, and AA/BB/BB/AA/BB/BB (least square‐means ± SE): 91.8 ± 6.9 g/day and 10.78 ± 0.61%, 140.5 ± 10.7 g/day and 13.94 ± 0.86%, and 149.4 ± 8.2 g/day and 17.59 ± 0.65% respectively. Differences were p < 0.001. The population data can be explained by the effects of the gene variants on regulation of the expression of the corresponding gene.

Polymorphismen in der 5′ flankierenden Region des bovinen β‐Lactoglobulin codierenden Gens and deren Beziehungen zum β‐Lactoglobulin in der Milch

Genomische DNA von 71 Kühen wurde mit Hilfe der PCR‐Technik und nachfolgender Darstellung von RFLPs auf fünf DNA‐Varianten (R1, R2, R3, R5 und R14 an den Positionen +31, +27, −22, −209, −662 bp vom Transkriptions‐Startpunkt +1) innerhalb der 5′ flankierenden Region des bovinen β‐Lactoglobulin(β‐Lg)‐codierenden Gens untersucht. Proteinvarianten, ‐gehalt und ‐menge wurden für das β‐Lg aus Milchproben einzelner Kühe bestimmt. Die Frequenzen der häufigen Allele variierten swischen 0, 52 und 1, 0 pro Rasse. 82% der Kühe trugen eine von drei verschiedenen Genotypkombinationen (BB/AA/AA/AA/AA/AA, AB/AB/AB/AA/AB/AB und AA/BB/BB/AA/BB/BB für die β‐Lg‐Variante/R1/R2/R3/R5/R14), so daß in den Populationen zwei Haplotypen in ähnlichen Frequenzen angenommen werden können. Beziehungen zwischen Varianten in dem β‐Lg‐codierenden Gen und der Menge sowie dem Gehalt an β‐Lg waren für Kühe mit den Genotypen BB/AA/AA/AA/AA/AA, AB/AB/AB/AA/AB/AB und AA/BB/BB/AA/BB/BB: 91, 8 ± 6, 9 g/d und 10, 78 ± 0.61%, 140, 5 ± 10, 7 g/d und 13.94 ± 0.86%, bzw. 149, 4 ± 8.2 g/d und 17, 59 ± 0, 64%. Die Differenzen waren signifikant (p < 0, 001). Aus den Populationsdaten lassen sich Effekte der Genvarianten auf die Expressionsregulation der betreffenden Gene annehmen.
First identification of reciprocal translocations in Polish pigs
Authors: Danielak‐Czech B. , ŚWitoński M. , Slota E.
Published: March 2011

Two different reciprocal translocations, rcp (8;14) (p21;q25) and rcp (7;13) (q13;q46), were described for the first time in Poland in the Polish Landrace and Duroc pigs. Observation of synaptonemal complexes showed the presence of a quadrivalent composed of translocational chromosomes and their homologues. Individuals carrying translocations were characterized by normal external appearance and correct semen parameters. Analysis of fertility made on the basis of litter size demonstrated that fertility decreased by 25% in the carrier of translocation rcp (8;14) and by 52% in the carrier of translocation rcp (7;13).

Zum erste mal festgestelte gegenseitige Translokationen bei Schweine in Polen

Bein Polnischen Landras und Duroc Schweinen wurden zum erstenmal in Polen, zwei verschiedene reciproke Translokationen—rcp (8;14) (p21;q25) und rcp (7;13) (q13;q46)—festgestellt. Anhand der Beobachtungen des Synaptonemal Complex wurde die Anwesenheit eines Tetravalent nachgewiesen, welches aus Translokationschromosomen und seinen Homologen zusammengesetzt ist. Die Translokationstiere hatten normale Exterieur und Spermaparameter. Aufgrund der Fortpflanzungsergebmissen wurden verminderte Fruchtbarkeit bei Translokationstieren rcp (8;14)—um 25% und bei Translokationstieren rcp (7;13)—um 52% festgestellt.

Les translocations réciproques identifiées pour la prèmière fois chez les porcs levés en Pologne

Chez les porcs des races Landrace et Duroc on a constaté, pour la première fois en Pologne deux translocations réciproques différentes—rcp (8;14) (p21;q25) ainsi que rcp (7;13) (q13;q46). L'observation des complexes synaptonémals a manifesté la présence du quadrivalent composé de chromosomes de translocation et de leurs homologes. Les animaux—les porteurs de la translocation ont se caractérisé par l'extérieur normal et par les paramètres réguliers du sperme. L'analyse de la fertilité expérimenté selon de la taille des portées a démontré la réduction de la fertilité pour le porteur de la translocation rcp (8;14) à 25% cependant pour les porteurs de la translocation rcp (7;13) à 52%.
Gene mapping in the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.): five syntenic groups
Authors: de Hondt H. A. , Gallagher D. , Oraby H. , Othman O. E. , Bosma A. A. , Womack J. E. , El Nahas S. M.
Published: March 2011

Forty‐five somatic buffalo‐hamster hybrid clones were analysed for the presence or absence of PCR products of 10 primers. Five syntenic groups were identified: CGA‐D9S1; CD18‐D1S4; OXT‐PRNP; LDLR‐D7S3; BSPN‐D14S2. These same syntenic groups were reported to be syntenic in cattle and were assigned to U2 (BTA 9), U10 (BTA 1), U11 (BTA 13), U22 (BTA 7), and U24 (BTA 14), respectively. Based on chromosomal homology between cattle and river buffalo chromosomes, these syntenic groups are expected to be assigned to buffalo chromosomes BBU 10, BBU 1q, BBU 14, BBU 9, and BBU 15, respectively.

Genkartierung beim Flußbüffel (Bubalis bubalis L.): Fünf Syntäniegruppen

Fünfundvierzig somatische Büffel‐Hamster Hygrid Klone wurden bezüglich An‐oder Abwesenheit von PCR Produkten von 10 primern analysiert. Es wurden 5 Syntäniegruppen identifiziert: CGA‐D9S1; CD18‐D1S4; OXT‐PRNP; LDLR‐D7S3; BSPN‐D14S2. Dieselben Syntäniegruppen wurden in Rindern gfunden und zugeordnet zu U2(BTA 9), U10(BTA 1), U11(BTA 13), U22(BTA 7) und U24(BTA 14). Auf grund chromosomaler Homolgie zwischen beiden Arten sollten die Syntäniegruppen auf den Büffelchromosomen BBU 10, BBU 1q, BBU 14, BBU 9, und BBU 15 liegen.
Treating small herds as fixed or random in an animal model
Authors: Oikawa T. , Sato K.
Published: March 2011

The simulated population was characterized by its small herd size and the occurrence of preferential treatment for animals, which was modelled as a non‐random association between sires and herds or as an extra effect due to the sire's genetic advantage. Robustness for prediction was compared between animal models with fixed herd effect and random herd effect. No difference in empirical accuracy was observed between the prediction models if data included only large herds, whereas for data with small herds, the random herd model had a higher accuracy and smaller empirical MSE than the fixed herd model in general. This superiority of the random herd model did not change under selection. The empirical MSE particularly increased when the extra effect, due to the sire's merit, was very large, where the MSE of the random herd model was significantly larger than the fixed herd model. This result suggested a larger bias in the random herd model. On the contrary, the random herd model had a higher accuracy and a lower MSE than the fixed herd model, when the extra effect was small. As the large magnitude of this extra effect is unrealistic, the random herd model is concluded to be superior to the fixed herd model in general.

Behandlung kleiner Herden als fixeoder zufällige Größle in einem Tiermodell

Die simulierte Population ist charakterisiert durch kleine Herdengrößen und Vorzugsbehandlung von Tieren, was im Modell einmal als nicht‐zufällige Assoziation von Stieren und Herden, oder als Extra Einfluß wegen des Zuchtwertes eines Stieres eingebaut wurde. Die Robustheit der Voraussage wurde durch Vergleich von Tiermodellen mit fixen und mit zufaälligem Herdeneffekt geprüft. Bei großen Herden zeigte sich kein Unterschied zwischen den Voraussagemodellen, aber bei kleinen Herden zeigte das Modell mit zufälligen Herdeneinflüssen höhere Genauigkeit und geringeren empirischen MSE, was bei Vorhandensein von Selektion sich nicht änderte. Der empirische MSE nahm zu, wenn die Sonderwirkung des väterlichen Zuchtwertes groß war, wo dann der MSE des zufälligen Herdenmodells größer als beim fixen war, was eine größere Verzerrung in ersterem vermuten läßt. Bei kleinen Extrawirkungen verhielt es sich umgekehrt. Nachdem große Extrawirkungen unrealistisch sein dürgten, sollte im allgemeinen das Modell mit zufälligen Herdenwirkungen überlegen sein.
Estimation of genetic correlations between racing times recorded at different racing distances by restricted maximum likelihood in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Oki H. , Sasaki Y. , Willham R. L.
Published: March 2011

Genetic correlations between racing times on track type (turf and dirt), and at racing distances on turf (1200 m, 1400 m, 1600 m, 1800 m, and/or 2000 m) and dirt (1000 m, 1200 m, 1400 m, 1600 m, 1700 m, and/or 1800 m) tracks, were estimated in Thoroughbred horses. (Co)variance components were estimated using multiple‐trait derivative‐free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML). The data used were collected by the Japan Racing Association from 1992 to 1993. The generation 2 pedigree information was preferable for (co)variance estimates. The genetic correlations between racing times on turf and dirt tracks ranged from 0.69 to 0.31 (average 0.51). The genetic correlations between racing distances ranged from 0.68 to 1.00 (average 0.85) and from 0.53 to 1.00 (average 0.88) on turf and dirt tracks, respectively. These results suggest that the racing time per 100 m can be used for horse genetic evaluation within one track type.

Schätzung genetischer Korrelationen zwischen Rennzeiten von Vollblüternüber verschiednen Distanzen mittels restringierter

Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Rennzeiten auf Rasen‐ und Erdbahnen, Renndistanzen auf Rasen‐ (1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 und 2000 m) und Erdbahnen (1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1700 und 2000 m) wurden für Vollblüter geschätzt. (Co)Varianzkomponenten wurden mittels Mehr‐Merkmal Ableitungsfreier Restringierter Maximum Likelihood (MTDFREML) geschätzt. Die Unterlagen wurden von der Japanischen Renn Vereinigung 1992 und 1993 gesammelt. Generation 2 Abstammungsinformation war für die Co‐Varianzschätzung günstig. Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Rennzeiten auf Rasen und auf Erdbahnen waren zwischen 0.69 und 0.31 (Durchschnitt 0.51), jene zwischen Distanzen zwischen 0.68 und 1.00 (Durchschnitt 0.85) und zwischen 0.53 und 1.00 (Durchschnitt 0.88) auf Rasen und Erdbahnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Rennzeit per 100 m zur Bewertung der Pferde geeignet ist.
Association between ovine protein polymorphisms and geographical variables in Europe and south‐west Asia
Authors: Ordas J. G. , Carriedo J. A.
Published: March 2011

The spatial distribution of six blood‐protein polymorphisms in European and south‐west Asian ovine breeds was analysed. Latitudinal clines were found for haemoglobin and transferrin loci. The respective FST values are not significantly greater than those for protein‐X, esterase, carbonic anhydrase, and albumin, where gene frequencies are not associated with latitude. The results suggest that historical processes of gene flow, rather than adaptation to different environments, have played a major role in determining the observed lives of gene frequencies.

Asociación entre polimorfismos proteicos ovinos y variables geográficas en Europa y sudoeste de Asia

Se ha analizado la distribución espacial de seis polimorfismos proteicos sanguíneos en razas ovinas de Europa y del sudoeste de Asia. La hemoglobina y la transferrina muestran clinas latitudinales. Los valores de FST para estos dos loci no son significativamente más grandes que los de la proteína‐X, esterasa, anhidrasa carbónica y albúmina, cuyas frecuencias génicas no están asociadas con la latitud. Los resultados sugieren que la distribución de las frecuencias génicas de la hemoglobina y la transferrina se debe a procesos históricos de flujo génico y deriva genética.
Expression of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) under the control of mMT‐I promoter in transgenic mice can be induced by zinc sulphate, dexamethasone and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Anastassiadis C. , Rottmann O. , Hörmansdorfer S. , Pirchner F.
Published: March 2011

Metallothionein genes can be induced in vivo by heavy metals, glucocorticoids, and toxins. In all transgenic mice carrying the MT‐I promoter, that have been reported so far, induction by glucocorticoids failed. This study reports two mouse lines, transgenic for the murine MT‐I‐HBV (hepatitis B virus; map position site: 30‐1986) construct, which secrete the viral surface antigen (HBsAg) in their serum. In both lines, males produce more HBsAg than females, and in all cases the MT‐I promoter can be induced by dexamethasone, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and heavy metals. A glucocorticoid‐responsive element, which is situated in the HBV fragment used, can explain the dexamethasone induction of the MT‐I promoter.

Expression des Hepatitis B oberflächen Antigens (HBsAg) unter Kontrolle des mMT‐I Promoters kann in transgenen Mäusen durch Zink Sulfat, Dexamethason und Lipopolysacchariden induziert werden

Metallothioneingene werden in vivo durch Schwermetalle, Glucocorticoide und Toxine induziert. Soweit bisher bekannt, konnte jedoch in transgenen Mäusen mit dem MT‐I‐Promotor keine Expression durch Glucocorticioide beobachtet werden. Wir berichten hier von zwei transgenen Mäuselinien mit dem murinen MT‐I‐Promotor, der das Oberflächenantigen des Hepatitis B Virus (HbsAg, map position site 30‐1986) exprimierte. In beiden Linien produzierten die männlichen Tiere mehr HBsAg im Blutserum als die weiblichen. Ohne Ausnahme reagierte der MT‐I‐Promotor bei Applikation von Dexamethason, Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) und Schwermetall. Ein Glucocorticoid‐responsives Element in den HBV‐Sequenzen kann die Induktion des MT‐I‐Promotors erklären.
Estimation of direct and maternal genetic parameters for pre‐weaning traits in the Asturiana de los Valles beef cattle breed through animal and sire models
Authors: Gutierrez J. P. , Cañon J. , Goyache F.
Published: March 2011

Estimates of variance components for birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain were obtained comparing different animal and sire univariate models for an important local beef cattle breed. Problems encountered with models involving maternal effects were discussed. Direct and maternal heritabilities were respectively 0.32 and 0.13 for birth weight, 0.60 and 0.30 for weaning weight and 0.49 and 0.37 for average daily gain. The correlation between direct and maternal genetic effects was not important for birth weight, but high and negative for weaning weight (‐0.73), and average daily gain (‐0.87), in close agreement with the most recent estimates in other breeds.

Schätzung Direkter und Maternal‐Genetischer Parameter von Kälbermerkmalen in der “Asturiana de los Valles'’ Fleischrinderrasse mittels Tier‐ und Vatermodellen.

Varianzkomponentenschätzungen für Geburtsgewicht, Absatzgewicht und Durchschnittstageszuwachs wurden zwischen verschiedenen univariablen Tier‐ und Vatermodellen bei dieser wichtigen lokalen Rinderrasse verglichen. Die durch Einbeziehung maternaler Wirkungen entstandenen Probleme werden diskutiert. Direkte und maternale Heritabilitätswerte sind für Geburtsgewicht 0.32 und 0.13, für Absatzgewicht 0.60 und 0.30 und für Durchschnittstageszuwachs 0.49 und 0.37. Die Korrelation zwischen direkten und maternalen Wirkungen war für Geburtsgewicht unwichtig, aber hoch negativ für Absatzgewicht (‐0.73) und für Zuwachs (‐0.87), was mit zahlreichen neueren Schätzungen übereinstimmt.
Effects of data structure and selection on estimated inbreeding depression in experimental Tribolium castaneum lines
Authors: Fikse W. F. , Groen A. F. , Berger P. J.
Published: March 2011

Inbreeding depression was estimated for four experimental Tribolium castaneum lines. Each line, containing approximately 7000 animals, was selected for 16 generations either randomly (control), on pupae weight (PWT), on family size (FST) or on an index containing both PWT and FST. The inbreeding trend was 0.9, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.4 % inbreeding per generation in PWT‐selected, FST‐selected, index‐selected, and control line, respectively. The model used to estimate the inbreeding depression included a linear regression on individual inbreeding coefficients, and random additive genetic effects. Using all the performance and pedigree data, estimated inbreeding depressions in the control line were —0.13 (SE = 0.16; #) and —8.50 (SE = 2.66; μg) per 1 % inbreeding for FST and PWT, respectively. Using only performance data of the latest generation in the control line, the estimated inbreeding depressions changed considerably: —0.17 (SE = 0.82) and —37.4 (SE= 11.9) for FST and PWT, respectively. Estimated inbreeding depression for FST in the FST‐selected line was — 0.40 (SE = 0.31). Inbreeding depression for PWT in the PWT‐selected line was 21.6 (SE = 25.8). This study indicates that estimating inbreeding depression might best be based on the performance data of animals with an equal and sufficiently‐large number of ancestral generations known.

Wirkung von Datenstruktur und Selektion auf geschätzte Inzuchtdepression in experimentellen Triboleum castaneum Linien

Jede der vier experimentellen Linien, aus je etwa 7000 Individuen, wurde durch 16 Generationen selektiert, zufällig die Kontrolle, auf Puppengewicht (PWT), Familiengröße (FST), oder auf einen beide Merkmale kombinierenden Index. Inzucntzuwächse in diesen vier Linien waren 0.4, 0.9, 0.5 und 0.5% je Generation. Das Modell zur Schätzung der Inzuchtdepression beinhaltete eine lineare Regression auf individuelle Inzuchtkoeffizienten und zufällige additive‐genetische Wirkungen. Aus allen Daten, Leistung und Pedigree, ergaben sich —0.13 (SE = 0.16; #) und — 8.5 (SE = 2.66; mg) je 1% Inzucht für FST und PWT, Daten der letzten Generation ergaben deutlich andere Werte: —0.17 (SE = 0.82) und —37.4 (SE = 11.9) für FST und PWT. Inzuchtdepressionen für FST bzw. PWT in den jeweils hierfür selektierten Linien waren —0.40 (SE = 0.31) und 21.6 (SE = 25.8). Es wird gefolgert, daß Schätzungen auf Leistungen von hinreichend großer Zahl von Vorfahrengenerationen beruhen sollten.
Linear versus nonlinear offspring‐parent regression in unselected random‐bred mice
Authors: Mbaga S. H. , Hill W. G.
Published: March 2011

A check on the linearity of offspring‐parent regression was made using data on 6‐week body weight from unselected random bred mice. The study comprised 1099 offspring (family mean)‐parent pairs spanning 20 generations from which regression and heritability estimates were obtained based on regression on one parent, mid‐parent or simultaneously on both parents. Investigation of linear and nonlinear relationships showed that the offspring‐sire regressions were significantly, but not greatly, nonlinear, whereas the regression of offspring on dams did not depart significantly from linearity. No significant contribution from cross‐products of sire and dam coefficients was found. The data were close to normally distributed, and for this trait errors in prediction of selection response would generally be small if nonlinearity were ignored.
Prediction of effective population size in open nucleus breeding systems
Authors: Nomura T.
Published: March 2011

A prediction equation for the effective population size in open nucleus breeding systems was derived, in terms of the cumulative effect of selection on gene frequency. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to check the equation. From the results, it was found that the derived equation is applicable to most practical situations.
Efficiency of estimation of variance and covariance components from full‐sib group means for continuous or binary records
Authors: Gjøen H. M. , Simianer H. , Gjerde B.
Published: March 2011

High fecundity in fish allows for testing of large full‐sib groups and testing of sub‐samples of each group for different traits in different environments, and this benefit is especially useful when traits cannot be measured on the breeding candidate itself. A MIVQUE‐method that compresses the information in such data, by estimating variance components based on full‐sib mean data, is presented for a two‐trait model. The efficiency of this method is compared in a simulation study with a model using an individual observation vector when estimating additive genetic and residual (co)variances. The effect on efficiency of continuous versus binary traits, of varied average number of full‐sibs, of varied frequencies in the binary traits, of different combinations of frequencies in the two binary traits, of different heritabilities, of different genetic correlations, and of two different design sizes were studied. Generally, all parameters influenced the efficiency, and this influence was larger on the residual, than on the additive genetic variance component. The proposed methodology will be especially well‐suited for analysing binary traits because the residual variance component can be calculated via the phenotypic variance, which can be estimated on basis of the frequency of the trait.

Effizienz der Schaetzung von Varianz‐ und Kovarianzkomponenten aus Vollgeschwistergruppen‐Mitelwerten bei kontinuierlichen und dichotomen Merkmalen

Die hohe Vermehrungsrate von Fischen erlaubt es, große Vollgeschwistergruppen zu pruefen und auch Stichproben aus diesen für verschiedene Merkmale in verschiedenen Umwelten zu testen. Dies ist besonders hilfreich, wenn die interessierenden Merkmale nicht an den zu selektierenden Individuen erhoben werden können. Es wird ein MIVQUE‐Ansatz zur Varianz‐ und Kovarianzkomponentenschätzung fuer ein Zwei‐Merkmalsmodell vorgestellt, der auf der Beruecksichtigung von Vollgeschwistergruppen‐Mittelwerten beruht. Die Effizienz dieses Ansatzes wird in einer Simulationsstudie untersucht, indem dieser mit einem auf individuellen Leistungen basierenden Ansatz verglichen wird. Dabei wird untersucht, welche Unterschiede sich bei kontinuierlichen und dichotomen Variablen ergeben sowie der Einfluß verschiedener Gruppengroessen, verschiedener Frequenzen der dichotomen Variablen, unterschiedlicher Heritabilitaeten und genetischer Korrelationen sowie zweier unterschiedlicher Designs. Im Allgemeinen waren die Einfluesse auf die geschaetzte Restvarianz immer groesser als die auf die genetischen Varianzkomponenten. Die vorgeschlagene Methode erwies sich als besonders geeignet fuer die Auswertung dichotomer Merkmale, weil dort die Groesse der Restvarianz sehr einfach aus der phaenotypischen Varianz approximiert werden kann, welche wiederum aus der beobachteten Frequenz des Merkmals gut zu schaetzen ist.
ZOO–FISH analysis with 7 human chromosome specific libraries detects conserved regions between human and camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdo G. , Rettenberger G. , Stranzinger G.
Published: March 2011

Chromosomal homologies between individual human chromosomes and the camel karyotype have been established by using heterologous chromosome painting experiments called ZOO–FISH. Biotin‐labelled DNA libraries from seven flow‐sorted human chromosomes were used as probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on camel chromosomes. Human DNA libraries 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19 and 21 hybridized to camel chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 21, 25, 32 and 33, were used in identifying and delineating 10 segments of homology. Comparison of ZOO–FISH results with several species within the artiodactyls allowed the study of karyotype rearrangements and the transfer results from the human genome project and the animal gene maps.

Homologe Chromosomenregionen zwischen einzelnen Humanchromosomen und dem Kamelkaryotyp wurden mittels Verwendung der heterologen Chromosomenhybridisierung, genannt ZOO–FISH, dargestellt. Biotin‐markierte DNS‐Bibliotheken von sieben durchflusszytometrisch sortierten Humanchromosomen wurden als Proben für die Fluoreszenz In Situ Hybridisierung (FISH) auf Kamelchromosomen verwendet. Human DNS‐Bibliotheken der Chromosomen 3, 4, 13, 14, 15, 19 und 21 hybridisierten auf die Kamelchromosomen 2, 6, 7, 21, 25, 32 und 33, und identifizierten 10 homologe Segmente zwischen Mensch und Kamel. Vergleichende Ergebnisse aus ZOO–FISH Daten unterschiedlicher Spezies innerhalb der Artiodaktilen erlauben das Studium der Karyotypenbildung und die Uebertragung von Daten aus dem Human Genom Projekt und den Genkarten der Tiere.
Effects of selection on food intake in the adult mouse
Authors: Hastings I. M. , Moruppa S. M. , Bünger L. , Hill W. G.
Published: March 2011

Replicated lines of mice were selected High and Low for adjusted food intake and contemporaneous control lines were maintained. The selection criterion was food intake between 8 and 10 weeks, adjusted by phenotypic regression on mean body weight at 8 and 10 weeks of age to reduce correlated changes in body weight. Responses are given for the first 23 generations of selection, after which adjusted food intake had diverged by a factor of 1.7–1.95. A small correlated response in body weight occurred and mice from the High line were slightly heavier: at 10 weeks of age body weight had diverged by a factor of 1.09–1.11.

The realized within‐family heritability varied between the replicates from 0.16–0.27 from which a mean estimated mass selection heritability (h2 = 0.35±0.05) was derived. Mice from the Low line were fatter, however not significantly, because of a High between replicate variance (p > 0.05). Differences in growth over the selection period may account for around 5% of the divergence and increased maintenance costs associated with the larger lean mass of the high lines may explain a further 5%. Mice from the High lines spilled significantly (p < 0.05) more food which accounted for 23% of the divergence in apparent food intake. The heat increment of feeding, brown adipose tissue activity and locomotor activity all appear to be unchanged.

Auswirkungen der Selektion auf Futteraufnahme in der adulten Maus

In einem Experiment mit Wiederholungen wurden Mäuselinien auf hohe und niedrige korrigierte Futteraufnahme selektiert und korrespondierende Konttrollen gehalten. Das Selektionskriterium war die Futteraufnahme im Alter von 8 bis 10 Wochen, die mittels phänotypischer Regression korrigiert wurde, um die Körpermasse möglichst konstant zu halten. Der direkte Selektionserfolg über die ersten 23 Generationen ist beschrieben. Die Linien divergierten zu diesem Zeitpunkt bezüglich des Selektionsmerkmals um 70 bis 95%. In der Körpermasse trat ein geringfügiger korrelierter Selektionserfolg auf. Die Tiere der ‘high’‐Linie waren im Alter von 8 bis Wochen ca. um 6 bis 11% schwerer. Die realisierte Intra‐Familien‐Heritabilität variierte zwischen den Wiederholungen zwischen 0.16 und 0.27, woraus sich eine mittlerer Heritabilitätskoeffizient von h2 = 0.35±0.05 für die Massenselektion ergab. Mäuse der ‘low’‐Linie hatten mit 10 Wochen 2.4% (P > 0.05) und mit 17 Wochen ca. 7% (P < 0.05%) mehr Fett. Mit Unterschieden im Wachstum lassen sich weniger als 5% der Linienunterschiede in der Futteraufnahme erklären. Der höhere Erhaltungsbedarf, der aus einer höheren fett‐freien Körpermasse in der ‘high’‐Linie resultiert, könnte weitere 5% erklären. Tiere der ‘high’‐Linie verstreuten deutlich (P < 0.05) mehr Futter, worauf sich 23% der Divergenz in der scheinbaren Futteraufnahme zurückführen ließen. Die Aktivät des braunen Fettgewebes, die lokomotorische Aktivität und die fütterungsbedingte Wàrmeproduktion sind scheinbar unverändert.
Prevention of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis by epinephrine sprayed on the papilla
Authors: Xu Li Hua , Qian Jun Bo , Gu Liu Gen , Qiu Jian Wei , Ge Zhen Ming , Lu Fei , Wang Ya Min , Li Yu Ming , Lu Hua Sheng
Published: March 2011

Background and Aim:  Epinephrine sprayed on the papilla may reduce papillary edema and prevent acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of localized irrigation with epinephrine saline for prevention of post‐ERCP pancreatitis (PEP).

Methods:  A total of 941 patients who were scheduled for ERCP were recruited into this study. We randomized the patients to have 20 mL of either 0.02% epinephrine or saline sprayed on the papilla after diagnostic ERCP to prevent post‐ERCP pancreatitis. We recorded duct visualization, presence of pancreatic acinarization, number of injections into the pancreatic duct, total volume of contrast used, and procedure duration. The serum amylase levels were measured at 6, 24 and 48 h after ERCP. We counted the patients of PEPs and compared whether there was significant difference between the pancreatitis group and the no pancreatitis group.

Results:  A univariate analysis of the explanatory variables between the epinephrine and control groups, the pancreatitis and no pancreatitis groups revealed the treatment to be effective, but most of the groups were not statistically significant. PEPs occurred in 40 of the 941 patients (4.25%), the incidence of pancreatitis tended to be higher in the control group (31/480, 6.45%) than in the epinephrine group (9/461, 1.95%) (P = 0.0086).

Conclusions:  Epinephrine sprayed on the papilla may be effective to prevent PEP. Female patients (aged ≥ 18 years and < 35 years) (7/40, 17.5%), common bile duct diameter < 10 mm (27/40, 67.5%), previous cholangitis (3/40, 7.5%), body mass index ≥ 24 (22/40, 55%), and/or serum triglycerides ≥ 5.65 mmol/L (6/40, 15%), might be risk factors for post‐ERCP pancreatitis, but are not statistically significant in the study.
Towards a molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat genus Boletina (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)
Authors: Martinsson Svante , Kjærandsen Jostein , Sundberg Per
Published: March 2011

Martinsson, S., Kjærandsen, J. & Sundberg, P. (2011). Towards a molecular phylogeny of the fungus gnat genus Boletina (Diptera: Mycetophilidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 40, 272–281.

Boletina is a species rich genus of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) with a mainly Holarctic distribution. The systematics within the genus has gained little attention and this is a first attempt to shed some light over the systematics of Boletina and to test the segregation of the genera Saigusaia and Aglaomyia from Boletina. The nuclear marker 28S and mitochondrial 16S, COI and CytB were amplified and sequenced for 23 taxa that were analysed separately and together with a broad sample of outgroup taxa obtained from GenBank, where also 18S sequences were added. Phylogenies were estimated using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and parsimony. We strengthen the hypothesized sister‐group relationship between Docosia and Boletina, but the genus Boletina as currently delimited appears to be paraphyletic and nested in a clade together with Aglaomyia, Coelosia and Gnoriste. The genus Saigusaia, on the other hand, seems to be well separated from Boletina. The Boletina erythropyga species group is consistently found as a distinct basal clade within Boletina s.l. The results obtained are otherwise ambiguous both for the taxa in focus and in some analyses globally with a statistically supported total breakdown of the traditional higher classification into tribes, subfamilies and even families. Interestingly, this breakdown almost disappeared when additional 18S sequences were added.
Nordic Employment Policies – Change and Continuity Before and During the Financial Crisis
Authors: Jochem Sven
Published: March 2011

The Nordic countries serve as models for successful employment and labour market policies. In this article, Nordic employment and labour market policies are analyzed from a comparative point of view. It is argued that Nordic employment and labour market policies have lost some of their distinctive features. Active labour market policies, for example, are now at the centre of policy priorities in many countries of the EU. And in some other respects, the Nordic countries have converged towards political patterns characteristic for states in central Europe, for example, de‐centralized patterns of wage bargaining and the partial lack of corporatist concertation. During the current financial crisis, specific patterns of crisis management can be observed in Scandinavia that make these countries distinct from many other countries in Europe.
Has the Nordic Welfare Model Been Transformed?
Authors: Kvist Jon , Greve Bent
Published: March 2011

The Nordic welfare model is undergoing a fundamental transformation. Using Denmark we show how a universal welfare state model is gradually being transformed into an emergent multi‐tiered welfare state. Whereas the Danish pension system's having become multi‐tiered in the 1990s, with private schemes – collective and individual – supplementing public schemes is well documented, scant attention has focused on more recent developments in other areas of the welfare state. This article shows how the multi‐tiered welfare state spread in the 2000s to policies for families, the unemployed and the sick. Although Denmark still offers universal coverage in core welfare state areas, the increased use of occupational and fiscal welfare as well as changes in public schemes has gradually transformed the nation into a multi‐tiered welfare state that is more dualistic and individualistic, with participation in the labour market becoming still more important for entitlement to benefits. These profound changes have taken place in such a way that although core characteristics are still in place, new structures and understandings of the welfare state are also developing. Thus classical typologies need revision, so that they include more focus on this combination of universality and institutional attachment to the labour market. Moreover, measures of what welfare comprises should include not only public but also private elements.
Leaving the Nordic Path? The Changing Role of Danish Trade Unions in the Welfare Reform Process
Authors: Jørgensen Henning , Schulze Michaela
Published: March 2011

For a long period, Denmark has been labeled a ‘model country’ with a comprehensive welfare state and a successful model of corporatist policy‐making. Danish unions are considered amongst the strongest in the world, and they have for a long time been a distinct part of the political system, and as social partners, they were strongly integrated into decision‐making processes. The analysis of the Danish welfare and labour market policy during the last two decades documents a profound change in the arrangement and in the status of the social partners (especially unions) in the Danish political system. The results show that two important pillars of the Danish model – the social partner basis and the collective trust in partnership – are eroding. Unions are no longer part of the law‐making process and, since 2007, they are formally excluded from the organization of the decision‐making process. Recent developments point at weaker unions that operate more as lobbyists instead of being strong corporatist institutions or part of the decision‐making process. The results of the study are thought‐provoking and the basis for a revised thinking of the Danish and the Nordic model.
Towards the prediction of business failure via computational intelligence techniques
Authors: Divsalar Mehdi , Firouzabadi Ali Khatami , Sadeghi Meisam , Behrooz Amir Hossein , Alavi Amir Hossein
Published: March 2011

Abstract: This is a pioneer study that presents two branches of computational intelligence techniques, namely linear genetic programming (LGP) and radial basis function (RBF) neural network to build models for bankruptcy prediction. The main goal is to classify samples of 140 bankrupt and non‐bankrupt Iranian corporations by means LGP and RBF. Another important contribution of this paper is to identify the effective predictive financial ratios based on an extensive bankruptcy prediction literature review and a sequential feature selection analysis. In order to benchmark the proposed models, a log–log regression analysis is further performed. A comparative study on the classification accuracy of the LGP, RBF and regression‐based models is conducted. The results indicate that the proposed models effectively let estimate any enterprise in the aspect of bankruptcy. The LGP models have a significantly better prediction performance in comparison with the RBF and regression models.
Lag‐ℓ forecasting and machine‐learning algorithms
Authors: Ahn Jae Joon , Son Il Suh , Oh Kyong Joo , Kim Tae Yoon , Song Gyu Moon
Published: March 2011

Abstract: In this study, we discuss the problem of lag‐ℓ forecasting, which has been solved using a machine‐learning algorithm. The main aim of this study is to define the lag‐ℓ forecaster based on a precise classification approach and to discuss the technical issues involved in the lag‐ℓ forecasting problem, including a comparison of various machine‐learning algorithms for proper implementation of the technique. This study focuses on an application that uses the lag‐ℓ forecaster in an early‐warning system.
Eternal Life in Schleiermacher's The Christian Faith
Authors: PEDERSEN DANIEL
Published: March 2011

This article advocates that some form of personal immortality is not only taught in F.D.E. Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre but is also necessary for the coherence of the same work. The combination of a naturalized account of redemption, a commitment to universal salvation and the realist observation that some never know Christ in this life causes Schleiermacher to posit a certain but content‐free afterlife to account for the discrepancy.
The effect of ezetimibe and simvastatin on hemostasis in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Zmuda Witold , Okopień Bogusław
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the strength of hemostatic effects of ezetimibe, administered alone or in combination with simvastatin, in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia. One hundred and four patients with isolated primary hypercholesterolemia were randomized to one of four treatment groups, simultaneously treated for 90 days with ezetimibe (10 mg daily), simvastatin (40 mg daily), ezetimibe (10 mg daily) plus simvastatin (40 mg daily), or placebo. Plasma lipids/lipoproteins and hemostatic cardiovascular risk factors were assessed on the day of randomization and after 30 and 90 days of therapy. Despite improving lipid/lipoprotein profile by both simvastatin and ezetimibe, only simvastatin reduced plasma levels/activity of fibrinogen, factor VII, factor X, von Willebrand factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1. The strongest effects on plasma lipids/lipoproteins and the assessed hemostatic variables were observed when patients were treated with both simvastatin and ezetimibe. With the exception of oxidized low‐density lipoproteins, the hemostatic effects of simvastatin or simvastatin plus ezetimibe did not correlate with the changes in plasma lipids/lipoproteins. Our study shows that simvastatin is a more effective agent than ezetimibe in affecting coagulation and fibrinolysis in individuals with isolated hypercholesterolemia. It also suggests that the combined administration of simvastatin and ezetimibe may bring more benefits to patients than monotherapy with only one of these agents.