bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the Law?
Authors: Bingham Lord
Published: June 2019

This is the text of the 2008 Robin Cooke Lecture delivered by Lord Bingham on Thursday 4 December 2008. The author argues that the rule of law dictates that the law should be accessible, intelligible, clear, and predicable. First, citizens must be able to find out without undue difficulty regarding any criminal punishments or liability. Secondly, if the civil law confers enforceable rights or obligations, it is important to know what those rights and obligations are. Thirdly, the successful conduct of trade, investment and business generally is promoted by a body of accessible legal rules governing the rights and obligations of the parties. The author then turns to judges and explores several issues for the nature of judgments. First, Lord Bingham asks who the judge is addressing when giving judgment. Secondly, the author explores the "essential ingredients" of a judgment. Thirdly, the author explores the qualities of good judgments. Finally, the judge asks whether multiple judgments in appellate courts are desirable. The author concludes that an undue willingness in a judge to innovate subverts the very principle that he described in the article and commends Lord Cooke for his role as a simplifier, clarifier, and an expounder of law.
A Major Misunderstanding of Minors' Contracts? Enforcement and Restitution Under the Minors' Contracts Act 1969
Authors: Gilbert James
Published: June 2019

The Minors Contracts Act 1969 divides minors' contracts into two categories – those which are presumptively enforceable against the minor in the absence of unconscionability or oppression, and those which are presumptively unenforceable with an allowance for the exercise of judicial discretion to order remedies of enforcement, compensation or restitution depending on the fairness and reasonableness of the contract. This article focuses on judicial interpretation and application of the law with respect to the latter category, particularly in the case of Wine Country Credit Union v Rayner. It argues that the decision in Rayner to deny the possibility of a restitutionary or compensatory order in favour of the plaintiff lender was incorrect and contrary to parliamentary intention, and that reform of the law relating to minors' contracts is necessary to avoid a repeat of those errors.
AT v Dulghieru: Accounting for the Profits of Sex Trafficking
Authors: O'Driscoll Anne
Published: June 2019

This article explores the remedies available to victims of the international crime of trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. In the 2009 case of AT v Dulghieru (Dulghieru), the English High Court awarded the victims of an unlawful conspiracy to traffic general, aggravated and exemplary damages. Treacy J based the exemplary award on the rationale of preventing unjust enrichment. The appropriateness of the finding of unlawful means conspiracy is considered, as are each of the damages awards. This article concludes that the prevention of unjust enrichment is an inappropriate basis for an award of exemplary damages, and argues that the better approach would be to strip a defendant's gains by the equitable remedy of account of profit. The overlap of civil remedies and the criminal law is also addressed. It is proposed that an account of profit should take priority over any criminal confiscation order as the victims have a greater entitlement to the profits than the State does.
The Recovery of "Criminal" Assets in New Zealand, Ireland and England: Fighting Organised and Serious Crime in the Civil Realm
Authors: Campbell Liz
Published: June 2019

This article considers the enactment of the Criminal Proceeds (Recovery) Act 2009 in New Zealand, and compares it with the established processes of civil asset recovery in Ireland, England and Wales. Salient differences between the models are examined, including the more expansive definitions in Ireland. The article posits that the recovery process in these three jurisdictions in fact is a criminal one which merits the adoption of due process rights, given the promotion of the aims of punishment, the centrality of the targeted individual's culpability, and the powers of the agencies involved. However, the case law in Ireland and England has concluded that the process is civil: perhaps the best that can be expected is the adoption of a "middle ground" approach, which encompasses protective rights while still operating in the civil sphere.
The Universality of IHL – Surmounting the Last Bastion of the Pacific
Authors: Thynne Kelisiana
Published: June 2019

In a special edition of the VUWLR on the 60th anniversary of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, it is timely to reflect on the achievements that have come about in the Pacific region, and why this is a cause for celebration. Nonetheless, there are other major international humanitarian law (IHL) instruments developed in the last 60 years which are yet to achieve universal ratification. In the Pacific, in particular, it is often difficult to demonstrate how IHL is relevant. This article addresses the challenges that the Pacific region poses in terms of IHL ratification and discusses how IHL instruments are indeed pertinent to the Pacific context, focusing on the three Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It concludes that in the Pacific these challenges should be seen as opportunities to address historical and current problems associated with war and that, by the next major anniversary, the Pacific might be, if not leading the way, at least not lagging behind.
The Problem with Suing Sovereigns: Sloman (1876)
Authors: McLay Geoff
Published: June 2019

In Sloman v The Governor and Government of New Zealand  the plaintiff attempted to sue the New Zealand Government for failing to make good on emigration contracts concluded in Europe. This article analyses the decision in Sloman, that the New Zealand government could not be sued in English courts, both within its own historical context and with respect to 19th century concerns over the general inability of the Crown to be sued. The article points to archival documents which show that the New Zealand Government itself was concerned, in the wake of the earlier loss of the Cospatrick, as to its own ability to recover the passage monies it had paid, and whether that recovery might be prevented by a lack of legal personality in the English Courts. The article concludes that while Sloman is an important case in its own right, there is also a need for greater investigation of both the practical and theoretical legal difficulties that faced the New Zealand Government in its development and immigration projects of the 1870s.
Why Legal History Matters
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: June 2019

This is the text of Professor Phillips' Salmond Lecture delivered at the Victoria University of Wellington Law Faculty on 24 June 2010.  In it Professor Phillips makes the case for why legal history matters both for lawyers and historians and argues for a continued contextual approach to the study of legal history.
Charitable Foundations in the Principality of Liechtenstein – Tradition and Recent Developments
Authors: Schurr Francesco A
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of the foundation (Stiftung) in the Principality of Liechtenstein. The article therefore deals with recent changes in the statutory legislation governing them as well as with current developments in case law. The paper will also address the different approaches taken towards foundations by the civil law and common law traditions within Europe. In fact, the jurisdiction of Liechtenstein embraces elements of both the civil and the common law traditions.
In silico analysis of drought responsive transposons and transcription factors in Solanum tuberosum L.
Authors: DERELLİ TÜFEKÇİ Ebru , İNAL Behcet
Published: June 2019

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most
important non-grainfood crop and is essential for global food security. Drought
is one of the major abiotic stress factors resulting in huge yield loss in the
production of crops and similarly, it negativelly affects the tuberization, tuber
yield and tuber quality of potato. Transposable elements (TEs) account for a
large portion of the genome in many eukaryotic species. Several studies have
identified the molecular mechanism that cause the activation of TEs under
stress. Stresses and environmental challenges, in particular, are known to
alter the expression or stimulate the transposition of mobile elements in
plants. Transcription of these stress-responsive genes is largely controlled by
transcription factors (TFs). A number of transcription factors playing an
essential role in drought tolerance of plants have been identified in the past
few years. In this work, a subset of drought responsive TE families and TFs in
potato at tuber bulking stage was defined, based on genome-wide transposon homology
and annotation. Our results indicated that, the read numbers for TE subfamilies
yielded different distributions between DNA and RNA transposons. In addition,
many TFs such as bHLH, WRKY, NAC, AP2/ERF may have important functions in
regulation of drought tolerance in potato. Identification of TEs and TFs which
are taking part in stress can offer useful information for functional genomics
and designing novel breeding strategies for developing stress tolerant plants.
Problematika Layanan Digital Perpustakaan Institut Agama Islam Negeri Curup dalam Meningkatkan Pemanfaatan Karya Ilmiah Institusi
Authors: Iswanto Rahmat
Published: June 2019

The article about the problems of the digital service of the library of IAIN Curup aims to find the real problems in developing this service. The difference between the concepts by the experts and the phenomena that occurred in the library of IAIN Curup led the author to carry out this research. The problem raised is how digital service in college libraries, how digital service in the library of IAIN Curup is and what problems are found in the field. This research method was carried out by analyzing the data qualitatively then giving an interpretation related to the existing concept. Data managed by the authors was one of the results of field observations and direct interviews with librarians related to the digital service of the library of IAIN Curup. The results found that many elements must be fulfilled by the library of IAIN Curup to build digital service. The identification of the problems in this study is the answer to the purpose of this study.
The Impact of Typical Cemetery on Groundwater Using both Geophysical Techniques and Physicochemical Analyses of Water in South-South, Nigeria
Authors: Osabuohien Idehen
Published: June 2019

This research work focuses on the impact of cemetery on the groundwater with respect to time. It was carried out using Joint Geophysical Methods and Hydro physicochemical analysis.  In addition to these methods this study went further to apply Multivariate Statistical Analyses (Water Quality Index, Principle Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis) in the investigation. This research work was done in Third Cemetery, New Benin, Benin City. Though there are three major cemeteries in Benin Metropolis Third Cemetery was selected for this purpose. In Benin City and Nigeria in general, the major cemeteries are located close to human residential areas and virtually all the populace within this locality depends on groundwater as the primary water source for various domestic purposes. The spread of electrodes reaches a maximum of 230m which covers the entire length of the cemetery. Electrodes (41) were needed in this research to generate data and the result compared with the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater. The field work covered a time lapse of six months (June, 2017 to December, 2017). Toxic chemicals that may be released into groundwater include substances that were used in embalming and burial practices as well as varnishes, sealers and preservatives and metal component of ornaments used on wooden coffins (Jonker and Olivier, 2012).Wood preservatives and paints used in coffin construction contain compounds such as copper, naphthalene and ammoniac or chromated copper arsenate (Spongberg and Becks, 2000). Paints contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium; arsenic is used as a pigment, wood preservative and anti-fouling ingredient while barium is used as a pigment and a corrosion inhibitor (Katz and Salem, 2005; Huang et al., 2010; Jonker and Olivier, 2012).
Philosophical Narratives of Suffering
Authors: Aaltola Elisa
Published: June 2019

The sort of meanings which suffering is depicted with influence both individual experiences of and social responses to it. In contemporary research, these meanings have been explored via mapping out individual narratives on illness and suffering, and by locating common typologies underlying them. Much less emphasis has been placed on philosophical narratives on suffering and the manner in which they both echo and strengthen culturally common Western meanings concerning human travails. The paper takes its impetus from here and examines three distinct philosophical narratives on suffering presented by Emmanuel Levinas, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Simone Weil. Moreover, it investigates the cultural influences behind them, ranging from Homeric tragedies to Medieval Christianity and Holocaust portrayals. The suggestion is that analysing philosophical narratives facilitates moral comparisons between the varieties of cultural meanings given to suffering. This, again, enables one to locate the societal and political consequences that narratives of suffering have on how we approach, for instance, vulnerability and disability.

Keywords: suffering, philosophy, narratives, Levinas, Nietzsche, Weil, vulnerability, disability
Queering Vulnerability
Authors: Sudenkaarne Tiia
Published: June 2019

Vulnerability is a concept often used in bioethics. However, it is seldom interrogated from a queer point of view. By queer inquiry, I refer to an umbrella understanding of gender and sexuality as diverse. In this article I discuss lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex -related (LGBTQI) approaches to vulnerability. Framing these discussions from queer and LGBTQI bioethical theory, I offer an original approach to vulnerability based on queer bioethics and on a layered understanding of vulnerability. After considering queer bioethics and its (queer) critiques, I conclude that a layered understanding of vulnerability has strong potential for analyzing LGBTQI/queer vulnerabilities in bioethics. For further research, I formulate four layers of queer vulnerabilities to demonstrate some of that potential. I call these the layer of ethical sustainability, the layer of queer agency, the layer of interrogatory intimacy, and the layer of troubled kinship. I insist all layers should be critically evaluated and developed further with intersectional approaches.

Keywords: vulnerability; LGBTQI; queer bioethics; queer-feminist anthropology of vulnerability; layers of queer vulnerabilities
JAWABAN TENTANG MASALAH PENDERITAAN MENURUT KITAB AYUB-RESKY RANNU
Authors: sampe nelia
Published: June 2019

Ayub memahami kebenaran yang sangat penting yang membawanya melalui pengalaman penderitaan dan kesedihan yang mendalam ke suatu tempat yang berisi kedamaian dan juga pujian. Bahkan pada titik terendah, Ayub tetap meninggikan kedaulatan Allah dan kasih Allah. Ayub percaya bahwa memalui semuanya itu, Allah menyimpan pemberian yang baik untuk masa depannya. Pemberian seperti itu, diakui Ayub dan juga Elihu, tidak penah dapat diterima dan dialami sepenuhnya di dunia saat ini. merek mengerti bahwa dunia ini bukan tempat tinggal mereka.
Penderitaan menurut kitab ayub-Nina Ta'diampang
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

Kisah Ayub, dari penderitaan yang dalaminya, pergumulannya dalam memaknai penderitaan itu, dan akhirnya kebahagiann yang diperoleh sebagai anugerah Allah telah mendorong kita untuk lebih bisa memaknai menderitaan itu sebagai suatu hal yang patut kita syukuri dalam kehidupan kita. Penderitaan dan kejahatan pasti selalu ada dan nyata, dapat diamati dan dirasakan sehingga mau atau tidak mau harus ada upaya untuk memahami dan memaknainya.
PENGGUNAAN METODE BERMAIN PERAN DAN MEDIA GAMBAR (ROLE PLAYING) DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS TEMA JENIS PEKERJAAN MELALUI DI SD NEGERI LIMO 1 DEPOK
Authors: Muniroh
Published: June 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS dengan penggunaan metode bermain peran (role playing) dan menggunakan media gambar bagi siswa kelas III SD Negeri Limo 1 Depok tahun pelajaran 2015/2018. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian perbaikan pembelajaran, Hasil prasiklus, tingkat ketuntasan belajar peserta didik dengan KKM 70 hanya 4 dari 40 peserta didik atau 10% dengan nilai rata-rata 59,50 dan hasil pengamatan peserta didik yang menjawab pertanyaan dengan benar sebesar 10%. Pada siklus I, ada 23 peserta didik yang mencapai nilai KKM atau sebesar 57,50% dengan nilai rata-rata 68,25 dan hasil pengamatan peserta didik menjawab benar sebesar 67,50%. Nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh pada siklus I masih dibawah KKM sehingga dilanjutkan perbaikan pada siklus II. Pada siklus II dengan menambahkan metode bermain peran (role playing) dan media gambar, hasil belajar mencapai nilai rata-rata 85,25% dengan ketuntasan belajar peserta didik sebesar 100%. Semua peserta didik pada siklus II memperoleh nilai di atas KKM serta hasil pengamatan peserta didik yang dapat menjawab sebesar 90%. Metode bermain peran (role playing) dan media gambar meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik secara signifikan pada pembelajaran IPS materi jenis-jenis pekerjaan di kelas 3 SD Negeri Limo 1 Kecamatan Limo Kota Depok.
makna penderitaan orang benar berdasarkan kitab Ayub - Susi Hariyanti
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

Penderitaan yang dialami oleh Ayub adalah merupakan pengujian yang dilakukan oleh Allah untuk menguji kesalehan Ayub. Allah membiarkan orang benar menderita dengan tiga tujuan yaitu: pertama karena Tuhan ingin menguji kesungguhan dan keteguhan iman kita kepada Tuhan, sebagaimana Ayub yang saleh diuji oleh Tuhan melalui iblis. Tuhan ingin ketika kita mengalami penderitaan kita senantiasa datang berserah dan berdoa serta percaya dengan sungguh kepada Tuhan.Kedua.Kedua, karena ada maksud dan rencana Tuhan yang indah yang ingin ditunjukkan kepada kita.Yang dimana ketika kita ingin mencapai pencapaian yang kita inginkan maka aka nada kerikil-kerikil yang kita sebut dengan penderitaan dan ketika kita mampu melewati itu maka itu berarti Tuhan masih menyertai kehidupan kita.Dan yang ketiga, adalah untuk melatih kita, ya penderitaan sesungguhnya adalah merupakan latihan untuk diri kita, untuk iman kita untuk membuat kita menjadi orang kuat dan tangguh dalam menghadapi kehidupan ini.
Makala Pengantar perjanjian lama_Robiyanto Sultra M
Authors: Layuk Rombe
Published: June 2019

Hikmat adalah yg di miliki setiap orang itu lah sebabnya amsal menuliskn hikmat ini
Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Normi Siti
Published: June 2019

Buku Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia ini berisikan sepuluh bab dengan cakupan yang meliputi materi antara lain: pembentukan konsep MSDM, perencanaan SDM, kriteria pekerjaan, rekrutmen pegawai teladan, membentuk kreativitas dan kinerja, pengembangan pegawai, pengelolaan imbalan, pengembangan karir, motivasi pegawai dan pengurangan pegawai.
Review of Covering the United States Supreme Court in the Digital Age
Authors: deMaine Susan David
Published: June 2019

107 Law Library Journal 446 (2015)
Review of Finding Answers to Legal Questions, Second Edition
Authors: deMaine Susan David
Published: June 2019

110 Law Library Journal 555 (2018)
A filosofia web 2.0 e os OPSAS: Reflexões iniciais sobre a cultura participativa em saúde
Authors: Amaral Louise
Published: June 2019

The proposal of this study, with an exploratory and descriptive approach, was to identify the use of Web Tools 2.0 of production, circulation, sharing, storage and access to electronic health records (RES) by the organisms producers of Health care Services (OPSAS) in Bahia. The immersion of OPSAS in cyberspace requires the competencies of health agents to produce, receive, accumulate, access, use and migrate electronic health records (RES) directed to digital repositories. The adoption of the Web 2.0 philosophy allows the expansion of the OPSAS relationship with health agents and stakeholders and extends to the participation of citizens. As a result of this research, from a questionnaire applied in 26 hospitals in the state of Bahia (linked to a network of innovation and learning in hospital management), it was found that OPSAS use the Web Tools 1.0 well more than the Web 2.0. We opted to conduct a direct and systematic observation on the websites of 38 bodies producing health care services, in order to verify the incorporation or not of the devices of the Web 2.0 and the possible advances and/or setbacks on the incorporation of the Web 2.0 Philosophy in the OPSAS.
Flexible Utility Function Approximation via Cubic Bezier Splines
Authors: Lee Sangil , Glaze Chris M. , Bradlow Eric T. , Kable Joe
Published: June 2019

In intertemporal and risky choice decisions, parametric utility models are widely used for predicting choice and measuring individuals’ impulsivity and risk aversion. However, parametric utility models cannot describe data deviating from their assumed functional form. We propose a novel method using Cubic Bezier Splines (CBS) to flexibly model smooth and monotonic utility functions that can be fit to any dataset. CBS shows higher descriptive and predictive accuracy over extant parametric models and can identify common yet novel patterns of behavior previously unaccounted for. Furthermore, CBS provides measures of impulsivity and risk aversion that do not depend on parametric model assumptions.
Electrical Injuries: The Iceberg Phenomena
Authors: Manandhar Krishna , Shrestha Jayan Man , Rayamajhi Sangam , Lohani Ishwar
Published: June 2019

Introduction: The deceptive nature of electrical injury is likened to an iceberg phenomenon. Whether the tissue is conductive or resistant both are injured due to electroporation and heat, respectively. The objective of the study is to evaluate the types and pattern of injuries and attempt to predict the chances of various types of injuries and highlight the iceberg phenomenon.

Methods: A retrospective study includes 36 patients. Injuries were classified into superficial and deep. Total burned surface area (TBSA) was categorized into four, </= 5%, 6 to 10%, 11 to 20%, and > 20%. The depth of injury was categorized into superficial and deep. Deep injuries were elaborated into loss of skin, muscle, tendon, nerve, artery, cartilage and damage of bone and internal organs. Treatment was grouped into conservative and surgical, where surgical was classified into minor, major and amputation procedures.

Results: Injuries were mostly located over the upper extremities (47.76%). The first TBSA category had the highest number of patients (64%), highest percent of superficial and deep injuries (63.88% and 61.29%, respectively) and highest percentage of procedures (64.25%). The average number of procedures per patient was 3.8. The median burned surface area (BSA) was 4% and most of the procedures were performed in patients with less than 4% BSA.

Conclusion: Electrical injuries are truly iceberg phenomenon where a small area of TBSA hides the greatest percentage of the deep structure injuries and brings about surprising reconstructive challenges.
Role of second transurethral resection in determining residual tumor in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Maskey Pukar , Chalise Pawan Raj , Sharma Uttam Kumar , Gyawali Prem Raj , Shrestha Guna Kumar , Joshi Bhola Raj
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Presence of residual tumors is not an uncommon event after transurethral resection of bladder tumor, and no studies from Nepal so far has addressed this issue. We conducted this study to determine the rate of residual tumors after first transurethral resection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer, and to determine the factors associated with the presence of residual tumors and upstaging of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 43 patients of bladder cancer who had a diagnosis of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer following an initial transurethral resection. Demographic data and data on tumor characteristics were obtained. Patients underwent a second transurethral resection within 2 to 8 weeks. Histopathological findings at first and second resection were compared.

Results: There were 20 patients with Ta tumor and 23 patiens with T1 tumor at initial resection. Residual tumor was detected in 18 (41.86%) patients overall, 2 in patients with Ta tumor (10%) and 16 in patients with T1 tumor (69.5%). Tumors with T1 stage, high grade, size more than 3 centimeters and sessile growth pattern were seen to have significant association with the presence of residual tumors. Six patients with T1 disease upstaged to T2 disease after second resection (26%), while there were no upstaging with Ta tumors. Tumors with T1 stage, sessile configuration and size more than 3 centimeters were found to be significantly associated with upstaging.

Conclusion: A second transurethral resection for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer should be considered if the initial tumor is T1 stage, high grade, more than 3 centimeters in size and has sessile growth pattern.
Spectrum of cytological patterns in cervical PAP smears in a tertiary care center of Western region of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Pragya Gautam , Rawat Durga BC , Sinha Kavita , Jahan Kamar , Shrestha Richa
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a common health problem in Nepal. There is paucity of data regarding the spectrum of findings in cervical Pap in western Nepal. This study was aimed to study the cytological patterns in cervical Pap smears in patients in a tertiary hospital of Nepal.

Methods: This is a prospective, cross sectional, hospital based study. Clinical features of patients who had presented with Pap smear was noted in a structured proforma. Pap smears were studied by a senior pathologist and reported based on revised Bethesda system (2014).

Results: Most of the cases belonged to 31-40 years 399 (42.8%). Unsatisfactory/ inadequate sample was present in 133(14.05%) with obscuration due to inflammatory exudate being most common cause. Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy rate was noted in 798 (85.54%) with 477(51.2%) being normal findings. Epithelial cell abnormalities were noted in 116 (14.5 %) smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 321(34.5%), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion 273(29.3 %) and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 153(16.4%) of epithelial cell abnormalities. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9(1%) of all reviewed smears. There was no statistical significance between the age and abnormalities of Pap smear (p=0.9).

Conclusions: Pap smear is pivotal in cervical cancer screening in developing countries. It also identifies various inflammatory, infective, benign and malignant pathologies at the earliest thereby decreasing the morbidity and mortality.
Sickle cell disease in Western Nepal
Authors: Pande Rajan , Ghimire Pragya Gautam , Chand Priyankar Bahadur , Gupta Sharmila
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Since 2003, only few cases of sickle cell disease have officially been reported in Nepalese medical journals, and all reported patients belong to the Tharu ethnic group of Nepal. This is the first study that details sickle cell disease and carrier in 1250 individuals in western Nepal.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of the patients and carriers of sickle cell disease diagnosed by either a positive haemoglobin electrophoresis report or a positive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) report. Analysis was done using SPSS 20.

Results: Out of the 1250 individuals, 51.4% were females. 601 (48.08%) were patients with a form of sickle cell disease, the mean age was 24.5  12 yrs years. Most patients came from Bardiya district. Most common symptoms were related to joint pain. The patients and carriers of sickle cell disease were mostly from Tharu ethnic group (97.7%).

Conclusion: These data suggest that sickle cell disease and other haemoglobinopathies are more prevalent than previously reported among members of the Tharu ethnic group and other residents of western Nepal. More research is imperative to assess the burden of the sickle cell disease and other haemoglobinopathies in Nepal.
Formulation and Evaluation of Silymarin Microcrystals by In- Situ Micronization Technique
Authors: Noor Ala'a Dheia , B.H. Al-Khedairy Eman
Published: June 2019

Silymarin (SM) is a plant extract obtained from Silybum marianum( milk thistle) . It is class II type drug according to  Biopharmaceutics Classification System with low bioavailability due to its low solubility.

Micro/nanonization during crystallization, surface modification and crystal structure modification may improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.

The aim of this study was to increase the water solubility and dissolution rate of SM by in-situ micronization using solvent change either by stirring or ultrasonic method. Stabilizers like Gelatin, PVP-K30, HPMC15, Pulullan were used to stabilize the prepared ultrafine crystals. Effect of type and concentration of hydrophilic polymer, solvent: antisolvent volume ratio and the effect of ultrasonic irradiation were studied. The prepared  microcrystals were evaluated for their %yield,  water solubility, crystals structure by XRD,DSC, and SEM. Particle size and  dissolution rate were also tested . Silymarin microcrystals prepared by ultrasonic method and stabilized by 0.1%gelatin using 1:2 solvent: anti-solvent volume ratio showed the best results with particle size reduction from mean diameter of 1.5µm (untrated silymarin) to 0.43µm with uniform morphology and enhanced solubility and  dissolution.
Possible Amelioration of the Severity of Nutritional Steatohepatitis by Guggulsterone in Mice
Authors: Nafeer Sara Ameen , Zalzala Munaf
Published: June 2019

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide, which characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The aim of this designed study is to evaluate the ability of guggulsterone to prevent high fat diet induced steatohepatitis in mice. Five groups of male mice were selected and treated as the following: group I, mice had free access to standard commercial diet and considered as control group, group II, mice were fed a specially formulated high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce non-alcoholic liver disease, while groups III, IV and V the mice were administered high fat diet containing guggulsterone at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration respectively for 12 weeks. Maintaining mice on fat rich diet only resulted in inducing the metabolic and histological NAFLD associated. While the treatment with guggulsterone significantly improves the evaluated markers. These results demonstrate guggulsterone may be useful in preventing the development of steatohepatitis.
Tocqueville’s Savages
Authors: Street Ella
Published: June 2019

A comparative study of Democracy in America and Tocqueville’s writings on Algeria reveals a striking divergence in how Tocqueville responds to the devastation wrought on indigenous peoples by European settlers. In the American case, Tocqueville deplores the “tyrannical” and “atrocious” treatment of Amerindians, whereas in Algeria he describes the ruination of natives as an “unfortunate necessity” and largely refuses to criticize French conduct on moral grounds. As part of a larger attempt to reconcile Tocqueville’s liberalism with his unapologetic defense of colonial domination, this article offers a critical account of Tocqueville’s representations of foreign others. It ends by suggesting that because Tocqueville’s conceptualization of the Algerian “other” is grounded in the implicit identification of the international realm with pure power politics, he is able to utilize a discourse specific to times of war that evades normative considerations. By contrast, insofar as the Amerindians are situated within American domestic space, they elicit normative thinking about their status and treatment.
Obedience and Reform
Authors: Gallino Francesco
Published: June 2019

Tocqueville’s writings on prison discipline have often been underestimated by specialists. Nevertheless, they have a significant theoretical value and are tightly linked to their author’s more renowned works. While comparing the two U.S. “penitentiary systems” of Auburn and Philadelphia—a comparison critics have long eluded due to a subtle interpretative oversight—Tocqueville poses a theoretical question: how can inmates’ attitudes be durably modified by prison organization? In struggling to answer it—as this paper argues—Tocqueville investigates the relationship between habit, mutual communication, abdicative tendencies and individuals’ “taste” for freedom, thus developing a set of anthropological insights that would later play a crucial role in his social and political thought.
The influence of lullabic songs on the children's speech development
Authors:   Київський університет  імені Бориса Грінченка, Babych N. , Tychyna K. ,   Київський університет  імені Бориса Грінченка
Published: June 2019

The article analyzes the influence of lullabies on the children's speech development. There have been reviewed the theoretical, methodological principles and the history of lullaby research, there have been determined functional significance for the child's ontogenesis. Separately there have been considered the research of scholars from different fields about the influence of lullaby songs and their place in the speech development of the child. Lullaby researchers have pointed out in one way or another its great importance for child's sleep and falling asleep, who has to do a great deal of internal work in order to arrange their future ideas about the world and their linguistic design during communication with adults and peers. This happens with the help of an entire stock of traditional linguistic means – phonetic, word-formation, lexical, grammatical, foundations of which is laid out in lullabies. The authors of the article have examined the influence of lullabies on children's speech and analyzed the dependence of the speech development in children through the prism of its use by parents during sleep and falling asleep at the age under one year. It is stated that there is a close interconnection between the parents' don't use of lullabies in infancy and the presence of severe speech disorders in pre-school children. Particularly promising from this point of view the authors seem the use of the specially selected lullabies in speech therapy practice in the form of a complex combination of words, rhythm and movement. Key words: lullaby, cradle, rhythm, speech, movement.
Scientific and theoretical foundations for complex diagnostics of speech velopment of junior schoolchildren with dysgraphia
Authors:   Мелітопольський державний педагогічний університет  імені Богдана Хмельницького, Zhuravlova L.
Published: June 2019

The article reveals the theoretical foundations for complex diagnostics of junior schoolchildren’s speech development. The author highlights the issue of junior schoolchildren’s speech development and the timely prevention of their written speech disorders, which are extremely important directions of logo-correctional work. It is emphasized that teaching junior schoolchildren in elementary school requires effective diagnostics of their speech function taking into account modern interdisciplinary data on speech activity, which should be studied in a complex way. It is stressed that speech development of junior schoolchildren who have difficulty with writing or writing disorders considerably depends on the organization of effective correctional and educational process in institutions of general secondary education. The essential characteristics of the concepts “diagnostics” and “diagnosing” are revealed. It has been found out that regardless of the number and names of the diagnostic process stages, which are distinguished by different authors, general approaches and patterns characterizing its structure are preserved. Among them there are: identification and recognition of the diagnostic features possessed by the object and their identification with the phenomenon of its essence; making the final diagnosis (conclusion about the affiliation of the essence, expressed in a single unit, to a definite, established by the science class, type, series of objects); realization of the acquired knowledge in practice to choose the appropriate means of influence; realization of forecasting, modeling the possible future of the diagnosed phenomenon. The types of diagnostics such as medical, psychological, pedagogical, logopedic, social and others which differ in content, methods and methodology are distinguished, and the close connection between medical, psychological and pedagogical diagnostics is indicated. It is emphasized that the development of a complex approach to the speech disorders diagnostics is due to the need to overcome the false view on the detection of these disorders only on the basis of quantitative evaluation of the results of the children examination. It is noted that solving the problem of the complex assessment of the development level of junior schoolchildren with speech disorders is determined by the unity and specificity of the contribution of the natural-scientific and humanistic directions in psychology, medicine and special pedagogy, which reveal the features of the organization and content of assistance to children in the conditions of a general education institution. Key words: complex diagnostics, primary schoolchildren, dysgraphia, writing disorders
Criteria for evaluation of the level of professional competence formation of future teachers of fine arts
Authors:   Мелітопольський державний педагогічний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького, Izbash S. , Davydova S. ,   Мелітопольський державний педагогічний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького
Published: June 2019

The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the criteria for evaluating the formation of professional competence of future teachers of fine arts, where creative project activity serves as a means of formation. The concepts of “professional competence of the teacher of fine arts”, “criteria for evaluation”, “criteria for evaluation of the formation of professional competence of teachers of fine arts” are analyzed. It is emphasized on the necessity of scientific researches on the definition of new criteria for evaluating the level of professional competence formation of future teachers of fine arts as a consequence of conceptual changes in school education, which are specified in the Law “On General Secondary Education” and provided by the Concept of the New Ukrainian School, which is actively implemented in the domestic education and directly affects the training of future teachers in higher educational institutions (updated law “On Higher Education”). The authors describe the criteria developed by them for the diagnosis of the level of formation of professional competence of future teachers of fine arts in three directions: motivational, operational and active, reflective, and their indicators (high, medium, low), where the creative activity is the means of formation. On the basis of scientific analysis, it is concluded that the criteria correspond to the specific competencies and author's model of training future teachers of fine arts by means of creative project activities. The appropriateness of the criteria is emphasized; the emphasis is made on its universality, combinability and individualization opportunities in the consideration of each individual student regarding the level of formation of his/her professional competence. The criteria correspond to the modern requirements for the training of pedagogical staff, based on the Concept of the New Ukrainian School. The authors emphasize that certain criteria have great theoretical and practical significance for the thesis research “Formation of professional competence of future teachers of fine arts by means of creative project activity” and preparation of teachers of fine arts capable to implement the Concept of the New Ukrainian School and use creative project technologies in pedagogical activities. Key words: teacher of fine arts, criteria for evaluation, readiness for pedagogical activity, professional competence, creative project activity.
Modern trends of the maritime industry and role of maritime education
Authors:   Херсонська державна морська академія, Voloshinov S.
Published: June 2019

In the context of the development of technologies that have an impact on the maritime industry, the actualization of maritime education in accordance with current world trends becomes of paramount importance. In order to determine the vector of professional training for future specialists in marine and inland water transport, it is expedient to carry out an analysis of trends in the world maritime industry and marine technologies. The author identified problems of the shipping in the conditions of globalization and post-industrial society: the shortage of skilled maritime personnel; hidden disadvantages in the organizational, commercial and operational activities of shipping companies due to insufficient training of coastal personnel; increase in the cost of labor for shipowners; the reduction of the qualifications of employed seamen and the safety of ships. The article presents the tendencies of the development of the maritime industry, which are of great importance for the improvement of maritime education: the development of logistics as an integral part of the process of production and marketing of consumer goods; search of solutions for the delivery of all cargoes "from door to door" in the logistic chain using transit through-transit documents; construction of hubs and coastal reloading devices for carrying cargo operations on mega-vessels; improvement of the running characteristics of the hull and propeller part of the vessel; expanding the network of training centers and improving the quality of training and skill levels of the crew; creation and development of information technologies that take into account all necessary economic and technical parameters, parameters and characteristics of each vessel; creation of conditions for safe navigation; the consolidation of multinational shipping companies into unions. The article describes the global marine technologies that require the reform of professional education of maritime specialists, namely: analysis of large data, use of sensors, technology "Internet of Things", achievements of robotics, communication technologies and man-computer interaction, introduction of autonomous systems and concept of "Smart ship". Key words: maritime specialists, maritime education, global marine technologies, big data, robotics, Internet of things, Smart ship.
Pedagogical conditions of formation of future navigators’navigation professional competence
Authors:   Херсонська державна морська академія, Popova H.
Published: June 2019

At the current stage of Ukraine's development, there was a need for changes in the organization of the process of training future marine specialists, taking into account the development of the digital society, the emergence of new modern technology and technologies. In this regard, it is relevant to investigate the issue of developing the professional competence of future mariners’ navigation by means of simulation virtual reality technologies. The article is devoted to the analysis and generalization of scientific information on the formation of future ship navigators’ professional competencies, the complex of pedagogical conditions concerning the formation of future seafarers navigation professional competence by means of simulation technologies of virtual reality is considered. The author gives a justification of the specifics of such pedagogical conditions: the development of professional thinking of future navigators; introduction of the "virtual-real ship" means into the system of professional training of future ship navigators; development of digital competence of teachers. The complex of methods and forms that are effective at introduction of pedagogical conditions of future ship navigators’ professional competence is distinguished and characterized. The article presents methods and forms of provision of pedagogical conditions for ensuring a high level of future navigators’ professional competence. The significance of the training of future ship dnavigators is demonstrated, the didactic power of the leading principles and means of the competence approach to its organization and the evaluation of the quality of the final results are disclosed. Allotted pedagogical conditions have been tested in the educational process of the Kherson State Maritime Academy. The introduction of pedagogical conditions is necessary for interaction of all components of the model of the forming the navigation professional competence process in order to increase the level of future ship navigators’ professional training. Their effectiveness will be verified during experimental studies in further research. Key words: pedagogical conditions, navigation professional competence, future ship navigators.
Peculiarities of the training of future Physical Culture teachers for realization of the Educational Program within the conditions of New Ukrainian School
Authors:   Бердянський державний педагогічний університет, Samsutina N.
Published: June 2019

In the article there have been determined peculiarities of the Typical educational program for the establishments of general secondary schools, particularly, the field of the Physical culture; it’s goal is determined, which deals with the formation of pupils’ strong motivation for the Physical culture and sport and necessary vital motor skills for the saving of the own health, for the widening of the functional opportunities of the organism. The development of the human resources that means the training of teachers is determined as the one of the prior directions of the Plan of actions, aimed on the implementation of the New Ukrainian school. The scientific article reveals the peculiarities of the training future teachers of Physical culture for the realization educational program within the conditions of the New Ukrainian School during the process of studying such professionally oriented disciplines as “Professional activity within the sphere of the Physical education”, “Professional craftsmanship”; the content of these disciplines is oriented on the formation of general and professional competencies which are necessary for the realization of the program of Physical-cultural educational field for 1-4 forms. There are mentioned: the goal, the tasks of the studying educational disciplines, main results of the education and the content of general and professional competencies of future teachers of Physical culture according to the requirements of the educational-professional program “the Physical Culture”, among these competencies there are: the ability to conduct the research, to analyze to evaluate the information which is necessary for the setting and solving of the professional tasks, using informational-communicational technologies; awareness about the peculiarities of the professional activity; general fundamentals and components of the professional craftsmanship of the Physical Culture’s teacher; ability to implement modern methods and educational technologies of teaching Physical education; to realize the objective control and the evaluation of the educational achievements; ability to form pupils’ subject competencies on Physical education, medical-biological and psychological fundamentals, technologies of motor skills’ development, technologies development of skills and physical qualities, sanitary-hygienic basis of activity within the sphere of Physical Education. Key words: future teachers of Physical Education, New Ukrainian School, results of education, general and professional competencies.