bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problématique de la Diffusion
Authors: Revue La
Published: April 2010

L'année 1977 peut être considérée comme une année-charnière pour la diffusion du droit international humanitaire et des principes et idéaux du Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge. Rappelons brièvement les faits: du 21 au 30 mars 1977 s'est tenu à Varsovie le premier séminaire européen de la Croix-Rouge sur la diffusion des Conventions de Genève organisé par la Croix-Rouge polonaise et le CICR. A l'issue de ce séminaire auquel participèrent des représentants des Sociétés nationales d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord, du CICR et de la Ligue, les principes suivants furent adoptés:

«Bien que la diffusion du droit international humanitaire soit un devoir des gouvernements, elle devrait constituer une préoccupation essentielle de la Croix-Rouge en général et plus particulièrement de chaque Société nationale dans son propre pays.
Faire connaître la doctrine et le droit
Authors: Meyer Michael A.
Published: April 2010

En 1977, plusieurs organismes internationaux ont adopté un certain nombre de résolutions sur l'importance de la diffusion des principes de la Croix-Rouge et du droit international humanitaire. Il existait déjà des résolutions à ce sujet, mais c'est seulement à partir de ce moment-là que les institutions de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge ont commencé à envisager la diffusion de manière plus systématique.
La Convention de Genève de 1864 et la Conférence de Bruxelles de 1874
Authors: Bujard Danièle
Published: April 2010

On célèbre cette année le centenaire de la Déclaration Internationale de Bruxelles concernant les lois et coutumes de la guerre. Cet effort de codification des lois les plus importantes de la guerre, entrepris sur l'initiative du Tsar de Russie Alexandre II, devait constituer une étape decisive dans le développement du droit de la guerre. Evénement que le Comité de protection de la vie humaine dans les conflits armés s'apprête à commémorer en organisant à Bruxelles, sous le patronage du Gouvernement beige, un colloque international sur le thème « La notion de conflit armé international – Nouvelles perspectives », qui aura lieu en décembre prochain.
Originalité de la fonction d'infirmière
Authors: Badouaille M. L.
Published: April 2010

On sait l'évolution actuelle des tâches de l'infirmière dont le dessein est de répondre, sans cesse davantage, à tous les besoins humains dans le domaine de la santé. Nous avions publié, dans notre livraison d'août 1971, une étude sur le problème essentiel de la relation qui s'établit entre l'infirmière et la personne malade. Nous reproduisons aujourd'hui un autre article — paru également dans la Revue de l'infirmière — qui définit en quoi la fonction de l'infirmière est originate. Car cette fonction, en effet, ne ressemble à aucune autre; elle est marquée de caractères singuliers qui lui sont personnels, elle a ses lois propres. Il est utile de s'en souvenir alors que le concept de santé et les besoins sanitaires de l'individu et de la collectivité ont beaucoup vané (Réd.).
Un des fondateurs de la Croix-Rouge: Louis Appia
Authors: Boppe Roger
Published: April 2010

Le Dr Louis Appia fit partie à Genève de ce groupe d'hommes inspirés qui avec Henry Dunant, au milieu du siècle dernier, furent à l'origine de la Croix-Rouge. Il en resta un des plus actifs soutiens jusqu'à la fin de ses jours.

Après sa mort survenue en 1898, les souvenirs qu'il laissait furent pieusement conserves par ses descendants. Puis, en 1954, l'un deux, M. Edmond Appia de Genève voulut Men remettre au Comitè international de la Croix-Rouge les exemplaires originaux de ses ouvrages, une importante partie de sa correspondance — lettres encore inédites pour la plupart — ainsi que ses brevets, diplômes et insignes, avec les premiers brassards de la Croix-Rouge.
Les principes du droit international humanitaire
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: April 2010

Depuis quelques lustres, on a pris l'habitude d'appeler «droit humanitaire» cette portion considérable du droit international qui s'inspire du sentiment d'humanité et qui est centrée sur la protection de la personne. Cette expression de droit humanitaire paraît unir deux notions de nature différente, l'une d'ordre juridique et l'autre d'ordre moral. Or, les dispositions qui font l'objet de notre étude sont précisément, ainsi que nous le verrons plus loin, une transposition dans le droit international de préoccupations d'ordre moral et, plus spécialement, d'ordre humanitaire. L'appel-lation semble done adéquate.
La naissance des idées humanitaires au Japon (II)
Authors: Enomoto Juji
Published: April 2010

Pour faire suite au bref aperçu que j'ai donné de l'éthique japonaise et de l'influence des cultures étrangères sur celle-ci, je voudrais maintenant examiner le code moral du Bushido, analogue, sous bien des rapports, à l'esprit de chevalerie qui prit naissance et se développa en Europe. Le Bushido, code moral et d'honneur, ne fut pas seulement observé par la classe des guerriers, mais aussi par le peuple tout entier; il eut une très large et tres profonde influence sur la vie spirituelle du Japon.
Le Service de transfusion sanguine de la Croix-Rouge canadienne
Authors: Gluns Richard H.
Published: April 2010

La Croix-Rouge canadienne commémore cette année le vingtième anniversaire de la fondation de son Service national de transfusion sanguine. Ce fut en février 1947, en effet, que fut ouvert, à Vancouver (Colombie britannique), le premier Centre Croix-Rouge, sur le modèle duquel seize centres analogues allaient être créés, dans tout le Canada, au cours des quinze années qui suivirent. Et le Service de transfusion sanguine de la Croix-Rouge canadienne devint véritablement national lors de l'ouverture d'un centre dans la ville de Québec, en 1961.
La Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme complément utile des Conventions de Genève
Authors: Vasak Karel
Published: April 2010

Si, du fait de sa mission, la Croix Rouge connaît surtout de l'homme une image de souffrance, ses efforts, tendant à aménager pour la «victime» qu'il est un statut aussi protecteur que possible, rejoignent aujourd'hui le vaste mouvement en faveur de la protection internationale des droits de l'homme. Une telle rencontre n'a rien de fortuit. Grâce, notamment, aux Conventions de 1949, les principes humanitaires qui justifiaient l'action de l'organisation née à Genève, sont devenus du droit humanitaire, où le qualificatif employé est de moins en moins le trait distinctif d'une categorie de règies trop différentes du droit international général. Si le droit humanitaire mérite encore une place à part, c'est moins par sa nature intrinsèque, que par les méthodes utilisées pour en obtenir le respect.
Il y a soixante-dix ans était créé le Fonds Augusta
Authors: Iconomow M.
Published: April 2010

Ce fut un avantage certain pour le mouvement de la Croix-Rouge que de pouvoir compter, dès l'origine, sur l'appui de personnalités de premier plan qui, toutes, dans la situation qu'elles occupaient, se sont faites les servantes efficaces d'une grande cause. S'il en est une qu'il convient de citer parmi elles, c'est bien l'impératrice et reine d'Allemagne, Augusta.
Les principes de la Croix-Rouge (IV)
Authors: Pictet Jean S.
Published: April 2010

Aucune idée, dans le monde de la Croix-Rouge, n'a suscité plus de confusion que la neutralité. Le plus souvent on se contente d'y voir une entité simple, que l'on dote d'une signification unique et vague, alors qu'en réalité ce terme recouvre nombre d'acceptions différentes. Avant de les analyser, quelques considérations générales s'imposent.
Guerre et paix
Authors: Boissier Léopold
Published: April 2010

Nous avons reproduit, dans le numéro d'avril 1968 de la Revue internationale, un article dû à la plume de M. Boissier, ancien président du CICR, et qui avait paru dans le Journal de Genève. Celui-ci a publié récemment un article du même auteur sur un sujet auquel la Croix-Rouge, comme on le salt, voue toute son attention. Nous pensons done opportun d'en faire connaître à nos lecteurs les passages principaux. (Red.)

Notre époque vit dans la confusion des idées et des mots. Ainsi, les instruments politiques ou juridiques créés pour maintenir ou restaurer la paix sont affaiblis par les imprécisions qui minent leurs fondements et par les malentendus qui brouillent leur vocabulaire.
La Croix-Rouge et ses tâches humanitaires
Authors: Kaur Amrit
Published: April 2010

Certaines grandes institutions, et parmi elles la Croix-Rouge, répandent une lueur d'espérance sur le monde en proie aux luttes et tensions quotidiennes, ce monde qui, hélas, est le nôtre. Au milieu des différends idéologiques et des conflits politiques, la Croix-Rouge s'offre comme un point de ralliement pour tous les hommes désireux de se rendre utiles à leur prochain dans la détresse. La fraternité universelle peut paraître un idéal lointain, difficilement accessible, mais il ne fait aucun doute que la Croix-Rouge, par son oeuvre humanitaire, contribue de façon notable à 'é tablissement de relations de bonne volonté entre les hommes.
Le premier effort moderne de codification du droit de la guerre. — Francis Lieber et l'Ordonnance générale No 100
Authors: Baxter R. R.
Published: April 2010

M. H. Coursier, conseiller juriste au CICR, publia naguère, dans la Revue internationale, une étude sur « Francis Lieber et les lois de la guerre », ainsi qu'une traduction française de l'Ordonnance no 100 relative au comportement des armées des Etats-Unis en campagne (les fameuses « lois de Lieber ») dont l'objet était de faire appliquer les principes du droit international, lors de la guerre de Sécession (1861–1865). Cette Ordonnance, qui jut connue aussitôt et appréciée des principaux juristes de l'époque, eut une grande influence sur l'avenir du droit des gens, car on peut dire que le Règlement de La Haye, issu des Conférences de la Paix en 1899 et 1907, s'en est très largement inspiré, et plusieurs dispositions des Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 découlent de la même source. Or, ce fut à Lieber que fit appel le président des Etats-Unis, Abraham Lincoln, pour établir ce Code qui fut promulgué en 1863, précédant d'un an la première Convention de Genève.
Les principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge: Commentaire (Suite)
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: April 2010

La Croix-Rouge est indépendante. Auxiliaires des pouvoirs publics dans lews activités humanitaires et soumises aux lois qui régissent leurs pays respectifs, les Sociétés nationales doivent pourtant conserver une autonomie qui lew permette d'agir toujours selon les principes de la Croix-Rouge.
Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (III)
Authors: Durand André
Published: April 2010

Les fondateurs de la Croix-Rouge n'ont pas cherché à faire reposer leur œuvre sur les éléments déune doctrine. Ils s'appuyaient sur une conception du monde qui leur était commune, et ne demandait pas, semble-t-il, à être explicitée. C'est l'émotion soulevée par les révélations et les propositions d'Henry Dunant qui les anime. Ayant pour objectif de «prendre en sérieuse considération l'idée émise dans les conclusions du livre intitulé «Un Souvenir de Solférino», à savoir la création de Sociétés de Secours pour les blessés militaires, et l'adjonction aux armiées belligérantes d'un corps d'infirmiers volontaires», ils se préoccupent du «comment» plutôt que du «pourquoi».
Droit international médical—Les nouvelles tendances
Authors: Patrnogic Jovica
Published: April 2010

S'il faut préciser l'objet du droit médical, on peut facilement constater que c'est l'acte médical. Celui-ci, propre au médecin, doit être défini par le juriste. Le médecin est déabord celui qui guérit. Toute l'action médicale —o c'est un truisme que de le dire — vise à protéger et à conserver la vie humaine jusqu'à ses plus extrêmes limites. Quotidiennement confronté avec la souffrance et la mort de ses semblables, le médecin se trouve, qu'il le veuille ou non, en tant que technicien privilégié, au centre déun problème qu'il serait illusoire de vouloir ignorer.
The Prevalence of Benzodiazepine Dependence among Community-Dwelling Older Adult Users in Quebec According to Typical and Atypical Criteria
Authors: Voyer Philippe , Préville Michel , Cohen David , Berbiche Djamal , Béland Sarah-Gabrielle
Published: April 2010

Contexte: La consommation de benzodiazépines est reconnue pour pouvoir entraîner un problème de dépendance. Les critères diagnostiques de la dépendance du DSM-IV-TR ne s’appliqueraient pas toujours à la situation d’un médicament prescrit par un médecin. Cette recherche vise à déterminer la prévalence de la dépendance aux benzodiazépines chez les aînés selon les critères classiques et des critères atypiques.

Méthode: Étude descriptive basée sur des entrevues réalisées au domicile de 2785 aînés sélectionnés de façon aléatoire dans la province de Québec, Canada.

Résultats: Le quart (25,4%) des participants de l’étude étaient consommateurs de benzodiazépines et 9,5% d’entre eux étaient dépendants selon le DSM-IV-TR. Toutefois, 43% des aînés consommateurs se disaient dépendants du médicament et un tiers souhaite arrêter de le consommer.

Interprétation: La dépendance aux benzodiazépines se présenteraient chez environ 10% des aînés consommateurs selon les critères classiques, pourtant plus de 40% d’entre eux se disent dépendants.
Cheminements et situations de vie des personnes âgées présentant des troubles mentaux graves : perspectives d’intervenants psychosociaux
Authors: Dallaire Bernadette , McCubbin Michael , Provost Mélanie , Carpentier Normand , Clément Michèle
Published: April 2010

Services for elders with severe mental illness (SMI) have major deficiencies, among them a lack of adequate psychosocial services. Some analysts have attributed this situation to “double stigmatization” targeting both ageing and mental illness in our societies. Using qualitative methods (23 semi-directed interviews, theme-based content analysis), our exploratory research aims to understand better the perceptions of psychosocial practitioners working in community and institutional settings about the elderly with SMI and their living situations. Our informants evoke living situations marked by a lack of support (isolation), of resources (financial precariousness/poverty) and of power (learned passivity), traits that are related not only to mental illnessper se, but also to long term psychiatric institutionalization. For them, the current situation of elders with SMI is the end product of biographies in which life-course, illness-course and life in services and/or institutions join and, sometimes, become indistinguishable. Implications for psychosocial practices are discussed.
Spectrum optimization in ultra-wideband systems
Authors: Pancera Elena , Timmermann Jens , Zwick Thomas , Wiesbeck Werner
Published: April 2010

In this paper the non-ideal and frequency-dependent behavior of the hardware components of the ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter RF-front end is analyzed. Both digital and analytical methods to compensate for this frequency-dependent behavior are investigated, in order to optimize the radiated wave, so that its spectrum perfectly matches the given mask. An example of spectral system optimization with analog devices is shown and verified through measurement results.
Human rights and indefinite detention
Authors: de Zayas Alfred
Published: April 2010

International human rights law abhors a legal black hole. It applies wherever a State exercises its jurisdiction, not only in peacetime but also during armed conflict, as a compliment to humanitarian law. The deprivation of liberty is subject to certain conditions, and even initially lawful detention becomes arbitrary and contrary to law if it is not subject to periodic review. Indefinite detention is incompatible with Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. While temporary derogation from this provision is allowed in Article 4 of the ICCPR, such derogation is only possible “in time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation” and “to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation” Persons deprived of their liberty are entitled to a prompt trial or release, and in cases of arbitrary detention, they are entitled to compensation. Neither the war on terror nor restrictive immigration policies justify indefinite detention.
Faith-based and secular humanitarian organizations
Authors: Ferris Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

This article examines the role of faith-based organizations, particularly Christian organizations, in humanitarian assistance within the broader context of the NGO world. Following an overview of the historical development of these organizations, the article examines the current context in which faith-based and secular humanitarian organizations operate. The different roles played by these organizations are explored, as are some of the difficulties they encounter. The article suggests that much more work is needed in the area of capacity-building of local humanitarian organizations and in the coordination of NGO programmatic work.
Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of Two Clinician- Judgment Suicide Risk Assessment Instruments
Authors: Kene-Allampalli Prachi , Hovey Joseph D. , Meyer Gregory J. , Mihura Joni L.
Published: April 2010

Background: This study evaluates the psychometric properties and factor structure of two clinician-judgment suicide risk assessment instruments – the Suicide Assessment Checklist developed by Yufit and the other developed by Rogers. Methods: As an archival study, 85 client records were obtained through a university psychology clinic. Results: Internal consistency was high for only one subscale of the Yufit checklist after deleting items for factor analyses, whereas internal consistency was high for the overall Rogers checklist after deleting items. Interrater reliability was excellent for both instruments. Both checklists correlated with self-reported suicidality on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Preliminary analyses indicated that data from the Yufit checklist are unsuitable for factor analysis, whereas factor analysis of the Rogers checklist identified one depressive factor. Conclusions: These findings provided evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the Rogers checklist. The findings also provided a good starting point for future research of the Yufit checklist.
A Community-Based Survey and Screening for Depression in the Elderly
Authors: Oyama Hirofumi , Sakashita Tomoe , Hojo Kei , Watanabe Naoki , Takizawa Tohru , Sakamoto Shinji , Takizawa Shiho , Tasaki Hiroichi , Tanaka Eriko
Published: April 2010

Background: In addition to implementing a depression screening program, conducting a survey beforehand might contribute to suicide risk reduction for the elderly. Aims: This study evaluates outcomes of a community-based program to prevent suicide among individuals aged 60 and over, using a quasiexperimental design with an intervention region (41,337 residents, 35.1% aged 60 and over) and a neighboring reference region. Methods: Our 2-year intervention program included an anonymous survey by random sample in the entire intervention region and, in the second year, a depression screening with follow-up by a psychiatrist in the higher-risk districts. Changes in the risk of completed suicide were estimated by the incidence-rate ratio (IRR). Results: The risk for men in the intervention region was reduced by 61% (age-adjusted IRR = 0.39; 90% CI = 0.18–0.87), whereas there was a (statistically insignificant) 51% risk reduction for women in the intervention region, and no risk reduction for either men or women in the reference region. The ratio of the crude IRR for elderly men in the intervention region to that for all elderly men in Japan was estimated at 0.42 (90% CI = 0.18–0.92), showing that the risk reduction was greater than the national change. Conclusions: The management of depression through a combination of an initial survey and subsequent screening holds clear promise for prompt effectiveness in the prevention of suicide for elderly men, and potentially for women.
Suicide Attempters’ Memory Traces of Exposure to Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Ventrice Domenico , Valach Ladislav , Reisch Thomas , Michel Konrad
Published: April 2010

Background: In the course of their lives individuals may encounter the phenomenon of suicide in various ways, for example, directly through suicidal behavior in the family or among peers; or indirectly through hearsay, the media, literature, etc. Aims: The study investigates such memory traces (engrams) in patients with and without a suicide attempt. Methods: Ten patients from a psychiatric crisis unit who had attempted suicide and ten patients without a history of suicidal behavior were interviewed with a narrative/semistructured interviewing technique. Interviews were video-recorded and fully transcribed. Stepwise reduction of the content was used to develop categories of recurrent memories and models of suicidal behavior. Results: Suicide attempters reported more memories of direct exposure to suicidal behavior (e.g., witnessing a suicidal act) than did patients who had no history of attempted suicide. They also reported more own suicidal crises, but associated them more often with interpersonal problems than with depression. They considered suicide more often as normal behavior than nonattempters. The total number of suicide-related memories and their origins was remarkably similar in both groups. Conclusions: The results suggest that direct exposure to suicidal behavior may leave engrams (memory traces) that increase an individual’s susceptibility to suicidal behavior.
The Impact of Epidemic Outbreak
Authors: Yip Paul S.F. , Cheung Y.T. , Chau P.H. , Law Y.W.
Published: April 2010

Background: Previous studies revealed that there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among those aged 65 and over in 2003. The peak coincided with the majority of SARS cases being reported in April 2003. Aims: In this paper we examine the mechanism of how the SARS outbreak resulted in a higher completed suicide rate especially among older adults in Hong Kong. Methods: We used Qualitative data analysis to uncover the association between the occurrence of SARS and older adult suicide. Furthermore, we used a qualitative study based on the Coroner Court reports to provide empirical evidence about the relationship between SARS and the excessive number of suicide deaths among the elderly. Results: SARS-related older adult suicide victims were more likely to be afraid of contracting the disease and had fears of disconnection. The suicide motives among SARS-related suicide deaths were more closely associated with stress over fears of being a burden to their families during the negative impact of the epidemic. Social disengagement, mental stress, and anxiety at the time of the SARS epidemic among a certain group of older adults resulted in an exceptionally high rate of suicide deaths. Conclusions: We recommend that the mental and psychological well-being of the community, in particular older adults, be taken into careful account when developing epidemic control measures to combat the future outbreak of diseases in the community. In addition, it is important to alert family members to vulnerable individuals who are at potential risk because of their illnesses or anxieties.
Firearms, Hanging, and Drowning Suicides in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Sarma Kiran , Kola Susanna
Published: April 2010

Background: The firearms climate in Ireland is rapidly changing, and there is currently no research on the risk profiles of those dying through firearms suicides. Aims: To compare the sociodemographic profile of firearms suicide deaths with hanging and drowning suicides. Methods: Analyses are based on data for 9,674 suicides that occurred between 1980 and 2005 and provided by the Central Statistics Office of Ireland (CSO). Risk factors included were gender, place of residence, employment status (agri-employed/not agri-employed), marital status, and age. Results: Those dying by shooting were twice as likely to be male than those dying by hanging (95% CI = 1.5 to 2.6) and 6.7 times more likely than those dying by drowning (95% CI = 4.9 to 9.1). They were also more likely to have resided in a rural location (hanging OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.8 to 5.0; drowning OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 3.1 to 5.6) and to have been agri-employed (hanging OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.6; drowning OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1 to 1.7). Firearms suicides were significantly younger (H = 458.9, p < .0005). Model fit statistics from logistic regressions are presented. Factors included in the study were limited to those recorded by the CSO. Conclusions: The findings have implications for awareness training for suicide prevention workers and for those concerned with Ireland’s increasingly liberal firearms climate.
A Pilot Study of Mobile Telephone Message Interventions with Suicide Attempters in China
Authors: Chen Hui , Mishara Brian L. , Liu Xiao Xian
Published: April 2010

Background: In China, where follow-up with hospitalized attempters is generally lacking, there is a great need for inexpensive and effective means of maintaining contact and decreasing recidivism. Aims: Our objective was to test whether mobile telephone message contacts after discharge would be feasible and acceptable to suicide attempters in China. Methods: Fifteen participants were recruited from suicide attempters seen in the Emergency Department in Wuhan, China, to participate in a pilot study to receive mobile telephone messages after discharge. All participants have access to a mobile telephone, and there is no charge for the user to receive text messages. Results: Most participants (12) considered the text message contacts an acceptable and useful form of help and would like to continue to receive them for a longer period of time. Conclusions: This suggests that, as a low-cost and quick method of intervention in areas where more intensive follow-up is not practical or available, telephone messages contacts are accessible, feasible, and acceptable to suicide attempters. We hope that this will inspire future research on regular and long-term message interventions to prevent recidivism in suicide attempters.
Engagement and Retention of Suicide Attempters in Clinical Research
Authors: Gibbons Carly J. , Stirman Shannon Wiltsey , Brown Gregory K. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: April 2010

Background: High attrition rates in longitudinal research can limit study generalizability, threaten internal validity, and decrease statistical power. Research has demonstrated that there can be significant differences between participants who complete a research study and those who drop out prematurely, and that treatment outcomes may be dependent on retention in a treatment protocol. Aims: The current paper describes the challenges encountered when implementing a randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy for the prevention of suicide attempts and the solutions developed to overcome these problems. Methods: Problems unique to suicide attempters are discussed, and strategies successfully implemented to boost retention rates are provided. Results: The methods implemented appeared to increase retention rates in the randomized controlled trial. Conclusions: Many steps can be taken to work with this difficult population, and researchers are encouraged to be as involved and flexible with participants as possible.
Modeling the activity of short‐term slow slip events along deep subduction interfaces beneath Shikoku, southwest Japan
Authors: Shibazaki Bunichiro , Bu Shuhui , Matsuzawa Takanori , Hirose Hitoshi
Published: April 2010

We developed a model of short‐term slow slip events (SSEs) on the 3‐D subduction interface beneath Shikoku, southwest Japan, considering a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law with a small cutoff velocity for the evolution effect. We assume low effective normal stress and small critical displacement at the SSE zone. On the basis of the hypocentral distribution of low‐frequency tremors, we set three SSE generation segments: a large segment beneath western Shikoku and two smaller segments beneath central and eastern Shikoku. Using this model, we reproduce events beneath western Shikoku with longer lengths in the along‐strike direction and with longer recurrence times compared with events beneath central and eastern Shikoku. The numerical results are consistent with observations in that the events at longer segments have longer recurrence intervals. The activity of SSEs is determined by nonuniform frictional properties at the transition zone. We also attempt to model the very low frequency (VLF) earthquakes that accompany short‐term SSEs, on a 2‐D thrust fault. We consider a local patch in which the friction parameters are varied. In the case that critical displacement is very small at the patch, fast multiple slips occur at the patch. In the case that the effective normal stress is high at the patch, the patch acts as a barrier to SSEs; when it ruptures, however, rapid slip occurs. Because the source time functions of these cases are somewhat different, it would be possible in the future to assess if either case is an appropriate model for VLF earthquakes.
Coseismic slip model of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake derived from joint inversion of interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and field data
Authors: Tong Xiaopeng , Sandwell David T. , Fialko Yuri
Published: April 2010

We derived a coseismic slip model for the Mw 7.9 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on the basis of radar line‐of‐sight displacements from ALOS interferograms, GPS vectors, and geological field data. Available interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data provided a nearly complete coverage of the surface deformation along both ascending (fine beam mode) and descending orbits (ScanSAR to ScanSAR mode). The earthquake was modeled using four subfaults with variable geometry and dip to capture the simultaneous rupture of both the Beichuan fault and the Pengguan fault. Our model misfits show that the InSAR and GPS data are highly compatible; the combined inversion yields a 93% variance reduction. The best fit model has fault planes that rotate from shallow dip in the south (35°) to nearly vertical dip toward the north (70°). Our rupture model is complex with variations in both depth and rake along two major fault strands. In the southern segment of the Beichuan fault, the slip is mostly thrust (<13 m) and occurred principally in the upper 10 km of the crust; the rupture progressively transformed to right‐lateral strike slip as it propagated northeast (with maximum offsets of 7 m). Our model suggests that most of the moment release was limited to the shallow part of the crust (depth less than 10 km). We did not find any “shallow slip deficit” in the slip depth distribution of this mixed mechanism earthquake. Aftershocks were primarily distributed below the section of the fault that ruptured coseismically.
Lagrangian and Eulerian observations of the surface circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Rinaldi E. , Buongiorno Nardelli B. , Zambianchi E. , Santoleri R. , Poulain P.‐M.
Published: April 2010

This paper focuses on the study of the Tyrrhenian Sea, a subbasin of the western Mediterranean whose surface and near‐surface dynamics are still relatively poorly known, in particular, its southern region. Its circulation is described first by a set of 53 surface drifters deployed in the area between December 2001 and February 2004. In order to supplement the drifter data with continuously and uniformly sampled observations and to characterize the seasonal, as well as higher‐frequency variability of the surface circulation, the Lagrangian analysis was associated to simultaneous satellite remotely sensed altimeter, covering the period 2001–2004. The investigation was based on trajectory analysis and on the computation of the pseudo‐Eulerian statistics using the same binning and space‐time averaging for drifter and altimeter data. The data reveal a complex pattern of the circulation, especially in the southern region of the Tyrrhenian, dominated by semipermanent recirculations and transient features, which sometimes makes it difficult to identify a consistent mean flow, while the northern subbasin is characterized by a pair composed of cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations known in the literature as the North Tyrrhenian Cyclone and North Tyrrhenian Anticyclone. The pseudo‐Eulerian statistics computed with the two data sets evidenced the representativeness of a joint analysis of altimeter and drifter data and yielded useful indications about proper preliminary preprocessing and resampling procedures, so as to make the comparison statistically sound.
Modeling of the elastic precursor behavior and dynamic inelasticity of tantalum under ramp wave loading to 17 GPa
Authors: Ding J. L. , Asay J. R. , Ao T.
Published: April 2010

In a previous study by Asay et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 073515 (2009)], the inelastic response of annealed and cold-rolled pure polycrystalline tantalum at intermediate strain rates was characterized with ramp wave loading to peak longitudinal stresses of 17 GPa. It was found that the annealed Ta at strain rates of about 106/s exhibited pronounced elastic overshoot, followed by rapid stress relaxation and the amplitude of the elastic precursor depicted essentially no dependence on sample thickness for samples with controlled initial properties, in contrast to the precursor attenuation typically observed in shock wave experiments. The precursor for the cold-rolled sample was more dispersive and did not exhibit the characteristics depicted by the annealed samples. A principal objective of the present study was to gain some insights into this behavior and its implication on the deformation mechanisms for tantalum. Another objective was to gain a fundamental understanding of the dynamic inelasticity of polycrystalline tantalum, its evolution with the processing history, and the resultant thermomechanical behavior. The approach used to achieve these objectives was to first develop a material model that captured the observed material characteristics and then to use numerical simulations of dynamic experiments to gain additional insights into the observed material behavior. The constitutive model developed is based on the concept of dislocation generation and motion. Despite its simplicity, the model works quite well for both sets of data and serves a valuable tool to achieve the research objectives. The tantalum studied here essentially exhibits a strong rate sensitivity and this behavior is modeled through the low dislocation density and the strong stress dependence of the dislocation velocity. For the annealed material, the mobile dislocation density is assumed to be essentially zero in the model. This low dislocation density combined with strong stress dependence of dislocation velocity results in a metastable elastic response and a precursor that shows little attenuation. The increase of mobile dislocations through the cold-rolling process leads to a less rate-sensitive behavior for the cold-rolled tantalum and also the disappearance of the precursor behavior observed for the annealed samples. Both the low dislocation density and the strong rate dependence of the dislocation velocity may be related to the low mobility of the screw dislocations in bcc metals. This low mobility results from its extended, three-dimensional core structure.
Bifurcations of traveling wave solutions for an integrable equation
Authors: Li Jibin , Qiao Zhijun
Published: April 2010

This paper deals with the following equation mt=(1/2)(1/mk)xxx−(1/2)(1/mk)x, which is proposed by Z. J. Qiao [J. Math. Phys. 48, 082701 (2007)] and Qiao and Liu [Chaos, Solitons Fractals 41, 587 (2009)]. By adopting the phase analysis method of planar dynamical systems and the theory of the singular traveling wave systems to the traveling wave solutions of the equation, it is shown that for different k, the equation may have infinitely many solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, kink/antikink wave solutions, cusped solitary wave solutions, and breaking loop solutions. We discuss in a detail the cases of k=−2,−12,12,2, and parametric representations of all possible bounded traveling wave solutions are given in the different (c,g)-parameter regions.
Motion of transverse domain walls in thin magnetic nanostripes under transverse magnetic fields
Authors: Lu J. , Wang X. R.
Published: April 2010

The motion of transverse magnetic domain walls (TDW) in thin magnetic nanostripes under transverse magnetic fields (TMF) is investigated. In the absence of axial fields, an approximate static TDW profile is obtained under a TMF with an arbitrary orientation. This profile becomes exact if the TMF is parallel or perpendicular to the stripe plane. Under nonzero axial fields, the TDW becomes asymmetric and twisted, and it moves along the wire axis with two different propagation modes, rigid-body mode and precession mode, depending on the strength of the axial field. The critical strength separating these two modes is called modified Walker limit HW′. The TMF dependence of HW′, the TDW velocity and maximum twisting angle at HW′ were investigated both numerically and analytically. Moreover, it is shown that an early proposed velocity-field relationship fits well to the average velocities of a TDW above HW′. These results should be important for future developments of magnetic nanodevices based on DW propagation.
Dielectric permittivity of room temperature ionic liquids: A relation to the polar and nonpolar domain structures
Authors: Mizoshiri Makoto , Nagao Takena , Mizoguchi Yuri , Yao Makoto
Published: April 2010

We measured microwave transmission and reflection spectra for typical room temperature ionic liquids, [C4min][TFSA], [C4min][PF6], [C6min][PF6], and [C8min][PF6], at frequencies between 40 MHz and 40 GHz in the temperature range up to 100 °C. The transmission spectra were analyzed using complex dielectric functions, and the static permittivity εS was determined as a function of temperature. Applying the effective medium approximation to εS, we have estimated that the static permittivity of the polar domain is around 20, and that of the nonpolar domain around 2.5.
Effects of freshwater flow on the fish assemblage of the Mondego estuary (Portugal): comparison between drought and non-drought years
Authors: Baptista Joana , Martinho Filipe , Dolbeth Marina , Viegas Ivan , Cabral Henrique , Pardal Miguel
Published: April 2010

Warming of the planet is indisputable and will lead to more frequent extreme events, such as droughts. From June 2003 to March 2008, the effects of variations in river flow, associated with drought conditions, were studied in the fish assemblage of the Mondego estuary, Portugal. Over this time, two distinct hydrological periods were identified: non-drought years and drought years, with consistent changes in the fish assemblages. In the drought years, salinity increased inside the estuary, displacing the estuarine brackish habitats to more upstream areas. During this period, new marine adventitious species were found mainly in the most downstream areas, while the freshwater species disappeared from the Mondego estuary catchment area. For the marine estuarine-dependent species that use estuaries as nursery areas, a decrease in abundance was observed during the drought years, owing to the decrease in freshwater flow and reduced river plume to the coastal area. In non-drought years, there were higher densities of most species and the more important species of the fish community. Our work shows that extreme events such as droughts, related to climatic changes, influenced the structure and composition of the Mondego estuary fish assemblages, and should be further considered when undertaking management plans for transitional waters.
Visual modeling shows that avian host parents use multiple visual cues in rejecting parasitic eggs
Authors: Spottiswoode Claire N. , Stevens Martin
Published: April 2010

One of the most striking outcomes of coevolution between species is egg mimicry by brood parasitic birds, resulting from rejection behavior by discriminating host parents. Yet, how exactly does a host detect a parasitic egg? Brood parasitism and egg rejection behavior provide a model system for exploring the relative importance of different visual cues used in a behavioral task. Although hosts are discriminating, we do not know exactly what cues they use, and to answer this it is crucial to account for the receiver's visual perception. Color, luminance (“perceived lightness”) and pattern information have never been simultaneously quantified and experimentally tested through a bird's eye. The cuckoo finchAnomalospiza imberbisand its hosts show spectacular polymorphisms in egg appearance, providing a good opportunity for investigating visual discrimination owing to the large range of patterns and colors involved. Here we combine field experiments in Africa with modeling of avian color vision and pattern discrimination to identify the specific visual cues used by hosts in making rejection decisions. We found that disparity between host and foreign eggs in both color and several aspects of pattern (dispersion, principal marking size, and variability in marking size) were important predictors of rejection, especially color. These cues correspond exactly to the principal differences between host and parasitic eggs, showing that hosts use the most reliable available cues in making rejection decisions, and select for parasitic eggs that are increasingly mimetic in a range of visual attributes.
Genome-wide association identifies
OBFC1
as a locus involved in human leukocyte telomere biology
Authors: Levy Daniel , Neuhausen Susan L. , Hunt Steven C. , Kimura Masayuki , Hwang Shih-Jen , Chen Wei , Bis Joshua C. , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , Smith Erin , Johnson Andrew D. , Gardner Jeffrey P. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Schork Nicholas , Rotter Jerome I. , Herbig Utz , Psaty Bruce M. , Sastrasinh Malinee , Murray Sarah S. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Province Michael A. , Glazer Nicole L. , Lu Xiaobin , Cao Xiaojian , Kronmal Richard , Mangino Massimo , Soranzo Nicole , Spector Tim D. , Berenson Gerald S. , Aviv Abraham
Published: April 2010

Telomeres are engaged in a host of cellular functions, and their length is regulated by multiple genes. Telomere shortening, in the course of somatic cell replication, ultimately leads to replicative senescence. In humans, rare mutations in genes that regulate telomere length have been identified in monogenic diseases such as dyskeratosis congenita and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which are associated with shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and increased risk for aplastic anemia. Shortened LTL is observed in a host of aging-related complex genetic diseases and is associated with diminished survival in the elderly. We report results of a genome-wide association study of LTL in a consortium of four observational studies (
n
= 3,417 participants with LTL and genome-wide genotyping). SNPs in the regions of the oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding folds containing one gene (
OBFC1
; rs4387287;
P
= 3.9 × 10
−9
) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 gene
(CXCR4
; rs4452212;
P
= 2.9 × 10
−8
) were associated with LTL at a genome-wide significance level (
P
< 5 × 10
−8
). We attempted replication of the top SNPs at these loci through de novo genotyping of 1,893 additional individuals and in silico lookup in another observational study (
n
= 2,876), and we confirmed the association findings for
OBFC1
but not
CXCR4
. In addition, we confirmed the telomerase RNA component
(TERC)
as a gene associated with LTL (
P
= 1.1 × 10
−5
). The identification of
OBFC1
through genome-wide association as a locus for interindividual variation in LTL in the general population advances the understanding of telomere biology in humans and may provide insights into aging-related disorders linked to altered LTL dynamics.
Two kinesin-like proteins mediate actin-based chloroplast movement in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Suetsugu Noriyuki , Yamada Noboru , Kagawa Takatoshi , Yonekura Hisashi , Uyeda Taro Q. P. , Kadota Akeo , Wada Masamitsu
Published: April 2010

Organelle movement is essential for efficient cellular function in eukaryotes. Chloroplast photorelocation movement is important for plant survival as well as for efficient photosynthesis. Chloroplast movement generally is actin dependent and mediated by blue light receptor phototropins. In
Arabidopsis thaliana
, phototropins mediate chloroplast movement by regulating short actin filaments on chloroplasts (cp-actin filaments), and the chloroplast outer envelope protein CHUP1 is necessary for cp-actin filament accumulation. However, other factors involved in cp-actin filament regulation during chloroplast movement remain to be determined. Here, we report that two kinesin-like proteins, KAC1 and KAC2, are essential for chloroplasts to move and anchor to the plasma membrane. A
kac1
mutant showed severely impaired chloroplast accumulation and slow avoidance movement. A
kac1kac2
double mutant completely lacked chloroplast photorelocation movement and showed detachment of chloroplasts from the plasma membrane. KAC motor domains are similar to those of the kinesin-14 subfamily (such as Ncd and Kar3) but do not have detectable microtubule-binding activity. The C-terminal domain of KAC1 could interact with F-actin in vitro. Instead of regulating microtubules, KAC proteins mediate chloroplast movement via cp-actin filaments. We conclude that plants have evolved a unique mechanism to regulate actin-based organelle movement using kinesin-like proteins.
Dual autonomous mitochondrial cell death pathways are activated by Nix/BNip3L and induce cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chen Yun , Lewis William , Diwan Abhinav , Cheng Emily H.-Y. , Matkovich Scot J. , Dorn Gerald W.
Published: April 2010

Dysregulation of programmed cell death due to abnormal expression of Bcl-2 proteins is implicated in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and heart failure. Among Bcl-2 family members, BNip proteins uniquely stimulate cell death with features of both apoptosis and necrosis. Localization of these factors to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides additional complexity. Previously, we observed regulation of intracellular calcium stores by reticular Nix. Here, we report effects of Nix targeting to mitochondria or ER on cell death pathways and heart failure progression.
Nix
-deficient fibroblasts expressing mitochondrial-directed or ER-directed Nix mutants exhibited similar cytochrome
c
release, caspase activation, annexin V and TUNEL labeling, and cell death. ER-Nix cells, but not mitochondrial-Nix cells, showed dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, Δψ
m
, and were protected from cell death by cyclosporine A or
ppif
ablation, implicating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). ER-Nix cells were not protected from death by caspase inhibition or combined ablation of Bax and Bak. Combined inhibition of caspases and the MPTP fully protected against Nix-mediated cell death. To determine the role of the dual pathways in heart failure, mice conditionally overexpressing Nix or Nix mutants in hearts were created. Cardiomyocte death caused by mitochondrial- and ER-directed Nix was equivalent, but
ppif
ablation fully protected only ER-Nix. Thus, Nix stimulates dual autonomous death pathways, determined by its subcellular localization. Mitochondrial Nix activates Bax/Bak- and caspase-dependent apoptosis, whereas ER-Nix activates Bax/Bak-independent, MPTP-dependent necrosis. Complete protection against programmed cell death mediated by Nix and related factors can be achieved by simultaneous inhibition of both pathways.