bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Functional Anatomy of Nerves Innervating the Ventral Grooved Blubber of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera Physalus)
Authors: Vogl Wayne , Petersen Hannes , Adams Arlo , Lillie Margo A. , Shadwick Robert E.
Published: October 2017

Nerves that supply the floor of the oral cavity in rorqual whales are extensible to accommodate the dramatic changes in tissue dimensions that occur during “lunge feeding” in this group. We report here that the large nerves innervating the muscle component of the ventral grooved blubber (VGB) in fin whales are branches of cranial nerve VII (facial nerve). Therefore, the muscles of the VGB are homologous to second branchial arch derived muscles, which in humans include the muscles of “facial expression.” We speculate, based on the presence of numerous foramina on the dorsolateral surface of the mandibular bones, that general sensation from the VGB likely is carried by branches of the mandibular division (V3) of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve), and that these small branches travel in the lipid‐rich layer directly underlying the skin. We show that intercostal and phrenic nerves, which are not extensible, have a different wall and nerve core morphology than the large VGB nerves that are branches of VII. Although these VGB nerves are known to have two levels of waviness, the intercostal and phrenic nerves have only one in which the nerve fascicles in the nerve core are moderately wavy. In addition, the VGB nerves have inner and outer parts to their walls with numerous large elastin fibers in the outer part, whereas intercostal and phrenic nerves have single walls formed predominantly of collagen. Our results illustrate that overall nerve morphology depends greatly on location and the forces to which the structures are exposed. Anat Rec, 300:1963–1972, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The contribution of kinetic helicity to turbulent magnetic diffusivity
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Schober J. , Rogachevskii I.
Published: October 2017

Using numerical simulations of forced turbulence with and without mean kinetic helicity, we show that for magnetic Reynolds numbers larger than unity, that is, beyond the regime of quasilinear theory, the turbulent magnetic diffusivity attains an additional negative contribution that is quadratic in the kinetic helicity. In particular, for large magnetic Reynolds numbers, the turbulent magnetic diffusivity without helicity is about twice the value with helicity. Such a contribution was not previously anticipated, but, as we discuss, it turns out to be important when accurate estimates of the turbulent magnetic diffusivity are needed.
Anlagenaufwandszahlen für die Bauteilaktivierung in Abhängigkeit des Regelkonzeptes
Authors: Pfafferott Jens , Henze Gregor P. , Lang Tobias
Published: October 2017

In der Planungs‐ und Betriebspraxis herrscht im Bereich der Betriebsführung von thermisch aktivierten Bauteilsystemen und insbesondere der thermisch trägen Bauteilaktivierung noch große Unsicherheit. Trotz einer weiten Verbreitung dieser Systeme im Neubau von Nichtwohngebäuden hat sich bis heute keine einheitliche Betriebsführungsstrategie durchgesetzt. Vielmehr kritisieren Bauherren und Nutzer regelmäßig zu hohe bzw. niedrige Raumtemperaturen in den Übergangsjahreszeiten und bei Wetterwechsel sowie generell eine mangelhafte Regelbarkeit. Demgegenüber weisen Monitoringprojekte immer wieder einen hohen thermischen Komfort in diesen Gebäuden nach. Offensichtlich unterscheiden sich hier subjektiv empfundene Behaglichkeit und objektiv gemessener Komfort. Gleichzeitig sind Heiz‐ und Kühlkonzepte mit Flächentemperierung dann besonders energieeffi zient, wenn das Regelkonzept auf deren thermische Trägheit angepasst ist. Eine gute Regelung gewährleistet also einen hohen thermischen Komfort und sorgt für einen möglichst niedrigen Energieeinsatz. Das Rechenverfahren mit Anlagenaufwandszahlen (in Anlehnung an DIN V 18599) bietet eine gute Möglichkeit, Anlagenkonzepte inklusive deren Betriebsführungsstrategie zu bewerten. Damit ist es möglich, eine auf das Gebäude angepasste Betriebsführungsstrategie für die Bauteilaktivierung zu finden und einheitlich zu bewerten.
Einfluss räumlich streuender Materialeigenschaften auf die Zuverlässigkeit schlanker UHPC‐Druckglieder
Authors: Grziwa Ulf , Proske Tilo
Published: October 2017

In der Vergangenheit durchgeführte Untersuchungen an schlanken UHPC‐Stützen mit homogenen Materialeigenschaften führten zu dem Ergebnis, dass das normativ geforderte Zuverlässigkeitsniveau für bestimmte Schlankheitswerte scheinbar unterschritten wird. Eine wirklichkeitsnahe Abbildung des Tragverhaltens derartiger Bauteile erfordert jedoch insbesondere die Berücksichtigung der Materialinhomogenität. Diese wird im Falle von faserbewehrten Betonen auch durch die ungleichmäßige Verteilung der beigemischten Fasern beeinflusst.

Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Rahmen eines DFG‐Forschungsvorhabens der Einfluss räumlich streuender Materialparameter auf das Tragverhalten und die Zuverlässigkeit schlanker Druckglieder aus UHPC wissenschaftlich untersucht. Die Streuungen von traglast‐ bzw. zuverlässigkeitsbestimmenden Materialkennwerten wurden sowohl an kleinformatigen Probekörpern bestimmt als auch an Prüfkörpern ermittelt, die großformatigen UHPC‐Stützen entnommen wurden. Darüber hinaus erfolgte die Analyse der Verteilung und Ausrichtung der im Beton enthaltenen Stahlfasern mithilfe eines optoanalytischen Verfahrens. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse aus den Materialversuchen sowie die Ergebnisse der Traglast‐ und Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchungen für schlanke UHPC‐Druckglieder vorgestellt.
Chloridbelastung in 60 Jahre alten Stahlbetonbauteilen bei der Verwendung von Holzwolleleichtbauplatten
Authors: Schießl Angelika , Langer Monika
Published: October 2017

Eine denkmalgeschützte Kulturstätte, die im Jahr 1957 fertiggestellt wurde, wurde baulich und energetisch saniert. Die tragenden Stahlbetonbauteile waren zum Teil mit Holzwolleleichtbauplatten verkleidet bzw. geschalt. Von Holzwolleleichtbauplatten ist bekannt, dass diese bis in die 1960er‐Jahre teilweise unter Verwendung chloridhaltiger Ausgangsmaterialien (z. B. Magnesiabinder) hergestellt wurden, von denen ein Korrosionsrisiko für die angrenzenden Stahlbetonbauteile ausgehen kann. Nach lokaler Entfernung der Holzwolleleichtbauplatten wurden deshalb Bauteiluntersuchungen an den betroffenen Stahlbetonbauteilen (Rippendecken, Unterzüge, Stützen) durchgeführt. Es wurden zum einen erhebliche Mängel in der Ausführungsqualität festgestellt (Kiesnester, Betondeckung lokal nicht vorhanden) und zum anderen Chloridgehalte im Beton bestimmt, die über dem nach Rili‐SIB 2001 definierten unteren Schwellenwert für den kritischen Chloridgehalt lagen. Bereichsweise wurden an der Bewehrung Querschnittsverluste von bis zu rd. 10 % festgestellt. Da von Seiten des Bauherrn aufgrund des Denkmalschutzes des Gebäudes eine minimalinvasive Instandsetzung gewünscht war, wurde ein individuelles Instandsetzungskonzept entwickelt, bei dem unter Beachtung der vorliegenden Randbedingungen und in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Tragwerksplaner und dem Bauphysiker die Chloride zum Teil im Bauteil belassen wurden. Dieses Vorgehen war möglich, da durch Bauteiluntersuchungen belegt wurde, dass trotz vorhandener Chloridbelastung aufgrund der trockenen Umgebungsbedingungen im Innenbereich des Bauwerks nach anfänglicher Korrosionsinitiierung kein weiterer nennenswerter Korrosionsfortschritt stattfindet.
How and Why to Build a Unified Tree of Life
Authors: McTavish Emily Jane , Drew Bryan T. , Redelings Ben , Cranston Karen A.
Published: October 2017

Phylogenetic trees are a crucial backbone for a wide breadth of biological research spanning systematics, organismal biology, ecology, and medicine. In 2015, the Open Tree of Life project published a first draft of a comprehensive tree of life, summarizing digitally available taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge. This paper reviews, investigates, and addresses the following questions as a follow‐up to that paper, from the perspective of researchers involved in building this summary of the tree of life: Is there a tree of life and should we reconstruct it? Is available data sufficient to reconstruct the tree of life? Do we have access to phylogenetic inferences in usable form? Can we combine different phylogenetic estimates across the tree of life? And finally, what is the future of understanding the tree of life?
Electrospun Fibers for Recruitment and Differentiation of Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Sankar Sharanya , Sharma Chandra S. , Rath Subha N. , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2017

Electrospinning is a popular technique used to mimic the natural sub‐micron features of the native tissue. The ultra‐fine fibers provide a favorable extracellular matrix‐like environment for regulation of cellular functions. This article summarizes and reviews the current advances in electrospun fiber application and focuses on the novel strategies applied for tissue regeneration and repair. It explores the different factors affecting the attachment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the electrospun substrates. The influence of different features of electrospun fibers in the differentiation of MSCs into specific lineages (bone, cartilage, tendon/ligament, and nerves) has been elaborated. In addition, the different techniques to mimic the hierarchical features of tissues and its effect on cellular functions are reviewed. Additionally, the new developments like three‐dimensional (3D) electrospinning, 3D spheroid double strategy and the comparative analysis of dynamic and static culture on electrospun scaffolds are discussed. With the intricate understanding of the interaction between the cells and the electrospun fiber matrix we can aim to combine the newer strategies to overcome the existing challenges and improve the potential application of electrospun fibers in the field of tissue regeneration and repair.
Meaningful stories and attitudes toward the brand: The moderating role of consumers' implicit mindsets
Authors: Carnevale Marina , Yucel‐Aybat Ozge , Kachersky Luke
Published: October 2017

Although the current trend is for marketers to focus on consumer happiness, in this research, we suggest that meaningful (vs. happy) stories can elicit more positive brand attitudes. Across two studies, we show that some consumer segments hold a more positive attitude toward the brand when the stories shared by the brand are meaningful, rather than happy––that is, when they are characterized by a sense of purpose and a mixed affective component. Particularly, this effect holds for individuals with a growth mindset. These consumers believe in the changeability of the world and, therefore, are more adept at accepting negative emotions in positive pursuits entailed in meaningful, but not happy, stories.
Theory‐Based Extension of the Catalyst Scope in the Base‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Ketones: RCOOH‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds with H2 Involving a Proton Shuttle
Authors: Heshmat Mojgan , Privalov Timofei
Published: October 2017

As an extension of the reaction mechanism describing the base‐catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones according to Berkessel et al., we use a standard methodology for transition‐state (TS) calculations in order to check the possibility of heterolytic cleavage of H2 at the ketone's carbonyl carbon atom, yielding one‐step hydrogenation path with involvement of carboxylic acid as a catalyst. As an extension of the catalyst scope in the base‐catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones, our mechanism involves a molecule with a labile proton and a Lewis basic oxygen atom as a catalyst—for example, R−C(=O)OH carboxylic acids—so that the heterolytic cleavage of H2 could take place between the Lewis basic oxygen atom of a carboxylic acid and the electrophilic (Lewis acidic) carbonyl carbon of a ketone/aldehyde. According to our TS calculations, protonation of a ketone/aldehyde by a proton shuttle (hydrogen bond) facilitates the hydride‐type attack on the ketone's carbonyl carbon atom in the process of the heterolytic cleavage of H2. Ketones with electron‐rich and electron‐withdrawing substituents in combination with a few carboxylic and amino acids—in total, 41 substrate–catalyst couples—have been computationally evaluated in this article and the calculated reaction barriers are encouragingly moderate for many of the considered substrate–catalyst couples.
Chiral Molecular Science: How were the absolute configurations of chiral molecules determined? “Experimental results and theories”
Authors: Harada Nobuyuki
Published: October 2017

Molecular chirality is a key concept in chemistry, bioscience, and molecular technology, like the invention of a light‐powered chiral molecular motor explained in this review. Thus, the primary research subject is how to determine the absolute configuration (AC) of chiral compounds. This review article focuses on the principle, theory, and practice of the nonempirical methods for determining ACs of chiral compounds, i.e., the Bijvoet method in X‐ray crystallography and the circular dichroism (CD) exciton chirality method, together with the historical aspects of AC determination. The theoretical equations of X‐ray crystallography and exciton CD spectroscopy are explained in detail, and these equations are useful for readers to understand the principle and mechanism of these methods. This review also focuses on the relative methods, where the internal reference with known AC is used and the relative configuration is determined by X‐ray crystallography and/or 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diamagnetic anisotropy method. In these cases, CSDP acid and MαNP acid are useful for the chiral resolution of racemic alcohols, where their diastereomeric esters are easily separable by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica gel. Thus, these methods are useful for the preparation of enantiopure compounds and simultaneous determination of their ACs. In this review article, the above methods are explained mainly based on the author's own research results.
Ein Parfum mit Hintergedanken
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: October 2017

Pflanzen, die von einem tierischen Bestäuber abhängen, locken diesen oft mit chemischen Duftstoffen an. Der Kojotentabak wird dabei von seinem Bestäuber vor ein Dilemma gestellt, denn dessen Larven ernähren sich von den Blättern der Tabakpflanze. Diese hat im Sesquiterpen (E)‐α‐Bergamoten ein Mittel gefunden, den Bestäuber zum Verweilen an der Blüte zu motivieren und gleichzeitig die gefräßigen Larven zu vertreiben.
Mikroglia – Wächter im Gehirn
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: October 2017

Die Mikroglia in Gehirn und Rückenmark sehen zwar aus wie Nervenzellen, sind aber in Wirklichkeit Fresszellen des Immunsystems, die dort stationiert sind. Sie werden mit zahlreichen Erkrankungen des Nervensystems in Verbindung gebracht. Die Erforschung ihrer genetischen Programmierung und epigenetischen Verknüpfung mit ihrer Umgebung soll klären, ob die beobachteten Veränderungen Ursachen oder Auswirkungen der Krankheit sind.
Visualization study on coalescence of droplets with different sizes in external liquid
Authors: Shen Chaoqun , Liu Xiangdong , Yu Cheng , Chen Yongping
Published: October 2017

We experimentally investigate the coalescence between two droplets with different sizes in the surrounding water via high‐speed visualization. We identify three coalescence patterns by clarifying the dynamic interface evolutions, including liquid bridge evolution, capillary wave propagation, and pinch‐off behaviours. The results indicate that the coalescence patterns are directly related to the propagation of capillary waves on the coalescent droplet, which is governed by the competition among the capillary force, viscous force, and inertia involved in the draining from the original droplets into the liquid bridge. The external water can efficiently damp the oscillation in capillary wave propagation after the coalescence. In the inertial regime after the droplet coalescence, the evolution of liquid bridge is observed to follow a linear scaling law, when the capillary force induced by the azimuthal interface of the liquid bridge drives the liquid bridge expansion. Accordingly, a phase diagram is organized to characterize these coalescence patterns depending on Ohnesorge number, relative viscosity between external water and droplet, and size ratio between two coalesced droplets.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase‐mutant glioma: Evolving clinical and therapeutic implications
Authors: Miller Julie J. , Shih Helen A. , Andronesi Ovidiu C. , Cahill Daniel P.
Published: October 2017

The metabolic genes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 are commonly mutated in low‐grade glioma and in a subset of glioblastoma. These mutations co‐occur with other recurrent molecular alterations, including 1p/19q codeletions and tumor suppressor protein 53 (TP53) and alpha thalassemia/mental retardation (ATRX) mutations, which together help to define a molecular signature that aids in the classification of gliomas and helps to better predict clinical behavior. A confluence of research suggests that glioma development in IDH‐mutant and IDH wild‐type tumors is driven by different oncogenic processes and responds differently to current treatment paradigms. Herein, the authors discuss the discovery of IDH mutations and associated molecular alterations in glioma, review clinical features common to patients with IDH‐mutant glioma, and highlight current understanding of IDH mutation‐driven gliomagenesis with implications for emerging treatment strategies. Cancer 2017;123:4535‐4546. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Three‐dimensional visualization of ocellar interneurons of the orchid bee Euglossa imperialis using micro X‐ray computed tomography
Authors: Ribi Willi , Zeil Jochen
Published: October 2017

We used contrast‐optimized micro X‐ray computed tomography (mCT) to trace the profiles of the full complement of large ocellar L‐neurons in the male orchid bee Euglossa imperialis. We find that most L‐neurons collect information from either the dorsal or the ventral retinae in both median and lateral ocelli, with only three neurons associated with the median ocellus having dendritic branches in both dorsal and ventral retina. In the median ocellus, we find also L‐neurons that either collect information from the left or the right half of the ocellar plexus and two neurons that have a split dendritic tree in both halves. Fourteen large L‐neurons collect information from the median ocellus and six to seven L‐neurons from each of the lateral ocelli. The only L‐neurons that project to the contralateral protocerebrum are those that have their dendritic branches in the ventral plexi of both median and lateral ocelli. The target areas of dorsal L‐neurons from the lateral ocelli include a tract of mechanosensory fibers originating in the antennae. We compare our findings with what is known from the ocellar systems of other insects, make a number of functional inferences and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mCT scans for the purpose of tracing large neuron profiles.
Low overhead communication‐induced checkpointing protocols ensuring rollback‐dependency trackability property
Authors: Abdelhafidi Z. , Lagraa N. , Yagoubi M. B. , Djoudi M.
Published: October 2017

Communication‐induced checkpointing (CIC) protocols aim at finding consistent global checkpoint from which a system can safely restart without the risk of domino effect. CIC class gives processes the maximum autonomy for taking their local checkpoints while directs them to take forced checkpoints when harm patterns are detected. Such patterns can constitute of non‐causally doubled Z‐paths that violate the causal relation and can cause checkpoints uselessness, which results in hidden dependencies between checkpoints. Ensuring the absence of hidden dependencies hence means the ensure of the Rollback‐Dependency Trackability (RDT) property.

Reducing the control information overhead is the main aim of our proposals. Our first proposal is called CSFDAS (Constant Size Fixed Dependency After Send), and the second is called CSRDTParner (Constant Size RDTPartner). Unlike to the previous works, the new proposed protocols use direct dependency clocks instead of transitive dependency vectors while keeping only a constant size of control information on messages. Conducted simulations show that the new protocols achieve a good performance compared to the RDT protocols proposed so far in the literature.
GbA: A graph‐based thread partition approach in speculative multithreading
Authors: Li Yuxiang , Zhao Yinliang , Wu Qiangsheng
Published: October 2017

Speculative multithreading is an effective technique to automatically parallelize sequential programs. Conventional thread partition approaches primarily include heuristic rule–based (HR‐based) and machine learning–based. Heuristic rule–based approaches are effective to parallelize one type of programs and can seldom obtain the respective optimal partitions for different programs, and existing machine learning–based approaches usually use vector‐based characterization to represent a program, but easily ignore control information among basic blocks and partitions along other paths except the critical path. This paper proposes a novel graph‐based thread partition approach to overcome these 2 bottlenecks. Our approach characterizes programs with graphs, integrating feature and control informations, extracting good partition scheme successfully, and also applies a machine‐learning algorithm to predict partition for unseen programs. Prophet, which consists of an automatic parallelization compiler and a multicore simulator, evaluates the performance of multithreaded programs. Experiment results reveal that our approach delivers a maximum performance improvement of about 55.49% on an 8 core than HR‐based approach and a maximum 97.67% performance improvement over HR‐based partition for SPEC2000 benchmarks. This result suggests that graph‐based thread partition approach is effective for thread partition in speculative multithreading.
Production of Purified CasRNPs for Efficacious Genome Editing
Authors: Lingeman Emily , Jeans Chris , Corn Jacob E.
Published: October 2017

CRISPR‐Cas systems have been harnessed as modular genome editing reagents for functional genomics and show promise to cure genetic diseases. Directed by a guide RNA, a Cas effector introduces a double stranded break in DNA and host cell DNA repair leads to the introduction of errors (e.g., to knockout a gene) or a programmed change. Introduction of a Cas effector and guide RNA as a purified Cas ribonucleoprotein complex (CasRNP) has recently emerged as a powerful approach to alter cell types and organisms. Not only does CasRNP editing exhibit increased efficacy and specificity, it avoids optimization and iteration of species‐specific factors such as codon usage, promoters, and terminators. CasRNP editing has been rapidly adopted for research use in many contexts and is quickly becoming a popular method to edit primary cells for therapeutic application. This article describes how to make a Cas9 RNP and outlines its use for gene editing in human cells. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CASAAV: A CRISPR‐Based Platform for Rapid Dissection of Gene Function In Vivo
Authors: VanDusen Nathan J. , Guo Yuxuan , Gu Weiliang , Pu William T.
Published: October 2017

In vivo loss‐of‐function studies are currently limited by the need for appropriate conditional knockout alleles. CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful tool commonly used to induce loss‐of‐function mutations in vitro. However, CRISPR components have been difficult to deploy in vivo. To address this problem, we developed the CASAAV (CRISPR/Cas9/AAV‐based somatic mutagenesis) platform, in which recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV) is used to deliver tandem guide RNAs and Cre recombinase to Cre‐dependent Cas9‐P2A‐GFP mice. Because Cre is under the control of a tissue‐specific promoter, this system allows temporally controlled, cell type‐selective knockout of virtually any gene to be obtained within a month using only one mouse line. Here, we focus on gene disruption in cardiomyocytes, but the system could easily be adapted to inactivate genes in other cell types transduced by AAV. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solid Aluminum Borohydrides for Prospective Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Dovgaliuk Iurii , Safin Damir A. , Tumanov Nikolay A. , Morelle Fabrice , Moulai Adel , Černý Radovan , Łodziana Zbigniew , Devillers Michel , Filinchuk Yaroslav
Published: October 2017

Metal borohydrides are intensively researched as high‐capacity hydrogen storage materials. Aluminum is a cheap, light, and abundant element and Al3+ can serve as a template for reversible dehydrogenation. However, Al(BH4)3, containing 16.9 wt % of hydrogen, has a low boiling point, is explosive on air and has poor storage stability. A new family of mixed‐cation borohydrides M[Al(BH4)4], which are all solid under ambient conditions, show diverse thermal decomposition behaviors: Al(BH4)3 is released for M=Li+ or Na+, whereas heavier derivatives evolve hydrogen and diborane. NH4[Al(BH4)4], containing both protic and hydridic hydrogen, has the lowest decomposition temperature of 35 °C and yields Al(BH4)3⋅NHBH and hydrogen. The decomposition temperatures, correlated with the cations’ ionic potential, show that M[Al(BH4)4] species are in the most practical stability window. This family of solids, with convenient and versatile properties, puts aluminum borohydride chemistry in the mainstream of hydrogen storage research, for example, for the development of reactive hydride composites with increased hydrogen content.
ReMAPping the microtubule landscape: How phosphorylation dictates the activities of microtubule‐associated proteins
Authors: Ramkumar Amrita , Jong Brigette Y. , Ori‐McKenney Kassandra M.
Published: October 2017

Classical microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) were originally identified based on their co‐purification with microtubules assembled from mammalian brain lysate. They have since been found to perform a range of functions involved in regulating the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Most of these MAPs play integral roles in microtubule organization during neuronal development, microtubule remodeling during neuronal activity, and microtubule stabilization during neuronal maintenance. As a result, mutations in MAPs contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases. MAPs are post‐translationally regulated by phosphorylation depending on developmental time point and cellular context. Phosphorylation can affect the microtubule affinity, cellular localization, or overall function of a particular MAP and can thus have profound implications for neuronal health. Here we review MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, MAP6, MAP7, MAP9, tau, and DCX, and how each is regulated by phosphorylation in neuronal physiology and disease. Developmental Dynamics 247:138–155, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Floral orientation in Eulychnia acida, an arborescent cactus of the Atacama Desert, and implications for cacti globally
Authors: Warren Steven D. , Aguilera Lorgio E. , Baggett L. Scott , Zuñiga Mauricio
Published: October 2017

The hyperarid Atacama Desert of northern Chile may be the driest place on Earth. Plants surviving there have adapted a number of unique strategies to cope with the harsh conditions. Many cacti in arid areas tend to produce reproductive organs in positions that maximize incidence of solar radiation. We sought to determine whether Eulychnia acida, an endemic cactus with an arborescent growth form, follows the same pattern. We conducted a study in two populations of the cactus. One population occurs where average annual precipitation (AAP) is 113 mm; AAP at the other site is 50 mm. We randomly sampled 10 plants at each location, and 300 reproductive structures on those plants. On each plant, we recorded the position of all reproductive organs relative to the center of the plant, and relative to the center of the stems on which they were located. The results of the two populations did not differ significantly, so results of the two populations were combined. Both populations lie south of the Tropic of Capricorn, beyond the point where the sun reaches its southernmost zenith. Hence, the sun is located at to the north all year long. We discovered that the reproductive tissue emerges predominantly on stems found the equatorial (north) side of the plant and on the equatorial (north) side of those stems. As reproduction is energetically expensive, the generation of reproductive organs from vegetative tissue that receives high levels of direct solar radiation minimizes the cost of translocating photosynthates from photosynthetic tissue to non‐photosynthetic reproductive tissue, thus begetting energetic efficiency. The strategy appears to be common among many cacti and in some other plants of arid regions worldwide and is especially prevalent at extra‐tropical latitudes. In addition to nectar rewards, the strategy may also benefit pollinators by offering a thermal reward, especially on overcast or otherwise cool days, thus improving the odds of successful pollination.
Purine‐Based Fluorescent Sensors for Imaging Zinc Ions in HeLa Cells
Authors: Pratibha  , Singh Swati , Sivakumar Sri , Verma Sandeep
Published: October 2017

We synthesized three chelate‐tethered purine ligands, having a Schiff base linkage at the N9 position, which resulted in the dipolar imine‐methoxyphenol adenine Schiff base HL1, the 2‐aminopurine Schiff base HL2, and the 2,6‐diaminopurine Schiff base HL3. These ligands selectively showed enhancement of the fluorescence of the zinc ions. The imine‐based compound HL1 chelated with zinc ions to give the discrete dimeric structure 1, a green fluorescent complex, which was again stabilized by purine–purine interactions to give a 1D polymeric structure. The ligands having a 6‐amino group, HL1 and HL3, have high quantum yield, which gives higher fluorescence enhancement of the free zinc ions in the HeLa cells. HL1 was localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleoli of the HeLa cells, which was confirmed by an RNase digestion test.
EuIII‐Based Nanolayers as Highly Efficient Downshifters for CIGS Solar Cells
Authors: Gavriluta Anatolie , Fix Thomas , Nonat Aline , Slaoui Abdelilah , Guillemoles Jean‐François , Charbonnière Loïc J.
Published: October 2017

We report herein on the use of 13 ternary europium(III) complexes as downshifting (DS) material for copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells. Their general formulae are [Eu(β‐Dik)3(NL)x] and [Eu(L)3], in which β‐Dik = 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione and 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐(2‐naphthyl)‐1,3‐butanedione and NL = diphenyl sulfoxide (x= 2), triphenylphosphine oxide (x= 2), bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether (x= 1), 5,6‐epoxy‐5,6‐dihydro‐1,10‐phenanthroline (x= 1) and 2‐(N,N‐diethylanilin‐4‐yl)‐4,6‐bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (x= 1) and L = 4‐(4′‐tert‐butylbiphenyl‐4‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐carboxylate. Tris(β‐diketonate) ternary EuIIIcomplexes are very good candidates for DS applications, and some of them have shown very promising results when embedded in a host organic polymer matrix typically used for solar cell encapsulations. Herein we report a new method for the direct deposition of luminescent nanolayer films on CIGS solar cells. Highly luminescent nano‐ and microlayer films with a thickness in the range of 150 nm to 10 µm have been obtained and characterized by optical microscopy, profilometry, spectrofluorimetry and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements. The efficient conversion of incident photons into red light was observed for films with a thickness of 400–600 nm, leading to a significant improvement in the EQE and short‐circuit current density (Jsc) in the UV region up to 0.81 mA/cm2. The absolute conversion efficiency increased by up to 0.8 %. The nanofilms, with the exception of those containing naphthyl derivatives, were found to be photostable and therefore represent a competitive alternative to doped polymer encapsulants.
The continuous population approach to forest inventories and use of information in the design
Authors: Grafström A. , Schnell S. , Saarela S. , Hubbell S. P. , Condit R.
Published: October 2017

An extended theoretical framework for the continuous population approach to forest inventories is derived. Here, we treat a simultaneous selection of sample points with any prescribed sampling intensity over a continuous population. Different ways to use available auxiliary information, for example, from remote sensing, by selection of approximately balanced or spatially balanced samples are considered. A large data set of spatially continuous individual tree‐level data is used to demonstrate the potential of these theoretical approaches. This study shows new ways to integrate remote sensing information in designs for forest inventory applications, which can significantly reduce the variance of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator for target variables related to the auxiliary information.
Pumped storage technology combined with thermal energy storage – Power station and pressure tunnel concept
Authors: Pikl Franz Georg , Richter Wolfgang , Zenz Gerald
Published: October 2017

Water power is the oldest and most‐used energy source for provision of mechanical work and electricity generation. Furthermore pumped storage hydropower is ranked as the most reliable and efficient storage technology for electricity. The energy carrier water is also the most commonly‐used thermal storage medium due to its high specific heat capacity. In a study, the combination of electrical and thermal energy storage in a pumped storage power station is investigated in order to cover two energy‐intensive sectors with the economical double use of water as an energy medium. With this double application the energy output compared to separate storage usage can be considerably increased.

Underground power stations are independent of topography, so this storage concept can be used for district heating supply. One possible vision is to stor solar energy into the water reservoir of a pumped storage power station in the summer months and transfer it in the high‐demand winter months. In order that pumped storage power stations can keep functioning at high and seasonally fluctuating water temperatures and simultaneously store thermal energy efficiently, some adaptations of the structures and the pressure tunnel layout are necessary.
Strain measurements at the transition from a rock supported to an unsupported steel lined pressure tunnel at the Kaunertal hydropower station
Authors: Bonapace Paul , Hammer Andreas
Published: October 2017

A new steel‐lined pressure shaft was constructed for the existing Kaunertal high‐head hydropower plant in the years 2012 to 2015. Before starting operation, initial filling tests were carried out in particular to investigate the behaviour of a steel penstock at the transition from a steel lined pressure tunnel to an open pipe section. Cases with and without steel ring bearings (thrust rings) to transfer the end loads to the rock mass were numerically analysed and compared to measurements. A conclusion is drawn from the measurement results how to arrange and analyse such a steel pipe transition into the rock mass, which may for example occur at valve chambers.
Refurbishment of masonry tunnels through the example of the Kirchberg Tunnel for the DB Netz AG
Authors: Meyer Patrick , Wiesmeier Ludwig , Jäntschke Martin
Published: October 2017

The finance available for the refurbishment of tunnels was around EUR 125 m. in 2014, which will increase to EUR 213 m. by 2018. DB Netz AG has a total of more than EUR 1 billion available in the medium term for the refurbishment of existing tunnels. This paper deals with the refurbishment of masonry tunnels of the DB Netz AG, Region South. The basis is the typical damage patterns of masonry tunnels, their causes and the possible refurbishment opportunities. On the Kirchberg Tunnel project, a feasibility study was carried out into possible repair measures. Based on the results of the study plans are now running. The article is supplemented by the latest state of the art rules for maintenance work in the area of tunnel construction at DB AG. The necessity of programmes for tunnelling, the necessary economic and operational constraints as well as experience with completed repairs to masonry tunnels conclude the article from the viewpoint of the owner and operator.
Semmering Base Tunnel – Excavation of the emergency station in complex ground conditions
Authors: Poisel Alexander , Weigl Johannes , Schachinger Tobias , Vanek Robert , Nipitsch Gernot
Published: October 2017

At the construction lot SBT 2.1 ”Tunnel Fröschnitzgraben“ of the Semmering Base Tunnel (SBT) in Austria caverns with a cross section up to 300 m2 are excavated in a depth of approximately 400 m, which are the central part of the emergency station. The site arrangement results in a complex situation of large cross sections within a small area. Additionally, complex ground conditions exist, because the degree of fracturing of the rock mass differs frequently and the rock mass strength is occasionally very low. Especially at the intersection of the caverns displacements increase over a long period of time. The observed system behavior is described and analyzed based on the geotechnical design taking the encountered ground conditions into account. Sequences of rock mass sections with different stiffness and strength are of high geomechanical significance due to stress concentrations in the competent areas. This had particular impact on the observed system behavior. With regard to the stability of the overall system influences of various drives and the excavation of large cross sections in several steps must be considered. Moreover, an influence of the excavation size on the extension of the area with displacement increases or stress redistributions must be taken into account.
The ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ of Rhaetian Railways
Authors: Grossauer Karl , Modetta Flavio , Tanner Urs
Published: October 2017

The Rhaetian Railways AG (RhB) operates an approximately 384 km long rail network, predominantly in the Canton of Graubünden (CH). With much of this rail network being situated in Alpine terrain, extensive engineering infrastructure is used; approx. 20 % of the entire rail system consists of such structures. The majority of these engineering structures are the 115 tunnels with a combined length of 58.7 km, constructed between 1901 and 1914. Due to the age of the tunnels, more than half of the 115 tunnels require renovation. The RhB has estimated that approximately 75 of these tunnel structures (with a combined length of approx. 26 km) will require extensive repair within the next 50 years. Thus a new standardized rehabilitation strategy was developed under the name ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ to ensure that the existing rail tunnels satisfy current tunnel design standards [1]. The primary goal of the ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“ is to ensure that renovation costs are consistently lower compared to previous renovations by following a standardized workflow process. The primary challenges associated with such renovations are concerned with determining the extent of repair required for the tunnel as well as creating a feasible concept, which allows for the tunnel to be repaired while still remaining operational. Using the ”Standard Tunnel Construction Method“, it is possible to optimize the tunnel rehabilitation strategy while maximizing quality and minimizing monetary costs.
Koralm Tunnel contract KAT3 – System behaviour in a geotechnically challenging environment
Authors: Moritz Bernd , Pilgerstorfer Thomas , Pointner Peter
Published: October 2017

The present paper describes interesting geomechanical aspects from the conventional excavation on the Koralm Tunnel construction contract KAT3 under various conditions. The system behaviour and support concept are discussed and highlighted, both for the shallow tunnels in the vicinity of the western portal, situated in Neogene sediments with faults and those for sections in crystalline hard rock with the highest overburden of 1,200 m.
Learning and optimization from the exploratory tunnel – Brenner Base Tunnel
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad , Reinhold Chris
Published: October 2017

The Brenner Base Tunnel, which is 64 km long from the portal in Tulfes to the portal in Fortezza, consists of two main tunnels and a continuous exploratory tunnel. The exploratory tunnel, located between the two main tunnels, is used during the construction phase for the investigation of the rock mass, thereby reducing the risks of the construction of tunnels. During operation, the exploratory tunnel will serve as a drainage tunnel and will be fundamental for the maintenance of the entire system. At the moment, almost 50 % of the total distance of the exploratory tunnel length has already been completed. This paper first includes a report on the status of the works at the exploratory tunnel, with details of the stretches that have already been driven and the main results of exploration work. The paper also concerns ”Learning from the work on the exploratory tunnel“, with a description of the objectives and methods of exploration activities. ”Optimization“ is a further topic. Several examples are given here how the data gleaned from the exploratory tunnel are used in building the main tunnels.
Polarimetric imaging of biological tissues based on the indices of polarimetric purity
Authors: Van Eeckhout Albert , Lizana Angel , Garcia‐Caurel Enric , Gil José J. , Sansa Adrià , Rodríguez Carla , Estévez Irene , González Emilio , Escalera Juan C. , Moreno Ignacio , Campos Juan
Published: October 2017

We highlight the interest of using the indices of polarimetric purity (IPPs) to the inspection of biological tissues. The IPPs were recently proposed in the literature and they result in a further synthetization of the depolarizing properties of samples. Compared with standard polarimetric images of biological samples, IPP‐based images lead to larger image contrast of some biological structures and to a further physical interpretation of the depolarizing mechanisms inherent to the samples. In addition, unlike other methods, their calculation do not require advanced algebraic operations (as is the case of polar decompositions), and they result in 3 indicators of easy implementation. We also propose a pseudo‐colored encoding of the IPP information that leads to an improved visualization of samples. This last technique opens the possibility of tailored adjustment of tissues contrast by using customized pseudo‐colored images. The potential of the IPP approach is experimentally highlighted along the manuscript by studying 3 different ex‐vivo samples. A significant image contrast enhancement is obtained by using the IPP‐based methods, compared to standard polarimetric images.
Impact of Federal Regulatory Changes on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development: the Common Rule and the 21st Century Cures Act
Authors: Burris James F. , Puglisi J. Thomas
Published: October 2017

The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, generally referred to as the “Common Rule,” is the basis for the human research protection policies of 16 signatory federal agencies and governs virtually all federally funded research involving humans. The Common Rule was originally published in 1991. It has been recognized that changes to the Common Rule are needed to accommodate changes in the research environment and advances in information technology. The Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register in 2011 and a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 2015. The final rule was published on January 19, 2017, just prior to the change in presidential administrations. The long gestation of the new Common Rule reflects the difficulty of obtaining consensus on a number of controversial issues. HHS received more than 2100 public comments on the proposed rule. The revised rule introduces important changes that may be particularly relevant to clinical pharmacology research and drug development. These include: (1) revised informed consent requirements, (2) procedures for “broad consent” to facilitate secondary research use of identifiable private information and/or biological specimens, (3) a mandate to promote review by a single institutional review board (IRB) for oversight of federally funded domestic cooperative research involving multiple institutions, (4) expansion of the categories of exempt research, and (5) removal of the requirement for annual continuing IRB review of research in which the remaining activities are limited to data analysis or accessing clinical follow‐up data. Also noteworthy are proposed revisions not included in the final rule, including one to extend the Common Rule to multicenter studies that are not federally funded and one to require informed consent for research use of de‐identified biological specimens. Major changes could also be coming for approval of new drugs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), although it is not a signatory to the Common Rule. The 21st Century Cures Act, which became law in December 2016, enables faster drug approvals by expanding the kinds of evidence, beyond traditional clinical trials, that the FDA can consider when reviewing new drug applications. For example, the law allows greater use of surrogate markers and data from “real‐world experience” to evaluate a drug's efficacy. The Cures Act requires HHS and the FDA to harmonize differences between the Common Rule and FDA regulations for protection of human subjects in research.
Cover Image, Volume 92, Issue 11
Authors: Chen Weirui , Li Xukai , Liu Meiqi , Li Laisheng
Published: October 2017

The cover image, by Weirui Chen et al., is based on the Research Article Effective catalytic ozonation for oxalic acid degradation with bimetallic Fe‐Cu‐MCM‐41: operation parameters and mechanism, DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5304.

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Metabolic strategies for microbial glycerol overproduction
Authors: Lim Chanyuen , Lin Annette Luhe , Zhao Hua
Published: October 2017

Glycerol as a platform chemical has wide applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries and is a useful feedstock for the production of bio‐based chemicals. There is an increasing demand for sustainable glycerol production and microbial glycerol production is a promising alternative. The paper highlighted this new trend and summarized recent research progress on microbial glycerol production, and focused mainly on the efforts achieved in rational design of S. cerevisiae, as well as Escherichia coli, to overcome the limitations of glycerol production in these two microorganisms. More efforts are required for overcoming hurdles in yield and productivity enhancement for large scale production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry