bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Intravitreal Pharmacosurgery in Patients with Occult Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Koss M.J. , Scholtz S. , Haeussler-Sinangin Y. , Singh P. , Koch F.H.
Published: August 2009

Aim: The aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of combined intravitreal therapy in patients with occult choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 6 months. Methods: In this prospective pilot study of a case series, 106 patients (mean age 75.4 years) with predominantly occult CNVs were treated with a 1.5-ml core pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal injections of triamcinolone (8 mg), bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and balanced salt solution. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; logMar), central macular thickness (optical coherence tomography), and intraocular pressure (IOP; Goldmann tonometry) were assessed at baseline and follow-up visits. Results: Statistically significant increases in BCVA (vs. baseline) were observed at 2 months (mean +0.9; standard deviation ±0.6 lines), 4 months (+1.3; ±0.7), and 6 months (+1.2; ±0.7) after the initial combined intravitreal therapy in 96/106 patients. At 6 months, BCVA had deteriorated in 20 of 96 (20.8%) patients by <2.5 lines, remained stable in 38 of 96 (39.6%) and improved in 31 (32.3%) patients by 1–3 lines, and in 7 (7.3%) patients by >3 lines. The mean central retinal thickness decreased by –41.2% (–195; ±46 µm) over 6 months. 55% demanded intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment after initial therapy. Increases in IOP were managed by eye drops in 11 (10%) patients with no other adverse event occurring. Conclusion: After the combined intravitreal therapy, including two drugs and a limited core vitrectomy, a significant and sustained improvement in vision of patients with occult CNVs was observed over 6 months. In 45% of the initially treated patients, anti-VEGF therapy did not have to be continued, which might be attributed to both the pharmacological effects of the drugs and the physiological changes induced by the vitrectomy (posterior vitreous detachment, liquefaction, and oxygen redistribution).
Intracellular Extraocular Muscle Light- and Heavy-Chain Deposition Disease Contributing to Compressive Optic Neuropathy in a Patient with Preexisting Graves’ Orbitopathy
Authors: Zakrzewski Peter A. , Weis Ezekiel , White Valerie A. , Rootman Jack
Published: August 2009

Purpose: Light- and heavy-chain deposition disease (LHCDD) is a rare form of nonamyloidal monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD) in which light- and heavy-chain immunoglobulin fragments accumulate systemically, typically leading to end organ dysfunction. Herein we describe the case of a 64-year-old female with a history of Graves’ orbitopathy and multiple myeloma who presented with bilateral asymmetric compressive optic neuropathies. Procedure: A biopsy of the right medial rectus muscle was taken during orbital decompression surgery. Results: Light and electron microscopy of the biopsy specimen led to a diagnosis of intracellular skeletal muscle LHCDD. Conclusion: This is the first published report to describe the findings of: (1) intracellular deposition of nonamyloidal MIDD; (2) orbital involvement of nonamyloidal MIDD, and (3) compressive optic neuropathy resulting from any form of MIDD.
Tetraethylammonium Inhibits Glioma Cells via Increasing Production of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Yang K.B. , Zhao S.G. , Liu Y.H. , Hu E.X. , Liu B.X.
Published: August 2009

Background: Potassium channel blockers have been shown to possess antitumor properties, but the role of apoptosis remains to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA), a nonspecific potassium channel blocker, in rat C6 and 9L glioma cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assays. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed flow cytometrically. Results: TEA (2–60 mM) significantly inhibited the proliferation of C6 and 9L glioma cells. In addition, increased cell apoptosis was confirmed after treatment with 40 mM TEA. Apoptosis was associated with a dramatic increase in ROS levels and altered Bcl-2/Bax protein balance. Conclusion: TEA can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in both cell lines; therefore, it might be associated with the increase in intracellular ROS production.
Psychosomatic Assessment
Authors: Fava Giovanni A. , Sonino Nicoletta
Published: August 2009

The primary goal of psychosomatic medicine is the incorporation of its operational strategies into clinical practice. The traditional attitude toward disease and the functional/organic dichotomy were criticized by George Engel in the early sixties. Only recently, however, there has been increasing awareness of the limitations of disease as the primary focus of medical care. It is not that certain disorders lack an organic explanation; it is our assessment that is inadequate in most clinical encounters. The research evidence which has accumulated in psychosomatic medicine offers unprecedented opportunities for the identification and treatment of medical problems. Taking full advantage of clinimetric methods (such as the use of Emmelkamp’s two levels of functional analysis and the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research) may greatly improve the clinical process, including shared decision making and self-management. Endorsement of the psychosomatic perspective may better clarify the pathophysiological links and mechanisms underlying symptom presentation. Pointing to individually targeted methods may improve final outcomes and quality of life.
Diagnosis and Measurement of Subjective Incompetence: The Clinical Hallmark of Demoralization
Authors: Cockram Cheryl A. , Doros Gheorghe , de Figueiredo John M.
Published: August 2009

Background: This article presents the development and application of a method to diagnose and measure subjective incompetence, the clinical hallmark of demoralization. Methods: The subjects (n = 112) were patients with cancer at a consultation clinic of a cancer center. They completed a questionnaire on general background information, the Brief Cope Scale, and a newly developed scale to measure subjective incompetence. The development and psychometric properties of this scale were studied. Data analysis included both univariate and bivariate statistical tests and an examination of the intercorrelations between the subjective incompetence scores and the scores on the Brief Cope Scale. Results: The scale for subjective incompetence was found to have adequate reliability and validity. Conclusions: The proposed scale will allow us to determine if the distinction between depression and demoralization has practical implications and to what extent and to further clarify the role of demoralization in the etiology and pathogenesis of both physical illnesses and mental disorders. The combined use of this scale with the existing criteria and scales for demoralization will highlight the role of subjective incompetence in converting what might have been a normal response to stress into an abnormal state requiring intervention.
Psychosocial Functioning in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Patients: Influence of Psychosomatic Syndromes, Psychopathology and Somatization
Authors: Porcelli Piero , Bellomo Antonello , Quartesan Roberto , Altamura Mario , Iuso Salvatore , Ciannameo Ida , Piselli Massimiliano , Elisei Sandro
Published: August 2009

Background:This study investigated whether the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) were able to predict psychosocial functioning in addition to psychiatric diagnoses and somatization in consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP) patients. Method: A consecutive sample of 208 CLP patients were recruited and assessed for sociodemographic and medical data, psychopathology (SCID), psychosomatic syndromes (DCPR structured interview) and somatization (SCL-90-R SOM scale and multisomatoform disorder, MSD). The main endpoints were the mental and physical components of psychosocial functioning (SF-36). Results: A total of 185 (89%) patients had any psychiatric diagnosis, 51 (25%) had MSD positive criteria, 176 (85%) had any DCPR syndrome, and 105 (51%) had multiple DCPR syndromes. Although psychiatric and psychosomatic syndromes were variously associated with psychosocial functioning, hierarchical regression and effect size analyses showed that only DCPR syndromes, particularly demoralization and health anxiety, with somatization but not DSM-IV psychopathology independently predicted poor psychosocial functioning. Conclusions:The presence of psychosomatic syndromes, assessed with DCPR criteria, and high levels of somatization had larger effect size and were independent predictors of the mental and physical components of psychosocial dysfunction, over and above psychopathology. The DCPR classification can provide CLP professionals with a set of sensitive diagnostic criteria for a comprehensive clinical evaluation of psychosomatic syndromes that might play a significant mediating role in the course and the outcome of medical patients referred for psychiatric consultation.
Unique Sequence Characteristics of Genes in the Leftmost Region of Unique Long Region in Duck Enteritis Virus
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Liu Shengwang , Li Huixin , Han Zongxi , Shao Yuhao , Kong Xiangang
Published: August 2009

Objective: Our objective was to further understand the evolutionary position of duck enteritis virus (DEV) in the family Herpesviridae and to determine the genomic structure in the leftmost region of the unique long region (UL) of DEV. Methods: ‘Targeted gene walking PCR’ was used to amplify the unknown gene of DEV clone-03 strain adjacent to known sequences in the UL region. Open reading frames (ORFs) were determined by Gene Runner and an online transcriptional element search engine. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by DNAStar based on the deduced amino acid sequences. Results: A fragment of 13,947 bp, containing 5 ORFs (designated ICP4, ORF1, ORF2, LORF2 and LORF3, respectively), was amplified from the DEV clone-03 strain genome. In addition, a tandem repeat region of α-type-like sequences was detected between ICP4 and LORF2. Phylogenetic analysis of ICP4 indicated that DEV ICP4 should be clustered into Varicellovirus. DEV ORF1 and ORF2 were unique among herpesviruses. Additionally, the existence and characteristics of LORF2 and LORF3 indicated a close relationship with Mardivirus members. Conclusion: The characteristics and gene content in the leftmost end of the UL region of the DEV genome showed that the DEV genome is different from those of other herpesviruses.
Early Recanalization Rate of Major Occluded Brain Arteries after Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy Using Serial Magnetic Resonance Angiography Studies
Authors: Kimura Kazumi , Iguchi Yasuyuki , Shibazaki Kensaku , Aoki Junya , Uemura Junichi
Published: August 2009

Purpose: The present study investigated early recanalization rate of major occluded arteries after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) infusion using serial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) studies. Methods: Consecutive stroke patients treated with t-PA within 3 h of onset were prospectively studied. Four serial MRA studies were conducted: before, immediately, 24 h and 5–7 days after t-PA infusion. Results: Initial MRA demonstrated occluded brain arteries in 64 patients: M1 occlusion, 30 patients; M2, 12, and internal carotid artery (ICA), 22. Combining M1 and M2 occlusion, the recanalization rates (complete and partial) were 52.3% (19.0 and 33.3%) within 1 h, 80.9% (47.6 and 33.3%) at 24 h and 87.8% (73.2 and 14.6%) 7 days after t-PA infusion. However, the recanalization rate of ICA occlusion was 31.8% (4.5 and 27.3%) within 1 h, 51.1% (14.3 and 47.6%) at 24 h and 66.7% (38.9 and 27.8%) 7 days after t-PA infusion. Complete recanalization rate at 24 h and 7 days was lower in ICA occlusion than M1 and M2 occlusion (p = 0.014 and p = 0.016). Conclusion: Within 1 h after t-PA infusion, approximately half the patients with major arteries occlusion had early recanalization. ICA occlusion is resistant to intravenous t-PA therapy compared with middle cerebral artery occlusion.
DNase I Inhibits a Late Phase of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Neutrophils
Authors: Munafo Daniela B. , Johnson Jennifer L. , Brzezinska Agnieszka A. , Ellis Beverly A. , Wood Malcolm R. , Catz Sergio D.
Published: August 2009

Neutrophils kill bacteria on extracellular complexes of DNA fibers and bactericidal proteins known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The NET composition and the bactericidal mechanisms they use are not fully understood. Here, we show that treatment with deoxyribonuclease (DNase I) impairs a late oxidative response elicited by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and also by phorbol ester. Isoluminol-dependent chemiluminescence elicited by opsonized Listeria monocytogenes-stimulated neutrophils was inhibited by DNase I, and the DNase inhibitory effect was also evident when phagocytosis was blocked, suggesting that DNase inhibits an extracellular mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The DNase inhibitory effect was independent of actin polymerization. Phagocytosis and cell viability were not impaired by DNase I. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that myeloperoxidase is present on NETs. Furthermore, granular proteins were detected in NETs from Rab27a-deficient neutrophils which have deficient exocytosis, suggesting that exocytosis and granular protein distribution on NETs proceed by independent mechanisms. NADPH oxidase subunits were also detected on NETs, and the detection of extracellular trap-associated NADPH oxidase subunits was abolished by treatment with DNase I and dependent on cell stimulation. In vitro analyses demonstrate that MPO and NADPH oxidase activity are not directly inhibited by DNase I, suggesting that its effect on ROS production depends on NET disassembly. Altogether, our data suggest that inhibition of ROS production by microorganism-derived DNase would contribute to their ability to evade killing.
Age, Increased Left Ventricular Mass, and Lower Regional Myocardial Perfusion Are Related to Greater Extent of Myocardial Dyssynchrony in Asymptomatic Individuals
Authors: Rosen Boaz D. , Fernandes Veronica R.S. , Nasir Khuram , Helle-Valle Thomas , Jerosch-Herold Michael , Bluemke David A. , Lima Joao A.C.
Published: August 2009

Background—

Age and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy are risk factors for the development of LV dysfunction and congestive heart failure. Our goal was to study the relationships of LV mass and age with myocardial dyssynchrony among asymptomatic participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

A total of 1100 individuals underwent tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Regional LV function was analyzed with the use of harmonic phase imaging. Time to peak systolic circumferential strain and strain rate were measured in 12 segments, and myocardial dyssynchrony was expressed as the SD of time to peak strain and strain rate. Relationships of age, LV mass, and myocardial perfusion with timing of strain, strain rate, and dyssynchrony were studied. There was a positive relationship between age and time to peak strain before (regression coefficient=0.37 ms/year of age; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.70;
P
=0.025) and after adjustment for demographic characteristics and risk factors (
P
=0.007). Positive associations between age and SD of time to peak strain (regression coefficient=0.33 ms/year of age;
P
=0.002) and SD of time to peak systolic strain rate were documented (
P
=0.045). Importantly, we found that LV mass index is directly related to time to peak strain (
P
<0.001), time to peak strain rate, and the SD of time to strain rate (
P
=0.001 for all). Finally, decreased myocardial perfusion at rest was associated with delayed contraction and increased extent of dyssynchrony.

Conclusions—

In asymptomatic individuals, age, increased LV mass, and decreased myocardial perfusion are related to delayed myocardial contraction and greater extent of dyssynchrony. Increased dyssynchrony may mediate the association of myocardial dysfunction with age and LV hypertrophy.
Influence of Renal Function on the Effects of Early Revascularization in Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Szummer Karolina , Lundman Pia , Jacobson Stefan H. , Schön Staffan , Lindbäck Johan , Stenestrand Ulf , Wallentin Lars , Jernberg Tomas ,   for SWEDEHEART
Published: August 2009

Background—

It is unknown whether patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction derive a similar benefit from an early invasive therapy at different levels of renal function.

Methods and Results—

A total of 23 262 consecutive non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients ≤80 years old were included in a nationwide coronary care unit register between 2003 and 2006. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study formula. Patients were divided into medically or invasively treated groups if revascularized within 14 days of admission. A propensity score for the likelihood of invasive therapy was calculated. A Cox regression model with adjustment for propensity score and discharge medication was used to assess the association between early revascularization and 1-year mortality across renal function stages. There was a gradient, with significantly fewer patients treated invasively with declining renal function: eGFR ≥90 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
, 62%; eGFR 60 to 89 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
, 55%; eGFR 30 to 59 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
, 36%; eGFR 15 to 29 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
, 14%; and eGFR <15 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
/dialysis, 15% (
P
<0.001). After adjustment, the overall 1-year mortality was 36% lower (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.56 to 0.73,
P
<0.001) with an invasive strategy. The magnitude of survival difference was similar in normal-to-moderate renal function groups. The lower mortality observed with invasive therapy declined with lower renal function, with no difference in mortality in patients with kidney failure (eGFR <15 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
) or in those receiving dialysis (hazard ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 3.09,
P
=0.15).

Conclusions—

Early invasive therapy is associated with greater 1-year survival in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency, but the benefit declines with lower renal function, and is less certain in those with renal failure or on dialysis.
Dietary Sugars Intake and Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Johnson Rachel K. , Appel Lawrence J. , Brands Michael , Howard Barbara V. , Lefevre Michael , Lustig Robert H. , Sacks Frank , Steffen Lyn M. , Wylie-Rosett Judith
Published: August 2009

High intakes of dietary sugars in the setting of a worldwide pandemic of obesity and cardiovascular disease have heightened concerns about the adverse effects of excessive consumption of sugars. In 2001 to 2004, the usual intake of added sugars for Americans was 22.2 teaspoons per day (355 calories per day). Between 1970 and 2005, average annual availability of sugars/added sugars increased by 19%, which added 76 calories to Americans’ average daily energy intake. Soft drinks and other sugar-sweetened beverages are the primary source of added sugars in Americans’ diets. Excessive consumption of sugars has been linked with several metabolic abnormalities and adverse health conditions, as well as shortfalls of essential nutrients. Although trial data are limited, evidence from observational studies indicates that a higher intake of soft drinks is associated with greater energy intake, higher body weight, and lower intake of essential nutrients. National survey data also indicate that excessive consumption of added sugars is contributing to overconsumption of discretionary calories by Americans. On the basis of the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines, intake of added sugars greatly exceeds discretionary calorie allowances, regardless of energy needs. In view of these considerations, the American Heart Association recommends reductions in the intake of added sugars. A prudent upper limit of intake is half of the discretionary calorie allowance, which for most American women is no more than 100 calories per day and for most American men is no more than 150 calories per day from added sugars.
Differences in the Magnitude of Wave Reflection Account for Differential Effects of Amlodipine- Versus Atenolol-Based Regimens on Central Blood Pressure
Authors: Manisty Charlotte H. , Zambanini Andrew , Parker Kim H. , Davies Justin E. , Francis Darrel P. , Mayet Jamil , McG Thom Simon A. , Hughes Alun D.
Published: August 2009

Antihypertensive agents may differ in their effects on central systolic blood pressure, and this may contribute to treatment-related differences in cardiovascular outcomes. In a substudy of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial, we investigated whether directly measured carotid systolic blood pressure differed between people randomized to amlodipine- and atenolol-based therapies and whether this is accounted for by differences in wave reflection patterns. Additional analysis was undertaken to establish whether differences in carotid systolic blood pressure predicted left ventricular mass, accounting for between-treatment differences in left ventricular mass index. Blood pressure and flow velocity were measured in the right carotid artery of 259 patients. Wave intensity analysis was used to separate and quantify forward and backward waves. Brachial blood pressure did not differ significantly between groups, but carotid systolic blood pressure (127 [12] versus 133 [15] mm Hg;
P
<0.001), the ratio of backward:forward pressure (0.48 [0.17] versus 0.53 [0.19];
P
=0.01), and wave reflection index (19.8% [10.9%] versus 23.3% [13.3%];
P
=0.02) were significantly lower in patients randomized to amlodipine-based therapy. Left ventricular mass index was also lower in this group, and adjustment for carotid blood pressure attenuated treatment differences to a greater extent than brachial blood pressure. Carotid systolic blood pressure was also a significant independent predictor of left ventricular mass index in a multivariate model. Carotid systolic blood pressure is lower in people randomized to amlodipine-based compared with atenolol-based treatment despite there being no significant difference in brachial blood pressure. This difference is attributable to a lesser magnitude of wave reflection in patients randomized to the amlodipine-based regimen.
Hypertension in Response to Autoantibodies to the Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1-AA) in Pregnant Rats
Authors: LaMarca Babbette , Parrish Marc , Ray Lillian Fournier , Murphy Sydney R. , Roberts Lyndsay , Glover Porter , Wallukat Gerd , Wenzel Katrin , Cockrell Kathy , Martin James N. , Ryan Michael J. , Dechend Ralf
Published: August 2009

Agonistic autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1-AA) and endothelin -1 (ET-1) are suggested to be important links between placental ischemia and hypertension during preeclampsia. Activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) increases endothelial cell production of ET-1; however, the importance of ET-1 in response to AT1-AA–mediated AT1 R activation during preeclampsia is unknown. Furthermore, the role of AT1-AA–mediated increases in blood pressure during pregnancy remains unclear. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that AT1-AA, increased to levels observed in preeclamptic women and placental ischemic rats, increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) by activation of the ET-1 system. Chronic infusion of purified rat AT1-AA into normal pregnant (NP) rats for 7 days increased AT1-AA from 0.68±0.5 to 10.88±1.1 chronotropic units (
P
<0.001). The increased AT1-AA increased MAP from 99±1 to 119±2 mm Hg (
P
<0.001). The hypertension was associated with significant increases in renal cortices (11-fold) and placental (4-fold) ET-1. To determine whether ET-1 mediates AT1-AA–induced hypertension, pregnant rats infused with AT1-AA and NP rats were treated with an ET
A
receptor antagonist. MAP was 100±1 mm Hg in AT1-AA+ET
A
antagonist-treated rats versus 98±2 mm Hg in ET
A
antagonist-treated rats. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that one potential pathway whereby AT1-AAs increase blood pressure during pregnancy is by an ET-1–dependent mechanism.
Evolutionary Undersampling for Classification with Imbalanced Datasets: Proposals and Taxonomy
Authors: García Salvador , Herrera Francisco
Published: August 2009

Learning with imbalanced data is one of the recent challenges in machine learning. Various solutions have been proposed in order to find a treatment for this problem, such as modifying methods or the application of a preprocessing stage. Within the preprocessing focused on balancing data, two tendencies exist: reduce the set of examples (undersampling) or replicate minority class examples (oversampling). Undersampling with imbalanced datasets could be considered as a prototype selection procedure with the purpose of balancing datasets to achieve a high classification rate, avoiding the bias toward majority class examples. Evolutionary algorithms have been used for classical prototype selection showing good results, where the fitness function is associated to the classification and reduction rates. In this paper, we propose a set of methods called evolutionary undersampling that take into consideration the nature of the problem and use different fitness functions for getting a good trade-off between balance of distribution of classes and performance. The study includes a taxonomy of the approaches and an overall comparison among our models and state of the art undersampling methods. The results have been contrasted by using nonparametric statistical procedures and show that evolutionary undersampling outperforms the nonevolutionary models when the degree of imbalance is increased.
Estimating the Ratios of the Stationary Distribution Values for Markov Chains Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Mitavskiy Boris , Cannings Chris
Published: August 2009

The evolutionary algorithm stochastic process is well-known to be Markovian. These have been under investigation in much of the theoretical evolutionary computing research. When the mutation rate is positive, the Markov chain modeling of an evolutionary algorithm is irreducible and, therefore, has a unique stationary distribution. Rather little is known about the stationary distribution. In fact, the only quantitative facts established so far tell us that the stationary distributions of Markov chains modeling evolutionary algorithms concentrate on uniform populations (i.e., those populations consisting of a repeated copy of the same individual). At the same time, knowing the stationary distribution may provide some information about the expected time it takes for the algorithm to reach a certain solution, assessment of the biases due to recombination and selection, and is of importance in population genetics to assess what is called a “genetic load” (see the introduction for more details). In the recent joint works of the first author, some bounds have been established on the rates at which the stationary distribution concentrates on the uniform populations. The primary tool used in these papers is the “quotient construction” method. It turns out that the quotient construction method can be exploited to derive much more informative bounds on ratios of the stationary distribution values of various subsets of the state space. In fact, some of the bounds obtained in the current work are expressed in terms of the parameters involved in all the three main stages of an evolutionary algorithm: namely, selection, recombination, and mutation.
Impacts of Evaporation from Raindrops on Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Features of Rainbands and Asymmetric Structure
Authors: Sawada Masahiro , Iwasaki Toshiki
Published: August 2009

In this study, the impacts of evaporative cooling from raindrops on a tropical cyclone (TC) are examined using cloud-resolving simulations under an idealized condition. Part I of this study showed that evaporative cooling greatly increases the kinetic energy of a TC and its size because rainbands provide a large amount of condensation heating outside the eyewall. Part II investigates characteristics of simulated rainbands in detail. Rainbands are actively formed, even outside the eyewall, in the experiment including evaporative cooling, whereas they are absent in the experiment without evaporative cooling. Rainbands propagate in the counterclockwise and radially outward direction, and such behaviors are closely related to cold pools. New convective cells are successively generated at the upstream end of a cold pool, which is referred to here as the upstream development. The upstream development organizes spiral-shaped rainbands along a low-level streamline that is azimuthally averaged and propagates them radially outward. Asymmetric flows from azimuthally averaged low-level wind advance cold pool fronts in the normal direction to rainbands, which are referred to here as cross-band propagation. The cross-band propagation deflects the movement of each cell away from the low-level streamlines and rotates it in the counterclockwise direction. Cross-band propagation plays an essential role in the maintenance of rainbands. Advancement of cold pool fronts lifts up the warm and moist air mass slantwise and induces heavy precipitation. Evaporative cooling from raindrops induces downdrafts and gives feedback to the enhancement of cold pools.
Seasonal Influences on Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Bates Susan C.
Published: August 2009

Numerous studies and observational analyses point to a connection between the annual cycle and tropical Atlantic variability, specifically the influence of the seasons. Although a previous study has shown that the annual cycle is not necessary for the generation of this variability, this study demonstrates that the annual cycle provides particular conditions that modulate this variability. Particular seasons are investigated through the use of a coupled ocean–atmosphere model using anomaly coupling as the coupling strategy in order to control the mean state of the system. To isolate the influence of each season, the model is integrated in perpetuated mean states that simulate perpetual boreal spring, summer, fall, and winter seasonal mean states. These are compared to a control simulation that contains an annual cycle. Evidence is shown that the annual cycle modulates tropical Atlantic variability in the following three ways: 1) the background mean state for some seasons provides favorable conditions for the growth of particular patterns through regional air–sea feedback mechanisms, 2) mechanisms that excite the variability are seasonally dependent, and 3) the progression through the annual cycle is important for certain variabilities to be excited and grow.
Sensitivity of Climate Change Induced by the Weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Cloud Feedback
Authors: Zhang Rong , Kang Sarah M. , Held Isaac M.
Published: August 2009

A variety of observational and modeling studies show that changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) can induce rapid global-scale climate change. In particular, a substantially weakened AMOC leads to a southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. However, the simulated amplitudes of the AMOC-induced tropical climate change differ substantially among different models. In this paper, the sensitivity to cloud feedback of the climate response to a change in the AMOC is studied using a coupled ocean–atmosphere model [the GFDL Coupled Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1)]. Without cloud feedback, the simulated AMOC-induced climate change in this model is weakened substantially. Low-cloud feedback has a strong amplifying impact on the tropical ITCZ shift in this model, whereas the effects of high-cloud feedback are weaker. It is concluded that cloud feedback is an important contributor to the uncertainty in the global response to AMOC changes.
Financial Transfers to Husbands’ and Wives’ Elderly Mothers in Mexico: Do Couples Exhibit Preferential Treatment by Lineage?
Authors: Noël-Miller Claire , Tfaily Rania
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to contrast the likelihood that a husband’s elderly mother receives financial assistance from a couple with that of a wife’s mother. Prior U.S.-based research has documented a strong bias toward transfers to wives’ parents.The authors aimed to extend this literature to Mexico, where financial help from adult children is a critical source of support for a rapidly aging population lacking institutional assistance. The authors’ approach to modeling competition between mothers accounted for the nature of their need.The results demonstrate that among mothers of similar financial need, a husband’s mother is twice as likely to receive financial assistance as a wife’s mother. In contrast, when faced with personal care needs, a wife’s mother is disproportionately favored. These results reflect gender differences in Mexican adult children’s responsibility for family members’ financial and physical well-being.The findings uncover new complexity in the patterns by which couples transfer money to parents of different lineage.
The Positive Aspects of the Caregiving Journey With Dementia: Using a Strengths-Based Perspective to Reveal Opportunities
Authors: Peacock Shelley , Forbes Dorothy , Markle-Reid Maureen , Hawranik Pamela , Morgan Debra , Jansen Lynn , Leipert Beverly D. , Henderson Sandra R.
Published: August 2009

The increasing prevalence of dementia in older adults will increase the demands for care from families and the health care system. Caring for a relative with dementia is often viewed as burdensome and stressful in nature; however, of late, attention has been given to the positive aspects of the caregiving journey. The purpose of this article is to discuss the qualitative findings related to the positive aspects of family caregiving from a mixed methods study. A strengths-based perspective was used in the secondary analysis of six focus groups ( N = 36) and three personal interview transcripts of family caregivers to persons with dementia. Findings reveal that family caregivers can view their role as an opportunity to give back, to discover personal strengths, and to become closer to the care receiver. The results suggest that identifying and mobilizing caregiver strengths can be an effective strategy for supporting family caregivers in their role.
Is the Structure of Affect Similar for Younger and Older Children? Cross-Sectional Differences in Negative and Positive Affectivity
Authors: Bushman Bryan B. , Crowley Susan L.
Published: August 2009

Although studies investigating the validity of positive affectivity and negative affectivity in children have been supportive, investigations of changes in the structure of affect across childhood have demonstrated mixed results. The current study used confirmatory factor analytic techniques to test one-factor, two-factor correlated, and two-factor uncorrelated models of positive affectivity and negative affectivity in two developmentally distinct populations of children (third and sixth grade). Both two-factor models provided an acceptable fit to the data from older and younger children. Based on these results and previous research, the structure of affect appears to be similar across age groups. However, evidence for increased differentiation remains. Limitations of the study include the cross-sectional design and a predominantly rural, White sample.
Teachers’ Assessment of Antisocial Behavior in Kindergarten: Physical Aggression and Measurement Bias Across Gender
Authors: Spilt Jantine L. , Koomen Helma M. Y. , Thijs Jochem T. , Stoel Reinoud D. , van der Leij Aryan
Published: August 2009

A confirmatory factor analytic study was conducted to obtain evidence for physical aggression as a distinct construct of nonaggressive antisocial behavior in young children. Second, the authors investigated factorial invariance across gender. Teachers completed the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) for two independent samples of kindergartners ( N = 487; N = 1,557). Behavior items were selected representing physically aggressive versus nonaggressive antisocial behavior. To obtain support for the two-factor model, the authors also examined associations with subtypes of internalizing behavior. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed that physical aggression constitutes a distinct construct from nonaggressive antisocial behavior for young children. In support of the model, differential associations with internalizing behavior and different outcomes with respect to gender differences were found. Factorial noninvariance across gender was found for physical aggression, and explanations for those gender differences are discussed.
Mexican American High School Students' Perceived Levels of Challenge in School
Authors: Martinez Sylvia
Published: August 2009

This study examines the self-reported average level of challenge of 793 students while in school and doing various school-related activities. Using multivariate regression models, the study examines whether Mexican American students report lower levels of challenge in school and during school-related activities as compared with students of other racial/ethnic groups. The findings suggest that in the general context of school, Mexican American students report the highest levels of challenge. In more specific contexts such as when in science class, Mexican American students report the lowest levels of challenge. Additional findings, implications for educators, and directions for future research are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans—II
Authors: Gutierrez Melissa A. , Franco Lydia M. , Gilmore Powell Kristen , Peterson N. Andrew , Reid Robert J.
Published: August 2009

The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans—II is one of the most frequently used measures of acculturation, despite lack of validation. This study analyzed the structure of the Marginality Scale of the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans—II using data from a diverse Latino sample of residents. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Marginality Scale yielded poor model-to-data fit for the hypothesized scales. Exploratory analysis and tests of construct validity were performed to further analyze the Marginality Scale. Results indicate that the revised version needs further work and should be validated with the original intended population for the scale. The utility of the marginality concept is questioned overall considering its history of lack of clear conceptualization and validity.
Illness Beliefs Regarding the Causes of Diabetes Among Latino College Students
Authors: Santos Silvia J. , Hurtado-Ortiz Maria T. , Sneed Carl D.
Published: August 2009

This study examined the validity of the Klonoff and Landrine Illness-Belief Scale when applied to Latino college students ( n = 156; 34% male, 66% female) at high risk for future diabetes onset. Principal factor analysis yielded four significant factors—emotional, folk beliefs, punitive, gene/hereditary— which accounted for 64.5% of variance and provided a culturally relevant Latino perspective of the causes of diabetes. Additional analyses by age, gender, immigrant status, and psychological acculturation revealed significant differences by age on the emotional and folk illness factors and a negative correlation between assimilation and endorsement of the emotional factor. The implication of these four illness factors for predicting health-related behaviors and health outcomes among young Latinos was discussed as were recommendations for future research.
Children With Respiratory Distress Treated With High-Flow Nasal Cannula
Authors: Spentzas Thomas , Minarik Milan , Patters Andrea B. , Vinson Brett , Stidham Greg
Published: August 2009

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is a treatment for respiratory distress in neonates and children. In the present study, we assessed its effectiveness, comfort, and possible mechanism of action. Methods: We reviewed records of 46 patients treated with HFNC and estimated the modified COMFORT score (7 to 35 units), the respiratory clinical scale (0 to 12 units), and the oxygen saturation level. Data were collected at time 0 (before the use of high-flow), time 2 (60 to 90 min post-application), and at time 3 (8 to 12 hours post-application). Furthermore, we measured the nasopharyngeal pressure while on continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) as well as the differences in ‘‘lung expansion’’ demonstrated by the prestudy and post-study chest x-ray. Results: There were significant improvements in the modified COMFORT score (F1,45 = 40.03, P < .05), respiratory clinical scale (F1.69,76.15 = 121.19, P < .05), and oxygen saturation (F2,90 = 101.54, P < .05). Application of HFNC therapy created a significant average positive expiratory pressure of 4.0 ± 1.99 (SE) cm H2O. X-rays taken after initiation of HFNC showed either improved aeration of the lungs or no changes in 40 of 46 patients. Mechanical ventilation was needed in 5 of 46 patients. Conclusion: Our study indicates that high-flow nasal cannula improves the respiratory scale score, the oxygen saturation, and the patient’s COMFORT scale. Its mechanism of action is application of mild positive airway pressure and lung volume recruitment.
Chaos Theory and Correctional Treatment
Authors: Gendreau Paul , Smith Paula , Thériault Yvette L.
Published: August 2009

Despite a substantial empirical literature on what works in offender treatment, programs based on common sense dominate the corrections landscape. We explain how commonsense approaches have led to correctional quackery (CQ) and draw on chaos theory to show that there is actually an underlying order to what appears to be a literature in complete disorder. Specifically, it is proposed that the law of fartcatchers can account for a significant amount of the CQ that occurs in corrections. A brief history of the conditions that led to the development of the law is provided, and we trace how it has evolved over time. Finally, the long-term viability of the law and whether its influence can be mitigated is discussed.
Why People Decide to Participate in State Politics
Authors: McAtee Andrea , Wolak Jennifer
Published: August 2009

Many have investigated who participates in politics and why they choose to do so. Here, the authors consider where people choose to participate. Using survey data from the American Citizen Participation Study, the authors investigate why people choose to participate in state politics versus local or national venues. If the decision of where to participate is resource driven, then people will engage in state politics for the same reasons they participate in politics generally. But if participatory choices reflect one’s motivation and incentives for action, then the reasons to engage in state politics will be unique, connected to individual interest and political environments.
Comparative Anticoagulant and Platelet Modulatory Effects of Enoxaparin and Sulodexide
Authors: Adiguzel Cafer , Iqbal Omer , Hoppensteadt Debra , Jeske Walter , Cunanan Josephine , Litinas Evangelos , He Zhu  , Walenga Jeanine M. , Fareed Jawed
Published: August 2009

Sulodexide represents a novel antithrombotic agent with multiple sites of action on blood coagulation and vascular processes. The purpose of this study was to compare sulodexide and enoxaparin on anticoagulant effects, tissue factor (TF)-induced activation of platelets, inhibition of microparticle generation and to investigate their effect on heparin-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA). Sulodexide was compared with enoxaparin at equigravimetric concentrations. When compared to enoxaparin, sulodexide produced a stronger anticoagulant effect in the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), Heptest, and thrombin time (TT) assays. In addition, sulodexide had a stronger inhibitory effect on TF-mediated microparticle generation (IC50 = 2.8 μg/ mL), P-selectin expression (IC50 = 4.8 μg/ml), and platelet aggregate formation (IC50 = 8.5 μg/mL) compared to higher IC50 values with enoxaparin. Sulodexide and enoxaparin exhibited a similar effect on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibody-mediated platelet activation HIPA assays. These results suggest that sulodexide is a relatively stronger anticoagulant agent than enoxaparin. Sulodexide is subcutaneously absorbed. Its ability to inhibit TF-mediated platelet activation may contribute to the observed therapeutic effects of sulodexide in microvascular vasculopathy such as diabetic nephropathy. These results also suggest that inhibition of TF activation of platelets by sulodexide may be independent of its anticoagulant effects. These results warrant further investigation of sulodexide in additional preclinical and clinical studies.
Gendered War and Gendered Peace: Truth Commissions and Postconflict Gender Violence: Lessons From South Africa
Authors: Borer Tristan Anne
Published: August 2009

That war is profoundly gendered has long been recognized by feminist international relations scholars. What is less recognized is that the postwar period is equally gendered. Currently undertheorized is how truth-seeking exercises in the aftermath of conflict should respond to this fact. What happens to women victims of war violence? The difficulties of foregrounding gendered wartime violence in truth telling are illustrated by the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The article explores some consequences of the failure to uncover gendered truth, including its impact on the government’s reparations policy, and continued “peacetime” violence perpetrated against women in South Africa.
Acculturation and Conflict in Mexican Immigrants’ Intimate Partnerships: The Role of Women’s Labor Force Participation
Authors: Grzywacz Joseph G. , Rao Pamela , Gentry Amanda , Marín Antonio , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: August 2009

This study explores women’s workforce participation as a potential agent for acculturation, and how it shapes conflict dynamics within intimate partnerships among Mexican immigrants. Analysis of in-depth interview data from 20 immigrant Mexican women and men believed to be in violent relationships indicated that women’s employment following migration created several sources of intracouple conflict by challenging gender-based norms and behaviors surrounding the division of household labor, financial decision making, and how women and men interact within intimate relationships. Immigrant Latino women tended to embrace an assimilation strategy for acculturation, whereas immigrant Latino men embrace a separation strategy.