bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Private action in public interest: The comparative governance of social issues
Authors: Luo Jiao , Kaul Aseem
Published: September 2018

Research Summary

We develop a theoretical framework to define the comparatively efficient organizational form for dealing with a social issue, based on the market frictions associated with it. Specifically, we argue that for‐profits have an advantage in undertaking innovation and coordinating production economies, nonprofits in playing a fiduciary role given ex post information asymmetry, self‐governing collectives in dealing with bounded externalities through private ordering, and state bureaucracies in governing general externalities. We build on these arguments to develop a mapping between combinations of these market frictions and the comparatively efficient arrangements to govern them, including a variety of hybrid arrangements such as private‐public partnerships, social enterprises, corporate social responsibility, and so on. Our framework thus contributes to research in strategy, organizations, and public policy.

Managerial Summary

What is the best way to deal with a social problem? While some believe such problems are best left to the state, others argue that business should take the lead in solving them, or favor nonprofit solutions. In this article, we move beyond such one‐size‐fits‐all approaches, highlighting the different strengths of different organizational forms. We argue that for‐profits' strong incentives make them more innovative; nonprofits are more trustworthy in representing the best interests of others; collectives enable actors to self‐organize around a common interest; and the state is best for issues that impact the entire population. We thus develop a mapping between the nature of the social problem and the organizational form—or combination of organizational forms—that may deal with it most efficiently.
Maternal hemodynamics in screen‐positive and screen‐negative women of the ASPRE trial
Authors: Ling H. Z. , Guy G. P. , Bisquera A. , Poon L. C. , Nicolaides K. H. , Kametas N. A.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To compare maternal hemodynamics and perinatal outcome, in pregnancies that do not develop pre‐eclampsia (PE) or deliver a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate, between those identified at 11–13 weeks' gestation as being screen positive or negative for preterm PE, by a combination of maternal factors, mean arterial pressure, uterine artery pulsatility index, serum placental growth factor and pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A.

Methods

This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of maternal cardiovascular function, assessed using a bioreactance method, in women undergoing first‐trimester screening for PE. Maternal hemodynamics and perinatal outcome were compared between screen‐positive and screen‐negative women who did not have a medical comorbidity, did not develop PE or pregnancy‐induced hypertension and delivered at term a live neonate with birth weight between the 5th and 95th percentiles. A multilevel linear mixed‐effects model was used to compare the repeated measures of cardiac variables, controlling for maternal characteristics.

Results

The screen‐negative group (n = 926) had normal cardiac function changes across gestation, whereas the screen‐positive group (n = 170) demonstrated static or reduced cardiac output and stroke volume and higher mean arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance with advancing gestation. In the screen‐positive group, compared with screen‐negative women, birth‐weight Z‐score was shifted toward lower values, with prevalence of delivery of a neonate below the 35th, 30th or 25th percentile being about 70% higher, and the rate of operative delivery for fetal distress in labor also being higher.

Conclusion

Women who were screen positive for impaired placentation, even though they did not develop PE or deliver a SGA neonate, had pathological cardiac adaptation in pregnancy and increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Enhancing toughness of thin films and coatings through embedded nanoinclusions
Authors: Birman Victor
Published: September 2018

Buckling of thin films and coatings due to thermal residual stresses has been thoroughly investigated. The subsequent fracture at the film‐to‐substrate interface triggered by buckling may result in a complete delamination of the film, effectively making the structure useless. The approach to the prevention or alleviation of delamination and spalling of the compressed film suggested in the paper is based on embedding random stiff nanoinclusions in the pristine film material. This results in an increase of both the stiffness of the film and the buckling stresses. If the enhanced stiffness is not sufficient to prevent buckling, the strain energy release rate is decreased as a result of embedded nanoinclusions as demonstrated in the paper. This reduction is particularly significant in films whose stiffness is increased by a large factor as compared to that of the pristine material. The effectiveness of the method is particularly evident if the compressive stress exceeds the critical stress of the nanoreinforced film by a relatively small factor. At very high compressive stresses the method of improving toughness considered in the paper is still valid but its relative effectiveness diminishes.
Open Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Network Meta‐analysis Comparing Self‐Gripping Mesh, Suture Fixation, and Glue Fixation
Authors: Rausa Emanuele , Asti Emanuele , Kelly Michael Eamon , Aiolfi Alberto , Lovece Andrea , Bonitta Gianluca , Bonavina Luigi
Published: September 2018

The most troublesome complications of inguinal hernia repair are recurrent herniation and chronic pain. A multitude of technological products dedicated to abdominal wall surgery, such as self‐gripping mesh (SGM) and glue fixation (GF), were introduced in alternative to suture fixation (SF) in the attempt to lower the postoperative complication rates. We conducted an electronic systematic search using MEDLINE databases that compared postoperative pain and short‐ and long‐term surgical complications after SGM or GF and SF in open inguinal hernia repair. Twenty‐eight randomized controlled trials totaling 5495 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this network meta‐analysis. SGM and GF did not show better outcomes in either short‐ or long‐term complications compared to SF. Patients in the SGM group showed significantly more pain at day 1 compared to those in the GF group (VAS score pain mean difference: − 5.2 Crl − 11.0; − 1.2). The relative risk (RR) of developing a surgical site infection (RR 0.83; Crl 0.50–1.32), hematoma (RR 1.9; Crl 0.35–11.2), and seroma (RR 1.81; Crl 0.54–6.53) was similar in SGM and GF groups. Both the SGM and GF had a significantly shorter operative time mean difference (1.70; Crl − 1.80; 5.3) compared to SF. Chronic pain and hernia recurrence did not statistically differ at 1 year (RR 0.63; Crl 0.36–1.12; RR 1.5; Crl 0.52–4.71, respectively) between SGM and GF. Methods of inguinal hernia repair are evolving, but there remains no superiority in terms of mesh fixation. Ultimately, patient’s preference and surgeon’s expertise should still lead the choice about the fixation method.
Soil fertility effects of repeated application of sewage sludge in two 30-year-old field experiments
Authors: Börjesson Gunnar , Kätterer Thomas
Published: September 2018

Recirculation of plant nutrients from waste materials back to agriculture is necessary in a sustainable food production system. In this study we investigated the long-term effect of direct land application of sewage sludge (SS) on soil fertility on two Swedish farms, where field experiments were set up in 1981 with three rates of SS (0, 4 and 12 Mg dry matter ha−1 every 4 years) and three rates of mineral fertilisation, in a factorial design with four replicates. At one site, SS application tended to increase crop yield over time but, when plant nutrients were not limiting, the effect was only significant for spring barley. We deduced that improved soil structure was the main driver for this fertility enhancement after SS application, as indicated by lower soil bulk density and higher soil carbon concentration. After 30 years, soil organic carbon stocks to 0.40 m depth differed by up to 17 Mg ha−1 between treatments. According to carbon balance calculations, retention of carbon derived from SS ranged between 18 and 20% for the soil layers analysed at the two sites. Soluble phosphorus (P) increased with sludge application rate, but represented only around 2% of the expected residual P according to P-balance calculations. The fertiliser value of nitrogen was also low, with only 3–8% nitrogen use efficiency. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc and mercury showed moderate accumulation in the soil, but elevated levels of metals were not detected in crops, even at the highest dose of SS. These results show that SS represents a valuable resource for improving soil fertility in terms of soil organic matter and soil structure, but its efficiency for nutrient cycling is very low within the time frame considered in the study.
EPA guidance on physical activity as a treatment for severe mental illness: a meta-review of the evidence and Position Statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the International Organization of Physical Therapists in Mental Health (IOPTMH)
Authors: Stubbs Brendon , Vancampfort Davy , Hallgren Mats , Firth Joseph , Veronese Nicola , Solmi Marco , Brand Serge , Cordes Joachim , Malchow Berend , Gerber Markus , Schmitt Andrea , Correll Christoph U. , De Hert Marc , Gaughran Fiona , Schneider Frank , Kinnafick Florence , Falkai Peter , Möller Hans-Jürgen , Kahl Kai G.
Published: September 2018

Physical activity (PA) may be therapeutic for people with severe mental illness (SMI) who generally have low PA and experience numerous life style-related medical complications. We conducted a meta-review of PA interventions and their impact on health outcomes for people with SMI, including schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. We searched major electronic databases until January 2018 for systematic reviews with/without meta-analysis that investigated PA for any SMI. We rated the quality of studies with the AMSTAR tool, grading the quality of evidence, and identifying gaps, future research needs and clinical practice recommendations. For MDD, consistent evidence indicated that PA can improve depressive symptoms versus control conditions, with effects comparable to those of antidepressants and psychotherapy. PA can also improve cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in people with MDD, although the impact on physical health outcomes was limited. There were no differences in adverse events versus control conditions. For MDD, larger effect sizes were seen when PA was delivered at moderate-vigorous intensity and supervised by an exercise specialist. For schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, evidence indicates that aerobic PA can reduce psychiatric symptoms, improves cognition and various subdomains, cardiorespiratory fitness, whilst evidence for the impact on anthropometric measures was inconsistent. There was a paucity of studies investigating PA in bipolar disorder, precluding any definitive recommendations. No cost effectiveness analyses in any SMI condition were identified. We make multiple recommendations to fill existing research gaps and increase the use of PA in routine clinical care aimed at improving psychiatric and medical outcomes.
‘Money Spinners’: R. Seifert & Partners, Sir Frank Price and Public-Sector Speculative Development in the 1970s
Authors: Harrison Ewan
Published: September 2018

This article examines an unexecuted example of the work of the prolific architectural practice R. Seifert & Partners designed for a site in central Birmingham in the 1970s. R. Seifert & Partners worked largely for developer clients, and this type of speculative architecture has been little studied by historians of the period. The particular example of the practice's work examined here reveals a complex network of architects, planning facilitators and client organisations that, crucially, spanned the public and private sectors.
Hawksmoor's Vision of Wray Wood, Castle Howard
Authors: Jeffery Sally
Published: September 2018

Despite an extensive literature on Castle Howard and its innovative landscape, few details have been known about the important naturalistic garden at Wray Wood. This article identifies four drawings attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor as designs for the wood's rockwork and watercourses. Although these features have long since disappeared, building records, letters and visitor accounts confirm their existence and show that Hawksmoor was also involved in the display of the sculpture and fountains, with subjects drawn from classical myths and legends. His later designs for the two temples on the east wall of the wood further illustrate his personal vision of the woodland garden and of the sources that inspired its mythological theme. This article draws together all the evidence relating to the wood and considers it in the context of innovative European garden design and its transfer to England in the first years of the eighteenth century. The wood has usually been attributed in more or less equal measure to Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh and their patron Lord Carlisle, but the evidence indicates that it was Hawksmoor who took the lead in carrying out Carlisle's wishes.
La compétence de la future Cour pénale africaine à l’égard des personnes morales: propositions en vue du renforcement de ce régime inédit
Authors: MANIRABONA AMISSI MELCHIADE
Published: September 2018

Cet article porte sur leProtocole portant amendements au protocole portant Statut de la Cour africaine de justice et des droits de l’homme. Il analyse les enjeux juridiques autour de la compétence à l’égard des entreprises de la future Section du droit international pénal au sein de cette Cour de justice. Après avoir souligné l’opportunité historique de cette initiative, l’auteur relève un certain nombre de problèmes qui se poseront nécessairement lorsque cette Cour commencera à fonctionner. Ces problèmes sont essentiellement liés au fait que le droit pénal s’est développé autour de la responsabilité pénale des personnes physiques. Afin de relever les défis imminents, il va falloir changer la façon d’appliquer plusieurs des règles que le droit pénal traditionnel prenait jusque-là pour acquis.
COMPACTIFICATIONS OF SUBSCHEMES OF INTEGRAL MODELS OF SHIMURA VARIETIES
Authors: LAN KAI-WEN , STROH BENOÎT
Published: September 2018

We study several kinds of subschemes of mixed characteristic models of Shimura varieties which admit good (partial) toroidal and minimal compactifications, with familiar boundary stratifications and formal local structures, as if they were Shimura varieties in characteristic zero. We also generalize Koecher’s principle and the relative vanishing of subcanonical extensions for coherent sheaves, and Pink’s and Morel’s formulas for étale sheaves, to the context of such subschemes.
Inertial drag on a sphere settling in a stratified fluid
Authors: Mehaddi R. , Candelier F. , Mehlig B.
Published: September 2018

We compute the drag force on a sphere settling slowly in a quiescent, linearly stratified fluid. Stratification can significantly enhance the drag experienced by the settling particle. The magnitude of this effect depends on whether fluid-density transport around the settling particle is due to diffusion, to advection by the disturbance flow caused by the particle or due to both. It therefore matters how efficiently the fluid disturbance is convected away from the particle by fluid-inertial terms. When these terms dominate, the Oseen drag force must be recovered. We compute by perturbation theory how the Oseen drag is modified by diffusion and stratification. Our results are in good agreement with recent direct numerical simulation studies of the problem.
Stability and collapse of holes in liquid layers
Authors: Lv Cunjing , Eigenbrod Michael , Hardt Steffen
Published: September 2018

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the stability and collapse of holes in liquid layers on bounded substrates with various wettabilities. It is shown that for a liquid layer with a thickness of the order of the capillary length, a stable hole exists when the hole diameter is bigger than a critical value $d_{c}$. Consequently, a further increase of the liquid volume causes the hole to collapse. It is found that$d_{c}$increases with the size of the container, but its dependence on the contact angle is very weak. The experimental results are compared with theory, and good agreement is obtained. Moreover, we present investigations of the dynamics of the hole and the evolution of the liquid film profile after the collapse. The diameter of the hole during collapse and the minimum thickness of the liquid film shortly after the collapse obey different power laws with time. Simple theoretical models are developed which indicate that the collapse of the hole is triggered by surface tension and the subsequent closure process results from inertia, whereas the growth of the liquid column after hole closure results from the balance between the capillary force and inertia. Corresponding scaling coefficients are determined.
FOUR IDENTITIES FOR THIRD ORDER MOCK THETA FUNCTIONS
Authors: ANDREWS GEORGE E. , BERNDT BRUCE C. , CHAN SONG HENG , KIM SUN , MALIK AMITA
Published: September 2018

In 2005, using a famous lemma of Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer (Some properties of partitions, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3)4(1954), 84–106), Yesilyurt (Four identities related to third order mock theta functions in Ramanujan’s lost notebook, Adv. Math. 190(2005), 278–299) proved four identities for third order mock theta functions found on pages 2 and 17 in Ramanujan’s lost notebook. The primary purpose of this paper is to offer new proofs in the spirit of what Ramanujan might have given in the hope that a better understanding of the identities might be gained. Third order mock theta functions are intimately connected with ranks of partitions. We prove new dissections for two rank generating functions, which are keys to our proof of the fourth, and the most difficult, of Ramanujan’s identities. In the last section of this paper, we establish new relations for ranks arising from our dissections of rank generating functions.
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE LAW OF PROPERTY ACT 1925: THE RETURN OF FRANKENSTEIN
Authors: Roche Juanita
Published: September 2018

This article considers how problems in legal historiography can lead to real legal problems, through a case-study of two recent judgments which appear to revolutionise the law on overreaching under section 2(1)(ii) of the Law of Property Act 1925. Their reasoning ignored plain wording in the Act, in a way foreshadowed by problems in the historiography of the 1925 property legislation; and the legislative history shows that the version of overreaching they promote, one with a clear political meaning, was rejected by Parliament. One of these decisions has now been reversed on appeal, but on reasoning so untenable as to invite further challenge; and now two Court of Appeal judgments on overreaching contradict, without even mentioning, two prior Court of Appeal decisions and a decision of the House of Lords. The court should reaffirm the law on overreaching, and academics should develop a new historiography.
A Province under Pressure: Climate Change Policy in Alberta
Authors: Boyd Brendan
Published: September 2018

Alberta is responsible for over a third of Canada's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Reducing the country's emissions requires policies and initiatives that reduce emissions in the province. Yet the study of provincial climate change policy in Canada has largely focused on lower-emitting provinces like British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario. This article argues that Alberta is best understood as a “reluctant actor” on climate change, whose policies are influenced by decisions and pressures from outside its borders. The literature on Canadian-American environmental policy making and international policy transfer are used to explore provincial GHG targets and carbon pricing policies. The article finds that Alberta's 2002 targets and Specified Gas Emitters Regulation were determined by economic competitiveness and leakage concerns, while the adoption of new GHG targets in 2008 and a carbon tax was the result of policy transfer through political bandwagoning and the desire for reputational benefits.
Association of riverine prawns and intermediate host snails and correlation with human schistosomiasis in two river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Diakité Nana R. , N'Zi Konan G. , Ouattara Mamadou , Coulibaly Jean T. , Saric Jasmina , Yao Patrick K. , Hattendorf Jan , Utzinger Jürg , N'Goran Eliézer K.
Published: September 2018

The current emphasis of schistosomiasis control is placed on preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel. However, reinfection may occur rapidly in the absence of complementary interventions. Recent studies from Senegal suggest that predatory prawns might feed on intermediate host snails and thus impact on schistosomiasis transmission. We designed a study with four repeated cross-sectional surveys pertaining to prawns and snails, coupled with a single cross-sectional parasitological survey among humans. We assessed for potential associations between the presence/density of prawns and snails and correlation withSchistosomainfection in a composite sample of school-aged children and adults. The study was carried out between October 2015 and December 2016 in 24 villages located near the Agnéby and Mé coastal river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire. At each site, snails and prawns were collected, and in each village, 150 individuals were subjected to stool and urine examination for the diagnosis ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobium. We found peaks of relative abundance of intermediate host snails in the villages of the Agnéby River system, while predatory prawns were predominantly recorded in the Mé River system. A negative association was observed between intermediate host snail densities and riverine prawns; however, no pattern was found between this trend in the predator–prey relationship and the prevalence of human schistosomiasis.
Prospects for the elimination of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: exploring disease trends through time at the Barombi crater lakes, South-West Cameroon
Authors: Tchuem Tchuenté L. A. , Ombede D. R. Eloundou , Noumedem C. Dongmo , Chuinteu G. N. Djomkam , Nono B. Fesuh , Lemegne A. C. Nguepkap , Membe U. Femoe , Gipwe N. Feussom , Kenfack C. M. , Ngang S. K. , Tchoumdop M. E. Ndonou , Cunningham L. J. , Stothard J. R.
Published: September 2018

In Cameroon, there is a national programme engaged in the control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. In certain locations, the programme is transitioning from morbidity control towards local interruption of parasite transmission. The volcanic crater lake villages of Barombi Mbo and Barombi Kotto are well-known transmission foci and are excellent context-specific locations to assess appropriate disease control interventions. Most recently they have served as exemplars of expanded access to deworming medications and increased environmental surveillance. In this paper, we review infection dynamics through time, beginning with data from 1953, and comment on the short- and long-term success of disease control. We show how intensification of local control is needed to push towards elimination and that further environmental surveillance, with targeted snail control, is needed to consolidate gains in preventive chemotherapy as well as empower local communities to take ownership of interventions.
Anselmian adversities
Authors: KVANVIG JONATHAN L.
Published: September 2018

Two competing metatheologies – approaches that propose a certain starting point for generating a proper account of the nature of God – are Perfect Being Theology (PBT), the approach to theology originating with Anselm in his efforts to find a way of demonstrating that such a perfect being exists, and Creator Theology (CT). This article argues that CT has significant advantages over PBT. The adversities that afflict PBT, to which CT is immune, are these: the first concerns parsimony in the ontology of divinity, and the second concerns the explanation of contingency itself. CT generates a simpler defence of monotheism and an account of contingency, whereas PBT struggles to defend monotheism and has no resources for generating an account of contingency, an account needed in order to defend the central claims of the ontological argument.
A NEW STOPPING PROBLEM AND THE CRITICAL EXERCISE PRICE FOR AMERICAN FRACTIONAL LOOKBACK OPTION IN A SPECIAL MIXED JUMP-DIFFUSION MODEL
Authors: Yang Zhaoqiang
Published: September 2018

A new stopping problem and the critical exercise price of American fractional lookback option are developed in the case where the stock price follows a special mixed jump diffusion fractional Brownian motion. By using Itô formula and Wick-Itô-Skorohod integral a new market pricing model is built, and the fundamental solutions of stochastic parabolic partial differential equations are deduced under the condition of Merton assumptions. With an optimal stopping problem and the exercise boundary, the explicit integral representation of early exercise premium and the critical exercise price are also derived. Numerical simulation illustrates the asymptotic behavior of this critical boundary.
TorsinA Is Functionally Associated with Spermatogenesis
Authors: Serrano Joana B. , Martins Filipa , Pereira Cátia D. , van Pelt Ans M. M. , da Cruz e Silva Odete A. B. , Rebelo Sandra
Published: September 2018

TorsinA is a member of the AAA+ superfamily of adenosine triphosphatases. These AAA+ proteins have numerous biological functions, including vesicle fusion, cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular trafficking, protein folding, and degradation as well as organelle biogenesis. Of particular interest is torsinA, which is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope (NE). Interestingly, mutations in theTOR1Agene (the gene encoding torsinA) are associated with DYT1 dystonia and with the preferential localization of mutated torsinA at the NE, where it is associated with lamina-associated polypeptide 1. A bioinformatics study of the torsinA interactome revealed reproductive processes to be highly relevant, as proteins in this class were found to interact with the former. Interestingly, the torsin protein family had never been previously described to be associated with the mammalian spermatogenic process. Histological staining of torsinA in human testis tissue revealed a granular cytoplasmic localization in mid- and late spermatocytes. We further sought to understand this newly discovered expression of torsinA in the meiotic phase of human spermatogenesis by studying its specific subcellular distribution. TorsinA is not present in the ER as commonly described. The proposal that torsinA might relocate to the pro-acrosomal vesicles in the Golgi apparatus is discussed.
‘Ein dürftiger Stoff’: Hermann and the Failure of German Liberation Opera (1815–1848)
Authors: van Kooten Kasper
Published: September 2018

This article traces the development of national opera on political-historical themes in Germany between 1815 and 1848 and attempts to explain why this genre ultimately did not succeed. The focus will lie on the warrior hero Arminius/Hermann, one of the most potent national symbols of the nineteenth century, who was indeed brought to the German opera stage, but could never conquer it. The period between 1815 and 1848 not only forms a crucial phase in the coming of age of German opera against the background of a burgeoning national conscience, but also presents a lacuna in the current literature on Arminius as an opera character. Two early nineteenth-century Arminius opera projects will be discussed: musical realizations of August von Kotzebue’s 1813 libretto Hermann und Thusnelde and French composer Hippolyte Chélard’s 1835 opera Die Hermannschlacht, based on a libretto by Carl Weichselbaumer. Questions of authorship, patronage, musical style and reception will be addressed. This article presents a history of an operatic ‘misfit’ that fills a hiatus in the study of German nineteenth-century opera and will add to our understanding of the peculiar relation between opera and German national thought during the first half of the century.
Profitability of abrasive weeding in organic grain and vegetable crops
Authors: Wortman Sam E. , Forcella Frank , Lambe David , Clay Sharon A. , Humburg Daniel
Published: September 2018

Weed competition, especially within the crop row, limits the productivity and profitability of organic crop production. Abrasive weeding, a mechanical alternative to hand weeding, uses air-propelled grits to control small weed seedlings growing within the crop row. Recent research has demonstrated the successful use of abrasive weeding to reduce weed competition and increase yields in organic maize (Zea mays), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and green and red pepper crops (Capsicum annuum), but the profitability of this weed control tactic has not been assessed. Our objective was to determine the profitability of abrasive weeding using empirical yield data from three previously published studies, a range of crop prices and revenues, and a range of costs for wages, grit applicator ownership, tractor use, abrasive grits, and fuel. Results suggest that abrasive weeding was not profitable in organic maize production, and may reduce net income by US$223–3537 ha−1 compared with inter-row cultivation alone for weed control. The cost of abrasive weeding in maize was largely dependent on the cost of abrasive grits and the cost to own a four-row grit applicator (US$736–2105 yr−1). However, abrasive weeding was less expensive than hand weeding, especially as the scale of production increased. Abrasive weeding was profitable in tomato and pepper crops and increased net mean income by US$12,251–33,265 ha−1. However, abrasive weeding was not 100% effective and hand weeding for weed-free conditions was always the most profitable approach to in-row weed management in vegetable crops. The profit potential of the hand-weeded, weed-free treatments demonstrates the importance of weed control in high-value specialty crops–even those grown in plastic mulch film. Despite the profit potential for hand weeding observed here, labor is increasingly difficult to source, retain and afford, and abrasive weeding offers a mechanical alternative with 66% less labor required. Further research is needed to improve the efficacy of abrasive weeding and to reduce the cost of abrasive grits and application.
Effect of thermal stress on antioxidant responses of the biocontrol agent Galerucella placida (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Das Swati , Malik Ujjwal , Barik Anandamay
Published: September 2018

Galerucella placidaBaly feeds on the rice-field weedPolygonum orientaleL. (Polygonaceae) in India and Bangladesh during autumn and winter seasons. The insect is widely available during the winter season when the temperature fluctuates between 9 and 24 °C. Hence, it is of considerable interest to study how the adults cope with the stress resulting due to temperature fluctuations. Consequently, we analysed the levels of H2O2, antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), pyrogallol peroxidases (PPX), ascorbate peroxidases (APOX) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST)] and malondialdehyde (MDA) at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 °C in adultG. placida. H2O2was highest at 24 °C followed by 9 °C and lowest at 18 and 21°C. CAT and SOD were highest at 9 °C followed by 24 °C, while POD was highest at 24 °C followed by 9 °C. CAT and POD were lowest at 18 and 21 °C, but SOD was the lowest at 21 °C. APOX were three-fold higher at 9 °C compared to 12 °C, which was the lowest at 18 and 21 °C, implying that APOX had strong detoxification function at 9 °C. GST was highest and lowest at 9 and 21 °C, respectively. MDA was highest at 9 °C and lowest at 18 and 21 °C, which did not differ significantly at 15 and 24 °C, suggesting that lower and higher temperature stress was accompanied by lipid peroxidation. This finding provides useful information for mass rearing ofG. placidafor predicting population dynamics and understanding the potential forG. placidaas biocontrol agent under varying environmental conditions.
Temperature-dependent development of Oenopia conglobata (Col.: Coccinellidae) fed on Aphis gossypii (Hem.: Aphididae)
Authors: Jalali Mohammad Amin , Sakaki Samane , Ziaaddini Mahdi , Daane Kent M.
Published: September 2018

Ladybeetles are known beneficial insects, with a long history in augmentative and classical biological control. The ladybeetle Oenopia conglobata (L.) is a natural enemy of many herbivores, particularly aphids. The temperature-dependent development of O. conglobata was studied at six constant temperatures (22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35 °C) to understand its development rate and environmental constraints better. Linear and nonlinear (Lactin) models were fitted to the data. In the thermal range from 22.5 to 32.5 °C, the rate of development increased for all stages; 35 °C was lethal for all stages and no eggs hatched. The Tb and K values for the biological cycle (egg–adult) were 8.84 °C and 263.15 DD, respectively. Depending on the model, tmin values for the total development time of the coccinellid ranged from 8.45 to 8.82 °C. The nonlinear model of Lactin estimated the optimum and upper temperature thresholds for the total development time of the ladybeetle to be 33.2 and 35.0 °C, respectively. High R2 values and low residual sum of squares values revealed a good fit to the experimental data for total development and different developmental stages of O. conglobata. The results may contribute to the improvement of practical methods for mass rearing of O. conglobata.
Investigations of the Potential Interactions Between Pre-emergence Residual Herbicides, Variety, and Seed Treatments in Soybean
Authors: Barlow Blake R. , Shergill Lovreet S. , Bish Mandy D. , Bradley Kevin W.
Published: September 2018

Field experiments were performed in 2016 and 2017 in Missouri to determine whether interactions exist between PRE herbicides and seed treatments in soybean. The experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements of varieties, seed treatments, and herbicides. We selected two genetically similar varieties of soybean, one with known tolerance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides and one with known sensitivity. Each variety of seed received three separate seed treatment mixtures (STMs): (1) STM1, imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusBacillus subtilis+B. pumilis, (2) STM2,Pasteuria nishizawaeplus thiamethoxam plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis, and (3) STM3, fluopyram plus imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis. Chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+metribuzin, and chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone were applied PRE to each variety and seed treatment combination at 1× and 2× the labeled use rate. Chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone treatment at the 2× rate resulted in greater injury of 8% and 14% to the sensitive variety than the tolerant in 2016 and 2017, respectively; this was the highest injury observed from any herbicide treatment in either year. In 2017, chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone resulted in the greatest height reductions in both varieties, but this reduction was more evident in the sensitive (19%) than in the tolerant (6%) variety. Overall, yield differences between the two varieties were not consistent between years, and for both varieties, the sulfentrazone-containing treatments resulted in the highest yield losses. The results of this research indicate that there is a larger interaction between herbicides and varieties than there is between herbicides and seed treatments, or seed treatments and varieties.
Determining Seasonal Emergence and Control Programs for Henbit (Lamium amplexicauleL.)
Authors: Woolam Brandi C. , Stephenson Daniel O. , Blouin David C.
Published: September 2018

Henbit is a winter annual weed that is not effectively controlled by spring-applied herbicide applications. Research was conducted to determine henbit’s emergence pattern and whether fall-applied residual herbicides would be effective for henbit control in the spring. Henbit emerges in Louisiana from late October through March, but emergence predominantly occurs in the last week of October through the first week of December. Applying paraquat plus flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen, or rimsulfuron:thifensulfuron November 1 through December 15 provided better than 90% henbit control in March. Applying paraquat plusS-metolachlor on November 15 or December 1 provided 92% henbit control, which was similar to flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen, and rimsulfuron:thifensulfuron. The addition of flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen, or rimsulfuron:thifensulfuron to paraquat reduced the height of henbit plants by 4% to 22% of nontreated plants when applied November 1 through December 15. These studies indicate that crop producers can achieve control of henbit in March following November 1 through December 15 applications of paraquat plus flumioxazin or rimsulfuron:thifensulfuron; however, paraquat plus oxyfluorfen can be applied October 15 through December 15 to achieve similar control.
Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Workplace Incivility Scale and the Instigated Workplace Incivility Scale
Authors: Jiménez Paul , Bregenzer Anita , Leiter Michael , Magley Vicki
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The quality of workplace social environments has been widely recognized as having an important role in employees’ experience of their workplace, which is confirmed by recent research. The greater frequency of incivility, in contrast to the more intense forms of negative workplace interactions, expands opportunities for understanding the social dynamics of workplaces. Important aspects of this research are potential cultural variations in workplace social behavior. Valid translations of measures for the core constructs are part of the essential infrastructure to support such research endeavors. To assess uncivil behavior at the workplace, we prepared a German translation of the Workplace Incivility Scale and the Instigated Workplace Incivility Scale. Our analysis of the responses from 2,168 Austrian workers indicated that the translation of both scales into German was successful, and that the concept of incivility can indeed be transferred to the German-speaking population. The factor solution was comparable to the original version of the scales. Criterion validity coefficients lay in a similar range as the coefficients found in previous studies with Canadian samples. The availability of the scales should stimulate research on incivility among the German-speaking population and can help in organization-diagnostic processes.
Do Writing Directions Influence How People Map Space onto Time?
Authors: Yang Wenxing , Sun Ying
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The causal role of a unidirectional orthography in shaping speakers’ mental representations of time seems to be well established by many psychological experiments. However, the question of whether bidirectional writing systems in some languages can also produce such an impact on temporal cognition remains unresolved. To address this issue, the present study focused on Japanese and Taiwanese, both of which have a similar mix of texts written horizontally from left to right (HLR) and vertically from top to bottom (VTB). Two experiments were performed which recruited Japanese and Taiwanese speakers as participants. Experiment 1 used an explicit temporal arrangement design, and Experiment 2 measured implicit space-time associations in participants along the horizontal (left/right) and the vertical (up/down) axis. Converging evidence gathered from the two experiments demonstrate that neither Japanese speakers nor Taiwanese speakers aligned their vertical representations of time with the VTB writing orientation. Along the horizontal axis, only Japanese speakers encoded elapsing time into a left-to-right linear layout, which was commensurate with the HLR writing direction. Therefore, two distinct writing orientations of a language could not bring about two coexisting mental time lines. Possible theoretical implications underlying the findings are discussed.
ESCAlate – Ein adaptiver Behandlungsansatz für Jugendliche und Erwachsene mit ADHS
Authors: Zinnow Toivo , Banaschewski Tobias , Fallgatter Andreas J. , Jenkner Carolin , Millenet Sabina , Philipsen Alexandra , Retz Wolfgang , Sobanski Esther , Thome Johannes , Rösler Michael
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. In der Behandlung der adulten ADHS haben sich sowohl pharmakologische Interventionen als auch psychosoziale Behandlungen als wirksam erwiesen. In der täglichen klinischen Routine wird die Behandlung jedoch weniger von den Ergebnissen klinischer Studien als von Behandlungsrichtlinien und Anforderungen nationaler Institutionen (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) beeinflusst. Der Hauptaspekt dieser Vorschriften ist die Anforderung, dass ein stufenweiser Behandlungsansatz, beginnend mit niederschwelligen Interventionen, am sinnvollsten für die Behandlung bei adulten ADHS-Patienten ist. Leider gibt es bis heute fast ausschließlich klinische Studien, welche die Auswirkungen einzelner Therapiestrategien erforschen. Das gestufte Versorgungsmodell scheint noch nicht ausreichend validiert. Genau hier möchte die im Folgenden beschriebene ESCAlate-Studie ansetzen. Bei ESCAlate handelt es sich um eine randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie. Es sollen 279 Patienten im Alter zwischen 16.00 und 45.11 Jahren in das Behandlungsprogramm, welches sich in mehrere Abschnitte gliedert, aufgenommen werden. In einem ersten Behandlungsabschnitt werden die Patienten nach dem Zufallsverfahren in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Psychoedukation im Einzelsetting (PE), Telefonassistierte Selbsthilfe (TASH) oder Wartekontrollgruppe. Alle Patienten der Wartegruppe erhalten nach dreimonatiger Wartezeit eine Behandlung mit TASH. Im zweiten Behandlungsabschnitt werden die Patienten entsprechend der Schwere ihrer persistierenden Symptome in die drei Gruppen Full-Responder, Partial-Responder und Non-Responder eingeteilt. Patienten, welche als Full-Responder eingestuft wurden erhalten ein verhaltenstherapeutisch orientiertes Coaching. Partial-Responder erhalten ebenfalls dieses Coaching, wobei in dieser Gruppe der Zufall entscheidet, ob die Patienten zusätzlich ein Neurofeedbacktraining (NF) erhalten. Non-Responder erhalten eine pharmakologische Behandlung mit Methylphenidat. Hier entscheidet ebenfalls der Zufall, ob die Patienten zusätzlich ein Neurofeedbacktraining erhalten. ESCAlate zeichnet sich durch eine relativ naturalistische Stichprobenzusammensetzung aus, da auf hochspezifische Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien verzichtet wurde, um eine Patientenstichprobe zu erhalten, die die Patienten der alltäglichen klinischen Routine in den Praxen widerspiegelt. Die Wirksamkeit einer evidenzbasierten Intervention mit gestufter Behandlung wird durch primäre (Verringerung des Schweregrads der ADHS-Symptome) und sekundäre Ergebnisse (funktionelle Ergebnisse; z.B. Lebensqualität, Ärger-Management, Steigerung des psychosozialen Wohlbefindens) untersucht. Prädiktoren für therapeutisches Ansprechen bzw. Nicht-Ansprechen werden bei jedem Schritt der Intervention evaluiert. Darüber hinaus können eventuelle geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede untersucht werden.
Herausforderungen beim Berufseinstieg in die Pflegepädagogik – und	Wege ihrer Bewältigung
Authors: Reiber Karin
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Wenn Pflegepädagoginnen und Pflegepädagogen in die Lehrtätigkeit an einer Pflegeschule einsteigen, müssen sie oft neue Aufgaben im Rahmen von Ausbildung, Unterricht und Schulorganisation wahrnehmen und meistern. Anhand eigener Forschungsergebnisse und mit Bezug zu Befunden aus der allgemeinen Lehrer / innen-Bildung werden in diesem Artikel die typischen Entwicklungsaufgaben der Berufseinmündung näher beleuchtet. Daraus werden Hinweise für die Gestaltung dieser für die pflegepädagogische Professionalität wichtigen Phase abgeleitet.
Diagnosen im Unterricht
Authors: Karst Karina
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Diagnosen gehören ebenso in den unterrichtlichen Alltag einer Lehrkraft wie zum beruflichen Alltag eines Arztes oder einer Pflegefachkraft. Dabei sind unterrichtliche Diagnosen aber von Diagnosen im medizinischen Bereich zu unterscheiden. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, das Konstrukt der diagnostischen Kompetenz für Lehrende im Gesundheitswesen verständlich zu machen. Aktuelle Forschungsbefunde verdeutlichen zudem die Relevanz diagnostischer Kompetenz für den Lernerfolg der Schüler / innen.
Wissen ≠ Wissen
Authors: Helm Christoph , Holtsch Doreen , Mayr Roswitha
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung. Über welches Wissen Lehrende für die optimale Unterstützung von Lernprozessen verfügen müssen, sodass sich ihre Ausbildungsbemühungen direkt in der Versorgung der Patientinnen und ­Patienten niederschlagen können, beschäftigt die Praxis mehr und mehr. Im vorliegenden Beitrag diskutieren wir die pädagogisch-psychologische Facette dieses Wissens.
Ionospheric Scintillation Observation Using Space‐Borne Synthetic Aperture Radar Data
Authors: Mohanty S. , Singh G. , Carrano C. S. , Sripathi S.
Published: September 2018

Networks of ground‐based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers have been widely used to monitor scintillation caused by irregularities in the disturbed ionosphere. Due to the relative sparseness of such networks, however, scintillation measurements are lacking in many regions of the globe, and even in well‐instrumented geographic areas, the spacing between receivers is often too large to study the systematic spatial changes in scintillation characteristics, for example, across the equatorial anomaly region. This paper discusses the potential of studying ionospheric scintillations using low‐frequency synthetic aperture radar (SAR). It compares standard metrics of scintillation including the amplitude scintillation index S4 and vertically integrated strength of turbulence CkL, from GNSS and SAR, on two different dates with varying ionospheric conditions. For this study, polarimetric L‐band SAR images acquired from the Phased Array‐type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar sensor onboard the Advanced Land Observational Satellite‐2 have been used. A number of GNSS satellites also observed the particular scintillation event that was encountered by SAR on the night of 23 March 2015 over the southern and mid‐central India. The S4 index derived from SAR are computed using previously published techniques in terms of radar backscatter (σ°) enhancement and the image contrast. The results show a favorable correlation with the GNSS observations. Along with accurate information about satellite geometry and operating frequency, few spectral properties of ionospheric irregularities, such as spectral index, anisotropy, and outer scale, have been assumed from historically available low‐latitude scintillation observations to calculate the turbulence strength parameter. The results are well corroborated by measurements from four GNSS stations in India, thus demonstrating the utility of the SAR measurements in augmenting and complementing the ionospheric scintillation diagnostics available from GNSS.