bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PICC lines: A new dimension in home health care
Authors: Silvestri Antonette , Masoorli Sue
Published: March 2007

This article gives a history of the techniques used for IV therapy, up to the most current—peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). This procedure was first developed for the neonate. The advantages of its use are making it a fast-growing alternative to the more traditional procedures, as PICCs provide optimal patient comfort. The authors stress the need for education and certification to perform this procedure. Discussion of a procedure that can be adapted for use by an agency is included along with suggestions for policies and procedures.
Alzheimer's disease: Definition and therapy options
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

The author provides a concise picture of the history of the disease since its description in 1907 and the continued difficulty in diagnosing the disease process before the patient's death. Current pharmacological treatment efforts to treat the disease are dis cussed, with a focus on the treatment of the various episodic symptoms demonstrated by the Alzheimer's patient, including anxiety, depression, agitation, and insomnia. "Despite the progress that has been made in the past decade in understanding the pa thology of Alzheimer's disease, there is still much to learn .... There are no clear an swers."
The Alzheimer's patient and treatment options after Cruzan
Authors: Brent Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

The patient with Alzheimer's Disease can, and must, be treated in a caring and humane manner throughout the entire course of the disease. The right to choose is one which may be questioned if the patient's cognitive ability is impaired. What are our rights and responsibilities as caregivers, families and possibly as patients? This article explains the law as it was in the past and as it is now.
Management of pretem labor with continuous subcutaneous home terbutaline therapy
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

Prematurity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. This article de scribes the use ofterbutaline via continuous subcutaneous infusion in the home setting to prevent premature birth. This treatment gives more control to the patient and fosters self- monitoring. The home health care nurse teaches and monitors on a regular basis and is the support necessary for effective and successful therapy.
Making the transition to a greater state of normalcy in the care of the medically fragile child
Authors: Schuler Loronda L.
Published: March 2007

Dealing with the transitian from home health care to the mainstream is an event that is difficult and often painful for all involved. The pediatric patient along with all the many involved variables such as parents who are involved at various levels of intensity and the child's developmental needs all make the transition even more of a challenge. This article summarizes three cases pointing out major issues to be addressed to help facilitate a smoother transition.
Personal and impersonal values in bioethical decision making
Authors: Husted James H. , Husted Gladys L.
Published: March 2007

A distinction is drawn between values that motivate individual action and values that arise in an interpersonal context from the making of an agreement in which two arguments are made. It is argued that since every individual is motivated by different values, the first type of value cannot serve as the basis for harmonious interaction. Whereas, if the second type of value does not serve as the basis of interaction there is no basis for agreement, therefore, no basis for harmonious interaction.
Accidental Chemical Releases and Local Emergency Response: Analysis Using the Acute Hazardous Events Data Base
Authors: Cummings-Saxton James , Ratick Samuel J. , Talcott Frederick W. , Dougherty Charlotte P. , Vliet Amy Vander , Barad Amy J. , Crook Anne E.
Published: March 2007

An Acute Hazardous Events Data Base (AHE/DB) has been developed that codifies the characteristics of over 11,000 accidental releases of toxic chemicals in the United States, primarily from 1980 to 1986. Initially developed as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's response to the 1984 toxic chemical release in Bhopal, India, the AHE/DB has been adapted into a tool for use in Community-Right-to-Know (CRTK) applications. Analysis using the AHE/DB for such purposes has indicated that: (1) releases of highly toxic chemicals do appear to lead to more serious consequences, thereby supporting the current CRTK approach of grouping chemicals according to their toxicity properties; and (2) fires or explosions have been significant contributing fac tors in most of the serious accidents in the United States and abroad (the chemical accidents at Bhopal and Seveso represent significant exceptions to this general rule). The latter finding indicates that the role of fires and explo sions, as well as that of toxicity, requires emphasis in the local emergency-plan ning process.
Injury and ill-health in the chemical industry: decentring the accident-prone victim
Authors: Tombs Steve
Published: March 2007

In this article, I consider at length the ideology of accident proneness, which is most fundamentally based upon the claim that the majority of industrial acci dents are caused through operator error. Once the concept has been defined and its origins noted, the main body of the paper is devoted to outlining its practical effects, as the consequences of its predominance in terms of attitudes and practices concerning health and safety for employers and workers are con sidered. It is shown how this ideology is used variously, loosely, but function ally ; in particular, its predominance prevents serious consideration of meas ures which might have lasting effects in terms of improved accident prevention. Finally, the practical means and consequences of its transcendence in the man agement of safety and health in the chemical industry are considered.
Microcomputer usage in disaster preparedness and response
Authors: Drabek Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Microcomputers are being implemented in state and local emergency manage ment agencies. This paper summarizes field data gathered in five states (Flor ida, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Virginia), and sixteen local jurisdictions within them, regarding the patterns of implementation for disas ter preparedness. Major implementation barriers, changes in use patterns, and organizational impacts are discussed. Primary uses during several actual dis aster responses are described as well as important uses and adaptations made after the disaster response.
A critical theoretic look at technical risk analysis
Authors: Webler Thomas , Rakel Horst , Ross Robert J. S.
Published: March 2007

Technical risk analysis accomplishes the activities of risk identification, risk assessment and risk management by the use of scientific rationality. As an ac tivity of the political state, it also plays a role in managing the state's legitimacy problems. Critical theory can locate these two aspects of technical risk analysis in the context of a social theory as well as provide normative guidance for cor recting the deficiencies inherently associated with them. In particular, Haber mas's concepts of communicative rationality and the ideal speech situation have immediate ramifications of risk communication.
In the eyes of the beholder: technological and naturalistic interpretations of a disaster
Authors: Blocker T. Jean , Sherkat Darren E.
Published: March 2007

An assumption shared by most literature on calamities is that blame assigna tion occurs in technological but not natural disaster situations. In this study of a major urban flood, 65% of the sample assigned responsibility for the disaster to human agents and technological failures. Those who attributed economic and psychological losses to human agency believed that natural disasters are controllable and that it is the responsibility of government to control nature through the use of technology and regulation. If natural disasters are increas ingly being interpreted in technological terms, collective responses are likely to call for technological means to assess and minimize risks.
Storming and catastrophic system failures
Authors: Radell Willard W.
Published: March 2007

Storming is an acceleration in activity at the end of a planning period that is a response to an arbitrary, time-dependent incentive system. Although storming is seldom explicitly blamed for causing a disaster, it is often the tragic catalyst that allows system failure to develop to catastrophic scale. The Wilberg mine fire, the Challenger disaster, the rush to get Three Mile Island Unit 2 on-line before the end of 1978, and typical operation of pre- perestroika Soviet factories are offered as cases in which storming progressed beyond optimal levels. By learning to recognize excessive storming, managers can more effectively select realistic and optimal production rates.
Risk Communication and Transport of Dangerous Goods: Extending Experiences from Industrial Installations in The European Community
Authors: De Marchi Bruna , Haastrup Palle
Published: March 2007

A European Economic Community directive, commonly known as the "Seveso Directive," regulates industrial production and storage where dan gerous substances are present in quantities above a given threshold. Among other requirements, it prescribes that information be provided to persons liable to be affected by a major accident. To the contrary, there is no regulato ry framework similar to the Seveso Directive concerning the transport of dangerous goods, and consequently no risk communication provisions are in force. Such divergence in regulating the risk connected with dangerous sub stances constitutes the basis for the paper. First the paper outlines the EC legislation for industrial installations, then it examines the different trans port modes for dangerous goods. Subsequently, taking into consideration the different organizational settings and target populations, it discusses the pos sibility of establishing risk communication requirements and procedures for the transportation of dangerous goods, similar to those required for chemical installations.
Visual selective attention versus sustained attention in boys with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: DeShazo Barry T. , Klinger L. Grofer , Lyman R.D. , Bush D. , Hawkins L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined selective attention and sustained attention in children with ADHD. Performance of 10-year-old boys on a visual cueing task was examined as a measure of selective attention. A subset of the original participants returned for a second study, during which they completed the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) as a measure of sustained attention. The results of this investigation suggest a dissociation between selective and sustained attention abilities in children with ADHD. Specifically, children with ADHD were able to perform as well as non-ADHD children on the selective attention task, while their performance on the sustained attention task indicated an impairment. These findings have important implications for designing academic interventions for children with ADHD. Additionally, these findings regarding the cognitive deficits associated with ADHD may be useful in guiding research investigating possible neuroanatomical dysfunction in ADHD.
WISC-III third factor indexes learning problems but not Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Krane Erica , Tannock Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Objective: to examine the clinical utility of the WISC-III third factor—"Freedom From Distractibility" (FFD)-in the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and the contribution of behavioral, academic, and language variables to the factor.

Method: 275 children, referred for attention, behavior, and learning difficulties, and 26 normal comparison children completed the WISC-III, subtests from the Wide Range Achievement Test-3, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised, and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals. Parents and teachers completed DSM-IV-based rating scales. Results from the study showed that a child's FFD score was not a valid diagnostic indicator of either ADHD or subtype of ADHD. FFD scores were associated primarily with arithmetic and receptive language scores, implicating verbal working memory.

Conclusion: Low FFD scores may signal learning problems, particularly with arithmetic, language, and working memory that may contribute to poor academic performance.
Validity of the Brown ADD Scales: An investigation in a predominantly inattentive ADHD adolescent sample with and without reading disabilities
Authors: Rucklidge J.J. , Tannock R. , Rucklidge Julia , Tannock Rosemary
Published: March 2007

The Brown ADD Scale for Adolescents is widely used in clinical settings, yet, no published studies have investigated divergent and concurrent validity and specificity and sensitivity to inattentive ADHD symptomatology. Ninety-eight participants (13 to 16 years) were classified as ADHD/I and/or reading disabled (RD) using Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), Conners' Rating Scales (CRS-R), and Ontario Child Health Study Scales (OCHSS), WRAT3, and WRMT-R.

The results were: 29 ADHD/I; 12 RD, 16 ADHD/I with RD; and, 41 controls. The RD group was included to evaluate specificity. The Brown was administered but not used in classification. The ADHD groups scored higher on the Brown subscales compared with the other two groups. The recommended cutoffs resulted in high rates of false negatives but few false positives; this suggests good specificity but poor sensitivity. There were moderate correlations among the Brown, CRS-R, and OCHSS. The Brown can be useful in screening out ADHD; however, its low sensitivity precludes its usefulness in diagnosing ADHD.
Inhibitory Control in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Murphy P.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been found to be deficient in inhibitory control. The purpose of this study was to determine if adults with ADHD are also deficient in this domain.

Methods: The performance of 18 adults with ADHD and 18 normal controls was compared on the Stop Signal Paradigm, which is a test of inhibitory control.

Results: The adults with ADHD performed more poorly on the Stop Signal Paradigm than did the normal controls. The ADHD subjects exhibited a longer latency to respond to the stop signal than did the control subjects.

conclusions: The individuals with ADHD tested in this study showed an inhibitory control deficit. The results suggest that a deficit in inhibitory control is central to ADHD.
The Regulation of Hazards and Hazardous Behaviors
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: March 2007

Risks to individuals engaged in "high risk" behaviors may be present because of the individual's own actions, as in the case of smoking. Alter natively, the risks may be present either because of factors in the envi ronment such as carcinogens, or because of the causal actions ofothers, such as pollution by industries. Traditionally, justifications for policies that would control hazards and restrict hazardous behaviors have been based on paternalistic principles or on a theory of social justice. Argu ments for both are criticized and rejected in favor of a third alternative rooted in utilitarian moral theory. It is argued that: (I) paternalism leads to unacceptable consequences because it would allow too much limita tion of individual liberty by policy makers; (2) justice-based arguments are too abstract for public policy problems and often rest on questiona ble empirical assumptions; and (3) utilitarian suggestions about the use of cost-benefit analysis for the resolution of these health policy prob lems are more promising than available alternatives, because they pro vide a solid moral basis for allocating scarce resources and for controlling hazardous behaviors.
Algorithm Design for Large-Scale Computations
Authors: Sullivan Francis , Dongarra Jack
Published: March 2007

Success in large-scale scientific compu tations often depends on algorithm design. Even the fastest machine may prove to be inadequate if insufficient attention is paid to the way in which the computation is organized. We have used several problems from computational physics to illustrate the importance of good algorithms, and we offer some very general principles for designing algorithms. Two subthemes are, first, the strong connection between the algorithm and the architecture of the target machine; and second, the impor tance of non-numerical methods in scien tific computations.
Parallel Programming With Recurrent Equations
Authors: Szymanski Boleslaw K. , Mueller-Wichards Dieter
Published: March 2007

In the assertive programming paradigm, computations are specified as sets of as sertions about properties of the solution, and not as a sequence of procedural steps. Procedures are automatically gen erated from the assertive description. As sertive programming for scientific parallel processing is supported by equational languages in which assertions are ex pressed as algebraic equations. Such lan guages are naturally suited to mathemat ical modeling. They also prove effective for describing general computational tasks. Programs written in equational languages are concise, free from implementation de tails, and amenable to verification and parallel processing. This paper advocates the use of equational languages for pro gramming large-scale computations on parallel machines. The example of the MODEL equational language demonstrates that powerful parallel software develop ment tools can be built in an equational programming environment. The example specification of an econometric model of the six countries in the Pacific Basin il- Iustrates a coordinated use of these tools in program development
Efficiency of the Cyber 205 for Stochastic Simulations of a Simultaneous, Nonlinear, Dynamic Econometric Model
Authors: Ando Albert , Beaumont Paul , Ando Matthew , Sims Christopher A.
Published: March 2007

A code for carrying out stochastic simulations of the MPS econometric model, a simultaneous, nonlinear, dynamic system of equations involving approximately 600 variables, was adapted to run on the CYBER 205 vector processor. The effi ciency gained relative to performance on an IBM 3081-GX was significant: the CPU time re quired for a given simulation was reduced by a factor of 10 to 12. However, this is considerably smaller than the theoretical gain expected from the manufacturer's ratings. The basic causes of this smaller gain are the fairly small real memory of the CYBER 205 and the inefficiency of the CYBER 205 vector processor in performing ele mentary function look-up. The primitive nature of the operating system and some aspects of the FORTRAN compiler on the CYBER 205 required more reprogramming of our large code than such a conversion should demand. However, potential gains from such a conversion will be great once the deficiencies described above are eliminated.
Impact of Hierarchical Memory Systems On Linear Algebra Algorithm Design
Authors: Gallivan Kyle , Jalby William , Meier Ulrike , Sameh Ahmed H.
Published: March 2007

Linear algebra algorithms based on the BLAS or ex tended BLAS do not achieve high performance on mul tivector processors with a hierarchical memory system because of a lack of data locality. For such machines, block linear algebra algorithms must be implemented in terms of matrix-matrix primitives (BLAS3). Designing ef ficient linear algebra algorithms for these architectures requires analysis of the behavior of the matrix-matrix primitives and the resulting block algorithms as a func tion of certain system parameters. The analysis must identify the limits of performance improvement possible via blocking and any contradictory trends that require trade-off consideration. We propose a methodology that facilitates such an analysis and use it to analyze the per formance of the BLAS3 primitives used in block methods. A similar analysis of the block size-perfor mance relationship is also performed at the algorithm level for block versions of the LU decomposition and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedures.
Large-Scale Unconstrained Optimization On the Fps 164 and Cray X-MP Vector Processors
Authors: Lescrenier M. , Tointt Ph. L.
Published: March 2007

Among methods for large-scale unconstrained optimiza tion, partitioned quasi-Newton methods seem fairly suit able for vector computing. This paper reports on efforts to adapt a method of this type to vector processors. The conclusion is that a satisfying improvement in perfor mance can be obtained, especially when the inner loops deal with the elements of the objective function. Perfor mances on FPS 164 and CRAY X-MP machines are compared.
Multiprocessor Schemes for Solving Block Tridiagonal Linear Systems
Authors: Berry Michael W. , Sameh Ahmed
Published: March 2007

The solution of large, banded diagonally dominant or symmetric positive definite linear systems constitutes one of the most common computational tasks asso ciated with implementations of the finite element method in applications such as fluid dynamics and structural analysis. Thus, designing multiprocessor algorithms for solving large block tridiagonal systems becomes of paramount importance for efficient imple mentation of these applications on vector and parallel machines. We present such schemes here, along with specific performance results on the Alliant FX/8 and CRAY X-MP/48. We particularly emphasize the speedups obtained with these schemes over popular direct band solvers. The development of a candidate scheme for the multicluster CEDAR machine is our goal.
Solving Tridiagonal Linear Systems On the Butterfly Parallel Computer
Authors: Kumar Swarn P.
Published: March 2007

A parallel block partitioning method to solve a tri diagonal system of linear equations is adapted to the BBN Butterfly multiprocessor. A performance analysis of the programming experiments on the 32-node Butterfly is presented. An upper bound on the number of pro cessors to achieve the best performance with this method is derived. The computational results verify the theoretical speedup and efficiency results of the parallel algorithm over its serial counterpart. Also included is a study comparing performance runs of the same code on the Butterfly processor with a hardware floating point unit and on one with a software floating point facility. The total parallel time of the given code is considerably reduced by making use of the hardware floating point facility whereas the speedup and efficiency of the par allel program considerably improve on the system with software floating point capability. The achieved results are shown to be within 82% to 90% of the predicted performance.
Simulation of Automobile Side Member Collapse for Crash Energy Management
Authors: Hagiwara Ichiro , Tsuda Masaaki , Sato Yoshihiro , Kitagawa Yuichi
Published: March 2007

Vehicle collision characteristics are among the most im portant performance parameters to be examined at the design stage. These characteristics are greatly affected by the collapse mode of the box columns making up the side members of the vehicle body. An accordion-type collapse mode in which the columns do not bend but collapse in sequence is ideal. Beads or reinforcements are often used to produce this kind of mode; however, the work done on them to date has been mainly experi mental, owing to an absence of adequate analytical methods such as the finite element method. In this study, we have developed a new analytical method for providing beading on side members along the buckling mode using finite element analysis calculations.
Educator - Industry Perceptions of Subject-Area Importance in Hospitality Programs
Authors: Pavesic David V.
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1982, the Department of Hotel and Restaurant Administration at Florida State University initiated a curriculum review to determine the strengths and weaknesses of its cur rent curriculum. Part of the study examined existing programs throughout the country. The twenty-five programs surveyed were selected because of their reputations and history of suc cess. A comparative analysis was performed on the surveys returned.

In order to strengthen the data base, input was also obtained from sources outside academe, particularly the employers of graduates and recent graduates themselves. The three categories of respondents were asked to indicate their perceptions of the importance of thirty-three selected subject areas in hospitality education. Educators were asked to also indicate their perceptions of the importance of selected criteria identified in the literature as being com ponents of program and faculty quality in higher education.

The paper summarizes the findings and examines the results from the three perspectives. Although the study is limited in its sample size and is primarily descriptive vis a vis analytical, certain implications can be drawn from the findings that are of value to hospitality educators engaged in curriculum review.
Paying Attention : a Study of Attentional and Interpersonal Styles of Hotel and Restaurant Administration Students
Authors: Whitney David L. , Pratt Robin W.
Published: March 2007

Perception is selective due to the limited ability of humans to process information. Choices must be made whether to attend with a broad or narrow focus, and to focus externally or on internal thoughts. These choices determine performance in a variety of settings.

Sixty-one hotel and restaurant administration students took a self-report inventory measuring attentional and interpersonal style. Results indicate that they read and react to the environment better, court a busier world, present a more outgoing style, and take a more competitive approach to matters than other university students. They also differed from business and sales executives in a number of areas. These differences are discussed relative to instructor/curriculum presentations, industry recruiting, and career potential for HRA graduates.Key Words:
The 1987-88 Academic Characteristics and Faculty Compensation in U.S. Hospitality Management Programs
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Milman Ady
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire returned from a sample of 365 hospitality educators in two and four-year american institutions was used in order to identify the academic structure of their units and the compensation and working conditions of their faculty. Key words : Salary, Compensation, Faculty working conditions.
The Hospitality Educator: A Communique from the Trenches
Authors: Lefever Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This section is intended to accommodate short viewpoints related to hospitality education and research, rejoinders, commentaries, and rebuttals on the contents of H.E.R. Manuscripts in this section are not refereed. However, the Editor reserves the right to evaluate materials for their applicability and usefulness. All manuscripts must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Jounal style and not exceed 3, 000 words.
Computer Applications in Foodservice Management Education in Four-Year Hospitality Management Programs
Authors: Miller Judy L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which computers are being utilized as a tool in teaching foodservice management concepts in four-year undergraduate hospitality programs. A questionnaire was administered to 78 four- year programs with membership in the Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institu tional Education, with a response rate of 58% (N=45). Concepts most often taught with computer-assistance were budgeting, accounting, menu and recipe analysis, and inventory control. Hospitality educators reported a need for increased utilization of the computer in teaching foodservice management concepts (98%), but indicated a strong need for additional training in the use of the computer as an instructional tool (96%).
Mandatory Fast Food Labeling: Support By Twelfth Graders
Authors: Kapoor Sandra
Published: March 2007

Both operators and customers may benefit when fast food places voluntarily provide ingredient and nutrition information about their products. These were the findings when 560 twelfth graders completed a fast food questionnaire. The twelfth graders indicated they are in favorof mandatory fast food ingredient labeling, yet few were able to understand ingredient information presented in the form proposed in the current legislation and the form required on other packaged foods. They said they would be most likely to use the fast food product information about ingredients, calories, fat and cholesterol and their preferred method of receiving it was on fast food product containers.
Methods of Educating Cashiers in a Restaurant Teaching Laboratory
Authors: Paulson Don M. , Baltzer Lynne E. , Cole Renae S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of three instruc tional methods: on-the-job training (OJT), programmed self-instruction (PSI), or simulation for training student restaurant and foodservice cashiers. Cognitive and psychomotor evaluations were used to determine effectiveness of instruction. Learning Style Inventory (LSI), Computer Anxiety Index (CAIN), and demographic analyses were also compared to investigate the relationship of these characteristics, to achievement, and instructional method. The research population consisted of 147 bachelor degree students enrolled in Quantity Food Production Management Experience, at Iowa State University, Ames, lowa. The study indicates the simulation method was the most favorable of these methods in cognitive and psychomotor achievement and improvement in computer anxiety. If given a choice, one method could not be recommended as completely superior to the other. It was recommended that the combination of OJT, PSI, and simulation methods would maximize the effectiveness of the instruction.
Measuring the Effectiveness of an Ai/ Expert Yield Management System
Authors: Hott David D. , Shaw Margaret , Nusbaum Eric F.
Published: March 2007

In 1988 an artificial intelligence (AI) yield management system prototype was installed at the Royal Sonesta Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This "expert system"came into being through the joint efforts of Computerized Lodging Systems, Inc. who supplied the property management system (PMS), Eloquent Systems Corporation who developed the yield management software and the interface forthe PMS, and Sonesta Hotels International providing the "expertise." The focus of this paper is an analysis to date of the AIlExpert yield management system at the Royal Sonesta Cambridge. A framework for measuring the effectiveness of the prototype system is also developed. An overview of yield management and AIlExpert systems is presented.
Minority Students in Hospitality Programs - a Programmatic or Institutional Concern?
Authors: Stanton L. Patrick
Published: March 2007

The hospitality industry has been concerned with the lack of qualified manage ment prospects among minorities. This study of 20 of the best-known four-year hospitality programs was made to determine to what extent these programs are providing such minorities. Findings showed the proportion of minority enrollment in hospitality was low unless the program was housed in an institution with large concentrations of minorities, particularly the case in the Asian and Hispanic student categories. The number of minority hospitality graduates was low at all institutions, almost without exception. Both enrollment and graduation proportions were low for Blacks and American Indians.
Philanthropic Strategy for Hospitality Education
Authors: Pauzé E. Francis , Choate Bradford E.
Published: March 2007

Philanthropy to higher education in the United States totaled over $8 billion in 1988. Most colleges and universities are in the middle of either conducting, finishing or contemplating a capital campaign. For a variety of reasons, few hospitality programs appear to be actively involved in these fund-raising efforts.

Over the last 10 years, corporate giving has been the fastest growing source of philanthropy, contributing over $4.5 billion in 1987. Individual gifts, however, still exceed total corporate support for higher education. For many institutions, internal and governmental support is decreasing. Therefore, individual and corporate support must be cultivated to make up the difference. A significant share of the philanthropic dollars going to higher education is coming from a natural constituency of hospitality-education corporations.
A Planning and Evaluation Model for Programs in Hospitality Management
Authors: Sim Janet M. , Sands Billie Lou
Published: March 2007

A curriculum model is proposed for planning and evaluation of hospitality management programs. The model distinguishes four phases of an educational program: (1) mission of the program, (2) program goals, (3) competency-based objectives, and (4) learning activities. The fourphases of the model are then divided according to what was intended (planning) or what was assessed from observation (evaluation). The model provides a framework for the planners and evaluators to investigate the success or failure of an individual program in terms of logical contingency and congruency. Contingency in the planning stage refers to the theory that if the mission, goals, competencies and learning activities were planned through a deductive and sequential process, then logical contingency follows. Congruency in the evaluation stage refers to symmetry between what is intended (planning) and what is observed (evaluation). A well planned quality program meets both the contingency and congruency requirements of the curriculum matrix.
The Role of the Customer in the Food Service Encounter
Authors: McMahon Pamela S. , Schmelzer Claire D.
Published: March 2007

The customer in the foodservice encounter utilizes a decision-making process to make choices which result in a service outcome defined by both tangible and intangible products. The Customer Responsibility-Interaction Grid is proposed as a way to analyze customer involvement in service encounters. Training focus is also discussed
Using Computer Spreadhseets for Instruction in Cost Control Curriculum At the Undergraduate Level
Authors: Buergermeister James J.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how the instructional use of spreadsheets can help focus student attention on the influence of cost control variables and provide increased practice opportunities for students learning cost control concepts. Discussion addresses the question of whether any instructional improvements would justify increased use of computer spreadsheets for teaching content in undergraduate cost control courses.
Independent Study Degree Programs At Syracuse University
Authors: Foucar-Szocki Reginald , Colley Robert
Published: March 2007

What do a grandmother from Connecticut, a lobster restaurant owner from Maine, and an assistant foodservice director of a 500-bed hospital from New York City have in common ? They are all pursuing their Bachelor of Science Degrees in Food systems Management at Syracuse University taking advantage of an innova tive approach to education called the Independent Study Degree Program (ISDP).

The ISDP format combines two elements: an intensive one-week, on-campus residence, and a variety of individual learning activities that the working professional completes at home. This approach allows the working professionals to continue their full-time management positions, while still pursuing the B.S. degrees. The only alternative for completing the bachelor's degree would be taking one or two night courses each semester for the next ten years.

One of the keygoals of the program is for the participants to gain a clearerinsight into the elements necessary for success in hospitality management. This is accomplished through course work with faculty in the Food Management Program as well as seniorfacultyfrom the distinguished School of Management. Throughout the semester the students andfaculty are in contact via telephone, letters, electronic mail, and even videos. The primary benefit of this innovative approach to education is that the working manager can immediately apply the new knowledge to the job. Since many of the students have an associate's degree it is realistic for them as working professionals to complete their bachelor's degree in two to three years.

Syracuse University has had an active Independent Study Degree since 1966 and all ISDP programs are fully accredited by Middle States and the prestigious Association ofAmerican Universities. At the present time, Food Systems Manage ment ISDP students join seven other studies of program including those working professionals pursuing M.B.A. degrees. The total number of students enrolled in ISDP is over 2, 000 with students coming from most states in the country and from over 20 foreign countries.

For more information about this innovative approach to education contact: Robert Colley, Director, ISDP-Syracuse University, 301 Reid Hall, 610 E. Fayette Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13244-6020; phone: (315) 443-3269; FAX: (315) 443-1928.
A Model for Implementing an Optimized Casino Degree Curriculum Within the Two-Year College
Authors: Anderson Russell E. , Chon Kye-Sung
Published: March 2007

Gaming, due mainly to legalization in only a limited number of localities and its generally negative national image, has until recently not been a subject of study in highereducation. However, the unique nature ofgaming operations led to the advent of college educational programs leading to associate degree and certificate-granting programs. The primary purpose of this study was to uncover: (1) What determines the basic components of a curriculum in the casino management field? and (2) What evaluative methods might be included in the gaming curriculum model? The study methods included a questionnaire survey of managerial and hourly workers in the southern Nevada gaming industry and the projection of the labor demand in the gaming industry of the United States. The data thus collected were utilized in designing a gaming management curriculum for a two-year college in conjunction with the Employment Based Curriculum Model suggested by Kalani (1976). As a result, a model gaming industry management curriculum for two-year colleges was suggested and the criteria for the e valuation of gaming management curriular were recommended. The suggested gaming industry management curriculum includes two distinct components of technical and managerial courses.
An Alternative Method for Computer Entering Large Data Sets
Authors: Knutson Bonnie J. , McCusker Brent
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors offer an easy method to enter survey data that results in less fatigue, faster input time, and sharply reduced data entry errors. They discuss its advantages over traditional spreadsheet formats and outline the process they have successfully developed and used with both telephone and written surveys. It is especially beneficial for large data sets, as the survey instrument is virtually reproduced on the computer screen for more accurate data entry.
Development of a Beef Appetizer Concept for Casual Dining Restaurants: Application of Focus Group Interviews and Consumer Sensory Evaluation
Authors: Harp Shelley S. , Hoover Linda C. , Crockett Kathryn L. , Wu C. Kenny
Published: March 2007

An alliance of beef-related groups has been formed to investigate the feasibility of developing a beef appetizer for casual dining restaurants. Focus groups were employed to gather qualitative information from casual dining restaurant consumers and kitchen managers. A consumer sensory evaluation was conducted in a restau rant environment to quantitatively test the perceptions gleaned in the focus group interviews on a larger scale. The alliance has made significant progress in develop ing the beef appetizer concept for the foodservice market.
Hedonic Scales Used in a Logit Model To Explore Casino Game Choice
Authors: Titz Karl , Miller Judy L. , Andrus David M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between hedonic factors and casino game choice. The hedonic factors examined were emotion, sensation seeking and impulsivity, absorbing ex periences, and analytical characteristics. The constructs were measured using the Mehra bian and Russell Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance Scale; the Zuckerman Sensation Seek ing and Impulsivity Scale; the Swanson Absorbing Experience Scale; and an analytical scale developed by the researchers. The data were factor analyzed and the resulting four- factor model was used in subsequent logistic regression to identify a game choice model for mechanical game players and table game players. Table game players are more deeply in volved and tend to be more aware of the intricacies of the games than mechanical game players. Table game players are not as impulsive and tend to be more controlled than me chanical game players.
Computer Use in Independent Restaurants
Authors: Chien Chunlun , Hsu Cathy H. C. , Huss James J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the extent of computer use in independent restaurants and com puter training received by restaurant owners/managers and employees. A survey of 144 Iowa independent restaurant owners/managers revealed that close to one third of the re spondents were using computers in their restaurants. Over half of the respondents who used computers at work reported that insufficient training was a main concern with com puters. Close to half of the respondents who used computers at work expressed interest to attend a computer training session. Variables such as age, education level, job position, and gender significantly influenced respondents'computer usage. Differences in computer use and computer support compared with operational characteristics also were examined.
The Evaluator as "Personal Coach"
Authors: Hendricks Michael
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles moti vated by previousForum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to... " will not be published inForum —such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in the In Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Book Reviews : Debates on Evaluation, by Marvin C. Alkin. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990, 302 pp
Authors: Riggin Leslie J.C.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham, Evaluation Specialist (Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322- 4900 ; phone: 801-750-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceedfour double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional length.
Physical Education and Value Diversity: A Response to Andrew Reid
Authors: Carr David
Published: March 2007

In a series of recent papers in the European Physical Education Review Andrew Reid has argued that contemporary discussion of the educational value of physical education has been seriously impeded by a tangle of educational philosophical mistakes - concerning the nature of physical activities and education in general — central to which has been conflation of distinctions between the theoretical and the practical and the educational and the non-educational. Drawing upon a remarkable range of recent work in analytical philosophy, he has argued in an interesting and original way for a 'value-pluralist' account of the educational significance of physical activities which might aspire to by-pass some of these difficulties. However, to whatever extent Reid may have succeeded in exposing some of the inadequacies of post-war conceptual analyses of physical education, I argue here that his own account is equally if not more problematic not least insofar as it inclines to an equally fatal blurring of the indispensable distinction between what is and what is not of educational value.
Beyond Technique
Authors: Vanderplaat Madine
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the evaluative concerns of feminists and other critical thinkers who are politically committed to an agenda for social change. Attempts to move beyond traditional concepts of social programming, particularly those which are empowerment oriented, run the risk of being at odds with available evaluation strategies. The argument being presented is that the incompatibility between empowerment-oriented interventions and traditional evaluation practice is more an issue of discourse than it is of methodology or technique. A Habermasian perspective is applied to identify the critical interest of empowerment-oriented social programs and the implications this has for evaluation research. An evaluation strategy informed by feminist and critical thinking is discussed as a means for restructuring the evaluation function so as to make it more consistent with this critical interest.
Reviews : La gestion strategique de la recherche et de la technologie. L'evaluation des programmes (Strategic Management of Research and Technology Programme Evaluation), M. Callon, P. Larédo and P. Mustar. Paris: Economica, 1995. 477 pp. FF 350. ISBN: 1-7178-2853-2
Authors: Pichault Francois
Published: March 2007

The Reviews section features in alternate issues of the journal. We take a pluralistic and transdisciplinary approach, including within the coverage not only books but also 'grey' material of contemporary relevance to the diverse evaluation community. 'Classic' texts which have had a seminal influence on the field may also be revisited for their contemporary significance.
Tourism precincts: A factor in Bali's rise in fortune and Fiji's fall from favour — an Australian perspective
Authors: McDonnell Ian , Darcy Simon
Published: March 2007

The destinations of Fiji and Bali are competi tors in the Australian short-haul sunlust international holiday market. In the period 1982-95 Fiji lost more than half its share of this market with a near corresponding increase in the market share of Bali. This paper explores one of the possible reasons for this dramatic reversal of market shares — the lack of tourism precincts in Fiji. It shows that because of the way that tourism plant developed in Fiji, resorts are isolated and tourism precincts did not develop, in contrast to Bali, which has at least four major tourism precincts. The paper argues that this is one factor in Fiji's declining market Share.