bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrete, self-immolativeN-substituted oligourethanes and their use as molecular tags
Authors: Soete Matthieu , Van Hoorde Jens , Du Prez Filip
Published: June 2022

The depolymerization ofN-substituted oligourethanesviaan intramolecular cyclization event was studied in-depth, while the applicability of these macromolecules as anti-counterfeiting tags was demonstrated by labeling a polyurethane material.
Radical transformations for allene synthesis
Authors: Li Yajun , Bao Hongli
Published: June 2022

Recent important advances in the synthesis of allenes via radical strategies are highlighted.
Epitope alteration by small molecules and applications in drug discovery
Authors: Zhu Biyue , Yang Jing , Van Richard , Yang Fan , Yu Yue , Yu Astra , Ran Kathleen , Yin Keyi , Liang Yingxia , Shen Xunuo , Yin Wei , Choi Se Hoon , Lu Ying , Wang Changning , Shao Yihan , Shi Liang , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Zhang Can , Cheng Yan , Zhang Zhirong , Ran Chongzhao
Published: June 2022

A screening platform based on epitope alteration for drug discovery (SPEED).
Introduction: Innovations in Treatment for Children With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Farquharson Kelly , Tambyraja Sherine
Published: June 2022

Purpose:

There is a clear need for effective and efficient interventions for children with speech sound disorder (SSD) that can be implemented in both clinical and school-based settings.

Method:

This forum was created for any clinician who treats SSDs. We asked the invited authors to include immediately actionable information, such as therapy activities, tips for goal writing or progress monitoring, assessment processes, and frameworks for conversations with parents.

Results:

We have curated nine scientifically based articles that highlight the heterogeneity of SSDs and how various subpopulations require uniquely tailored interventions. Some children with SSDs require treatment approaches that are more heavily embedded in phonological theories (e.g., maximal or multiple oppositions) or that extend beyond speech production and include speech perception and phonological awareness skills. Clinicians also need to be mindful of not only which sounds are affected, but which kinds of errors a child is making. For instance, lateral lisps and residual speech sound errors should be evaluated and treated differently from other kinds of speech sound errors. There are certainly subpopulations of children with SSDs for whom there is extremely limited data upon which speech-language pathologists can base clinical decisions, such as children under the age of 3 years or children who are multilingual. Finally, there is a crucial need to better understand the social–emotional impacts of SSDs. Tools to aid in including social–emotional data within assessment and intervention outcomes are also included in this forum.

Conclusion:

The traditional articulation approach is the most commonly used approach in school-based settings; however, there are many children for whom this approach is not appropriate. We hope to provide a robust resource for busy school-based speech-language pathologists who treat children with SSD—specifically, we hope clinicians embrace the opportunity to “think outside the box” of traditional articulation therapy.
Knowledge driven indoor object‐goal navigation aid for visually impaired people
Authors: Hou Xuan , Zhao Huailin , Wang Chenxu , Liu Huaping
Published: June 2022

Aiming to help improve quality of life of the visually impaired people, this paper presents a novel wearable aid in the shape of a helmet for helping them find objects in indoor scenes. An object‐goal navigation system based on a wearable device is developed, which consists of four modules: object relation prior knowledge (ORPK), perception, decision and feedback. To make the aid also work well in unfamiliar environment, ORPK is used for sub‐goal inference to help the user find the target goal. And a method that learns the ORPK from unlabelled images by utilising a scene graph and knowledge graph is proposed. The effectiveness of the aid is demonstrated in real world experiments.
Modelling and performance analysis of Balise under dynamic energy harvesting in high‐speed railway
Authors: Li Zhengjiao , Cai Baigen , Liu Jiang , Lu Debiao
Published: June 2022

Accurate knowledge of Balise dynamic performance is essential for train position perception and safe operation. For the Balise in high‐speed railway, whose performance under dynamic energy harvesting is affected by the train operation and environmental uncertainty, such knowledge is even more critical. This study proposes a new performance analyse method, which analyses the dynamic input performance of Balise by quantitatively expressing the train operation and environmental uncertainty. The complete electrical model of the Balise consisted of radio frequency energy harvesting and frequency shift keying signal transmitting is developed, the dynamic output parameters such as output frequency and response time of the Balise are investigated and analysed. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed electrical model are verified by the input to output characteristic experiment and simulation. Different case studies are carried out to analyse the dynamic input and output performance of Balise under dynamic energy harvesting. Simulation results show that the train operation and environmental media has a great effect on the input performance of the Balise. However, when the 7.15 V amplitude limiting strategy is adopted, the standard deviation of the main lobe zone in the dynamic input induced voltage envelope can be reduced by up to 86%. Moreover, the investigation reveals that the equivalent load in the electrical model has a greater effect on the output performance of the Balise compared with the dynamic energy harvesting.
Influence of confectionery wastewater pretreatment in vortex layer apparatus on its physical and chemical properties
Authors: Mikheeva E R , Katraeva I V , Litti Yu V , Kovalev A A , Kovalev D A
Published: June 2022

The paper studies the effect of pretreatment of highly concentrated wastewater from confectionery production in a vortex layer apparatus (VLA) on its physical and chemical properties, with the aim of its further use as a substrate for dark fermentation with the production of biohydrogen. Pretreatment in VLA resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in the iron content and 6.5% increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand after 3 minutes of exposure. After pretreatment in VLA, an increase in the content of acetic acid and a decrease in the contents of propionic, butyric and caproic acids were observed. An increase in the content of mono- and disaccharides was registered, and the effect of the VLA exposure time of confectionery wastewater on its physicochemical properties was studied. An increase in the concentration of iron and simple sugars in wastewater makes the use of VLA promising for improving the process of its subsequent dark fermentation.
A SIQRB delayed model for cholera and optimal control treatment
Authors: Lemos-Paião Ana P. , Maurer Helmut , Silva Cristiana J. , Torres Delfim F. M.
Published: June 2022

We improve a recent mathematical model for cholera by adding a time delay that represents the time between the instant at which an individual becomes infected and the instant at which he begins to have symptoms of cholera disease. We prove that the delayed cholera model is biologically meaningful and analyze the local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points for positive time delays. An optimal control problem is proposed and analyzed, where the goal is to obtain optimal treatment strategies, through quarantine, that minimize the number of infective individuals and the bacterial concentration, as well as treatment costs. Necessary optimality conditions are applied to the delayed optimal control problem, with a L1 type cost functional. We show that the delayed cholera model fits better the cholera outbreak that occurred in the Department of Artibonite - Haiti, from 1 November 2010 to 1 May 2011, than the non-delayed model. Considering the data of the cholera outbreak in Haiti, we solve numerically the delayed optimal control problem and propose solutions for the outbreak control and eradication.
Bronchoperitoneal Fistula Secondary to Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia
Authors: Kumar Sunil K. , Tandon Anisha S. , Satishkumar PV.
Published: June 2022

In this case report, we report a case of bronchoperitoneal fistula secondary to pneumonia in a 25-year-old male patient who presented with pain abdomen and fever with provisional diagnosis of duodenal perforation and air under right diaphragm in chest radiograph. Diagnosis of bronchoperitoneal fistula was made on computed tomographic findings, which showed consolidation and small cavity in the right lower lung lobe communicating with a loculated air pocket in the right subphrenic space through a right hemidiaphragmatic defect. Knowledge of this entity is important as fistula can be overlooked and can lead to mismanagement.

Key Messages

Bronchoperitoneal fistula is rare entity that can be overlooked in imaging and can lead to misinterpretation and mismanagement as hollow viscus perforation.
Arterial Anastomosis Using Microsurgical Techniques in Adult Live Donor Liver Transplant: A Focus on Technique and Outcomes at a Single Institution
Authors: Huang Samantha , Fahradyan Artur , Ahearn Aaron , Kaur Navpreet , Sher Linda , Genyk Yuri , Emamaullee Juliet , Patel Ketan , Carey Joseph N.
Published: June 2022

Background Microvascular hepatic artery reconstruction (MHAR) is associated with decreased rates of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). There is a paucity of literature describing the learning points and initiation of this technique at the institutional level. The objective of this study is to report our institutional experience using MHAR in adult LDLT with a focus on technique and outcomes.

Methods A retrospective review of adult patients who underwent LDLT from January 2012 to December 2020 was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups, those who underwent LDLT without MHAR and with MHAR. We analyzed cases for technical data including donor and recipient artery characteristics, anastomotic techniques, intraop events, and postop complications. A Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare outcomes between non-MHAR and MHAR patients.

Results Fifty non-MHAR and 50 MHAR patients met inclusion criteria. Median age at transplantation was 58 (interquartile range [IQR] 11.8) and 57.5 years (IQR 14.5), respectively. Median follow-up for MHAR patients was 12.8 months (IQR 11.6). The most common recipient arteries were the right hepatic artery (HA) (58%) and left HA (20%). Median size of recipient and donor arteries were 3.3 mm (IQR 0.7) and 3.1 mm (IQR 0.7), resulting in a median mismatch size of 0.3 mm (IQR 0.4). Median microanastomosis time was 44 minutes (IQR 0). HAT, graft failure, and mortality rates were higher in the non-MHAR cohort (6% vs. 0%, 8% vs. 0%, and 16% vs. 6%, respectively); however, these did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion This study found lower rates of HAT and graft failure after implementing MHAR, though statistical significance was not achieved. Larger cohort studies are needed to further assess the potential benefit of MHAR in adult LDLT. From our experience, MHAR requires cooperation between the transplant and microsurgical teams, with technical challenges overcome with appropriate instrumentation and planning.
Patron banning policy and practice in Queensland, Australia: key informant perspectives
Authors: Farmer Clare , Miller Peter , Robertson Narelle , Ferris Jason , Taylor Nicholas , Coomber Kerri , Curtis Ashlee , de Andrade Dominique
Published: June 2022

This paper explores attitudes to and experiences of patron banning policy (which prohibits an individual from entering a nightlife area or venue after engaging in anti-social behaviour) in Queensland, Australia. Key informant interviews were conducted with 66 participants from health, justice, industry, and government sectors across the state. Interviews were semi-structured, and transcripts were examined using thematic analysis. Overall, key informants reported that patron banning provisions helped to keep out customers who cause problems in venues and that ID scanners helped to enforce bans. There was some concern about displacement of banned patrons to other nightlife areas, the discretionary nature of venue bans, the potential for banning notices to be misused, and a general perception that police-imposed bans should be longer than the current 10 days. The majority of interviewees were supportive of patron banning and felt that it could (positively) affect patron behaviours. A number of recommendations were suggested to refine the framing and operation of Queensland’s banning policy.
Air microfluidics-enabled soft robotic transtibial prosthesis socket liner toward dynamic management of residual limb contact pressure and volume fluctuation
Authors: Lee Peter S. , Gao Run Ze , Colpitts Alyson , Murdock Robin W. , Dittmer Doug , Schirm Andreas , Tung James Y. , Ren Carolyn L.
Published: June 2022

Residual limb volume fluctuation and the resulting contact pressures are some of the key factors leading to skin ulcerations, suboptimal prosthetic functioning, pain, and diminishing quality of life of transtibial amputees. Self-management of socket fit is complicated by peripheral neuropathy, reducing the perception of pressure and pain in the residual limb. We introduce a novel proof-of-concept for a transtibial prosthetic socket liner with the potential to dynamically adjust the fit between the limb and socket. The core of the technology is a small air microfluidic chip (10 cm3 and 10 g) with 10 on-chip valves that enable sequential pressurizing of 10 actuators in custom sizes to match the pressures required by the residual limb's unique anatomy. The microfluidic chip largely reduced the number of electromechanical solenoid valves needed for sequential control of 10 actuators (2 instead of 10 valves), resulting in the reduction of the required power, size, mass, and cost of the control box toward an affordable and wearable prosthetic socket. Proof-of-concept testing demonstrated that the applied pressures can be varied in the desired sequence and to redistribute pressure. Future work will focus on integrating the system with biofidelic prosthetic sockets and residual limb models to investigate the ability to redistribute pressure away from pressure-sensitive regions (e.g., fibular head) to pressure tolerant areas. Overall, the dynamic prosthesis socket liner is very encouraging for creating a dynamic socket fit system that can be seamlessly integrated with existing socket fabrication methods for managing residual limb volume fluctuations and contact pressure.
Recent progress in electrospun nanomaterials for wearables
Authors: Das Riddha , Zeng Wenxin , Asci Cihan , Del-Rio-Ruiz Ruben , Sonkusale Sameer
Published: June 2022

Wearables have garnered significant attention in recent years not only as consumer electronics for entertainment, communications, and commerce but also for real-time continuous health monitoring. This has been spurred by advances in flexible sensors, transistors, energy storage, and harvesting devices to replace the traditional, bulky, and rigid electronic devices. However, engineering smart wearables that can seamlessly integrate with the human body is a daunting task. Some of the key material attributes that are challenging to meet are skin conformability, breathability, and biocompatibility while providing tunability of its mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. Electrospinning has emerged as a versatile platform that can potentially address these challenges by fabricating nanofibers with tunable properties from a polymer base. In this article, we review advances in wearable electronic devices and systems that are developed using electrospinning. We cover various applications in multiple fields including healthcare, biomedicine, and energy. We review the ability to tune the electrical, physiochemical, and mechanical properties of the nanofibers underlying these applications and illustrate strategies that enable integration of these nanofibers with human skin.
The rise and fall of banana puree: Non-Newtonian annular wave cycle in transonic self-pulsating flow
Authors: Wilson D. M. , Strasser W.
Published: June 2022

We reveal mechanisms driving pre-filming wave formation of the non-Newtonian banana puree inside a twin-fluid atomizer at a steam–puree mass ratio of 2.7%. Waves with a high blockage ratio form periodically at a frequency of 1000 Hz, where the collapse of one wave corresponds to the formation of another (i.e., no wave train). Wave formation and collapse occur at very regular intervals, while instabilities result in distinctly unique waves each cycle. The average wave angle and wavelength are 50° and 0.7 nozzle diameters, respectively. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) dominates during wave formation, while pressure effects dominate during wave collapse. An annular injection of the puree into the steam channel provides a wave pool, allowing KHI to deform the surface; then, steam shear and acceleration from decreased flow area lift the newly formed wave. The onset of flow separation appears to occur as the waves' rounded geometry transitions to a more pointed shape. Steam compression caused by wave sheltering increases pressure and temperature on the windward side of the wave, forcing both pressure and temperature to cycle with wave frequency. Wave growth peaks at the nozzle exit, at which point the pressure build-up overcomes inertia and surface tension to collapse and disintegrate the wave. Truncation of wave life by pressure build-up and shear-induced puree viscosity reduction is a prominent feature of the system, and steam turbulence does not contribute significantly to wave formation. The wave birth-death process creates bulk system pulsation, which, in turn, affects wave formation.
ZrO2-embedded N-enriched carbon catalyst for alkaline oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Wang Meiqiu , Zheng Hao , Dong Yaxin , Jin Zhikang , Liao Shijie , Gong Wenmei , Li Xiaona , Li Zhiping , Xia Meirong , Wang Jing
Published: June 2022

The use of transition metal oxides is a promising strategy for accelerating the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in zinc–air batteries. Herein, we propose a facile and cost-effective strategy to synthesize a ZrO2/doped-N carbon (ZrO2/NC) catalyst with high N and Zr contents (8.78 and 4.4 atom%, respectively). The ZrO2/NC catalyst exhibits comparable electrocatalytic activity with a half-wave potential of 0.815 V and better durability in the ORR compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. The ORR proceeds via a 4e− transfer pathway under alkaline conditions in the presence of this catalyst. The excellent catalytic performance is attributed to the high densities of the active sites, namely, pyridinic-N, graphitic-N, and Zr. The high Brunner–Emmett–Teller surface area (787.4 m2/g) and an amorphous-crystal morphology of the ZrO2/NC catalyst favored the rapid mass transfer and exposed the active sites of the electrolyte and reactants. The strategy presented herein can be used for the large-scale production of metal–air batteries.
Analyzing nuclear spins in diamond at room temperature based on traversal periodic-signal identification
Authors: Zhou Feifei , Zhou Xueying , Hu Zhiyi , Song Yumeng , Zhang Ting , Chen Bing , Xu Nanyang
Published: June 2022

Detecting and imaging nuclear spins are of fundamental importance for spin-based quantum information processing in diamond. It is often realized by means of dynamical decoupling (DD) strategies, where a high-efficiency method for DD spectral analysis is required. Previously, a deep-learning-based algorithm is developed and applied on a cryogenic nitrogen-vacancy center experiment. Here, we improve the method by using a traversal periodic-signal identification approach before the deep-learning processing. With this improvement, low-resolution DD spectra with overlapped peaks could be well separated. This enables the deep-learning procedure being generally used in room-temperature experiments, where the measured spectra are often broadened with temperature. We apply this improved method in experiment, and its produced results match well with expectation. This method promises a wide range of applications in other spin-based systems.
Emission enhancement and exciton species modulation in monolayer WS2 via decoration of CdTe quantum dots
Authors: Luo Yuan , Liu Jun , Zhong Xuying , Dou Wei , Tang Dongsheng , Zhou Yangbo , Zeng Ruosheng , Zhou Weichang
Published: June 2022

Transition metal dichalcogenides MX2 (M = Mo/W; X = S/Se) exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties. However, the atomically thin thickness induced low absorption cross sections impede their further applications as efficient absorbers and emitters. Herein, we report the emission enhancement and exciton species modulation in monolayer (ML) WS2 via the decoration of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). The ML WS2 was synthesized by thermal evaporation and showed evident neutral (Ao) and charged (A−) exciton emissions with variable A−-to-Ao ratios under different excitation powers and temperatures. The A− emission played an important role at low temperature (80 K) and high excitation power (5 mW). After the decoration of the CdTe QDs, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the ML WS2 enhanced greatly. Moreover, the Ao emission was dominant in WS2 + CdTe even under high excitation power and low temperature. The transfer of numerous holes from CdTe to WS2 induced the nonradiative recombination probability reduction, and p-type doping was critical to the observed PL enhancement and exciton species modulation in WS2 + CdTe. Our results provide a flexible strategy to improve the PL properties of atomically thin WS2 and further deepen the understanding of exciton-physics in ML MX2 for various applications.
Dynamics of a buoyant gravity current propagating in a linearly stratified medium
Authors: Agrawal Tanmay , Peddada Siva Heramb , Chalamalla Vamsi Krishna
Published: June 2022

In this study, we investigate partial- and full-depth buoyant gravity currents propagating along the top surface in a linearly stratified medium. Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of stratification and initial current depth, on the front speed, internal wave field, and turbulence characteristics. The stratification is varied through a non-dimensional parameter R=ρ0−ρCρb−ρ0, ranging between 0.04 and 85, where ρC is the constant bulk density of the current fluid and ρ0,ρb represent the densities of the ambient fluid at the top and bottom surfaces, respectively. For large values of R (ρ0−ρC≫ρb−ρ0), we observe that the resulting Froude number (Fr=UNH) is greater than 1/π, and the flow is characterized as supercritical, where the front speed exceeds the long wave speed. In the supercritical regime, Kelvin–Helmholtz billows are prominently seen along with an internal solitary wave, which propagates with the density front. As the R value decreases, the relative strength of the ambient stratification increases when compared to the horizontal density difference at the top surface, leading to a subcritical flow regime where the front speed is smaller when compared to the long-wave speed. The Kelvin–Helmholtz billows and the solitary wave gradually disappear, and vertically propagating high-mode internal waves are prominently seen for R< 1. Quantification of the Froude number for various values of R and h/H shows that it follows a power law, Fr∝(h/H×R)1/2, with the proportionality constant 0.72. This scaling works well for all the partial-depth cases considered in this study, i.e., h/H= 1/8, 1/6, 1/4, and 1/3, while a slight deviation is observed for the full-depth gravity currents that correspond to h/H= 1.
Two-dimensional Ta2NiSe5/GaSe van der Waals heterojunction for ultrasensitive visible and near-infrared dual-band photodetector
Authors: Zhang Yan , Huang Luyi , Li Jie , Dong Zhuo , Yu Qiang , Lei Ting , Chen Cheng , Yang Liu , Dai Yongping , Zhang Junrong , Yu Wenzhi , Bao Qiaoliang , Zhang Kai
Published: June 2022

Dual-band photodetectors have attracted intensive attention because of the requirement of multiband information [such as visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR)] in multicolor imaging technology, in which additional information beyond human vision could assist object identification and navigations. The use of 2D materials can break the limitation of high cost of conventional epitaxial semiconductors and a complex cryogenic cooling system for multi-band detection, but there is still much room to improve the performance, especially in responsivity and signal noise ratio. Herein, we have fabricated a VIS-NIR dual-band photodetector based on a multilayer Ta2NiSe5/GaSe heterojunction. Benefiting from the type-II heterojunction, the separation of photo-induced carriers is naturally enhanced, which promotes the responsivity of this dual-band photodetector to 4.8 A W−1 (VIS) and 0.15 A W−1 (NIR) at room temperature with a suppressed dark current at ∼4 pA. Our work suggests that the Ta2NiSe5/GaSe heterostructure is a promising candidate for ultrasensitive VIS-NIR dual-band photodetection.
Atomistic global optimization X: A Python package for optimization of atomistic structures
Authors: Christiansen Mads-Peter V. , Rønne Nikolaj , Hammer Bjørk
Published: June 2022

Modeling and understanding properties of materials from first principles require knowledge of the underlying atomistic structure. This entails knowing the individual chemical identity and position of all atoms involved. Obtaining such information for macro-molecules, nano-particles, and clusters and for the surface, interface, and bulk phases of amorphous and solid materials represents a difficult high-dimensional global optimization problem. The rise of machine learning techniques in materials science has, however, led to many compelling developments that may speed up structure searches. The complexity of such new methods has prompted a need for an efficient way of assembling them into global optimization algorithms that can be experimented with. In this paper, we introduce the Atomistic Global Optimization X (AGOX) framework and code as a customizable approach that enables efficient building and testing of global optimization algorithms. A modular way of expressing global optimization algorithms is described, and modern programming practices are used to enable that modularity in the freely available AGOX Python package. A number of examples of global optimization approaches are implemented and analyzed. This ranges from random search and basin-hopping to machine learning aided approaches with on-the-fly learnt surrogate energy landscapes. The methods are applied to problems ranging from supported clusters over surface reconstructions to large carbon clusters and metal-nitride clusters incorporated into graphene sheets.
Bethe–Salpeter equation spectra for very large systems
Authors: Bradbury Nadine C. , Nguyen Minh , Caram Justin R. , Neuhauser Daniel
Published: June 2022

We present a highly efficient method for the extraction of optical properties of very large molecules via the Bethe–Salpeter equation. The crutch of this approach is the calculation of the action of the effective Coulombic interaction, W, through a stochastic time-dependent Hartree propagation, which uses only ten stochastic orbitals rather than propagating the full sea of occupied states. This leads to a scaling that is at most cubic in system size with trivial parallelization of the calculation. We apply this new method to calculate the spectra and electronic density of the dominant excitons of a carbon-nanohoop bound fullerene system with 520 electrons using less than 4000 core hours.
Overexpression of the autophagy-related gene
Authors: Yue Jie-yu , Wang Wen-wen , Dou Xin-tong , Wang Ying-jie , Jiao Jin-lan , Wang Hua-zhong
Published: June 2022

Context Salt stress harms plant growth and limits crop productivity. Autophagy is a material decomposition and metabolism pathway that is central to regulating plant responses to environmental stimuli and may be employed in plant breeding for stress tolerance. The autophagy-related gene ATG8 has become an essential tool for monitoring autophagic activity. Aims We aimed to determine the effects of increased autophagic activity via overexpression of ATG8 on tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings to NaCl stress. Methods Salt-tolerant wheat cv. Jimai22 was used to produce TaATG8a-overexpressing wheat seedlings using Foxtail mosaic virus based virus-mediated overexpression technology. TaATG8a-overexpressing seedlings were exposed to NaCl stress for 6 days. Key results Overexpression of TaATG8a enhanced autophagic activity and improved salt stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. Overexpression of TaATG8a also reduced damage to photosystem II, reduced excess accumulation of reactive oxygen species, increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, and suppressed programmed cell death in wheat seedling leaves during NaCl treatment. Conclusions Overexpression of TaATG8a conferred higher tolerance of wheat seedlings to NaCl stress and suppressed salt-induced programmed cell death, accompanied by increased autophagic activity. Implications This study provides genetic resources and a theoretical basis for stress tolerance breeding in wheat.
Coexistence of vitreous and crystalline phases of H
2
O at ambient temperature
Authors: Shargh Ali K. , Picard Aude , Hrubiak Rostislav , Zhang Dongzhou , Hemley Russell J. , Deemyad Shanti , Abdolrahim Niaz , Saffarian Saveez
Published: June 2022

Formation of vitreous ice during rapid compression of water at room temperature is important for biology and the study of biological systems. Here, we show that Raman spectra of rapidly compressed water at greater than 1 GPa at room temperature exhibits the signature of high-density amorphous ice, whereas the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern is dominated by crystalline ice VI. To resolve this apparent contradiction, we used molecular dynamics simulations to calculate full vibrational spectra and diffraction patterns of mixtures of vitreous ice and ice VI, including embedded interfaces between the two phases. We show quantitatively that Raman spectra, which probe the local polarizability with respect to atomic displacements, are dominated by the vitreous phase, whereas a small amount of the crystalline component is readily apparent by XRD. The results of our combined experimental and theoretical studies have implications for detecting vitreous phases of water, survival of biological systems under extreme conditions, and biological imaging. The results provide additional insight into the stable and metastable phases of H
2
O as a function of pressure and temperature, as well as of other materials undergoing pressure-induced amorphization and other metastable transitions.
Characterization of a thermostable Cas13 enzyme for one-pot detection of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Mahas Ahmed , Marsic Tin , Lopez-Portillo Masson Mauricio , Wang Qiaochu , Aman Rashid , Zheng Cheng , Ali Zahir , Alsanea Madain , Al-Qahtani Ahmed , Ghanem Bernard , Alhamlan Fatimah , Mahfouz Magdy
Published: June 2022

Type VI CRISPR-Cas systems have been repurposed for various applications such as gene knockdown, viral interference, and diagnostics. However, the identification and characterization of thermophilic orthologs will expand and unlock the potential of diverse biotechnological applications. Herein, we identified and characterized a thermostable ortholog of the Cas13a family from the thermophilic organism
Thermoclostridium caenicola
(TccCas13a). We show that TccCas13a has a close phylogenetic relation to the HheCas13a ortholog from the thermophilic bacterium
Herbinix hemicellulosilytica
and shares several properties such as thermostability and inability to process its own pre-CRISPR RNA. We demonstrate that TccCas13a possesses robust
cis
and
trans
activities at a broad temperature range of 37 to 70 °C, compared with HheCas13a, which has a more limited range and lower activity. We harnessed TccCas13a thermostability to develop a sensitive, robust, rapid, and one-pot assay, named OPTIMA-dx, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection. OPTIMA-dx exhibits no cross-reactivity with other viruses and a limit of detection of 10 copies/μL when using a synthetic SARS-CoV-2 genome. We used OPTIMA-dx for SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical samples, and our assay showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared with qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OPTIMA-dx is suitable for multiplexed detection and is compatible with the quick extraction protocol. OPTIMA-dx exhibits critical features that enable its use at point of care (POC). Therefore, we developed a mobile phone application to facilitate OPTIMA-dx data collection and sharing of patient sample results. This work demonstrates the power of CRISPR-Cas13 thermostable enzymes in enabling key applications in one-pot POC diagnostics and potentially in transcriptome engineering, editing, and therapies.
Effect of three-body interactions on Bénárd–von Kármán vortex street in quasi-2D Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Fan Xiaobei , Ren Xueping , Wang Jing , Shao Kaihua , Wang Qingqing , Zhao Yuexing , Meng Hongjuan , Shi Yuren
Published: June 2022

The dynamical behaviors of a quasi-2D Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with three-body interactions through a moving obstacle potential are studied numerically. Various vortex structures are discovered under different strength of three-body interactions when the two-body interaction is attractive or repulsive. When the width and moving velocity of the obstacle potential reach critical value, periodic anti-symmetric double-row vortex pairs will be released alternately in BEC, and a Bénárd–von Kármán (BvK) vortex street will be formed eventually. We noticed that the BvK vortex street can be excited when the three-body interactions are taken into account even if the two-body interaction is attractive. The mean value of the distance between two vortex rows to the distance between two vortex pairs in the same row is about 0.2. It is slightly smaller than the stability condition 0.28 without considering the three-body interaction. The parameter regions of vortex patterns at different three-body interaction are determined. It is found that an appropriate value of three-body interaction with larger velocity and lesser width is favorable to the formation of BvK vortex street. In a pair of point vortices, the distance and angular velocity between them are nearly invariant while they rotate around their center. The internal rule of vortex pair are also analyzed by calculating the drag force acting on the obstacle potential. Finally, we proposed an experimental protocol to realize the vortex street in 87Rb BEC with three-body interactions.
Severe deformation-induced microstructural heterogeneities in Cu64Zr36 metallic glass
Authors: Lu Xiaoqian , Feng Shidong , Li Lin , Zhang Yanhui , Wang Xiaoying , Li Zijing , Wang Limin
Published: June 2022

Deformation-induced rejuvenation is a promising strategy to improve the macroscopic plasticity of metallic glasses (MGs). Here, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the rejuvenated MGs’ atomic structure and mechanical behavior with high-pressure torsion (HPT) processing. The HPT induces the formation of soft and hard regions in MGs, which dramatically improves the microstructural heterogeneity. Potential energy, pair distribution function, short-range order, medium-range order, and vibrational behavior in HPT-deformed MGs are characterized. The microstructure of soft regions similar to the configuration slightly above the glass transition temperature can be adjusted by torsion angle, ultimately controlling the transformation of MGs from brittleness to ductility. These findings provide valuable guidelines for the design of MGs with enhanced deformability.
Asymptotic behaviour of global vortex rings
Authors: Cao Daomin , Wan Jie , Wang Guodong , Zhan Weicheng
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we are concerned with nonlinear desingularization of steady vortex rings in

R

3

with a general nonlinearity f. Using the improved vorticity method, we construct a family of steady vortex rings which constitute a desingularization of the classical circular vortex filament in the whole space. The requirements on f are very general, and it may not satisfy the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition. Some qualitative and asymptotic properties are also established.
Hidden spatiotemporal symmetries and intermittency in turbulence
Authors: Mailybaev Alexei A
Published: June 2022

We consider general infinite-dimensional dynamical systems with the Galilean and spatiotemporal scaling symmetry groups. Introducing the equivalence relation with respect to temporal scalings and Galilean transformations, we define a representative set containing a single element within each equivalence class. Temporal scalings and Galilean transformations do not commute with the evolution operator (flow) and, hence, the equivalence relation is not invariant. Despite of that, we prove that a normalized flow with an invariant probability measure can be introduced on the representative set, such that symmetries are preserved in the statistical sense. We focus on hidden symmetries, which are broken in the original system but restored in the normalized system. The central motivation and application of this construction is the intermittency phenomenon in turbulence. We show that hidden symmetries yield power law scaling for structure functions, and derive formulas for their exponents in terms of normalized measures. The use of Galilean transformation in the equivalence relation leads to the quasi-Lagrangian description, making the developed theory applicable to the Euler and Navier–Stokes systems.
Current redistribution during inhomogeneous quench of 2G HTS tapes
Authors: Zampa Alexandre , Lacroix Christian , Badel Arnaud , Sirois Frédéric , Tixador Pascal
Published: June 2022

Inhomogeneous temperature elevations, also called hot spots, occurring in second generation high-temperature superconductor (2G HTS) tapes may lead to their destruction. A better understanding of inhomogeneous quenches would contribute to develop strategies to better protect superconducting devices based on 2G HTS tapes against hot spots. To do so, we investigated the current redistribution around a dissipative zone in a 2G HTS tape with a combination of experiments and numerical simulations based on the finite element method (FEM). Firstly, the inhomogeneous heat generation in a commercial 2G HTS bare tape (without copper cladding) was observed through the visualization of bubble generation. Secondly, the current redistribution around a dissipative zone in commercial 2G HTS bare tapes from two different manufacturers was investigated using voltage taps on both sides of the tape. The measured voltages showed that the current redistribution around the dissipative area in the top stabilizer layer of the tape is different from that in the bottom stabilizer layer. Using a 3D electro-thermal FEM model, we reproduced these behaviors, assuming a HTS tape architecture with an inhomogeneous local critical current density. Finally, using the same FEM model, we explored the impact of a lack of silver on one lateral side of a 2G HTS tape. Our results indicate that such a lack of silver does not critically affect the quench dynamics.
Dual dielectric grating-assisted enhancement of Goos-Hänchen shift in monolayer graphene
Authors: Ma Shanshan , Zhu Xiaojun , Lu Delian , Da Haixia
Published: June 2022

Recently, the dielectric gratings have been used in enhancing the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts of monolayer graphene. However, many of these structures are limited within single dielectric grating. Dual dielectric gratings are compelling candidates for the manipulation of the light–matter interaction owing to their flexible degree of freedom in geometrical parameters. Here, we present the GH shift of the reflected wave in the dual dielectric grating layers by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis and stationary phase method, where a monolayer graphene is placed over the lower dielectric grating layer and the upper and lower dielectric grating layers have different filling factors. It is found that a relatively large GH shift, with amplitude up to more than 8000 times of the incident wavelength, can be achieved in the dual dielectric grating layers with monolayer graphene due to the joint excitation of the guided mode resonance in both the upper and lower dielectric grating layers. In addition, we can control the magnitude and position of GH shifts by changing chemical potential of monolayer graphene and the geometrical parameters of the dual dielectric grating layers. Our work opens a possibility for the improvement of the GH shift in the combined structure with the dual dielectric grating layers and the two-dimensional layered structure, which might enable the novel optoelectronic devices.
Sophisticated acoustofluidic patterns generated in quasi-Sierpiński-carpet shaped chambers with heterogeneous radiation surface distributions
Authors: Tang Qiang , Yang Yongwei , Liu Pengzhan , Wang Tongyue , Wang Xu
Published: June 2022

In this research, an original strategy to generate diversified acoustofluidic fields in quasi-Sierpiński-carpet shaped chambers has been proposed and simulated for patterned manipulation of massive micro-scale particles. All of the structural elements in the fractalized chambers are symmetrical in spatial arrangement, and all radiation surfaces possess the same setting of input frequency point and oscillation amplitude along individual normal direction. Plenty of splendid acoustofluidic patterns can be obtained in the originally-static quasi-Sierpiński-carpet shaped chambers generated at different levels of recursion without complicated parameter modulation. The simulation results of acoustofluidic distributions together with micro-scale particle movement trajectories under different oscillation conditions further demonstrate the manipulation functionality of these artificially-designed devices. In comparison with the existing structural design schemes of miniaturized lab-on-a-chip systems, the introduction of fractal features like Sierpiński carpet/triangle and Koch snowflake can provide extraordinary insights and broaden application prospects of acoustofluidics, which is conducive to ultrasonic micro/nano manipulations from simplification to pluralism. The preliminary work shows the possibility of utilizing Sierpiński-type fractal structures as amenable components to customize acoustofluidic fields for the investigation of topographical manipulation of biological samples and orientational manoeuvre of micro/nano-scale machines in ways that are not achievable via traditional approaches.
The kilogram: inertial or gravitational mass?
Authors: Mana G , Schlamminger S
Published: June 2022

With the redefinition of the international system of units, the value of the Planck constant was fixed, similarly to the values of the unperturbed ground state hyperfine transition frequency of the 133Cs atom and speed of light in vacuum. Theoretically and differently from the past, the kilogram is now explicitly defined as the unit of inertial mass. Experimentally, the kilogram is realized by atom count or the Kibble balance. We show that only the former method measures the inertial mass without assuming the universality of free fall. Under ordinary circumstances, the results obtained by the Kibble balance require the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass. Therefore, the agreement between the two measures can be interpreted as a test of the equivalence principle.
Effective current drive in the pedestal region of high-confinement tokamak plasma using electron cyclotron waves
Authors: Li C.Y. , Zheng P.W. , Jiang X.C. , Lu L.F. , Yin L. , He L.H. , Q.H. Huang , Zhong Y.J. , Gong X.Y.
Published: June 2022

Large-amplitude edge-localized modes (ELMs) are a major concern in the development of tokamak fusion energy. According to the peeling–ballooning theoretical model, effective current drive in the pedestal region of high-confinement (H-mode) tokamak plasmas can alter the current profile in this region and hence affect ELM instabilities. Using ray-tracing and Fokker–Planck quasilinear codes, effective and localized current drive by electron cyclotron (EC) waves in the H-mode pedestal region is studied in this paper. Numerical investigations are performed under present-day medium-sized tokamaks with an aspect ratio (A = R/a) covering a typical range of [2.7, 4.0]. Localized non-inductive current can be generated effectively by the Ohkawa mechanism of EC waves in the low-electron collisionality H-mode pedestal region. The Ohkawa mechanism-dominated current drive (OKCD) is much more effective than traditional electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), which is the Fisch–Boozer mechanism-dominated one. Under 1–2 MW EC power, the current density of both co-OKCD and counter-OKCD has the same magnitude as edge bootstrap current density, which is calculated using the Sauter model. However, edge ECCD is much smaller than the bootstrap current. Consequently, the use of edge ECCD to control ELM failed in experiments, and only the EC heating can affect ELM behavior. Simulations on OKCD are performed in the H-mode pedestal region of realistic DIII-D tokamak plasma, and the results also support the above conclusions. The dependence of effective edge OKCD on the ratio of magnetic field and EC frequency is also found in tokamaks with a typical aspect ratio range. This work opens up a new possible field for active control of ELMs (triggering or suppressing an ELM) by edge current drive in present-day medium-sized tokamaks.
Extended lattice Gelfand–Dickey hierarchy
Authors: Takasaki Kanehisa
Published: June 2022

The lattice Gelfand–Dickey (GD) hierarchy is a lattice version of the GD hierarchy. A special case is the lattice KdV hierarchy. Inspired by recent work of Buryak and Rossi, we propose an extension of the lattice GD hierarchy. The extended system has an infinite number of logarithmic flows alongside the usual flows. We present the Lax, Sato and Hirota equations and a factorization problem of difference operators that captures the whole set of solutions. The construction of this system resembles the extended 1D and bigraded Toda hierarchy, but exhibits several novel features as well.
Development of a thermal control coating optimized for cryogenic space applications
Authors: Krenn A , Youngquist R , Gibson T , Snyder S
Published: June 2022

As NASA endeavors to extend the human presence in space beyond low Earth orbit, methods to efficiently store cryogenic propellants in space are required. Current state of the art rigid thermal control coatings absorb approximate 6% of the total solar irradiance, while state of the art thermal control paints absorb approximately 10% of the total solar irradiance. Consequently, radiative heat transfer a lone makes passive storage of cryogens in space impossible. A new rigid thermal control coating is in development and has achieved solar absorption values as low as -0.6 % (compared to a NIST standard) while maintaining high emissivity. This negative value for a rigid tile of pure yttria has required a new testing method be developed. Rigid tiles are very high performance but have more mass than paints and paper-th in coatings. Tiles must have a metallic substrate and create application challenges. While some use cases may necessarily address the challenges associated with rigid tiles in order to achieve required performance, a similar paint-like coating was also developed. The spray-on version of the new thermal control coating is easily applied to large complex surfaces and is very low mass. This version is also primarily yttria but includes a potassium bromide binder. Application to various substrates shows solar absorption values consistently below 5%, with a minimum of 2.8% achieved. Details of each version of this coating, along with test data is discussed.