bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are mixed‐phase altocumulus clouds poorly predicted by large‐scale models? Part 1. Physical processes
Authors: Barrett Andrew I. , Hogan Robin J. , Forbes Richard M.
Published: August 2017

Mixed‐phase layer clouds are radiatively important and their correct representation in numerical models of the atmosphere is needed for both weather forecasts and climate prediction. In particular, midlevel mixed‐phase layer clouds (altocumulus) are often poorly predicted. Here the representation of altocumulus cloud in five operational models and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis is evaluated using ground‐based remote sensors. All models are found to underestimate the supercooled liquid water content by at least a factor of 2. The models with the most sophisticated microphysics (separate prognostic variables for liquid and ice) had least supercooled liquid of all models, though they could simulate the correct liquid‐over‐ice structure of individual clouds. To investigate the reasons for the lack of predicted supercooled liquid water, a single‐column model (EMPIRE) was developed incorporating the relevant physical processes for altocumulus cloud. The supercooled liquid water was found to be the most sensitive to factors that significantly affect the glaciation rate, including aspects of the ice microphysics formulation, as well as the model vertical resolution. Using observations to improve the ice particle size distribution formulation and the parametrization of ice cloud fraction also lead to a significant increase in supercooled liquid water in the simulated clouds. The study highlights the main parameterized processes that need careful attention in large‐scale models in order to adequately represent the liquid phase in mixed‐phase layer clouds. In Part 2, the reason for the sensitivity to vertical resolution is investigated and a new parameterization for models with coarse vertical resolution is proposed.
A leader‐return‐stroke consistent macroscopic model for calculations of return stroke current and its optical and electromagnetic emissions
Authors: Cai Shuyao , Chen Mingli , Du Yaping , Qin Zilong
Published: August 2017

A downward lightning flash usually starts with a downward leader and an upward connecting leader followed by an upward return stroke. It is the preceding leader that governs the following return stroke property. Besides, the return stroke property evolves with height and time. These two aspects, however, are not well addressed in most existing return stroke models. In this paper, we present a leader‐return stroke consistent model based on the time domain electric field integral equation, which is a growth and modification of Kumar's macroscopic model. The model is further extended to simulate the optical and electromagnetic emissions of a return stroke by introducing a set of equations relating the return stroke current and conductance to the optical and electromagnetic emissions. With a presumed leader initiation potential, the model can then simulate the temporal and spatial evolution of the current, charge transfer, channel size, and conductance of the return stroke, furthermore the optical and electromagnetic emissions. The model is tested with different leader initiation potentials ranging from −10 to −140 MV, resulting in different return stroke current peaks ranging from 2.6 to 209 kA with different return stroke speed peaks ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 speed of light and different optical power peaks ranging from 4.76 to 248 MW/m. The larger of the leader initiation potential, the larger of the return stroke current and speed. Both the return stroke current and speed attenuate exponentially as it propagates upward. All these results are qualitatively consistent with those reported in the literature.
Cloud occurrences and cloud radiative effects (CREs) from CERES‐CALIPSO‐CloudSat‐MODIS (CCCM) and CloudSat radar‐lidar (RL) products
Authors: Ham Seung‐Hee , Kato Seiji , Rose Fred G. , Winker David , L'Ecuyer Tristan , Mace Gerald G. , Painemal David , Sun‐Mack Sunny , Chen Yan , Miller Walter F.
Published: August 2017

Two kinds of cloud products obtained from Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), CloudSat, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared and analyzed in this study: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)‐CALIPSO‐CloudSat‐MODIS (CCCM) product and CloudSat radar‐lidar products such as GEOPROF‐LIDAR and FLXHR‐LIDAR. Compared to GEOPROF‐LIDAR, low‐level (<1 km) cloud occurrences in CCCM are larger over tropical oceans because the CCCM algorithm uses a more relaxed threshold of cloud‐aerosol discrimination score for CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask product. In contrast, midlevel (1–8 km) cloud occurrences in GEOPROF‐LIDAR are larger than CCCM at high latitudes (>40°). The difference occurs when hydrometeors are detected by CALIPSO lidar but are undetected by CloudSat radar. In the comparison of cloud radiative effects (CREs), global mean differences between CCCM and FLXHR‐LIDAR are mostly smaller than 5 W m−2, while noticeable regional differences are found. For example, CCCM shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) CREs are larger than FXLHR‐LIDAR along the west coasts of Africa and America because the GEOPROF‐LIDAR algorithm misses shallow marine boundary layer clouds. In addition, FLXHR‐LIDAR SW CREs are larger than the CCCM counterpart over tropical oceans away from the west coasts of America. Over midlatitude storm‐track regions, CCCM SW and LW CREs are larger than the FLXHR‐LIDAR counterpart.
Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of drought on extreme temperature in eastern China
Authors: Hao Zengchao , Hao Fanghua , Singh Vijay P. , Ouyang Wei
Published: August 2017

Hot extremes may lead to disastrous impacts on human health and agricultural production. Previous studies have revealed the feedback between drought and hot extremes in large regions of eastern China, while quantifying the impact of antecedent drought on hot extremes has been limited. This study aims at quantitatively assessing the risk of extreme temperature conditioned on the antecedent drought condition represented by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) during summer time in eastern China. A copula‐based model is proposed to construct the joint probability distribution of extreme temperature and drought based on 6 month SPI (SPI6). Accordingly, the conditional probability distribution is employed to quantify impacts of antecedent dry (and wet) conditions on the exceedance probability of extreme temperature. Results show that the likelihood of extreme temperature exceeding high quantiles is higher given antecedent dry conditions than that given antecedent wet conditions in large regions from southwestern to northeastern China. Specifically, the conditional probability difference of temperature exceeding 80th percentile given SPI6 lower than or equal to −0.5 and SPI6 higher than 0.5 is around 0.2–0.3. The case study of the 2006 summer hot extremes and drought in Sichuan and Chongqing region shows that the conditional return period of extreme temperature conditioned on antecedent drought is around 5–50 years shorter than univariate return period. These results quantify the impact of antecedent drought on subsequent extreme temperature and highlight the important role of antecedent drought in intensifying hot extremes in these regions.
Refraction and Faraday rotation in the incoherent scatter radar technique
Authors: Shpynev Boris G.
Published: August 2017

In this paper we consider the radiolocation equation for the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) method; the equation accounts for refraction effect and Faraday rotation in the VHF frequency domain. Our research shows that we cannot ignore refraction in processing the incoherent scatter data when lag‐product is used to obtain the ionospheric characteristics. Effect of refraction can explain some uncertainties that arise during processing and interpretation of the ISR data. This effect shows that together with the “ion line” of incoherent scatter spectrum, a relatively small “electron line” also plays a significant role in forming the ionosphere response. The “electron line” behaves as an additional “radar induced” wideband radiolocation signal affected by refraction and Faraday rotation; it depends on the ionosphere temperature and ion composition. The presence of a wideband “electron line” produces specific distortions of the ISR spectrum during 3D‐forming of the ionosphere response inside the ISR antenna diagram pattern. During testing, we found that the signal from the ISR “electron line” can be measured at much higher altitudes comparing to the “ion line.” Hence, to improve the incoherent scatter technique, we can take the “electron line” and refraction into account.
Sediment underthrusting within a continental magmatic arc: Coast Mountains batholith, British Columbia
Authors: Pearson David M. , MacLeod Douglas R. , Ducea Mihai N. , Gehrels George E. , Jonathan Patchett P.
Published: August 2017

Though continental magmatic arcs are factories for new continental crust, a significant proportion of continental arc magmas are recycled from supracrustal material. To evaluate the relative contributions of retroarc underthrusting and trench side partial sediment subduction for introducing supracrustal rocks to the middle and lower crust of continental magmatic arcs, we present results from the deeply exposed country rocks of the Coast Mountains batholith of western British Columbia. Prior work demonstrates that these rocks underwent widespread partial melting that contributed to the Coast Mountains batholith. We utilize U‐Pb zircon geochronology, Sm‐Nd thermochronology, and field‐based studies to document the protoliths and early burial history of amphibolite and granulite‐facies metasedimentary rocks in the Central Gneiss Complex. U‐Pb detrital zircon data from the structurally highest sample localities yielded ~190 Ma unimodal age peaks and suggest that retroarc rocks of the Stikine terrane constitute a substantial portion of the Central Gneiss Complex. These supracrustal rocks underwent thrust‐related burial and metamorphism at >25 km depths prior to ~80 Ma. These rocks may also be underlain at the deepest exposed structural levels by Upper Cretaceous metasedimentary rocks, which may have been emplaced as a result of trench side underplating or intraarc burial. These results further our understanding of the mechanisms of material transport within the continental lithosphere along Cordilleran subduction margins.
Characteristics of deep crustal seismic anisotropy from a compilation of rock elasticity tensors and their expression in receiver functions
Authors: Brownlee Sarah J. , Schulte‐Pelkum Vera , Raju Anissha , Mahan Kevin , Condit Cailey , Orlandini Omero Felipe
Published: August 2017

Rocks in the continental crust are long lived and have the potential to record a wide span of tectonic history in rock fabric. Mapping rock fabric in situ at depth requires the application of seismic methods. Below depths of microcrack closure seismic anisotropy presumably reflects the shape and crystallographic preferred orientations influenced by deformation processes. Interpretation of seismic observables relevant for anisotropy requires assumptions on the symmetry and orientation of the bulk elastic tensor. We compare commonly made assumptions against a compilation of 95 bulk elastic tensors from laboratory measurements, including electron backscatter diffraction and ultrasound, on crustal rocks. The majority of samples developed fabric at pressures corresponding to middle to lower crustal condition. Tensor symmetry is a function of mineral modal composition, with mica‐rich samples trending toward hexagonal symmetry, amphibole‐rich samples trending toward an increased orthorhombic symmetry component, and quartz‐feldspar‐rich samples showing a larger component of lower symmetries. Seventy‐seven percent of samples have a best fit hexagonal tensor with slow‐axis symmetry, as opposed to mantle deformation fabric that usually has fast‐axis symmetry. The best fit hexagonal approximation for crustal tensors is not elliptical but deviates systematically from elliptical symmetry with increasing anisotropy, an observation that affects the magnitude and orientation of anisotropy inferred from receiver function and surface wave observations. We present empirical linear relationships between anisotropy and ellipticity for crustal rocks. The maximum out‐of‐plane conversion amplitudes in receiver functions scale linearly with degree of anisotropy for nonelliptical symmetry. The elliptical assumption results in a bias of up to 1.4 times true anisotropy.
The role of CT myelography in sparing the spinal cord during definitive radiotherapy in vertebral hemangioma
Authors: Sudha SP , Gopalakrishnan MS , Saravanan K
Published: August 2017

Introduction

The spinal cord is poorly visualized on CT images but is well visualized in MRI images. However, implants used for spinal stabilization can produce artifacts on the MRI images which can interfere with identification of the cord. CT myelography in conjunction with CT simulation helps to clearly delineate the cord.

Materials and methods

CT simulation was done in a patient with vertebral hemangioma. Pre‐ and post myelography images were obtained. Two plans were generated on pre and post myelography CT images using Eclipse™ treatment planning system (TPS) version 10.0, Varian Medical Systems, USA. The prescribed total dose to PTV was 40 Gy in 20 fractions.

Results

The cord was poorly visualized in the premyelogram CT images. The titanium implants used for spinal cord stabilization produced artifacts in the MRI images. Figure  Post myelogram, the contrast lit up the spinal cord.

There was an overlap of 0.75 cc volume of the spinal cord with the PTV in the premyelogram images. This volume was reduced to 0 cc in the post myelogram images. There was an overlap of 5.4 cc volume of the PRV of spinal cord with the PTV in the premyelogram images which was reduced to 1 cc in the post myelogram images. The overlap region between the PTV and spinal cord received around 71% of the prescribed dose in premyelogram CT could be reduced to 0% in the post myelogram CT. The mean dose received by the overlap PRV spinal cord and PTV could be increased from 70% in the premyelogram to 92% in the post myelogram plans.

Conclusion

CT myelogram in conjunction with CT simulation is particularly useful in cases where the tumor margin is very close to the cord and spinal implants are causing distortion of magnetic resonance images.
Tissue‐Engineered Peripheral Nerve Interfaces
Authors: Spearman Benjamin S. , Desai Vidhi H. , Mobini Sahba , McDermott Matthew D. , Graham James B. , Otto Kevin J. , Judy Jack W. , Schmidt Christine E.
Published: August 2017

Research on neural interfaces has historically concentrated on development of systems for the brain; however, there is increasing interest in peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) that could provide benefit when peripheral nerve function is compromised, such as for amputees. Efforts focus on designing scalable and high‐performance sensory and motor peripheral nervous system interfaces. Current PNIs face several design challenges such as undersampling of signals from the thousands of axons, nerve‐fiber selectivity, and device–tissue integration. To improve PNIs, several researchers have turned to tissue engineering. Peripheral nerve tissue engineering has focused on designing regeneration scaffolds that mimic normal nerve extracellular matrix composition, provide advanced microarchitecture to stimulate cell migration, and have mechanical properties like the native nerve. By combining PNIs with tissue engineering, the goal is to promote natural axon regeneration into the devices to facilitate close contact with electrodes; in contrast, traditional PNIs rely on insertion or placement of electrodes into or around existing nerves, or do not utilize materials to actively facilitate axon regeneration. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art of PNIs and nerve tissue engineering, highlights recent approaches to combine neural‐interface technology and tissue engineering, and addresses the remaining challenges with foreign‐body response.
Significant Performance Enhancement of Polymer Resins by Bioinspired Dynamic Bonding
Authors: Seo Sungbaek , Lee Dong Woog , Ahn Jin Soo , Cunha Keila , Filippidi Emmanouela , Ju Sung Won , Shin Eeseul , Kim Byeong‐Su , Levine Zachary A. , Lins Roberto D. , Israelachvili Jacob N. , Waite J. Herbert , Valentine Megan T. , Shea Joan Emma , Ahn B. Kollbe
Published: August 2017

Marine mussels use catechol‐rich interfacial mussel foot proteins (mfps) as primers that attach to mineral surfaces via hydrogen, metal coordination, electrostatic, ionic, or hydrophobic bonds, creating a secondary surface that promotes bonding to the bulk mfps. Inspired by this biological adhesive primer, it is shown that a ≈1 nm thick catecholic single‐molecule priming layer increases the adhesion strength of crosslinked polymethacrylate resin on mineral surfaces by up to an order of magnitude when compared with conventional primers such as noncatecholic silane‐ and phosphate‐based grafts. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that catechol groups anchor to a variety of mineral surfaces and shed light on the binding mode of each molecule. Here, a ≈50% toughness enhancement is achieved in a stiff load‐bearing polymer network, demonstrating the utility of mussel‐inspired bonding for processing a wide range of polymeric interfaces, including structural, load‐bearing materials.
Photocatalysis: Basic Principles, Diverse Forms of Implementations and Emerging Scientific Opportunities
Authors: Zhu Shasha , Wang Dunwei
Published: August 2017

Photocatalysis promises a solution to challenges associated with the intermittent nature of sunlight which is considered as renewable and ultimate energy source to power activities on Earth. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the field. Insight into natural photosynthesis is discussed first, which provides a scientific basis for most efforts on photocatalysis. Afterwards, the details of four existing types of photocatalysis are presented, namely photosynthesis by plants, photosynthesis by microalgae, photocatalysis by suspension and photoelectrocatalysis. Detailed analyses of simple photocatalysts and integrated photocatalytic systems are followed to shed light on the different functionalities of different components in a working photocatalyst. Special attention is given to the roles played by surface and interface chemical phenomena. Lastly, perspectives on artificial photosynthesis are discussed briefly at the end.
A mixed‐methods analysis of logging injuries in Montana and Idaho
Authors: Lagerstrom Elise , Magzamen Sheryl , Rosecrance John
Published: August 2017

Background

Despite advances in mechanization, logging continues to be one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States. Logging in the Intermountain West region (Montana and Idaho) is especially hazardous due to steep terrain, extreme weather, and remote work locations.

Methods

We implemented a mixed‐methods approach combining analyses of workers’ compensation claims and focus groups to identify factors associated with injuries and fatalities in the logging industry.

Results

Inexperienced workers (>6 months experience) accounted for over 25% of claims. Sprain/strain injuries were the most common, accounting for 36% of claims, while fatalities had the highest median claim cost ($274 411). Focus groups identified job tasks involving felling trees, skidding, and truck driving as having highest risk.

Conclusions

Injury prevention efforts should focus on training related to safe work methods (especially for inexperienced workers), the development of a safety culture and safety leadership, as well as implementation of engineering controls.
Perimortem cesarean delivery and subsequent emergency hysterectomy: new strategy for maternal cardiac arrest
Authors: Goto Mayako , Watanabe Hiroaki , Ogita Kazuhide , Matsuoka Tetsuya
Published: August 2017

Cases

Perimortem cesarean delivery (PMCD) is the only way to resuscitate pregnant women in cardiac arrest, and has been found to increase maternal resuscitation rate by increasing circulating plasma volume. However, many obstetricians have not experienced a case of PMCD, as situations requiring it are rare. We report our strategy for cases of maternal cardiac arrest, on the basis of a review of published work, and present two case reports from our medical center.

Outcomes

In case 1, PMCD led to death by massive bleeding. In case 2, PMCD and hysterectomy were carried out after the introduction of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and both mother and baby survived.

Conclusion

We find that rapid hysterectomy as a damage control surgery following PMCD can be life‐saving for both mother and baby.
Ulinastatin did not reduce mortality in elderly multiple organ failure patients: a retrospective observational study in a single center ICU
Authors: Uchida Masatoshi , Abe Toshikazu , Ono Kazuyuki , Tamiya Nanako
Published: August 2017

Aim

Our aim was to evaluate the effect of ulinastatin on 28‐day mortality in patients who developed multiple organ failure (MOF) related to their acute illness and were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

We carried out a retrospective observational study of MOF patients in a general ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Japan from January 2009 to December 2012. The primary outcome was 28‐day all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were ventilator‐free days, ICU‐free days, and vasopressor‐free days at day 28. We investigated the association between ulinastatin treatment and outcomes using multivariable regression analysis.

Results

A total of 212 MOF patients were included, 79 (37%) of whom received ulinastatin. The median age was 70 years (interquartile range, 60–77) and median APACHE II score was 25 (interquartile range, 19–29). Overall 28‐day mortality was 20%. There were no significant differences between the ulinastatin group and the control group in age, gender, or APACHE II score. The ulinastatin group had higher prevalence of sepsis (44% versus 22%, P = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that ulinastatin was not associated with 28‐day mortality (odds ratio = 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–2.79). Moreover, ulinastatin did not reduce the mortality in patients with sepsis (odds ratio = 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–7.13). However, ICU‐free days and ventilator‐free days was significantly fewer in the ulinastatin group than control group.

Conclusions

In this retrospective observational study, ulinastatin was not associated with mortality in elderly patients with established MOF, although it might be related to patient's utility.
Management of pediatric ‘cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate’
Authors: Okada Yohei , Ishii Wataru , Sato Norio , Kotani Hirokazu , Iiduka Ryoji
Published: August 2017

Case

“Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” (CICO) is a rare, life‐threatening situation. We describe a pediatric case of CICO and highlight some educational points.A 3‐year‐old boy who collapsed in the bathtub came to our emergency department. On admission, he went into cardiac arrest probably because of an airway obstruction. We judged his condition as CICO and carried out an emergent tracheostomy after several attempts to perform a cricothyroidotomy failed. We continued resuscitation; however, circulation did not return spontaneously.

Outcome

The child died, and the autopsy showed an airway obstruction caused by idiopathic anaphylaxis or acquired angioedema.

Conclusion

This case highlights that it can be anatomically difficult to perform a percutaneous cannula cricothyroidotomy and scalpel cricothyroidotomy safely in pediatric CICO cases. An emergent tracheostomy using the scalpel–finger–bougie technique on the proximal trachea should be considered in such cases.
Ligand‐Controlled Regiodivergent and Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroallylation of Alkynes
Authors: Xu Guoxing , Zhao Haiyan , Fu Bin , Cang Aijie , Zhang Ge , Zhang Qian , Xiong Tao , Zhang Qian
Published: August 2017

A ligand‐controlled regiodivergent and enantioselective copper‐catalyzed intermolecular hydroallylation of alkynes with allylic phosphates and hydrosilanes has been achieved for the first time. The chiral bidentate sulfonate‐containing N‐heterocyclic carbene ligated CuCl complex leads to enantioenriched SN2′‐type products, whereas the use of the IMesCuCl catalyst affords SN2‐type products. Thus a range of chiral branched and achiral linear 1,4‐dienes could be facilely synthesized from readily available alkynes in a regiodivergent manner.
Preparation of periclase (MgO) nanoparticles from dolomite by pyrohydrolysis–calcination processes
Authors: Altiner Mahmut , Yildirim Mehmet
Published: August 2017

Dolomite is one of the most important resources for producing periclase (MgO) nanoparticles, which are of highly demanded in many industrial applications. For that reason, this study investigated to prepare MgO nanoparticles from dolomite through pyrohydrolysis–calcination processes. Each obtained product was characterized using X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and wet chemical and image processing analyses. Synthetic aragonite (CaCO3) crystals and CO2 gas were obtained as by‐products. The experimental results indicate that each obtained product was identified as a periclase mineral, and the production temperature played a curial role for producing pure MgO nanoparticles. However, the reactivity and particle size distribution of each product were strongly influenced by the production temperature. The particle size of the product obtained at various temperatures ranged from 180.05 nm to 6 μm depending on the production condition. We determined that the calcination process should be conducted to produce MgO nanoparticles. The proposed method brings a new perspective to researchers for the production of MgO nanoparticles from dolomite. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) around an operational tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows: No barrier effect but small changes in transit behaviour
Authors: Sparling Carol , Lonergan Mike , McConnell Bernie
Published: August 2017

Data were obtained from 32 electronic tags that were glued to the fur of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in and around Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, during the environmental monitoring of the SeaGen tidal turbine.

This study provides the first detailed information on the behaviour of marine mammals close to a commercial‐scale tidal energy device. The turbine did not prevent transit of the animals through the channel and therefore did not result in a ‘barrier’ effect.

However, the animals' behaviour did change when the turbine was operating, demonstrating the importance of allowing for behavioural responses when estimating collision risks associated with tidal turbines.

Tagged animals passed the location of the device more frequently during slack water than when the current was running. In 2010 the frequency of transits by tagged seals reduced by 20% (95% CI: 10–50%) when the turbine was on, relative to when it was off. This effect was stronger when considering daylight hours only with a reduction of transit rate of 57% (95% CI: 25–64%). Seals tagged during the operational period transited approximately 250 m either side of the turbine suggesting some degree of local avoidance compared with the pre‐installation results.

The results presented here have implications for monitoring and managing the potential interactions between tidal turbines and marine wildlife. Principally that the design of telemetry studies for measuring change in response to developments should seek to understand and take into account variability in seal behaviour.

This study only looked at the effects of a single turbine rather than an array, and mitigation limited the ability to determine close range interactions. However, the study indicates that the effect of the turbine on Strangford Lough harbour seals was minor and that collision risk was reduced by the behaviour of the seals.
Two typical modes in the variabilities of wintertime North Pacific basin‐scale oceanic fronts and associated atmospheric eddy‐driven jet
Authors: Wang Liying , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Yang Dejian , Xie Qian , Fang Jiabei , Sun Xuguang
Published: August 2017

The role of oceanic fronts in the midlatitude air–sea interaction remains unclear. This study defines new indexes to quantify the intensity and location of two basin‐scale oceanic frontal zones in the wintertime North Pacific, i.e. the subtropical and subarctic frontal zones (STFZ, SAFZ). With these indexes, two typical modes, which are closely related to two large‐scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns resembling Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), respectively, are found in the oceanic front variabilities as well as in their associations with the midlatitude atmospheric eddy‐driven jet. Corresponding to an PDO‐like SST anomaly pattern, an enhanced STFZ occurs with a southward shifted SAFZ, which is associated with enhanced overlying atmospheric front, baroclinicity and transient eddy vorticity forcing, thus with an intensification of the westerly jet; and vice versa. On the other hand, corresponding to an NPGO‐like SST pattern, an enhanced SAFZ occurs with a northward shifted STFZ, which is associated with a northward shift of the atmospheric front, baroclinicity, transient eddy vorticity forcing, and westerly jet; and vice versa. These results suggest that the basin‐scale oceanic frontal zone is a key region for the midlatitude air–sea interaction in which the atmospheric transient eddy's dynamical forcing is a key player in such an interaction.
In silico mapping of allosteric ligand binding sites in type‐1 cannabinoid receptor
Authors: Sabatucci Annalaura , Tortolani Daniel , Dainese Enrico , Maccarrone Mauro
Published: August 2017

The recent resolution of the crystal structure of type‐1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and the discovery of novel modulators for this target open the way to the possibility of elucidating the structural requirements for CB1 binding, and thereby facilitate a rational drug design. Compounds that target the orthosteric site of CB1 in some cases have shown side effects. Allosteric modulators could potentially avoid these side effects by influencing binding and/or efficacy of orthosteric ligands. Here, we summarize and compare previous data on different putative allosteric binding sites observed in CB1 homology models with an in silico docking study of the recently published crystal structure of the same receptor on endogenous and natural hydrophobic ligands that act as positive allosteric modulators and negative allosteric modulators of CB1. In particular, a lipid‐exposed pocket targeted by most of the tested molecules is reported and discussed.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by reinforcing intracellular calcium transients
Authors: Tong Jie , Sun Lijun , Zhu Bin , Fan Yun , Ma Xingfeng , Yu Liyin , Zhang Jianbao
Published: August 2017

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) can be used to treat bone‐related diseases, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear, especially the process by which PEMFs initiate biological effects. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of PEMF on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts using the model of calcium transients induced by high extracellular calcium. Our results showed that PEMF can increase both the percentage of responding cells and amplitude of intracellular calcium transients induced by high extracellular calcium stimulation. Compared with corresponding extracellular calcium levels, PEMF stimulation increased proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and related gene expressions, such as insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and osteocalcin (OCN), which can be completely abolished by BAPTA‐AM. Moreover, PEMF did not affect proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts if no intracellular calcium transient was present in osteoblasts during PEMF exposure. Our results revealed that PEMF affects osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through enhanced intracellular calcium transients, which provided a cue to treat bone‐related diseases with PEMF. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:541–549, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attitudes of therapists towards people with learning disabilities
Authors: Besika Anastasia , Collard Patrizia C , Coogan Joy
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Learning disabilities (LDs) can be an invisible condition, and therapists may come across clients that remain undiagnosed. Unless therapists are equipped to work with this client group, the therapeutic process could lead to damaging results.

Aim

This study investigates attitudes of private therapists towards working with clients with LDs in the field of counselling and psychotherapy. The overall aim was to raise awareness on the issue.

Methodology

Primary research was conducted applying the Q‐Methodology. Existing views were gathered from the literature and were used to study the range of subjective views on the topic. POETQ, an online application, enabled 23 private therapists across the United Kingdom to participate in the study. Data were analysed electronically using a computer application, specifically designed for the Q‐Method.

Results

Four Q‐factors were defined that reflect the current attitudes amongst therapists: Factor 1: Therapists are responsible for the effectiveness of their service; Factor 2: LDs are a type of diversity; Factor 3: Lack of knowledge impacts on level of confidence and Factor 4: There is a need for therapists to undertake relevant training.

Conclusions

These results show that participants in this study belong to a population that holds positive attitudes towards people with LDs and believe that a therapeutic relationship can be established with such clients. However, the nonresponse bias can potentially indicate that the majority of the population is unwilling to engage with clients with LDs. This study suggests that training, professional experience and direct personal contact and familiarity with LDs contribute towards positive attitudes. A further investigation of the factors that influence attitudes of therapists, could contribute towards improving the quality of psychotherapeutic services available to people with LDs.
Self‐conscious emotions and suicidal ideation among women with and without history of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Kealy David , Spidel Alicia , Ogrodniczuk John S.
Published: August 2017

Background

Suicidal ideation and the self‐conscious emotions of guilt and shame are frequently encountered in psychotherapy. However, research regarding the relationship between self‐conscious emotions and suicidal thoughts has been limited, particularly in the context of women's experiences of childhood sexual abuse.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and experiences of guilt and shame among women seeking psychotherapy, and to examine the role of childhood sexual trauma in this relationship.

Materials and Methods

Participants were 68 women attending an outpatient psychotherapy clinic who completed questionnaire measures of depression, guilt and shame, suicidal ideation, and childhood trauma.

Results

Zero‐order and partial correlations found direct positive associations between frequency of suicidal thoughts and both guilt and shame. Hierarchical regression analysis found significant interactions between sexual abuse and self‐conscious emotions. Among women without a history of sexual abuse, frequency of suicidal ideation was associated with guilt. Among women who had suffered childhood sexual trauma, frequency of suicidal ideation was associated with shame.

Discussion

These preliminary findings suggest that shame may be an important target in therapy for women with sexual abuse trauma, and indicate directions for future research.

Conclusion

Clinicians addressing suicidal ideation need to consider the nuanced relationship between self‐conscious emotions and clients’ experience of trauma.
Making (mis) sense of asymptomatic marked hypercalcemia in pregnancy
Authors: Maltese Giuseppe , Izatt Louise , McGowan Barbara M. , Hafeez Kashif , Hubbard Johnathan G. , Carroll Paul V.
Published: August 2017

Key Clinical Message

We describe a rare case of homozygous inactivating calcium‐sensing receptor mutation detected during pregnancy and mimicking primary hyperparathyroidism. In pregnancy, the differential diagnosis of hypercalcaemia requires a cautious approach as physiological changes in calcium homeostasis may mask rare genetic conditions.
Engineered Aminotransferase for the Production of d‐Phenylalanine Derivatives Using Biocatalytic Cascades
Authors: Walton Curtis J. W. , Parmeggiani Fabio , Barber Janet E. B. , McCann Jenna L. , Turner Nicholas J. , Chica Roberto A.
Published: August 2017

d‐Phenylalanine derivatives are valuable chiral building blocks for a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Here, we developed stereoinversion and deracemization biocatalytic cascades to synthesize d‐phenylalanine derivatives that contain electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing substituents of various sizes and at different positions on the phenyl ring with a high enantiomeric excess (90 to >99 % ee) from commercially available racemic mixtures or l‐amino acids. These whole‐cell systems couple Proteus mirabilis l‐amino acid deaminase with an engineered aminotransferase that displays native‐like activity towards d‐phenylalanine, which we generated from Bacillus sp. YM‐1 d‐amino acid aminotransferase. Our cascades are applicable to preparative‐scale synthesis and do not require cofactor‐regeneration systems or chemical reducing agents.
Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Fiber Paper Supported MnO2 Cathode Catalyst for Li−Air Batteries
Authors: Hu Si‐Jiang , Fan Xiao‐Ping , Chen Jing , Peng Ji‐Ming , Wang Hong‐Qiang , Huang You‐Guo , Li Qing‐Yu
Published: August 2017

Lithium−air batteries (LABs) are considered one of the most promising energy conversion systems for delivering large specific energy. However, practical applications still face major challenges, including poor rate capability, short cycle life, and low round‐trip efficiencies. Here, we report a novel strategy to improve the catalytic activity of MnO2 through the combination of 3D MnO2 and carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber paper (CNTs/CFP) with a binder‐free structure. Side reactions related to the binder are precluded in this design. The presence of CNTs not only promotes the formation of a 3D structure of the air electrode, but directs the uniform deposition of MnO2. When applied as a cathode in LABs, the as‐prepared MnO2/CNTs/CFP electrode achieves comparable specific capacity (with a discharge capacity of 8723.5 mAh g−1
at 100 mA g−1). The encouraging electrochemical performance is found to benefit from free‐standing nanoporous structures, which provide more active sites for enabling oxygen reduction. It is also attributed to the decreased side reactions.
Ferrocene Derived Bifunctional Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxa‐[4+2] Cycloaddition of α‐Substituted Allenones with Enones
Authors: Wang Huamin , Lu Weike , Zhang Junliang
Published: August 2017

An efficient ferrocene‐derived bifunctional phosphine‐catalyzed enantioselective oxa‐[4+2] cycloaddition of α‐substituted allenones with a broad range of enones is investigated for the preparation of stereodefined dihydropyrans in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). Furthermore, a series of valuable chiral polyheterocyclic frameworks can be efficiently achieved in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities.
Incorporating an Inert Polymer into the Interlayer Passivates Surface Defects in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bi Shiqing , Zhang Xuning , Qin Liang , Wang Rong , Zhou Jiyu , Leng Xuanye , Qiu Xiaohui , Zhang Yuan , Zhou Huiqiong , Tang Zhiyong
Published: August 2017

The hysteresis effect and instability are important concerns in hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices that hold great promise in energy conversion applications. In this study, we show that the power conversion efficiency (PCE), hysteresis, and device lifetime can be simultaneously improved for methylammoniumlead halide (CH3NH3PbI3‐xClx) solar cells after incorporating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) into the PC61BM electron extraction layer (EEL). By choosing appropriate molecular weights of PMMA, we obtain a 30 % enhancement of PCE along with effectively lowered hysteresis and device degradation, adopting inverted planar device structure. Through the combinatorial study using Kelvin probe force microscopy, diode mobility measurements, and irradiation‐dependent solar cell characterization, we attribute the enhanced device parameters (fill factor and open circuit voltage) to the surface passivation of CH3NH3PbI3‐xClx, leading to mitigating charge trapping at the cathode interface and resultant Shockley‐Read‐Hall charge recombination. Beneficially, modified by inert PMMA, CH3NH3PbI3‐xClx solar cells display a pronounced retardation in performance degradation, resulting from improved film quality in the PC61BM layer incorporating PMMA which increases the protection for underneath perovskite films. This work enables a versatile and effective interface approach to deal with essential concerns for solution‐processed perovskite solar cells by air‐stable and widely accessible materials.
Self‐Assembled Vesicle–Carbon Nanotube Conjugate Formation through a Boronate–Diol Covalent Linkage
Authors: Dinda Soumik , Mandal Deep , Sarkar Saheli , Das Prasanta Kumar
Published: August 2017

A vesicle–single walled carbon nanotube (CNT) conjugate was developed by a boronic acid–diol covalent linkage between a self‐assembled vesicle and dispersed CNT. Trimesic acid based phenylboronic acid appended triple‐tailed amphiphiles (T1 and T1S) were synthesized that formed monolayered vesicles through H‐aggregation in DMSO–water (2:1 v/v) and pure water, respectively. Aqueous CNT dispersion was prepared with cholesterol‐based glucose‐functionalized amphiphile (D1). These two supramolecular self‐assemblies were covalently linked by using a boronic acid–diol interaction between a phenylboronic acid based T1S vesicle and 1,2‐diol moieties of glucose tethered dispersing agent (D1) to develop a vesicle–CNT conjugate. Lewis acid–base chemistry was exploited to form this boronate–diol adduct between two supramolecular self‐assemblies. The formation of vesicles, CNT dispersion, and the vesicle–CNT conjugate was characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated within this T1S‐vesicle–D1‐CNT conjugate with a higher loading capacity compared to the individual cargo carrier (vesicle or CNT). This cytocompatible T1S‐vesicle–D1‐CNT conjugate successfully delivered loaded doxorubicin within a B16F10 melanoma cell and also exhibited better cellular transportation ability compared to the drug‐loaded vesicle or CNT. This was further reflected in an enhanced killing efficiency of the cancer cells by the vesicle–CNT conjugate compared to the drug‐loaded vesicle or CNT.
Chiroptical properties of dithia[3.3]cyclophanes composed of anthracene and pyridine/pyridinium moieties: A combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Nagasaki Keisuke , Inoue Yoshihisa , Mori Tadashi
Published: August 2017

Circular dichroisms (CDs) of neutral and protonated [3.3]anthracenopyridinophane (1 and 1‐H+) were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Introducing an anthracene moiety with extended conjugation affected the cyclophane structure with the bent angles being appreciably  reduced from those of parent [3.3]pyridinophane. The Cotton effects (CEs) observed at the 1Bb band for both 1 and 1‐H+ were fairly strong and apparently bisignate, which, however, turned out not to be a simple exciton couplet but to be composed of multiple transitions. In contrast, the CEs were much weaker in the 1La band region. The spectral changes upon protonation were less significant compared with the parent pyridinophane, being dominated by the local transitions of anthracene. Nevertheless, the CD spectra of 1 and 1‐H+ were well reproduced by theoretical calculations to allow us an unambiguous absolute configuration determination of the first high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elute (from Chiralcel IB column) as Sp. The transannular interactions between the anthracene and pyridine/pyridinium units were examined by UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopy to reveal a charge‐transfer (CT) band in the low‐energy region, particularly for 1‐H+. Despite the comparable CT interactions, the CE at the CT band was much stronger for the anthracenopyridinophane than for the parent pyridinophane, affording an anisotropy (g) factor as large as 4 × 10‐3.
Self‐Assembly of DNA Nanostructures Using Three‐Way Junctions on Small Circular DNAs
Authors: Wang Meng , Afshan Noshin , Kou Bo , Xiao Shou‐Jun
Published: August 2017

Molecular self‐assembly using DNA as a structural building block has proven to be an efficient route to the construction of nanoscale objects and arrays. Using the pre‐circularised DNA as the core strand of DNA motifs provides new components for the assembly of one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional (1D, 2D, 3D) nanostructures. We report here honeycomb‐like and grid‐like framework nanostructures constructed from 3‐arm triangle and 4‐arm square tiles with pivotal three‐way junctions on small circular oligonucleotides of 32‐nt and 42‐nt, respectively. However the flexible three‐way junction, the crowded spatial environment of the small circular DNA motifs, and the lack of rigidity in the double helix connection may reduce the possibility to grow large single crystalline DNA lattices.
Acquiring an Efficient Warm‐CO2 Sorbent from Advanced Pyrolysis of Magnesium Oxalate
Authors: Li Yan Yan , Sun Xiao Dan , Dong Xin Yu Ming , Wang Ying , Zhu Jian Hua
Published: August 2017

For the first time, porous MgO with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area over 200 m2 g−1 can be simply obtained from pyrolysis of common magnesium oxalate without any solvent or additive. The obtained porous MgO had a large surface area of 278.5 m2 g−1 and captured 30.8 mg g−1 of CO2 in the instantaneous adsorption at 473 K, comparable with many MgO‐based sorbents prepared through complex procedures. Use of a U‐pipe furnace along with the specific “throughout” sweeping mode of nitrogen carrier gas enable this efficient warm‐CO2 sorbent to be fabricated in a simple way. Factors including contacting modes between precursor salt and flowing gas, flow rate, type of gas and salt were carefully studied, and related to the pore structure and adsorption character of the MgO samples. Apart from the capability of trapping CO2 mixed with SO2 and NO at 473 K, the MgO sample showed a high ratio of exposed strong basic sites (70.5 %), which provides a useful solid strong base for control of CO2 in flue gas.