bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel methods for identifying and quantifying hyporheic exchange fluxes using Fibre Bragg Grating sensor arrays
Authors: Arkwright John , Banks Eddie W , Shanafield Margaret , Papageorgiou Anthony
Published: March 2020

Most streambed heat tracer studies use vertical, ambient temperature profiles and a 1D analytical solution of the heat diffusion–advection equation to estimate hyporheic exchange fluxes (HEF). This approach has limited capacity in complex flow settings, which has led to the successful development of active heat pulse sensing to investigate the dynamic 3D flow fields in the near subsurface and to quantify HEF. At the scale of the hyporheic zone very small water level fluctuations drive changes in the hydraulic gradients across streambed bedform structures. Generally, hydraulic head gradients are measured with pressure sensors deployed in shallow monitoring wells, but such devices do not have the required vertical spatial resolution and precision to accurately evaluate these processes. New and novel research developed by the biomedical community for in-vivo medical devices can now be used in the geosciences field to measure temperature and pressure at a much higher spatial and temporal resolution to overcome these challenges. As part of this research we have developed a fibre optic, active heat pulse and pressure sensing instrument (formed from Fibre Bragg Grating sensor arrays) to determine small hydraulic gradients in the subsurface and to quantify the exchange fluxes. The instrument was tested in a controlled laboratory environment and in the field. Combining point-scale measurements from this novel instrument with near surface geophysical data and other hydrological observations (i.e. measurements with fibre optic distributed temperature sensing) can be used to upscale some of the key physical exchange processes to the stream reach and river scale.
The Norwegian Scientific Data Network, a distributed electronic research infrastructure
Authors: Godoy Øystein , Hamre Torill , Tronstad Stein , Fiebig Markus , Sagen Helge , Ferrighi Lara
Published: March 2020

The Norwegian Scientific Data Network (NorDataNet) is a national e-infrastructure building on the legacy of the International Polar Year. Initially it is focusing on geoscience and establishing interoperability interfaces between existing national data repositories in the areas of discovery metadata and data as well as on harmonised data documentation following the FAIR guiding principles. The technical foundation of NorDataNet is built on data documentation standards, standardised interoperability interfaces and semantic resources. This is now in place and preliminary functionalities are available. These includes the ability to discover and access datasets across the data repositories integrated, as well as visualisation and transformation of datasets served using the requested documentation standards and interfaces. Bottlenecks and achievements while working towards FAIR compliant data and data centres interoperability will be presented.
Emergence of Southern Hemisphere circulation changes in response to ozone recovery
Authors: Zambri Brian , Solomon Susan , Thompson David , Fu Qiang
Published: March 2020

Ozone depletion in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere in the late 20th century cooled the air there, strengthening the SH stratospheric westerly winds near 60ºS and altering SH surface climate. Since ~1999, trends in Antarctic ozone have begun to recover, exhibiting a flattening followed by a sign reversal in response to decreases in stratospheric chlorine concentration due to the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty banning the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Here we show that the post–1999 increase in ozone has resulted in thermal and circulation changes of opposite sign to those that resulted from stratospheric ozone losses, including a warming of the SH polar lower stratosphere and a weakening of the SH stratospheric polar vortex.  Further, these altered trends extend to the upper troposphere, albeit of smaller magnitudes.  Observed post–1999 trends of temperature and circulation in the stratosphere are about 20–25% the magnitude of those of the ozone depletion era, and are broadly consistent with expectations based on modeled depletion-era trends and variability of both ozone and reactive chlorine, thereby indicating the emergence of healing of dynamical impacts of the Antarctic ozone hole.
A simple conceptual model for Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations derived from MIROC4m AOGCM experiments
Authors: Mitsui Takahito , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Chan Wing-Le , Sherriff-Tadano Sam
Published: March 2020

Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) oscillations are most pronounced millennial-scale abrupt climate changes in glacial periods. Abe-Ouchi et al. have simulated DO oscillations with MIROC4m, a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). In that modelling study, it is elucidated that the bipolar seesaw and the Southern Ocean dynamics may play an important role for the occurrence of DO oscillations. In this poster, we present a simple conceptual model for DO oscillations based on the mechanism proposed by Abe-Ouchi et al. In this simple model, relaxation oscillations arise via Hopf bifurcations in a particular region of its parameter space, which is qualitatively consistent with the MIROC4m AOGCM experiments. In general, the period of oscillations does not grow drastically near Hopf bifurcation point in deterministic dynamical systems (Strogatz, "Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos", 2014; Peltier and Vettoretti, GRL 2014). However, the oscillation periods (return times) increase near the bifurcation points in MIROC4m AOGCM. This gives a U-shape dependence of return times on the parameters in the AOGCM. We show that, in the simple model, such a U-shape dependence is achieved by an addition of noise into the system (which may represent fast "weather" forcings to slow climate) (cf. Mitsui and Crucifix, Clim. Dyn. 2017). We will also mention tipping point behavior found in this simple model.
Thermodynamic predictions of aerosol pH in the summertime Southern Ocean marine boundary layer using high-resolution aerosol- and gas-phase observations from Cape Town to Antarctica
Authors: Altieri Katye , Spence Kurt , Xokashe Sive
Published: March 2020

Aerosol acidity is an important parameter that affects gas-particle reaction rates, heterogeneous chemistry, human and ecosystem health, global biogeochemical cycles, and climate. Aerosol acidity is difficult to measure directly and remains poorly constrained in most of the troposphere. There is a further scarcity of measurements and/or proxy-estimates of aerosol acidity in the remote marine atmosphere, a region where aerosol acidity exerts strong control on the solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity of biogeochemically-relevant species that influence the productivity of the surface ocean. Here, we measure gas-phase ammonia, and aerosol phase (PM2.5) ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, sodium, and chloride in the summertime Southern Ocean marine boundary layer every two hours across a latitudinal gradient from Cape Town (-34.11 °S, 18.03 °E) to Antarctica (-58 °S, -0.06 °W). A thermodynamic equilibrium model, i.e., ISORROPIA-II, was run in “forward” mode to calculate aerosol pH using the measured gas + aerosol concentrations, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity as inputs. The model was able to accurately predict the observed concentration of gas-phase ammonia across the entire dataset (R2 > 0.9). Aerosol pH ranged from 0.96 to 4.92 with pH generally increasing with distance away from Cape Town. Observed aerosol- and gas-phase concentrations were typical for the remote marine atmosphere and will be presented in full. Temperature varied significantly across the 8 day transect from 18.42 °C near Cape Town to a minimum of -2.13 °C. Factors that control aerosol pH across the time and space scales observed will be evaluated and discussed as well as implications for improving our understanding of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycling in remote marine atmospheres.
Impact of a multi-layer snow scheme on near-surface weather forecasts
Authors: Arduini Gabriele , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Dutra Emanuel , Day Jonathan J. , Sandu Irina , Boussetta Souhail , Haiden Thomas
Published: March 2020

Snow cover properties have a large impact on the partitioning of surface energy fluxes and thereby on near-surface weather parameters. Snow schemes of intermediate complexity have been widely used for hydrological and climate studies, whereas their impact on typical weather forecast time-scales has received less attention. A new multi-layer snow scheme is implemented in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and its impact on snow and 2-metre temperature forecasts is evaluated. The new snow scheme is evaluated offline at well instrumented field sites and compared to the current single-layer scheme. The new scheme largely improves the representation of snow depth for most of the sites considered, reducing the root-mean-square-error averaged over all sites by more than 30%. The improvements are due to a better description of snow density in thick and cold snowpacks, but also due to an improved representation of sporadic melting episodes thanks to the inclusion of a thin top snow layer with a low thermal inertia. The evaluation of coupled 10-day weather forecasts shows an improved representation of snow depth at all lead times, demonstrating a positive impact at the global scale. Regarding the impact on weather parameters, the use of the multi-layer snow scheme improves the simulated daily minimum 2-metre temperature, by decreasing the positive bias and improving the amplitude of the diurnal cycle over snow-covered regions. The analysis indicates that a more realistic representation of snow processes is essential to improve the simulation of low temperature extremes at high latitudes, where snow is a key component of the climate system. The work also highlights that other errors in polar regions still need to be addressed, such as cloud radiative properties, despite the improvements in the responsiveness of snow-covered surfaces with respect to the atmospheric forcing.
Climate change and landslides: introducing a thermo-hydro-mechanical approach
Authors: Scaringi Gianvito
Published: March 2020

Global warming will alter the frequency and patterns of landslides, increasing the risk to populations, infrastructures, and ecosystems in many regions of the world. Scientists draw this prediction mainly from expected changes in precipitation, ice covers, sea level, and land uses. The direct role of soil temperature is usually neglected, even though changes in patterns of temperature – propagating from the surface to depths of several metres – can alter the strength, permeability, water retention capacity, and other properties of various soils. This has been demonstrated, for instance, for active clays subjected to heating while addressing specific engineering problems, such as the long-term storage of radioactive waste in deep geological repositories.

In an ongoing project, we attempt to apply an advanced thermo-hydro-mechanical soil model – based on the theory of hypoplasticity and accounting for various coupled behaviours – to perform slope stability analyses in clayey soils. By this model, we can reproduce complex hydro-mechanical responses caused by changes of temperature, including effects on water pressures, water retention, and swelling or shrinkage. We plan to carry out short- and long-term parametric analyses under climate scenarios, to compare the direct role of temperature with that of other types of forcing (such as changes in precipitation). This way, we expect to quantify how local warming or cooling and altered patterns of temperature can control some types of landslides, and consequently affect current landslide hazard and risk assessments. Ultimately, we plan to conceptualise an upscaled model, so as to work towards physically-based regional assessments through a thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled approach.
First Farm for Lunar Polar Base
Authors: Burke James
Published: March 2020

Food production will of course be critical for lunar living. The leaders will be growing plants first in small quantities for research to see how they perform in the lunar environment (radiation, partial gravity), then to supplement key nutrients the existing lunar diet might lack over time (likely with pick and eat type crops such as leafy vegetables, fruiting plants like peppers and micro greens) and finally to replace calories and associated up-mass at some future time based on the expansion of human presence and activity (staple crops such as potatoes, wheat etc.). Here we discuss a start-up proof-of-concept farm where tests can be carried out to validate plans for a later, full-scale farm. The concept will take advantage of previous work on Earth and in low earth orbit including experiments aboard the International Space Station, and will be designed for variation of all relevant parameters. Examples of variables will be the fractional duration and intensity of sunlight or artificial light sent to trays of growing crops from a primary mirror tracking the Sun around the horizon and the organization of planting, fertilizing and harvesting of products. It’s expected that LED lighting will provide the light source in a majority of concept applications. LED’s allow us to tailor specific light recipies optimal for the plant types we select. This is how things are done today in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) on Earth. The organization and sequencing of planting operations is important as is water and nutrient delivery, harvesting and waste product recycling. The role automation, robotics and food safety are very important since we are likely not going to be sending farmers anytime soon and crew time for lunar exploration will be the priority. Ultimately we must plan to include the farm as part of a bioregenerative life support. The crops will be partly spread out on the surface and partly arranged in a sloping list, covered by a transparent cover equipped with provisions for cleaning. Among the concepts to be tested will be the delivery of water from a source in a lunar mine.

 

 

 

 

 
Magnetic Gradient May Play as a Natural Driver of Solar Eruptions
Authors: Tan Baolin
Published: March 2020

 It is well-known that there is a gradient, there will drive a flow inevitably. For example, a density-gradient may drive a diffusion flow, an electrical potential-gradient may drive an electric current in plasmas, etc. Then, what flows will be driven when a magnetic-gradient occurs in solar atmospheric plasmas?

Considering the ubiquitous distribution of magnetic-gradient in solar plasma loops, this work demonstrates that magnetic-gradient pumping (MGP) mechanism is valid even in the partial ionized solar photosphere, chromosphere as well as in the corona. MGP drives energetic particle flows which carry and convey kinetic energy from the underlying atmosphere to move upwards, accumulate around the looptop and increase there temperature and pressure, and finally lead to eruptions around the looptop by triggering ballooning instabilities. This mechanism may explain the evolution of solar plasma loops, the formation of the observing hot cusp-structures above flaring loops in most preflare phases, and the triggering of eruptions in solar plasma loops. Therefore, the magnetic-gradient may play as a natural driver of solar eruptions.

Furthermore, we may also apply MGP mechanism to understand many other astrophysical phenomena, such as the coronal heating, the temperature distribution above sunspots, the formation of solar plasma jets, type-II spicule, and fast solar wind above coronal holes, as well as the fast plasma jets related to white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes.

Additionally, we also proposed to test the above MGP mechanism by using the new generation observations of the broadband spectral radioheliographs, such as MUSER, EVOSA, and SRH, etc.
E-GVAP Status and future
Authors: Vedel (1) Henrik , Jones (2) Jonathan , Lewis (2) Owen , de Haan (3) Siebren
Published: March 2020

E-GVAP (the EIG EUMETNET GNSS Water Vapour Programme) is an operational service providing atmospheric delay estimates for use in operational meteorology in near real-time. This is done in a close collaboration between geodetic and meteorological institutions. The use of the GNSS delay estimates is found to increase the skill of weather forecasts. By the start of 2019 E-GVAP did, along with EUMETNET itself, entered a new phase. In E-GVAP 4 the main product will still be zenith total delays (ZTD), with a focus on improving timeliness, in support of the high resolution, local weather models with frequent updates being set up these years. But in addition there will be focus on GNSS derived slant total delay (STD) estimates. Several of the weather models used in Europe are being prepared for STD assimilation. The STDs provide additional information, on atmospheric asymmetries, on top of the information contained in a single ZTD estimate
Effects of Ottoman Rice Plantations in South-eastern European Landscape: Climate Change, Hydrology and Disease
Authors: Sert Özlem
Published: March 2020

Humid weather conditions of the sixteenth century enabled the introduction of aqua crops to Southeastern European landscapes. The Ottoman government employed a group of experts for the cultivation of rice to implement and rehabilitate rice production. Rice plantations, as an anthropogenic intrusion in the region between Tigris to the Danube, had a fundamental social and environmental impact. Organization of human resources on a large scale; land reclamations, deforestation, and kilometres-long irrigation work changed the landscape, produced seasonal miasma and aquatic pests. Ottoman rice plantations transformed the Southeastern European socio-ecological landscapes in early modern times. Historical data about the Ottoman rice plantations open new insights for improving our knowledge about climate history, the history of riverbeds and the history of malaria in this landscape. The study presents a monography of the plantations with historical drawings and maps, showing the farms on river beds, delineates the responsiveness of the rice harvest to precipitation and temperature changes and maps the triggered aquatic pests due to climate change and deforestation. The presentation aims at opening a historical perspective to today's questions on climate change, hydrology and vector caused diseases.
Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration Using SEBAL and Metric Energy Balance Models for Enhanced Precision Agriculture Cotton Irrigation Scheduling
Authors: Morari Francesco , Harb Rabia Ahmed , Lo Presti Stefano , Gobbo Stefano , Vellidis George
Published: March 2020

Irrigation scheduling is one of the main factors that affect the crop ability to resist stress symptoms in addition to affecting directly the final yield. In the last decade, many remote sensing methods have been developed to help in scheduling irrigation with higher precision. Some of these methods estimate irrigation needs indirectly such as those using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or crop coefficient curve, and other methods that directly calculate Evapotranspiration (ET) through satellite images. Cotton SmartIrrigation App (Cotton App) is one of the recent applications that have been developed to help farmers in scheduling irrigation during the growing season. The App is based on an interactive ET-based soil water balance model. In this study, remote sensing of Evapotranspiration has been used to detect and map crop water requirements in order to enhance the Cotton App predictions for irrigation schedule during the growing season. Two remote sensing ET models based on thermal infrared (TIR), The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) and Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC), were used to derive ET over cotton. Results showed higher values of actual Evapotranspiration calculated by both SEBAL and METRIC models during the first 45 days of the growing season compared to the calculated values of ETa from crop coefficient. This is expected to be due to the higher evaporation fraction from bare soil since the plant cover is still very low and accordingly the plant transpiration too. However, later in the second growing stage, the models showed that the crop coefficient calculated ETa (ETa- Calculated) has overestimated the plant Evapotranspiration giving higher values compared to the values from the models. These results indicate that, the use of remote sensing techniques along with the ET-models will increase the app efficiency in giving more precise irrigation scheduling.
Assessment of cumulative impacts and coastal ecosystem health in the JiaoZhou Bay
Authors: Hu Ziyuan , Logan Murray , Sun XiaoXia , Brinkman Richard , Sun Song
Published: March 2020

Coastal areas are under compounding pressures from urbanization, industrialization, infrastructure growth, and aquaculture.  There is hence an urgent need for developing solutions for coastal pollution and ecosystem safety. In this work, based on our long-term and multidisciplinary ecosystem monitoring data, we develop tools to translate the observing data into management information to sustainable coastal use and development. From the existing data and experimental studies, we develop approaches to understand key processes and factors controlling coastal ecosystems and to define thresholds and guidelines values of ecological parameters to determine. With focus on marine ecosystem health assessment, we use the integrating data to describe ecosystem condition, its potential trend and the impact of existing pressures. This present study initially focused on the coastal area of the Yellow Sea, in the JIAOZHOU Bay. The technique of the structured research can be applied to other coastal regions as well to understand how these ecosystems respond to local and global pressures.
Investigation of the environmental factors associated with the inflow of Sargassum horneri into the Korean Peninsula using GOCI
Authors: Kim Jihui , Park Young-je
Published: March 2020

 

Sargassum horneri is one of the major components of the floating sargassum that is distributed widely along the coast, including Korea, China and Japan. Sargassum horneri has an air pocket called an ‘air sec’ on its body which leads to a floating life, and drifts by ocean currents and winds. Due to these characteristics, blooms of Sargassum horneri have occurred April-June in the East China Sea. If these blooms flow into Jeju Island in South Korea, the blooms can cause enormous damage to fishing activities and the marine tourism industry. In order to minimize the damage caused by these blooms, we have been studied using remote sensing and field measurements.

This study investigates environmental factors associated to the inflow of Sargassum horneri into Korean Peninsula. We used floating algae detection algorithm developed by a Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI). Since GOCI provides data of the seas surrounding the Korea eight times a day (00 to 07 UTC), it is suitable to monitor the blooms. The algorithm was made using the Red-edge effect which has a sharply rising reflectivity at around 700 nm but a low reflectivity in the red area (660-680 nm). And it was considered that the reflectivity of background seawater which varies from place to place is eliminated. Based on the results of the algorithm for detecting floating algae, Sargassum horneri’s inflow into the Korean Peninsula was analyzed January to June for six years (2014 to 2019). Also, the environment factors affecting to the inflow path were investigated each months and years.

 
Bridging gaps between engineering capability and science applications across educational and science organisations
Authors: Golodoniuc Pavel , Fraser Ryan
Published: March 2020

The scientific discovery process in geosciences inevitably involves the analysis of many heterogeneous datasets collected from various sources, e.g., field sampling, laboratories, historical data, that are often presented from different perspectives. Data interoperability, standardised data ingest and classification are critical factors in enabling comprehensive and interdisciplinary data analysis. The AuScope initiative that has been run for over a decade in Australia has produced an open-standards technology stack that has had a profound impact allowing open access to vast data holdings previously hardly accessible to researchers. The developed data delivery technology erased project boundaries, allowed sharing data with international community initiatives (e.g., INSPIRE, OneGeology), and equipped researchers with tools allowing the application of new numerical methods to a broader range of available data sets. It should be noted that in mineral exploration projects data interoperability challenges are not always of a technical nature, social aspects must be also considered to facilitate greater uptake.

This year, AuScope has introduced the Engage activity that is specifically designed to increase collaboration with and between research institutions, developing new pilot scientific applications, enabling access and up-scaling existing applications through intensive collaboration sprints of three months. A steering committee was formed to collect, assess and prioritise mini-project proposals from a range of institutions in research and academic sectors. Each project was equipped with a dedicated team of researchers and engineers to tackle a specific carefully scoped scientific problem with a measurable impact. The first iteration of the program has seen a diverse spectrum of projects including the establishment of a data catalogue for a University laboratory as part of a larger laboratory network development effort, web-enabling numerical legacy codes, containerisation of virtual research environments for educational purposes and a web application User Experience improvement project.

This case study will walk through the social aspects of our experience in cross-institutional collaboration, showcase our learnings, highlight our wins and challenges, and outline the vision for future work.
Fling-step recovering from near-source waveforms and ground displacement attenuation models
Authors: D'Amico Maria , Schiappapietra Erika , Lanzano Giovanni , Sgobba Sara , Pacor Francesca
Published: March 2020

We present a processing scheme (eBASCO, extended BASeline COrrection) to remove the baseline of strong-motion records by means of a piece-wise linear de-trending of the velocity time history. Differently from standard processing schemes, eBASCO does not apply any filtering to remove the low-frequency content of the signal. This approach preserves both the long-period near-source ground-motion, featured by one-side pulse in the velocity trace, and the offset at the end of the displacement trace (fling-step). Hence, the software is suitable for the identification of fling-containing strong-motion waveforms. Here, we apply eBASCO to reconstruct the ground displacement of more than 400 three-component near-source waveforms recorded worldwide (NESS1, http://ness.mi.ingv.it/; Pacor et al., 2019) with the aim of: 1) extensively testing the eBasco capability to capture the long-period content of near-source records; 2) calibrating attenuation models for peak ground displacement (PGD), 5% damped displacement response spectra (DS), permanent displacement amplitude (PD) and period (Tp). The results could provide a more accurate estimate of ground motions, to be adopted for different engineering purposes such as performance-based seismic design of structures.

Pacor F., Felicetta C., Lanzano G., Sgobba S., Puglia R., D’Amico M., Russo E., Baltzopoulos G., Iervolino I. (2018). NESS v1.0: A worldwide collection of strong-motion data to investigate near source effects. Seismological Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180149
Bridging science, policy, industry and practitioners communities and the citizen dimension for enhancing disaster resilience
Authors: Quevauviller Philippe
Published: March 2020

This presentation discusses the issue of bridging science, policy, industry and practitioners communities as well as the citizen dimension for enhancing disaster resilience. It focuses on the development and consolidation of the Community of Users (CoU) on Secure, Safe and Resilient Societies, an exchange platform of the European Commission. The CoU is an initiative from DG Home and aims to create a platform to exchange information on research results and policy updates between policy-makers, researchers and end-users on a European, national and regional level. Its motivation lies on the fact that there is a large span of policies and research projects users, leading to fragmentation of information and lost opportunities regarding possible synergies. There is a strong need to boost awareness about research projects and policy developments. Besides, user’s needs are often insufficiently targeted and should be considered in the light of research programming. Links among scientific outputs and policy objectives are often lacking and there is a need to strengthen cooperation and dialogue among the different communities. This presentation will highlight current research programming and perspectives in Horizon Europe and policy implementation.
Correlation between tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea and the space weather
Authors: Mulić Medžida , Halilović Džana , Lavić Anesa
Published: March 2020

The ionosphere is the dominant source of the errors in the Global Navigation Satellite Systems  (GNSS), which causes delays and degradation of the GNSS signal. These errors have an impact on many terrestrial and space applications that rely on GNSS. The key parameter for the study of the ionosphere is the Total Electron Content (TEC). In an effort to eliminate the impact of delayed GNSS signal caused by the ionospheric refraction on the accuracy of GNSS positioning and navigation, the researchers made significant advances and began other ionospheric research. This paper studies the variability of GNSS derived TEC values in the International quiet and disturbed days, but also in periods when three tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean developed. However, the term tropical-like cyclone distinguishes tropical cyclones developing outside the tropics (like in the Mediterranean Basin) from those developing inside the tropics. Mediterranean tropical cyclones, known as a Medicane, show no difference to other tropical cyclones and can be developed into a hurricane.

Hence, the variability of GNSS derived TEC values time series were analyzed during periods when three Medicanes happened in the fall of 2014, 2016, 2017. Data from eight GNSS stations of the European Permanent Network (EPN) were used and TEC calculations were performed using the VShell program. The results demonstrated that the TEC variability is reflected in daily variations within one month, for three different years of consideration. When the state of the ionosphere was disturbed by external influences, such as the space weather storms, the results demonstrated extreme changes in the number of electrons in the ionosphere. Variations of the TEC and parameter VTEC*sigma were analyzed in the weeks before and after three subtropical cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea, recorded in November 2014, November 2016 and November 2017. Special attention was given to the time series analysis of the variable VTEC*sigma for the GNSS stations located nearby the area where the Medicane developed and stations in regions away from the storm.

The results demonstrated higher VTEC values derived from GNSS stations in the area of the storm on the storm days, as well as the days before and after. Also, the results for the storm in November 2014 showed higher VTEC values compared to the other two tropical-like cyclones. The recorded events of space weather are in correlation with the days when three analyzed Medicanes developed. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish whether the TEC variability was caused by the space weather storm or the Medicane.
Towards operational post-processing of probabilistic temperature forecasts at MeteoSwiss
Authors: Rajczak Jan , Keller Regula , Bhend Jonas , Spirig Christoph , Hemri Stephan , Moret Lionel , Liniger Mark
Published: March 2020

MeteoSwiss is currently developing a post-processing suite for the territory of Switzerland. The system aims to provide optimized multi-variable (i.e. temperature, precipitation, wind and cloud cover), spatial and probabilistic predictions. The system will combine information in a seamless manner from the in-house short range and regional (COSMO-E/1) of 1 resp. 2 km resolution and the medium range ECMWF IFS NWP systems. At the example of probabilistic temperature forecasts, this contribution discusses recent advances and experiences at developing, applying and operationalizing non-homogenous Gaussian regression, also known as ensemble model output statistics (EMOS).

Over the complex terrain of Switzerland, postprocessing leads to a substantial improvement of temperature forecasts by up to 30% in terms of CRPS with respect to elevation-corrected direct model output (DMO) even by a basic EMOS only relying on DMO of temperature. Incorporating suitable predictors, such as the atmospheric boundary layer height, leads to a further gain in forecast quality. Results also show that combining high- (COSMO-E) and coarse-resolution (IFS) NWP output can not only provide a seamless medium-range forecast, but also further increase prediction skill during the time horizon when both models are available. Finally, we discuss first attempts to produce high-resolution spatial PP fields for arbitrary locations by exploiting a global EMOS framework with multiple static (e.g. geographic characteristics) and dynamic predictors derived from NWP data.
Bryozoan-rich stromatolites (“bryoliths”) from the Silurian of Gotland and their relation to climate-related perturbations of the carbon cycle
Authors: Claussen Anna Lene , Munnecke Axel , Ernst Andrej
Published: March 2020

A small but rather unique reef type occurs in the Silurian of Gotland mainly composed of encrusting bryozoans and microbial crusts, forming a complex intergrowth, which can be characterized as bryozoan-rich stromatolites, so-called “bryoliths”. The alternation of bryozoans and microbes is assumingly driven by a repeated change of hostile and more favorable conditions for metazoan growth. The surfaces of the reef bodies are composed of characteristic cauliflower structures, created by bryozoans, which are performing a finger-like growth in every direction. Other common features are bioerosion (mostly by bivalves), enigmatic encrusting echinoderms, a high abundance of organophosphatic fossil remains such as bryozoan pearls and discinid brachiopods, a high abundance of epi- and endobionts, vadose silt, and gypsum pseudomorphs.

Altogether, ten of these special reefs have been identified on Gotland so far. All of them were formed during periods of strong positive δ 13C excursions at the Ireviken and Lau isotope excursions in the early Wenlock and late Ludlow, respectively. The unusual features of the bryoliths as well as their occurrence exclusively during strong positive δ 13C excursions indicate very specific environmental requirements. This leads to the assumption, that whatever caused the isotope excursions also has affected these reef systems. Hence, investigating the bryoliths will hopefully increase our knowledge to what has happened during the – still enigmatic – Silurian stable isotope excursions.
Characteristics of Marine Debris Movement Pattern Using Location Tracking Buoys
Authors: Jeong Minji , Bak Suho , Kim Nakyeong , Yoon Hongjoo
Published: March 2020

Recently, marine debris, which is emerging most in the marine environment, becomes a global problem and becomes a factor of marine environmental pollution. In particular, the United Nation General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), the largest joint goal of the United Nations and the international community, which is to be implemented from 2016 to 2030, including the reduction of marine waste by 2025 in the detailed marine sector. Marine debris, which is emerging as an international environmental issue, is emphasized mainly by coastal countries and can be seen in domestic coasts. Accordingly, coastal debris monitoring is carried out to investigate debris on designated coasts in Korea. However, the current monitoring methods have limitations in identifying the amount and type of coastal debris by region. And when comparing the amount of inflow and collection of marine debris in Korea, the collection amount is less than half compared to the inflow amount. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the movement pattern characteristics by tracking the behavior of marine debris. In this study uses the location tracking buoys which can identify the movement characteristics of marine debris in accordance with the floating and direct influence in real-time. Therefore, GPS terminals built into objects that are shaped like marine debris, suggesting that they can track what movement patterns are characteristic of current and wind effects.
The role of strain dependent rheology on formation of divergent plate boundaries
Authors: Ulvrova Martina , Gerya Taras
Published: March 2020

Surface of the Earth is divided into distinct plates that move relative to each other. However, formation and evolution of new plate boundaries is still challenging to numerically produce and predict. In particular, regional lithospheric models as well as large scale convection models lack realistic strike slip plate boundaries that would arise self-consistently in such models. Here, we investigate the role of different rheologies on the inception and dynamic evolution of the new divergent plate boundaries and their offset by strike-slip faulting. We compare visco-plastic rheology and strain dependent rheology and their capacity to localise deformation into narrow plate limits. We use high-resolution 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models in  cartesian geometry to infer the conditions under which realistic divergent plate boundaries develop.
Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling in the form of recurrent substorms with one-hour periodicity
Authors: Keiling Andreas , Nosé Masahito , Angelopoulos Vassillis
Published: March 2020

The magnetospheric substorm is a response mode of the magnetosphere to solar wind driving. It has been shown that substorms can show repetitive behavior (that is, three or more substorms following each other with a quasi-period). The most common period is approximately three hours. A conclusive and satisfactory answer to the cause of this periodicity has not yet been given. Very limited mentioning of a shorter recurrence period, namely around one hour, has sparsely been appeared in the literature. In this presentation, we report on this lesser studied periodicity, giving observational examples from the THEMIS fleet. We compare the observations with global magnetosphere MHD simulations (BATS-R-US) of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling that incorporate kinetic corrections at the reconnection site. The similarity is striking, suggesting that indeed kinetic effects in tail reconnection are responsible - at least in some cases - for this periodic behavior of the magnetosphere.
Multidecadal Modulations of ENSO influence on cyclogenesis in the Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Badiane Adama , Rodríguez-Fonseca Belén , Losada Teresa , Dieng Abdou Lahat , Sall Saidou Moustapha
Published: March 2020

The impact of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) events on the cyclogenesis of the eastern tropical North Atlantic is highlighted, focusing on decadal variations of the interannual relationship at the Senegalese coast, which is the main cyclone development region (MDR). SST anomalies in the Equatorial Pacific associated with ENSO events affect vertical wind shear over the eastern Atlantic, by inducing strong subsidence of dry air over the eastern Atlantic which tends to inhibit deep convection and thus be unfavorable to cyclonic activity. Based on 20yr- correlations between the number of cyclones that are born in the MDR and ENSO index, we have selected two different periods of study (period1: 1950-1969; and period2: 1996-2015).The results show that period2 presents the highest scores of negative correlations between ENSO and tropical Atlantic cyclogenesis. Although there is an intensification of ENSO events during period2 compared to period1, we have found that decadal changes in climatology have a more significant effect on the MDR than the interannual changes. Additionally, the changes in the interannual signal appear to be related to the concomitant action of interannual SST anomalies over the whole tropical basins.
Validation of the EarthCARE Mission
Authors: Koopman Rob , Lefebvre Alain , Maeusli Damien , Wehr Tobias , Eisinger Michael , Piñol Solé Montserrat
Published: March 2020

This poster will address the geophysical validation for EarthCARE. This mission is developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA); both space agencies also agreed to define and coordinate a joint EarthCARE Validation programme. Beside providing the Cloud Profile Radar instrument and making available the related ground processing facilities, JAXA is as well responsible for the commissioning of the CPR, including the associated Validation Plan and activities. ESA will then integrate the CPR Validation Plan part into the joint EarthCARE Scientific Validation Implementation Plan. The two Agencies have already begun to consolidate this joint Scientific Validation Implementation Plan, and its overall status will be presented. The poster will then focus on the ESA-led Validation activities, in particular on validation of the Level 1 products of the ESA instruments (ATLID, BBR, MSI) and on the ESA-developed Level 2 products. These ESA Validation activities have been the outcome of an announcement of opportunity that was issued in 2017 and for which more than 30 proposals had been received. A broad peer review of this programme took place in 2018 during the 1st ESA Validation Workshop in Bonn (held in concomitance with the 7th EarthCARE Science Workshop), and the conclusion was that if all Principal Investigators succeed to secure the corresponding funding, then the combined programme is adequate, with few areas for improvement remaining. Therefore, late opportunity still exists for supporting and complementing the EarthCARE Validation Plan
Quasi Periodic Oscillations in the Pre Phases of Recurrent Jets Highlighting Plasmoids in Current Sheet
Authors: Joshi Reetika , Chandra Ramesh , Schmieder Brigitte , Aulanier Guillaume , Devi Pooja , Moreno-Insertis Fernando , Nóbrega-Siverio Daniel
Published: March 2020

Solar jets observed at the limb are important to determine the location of reconnection sites in the corona. In this study, we investigate six recurrent hot and cool jets occurring in the active region NOAA 12644 as it is crossing the west limb on April 04, 2017. These jets are observed in all the UV/EUV filters of SDO/AIA and in cooler temperature formation lines in IRIS slit jaw images. The jets are initiated at the top of a double chamber vault with cool loops on one side and hot loops on the other side. The existence of such double chamber vaults suggests the presence of emerging flux with cool loops, the hot loops being the reconnected loops similarly as in the models of Moreno-Insertiset al. 2008, 2013 and Nóbrega-Siverio et al. 2016. In the preliminary phase of the main jets, quasi periodic intensity oscillations accompanied by smaller jets are detected in the bright current sheet between the vault and the preexisting magnetic field. Individual kernels and plasmoids are ejected in open field lines along the jets. Plasmoids may launch torsional Alfven waves and the kernels would be the result of the untwist of the plasmoids in open magnetic field as proposed in the model of Wyper et al. 2016.
CoSMoS v2.0: Making Time Series Generation Simple
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , Strnad Filip , Markonis Yannis , Serinaldi Francesco , Rajulapati Chandra Rupa , Hobbi Salma , Hanel Martin
Published: March 2020

Many physically based models aiming to quantify the vulnerability and risk of hydrologic and geomorphic hazards need as input or forcing time series of processes such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, etc. The reliability of their output depends on how realistic the inputs are. CoSMoS is a multi-platform software that generates reliable time series from hydroclimatic variables (precipitation, temperature, wind, relative humidity, streamflow, etc.). It is developed in R (version 2.0) as well as in other platforms (Matlab, Mathematica, Excel). It can be used to generate univariate and multivariate time series at any time scale by reproducing the marginal distributions and the linear correlation structures (including intermittency) of the process under investigation. CoSMoS implements a unified stochastic modelling scheme that expands and enhances a generic modelling approach based on the transformation of “parent” Gaussian time series. By design it aims to offer a simple and easy-to-apply solution to the user requesting minimal information, such as the target marginal distribution and the correlation structure. The software is accompanied by a complete users’ manual.
Personal exposure to PM2.5 during commuting in Shanghai
Authors: Peng Li , Shen Yanling , Cai Jing
Published: March 2020

The impact of microenvironment on public health has received increasing attention, especially in the traffic and living microenvironment. This study shows a comparative research of PM2.5 exposure concentrations associated with five commuting modes (i.e., walking, bicycling, car, bus and subway) in haze and non-haze periods in Shanghai, China. On the days of observation, the experimenter carried portable instruments to measure personal PM2.5 exposure concentrations, commuting by different transport modes, following designated routes round Century Park in Shanghai. Fixed observations of indoor and background concentrations of PM2.5 were also taken for comparison in a three-story building nearby. We found that the choice of different commuting modes will result in different personal PM2.5 exposure levels. During the haze periods in winter, cyclists followed by pedestrians had the highest PM2.5 exposure than those who commuted by subway, bus and car with controlled ventilation settings. During the non-haze periods, subway commuters had the highest PM2.5 exposure. By contrast with personal exposure, the hourly inhaled dose of PM2.5 was higher among active commuters than among commuters who used motorised transport such as subway, bus and car. Our results may provide information to help develop exposure mitigation strategies for public health protection.