bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric charge separation mechanism due to gas release from the crust before an earthquake
Authors: Chen Tao , Li Lei
Published: March 2024

In fair weather, the vertical atmospheric electric field is oriented downward (positive in the earth surface ordinate system) in the global atmospheric circuit. Some researchers revealed the unique phenomenon whereby once an upward vertical atmospheric electric field is observed in fair weather, an earthquake follows within 2-48 hours regardless of the earthquake magnitude. However, the mechanism has not been explained with a suitable physical model. In this paper, a physical model is presented considering four types of forces acting on charged particles in air. It is demonstrated that the heavier positive ions and lighter negative ions are rapidly separated. Finally, a reversed fair weather electrostatic field is formed by the above charge separation process. The simulation results have instructive significance for future observations and hazard predictions and it still needs further research.
Differential adaptative strategies to phosphorus limitation in tropical rainforests dominated by trees associated with arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Yu Qingshui
Published: March 2024

Tropical rainforests on low-phosphorus (P) soils are highly biodiverse and productive, playing a crucial role in climate change mitigation. However, the adaptation mechanisms of tropical rainforest dominated by trees associated with different mycorrhizal symbioses (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM)) to P-deficient environments remain unclear. Through a 10-year field experiments with nitrogen (N) and P additions in AM- and ECM-dominated stands, we first investigated leaf nutrient content and resorption efficiencies of eight species in each stand. We further explored how litter, soil, and microbes maintain P supply to plants. We found that both AM- and ECM-dominated forests are P-limited. AM-dominated forest exhibited higher soil phoD gene abundance and fungal diversity, while ECM-dominated forest displayed higher soil phosphatase activity. Regression and random forest analyses revealed that AM-dominated forest employ diverse P-acquisition strategies, including increased foliar P resorption efficiency, soil phosphatase activity, and fungal diversity. In contrast, ECM-dominated forest preferred to enhance soil phosphatases activity and mineralize moderately liable P, thereby alleviating P limitation. These findings show joint influence of litter, soil, and microorganisms on plant P acquisition, and P-regulated processes vary by mycorrhizal types. Our study enhances understanding of the effects of global change on biogeochemical processes in tropical rainforests.
Study of Plio-Pleistocene Foreland Basin Provenance and Orogenic Exhumation History in Central Taiwan: Fission-Track and U-Pb Dating Analyses of Detrital Zircon from Western Foothills
Authors: Hsu Wei-Chang , Lee Yuan-Hsi , Yang Kenn-Ming , Lin Kuan-Wei , Chang Sung-Ping
Published: March 2024

In this study, we employed low-temperature thermochronology to investigate the depositional source and exhumation rates of the mountain belt in central Taiwan. We collected four sedimentary rock samples from the Chiunkongliao River and one sample from Wuxi. Utilizing zircon fission-track (ZFT) dating and uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating, we observed an increase in the percentage of partially reset zircon from the Chinshui Shale to the Toukoshan Formation. Additionally, we identified total reset zircon in the Toukoshan Formation. Furthermore, the probability density of U-Pb dating in the Toukoshan Formation leans more towards the Oligocene than the Miocene.Through double-dating, we determined that ZFT ages less than 65 Ma are not the result of Cenozoic volcanic activity. These findings suggest a change in the origin of the depositional source from the Cholan Formation to the Toukoshan Formation. According to the lag time curve, the exhumation rate accelerated during the time period from 1.1 Ma to 0.5 Ma.Comparing our results with previous studies in the Western Foothills of central Taiwan, we observed that the annealing zone was exposed earliest in the middle part than in the southern one. This may indicate that, in central Taiwan, the exhumation rate in the middle part was the fastest. 
Combining long-term monitoring system data with on-site experiments to analyze groundwater salinization and seawater intrusion in the coastal areas of Yunlin, TAIWAN
Authors: Chen KaiYun , Chiu YungChia
Published: March 2024

Groundwater serves as the main freshwater resources for water supply in coastal area of Yunlin, Taiwan. However, the development of agriculture, fisheries, and industry, has experienced excessive exploitation of groundwater. This has led to an imbalance in pressure between groundwater and seawater, resulting in an escalating issue of groundwater salinization. Clearly defining the interface between groundwater and seawater and examining the mechanisms behind groundwater salinization is an urgent task for water resources management. This study aims to establish a conceptual model for hydrogeology and seawater intrusion in the coastal areas of Yunlin using various types of data and investigation methods. The methods conducted in this study includes the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), temperature-depth (TD) profiles, and the numerical model of Quasi-2D to delineate the potential region of salinized groundwater in the coastal area of Yunlin. Based on the long-term water quality data, Yiwu is identified as the potential impact zone of seawater intrusion where the salinity of groundwater exceeds the standard of freshwater. ERT was conducted in the shallow aquifer of Yiwu area and the results indicated that the aquifer is influenced by tidal effects. The thermal contour, derived from TD profiles obtained from nearby observation wells, depict the interface of freshwater and seawater. Subsequently, a Quasi-2D numerical model using TD profiles is employed to simulate groundwater flow directions and velocities around the interface. Ultimately, the hydrogeological conceptual model for seawater intrusion is developed. This study demonstrates that utilizing the long-term measurements and aforementioned series of methods is effective in delineating the interface of freshwater and seawater and developing the conceptual model of seawater intrusion. Keywords: seawater intrusion, electrical resistivity tomography, temperature, numerical model
Spatial Flood Forecasting in Middle Brahmaputra Basin with the help of Time Series Spatio temporal SAR Images using LSTM Network
Authors: Surampudi Samvedya , Kumar Vijay
Published: March 2024

While floods are considered as costliest natural disasters globally, their impact on developing countries is disproportionately high in terms of lost lives and irreversible property damage. In India, 27.75 percentage of the country’s population is exposed to high flood risk areas out of which majority of the population are concentrated in the Ganges- Brahmaputra plain. The Brahmaputra River has a history of yearly flooding, and over 674 deaths and more than $1 million worth of property loss were reported during the years 2012–2023 due to the river’s annual flooding.
To mitigate the forthcoming effects of flooding, we introduce a spatial flood forecasting system in the middle Brahmaputra basin that predicts the spatial locations as well as magnitude of the impending flood with the help of multitemporal Synthetic Aperture Radar images. By taking the advantage of the abundant Earth Observation data available, we demonstrated the forecasting system that predict locations experiencing maximum flooding in a single flood plain of the middle Brahmaputra basin.
In the initial phase, 169 SAR images from 2006-2022 were processed to create an inventory of flood extents and levels in a 1Sq.Km spatial zones. The forecasting model has been established using LSTM network and is calibrated to predict the upcoming flood hit locations as well as the flood depths in predicted spatial zones. This paper presents the procedures and findings of the proposed forecasting model along with potential future directions of this work.
Structures of the continental shear zone beneath the San Andreas Fault inferred from two-layer modeling of SKS splitting
Authors: Kuo Ban-Yuan , Peng Cheng-Chien , Wang Po-Chen
Published: March 2024

How continental plate boundary faults develop with depth has been under debate. We inverted SKS shear wave splitting data along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) into two layers of anisotropy using a Bayesian inversion. While the two layers are statistically required, the fast polarization directions of the upper layer do not match the strike of the SAF as previously reported. To capture the lithospheric shear zone, we progressively decrease the upper limit of the delay time of the upper layer. In northern California where SAF strikes 140-150, the upper layer fast directions get close to these azimuths when the delay time is reduced to ~0.5 s. In southern California where the SAF strikes 120-130, the upper layer fast directions capture the SAF with delay times of a similar magnitude. For olivine LPO with vertical shear plane, these delay times translate to a anisotropy layer of 40 km thickness, or a depth of 70 km from the surface, assuming the seismogenic zone in the crust is too localized to influence the SKS splitting. This depth coincides with the depth of lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary independently estimated. The lower-layer fast directions are in between the absolute plate motion directions of the American and the Pacific plates, or at least agree with that predicted from surface wave study in northern California. We picture a vertical continental shear zone widening to at least 200 km at the bottom of the lithosphere, transitioning to a horizontal shear regime in the asthenosphere driven by plate motions. This architecture of continental shear zone is consistent with our understanding of the rheology of crust and mantle.
Investigation of the Electric Fields Related to Elves Simulations
Authors: Kaspar Petr , Kolmasova Ivana , Santolik Ondrej , Popek Martin
Published: March 2024

Elves are transient luminous events occurring above thunderclouds. They appear as an expanding ring of light at altitudes of 85 – 95 km with diameters of more than 200 km and lasting less than 1 ms. The elves are produced by electromagnetic pulses emitted by underlying high-peak current lightning discharges, which excite nitrogen molecules at the bottom of the ionosphere. We develop an electromagnetic model of elves, which consists of two steps. As the first step, we compute the horizontal part of the electric field at a height of 15 km from transmission line return stroke (RS) models without damping, with linear, and/or exponential damping of the current wave. Subsequently, we solve Maxwell’s equations self consistently for altitudes from 15 km to 95 km, including finite neutral and electron densities, and nonlinearities related to heating, ionization, and attachment of free electrons caused by the RS transient electric field. We show computed electric fields and optical emission rates at the heights of the development of elves. This procedure allows us to distinguish between the electrostatic, induction, and radiation part of the electric field and to investigate their role in the evolution of elves in the full wave simulations.
Anomalous eNd change of the Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition
Authors: Khim Boo-Keun , Horikawa Keiji , Asahara Yoshihiro
Published: March 2024

The Middle Miocene Climatic Optima (MMCO; 17–14.5 Ma) is warmest over the last 23 Myrs, with higher pCO2 (400–500 ppmv; Foster et al., 2012, Super et al., 2018), ~6 °C warming in a mid-latitude compared to the present (Flower and Kennett, 1994), and a large reduction (30–36 m) in Antarctic ice volume (Gasson et al., 2016). The eruption of CO2 from the Columbia River flood basalt has been suggested as a primary cause of the MMCO. However, the mechanisms of the progressive global cooling after the MMCO remain highly controversial. Here, we provide novel paleoceanographic information on the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean to improve our understanding of climate–ocean conditions during the MMCO. In this study, we analyzed the middle Miocene biopelagic sediments (> 90% CaCO3 contents) from ODP Site 1120 (50°3.8′S, 173°22.3′E), located on the central Campbell Plateau off the South Island of New Zealand (Ando et al., 2011). Because the middle Miocene paleo-water depth at Site 1120 is estimated to be similar to the present water depth (~600 m), analyses of oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of benthic foraminifer and neodymium (Nd) isotopes of fossil fish teeth/debris allow us to characterize the AAIW during the deposition. We present newly measured 17.5–8.5 Myr records of Nd isotopes of fossil fish teeth/debris, planktonic foraminiferal δ18O, δ13C, Mg/Ca, and Ba/Ca from Site 1120. The εNd values ranged from -7.5 to -3.2 at 17.5–8.5 Ma. In contrast, during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT, 14.5–13.5 Ma), εNd values shifted rapidly toward more radiogenic values (~-3.2) and then gradually returned to less radiogenic values (-7 to -6). Such a large long-term variation of εNd values has not been reported in previous datasets, which is the first records to represent the characteristics of the AAIW in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the MMCT. We argue for the two possible causes of these εNd changes in the AAIW: 1) there might have been an anomalous supply of radiogenic Nd due to the intense physical weathering in West Antarctica caused by the onset of glaciation and 2) the equatorial surface water, characterized by high εNd values, might have expanded toward the high latitudes and a part of the water mass was incorporated into the intermediate layer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Revealing neglected hotspots for China’s quality-induced water scarcity
Authors: Liu Shuman , Liu Junguo , Zhao Dandan , Cao Wenfang
Published: March 2024

A dependable assessment of quality-induced water scarcity (QualWS) is essential for tackling the issue and achieving sustainable development goals. The conventional emission-based grey water footprint (GWF) may over- or under- estimate QualWS, as it solely focuses on local pollutant emissions while disregarding other influential factors. To address this limitation, we propose the State-based GWF to reflect the quality status of local water resources accurately. The indicator is applied in annual and monthly QualWS assessments at the provincial scale in China. In 2021, 19 provinces were identified as QualWS hotspots, comprising seven moderate and 12 slight hotspots for at least one pollutant. Notably, the State-based assessment revealed eight previously overlooked hotspots undetected by conventional methods. Furthermore, Total phosphorus (TP) emerged as the most critical water pollutant, followed by total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Our assessment presents an innovative perspective for understanding QualWS and establishes a scientific basis for effective aquatic environment management.
Atmospheric deposition and river runoff stimulate the utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus in coastal seas
Authors: Zhang Chao , Jin Haoyu , Mock Thomas , Gao Huiwang
Published: March 2024

In coastal seas with relatively abundant macronutrients and trace metals, the role of atmospheric deposition and river runoff in biological DOP utilization is not well understood. Here, we address this knowledge gap by combining microcosm experiments with a global approach considering the relationship between the activity of alkaline phosphatases and changes in phytoplankton biomass in relation to the concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Our results suggest that the addition of aerosols and riverine water stimulate the biological utilization of DOP in coastal seas primarily by depleting DIP due to increasing nitrogen concentrations, which enhances phytoplankton growth. This “Anthropogenic Nitrogen Pump” was therefore identified to make DOP an important source of phosphorus for phytoplankton in coastal seas but only when the ratio of chlorophyll a to DIP [Log10 (Chl a / DIP)] is larger than 1.20. Our study therefore suggests that nitrogen input through atmospheric and riverine sources might contribute to the phosphorus cycle in coastal seas.
Agricultural residue burning in India: health impacts and mitigation alternatives
Authors: Lan Ruoyu , Eastham Sebastian , Norford Les
Published: March 2024

Degraded air quality shortens the lives of millions in India, where the burning of crop residue is an important contributor to air pollution and public health burden. Despite government bans, fines and subsidies for no-burn practices, agricultural fires remain widespread. This paper aims to help inform alternative interventions to crop residue burning that are both straightforward to implement and attractive to the farmers community while mitigating health impacts.
Unlike traditional studies of Indian air pollution which start by assuming an intervention, such as removing the entire emissions from a source, and then calculating its effects, we used inverse modeling to start from the air quality effects of agricultural fires and then quantify the potential benefit of actions at district- and hourly level. Instead of focusing on a single hot spot such as Delhi, where air quality problems have been notoriously serious, we focus on the whole Indian population - since impacts of air pollution are not limited to one location and epidemiological evidence shows no threshold of PM2.5 under which no harm to humans is observed. 
From 2003 to 2019, we find that Indian agricultural residue burning caused an annual average of 69,000 PM2.5 exposure-related premature deaths, of which Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh states contribute 67–90%. These health impacts, valued at 23 billion USD annually, are equivalent to 38% of the total health expenditure, or 7.8% of the gross value added from agricultural activity in India. Over 17 years, these two ratios have increased from 29% to 40%, and from 6.1% to 9.2%. The average air quality impacts attributable to agricultural fires is 2.4% lower in drought years, 4.8% higher in flood years, and close to 17-year average in years with normal rainfall. We show that six districts are responsible for 40% of annual burning-related air quality impacts in India. Burning a few hours earlier during the day could also avert a significant number of premature deaths each year. Our findings support the use of targeted and potentially low-cost interventions to mitigate crop residue burning in India, motivating further research regarding cost-effectiveness and feasibility.
 
BEACON - A high-performance data lake solution
Authors: Thijsse Peter , Krijger Tjerk , Schaap Dick , Kooyman Robin
Published: March 2024

In many of the societal and scientific challenges, such as Digital Twins of the Oceans and virtual research environments, fast access to a large number of multidisciplinary data resources is key. However, achieving performance is a major challenge as original data is in many cases organised in millions of observation files which makes it hard to achieve fast responses. Next to this, data from different domains are stored in a large variety of data infrastructures, each with their own data-access mechanisms, which causes researchers to spend much time on trying to access relevant data. In a perfect world, users should be able to retrieve data in a uniform way from different data infrastructures following their selection criteria, including for example spatial or temporal boundaries, parameter types, depth ranges and other filters. Therefore, as part of the EOSC Future and Blue-Cloud projects, MARIS has started developing a software system called ‘BEACON’ with a unique indexing system that can, on the fly with high performance, extract specific data based on the user’s request from millions of observational data files, containing multiple parameters in diverse units.
The BEACON system and its data can be accessed via a REST API that is exposed by BEACON itself, meaning clients can query data via a simple JSON request. The system is built in a way that it returns one single harmonised file as output, regardless of whether the input contains many different data types or dimensions. It also allows for converting the units of the original data if parameters are measured in different types of units (for this it e.g. makes use of the NERC Vocabulary Service and the I-Adopt framework). It is important to mention that the system can be applied to different data infrastructures and is not tailor made for one specific type of database. 
Showcasing the performance and usability of BEACON, as part of this presentation, the BEACON system will be shown with practical example applications on the SeaDataNet CDI database, Euro-ARGO database and the ERA5 dataset from the Climate Data Store. It will be explained how we want to create an open community around BEACON, how the BEACON software could be accessed and used by developers and the most recent developments will be shown. More technical details, example applications and general information for BEACON can be found on the website https://beacon.maris.nl/.
Small endorheic basin sediments along a climatic gradient as paleoenvironmental archives
Authors: Raish Itzhak , Roskin Joel , Vainer Shlomy , Bookman Revital
Published: March 2024

 Understanding and quantifying the natural variability and evolution of past climate systems require the use of datasets that are considerably long, continuous, and of broad spatial coverage. However, common terrestrial proxies, specifically in low- and mid-latitude could be puzzling due to the diversity of climate systems that records a mixed and regionally wide signal that fails to detect the short-term and transitional climate variability. In Holocene records, which are often used to study human-environment interactions, these resolutions are critical.Here we explore the potency of deposits that are filling endorheic (internally drained) basins of not more than several km2 in size to serve as paleoenvironmental archives. We focus on three sites spread along a steep, ~150 km long climatic gradient in Israel that are influenced by several atmospheric circulation patterns. Core-drilled sediments acquired from such basins have undergone sequential analyses to characterize their textural, geochemical, and luminescence properties. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, applied to construct a chronological framework, is coupled with port/pulsed OSL (POSL) analyses, mainly to analyze sedimentation trends and target samples for OSL dating.The geomorphic and sedimentological responses to environmental perturbations of the late Quaternary are reflected distinctly in each site. Changes in depositional environments that occur throughout all sites often point to similar regional climatic trends, and are partly synchronous with established climatic events.  The compiled interpretation from several sites along a given climatic transect is anticipated to form a robust regional paleoenvironmental framework that can serve a wide range of Quaternary studies.
Parameter estimation for boundary-layer turbulence parameterizations over heterogeneous terrain
Authors: Fritz Magdalena , Serafin Stefano , Weissmann Martin
Published: March 2024

The accurate representation of turbulent exchange in the mountain boundary layer is particularly challenging for numerical weather prediction models. However, the use of common planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes, which invariably assume flat and homogeneous terrain, results in significant model errors over mountains.We seek to improve the accuracy of PBL parameterization schemes over complex terrain using ensemble-based parameter estimation (PE). PE within the data assimilation framework offers a way to reduce model errors by constraining model parameters with atmospheric observations. For this purpose, we use an idealized modelling environment adopting Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) that consist of a large-eddy simulation (LES) providing a virtual truth and a single column model (SCM) ensemble, where the only model error source is the PBL parameterization. We attempt to estimate parameters in PBL schemes of varying complexity affecting vertical turbulent mixing by assimilating appropriate synthetic surface observations and vertical profiles from the LES run. We demonstrate that, with proper configuration of the data assimilation system, PE makes the estimated parameters converge towards optimal values, and at the same time reduces systematic errors in simulations of the atmospheric state.
Event-type-based Multi-dimensional Diagnostics of Process Limitations in Hydrological Models
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Tarasova Larisa , Merz Ralf
Published: March 2024

Shifts in generation processes of streamflow events driven by advancing climate change are raising concerns about the adaptability of conceptual hydrological models to changing hydrological systems. Using 30-year streamflow data across 395 German catchments, we evaluate the performance of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model for three distinct streamflow event types: events associated with snow and icy conditions (Snow-or-Ice), rainfall on dry soils (Rain-on-Dry), or wet soils (Rain-on-Wet). We focus on a two-dimensional evaluation of the timing and magnitude of streamflow events using the Series-Distance approach (Seibert et al., 2016) while also diagnosing the impact of inherent process limitations on model performance using random forest. The results reveal that the modelled streamflow consistently exhibits time delays and underestimations of magnitude for all types of events. Specifically, the Rain-on-Dry are associated with the most considerable delays, while underestimation of streamflow is the largest for Snow-or-Ice events. Given the statistically significant increasing trends in the occurrence of Rain-on-Dry events across 78.8% of catchments (Mann-Kendall test, p < 0.05), it can be assumed that the timing errors might further deteriorate in the future, compromising the reliability of the model-based early-warning systems for future flood events. Additionally, the errors vary across different hydrograph components (rising limbs, peaks, and recessions) for each type of streamflow event. Peaks are the most underestimated component in all events. Further diagnostics of the links between errors and drivers identifies the pre-event errors are the most important factors of timing and magnitude errors during the events. The process limitation in the model (e.g., groundwater recharge and fast runoff process) and properties of the events themselves (e.g., duration and peak discharge of events) cause the error heterogeneity among the events and exacerbate the errors in peaks of the events. Therefore, our study highlights the critical need for further improvement of process representation in hydrological models and more accurate simulation of pre-event conditions in order to address emerging challenges posed by changing hydrological systems.Seibert, S. P., Ehret, U., & Zehe, E. (2016). Disentangling timing and amplitude errors in streamflow simulations. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(9), 3745-3763.
The role of thermal notch erosion in forcing localised calving failure and short-term increases in velocity at a lake-terminating glacier in southeast Iceland 
Authors: Baurley Nathaniel , Hart Jane
Published: March 2024

We utilised repeat high-resolution UAV-SfM surveys, alongside terrestrial photography acquired in-situ, to investigate, for the first time, how localised calving failure can drive short-term increases in velocity at a lake-terminating glacier. This data was acquired over five days in early July 2019, and across 11 days in July 2021, to provide insights into a suite of processes that have been rarely studied. We demonstrate that large calving events (surface area >1000 m2), occurring as a direct result of thermal notches at the waterline, can drive short-term increases in velocity up to 30% above the average, which are sustained for several days and occur over a much larger area of the glacier than was originally impacted by the initial calving event. We suggest that these findings present an important, yet previously undocumented aspect of the dynamic behaviour of both freshwater and tidewater glaciers, warranting further research into these key processes.
Pore scale assessment of disrupted hydrochemical equilibria in geothermal systems
Authors: Zacherl Lilly , Baumann Thomas
Published: March 2024

Many geothermal plants in the north alpine foreland basin (NAFB) are affected by the precipitation of calcium carbonate and struggle with efficiency losses and sometimes safety problems. The adaption and implementation of predictive maintenance strategies relies on the accuracy of the prediction and make sense if the costs of early maintenance are significantly less compared to the costs of a replacement of failed parts. Therefore, the accurate description of the kinetics of inorganic precipitations have to be extended to include the fluid dynamics and the interaction of the precipitates with different materials used in the geothermal cycle. The experimental concept also applies to fluid-rock interactions which can alter the properties of the reservoir.The parametrization of transferable hydrogeochemical models performs best with data on a single interface, single crystal level. This data allows to elucidate the underlying process kinetics and improve existing strategies. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) opened a way to quantify the formation of carbonate precipitates. Here, the QCM can measure the total mass of attached particles while Raman microscopy identifies the crystal polymorph. Running these experiments in microfluidic channels allows to assess the effects of physical stress on the formation and to test inhibition and removal stratgies.The QCM sensor was placed in a microfluidic channel and tap water (carbonate rich, Ca2+ concentration approx. 2.25 mM, pH approx. 7.50) and sodium hydroxide (0.10 M) were injected through the two inlet channels. As the lime carbonic acid equilibrium shifts due to the pH increase, precipitations are formed. The adhesive forces on different materials (SiO2, aluminium, steel) were studied by changing the flow velocities and chemical cleaning processes were mimicked by injecting an acid (HCl).The precipitation of CaCO3 on the QCM sensor (sensitivity in the low mg-range) was less than 20% of the theoretical amount. This underlines the importance to include the fluid dynamics into the assessment models. The experimental data under dynamic conditions was modelled with a combination of CFD simulations with PhreeqC: The particle flow velocity and the precipitates formed depend on the depth as well as local equilibrium changes. The preferred location of scaling could be adequately simulated. This quantification of the effects of the shear stress and the material properties on the scaling efficiency is a further step towards predictive maintenance strategies and a solid comprehensive site assessment during the planning stage, which should improve the sustainability and the much-needed attractiveness of this energy sector.
Micro mechanism of reservoirs damage caused by CO2 displacement in tight reservoir
Authors: Zhen Zhou , Xin Chen , Yiqian Qu
Published: March 2024

CO2-fluid-rock interactions during CO2 injection in tight oil reservoirs, i.e. asphaltene precipitation and geochemical reactions, alter the pore-throat structure and wettability, which will in turn affect the CO2 displacement efficiency. In this work, pore structures of tight sandstone from the Ordos Basin, China were characterized comprehensively using the X-ray diffraction, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-pressure mercury intrusion. In addition, pore structure and asphaltene precipitation before and after CO2 displacement were analyzed to clarify the influences of CO2-fluid-rock interactions on the pore throat structure and wettability of tight sandstone reservoirs, including mineral dissolution, asphaltene precipitation location and aggregation mode. The results indicate that the Chang8 tight sandstone can be divided into three classes based on pore throat combination: narrow channel intergranular pore type (I), wide channel and dissolution pore type, intergranular pore type (II), and mixed type (III). The porosity of the three types gradually decreases and the percentage of small pore throats increases. With the injection of CO2, secondary pores are formed due to the dissolution of feldspar in Class I reservoirs, and asphaltene precipitates in the macropores, mainly distributed on the surface of mineral particles and clustered in a point-like manner. The impact on the macropore throat is relatively small, and the wettability is reversed towards oil wetting. In the Class II reservoir, feldspar dissolution produces a large number of secondary pores, and the proportion of pore throat of fine and small pores developed by asphaltene precipitation in Clay mineral increases. Asphaltene content in Class III reservoir is precipitated in a large amount in small pores and throats, and accumulates in clusters. Asphaltene precipitation is usually concentrated more closely in the pore throat structure where Chlorite group and Illite are more developed, and core wettability is constantly changing to the direction of strong oil wetness. The asphalt content and wetting reversal index of Class I are the highest, while Class III is the lowest.
Effect of different pore throat combinations on fluids flow of tight reservoirs in the Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Lan Shuqi , Cheng Xin , Qu Yiqian
Published: March 2024

Clarifying the size, morphology, connectivity of pores and throat, and pore throat structure is crucial for studying the CO2 storage efficiency in tight sandstone reservoirs. In this study, a series of experiments were carried out on tight sandstone samples from the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, China to study pore throat structure, including cast thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy, pressure mercury intrusion and nuclear magnetic resonance test. The results show that the major reservoir space is typically formed by the combination of intergranular pores and dissolution pores. Pore and throat combination types mainly include large pore-narrow throat, conduit-like pore throat combination, and tree-like network combination. The pore-throat fractal curve has one segment, while the throat has two segments. The fractal dimensions of narrow throat (Dt1) is larger than that the fractal dimensions of wide throats (Dt2), indicating that small throat has higher self-similarity and more homogeneous distribution. The large pore-narrow throat type and conduit-like pore throat combination type contribute the major permeability, the tree-like network combination type has good connectivity of pore throats and contributes the major storage space. The wide throats connecting the intergranular pores constrain the flow of fluids in the tight sandstone. The study of the fluid movability based on bound water modeling shows that the higher proportion of the conduit-like pore throat combination type, the more homogeneous the pore throat structure is, bound water is redistributed on the pore-throat surface to form a thin water film after centrifugation, leading to a higher proportion of movable fluid, and the overall seepage capacity was stronger. A large number of laumontite dissolved pores as well as intercrystalline clay pores exit from the tree-like network combination type, and the strong capillary pressure causes a low proportion of moveable fluid.
Dolomite formation during penecontemporaneous subaerial diagenesis: Evidence from modern dolomite crusts forming in lagoon Brejo do Espinho, Brazil
Authors: Ning Meng , McKenzie Judith A. , Vasconcelos Crisogono , Shen Bing
Published: March 2024

Early lithification of carbonate mud during the subaerial exposure stage, under semiarid conditions, has been proposed to facilitate dolomite formation. However, how the biogeochemical processes during subaerial diagenesis promote dolomite formation remains unclear. Here, we employ a multiproxy approach to investigate the process of dolomite formation by analyzing modern dolomite crusts forming in lagoon Brejo do Espinho (LBE). Petrological analysis reveals that the crusts comprise coexisting high-Mg calcite (HMC) and dolomite. Low Fe and Mn concentrations indicate the formation of dolomite under oxic conditions, while a higher Sr concentration in well-lithified crust suggests primary bacterial-induced dolomite precipitation. The Mg isotopic composition of the crusts exhibits a lighter value compared to that of modern sabkha dolomite, suggesting different dolomitization processes and Mg sources. More negative δ13C values of the crusts than unlithified carbonate mud in LBE, indicating the incorporation of 13C depleted organic carbon. The biogeochemical processes related to decaying organic matter during subaerial diagenesis generate partially oxidized organic matter that promotes Mg2+ dehydration and enhances the dissolution of primary HMC, ultimately triggering the transition of HMC to dolomite or/and direct dolomite precipitation. The ancient "dolomite factory" operated through cyclic deposition of carbonate sediments and penecontemporaneous subaerial diagenesis.
Breaking Internal Waves and Ocean Diapycnal Diffusivity in a High-Resolution Regional Ocean Model: Evidence of a Wave-turbulence Cascade
Authors: Momeni Kayhan , Ma Yuchen , Peltier William R. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Thakur Ritabrata , Pan Yulin , Arbic Brian K. , Skitka Joseph , Alford Matthew H.
Published: March 2024

While the primary origin of ocean diapycnal diffusivity is commonly attributed to stratified turbulence induced by breaking internal waves (IWs), verifying diffusivity values in ocean circulation models within specific geographical regions remains challenging due to limited microstructure measurements. Recent analyses of a downscaled global ocean simulation into higher-resolution regional setups northeast of Hawaii, reveal a notably enhanced fit between simulated IW spectra and in-situ profiler measurements like the Garrett-Munk spectrum [Nelson et al. (2020), Pan et al. (2020), Thakur et al. (2022)].
In this study, we utilize this dynamically downscaled ocean simulation to scrutinize the dynamics of IW-breaking and the wave-turbulence cascade in this region explicitly. Employing a modified version of the Kappa Profile Parameterization (KPP), we infer the horizontally-averaged vertical profile of diapycnal diffusivity. Comparing this inferred profile to the background profile used in low-resolution coupled climate models—such as the Community Earth System Model (CESM) by the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)—is a central aspect of our investigation.
Our exploration reveals that the wavefield in the high-resolution regional domain is dominated by a well-resolved spectrum of low-mode IWs, predictable through appropriate eigenvalue computations for stratified flow. Finally, we propose a novel tentative approach to enhance the KPP parameterization. This approach holds promise for refining our understanding of diapycnal diffusivity, offering valuable insights for improving ocean circulation models.
 

References:
AD Nelson, BK Arbic, D Menemenlis, WR Peltier, MH Alford, N Grisouard, and JM Klymak. Improved internal wave spectral continuum in a regional ocean model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(5):e2019JC015974, 2020.
Yulin Pan, Brian K Arbic, Arin D Nelson, Dimitris Menemenlis, WR Peltier, Wentao Xu, and Ye Li. Numerical investigation of mechanisms underlying oceanic internal gravity wave power-law spectra. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 50(9):2713–2733, 2020.
Ritabrata Thakur, Brian K Arbic, Dimitris Menemenlis, Kayhan Momeni, Yulin Pan, W Richard Peltier, Joseph Skitka, Matthew H Alford, and Yuchen Ma. Impact of vertical mixing parameterizations on internal gravity wave spectra in regional ocean models. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(16): e2022GL099614, 2022.
"Wat-Sim GHG: Enhancing Lake Biogeochemical Modeling for Greenhouse Gas Dynamics"
Authors: Huang Jl , Liu yong , Jiang qingsong
Published: March 2024

Wat-Sim GHG, a new lake biogeochemical model, accurately measures greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide in lake environments. This model represents a significant advancement over previous models for Arctic lakes by accurately simulating oxidation processes. The study improved methods for measuring Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and introduced an innovative module for Nitrous Oxide production. It highlights the role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and heterotrophic denitrification in nitrous oxide generation. Successfully applied to Lakes Edward, George, and Kivu in Africa, Wat-Sim GHG demonstrated high accuracy, with errors less than 0.001 umol/L and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores averaging above 0.4. Although limited as a one-dimensional model, it effectively represents GHGs at a site scale in lakes. Its adaptability indicates potential for global lake studies. Wat-Sim GHG substantially improves our understanding of lake GHG emissions, addressing critical gaps in the nitrogen cycle and the complexities of nitrification and denitrification processes. Its effectiveness in modeling crucial biogeochemical processes, such as algal metabolism and sedimentation, is vital for understanding lake DIC and DOC dynamics.
Reconstructing ocean surface momentum conservation from altimetry, drifters and wind reanalysis
Authors: Demol Margot , Garreau Pierre , Ponte Aurélien
Published: March 2024

Improving our understanding and ability to represent surface oceanic dynamics is crucial for the study and forecast of the climate system, as it modulates air-sea interactions and marine ecosystem. The recently launched SWOT altimetric satellite is providing a 2D highly resolved vision of sea level (down to submesoscales) and may thus offer a brand new view on upper ocean circulation.If geostrophy has historically allowed a global estimation of mesoscale and larger ocean surface circulation from classical altimetry, it is jeopardized at the scales resolved by SWOT by contributions from higher frequency processes such as internal tides, near-inertial waves and wind effect.Drifters trajectories, which provide a high frequency  'ground-truth’ estimate of the upper ocean circulation and wind reanalysis products are thus highly complementary to altimetry to reconstruct surface ocean dynamic. The horizontal surface momentum conservation is here reconstructed from historical altimetric data, drifters derived currents (Global Drifter Program) and atmospheric reanalysis products. We will present our ability at closing upper ocean momentum balance globally and quantify contributions from different terms involved (inertial acceleration, coriolis acceleration, pressure gradient and wind stress vertical divergence). This will allow to qualify and map the dominant dynamical balances, revealing the limit of geostrophy and the dominance of inertial balance in some areas. An error budget is also estimated. 
Direction Symmetry of Wave Field Modulation by Tidal Current and its Consequences for Extreme Nonlinear Waves
Authors: Mendes Saulo , Teutsch Ina , Kasparian Jérôme
Published: March 2024

Theoretical studies on the modulation of unidimensional regular waves over a flat bottom due to a current typically assign an asymmetry between the effects of opposing/following streams on the evolution of major sea variables, such as significant wave height. The significant wave height is expected to monotonically increase with opposing streams and to decrease with following streams. To some extent, observations on data sets containing a few thousand of waves or over a continuous series of about a day confirm this prediction. Here we show that in very broad-banded seas with high directional spread, the asymptotic behavior of sea variables over large data sets is highly non-trivial and does not follow the theoretical predictions, especially at high values of the ratio between tidal stream and group velocity. Furthermore, we analyze the anomalous statistics originating from both forward and opposing non-stationary currents. Despite the sea states being dominantly broad-banded and featuring a large directional spread, we found that anomalous statistics are of the same order of magnitude of those observed in unidirectional laboratory experiments and symmetrical in regard to the orientation of the tidal current.
Does plant uptake fractionate phosphate oxygen isotopes?
Authors: Angert Alon , Naor Alexandra
Published: March 2024

Oxygen stable isotopes of phosphate are used to trace the cycling of this essential nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems, in lakes, and in oceans, and to reconstruct past environments. Many advances have been made in recent years in refining the use of this tracer through a better understanding of the control that different enzymes have on the isotopes ratio.  There is evidence that phosphate uptake by bacteria is associated with isotopic fractionation. However, it is not known if uptake by plants is also associated with isotopic fractionation, and how the fractionation factor varies under different conditions. This research examines the phosphate-bound oxygen isotope fractionation in uptake by the aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba, with plants exposed to either phosphate-limited or phosphate-replete conditions. The resulting fractionation factors were not significantly different between the two groups with an average (ε ± SE) of -3.9±0.6‰. This value is similar to that obtained for bacterial subjects in previous research (ε = ~-3.5‰), demonstrating that isotopic fractionation in phosphate uptake exist also in plants, and is of a similar magnitude to that in bacteria.
SciQLop:  a tool suite to facilitate multi-mission data browsing and analysis
Authors: Jeandet Alexis , Aunai Nicolas , Renard Benjamin , Génot Vincent , Boettcher Patrick , Bouchemit Myriam , Michotte de Welle Bayane , Ghisalberti Ambre , André Nicolas
Published: March 2024

The SCIentific Qt application for Learning from Observations of Plasmas (SciQLop) project allows to easily discover, retrieve, plot and label in situ space physic measurements stored on remote servers such as Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb) or Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis (AMDA).  Analyzing data from a single instrument on a given mission can raise some technical difficulties such as finding where to get them, how to get them and sometimes how to read them.  Thus building for example a machine-learning pipeline involving multiple instruments and even multiple spacecraft missions can be very challenging. Our goal here is to remove all these technical difficulties without sacrificing performances to allow scientist to focus on data analysis.The SciQLop project is composed of the following tools:Speasy: An easy to use Python package to retrieve data from remote servers with multi-layer cache support.
Speasy_proxy: A self-hostable, chainable remote cache for Speasy written as a simple Python package.
Broni: A Python package which finds intersections between spacecraft trajectories and simple shapes or physical models such as magnetosheath.
Orbit-viewer: A Python graphical user interface (GUI) for Broni.
TSCat: A Python package used as backend for catalogs of events storage.
TSCat-GUI: A Python graphical user interface (GUI).
SciQLop-GUI: An extensible and efficient user interface to visualize and label time-series with an embedded IPYthon terminal.
While some components are production ready and already used for science, SciQLop is still being developped and the landscape is moving quite fast.In this poster we will demonstrate how the SciQLop project makes masive in-situ data analysis simple and fast and we will also take the oportunity to exchange ideas with our users.