bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Destination Choice of Athenians: An Application of Geographically Weighted Versions of Standard and Zero Inflated Poisson Spatial Interaction Models
Authors: Kalogirou Stamatis
Published: November 2015

The main aim of this article is to combine recent developments in spatial interaction modeling to better model and explain spatial decisions. The empirical study refers to migration decisions made by internal migrants from Athens, Greece. To achieve this, geographically weighted versions of standard and zero inflated Poisson (ZIP) spatial interaction models are defined and fit. In the absence of empirical studies for the effect of potential determinants on internal migration decisions in Greece and the presence of an excessive number of zero migration flows among municipalities in Greece, this article provides empirical evidence for the power of the proposed Geographically Weighted ZIP regression method to better explain destination choices of Athenian internal migrants. We also discuss statistical inference issues in relation to the application of the proposed regression techniques.
The Subjectivity of Fairness: Managerial Discretion and Work–Life Balance
Authors: Daverth Gwen , Cassell Catherine , Hyde Paula
Published: November 2015

We use organizational justice theory to examine how perceptions of fairness affect the decision‐making process of line managers. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 35 Irish managers to explore how managers make organizational allocation decisions in cases where it is impractical to offer work–life balance accommodations to all employees. The findings suggest that firstly, managers construct the ‘life’ aspect of work–life balance within a heteronormative framework, where the emphasis is on caregiving and most usually parenting. Secondly, managers actively use their decision‐making powers around both formal and informal work–life balance supports to minimize injustice within their departments. By bringing together ideas about organizational justice and managerial decision‐making, we indicate how managers determine fairness through a decision‐making process narrowed by embedded gender role beliefs. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Gender as Symbolic Capital and Violence: The Case of Corporate Elites in Turkey
Authors: Yamak Sibel , Ergur Ali , Özbilgin Mustafa F. , Alakavuklar Ozan Nadir
Published: November 2015

Based on a Bourdieusian approach, drawing on qualitative analyses of 63 life interviews, our study demonstrates that gender is performed as both symbolic capital and violence by corporate elites within the dominant ideologies of patriarchy and family in Turkey. Our analysis reveals that, in the male‐dominated context of Turkey, female elites appear to favour male alliances as a tactical move in order to acquire and maintain status in their organizations, whereas male elites appear to remain blind to the privileges and constraints of their own gendered experience of symbolic capital and violence. Our study also illustrates that gender order is still preserved, despite beliefs to the contrary that equality in education, skills, experience and job performance may liberate women and men from gender‐based outcomes at work.
Promoting Ethnic Entrepreneurship in European Cities: Sometimes Ambitious, Mostly Absent, Rarely Addressing Structural Features
Authors: Rath Jan , Swagerman Anna
Published: November 2015

An increasing number of immigrants have become entrepreneurial and many governments expect or hope that the ongoing rise of ethnic entrepreneurship will contribute significantly to the integration of immigrants, to their upward mobility, and to the economic development of the city of residence. In this article we explore the rules, regulations and policy interventions that shape self‐employment trajectories in general and those of immigrant ethnic minorities in particular. The article is based on a general inventory of measures to promote ethnic entrepreneurship in 32 European countries, and a somewhat deeper inventory of policies and interventions in 28 European cities. We came across all kinds of measures and interventions and identified certain patterns, but the most striking finding was that such explicit measures and interventions were actually thin on the ground. We conclude this article with a discussion of the structural determinants of this outcome.
A biobjective decision model to increase security and reduce travel costs in the cash‐in‐transit sector
Authors: Talarico Luca , Sörensen Kenneth , Springael Johan
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we present a variant of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) to increase security in the cash‐in‐transit sector. A specific index is used for quantifying the exposure of a vehicle to the risk of being robbed along its route. In addition, the problem is subject to a traditional capacity constraint, which limits the maximum amount of valuables that can be transported inside the vehicle. This constraint might be imposed, for example, by insurance companies. A biobjective formulation, aimed at reducing both risk and travel costs, is proposed. The objectives are conflicting since higher risk exposures would allow a reduction of the travel costs incurred by a transportation firm to visit all its customers for the collection of cash. A mathematical model of the problem is described and solved using a progressive multiobjective metaheuristic. Multiobjective optimization and multicriteria decision making are integrated into a single metaheuristic algorithm. To simplify the decision process, the decision maker's preferences are embedded into the multiobjective algorithm. Realistic instances are generated considering the geographical coordinates of several customers (e.g., stores, banks, shopping centers) located in Belgium. The proposed solution approach is tuned and tested both on these realistic instances and standard benchmark instances for the capacitated VRP.
Labour protection and informal work: A cross‐national analysis of European countries, 2004–2012
Authors: FLÓREZ Luz Adriana , PERALES Francisco
Published: November 2015

Informal work, defined as work performed without a formal contract, lowers productivity, reduces tax revenue and hampers economic growth. Reducing informal work is a policy objective in developed and developing countries alike. Yet, particularly since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, most socio‐economic policy reforms across Europe have reduced the generosity of unemployment benefit schemes and deregulated employment protection. The authors argue that, while such reforms may have contributed to reducing unemployment, they might also have increased the incidence of informal work. Using European Social Survey data for 2004–12, they find that labour protection is effective in reducing informal wage employment.
The potential effects of labour market duality for countries in a monetary union
Authors: KOSIOR Anna , RUBASZEK Michał , WIERUS Kamil
Published: November 2015

This article investigates whether the varying prevalence of temporary employment contracts across Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries can explain their different unemployment dynamics. Using a database of labour market institutions, dynamic panel regressions are carried out for 11 eurozone countries for 1995–2013. Labour market duality – i.e. the co‐existence of permanent and temporary contracts – is found to have a robust and significant effect on unemployment dynamics: a high duality rate increases the response of unemployment to output shocks while decreasing its persistence. The authors suggest that introducing a “single contract” could improve stability at both eurozone and country level.
SODIUM‐22, 26AI, AND 10Be IN 3He‐RICH FLARES
Authors: Heymann Dieter
Published: November 2015

The theory of 3He‐rich flares by Colgate, Audouze, and Fowler implies that the composition of the solar cosmic ray‐event associated with a 3He‐rich flare is grossly non‐solar. The relative abundances (relative to hydrogen) of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, as well as those of heavier elements are significantly reduced, and the isotopic compositions of virtually all elements are bound to be strongly anomalous. In addition, the abundances of 22Na, 26Al, and 10Be (of which there are approximately 1025atoms each in a 3He‐rich flare) are at least comparable to the abundances of stable isotopes of these elements. Conditions for the detectability of the three radioactive species are discussed.
GENESIS OF THE CUMULATE EUCRITES SERRA DE MAGÉ AND MOORE COUNTY: A GEOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: Ma M.‐S. , Schmitt R.A.
Published: November 2015

Major, minor and trace element abundances have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in whole rock and plagioclase separates of Serra de Magé (SdM). The whole rock contains 52% normative plagioclase and its chondritic normalized REE abundance pattern shows a large Eu anomaly, dominated by the plagioclase REE distribution, and nearly unfractionated La‐Sm and Sm‐Lu abundances. The plagioclase separates contained ∼ 6% pyroxenes and exhibited a typical plagioclase REE distribution.

The REE abundances in the derivative equilibrium magmas from which SdM and Moore County (MC) plagioclases crystallized have been estimated from the plagioclase data and the plagioclase mineral/liquid partition coefficients. The REE distributions in possibly earlier parental magmas were calculated by assuming that various degrees of plagioclase and pigeonite (plagioclase/pigeonite = 1) fractional crystallization had been operative prior to the crystallization of SdM and MC. The calculated La/Sm and Sm/Yb ratios for the earlier magmas are essentially the same as the equilibrium magmas over a wide range (10–95%) of the assumed fractional crystallization.

Considering the REE distributions and the Fe/Fe+Mg ratios, calculation shows that there is no simple genetic relationship between MC and SdM via fractional crystallization processes. A hypothesis for the derivation of these cumulate eucrites in the plutonic environment from residual diogenitic liquid, which was produced by the extensive partial melting of an eucritic source material followed by the crystallization of diogenite, also fails to account for the fractionated REE patterns calculated for the equilibrium and the possible parental magmas for either SdM or MC. Equilibrium non‐modal partial melting calculations indicate that SdM and MC could be genetically related by a factor ∼ 6 difference in the degrees of partial melting from a similar source material. However, this common source material which should contain > 30% high‐Ca clinopyroxene and has a chondritic normalized La/Yb ∼ 3, is different than that proposed for the non‐cumulate eucrites.
SHERGOTTY METEORITE: MINERALOGY, PETROGRAPHY AND MINOR ELEMENTS
Authors: Smith J.V. , Hervig R.L.
Published: November 2015

The unusual achondrite Shergotty resembles terrestrial diabases, and textural and chemical evidence indicates pre‐settling and post‐settling crystallization of zoned augite (En48Fs19Wo33‐En25Fs47Wo28) and pigeonite (En61Fs26Wo13‐En21Fs61Wo18) coupled with late crystallization of plagioclase (Ab43An56/Or1‐Ab56An41Or3: now shocked to maskelynite), titanomagnetite‐ilmenite composite grains, mesostasis (normative Qz34Ab21An5Or38Fs2, assuming Fe as ferrous), whitlockite, pyrrhotite (Fe0.94S), fayalite (Fo10), baddeleyite and chlorapatite. The oxide compositions (Usp62Mt38, Al2O3 2.4, Cr2O3 0.8 wt %; Ilm95Hm5) indicate ∼ 850 °C and log oxygen fugacity − 14, while the occurrence of fayalite rims on mesostasis next to ilmenite indicates 890 °C. Bearing in mind experimental uncertainties, these data are consistent with late‐stage crystallization under relatively high oxygen fugacity, as indicated by coexistence of fayalite, Ti‐magnetite and a silica glass. The high alkali content of the maskelynite and mesostasis, coupled with the redox state, indicates that the Shergotty meteorite resembles terrestrial basalts more than any other meteorites. Nevertheless the absence of H2O, as shown by the occurrence of phosphorus in whitlockite rather than in hydroxylapatite, distinguish the Shergotty achondrite from typical terrestrial diabases.

Whereas the FeO/MnO ratios of pyroxenes from the Moon, Earth and several differentiated meteorites are independent of FeO, the ratio for Shergotty pyroxenes changes from 30 to 40 with increasing FeO, and the linear trend extrapolates to 0.2 MnO for zero iron. Hence caution is needed in using FeO/MnO as a planetary indicator.

For pyroxenes, Na is almost independent of Fe/Mg while Ti increases and Cr decreases with increasing Fe/Mg. Maskelynite contains 0.5–0.25 wt % K2O, 0.6 wt % FeO, 0.04 TiO2, 0.04–0.07 MgO, ∼ 0.01 BaO and 0.02–0.03 P2O5.

A bulk analysis calculated from the mode and compositions of the minerals matches quite well with two bulk chemical analyses but not with a third.
IRON METEORITES OF GROUP IA AND IIA: STUDY OF PHOSPHIDE MORPHOLOGY ENHANCED BY DRY CI2 ETCHING
Authors: Easton A.J. , Buckley H.A.
Published: November 2015

A method is described for etching iron meteorites by heating at 350 °C in dry chlorine gas. Iron is volatilized from low‐nickel iron phases, e.g. kamacite, and the residual non‐volatile chlorides are removed by solution. The study of the morphological character of the exposed phosphides on 16 specimens from Group IA and IIA showed no distinctive habit restricted to either group.
A POSSIBLE SOURCE IN CAMBODIA FOR AUSTRALASIAN TEKTITES
Authors: Hartung J.B. , Rivolo A.R.
Published: November 2015

A possible crater representing the source of Australasian tektites is identified in northeastern Cambodia at longitude, 106° 34′E., and latitude, 13° 55′N. The crater is an incomplete oval ring of hills 10 km long and 6 km wide located near the center of the Muong Nong‐type tektite strewnfield. The morphology of the structure may have been significantly changed by relatively recent erosion and deposition processes. The types of rocks in the area of the crater are consistent with the compositional requirements for the tektite source rocks. Collection of impactite material from the vicinity of the structure will be required to confirm its association with Australasian tektites.
THERMAL STABILITY OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE IN CHONDRITES
Authors: Melcher C.L. , Sears D.W.
Published: November 2015

New results are presented concerning the decay of thermoluminescence in ordinary chondrites. No evidence is found for the existence of two different decay rates as previously reported and a new interpretation of the earlier data is presented. The relevance to determination of terrestrial ages by thermoluminescence is discussed.
THE NARAGH METEORITE: A NEW OLIVINE‐BRONZITE CHONDRITE FALL
Authors: Adib D. , Liou J.G.
Published: November 2015

At 9:20 A.M. on August 18, 1974, a stony meteorite of approximately 3200 grams struck the roof of a secondary school at Naragh, Central Iran, (51°30′E, 33°45′N). The ellipsoidal dark‐gray meteorite was 17 × 15 × 13 cm (density 3.62 gr/cm3).

XRF and wet chemical analysis yields the bulk composition of the meteorite as follows in weight percent: Fe 11.95, Ni 1.05, Co 0.07, FeS 5.49, SiO2 37.15, TiO2 0.15, Al2O3 2.43, Cr2O30.62, FeO 14.25, MnO 0.23, MgO 23.79, CaO 1.61, Na2O 0.92, K2O 0.08, P2O5 0.26. Modal mineral contents (in volume percent) are olivine 40, orthopyroxene 25, clinopyroxene 3, plagioclase 10.5, chromite 0.80, phosphate 0.70, troilite 6, metal phases 14. The meteorite is fine‐grained, with average grain size about 0.4–0.6 mm and contains numerous recrystallized glassy chondrules. Olivine occurs as laths and radiating crystals in chondrules and as coarse‐grained phenocrysts and interstitial microcrystalline grains in the matrix. These olivines have relatively uniform composition (Fo80–82Fa20–18). Fine‐grained skeletal orthopyroxenes of average composition (En16Fs82Wo01) are inter‐grown with olivine in both chondrules and matrix. Clinopyroxene and plagioclase of average composition (En6.5Fs48Wo45.5) and (Ab82An12Or06) respectively, are evenly distributed in the matrix, together with kamacite (Fe92–95), plessite (Fe69.6–82.2) and taenite (Fe46.7–66.1), troilite (Ni‐free) and chromite grains.

The high ratios of total Fe to SiO2 of 0.71, metallic Fe to total Fe of 0.54, and SiO2 to MgO of 1.56 in the bulk composition, the Fa component of olivine grains of 17.5–19.6, and the high Ca content of orthopyroxenes between 0.53 and 0.87 wt % suggest that the Naragh meteorite belongs to the H‐group and petrologic type 6 of Van Schmus and Wood (1967) classification. In addition, the occurrence of fine‐grained clear sodic plagioclase, the presence of numerous recrystallized chondrules with homogeneous silicate minerals, and the absence of Ni in the sulfide phase indicate that the Naragh meteorite has been metamorphosed after the initial crystallization in the parental body.
COLLESCIPOLI: AN UNUSUAL FUSION CRUST GLASS
Authors: Nozette Stewart
Published: November 2015

An electron microprobe study was conducted on glass fragments taken from the fusion crust and an internal glass‐lined vein in the H‐5 chondrite Collescipoli. Microprobe analyses of the glasses revealed an unusual fusion crust composition, and analyses of glass from inside the meteorite showed compositions expected for a melt of an H‐group chondrite. Studies of fusion crusts by previous workers, e.g., Krinov and Ramdohr, showed that fusion crusts contain large amounts of magnetite and other oxidized minerals. The Collescipoli fusion crusts do contain these minerals, but they also contain relatively large amounts of reduced metal, sulphide, and a sodium‐rich glass. This study seems to indicate that Collescipoli preserved an early type of fusion crust. Oxidation was incomplete in the fusion crust melt that drained into a crack. From this study it is concluded that fusion crust formation does not invariably result in complete oxidation of metal and sulphide phases.
Understanding sustained domestic violence identification in maternal and child health nurse care: process evaluation from a 2‐year follow‐up of the MOVE trial
Authors: Hooker Leesa , Small Rhonda , Taft Angela
Published: November 2015

Aim

To investigate factors contributing to the sustained domestic violence screening and support practices of Maternal and Child Health nurses 2 years after a randomized controlled trial.

Background

Domestic violence screening by healthcare professionals has been implemented in many primary care settings. Barriers to screening exist and screening rates remain low. Evidence for longer term integration of nurse screening is minimal. Trial outcomes showed sustained safety planning behaviours by intervention group nurses.

Design

Process evaluation in 2‐year follow‐up of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Evaluation included a repeat online nurse survey and 14 interviews (July–September 2013). Survey analysis included comparison of proportionate group difference between arms and between trial baseline and 2 year follow‐up surveys. Framework analysis was used to assess qualitative data. Normalization Process Theory informed evaluation design and interpretation of results.

Results

Survey response was 77% (n = 123/160). Sustainability of nurse identification of domestic violence appeared to be due to greater nurse discussion and domestic violence disclosure by women, facilitated by use of a maternal health and well‐being checklist. Over time, intervention group nurses used the maternal checklist more at specific maternal health visits and found the checklist the most helpful resource assisting their domestic violence work. Nurses’ spoke of a degree of ‘normalization’ to domestic violence screening that will need constant investment to maintain.

Conclusion

Sustainable domestic violence screening and support outcomes can be achieved in an environment of comprehensive, nurse designed and theory driven implementation. Continuing training, discussion and monitoring of domestic violence work is needed to retain sustainable practices.
Urban living alters moult dynamics in a passerine
Authors: Hope Sydney F. , Stabile Frank A. , Butler Luke K.
Published: November 2015

Urbanization and habitat fragmentation can alter the timing of life history events, potentially leading to phenological mismatches, carryover effects, and fitness costs. Whereas urbanization and fragmentation are known to alter important aspects of breeding in many bird species, little is known about the effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on moult. To investigate the effects of urbanization and fragmentation on the annual moult, we compared the moult dynamics (onset, duration, and intensity) of urban, fragmented forest, and contiguous forest populations of the Carolina chickadee, a North American resident passerine that moults once per year immediately following the breeding season. Over three years, moult dynamics were similar in contiguous and fragmented forest populations, but wing moult started significantly earlier, and onset of moult varied less among years, in urban chickadees than in forest chickadees (fragmented and contiguous habitats pooled). Duration of wing moult did not differ between urban and forest populations, but urban birds moulted significantly fewer feathers simultaneously during peak moult, suggesting that individual feathers grew more rapidly. Our results show that urban living alters critical aspects of moult dynamics in a widespread songbird. Given the importance of moult dynamics for fitness during subsequent life history stages, and the large number of songbird species inhabiting urban areas, these results reveal previously unrecognized and potentially costly carryover effects of urban living on songbirds.
Macronutrient intake regulates sexual conflict in decorated crickets
Authors: Rapkin J. , Jensen K. , Lane S. M. , House C. M. , Sakaluk S. K. , Hunt J.
Published: November 2015

Sexual conflict results in a diversity of sex‐specific adaptations, including chemical additions to ejaculates. Male decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) produce a gelatinous nuptial gift (the spermatophylax) that varies in size and free amino acid composition, which influences a female's willingness to fully consume this gift. Complete consumption of this gift maximizes sperm transfer through increased retention of the sperm‐containing ampulla, but hinders post‐copulatory mate choice. Here, we examine the effects of protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) intake on the weight and amino acid composition of the spermatophylax that describes its gustatory appeal to the female, as well as the ability of this gift to regulate sexual conflict via ampulla attachment time. Nutrient intake had similar effects on the expression of these traits with each maximized at a high intake of nutrients with a P : C ratio of 1 : 1.3. Under dietary choice, males actively regulated their nutrient intake but this regulation did not coincide with the peak of the nutritional landscape for any trait. Our results therefore demonstrate that a balanced intake of nutrients is central to regulating sexual conflict in G. sigillatus, but males are constrained from reaching the optima needed to bias the outcome of this conflict in their favour.
Linking medical faculty stress/burnout to willingness to implement medical school curriculum change: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Arvandi Zeinab , Emami Amirhossein , Zarghi Nazila , Alavinia Seyed Mohammad , Shirazi Mandana , Parikh Sagar V.
Published: November 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Balancing administrative demands from the medical school while providing patient support and seeking academic advancement can cause personal hardship that ranges from high stress to clinically recognizable conditions such as burnout. Regarding the importance of clinical faculties' burnout and its effects on different aspects of their professional career, this study was conducted and aimed to evaluate the relationship between willingness to change teaching approaches as characterized by a modified stage‐of‐change model and measures of stress and burnout.

Methods

This descriptive analytic study was conducted on 143 clinical faculty members of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Participants were asked to complete three questionnaires: a modified stages of change questionnaire the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire. Data were analysed by SPSS: 16 using non‐parametric statistical tests such as multiple regression and ICC (intra‐class coefficient) and Spearman correlation coefficient test.

Result

A significant relationship was found between faculty members' readiness to change teaching approaches and the subscales of occupational burnout. Specifically, participants with low occupational burnout were more likely to be in the action stage, while those with high burnout were in the attitude or intention stage, which could be understood as not being ready to implement change. There was no significant correlation between general health scores and stage of change.

Conclusions

We found it feasible to measure stages of change as well as stress/burnout in academic doctors. Occupational burnout directly reduces the readiness to change. To have successful academic reform in medical schools, it therefore would be beneficial to assess and manage occupational burnout among clinical faculty members.
Kinematics and energetics of swimming performance during acute warming in brown trout Salmo trutta
Authors: Lea J. M. D. , Keen A. N. , Nudds R. L. , Shiels H. A.
Published: November 2015

This study examined how acute warming of water temperature affects the mechanical efficiency of swimming and aerobic capabilities of the brown trout Salmo trutta. Swimming efficiency was assessed using the relationship between swimming kinematics and forward speed (U), which is thought to converge upon an optimum range of a dimensionless parameter, the Strouhal number (St). Swim‐tunnel intermittent stopped‐flow respirometry was used to record kinematics and measure oxygen consumption (ṀO2) of S. trutta during warming and swimming challenges. Salmo trutta maintained St between 0·2 and 0·3 at any given U over a range of temperatures, irrespective of body size. The maintenance of St within the range for maximum efficiency for oscillatory propulsion was achieved through an increase in tail‐beat frequency (ftail) and a decrease in tail‐beat amplitude (A) as temperature increased. Maintenance of efficient steady‐state swimming was fuelled by aerobic metabolism, which increased as temperature increased up to 18° C but declined above this temperature, decreasing the apparent metabolic scope. As St was maintained over the full range of temperatures whilst metabolic scope was not, the results may suggest energetic trade‐offs at any given U at temperatures above thermal optima.
Seasonal dynamics of the fish assemblage in a floodplain lake at the confluence of the Negro and Amazon Rivers
Authors: Röpke C. P. , Amadio S. A. , Winemiller K. O. , Zuanon J.
Published: November 2015

The temporal effect of discharge and limnology on fish composition and species diversity in a floodplain lake at the confluence of the Amazon and Negro Rivers was evaluated. Species richness, abundance and assemblage composition were strongly influenced by seasonal discharge of the Amazon and Negro Rivers, which affects lateral connectivity, water conductivity and temperature. As a consequence, temporal β‐diversity was high in the lake and the assemblage was dominated by seasonally transient species. Relatively large species known to feed on resources within the floodplain were captured almost exclusively during the flood period. During the dry season, the assemblage was dominated by fishes adapted to harsh conditions of high temperature and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. An open system with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity created by the meeting of two large rivers with different water chemistry, Lago Catalão has a dynamic fish assemblage. Given its high temporal β‐diversity and abundance of fishes, many of great importance in local fisheries, Lago Catalão and other floodplain lakes in this region merit special attention for conservation.
Changes in reproductive physiology of mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus following exposure to environmentally relevant doses of ethinyl oestradiol
Authors: Johnson E. L. , Weinersmith K. L. , Earley R. L.
Published: November 2015

Kryptolebias marmoratus exposed to 4 ng l−1 of ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) for 30 days experienced significant changes in endogenous 17β‐oestradiol (E2) and 11‐ketotestosterone (KT) and qualitative changes in gonad morphology. Both hermaphrodites and males showed a significant decrease in E2, whereas only males exhibited a significant decrease in KT. Exposure to EE2 resulted in a decrease in spermatid and spermatocyte density in males and an increase in the number of early stage oocytes in hermaphrodites.
Comparison of the frequency of the growth hormone pseudogene between juvenile and adult female masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Kitanishi S.
Published: November 2015

The proportions of individual masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou whose genotypic and phenotypic sex differed were compared among juvenile and adult fish in three rivers, and genotypically male but phenotypically female individuals were observed 6–16% more often among adults than among juveniles. This suggests that during the transition from juvenile to adult, survival rates of genotypically male but phenotypically female individuals are higher than those of normal females. In contrast, genotypically female but phenotypically male individuals were only found in the juvenile period, which suggests that they exhibit a decreased survival rate in comparison with normal males.
Advancing Geriatrics Education Through a Faculty Development Program for Geriatrics‐Oriented Clinician Educators
Authors: Pinheiro Sandro O. , White Heidi K. , Buhr Gwendolen T. , Elbert‐Avila Katja , Cohen Harvey Jay , Heflin Mitchell T.
Published: November 2015

Geriatrician and nongeriatrician faculty need instruction as teachers to provide quality training for a broader community of physicians who can care for the expanding population of older adults. Educators at Duke University designed a program to equip geriatrician and nongeriatrician faculty to develop quality educational programs and teach medical learners about geriatrics. Eighty‐three faculty representing 52 institutions from across the United States participated in mini‐fellowship programs (2005–09) consisting of workshops and 1‐year follow‐up mentoring by Duke faculty. Participants attended 1‐week on‐campus sessions on curriculum development and teaching skills and designed and implemented a curriculum in their home institution. Participant specialties included general medicine (nearly 50%), family medicine, surgery, psychiatry, rehabilitation medicine, and emergency medicine. Pre‐ and postprogram self‐efficacy surveys, program evaluation surveys, and 6‐ and 12‐month progress reports on scholars' educational projects were used to assess the effect of the Duke mini‐fellowship programs on participants' educational practices. Forty‐four scholars (56%) completed the end‐of‐year self‐efficacy survey and end‐of‐program evaluation. Self‐efficacy results indicated significant gains (P < .001) in 12 items assessed at 1 week and 1 year. Scholars reported the largest average gains at 1 year in applying adult learning principles in the design of educational programs (1.72), writing measurable learning objectives (1.51), and identifying optimal instructional methods to deliver learning objectives (1.50). Participants described improved knowledge and skills in designing curricula, implemented new and revised geriatrics curricula, and demonstrated commitment to faculty development and improving learning experiences for medical learners. This faculty development program improved participants' self‐efficacy in curriculum design and teaching and enhanced geriatrics education in their home institutions.
Frailty, Frailty Components, and Oral Health: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tôrres Luísa Helena do Nascimento , Tellez Marisol , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , Hugo Fernando Neves , de Sousa Maria da Luz Rosário , Ismail Amid Ibrahim
Published: November 2015

A systematic review was conducted to assess the relationship between frailty or one of its components and poor oral health. A search strategy was developed to identify articles related to the research question in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, and SciELO databases that were published in English, Spanish, or Brazilian Portuguese from 1991 to July 2013. Thirty‐five studies were identified, and 12 met the inclusion criteria, seven of which were cross‐sectional and five were cohort studies. Of the 12 articles, five (41.7%) were rated good and seven (58.3%) as fair quality. The published studies applied different oral health and frailty criteria measures. Variations in definitions of outcome measures and study designs limited the ability to draw strong conclusions about the relationship between frailty or prefrailty and poor oral health. None of the studies that were evaluated longitudinally showed whether poor oral health increases the likelihood of developing signs of frailty, although the studies suggest that there may be an association between frailty and oral health. More longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the relationship between frailty and oral health.
Language of plants: Where is the word?
Authors: Šimpraga Maja , Takabayashi Junji , Holopainen Jarmo K.
Published: November 2015

Plants emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) causing transcriptomic, metabolomic and behavioral responses in receiver organisms. Volatiles involved in such responses are often called “plant language”. Arthropods having sensitive chemoreceptors can recognize language released by plants. Insect herbivores, pollinators and natural enemies respond to composition of volatiles from plants with specialized receptors responding to different types of compounds. In contrast, the mechanism of how plants “hear” volatiles has remained obscured. In a plant‐plant communication, several individually emitted compounds are known to prime defense response in receiver plants with a specific manner according to the chemical structure of each volatile compound. Further, composition and ratio of volatile compounds in the plant‐released plume is important in plant‐insect and plant‐plant interactions mediated by plant volatiles. Studies on volatile‐mediated plant‐plant signaling indicate that the signaling distances are rather short, usually not longer than one meter. Volatile communication from plants to insects such as pollinators could be across distances of hundreds of meters. As many of the herbivore induced VOCs have rather short atmospheric life times, we suggest that in long‐distant communications with plant volatiles, reaction products in the original emitted compounds may have additional information value of the distance to emission source together with the original plant‐emitted compounds.
Chronic Methamphetamine Self‐Administration Dysregulates Oxytocin Plasma Levels and Oxytocin Receptor Fibre Density in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Subthalamic Nucleus of the Rat
Authors: Baracz S. J. , Parker L. M. , Suraev A. S. , Everett N. A. , Goodchild A. K. , McGregor I. S. , Cornish J. L.
Published: November 2015

The neuropeptide oxytocin attenuates reward and abuse for the psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH). Recent findings have implicated the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and subthalamic nucleus (STh) in oxytocin modulation of acute METH reward and relapse to METH‐seeking behaviour. Surprisingly, the oxytocin receptor (OTR) is only modestly involved in both regions in oxytocin attenuation of METH‐primed reinstatement. Coupled with the limited investigation of the role of the OTR in psychostimulant‐induced behaviours, we primarily investigated whether there are cellular changes to the OTR in the NAc core and STh, as well as changes to oxytocin plasma levels, after chronic METH i.v. self‐administration (IVSA) and after extinction of drug‐taking. An additional aim was to examine whether changes to central corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) and plasma corticosterone levels were also apparent because of the interaction of oxytocin with stress‐regulatory mechanisms. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to lever press for i.v. METH (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) under a fixed‐ratio 1 schedule or received yoked saline infusions during 2‐h sessions for 20 days. An additional cohort of rats underwent behavioural extinction for 15 days after METH IVSA. Subsequent to the last day of IVSA or extinction, blood plasma was collected for enzyme immunoassay, and immunofluorescence was conducted on NAc core and STh coronal sections. Rats that self‐administered METH had higher oxytocin plasma levels, and decreased OTR‐immunoreactive (‐IR) fibres in the NAc core than yoked controls. In animals that self‐administered METH and underwent extinction, oxytocin plasma levels remained elevated, OTR‐IR fibre density increased in the STh, and a trend towards normalisation of OTR‐IR fibre density was evident in the NAc core. CRF‐IR fibre density in both brain regions and corticosterone plasma levels did not change across treatment groups. These findings demonstrate that oxytocin systems, both centrally within the NAc core and STh, as well as peripherally through plasma measures, are dysregulated after METH abuse.
Decreased Npas4 and Arc mRNA Levels in the Hippocampus of Aged Memory‐Impaired Wild‐Type But Not Memory Preserved 11β‐HSD1 Deficient Mice
Authors: Qiu J. , Dunbar D. R. , Noble J. , Cairns C. , Carter R. , Kelly V. , Chapman K. E. , Seckl J. R. , Yau J. L. W.
Published: November 2015

Mice deficient in the glucocorticoid‐regenerating enzyme 11β‐HSD1 resist age‐related spatial memory impairment. To investigate the mechanisms and pathways involved, we used microarrays to identify differentially expressed hippocampal genes that associate with cognitive ageing and 11β‐HSD1. Aged wild‐type mice were separated into memory‐impaired and unimpaired relative to young controls according to their performance in the Y‐maze. All individual aged 11β‐HSD1‐deficient mice showed intact spatial memory. The majority of differentially expressed hippocampal genes were increased with ageing (e.g. immune/inflammatory response genes) with no genotype differences. However, the neuronal‐specific transcription factor, Npas4, and immediate early gene, Arc, were reduced (relative to young) in the hippocampus of memory‐impaired but not unimpaired aged wild‐type or aged 11β‐HSD1‐deficient mice. A quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation confirmed reduced Npas4 and Arc mRNA expression in memory‐impaired aged wild‐type mice. These findings suggest that 11β‐HSD1 may contribute to the decline in Npas4 and Arc mRNA levels associated with memory impairment during ageing, and that decreased activity of synaptic plasticity pathways involving Npas4 and Arc may, in part, underlie the memory deficits seen in cognitively‐impaired aged wild‐type mice.
Parent Involvement in Head Start and Children's Development: Indirect Effects Through Parenting
Authors: Ansari Arya , Gershoff Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

The authors examined the extent to which parent involvement in Head Start programs predicted changes in both parent and child outcomes over time, using a nationally representative sample of 1,020 three‐year‐old children over 3 waves of the Family and Child Experiences Survey. Center policies that promote involvement predicted greater parent involvement, and parents who were more involved in Head Start centers demonstrated increased cognitive stimulation and decreased spanking and controlling behaviors. In turn, these changes in parenting behaviors were associated with gains in children's academic and behavioral skills. These findings suggest that Head Start programs should do even more to facilitate parent involvement because it can serve as an important means for promoting both parent and child outcomes.
Dynamics of Domestic Labor Across Short‐ and Long‐Distance Family Relocations
Authors: Vidal Sergi , Perales Francisco , Baxter Janeen
Published: November 2015

Family relocations within developed countries are argued to have gendered consequences for paid employment, with men's careers improving and women's careers deteriorating. However, little is known about their potential relationships with outcomes in other life domains, including partnered men's and women's relative shares of domestic labor. The authors addressed this gap in knowledge by theorizing and examining how within‐couple gender gaps in domestic work evolve across short‐ and long‐distance family relocations over the life course, paying attention to the over‐time dynamics before and after event occurrence. To accomplish this, they used 12 years of panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey and panel regression models. The results indicated that family relocations widen the within‐couple gender gap in weekly housework hours, largely because of shifts in women's employment situation and fertility episodes that accompany residential relocations.
Critical Appraisal and Review of Management Strategies for Severe Fibrosis During Penile Implant Surgery
Authors: Trost Landon , Patil Mukul , Kramer Andrew
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Penile corporal fibrosis represents a challenging clinical scenario for surgeons placing penile prostheses (PP). Because of its rarity, a small number of series with limited follow-up have reported outcomes in this cohort.

Aim

The aim of this study was to perform a critical appraisal of the corporal excavation technique, discuss its relevance to contemporary practice, and review alternative surgical methods and outcomes.

Methods

A critical review was performed of the 2006 article by Montague and Angermeier, “Corporeal excavation: new technique for penile prosthesis implantation in men with severe corporeal fibrosis.” Notable inclusions and omissions were described, with emphasis placed on methodology and outcomes. A PubMed search from 1990 to June 2015 was then performed to review and summarize the literature on managing corporal fibrosis during PP surgery.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures used were the major contributions and limitations of the 2006 article describing outcomes of the corporal excavation technique.

Results

Corporal excavation is a relevant surgical technique for managing severe corporal fibrosis. Compared with alternatives, excavation achieves successful placement of PP without need for grafting and with few complications. The article was limited by several notable omissions including relevant patient demographic and disease characteristics, patient selection, and minimal descriptions of complications and outcomes. Alternative techniques include use of specialized dilators, counter incisions, reconstruction with graft placement, minimal scar tissue excision, and endoscopic resection. Because of limited data, no specific algorithm for managing corporal fibrosis can be prescribed.

Conclusions

Corporal fibrosis is a challenging clinical scenario and requires surgical experience and specialized techniques to manage appropriately. Corporal excavation represents one of several viable techniques, which may be chosen based on surgeon’s preference and clinical factors.
Management of Perforation Injuries During and Following Penile Prosthesis Surgery
Authors: Stember Doron S. , Kohler Tobias S. , Morey Allen F.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Distal extrusion of penile prosthesis cylinders is a challenging problem that is associated with pain and imminent erosion through penile skin. Distal extrusion and other perforation injuries, including crural and urethral, are other manifestations of tunica albuginea injuries that result in poor clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Aim

A description of Dr. John Mulcahy’s landmark article for management of lateral extrusion is presented along with discussion of techniques for managing other types of perforation injuries associated with penile implants.

Methods

Dr. Mulcahy’s original article is reviewed and critiqued. Surgical methods to manage perforation injuries are discussed.

Main Outcomes Measures

The main outcome measures used were the review of original article, subsequent articles, and commentary by Dr. Mulcahy.

Results

Knowledge of techniques for management intraoperative and postoperative complications related to tunical perforation is necessary for implant surgeons.

Conclusions

Perforation injuries are challenging noninfectious complications of penile prosthesis surgery. Familiarity with techniques to manage these problems is essential for ensuring good outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Technological Improvements in Three-Piece Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Design over the Past 40 Years
Authors: Pastuszak Alexander W. , Lentz Aaron C. , Farooq Ahmer , Jones Leroy , Bella Anthony J.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

The advent of the penile prosthesis revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), resulting in near-complete treatment efficacy and high patient satisfaction rates. While several types of penile prosthesis are available, the inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is the most commonly used device in the United States.

Aims

To describe the key modifications to IPPs from the two major manufacturers—American Medical Systems (AMS) and Coloplast—since the invention of the IPP, and to relate these changes to improvements in prosthesis function and patient outcomes based on available literature.

Methods

Review and evaluation of the literature between 1973 and present describing modifications in IPP design and the influence of these modifications on IPP durability and patient-related factors.

Main Outcome Measures

Data describing the impact of iterative improvements in three-piece IPP design on device function, durability, and patient outcomes.

Results

There were progressive improvements in IPP technology from both major manufacturers not only on the durability of the prosthesis but also on patient outcomes, with fewer device failures and lower infection rates. Notable improvements include incorporation of kink-resistant tubing, changes in the weave or addition of shear- and infection-resistant coatings to cylinder layers, pump and tubing connection modifications, the addition of rear tip extenders, and the incorporation of lockout valves to prevent autoinflation.

Conclusions

Numerous incremental modifications to the IPP from both major manufacturers since its invention have increased its durability and improved patient outcomes.
The Evolution of the Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Reservoir and Surgical Placement
Authors: Hakky Tariq , Lentz Aaron , Sadeghi-Nejad Hossein , Khera Mohit
Published: November 2015

The traditional inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoir placement is below the transversalis fascia in the space of Retzius. In 2002, Dr. Steve Wilson described ectopic reservoir placement, thereby providing a safe and effective alternative for implant surgeons. This new approach obviated the need for a second incision and decreased operative times during surgery. In the manuscript, he also described the introduction of a reservoir lock-out valve, which prevents autoinflation of the penile implant. The development of lockout valves and flat reservoirs has contributed to the early success and feasibility of submuscular placement techniques. Thirteen years after Dr. Wilson’s pivotal study, this technique should be in the armamentarium of all urologic prosthetic surgeons. Accordingly, in certain subsets of patients, ectopic/ submuscular reservoir site placement should be considered a safe, effective alternative to standard reservoir placement in the space of Retzius.