bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of a fibroblast growth factor gene in the planarian Dugesia japonica
Authors: Auwal Mohammad Abdul , Kashima Makoto , Nishimura Osamu , Hosoda Kazutaka , Motoishi Minako , Kamimura Akifumi , Okumura Akinori , Agata Kiyokazu , Umesono Yoshihiko
Published: October 2020

Planarians belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes and can regenerate their missing body parts after injury via activation of somatic pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts. Previous studies suggested that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays a crucial role in the regulation of head tissue differentiation during planarian regeneration. To date, however, no FGF homologues in the Platyhelminthes have been reported. Here, we used a planarian Dugesia japonica model and identified an fgf gene termed Djfgf, which encodes a putative secreted protein with a core FGF domain characteristic of the FGF8/17/18 subfamily in bilaterians. Using Xenopus embryos, we found that DjFGF has FGF activity as assayed by Xbra induction. We next examined Djfgf expression in non‐regenerating intact and regenerating planarians. In intact planarians, Djfgf was expressed in the auricles in the head and the pharynx. In the early process of regeneration, Djfgf was transiently expressed in a subset of differentiated cells around wounds. Notably, Djfgf expression was highly induced in the process of head regeneration when compared to that in the tail regeneration. Furthermore, assays of head regeneration from tail fragments revealed that combinatorial actions of the anterior extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and posterior Wnt/ß‐catenin signaling restricted Djfgf expression to a certain anterior body part. This is the region where neoblasts undergo active proliferation to give rise to their differentiating progeny in response to wounding. The data suggest the possibility that DjFGF may act as an anterior counterpart of posteriorly localized Wnt molecules and trigger neoblast responses involved in planarian head regeneration.
Image‐guided core needle biopsy as the first‐line diagnostic approach in lymphoproliferative disorders—A review of the current literature
Authors: Seviar Dale , Yousuff Mehreen , Chia Zoe , Ramesar Keith , Newman Joel , Howlett David C.
Published: October 2020

The World Health Organization (WHO) and numerous expert guidelines for lymphoma diagnosis and subclassification advocate the use of histology from surgical nodal excision biopsy (SEB) over core needle biopsy (CNB) due to perceived higher diagnostic yield. CNB is associated with lower morbidity and is more cost‐effective compared to SEB. Furthermore, current practice increasingly demonstrates material obtained from CNB can rapidly diagnose individuals with a clinical suspicion of lymphoma and allow initiation of treatment in the majority of patients. We performed a literature review to assess the suitability of CNB in lymphoma diagnosis given recent advances in radiological and histopathological techniques in obtaining and processing tissue. Additionally, expert international guidelines in lymphoma diagnosis were compared. We found that CNB demonstrated a diagnostic efficacy between 79% and 97% (median 91%) where the diagnostic outcome was conclusive with full lymphoma subclassification. Studies demonstrate that there is a high diagnostic reproducibility amongst haematopathologists (87%‐93%) in lymphoma diagnoses with full subtyping from material obtained via CNB. Furthermore, CNB is a safe, rapid and reliable method of obtaining tissue from lymph nodes for histopathological analysis. These procedures are minimally invasive, well‐tolerated and should be considered the first‐line diagnostic approach in clinical practice in patients with suspected lymphoproliferative disorders.
Families Coping With Financial Loss Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Keating Kathryn Sweet , Becker Sarah , Davis Ifeyinwa F. , Chandler Thomas , Slack Tim , Beedasy Jaishree
Published: October 2020

Objective

This study examines family strategies for coping and adaptation to social disruption from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS) in south Louisiana.

Background

The DHOS is a technological disaster of unprecedented scale and ongoing impact, including the socioeconomic disruption of families.

Method

Using data from focus groups, grounded‐theory methods informed a thematic analysis of spill‐related economic loss and coping mechanisms among families in the spill‐affected region.

Results

Key findings were as follows: (a) long‐term economic impacts persisted but were nuanced and differed across places; (b) for families living in multistressor environments, concerns about the DHOS spilled over into other aspects of social functioning and became enmeshed with perceptions of other environmental stressors; and (c) economic exposure after the DHOS affected families differently based on social position and community social structure.

Conclusion

This study contributes to existing knowledge on technological disaster and family resilience in the face of environmental shocks and stressors, underscoring the utility of the conservation of resources model of stress in this area of research.

Implications

This research offers information about family‐level response to oil spill impacts and may be of interest to policymakers and practitioners who work to support resilience in disaster contexts.
Inter‐laboratory Characterisation of Apatite Reference Materials for Chlorine Isotope Analysis
Authors: Wudarska Alicja , Słaby Ewa , Wiedenbeck Michael , Barnes Jaime D. , Bonifacie Magali , Sturchio Neil C. , Bardoux Gérard , Couffignal Frédéric , Glodny Johannes , Heraty Linnea , John Timm , Kusebauch Christof , Mayanna Sathish , Wilke Franziska D. H. , Deput Ewa
Published: October 2020

Here we report on a set of six apatite reference materials (chlorapatites MGMH#133648, TUBAF#38 and fluorapatites MGMH#128441A, TUBAF#37, 40, 50) which we have characterised for their chlorine isotope ratios; these RMs span a range of Cl mass fractions within the apatite Ca10(PO4)6(F,Cl,OH)2 solid solution series. Numerous apatite specimens, obtained from mineralogical collections, were initially screened for 37Cl/35Cl homogeneity using SIMS followed by δ37Cl characterisation by gas source mass spectrometry using both dual‐inlet and continuous‐flow modes. We also report major and key trace element compositions as determined by EPMA. The repeatability of our SIMS results was better than ± 0.10‰ (1s) for the five samples with > 0.5 % m/m Cl and ± 0.19‰ (1s) for the low Cl abundance material (0.27% m/m). We also observed a small, but significant crystal orientation effect of 0.38‰ between the mean 37Cl/35Cl ratios measured on three oriented apatite fragments. Furthermore, the results of GS‐IRMS analyses show small but systematic offset of δ37ClSMOC values between the three laboratories. Nonetheless, all studied samples have comparable chlorine isotope compositions, with mean 103δ37ClSMOC values between +0.09 and +0.42 and in all cases with 1s ≤ ± 0.25.
Relationship between chewing features and body mass index in young adolescents
Authors: Idris Ghassan , Smith Claire , Galland Barbara , Taylor Rachael , Robertson Christopher J. , Bennani Hamza , Farella Mauro
Published: October 2020

Background

Behavioural aspects of chewing may influence food intake, nutritional status and in turn body weight.

Objectives

The current study aimed to study chewing features in adolescents as they naturally occur in home‐based settings, and to test for a possible association with weight status.

Methods

Forty‐two adolescents (15.3 ± 1.3 years) were recruited (21 with healthy‐weight/21 with overweight). Using a smartphone‐assisted wearable electromyographic device, the chewing features of each participant were assessed over one evening, including the evening meal, in their natural home setting.

Results

The mean (±SD) for chewing pace was 1.53 ± 0.22 Hz, chewing power 30.1% ± 4.8%, number of chewing episodes 63.1 ± 36.7 and chewing time 11.0 ± 7.7 minutes. The chewing pace of the group with overweight was slower than that of healthy weight (−0.20 Hz; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.33; P = .005) while their chewing time was shorter (−4.9 minutes; 95% CI, 0.2‐9.7; P = .044). A significant negative correlation was observed between BMI z‐score and chewing pace (R = −.41; P = .007), and between BMI z‐score and chewing time (R = −0.32; P = .039).

Conclusion

The current study suggests that adolescents who are overweight eat at a slower pace for a shorter period of time than their counterparts who are a healthy weight. This unexpected finding based on objective data appears to conflict with existing questionnaire findings but provides impetus for further work testing the effectiveness of changing eating behaviour as a weight‐management intervention in youth.
IL‐38: A novel cytokine in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis
Authors: Xu Wang‐Dong , Su Lin‐Chong , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Wang Jia‐Min , Yuan Zhi‐Chao , Qin Zhen , Zhou Xi‐Ping , Huang An‐Fang
Published: October 2020

IL‐38 is a newly identified cytokine that belongs to the IL‐1 family. In our previous study, we found elevated plasma levels of IL‐38 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the clear relationship of IL‐38 expression in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and clinical and laboratory features needs elucidation. Additionally, we evaluated the possible role of IL‐38 in regulating production of inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs in vitro. A pristane‐induced murine lupus model was used to further demonstrate the effects of IL‐38 on cytokines in vivo and discuss the significance of IL‐38 in lupus development. The results showed that mRNA expression of IL‐38 in PBMCs of patients with SLE was elevated compared with volunteers, and expression of IL‐38 in both plasma and PBMCs was strongly related to clinical features, such as haematuria and proteinuria, and correlated with a SLEDAI score. Plasma levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐23 were elevated in patients with SLE and were related to plasma levels of IL‐38. In vitro, PBMCs of patients with SLE stimulated with IL‐38 showed a decreased expression of the four inflammatory cytokines compared with PBMCs of patients without treatment. Interestingly, IL‐38 administration in lupus mice significantly reduced the development of lupus, such as reduced proteinuria, improved histological examinations of the kidneys and down‐regulated inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, IL‐38 may suppress synthesis of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and therefore regulate lupus pathogenesis.
Ferulic acid (FA) protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from H2O2‐induced oxidative injuries
Authors: Xie Kunpeng , Jin Bo , Zhu Haiyan , Zhou Pengyi , Du Liping , Jin Xuemin
Published: October 2020

The aim of present study is to investigate whether Ferulic acid (FA), a natural polyphenol antioxidant, was able to protect ARPE‑19 cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced damage, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that FA pre‐treatment for 24 hours can reverse cell loss of H2O2‐induced ARPE‐19 cells via the promotion of cell proliferation and prevention of apoptosis, as evidenced by 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labelling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Moreover, the addition of FA (5 mM) can decrease Bax and cleaved caspase‐3 protein expression, but increase Bcl‐2 protein expression in ARPE‐19 cells. Furthermore, H2O2‐induced oxidative stress in ARPE‐19 cells was significantly alleviated by FA, illustrated by reduced levels of ROS and MDA. In addition, the attenuated antioxidant enzymes activities of (SOD, CAT and GPX) and GSH level were reversed almost to the normal base level by the pre‐addition of FA for 24 hours. In all assays, FA itself did not exert any effect on the change of the above parameters. These novel findings indicated that FA effectively protected human ARPE‐19 cells from H2O2‐induced oxidative damage through its pro‐proliferation, anti‐apoptosis and antioxidant activity, suggesting that FA has a therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of AMD.
Adjustment of sex allocation to co‐foundress number and kinship under local mate competition: An inclusive‐fitness analysis
Authors: Gardner Andy , Hardy Ian C. W.
Published: October 2020

Hamilton's theory of local mate competition (LMC) describes how competition between male relatives for mating opportunities favours a female‐biased parental investment. LMC theory has been extended in many ways to explore a range of genetic and life‐history influences on sex allocation strategies, including showing that increasing genetic homogeneity within mating groups should favour greater female bias. However, there has been no quantitative theoretical prediction as to how females should facultatively adjust their sex allocation in response to co‐foundress number and kinship. This shortfall has been highlighted recently by the finding that sex ratios produced by sub‐social parasitoid wasps in the family Bethylidae are affected by the number of co‐foundresses and by whether these are sisters or unrelated females. Here we close this gap in LMC theory by taking an inclusive‐fitness approach to derive explicit theoretical predictions for this scenario. We find that, in line with the recent empirical results, females should adopt a more female‐biased sex allocation when their co‐foundresses are less numerous and are their sisters. Our model appears to predict somewhat more female bias than is observed empirically; we discuss a number of possible model extensions that would improve realism and that would be expected to result in a closer quantitative fit with experimental data.
Reply to: Bridging the Gap: Commentary on “The High Prevalence of Skin Diseases in Adults Aged 70 and Older
Authors: Sinikumpu Suvi‐Päivikki , Huilaja Laura
Published: October 2020

This letter comments on the letter by Shreya Sreekantaswamy
GIP receptor suppresses PAC1receptor‐mediated neuronal differentiation via formation of a receptor heterocomplex
Authors: Ke Ran , Lok Samson I. S. , Singh Kailash , Chow Billy K. C. , Lee Leo T. O.
Published: October 2020

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (PAC1R) is a class B Gprotein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed in the human body and is involved in neuronal differentiation. As class B GPCRs are known to form heterocomplexes with family members, we hypothesized that PAC1R mediates neuronal differentiation through interaction with a class B GPCR. We used the BRET assay to identify potential interactions between PAC1R and 11 class B GPCRs. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and secretin receptor were identified as putative binding partners of PAC1R. The effect of heterocomplex formation by PAC1R on receptor activation was evaluated with the cyclic (c)AMP, luciferase reporter, and calcium signaling assays; and the effects on receptor internalization and subcellular localization were examined by confocal microscopy. The results suggested he PAC1R/GIPR heterocomplex suppressed signaling events downstream of PAC1R, including cAMP production, serum response element and calcium signaling, and β‐arrestin recruitment. Protein–protein interaction was analyzed in silico, and induction of neuronal differentiation by the PAC1R heterocomplex was assessed in SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells by measure the morphological changes and marker genes expression by real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot. Over‐expression of GIPR suppressed PACAP/PAC1R‐mediated neuronal differentiation and the differentiation markers expression in SH‐SY5Y cells. GIPR regulates neuronal differentiation through heterocomplex formation with PAC1R.

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Imaging of muscle activity‐induced morphometric changes in fibril network of myofascia by two‐photon microscopy
Authors: Chaweewannakorn Chayanit , Harada Takashi , Nyasha Mazvita R. , Koide Masashi , Shikama Yosuke , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Sasaki Keiichi , Kanzaki Makoto , Tsuchiya Masahiro
Published: October 2020

Myofascia, deep fascia enveloping skeletal muscles, consists of abundant collagen and elastin fibres that play a key role in the transmission of muscular forces. However, understanding of biomechanical dynamics in myofascia remains very limited due to less quantitative and relevant approaches for in vivo examination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the myofascial fibril structure by means of a quantitative approach using two‐photon microscopy (TPM) imaging in combination with intravital staining of Evans blue dye (EBD), a far‐red fluorescence dye, which potentially labels elastin. With focus on myofascia of the tibial anterior (TA) muscle, the fibril structure intravitally stained with EBD was observed at the depth level of collagen fibrous membrane above the muscle belly. The EBD‐labelled fibril structure and orientation in myofascia indicated biomechanical responses to muscle activity and ageing. The orientation histograms of EBD‐labelled fibrils were significantly modified depending upon the intensity of muscle activity and ageing. Moreover, the density of EBD‐labelled fibrils in myofascia decreased with habitual exercise but increased with muscle immobilization or ageing. In particular, the diameter of EBD‐labelled fibrils in aged mice was significantly higher. The orientation histograms of EBD‐labelled fibrils after habitual exercise, muscle immobilization and ageing showed significant differences compared to control. Indeed, the histograms in bilateral TA myofascia of exercise mice made simple waveforms without multiple sharp peaks, whilst muscular immobilization or ageing significantly shifted a histogram with sustaining multiple sharp peaks. Therefore, the dynamics of fibre network with EBD fluorescence in response to the biomechanical environment possibly indicate functional tissue adaptation in myofascia. Furthermore, on the basis of the knowledge that neutrophil recruitment occurs locally in working muscles, we suggested the unique reconstruction mechanism involving neutrophilic elastase in the myofascial fibril structure. In addition to the elastolytic susceptibility of EBD‐labelled fibrils, distinct immunoreactivities and activities of neutrophil elastase in the myofascia were observed after electric pulse stimulation‐induced muscle contraction for 15 min. Our findings of EBD‐labelled fibril dynamics in myofascia through quantitative approach using TPM imaging and intravital fluorescence labelling potentially brings new insights to examine muscle physiology and pathology.
Compliance and health consequences of menopausal hormonal therapy after surgical menopause: A retrospective study in Thailand
Authors: Techatraisak Kitirat , Angsuwathana Surasak , Rattanachaiyanont Manee , Tanmahasumut Prasong , Indhavivadhana Suchada , Wongwananurak Thanyarat , Leerasiri Pichai , Jirakittidul Preeyaporn
Published: October 2020

Aim

To study compliance with menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT) until age ≥ 50 year and health consequences after surgical menopause.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 1000 consecutive surgically menopausal patients who underwent premenopausal surgery before 50 years of age from benign indications during 1996–2012 was performed. Main outcomes were number in year of MHT compliance and health consequences: hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (DLP), ischemic heart disease (IHD)/myocardial infarction (MI), venous thromboembolism (VTE), stoke, osteopenia/osteoporosis, cognitive impairment/dementia/Alzheimer's disease (AD) /Parkinsonism and breast/other cancers. The MHT nonuser subgroup served as the control.

Results

Of the 1000 patients, 855 cases used MHT. The median overall follow‐up time from surgery for 145 MHT nonuser patients, 435 MHT users until age <50 year and 420 MHT users until age ≥50 year was 12.0 years. Compliance until age ≥50 year was only 49.1%. For MHT users, the overall median age of stopping MHT was 47.0 year with a median MHT use of 6.0 year. After age adjustment at the time of follow‐up of all subgroups by forward stepwise logistic regression analysis, the only significantly different health consequence was osteopenia (32.4%, 10.6% and 21.4% in the MHT nonusers, users until age <50 year and users until age ≥50 year, respectively [P < 0.001]). Prevalence of breast cancer, colon cancer and other cancers were not different among subgroups.

Conclusion

The majority of patients used MHT with low compliance until age ≥50 year. In addition, MHT initiation after surgery possibly prevented osteopenia compared with MHT nonusers.
Optimization‐based three‐dimensional strut‐and‐tie model generation for reinforced concrete
Authors: Xia Yi , Langelaar Matthijs , Hendriks Max A.N.
Published: October 2020

Strut‐and‐tie modelling (STM) is an effective and widely used method to design disturbed regions (D‐regions) of reinforced concrete structures. Among the various steps of STM, finding a suitable truss‐analogy model is the most challenging part. Even for experienced engineers it is difficult to find representative models for complex D‐regions, and this task is even harder for three‐dimensional (3D) D‐regions. To date, only a few 3D STM models have been proposed by researchers for several complex D‐regions, which leaves practitioners with little guidance. In order to solve this problem, a method is proposed to automatically generate 3D optimization‐based STM (3D‐OPT‐STM) models. The generation method comprises a compliance‐based topology optimization process that generates optimized structural forms by maximizing stiffness, a topology extraction method, and a shape optimization method. In this study, three 3D‐OPT‐STM models are generated for typical 3D D‐regions, and their performances are compared to manually created STM models. The generated 3D‐OPT‐STM models result in more economical designs. Moreover, geometrical and loading parameter studies demonstrate the applicability and robustness of the proposed method.
Role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success
Authors: Lenzner Bernd , Magallón Susana , Dawson Wayne , Kreft Holger , König Christian , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , Weigelt Patrick , van Kleunen Mark , Winter Marten , Dullinger Stefan , Essl Franz
Published: October 2020

Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and their subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates, and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families.

We use five global data sets that include native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants, and a time‐calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures, and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families.

We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size, and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success, especially of temperate families.

We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared with tropical families with smaller ranges.
Involvements of long noncoding RNAs in obesity‐associated inflammatory diseases
Authors: Wijesinghe Susanne N. , Nicholson Thomas , Tsintzas Kostas , Jones Simon W.
Published: October 2020

Obesity is associated with chronic low‐grade inflammation that affects the phenotype of multiple tissues and therefore is implicated in the development and progression of several age‐related chronic inflammatory disorders. Importantly, a new family of noncoding RNAs, termed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as key regulators of inflammatory signalling pathways that can mediate both pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulation. Furthermore, several lncRNAs have been identified, which are differentially expressed in multiple tissue types in individuals who are obese or in preclinical models of obesity. In this review, we examine the evidence for the role of several of the most well‐studied lncRNAs in the regulation of inflammatory pathways associated with obesity. We highlight the evidence for their differential expression in the obese state and in age‐related conditions including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), sarcopenia, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, where obesity plays a significant role. Determining the expression and functional role of lncRNAs in mediating obesity‐associated chronic inflammation will advance our understanding of the epigenetic regulatory pathways that underlie age‐related inflammatory diseases and may also ultimately identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Is hyperglycemia the only risk factor for implant in type 2 diabetics during the healing period?
Authors: Tang Dezheng , Wang Entang , Xu Yifan , Liang Chao , Liu Changying , Lin Xiao , Li Jun
Published: October 2020

Objective

To determine whether risk factors other than hyperglycemia lead to failed osseointegration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) during the healing period.

Materials and Methods

We compared the success rates between patients with and without T2DM during the healing period at our center. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured from subjects. Proteomics was used to detect differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) among the DM failure (DM‐F), DM success (DM‐S), and control (Con) groups. The correlation between the expression levels of nine target DEPs and medium glucose concentrations was investigated.

Results

Higher failure rates were observed in the T2DM patients. Fifty‐two DEPs were found between the DM‐F and DM‐S groups. Seventy‐three DEPs were found between the DM‐F and Con groups. Forty‐three DEPs were found between the DM‐S and Con groups. Five target DEPs were expressed at the same levels in the medium with different glucose concentrations. Gene ontology annotation and functional enrichment analysis suggest that the DEPs detected in the DM‐F group may affect the biological function and regulatory potential of BMSCs.

Conclusions

The DEPs detected in the DM‐F group can be intervention targets for to prevent implant failure in T2DM patients. Risk factors besides hyperglycemia may affect osseointegration during healing period.
Salvianic Acid A Sodium Promotes the Recovery of Motor Function After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Reducing Microglia Inflammation through Regulating MIP2/Vdac1/Ndufa12 Signaling Axis
Authors: Li Liping , Liu Yuanyuan , Zhao Xia , Qi Chao , Zhang Yi , Zhang Yingze , Yu Tengbo
Published: October 2020

Objective

To clarify the effects on and the mechanism of salvianic acid A sodium (SAAS) in the recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury.

Methods

In vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out in this research to determine the effects of SAAS on tissue damage, neuron survival, microglia polarization, and inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Differentially expressed genes treated with SAAS were screened by transcriptome sequencing, and the molecular mechanism was investigated simultaneously.

Results

The results revealed that SAAS could promote type M2 polarization of microglia and reduce the proportion of type M1. In this way, it reduced the secretion and expression of inflammatory factors. Compared with Lipopolysaccharides(LPS), 345 genes were upregulated and 407 genes were downregulated in the LPS + SAAS treatment group. In the SAAS group, expression levels of Ndufa12, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and Vdac1 were significantly reduced, while a marked elevation was found in MIP2. In addition, results found in an animal model showed that SAAS could obviously facilitate motor function recovery of mice after spinal cord injury, and it had a good protective effect on spinal cord tissue and neuron cells.

Conclusion

As a result, the present study clarified both the protective effect of SAAS on neurons after spinal cord injury and the anti‐inflammatory effect of microglia, which is expected to serve as a theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
Multi‐Stage Supply Chain with Production Uncertainty
Authors: Feng Qi , Ma Zhongjie , Mao Zhaofang , Shanthikumar J. George
Published: October 2020

With supply chains becoming increasingly extended, the uncertainties in the upstream production process can greatly affect the material flows that aim toward meeting the uncertain demands at the downstream. We analyze a two‐location system in which the upstream production facility experiences random capacities and the downstream store faces random demands. Different from the widely used approach that seeks the decomposition of the profit function based on the echelon inventories, our approach builds on the notions of stochastic functions, in particular, the stochastic linearity in midpoint and the directionally concave order. With these notions, we establish the concavity and submodularity of the profit functions in the transformed decision variables. In general, it is optimal to follow a two‐level state‐dependent threshold policy such that an order is issued at a location if and only if the inventory position of that location is below the corresponding threshold. In the special case where the salvage values are linear in the ending inventories, the profit function becomes separable in the inventory positions, and the optimal policy reduces to the echelon base‐stock policy. The effect of the uncertain capacity and demand depends critically on whether the production capacity is limited or ample in relation to the demand. Only when the capacity and the demand do not differ much, the upstream facility carries positive inventory; otherwise, all units produced are shipped immediately toward the downstream. We further extend our analysis to systems with general stochastic production functions and with multiple locations.
Mitigating Product Shortage Due to Disruptions in Multi‐Stage Supply Chains
Authors: Lücker Florian , Chopra Sunil , Seifert Ralf W.
Published: October 2020

We focus on the optimal use of risk mitigation inventory (RMI) and reserve capacity to manage disruption risk in serial multi‐stage supply chains where product transformation occurs at each stage. We find that under reasonable conditions it is better to hold more RMI downstream than upstream even when the upstream holding costs are lower. We also find that it is often optimal to hold more reserve capacity downstream than upstream. While in one‐stage supply chains RMI and reserve capacity always behave as substitutes, it turns out that in multi‐stage serial supply chains the interplay between RMI and reserve capacity is more nuanced. We find that echelon RMI and reserve capacity at each stage are substitutes. In contrast, RMI at a stage complements reserve capacity at the adjacent downstream stage.
Effect of aglepristone (RU534) administration during follicular phase on progesterone, estradiol‐17β and LH serum concentrations in bitches
Authors: Troisi Alessandro , Polisca Angela , Cardinali Lucia , Orlandi Riccardo , Brecchia Gabriele , Menchetti Laura , Zerani Massimo , Maranesi Margherita , Di Mari Walter , Verstegen John Paul
Published: October 2020

Aglepristone was administered in bitches during the follicular phase to evaluate its effects on progesterone, estradiol‐17β and LH serum concentrations. Ten German Shepherds were divided into two groups (treatedn = 5; controln = 5). Treated bitches received 10 mg/kg BW of aglepristone subcutaneously during the early follicular phase, 24 hr after and then 7 days later. The control group was injected, at the same time periods, with saline solution (0.3 ml/kg BW). For the steroid evaluations, blood was collected daily from the onset of proestrus until the first day of cytological dioestrus. For LH base‐line serum determination, blood was also collected every 20 min for 2 hr at the onset of proestrus. For LH surge identification, blood was collected daily (every 6 hr) starting from the day of the first administration of aglepristone or saline solution until the first day of dioestrus. All animals ovulated but the treated group presented longer ovulation‐dioestrus intervals than the control group (5.2 ± 2.2 daysp < .05). Serum concentrations of the evaluated hormones were similar between experimental animals except for serum LH. Indeed, no LH peaks were detected in the treated group while LH surges were clearly observed in the control group (9 ± 1 days after the beginning of proestrus. In particular, the area under the curve for LH was significantly lower in treated than control animals (12 ± 4 ng/ml x Day;p = .01). In conclusion, administrations of aglepristone during the follicular phase of the bitch does not affect the steroid hormone patterns but does prevent the occurrence of a LH surge. This work raises significant questions and opens perspectives concerning the mechanisms of ovulation in bitches.
How to regulate algorithmic decision‐making: A framework of regulatory requirements for different applications
Authors: Krafft Tobias D. , Zweig Katharina A. , König Pascal D.
Published: October 2020

Algorithmic decision‐making (ADM) systems have come to support, pre‐empt or substitute for human decisions in manifold areas, with potentially significant impacts on individuals' lives. Achieving transparency and accountability has been formulated as a general goal regarding the use of these systems. However, concrete applications differ widely in the degree of risk and the accountability problems they entail for data subjects. The present paper addresses this variation and presents a framework that differentiates regulatory requirements for a range of ADM system uses. It draws on agency theory to conceptualize accountability challenges from the point of view of data subjects with the purpose to systematize instruments for safeguarding algorithmic accountability. The paper furthermore shows how such instruments can be matched to applications of ADM based on a risk matrix. The resulting comprehensive framework can guide the evaluation of ADM systems and the choice of suitable regulatory provisions.
Inpatient dental consultations at a pediatric hospital: A single center 1‐year review
Authors: Hayes Kyler B. , Sheller Barbara , Williams Bryan J. , Churchill Shervin S.
Published: October 2020

Aims

Inpatient dental consultations done at a pediatric hospital in 2017 were analyzed to determine consult reasons, requesting departments, and patient characteristics. Findings were compared to a 2007 study from the hospital.

Methods and results

Data were collected from medical records. Descriptive statistics and logistic regressions were calculated. In 2017, 300 consults were performed for 211 patients (1.8% of inpatients). hematology‐oncology requested the most consults (63%). Evaluation prior to cancer treatment, cardiac surgery, or organ transplantation was the most common reason for consult requests (52%). Fifty‐eight percent patients had a dental home; older patients were more likely to have a dental home (P < .001). Patients with a dental home were less likely to have caries (P = .047). Many patients with a dental home had caries (33% in 2007 and 29% in 2017); more patients without a dental home had caries (46% in 2007 and 38% in 2017).

Conclusions

This study both supports the dental home concept and reveals that many children with a dental home have treatment needs. This indicates that medical providers should not equate having a dental home with having dental health and emphasizes the value of an in‐hospital dental service to support the management of critically ill children.
Crank length alters kinematics and kinetics, yet not the economy of recumbent handcyclists at constant handgrip speeds
Authors: Mason Barry S. , Stone Benjamin , Warner Martin B. , Goosey‐Tolfrey Victoria L.
Published: October 2020

Handcycling performance is dependent on the physiological economy of the athlete; however, handbike configuration and the biomechanical interaction between the two are also vital. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of crank length manipulations on physiological and biomechanical aspects of recumbent handcycling performance in highly trained recumbent handcyclists at a constant linear handgrip speed and sport‐specific intensity. Nine competitive handcyclists completed a 3‐minute trial in an adjustable recumbent handbike in four crank length settings (150, 160, 170 & 180 mm) at 70% peak power output. Handgrip speed was controlled (1.6 m·s−1) across trials with cadences ranging from 102 to 85 rpm. Physiological economy, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were monitored in all trials. Handcycling kinetics were quantified using an SRM (Schoberer Rad Messtechnik) powermeter, and upper limb kinematics were determined using a 10‐camera VICON motion capture system. Physiological responses were not significantly affected by crank length. However, greater torque was generated (P < .0005) and peak torque occurred earlier during the push and pull phase (P ≤ .001) in longer cranks. Statistical parametric mapping revealed that the timing and orientation of shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow extension were significantly altered in different crank lengths. Despite the biomechanical adaptations, these findings suggest that at constant handgrip speeds (and varying cadence) highly trained handcyclists may select crank lengths between 150 and 180 mm without affecting their physiological performance. Until further research, factors such as anthropometrics, comfort, and self‐selected cadence should be used to facilitate crank length selection in recumbent handcyclists.
Comparison of different MyotonPRO probes for skin stiffness evaluation in young women
Authors: Rosicka Katarzyna , Mierzejewska‐Krzyżowska Barbara , Mrówczyński Włodzimierz
Published: October 2020

Background

Stiffness of skin is widely used parameter in many research areas, for example cosmetic industry, dermatology or rheumatology for assessing of skin condition as well as changes occurring in skin. In this pioneering study, we conducted measurements of skin stiffness using MyotonPRO —novel tool, which was mainly used to evaluate biomechanical properties of muscles, ligaments and tendons. We expected that MyotonPRO , which shows great reproducibility in previous studies, will also be able to measure skin stiffness.

Materials and methods

Four replaceable probes designed by MyotonPRO (L‐shape short and medium arm, standard cylindrical flat‐end probe and the same standard probe with disc attachment ) were tested for measurement of skin stiffness in young women (30 healthy females) at three different locations (clavicula, volar forearm and shin).

Results

There was no significant difference between stiffness values obtained with L‐shape short and L‐shape medium arm probes in all investigated areas. Stiffness values recorded by regular probe and regular probe with disc attachment differ significantly from those collected with L‐shape probes. There was also significant difference between values of stiffness obtained by standard with disc attachment and standard probes.

Conclusion

Both L‐shape probes show a great reliability for skin stiffness assessment. Therefore, MyotonPRO can be considered a reliable device for assessing skin stiffness.
Bordering, Ordering and Everyday Cognitive Geographies
Authors: Scott James W.
Published: October 2020

With the publication of Henk van Houtum’s and Ton van Naerssen’s (2002) essay on Bordering, Othering and Ordering, border studies received innovative and liberating inspiration. Partly as a result of the essay contemporary border studies recognise the fluid and changing nature of borders, their increasing sophistication, and the complexity of border‐making processes by different agents. In this brief intervention I suggest that perspectives on bordering, ordering and othering can be advanced through exploration of cognitive and psychological processes. By linking borders to cognition we can widen understandings of space‐society relations, gleaning insights from a number of seemingly eclectic sources, such as architecture and cultural and political psychology. Moreover, I will argue that the cognitive nature of bordering is manifested in framings of urban spaces, places and neighbourhoods that create categories of distinction and relationality. Examples that link borders and place to cognition are provided from various sources.
Advances in techniques to formulate the watertight concept for cadastre
Authors: Asghari Ali , Kalantari Mohsen , Rajabifard Abbas
Published: October 2020

The world’s rising urban density expansion has resulted in a proliferation of attempts to efficiently use space and a higher level of spatial complexity in metropolitan areas. 3D geospatial data models are increasingly being embraced to facilitate communicating the spatial dimensions of complex built environments in different applications. For example, the use of 3D models in land administration systems has been recognized as a good approach for communicating the spatial complexity of legal spaces within multi‐storey buildings. The spatial extent of legal space—to which rights, restrictions and responsibilities relate in a 3D digital cadastre—needs to be accurately defined and geometrically closed; watertight. Therefore, this study aims to address the challenges regarding checking the closure of diverse 3D legal spaces and engage several techniques to formulate the watertight concept for cadastre. The research’s methodology is built on a 3D polyhedral surface using a half‐edge data structure. A primitive check is employed to assess the spatial consistency of lower‐dimensional primitives of 3D objects. Subsequently, advanced closure checks ensure the closure of volumetric legal spaces represented by 2‐manifold and non‐2‐manifold data models. The article concludes that, by adopting the proposed approaches, the internal spatial consistency of legal spaces in urban land administration will be certified.
Spatiotemporal retrieval of dynamic video object trajectories in geographical scenes
Authors: Xie Yujia , Wang Meizhen , Liu Xuejun , Wang Ziran , Mao Bo , Wang Feiyue , Wang Xiaozhi
Published: October 2020

Current studies on video trajectory retrieval focus on the retrieval and analysis of image content, neglecting the gap between the spatiotemporal continuity of retrieval conditions and the spatiotemporal discontinuity of multi‐camera video trajectories. In this study, we propose a method for the spatiotemporal retrieval of dynamic video object trajectories in geographic scenes. Based on the camera calibration, the proposed method organizes the scene, cameras, and trajectories, constructs the spatiotemporal constraints, and queries the trajectories using two measures: camera‐by‐camera retrieval and global trajectory retrieval. The proposed method was verified through experiments, and the results demonstrate that both measures can query trajectories effectively and reduce the spatiotemporal video review range under different spatiotemporal constraints. Furthermore, compared with camera‐by‐camera retrieval, global trajectory retrieval can reduce the spatiotemporal video review range further and return more accurate results. The proposed method may provide support for the spatial analysis and understanding of surveillance video data.
Highlighting recent trends in open source geospatial science and software
Authors: Mobasheri Amin , Mitasova Helena , Neteler Markus , Singleton Alexander , Ledoux Hugo , Brovelli Maria Antonia
Published: October 2020

Over the past decade, open source software has become widely accepted across governments, industries and academia. The geospatial domain is no exception and this trend is also reflected in geospatial research and practice. Nowadays, governments and stakeholders from the business sector both participate and promote open geospatial science including open geospatial data and open source geospatial software. As a result, open source geospatial science and software (i.e., open source GIS) is a growing area of research with numerous applications and great potential. The consistent prevalence of open source GIS studies motivated this thematic collection. The contributions are divided into two main categories. In the first, novel open source geospatial software and standards are presented, each of which has been implemented for and applied to a certain use case, and at the same time may be applied to other use cases due to the reproducibility of open source software. The second category presents and discusses the applicability and usability of open source GIS solutions for various interdisciplinary domains, mostly related to urban studies.
False Beliefs and Misleading Evidence
Authors: Daoust Marc‐Kevin
Published: October 2020

Abstract

False beliefs and misleading evidence have striking similarities. In many regards, they are both epistemically bad or undesirable. Yet some epistemologists think that, while one's evidence is normative (i.e., one's available evidence affects the doxastic states one is epistemically permitted or required to have), one's false beliefs cannot be evidence and cannot be normative. They have offered various motivations for treating false beliefs differently from true misleading beliefs, and holding that only the latter may be evidence. I argue that this is puzzling: if misleading evidence and false beliefs share so many important similarities, why treat them differently? I also argue that, given the striking similarities between false beliefs and misleading evidence, many arguments for the factivity of evidence overgeneralize. That is, if these arguments were conclusive, they would also entail that the evidence cannot be misleading. But this is an overgeneralization, since the evidence can be misleading.
Arabidopsis RING‐type E3 ubiquitin ligase XBAT35.2 promotes proteasome‐dependent degradation of ACD11 to attenuate abiotic stress tolerance
Authors: Li Qiaomu , Serio Renata J. , Schofield Andrew , Liu Hongxia , Rasmussen Sheena R. , Hofius Daniel , Stone Sophia L.
Published: October 2020

Plants employ multiple mechanisms to cope with a constantly changing and challenging environment, including using the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) to alter their proteome to assist in initiating, modulating and terminating responses to stress. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase XBAT35.2 mediates the proteasome‐dependent degradation of Accelerated Cell Death 11 (ACD11) to promote pathogen defense. Here, we demonstrate roles for XBAT35.2 and ACD11 in abiotic stress tolerance. As seen in response to pathogen infection, abiotic stress stabilizes XBAT35.2 and the abundance of ACD11 rose consistently with increasing concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and salt. Surprisingly, exposure to ABA and salt increased the stability of ACD11, and the overexpression of ACD11 improves plant survival of salt and drought stress, suggesting a role for ACD11 in promoting tolerance. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ABA or salt resulted in ubiquitination and the proteasome‐dependent degradation of ACD11, however. The stress‐induced turnover of ACD11 requires XBAT35.2, as degradation is slowed in the absence of the E3 ubiquitin ligase. Consistent with XBAT35.2 mediating the proteasome‐dependent degradation of ACD11, the loss of E3 ubiquitin ligase function enhances the tolerance of salt and drought stress, whereas overexpression increases sensitivity. A model is presented where, upon the perception of abiotic stress, ACD11 abundance increases to promote tolerance. Meanwhile, XBAT35.2 accumulates and in turn promotes the degradation of ACD11 to attenuate the stress response. The results characterize XBAT35.2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase with opposing roles in abiotic and biotic stress.