bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of UV light illumination in humid air on the optical and electronic properties of the orthorhombic α-MoO3 and monoclinic β-MoO3
Authors: Afify H. H. , Hassan S. A. , Anis Badawi , Abouelsayed A.
Published: August 2022

We present reflectivity measurements on monoclinic MoO2, orthorhombic α-MoO3, and monoclinic β-MoO3 in a wide frequency range of 190–2500 nm. The extracted optical conductivity [σ(ω)] showed that MoO2 has a metallic character while α-MoO3 and β-MoO3 have an insulating behavior. In addition, the photochromic properties of both α-MoO3 and β-MoO3 have been studied. The σ(ω) spectra for both samples showed a different spectral weight of the optical transition due to the formation of color center bands, which formed as a result of UV exposure. The spectral weight of optical transition from the bulk sixfold cations Mob5+ to Mo6+ cations is higher in case of the illuminated β-MoO3 sample than the illuminated α-MoO3 sample. The XRD results showed that both α-MoO3 and β-MoO3 were transformed to monoclinic molybdenum oxide dihydrate (H4MoO5) after exposure to UV irradiation in humid air. The σ(ω) spectra revealed that photoinjection of hydrogen into the β-MoO3 film is higher than in the case of the α-MoO3 film. In addition, the time domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data showed that the lifetime due to the optical transition from surface fourfold cations Mos5+ to Mo6+ cations in the case of illuminated β-MoO3 is higher than that for the illuminated α-MoO3 for the same optical transition. Meaning that, in the case of illuminated β-MoO3, the surface Mos5+ cations disperse and penetrate into the bulk, lowering the spectral weight of the [Mos5+ Mos5+] dimers and enhancing the spectral weight of the bulk centers.
Amplitude-mediated chimera states in nonlocally coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators
Authors: Bi Hongjie , Fukai Tomoki
Published: August 2022

Chimera states achieve the coexistence of coherent and incoherent subgroups through symmetry breaking and emerge in physical, chemical, and biological systems. We show the presence of amplitude-mediated multicluster chimera states in nonlocally coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators. We clarify the prerequisites for having different types of chimera states by analytically and numerically studying how phase transitions occur between these states. Our results demonstrate how the oscillation amplitudes interact with the phase degrees of freedom in chimera states and significantly advance our understanding of the generation mechanisms of such states in coupled oscillator systems.
Inverse design of acoustic metasurfaces using space-filling points
Authors: Krishna Arvind , Craig Steven R. , Shi Chengzhi , Joseph V. Roshan
Published: August 2022

Acoustic metasurfaces are two-dimensional materials that impart non-trivial amplitude and phase shifts on incident acoustic waves at a predetermined frequency. While acoustic metasurfaces enable extraordinary wavefront engineering capabilities, they are not developed well enough to independently control the amplitude and phase of reflected and transmitted acoustic waves simultaneously, which are governed by their geometry. We aim to solve the inverse design problem of finding a geometry to achieve a specified set of acoustic properties. The geometry is modeled by discretizing the continuous space into a finite number of elements, where each element can either be filled with air or solid material. Full wave simulations are performed to obtain the acoustic properties for a given geometry. It is computationally infeasible to simulate all geometries. To address this challenge, we develop an experimental design-based algorithm to efficiently perform the simulations. The algorithm starts with a few geometries and adaptively adds geometries to the set, such that they fill the entire space of the desired acoustic properties using a small fraction of the possible geometries. We find that the geometry needs to have at least 7 × 7 elements to obtain any given acoustic property with a tolerance of 5.4% of its maximum range. This is achieved by simulating 24 000 geometries using the proposed algorithm, which is only 4.2×10−9% of the 563 × 1012 possible geometries. The method provides a general solution to the inverse design problem that can be extended to control more acoustic properties.
Influence of the electron thermal conduction and ion kinetic effects on the structure of collisional plasma shocks
Authors: Zhang E. H. , Cai H. B. , Zhang W. S. , Liu Q. K. , Luo H. , Zhu G. H. , Luo M. X. , Zhu S. P.
Published: August 2022

The evolution of collisional planar plasma shocks is investigated by using a hybrid fluid-particle-in-cell code, which enables the analysis of the impact of ion kinetic effects. The structure and propagation of shocks in multi-component plasmas with moderate density (1022∼1024 cm−3) are found to be strongly dependent on the electron thermal conduction and ion kinetic effects. In high electron heat flux cases, the electron thermal conduction creates a preheat layer ahead of the shock front, allowing the energetic ions to stream through the upstream plasma. It is found that the shock velocity drops by about 4.67% and the heatwave velocity increases about 47% when the electron flux limiter increases from fe=0.05 to 0.15. Furthermore, the inhibiting effect of high electron heat flux on the species separation induced by the shock in multi-component plasmas is observed. These results provide a new dataset valuable for benchmarking and improving radiation hydrodynamic models.
Field-assisted sub-terahertz spin pumping and auto-oscillation in NiO
Authors: Guo Mingda , Cheng Ran
Published: August 2022

Spin pumping converting sub-terahertz electromagnetic waves to DC spin currents has recently been demonstrated in antiferromagnets (AFMs) with easy-axis magnetic anisotropy. However, easy-plane AFMs such as NiO, which are easier to prepare experimentally, are considered to be bad candidates for spin pumping because the Néel vector oscillation is linearly polarized, placing a major restriction on the material choice for practical applications. Through a case study of NiO, we show that an applied magnetic field below the spin–flop transition can substantially modify the polarization of the resonance eigenmodes, which enables coherent sub-terahertz spin pumping as strong as that in easy-axis AFMs. In addition, we find that an applied magnetic field can significantly reduce the threshold of Néel vector auto-oscillation triggered by spin-transfer torques. These prominent field-assisted effects can greatly facilitate spintronic device engineering in the sub-terahertz frequency regime.
Equivalent circuit model for reflective polarization converter based on anisotropic metasurfaces
Authors: Chang Qi , Ma Yunpeng , Liu Ji , Wu Wenxing , Ji Xuebin , Ji Jinzu
Published: August 2022

A simple equivalent circuit model (ECM) for a reflective polarization converter (RPC) comprising anisotropic metasurfaces is presented in this paper. The impedance matrix of an anisotropic metasurface in x and y axis is derived by the impedance matrix in a diagonal axis multiply with a rotated matrix, while the diagonal impedance matrix can be calculated by a simple LC network, which contains a series of capacitors and inductors. The presence of the dielectric substrates is considered using the transmission line theory. Some typical RPCs with different metasurface shapes are used to verify the effectiveness of the ECM. The methodology provides a simple approach for the design and optimization of RPC. Finally, we designed a polarization converter based on the proposed method, and the measured results are in good agreement with the theoretical results.
Time shifts to reduce the size of reservoir computers
Authors: Carroll Thomas L. , Hart Joseph D.
Published: August 2022

A reservoir computer is a type of dynamical system arranged to do computation. Typically, a reservoir computer is constructed by connecting a large number of nonlinear nodes in a network that includes recurrent connections. In order to achieve accurate results, the reservoir usually contains hundreds to thousands of nodes. This high dimensionality makes it difficult to analyze the reservoir computer using tools from the dynamical systems theory. Additionally, the need to create and connect large numbers of nonlinear nodes makes it difficult to design and build analog reservoir computers that can be faster and consume less power than digital reservoir computers. We demonstrate here that a reservoir computer may be divided into two parts: a small set of nonlinear nodes (the reservoir) and a separate set of time-shifted reservoir output signals. The time-shifted output signals serve to increase the rank and memory of the reservoir computer, and the set of nonlinear nodes may create an embedding of the input dynamical system. We use this time-shifting technique to obtain excellent performance from an opto-electronic delay-based reservoir computer with only a small number of virtual nodes. Because only a few nonlinear nodes are required, construction of a reservoir computer becomes much easier, and delay-based reservoir computers can operate at much higher speeds.
Surface ion exchange and targeted passivation with cesium fluoride for enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Gao Yuanji , Feng Xiangxiang , Chang Jianhui , Long Caoyu , Ding Yang , Li Hengyue , Huang Keqing , Liu Biao , Yang Junliang
Published: August 2022

Interfacial defects greatly influence the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and interface engineering is a powerful technique to promote the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. Herein, an interfacial passivation strategy is developed employing cesium fluoride (CsF) to modify the surface of a perovskite film. Theoretical calculations suggest that the Cs+ and F− ions have a targeted passivation effect to decrease the defect density of the perovskite. Meanwhile, Cs+-formamidine+ (FA+) and F−–I− ion exchange can occur on the perovskite surface, which leads to the decline of the Fermi level of perovskite and reinforces the built-in potential of PSCs. Additionally, experiment results also confirm the reduction in the interfacial defects and the enhancement of the built-in potential. Consequently, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of PSCs is increased from 1.07 to 1.12 V, contributing to the promotion of the PCE. Furthermore, the stability of PSCs is obviously improved as well owing to the suppressed phase transition of α-phase perovskite. Our findings provide guidelines for surface modification of perovskite crystals to enhance the performance and stability of PSCs.
RF performance enhancement in sub-μm scaled β-Ga2O3 tri-gate FinFETs
Authors: Yu Xinxin , Gong Hehe , Zhou Jianjun , Shen Zhenghao , Ren Fang-fang , Chen Dunjun , Ou Xin , Kong Yuechan , Li Zhonghui , Chen Tangsheng , Gu Shulin , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou , Ye Jiandong
Published: August 2022

In this Letter, we report on the enhanced radio frequency (RF) performance in sub-micrometer scaled β-Ga2O3 tri-gate FinFETs. With a 200-nm-thick β-Ga2O3 bulk channel and a 0.35 μm gate length, the FinFETs exhibit an improved current-gain cutoff frequency of 5.4 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 11.4 GHz, which are 20% and 58% improved with respect to the planar counterpart, respectively. The improved RF performance results from the enhanced gate control capability and the suppressed short-channel effects, as evidenced by the improved pinch-off characteristics, the improved transconductance, and the suppressed output conductance. It suggests that the tri-gate multi-fin architecture is a promising strategy to break the scaling limitation of the gate-channel aspect ratio toward high-performance β-Ga2O3 RF MOSFETs.
Calibration of image plate and back illuminated charge coupled device detectors at the thermal emission band of high Z target laser produced plasmas (80–800 eV)
Authors: Ehrlich Y. , Levy I. , Fraenkel M.
Published: August 2022

We present a systematic method to absolutely calibrate detector efficiency vs photon energy using a laser produced plasma broadband x-ray source, a gold standard calibrated detector, and transmission gratings (TGs) as dispersive elements. Calibration uses one calibrated TG and a calibrated gold standard detector on one channel and a second calibrated TG and a detector to be calibrated on the other channel. Both channels simultaneously view the laser-produced plasma x-ray source from the same angle with respect to the laser beam and the planar target normal. Image plate detectors are calibrated for the first time at photon energies below 700 eV. Single shot simultaneous calibration of several detectors is possible, making this method an efficient and practical way to periodically calibrate detectors, using in-house capabilities of laser laboratories.
An eco-epidemiological model with the impact of fear
Authors: Sarkar Kankan , Khajanchi Subhas
Published: August 2022

In this study, we propose and analyze an eco-epidemiological model with disease in prey and incorporated the effect of fear on prey species due to predator population. We assume that the prey population grows logistically in the absence of predator species, and the disease is limited to the prey population only. We divide the total prey population into two distinct classes: susceptible prey and infected prey. Predator populations are not infected by the diseases, though feed both the susceptible and infected prey. Due to the fear of predators, the prey population becomes more vigilant and moves away from suspected predators. Such a foraging activity of prey reduces the chance of infection among susceptible prey by lowering the contact with infected prey. We assume that the fear of predators has no effect on infected prey as they are more vigilant. Positivity, boundedness, and uniform persistence of the proposed model are investigated. The biologically feasible equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. We establish the conditions for the Hopf bifurcation of the proposed model around the endemic steady state. As the level of fear increases, the system moves toward the steady state from a limit cycle oscillation. The increasing level of fear cannot wipe out the diseases from the system, but the amplitude of the infected prey decreases as the level of fear is increased. The system changes its stability as the rate of infection increases, and the predator becomes extinct when the rate of infection in prey is high enough though predators are not infected by the disease.
Multifunctional tyrosine modified SnO2 to improve the performance of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Yu Chao , Zhang Buyue , Wang Guanran , Wang Jintao , Zhang Jian , Chen Ping , Li Chuannan , Duan Yu
Published: August 2022

Recently, it has been demonstrated that the use of SnO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite (PSK) solar cells (PSCs) yields high efficiency, which is comparable to that of the TiO2 layer with the same structure. At the same time, the SnO2-based PSCs show improved stability. Herein, the defects at the device interface are reduced and the efficiency of the planar PSCs is enhanced by improving the interface contact between the ETL and the perovskite (PSK) layer. As an essential amino acid, tyrosine (Tyr) is introduced into SnO2 to fill the oxygen vacancies in SnO2 films and improve the nucleation of PSK. From our analysis, it was found that the interface contact between the SnO2 ETL and the PSK layer was increased and the defects at the interface were reduced. In addition, it was demonstrated that the introduction of Tyr could effectively suppress the charge recombination and improve the electron extraction efficiency. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.17% was obtained from Tyr modified PSCs, owing to the enhanced PSK film quality and carrier extraction efficiency. On top of that, the Tyr-modified device still maintained 87% of the initial recorded PCE, which was stored in the ambient air (25 °C, 25%  ±  5% RH) for 864 h without encapsulation.
Phased plan for the implementation of the time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer on the National Ignition Facility (NIF)
Authors: Kunimune J. H. , Gatu Johnson M. , Moore A. S. , Trosseille C. A. , Johnson T. M. , Berg G. P. A. , Mackinnon A. J. , Kilkenny J. D. , Frenje J. A.
Published: August 2022

The time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) is a transformative diagnostic that will be used to measure the time-resolved neutron spectrum from an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It uses a CD foil on the outside of the hohlraum to convert fusion neutrons to recoil deuterons. An ion-optical system positioned outside the NIF target chamber energy-disperses and focuses forward-scattered deuterons. A pulse-dilation drift tube (PDDT) subsequently dilates, un-skews, and detects the signal. While the foil and ion-optical system have been designed, the PDDT requires more development before it can be implemented. Therefore, a phased plan is presented that first uses the foil and ion-optical systems with detectors that can be implemented immediately—namely CR-39 and hDISC streak cameras. These detectors will allow the MRSt to be commissioned in an intermediate stage and begin collecting data on a reduced timescale, while the PDDT is developed in parallel. A CR-39 detector will be used in phase 1 for the measurement of the time-integrated neutron spectra with excellent energy-resolution, necessary for the energy calibration of the system. Streak cameras will be used in phase 2 for measurement of the time-resolved spectrum with limited spectral coverage, which is sufficient to diagnose the time-resolved ion temperature. Simulations are presented that predict the performance of the streak camera detector, indicating that it will achieve excellent burn history measurements at current yields, and good time-resolved ion-temperature measurements at yields above 3 × 1017. The PDDT will be used for optimal efficiency and resolution in phase 3.
Molecular dipole moment learning via rotationally equivariant derivative kernels in molecular-orbital-based machine learning
Authors: Sun Jiace , Cheng Lixue , Miller Thomas F.
Published: August 2022

This study extends the accurate and transferable molecular-orbital-based machine learning (MOB-ML) approach to modeling the contribution of electron correlation to dipole moments at the cost of Hartree–Fock computations. A MOB pairwise decomposition of the correlation part of the dipole moment is applied, and these pair dipole moments could be further regressed as a universal function of MOs. The dipole MOB features consist of the energy MOB features and their responses to electric fields. An interpretable and rotationally equivariant derivative kernel for Gaussian process regression (GPR) is introduced to learn the dipole moment more efficiently. The proposed problem setup, feature design, and ML algorithm are shown to provide highly accurate models for both dipole moments and energies on water and 14 small molecules. To demonstrate the ability of MOB-ML to function as generalized density-matrix functionals for molecular dipole moments and energies of organic molecules, we further apply the proposed MOB-ML approach to train and test the molecules from the QM9 dataset. The application of local scalable GPR with Gaussian mixture model unsupervised clustering GPR scales up MOB-ML to a large-data regime while retaining the prediction accuracy. In addition, compared with the literature results, MOB-ML provides the best test mean absolute errors of 4.21 mD and 0.045 kcal/mol for dipole moment and energy models, respectively, when training on 110 000 QM9 molecules. The excellent transferability of the resulting QM9 models is also illustrated by the accurate predictions for four different series of peptides.
Surface plasmon resonance enhanced self-powered graphene/Al2O3/InGaAs near-infrared photodetector
Authors: Zhang Yinglu , Chen Jun
Published: August 2022

In recent years, there has been extensive research on improving the performance of photodetectors. In this paper, the performance of a graphene/Al2O3/InGaAs photodetector is studied. In order to reduce the dark current of this device and improve the photocurrent, the structure of the device is optimized to improve the responsivity of the device. A 2 nm thick Al2O3 layer is inserted as the passivation layer. The InP layer between the SiNx layer and the InGaAs layer is retained. It is speculated that the InP layer could reduce the defects and interface states between layers. A layer of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was spin coated on the surface of the single-layer graphene, and the surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs could enhance the local electric field of InGaAs interface and increase the light absorption of graphene, which can promote carrier generation and transmission in graphene and, thus, effectively enhance the photocurrent of device. The improved device achieves a high responsivity of 265.41 mA/W at 1064 nm and a detection rate of 4.06 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1. At −1.25 V, the responsivity of the device is improved to 1618.8 mA/W.
Vortex dynamics in an electrically conductive fluid during a dipole–wall collision in presence of a magnetic field
Authors: De Rosis Alessandro , Skillen Alex
Published: August 2022

We numerically investigate the flow physics generated by the collision of a vortex against a wall in an electrically conductive fluid. Governing magnetohydrodynamic equations are solved by the lattice Boltzmann method. Our findings demonstrate that the presence of a magnetic field modifies significantly the vortex dynamics. Specifically, it exerts a braking effect on the vortex that increases with the magnetic Prandtl number. Our results are linked to the transfer of energy between the velocity and the magnetic fields as well as to the evolution of their enstrophies.
Spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry of two-dimensional TMDC heterostructures
Authors: Sigger Florian , Lambers Hendrik , Nisi Katharina , Klein Julian , Saigal Nihit , Holleitner Alexander W. , Wurstbauer Ursula
Published: August 2022

Semiconducting two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures gained a lot of interest for applications as well as fundamental studies due to their rich optical properties. Assembly in van der Waals heterostacks can significantly alter the intrinsic optical properties as well as the wavelength-dependent absorption and emission efficiencies, making a direct comparison of, e.g., photoluminescence intensities difficult. Here, we determine the dielectric function for the prototypical MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayer and their individual layers. Apart from a redshift of 18–44 meV of the energetically lowest interband transitions, we find that for larger energies, the dielectric function can only be described by treating the van der Waals heterobilayer as a new artificial homobilayer crystal rather than a stack of individual layers. The determined dielectric functions are applied to calculate the Michelson contrast of the individual layers and the bilayer in dependence of the oxide thickness of often used Si/SiO2 substrates. Our results highlight the need to consider the altered dielectric functions impacting the Michelson interference in the interpretation of intensities in optical measurements such as Raman scattering or photoluminescence.
Interfaces and mixing, and beyond
Authors: I. Abarzhi Snezhana
Published: August 2022

Interfaces and mixing, and their non-equilibrium dynamics, govern a broad range of phenomena in nature and technology at astrophysical and at molecular scales. Supernovae and planetary convection, turbulence and turbulent mixing, combustion and chemistry-driven fluids, purification of water, and nanofabrication are a few examples. Addressing the societal challenges posed by alternative energy sources and the efficient use of nonrenewable resources requires an improved understanding of interfaces and mixing. Non-equilibrium dynamics of interfaces and interfacial mixing couples microscopic to macroscopic scales, and is a challenge to study in theory, experiments, and simulations. This special topic explores and assesses the state of the art in the non-equilibrium of interfaces and interfacial mixing, and charts new research directions in this actively developing area.
On the Trail of the Plains-wanderer
Authors: Cleave Rohan , Teh Julian
Published: August 2022

The Plains-wanderer is unlike any other bird on Earth – it's one of a kind!

On the Trail of the Plains-wanderer tells the true story of one of Australia's most critically endangered bird species. This unique, quirky and precious bird faces many threats, but continues to survive against the odds. Discover more about this fascinating bird and see how people are providing hope for their future.

Reading level varies from child to child, but we recommend this book for ages 5 to 9.
Build it and some may come: early stage habitat restoration may initially favour herbivore return
Authors: Cross Sophie , Tomlinson Sean , Craig Michael , Bateman Philip
Published: August 2022

Context Rates of habitat destruction are increasing globally, and recent years have seen a growing focus on returning lands degraded through anthropogenic activities to functional and sustainable ecosystems. Animals provide a range of services critical to healthy ecosystems, yet in assessments of restoration progress they are often assumed to return passively following the reinstatement of native flora and vegetation. Aims and methods We used remote sensing camera traps to assess the impact of early stage habitat restoration on the structure and diversity of fauna communities on a mine site in the Mid West region of Western Australia. We aimed to assess whether early stage habitat restoration supports animal communities with similar diversity and community structure (foraging guilds) to those found in reference, unmined vegetation. Key results Although early stage habitat restoration facilitated the establishment of animal communities with similar diversity to that of the reference vegetation; the foraging guilds using restoration vegetation differed significantly from those in the reference vegetation. Early stage restoration was particularly attractive to herbivores but may lack some key resources, for example leaf litter, course woody debris, and appropriate refuge sites, necessary for the return of granivores, insectivores, and omnivores. Conclusions and implications It is unlikely that early stage habitat restoration will support a similar species composition to established restoration, but it is crucial to monitor restoration along a trajectory to ensure efforts do not ultimately fail. Assessing the responses of fauna from a range of guilds and trophic levels is critical to determining whether habitat restoration is effectively returning functional and self-sustaining animal communities.
Defining community health services in Australia: a qualitative exploration
Authors: Lewis Virginia J. , Macmillan Jenny , Harris-Roxas Ben
Published: August 2022

Background The Community Health Program of the 1970s was an attempt to introduce a national community health model. However, although community-based health care is an important element of the health systems of all Australian states and territories, the definition of what constitutes a ‘community health service’ in Australia today is not clear. Methods A search of government websites failed to provide information about the types and characteristics of services that would be included in the term. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 key informants in roles with responsibility for primary and community health services from health departments in all Australian states and territories. Questions explored their understanding of community health services as they operated in their jurisdiction. The study adopted a blended inductive and deductive orientation within a qualitative descriptive method. Results There was little consistency in the way community health services were described across jurisdictions. The defining attributes of a ‘community health centre’ described by an international peak body did not apply to services in the majority of jurisdictions in Australia. Victoria was more aligned with the description than other jurisdictions, with organisations defined through legislation and a separate funding stream to support aspects of service delivery. Conclusions Those designing and implementing national health system programs and reforms need to be aware that terms, such as ‘community health’, do not mean the same thing across jurisdictions; attempts to create consistency have to recognise differences that will affect new initiatives, as well as the spread of successful policies and programs from one jurisdiction to another. Without a consistent description, it is difficult to explore the current role of community-based health care across Australia in improving access to health care.
Loss aversion, the endowment effect, and gain-loss framing shape preferences for noninstrumental information
Authors: Litovsky Yana , Loewenstein George , Horn Samantha , Olivola Christopher Y.
Published: August 2022

We often talk about interacting with information as we would with a physical good (e.g., “consuming content”) and describe our attachment to personal beliefs in the same way as our attachment to personal belongings (e.g., “holding on to” or “letting go of” our beliefs). But do we in fact value information the way we do objects? The valuation of money and material goods has been extensively researched, but surprisingly few insights from this literature have been applied to the study of information valuation. This paper demonstrates that two fundamental features of how we value money and material goods embodied in Prospect Theory—loss aversion and different risk preferences for gains versus losses—also hold true for information, even when it has no material value. Study 1 establishes loss aversion for noninstrumental information by showing that people are less likely to choose a gamble when the same outcome is framed as a loss (rather than gain) of information. Study 2 shows that people exhibit the endowment effect for noninstrumental information, and so value information more, simply by virtue of “owning” it. Study 3 provides a conceptual replication of the classic “Asian Disease” gain-loss pattern of risk preferences, but with facts instead of human lives, thereby also documenting a gain-loss framing effect for noninstrumental information. These findings represent a critical step in building a theoretical analogy between information and objects, and provide a useful perspective on why we often resist changing (or losing) our beliefs.
The neutralizing breadth of antibodies targeting diverse conserved epitopes between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xiong Hualong , Sun Hui , Wang Siling , Yuan Lunzhi , Liu Liqin , Zhu Yuhe , Zhang Jinlei , Huang Yang , Qi Ruoyao , Jiang Yao , Ma Jian , Zhou Ming , Ma Yue , Fu Rao , Yan Siping , Yue Mingxi , Wu Yangtao , Wei Min , Wang Yizhen , Li Tingting , Wang Yingbin , Zheng Zizheng , Yu Hai , Cheng Tong , Li Shaowei , Yuan Quan , Zhang Jun , Guan Yi , Zheng Qingbing , Zhang Tianying , Xia Ningshao
Published: August 2022

Antibody therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 have been highly successful. However, the recent emergence of the Omicron variant has posed a challenge, as it evades detection by most existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). Here, we successfully generated a panel of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV cross-neutralizing antibodies by sequential immunization of the two pseudoviruses. Of the potential candidates, we found that nAbs X01, X10, and X17 offer broad neutralizing potential against most variants of concern, with X17 further identified as a Class 5 nAb with undiminished neutralization against the Omicron variant. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the three antibodies together in complex with each of the spike proteins of the prototypical SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 defined three nonoverlapping conserved epitopes on the receptor-binding domain. The triple-antibody mixture exhibited enhanced resistance to viral evasion and effective protection against infection of the Beta variant in hamsters. Our findings will aid the development of antibody therapeutics and broad vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.
Visual and multimodal interaction of metaphor and metonymy*
Authors: Kashanizadeh Zahra , Forceville Charles
Published: August 2022

Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s central idea that metaphor is a figure of thought rather than a figure of language has led to the examination of nonverbal and multimodal manifestations of metaphor. Over the past twenty years, the verbal trope of metonymy has similarly been theorized from a conceptual point of view, but the implications of this work for visual studies have only begun to be examined. Investigating visual manifestations of metonymy will moreover also improve our understanding of visual metaphor, as often these latter depend on, and interact with, metonymies. In this chapter we propose to explore the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in the visual/multimodal realm of print advertising, using Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza and Olga Díez’ (2002) typology, and building on Paula Peréz-Sobrino’s (2017) applications of this typology. Our twofold aim is (1) to see if, and if so, how, all patterns of this typology appear in ads; and (2) to investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements in which metaphor and metonymy interact. Analyzing ads from two cultures will enable us to demonstrate how cultural background knowledge is essential for understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions.
Visual metaphor and its narrative function*
Authors: Hetmański Marek
Published: August 2022

The chapter aims at analyzing visual metaphors and allegories in the fine arts – particularly in the symbolic paintings by J. Malczewski – as creative tools of both artistic expression and discourse storytelling in which they play a vital role. Visual metaphors are suggestive and effective in artistic performance and, therefore, in communicating abstract ideas to the individual viewer and the public. Such paintings (symbolic and surrealistic), whilst encompassing concrete (source) and universal (target) domains in their depicted metaphoric structures, can be powerful enough to create possible and alternative courses of events. Based on the analysis of R. Arnheim’s concept of openness of fine art works, J. Bruner’s theory of narrative mind, storytelling and possible worlds, and Ch. Forceville’s analyses of visual metaphors, the chapter will attempt to answer the following two philosophical and epistemological questions: (1) how universal themes are depicted, perceived, conveyed, and comprehended in metaphorical paintings; and (2) what is the difference between the structures of the visual metaphors characteristic for these paintings and merely literary parabolic means. Both conceptual metaphors and blending theories are used in the analyses of selected symbolic and metaphoric paintings by Malczewski to explain in what scope his painting methods and their narrative structures are entangled in Polish national-cultural history, and how important they are in cognitive studies as well as in the history and theory of fine arts.
Viewpoint and metaphor in culture*
Authors: Lu Wei-lun
Published: August 2022

The chapter presents an in-depth analysis of the language of death in Chinese and discusses the relation between language and occupation as a social factor in analyzing the language of death. In this chapter, I address in what specific ways Cognitive Linguistics may serve as a useful analytical framework in studying Chinese idioms used in funerals, in an attempt to uncover cultural elements and viewpoint structure in communicating death. The study introduces basic constructs in Cognitive Linguistics which could be used for such an analysis, and applies this CL machinery to analyzing three selected groups of four-character eulogistic idioms used at funerals in Taiwan. The analysis shows that, in addition to Conceptual Metaphor Theory, which has been considered the classic CL tool for studying abstract concepts like death, the subjectivity/objectivity distinction in Cognitive Grammar may also be employed as a complementary and useful theoretical construct in studying the language of death, as it helps identify the special characteristics of the eulogistic idioms for teachers as a special profession in the Chinese culture.
Narrative experiences of metaphor
Authors: Gerrig Richard J. , Shawver Zared R.
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the impact of narrative contexts on readers’ experiences of metaphor. We
begin by reviewing extant theories of metaphor processing to offer an analysis of contextual effects on readers’
metaphor understanding. Next, we outline a dual process perspective that suggests how readers’ experiences of metaphor
are guided by both intuitive and reflective processes. We suggest that the separate function of those processes may
transform readers’ experiences of metaphor quality. Finally, we explore readers’ individual responses to metaphors as
a product of their accumulation of knowledge through distinct life experiences. Throughout the chapter, we support our
analyses with examples from the Pulitzer Prize winning novel Less (Greer, 2017).
Multimodal body, multimodal mind, multimodal communication
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews prospects for improving the scientific study of communication by developing
big data infrastructure and computational, technical, and statistical tools. Such big data systems are typically free
of the methodological threats to validity and underpowered datasets common in lab experiments.
Between embodiment and usage
Authors: Hampe Beate
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the roles of embodied experience and experienced language use as
motivating factors in the emergence of an open set of closely related and partially conventionalized figurative
expressions: up to one’s eyes in debt, up to one’s ears in a mess, etc. The case study reported
analyzes 276 instantiations of the low-level construction [up to X N: body-part,
poss. in Y N: mass], also referred to here as the “immersion schema”. The
multimodal data are randomly taken from U.S. television as documented in the UCLA Newscape Archive, a
component of the RedHen Lab, and accessed via the Erlangen corpus NewsScape English v.5. To
investigate dominant usage patterns, the case study employs an adapted “covarying collexeme analysis” capturing the
co-varying lexical meanings contributed by X and Y. This is complemented by coarse-grained analyses of 54 co-speech
gestures in the corpus data that are co-expressive with instantiations of the immersion schema. Identifying two major
subschemas, the case study shows how figurative, i.e. metonymical and metaphorical, instantiations of the immersion
schema draw on the conceptual and formal framework provided by formally identical ‘literal’ instantiations verbalizing
actual bodily immersion experiences. To capture the relations in this network of instantiations and account for the
productivity of the schema – especially the variation and creativity to be observed with its figurative
instantiations – the chapter introduces the dynamic, usage- and construction-based notion of “idiom set”.
Metaphors and meaning-making in young people’s talk about climate change
Authors: Deignan Alice , Semino Elena
Published: August 2022

Climate change is of especial relevance to young people, yet studies have found that there is no
consistent approach to teaching about it in terms of either scientific facts or societal implications. In the UK, it
is taught in different elements of the curriculum, but as knowledge to be tested, and rarely if ever as perhaps the
most urgent issue facing our species. We explored young people’s understandings of climate change through a metaphor
analysis of 41 group interviews with school students in the north of England. Our analysis supports Gibbs’ view of
metaphor as dynamic, embodied and hugely powerful in thought and language, and also highlights its potential for
spreading misinformation.
Conceptual blending and memes
Authors: Coulson Seana
Published: August 2022

Conceptual blending involves the use of cognitive mappings to guide the combination of concepts.
Here I show how blended cognitive models promote progressive alignment when reasoners integrate concepts from
superficially unrelated domains, thus facilitating analogical inference. Describing conceptual blending in political
cartoons and image macros exchanged on social media, I explore how analogical reasoning processes are brought to bear
on affectively charged social issues. As multimodal constructions, memes activate schematic meanings that integrate
with specific concepts evoked by the images and the textual elements as conceptual blending affords memes their
generative capacity.
Relevance theory perspectives on web-mediated communication
Authors: Forceville Charles , Sánchez-Querubín Natalia
Published: August 2022

Cognitivist approaches are in need of an inclusive theory of communication. Relevance theory (RT)
is well-equipped to develop into such a theory, but to fulfill its promise it should be able to accommodate
digital-platform-based exchanges. Since communication via digital platforms often takes place between people who do
not, or hardly, know each other personally, the issue of trustworthiness becomes much more important than in the
face-to-face variety that is RT’s paradigmatic type of communication. Using TripAdvisor as an illustrative example, we
make suggestions for how RT can handle, and provide useful perspectives on, communication via digital platforms,
paying specific attention to the creation of trust.
Language happens
Authors: Spivey Michael J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a brief tour through the history of psycholinguistics with a running thread
that follows the work of Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. and an evolution toward more ecologically valid approaches and
interactive embodied perspectives on how language works. Rather than treating language as though it were a static
object with parts that invite removing and analyzing, contemporary psycholinguists and cognitive
scientists are treating language more like an event that happens over time. This shift in perspective
requires different types of theory formation, different types of experimental methods and different types of
statistical analyses. As this paradigm shift progresses, more of the field may begin to see language not as a set of
rules that a human brain contains inside itself but instead as an activity that people engage in together. The
Gibbsian research program has played an important role in this evolution of the field.
Forging relationships in psychotherapeutic interaction
Authors: Muntigl Peter
Published: August 2022

Creating and maintaining a positive therapist-client relationship is considered to be essential in achieving
therapeutic success, whereas damage to this relationship and the inability to repair disaffiliative episodes may have
detrimental effects. So far, very little research has focused on how the relationship between therapists and clients is
accomplished and negotiated through talk. Drawing from research in conversation analysis/ CA, I examine a diverse corpus of
video-taped psychotherapy sessions to explore the interactional practices that may be ‘typically’ used to forge and create
potential shifts in relationships and affiliation. In this paper, I not only set out to illustrate the central role that talk
and conduct plays in therapist-client relationship-building, but also how the relationship is an ongoing interactional
achievement.
What about you?
Authors: Guxholli Aurora , Voutilainen Liisa , Peräkylä Anssi
Published: August 2022

In psychotherapy, the envisioned change in patient’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour often targets their
self-experience. This threatens simultaneously the patient’s face and the therapeutic relation. We focus on face-threats in
transformative question-answer sequences where therapists question the patient’s face by shifting the focus of talk on
patient’s self and in response patients confront the dilemma of having to choose between saving their face or the relation
with the therapist. Data come from 47 video recorded psychotherapy sessions conducted in Albanian language. Analysis shows
that patients resist the transformation but only after making considerable efforts to save both their face and the therapeutic
relation. We conclude that challenging the patient’s self-experience is a delicate task in terms of the therapeutic
relation.
The role of semi-responsive answers for relationship building in coaching
Authors: Winkler Oliver
Published: August 2022

This paper discusses the role of semi-responsive answers of clients for relationship building in coaching. Coaching
is a process-oriented type of counseling in which a coach and a coachee collaboratively work on solving a particular worklife
or daily life related concern of the coachee. The paper aims at identifying and analyzing semi-responsive answers of coachees
(second pair part) as reactions to initiating turns of coaches (first pair part). It is hypothesized that semi-responsive
answers are of particular relevance for any coaching process as they reveal ambivalences, (inner) conflicts, uncertainties
and/or opposition on the client’s side which ought to be noticed and appropriately addressed by the coach. A conversation
analysis manual was developed in order to systematically identify and analyze the linguistic characteristics of
semi-responsiveness in coachee’s answers. First, theoretical and methodological aspects regarding a conversation analysis
manual to study structures of social interaction are discussed. Second, a code-system to identify semi-responsive answers is
demonstrated. Finally, based on the transcribed data, semi-responsive answers are analyzed with respect to how they are
addressed by the coaches in third position. The data consists of 21 face-to-face coaching sessions (64 hours) in Swiss and
Standard German. The analysis demonstrates that semi-responsive answers are both a valuable source of information and a
challenge as they require the coach to maintain a balance between facilitating the process and maintaining a good relationship
with the client.
Working alliance and client design as discursive achievements in first sessions of executive coaching
Authors: Graf Eva-Maria , Jautz Sabine
Published: August 2022

While outcome research has convincingly proven that the working alliance is a key success factor in coaching,
qualitative process-oriented insights are so far missing. We strive to fill this gap by shifting the focus from ‘the working
alliance is crucial’ to ‘how is the working alliance discursively accomplished in authentic coaching interactions?’. The
guiding assumption is that the coaching alliance emerges locally as a joint product of coach and clients’ negotiation process.
We analyze the first sessions of two different coach-client dyads from the executive coaching protocol Emotional Intelligentes Coaching within an integrative discourse analytic framework. Our analyses demonstrate
that the coach displays a specific ‘client design’ in the local discursive management of the working alliance.
Relationship building in oncological doctor-patient interaction
Authors: Günthner Susanne
Published: August 2022

This paper studies practices of relationship building between oncologists and their patients during consultations
when a diagnosis of malignancy is communicated. The analysis – with its focus on physicians’ uses of terms of address – aims
to provide a better understanding of the sequential construction of the doctor-patient relationship in highly sensitive
consultations.

In our data, oncologists frequently address their patients by name – even when recipiency is not at issue. They use
this communicative resource to contextualize the heightened attention they are giving their patients and to lend the
interaction a more personal quality.

Drawing on methods of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics, I will show that relationship building
is an ongoing task doctors are confronted with in the process of interactions.