bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind Farm Blockage Revealed by Fog: The 2018 Horns Rev Photo Case
Authors: Hasager Charlotte Bay , Nygaard Nicolai Gayle , Poulos Gregory S.
Published: December 2023

Fog conditions at the offshore wind farm Horns Rev 2 were photographed on 16 April 2018. In this study, we present the results of an analysis of the meteorological conditions on the day of the photographs. The aim of the study was to examine satellite images, meteorological observations, wind turbine data, lidar data, reanalysis data, and wake and blockage model results to assess whether wind farm blockage was a likely cause for the formation of fog upstream of the wind farm. The analysis indicated the advection of warm and moist air mass from the southwest over a cool ocean, causing cold sea fog. Wind speeds at hub height were slightly above cut-in, and there was a strong veer in the shallow stable boundary layer. The most important finding is that the wake and blockage model indicated stagnant air mass arcs to the south and west of the wind farm. In the photographs, sea fog is visible in approximately the same area. Therefore, it is likely that the reduced wind triggered the sea fog condensation due to blockage in this area. A discrepancy between the blockage model and sea fog in the photographs appears in the southwest direction. Slightly higher winds might have occurred locally in a southwesterly direction, which may have dissolved sea fog. The wake model predicted long and narrow wind turbine wakes similar to those observed in the photographs. The novelty of the study is new evidence of wind farm blockage. It fills the gap in knowledge about flow in wind farms. Implications for future research include advanced modeling of flow phenomena near large offshore wind farms relevant to wind farm operators.
Ecological Carrying Capacity Estimation of the Trails in a Protected Area: Integrating a Path Analysis Model and the Stakeholders’ Evaluation
Authors: Chang Han-Chin , Hsieh Cheng-I , Yu Chin-Chung , Lin Yann-Jou , Lin Bau-Show
Published: December 2023

Trails are important recreation settings; determining an appropriate trail usage amount to avoid unacceptable ecological impacts is important for protected areas. However, there is a lack of studies examining trail usage’s direct and indirect relationships and the influence of landscape-level conditions to evaluate ecological carrying capacity. This study integrated a path analysis model and stakeholder assessment to estimate the ecological carrying capacity of trails in a protected area. This study surveyed the biophysical environment along the trails and conducted a path analysis to establish the use–impact model for the trails in the study area. Based on the use–impact model, this study developed four-level usage scenarios and collected the stakeholders’ acceptance evaluation to determine the ecological carrying capacity range. The results showed that the weekly usage of the trails directly affected the soil hardness and plant coverage of the trail. The trail’s soil hardness directly affected the surrounding soil hardness, decreasing its plant coverage, while the vegetation type and slope also affected its plant cover. The stakeholders of the Mt. Xiaoguanyin Area reached a consensus on the ecological carrying capacity range, which was 288 to 404 total weekly hikers. The study results revealed the effect paths of the landscape-level conditions and usage impacts and provided managers with an implementable ecological carrying capacity. The estimation framework could be a reference for determining ecological carrying capacity in other protected areas.
High Species Diversity but Low Specificity to Ectomycorrhizal Tree Partners Exhibited by Native Truffle Species (Tuber spp., Pezizales) in Poland, Central Europe
Authors: Wilgan Robin
Published: December 2023

Truffles represent one of the most expensive edible fungi. About two-thirds of all known truffle records originate from Europe. Historically, the Mediterranean region in Southern Europe is associated with truffle cultivation and it is widely regarded as a center of truffle distribution in Europe. On the contrary, little is known about truffles in the central and northern regions of Europe. Here, native truffle species in Poland, their symbiotic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree partners, and their continental-scale distribution were studied. Altogether, 16 truffle species were identified based on the sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA, a barcode region for fungi. Truffle species were associated with deciduous tree species of Fagales (Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Juglandaceae), Malvales (Malvaceae), Malpighiales (Salicaceae), and coniferous trees of Pinales (Pinaceae). Fagales trees constituted 70% of ECM associations formed by truffle species. Three genera of the order Fagales, Quercus, Fagus, and Corylus formed 50% of all ECM associations. Coniferous trees of Pinales formed 16% of associations. Two other orders of deciduous trees, Malvales and Malpighiales, together formed 14% of ECM associations. All but three identified truffle species exhibited low specificity to their ECM tree partners. Two-thirds of truffle species formed ECM symbiosis with both coniferous and deciduous tree species, but the share of coniferous tree partners was considerably lower than that of deciduous trees, reaching up to 30% for T. anniae, T. puberulum, and T. borchii (clade/puberulum). All the identified truffles were noted in both Central Europe and the Mediterranean region. Among them, about 80% of truffle species were widely distributed across the continent and represented by similar or higher numbers of records in Northern Europe, i.e., above the 48th parallel north, than in Southern Europe. This study showed higher taxa richness of native truffle species in Poland, but low specificity to their ECM tree partners. However, further studies on the regional-scale distribution of truffles in Poland are needed to improve the knowledge of the patterns of truffle distribution in forest ecosystems and the potential productivity of edible truffle species with high economic value.
Bioactive Compounds Concentrations and Stability in Leaves of Ilex paraguariensis Genotypes
Authors: Benedito Débora Caroline Defensor , Stuepp Carlos André , Helm Cristiane Vieira , Liz Marcus Vinicius de , Miranda Amanda Coelho de , Imoski Rafaela , Lavoranti Osmir José , Wendling Ivar
Published: December 2023

Yerba mate consumption has been stimulated by scientific discoveries that have identified high concentrations of bioactive compounds and their health benefits. We were interested in quantifying caffeine, theobromine, total phenolic compounds and protein concentrations in yerba mate genotypes and their stability over four years on the same plants. Mature leaves from adult yerba mate genotypes selected on a provenance and progenies trial were collected in August of 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine) were quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), total phenolic compounds by Folin–Ciocalteau spectrophotometric method and total protein analysis by the micro-Kjeldahl method. Genotype stability was analyzed through the AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) procedure. Our results indicate large variations between genotypes regarding caffeine (0.035 to 2.385 g 100 g−1), theobromine (0.0004 to 1.772 g 100 g−1), total phenolic compounds (7.028 to 9.424 g 100 g−1), proteins (10.39 to 16.58 g 100 g−1) contents and the high stability of those compounds over the four evaluated years, on the same plants. This information, combined with the stability of bioactive compounds, establishes a significant potential for innovation within the Ilex paraguariensis species.
Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Cement Mortar
Authors: Li Yeou-Fong , Tsai Pei-Jen , Syu Jin-Yuan , Lok Man-Hoi , Chen Huei-Shiung
Published: December 2023

The 3D printing process is different from traditional construction methods of formwork casting due to the use of additive manufacturing. This study develops a suitable 3D-printed carbon fiber-reinforced cement mortar (CFRCM) considering the extrudability, fluidity, setting time, and buildability of the CFRCM. The difference in compressive strength and flexural strength between 3D-printed specimens and conventional cast specimens was investigated by varying the amount of carbon fiber added (carbon fiber to cement ratio, 2.5 vol.‰, 5 vol.‰, 7.5 vol.‰, and 10 vol.‰) and the curing times (7th day and 28th day). The results of the experiments indicate that the addition of 6 wt.% cement accelerators to the cementitious mortar allows for a controlled initial setting time of approximately half an hour. The fluidity of the CFRCM was controlled by adjusting the dosage of the superplasticizer. When the slump was in the range of 150 mm to 190 mm, the carbon fiber to cement ratio 2.5 vol.‰ could be incorporated into the cementitious mortar, enabling the printing of hollow cylinders with a height of up to 750 mm. Comparing the 3D-printed specimens with the traditionally cast specimens, it was found that the addition of a carbon fiber to cement ratio of 7.5 vol.‰, and 10 vol.‰ resulted in the optimal compressive strength and flexural strength, respectively.
Polymer Modeling Reveals Interplay between Physical Properties of Chromosomal DNA and the Size and Distribution of Condensin-Based Chromatin Loops
Authors: Kolbin Daniel , Walker Benjamin L. , Hult Caitlin , Stanton John Donoghue , Adalsteinsson David , Forest M. Gregory , Bloom Kerry
Published: December 2023

Transient DNA loops occur throughout the genome due to thermal fluctuations of DNA and the function of SMC complex proteins such as condensin and cohesin. Transient crosslinking within and between chromosomes and loop extrusion by SMCs have profound effects on high-order chromatin organization and exhibit specificity in cell type, cell cycle stage, and cellular environment. SMC complexes anchor one end to DNA with the other extending some distance and retracting to form a loop. How cells regulate loop sizes and how loops distribute along chromatin are emerging questions. To understand loop size regulation, we employed bead–spring polymer chain models of chromatin and the activity of an SMC complex on chromatin. Our study shows that (1) the stiffness of the chromatin polymer chain, (2) the tensile stiffness of chromatin crosslinking complexes such as condensin, and (3) the strength of the internal or external tethering of chromatin chains cooperatively dictate the loop size distribution and compaction volume of induced chromatin domains. When strong DNA tethers are invoked, loop size distributions are tuned by condensin stiffness. When DNA tethers are released, loop size distributions are tuned by chromatin stiffness. In this three-way interaction, the presence and strength of tethering unexpectedly dictates chromatin conformation within a topological domain.
miR-302d Targeting of CDKN1A Regulates DNA Damage and Steroid Hormone Secretion in Bovine Cumulus Cells
Authors: Liu Jianbo , Zhang Jiabao , Zheng Yi , Zhao Guokun , Jiang Hao , Yuan Bao
Published: December 2023

(1) Background: DNA damage in cumulus cells hinders oocyte maturation and affects steroid hormone secretion. It is crucial to identify the key factors that regulate cellular DNA damage and steroid hormone secretion. (2) Methods: Treatment of bovine cumulus cells with bleomycin to induce DNA damage. The effects of DNA damage on cell biology were determined by detecting changes in DNA damage degree, cell cycle, viability, apoptosis, and steroid hormones. It was verified that mir-302d targeted regulation of CDKN1A expression, and then affected DNA damage and steroid hormone secretion in cumulus cells. (3) Results: Bleomycin induced increased DNA damage, decreased G1-phase cells, increased S-phase cells, inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis, affected E2 and P4 secretion, increased CDKN1A expression, and decreased miR-302d expression. Knockdown of CDKN1A reduced DNA damage, increased G1-phase cells, decreased G2-phase cells, promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, increased E2 and P4 secretion, and increased the expression of BRCA1, MRE11, ATM, CDK1, CDK2, CCNE2, STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B1. The expression of RAD51, CCND1, p53, and FAS was decreased. Overexpression of CDKN1A resulted in the opposite results. miR-302d targets CDKN1A expression to regulate DNA damage and then affects the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, steroid hormone secretion, and the expression of related genes. (4) Conclusions: miR-302d and CDKN1A were candidate molecular markers for the diagnosis of DNA damage in bovine cumulus cells.
Maximum Likelihood Instead of Least Squares in Fracture Analysis by Means of a Simple Excel Sheet with VBA Macro
Authors: Guerriero Vincenzo
Published: December 2023

This technical note illustrates a linear regression algorithm based on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), with a related Excel spreadsheet and VBA program, adapted to the case of fracture aperture data sets in which sampling of the smallest values is problematic. The method has been tested by means of Monte Carlo simulations and exhibits significantly better convergence against Least Squares criterion (LSM). As the method is conceptually simple and, following the indications illustrated here, the relative spreadsheet can be easily designed, it may be routinely used, instead of the Least Squares, in fracture analysis. Furthermore, the proposed method, with the appropriate modifications, might be potentially extended to other cases in geology and geophysics, in which significant biases at the lower limits of the sampling scale occur.
The Implication of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections
Authors: Thomas Sanya , Samuel Stephen Varghese , Hoch Annmarie , Syphurs Caitlin , Diray-Arce Joann
Published: December 2023

Sphingolipids are involved in cell signaling and metabolic pathways, and their metabolites play a critical role in host defense against intracellular pathogens. Here, we review the known mechanisms of sphingolipids in viral infections and discuss the potential implication of the study of sphingolipid metabolism in vaccine and therapeutic development.
Addressing the Binding Mechanism of the Meprin and TRAF-C Homology Domain of the Speckle-Type POZ Protein Using Protein Engineering
Authors: Diop Awa , Pietrangeli Paola , Pennacchietti Valeria , Pagano Livia , Toto Angelo , Di Felice Mariana , Di Matteo Sara , Marcocci Lucia , Malagrinò Francesca , Gianni Stefano
Published: December 2023

Protein–protein interactions play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolic pathways, cell cycle progression, signal transduction, and the proteasomal system. For PPIs to fulfill their biological functions, they require the specific recognition of a multitude of interacting partners. In many cases, however, protein–protein interaction domains are capable of binding different partners in the intracellular environment, but they require precise regulation of the binding events in order to exert their function properly and avoid misregulation of important molecular pathways. In this work, we focused on the MATH domain of the E3 Ligase adaptor protein SPOP in order to decipher the molecular features underlying its interaction with two different peptides that mimic its physiological partners: Puc and MacroH2A. By employing stopped-flow kinetic binding experiments, together with extensive site-directed mutagenesis, we addressed the roles of specific residues, some of which, although far from the binding site, govern these transient interactions. Our findings are compatible with a scenario in which the binding of the MATH domain with its substrate is characterized by a fine energetic network that regulates its interactions with different ligands. Results are briefly discussed in the context of previously existing work regarding the MATH domain.
CAPTIVE: Constrained Adversarial Perturbations to Thwart IC Reverse Engineering
Authors: Zargari Amir Hosein Afandizadeh , AshrafiAmiri Marzieh , Seo Minjun , Pudukotai Dinakarrao Sai Manoj , Fouda Mohammed E. , Kurdahi Fadi
Published: December 2023

Reverse engineering (RE) in Integrated Circuits (IC) is a process in which one will attempt to extract the internals of an IC, extract the circuit structure, and determine the gate-level information of an IC. In general, the RE process can be done for validation as well as Intellectual Property (IP) stealing intentions. In addition, RE also facilitates different illicit activities such as the insertion of hardware Trojan, pirating, or counterfeiting a design, or developing an attack. In this work, we propose an approach to introduce cognitive perturbations, with the aid of adversarial machine learning, to the IC layout that could prevent the RE process from succeeding. We first construct a layer-by-layer image dataset of 45 nm predictive technology. With this dataset, we propose a conventional neural network model called RecoG-Net to recognize the logic gates, which is the first step in RE. RecoG-Net is successful in recognizing the gates with more than 99.7% accuracy. Our thwarting approach utilizes the concept of adversarial attack generation algorithms to generate perturbation. Unlike traditional adversarial attacks in machine learning, the perturbation generation needs to be highly constrained to meet the fab rules such as Design Rule Checking (DRC) Layout vs. Schematic (LVS) checks. Hence, we propose CAPTIVE as a constrained perturbation generation satisfying the DRC. The experiments show that the accuracy of reverse engineering using machine learning techniques can decrease from 100% to approximately 30% based on the adversary generator.
Mosquitoes Possess Specialized Cuticular Proteins That Are Evolutionarily Related to the Elastic Protein Resilin
Authors: Ohkubo Sakura , Shintaku Tohki , Mine Shotaro , Yamamoto Daisuke S. , Togawa Toru
Published: December 2023

Resilin is an elastic protein that is vital to insects’ vigorous movement. Canonical resilin proteins possess the R&R Consensus, a chitin-binding domain conserved in a family of cuticular proteins, and highly repetitive sequences conferring elastic properties. In the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, however, a cuticular protein has been found that has an R&R Consensus resembling that of resilin but lacks the repetitive sequences (here, we call it resilin-related or resilin-r). The relationship between resilin-r and resilin was unclear. It was also unknown whether resilin-r is conserved in mosquitoes. In this paper, phylogenetic and structural analyses were performed to reveal the relationship of resilin homologous proteins from holometabolous insects. Their chitin-binding abilities were also assessed. A resilin-r was found in each mosquito species, and these proteins constitute a clade with resilin from other insects based on the R&R Consensus sequences, indicating an evolutionary relationship between resilin-r and resilin. The resilin-r showed chitin-binding activity as same as resilin, but had distinct structural features from resilin, suggesting that it plays specialized roles in the mosquito cuticle. Another resilin-like protein was found to exist in each holometabolous insect that possesses resilin-like repetitive sequences but lacks the R&R Consensus. These results suggest that similar evolutionary events occurred to create resilin-r and resilin-like proteins.
Feasibility and Safety of the Routine Distal Transradial Approach in the Anatomical Snuffbox for Coronary Procedures: The ANTARES Randomized Trial
Authors: Koziński Łukasz , Orzałkiewicz Zbigniew , Dąbrowska-Kugacka Alicja
Published: December 2023

The distal transradial approach (dTRA) through the anatomical snuffbox is hypothesized to offer greater benefits than the conventional transradial access (cTRA) for patients undergoing coronary procedures. Our goal was to assess the safety and efficacy of dTRA. Out of 465 consecutive Caucasian patients, 400 were randomized (1:1) to dTRA or cTRA in a prospective single-center trial. Clinical and ultrasound follow-ups were obtained at 24 h and 60 days post-procedure. The primary combined endpoint consisted of access crossover, access-related complications, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary endpoints included clinical success endpoints (puncture success, crossover, and access time), access-site complications endpoints, and MACE at 60 days. The primary endpoint was significantly higher in the dTRA [odds ratio (OR): 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38–3.86, p = 0.001]. Clinical success endpoints, namely crossover (10% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.05) and access-time [median: 140s (85–322) vs. 80s (58–127), p < 0.001], did not favor the dTRA, despite a similar success rate in radial artery puncture between the dTRA and cTRA (99.5% vs. 99%). Radial artery spasm (19% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.0001), physical discomfort during access, and transient thumb numbness after the procedure occurred more frequently with the dTRA. However, early (2.5% vs. 4.5%, p = 0.41) and mid-term (2.5% vs. 3%, p = 0.98) forearm radial artery occlusion rates were comparable between the dTRA and cTRA. Randomization to the dTRA, lower forearm radial pulse volume, higher body mass index, and lower body surface area independently predicted the primary endpoint in multivariate analysis. In the interaction effect analysis, only diabetes increased the incidence of the primary endpoint with the dTRA (OR: 18.67, 95% CI: 3.96–88.07). The dTRA was a less favorable strategy than cTRA during routine coronary procedures due to a higher incidence of arterial spasm and the necessity for access crossover. The majority of local complications following the dTRA were clinically minor complications. Individuals with diabetes were particularly susceptible to complications associated with the dTRA.
The Role of Muscle Biomarkers in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Roggio Federico , Trovato Bruno , Sortino Martina , Onesta Maria Pia , Petrigna Luca , Musumeci Giuseppe
Published: December 2023

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the predominant orthopedic disorder in children, affecting 1–3% of the global population. Research in this field has tried to delineate the genetic factors behind scoliosis and its association with heredity since AIS is considered a polygenic disease and has different genetic and epigenetic factors. The current study conducted a narrative review of the literature, focusing on biomarkers in the pathophysiology of muscle in AIS patients. Articles were collected from Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science. The key screening parameters were scoliosis classification, sampling, and the biomarkers evaluated. This review emphasizes potential key mechanisms and molecular regulators in muscle tissue. While there has been limited focus on the proteins contributing to muscle changes in AIS, significant attention has been given to genomic studies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, particularly in LBX1. Despite these efforts, the exact causes of AIS remain elusive, with several theories suggesting genetic and hormonal factors. This review identified critical protein biomarkers such as Gi-protein alpha subunits, fibrillin-1 and -2, and various differentially expressed proteins, which may be linked to muscle alterations in AIS. This field of research is still limited due to a lack of homogeneity in the distinction of patients by groups and curve severity. Although the pathophysiology of AIS is still unclear, molecular research is important to guide the treatment of AIS before achieving skeletal maturity, thus avoiding serious problems associated with posture changes and low quality of life. In the future, a more comprehensive synergy between orthopedic and molecular research might ameliorate the diagnosis and treatment of AIS patients.
The Utility of a Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG-PH Index) in Evaluating the Efficacy of Pulmonary Endarterectomy in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Piłka Michał , Darocha Szymon , Florczyk Michał , Mańczak Rafał , Banaszkiewicz Marta , Kędzierski Piotr , Zieliński Dariusz , Wróbel Krzysztof , Torbicki Adam , Kurzyna Marcin
Published: December 2023

Background: The ECG-PH index (PH-ECG score) has been proposed as a valuable ECG-derived method of evaluating the effectiveness of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the main form of therapy for CTEPH with a proximal clot location. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical utility of a resting electrocardiogram (ECG-PH index) in assessing the effectiveness of PEA in CTEPH patients. Methods: The retrospective analysis included 73 patients who underwent PEA. Their ECG-PH index values were calculated using four ECG parameters: R-wave amplitude V1 + S-wave amplitude V5/V6 > 10.5 mm, QRS-wave axis > 110 degrees, R-wave amplitude V1 > S-wave amplitude V1, and SIQIII pattern. PH-ECG scores were assessed after a median time of 13 months (IQR: 8–31 months) had passed since the PEA procedures. Results: The current analysis documented that ECG-PH index = 0 is a good reflection of mPAP < 25mmHg (sensitivity 76.1%; specificity 66.7%; positive predictive value 79.5%; negative predictive value 62.1%) or mPAP ≤ 20 mmHg (sensitivity 69.6%; specificity 70.6%; positive predictive value 88.6%; negative predictive value 41.4%) after PEA. The values of the area under the ROC curve for ECG-PH index were 0.772 (95% CI: 0.676–0.867) and 0.743 (95% CI: 0.637–0.849) for the mPAP < 25 mmHg and mPAP ≤ 20 mmHg patient groups, respectively. Conclusion: The ECG-PH index may be useful for monitoring the haemodynamic effect of PEA in CTEPH patients.
Death and Venous Thromboembolism Analyses among Hospitalized COVID-19-Positive Patients: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Alshahrani Asma , Almoahzieie Abdullah , Alshareef Hanan , Alammash Buthinah B. , Alhamidi Sarah , Meraya Abdulkarim M. , Alshammari Abdullah S. , Ajlan Aziza , Alghofaili Alnajla , Alnassar Abdullah , Alshahrani Nada , Aldossari Maram , Alkhaldi Turkiah , Alwazzeh Marwan J. , Almashouf Abdullah B. , Alkuwaiti Feras A. , Alghamdi Shrouq Hamed , Alshehri Ohuod , Ali Mostafa
Published: December 2023

Background: Coagulation disorders are frequently encountered among patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially among admitted patients with more severe symptoms. This study aims to determine the mortality rate and incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted from March to July 2020 using a hospital database. All adult patients (>18 years old) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included. Laboratory data and the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from medical records. The mortality rate and the incidence of VTE were established as study results. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of thrombotic events. Results: rA total of 1024 confirmed COVID-19 patients were treated, of whom 110 (10.7%) were deceased and 58 patients (5.7%) developed VTE. Death occurred more frequently in patients older than 50 years and those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU, 95%) and who received mechanical ventilation (62.7%). Multivariate analysis revealed that cancer patients were two times more likely to have VTE (adjusted odds ratio = 2.614; 95% CI = (1.048–6.519); p = 0.039). Other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, were not associated with an increased risk of VTE. Conclusions: One-tenth of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were deceased, and VTE was prevalent among patients with chronic conditions, such as cancer, despite anticoagulation therapy. Healthcare professionals should closely monitor individuals with a high risk of developing VTE to prevent unwanted complications.
Evaluation of the Antiparasitic, Antihepatotoxicity, and Antioxidant Efficacy of Quercetin and Chitosan, Either Alone or in Combination, against Infection Induced by Giardia lamblia in Male Rats
Authors: Albogami Bander
Published: December 2023

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is one of the most common protozoal infections and a key cause of malabsorption, some cases of mental developmental issues in children, and reduced body weight. The known antiparasitic medications, which are the standard drugs used for parasitic treatment, have several side effects and sometimes exhibit low efficacy. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the treatment with quercetin (QC) or chitosan (CH), either alone or in combination, as possible alternative therapeutic agents that may alleviate the side effects of G. lamblia infections and restore the normal architecture of the intestinal muscles. They are investigated as alternatives to other routinely administered drugs that may gradually lose their efficacy due to human resistance to therapeutic agents. This study was carried out on 50 male albino rats that were divided into five groups with 10 rats in each group: the control group (Group I), the infected non-treated group (Group II), the infected group treated with QC (Group III), the infected treated group with CH (Group IV), and the infected group treated with a combination of QC and CH (Group V). The effect was first evaluated by counting the G. lamblia fecal cysts in the stool, examining histopathological sections of the intestine with the appearance of trophozoites in the infected group, and conducting a transmission electron microscopic examination of the tissues of the small intestine. Alterations in the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function and the antioxidant enzymes in the liver tissues of SOD, CAT, and GSH, and non-enzymatic markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were evaluated. The results showed a significant decline in the number of parasites in the stool samples, with a marked elevation in the number of trophozoites in the intestinal sections of the infected non-treated group as compared to the infected treated groups. The last group, which was treated with a combination of QC and CH, showed the best results in terms of a decline in the infection rate of G. lamblia in stool samples, with a marked and clear improvement in the intestinal mucosa, regular muscles with normal enteric ganglions, and reduced rates of intestinal injuries caused by G. lamblia trophozoites. Both QC and CH had non-toxic effects on the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidneys, as well as pronounced antioxidant activities due to the elevation of SOD, CAT, and GSH in conjunction with a decline in the levels of MDA. A combination of QC and CH can be considered a potent antiparasitic, anti-hepatotoxic, and antioxidant therapeutic agent; it could constitute a promising alternative treatment agent against G. lamblia infection.
Postprandial Dysmetabolism and Its Medical Implications
Authors: Sasso Emanuel , Baticic Lara , Sotosek Vlatka
Published: December 2023

An unbalanced diet increases the risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases and cancers, leading to higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Low-grade systemic chronic inflammation mediated by the activation of the innate immune system is common to all these pathologies. Inflammation is a biological response of the body and a normal part of host defense to combat the effects of bacteria, viruses, toxins and macronutrients. However, when the innate immune system is constantly activated, it can promote the development of low-grade systemic chronic inflammation, which could play an important role in the development of chronic diseases and cancer. Since most chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with diet, a balanced healthy diet high in anti-inflammatory food components could prevent chronic diseases and cancer. The cells of the body’s immune system produce chemokines and cytokines which can have pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting as well as anti-inflammatory and tumor-fighting functions. A challenge in the future will be to assess whether polymorphisms in immune-related genes may play a role in promoting pro-inflammatory activity. Thanks to this duality, future research on immune regulation could focus on how innate immune cells can be modified to convert a pro-inflammatory and tumor-friendly microenvironment into an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor one. This review describes inflammatory responses mediated by the innate immune system in various diseases such as hyperglycemia and/or hyperlipemia, obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
The Role of Convalescent Plasma in COVID-19: A Conclusive Post-Pandemic Review
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Focosi Daniele
Published: December 2023

COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) has represented the frontline response to the COVID-19 pandemic, largely because of encouraging historical evidences in previous pandemics, biological plausibility, and the initial unavailability of targeted antivirals. Unfortunately, investigator-initiated randomized clinical trials in 2020, launched during a stressful pandemic peak, were designed mostly at addressing the main unmet need, i.e., treating critically ill hospitalized patients who were unlikely to benefit from any antiviral therapy. The failure of most of these drugs, in combination with the lack of any sponsor, led to the false belief that convalescent plasma was useless. With the relaxing pandemic stages, evidences have instead mounted that, when administered properly (i.e., within 5 days from onset of symptoms and at high titers of neutralizing antibodies), CCP is as effective as other antivirals at preventing disease progression in outpatients, and also reduces mortality in hospitalized patients. Recently, the focus of clinical use has been on immunosuppressed patients with persistent seronegativity and infection, where a randomized clinical trial has shown a reduction in mortality. Lessons learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic will be of utmost importance for future pandemics.
The Influence of Potassium Hexafluorophosphate on the Morphology and Anticorrosive Properties of Conversion Coatings Formed on the AM50 Magnesium Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Authors: Florczak Łukasz , Kościelniak Barbara , Kramek Agnieszka , Sobkowiak Andrzej
Published: December 2023

In this study, conversion coatings were produced on the AM50 magnesium alloy by a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process in alkaline-silicate electrolyte with the addition of potassium hexafluorophosphate, using a unipolar pulse power source. The coating microstructure and its composition were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistance of the conversion coatings was evaluated by means of potentiodynamic polarization tests (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a dilute Harrison solution (DHS). It has been found that the properties (microstructure, composition, and coating thickness) of the obtained layer and, therefore, their anticorrosive resistance strongly depend on the electrolyte composition. The best anticorrosive properties were observed in the layers obtained in the presence of 2.5 g/L KPF6. It was found that the conversion coating produced with the addition of hexafluorophosphate is characterized by a different morphology (sponge-like) and better anticorrosion properties, in comparison to the coating obtained with the addition of fluoride and orthophosphate salts commonly used in PEO synthesis. The sponge-like structure, which is similar to bone structure in combination with the presence of phosphates in the layer, can increase the biocompatibility and the possibility of self-healing of this coating. However, neither Mg(PF6)2, nor any other compounds containing PF6−, have been found in the layers produced.
The Effects of the Al and Zr Contents on the Microstructure Evolution of Light-Weight AlxNbTiVZry High Entropy Alloy
Authors: Yan Hongwei , Liu Rui , Li Shenglong , Zhang Yong’an , Xiao Wei , Xue Boyu , Xiong Baiqing , Li Xiwu , Li Zhihui
Published: December 2023

To investigate the comprehensive effects of the Al and Zr element contents on the microstructure evolution of the AlNbTiVZr series light-weight refractory high entropy alloys (HEAs), five samples were studied. Samples with different compositions were designated Al1.5NbTiVZr, Al1.5NbTiVZr0.5, AlNbTiVZr, AlNbTiVZr0.5, and Al0.5NbTiVZr0.5. The results demonstrated that the actual density of the studied HEA samples ranged from 5.291 to 5.826 g·cm−3. The microstructure of these HEAs contains a solid solution phase with a BCC structure and a Laves phase. The Laves phase was further identified as the ZrAlV intermetallic compound by TEM observations. The microstructure of the AlNbTiVZr series HEAs was affected by both the Al and Zr element contents, whereas the Zr element showed a more dominant effect due to Zr atoms occupying the core position of the ZrAlV Laves phase (C14 structure). Therefore, the as-cast Al0.5NbTiVZr0.5 sample exhibits the best room temperature compression property with a compression strength (σp) of 1783 MPa and an engineering strain of 28.8% due to having the lowest ZrAlV intermetallic compound area fraction (0.7%), as characterized by the EBSD technique.
Preparation of NiAl-AlMg6 Functionally Graded Composite Using the Energy of a Highly Exothermic Ti-C Mixture during Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
Authors: Denisov Igor , Seropyan Stepan , Malakhov Andrey , Shakhray Denis
Published: December 2023

A functionally graded composite NiAl-AlMg6 was prepared using the pressure of gaseous reaction products (impurity gases) produced during the synthesis of reactive powders in a sealed reactor. It has been shown that this method can be used to prepare a NiAl/AlMg6 composite with both chaotically oriented pores in the NiAl layer and unidirectionally oriented pores (lotus-type pores). The pore shape in NiAl was found to be dependent on the pressure of the impurity gases and hydrogen present in the starting titanium powder. A mechanism for pore formation in NiAl and AlMg6 composite during SHS is proposed. Thus, functionally graded high-temperature composites can be produced by SHS in a sealed reactor using the chemical reaction energy and the pressure of impurity gases and hydrogen. Additionally, minimizing the influence of impurity gases on the contact zone increases the interface area between NiAl and AlMg6.
Effective Platform Heating for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of an Al-Mn-Sc-Based Alloy
Authors: Bayoumy Dina , Boll Torben , Karapuzha Amal Shaji , Wu Xinhua , Zhu Yuman , Huang Aijun
Published: December 2023

Platform heating is one of the effective strategies used in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to avoid cracking during manufacturing, especially when building relatively large-size components, as it removes significant process-induced residual strains. In this work, we propose a novel and simple method to spare the elaborate post-processing heat treatment typically needed for LPBF Al-Sc alloys without compromising the mechanical properties. We systematically investigated the effects of LPBF platform heating at 200 °C on the residual stress relief, microstructure, and mechanical performance of a high-strength Al-Mn-Sc alloy. The results reveal that LPBF platform heating at 200 °C is sufficient to largely relieve the process-induced residual stresses compared to parts built on an unheated 35 °C platform. Meanwhile, the platform heating triggered the dynamic precipitation of uniformly dispersed (1.5–2 nm) Sc-rich nano-clusters. Their formation in a high number density (1.75 × 1024 m−3) resulted in a ~20% improvement in tensile yield strength (522 MPa) compared to the build on the unheated platform, without sacrificing the ductility (up to 18%). The improved mechanical properties imply that platform heating at 200 °C can strengthen the LPBF-synthesised Sc-containing Al alloys via in situ aging, which is further justified by an in situ measurement study revealing that the developing temperatures in the LPBF part are within the aging temperature range of Al-Sc alloys. Without any post-LPBF treatments, these mechanical properties have proven better than those of most Al-Sc alloys through long-time post-LPBF heat treatment.
Investigation and Tailoring of Rotating Squares’ and Rectangles’ Auxetic Structure Behavior through Computational Simulations of 6082T6 Aluminum Alloy Structures
Authors: Elsamanty Mahmoud , Elshokrofy Hassan , Ibrahim Abdelkader , Järvenpää Antti , Khedr Mahmoud
Published: December 2023

Auxetic structures, renowned for their unique lateral expansion under longitudinal strain, have attracted significant research interest due to their extraordinary mechanical characteristics, such as enhanced toughness and shear resistance. This study provides a systematic exploration of these structures, constructed from rigid rotating square or rectangular unit cells. Incremental alterations were applied to key geometrical parameters, including the angle (θ) between connected units, the side length (a), the side width (b) of the rotating rigid unit, and the overlap distance (t). This resulted in a broad tunable range of negative Poisson’s ratio values from −0.43 to −1.78. Through comprehensive three-dimensional finite-element analyses, the intricate relationships between the geometric variables and the resulting bulk Poisson’s ratio of the modeled auxetic structure were elucidated. This analysis affirmed the auxetic behavior of all investigated samples, characterized by lateral expansion under tensile force. The study also revealed potential stress concentration points at interconnections between rotating units, which could impact the material’s performance under high load conditions. A detailed investigation of various geometrical parameters yielded fifty unique samples, enabling in-depth observation of the impacts of geometric modifications on the overall behavior of the structures. Notably, an increase in the side width significantly enhanced the Poisson’s ratio, while an increase in the overlap distance notably reduced it. The greatest observable change in the Poisson’s ratio was a remarkable 202.8%, emphasizing the profound influence of geometric parameter manipulation. A cascaded forward propagation–backpropagation neural network model was deployed to determine the Poisson’s ratio for auxetic structures, based on the geometric parameters and material properties of the structure. The model’s architecture consisted of five layers with varying numbers of neurons. The model’s validity was affirmed by comparing its predictions with FEA simulations, with the maximum error observed in the predicted Poisson’s ratio being 8.62%.
Robust and Sparse Portfolio: Optimization Models and Algorithms
Authors: Zhao Hongxin , Jiang Yilun , Yang Yizhou
Published: December 2023

The robust and sparse portfolio selection problem is one of the most-popular and -frequently studied problems in the optimization and financial literature. By considering the uncertainty of the parameters, the goal is to construct a sparse portfolio with low volatility and decent returns, subject to other investment constraints. In this paper, we propose a new portfolio selection model, which considers the perturbation in the asset return matrix and the parameter uncertainty in the expected asset return. We define three types of stationary points of the penalty problem: the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker point, the strong Karush–Kuhn–Tucker point, and the partial minimizer. We analyze the relationship between these stationary points and the local/global minimizer of the penalty model under mild conditions. We design a penalty alternating-direction method to obtain the solutions. Compared with several existing portfolio models on seven real-world datasets, extensive numerical experiments demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our model in generating lower volatility.
Assessment of the Impacts of Plant Growth-Promoting Micro-Organisms on Potato Farming in Different Climatic Conditions in Morocco
Authors: El Allaoui Nadia , Yahyaoui Hiba , Douira Allal , Benbouazza Abdellatif , Ferrahi Moha , Achbani El Hassan , Habbadi Khaoula
Published: December 2023

Environmental concerns are gradually reducing the global yield capacity of agricultural systems, with climate change representing the most significant challenge. Globally, Potatoes are the most essential non-cereal crop. Therefore, understanding the potential impacts of climate change on potato production is crucial for maintaining future global food security. This study aims to explore the roles played by PGPMs in two distinct regions, which are characterized by different climatic conditions, to assess their influence on two potato varieties, namely Siena and Bellini. Inoculation with these strains, particularly the Aureobasidium pullulans strains Ach1-1 and Ach1-2, resulted in significant improvements in growth and yield. In 2018, impressive yields of 194.1 kg/0.05 ha and 186.6 kg/0.05 ha were recorded for the two strains, with the Ain Taoujdate site achieving yields of 157.1 kg/0.05 ha and 151.1 kg/0.05 ha for each of the two strains. Additionally, further observations revealed that the Siena variety is more susceptible to rot than the Bellini variety. However, Ach1-1 and Ach1-2 strains had a significant effect on this rot, showcasing their potential to mitigate this negative issue in the Bellini variety. These promising results underscore the potential of PGPMs to enhance potato production in the Fez–Meknes region of Morocco, contributing to global food security amid climate change.
Study of the Influence of the Temperature and Time of Microalgae Cultivation on the Reproduction Rate of Chlorella and Scenedesmus Microalgae When Cultured in a Tubular Photobioreactor
Authors: Kalinina Aleksandra , Naumov Vladimir , Verakhina Alena , Ovchinnikova Svetlana , Yakovleva Diana , Dobrov Aleksandr , Sokolova Tatyana , Lukyanova Julia , Afanasieva Polina
Published: December 2023

The use of algae for carbon dioxide fixation is based on their natural ability to photosynthesize. Dynamic experiments make it possible to calculate the short-term photosynthetic activity of microalgae strains in photobioreactors. In this study, the effect of temperature and culture time on the intensity of reproduction and on CO2 absorption by some microalgae was evaluated. It was found that the maximum increase in biomass occurred during algae cultivation at 29–32 °C and pH = 8.4. A ratio of ~2.0 was observed between CO2 absorption and the increase in biomass for different microalgae. When using the Chlorella genus, the increase in biomass under comparable conditions was greater than when cultivating microalgae of the Scenedesmus genus.
Innovative Structural Characterization of Natural Villiaumite Crystal
Authors: Chruszcz-Lipska Katarzyna , Szostak Elżbieta , Zborowski Krzysztof Kazimierz
Published: December 2023

The work presents the latest scientific research on the far infrared spectrum of the natural mineral villiaumite (chemical formula NaF). The three samples of villiaumite examined came from the Khibiny Mountains in the Kola Peninsula (Russia) and from Mon Saint Hilaire in Quebec (Canada). The tested villiaumite samples began to change color very slowly after being heated above 300 °C in a muffle furnace. Subsequent color changes required heating at increasingly higher temperatures for approximately 48–72 h. Samples of the reddish mineral villiaumite turned orange, pink and finally colorless (at approximately at 430 °C). Because the color of villiaumite changes under the influence of temperature, far infrared spectra were measured for the samples at room temperature and for the sample heated to 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C. Additionally, using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31+g*), the spectrum of NaF (125-atom model of crystal structure) was simulated for the first time and compared with the experimental spectrum of pure sodium fluoride (a chemical reagent) and the mineral villiaumite.