bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating infiltration into stony soils with a dual‐porosity model
Authors: Ma Donghao , Shao Mingan
Published: May 2008

Soils containing rock fragments are widely distributed in the world. However, literature on the dynamic simulation of water movement in stony soils is scarce. In this paper, a dual‐porosity model was used to simulate water infiltration into soils containing rock fragments. Sensitivity analysis of the dual‐porosity model parameters demonstrates that the increase of rock fragment content clearly decreased infiltration into stony soils. Big stones hampered infiltration more than small stones. Spherical stones accelerated infiltration compared with solid, cylindrical stones and rectangular, slab‐like stones. Numerical analysis was also performed to test and compare a non‐equilibrium dual‐porosity model (NDPM) with an equilibrium dual‐porosity model (EDPM) and an equilibrium single‐pore model (ESPM). Infiltration experiments on disturbed soils were carried out to verify the ability of the NDPM to simulate infiltration into stony soils. Based on hydraulic parameters of soils without rock fragments and mass transfer coefficients obtained independently, the extrapolated cumulative infiltrations calculated by the NDPM were in good agreement with the observed data. Fitted model parameters of the NDPM indicate that rock fragments not only act as a source or sink to affect infiltration but also change the pore structure of the fine earth, apart from reducing the cross‐sectional area for water flow. Though further studies are required to improve the dual‐porosity model, it already describes more characteristics of infiltration into stony soils and explains more phenomena than does the single‐porosity model.
Dynamic changes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain underpinning cold acclimation of leaf respiration
Authors: ARMSTRONG ANNA F. , BADGER MURRAY R. , DAY DAVID A. , BARTHET MICHELLE M. , SMITH PENELOPE M. C. , MILLAR A. HARVEY , WHELAN JIM , ATKIN OWEN K.
Published: May 2008

We examined the effect of short‐ and long‐term changes in temperature on gene expression, protein abundance, and the activity of the alternative oxidase and cytochrome oxidase pathways (AOP and COP, respectively) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The AOP was more sensitive to short‐term changes in temperature than the COP, with partitioning to the AOP decreasing significantly below a threshold temperature of 20 °C. AOP activity was increased in leaves, which had been shifted to the cold for several days, but this response was transient, with AOP activity subsiding (and COP activity increasing) following the development of leaves in the cold. The transient increase in AOP activity in 10‐d cold‐shifted leaves was not associated with an increase in alternative oxidase (AOX) protein or AOX1a transcript abundance. By contrast, the amount of uncoupling protein was significantly increased in cold‐developed leaves. In conjunction with this, transcript levels of the uncoupling protein‐encoding gene UCP1 and the external NAD(P)H dehydrogenase‐encoding gene NDB2 exhibited sustained increases following growth in the cold. The data suggest a role for each of these alternative non‐phosphorylating bypasses of mitochondrial electron transport at different points in time following exposure to cold, with increased AOP activity being important only in the early stages of cold treatment.
Clinical correlation between dyslipidemia and pediatric chronic allograft nephropathy
Authors: Valavi Ehsan , Otukesh Hasan , Fereshtehnejad Seyed‐Mohammad , Sharifian Mostapha
Published: May 2008

Abstract: CAN refers to the progressive decline of renal function seen in some renal transplant recipients in association with alloantigen‐dependent and alloantigen‐independent factors. Hyperlipidemia is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and CAN in adult renal transplant recipients, whereas no data exist in the pediatric transplant population. In this cross‐sectional study, 62 renal transplant recipients (32 CAN vs. 30 non‐CAN) aged 5–18 yr and with the mean follow‐up time of 48 months (9–93) after transplantation were evaluated for lipid profile and renal function tests. Hyperlipidemia has high prevalence in our patients both pre‐ and post‐transplantation. Furthermore, hypercholesterolemia and high‐LDL cholesterol levels have significant association with CAN (p = 0.019 and p = 0.039, respectively). In pediatric recipients, hyperlipidemia and particularly hypercholesterolemia have significant association with CAN and adults may need specific therapy.
The clinical and myopathological features of oculopharyngodistal myopathy in a Chinese family
Authors: Lu He , Luan Xinhua , Yuan Yun , Dong Mingrui , Sun Weiping , Yan Chuanzhu
Published: May 2008

Oculopharyngodistal myopathy is a rare type of hereditary myopathy characterised pathologically by the changes of muscular dystrophy with rimmed vacuoles and intra‐muscular tubulofilamentous inclusions. Here we report the clinical and myopathological changes in a Chinese family with oculopharyngodistal myopathy. The proband showed external ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, distal weakness and atrophy in all extremities. Serum creatine kinase level was mildly elevated and a myopathic pattern with myotonic discharge was demonstrated by electromyography (EMG). Molecular genetic analysis showed that the number of trinucleotide repeat expansions in the polyadenylate‐binding protein nuclear 1 gene was within the normal limit. No mutations were indentified in the GNE gene. Five other persons with similar symptoms were found in the same generation. Muscle biopsy was performed on the tibialis anterior muscle in the proband. Muscular dystrophy changes with rimmed vacuoles were the main histopathological changes. Ultrastructural examination revealed numerous tubulofilamentous inclusions in both sarcoplasm and nucleus. EMG showed myotonic discharges in oculopharyngodistal myopathy. In addition to the sarcoplasm inclusions, we confirmed that tubulofilamentous inclusions appeared also in the nucleus.
Glucose/oxygen deprivation and reperfusion upregulate SNAREs and complexin in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures
Authors: Park Su Jin , Jung Yeon Joo , Kim Yul A , Lee‐Kang Ji Hee , Lee Kyung Eun
Published: May 2008

Brain ischemia activates Ca2+‐dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25) and syntaxin proteins, located on presynaptic terminals, are components of the SNARE (soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex and play a key role in regulating exocytosis. Changes in the expression of SNAREs could affect SNARE complex formation, fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters through exocytosis. To investigate the relationship of glucose/oxygen deprivation (GOD)/reperfusion‐induced neuronal damage and alteration of presynaptic function, we examined the expression of SNAREs and complexin during GOD and reperfusion using organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP‐2) staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that neuronal damage increased in a time‐dependent manner and both types of neuronal death can occur at different times during GOD and reperfusion. The immunoreactivity of SNAREs such as SNAP‐25, vesicle‐associated membrane protein and syntaxin and complexin increased in pyramidal cell bodies in the CA1 and CA3 areas in a time‐dependent manner following reperfusion. Our data suggest that alteration of presynaptic function may play a partial role in delayed neuronal death during GOD and reperfusion in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.
Light and scanning microscopic studies of integument differentiation in the grass snake Natrix natrix L. (Lepidosauria, Serpentes) during embryogenesis
Authors: Swadźba Elwira , Maślak Robert , Rupik Weronika
Published: May 2008

We analysed the differentiation of body cover in the grass snake (Natrix natrix L.) over the full length of the embryo's body at each developmental stage. Based on investigations using both light and scanning electron microscopes, we divided the embryonic development of the grass snake integument into four phases. The shape of the epidermal cells changes first on the caudal and ventral parts of the embryo, then gradually towards the rostral and dorsal areas. In stage V on the ventral side of the embryo the gastrosteges are formed from single primordia, but on the dorsal side the epidermis forms the scale primordia in stage VII. This indicates that scalation begins on the ventral body surface, and spreads dorsally. The appearance of melanocytes between the cells of the stratum germinativum in stage VII coincides with changes in embryo colouration. The first dermal melanocytes were detected in stage XI so in this stage the definitive skin pattern is formed. In the same stage the epidermis forms the first embryonic shedding complex and the periderm layer begins to detach in small, individual flakes. This process coincides with rapid growth of the embryos.
Further Evidence of an Increase in Narcissism Among College Students
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Konrath Sara , Foster Joshua D. , Campbell W. Keith , Bushman Brad J.
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Our meta‐analysis also finds no change over time in Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) scores among California college students, most likely due to the cultural and ethnic shifts at the University of California campuses over this time (especially the large increase in Asian‐American student enrollment). Students in the rest of the country, from 27 campuses, show an increase of d=0.41 in narcissism over 24 years. The finding that high school students' self‐esteem does not change replicates our previous cross‐temporal meta‐analysis. The self‐enhancement measure used by the authors is flawed, as it uses self‐reported grades rather than an objective measure. Sampling issues are minor, as the meta‐analysis was a representative sampling of college students. Finally, problems with a simplistic “good” and “bad” labeling of NPI factors are discussed.
What Underlies Appraisals? Experimentally Testing a Knowledge‐and‐Appraisal Model of Personality Architecture Among Smokers Contemplating High‐Risk Situations
Authors: Cervone Daniel , Caldwell Tracy L. , Fiori Marina , Orom Heather , Shadel William G. , Kassel Jon D. , Artistico Daniele
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTWe tested a theoretical model of personality structures underlying patterns of intra‐individual variability in contextualized appraisals. The KAPA (Knowledge‐and‐Appraisal Personality Architecture) model was tested experimentally among smokers appraising their efficacy to resist the urge to smoke in high‐risk situations. In a novel design, we assessed self‐knowledge and situational beliefs idiographically and employed cognitive priming to manipulate the accessibility of self‐knowledge experimentally. The results confirmed the unique KAPA‐model prediction that priming would affect appraisals in a contextualized manner. Priming positively valenced self‐knowledge enhanced self‐efficacy appraisals specifically within that subset of situations that were relevant to the primed knowledge. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that systems of self‐ and situational knowledge underlie consistency and variability in appraisals.
A hidden cost of happiness in children
Authors: Schnall Simone , Jaswal Vikram K. , Rowe Christina
Published: May 2008

Happiness is generally considered an emotion with only beneficial effects, particularly in childhood. However, there are some situations where the style of information processing triggered by happiness could be a liability. In particular, happiness seems to motivate a top‐down processing style, which could impair performance when attention to detail is required. Indeed, inExperiment 1, 10‐ to 11‐year‐old children (N= 30) induced to feel a happy mood were slower to locate a simple shape embedded in a complex figure than those induced to feel a sad mood. InExperiment 2, 6‐ to 7‐year‐old children (N= 61) induced to feel a happy mood found fewer embedded shapes than those induced to feel a sad or neutral mood. Happiness may have unintended and possibly undesirable cognitive consequences, even in childhood.
REPLANNING MECHANISM FOR DELIBERATIVE AGENTS IN DYNAMIC CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Corchado J. M. , Glez‐Bedia M. , De Paz Y. , Bajo J. , De Paz J. F.
Published: May 2008

This paper proposes a replanning mechanism for deliberative agents as a new approach to tackling the frame problem. We propose a beliefs desires and intentions (BDI) agent architecture using a case‐based planning (CBP) mechanism for reasoning. We discuss the characteristics of the problems faced with planning where constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) resources are limited and formulate, through variation techniques, a reasoning model agent to resolve them. The design of the agent proposed, named MRP‐Ag (most‐replanable agent), will be evaluated in different environments using a series of simulation experiments, comparing it with others such as E‐Ag (Efficient Agent) and O‐Ag (Optimum Agent). Last, the most important results will be summarized, and the notion of an adaptable agent will be introduced.
AN INTERACTIVE SEARCH ASSISTANT ARCHITECTURE BASED ON INTRINSIC QUERY STREAM CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Barouni‐Ebrahimi M. , Ghorbani Ali A.
Published: May 2008

Search engine query log mining has evolved over time to more like data stream mining due to the endless and continuous sequence of queries known as query stream. In this paper, we propose an online frequent sequence discovery (OFSD) algorithm to extract frequent phrases from within query streams, based on a new frequency rate metric, which is suitable for query stream mining. OFSD is an online, single pass, and real‐time frequent sequence miner appropriate for data streams. The frequent phrases extracted by the OFSD algorithm are used to guide novice Web search engine users to complete their search queries more efficiently. YourEye, our online phrase recommender is then introduced. The advantages of YourEye compared with Google Suggest, a service powered by Google for phrase suggestion, is also described. Various characteristics of two specific Web search engine query logs are analyzed and then the query logs are used to evaluate YourEye. The experimental results confirm the significant benefit of monitoring frequent phrases within the queries instead of the whole queries because none‐separable items. The number of the monitored elements substantially decreases, which results in smaller memory consumption as well as better performance. Re‐ranking the retrieved pages based on past users clicks for each frequent phrase extracted by OFSD is also introduced. The preliminary results show the advantages of the proposed method compared to the similar work reported in Smyth et al.
Examination of the processing speed account in a population‐based longitudinal study with narrow age cohort design
Authors: STERNÄNG OLA , WAHLIN ÅKE , NILSSON LARS‐GÖRAN
Published: May 2008

The processing speed account suggests that general slowing of mental processing speed results in an overall decline, especially age‐related decline, in other cognitive domains. Support for the speed account comes mainly from cross‐sectional studies with participants that vary in age (age‐heterogeneous samples). This study investigated how well variations in processing speed predict change of episodic recall in a longitudinal framework and examined with the Narrow Age Cohort (NAC) design. Data were obtained from Betula, a population‐based longitudinal study. Both 5‐year (n= 490; Time 3 – Time 4) and 10‐year follow‐up results (n= 608; Time 1 – Time 3) were used. In both samples, which were subjected to prospective dementia screening, we found considerably weaker associations in longitudinal data compared to cross‐sectional, and also weaker associations in age‐homogeneous than in age‐heterogeneous samples. The results provide little support for the speed account.
Noninvasive fetal RhCE genotyping from maternal blood
Authors: Geifman‐Holtzman O , Grotegut CA , Gaughan JP , Holtzman EJ , Floro C , Hernandez E
Published: May 2008

Background The successful prevention of RhD disease has brought attention to other red blood cells’ antigens causing alloimmunisation including RhC/c and RhE/e. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal Rh genotype from maternal blood is in clinical use in Europe but not in the USA.

Objective To estimate the collective reported diagnostic accuracy of fetal RhCE genotyping from peripheral maternal blood and compare the results of genotyping when fetal cells and free fetal DNA (FfDNA) are used.

Search strategy English‐written literature describing fetal RhCE determination from maternal blood using fetal cells or FfDNA was performed using medical subject headings and text words. The sources included Pubmed (1966–2007), Ovid (1966–2007), CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, ACP Journal Club and OCLC. Key words were prenatal diagnosis, fetal RhCE, fetal DNA in maternal blood and alloimmunisation.

Selection criteria A study was considered eligible if it described fetal RhCE type determination using maternal peripheral blood reported in the English literature. Abstracts were excluded.

Data collection and analysis From each study, we determined the number of samples tested, fetal RhCE genotype, the source of the fetal DNA, gestational age, presence of alloimmunisation and confirmation of fetal RhCE type. Exclusions and inclusions were noted. We calculated composite estimates of accuracy using a weighted random effects model. We assessed the papers against an international quality, STARD checklist which is standards for reporting studies of diagnostic accuracy.

Main results We identified 20 protocols in six English‐written publications reporting fetal RhC/c (seven protocols) and/or E/e (13 protocols) genotyping using DNA obtained from maternal blood for a total of 369 samples. For RhC/c, 176 samples were tested and for RhE/e, 193 samples were tested. Accuracy was determined for each study and for all studies. The combined accuracy of fetal genotype was 96.3% for RhC/c and 98.2% for RhE/e. Only a few samples of the sorted cells were found to be a source for accurate diagnosis, but plasma was consistently the best source of fetal RhCE genotyping in 147/147 (100%) for RhC/c and 168/168 (100%) for RhE/e.

Conclusions The combined accuracy of noninvasive fetal RhC/c or RhE/e determination using maternal peripheral blood is 96.3% and 98.2%, respectively. FfDNA in maternal plasma is a better source for genotyping reported to be 100% correct for both RHCE genotypes. Further studies and reports of accuracy from laboratories performing the tests are required before prenatal determination of fetal RhC/c or RhE/e genotypes from maternal blood can safely replace the current methods used in the management of the RhC/c or RhE alloimmunised pregnancies.
HPV testing as an adjunct to cytology in the follow up of women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Kitchener HC , Walker PG , Nelson L , Hadwin R , Patnick J , Anthony GB , Sargent A , Wood J , Moore C , Cruickshank ME
Published: May 2008

Objective  To evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in combination with cytology in the follow up of treated women.

Design  A prospective study.

Setting  Three UK centres: Manchester, Aberdeen and London.

Population or sample  Women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Methods  Women were recruited at 6 months of follow up, and cytology and HPV testing was carried out at 6 and 12 months. If either or both results were positive, colposcopy and if appropriate, a biopsy and retreatment was performed. At 24 months, cytology alone was performed.

Main outcome measures  Cytology and histology at 6, 12 and 24 months.

Results  Nine hundred and seventeen women were recruited at 6 months of follow up, with 778 (85%) and 707 (77.1%) being recruited at 12 and 24 months, respectively. At recruitment, 700 women had had high‐grade CIN (grades 2 or 3) and 217 had CIN1. At 6 months, 14.6% were HPV positive and 10.7% had non‐negative cytology. Of those with negative cytology, 9% were HPV positive. Of the 744 women who were cytology negative/HPV negative at baseline, 3 women with CIN2, 1 with CIN3, 1 with cancer and 1 with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)1 were identified at 24 months. Nine of 10 cases of CIN3/cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) occurred in HPV‐positive women. At 23 months, cancer was identified in a woman treated for CGIN with clear resection margins, who had been cytology negative/HPV negative at both 6 and 12 months.

Conclusions  Women who are cytology negative and HPV negative at 6 months after treatment for CIN can safely be returned to 3‐year recall.
Effect of yoga on cognitive functions in climacteric syndrome: a randomised control study
Authors: Chattha R , Nagarathna R , Padmalatha V , Nagendra HR
Published: May 2008

Objective  To assess the efficacy of an integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT) on cognitive abilities in climacteric syndrome.

Design  A randomised control study wherein the participants were divided into experimental and control groups.

Settings  Fourteen centres of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore, India.

Sample  One hundred and eight perimenopausal women between 40 and 55 years with follicle‐stimulating hormone level equal to or greater than 15 miu/ml. One hundred and twenty perimenopausal women were randomly allotted into the yoga and the control groups.

Methods  The yoga group practised a module comprising breathing practices, sun salutation and cyclic meditation, whereas the control group practised a set of simple physical exercises, under supervision (1 hour/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks).

Main outcome measures  Assessments were made by vasomotor symptom checklist, six‐letter cancellation test (SLCT) for attention and concentration and Punit Govil Intelligence Memory Scale (PGIMS) with ten subtests.

Results  The Wilcoxon test showed significant (P < 0.001) reduction in hot flushes, night sweats and sleep disturbance in yoga group, with a trend of significant difference between groups at P = 0.06 on Mann–Whitney test in night sweats. There was no change within or between groups in the control group. The SLCT score and the PGIMS showed significant improvement in eight of ten subtests in the yoga group and six of ten subtests in the control group. The yoga group performed significantly better (P < 0.001) with higher effect sizes in SLCT and seven tests of PGIMS compared with the control group.

Conclusions  Integrated approach of yoga therapy can improve hot flushes and night sweats. It also can improve cognitive functions such as remote memory, mental balance, attention and concentration, delayed and immediate recall, verbal retention and recognition tests.
“Revenge” and “Rescue”: Workplace Deviance in the Taxicab Industry*
Authors: Hoffmann Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2008

This study explores taxicab drivers’ acts of “revenge” and “rescue,” some of which are expressive acts, while others are more instrumental. This article builds on earlier theories of workplace deviance, demonstrating how deviance can serve different purposes and expanding the concept of “deviance admiration” (Heckert and Heckert 2004). It examines deviance in a circumstance—the taxicab industry—which introduces a tension between mandated conformity and necessary deviance: employees must conform to the employers’ rules and yet, to accomplish their jobs well, they need to abandon those rules occasionally. In addition to its theoretical contributions, this work has important practical applications for managers.
Epidural Abscess Due to Spinal Cord Stimulator Trial
Authors: Rauchwerger Jacob J. , Zoarski Gregg H. , Waghmarae Romanth , Rabinowitz Ronald P. , Kent Joel L. , Aldrich Enslin F. , Closson Carey Walter F.
Published: May 2008

▪ Abstract:  Spinal cord stimulation is increasingly utilized as a treatment to alleviate low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy, particularly in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. We present an illustrative case of early, rapidly progressive methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection after a brief stimulator trial lead implantation. Operators should maintain a high level of suspicion for deep infection, including epidural abscess, even when only minor symptoms and signs are present. Because of the poor ability to clear infections in the presence of a retained foreign body, the device must be explanted immediately. Subsequent surgical intervention, however, may nevertheless still be needed. While a variety of bacteria may cause epidural abscess, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and increasingly, MRSA and community‐associated MRSA, are the most likely etiologic organisms. ▪
The Development of the Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire
Authors: Vranceanu Ana‐Maria , Safren Steve , Cowan James , Ring David
Published: May 2008

▪ Abstract

Background:  Cognitive processes play a pivotal role in the perception of pain intensity, pain‐related disability, and response to medical treatments including surgeries. While various measures of dysfunctional pain coping exist in the literature, there is no instrument available to examine such negative cognitions in relation to perceptions of medical treatment in pain patients presenting to a surgical orthopedics practice.

Aims:  The purpose of this article is to report on the development and preliminary testing of the Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire (NPTQ).

Methods:  The NPTQ is an 11‐item questionnaire assessing cognitions about pain and its treatment in patients presenting to orthopedics surgical practices. It was administered to 2 samples of patients with hand and arm pain seeking medical treatment in a hospital surgical practice. Patients in the second sample also completed a measure of depression and one of disability of hand, arm, and shoulder.

Results:  The NPTQ was found to be internally consistent, and unidimensional. The NPTQ total score was found to have a moderate to high positive correlation with perceived hand, arm, and shoulder disability, and a moderate positive correlation with depression. In multivariate analyses, high scores on the NPTQ significantly predicted high perceived hand, arm, and shoulder disability, even after controlling for depression.

Conclusion:  This short and easily administered measure of negative pain thoughts could potentially help surgeons identify at risk patients, and facilitate referrals to cognitive behavioral therapy. This, in turn, may prevent unnecessary surgeries, may decrease healthcare costs, and prevent transition toward costly chronic pain syndrome. ▪
Are Reports of Discrimination Valid? Considering the Moral Hazard Effect
Authors: Coleman Major G. , Darity Jr. William A. , Sharpe Rhonda V.
Published: May 2008

Abstract.  Antidiscrimination laws are designed to prompt employers to stop excluding black workers from jobs they offer and from treating them unequally with respect to promotion and salaries once on the job. However, a moral hazard effect can arise if the existence of the laws leads black employees to bring unjustified claims of discrimination against employers. It has been argued that employers may become more reluctant to hire black workers for fear of being subjected to frivolous lawsuits.

Using the Multi‐City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), we find that male and female black workers are far more likely than whites to report racial discrimination at work. This is the case even when a host of human capital and labor market factors are controlled for. Further, nearly all black workers who report they have been discriminated against on the job in the MCSUI Surveys also show statistical evidence of wage discrimination. This is not the case for white males or females. We find little evidence to support a moral hazard effect.
Evidence That the Presence of a Half‐Sibling Negatively Impacts a Child's Personal Development
Authors: Strow Claudia Wood , Strow Brian Kent
Published: May 2008

Abstract.  This paper examines the relationship between a child's family structure and his or her development. While most prior research in this area has defined a child's family structure according to his or her relationship to adults in the household, this study examines the relationship of the child to not only adults but also other children in the household. We provide evidence that half‐siblings brought into the household from previous relationships affect the well‐being of children born into a subsequent marriage who live with both of their biological parents. Stepchildren and children living with both biological parents exhibited more behavior problems and scored worse on reading achievement tests when half‐siblings were present. In contrast, stepchildren living without half‐siblings in the home fared no worse than biological children without half‐siblings. These results not only highlight a previously overlooked at‐risk group (children living with half‐siblings brought into the household from a parent's prior relationship), but they also illustrate the potential ramifications of classifying children into family structures based on their individual relationship with the householders, rather than based on the family types. The authors illustrate the relevance of these findings to current policy‐making decisions regarding marriage promotion policies and child support legislation.
Financial Transfers from Living Parents to Adult Children: Who Is Helped and Why?
Authors: Berry Brent
Published: May 2008

Abstract.  To what extent can young adult children rely on their parents for financial support? This question will take on added importance if the commitments of the Social Security system put greater strain on the children of retirees. Despite the critical role that parents have in supporting their children, why they help some and not others remains unclear. Findings using two waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study that control for the needs of children and the resources of parents suggest that parents give more inter vivos financial assistance to their disadvantaged children rather than focusing on children most able to give financial help in return. Other measures of child well‐being besides income, including home ownership, education, parental status, and marital status, also suggest that parents help needier children more. Children who live nearby also receive more, a finding consistent with exchange motives or simply the ability of these children to more stridently demand support. Neither altruism nor exchange theories explain why stepchildren receive substantially less support than naturally born or adopted children. The diversity of effects suggests that giving is based on heterogeneous motives—parents may temper their altruism for children by the degree to which they feel responsible and by the stridency of some children in seeking support. Findings are robust upon allowing for unobserved differences across families by estimating fixed effect models.
Learning to be Sociable: The Evolution ofHomo Economicus
Authors: Ng Irene C. L. , Tseng Lu‐Ming
Published: May 2008

Abstract. This article studies the evolution of the economic man (Homo economicus) from its original conception until the current day. By analyzing the discourse of economic articles, we provide a chronological account of the economic man's intellectual and philosophical development as it evolved from what we term the philosophical age to the neoclassical age and finally to the strategic age. The article then shows how the economic man in the strategic age is slowly finding convergence with the sociological man (Homo sociologicus). A reconciliation of the two sapiens is difficult. However, recent papers on behavioral and experimental economics provide insights into a possible reconciliation. Our study argues that the purpose of the sociological man is to identify who he is, how he interacts with people within a society, and the antecedents to such behaviors.Homo economicus,however, has no overarching philosophical assumptions on what he values. The objectives of each discipline are different and, once one is mapped onto the other, it is unclear if there is truly any tension between them.
Nonparametric Estimation in a Markov “Illness–Death” Process from Interval Censored Observations with Missing Intermediate Transition Status
Authors: Frydman Halina , Szarek Michael
Published: May 2008

SummaryIn many clinical trials patients are intermittently assessed for the transition to an intermediate state, such as occurrence of a disease‐related nonfatal event, and death. Estimation of the distribution of nonfatal event free survival time, that is, the time to the first occurrence of the nonfatal event or death, is the primary focus of the data analysis. The difficulty with this estimation is that the intermittent assessment of patients results in two forms of incompleteness: the times of occurrence of nonfatal events are interval censored and, when a nonfatal event does not occur by the time of the last assessment, a patient's nonfatal event status is not known from the time of the last assessment until the end of follow‐up for death. We consider both forms of incompleteness within the framework of an “illness–death” model. We develop nonparametric maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in an “illness–death” model from interval‐censored observations with missing status of intermediate transition. We show that the ML estimators are self‐consistent and propose an algorithm for obtaining them. This work thus provides new methodology for the analysis of incomplete data that arise from clinical trials. We apply this methodology to the data from a recently reported cancer clinical trial (Bonner et al., 2006,New England Journal of Medicine354, 567–578) and compare our estimation results with those obtained using a Food and Drug Administration recommended convention.
Hand eczema: causes, course, and prognosis II
Authors: Veien Niels K. , Hattel Thais , Laurberg Grete
Published: May 2008

Background:  Hand eczema is a common dermatosis, often with a chronic course.

Objective:  To follow a well‐described cohort of patients with hand eczema for 5 years.

Patients and Methods:  522 consecutive hand eczema patients (175 men and 347 women) seen in a private practice of dermatology were sent a questionnaire once a year for 5 years.

Results:  After 1 year, the response rate was 80% (417 of 522), and after 5 years, the rate was 68%. After 1 year, 81% of the 417 respondents reported that they still had persistent or intermittent hand eczema. After 5 years, this number was 65% (232 of 355). The larger the area involved at the initial examination, the poorer the prognosis. After 1 year, 48% of the patients felt that their hand eczema had improved, while 6.7% felt that it had worsened. 25% of those who responded stated that they never used gloves. Few patients could provide new information about the cause of the dermatitis during the 5‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions:  Hand eczema is a chronic dermatosis. Although treatment may improve hand eczema, it rarely clears completely. Evidence‐based measures need to be developed for the long‐term management of hand eczema.
Elicitation response characteristics to mono‐ and toN,N′‐diacetyl‐para‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Blömeke Brunhilde , Pietzsch Tim , Merk Hans F.
Published: May 2008

Background: Para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) is an important and common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The mechanism of sensitization is still unknown. It is believed that PPD is a prohapten and thus the balance between activation and/or detoxification processes may influence responses to PPD. Beside auto‐oxidation to Bandrowski’s base, PPD is enzymatically acetylated to monoacetyl‐PPD (MAPPD) and toN,N′‐diacetyl‐PPD (DAPPD) in skin and keratinocytes.

Objective: We investigated if the 2 acetylated PPD derivatives are able to elicit allergic contact dermatitis by performing epicutaneous skin tests in subjects with dermatitis.

Patients and Methods: Contact allergy to PPD and the 2 acetylated derivatives (1% in petrolatum) were detected by patch testing of 455 patients with eczema from our clinic who were tested with the baseline series.

Results and Conclusions: 16 subjects were found to be patch test positive to PPD (3.5%). No reactions were found for MAPPD, and just 1 PPD‐positive patient was positive for DAPPD (0.2%). In agreement with our earlier publishedin vitrodata, thesein vivopatch test results indicate that acetylation of PPD can be regarded as a detoxification reaction.
Clinical, biometric and structural evaluation of the long‐term effects of a topical treatment with ascorbic acid and madecassoside in photoaged human skin
Authors: Haftek Marek , Mac‐Mary Sophie , Bitoux Marie‐Aude Le , Creidi Pierre , Seité Sophie , Rougier André , Humbert Philippe
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Skin ageing is a complex process determined by the genetic endowment of individual and environmental factors, such as sun exposure. The effects of skin ageing are mostly encountered in the superficial dermis and in the epidermis. We have previously demonstrated in vivo the beneficial effect of a topically applied formula of 5% vitamin C in the treatment of skin ageing. Another active compound, madecassoside extracted from Centella asiatica, known to induce collagen expression and/or to modulate inflammatory mediators, might thus prevent and correct some signs of ageing. A randomized double‐blind study was carried out on photoaged skin of 20 female volunteers to investigate the effects of topically applied 5% vitamin C and 0.1% madecassoside on the clinical, biophysical and structural skin properties. After 6 months of treatment, we observed a significant improvement of the clinical score for deep and superficial wrinkles, suppleness, firmness, roughness and skin hydration. These results were corroborated by measurements of skin elasticity and semi‐quantitative histological assessment of the elastic fibre network in the papillary dermis. Two‐thirds of the subjects showed an improvement. The re‐appearance of a normally structured elastic fibre network was observed. Our results revealed a functional and structural remodelling of chronically sun‐damaged skin.
Heat‐induced MMP‐1 expression is mediated by TRPV1 through PKCα signaling in HaCaT cells
Authors: Lee Young Mee , Li Wen Hai , Kim Yeon Kyung , Kim Kyu Han , Chung Jin Ho
Published: May 2008

Background:  Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) is considered a key initiator of collagen degradation in inflammatory responses. A heat‐gated channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), induces release of proinflammatory mediators. TRPV1 channels have been localized to the epidermis and we have recently suggested that they act as mediators of heat‐induced MMP‐1. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling of TRPV1 in MMP‐1 regulation by heat shock in human epidermal keratinocytes.

Methods:  Heat shock‐induced MMP‐1 expression was decreased by treatment with TRPV1 inhibitor. The heat‐induced MMP‐1 expression was suppressed by Gö6976 [calcium‐dependent inhibitor] and staurosporine (ST, broad‐spectrum PKC inhibitor), while rottlerin (ROT, calcium‐independent PKCδ inhibitor) had no effect. Also, transfection of PKCα siRNA decreased MMP‐1 expression, whereas MMP‐1 expression was not significantly affected in cells transfected with negative control siRNA, PKCβ siRNA or PKCδ siRNA.

Results:  We demonstrated that heat shock failed to induce MMP‐1 expression in HaCaT cells cultured in calcium‐free media. The heat‐induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by Gö6976 and ST, but not by ROT. We also found that heat‐induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK in HaCaT cells, but capsazepine and ruthenium red had no effect on this activation. In addition to the role of TRPV1 in heat‐induced MMP‐1 expression, we also found that heat increased TRPV1 proteins in human skin in vivo.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that TRPV1 mediates heat shock‐induced MMP‐1 expression via calcium‐dependent PKCα signaling in HaCaT cells.
Naringenin has anti‐inflammatory properties in macrophage and ex vivo human whole‐blood models
Authors: Bodet C. , La V. D. , Epifano F. , Grenier D.
Published: May 2008

Background and Objective:  Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of bacterial etiology, affecting tooth‐supporting tissues. The host inflammatory response to periodontopathogens, notably the high and continuous production of cytokines, is considered a major factor causing the local tissue destruction observed in periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of naringenin, a major flavanone in grapefruits and tomatoes, on the lipopolysaccharide‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by host cells, using two different models.

Material and methods:  The effect of naringenin was characterized using macrophages stimulated with the lipopolysaccharide of either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli and using whole blood stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide, in the presence or absence of naringenin. Lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α production by macrophages and whole‐blood samples treated with naringenin were evaluated using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in the phosphorylation states of macrophage kinases induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide and naringenin were characterized by immunoblot screening.

Results:  Our results clearly indicated that naringenin is a potent inhibitor of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine response induced by lipopolysaccharide in both macrophages and in whole blood. Naringenin markedly inhibited the phosphorylation on serines 63 and 73 of Jun proto‐oncogene‐encoded AP‐1 transcription factor in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated macrophages.

Conclusion:  The results from the present study suggest that naringenin holds promise as a therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
The anti‐endotoxic effects of the KSL‐W decapeptide on Escherichia coli O55:B5 and various oral lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Dixon D. R. , Karimi‐Naser L. , Darveau R. P. , Leung K. P.
Published: May 2008

Background and Objective:  Host responses following the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide can range from acute inflammation to septic shock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the KSL‐W decapeptide to bind to and block the endotoxic effects of lipopolysaccharide.

Material and Methods:  An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay‐based binding assay using fluorescently labeled KSL‐W to detect adsorbed Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide was employed. A commercially available recombinant Factor C lipopolysaccharide detection assay, hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes as well as E‐selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used to assess the anti‐endotoxic effects after KSL‐W exposure to E. coli lipopolysaccharide as well as to oral lipopolysaccharide samples.

Results:  Lipopolysaccharide‐binding assays using E. coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide revealed both a higher maximal binding range (532–713 μm) and a half‐maximum binding concentration (70–185 μm) for the KSL‐W peptide when compared with its analog control. Significant inhibition of E‐selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (p < 0.0001) as well as hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes occurred after the interaction of KSL‐W with E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Recombinant Factor C enzyme detection inhibition revealed dose‐dependent inhibition values ranging from 1.0–51.8 μm, which were dependent upon the type of lipopolysaccharide sample tested.

Conclusion:  These results demonstrate that for the concentrations tested, the KSL‐W decapeptide was nontoxic to mammalian cells and could bind to and block the host recognition and response towards enteric, as well as oral, lipopolysaccharide samples.
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Acute Hyperlipidemic Pancreatitis: A Case Series
Authors: Al‐Humoud Hani , Alhumoud Ekhlas , Al‐Hilali Nabieh
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been used for the treatment of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis (HLP) with variable results. Eight patients with acute HLP were studied and treated with TPE, in addition to dietary fat restriction and lipid lowering agents. TPE lowered plasma levels of amylase (723.63 ± 391.70–189.25 ± 71.26 IU/L, P = 0.002), triglycerides (110.28 ± 146.39–38.47 ± 48.79 mmol/L, P = 0.048) and cholesterol (13.37 ± 7.97–3.84 ± 1.34 mmol/L, P < 0.001). Clinical symptoms improved in all patients with no resultant complications, and follow up of the patients for 12 months revealed no recurrence of pancreatitis. Thus, TPE is effective in lowering amylase, triglycerides and cholesterol levels, improves the acute attack of hyperlipidemic pancreatitis, and aids in preventing recurrent attacks.
Remission of Demyelinating Polyneuropathy With Immunoadsorption, Low Dose Corticosteroids and Anti‐CD20 Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Rech Jürgen , Hueber Axel J , Kallert Stefan , Leipe Jan , Kalden Jochen R , Beck Marcus , Schett Georg , Schulze‐Koops Hendrik
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Demyelinating polyneuropathy with anti‐myelin associated glycoprotein (anti‐MAG) antibodies is an immune mediated disorder characterized by proximal and distal symmetric weakness. Electrophysiological measurements depict features characteristic for demyelination, including prolonged distal latency, retarded conduction velocity, delayed or absent F‐waves, and, rarely, partial conduction block. We report on a 65‐year‐old patient who was diagnosed with demyelinating polyneuropathy and anti‐MAG antibodies five years before admission. Despite immunosuppressive agents and extracorporeal therapy (plasmapheresis) the disease progressed as assessed by clinical symptoms and neurological tests. Laboratory results showed an increase of serum immunoglobulin M and anti‐MAG antibodies over time. Because of progressive disease we decided to treat the patient with immunoadsorption followed by application of the anti‐CD20 antibody, rituximab. Six cycles of selective immunoadsorption were performed over three‐weekly intervals with a repetitively used column (Globaffin); each cycle consisted of four consecutive daily treatments. Starting at cycle 4 the anti‐CD20 antibody rituximab was administered with 375 mg/m2 after immunoadsorption. The pretreatment anti‐MAG antibody level of 10 000 U/mL, indicating disease activity, initially increased during treatment to a maximum of 30 559 U/mL. However, after completion of the six cycles, the anti‐MAG level had decreased to 2348 U/mL; 16 months after the last immunoadsorption cycle the anti‐MAG level had increased to 4134 U/mL, while the conduction velocity and compound motor action potentials remained stabile. Immunoadsorption in combination with a monoclonal anti‐CD20 antibody in patients with demyelinating polyneuropathy with anti‐MAG is effective and can be used an alternative treatment option in patients with progressive disease.