bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stalking Perceptions and Experiences Across Two Cultures
Authors: Jagessar J. D. H. , Sheridan L. P.
Published: May 2004

Data from this study are compared with those from a previous study conducted by Sheridan, Davies, and Boon in 2001 that investigated stalking perceptions and experiences in a sample of 348 British women. Forty-two items, representing a continuum of likely stalking and nonstalking behaviors, were presented to women, who were subsequently asked to state which items they had personally experienced. Within this sample, 27% reported at least one incident of stalking compared to 24% in the Sheridan et al. (2001b) study. Despite cultural and legal disparities, some similarities and differences existed in perceptions of which activities do or do not constitute stalking.
Some Misconceptions about the Hare PCL-R and Risk Assessment
Authors: Hemphill James F. , Hare Robert D.
Published: May 2004

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is a reliable and valid measure of a clinical construct, psychopathy. Its validation includes, but is not limited to, its role in risk assessment. Nevertheless, some commentators have questioned the validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised because it does not consistently outperform purpose-built risk instruments. We contend that this view is misdirected and reflects a very narrow view of construct validation. The framework for our discussions is the conceptually and methodologically flawed “lesson in knowledge cumulation” recently proffered by Gendreau, Goggin, and Smith in which they arrived at the unwarranted conclusion that the Level of Service Inventory-Revised is generally superior to the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised for predicting recidivism and violence. We argue that both instruments are useful, but for different reasons. The Level of Service Inventory-Revised is a specialized risk tool, whereas the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and its derivatives measure one of the most explanatory and generalizable risk factors identified to date.
The Predictive Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision on General and Violent Recidivism among Various Offender Groups
Authors: Girard Lina , Wormith J. Stephen
Published: May 2004

The Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) is the most recent edition of a popular risk/need assessment tool designed to predict recidivism among offenders. The current investigation ( N = 630) examined the predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision, its various subscales, and a Specific Risk/Need section designed to predict violent recidivism. Inmates scored significantly higher on all scales and were more likely to recidivate than probationers during a 31-month follow-up. The General Risk/Need score correlated highly with general recidivism and, to a lesser extent, with violent recidivism. It also produced similar predictive correlations among subgroups of sexual offenders, domestic violence offenders, and offenders with mental health problems. The Specific Risk/Need scale produced a slightly higher correlation with violent recidivism. The theoretical implications of these findings and practical value of this modified instrument are discussed.
Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Geyer Matthew D.
Published: May 2004

Thirty-four male white-collar offenders without a prior history of non-white-collar crime, 23 male white-collar offenders with at least one prior arrest for a non-white-collar crime, and 66 male non-white-collar offenders housed in a minimum security federal prison camp completed the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Social Identity as a Criminal scale and were rated on the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form-Revised. Significant group differences were noted on the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles Self-Assertion/Deception scale, Social Identity as a Criminal Centrality subscale, Social Identity as a Criminal In-Group Ties subscale, and Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form-Revised, which showed that white-collar offenders with no prior history of non-white-collar crime registered lower levels of criminal thinking, criminal identification, and deviance than white-collar offenders previously arrested for non-white-collar crimes.
Psychological Profiling of Serial Arson Offenses an Assessment of Skills and Accuracy
Authors: Kocsis Richard N.
Published: May 2004

Although criminal psychological profiling is frequently cited as being applicable to arson offenses, little empirical research exists to substantiate this claim. This study sought to build on previous studies conducted by Kocsis, Irwin, Hayes, and Nunn (2000) by examining the accuracy of professional profilers with others in constructing a profile of a serial arsonist in response to case information presented. The professional profilers produced the most accurate profiles, followed by a group of university science students. Senior detectives and fire investigators tended to perform the worst and never better than a control group that had no specific information about the crime and could do little more than guess. The results offer some insight into the requisite skills for effective profiling. The key factor appears to be a capacity for objective and logical analysis—a characteristic shared by science students and professional profilers.
Ethics and Administrative Discretion in a Unified Administration
Authors: Haque Akhlaque
Published: May 2004

Lack of public trust and confidence in government can have a significant impact on the future of the public service profession. This study brings to the forefront a normative discussion of administrative behavior and the building of trust as perceived fromthe works of the 18th-century political philosopher Edmund Burke. By exploring Burke’s concept of unified administration, it can be argued that institutionalization of administrative traditions can provide practical guidance for judicial use of administrative discretion. The measurement of success, in large part, will depend on national principles, peer coordination, customs, and institutional commitment.
Managerial Perceptions and the Production of Fire Protection
Authors: Donahue Amy K.
Published: May 2004

Despite compelling impetus to carefully specify the influences on public performance levels, the role of public managers in public production has not been fully characterized or measured. This article argues that an issue central to the study of local government performance is how public managers perceive their decision-making environments. It examines a key aspect of the relationship between public management and government performance by explicitly incorporating public managers in an economic production framework for public services. Aportion of themodel developed in the article is applied to the case of fire chiefs as the primary managers of the production of fire protection by local fire departments. The Q factor analysis technique is used to typologize fire chiefs’ perceptions of their managerial environments.
Toward a New Governance Paradigm for Environmental and Natural Resources Management in the 21st Century?
Authors: Durant Robert F. , Chun Young-Pyoung , Kim Byungseob , Lee Seongjong
Published: May 2004

Dissatisfaction with conventional regulatory approaches has led to an emerging new governance paradigm (NGP) in environmental and natural resources (ENR) management. This NGP is premised on a need to reconceptualize ENR management regimes, reconnect with stakeholders, and redefine what constitutes administrative rationality in the public and private sectors. The ultimate fate of the NGP is in doubt, however. This essay argues that the NGP is best appreciated as an effort to graft managerial flexibility onto an otherwise inflexible regulatory regime—an effort that has left a halfway, halting, and patchworked regulatory regime in its wake. Applying John Gaus’s notion of the ecology of public administration as an analytical framework, the essay addresses three questions: (a) What were the sociopolitical, technological, and economic factors propelling and delimiting theNGPover the last quarter of the 20th century; (b) how likely are they to endure; and (c) with what consequences for ENR managers, regulators, and regulatees in the 21st century?
Shaping Formal Networks through the Regulatory Process
Authors: Hall Thad E. , O'Toole Laurence J.
Published: May 2004

Recent research has shown that, at the federal level, new or amended programs typically create networks consisting of multiactor structures spanning governments, sectors, and/or agencies. This study examines the implementation structures created through the regulatory process. We find that in a majority of cases the regulatory process adds to the complexity of implementation patterns; previously simple implementation structures often became more complicated and new actors are brought into the process. Rules also serve a key function in clarifying the general language that is often used by Congress. These findings have implications for the study and practice of public administration.
Slavery, Emancipation, and Class Formation in Colonial and Early National New York City
Authors: Harris Leslie M.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the centrality of slave labor and race to the development of class relations in colonial and early national New York City. Slave labor was central to New York’s colonial economy and to the survival of Europeans on the island—no part of the colonial North relied more heavily on slavery than Manhattan. This article will also discuss the lengthy process of emancipation in the city and state. From the time of the Revolutionary War, New Yorkers debated ending slavery, but it took almost fifty years for them to eradicate the institution completely. The legacy of slavery limited the political and economic equality of blacks long after slavery ended in New York.
“Without Working?”
Authors: Maynard Steven
Published: May 2004

Within the gay/lesbian historiography, there has been a long-running debate over the relative roles played by capitalism and urban culture in the historical formation of gay and lesbian identities and communities. The author argues that in recent years historians have come to favor the urban, both as a framework for inquiry and as an explanatory device. In view of this historiographical tilt toward the urban, the author goes on to suggest some ways to bring capitalism and the economic back into view.
Land Reform in Yang Village
Authors: Xiaojun Zhang
Published: May 2004

This article explores the production and reproduction of symbolic capitalin establishing class status during the land reform period in Yang village, Fujian province. Although the equalization in landholdings wiped out the disparity between classes, land reform created an even more distinct and strict system of class stratification. The main question is how people understood and accepted this symbolic construction that reinforced differences among villagers just as economic distinctions were being eliminated. This question is the key to understanding not only class but also how a social order was created through the interaction of the state and countryside. In particular, the article explores the determination of class status and the production of symbolic capital, the transformation of land into symbolic capital, the transformation of symbolic capital into political capital and vice versa, and class habitus of villagers, suggesting that symbolic capital offers a new perspective for thinking about Chinese society.
A Survey of Teacher Perceptions of the School Psychologist‘s Skills in the Consultation Process
Authors: Pérez-González F. , García-Ros R. , GóMez-Artiga A.
Published: May 2004

The main purpose of this study is to present the construction and validation process of an instrument designed to evaluate the professional skills of the school psychologist in the teacher consultation process. Initially, an extensive list of items was created which evaluated the characteristics of school psychologists in this area. After carrying out a pilot study and making the necessary modi.cations, we presented the scale to a sample of 157 primary and secondary public school teachers in the Valencian Community. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out on the main components, applying the corresponding varimax rotation. The results show a factorial structure made up of three complimentary dimensions that make complete psychological sense and are useful from a psycho-pedagogical intervention perspective: Expert knowledge and attitude toward the interaction; Coordination in the intervention process and Initiation and follow-up of the intervention.
Truancy, School Refusal and Anxiety
Authors: Brandibas Gilles , Jeunier BenoÎt , Clanet Claude , Fourasté Raymond
Published: May 2004

Truancy in French technical secondary schools is a source of considerable concern which has given rise to the present study. However, issues associated with truancy seldom take into account psychological criteria, as it tends to give rise to an immediate institutional reaction. However, truancy may not be solely the re.ection of a lack of motivation or oppositional de.ant disorder. On the contrary, truancy is considered here as a refusal to attend school in relation to different types of anxiety. Positive reinforcement, a category of school refusal de.ned by Kearney and Silverman (1993) was found to be prevalent in the study described here, re.ecting that a form of social desirability tended to hide an admitted and recognized anxiety. It is concluded that a deeper differential study based on psychological criteria is needed. We emphasize the need to conceive truancy, institutionally as well as scienti.cally, as a process that must take into account emotional dimensions.
Helping Teachers to Help Children Living with a Mentally Ill Parent
Authors: Bibou-Nakou I.
Published: May 2004

The material presented here is based on a pilot European project (Daphne Project, 2000/EU funding, collaboration of Greece and England) regarding parental mental illness and children‘s welfare and needs1.The presentation focuses upon the responses of a group of teachers working in primary education in relation to identi-.cation issues and assessment needs regarding children who live with a mentally ill parent. The results showed that although the teachers are able to identify risks and protective factors in the cases of a parental mental illness, there is a lack of early identi.cation mechanisms in the school setting and an absence of a shared understanding of relevant issues across services and agencies. The results are discussed in relation to school-based prevention initiatives that empower teachers to feel that they contribute to change in their schools as well as in their own practice in the classroom.
Burnout among Teachers
Authors: Evers Will J. G. , Tomic Welko , Brouwers André
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to explore students’ and teachers’ perceptions of teacher burnout in relation to the occurrence of disruptive student classroom behaviour and the teachers’ competence to cope with this kind of behaviour. First, the study shows that the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Coping with Disruptive Behaviour Scale and the Perceived Disruptive Behaviour Scale could be adapted to students to report perceived burnout symptoms among their teachers, the occurrence of perceived disruptive student behaviour and the students’ perception of their teachers’ competence to cope with disruptive student behaviour. Second, students’ perceptions do not differ according to their age. Third, we found that there was a significant difference between the perceptions of male and female students in respect of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, but not in respect of personal accomplishment. Fourth, according to the students’ perceptions, a considerable percentage of variance in each of the three burnout dimensions was explained by teachers’ competence to cope with student disruptive behaviour and perceived disruptive student behaviour. Finally, with respect to the teachers’ self-reports, it appeared that teachers’ and students’ reports differed significantly with respect to depersonalization, personal accomplishment and the competence to cope with disruptive student behaviour. The hierarchical regression analyses of the teachers’ data showed that the competence to cope with disruptive student behaviour significantly contributed to depersonalization and personal accomplishment, whereas the teachers’ age was significantly related with personal accomplishment.

Although the students’ perceptions and the teachers’ self-reports on the teachers’ well-being differed on some dimensions, the students’ information may contribute valid information on some aspects of teachers’ mental health and classroom processes.
Help Seeking Patterns in Urban and Rural Youth in Two South African Provinces
Authors: Van Der Riet Mary , Knoetze Jan
Published: May 2004

The help seeking patterns of 139 secondary school youth between the ages of 14 and 22 in two peri-urban and one rural secondary school in the Eastern Cape, and one urban and one rural secondary school in KwaZulu-Natal were studied. Youth were interviewed in focus groups about their problems and whether or not they seek help for these problems. Possibilities of, and problems with, help resources were also discussed. Data were analysed using qualitative data analysis software and interpreted in terms of the contextual dynamics which facilitate or hinder access to help seeking resources. This study illustrates the intricacy of help seeking behaviour. Contextual factors were found to be significant mediators of help seeking behaviour.
Using Self-Monitoring With an Adolescent with Disruptive Classroom Behavior
Authors: Freeman Kurt A. , Dexter-Mazza Elizabeth T.
Published: May 2004

Current research supports the effectiveness of self-monitoring strategies for addressing academic and behavioral challenges within educational settings. Although variations in procedures exist, frequently implementation of self-monitoring involves some form of adult feedback as a method of establishing accurate self-monitoring. To date, however, researchers have not systematically evaluated whether adult feedback is a necessary component for self-monitoring to be effective. In the current investigation, the influence of adult feedback on the effectiveness of selfmonitoring was analyzed. The participant was a 13-year-old student receiving educational services in a special education school at a residential facility for youth with conduct problems. The effectiveness of self-monitoring with and without adult feedback was compared. Results suggest that adult feedback may be an important component for establishing self-monitoring as an effective intervention for behavior problems exhibited in academic settings.
Adolescent Involvement in Discipline Decision Making
Authors: Deroma Virginia M. , Lassiter Kerry S. , Davis Virginia A.
Published: May 2004

This study examined the influence of (a) low, medium, or high adolescent involvement (degree to which adolescent input was solicited in determining consequence) in discipline decisions and (b) parental versus adolescent focus of impact of behavior problem (parent emphasized inconvenience to either self or adolescent). After viewing videotaped vignettes of disciplinary interactions, high school students ( N = 95) rated how close they would feel toward the parent, how fair they felt the intervention was, and the degree to which they would feel respected by the parent. Adolescents also provided ratings of anger and self-esteem, as well as how willing they would be to accept/abide by the consequences. Overall, significantly more favorable ratings were found for interactions with (a) higher levels of invited adolescent involvement and (b) the parent as the focus of impact. Findings suggest the importance of encouraging adolescent involvement in discipline and the value of refraining from emphasizing adverse impact to adolescent.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Older Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Stanley Melinda A. , Diefenbach Gretchen J. , Hopko Derek R.
Published: May 2004

At least four academic clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). These data may not generalize, however, to more heterogeneous and functionally impaired patients and the medical settings in which they typically receive care. A recent pilot project suggested the potential benefits of a new version of CBT for GAD among older patients in primary care. The manual developed and tested in this pilot project is presented here. Treatment components include motivation and education, relaxation skills, cognitive therapy, problem-solving-skills training, exposure exercises, and sleep-management-skills training. Procedures are designed to be administered flexibly to maximize attentionto individualpatient needs. Examples of session summaries, patient handouts, and homework forms are provided.
Expanded School Mental Health
Authors: Weist Mark D. , Albus Kathleen E.
Published: May 2004

Expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs, the focus of this special issue, provide comprehensive mental health care to youth in general and special education through partnerships between schools and community mental health agencies and programs. As these programs progressively develop in the United States, there is a critical need to build the research and evidence base for them. This article presents background to the national movement toward ESMH and provides an overview of articles contained in this special issue, which provide in-depth details and early research findings on diverse aspects of mental health programs in schools. Advantages of greater involvement of behavioral professionals in ESMH are discussed.
Quality Improvement Activities and Expanded School Mental Health Services
Authors: Nabors Laura A. , Leff Stephen S. , Power Thomas J.
Published: May 2004

Quality improvement (QI) activities, designed to enhance program evaluation efforts and to improve quality of care, have become increasingly important in children’s services research. QI activities examine outcomes and provide accountability data that can be very useful for telling the story of the development, implementation, and effectiveness of expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs. This article discusses the implementation and results of QI activities for two ESMH programs, one relatively new program, and one with 10 years of experience. When presenting each case example, the authors review key QI activities such as developing new measures and interventions, evaluating costs of care, and disseminating results to clinicians, program administrators, and funders. The article concludes with a discussion of the importance of QI in school-based mental health and reviews directions for future research and program development.
When to Fire: Anticipatory Versus Postevent Reconstrual of Uncontrollable Events
Authors: Wilson Timothy D. , Wheatley Thalia P. , Kurtz Jaime L. , Dunn Elizabeth W. , Gilbert Daniel T.
Published: May 2004

Three studies examined the conditions under which people engage in anticipatory construal before an evaluative event versus reconstrual after the event. Computer software informed college students that there was a 1.5%, 12%, 88%, or 98.5% chance that an opposite-sex student would pick them for a hypothetical date. When people had extreme expectations (1.5% or 98.5%), they changed their view of the student to be consistent with their expectations before learning the outcome (anticipatory reconstrual). When people had moderate expectations (12% or 88%), they formed relatively unbiased impressions beforehand but reconstrued after learning the outcome of the dating game (postevent reconstrual). Either strategy can ameliorate the pain of a negative event in ways that people do not anticipate. Forecasters predicted that losing would make them feel worse than it did and selected a higher dose of a drug to cope with an anticipated loss than did people who actually lost.
Value Correlates of Ambivalent Attitudes toward Gender Relations
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: May 2004

This study related measures of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, hostility toward men, and benevolence toward men to value priorities. It was predicted that these variables would be positively related to the importance of power values for self and negatively related to universalism and benevolence values and that measures of benevolent sexism and benevolence toward men would be positively related to tradition values and negatively related to self-direction values. These predictions were supported in a study in which student participants in Adelaide, South Australia, completed the Glick and Fiske Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory, and the Schwartz Value Survey. The results demonstrate how values influence attitudes toward gender relations and provide an additional perspective on current discussions of prejudice.
Meta-Cognition about Biological Sex and Gender-Stereotypic Physical Appearance: Consequences for the Assessment of Leadership Competence
Authors: Sczesny Sabine , Kühnen Ulrich
Published: May 2004

Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons’ biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons’ sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.
The Power of Love: Mediation of Rejection in Roommate Relationships of Dependents and Self-Critics
Authors: Mongrain Myriam , Lubbers Ralph , Struthers Ward
Published: May 2004

This research examined roommate responses to dependent and self-critical personality styles in the hope of finding individuals for whom rejection may be more likely. Interpersonal traits associated with dependency and self-criticism along the love and dominance axes of the Circumplex also were investigated to clarify patterns contributing to roommate rejection. Both dependents and self-critics were more depressed throughout the year. Dependents, however, were perceived as more submissive and loving and were better accepted by roommates. Self-critics were seen as submissive and hostile and were more likely to be rejected. Structural equation modeling indicated that the personality-rejection effects were mediated by perceived interpersonal traits along the love axis and their associated affective consequences for roommates.
Agreement in Personality Judgments within and between Nonoverlapping Social Groups in Collectivist Cultures
Authors: Malloy Thomas E. , Albright Linda , Diaz-Loving Rolando , Dong Qi , Lee Yueh Ting
Published: May 2004

The social context hypothesis states that people behave differently in different social groups because group norms and context-specific interpersonal relationships uniquely affect behavior. Consequently, a person who is a member of different, nonoverlapping social groups (i. e., the members of different groups are unacquainted) should be judged consensually on personality traits within each group; however, between groups there should be less agreement in judgments. This research focused on cultural moderation of the social context effect in two collective cultures (China and Mexico) with different norms for interpersonal relationships. Among Chinese, there was greater consensus in trait judgments within groups than between groups, whereas in Mexico, agreement within and between groups was equivalent. Culturally based relationship norms that affect cross-context consistency of behavior and, in turn, the consistency of trait judgments across groups were described.
Gender Differences in Memory for the Appearance of Others
Authors: Horgan Terrence G. , Mast Marianne Schmid , Hall Judith A. , Carter Jason D.
Published: May 2004

Five studies investigated gender differences in the accurate recall of the appearance of others. The greater interpersonal orientation and interpersonal sensitivity of women were predicted to give women an advantage over men in appearance accuracy. Under both directedand incidental-learning conditions, women more accurately recalled information concerning the appearance of their social targets than did men, participants’ memory for the appearance of female targets was more accurate than it was for male targets, and neither gender was found to be at a relative advantage in recalling the appearance of same-gender targets. The motivational and knowledge-based factors that might underlie a gender difference in appearance accuracy are discussed.
Social Desirability and Self-Reports: Testing Models of Socially Desirable Responding
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas
Published: May 2004

The present research investigated the cognitive processes involved in responding to self-report items under varying conditions of social desirability. Participants in three experiments judged the extent to which a set of items (personality traits in Experiments 1 and 2; behaviors in Experiment 3) described them under instructions that either increased or decreased concerns with social desirability. Under most conditions, instructions that produced the greatest concern with social desirability resulted in the longest response times. This finding is consistent with the view that social desirability operates as an editing process; participants retrieve the requested information and then evaluate it before responding. There was also some evidence for individual differences in social desirability; participants scoring high on the trait of self-deception were generally faster at making these judgments than were participants scoring low on self-deception.
Surviving Childhood Cancer: Quality of Life and Parental Regulatory Focus
Authors: Eiser Christine , Eiser J. Richard , Greco Veronica
Published: May 2004

Applying Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), the authors predicted that among survivors of childhood cancer, quality of life (QOL) may be compromised by prevention-focused parenting characterized by an overly protective concern with possible mishaps and illness recurrence rather than promotion-focused parenting encouraging expectations of recovery and a normal life. Interviews with parents of 64 survivors (M age = 13.83 years) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or central nervous system (CNS) tumors were coded for reports of promotion or preventionoriented parenting and positive and negative expectancies. Overall, parents expressed more promotion than prevention focus, especially in relation to general rather than illness-related contexts. Greater use by parents of prevention focus in general contexts predicted lower QOL for survivors (as rated both by parents and survivors themselves) and less satisfactory parental well-being. These effects were independent of a main effect for type of cancer, with survivors of ALL having higher QOL.
Source Consistency, Distinctiveness, and Consensus: The Three Dimensions of the Kelley ANOVA Model in Persuasion
Authors: Ziegler René , Diehl Michael , Zigon Raffael , Fett Torsten
Published: May 2004

Based on a conceptual analysis and existing research, the authors propose that the three source dimensions specified in the ANOVA model play similar roles in persuasion as other source characteristics (e.g., expertise). Two studies test assumptions derived from this approach regarding the effects of different combinations of consistency and consensus (Study 1) and distinctiveness and consensus (Study 2). Combinations resulting in contradictory (vs. similar) inferences regarding message validity should affect judgmental confidence and, consequently, affect message scrutiny. Study 1 shows that, as predicted, high consistency/low consensus and low consistency/high consensus (incongruent combinations) lead to higher desired confidence and more extensive message elaboration than high consistency/high consensus and low consistency/low consensus (congruent combinations). Similarly, Study 2 reveals heightened message scrutiny given incongruent (vs. congruent) combinations of distinctiveness and consensus. Results are discussed with respect to majority/minority influence processes and multiple source characteristics.
The Impact of Cultural Internalization and Integration on Well-Being among Tricultural Individuals
Authors: Downie Michelle , Koestner Richard , ElGeledi Shaha , Cree Kateri
Published: May 2004

The cultural internalization and competence of a diverse sample of tricultural university students was assessed. Based on recent research on the internalization of cultural norms, it was predicted that (a) having a heritage culture that embraced egalitarian values would be conducive to autonomous internalization and cultural competence, (b) competence and internalization would be associated with positive affect in heritage cultural contexts, and (c) the same positive relations between competence, internalization, and affect would be evident in English Canadian and French Canadian contexts. The study included 113 participants representing more than 35 distinct ethnicities. Results supported the hypothesized relations among egalitarianism, autonomous internalization, competence, and affect. Furthermore, the results indicated that individuals’ cultural adaptation in both heritage and English Canadian cultures, combined with the extent to which they had integrated their cultural identities in their self, predicted psychological wellbeing.
Stereotype Reactance at the Bargaining Table: The Effect of Stereotype Activation and Power on Claiming and Creating Value
Authors: Kray Laura J. , Reb Jochen , Galinsky Adam D. , Thompson Leigh
Published: May 2004

Two experiments explored the hypothesis that the impact of activating gender stereotypes on negotiated agreements in mixed-gender negotiations depends on the manner in which the stereo-type is activated (explicitly vs. implicitly) and the content of the stereotype (linking negotiation performance to stereotypically male vs. stereotypically female traits). Specifically, two experiments investigated the generality and limits of stereotype reactance. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that negotiated outcomes become more one-sided in favor of the high power negotiator when masculine traits are explicitly linked to negotiator effectiveness. In contrast, the results of Experiment 2 suggest that negotiated outcomes are more integrative (win-win) when feminine traits are explicitly linked to negotiator effectiveness. In total, performance in mixed-gender negotiations is strongly affected by the cognitions and motivations that negotiators bring to the bargaining table.
Children’s Behavioral Manifestations of the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Markey Patrick M. , Markey Charlotte N. , Tinsley Barbara J.
Published: May 2004

The present study examined relations between ratings of children’s personalities using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality and behaviors exhibited by children during an interaction with their parents. Ninety-four children (M age = 10.87 years) and their parents participated in a videotaped interaction; children were coded on 64 different social behaviors using a revised version of the Riverside Behavioral Q-Sort. Mothers completed ratings of their children’s personalities using the NEO-Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results indicate an intuitive and predictable pattern of relations between children’s personalities and their behaviors. Findings suggest that four of the five factors included in the FFM provide an appropriate framework for describing children’s personalities. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for helping researchers understand children’s personalities.
Appearance-Related Social Comparisons: The Role of Contingent Self-Esteem and Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness
Authors: Patrick Heather , Neighbors Clayton , Knee C. Raymond
Published: May 2004

Two studies examined contingent self-esteem (CSE) and responses to appearance-related social comparisons. Study 1 was an experimental study in which women rated a series of advertisements from popular women’s magazines. Study 2 employed an event-contingent diary recording procedure. In Study 1, women who were higher in CSE and lower in self-perceptions of attractiveness (SPA) experienced greater decreases in positive affect and greater increases in negative affect following the ad-rating task. Study 2 results supported a mediation model in which women who were higher in CSE felt worse after social comparisons because they made primarily upward comparisons. Overall, results suggest that appearance-related comparisons are more distressing for those who base their self-worth on contingencies and have lower self-perceived attractiveness.
The Implicit Structure of Positive Characteristics
Authors: Haslam Nick , Bain Paul , Neal David
Published: May 2004

The implicit structure of positive character traits was examined in two studies of 190 and 100 undergraduates. Participants judged the pairwise covariation or semantic similarity of 42 positive characteristics using a sorting or a rating task. Characteristics were drawn from a new classification of strengths and virtues, the Five-Factor Model, and a taxonomy of values. Participants showed consistent patterns of perceived association among the characteristics across the study conditions. Multidimensional scaling yielded three consistent dimensions underlying these judgments (“warmth vs. self-control,” “vivacity vs. decency,” and “wisdom vs. power”). Cluster analyses yielded six consistent groupings—“self-control,” “love,” “wisdom,” “drive,” “vivacity,” and “collaboration”—that corresponded only moderately to the virtue classification. All three taxonomies were systematically related to this implicit structure, but none captured it satisfactorily on its own. Revisions to positive psychology’s classification of strengths are proposed.
Implicit and Explicit Measures of Sexual Orientation Attitudes: In Group Preferences and Related Behaviors and Beliefs among Gay and Straight Men
Authors: Jellison William A. , McConnell Allen R. , Gabriel Shira
Published: May 2004

The relations among implicit and explicit measures of sexual orientation attitudes and sexual-orientation-related behavior and beliefs among gay men (Study 1) and straight men (Studies 1 and 2) were explored. Study 1 found relations between implicit and explicit measures of sexual orientation attitudes, large differences between gay and straight men on both implicit and explicit measures, and that these measures predicted sexual-orientation-related behaviors among gay men. Also, only straight men exhibited a negative relation between their attitudes toward homosexuality and heterosexuality. Study 2 found that as straight men held more negative attitudes toward homosexuality, they more strongly endorsed the importance of heterosexual identity and of traditional masculine gender roles. These endorsements mediated the negative relation between their attitudes toward heterosexuality and homosexuality. Implications for assessing attitudes toward sexual orientation and their relations for sexual orientation identity are discussed.
Effects of Direct and Indirect Cross-Group Friendships on Judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The Mediating Role of an Anxiety-Reduction Mechanism
Authors: Paolini Stefania , Hewstone Miles , Cairns Ed , Voci Alberto
Published: May 2004

Recent evidence suggests that both direct and indirect friendship with outgroup members (knowledge of ingroup members’ friendship with outgroup members) can reduce prejudice toward the outgroup. Two surveys of cross-community relationships in Northern Ireland, using a student sample (N = 341) and a representative sample of the general population (N = 735), tested whether (a) direct and indirect friendships had generalized effects on both prejudice and perceived outgroup variability and (b) reduced anxiety about future encounters with outgroup members mediated such relationships. Structural equation modeling confirmed that, in both samples, direct and indirect cross-group friendships between Catholics and Protestants were associated with reduced prejudice toward the religious outgroup and increased perceived outgroup variability, via an anxiety-reduction mechanism. It is argued that emerging generalization hypotheses help to integrate both cognition and affect and interpersonal and intergroup approaches to contact.
Not all Stereotypic Biases are Created Equal: Evidence for a Stereotype-Disconfirming Bias
Authors: Wyer Natalie A.
Published: May 2004

Stereotype-confirming biases are well documented in the social psychological literature. However, motivations to disconfirm social stereotypes may be more influential for unprejudiced individuals. Three experiments are presented that test the hypothesis that extremely unprejudiced people exhibit a bias toward stereotype disconfirmation. Experiment 1 investigates stereotype disconfirmation in information-seeking preferences. Experiments 2 and 3 explore attributional strategies for stereotype disconfirmation. In all experiments, unprejudiced participants respond in ways reflecting a motivation to disconfirm social stereotypes. Implications for stereotype change and stereotypic influences on judgment and behavior are discussed.
Hispanic Perspectives on Sexual Harassment and Social Support
Authors: Cortina Lilia M.
Published: May 2004

Bridging the social support, sexual victimization, and cultural psychology literatures, this study examines social-support processes in the context of sexual harassment and Hispanic American culture. Surveys were administered to a community sample of Hispanic American working women, 249 of whom described some encounter with sexual harassment at work. Regression results provided mixed backing for hypotheses about support-seeking behavior, which appeared largely dependent on the social power of the harassment perpetrator. Additional findings upheld predictions about support-perception patterns; harassed women perceived more supportive social reactions when they turned to informal networks of friends and family, but responses were less positive when they turned to formal, organizational sources. Finally, as expected, perceived support and acculturation interacted to moderate relations between sexual harassment and job satisfaction. The article concludes with implications for research and interventions related to social support and sexual harassment.
Positivity Can Cue Familiarity
Authors: Garcia-Marques Teresa , Mackie Diane M. , Claypool Heather M. , Garcia-Marques Leonel
Published: May 2004

Given that familiarity is closely associated with positivity, the authors sought evidence for the idea that positivity would increase perceived familiarity. In Experiment 1, smiling and thus positively perceived novel faces were significantly more likely to be incorrectly judged as familiar than novel faces with neutral expressions. In Experiment 2, subliminal association with positive affect (a positively valenced prime) led to false recognition of novel words as familiar. In Experiment 3, validity judgments, known to be influenced by familiarity, were more likely to occur if participants were in happy mood states than neutral mood states. Despite their different paradigms and approaches, the results of these three studies converge on the idea that, at least under certain circumstances, the experience of positivity itself can signal familiarity, perhaps because the experience of familiarity is typically positive.
Some Evidence About Character and Mate Selection
Authors: Hanko Karlene , Master Sarah , Sabini John
Published: May 2004

The authors conducted four studies (total N = 292) about character and mate desirability. In Study 1, undergraduates judged stimuli for attractiveness—physically and as a casual or longterm date. The target was described as faithful, having cheated but stayed with mates, or having cheated and left. Contrary to the hypothesis, men and women were equally affected by both kinds of cheaters. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with nonstudent adults. In Study 3, undergraduates rated a stimulus on the same attractiveness variables. This target had $14 million from winning a lottery or selling a dot-com company. Women, but not men, found the dot-com creator to be more physically attractive than the lottery winner. In Study 4, undergraduates rated someone who sold a cookie-making company or profited from a lucky real estate transaction. Both men and women preferred the cookie-company seller on all three measures of attractiveness.
The Object and the Other in Holographic Research: Approaching Passivity and Responsibility of Human Actors
Authors: Tchalakov Ivan
Published: May 2004

This article is written in the framework of actor-network theory (ANT) and presents the results of an ethnographic study of the holographic research laboratory in Sofia, Bulgaria, conducted during the period of 1993-1997. It focuses on the microlevel of laboratory practice — the intimate relationships between scientists and the objects they are studying. The article specifies the constrictions imposed by the concepts of “laboratory” and “experiment,” and advances a new concept of heterogeneous couple . The “coupling” is a process in which the initial asymmetry between “active” and “passive” modes of behavior changes toward more balanced and “distributed” patterns of interaction. Theheterogeneous couple is defined as an elementary form of (social) life between human and nonhuman agents. The notions of ANT are mirrored with notions borrowed from the non-orthodox phenomenological tradition. Using Levinas’s notions of passivity and responsibility, the scientist is considered as a “hostage” of the nonhuman beings he or she discovers and gives names.
Evaluation of a Deliberative Conference
Authors: Rowe Gene , Marsh Roy , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: May 2004

The concept of “public participation” is currently one of great interest to researchers and policy makers. In response to a perceived need for greater public involvement in decision making and policy formation processes on the part of both policymakers and the general public, a variety of novel mechanisms have been developed, such as the consensus conference and citizens jury, to complement traditional mechanisms, such as the public meeting. However, the relative effectiveness of the various mechanisms is unclear, as efforts at evaluation have been sparse. In this article, the authors describe an evaluation of a two-day “deliberative conference” on the topic of radiation dose assessment. The authors detail the evaluation framework that they adopt and describe the instruments that they have developed to determine the attainment (or otherwise) of the evaluationcriteria stipulated in that framework. They then describe the participation exercise that they have evaluated. Finally, they apply the instruments to assess the effectiveness of the exercise, and discuss the results and their implications for the conduct of evaluations and the use of this particular participation mechanism.