bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Quantitative Research Methods in Strategic Management
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses general trends in quantitative research methods since the early 1980s. It then highlights five contemporaneous issues with respect to the application of quantitative methods within the field—including the tension of simultaneously seeking causal identification and examining meaningful strategy questions. Taking the perspective that a key goal of quantitative strategy research is to aid decision-makers by providing rigorous evidence-based strategic management insights, the chapter proposes practices that, if embraced, will advance the rigor and impact of future quantitative research. A central consideration is addressing issues of causal identification through a cumulative body of research and the importance that research designs play in this consideration. In concluding, the chapter acknowledges significant advances in quantitative methods in the field while noting directions in which the field should continue to evolve.
Positive Exemplar Exposure
Authors: Gonzalez Antonya Marie
Published: October 2021

In adults, implicit racial bias has been linked to prejudiced and discriminatory behavior. However, implicit racial biases emerge well before adulthood; as young as age six, children have already internalized the racial attitudes of their culture. Thus, it is critical for researchers to understand how to change implicit racial bias early in development, before its negative effects compound across the lifespan. The following chapter highlights one potential method of bias reduction in childhood: exposure to positive exemplars. As this method is both scalable and child-friendly, it has the potential to be used with young children on a broader cultural level. This chapter details child-friendly methods for measuring bias change and provides two examples of studies that have successfully employed positive exemplar exposure to reduce children’s implicit racial bias. I conclude the chapter with recommendations for future use of this intervention cross-culturally, as well as broader cultural applications.
Guidance for Applied Cross-National Research in Under-Resourced Countries
Authors: Torjesen Karen J. , Warren Meg A. , Wamue-Ngare Grace
Published: October 2021

Applied research for social change is still in its infancy in cross-cultural psychology. Despite the potential for tremendous impact, the complexities of conducting applied research, particularly in under-resourced countries, may discourage scholars from pursuing this important but daunting venture. To forewarn and equip other scholars, a variety of challenges (e.g. resource constraints, cultural norms) are outlined that influence all aspects of the research process, from gaining entry, organizing the cross-national research team, working with local stakeholders, designing the methods, developing and administering instruments, collecting and interpreting the data, to reporting the findings for local use. Via a personal account of experiences in conducting a study on a gender-based violence intervention in Congo, lessons are shared and recommendations are offered (e.g. using multiple methodologies) for conducting applied cross-national research. It is the hope that as a result more scholars will be encouraged to undertake this impactful and rewarding work.
Networks from Communication
Authors: Fuhse Jan
Published: October 2021

Social networks form, stabilize, and change in the process of communication. Rather than start from actors, communicative events are conceptualized as the basic units. In the sequence of communication, these events are attributed to actors, together with underlying dispositions. Relational expectations about the behavior of actors toward others ensue, effectively structuring communication and making for the regularities of communication we observe as relationships and networks. Social relationships do not exist either/or, but as particular bundles of expectations that gradually arise, stabilize, and change over time. The approach combines recent developments in relational sociology around Harrison White with the theory of communication by Niklas Luhmann and others. Three areas of application and extension of this model are discussed: (1) intercultural communication, (2) collective and corporate actors, and (3) methods for studying communication in networks.
The Untethered Splendor of Il barbiere di Siviglia
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

This chapter investigates how The Barber of Seville, like many other operas, has become untethered from its performative roots. Many of its tunes and images have snapped free from their origin and have been pressed into unconventional and sometimes surprising new contexts. This chapter begins with an overview of various recordings of the opera available to anyone with an internet connection, as well as a glimpse at some of the ways in which the music has been reformulated for YouTube and other streaming services. The remainder of the chapter explores some of the distinctly twentieth- and twenty-first-century contexts in which this opera appears, beginning with a survey of the many strange and wonderful objects that commemorate and memorialize the music, plot, and characters, and concluding with an account of the ways in which The Barber of Seville has been adapted for children and repackaged for television, film, and new media.
Meditations on Medical Torts
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“Meditations on Medical Torts” ponders larger issues concerning the malpractice litigation system in light of systematic empirical and other evidence. The chapter questions whether the tort system actually is a compensation system; probes the system’s deterrence purpose, promoting efficient investment in injury prevention, including reviewing the empirical research on the tort system’s deterrent effect, both in general and specifically concerning its influence on patient safety; discusses the accuracy of tort litigation in targeting the correct events; compares the system’s impact on organizations versus individuals as potential tortfeasors; examines the healthcare industry’s criticisms of the tort system, as well as the healthcare industry’s seemingly paradoxical affection for the malpractice litigation system; and reviews major malpractice reforms of recent decades and studies of their effects.
Legal Innovations to Promote Patient Safety—An Introduction
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“Legal Innovations to Promote Patient Safety—An Introduction” provides an overview of legal innovations that could be adopted to reduce iatrogenic harm and is an invitation to a wider effort to discover more. Healthcare exists within a legal infrastructure that can do more to promote safety. Improvement is possible: some healthcare organizations provide better quality and safety than others. Legal innovations should facilitate patient safety innovations: their discovery, validation, and dissemination. Effective law will be evidence-based. Its guidelines are to be interdisciplinary, intervene at optimal levels of generality, impose no more pressure than necessary, regard legal innovations as provisional, and need to be evaluated (and then retained or replaced as results suggest). The law could in various ways support: innovation registries, research, technological advances, industry efforts to coordinate desired improvements, clinical practice guidelines, standard-setting, regulation and engaged surveillance, systems, and so on. The law must also be prepared to motivate adoption of safety innovations by restructuring incentives.
Regulation and Engaged Surveillance
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“Regulation and Engaged Surveillance” focuses on the value in regulating certain aspects of medical treatment through effective government surveillance. Focusing on the example of auto safety regulation, beginning in the 1960s, broad scale proscriptive safety regulation apparently is prone to failure because of industry resistance, lack of government expertise, and absence of effective government oversight. If regulation is to improve medical safety it must be backed by close surveillance. Such an approach cannot succeed with the general run of hospital care as envisioned by proposals calling for hospital report cards. But it has been practical and efficacious in narrowly focused, risky treatment areas. The most successful example is New York’s Cardiac Treatment Registry, which drastically improved coronary artery bypass graft surgery, relying on careful government surveillance and sophisticated risk adjustment mechanisms introduced through the efforts of New York’s innovative Health Commissioner, David Axelrod. Other surveillance programs that should be considered include restrictions on the performance of certain risky procedures by less experienced practitioners (the Volume Pledge) and the use of checklist protocols in the intensive care unit.
Death in Life
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Everyone dies, and so we naturally associate death with the end of an individual life. However, life is much more complicated, and death is actually interwoven into biology at many levels. Normal development and life could not exist without the carefully regulated death of certain cells; that type of cellular death also serves as one defense against disease. Other cells wear out and die and must be replaced regularly. On a larger scale, death has influenced the direction of entire species. In fact, death has shaped all life through the cycle of life and death, both throughout time and in normal development. It affects our cells, our development, and our life.
Aging and Senescence
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Why do we age? Aging has been an important issue in biology for many decades, and many questions remain unanswered. However, any explanation of aging must agree with Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Genes that benefit fitness early on in an individual’s lifetime will be favored. Ones that hinder fitness early on will be selected against because those individuals will reproduce less successfully. Genes that have an effect later in life (after the reproductive years) are not subject to natural selection. Thus, the force of natural selection is lost later in life. Three key theories have been proposed to explain how aging might have evolved: mutation accumulation theory, antagonistic pleiotrophy, and disposable soma. These three main theories are not mutually exclusive. Finally, is aging simply another disease?
Genetics of Life and Death
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Longevity seems to run in families, and very old people are sometimes said to have “good” genes. There might be something to that. If there is a key to immortality, molecular geneticists may be able to find it. They recently began to explore the genes and other factors that cause us to age and eventually die and are finding intriguing hints of ways that death can be deferred, such as through caloric restriction, epigenetic techniques, and manipulation of telomeres and stem cells. Inherent in such studies is the concept that many of the diseases associated with aging, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease—the things that kill most people—may be symptoms of the disease of aging.
Death in Plants
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

Although some plants live for long times, they are not immortal. Like animals, plants eventually succumb to an insult and die. In addition, programmed cell death of various types is common in plants and is involved in plant growth, development, and response to disease. In abscission, a group of cells at the base of a leaf are programmed to die so that the leaf is released from the branch. A similar process releases fruit. Other forms of cell death are used to contain plant diseases and in wound responses. Because plant cells have a hard cell wall that is lacking in animal cells, some researchers have questioned whether plant cell death really involves apoptosis. Others suggest that in plants the process should be termed vacuolar death.
Bioethics
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

While most people would be happy with extending life span, the possibility raises significant ethical issues. Some concerns are directed at the issue of extending life itself. Should humans play God? Will the longer life be a healthy one? Others challenge various aspects of the research that is attempting to conquer diseases and conditions that threaten life or diminish its quality. Those experiments are not aimed directly at extending life, but might have the same effect if those diseases are ended. Examples of those experiments involve the uses of human cells, freezing embryos, and genome editing.
Future of Death
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2021

The future of death is hard to predict. Humans have certainly made great progress in extending life. Many diseases have been conquered. However, death might be thought of as like the Hydra of Greek mythology—whenever one head was cut off, another grew in its place. Antibiotics, modern sanitation, safer childbirth, reducing the amount of smoking, cleaner air, and more—all represent death’s Hydra heads that have been severed. As life span expanded, new diseases appeared, such as neurodegenerative disease, heart disease, and cancer. Other even more dangerous ones lurk nearby: climate change, overpopulation, nuclear weapons. As the second of his twelve labors, Hercules had to kill the Hydra. He did this by cutting off its one immortal head in the center. If aging is a disease, is there one immortal head or regulatory system that can be controlled to stop aging? Will humans be able to kill death? That is too difficult to predict now.
Old Norse Mythology
Authors: Lindow John
Published: October 2021

Old Norse Mythology treats the mythology of Scandinavia: the gods Þórr (Thor) with his hammer, the wily and duplicitous Óðinn (Odin), the sly Loki, and other mythological figures. They create the world, battle their enemies, and die at the end of the world, which arises anew with a new generation of gods. These stories were the mythology of the Vikings, but they were not written down until long after the conversion to Christianity, mostly in Iceland. The mythology of the Vikings was an oral mythology, without canonical or even fixed texts. Following contemporary research trends, this book recognizes that variation in time and space are to be expected, and it notes rather than tries to resolve inconsistencies. In addition to a broad overview of Nordic myths, the book presents a case study of one myth, which tells of how Þórr (Thor) fished up the World Serpent analysing the myth as a sacred text of the Vikings. Old Norse mythology also explores the debt we owe to medieval intellectuals, who were able to incorporate the old myths into new paradigms that helped the myths to survive when they were no longer part of a religious system, and it traces the use of the mythology in ideological contexts, from the Viking Age until the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

The world is urbanizing. As of 2018, urban space took up about 1% of the earth’s land and accounted for 55% of the world’s population, according to the United Nations, and the latter figure is projected to rise to 68% by 2050. According to some measurement methods, 85% of the world’s people now live in urban areas. Fifty years ago, only 33% of the world’s population lived in cities, and city dwellers numbered one billion, compared with four billion now....
Urban Space and City Living
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers a philosophical account of what is distinctive about urban spaces and urban subjectivity. It proposes four features distinctive of city life that concern dwellers’ bodies and how they use and move through space: (1) proximity and shared space with many people, including a wide and diverse range of strangers; (2) unpredictability; and (3) slow locomotion combined with (4) fast switching between skills, stances, and perceptual expectations, which requires a wide, fluid, and flexible set of metaskills for moving between skill sets. Drawing on empirical sociological literature, the chapter explores how city dwellers see and judge risk and safety, order and disorder. It also develops the notion of an urban territory, and explores how territory is claimed, used, and bounded through bodily micronegotiations.
Introduction to Repurposed Cities
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This brief chapter introduces the notion of a repurposed city. A repurposed city is one that was built to support one spatial order with specific economic, social, and political relations, but in which that spatial order has now collapsed, so that the city has to accommodate radically new uses, users, and purposes. In turn, residents have to find ways of using and adapting a material city built for something quite different. In repurposed cities, new dwellers must find ways of tinkering with urban spaces and reinvesting them with new meanings in order to use them in new ways. Their uses are constrained by the material forms of the past order, while conversely, they creatively remake those forms.
In Search for Meaning Through Survivors’ Memoirs
Authors: Duchin Adi , Wiseman Hadas
Published: October 2021

The authors studied intergenerational processing and search for meaning in families in which the Holocaust survivor wrote and published a memoir. Survivors’ writing of their traumatic narrative and the reading encounters of their children and grandchildren involve the search for meaning in passing on the family legacy. Survivor-writers and the second (child) and third (grandchild) generations in 12 Israeli families were interviewed. Qualitative analysis led to identification of two axes: family cohesion surrounding the traumatic narrative and familial communication about Holocaust experiences. Mapping the families along these two axes led to a three intergenerational family types: (1) high family cohesion and open communication, (2) low family cohesion and silence, and (3) partial cohesion and survivor–third generation open communication, with “knowing-not knowing” in the second generation. In the Israeli context, processing the tensions between the overt and covert legacies transmitted through the generations facilitates searching and creating integrated meaning for family members.
On Secular and Religious Politics of Belonging
Authors: Agbaria Ayman K. , Mustafa Mohanad , Mahajnah Sami
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the search for meaning and belonging of the Arab-Palestinian minority in Israel by discussing how belonging is framed in Arab politics in Israel. More specifically, the chapter maps and analyzes three narratives in the Arab politics of belonging: the romantic, the practical, and the visionary. The first advocates belonging to what the authors term a “lost paradise” of Palestine and Islam. This nostalgic type of belonging yearns for idealized places, times, and characters in the history of Palestine and Islam. The second narrative, the practical, defines belonging first and foremost as a developmental act, practiced at the community level through voluntary and charity programs. The third, the visionary, promotes belonging as an ideological position to be articulated and educated for at the national level. These three concepts are circulated and mobilized by both secular Arab political and Muslim religious actors but in different versions and to different extents.
Causal Powers in the Latin Christian West
Authors: King Peter
Published: October 2021

There were two main approaches to causal powers in the Latin Christian West. The first was pioneered by Peter Abelard, who linked causal powers with time and modality; this approach was developed in the succeeding centuries by philosophers like Robert Grosseteste, but eventually replaced by a new conception of modality and powers in John Duns Scotus. The second approach, pioneered by Anselm, linked causal powers with agency; in the late 13th century this led to a debate over causes and causal powers between Henry of Ghent and Godfrey of Fontaines, which was eventually resolved by John Duns Scotus, whose subtle analyses of causal powers, causes, and self-change became dominant. In the generations that succeeded Scotus, however, philosophical interest in causal powers, and causal explanation generally, seems to have declined.
Reflection
Authors: Casper Andrew R.
Published: October 2021

Religious images in the late medieval through early modern periods (roughly 1200–1700 CE) were more than manufactured likenesses of sacred figures. While official church doctrine upheld images as effective yet powerless visual signifiers for sacred prototypes, historical accounts often credited images with channeling miraculous actions, triggering mystical visions, healing incurable maladies, and even transfiguring and translocating before a viewer’s eyes. In other words, images conveyed evident powers that defy modern presumptions about images as inert objects of passive devotion. Not surprisingly, modern art historians, always quick to distance themselves from the stuff of superstition, are often hesitant to corroborate what early-modern audiences clearly accepted and expected out of their images. However, some recent contributions require us to consider more carefully than ever before if activated religious images are themselves sources of power, or if images are simply empty and transparent conduits for outside forces.
The Metaphysics of Powers in Kant and Hegel
Authors: Tolley Clinton
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the metaphysics of powers as articulated in the modern German idealist tradition, running from the Leibniz-Wolffians, through Kant’s “transcendental” idealism, to Hegel’s “absolute” idealism. These various forms of idealism are shown to share a common understanding of the nature of powers in general, as metaphysically distinct from what is merely ideal, and as possessing real existence over and above any mental ideas or representations—not least so as to serve as both the cause of, and the support for, the real existence of ideas themselves. Beyond these broad points of convergence on the ontology of powers as such, the chapter also traces out developments in the accounts of powers given in the various branches of metaphysica specialis (cosmology, psychology, theology). More generally, the chapter aims to revisit the question of the precise significance of the idealisms in this tradition upon the metaphysics of powers in particular.
Indian Buddhism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that the teaching of the Buddha, Buddhaghosa’s Visuddhimagga, and Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra are each plausibly interpreted as self-cultivation philosophies. For each, the existential starting point is that we are caught in a cycle of rebirth permeated by suffering caused by craving, something rooted in the delusion that we are selves or have an intrinsic nature. The ideal state of being is centrally the awareness that we are not selves or are empty of an intrinsic nature. This awareness—nirvana—is a state of peace and compassion that ends the cycle of rebirth. The transformation from suffering to nirvana is achieved through intellectual, ethical, and meditative disciplines, the spiritual exercises, namely the Eightfold Path or the Six Perfections. Though Buddhism denies that there is a self, this denial is connected to an understanding of human nature as consisting of five kinds of “aggregates” and having the capacity for enlightenment.
Pyrrho and Pyrrhonism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that Pyrrho and ancient Pyrrhonian skepticism (specifically, Sextus Empiricus) are plausibly interpreted as accepting a self-cultivation philosophy, though in somewhat different senses and with some qualification. For both, the existential starting point is an emotionally troubled life rooted in beliefs about the world, and the ideal state of being is a life of tranquility without these beliefs and guided by appearances. It is difficult to say what spiritual exercises Pyrrho thought were needed to achieve the ideal state: perhaps learning his philosophy and habituating ourselves to follow it. However, for Sextus, employment of skeptical arguments was the primary exercise. Since neither Pyrrho nor Sextus supposed we could make assertions about the specific nature of things, neither had a philosophy of human nature in a straightforward sense. Nonetheless, presentations of their outlooks betray some perspective on this (e.g., about the relationship between absence of belief and tranquility).
Classical Daoism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that classical Daoism (Daodejing and Zhuangzi) is plausibly interpreted as a self-cultivation philosophy. The existential starting point is a turbulent life disrupted by desires and fears rooted in a misunderstanding of the self and the world, exacerbated by the emphasis on the Confucian virtues. The ideal state of being is a life in accord with the natural, cyclical processes of Dao, a spontaneous responsiveness called wu-wei (nonaction). Both suppose that rational reflection and speech are obstacles to cultivation of the ideal state. Their spiritual exercises aim to destabilize ordinary reason and language through paradox, logical conundrums, stories, etc. to open the way to a more intuitive, meditative form of awareness of Dao. They regard our “self” as part of the natural patterns of change in the world rather than a distinct, autonomous entity. Understanding human nature in this way is central to living in accord with Dao.
Chan Buddhism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter argues that Chan Buddhism is plausibly interpreted as a self-cultivation philosophy (specifically Bodhidharma, Huineng, and Linji—and texts such as the Platform Sutra). Chan’s self-cultivation philosophy is partly similar to other forms of Buddhism. The existential starting point is suffering rooted in attachment based on ignorance about our true nature. The ideal state of being is freedom from suffering, that is, a life of wisdom (realizing no-self and emptiness), compassion, and tranquility. A distinctive feature is the analysis of our true nature as Buddha-nature. Chan is also noteworthy for its suspicion of rational understanding, its emphasis on distinctive forms of awareness, its stress on living non-dually without attachment, and its use of unusual techniques for cultivating enlightenment such as shouting, beating, and reflecting on strange conundrums known as gong’an (kōan). Chan is a philosophy that understands Buddhist Dharma through the proper development of awareness.
An Arctic Lens for American Migration
Authors: O’Rourke Dennis H. , Tackney Justin , Norman Lauren
Published: October 2021

The timing and mode of arrival of the first people in the Western Hemisphere have consumed scholars and the general public for centuries. Increasingly, molecular genetic data have become a common metric by which we reconstruct past events, while archaeology provides the “ground truth” of population history and migration scenarios. As more genomic data have become available, the genetic and archaeological records have become increasingly discordant, particularly with respect to the timing of population migrations and dispersals. Recent work in population genetics suggests that undersampling of genomes and use of genomes from populations with nonstable population histories may lead to estimation errors in the timing of population origins, source population sizes, and other population genetic parameters, likely increasing the discordance between the genetic and archaeological records. However, new archaeological and paleoecological evidence of human presence in northern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum holds promise to bring these disparate records of human history into closer concordance.
A Sociogenetic Approach to Migration and Urbanization in Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: David Randy E. , Dean Bartholomew
Published: October 2021

This chapter addresses what is termed “sociogenetic cosmopolitanism,” the dynamic interplay of social and genetic forces underpinning migration and urbanization. The constant movement of people and communities in Peru’s Huallaga River Valley is influenced by the variegated ecosystems of the Amazon, the vagaries of regional labor markets, and the exigencies of sociopolitical life in Peru. Four primary causes of migration in the Huallaga Valley are addressed: (1) environment and political economy, (2) infrastructure, (3) lifeways, and (4) violence and social upheaval. The consequences of modern migration and urbanization in Peruvian Amazonia include a marked transition in biodemography, an increase in genetic diversity markers, and a discernable shift in nucleotide-level population architecture. Profound sociocultural transformations, namely a move from rural and agrarian-based lifeways to urban, market-driven experiences, have accompanied such trends.
Theoretical Continuity, Approximate Truth, and the Pessimistic Meta-Induction: Revisiting the Miasma Theory
Authors: Tulodziecki Dana
Published: October 2021

This chapter begins with the pessimistic meta-induction (PMI), which seeks to undercut the realist’s alleged connection between success and (approximate) truth by arguing that highly successful, yet wildly false theories are typical of the history of science and shows how realist responses to the PMI try to rehabilitate this connection by stressing various kinds of continuity between earlier and later theories. It then goes on to argue that the extant realist responses are inadequate, by showing—through the example of the 19th century miasma theory of disease—that there are cases of genuinely successful, yet false theories that do not exhibit any of the required realist continuities. The chapter then suggests that this case is problematic for realists regardless of whether the miasma theory is approximately true or not.
What Can the Discovery of Boron Tell Us About the Scientific Realism Debate?
Authors: Hricko Jonathon
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the work in chemistry that led to the discovery of boron and explores the implications of this episode for the scientific realism debate. This episode begins with Lavoisier’s oxygen theory of acidity and his prediction that boracic acid contains oxygen and a hypothetical, combustible substance that he called the boracic radical. The episode culminates in the work of Davy, Gay-Lussac, and Thénard, who used potassium to extract oxygen from boracic acid and thereby discovered boron. This chapter shows that Lavoisier’s theory of acidity, which was not even approximately true, exhibited novel predictive success. Selective realists attempt to accommodate such false-but-successful theories by showing that their success is due to the fact that they have approximately true parts. However, this chapter argues that this episode poses a strong challenge to selective realism because the parts of Lavoisier’s theory that are responsible for its success are not even approximately true.
Structure not Selection
Authors: Ladyman James
Published: October 2021

This chapter argues that structural realism should not be thought of as a form of selective realism, because the latter involves criteria that ought to be applicable to our best current theories to select in advance what of their ontology will be preserved. Neither epistemic nor ontic structural realism (OSR) offer such criteria. Ontic structural realism is a metaphysics that also responds to ontological problems for scientific realism other than the problem of theory-change. These include the lack of a fundamental level and scale-relativity. The theory of real patterns addresses these problems, emphasizing the centrality of the idea of objective modal structure that makes OSR a form of realism and differentiates it from van Fraassen’s structural empiricism, making an account of causation and other modal aspects of scientific knowledge possible. The chapter concludes with some remarks about the relationship between structural realism and the historiography of science.
The Beauty of Baudelaire
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This book offers the first comprehensive close reading in any language of the complete works of Charles Baudelaire (1821–67). Taking full account of his critical writings on literature and the fine arts, it provides fresh readings of Les Fleurs du Mal and Le Spleen de Paris. It situates these works within the context of nineteenth-century French literature and culture and reassesses Baudelaire’s reputation as the ‘father’ of modern poetry. Whereas he is traditionally considered to have rejected the public role of the writer as moralist, educator, and political leader and to have dedicated himself instead to the exclusive pursuit of beauty in art, this book contends not only that he rejected Art for Art’s Sake but that he saw in ‘beauty’—defined not as an inherent quality but as an effect of harmony and rich conjecture—an alternative ethos with which to resist the tyrannies of ideology and conformism. Contrarian in his thinking and provocatively innovative in his poetic practice, Baudelaire fell foul of the law when six poems in Les Fleurs du Mal (1857) were banned for obscenity. In the second edition (1861), substantially recast and enlarged, the poet as alternative lawgiver made plainer still his resistance to the orthodoxies of his day. In a series of major critical articles he proclaimed the ‘government of the imagination’, while from 1855 until his death he developed an alternative literary form, the prose poem—a thing of beauty and an invitation to imagine the world afresh, to make our own rules.
The Poet of Resistance
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter presents Baudelaire as a poet of resistance, and under four headings: as contrarian, as artist and outlaw, as moralist, and as nomothete. It argues that for Baudelaire the role of the poet in society is essentially oppositional, an energetic contrariness that exposes the conformism and hypocrisy underlying contemporary public opinion. As a poet-artist, comparable with a painter such as Delacroix, he rejects the false constraints of prescriptive rule and normative fashion and theorizes art as deriving from individual temperament and an instinctive ‘innocence’ or novelty of vision, which nevertheless depends heavily on technical skill for its capture. Rejecting the antithetical objectives of didacticism and ‘Art for Art’s Sake’, Baudelaire looks nevertheless on poetry as a form of investigative moral discourse, and on the poet as a nomothete, articulating the nomoi (laws envisaged as simultaneously harmonic and moral) that govern the human condition.
The Poet and the City
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the role of the poet in ‘Tableaux parisiens’, where he appears as a conflicted flâneur oscillating between engagement and withdrawal, creative energy and sorry passivity. Here again is the poet as double agent: the mind’s eye seemingly catching random sight of the bizarre, and the artist constructing his dreamscapes with knowing craft. The traditional vatic seer has become the urban sightseer, caught in a dialectic of seeing and being seen, of solitude and solidarity. He is also the poet as painter of modern life, transforming ‘le Mal’ into verse tableaux: tableaux as visual descriptions, as frozen theatrical moments, as successive, proto-cinematic frames, and as prosodic displays in which disruption and fragmentation are recuperated within a new poetry of chaos. In ‘Tableaux parisiens’, as in Le Spleen de Paris, the poet confronts the challenge of reconciling the legislations of harmony with the lawlessness of life’s mess.
The Question of Intent
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines how the poet employs a range of conflicting voices, opinions, and personas throughout Le Spleen de Paris. It discusses how this polyphony has been variously interpreted as a reflection of contemporary political debates, as deliberate mystification, and as a form of antagonism. The chapter argues instead for an implied ambition to wean readers from reliance on authoritative pronouncement so that they may become lawgivers themselves—and thereby enjoy the beauty of perplexity and conjecture. The question of authorial intent is discussed with reference to Baudelaire’s dedicatory letter to Arsène Houssaye, and it is proposed that the unifying voice within the polyphony of Le Spleen de Paris is that of ‘l’Étranger’. The chapter closes with a discussion of ‘Le Mauvais Vitrier’ as an example of how the poet seeks to elicit multiple readerly responses in imitation of a kaleidoscope, etymologically ‘the means of seeing beautiful forms/ideas’.
The Poet in the World
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter switches attention from the poet as solitary dreamer to the poet as street performer. This is the man of the crowd who takes his imagination out into public spaces (the boulevard, park, fairground, or gambling den) and invests it in other people. The poet of Le Spleen de Paris is considered as a performer of masques, staging verbal spectacles of empathy with those who, like him, are different (‘Les Veuves’, ‘Le Vieux Saltimbanque’, ‘La Belle Dorothée’). He is also the poet as comic artist: the Étranger who resists ready-made thinking by sending up fairy-tale conventions (the fairy godmother, the loathly lady) and clichéd legend (the devil and his temptations), by turning political violence into farce (‘Le Gâteau’, ‘Assommons les pauvres!’) and the poet into a figure of fun (‘La Soupe et les nuages’, ‘Perte d’auréole’)—and the prose poem into an adult toy (‘Le Joujou du pauvre’).
The Conversation Management Approach to Investigative Interviewing
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter establishes the scene for the rest of this book. It begins with a brief definition of the conversation management (CM) approach to investigative interviewing, before explaining the psychology of investigation as a decision-making process. Having distinguished the two opposing ethical perspectives on investigation, the chapter then introduces the context for the creation and emergence of CM with a detailed description of the practice of expedient interrogation of suspects and expedient interviewing of witnesses up to 1993: the year that PEACE — the national investigative interviewing model framed upon CM — was introduced. It also investigates the evolution of PEACE, the subsequent emergence of the Achieving Best Evidence (ABE) approach to interviewing vulnerable and intimidated witnesses, and the Professionalising of Investigation Programme (PIP). Ultimately, the chapter concludes with a synopsis of research findings that underpin the effectiveness of CM and how we continue to develop our approach to CM.
Managing the Individual’s Response
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines how one continues to ethically influence the individual, and the course and content of the exchange, through skilled handling of the individual's response to your request for an account or your probing of the individual's account and the individual's response to your questions. It first considers the determinants of an individual's response before turning to the risks of ceasing to converse mindfully with the individual. The chapter then offers advice on how to manage the flow of verbal information, before turning to the management of responses indicative of the individual experiencing problems with attention and following the thread of what is being said. Having covered the management of extreme emotion and arousal, the chapter demonstrates how to manage a wide range of problematic and anomalous responses and disclosures (PARDs). Ultimately, it presents advice on how to manage the many forms of anomaly, “hot spot” behaviours, and confabulation.
Macroscopic imprints of ductile deformation
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

The fundamentals of structural geology are presented, namely, folds, planar structures (cleavage or schistosity, foliation) and linear ones (lineations), regarded as emblematic for geologists. Ductile imprints of folds, affecting stratified formations, combined with brittle imprints, often remain modest in terms of strain intensity. Folding is essentially inhomogeneous and often results from the buckling (bending) of the layers (or stratification) as a consequence of layer parallel compression. Folded structures are frequently accompanied by fractures. Hence they may be classified as brittle–ductile. They are mostly encountered at low depths and constitute the upper structural level of the Earth’s crust. Ductile deformation sensu stricto appears at the lower structural level. The macroscopic aspects of ductile deformations and their implications will be examined. The principal operating mechanism, crystalline plasticity, represents the mechanical aspect of deformation, sometime assisted by chemical aspects (pressure-solution). While homogeneous deformation constitutes our principal concern, heterogeneous deformation is often present, particularly when examined at fine scales. At low shear strain (γ‎ < 0.7, or θ‎ ~35°, equivalent to ~30% shortening), plastic deformation generally leads to a planar and a linear anisotropy strengthening with increasing deformation. At higher shear strain, any pre-existing planar structure becomes so stretched that it cannot be recognized. The new structure may be purely planar, purely linear or plano-linear. Lattice fabrics, appearing in rocks subjected to plastic deformation and resulting from deformation mechanisms at the grain-scale, are examined in detail in Chapter 6.
Rheology of the lithosphere and states of stress
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

What is the intensity of the (differential) stress that a rock may suffer before the onset of brittle fracturing or plastic deformation, as a function of temperature (hence of depth), and for different geodynamic contexts? This question is examined at the beginning of chapter. Then, several aspects are discussed, concerning mechanical anisotropy, either superimposed or inherited, and focal mechanisms of earthquakes. Finally, states of stress, and the important questions of stress concentration and orientation distribution, for example in front of the Indian indenter, are addressed. This is followed by a few stress maps in France and in front of the Indian indenter. They illustrate the power of the World Stress Map database maintained by the Helmholtz Center of Potsdam (Germany).
Practical exercises
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

Some structural geological exercises performed by geologists are presented in this chapter. Many of the practical problems are related to the orientation of planes, lines or principal stress directions. We have chosen to pay particular attention to the Mohr circle, used for analysing stress as well as strain, and to the use of orientation diagrams that allow the geologist to visualize structural data in 3D. Fractured outcrops and seismological data are presented under the form of exercises that help the geologist to document the state of stress associated with past or present geodynamic processes. The chapter ends with a very classic exercise based on the principle of Archimedes.
Models of Emotionality in Action in Religious and Lay Sources on Criminal Justice
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa
Published: October 2021

In Chapter 3, attention is paid to the way religious people presented emotions and Christian virtues, such as humility, penance, and mercy, as strategic and ‘manly’ tools to ensure that conflicts would not degenerate into feuds but instead engendered the repentance of the parties involved in them. It is argued that such a ‘practical’ model of behaviour presented by religious actors was at least in part appropriated by the Sienese government in political decisions such as that of banning violent games, which were very popular in medieval Italy. The presence of emotion-words in the Sienese legislation and court cases is also examined to show that the political elite had adopted a conception of feelings similar to that expressed by Mendicant preachers, and which imposed serious limits to acceptable forms of anger.
Conclusion
Authors: Zanetti Domingues Lidia Luisa
Published: October 2021

The Conclusion provides a comparison between the discourses of criminal justice described in the course of this book and other ternary models which have been suggested to explain the variety of possible responses to violent crime that are found in human societies across time and space. The outcomes presented in this work are interpreted in the light of current debates regarding the relative importance of nature or of nurture in influencing human reactions to violent deviance from community norms. It suggests that similar discourses of criminal justice might go through phases of resurgence, obsolescence, and change that can create totally different theorizations and practical applications, and even make them hardly recognizable.
{ Introduction }: Literature Confronts Physiological Psychology, 1860 to 1911
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

The Introduction asserts that between 1860 and 1914 a number of American authors wrote explicitly about neurophysiology and asks the overarching question of the book: What did they think they were doing? The answer is that they considered literary writing to be an important way of complementing and thinking about this science. Taking experimentation as a basic mode of thought, but also appropriating assumptions and methods from the improvisatory and admittedly provisional experimental physiology and early experimental psychology, these writers launched their own investigations into the neural reflex and its implications for artistic representation and into “nerve force” as a basis for understanding racial identity and sexuality. Engaged with scientists, before the erection of unyielding disciplinary walls, their faith in the cognitive capacity of literary writing for understanding scientific endeavor, I argue, may serve as inspiration for us to reintegrate arts and sciences, or once again acknowledge their fundamental interpenetration.
{ Epilogue }
Authors: Knoper Randall
Published: October 2021

The Epilogue extends the preoccupation with the reflex response—which survives from Marshall Hall to Gertrude Stein—into the pragmatist philosophical tradition as it developed in the thinking of John Dewey and George Herbert Mead. In a movement parallel to Stein’s experiments, and rooted explicitly in experimental psychology, Dewey, Mead, and their colleagues reconceive the “reflex arc,” incorporating into the deterministic mechanism a radical indeterminacy, and exploiting this creation as a metaphor to rethink social interaction. With Stein, they too supply a model—that borders on the literary—for intermingling science, experiment, physiological psychology, and workings of the imagination that far exceeds the confines of the laboratory.
Introduction
Authors: Young Alasdair R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter sets out the International Relations debate about the impact of international institutions on state behavior and the methodological challenges that have hampered it. Drawing on the emerging domestic-politics-of-compliance literature, the chapter specifies causal mechanisms through which the rationalist and constructivist motivations for compliance identified in the International Relations literature—retaliation, reciprocity, reputation, and legitimacy—might translate into policy change. It also establishes some expectations for when policy change is more and less likely to occur, which are tested in the rest of the book. It then introduces the volume’s analytical framework, which is designed to circumvent the shortcomings that have bedeviled the literature. The chapter concludes with an overview of the rest of the volume.