bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Mental Health During Emerging Adulthood and Their Association With the Success or Failure to Attain Developmental Tasks
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

Earlier research on the incidence and changes in mental health during emerging adulthood is inconclusive. Taking a developmental psychopathology perspective, the author shows that psychopathology is not unrelated to normative development. Based on the longitudinal data, the author shows the parallels between attainment of developmental tasks (in the domains of career and romantic relationships) and the course of depressive affect over this long period of time. Those who were successful in their career and established a stable and committed relationship reported a decrease in depressive affect over the years. In contrast, those who failed to develop a successful career or establish a stable relationship reported an increase in depressive affect. Employing an individual differences approach, three distinctive depressive trajectories were found: Stable Low, Intermediate and Decreasing, and Stable High. These trajectories mirror coping with developmental changes and are also associated with different future career, relationship, and psychological outcomes.
Emerging Adulthood Revisited
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

There is a dispute as to how to understand and conceptualize the instabilities of emerging adulthood. Unlike earlier approaches which took a “deficit” perspective, this book, based on a 12-year study, describes the active journey that young people might take and the ways they navigate through these years. This chapter summarizes the conceptual frameworks employed for understanding this journey. In line with developmental systems theory, the author describes how the unstable experiences, in fact, served as an arena for learning and progress. The author also shows that personality changes during the emerging adulthood years are part of a comprehensive process of progression toward stabilization. The chapter summarizes that periods of instabilities, and even regressions, during the emerging adulthood years can be part of developmental reorganization and might be aimed at finding and developing new forms of behavior that address the need and potential for change and growth.
Conclusion
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

The book concludes with a summary of the themes of all the previous chapters. It reiterates the call for open communities, founded on the values of moral and democratic equality, distributive justice, and substantive equal opportunity. It reflects that delivering on these demands is discomfiting, and it ends with a review of recommended solutions.
Transparency
Authors: Dancy Tatiana
Published: November 2023

What do we need to know about an algorithm to justify using it to make decisions about how to treat others? In all cases, we need to know how accurate the algorithm is, and how it distributes the risk of error. If the prediction is about what the decision-subject will do, we also need to know which facts influence that output. We can assess the former statistically, by quantifying predictive accuracy across datasets. And we can assess the latter counterfactually, by adjusting inputs to isolate statistically significant variables. We do not need to ‘open the black box’, in the sense of unpacking the code itself.
Epilogue
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

By way of conclusion, the Epilogue turns to a preliminary consideration of the enduring influence exerted by Vergil’s intergeneric maius opus on subsequent Roman poets. The chapter presents two case studies in miniature on the reception of Vergilian intergeneric poetics in Statius’ depictions of Elegy and Venus in the epithalamium for L. Arruntius Stella (Stat. Silu. 1.2.1–23) and in Ovid’s epitaphic commemorations of Phaethon (Met. 2.325–38) and Caieta (Met. 14.441–45). By drawing attention to striking and suggestive evidence from these pivotal passages, the Epilogue lends impetus to further contemplation of the profound impact of Vergilian intergeneric poetics on the subsequent literary tradition.
The AI Military Race
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

This book examines the complexities of creating a global framework to govern the military use of artificial intelligence (AI) by proposing inclusive and humane ways to forge cooperation. Three novel humanist conceptions are introduced: common good governance, transnational networked cooperation, and humanity’s security. This book is the first to survey the threats to peace in the shifting world order by investigating the current patterns and trends in the global use of and investment in militarizing AI and the development of autonomous systems. The author weaves in an insider participant-observer focus on the decade-long, high-level diplomatic attempts to set limits on autonomy in weapon systems—known as “killer robots”—and offers a path for the creation of an international treaty on autonomous weapons. The absence of global norms on military AI and unrestrained autonomous killing will have a destabilizing impact on peace and security by weakening the prevailing international law and rules of peaceful multilateralism. The consequences will be imperiled peace and security, weakened international stability, and a precarious world order. The study draws on earlier successful cooperation and international law-making in several areas: nuclear and chemical weapons bans, the protection of outer space and the ozone, nuclear testing, the Arctic, Antarctica, and the oceans. It offers an appraisal of the way that previous successes in global cooperation can inform the formation of common good governance on AI that is respectful of future generations and protective of human dignity and humanity’s security.
Minimal Theism
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter articulates a simple and flexible way of conceptualizing God—minimal theism—that is useful for the argumentative purposes of the book concerning growth in virtue and flourishing for those with ambiguous evidence for belief in God. According to minimal theism, God is the one who is the ultimate source of contingent reality, who loves each human being as much as anyone does, and who benevolently bestows each of the goods of each human being’s life to them. Minimal theism is shown to be compatible with, but not to require, versions of perfect being theism, omniGod theism, Maximal God theism, deism, pan(en)theism, ultimism, and classical theism.
Family and Feuding at the Court of James I
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The Lake and Cecil families became embroiled in a feud that rocked the court of King James I for several years. The families were connected through the marriage of Anne Lake and William Cecil, Lord Roos. The union soon faltered. In 1618, Lady Roos accused her husband’s step-grandmother, the countess of Exeter, of having an affair with Lord Roos and attempting to poison her. The countess of Exeter denied the charges and begged the king to intervene. The king investigated and referred the case to the court of Star Chamber, where both sides sued each other for slander. Soon politicians, servants, lawyers, foreign diplomats, ambitious career climbers, and others would get drawn into the maelstrom of the scandal. In Star Chamber, with King James as judge, the Lakes and Lady Roos lost and the countess of Exeter was vindicated. The Lake and Cecil scandal is one of several scandals at the court of King James. Although historians have studied other Jacobean court scandals, they have only briefly mentioned this episode. This book takes a longer perspective, investigating the entirety of the festering family feud for the first time. The men and women tell their own stories and explain the motivations for their actions. The focus remains on how people contextualized those stories, and why people reacted to them in the ways that they did. It provides a window into Jacobean England.
Meet the Families
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The Lake and Cecil families were both powerful, but not equals. The Cecil family was an established, rich, and influential noble family by the Jacobean period. The Lake family were ambitious newcomers, who did not hold noble titles. The Cecil family rose to power during the Tudor period, especially under the rule of Elizabeth I, when William Cecil served as the queen’s closest and most significant adviser, receiving a noble title and wealth. Thomas Cecil, earl of Exeter, was William Cecil’s eldest son, although it was his half-brother Robert Cecil who had the most political power in the early reign of James I. Exeter’s young grandson, William Cecil, Lord Roos, spent significant time abroad on educational travels, which shaped his ideas and religion, politics, and culture. Reports about his problematic behavior while abroad made their way to England. While Roos was abroad, his grandfather remarried a woman nearly forty years his junior. Sir Thomas Lake came from humble origins, but worked his way up into the royal administration during the latter reign of Elizabeth and the beginning of King James. He and his ambitious wife had a large family, and strove to improve the family’s standing.
Tangled Estates
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

When Roos left England illegally, he had taken cash and valuables with him, but made few other financial arrangements. His servants and debtors went unpaid. That meant that his wife, his in-laws, and his own family had to figure out what to do in his absence. They could not agree. The earl of Exeter and his son (Roos’s grandfather and father) accused the Lakes of tricking Roos and holding on to his property illegally. Lady Roos and her parents argued that Roos had deeded Walthamstow to his wife. After an interrupted attempt at mediation, the two sides went to court, utilizing Chancery as well as Star Chamber. Lake and Lady Roos tried to mend bridges by accusing bad servants of having caused the rift between the families, but the earl of Exeter did not agree with this construction: he blamed the Lakes directly. The main sources here are the legal records from the suits.
The Tales of the Summer of (Dis)content
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

When the Lakes and Cecils could not solve their disputes, Lady Roos began to tell dark tales about her experiences living at the earl and countess of Exeter’s Wimbledon estate during the summer of 1616, before Roos’s Spanish embassy, the riot at Cannons, and Roos’s flight. Lady Roos claimed she had discovered that her husband and his young step-grandmother, the countess of Exeter, were having an incestuous affair. Under the guise of medical treatments, the countess attempted to poison her twice to keep her from revealing the affair. The countess denied both the adultery and the poisoning, and instead described herself as a generous hostess and a pleasant summer at the luxurious estate. The chapter uses later Star Chamber court records to reconstruct the versions of events by the two sides. It also analyzes the accusations and puts them into the early modern context, specifically focusing on ideas about illicit sex, poisoning, medical treatments, and medical knowledge and treatments by women.
The Scandal Breaks
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the scandal that breaks as Lady Roos began telling others of her harrowing summer at Wimbledon. She claimed that Luke Hatton, an Exeter servant, had warned her that the countess of Exeter again might try to poison both her and her father. Sir Thomas Lake informed the countess of Exeter of these charges, and the countess went straight to the king and denied them all. The king and Privy Council investigated the matter but could not get either side to back down. Instead, Lady Roos produced two written documents, one purporting to be a confession of the adultery and poisoning, and another supposedly written by Luke Hatton, reiterating the countess’s renewed plans of poisoning. This is the moment when Lady Roos’s accusations against the countess became public, and news writers and court observers were reacting to them with shock, disgust, disbelief, and mirth. The chapter outlines and explains the context of the public reactions. As the king and council failed to mediate, King James finally decided that the case should be decided in court. This chapter relies largely on letters from court observers and those involved in the case.
Trials and Verdicts
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The famous Lake-Exeter Star Chamber trials took up the entire Hilary term session in January and February 1619. King James had decided to sit as a judge in the trials, garnering even more public interest in the trials. It was only the second, and the last time, that James sat as a judge in Star Chamber. James liked to be viewed as the just and wise biblical king Solomon, and he believed that judging these cases would allow him to do so. He was convinced that Lady Roos and the Lakes were lying and had made up fraudulent documents. Remarkably, Lady Roos had secretly already confessed to the king before the trial began. Although the Star Chamber decisions, or witness depositions, do not survive, the trials were so closely followed by observers that it is possible to follow the action day-by-day using abstracts of testimony and letters describing the proceedings. The chapter also discusses the witnesses in the cases, many of whom were servants, and the evidence and counter evidence presented. James found the Lakes and Lady Roos guilty, and the countess of Exeter was completely cleared. The Lakes and Lady Roos were heavily fined and imprisoned. Sir Thomas Lake lost his position as secretary.
Aftermath
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces the lives of the earl and countess of Exeter and Lady Roos after the trials. The countess of Exeter was completely vindicated and welcomed at the royal court. The disagreements between the Lakes and the Exeters continued. The earl of Exeter sued the Lakes and Lady Roos to recoup Roos’s property he claimed they still held. The court records provide evidence of the continued ill feelings between the families. Lady Roos remarried to a man of significantly lower socioeconomic standing, but kept her name and title. She and her husband set about taking complete control of Walthamstow, suing the trustees that held it for her. Ultimately, Lady Roos managed to take control of the property and then deeded it to her husband. She had no children in her second marriage and died aged thirty in 1630. All the major players in the feud, except for the countess of Exeter and the Lady Lake, had died by the early 1630s. The countess of Exeter outlived them all for several decades.
Epilogue
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

The epilogue presents the historiography of the Lake-Cecil feud and scandals, from the seventeenth-century foundational accounts to the present. Previous writers have only produced very brief accounts, based on limited sources. As a result, many mistakes and errors have been perpetuated over the centuries. The epilogue also briefly presents the author’s conclusions about the accusations of adultery, attempted poisoning, and fraud. Lady Roos believed that the countess was guilty of at least stealing her husband’s love from her, if not outright adultery. Lady Lake was convinced of the same. Sir Thomas Lake had nothing to gain to sue the earl of Exeter and tried to avoid it. In the end, he chose to support his wife and daughter, to his own detriment. It is not clear that there was ever any poisoning. Lady Roos was guilty of fraud, assisting in the production of the countess’s alleged written confession and of the Exeter servant Luke Hatton’s written statement. She committed this fraud because she knew she had to have tangible proof for anyone to believe her, and she had none. Lord Roos has been curiously absent in older accounts of the feud, but he was the whole reason for it. His irresponsible behavior and flight made it very difficult for his family and in-laws to solve the dispute in his absence.
Artificial Era
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The book presents a groundbreaking view of technology trends and their impact on society. It focuses mainly on the impact of Artificial Intelligence and human development through education and innovation. It introduces the waves of the Surreal Technological Progress during the Artificial Era, and announces a possible Artificial Cataclysm in the next years. There is an extensive debate about the positive and negative consequences of technological innovations. Thus, the book presents different opinions and statistics. It reviews concepts of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligence in general. Besides, it explains why many countries are developing an Artificial Intelligence strategy, and how companies and startups can acquire the technology. It investigates why technological jobs are male-dominated in several regions of the world and its consequences for society, considering gender gaps and lack of diversity. It also reviews educational paradigms that might help human development. It finally explains the human motivation for prediction, presents opinions and predictions about the future, as well as possible strategies to cope with it in a highly automated world.
Phronesis in Professional (Medical) Ethics
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

‘Phronesis’ has become a buzzword in contemporary Professional Ethics. Yet the use of this term conceals a number of conceptual controversies. This chapter explores three of those divergences: on phronesis as universalist or relativist, generalist or particularist, and natural/painless or painful/ambivalent. It also, fourthly, reveals tensions between Alasdair MacIntyre’s take on phronesis and Aristotle’s original concept. Turning the lens specifically to Medical Ethics, the chapter offers those four binaries as a possible analytical framework to classify and evaluate accounts of phronesis in the Medical Ethics literature. It argues that to make sense of phronesis as a putative ideal in Professional Medical Ethics, the question of which conception of phronesis is most serviceable for that aim needs to be answered. The chapter identifies considerable lack of clarity in the current discursive field on phronesis within Professional Ethics, and it suggests how that shortcoming can be ameliorated by a retrieval of (neo)-Aristotelian phronesis.
Difficult Decisions and Post-phronetic Pain
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

Phronesis oversees and adjudicates moral decisions in dilemmatic situations. But what happens after a phronetic decision has been made? The aim of this chapter is to refute the standard assumption that a fully phronetic decision is characterized by psychological unity and freedom from ambivalent emotions, without eliciting any post-phronetic pain (PPP). The second section shows that the absence of nonoptimal emotions after a phronetic decision creates a mystery for Aristotelian virtue theory. The third section examines three different, but unsuccessful attempts to save Aristotle’s face, by defanging the non-PPP assumption from within his virtue theory. The fourth section delineates the nature of the PPP (when it occurs) by arguing that it comprises a number of distinguishable emotions of moral sadness. The final section probes a number of resources within neo-Aristotelian theory that would allow us to reconceptualize PPP as beneficial to a certain extent, without fetishizing it as a pure blessing in disguise.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers some concluding and complementary reflections on the various hypotheses and suggestions made in this book. Special attention is paid to evaluating the incremental value of the neo-Aristotelian model proposed, from the perspective of Psychology, Philosophy, and Education, and to the role of phronesis in ‘the good life’. Additional reflections are offered about the very possibility of measuring phronesis. Final observations will also be made about the fruitfulness of the radically cross-disciplinary approach adopted in this work, and what lessons can be learned for further work on moral, intellectual, and civic virtues. Comparisons will be made with recent efforts at charting the terrain of virtue research, for instance by Fowers et al. in ‘Perspectives on Psychological Science’ (2021) and Wright et al. in Understanding Virtue (2021). The concluding section will address the question of where phronesis research should ideally head next.
Footprints of the ‘Outliers’
Authors: Ahmed Syed Jamil
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on colonial eastern Bengal, which in rough approximation is equivalent to modern Bangladesh, to ask who the female performers were in traditional and modern theatrical productions during the colonial period extending from 1757 to 1947. For the purpose of the chapter, ‘footprints’ denote traces of historical evidence, and ‘outliers’ stand for persons situated away or detached from the main body or system. The chapter draws on secondary archival sources, that is, previous research, historical documents, and publications. It proceeds in two parts: the first examines traditional female performers in general and the bāījīs and the khemṭāwālīs in particular, and the second, the ‘modern’ female performers in general and the beśyā-abhinetrīs (‘sex-worker’-actresses) in particular. The chapter ends by arguing that although the female performers were thoroughly entangled in patriarchal mechanisms, they succeeded in exercising their agency by combining their struggle for material needs with an ideological struggle against patriarchal values, through the deployment of cunning and beguiling subterfuges.
Labour, Infrastructure, Division of Labour, and the Position of the New Generation Women Performers in Kolkata
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Arijita
Published: November 2023

This chapter attempts to gauge professional theatre groups as institutionalized ‘collectives’ and explores the position of women workers. Through interviews of women theatre workers from different social, economic, political, and even religious backgrounds, the chapter tries to understand the gendered identities of theatre groups of contemporary Kolkata and attempts to comprehend if and how the feminine identity plays a role in deciding the nature of work and wages due to women theatre performers. The chapter further unravels different journeys of women theatre workers with a family legacy as well as those who do not come from such a privileged background.
Non-Canonical Questions
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

This book is the first to present a comprehensive theory of non-canonical questions. By ‘non-canonical’ questions, the book refers to question types that do not (only) request information from the addressee, but rather (additionally) tell us something about the speaker’s epistemic and/or emotional state (e.g., so-called can’t-find-the-value questions, echo questions, rhetorical questions, surprise questions). The present monograph makes a distinctly new contribution to the field. While there has been a lot of recent research on the formal semantics and the phonetics and phonology of both canonical and non-canonical questions, our knowledge about non-canonical questions in the syntax–pragmatics literature still lacks a comprehensive account that brings together various observations and accounts that have been discussed since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The standard view in the syntax–pragmatics literature is that most special interpretations of non-canonical questions involve syntactic projections at or even above the level of illocutionary force. This monograph argues that this approach is a mistake, and proposes instead a new theory of non-canonical questions where both their special pragmatics and their syntax, as well as in many cases their emotive component, can be derived solely from propositional-level operators that do not affect the illocutionary level of utterances and can be found across illocutionary forces. This account simplifies the syntactic analysis of non-canonical questions quite dramatically, and it is also able to capture some unnoticed data in the discourse behavior of those question types.
Technosymbiosis
Authors: Hayles N. Katherine
Published: November 2023

In this essay, Hayles aims to create a better metaphor with which to describe the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and its environment. This is of utmost importance to the feminist agenda. As Donna Haraway has argued, we do not ‘resort’ to metaphor but engage in wor(l)ding practices through our re-figuring of key concepts. Hayles argues that the metaphor of ‘technosymbiosis’ is appropriate for this task, because it connects the existence of increasingly powerful computational media to environmental crises while combating anthropocentrist perspectives on agency and intelligence. She uses the concept to argue that meaning-making is not only a human activity, because machines also create and convey meaning in computational processes with or without a human ‘in the loop’.
Making Kin with the Machines
Authors: Lewis Jason Edward , Arista Noelani , Pechawis Archer , Kite Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In this essay, the authors argue that heterogeneous Indigenous perspectives are the best way of approaching Artificial Intelligence’s (AI’s) ‘circle of relationships’ between human and non-human actors. Where AI design is often ‘human-centred’, this essay radically refuses the idea of a separate human species whose priorities trump that of its environment. Instead, it emphasises reciprocal and respectful interspecies relationships. In doing so, it holds feminism to its pledge to contest extractive capitalist logic by reframing AI as ʻĀIna’, or as land but not territory. The essay contests the industry’s emphasis on unfettered growth and scalability by urging for ‘good growth’ based on the knowledges and governing practices of Kānaka Maoli, Cree, and Lakota people.
AI in a Different Voice
Authors: Taillandier Apolline
Published: November 2023

Taillandier documents the creation of the programming language ‘Logo’, developed in the 1960s as an alternative way of teaching concepts in mathematics through computer science. She shows how, when designing Logo, programmers turned to feminist knowledge to rethink crucial aspects of artificial intelligence (AI). They redefined the desirable features of computer culture and the ideal profile of the computer scientist; they overcame divisions between the humanities and the sciences and between sensory and intellectual exploration; and they emphasised that computer languages and coding culture are always political as they are ways of gendering the world. As Taillandier notes, Logo’s limited success was partly attributed to the dominance of a masculinist computer culture. Regardless, Taillandier makes clear the value of remembering these radical developments in computer science, inspiring future ways of recasting the ambitions and significance of AI.
Shuri in the Sea of Dudes
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta , Drage Eleanor , McInerney Kerry
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to uncover and challenge the predominant portrayal of the AI engineer as a hypermasculine ‘alpha geek’. Taking as their starting point the aforementioned underrepresentation of women in the AI industry, they outline why cultural representations of AI scientists matter, before explaining the findings of their large quantitative study of a corpus of 142 influential films (1920–2020) containing AI. They discuss the key tropes that emerged from these films, before focusing on four key themes that are distinctly gendered and may contribute to the underrepresentation of women in the AI industry: first, the AI scientist as a ‘genius’; second, the AI scientist’s ability to gain mastery over life and death through the pursuit of ‘mind uploading’ and other forms of technological immortality; third, the association of AI with hypermasculine milieus, such as the military; and finally, the portrayal of female AI scientists as subservient or inferior to male AI scientists.
No Humans in the Loop
Authors: Wilcox Lauren
Published: November 2023

Wilcox’s chapter considers the dominant discourses around so-called ‘killer robots’, focusing specifically on the US military’s policy of the ‘human in the loop’. By insisting that any autonomous weapon must include a human controller in any decision-making process, the US military claims that the potential harmful effects of LAWs can be effectively controlled and mitigated. However, drawing on the Black and decolonial feminist thought of Denise Ferreira da Silva, and Sylvia Wynter, Wilcox demonstrates how the human-in-the-loop policy relies on a particular configuration of the ‘human’ that is always already undergirded by the power relations of gender, coloniality, and race. By framing the human itself as a technology, Wilcox demonstrates how histories of racial violence and colonial control continue to influence who counts as human, and which bodies are considered worthy of protection.
Techno-Racial Capitalism
Authors: Hampton Lelia Marie
Published: November 2023

Hampton uses the Black Marxist feminist political thought of Angela Davis and Claudia Jones as a foundation for their incisive analysis of how the modern technology industry is rooted in the exploitation of people of colour across the globe. Hampton argues that while Western tech companies pillage the most wealth the world has ever seen at the expense of racially oppressed groups, these groups remain largely poor with no access to capital, including the non-consensual data capital they produce. Hampton foregrounds the sociohistorical continuum between historical forms of violence and the contemporary exploitation of the technology industry, offering the term ‘techno-racial capitalism’ to conceptualise how technology reproduces racial capitalist structures. They analyse how the exploitation of racialised people worldwide underpins artificial intelligence (AI) and its multiple technical foundations, from hardware and software to data and AI.
Signs Taken for Wonders
Authors: Michele Elam
Published: November 2023

Elam argues that overlooked in most current debates over gender and racial bias, surveillance, and privacy in facial recognition technology is the already institutionalised practice of recoding ‘gender’, ‘race’, and ‘ethnicity’ as something written on the face or intelligible on/in the body. She argues that art is playing a crucial role in calling out so-called identification and ‘personalisation’ software, demarcating artificial intelligence’s (AI’s) problems as cultural challenges, not just technical ones. Her analysis of artist Rashad Newsome’s disobedient, Black, queer, vogue-dancing humanoids, Being and Being 2.0, explores art’s ability to historicise the technological practices that create race. AI need not be constituted by its distance from particular disciplines (the humanities) and demographics (Black, female). Art, Elam reminds us, has historically been devalued when progress is defined by new technologies of force and speed. Scientists need some awareness of the importance of artistic practice and the humanities in the development and maintenance of AI, particularly its ability to show how racial categories performatively make data intelligible.
AI that Matters
Authors: Drage Eleanor , Frabetti Federica
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Drage and Frabetti argue that computer code uses data to not only make statements about the world but also bring that world into existence. Drawing on the concept of performativity, arguably gender studies’ best-known export, they explain why we must view artificial intelligence (AI) as performative to understand how it genders and racialises populations even when it appears to be ‘unbiased’ or correctly functioning. In its reading of neural networks, ‘AI that Matters: A Feminist Approach to the Study of Intelligent Machines’ demonstrates that Facial Detection and Recognition Technologies and Automatic Gender Recognition never objectively identify or recognise a person (or their gender), as they claim to do. Instead, drawing on work by Judith Butler and Karen Barad, they merely comment on and annotate a person’s body in accordance with dominant social rules and perspectives. They present this framing as an intervention into misguided attempts to treat discrimination as an error that can be corrected by a better functioning machine.
Introduction
Authors: Dirst Matthew
Published: November 2023

The Introduction distinguishes the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering from the rest of Bach’s output, clarifies the scope of this study, summarizes the chapters that follow, and recommends additional resources for readers, including editions of the music. Bach’s lifelong fascination with counterpoint and fugue is contextualized with pertinent biographical information from his final decade. The Introduction also previews the book’s central message: that these late collections constitute Bach’s ultimate contributions to a musical subculture devoted to the cultivation of imitative counterpoint as a means of intellectual and tactile recreation. As such, the reputation of these works as “music for musicians” is affirmed.
Contrapuntal Pursuits
Authors: Dirst Matthew
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 explains the material components of late Baroque counterpoint and summarizes Bach’s aims, as far as they can be determined, for both the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering. The former discussion begins with the fundamental mechanisms of the eighteenth-century fugal style and continues through the various procedures and genres employed in both works, including multiple kinds of fugue and canon. It also takes note of the variable degrees of aesthetic value conferred on such things by theorists of the time. This chapter’s concluding section discerns Bach’s intentions for these late learned corpora principally through comparison to other collections of his own music.
Origins and Audience
Authors: Dirst Matthew
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 recounts the origins and initial reception of both works. Bach’s Musical Offering, as its name suggests, was a gift to an enthusiastic royal admirer. The famous 1747 meeting between J. S. Bach and Frederick the Great of Prussia emerges here as a beneficial moment for all concerned, with Bach inspired to compose an enigmatic compendium for immediate publication. The Art of Fugue, in comparison, came about through a more deliberative process over perhaps a decade or more. Focusing on extant sources, this chapter traces the compositional histories of both collections while noting how the extant manuscripts and original editions gave rise to considerable popular lore about the composer’s final years. The initial audience for this music, as this chapter also relates, comprised a modest though influential demographic of fellow practitioners.
Paying Tribute
Authors: Dirst Matthew
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 juxtaposes Bach’s idiosyncratic deployment of stylistic conventions in the Art of Fugue and Musical Offering against posterity’s equally imaginative treatment of these works and the compositional aesthetic they exemplify. The chapter’s first half revisits movements that incorporate elements of the noble French and the fashionable galant styles. These pieces illustrate how Bach adapted some of the most redolent musical signifiers of his era to peculiar ends, with significant implications for performance and understanding. The second half surveys posthumous transformations of individual movements and both wholes alongside homages of various kinds, from musical compositions to creative work in other media, while making connections to larger artistic currents and practices.
Introduction
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the main thesis that will be developed throughout the rest of the book: that musical pleasure arises from interactions between the perceptual/cognitive system and the reward system. Several important concepts are introduced that are necessary to understand what follows. First the issue of comparative neuroscience is discussed, that is, how to incorporate knowledge from other species to understand music. A second important topic is statistical learning, which refers to the ability to build up abstract knowledge representations implicitly via exposure to patterns that contain some regularity. Another critical concept is predictive coding. It is closely related to statistical learning and describes how the nervous system anticipates upcoming events based on past events, and it generates error signals when there is a mismatch. All these ideas will be revisited in subsequent chapters.
Communicating Between Auditory Regions and the Rest of the Brain
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

The auditory ventral stream interconnects areas of auditory cortex anterior and inferior to primary regions with structures in the inferior frontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and medial temporal lobe, among others. This pathway is particularly important for maintaining representations of sound patterns as they unfold in time. It therefore plays a critical role in the maintenance and retrieval of sounds in working memory, which in turn allows for invariant representations of sound categories to emerge. The ventral stream generates mismatch responses when unexpected sound events are encountered and hence plays an important role in predictive coding. Congenital amusia can be traced to a disruption of ventral stream functionality.
Hemispheric Specialization
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

Hemispheric asymmetries are often observed in the context of linguistic and musical processes. These specializations can be understood in terms of sensitivity to temporal and spectral sound features, which are critical for the perception of speech sounds and musical pitch patterns, respectively. The hemispheric difference results in efficient coding of these two most important classes of human communicative signals. At the same time, top-down influences can modulate the asymmetries driven by stimulus features resulting in a complex interplay across the two hemispheres. The anatomical asymmetries at both local and global levels, which likely underlie some aspects of functional asymmetries, are also discussed.
Music Recruits the Reward System
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

Positively valenced music results in activation of the reward system and is accompanied by modulation of psychophysiological measures. Enhancement of functional interactions between the reward system and auditory cortical networks is also observed as a function of the value assigned to music by the listener. These interactions are proposed to be central to experiencing pleasure from music by integrating cortical perceptual, mnemonic, and motor systems with affective valuation carried out in the reward structures. People who do not experience pleasure to music show a reduction in the functional coupling and anatomical connectivity between reward and auditory systems. Subjective liking responses to music can be modulated up or down by stimulation of reward pathways, which is accompanied by modulation of functional interactions between auditory and reward systems. Dopamine may play an especially important role in mediating hedonic responses to abstract stimuli such as music compared to biologically determined rewards.
Social Justice
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter emphasizes the central role of social justice in social work. It defines social justice as the realization of social rights, which is protected in the International Covenant on Economic Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). New social justice issues arise all the time depending on events around the world, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Even though the pandemic offered opportunities for global solidarity led by science, geopolitical infighting and fragmented action emerged and favored the educated, those with resources, and those with good health. The chapter explores how the difference in health outcomes by race and ethnicity resulted in questions about whether discriminatory practices led to disparate outcomes. It also elaborates on social justice issues surrounding race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality.
Economic Justice
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers economic justice, which primarily refers to the realization of economic rights. Economic rights generally cover the notion of workers’ rights, social security, social protection, protection of family, and the rights to an adequate standard of living, health, and education. Social and economic rights are included in national, regional, and global legal systems through laws, regulations, and constitutions. This chapter details the articles of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) that imply its interrelation with economic rights. It also covers the growing economic inequalities that exist today, which often result in the reduction of the political influence of those at the lower end of the income and wealth spectrum.
Varro and the Sabine Language in the De lingua Latina
Authors: de Melo Wolfgang D. C.
Published: November 2023

This essay investigates in detail one particular element of Varro’s cultural background: his understanding of the Italic language he calls “Sabine.” Thus it involves the issue of language contact as a more phenomenon that Roman intellectuals had to address and confront within the multilingual Mediterranean. Despite Varro’s reputation as a proud Sabine, he makes surprisingly few references to the local form of speech. These twenty references, which concentrate on loanwords, do not allow broad conclusions to be drawn about Varro’s view of the relationship between Latin and Sabine. From a modern perspective, he seems to be talking about a dialect of Latin rather than a form of Osco-Umbrian.
T(w)o Be or Not T(w)o Be?
Authors: Denecker Tim
Published: November 2023

This paper traces the development of the concept of the Latin “dual” number throughout the entire corpus of Roman grammarians. Inspired by the existence of this category in Greek grammar, Roman grammarians (e.g., Quintilian, Diomedes, Macrobius, and others) sometimes described a “dual number” as if it existed in Latin as well. In this case, the conceptual and terminological framework developed to describe Greek grammar has caused productive friction when applied to Latin. By tracing this idea from Quintilian to the early medieval grammarians, Denecker illustrates a range of strategies employed by grammarians to discuss an unusual linguistic feature, as well as changing views of authority and normativity.
Introduction to the Second Edition
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

The introduction reviews the edits, revisions and significant additions that comprise the Second Edition of Coercive Control as well as the rationale for restating the historical origins, political rationale and scope of the original model. It provides summaries of the argument made in the chapters and emphasizes the importance of addressing abuse in the context of inequalities.
The Proper Measure of Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the proper ways to measure abuse. The chapter explains that equating abuse with physical force permits instances of domestic violence to be identified and assessed on the basis of injury. But the violence definition fails to account for the disproportionate abuse reported by women, the role of repeat but low-level violence in abuse, the range of reported abuse experiences that are unrelated to violence and the numerous harms reported by abuse victims that are unrelated to physical injury. The chapter concludes by rejecting a current response to the failure of the prevailing definition, to “stretch” the meaning of violence to encompass sexual and psychological abuse, for example. The chapter explains that while stretching the definition may help extend social problem work to those excluded by a narrow violence focus, it also denies legitimacy to millions of women whose abuse is primarily sexual, social, psychological and economic.
When Battered Women Kill
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the case of Donna Balis, who was tried for fatally shooting her husband Frank at close range. A plea of self-defense was not available because the physical abuse Donna suffered was not imminent or life-threatening, and Frank was asleep when she shot him. Nevertheless, Donna Ballis successfully argued that she was provoked to respond by four years of coercive control. The chapter grounds Donna’s life history in her background as an Albanian immigrant in an arranged marriage, documents the major strategies Frank used to hurt, denigrate, isolate, intimidate and control her and shows the cumulative effect on her well-being from the first episode recorded just two weeks after her wedding in 1995 to the most recent. The key document in the Chapter is “the log book”; which Frank gave Donna to record how she spent each day. The chapter describes the dramatic trial and the aftermath, wherein she completed a college degree and became an outspoken advocate for the rights of battered women.
The Teresa Craig Case
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the coercive control defense of Teresa Craig who stabbed her husband Jack Craig when he was drunk in 2006. Most cases of wives killing their husbands involve physical abuse. Teresa’s case was puzzling because she and her son Martin exhibited no signs of sexual or physical assault. Instead, it was her husband’s coercive control that explained the nature and extent of oppression that Teresa and Martin suffered and that ultimately led her to stab him. The chapter discusses the case against Teresa, including the overwhelming evidence she had stabbed him and her admission she had done so; describes Jack’s coercive control over Teresa’s life and explains why the “liberty” harms inflicted justified her response.
The Crown v. Sally Challen
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the Sally Challen case, the first successful Appeal of a murder conviction in England in which the significance of coercive control was in public view. Sally Challen was released from prison in 2018 where she was serving a life sentence for murdering her husband Richard in a hammer attack in 2011. The Royal High Court of Appeals (RHCA) recognized that she had taken a life in response to what she believed were insults to her dignity and humanity caused by his coercive control. The chapter looks into Sally’s experience, behavior, and a possible retrial of a murder charge in 2018 in the context of coercive control. It notes that the Challen decision sets a precedent for broadening women’s defense claims in abuse cases and reinforces the efforts underway in numerous countries to restructure abuse crimes.
Serpents of Paradise
Authors: O’Shea Mark , Maddock Simon
Published: November 2023

New Guinea is the second largest island in the world and the largest tropical island. Its location at the western edge of Melanesia places it at a significant distance from American, Asian, and African snake faunas, and groups of snakes that are common in the rest of the world are either conspicuous in their absence (Viperidae) or relatively poorly represented (Colubridae). This has apparently allowed those groups that are present (hydrophiine elapids, Pacific boas, pythons) to speciate widely into the available niches. Although fairly remote, New Guinea and its satellite archipelagos exist at a biogeograpically interesting junction where elements of Asian, Australian, and Pacific snake faunas interact, together with a high number of endemic species and genera. In this chapter, the authors investigate the snake fauna of this region to explore the biogeographical influences at play.