bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny
Published: November 2023

It is necessary to start by considering the ethics of habitat creation. Habitat creation is regarded in certain areas as a universal remedy for mitigating adverse human impacts on the environment. However, this view is counteracted by some nature conservationists who consider that ‘faking nature’ is largely ineffectual and to be discouraged. A well-publicized example, where the arguments for both sides were given wide exposure, involved Oxleas Wood in south London. This large, ancient oak wood lay on the proposed route of a major road that would have cut the wood in half and resulted in the destruction of 8.3 ha of high forest. The Department of Transport, which was sponsoring the road, offered, in mitigation, to plant 10.2ha of new trees on farmland adjacent to the wood. The Department of Transport suggested that this ‘exchange land’ would more than make up for the lost woodland.
Promoting natural succession
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny
Published: November 2023

This is the approach to habitat creation that, where it is appropriate, appeals most strongly to ecologists. In its purest form it entails leaving the site to nature, so that a secondary succession can develop, which involves local plants and animals colonizing by natural dispersal methods. Some control may be exerted over the course succession takes through mowing or grazing, to arrest the development of woodland, but the exact outcome is not known in terms of eventual species composition, structure of the vegetation, or time scale. Not all sites are suitable for such an open-ended approach to design, but increasingly succession is being employed on parts of sites where recreation and wildlife conservation are the proposed end use. As this is a relatively recent approach, many of the mature examples are the product of neglect or failure of the planning system, which has, for example, allowed sites where mineral extraction took place to escape restoration work. A recent questionnaire to mineral planning authorities (Mills et al. 1995) revealed a trend in favour of natural colonization as a method of establishing ecological interest, so it is starting to be used as a positive technique.
Grasslands
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny
Published: November 2023

More than any other community type, grasslands illustrate the difference between ‘designer’ and ‘political’ habitat creation. Much of the substantial wild flower grassland establishment, especially in urban areas, might be classed as ‘political’, in that it is all about stimulating a public interest in and appreciation of wildlife (Baines 1989). In contrast are the schemes where ecological design takes precedence in an effort to expand the dwindling resource of flower-rich grassland, although on some sites attempts are made to combine these objectives. There are examples where each has succeeded in its chosen objectives and, equally, where many have failed.
The significance of the early cleavage pattern for the reconstruction of gastropod phylogeny
Authors: Jo A M , Biggelaar Van Den
Published: November 2023

In this paper a two-sided working hypothesis is proposed for the phylogenetic classification of gastropod species. On the one hand this hypothesis says that the characteristics of the early cleavage pattern of a species are a principal key for its classification. On the other hand it says that the early cleavage pattern of a species is a marker for its position in a phylogenetic system. This hypothesis assumes that gastropod phylogeny from ancestral to more advanced forms is associated with gradual changes of the cleavage pattern.
Anatomy And Affinities Of Lepetid Limpets (Patellogastropoda = Docoglossa)
Authors: Angerer Georg , Haszprunar Gerhard
Published: November 2023

The anatomy of the patellogastropod (docoglossan) family Lepetidae is still very poorly known. The only anatomical information is the short account by Pelseneer (1899), and current taxonomy of lepetid species and genera is based solely on conchological and radular characters (Moskalev, 1977; Okutani, 1987). The systematic position of the family is still doubtful, although a classification within the Acmaeoidea is likely (Lindberg, 1988). The lepetids share a very similar external morphology (limpets) and ecology (most species are detritivores in deep waters) with the extant Monoplacophora (Neopilinidae). Therefore detailed studies should reveal distinct similarities with these “living fossils” as well as distinct differences due to the bauplan constraints of the respective classes (Gastropoda versus Monoplacophora).
Contrasting developmental strategies and speciation in n.e. Atlantic prosobranchs: a preliminary analysis
Authors: Oliverio Marco
Published: November 2023

Any major evolutionary phenomenon, such as the origin of a new group or the radiation of a clade, has speciation as key event. Speciation has long been approached under the twofold perspective of the geographic ambit, and the mechanism of reproductive isolation underlying it. Presently, interest is growing into aspects related to adaptation. The life histories of the organisms involved play important role in the understanding of the speciation mechanisms. Marine prosobranchs have adopted several developmental modalities that can well be interpreted as adaptive strategies (Jablonski and Lutz, 1983; Strathmann, 1978a, 1978b, 1985). Particularly, the so-called ‘higher prosobranchs’ developed a planktotrophic larval stage as an important evolutionary novelty that greatly contributed to the success of caenogastropods (Haszprunar, 1988b).
Suprageneric Phylogeny In Scaphopoda
Authors: Steiner Gerhard
Published: November 2023

Scaphopoda are considered one of the lesser classes of the molluscan phylum and the most uniform class among the Conchifera. Rough estimates of the number of recent scaphopods suggest between 500 and 600 species (Steiner, unpublished), and according to Pilsbry and Sharp (1897) 300 to 400 are known to be extinct. These species form 40 generic and subgeneric groups in 10 families (Steiner, 1992b). The two ordinal taxa Dentaliida and Gadilida are familiar to most malacologists and widely accepted (Emerson, 1979), and recently, two suborders within the Gadilida have been established (Steiner, 1992b).
Introduction to the herons
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

Herons are recognized the world over. Their distinctive sleek figure, emphasized by their long legs and neck, standing erect against a wetland backdrop or perched in a tree at sunset, is a well-appreciated sight. Worldwide they are known for their tolerance of humans and, for many species, adoption of the human landscape. These birds are called by many vernacular names, some aligned with their taxonomy such as herons, egrets, or bitterns. Other names reflect a more local perspective, such as quawk or shitepoke.
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

Other names: Blue Crane, Blue Heron, Great Blue, Great White Heron (white birds), Würde mann’s Heron (dark-white intermediate), Blue Gaulin, Arsnicker in English; Garza Azulada, Garza Azul Mayor, Garzón, Garzón Azul, Garzón Cenizo, Garzón Azulado, Garcilote, Garcilote Ceniciento, Garzón Blanco (white birds) in Spanish; Grand héron, Krabye nwa, lajirond, Crabier bleu, Crabier radar, Crabier noir in French, Haiti; Amerikaanse blauwe reiger in Dutch; Kanadareiher in German.
Sumatran Heron Ardea sumatrana
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

It is a species that apparently is adversely affected by human disturbance, as evidenced by its occurrence primarily in remote forests. Human traffic and movement of domestic animals cause disturbances in the forest. In addition, birds are likely at risk from hunting of all sorts. Local people kill birds at the nest, obtaining them using long bamboo poles. It is likely that hunting has been a principal cause of loss of individuals. The species is endangered (Kushlan and Hafner 2000, IUCN 2003).
Cattle Egret Ardea ibis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

The Purple Heron is a bird adapted to and dependent on a very specific habitat—dense reed beds. Its long toes, short tarsus, thin body and head, and long bill can be seen as adaptations for living in this habitat (Boev 1988a). It feeds by solitarily waiting patiently for prey or by Walking slowly over and through the reeds. It is also a diet specialist and is among the most morphologically specialized of European herons for fish eating (Boev 1989). Together, these characteristics indicate that it has among the narrowest of ecological niches of the typical herons.
Eastern Reef-Heron Egretta sacra
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

The species is vulnerable (IUCN 2003). It was upgraded from Endangered in 1994 owing to the discovery of Korean and Chinese colonies and the Philippine wintering grounds. But with fewer than 3400 birds and its habitat under immediate threat, it truly remains a heron of great concern. It is protected or listed in Russia, South Korea, China including Taiwan. An immediate conservation action plan for this heron is needed. All major colony sites, their intertidal feeding sites, and important wintering sites need to be protected, but especially the sites in North and South Korea, China, and the Philippines.
Striated Heron Butorides striata
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

Other names: Little Heron, Green-backed Heron, Little Green Heron, Red Heron, Mangrove Heron, Red Mangrove Heron, Red Mangrove Bittern, Johnny Mangrove, Mangrove Jack, Thick-billed Heron, Galapagos Heron, Lava Heron in English; Garcita Verde in Spanish; Socozinho in Portuguese; Heron vert in French; Streifenreiher in German; Mangrovereiger in Dutch; 1,:,>“b 8”8” in Russian; Kokokan laut in Indonesian; Bakaw in Pilipino, Bakaw Itim in Tagalog (Philippines); Sasagoi in Japanese Lü lu in Chinese.
Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

The Yellow-crowned Night-Heron is an intriguing species, in that it shows the most specialized development among crab-eating herons. Its stout, strong bill is used for catching and handling these hard-bodied and somewhat threatening prey.That the bill is geo- graphically variable is thought to be an evolutionary response to the size of prey. Island populations eat relatively large prey, such as land crabs. Other populations eat smaller and softer prey, such as inland cray-fish.
Rufous Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

close proximity to humans. It has three separate lines of food: fish, insects, and frogs, which can vary in importance depending on their availability. It is a species that takes advantage of a varied and change- able array of food—a food generalist. The Black- crowned Night-Heron is adaptable not only in food and nesting, but in its travels. A strong dis- persal tendency brings it to places outside the nesting range, which can ensure colonization of likely locations.
South American Bittern Botaurus pinnatus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

within a season are all very unusual among herons. This is a species that could reveal new elements of heron behaviour. Range-wide, year-round surveys of its annual occupancy of potentially suitable habitat need to be carried out to provide the basis for a conservation strategy. The situation is much like that in the Japanese Night- Heron. So little is known of this heron that much of its basic biology is speculative and it is not certain what constitutes the essential characteristics of a nocturnal low- to mid-elevation wet forest heron.
Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

important information to clarify its continent-wide movements. Seasonal, individual, sexual, and developmental changes in soft-part colours are poorly understood. Additional study is needed to assess these individual differences. The Dwarf Bittern is a forest bittern, and one that appears to be to take advantage of ephemeral food supplies. One such habitat is seasonally flooded pans, which dry out in the dry season. When the rains come, birds find the pans. The bitterns build their nest and lay the clutch quickly, have a short incubation period, perhaps synchronous hatching, and chicks develop quickly and soon leave the nest.
Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Tigrisoma mexicanum
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

Other names: Cabanis Tiger Heron, Mexican Tiger Heron, Mexican Tiger Bittern in English; Avetigre Mejicana, Garza Tigre, Garza-tigre Gorjinuda, Garza-tigre Cuellinuda in Spanish; Onoré du Mexique in French; Nacktkehlreiher in German. Tigrisoma mexicanum Swainson, 1834. In Mur- ray’s Encyclopedia of Geography, p. 1388: Read del Monte (Hidalgo), Mexico. The Bare-throated Tiger-Heron is a medium, cryp- tically coloured heron, with a green face and throat.
Boat-billed Heron Cochlearius cochlearius
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A
Published: November 2023

Any information on its biology would be valuable. Surveys need to be undertaken to determine the distribution and density of the species within its habitat and its habitat requirements. Studies are needed on its status and distribution, its basic boil ogy and ecology in order to understand its conservation needs. The White-crested Tiger-Heron is a stream-side heron of the African tropical rain forest. It uses various aquatic habitats, including small streams or swamps within the forest, gallery forests along rivers, and mangrove-lined streams on the coast.
Introduction
Authors: Cartledge Bryan
Published: November 2023

On 3 May 1995, the eve of the fiftieth anniversary of VE Day, some two hundred people gathered in the magnificent gardens of St Hugh’s College, Oxford, to enjoy tea, sunshine, and the music of the band of the Light Infantry. Among them were 35 elderly men who, although coming from widely differing social and occupational backgrounds, had a great deal in common. They were all veterans of World War II; they had all sustained serious head injuries while on active service; they had all been treated in the St Hugh’s Military Hospital whose hutments had covered the gardens during and until shortly after the war; and they had all benefited from continuous contact, over half a century, with the Head Injury Advice Bureau which Professor Ritchie Russell, the eminent neurologist, had established in Oxford before the war ended. The occasion was a reunion of comrades in arms who had successfully overcome a common misfortune; and also marked the formal deposit in the St Hugh’s College Library of the invaluable medical records which Ritchie Russell’s Bureau had assembled over the years. It was the latest episode in a remarkable Oxford story which has direct relevance to the themes of these Linacre Lectures on ‘Mind, Brain, and the Environment’.
Meeting of Minds: the Import of Family and Society
Authors: Clare Anthony W
Published: November 2023

Professor Anthony Clare took his medical degree at University Col lege, Dublin and undertook his psychiatric training at St Patrick’s Hospital in the same city. He was appointed Psychiatric Registrar at the Maudsley Hospital, London in 1970 and became Senior Registrar three years later. He then moved to the Institute of Psychiatry to undertake research and was appointed Senior Lecturer there in 1980. In 1983, he became Professor and Head of the Department of Psychological Medicine at St Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School; six years later, he returned to his native Dublin to take up his present posts of Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Trinity College and Medical Director of St Patrick’s Hospital. Since 1980, Professor Clare has been a regular broadcaster on radio and television: his two radio series In the Psychiatrist’s Chair and All in the Mind have become media classics. He has also published extensively and his book Psychiatry and Dissent (1976) has achieved classic status. Professor Clare played a prominent part in Ireland’s national debate about the reform of laws on divorce.Our ideas about the brain and the mind reflect the science and the politics of the era in which we live. The very cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex are sculpted by inputs from the social environment because socialization shapes the essential human attributes of our species. In practice, most of us, save perhaps the most incorrigibly reductive, conceptualize human life, our own and that of others, in terms of an interaction between the extraordinary organic computer that is the human brain and the equally complex, multifaceted organism that we term society.
X-ray crystallography: an introduction
Authors: Glusker Jenny P , Domenicano Aldo
Published: November 2023

The chemist would like to be able to visualize molecules and the atoms in them and so obtain a direct three-dimensional view. For example, when considering reaction mechanisms it is difficult to determine the extent of steric hindrance or the accessibility of functional groups if one does not have a three-dimensional view of the system. The electron microscope can, as was shown, for example, by Labaw and Wyckoff (1958), be used to view macromolecules such as those of viruses. It can also be used to image the lattice defects in certain stable inorganic compounds (Iijima 1973). But when one needs precise geometrical data on molecules, an excellent method to choose is an analysis of the X-ray or neutron diffraction patterns obtained from single crystals of the substance of interest. The result of such an analysis is a vast wealth of data on the relative positions of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystal, and a measure of the variability of these positions.
Diffraction studies of molecular motion in crystals
Authors: Trueblood Kenneth N
Published: November 2023

Debye (1913) recognized almost immediately after the discovery of X-ray diffraction that diffraction experiments could make possible determination of the mean-square vibration amplitudes of atoms in crystals. Until the advent of high-speed computing in the 1950s, however, it was not possible to determine atomic vibration amplitudes sufficiently well to permit analysis of the motion of molecules in crystals. Then, in a remarkable series of papers, Cruickshank showed how to determine parameters to describe the anisotropic motion of atoms (Cruickshank 1956a), how to use these parameters to describe rigid-body motion of molecules (Cruickshank 1956b), and how to correlate this motion with the thermodynamic and spectroscopic properties of molecular crystals (Cruickshank 1956d, e, f). Furthermore he showed (Cruickshank 1956c, 1961) that librational molecular motion (i.e. rotational oscillation) could lead to apparent foreshortening of intramolecular distances, an important conclusion reached independently by Busing and Levy (1957, 1964).
Crystallographic databases: retrieval and analysis of precise structural information from the Cambridge Structural Database
Authors: Allen Frank H
Published: November 2023

X-ray crystallography is the most widely used technique for the study of molecular structure at atomic resolution. Developments in theory, instrumentation and computer technology, described in earlier chapters of this volume, have led to a dramatic increase in the number of diffraction analyses over the past twenty years. A single-crystal study now takes days rather than months with the result that X-ray analysis is now a method of choice rather than a method of last resort. This is borne out by the data embodied in Table 15.1 and Fig. 15.1: over 100 000 full three-dimensional analyses have been reported in the literature, over 50 per cent of these have been published since 1980. The improved precision of routine data collection methods has also led to significant improvements in the precision of the resultant structures.
The importance of accurate structure determination in organic chemistry
Authors: Wipff Georges , Boudon Stéphane
Published: November 2023

Structural information is essential in chemistry not only for determining the geometrical arrangement of atoms within a molecule or a crystal, but also because every structure may tell us something about the electron distribution, the type and properties of bonds connecting the atoms in their potential energy minima, and, to some extent, about their reactivity (Dunitz 1979). Chemists have not waited for structure determinations to develop a structural theory of the chemical bond and to write down chemical formulae which account for the reactivity and the presumed structure of molecules. It has been a great success of chemical reasoning to think in terms of structure before it had been established by physical methods. In many cases, these formulae and speculated structures derived by deductive reasoning from chemical phenomena correspond closely to the observed atomic arrangements; a detailed example is given in Chapter 1.
Structure correlations, reaction pathways, and energy surfaces for chemical reactions
Authors: Ferretti Valeria , Dubler-Steudle Katharina C , Bürgi Hans-Beat
Published: November 2023

The use of spectroscopy and diffraction experiments, of ab initio MO and molecular mechanics calculations to study molecular structure has been described in detail in Chapters 3-14. These techniques are based on the elementary physical laws describing the interactions of nuclei, electrons, neutrons and electromagnetic radiation and, at least in principle, on a theoretical definition of the concept of molecular structure, namely the Born-Oppenheimer energy surface (Chapter 2). Over the years a host of information on equilibrium structures and molecular vibrations, mainly in the solid and gaseous states, has accumulated and part of it is compiled in several data banks (Chapter 15). The information is of a physical nature in so far as it is being obtained by physical methods and to the extent that it pertains to individual compounds.
Effect of crystal environment on molecular structure
Authors: Bernstein Joel
Published: November 2023

In a book on accurate molecular structures, it seems appropriate to address the problem of the effect of crystal forces on molecular geometry. Perhaps we should inquire at the outset as to whether there is a problem at all. Many of the previous chapters in this book have introduced a variety of techniques for the theoretical study and experimental determination of molecular structure in various media. Certainly the most widely used experimental technique today is X-ray crystallography and the information obtained from crystal structure analyses is often used directly to interpret and understand molecular phenomena which take place in media and molecular environment differing significantly from that of the molecule in the crystal. As a result, the molecular geometric parameters found in the crystal may, and often do, differ from those determined experimentally by other methods; likewise they may differ from the results of theoretical treatments in which we have sufficient basis for confidence in our models and methods to provide us with reliable information on the geometry of molecules.
Structural variability in metal cluster compounds
Authors: Albano Vincenzo G , Braga Dario
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the rationalization of some structural characteristics of the transition-metal cluster compounds containing carbon monoxide as principal ligand. The discussion has been confined to a few (in our opinion) relevant topics with the aim of developing them in some depth. This choice is made necessary by the enormous structural variability shown by the organometallic solid-state chemistry with respect to the type of molecules found in the organic area. Attention will also be focused on some aspects of the interplay between the molecular geometry determined by X-ray diffraction and the structural information obtainable by spectroscopic techniques.Metal cluster species are among the largest organometallic molecules currently studied, an average structural study usually implying treatment of several tens, if not hundreds, of atoms, a relevant proportion of which are transition metals (Chini et al. 1976). The size and nature of these molecules represent by themselves an a priori drawback for research work aimed at a high level of accuracy. It is hardly necessary to point out that some of the usual problems (absorption, anomalous dispersion, crystal decay, etc.) crystallographers are used to facing in the course of their work, are often considerably aggravated when large numbers of heavy atoms are present (Angermund et al. 1985). Last but not least, the light atoms make a limited contribution to the total scattering power of these molecules.
Cancer: radiotherapy
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G
Published: November 2023

Both normal and malignant cells are sensitive to high energy radiation. Although a long-term effect of high energy irradiation can be cancer induction, such radiation can also be used to treat cancer. Cancer is characterized by a pro gressive accumulation of malignant cells and the object of radiotherapy is to sterilize cancer cells so that they lose their capacity for unlimited proliferation. One of the important aims of radiation chemical and radiation biological studies is to provide information which may lead to the optimization of radiotherapy.
Oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and water
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we spend some time with the system O2, O.  2  -HO.  2, HO-  2, H2O2, .OH, and H2O. This is because these simple chemical entities are at the heart of a wide range of important biological processes (see Fig. 3.1 for the four-electron reduction of 02), which often centre around iron.
The Fenton reaction
Authors: Symons M C R , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5 we at last look the famous ‘Fenton reaction’ squarely in the face, by outlining the two major alternative mechanisms that are currently proposed. In section 5.5 we do our best to support the "OH radical as the major intermediate, whilst in Section 5.6 the case for Fe(IV) is outlined. Attention is then given to other metals, especially copper, and to other peroxides besides H202. In Section 5.9 possible reactions of the primary organic radicals are discussed. The difficult problem of Fenton processes occuring in membranes is then faced in Section 5.10. We end with a discussion of the Haber-Weiss process and some of the alternatives, and in a final tailpiece (‘coda’) we consider ways in which Nature protects against these reactions. (This aspect is fully described in Part II, Chapter 7.)
Critical Heat Flux in Flow Boiling
Authors: Whalley P B
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 16 (see, for example, Fig. 16.2) it was seen that the heat transfer coefficient in flow boiling could fall rapidly and the wall temperature increase rapidly at some point along the heated channel. This phenomenon is known by many names, none of them entirely satisfactory.
Mixture Effects in Boiling
Authors: Whalley P B
Published: November 2023

The boiling of a mixture of liquids can exhibit significant differences from boiling of a single, pure component. For example, the pool-boiling curves for a mixture and for a pure liquid with the same physical properties (‘the equivalent pure fluid’) are shown in Fig. 18.1. The following points can be noted.
In-parallel Actuation I: Simple and Direct
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H
Published: November 2023

In-parallel actuated devices, often erroneously said to be recent developments, have a pedigree far more ancient than that of the serial robot-arms examined in earlier chapters. One precursor is the common adjustable tripod used by surveyors and, more recently, by photographers; it comprises a small triangular platform with straight supporting-legs of variable length which are hinged to it along its three sides. With the pointed feet well splayed out and firmly located on the ground, the platform can be raised, levelled, or tilted as desired by sliding the joints on the legs and then locking them. The tripod is light, yet sturdy; it is an ideal mount for a precision instrument. Nobody would ever have given a moment’s thought to designing an adjustable stand for a theodolite, say, along the lines of a serial robot-arm.
Circuit Description of Single Waveguide Structures
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to derive the circuit model of an arbitrary single waveguide structure starting from the Maxwell equations which govern the electromagnetic behaviour of the structure. The circuit model is associated with the fundamental mode of the waveguide structure. The model must be extended in the case when the waveguide structure behaves as a multimode waveguide. However, this extension is not addressed in this book.
Circuit Description of Two Coupled Lossless Waveguide Structures
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 the circuit model for a general waveguide structure supporting a single fundamental mode was derived. The circuit model is based upon the power equivalence and circuit principles. In the present chapter these two principles will be applied to construct the circuit model of two coupled lossless waveguide structures. The extension of the approach for single waveguide structures to two coupled waveguide structures was first presented in [1] The general case of an arbitrary number of coupled lossy or lossless waveguide structures will be discussed in Chapter 4.
General Introduction to the Full-Wave Analysis of Multiconductor Lines in a Planar Stratified Medium
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël
Published: November 2023

In the first part of this book we examined in detail how a circuit model can be derived for a set of multiconductor transmission lines. The discussion was restricted to the propagating fundamental modes. The equivalent circuit model turned out to be a set of coupled transmission lines. The relation between the typical circuit quantities, that is, voltages, currents, (coupling) impedances, and signal velocities, and the original field quantities, that is, the modal fields 2.nd associated modal propagation constants, was determined.

For microstrip and stripline types of multiconductor structures the circuit models are based on the modal propagation constants, on the power propagated by the actual structure, and on the total longitudinal current flowing along each conductor. The modal propagation constants also become the propagation constants of the modes in the circuit model. The power equivalence principle ensures that the complex power propagated by the waveguide structure is the same as the one propagated by the circuit model. Finally, we identified the total longitudinal current flowing along each conductor with the circuit current. In this way we arrived at the power-current definition of the impedances.
Infinitely Thin Strip Transmission Line Structures
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël
Published: November 2023

Single and coupled strip transmission line structures of which the microstrip is the best-known example are widely used in circuit design. A large body of literature has been devoted to the quasi-static and full-wave analysis of the circuit parameters of these structures. For an overview of the different quasi-static techniques used for microstrip design and the presentation of the most advanced techniques we refer the reader to [1] and [2].
Conditions Influencing The Performance Of Boiling And Condensing Systems
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter consideration will be given to methods of improving the performance of boiling and condensing heat transfer surfaces. Two aspects will be considered; firstly, methods of improving the heat transfer coefficient in boiling and condensing systems, and secondly, methods of increasing the critical heat flux for a boiling system. The latter part of the chapter is taken up with the problem of including the non-linear behaviour of the boiling side heat transfer characteristic in design methods and also a short comment on the related problems of corrosion and deposition in boiling systems, and their interaction with the hydraulic and thermal characteristics.
Contact-impact Problems with Material non-linearities
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, it was assumed that contact bodies consist of linearly elastic materials. The linearly elastic material model is valid for most materials only under a certain loading level. When the stress or the strain within the material reaches a certain level, the deformation of the material will no longer be linearly elastic, and non-linearly elastic and/or plastic deformation will occur. With plastic deformation, the stress–strain relation is no longer unique and will depend on the deformation history. In fact, even when the global deformation of a structure can be regarded as elastic, local plastic deformation can often be found in the structure. This is especially true when contacts are present, since contacts can often produce high local pressures on contacting boundaries as can be seen from some examples in the preceding chapter. More importantly, many contact-impact problems of great interest involve plastic deformation. In metal-forming processes, for example, plastic deformation of the workpiece is involved without exception. Another important case in which plastic deformation is involved is structural crashworthiness analysis in which structures are often subjected to heavy loadings. Owing to their practical importance, contact-impact problems involving plastic deformation are now considered in this chapter.
Contact-impact Problems with Large Displacements and Large Rotations
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 4 to 6 it was assumed that contact bodies undergo only small displacements and thus small rotations and small deformation. Consequently, we restricted ourselves to only a special class of contact-impact problems. In engineering applications, however, there are many extremely important contact-impact problems that cannot be included in that special class. In metal-forming processes, for example, workpieces may undergo quite large displacements, large rotations, and large deformation. Thus the behaviour of the workpiece presents both geometric non-linearity and material non-linearity. Many assumptions made in Chapters 4 to 6 no longer apply. Instead, we have to use the more general formulation in Chapter 3.
Miscellaneous Topics
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

We have discussed several important aspects of contact-impact problems, to each of which a whole chapter was devoted. There are, however, other topics which can be important in some engineering applications but have not been discussed or have not been discussed sufficiently in the previous chapters. As examples of those topics, we mention dynamic relaxation techniques, explicit — implicit procedures, adaptive meshes and re-zoning techniques, and vectorization and multitasking. These aspects can be crucial for some engineering applications, especially when the problem scale is large and complicated, and the deformation of the contact system is severe, as in the crashworthiness analysis of engineering structures and in the numerical simulation of metal-forming processes. Thus, this chapter is devoted to discussion of those topics which have received intensive study by many researchers as indicated by numerous publications. A comprehensive study of the topics cannot be contained in a single chapter and our discussion here will be brief and will only concern basic ideas and main procedures. Sample references to research work on these topics will be given when appropriate.
Bitransmission Lines For Full-Wave Fields
Authors: Olyslager Frank
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the natural extension of the previous three chapters. It is devoted to the representation of a general bianisotropic waveguide at arbitrary frequencies by transmission lines. In the previous chapter it was seen that the quasi-TEM analysis of electric bianisotropic waveguides yielded bitransmission lines. Hence, it is no surprise, that for the representation of the mode propagation in a bianisotropic waveguide at arbitrary frequencies, bitransmission lines are also needed.
Introduction
Authors: Donato Patrizia
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to present the mathematical theory of the homogenization. This theory has been introduced in order to describe the behaviour of composite materials.
Some classes of Sobolev spaces
Authors: Donato Patrizia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the functional setting, essentially based on the distribution theory and Sobolev spaces, which is the natural framework for the homogenization results we present in this book. Distributions and Sobolev spaces have been widely studied in the last fifty years. We refer the reader for instance to Schwartz (1951), Nečas (1967), Lions and Magenes (1968a,b), Adams (1975), and Mazya (1985). We will quote here just the main results which will be used later. We also present, in the same context, some specific spaces of periodic functions as well as their main properties.
Examples of periodic composite materials
Authors: Donato Patrizia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the periodic framework in which we will work throughout this book. We give in Section 5.2 some examples of physical problems for composite materials which are modelled by partial differential equations.
Bessel Functions of Other Kinds
Authors: Andrews Larry C
Published: November 2023

The Bessel functions of the first and second kinds studied in Chap. 6 are often referred to as the standard Bessel or cylinder functions. In addition to these, there are a host of related functions also belonging to the general family of cylinder functions, the most notable of which are the modified Bessel functions of the first and second kinds. Although similar in definition to the standard Bessel functions, the modified Bessel functions are most clearly distinguished by their nonoscillatory behavior. For this reason, they often appear in ap plications that are different in nature from those for the standard functions.
Applications Involving Bessel Functions
Authors: Andrews Larry C
Published: November 2023

Bessel functions are prominent in a variety of applications, some of which were discussed in Chaps. 6 and 7. Now we wish to consider some additional examples typical of those occurring in more than one field of application. To provide some variety in our discussions, we have chosen examples from the fields of mechanics, wave propagation and scattering, fiber optics, heat conduction in solids, and vibration phenomena.
The Confluent Hypergeometric Functions
Authors: Andrews Larry C
Published: November 2023

Whereas Gauss was largely responsible for the systematic study of the hypergeometric function, E. E. Kummer (1810-1893) is the person most associated with developing properties of the related confluent hypergeometric function. Kummer published his work on this function in 1836,* and since that time it has been commonly referred to as Kummer’s function. Like the hypergeometric function, the confluent hypergeometric function is related to a large number of other functions.
Forced oscillations: harmonic and subharmonic response, stability, entrainment
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

There are two parts combined additively. One part, the ‘free oscillation’ is a linear combination of the solutions of the homogeneous equation and involves the initial conditions. The second part, the ‘forced solution’, is proportional to F and is independent of initial conditions. When damping is present the free oscillation dies away in time. This independence of the free and the forced components, and the ultimate independence of initial conditions when there is damping allows a very restricted range of phenomena: typically the only things to look at are the amplitude and phase of the ultimate response, the rate of decay of the free oscillation, and the possibility of resonance. When the equation is nonlinear, on the other hand, there is no such simple separation possible, and the resulting interaction between the free and forced terms, especially when a self-excited motion is possible, and the enduring importance of the initial conditions in some cases, generates a range of entirely new phenomena. The present Chapter is concerned with using the method of harmonic balance (Chapter 4) and the perturbation method (Chapter 5) to obtain approximate solutions which clearly show these new features.
Stability
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

The word ‘stability’ has been used freely as a descriptive term in earlier Chapters. In Chapter 2 equilibrium points are classified as stable or unstable according to their appearance in the phase diagram. Roughly speaking, if every initial state close enough to equilibrium leads to states which continue permanently to be close, then the equilibrium is stable. Some equilibrium states may be thought of as being more stable than others: for example, all initial states near a stable node lead ultimately into the node, but in the case of a center there always remains a residual oscillation after disturbance of the equilibrium. Limit cycles are classified as stable or unstable according to whether or not ‘nearby’ paths ‘spiral’ into the limit cycle. In Chapter 7 we considered the stability of forced periodic oscillations, reducing the question to that of the stability of the corresponding equilibrium points on a van der Pol plane.
Poincaré sequences, homoclinic bifurcation, and chaos
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P
Published: November 2023

Important features can be totally obscured in such a diagram, but Poincare maps can be used to detect underlying structure, such as periodic solutions having the forcing or a subharmonic frequency. In this context the investigation of periodic solutions, nearly periodic solutions, and similar phenomena is to a considerable extent an exploratory matter in which computation plays at the present time a very significant part. A search for hidden periodicities, such as subharmonic periods, is best carried out by starting with a period in mind and then looking for solutions with this period. In that case a variant of the Poincare map is usually more profitable-if the solutions sought have period T, then we should plot on the x, y plane (if two dimensions are being considered) a sequence of points calculated at times T, 2T, 3T, ... along the phase paths starting from various states, and sec whether any of these sequences indicate that we are approaching a periodic solution. However, this does not quite fit the definition of a Poincare map, which does not involve any mention of time intervals but picks out intersections of a phase path under investigation with another given curve (the section’). The two procedures can with advantage for the analysis (especially in multidimensional cases) be brought together in a manner suggested by the following example.
Speciation and the island condition
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María
Published: November 2023

it is the circumstance, that several of the islands possess their own species of the tortoise, mocking-thrush, finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general habitats, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that strikes me with wonder. It may be suspected that some of these representative species, at least in the case of the tortoise and some of the birds, may here-after prove to be only well-marked races; but this would be of equally great interest to the philosophical naturalist . . .(Charles Darwin in 1845, writing about the Galápagos archipelago. From Ridley 1994, p. 79) Having covered the more important microevolutionary processes and outcomes in the previous chapter, the aim of this chapter is to provide the basic frameworks by which we understand macroevolutionary patterns of change on islands.
Island theory and conservation
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María
Published: November 2023

The classical paradigm in ecology, with its emphasis on the stable state, its suggestion of natural systems as closed and self-regulating, and its resonance with the nonscientific idea of the balance of nature, can no longer serve as an adequate foundation for conservation. (Pickett et al. 1992, p. 84) The fragmented world of biological communities in the future will be so different from that of the past, that we must reformulate preservation strategies to forms that go beyond thinking only of preserving microcosms of the original community types. (Kellman 1996, p. 115) Our species has had a profound influence on the ecology and biodiversity of the planet, altering the composition and functioning of ecosystems across the globe. Our actions in some respects represent merely the latest driver of change, concentrated largely within one interglacial of a period, the Quaternary (the past c.2 Ma), which has seen repeated dramatic fluctuations in climate.
Fountains
Authors: Berthoz Alain
Published: November 2023

The elegant gastronomic soirees of the Taste-Vin confrérie at the renowned Clos de Vougeot vineyard in Burgundy offer a feast of delectable dishes and fine wines. But palate fatigue quickly sets in, and the pleasure runs the risk of diminishing if the palate is not given a break. Tradition demands that the meal be interrupted by a lemon sorbet whose pallor and simple roundness contrast with the thousand subtleties of the dishes that preceded it. Its acidity provides a reference for better appreciating both the foregoing flavours and those to come. Floating in alcohol, the sorbet takes on the milky colour of a light fog suspended in the silver goblet. The combination of simplicity and sharpness renews the desire of the tongue to venture further. This chapter, devoted to fountains, has a similar role.
Vitality in music and dance as basic existential experience: Applications in teaching music
Authors: Fröhlich Charlotte
Published: November 2023

For about 70 years, following the teachings of Carl Orff and Emile Jaques-Dalcroze (Orff and Keetman 1950; Jaques-Dalcroze 1921), music pedagogy has brought music and movement together, and more time has been given to improvisation in both classroom music lessons and instrumental teaching. It is time to ask what experiences have encouraged this trend, and what research findings may validate a style of teaching that cultivates intuitions for body movement. It is also time to consider developing new teaching approaches that might refine the existing methods.
Apolipoprotein E, Amyloid β Peptide, And Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Wahrle Suzanne E , Holtzman David M
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Pathological examination of brains from AD patients reveals two key features: extracellular deposits of amyloid peptide (AP) and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. It is hypothesized that AP aggregation and deposition is a critical early event in AD pathogenesis that initiates a cascade of events including neuronal dysfunction, tau aggregation and hyperphosphorylation, and neuronal death. These downstream events ultimately result in the cognitive impairments characteristic of AD (Hardy and Selkoe 2002).