bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How About the New Antiepileptic Drugs?
Authors: Wilder B.J.
Published: February 2016

No new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were licensed in the United States from 1978 to 1992. In late 1992, felbamate and gabapentin were recommended for approval, and in early 1993, lamotrigine. In July 1993, felbamate was licensed, and gabapentin and lamotrigine may soon follow. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin and clobazam are in use outside the US. Tiagabine, oxcarbazepine, fosphenytoin, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide are in Phase II clinical testing in the US. All of the new AEDs are effective against partial and tonic-clonic seizures. Few controlled clinical trials have been done in patients with absence and myoclonic seizures. Mechanisms of action of the new drugs have not been clearly defined. The new AEDs will provide an opportunity to improve the care of epileptic patients. Even with optimal management with currently available drugs, some 30% of patients remain refractory to medical management.
Iatrogenic False Aneurysm Following Repair of Intracranial Aneurysm
Authors: Rowed David W. , Walters Beverly C.
Published: February 2016

False aneurysm of the intracranial arteries occurs infrequently as a complication of head injury and rarely as a consequence of other pathology. A case of false aneurysm of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery following minor intraoperative injury during clipping of a basilar-superior cerebellar aneurysm by the pterional approach is described. False aneurysm is a potential cause of recurrent intracranial hemorrhage after successful aneurysm clipping. Arterial bleeding which appears to come from the region of a branch origin should be viewed with concern even if it subsides spontaneously.
Malignant Rhabdoid Tumour of the Pineal Region
Authors: Muller Matthew , Hubbard Sherri Lynn , Provias John , Greenberg Mark , Becker Laurence E. , Rutka James T.
Published: February 2016

A 9-month-old male presented to hospital with signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. A CT scan showed obstructive hydrocephalus from a large pineal region mass lesion into which an intratumoral hemorrhage had occurred. A posterior fossa craniectomy and subtotal excision of the mass lesion were performed. By histopathology, the lesion was a malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT). Despite surgery and chemotherapy, the tumour grew inexorably, and the patient died four months after the initial diagnosis. MRT is a rare and highly invasive neoplasm which infrequently arises from the central nervous system. This is the first documented case of a MRT arising from the pineal region. The clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of the MRT in this patient are presented.
Neurosurgery at the Toronto General Hospital, 1924 – 1990: Part 2
Authors: Findlay J. Max
Published: February 2016

Part 1 of this two part series outlined the beginning of Canadian neurosurgery and neurosurgical training at the Toronto General Hospital under Kenneth G. McKenzie, and described the efforts of E. Harry Botterell, McKenzie’s neurosurgical trainee and successor, in establishing the Toronto school of neurosurgery. This second part reviews the course of neurosurgery at the Toronto General until the creation of The Toronto Hospital.
MOCOMP: An Idea Whose Time Has Come for Canadian Neurology
Authors: Becker W.J.
Published: February 2016

In June 1993, the Canadian Neurological Society (CNS) at its annual meeting passed a motion to join the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (Royal College) MOCOMP program. A MOCOMP (Maintenance of Competence) Sub-Committee of the CNS Education and Manpower Committee has also been established to deal with implementation issues, and to liaise with the Royal College. These are important milestones, and it is important that the momentum which has brought our national specialty society to full participation in the Royal College MOCOMP program be maintained.
Failure of Iron Chelators to Protect Against Cerebral Infarction in Hypoxia-Ischemia
Authors: MacMillan V. , Fridovich I. , Davis J.
Published: February 2016

In this study the ability of iron chelators to attenuate hypoxic-ischemic brain damage was assessed in hyperglycemic rats that were exposed to 1% carbon monoxide and right carotid occlusion. The animals received deferoxamine (50 mg/kg), manganese-deferoxamine (50 mg/kg) or vehicle i.p. 0.5 h prior to hypoxemic-ischemic exposure and at 0.5, 3 and 24 h post-exposure; with subsequent histological examination of the brain at 7 days recovery. The area of cerebral infarction was measured at three levels using video imaging methods. The mean percentage of total hemisphere that was infarcted in the three groups was: vehicle — 28.5 ± 5.0; deferoxamine — 31.7 ± 12.1; and manganese deferoxamine — 30.6 ± 6.8 (p - n.s.). The results as obtained in this preliminary study indicate that aggressive pre- and post-treatment with iron chelators has no ability to attenuate cerebral infarction in this model.
Cervical Disc Herniation Presenting with Chest Wall Pain
Authors: Yeung Michael C. , Hagen Neil A.
Published: February 2016

This report highlights the clinical features of two patients who presented with severe neuropathic chest wall pain caused by herniated C6-7 disc, and speculates on the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Worsening of symptoms with neck movement helped localize the process as cervical spine rather than plexus in origin. Both patients had herniated C6-7 disc material compressing the spinal cord and C7 nerve root, and neurological symptoms resolved promptly following surgery. Neuropathic chest wall pain should alert the clinician to consider the diagnosis of cervical disc herniation and prompt definitive imaging of the cervical spine by myelography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Supratentorial Glioblastoma With Spinal Cord Intramedullary Metastasis
Authors: Hamilton Mark G. , Tranmer Bruce I. , Hagen Neil A.
Published: February 2016

A patient presented with myelopathy due to intramedullary thoracic spinal cord glioblastoma 10 months after treatment for a supratentorial glioblastoma. There was no supratentorial recurrence, and no evidence of gross leptomeningeal dissemination documented by CSF cytology, complete myelography, and MR1 imaging. Gross examination of the spinal cord and arachnoid at the time of exploratory thoracic spinal surgery was normal. However, histological review of thoracic arachnoid demonstrated microscopic deposits of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive tumour consistent with malignant astrocytoma. Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis of cerebral glioblastoma rarely occurs, but may develop in association with leptomeningeal tumour dissemination. As local control of primary tumours improves, distant metastasis is likely to become a more common clinical problem. Leptomeningeal gliomato-sis may be very difficult to document, even when clinically suspected and GFAP staining of a biopsy of arachnoid tissue can play an important role in confirming the diagnosis. This information can be critical to establish prognosis and develop an appropriate treatment strategy.
Physiology of Basal Ganglia Disorders: An Overview
Authors: Hallett Mark
Published: February 2016

The pathophysiology of the movement disorders arising from basal ganglia disorders has been uncertain, in part because of a lack of a good theory of how the basal ganglia contribute to normal voluntary movement. An hypothesis for basal ganglia function is proposed here based on recent advances in anatomy and physiology. Briefly, the model proposes that the purpose of the basal ganglia circuits is to select and inhibit specific motor synergies to carry out a desired action. The direct pathway is to select and the indirect pathway is to inhibit these synergies. The clinical and physiological features of Parkinson's disease, L-DOPA dyskinesias, Huntington's disease, dystonia and tic are reviewed. An explanation of these features is put forward based upon the model.
Severe Permanent Encephalopathy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Bernard L. Maria , Maureen Dennis , Marc Obonsawin
Published: February 2016

As survival rates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia have increased, concerns over improved quality-of-life have also increased. Although 3-10% of children may experience acute transient neurotoxicity during induction chemotherapy, they are felt to be at low risk for late sequelae. We report three previously healthy boys with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia who presented with obtundation and severe seizures during late induction with a standard four drug chemotherapy regimen. While all three are disease-free survivors, they unexpectedly have persistent and medically intractable partial complex seizures, broad-based neuropsychological impairment and striking neuroimaging abnormalities. These findings suggest that children with leukemia who develop an acute encephalopathy during induction chemotherapy are at risk for long-term neurological and neuropsychological sequelae, despite the cessation of further potentially neurotoxic therapy.
Intraventricular Alpha Interferon Therapy for Rasmussen’s Syndrome
Authors: Bernard L. Maria , Debbie M. Ringdahl , Mickle J. Parker , Linda J. Smith , Peter D. Reuman , Robin L. Gilmore , Walter E. Drane , Ronald G. Quisling
Published: February 2016

A 4-year-old boy developed Rasmussen’s syndrome and was treated with alpha interferon intraventricularly. An improvement in the epileptic and neurologic syndrome was noted for several weeks following interferon. No adverse side effects were encountered. Since hemispherectomy is the only established therapy in Rasmussen’s Syndrome, further studies are needed to establish if intraventricular alpha interferon may halt the clinical progression of the syndrome.
Glutamate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Cerebellar Degenerations: Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Genetic Aspects
Authors: Andreas Plaitakis , Panayiotis Flessas , Anastasia B. Natsiou , Shashidharan P.
Published: February 2016

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme central to glutamate metabolism, is significantly reduced in patients with heterogenous neurological disorders characterized by multiple system atrophy (MSA) and predominant involvement of the cerebellum and its connections. In human brain, GDH exists in multiple isoforms differing in their isoelectric point and molecular mass. These are differentially reduced in quantity and altered in catalytic activity in patients with clinically distinct forms of MSA, thus suggesting that these GDH isoproteins are under different genetic control. Dysregulation of glutamate metabolism occurs in patients with GDH deficiency and is thought to mediate the disease’s neurodegeneration via neuroexcitotoxic mechanisms. This possibility is supported by additional data showing that glutamate binding sites are significantly decreased in cerebellar tissue obtained at autopsy from MSA patients. At the molecular biological level, several cDNAs specific for human GDH have been isolated recently and cloned. Northern blot analysis of various human tissues, including brain, has revealed the presence of multiple GDH-specific mRNAs. In addition, multiple GDH-specific genes are present in humans and these data are consistent with the possibility that the various GDH isoproteins are encoded by different genes. These advances have laid the groundwork for characterizing the human GDH genes and their products in health and disease.
Dysphagia in Ambulant Patients with Parkinson's Disease: common, not dangerous
Authors: Wintzen Axel R. , Badrising Umesh A. , Roos Raymund A.C. , Vielvoye Jan , Liauw Lishya , Pauwels Ernest K.J.
Published: February 2016

To assess the frequency of subjective and objective dysphagia and its possible pulmonary sequelae, we prospectively studied 22 out-patients with Parkinson's disease; 15 spouses served as controls. All subjects answered a standard questionnaire concerning swallowing and respiratory functions and underwent barium swallow videofluoroscopy. Possible pulmonary infection was investigated by recordings of body temperature, ESR, leucocyte count, and chest X-ray. Patients had significantly more symptoms than controls, especially choking, piece-meal deglutition and regurgitation. Videofluoroscopy revealed tracheal aspiration in one patient, vestibular aspiration in one patient and in one control. Non-fluent swallowing movements were common in patients: abnormal bolus formation, delayed swallowing reflex, vallecular stasis, and piriform sinus residue. None of the subjects had signs of pulmonary infection. Both subjective and objective oro-pharyngeal dysfunction is frequent in ambulant Parkinson patients, but apparently does not produce demonstrable pulmonary infection.
Alcoholic Dementia
Authors: Victor Maurice
Published: February 2016

At least four distinct cerebral diseases — Wernicke-Korsakoff, Marchiafava-Bignami, pellagrous encephalopathy, and acquired hepatocerebral degeneration — have a close association with chronic alcoholism. Each is characterized by a distinctive pathologic change and a reasonably wellestablished pathogenesis; in each the role of alcohol in the causation is secondary. The question posed in this review is whether there is, in addition to the established types of dementia associated with alcoholism, a persistent dementia attributable to the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain — i.e., a primary alcoholic dementia. The clinical, psychologic, radiologic, and pathologic evidence bearing on this question is critically reviewed. None of the evidence permits the clear delineation of such an entity. The most serious flaw in the argument for a primary alcoholic dementia is that it lacks a distinctive, well-defined pathology, and it must remain ambiguous until such time as its morphologic basis is established.
Quantification of crystalline fraction of solid slag film using X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Yang Changlin , Wen Guanghua , Tang Ping , Xi Chaochao , Sun Qihao
Published: February 2016

This paper introduces a new method to determine the crystalline fraction in samples containing amorphous phases from experimental X-ray diffraction data. Computer generated codes, one for each measured data point, are used to interpret the pattern as to where diffraction peaks exist and what is the angular breadth of each peak's intensity above background. Two parameters are defined that are used to identify the position and intensity of the crystalline phase diffraction peaks. For mold fluxes used in continuous casting, the crystalline fraction of solid slag film is a key factor that can affect heat transfer between solidified shell and mold. In this work, a new method was developed to determine the crystallinity of solid slag films. This method does not require structure parameters or other references, and results can be obtained directly by reading a text file with diffraction data. Results indicate that, there is a positive correlation between crystalline fraction and integrated intensities corresponding to crystalline phases. The selection of integration interval does not have much effect on results. To simplify computations, 20–45°2θwas considered as an appropriate interval.
Architecture, Modernism and Nation-Building in Kemalist Turkey
Authors: Bozdoğan Sibel
Published: February 2016

Deeply rooted in “the great transformation” brought about by capitalism, industrialization and urban life, the history of modern architecture in the West is intricately intertwined with the rise of the bourgeoisie. Modernism in architecture, before anything else, is a reaction to the social and environmental ills of the industrial city, and to the bourgeois aesthetic of the 19th century. It emerged first as a series of critical, utopian and radical movements in the first decades of the twentieth century, eventually consolidating itself into an architectural establishment by the 1930s. The dissemination of the so-called “modern movement” outside Europe coincides with the eclipse of the plurality and critical force of early modernist currents and their reduction to a unified, formalist and doctrinaire position.
OttomanMİlletsin the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Goffman Daniel
Published: February 2016

The concept of “millet” rivals other ideas, such as “the ghazi state” and “the decline paradigm,” as one of the principal formations around which Ottoman historiography has been constructed. Significantly, it was the Ottomans themselves who originated, and manufactured powerful illusions around, each of these notions. Fifteenth-century post-Interregnum (1402-1412) historians probably invented the view that the Osmanlılar of the previous century had constituted the pre-eminent ghazi principality along the Byzantine frontier; late-sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman critics certainly concocted the proposal that the state was decaying after a brilliant epoch under Mehmed II, Bayezid II, Selim I, and Süleyman I (1451-1566); and post-Tanzimat (1839) reformers formulated the construct ofmilletas a defining characteristic of Ottoman society. Modern historians have tended to accept these models rather uncritically; only recently have we begun to examine the contents and contexts of such Ottoman self-portraits.
Between magnificence and monstrosity: Turkishness in recent popular cinema
Authors: Suner Asuman
Published: February 2016

This paper studies the idea of Turkishness as one thematic element that commonly characterizes recent Turkish box-office champions. The preoccupation with the idea of Turkishness in recent popular cinema can be seen as a reflection of Turkish society's bafflement with the process of rapid and intensive transformation during the 2000s. In this period, Turkish society has grown increasingly confused about how to assess its own worth in the contemporary world. The paper makes use of the terms “magnificence” and “monstrosity” to make sense of the excessive representations of Turkishness in Turkish box-office champion action films and comedies of the second half of the 2000s. The term “magnificence” stands for aspirations in Turkish society during the last decade about the revival of the glory of the Ottoman past and becoming a powerful actor again on the world scene. The term “monstrosity” is employed in relation to Turkish society's cynical indifference to the violence perpetrated by the Turkish state, which is often rendered acceptable through the presumption of “Turkish peculiarity.” The paper points to the continuity between recent blockbuster action films and comedies in their representations of Turkishness by suggesting that magnificence and monstrosity appear in these films as two sides of the same coin.
Rushing toward currency convertibility
Authors: Gemici Kurtuluş
Published: February 2016

In 1989, Turkey became one of the first—and few—emerging economies to fully liberalize its capital account. Given the adverse macro-economic conditions before the reforms, it is puzzling that Turkish policy-makers implemented policies amounting to a comprehensive and imprudent capital account liberalization. Using in-depth interviews with a significant number of key decision-makers behind capital account liberalization and employing archival material from news sources on the debates surrounding the reform process, this article examines the policy objectives and rationale behind the Turkish capital account liberalization. The main argument is that capital account liberalization represented a political rationality that put a premium on short-term expansion through funds from the rest of the world. This liberalization was a policy response to decreasing rates of economic growth and demands from organized labor and public employees for better working conditions and higher wages. Thus, this article shows that these distributional conflicts and the trajectory of economic growth were important determinants of the timing and scope of capital account liberalization in Turkey.
Economic institutions and institutional change in Turkey during the neoliberal era
Authors: Atiyas İzak
Published: February 2016

In the last three decades, the Turkish economy has become much more open and market-oriented. This paper provides an account of the changes in the underlying economic institutions that have accompanied this transformation. In particular, it assesses whether or not new economic institutions have emerged that constrain the discretionary powers of the executive in the area of economic policy and whether institutional change has resulted in a more rule-based and transparent policy framework. The story that broadly emerges is that the first two decades of the neoliberal era were predominantly a period of increased discretion at the expense of rules. By contrast, after the crisis of 2000-2001 one witnesses a substantial delegation of decision-making power to relatively independent agencies, and the establishment of rules that constrain the discretion of the executive. But this transformation is not uniform across sectors, and there are divergences between the de jure rules and their de facto implementation. Moreover, there are also examples that do not fit the general trend, especially in the case of the construction industry. Finally, recent signs suggest that the government may be having second thoughts about the “excessive” independence of regulatory and policy making bodies.
Turkey, the Middle East, and the Black Sea World: A Scenario within the Confidence Interval of Future Studies
Authors: Özveren Eyüp
Published: February 2016

An otherwise unremarkable author, L.P. Hartley deserves credit for his astute observation that the past is a foreign country where they do things differently. The qualitative difference of the past from the present has intrigued many a methodologically-concerned social scientist such as Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Karl Polanyi. As a matter of fact, the reservation that the categories by way of which we approach the analysis of the modern world are by no means equally applicable to the study of pre-modern historical formations is as old as the modern social sciences. If the past is a foreign country the boundaries of which are well defined and the territory of which has been mapped for good, the future remains as the terra incognita waiting for its Columbus, the courageous discoverer. Moreover, because the relevant geography of the future is not a given but only in the making, the task of the social scientist becomes squarely difficult as s/he does not face before her/him a well defined terrain. It is for this reason that, on the whole, social scientists have shied away from exploring the future in a systematic way until recently.
Non-Market Mechanisms of Market Formation: The Development of the Consumer Durables Industry in Turkey
Authors: Buğra Ayşe
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses the role played by the extensive, nation-wide network of sales agents organized by the leading Turkish manufacturer of consumer durables, Arçelik, in the formation of mass consumption markets in the post-Second World War era. The case study attempts to draw attention to a relatively less explored dimension of the industrialization experience of developing countries by shifting the usual emphasis on the structure of production toward the organization of consumption. This shift of emphasis serves to highlight certain society-specific mechanisms of market formation which compensate the limitations of the market-forming role of the state in the context of twentieth-century late industrialization.
Turkey and European Union Enlargement: Cross-Border Projects and the Pre-Accession Strategy for Non-Members
Authors: Rumford Chris
Published: February 2016

Since the Customs Union came into effect on 1 January 1996, Turkey has effectively become part of the European Union's single market. This high degree of economic integration has not been matched in the sphere of political and social integration. Turkey was omitted from a list of countries with which accession negotiations began in March 1998, and the Cardiff European Council of May 1998 confirmed Turkey's marginalization from the current process of enlargement.
Wages in Nineteenth-Century Anatolia: A Comparison of Urban and Agricultural Trends
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A.
Published: February 2016

In this paper I will construct separate time series for the wage levels of agricultural and unskilled (and non-factory) urban workers in nineteenth-century Ottoman Anatolia. An earlier study (Boratav et al. 1985) was able to construct an annual time series for urban wage levels by utilising a weighted average of the wages of skilled and unskilled laborers in towns and cities. Production of a time series for agricultural wages, on the other hand, is important for seeing the wage variations in rural and urban areas in the nineteenth-century Anatolian context and is crucial for understanding the peculiarities of the Ottoman (and later Turkish) economic development. These variations, at least to a degree, were responsible for the differences in labor costs in various parts of the empire and thus determined the peculiarities of the Ottoman incorporation into, world-economy (Ergene 1995).
Gülümser's Story: Life History Narratives, Memory and Belonging in Turkey
Authors: Neyzi Leyla
Published: February 2016

Herkesin bir tarihi var.

Herkesin bir dili.

Ne anlatır sizeyalnızlık

Bana, beni.

Ne anlatır sizeölüm

Bana, kederli annemi.

Dokunsak ışığa…

Silinse yüzlerimiz.

Ah o gözlerimiz.

Gözlerimiz.

-Kemal Kahraman

A small, dark office in the basement floor of an apartment building in Taksim. The sound of traffic filtering in from the busy street outside. Color photographs tacked to a wall next to a secretary's desk: two young girls in red posing in the lush grass, with mountains in the background. These are the two worlds of Gülümser Kalık. One, the workaday world of the center city. The other, a small village in eastern Turkey. Memories and the dream of return.
Relocating Dersim: Turkish State-Building and Kurdish Resistance, 1931–1938
Authors: Watts Nicole
Published: February 2016

According to the deputy chief of the General Staff and other Turkish officers, it is hoped eventually to make the Tunçeli [Tunceli] region into a “second Switzerland,” as it is extremely beautiful. It appears to me, however, that its inaccessibility and the difficulties which visitors experience while travelling in Turkey will be considerable obstacles to the realisation of this dream.

A. Ross, Military attaché to the British representative in Turkey, 5 September 1938
The Rise of Right-of-Center Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces in Turkey
Authors: Çarkoğlu Ali , Ergen Ilgaz
Published: February 2016

Two frequently discussed issues in Turkish electoral studies concern the instability and geographical cleavages in electoral preferences. Turkish voters are not strongly identified with political parties and frequently vote for different parties due primarily to patronage distribution. Their vote is also strongly influenced by parochial ties. Despite various regulations in electoral laws, such as a minimum 10 percent nationwide support for representation in the Parliament, which makes representation of smaller parties in the legislature difficult, fractionalization of electoral support continuously increased over the last two decades. Consequently, formation of stable governments became more and more difficult.
Nationalist Dilemmas: Halide Edib on Greeks, Greece, and the West
Authors: Tsakiridou Cornelia (Corinna) A.
Published: February 2016

O College dear, we praise theeFor pointing to the starsWith faith and hope unswervingWhich no weak vision marsThy service unrestrictedBy race or class or creed;Thy love so freely offered,Its only claim-our need.-Anthem of the American College for Girls, Istanbul

Halide Edib (1883-1964) was one of modern Turkey's most celebrated women. Author, feminist, nationalist, modernist, educator, and member of the National Assembly, she identified her person and career with the transformation of Turkey into a modern secular republic. Educated in the internationalist spirit of the American College for Girls in Istanbul, she was, throughout her life, a cosmopolitan intellectual with an international audience. Edib's personal transition from Ottoman society to the new nationalist elite, and her homeland's transition from empire to republic, posed no insurmountable historical, social, and cultural discontinuities; hers was a nationalism that, although grounded in Western notions of emancipation and self-determination, asserted with confidence its distinct identity and autonomy from the West.
Social Biography of a Late OttomanShari'aJudge
Authors: Agmon Iris
Published: February 2016

In July 1910 a letter, signed by Şamlı Abdülkadir Hikmet'ul-Hatib, arrived at the ministry ofŞeyhülislam(Bab-ı meşihat or Bab-ı fetva) in Istanbul. The writer notified the ministry about the death of his father, the formershari'ajudge(naib)of Jaffa, Hatibzâde Ebu'n-Nasr Efendi, adding that before his father died, he had appointed him as executor of his will. Accordingly, he asked the officials to allocate him financial support on behalf of his father's dependents: two widows and three orphans, a son and two daughters (SA dos. 3720, 3 Temmuz 1326/17 IIV 1910). The letter was passed on to the Council for Orphan Affairs(Meclis idare-i eytam), the body in charge of supporting the widows and orphans of deceasedulema. From there, it was transmitted to other departments in the ministry with requests to provide information about the late judge's career path, apparently in order to calculate the financial support for which the judge's relatives were eligible (ibid., doc. 1852, 19 B 1328/27 IIV 1910; doc. 417, 4 Ş 1328/11 IHV 1910; list, 17 Ş 1328/24 IIIV 1910). This letter, with the comments and information added by the clerks, was the last document filed in the personal dossier of the late judge in the archive ofBab-ı meşihat.
The French, the German and the American: Higher Education for Business in Turkey, 1883-2003
Authors: Üsdiken Behlül
Published: February 2016

Like in other parts of Europe and, indeed, the United States, early initiatives in the Ottoman Empire for higher education in business date back to the second half of the 19thcentury. After a number of aborted attempts, the opening of a commercial school in İstanbul (Hamidiye Ticaret Mektebi) in 1883 under the auspices of the Ministry of Trade marked the beginning of business education in the Empire, purportedly, at the “higher” level. The Commercial School was closed down in 1890 and re-opened in 1894, attached this time to the Ministry of Education. It went through a restructuring in 1915 that led to a demarcation between an upper and a junior division. The School served as the sole provider of business education till it was inherited by the Turkish Republic and remained so for more than another decade. From the second opening until the founding of the Republic, it had an average of around 12 graduates per year, which increased to about 24 in the period up to the mid-1930s.
Democracy and the Politics of Parliamentary Immunity in Turkey
Authors: Koçan Gürcan , Wigley Simon
Published: February 2016

In Turkey there is currently a widespread public desire to narrow the extent to which parliamentarians are immune from the law. That desire is largely motivated by the perception that political corruption is widespread and that parliamentary immunity only serves to obstruct the fight against it. As a result, a number of political parties have based their electoral platforms on the promise to limit the scope of parliamentary immunity once in office. As of yet, none have carried through their promise and this has only served to reinforce the public view that parliamentarians see their immunity as a personal privilege. Irrespective of the merits of that charge, there is a genuine concern that confronts Turkish deputies, which means that they will be less likely to limit the immunity once elected. Their concern is that current law does not adequately protect civil and political liberties and that the judiciary is not yet sufficiently evenhanded in its treatment of political cases. In effect, the fight against political corruption has been frustrated in part because of the risk to free speech that exposure to the law might entail.
Claiming a Place Through Memories of Belonging: Politics of Recognition on the Island of Imbros
Authors: Babül Elif
Published: February 2016

The establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 marks the official construction of a new community and new forms of belonging that were expected to replace the communities and forms of belonging characteristic of the Ottoman Empire. The convention signed at the end of the First World War on January 30, 1923, concerning “the compulsory exchange of Turkish nationals of the Greek Orthodox Religion established in Turkish territory, and of Greek nationals of the Muslim religion established in Greek territory” can be seen as the hallmark of this republican attempt to create a new homogenized republican community called the nation. Exchanging populations meant the mutual exclusion of the largest ethnic and religious minority groups from the post-World War I nationalized lands of Greece and Turkey.
Economic Development versus Cultural Transformation: Projects of Modernity in Japan and Turkey
Authors: Toprak Binnaz
Published: February 2016

In Turkey, Japan has often been perceived as an industrial country that developed economically while keeping to its traditions. This perception has been especially strong among Islamists and conservatives who have been critical of the process of Westernization since the nineteenth century. In their view, Turkey understood modernity as imitation of Western culture but failed to industrialize. Japan, on the other hand, proved that it was possible to modernize while preserving one's tradition, religion, and culture. Hence, according to this analysis, Japan's successful transition from agrarian to industrial society was in stark contrast to the Turkish course of modernization.
Convenient Fictions, Inconvenient Truths: A Comment on Öniş and Bayram
Authors: Palat Ravi Arvind
Published: February 2016

Ziya Öniş and İsmail Emre Bayram seek to assess whether the rapid rates of growth experienced by the Turkish economy since it weathered a severe crisis in 2001 as measured by several indices—high levels of investment, especially foreign investment; sustained “export orientation;” increased outlays for education, research and development; sustained economic and political stability, and “favorable regional dynamics” as the European Union (EU) enlargement process—are merely a flash in the pan or sustainable over the long-run. To do this they cast the Turkish trajectory against the “miracle economies” of East Asia, as well as some other middle-and low-income economies in Latin America and elsewhere. Based on this analysis, they conclude that while there are some serious concerns—low domestic savings rate, large deficits in the current account, tapering off the EU accession process, dependence on foreign capital and export markets— long-term sustainable growth can be achieved in Turkey if these vulnerabilities are addressed.
Conduct, Meaning and Inequality in an İstanbul Courthouse
Authors: Koğacıoğlu Dicle
Published: February 2016

This essay seeks to analyze the daily reproduction of inequalities in and around a contemporary İstanbul civil courthouse. Based on an ethnographic study in three poor urban neighborhoods and their civil courthouse, I examine the mode of conduct in the latter and the ways in which this mode is perceived. This study shows that routinized divergences from formalistic premises in the courthouse are not perceived as flaws, but placed within informal relations. This enmeshing of formal and informal practices is considered normal by both the legal professionals and lay low-income litigants. These constituencies, however, perceive this conduct rather differently in relation to their own and others' attributes. Lay low-income litigants locate it within a broader idiom of “doing administration,” a series of tactics to engage within a horizon of perpetual injustice. For legal professionals, on the other hand, the daily mixing of formal and informal practices has to do with their mission of “educating” and transforming those in need to participate in the culture of the state. I discuss the particular relation of these two perceptions in normalizing the view of the law as a site, not of formal egalitarianism, but of hierarchical social engagements.
Politics of place/space: The spatial dynamics of the Kurdish and Zapatista movements
Authors: Gambetti Zeynep
Published: February 2016

This paper explores two examples of collective action, the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico, and the Kurdish movement in Turkey, by focusing on how these movements constructed two particular places, Diyarbakir and Chiapas, after the armed conflict subsided. My first aim is to show how this place-making has affected the discourses and practices of these movements. I argue that place-making is not only about locality or physical setting, but also about constructing a movement and a form of struggle in its own right. My second aim is to discuss the broad outlines of what may be called the “appropriation of space.” This refers not only to the spaces of visibility and solidarity opened up by a movement, but also to its chances of acquiring significance within local, national or global spaces of power. I look at how the Kurdish movement has had an impact on democracy in Turkey and compare it with the Zapatista movements local and transnational effects. I do so by relating physical and metaphorical notions of space to several concepts generated by social movement literature. As such, this study intends to contribute to spatial understandings of collective action. It is also likely to indicate various pitfalls and obstacles for emancipatory social movements in the present neoliberal era.
“One of the most spectacular lawsuits ever launched”: Abdülhamid's heirs, his lands and the land case in Palestine, 1908-1950
Authors: Kark Ruth , Frantzman Seth J.
Published: February 2016

This paper is a sequel to Fischel and Kark's study on the private lands owned by Sultan Abdülhamid II (1842-1918, ruled 1876-1909) in Palestine and analyzes their fate after his forced abdication. In particular, we examine the court cases that arose around these lands, cases which were initiated by his heirs after 1920. For 28 years the heirs, led by his eldest son, Mohammad Selim and his daughter Amina Namika, approached half a dozen governments in the Middle East and Europe to regain the properties they claimed. The appeals represented a test of the British colonial legal system as well as issues of land settlement and the role of foreign courts in interpreting Turkish and Ottoman law. We furthermore examine the disposition of the sultan's lands from his abdication in 1909 to the last attempts by his heirs to recover them from the State of Israel in 1950, the general context of his lands in the Middle East as a whole, and the legal precedent set by the Mandatory Palestine court cases.
Feminization of poverty: Does it really exist in Turkey?
Authors: Gökovalı Ummuhan , Danışman Aysun
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses two issues, the first being whether “feminization of poverty” in Turkey exists at all, and the second the reasons behind the feminization of poverty. The Household Budget Survey (HBS) for the years 2004 and 2006 serves as data to investigate similarities and contrasts between men and women in terms of poverty and other socioeconomic and demographic factors. Furthermore, econometric estimation techniques (logit and probit) have been employed to find out the determinants of poverty for men and women separately and together. Findings indicate that feminization of poverty does indeed exist in Turkey; however, a number of social, economic and demographic factors are universal determinants of poverty indifferent to sex.
Toward a “Minor Literature”? The Case ofAusländerliteraturin Postwar Germany
Authors: Chin Rita
Published: February 2016

In recent years, scholars of German literature have increasingly pointed to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's theory of “minor literature” as a crucial framework for understanding the development of minority cultural production in a variety of twentieth-century contexts (Teraoka, 1987; Suhr, 1989; Spector, 2000). Deleuze and Guattari propose that any minority group writing in a major language produces what they term minor literature, which has the capacity to destabilize and undermine the dominant language, culture, and discourse in which its authors operate (Deleuze and Guattari, 1986, pp. 16-27). This specific confluence of identities, texts, and locations, they suggest, calls into question the very foundations of the majority's world view and self-understanding. Deleuze and Guattari's model marks one of the first efforts by Western theorists to conceptualize cultural work that has traditionally been rendered invisible by classical literary writing and established categories of genre, style, and type.
Ethnicizing the Media: Multicultural Imperatives, Homebound Politics, and Turkish Media Production in Germany
Authors: Kosnick Kira
Published: February 2016

The past fifteen years have witnessed a veritable explosion of mass media productions aimed at immigrant populations in Germany. Facilitated by new communication technologies, television channels and radio stations from former “home countries” and elsewhere have become available to immigrants via satellite and the internet. Daily newspapers produced in Ankara, Belgrade, or Warsaw can be bought at German newspaper stands. There has also been a proliferation of mass media venues created locally, by and for immigrants themselves, and nowhere is this landscape of immigrant media more evolved than in the case of Turkish-language media in Berlin.
The Admissibility of Improperly Obtained Evidence: The Turkish Approach in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Bıçak A. Vahit
Published: February 2016

In order to secure the necessary evidence for bringing offenders to justice, law enforcement officers are given powers to invade the freedom of individuals in the process of criminal investigations. These powers are not, however, unlimited; in modern democratic states the relationship between the public authorities and individuals is governed not by the arbitrary exercise of power but by power exercised within the constraints of law. Having said that, law enforcement officers do not always exercise their powers within the permitted limits. Where law enforcement officers exceed their powers, evidence may be obtained to incriminate the suspect in trial. The question of whether such evidence can be taken as a basis for judgement in Turkish law is the main concern of this article.
Design and experimental characterization of a reconfigurable transmitarray with reduced focal distance
Authors: Di Palma Luca , Clemente Antonio , Dussopt Laurent , Sauleau Ronan , Potier Patrick , Pouliguen Philippe
Published: February 2016

In this contribution, we study the design and experimental characterization of a reconfigurable transmitarray in X-band with reduced focal distance. To this end, we consider an illumination with four feed horn antennas in two different configurations. The focal distance and the horn configuration in the focal plane have been optimized with an in-house simulation tool. The effects of source placement errors and excitation unbalances are also studied. The numerical results show a reduction of the focal distance by a factor 1.8 if compared with the single-source case, for a reconfigurable 400-element transmitarray designed in X-band. Moreover, generation of multiple beams is considered and demonstrated numerically for spatial power combining applications. The experimental results obtained in radiation are in good agreement with the numerical predictions. This multiple-source transmitarray exhibits similar radiation performances as the single-source one in terms of gain, bandwidth and beam tilting capabilities, but with about half its volume. This technique seems very attractive for a better integration on various platforms such as vehicles, drones, aircrafts, buildings, etc.
Training Network for Young Atmospheric Researchers
Authors: Banks Robert , Crewell Susanne , Henkel Sarah , Baldasano José
Published: February 2016

A training initiative in Europe opens doors for young scientists, promoting collaboration and broadening their skills with unique opportunities in atmospheric research.
Electron-lattice interactions strongly renormalize the charge-transfer energy in the spin-chain cuprate Li2CuO2
Authors: Johnston Steve , Monney Claude , Bisogni Valentina , Zhou Ke-Jin , Kraus Roberto , Behr Günter , Strocov Vladimir N. , Málek Jiři , Drechsler Stefan-Ludwig , Geck Jochen , Schmitt Thorsten , van den Brink Jeroen
Published: February 2016

Strongly correlated insulators are broadly divided into two classes: Mott–Hubbard insulators, where the insulating gap is driven by the Coulomb repulsion U on the transition-metal cation, and charge-transfer insulators, where the gap is driven by the charge-transfer energy Δ between the cation and the ligand anions. The relative magnitudes of U and Δ determine which class a material belongs to, and subsequently the nature of its low-energy excitations. These energy scales are typically understood through the local chemistry of the active ions. Here we show that the situation is more complex in the low-dimensional charge-transfer insulator Li2CuO2, where Δ has a large non-electronic component. Combining resonant inelastic X-ray scattering with detailed modelling, we determine how the elementary lattice, charge, spin and orbital excitations are entangled in this material. This results in a large lattice-driven renormalization of Δ, which significantly reshapes the fundamental electronic properties of Li2CuO2.
Deciphering the importance of the palindromic architecture of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain 3’ regulatory region
Authors: Saintamand Alexis , Vincent-Fabert Christelle , Garot Armand , Rouaud Pauline , Oruc Zeliha , Magnone Virginie , Cogné Michel , Denizot Yves
Published: February 2016

The IgH 3’ regulatory region (3’RR) controls class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in B cells. The mouse 3’RR contains four enhancer elements with hs1,2 flanked by inverted repeated sequences and the centre of a 25-kb palindrome bounded by two hs3 enhancer inverted copies (hs3a and hs3b). hs4 lies downstream of the palindrome. In mammals, evolution maintained this unique palindromic arrangement, suggesting that it is functionally significant. Here we report that deconstructing the palindromic IgH 3’RR strongly affects its function even when enhancers are preserved. CSR and IgH transcription appear to be poorly dependent on the 3’RR architecture and it is more or less preserved, provided 3’RR enhancers are present. By contrast, a ‘palindromic effect’ significantly lowers VH germline transcription, AID recruitment and SHM. In conclusion, this work indicates that the IgH 3’RR does not simply pile up enhancer units but also optimally exposes them into a functional architecture of crucial importance.