bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitação econômica no Brasil: o IDORT e sua revista (1932-1960)
Authors: Correia Telma de Barros , Almeida Caliane Christie Oliveira de
Published: July 2014

O presente artigo trata da criação do IDORT, Instituto de Organização Racional do Trabalho, no início da década de 1930, e de suas iniciativas no sentido de difusão de um projeto de racionalização, vinculado à busca de produtividade. Destaca o papel de sua revista na difusão deste projeto ao longo das três décadas subsequentes à sua fundação. Salienta como a moradia foi um dos campos de ação do órgão e a abordagem abrangente que recebeu em seu periódico, bem como na Jornada de 1941. Considerando o alcance desta ação nos meios empresariais, técnicos e administrativos, mostra que o IDORT teve um papel relevante, sobretudo nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, nos rumos dos debates e das realizações no âmbito da moradia econômica no Brasil.
Neurovascular Coupling in Pregnancy and the Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors: Janzarik Wibke G. , Ehmann Renata , Ehlers Elena , Allignol Arthur , Mayer Sebastian , Gabriel Boris , Weiller Cornelius , Prömpeler Heinrich , Reinhard Matthias
Published: July 2014

Background and Purpose—

This study investigated whether a short testing of neurovascular coupling during midterm pregnancy could identify women at risk for subsequent preeclampsia.

Methods—

Transcranial Doppler sonography of the posterior cerebral artery during a brief visual stimulation was analyzed in 68 women at midterm pregnancy, the primary clinical end point was preeclampsia.

Results—

Women with bilateral notching of the uterine arteries showed an exaggerated visually evoked blood flow increase and longer time-to-peak. Neurovascular coupling was not significantly associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia.

Conclusions—

Neurovascular coupling was altered in women with impaired uteroplacentar vasoregulation but not a significant predictor of preeclampsia.
New species of the genus Nipponeurorthus Nakahara, 1958 (Neuroptera: Nevrorthidae) from China
Authors: LIU XINGYUE , ASPÖCK HORST , ASPÖCK ULRIKE
Published: July 2014

The lacewing family Nevrorthidae is one of the most mysterious groups of Neuroptera. Here we describe two new species of the genus Nipponeurorthus Nakahara, 1958 from China, namely Nipponeurorthus damingshanicus sp. nov. and Nipponeurorthus furcatus sp. nov. A key to the species of Nipponeurorthus is provided. Phylogenetic and biogeographic considerations on Nipponeurorthus are summarized.
A new micropterous species of Physoderes from Fiji Islands (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Physoderinae)
Authors: DAVRANOGLOU LEONIDAS ROMANOS
Published: July 2014

Physoderes manni sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Physoderinae) is described from Viti Levu, Fiji and represents the first record of microptery in the subfamily. The relationship of Ph.manni sp. nov. with its congeners, as well as the evolutionary and ecological significance of the micropterous wing condition are discussed.
Advocacy Organizations’ Evaluation of Social Media Information for NGO Journalism
Authors: McPherson Ella
Published: July 2014

This article contributes to the emergent literature on the use of social media at advocacy organizations. Much of this existing literature focuses on these organizations’ production of social media information; this article, however, explores the complementary and relatively unexamined consumption of social media information that can form part of advocacy work. By drawing parallels between journalism and advocacy, the article develops two theoretical models of how advocacy organizations evaluate social media information as part of this consumption. These models differ according to the information values at their cores and according to how these values are evaluated in practice; correspondingly, the models interact differently with social media’s affordances. The key information value for the evidence model is the veracity of the information’s metadata, and this is largely evaluated through a time-intensive verification process requiring corroboration and drawing on human expertise. In contrast, the key information value pertaining to the engagement model is participation, which is evaluated by measuring the volume of participants in the information’s production and transmission. The affordances of social media are often hindrances for the evidence model, because they can make metadata more difficult to verify. In contrast, the engagement model capitalizes on social media affordances, because these affordances facilitate participation as well as the evaluation of participation volume using digital analytics. In addition to shedding light on approaches to social media information evaluation at advocacy organizations, this article urges researchers and practitioners to be alive to related barriers to pluralism as they study and use these approaches.
The handwriting experiences of left-handed primary school students in a digital age: Australian data and critique
Authors: Hawkyard Renae , Dempsey Ian , Arthur-Kelly Michael
Published: July 2014

Left-handers comprise about 10% of the Australian population. In Australia and elsewhere, there has been a history of discrimination against left-handedness, expressed in a variety of ways. Although negative attitudes to left-handedness have become less common in recent times, researchers have not investigated the extent to which left-handedness is now acknowledged or encouraged in Australian schools, or whether left-handed students have to overcome difficulties due to their handedness. This study investigated the handwriting experiences of 10 primary school students and the opinions of 11 primary school teachers on handwriting and on left-handed writers. The left-handed students identified a range of issues including the need for specialized writing equipment, writing speed and neatness. The teachers also mentioned these issues along with legibility and writing instruction. The results are discussed in terms of guidance on writing instruction and the place of writing in an increasingly digitized world.
‘I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free’. Nelson Mandela’s Early Journeys towards Political Awareness
Authors: Suttner Raymond S
Published: July 2014

There is a stark contrast between Nelson Mandela the freedom fighter and the young man who grew up in rural Transkei without a ‘hunger to be free’. Until entering Johannesburg in 1941, he generally did not recognise or resist white oppression. Mandela was destined to be counsellor to the future abaThembu king, not a leader himself. Nevertheless, he encountered discordant notes, suggesting that he could not be a man as long as Africans were a conquered people. His consequent transition to manhood remained unresolved until his involvement in the defiance of the apartheid regime, which signified the attainment of his manhood that had been denied to him in earlier life.
Contextual effects on educational attainment in individualised, scalable neighbourhoods: Differences across gender and social class
Authors: Andersson Eva K , Malmberg Bo
Published: July 2014

This paper analyses whether a multi-scale representation of geographical context based on statistical aggregates computed for individualised neighbourhoods can lead to improved estimates of neighbourhood effect. Our study group consists of individuals born in 1980 that have lived in Sweden since 1995 and we analyse the effect of neighbourhood context at age 15 on educational outcome at age 30 controlling for parental background. A new piece of software, Equipop, was used to compute the socio-economic composition of neighbourhoods centred on individual residential locations and ranging in scale from including the nearest 12 to the nearest 25,600 neighbours. Our results indicate that context measures based on fixed geographical sub-divisions can lead to an underestimation of neighbourhood effects. A multi-scalar representation of geographical context also makes it easier to estimate how neighbourhood effects vary across different demographic groups. This indicates that scale-sensitive measures of geographical context could help to re-invigorate the neighbourhood effects literature.
The Adversarial Process of Administrative Claims
Authors: Portillo Shannon
Published: July 2014

Although administrative hearings are not formal litigation, the process often resembles traditional adversarial adjudication. There are two parties, one has the burden of proof, both present evidence, and there is a ruling on the legal merits. Substantively, the hearing focuses on eligibility for benefits. Procedurally, the hearing runs like traditional courtroom litigation. Based on direct observation of 45 unemployment insurance claims and interviews with administrative law judges (ALJs), I find ALJs behave differently when there is no legal counsel present. Whereas the law that governs the hearing remains the same, the process for pro se claimants is substantively different.
Rigorous patient-prosthesis matching of Perimount Magna aortic bioprosthesis
Authors: Nakamura Hiromasa , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Takagaki Masami , Kadowaki Tasuku , Nakao Tatsuya , Amano Atsushi
Published: July 2014

Background

Severe patient-prosthesis mismatch, defined as effective orifice area index ≤0.65 cm2 m−2, has demonstrated poor long-term survival after aortic valve replacement. Reported rates of severe mismatch involving the Perimount Magna aortic bioprosthesis range from 4% to 20% in patients with a small annulus.

Methods

Between June 2008 and August 2011, 251 patients (mean age 70.5 ± 10.2 years; mean body surface area 1.55 ± 0.19 m2) underwent aortic valve replacement with a Perimount Magna bioprosthesis, with or without concomitant procedures. We performed our procedure with rigorous patient-prosthesis matching to implant a valve appropriately sized to each patient, and carried out annular enlargement when a 19-mm valve did not fit. The bioprosthetic performance was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography predischarge and at 1 and 2 years after surgery.

Results

Overall hospital mortality was 1.6%. Only 5 (2.0%) patients required annular enlargement. The mean follow-up period was 19.1 ± 10.7 months with a 98.4% completion rate. Predischarge data showed a mean effective orifice area index of 1.21 ± 0.20 cm2 m−2. Moderate mismatch, defined as effective orifice area index ≤0.85 cm2 m−2, developed in 4 (1.6%) patients. None developed severe mismatch. Data at 1 and 2 years showed only two cases of moderate mismatch; neither was severe.

Conclusions

Rigorous patient-prosthesis matching maximized the performance of the Perimount Magna, and no severe mismatch resulted in this Japanese population of aortic valve replacement patients.
Population Movements in West Bengal
Authors: Ghosh Subhasri
Published: July 2014

This article scrutinises the ramifications of population movements between India and Pakistan in and after 1947 in one particular border district in West Bengal. Information from census reports of pre-independent and independent India and Pakistan allows detailed examination of micro-level cross-border migrations, showing how the relocation of populations completely recast the religious and demographic contours of this border district. Within just four years, the Muslim-majority district of Nadia turned into an overwhelmingly Hindu-majority district through this two-way population movement. Contrary to popular perceptions, which stress the unidirectional pattern of migration on the eastern side of India, this article brings to the fore a hitherto unknown facet of partition migration.
Digging below the subsurface
Authors: Castle James
Published: July 2014

Access to accurate data and information is crucial to oil and gas exploration companies, where high-quality interpretation and analysis are essential requirements to finding valuable hydrocarbons and generating income for business growth. The business analytical community within the Norwegian global oil major Statoil aims to solve this problem by utilizing the power of SharePoint to provide first-stage interpretation of publicly available and bought data to eliminate duplication and provide a stage for collaboration across business areas to drive efficiency and to try and stay one step ahead of its competitors.
Split bolus technique in polytrauma: a prospective study on scan protocols for trauma analysis
Authors: Beenen Ludo FM , Sierink Joanne C , Kolkman Saskia , Nio C Yung , Saltzherr Teun Peter , Dijkgraaf Marcel GW , Goslings J Carel
Published: July 2014

Background

For the evaluation of severely injured trauma patients a variety of total body computed tomography (CT) scanning protocols exist. Frequently multiple pass protocols are used. A split bolus contrast protocol can reduce the number of passes through the body, and thereby radiation exposure, in this relatively young and vitally threatened population.

Purpose

To evaluate three protocols for single pass total body scanning in 64-slice multidetector CT (MDCT) on optimal image quality.

Material and Methods

Three total body CT protocols were prospectively evaluated in three series of 10 consecutive trauma patients. In Group A unenhanced brain and cervical spine CT was followed by chest–abdomen–pelvis CT in portovenous phase after repositioning of the arms. Group B underwent brain CT followed without arm repositioning by a one-volume contrast CT from skull base to the pubic symphysis. Group C was identical to Group A, but the torso was scanned with a split bolus technique. Three radiologists independently evaluated protocol quality scores (5-point Likert scale), parenchymal and vascular enhancement and artifacts.

Results

Overall image quality was good (4.10) in Group A, more than satisfactory (3.38) in Group B, and nearly excellent (4.75) in Group C ( P < 0.001). Interfering artifacts were mostly reported in Group B in the liver and spleen.

Conclusion

In single pass total body CT scanning a split bolus technique reached the highest overall image quality compared to conventional total body CT and one-volume contrast CT.
Return to Play After Lateral Meniscectomy Compared With Medial Meniscectomy in Elite Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Nawabi Danyal H. , Cro Suzie , Hamid Imran P. , Williams Andy
Published: July 2014

Background:

Meniscectomy is frequently performed in elite soccer athletes to allow return to a high level of performance as early as possible. Although lateral meniscectomy is known to have more serious long-term sequelae than medial meniscectomy, little is known about the effect of lateral meniscectomy on the time to return to play during the early recovery phase in professional soccer players.

Hypothesis:

Lateral meniscectomy results in longer times to return to preinjury level of competition and a higher incidence of adverse outcomes compared with medial meniscectomy in elite professional soccer players.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A single-surgeon database containing the injury history and operative details of elite soccer athletes from 2005 to 2009 was used to identify players who had undergone an isolated partial lateral or medial meniscectomy. The time to return to preinjury level of competition, the incidence of adverse events during early recovery, and the need for further arthroscopy were recorded. Time to return to play was analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate analysis was used to control for age, location of meniscectomy, percentage of meniscus excised, and type of tear.

Results:

Ninety soccer players were identified, of which 42 had a lateral meniscectomy and 48 had a medial meniscectomy. The median time to return to play, to the nearest week, was longer in the lateral group than the medial group (7 vs 5; P < .001). At all time points after surgery, the cumulative probability of returning to play was 5.99 times greater (95% confidence interval, 3.34-10.74; P < .001) after medial meniscectomy. More lateral meniscectomy cases experienced adverse events related to pain/swelling—29 (69%) vs 4 (8%) ( P < .001)—and required a second arthroscopy: 3 (7%) vs 0 ( P = .098).

Conclusion:

The time to return to preinjury level of competition is significantly longer after lateral than medial meniscectomy in elite professional soccer athletes. Lateral meniscectomy has a higher incidence of adverse events in the early recovery period, including pain/swelling and the need for further arthroscopy. It is also associated with a significantly lower rate of return to play. These findings form the basis of an important discussion that must be had with player and club before a lateral meniscectomy is performed in elite soccer athletes.
Thermo-sensitive liposomes loaded with doxorubicin and lysine modified single-walled carbon nanotubes as tumor-targeting drug delivery system
Authors: Zhu Xiali , Xie Yingxia , Zhang Yingjie , Huang Heqing , Huang Shengnan , Hou Lin , Zhang Huijuan , Li Zhi , Shi Jinjin , Zhang Zhenzhong
Published: July 2014

This report focuses on the thermo-sensitive liposomes loaded with doxorubicin and lysine-modified single-walled carbon nanotube drug delivery system, which was designed to enhance the anti-tumor effect and reduce the side effects of doxorubicin. Doxorubicin-lysine/single-walled carbon nanotube-thermo-sensitive liposomes was prepared by reverse-phase evaporation method, the mean particle size was 232.0 ± 5.6 nm, and drug entrapment efficiency was 86.5 ± 3.7%. The drug release test showed that doxorubicin released more quickly at 42℃ than at 37℃. Compared with free doxorubicin, doxorubicin-lysine/single-walled carbon nanotube-thermo-sensitive liposomes could efficiently cross the cell membranes and afford higher anti-tumor efficacy on the human hepatic carcinoma cell line (SMMC-7721) cells in vitro. For in vivo experiments, the relative tumor volumes of the sarcomaia 180-bearing mice in thermo-sensitive liposomes group and doxorubicin group were significantly smaller than those of N.S. group. Meanwhile, the combination of near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm significantly enhanced the tumor growth inhibition both on SMMC-7721 cells and the sarcomaia 180-bearing mice. The quality of life such as body weight, mental state, food and water intake of sarcomaia 180 tumor-bearing mice treated with doxorubicin-lysine/single-walled carbon nanotube-thermo-sensitive liposomes were much higher than those treated with doxorubicin. In conclusion, doxorubicin-lysine/single-walled carbon nanotube-thermo-sensitive liposomes combined with near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm may potentially provide viable clinical strategies for targeting delivery of anti-cancer drugs.
Maternal Reported Indicators and Causes of Insufficient Milk Supply
Authors: Lou Zixin , Zeng Guo , Huang Lujiao , Wang Yu , Zhou Lan , Kavanagh Katherine F.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Although the breastfeeding initiation rate is high in China, exclusivity is low. Not having enough breast milk has been frequently reported as a reason for supplementing and weaning.

Objective:

The objective was to explore maternal perception of indicators and causes of self-reported insufficient milk supply (IMS) among a sample of southwestern Chinese mothers.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in a hospital in Chengdu, China.

Results:

The majority of mothers were of Han ethnicity and primiparous. Most initiated breastfeeding (n = 325, 95.3%). Among mothers who had weaned by the time of questionnaire completion, more than half (n = 52) reported IMS as a reason, and 53.8% of these mothers reported this occurring during the first 2 days postpartum. Mothers often identified IMS by using less sensitive indicators of adequate intake such as receiving a hungry look from the infant after nursing (34.6%) and not feeling the presence of milk (28.8%). More sensitive indicators of adequate intake, such as the number of wet/soiled diapers, were not reported. More than a third of mothers (39.2%) could not express a reason for the occurrence of IMS. Among those who identified reasons, nearly one-fourth of mothers attributed IMS, at least partially, to dietary factors such as poor appetite (23.5%).

Conclusion:

Self-reported IMS appears to be a common barrier to breastfeeding continuation among this sample of Chinese mothers. Culturally appropriate intervention, designed to inform mothers how to correctly identify and address IMS, might be an effective strategy to support optimal infant-feeding behaviors in China.
The thermal properties and cure kinetics of polytriazole resin modified by 4,4′-bis(azidomethyl) biphenyl
Authors: Xue Shukai , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: July 2014

4,4′-Bis(azidomethyl)biphenyl (BAMBP) was employed to modify the polytriazole resin. The thermal properties and cure kinetics of the modified polytriazole resin were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicate that BAMBP can promote the curing reaction and decrease the curing reaction temperature but cannot change the cure reaction mechanism. The highest glass transition temperature of modified polytriazole resin can be obtained with 5 wt% BAMBP at 213.2°C. Furthermore, the excellent solubility characteristics of BAMBP in polytriazole allows for fabricating T700 carbon fiber/polytriazole composites, which makes polytriazole one of the candidate resins cured at a lower temperature but used at a higher temperature.
A case of proliferative diabetic retinopathy that regressed on human immunodeficiency virus treatment
Authors: Shiibashi Miyo , Yoshimoto Miwako , Shigeeda Takashi , Fujimura Shigeto , Kato Satoshi
Published: July 2014

We report the case of a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, who was later found to have human immunodeficiency virus infection that progressed rapidly. However, we could not determine the clinical course after the onset of human immunodeficiency virus because the patient died shortly after it was detected. In this patient, the activity of proliferative diabetic retinopathy showed regression after treatment for human immunodeficiency virus was initiated.
Love Is in the Gaze
Authors: Bolmont Mylene , Cacioppo John T. , Cacioppo Stephanie
Published: July 2014

Reading other people’s eyes is a valuable skill during interpersonal interaction. Although a number of studies have investigated visual patterns in relation to the perceiver’s interest, intentions, and goals, little is known about eye gaze when it comes to differentiating intentions to love from intentions to lust (sexual desire). To address this question, we conducted two experiments: one testing whether the visual pattern related to the perception of love differs from that related to lust and one testing whether the visual pattern related to the expression of love differs from that related to lust. Our results show that a person’s eye gaze shifts as a function of his or her goal (love vs. lust) when looking at a visual stimulus. Such identification of distinct visual patterns for love and lust could have theoretical and clinical importance in couples therapy when these two phenomena are difficult to disentangle from one another on the basis of patients’ self-reports.
Politically speaking at home and abroad: A typology of message gap strategies
Authors: Friedman Elie , Kampf Zohar
Published: July 2014

During times of international negotiation, political leaders often play a ‘two-level game’, reflected in disparate message designs aimed at satisfying differing audience expectations. The existence of a two-level game in a globalized media environment results in leaders facing an avoidance dilemma, as presenting distinctly different messages could threaten both credibility and maneuverability. Thus, political leaders employ a series of discursive strategies to reduce message gaps in order to facilitate solidarity at home and an appearance of cooperation abroad. Based on discourse analysis of 368 political speeches in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, we present a typology of message gap strategies used by Israeli officials. The article discusses six gap strategies and concludes by clarifying their role in conflict resolution processes.
New ages for shoreline stumps along Lake Winnipeg, Canada, and their implications for paleo-lake level estimates
Authors: St. George Scott , Torbenson Max CA
Published: July 2014

As the largest body of water on the northern Great Plains of North America, Lake Winnipeg in central Manitoba, Canada, is crucial to the region’s hydrology, economy, and society. Previous research identified exposed subfossil stumps at several locations along the shore in both the lake’s north and south basins, and interpreted them as evidence of low lake levels c. ad 1650 caused in part by reduced inflows. Here, we report new radiocarbon dates for submerged stumps rooted in the foreshore of Lake Winnipeg near the Spider Islands, which are located in the lake’s northeastern sector close to its outlet. The 11 stumps had calibrated ages ranging between 2880 and 4150 cal. yr BP, which implies the establishment and mortality of these trees had no connection to Lake Winnipeg and instead that they grew, died, and were preserved within a forest located several hundreds of meters inland. If these new dates are correct, they argue against a simple hydrological explanation for these submerged trees. Instead, our results suggest these trees died 3–4 kyr ago and are now exposed because of gradual, isostatically driven changes in the basin configuration and shoreline position of Lake Winnipeg. Because they date to the mid- or late Holocene, we conclude these subfossil stumps do not constitute clear evidence of hydrologically caused low lake stands in Lake Winnipeg or widespread drought on the northern Great Plains.
Time poverty and price dispersion: Do time poor individuals pay more?
Authors: Rathjen Tim
Published: July 2014

Although detailed analyses are available, little is said about the consequences of time poverty. A possible new implication is analysed within this article: The author tests whether time poor individuals compare less between prices, therefore do not identify ‘bargains’ or ‘rip-offs’ and pay in average more for identical products and services. Using data drawn from the German Time Use Survey 2001/02 and the German Sample Survey of Income and Expenditure 2003, instrumental variables estimations are arranged to account for an expected bias in ordinary least squares estimations and to catch the causal effect of time poverty on the paid prices per good.
The Italian validation of the Salford-Scott Nursing Values Questionnaire
Authors: Mecugni Daniela , Albinelli Patrizia , Pellegrin Joellemarie , Finotto Stefano
Published: July 2014

Background:

To properly direct nursing training and to improve the professional practice to become more effective, it is important to understand students’ values. Literature review has shown that there have been changes in students’ values in the last 20 years. In contemporary students, a general decrease in altruism has been observed, but also a larger appreciation for honesty toward patients has been declared. The analyzed literature did not find validated tools available in Italian that explore personal and professional values of nursing students.

Design of the study:

This study was an Italian linguistic and cultural adaptation of a research tool.

Purpose:

The authors aimed to validate, for the Italian context, the Salford-Scott Nursing Values Questionnaire, enhanced by Johnson to explore the nursing profession’s values.

Methods:

The Beaton Model was used as well as Valmi’s. These models require five phases, with the goal of producing a pre-final version of the instrument for it to then be administered to a sample of the target and expert population.

Ethical considerations:

The study was approved by the Council of the Nursing Degree University course of the Modena and Reggio Emilia University, Reggio Emilia site, and the identity of the subjects was protected at every moment of the testing.

Results:

Face validation was achieved since the clarity percentile for each item was 100%. Content validity was also reached, measured from the content validity index and the scale validity index. The study has confirmed the reliability of the instrument’s internal consistence with a value of Cronbach’s alpha on 0.95 of total of items. The reliability of the test–retest confirms the stability of the instrument in time (r = 0.908; p = 0.01).

Conclusion:

The study concludes that the instrument is ready to be administered to the target population, a sample group of nursing students.
Functional Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain
Authors: Wang Danhong , Liu Hesheng
Published: July 2014

Imaging studies suggest that individual differences in cognition and behavior might relate to differences in brain connectivity, particularly in the higher order association regions. Understanding the extent to which two brains can differ is crucial in clinical and basic neuroscience research. Here we highlight two major sources of variance that contribute to intersubject variability in connectivity measurements but are often mixed: the spatial distribution variability and the connection strength variability. We then offer a hypothesis about how the cortical surface expansion during human evolution may have led to remarkable intersubject variability in brain connectivity. We propose that a series of changes in connectivity architecture occurred in response to the pressure for processing efficiency in the enlarged brain. These changes not only distinguish us from our evolutionary ancestors, but also enable each individual to develop more uniquely. This hypothesis may gain support from the significant spatial correlations among evolutionary cortical expansion, the density of long-range connections, hemispheric functional specialization, and intersubject variability in connectivity.
Journalism Education
Authors: Hamilton John Maxwell
Published: July 2014

Journalism education traditionally has occupied an uneasy space on the fringe of the university. Recent trends have not made its footing any more secure. The tension between the professional nature of journalism education and its scholarly aspirations, which tend away from applied research, are confusing to upper-level university administrators, who favor units that present a unified vision for achieving and maintaining excellence. To consider ways to improve the standing of journalism, this essay looks at the subject from the point of view of the provost, the campus chief academic officer.
Networks, insurgencies, and prefigurative politics
Authors: Sancho Guiomar Rovira
Published: July 2014

E-mail and Web pages made it possible to generate a space for global mobilization against the repression of the Zapatista indigenous rebels in the 1990s. The global justice movement that started in Seattle in 1999 extended global networks to organize action. In recent years, with the development of what has been called ‘Web 2.0’, spontaneous mass mobilizations emerged in large cities. These struggles are specific to each country and context; however, in all cases, they create shared spaces both in the physical world and in the networks, connecting the streets to the global flow of indignation. The intricate urban and digital spatiality of these insurgencies brings a demand for democracy that goes beyond national identities, through forms of protest that are more prefigurative than programmatic.
Predicting post-traumatic stress and health anxiety following a venous thrombotic embolism
Authors: Bennett Paul , Patterson Katie , Noble Simon
Published: July 2014

This research identified psychosocial factors associated with post-traumatic stress and health anxiety following a venous thrombotic embolism. In all, 158 participants, largely registered with a venous thrombotic embolism information website ( Lifeblood: The Thrombosis Charity), completed an online survey. Post-traumatic symptom scores were linked to health threat, and not moderated by perceived control over risk for further venous thrombotic embolism. Health anxiety was associated with continuing symptoms and a negative emotional response to the venous thrombotic embolism. There is a need to intervene to reduce both short- and long-term distress in this population, ideally using a stepped-care model.
Self-esteem mediates the effect of the parent–adolescent relationship on depression
Authors: Hu Junmin , Ai Hongshan
Published: July 2014

There is a trend of rapid growth in both the level and occurrence of depression when people reach adolescence. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the parent–adolescent relationship on depression in adolescents, and mainly focused on the confirmation of the mediator role of self-esteem. A total of 364 senior middle school students accomplished the Parent–Adolescent Relationship Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. The results suggested that both parent–adolescent relationship and self-esteem were significantly correlated with depression. Structural equation modeling indicated that self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between parent–adolescent relationship and depression.
What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint
Authors: Crawford Kate , Gillespie Tarleton
Published: July 2014

The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In practice, the interactions between users, flags, algorithms, content moderators, and platforms are complex and highly strategic. Significantly, flags are asked to bear a great deal of weight, arbitrating both the relationship between users and platforms, and the negotiation around contentious public issues. In this essay, we unpack the working of the flag, consider alternatives that give greater emphasis to public deliberation, and consider the implications for online public discourse of this now commonplace yet rarely studied sociotechnical mechanism.
Eplerenone reduces arterial thrombosis in diabetic rats
Authors: Zakrzeska Agnieszka , Gromotowicz-Popławska Anna , Szemraj Janusz , Szoka Piotr , Kisiel Wioleta , Purta Tomasz , Kasacka Irena , Chabielska Ewa
Published: July 2014

Introduction:

Clinical studies demonstrated the benefits of eplerenone (EPL) in reduction of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Since acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke are related to acute intravascular thrombosis, we postulate that the beneficial effects of EPL may result from its antithrombotic action.

Materials and methods:

Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated with EPL (100 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. Thrombosis in the carotid artery was stimulated electrically.

Results:

Thrombosis development was enhanced in STZ-induced diabetic rats as compared to normoglycaemic controls. EPL caused prolongation of the time to artery occlusion, reduction in the incidence of occlusion and decrease in thrombus weight. Changes in the thrombi structure and the inhibition of hypertrophy of the tunica media in the artery wall were also observed. EPL caused reduction in tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and interleukin-1β plasma levels.

Conclusions:

Our study demonstrated the antithrombotic effect of EPL manifested by a decrease in the dynamics of thrombus formation and changes in its structure. The changes in thrombosis process were accompanied by antihaemostatic, profibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory effects. The aldosterone blockade with EPL seems to be an additional pharmacological strategy for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic disorders in diabetes.
The D allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with greater hemodynamic response to resistance exercises
Authors: Freire Ivna V , Machado Marco , Ribeiro Ícaro JS , Hackney Anthony C , Barbosa Ana AL , Pereira Rafael
Published: July 2014

Hypothesis/introduction:

The association of ACE I/D polymorphism and hemodynamic response to exercise have been limited to primarily aerobic exercises. We hypothesized that D allele carriers would show greater hemodynamic response to resistance exercise, as has been observed with aerobic. This study aimed to investigate the association of ACE I/D polymorphism and hemodynamic (blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP)) response to resistance exercise in young healthy subjects.

Materials and methods:

ACE I/D polymorphisms were studied by PCR analysis from 75 healthy men. Subjects completed a resistance exercise session of three sets of 10 knee extension repetitions with loads of 50, 75 and 100% of 10RM and two-minute rest intervals. Hemodynamic measures were recorded before and immediately after each set. Analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences among ACE genotypes.

Results:

ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with hemodynamic response to resistance exercise, as healthy subjects with ACE D allele were prone to higher responses. In addition, this phenotypic difference seems to be a load-dependent trend.

Conclusion:

ACE DD carriers exhibit greater heart work during resistance exercise. Future studies should focus on the influence of resistance training period with different workloads on the hemodynamic response in healthy individuals with different ACE genotypes.
Functional convolution models
Authors: Asencio Maria , Hooker Giles , Gao H Oliver
Published: July 2014

This article considers the application of functional data analysis methods to modelling particulate matter emission profiles from dynamometer experiments. In particular the functional convolution model is introduced as an extension of the distributed lag model to functional (smooth and continuous) observations. We present a penalized ordinary least squares estimator for the model and a novel bootstrap procedure to provide pointwise confidence regions for the estimated convolution functions. The model is illustrated on the Coordinating Research Council E55/59 study of diesel truck emissions.
Re-inventing Diversion
Authors: Smith Roger
Published: July 2014

This article reviews recent developments in the area of ‘out of court’ disposals in youth justice in England and Wales, highlighting the emergence of recent trends towards decreased use of formal procedures to deal with the reported offences of young people. The idea considers possible explanations for these developments and assesses the contribution of a number of recent practice initiatives with a diversionary orientation. The article reflects on the varying rationales underpinning these developments, and wider influences in the form of economically driven pragmatism, before concluding that in order to sustain recent achievements, diversion must demonstrably strengthen its claims to legitimacy.
Diversion from Prosecution for Young People in England and Wales − Reconsidering the Mandatory Admission Criteria
Authors: Cushing Karen
Published: July 2014

In England and Wales, diversion from formal criminal proceedings in the Youth Court for a young person who offends is usually only available if an admission to an offence is made. Failure to do so can be an immediate barrier to diversion, even for very young people who have committed low level offences. This article considers the complexities of the admission criterion, and explores whether the new provisions for diversion in the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) is a lost opportunity to reconsider whether an admission should be a mandatory prerequisite for diversion.
Suspense-Optimal College Football Play-Offs
Authors: Olson Jarrod , Stone Daniel F.
Published: July 2014

U.S. college football’s traditional bowl system, and lack of a postseason play-off tournament, has been controversial for years. The conventional wisdom is that a play-off would be a more fair way to determine the national champion, and more fun for fans to watch. The colleges finally agreed to begin a play-off in the 2014-2015 season, but with just four teams, and speculation continues that more teams will be added soon. A subtle downside to adding play-off teams is that it reduces the significance of regular season games. We use the framework of Ely, Frankel, and Kamenica (in press) to directly estimate the utility fans would get from this significance, that is, utility from suspense, under a range of play-off scenarios. Our results consistently indicate that play-off expansion causes a loss in regular season suspense utility greater than the gain in the postseason, implying the traditional bowl system (two team play-off) is suspense-optimal. We analyze and discuss implications for TV viewership and other contexts.
Planning for Manufacturing
Authors: Clavel Pierre , Giloth Robert
Published: July 2014

Traces the evolution of Chicago economic development planning from the Central Business District (loop) -serving orientation under the Richard J. Daley “machine” regime to a neighborhood oriented “local producer strategy” established under progressive mayor Harold Washington. Shows institutionalization as Washington’s planners cultivated a neighborhood movement and neighborhood serving local development organizations to enhance the prospects of small manufacturing operations and the retention of industrial jobs for residents. These continued and elaborated into the successor regime of mayor Richard M. Daley, but eventually lost force as the city turned toward neighborhood beautification and other improvements aimed at attracting upscale residential development.
Combined Central and Peripheral Stimulation for Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus
Authors: Thabit Mohamed N. , Fouad Naglaa , Shahat Badawy , Youssif Mostafa
Published: July 2014

Background. Tinnitus is a common untreatable condition that originates from central maladaptive plasticity initiated by peripheral injury. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), direct cochlear low-level laser therapy (LLLT), and acupuncture were tried for tinnitus treatment, but the results of these methods were clinically unsatisfactory. Objective. This study aimed to test the combined effect of the 3 methods targeting both peripheral and central auditory areas as a new therapeutic strategy for tinnitus. Methods. For this, 30 patients were randomized to 3 equal groups receiving 3 different interventions: inhibitory rTMS to the left auditory cortex, LLLT (which includes a combination of direct cochlear LLLT and laser acupuncture) to the affected ear(s), and finally, a combination of rTMS and LLLT. The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were assessed before, immediately after, and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after 10 consecutive every-other-day sessions for each intervention type. Results. We found that combined stimulation was effective in tinnitus treatment. This effect remained for 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. However, each of rTMS and LLLT alone had no significant effect. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of Time and Time × Intervention interaction for THI and VAS scores. The post hoc t test for different time points per intervention revealed a significant difference between baseline and all postintervention measurements of both THI and VAS for the combination intervention. Conclusion. Combined central rTMS and peripheral LLLT is more beneficial as a new method for management of tinnitus rather than these two used separately.
Current best practice in the management of pulmonary and systemic sarcoidosis
Authors: Amin Emily N. , Closser Douglas R. , Crouser Elliott D.
Published: July 2014

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of granulomatous inflammation in affected tissues. It can affect essentially any organ system but shows a predilection for the lungs, eyes, and skin. Accurate epidemiological data are not available in the USA, but sarcoidosis is considered a ‘rare disease’ (prevalence less than 200,000). However, recent epidemiologic studies indicate that regional prevalence is much higher than previously estimated, especially among African American women. Additionally, mortality rates of patients with sarcoidosis are increasing by 3% per year over the past two decades. The most common causes of death are attributed to progressive lung disease and cardiac sarcoidosis, and the health of the patients is further compromised by other systemic manifestations. As such, the management of sarcoidosis requires a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. We aim to discuss the principles of managing sarcoidosis, including standards of care relating to pulmonary disease as well as recent advances relating to the detection and treatment of extrapulmonary manifestations.
Using machine-coded event data for the micro-level study of political violence
Authors: Hammond Jesse , Weidmann Nils B
Published: July 2014

Machine-coded datasets likely represent the future of event data analysis. We assess the use of one of these datasets—Global Database of Events, Language and Tone (GDELT)—for the micro-level study of political violence by comparing it to two hand-coded conflict event datasets. Our findings indicate that GDELT should be used with caution for geo-spatial analyses at the subnational level: its overall correlation with hand-coded data is mediocre, and at the local level major issues of geographic bias exist in how events are reported. Overall, our findings suggest that due to these issues, researchers studying local conflict processes may want to wait for a more reliable geocoding method before relying too heavily on this set of machine-coded data.
Is international election observation credible? Evidence from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe missions
Authors: Bader Max , Schmeets Hans
Published: July 2014

While international election observations missions often aim to present generalizable claims about the quality and integrity of an election, their findings are rarely based on a representative sample of observations, undermining the credibility of the missions. Bias in the selection of polling stations, among other things, can inflate or deflate the percentage of polling stations where observers find significant flaws. This article uses original data from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) election observation missions to illustrate the nature of the problem of selection bias in international election observation, and show how the percentage of ‘bad’ polling stations (in the absence of selection bias) can be estimated through a weighting procedure. The article finds that, while there is a strong degree of selection bias, this does not significantly impact the overall percentage of ‘bad’ polling stations that is reported by OSCE observation missions.
Hezbollah and the Arab Spring
Authors: Alagha Joseph
Published: July 2014

The Lebanese resistance movement and political party, Hezbollah, benefited from the Arab Spring to spread its hegemony over Lebanon through democratic means. In January 2011, the party and its allies forged a majority in the parliament and formed a cabinet. The cabinet collapsed two months before Hezbollah’s overt acknowledgement of involvement in the Syrian quagmire. Since March 22, 2013, a power vacuum has been reigning in Lebanon: there is no cabinet; no functioning parliament; and no properly running institutions. This situation increased sectarian tensions, especially the Sunni–Shia divide or discord ( fitna). In spite of the relative stability of Lebanon, like the Arab uprisings, the country lacks a clear ideological vision, unified leadership, and has serious problems with institutionalization and constitutionalism.