bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenge and Change in East Asia: Indonesiaâs Quest for Accountable Governance
Authors: Qodari Muhammad
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Indonesia, the worldâs largest majority-Muslim society, successfully held three major elections in 2004âlegislative elections in April and two rounds of presidential voting in July and September. The two rounds were part of Indonesiaâs first direct popular balloting for president and vice-president; power peacefully transferred from President Megawati Sukarnoputri of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) to former general Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) of the Democrat Party (PD). Although the smooth elections secured an important measure of legitimacy on the government, its leaders must now cope with many challenges, including lack of accountability, economic problems, corruption, separatist rebellions, and the tsunamiâs aftermath.
Electoral Systems Today: Iraqâs Year of Voting Dangerously
Authors: Dawisha Adeed , Diamond Larry
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The year 2005 may prove to have been one of the most politically consequential in the modern history of Iraq. In the space of less than eleven months, the country held three elections. The elections took place successfully, with Iraqis voting in large numbers despite widespread logistical challenges, terrorist intimidation, and insurgent violence. But in their entrenchment of ethnic and sectarian fissures as the main organizing principle of politics, the three votes highlighted the role and limits of electoral-system design in the quest to manage and contain potentially polarizing divisions.
Electoral Systems Today: A Global Snapshot
Authors: Soudriette Richard W. , Ellis Andrew
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Electoral systems provide the framework that guarantees people the right to have a voice in how they are governed. Countries need to consider historical, cultural, and social factors in the choice of an electoral system and to engage stakeholders in the discussion to increase the likelihood that the electorate will accept the legitimacy of elections. Ill-conceived electoral systems can undermine popular support for democratic governance, while well-designed electoral systems can help to encourage popular participation and ensure the long-term success of democracy.
Cleaning the Revolutionary Household: Domestic Servants and Public Welfare in Mexico City, 1900-1935
Authors: Blum Ann Shelby
Published: January 2007

Historians of Mexican labor have long considered domestic service
analytically elusive owing to its informal nature and the fact
that it took place in private homes. Located at key junctures of
legal and social reform during Mexico's early revolutionary period,
domestic service comes into focus through examination of public welfare
institutions where domestics appeared in multiple roles. Family law
reform legalizing adoption provided protection against adoption of state
wards as domestic servants. Federal maternal-child health programs,
the outcome of discursive valuation of maternity and domesticity,
raised the qualifications for certain kinds of domestic labor in
institutional settings. Federal labor law included domestic service,
establishing legal recourse against abuse but also codifying the low
social status of domestic service. These early developments illuminate
ways that revolutionary reforms intended to modernize Mexican family
forms to support national economic goals simultaneously constructed a
gendered informal labor sector.
A Mental and Moral Feast: Reading, Writing, and Sentimentality in Black Philadelphia
Authors: Armstrong Erica R
Published: January 2007

This article examines the ways in which African American women
constructed their freedom and their respectability through the
maintenance of "friendship albums." Many African American women in
Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Boston worked hard to educate
themselves and their families; they also worked within various churches
and political associations to bring about an end to the institution of
slavery. Friendship albums, rare and important historical documents,
provide tremendous insight into the attitudes and community-building
partnerships among nineteenth-century African American women. Through
poetry, sonnets, and journal entries, friendship albums also offer a
rare glimpse into African American women's private thoughts and emotions
about such hotly debated topics as womanhood, motherhood, freedom,
and equality.
Problematic Modernity: Gender, Sexuality, and Reproduction in Twentieth-Century Argentina
Authors: Barrancos Dora
Published: January 2007

This article examines the limits of twentieth-century Argentine liberalism in light of two important rights for women: divorce and free access to contraceptive methods. Taking into account the liberal impulse of modernity at the beginning of the century and a phase of "neomodernity" upheld by neoliberal forces at the end of the century, the article argues that, while modernizing phenomena often foretell a greater rationality, secularity, and consolidation of private rights, such was not the case in Argentina because of the extreme influence of the Catholic Church. The article concludes with a discussion of how liberalism was inflected by its encounters with the Catholic Church, whose influence managed to delay passage of a divorce law until 1987, forestall free access to contraceptive methods, and block the legalization of abortion.
Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte: "Ill-Suitted for the Life of a Columbians Modest Wife"
Authors: Lewis Charlene M. Boyer
Published: January 2007

Two centuries ago, Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte (1785–1879) was one of the most famous women in the United States. She had married Napoleon's brother Jerome, borne his child, and seen the marriage annulled by the emperor himself. She was a celebrated figure at a time when much remained unsettled. The Revolution had succeeded, but the shape of U.S. politics and society had not been determined. Americans argued over what their society should look like: how aristocratic or democratic should it be? Gender roles and expectations were also in transition. Elizabeth's imperial connections and her scandalous behavior made her a central figure in these debates, and many American elites regarded her as a threat to the new nation as well as a woman not suited for a republic. In her writing and behavior, Elizabeth offered a different model for American womanhood, thus demonstrating both the contingency of the republican experiment and the active role women took in debates over the nation's culture and society.
The Discourse of Civilization and Decolonization
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: January 2007

This short introduction to the following collection of essays seeks to map out the different
ways in which the discourse of civilization has been understood and deployed
over the past century. We can find tensions in the understanding of civilization
between conceptions of it as singular and multiple, between civilization as a process
and an achieved state, between spiritual and material civilizations, and between elite
and popular or ethnographic versions. These tensions reflect the ambivalence of civilization
as subservient to the goals of the nation-state and as encompassing a higher,
authorizing ideal that continues to this day.
Ireland, India, and the Poetics of Internationalism
Authors: Viswanathan Gauri
Published: January 2007

Focusing on decolonization and the home rule movement in India and Ireland, this
article examines the career of the poet and theosophist James Cousins, who left a flourishing
career in Dublin and settled in India in 1915. The substantial body of work published
by Cousins in India represents his attempt to work through issues of realism and
idealism in art that, in his view, remained unresolved in the Irish cultural renaissance.
In his literary criticism he sought to find satisfactory models to deal with the pressing
questions of decolonization and home rule. Privileging art over politics, Cousins
regarded the Indian renaissance not as a moment of political awakening but rather as
a movement toward aesthetic and philosophical unity, in stark contrast to the Irish
literary revival, which was driven primarily by political goals. Drawing on such diverse
thinkers as Tagore and Okakura, Cousins maintained that the struggle for freedom was
essentially an expansion of critical consciousness. The real measure of civilizational
strength for him was the accommodation of inner growth by external conditions.
Where such conditions did not exist, only violence could result. Cousins pointed to the
French Revolution as history's prime example of the reduction of the ideal to the assertion
of local, narcissistic needs. The result of the friction between world idealism and
political realism was the self-centered nationalism that Cousins abhorred as an aberration
from the true course of human history. In his attempt to develop an aesthetics
that could accommodate politics without being subordinated to it, however, Cousins
drove his own work into oblivion, as other models of internationalism that were more
overtly political and economic gained ascendancy.
Malaria and the Peopling of Early Tropical Africa
Authors: Webb James L. A
Published: January 2007

This essay synthesizes research findings in the fields of microbiology, archaeology, and archaeobotany to explore the significance of malaria on the peopling of early tropical Africa before the Common Era. It contends that the human genetic responses to malarial infections in early tropical Africa constitute the earliest known chapters in the human experience with infectious disease. It also advances a new interpretation of the colonization of much of tropical Africa during the demographic processes known as the "Bantu expansions" (fifth to first millennia B.C.E.). It argues against diffusionist theories and in favor of a more integrated theory of the peopling of the continent.
Convening a 407 Panel for Research Not Otherwise Approvable: "Precursors to Diabetes in Japanese American Youth" as a Case Study
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: January 2007

Subpart D of 45 CFR 46 focuses on research involving children. Section 46.407 addresses research that is not otherwise approvable. The research is not otherwise approvable because either (1) it seeks to enroll healthy children, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than minimal risk; or (2) it seeks to enroll children with a disorder or condition, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than a minor increase over minimal risk. According to 46.407, such research can be permissible if it is approved by a panel of experts. Prior to 2000, only two 407 panels had been convened, but in 2001, the Office for Human Research Protections received more than 20 protocols for 407 review. The first, entitled "Precursors to Diabetes in Japanese American Youth," serves here as a case study in human subject protections.
Ethics Education and Value Prioritization among Members of U.S. Hospital Ethics Committees
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: January 2007

Calls for ethics education for members of hospital ethics committees presume that the effects and benefits of such education are well-established. This is not the case. A review of the literature reveals that studies consistently have failed to uncover any significant effect of ethics education on the moral reasoning, moral competency, and/or moral development of medical professionals. The present paper discusses this negative result and describes the author's national study of the value priorities of members of hospital ethics committees. This study discovered correlations between moral decision making and factors like age and type of institution where the committee operates. The results of this study also resemble those of previous studies in finding no correlation between ethics education and moral decision making. The author concludes that there is a need for more research on the effects of nonmoral personal, societal, and institutional factors on the moral reasoning of members of hospital ethics committees. Further, in the absence of any firm empirical basis, calls for ethics education for medical professionals and ethics committee members should be rethought.
Representation of the Ruler in Buddhist Inscriptions of Early Koryo
Authors: Vermeersch Sem
Published: January 2007

This article traces the legacy of Buddhist kingship in the early Koryo period. T'aejo (r. 918-943), the founder of the Koryo dynasty (918-1392), was keen to follow in the footsteps of Silla kings and use Buddhist symbols of power. He also set great store on attracting eminent monks, granting them special favors and titles, and overseeing the construction of stelae inscriptions to commemorate them. These inscriptions also feature the king prominently and illuminate his relation to Buddhism. Although the king is not explicitly identified as a Buddhist ruler, the Buddhist dharma features as an integral element of kingship. In this universe, the worldly authority, personified by the king, always coexists with and depends on a spiritual counterpart, personified by the royal or state preceptor. One effect of this was that the authority of a ruler was never complete without a preceptor to validate and correct the royal power. Thus a great deal of ritual power was invested in these preceptors.
Corn Culture and Dangerous DNA: Real and Imagined Consequences of Maize Transgene Flow in Oaxaca
Authors: McAfee Kathleen
Published: January 2007

"Genetic pollution" in Oaxaca has become Exhibit A for critics of crop genetic engineering and the focus of angry charges and counterclaims by biotechnology researchers. Like many disputes about science and technology, this one is linked to economic and resource-control conflicts. To understand why this controversy is so intense, we need to locate the scientific findings and claims about crop gene flow within the broader frame of international agro-food restructuring and its consequences for agrarian communities. The dispute over maize transgene flow in Mexico has unfolded in the context of U.S. and "life industry" agendas for trade liberalization and worldwide expansion of intellectual property rights. Equally germane is the cultural and economic significance of corn and of small-scale farming in Mexico, where rural livelihoods have been hard hid by neoliberal reforms. Whether or not the contested report in Nature (November 2001) stands up to scientific scrutiny, it is probable that the introgression into Mexican local maize varieties of Bt transgene constructs from genetically engineered U.S. corn has occurred, despite Mexico's ban on GE grain planting. The possible risks posed by traveling transgenes are not well understood, but there are plausible scientific reasons for concern about possible hazards to agricultural biodiversity and agro-ecosystems. More troubling, however, are the likely consequences -for local food security, cultural survival, and national economic sovereignty- of the private ownership of staple-crop genetic resources and of the influence on trade policy, agricultural research, seed and food markets, and farming-system options of a small number of powerful states and transnational firms. Processes at the global level (e.g., in the WTO), regional level (e.g., trade pacts in the Americas) and local level (farmers' successes in agroecology and organizing) suggest that the political space for alternative agendas may be opening. Despite the privatization and narrowed focus of much research funding, genetics, ecology, crop science, and participatory research have much to contribute to widening this space by evaluating sustainable-farming options as well as biotechnology applications.
The Interrupted Circle: Truncated Transnationalism and the Salvadoran Experience
Authors: Miyares Ines M , Wright Richard , Mountz Alison , Bailey Adrian J , Jonak Jennifer
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the transnational experience of the Salvadoran community in New Jersey and El Salvador. We argue that this experience is "truncated", stunted as much by the tenuous residency status of many Salvadorans as by distance or poverty. We use unstructured and survey-based interviews to illustrate how the Salvadoran transmigrants have responded to separation from their families in El Salvador by struggling to maintain place ties by substituting vicarious return for actual return. We propose that migrant circulation can occur vicariously through gifts, remittances, and telecommunications when a migrant's legal status, in this case Temporary Protected Status, constrains corporeal circulation. We also explore the downsides to this vicarious return, with our particular interest in the children left behind and the longer term viability of remittance-based economies.
Concessions, Conflict, and the Rebirth of the Honduran Mahogany Trade
Authors: Revels Craig S
Published: January 2007

In the 1830s Central America underwent a period of rapid transformation, and an array of ambitious individuals capitalized on the uncertainty to aggressively seize and exploit new economic opportunities. At the same time, the world trade in big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) entered a boom period, largely in response to the English furniture trade. Combined, these events helped stimulate a resumption of mahogany cutting in the lowland forests of northern Honduras. Central to this process was the commercial partnership of Francisco Moraz�n and Marshall Bennett, in particular the enormous concession Moraz�n received from the Honduran government in 1835. Administration of the concession shifted the core of mahogany operations to the heart of the north coast, stimulating commercial exploitation as well as a range of territorial disputes over land and access to the forest in both western and eastern Honduras. This article examines that concession in the light of its foundational role for the mahogany trade, which ultimately established a template for large-scale landscape transformation through the nineteenth century and beyond.

En la d�cada de 1830s Am�rica Central experiment� un per�odo de transformaci�n r�pida, donde individuos oportunistas se aprovecharon de la incertidumbre del momento para explotar agresivamente nuevas oportunidades econ�micas. Al mismo tiempo, el comercio mundial de la caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) present� un per�odo del auge, en gran parte en respuesta al comercio ingl�s de muebles. Estos acontecimientos combinados, estimularon la reaparici�n de la tala de caoba en los bosques del norte de Honduras. Central a este proceso fu� la asociaci�n comercial de Francisco Moraz�n y Marshall Bennett, en particular la inmensa concesi�n que Moraz�n recibi� del gobierno hondure�o en 1835. La administraci�n de esta concesi�n cambi� el n�cleo de las operaciones de caoba al centro de la costa del norte, estimulando la explotaci�n comercial as� como muchos conflictos sobre tierras y acceso al bosque en Honduras occidental y oriental. Este art�culo examina tal concesi�n en la luz de su papel fundamental en el comercio de caoba, que estableci� un modelo para la transformaci�n del paisaje en el siglo diecinueve y m�s all�.
English Verb-Preposition Constructions: Constituency and Order
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: January 2007

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the constituent-structure and linear-order properties
of English transitive and intransitive V-P constructions involving so-called ÔparticlesÕ (turn
on the lights/the lights on, mess up the song/the song up, shut up, sit down, etc.). Drawing on
both standard and certain new evidence and arguments, it is proposed that V-P constructions
generally come in one or both of two varieties: lexical compounds (mess up in mess up the song)
and/or discontinuous verbs, that is, lexemes with more than one piece projected as a word or
phrase (mess . . . up in mess the song up), and that the alternation, for those that have both
manifestations, reflects different argument structure possibilities for a lexemewith the same overall
conceptual semantics. The internal structure of VPs built on V-P lexemes is examined in some
detail. The popular Ôsmall-clauseÕ approach, according to which the DP of transitive V-P structures
is the subject of a phrase that has the P as its predicate, is shown to be problematic, primarily
because there in fact exists a true small-clause construction that can have a P as its predicate and
the putative small clause of cases like mess the song up systematically lacks the defining properties
of this construction. The word-order restrictions that the small-clause approach is designed, in
part, to account for are shown to follow from a set of independently needed linearization constraints,
which are motivated by functional principles.
From Usage to Grammar: The Mind's Response to Repetition
Authors: Bybee Joan L
Published: January 2007

A usage-based view takes grammar to be the cognitive organization of one's experience with language. Aspects of that experience, for instance, the frequency of use of certain constructions or particular instances of constructions, have an impact on representation that is evidenced in speaker knowledge of conventionalized phrases and in language variation and change. It is shown that particular instances of constructions can acquire their own pragmatic, semantic, and phonological characteristics. In addition, it is argued that high-frequency instances of constructions undergo grammaticization processes (which produce further change), function as the central members of categories formed by constructions, and retain their old forms longer than lower-frequency instances under the pressure of newer formations. An exemplar model that accommodates both phonological and semantic representation is elaborated to describe the data considered.
Resentful Little Women : Gender and Class Feeling in Louisa May Alcott
Authors: Foote Stephanie
Published: January 2007

This essay looks at how dangerous and destructive emotions are figured in Little Women. The novel is often read as negotiating a sentimental understanding of the relationship between the world and the home, but this essay argues that emotions like anger, resentment, and envy demonstrate that the family, rather than being the refuge from the market-driven pressures of the social world, or a testing ground for a better version of that world, is already saturated with its class and status distinctions. Tracking multiple scenes of the March girls' social humiliations and injuries, the essay links the emergence of affective definitions of class alongside business-like definitions of gender.
The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics
Authors: Giroux Henry A
Published: January 2007

Under the reign of neoliberalism with its growing commercialization of everyday life, the corporatization of higher education, the dismantling of the welfare state, the militarizing of public space, and the increasing privatization of the public sphere, it has become more difficult to address not only the complex nature of social agency and the importance of democratic public spheres, but also the fact that active and critical political agents have to be formed, educated, and socialized into the world of politics. Lacking a theoretical paradigm for linking learning to social change, existing political vocabularies appear increasingly powerless about how to theorize the crisis of political agency and political pessimism in the face of neoliberal assaults on all democratic public spheres. As the vast majority of citizens become detached from public forums that nourish social critique, political agency not only becomes a mockery of itself, it is replaced by market-based driven form of cultural politics in which private satisfactions replace social responsibilities and confessional culture become a substitute for systemic change. This paper argues that in the face of a virulent neoliberalism that spawns a vast educational propaganda machine, educators, cultural workers, and others need to rethink the entire project of politics within the changed conditions of a global political/pedagogical sphere.
This article attempts to address the current crisis of meaning and political agency as a fundamental challenge to educators, public intellectuals, social movements, and others who believe in the promise of global democracy. In addressing this challenge, it argues that the urgency of the times demands a notion of global politics in which pedagogy, international alliances, and new forms of solidarity play a prominent role in the call for educators and others to be able to imagine otherwise in order to act otherwise.
Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish: Teaching Melville's Moby-Dick in the College Classroom
Authors: Lamb Robert Paul
Published: January 2007

Moby-Dick—an ultra-canonical text but also a favorite of postcolonialists, feminists, and cultural studies critics—nowadays goes untaught for pedestrian reasons: size and difficulty. Its absence from college syllabi points to a larger problem in the academy: the increasing gulf between scholarship, including scholarship on pedagogy, and the practical exigencies of the classroom. Eschewing the theoretical for the pragmatic, this article suggests specific ways to teach Moby-Dick successfully. The first strategy is to demystify Melville, his text (as some unapproachable icon of high culture), and the rhetorical situation of studying Moby-Dick in a classroom. The second is to develop a question-guide for students to consult that focuses their reading and makes it more productive. The third strategy is to use the novel's symbolic field of binary oppositions to explore the indeterminacy of the text. Although the article is specific to Moby-Dick, these strategies can be pedagogically useful for other texts.
All About Mothers: Pronatalist Discourses in Contemporary Spanish Cinema
Authors: Zecchi Barbara
Published: January 2007

Spain—the most fertile society in Europe in the early 1970s—now has the lowest birth rate in the world and this fact is the origin of new debates around women's role in production and reproduction, a debate that transcends the strictly personal to acquire new social and political dimension. In such a charged pronatalist social context, contemporary Spanish cinema seems to support this call to maternity—often in no innocent terms. Through the analysis of five movies, this essay studies the ramifications—in contemporary Spanish cinema—of the discourse of maternity and its social implications. First, by examining the self-sacrificing "angel" mother paradigm and its underside, namely the evil, self-satisfying mother, the essay explores how both Benito Zambrano's Solas and Azucena Rodríguez's Puede ser divertido envision motherhood as the way for women's fulfillment and as the solution to women's problems; second, through the analysis of Javier Fesser's El milagro de P.Tinto and Pilar Távora's Yerma, it addresses the confusion between sexual and maternal desires, a confusion that shapes the maternal paradigm of asexuality; and thirdly, by focusing on Almodóvar's Todo sobre mi madre, it reflects upon the dynamics of absorption of the concept of womanhood into the category of maternity.
Receptacle or Reversal? Globalization Down Under in Marcus Clarke's His Natural Life
Authors: Birns Nicholas
Published: January 2007

Marcus Clarke's His Natural Life presents a dilemma virtually endemic to the body of Australian literature of which is in an early manifestation: does Australia literature put new content into old forms, or does it do something more radical to the inherited tradition of the English novel? Clarke's novel, involving an unjustly accused convict transported to cruel imprisonment in Tasmania, addresses themes pertinent to recent theoretical inquiry, especially as pertains to Foucauldian investigations into criminology and examinations of the impact of globalization upon literary production. Clarke's critique of colonial institutions is accompanied by a challenge to the inevitability of those institutions that nonetheless does not settle for an easy or moralistic recuperation. As it touches upon many characteristic Victorian concerns from a different angle, Clarke's novel would be very useful in both Victorian literature courses and surveys of postcolonial literature, and the pedagogical potential of Clarke's novel is highlighted in this essay's examination of its contemporary significance.
Consumption, Addiction, Vision, Energy: Political Economies and Utopian Visions in the Writings of the Beat Generation
Authors: Johnston Allan
Published: January 2007

This work examines economic ideas in Beat writing that pave the way for economic thought in the 60s counterculture. It first describes economic concepts advanced by William S. Burroughs and by Kenneth Rexroth. Burroughs explores the imprisoning effect of economies through his "algebra of need," depicting economic relations in terms of addiction and tracing a pattern of "need" virus in all forms of relation. Rexroth views economics in terms of a "cash nexus" that negates person-centered "I-Thou" relations that express the truest condition of relation of self to other. Using these two models, the paper traces economic themes in work by Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, and Jack Kerouac, showing how these authors shift between descriptions of addictive, reductive conditions of need and escapes from this need through transcendent vision. It concludes by considering how Gary Snyder moves away from the polarity of addiction and transcendence through his commitment to non-duality.
What Difference Has Theory Made? From Freud to Adam Phillips
Authors: Payne Martin
Published: January 2007

Theories are the ways we see things, and there seem to be three possible kinds of theories: transparent, opaque, and translucent. Transparent theories assume there is no theory at all or that we need none; opaque theories are those that are so dense or intricate that we cannot see through them to anything beyond; translucent theories (such as Freud's and Phillips's) keep us critically aware of where we are in relation to the things we want to see. In his several recent books, Phillips has developed in a very imaginative and compelling way, a tradition of thinking about children and their theories of difference that reaches back to Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and D.W. Winnicott. Phillips's ideas provide a fruitful medium between ideas about childhood and about children's literature and culture.
Ethnic Identity and Imperative Patriotism: Arab Americans Before and After 9/11
Authors: Salaita Steven George
Published: January 2007

This article examines the effects of 9/11 on the Arab American community with emphasis on how notions of patriotism have altered both American and Arab American life. Analyses of pedagogy, ethnic studies, xenophobia, racism, and stereotype are offered in order to highlight the complexities of the interaction between Americans of Arab origin and other domestic ethnic groups. The author concludes that 9/11 did not actually alter American attitudes toward Arab Americans, but rather reinforced attitudes both positive and negative, that had existed for decades. 9/11 simply offered racists and xenophobes a rhetorical trope that could legitimize their views, while it offered multiculturalists more reason to promote inclusionary ideals.
Choirs and Split Voices: Female Identity Construction in Lorrie Moore's Who Will Run the Frog Hospital?
Authors: Fagan Monica
Published: January 2007

Moore's novel is, in many ways, a story about growing up. The fiercely intimate friendship Moore depicts between two girls, Berie and Sils, and the effects of that friendship on Berie and Sils as adults push us to ask ourselves: is this the way all girls mature into women, or is this just the path that these particular fictional girls follow? As it happens, Moore's portrayal of female maturation closely mirrors the path Adrienne Rich and Carol Gilligan argue many, if not all, girls follow. The novel's clever narrative structure, in which a discontented middle-aged woman remembers longingly the emotionally intimate friendship of her girlhood, reveals that, at least with Berie, women who experience such intimate friendships in adolescence may feel as though the rupture of such friendships results in a rupture of their sense of self. Moore's novel encourages us to re-examine the notion of sisterhood and how female friendships affect the lives of girls and women.
Tenure and its Denial: Facing the Winter Years and Beyond
Authors: Stivale Charles J
Published: January 2007

The details that one recalls at the time of dramatic and, indeed, traumatic events in one's life remain indelibly marked and may create difficulties in pursuing the regular course of work and private pursuits. The author reflects on the events the denial of tenure, how he faced this crisis, and how his preparation in research and teaching provided him a basis upon which to overcome the "winter years" of this difficult period and move on with his career.
Consolation Refused: Virginia Woolf, The Great War, and Modernist Mourning
Authors: Clewell Tammy
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Woolf's engagement with the war's legacy prompted her to represent a new kind of mourning practice, one that spurns consolation and closure. In critiquing the consoling rhetoric of God, king, and country, Jacob's Room articulates a politics and ethics of mourning linked to Woolf'sfeminist aims. To the Lighthouse turns the question of consolation back upon Woolf's own medium, showing how a female painter deconstructs the notion of redemptive art and represents a perpetual mourning of loss.
Introduction: What's Between Us?
Authors: Doyle Laura (Laura Anne)
Published: January 2007

The Introduction offers the question "what's between us" as one way of summing up Virginia Woolf's questions. Woolf draws us into a tingling, Brownian zone of encounter and registers the aesthetic, ontological, and ethical force of encounter in that zone. The essays chosen for the issue treat not only the sexual, economic, national, and imperial dimensions of Woolf's rendering of these encounters but also, by way of such philosophers as Emmanuel Levinas, the ethical dimensions.
Giving Up the Ghost: National and Literary Haunting in Orlando
Authors: Johnson Erica L.
Published: January 2007

In Orlando: A Biography, Virginia Woolf substantiates continuity in Orlando's transhistorical, transgender character through national identity. Through her emphasis on Orlando's elemental relationship to national space and poetic entrenchment in a national literature, though, Woolf reveals Englishness to be composed of exclusions as well as inclusions. She thus illustrates the extent to which national identity is haunted by what she might have called "invisible presences" that inhabit the nation not as subjects and citizens, but as ghosts. Woolf works out her conflicted stance on national identity through hauntings insofar as she builds silences and absences into her narrative of Orlando's Englishness.
"A trick of the mind": Alterity, Ontology, and Representation in Virginia Woolf's The Waves
Authors: Monson Tamlyn
Published: January 2007

Within a theoretical framework linking Julia Kristeva's subject-in-process to the ethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, this paper links the novel's metaphor of subjectivity to language, history and social convention through a reading of the character Bernard. It highlights the symbolic nature of totality as expressed in Bernard's narrative, with language, history and convention grouped together as the home of the singular self, and the decentering of this self achieved through the problematization of representation, teleology and social structures. Associated questions of the violence and ethics of representation, subjectivity and the writer's task are also addressed.
Delirious Henry James: A Small Boy and New York
Authors: Goble Mark
Published: January 2007

Focusing on James's account of New York in the 1850s from A Small Boy and Others, this essay argues that, despite his clear antipathy toward the "modern" New York he describes in The American Scene, his own memories of an "old" New York involve a much more varied and pleasurable response to the city itself. Indeed, James's nostalgia for the city of his childhood reflects a prior modernity marked everywhere by media (dioramas, panoramas, posters) and spectacle (melodramas, theatrical displays, the Barnum Museum)—a modernity whose "visibility," for James, has been "smothered" but not lost.
Time of Death: The End of the 1960s and the Problem of Feminist Futurity in The Women's Room and Vida
Authors: Elliott Jane
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the way in which Marilyn French's The Women's Room and Marge Piercy's Vida work to imagine feminist futures despite a conviction of totalized domination that results in what the author terms static time.While debates regarding totalization have been considered primarily in terms of contemporary theory, this essay argues that such novels' relentless depictions of women's absolute oppression operated as a means of thinking through the post-1960s sense that "the System" had triumphed, demolishing revolutionary futurity. Feminist novels thus became a key arena for both the inscription of and the resistance to static time.
"To have the reader work with the author": The Circulation of Knowledge in Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse and Toni Morrison's Jazz
Authors: Lilienfeld Jane
Published: January 2007

This essay, situated within the theoretical framework authorizing the juxtaposed readings of African-American and white women writers, interrogates the narrative methods by which Virginia Woolf and Toni Morrison incorporate their readers in the search for understanding in To the Lighthouse and Jazz. Using dislocations in time and space, free indirect discourse, polyphonic narrative voices, and skeins of freighted images, these texts problematize memory, history and knowledge. Because sites of narration are mystified and perhaps unreliable, readers are encouraged to become co-creators of the narratives by interpreting the submerged and difficult histories that that have shaped characters and circumstances.
Toward a Pitiless Fiction: Abstraction, Comedy, and Modernist AntiHumanism
Authors: Ophir Ella Zohar
Published: January 2007

Countering the trend of modernist fiction, Wyndham Lewis and Laura Riding sought to eliminate, rather than illuminate, psychological depth. The Wild Body (1927) and Progress of Stories (1936) issue from a critique of the role of empathy in the arts, which is rooted in anxiety about power and culture in mass democracies. Theories of abstraction and of comedy are implicated in these fictions as means to a primary end: the replacement of empathetic response with an "anesthesia of the heart." Lewis hoped to effect a fundamental political transformation, Riding, a spiritual one. In the service of their visions, they used fiction to resist imagining other subjectivities
Forget the Past, Remember the Ancestors! Modernity, "Whiteness," American Hellenism, and the Politics of Memory in Early Greek America
Authors: Anagnostu Yiorgos
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the politics of memory associated with the construction of an "American Hellenic" identity by AHEPA (American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association) in the context of Post World War I American nativism. It examines AHEPA's assimilationist politics in relation to two dominant narratives about American national identity at the time, (a) political/cultural nationalism, and (b) racist nationalism. It shows that although political/cultural and racist nationalisms were incompatible in their expressions of Americanism, they worked dialectically to make race a crucial consideration in the immigrant quest for national belonging. Thus AHEPA's assimilative politics of national inclusion entailed more than political and cultural conformity; it required a narrative of its racial fitness to American "whiteness." A politics of memory was instrumental for AHEPA's inclusion in the racialized nation. AHEPA sought to exclude ethnic memories that were deemed incompatible with the imperative of "white" American republicanism.
Karagatsiot Voluntary Associations: "Out of love for our village"
Authors: Aspraki Gabriella
Published: January 2007

This paper is based on the findings of social anthropological fieldwork which was carried out in one of the principal monasteries of Mount Athos between June 1991 and January 1993. In the article, I explore the logic of pedagogical concerns on Mt. Athos, and compare it with that of western monastic models. By briefly revisiting the historic rift between the Greek and Latin Churches, I seek to highlight some of the deeper theological foundations on which the Athonite attitude to education rests. More specifically, I concentrate on the importance which ritual participation acquires in the socialization of Athonite novices, and discuss the implications which this has for the religious life of Orthodox Greeks. I also dwell upon the anti-intellectualist attitudes that one often encounters on Athos, and examine the social implications which this orientation has for coenobitic life on the Mountain.
Engagements pastoraux et utopiques au XVIIe siecle
Authors: Clerc Arto
Published: January 2007

The Astree by Honore d'Urfe and different utopian novels from the end of the seventeenth century (such as La Terre australe connue by Gabriel de Foigny or L'Histoire des Sevarambes by Denis Veiras) offer models of hypothetical societies. This article attempts to show that these texts do not propose easily identifiable counter-values and that their "engaged" nature lies more in the fact that they propose ambiguous and problematic statements provoking an interpretative work from their readers. In this point of view, the paradoxal nature of both pastoral and utopian spaces undermines the validity and the viability of an authoritarian model of thought, acting as engaged works of the time.
«Plus tost mourir que changer ma pensee"»: Marot poete «engage»"?
Authors: Preisig Florian
Published: January 2007

As the example of Clement Marot shows, the notion of litterature engagee" has to be rethought before being used in the socio-political context of the Renaissance. First, Marot's religious thought seems to contradict the notion of negative criticism. Second, Marot's polemical writings display stylistic tools aimed at protecting himself; it would therefore be more accurate to talk in terms of activism since "engagement" implies the formal implication of the author in his writings. Third, it is probably in direct interaction with the king rather than with the general audience that Marot comes closest to being an"auteur engage."
Polemique et polyphonie dans le discours humaniste
Authors: Tinguely Frederic
Published: January 2007

Rabelaisian criticism has long been divided by two irreconcilable trends: on one hand, partisans of a contextualization focusing on Rabelais' Evangelical militantism; on the other, supporters of a more formal approach emphasizing the ambiguity of a work that should not be reduced to a single ideological stance. It is nevertheless possible to go beyond this debate by showing that it is based on a Sartrian conception of ÒengagementÓ which cannot be applied to the Renaissance. In Humanist anthropology, polemics and polyphony turn out to be entirely compatible.
Humanist Polemics, Christian Morals: A Hypothesis on Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron and the Problem of Self Love
Authors: Vance Jacob
Published: January 2007

This article examines how the idea of reciprocal love functions in early Christian humanist critiques of ecclesiastical abuse stemming from self-love. It argues that Lefevre, Bri�onnet and Erasmus used the idea of reciprocal love as an argument against abusive church practices based on motives associated with pleasure, profit, and honor. It then argues that Marguerite de Navarre also used the idea of reciprocal love, as mediated through Ficino, to explore the psychology of self-love. It is proposed that the Heptameron recuperates the opposition of reciprocal and self-love that her humanist predecessors had instated.
Farewell to the Classical: Excavations in Modernism
Authors: Jusdanis Gregory
Published: January 2007

By saving and restoring the past, archaeology renders ruins "unancient" and modern. But does this rob ruins of their mystique, as some commentators have claimed? Can modernized ruins still mesmerize? Do we have a meaningful relationship to ancient sites fenced off from their urban and natural setting, trampled by tourists, and littered with Kodak boxes? A look at Greek modernism shows that Greek poets returned to the classical past despite its glorification for two centuries. Rather than seeing in ruins sites for rapture, as is true for Western travelers, they problematized them, coming to terms with their existence and the weight of their meaning.
The Unrest Cure According to Lawrence, Saki, and Lewis
Authors: Lane Christopher
Published: January 2007

This essay examines two sets of pre-Holocaust fantasies, thriving in Edwardian England, that manifested as either vehement anti-Semitism or generalized misanthropy. Although cultural historians can point to reasons for both sets of fantasies, including the 1905 Aliens Act and the xenophobia accompanying the 1911 Sidney Street Siege, a riot in East London, my essay turns instead to fiction such as Saki's short story "The Unrest-Cure," Lawrence's Sons and Lovers and Women in Love, and Lewis's Apes of God, because they invoke a different kind of causality that ties prejudice and misanthropy to impersonal hatred. Arguing that this radical misanthropy helped transform early twentieth-century conceptions of personhood, "The Unrest Cure" assesses whether the resulting agitation guides readers toward new models of sociability or, more austerely, humanity's extinction.
Marsden Hartley's Light Figures
Authors: Nieland Justus
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Marsden Hartley's sentimental fondness for the acrobat's "light figure" is an attempt to imagine a form of public intimacy that flickers between social attachment and detachment, emotive personalism and spectacular disembodiment. I trace this figure from its emergence in Hartley's famous War Motif paintings, through its mediating role in the competing aesthetic discourses of New York dada and the Stieglitz circle, to its final articulation in Hartley's unpublished manuscript on the circus, Elephants and Rhinestones. Hartley's sentimental iconophilia, I argue, departs from a dominant modernist gambit linking vision, authenticity, and privatized interiority. Rather than penetrating, his erotic vision disperses; rather than implicating the spectator, it finds no subject, only a fleeting attachment that Hartley secures by losing himself in the affective circuitry of a mediated public sphere.