bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and physico-chemical properties of insoluble rice bran fiber: effect of acid–base induced modifications
Authors: Qi Jing , Yokoyama Wallace , Masamba Kingsley George , Majeed Hamid , Zhong Fang , Li Yue
Published: September 2015

Various acid–base regimes induced structural and physicochemical modifications of IRBF.
A novel template free synthetic strategy to graphene–iron oxide nanotube hybrid
Authors: Anju M. , Renuka N. K.
Published: September 2015

A magnetically separable graphene–iron oxide nanotube composite was synthesised for the first time via an adept template free hydrothermal route.
An ortho-quinone methide based strategy towards the rubromycin spiroketal family
Authors: Willis N. J. , Bray C. D.
Published: September 2015

A method for the generation/in situhetero-Diels–Alder cycloaddition of a trisubstitutedortho-quinone methide (o-QM) is described.
Ball-milled FeP/graphite as a low-cost anode material for the sodium-ion battery
Authors: Yang Qiu-Ran , Li Wei-Jie , Chou Shu-Lei , Wang Jia-Zhao , Liu Hua-Kun
Published: September 2015

Our results suggest that by using a low-energy ball-milling method, a promising FeP/graphite anode material can be synthesized for the sodium battery.
Designing a gel–fiber composite to extract nanoparticles from solution
Authors: Liu Ya , Yong Xin , McFarlin Gerald , Kuksenok Olga , Aizenberg Joanna , Balazs Anna C.
Published: September 2015

The extraction of nanoscopic particulates from flowing fluids is a vital step in filtration processes, as well as the fabrication of nanocomposites.
Selection strategy of porphyrins for achieving thermally stable polymer solar cells
Authors: Wang Sisi , Wang Meiyan , Chen Zhaobin , Yang Xiaoniu
Published: September 2015

Excellent thermal stability combined with a comparable PCE was achieved for a P3HT:PCBM device in the presence of –NO2-substituted and Cu-metallized porphyrins.
Preparation of ZnCo2O4 nanoflowers on a 3D carbon nanotube/nitrogen-doped graphene film and its electrochemical capacitance
Authors: Bai Wenlong , Tong Hao , Gao Zhenzhen , Yue Shihong , Xing Sichuan , Dong Shengyang , Shen Laifa , He Jianping , Zhang Xiaogang , Liang Yanyu
Published: September 2015

Homogeneous ZnCo2O4 nanoflowers have been synthesized on a 3D layered structure of carbon nanotubes/nitrogen-doped graphene (NGN/CNTs) film by a hydrothermal process and subsequent calcination method.
Improving charge collection with delafossite photocathodes: a host–guest CuAlO2/CuFeO2 approach
Authors: Prévot Mathieu S. , Li Yang , Guijarro Néstor , Sivula Kevin
Published: September 2015

p-Type delafossite CuFeO2 has recently been reported as a promising candidate for direct photoelectrochemical solar water reduction in alkaline conditions.
An organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite logic gate for better computing
Authors: Lin Guoming , Lin Yuanwei , Cui Rongli , Huang Huan , Guo Xihong , Li Cheng , Dong Jinquan , Guo Xuefeng , Sun Baoyun
Published: September 2015

An electrically bistable and non-volatile rewritable memory effect on a sandwich architecture, ITO/PEDOT:PSS/organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite/Cu, is shown.
Salicylaldimine difluoroboron complexes containing tert-butyl groups: nontraditional π-gelator and piezofluorochromic compounds
Authors: Gong Peng , Yang Hao , Sun Jingbo , Zhang Zhenqi , Sun Jiabao , Xue Pengchong , Lu Ran
Published: September 2015

tert-Butyl can lead to the loose packing of salicylaldehydehydrazone difluoroboron complexes in aggregated states to generate stimuli-responsive materials.
Physical layer encryption scheme using finite‐length polar codes
Authors: Hooshmand Reza , Aref Mohammad Reza , Eghlidos Taraneh
Published: September 2015

In this study, by exploiting the properties of finite‐length polar codes, the authors introduce a physical layer encryption scheme to make secure (from a computational security perspective) and efficient communication between a sender (Alice) and a legitimate receiver (Bob) against both active and passive attacks, simultaneously. To prevent active attacks, two techniques are considered: (i) a novel method is introduced to keep the generator matrix of polar code secret from an active attacker (Oscar); (ii) a proper joint polar encoding/encryption algorithm based on the hidden generator matrix is introduced. Two additional strategies are considered against passive attacks: (i) a new method is introduced to partition the bit‐channels into good and bad bit‐channels and then the scrambled information bits are transmitted over those bit‐channels that are good for Bob but bad for a passive attacker (Eve); (ii) the secret key cryptography is implemented at the physical layer, such that Eve cannot decode the eavesdropped data without the knowledge of the secret key shared between the authorised parties. Besides, this study discusses efficiency analysis results consisting key size, error performance and computational complexity of the proposed scheme.
Modified weight function with automatic node generation in element‐free Galerkin method for magnetic field computation
Authors: Arehpanahi Mehdi , Vahedi Omid
Published: September 2015

Element‐free Galerkin method (EFGM) is one of the numerical methods which is used for solving partial differential equations with moving least squares interpolations. This method is based on finite‐element method (FEM) on an integral formulation requires only a set of nodes distributed on the analysis domain for weight function construction. No element connectivity is needed. The objective of this study is to present a modified weight function including automatic node generation for improvement of the EFGM calculation accuracy. Numerical examples show that the effect of the proposed weight function on results accuracy. Verification of improved EFGM simulation results is done by FEM.
Nanoscale phase mixture in uniaxial strained BiFeO3 (110) thin films
Authors: Liu Huajun , Yang Ping , You Lu , Zhou Yang , Fan Zhen , Tan Hui Ru , Wang Junling , Wang John , Yao Kui
Published: September 2015

A strain-induced nanoscale phase mixture in epitaxial BiFeO3 (110) films is investigated. High resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction shows that a monoclinic M2 phase (orthorhombic-like, with a c/a ∼ 1.01) coexists as the intermediate phase between monoclinic M1 phase (tetragonal-like, with a c/a ∼ 1.26) and monoclinic M3 phase (rhombohedral-like, with a c/a ∼ 1.00), as the film thickness increases from 10 to 190 nm. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images reveal the evolution of domain patterns with coexistence of multiple phases. The different ferroelectric polarization directions of these phases, as shown by piezoelectric force microscopy, indicate a strong potential for high electromechanical response. The shear strain ϵ13 is found to be a significant driving factor to reduce strain energy as film thickness increases, according to our theoretical calculations based on the measured lattice parameters. The nanoscale mixed phases, large structure distortions, and polarization rotations among the multiple phases indicate that (110)-oriented epitaxial films provide a promising way to control multifunctionalities of BiFeO3 and an alternative direction to explore the rich physics of perovskite system.
The exchange-correlation effects on surface plasmon oscillations in semi-bounded quantum plasma
Authors: Shahmansouri Mehran
Published: September 2015

We studied the surface plasmon waves in a quantum plasma half-space by considering the effects of exchange and correlation for the electrons. We used a quantum hydrodynamic approach, including the full set of Maxwell equations and considering two new quantities (measuring the exchange and correlation effects) in addition to the Fermi electron temperature and the quantum Bohm potential, to derive the dispersion relation for the surface plasmon waves. It was found that the exchange-correlation effects significantly modified the behavior of surface plasmon waves. We showed that the frequency of surface plasmon wave was down-shifted by the exchange-correlation effects. On the other hand, the quantum effects (including of the exchange-correlation effects and the quantum Bohm potential) was seen to cause an increase in the phase speed of surface plasmon waves. Our results can help to understand the propagation properties of surface waves in intense laser produced solid density plasmas and metallic plasmas.
A fully integrated standalone portable cavity ringdown breath acetone analyzer
Authors: Sun Meixiu , Jiang Chenyu , Gong Zhiyong , Zhao Xiaomeng , Chen Zhuying , Wang Zhennan , Kang Meiling , Li Yingxin , Wang Chuji
Published: September 2015

Breath analysis is a promising new technique for nonintrusive disease diagnosis and metabolic status monitoring. One challenging issue in using a breath biomarker for potential particular disease screening is to find a quantitative relationship between the concentration of the breath biomarker and clinical diagnostic parameters of the specific disease. In order to address this issue, we need a new instrument that is capable of conducting real-time, online breath analysis with high data throughput, so that a large scale of clinical test (more subjects) can be achieved in a short period of time. In this work, we report a fully integrated, standalone, portable analyzer based on the cavity ringdown spectroscopy technique for near-real time, online breath acetone measurements. The performance of the portable analyzer in measurements of breath acetone was interrogated and validated by using the certificated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that this new analyzer is useful for reliable online (online introduction of a breath sample without pre-treatment) breath acetone analysis with high sensitivity (57 ppb) and high data throughput (one data per second). Subsequently, the validated breath analyzer was employed for acetone measurements in 119 human subjects under various situations. The instrument design, packaging, specifications, and future improvements were also described. From an optical ringdown cavity operated by the lab-set electronics reported previously to this fully integrated standalone new instrument, we have enabled a new scientific tool suited for large scales of breath acetone analysis and created an instrument platform that can even be adopted for study of other breath biomarkers by using different lasers and ringdown mirrors covering corresponding spectral fingerprints.
Sustenance of inhomogeneous electron temperature in a magnetized plasma column
Authors: Karkari S. K. , Mishra S. K. , Kaw P. K.
Published: September 2015

This paper presents the equilibrium properties of a magnetized plasma column sustained by direct-current (dc) operated hollow cathode discharge in conjunction with a conducting end-plate, acting as the anode. The survey of radial plasma characteristics, performed in argon plasma, shows hotter plasma in the periphery as compared to the central plasma region; whereas the plasma density peaks at the center. The off-centered peak in radial temperature is attributed due to inhomogeneous power deposition in the discharge volume in conjunction with short-circuiting effect by the conducting end plate. A theoretical model based on particle flux and energy balance is given to explain the observed characteristics of the plasma column.
The role of polarization-induced reorientation of DNA strands on organic field-effect transistor-based biosensors sensitivity at high ionic strength
Authors: Lai S. , Barbaro M. , Bonfiglio A.
Published: September 2015

The detection of the intrinsic charge of biochemical molecules is a promising strategy for the fabrication of field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors for direct, non-destructive detection of several biochemical reactions. Nevertheless, the high ionic concentration of standard environments for biochemical species represents a significant limitation to this sensing strategy. Here, an investigation on the physical mechanisms behind the ability of an organic FET-based sensor to detect DNA hybridization at high ionic strengths is proposed. The capability of the device to correctly detect single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides and their hybridization with a complementary target sequence has been analyzed in detail. In particular, the electrical response in solutions with different ionic strengths was investigated and put in relation with the nano-scale properties of DNA strands employed as receptors. Fluorescence analysis shows that it is possible to electrically modify their orientation and consequently improve the device sensitivity in conditions close to those occurring during in vivo hybridization.
High-mobility and low-operating voltage organic thin film transistor with epoxy based siloxane binder as the gate dielectric
Authors: Tewari Amit , Gandla Srinivas , Pininti Anil Reddy , Karuppasamy K. , Böhm Siva , Bhattacharyya Arup R. , McNeill Christopher R. , Gupta Dipti
Published: September 2015

This paper reports the fabrication of pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors using a dielectric material, Dynasylan ®SIVO110. The devices exhibit excellent performance characterized by a low threshold voltage of −1.4 V (operating voltage: 0 to −4 V) together with a mobility of 1.9 cm2 V−1s−1. These results are promising because it uses only a single layer of dielectric without performing any intermediate treatment. The reason is attributed to the high charge storage capacity of the dielectric (κ ∼ 20.02), a low interfacial trap density (2.56 × 1011cm−2), and favorable pentacene film morphology consisting of large and interconnected grains having an average size of 234 nm.
Peptide dimer structure in an Aβ(1–42) fibril visualized with cryo-EM
Authors: Schmidt Matthias , Rohou Alexis , Lasker Keren , Yadav Jay K. , Schiene-Fischer Cordelia , Fändrich Marcus , Grigorieff Nikolaus
Published: September 2015

Significance

β-Amyloid (Aβ) fibrils are formed from Aβ peptide and are a hallmark feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite their involvement in AD, much remains unclear about the formation of these aggregates and their structures at the molecular level. We have obtained a 3D image of a fibril formed from the Aβ(1–42) peptide isoform using electron cryomicroscopy and built a partial atomic model based on these data. We show that the core of the fibril is formed by two peptide C termini, explaining why aggregation inhibitors are most potent when targeting the C terminus. Our model explains how addition of C-terminal amino acids may stabilize peptide interaction and how fibril stability is affected by mutations leading to familial AD.
Hyperglycemia impairs left–right axis formation and thereby disturbs heart morphogenesis in mouse embryos
Authors: Hachisuga Masahiro , Oki Shinya , Kitajima Keiko , Ikuta Satomi , Sumi Tomoyuki , Kato Kiyoko , Wake Norio , Meno Chikara
Published: September 2015

Significance

Epidemiological studies have revealed that pregestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk for congenital anomalies, including congenital heart defects (CHDs). Despite the importance of preventing diabetes-related congenital malformations, however, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Pregestational diabetes mellitus is associated specifically with CHDs accompanied by heterotaxia. We have now examined left–right (L–R) axis formation in embryos of diabetic female mice as well as in mouse embryos exposed to high-glucose concentrations in culture. We found that high-glucose levels prevent establishment of the L–R axis required for heart morphogenesis and the L–R asymmetry of visceral organs. Such a mechanism may thus explain, at least in part, the CHDs and accompanying heterotaxia in the offspring of diabetic mothers.
Impact of human mobility on the emergence of dengue epidemics in Pakistan
Authors: Wesolowski Amy , Qureshi Taimur , Boni Maciej F. , Sundsøy Pål Roe , Johansson Michael A. , Rasheed Syed Basit , Engø-Monsen Kenth , Buckee Caroline O.
Published: September 2015

Significance

Dengue virus has rapidly spread into new human populations due to human travel and changing suitability for the mosquito vector, causing severe febrile illness and significant mortality. Accurate predictive models identifying changing vulnerability to dengue outbreaks are necessary for epidemic preparedness and containment of the virus. Here we show that an epidemiological model of dengue transmission in travelers, based on mobility data from ∼40 million mobile phone subscribers and climatic information, predicts the geographic spread and timing of epidemics throughout the country. We generate fine-scale dynamic risk maps with direct application to dengue containment and epidemic preparedness.
Systematic analysis of asymmetric partitioning of yeast proteome between mother and daughter cells reveals “aging factors” and mechanism of lifespan asymmetry
Authors: Yang Jing , McCormick Mark A. , Zheng Jiashun , Xie Zhengwei , Tsuchiya Mitsuhiro , Tsuchiyama Scott , El-Samad Hana , Ouyang Qi , Kaeberlein Matt , Kennedy Brian K. , Li Hao
Published: September 2015

Significance

In this work, we took a proteome-centric view to analyze the cell division and lifespan asymmetry between mother and daughter cells in budding yeast. Using a flow cytometry-based, high-throughput approach, we quantified the partitioning of the proteome and identified 74 mother-enriched and 60 daughter-enriched proteins. Functional analysis of these proteins suggests mechanisms of asymmetric partitioning at an organelle/suborganelle level. We found that mother-enriched proteins are much more likely to becoming aging factors than those proteins chosen at random. The proposed mechanism, as supported by our single-cell observations, is that these proteins accumulate in old mother cells to a high level that becomes lifespan-limiting. Our work sheds new light on the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and aging.
Topological patterns in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of DNA knots
Authors: Michieletto Davide , Marenduzzo Davide , Orlandini Enzo
Published: September 2015

Significance

Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous biophysical technique. It consists of dragging charged biopolymers through a porous gel, by applying an electric field. Because the migration speed depends on topology, this method can be used to classify DNA knots. Currently, electrophoresis relies on empirical observations, and its theoretical understanding is limited. No theory can explain why knot mobility under strong fields depends nonmonotonically on complexity. Our study reveals a possible reason: Although complex knots have a smaller size, and hence move faster through the gel, they can become severely entangled with the gel, causing longer pauses. Our results can improve the design of future electrophoresis experiments.
RNA transcription modulates phase transition-driven nuclear body assembly
Authors: Berry Joel , Weber Stephanie C. , Vaidya Nilesh , Haataja Mikko , Brangwynne Clifford P.
Published: September 2015

Significance

Living cells contain various membraneless organelles whose size and assembly appear to be governed by equilibrium thermodynamic phase separation. However, the dynamics of this process are poorly understood. Here, we quantify the assembly dynamics of liquid-phase nuclear bodies and find that they can be explained by classical models of phase separation and coarsening. In addition, active nonequilibrium processes, particularly rRNA transcription, can locally modulate thermodynamic parameters to stabilize nucleoli. Our findings demonstrate that the classical phase separation mechanisms long associated with nonliving condensed matter can mediate organelle assembly in living cells, whereas chemical activity may serve to regulate these processes in response to developmental or environmental conditions.
NMR structure and dynamics of the agonist dynorphin peptide bound to the human kappa opioid receptor
Authors: O’Connor Casey , White Kate L. , Doncescu Nathalie , Didenko Tatiana , Roth Bryan L. , Czaplicki Georges , Stevens Raymond C. , Wüthrich Kurt , Milon Alain
Published: September 2015

Significance

The human kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is implicated in addiction, pain, reward, mood, cognition, and perception. Activation of KOR by the neuropeptide dynorphin is critical in mediating analgesia and tolerance. Our solution NMR study of dynorphin (1–13) provided quantitative data on a KOR-bound conformation. Analysis of the peptide structure and dynamics revealed a central helical turn bounded on both sides by flexibly disordered peptide segments. Future drug development will benefit from knowledge of the dynorphin structure bound to its human receptor.
Fossil hominin shoulders support an African ape-like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Young Nathan M. , Capellini Terence D. , Roach Neil T. , Alemseged Zeresenay
Published: September 2015

Significance

Knowing the direction and pace of evolutionary change is critical to understanding what selective forces shaped our ancestors. Unfortunately, the human fossil record is sparse, and little is known about the earliest members of our lineage. This unresolved ancestor complicates reconstructions of what behavioral shifts drove major speciation events. Using 3D shape measurements of the shoulder, we tested competing evolutionary models of the last common ancestor against the fossil record. We found that a sustained shift in scapular shape occurred during hominin evolution from an African ape-like ancestor to a modern human-like form, first present in our genus,
Homo
. These data suggest a long, gradual shift out of the trees and increased reliance on tools as our ancestors became more terrestrial.
Ritual drinks in the pre-Hispanic US Southwest and Mexican Northwest
Authors: Crown Patricia L. , Gu Jiyan , Hurst W. Jeffrey , Ward Timothy J. , Bravenec Ardith D. , Ali Syed , Kebert Laura , Berch Marlaina , Redman Erin , Lyons Patrick D. , Merewether Jamie , Phillips David A. , Reed Lori S. , Woodson Kyle
Published: September 2015

Significance

This article presents the results of a large-scale National Science Foundation-funded study of organic residues from archaeological sites in the US Southwest/Mexican Northwest. It reveals widespread use of two different caffeinated plants, cacao and holly, as the basis for drinks used in communal, ritual gatherings. This is the largest study of its kind, both in terms of numbers of samples and in terms of temporal/spatial scope. It is the first to argue for holly beverage consumption in the US Southwest/Mexican Northwest. The combined evidence for cacao and holly beverage consumption has implications for our understanding of distant resource acquisition and shared cultural practices in North America.
Broad and efficient control of major foodborne pathogenic strains of
Escherichia coli
by mixtures of plant-produced colicins
Authors: Schulz Steve , Stephan Anett , Hahn Simone , Bortesi Luisa , Jarczowski Franziska , Bettmann Ulrike , Paschke Anne-Katrin , Tusé Daniel , Stahl Chad H. , Giritch Anatoli , Gleba Yuri
Published: September 2015

Significance

Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
-contaminated food products are among the leading causes of bacterial enteric infections in the United States and worldwide. Currently, other than thermal inactivation, there are no effective methods to control pathogenic bacteria in food. We investigated colicins, nonantibiotic antimicrobial proteins produced by certain
E. coli
strains and active against other strains of the species, as potential pathogen control agents. We demonstrate that most colicins can be expressed at high yields in plants and are fully functional. We show that mixtures of colicins applied at low concentrations are highly and broadly active against all major pathogenic
E. coli
strains of concern for foodborne illness. We propose plant-produced colicins as an inexpensive food treatment for the broad control of pathogenic
E. coli
strains.
Dynamic changes in CCAN organization through CENP-C during cell-cycle progression
Authors: Nagpal Harsh , Hori Tetsuya , Furukawa Ayako , Sugase Kenji , Osakabe Akihisa , Kurumizaka Hitoshi , Fukagawa Tatsuo
Published: September 2015

The kinetochore is a crucial structure for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and is formed in the centromeric region of each chromosome. The 16-subunit protein complex known as the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) forms the foundation for kinetochore assembly on the centromeric chromatin. Although the CCAN can be divided into several subcomplexes, it remains unclear how CCAN proteins are organized to form the functional kinetochore. In particular, this organization may vary as the cell cycle progresses. To address this, we analyzed the relationship of centromeric protein (CENP)-C with the CENP-H complex during progression of the cell cycle. We find that the middle portion of chicken CENP-C (CENP-C166–324) is sufficient for centromere localization during interphase, potentially through association with the CENP-L-N complex. The C-terminus of CENP-C (CENP-C601–864) is essential for centromere localization during mitosis, through binding to CENP-A nucleosomes, independent of the CENP-H complex. On the basis of these results, we propose that CCAN organization changes dynamically during progression of the cell cycle.
SHAPE directed RNA folding
Authors: Lorenz Ronny , Luntzer Dominik , Hofacker Ivo L. , Stadler Peter F. , Wolfinger Michael T.
Published: September 2015

Summary: Chemical mapping experiments allow for nucleotide resolution assessment of RNA structure. We demonstrate that different strategies of integrating probing data with thermodynamics-based RNA secondary structure prediction algorithms can be implemented by means of soft constraints. This amounts to incorporating suitable pseudo-energies into the standard energy model for RNA secondary structures. As a showcase application for this new feature of the ViennaRNA Package we compare three distinct, previously published strategies to utilize SHAPE reactivities for structure prediction. The new tool is benchmarked on a set of RNAs with known reference structure.

Availability and implementation: The capability for SHAPE directed RNA folding is part of the upcoming release of the ViennaRNA Package 2.2, for which a preliminary release is already freely available at http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/RNA.

Contact: michael.wolfinger@univie.ac.at

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Identification of a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy, at redshift ∼1
Authors: Yao Su , Yuan Weimin , Zhou Hongyan , Komossa S. , Zhang Jin , Qiao Erlin , Liu Bifang
Published: September 2015

We report on the identification of a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy, SDSS J122222.55+041315.7, which increases the number of known objects of this remarkable but rare type of active galactic nuclei to seven. Its optical spectrum, obtained in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, reveals a broad H β emission line with a width (FWHM) of 1734 ± 104 km s−1. This, along with strong optical Fe ii multiplets [R4570 = 0.9] and a weak [O iii] λ5007 emission line, makes the object a typical NLS1. On the other hand, the source exhibits a high radio brightness temperature, rapid infrared variability, and a flat X-ray spectrum extending up to ∼200 keV. It is associated with a luminous γ-ray source detected significantly with Fermi/LAT. Correlated variability with other wavebands has not yet been tested. The spectral energy distribution can be well modelled by a one-zone leptonic jet model. This new member is by far the most distant γ-ray-emitting NLS1, at a redshift of z = 0.966.
Nucleolin stabilizes G-quadruplex structures folded by the LTR promoter and silences HIV-1 viral transcription
Authors: Tosoni Elena , Frasson Ilaria , Scalabrin Matteo , Perrone Rosalba , Butovskaya Elena , Nadai Matteo , Palù Giorgio , Fabris Dan , Richter Sara N.
Published: September 2015

Folding of the LTR promoter into dynamic G-quadruplex conformations has been shown to suppress its transcriptional activity in HIV-1. Here we sought to identify the proteins that control the folding of this region of proviral genome by inducing/stabilizing G-quadruplex structures. The implementation of electrophorethic mobility shift assay and pull-down experiments coupled with mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the cellular protein nucleolin is able to specifically recognize G-quadruplex structures present in the LTR promoter. Nucleolin recognized with high affinity and specificity the majority, but not all the possible G-quadruplexes folded by this sequence. In addition, it displayed greater binding preference towards DNA than RNA G-quadruplexes, thus indicating two levels of selectivity based on the sequence and nature of the target. The interaction translated into stabilization of the LTR G-quadruplexes and increased promoter silencing activity; in contrast, disruption of nucleolin binding in cells by both siRNAs and a nucleolin binding aptamer greatly increased LTR promoter activity. These data indicate that nucleolin possesses a specific and regulated activity toward the HIV-1 LTR promoter, which is mediated by G-quadruplexes. These observations provide new essential insights into viral transcription and a possible low mutagenic target for antiretroviral therapy.
New Metrics for Corporate Governance
Authors: Vermeulen Erik P.M.
Published: September 2015

This chapter examines initial public offerings (IPOs) as funding rounds for high-tech companies and exit mechanisms for investors, as well as the stringent corporate governance requirements that apply to newly listed companies in the growth stages of their development. Current investment trends seem to indicate that the IPO market is aging: More and more high-tech companies decide to remain private longer. Moreover, public market investors, such as hedge funds and mutual funds, increasingly invest in non-listed high-tech companies, making “IPO-like” investment rounds at massive valuations a normal phenomenon in the private market. These developments have led to the belief that we are in the next tech bubble. Fortunately, however, a new “establishment” amongst investors is emerging. They realize that in order to prevent the bursting of the bubble, they must collaborate with management and actively contribute to a company’s medium-term and long-term performance.
Contextual Influences and Strategies for Dissemination and Implementation in Mental Health
Authors: Benjamin Wolk Courtney , Powell Byron J. , Beidas Rinad S.
Published: September 2015

Implementation science has emerged to bridge the gap between research and practice. A number of conceptual frameworks have been developed to advance implementation research and illuminate the contextual influences that can facilitate or impede the implementation of evidence-based practices. Contextual factors that may be important in the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practice may occur at the system-, organizational-, and provider-levels. System-level barriers may include external policies, incentives, and peer pressure. Organizational-level factors that are important in implementation include organizational culture and climate and implementation climate. At the individual provider-level, barriers may occur around provider attitudes, knowledge, and self-efficacy. Finally, additional barriers such as client-level factors and characteristics of the intervention itself can exist. Implementation strategies have been developed that can be used to overcome contextual barriers when attempting to implement evidence-based practices into new settings. Several exemplar implementation strategies are discussed, including the Availability, Responsiveness, and Continuity intervention, Community Development Team model, and Interagency Collaborative Team Model.
Why Not a Woman of Color?
Authors: Sanbonmatsu Kira
Published: September 2015

This review seeks to broaden the study of women candidates and minority women’s candidacies, specifically by focusing on the intersection of gender and race in statewide executive officeholding. Scholarly neglect of this topic risks naturalizing the dearth of women of color in statewide executive positions, sending the message that it is understandable that women lack access to those offices and/or that such offices aren’t realistically obtainable. Using data from the Center for American Women and Politics, the article assesses the status of women of color in statewide offices, examines state and party patterns in their presence as candidates and officeholders, and suggests directions for future research. Due to the low number of women of color who have ever achieved statewide office, the article combines women across racial/ethnic backgrounds into the category “women of color” to make an analysis feasible; however, future scholars could examine differences among women.
Strategic Responses to the Boston Marathon Bombing
Authors: Dugan Laura , Fisher Daren G.
Published: September 2015

The explosions on April 15, 2013 during the Patriot’s Day Marathon in Boston mark the first major terrorist attack in the United States since 9/11 and the first time since 1996 that terrorists targeted a major US sporting event. This chapter reviews events before and after the bombing to explore strategies to reduce risk and harm at sporting events without compromising the ideals of freedom and human capacity inherent to all sports. The chapter first presents the background of the Tsarnaev brothers and the challenges they faced. It then describes what is known of their plans for the day of the Marathon and the pursuit by law enforcement after the attack. It details the tactical and technological advances that helped law enforcement successfully end the crisis and arrest the surviving perpetrator. Finally, it discusses prevention and harm reduction measures that have since been adopted in major sporting events.
Viral Strain-Specific Differential Alterations inArabidopsisDevelopmental Patterns
Authors: Sánchez Flora , Manrique Pilar , Mansilla Carmen , Lunello Pablo , Wang Xiaowu , Rodrigo Guillermo , López-González Silvia , Jenner Carol , González-Melendi Pablo , Elena Santiago F. , Walsh John , Ponz Fernando
Published: September 2015

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infections affect many Arabidopsis developmental traits. This paper analyzes, at different levels, the development-related differential alterations induced by different strains of TuMV, represented by isolates UK 1 and JPN 1. The genomic sequence of JPN 1 TuMV isolate revealed highest divergence in the P1 and P3 viral cistrons, upon comparison with the UK 1 sequence. Infectious viral chimeras covering the whole viral genome uncovered the P3 cistron as a major viral determinant of development alterations, excluding the involvement of the PIPO open reading frame. However, constitutive transgenic expression of P3 in Arabidopsis did not induce developmental alterations nor modulate the strong effects induced by the transgenic RNA silencing suppressor HC-Pro from either strain. This highlights the importance of studying viral determinants within the context of actual viral infections. Transcriptomic and interactomic analyses at different stages of plant development revealed large differences in the number of genes affected by the different infections at medium infection times but no significant differences at very early times. Biological functions affected by UK 1 (the most severe strain) included mainly stress response and transport. Most cellular components affected cell-wall transport or metabolism. Hubs in the interactome were affected upon infection.
Saccharothrix yanglingensis Strain Hhs.015 Is a Promising Biocontrol Agent on Apple Valsa Canker
Authors: Li Zhengpeng , Gao Xiaoning , Kang Zhensheng , Huang Lili , Fan Dongying , Yan Xia , Kang Zhensheng
Published: September 2015

Apple Valsa canker (AVC), caused by Valsa mali, results in a serious and persistent disease problem for apple production in China and is difficult to control by chemical and agricultural measures. In this study, we determined the inhibitory effects of an endophytic actinomycete Saccharothrix yanglingensis strain Hhs.015 on V. mali under laboratory and the field conditions. Fermentation broth (FB) of Hhs.015 significantly inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth, causing malformed and dysfunctional fungal structures. Detached apple (Malus domestica ‘Fuji’) twigs smeared with FB before V. mali inoculation significantly reduced lesion development, especially sporulation. In the orchard trials conducted from 2010 to 2013, trunks and branches smeared with FB three times significantly reduced the number of new lesions. In addition, wounds after lesion surgery coated with FB also enhanced callus formation and significantly improved the cure rate. The results showed that S. yanglingensis Hhs.015 is effective against AVC in orchards. Thus, S. yanglingensis Hhs.015 can be further developed as an effective biocontrol agent for more sustainable management of AVC.
Occurrence of Winter Cereal Viruses in New South Wales, Australia, 2006 to 2014
Authors: Milgate Andrew , Adorada Dante , Chambers Grant , Terras Mary Ann
Published: September 2015

Winter cereal viruses can cause significant crop losses; however, detailed knowledge of their occurrence in New South Wales, Australia is very limited. This paper reports on the occurrence of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), and their serotypes between 2006 and 2014. Detection of WMoV is confirmed in eastern Australia for the first time. The BYDV and CYDV 2014 epidemic is examined in detail using 139 samples of wheat, barley, and oat surveyed from southern New South Wales. The presence of virus was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results reveal a high frequency of the serotype Barley yellow dwarf virus - MAV as a single infection present in 27% of samples relative to Barley yellow dwarf virus - PAV in 19% and CYDV in 14%. Clear differences emerged in the infection of different winter cereal species by serotypes of BYDV and CYDV. These results are contrasted to other Australian and international studies.
Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Recombinant Potato virus YNTN Isolates from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Chikh-Ali Mohamad , Bosque-Pérez Nilsa A. , Vander Pol Dalton , Sembel Dantje , Karasev Alexander V.
Published: September 2015

The importance of potato has increased dramatically in Indonesia over the last three decades. During this period, ‘Granola’, a potato cultivar originally from Germany, has become the most common cultivar for fresh consumption in Indonesia. In August 2014, a survey was conducted in Sulawesi, where potato fields cultivated with Granola and its selection, ‘Super John’, were sampled for Potato virus Y (PVY) presence. PVY was found in Sulawesi for the first time. Samples determined to be positive for PVY were subsequently typed to strain using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. All PVY isolates sampled were identified as PVYNTN recombinants, with three recombination junctions in P3, VPg, and CP regions of the genome. Three local PVY isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and subsequent sequence analysis. The whole genomes of the Indonesian PVYNTN isolates I-6, I-16, and I-17 were found to be closely related to the European PVYNTN-A. This recombinant type was shown previously to cause potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) in susceptible potato cultivars. The dependence of potato farmers on mostly a single cultivar, Granola, may have given a competitive advantage to PVYNTN over other PVY strains, resulting in the predominance of the PVYNTN recombinant. The dominance of PVYNTN in Sulawesi, and possibly in Indonesia as a whole, represents a potential risk to any newly introduced potato cultivar to the country, especially cultivars susceptible to PTNRD.
Identification and Characterization of GAL-021 as a Novel Breathing Control Modulator
Authors: Golder Francis J. , Dax Scott , Baby Santhosh M. , Gruber Ryan , Hoshi Toshinori , Ideo Courtney , Kennedy Andrew , Peng Sean , Puskovic Veljko , Ritchie David , Woodward Richard , Wardle Robert L. , Van Scott Michael R. , Mannion James C. , MacIntyre D. Euan
Published: September 2015

AbstractAbstract

Intravenously administered GAL-021 attenuated opiate-induced respiratory depression in rats and nonhuman primates without affecting morphine analgesia in rats. GAL-021 ventilatory stimulation in rats was attenuated by carotid sinus nerve transection. GAL-021 ventilatory stimulation was attenuated in mice lacking the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel.

Background

The authors describe the preclinical pharmacological properties of GAL-021, a novel peripheral chemoreceptor modulator.

Methods

The ventilatory effects of GAL-021 were characterized using tracheal pneumotachometry (n = 4 to 6), plethysmography (n = 5 to 6), arterial blood gas analyses (n = 6 to 11), and nasal capnography (n = 3 to 4) in naive animals and those subjected to morphine-induced respiratory depression. Morphine analgesia in rats was evaluated by tail-flick test (n = 6). Carotid body involvement in GAL-021 ventilatory effects was assessed by comparing responses in intact and carotid sinus nerve–transected rats. Hemodynamic effects of GAL-021 were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats (n = 7). The pharmacological profile of GAL-021 in vitro was investigated using radioligand binding, enzyme inhibition, and cellular electrophysiology assays.

Results

GAL-021 given intravenously stimulated ventilation and/or attenuated opiate-induced respiratory depression in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates, without decreasing morphine analgesia in rats. GAL-021 did not alter mean arterial pressure but produced a modest increase in heart rate. Ventilatory stimulation in rats was attenuated by carotid sinus nerve transection. GAL-021 inhibited KCa1.1 in GH3 cells, and the evoked ventilatory stimulation was attenuated in Slo1
−/− mice lacking the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel.

Conclusions

GAL-021 behaved as a breathing control modulator in rodents and nonhuman primates and diminished opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising opioid analgesia. It acted predominantly at the carotid body, in part by inhibiting KCa1.1 channels. Its preclinical profile qualified the compound to enter clinical trials to assess effects on breathing control disorders such as drug (opioid)-induced respiratory depression and sleep apnea.
Gradually Increased Oxygen Administration Improved Oxygenation and Mitigated Oxidative Stress after Resuscitation from Severe Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Luo Xin , Yin Yujing , You Guoxing , Chen Gan , Wang Ying , Zhao Jingxiang , Wang Bo , Zhao Lian , Zhou Hong
Published: September 2015

AbstractAbstract

Gradually increased oxygen administration improved systemic/tissue oxygenation and mitigated oxidative stress simultaneously after resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock.

Background

The optimal oxygen administration strategy during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock (HS) is still controversial. Improving oxygenation and mitigating oxidative stress simultaneously seem to be contradictory goals. To maximize oxygen delivery while minimizing oxidative damage, the authors proposed the notion of gradually increased oxygen administration (GIOA), which entails making the arterial blood hypoxemic early in resuscitation and subsequently gradually increasing to hyperoxic, and compared its effects with normoxic resuscitation, hyperoxic resuscitation, and hypoxemic resuscitation in severe HS.

Methods

Rats were subjected to HS, and on resuscitation, the rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8): the normoxic, the hyperoxic, the hypoxemic, and the GIOA groups. Rats were observed for an additional 1 h. Hemodynamics, acid–base status, oxygenation, and oxidative injury were observed and evaluated.

Results

Central venous oxygen saturation promptly recovered only in the hyperoxic and the GIOA groups, and the liver tissue partial pressure of oxygen was highest in the GIOA group after resuscitation. Oxidative stress in GIOA group was significantly reduced compared with the hyperoxic group as indicated by the reduced malondialdehyde content, increased catalase activity, and the lower histologic injury scores in the liver. In addition, the tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expressions in the liver were markedly decreased in the GIOA group than in the hyperoxic and normoxic groups as shown by the immunohistochemical staining.

Conclusions

GIOA improved systemic/tissue oxygenation and mitigated oxidative stress simultaneously after resuscitation from severe HS. GIOA may be a promising strategy to improve resuscitation from HS and deserves further investigation.
Prevalence of Discoid Meniscus During Arthroscopy for Isolated Lateral Meniscal Pathology in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Ellis Henry B . , Wise Kelsey , LaMont Lauren , Copley Lawson , Wilson Philip
Published: September 2015

Background:

Meniscus tears in the young patient are becoming more prevalent. Knowledge of presenting characteristics and morphology can affect treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to review and evaluate all the isolated lateral meniscus pathology that required arthroscopic treatment in a pediatric sports medicine practice and compare presenting characteristics between those with a discoid meniscus and those with normal meniscal morphology.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of all isolated lateral meniscus arthroscopic procedures from 2003 to 2012 in a high-volume pediatric sports practice. Presentation, radiographs, and intraoperative findings were reviewed. The prevalence and clinical findings of a discoid meniscus in this population and among all age groups were compared with those with a meniscus tear occurring in a normal meniscus.

Results:

Two hundred and sixty-one arthroscopies were performed for symptomatic isolated lateral menisci pathology. Of these, 75% were discoid in nature; the remainder was tears occurring in normal menisci. Ninety-six of 99 patients (97%) with lateral meniscus pathology under the age of 13 had a discoid meniscus and 66% presented with no injury. There was a transition within the population at 14 years of age, with a rise in the incidence of normal meniscal body tears. Even after this transition point, meniscal pathology incidence remained notable; 59% of isolated lateral meniscus pathology in patients between the ages of 14 and 16 years old were a discoid meniscus. Magnetic resonance imaging criteria for discoid meniscus (3 consecutive sagittal cuts or coronal mid-compartment measure) were unreliable after the age of 13 years old. The ratio of complete to incomplete discoids in all age groups was 4 to 3.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, discoid menisci have a high prevalence in isolated lateral meniscus pathology requiring knee arthroscopy. Clinical presentation, imaging, characteristics, and treatment may be different among different age groups. In the adolescent age group (14 to 16 y old), the presentation of a discoid meniscus may not be different from a meniscus tear with normal morphology.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—diagnostic.
How to manage patients on rivaroxaban in the emergency department: a statement of the Italian society of emergency medicine advisory board
Authors: Bernardi Enrico , Carbone Giorgio , Dentali Francesco
Published: September 2015

Rivaroxaban, a new oral anticoagulant, has been approved in many countries and its everyday use in clinical practice is increasing. Thus, the chances for an emergency physician to encounter rivaroxaban-treated patients in emergency situations have increased. Here, the authors address the main issues in terms of the prescription of rivaroxaban and the management of these patients in cases of minor or major bleeding, urgent surgery, atrial fibrillation requiring cardioversion, acute ischemic stroke, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and new onset of atrial fibrillation in recent ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The recommendations reached are based on a literature review and a panel discussion of the advisory board of SIMEU, the Italian Society of Emergency Medicine.