bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The design of specialist paediatric cardiology telemedicine services to meet the needs of patients
Authors: Weatherburn Gwyn
Published: May 2010

An observational study was conducted of two different videoconferencing services offered by the Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust (RBH), a tertiary centre for cardiology in London. In the first, specialist cardiology advice was provided by telemedicine (384 kbit/s bandwidth) to four district general hospitals in England. In the second, specialist cardiology advice was provided via a low-cost videoconferencing system (128 kbit/s bandwidth) to the Mother and Child Institute in Belgrade. The hospitals chose to use the equipment for different purposes and in different ways. However, at the end of the study, they continued to use telemedicine for the normal provision of clinical services. The success of the projects can be partly attributed to the staff involved and in particular, to the telemedicine champions at the RBH. The needs of the patients were identified and then the telemedicine service was designed by local clinicians to meet those needs.
Correlation between radius and asphericity in surfaces fitted by conics
Authors: Pérez-Escudero Alfonso , Dorronsoro Carlos , Marcos Susana
Published: May 2010

The optical surfaces of the eye are often described in terms of their radius and asphericity. The variations caused by experimental noise in repeated measurements of radius and asphericity of the same surface are strongly correlated. We show this correlation in experimental corneal elevation data from videokeratoscopy and Scheimpflug topography, in non-contact profilometry data of artificial lenses, and in simulations. The effect is a characteristic of the fits to conic curves, and not restricted to any experimental device or fitting procedure. A separate analysis of radius and asphericity may estimate incorrectly the statistical significance of the changes in the ocular surfaces. We propose a MANOVA-based statistical analysis that increases sensitivity by a factor of 4.
Automatische Zusammmenführung zweier Fahrzeugströme — eine Rückblende
Authors: Schmidt Günther , Posch Bernd
Published: May 2010

Mit diesem Artikel werden “historische” Simulations- und Animationsergebnisse zum automatischen Zusammenführen zweier Fahrzeugströme zugänglich gemacht und ergänzend dazu Grundideen eines von den Autoren vor geraumer Zeit vorgestellten hybriden Einfädelregelungskonzepts skizziert. Anlass zu dieser Rückblende war die Feststellung, dass das Thema nach wie vor hohe Aktualität genießt, einschlägige Vorarbeiten jedoch häufig nicht bekannt zu sein scheinen.
Entwurf von Ausgangsrückführungen für Strecken mit Stellsignalbegrenzung
Authors: Deutscher Joachim
Published: May 2010

In diesem Beitrag wird die beobachterbasierte Zustandsregelung von Strecken mit Stellsignalbegrenzung auf allgemeinere dynamische Ausgangsrückführungen für Zwei-Freiheitsgrade-Regelungen erweitert, die sowohl statische als auch dynamische Rückführungen beliebiger Ordnung umfassen. Die Bestimmung der neuen Ausgangsregler erfolgt durch den unabhängigen Entwurf einer statischen Ausgangsrückführung und eines Beobachters zur Rekonstruktion von zusätzlichen Rückführgrößen. Damit lassen sich die bei beobachterbasierten Zustandsreglern bekannten Verfahren zur Windup-Vermeidung unmittelbar auf allgemeinere Ausgangsregler übertragen. Für die Beseitigung des Windups bei Ausgangsrückführungen, die zur robusten asymptotischen Störkompensation Störmodelle enthalten, wird ein einfache Methode vorgestellt. Ein Beispiel verdeutlicht die Ergebnisse des Beitrags.
Anwendung zeitdiskreter rekurrenter Fuzzy-Systeme zur Fehlerdiagnose
Authors: Schwung Andreas , Ortseifen Andreas , Adamy Jürgen
Published: May 2010

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Anwendung zeitdiskreter rekurrenter Fuzzy-Systeme (DRFS) zur Fehlerdetektion und Fehlerisolation. Zum einen wird gezeigt, wie auf Basis datengestützt entworfener DRFS geeignete Residuen gebildet werden können. Zum anderen wird ein Ansatz zur Mehrfehlerisolation mit DRFS präsentiert. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf der Erweiterung klassischer statischer Fuzzy-Systeme zu DRFS. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Ansatzes werden anhand des Dreitank-Benchmarksystems illustriert.
Ein Programmpaket zur Modellierung kapazitiver MEMS-Drehratensensoren
Authors: Mair Florian , Egretzberger Markus , Kugi Andreas
Published: May 2010

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein Programmpaket zur automatisierten Herleitung des mathematischen Modells in symbolischer Darstellung von kapazitiven MEMS-Drehratensensoren. Im Anschluss an die Beschreibung des Funktionsprinzips eines speziellen einachsigen Drehratensensors mit kapazitivem Antrieb und kapazitiven Auslesestrukturen wird ein mathematisches Konzept zur systematischen Beschreibung einer bestimmten Klasse von Drehratensensoren vorgestellt. Das resultierende System von Differentialgleichungen kann im Computeralgebraprogramm MAPLE zum Reglerentwurf und zur weiteren Analyse verwendet werden und ein automatisierter C-Code-Generator ermöglicht eine nahtlose Einbindung in die Simulationsumgebung von MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Lesões abdominais por uso do fio guia em ensaios cirúrgicos do quadril: estudo em cadáver
Authors: Freitas Anderson , Souto Diogo Ranier de Macedo , Leite Paulo Roberto Almeida , Daher Walter Rodrigo , Costa Mônica Meireles , Silva Nathalia Carvalho , Mesquita Alessandro Queiroz de
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre lesões abdominais e a introdução de fios guia em ensaios cirúrgicos do quadril, propor um sistema de escorização e conduta médica em função da distância percorrida pelo fio guia a partir da placa quadrilátera e a estrutura anatômica lesionada. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 18 quadris de cadáveres, um fio de Steimann de 3.2 x 300 mm, um perfurador elétrico e um paquímetro. Introduziu-se o fio no centro do colo femoral por via de acesso lateral no quadril sob visualização direta. Por via de acesso abdominal mediana longitudinal estendida à região pélvica, observou-se a placa quadrilátera até o fio a transfixar. A partir deste ponto, prolongou-se a inserção por mais 140 mm, a fim de observar seu trajeto abdominal e descrever as lesões apresentadas em função da distância percorrida. RESULTADOS: Houve cinco (27%) lesões de cólon sigmóide e uma (5%) lesão transfixante do nervo obturador. Artérias e veias ilíacas comuns contra laterais ao quadril fixado não foram lesionadas. CONCLUSÃO: O fio guia não deve ultrapassar a placa quadrilátera. Medidas de prevenção são importantes no pré e intra-operatório e o escore e a conduta médica propostos neste estudo devem ser criteriosamente observados nos casos de lesão comprovada.
Estudo da resistência do tendão do supra-espinal com pontos simples, duplos e Mason Allen
Authors: Ikemoto Roberto Yukio , Murachovsky Joel , Nascimento Luis Gustavo Prata , Bueno Rogério Serpone , Almeida Luis Henrique , Strose Eric
Published: May 2010

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar a resistência entre os pontos simples, duplo e Mason-Allen modificado, utilizados para o reparo do manguito rotador, e verificar se há diferença significativa que justifique a utilização do ponto do tipo Mason-Allen modificado ao invés dos pontos simples ou duplo. MÉTODO: Retiramos tendões do músculo supra-espinal de 15 cadáveres humanos frescos (30 ombros), com a média de idade de 45 anos. Os testes foram realizados na máquina universal de ensaio mecânico Kratos® 500/2000 e os resultados submetidos aos testes estatísticos de t-student, análise de variância (ANOVA), comparação múltipla de Bonferroni e calculadas as correlações de Pearson. Os testes foram realizados ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa com relação à idade, ao tamanho das amostras e deslocamento do tendão. A resistência variou com média de 127,50 N com o ponto simples, 163,95 N com o duplo e com o ponto de Mason-Allen modificado esta foi de 198,45 N. CONCLUSÃO: não existe diferença da resistência no tendão quanto à falha na interface sutura - tendão comparando-se o ponto duplo com o Mason-Allen modificado e os pontos simples e duplo, porém há diferença quando comparados os pontos simples e Mason-Allen modificado.
Development of rollable silicon thin‐film‐transistor backplanes utilizing a roll‐to‐roll continuous lamination process
Authors: Takechi Kazushige , Yamaguchi Shinya , Tanabe Hiroshi , Kaneko Setsuo
Published: May 2010

Abstract— Rollable silicon thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) backplanes utilizing a roll‐to‐roll process have been developed. The roll‐to‐roll TFT‐backplane technology is characterized by a glass‐etching TFT transfer process and a roll‐to‐roll continuous lamination process. The transfer process includes high‐rate, uniform glass‐etching to transfer TFT arrays fabricated on a glass substrate to a flexible plastic film. In the roll‐to‐roll process, thinned TFT‐glass sheets (0.1 mm) and a base‐film roll are continuously laminated using a permanent adhesive. Choosing both an appropriate elastic modulus for the adhesive and an appropriate tension strength to be used in the process is the key to suppressing deformation of the TFT‐backplane rolls caused by thermal stress. TFT backplanes that can be wound, without any major physical damage such as cracking, on a roll whose core diameter is approximately 300 mm have been sucessfully obtained. Incorporating the TFT‐backplane rolls into other roll components, such as color‐filter rolls, will make it possible to produce TFT‐LCDs in a fully roll‐to‐roll manufacturing process.
Quantifying multiple threats to endangered species: an example from loggerhead sea turtles
Authors: Bolten Alan B , Crowder Larry B , Dodd Mark G , MacPherson Sandra L , Musick John A , Schroeder Barbara A , Witherington Blair E , Long Kristy J , Snover Melissa L
Published: May 2010

The effectiveness of recovery plans for threatened and endangered species has been questioned in academic and political domains. A comprehensive assessment of species recovery plans concluded that quantification and prioritization of threats have received insufficient attention, which contributes to the failure of some plans. On the basis of this assessment, we developed and implemented a detailed analysis of threats in the Recovery Plan for the Northwest Atlantic Population of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta), produced by the National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service. The analytical approach that we designed and summarize here provides an objective process for quantifying known threats and prioritizing recovery actions in terms of their relative impact on population growth rate (λ) of the loggerhead sea turtle. Although this process was developed for loggerhead sea turtles, it can be applied to other species.
Preferred Monitor Height in Computer Workstations
Authors: Lee Tzu-Hsien
Published: May 2010

The height of the monitor directly affects human posture and visual demands in using a computer. Current recommendations on the height of monitors are conflicting.
Implicit and Explicit Associations in the Fear Structure of Social Anxiety
Authors: Sasaki Shoko , Iwanaga Makoto , Kanai Yoshihiro , Seiwa Hidetoshi
Published: May 2010

Implicit associations in the fear structure of social anxiety were investigated and their relations with explicit associations were examined in the present study. The Implicit Association Test was used to assess implicit associations. Individuals scoring High ( n = 26) and Low ( n = 18) on Social Anxiety completed two forms of the Implicit Association Test and rated the probability and cost of negative social outcomes. Analyses showed an implicit association between anxiety responses and negative evaluations was more strongly formed in the High Social Anxiety group than in the Low Social Anxiety group. Furthermore, relations between implicit associations and explicit measures were minimal. These findings suggested that the Implicit Association Test is suitable for the assessment of implicit associations in the fear structure of social anxiety, and that implicit associations of social anxiety are relatively independent of explicit associations.
Mood, Anxiety, and Serum IGF-1 in Elderly Men Given 24 Weeks of High Resistance Exercise
Authors: Cassilhas Ricardo C. , Antunes Hanna Karen M. , Tufik Sérgio , de Mello Marco Túlio
Published: May 2010

As aging advances, changes in mood and anxiety may imply greater risk of mood disorders, particularly anxiety and depression. Resistance exercise reduces anxiety and lessens risk of depression in the elderly, but little is known of the mechanisms involved. It was hypothesized that the human growth factor (IGF-1) may improve mood and anxiety in elderly participants given resistance training. 43 elderly men ages 65 to 75 years were randomly assigned to two groups, Control ( n = 23) and high resistance Exercise ( n = 20). After 24 wk., the Exercise group showed improved muscular strength and higher IGF-1 serum levels than the Control group, as indicated by mean scores on a visual analogue mood scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Intensive resistance training was efficacious in improving mood, anxiety, and IGF-1 serum concentration in elderly individuals free of clinical mood disorders.
Development and Validity of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (Deas)
Authors: Alvarenga Marle dos Santos , Scagliusi Fernanda Baeza , Philippi Sonia Tucunduva
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale to measure disordered eating attitudes, defined as abnormal beliefs, thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and relationship regarding food. Exploratory factor analysis was performed and internal consistency assessed in a sample of female university students ( N = 196). Convergent validity was acceptable based on statistically significant correlations with the Eating Attitude Test–26 and Restraint Scale. Known-groups validity was determined by comparing the student sample's mean scores against scores of an eating disorder group ( N = 51). The Disordered Eating Attitude Scale comprises 25 questions and five subscales explaining 54.3% of total variance. The total scores differentiated student, bulimia, and anorexia groups. The scale should prove useful for evaluating eating attitudes in various population groups and eating disordered patients.
Perceptions of Self of Division I Team and Individual Sport Athletes
Authors: Lockhart Barbara Day , Black Nate , Vincent William J.
Published: May 2010

The Worth Index was administered to 176 Division I athletes who were competing in team and individual sports at Brigham Young University. The purpose of the study was to measure and compare their perceptions of worth and self-esteem. The Worth Index is a valid tool measuring whether an individual believes worth and self-esteem are earned by way of performance (conditional) or are inherent (unconditional). The Worth Index measures perceptions of basic human worth and worth as related to personal security, performance, and the physical self. The four subscales represent these four categories. There were no significant differences between the perceptions of athletes in team and individual sports on any of the subscales of the Worth Index. However, on each subscale, all participants combined rated themselves significantly higher on unconditional worth than conditional worth.
A Survey of Emotional Difficulties of Nurses who Care for Oncology Patients
Authors: Oflaz Fahriye , Arslan Filiz , Uzun Senay , Ustunsoz Ayfer , Yilmazkol Elif , Ünlü Emine
Published: May 2010

Nurses who care for dying patients are under pressure emotionally because of their beliefs and values about death as well as the emotions and reactions of the patients and their families. This study examines the emotional difficulties of nurses caring for oncology patients in Turkey. The study used a descriptive survey design. The participants were 157 nurses from three medical oncology units in Ankara. Results showed that nurses had difficulty in talking to oncology patients about end-of-life issues and found that caring for dying patients affected their personal lives. This study also showed that the length of nurses' work experience had no effect on their feelings and perceptions toward terminally ill patients. However, the nurses who had more work experience were more likely to report difficulty in talking to patients. Most of the nurses expressed feelings of inadequacy and hopelessness about pain management and treatments.
The Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Saving Inventory–Revised: Internal Consistency, Test-Retest Reliability, and Validity of a Questionnaire to Assess Hoarding
Authors: Fontenelle Isabela S. , Rangé Bernard P. , Prazeres Angélica M. , Borges Manuela C. , Versiani Marcio , Fontenelle Leonardo F.
Published: May 2010

Pathological hoarding results in clutter that precludes normal activities and creates distress or dysfunction. It may lead to an inability to complete household functions, health problems, social withdrawal, and even death. The aim of this study was to describe the validation of the Brazilian version of the hoarding assessment instrument, the Saving Inventory–Revised. Sixty-five patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 70 individuals from the community were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM–IV (clinical sample), the Saving Inventory–Revised, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The Brazilian version of the Saving Inventory–Revised exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94 for OCD and .84 for controls), high to moderate test-retest reliability and, using the hoarding dimension of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised as a reference point, high to moderate convergent validity. The Saving Inventory–Revised total scores also correlated significantly with comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Blood Type, Homicide, and Suicide
Authors: Lester David , Hathaway Domenique
Published: May 2010

In samples of organ donors, homicide victims had significantly more individuals with type O and type B than organ donors in general, while suicides did not differ.
Big Five Personality Scores of Americans by State
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2010

Measures of the geographic variation in the personality scores of extraversion and neuroticism across 43 states of the USA based on social indicators (such as psychiatric admissions, alcohol consumption, and suicide) were not statistically significantly correlated with measures of these variables obtained from a survey of respondents taking the Big Five Inventory.
Searching for Information on the World Wide Web with a Search Engine: A Pilot Study on Cognitive Flexibility in Younger and Older Users
Authors: Dommes Aurelie , Chevalier Aline , Rossetti Marilyne
Published: May 2010

This pilot study investigated the age-related differences in searching for information on the World Wide Web with a search engine. 11 older adults (6 men, 5 women; M age = 59 yr., SD = 2.76, range = 55–65 yr.) and 12 younger adults (2 men, 10 women; M = 23.7 yr., SD = 1.07, range = 22–25 yr.) had to conduct six searches differing in complexity, and for which a search method was or was not induced. The results showed that the younger and older participants provided with an induced search method were less flexible than the others and produced fewer new keywords. Moreover, older participants took longer than the younger adults, especially in the complex searches. The younger participants were flexible in the first request and spontaneously produced new keywords (spontaneous flexibility), whereas the older participants only produced new keywords when confronted by impasses (reactive flexibility). Aging may influence web searches, especially the nature of keywords used.
Are Suicide Bombers Heroes?
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2010

Using criteria proposed for heroes by Blau, et al. (2009), it is argued that suicide bombers (especially men) may fit the criteria for heroes.
Social Support as a Moderator of Positive Psychological Strengths and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Khan Aqeel , Husain Akbar
Published: May 2010

The present study was conducted to examine: (a) the relation of positive psychological strengths, i.e., hope, optimism, self-efficacy and resiliency, with subjective well-being, and (b) the role of social support as a moderator of positive psychological strengths and subjective well-being. The following hypotheses were proposed: (a) that positive psychological strengths would be positively related with subjective well-being and social support; (b) social support would moderate the relation of positive psychological strengths with subjective well-being. 116 men and 64 women ( M age = 21.53 yr., SD = 4.99, range = 33) from India participated. Significant positive relationships were found for positive psychological strengths with subjective well-being and with social support network (family, friends, and others). Regression analysis showed social support significantly moderated the relations of positive psychological strengths with subjective well-being.
Perceived Insomnia, Anxiety, and Depression among Older Russian Immigrants
Authors: Casimir G. J. , Butler S. , Nunes J. , Jean-Louis G. , Zizi F. , Brady L.
Published: May 2010

There are few data on the relationships of anxiety and depression to insomnia among immigrants in the United States. Observations of high rates of symptoms of these associated conditions among older Russians indicate the need to focus clinical attention on this population. Relationships of self-reported depression and anxiety to insomnia complaints were investigated in a community-based sample of older Russian immigrants. Volunteers ( N = 307) were urban community-residing Russians (ages 50 to 95 years; 54% women). Surveys were conducted in a semistructured environment by bilingual educators in various community centers. 93% reported a major health problem, 83% experienced pain, and 62% had problems engaging in daily activities. Of the sample, 61% reported an insomnia complaint, and 43% considered depression and/or anxiety to be a major impairment. Logistic regression analysis showed that insomnia was the most important predictor of perceived anxiety and depression; the corresponding multivariate-adjusted odds ratio was 4.37. Insomnia complaints and perceptions of depression and anxiety among older Russians may have a synergistic effect. Both patients and primary-care physicians should be better educated regarding the recognition of barriers limiting access to adequate health care among older Russians.
Semiotic and Semantic Implications of “Authenticity”
Authors: Giannini A. James
Published: May 2010

The concept of transgenerational authenticity was examined in a Japanese cohort by Ito, et al. Reviewing that study, it was noted the eldest generation was distinguished from succeeding ones as this group grew up under U.S. military occupation. The possibility of resultant semantic and semiotic disruptions was considered.
Truth Bias and Regression toward the Mean Phenomenon in Detecting Deception
Authors: Elaad Eitan
Published: May 2010

A 2009 study by Masip, et al. contended that the truth bias appears in brief communications. They demonstrated a strong truth bias when truth–lie judgments were made at the beginning of the judged statement. Over time, a decrease in the truth bias and an increase in accuracy were observed. The improvement was explained by systematic information processing. The present paper suggests an alternative explanation, which rests on the phenomenon of regression toward the mean.
Trunk Muscle Activity During Lumbar Stabilization Exercises on Both a Stable and Unstable Surface
Authors: Imai Atsushi , Kaneoka Koji , Okubo Yu , Shiina Itsuo , Tatsumura Masaki , Izumi Shigeki , Shiraki Hitoshi
Published: May 2010

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Objectives

To clarify whether differences in surface stability influence trunk muscle activity.

Background

Lumbar stabilization exercises on unstable surfaces are performed widely. One perceived advantage in performing stabilization exercises on unstable surfaces is the potential for increased muscular demand. However, there is little evidence in the literature to help establish whether this assumption is correct.

Methods

Nine healthy male subjects performed lumbar stabilization exercises. Pairs of intramuscular fine-wire or surface electrodes were used to record the electromyographic signal amplitude of the rectus abdominis, the external obliques, the transversus abdominis, the erector spinae, and lumbar multifidus. Five exercises were performed on the floor and on an unstable surface: elbow-toe, hand-knee, curl-up, side bridge, and back bridge. The EMG data were normalized as the percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction, and data between doing each exercise on the stable versus unstable surface were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results

With the elbow-toe exercise, the activity level for all muscles was enhanced when performed on the unstable surface. When performing the hand-knee and side bridge exercises, activity level of the more global muscles was enhanced when performed on an unstable surface. Performing the curl-up exercise on an unstable surface, increased the activity of the external obliques but reduced transversus abdominis activation.

Conclusion

This study indicates that lumbar stabilization exercises on an unstable surface enhanced the activities of trunk muscles, except for the back bridge exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010:40(6):369–375.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3211
On the history of the Secchi disc
Authors: Wernand M. R.
Published: May 2010

The first records on regular, tabulated, measurements of transparency of natural waters are those performed by the German naturalist Adelbert von Chamisso during the Russian “Rurik” Expedition 1815–1818 under the command of Otto von Kotzebue. A standardized method to determine the water clarity (transparency) was adopted at the end of the nineteenth century. This method (lowering a white painted disc into the water until it disappeared out of sight) was described by Pietro Angelo Secchi in Il Nuovo Cimento and was published in 1865. The Austrian scientist Josef Roman Lorenz von Liburnau, experimenting with submersible objects, like white discs, in the Gulf of Quarnero (Croatia) in the eighteen-fifties, well before Secchi started his investigations, questioned the naming of the white disc. However, the experiments performed by Secchi and Cialdi in 1864 on such an intensive scale were never performed before. At the beginning of the twentieth century, water transparency observations by means of a 30 cm white disc, was named the Secchi-disc method.
Imaging of plankton specimens with the lightframe on-sight keyspecies investigation (LOKI) system
Authors: Schulz Jan , Barz Kristina , Ayon Patricia , Lüdtke Andree , Zielinski Oliver , Mengedoht Dirk , Hirche Hans-Jürgen
Published: May 2010

Zooplankton is a key element in aquatic food webs. Rapid mapping of abundance, combined with information on taxonomic and size composition is necessary to understand ecosystem dynamics. Classical sampling with towed plankton nets does not allow resolving fine scale distributions along hydrographic gradients (e.g. fronts and clines) although such structures determine community assemblages and trophic interactions. Furthermore, sample analysis is labor intensive and time consuming. To overcome these shortcomings, Lightframe On-sight Keyspecies Investigation (LOKI), a new imaging device, was developed for sensing spatial variability of plankton distribution on scales below the 1 m level. Here, we give a brief description of the LOKI system and demonstrate its potential for taxonomic identification using images of various zooplankton taxa collected in the south east Pacific.
Language and Literacy for a New Mainstream
Authors: Enright Kerry Anne
Published: May 2010

This article presents cases of three young people who represent the “New Mainstream” of the 21st-century classroom as they engaged in a year-long research and writing project. Focal students were classmates who represented the linguistic and cultural diversity of today’s New Mainstream: a transnational Mexican-origin bilingual female, an immigrant Mexican-origin bilingual female, and a Caucasian English-speaking male. Cases focus on the young people’s language and literacy histories and key patterns related to their language use in school as examples of the complexity of students who represent the New Mainstream. Findings suggest the need for a reframing of the notion of “mainstream” and expanded definitions of academic language to better address the realities of New Mainstream classrooms.
Follow-up 26 years after dorsal root entry zone thermocoagulation for brachial plexus avulsion and phantom limb pain
Authors: Tomycz Nestor D. , Moossy John J.
Published: May 2010

Brachial plexus avulsion and limb amputation are often associated with intractable chronic pain. Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) thermocoagulation is an effective surgical treatment for upper-extremity deafferentation pain. The authors describe the clinical follow-up and imaging in a patient who underwent DREZ thermocoagulation 26 years ago for postamputation phantom limb syndrome with associated brachial plexus avulsion. This patient continues to have successful pain control without phantom limb sensation and has never experienced a recurrence of his left upper-extremity pain syndrome. This report lends credibility to the notion that, among ablative neurosurgical pain operations, DREZ thermocoagulation may provide the greatest durability of pain control.
Entropy in Tribology: in the Search for Applications
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael
Published: May 2010

The paper discusses the concept of entropy as applied to friction and wear. Friction and wear are classical examples of irreversible dissipative processes, and it is widely recognized that entropy generation is their important quantitative measure. On the other hand, the use of thermodynamic methods in tribology remains controversial and questions about the practical usefulness of these methods are often asked. A significant part of entropic tribological research was conducted in Russia since the 1970s. Surprisingly, many of these studies are not available in English and still not well known in the West. The paper reviews various views on the role of entropy and self-organization in tribology and it discusses modern approaches to wear and friction, which use the thermodynamic entropic method as well as the application of the mathematical concept of entropy to the dynamic friction effects (e.g., the running-in transient process, stick-slip motion, etc.) and a possible connection between the thermodynamic and information approach. The paper also discusses non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach to friction, wear, and self-healing. In general, the objective of this paper is to answer the frequently asked question “is there any practical application of the thermodynamics in the study of friction and wear?” and to show that the thermodynamic methods have potential for both fundamental study of friction and wear and for the development of new (e.g., self-lubricating) materials.
Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites: From Synthesis to Modern Applications
Authors: Hanemann Thomas , Szabó Dorothée Vinga
Published: May 2010

The addition of inorganic spherical nanoparticles to polymers allows the modification of the polymers physical properties as well as the implementation of new features in the polymer matrix. This review article covers considerations on special features of inorganic nanoparticles, the most important synthesis methods for ceramic nanoparticles and nanocomposites, nanoparticle surface modification, and composite formation, including drawbacks. Classical nanocomposite properties, as thermomechanical, dielectric, conductive, magnetic, as well as optical properties, will be summarized. Finally, typical existing and potential applications will be shown with the focus on new and innovative applications, like in energy storage systems.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Chitooligosaccharides in Vivo
Authors: Fernandes João C. , Spindola Humberto , De Sousa Vanessa , Santos-Silva Alice , Pintado Manuela E. , Malcata Francisco Xavier , Carvalho João E.
Published: May 2010

All the reports to date on the anti-inflammatory activity of chitooligosaccharides (COS) are mostly based on in vitro methods. In this work, the anti-inflammatory activity of two COS mixtures is characterized in vivo (using balb/c mice), following the carrageenan-induced paw edema method. This is a widely accepted animal model of acute inflammation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of drugs. Our data suggest that COS possess anti-inflammatoryactivity, which is dependent on dose and, at higher doses, also on the molecular weight. A single dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. weight may be suitable to treat acute inflammation cases; however, further studies are needed to ascertain the effect upon longer inflammation periods as well as studies upon the bioavailability of these compounds.
Postprandial Energy Metabolism in the Regulation of Body Weight: Is there a Mechanistic Role for Dietary Calcium?
Authors: Soares Mario J. , She-Ping-Delfos Wendy L. Chan
Published: May 2010

There has been much interest in the mechanisms by which calcium may attenuate weight gain or accelerate body fat loss. This review focuses on postprandial energy metabolism and indicates that dietary calcium increases whole body fat oxidation after single and multiple meals. There is, as yet, no conclusive evidence for a greater diet induced thermogenesis, an increased lipolysis or suppression of key lipogenic enzyme systems. There is however convincing evidence that higher calcium intakes promote a modest energy loss through increased fecal fat excretion. Overall, there is a role for dietary calcium in human energy metabolism. Future studies need to define threshold intakes for metabolic and gastrointestinal outcomes.
Real-Time Gas Identification by Analyzing the Transient Response of Capillary-Attached Conductive Gas Sensor
Authors: Bahraminejad Behzad , Basri Shahnor , Isa Maryam , Hambli Zarida
Published: May 2010

In this study, the ability of the Capillary-attached conductive gas sensor (CGS) in real-time gas identification was investigated. The structure of the prototype fabricated CGS is presented. Portions were selected from the beginning of the CGS transient response including the first 11 samples to the first 100 samples. Different feature extraction and classification methods were applied on the selected portions. Validation of methods was evaluated to study the ability of an early portion of the CGS transient response in target gas (TG) identification. Experimental results proved that applying extracted features from an early part of the CGS transient response along with a classifier can distinguish short-chain alcohols from each other perfectly. Decreasing time of exposition in the interaction between target gas and sensing element improved the reliability of the sensor. Classification rate was also improved and time of identification was decreased. Moreover, the results indicated the optimum interval of the early transient response of the CGS for selecting portions to achieve the best classification rates.
Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Human Cancer Cells by Natural Compounds
Authors: Nabekura Tomohiro
Published: May 2010

Multidrug resistance is a phenomenon whereby tumors become resistant to structurally unrelated anticancer drugs. P-glycoprotein belongs to the large ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily of membrane transport proteins. P-glycoprotein mediates resistance to various classes of anticancer drugs including vinblastine, daunorubicin, and paclitaxel, by actively extruding the drugs from the cells. The quest for inhibitors of anticancer drug efflux transporters has uncovered natural compounds, including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, capsaicin, and guggulsterone, as promising candidates. In this review, studies on the effects of natural compounds on P-glycoprotein and anticancer drug efflux transporters are summarized.
Changes in T-cell subsets in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients during pegylated interferon-α2a plus ribavirin treatment
Authors: Massanella Marta , Tural Cristina , Papagno Laura , Garcia Elisabet , Jou Antoni , Bofill Margarita , Autran Brigitte , Clotet Bonaventura , Blanco Julià
Published: May 2010

Background

We evaluated the effect of different doses of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α2a/ribavirin (RBV) on several T-cell activation markers in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients and their relationship with changes in plasma HCV RNA.

Methods

Frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 22 patients receiving two different PEG-IFN-α2a schedules were analysed by six-colour flow cytometry. Cell-surface expression of CD38 was quantified. HIV and HCV viral loads, as well as absolute CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts, were recorded during the follow up (72 weeks).

Results

PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV treatment decreased the absolute numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells. The decrease in CD8+ T-cells was more pronounced, resulting in increased percentages of CD4+ T-cells. Percentages of naive/memory CD4+ T-cell subsets remained unchanged, although the percentage of CD38+CD45RO+ cells significantly increased. By contrast, the CD8+ T-cell compartment significantly reduced the percentage of CD45RO+ cells and HLA-DR+ cells, whereas the percentage of CD38 expressing cells was increased because of a significant increase in cell-surface CD38 expression. Changes in CD8+ T-cells were similar for both PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV doses, but high doses induced more severe perturbations in CD4+ T-cells. All changes returned to baseline levels after treatment cessation and, except for the loss of naive CD4+ T-cells, were not associated with virological response.

Conclusions

Transient lymphopaenia induced by PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV differentially affects T-cell subsets. Activated HLA-DR+ and CD45RO+ cells were selectively reduced in peripheral blood, whereas CD38 expression was up-regulated mainly in memory cells. Increasing PEG-IFN-α2a/RBV doses mainly affect CD4+ T-cells but failed to modify clinical outcome.
HIV protease inhibitors activate the adipocyte renin angiotensin system
Authors: Boccara Franck , Auclair Martine , Cohen Ariel , Lefèvre Chloé , Prot Mathieu , Bastard Jean-Philippe , Capeau Jacqueline , Caron-Debarle Martine
Published: May 2010

Background

HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are prone to develop a complex metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and hypertension. Whether hypertension and cardiovascular events could result from the adipocyte renin angiotensin system (RAS) overactivation has never been investigated.

Methods

Primary human adipocytes and 3T3-F442A murine adipocytes were incubated with lopinavir or atazanavir boosted with ritonavir, with or without the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs), irbesartan or telmisartan, and the peroxysome proliferator- activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) regulators, rosiglitazone and GW9662. Adipose RAS activation and adipocyte functions were evaluated.

Results

The ritonavir-boosted PIs activated the adipose RAS in human and murine adipocytes as shown by the overexpression of AT1R protein, angiotensinogen messenger RNA and the amplified effect of angiotensin II on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity. ARBs prevented the PI effect on RAS activation (AT1R overexpression and signalling) and adipocyte functions (dedifferentiation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation). Consistent with a role of PPAR-γ signalling in PI-induced RAS activation, the PPAR-γ agonist (rosiglitazone) normalized PI-induced AT1R overexpression and adipocyte dysfunction. Conversely, the PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662) induced AT1R overexpression and reduced the beneficial effect of telmisartan on PI toxicity.

Conclusions

We report that two frequently prescribed PI combinations could activate the adipose RAS in cultured cells, in part through a PPAR-γ-dependant signalling pathway. Our data suggest a role for the adipose RAS in the development of hypertension in HIV-infected patients under PI treatment, and point out the potential use of ARBs to decrease PI adverse effects.
Prevalence of comedications and effect of potential drug–drug interactions in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors:   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Marzolini Catia , Elzi Luigia , Gibbons Sara , Weber Rainer , Fux Christoph , Furrer Hansjakob , Chave Jean-Philippe , Cavassini Matthias , Bernasconi Enos , Calmy Alexandra , Vernazza Pietro , Khoo Saye , Ledergerber Bruno , Back David , Battegay Manuel
Published: May 2010

Background

Potential drug–drug interactions (PDDIs) might expand with new combination antiretroviral therapies (ART) and polypharmacy related to increasing age and comorbidities. We investigated the prevalence of comedications and PDDIs within a large HIV cohort, and their effect on ART efficacy and tolerability.

Methods

All medications were prospectively recorded in 1,497 ART-treated patients and screened for PDDIs using a customized version of the Liverpool drug interactions database.

Results

Overall, 68% (1,013/1,497) of patients had a comedication and 40% (599/1,497) had ≥1 PDDI. Among patients with comedication, 2% (21/1,013) had red-fag interactions (contraindicated) and 59% (597/1,013) had orange-fag interactions (potential dose adjustment and/ or close monitoring required). The latter involved mainly central nervous system drugs (49%), cardiovascular drugs (34%) and methadone (19%). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with having a comedication were advanced age, female gender, obesity and HCV infection. Independent risk factors for PDDIs were regimens combining protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (odds ratio [OR] 3.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44–6.48), ≥2 comedications (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.32–2.70), current illicit drug use (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.29–3.10) and patients with HCV infection (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.19–2.56). Viral response was similar in patients with and without PDDIs (84.5% versus 86.4%; P=0.386). During follow-up, ART was modified in 134 patients with comedication regardless of the presence of PDDIs ( P=0.524).

Conclusions

PDDIs increase with complex ART and comorbidities. No adverse effect was noted on ART efficacy or tolerability; however, most PDDIs affected comedication but were manageable through dose adjustment or monitoring.
Steady-state nevirapine, lamivudine and stavudine levels in Malawian HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy using split Triomune 30® tablets
Authors: Poerksen Goenke , Pollock Louisa , Moons Peter , Chesshyre Emily , Burger David , Khoo Saye , Molyneux Elizabeth
Published: May 2010

Background

Children remain under-represented in national antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes in settings with limited resources and high HIV prevalence. In Malawi, an increasing number of HIV-infected children have been started on ART with split tablets of an adult fixed-dose combination drug in the past few years. In 2006, the national paediatric ART regime was changed from Triomune 40® (T40) to Triomune 30® (T30).

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the paediatric ART clinic in Blantyre (Malawi) from September 2006 to July 2007. Children taking T30 for >6 weeks from each dosing weight band (<5, 5-<8, 8-<12, 12-<14, 14–<19, 19-<26, 26-<30 and ≥30 kg) were recruited. Plasma drug concentration, CD4+ T-cell count and HIV viral load were measured.

Results

A total of 74 children were analysed. The median nevirapine (NVP) concentration was 7.35 mg/l. A therapeutic NVP plasma level >3 mg/l was found in 62 (87.8%) children. A subtherapeutic NVP level (<3 mg/l) occurred significantly more often in children treated with T30 doses between one-quarter tablet once daily and one-half tablet twice daily ( P=0.035). Median prescribed NVP dose was 342 mg/m2/day, but 13 (17.6%) children received a dose below the recommended dose of 300 mg/m2/day. Compared with a historical control, the median prescribed NVP dose was increased (from 243 to 342 mg/m2/day).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that with the Malawian T30-based ART regime, the majority (87.8%) of children in the study group achieved a therapeutic NVP level. However, treatment remains suboptimal especially for young children receiving T30 dosages less than or equal to one-half tablets twice daily and child appropriate formulations are warranted.
Use of Focus Groups to Elicit Student Perception of NCLEX-RN Preparation
Authors: Pabst Mary K. , Strom Jan , Reiss Penny J.
Published: May 2010

Focus groups are an appropriate data collection method when one wants to listen to and gather information from a homogenous group of participants. Faculty members from a baccalaureate program used this technique to learn more about their students’ perceptions of NCLEX-RN preparation practices. Themes were identified that could lead to more controlled study and ways to effectively remediate those at risk for failure.
Evaluating the Effect of Interactive Audience Response Systems on the Perceived Learning Experience of Nursing Students
Authors: Porter Ava G. , Tousman Stuart
Published: May 2010

Interactive Audience Response Systems (ARS) are widely used as tools to promote active learning in the classroom in many disciplines. Researchers have found that ARS technology with question-driven instruction (QDI) makes classroom instruction more student centered, while creating an environment for active learning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ARS with QDI in one bachelors of science in nursing course on the perceived learning experience of the students. ARS technology with QDI was used in a beginning medical-surgical class of junior-level students throughout one semester. Descriptive statistical analyses indicated that nursing students positively evaluated the effect of ARS with QDI on their learning. Qualitative analyses indicated that students had better understanding of the material via post-question discussion of the rationales for answers, enhanced NCLEX-RN preparation, and increased interactivity, which led to paying more attention in class.
Older Adults’ and Case Managers’ Initial Impressions of Community-Based Telehealth Kiosks
Authors: Courtney Karen L. , Lingler Jennifer H. , Mecca Laurel Person , Garlock Laurie A. , Schulz Richard , Dick Andrew W. , Olshansky Ellen
Published: May 2010

Community-based (multi-user) telehealth interventions may be beneficial for older adults, but there is little research regarding such interventions. As a first step in feasibility assessment, we used a qualitative descriptive approach to examine the acceptability and perceived value of community-based telehealth kiosks with regard to current health self-management practices of community-dwelling older adults. Participants included residents (
n
= 6) and community agency case managers (
n
= 3) of a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-subsidized senior apartment building. Both positive impressions from and concerns of each group are presented. Findings helped guide plans for future telehealth kiosk implementation and training.