bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Breed Apart? Class and Community in a Somerset Coal-Mining Parish, c.1750–1850
Authors: THOMPSON RHIANNON
Published: September 2005

This article fills an historiographical and methodological gap in our knowledge of the lived experience of the process of rural industrialisation. It uses a microhistorical study of a rapidly developing parish in the Somerset coalfield to question notions current in the historiography of rural class structures and community identity. It employs a variety of sources, including extracts from a particularly detailed early nineteenth-century journal, to demonstrate that the growing proportion of coal miners in the parish population from the late eighteenth century was well integrated, economically and culturally, into the local community. This argument runs counter to the stereotype that coal miners tended to form a ‘breed apart’ from the wider population. It is further argued that parish-based definitions of community, which have been emphasised in some of the most recent historiography, are less relevant in regions experiencing significant economic growth and structural change.
‘It is impossible for our Vestry to judge his case into perfection from here’: Managing the Distance Dimensions of Poor Relief, 1800–40
Authors: KING STEVE
Published: September 2005

This article addresses the way in which officials in the last decades of the Old Poor Law thought about and addressed the problems posed to the poor relief process by the migration of paupers. Focusing on the so called out-parish relief system, the article uses rich overseer correspondence and supplementary pauper letters from the northwest of England to explore several key themes in the period 1800–1840: the nature of money transmission where allowances had to be paid at a distance, issues of administrative competence and incompetence, the nature of relationships between parishes and between parishes and their distant poor under the out-parish relief system, and issues of trust and reputation between parishes and between parishes and paupers. The article will show that the out-parish system was vital to the stability of the Old Poor Law and that its apparent fragility and susceptibility to fraud and mistrust is to some extent belied by the fact that robust and long term relationships developed between parishes under the out-parish system.
The Professionalisation of English Agriculture?
Authors: BRASSLEY PAUL
Published: September 2005

Following Perkin's suggestion that western European society is increasingly professionalised, and given the emergence of a stratum of large commercial farms in twentieth-century England, this paper examines the contention that, to some extent at least, English agriculture has been professionalised over the course of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It briefly surveys the literature on professionalisation, identifies a list of professional characteristics, and then tests the attributes of twentieth-century English farmers against this list. It also briefly examines the effects of professionalisation, and concludes that, although it would be excessively simplistic to claim that the whole industry has been professionalised, it is possible to identify professional groups.
Efficient manipulation of binary data using pattern matching
Authors: GUSTAFSSON PER , SAGONAS KONSTANTINOS
Published: September 2005

Pattern matching is an important operation in functional programs. So far, pattern matching has been investigated in the context of structured terms. This article presents an approach to extend pattern matching to terms without (much of a) structure such as binaries which is the kind of data format that network applications typically manipulate. After introducing the binary datatype and a notation for matching binary data against patterns, we present an algorithm that constructs a decision tree automaton from a set of binary patterns. We then show how the pattern matching using this tree automaton can be made adaptive, how redundant tests can be avoided, and how we can further reduce the size of the resulting automaton by taking interferences between patterns into account. Since the size of the tree automaton is exponential in the worst case, we also present an alternative new approach to compiling binary pattern matching which is conservative in space and analyze its complexity properties. The effectiveness of our techniques is evaluated using standard packet filter benchmarks and on implementations of network protocols taken from actual telecom applications.
remarks on roman and non-roman offertories
Authors: pfisterer andreas
Published: September 2005

responding to recent theories on roman chant by kenneth levy, this article argues, on the basis of liturgical and textual evidence, that non-psalmic offertories were included in the roman chant repertory before carolingian times, that the composition of the offertory cycle was finished by the beginning of the seventh century, that pieces of non-roman origin can be found among psalmic offertories, and that ‘non-roman’ can mean african as well as gallican.
chants for the post-tridentine mass proper
Authors: karp theodore
Published: September 2005

in summarizing the findings of a forthcoming monograph and edition, this article reviews the forces leading to the major revisions of chant characteristic of the period 1590–1890. it identifies the major independent editions, outlines their chief characteristics, and documents the need for a geography of chant practice during these centuries. the fundamental changes wrought by the several editors brought about an individualization in melodic constructions and undoubtedly caused accompanying differences in learning processes. new comparative transcriptions of the alleluia veni domine provide a view of representative editorial processes.
Molecular medicine of gastric adenocarcinomas
Authors: Keller Gisela , Höfler Heinz , Becker Karl-Friedrich
Published: September 2005

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies, including carcinomas of the esophagus, the GI junction and the stomach, are among the most common cancers worldwide. Overall survival is poor because many patients present with locally advanced and often incurable disease. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of adenocarcinomas of the stomach. It summarises recent findings on genetic predisposition to gastric cancer, in particular in relation to germline mutations in the E-cadherin gene. It also describes the molecular basis of sporadic gastric cancer, including alterations in oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and growth factors, and discusses how these findings might be used in the clinic for improved diagnosis and therapy.
a career in law librarianship: in memory of gillian sands
Authors: winterton jules
Published: September 2005

at the time of her tragic death, gillian sands had already established a successful career in law librarianship. she had trained at city university school of information science and worked in professional posts at two of the most prestigious legal research libraries in the uk. gillian had also made friends at each stage of her career across all sectors of law librarianship and was highly valued by those with whom she had worked. she had played an important role in the social life of her workplace as well as being valued for her dedication, conscientiousness and initiative. as a tribute to gillian, this article traces her career in law librarianship and her various achievements. i record my thanks to her friends and colleagues alison, caroline, christine, emily, wendy, and others who wrote to me in february this year.
new and improved training programmes at the institute of advanced legal studies library
Authors: gee david , power gerry
Published: September 2005

since the restructuring of the reader services department (now the academic services department) of ials library in 2000 and the subsequent investment in additional staff capacity, ials library has consciously sought to develop and improve both the public training programmes delivered to researchers and the in-house training programmes provided for library staff. this article seeks to explain the key changes that took place and to describe the resulting expansion in both types of training programmes. the department was fortunate in being able to appoint gillian sands as llm services librarian in january 2001 in a move from the library's book acquisitions section and gillian quickly became an integral part of the reader services team. happily gillian's invaluable years at ials coincided with an exciting and rewarding period of expansion and innovation in the library. as in so many other areas of her work, she bought sensible practical ideas, much bubbly enthusiasm, and a great deal of hard work to help the team make these improvements to services a success.
international law and treaties: biall pre-conference seminar 2005
Authors: bell maria
Published: September 2005

international law and treaties was this year's theme at the seminar in harrogate. maria bell reports on two of the papers. professor anthony aust gave the opening paper on the basics of international law and the treaty framework. paul barnett and nevil hagon of the foreign and commonwealth office treaty section presented an overview of their work in maintaining treaty records and in advising on treaty procedures and processes.
A focal adhesion-like process underlies induction of long-term potentiation in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 region of the hippocampus
Authors: LEBARON RICHARD G. , HERNANDEZ RUBEN V. , NAVARRO MARY M. , CURRY LISA R. , ORFILA JAMES E. , MARTINEZ, JR JOE L.
Published: September 2005

In the series of experiments reported here we provide evidence that a focal adhesion-like process underlies the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 projection in the hippocampus. Here we show that an integrin-binding peptide (RGD) impairs induction of Schaffer Collateral-CA1 LTP in hippocampal slice preparations in vitro. The heparin-binding peptide that binds heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and blocks the formation of focal adhesions also impairs induction of LTP. Either the integrin-binding peptide or heparin-binding peptide reduces LTP partially. However, when the two peptides were administered simultaneously, there was no LTP 1 hour after induction. This indicates that these two molecules might function together and that a focal adhesion-like process might be involved in the induction of LTP. Additionally, we report that the RGD effect on LTP is time dependent and occurs only in the first few minutes following LTP induction, that the binding of the RGD peptide in CA1 stratum radiatum increases after LTP induction and that this increased binding depends on Ca2+. Using electron microscopy we show that integrins are present in synapses.
Precipitable water vapor on the Tibetan Plateau estimated by GPS, water vapor radiometer, radiosonde, and numerical weather prediction analysis and its impact on the radiation budget
Authors: Liu J. , Sun Z. , Liang H. , Xu X. , Wu P.
Published: September 2005

Precipitable water vapor amounts (PW) determined by Global Positioning System (GPS), radiosonde and operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) system analysis at three stations (Naqu, Gaize, and Deqin) on the Tibetan Plateau are compared. PW measured by water vapor radiometer at Naqu and a low‐elevation site, Xian, is used for calibration. The results show that the PW determined by NWP analysis in these regions is comparable with that of the radiosonde measurements but that they both are systematically smaller than those determined by the GPS measurements. The averaged difference of PW between GPS and radiosonde estimates is about 1.75 mm, and that between GPS and NWP analysis can be as large as 7.75 mm. These differences are relatively larger than those reported in the literature because the absolute PW in this region is much smaller. The effect of such large differences on the surface radiation budget is evaluated using a radiation model. The results show that both longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes at the surface determined using the model analysis profiles with the water vapor corrected by the GPS PW are closer to the observations compared with those without water vapor correction. The flux difference at the surface with and without water vapor correction is about 20 W m−2 in the shortwave and 30 W m−2 in the longwave. These differences are much larger than that caused by doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in this region.
Deconvolution‐based resolution enhancement of chemical ice core records obtained by continuous flow analysis
Authors: Rasmussen S. O. , Andersen K. K. , Johnsen S. J. , Bigler M. , McCormack T.
Published: September 2005

Continuous flow analysis (CFA) has become a popular measuring technique for obtaining high‐resolution chemical ice core records due to an attractive combination of measuring speed and resolution. However, when analyzing the deeper sections of ice cores or cores from low‐accumulation areas, there is still need for further improvement of the resolution. Here a method for resolution enhancement of CFA data is presented. It is demonstrated that it is possible to improve the resolution of CFA data by restoring some of the detail that was lost in the measuring process, thus improving the usefulness of the data for high‐resolution studies such as annual layer counting. The presented method uses deconvolution techniques and is robust to the presence of noise in the measurements. If integrated into the data processing, it requires no additional data collection. The method is applied to selected ice core data sequences from Greenland and Antarctica, and the results demonstrate that the data quality can be significantly improved.
Seismic structure and location of a CO2 source in the upper mantle of the western Eger (Ohře) Rift, central Europe
Authors: Geissler Wolfram H. , Kämpf Horst , Kind Rainer , Bräuer Karin , Klinge Klaus , Plenefisch Thomas , Horálek Josef , Zedník Jan , Nehybka Vladimir
Published: September 2005

P‐SV conversions provide new insights into the lithosphere of the western Eger (Ohře) Rift, a presently active CO2 emanation area, Quaternary volcanic field, and earthquake swarm region in central Europe. Gas and isotope (He and C) mapping of free gas phases in mineral springs and mofettes proved the origin of CO2‐ dominated gases from a subcrustal magmatic fluid reservoir. Analyzing teleseismic data from several seismic networks in the western Bohemian Massif, the source region of these gases was investigated. Moho Ps conversions have 3 to 4.5 s delay. Crustal thicknesses vary between 27 and 38 km; vp/vs ratios vary between 1.63 and 1.81. Beneath the western Eger Rift an approximately 40 km wide Moho updoming up to 27 km exists. Locally observed weak conversions indicate a complex Moho transition zone in this area. A local “6 s phase” possibly originates at a discontinuity in approximately 50 to 60 km depth or may represent multiples from velocity inversions at the base of the upper crust. Moho updoming and the distribution of the “6 s phase” coincide with the CO2 degassing fields and the positions of Quaternary volcanoes at the surface. We hypothesize the release of CO2‐dominated fluid/magma from isolated melt reservoirs in the depth range of 60 to 30 km, separation of CO2 from the melt at 29 to 21 km depths, and CO2 transport through the crust. The geophysical indications may point to presently active magmatic underplating beneath the study area, supporting the results of gas geochemical and isotope investigations. This is the first attempt that combines seismic and gas geochemical data for a tectonic model. Our model may be transferable to other continental rift areas worldwide.
Dust deposition to the surface waters of the western and central North Pacific inferred from surface water dissolved aluminum concentrations
Authors: Measures C. I. , Brown M. T. , Vink S.
Published: September 2005

Dissolved Al was determined on ∼3500 surface water samples collected in the NW Pacific during the 2002 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Contaminant Baseline survey. In addition, dissolved Al was determined on samples collected at 9 vertical stations occupied along the cruise track. Surface water Al distributions, when converted to annual mineral dust deposition (Measures and Brown, 1996), imply extremely low depositions (mean values ≤0.3 g m−2 yr−1) to surface waters of the subarctic gyre despite the atmospheric transport of large amounts of mineral dust across this region from the desert regions of China. The calculated deposition values are also much lower than the 1–10 g m−2 yr−1 predicted for this region by the GESAMP model (Duce et al., 1991). The lowest mineral dust depositions correspond to the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the NW Pacific, which implies that the biogeochemical status of this region is the result of low atmospheric micronutrient input, similar to other HNLC regions. In the subtropical gyre the Al‐derived dust deposition (mean values 0.1–0.6 g m−2 yr−1) agrees well with the (<1 g m−2 yr−1) predictions of the GESAMP model. Enriched concentrations of dissolved Al in the coastal waters near Kauai, from fluvial sources, indicate the potential role of remote high islands in adding reactive trace elements to the nearby surface waters. In the vertical profiles, elevated dissolved Al concentrations (4–8 nM) were found to correspond to the potential density of the western Pacific “Subtropical Mode” waters which form in the recirculation zone of the Kuroshio.
Dynamic and thermodynamic changes in mean and extreme precipitation under changed climate
Authors: Emori S. , Brown S. J.
Published: September 2005

Extreme precipitation has been projected to increase more than the mean under future changed climate, but its mechanism is not clear. We have separated the ‘dynamic’ and ‘thermodynamic’ components of the mean and extreme precipitation changes projected in 6 climate model experiments. The dynamic change is due to the change in atmospheric motion, while the thermodynamic change is due to the change in atmospheric moisture content. The model results consistently show that there are areas with small change or decreases in the thermodynamic change for mean precipitation mainly over subtropics, while the thermodynamic change for extreme precipitation is an overall increase as a result of increased atmospheric moisture. The dynamic changes play a secondary role in the difference between mean and extreme and are limited to lower latitudes. Over many parts of mid‐ to high latitudes, mean and extreme precipitation increase in comparable magnitude due to a comparable thermodynamic increase.
Late Holocene climate change in the North Atlantic and equatorial Africa: Millennial‐scale ITCZ migration
Authors: Russell James M. , Johnson Thomas C.
Published: September 2005

Climate proxy data and numerical models suggest that latitudinal displacements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) occur during millennial‐scale cold events in the North Atlantic region, but the potential effects of these ITCZ movements on the climate of equatorial regions are unclear. Here we present a 5400‐year geochemical record of rainfall and drought from Lake Edward in equatorial Africa. We observe a non‐linear correlation in which drought in equatorial Africa occurs during both cold and warm extremes in the North Atlantic's 1500‐year quasi‐cycle. We propose that this relationship occurs due to northward/southward displacement of the ITCZ from its equatorial mean position during warm/cold events. Our results show that millennial‐scale high‐latitude climate events are linked to changes in equatorial terrestrial climate even during the late Holocene and suggest important constraints on the mechanisms linking tropical and extratropical climate variability.
Climate change scenarios for northern Europe from multi‐model IPCC AR4 climate simulations
Authors: Benestad R. E.
Published: September 2005

An empirical‐statistical downscaling analysis for monthly mean temperature and precipitation is presented for a multi‐model ensemble of the most recent climate scenarios (Special Report Emission Scenario A1b) produced for the upcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4). The analysis involves a model evaluation by incorporating common EOF analysis, where the degree of similarity between the spatial structure of large‐scale anomalies in re‐analysis products and the climate models is examined. The empirical‐statistical downscaling incorporates local information for a given set of locations, however, additional geographical information is utilised in the spatial interpolation of the results. A best‐estimate of trend is derived through a Bayesian approach. Thus, maps of multi‐model mean scenarios for annual mean temperature and precipitation rates for the 21st century are obtained. Positive trends are found in both temperature and precipitation over northern Europe.
Propagation of tectonic waves
Authors: Ricard Y. , Husson L.
Published: September 2005

Mountain building depends on the disequilibrium between boundary stresses, either at the base of the deforming lithosphere or its lateral boundaries, and buoyancy stresses arising form lateral density variations within the lithosphere itself. On the basis of the thin viscous sheet approximation, we propose a model which accounts for both crustal and lithospheric thickness variations. The deformation is controlled by the sum of the moments of density anomalies (i.e. density anomalies times depth) of compositional and thermal origins. The transport of the compositional moment is obtained from the continuity equation while the transport of the thermal moment is obtained from the heat equation. The resulting set of equations controls the coupled behavior of the crust and lithosphere. It shows that various type of solutions can exist: unstable, stable and propagating. When propagation occurs, the crustal and the lithospheric thickness variations are out of phase. The tectonic waves propagate with velocities around 5 mm yr−1 that increase with the crustal thickness and decrease with the lithospheric viscosity. We discuss these solutions and argue that continents may in large part be in a domain of propagating tectonic waves.
Dissipation in oblique slow shocks
Authors: Yin L. , Winske D. , Daughton W. , Coroniti F. V.
Published: September 2005

Ion and electron dynamics and dissipation in collisionless slow mode shocks are examined using one‐dimensional hybrid (kinetic ions, massless fluid electrons) and full particle (kinetic ions and electrons) simulations. In the hybrid code, two types of electron fluid models are used to determine the role of electrons: an adiabatic electron fluid model, which uses a scalar electron pressure, and the electron pressure tensor model, in which effects of the downstream electron temperature anisotropy with respect to the local magnetic field direction can be modeled. Comparing results from full particle and hybrid simulations that use an adiabatic electron fluid, the dynamics of slow shocks with the shock normal angle θBn ranging from moderate to very oblique (60°–84°) are explored for the upstream ion and electron β value of 0.1. At moderate θBn, the two types of simulations give comparable results, and the shock dissipation is provided primarily by the ions. However, as θBn increases, more significant differences are found between the two types of simulations, which indicates that the ion dissipation alone is inadequate to set up the shock and that additional electron physics is needed. At highly oblique θBn, the downstream electron temperature becomes anisotropic (T∥e > T⊥e) in full particle simulations, similar to that observed for the ion plasma in both type of simulations, while the electron inertial effects are negligible. The electron anisotropy results from both the large mirror effects and the electron acceleration/heating by the parallel electric field of very obliquely propagating kinetic Alfvén waves excited by ion‐ion streaming in the shock. The additional electron dynamics in the wave fields lead to spiky structures in the shock ramp in the density and the ion and electron parallel temperature/pressure. We present hybrid simulations of very oblique slow shocks (θBn = 84°) that retain the electron pressure tensor calculations. Results show that the inclusion of the downstream electron temperature anisotropy and of the resulting quasi‐viscous effects in hybrid methods allows slow shocks to be set up at very oblique angles, as observed in the distant tail, when dissipation from ion‐ion streaming becomes much weaker.
Relationships between the ion flow speed, magnetic flux transport rate, and other plasma sheet parameters
Authors: Kaufmann Richard L. , Paterson William R. , Frank Louis A.
Published: September 2005

Eight years of Geotail particle and magnetic field measurements were separated into 12 data sets on the basis of the ion flow speed. The same measurements were separated into 12 other data sets using a magnetic flux transport sorting parameter. Magnetic field lines in the three‐dimensional models created using these two sorting methods were dipolar when the flow or transport was fast and stretched into a taillike configuration when the flow or transport was slow. The magnitude of Bx measured in the outer central plasma sheet decreased weakly and Bz at the neutral sheet increased strongly as the magnetic flux transport rate increased. These observations showed that fast flow flux tubes typically were located near but earthward of the primary region in which localized region 1 sense currents were diverted to the ionosphere. The plasma density was low and the temperature was high when the flow was fast. The particle pressure depended only weakly on flow speed. The average entropy was higher at z = 0 during fast flow events than it was anywhere in the region that could be studied when flows were slow or moderate. The average entropy also decreased as ∣z∣ increased. These observations suggest that the plasma was irreversibly heated by the process that produced the fast flows. Ions and electrons were found, on average, to be remarkably isotropic at the neutral sheet. Scattering through 90° each minute during slow and moderate flow conditions and as rapidly as every 10 s during the fastest flows was needed to maintain this average degree of isotropy. The temperature anisotropy increased away from the neutral sheet, reaching 1.1–1.3 at some point along most field lines. This variation along field lines was attributed primarily to a parallel electric field needed to maintain charge neutrality. The average ion to electron temperature ratio was as low as 5 and as high as 10 in certain regions and under specific flow conditions. These observations showed that electrons and ions were heated or cooled at different rates depending on their locations and bulk flow speeds.
Time‐dependent transport and subdiffusion of cosmic rays
Authors: Shalchi A.
Published: September 2005

In this paper, time‐dependent diffusion coefficients are calculated by applying linear and nonlinear theories. Such a study can demonstrate whether perpendicular transport of cosmic rays behaves diffusively or not. Whereas transport perpendicular to the magnetic background field in a composite slab/two‐dimensional model can be described by recently proposed nonlinear diffusion theories, the subdiffusive behavior for slab geometry cannot be explained by them. By starting with the equations of motion I present a theoretical description of cosmic ray subdiffusion in the magnetostatic slab model. The time dependence obtained from these theoretical considerations agrees with the model of compound diffusion and recently proposed test particle simulations.
Acetylcholine‐induced endothelium‐dependent contractions in the SHR aorta: the Janus face of prostacyclin
Authors: Gluais Pascale , Lonchampt Michel , Morrow Jason D , Vanhoutte Paul M , Feletou Michel
Published: September 2005

In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and aging Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY), acetylcholine releases an endothelium‐derived contracting factor (EDCF) produced by endothelial cyclooxygenase‐1, which stimulates thromboxane A2 receptors (TP receptors) on vascular smooth muscle. The purpose of the present study was to identify this EDCF by measuring changes in isometric tension and the release of various prostaglandins by acetylcholine.

In isolated aortic rings of SHR, U 46619, prostaglandin (PG) H2, PGF2α, PGE2, PGD2, prostacyclin (PGI2) and 8‐isoprostane, all activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle to produce a contraction (U 46619≫8‐isoprostane=PGF2α=PGH2>PGE2=PGD2>PGI2). The contractions produced by PGH2 and PGI2 were fast and transient, mimicking endothelium‐dependent contractions. PGI2 did not relax isolated aortic rings of WKY and SHR.

Acetylcholine evoked the endothelium‐dependent release of thromboxane A2, PGF2α, PGE2, PGI2 and most likely PGH2 (PGI2≫PGF2αPGE2>TXA2>8‐isoprostane, PGD2). Dazoxiben abolished the production of thromboxane A2, but did not influence the endothelium‐dependent contractions to acetylcholine.

The release of PGI2 was significantly larger in the aorta of SHR than in WKY, and the former was more sensitive to the contractile effect of PGI2 than the latter. The inhibition of PGI‐synthase was associated with an increase in PGH2 spillover and the enhancement of acetylcholine‐induced endothelium‐dependent contractions.

Thus, in the aorta of SHR and aging WKY, the endothelium‐dependent contractions elicited by acetylcholine most likely involve the release of PGI2 with a concomitant contribution of PGH2.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 834–845. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706390
Anandamide reduces infarct size in rat isolated hearts subjected to ischaemia–reperfusion by a novel cannabinoid mechanism
Authors: Underdown Nichola J , Hiley C Robin , Ford William R
Published: September 2005

Although the endocannabinoids 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and anandamide share a similar pharmacology, 2‐AG reportedly limits myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury whereas anandamide does not. We therefore investigated whether or not anandamide reduces infarct size and which, if any, of the known cannabinoid‐signalling pathways are involved.

Rat isolated perfused hearts were subjected to global, no‐flow ischaemia (30 min) and reperfusion (1 h). Agonists were present from 5 min before ischaemia until the end of reperfusion. Antagonists, where used, were present throughout the protocol. Recovery of left ventricular developed pressure and coronary flow was incomplete in control hearts and not significantly affected by any drug treatment.

In vehicle‐treated hearts, 26±3% (n=13) of the left ventricle was infarcted at the end of reperfusion. Infarction of the left ventricle was significantly reduced after 1 μM anandamide (10±1%, n=7) or 1 μM methanandamide (12±4%, n=6) but not 1 μM HU210. Neither ACPA (1 μM; CB1 receptor agonist) nor JWH133 (1 μM; CB2 receptor agonist), individually or combined significantly affected infarct size.

Anandamide (1 μM) did not reduce infarct size in the presence of the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (SR141716A, 1 μM) or the CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528 (1 μM).

Despite sensitivity to CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists, the infarct‐limiting action of anandamide was not mimicked by agonists selective for CB1 or CB2 receptors suggesting the involvement of a novel cannabinoid site of action.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 809–816. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706391
Condensation of a vapor bubble in submicrometer container
Authors: Babin V. , Hołyst R.
Published: September 2005

Condensation of a spherically symmetric submicrometer size vapor bubble is studied using diffuse interface hydrodynamic model supplemented by the van der Waals equation of state with parameters characteristic for argon. The bubble, surrounded by liquid, is held in a container of constant volume with temperature of the wall kept fixed. The condensation is triggered by a sudden rise of the wall temperature. We find that in the same container and subjected to a similar increase of the wall temperature the condensation process is totally different from the opposite process of droplet evaporation. In particular, the rapid change of the wall temperature excites the wave, which hits the interface and compresses the bubble, leading to a considerable increase of the temperature inside. The condensation of the submicrometer size bubble takes tens of nanoseconds, whereas evaporation of the same size droplet lasts roughly 50 times longer. In contrast to evaporation the condensation process is hardly quasistationary.
Triplet correlations in the quantum hard-sphere fluid
Authors: Sesé Luis M.
Published: September 2005

A study of three-particle correlations in the quantum hard-sphere fluid far from exchange is presented. The three types of triplet correlations in a monatomic quantum fluid (instantaneous, linear response, and centroids) are analyzed by utilizing (a) the density derivatives of the corresponding quantum pair radial correlation functions, (b) closures for triplet functions, and (c) path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations that have concentrated on the fixing of equilateral and isosceles correlations. For the sake of comparison, the classical hard-sphere fluid is also studied with tools (a) and (b) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The relative usefulness of density derivatives combined with closures is discussed in light of the PIMC and MC results. The exact PIMC correlations between quantum triplets show features that resemble those known to occur at the pair level, such as the close proximity between the instantaneous and the three-particle linear response, the much more pronounced features in centroid triplet structures, and the same global patterns with changes in density and temperature such as the outward shifts of the structures with decreasing temperature and density.
Energy-transfer dynamics of high-pressure rovibrationally excited molecular H2
Authors: Saiki David J. , Cureton-Chinn Sarah , Kelly Peter B. , Augustine Matthew P.
Published: September 2005

The energy-transfer dynamics of high-pressure molecular H2 gas initially prepared in the ∣XΣg+1,v=1,J=1⟩ state using stimulated Raman pumping are probed with rotational Raman scattering. A computer simulation that incorporates the effects of collision-induced vibrational energy transfer is described and used to fit the experimental Raman scattering results obtained as a function of the pump/probe delay time. The 4.78×10−14±3.85×10−16cm3s−1molecule−1 vibrational energy-transfer rate for decay from the ∣XΣg+1,v=1,J=1⟩ state compares well with other lower-pressure studies.
Stability of smectic phases in hard-rod mixtures
Authors: Martínez-Ratón Yuri , Velasco Enrique , Mederos Luis
Published: September 2005

Using density-functional theory, we have analyzed the phase behavior of binary mixtures of hard rods of different lengths and diameters. Previous studies have shown a strong tendency of smectic phases of these mixtures to segregate and, in some circumstances, to form microsegregated phases. Our focus in the present work is on the formation of columnar phases which some studies, under some approximations, have shown to become thermodynamically stable prior to crystallization. Specifically we focus on the relative stability between smectic and columnar phases, a question not fully addressed in previous work. Our analysis is based on two complementary perspectives: on the one hand, an extended Onsager theory, which includes the full orientational degrees of freedom but with spatial and orientational correlations being treated in an approximate manner; on the other hand, we formulate a Zwanzig approximation of fundamental-measure theory on hard parallelepipeds, whereby orientations are restricted to be only along three mutually orthogonal axes, but correlations are faithfully represented. In the latter case novel, complete phase diagrams containing regions of stability of liquid-crystalline phases are calculated. Our findings indicate that the restricted-orientation approximation enhances the stability of columnar phases so as to preempt smectic order completely while, in the framework of the extended Onsager model, with full orientational degrees of freedom taken into account, columnar phases may preempt a large region of smectic stability in some mixtures, but some smectic order still persists.
Effect of the one-body potential on interelectronic correlation in two-electron systems
Authors: Katriel Jacob , Roy Sudip , Springborg Michael
Published: September 2005

The correlation energies of the helium isoelectronic sequence (IS) and of Hooke’s IS are very similar and are both weakly increasing upon increasing the nuclear charge∕force constant, respectively. However, their separation into radial and angular correlations shows interesting differences. First, for intermediate (and high) values of the force constant radial correlation in Hooke’s IS is surprisingly low. Second, both systems exhibit a decrease in the relative contribution of radial versus angular correlation upon strengthening the one-body attractive potential; however, unlike the helium IS, in Hooke’s IS the radial correlation energy increases in absolute value upon strengthening the attractive one-body potential. The contribution of radial correlation to the Coulomb hole is examined and the asymptotic behavior at both strong and weak attractive potentials is considered. Radial correlation in Hooke’s IS is found to constitute about 9.3% of the total correlation energy when the spring constant approaches the limit k→∞, but 100% of the total correlation energy for k→0. Our results highlight both the similarities and the differences between the helium and Hooke’s ISs.
Path-integral computations of tunneling processes
Authors: Benjamin Ilan , Nitzan Abraham
Published: September 2005

The application of the path-integral methodology of Chandler and Wolynes [D. Chandler and P. G. Wolynes, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 4078 (1981)] to the calculation of one-electron-tunneling probabilities is revisited. We show that the evaluation of the kink free energy that is related to the tunneling splitting is associated with “polymer bead” distributions over a continuous distribution of scaled barriers, which makes both the calculation and its physical interpretation relatively difficult. In particular, we find that relative to other available techniques the method converges slowly and suffers from inaccuracies associated with the finite-temperature aspect of the calculation, and that past tentative identification of the bead distribution over the barrier with a physical picture of a “tunneling path” should be reassessed.
Structural and dielectric properties of strain-controlled epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films by two-step growth technique
Authors: Yamada Tomoaki , Astafiev Konstantin F. , Sherman Vladimir O. , Tagantsev Alexander K. , Su Dong , Muralt Paul , Setter Nava
Published: September 2005

Structural and dielectric properties of epitaxial SrTiO3 (STO) thin films on LaAlO3 substrates fabricated by a two-step growth technique using pulsed laser deposition were investigated by in situ and ex situ observations in terms of strain relaxation from the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate. In a first step, a very thin STO layer of less than 10nm was deposited at low temperature. The main part of the film was deposited in a second step at high temperature, as commonly used for epitaxial growth. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction observations showed that almost full strain relaxation was realized before the deposition of the second layer, whereas the normally grown film was not fully relaxed even when the film thickness exceeded 300nm. The relaxation process of the two-step-grown film took place through the crystallization of the first layer with substantial misfit dislocation formation, which is therefore fundamentally different from that of the normally grown film. Since the normally grown film possesses compressive strain due to less strain relaxation, the two-step-grown film showed larger permittivity and larger tuning compared to the normally grown film. The estimation of the extrinsic loss contribution from the measured loss tangent implied that the two-step growth technique could suppress the extrinsic loss due to a redistribution of defects in the film. The first layer leads to two effects: (i) strain relaxation and (ii) lower loss of the film.
A counterbased field programmable gate array implementation of the one-bit autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions
Authors: Pouchet M. , Seferiadis G. , Huber N. , Gough M. P.
Published: September 2005

In this article we describe a novel design of the fixed-length, one-bit autocorrelation function (ACF) using a Spartan XC2S300 field programmable gate array (FPGA). It has been implemented both asynchronously and synchronously following the same underlying architectural concept. Although some problems arose in the asynchronous case due to the nature of the design, these were overcome with a synchronous architecture. With this new design method there has been a ninefold reduction in terms of FPGA active area usage for the implementation of the algorithm compared to the more traditional approach. At the same time there has also been a fivefold increase in speed, reaching 250 MHz compared with the previous 47 MHz.
Charging-delay effect on longitudinal dust acoustic shock wave in strongly coupled dusty plasma
Authors: Ghosh Samiran , Gupta M. R.
Published: September 2005

Taking into account the charging-delay effect, the nonlinear propagation characteristics of longitudinal dust acoustic wave in strongly coupled collisional dusty plasma described by generalized hydrodynamic model have been investigated. In the “hydrodynamic limit,” a Korteweg–de Vries Burger (KdVB) equation with a damping term arising due to dust-neutral collision is derived in which the Burger term is proportional to the dissipation due to dust viscosity through dust-dust correlation and charging-delay-induced anomalous dissipation. On the other hand, in the “kinetic limit,” a KdVB equation with a damping term and a nonlocal nonlinear forcing term arising due to memory-dependent strong correlation effect of dust fluid is derived in which the Burger term depends only on the charging-delay-induced dissipation. Numerical solution of integrodifferential equations reveals that (i) dissipation due to dust viscosity and principally due to charging delay causes excitation of the longitudinal dust acoustic shock wave in strongly coupled dusty plasma and (ii) dust-neutral collision does not appear to play any direct role in shock formation. The condition for the generation of shock is also discussed briefly.
Observation of photonic band-gap control in one-dimensional Bragg structures
Authors: Konoplev I. V. , McGrane P. , Phelps A. D. R. , Cross A. W. , Ronald K.
Published: September 2005

The results of experimental studies of scattering and interference of waves in one-dimensional photonic band-gap structures based on coaxial waveguides with corrugated inner and outer conductors are presented. Using numerical simulations and experimental measurements, the possibility to control the band-gap parameters is demonstrated. The experimental and theoretical results obtained are compared and discussed. It is shown that the variation of the relative phase of the one-dimensional corrugations with respect to each other results in a change of the band-gap parameters in accordance with simulated predictions.
Microscopic failure behavior of nanoporous gold
Authors: Biener Juergen , Hodge Andrea M. , Hamza Alex V.
Published: September 2005

We report on the fracture behavior of nanoporous (np)-Au with an open sponge-like morphology of interconnecting ligaments on the nanometer length scale. Despite its macroscopic brittleness, np-Au is microscopically a very ductile material as ligaments strained by as much as 200% can be observed in the vicinity of crack tips. Cell-size effects on the microscopic failure mechanism were studied by annealing treatments that increased the typical pore size/ligament diameter from ∼100nmto∼1μm. Ligaments with diameter of ∼100nm fail by plastic flow and necking, whereas failure by slip was observed for larger ligaments with a diameter of ∼1μm. The absence of slip marks in 100-nm-sized ligaments suggests a strongly suppressed dislocation activity, consistent with the high yield strength of np-Au.
Solid-state supercapacitors for electronic device applications
Authors: Ma Liping , Yang Yang
Published: September 2005

We report an all-solid-state supercapacitor with device fabrication by a simple vacuum thermal evaporation method, which allows not only a multilayer stacking structure to further enhance the capacitance, but also permits the supercapacitor to be easily incorporated with other electronic devices, showing interesting characteristics for both fundamental study and practical applications. Discussions about the mechanism of the supercapacitor is given.
Correlation between size-induced lattice variations and yellow emission shift in ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Li Liping , Qiu Xiaoqing , Li Guangshe
Published: September 2005

Theoretical studies available in the literature for investigating the quantum size effects in band-gap and luminescence properties have excluded lattice variations that may occur in the nanoscale regime. This work addresses the lattice dimensions of highly crystalline ZnO nanorods as a function of diameter. The corresponding quantum size effects in band modifications were explored using the intrinsic yellow emission as the probe. It was found that with increasing nanorod diameter, the lattice volume decreased linearly, while the peak maximum of the yellow luminescence shifted towards lower energies. This redshift is found to be smaller than that calculated from band-gap theories. These findings have been interpreted in terms of the probable increase in height of the top of valence band induced by the lattice contraction associated with the increase in nanorod diameter.
High performance reflection gratings in nematiclike photorefractive polymers
Authors: Kwon O-Pil , Kwon Seong-Ji , Jazbinsek Mojca , Günter Peter , Lee Suck-Hyun
Published: September 2005

Photorefractive materials based on the nematiclike photoconductive polymers PPT-TPA consisting of the rigid backbone poly(p-phenyleneterephthalate), PPT, and pendent photoconducting triphenylamine (TPA) groups were studied in reflection grating geometry and compared to the layered photorefractive composites PPT-CZs with photoconducting carbazole (CZ) groups. The order level of the mesophase structure has a crucial influence on the trapping characteristics of the composites. The nematiclike composites although of lower photoconductivity exhibit one order of magnitude faster response than in the layered composites in the reflection grating regime. This is attributed to the increased trapping rate as a result of the specific mesophase structure.
Long-wavelength fast semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors using metamorphic growth on GaAs substrates
Authors: Suomalainen S. , Vainionpää A. , Tengvall O. , Hakulinen T. , Karirinne S. , Guina M. , Okhotnikov O. G. , Euser T. G. , Vos W. L.
Published: September 2005

Metamorphic growth of InP on GaAs has been used to decrease the absorption recovery time of 1.55μm semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors. We show that the recovery time can be reliably controlled by changing the thickness of an InP “lattice reformation layer” grown between the GaAs-based distributed Bragg reflector and the active region. Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors with a thickness of the InP reformation layer around 200 nm or smaller exhibit a recovery time short enough to reliably mode-lock fiber lasers.