bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed
Authors: Froese Paul
Published: February 2004

Under communism, the Russian religious landscape consisted mainly of two competitors—a severely repressed Russian Orthodox Church and a heavily promoted atheist alternative to religion called “scientific atheism.” Under these circumstances, one might expect the rapid spread of religious disbelief, but the intensity of the atheist campaign originated from official mandate and not popular appeal. In turn, scientific atheism never inspired the Russian population and grew increasingly uninspired as Soviet officials created a monopoly “church” of scientific atheism in hopes of replacing persistent religious beliefs and practices. This article is dedicated to explaining why Communists could not successfully convert the masses to atheism. The findings provide evidence that systems of belief require more than simply the power of promotion and coercion to become accepted.
Organizational Consolidation in American Protestant Denominations, 1890–1990
Authors: Chaves Mark , Sutton John R.
Published: February 2004

The religious sector in the United States is distinctive for the degree to which institutional change occurs not through the birth and death of organizations, but through mergers and schisms occurring among preexisting denominations. In this article we analyze mergers among mainstream Protestant denominations, as a means both to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of denominationalism and to broaden the field of discussion about organizational merger. We argue that patterns of merger in any sector are institutionally embedded: in the religious sector, the interaction of ingrained tradition and historical contingency influences the range of possible merger partners, the perceived advantages to merger, and the power of actors that may encourage or discourage merger. We pursue this argument using event‐history data from denominations in four Protestant families between 1890 and 1990 to test hypotheses about the determinants of merger. The analysis shows that merger is influenced by denominational identity (family, racial makeup), organizational characteristics (size, centralization, and membership concentration), and the diffuse influence of the ecumenical movement; many of these effects are time dependent, a result of long‐term shifts in the roles of denominational elites.
Catholic Religious Orders of Women in China: Adaptation and Power
Authors: Leung Beatrice , Wittberg Patricia
Published: February 2004

Although sociologists have argued that religious orders fulfill the same creative functions within Catholicism that sectarian groups perform for Protestantism, no research has examined whether the orders can serve this function in non‐Western societies where Catholics are a minority. This article examines Catholic religious orders of women in mainland China today. Both internal and external factors prevent Chinese sisters from gaining the power and autonomy they would need to serve as change agents in the Chinese Catholic Church. The effectiveness of external attempts to ameliorate the sisters' difficulties is evaluated.
The Difference Catholic Makes: Catholic Faculty and Catholic Identity
Authors: Sullins D. Paul
Published: February 2004

This study examines, for the case of Catholics, the thesis that a “critical mass” of devoted faculty members—50 percent or more, according to the papal document Ex Corde Ecclesia—serves to promote or preserve the religious character of religiously affiliated institutions of higher education. Factor analysis and structural equations are employed to analyze a random sample of faculty members (n= 1,290) and institutional profiles (n= 100) of American Catholic colleges and universities. Catholic faculty show higher support for Catholic identity in latent structures of aspiration for improved Catholic distinctiveness, a desire for more theology or philosophy courses, and longer institutional tenure. Institutions having a majority of Catholic faculty exhibit four properties consistent with stronger Catholic identity: a policy of preferential hiring for Catholics (“hiring for mission”), a higher proportion of Catholic students, higher faculty aspiration for Catholic identity, and longer faculty tenure in the institution. These latter two characteristics are not due simply to aggregation, but are stronger, on average, for Catholic faculty when they are in the majority. Preferential hiring marks Catholic identity, but is ineffective to increase the proportion of Catholic faculty. I conclude that the prediction of the critical mass thesis is correct.
Father Knows Best: Parishes, Priests, and American Catholic Parishioners' Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment
Authors: Bjarnason Thoroddur , Welch Michael R.
Published: February 2004

Public opinion has important implications for capital punishment in the United States. Such opinion formation involves moral judgments irreducible to processing information on the administration of capital punishment or sentencing alternatives. Religious communities play a crucial role in resolving such moral dilemmas and giving meaning to available information. The Catholic Church strongly opposes capital punishment and strives to instruct lay Catholics on this issue. Accordingly, church attendance is associated with less support of the death penalty among Catholics but not among non‐Catholics in the general population. Politically and socially conservative Catholic parishioners are more supportive of such punishment, while more religious parishioners report less such support. Parish priests significantly influence death penalty attitudes, in particular among more spiritual parishioners. Black Catholics are more supportive of the death penalty than their non‐Catholic counterparts, in part because of a convergence in death penalty attitudes between blacks and whites in predominantly black parishes.
Does Church Attendance Really Increase Schooling?
Authors: Loury Linda D.
Published: February 2004

This article shows that religiosity during adolescence has a significant effect on total number of years of schooling attained. It differs from previous research by focusing on church attendance rather than on denomination and by controlling more completely for the effects of omitted‐variables bias. Any estimated correlation between church attendance and schooling without such controls may reflect unmeasured family, community, and individual characteristics. The size of the effect for individuals who attended church 52 weeks per year compared to individuals who do not attend at all is equivalent to over three years of parents' schooling. This finding implies that changes in church attendance, either due to exogenous changes in attitudes or as an indirect effect of government or other institutional activity, may have large spill‐over effects on socioeconomic variables.
“Although We are Catholic, We are Dutch”—The Transition of the Dutch Catholic Church from Sect to Church as an Explanation for its Growth and Decline
Authors: Sengers Erik
Published: February 2004

The Dutch Catholic Church has experienced an immense growth and an equal measure of decline in the last two centuries. This article explains this development by using the sect‐to‐church theory, as has been developed by the rational choice theory of religion. This theory explains the growth and decline of a church by the degree of tension it has with society. Historical evidence is used to test this theory with regard to the Dutch Catholic Church. As long as that church was in tension with society it kept growing, but as soon as the tension decreased, which was already taking place prior to 1960, it declined.
Catholic Parish Organizational Structure and Parish Outcomes
Authors: Zech Charles , Gautier Mary L.
Published: February 2004

Due to a number of factors, the Catholic Church has in recent years been required to be innovative in the way it organizes its parishes. Canon law addresses some options for dioceses that need to restructure their parishes. This study considers three of them: pastoring multiple parishes through a team of pastors (Code of Canon Law 517.1); entrusting pastoral care to someone other than a priest (c517.2); and appointing a single priest to pastor more than one parish (c526.1). The effect of each of these models on the change in parish Sunday Mass attendance is empirically estimated. No significant difference in Mass attendance was found between those parishes that had experienced an organizational restructuring and those that had not. When comparing the three different models of parish restructuring, parishes that were led by a team of priests were found to outperform parishes that had experienced the other two restructuring options.
Relationships as dialogues
Authors: Baxter Leslie A.
Published: February 2004

This article discusses five interrelated conceptions of dialogue in the works of Russian scholar Mikhail Bakhtin that ground relational dialectics theory: (a) dialogue as constitutive process, (b) dialogue as dialectical flux, (c) dialogue as aesthetic moment, (d) dialogue as utterance, and (e) dialogue as critical sensibility. The author's recent research in relational dialectics is discussed, as are directions for future research. Relational dialectics is positioned as a sensitizing theory different from systems theory and other dialectically oriented approaches.
Stress‐buffering or stress‐exacerbation? Social support and social undermining as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among married people
Authors: Cranford James A.
Published: February 2004

This prospective panel study examined social support and social undermining from the spouse as moderators of the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Participants were 181 married people who completed questionnaires at two points in time. The interval between time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2) was approximately 6 weeks. Multiple regression analysis showed that T1 perceived stress and T1 spouse undermining, but not T1 spouse support, predicted increases in depressive symptoms from T1 to T2. T1 spouse undermining, but not T1 spouse support, moderated the association between T1 perceived stress and T2 depressive symptoms. These findings supported a stress‐exacerbation hypothesis for the effect of spouse undermining on the stress process. Discussion focuses on possible mechanisms for the stress‐exacerbation effect.
Gender and relationships: Influences on agentic and communal behaviors
Authors: Suh Eun Jung , Moskowitz D. S. , Fournier Marc A. , Zuroff David C.
Published: February 2004

The present research examined the moderating influence of situations involving friends and romantic partners on gender differences in interpersonal behaviors reflecting agency and communion. Behavior was studied in three situations varying in social role and dyadic gender composition: same‐sex friendships, opposite‐sex friendships, and romantic relationships. To obtain multiple events representing each relationship situation, participants recorded information about their interpersonal interactions during a 20‐day period using an event‐contingent recording procedure. Results indicated gender differences consistent with gender stereotypes when men and women were interacting with same‐sex friends; men with men were more dominant and women with women were more agreeable. In interactions with romantic partners, gender differences in communal behavior were opposite to gender stereotypes; women were less agreeable and more quarrelsome than men with their romantic partners. Results are considered in reference to developmental socialization theory, social role theory, and studies of gender differences in marital relationships.
The effect of a shared humorous experience on closeness in initial encounters
Authors: Fraley Barbara , Aron Arthur
Published: February 2004

Randomly paired same‐sex strangers (N = 96) participated in a series of structured interactions systematically manipulated to either create or not create a shared humorous experience. They then completed measures of feelings of closeness to their interaction partner. Consistent with hypotheses derived from personal relationships and humor theories, there was a significant effect of humor on closeness. This effect was significantly partially mediated by self‐expansion and distraction from the discomfort of the first encounter, but not by self‐disclosure/acceptance. The effect was significantly moderated by trait sense of humor and marginally moderated by anxious attachment style (such that the effect was greater for those high in trait sense of humor and high in anxious attachment). A predicted moderation by avoidant attachment was not significant.
Revision in memories of relationship development: Do biases persist over time?
Authors: Frye Nancy E. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: February 2004

Partners often recall that their relationship satisfaction has improved over the recent past, even when their satisfaction has actually declined, and such perceptions appear to contribute to optimism about the future. But what happens to memories as the recent past recedes into the distant past? To address this question, data were examined from a U.S. sample of 53 newlywed couples. Every 6 months, spouses reported their memories of relationship change. After 2½ years, they again reported their memories of change over these time periods. Initially, spouses recalled significant improvements over each interval, even though no improvements were observed. By the end of 2½ years, however, they had revised their memories, recalling improvements only in the recent past. Such revisions have implications for research relying on self‐reported relationship change and suggest a way for spouses to benefit from the perception of recent improvement while maintaining a generally accurate view of the course of the relationship overall.
Parental marital conflict and divorce, parent‐child relationships, social support, and relationship anxiety in young adulthood
Authors: Riggio Heidi R.
Published: February 2004

Based on research documenting harmful long‐term consequences of parental conflict and divorce for offspring, relations between recollections of parental conflict, parental divorce, and social outcomes in young adulthood were examined. A total sample of 566 young adults from divorced and intact families completed measures of parental conflict, quality of parent–adult child relationships, anxiety in relationships with others, and perceptions of social support from others. As hypothesized, divorce and conflict had significant independent effects on outcomes in young adulthood. Effects of conflict were uniformly negative for quality of parent‐child relationships, perceived social support from others, and anxiety in personal relationships. Parental divorce was associated with lower quality father‐child relationships, yet divorce was associated with significant positive outcomes for quality of mother‐child relationships, social support, independence facilitated by both parents, and reduced anxiety in relationships. Importantly, these effects occurred regardless of participant sex, parental remarriage, and parental socioeconomic status.
Interference and facilitation from partners in the development of interdependence within romantic relationships
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , Solomon Denise Haunani
Published: February 2004

To clarify how interdependence develops, we employ Berscheid's (1983) emotional investment perspective to illuminate the ways intimacy maps onto interference and facilitation from romantic partners. We conducted a cross‐sectional, self‐report study involving 498 individuals. As anticipated, we found a small nonlinear association between intimacy and interference from partners, a positive association between intimacy and facilitation from partners, and an interaction between intimacy and influence from partners that predicted interference. Notably, however, intimacy did not interact with influence to predict facilitation. Interference and facilitation were positively correlated at the bivariate level and negatively correlated when influence was covaried. We discuss how our findings characterize developing interdependence across the life span of courtship.
Deformation, mass transfer and mineral reactions in an eclogite facies shear zone in a polymetamorphic metapelite (Monte Rosa nappe, western Alps)
Authors: Keller L. M. , Abart R. , Stünitz H. , De Capitani C.
Published: February 2004

This study analyses the mineralogical and chemical transformations associated with an Alpine shear zone in polymetamorphic metapelites from the Monte Rosa nappe in the upper Val Loranco (N‐Italy). In the shear zone, the pre‐Alpine assemblage plagioclase + biotite + kyanite is replaced by the assemblage garnet + phengite + paragonite at eclogite facies conditions of about 650 °C at 12.5 kbar. Outside the shear zone, only minute progress of the same metamorphic reaction was attained during the Alpine metamorphic overprint and the pre‐Alpine mineral assemblage is largely preserved. Textures of incomplete reaction, such as garnet rims at former grain contacts between pre‐existing plagioclase and biotite, are preserved in the country rocks of the shear zone. Reaction textures and phase relations indicate that the Alpine metamorphic overprint occurred under largely anhydrous conditions in low strain domains. In contrast, the mineralogical changes and phase equilibrium diagrams indicate water saturation within the Alpine shear zones. Shear zone formation occurred at approximately constant volume but was associated with substantial gains in silica and losses in aluminium and potassium. Changes in mineral modes associated with chemical alteration and progressive deformation indicate that plagioclase, biotite and kyanite were not only consumed in the course of the garnet‐and phengite‐producing reactions, but were also dissolved ‘congruently’ during shear zone formation. A large fraction of the silica liberated by plagioclase, biotite and kyanite dissolution was immediately re‐precipitated to form quartz, but the dissolved aluminium‐ and potassium‐bearing species appear to have been stable in solution and were removed via the pore fluid. The reaction causes the localization of deformation by producing fine‐grained white mica, which forms a mechanically weak aggregate.
Petrogenesis of andalusite–kyanite–sillimanite veins and host rocks, Sanandaj‐Sirjan metamorphic belt, Hamadan, Iran
Authors: Sepahi A. A. , Whitney D. L. , Baharifar A. A.
Published: February 2004

Quartz‐rich veins in metapelitic schists of the Sanandaj‐Sirjan belt, Hamadan region, Iran, commonly contain two Al2SiO5 polymorphs, and, more rarely, three coexisting Al2SiO5 polymorphs. In most andalusite and sillimanite schists, the types of polymorphs in veins correlate with Al2SiO5 polymorph(s) in the host rocks, although vein polymorphs are texturally and compositionally distinct from those in adjacent host rocks; e.g. vein andalusite is enriched in Fe2O3 relative to host rock andalusite. Low‐grade rocks contain andalusite + quartz veins, medium‐grade rocks contain andalusite + sillimanite + quartz ± plagioclase veins, and high‐grade rocks contain sillimanite + quartz + plagioclase veins/leucosomes. Although most andalusite and sillimanite‐bearing veins occur in host rocks that also contain Al2SiO5, kyanite‐quartz veins crosscut rocks that lack Al2SiO5 (e.g. staurolite schist, granite). A quartz vein containing andalusite + kyanite + sillimanite + staurolite + muscovite occurs in andalusite–sillimanite host rocks. Textural relationships in this vein indicate the crystallization sequence andalusite to kyanite to sillimanite. This crystallization sequence conflicts with the observation that kyanite‐quartz veins post‐date andalusite–sillimanite veins and at least one intrusive phase of a granite that produced a low‐pressure–high‐temperature contact aureole; these relationships imply a sequence of andalusite to sillimanite to kyanite. Varying crystallization sequences for rocks in a largely coherent metamorphic belt can be explained by P–T paths of different rocks passing near (slightly above, slightly below) the Al2SiO5 triple point, and by overprinting of multiple metamorphic events in a terrane that evolved from a continental arc to a collisional orogen.
From Crisis to Opportunity: Human Resource Challenges for the Public Sector in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Soni Vidu
Published: February 2004

A great deal of attention has been focused on the human capital crisis in the public sector since the mid‐1990s. Experts and practitioners give many reasons why the current crisis emerged. This article examines the important factors that led to the crisis, what is being done about them through presidential agendas, legislators, oversight agencies, professional societies, and public policy think tanks. Concerns are many in terms of a large number of upcoming retirements, early retirements, unplanned downsizing, difficulty in attracting new generations to public service, and the changing nature of public service. However, the human resource crisis also presents an opportunity to fundamentally change those features of public sector human resource management practices that have become outdated for contemporary organizations and position government agencies for the twenty‐first century by meaningfully reforming the civil service. This transformation would require public sector organizations to take a more strategic view of human resource management and to give greater policy attention to human capital issues.
Mission Evolution: The United States Forest Service's Response to Crisis
Authors: Salka William M.
Published: February 2004

After a long history as a bureaucratic success story, the United States Forest Service (USFS) found itself embroiled in crisis beginning in the late 1980s. This study examines the factors that led up to the crisis, arguing that the agency had become captured by its own core technologies. Historically, the USFS was successful in adapting to changes in its environment by employing its traditional management procedures. However, attempting to incorporate the northern spotted owl issue with its traditional core technologies threw the subsystem into crisis, during which the agency lost control over its management activities. Today, the USFS is attempting to adapt to the changes brought about by the political conflict of the era.
Expression of cyclin A in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: KOLJONEN VIRVE , TUKIAINEN ERKKI , HAGLUND CAJ , BÖHLING TOM
Published: February 2004

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Large tumours, in particular, show rapid progression and metastatic dissemination, while smaller tumours show less aggressive behaviour. Cyclin A is considered to play a central role in cell cycle control. Its overexpression has been found to correlate with prognosis in many types of carcinomas and sarcomas. Twenty‐six MCC patients with complete clinical data were selected. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded primary tumour samples were immunohistochemically stained for cyclin A. Correlation between expression of cyclin A and primary tumour size, invasion of subcutaneous tissue, local recurrence, metastasis and survival was statistically analysed. Twenty‐five samples expressed cyclin A, and the mean value of positive cells was 25%. Our findings demonstrate that even small and superficial MCC show overexpression of cyclin A. There was no statistical correlation between cyclin A expression and the above‐mentioned variables. Cyclin A does not seem to be useful as a prognostic tool. Consequently, size of the primary tumour (≥2 cm) remains the primary prognostic tool. As a result every tumour, even those small in size, should be considered aggressive and treated radically and rapidly.
Tumor‐like cystic endosalpingiosis of the uterus with florid epithelial proliferation
Authors: FUKUNAGA MASAHARU
Published: February 2004

Mass‐like cystic endosalpingiosis is very rare. The author reports such a lesion with histologic features of endosalpingiosis of the uterus with florid epithelial proliferation in a 51‐year‐old female who complained of lower abdominal pain. Preoperatively, it was considered to be left‐sided ovarian cancer. Intraoperatively, a subserosal, sessile polypoid mass with multiple cysts in the uterine fundus measuring 12×6.5×5.5 cm was found. Histologically, it was composed of multiple cysts lined by benign‐appearing tubal epithelium and bland smooth muscular and myofibromatous stroma. Part of the epithelium exhibited marked papillarity and tufting. Features of conventional endometriosis were present focally. Pathologists and clinicians should be aware of the existence of this type of non‐neoplastic lesion, mass‐like cystic endosalpingiosis, and should avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Expression of non‐membranous β‐catenin and γ‐catenin, c‐Myc and cyclin D1 in relation to patient outcome in human colon adenocarcinomas
Authors: BONDI JOHAN , BUKHOLM GEIR , NESLAND JAHN M. , BUKHOLM IDA R. K.
Published: February 2004

Non‐membranous β‐catenin and γ‐catenin, c‐Myc and cyclin D1 are key participants in the Wnt cell signalling pathway, in which aberrancies have been associated with malignant cell transformation. We assessed the independent prognostic value of these proteins in a clinical material. Tumours from a series of 162 patients operated on for Dukes' stage A, B and C colonic adenocarcinomas were analysed using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry and the results were related to patient outcome. Patients expressing nuclear β‐catenin in the primary tumour showed reduced survival compared to other patients (log rank p=0.028) and there was also an association with development of metastases follow‐up (logistic regression p=0.024). Using multivariate analysis (Cox regression) co‐expression of nuclear β‐catenin and c‐Myc turned out to be the strongest marker of impaired prognosis (p=0.001, HR 5.26, 95% CI 1.93–14.36). Expression of non‐membranous γ‐catenin, cyclin D1 and c‐Myc alone failed to have independent prognostic significance in our study.
Involution of thymus and lymphoid depletion in mice expressing the hTNF transgene
Authors: GLOSLI HEIDI , PRYDZ HANS , ROALD BORGHILD
Published: February 2004

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. In mice, human TNF signals only through p55, one of two murine TNF receptors. We here report a study of growth, viability and morphological alterations in transgenic mice expressing a low constitutive and tissue‐restricted level of human TNF in vivo. The transgene was expressed solely in T cells. The transgenic mice showed a marked failure to thrive and a rapid cellular depletion in spleen and thymus. Slight fibrosis was seen in most tissues investigated, in addition to immature adipose tissue and irregular lymphocytic areas. Serum levels of hTNF were only slightly increased in the transgenic mice, enough, however, to cause an inflammatory reaction. All the symptoms were abrogated by an inhibitory hTNF antibody, demonstrating the essential role of hTNF in this phenotype. Transgenic mice constitute a multidimensional system allowing observation of disease processes over time in all tissues. The effects of hTNF were seen first and foremost in the lymphoid organs of the transgenic mice, verifying their cells as major targets at low levels of hTNF expression in the T‐cell compartments. Chronic, low levels of TNF expression cause profound disturbances in lymphoid tissue development resulting in cachexia and premature death.
Lyme borreliosis in Sweden – diagnostic performance of five commercial Borrelia serology kits using sera from well‐defined patient groups
Authors: EKERFELT C. , ERNERUDH J. , FORSBERG P. , JÖNSSON A. L. , VRETHEM M. , ÄRLEHAG L. , FORSUM U.
Published: February 2004

Five commercial Borrelia serology kits available in Sweden were evaluated and compared for their diagnostic performance in sera from clinically well‐characterized patient groups. With the clinically defined groups as the gold standard, i.e. without knowledge of antibody status in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, the diagnostic performance of the kits was compared and important differences in diagnostic usefulness were found. The kits from Abbot and DAKO, that often predict clinically relevant Borrelia infection and do not detect antibodies in sera from patients without strong suspicion of Borrelia infection, were considered the most useful in the population studied. This kind of validation study is an important part of good laboratory practice and should be performed by laboratories serving patient populations with varying endemicity of Borrelia.
Clinical interventions for severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorder
Authors: Mueser K. T.
Published: February 2004

In order to more effectively treat substance use disorders in persons with severe mental illness, integrated treatment models have been developed for these ‘co-occurring disorders.’ The nature of clinical services provided in these programs is described in this article, with brief attention to research on these programs. Clinical services are generally guided by a stage model of change, in which the client's motivation to change (or stage of treatment: engagement, persuasion, active treatment, relapse prevention) informs the optimal selection of appropriate interventions. Psychotherapeutic services for co-occurring disorders include a range of individual (motivational interviewing, cognitive-behavioral counseling), group (stage-wise groups, social skills training, self-help), and family (single family, multifamily formats) interventions. Supplementary interventions are also commonly provided, including psychopharmacological, residential, coerced and involuntary, and vocational rehabilitation. Access to a range of different interventions for co-occurring disorders may improve the ability of clinicians to engage and tailor treatment to meet clients' unique needs. The research base supporting integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders is limited at this time owing to the small number of methodologically rigorous studies from which to draw conclusions. Nevertheless, the available evidence suggests that integrated treatment programs improve outcomes compared with nonintegrated approaches, and that more research is needed to evaluate the benefits of these programs.
Comorbidity in young people: perspectives and challenges
Authors: Crome I. B.
Published: February 2004

Trends in prevalence in substance misuse in young people in the UK are described: increased use over the last decade, the tendency to polydrug use, the narrowing of the gender gap. The complex issues relating to the description, definition and classification, and diagnosis of psychiatric comorbidity and substance misuse are outlined. The fact that there is no uniformly accepted definition of what constitutes ‘dual diagnosis’ or ‘psychiatric comorbidity’ in young people is highlighted: this variability impacts upon clinical assessment and study design. Despite these considerable drawbacks, a degree of consistency is beginning to emerge in the co-occurrence of some conditions, e.g. disruptive and suicidal behaviours. It is recognized that psychological distress and substance misuse are also associated with multiple social and physical complications. The rapid advances in treatment options are presented. At present the ‘best practice’ is implementation of what works for adults with addiction and young people with psychiatric disorder. This includes psychosocial interventions such as motivational enhancement techniques and cognitive behavioural treatment, as well as appropriate safe (usually), short-term use of a range of pharmacological agents. Very few comprehensive designated adolescent addiction services exist, while child and adolescent mental health services are under serious pressure. Thus the need for a longitudinal and multidisciplinary approach, with appropriate assessment instruments in young people, is required to further explore diagnostic classification which will classify the degrees and patterns of relationships between disorders. In this way it may be possible to build up a picture of the nature and extent of numerous complex, and sometimes overlapping, problems and needs in children and adolescents in a variety of settings: primary and secondary care, the criminal justice system and educational establishments. This might strengthen the development of innovative treatment services where novel interventions are tested as a priority.
Evolving U.S. service model for patients with severe mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorder
Authors: Drake R. E. , Morse G. , Brunette M. F. , Torrey W. C.
Published: February 2004

Co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder has been recognized as a common problem in the U.S. since the early 1980s (1–3). For these individuals with co-occurring disorders, research demonstrates the effectiveness of various forms of combining, blending, or integrating mental health and substance abuse treatments (4). The evolving U.S. service model for integrated dual disorders treatment emphasizes several key elements: implementation, leadership, training, engagement, assessment, counseling for all patients, ancillary treatments for those with multiple needs, secondary treatments for patients who are nonresponders, and quality assurance regarding process and outcomes.
The British experience of dual diagnosis in the national health service
Authors: Lowe A. L. , Abou-Saleh M. T.
Published: February 2004

The co-occurrence of substance misuse and other psychiatric disorder (dual diagnosis) has been increasingly recognized in the UK. Clinical studies of patients with severe mental disorders showed high rates of substance misuse with poor clinical and social outcome. These patients often fall ‘between the cracks’ of the separate general psychiatric and addiction services. This has necessitated the development of a national policy advocating the provision of integrated care within mainstream psychiatric services. There are emergent models of good practice that require evaluation of effectiveness and cost effectiveness.
Psychopharmacology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders
Authors: Abou-Saleh M. T.
Published: February 2004

The common occurrence of comorbid substance misuse and other psychiatric disorders has challenged the diagnostic and therapeutic skills of professionals concerned with the care of patients with these dual disorders. Combined pharmacological and psychological treatment approaches have evolved empirically drawing upon standard treatments with emphasis on psychosocial approaches to substance misuse for psychotic disorders and pharmacological approaches for mood disorders. Advances in the biology of both disorders have started to inform their psychopharmacology. The specific role of atypical antipscychotics is highlighted. Further studies of the biology of comorbidity will impact the use of effective pharmaceuticals such as clozapine with dual effects on schizophrenia and substance misuse.
Diagnosing comorbidity: concepts, criteria, and methods
Authors: Samet S. , Nunes E. V. , Hasin D.
Published: February 2004

Background:

The clinical and etiologic implications of comorbid psychiatric and substance-use disorders are relevant across countries and cultures. The DSM-IV now places greater emphasis on the clinical and research utility of the substance-induced disorders classification, and clarifies several important diagnostic issues specific to primary and substance-induced disorders. However, no research consensus exists over the core problem of identifying and differentiating the drug and alcohol intoxication and withdrawal symptoms that can mimic psychiatric symptoms in heavy drinkers and drug users.

Objective:

To investigate how various diagnostic instruments have measured comorbid psychiatric and substance-use disorders and how each instrument operationalizes the DSM-IV classification.

Method:

We review the evolution of the concept of comorbidity beginning with its formalization as the ‘primary–secondary’ distinction in the Feighner Criteria. We address the ‘organic–non-organic’ distinction found in the RDC, DSM-III, and DSM-III-R; and finally, review the ‘primary’ and ‘substance-induced’ categories of DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10. We describe how these distinctions have been operationalized in widely used diagnostic instruments.

Conclusion:

Further understanding of these classifications and the relationship of co-occurring psychiatric and substance disorders can be accomplished with the range of available measures, particularly the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM), which reliably utilizes and refines DSM-IV classification distinctions.
The epidemiology of substance misuse and comorbid psychiatric disorders
Authors: Abou-Saleh Mohammed T , Janca Aleksandar
Published: February 2004

The common co-occurrence of substance misuse and other psychiatric disorders and their intricate relationships have led to major community-based epidemiological studies in the US which showed high rates of current and lifetime comorbidity. Moreover, studies of clinical populations conducted in North America, Europe and Australia, showed even higher rates of comorbidity. The aetology of this comorbidity has also been investigated and important models have emerged with findings that inform its assessment and treatment. Future epidemiological studies should focus on the study of concurrent conditions rather than lifetime ones using research diagnostic instruments with high reliability providing information on a number of key outcomes.
Controversies, Clarifications, and Consequences of Divorce's Legacy: Introduction to the Special Collection
Authors: Braver Sanford L. , Cookston Jeffrey T.
Published: February 2004

Recent publications describing long‐term results of longitudinal investigations of divorced couples have stirred controversies because of substantial differences in findings. The current Special Collection was initiated to clarify some of the issues brought into controversy. Five primary themes are explored by the nine papers in this collection: How severe is the long‐term effect of divorce on children? Why do various research findings on the long‐term effect of divorce tend to disagree so substantially? Why is divorce considered a problem? What do children have to say about their experiences with divorce? And what, if anything, can be done to help the children of divorce?
Intimate Pathways: Changing Patterns in Close Personal Relationships Across Time*
Authors: Hetherington E. Mavis
Published: February 2004

This paper presents findings from the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage (VLSDR) describing diverse patterns of intimate relationships and personal adjustment in marriage and following divorce. Both a conflictual, unsatisfying marriage and a divorce were associated with diminished psychological, social, and physical well‐being. However, it was the diversity rather than the inevitability of outcomes following divorce that was striking, with most people able to adapt constructively to their new life situation within 2–3 years following divorce, a minority being defeated by the marital breakup, and a substantial group of women being enhanced. Although both marital conflict and divorce in the family of origin elevated the risk of marital instability in young adult offspring, the effect was greater for divorce. Marriage to a supportive, well‐adjusted partner by youths from divorced families eliminated the difference in marital instability found for these youths and those from nondivorced families.
Listening to Children of Divorce: New Findings That Diverge From Wallerstein, Lewis, and Blakeslee*
Authors: Fabricius William V.
Published: February 2004

I review new findings on (a) college students' perspectives on their living arrangements after their parents' divorces, (b) their relations with their parents as a function of their living arrangements, (c) their adjustment as a function of their parents' relocation, and (d) the amount of college support they received. Students endorsed living arrangements that gave them equal time with their fathers, they had better outcomes when they had such arrangements and when their parents supported their time with the other parent, they experienced disagreement between mothers and fathers over living arrangements, and they gave evidence of their fathers' continuing commitment to them into their young adult years. These findings consistently contradict the recent, influential public policy recommendations of Judith Wallerstein.
Texas Solar Radiation Database (TSRDB)
Authors: Vliet Gary C.
Published: February 2004

Solar radiation data have been acquired over approximately a five to six year period (1996–2002) at 15 sites in Texas (Texas Solar Radiation DataBase—TSRDB). These data are compared with comparable sites in the National Solar Radiation DataBase (NSRDB). Comparisons of the TSRDB and NSRDB data for eleven (11) coincident or nearby locations show reasonably good agreement between their global horizontal values. The monthly average differences range from −18 to +13%, and the annual average differences vary from −10 to +8%. The differences are ratioed to TSRDB values and positive differences represent larger TSRDB values. Across the sites, the TSRDB global horizontal annual data are about 3% lower than the NSRDB. However, there are considerable differences in the direct normal values, with TSRDB generally being higher. Monthly average differences range from −17 to +41%, and the average annual differences range from −10 to +20%. Across the sites, the TSRDB direct normal annual data are about 6% higher than the NSRDB. The greatest deviations for direct normal data are for coastal locations in the winter, with the three compared coastal locations exhibiting an average difference of about +29% for the combined months of December and January. Also, the TSRDB data for the Trans-Pecos region in west Texas exhibits significantly higher direct normal solar radiation throughout the year (22%) than does the NSRDB.
Experimental Study of a Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger Coupled to a Photovoltaic System
Authors: Argiriou Athanassios A. , Lykoudis Spyridon P. , Balaras Constantinos A. , Asimakopoulos Demosthenes N.
Published: February 2004

Coupling a building to the ground as a heat sink through earth-to-air heat exchangers can reduce the cooling energy demand during summer. The fans for circulating the air through the heat exchangers are usually grid connected. However, given that the cooling loads are almost in phase with the available solar irradiance, an innovative system coupling an earth-to-air heat exchanger with a simple photovoltaic array has been designed. The experimental results are presented and discussed in this paper. The system was installed and studied in Athens, Greece during a summer period. The obtained results showed that the overall thermal performance of the system and the efficiencies involved indicate that earth-to-air heat exchangers are an interesting hybrid cooling technique and another field of application of photovoltaics.
Solar Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen
Authors: Epstein Michael , Bertocchi Rudi , Karni Jacob
Published: February 2004

The thermal fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is explored, using a recently developed concept of a particle-seeded solar receiver. The thermodynamics and the kinetics of the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in air at temperatures of about 2300 K are analyzed, and the required residence time and the time to reach the steady state of the reaction between nitrogen and oxygen are calculated. The novel particle-seeded receiver concept is briefly described. The adaptation of the particle-seeded receiver to the fixation reaction in terms of heating rate of the air and residence time is validated based on previous test results and complementary calculations. A proposed method where the solar receiver/reactor is simultaneously coupled with power production, using the exhausted hot air from the reactor to generate electricity, is described. This concept can definitely increase the economical benefit of the process and, thus, its potential attractiveness. Some illustrative figures for a commercial size system are provided.
Statistical Analysis of Neural Networks as Applied to Building Energy Prediction
Authors: Dodier Robert H. , Henze Gregor P.
Published: February 2004

It has been shown that a neural network with sufficient hidden units can approximate any continuous function defined on a closed and bounded set. This has inspired the use of neural networks as general nonlinear regression models. As with other nonlinear regression models, tools of conventional statistical analysis can be applied to neural networks to yield a test for the relevance or irrelevance of a free parameter. The test, a version of Wald’s test, can be extended to yield a test for the relevance or irrelevance of an input variable. This test was applied to the building energy use data of the Energy Prediction Shootout II contest. Input variables were selected by initially constructing a neural network model which had many inputs, then cutting out the inputs which were deemed irrelevant on the basis of the Wald test. Time-lagged values were included for some input variables, with the time lag chosen by inspecting the autocovariance function of the candidate variable. The results of the contest entry are summarized, and the benefits of applying Wald’s test to this problem are assessed.
Retrofit Constant Speed Fan Laboratory Exhaust Systems Using Multi-Stack and Variable Frequency Drive Techniques
Authors: Wang Gang , Liu Mingsheng , Cui Yujie , Yuill David
Published: February 2004

Constant speed fan exhaust systems are the most popular exhaust system in laboratory buildings since they satisfy building architectural requirement, and have low initial costs with reliable performance. The constant speed fan exhaust system maintains constant stack exit velocity to prevent toxic exhaust air downwash back to occupied areas near the building or on the roof top. To achieve constant velocity when the exhaust airflow is less than the design value, makeup air is introduced to the system at the inlet of the exhaust fan. Since the laboratory exhaust airflow is often significantly less than the design airflow, exhaust fans consume significantly more energy than is necessary. Multi-stack and Variable frequency drive techniques can reduce both the make-up airflow rate and fan energy in the constant speed fan exhaust system retrofit. This paper introduces the application principles, describes the optimal methods of stack sizing, and presents an example. The application example showed that the average annual fan power is 50% of the design fan power for a two-stack system, and 47% for a three-stack system.