bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMPLIFICATION AS A MEANS OF INTENSIFYING POETIC EXPRESSIVENESS OF SPEECH
Authors: Chaiko Natalja N.
Published: December 2023

Purpose. This article is devoted to the consideration of amplification as an expressive means of stylistic syntax in the texts of the German Romantics of the 19th century. The author aims to describe various types of enumeration as the main means of amplification, taking into account the nature of the rhythmic expressiveness of a simple sentence and to reveal the entire stylistic potential of enumerative series.

Methods or methodology of the work. The basis of the research is formed by the continuous sampling method in the selection of practical material as well as the method of descriptive linguo-stylistic analysis.

Results. The analysis showed that amplification is a significant means of enhancing the emotional effectiveness of the language of romantic poets. By nominative and verbal enumeration, the effect of monotony, despondency, pressure, elevation, joy and hope is achieved. A special rhythmization of the sentence is created due to the enumerative intonation and rhythm. Along with a certain syntactic uniformity and consistency, there is a dismemberment of a homogeneous enumerative series, which creates a special kind of rhythmic expressiveness.

Practical implications. The results of the research can be used at the lessons of Stylistics of the German Language, Text Interpretation, in seminars on the study of features of the language of German poetry.
STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE TITLES IN GRIMMSʼ FAIRY TALES
Authors: Lovyannikova Victoria V.
Published: December 2023

Grimmsʼ fairy tales are fairy tales collected in German lands and literarily processed by the great germanists Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were included in the collection «Children’s and Household Tales» (German: «Kinder- und Hausmärchen»), originally published in 1812. Thanks to their depth and wonderful plots, these fairy tales have not lost popularity for several centuries and are read with pleasure by adults and children. The purpose of the research was to identify and describe the structural and semantic features of the titles, formulated by the German storytellers.

The relevance. In the modern world of information, the title requires comprehensive research, since it is a key element of the deep part of the text content structure and orients the reader in the world of literature and journalism.

The scientific novelty. In linguistics there is no consideration of the titles in Grimmsʼ fairy tales, their semantic and structural features.

The research material. The titles of the most famous and popular fairy tales of German storytellers from the Kinder- und Hausmärchen collection.

In the research the general scientific and linguistic methods were applied: descriptive method, method of classification and systematization, elements of structural and semantic analysis and quantitative calculation.

The scope of application. The research can be used in the study and teaching of the style of the German language, pragmatics and text interpretation.

The results. The author names the structural features of the titles in Grimmsʼ fairy tales, gives a percentage of the number of title-words, title-phrases, title-sentences, lists their semantic features, focuses on complex words, talking names, numerals, appellatives, diminutive suffixes, as well as on the facts from the plot of the fairy tale that the reader can already learn from the title.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT COLLABORATION TYPES AND LEADERSHIP STYLES UPON GROUP PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Markushev Ivan V. , Plotnikov Mikhail V.
Published: December 2023

The paper studies how different collaboration types affect group productivity.

The study provides an experimental investigation of the effects the combinations of collaboration types (by L. Umansky, i.e. individual, consequent and interactive) and leadership styles (by K. Lewin, i.e. autocratic and democratic) upon the group productivity.

The experiment described simulates groupwork under different collaboration types and leadership styles. The six experimental stages allowed to register several objective and subjective productivity indicators. The analysis revealed the regularities between different combinations of the collaboration types and the leadership styles on one hand, and the productivity indicators on the other.
THE PROBLEM OF FINDING A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR STUDYING THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA
Authors: Neronova Marina Yu. , Neronov Alexander V.
Published: December 2023

The article formulates the problem of finding a methodological basis for understanding the history of Russia. Modern historical cognition needs close interaction with the philosophy of history, which is designed to give a logical form to the diverse material accumulated by historical science. Considering various philosophical approaches that have determined the understanding of the logic of historical development, the authors analyze the cognitive potential of each of them and outline ways to form a unified methodological basis for an adequate and comprehensive study of the history of our country.

Objective: to determine the role of the philosophy of history in historical knowledge and to identify conceptual approaches that can become the methodological basis for the formation of a new view of the history of Russia.

Method and methodology of the work: dialectical, historical and comparative research methods were used.

Results: During the analysis of the existing philosophical approaches, the most productive ones were identified, which can become the basis for forming a new methodological basis for studying the History of Russia.

Scope of the results: The results obtained can be applied in historical and philosophical research, as well as in the study of the history of Russia and the further development of the academic discipline “Fundamentals of Russian statehood”.
LINGUISTIC GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MODERN SPANISH LANGUAGE POLICY
Authors: Shuliateva Eleonora V.
Published: December 2023

The article examines the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on the language policy of Spain. The processes of neologization underlying the Spanish language policy are analyzed. It is shown how, in the conditions of the dominant role of the English language, the national languages of Spain resist external pressure in the form of Anglicisms.

Purpose. The purpose of the study is a theoretical and practical study of the influence of factors of linguistic globalization on the official languages of Spain.

Materials and methods. The texts of modern periodicals of Spain (El País, El Mundo, El ABC, LA Vanguardia) and the data of the explanatory dictionary of the Spanish Academy (Diccionario Real Academia Española) served as practical material for the study. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following methods were applied: analysis of scientific literature, continuous sampling method, method dictionary definitions, descriptive method.

Results. As a result of the study, it was revealed that Spanish national languages, influenced by the factors of linguistic globalization and the English language dominating in the international arena, are changing the familiar picture of the world in all spheres of life of modern Spanish society. The analysis of the data obtained showed that the Spanish language policy is not effective enough in the context of the current processes of linguistic globalization. Despite the active resistance to foreign-language borrowings and neologisms of foreign origin, Spanish language policy institutes do not have time to develop appropriate traditional equivalents.

Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in lecture courses on lexicology, lexicography, and linguistics, as well as in practical classes on the lexicology of the Spanish language.
FIELDING A SHM SYSTEM FOR AN AGED MILITARY AIRCRAFT
Authors: VOOREN ANTON NORBERG , FAGERHUS KRISTIAN BAMRUD , KORSVIK KIM , JOSEPH ROSHAN , YADAV SUSHEEL , KUMAR AMRITA
Published: December 2023

Aging military aircraft require an increasing amount of structural inspections to safely maintain them. In a case with Norwegian Defence Sea King search and rescue helicopters, required X-ray and Eddy Current inspections on two of the Main Gearbox Attachment Lugs threatened to ground the fleet. The lugs are made of casted aluminum and subsequently have a very short critical crack length. After extending the use of the helicopters beyond its safe life of 10000 flight hours, crack lengths became critical faster than the OEM recommended inspection intervals. The SMART layer sensor network was installed on the remaining fleet of helicopters while they were in for heavy maintenance. With the help of hardware for data acquisition and analyzing software, the RNoAF technicians have been able to inspect the cracks at short intervals. Acellent have verified the data integrity and reported crack status. With the Acellent SHM system installed in the remaining active fleet of Sea Kings, the following requirements where adhered to: • The installation did not need any certification • The sensors did not cover the damaged area • Time used for inspection is well beyond 10 minutes • The installation did not require any design changes • Applying the sensors did not increase normal depot downtime.
COMPUTATION-ENABLED DIGITAL TWIN IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Authors: CHEN GENDA , ALOMARI IBRAHIM , SHI ZHENHUA , . TAFFESE WOUBISHET Z. , MONDAL TARUTAL G. , RUNJI JOEL , AFSHARMOVAHED MOHAMMAD H.
Published: December 2023

This study makes an original attempt to equip a digital twin (DT) for an information construct with computational capabilities to achieve an informationcomputation construct in the built environment. This attempt is achieved by developing a DT methodology for a university campus environment, enabling a twin representation of real-world construction with spatiotemporal analysis in multiple scales, integrating computation, information, and machine learning models into a cyber-physical-social system (buildings, infrastructure, and affected community) for seamless decision-making from design through construction to operation phases, and evaluating structural behaviors under extreme loads. Potential value of the campusscale DT includes the understanding of student aggregation, traffic flow, structural stability, building constructability, damage/cost scenario of existing and new buildings, and community impacts in the wake of a postulated earthquake event.
PHYSICS ENHANCED MACHINE LEARNING FOR MONITORING AND TWINNING
Authors: HAYWOOD-ALEXANDER MARCUS , BACSA KIRAN , LAI ZHILU , CHATZI ELANI , LIU WEI
Published: December 2023

To ensure a resource-efficient and resilient operation of engineered systems, it is imperative to understand their performance as-is; a task which can be effectuated through Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). When considering higher levels of the SHM hierarchy, purely data-driven methods are found to be lacking. For higher-level SHM tasks, such as prognosis, or for furnishing a digital twin of a monitored structure, it is necessary to integrate the knowledge stemming from physics-based representations, relying on the underlying dynamics and mechanics principles. This paper discusses implementation of such a physics-enhanced approach to SHM.
ENHANCING INTERFACIAL TOUGHNESS IN 3D-PRINTED SOFT-HARD INTERFACES BY FUSED FILAMENT FABRICATION
Authors: ALTUNTAS UMUT , COKER DEMIRKAN , YAVAS DENIZHAN
Published: December 2023

We proposed a facile strategy for architecting the interface morphology to create tougher and stronger interfaces in additively manufactured multi-material polymer composites in this study. A sutural interfacial morphology between two dissimilar polymer phases PLA (hard) and TPU (soft) is designed and fabricated by the fused filament fabrication technique. The interfacial toughness measurements by the double cantilever beam test reveal a linear correlation between the interfacial toughness and protrusion amplitude. The proposed interfacial architecture can result in up to a 16–18-fold increase in the interfacial toughness in comparison with the baseline interface.
THE APPLICATION OF RISK MINIMIZATION TO THE SELECTION OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR AN AEROSPACE STRUCTURAL MONITORING APPLICATION
Authors: RAZZINI ADRIELLY HOKAMA , TODD MICHAEL D. , KRESSEL IDDO , OFIR YOAV , TUR MOSHE
Published: December 2023

This work proposes an optimal fiber optic sensor placement framework for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The framework is applied to an aircraft’s wing spar entirely made of composite materials. The damage of interest is debonding between laminates, which may cause local buckling that results in reduced structural load carrying capabilities. A high-fidelity finite element (FE) model is used as a synthetic data generator. The inputs to the model are loads and debonding damage parameters (size and location), and the outputs are uniaxial strain measurements and buckling eigenvalues. “Run time” surrogate models are created using different machine learning methods to overcome the high computational costs of each run of the physicsbased model. Then, Bayesian inference is used to estimate the damage parameters given strain measured at candidate sensor locations. These estimations are used to assess damage criticality, which is linked to buckling eigenvalues, and transformed into decisions. Bayesian optimization is used to select the candidates that minimize a utility function that considers the costs associated with making a certain decision plus the costs of acquiring and installing the SHM hardware (sensors, data acquisition system, etc.). The candidate with the lowest cost is selected. The resulting optimal sensor configuration is presented, consisting of the number of sensors to be deployed and their respective locations. The importance of defining an objective function that reflects the goal of the SHM system (e.g., maximizing the probability of detection, minimizing the probability of false alarms, or a balance of both) are also discussed.
INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES ON THE DISPERSION BEHAVIOR OF GUIDED ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FIBER METAL LAMINATES
Authors: WIEDEMANN JOHANNES , BARTH TILMANN , ROLOFF THOMAS , KLUGE TOM , RAUTER NATALIE , HUHNE CHRISTIAN
Published: December 2023

Fiber metal laminates (FML) are a promising material as they combine the high specific properties of fiber-reinforced polymers with the ductility and damage tolerance of metals. However, during manufacturing in-plane residual stresses arise in the single layers of the laminate. The stresses mainly originate from the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the two materials and lead to an inhomogeneous stress state in the thickness direction of the FML. From homogeneous materials, it is known that stress due to external loads affects the propagation behavior of guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) in thin structures. Nevertheless, the magnitude of this effect is mode and frequency dependent. In the case of FML, the question is whether the inherent residual stresses also influence the dispersion characteristics of propagating GUW. With modified cure cycles, different residual stress states are realized in FML specimens made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and steel. An established measurement procedure using laser scanning vibrometry and multi-frequency excitation is used to determine the dispersion diagrams for the manufactured FML specimens. After processing the data with a nonuniform 2d discrete Fourier transform, the phase velocities over the measured frequency for the fundamental modes are compared for the different residual stress states. The results indicate that the variation of the residual stresses in the investigated FML does not show any significant effect on the GUW propagation for the measured frequencies.
MODEL-ASSISTED PROBABILITY OF DETECTION OF CRACKS UNDER FASTENER HEAD
Authors: KIM YOUNGCHAN , JUNG SEONHWA , LEE DOOYOUL
Published: December 2023

After the Aloha Airlines Flight 243 accident in 1988, the importance of inspecting for widespread fatigue damage was emphasized. Managing the risk of multi-site damage (MSD), where multiple flaws occur in a single structure, became a key factor in maintaining the structural safety of aircraft. It is essential to demonstrate the reliability of nondestructive inspection (NDI) when detecting structural damage due to MSD. Structures affected by MSD often require inspection without being disassembled due to various reasons, such as increased inspection time, inefficient manpower and material consumption, and increased probability of MSD due to human error. NDI reliability is strongly influenced by the shape of the test specimen, and the uncertainty about crack conditions after inspection is greater when inspection is performed on a structure without disassembly than when it is assembled. To estimate the reliability of NDI in structures without disassembly, a model-assisted probability of detection (MAPOD) experimental design was used, combining physical modeling and machine learning methods. The test specimens simulated flaws such as discharge machining notches and fatigue cracks, and the detection probability was estimated based on the size of the detection signal. This was used in risk assessment to determine the inspection interval for the structure.
DYNAMIC BRIDGE MONITORING WITH REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Authors: LIENHART, WERNER , SCHILL FLORIAN , MOSER THOMAS
Published: December 2023

Dynamic monitoring of bridges is usually performed with mounted sensors on the structure. Typically used technologies are accelerometers, electric strain gauges or fibre bragg grating sensors. All of them have the drawback that access to the structures is needed. This usually results in bridge closures during installation or during the measurement campaign. Furthermore, every measurement position has to be equipped with a separate sensor. We explore an alternative approach where the dynamic bridge behavior is determined with remote sensing techniques. Profile based terrestrial laser scanning as well as interferometric radar measurements enable the contactless measurement of bridge profiles with measurement rates of up to several hundred Hertz. Furthermore, dynamic 3D displacements can be determined with robotic total stations and GNSS receivers. This article thus discusses the state-of-the art of dynamic remote sensing techniques and in addition investigates the spatial and frequency resolution in real world examples.
BRIDGE FREQUENCIES IDENTIFICATION FROM THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A PASSING VEHICLE
Authors: URUSHADZE SHOTA , YAU JONG-DAR
Published: December 2023

Based on the coupling nature of a vehicle moving on a bridge, Yang et al [1] proposed an indirect bridge frequency approach where the bridge response can be recorded by the passing vehicle. Then, the bridge frequencies can be obtained from the dynamic response of the moving test vehicle. Following this concept, in this study, an experimental setup was designed for a test vehicle moving on a bridge to measure the bridge frequency. From the present experimental results, the indirect bridge inspection method is feasible for monitoring the dynamic characteristics of a bridge.
ESTABLISHMENT AND INITIAL IN-SITE TESTING FOR THE STRUCTURAL HEALTHY MONITORING SYSTEM OF THE KINMEN BRIDGE IN TAIWAN
Authors: HUANG CHIN-KUO , TSAI HSIN-CHU , CHUNG LI-TING , LIN CHIN-TE
Published: December 2023

The newly-constructed Kinmen Bridge is the first cross-sea bridge for the daily commuting and medical support issues between Kinmen Island and Leiyu Island (socalled Little Kinmen Island) in Taiwan. In order to well understand the initial state and following operation conditions, a tailored-made structural healthy monitoring (SHM) system is suggested and established for the bridge. This article, in detail, describes the planning and installation of this SHM system, including cable tension force, structural behavior, and environmental monitoring, as shown in Figure 1. Subsequently, a series of onset structural condition tests on the bridge are triggered as the force inspection of cable tension, ambient testing, loading testing, and analysis of characteristics during both static and dynamic states. The experimental outcomes effectively optimize and calibrate the relative parameters and boundary conditions in the structural model of the bridge. It is expected that the following scenario simulation could provide predictions on pretension loss, temperature effect, overloading, and earthquake effect on this bridge in future. Moreover, the several critical thresholds in the calibrated numerical model could be settled, and contingent alarms will be in-time announced to the bridge management unit. This joint structural analysis and SHM-based in-situ testing could achieve the aim of real-time monitoring and diagnosis for the Kinmen Bridge.
AI-DRIVEN STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING FOR THE TALLEST CURVED CONCRETE SKYSCRAPER
Authors: PAROL JAFARALI , QAZWEENI, JAMAL AL , KALKAN EROL , KAMAL HASAN
Published: December 2023

With the rapid increase in the construction of tall buildings around the world, ensuring their safety and structural integrity has become of paramount importance. This paper focuses on the Al-Hamra Tower, a remarkable skyscraper standing at an impressive height of 412.6 meters (1,353’-6”) in Kuwait City in Kuwait, and explores the role of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) as a powerful tool for assessing building conditions, detecting damage following extreme events, and optimizing cost-saving strategies. Among the various factors that can lead to building failures, extreme events such as earthquakes in the Gulf Region pose the greatest threat. If damage conditions are not promptly identified, they can leave the structure vulnerable to further deterioration. Early diagnosis of damage is not only crucial for the safety of occupants but also proves to be cost-effective, as repairing minor damage is generally more affordable than addressing major structural failures. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered SHM system specifically developed for the Al-Hamra Tower. The study delves into the implementation of a dense array of instrumentation strategically placed throughout the tower to capture and measure its structural response under different loadings, including wind, seismic activity, and thermal effects. The SHM system incorporates an automated triggering mechanism that responds to predefined events, such as earthquakes, and promptly sends text and email notifications to alert relevant authorities. By highlighting the case study of the Al-Hamra Tower, this research underscores the critical importance of SHM for tall and critical buildings, offering invaluable insights into the design and implementation of effective SHM systems for future skyscrapers. Keywords: AI, SHM, machine-learning, earthquake, tall-building, multi-sensing, big-data, analytics, early-warning, seismic-design, neural-network
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND REAL-TIME SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD’S TALLEST SCULPTURED SKYSCRAPER
Authors: PAROL JAFARALI , QAZWEENI JAMAL AL , KAMAL HASAN , KALKAN EROL
Published: December 2023

With the rapid increase in the construction of tall buildings around the world, ensuring their safety and structural integrity has become of paramount importance. This paper focuses on the Al-Hamra Tower, a remarkable skyscraper standing at an impressive height of 412.6 meters (1,353’-6”) in Kuwait City in Kuwait, and explores the role of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) as a powerful tool for assessing building conditions, detecting damage following extreme events, and optimizing cost-saving strategies. Among the various factors that can lead to building failures, extreme events such as earthquakes in the Gulf Region pose the greatest threat. If damage conditions are not promptly identified, they can leave the structure vulnerable to further deterioration. Early diagnosis of damage is not only crucial for the safety of occupants but also proves to be cost-effective, as repairing minor damage is generally more affordable than addressing major structural failures. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered SHM system specifically developed for the Al-Hamra Tower. The study delves into the implementation of a dense array of instrumentation strategically placed throughout the tower to capture and measure its structural response under different loadings, including wind, seismic activity, and thermal effects. The SHM system incorporates an automated triggering mechanism that responds to predefined events, such as earthquakes, and promptly sends text and email notifications to alert relevant authorities. By highlighting the case study of the Al-Hamra Tower, this research underscores the critical importance of SHM for tall and critical buildings, offering invaluable insights into the design and implementation of effective SHM systems for future skyscrapers.
CRACK MONITORING OF LOCK INFRASTRUCTURE USING STRAIN SENSORS
Authors: FILLMORE TRAVIS B. , EICK BRIAN A. , SPENCER BILLIE F.
Published: December 2023

Inland navigation systems facilitate barge traffic, the most efficient tonnage per fuel method of transportation. Miter gates allow barges to bypass navigational dams. The Dalles downstream miter gate has experienced numerous instances of cracking, threatening its continued operation and shipping on the Columbia River. The earliest instance of cracking led to the installation of a sensor system to ensure continued operation. The most recent serious cracking has resulted in serious efforts to track the cracking by moving some existing sensors and leveraging on-site underwater ROV cameras. A simple method is proposed to choose strain gage locations sensitive to cracks. A corresponding structural health monitoring algorithm to monitor the crack with strain gage data would benefit from supervised learning techniques. Thus, the existing strain gage system is leveraged to validate the finite element model, which in turn enables supervised learning techniques. It is found to be necessary to update the finite element model for acceptable validation.
INVESTIGATION OF RETROREFLECTIVE SHEETING MATERIALS RESPONSE TO INDUCED STRAIN WHILE MOUNTED TO COMMON CIVIL SUBSTRATES FOR USE AS PASSIVE STRAIN SENSORS FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
Authors: POWER HANNAH M. , SHENTON HARRY W.
Published: December 2023

Retroreflective sheeting materials (RRSM) are used for various applications in engineering, although primarily for traffic signs and roadway markings. There are several ASTM standard types of RRSM that have required values of retroreflection to ensure safe usage. Retroreflectivity (RR) is the portion of light returned to the light source measured in candelas per lux per square meter, as measured using a retroreflectometer. As load is applied to RRSM, the retroreflection changes, and many have a reasonably linear relationship to the material’s strain (ε), thus, opening the possibility for using RRSM as a passive strain sensor for structural health monitoring that is low cost, practical, and innovative. Material sensitivity (retroreflectivity divided by strain) is the most important factor when evaluating various standard RRSM types for potential use as passive strain sensors. Previous work has showed that a manufacturer, designated “B”’s standard Type VIII (designated B-TVIII) material has the highest retroreflective sensitivity to induced strain, making it the best candidate for passive sensing. Other materials are also candidates, such as manufacturer “A”’s Type XI white (A-TXIW). To continue to evaluate RRSM’s potential to be used as a sensor, an understanding of the material’s behavior while adhered to common civil substrates, such as concrete and steel, is necessary. RRSM was mounted to steel and cyclically loaded in tension to examine the RR versus microstrain (μm) relationship, assess mounting procedures and compare results to previous tension tests of the bare materials. Initial results show that the RR-μm relationship of the material tested alone in tension differs from the same relationship when it is adhered to a steel specimen. Several factors were considered, such as surface preparation, RRSM length and adhesion materials to understand why the relationship differs. Through testing, it became apparent that temperature may have an effect on the results and temperature vs RR of B-TVIII and A-TXIW were evaluated and it was determined that the retroreflectivity of the material is lower at lower temperatures.
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOCARBON BLACK-ENABLED SELF-STRAIN SENSING ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
Authors: HUSSAIN ABASAL , YU TAO , ZOU FANGXIN
Published: December 2023

In this study, nanocarbon black (nCB) is employed to make the matrix of UHPC conductive. The nCB-UHPC composite is investigated for its fresh and hardened mechanical properties, piezoresistive behavior and microstructure. Piezoresistive behavior and strain sensitivity are measured by fractional change in electrical resistivity (FCR) with applied stress/strain. The nCB-UHPC composite exhibits adequately good workability (slump spread ≥ 170 mm), compressive strength of more than 144 MPa and an outstanding sensitivity (gauge factor > 130) achieved with 1.5% nCB. Additionally, it has shown a repeatable, highly sensitive compressive strain response up to 40 MPa. The proposed high-sensitivity nCB-UHPC composite demonstrates significant potential in becoming a field-deployable solution for the health monitoring of concrete infrastructure.
AN ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION
Authors: LEVINE NATHANIEL M. , HOLLINGSWORTH KRISTEN , WU YINGJIE , GRIFFITH MORGAN , MCDONALD BRIAN
Published: December 2023

Electrical lines are critical infrastructure components. Line failures can cause catastrophic wildfires resulting in immeasurable damage to life and property. This paper discusses the implementation of an electrical infrastructure management model that tracks component degradation over time and incorporates inspection and monitoring data to update the model; the model then identifies components with the highest risk of failure to direct maintenance operations and estimate long-term line performance. The capacity of the structures is represented through fragility curves based on first-principles modeling and industry standards. Threat models, such as metal corrosion and wood decay, estimate how the fragility curve will evolve with time, based on environmental data and the age of the structure. Data-driven approaches are used to incorporate field data and historical performance into the model. Bayesian updating is used to adjust the fragility curves based on historical wind and outage data. Similarly, observed deterioration from field condition inspections are applied to further modify the model. Using a site-specific hazard model, an annualized probability of failure is estimated for each structure on an electrical line. First, an overview of the framework is provided, with a specific focus on wind hazards. To illustrate the application of the model and illustrate the challenges encountered in implementation, an example case study is discussed, exploring how the predicted probabilities of failure can be impacted by the choice of wind hazard model. This choice can result in geographic bias towards both under- and over-predicting probability of failure, and therefore can result in misdirection of maintenance resources. Future planned improvements are discussed.
A MODEL TO MONITOR CRACKED REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING CODA WAVES
Authors: CLAUB FELIX , AHRENS MARK ALEXANDER , MARK PETER
Published: December 2023

Monitoring of reinforced concrete structures is of paramount importance in ensuring structural health and reliability. To this end, this paper formulates a novel model for evaluating cracked reinforced concrete structures using ultrasonic coda waves. The proposed εsm-dv/v model combines the well-established σs-εsm relationship with the highly sensitive ultrasonic coda waves, allowing the prediction of strains in the reinforcement independent of geometry, material, and reinforcement ratio. After derivation, the proposed model is validated by experiments on reinforced concrete beams with different dimensions and concrete properties. The results show that the model accurately predicts strains in the reinforcement and thus offers great potential for practical applications in monitoring of reinforced concrete structures.
VALIDATION OF DATA FOR USE IN CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE BIG DATA APPLICATIONS
Authors: O’HIGGINS CONNOR , KENT CONNOR , HESTER DAVID , TAYLOR SU
Published: December 2023

Big data applications are becoming more popular across many different fields and civil engineering is no different. The benefits of big data lie in its potential to provide valuable insights into various large datasets. Big data applications can identify patterns and trends that were previously unknown, which can help them make informed decisions and develop effective strategies. In the case of civil engineering, this could be taking large datasets that have been produced in relation to pieces of infrastructure and using them to create more efficient management strategies. One of the issues with using big data is that if the input dataset is flawed then the output resulting from any big data analysis will be compromised. Therefore, data validation is used, which is the process of ensuring that data is accurate, complete, and consistent. The consequence of not undertaking data validation may be Inaccurate or inconsistent data which can lead to incorrect insights and decisions in big data applications. This paper explores the necessity of validating data before it is used in a big data application. It outlines some of the different methods used for validating data and provides an overview of the potential issues that may arise from data validation errors. A case study is then presented showing the process of validation on data collected from four bridges and provides recommendations for implementing data validation as part of a larger big data workflow. The results of the case study show that validation of data is an important step in the big data process both for confidence in the outputs and to make big data applications more useful and more common in the civil engineering field. The discussion and presented case study in this paper highlight the necessity of validating data. It has shown some of the potential issues that may arise from not undertaking data validation.
APPLICATION OF NEURAL NETWORK ENTROPY ALGORITHM AND CONVOLUTION NEURAL NETWORK FOR STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING
Authors: LIN TZU-KANG , LIN YI-TING , KUO KAI-WEI
Published: December 2023

This study combines Neural Network Entropy (NNetEn) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to develop a practical structural health monitoring system. In order to verify the feasibility of the system, the failure experiment of a seven-story steel frame has been carried out with a numerical model of the same structural characteristics as the steel frame. The state space method is used to simulate the sixteen failure modes on the steel frame, where the acceleration signals of each floor at the time of failure are analyzed by neural network entropy. An entropy database is established based on the model to train the neural network model. To avoid the misjudgment and automatic interpretation of human factors, this study uses the visualized heatmap to quantify the change of entropy value, and the convolutional neural network analysis is selected for image processing. By converting the entropy value into image data, not only the number of parameters in the model can be reduced, but its operation speed can be improved. During the training process, the neural network model extracts and learns the damage features in the entropy value. After the training is completed, the model can allocate the damage area of the structure by identifying the damage features of the input data. Finally, through the verification of 16 failure cases simulated on the seven-story steel frame of the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), the performance of the proposed SHM system is evaluated by both numerical simulation and experimental verification with confusion matrix. The SHM system proposed in this study combines the emerging entropy analysis method with a neural network. The test results of the final verification have an accuracy rate of 93.13%.
COMBINING ULTRASONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF CORROSION DAMAGE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Authors: CHENG WEIXIA , SUN HAI-HAN , TAN KANG HAI , FAN ZHENG
Published: December 2023

Corrosion of reinforcing bars has been established as a primary contributor to the deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. As corrosion products accumulate and expand, they generate tensile stresses within the concrete, ultimately leading to cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. Additionally, the reduction of cross-sectional area in reinforcing bars undermines the bonding strength of RC structures. To prolong the service life of RC structures, it is crucial to develop a robust monitoring system for early-stage corrosion damage assessment. Ultrasonic waves are sensitive to cracks and voids due to the large contrast in acoustic impedance between air and the background material, while electromagnetic waves are sensitive to metallic structures due to the substantial contrast in dielectric permittivity and conductivity. Therefore, this work studies the feasibility of combining ultrasonic and electromagnetic techniques for detecting early signs of corrosion damage, including cracks and reductions in the cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars. Ultrasonic coda wave interferometry method is used to monitor the growth of internal cracks in the reinforcing bar. A linear multiple-input-multipleoutput (MIMO) GPR array is employed to image reinforcing bars in the concrete. In the early stages of corrosion, rust and small cracks grow, leading to changes in the GPR image. The performance of the proposed ultrasonic and electromagnetic methods has been demonstrated by the accelerated corrosion monitoring test in the lab.
STRAIN AND ACCELERATION-BASED FINITE ELEMENT MODEL UPDATING OF A CONCRETE HIGHWAY VIADUCT
Authors: HEKIC DORON , ANZLIN ANDREJ , RIBEIRO DIOGO , ZNIDARIC ALES , CESAREK PETER
Published: December 2023

This paper presents a finite element model updating (FEMU) study performed on a single span of a multi-span concrete highway viaduct, equipped with permanent monitoring and a bridge weigh-in-motion (B-WIM) system. The paper focuses on the comparison of updated variables from two different types of measurements: (1) longitudinal strains, induced by calibration vehicles and measured by sensors primarily used for B-WIM, and (2) natural frequencies of the superstructure, that were obtained from ambient and traffic-induced vibrations. In addition, the contribution of the concrete safety barriers to the superstructure stiffness is discussed.
VEHICLE AND TRUSS BRIDGE INTERACTION ADOPTING A SIMPLIFIED 2D MODEL
Authors: JAFARPOUR HAMEDANI SHAHED JAFARPOUR , MAKKI ALAMDARI MEHRISADAT , ATROSHCHENKO ELENA , CHANG KAI-CHUN , KIM CHUL-WOO , HURTADO ANDRES FELIPE CALDERON
Published: December 2023

Indirect structural health monitoring of bridges using vehicle-mounted sensors offers a promising approach for the continuous assessment of structures. Full-scale modelling of complex structures, however, is computationally intensive. In order to optimize the required computational expenses, a two-dimensional simplified numerical model whose response resembles the real structure is developed. Euler-Bernoulli frame elements are adopted for finite element structural modelling. The transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique is then applied for Bayesian finite element model updating. The proposed approach proved to reach an accurate model for a real-world truss bridge in Japan. Vehicle bridge interaction elements are then developed based on the updated simplified 2D model. The generalized-α time integration scheme is used to overcome inherent numerical instabilities. Time-response of the vehicle is evaluated using the developed Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (VBI) framework to study the dynamic properties of the bridge. The proposed approach significantly reduces the computational efforts in extracting time history responses of the moving dynamic system over the bridge without sacrificing the prediction accuracy. Time history responses can be processed subsequently to identify damage(s) in the structure, if any.
AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH OF VIBRATION TESTING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES USING PERFORMANCE BASED EVALUATION TECHNIQUES
Authors: RIVEROS GABRIEL , BUTLER MARTIN
Published: December 2023

Many of the current state of the art structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques are reliant on ambient excitation to determine the modal behavior of a structure. Common sources of ambient excitation are wind, water flow through dams, traffic on bridges, or seismic activity. However, it is possible for none of these sources of ambient excitation to be available for a structure. For example, dams can have strict limits on how much water can be released over certain time periods and may not allow traffic on them. In these cases, it can be necessary to induce modal excitations from other sources such as mechanical shakers or a cold gas thruster (CGT). Mechanical shakers allow specific modes to be activated but are heavy and require space that may not be available on all structures. The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (USACE) has many large concrete dams that require such excitation to obtain modal information. This information may then be used to directly obtain changes in fixity or to calibrate finite element models of the structure. To determine the limits of the CGT for characterizing a structure, a reinforced concrete test structure was subject to the CGT pulse force in several locations with 8 accelerometers recording the motion of the structure. Using results from this effort, a shock response spectrum can then be used to compare a model’s behavior to that of the structure itself and to validate or match a model. Additionally, knowledge of a structure’s dynamic behavior in both an intact state and a damaged state can directly identify a change in boundary conditions, indicating separation of monoliths or foundation sliding The reinforced concrete test structure was used to test the CGT, as well as to establish the methods used to match the finite element analysis (FEA) models to a physical test. A small CGT was used to accelerate the structure in several configurations, which included changing the location and direction of the load. The Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) is used to compare the response of the structure to both different loads and to the modeled behavior of an FEA model built in LS-Dyna. The material attributes of the concrete and soil beneath the slab are unknown, but the LS-Dyna model matches closely to the physical tests. Peaks in the SRS can indicate modal frequencies, while double peaks in a symmetric structure can indicate some asymmetry, either from additional mass, or more likely, from reductions in stiffness. The addition of mass or reduction in stiffness may be added to the model to determine exactly how or where damage has occurred. This will discuss how the models are matched to the structure using the shock response spectrum and how damage may be indicated by shifts in the shock response spectrum, as well as the appropriate structures for this application.
AN INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON ADDITIVE MANUFACTURED COMPOSITE WITH EMBEDDED FIBER BRAGG GRATING SENSOR
Authors: MIELOSZYK MAGDALENA , MAJEWSKA KATARZYNA , RIMASAUSKIENE RUTA , RIMASAUSKAS MARIUS , KUNCIUS TOMAS
Published: December 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a name for techniques applied to constructing threedimensional (3D) objects in a layer-by-layer process. AM methods can be applied for creating elements from fiber (glass/ carbon) reinforced polymers. During the process, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be embedded into the element structure for the purpose of structural health monitoring (SHM) system development. Such an approach combines in one, advantages of AM (limited waste, elements with complex shape) and SHM system (safety, information about real loading conditions). Such a method can be applied for the manufacturing of different elements applied in many branches of industry, e.g. marine or civil engineering. The goal of the paper is to analyze the temperature influence on AM fiber (glass/ carbon) reinforced polymer structures with embedded FBG sensors. The analyzes will be focused on the influence of FBG sensors on material durability. Additionally, the influence of elevated temperatures on the finished AM elements will be investigated.
DIAGNOSTICS OF ANOMALY STEAM TURBINE BEHAVIOR IN TERMS OF REMOTE SHM AND CLOUD COMPUTING
Authors: LISKA JINDRICH , JAKL JAN , VASICEK VOJTECH
Published: December 2023

Monitoring of structural health is the important task in terms of ensuring the reliability of the operated technology. It is important especially in case of the steam turbine operation where the unplanned outage is associated with the high financial losses. The conventional approach for the evaluation of the normal turbine operation is based on precise specification of the trigger limits for each of the measured signals made by the technical expert. The abnormal operation is then determined when one of the signals is outside of the limits. However, it is a non-trivial task to specify trigger limits for all measured signals and sometimes it is even not practicable. The method described in this paper is based on the automatic detection of anomalies in the turbine behavior without the need to precisely specify the trigger limits manually. The approach is based on two steps. The first is to find the behavior of the turbine that is related to the normal turbine operation. The signal trigger limits are evaluated automatically with probabilistic assessment. The second step is to investigate the actual operation state using the signal measurements. Then if the actual behavior of the turbine is out of the boundary of the normal turbine operation, the anomaly is detected. The described method was validated using the measurement data acquired in operation of a steam turbine with a nominal power of hundreds MW. As an example of the method application, the paper shows the detection of an anomaly, which was subsequently identified as a contact between the stator and the rotor turbine part. This contact is potentially dangerous because it can change the structure of the machine. The described method is being integrated into the remote monitoring system that is based on cloud computing and being developed by the authors of this paper. The remote sensing of the turbine operation is nowadays the key to reduce costs in terms of maintaining the installed system and frequent visits of technical personal support to collect the data. The architecture of the monitoring system itself is described in the paper. The system is important in terms of providing an early warning in case of an unexpected behavior of the turbine. This provides the maintainability and reliability of the operated technology. Nowadays more than 30 operated turbines are part of this monitoring system worldwide.