bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostik von AVWS bei Erstklässlern: Welche Tests trennen
auffällige von unauffälligen Kindern?
Authors: Nickisch Andreas , Werner Franziska , Kiese-Himmel Christiane
Published: February 2018

Hintergrund Im kontrollierten Gruppenvergleich wurde für 2., 3. und
4.-Klässler gezeigt, dass eine Trennung von Kindern mit auditiven Verarbeitungs-
und Wahrnehmungsstörungen (AVWS) von solchen ohne (Non-AVWS) durch 3 bzw. 4
Untersuchungsinstrumente möglich ist mit einer Zuordnungsrichtigkeit von 93,6 %
bzw. 97,5 % 1, 2. Die vorliegende Studie erfolgte mit der Fragestellung, ob auch
für Erstklässler eine Trennung der Gruppen gelingt.

Material und Methoden Leistungen von 77 Kindern (n = 40 mit AVWS, mittl.
Alter: 6,93, SD 0,53 Jahre; n = 37 Non-AVWS, mittl. Alter: 6,90, SD 0,52 Jahre)
im 1. Regelgrundschuljahr wurden in 8 spezifisch auditiven Tests einer
eklektischen AVWS-Testbatterie miteinander verglichen: Uttenweiler-Test zum
Dichotischen Wortverstehen; Subtests Lautdifferenzierung u. Kinästhetik
(Heidelberger Lautdifferenzierungstest- HLAD); Göttinger Sprachaudiometrie II im
Störgeräusch; Hannoverscher Binauraler Summationstest; Zahlenfolgen-Gedächtnis
u. Laute Verbinden (Psycholinguistischer Entwicklungstest); Mottier-Test.

Ergebnisse Kinder mit AVWS wurden von unauffälligen Kindern (Non-AVWS) der
gleichen Schuljahrgangsstufe in 94,8 % aller Fälle (kreuzvalidiert: in 92,2 %)
statistisch signifikant durch vier Testvariablen getrennt: (1)
PET-Zahlenfolgen-Gedächtnis; (2) HLAD-Lautdifferenzierung; (3) Mottier-Test; (4)
Sprachaudiometrie im Störgeräusch.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Qualität der diagnostischen A-Priori-Gruppierung
mittels einer multivariaten Statistik konnte für das 1. Regelgrundschuljahr
bestätigt werden.
Novel gas target for laser wakefield accelerators
Authors: Aniculaesei C. , Kim Hyung Taek , Yoo Byung Ju , Oh Kyung Hwan , Nam Chang Hee
Published: February 2018

A novel gas target for interactions between high power lasers and gaseous medium, especially for laser wakefield accelerators, has been designed, manufactured, and characterized. The gas target has been designed to provide a uniform density profile along the central gas cell axis by combining a gas cell and slit nozzle. The gas density has been tuned from ∼1017 atoms/cm3 to ∼1019 atoms/cm3 and the gas target length can be varied from 0 to 10 cm; both changes can be made simultaneously while keeping the uniform gas profile. The gas density profile inside the gas cell has been measured using interferometry and validated using computational fluid dynamics.
Metrisability of Painlevé equations
Authors: Contatto Felipe , Dunajski Maciej
Published: February 2018

We solve the metrisability problem for the six Painlevé equations, and more generally for all 2nd order ordinary differential equations with the Painlevé property, and determine for which of these equations their integral curves are geodesics of a (pseudo) Riemannian metric on a surface.
Monitoring polariton dynamics in the LHCII photosynthetic antenna in a microcavity by two-photon coincidence counting
Authors: Zhang Zhedong , Saurabh Prasoon , Dorfman Konstantin E. , Debnath Arunangshu , Mukamel Shaul
Published: February 2018

The relaxation dynamics of light-harvesting complex II in an optical cavity is explored theoretically by multidimensional photon coincidence counting spectroscopy. This technique reveals the dynamics in both single (e) and double (f) excitation bands. We study how the polariton dynamics are affected by coupling to photon modes and molecular vibrations described by a realistic spectral density at 77 K. Without the cavity, the e- and f-band energy transfer pathways are not clearly resolved due to the line broadening caused by fast exciton dephasing. The strong coupling to cavity photons results in well-resolved polariton modes. The hybrid nature of polaritons slows down their energy transfer rates.
Accelerated sampling by infinite swapping of path integral molecular dynamics with surface hopping
Authors: Lu Jianfeng , Zhou Zhennan
Published: February 2018

To accelerate the thermal equilibrium sampling of multi-level quantum systems, the infinite swapping limit of a recently proposed multi-level ring polymer representation is investigated. In the infinite swapping limit, the ring polymer evolves according to an averaged Hamiltonian with respect to all possible surface index configurations of the ring polymer and thus connects the surface hopping approach to the mean-field path-integral molecular dynamics. A multiscale integrator for the infinite swapping limit is also proposed to enable efficient sampling based on the limiting dynamics. Numerical results demonstrate the huge improvement of sampling efficiency of the infinite swapping compared with the direct simulation of path-integral molecular dynamics with surface hopping.
Cartan frames and algebras with links to integrable systems differential equations and surfaces
Authors: Bracken Paul
Published: February 2018

Moving frames and Clifford algebras will be used to illustrate an interconnected approach to the study of integrable systems, their surfaces, and methods for producing integrable partial differential equations. After a system of one-forms is defined, moving frame equations can be integrated and the resulting equations for the surface can be obtained. Other differential equations which involve quantities relevant to the surface are obtained. For the case of minimal and constant mean curvature surfaces, the coordinate functions can be calculated in closed form. In the case of constant mean curvature, they can be expressed in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions.
Ultra-soft magnetic Co-Fe-B-Si-Nb amorphous alloys for high frequency power applications
Authors: Ackland Karl , Masood Ansar , Kulkarni Santosh , Stamenov Plamen
Published: February 2018

With the continuous shrinkage of the footprint of inductors and transformers in modern power supplies, higher flux, while still low-loss metallic replacements of traditional ferrite materials are becoming an intriguing alternative. One candidate replacement strategy is based on amorphous CoFeBSi soft-magnetic alloys, in their metallic glass form. Here the structural and magnetic properties of two different families of CoFeBSi-based soft magnetic alloys, prepared by arc-melting and subsequent melt spinning (rapid quenching) are presented, targeting potential applications at effective frequencies of 100 kHz and beyond. The nominal alloy compositions are Co67Fe4B11Si16Mo2 representing commercial Vitrovac and Co72-xFexB28-y (where B includes non-magnetic elements such as Boron, Silicon etc. x varies between 4 and 5 % and y is varied from 0 to 2 %) denoted Alloy #1 and prepared as a possible higher performance alternative, i.e. lower power loss and lower coercivity, to commercial Vitrovac. Room temperature magnetization measurements of the arc-melted alloys reveal that compared to Vitrovac, Alloy #1 already presents a ten-fold decrease in coercivity, with Hc ∼ 1.4 Am-1 and highest figure of merit of (Ms/Hc > 96). Upon melt-spinning the alloys into thin (< 30 μm) ribbons, the alloys are essentially amorphous when analyzed by XRD. Magnetization measurements of the melt-spun ribbons demonstrate that Alloy #1 possesses a coercivity of just 2 Am-1, which represents a significant improvement compared to melt-spun ribbons of Vitrovac (17 Am-1). A set of prototype transformers of approximately 10 turns of Alloy #1 ribbon exhibits systematically Hc < 10 Am-1 at 100 kHz, without a noticeable decrease in coupled flux and saturation.
Role of temperature and oxygen content on structural and electrical properties of LaBaCo2O5+δ thin films
Authors: Mace Brennan , Harrell Zach , Chen Chonglin , Enriquez Erik , Chen Aiping , Jia Quanxi
Published: February 2018

The role of temperature and the oxygen content in the structural transformation and electrical conductivity of epitaxial double perovskite LaBaCo2O5+δ (0≤ δ ≤ 1) thin films was systematically investigated. Reciprocal space mapping and ω-2θ x-ray diffraction performed at different temperatures in vacuum indicate that oxygen vacancies in the films become ordered at high temperature in a reducing environment. The changes of the oxygen content and the degree of oxygen vacancy ordering in the films result in a strong in-plane anisotropic lattice deformation and a large thermal expansion coefficient along the c-axis direction. The electrical conductivity measurements reveal that these behaviors are related to the degree of oxygen vacancy formation and lattice deformation in the films.
Imaging of acoustic pressure modes in opto-mechano-fluidic resonators with a single particle probe
Authors: Suh Jeewon , Han Kewen , Bahl Gaurav
Published: February 2018

Opto-mechano-fluidic resonators (OMFRs) are a platform for high-throughput sensing of the mechanical properties of freely flowing microparticles in arbitrary media. Experimental extraction of OMFR mode shapes, especially the acoustic pressure field within the fluidic core, is essential for determining sensitivity and for extracting the particle parameters. Here, we demonstrate an imaging technique for simultaneously capturing the spatially distributed acoustic pressure fields of multiple vibrational modes in the OMFR system. The mechanism operates using microparticles as perturbative imaging probes and potentially reveals the inverse path towards multimode inertial detection of the particles themselves.
The effects of focusing power on TEA CO2 laser-induced gas breakdown and the consequent pulse shaping effects
Authors: Beheshtipour Saleheh , Safari Ebrahim , Majdabadi Abbas , Silakhori Kaveh
Published: February 2018

Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser pulses were used in order to generate an optical breakdown in a variety of mono- and polyatomic molecules using different focusing powers. The dependence of the spark kernel geometry and the transmitted pulse shapes on the focusing power as well as the pressure, molecular weight, and ionization energy of the gases was investigated in detail. Partial removal of the transmitted pulse tail in the 0.05–2.6 μs range together with shortened spikes in the 10–60 ns range has been observed by applying a 2.5 cm focal length lens for all the gases. At higher focal lengths, this effect is only incompletely observed for He gas. Spatial-temporal analyses of the laser beams and the relevant plasma plumes indicate that this behavior is due to the drop in the plasma density below the critical level, before the laser pulse tail is completed.
Anhydrosaccharides—A new class of the fragile plastic crystals
Authors: Kamińska Ewa , Madejczyk Olga , Tarnacka Magdalena , Jurkiewicz Karolina , Wolnica Kamila , Śmiszek-Lindert Wioleta Edyta , Kamiński Kamil , Paluch Marian
Published: February 2018

In this paper, 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (anhGLU), 1,6-anhydro-β-D-mannopyranose (anhMAN), and 1,6-anhydro-β-D-galactopyranose (anhGAL), three new materials that form the Orientationally Disordered Crystal (ODIC) phase, have been thoroughly investigated using various experimental techniques. All measurements clearly indicated that these compounds possess a series of very interesting physical properties that are considerably different than those reported for ordinary plastic crystals. X-Ray diffraction investigations have revealed enormously long-range static correlations between molecules, reaching even 120 Å. Moreover, dielectric studies showed that besides Freon 113, the investigated anhydrosaccharides are the most fragile systems that form the ODIC phase. Further analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that such peculiar behavior of anhydrosaccharides might be closely related to multidirectional H-bonds of various strengths that most likely affect the number of available conformations, density states, and the potential barriers in the energy landscape of these compounds. This is consistent with the results from previous reports [L. C. Pardo, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 124911 (2006) and Th. Bauer et al., J Chem. Phys. 133, 144509 (2010)] showing that the higher fragility of Freon 112 as well as a mixture of 60% succinonitrile and 40% glutaronitrile (60SN-40GN) can be closely related to the enhanced conformational ability and additional disorder introduced by various substituents, which further make energy landscape more complex. Finally, by studying the properties of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (ac-anhGLU) it was found that besides the shape of the molecules, H-bonds or generally strong intermolecular interactions are extremely important parameters contributing to the ability to form the plastic phase. This is in line with current observations that in most cases the ODIC phase is created in highly interacting compounds.
Linear stability of an active fluid interface
Authors: Nagilla Amarender , Prabhakar Ranganathan , Jadhav Sameer
Published: February 2018

Motivated by studies suggesting that the patterns exhibited by the collectively expanding fronts of thin cells during the closing of a wound [S. Mark et al., “Physical model of the dynamic instability in an expanding cell culture,” Biophys. J. 98(3), 361–370 (2010)] and the shapes of single cells crawling on surfaces [A. C. Callan-Jones et al., “Viscous-fingering-like instability of cell fragments,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(25), 258106 (2008)] are due to fingering instabilities, we investigate the stability of actively driven interfaces under the Hele-Shaw confinement. An initially radial interface between a pair of viscous fluids is driven by active agents. Surface tension and bending rigidity resist the deformation of the interface. A point source at the origin and a distributed source are also included to model the effects of injection or suction and growth or depletion, respectively. Linear stability analysis reveals that for any given initial radius of the interface, there are two key dimensionless driving rates that determine interfacial stability. We discuss stability regimes in a state space of these parameters and their implications for biological systems. An interesting finding is that an actively mobile interface is susceptible to the fingering instability irrespective of viscosity contrast.
Plasmon-induced demagnetization and magnetic switching in nickel nanoparticle arrays
Authors: Kataja Mikko , Freire-Fernández Francisco , Witteveen Jorn P. , Hakala Tommi K. , Törmä Päivi , van Dijken Sebastiaan
Published: February 2018

We report on the manipulation of magnetization by femtosecond laser pulses in a periodic array of cylindrical nickel nanoparticles. By performing experiments at different wavelengths, we show that the excitation of collective surface plasmon resonances triggers demagnetization in zero field or magnetic switching in a small perpendicular field. Both magnetic effects are explained by plasmon-induced heating of the nickel nanoparticles to their Curie temperature. Model calculations confirm the strong correlation between the excitation of surface plasmon modes and laser-induced changes in magnetization.
A simple analytical thermo-mechanical model for liquid crystal elastomer bilayer structures
Authors: Cui Yun , Wang Chengjun , Sim Kyoseung , Chen Jin , Li Yuhang , Xing Yufeng , Yu Cunjiang , Song Jizhou
Published: February 2018

The bilayer structure consisting of thermal-responsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) and other polymer materials with stretchable heaters has attracted much attention in applications of soft actuators and soft robots due to its ability to generate large deformations when subjected to heat stimuli. A simple analytical thermo-mechanical model, accounting for the non-uniform feature of the temperature/strain distribution along the thickness direction, is established for this type of bilayer structure. The analytical predictions of the temperature and bending curvature radius agree well with finite element analysis and experiments. The influences of the LCE thickness and the heat generation power on the bending deformation of the bilayer structure are fully investigated. It is shown that a thinner LCE layer and a higher heat generation power could yield more bending deformation. These results may help the design of soft actuators and soft robots involving thermal responsive LCEs.
Structure, electronic properties, and oxygen incorporation/diffusion characteristics of the Σ5 TiN(310)[001] tilt grain boundary
Authors: McKenna Keith P.
Published: February 2018

First principles calculations are employed to investigate the structure, electronic properties, and oxygen incorporation/diffusion characteristics of the Σ5 TiN(310) tilt grain boundary with relevance to applications of polycrystalline TiN in microelectronics and protective coatings. We show that the grain boundary does not significantly modify electronic states near the Fermi energy but does induce an upward shift of up to 0.6 eV in a number of deeper occupied bands. We also show that oxygen is preferentially incorporated into the TiN grain boundary (GB) but must overcome relatively high activation energies for further diffusion. These predictions are consistent with the “stuffed barrier model” proposed to explain the good barrier characteristics of TiN. We also show that while the oxidizing power of TiN GBs is not sufficient to reduce HfO2 (a prototypical gate dielectric material), they can act as a scavenger for interstitial oxygen. Altogether, these results provide the much needed atomistic insights into the properties of a model GB in TiN and suggest a number of directions for future investigation.
Influence of thermal aging on AC leakage current in XLPE insulation
Authors: Geng Pulong , Song Jiancheng , Tian Muqin , Lei Zhipeng , Du Yakun
Published: February 2018

Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) has been widely used as cable insulation material because of its excellent dielectric properties, thermal stability and solvent resistance. To understand the influence of thermal aging on AC leakage current in XLPE insulation, all XLPE specimens were aged in oven in temperature range from 120 °C to 150 °C, and a series of tests were conducted on these XLPE specimens in different aging stages to measure the characteristic parameters, such as complex permittivity, leakage current and complex dielectric modulus. In the experiments, the effects of thermal aging, temperature and frequency on the AC leakage current in XLPE insulation were studied by analyzing complex dielectric constant and dielectric relaxation modulus spectrum, the change of relaxation peak and activation energy. It has been found that the active part of leakage current increases sharply with the increase of aging degree, and the test temperature and frequency have an influence on AC leakage current but the influence of test temperature is mainly reflected in the low frequency region. In addition, it has been shown by the experiments that the reactive part of leakage current exhibits a strong frequency dependent characteristic in the testing frequency range from 10-2 Hz to 105 Hz, but the influence of test temperature and thermal aging on it is relatively small.
Mixed convection heat transfer enhancement in a cubic lid-driven cavity containing a rotating cylinder through the introduction of artificial roughness on the heated wall
Authors: Kareem Ali Khaleel , Gao Shian
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present numerical investigation is to comprehensively analyse and understand the heat transfer enhancement process using a roughened, heated bottom wall with two artificial rib types (R-s and R-c) due to unsteady mixed convection heat transfer in a 3D moving top wall enclosure that has a central rotating cylinder, and to compare these cases with the smooth bottom wall case. These different cases (roughened and smooth bottom walls) are considered at various clockwise and anticlockwise rotational speeds, −5 ≤ Ω ≤ 5, and Reynolds numbers of 5000 and 10 000. The top and bottom walls of the lid-driven cavity are differentially heated, whilst the remaining cavity walls are assumed to be stationary and adiabatic. A standard k-ε model for the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations is used to deal with the turbulent flow. The heat transfer improvement is carefully considered and analysed through the detailed examinations of the flow and thermal fields, the turbulent kinetic energy, the mean velocity profiles, the wall shear stresses, and the local and average Nusselt numbers. It has been concluded that artificial roughness can strongly affect the thermal fields and fluid flow patterns. Ultimately, the heat transfer rate has been dramatically increased by involving the introduced artificial rips. Increasing the cylinder rotational speed or Reynolds number can enhance the heat transfer process, especially when the wall roughness exists.
Asymmetric fluttering ferromagnetic bar-driven inertial micropump in microfluidics
Authors: Na Wonwhi , Kim Jinsung , Lee Hoyoon , Yoo Byeongmin , Shin Sehyun
Published: February 2018

Even though microfluidics has been successfully used in minimizing complicated and onerous processes, the pumping and tubing systems used with it are yet undeveloped and need immediate development. The present study developed a fluttering bar-driven micropump, mounted on a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic system. The pump consists of a rectangular ferromagnetic bar and a fan-shaped chamber with an inlet and outlet. Through various experiments, the net flow was examined as a function of chamber shape, inlet and outlet channel location, rotating center of the magnet, and rotational speed. Using high-speed camera and image analysis, the net flow was found to be generated by the fluid inertia associated with the varying reciprocating speeds of the bar inside the fan-shaped chamber. Depending on the locations of the inlet and outlet, the cycle time taken to circulate the loop was significantly reduced from 200 to 4 s. The flow rate of the micropump ranges from 48–225 μl/min, which is proportional to the rotational speed of the magnet (150–3000 rpm). Using a fluttering bar-driven inertial micropump, the microfluidic system not only provides improved mixing, but also eliminates certain problems associated with external tubing and connection.
An optically transparent metasurface for broadband microwave antireflection
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zhang Cheng , Cheng Qiang , Yang Jin , Cui Tie Jun
Published: February 2018

Metamaterial absorbers and diffusers provide powerful routes to decrease the backward reflection significantly with advantages of ultrathin profile and customized bandwidth. Simultaneous control of the absorption and scattering behaviors of the metamaterials which helps to improve the suppression capabilities of backward reflection, however, still remains a challenge. Aiming at this goal, we propose a metasurface constituted by two kinds of elements in a pseudorandom arrangement. By the use of indium tin oxide with moderate sheet resistance in the meta-atoms, enhanced absorption of energy can be achieved in a broad spectrum when interacted with illuminated waves. In the meanwhile, electromagnetic diffusion will be invoked from the destructive interference among the elements, giving rise to significant reduction of specular reflection as a result. Excellent agreements are observed between simulation and experiment with pronounced reflection suppression from 6.8 GHz to 19.4 GHz. In addition, the optical transparence of the patterns and substrates makes the proposed metasurface a promising candidate for future applications like photovoltaic solar cells and electromagnetic shielding glasses.
Semiexperimental and mass-dependent structures by the mixed regression method: Accurate equilibrium structure and failure of the Kraitchman method for ethynylcyclohexane
Authors: Vogt Natalja , Demaison Jean , Rudolph Heinz Dieter , Juanes Marcos , Fernández Jairo , Lesarri Alberto
Published: February 2018

The mixed regression method for determination of molecular structures is reviewed and applied to the investigation of ethynylcyclohexane, using both semiexperimental and mass-dependent methods. This methodology provides an efficient and computationally affordable route to obtain accurate molecular reference data, preventing ill-conditioning in the structural least-squares determinations from experimental rotational constants. New supersonic-jet microwave measurements are reported to obtain inertial data for the axial and equatorial species of ethynylcyclohexane, together with all 13C isotopologues of the equatorial form. The semiexperimental equilibrium (reSE) and mass-dependent (rm(2)) structures of the molecule are compared with high-level ab initio optimizations, showing that both methods deliver compatible structures with accuracies of about 0.002 Å for bond lengths and 0.2° for bond angles. We confirm that dependable predicates can be obtained for a large variety of bonds. Finally, we verify that the substitution method completely fails to determine a reliable structure for the title compound.
Controllable SET process in O-Ti-Sb-Te based phase change memory for synaptic application
Authors: Ren Kun , Li Ruiheng , Chen Xin , Wang Yong , Shen Jiabin , Xia Mengjiao , Lv Shilong , Ji Zhenguo , Song Zhitang
Published: February 2018

The nonlinear resistance change and small bit resolution of phase change memory (PCM) under identical operation pulses will limit its performance as a synaptic device. The octahedral Ti-Te units in Ti-Sb-Te, regarded as nucleation seeds, are degenerated when Ti is bonded with O, causing a slower crystallization and a controllable SET process in PCM cells. A linear resistance change under identical pulses, a resolution of ∼8 bits, and an ON/OFF ratio of ∼102 has been achieved in O-Ti-Sb-Te based PCM, showing its potential application as a synaptic device to improve recognition performance of the neural network.
Benchmarking several van der Waals dispersion approaches for the description of intermolecular interactions
Authors: Claudot Julien , Kim Won June , Dixit Anant , Kim Hyungjun , Gould Tim , Rocca Dario , Lebègue Sébastien
Published: February 2018

Seven methods, including three van der Waals density functionals (vdW-DFs) and four different variants of the Tkatchenko-Scheffler (TS) methods, are tested on the A24, L7, and Taylor et al.’s “blind” test sets. It is found that for these systems, the vdW-DFs perform better that the TS methods. In particular, the vdW-DF-cx functional gives binding energies that are the closest to the reference values, while the many-body correction of TS does not always lead to an improvement in the description of molecular systems. In light of these results, several directions for further improvements to describe van der Waals interactions are discussed.
Annealing-time and annealing-temperature dependencies of the size of Ni-Mn-In shell-ferromagnetic nano-precipitates by Scherrer analysis
Authors: Dincklage L. , Scheibel F. , Çakır A. , Farle M. , Acet M.
Published: February 2018

Shell-ferromagnetic effects are observed in Ni-Mn-based off-stoichiometric Heuslers decomposed into ferromagnetic precipitates embedded in an antiferromagnetic matrix when the surface-to-volume ratio of the precipitates are sufficiently large. However, since the size of the precipitates have until now not been determined, it is not known which ratios are involved. Here we carry out a Scherrer analysis on decomposed specimens to determine the precipitate-size as a function of decomposition temperature and time.
Correlation of the droplet burning rate in rotatory natural convection
Authors: Dgheim J. , Chahine A.
Published: February 2018

Thermal and fluid flow analyses of hydrocarbon liquid droplet evaporation and combustion in natural convection and in rotation are carried out numerically and experimentally. The regression of the liquid droplet square diameter and the evolution of the liquid droplet temperature in rotatory natural convection are determined numerically by using the implicit finite difference method and Thomas algorithm. Comparison between numerical and experimental results shows qualitative and quantitative satisfactory agreement. Correlation expressing the burning rate in the function of Dgheim, Prandtl, and Grashof numbers is proposed. This correlation takes into consideration the burning of the heptane liquid droplet in rotatory natural convection.
Equation of state and electron localisation in fcc lithium
Authors: Frost Mungo , Levitan Abraham L. , Sun Peihao , Glenzer Siegfried
Published: February 2018

We present an improved equation of state for the high-pressure fcc phase of lithium with ambient temperature experimental data, extending the pressure range of previous studies to 36 GPa. The accompanying density functional theory calculations, which reproduce the experimental equation of state, show that with increasing density, the phase diverges from a nearly free electron metal. At the high pressure limit of its stability, fcc lithium exhibits enhanced electron density at the octahedral interstices with a high degree of localisation.
Dynamics for the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation on non-cylindrical domains II: The monotone case
Authors: Zhou Feng , Sun Chunyou , Cheng Jiaqi
Published: February 2018

In this article, we continue the study of the dynamics of the following complex Ginzburg-Landau equation ∂tu − (λ + iα)Δu + (κ + iβ)|u|p−2u − γu = f(t) on non-cylindrical domains. We assume that the spatial domains are bounded and increase with time, which is different from the diffeomorphism case presented in Zhou and Sun [Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. B 21, 3767–3792 (2016)]. We develop a new penalty function to establish the existence and uniqueness of a variational solution satisfying energy equality as well as some energy inequalities and prove the existence of a D-pullback attractor for the non-autonomous dynamical system generated by this class of solutions.
Protein distance and dynamics characteristics inferred from single-molecule FRET experiment
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: February 2018

A novel method for characterizing proteins allows for determining the end-to-end distance, Flory exponent and radius of gyration with FRET data only, in a fraction of the time.
Structural and functional disorder in the photosynthetic apparatus of radish plants under magnesium deficiency
Authors: Samborska Izabela A. , Kalaji Hazem M. , Sieczko Leszek , Goltsev Vasilij , Borucki Wojciech , Jajoo Anjana
Published: February 2018

Magnesium (Mg) is one of the significant macronutrients which is involved in the structural stabilisation of plant tissues and many enzymes such as PSII. The latter efficiency and performance were analysed, using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction kinetics and microscopic images, to detect the changes in structure and function of photosynthetic apparatus of radish plants grown under Mg deficiency (Mgdef). Plants grown under Mgdef showed less PSII connectivity and fewer active primary electron acceptors (QA) oxidizing reaction centres than control plants. Confocal and electron microscopy analyses showed an increased amount of starch in chloroplasts, and 3,3ʹ-diaminobenzidine (DAB)-uptake method revealed higher H2O2 accumulation under Mgdef. Prominent changes in the Chl a fluorescence parameters such as dissipated energy flux per reaction centre (DIo/RC), relative variable fluorescence at 150 μs (Vl), and the sum of the partial driving forces for the events involved in OJIP fluorescence rise (DFabs) were observed under Mg deficiency. The latter also significantly affected some other parameters such as dissipated energy fluxes per cross-section (DIo/CSo), performance index for energy conservation from photons absorbed by PSII antenna until the reduction of PSI acceptors (PItotal), and relative variable fluorescence at 300 μs (Vk). This work emphasises the use of chlorophyll fluorescence in combination with microscopic and statistical analyses to diagnose the effects of nutrients deficiency stress on plants at an early stage of its development as demonstrated for the example of Mgdef. Due to the short growth period and simple cultivation conditions of radish plant we recommend it as a new standard (model) plant to study nutrients deficiency and changes in plant photosynthetic efficiency under stress conditions.
HIV susceptibility among clients of female sex workers in Indonesia: a qualitative inquiry
Authors: Mwanri Lillian , Fauk Nelsensius Klau , Kustanti Christina Yeni , Ambarwati Atik , Merry Maria Silvia
Published: February 2018

Background
The spread of HIV infection among men in Indonesia continues to increase every year. Clients of female sex workers (FSWs) are a group at higher risk of acquiring HIV infection due to their frequent engagement in sexual acts with sex workers. This study aimed to identify factors of susceptibility to HIV infection among clients of FSWs. Methods: A qualitative inquiry using one-on-one in-depth interviews was conducted in the Belu and Malaka districts of Indonesia from January to April 2017. The study participants (n =42) were the clients of FSWs recruited using the snowball sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were: being a client of FSWs and being aged 18 years or more. Data were analysed using a framework analysis. Results: Findings were grouped into two main emerging themes that included behavioural and socioeconomic factors. Behavioural factors that mediated HIV susceptibility among clients of FSWs were: frequent engagement in unsafe sex with multiple sex workers; low perceptions of the relevance of available HIV and AIDS services and limited access to these services; and HIV stigma or fear of being labelled as HIV positive. Socioeconomic factors included: participants’ economic situation; and individuals’ household responsibility and ability to afford FSWs services. Conclusions: The study results indicate the need to reformulate and improve HIV and AIDS-related services, including increasing the level of availability of HIV service points and the dissemination of knowledge and information about HIV and AIDS and condom use and making them accessible to both FSWs and their clients in Belu and Malaka districts.
How do weather and terrain contribute to firefighter entrapments in Australia?
Authors: Lahaye Sebastien , Sharples Jason , Matthews Stuart , Heemstra Simon , Price Owen , Badlan Rachel
Published: February 2018

Adverse weather conditions and topographic influences are suspected to be responsible for most entrapments of firefighters in Australia. A lack of temporally and spatially coherent set of data however, hinders a clear understanding of the contribution of each weather type or terrain driver on these events. We investigate coronial inquiries and internal fire agencies reports across several Australian states from 1980 to 2017 and retrieve 45 entrapments. A first analysis reveals that most entrapments happen during large fires and that the number of deaths has decreased over the last few decades. Comparing the meteorological and topographical conditions of the entrapments with the conditions of a reference set of fires without entrapment, we build a linear regression model that identifies the main contributors to firefighter entrapment. A change in wind direction, which was associated with 42% of the incidents examined, is the main factor contributing to entrapments. Interaction between strong winds and steep slopes also influences the likelihood of entrapment and suggests that dynamic fire behaviours may also play important roles. As further details of this relationship between dynamic fire propagation and firefighter entrapment is now required, the understanding of weather and terrain contribution is a first step to produce comprehensive safety guidance.
Lexical obsolescence and loss in English: 1700–2000
Authors: Tichý Ondřej
Published: February 2018

This paper explores a new methodology for extracting forms that were once common but are now obsolete, from large corpora. It proceeds from the relatively under-researched problem of lexical mortality, or obsolescence in general, to the formulation of two closely related procedures for querying the n-gram data of the Google Books project in order to identify the best word and lexical expression candidates that may have become lost or obsolete in the course of the last three centuries, from the Late Modern era to Present-day English (1700–2000). After describing the techniques used to process big uni- and trigram data, this chapter offers a selective analysis of the results and proposes ways the methodology may be of help to corpus linguists as well as historical lexicographers.
Constance and variability
Authors: Pinna Antonio , Brett David
Published: February 2018

This paper describes the use of a corpus-driven methodology, the retrieval of part-of-speech-grams (PoS-grams), which is extremely effective for the discovery of phraseologies that might otherwise remain hidden. The PoS-gram is a string of part-of-speech categories (Stubbs 2007: 91), the tokens of which are strings of words that have been annotated with these PoS tags. A list of PoS-grams retrieved from a sample corpus can be compared with that from a reference corpus. Statistically significant items are further analysed to identify recurrent patterns and potential phraseologies. The utility of PoS-grams will be illustrated by way of analysis of a one million token corpus composed of texts from ten sections of The Guardian, the Sassari Newspaper Article Corpus (SNAC).
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Authors: McVeigh Joseph
Published: February 2018

This paper researches the lexical bundles of email marketing texts targeted at lawyers. The goal is to research the repetitive nature of email marketing. The research uses a corpus of email marketing texts targeted at lawyers, legal case decisions and blog posts written by and for labor and employment lawyers. The results show that the email marketing texts do not borrow lexical bundles from either of the other text types and that much of the language is predetermined by a template. This paper also presents the advantages of using range rather than frequency to analyze lexical bundles.
Believing is buying: religiosity, advertising skepticism, and corporate trust
Authors: Minton Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2018

Prior research has shown that religiosity influences consumer skepticism, but such research has lacked examination of the breadth of this effect and isolation of this effect by manipulating religion. Three studies explore this relationship. Study 1 shows that advertising skepticism
mediates the relationship between religiosity and corporate trust. Study 2 finds that highly religious consumers are less skeptical of advertising leading to higher product perceptions and higher company trust. Study 3 primes religion with a writing task to show that the effects from Studies
1 and 2 are magnified after exposure to a religious prime, such that consumers who are primed with religion, in comparison to a control condition, exhibit significantly lower (higher) advertising skepticism, resulting in higher (lower) product evaluations, and higher (lower) brand trust. Corresponding
implications for the trust, deception, and persuasion literature are discussed.
Software
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: February 2018

Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.
The Brain Doesn’t Work by Logic
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: February 2018

This chapter gives three examples of real neural computation. The conclusion is that the “brain doesn’t work by logic.” First, is the Limulus (horseshoe crab) lateral eye. The neural process of “lateral inhibition” tunes the neural response of the compound eye to allow crabs to better see other crabs for mating. Second, the retina of the frog contains cells that are selective to specific properties of the visual image. The frog responds strongly to the moving image of a bug with one class of selective retinal receptors. Third, experiments on patients undergoing neurosurgery for epilepsy found single neurons in several cortical areas that were highly selective to differing images, text strings, and spoken names of well-known people. In addition, new selective responses could be formed quickly. The connection to concepts in cognitive science seems inevitable. One possible mechanism is through associatively linked “cell assemblies.”
Brain Theory
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: February 2018

The elementary particles of cognition are concepts. Simple, accurate association alone can be misleading. Cognitive concepts work as valuable cognitive data compression, for example, giving a set of related items the same class name: tables, chairs, birds. Cognitive concepts also contain internal structure with good and bad examples and have fuzzy edges. Concepts can be associatively linked in semantic networks to store and retrieve information. Cognition using networks is an active search process and need not require further learning to be useful. Low-level concepts can lead to the formation of higher level abstractions. An experiment by Deidre Gentner involves perception of identity in pairs of items; some pairs the same and some not. Seeing many identical pairs allows the abstraction of “identity.” The abstract relationship “identity” can then become more powerful than the details of any single example pair.
A Parametric Estimation of Total Factor Productivity and Its Components in U.S. Agriculture
Authors: Plastina Alejandro , Lence Sergio H
Published: February 2018

The present study aims at improving our understanding of the individual contribution of the components of total factor productivity (TFP) change to U.S. agricultural productivity. A novel sequential primal‐dual estimation routine to calculate TFP change is proposed, using a multi‐output input distance function in the first stage, followed by a cost minimization routine in the second stage. TFP change is estimated as the direct sum of the estimates of technical change, technical efficiency change, allocative efficiency change, input price effects, changes in output markup, and changes in returns to scale in each state. The validity of the proposed methodology is supported by the remarkable overlap and high correlation of our annual estimates of TFP change with the USDA's measures of change in TFP by state. Although technical change tends to be the largest contributor to productivity change, it bears a low and statistically insignificant correlation with TFP change on an annual basis, whereas annual changes in the markup effect and returns to scale are highly and significantly correlated with TFP changes. This is the first study to find a slowdown of technical progress in the U.S. farm sector in the 1990s and 2000s, and technical regress during the farm crisis of the 1980s. While technical efficiency shows a positive overall trend, allocative efficiency shows a negative overall trend, and their combined effect (i.e., the overall cost efficiency) slows down TFP growth. The policy recommendations from previous studies on the drivers of TFP should be revised in light of these findings.
50 years of spermatogenesis: Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells
Authors: Griswold Michael D
Published: February 2018

The complex morphology of the Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells has been a focus of investigators since they were first described by Enrico Sertoli. In the past 50 years, information on Sertoli cells has transcended morphology alone to become increasingly more focused on molecular questions. The goal of investigators has been to understand the role of the Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis and to apply that information to problems relating to male fertility. Sertoli cells are unique in that they are a nondividing cell population that is active for the reproductive lifetime of the animal and cyclically change morphology and gene expression. The numerous and distinctive junctional complexes and membrane specializations made by Sertoli cells provide a scaffold and environment for germ cell development. The increased focus of investigators on the molecular components and putative functions of testicular cells has resulted primarily from procedures that isolate specific cell types from the testicular milieu. Products of Sertoli cells that influence germ cell development and vice versa have been characterized from cultured cells and from the application of transgenic technologies. Germ cell transplantation has shown that the Sertoli cells respond to cues from germ cells with regard to developmental timing and has furthered a focus on spermatogenic stem cells and the stem cell niche. Very basic and universal features of spermatogenesis such as the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the spermatogenic wave are initiated by Sertoli cells and maintained by Sertoli-germ cell cooperation.
The developmental transcriptome atlas of the spoon worm Urechis unicinctus (Echiurida: Annelida)
Authors: Park Chungoo , Han Yong-Hee , Lee Sung-Gwon , Ry Kyoung-Bin , Oh Jooseong , Kern Elizabeth M A , Park Joong-Ki , Cho Sung-Jin
Published: February 2018

Background

Echiurida is one of the most intriguing major subgroups of annelida because, unlike most other annelids, echiurids lack metameric body segmentation as adults. For this reason, transcriptome analyses from various developmental stages of echiurid species can be of substantial value for understanding precise expression levels and the complex regulatory networks during early and larval development.

Results

A total of 914 million raw RNA-Seq reads were produced from 14 developmental stages of Urechis unicinctus and were de novo assembled into contigs spanning 63,928,225 bp with an N50 length of 2700 bp. The resulting comprehensive transcriptome database of the early developmental stages of U. unicinctus consists of 20,305 representative functional protein-coding transcripts. Approximately 66% of unigenes were assigned to superphylum-level taxa, including Lophotrochozoa (40%). The completeness of the transcriptome assembly was assessed using benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs; 75.7% of the single-copy orthologs were presented in our transcriptome database. We observed 3 distinct patterns of global transcriptome profiles from 14 developmental stages and identified 12,705 genes that showed dynamic regulation patterns during the differentiation and maturation of U. unicinctus cells.

Conclusions

We present the first large-scale developmental transcriptome dataset of U. unicinctus and provide a general overview of the dynamics of global gene expression changes during its early developmental stages. The analysis of time-course gene expression data is a first step toward understanding the complex developmental gene regulatory networks in U. unicinctus and will furnish a valuable resource for analyzing the functions of gene repertoires in various developmental phases.