bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raw diffraction data and reproducibility
Authors: Kroon-Batenburg Loes M. J. , Lightfoot Matthew P. , Johnson Natalie T. , Helliwell John R.
Published: February 2024

In recent years, there has been a major expansion in digital storage capability for hosting raw diffraction datasets. Naturally, the question has now arisen as to the benefits and costs for the preservation of such raw, i.e., experimental diffraction datasets. We describe the consultations made of the global structural chemistry, i.e., chemical crystallography community from the points of view of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Committee on Data, of which JRH was the Chair until very recently, and the IUCrData Raw Data Letters initiative, for which LKB is the Main Editor. The monitoring by the CCDC of CSD depositions which cite the digital object identifiers of raw diffraction datasets provides interesting statistics by probe (x-ray, neutron, or electron) and by home lab vs central facility. Clearly, a better understanding of the reproducibility of current analysis procedures is at hand. Policies for publication requiring raw data have been updated in IUCr Journals for macromolecular crystallography, namely, that raw data should be made available for a new crystal structure or a new method as well as the wwPDB deposition. For chemical crystallography, such a step requiring raw data archiving has not yet been recommended by the IUCr Commission on Structural Chemistry.
Experimental investigation of Rayleigh wave propagation in a locally resonant metamaterial layer resting on an elastic half-space
Authors: Zeighami Farhad , Palermo Antonio , Bogomolov Denis , Marzani Alessandro
Published: February 2024

In this experimental investigation, we explore the propagation characteristics of surface Rayleigh waves in a Locally Resonant Metamaterial (LRM) layer positioned on an elastic half-space. The study focuses on characterizing the dispersion and attenuation properties of these waves and validating analytical and numerical models of the LRM. For practical purposes, we utilize a thin-plate sample and construct the LRM layer, featuring multiple rows of sub-wavelength resonators, by machining the resonators at one edge of the plate. Employing a piezoelectric transducer coupled to the plate and a laser vibrometer, we actuate and receive the surface-like waves propagating at the plate edge. Two resonant layer configurations, comprising 3 and 5 rows of resonators, corresponding to heights of ∼0.6λh and λh, where λh represents the reference wavelength of Rayleigh waves, are examined. The experimental observations reveal the hybridization of the fundamental surface mode at the resonant frequency of the embedded resonators, leading to the creation of a low-frequency bandgap. This bandgap, attributed to the local resonance mechanism, exhibits a remarkable attenuation of surface wave amplitudes. To support our experimental findings, we conduct both analytical and numerical studies. These analyses demonstrate the confinement of the lowest-order surface mode within the frequency ranges proximate to the resonators’ resonance. The insights gained from this experimental study contribute to the advancement of strategies for mitigating surface waves through the application of resonant metamaterials and metastructures.
DABCO-PEG ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis, single-crystal structure, and antioxidant activity of a flavanone derivative
Authors: Ejaz Syeda Abida , Khan Bilal Ahmad , Channar Pervaiz Ali , Aziz Mubashir , Mughal Ehsan Ullah , Saeed Aamer , Sumreen Laila , Hussain Zahid , Hussain Mumtaz , Ujan Rabail , Elhadi Muawya , Sadiq Amina , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: February 2024

Globally, the occurrence of skin cancers has been increasing day by day due to unprotected skin and exposure to UV radiation. This research is focused toward the evaluation of the antioxidant potential of an OH-free flavanone derivative that was synthesized by using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane–polyethylene glycol (DABCO-PEG) 400. Ionic liquid was prepared via the alkylation of DABCO using 1-pentyl bromide followed by mixing with PEG 400. The structure of the synthesized molecules was characterized through single-crystal XRD. The target flavanone, viz., 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)chroman-4-one, was subjected to free radical activity. In addition, in silico studies were carried out with proteins ribonucleotide reductase and tyrosinase and isobutyl containing flavanone, viz., 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)chroman-4-one. The flavanone 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)chroman-4-one showed significant inhibition at a concentration of 25 μg/ml compared to vitamin C, which was also supported by the molecular docking studies. The flavanones exhibit binding energies of −6.45 and −6.83 kcal/mol for ribonucleotide reductase and tyrosinase, respectively. The results were further validated by molecular dynamic simulations, which recommended that further investigation of this flavanone must be carried out before using it in potent drug discovery in the field of skin cancer.
Fault feature extraction and diagnosis method for gearbox under variable operating conditions
Authors: Cheng Zimeng , Liu Bangchun , Chen Xin
Published: February 2024

In this paper, a fault feature extraction method based on the combination of computational order tracking (COT) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) is proposed to solve the problem of fault feature extraction in a gearbox under variable speed conditions. First, a speed estimation method based on a forward-backward greedy algorithm and Fourier fitting is proposed to solve the speed estimation problem under variable speed conditions. Then, a feature extraction method based on COT, VMD, and fast kurtometry is proposed. COT is used to calculate the order. After the signal is decomposed by VMD, a fast kurtogram is used to filter the modal components with obvious fault features so as to extract fault features. Finally, combined with the analysis of actual equipment examples, the experimental results show that steady-state filtering can effectively filter the background noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The rotation speed estimated by the forward–backward greedy algorithm and Fourier fitting is very close to the actual speed, which verifies that the method proposed in this paper can effectively solve the problem of fault feature extraction of a gearbox under variable speed conditions.
Study on the construction of twisted cosine partially coherent beams and their propagation characteristics
Authors: Zhang Shaohua , Zhou Yuan , Chai Yutong , Qu Jun
Published: February 2024

We propose a novel Schell model source for generating twisted partially coherent beams with an initial radius of curvature, which is called a twisted flat-topped cosine Gaussian Schell-model (TFCGSM) source. The TFCGSM beam comprises a wavefront phase and a flat-top structure, with the source degree of coherence determined by two cosine functions. Based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle, the general analytical expression of the cross-spectral density function of the TFCGSM beam propagating through the paraxial ABCD optical system is derived, and then its propagation properties are studied. The results show that the conversion of the array of the beam and the non-uniform structure can be realized by adjusting the parameters in the source plane. As the propagation distance of the TFCGSM beam increases, it rotates around the axis and increases the intensity of the array distribution. Surprisingly, the initial radius of curvature can cause the beam to rotate. The unique shape and properties of the TFCGSM beam create new possibilities for optical communication and enhanced optical functions.
Numerical simulation of void elimination in the billet during hot shape rolling processes based on the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman model
Authors: Zhu Shuiwen , Fu Yu , Wu Shunxin , Guo Shuangxi
Published: February 2024

The presence of voids can compromise the strength and continuity of downstream products. The Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman model was utilized to obtain the relevant parameters. A 3D finite element model was then employed to investigate the elimination of voids in a porous free-cutting steel 1215MS during the hot shape rolling process. The center distribution of voids in the billet was considered in the finite element model, and the relationships between the void elimination and the pressure stress in the billet were analyzed. The influences of rolling reduction, rotation speed, and friction between the work roller and billet on the void elimination were also discussed. The results revealed that the pass reduction has a significant influence on the ultimate value of void volume fraction, which is beneficial for better material self-healing during the shape-rolling process. These findings suggest that accurate predictions of void elimination in the workpiece can be achieved using the finite element method for successful simulation of the hot shape rolling process.
Low-temperature Raman studies of graphene oxide: Analysis of structural properties
Authors: Glamazda A. , Linnik A. , Lytvyn O. , Karachevtsev V.
Published: February 2024

This work is devoted to the low-temperature Raman studies of a bright representative of 2D materials—graphene oxide (GO) film in the range of 5–325 K. The performed analysis of the temperature evolution of the peak positions as well as linewidths of two Raman modes D (∼1300 cm−1) and G (∼1600 cm−1) was described in terms of the anharmonic model. The temperature behavior of the G mode demonstrated a slight deviation from the anharmonic model below ∼50 K in contrast to the D mode, which could be explained by involving an additional phonon decay channel. The analysis of the linewidth of the Raman modes showed that the distribution of defects in GO is inhomogeneous and surface functionalization effectively separates neighboring layers. The average value of the distance between defects and the defect density was estimated. The obtained results can be useful for understanding phonon dynamics for the development of nanodevices based on 2D materials where confinement of propagation of phonon excitations plays a key role.
Precise control of liquid–liquid interface position and geometry in open microchannels
Authors: Chen Lijuan , Guo Chenfei , Zhang Kuanqiang , Ding Xu , Xiong Ying , Guan Yong , Wu Zhao , Tian Yangchao , Liu Gang
Published: February 2024

Accurate control of liquid–liquid interfaces is of great importance in many scientific fields. Currently, most studies on liquid–liquid interfaces are based on microfluidics in closed channels, and for open systems, it is difficult to form stable liquid–liquid interfaces in microchannels due to the interference of gas-phase molecules. Here, we introduce a new method to manipulate the motion of the liquid–liquid interface under an open microchannel. Under the effect of surface tension, the liquid–liquid interface moves in microchannels until it encounters microstructures in the microchannels, where the force equilibrates and remains stable to form a fixed shape. The shape of the interface is regulated by adjusting the dimensions of the microchannels and microstructures as well as the positions of the microstructures in the microchannels. This spontaneous liquid–liquid interface moves, stops, and remains stable in a very convenient way. The morphology and position of the interface are well manipulated using microstructures, and the liquid–liquid interface with well-defined geometry can be made to stay in different positions to play different roles.
Electrospinning preparation and characterization testing analysis of nanofiber biofilms
Authors: Zhuo Liyun , Zhang Xinyi , Jiang Jiaxin , Chen Huatan , Liu Yifang , Wang Xiang , Li Wenwang , Zheng Gaofeng
Published: February 2024

In order to obtain a fibrous biofilm carrier material with a good water purification effect, the biofilm carrier of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) was prepared by the electrospinning process, and the performance differences between the fabric biofilm carriers of PAN, PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1), and blank non-woven fabric, including the structure of biofilm carriers (surface morphology, specific surface area, and porosity), surface wettability (water contact angle and water absorbance) and membrane hanging ratio, were tested through various characterization methods. The experimental results show that the nanofiber membrane of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) prepared by the electrospinning process has a diameter of 75–375 nm, a specific surface area of 19.2 m2/g, and a porosity of 80%. The fiber diameter of non-woven fabric is in the micrometer range, with a specific surface area of 0.3659 m2/g and a porosity of 60%. This indicates that the nanofiber biofilm of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) prepared by electrospinning belongs to the carrier with a small diameter, high specific surface area, and high porosity, which can provide more attachment sites and pores for micro-organisms and is more conducive to their attachment in wastewater treatment. At the same time, the water contact angles of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) are 27.97° and 18°, respectively, and the water absorption of both reached 300%. The water contact angle of non-woven fabric is 93.32°, and the water absorption rate is only 75%. This shows that the nanofiber biofilms of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) prepared by electrospinning effectively improve the infiltration of the carrier in sewage. Finally, under the same conditions, bacterial growth and biofilm growth experiments were conducted on the nanofiber biofilm carriers of PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) and the biofilm carriers of non-woven fabric. It was found that the effectiveness of the PAN and PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) nanofiber biofilm carrier was significantly higher than that of non-woven fabric in treating wastewater. After 3 days of bacterial cultivation, the membrane hanging ratio of the PAN nanofiber biofilm carrier was 90.36%, the membrane hanging ratio of the PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) nanofiber biofilm carrier was 82.04%, and the membrane hanging ratio of the non-woven fabric biofilm carrier was only 27.32%. After 15 days of bacterial cultivation, the membrane hanging ratio of the PAN nanofiber biofilm carrier was 147.52%, the membrane hanging ratio of the PAN-PEO (mass ratio 9:1) nanofiber biofilm carrier was 147.52%, and the membrane hanging ratio of the non-woven fabric biofilm carrier was 110.53%.
Research on the electro-magnetic protection technique of SCB bridge based on vertical punch through PN junction
Authors: Li Hui , Feng Chunyang , Luo Jianjun , Ren Wei , Niu Huiyuan , Chang Yingke , Li Jiao
Published: February 2024

Pyrotechnic device is the key initiating component of weapon system, and its function reliability will directly affect the triggering of detonation and actuation mechanism. In order to enhance the survival ability of pyrotechnic device in intricate electromagnetic interference environment, it is necessary to carry out in-depth research on the electromagnetic protection technique of pyrotechnic device. In this paper, a new electromagnetic protection circuit based on vertical punch through PN junction device is proposed, which monolithically integrates the circuit with polysilicon semiconductor bridge on a single chip. The Electro-static Discharge (ESD) test was carried out according to the method specified by standard electrostatic standard 500 pF/500 Ω/25 kV, and the ESD capability of the proposed new chip was not less than 25 kV. Compared with the electromagnetic protection circuit by transient voltage suppressor diode based on lateral punch through junction device structure, the new chip increases the effective junction area of PN junction, reduces the current density, and increases the current conduction ability and electrostatic roughness of the diode. The new chip has a larger diode effective junction capacitance, which not only improves the ESD capability but also improves the RF protection capability at the same time.
Investigation of complex hyperbolic and periodic wave structures to a new form of the q-deformed sinh-Gordon equation with fractional temporal evolution
Authors: Abdel-Aty Abdel-Haleem , Arshed Saima , Raza Nauman , Alrebdi Tahani A. , Nisar K. S. , Eleuch Hichem
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the fractional generalized q-deformed sinh-Gordon equation. The fractional effects of the temporal derivative of the proposed model are studied using a conformable derivative. The analytical solutions of the governing model depend on the specified parameters. The resulting equation is studied with two integration architectures: the sine-Gordon expansion method and the modified auxiliary equation method. These strategies extract hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational form solutions. For appropriate parametric values and different values of fractional parameter α, the acquired findings are displayed via 3D graphics, 2D line plots, and contour plots. The graphical simulations of the constricted solutions depict the existence of bright soliton, dark soliton, and periodic waves. The considered model is useful in describing physical mechanisms that possess broken symmetry and incorporate effects such as amplification or dissipation.
Mathematical programming model for cost-optimized and environmentally sustainable supply chain design
Authors: Egami Ria H. M.
Published: February 2024

Sustainability is becoming increasingly important as a topic in general supply chains and cold chains. This study addresses the critical need for an integrated and comprehensive approach to supply chain design that simultaneously maximizes cost efficiency and incorporates environmental sustainability, focusing specifically on cold chains. Prior research has identified a gap in existing studies, highlighting the absence of an overarching framework from the logistics providers’ perspective. Our novel mathematical programming model introduces a unique strategy that carefully balances environmental concerns and cost optimization, addressing the shortcomings found in previous works. By integrating variables related to distribution, transportation, and inventory management, the model aims to minimize overall expenses and environmental impact, specifically regarding energy consumption and carbon emissions. We formulate and solve the optimization problem through rigorous mathematical programming, offering a flexible solution applicable to various logistics scenarios. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in overall expenses and environmental effects, providing logistics providers with a powerful tool for informed decision-making and sustainable supply chain management. This research contributes to the evolving field of supply chain sustainability by presenting a practical and effective model for maximizing cost savings while promoting environmental responsibility. The study concludes with compelling statistics, revealing a noteworthy decrease in overall expenses by €25 128 146.73 (100.25%) and environmental impact by 17 359.39 (100.04%). The outcomes show a notable decrease in general expenses and environmental effects, giving logistics providers a strong instrument for wise choices and sustainable supply chain management.
Optimizing ultra-wideband balanced power amplifiers through the selection of different output impedance transformation based on SiP techniques
Authors: Hong Chung-Hung , Cheng Sheng-Jen , Shen Pi-Neng , Chen Chung-Ping
Published: February 2024

In this paper, two improved ultra-wideband (UWB) balanced power amplifiers based on the flip-chip system-in-package technique and electronic design automation (EDA) are proposed. The conventional approach to system-on-chip (SoC) involves integrating all sub-circuit designs into a single manufacturing process. However, in radio frequency circuits, adopting the SoC approach necessitates intricate matching designs, leading to an increase in development costs. In this study, two types of SiGe unit power amplifiers attempted to achieve a flat S21 response using simpler matching for input/output. The cascode architecture was adopted as the main structure for the first type of unit power amplifier (type I). Subsequently, the design of the second type unit power amplifier was built upon the foundation of the first type, with the only difference being the implementation of two parallel cascode structures (type II), and the primary goal is to enhance both gain and output power compared to the first type. In addition, for this second type unit power amplifier, in conjunction with a quadrature hybrid coupler, the optimal impedance matching value was selected to maintain the flatness of gain across the entire UWB range. Furthermore, the poor performance of S11,22 of these two types of unit power amplifiers was improved by using quadrature hybrid couplers using the WIPD process combined with EDA simulation. Therefore, using flip-chip packaging technology can effectively reduce the increased wafer fabrication costs caused by complex matching designs in active circuits. This improved system has the potential to offer a new practical application for UWB power amplifier design.
Private practice model of physiotherapy: professional challenges identified through an exploratory qualitative study
Authors: Darlow Ben , Stotter Gill , McKinlay Eileen
Published: February 2024

Introduction Community-based primary care physiotherapy has developed through private practice, fee-for-service model in Aotearoa New Zealand where independent businesses operate in competition. Aim We aimed to explore how the private practice model of physiotherapy impacts patient care, physiotherapists, and professional behaviour. Methods Six physiotherapists managing musculoskeletal conditions in a primary care private practice in Aotearoa New Zealand were recruited using maximum variation purposive sampling. In-depth individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Interpretive Description. Inductive data analysis synthesised and contextualised data, creating a thematic framework that developed across interviews. Results All physiotherapy participants discussed concerns about culture and professionalism in private practice physiotherapy despite not being asked about these. Three themes were identified. ‘Competitive business model and lack of collaboration’ – participants thought that competition between practices resulted in a lack of trust, collegiality, and collaboration, and pressure on clinicians to maintain income. ‘(Un)professional behaviour’ – participants thought that physiotherapists were defensive and averse to scrutiny, resulting in reluctance to admit when they needed help, or to undertake peer review or seek second opinions. ‘Lack of support and mentoring’ – the professional culture in private practice was perceived to reduce support and mentoring, with negative impacts that affected physiotherapists at all stages of career. Conclusion This exploratory qualitative study suggests that competition dominates communication and collaboration in private practice physiotherapy and may have wider implications for professionalism and the quality of patient care. Competitive business models and an aversion to scrutiny may reduce collegial interaction and professional behaviour.
An area-based analysis of general practice fees in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Pledger Megan , Irurzun-Lopez Maite , Cumming Jacqueline
Published: February 2024

Introduction The pursuit of health care equity is a fundamental objective for Aotearoa New Zealand, and patient co-payments in primary care challenge this goal. Aim This study aimed to investigate the relationship between primary health care co-payments and the sociodemographic variables in areas where general practices provide health care. Methods Using census data, facilities information from the Ministry of Health, and socioeconomic deprivation indices, linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between weighted average fees charged by general practices and various sociodemographic variables in statistical area 2 regions. Results The study finds that areas with higher proportions of males and economically deprived individuals are associated with lower weighted average fees. Conversely, areas with higher proportions of retirement-aged and European individuals are linked with higher weighted average fees. The inclusion of the Very-Low-Cost-Access variable, indicating a subsidy scheme at the general practice level, made all the sociodemographic variables practically insignificant, suggesting Very-Low-Cost-Access practices are in the right geographical location to target high needs groups. Discussion The findings affirm the complexity of health care inequities in Aotearoa New Zealand, influenced not only by financial factors but also by demographic variables as they play out geographically. While subsidy schemes like the Very-Low-Cost-Access scheme appear to reach groups with greater need, a high level of unmet need due to cost suggests that the fees are still too high. Policymakers need to consider disparities in the on-going health care reforms and make further changes to subsidy schemes to reduce unmet need.
Phosphorylation of the alpha-I motif in SYMRK drives root nodule organogenesis
Authors: Abel Nikolaj B. , Nørgaard Malita M. M. , Hansen Simon B. , Gysel Kira , Díez Ignacio Arribas , Jensen Ole N. , Stougaard Jens , Andersen Kasper R.
Published: February 2024

Symbiosis receptor-like kinase SYMRK is required for root nodule symbiosis between legume plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To understand symbiotic signaling from SYMRK, we determined the crystal structure to 1.95 Å and mapped the phosphorylation sites onto the intracellular domain. We identified four serine residues in a conserved “alpha-I” motif, located on the border between the kinase core domain and the flexible C-terminal tail, that, when phosphorylated, drives organogenesis. Substituting the four serines with alanines abolished symbiotic signaling, while substituting them with phosphorylation-mimicking aspartates induced the formation of spontaneous nodules in the absence of bacteria. These findings show that the signaling pathway controlling root nodule organogenesis is mediated by SYMRK phosphorylation, which may help when engineering this trait into non-legume plants.
CFTR is required for zinc-mediated antibacterial defense in human macrophages
Authors: Das Gupta Kaustav , Curson James E. B. , Tarique Abdullah A. , Kapetanovic Ronan , Schembri Mark A. , Fantino Emmanuelle , Sly Peter D. , Sweet Matthew J.
Published: February 2024

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an anion transporter required for epithelial homeostasis in the lung and other organs, with
CFTR
mutations leading to the autosomal recessive genetic disease CF. Apart from excessive mucus accumulation and dysregulated inflammation in the airways, people with CF (pwCF) exhibit defective innate immune responses and are susceptible to bacterial respiratory pathogens such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Here, we investigated the role of CFTR in macrophage antimicrobial responses, including the zinc toxicity response that is used by these innate immune cells against intracellular bacteria. Using both pharmacological approaches, as well as cells derived from pwCF, we show that CFTR is required for uptake and clearance of pathogenic
Escherichia coli
by CSF-1-derived primary human macrophages. CFTR was also required for
E. coli
-induced zinc accumulation and zinc vesicle formation in these cells, and
E
.
coli
residing in macrophages exhibited reduced zinc stress in the absence of CFTR function. Accordingly, CFTR was essential for reducing the intramacrophage survival of a zinc-sensitive
E. coli
mutant compared to wild-type
E. coli
. Ectopic expression of the zinc transporter SLC30A1 or treatment with exogenous zinc was sufficient to restore antimicrobial responses against
E
.
coli
in human macrophages. Zinc supplementation also restored bacterial killing in GM-CSF-derived primary human macrophages responding to
P. aeruginosa
, used as an in vitro macrophage model relevant to CF. Thus, restoration of the zinc toxicity response could be pursued as a therapeutic strategy to restore innate immune function and effective host defense in pwCF.
Three-dimensional electro-neural interfaces electroplated on subretinal prostheses
Authors: Butt Emma , Wang Bing-Yi , Shin Andrew , Chen Zhijie Charles , Bhuckory Mohajeet , Shah Sarthak , Galambos Ludwig , Kamins Theodore , Palanker Daniel , Mathieson Keith
Published: February 2024

Objective. Retinal prosthetics offer partial restoration of sight to patients blinded by retinal degenerative diseases through electrical stimulation of the remaining neurons. Decreasing the pixel size enables increasing prosthetic visual acuity, as demonstrated in animal models of retinal degeneration. However, scaling down the size of planar pixels is limited by the reduced penetration depth of the electric field in tissue. We investigated 3-dimensional (3d) structures on top of photovoltaic arrays for enhanced penetration of the electric field, permitting higher resolution implants. Approach. 3D COMSOL models of subretinal photovoltaic arrays were developed to accurately quantify the electrodynamics during stimulation and verified through comparison to flat photovoltaic arrays. Models were applied to optimize the design of 3D electrode structures (pillars and honeycombs). Return electrodes on honeycomb walls vertically align the electric field with bipolar cells for optimal stimulation. Pillars elevate the active electrode, thus improving proximity to target neurons. The optimized 3D structures were electroplated onto existing flat subretinal prostheses. Main results. Simulations demonstrate that despite exposed conductive sidewalls, charge mostly flows via high-capacitance sputtered iridium oxide films topping the 3D structures. The 24 μm height of honeycomb structures was optimized for integration with the inner nuclear layer cells in the rat retina, whilst 35 μm tall pillars were optimized for penetrating the debris layer in human patients. Implantation of released 3D arrays demonstrates mechanical robustness, with histology demonstrating successful integration of 3D structures with the rat retina in-vivo. Significance. Electroplated 3D honeycomb structures produce vertically oriented electric fields, providing low stimulation thresholds, high spatial resolution, and high contrast for pixel sizes down to 20 μm. Pillar electrodes offer an alternative for extending past the debris layer. Electroplating of 3D structures is compatible with the fabrication process of flat photovoltaic arrays, enabling much more efficient retinal stimulation.
Preparation of manganese-based metal organic framework (MOF) and its characterization properties
Authors: Shamsul N A , Muslihati A , Zaid H F M
Published: February 2024

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are produced by the reaction of metal ions and organic linkers with extremely crystalline and porous coordination networks. The applications of MOF cover from gas purification, gas separation, catalysis and super-capacitors. This work reports on the synthesization of metal-organic framework (MOF), using mangan (II) nitrate tetrahydrate as source of metal ions, 2-methylimidazole as organic ligand and ethanol as solvent. The material was prepared using precipitation method, at room temperature for 48 hours. The characterization of this material were carried out including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM analysis shows an irregular structure with a few petals. XRD shows several peaks, indicating crystallinity of the material, and amorphous state. To study the electrochemical property of the material, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was conducted. The cyclic voltammetry result shows peak at 0.23 V, with current output of 0.14 μA, with no changes in peak position as the scanning rate increases from 10 to 100 mV/s.
Facile preparation and characterization of metal phosphate for supercapacitor
Authors: Khoiri Miftahul , Septiani Ni Luh Wulan , Nuruddin Ahmad , Yuliarto Brian
Published: February 2024

In this study, nickel cobalt phosphate ((Ni,Co)(PO4)3) has been developed as a positive electrode in supercapacitors. (Ni,Co)(PO4)3 is synthesized through a phosphorization and carbonization method using NiCo glycerate as a precursor combined with triethyl phosphate (TEP), subsequently an annealing process at 600°C under air conditions. The choice of solvent like hexanol has a significant influences on the morphology of nickel cobalt phosphate ((Ni,Co)(PO4)3), leading to the formation of cracker-like structures. Additionally, the resulting product exhibits an amorphous phase, indicating the absence of a well-defined crystalline arrangement. The electrochemical performance evaluation shows the peak from oxidation and reduction reactions at scan rate 5 mVs−1 until 100 mVs−1. Following that the specific capacitance reaches 743 Fg−1 at current density 1 Ag−1.
The Influence of 2-Methoxyethanol as Capping Agent on WO3-Based Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor Characteristics
Authors: Estananto Estananto , Bonardo Doli , Suyatman Suyatman , Nuruddin Ahmad
Published: February 2024

Carbon monoxide (CO) gas detection using a modified WO3-based sensor is being developed. The solvent for solvothermal use, a combination of 2-Propanol and 2-Methoxyethanol, was employed as a capping agent before graphene was used as a component of nanocomposites. Following the creation of the powder, it is combined with ethyl glycol and applied to an alumina substrate using the Doctor Blade process.

By X-ray diffraction research, it was discovered that the solvent combinations of 2-Propanol and 2-Methoxyethanol formed monoclinic WO3 in the amounts of 40-0 and 30-10, respectively, while the solvent combinations of 20-20 are thought to have produced W18O49 and 10-30, WO2.9, respectively. According to the SEM examination, the WO3 generated was first present as nanowires and nanorods before being calcined at 500 degrees Celsius, and it then appeared as nanoparticles. The sensor may work at a low temperature of 150°C, and the best sensitivity is found when the sensor is used at a temperature of 250°C, according to the CO gas test findings.
Characterization of a Germanium Detector by Means of Experimental Measurements and GEANT4 Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Sriwa Muh. Suhalmin , Heranudin  , Trikasjono Toto , Marlina  , Subechi Moch.
Published: February 2024

A HPGe detector was modelled and characterized by means of experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation based on Monte Carlo GEANT4 was used to characterize the potential dead layer/inactive materials and Full Energy Peak Efficiency (FEPE). The calibration of FEPE for the HPGe detector was conducted in the γ-ray energy range from 88 keV to 1332 keV, using eight standard point sources of gamma radiation: 137Cs, 133Ba, 109Cd, 65Zn, 60Co, 57Co, 54Mn, and 22Na. The efficiency dependence curves were obtained by changing the source to detector distance from 8 cm to 12 cm. a remarkable similarity in FEPE for low energy measurements ranging from 88 keV to 122 keV was obtained between the simulation results and the experimental measurements.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Application for Bacteria Pathogen Detection: A Minireview
Authors: Putri Sherlyna Anggraini , Yuliarto Brian , Nugraha
Published: February 2024

Detection of pathogenic bacteria requires a fast and accurate process so technological developments related to the sensitivity and selectivity of a sensor are very concerned. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology has great potential to detect pathogenic bacteria that are not only used for medical diagnostics, but food safety surveillance and environmental monitoring are also applications of SPR. The success of SPR has proven the advantages of real-time detection without the need for fluorescent markers or additional dyes. The development of sensor surface systems of SPR with nanomaterials is one of the discussions in this paper. The recent development of SPR in recent years is summarized by linking future prospective applications.
Metamaterial Antenna for Microwave Imaging
Authors: Rafasari Lutfianne , Ryanu Harfan Hian , Nur Levy Olivia
Published: February 2024

Microwave imaging is a straightforward approach to detect scattering in a detected object. One application of microwave imaging is breast cancer detection, the most prevalent type of cancer in Indonesia and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The planar monopole antenna offers several advantages, including low bandwidth compared to microstrip antennas and a simple structure for easy and affordable fabrication. Metamaterial can be added to the antenna to operate within the ultra-wideband frequency range of 3,1-10,6 GHz. Metamaterial expands the bandwidth and offers advantages such as low fabrication costs and miniaturization potential. This study aims to design a planar monopole antenna with a hexagonal patch using metamaterial. The simulation results show a working frequency range of 3,0699 - 20,779 GHz, while the realized results are 2,6 - 11,3 GHz and 15,2 - 17 GHz. The simulated bandwidth value is 17,7091 GHz, whereas the realized bandwidth values are 8,7 GHz and 1,8 GHz. The return loss values are ≤ 10 dB and the VSWR values are ≤ 2. The gain at the frequency of 7,038 GHz is 1,963 dBi in simulation and 1,698 dBi in realization. Additionally, changes in electromagnetic parameters are observed when the antenna detects cancer.
Potential impact of wintertime Arctic forcing on the subsequent sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Chen Xiaodan
Published: February 2024

Despite extratropical forcing being recognized as an important factor that can modulate El Niño-Southern oscillation (ENSO) properties on the interannual time scale, little is known about whether and how Arctic forcing changes the tropical sea surface temperature (SST). This current study reveals a significant link between the net surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in the Arctic and the SST anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). Specifically, anomalous upward SHF into the Arctic atmosphere in February leads to a warmer TEP in the subsequent spring and summer. A northeast-southwest-tilted North Pacific Oscillation-like atmospheric pattern associated with the upward Arctic SHF anomaly induces SST cooling in the subtropical North Pacific via positive Wind-Evaporation-SST feedback, which further promotes TEP SST warming via meridional heat advection, thermocline feedback, and nonlinear processes. The spring-to-summer TEP SST anomalies driven by the preceding anomalous Arctic SHF can potentially modulate the seasonal evolution of ENSO. Our findings imply that we should take into account the Arctic-tropics linkages when comprehensively understanding the ENSO variability and improving ENSO projection skills.
Optimized shaping and trade-off of superoscillating pulses
Authors: Frenkel Gad , Yehuda Tamir , Schwartz Moshe
Published: February 2024

In this article, we consider a special family of pulses, which are a part of a band limited signal and are ‘too narrow’ considering the band limit of the signal. We dub such pulses ‘superoscillating pulses’ although they can be seen at best as half an oscillation. While some of our results are of a more generic nature, the article is devoted to the optimization of superoscillating pulses, The first step consists of approximating a given target signal by a band limited signal in a fixed time interval. The signals to be approximated, exhibit in that interval features that seem to involve frequencies higher than the band limit of the approximant. We define the mean square relative error (MSRE) as a measure of the adherence of the approximant to the original signal in the chosen interval. We find that the minimization of the MSRE conflicts with the necessity to minimize the energy (or power) expense of the superoscillating signal. We obtain the trade-off relation between optimal energy expense and the MSRE for a family of pulses. This makes it clear that within that family, there exists a specific pulse shape that is better approximated by a superoscillating pulse. Finally, we show how to construct a yield optimized superoscillating pulse that, within a given time interval, has a prescribed narrow width without resorting to a target signal at all.
Integrated Area Development: A New Social Forestry Landscape Approach in Indonesia
Authors: Supriyanto Bambang , Juniar Puspita Intan , Nuryanto Irsan , Hasnawir
Published: February 2024

The area of Social Forestry in Indonesia until July 2023 has reached 5,625,137 ha with 8,317 location units. Nearly 80% of the area of each unit isless than 500 ha, and only 3 to 4 business units can have an impact on increasing community welfare, social cohesion, and regional ecological protection. This condition can still be improved so as to have an impact on regional economic development and product-added value. This study aims to examine the new concept of the social forestry landscape approach, such as integrated area development (IAD), and its implementations. The study was carried out in Lumajang Regency, East Java Province targeting, key stakeholders with the highest values of Indegree, Outdegree, Incloseness, Outcloseness and Betweenness as the main respondents. Determining key stakeholders using stakeholder network analysis with the UCINET (social network analysis) application. The results of the study show that the IAD approach provides added value in regional development, added product value, and expanding marketing economic coverage. IAD program in Lumajang shows that the Government (central and regional) is the key stakeholder in implementing activities. The IAD master plan, which was prepared by practitioner multi-stakeholders, resulted in an agrosilvopastural network, agro-industry, tourism interconnection, and environment-based restoration. The IAD Lumajang, especially Senduro village in the agrosilvopatural and agro-industry sectors, per capita income has managed to cross the poverty line (IDR 3.7 million per month/household), increased employment, and increased contribution of various sectors. This can be used as a role model for other social forestry areas in the context of poverty alleviation.
Prioritising climate adaptation options to minimise financial and distributional impacts of water supply disruptions
Authors: Becher Olivia , Verschuur Jasper , Pant Raghav , Hall Jim
Published: February 2024

Climate-related disruptions to water supply infrastructure services incur direct financial losses to utilities (e.g. to repair damaged assets) and externalise a societal cost to domestic customers due to additional costs that they may incur (e.g. to acquire water from alternative sources). The latter often represents an uncompensated social burden, which should be properly accounted for in investment planning. Here we present a new framework for quantifying direct financial risks burdened by utilities and alternative water purchase losses incurred by domestic customers, including those in low-income groups, during flood- and drought-induced utility water supply disruptions. This framework enables the comparison of benefit-cost ratios of a portfolio of flood protection and leakage reduction for water supply systems across the island of Jamaica. A system-level optioneering analysis allows the identification of the optimal adaptation option per system. We estimate that 34% of systems would benefit from flood defences and 53% would benefit from leakage reduction to adaptation to droughts. The benefit that could be achieved by implementing all system optimised adaptation options is estimated to be 720 million Jamaican dollars per year on average, representing a substantial saving for the utility and its customers, including low-income customers. We identify options that offer strong synergies between economic and equity objectives for both types of adaptation option. The proposed framework is established to support the business case for climate adaptation in the water supply sector and to prioritise across flood and drought mitigation options. We take a first step towards mainstreaming equity considerations in water supply sector optioneering frameworks by estimating the contribution of adaptation options towards reducing household costs for low-income customers.
Constructing the Oseledets decomposition with subspace growth estimates
Authors: Lee George
Published: February 2024

The semi-invertible version of Oseledets’ multiplicative ergodic theorem providing a decomposition of the underlying state space of a random linear dynamical system into fast and slow spaces is deduced for a strongly measurable cocycle on a separable Banach space. This work is a much shorter means of obtaining this general version of the theorem, using measurable growth estimates on subspaces for linear operators combined with a modified version of Kingman’s subadditive ergodic theorem.
Racial Disparities in Cognitive Health Among Older Americans: The Role of Debt–Asset Profiles During Preretirement Age
Authors: Lee Chioun , Glei Dana A , Park Soojin
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Low-cost debt can potentially enhance wealth and indirectly benefit health, yet Black Americans disproportionately lack this type of debt, which may constrain their ability to accumulate wealth throughout their lives and across generations. Our objectives are to develop a novel debt–asset measure, use it to quantify the Black–White differential in debt–asset profiles, and estimate its contribution to the racial gap in cognition.

Methods

Using the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2020), we grouped individuals based on debt and asset information during the preretirement period of ages 55–61, including the absence of debt and the relative amount of debt compared to assets. Linear mixed models were used to examine the extent to which cognition in later life (ages 62–80) differs across these debt–asset profiles and its role in explaining the racial disparity in cognition.

Results

Compared with Whites, Blacks were more likely to fall into categories characterized by high debt-to-asset ratio (DAR) or limited asset ownership. Low-asset nonborrowers displayed the poorest cognition, followed closely by high-DAR borrowers. The Black–White differential in debt–asset profiles contributed to the racial gap in cognition.

Discussion

There were 2 unfavorable debt–asset profiles: high debt relative to assets and little or no debt due to a lack of assets, which was more prevalent among Blacks than Whites. We discuss how institutional and structural racism shapes Black–White disparities in debt–asset profiles, such as limited access to borrowing opportunities, thereby contributing to health inequalities, including cognition.