bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Week 96 Results of Switching from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Based Antiretroviral Therapy to Coformulated Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide among HIV/Hepatitis B Virus-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Huang Yu-Shan , Cheng Chien-Yu , Sun Hsin-Yun , Cheng Shu-Hsing , Lu Po-Liang , Lee Chen-Hsiang , Lee Yuan-Ti , Tsai Hung-Chin , Yang Chia-Jui , Liu Chun-Eng , Liou Bo-Huang , Lin Shih-Ping , Huang Sung-Hsi , Ho Mao-Wang , Tang Hung-Jen , Hung Chien-Ching ,   on behalf of the Taiwan HIV Study Group
Published: March 2023

Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide as a maintenance therapy showed durable and high rates of viral suppression for HIV/HBV-coinfected patients, with only 5.1% and 2.2% of patients having HBV DNA of ≥20 IU/mL and HIV RNA of ≥50 copies/mL, respectively, at 96 weeks. Our study fills the data gap on the long-term clinical effectiveness of tenofovir alafenamide-containing antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV who have HBV coinfection.
Targeted Chromosomal Barcoding Establishes Direct Genotype-Phenotype Associations for Antibiotic Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Calvet-Seral Juan , Crespo-Yuste Estefanía , Mathys Vanessa , Rodriguez-Villalobos Hector , Ceyssens Pieter-Jan , Martin Anandi , Gonzalo-Asensio Jesús
Published: March 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by microorganisms. On the other hand, infections caused by
Mycobacterium abscessus
affect people with chronic lung diseases, and their incidence has grown alarmingly in recent years.
Supplemental Material: Evolution of the North Qiangtang Block in the late Paleozoic: Paleomagnetism and its tectonic implications
Authors: Cheng Xin , al. et
Published: March 2023

Data used in this study (Tables S1–S3).
Associations between older adults’ physical fitness level and their engagement in different types of physical activity: cross-sectional results from the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study
Authors: Albrecht Birte Marie , Stalling Imke , Recke Carina , Doerwald Friederike , Bammann Karin
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To describe the prevalence of different types of physical activities and to explore the association between engagement in these physical activities and performance in the physical fitness dimensions among older adults living in Bremen, Germany.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Twelve subdistricts in Bremen, Germany.

Participants

1583 non-institutionalised adults aged 65–75 years residing in one of the 12 subdistricts in Bremen, Germany (53.1% female).

Primary outcome measures

Level of physical fitness in five dimensions: handgrip strength (hand dynamometry), lower muscle strength (30 s-chair stand test), aerobic endurance (2 min-step test), lower body flexibility (sit-and-reach test), and upper body flexibility (back scratch test); classified using normative values.

Results

In this study population, home-based activities (housework, gardening) and activities for transport (walking, cycling) were performed by nearly all the participants, while leisure activities were less prevalent. Logistic regression revealed a positive association between being in or over norm in handgrip strength with cycling (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.15), hiking/running (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.16) and other sports (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.37 to 7.56). Lower muscle strength was positively related to cycling (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.65), gym training (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.26) and dancing (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.00 to 4.61). Aerobic endurance was positively associated with cycling (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.37 to 2.65), gym training (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.20 to 2.36), aerobics (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.26), dancing (OR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.10 to 6.22) and ball sports (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.30 to 3.29). Apart from housework and upper body flexibility (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.78), flexibility dimensions did not show any significant associations.

Conclusions

While muscle strength dimensions and aerobic endurance were associated with several physical activities, flexibility dimensions were associated with none of the investigated activities apart from housework. Especially cycling and leisure activities (eg, hiking/ running, gym training, aerobics, dancing) showed great potential for sustaining and increasing physical fitness in older age.
ACTIVE STRIDES-CP: protocol for a randomised trial of intensive rehabilitation (combined intensive gait and cycling training) for children with moderate-to-severe bilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Sakzewski Leanne , Pool Dayna , Armstrong Ellen , Reedman Sarah Elizabeth , Boyd Roslyn N , Elliott Catherine , Novak Iona , Trost Stewart , Ware Robert S , Comans Tracy , Toovey Rachel , Peterson Mark D , Kentish Megan , Horan Sean , Valentine Jane , Williams Sian
Published: March 2023

Introduction

For children with cerebral palsy (CP), who are marginally ambulant, gross motor capacity peaks between 6 and 7 years of age with a subsequent clinical decline, impacting their ability to engage in physical activity. Active Strides-CP is a novel package of physiotherapy targeting body functions, activity and participation outcomes for children with bilateral CP. This study will compare Active Strides-CP to usual care in a multisite randomised waitlist-controlled trial.

Methods and analysis

150 children with bilateral CP (5–15 years), classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III and IV will be stratified (GMFCS III vs IV, age 5–10 years; 11–15 years and trial site) and randomised to receive either (1) 8 weeks of Active Strides-CP two times/week for 1.5 hours in clinic and one time/week for 1 hour alternating home visits and telehealth (total dose=32 hours) or (2) usual care. Active Strides-CP comprises functional electrical stimulation cycling, partial body weight support treadmill training, overground walking, adapted community cycling and goal-directed training. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediately post-intervention at 9 weeksprimary endpointand at 26 weeks post-baseline for retention. The primary outcome is the Gross Motor Function Measure-66. Secondary outcomes include habitual physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, walking speed and distance, frequency/involvement of community participation, mobility, goal attainment and quality of life. Analyses will follow standard principles for randomised controlled trials using two-group comparisons on all participants on an intention-to-treat basis. Comparisons between groups for primary and secondary outcomes will be conducted using regression models. A within-trial cost utility analysis will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination

The Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, The University of Queensland, The University of Melbourne and Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committees have approved this study. Results will be disseminated as conference abstracts and presentations, peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals, and institution newsletters and media releases.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12621001133820.
Global overview of pharmacy support personnel training programmes: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Hlongwana Simangele , Makhunga Sizwe , Dlungwane Thembelihle
Published: March 2023

Introduction

A global variation in the pharmacy support personnel training programmes has been observed. The objective of this scoping review is to map out global evidence available on the pharmacy support personnel training programme characteristics, and interface between knowledge, practice and regulatory requirements.

Methods and analysis

The scoping review will be undertaken by two independent reviewers. Peer-reviewed journal articles of any study design and grey literature will be included with no publication time limit. All literature published in English focusing on pharmacy support personnel training programmes, entry-level certification requirements, ongoing professional development and apprenticeship will be included. We will search MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, (EBSCOhost) and Dissertation and Thesis (ProQuest), ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis Global and Google Scholar, and reference list of all included studies. We will also search grey literature from websites of international professional regulatory bodies and associations. All studies that meet the inclusion criteria will be imported into a reference management package (EndNote V.20) that facilitates study selection, screening and de-duplication. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers using a jointly developed and piloted data charting form. Data items will include skills, knowledge, competencies, admission criteria, content, duration, qualification options, accreditation status, delivery models and approaches. Data extracted from the included studies will be collated, and quantitative results presented using descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables, charts and flow diagrams as appropriate. A narrative account of findings from the literature will be presented following qualitative content analysis of the extracted information using NVivo V.12. Quality appraisal of included studies will not be assessed as the purpose of the scoping review is to give a descriptive global overview of the pharmacy support personnel training programmes, and evidence will also be sourced from grey literature.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical approval is needed for this study as it does not include animals or human participants. The study findings will be disseminated electronically and in print with presentations done at relevant platforms, that is, in peer-reviewed journals, in print and in conferences.

Registration

Open Science Framework (ofs.i0/r2cdn; registration DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/F95MH; internet archive link:https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-f95mh-v1; registration type: OSF-Standard Pre-Data Collection Registration).
Development and validation of dynamic models to predict postdischarge mortality risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from China Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry
Authors: Lv Junxing , Wang Chuangshi , Gao Xiaojin , Yang Jingang , Zhang Xuan , Ye Yunqing , Dong Qiuting , Fu Rui , Sun Hui , Yan Xinxin , Zhao Yanyan , Wang Yang , Xu Haiyan , Yang Yuejin
Published: March 2023

Objectives

The risk of adverse events and prognostic factors are changing in different time phases after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of adverse events is considerable in the early period after AMI hospitalisation. Therefore, dynamic risk prediction is needed to guide postdischarge management of AMI. This study aimed to develop a dynamic risk prediction instrument for patients following AMI.

Design

A retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort.

Setting

108 hospitals in China.

Participants

A total of 23 887 patients after AMI in the China Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry were included in this analysis.

Primary outcome measures

All-cause mortality.

Results

In multivariable analyses, age, prior stroke, heart rate, Killip class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), in-hospital percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), recurrent myocardial ischaemia, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure (HF) during hospitalisation, antiplatelet therapy and statins at discharge were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Variables related to mortality between 30 days and 2 years included age, prior renal dysfunction, history of HF, AMI classification, heart rate, Killip class, haemoglobin, LVEF, in-hospital PCI, HF during hospitalisation, HF worsening within 30 days after discharge, antiplatelet therapy, β blocker and statin use within 30 days after discharge. The inclusion of adverse events and medications significantly improved the predictive performance of models without these indexes (likelihood ratio test p<0.0001). These two sets of predictors were used to establish dynamic prognostic nomograms for predicting mortality in patients with AMI. The C indexes of 30-day and 2-year prognostic nomograms were 0.85 (95% CI 0.83–0.88) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.81–0.84) in derivation cohort, and 0.79 (95% CI 0.71–0.86) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.79–0.84) in validation cohort, with satisfactory calibration.

Conclusions

We established dynamic risk prediction models incorporating adverse event and medications. The nomograms may be useful instruments to help prospective risk assessment and management of AMI.

Trial registration number

NCT01874691.
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin on metabolic, cardiac and renal outcomes in recent cardiac transplant recipients (EMPA-HTx): protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Raven Lisa Mary , Muir Christopher A , Kessler Iglesias Cassia , Bart Nicole K , Muthiah Kavitha , Kotlyar Eugene , Macdonald Peter , Hayward Christopher S , Jabbour Andrew , Greenfield Jerry R
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Cardiac transplantation (CTx) is a life-saving operation that can improve the quality and length of a recipient’s life. Immunosuppression medication, required to prevent rejection, can result in adverse metabolic and renal effects. Clinically significant complications include metabolic effects such as diabetes and weight gain, renal impairment, and cardiac disease such as allograft vasculopathy and myocardial fibrosis. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral medication that increase urinary excretion of glucose. In patients with type 2 diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors improve cardiovascular, metabolic and renal outcomes. Similar benefits have been shown in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction irrespective of diabetes status. In patients with post-transplant diabetes mellitus, SGLT2 inhibitors improve metabolic parameters; however, their benefit and safety have not been evaluated in randomised prospective studies. This study will potentially provide a novel therapy to improve or prevent complications (diabetes, kidney failure and heart fibrosis) that occur with immunosuppressive medications.

Methods

The EMPA-HTx study is a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin 10 mg daily versus placebo in recent CTx recipients. One hundred participants will be randomised 1:1 and commence the study medication within 6–8 weeks of transplantation with treatment and follow-up until 12 months after transplantation. Demographic information, anthropomorphic measurements, pathology tests and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scan will be recorded at baseline and follow-up. Patients will be reviewed monthly during the study until 12 months post-CTx and data will be collected for each patient at each study visit. The overall aim of the study is to assess the safety and efficacy of empagliflozin in CTx recipients. The primary outcome is glycaemic improvement measured as change in glycated haemoglobin and/or fructosamine. Key secondary outcomes are cardiac interstitial fibrosis measured by CMR and renal function measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by St Vincent’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (2021/ETH12184). The findings will be presented at national and international scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12622000978763.
Does melatonin administration reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in adults? Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Barnes Jonathan , Sewart Emma , Armstrong Richard A , Pufulete Maria , Hinchliffe Robert , Gibbison Ben , Mouton Ronelle
Published: March 2023

Postoperative delirium (POD) is common. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Many cases may be preventable and melatonin offers promise as a preventative agent.

Objective

This systematic review provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence on the effect of melatonin in preventing POD.

Design

A systematic search of randomised controlled trials of melatonin in POD was run across multiple databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO) and a clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.org) (1 January 1990 to 5 April 2022). Studies examining the effects of melatonin on POD incidence in adults are included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome is POD incidence. Secondary outcomes are POD duration and length of hospital stay. Data synthesis was undertaken using a random-effects meta-analysis and presented using forest plots. A summary of methodology and outcome measures in included studies is also presented.

Results

Eleven studies, with 1244 patients from a range of surgical specialties were included. Seven studies used melatonin, in variable doses, and four used ramelteon. Eight different diagnostic tools were used to diagnose POD. Time points for assessment also varied. Six studies were assessed as low risk of bias and five as some concern. The combined OR of developing POD in the melatonin groups versus control was 0.41 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.80, p=0.01).

Conclusion

This review found that melatonin may reduce the incidence of POD in adults undergoing surgery. However, included studies displayed inconsistency in their methodology and outcome reporting. Further work to determine the optimum regime for melatonin administration, along with consensus of how best to evaluate results, would be beneficial.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42021285019.
Prescribing for pregnancy: chronic skin diseases
Authors: De Caux Deborah , Mariappa Gayathri , Perera Gayathri , Girling Joanna
Published: March 2023

Chronic skin disease is common in women of reproductive age. Although skin can improve or remain stable during pregnancy, it is also common for existing conditions to flare and for new conditions to develop. A small number of medications used to control chronic skin disease can potentially have adverse effects on the outcome of the pregnancy. This article forms part of a series on prescribing for pregnancy and highlights the importance of achieving good control of the skin disease prior to conception and during pregnancy. It emphasises the need for patient-centred, open and informed discussions around medication options to achieve good control. During pregnancy and breastfeeding each patient should be treated as an individual in accordance with the medications that are appropriate for them, their preferences, and the severity of their skin disease. This should be done through collaborative working across primary care, dermatology and obstetric services.
Relationship between combat-related traumatic injury and ultrashort term heart rate variability in a UK military cohort: findings from the ADVANCE study
Authors: Maqsood Rabeea , Schofield S , Bennett A N , Bull A MJ , Fear N T , Cullinan P , Khattab A , Boos C J
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Combat-related traumatic injury (CRTI) has been linked to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The long-term impact of CRTI on heart rate variability (HRV)—a robust CVD risk marker—has not been explored. This study investigated the relationship between CRTI, the mechanism of injury and injury severity on HRV.

Methods

This was an analysis of baseline data from the ArmeD SerVices TrAuma and RehabilitatioN OutComE (ADVANCE) prospective cohort study. The sample consisted of UK servicemen with CRTI sustained during deployment (Afghanistan, 2003–2014) and an uninjured comparison group who were frequency matched to the injured group based on age, rank, deployment period and role in theatre. Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was measured as a measure of ultrashort term HRV via <16 s continuous recording of the femoral arterial pulse waveform signal (Vicorder). Other measures included injury severity (New Injury Severity Scores (NISS)) and injury mechanism.

Results

Overall, 862 participants aged 33.9±5.4 years were included, of whom 428 (49.6%) were injured and 434 (50.3%) were uninjured. The mean time from injury/deployment to assessment was 7.91±2.05 years. The median (IQR) NISS for those injured was 12 (6–27) with blast being the predominant injury mechanism (76.8%). The median (IQR) RMSSD was significantly lower in the injured versus the uninjured (39.47 ms (27.77–59.77) vs 46.22 ms (31.14–67.84), p<0.001). Using multiple linear regression (adjusting for age, rank, ethnicity and time from injury), geometric mean ratio (GMR) was reported. CRTI was associated with a 13% lower RMSSD versus the uninjured group (GMR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80–0.94, p<0.001). A higher injury severity (NISS ≥25) (GMR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69–0.89, p<0.001) and blast injury (GMR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.93, p<0.001) were also independently associated with lower RMSSD.

Conclusion

These results suggest an inverse association between CRTI, higher severity and blast injury with HRV. Longitudinal studies and examination of potential mediating factors in this CRTI-HRV relationship are needed.
Astrocyte-specific Ca2+ activity: Mechanisms of action, experimental tools, and roles in ethanol-induced dysfunction
Authors: Coulter O.R. , Walker C.D. , Risher M.-L.
Published: March 2023

Astrocytes are a subtype of non-neuronal glial cells that reside in the central nervous system. Astrocytes have extensive peripheral astrocytic processes that ensheathe synapses to form the tripartite synapse. Through a multitude of pathways, astrocytes can influence synaptic development and structural maturation, respond to neuronal signals, and modulate synaptic transmission. Over the last decade, strong evidence has emerged demonstrating that astrocytes can influence behavioral outcomes in various animal models of cognition. However, the full extent of how astrocytes influence brain function is still being revealed. Astrocyte calcium (Ca2+) signaling has emerged as an important driver of astrocyte-neuronal communication allowing intricate crosstalk through mechanisms that are still not fully understood. Here, we will review the field's current understanding of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and discuss the sophisticated state-of-the-art tools and approaches used to continue unraveling astrocytes' interesting role in brain function. Using the field of pre-clinical ethanol (EtOH) studies in the context of alcohol use disorder, we focus on how these novel approaches have helped to reveal an important role for astrocyte Ca2+ function in regulating EtOH consumption and how astrocyte Ca2+ dysfunction contributes to the cognitive deficits that emerge after EtOH exposure in a rodent model.
Geotechnical characteristics of siliceous North Sea sands
Authors: Jensen Mathias Rolf , Kellezi Lindita
Published: March 2023

When deriving drained strength parameters for sandy soils, geotechnical engineers need to be cautious while applying the semi-empirical correlations that are mainly developed from the highly idealised uniform clean silica sands as often used in academia. Many studies have shown that changing fines content changes the mechanical behaviour of sand, and that grading curve and particle angularity affect the strength-dilatancy characteristics. However, when various parameters of sands encountered in nature differ from the commercially sourced silica sands, the counteracting effects are difficult to quantify. In this study, a database of classification tests and Consolidated Isotropic Drained axisymmetric strength tests as well as some accompanying cone penetration tests (CPTs) are collected for siliceous sands from the North Sea. From this extensive database of natural sands, simple expressions are developed to help predicting drained strength parameters with improved reliability. Furthermore, a correction factor, for a commonly applied CPT friction angle qc − φ′p , tx correlation accounting for the grading curve, is developed. These expressions can help in reducing the number of costly advanced strength tests and to gain more information from a soil investigation.
Equilibration depth and temperature of Neogene alkaline lavas in the Cordillera of Alaska and Canada as a constraint on the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
Authors: Canil Dante , Hyndman Roy D.
Published: March 2023

We have estimated the geochemical equilibration depth and temperature of the widespread Neogene alkaline basalts in the Cordillera of Alaska, Northwest Canada, and in Mexico using geobarometry on bulk compositions that have been minimally differentiated in upward transit. The method has uncertainties of about ±10 km and <70 °C. The regional averages of geochemical equilibration depth for 12 sites in Alaska vary from 50 ± 10 to 84 ± 2 km, somewhat broader than those from the Cordillera in western Canada, western USA, and Mexico. There are no associations of depth with terranes or geological provinces. The final equilibration depth of lavas with the surrounding mantle is concluded to be where partial melt percolating from greater depths’ ponds at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) until it becomes gravitationally unstable and moves upward in conduits. The top of the low velocity zone from seismic receiver functions, taken to be the LAB in regions of Alaska where Neogene volcanism occurs, varies from 60 to 85 km, covering the range of geochemical equilibration depths of the alkaline lavas. A mean lava equilibration depth of 65 ± 10 km occurs in 24 of 36 alkaline volcanic centers from Alaska to Mexico, and several other global locations, suggesting the LAB may be controlled to a first order by the change in H2O storage capacity and viscosity across the garnet–spinel peridotite phase change at this depth. The scatter and variation in equilibration depths and temperatures are a factor of 2 greater than the recognized uncertainties, and are not yet explained.
Decay of the pseudoscalar glueball into vector, axial-vector, scalar and pseudoscalar mesons
Authors: Eshraim Walaa I.
Published: March 2023

We resume the investigation of the ground-state pseudoscalar glueball,$$J^{PC}=0^{-+}$$JPC=0-+, by computing its two- and three-body decays into vector and axial-vector quark-antiquark meson fields additional to scalar and pseudoscalar mesons through the construction of an interaction chiral Lagrangian that produces these decays. We evaluate the branching ratio, via a parameter-free calculation, by setting the mass of the pseudoscalar glueball to 2.6 GeV as predicted by lattice QCD simulations. We duplicate the computation for the branching ratios for a pseudoscalar glueball mass 2.37 GeV which matches to the measured mass of the resonanceX(2370) in the BESIII experiment. The present channels and states are potentially reached and are interesting for the running BESIII and Belle-II experiments and the planned PANDA experiment at FAIR/GSI which will be able to detect the pseudoscalar glueball within the accessible energy range.
Observational signatures of Schwarzschild-MOG black holes in scalar–tensor–vector gravity: images of the accretion disk
Authors: Hu Shiyang , Deng Chen , Guo Sen , Wu Xin , Liang Enwei
Published: March 2023

The present paper contains the investigations with respect to the optical appearance, redshift distribution, and observed energy flux of the thin accretion disk described by the Novikov-Thorne model in modified gravity (MOG) proposed by Moffat. The results show that the gravity coupling parameter$$\alpha $$αplays an indispensable role in the size of direct and secondary images of the accretion disk, while the image profile is mainly affected by the observational angles. In addition, an increase of the parameter$$\alpha $$αleads to that of the redshift factor, but a decrease in the radiation energy flux of the accretion disk. These results are due to the enhancement of the parameter$$\alpha $$αthat strengthens the black hole’s gravitational effects. By comparing the accretion disk images of the Schwarzschild-MOG black hole, the Schwarzschild black hole, and the Reissner–Nordström black hole, we point out that the Schwarzschild-MOG black hole exhibits the largest inner shadow and the lowest luminosity. This finding provides a potential way to distinguish Schwarzschild-MOG black holes from their counterparts in General Relativity.
Absorption edge characteristics of β-Ga2O3 single crystal
Authors: Gao Shang
Published: March 2023

The intrinsic absorption edge of a [Formula: see text] single crystal is examined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. An absorption model consisting of five parameters including absorption amplitude, bandgap energy, Urbach energy and two power exponents is developed to describe the absorption characteristics of the [Formula: see text] single crystal. The anisotropic bandgap energies obtained from the model are 4.938, 5.030 and 5.100 eV, respectively. These values obtained from the model agree well with values derived from the first derivative maximum of k and maximum of n method.
A Dynamical Systems Approach to Machine Learning
Authors: Pourmohammad Azizi S. , Neisy Abdolsadeh , Ahmad Waloo Sajad
Published: March 2023

Employing various mathematical tools in machine learning is crucial since it may enhance the learning problem’s efficiency. Dynamic systems are among the most effective tools. In this study, an effort is made to examine a kind of machine learning from the perspective of a dynamic system, i.e., we apply it to learning problems whose input data is a time series. Using the discretization approach and radial basis functions, a new data set is created to adapt the data to a dynamic system framework. A discrete dynamic system is modeled as a matrix that, when multiplied by the data of each time, yields the data of the next time, or, in other words, can be used to predict the future value based on the present data, and the gradient descent technique was used to train this matrix. Eventually, using Python software, the efficacy of this approach relative to other machine learning techniques, such as neural networks, was analyzed.
The Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin: palaeoecology and resource potential
Authors: Hennissen Jan A. I. , Emmings Joseph F. , Raine Robert , Hough Edward , Vane Christopher H. , Page Max , Moss-Hayes Vicky , Lacey Jack , Leng Melanie
Published: March 2023

We evaluated the unconventional hydrocarbon potential of the Holywell Shale Formation, a lateral equivalent of the Bowland Shale Formation deposited in the Blacon Basin. Two cores with Arnsbergian–Chokierian and Kinderscoutian (Namurian, Late Mississippian–Early Pennsylvanian) ages from the Ellesmere Port 1 borehole were sampled for palynological, stable isotope, Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis and ichnofacies analyses. The study was designed to provide boundary conditions for parameters that are under-represented in the public domain and hamper accurate resource assessments: thermal maturity (through mean random vitrinite reflectance,
R
r
), present-day organic matter content, kerogen type, original hydrogen index and original organic matter content. Our results show that the Arnsbergian Core 2 has been buried to a depth equivalent to the bottom of the oil window to the top of the gas window (%
R
r
= 1.15%–1.29%). The Kinderscoutian Core 1 is too immature to have generated any natural gas (%
R
r
= 0.91–1.03%). Furthermore, kerogen typing and ichnofacies analysis show that the Bowland Shale Formation is very heterogeneous, with organic matter originating from terrestrial and marine sources. Five palynofacies assemblages are described that range in basin setting from proximal and oxic to distal and anoxic with evidence of episodic connections to the open ocean. The combination of heterogeneity and low thermal maturity restricts the thickness of the Bowland Shale Formation in the Blacon Basin that is prospective for unconventional hydrocarbons. Our results show that these Carboniferous mudstones should not be treated as uniform units with uniform composition and maturity in basin modelling and resource estimates. This undoubtedly has repercussions for future exploration because the contrasting composition and density of the materials making up the Bowland Shale Formation may complicate extraction, while the thermal maturity window significantly narrows the prospective interval.
Petrology of the 2020–21 effusive to explosive eruption of La Soufrière Volcano, St Vincent: insights into plumbing system architecture and magma assembly mechanism
Authors: Weber Gregor , Blundy Jon , Barclay Jenni , Pyle David M. , Cole Paul , Frey Holli , Manon Matthew , Davies Bridie V. , Cashman Katharine
Published: March 2023

The 2020–21 eruption of La Soufrière, St Vincent began with extrusion of a viscous lava dome, which was destroyed upon transition to a major explosive phase. Here we present petrological data to reconstruct the processes leading up to these events. Bulk-rock SiO
2
contents range from 52.8 to 55.4 wt%, classifying the lava and the subsequent scoria as basaltic andesite, the latter being slightly more mafic. Macrocrystal chemistry and modes (plag–cpx–opx–tmt–ol) and crystallinity (45–50 vol%) are largely identical for both phases of the eruption. Pyroxenes are homogenous and precipitated mostly from andesitic melts. Conversely, plagioclase shows strong normal zonation resulting from magma ascent and stalling at multiple crustal levels. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry reveals that crystallization predominantly took place between 8 and 13 km depth at temperatures of

997

−
35

+
18

∘

C

. A lack of evidence for mafic recharge and changes in volatile content and the omnipresence of xenoliths, suggests pre-eruptive destabilization of an andesitic–dacitic melt pocket that disrupted and entrained antecedent mush. Olivine diffusion profiles show that this interaction preceded the onset of eruption. Low dissolved sulfur contents (≤270 ppm S) place constraints on the total SO
2
gas release. Melt–mush disruption appears to be a dominant driver of eruptions at La Soufrière.
Designing a Freestanding Electrode of Intermetallic Ni-Sn Alloy Deposit as an Anode for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bhar Madhushri , Pappu Samhita , Bhattacharjee Udita , Bulusu Sarada V. , Rao Tata N. , Martha Surendra K.
Published: March 2023

Carbon fiber (CF)-based freestanding intermetallic Ni-Sn alloy is prepared by a facile one-pot electrodeposition method and used as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and sodium-ion batteries (SIB). Unique fern leaves-like morphology with nanotubular channels of the Sn-rich deposit of Ni-Sn@CF diminishes the challenges of large volume changes with maximum capacity utilization from Sn. Furthermore, the electro-inactive Ni phase and conductive carbon fiber backbone provide mechanical flexibility and prevent particle agglomeration during alloying/de-alloying. Electrochemistry reveals that the deposit in LIB exhibits superior C-rate performance and long-term cycling stability with an initial capacity of 984 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 current density and 580 mAh g−1 capacity at the end of 500 cycles. Besides, it delivers 220 mAh g−1 capacity at 150 mAh g−1 with 77% capacity retention over 300 cycles in SIBs. This work enlightens the metal current collector-free carbon fibre-based 3D electrode designing approach toward high-performance Li-ion and Na-ion storage capability.
Lithium Electrochemical Tuning Engineering in an Aqueous System of LiCoO2 for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Activity
Authors: Yang Jun , Tang Dan , Liu Yang , Li Wenzhang , Li Jie
Published: March 2023

LiCoO2 is a promising catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), yet its OER activity is still unsatisfactory. Here, the delithiated LiCoO2 nanoparticles (NLCO-x cycle) are prepared via a new lithium electrochemical tuning in an aqueous two-electrode system for promoting OER in alkaline solutions. As a result, quantitative deintercalation of Li+ can be achieved through an aqueous two-electrode system and the OER performance of NLCO-5 cycle is significantly improved over that of pristine LiCoO2, with a low overpotential of 365 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 55 mV dec−1, and low charge transfer resistance. Performance improvement results from electrochemical delithiation tuning the electronic structure of LiCoO2. The Li+ deintercalation process is accompanied by the partial oxidation of Co3+ to Co4+ and the increase of oxygen vacancies, which is associated with the enhanced intrinsic activity of the catalyst. This work paves a simple avenue for reasonable design of effective oxygen electrocatalysts by electrochemical tuning in aqueous systems.
Electrochemistry and Mass Transport of Ytterbium(III) in Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Effects of Temperature, Viscosity, and Electrode Materials
Authors: Hamilton Heather , Hussey Charles L.
Published: March 2023

Cyclic staircase voltammetry, rotating disk electrode voltammetry, controlled potential coulometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to probe the electrochemistry and mass transport of Yb3+ in the six room temperature ionic liquids based on the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Tf2N−) anion with, 1-(1-butyl)−3-methylimidazolium (BuMeIm+), 1-(1-butyl)−1-methylpyrrolidinium (BuMePyro+), 1-(1-butyl)pyridinium (BuPy+), 1-butyltrimethylammonium (BuMe3N+), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EtMeIm+), and tri(1-butyl)methylammonium (Bu3MeN+) cations. These investigations were carried out at glassy carbon as well as polycrystalline gold, platinum, and tungsten electrodes. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate of the quasireversible Yb3+/2+ redox couple was found to depend strongly on the electrode materials with the fastest rate observed at gold and the slowest rate found at tungsten, but was independent of the physicochemical properties of the various ionic liquids, in particular, the absolute viscosity. However, the mass transport of Yb3+ was dependent on the viscosity, and the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients was well represented by a Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher type expression for glass-forming ionic liquids. Analysis of the diffusion coefficient data with the Stokes-Einstein equation indicated that the solvodynamic radius of the diffusing Yb3+ was constant and independent of the structure and properties of the ionic liquid cations. The solvodynamic radius of Yb3+ was estimated from the “stick model” for the Stokes-Einstein equation. Application of the Random Closest Packing (RCP) model for spheres in consideration of the solvodynamic radius of the diffusing Yb3+ and the ionic radii of Yb3+ and Tf2N−, indicated that the former must diffuse in association with ∼5–6 of the anions.
Numerical Study of the Impact of Two-Phase Flow in the Anode Catalyst Layer on the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers
Authors: Moore M. , Mandal M. , Kosakian A. , Secanell M.
Published: March 2023

Mass transport losses in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cells have gained increased focus in recent years, however two-phase flow within the anode catalyst layer (ACL) has not been extensively studied. This work uses 2-D, finite element simulations with a capillary pressure based model to study two-phase flow in the ACL. The porous media are characterised using a pore size distribution (PSD), allowing for the impact of structural changes to be analysed. The results show the reaction distribution heavily influences gas accumulation within the ACL: bubbles produced close to the membrane induce high gas pressures in the ACL, while bubbles produced close to the porous transport layer (PTL) allow for an easy escape to the PTL. Very high gas saturations are required in the ACL to have an appreciable impact on performance, which is difficult to achieve given the hydrophilic nature of the anode electrode. Therefore, it is likely that sections of the ACL need to be screened by large bubbles to induce significant losses. The PTL saturation had a minimal effect on ACL saturation, as each layer has a very different intrusion curve. As such, characterization of the ACL microstructure is crucial to understanding PEMWE mass transport limitations.
Influence of Nano-Hybrid Reinforcements on the Improvement Strength, Thermal Expansion and Wear Properties of Cu–SiC–Fly Ash Nanocomposites Prepared by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Taha Mohammed A. , El-zaidia M. M. , Zaki Mai Z. , Abomostafa H. M.
Published: March 2023

In this study, Cu-matrix hybrid nanocomposites with varying amounts of silicon carbide (SiC) and fly ash nano particles were created using the powder metallurgy process. To describe the microstructure of produced powders, X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. The powders were compressed and fired for one hour in inert gas at three different temperatures up to 850 °C. Moreover, the sintered samples’ microstructure, mechanical, wear, thermal, and electrical characteristics were examined. According to the results, particle sizes were successfully decreased up to 51.2 nm by adding SiC and fly ash ceramics. The values of density, coefficient thermal expansion (CTE) and electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite sample containing 16 vol% of ceramics decreased until reached 92.3%, 9.5 × 10−6/°C and 7.44 × 106 S m−1, respectively. Additionally, as compared to Cu matrix (CSF0), the nanocomposite with the highest ceramics volume percentage (CSF8) significantly improved in terms of ultimate strength, microhardness, Young’s modulus, and wear rate by 47.8, 88, 23.5and 27.3%, respectively.
Defective muscle ketone body oxidation disrupts BCAA catabolism by altering mitochondrial branched-chain aminotransferase
Authors: Mechchate Hamza , Abdualkader Abdualrahman Mohammed , Bernacchi James Bradshaw , Gopal Keshav , Tabatabaei Dakhili S. Amirhossein , Yang Kunyan , Greenwell Amanda A. , Kong Xingxing , Crawford Peter A. , Al Batran Rami
Published: March 2023

Most studies investigated ketone body metabolism under pathological conditions, whereas the role of ketone body metabolism in regulating normal physiology has been relatively understudied. To address this gap, we used lean mice lacking muscle ketone body oxidation enzyme SCOT. Our work demonstrates that deleting muscle SCOT has no impact on glucose and fat metabolism in lean mice, but it disrupts muscle BCAA catabolism and causes an accumulation of BCAAs by altering BCATm.
Vestibular and visual brain areas in the medial cortex of the human brain
Authors: Beer Anton L. , Becker Markus , Frank Sebastian M. , Greenlee Mark W.
Published: March 2023

Self-motion perception involves several vestibular and visual cortical regions. Within the medial cortex, the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area, the precuneus motion (PcM) area, and the V6 complex respond selectively to self-motion cues. Here, we show that vestibular information is also processed in the pericallosal sulcus (vPCS), whereas (radial) visual motion information is associated with activation in the retrosplenial cortex (mRSC).
Impact of 6 months’ Use of Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Habitual Sleep Patterns and Sleep Quality in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes and High-Risk HbA1c
Authors: Rose Shelley , Galland Barbara C. , Styles Sara E. , Wiltshire Esko J. , Stanley James , de Bock Martin I. , Tomlinson Paul A. , Rayns Jenny A. , Wheeler Benjamin J.
Published: March 2023

Background. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and blood glucose levels may particularly affect adolescents and young adults (AYA), who are more likely to experience less healthy glycemic outcomes and more disrupted sleep patterns. To date, few data exist describing the impact of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) on habitual sleep patterns and sleep quality in AYA with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Objective. To evaluate the impact of 6-month use of isCGM on habitual sleep and wake timing, sleep duration, frequency, and duration of night-time awakenings, sleep efficiency, and perceived sleep quality in young people with T1D and HbA1c ≥ 75 mmol/mol. Participants. The study recruited 64 participants aged 13–20 years (mean 16.6 ± 2.1), 48% female, diabetes duration 7.5 ± 3.8 years, 41% Māori or Pasifika, and a mean HbA1c 96.0 ± 18.0 mmol/mol [10.9 ± 3.8%]; 33 were allocated to an isCGM plus self-monitoring blood glucose [SMBG] intervention, and 31 were allocated to the SMBG control group. Methods. Participants completed 7-day actigraphy measures and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire at the baseline and at 6 months. Regression analyses were used to model between-group comparisons, adjusted for baseline sleep measures. Results. At 6 months, subjective measures for overall sleep quality, latency, duration, efficiency, night-time disturbances, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction were similar between the groups. Regression analyses of actigraphy found no significant differences in objectively measured sleep timing and duration across the week after adjusting for age, the period of the school year, and baseline sleep values. Conclusions. The use of first-generation isCGM in addition to finger-prick testing did not impact objective or subjective sleep measures in AYA with T1D, elevated HbA1c, and highly variable sleep patterns. Research using alternative interventions for improving glycemic outcomes and habitual sleep-wake timing, duration, and perceived sleep quality is warranted in this population group.
Rapid Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Underwater Defective Pile Based on Two-Dimensional Images Obtained Using Mechanically Scanned Imaging Sonar
Authors: Shen Sheng , Zeng Yamian , Lai Changqin , Jiang Shaofei , Wu Shaofen , Ma Shenglan
Published: March 2023

Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction based on sonar imaging is an intuitive and comprehensible form for describing an underwater defective pile. Most existing 3-D reconstruction methods are inefficient as they require the extraction of numerous feature points from many sonar images. A rapid 3-D reconstruction method for underwater defective piles based on two-dimensional (2-D) images obtained using mechanically scanned imaging sonar (MSIS) is proposed herein. First, the correspondences between the geometric features of MSIS images and actual defects are established based on the mapping relationship between actual object and MSIS image. Subsequently, no more than three feature points are extracted from 2-D MSIS images to recognize the contour segments. The contour segments are assembled into the entire cross section and then into the entire defective pile. The applicability of the proposed method is verified via a 3-D reconstruction for a scaled-down pile with multiple defect distributions.
A Multifrequency Seamless Dual-Link Handover Scheme Based on Beamforming for High-Speed Railway
Authors: Li Suoping , Wang Ke , Gaber Jaafar , Yang Sa , Liang Wenwu
Published: March 2023

This paper proposes a multifrequency seamless dual-link handover scheme based on beamforming for the high-speed railway (HSR) communication, i.e., when the train travels to the edge of overlapping area of the adjacent two cells, a gain beam is assigned to the overlapping area by the target base station (BS) using a beamforming technique to cover the entire region to enhance the received signal strength (RSS) and handover opportunity. The switching antenna is allowed to handover multiple times to improve the traditional scheme and reduce the handover failure probability (HFP) greatly. In the process of signal reception, considering the impact of the intercell cochannel interference on the RSS, the proposed scheme uses signal to interference ratio (SIR) instead of the RSS to indicate the received signal quality to optimize handover mode. The handover success probability (HSP) is analyzed to describe the relationship between train location and the probability. We also establish a probabilistic model and corresponding handover algorithm for the proposed scheme to complete the handover operations and theoretically analyze a series of indexes including handover trigger probability (HTP), HFP, communication interruption probability (CIP), and HSP. Theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the HTP and HSP and greatly reduce the HFP and the CIP.