bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) for online measurement of atmospheric aerosol particles
Authors: Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Pospisilova Veronika , Huang Wei , Kalberer Markus , Mohr Claudia , Stefenelli Giulia , Thornton Joel A. , Baltensperger Urs , Prevot Andre S. H. , Slowik Jay G.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Real-time, online measurements of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA)
composition are an essential tool for determining the emissions sources and
physicochemical processes governing aerosol effects on climate and health.
However, the reliance of current techniques on thermal desorption, hard
ionization, and/or separated collection/analysis stages introduces
significant uncertainties into OA composition measurements, hindering
progress towards these goals. To address this gap, we present a novel,
field-deployable extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass
spectrometer (EESI-TOF), which provides online, near-molecular (i.e.,
molecular formula) OA measurements at atmospherically relevant
concentrations without analyte fragmentation or decomposition. Aerosol
particles are continuously sampled into the EESI-TOF, where they intersect a
spray of charged droplets generated by a conventional electrospray probe.
Soluble components are extracted and then ionized as the droplets are
evaporated. The EESI-TOF achieves a linear response to mass, with detection
limits on the order of 1 to 10 ng m−3 in 5 s for typical
atmospherically relevant compounds. In contrast to conventional electrospray systems, the EESI-TOF response is not significantly affected by a changing OA matrix for the systems investigated. A slight decrease in sensitivity in response to increasing absolute humidity is observed for some ions. Although the relative sensitivities to a variety of commercially available organic
standards vary by more than a factor of 30, the bulk sensitivity to secondary organic aerosol
generated from individual precursor gases varies by only a factor of 15.
Further, the ratio of compound-by-compound sensitivities between the
EESI-TOF and an iodide adduct FIGAERO-I-CIMS varies by only ±50 %,
suggesting that EESI-TOF mass spectra indeed reflect the actual distribution
of detectable compounds in the particle phase. Successful deployments of the
EESI-TOF for laboratory environmental chamber measurements, ground-based
ambient sampling, and proof-of-concept measurements aboard a research
aircraft highlight the versatility and potential of the EESI-TOF system.
Characterization of shallow oceanic precipitation using profiling and scanning radar observations at the Eastern North Atlantic ARM observatory
Authors: Lamer Katia , Puigdomènech Treserras Bernat , Zhu Zeen , Isom Bradley , Bharadwaj Nitin , Kollias Pavlos
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Shallow oceanic precipitation variability is documented using three second-generation radar systems located at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)
Eastern North Atlantic observatory: ARM zenith radar (KAZR2),
the Ka-band scanning ARM cloud radar (KaSACR2) and the X-band scanning ARM
precipitation radar (XSAPR2). First, the radar systems and measurement
post-processing techniques, including sea-clutter removal and calibration
against colocated disdrometer and Global Precipitation Mission (GPM)
observations are described. Then, we present how a combination of profiling
radar and lidar observations can be used to estimate adaptive (in both time
and height) parameters that relate radar reflectivity (Z) to precipitation
rate (R) in the form Z=αRβ, which we use to estimate
precipitation rate over the domain observed by XSAPR2. Furthermore, constant
altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) gridded XSAPR2 precipitation rate
maps are also constructed. Hourly precipitation rate statistics estimated from the three radar systems differ because KAZR2 is more sensitive to shallow virga and XSAPR2
suffers from less attenuation than KaSACR2 and as such is best suited for
characterizing intermittent and mesoscale-organized precipitation. Further
analysis reveals that precipitation rate statistics obtained by averaging
12 h of KAZR2 observations can be used to approximate that of a 40 km radius domain averaged over similar time periods. However, it was
determined that KAZR2 is unsuitable for characterizing domain-averaged
precipitation rate over shorter periods. But even more fundamentally, these
results suggest that these observations cannot produce an objective domain
precipitation estimate and that the simultaneous use of forward simulators
is desirable to guide model evaluation studies.
Filling the gaps of in-situ hourly PM2.5 concentration data with the aid of empirical orthogonal function constrained by diurnal cycles
Authors: Bai Kaixu , Li Ke , Guo Jianping , Yang Yuanjian , Chang Ni-Bin
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Data gaps are frequently observed in the hourly PM2.5 mass concentration records measured from the China national air quality monitoring network. In this study, we proposed a novel gap filling method called the diurnal cycle constrained empirical orthogonal function (DCCEOF) to fill in data gaps present in hourly PM2.5 concentration records. This method mainly calibrates the diurnal cycle of PM2.5 that is reconstructed from discrete PM2.5 neighborhood fields in space and time to the level of valid PM2.5 data values observed at adjacent times. Prior to gap filling, possible impacts of varied number of data gaps in the time series of hourly PM2.5 concentration on PM2.5 daily averages were examined via sensitivity experiments. The results showed that PM2.5 data suffered from the gaps on about 40% of days, indicating a high frequency of missing data in the hourly PM2.5 records. These gaps could introduce significant bias to daily-averaged PM2.5. Particularly, given the same number of gaps, larger biases would be introduced to daily-averaged PM2.5 during clean days than polluted days. The cross-validation results indicate that the predicted missing values from the DCCEOF method with the consideration of the local diurnal phases of PM2.5 are more accurate and reasonable than those from the conventional spline interpolation approach, especially for the reconstruction of daily peaks and/or minima that cannot be restored by the latter method. To fill the gaps in the hourly PM2.5 records across China during 2014 to 2019, as a practical application, the DCCEOF method can be able to reduce the averaged frequency of missingness from 42.6 % to 5.7 %. In general, the present work implies that the DCCEOF method is realistic and robust to be able to handle the missingness issues in time series of geophysical parameters with significant diurnal variability and can be expectably applied in other data sets with similar barriers because of its self-consistent capability.
Carbon / nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation. Part II: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials
Authors: Flechard Chris R. , van Oijen Marcel , Cameron David R. , de Vries Wim , Ibrom Andreas , Buchmann Nina , Dise Nancy B. , Janssens Ivan A. , Neirynck Johan , Montagnani Leonardo , Varlagin Andrej , Loustau Denis , Legout Arnaud , Ziemblińska Klaudia , Aubinet Marc , Aurela Mika , Chojnicki Bogdan H. , Drewer Julia , Eugster Werner , Francez André-Jean , Juszczak Radosław , Kitzler Barbara , Kutsch Werner L. , Lohila Annalea , Longdoz Bernard , Matteucci Giorgio , Moreaux Virginie , Neftel Albrecht , Olejnik Janusz , Sanz Maria J. , Siemens Jan , Vesala Timo , Vincke Caroline , Nemitz Eiko , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Skiba Ute M. , Sutton Mark A.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessed by relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of Ndep across a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer from covariation of other confounding variables related to climate and other growth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition. We propose a methodology for untangling the effects of Ndep from those of meteorological variables, soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forest growth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxes from a Europe-wide network of forest flux towers. Total Nr deposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible. The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural, non-woody vegetation sites. The carbon sequestration response of forests to nitrogen deposition (dC / dN) was estimated after accounting for the effects of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modelling standardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor of about 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dC / dN value. This model-enhanced analysis of the C and Ndep flux observations at the scale of the European network suggests a mean overall dC / dN response of forest lifetime C sequestration to Ndep of the order of 40–50 g (C) g−1 (N), which is slightly larger but not significantly different from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews. Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versus Ndep were non-linear, with no further responses at high Ndep levels (Ndep > 2.5–3 g (N) m−2 yr−1) partly due to large ecosystem N losses by leaching and gaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N deposited at high Ndep levels implies that the forecast increased Nr emissions and increased Ndep levels in large areas of Asia may not positively impact the continent's forest CO2 sink. The large level of unexplained variability in observed carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE) across sites further adds to the uncertainty in the dC / dN response.
The spatial allocation of population: a review of large-scale gridded population data products and their fitness for use
Authors: Leyk Stefan , Gaughan Andrea E. , Adamo Susana B. , de Sherbinin Alex , Balk Deborah , Freire Sergio , Rose Amy , Stevens Forrest R. , Blankespoor Brian , Frye Charlie , Comenetz Joshua , Sorichetta Alessandro , MacManus Kytt , Pistolesi Linda , Levy Marc , Tatem Andrew J. , Pesaresi Martino
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Population data represent an essential component in
studies focusing on human–nature interrelationships, disaster risk
assessment and environmental health. Several recent efforts have produced
global- and continental-extent gridded population data which are becoming
increasingly popular among various research communities. However, these data
products, which are of very different characteristics and based on different
modeling assumptions, have never been systematically reviewed and compared,
which may impede their appropriate use. This article fills this gap and
presents, compares and discusses a set of large-scale (global and
continental) gridded datasets representing population counts or densities.
It focuses on data properties, methodological approaches and relative
quality aspects that are important to fully understand the characteristics
of the data with regard to the intended uses. Written by the data producers
and members of the user community, through the lens of the “fitness for
use” concept, the aim of this paper is to provide potential data users with
the knowledge base needed to make informed decisions about the
appropriateness of the data products available in relation to the target
application and for critical analysis.
On the shape of forward transit time distributions in low-order catchments
Authors: Heidbüchel Ingo , Yang Jie , Musolff Andreas , Troch Peter , Ferré Ty , Fleckenstein Jan H.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Transit time distributions (TTDs) integrate information on timing, amount, storage, mixing and flow paths of water and thus characterize hydrologic and hydrochemical catchment response unlike any other descriptor. Here, we simulate the shape of TTDs in an idealized low-order catchment investigating whether it changes systematically with certain catchment and climate properties. To this end, we used a physically-based, spatially-explicit 3-D model, injected tracer with a precipitation event and recorded the resulting TTDs at the outlet of a small (~ 6000 m2) catchment for different scenarios. We found that the TTDs can be subdivided into four parts: 1) early part – controlled by soil hydraulic conductivity and antecedent soil moisture content, 2) middle part – transition zone with no clear pattern or control, 3) later part – influenced by soil hydraulic conductivity and subsequent precipitation amount and 4) very late tail of the breakthrough curve – governed by bedrock hydraulic conductivity. The modeled TTD shapes can be predicted using a dimensionless number: higher initial peaks are observed if the inflow of water to a catchment is not equal to its capacity to discharge water via subsurface flow paths, lower initial peaks are connected to increasing available storage. In most cases the modeled TTDs were humped with non-zero initial values and varying weights of the tails. Therefore, none of the best-fit theoretical probability functions could exactly describe the entire TTD shape. Still, we found that generally the Gamma and the Advection-Dispersion distribution work better for scenarios of low and high hydraulic conductivity, respectively.
CIPA - Heritage Documentation: 50 Years: Looking Backwards
Authors: Stylianidis E.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The ICOMOS-ISPRS Scientific Committee, CIPA-Heritage Documentation is proud to present this publication in the occasion of its 50th birthday.Our intention with this publication is to look backwards at the achievements of CIPA while at the same time to look ahead the future of cultural heritage documentation.The publication begins with the introductory messages from the Presidents of CIPA, ISPRS and ICOMOS respectively. The first contribution concerns the future of cultural heritage documentation, with respect to the editor’s perspective. Andreas Georgopoulos, current CIPA President (2015–2019) discusses the CIPA slides on architectural photogrammetry and the application of contemporary technologies from its early years. Peter Waldhäusl, past and honorary President of CIPA, writes on the foundation and fundamentals of CIPA in memory of Maurice Carbonnell (1923–2015) and Hans Foramitti (1923–1982), the so-called “fathers of CIPA”. Ross Dallas, an honorary committee member of CIPA, is looking backwards to the late 80s to share some personal thoughts. Bill Blake also is looking towards the history of CIPA and the English Heritage Metric Survey Publication Programme 2000–2009. The publication concludes with the contribution of Fulvio Rinaudo, concerning two CIPA initiatives, the "O. Wagner Pavillon Test" and the "RecorDIM Initiative".
Long-range terrestrial laser scanning measurements of annual and intra-annual mass balances for Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China
Authors: Xu Chunhai , Li Zhongqin , Li Huilin , Wang Feiteng , Zhou Ping
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The direct glaciological method provides in situ observations of
annual or seasonal surface mass balance, but can only be implemented through
a succession of intensive in situ measurements of field networks of stakes
and snow pits. This has contributed to glacier surface mass-balance
measurements being sparse and often discontinuous in the Tien Shan.
Nevertheless, long-term glacier mass-balance measurements are the basis for
understanding climate–glacier interactions and projecting future water
availability for glacierized catchments in the Tien Shan. Riegl
VZ®-6000 long-range terrestrial laser scanner
(TLS), typically using class 3B laser beams, is exceptionally well suited
for repeated glacier mapping, and thus determination of annual and seasonal
geodetic mass balance. This paper introduces the applied TLS for monitoring
summer and annual surface elevation and geodetic mass changes of Urumqi
Glacier No. 1 as well as delineating accurate glacier boundaries for 2
consecutive mass-balance years (2015–2017), and discusses the potential of
such technology in glaciological applications. Three-dimensional changes of
ice and firn–snow bodies and the corresponding densities were considered for
the volume-to-mass conversion. The glacier showed pronounced thinning and
mass loss for the four investigated periods; glacier-wide geodetic mass
balance in the mass-balance year 2015–2016 was slightly more negative than in
2016–2017. Statistical comparison shows that agreement between the
glaciological and geodetic mass balances can be considered satisfactory,
indicating that the TLS system yields accurate results and has the potential
to monitor remote and inaccessible glacier areas where no glaciological
measurements are available as the vertical velocity component of the glacier
is negligible. For wide applications of the TLS in glaciology, we should use
stable scan positions and in-situ-measured densities of snow–firn to
establish volume-to-mass conversion.
Gestión del aula inclusiva a través del proyecto LÓVA: la ópera como vehículo de aprendizaje
Authors: Sanahuja Ribés Aida , Moliner García Odet , Moliner Miravet Lidón
Published: September 2019

Con este trabajo se pretenden analizar las implicaciones que tiene el proyecto LÓVA en la gestión del aula inclusiva. Se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa, centrada en el estudio descriptivo de un caso. Los instrumentos de recogida de la información han sido: la observación científica, la entrevista y el análisis documental. El análisis de contenido se ha realizado mediante la herramienta ATLAS.ti. Los resultados describen cómo se ha llevado a cabo el proyecto LÓVA en un aula de 5º y 6º de primaria de un colegio rural agrupado de la provincia de Valencia (España). Así mismo, se extraen aquellos elementos que están presentes en el proyecto LÓVA y nos permiten avanzar hacia la construcción de aulas más inclusivas. Concretamente, se detecta cómo en el proyecto LÓVA se parte del reconocimiento a la diversidad y se lleva a cabo una diferenciación de las estructuras, del contenido, el proceso y del producto. También, se ha identificado cómo y en qué momentos se favorece una cultura colaborativa, un liderazgo compartido y una participación más democrática en el proyecto. A modo de conclusión cabe decir que a través del proyecto LÓVA se fomenta una gestión inclusiva en el aula.
Contrast and word order: A case study on the history of Portuguese
Authors: de Andrade Aroldo , Galves Charlotte
Published: September 2019

Several studies have observed that older Romance languages had more frequent object-verb order than their modern counterparts. This article explores the idea that contrast is crucial to understand the shift to verb-object order, as part of a more encompassing notion of boundedness, which has been frequently associated with the V2 parameter. To do so, we first show that some fronting constructions involving demonstratives were available in Old and Classical Portuguese, but not in Modern Portuguese, as a consequence of the existence of a KP projection hosting contrastive items of different sorts acting as delimitators. Second, we present some changes between Old and Classical Portuguese: (i) a decrease in fronted objects with demonstratives; (ii) an increase in the frequency of null subjects; and (iii) a small decrease in the frequency of frame setters. We propose that these shifts are to be attributed to an information-structural change correlated with a syntactic change concerning the position of complementizers and verb movement in subordinate clauses. To wit, while Old Portuguese was a symmetrical relaxed C-V2 language, Classical Portuguese was an asymmetrical one, which is reflected in terms of a reduced left periphery of subordinate clauses in the latter, in which KP cannot be projected. The article presents some implications of this account for the derivation of basic word order patterns and of clitic interpolation in Old Portuguese and for the loss of V2 in the history of Portuguese. These results suggest that the connection between boundedness, contrast and V2 grammars can be profitably explored in Old Romance languages.
A Probe Into Chinese University Students’ English Lexical Ambiguity
Authors: Zhang Xiaochun
Published: September 2019

Disagreements arise on the differences of semantic processing of different ambiguous words in the perspective of psycholinguistics. This paper compares the differences of the semantic processing of different types of ambiguous words of Chinese English learners by using a multiple semantic priming experiment with short. The results demonstrate the advantage in semantic processing of words of homonymy of Chinese English Learners in the multiple semantic priming experiment, but the advantage in semantic processing of words of polysemy does not always take place, as it is relevant to learners’ English levels and words’ meaning frequency. The effect of semantic processing of polysemous words is greater than that of synonymous words.
The GEMS Exams in Israel—Between Center and Periphery
Authors: Harus Eli Ben , Davidovitch Nitza
Published: September 2019

The relationship between input and output is one of the leading topics in modern educational discourse. In the current study, we focus on the GEMS (Growth and Effectiveness Measures for Schools) exams in Israel, which constitute a measure of a school’s scholastic achievements and its academic-social climate. The GEMS is the equivalent of exams such as the TIMSS and the PISA, used in other countries. The GEMS is a school supervisory tool of major importance operated by Israel’s Ministry of Education for improving scholastic achievements and academic-social climate in schools. As an objective indicator, GEMS scores open the field of education to competition. Data on all schools in Israel whose students take the GEMS also appear on the National Authority for Measurement and Assessment in Education (RAMA) website. This study aims to examine the reasons for the disparities in the GEMS results between Israel’s center and periphery and explores whether they can be reduced. Studies published on this issue in the last 16 years that explored these disparities, which are reflected in the extent of parental involvement and students’ educational deficits, were conducted on behalf of RAMA and under its supervision, and some were not sufficiently critical in their review of the efficacy of the GEMS exams. Identifying and understanding these causes is a significant step toward reducing the disparities which have important implications for future acquisition of a secondary and tertiary education. The research findings offer a practical contribution for policy makers in the educational system, while identifying elements of positive change in the schools.
Effects of Levels of Growth Regulator and Application Periods in Maize Genotypes on the Agronomic Traits
Authors: Barcelos Michelle N. , Camargo Reginaldo de , Lana Regina M. Q. , Amaral Uirá do , Viana Ronaldo da S. , Nogueira Thiago A. R. , Alves Ana C.
Published: September 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of corn hybrids short cycle on levels of plant regulator Stimulate® in two periods. The planting was done in field, in the experimental farm of the Mato Grosso do Sul State University. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme (3 × 2 × 2), with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three levels (0, 250 and 500 mL ha-1) of the plant regulator, with two hybrids (30A37PW Morgan and P3646-HY) and two times of application (vegetative stage and reproductive stage). The following averages were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves, tassel weight, tang weight, tang length, leaf weight, number of spikes, stem weight, stem diameter, ear diameter and whole plant weight. The number of leaves, number of spikes and stalk diameter were higher to P3646-HY and the tassel weight was higher to Morgan 30A37PW. The application of growth regulator of the doses of 250 and 500 mL ha-1, divided in the vegetative and reproductive stages, caused a reduction in stem diameter and whole plant weight, and in the other parameters the application in single dose and in divided dose did not affect plant growth. The genotype P3646-HY obtained higher number of leaves, number of spikes and stem diameter than the genotype 30A37PW Morgan, but this presented higher tassel weight.
Initial Growth and Roots Development of Soybean as Function of Water Availability and Soil Bulk Density
Authors: Timm Pâmela de Andrades , Pinto Marília Alves Brito , Parfitt José Maria Barbat , Concenço Germani , Campos Alexssandra Dayanne Soares de , Aires Thayse do Amaral , Silva Jaqueline Trombetta da , Faria Lessandro Coll
Published: September 2019

Soil compaction is preponderant in soil physical-hydric relationships, which in turn, exert direct effect on plant development. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the initial development of shoot and roots of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merril), cv. BMX Ícone, cultivated in different combinations of soil bulk densities and water availability. A greenhouse experiment was carried out at the EMBRAPA Lowland Experimental Station, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soybean plants were grown in seven levels of soil bulk density (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.0 kg dm-3) coupled to two soil water tensions (10 and 50 kPa). Plant height and leaf area, as well as root volume, decreased when soybean was cultivated at 50 kPa, associated to soil bulk densities above 1.8 kg dm-3. Soybean crop showed to be most sensitive to water deficit than to soil compaction, and soil water tension around the field capacity (10 kPa) should be associated to soil bulk density lower than 1.8 kg dm-3 to allow adequate soybean crop development.
Effect of Flooding Under the Gas Exchange of Cocoa Seedlings
Authors: Oliveira Vinicius de Souza , Pinheiro Ana Paula Braido , Neto Basílio Cerri , Arantes Sara Dousseau , Silva Cleidson Alves da , Crasque Jeane , Pinto Maria Luiza Pereira Barbosa , Santos Gleyce Pereira , Pagoto André Lucas Reboli , Nascimento Adriel Lima , Filho José Altino Machado , Posse Robson Prucoli , Posse Sheila Cristina Prucoli , Souza Carlos Alberto Spaggiari , Schmildt Omar , Schmildt Edilson Romais
Published: September 2019

Under flooding conditions, plants exhibit morphological and physiological characteristics that indicate that the plant is undergoing stress. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gas exchange of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings submitted to different times of flooding. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Capixaba Institute for Research Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted in the flooding of the seedlings on days 0 (without flooding), 1, 2, 4 and 8. The seedlings were evaluated for gas exchange by characteristics: liquid assimilation of CO2; stomatal conductance; transpiration rate; water use efficiency. The gas exchange of cocoa seedlings were influenced by the flooding period in which they were submitted with a decrease in the values liquid assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after the fourth day of flooding, after this period the seedlings developed morphological modifications that allowed them to adapt the flooding conditions, improving the liquid assimilation of CO2.
Inbreeding Depression of Progenies of Castor Bean, From of the Variety FCA-PB, Results of Three Types of Pollinations
Authors: Silva Jackson da , Ramos Andréia Rodrigues , Amorim Deoclecio Jardim , Zanotto Maurício Dutra , Sartori Maria Márcia Pereira
Published: September 2019

Oil of castor bean despite its wide range of use, still present a relevant deficit in the Brazilian market. This deficit could be softened or extinguished with increased productivity, in which the genetic aspect has a great contribution. The most productive genotypes are the hybrid varieties, however for obtaining the hybrids pure lineages are required which have appropriate agronomic characteristics and that express the minimum of inbreeding depression. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the inbreeding depression of castor bean progenies, from the cultivar FCA-PB, resulting from three types of pollination. The experiments were implanted in design in randomized blocks, in the 30 × 3 factorial scheme, being 30 progenies and 3 types of pollination (free, cross and self-pollination), in 2 environments (São Manuel and Araçatuba) and in 2 crops (2004/2005 and 2005/2006), with three replications. Inbreeding depression was estimated under the grain productivity variable. It was observed that cross-pollination presented grain productivity close to 2500 kg ha-1, in which the lowest coefficient of inbreeding was determined, zero (0). Opposed It self-pollination, in which resulted in lower productivity, around 2000 kg ha-1, and the highest inbreeding coefficient being of 0.77. The reflection of the coefficient of inbreeding on productivity presents inversely proportional behavior, ie, the measure that increases the coefficient of inbreeding decreases the grain yield.
Processing of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Biomass for Functional Protein Concentrates Development
Authors: Metri-Ojeda Jorge , Nikiforidis Costas , Sandoval-Peraza Mutkhar , Chel-Guerrero Luis , Allende Diana Baigts
Published: September 2019

Most proteins for human consumption are animal-derivated sources; however, due to its environmental impact (soil erosion, gas emissions, water footprint) and increasing demand, different plant-based sources are necessary. The purpose of this work is to use amaranth crop biomass for protein concentrates production. The effect of processing (extraction and drying) on the structure and some functional properties of biomass protein concentrates are evaluated for food applications. Thermal and acid precipitation was used for extraction of soluble proteins and lyophilization, vacuum convection, and spray-drying methods for protein concentrates production. Protein structure analyses were gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isoelectric point (zeta potential), spectrometry (FTIR), calorimetry (DSC), and amino acids profile. The functionality was evaluated by solubility (UV-VIS), rheological and emulsifying properties at different pH values. The most preserved protein structure was the precipitated by acidification and dried by spraying, which showed the highest solubility values (> 90 %), and desired rheological properties. Lyophilization enhanced the emulsifying activity (~95 %) and stability to gravity (~63 %) and heat (~79 %). The essential amino acids content (49 %) was higher than FAO recommendations for children (36 %), and protein composition was in agreement with the Codex Alimentarius for plant protein consumption. This research approaches the use of highly available biomass from amaranth crop as a sustainable source of proteins. Mostly protein isolation uses expensive technologies, which increases the final product cost. Herein, a simple method was adequate to obtain high nutritional quality, and food functionality protein concentrates for food-related applications.
“The Sustainable Backpack”: Exploring possibilities in education for sustainable development through a nationwide professional development program
Authors: Scheie Eldri , Stromholt Shelley
Published: September 2019

AbstractEducation for sustainable development (ESD) provides crucial opportunities for young people to be involved authentically in addressing socio-ecological challenges in their local and global communities. While many studies on education for sustainable development have documented efforts within higher education, few examples exist of large-scale programmes that engage primary and secondary students. Norway’s Sustainable Backpack programme is a notable exception. In this paper, we present insights from this nationwide professional development effort to support teachers to implement ESD. We describe design principles that guide the programme and present evidence of success through teacher interpretations of their experiences and those of their students. Data sources include teacher survey data and insights into the programme by the authors as participant observers. Our goal is to provide initial insights into important aspects of professional development at a large scale for ESD and recommendations for future work. Keywords: professional development, education for sustainable development, interdisciplinarity Den naturlige skolesekken:Utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling og profesjonell kompetanseutvikling i et nasjonalt nettverk SammendragUtdanning for bærekraftig utvikling (UBU) gir barn og unge muligheter til å få innsikt i, delta og påvirke komplekse bærekraftutfordringer lokalt, nasjonalt og globalt. Det er mange studier om utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling som dokumenterer innsats innen høyere utdanning, men få eksempler på storskala programmer som involverer grunnskole og videregående skole. Den naturlige skolesekken i Norge er et unntak i så måte. I denne artikkelen deler vi innsikt fra det nasjonale, faglige utviklingsarbeidet som støtter skoler, lærere og elever i å nærme seg UBU på en tverrfaglig måte. Vi beskriver designprinsippene som ligger til grunn for programmet, presenterer forutsetningene lærerne mener er viktige for å lykkes, deres egne erfaringer og den utviklingen de ser hos elevene sine. Datakildene inkluderer spørreundersøkelse blant lærerne og innsikt i programmet fra forfatterne som deltakende observatører. Vårt mål er å gi en innsikt i viktige aspekter og erfaringer fra profesjonsutvikling på nasjonalt nivå for UBU, samt å komme med anbefalinger for fremtidig arbeid på feltet. Nøkkelord: profesjonell kompetanseutvikling, utdanning for bærekraftig utvikling, tverrfaglighet
INTERACTION IN POLYARYLATE – POLY(ARYLENE ETHER KETONE) MIXTURE AT HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROCESSING
Authors: Sorokin Anton E. , Krasnov Alexander P. , Shaposhnikova Vera V. , Salazkin Sergey N. , Gorshkov Mikhail V. , Naumkin Alexander V.
Published: September 2019

Methods of modifying polyarylate based on bisphenol A and mixture of iso- and terephthalic acids by a representative of a promising class of polymers — polyarylene ether ketone have been discussed in this article. Comparative thermomechanical and thermofriction tests of two grades of poly(arylene ether ketone)based on bisphenol A and 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone (PAEK-32 and PAEK-34) have been carried out. It has been established that PAEK-34 is the most suitable for modifying polyarylate, which is confirmed by its higher softening temperature and stable friction coefficient at elevated temperatures. The thermomechanical properties and molecular mass distribution of amorphous polyarylene ether ketone before and after pressing have been studied. It has been established that during processing of poly(arylene ether ketone) PAEK-34  it’s molecular weight increases from 123 to 178 thousand a.m.u. with simultaneous change in the character of the molecular mass distribution from bimodal to unimodal. At the same time, there is a sharp decrease in the content of the low molecular weight fraction from 23.32 to 7.2%. Theoretical compatibility of polyarethylene ether ketone PAEK-34 and polyarylate DV based on the theory of solubility of substances has been studied. It was established that mixtures of these polymers are compatible for any components’ ratio according to the calculation results. The thermomechanical characteristics of the mixtures obtained on the basis of polyarylate and polyarylene ether ketone have been evaluated. It has been established that the growth of heat resistance of the mixture during processing is caused by intermolecular interaction of components with the formation of new chemical compounds having a block-type copolymer structure. This was confirmed by the change in the nature of the molecular-mass distribution of the polymer mixture upon the transition of the pressing temperature from 260 °C to 300 °C. It was established that the optimal conditions for the realization of block-copolymer formation reaction are created at 300 °C.
SPECTROSCOPICALLY AND/OR STRUCTURALLY INTRIGUING PHTHALOCYANINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. PART 2. MONOMERIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao
Published: September 2019

The second part of the series of review papers on the properties of some synthetically and spectroscopically interesting studies of our group for the period 2007-2017 is presented. In particular, examples of the analysis of spectroscopic data in combination with calculations by the molecular orbitals method are given. We mainly used spectroscopic methods of electron absorption and natural and magnetic circular dichroism, periodically applying fluorescence, phosphorescence and ESR with a time resolution. The spectra of (4n + 2) p systems, as well as some 4np antiaromatic systems, are analyzed theoretically, which helps the reader to interpret the spectral data. In the first and the second parts of this review monomer systems are considered, and in the third - trimeric and tetrameric systems.

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SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED EMULSION FOR SELECTIVE DRUGS TRANSPORT
Authors: Metera Agata , Dłuska Ewa , Markowska-Radomska Agnieszka , Tudek Barbara , Kosicki Konrad
Published: September 2019

This paper presents the results of functionalization of surfaces of double emulsions drops for selective drug transport and selection of antibodies for targeting brain tumor cells - glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The functionalization involved physical adsorption of antibodies: anti-CD15 (Hodgkin's disease marker) on oil drops of the emulsion. The interactions between molecules of antibodies and compounds of the oil drops were measured using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Double emulsions were prepared by a one-step method, in a helical flow contactor. The ITC analysis showed that antibodies interacted with emulsion compounds. The change in the heat rates reflecting molecular interactions proved that proteins adhered to oil drops interfaces. Additionally, surface proteins (antibodies) were identified and analyzed for targeting specific GBM cell lines: U87MG, LN229, T98G. The multiple emulsions were created under conditions: the size of the annular gap between the coaxial cylinders was 1.5 mm, the rotational frequency of the inner cylinder was 2162 rpm, the volumetric flow rates of internal water phase to membrane oil phase 1:1 and membrane oil phase to external water phase 1:15. The method of double emulsions preparation has been described more precisely in our previous papers. The sizes of the internal phase drops and the membrane phase drops were determined based on analyzing images captured during microscopic observation of the double emulsion samples.
USING OF ESTERS AS DISPERSION MEDIUM OF POLYUREA PLASTIC GREASES
Authors: Tonkonogov Boris P. , Kilyakova Anastasiya Yu. , Shumakaeva Sabina Z. , Vinokurov Vladimir A. , Safieva Ravilya Z. , Popova Olga V. , Parenago Oleg P.
Published: September 2019

This article presents first results of the investigated physico-chemical and operational parameters of composition greases obtained with the use of esters of different nature as a dispersion medium and the polyurea as a thickening agent, including the addition of nanocellulose. The choice of the ester base for the production of greases is possible due, on the one hand, to good combination of the physico-chemical properties (high viscosity index, low volatility, high flash and ignition temperature, low pour point, good anti-wear properties). On the other hand, in the production of greases with good ecological characteristics biodegradability of its components is of great importance, which in this case is provided by the use of esters as an oil base and an organic thickener, nanocellulose, as a component of the polyurea dispersed phase. It has been shown that from the dicarboxylic acid esters studied, the polyurea greases based on dioctyl adipate are superior to the dropping point and better colloidal stability as compared to dioctyl sebacate and dibutyl sebacate. The smaller size of the ether molecule provides the stronger structure of the polyurea grease. Similarly, for branched ethers, the grease based on tri-basic alcohols is more effective than the four-basic alcohols. The possibility of using nanocellulose as a thickener component was demonstrated. An increase in the content of nanocellulose to 3.5% increases the colloidal stability and the dropping temperature of the synthesized greases. The obtained samples have a wider range of operating temperatures, better rheological indicators than imported and domestic analogues.
TETRAACETYLGLYCOLURIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION
Authors: Bakibaev Abdigali A. , Malkov Victor S. , Gorbin Sergey I. , Hoang Ngoc Phuoc , Panshina Svetlana Yu.
Published: September 2019

Due to high multi-functionality, bicyclic ureas of octoic type (also known as glycolurils) are used in many applications, including the manufacturing of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, additives for paints and coatings, polymer stabilizers, psychoactive drugs, intermediates for synthesize supramolecular compounds such as cucurbiturils and bambusurils and other practically important products. Among the glycoluril derivatives, N,N,N,N-tetraacetic derivative named as tetraacetylglycoluril occupies a special place and is produced as a fine chemical and used as a bleaching activator (as an example for perborates) in detergents. Tetraacetylglycoluril as a parent compound of acylated glycolurils finds its application as a bleaching activator in detergents and successfully competes with its counterpart tetraacetylethylenediamine. The chemistry of tetraacetylglycoluril presented in the literature is fragmentary and unsystematized, and does not allow receiving a deep understanding on the chemical properties and fields of application of this available compound. We suppose that the availability and multi-functionality of the tetraacetylglycoluril makes it possible to realize its synthetic potential. In the present article the main processes to produce tetraacetylglycoluril, its chemical properties and application fields are discussed in details. Chemical properties of tetraacetylglycoluril are described in details for reactions of hydrolysis, nucleophilic substitution, N- and O-acylation of amines and alcohols. It is noteworthy that tetraacetylglycoluril can be successfully used as a soft acylating agent for biogenic organic substrates and as a building block to synthesize new supramolecular compounds.
MECHANISMS OF TRAPPING FINE DUST IN WET DUST COLLECTING APPARATUS
Authors: Krawczyk Janusz , Kocewiak Katarzyna , Talaga Jan , Postnikova Irina
Published: September 2019

The high efficiency of intensive operation of wet scrubbers is the result of a simultaneous formation of different mechanisms of dust particle collectors. The collectors can be understood as droplets of atomised liquid, bubbles formed in the conditions of intensive barbotage, liquid surface and wet surfaces. All collectors are formed during the operation of the circulating unit. The deposition of dust particles from gas occurs as a result of centrifugal forces and secondary circulations in the guide duct as well as the effect of the water curtain, liquid barbotage and the flow of dusty gas through the droplet-splash layer. Discussions substantiating the possibility of confirming the effect of suspension viscosity on the efficiency of the dust collection process can be related both to the analysis of basic mechanisms affecting the deposition of particles on liquid collectors and the conditions of generating collectors. In total liquid recirculation in wet dedusting equipment, concentration of solids in a liquid rises. In such conditions, a gradual decrease in their dedusting efficiency is possible. The effect depends on dust physiochemical properties, kinetic energy of particles, the type of equipment used, and specifically on the way of organization of the contact of the liquid and gas phases. Studies of the effectiveness of dedusting depending on various factors are given in the next article by the same authors.
MODELING AND CALCULATION OF GRINDING AND CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE OF DISSIMILAR COMPONENTS IN CLOSED MILLING CIRCUIT
Authors: Zhukov Vladimir P. , Osipov Dmitriy А. , Mizonov Vadim E. , Wyleciał Tomasz
Published: September 2019

It is shown that the developed earlier model of joint grinding of dissimilar particulate solids based on the discrete models of the Boltzmann equation does not take into account the possible size and density classification of particles and the operating of technological equipment in a closed milling circuit. It is substantiated that the problem of improving the efficiency of separation of mixture components, based on the analysis of their treatment in a closed milling circuit is an actual problem in the field. Theoretical investigations were based on the discrete models of the Boltzmann equation and the methods of their solution related to the technology of treatment of dissimilar components mixture. A special program for measurements and experimental data treatment obtained at the laboratory fluidized bed jet mill and the impact mill was developed for the experimental investigations. In the course of computational and experimental study a mathematical model of classification of dissimilar components was proposed and tested as well as the algorithm of its implementation into the general model of a closed milling circuit. The computational investigations were carried out to estimate the model sensitivity to the input parameters disturbance.  The directions of improving the efficiency of the objective component separation in the closed milling circuit with the fluidized bed jet mill are found. The developed model the closed milling circuit for grinding dissimilar particulate solids can be used in engineering practice with acceptable accuracy. It can be used to estimate the possible enrichment of particulate solids mixtures and to define the optimal technological conditions of their separation with taking into account the limitations on the objective product impurity. The paths are outlined and the order of selection of the parameters of the grinding processes and the classification for effective separation of the components of the mixture are shown.