bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frogs in the spotlight: a 16‐year survey of native frogs and invasive toads on a floodplain in tropical Australia
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard
Published: June 2016

Although widespread declines in anuran populations have attracted considerable concern, the stochastic demographics of these animals make it difficult to detect consistent trends against a background of spatial and temporal variation. To identify long‐term trends, we need datasets gathered over long time periods, especially from tropical areas where anuran biodiversity is highest. We conducted road surveys of four anurans in the Australian wet–dry tropics on 4637 nights over a 16‐year period. Our surveys spanned the arrival of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), allowing us to assess the invader's impact on native anuran populations. Our counts demonstrate abrupt and asynchronous shifts in abundance and species composition from one year to the next, not clearly linked to rainfall patterns. Typically, periods of decline in numbers of a species were limited to 1–2 years and were followed by 1‐ to 2‐year periods of increase. No taxa showed consistent declines over time, although trajectories for some species showed significant perturbations coincident with the arrival of toads. None of the four focal frog species was less common at the end of the study than at the beginning, and three of the species reached peak abundances after toad arrival. Survey counts of cane toads increased rapidly during the initial stage of invasion but have subsequently declined and fluctuated. Distinguishing consistent declines versus stochastic fluctuations in anuran populations requires extensive time‐series analysis, coupled with an understanding of the shifts expected under local climatic conditions. This is especially pertinent when assessing impacts of specific perturbations such as invasive species.
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents with chronic pain: A topical review of the literature and a proposed framework for future research
Authors: Holley A.L. , Wilson A.C. , Noel M. , Palermo T.M.
Published: June 2016

Background and objective

The co‐occurrence of chronic pain and post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has gained increasing research attention. Studies on associations among pain and PTSS or PTSD in youth have largely been conducted in the context of acute injury or trauma. Less is known about the risk for co‐occurrence with paediatric chronic pain. In this review, we (1) propose a conceptual framework to outline factors salient during childhood that may be associated with symptom severity, co‐occurrence and mutual maintenance, (2) present relevant literature on PTSS in youth with acute and chronic pain and identify research gaps and (3) provide recommendations to guide paediatric research examining shared symptomatology.

Databases and data treatment

Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were used to identify relevant articles using the search terms ‘child, adolescent, paediatric, chronic pain, acute pain, post‐traumatic stress symptoms and post‐traumatic stress disorder’. Studies were retrieved and reviewed based on relevance to the topic.

Results

Our findings revealed that existing biobehavioural and ecological models of paediatric chronic pain lack attention to traumatic events or the potential development of PTSS. Paediatric studies are also limited by lack of a conceptual framework for understanding the prevalence, risk and trajectories of PTSS in youth with chronic pain.

Conclusions

Our new developmentally informed framework highlights individual symptoms and shared contextual factors that are important when examining potential associations among paediatric chronic pain and PTSS. Future studies should consider bidirectional and mutually maintaining associations, which will be aided by prospective, longitudinal designs.

What does this review add?

This review presents relevant literature on pain and PTSS in youth and proposes a conceptual framework to examine factors salient during childhood that may be associated with symptom severity, comorbidity and mutual maintenance of chronic pain and PTSS in paediatric populations.

We highlight dynamic factors that may change across children's development and provide recommendations to guide paediatric research examining potential associations among PTSS and chronic pain.
Obsessional and Eating Disorder‐related Intrusive Thoughts: Differences and Similarities Within and Between Individuals Vulnerable to OCD or to EDs
Authors: Belloch Amparo , Roncero María , Perpiñá Conxa
Published: June 2016

Unwanted intrusive cognitions constitute the normal variant of clinically significant intrusive cognitions found in disorders such as obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (EDs). This study investigates whether individuals who are vulnerable to OCD or EDs experience more intrusions than people with no vulnerability to these disorders, and it examines the consequences of obsessional (OITs) and eating disorder (EDITs) intrusions in the same individuals, taking into account their susceptibility to OCD, EDs or neither of the two. From a sample of 922 participants, three groups were formed: risk of OCD (n = 92), risk of EDs (n = 41) and a no‐risk group (n = 100). EDITs were more frequent than OITs in the two risk groups. Within‐group comparisons showed that in the OCD‐risk group, the OIT had more negative consequences (interference, emotional distress, dysfunctional appraisals and neutralizing strategies) than the EDIT, whereas in the ED‐risk group, the OIT and the EDIT instigated similar negative consequences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The 6‐Item Cognitive Impairment Test as a bedside screening for dementia in general hospital patients: results of the General Hospital Study (GHoSt)
Authors: Hessler Johannes Baltasar , Schäufele Martina , Hendlmeier Ingrid , Nora Junge Magdalena , Leonhardt Sarah , Weber Joshua , Bickel Horst
Published: June 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric quality of the 6‐Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT) as a bedside screening for the detection of dementia in general hospital patients.

Method

Participants (N = 1,440) were inpatients aged ≥65 of 33 randomly selected general hospitals in Southern Germany. The 6CIT was conducted at bedside, and dementia was diagnosed according to DSM‐IV. Nursing staff was asked to rate the patients' cognitive status, and previous diagnoses of dementia were extracted from medical records. Completion rates and validity statistics were calculated.

Results

Two‐hundred seventy patients had dementia. Cases with delirium but no dementia were excluded. Feasibility was 97.9% and 83.3% for patients without and with dementia, respectively, and decreased from moderate (93.8%) to severe dementia (53%). The area under the curve of the 6CIT was 0.98. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for the cutoffs 7/8 (0.96, 0.82, 0.85, 0.52, 0.99) and 10/11 (0.88, 0.95, 0.94, 0.76, 0.98). The nurse ratings and medical records information had lower validity statistics. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the 6CIT statistically significantly provided information above nurse ratings and medical records. Twenty‐five and 37 additional patients were correctly classified by the 7/8 and 10/11 cutoffs, respectively.

Conclusion

The 6CIT is a feasible and valid screening tool for the detection of dementia in older general hospital patients. The 6CIT outperformed the nurse ratings of cognitive status and dementia diagnoses from medical records, suggesting that standardized screening may have benefits with regard to case finding. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal reward circuitry in anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal, multimodal MRI study
Authors: Cha Jiook , Ide Jaime S. , Bowman F. Dubois , Simpson Helen B. , Posner Jonathan , Steinglass Joanna E.
Published: June 2016

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating illness and existing interventions are only modestly effective. This study aimed to determine whether AN pathophysiology is associated with altered connections within fronto‐accumbal circuitry subserving reward processing. Diffusion and resting‐state functional MRI scans were collected in female inpatients with AN (n = 22) and healthy controls (HC; n = 18) between the ages of 16 and 25 years. Individuals with AN were scanned during the acute, underweight phase of the illness and again following inpatient weight restoration. HC were scanned twice over the same timeframe. Based on univariate and multivariate analyses of fronto‐accumbal circuitry, underweight individuals with AN were found to have increased structural connectivity (diffusion probabilistic tractography), increased white matter anisotropy (tract‐based spatial statistics), increased functional connectivity (seed‐based correlation in resting‐state fMRI), and altered effective connectivity (spectral dynamic causal modeling). Following weight restoration, fronto‐accumbal structural connectivity continued to be abnormally increased bilaterally with large (partial η2 = 0.387; right NAcc‐OFC) and moderate (partial η2 = 0.197; left NAcc‐OFC) effect sizes. Increased structural connectivity within fronto‐accumbal circuitry in the underweight state correlated with severity of eating disorder symptoms. Taken together, the findings from this longitudinal, multimodal neuroimaging study offer converging evidence of atypical fronto‐accumbal circuitry in AN. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3835–3846, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Optimal Pipe Size Design Tool for Irrigation Systems and its Application to Saemangeum Reclamation Area
Authors: Yoo Do Guen , Kim Young Hwa , Kim Young Deuk , Cho Jaeyong , Kim Joong Hoon
Published: June 2016

This study aims to develop an economical tool for pipe size (diameter) design, i.e. a model, by using optimization techniques for agricultural irrigation systems. The developed model is validated through applications to an actual target region (Saemangeum reclamation area, zone 6). A newly developed metaheuristic optimization algorithm, termed a proportional genetic harmony search algorithm (PGHSA), is proposed in this study. To evaluate the optimization results of pipe diameters for the target region, the cost and hydraulic results of the initial and optimal designs are investigated by means of a comparison. Spatial equalization of nodal pressure and the economic velocity of each pipe are used as indicators for evaluating the hydraulic stability of the irrigation system. The results indicate that the proposed optimal design model can save construction cost considerably, by 1–11%, in comparison to the original plans. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic Fertilisation Increases C and N Stocks and Reduces Soil Organic Matter Stability in Mediterranean Vegetable Gardens
Authors: Garcia‐Pausas Jordi , Rabissi Agnese , Rovira Pere , Romanyà Joan
Published: June 2016

Given their organic matter (OM) depletion, agricultural soils can act as carbon (C) sinks if adequate management practices are implemented. OM stabilisation in highly OM‐depleted agricultural soils may depend upon the allocation of OM inputs among particle size fractions that differ in their capacity to stabilise OM. In a set of vegetable garden fields, we determined the magnitude of the differences in soil C and N content between organically and conventionally managed fields and the incorporation of the increased C and N pools to the fine fractions as an indication of the stability of the soil OM accrual. It was carried out in a stockless scenario in which exogenous OM was only used in organically managed fields for the last 20 years (as opposed to conventional management only using mineral fertilisers). Organic fertilisation caused a notable increase in soil organic C and N stocks compared with mineral‐fertilised soils. Such increase remained significant below the plough depth. C and N content increased at all fractions, but the relative contribution of the fine‐silt‐plus‐clay fraction to total C and N decreased at all depths. We concluded that organic management increases soil OM storage, but overall, the stability of the increased OM stocks decreases slightly. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast all‐optical order‐to‐chaos transition in silicon photonic crystal chips
Authors: Bruck Roman , Liu Changxu , Muskens Otto L. , Fratalocchi Andrea , Di  Falco Andrea
Published: June 2016

The interaction of light with nanostructured materials provides exciting new opportunities for investigating classical wave analogies of quantum phenomena. A topic of particular interest forms the interplay between wave physics and chaos in systems where a small perturbation can drive the behavior from the classical to chaotic regime. Here, we report an all‐optical laser‐driven transition from order to chaos in integrated chips on a silicon photonics platform. A square photonic crystal microcavity at telecom wavelengths is tuned from an ordered into a chaotic regime through a perturbation induced by ultrafast laser pulses in the ultraviolet range. The chaotic dynamics of weak probe pulses in the near infrared is characterized for different pump‐probe delay times and at various positions in the cavity, with high spatial accuracy. Our experimental analysis, confirmed by numerical modelling based on random matrices, demonstrates that nonlinear optics can be used to control reversibly the chaotic behavior of light in optical resonators.

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Gas phase basicities of polyfunctional molecules. Part 5: Non‐aromatic sp2 nitrogen containing compounds
Authors: Bouchoux Guy , Eckert‐Maksic Mirjana
Published: June 2016

This paper constitutes the fifth part of a general review of the gas‐phase protonation thermochemistry of polyfunctional molecules (Part 1: Theory and methods, Mass Spectrom Rev 2007, 26:775–835, Part 2: Saturated basic sites, Mass Spectrom Rev 2012, 31:353–390, Part 3: Amino acids, Mass Spectrom Rev 2012, 31:391–435, Part 4: Carbonyl as basic site, Mass Spectrom Rev 2015, 34:493–534). This part is devoted to non‐aromatic molecules characterized by a lone pair located on a sp2 nitrogen atom, it embraces functional groups such as imines, amidines, guanidines, diazenes, hydrazines, oximes, and phosphazenes. Specific examples are examined under five major chapters. In the first one, aliphatic and unsaturated (conjugated and cyclic) imines, hydrazones, and oximes are considered. A second chapter describes the protonation energetic of aliphatic, conjugated, or cyclic amidines. Guanidines, polyguanides, and biomolecules containing guanidine were examined in the third chapter. A fourth chapter describes the particular case of the phosphazene molecules. Finally, diazenes and azides were considered in the last chapter. Experimental data were re‐evaluated according to the presently adopted basicity scale, i.e., PA(NH3) = 853.6 kJ/mol, GB (NH3) = 819 kJ/mol. Structural and energetic information given by G4MP2 quantum chemistry computations on typical systems are presented. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:139–170, 2018
Mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian description in materials processing: deformation of a metal sheet in a rolling mill
Authors: Vetyukov Yu. , Gruber P. G. , Krommer M. , Gerstmayr J. , Gafur I. , Winter G.
Published: June 2016

The paper is concerned with the modeling of the planar motion of a horizontal sheet of metal in a rolling mill. Inhomogeneous velocity profiles, with which the material is generated at one roll stand and enters the next one, lead to the time evolution of the deformation of the metal strip. We propose a novel kinematic description in which the axial coordinate is an Eulerian one, while the transverse motion of the sheet is modeled in a Lagrangian framework. The material volume travels across a finite element mesh, whose boundaries are in contact with the roll stands.

The concise mathematical formulation of the method is different from the classical form of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach with a rate form of constitutive relations.

The undeformed state of the strip is incompatible owing to the varying time rate of the generation of material. We treat this phenomenon by introducing the notion of intrinsic strains, which are mathematically described using the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.

We currently present the approach for quasistatic simulations of in‐plane elastoplastic deformations of the strip. A practically relevant problem with two strip segments and three roll stands is studied in a numerical example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of physico‐mechanical and thermo‐mechanical analysis of alumina filled needle‐punch nonwoven jute epoxy composites
Authors: Kumar Patnaik Tapan , Nayak Sudhansu Sekhar
Published: June 2016

In the present study, needle‐punch nonwoven jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites are fabricated by compression molding techniques by varying alumina ceramic particulates (0–15 wt%) in the composites. The physical tests are studied such as void content, hardness, and water absorption analysis and mechanical tests are performed such as: tensile strength, impact strength, and fracture toughness, respectively. The results indicated that with the addition of 5 wt% of alumina particulate to the unfilled needle‐punch nonwoven jute epoxy composite is increased the hardness by 13.15%, tensile strength by 30%, flexural strength by 20%, and impact strength by 9.01%, respectively. Finally, thermo‐mechanical test such as dynamic mechanical analysis, thermo‐gravimetric analysis, and thermal conductivity analysis of the unfilled and particulate filled polymer composites are characterized. The thermal conductivity of the unfilled composite is decreased by 3.01% by the addition of 5 wt% of alumina particulate. Further, it is also observed that jute reinforced epoxy composites filled with 15 wt% alumina particulate presented highest storage modulus, loss modulus, and thermal stability as compared with 0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% alumina particulate filled jute epoxy composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1553–1561, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Glimpse of Our Journey into the Design of Optical Probes in Self‐assembled Surfactant Aggregates
Authors: Dey Nilanjan , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: June 2016

Dynamic self‐assembling amphiphilic surfactant molecules, popularly known as “micelles”, have received widespread attention, due to their ability to modulate the photophysical properties of various organic dyes upon encapsulation. Along with their well‐known use as cleaning agents, catalysts in organic reactions, and even for drug delivery purposes, these surfactant assemblies also show promising pertinence in the recognition of both ionic and nonionic targeted analytes. Low micropolarity and relatively hydrophobic environments promote their interaction with ionic analytes, whereas neutral species mostly affect the aggregation pattern of the probe molecules upon partitioning inside the micellar hydrophobic milieu. The environment‐sensitive nature of micelle‐based self‐assembled probes also prompts us to devise new sensor arrays for the recognition of multiple analytes. While this account will largely focus on our own work in developing surfactant‐triggered self‐assembled sensors, our findings have been placed in the context of the relevant contributions from others during their strategic evolution.
The role of a museum‐based science education program in promoting content knowledge and science motivation
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Durksen Tracy L. , Williamson Derek , Kiss Julia , Ginns Paul
Published: June 2016

Informal learning settings such as museums have been identified as opportunities to enhance students' knowledge and motivation in science and to optimize the connection between science and everyday life. The present study assessed the role of a self‐paced science education program (situated in a medical science museum) in enhancing students' program‐related content knowledge, self‐efficacy, valuing, and aspirations. The study also investigated whether gains in content knowledge recall and motivation (as relevant to biology, anatomy, health) are associated with reported improvements in beliefs about health practices relevant to everyday life. The program aligned with a well‐established tripartite engagement framework conforming to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional engagement principles as well as principles underpinning guided discovery learning. Among a sample of N = 167 (upper) elementary and secondary school students (aged 10–16 years, M = 12.62 years), we found significant gains in content knowledge recall (achievement) and science motivation (self‐efficacy, valuing, aspirations) following participation in the science program. Additionally, gains in content knowledge recall and motivation were associated with reported improvements in beliefs about everyday health practices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 1364–1384, 2016
Coordination Polymers with 2D → 3D Interdigitated Arrays Based on 5‐(4‐(1H‐1,2,4‐Triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐1H‐tetrazole: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties
Authors: Wang Xi‐Chi , Chen Yu , Yuan Hao , Yang Qi , Zeng Xiao‐Shan , Qiu Hai‐Jiang , Xiao Dong‐Rong
Published: June 2016

The interdigitated coordination networks [Cu(tyty)] (1) and [Cu1.5(L1)(L2)(tyty)] (2) [Htyty = 5‐(4‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐1H‐tetrazole, HL1 = 2,3,4,5‐tetrachlorobenzoic acid, HL2 = 2,3,4,5,6‐pentachlorobenzoic acid], were hydrothermally synthesized and further characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and TG analyses. Compound 1 consists of unique 2D double‐bilayers, which are interdigitated by adjacent 2D double‐bilayers to yield a 2D → 3D interdigitated framework. Compound 1 is the first example of a coordination polymer containing double‐bilayer motifs. Compound 2 exhibits a new 2D → 3D interdigitated network, which is assembled from sidearm‐containing 2D layers that are formed by tyty anions and rod‐shaped secondary building units. The magnetic properties of 2 were also investigated.
Behavioral responses of three armadillo species (Mammalia: Xenarthra) to an environmental enrichment program in Villavicencio, Colombia
Authors: Cortés Duarte Alexandra , Trujillo Fernando , Superina Mariella
Published: June 2016

Enrichment is a powerful tool to improve the welfare of animals under human care. Stress‐related health and behavioral problems, as well as reproductive failure, are frequent in armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Dasypodidae) under human care, which hinders the development of successful ex situ conservation programs. Nevertheless, scientific studies on the effect of enrichment programs on armadillos are virtually non‐existent. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of an enrichment program on the behavior of armadillos under human care. The behavior of 12 individuals of three species (Dasypus novemcinctus, D. sabanicola, and Cabassous unicinctus) maintained at Finca El Turpial, Villavicencio, Colombia, was recorded using scan sampling during three daily time blocks of 2 hr each before (4 weeks) and after (4 weeks) implementing an enrichment program. Enrichment did not stimulate the armadillos to change or extend their activity period. In general, activity levels were low during the entire study, and virtually no activity was recorded in the morning in any species, neither without nor with enrichment. The latter did, however, improve welfare by reducing abnormal and increasing natural foraging behaviors. All species were attracted by artificial termite mounds. Dasypus spp. showed special interest in cardboard boxes with food, while Cabassous was mainly attracted to hollow plastic balls filled with food. Our results suggest that separate enrichment programs need to be developed for different armadillo species, and that they should be applied during the time of day at which they are most active. Zoo Biol. 35:304–312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model checking learning agent systems using Promela with embedded C code and abstraction
Authors: Kirwan Ryan , Miller Alice , Porr Bernd
Published: June 2016

As autonomous systems become more prevalent, methods for their verification will become more widely used. Model checking is a formal verification technique that can help ensure the safety of autonomous systems, but in most cases it cannot be applied by novices, or in its straight “off-the-shelf” form. In order to be more widely applicable it is crucial that more sophisticated techniques are used, and are presented in a way that is reproducible by engineers and verifiers alike. In this paper we demonstrate in detail two techniques that are used to increase the power of model checking using the model checker S
pin
. The first of these is the use of embedded C code within Promela specifications, in order to accurately reflect robot movement. The second is to use abstraction together with a simulation relation to allow us to verify multiple environments simultaneously. We apply these techniques to a fairly simple system in which a robot moves about a fixed circular environment and learns to avoid obstacles. The learning algorithm is inspired by the way that insects learn to avoid obstacles in response to pain signals received from their antennae. Crucially, we prove that our abstraction is sound for our example system—a step that is often omitted but is vital if formal verification is to be widely accepted as a useful and meaningful approach.
Evaluating biochemical methane production from brewer’s spent yeast
Authors: Sosa-Hernández Ornella , Parameswaran Prathap , Alemán-Nava Gibrán Sidney , Torres César I , Parra-Saldívar Roberto
Published: June 2016

Anaerobic digestion treatment of brewer’s spent yeast (SY) is a viable option for bioenergy capture. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was performed with three different samples (SY1, SY2, and SY3) and SY1 dilutions (75, 50, and 25 % on a v/v basis). Gompertz-equation parameters denoted slow degradability of SY1 with methane production rates of 14.59–4.63 mL/day and lag phases of 10.72–19.7 days. Performance and kinetic parameters were obtained with the Gompertz equation and the first-order hydrolysis model with SY2 and SY3 diluted 25 % and SY1 50 %. A SY2 25 % gave a 17 % of TCOD conversion to methane as well as shorter lag phase (<1 day). Average estimated hydrolysis constant for SY was 0.0141 (±0.003) day−1, and SY2 25 % was more appropriate for faster methane production. Methane capture and biogas composition were dependent upon the SY source, and co-digestion (or dilution) can be advantageous.
Prevalence and Relationship Between Maternal Periodontal Disease and Preterm Low Birth Weight Baby
Authors: Kumari Prabha , Mendiratta Sumanlata , Sharma Subodh , Popli Sangeeta
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and relationship between maternal periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight (LBW) babies among women delivering at Hindu Rao Hospital, Delhi, India. A case control study was performed on 150 women fulfilling the selection criteria over a period of one year. The study consisted of 50 cases, (women delivering preterm babies weighing ≤2.5 kg, Group I) and 100 controls (women delivering babies at ≥37 weeks and weighing >2.5 kg, Group II). Associated risk factors for preterm low birth weight (PT-LBW) were ascertained by means of a structured questionnaire and maternal notes. Women having any of the possible risk factors for preterm LBW were either excluded or confounded in the study. The prevalence of periodontal disease was assessed by the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) scoring method, with scores ranging from 0 to 4. Data were analyzed using Graphpad Prism-5 software. P value and odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval were calculated as and when required for statistical analysis. Prevalence of periodontal disease was 84.66 % (n = 150) in the study population. Prevalence of periodontal disease was high, at least in some form or other, in cases (100 %) as compared to controls (77 %). The prevalence of severe periodontal disease (CPITN score-4) was 8 % in cases and 3 % in controls. Periodontal disease is an avoidable risk factor for LBW as almost all of the known risk factors for LBW were either excluded or confounded during the study. Hence, routine periodontal examination and advice on good oral hygiene should be included as part of preconceptional care and antenatal checkups during pregnancy. Any dysfunction should be thoroughly investigated and treated for the sake of health of both mother and baby.
Stroke Survivors who Fall: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Survey in Nigeria
Authors: Vincent-Onabajo Grace , Gamawa Adamu Usman , Ali Mohammad Usman , Gujba Fatima Kachalla , Masta Mamman Ali
Published: June 2016

Background: Falls and fall-related injuries rank among the most common complications after stroke, and are characterised by high rates of morbidity and mortality. This study examined the proportion, and the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of those who fell among stroke survivors attending physiotherapy facilities in selected hospitals in Nigeria.

Methods: Socio-demographic, clinical and falls data were obtained using a researcher-designed questionnaire while the modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess functional ability of the participants. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation were used to summarise all data. Pearson's Chi square statistic was used to identify significant socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of those who fell.

Results: One hundred stroke survivors participated in the study with a majority of males (67%). Mean ± SD age of the stroke survivors was 55.97 ± 9.56 years (range = 33–85 years). Thirty-three (33%) stroke survivors fell within the 3 months prior to the study and a significant proportion were older (p < .001) and had more diminished functional ability (p < .001).

Conclusion: A considerable proportion of the stroke survivors fell, especially those in the older age-group and those with diminished functional ability. These findings suggest that improving functional ability after stroke may prevent falls while older stroke survivors would also require intensive falls prevention strategies to reduce their susceptibility to falls post stroke. Longitudinal studies on the incidence and frequency of falls among stroke survivors in Nigeria, and clinical trials on appropriate falls prevention strategies are however urgently required.
Prospective Memory After Stroke: A Scoping Review
Authors: Hogan Christy , Fleming Jennifer , Cornwell Petrea , Shum David
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper was to review the limited, but growing, literature on prospective memory (PM) following stroke using a scoping study methodology. Multiple databases were systematically searched and yielded 11 studies that were classified as observational (n= 7) or intervention studies (n= 4) and reviewed for quality. PM impairment after stroke was more commonly identified using behavioural measures compared to self-report measures. There were mixed findings regarding the extent and nature of PM impairment poststroke; however, more studies reported impairment for time-based PM, compared to both event- and activity-based PM. Studies examining rehabilitative techniques for PM resulted in mixed findings and were limited as most were case studies of poor methodological quality. Overall previous research in this area was limited as most studies were often underpowered due to small sample sizes, or used single-item measures which may not be robust enough to reliably measure PM impairment. Additionally, the methods used to measure PM were varied and many studies did not control for retrospective memory impairment, which could impact the results, as PM has both a retrospective (remembering both the action and when it needs to be completed) and prospective component (remembering to perform the action when appropriate). In conclusion, PM impairment is apparent poststroke, specifically for time-based PM. However, more research is needed to determine why PM impairment occurs, and how it can be improved.
Paradoxes of Intimacy: Play and the Ethics of Invisibility in North-east Brazil
Authors: SHAPIRO MATAN
Published: June 2016

In this article I examine ordinary ethical practices that underpin intimate relations in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. I focus ethnographically on jealousy and seduction as complementary forms of play, which simultaneously affirm and challenge such aspects of emotional relatedness as trust and love. I argue that since a measure of concealment is inherent in both these play-forms, they render invisible those actions that challenge conventional moral injunctions, such as sexual infidelity. I consequently offer an ethnographic theory of ‘invisibility’ by which opacity, uncertainty and paradox become intrinsic to the emergence of intimate relations as ethical practices in their own right.
Sind die Antragsstellungen auf Renten wegen verminderter Erwerbsfähigkeit von Langzeitarbeitslosen vor allem auch durch soziale Motive begründet?
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Schmiedeberg Julia , Braungardt Tanja
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Auf der Grundlage einer quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse von 100 sozialgerichtlichen Gutachten im Rahmen von Rentenanträgen wegen verminderter Erwerbsfähigkeit sind wir der Frage nachgegangen, ob nicht vor allem auch soziale Problemstellungen den Rentenanträgen zugrunde liegen würden. Alle Begutachteten waren langzeitarbeitslos und hatten den Rentenantrag aufgrund unterschiedlicher somatischer und psychischer Beschwerden gestellt. Ein Großteil war bereits mehrfach vorbegutachtet worden und noch als leistungsfähig für den allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt eingeschätzt worden, bevor sie im Widerspruchsverfahren von uns erneut begutachtet worden sind. Für den Einfluss von Medikalisierungsprozessen spricht die deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen der Häufigkeit von Diagnosen sowie Therapien seitens der behandelnden Ärzte einerseits und den Bewertungen der Leistungsfähigkeit durch die Gutachter. Die Gutachter haben zwischen 70 % bis 90 % eine auf der quantitativen Ebene bestehende vollschichtige Leistungsfähigkeit festgestellt.
Wie valide ist die Diagnostik in der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation?
Authors: Kaminski Alexandra , Bassler Markus , Pfeiffer Wolfgang , Petermann Franz , Kobelt Axel
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel einer medizinischen Rehabilitation ist die Wiedereingliederung ins Erwerbsleben. Für die individuelle Therapieplanung ist eine fundierte Diagnostik notwendig. Studien weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass Kliniker nur rund 53 % der Schlüsselkriterien einer psychischen Störung erfragen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie dient der Validierung der im Rahmen eines Anamnesegesprächs gestellten Diagnosen innerhalb von psychosomatischen Rehabilitationszentren anhand eines strukturierten Interviewleitfadens (SKID). Die randomisierte Stichprobe (N = 136) wurde aus dem Patientenpool der Rehabilitationszentren Oberharz und Bad Pyrmont der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Braunschweig Hannover erhoben. Jeder Patient wurde durch einen Therapeuten im Rahmen des Anamnesegesprächs und zudem anhand eines strukturierten Interviews diagnostiziert. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Diagnosevergaben auf der Basis eines strukturierten Interviews und einem Anamnesegespräch stark unterscheiden. Demnach stellt ein strukturiertes Interview eine Möglichkeit dar, zu validen Diagnose im Kontext der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation zu gelangen.
Fremd- und Selbsturteile von Lehrern und Schülern im Rahmen psychologischer Diagnostik
Authors: Roos Stefanie , Lohbeck Annette , Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike , Schultheiß Jan , Nitkowski Dennis , Petersen Rieke
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Lehrkräfte spielen in der psychologischen Diagnostik eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle als Informationsquellen. Unklar ist bisher, inwieweit Beurteilungsübereinstimmungen zwischen Lehrkräften und Schülern sowie zwischen verschiedenen Schülerurteilen durch spezifische Merkmale wie Alter und Geschlecht der Schüler beeinflusst werden. In einer Stichprobe von N = 189 Schülern zwischen neun und 18 Jahren (Altersdurchschnitt = 13,69, SD = 2,26) wurde mittels Regressionsanalysen geprüft, ob das Alter und das Geschlecht der Schüler die Übereinstimmung zwischen Selbst- und Lehrerurteilen beim Sozial- und Lernverhalten beeinflusst. Des Weiteren wurde dieser Effekt in Bezug auf die Übereinstimmung von Selbstbeurteilungen für prosoziales Verhalten und psychische Belastungen auf der einen Seite und Sozial- und Lernverhalten auf der anderen Seite analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Beurteilungen von Schülerinnen und ihren Lehrkräften stärker zusammenhängen als diejenigen zwischen Schülern und ihren Lehrkräften. Mögliche Erklärungen für diese Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.
Goodpasture-Syndrom: seltene Ursache eines anurischen Nierenversagens
Authors: Bareiss Dirk , Hopfer Helmut , Menter Thomas , Jehle Andreas , Burkhalter Felix
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über einen 68-Jährigen, der sich mit akutem anurischem Nierenversagen vorstellte. Die Abklärungen ergaben als Ursache eine histologisch gesicherte «doppelt positive» Anti-GBM-Erkrankung. Bei initial unmessbar hohen Antikörpertitern erfolgte eine Plasmaaustauschbehandlung, eine Induktionstherapie mit Cyclophosphamid (Endoxan®) sowie eine Therapie mit initial hochdosierten Steroiden und nachfolgender Erhaltungstherapie für drei Monate. Der Patient war von Beginn an dialysepflichtig, die Diurese konnte sich im Laufe der Behandlung erholen. Hinweise für ein Goodpasture-Syndrom mit gleichzeitiger Lungenbeteiligung fanden sich nicht. Die renale Prognose ist ungünstig.
Dysphagie und Ultraschall: welcher Zusammenhang?
Authors: Donati Thierry , Badini Matteo , Schwarzenbach Hans-Rudolf
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die Achalasie ist eine primäre ösophageale Motilitätsstörung, die durch Dysphagie, Brustschmerz und therapierefraktäres Sodbrennen gekennzeichnet ist. Mithilfe einer detaillierten Anamnese, kombiniert mit einer ösophagealen Manometrie, kann die Diagnose einer Achalasie sicher festgestellt werden. Wir berichten über eine 31-jährige Patientin, bei der während zehn Jahren aufgrund eines komplexen persönlichen Hintergrunds eine Achalasie fehlinterpretiert wurde. Wichtige Themen wie Arzt-Patient-Beziehung und klinischer «bedside approach» werden in diesem Artikel besonders berücksichtigt. Gleichzeitig berichten wir über die zunehmende Rolle des Ultraschalls als einfaches, jedoch unverzichtbares Instrument bei einer vollständigen medizinischen Beurteilung in der allgemeinen internistischen Praxis.
Der Schnobbl-Effekt
Authors: Ehrentraut Raimond
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Schnobbl passt auf. Das lernt jedes Kind, bevor es in das St.-Joseph-Stift kommt. Schnobbl ist ein orange-braunes Fantasiewesen mit aufmunterndem Lächeln und dunkelbrauner Wuschelmähne. Mit seiner Hilfe bereitet das Bremer Krankenhaus seit Ende 2009 Kinder auf den Klinikaufenthalt vor.
Entwicklung und interaktive Nutzung des Posters
Authors: Rathwallner Birgit
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Das Poster ist eine kreative Strategie, um Informationen mitzuteilen. Eingesetzt in der Pflegepraxis ermöglicht es die gezielte Weitergabe von Informationen. – Welche Besonderheiten sind in der Entwicklung von Postern in Pflegesettings zu beachten? – Wie kann ein Poster aktiv genutzt werden? – Antworten auf diese Fragen bietet der folgende Beitrag.
Identification of key factors conquering developmental arrest of somatic cell cloned embryos by combining embryo biopsy and single-cell sequencing
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Chenfei , Gao Yawei , Gao Rui , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Li Jingyi , Wu You , Xiu Wenchao , Wang Su , Yin Jiqing , Liu Wei , Cai Tao , Wang Hong , Zhang Yong , Gao Shaorong
Published: June 2016

Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into totipotent embryos through somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, most cloned embryos arrest at early stages and the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unexplored. Here, we first developed a somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo biopsy system at two- or four-cell stage, which allows us to trace the developmental fate of the biopsied embryos precisely. Then, through single-cell transcriptome sequencing of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos with different developmental fates, we identified that inactivation of Kdm4b, a histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation demethylase, functions as a barrier for two-cell arrest of cloned embryos. Moreover, we discovered that inactivation of another histone demethylase Kdm5b accounts for the arrest of cloned embryos at the four-cell stage through single-cell analysis. Co-injection of Kdm4b and Kdm5b can restore transcriptional profiles of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos and greatly improve the blastocyst development (over 95%) as well as the production of cloned mice. Our study therefore provides an effective approach to identify key factors responsible for the developmental arrest of somatic cell cloned embryos.
Mitochondrial uncouplers inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis largely through cytoplasmic acidification
Authors: Dejonghe Wim , Kuenen Sabine , Mylle Evelien , Vasileva Mina , Keech Olivier , Viotti Corrado , Swerts Jef , Fendrych Matyáš , Ortiz-Morea Fausto Andres , Mishev Kiril , Delang Simon , Scholl Stefan , Zarza Xavier , Heilmann Mareike , Kourelis Jiorgos , Kasprowicz Jaroslaw , Nguyen Le Son Long , Drozdzecki Andrzej , Van Houtte Isabelle , Szatmári Anna-Mária , Majda Mateusz , Baisa Gary , Bednarek Sebastian York , Robert Stéphanie , Audenaert Dominique , Testerink Christa , Munnik Teun , Van Damme Daniël , Heilmann Ingo , Schumacher Karin , Winne Johan , Friml Jiří , Verstreken Patrik , Russinova Eugenia
Published: June 2016

ATP production requires the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial uncouplers dissipate this proton gradient and disrupt numerous cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking, mainly through energy depletion. Here we show that Endosidin9 (ES9), a novel mitochondrial uncoupler, is a potent inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in different systems and that ES9 induces inhibition of CME not because of its effect on cellular ATP, but rather due to its protonophore activity that leads to cytoplasm acidification. We show that the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostinA23, which is routinely used to block CME, displays similar properties, thus questioning its use as a specific inhibitor of cargo recognition by the AP-2 adaptor complex via tyrosine motif-based endocytosis signals. Furthermore, we show that cytoplasm acidification dramatically affects the dynamics and recruitment of clathrin and associated adaptors, and leads to reduction of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate from the plasma membrane.
GPRC5A suppresses protein synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum to prevent radiation-induced lung tumorigenesis
Authors: Wang Jian , Farris Alton B. , Xu Kaiming , Wang Ping , Zhang Xiangming , Duong Duc M. , Yi Hong , Shu Hui-Kuo , Sun Shi-Yong , Wang Ya
Published: June 2016

GPRC5A functions as a lung tumour suppressor to prevent spontaneous and environmentally induced lung carcinogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we reveal that GPRC5A at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane suppresses synthesis of the secreted or membrane-bound proteins including a number of oncogenes, the most important one being Egfr. The ER-located GPRC5A disturbs the assembly of the eIF4F-mediated translation initiation complex on the mRNA cap through directly binding to the eIF4F complex with its two middle extracellular loops. Particularly, suppression of EGFR by GPRC5A contributes significantly to preventing ionizing radiation (IR)-induced lung tumorigenesis. Thus, GPRC5A deletion enhances IR-promoted EGFR expression through an increased translation rate, thereby significantly increasing lung tumour incidence in Gprc5a−/− mice. Our findings indicate that under-expressed GPRC5A during lung tumorigenesis enhances any transcriptional stimulation through an active translational status, which can be used to control oncogene expression and potentially the resulting related disease.
An asymptomatic mutation complicating severe chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN): a case for personalised medicine and a zebrafish model of CIPN
Authors: Holloway Michael P , DeNardo Bradley D , Phornphutkul Chanika , Nguyen Kevin , Davis Colby , Jackson Cynthia , Richendrfer Holly , Creton Robbert , Altura Rachel A
Published: June 2016

Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified a novel loss of function mutation in GARS, a gene linked to Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), in a paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patient with severe chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) due to vincristine. The patient was clinically asymptomatic, and lacked a family history of neuropathy. The effect of the mutation was modelled in a zebrafish knockdown system that recapitulated the symptoms of the patient both prior to and after treatment with vincristine. Confocal microscopy of pre- and post-synaptic markers revealed that the GARS knockdown results in changes to peripheral motor neurons, acetylcholine receptors and their co-localisation in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), whereas a sensitive and reproducible stimulus–response assay demonstrated that the changes correlating with the GARS mutation in themselves fail to produce peripheral neuropathy symptoms. However, with vincristine treatment the GARS knockdown exacerbates decreased stimulus response and NMJ lesions. We propose that there is substantial benefit in the use of a targeted NGS screen of cancer patients who are to be treated with microtubule targeting agents for deleterious mutations in CMT linked genes, and for the screening in zebrafish of reagents that might inhibit CIPN.
Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning
Authors: Baker Joseph M. , Liu Ning , Cui Xu , Vrticka Pascal , Saggar Manish , Hosseini S. M. Hadi , Reiss Allan L.
Published: June 2016

Researchers from multiple fields have sought to understand how sex moderates human social behavior. While over 50 years of research has revealed differences in cooperation behavior of males and females, the underlying neural correlates of these sex differences have not been explained. A missing and fundamental element of this puzzle is an understanding of how the sex composition of an interacting dyad influences the brain and behavior during cooperation. Using fNIRS-based hyperscanning in 111 same- and mixed-sex dyads, we identified significant behavioral and neural sex-related differences in association with a computer-based cooperation task. Dyads containing at least one male demonstrated significantly higher behavioral performance than female/female dyads. Individual males and females showed significant activation in the right frontopolar and right inferior prefrontal cortices, although this activation was greater in females compared to males. Female/female dyad’s exhibited significant inter-brain coherence within the right temporal cortex, while significant coherence in male/male dyads occurred in the right inferior prefrontal cortex. Significant coherence was not observed in mixed-sex dyads. Finally, for same-sex dyads only, task-related inter-brain coherence was positively correlated with cooperation task performance. Our results highlight multiple important and previously undetected influences of sex on concurrent neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation.