bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in surface morphology of pigmented retinal cells during differentiation in clonal culture
Authors: Crawford B. J. , Yan Alex , MacDonald M.
Published: April 2009

The changes in surface morphology during the reexpression of differentiation of chick retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) in clonal culture have been studied using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) and compared with those described in vivo. Three-week-old colonies demonstrated a gradual change in apical surface morphology along any colony radius. At the outer edge, the cell surfaces were either smooth with a few small filamentous protrusions or showed a varying number of large blebs. Toward the centre of the colony the surfaces demonstrated a gradual increase in filamentous protrusions. The apical surfaces of the most densely pigmented cells at the centre of the colony consisted mainly of small rounded protrusions. The changes in surface morphology of cells in the centre of younger colonies during redifferentiation were similar to those found along the radius of a 3-week-old colony. The results show that older colonies have all of the morphological stages of the redifferentiation process (and possibly the biochemical ones as well) arranged along any radius.The basal surfaces of all the colonies were covered by a thin acellular membrane that stained positively with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and which may contain fibronectins and appears to be involved in cellular attachment.
Effect of melatonin on the testes and the renal sex segment in the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor
Authors: Haldar C. , Thapliyal J. P.
Published: April 2009

Melatonin administration decreased the weight of the testes and the height of the cells lining the renal sex segment of breeding male garden lizards, Calotes versicolor. The effects were proportional to the amount of melatonin injected and the duration of the treatment.
Two new species of nematodes of the genus Capillaria (C. freemani sp.nov. and C. parophrysi sp.nov.) from marine fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada
Authors: Moravec F. , Margolis L. , McDonald T. E.
Published: April 2009

Two new species of the genus Capillaria (Nematoda: Capillariidae) are described from the intestine of marine fishes from the Pacific coast of Canada. Capillaria freemani sp.nov. from the skates Raja rhina (type host), R. kincaidi, and R. stellulata (family Rajidae) is characterized by the presence of a pseudobursa provided with a tail projection and lateral rays in the male, spiny spicular sheath, long spicule (0.65–0.98 mm), and large body size (up to 25.76 mm long in the male and 38.13 mm in the female). Capillaria parophrysi sp.nov. from the flatfish Parophrys vetulus (family Pleuronectidae) is characterized mainly by the small body size (male up to 5.74 mm in length and female up to 10.42 mm), smooth spicular sheath without spines, the length of spicule (0.28–0.37 mm), and by the presence of two lateral rays and absence of a tail projection in the pseudobursa of the male.
Capillaria margolisi sp.nov. (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from a marine fish, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres), from the west coast of Canada
Authors: Moravec F. , McDonald T. E.
Published: April 2009

A new nematode species, Capillaria margolisi sp.nov., is described from the pyloric caeca of cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (family Cottidae), from the west coast of Canada (Vancouver Island). It can be distinguished from other congeneric species possessing a spiny spicular sheath mainly by the short spicule (0.2 mm) and by the presence of two large sublateral lobes on the male tail. This species differs from all other members of Capillaria from fishes, except C. gracile and C. rhinobati, in having a bell-shaped vulvar appendage in the female.
Reproductive aspects of female crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophagus) along the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Bengtson John L. , Siniff Donald B.
Published: April 2009

Examination of a sample of 94 female crabeater seals collected in November, 1977, indicated that, for the past 7 years, the average age at sexual maturity was 3.8 years. Reproductive performance as evidenced by uterine scars and ovarian corpora is discussed. No females inseminated at age 4 or less successfully carried a fetus full term. Timing of ovulation was affected by both age and social category. Younger seals ovulate later in the season than older seals. No females ovulated prior to weaning their pups. Ovulation in experienced females occurred sometimes while still in a mated pair, but mostly at or after dissolution of the pair bond. Comparison of recent age of sexual maturity with earlier reports shows an increase in this age since 1967. This trend may reflect geographical differences or changes in the Antarctic marine ecosystem following a slowdown in Antarctic whaling.
Generic revision of Criconematidae (Nematoda): Crossonema and related genera with a proposal for Neocrossonema n.gen.
Authors: Ebsary B. A.
Published: April 2009

The genera Crossonema, Seriespinula, Ogma, Pateracephalanema, and Blandicephalanema are revised, diagnosed, and illustrated. A proposed new genus, Neocrossonema, is described and differs from Crossonema by the conical pointed tail, unmodified fringe of spines, and juveniles with finely spined scales. The genus Croserinema is synonymized with Crossonema and the species Seriespinula sokliense with S. octozonale; S. impar with S. tenuicaudatum; Ogma gracile with O. coffeae; and O. rhosimium with O. simlaensis. Crossonema abies, C. aquitanense, C. capitospinosum, C. fimbriatum, C. menzeli, and C. proclive are transferred to Neocrossonema n.gen., becoming new combinations. Other new combinations include Crossonema insulicum, C. melanesicum, C. pectinatum, C. pellitum, C. quercum, and Blandicephalanema cactum. Crossonema multisquamatum Kirjanova, 1948 is considered species inquirenda. The male of Seriespinula seymouri was found to have three lateral incisures instead of two as reported by the original author.
Two new species of Macroposthonia (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Canada
Authors: Ebsary B. A.
Published: April 2009

Macroposthonia parareedi n.sp and Macroposthonia canadensis n.sp. are described from Canada. Macroposthonia parareedi differs from M. reedi by 111–121 body annules, longer stylet of 59–66 μn, vulva 12–13 annules from terminus, and excretory pore 31–34 annules from head. Macroposthonia canadensis differs from M. onoensis and M. palustris by the absence of submedian lobes, the crenate cuticle, and excretory pore 34–43 annules from head.
Effect of an angiotensin on the net influx of calcium across an isolated perfused eel gill'
Authors: Fenwick James C. , So Ying Peng
Published: April 2009

Asn1-Val1 angiotensin II increased net 45Ca influx across isolated perfused eel gills but did not affect 45Ca accumulation by the gill filaments themselves. This effect was opposite to that previously reported for crude extracts of Stannius corpuscles.
Prevalence of Spinitectus carolini Holl, 1928, and Spinitectus gracilis Ward and Magath, 1916 (Spirurida: Nematoda) in fishes from Lake Erie
Authors: Jilek Reid , Crites John L.
Published: April 2009

A total of 1477 game fish, comprising 11 species, were examined for Spinitectus carolini and Spinitectus gracilis. Increased prevalence of S. gracilis and a decreased prevalence of S. carolini may indicate changes in the degree of host parasitization since 1927–1929, in the western basin of Lake Erie. New host records and the first signs of dual parasitism were reported from Lake Erie fishes for the first time.
Description of Eimeria bubonis sp.n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) and Caryospora bubonis sp.n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in the great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin), of Saskatchewan
Authors: Cawthorn Richard J. , Stockdale P. H. G.
Published: April 2009

Two new species of Eimeriidae are described from the great horned owl, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin), of Saskatchewan. The subspherical oocysts of Eimeria bubonis sp.n. are 22.8 ± 2.7 μm (18–30) long and 21.7 ± 2.4 μm (16–29) wide. The spindle-shaped sporocysts are 12.7 ± 1.1 μm (9.5–15.0) long and 7.8 ± 0.7 μm (5.8–10.0) wide. The polar granule, Steida body, and sporocyst residuum are present; the micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. The oocyst wall is 0.8 μm thick, with a thick, clear outer layer and a thin, dark inner layer. Sporozoites, with a prominent conoid at the anterior end, are 13.1 ± 1.5 μm (10.0–16.3) long and 2.6 ± 0.3 μm (2.0–4.8) wide.The subspherical oocysts of Caryospora bubonis sp.n. are 43.9 ± 3.4 μm (38–52) long and 40.2 ± 2.8 μm (33–47) wide. The subspherical sporocysts are 26.6 ± 3.4 μm (20–33) long and 25.6 ± 2.4 μm (20–32) wide. The sporocyst residuum is present; the polar granule, Steida body, and oocyst residuum are absent. The oocyst wall is 1.1 μm thick, with a thick, clear outer layer and a thin, dark inner layer. The sporocyst wall is 0.8 μm thick with a thick, clear outer layer and a thin, dark inner layer. Sporozoites, with a prominent conoid at the anterior end, are 15.5 ± 1.9 μm (13.0–20.8) long and 2.5 ± 0.2 μm (2.3–3.0) wide.In both species, sporulation is complete in 96 h at 21 ± 2 °C.
Changes in body size in fluctuating populations of the collared lemming: age and photoperiod influences
Authors: Mallory Frank F. , Elliott J. Richard , Brooks Ronald J.
Published: April 2009

Paired wet lens weights of 115 laboratory-reared collared lemmings were plotted against known age, to assess the reliability of this parameter, as a means of estimating age. Approximately 85% of the total variability in In age (A) was accounted for by In paired wet lens weight (W) (equation of best fit; In A (days) = −0.9771 + 2.186 In W (milligrams). In addition, variation in gender and photoperiod did not influence lens weight, although other parameters such as body weight and pelage were significantly affected.Field data from Eskimo Point, N. W.T., indicated that animals were older and heavier during the peak year (1973). Reduced recruitment and length of breeding season were observed during high densities, and sexual maturation was delayed in the nonbreeding segment of the population. Fluctuations in body size during microtine cycles were discussed as influenced by age, photoperiod, and shifts in the breeding season.
Marine and estuarine piscicolid leeches (Hirudinea) of the Bay of Fundy and adjacent waters with a key to species
Authors: Appy Ralph G. , Dadswell Michael J.
Published: April 2009

The leeches (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) Calliobdella vivida (Verrill, 1872), Malmiana brunnea (Johansson, 1896), M. scorpii (Malm, 1863), Oceanobdella sexoculata (Malm, 1863), Platybdella anarrhichae (Diesing, 1859), Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851, Mysidobdella borealis (Johansson, 1899), and Oxytonostoma typica Malm, 1863 are reported from the Bay of Fundy region. Extensions of northern ranges are given for C. vivida and M. lugubris from the inner Bay of Fundy. Oxytonostoma typica is reported for the first time from Raja senta and R. erinacea. Anarhichus lupus, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, Clupea harengus, and Alosa sapidissima are new hosts for C. vivida. Additional data on morphology, pigmentation pattern, and prevalence are given for O. typica, O. sexoculata, M. scorpii, and P. anarrhichae. A key to marine and estuarine leeches presently known from the Bay of Fundy and adjacent waters is given.
Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the plasma freezing point depression, Cl− concentration, and protein "antifreeze" in winter flounder
Authors: Fletcher G. L.
Published: April 2009

The influence of water temperature and photoperiod on the timing of the annual cycle of plasma "antifreeze" and Cl− levels was examined in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).The normal winter appearance of plasma "antifreeze" was delayed by day lengths longer than 12 h. Day length had no effect on the timing of "antifreeze" disappearance in spring.The time of "antifreeze" appearance was delayed by low water temperatures and unaffected by warm water.The rate of "antifreeze" disappearance in the spring was temperature dependent. Flounder continuously exposed to elevated water temperatures during the winter lost the "antifreeze" several months prior to controls.Plasma Cl− concentrations increased with declining seawater temperatures. Long day lengths delayed the time at which this increase normally appeared. A small winter increase in plasma Cl− occurred even when the flounder were exposed to constant conditions of warm water.The results suggest that the annual "antifreeze" cycle may be endogenous with photoperiod being the zeitgeber for entraining the precise time of initiation of "antifreeze" synthesis in the early winter.Several aspects of the plasma Cl− annual cycle may also be under endogenous control.
Seasonal reproductive changes in the American robin (Turdus migratorius L.) of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kemper D. Lynne , Taylor J. Mary
Published: April 2009

Gonadal analysis of the American robin of southwestern British Columbia indicates that males progress rapidly into breeding condition after mid-March. Females respond more slowly but before mid-April may be laying eggs. Males begin to regress in testis weight before summer solstice, although all are spermatogenic until July. By this time, females are incubating the last clutch of eggs of the season and almost all other adults are postbreeding. They revert rapidly to gonads of winter size and status.In most reproductive parameters, those of the American robin of southwestern British Columbia are essentially like those of robins throughout the rest of North America; however, two major differences have emerged in this study. One concerns this robin's seasonally early deviation from hatching time predictions for the American robin elsewhere, based on April noon-time temperature variables, and the other is its rate of egg-to-fledgling success which is higher than that recorded for any other subspecies.
Urocleidus aculeatus (Van Cleave and Mueller, 1932) (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalinae) from Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill) (Pisces: Percidae) in eastern North America: anatomy and systematic position
Authors: Suriano D. M. , Beverley-Burton M.
Published: April 2009

The anatomy of Urocleidus aculeatus (Van Cleave and Mueller, 1932) Mueller, 1934 from the gills of Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill) in Ontario, Canada, and New York State, U.S. A., is redescribed. Urocleidus aculeatus is regarded as type species of Urocleidus Mueller, 1934 and a revised generic diagnosis is presented. The taxonomic importance of some anatomical characters and the possible origin of some ancyrocephaline forms are discussed.
On three Oswaldocruzia spp. (Trichostrongyloidea: Molineidae) in amphibians from Africa
Authors: Baker Michael R.
Published: April 2009

Oswaldocruzia hoepplii Hsü, 1935 is reported for the first time in Bufo sp. from Gabon, and Varanus sp. from Senegal, Africa. This species, which has previously been recorded only in amphibians from the Far East, in redescribed. It is suggested that O. indica Lai, 1944, O. heparia Koo, 1939, and O. melanosticti Gupta, 1960 may be synonymous with it. The wide distribution of O. hoepplii probably relates to the present wide distribution of ranid and bufonid amphibians of Africa and the Middle and Far East. Oswaldocruzia ukrainae Ivanitzky, 1940, described originally from Bufo viridis of the Ukraine, is redescribed based on specimens from B. viridis of Tunesia. Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782), a common parasite of amphibians of Western Europe, is reported for the first time in Hyla meridionalis of the Canary Islands.
A description of moult in male mallards
Authors: Young D. A. , Boag D. A.
Published: April 2009

In this paper a method is proposed for describing moults of male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) based on feather replacement in various pterylae. Seven discrete moult classes are recognized, based on the colour characteristics of contour feathers and follicle appearance viewed from the dermis. The pattern and sequence of feather replacement is also described.
Structure and dynamics of arthropod communities in bat guano deposits in buildings
Authors: Bernath Robin Franklin , Kunz Thomas H.
Published: April 2009

This study characterizes the composition, structure, and dynamics of arthropod communities associated with bat guano deposits in buildings. Guano beneath three summer roosts of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) in southern New Hampshire was sampled over a 1-year period.Twelve arthropod species are reported of which most are cosmopolitan associates of dried organic matter and stored products. Included are psocopterans, beetles, mites, hemipterans, a flea, and a pseudoscorpion. These taxa function as fungivores, sarcophages, predators, and ectoparasites.These simple arthropod communities exploit a seasonally rich resource produced by roosting bats. Nycteriglyphine mites were the first free-living colonizers of fresh guano deposits and were the most numerous arthropods throughout the year. Older guano deposits and those with the most diverse resource base generally supported the greatest number of species.Seasonal changes in communities included the presence of fleas only when bats were present, a greater number but lower diversity of other arthropod species when bats were present, and a more equitable distribution and abundance of species when bats were absent. Fresh, wet guano supported higher densities of fungivorous mites and flea larvae than did older, drier guano.
Diffuse reflectance of retinal tapeta lucida, with special reference to drums (Sciaenidae)
Authors: Wang R. , Nicol J. A. C. , Arnott H. J.
Published: April 2009

Reflection of light by ocular tapeta lucida of drums (Sciaenidae) was studied in Cynoscion arenarius Ginsburg, C. nebulosus (Cuvier), Micropogon undulatus (L.) and Leiostomus xanthurus Lacèpéde. The tapetum is located in the pigment epithelium of the eye, is matt white, and behaves as a uniform diffuser. The pigment epithelium contains densely packed tapetal spheres; these are randomly arranged, have a diameter of about 0.4 μm and contain a lipid that has a refractive index of 1.50. Because of their dense packing they backscatter much of the incident light. Diffuse reflectance is about 50%. Measured values of reflectance are compared with those computed for a model system having the same physical characteristics, and they are in good agreement. The optical density of the visual pigment at the wavelength of maximal absorption (λ 510 nm) is 0.33, and the tapetum increases light absorption in the dark-adapted eye by a factor of 1.3. Reflectance of croaker tapetum is compared with reflectances of tapeta of Lepisosteus, Arius, and Notopterus afer, which contain different reflecting materials.
Cardiac-inhibiting properties of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenin, in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes
Authors: Picman Anna K. , Elliott R. H. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: April 2009

The cardiac-inhibiting properties of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenin, were examined on semiisolated heart preparations of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Compared with saline-treated hearts, 0.3 mM parthenin significantly increased the frequency of heartbeat. However, higher concentrations of parthenin (3.4–51.3 mM) were progressively more inhibitory and caused a cessation in heartbeat within 1 h after application.Parthenin-arrested hearts treated with reduced glutathione, DL-cystathionine, acetylcholine, or L-glutamic acid remained inactive. In contrast, L-cysteine, DL-homocysteine, or dithiothreitol (DTT) reinitiated heartbeat in parthenin-arrested hearts. When the isolated monoadduct of parthenin and cysteine was applied to heart preparations, no inhibitory effects were apparent. The inhibitory effects of parthenin could also be delayed or prevented by mixing the compound with equimolar concentrations of cysteine, homocysteine, or DTT prior to its application to the heart. Because certain thiol agents negate or neutralize the cardiac-inhibiting properties of parthenin, the findings suggest that the lethal effects of sesquiterpene lactones on insects are due, in part, to an interference with free sulphydryl groups which appear essential to normal cardiac activity.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the mode of action, detoxification, and importance of parthenin in plant defense.
Influence of food quantity and quality on polymorphic dispersal behaviors in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Cranshaw Whitney , Greenblatt Jane A.
Published: April 2009

Egg masses produced by female gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) reared on red oak (Quercus rubra) or red maple (Acer rubrum) exhibit differences in the abundance and distribution of different-sized eggs. Partial starvation of larvae has no significant effect on mean egg size, although it does have a significant effect on mean number of eggs per mass.Larvae from eggs of different sizes exhibit differences in level of activity when responding to a light source. Larvae from large eggs move more rapidly towards a light stimulus than those from small eggs. A greater proportion of the larvae from smaller eggs failed to move towards a light source compared with those from large eggs. The role of food in the activity and dispersal of first-instar gypsy moths is discussed.
Terrestrial activity and summer home range of the mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum)
Authors: Semlitsch Raymond D.
Published: April 2009

The terrestrial activity and summer home range of Ambystoma talpoideum is described in two populations in South Carolina. Emigration of adults from breeding sites occurred from March through May during 1979 and 1980. Adults spent 237–354 days in terrestrial habitats before returning to breeding sites during autumn and early winter. Females spent significantly more time in terrestrial habitats than males. Movement of A. talpoideum into and out of the breeding sites around the perimeter of the Carolina bays was nonrandom. Salamanders used corridors of dense vegetation more frequently than open, grassy shoreline areas. Emigration of individual adults to summer home ranges occurred within several nights and summer home ranges were established 81–261 m from the edge of the bays. Juveniles emigrated significantly shorter distances (12–67 m) than adults. Summer home ranges comprised several focal points of activity or "activity centers." The area of each activity center was relatively constant among individuals (0.02–0.21 m2) when compared with the area of a "minimum polygon" home range (0.11–23.3 m2). Ambystoma talpoideum inhabited burrow systems within each activity center. Burrows ran parallel to the surface of the forest floor and averaged 1.7 cm in diameter and 4.7 cm below the surface.
Relation between fertility and adrenal growth after mating in the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus
Authors: Andersson Bertil , Gustafsson Torgny
Published: April 2009

The relationship between adrenal status and fertility in primiparous female bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, was examined. Out of 68 primiparous females, killed 4.5 or 6 days postcoitum, only 36 were pregnant. The pregnant ones had significantly larger adrenals than the nonpregnant ones. The nonpregnant females also had smaller ovaries, but the presence of corpora lutea proved that ovulation had occurred. Similarly, only 5 out of 11 females, mated with vasectomized males, were pseudopregnant with large corpora lutea, 6 days postcoitum. The remaining ones had ovaries similar to those in the other nonpregnant females. The pseudopregnant females had significantly larger adrenals than the nonpseudopregnant. This relationship between fertility and adrenal growth is unexpected, as in previous experiments an increase in adrenal weight has been shown to take place in direct reponse to mating, in the absence of ovaries and embryos.
Seasonal responses and their geographic variation in Chrysopa downesi: ecophysiological and evolutionary considerations
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: April 2009

A comparison of Chrysopa downesi strains from Montana and from New York indicates that they share several characteristics in their seasonal cycles: (1) a short-day – long-day requirement for diapause prevention, (2) dark green adult coloration all year round, (3) relatively high t values (lower thermal thresholds for development), and (4) sensitivity to photoperiod during the nondiapause preoviposition period.Responsiveness to prey differs between the two strains. Prey presence very slightly reduces diapause incidence and greatly shortens the nondiapause preoviposition period in the strain from Montana, whereas prey presence has little or no influence on the strain from the northeastern United States. The strains also differ in their ability to terminate diapause spontaneously; unlike the northeastern strain, a proportion of the northwestern strain ends diapause without an overt, external stimulus.The two populations of C. downesi thus share the two characteristics that are basic to the model of C. downesi's sympatric speciation from an ancestor like C. carnea. In contrast, the differences between the two populations in their responsiveness to prey presence parallels the geographic variation in C. carnea. We propose two alternate pathways (polyphyletic and monophyletic) for the evolution of the seasonal responses of the two geographic populations.
Hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in Tilapia mossambica (Peters) acclimated to low environmental pH
Authors: Murthy V. Krishna , Reddanna P. , Govindappa S.
Published: April 2009

Fresh water fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), were exposed to various pH media. O2 consumption of the fish was suppressed in the pH media on either side of neutrality. Lethal limits of pH were determined to be pHs 3.7 and 10.3. Fish were acclimated to sublethal acidic pH (pH 4.0) and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism was studied on exposure and acclimation. The hepatic tissue of acclimated fish exhibited inhibited glycolysis with an onset of gluconeogenesis. In general, acclimation to acidic pH seems to result in the elevation of the synthetic phase of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
A new freshwater ostracod (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Batu Caves, West Malaysia, with the description of Batucyprettinae new subfamily
Authors: Victor Reginald , Fernando C. H.
Published: April 2009

A new freshwater ostracod Batucypretta paradoxa n.gen., n.sp. is described from Batu Caves, West Malaysia. Batucypretta n.gen. has a unique combination of characters hitherto unknown for any genus of the family Cypridopsidae Kaufmann, 1900. Batucypretta paradoxa n.gen., n.sp. is compared with cyprettine and cypridopsine genera and a new subfamily Batucyprettinae is established.
Heritability of dominance status among Japanese quail: a preliminary report
Authors: Boag D. A. , Alway J. H.
Published: April 2009

The extent to which the dominance status of adult Japanese quail influenced the ability of their offspring to dominate conspecifics of the same sex was investigated. Among broods in which the number of siblings of the same sex was three or less, parental dominance status was more important in predicting the outcome of postbrood interactions between strangers of the same sex than was the within-brood dominance rank of those chicks. Offspring of pairs in which both adults were of high dominance status won significantly more interactions than offspring, from broods of comparable size, produced by pairs in which both adults were of low dominance status.
Seasonal changes in the short-term activity and ultradian rhythms of a cyprinid fish, the lake chub, Couesius plumbeus
Authors: Kavaliers Martin
Published: April 2009

The temporal pattern of the locomotor activity of a cyprinid fish, the lake chub, Couesius plumbeus, was examined under seasonally appropriate light–dark cycles that included twilights and under constant darkness. Photoperiodically entrained and free-running circadian activity from constant darkness was composed of nonrandomly distributed short-term activity components (0.5–3.5 h) with significant ultradian frequencies. In both cases there was an annual rhythm in the length of the ultradian periods, ranging from 0.7 h in winter to 2.5 h in summer. This pattern was accompanied by annual changes in the frequency distribution of short-term activity components. Ultradian periods were correlated with both daylength in the entraining light–dark cycles and the seasonal changes in the circadian period of fish free-running under constant darkness. These results suggest that the expression of ultradian rhythms and short-term locomotor bouts is controlled by a multioscillator circadian system.
Coccidia of Canada geese(Branta canadensis) at Kortright Waterfowl Park, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, with description of Isospora anseris n.sp.
Authors: Skene Robert C. , Remmler O. , Fernando M. A.
Published: April 2009

A survey of adult Canada geese, Branta canadensis, at Kortright Waterfowl Park in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, showed that 20% of the geese sampled passed small numbers of coccidial oocysts throughout the winter months (October 1975 to February 1976). Four species of coccidia, Eimeria hermani Farr, 1953, E. magnalabia Levine, 1951, E. truncata (Raillet and Lucet, 1891) Wasielewski, 1904, and Tyzzeria parvula (Kotlan, 1933) Klimes, 1963, were identified from the samples examined. A hitherto undescribed Isospora sp. was found in 5% of the fecal samples. It is named Isospora anseris and described as a new species. In the spring goslings were found to be passing E. hermani oocysts between the 8th and 13th day of hatching.
Ultrastructure of a terminal chordotonal sensillum in larval antennae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L.
Authors: Bloom J. W. , Zacharuk R. Y. , Holodniuk A. E.
Published: April 2009

The third (terminal) segment of the antenna of the final instar larva of Tenebrio molitor contains a single, unusually positioned and attached chordotonal sensillum. This sensillum consists of four cells: a microtubule-filled attachment cell anchoring the sensillum in the basement membrane-like extracellular matrix of the segment, a scolopale cell containing a strongly developed fibrous scolopale ensheathing the dendrite, a typical type I bipolar neuron, and a basal glial cell. The ultrastructure of this sensillum and its relationships to other antennal structures are described and compared with other chordotonal sensilla reported in the literature.
Rhythmic thermoregulation in larval cranefly (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: Kavaliers Martin
Published: April 2009

The behaviour of fourth-instar larvae of a cranefly Tipula plutonis was examined in a horizontal thermal gradient. Under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, larvae displayed a diel rhythm of preferred temperatures. Maximum temperatures (16–18 °C) were selected during the scotophase and minimum temperatures (12–14 °C) were selected during the photophase of the light–dark cycle. Under constant illumination, temperature selection continued as an endogenous free-running circadian rhythm of behavioural thermoregulation.
Rapid pupil change in selachians
Authors: Gilbert P. W. , Sivak J. G. , Pelham R. E.
Published: April 2009

Pupil response was studied photographically in four shark species: Ginglymostoma cirratum, Carcharhinus milberti, Negaprion brevirostris, and Galeocerdo cuvieri. Constriction and dilation take place in significantly less than 1 min in three of the four species. These rates suggest that pupil control is neuromuscular in some sharks.
Self-grooming in Diplodactylus spinigerus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), with a brief review of such behaviour in reptiles
Authors: Russell Anthony P. , Rosenberg Herbert I.
Published: April 2009

The Australian gecko Diplodactylus spinigerus exhibits unusual self-grooming behaviour. This small lizard licks excess defensive secretion off the surface of its tail without any apparent ill effects. The occurrence of self-grooming in reptiles is discussed and compared with other lingual behaviour.
Estimates of total blood volume and total body weight of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon)
Authors: Sleet R. B. , Sumich J. L. , Weber L. J.
Published: April 2009

A stranding of sperm whales (Physeter catodon) on the central Oregon coast enabled measurement of the total plasma volume of one female whale. The total blood volume was calculated to be about 20% of the total body weight based on the measured total plasma volume and hematocrit and the estimate of total body weight.
Altitudes attained by migrating monarch butterflies, Danaus p. plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae), as reported by glider pilots
Authors: Gibo David L.
Published: April 2009

Glider pilots at four different locations in North America have observed D. plexippus flying at altitudes ranging from 600 to 1250 m. Three of the observers reported that the butterflies were soaring in thermals, and one observer reported that they occasionally enter clouds.
Arteries of the antebrachium and manus of the tokay (Gekko gecko) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)
Authors: Russell Anthony P.
Published: April 2009

The role of the circulatory system in the functioning of the subdigital adhesive pads of geckoes has been the subject of much discussion. However, the morphology and configuration of the blood system in the foot has remained poorly understood, rendering functional interpretation of the blood sinuses simplistic. Here the major arterial vessels of the manus are described for the first time and a discussion of their geometry is presented. Due to the paucity of information concerning the arterial system of the appendages of lizards a description of the major vessels of the antebrachium is also given.The data presented are based on the study of material injected with low-viscosity silicone rubber and then cleared so that vessels may be studied in situ. The data are pertinent to subsequent discussions of the microvasculature of the subdigital lamellae and of reconsiderations of their structure and form.
Prediction of carcass composition in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) by use of selected indicator bones and muscles
Authors: Ringberg Tata M. , White Robert G. , Holleman Dan F. , Luick Jack R.
Published: April 2009

The applicability of using individual bones and muscles as "indicator" tissues for the estimation of body composition in reindeer of various age groups from newborn to maturity was studied. In lean reindeer of both sexes, weights of selected muscles and bones were highly correlated with carcass weight. Total muscle weight was predicted accurately from the weight of each muscle, as was total bone weight from the weight of each indicator bone. Crude chemical composition of carcass was reflected accurately from analyses of indicator muscles. Bone marrow weights and fat contents, on the other hand, were not reliable indicators of body condition in lean reindeer. The use of specific muscles and bones represents an easy and reliable method for estimating body weight and crude chemical composition in reindeer, and opens the possibility through the biopsy sampling of muscle, of continuous monitoring of body condition in free-ranging animals.
An experimental study of habitat selection by the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, on Mandarte Island, B.C.
Authors: Merkt Juan R.
Published: April 2009

Mandarte Island, British Columbia, Canada, consists of a mosaic of shrubbery and grassland habitats. In a 6-month study, deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, were found to live at high absolute density and at higher relative densities in shrubbery habitat. A removal experiment was conducted to investigate how the habitat preference and density of mice affect their distribution on Mandarte Island. All resident mice were removed from an area containing both shrubbery and grassland. This gave mice dispersing from other areas the opportunity to colonize these two vacant habitats. Mice settled first in the shrubbery. As population density increased, some later colonists occupied the less favoured grasslands. I suggest that intraspecific interaction, associated with high density, was sufficient to prevent settlement of some individuals in the preferred habitat.
The effects of age and length on homing performance in the intertidal cottid, Oligocottus maculosus Girard
Authors: Craik G. J. S.
Published: April 2009

The intertidal cottid Oligocottus maculosus Girard has been previously reported to demonstrate homing behaviour, that is, to return to its home range (group of tidepools covered in normal travel) and (or) its home pool (pool of first capture) when transplanted to a pool some distance away. Investigation of significant differences in homing behaviour between the three major age groups of O. maculosus showed an improvement in the percentage successfully homing with length, peaking between 5 and 7 cm (total length) (age 2), with considerable variability in smaller size classes and decreasing homing success in larger fish.Juvenile fish (about 2.3 to 2.7 cm) move extensively between tidepools and begin demonstrating home range fidelity and homing behaviour at about 3 cm. It is suggested that during this period of extensive movement, the area is in some way "learned" and "memorized."
Ion relations of haemolymph, palliai fluid, and mucus of Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Schlichter L. C.
Published: April 2009

The concentrations, and where possible, activities of the main inorganic ions were measured in haemolymph, palliai fluid, and mucus of Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), and in the artificial pond water (APW) in which the snails were stored. Activity coefficients of Na, K, Ca, and Cl in pallial fluid and in APW were compared with values calculated from Debye–Hückel theory. Some Na and Ca in pallial fluid, and Ca in APW are probably bound in organic or inorganic complexes. Comparison of the Nernst potentials with the transepithelial potential difference supports the idea that Na, K, Ca, and Cl must be actively taken up from APW by the snail. Pallial fluid is not identical to haemolymph and is probably a mixture of urine and haemolymph. Pallial fluid contaminates mucus during mucus collection. A method of correcting for this contamination is given. After correction, mucus had higher Ca and K, and possibly higher Mg concentrations than did haemolymph. Mucus had a high concentration of NH4+. Possible sources of ions in mucus are discussed. Mucus secretion rates are low enough that this is not an important cause of ion loss to the snail. Using ether to stimulate mucus secretion alters the water and K content of the mucus.
Variability in growth during the first 3 years of life of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Beacham Terry D.
Published: April 2009

Variability in growth rates during the first three growing seasons of cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence was investigated by back calculation of length at a particular age from a body–otolith relationship. The data suggested that cod year classes partially recruited to the commercial fishery had larger back calculated l1 lengths than did fully recruited year classes. There was no relationship between length at the end of the first growing season and length at the end of either the third or fourth growing season. Growth compensation occurred in the second and third growing seasons. Size of age 0 cod was inversely correlated with biomass of spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus) and not significantly correlated with year-class abundance of cod.
The hatching process in Trichuris muris (Nematoda: Trichuroidea)
Authors: Panesar Tarlochan S. , Croll Neil A.
Published: April 2009

Eggs of Trichuris muris hatched in the cecal contents of mice. A new method was used to calculate the volume changes in the eggs and larvae during hatching under simulated in vivo conditions. Previously quiescent larvae were activated and performed a series of purposeful movements within the egg that resulted in the head and stylet penetrating one of the polar plugs. In the final stage prior to emergence from the egg, there was significant swelling of the eggs due to endosmosis, which was critical for successful hatching. The hatched larvae were also significantly bigger than the resting larvae. Some observations on egg morphology are made, and a mechanism for hatching of T. muris is described.
Variation in coyote social organization: the influence of prey size
Authors: Bowen W. Don
Published: April 2009

The foraging ecology and social organization of coyotes, Canis latrans, were studied in Jasper National Park, Alberta, from 1974 to 1977. Diet was determined from analysis of 1967 feces. In summer when rodents (43%) and neonatal cervids (19%) were the major foods, average group size in the population was 1.4 (n = 339 observations), whereas in winter when large ungulates dominated the diet (67%) average group size rose to 2.0 (n = 798). This pattern was also evident for two packs where mean group size rose from 1.5 in summer to 3.1 in winter with the incorporation of pups into the pack. The percentage of mule deer in the winter diet varied directly with group size. Packs were more successful than pairs or single coyotes in catching mule deer. In contrast, the percentage of elk in the winter diet was independent of group size. Since elk were scavenged, their occurrence in the winter diet was primarily a function of the number dying within each coyote territory. Pairs and packs defended ungulate carcasses and used these clumped resources more effectively than single coyotes. I conclude that group foraging increases the feeding efficiency of coyotes in Jasper. A comparison of the present findings with the results of the other coyote studies indicates that variation in the average size of prey eaten is an important factor determining group size and structure of coyote populations.
Lycodapus (Pisces: Zoarcidae) of eastern Bering Sea and nearby Pacific Ocean, with three new species and a revised key to the species
Authors: Peden Alex E. , Anderson M. Eric
Published: April 2009

Lycodapus leptus n.sp., L. poecilus n.sp., and L. psarostomatus n.sp. are described from the eastern Bering Sea. A new key to all known species of Lycodapus is presented. In addition, L. fierasfer Gilbert, L. parviceps Gilbert, and L. derjugini Andriashev are recognized from the Bering Sea and L. microdon Schmidt is recognized from the Sea of Okhotsk. The northern range limit of Lycodapus dermatinus Gilbert is established from a sea mount off southeastern Alaska. A specimen of Lycodapus that cannot be identified to species represents the most southern record for the genus in Asiatic waters.
Food and feeding behavior of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae)
Authors: Dussault Gertrude V. , Kramer Donald L.
Published: April 2009

Digestive tracts of wild guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae), contained mainly benthic algae and aquatic insect larvae. In the laboratory, guppies matured on diets consisting solely of Chlorococcum (Chlorophyceae), but growth rates were slower than those of fish raised on Daphnia or commercial dried food. Fish grazing benthic algae performed rapid pecks in which the jaws were maximally protracted to cover a relatively large area. Pecks were performed in series at mean intervals of 0.55 s. Jaw movements required 0.17 s, while substrate contact lasted 0.03 s. Ingestion per peck increased with fish size and algal density. Males fed at lower food densities and ingested more per peck than females of similar weight. Females had longer feeding bouts than males. The fish ingested 16–25% of their body weight in dry weight of algae daily when they were fed ad libitum.
Geographic and individual variation in the morphology and sequential organization of the song of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
Authors: Chew Lincoln
Published: April 2009

Advertising songs of male Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), from Ontario and Nova Scotia, were studied for patterns of species, regional, and individual distinctiveness. Using a five-category, alphabetic cataloguing scheme. species-typical patterns of song organization were found in the morphology of introductory (A and B) and trill (D) song sections. Using finite-state grammar analysis, regional variation was found in the sequential organization of song sections; regional differences were also seen in the morphology of trill (D) and terminal (E) song sections. Individual differences were detected in the structure of transition (C) sections between B and D, as well as between successive D sections, with no two C sections being alike. Regional variation was also seen in the morphology of C sections.The potential for C sections to act as individual as well as regional markers, and of trills to have both species and regional characteristics, suggests that a song parameter may be capable of carrying more than one type of identifying information.
Mount St. Helens ash: a natural insecticide
Authors: Edwards John S. , Schwartz Lawrence M.
Published: April 2009

Dry volcanic ash from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens was lethal to insects. Volcanic ash induced mortality was due to physical rather than chemical properties of the ash. Water loss due to cuticular abrasion and excessive salivation during grooming were the principle causes of death. Obstruction of the spiracular valves and accumulation of ash boli in the gut were contributory factors. Juvenile insects were found to be more acutely affected by the ash than adults.
Comparison of the ectoparasitic fauna of eastern and western kingbirds at Delta Marsh, Manitoba
Authors: McKenzie C. E. , MacKenzie D. I.
Published: April 2009

Forty-eight Tyrannus tyrannus (L.) and 35 T. verticalis Say from Delta Marsh, Manitoba, were examined for ectoparasites. Nine species of ectoparasites were found: five Mallophaga, three Acarina, and one Hippoboscidae. Five new host records for T. tyrannus and three for T. verticalis are reported. Fifty-two percent of T. tyrannus and 68% of T. verticalis were infested. Both prevalence and intensity of Mallophaga were significantly higher in T. verticalis (p < 0.05).
Echolocation calls produced by Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae) while hunting for frogs
Authors: Barclay R. M. R. , Fenton M. B. , Tuttle M. D. , Ryan M. J.
Published: April 2009

The echolocation calls produced by Trachops cirrhosus in the field and in a flight cage were recorded as they hunted for frogs. The calls were of low intensity (< 70 dB sound pressure level (SPL) at 10 cm), short (less than 1 ms), multiharmonic frequency modulated sweeps with energy from over 100 to around 50 kHz. During most successful attacks of frogs in the cage, these orientation sounds were produced by the bats which are also known to rely on frog calls to locate prey.
Ketone bodies: a source of energy during hibernation
Authors: Rauch Josefine C. , Behrisch Hans W.
Published: April 2009

Tissue concentrations of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone bodies) were determined for the blood, liver, caecum, heart, and axillary brown fat, from nonhibernating and hibernating arctic ground squirrels, Spermophilus undulatus, in late spring and during winter, respectively. AcetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA concentrations were measured in the liver, heart, and brown adipose tissue.Except that the concentration of acetylCoA remained unchanged in the liver, all tissues investigated showed elevated concentrations of acetylCoA, acetoacetylCoA, and ketone bodies during the hibernating state. From the increased concentrations of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate it was deduced that active ketone body metabolism occurs in the hibernating arctic ground squirrel, and that during hibernation, ketone bodies are probably an important source of energy.
The source of an antigonadotropin in the female of Rhodnius prolixus Stål.
Authors: Davey K. G. , Kuster J. E.
Published: April 2009

Using the patency assay for antigonadotropic activity described in earlier papers, the tissues of the ovary are shown to be devoid of antigonadotropic activity, although earlier reports had identified the ovary as the source of the antigonadotropin released by virgin females that had retained their eggs. Using both the patency assay on whole follicles, and an interference microscopy assay on isolated follicle cells, the source of the antigonadotropin has been traced to four pairs of abdominal neurosecretory organs, one pair in each of segments II, III, IV, and V.