bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERVENSI PEMERINTAH TERHADAP HARGA PASAR MENURUT IBNU KHALDUN PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Muh. Abdul Qudus
Published: September 2021

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk intervensi pemerintah dalam penentuan harga pasar menurut Ibnu Khaldun dan ahli ekonomi Islam serta untuk mengetahui dampak intervensi pemerintah terhadap penentuan harga pasar di dalam ekonomi menurut syari’at Islam. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian skripsi ini adalah: Metode penelitian pustaka (library research). Sedangkan teknis analisis data menggunakan analisis sederhana dengan mengumpulkan data primer dan data sekunder melalui tahapan–tahapan akumulasi, eliminasi, seleksi, integrasei, konklusi. Hasil penelitin ini menujukkan bahwa Penentuan harga pasar oleh pemerintah adalah salah satu dari kebijakan intervensinya guna untuk menjaga keseimbangan harga pasar adapun menurut para ahli dan ekonom baik muslim dan konvensional bahwa intervensi pemerintah diperlukan guna untuk menjaga keseimbangan harga pasar namun mereka juga ada yang berbeda pendapatnya mengenai boleh tidaknya pemerintah mengintervensi harga pasar.
ANALISIS KENDALA DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH DI SEKOLAH PADA MASA PANDEMI
Authors: MINTARSIH FATAYAT RIDLO
Published: September 2021

Pelaksanaan pendidikan Jarak Jauh yang telah dilaksanakan selama masa pandemi COVID-19 telah merubah sistem pendidikan dengan media berbasis teknologi namun dalam pelaksanaanya terdapat kendala dan hambatan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui tentang media pembelajaran Jarak jauh yang diimplementasikan dalam sekolah dengan kendala yang dihadapinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Studi Literature .yaitu dengan menganalisis berbagai refrensi dari artikel internasional, nasional, buku maupun sumber sejenis terkait implementasi media pembelajaran daring selama pandemi. Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh dengan menggunakan berbagai media pembelajaran menjadi solusi dalam mengaktifkan kegiatan belajar mengajar pada masa pandemi ini
Heterogeneity and chemical reactivity of the remote troposphere defined by aircraft measurements
Authors: Guo Hao , Flynn Clare M. , Prather Michael J. , Strode Sarah A. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Emmons Louisa , Lacey Forrest , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Fiore Arlene M. , Correa Gus , Murray Lee T. , Wolfe Glenn M. , St. Clair Jason M. , Kim Michelle , Crounse John , Diskin Glenn , DiGangi Joshua , Daube Bruce C. , Commane Roisin , McKain Kathryn , Peischl Jeff , Ryerson Thomas B. , Thompson Chelsea , Hanisco Thomas F. , Blake Donald , Blake Nicola J. , Apel Eric C. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Elkins James W. , Hintsa Eric J. , Moore Fred L. , Wofsy Steven
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission built a
photochemical climatology of air parcels based on in situ measurements with
the NASA DC-8 aircraft along objectively planned profiling transects through
the middle of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In this paper we present and
analyze a data set of 10 s (2 km) merged and gap-filled observations of the
key reactive species driving the chemical budgets of O3 and CH4
(O3, CH4, CO, H2O, HCHO, H2O2, CH3OOH,
C2H6, higher alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, NOx, HNO3,
HNO4, peroxyacetyl nitrate, other organic nitrates), consisting of
146 494 distinct air parcels from ATom deployments 1 through 4. Six models
calculated the O3 and CH4 photochemical tendencies from this
modeling data stream for ATom 1. We find that 80 %–90 % of the total
reactivity lies in the top 50 % of the parcels and 25 %–35 % in the top
10 %, supporting previous model-only studies that tropospheric chemistry
is driven by a fraction of all the air. In other words, accurate simulation
of the least reactive 50 % of the troposphere is unimportant for global
budgets. Surprisingly, the probability densities of species and reactivities
averaged on a model scale (100 km) differ only slightly from the 2 km ATom
data, indicating that much of the heterogeneity in tropospheric chemistry
can be captured with current global chemistry models. Comparing the ATom
reactivities over the tropical oceans with climatological statistics from
six global chemistry models, we find excellent agreement with the loss of
O3 and CH4 but sharp disagreement with production of O3. The
models sharply underestimate O3 production below 4 km in both Pacific
and Atlantic basins, and this can be traced to lower NOx levels than
observed. Attaching photochemical reactivities to measurements of chemical
species allows for a richer, yet more constrained-to-what-matters, set of
metrics for model evaluation.
A new inverse modeling approach for emission sources based on the DDM-3D and 3DVAR techniques: an application to air quality forecasts in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region
Authors: Cheng Xinghong , Hao Zilong , Zang Zengliang , Liu Zhiquan , Xu Xiangde , Wang Shuisheng , Liu Yuelin , Hu Yiwen , Ma Xiaodan
Published: September 2021

Abstract. We develop a new inversion method which is suitable for linear and
nonlinear emission source (ES) modeling, based on the three-dimensional
decoupled direct (DDM-3D) sensitivity analysis module in the Community
Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and the three-dimensional variational
(3DVAR) data assimilation technique. We established the explicit observation
operator matrix between the ES and receptor concentrations and the
background error covariance (BEC) matrix of the ES, which can reflect the
impacts of uncertainties of the ES on assimilation. Then we constructed the
inversion model of the ES by combining the sensitivity analysis with 3DVAR
techniques. We performed the simulation experiment using the inversion model for a heavy haze case study in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region during 27–30 December 2016. Results show that the spatial distribution of sensitivities of SO2 and NOx ESs to their concentrations, as well as the BEC matrix of ES, is reasonable. Using an a posteriori inversed ES, underestimations of SO2 and NO2 during the heavy haze period are
remarkably improved, especially for NO2. Spatial distributions of
SO2 and NO2 concentrations simulated by the constrained ES were
more accurate compared with an a priori ES in the BTH region. The temporal variations
in regionally averaged SO2, NO2, and O3 modeled
concentrations using an a posteriori inversed ES are consistent with in situ observations
at 45 stations over the BTH region, and simulation errors decrease
significantly. These results are of great significance for studies on the
formation mechanism of heavy haze, the reduction of uncertainties of the ES and its
dynamic updating, and the provision of accurate “virtual” emission inventories for
air-quality forecasts and decision-making services for optimization control
of air pollution.
The semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the tropical middle atmosphere and its gravity wave driving in reanalyses and satellite observations
Authors: Ern Manfred , Diallo Mohamadou , Preusse Peter , Mlynczak Martin G. , Schwartz Michael J. , Wu Qian , Riese Martin
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Gravity waves play a significant role in driving the semiannual oscillation
(SAO) of the zonal wind in the tropics. However, detailed knowledge of this
forcing is missing, and direct estimates from global observations of gravity
waves are sparse. For the period 2002–2018, we investigate the SAO in four
different reanalyses: ERA-Interim, JRA-55, ERA-5, and MERRA-2. Comparison
with the SPARC zonal wind climatology and quasi-geostrophic winds derived from
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband
Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite observations show that the reanalyses
reproduce some basic features of the SAO. However, there are also large
differences, depending on the model setup. Particularly, MERRA-2 seems to
benefit from dedicated tuning of the gravity wave drag parameterization and
assimilation of MLS observations. To study the interaction of gravity waves
with the background wind, absolute values of gravity wave momentum fluxes and
a proxy for absolute gravity wave drag derived from SABER satellite
observations are compared with different wind data sets: the SPARC wind
climatology; data sets combining ERA-Interim at low altitudes and MLS or SABER
quasi-geostrophic winds at high altitudes; and data sets that combine
ERA-Interim, SABER quasi-geostrophic winds, and direct wind observations by
the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI). In the lower and middle mesosphere
the SABER absolute gravity wave drag proxy correlates well with positive
vertical gradients of the background wind, indicating that gravity waves
contribute mainly to the driving of the SAO eastward wind phases and their
downward propagation with time. At altitudes 75–85 km, the SABER
absolute gravity wave drag proxy correlates better with absolute values of the
background wind, suggesting a more direct forcing of the SAO winds by gravity
wave amplitude saturation. Above about 80 km SABER gravity wave drag
is mainly governed by tides rather than by the SAO. The reanalyses reproduce
some basic features of the SAO gravity wave driving: all reanalyses show
stronger gravity wave driving of the SAO eastward phase in the stratopause
region. For the higher-top models ERA-5 and MERRA-2, this is also the case in
the lower mesosphere. However, all reanalyses are limited by model-inherent
damping in the upper model levels, leading to unrealistic features near the
model top. Our analysis of the SABER and reanalysis gravity wave drag
suggests that the magnitude of SAO gravity wave forcing is often too weak in
the free-running general circulation models; therefore, a more realistic
representation is needed.
Distinct surface response to black carbon aerosols
Authors: Tang Tao , Shindell Drew , Zhang Yuqiang , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Myhre Gunnar , Faluvegi Gregory , Samset Bjørn H. , Andrews Timothy , Olivié Dirk , Takemura Toshihiko , Lee Xuhui
Published: September 2021

Abstract. For the radiative impact of individual climate forcings,
most previous studies focused on the global mean values at the top of the
atmosphere (TOA), and less attention has been paid to surface processes,
especially for black carbon (BC) aerosols. In this study, the surface radiative
responses to five different forcing agents were analyzed by using idealized
model simulations. Our analyses reveal that for greenhouse gases, solar
irradiance, and scattering aerosols, the surface temperature changes are
mainly dictated by the changes of surface radiative heating, but for BC,
surface energy redistribution between different components plays a more
crucial role. Globally, when a unit BC forcing is imposed at TOA, the net
shortwave radiation at the surface decreases by -5.87±0.67 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 (averaged over global land without Antarctica), which is
partially offset by increased downward longwave radiation (2.32±0.38 W m−2 (W m−2)−1 from the warmer atmosphere, causing a net
decrease in the incoming downward surface radiation of -3.56±0.60 W m−2 (W m−2)−1. Despite a reduction in the downward radiation
energy, the surface air temperature still increases by 0.25±0.08 K
because of less efficient energy dissipation, manifested by reduced surface
sensible (-2.88±0.43 W m−2 (W m−2)−1) and latent heat flux
(-1.54±0.27 W m−2 (W m−2)−1), as well as a decrease in
Bowen ratio (-0.20±0.07 (W m−2)−1). Such reductions of turbulent
fluxes can be largely explained by enhanced air stability (0.07±0.02 K (W m−2)−1), measured as the difference of the potential temperature
between 925 hPa and surface, and reduced surface wind speed (-0.05±0.01 m s−1 (W m−2)−1). The enhanced stability is due to the faster
atmospheric warming relative to the surface, whereas the reduced wind speed
can be partially explained by enhanced stability and reduced Equator-to-pole
atmospheric temperature gradient. These rapid adjustments under BC forcing
occur in the lower atmosphere and propagate downward to influence the
surface energy redistribution and thus surface temperature response, which
is not observed under greenhouse gases or scattering aerosols. Our study
provides new insights into the impact of absorbing aerosols on surface
energy balance and surface temperature response.
Application of a mobile laboratory using a selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS) for characterisation of volatile organic compounds and atmospheric trace gases
Authors: Wagner Rebecca L. , Farren Naomi J. , Davison Jack , Young Stuart , Hopkins James R. , Lewis Alastair C. , Carslaw David C. , Shaw Marvin D.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Over the last 2 decades, the importance of emissions source types of atmospheric pollutants in urban areas has undergone significant change. In particular, there has been a considerable reduction in emissions associated with road vehicles. Understanding the role played by different source sectors is important if effective air pollution control is to be achieved. Current atmospheric measurements are made at fixed monitoring sites, most of which do not include the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), so our understanding of the temporal and spatial variation of pollutants is limited. Here we describe the application of a mobile laboratory using a selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometer (SIFT-MS) and other trace gas instrumentation to provide on-road, high-spatial- and temporal-resolution measurements of CO2, CH4, VOCs and other trace gases. We then illustrate the potential of this platform for developing source characterisation methods that account for the similarity in correlation between species. Finally, we consider the benefits of high-spatial- and temporal-resolution measurements in characterising different types of sources, which would be difficult or impossible for single-species studies.
A global long term (1981–2019) daily land surface radiation budget product from AVHRR satellite data using a residual convolutional neural network
Authors: Xu Jianglei , Liang Shunlin , Jiang Bo
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The surface radiation budget, also known as all-wave net radiation (Rn), is a key parameter for various land surface processes including hydrological, ecological, agricultural, and biogeochemical processes. Satellite data can be effectively used to estimate Rn, but existing satellite products have coarse spatial resolutions and limited temporal coverage. In this study, a point-surface matching estimation (PSME) method is proposed to estimate surface Rn using a residual convolutional neural network (RCNN) integrating spatially adjacent information to improve the accuracy of retrievals. A global high-resolution (0.05°) long-term (1981–2019) Rn product was subsequently generated from Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Specifically, the RCNN was employed to establish a nonlinear relationship between globally distributed ground measurements from 537 sites and AVHRR top of atmosphere (TOA) observations. Extended triplet collocation (ETC) technology was applied to address the spatial scale mismatch issue resulting from the low spatial support of ground measurements within the AVHRR footprint by selecting reliable sites for model training. The overall independent validation results show that the generated AVHRR Rn product is highly accurate, with R2, root-mean-square error (RMSE), and bias of 0.84, 26.66 Wm−2 (31.66 %), and 1.59 Wm−2 (1.89 %), respectively. Inter-comparisons with three other Rn products, i.e., the 5 km Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS), the 1° Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), and the 0.5° × 0.625° Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2), illustrate that our AVHRR Rn retrievals have the best accuracy under all of the considered surface and atmospheric conditions, especially thick cloud or hazy conditions. The spatiotemporal analyses of these four Rn datasets indicate that the AVHRR Rn product reasonably replicates the spatial pattern and temporal evolution trends of Rn observations. This dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5509854 for 1981–2019 (Xu et al., 2021).
From Virtual Field Trip to Geologically-Reasoned Decisions in Yosemite Valley
Authors: Barth Nicolas C. , Stock Greg M. , Atit Kinnari
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This study highlights a Geology of Yosemite Valley virtual field trip (VFT) and companion exercises produced as a four-part module to substitute for physical field experiences. The VFT is created as an Earth project in Google Earth Web, a versatile format that allows access through a web browser or Google Earth app with the sharing of an internet address. Many dynamic resources can be used for VFT stops through use of the Google Earth Engine (global satellite imagery draped on topography, 360° street-level imagery, user-submitted 360° photospheres). Images, figures, videos, and narration can be embedded into VFT stops. Hyperlinks allow for a wide range of external resources to be incorporated; optional background resources help reduce the knowledge gap between general public and upper-division students, ensuring VFTs can be broadly accessible. Like many in-person field trips, there is a script with learning goals for each stop, but also an opportunity to learn through exploration as the viewer can dynamically change their vantage at each stop (i.e. guided discovery learning). This interactive VFT format scaffolds students’ spatial skills and encourages attention to be focused on a stop’s critical spatial information. The progression from VFT to mapping exercise to geologically-reasoned decision-making results in high quality student work; students find it engaging, enjoyable, and educational.
Technical note: RAT – a robustness assessment test for calibrated and uncalibrated hydrological models
Authors: Nicolle Pierre , Andréassian Vazken , Royer-Gaspard Paul , Perrin Charles , Thirel Guillaume , Coron Laurent , Santos Léonard
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Prior to their use under future changing climate conditions, all
hydrological models should be thoroughly evaluated regarding their temporal
transferability (application in different time periods) and extrapolation
capacity (application beyond the range of known past conditions). This note
presents a straightforward evaluation framework aimed at detecting potential
undesirable climate dependencies in hydrological models: the robustness
assessment test (RAT). Although it is conceptually inspired by the classic
differential split-sample test of Klemeš (1986), the RAT presents the
advantage of being applicable to all types of models, be they calibrated or not
(i.e. regionalized or physically based). In this note, we present the RAT,
illustrate its application on a set of 21 catchments, verify its
applicability hypotheses and compare it to previously published tests.
Results show that the RAT is an efficient evaluation approach, passing it
successfully can be considered a prerequisite for any hydrological model to
be used for climate change impact studies.
Information-based uncertainty decomposition in dual-channel microwave remote sensing of soil moisture
Authors: Li Bonan , Good Stephen P.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission characterizes global spatiotemporal patterns in surface soil moisture using dual L-band microwave retrievals of horizontal (TBh) and vertical (TBv) polarized microwave brightness temperatures through a modeled mechanistic relationship between vegetation opacity, surface scattering albedo, and soil effective temperature (Teff). Although this model has been validated against in situ soil moisture, there is a lack of systematic characterization of where and why SMAP estimates deviate from the in situ observations. Here, we assess how the information content of in situ soil moisture observations from the US Climate Reference Network contrasts with (1) the information contained within raw SMAP observations (i.e., “informational random uncertainty”) derived from TBh, TBv, and Teff themselves and with (2) the information contained in SMAP's dual-channel algorithm (DCA) soil moisture estimates (i.e., “informational model uncertainty”) derived from the model's inherent structure and parameterizations. The results show that, on average, 80 % of the information in the in situ soil moisture is unexplained by SMAP DCA soil moisture estimates. Loss of information in the DCA modeling process contributes 35 % of the unexplained information, while the remainder is induced by a lack of additional explanatory power within TBh, TBv, and Teff. Overall, retrieval quality of SMAP DCA soil moisture, denoted as the Pearson correlation coefficient between SMAP DCA soil moisture and in situ soil moisture, is negatively correlated with the informational uncertainties, with slight differences across different land covers. The informational model uncertainty (Pearson correlation of −0.59) was found to be more influential than the informational random uncertainty (Pearson correlation of −0.34), suggesting that the poor performance of SMAP DCA at some locations is driven by model parameterization and/or structure and not underlying satellite measurements of TBh and TBv. A decomposition of mutual information between TBh, TBv, and DCA soil moisture shows that on average 58 % of information provided by TBh and TBv to DCA estimates is redundant. The amount of information redundantly and synergistically provided by TBh and TBv was found to be closely related (Pearson correlations of 0.79 and −0.82, respectively) to the retrieval quality of SMAP DCA. TBh and TBv tend to contribute large redundant information to DCA estimates under surfaces or conditions where DCA makes better retrievals. This study provides a baseline approach that can also be applied to evaluate other remote sensing models and understand informational loss as satellite retrievals are translated to end-user products.
Global flood exposure from different sized rivers
Authors: Bernhofen Mark V. , Trigg Mark A. , Sleigh P. Andrew , Sampson Christopher C. , Smith Andrew M.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. There is now a wealth of data to calculate global flood exposure. Available
datasets differ in detail and representation of both global population
distribution and global flood hazard. Previous studies of global flood risk
have used datasets interchangeably without addressing the impacts using
different datasets could have on exposure estimates. By calculating flood
exposure to different sized rivers using a model-independent
geomorphological river flood susceptibility map (RFSM), we show that limits
placed on the size of river represented in global flood models result in
global flood exposure estimates that differ by more than a factor of 2.
The choice of population dataset is found to be equally important and can
have enormous impacts on national flood exposure estimates. Up-to-date, high-resolution population data are vital for accurately representing exposure to
smaller rivers and will be key in improving the global flood risk picture.
Our results inform the appropriate application of these datasets and where
further development and research are needed.
Calibrated ensemble forecasts of the height of new snow using quantile regression forests and ensemble model output statistics
Authors: Evin Guillaume , Lafaysse Matthieu , Taillardat Maxime , Zamo Michaël
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Height of new snow (HN) forecasts help to prevent critical failures of infrastructures in mountain areas, e.g. transport networks and ski resorts. The French national meteorological service, Météo-France, operates a probabilistic forecasting system based on ensemble meteorological forecasts and a detailed snowpack model to provide ensembles of HN forecasts. These forecasts are, however, biased and underdispersed. As for many weather variables, post-processing methods can be used to alleviate these drawbacks and obtain meaningful 1 to 4 d HN forecasts. In this paper, we compare the skill of two post-processing methods. The first approach is an ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) method, which can be described as a nonhomogeneous regression with a censored shifted Gamma distribution. The second approach is based on quantile regression forests, using different meteorological and snow predictors. Both approaches are evaluated using a 22 year reforecast. Thanks to a larger number of predictors, the quantile regression forest is shown to be a powerful alternative to EMOS for the post-processing of HN ensemble forecasts. The gain of performance is large in all situations but is particularly marked when raw forecasts completely miss the snow event. This type of situation happens when the rain–snow transition elevation is overestimated by the raw forecasts (rain instead of snow in the raw forecasts) or when there is no precipitation in the forecast. In that case, quantile regression forests improve the predictions using the other weather predictors (wind, temperature, and specific humidity).
Effects of strongly eddying oceans on multidecadal climate variability in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Jüling André , von der Heydt Anna , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Climate variability on multidecadal timescales appears to be organized in pronounced patterns with clear expressions in sea surface temperature, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
These patterns are now well studied both in observations and global climate models and are important in the attribution of climate change.
Results from CMIP5 models have indicated large biases in these patterns with consequences for ocean heat storage variability and the global mean surface temperature.
In this paper, we use two multi-century Community Earth System Model simulations at coarse (1∘) and fine (0.1∘) ocean model horizontal grid spacing to study the effects of the representation of mesoscale ocean flows on major patterns of multidecadal variability.
We find that resolving mesoscale ocean flows both improves the characteristics of the modes of variability with respect to observations and increases the amplitude of the heat content variability in the individual ocean basins.
In the strongly eddying model, multidecadal variability increases compared to sub-decadal variability.
This shift of spectral power is seen in sea surface temperature indices, basin-scale surface heat fluxes, and the global mean surface temperature.
This implies that the current CMIP6 model generation, which predominantly does not resolve the ocean mesoscale, may systematically underestimate multidecadal variability.
A computationally efficient engineering aerodynamic model for non-planar wind turbine rotors
Authors: Li Ang , Gaunaa Mac , Pirrung Georg Raimund , Horcas Sergio González
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In the present work, a computationally efficient engineering model for the aerodynamic load calculation of non-planar wind turbine rotors is proposed. The method is based on the vortex cylinder model, and can be used in two ways: either as a correction to the currently widely used blade element momentum (BEM) method, or used as the main model, replacing the BEM method in the engineering modelling complex. The proposed method needs the same order of computational effort as the ordinary BEM method, which makes it ideal for time-domain aero-servo-elastic simulations. The results from the proposed method are compared with results from two higher-fidelity aerodynamic models: a lifting-line method and a Navier-Stokes solver. For planar rotors, the aerodynamic loads are identical to the current BEM model when the drag force is excluded during the calculation of the induced velocities. For non-planar rotors, the influence of the blade out-of-plane shape, measured by the difference of the load between the non-planar rotor and the planar rotor, is in very good agreement with higher-fidelity models. Meanwhile, the existing BEM methods, even with a correction of radial induction included, show relatively large deviations from the higher-fidelity method results.
The smoother the better? A comparison of six post-processing methods to improve short-term offshore wind power forecasts in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Hallgren Christoffer , Ivanell Stefan , Körnich Heiner , Vakkari Ville , Sahlée Erik
Published: September 2021

Abstract. With a rapidly increasing capacity of electricity generation from wind power, the demand for accurate power production forecasts is growing. To date, most wind power installations have been onshore and thus most studies on production forecasts have focused on onshore conditions. However, as offshore wind power is becoming increasingly popular it is also important to assess forecast quality in offshore locations. In this study, forecasts from the high-resolution numerical weather prediction model AROME was used to analyze power production forecast performance for an offshore site in the Baltic Sea. To improve the AROME forecasts, six post-processing methods were investigated and their individual performance analyzed in general as well as for different wind speed ranges, boundary layer stratifications, synoptic situations and in low-level jet conditions. In general, AROME performed well in forecasting the power production, but applying smoothing or using a random forest algorithm increased forecast skill. Smoothing the forecast improved the performance at all wind speeds, all stratifications and for all synoptic weather classes, and the random forest method increased the forecast skill during low-level jets. To achieve the best performance, we recommend selecting which method to use based on the forecasted weather conditions. Combining forecasts from neighboring grid points, combining the recent forecast with the forecast from yesterday or applying linear regression to correct the forecast based on earlier performance were not fruitful methods to increase the overall forecast quality.
Statistical impact of wind-speed ramp events on turbines, via observations and coupled fluid-dynamic and aeroelastic simulations
Authors: Kelly Mark , Andersen Søren Juhl , Hannesdóttir Ásta
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Via 11 years of high-frequency measurements, we
calculated the probability space of expected offshore wind-speed ramps,
recasting it compactly in terms of relevant load-driving quantities for
horizontal-axis wind turbines. A statistical ensemble of events in reduced
ramp-parameter space (ramp acceleration, mean speed after ramp, upper-level
shear) was created to capture the variability of ramp parameters and also
allow connection of such to ramp-driven loads. Constrained Mann-model (CMM)
turbulence simulations coupled to an aeroelastic model were made for each
ensemble member, for a single turbine. Ramp acceleration was found to
dominate the maxima of thrust-associated loads, with a ramp-induced increase
of 45 %–50 % for blade-root flap-wise bending moment and tower-base
fore–aft moment, plus ∼ 3 % per 0.1 m/s2 of bulk ramp-acceleration magnitude. The ensemble of ramp events from the CMM was also embedded in large-eddy
simulation (LES) of a wind farm consisting of rows of nine turbines. The LES
uses actuator-line modeling for the turbines and is coupled to the
aeroelastic model. The LES results indicate that the ramps, and the mean
acceleration associated with them, tend to persist through the farm. Depending on the ramp acceleration, ramps crossing rated speed lead to maximum loads,
which are nearly constant for the third row and further downwind. Where
rated power is not achieved, the loads primarily depend on wind speed; as
mean winds weaken within the farm, ramps can again have U < Vrated. This leads to higher loads than pre-ramp conditions, with the
distance where loads begin to increase depending on inflow Umax⁡ relative
to Vrated. For the ramps considered here, the effect of turbulence on
loads is found to be small relative to ramp amplitude that causes
Vrated to be exceeded, but for ramps with Uafter < Vrated, the combination of ramp and turbulence can cause load maxima.
The same sensitivity of loads to acceleration is found in both the
CMM-aeroelastic simulations and the coupled LES.
Usabilidad y geolocalización narrativa para el seguimiento del patrimonio artístico español
Authors: Arévalo Arboleda Juan Camilo , Moreno Sánchez Isidro , Navarro Newball Andrés Adolfo , Contreras Roldán Victoria Eugenia
Published: September 2021

Este proyecto de conservación digital permite rastrear las obras de arte español durante la Guerra Civil Española y la posguerra. Muestra la realidad de un período crucial para el patrimonio español, brindando herramientas para analizar las obras salvadas y su destino, y evidenciando la labor de todos aquellos que durante la guerra luchan en el frente del arte. Se desarrolló una aplicación web que permite catalogar, rastrear y estudiar las obras que fueron salvadas y depositadas en lugares seguros por la república. Se realizó un trabajo interdisciplinar teniendo en cuenta parámetros de usabilidad e incorporando un sistema de geolocalización. Se muestra una versión más exacta del recorrido y la historia de las obras, proponiendo una nueva narrativa geolocalizada. El resultado es un sistema interactivo capaz de catalogar, rastrear y estudiar las obras de arte que la República sacó de museos, palacios y residencias para ponerlas a salvo de los ataques fascistas del bando que se sublevó contra el gobierno de República instituida democráticamente en España. Estas obras siguieron una auténtica odisea y la mayoría volvieron a los museos, no siempre al mismo, pero hay obras perdidas y/o desaparecidas que es posible rastrear gracias a esta web abierta, colaborativa y geolocalizada.
La estética sostenible en el diseño de Dieter Rams y Ross Lovegrove
Authors: Chen Mei-Hsin
Published: September 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar cómo Dieter Rams y Ross Lovegrove conciben la noción de la estética sostenible. La mayoría de los estudios que abordan la relación entre la sostenibilidad o el diseño sostenible y la estética en el contexto del diseño de producto parten de la premisa de que lo sostenible y lo estético, cada uno con su entidad propia, son componentes independientes y yuxtapuestos que están presentes en un diseño actual con miras medioambientales. Desde esta perspectiva, lo estético suele desempeñar el rol de ornamentar o embellecer el material o la estructura sostenible a posteriori. El presente artículo propone un planteamiento distinto de dicha concepción decorativa basada en un proceso asincrónico: en lugar de entender el diseño sostenible y la estética como dos piezas de puzle independientes que intentan encajar la una en la otra, argumentamos que la sostenibilidad y la estética son coprincipio de un buen diseño de producto, con el que asociamos “la estética sostenible”, y que se necesitan mutuamente en el desarrollo ecoestratégico, tal como consideran Rams y Lovegrove.
La divulgación científica en una exposición fotográfica sobre el estudio anatómico del ojo de la ballena, adaptada pedagógicamente para personas con discapacidad visual
Authors: Lafuente Carmen , Vecino Elena
Published: September 2021

Este trabajo estudia la exposición de fotografía científica titulada “El Ojo de la Ballena”, íntegramente adaptada a personas con discapacidad visual, que tuvo lugar entre los días 10 y 21 de febrero de 2020 en Bilbao. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en analizar si un novedoso estudio sobre el ojo de una ballena, es un elemento llamativo para lograr atraer a un público no experto a una exposición científica, al tratarse de una temática muy específica como es la anatomía ocular, el funcionamiento de la retina y la patología de Glaucoma. Para ello, se han analizado los resultados de las encuestas que los visitantes contestaron al final del recorrido. También se ha estudiado cómo pudo influir en la asistencia el nivel de estudios, el medio por el que los visitantes conocieron la exposición y el hecho de que estuviera totalmente adaptada a personas con discapacidad visual. Por último, se han realizado dos análisis de contenido para evaluar el objetivo pedagógico y el impacto de la exposición.
Il significato della visione del Natale di santa Brigida di Svezia nel contesto della cultura tardo medievale
Authors: La Delfa Angela Maria
Published: September 2021

L’ampia e interessante letteratura sull’argomento ha coperto gran parte degli aspetti legati alla genesi della visione brigidina. Questo articolo si prefigge di indagare nel dettaglio alcune questioni che finora non sono state approfondite dalla critica. Ci si riferisce in particolare alle fattezze fisiche della Vergine Maria e alla rappresentazione del Bambino Gesù nudo e sospeso per aria o raffigurato già disteso in terra. Si tratta di dettagli di rilievo, anche in relazione al tema del corpo della Vergine e del Cristo che riveste grande importanza nella spiritualità tardomedievale. Si analizzano le differenze tra le prime tavole della Natività in Italia, ma anche quelle realizzate nella prima metà del XV secolo nel nord Europa. Si indaga tra quelle più fedeli alla visione e quelle che vi si ispirano liberamente pur essendo Brigida presente nella rappresentazione. Dal confronto con l’iconografia precedente, particolarmente con quella tramandata tramite i manoscritti delle Meditaciones Vitae Christi, è possibile stabilire cosa della visione del Natale di Brigida assume rilievo per l’arte figurativa, come e con quale scopo ciò viene recepito nell’immaginario collettivo e in che misura essa abbia rappresentato il vero punto di svolta di questo soggetto nell’arte occidentale.
Des aristocrates byzantines et serbes comme donatrices et bienfaitrices aux monastères du Mont Athos au Moyen Âge
Authors: Panagopoulos Spyros P.
Published: September 2021

Les dons faits par les femmes aux monastères de la Sainte Montagne constituent un aspect important de l'histoire médiévale de cette communauté monastique. À commencer par la Sainte Vierge Marie, qui, selon la tradition, a visité le mont Athos, consacrant la péninsule par sa présence, les femmes, notamment avec leurs commandes d'objets de culture visuelle, ont continué à contribuer à la sacralisation de ce lieu. Les traditions, les documents et les artefacts témoignent que de nombreuses femmes, soit avec leur famille, soit indépendamment, ont doté les monastères de la Sainte Montagne. Les dons féminins mentionnés dans les chartes et aussi les cadeaux conservés aujourd'hui dans les trésors des monastères du mont Athos sont des preuves importantes du culte et des œuvres d'art affichant des normes élevées de fabrication de leur temps qui ont laissé une marque importante sur l'histoire de la culture visuelle.
Vision 2020 – Right to Sight
Authors: Pajor Emese
Published: September 2021

A cikk bemutatja a WHO Vision 2020 program hátterét, a program megvalósulásához vezető utat. Betekintést nyújt a látássérülések kórokainak és prevalenciájának azon változásaiba, amelyek a program hatására történtek világszerte. A húsz éves akció során az elkerülhető vakság és látáskárosodás megelőzésére szervezett cselekvési tervek nagymértékben hozzájárultak a program sikeréhez.

A nemzetközi eredmények mellett a cikk röviden bemutatja a hazai kutatásokat, programokat és eredményeket is. Az elkerülhető vakság felszámolására tett küzdelmek 2020-ra azonban nem fejeződtek be. Új fókuszpontokkal, növekvő globális népességgel szembenézve tovább folytatódnak a vakság és a látássérülés felszámolására tett lépések.

Kulcsszavak: WHO, Vision 2020 – Right to Sight, World Riport of Vision, vakság, látássérülés, megelőzés
Participation in Governance: Challenges and Achievements of Representative Democracy in Albania
Authors: Zaimi Ali
Published: September 2021

The system of representative democracy has its origins in England. Participation in governance is an important element of representative democracy because the people exercise their power through representatives. This paper aims to analyze the challenges and achievement of representative democracy in Albania after the fall of communism regime. Since 1990, Albania entered into a period of transition where participation in governance was seen as positive element to approach western values. This paper seeks to address the following question: Does the development of representative democracy help participation in governance? Whom does the power belong to, and how should this power be exercised? Can the people, participate in governance, and control the representatives, if they do not properly represent it? How can power be returned to the people? Main methodology used in this paper is doctrinal research. The paper is structured in three sections. After the introduction (section 1), the paper discusses theoretical framework of representative governance and the importance of participation in governance. The third section analyzes the challenges of representative democracy in the context of Albania. Keywords: Democracy; Governance; Participation
Our Minimally Invasive Sacrocolpopexy Experiences in Pelvic Organ Prolapse Treatment
Authors: Şeker Kamil Gökhan , Sam Emre , Arıkan Yusuf , Hacıislamoğlu Ahmet , Şimşek Abdulmuttalip , Tuğcu Volkan
Published: September 2021

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the results of our minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) sacrocolpopexy operations in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Materials and Methods: Demographic characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative data of 15 patients for whom we applied laparoscopic or robotic sacrocolpopexy due to symptomatic Grade 2 or higher apical POP based on POP-Q classification between September 2014 and September 2018. Treatment success was defined as Grade 0 or 1 POP in POP examination in the final surveillance. Results: Mean age of the patients was 60.4 ± 8.3 (49-82) years. Four patients (26.7%) were operated using robotic and eleven patients (73.3%) using laparoscopic methods. Uterus conservative surgery was applied in all patients excluding one. Mean operative time was 183.3 ± 21.4 (145-220) minutes and mean hospital stay of the patients was 2.8 ± 0.7 (2-4) days. Intraoperative and postoperative complications developed in a total of two patients (13.3%). Mean duration of follow-up was calculated as 12.1 ± 4.8 (8-24) months. De novo urgency urinary incontinence developed in two patients and stress incontinence in one patient. Based on the physical examination in the follow-ups, 14 patients (93.3%) had Grade 0 and one patient had (6.7%) asymptomatic Grade 2 anterior POP. Conclusion: Minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy is an efficient and safe surgical option for prolapse repair in symptomatic advanced stage POP cases.
IGNITION AND COMBUSTION OF SINGLE SOLID PARTICLES AS NON-ISOTHERMAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL KINETICS
Authors:   Technical University of Moldova, Ambrosi Grigore
Published: September 2021

The ignition and combustion of single particles of crystalline boron continue to produce major scientific interest due to the particularities of the process and diversity of potential applications of boron compounds. The full valorization of boron energetic potential is a very current scientific challenge. The objective of the paper is to systematize the methodology for evaluating the kinetic parameters of boron ignition and combustion reactions in various oxidizing gaseous environments. Experimental dependencies between the ignition temperature and the particle size, as well as the combustion time as a function of oxidizing temperature are used for the calculation of the kinetic constants. As a main result, the kinetic parameters of the ignition and combustion reactions of boron in oxygen and water vapor are calculated.
FITNESS AND COMFORT ASSESSMENT OF FOOTWEAR: AN ANTHROPOMETRIC APPRAISAL
Authors:   Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria, Azodo Adinife Patrick , Isamaila Olasunkanmi Salami ,   Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria, Owhor Sampson Chisa ,   Federal University Wukari, Nigeria
Published: September 2021

Suitability determination of any product designed for specific types of consumers is possible through the effective use of anthropometric information. This study assessed anthropometric data utilization in footwear designs and patterns as an indicator of fitness and comfort in footwear production. The data collected for analysis were the length and the breadth dimensions of footwear design pattern from eighteen footwear cottage shops and the foot anthropometric parameter from a total of four hundred and thirty-three (433) (males (226) and females (207)) subjects. The instrumentation design for the data collection was a digital vernier caliper (model Mitutoyo 500-506-10). The analysis of the foot anthropometry dimension and the design footwear pattern data obtained showed a lack of bilateral symmetry for the male and female gender. The fitness and comfortable foot support function of the footwear analyzed using a paired samples t-test between the footwear design pattern dimensions, and the foot anthropometric parameters disclosed p > 0.05 in all cases – not significant. This study concluded that tailoring a product design to the users’ population reduces the mismatch challenges, grants fitness, and comfort to the users.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Amla Juice with Honey on Levels of Hemoglobin among B.Sc. Nursing Students with Anemia at Selected Nursing Colleges in Dindugal
Authors: Agnes G.W Julie , . Jeyanthi
Published: September 2021

Aim: to assess the effectiveness of amla juice with honey on hemoglobin levels among B.Sc nursing students with anemia at selected nursing colleges, Dindigul. Pre experimental research design with one group pretest and posttest design was used for this study. Samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The investigator assessed the pretest levels of hemoglobin by using sahli’s method. Then from next day, 100ml of amla juice with 10 ml of honey was administered to the same samples daily in the morning before breakfast under the supervision of the researcher for a period of 15 days. On 18th day, the investigator assessed the posttest levels of hemoglobin by using the sahli’s method. Finally, the statistical analysis the mean score of pretest 8.31 and posttest 9.52 and paired‘t’ test proved that the 25.910‘t’ value (table value is 1.96) had a significant difference between the pretest and posttest levels of hemoglobin among B.Sc Nursing students with anemia at 0.05 level of significance. The study finding showed that the Amla juice with honey was effective for the B.Sc Nursing students with anemia.

Keywords: Amla Juice with Honey, Hemoglobin, Anemia.