bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of Image with Various Noises and Filters
Authors: KHAN SAJID , Sadiq Uzma , Khurshid Sayyad
Published: January 2021

Research displays an extensive investigation for different factual statistical estimates and their practical implementation in picture handling with various noises and filter channel procedures. Noise is very challenging to take out it from the digital images. The purpose of image filtering is to eliminate the noise from the image in such a way that the new image is detectible. We have clarified different calculations and systems for channel the pictures and which calculation is the best for sifting the picture. Signal and maximum Peak proportion parameters are utilized for execution for factual estimating, Wiener channel performs preferred in evacuating clamor over different channels. Wiener channel functions admirably for a wide range of clamors. The exhibition of Gaussian channel is superior to anything Mean channel, Mask Filter and Wiener channel as per MSE results. In picture setting up, a Gaussian fog generally called Gaussian smoothing is the result of darkening an image by a Gaussian limit. We reason that Gaussian separating approach is the best method that can be effectively actualized with the assistance of the MSE of picture. The Gaussian channel is certifiably superior to different calculations at expelling clamor. The outcomes have been looked at for channels utilizing SNR, PSNR and Mean Square Error esteem.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Tipe Jigsaw untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Mata Pelajaran Sejarah pada Kompetensi Dasar Mendiskripsikan Tradisi Sejarah dalam Masyarakat Indonesia Masa Pra-aksara dan Masa Aksara Siswa Kelas X 6 di SMA Negeri 1 Mlonggo Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
Authors: Haryanto Haryanto , Rohmawati Titik
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan  peningkatan hasil belajar siswa, serta terjadinya perubahan sikap dan tingkah laku siswa terhadap  model pembelajaran tipe jigsaw. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk memperoleh data dan analisisnya melalui kajian-kajian reflektif, partisipatif, dan kolaboratif. Pada kegiatan berikutnya dilakukan pengembangan program pembelajaran berdasarkan pada data-data baik yang diperoleh dari siswa, guru dan setting kegiatan sosial antar siswa maupun siswi dengan guru baik di dalam kelas maupun diluar kelas. Setiap kegiatan pembelajaran pada penelitian ini direncanakan terlebih dahulu dan dilaksanakan melalui tiga macam siklus. Untuk meningkatkan kegiatan pembelajaran digunakan pendekatan pembelajaran kooperatif learning tipe jigsaw. Setelah dilaksanakan penelitian tindakan kelas maka dapat diperoleh data-data hasil evaluasi kegiatan belajar siswa melalui ulangan ke 1 yaitu 64 (belum menggunakan pembelajaran kooperatif learning tipe jigsaw). Setelah menggunakan jigsaw maka hasil evaluasi kegiatan belajar siswa melalui ulangan meningkat menjadi 71 pada siklus I, 73 pada.siklus II dan 76 pada siklus III. Adapun prosentase tingkat ketuntasan belajar siswa secara klasikal sebelum menggunakan jigsaw adalah 56 %, setelah menggunakan jigsaw secara bertahap mengalami peningkatan dari 72 % pada siklus I, 86 % pada siklus II dan 100 % pada siklus III.
Model Problem Based Learning dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Materi “Menyampaikan Pidato Persuasif” Kelas IX-F Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kudus pada Semester Gasal Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
Authors: Haryanto Haryanto , Indarto Wiwik
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mendeskripsikan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dalam rangka meningkatkan prestasi belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas IX-F  Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Kudus pada Semester Gasal Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020. Subjek penelitian tindakan kelas ini adalah siswa kelas IX-F. Variabel penelitian ini terdiri dari variabel siswa dan variabel guru. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua siklus dan masing-masing siklus terdiri atas empat tahapan, yakni: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Indikator keberhasilan ditetapkan bila minimal terdapat 75% siswa mencapai ketuntasan belajar setelah diterapkan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa kelas IX-F Peningkatan itu ditunjukkan dengan: (1) rata-rata prestasi belajar siswa pada siklus I adalah 7,08 dan pada siklu siklus II adalah 8,68; (2) ketuntasan belajar siswa pada siklus I siswa 15 siswa atau 50,00% dan yang tidak tuntas sebanyak 15 siswa atau 50,00%; serta (3) ketuntasan belajar klasikal pada siklus I adalah 50,00% dan pada siklus II mencapai 100,00%. Ini berarti uji kompetensi/hasil evaluasi siklus II lebih baik dibandingkan siklus I, dan juga sudah mencapai indikator ketuntasan. Terdapat peningkatan aktivitas siswa selama proses pembelajaran secara individu maupun kelompok. Respon siswa mencapai 82,83% dengan kategori tinggi.
Pengaruh Kebijakan Pasca Bayar Biaya Pemeriksaan Instalasi Listrik Tegangan Rendah terhadap Piutang Usaha Tak Tertagi di PT. PPILN Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Bugis Hairuddin , Juwita Juwita
Published: January 2021

Pengaruh kebijakan biaya pasca bayar inspeksi instalasi tegangan rendah terhadap piutang tak tertagih di PT.PPILN Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan biaya pasca bayar inspeksi instalasi tegangan rendah (X) terhadap piutang tak tertagih di PT.PPILN Sulawesi Tenggara (Y). Populasi dan sampel adalah 30 karyawan dan pengurus PT.PPILN Sulawesi Tenggara. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer yang meliputi persepsi seluruh responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi23. Uji regresi sederhana antara variabel X dan variabel Y menyimpulkan bahwa H1 diterima dan H0 ditolak karena signifikansi yang tinggi dengan nilai koefisien 0,000. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa koefisien determinasi R square (R2) sebesar 0,114. Artinya, piutang tak tertagih tersebut terkena dampak kebijakan pasca bayar sebesar 11,4%. Sedangkan 88,6% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diketahui.
Analisis Keberhasilan dan Kemanfaatan Usaha Perikanan Tangkap Bagan Perahu di Kabupaten Kolaka
Authors: Juhardin Juhardin , Said Anwar
Published: January 2021

Menganalisis keberhasilan dan kemanfaatan secara sosial dan ekonomi usaha perikanan tangkap bagan perahu. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2013 sampai Maret 2014 dengan responden adalah nelayan yang mempunyai usaha bagan perahu sebanyak 16 unit yang terkonsentrasi secara administratif di Kecamatan Latambaga. Analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitattif. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis penerimaan untuk keberhasilan dan kemanfaatan usaha secaraekonomi meliputi perhitungan pendapatan, RC ratio dan BC ratio, juga secara deskriptif dari hasil wawancara dengan nelayan untuk menganalisis keberhasilan dan kemanfaatan secara sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : Usaha bagan perahuberhasil dan bermanfaat secara ekonomi dan sosial.
Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Tani Sayuran di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Nurcayah Nurcayah
Published: January 2021

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meneliti strategi pengembangan tanaman usaha tani sayuran di Sulawesi Tenggara dalam rangka meningkatkan produktivitas dan nilai tambah bagi petani. Permasalahan utama dalam usaha tani sayuran di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara adalah produktivitas rendah, pengetahuan budidaya dan penanganan pasca panen yang masih tradisional, akses pemasaran kurang berkembang dan hal ini. Hasil analisis SWOT pada pengembangan usaha tani sayuran memperoleh empat strategi yang perlu dilakukan dan, yaitu: 1) strategi agresif (S-O), memaksimalkan potensi/kekuatan untuk meraih peluang dengan kebijakan pemerintah melalui pembinaan bagi petani terkait teknik budidaya, pemanfaatan teknologi produksi dan pasca panen serta peluasan pangsa pasar dan penyediaan sarana dan prasaran produksi; 2) strategi (S–T), memaksimalkan potensi/kekuatan untuk mengurangi ancaman yang ada dengan melakukan kegiatan usaha tani yang ramah lingkungan dengan meminimunkan input kimia; 3) strategi (W–O), meminimalkan kelemahan/hambatan untuk meraih peluang semaksimal mungkin melalui peningkatan produksi serta pemanfaatan lahan secara maksimal serta peningkatan kualitas produk sesuai keunggulan masing-masing daerah Kabupaten/Kota; serta 4) strategi (W–T), meminimalkan kelemahan dan hambatan untuk mengatasi ancaman dengan meningkatkan efisiensi biaya produksi dan memperluas informasi pasar.
Red Coats and Wild Birds
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

During the nineteenth century, Britain maintained a complex network of garrisons to manage its global empire. While these bases helped the British project power and secure trade routes, they served more than just a strategic purpose. During their tours abroad, many British officers engaged in formal and informal scientific research. In this ambitious history of ornithology and empire, Red Coats and Wild Birds tracks British officers as they moved around the world, just as migratory birds traversed borders from season to season. The book examines the lives, writings, and collections of a number of ornithologist-officers, arguing that the transnational encounters between military men and birds simultaneously shaped military strategy, ideas about race and masculinity, and conceptions of the British Empire. Collecting specimens and tracking migratory bird patterns enabled these men to map the British Empire and the world and therefore to exert imagined control over it. Through its examination of the influence of bird watching on military science and soldiers' contributions to ornithology, Red Coats and Wild Birds remaps empire, nature, and scientific inquiry in the nineteenth-century world.
Introduction
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

The introduction situates the importance of the book within current politics of nature in the Mediterranean. For the few last decades, there has been talk of a “war” on European migrant birds in the southernmost point of the European Union (EU) and former British colony—Malta. Located in the Mediterranean Sea, Malta has long been viewed as a bridge between Europe and North Africa, with its proximity to Tunisia and Libya in the south and Sicily to the north. Each spring and autumn, thousands of European migrating birds use the Maltese Islands as a resting place for their long journeys to and from their wintering grounds in Africa. While some people have claimed that the EU is another form of imperialism now imposed on the Maltese, what is missing from this understanding are the ways in which bird protection in Malta, the production of the Maltese “pothunter,” and environmental ideas of British migrant birds and semitropicality are rooted in part in Britain’s imperial past in the Mediterranean region. Moreover, Malta’s so-called unnatural relationship with birds has been put into sharp relief in comparison to Britain’s other previous Mediterranean colony—Gibraltar. Once a monument to empire, the British overseas territory is now promoted as a model of nature conservation and ornithological study in the Mediterranean.
Thomas Wright Blakiston
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 examines the production of the scientific war hero in British military culture in the mid-nineteenth century, with an emphasis on the Crimean War (1853–56) as an important event in securing Britain’s ascendency over Russian aspirations in the Mediterranean region, and in the emergence of the military-scientific hero. The chapter also highlights the military-scientific hero as a product of conducting fieldwork in the Crimean theater of war and collecting specimens as scientific trophies of war for a British audience at home. Here, the focus is on Ordnance officer Captain Thomas Wright Blakiston, Royal Artillery, who collected numerous birds while serving with his regiments, published works in the Zoologist, and sent specimens to British museums, including the Museum of the Royal Artillery Institution at Woolwich.
Andrew Leith Adams
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

Set in Malta, chapter 3 follows the military medical career of Andrew Leith Adams, military surgeon with the Twenty-Second Regiment of Foot, whose military and scientific networks and travels to northern India, Malta, Egypt, and New Brunswick, British North America, helped him to conceive ideas of tropicality, semitropicality, and the temperate. To Adams, temperate martial masculinity was both a physical and mental state and a climatic zone important in the maintenance of a British military career across the British Empire. His ornithological investigations also allowed him to contemplate the zoological connectivity between Europe and North Africa.
Leonard Howard Lloyd Irby
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 analyzes the ways in which ideas, practices, and performances of ornithology helped to sustain territorial maintenance and British imperial place-making in the Strait of Gibraltar by focusing on the work of Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Howard Lloyd Irby (Ninetieth and Seventy-Fourth Regiments). Located in the Mediterranean, the island-like territory of Gibraltar emerged as a strategic geopolitical position in the preservation of the British Empire and served as part of the “artery of empire” that linked Britain to India. It was also an important landmark in the British imagination as a result of the Great Siege (1783) and its resonance for Horatio Nelson in the Napoleonic Wars. This chapter demonstrates how narratives of wild birds and scientific performances surrounding the British military officer attempted to legitimize Gibraltar as an imperial, noble, and masculine pillar of empire, and to extend imperial interests into Morocco and Tangier.
Afterword
Authors: Greer Kirsten A.
Published: January 2021

While the subject of birds might seem benign in comparison with the more overt acts of colonial violence of slavery and famine, this afterword reflects on the importance of a self-awareness and sensitivity of one’s position in the world as a result of the institutions, practices, and identities that emerged from the British Empire is still needed in order to deconstruct and challenge the “colonial amnesia” of cultures of nature in particular places, such as in Malta. The annual presence of British “moral” birdwatchers as a means to combat the “savage” Maltese pothunter will not resolve the migratory bird hunting issue in Malta—it only repeats a stereotype and enlivens old tensions within a British colonial culture of nature that marginalized lower-class Maltese in the nineteenth century. As this book demonstrates, the stereotype of the colonial Maltese pothunter continues to circulate in Europe. A critical historical geography of empire can help to trace some of the genealogies of colonial cultures of nature in particular places such as the Mediterranean, and to contextualize tensions among different actants in conservation efforts dedicated to migratory birds.
All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

Species acclimatization--the organized introduction of organisms to a new region--is much maligned in the present day. However, colonization depended on moving people, plants, and animals from place to place, and in centuries past, scientists, landowners, and philanthropists formed acclimatization societies to study local species and conditions, form networks of supporters, and exchange supposedly useful local and exotic organisms across the globe.
Pete Minard tells the story of this movement, arguing that the colonies, not the imperial centers, led the movement for species acclimatization. Far from attempting to re-create London or Paris, settlers sought to combine plants and animals to correct earlier environmental damage and to populate forests, farms, and streams to make them healthier and more productive. By focusing particularly on the Australian colony of Victoria, Minard reveals a global network of would-be acclimatizers, from Britain and France to Russia and the United States. Although the movement was short-lived, the long reach of nineteenth-century acclimatization societies continues to be felt today, from choked waterways to the uncontrollable expansion of European pests in former colonies.
Introduction
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

The introduction provides a background of both the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria (ASV) and acclimatization in the Victorian Climate. The author focuses on the Royal Park depot and discusses the development of acclimatization and activities in the environment that benefits animal survival. In addition, the introduction briefly outlines the factors of environmental transformation in Victoria and the different ways to investigate the imperial network.
Acclimatization Gets Organized
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers the organization and experiment of acclimatization through the example of Edward Wilson. Wilson’s interests in land reform, agriculture, and farming led him to consider the development of the colony and acclimatization. His experience on acclimatization was recorded, written and introduced to the Philosophical Institute of Victoria (PIV) where he explored other scientific interests. Wilson’s acclimatization experiment involved translocating animals such as Murry Cod, alpacas, and wombats. His experiment highlights the establishment of networks and the push for the study of acclimatization.
Local Acclimatization Theories
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores acclimatization in Victoria and discusses written works, theories, and programs that aimed to determine environmental change in Victoria, explain new scientific cultures of colonies in Australia, and explore further ideas about environmental change and biogeography. ASV scientific leaders Ferdinand von Mueller, Professor Frederick McCoy, George Bennett, and Henry Ridgewood Madden were naturalists who studied the Victoria’s acclimatization. Their acclimatization theory and argument brought awareness and contributed to the understanding of environmental change.
Regulating and Understanding Victorian Fisheries
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates local fisheries and fish species in Victoria. The ASV’s fisheries regulation policies and fisheries management program are outlined to create an understanding of the commercial potential of Australian fisheries and the protection of fishes. The analysis of fishery management illustrates the actions of local fishermen and the damages done to them during and after the gold rush. The investigation of commercial fishery provides insight on the Murray Darling river system, the labouring of the Yorta Yorta people, and Chinese merchants and fishermen. Local fishermen argued that their Chinese competitors used nets with a very fine mesh, destroying immature fish that they thought unfit for market. This practice would bring Chinese fishermen into conflict with the ASV and the colonial government’s fish protection policies as they developed in the mid-1860s. Also discussed are the controversies over taxonomic relationships among fish species and how declining fish stocks initiated protective regulation. Overall, the chapter illustrates how the ASV attempted to restore and improve Victorian fisheries.
Aquaculture
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers colonial aquaculture in 1860s Victoria with emphasis on the Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout. The ASV program observed important factors regarding the development of salmonid aquaculture in North America such as the relationship between recreational and commercial fishing, discussion about the placement of certain species, and ways in which damaged fisheries can be restored. Overall, this chapter explores the re-examination of aquaculture due to the failure of salmon acclimatization.
The Decline of Terrestrial Acclimatization
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers ASV’s conflicts due to financial problems and the failure of acclimatization species and acclimatized animals that became agricultural pests, such as rabbits. The rabbit population, which became known as the rabbit plague, caused ruined crops and environmental disasters. Farmers demanded the right to destroy rabbits, protection of their property rights, and revision of the game laws. Recognizing the failure, the institution questioned the utility of acclimatized terrestrial vertebrates for pest control and emphasized protecting agriculturally useful native animals to control pests. New generation of scientists in the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (FNCV) and the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria (ZASV) were concerned with national nature, extinction, and animal welfare. Recommended strategies like seasonal protection of animals were issued to prevent the possibility of imminent extinction.
The Transformation of Fish Acclimatization
Authors: Minard Pete
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, the early twentieth century study of acclimatization in Victoria further explores fish acclimatization and the decentralization of regional fish acclimatization societies; it also recognizes aquaculture as a solution for declining fish stocks. Organizations such as Geelong and Western District Fish Acclimatising Society (GWDFAS), Ballarat Fish Acclimatisation Society (BFAS), and scientist Sir Samuel Wilson, supported fish acclimatization with interest in breeding, protection of fish, and restoring damaged fisheries. A new generation of fisheries scientists like William Saville-Kent documented their experiences and discovered how to professionally manage fisheries. With innovations like these, the emerging Australian nation was inextricably bound to introduced species and environmental change to feed and understand itself, while also constrained by and aware of past mistakes.
Narrating Disaster
Authors: Kierner Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter charts the evolution of published disaster narratives through the first four decades of the eighteenth century, exploring connections between disaster stories, maritime trade, and an emerging culture of sensibility. It focuses particularly on shipwrecks, which exposed both people and property to unusual levels of vulnerability and risk on a fairly regular basis. For that reason, and also because ships’ captains were crucial sources of information for printers, shipwreck stories were the most common early disaster narratives. Although newspapers initially printed only perfunctory reports of specific incidents, by the 1730s they increasingly published human-interest stories about victims of shipwrecks and other catastrophes. Some versions of these stories—especially those told by the clergy—continued to interpret calamity as divine judgment, but narratives published in newspapers were overwhelmingly secular and more descriptive than explanatory. Like novels, these disaster stories served to engage readers’ emotions to evoke benevolence not repentance, sympathy not horror.
Benevolent Empire
Authors: Kierner Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines five disasters that occurred in Britain's American colonies between 1760 and 1780: fires in Boston and Montreal, a massive flood in Virginia, and two unusually severe hurricanes in the British West Indies. It examines the rhetoric and realities of imperial disaster relief in an era most commonly associated with the imperial crisis that ultimately led to the American Revolution. When disaster struck their communities, colonists invoked sensibility, benevolence, and the bonds of empire, exploiting dense networks of transatlantic, intercolonial, and local connections in hopes of obtaining assistance from government officials, merchants, and others. In the decades after Lisbon, Britons on both sides of the Atlantic agreed in seeing disaster relief as benevolence provided to sufferers throughout their far-flung empire, though the performance of benevolence was also a tool of statecraft deployed to mitigate colonial discontent, strengthen the imperial bond, and solidify a shared sense of British national identity.
Disaster Nation
Authors: Kierner Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

Americans experienced changes in both the quality and quantity of disasters in the post-revolutionary era. On the one hand, they were increasingly vulnerable to new categories of calamities, as fires and epidemics proliferated in the growing cities of the early republic. On the other hand, they inhabited a print-saturated environment in which such episodes were widely reported and sometimes assumed national significance. Focusing primarily on Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemic in 1793 and fires in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Richmond, Virginia, this chapter addresses two related themes: how U.S. leaders envisioned the role of the state in disaster relief and how disaster stories contributed to the creation of an American national identity. It shows that by publicizing private philanthropic efforts that arose in response to disasters, print culture encouraged readers to see themselves as virtuous and charitable, even as their government rejected the British model of state-sponsored humanitarian aid, and that by chronicling the suffering of individuals, increasingly sensational accounts encouraged readers to see disasters as personal tragedies rather than public problems.
Exploding Steamboats and the Culture of Calamity
Authors: Kierner Cynthia A.
Published: January 2021

The reconceptualization of disasters as recurring phenomena that evoked meaningful public debate came only with the virtual epidemic of steamboat explosions that began in the 1820s. This chapter examines public response to steamboat explosions and the cumulative impact of hundreds of deadly wrecks on popular culture and public policy. Because of their frequency and horror, and also because they juxtaposed progress and destruction, steamboat explosions resonated deeply with Americans and figured prominently in the popular culture of the antebellum era. This chapter shows how pervasive representations of steamboat disasters, in both words and images, helped many Americans to imagine themselves as prospective victims of steamboat explosions. Creating an imagined community of shipwreck casualties, in turn, gave rise to public outcry that led to the first serious efforts on the part of the U.S. Congress to regulate private business corporations.
Introduction
Authors: Blackwood Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter sketches the main argument of the book, namely that after the invention of photography, portraiture’s changing symbolic and aesthetic practices helped produce new ideas about human inner life. Portraiture’s proliferating representational images of the human body began to characterize inner life as “deep.” Through brief readings of the appearance of portraits in the work of Walt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, and Edith Wharton, this introduction situates the changing visual technologies and aesthetic conventions alongside the development of psychology as a discipline. The chapter also introduces the political valences of portraiture’s new cultural function as index of depth, discussing how this function had different meanings for Black Americans as well as for white women.
Bones
Authors: Blackwood Sarah
Published: January 2021

In 1895, a radical new visual technology was invented. This chapter explores X-ray imagery of the human body as an important coda to the story of portraiture’s changing representations of subjectivity and soma. X-ray imagery was a major aesthetic development, making manifest and somewhat literal much of nineteenth-century art’s imaginative drive inward. Here I explore the first few years of X-ray imagery and practices, focusing on how scientists, reporters, and writers figured the X-ray in writing. In particular, this chapter explores how in those first experimental years, writers were disturbed by the X-ray’s ability to alter human surfaces, particularly the skin.
Introduction
Authors: Carayon Céline
Published: January 2021

This introduction explains why it is crucial to pay attention to nonverbal means of communication when trying to understand colonial encounters and the culturally hybrid worlds they produced. Throughout the colonial period, people mobilized age-old communicative strategies using embodied means of telling and learning, both alongside and independently of spoken language. Some things could be well understood without language, and misunderstandings were not the primary cause for violence. Situating this book within the larger historiography, the author details her methodology, sources, and terminology. The book’s contributions to multiple fields, especially the history of the French Atlantic, colonial America, and Native American and Indigenous studies, are outlined. Nonverbal communication is described along a spectrum of kinetic signs, deeply connected to rich Indigenous alternate literacies and worldviews. Signs and sensory exchanges helped connect otherwise dissimilar cultures, making nonverbal communication fundamental to French colonies between 1500 and 1700. The French imagined an intercontinental empire through commercial connections and shared communicative practices. While the demands placed on intercultural communication changed over time, Indigenous traditions of nonverbal expression remained highly influential well into the eighteenth century and must be further acknowledged, with important consequences for descendant communities.
“Many Friendly Signs”
Authors: Carayon Céline
Published: January 2021

In early America, French and Indians communicated more by doing than saying. This chapter focuses on sixteenth-century encounters and the signs that mediated them, as foundational in shaping lasting mutual perceptions and expectations among the groups in colonial America. While acknowledging misunderstandings and language barriers, most early French visitors to the New World reported adequate successes in communicating and obtaining desired information through alternate media. This chapter compares Jacques Cartier’s encounters with the peoples of the Saint Lawrence Valley in Canada with the experience of French Huguenots who founded Charlesfort and Fort Caroline among the Timucua of Florida. Within each section, colonial narratives and visual sources are critically revisited to reconstruct Indigenous practices and meanings and understand the role of touch, place, and gestures in diplomacy and spiritual exchanges. A more complicated understanding of these early communications and Indian expressions of “joy” emerges. The chapter concludes with a look at how different Indigenous signs encountered across the Americas were selected and homogenized by Marc Lescarbot in his Histoire de la Nouvelle France (1609) to provide a conceptual and practical foundation for the budding French empire.
Introduction
Authors: Crandall Maurice
Published: January 2021

In the Introduction, the author relates how his own family’s experiences with Indigenous civil rights in Arizona inspired this study. Maurice Crandall, a citizen of the Yavapai-Apache Nation, became interested in Indian citizenship and voting after his own grandfather was unjustly incarcerated, without trial, as a juvenile in 1930s Arizona. By focusing on stories of Indigenous encounters with electoral politics, the author seeks to weave a narrative that challenges progressive stories of Indigenous civil rights and political participation, one that would have Indians finally and fully enfranchised thanks to the benevolence of the United States political system. Instead, this work shows how Indigenous peoples of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands were enfranchised in a variety of ways during the Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. territorial periods, always while seeking to retain community sovereignty.
The Politics of Inclusion/Exclusion in the Arizona-Sonora Borderlands during the Mexican Period
Authors: Crandall Maurice
Published: January 2021

This chapter is an examination of Indigenous responses to changes in the administration of Indian affairs in the Arizona-Sonora Borderlands during the Mexican period. This period was characterized by steady erosion of the mission system, the rupturing of the colonial pact, and the eventual Jesuit Expulsion. While Hopis had minimal contacts with independent Mexico, Yaquis once again revolted in defence of political autonomy, this time under the complicated leadership of Juan Banderas. O’odhams endured chaotic decades of drought, frontier warfare, and administrative changes that resulted in significant mission depopulation and the decline of the town electoral model, although not its complete disappearance. This chapter demonstrates that these three Indigenous nations confronted the electoral-political upheavals of the Mexican period in distinct ways that ensured their survival as sovereign peoples.
Refusing Citizenship
Authors: Crandall Maurice
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the ways in which Pueblo Indians sought to define their own political status during the U.S. territorial period. According to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the U.S.-Mexico War, Pueblo Indians were U.S. citizens. As Pueblo Indian Agent John Calhoun (and later governor of New Mexico) reasoned, this meant the right to the franchise as well. But, problems arose over Pueblo voting rights, as some non-Indians concluded that if they voted, it would mean that the Pueblos gave up their status as distinct, sovereign Indigenous communities. For their part, the Pueblos continued to act as Indian republics, and their independent political status was seemingly confirmed by the gift of the so-called Lincoln Canes in 1863. A series of legal cases, culminating in U.S. v. Joseph (1876), ultimately defined the Pueblos as non-voting citizens. Throughout the territorial period, the Pueblos asserted that they did not desire U.S. citizenship, instead preferring to retain their mixed systems of town government, in place since the Spanish period, and their semisovereign status under the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs.
Flight of the Yellow-Winged Monster
Authors: Huffard R. Scott
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how railroads became a vector for the spread of yellow fever in a series of epidemics. It focuses first on a devastating outbreak that spread north from New Orleans in 1878 along rail corridors. As southerners realized that railroads were spreading contagion, and as railroad companies refused to halt or shutdown traffic, conflicts between small towns and railroad companies emerged. The next major outbreak in the region, in 1888 in Jacksonville, witnessed widespread “shotgun quarantines,” in which local vigilantes tied up rail traffic. In 1897, Mississippi citizens reacted to an outbreak with violence against railroad infrastructure. Federal and state health officials tried to create boards of health and institute rational quarantine policies but their ultimate failure to control shotgun quarantines reflected a lack of trust in railroad companies and regional anxieties over new railroad connections and circulation. Yellow fever scares like this continued until Walter Reed’s discovery that the mosquito transmitted the disease and the last major outbreak in the region was in 1905.
No Barrier Can Contain It
Authors: Lambe Ariel Mae
Published: January 2021

Vividly recasting Cuba’s politics in the 1930s as transnational, Ariel Mae Lambe has produced an unprecendented reimagining of Cuban activism during an era previously regarded as a lengthy, defeated lull. In this period, many Cuban activists began to look at their fight against strongman rule and neocolonial control at home as part of the international antifascism movement that exploded with the Spanish Civil War. Frustrated by multiple domestic setbacks, including Colonel Fulgencio Batista’s violent crushing of a massive general strike, activists found strength in the face of repression by refusing to view their political goals as confined to the island.
As individuals and in groups, Cubans from diverse backgrounds and political stances self-identified as antifascists and moved, both physically and symbolically, across borders and oceans, cultivating networks and building solidarity for a New Spain and a New Cuba. They believed that it was through these ostensibly foreign fights that they would achieve economic and social progress for their nation. Indeed, Cuban antifascism was such a strong movement, Lambe argues, that it helps to explain the surprisingly progressive turn that Batista and the Cuban government took at the end of the decade, including the establishment of a new constitution and presidential elections.
Introduction
Authors: Lambe Ariel Mae
Published: January 2021

The introduction introduces the concepts of fascism and antifascism, particularly in so far as they relate to Spain and to Cuba. It discusses the “special relationship” between Spain and Cuba and touches upon the ways in which this relationship impacted the development of fascism and antifascism in the two countries. Finally, it summarizes the book’s chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Seggerman Alex Dika
Published: January 2021

This brief conclusion summarizes the contents of the book’s five chapters and restates the main argument: that Egyptian modern artists showcased a constellation modernism in their artistic approach and that they acknowledged their Islamic context, but refused to be defined by it. In an epilogue, Seggerman addresses the contemporary context of the book’s writing, including the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Arab Spring, and the growth of arts institutions in Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. She ends with a call for an ethical art history with greater empathy.
Steamboats and the Rise of Atrocity Tourism
Authors: Walker David
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers J.H. Beadle’s guidebook escorted Gentiles on atrocity tours of Utah’s many Mormon hell-scapes and how Corinne’s steamboat industry dominated Utah’s Central business in freighting if not also tourism. With an anti-Mormon mindset, steamboats such as Kate Conner were built with the hope of transporting goods between the southern and northern parts of Utah. Beadle planned to capitalize on the market for anti-Mormon literature and lectures and focused on theory and politics of tourism. Beadle pointed tourists in the direction of Mormon atrocities, such as Mormon violence and plural marriages. However, benefitting from the steamboat boosted Corinnethians’ southern mining and lumber market and the western tourism trade.
Black Confederates on the Front Lines of the Civil War Sesquicentennial
Authors: Levin Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

African Americans have long played a role in legitimizing the loyal slave and black Confederate myth. For instance, H. K. Edgerton, is a well known and outspoken neo-confederate who downplays the role of slavery in the south before, during, and after the Civil War. Some African Americans have embraced the Confederacy as a means to celebrate their ancestors who they believe fought in the war and have been forgotten or ignored. Small numbers of Black men have been recruited as Confederate soldiers in Civil War re-enactments to perpetuate the myth of positive race relations in the confederacy. Overall, support for the Confederacy is waning with the Black Lives Matter movement, the adoption of the battle flag by hate groups, and a sustained effort by various groups to accurately educate the public about the role of slavery in the Civil War. For example, the National Parks Service titled the sesquicentennial “Civil War to Civil Rights” which placed slavery and emancipation at the center of the Civil War discussion.
Conclusion
Authors: Levin Kevin M.
Published: January 2021

The author concludes by describing some neo-Confederate groups’ adoption of the Confederate flag by terrorists such as Dylan Roof in which they reiterate the false claim that there were Black confederate soldiers. The author says that the Black Confederate narrative will continue to be believed and perpetuated by those who believe it will aid in the positive remembrance of the Confederacy despite a lack of evidence.
A Fine Southern Plantation
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

The second chapter offers an analysis of how the reforms refashioned prison labor as the new tool of disciplinary control and racial hierarchy within a Jim Crow framework. When this new system was fully operational in the 1960s, Texas garnered plaudits as a pioneering, modern, efficient, and business-oriented enterprise as a modernization narrative. What fuelled the modernization narrative, however, was coerced field labor and a regime of labor division that prioritized prisoners through gender, racial, and sexual power. By moving beyond control penology’s external modernization narrative and dissecting how prison labor disciplined, ordered, and controlled every aspect of southern incarceration, this chapter shows how incarceration on the Texas prison plantation rendered Black, Brown, and even white bodies as slave labor where the state relegated prisoners to coerced and entirely unpaid labor, daily acts of bodily degradation, and the perpetual denial of civil and human rights. As an analysis of prison labor as carceral power, chapter two also analyzes how prisoners carved out hidden transcripts of resistance and survival that constructed a dissident culture and infrapolitics to trouble the southern modernization narrative.
Eight Hoe—Sowing Seeds of Dissension
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 broadens Cruz’s story to include a collective of fellow prisoners, particularly Muslims, within an inter-racial alliance to make prisoner litigation and legal documentation as politicization and a prison-made civil rights revolution. The chapter considers how Muslim prisoners looked to their religious conversion for empowerment, community, and spiritual fulfilment. When the prison administration encountered a small, but growing, number of Muslims, it attempted to quarantine them from other prisoners and deny them their religious freedom. As a result, Fred Cruz found allies among the Muslims even as he found a new external ally, an anti-poverty lawyer named Frances Freeman Jalet, who pursued the claims of these prisoners as a matter of civil rights. In response to the development of civil rights work among the prisoners, the prison administration collected Jalet’s clients onto a single wing known as Eight Hoe for their field line number. This chapter analyzes the struggle over Eight Hoe as a widening base of prison civil rights work and grass-roots activism. Their collective effort served as notice to the other prisoners that prisoners had a champion outside of the prison and that the courts were paying attention.
Attica South
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter narrates the moment when mass incarceration cast more and more African Americans into prison during the decade of the 1970s. As such, the chapter illustrates how the onset of mass incarceration swept onto southern prison plantations a younger generation who not only had witnessed 1960s era civil rights protest, but several of whom were active veterans of the Vietnam War, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Black Panthers, and local Black Power groups. This chapter offers a reconceptualization of Black masculinity as African American men in both Texas and Louisiana’s Angola responded to the prison’s sexual violence with a communitarian-grounded defense of one another and the sanctity of their bodies. Chapter 6 offers the simultaneous narrative of African American politicians elected in the wake of the civil rights movement who sought prison reform, alongside radical black political organizing against the prison plantation. In response to growing fears that “Attica” might come South, Texas prison administrators doubled down on the southern trusty system and looked to “get tough” on civil rights agitation by bringing in new leadership with experience in quelling Black radicalism and civil rights suits.
The Aztlán Outlaw and Black Reform Politics
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7 takes up the state’s most famous prison hostage crisis to analyze prisoner Fred Carrasco as an Aztlán outlaw who drew on nationalist and Chicano ideologies to critique the prison plantation, while also showing how this moment of carceral violence contrasted with and derailed the hopes of African American political reformers. Carrasco’s hostage crisis also offers a critical historical parallel to Reies Tijerina’s 1967 raid of a New Mexico courthouse to demand land grant rights. This chapter offers Carrasco’s hostage crisis alongside the historical context of Chicano nationalist demands, particularly Reies Tijerina’s 1967 raid of a New Mexico courthouse to demand land grant rights. Both the Alianza courthouse encounter with criminal justice and the Carrasco hostage crisis drew upon a history of violent border confrontation with border police and the Texas Rangers, that stretched across time and borders. This chapter concludes, however, with the prison reality that the Carrasco’s hostage crisis dashed the hopes of Black political reformers at a crucial moment in their legislative campaign.
War on the Prison Insurgent
Authors: Chase Robert T.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 10 reinterprets how the prison responded to the Ruiz victory with a new regime of militarization dedicated to waging war on what it considered to be the new class of prisoner insurgent. In the militarized climate, the new development of prison gangs erupted from the challenges of prison-made civil rights and racial struggle to initiate a new era of political assassination within the prison that constituted a carceral version of 1980s outsourcing and violence. The formation of the neo-Nazi and KKK white gangs attempted prison assassinations for radical white supremacist ends as an effort to stem the victories of civil rights in both the courtroom and the prison courtyard. This chapter contends that the new prison violence was due to mass incarceration, overcrowding, an attempt to reassert white privilege through gang outsourcing, and the militarized prison where gangs functioned as prison insurgents and correctional officers became counterinsurgent forces. As such, the final chapter reconsiders the sociological “paradox of reform” and “authority as good social order” argument by demonstrating that the shift from prison mobilization for prisoners’ rights to racialized balkanization must be understood within the onset of mass incarceration.
Introduction
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

This provides an overview of the key themes of the book, explaining our focus on struggles land as a key aspect of Caribbean history. We introduce Jean Casimir’s the idea of the “counter-plantation system,” which guides our analysis. And we provide summaries of the various chapters.