bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CONVERTIBLE LOAN AGREEMENT IN CORPORATE RELATIONS
Authors:   Perm State University, Bogdanov A. V.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the author of the article analyzes the provisions of the law on a convertible loan agreement aimed at attracting financing for the activities of a non-public business company with the possibility of subsequent conversion of claims into shares of the borrower company. The author comes to the conclusion that the convertible loan agreement contains elements of a civil loan agreement and a corporate obligation to increase the authorized capital and transfer shares or a share in the authorized capital to the lender in fulfillment of the agreement. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal regulation of a convertible loan agreement in corporate relations, analyzes the nature of the agreement, the subject matter of the agreement, the essential conditions, the procedure for concluding and executing a convertible loan agreement.
QUESTIONS OF LIMITS OF LIMITATION OF SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS IN ABSOLUTE LEGAL RELATIONS: AN INTERSECTORAL APPROACH
Authors:   Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kochneva A. A.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the presented article is devoted to the problems of determining the criteria for restrictions of subjective rights realized in absolute legal relations. The author positions the need to search for the “core” of absolute subjective law, defined as an indicator of the inadmissibility of any further restriction of it, through specific legal relations. In this connection, he applies an intersectoral approach to the analysis of the problems of the implementation of absolute legal relations: the branches of family, civil, and constitutional law are studied. The author notes the doctrinal and practical conflict-of-laws aspects of the sanctioned nature of restrictions on the realized paternity rights, patent rights, as well as inalienable constitutional rights in the conditions of an extraordinary regime of legal regulation. In the course of the analysis, relevant materials of domestic judicial practice are used. According to the author, the need for an authorized restriction is a prerequisite for changing the internal nature of a passive legal obligation on the part of obligated subjects in absolute legal relations. The obligation is mediated by state goal-setting and expediency, which cancels the unconditional classical nature of the absolute legal relationship.
MODEL OF PROCEDURAL COORDINATION IN CASE OF INSOLVENCY (BANKRUPTCY) OF AN ENTERPRISE GROUP
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Senshin A. E.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: there are no rules on the insolvency of erprise groups in Russian bankruptcy law. Traditional and generally accepted is the principle of “one debtor – one procedure”, which corresponds to the principle of isolation and autonomy of each legal entity. This approach does not correspond to the current economic environment, in which there are a large number of interconnected companies that form enterprise groups. This leads to an increasing number of problems in the bankruptcy sector, namely, to an increase in the number of insolvency cases of legal entities with a constant decrease in the percentage of satisfaction of creditors’ claims. In this regard, opinions are expressed about the need to introduce the regime of bankruptcy of enterprise group into Russian legislation. The purpose of this article is to study the enterprise group insolvency model, namely the procedural coordination model. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of procedural coordination and conducts a comparative legal study of those legislations in which this model is already used. The conclusion is made about the expediency of using the procedural coordination model instead of the substantive consolidation model and the need to introduce into the Russian bankruptcy legislation rules that fix the insolvency regime of debtors – members of an enterprise group.
ON CERTAIN ISSUES OF THE APPLICATION OF PARDONS INTHETERRITORIES OF THE CONSTITUENT ENTITIES OFTHERUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors:   Perm State University, Borovykh L. V. , Solovyova E. A. ,   Perm State University
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the purpose of the article is to analyse existing problems with legal regu‐ lation of pardon and to propose ways of improving certain legal acts re‐ lating to the exercise of convict's right to apply for a pardon to the Presi‐ dent of the Russian Federation. It has been found that the existing acts regulating the application for pardon by a convicted person require modernisation, in particular a detailed specification of the procedure for applying for a pardon by military personnel, setting a deadline for re‐ view by the President of the Russian Federation of the convicted person's request for pardon, and others.
UNFAVORABLE CREDIT HISTORY AS A MOTIVE FOR CONCLUDING AMARRIAGE CONTRACT: ANALYSIS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
Authors:   Perm State University, Ladygina V. P.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the article is devoted to a rather narrow issue, in respect of which similar scientific research in modern civil science is not presented, – a marriage contract concluded on the grounds of an unfavorable credit history of one of the spouses as an obstacle to the consideration of spouses as co‐ borrowers under a targeted mortgage loan agreement, the object of which is the purchased residential premises. The article shows the func‐ tional purpose of the marriage contract; the inconsistency of judicial practice on the issue of invalidation of the marriage contract on the grounds of the presence of conditions in it that put one of the parties in an extremely unfavorable position, including due to the forced conclusion of the marriage contract at the request of the bank due to the unfavora‐ ble status of the credit history of one of the spouses. According to the au‐ thor, the bank's requirement to conclude a prenuptial agreement to “overcome” the unfavorable credit history of one of the spouses and, as a result, the exclusion of such a spouse from the loan obligation is one of the determinants of the increased demand for a prenuptial agreement. At the same time, such motivation is not an independent basis for recog‐ nizing a marriage contract as an imaginary transaction. As the analysis of law enforcement practice shows, a responsible attitude to contractual obligations, including obligations from the marriage contract, is not typi‐ cal for modern Russian society: the infantilism of the parties to the mar‐ riage contract remains, as well as a low level of legal culture.
THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE IN THE SYSTEM OFPRINCIPLES OF EXECUTIVE LAW
Authors:   Ministry of Land and Property Relations of the Republic of Tatarstan, Nemaev I. M.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the purpose of writing the article was to analyze the correlation of the principle of fairness of enforcement law with other fundamentals of Rus‐ sian legislation and enforcement proceedings. The author argues for the position according to which industry‐wide, intersectoral and sectoral principles apply in enforcement proceedings. Within the framework of this industry, there is a divergence of principles inherent in other indus‐ tries, i.e. the acquisition of principles of other properties peculiar to their implementation in enforcement proceedings. The article presents the au‐ thor's ideas about the place of the principle of justice in the system of principles of executive law. It is proved that, since justice is the value of law, its purpose and property, the hierarchy of principles of executive law can be established only on the basis of subordination of other principles to the principle of justice.
APPOINTMENT OF JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS AS A SUBJECT OF JOINT COMPETENCE OF THE FEDERATION AND ITS SUBJECTS
Authors:   St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Astafichev P. A.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the article is devoted to the study of a number of constitutional and legal problems related to the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers in the implementation of state personnel policy. The author proves that the constitutional provision that the personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies are under the joint jurisdiction of the Federation and its subjects serves the constitutional purpose of specifically guaranteeing the con nection of the judicial and law enforcement systems with law and law. The legislator in the legal regulation of these social relations bears the public law obligation to ensure an appropriate balance between the competing principles of separation of powers and the rule of human rights. The meaning of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation excludes complete discretion in matters of state personnel policy in judicial and law enforcement agencies both at the federal level and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The combined model of legal regulation seems to be more promising and viable.
PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN THE CITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SEVASTOPOL)
Authors:   Sevastopol State University, Vasiliev S. A.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: the subject of this research is the basics of strategic planning in the re‐ gion on the example of the city of Sevastopol. In order to understand how the state programming of socio‐economic processes will develop, one should consider in detail their legal regulation, certain aspects of im‐ plementation, and the consistency of documents with each other. Their content should be formed in such a way that the performer does not have any questions about his work. As it turns out, there are problems in the most fundamental of things. The purpose of this article is to identify such problems and suggest ways to resolve them. Strategic indicators may not be fully implemented, and this is not as critical as the uncertain‐ ty in which you have to move towards their solution. The scientific task is to develop proposals for improving regulatory legal regulation in this area based on the study of the content of legal acts and the practice of their application. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to combine political, economic and legal ca‐ tegories in order to develop a concrete result for the modernization of the organization of activities related to planning in the region.
Exosome miR-4738-3p-mediated regulation of COL1A2 through the NF-κB and inflammation signaling pathway alleviates osteoarthritis low-grade inflammation symptoms
Authors: Xu Jun , Zhou Kaifeng , Gu Huijie , Zhang Yiming , Wu Liang , Bian Chong , Huang Zhongyue , Chen Guangnan , Cheng Xiangyang , Yin Xiaofan
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to elucidate the roles of microRNA (miR)-4738-3p and the collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) gene in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) through bioinformatics analysis and cellular assays. The GSE55235 dataset was analyzed using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method to identify gene modules associated with OA. Key overlapping genes were identified from these modules and the GSE55235-differential expressed genes (DEGs). The expression levels of selected genes were determined in C28/I2 cells using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The interaction between miR-4738-3p and COL1A2 was examined in the context of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) induction. Exosome characterization was achieved through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting (WB), and other analyses. The study also investigated the functional relevance of miR-4738-3p in OA pathology through various molecular and cellular assays. Our findings revealed that the green module exhibited a strong correlation with the OA phenotype in the GSE55235 dataset, with COL1A2 emerging as a hub gene and miR-4738-3p as its key downstream target. IL-1β induction suggested that COL1A2 is involved in inflammation and apoptosis, while miR-4738-3p appeared to play an antagonistic role. The analysis of exosomes underscored the significance of miR-4738-3p in cellular communication, with an enhanced level of exo-miR-4738-3p antagonizing IL-1β-induced inflammation and promoting cell survival. Conversely, a reduction in exo-miR-4738-3p led to increased cell damage. This study established a clear regulatory relationship between miR-4738-3p and COL1A2, with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway playing a central role in this regulation. The miR-4738-3p significantly influences the OA-associated inflammation, primarily through modulation of COL1A2 and the NF-κB pathway. Therefore, targeting miR-4738-3p offers a potential therapeutic approach for OA, with exosome miR-4738-3p presenting a promising strategy.
GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND GRAIN YIELD STABILITY OF HYBRID POPCORNS EVALUATED IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF TURKEY
Authors: ÖZATA Erkan , ÖZTÜRK Ahmet , ERDAL Şekip , KARA Burhan
Published: December 2023

The research was conducted to determine the grain yield and stability of popcorn hybrids grown in four different climatic conditions in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. The experiments were carried out in 8x8 lattice design with three replications using 59 candidate popcorn hybrids and 5 commercial standard varieties. Mean popcorn yields of genotypes in Izmir, Isparta, Samsun, Çankırı/Amasya locations for 2016 and 2017 were 5.40-5.51 t ha-1 and 5.41-6.12 t ha-1, 5.74-5.75 t ha-1 and 5.49-5.11 t ha-1, respectively. The results indicated that 2015-31, 2016-31, 2016-51 and 2015-59 popcorn lines had high yield potential. The stability analysis based on the b, r2 and S2d values showed that 2015-22, 2015-28 and 2015-102 genotypes are the most stable hybrid lines determined in the first year. In the second year, the 2016-5, 2016-52, 2016-59 and 2016-6 genotypes come to the fore with the high adaptation ability.
EINKORN WHEAT TILLERING: MODELS OF INHERITANCE
Authors: HAO Fu , BOHUSLAVSKYI Roman Lvovych , ATRAMENTOVA Liubov
Published: December 2023

The need for einkorn wheat breeding improvement is due to its value as a source of healthy nutrition. Tillering is an important agronomic trait determining yield. Genetic analysis of tillering was carried out on reciprocal hybrids between accessions of T. monococcum L.: var. nigricultum (UA0300311) and var. monococcum (UA0300282). It was found that the segregation pattern on this trait depends on vegetation conditions. Segregation in the F2 of reciprocal crosses indicates effect of two major genes with a series of polygenes which influence the quantitative expression of tillering with different efficiency degrees. The heritability of tillering in reciprocal crosses is of 68-71 % and 84-92 %.
The investigation of resonators with longitudinal and lateral electric fields with various shear dimensions
Authors:   Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Zaitsev Boris D. , Semyonov Alexander P. ,   Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Teplykh Andrey A. ,   Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Borodina Irina A. ,   Kotel’nikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch
Published: December 2023

The influence of the diameter of a disk resonator with a radial electric field made on the basis of PZT-19 piezoceramics and the shear dimensions of a resonator with a lateral electric field (LFE) based on PZTNV-1 piezoceramics on their main characteristics, such as the frequencies of parallel and serial resonances and maximum values of the real parts of electrical impedance and admittance has been studied experimentally and theoretically.
Localization of the geological layer boundaries using the reverse time migration method
Authors:   Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Shevchenko Alexey V. , Golubev Vasily I. ,   Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Ekimenko Anton V. ,   Gazpromneft’s Research and Development Center
Published: December 2023

The article is devoted to solving an important practical problem - determining the structure of the subsurface space of the geological environment based on surface seismic data. Thanks to the registration of seismic waves reflected from the boundaries of geological layers, it is possible to delineate hydrocarbon deposits, which makes it possible to effectively plan a field development scheme. Optimizing the production process makes it possible to make it profitable, including when developing unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. The paper discusses the technology of constructing a migration image using the reverse time migration method. In the general case, an analytical derivation of the calculation formulas was carried out. For the practically significant case of an acoustic environment, simplified calculation formulas are explicitly written out and implemented in the form of a software algorithm. The issue of improving the quality of the migration image without significantly increasing the computational complexity of the problem is discussed separately. The authors demonstrated the performance of this approach using the widely used Marmousi geological model.
Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for radiology imaging: a review
Authors: Vasilev Yuriy A. , Omelyanskaya Olga V. , Nasibullina Anastasia A. , Leonov Denis V. , Bulgakova Julia V. , Akhmedzyanova Dina A. , Shumskaya Yuliya F. , Reshetnikov Roman V.
Published: December 2023

Phantoms are used to validate diagnostic imaging methods or improve the skills of medical professionals. For instance, they allow conducting an unlimited number of imaging studies during medical training, assessing image quality, optimizing radiation dose, and testing novel techniques and equipment. Researchers in breast imaging use anthropomorphic models to validate, assess, and optimize new methods for diagnosing breast diseases. Such models also facilitate control over the quality of diagnostic systems, help optimize clinical protocols, and improve image reconstruction algorithms. Realistic simulation of the breast tissue is essential to address the challenges of advancing X-ray mammary gland studies. The review aimed to describe phantoms currently available for diagnostic imaging and the way they were fabricated. In this literature review, PubMed, eLIBRARY, and Google Scholar databases were screened for relevant articles. Thus, 72 articles and 13 conference papers were included. The study two major types of breast phantoms: computational and physical. Specifically, computational phantoms are classified into subgroups depending on the data they use. These include mathematical models, tissue samples, and medical images of the breast. The classification of the physical phantoms is based on their manufacturing process: casting silicone-like substances, 3D printing with resins and plastics, or printing on paper using X-ray contrast ink. Computational phantoms are generally advantageous with respect to versatility, efficiency, precision, and safety and allow the generation of large amounts of virtual data. Physical phantoms provide the most realistic diagnostic images without the need for a patient and allow performing an unlimited number of radiological studies.
Experimental study on a novel waterless solar collector
Authors: H. SAYER Asaad , AL-GRAITI Wed , B. MAHOOD Hameed , B. MAHOOD Hameed , N. CAMPBELL Alasdair
Published: December 2023

This study is an endeavour to introduce a novel approach to enhance the performance of solar collectors. The sun emits sufficient power of solar radiation to meet the demand of en-ergy. Harvesting the renewable solar energy needs advanced technologies and requirements. Solar ponds including salinity gradient solar ponds (SGSPs) are common solar collectors. These ponds are one of the solar energy applications used for many industrial and domestic purposes. However, challenges of the conventional SGSPs such as evaporation, salt diffusion, temperature discrepancy, and layer mixing profoundly and significantly affected their expan-sion globally. A novel experimental solar collector configuration to overcome the challenges of the conventional solar ponds (solar collectors) is investigated, there is no water body and no salinity gradient to build; it is entirely a collector with no water body. The experimental unit was constructed in an arid area. It is basically a cylindrical tank with a total depth of 1.4 m with three zones or layers to store heat namely, paraffin wax layer (10 cm thickness). The paraffin layer was covered with a layer of coal with a thickness of 30 cm. On the top of coal layer, an air gap with a thickness of 80 cm was left. A clear plastic cover with a thickness of 0.2 cm was utilized to cover the constructed layers and making the air gap. The experimental unit was monitored, and temperature measurements were collected for the period of 17/7/2021- 30/9/2021. The results demonstrated that temperature of the paraffin wax layer reached more than 48 °C in a short period and with a small day and night discrepancy (1 °C). Temperature of the paraffin layer remained constant around 43 °C even in night-time during the period of the study. Furthermore, the results showed that temperatures of coal layer and air gap reached the maximum at the daytime of 53 °C and 71 °C respectively with a clear discrepancy between day and night. The results of the present study are encouraging for more investigations in this new direction of solar collectors.
Analysis of solar water desalination using hybrid nanofluids: An experimental study
Authors: AJİT Ajit , PANDEY Harshit , GUPTA Naveen Kumar
Published: December 2023

The performance characteristics of a novel solar water desalination system has been inves-tigated experimentally. The desalination unit consisted of a square basin-pyramid solar still coupled with a solar heater. Different DI water based mono and hybrid nanofluids were pre-pared using CuO and GO nanoparticles following the two-step method. DI water when em-ployed as the heat transfer fluid in the system, improved the distillate water yield by about 28.80% relative to the conventional solar still. Out of all the considered CuO mono-nano-fluids, the 1.0 wt.% concentration resulted in the maximum increment of about 78.80% in the distillate water yield followed by 1.5 wt.% (62.05%) and 0.5 wt.% (53.30%) respectively. Utilizing the CuO+GO hybrid nanofluid, resulted in maximum increment of about 127.46% at 25:75 nanoparticle proportion followed by, 50:50 (101.33%) and 75:25 (89.30%) respectively, while employing the 1.0 wt.% GO mono-nanofluid, resulted in an increment of about 54.93% in the distillate water yield. The pumping power of the prepared nanofluids was found to be the function of their concentration. Hence, the performance index was evaluated for all the tested heat transfer fluids followed by an economic analysis of all the considered cases. The pu-rity of the produced distilled water was also assessed by comparing with the Bureau of Indian Standards. Finally, the study proposed the best suitable heat transfer fluid for the investigated system and suggested the possible futuristic research objectives.
A Novel Accelerated Failure Time Model: Characterizations, Validation Testing, Different Estimation Methods and Applications in Engineering and Medicine
Authors: Yousof Haitham M. , Goual Hafida , Khaoula Meribout Kaouter , Hamedani G.G. , Al-Aefaie Abdullah H. , Ibrahim Mohamed , Butt Nadeem Shafique , Salem Moustafa
Published: December 2023

In this paper, we present a new exponential accelerated failure time model. Some of its properties and characterization results are derived. Different estimation methods are considered for assessing the finite sample behaviour of the estimators. Simulation studies for comparing the estimation methods are performed. Finally, we present a novel modified chi-square test for the novel exponential accelerated failure time model in both complete and right censored data cases. The validity of the new model is checked by using the theoretical global of the Nikulin-Rao-Robson. The maximum likelihood method is considered for this purpose. Two simulation studies are performed to assess the exponential accelerated failure time model and the efficiency of the Nikulin-Rao-Robson test statistic, respectively. Three real data sets are considered for illustrating the efficiency of the test statistic in validation.
Study of risk factors in myopic individuals among medical students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Arumugam Seshadhri , Balabaskaran S. , Abhilash B. A. , Sowmiya K. , Baalann Krishna Prasanth , Surya B. N.
Published: December 2023

Background: The incidence of myopia is increasing at an alarming rate. Investigating the causes of myopia gives us a better understanding of it. This gives us better odds of preventing the occurrence and retarding the condition's progression. The study used a method called stratified sampling to select 100 individuals who were near-sighted. They belonged to the age of 17-30 years old and pursued medicine in the district of Kanchipuram. The role of risk factors was assessed through a questionnaire. Result: The percentage of subjects with low, medium, and high myopia was 77, 18, and 5, respectively. The role of heredity, diet, academic performance, time spent doing near work, and outdoor work was indeed found to play significant roles in the development and progression of myopia. Conclusion: The incidence of myopia is constantly increasing, especially in Asian countries. To prevent myopia and its complications, we need to take significant steps to reduce the risk factors that can be changed.
Impact of Various Desensitizing Agents on the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems: In-Vitro Study
Authors: Rathod Ashok A. , Yadav Seema , Nawal Ruchika R. , Talwar Sangeeta
Published: December 2023

Objectives: To assess the influence of various desensitizing agents on the micro-tensile bond strength of various adhesive systems. Methods: Fifty extracted human permanent third molars, were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction in order to expose the mid-coronal dentinal tubules in parallel to the occlusal surface using a diamond disc and water coolant. The samples were divided into five groups and each sample was immersed in the respective desensitizing agent (Groups 1 to 5; Group 1- Distilled water, Group 2- Arginine calcium carbonate (Sensitive Pro-Relief Colgate- Palmolive, India, Group 3- Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Repair and Protect, GlaxoSmithKline, India), Group 4- Strontium chloride hexahydrate 10% w/w (ICPA Health Products Ltd, India.), Group 5- Er,Cr: YSGG (Waterlase MD, Biolase, Irvine, CA, USA) with each group having a sample of n = 10. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 5) based on the adhesive system (either a One-step self-etch adhesive (Xeno v+) (SE) or a two-step etch and rinse adhesive (Prime and Bond NT) (EandR)). Instron Micro tensile Tester was used to analyze the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength (MTBS) of the samples. Results: The bond strength of the control group (Group 1) was greater as compared to the other four groups, though statistically insignificant. There was a significant difference in the bond strength of the two subgroups (p<0.001) One-step self-etch adhesive (SE, Xeno V+) and two-step etch and rinse adhesive (EandR; Prime and Bond NT) adhesive. Conclusion: The use of desensitizing agents does not affect the micro tensile bond strength of adhesives used for the management of restoration of Non-Cervical Carious Lesions (NCCL). Microtensile bond strength with a self-etch adhesive system was significantly lower in the desensitized dentin irrespective of the agents used.
El desbordamiento de las penas en Colombia: 1980-2022. Análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo
Authors: Peñas Felizzola Aura Helena , Molina Galindo Mauricio
Published: December 2023

Este artículo de investigación, desde enfoques de política penal y criminología, identifica las tendencias en la punibilidad en Colombia bajo un diseño histórico y cualitativo-cuantitativo. Representa la segunda entrega de una investigación sobre las tendencias en la punibilidad en Colombia. En la primera parte se reconstruyeron y examinaron siete teorías que explican las reformas a la parte especial de los códigos penales. En este trabajo, de corte empírico, se define el problema de investigación, que es el desbordamiento de las penas en Colombia, comparando tendencias en los códigos penales de 1980 (Decreto Ley 100) y 2000 (Ley 599) y reformas a corte de julio de 2022, y se examinan las variables observadas en la investigación empírica sobre la parte especial de los códigos penales: (1) cambios en los bienes jurídicos tutelados (creación de nuevos bienes y jerarquía de los bienes tutelados); (2) inventario de tipos penales; (3) duración de las penas mínimas y máximas. Finalmente, desde la teoría de sistemas sociales formulada por Niklas Luhmann, se explica la dirección actual de la política penal colombiana contemporánea.
The effect of indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phyto-accumulation in Carica papaya hybrids
Authors:   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Muiruri JW , Rimberia FK ,   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Mwashasha RM ,   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kavoo AM ,   Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
Published: December 2023

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit with a resilient and distinctive aroma. The consumption of the fruit is global due to its high nutritive and medicinal values. However, there has been low production of quality papaya fruits due to unavailability of crucial mineral elements in the soils. The current study therefore, focuses on the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biofertilizer on the quality of papaya fruits. In order to verify AMF effectiveness on papaya fruits, four treatments were used: AMF inoculum only, composted farm yard manure (FYM) only, combination of AMF inoculum and compost FYM and control where only soil and sand media were used at a ratio of 1:1. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Malkia papaya hybrids were used. The papaya seeds from JKUAT and Malkia papaya hybrids were sown in trays and transplanted at 3 leaves stage into 5 litre pots within a green house. The AMF spores were bulked using sorghum plants to obtain the AMF inoculum. The treatments were added into the soil media of the papaya plantlets at a ratio of 1:3, every 4 weeks after first transplanting until they were 20 weeks old. They were then transplanted to 100 litre containers, where completely randomized design was used and replication of six papaya plants for each treatment and hybrid. Watering, weeding and cooling the green house with water fumes was carried out when necessary; as the papaya plants grew until the fruits attained physiological maturity. The fruits were separately harvested and ripened to a predetermined stage. They were then analysed for moisture content, crude fibre, minerals (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc), ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and total polyphenols. Data obtained was subjected to two-way ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05 significance level; means were separated using Tukey's HSD test in Genstat's 15th edition. JKUAT hybrid with AMF inoculum treatment had 3.07%crude fibre and 8.42mg/100g phosphorous content while JKUAT hybrid with both AMF inoculum and manure treatments had 4.9 % crude fibre and 9.88 mg/100g phosphorous content. Malkia and JKUAT hybrids with compost FYM treatment had potassium content of 98.31mg/100g and 109.4 mg/100g respectively while the controls had 31.58 mg/100g and 35.32mg/100g respectively. Incorporating soil media with manure and AMF inoculum improved the nutritive quality of papaya fruits and this was contingent on papaya hybrids. Key words: biofertilizer, inoculum, mineral elements, nutritive quality, physiological maturity
Factors influencing the adoption of climate smart agriculture practices among smallholder farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya
Authors:   Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Ndung’u S , Ogema V ,   Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Thiga M ,   Kabarak University, Wandahwa P ,   Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology
Published: December 2023

Most of Kenya’s population’s livelihoods and agri-food systems rely on rain-fed agriculture making them vulnerable to climate change. The adverse effects of climate change on agricultural production have necessitated the promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies help guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security by increasing farmers’ resilience to climate change. This study sought to ascertain the current state of CSA practices among Kakamega County's smallholder farmers to identify the main drivers of CSA adoption. Stratified sampling was used to select six sub-counties to represent the county's various agroecological zones and regions for the research sample. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was used to select 428 smallholder CSA farmers of which 182 were adopters while 246 were dis-adopters. Primary data were collected using interview guides developed through the Kobo Collect Application. Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical packages were used to process and analyze the data. This study established that CSA technologies in Kakamega are mainly promoted by international development partners, non-governmental organizations and research organizations. In addition, the most adopted CSA technologies were agroforestry, composting, and soil and water conservation structures, while push-pull technology, conservation agriculture, and vermiculture were the least adopted. This study, further, established that smallholder farmers’ level of education, membership to a farmers’ group, interaction with extension officers and farming experience influenced adoption of CSA technologies. Other factors are those that increase household productive resources, such as land ownership, household income, and access to agricultural credit. The results of this study suggest that those who promote CSA technologies, policymakers, extension service providers, and other stakeholders should take smallholder farmers' socioeconomic and bio-physical factors into account when doing so. Key words: Climate-smart agriculture, CSA practices, CSA adoption, CSA dis-adoption, smallholder farmers
Performance and feed digestibility of sentul chicken fed hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal produced by crude enzymes from tempeh yeast
Authors:   University of Jenderal Soedirman, Rahayu S , Widiyastuti T ,   University of Jenderal Soedirman, Suryapratama W ,   University of Jenderal Soedirman, Hartoyo B ,   University of Jenderal Soedirman, Rimbawanto EA ,   University of Jenderal Soedirman
Published: December 2023

Maggot is the larva of the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) which has the potential as an alternative protein source for poultry. The study aimed to examine the supplementation of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed maggot meals to increase the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken feed. Crude enzymes produced from Tempeh yeast were used as inoculum starters. The research method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications, each replication consisted of five Sentul chickens of four weeks old. The treatments were R0 = basal feed (control), R1 = R0 + 2% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R2 = R0 + 4% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R3 = R0 + 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot, R4 = R0 + 2% hydrolyzed maggot, R5 = R0 + 4% hydrolyzed maggot, R6 = R0 + 6% hydrolyzed maggot. Variables observed were feed intake (FI), total weight (TW), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude protein digestibility (CPD), and crude fiber digestibility (CFD). The data were analyzed utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significance difference (HSD) test was also conducted. The results demonstrated that the addition of maggot meal had a significant impact (P<0.01) on the variables TW, WG, FCR, and CPD, and a moderately significant impact (P<0.05) on FI and CFD. When supplemented with 4% and 6% non-hydrolyzed maggot meal, FI and CFD were raised. However, when supplemented with the same percentage of hydrolyzed maggot meal, there was a significant increase in WG and TW while also decreasing the FCR value. Incorporation of 4% hydrolyzed (R5) maggot meal optimized WG, TW and FCR values, and boosted the CPD coefficient from 82.16 ± 1.46 (R0) to 93.14 ± 0.15 and CFD from 60.01 ± 2.40 (R0) to 83.90 ± 0.40 (R6) at the 6% level. In conclusion, the supplementation of hydrolyzed maggot (Hermetia illucens) meal, with crude enzymes from Tempeh yeast, significantly enhanced the performance and feed digestibility of Sentul chicken diets. Supplementation of 4 and 6% gave relatively the same performance, but the best digestibility was found in addition of 6%. Key words: enzymes, digestibility, larvae, performance, sentul-chicken, tempeh, supplementation, hydrolysis
Occurrence of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in maize grains and associated awareness and handling practices among farmers and traders in South Sudan
Authors:   Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Bilal EK , Owaga EE ,   Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Njoroge DM ,   Dedan Kimathi University of Technology
Published: December 2023

Maize is a popular staple food among the urban population of South Sudan. However, due to inadequate food safety surveillance and enforcement systems, there is limited information on the aflatoxin safety of maize grains at farm and market levels. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing aflatoxins awareness and handling practices of maize grains among randomly selected farmers (n=30) and traders (n=30) as well as determining the moisture content, Aspergillus species counts and aflatoxins contamination. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Magwi maize producing areas, Juba retail/wholesale markets and Nimule border points of South Sudan. Moisture content, fungal and aflatoxins contamination in maize grain samples were determined using dry air oven method, dilution plating technique, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The respondent results showed that farmers (97%) and traders (83%) were unaware of aflatoxins. About 83% of the farmers dried their maize grains on tarpaulins, for 4 - 5 days (77%). In addition, most farmers (77%) stored their maize grain bags on raised platforms, whereas most traders (73%) stored grains on bare ground. All the maize grains met the required moisture content limit (below 13.5%). Maize from Nimule main park had the highest levels of contamination with Aspergillus flavus (9 log CFU/g), Aspergillus parasiticus (12 log CFU/g), aflatoxin B1 (505.56 µg/kg) and total aflatoxins (1,032.19 µg/kg). Maize from Gudele market was contaminated with Aspergillus parasiticus (12 log CFU/g), and aflatoxin B1 (76.55 µg/kg), and had a total aflatoxin content of 94.09 µg/kg. Omeo farmers’ maize grains had the least levels of contamination of Aspergillus parasiticus (6 log CFU/g), aflatoxin B1 (4.39 µg/kg), and total aflatoxins (7.83 µg/kg). In addition, Aspergillus flavus was not detected from Omeo farmers’ maize grains and no aflatoxins were detected from Agoro and Paluonganyi farmers’ grains. This study recommends wider aflatoxins awareness and regular aflatoxin screening of maize grains by the relevant stakeholders in South Sudan. Key words: aflatoxins, aflatoxigenic fungi, awareness, farmers, handling practices, maize, South Sudan, traders
Impact of Western Sanctions on Russian Financial Markets: SVAR Analysis
Authors:   East European and Balkan Institute, Min Jiyoung , M M
Published: December 2023

After the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis in 2014, Russia began to face economic sanctions from the West. Over time, Western sanctions have gradually expanded to various sectors such as individuals, institutions, industry, and trade. Western sanctions are expected to enlarge and prolong due to the outbreak of the Russo-U.S. war in 2022. Experts assessed those Western sanctions act as a risk factor for the Russian financial market, including increasing instability in the Russian financial market. In fact, Russian financial indicators fluctuated when new sanctions were introduced. Against this background, this study focused on the impact of Western sanctions on the Russian financial market. This study is significantly different from existing studies in that it isolates the direct impact of Western sanctions through the SVAR model using an index developed to quantitatively measure Western sanctions between 2014 and 2019. As a result of the analysis, the impact of Western sanctions was found to be very minimal. This is because the sanctions index was limited to EU sanctions, and the speed of expansion of sanctions during that period was relatively slow. The Russian financial market was found to have been more affected by factors indicating economic downturn such as an increase in the exchange rate and a decline in oil prices during that period.
Chronicles of Christmas Eve Night: Kieślowski’s Study of the “Decalogue 3”
Authors:   East European and Balkan Institute, Kim Hee-Jung
Published: December 2023

Polish Director Krzysztof Kieślowski made his mark on the world cinema scene with his 10-part TV series The Ten Commandments, produced by Polish national television. In this study, we will focus on the third installment of the series, “The Ten Commandments,”(The Decalogue) which takes place overnight on Christmas Eve. “The Third Commandment”(Decalogue 3) is a collaboration between co-screenwriter Krzysztof Piesiewicz and Piotr Sobociński, the cinematographer of Kieślowski’s last film, Red. This study explores the significance of Kieślowski’s use of Christmas Eve, Poland’s largest holiday, and his embodiment of the universal human experiences of loneliness and melancholy into the celebration of Christmas. In particular, the chapter on scene analysis focuses on the opening and the temporal and spatial arrangement of dramatic events.
Shaping Phase of Kairos in Romanian Fable: Through Convergency Phase of Ancient Miths & Christianity
Authors:   East European and Balkan Institute, Baek Seung Nam
Published: December 2023

Romanians who had been influenced by ancient myths and Christianity for a long time fabricated tales of destinies, awe, hopes and yearnings. Time spent with God is Kairos and time of humans is Chronos. Kairos goes with humane subjective perspective with intentions in divine category on opportune and critical timing. Opportunity of freedom did not come easily. For that they obeyed the quests of troubled neighbors and accomplished missions. In “Ileana Simziana” the youngest daughter made journey to prove her mettle for his father. She fulfilled her mission by bring the baptism bowl of remote monastery. Kairos as a moment of liberating intentions occurred when their prayers and curses fulfilled by nuns. The most touching storey is “Făt-frumos, prince charming from the tear”. After the advent of christianity in Romania the birth tale of Făt-frumos relied on Virgin Mary and Jesus. In this tale queen prayed with tears in her eyes everyday. The moment of birth of Făt-frumos is the time of liberation and unconditional divine love.
Kairos is the opportune moment of love permitted by God but also returning to Chronus by violating the divine prohibitions. Men made a blunder by his own follies or by following another’s ill-advised advice and they turned back to Chronus abandoning Kairos. In “Youth without age and life without death” Făt-frumos accomplished his ambition to be young forever and to be immortal. His longing to see his parents made him to leave to his own kingdom. But the castle was ruined and his parents died long time ago. He found eternal youth and immortality at Kairos. At Chronus he turned into old man with grey hair and beard. When Thanatos appeared and pulled his arm he got stiffened to death and turned into dust. His desire to turn to Chronus from Kairos of eternal youth and immortality made him die a humane death.
Cidade de aço
Authors: Garcia Dantielli , Castro Vitória
Published: December 2023

A partir da perspectiva teórica da Análise de Discurso francesa, analisaremos como sentidos sobre o digital são construídos no cotidiano da cidade e circulam a partir de um conjunto de escrituras urbanas. Nessas escrituras, um modo poético de enunciar o digital é produzido, sendo possível perceber a sustentação de dizeres que se produzem como resposta ao momento histórico no qual nos encontramos, atravessado pelo funcionamento da tecnologia e por certo imediatismo. A partir da questão norteadora “De que modo os sujeitos percebem o digital no cotidiano da cidade?”, buscaremos enquadrar as vozes dos sujeitos que estão experienciando o acontecimento das redes, a fim de produzir um gesto de escuta acerca dos sentidos que circulam hoje sobre o digital no espaço urbano e constituem um dizer sobre a tecnologia.
Ideologia, aparelhos ideológicos de estado e plataformas digitais de comunicação
Authors: Medeiros Jackson
Published: December 2023

Este trabalho busca refletir sobre aspectos teóricos e conceituais que permitam relacionar “ideologia”, tomando por base a noção de Aparelhos Ideológicos de Estado, e “plataformas digitais de comunicação”, partindo da ideia de capitalismo de plataforma. Considera que é possível estabelecer relações entre plataformas digitais de comunicação e a base aportada sobre ideologia, uma vez que são estruturas colocadas no, pelo e para o mundo capitalista e suas composições que discursam sobre uma neutralidade, mas que, na realidade, agem pelos interesses dos dominantes na ordem do capital.
Samaritá
Authors: Romão Kauê , Fiorin Evandro , Frascareli Marina
Published: December 2023

Este artigo examina as transformações econômicas e urbanas de São Vicente, no litoral paulista, durante o ciclo do café e a subsequente desindustrialização ferroviária da cidade, o qual gerou resquícios urbanos pelo abandono do leito férreo. O objetivo é fazer uma outra leitura do território, revelado ao caminhar pela ferrovia e pelo uso do método cartográfico que possibilita o registro do encontro com os Outros - habitantes do leito ferroviário. Vagamos pelo primeiro bairro formado pelo surgimento da ferrovia e as zonas abandonadas do leito férreo, a errância torna-se percurso e método de apreensão do espaço. Nesse sentido, o trabalho desenvolve reflexões entre a desindustrialização e os usos possíveis pelos Outros a partir dos espaços abandonados da ferrovia.