bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPAC User Logs: Implications for Bibliographic Instruction
Authors: Kern‐Simirenko Cheryl
Published: February 2008

The characteristics of typical Online Public Access Catalogs are discussed. Patron use of these features is surveyed and analyzed. Usage patterns indicate that features are not effectively used by patrons due to lack of awareness of the features and their potential. The need for point‐of‐use prompts and bibliographic instruction is stressed.
Microcomputer Based Circulation: Sirsi Corporation's Unicorn™ System
Authors: Warden William H.
Published: February 2008

Sirsi Corporation markets an automated system called the Unicorn.™ Unicorn is available in several models to serve the needs of libraries of several different sizes. The smallest system is designed for libraries with fewer than 5000 titles; the largest system has a 600 Megabyte hard disk.
Online Staff Resources: Canadian University Libraries
Authors: St.‐Jacques Suzanne , Janke Richard
Published: February 2008

Faced with a relentless upsurge in the number of online searches from 1981 to 1982, the Head of Reference, Morisset Library and the Coordinator of Online Searching for the University of Ottawa ran, in June, 1982, a limited survey of staff allocation practices for online searching in 10 Canadian university libraries. The results of this survey and its implications for specific remedies to online staffing problems at the University of Ottawa are detailed. Recommendations for personnel allocation for online searching may find application in other university library systems in North America and elsewhere.
Technology for the Handicapped: Kurzweil and Viewscan
Authors: Cotter Eithne , McCarty Emily
Published: February 2008

The Kurzweil Reading Machine, which uses a special camera and a computer to transform printed matter into synthetic speech, is described. The author explains the machine's mechanism and how it is operated. Several of the limitations of the machine are mentioned. Problems associated with the Kurzweil machine are far outweighed by the services it provides for the visually impaired.
The Electronic Bulletin Board Arrives at the Public Library:
Authors: Dewey Patrick R.
Published: February 2008

The first library‐sponsored Electronic Bulletin Board System, begun in November 1981 at the North‐Pulaski Branch of the Chicago Public library is described. Examples of logon routines, menu displays, recent features and censorship statements are included. BBS sources (and prices) and a bibliography of other literature on the subject are appended.
The CJK Terminal: RLG and Transtech's Achievement
Authors: Fischer Russell G.
Published: February 2008

The capablilities and benefits of the Chinese/Japanese/Korean terminal, developed by the Research Libraries Group, are detailed. The terminal also provides for parallel display of languages which use the Roman alphabet and Arabic numerals. Examples are included.
Online Current‐Events Retrieval Services: Developments and Trends
Authors: Smith Stephen C.
Published: February 2008

Online news‐retrieval services have undergone rapid evolution in the past year. Public awareness of microcomputer‐based services available in homes and offices has increased tremendously. Both BRS and DIALOG have segmented their products to include separate, less expensive access for home micro‐computer users; both new services include some access to indexing of current‐events topics. The demise of the New York Times Information Service (NYTIS) as an independent vendor has left the marketing of its databases to Mead Data Central's NEXIS system. The void caused by the withdrawal of NYTIS has posed problems for its former users, and created opportunities for expansion of news‐retrieval services available on the large utilities. Additional databases have been introduced in the past year to cater to specialized audiences and markets. This paper summarizes the new developments which have occurred since publication of the author's survey of news‐retrieval systems in Reference Services Review one year ago.
Faxon LINX at Brandeis University Libraries: A User's Appraisal
Authors: Ireland Jeanetta M.
Published: February 2008

The Brandeis serials collection of 3,550 periodicals and 1,950 annuals and irregulars, in two libraries, are maintained on Faxon's LINX online system. At a cost of $26,500 per year, Brandeis has been able to save resources and increase performance through the use of LINX. This article provides an evaluation of the system after one full year of use.
A Microcomputer Bibliography for Librarians
Authors: Waller Edward
Published: February 2008

Some of the more useful, recent publications related to microcomputer applications in libraries are described in this selective bibliography. Titles are grouped under the headings: software catalogs, dictionaries, handbooks, hardware catalogs, and general introductions. Under each heading, entries are listed in priority sequence.
LS/2000 and Five Colleges, Inc.: The User's Perspective>
Authors: Carpenter Gai
Published: February 2008

The experiences of Five Colleges, Inc., a development and test site for OCLC's local system, are described. The initial response to and evaluation of the hardware and software, now operational at the local Five Colleges' site, are generally positive. Hopes for the future are expressed.
8‐, 16‐ and 32‐Bit Processors: Characteristics and Appropriate Applications
Authors: Williams James G.
Published: February 2008

Components and functions which comprise a computer, such as address registers and cycle time, are defined and described. Characteristics of 8‐, 16‐, and 32‐bit machines and the confusing use of multiple bit‐size architecture in some computers are detailed. Appropriate applications for each bit‐size are suggested. Detailed explanations are provided to amplify statements in the text. This article should be read twice for maximum comprehension, once reading the text and explanations together, and once reading only the text.
The Computer's Debt to Science
Authors: Branscomb Lewis M.
Published: February 2008

The computer industry is introducing new technology so rapidly that each year it produces about 25% more for the customer, at a constant cost. The discoveries and applications of science, which have sustained this growth, are discussed. Potential limits to this progress are also mentioned. The science and technology of disc storage, programming and the end‐user interface, and designing for ease of use are considered.
InfoQUEST: An Online Catalog for Small Libraries
Authors: Campbell Bonnie
Published: February 2008

InfoQUEST is a microcomputer‐based online public access catalog, designed for the small library handling file sizes up to 25,000 records. Based on the IBM‐PC, or compatible machines, the system will accept downloading, in batch mode, of records from the library's file on the UTLAS Catalogue Support System (CATSS). The features and use of InfoQUEST are described.
Library Automation in Australia
Authors: Blank Karen L.
Published: February 2008

Technology is an integral part of library functions in Australia. The development of a national bibliographic network, of local and regional cooperation, integrated library systems, telecommunications, and online systems, as well as usage of microcomputers, ergonomics, copyright issues, and national information policy are all discussed. Additionally, the ambitious information technology plans of the Parliamentary Library of Australia are described.
IRVING: Interfacing Dissimilar Systems at the Local Level
Authors: Luce Richard E.
Published: February 2008

The IRVING Library Network provides a state‐of‐the‐art design, using a distributed packet switched network which implements parts of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model as defined by the International Standards Organization. It also provides a gateway to other networks, without disturbing local host systems. It creates a network language which can be considered a model for application throughout the library community.
Applications of Database Machines in Library Systems
Authors: Salmon Stephen R.
Published: February 2008

The characteristics and advantages of database machines are summarized, and the application of database machines to library functions is described, noting the ability to attach multiple hosts to the same database, as well as flexibility in choosing operating and database management systems for different functions without loss of access to a common database. See also a related article in the previous issue of Library Hi Tech.
Common Sense Planning for a Computer, or, What's it Worth to You?
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

Before shopping for a new computer, you should make a plan detailing what you can afford, what you expect to do with the computer, and how much the computer is worth to you. The author suggests factors to include in such a plan and argues that, while games and other non‐productive uses may legitimate part of a computer's worth, worries about computer literacy should not influence decisions. Some terms used in defining personal computers and other microcomputers are discussed.
Direct Document Capture and Full Text Indexing: An Introduction to the National Air and Space Museum System
Authors: Boyne Walter J. , Otano Heman
Published: February 2008

The objectives of the National Air and Space Museum — to develop an information system providing for the capture of photographic, lineal and textual documents in high resolution digital images, to convert the digital images of text to standard ASCII computer code, and to retrieve the appropriate code automatically through keyword searching of full text — are described. System assembly is examined, as are planned and potential applications.
Design of Inhouse Automated Library Systems
Authors: Cortez Edwin M.
Published: February 2008

The six steps inherent to the development of an inhouse system are examined: 1) problem definition, 2) requirement specifications, 3) analysis and identification of alternatives and solutions, 4) design, 5) implementation, and 6) evaluation. A practical method for comparing and weighting options is illustrated and explained.
Interactive Optical Disc Systems: Part 1: Analog Storage
Authors: Hessler David W.
Published: February 2008

The distinction between digital and analog data, the specific advantages of analog storage and the use of optical discs to store analog data are detailed. The configuration and potential of Level One, Level Two, and Level Three laser disc systems are explained. Side bars address: 1) selection of display devices for use with laser disc systems, and 2) laser disc systems for accessing audio data.
Automating Technical Libraries with Battelle's TECHLIB
Authors: Ditmars David W.
Published: February 2008

An integrated library system specifically designed for technical libraries. TECHLIB supports: an online catalog, automated circulation, acquisitions, serials, cataloging, and management functions. Its functions, modular construction, and installation at Northrop Corporation, are described.
Library Signage: Applications for the Apple Macintosh and MacPaint
Authors: Diskin Jill A. , FitzGerald Patricia
Published: February 2008

The Macintosh computer, using Mac‐Paint, is a flexible, easy to use and powerful tool for producing informational, instructional and promotional signage. Specific applications at Carnegie‐Mellon University Libraries are illustrated.
Automating Libraries: The Major Mistakes Librarians are Likely to Make
Authors: Drabenstott Jon
Published: February 2008

Five prominent consultants‐Richard Boss, Susan Baerg Epstein, Rob McGee, Joseph Matthews, and James E. Rush—discuss the three most common mistakes made by librarians involved in automation. These mistakes are costly in terms of time, money, and functional success. They are made repeatedly; all are avoidable.
Educating Online Catalog Users: The Protocol Assessment of Needs
Authors: Sullivan Patricia , Seiden Peggy
Published: February 2008

Traditional methods of studying and evaluating the use of online public access catalogs (OPACs) are discussed and compared to the protocol method. Verbal protocols are spoken records of people describing their work; they uncover detailed data about what people are thinking as they attempt to solve problems. The results of the Carnegie‐Mellon University protocol study of OP AC users are discussed.
CD‐ROM and Libraries
Authors: Murphy Brower
Published: February 2008

The “five‐inch” compact laserdisc is described. The Compact Disc‐Read Only Memory data format is explained and illustrated, as are current and potential applications. A sidebar presents photographs of an IBM PC/Hitachi CD‐ROM system adopted by Library Corporation to support its MARC database—BiblioFile. Several screen displays for BiblioFile are included.
Common Sense and Low‐Cost Printers; or, Does Your System Have Impact?
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

While a printer may be the most important accessory in a personal computer system, it can also be the most annoying and disappointing part of a system. Printers can be noisy, difficult, and expensive. Their quality ranges from intolerably poor to better than typewriter output. Tastes and expectations for printed output have changed in recent years, making low‐cost printers more widely acceptable. Some of the issues involved in choosing and using a printer are discussed. A recent survey article is cited as a source of further information. Based on personal experience, the author describes and compares two low‐cost printers: the Star Micronics Gemini‐Wand Hewlett‐Packard's ThinkJet.
Laserdisc Systems from Reference Technology: Multiuser Technology for High‐Use Environments
Authors: Befeler Michael G.
Published: February 2008

The CLASIX™ Line of 12‐inch laserdisc technology is described. This heavy‐duty equipment is applicable to both single‐ and multi‐user environments. Sidebars discuss the technology behind laserdisc systems, and briefly profile a number of database applications. Potential growth in the electronic information industry is reviewed; the 1987 library support services market is projected at $35 million.
Linked Systems Project, Part 1: Authorities Implementation
Authors: McCallum Sally H.
Published: February 2008

The Linked Systems Project, directed towards implementing computer‐to‐computer communications, consists of two major program components. One component is the development of the Standard Network Interconnection. The other is the creation of a practical application: Authorities Implementation. This article describes the design and use of the Authorities application. The next article (p.71) describes the Standard Network Interconnection.
NOTIS: The System and Its Features
Authors: Meyer James
Published: February 2008

NOTIS is an online library management system that integrates the public access catalog, cataloging, acquisitions, serials management, authority control, and circulation. All NOTIS modules access a single bibliographic record through automatically‐generated full‐heading indexes.
InfoTrac: An Inhouse Computer‐Access System
Authors: Carney Richard
Published: February 2008

InfoTrac is a laserdisc system that provides local access to IAC's periodical databases. The system employs an IBM PC microcomputer, a Hewlett‐Packard Thinkjet printer, and a Pioneer videodisc player. It offers many of the advantages of online searching at a predictable cost.
Automating Libraries: The Major Mistakes Vendors are Likely to Make
Authors: Drabenstott Jon
Published: February 2008

Five prominent consultants‐Richard Boss, Susan Baerg Epstein, Rob McGee, Joseph Matthews, and James E. Rush—discuss the most common mistakes vendors make in implementing automated systems. Basic problems relate to identification of library needs; communications; delivery dates; inadequate systems; and systems support. Suggestions are made for correcting these problems.
CD‐ROM for Public Access Catalogs
Authors: Schaub John A.
Published: February 2008

Since its introduction into the library automation field in 1984, the CD‐ROM has been widely considered to be one of the most promising technological advancements of this decade. Because of its ability to store and retrieve large amounts of information inexpensively, the CD‐ROM seems to be well suited to applications involving bibliographic information, such as the public access catalog. In July 1985, Brodart introduced the first CD‐ROM‐based public access catalog, which was designed to compete with both COM and online catalogs.
Automation Planning and Organizational Change: A Functional Model for Developing a Systems Plan
Authors: Drabenstott Jon
Published: February 2008

Automation represents one of the greatest changes a library can undergo. An automation plan must not only produce an optimum system, but prepare the staff, institution and clientele for far‐reaching change. This change can be accommodated by a functional model consisting of three phases: 1) organization and overview, 2) project expansion, and 3) project consolidation and preparationof the system plan. An educational program is the centerpiece of the process.
Common Sense and Free Software: Or, If It's Free, Can It Be Any Good?
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

Computer software does not have to be expensive. Thousands of programs are available free, or for very low prices. There are some catches, but free software can be of high quality, and an excellent value. The author discusses free software, urges readers to join microcomputer user groups, and recounts his own experiences with free software as these relate to Frederick Michels' article on “user‐supported” software (see Library Hi Tech, number 10). The author reviews several books that can provide further information.
Automating Acquisitions: A Perspective from the Inside
Authors: Chamberlain Carol E.
Published: February 2008

The research, analysis, and documentation processes requisite to the design of an inhouse acquisitions system are reviewed. The initial concept document detailed system goals, institutional objectives and environment, acquisitions functions and system requirements. A subsequent specifications document detailed work flow, data elements, and related requirements. Documentation for the system was prepared, based on the concept and specifications documents. Figures detail the characteristics of acquisitions data elements and the logic path of an automatic vendor selection routine.
The Great Barcoding Project: Barcoding 400,000 Volumes in 13 Days at Indiana State University Libraries
Authors: Bartlett Davis Betty
Published: February 2008

In 13 days, 68 staff members,working with volunteers and student assistants, barcoded 400,000 books. Barcode labels, containing location designation, call number, and barcode number, were produced from and linked to the bibliographic database. Recommendations for other institutions anticipating a similar “crash program” are included.
Implementation of the Linked Systems Project: A Technical Report
Authors: Denenberg Ray , Rader Bob , Brown Thomas P. , Davison Wayne , Lauber Fred
Published: February 2008

The Linked Systems project (LSP) is directed towards implementing computer‐to‐computer communications among its participants. The original three participants are the Library of Congress (LC), the Research Libraries Group (RLG), and the Western Library Network (WLN, formerly the Washington Library Network). The project now has a fourth participant, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). LSP consists of two major components. The first component, Authorities Implementation, is described in Library Hi Tech issue 10 (page 61). The second component, the Standard Network Interconnection (SNI), is the specification of the LSP protocols, and the implementation of these protocols on the participant systems. Protocol specification was a joint effort of the original three participants (LC, RLG, and WLN) and was described in Library Hi Tech issue 10 (page 71). Implementation, however, has consisted of individual efforts of the (now) four participants. This four‐part report focuses on these individual implementation efforts.
Common Sense Update: System Pricing and Microcomputer Magazines
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

Looking back at the first and third “Common Sense Microcomputing” articles, we can see the changes a year has brought. Personal computers are cheaper and more powerful; some of 1984's brand names have disappeared, while new brands and “generic computers” have emerged. Microcomputer magazine publishing has not yet stabilized; and many magazines have gone on enforced diets. The author comments on changes in the personal computer industry over the past year and details some specific changes in system availability and pricing. He then reevaluates a few microcomputer magazines.
Communicating With Online Catalogs and Other Retrieval Systems: The Need for a Standard Command Language
Authors: Hildreth Charles R.
Published: February 2008

Some research has indicated that interacting with a computer through a natural language is not easier, more effective, or even preferred by new users of a system, when compared with menu and command interfaces. However, command‐driven searches would be facilitated, as users move from system to system, if there existed a common command language. Proposed standards for a “Common Command Language for Online, Interactive Information Retrieval” have been developed by NISO Committee G, and are now being reviewed for adoption.
Information Technology Reflected in Public Laws of the Past Decade
Authors: Milevski Sandra N.
Published: February 2008

Laws passed by Congress have a major impact on the creation, distribution, and usage of information. Broader legislative activities, such as appropriating (or not appropriating) funds for support of a program, also have significant impact. This article reviews recent public laws that: 1) affect the federal establishment, 2) affect today's society, and 3) attempt to create a better future.
CD‐ROM Search and Retrieval Software: The Requirements and Realities
Authors: Helgerson Linda W.
Published: February 2008

The tremendous storage capacity of the CD‐ROM has generated the need for sophisticated search software capable of handling large files. Software previously developed for mainframe computers, laser disk applications, information retrieval of textual files on IBM‐PCs, and other functions, is being modified to meet these needs. Other software is being specifically written for CD‐ROM applications. Vendors of significant information retrieval products are identified, and the characteristics of twelve packages are compared.
The New Ethics
Authors: Stevens Norman D.
Published: February 2008

In our frantic efforts to deal with change, adopt new technologies, promote library cooperation, and otherwise enhance library and information services, we must not lose sight of broader professional concerns and issues. Much of what we now do will change. The technology that we are seeking to use will change. The nature of our profession will change. If we can establish and maintain a sound ethical basis for our professional practices we will have done much to ensure that, despite all of those changes, librarianship will have a continued independent role to play, and will be respected for that role, in the development of a strong information society.
Effects of the Adoption of an Integrated Online System on a Technical Services Department
Authors: Rhine Leonard
Published: February 2008

Bringing up an online computer system is an example of planned, organizational change. Individuals may experience feelings of instability and fear, especially if the planned change is imposed from a higher bureaucratic level. Various techniques can be employed to minimize these feelings. Communications is essential, and can not be over‐estimated. Do not provide too few terminals and work stations. Provide adequate written documentation, especially to those responsible for staff training. Change‐agents must be confident about what they are doing.
The Computer and Personal Privacy, Part I: The Individual Under Assault
Authors: Rogers Rubin Michael
Published: February 2008

The tremendous advancements that have recently occurred in computer technology, including central processing speed and low‐cost, high‐density mass storage, provide great potential benefits for individuals and for society. However, enhanced computer capabilities also can pose a major threat to individuals, if misused by governmental agencies, corporations, organized crime, and other entities. A number of computer‐based systems currently pose a threat to individual freedoms. This threat can increase greatly in the future if vigilant oversight is not constantly directed toward the control and prevention of misuse of databases. This is the first of three articles that will address the issues of personal privacy and the threat of the computer.
The Use of Telefacsimile in Libraries
Authors: Boss Richard W. , Espo Hal
Published: February 2008

Telefacsimile, the technology that facilitates the fast electronic transfer of written materials between distant points, is beginning to make inroads in the library community. There are now more than five hundred telefacsimile machines installed in North American libraries, and more than a dozen machines are being installed each month. The recent history of facsimile use in libraries is discussed. Also detailed are the three major issues to be addressed in deciding on the adoption of telefacsimile to improve document delivery: need, copy quality, and costs.
ATLAS from Data Research Associates: A Fully Integrated Automation System
Authors: Mellinger Michael J.
Published: February 2008

ATLAS is a fully integrated, turnkey library system supporting the following functions: online MARC cataloging and information management; online catalog with four search techniques for staff or borrowers; Boolean and keyword search of both bibliographic and textual databases; circulation control including flexible policy file; reserve book room circulation control; COM catalog; network cataloging; acquisitions, with serials check‐in (in testing); audio‐visual equipment, materials, and room booking; newspaper, magazine, and periodical indexing; information and referral; union list of serials; off‐line backup circulation; and full‐text data retrieval.
The Network Library System: The History and Description of an Evolving Library‐Developed System
Authors: Senzig Donna M. , Bright Franklyn F.
Published: February 2008

The Network Library System (NLS) is a collaborative development project undertaken by the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Libraries and the University of Chicago Libraries. Efforts to develop the system began in the 1970s. The conceptualization of the system, cooperative efforts to develop the system, and subsequent changes to the system due to such factors as the appearance on the market of alternative systems, are described. Current plans, which call for the linking of the NOTIS system with components of the NLS system, are covered in a sidebar at the end of the article.
InfoStation: A Low‐Cost Electronic Document Storage, Retrieval, and Transmission System
Authors: Hessler David
Published: February 2008

Integrating a microcomputer with a videotape recorder (VCR) and facsimile machine produces a powerful information handling system—InfoStation. The VCR can be used to backup the data on the microcomputer's hard disk, and also can be used to archive massive amounts of information for selective retrieval and use. The VCR can function as a publication medium containing both analog and digital information that can be retrieved by a video receiver and a microcomputer; and the VCR can be used to capture digital data broadcast by a television station, for later retrieval and use on a microcomputer. The facsimile machine is a powerful device for inputting bit‐map images of documents into the microcomputer and VCR, and can be used to print and/or transmit those documents to other facsimile machines on demand.
The Consultants' Corner—The RFP in the Automation Procurement Process
Authors: Drabenstott Jon
Published: February 2008

Five prominent consultants—Susan Baerg Epstein, James Rush, Jose‐Marie Griffiths, Rob McGee, and Wilson Stahl—address the development and use of the request for proposals (RFPs) in the library automation procurement process. Most consultants agree that the RFP is an effective means of selecting a system, if used properly. But it can be misused, is frequently substituted for sound judgment and intelligent decision making on the part of library staff, and is expensive. Librarians often focus so much on preparing the RFP that the goals of the planning process are lost. The preparation of the RFP is only one step in the procurement and installation process. It should be viewed as one intermediate objective, which must be coordinated with others to achieve successful results.
Educating the Future Information Professional
Authors: Carbo Bearman Toni
Published: February 2008

A number of prominent educators, executives of professional associations, and business leaders address the positive and negative characteristics of contemporary library education. They stress the need for professionals to have a broad understanding of the field, vision, orientation to the future, and a balance of traditional and new skills. Information professionals of the future must have a broad understanding of the organization of knowledge, communication and interpersonal skills, management ability, and orientation toward problem solving and decision making. They must also be able to analyze, synthesize, interpret, and evaluate information and knowledge. Technology is mentioned by all contributors to the forum; most emphasize the need for information professionals to be able to manage and use technology as a tool—a means to an end, but not an end itself.
Library Automation and Library Education
Authors: Drabenstott Jon
Published: February 2008

Library automation has both tested the educational preparation of librarians and created new educational demands. Four major consultants—James E. Rush, Jose‐Marie Griffiths, Wilson M. Stahl, and Rob McGee—discuss the competencies currently required of professional librarians, consider the extent to which new graduates and working librarians possess these qualifications, and identify methods by which organizations and individuals can realize the goal of professional competence. In addition to addressing formal educational programs, the consultants place a great deal of emphasis on continuing education. Continuing education must become a job requirement; library managers must be responsible for creating, encouraging, and supporting such opportunities for individuals and the total organization.
Education and Automation—Present and Future Concerns
Authors: Sugnet Chris
Published: February 2008

The automation process has a tendency to reveal strengths and weaknesses in a library, its management style, its organizational structure, and the abilities of its staff members. What are the educational and training requirements needed by professional librarians to manage effectively the automation process? This question is discussed by representatives of five major library vendors: Michel Ridgeway and Dean Gattone (Geac), Alison Curtis, (Utlas), Susan Olson (OCLC), James J. Michael (Data Research Associates), and Gene Robinson (CLSI). They stress the need for a solid foundation in management and communication skills, and a commitment to continuing education. Technology changes so rapidly that detailed knowledge of a current system is less important than knowing how to evaluate the capabilities of a future system.
Computer Systems Acquisitions and the Use of Performance Bonds©
Authors: Wernick Alan S.
Published: February 2008

A performance bond typically guarantees that a contractor, such as a computer vendor or software developer, will perform the contract. It usually provides that if the contractor defaults in his performance and fails to fulfill his contractual promises, the surety can itself complete the contract, or pay damages up to the limit of the bond. One myth about performance bonds is that they obviate the need for the library to litigate in the event of a default by the vendor. Performance bonds will not insure the library against having to resolve a dispute. Also, a failure to follow the terms and the law involving the performance bond could release the surety. Yet the proper positioning of the performance bond could provide needed resources and negotiating leverage to the user in the computer system acquisition process.
Acquiring a CD‐ROM Public Access Catalog System: Part 1: The Bottom Line May Not Be The Top Priority
Authors: Helgerson Linda W.
Published: February 2008

In little more than one year, seven vendors have introduced CD‐ROM‐based public access catalog systems. They vary widely in price, features, and performance. Three scenarios are defined, which represent the requirements of libraries of diverse sizes and groupings. For each scenario, prices of CD‐ROM systems are compared for the first and subsequent two years. The features of the systems are also compared in some detail. The prices and descriptions of features reflect the marketplace as of late summer 1987.
Industrial Storage Technology Applied to Library Requirements
Authors: Kountz John
Published: February 2008

Automated material‐handling techniques have been successfully applied in industry for over a decade. The techniques and systems developed to automate warehouse operations directly apply to libraries. The problem of storing a growing mass of little used but “valuable” materials can be resolved by new material handling strategies, which will also generate improved library services. The characteristics of a miniload automated storage and retrieval system are described, and formulas are presented for calculating the size of system needed by a library. Also included are “rule‐of‐thumb” prices for calculating the approximate costs of a system of a specific size.
Designing Facilities for a High‐Tech Future: The OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. Headquarters—A Case Study
Authors: Pennybacker Ed
Published: February 2008

To efficiently operate an online computer system containing more than sixteen million records connected to more than 7,800 terminals, OCLC needed a facility that could handle both current requirements and be easily modified to support new computer hardware architectures. Although libraries may not be considering facility designs or remodeling of this magnitude, there are many similar issues that must be addressed in preparation for local automation. These issues include: 1) structural requirements; 2) environmental considerations; 3) utilities; 4) fire protection; 5) security concepts; and 6) workspace design. OCLCs solutions are detailed; and a retrospective appraisal of those solutions is provided. Essential planning issues are summarized in a sidebar.
Historic Buildings and Modern Technology: The California State Library Remodels for Automation—A Case Study
Authors: Hudson Kathy
Published: February 2008

Challenges in modifying an older building to accommodate a contemporary library include many of those inherent in planning for any new building: defining future needs, anticipating growth, projecting how new technology will affect functions and staffing patterns. An older building presents additional challenges because electrical, plumbing, and other systems often must be retrofitted to accommodate higher demands. The introduction of new technologies also imposes requirements for ventilation, noise suppression, and temperature regulation that are much more complex than old designs anticipated. Sophisticated, contemporary electronic linkages for voice and data communications make demands that were unknown when the building was designed. These challenges are related to the remodeling of the California State Library.
Robots in the Library
Authors: Tom Sutherland C.
Published: February 2008

We had a robot in the library for a week. We watched it walk about, lurching and rocking. It didn't clank, but it rattled a bit.
The Electronic Book
Authors: Blake Katie
Published: February 2008

The Smart Book involves the direct application of computer technology to the book marketplace. It employs speacial‐purpose equipment to simplify the user's access to information that would normally be found in a printed book. The concept invovles two distinct components: a reader unit and a book pack. The reader unit is a device that contains computer equipment, a custom liquid crystal display screen, and six user control buttons. All facilities for reading, searching, indexing, and so on can be performed using those six controls. The Smart Book Text Pack, or The Book, is currently a one‐megabyte ROM pack using conventional micro‐computer read‐only memory chips. This on‐megabyte pack contains the text of a book and its appropriate program functions. The text is held on the ROM pack in a proprietary compressed format.
Libraries and the Chief Information Officer: Implications and Trends
Authors: Woodsworth Anne
Published: February 2008

Recent emergence of the position of Chief Information Officer (CIO) in higher education has been the source of much debate and speculation. This article describes the results of a recent study on the roles of CIOs in research universities and discusses implications and future trends in the management of information technologies, particularly from the point of view of libraries.
Educational Implications of Technological Innovations:
Authors: Lorenzo Albert L. , Gauri Kul B.
Published: February 2008

Unlike earlier technologies that extended physical prowess, the new information technology is an extension of the mind. While books and other recorded materials are forms of external memories, the new technology, which can combine audio, video, and data, and can process and transmit information, is an extension of the thinking power of the human brain. The new technologies will have a profound impact on education. Education and educational institutions are already undergoing change, in part as a result of the new technology, and in part as a result of other forces. Those who advocate new technology and seek to implement it in their institutions, must be mindful of the future agendas of their institutions and must be able to relate their personal objectives to those agendas. Ideas and requests will fare better in the competition for limited institutional resources if they are seen as a compatible and supportive means to an end, rather than as ends in themselves.
The Computer and Personal Privacy, Part II: The Emerging Worldwide Response to the Threat to Privacy from Computer Databases
Authors: Rogers Rubin Michael
Published: February 2008

This is the second of three articles addressing the critical issue of abusive data collection and usage practices and their effect on personal privacy. The first article, which appeared in consecutive issue 17 of Library Hi Tech, discussed the individual under assault. This article discusses the evolution of data protection laws within countries and international organizations that have enacted such laws, and compares the scope, major provisions, and enforcement components of the laws.
Computer Systems Acquisition and the Use of Letters of Credit
Authors: Wernick Alan S.
Published: February 2008

Letters of credit are commonly used today to facilitate commercial transactions of all types between wary sellers and buyers, both of whom are, for one reason or another, reluctant to initiate the exchange of money for goods. A letter of credit may be either revocable or irrevocable. There are several types of letters of credit with varied applications. Letters of credit are one of many negotiating tools that a user can employ to minimize his or her risk in a computer systems acquisition.
Common Sense and User Interfaces: Issues Beyond the Keyboard
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

Every interactive computer system involves a user interface. Microcomputer software shows many innovations in user interfaces. Microcomputer software also reveals some of the difficulties and ongoing weaknesses of user interface design. The author discusses ease of learning versus speed and flexibility of use, and the difficulties of reconciling the two; arrogant programs and accommodating programs; and such issues as copy protection. Library automators can learn much by observing successes and failures in microcomputer software. Those who use personal computers should be aware of user interface issues; in some cases, knowing why something is annoying can help reduce frustration with it.
The Electronic Spreadsheet
Authors: Dennis Donald D. , Paster Mark C.
Published: February 2008

Except for word processing, the electronic spreadsheet is probably the most useful general purpose software for the microcomputer user. Almost all spreadsheets are now packaged in combination with other applications, such as database systems and graphic capabilities. To become proficient in the development of spreadsheet applications, one must be prepared to invest a certain amount of time and effort, but the user will be rewarded by the results. In addition to a general discussion of spreadsheets, the authors critically review Microsoft Excel, version 2.0 (for the IBM PS/2, PC‐AT, or compatibles), noting enhancements over earlier spreadsheets. A sidebar presents spreadsheet templets that can be used to manage a library retrospective conversion project.
The Compact Disk‐Circulation System Interface at Tacoma Public Library: Beyond Stand‐alone CD‐ROM
Authors: Hegarty Kevin
Published: February 2008

The Tacoma Public Library is developing a CD‐ROM Public Access Catalog that interfaces to another computer system which supports a circulation system. The concept of a CD‐PAC‐to‐circulation system linkage is simple: off‐load the searching to the PC to minimize the load on the circulation system, and limit the circulation system searching for status information on demand. Related searches should be extremely fast and efficient. Since the CD‐PAC is an intelligent device, it can act as a front‐end processor to the circulation system for database searching. The initial index search, record display, and retrieval are done on the PC, and add no load to the circulation system. Once a specific record has been selected, the CD‐PAC sends to the circulation system the minimal unique key that will facilitate the fastest retrieval of circulation data, or that demands the least system overhead. Sidebars discuss the stand‐alone CD‐ROM and the library marketplace, and future technologies.
Computer Power: Part 1: Distribution of Power (and Communications)
Authors: Price Bennett J.
Published: February 2008

Power and communications wiring can be brought to computers and computer terminals in a variety of ways. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses; some that are ideal for one library may be forbidden another. Options include use of extension cords, perimeter raceway (such as conduit, wiremold, and armored cable), and interior raceway (such as underfloor duct, flat conductor cable, and power poles). Three sidebars discuss 1) the National Electrical Code; 2) volts, amps, watts, etc.; and‐3) transformers, circuit breakers, and circuits.
Networking in Transition: Current and Future Issues
Authors: Sugnet Chris , Avram Henriette D. , Brown Rowland , Lynch Clifford A. , Martin Susan K. , Miller Ron , Schmidt C. James , Walbridge Sharon , Wetherbee Louella V. , Ziegman Bruce
Published: February 2008

When the initial library networks were established in the United States, they provided affordable, online automation services that were available from virtually no other source. The surge of automation experienced by American libraries for the past two decades has altered the historical relationships that characterize library cooperation. Local networks are being created and machine‐readable products previously available only from the networks are now being packaged on optical media and distributed to individual institutions. With these technological advances, the need for, services offered by, and financial viability of the networks have begun to undergo dramatic change. This is also a time of great opportunity for libraries and networks. There is on the horizon what may be the infrastructure for a national information network. The realization of this network will require close cooperation of librarians, who have embraced the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model for networking, and members of the academic and research community, which is still relying heavily on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) for communications purposes.
The Evolving Personal Computing Environment: Getting the Word
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: February 2008

When you make effective use of a personal computer, that use is likely to change over time in ways that may not be apparent. A look back as little as six months or a year earlier may reveal some surprises. Those surprises may tell you something about your own priorities, conscious or unconscious. The author introduces his new column environment and what those changes may mean. He also discusses the column itself, and why Common Sense Personal Computing is no more. The author also discusses some changes in the periodical literature of personal computing, introducing a major new magazine. Finally, the author begins an ongoing discussion of items from the periodical literature with some of the hot topics from June‐August 1988.
Competitive Procurement of Integrated Library Systems
Authors: Reader Evan A.
Published: February 2008

The California Slate University (CSU) successfully procured integrated library systems for five of its nineteen campuses during the fiscal year ending June 1988. The procurements demonstrated that competitive bidding not only is highly effective in reducing the overall cost of library systems, but also allows the buyer to achieve favorable contract provisions that would be difficult if not impossible to obtain in a noncompetitive environment.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Authors: Price Bennett J.
Published: February 2008

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) systems are typically designed to provide power to computers for five to thirty minutes after all utility company power has failed. In addition to providing blackout and brownout protection, many UPS systems also protect against spikes, surges, sags, and noise, and some also offer many of the features found in power distribution units (PDUs). The major components or subsystems of a typical UPS system are detailed, and a sample bid specification is appended. Three sidebars discuss UPSs and air conditioning, the maintenance bypass switch (MBS), and literature for further reading.
The Small Library and Fund‐Raising for Automation
Authors: Burlingame Dwight F.
Published: February 2008

Small libraries can take advantage of alternative funding sources to address their automation needs and thus make available to their patrons the advantages of an “information rich” society. However, careful planning, research to identify receptive funding sources, and consistent, confident, knowledgeable communication of needs and objectives are requisite to the successful solicitation of funds. Burlingame, a university vice‐president who is responsible for fund‐raising at his institution, provides advice on the principles of successful fund‐raising. A sidebar discusses the Foundation Center.