bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional MXene/Carbon Nanotube Janus Film for Electromagnetic Shielding and Infrared Shielding/Detection in Harsh Environments
Authors: Hassan Tufail , Iqbal Aamir , Yoo Byungkwon , Jo Jun Young , Cakmakci Nilufer , Naqvi Shabbir Madad , Kim Hyerim , Jung Sungmin , Hussain Noushad , Zafar Ujala , Cho Soo Yeong , Jeong Seunghwan , Kim Jaewoo , Oh Jung Min , Park Sangwoon , Jeong Youngjin , Koo Chong Min
Published: June 2024

Multifunctional, flexible, and robust thin films capable of operating in demanding harsh temperature environments are crucial for various cutting-edge applications. This study presents a multifunctional Janus film integrating highly-crystalline Ti3C2Tx MXene and mechanically-robust carbon nanotube (CNT) film through strong hydrogen bonding. The hybrid film not only exhibits high electrical conductivity (4250 S cm−1), but also demonstrates robust mechanical strength and durability in both extremely low and high temperature environments, showing exceptional resistance to thermal shock. This hybrid Janus film of 15 μm thickness reveals remarkable multifunctionality, including efficient electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of 72 dB in X band frequency range, excellent infrared (IR) shielding capability with an average emissivity of 0.09 (a minimal value of 0.02), superior thermal camouflage performance over a wide temperature range (− 1 to 300 °C) achieving a notable reduction in the radiated temperature by 243 °C against a background temperature of 300 °C, and outstanding IR detection capability characterized by a 44% increase in resistance when exposed to 250 W IR radiation. This multifunctional MXene/CNT Janus film offers a feasible solution for electromagnetic shielding and IR shielding/detection under challenging conditions.
The Development of a New Model of Educational Leadership: Leadership for Teacher Flourishing
Authors: Granville-Chapman Katy , Lee Matthew T. , Ritchie-Dunham James
Published: June 2024

This paper contributes to a broader movement in which the telos of leadership is flourishing, and the primary role of a leader is to promote the flourishing of their team members through creating a loving environment. In support of this, we propose a new perspective on, and associated model, of educational leadership: ‘leadership for teacher flourishing’ (LFTF). This model was developed through a literature review and a mixed methods research project across 78 British schools with collaborative and participatory elements which asked how school leaders could improve the flourishing of teachers. The quantitative and qualitative findings suggested that key factors in enabling teachers to flourish, and therefore incorporated into the model ‘LFTF’, were positive relationships; opportunities for growth; positive impact on subjective wellbeing; and increasing teachers’ sense of meaning at work. The ways leaders could impact these factors were reported as: being supportive and compassionate; being trustworthy; giving teachers autonomy; enabling teachers to grow; being appreciative and focusing on strengths; and enabling teachers to do meaningful work. It was also found that not only leaders could influence flourishing; teachers with no formal leadership role could also positively impact teacher flourishing. It is suggested that virtuous dispositions in leaders are required to ensure they are consistent in acting in ways that promote flourishing. We argue that this integration of virtue and a desire to promote flourishing is properly understood as love. The participatory and collaborative phase of the research showed that teachers wanted autonomy in deciding what would help them to flourish. The conclusion sets out the implications of this research for policy on the training and selection of school leaders, to improve not only the flourishing of teachers, but also pupils and communities.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and risk factors associated with high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk from dairy farms in Colombia
Authors: Campos Ángela-Sofía Ágredo , Akineden Ömer , Fernández-Silva Jorge A. , Ramírez-Vásquez Nicolás F.
Published: June 2024

The objective of the study was to evaluate the frequency and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. and the risk factors associated with a high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk samples of dairy farms in three municipalities of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Fifteen samples were positive for E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Subsequent analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene sequences confirmed these isolates included E. coli (n = 3), K. oxytoca (n = 11), and K. pneumoniae (n = 1). None of the isolates was positive for ESBL identification by phenotypic methods, but the only the isolate of K. pneumoniae was positive for the blaSHV61 gene by sequence analysis. The antibiotic susceptibility evaluation for all Klebsiella spp. isolates identified resistance to fosfomycin (50%; 6/12) and ampicillin (100%; 12/12). While most of the herds maintain adequate hygienic quality, specific risk factors such as having more than 60 milking cows, frequent changes in milkers, milking in paddocks, and using a chlorinated product for pre-dipping have been identified as associated with a high total bacterial count > 100,000 CFU/mL in bulk tank milk. However, certain variables including the milker being the owner of the animals and the proper washing and disinfection of the milking machine contribute to maintain a high level of hygiene and quality in the raw milk stored in the tanks. In conclusion, the frequency of ESBL producers was relatively low, with only K. pneumoniae testing positive for the blaSHV ESBL type. The presence of these bacteria in milk tanks represents a potential risk to public health for consumers of raw milk and its derivatives.
Maps preserving ascent or descent of triple Jordan product
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Roja , Petek Tatjana
Published: June 2024

Let X be a real or complex Banach space of dimension at least 3. We give a complete description of surjective mappings on B(X) that preserve the ascent of Jordan triple product of operators or, preserve the descent of Jordan triple product of operators.
Biotechnology and biofuels: paving the way towards a sustainable and equitable energy for the future
Authors: Nath Soumitra
Published: June 2024

This comprehensive review aims to explore and elucidate the pivotal role of biotechnology in biofuel production, specifically focusing on its contribution to enhancing sustainability, efficiency, and productivity in the energy sector. By examining various biotechnological approaches like genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology, it seeks to provide insights into effectively harnessing biofuel generation processes, including the integration of machine learning and life cycle assessment for microalgae cultivation and harvesting. Additionally, it sheds light on the multifaceted implications surrounding biofuel production and consumption, addressing technological, ethical, social, and economic considerations. Through critical analysis of the advantages and challenges associated with biotechnology-driven biofuel development, it offers a balanced perspective on the true potential of biofuels as a viable, sustainable, and equitable energy source for the future. This examination provides a holistic analysis of the symbiotic relationship between biotechnology and biofuels, highlighting how advancements in biotechnological techniques can pave the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy future. By addressing both the promises and limitations of biotechnology in this context, it aims to contribute to informed decision-making and policy formulation to drive the transition toward a cleaner and more equitable energy paradigm.

Graphical Abstract
Fine-Tuning Life
Authors: Henshall David C.
Published: June 2024

Take a journey into the fascinating world of microRNA, the genome's master controllers. Discovered in 1993, our genome's master controllers are critical to the evolution of complex life, including humans. This captivating book tells their story, from their discovery and unique role in regulating protein levels to their practical applications in brain health and other branches of medicine. Written by a neuroscientist, it provides an in-depth look at what we know about microRNAs and how we came to know it. Explore the impact of these molecular conductors on your life and gain a new appreciation for the precision they bring to the molecular noise in our cells. Perfect for students of neuroscience, life sciences such as biochemistry and genetics and the curious public alike, this is the captivating tale of the conductors of life's molecular orchestra.
Impact of Spatial Variability in Zooplankton Grazing Rates on Carbon Export Flux
Authors: Meyjes S. A. , Petrik C. M. , Rohr T. , Cael B. B. , Mashayek A.
Published: June 2024

The biological carbon pump is a key controller of how much carbon is stored within the global ocean. This pathway is influenced by food web interactions between zooplankton and their prey. In global biogeochemical models, Holling Type functional responses are frequently used to represent grazing interactions. How these responses are parameterized greatly influences biomass and subsequent carbon export estimates. The half‐saturation constant, or k value, is central to the Holling functional response. Empirical studies show k can vary over three orders of magnitude, however, this variation is poorly represented in global models. This study derives zooplankton grazing dynamics from remote sensing products of phytoplankton biomass, resulting in global distribution maps of the grazing parameter k. The impact of these spatially varying k values on model skill and carbon export flux estimates is then considered. This study finds large spatial variation in k values across the global ocean, with distinct distributions for micro‐ and mesozooplankton. High half‐saturation constants, which drive slower grazing, are generally associated with areas of high productivity. Grazing rate parameterization is found to be critical in reproducing satellite‐derived distributions of small phytoplankton biomass, highlighting the importance of top‐down drivers for this size class. Spatially varying grazing dynamics decrease mean total carbon export by >17% compared to globally homogeneous dynamics, with increases in fecal pellet export and decreases in export from algal aggregates. This study highlights the importance of grazing dynamics to both community structure and carbon export, with implications for modeling marine carbon sequestration under future climate scenarios.
Along‐Track Resolution and Uncertainty of Altimeter‐Derived Wave Height and Sea Level: Re‐Defining the Significant Wave Height in Extreme Storms
Authors: De Carlo Marine , Ardhuin Fabrice
Published: June 2024

Satellite altimeters are the most common source of wave measurement in phenomenal sea states, with significant wave heights exceeding 14 m. Unfortunately their data is still considered with skepticism, because there is usually no other data to verify the accuracy of the largest values. Here we investigate the self‐consistency of the measurement, and their small scale variability, in order to define an estimate of satellite altimeter precision. Using numerical simulations of ocean surfaces and the processing involved in satellite retracking, we find that wave groups are responsible for a variance in estimated altimeter wave heights that is proportional to the square of the spectral peakedness parameter and the significant wave height. Additional variance induced by speckle noise is proportional to the wave height. The effect of wave groups generally dominates in the most severe storms. This variability requires a relatively large scale smoothing or filtering to yield accurate wave height estimates. For example, the largest ever reported 1 s average significant wave height from altimeters sampled by Jason‐2 in the North Atlantic in 2011, at m, is now interpreted to correspond to a true wave height Hs = 18.5 ± 0.3 m. The difference between 20.1 and 18.5 m is mostly due to wave group contributions to the raw measurement. We argue that wave group effects should not be included in the definition of the significant wave height, just like the maximum wave height differs from the significant wave height.
Retrieving Seismic Source Characteristics Using Seismic and Infrasound Data: The 2020 ML 4.1 Kiruna Minequake, Sweden
Authors: Turquet Antoine , Brissaud Quentin , Alvizuri Celso , Näsholm Sven Peter , Le Pichon Alexis , Kero Johan
Published: June 2024

A minequake of magnitude ML 4.1 occurred on 18 May 2020 early in the morning at the LKAB underground iron ore mine in Kiruna, Sweden. This is the largest mining‐induced earthquake in Scandinavia. It generated acoustic signals observed at three infrasound arrays at 9.3 (KRIS, Sweden), 155 (IS37, Norway), and 286 km (ARCI, Norway) distance. We perform full‐waveform focal mechanism inversion based on regional seismic data and local infrasound data. These independently highlight that this event was dominated by a shallow‐depth collapse in agreement with in‐mine seismic station data. However, regional infrasound data cannot inform the inversion process without an accurate model of atmospheric winds and temperatures. Yet, our numerical simulations demonstrate a potential of using local and regional infrasound data to constrain an event's focal mechanism and depth.
High‐Frequency Ground Motions of Earthquakes Correlate With Fault Network Complexity
Authors: Chatterjee Avigyan , Trugman Daniel T. , Hirth Greg , Lee Jaeseok , Tsai Victor C.
Published: June 2024

Understanding the generation of damaging, high‐frequency ground motions during earthquakes is essential both for fundamental science and for effective hazard preparation. Various theories exist regarding the origin of high‐frequency ground motions, including the standard paradigm linked to slip heterogeneity on the rupture plane, and alternative perspectives associated with fault complexity. To assess these competing hypotheses, we measure ground motion amplitudes in different frequency bands for 3 ≤ M ≤ 5.8 earthquakes in Southern California and compare them to empirical ground motion models. We utilize a Bayesian inference technique called the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) to identify earthquake source regions that produce higher or lower ground motions than expected. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between fault complexity measurements and the high‐frequency ground motion event terms identified by INLA. These findings suggest that earthquakes on complex faults (or fault networks) lead to stronger‐than‐expected ground motions at high frequencies.
Molecular mechanisms of circular RNA translation
Authors: Hwang Hyun Jung , Kim Yoon Ki
Published: June 2024

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed single-stranded RNAs without a 5′ cap structure and a 3′ poly(A) tail typically present in linear mRNAs of eukaryotic cells. CircRNAs are predominantly generated through a back-splicing process within the nucleus. CircRNAs have long been considered non-coding RNAs seemingly devoid of protein-coding potential. However, many recent studies have challenged this idea and have provided substantial evidence that a subset of circRNAs can associate with polysomes and indeed be translated. Therefore, in this review, we primarily highlight the 5’ cap-independent internal initiation of translation that occurs on circular RNAs. Several molecular features of circRNAs, including the internal ribosome entry site, N6-methyladenosine modification, and the exon junction complex deposited around the back-splicing junction after back-splicing event, play pivotal roles in their efficient internal translation. We also propose a possible relationship between the translatability of circRNAs and their stability, with a focus on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and nonstop decay, both of which are well-characterized mRNA surveillance mechanisms. An in-depth understanding of circRNA translation will reshape and expand our current knowledge of proteomics.
Adhesion pilus retraction powers twitching motility in the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Authors: Charles-Orszag Arthur , van Wolferen Marleen , Lord Samuel J. , Albers Sonja-Verena , Mullins R. Dyche
Published: June 2024

Type IV pili are filamentous appendages found in most bacteria and archaea, where they can support functions such as surface adhesion, DNA uptake, aggregation, and motility. In most bacteria, PilT-family ATPases disassemble adhesion pili, causing them to rapidly retract and produce twitching motility, important for surface colonization. As archaea do not possess PilT homologs, it was thought that archaeal pili cannot retract and that archaea do not exhibit twitching motility. Here, we use live-cell imaging, automated cell tracking, fluorescence imaging, and genetic manipulation to show that the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius exhibits twitching motility, driven by retractable adhesion (Aap) pili, under physiologically relevant conditions (75 °C, pH 2). Aap pili are thus capable of retraction in the absence of a PilT homolog, suggesting that the ancestral type IV pili in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) were capable of retraction.
Scanless two-photon voltage imaging
Authors: Sims Ruth R. , Bendifallah Imane , Grimm Christiane , Lafirdeen Aysha S. Mohamed , Domínguez Soledad , Chan Chung Yuen , Lu Xiaoyu , Forget Benoît C. , St-Pierre François , Papagiakoumou Eirini , Emiliani Valentina
Published: June 2024

Two-photon voltage imaging has long been heralded as a transformative approach capable of answering many long-standing questions in modern neuroscience. However, exploiting its full potential requires the development of novel imaging approaches well suited to the photophysical properties of genetically encoded voltage indicators. We demonstrate that parallel excitation approaches developed for scanless two-photon photostimulation enable high-SNR two-photon voltage imaging. We use whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to perform a thorough characterization of scanless two-photon voltage imaging using three parallel illumination approaches and lasers with different repetition rates and wavelengths. We demonstrate voltage recordings of high-frequency spike trains and sub-threshold depolarizations from neurons expressing the soma-targeted genetically encoded voltage indicator JEDI-2P-Kv. Using a low repetition-rate laser, we perform multi-cell recordings from up to fifteen targets simultaneously. We co-express JEDI-2P-Kv and the channelrhodopsin ChroME-ST and capitalize on their overlapping two-photon absorption spectra to simultaneously evoke and image action potentials using a single laser source. We also demonstrate in vivo scanless two-photon imaging of multiple cells simultaneously up to 250 µm deep in the barrel cortex of head-fixed, anaesthetised mice.
Nanoalignment by critical Casimir torques
Authors: Wang Gan , Nowakowski Piotr , Farahmand Bafi Nima , Midtvedt Benjamin , Schmidt Falko , Callegari Agnese , Verre Ruggero , Käll Mikael , Dietrich S. , Kondrat Svyatoslav , Volpe Giovanni
Published: June 2024

The manipulation of microscopic objects requires precise and controllable forces and torques. Recent advances have led to the use of critical Casimir forces as a powerful tool, which can be finely tuned through the temperature of the environment and the chemical properties of the involved objects. For example, these forces have been used to self-organize ensembles of particles and to counteract stiction caused by Casimir-Liftshitz forces. However, until now, the potential of critical Casimir torques has been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that critical Casimir torques can efficiently control the alignment of microscopic objects on nanopatterned substrates. We show experimentally and corroborate with theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations that circular patterns on a substrate can stabilize the position and orientation of microscopic disks. By making the patterns elliptical, such microdisks can be subject to a torque which flips them upright while simultaneously allowing for more accurate control of the microdisk position. More complex patterns can selectively trap 2D-chiral particles and generate particle motion similar to non-equilibrium Brownian ratchets. These findings provide new opportunities for nanotechnological applications requiring precise positioning and orientation of microscopic objects.
Dan forms condensates in neuroblasts and regulates nuclear architecture and progenitor competence in vivo
Authors: Benchorin Gillie , Cho Richard Jangwon , Li Maggie Jiaqi , Molotkova Natalia , Kohwi Minoree
Published: June 2024

Genome organization is thought to underlie cell type specific gene expression, yet how it is regulated in progenitors to produce cellular diversity is unknown. In Drosophila, a developmentally-timed genome reorganization in neural progenitors terminates competence to produce early-born neurons. These events require downregulation of Distal antenna (Dan), part of the conserved pipsqueak DNA-binding superfamily. Here we find that Dan forms liquid-like condensates with high protein mobility, and whose size and subnuclear distribution are balanced with its DNA-binding. Further, we identify a LARKS domain, a structural motif associated with condensate-forming proteins. Deleting just 13 amino acids from LARKS abrogates Dan’s ability to retain the early-born neural fate gene, hunchback, in the neuroblast nuclear interior and maintain competence in vivo. Conversely, domain-swapping with LARKS from known phase-separating proteins rescues Dan’s effects on competence. Together, we provide in vivo evidence for condensate formation and the regulation of progenitor nuclear architecture underlying neuronal diversification.
International and regional spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Europe
Authors: Budia-Silva Mabel , Kostyanev Tomislav , Ayala-Montaño Stefany , Bravo-Ferrer Acosta Jose , Garcia-Castillo Maria , Cantón Rafael , Goossens Herman , Rodriguez-Baño Jesus , Grundmann Hajo , Reuter Sandra
Published: June 2024

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are of particular concern due to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements. In this study, we collected 687 carbapenem-resistant strains recovered among clinical samples from 41 hospitals in nine Southern European countries (2016-2018). We identified 11 major clonal lineages, with most isolates belonging to the high-risk clones ST258/512, ST101, ST11, and ST307. blaKPC-like was the most prevalent carbapenemase-encoding gene (46%), with blaOXA-48 present in 39% of isolates. Through the combination and comparison of this EURECA collection with the previous EuSCAPE collection (2013-2014), we investigated the spread of high-risk clones circulating in Europe exhibiting regional differences. We particularly found blaKPC-like ST258/512 in Greece, Italy, and Spain, blaOXA-48 ST101 in Serbia and Romania, blaNDM ST11 in Greece, and blaOXA-48-like ST14 in Türkiye. Genomic surveillance across Europe thus provides crucial insights for local risk mapping and informs necessary adaptions for implementation of control strategies.
Uncovering the dynamics of precise repair at CRISPR/Cas9-induced double-strand breaks
Authors: Ben-Tov Daniela , Mafessoni Fabrizio , Cucuy Amit , Honig Arik , Melamed-Bessudo Cathy , Levy Avraham A.
Published: June 2024

CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used for precise mutagenesis through targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induction followed by error-prone repair. A better understanding of this process requires measuring the rates of cutting, error-prone, and precise repair, which have remained elusive so far. Here, we present a molecular and computational toolkit for multiplexed quantification of DSB intermediates and repair products by single-molecule sequencing. Using this approach, we characterize the dynamics of DSB induction, processing and repair at endogenous loci along a 72 h time-course in tomato protoplasts. Combining this data with kinetic modeling reveals that indel accumulation is determined by the combined effect of the rates of DSB induction processing of broken ends, and precise versus error repair. In this study, 64–88% of the molecules were cleaved in the three targets analyzed, while indels ranged between 15–41%. Precise repair accounts for most of the gap between cleavage and error repair, representing up to 70% of all repair events. Altogether, this system exposes flux in the DSB repair process, decoupling induction and repair dynamics, and suggesting an essential role of high-fidelity repair in limiting the efficiency of CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis.
Income and racial disparity in household publicly available electric vehicle infrastructure accessibility
Authors: Lou Jiehong , Shen Xingchi , Niemeier Deb A. , Hultman Nathan
Published: June 2024

Publicly available electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure is pivotal for the United States EV transition by 2030. Existing infrastructure lacks equitably distribution to low-income and underrepresented communities, impeding mass adoption. Our study, utilizing 2021 micro-level data from 121 million United States households, comprehensively examines income and racial disparities in EV infrastructure accessibility. Our analysis of national averages indicates that lower-income groups face less accessibility to public EV infrastructure in both urban and rural geographies. Black households experience less rural accessibility, but greater urban accessibility compared to White households conditioning on income. However, our localized analysis uncovers significant variations in accessibility gaps among counties, rural and urban settings, and dwelling types. While Black households experience greater urban accessibility nationally, a closer look at the county level reveals diminishing advantages. This study identifies areas with pronounced inequality and urgent needs for enhanced accessibility, emphasizing the necessity for tailored solutions by local governments to enhance equitable access to EV infrastructure.
Atomic scale disorder and reconstruction in bulk infinite-layer nickelates lacking superconductivity
Authors: Hu Kejun , Li Qing , Song Dongsheng , Jia Yingze , Liang Zhiyao , Wang Shuai , Du Haifeng , Wen Hai-Hu , Ge Binghui
Published: June 2024

The recent discovery of superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelate films has sparked significant interest and expanded the realm of superconductors, in which the infinite-layer structure and proper chemical doping are both of the essence. Nonetheless, the reasons for the absence of superconductivity in bulk infinite-layer nickelates remain puzzling. Herein, we investigate atomic defects and electronic structures in bulk infinite-layer Nd0.8Sr0.2NiO2 using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Our observations reveal the presence of three-dimensional (3D) block-like structural domains resulting from intersecting defect structures, disrupting the continuity within crystal grains, which could be a crucial factor in giving rise to the insulating character and inhibiting the emergence of superconductivity. Moreover, the infinite-layer structure, without complete topotactic reduction, retains interstitial oxygen atoms on the Nd atomic plane in bulk nickelates, possibly further aggravating the local distortions of NiO2 planes and hindering the superconductivity. These findings shed light on the existence of structural and atomic defects in bulk nickelates and provide valuable insights into the influence of proper topotactic reduction and structural orders on superconductivity.
Association between antibody responses post-vaccination and severe COVID-19 outcomes in Scotland
Authors: Macdonald Calum , Palmateer Norah , McAuley Andrew , Lindsay Laura , Hasan Taimoor , Hameed Safraj Shahul , Hall Elliot , Jeffrey Karen , Grange Zoë , Gousias Petros , Mavin Sally , Jarvis Lisa , Cameron J. Claire , Daines Luke , Tibble Holly , Simpson Colin R. , McCowan Colin , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , Rudan Igor , Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Ritchie Lewis , Swallow Ben , Moss Paul , Robertson Chris , Sheikh Aziz , Murray Josie
Published: June 2024

Several population-level studies have described individual clinical risk factors associated with suboptimal antibody responses following COVID-19 vaccination, but none have examined multimorbidity. Others have shown that suboptimal post-vaccination responses offer reduced protection to subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, the level of protection from COVID-19 hospitalisation/death remains unconfirmed. We use national Scottish datasets to investigate the association between multimorbidity and testing antibody-negative, examining the correlation between antibody levels and subsequent COVID-19 hospitalisation/death among double-vaccinated individuals. We found that individuals with multimorbidity ( ≥ five conditions) were more likely to test antibody-negative post-vaccination and 13.37 [6.05–29.53] times more likely to be hospitalised/die from COVID-19 than individuals without conditions. We also show a dose-dependent association between post-vaccination antibody levels and COVID-19 hospitalisation or death, with those with undetectable antibody levels at a significantly higher risk (HR 9.21 [95% CI 4.63–18.29]) of these serious outcomes compared to those with high antibody levels.
Economic nanobubbles by RFB and promoted PEF with yolk@double-shell structural photocatalyst for degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants
Authors: Shirazian Saeed , Alshehri Sameer , A. Khasawneh Mohammad , Habibi Zare Masoud , Mehrabani-Zeinabad Arjomand
Published: June 2024

In this research, the generation of nanobubbles was carried out using a structure of vortex pump based on the relative blockage of flow (without the use of venturi and orifices, which consume a lot of energy to generate nanobubbles), which has made this process economical and commercial. In addition, the use of advanced synthesized nanoreactors with the Yolk@Shell structure, which forms a photoanode by coating the anode electrode and can operate in the visible light range, has highlighted this research work. An in-depth study of the synergistic effect of advanced photoelectrofenton oxidation methods in addition to the hydrodynamic reactor has shown that the intelligent selection of these three types of advanced oxidation methods together has improved the performance of each other and solved their negative aspects, including the use of hydrogen peroxide, divalent iron ion, and the removal of sludge generated by the electrofenton method. The use of hollow cylindrical electrodes allowed adequate loading of the advanced synthesized nanoreactors with Yolk@Shell structure. The investigation of the effects of micro (advanced synthesized nanoreactors with Yolk@Shell structure) and macro (vortex structure based on relative blockage of the flow) processes on the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants, both separately and in combination, is a focus of this work. At the end, the energy consumption for each of these processes and this system in general was studied, which showed that the operating cost of this combined system according to the energy consumption requirements for the almost complete removal of the pollutant naproxen and the 90% reduction of its chemical oxygen demand is 6530 Rials/L.h (or 0.15525 USD/L.h), which presents this system as an economical method with industrialization capability. The degradability index (DI) of the introduced system under optimal operating conditions was 3.38, which shows that the development of the system based on the combination of advanced oxidation methods is a suitable method used in this research work due to its environmental friendliness, absence of side effluent production, efficiency and high degradation performance, ability to recover the nanocatalyst and consequently economic efficiency.
GprC of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys flagrans activates mitochondria and reprograms fungal cells for nematode hunting
Authors: Hu Xiaodi , Hoffmann David S. , Wang Mai , Schuhmacher Lars , Stroe Maria C. , Schreckenberger Birgit , Elstner Marcus , Fischer Reinhard
Published: June 2024

Initiation of development requires differential gene expression and metabolic adaptations. Here we show in the nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys flagrans, that both are achieved through a dual-function G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). A. flagrans develops adhesive traps and recognizes its prey, Caenorhabditis elegans, through nematode-specific pheromones (ascarosides). Gene-expression analyses revealed that ascarosides activate the fungal GPCR, GprC, at the plasma membrane and together with the G-protein alpha subunit GasA, reprograms the cell. However, GprC and GasA also reside in mitochondria and boost respiration. This dual localization of GprC in A. flagrans resembles the localization of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in humans. The C. elegans ascaroside-sensing GPCR, SRBC66 and GPCRs of many fungi are also predicted for dual localization, suggesting broad evolutionary conservation. An SRBC64/66-GprC chimaeric protein was functional in A. flagrans, and C. elegans SRBC64/66 and DAF38 share ascaroside-binding sites with the fungal GprC receptor, suggesting 400-million-year convergent evolution.
Development of a novel rodent model for dog heartworm microfilaremia using the severe-combined immunodeficiency mouse
Authors: Mizuseki Mihoko , Ikeda Nao , Shirozu Takahiro , Yamagishi Maki , Oshiro Sugao , Fukumoto Shinya
Published: June 2024

Dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne parasitic nematode that causes fatal heartworm disease in canids. The microfilariae are essential for research, including drug screening and mosquito-parasite interactions. However, no reliable methods for maintaining microfilaria long-term are currently available. Therefore, we used severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice to develop a reliable method for maintaining D. immitis microfilaria. SCID mice were injected intravenously with microfilariae isolated from a D. immitis-infected dog. Microfilariae were detected in blood collected from the tail vein 218 days post-inoculation (dpi) and via cardiac puncture 296 dpi. Microfilariae maintained in and extracted from SCID mice showed infectivity and matured into third-stage larvae (L3s) in the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. L3s can develop into the fourth stage larvae in vitro. Microfilariae from SCID mice respond normally to ivermectin in vitro. The microfilariae in SCID mice displayed periodicity in the peripheral circulation. The SCID mouse model aided in the separation of microfilariae from cryopreserved specimens. The use of SCID mice enabled the isolation and sustained cultivation of microfilariae from clinical samples. These findings highlight the usefulness of the SCID mouse model for studying D. immitis microfilaremia in canine heartworm research.
A delayed diagnosis of iatrogenic ureteral injury results in increased morbidity
Authors: Maheswaran Rachel , Beisland Christian , Bergesen Anne K. , Almås Bjarte
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to register and analyse outcomes after iatrogenic ureteral injuries (IUI) with special emphasis on potential consequences of a delayed diagnosis, and further to analyse if the incidence of IUI has changed during the study period. 108 patients treated for an IUI during 2001–2021 were included. Injuries due to endourological procedures, planned tumour resection and traumatic injuries were excluded. All relevant information to answer the research questions were entered into a database. Chi-square and t-tests were used for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Regression analysis was used to evaluate potential change of incidence in IUIs over time. Our results showed that most IUIs (74, 69%) were caused by gynaecological surgery. 49 (45%) had a delayed diagnosis (not diagnosed intraoperatively). Younger age (mean 50 vs 62 years, p < 0.001) and benign indication for laparoscopic hysterectomy (OR 8.0, p < 0.001) predisposed for a delayed diagnosis. Patients with a delayed diagnosis had a higher number of secondary injury related procedures (mean 4.6 vs 1.7, p < 0.001), hospital admissions (mean 3.0 vs 0.8, p < 0.001) and longer hospital stays (mean 20.6 vs 3.9 days p < 0.001) compared to patients with an intraoperative diagnosis. There was complete recovery for 91% of the patients. We did not observe any changes in IUI incidence during the study period. In conclusion, our study underlines that IUI can cause major morbidity for the patient affected if not diagnosed intraoperatively. Benign indication and younger age are predictors for a delayed diagnosis. The prognosis is good, with 91% full recovery. No significant changes in incidence of IUIs were observed.
Results of a cognitive behavior therapy-based intervention for antenatal anxiety on birth outcomes in Pakistan: a randomized control trial
Authors: Siebach Kirsten F. , Perin Jamie , Malik Abid , Atif Najia , Zaidi Ahmed , Rahman Atif , Surkan Pamela J.
Published: June 2024

Antenatal anxiety is among the risk factors for adverse birth outcomes, which are common in Pakistan. Between 2019 and 2022, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the Happy Mother-Healthy Baby program, designed to reduce anxiety during pregnancy through use of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, on birth outcomes with 796 women in Rwalpindi, Pakistan. We performed intent-to-treat analysis and per protocol analyses. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no difference in the odds of low birthweight (LBW) (Adj. OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.55–1.28 p = 0.37), preterm birth (PTB) (Adj. OR = 1.20 95% CI 0.83–1.71, p = 0.33) or small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth, (Adj. OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.56–1.09, p = 0.16). Among completers who received ≥ 5 intervention sessions, the odds of LBW and SGA were 39% and 32% lower (Adj. OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.87, p < 0.01; Adj. OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.89, p < 0.01). The significant LBW and SGA results among the intervention completers suggest that the program may be effective when a sufficient dose is received. However, confirmation of these findings is needed due to the fact that randomization is not maintained in completer analyses.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03880032, 19/03/2019.
Research on coal mine longwall face gas state analysis and safety warning strategy based on multi-sensor forecasting models
Authors: Chang Haoqian , Meng Xiangrui , Wang Xiangqian , Hu Zuxiang
Published: June 2024

Intelligent computing is transforming safety inspection methods and response strategies in coal mines. Due to the significant safety hazards associated with mining excavation, this study proposes a multi-source data based predictive model for assessing gas risk and implementing countermeasures. By examining the patterns of gas dispersion at the longwall face, utilizing both temporal and spatial correlation, a predictive model is crafted that incorporates safety thresholds for gas concentrations, four-level early warning method and response strategy are devised by integrating weighted predictive confidence with these correlations. Initially tested using a public dataset from Poland, this method was later verified in coal mine in China. This paper discusses the validity and correlation of multi-source monitoring data in temporal and spatial correlation and proposes a risk warning mechanism based on it, which can be applied not only for safety warning but also for regulatory management.
Chemical and palaeoentomological evidence of a relationship between early Eocene Belgian and Oise (France) ambers
Authors: Seyfullah Leyla J. , Szwedo Jacek , Schmidt Alexander R. , Prestianni Cyrille
Published: June 2024

Of the early Eocene amber deposits known across the world, Belgian amber has been mostly absent from the relevant literature. We reinvestigated amber held in the palaeobotanical collection of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, which derived from three localities in Belgium that originated from two geographical areas (Leval-Trahegnies and Orp-le-Grand). Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy we show the close chemical relationship of Belgian amber to the early Eocene Oise amber from the Paris Basin, and highlight the potential effect of weathering on the amber chemistry. The amber derives from a very similar botanical source as the Oise amber (Combretaceae or Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), but from different coeval basins. The two Leval-Trahegnies localities provided amber that exhibit different stages of weathering (heavily fissured and crazed, darkened) and lacking any inclusions. The Orp-le-Grand locality provided the least weathered amber, with one amber piece containing two inclusions: a mite and a new genus and species of hemipteran (Cativolcus uebruum gen. et sp. nov.), and a second one that preserved the impression of insect wings pressed into the surface.
Directional sensitivity of bone conduction stimulation on the otic capsule in a finite element model of the human temporal bone
Authors: Borkowski Paweł
Published: June 2024

Sound transmission to the human inner ear by bone conduction pathway with an implant attached to the otic capsule is a specific case where the cochlear response depends on the direction of the stimulating force. A finite element model of the temporal bone with the inner ear, no middle and outer ear structures, and an immobilized stapes footplate was used to assess the directional sensitivity of the cochlea. A concentrated mass represented the bone conduction implant. The harmonic analysis included seventeen frequencies within the hearing range and a full range of excitation directions. Two assessment criteria included: (1) bone vibrations of the round window edge in the direction perpendicular to its surface and (2) the fluid volume displacement of the round window membrane. The direction of maximum bone vibration at the round window edge was perpendicular to the round window. The maximum fluid volume displacement direction was nearly perpendicular to the modiolus axis, almost tangent to the stapes footplate, and inclined slightly to the round window. The direction perpendicular to the stapes footplate resulted in small cochlear responses for both criteria. A key factor responsible for directional sensitivity was the small distance of the excitation point from the cochlea.
Analysis of physical characteristics and mechanism of retarder to stratified cemented backfill
Authors: Ai Chunming , Yu Anju , Liu Chao , Li Tao
Published: June 2024

The stratified structural plane caused by stratified backfill will reduce the strength of backfill, and the introduction of retarder will make up for the defect. Three retarders, sodium tripoly-phosphate, citric acid and sucrose, were introduced. After determining the optimal dosage of retarder, they were added into the filling slurry with a ratio of lime to sand of 1:6 and a mass concentration of 75%. Based on the hydration reaction mechanism and damage mechanics theory of cement, the setting time test and uniaxial compressive strength test were carried out. With the help of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the influence mechanism of retarder on the physical characteristics of stratified cemented filling was investigated.The main research contents and achievements are as follows:. The results showed that the three retarding agents can delay the setting time of the cement filling slurry, and the retarding effect is sucrose > citric acid > sodium tripolyphosphate. The addition of retarder can improve the uniaxial compressive strength and integrity of stratified consolidated backfill, and the best filling interval time (FIT) is 12 h. Appropriate addition of retarder will increase the amount of cement hydration products, make the structure of hydration products more dense, reduce the formation of stratified structural plane, and help to improve the strength of stratified cemented backfill.
Parental developmental experience affects vocal learning in offspring
Authors: Kraft Fanny-Linn H. , Crino Ondi L. , Adeniran-Obey Saidat O. , Moraney Raven A. , Clayton David F. , George Julia M. , Buchanan Katherine L.
Published: June 2024

Cultural and genetic inheritance combine to enable rapid changes in trait expression, but their relative importance in determining trait expression across generations is not clear. Birdsong is a socially learned cognitive trait that is subject to both cultural and genetic inheritance, as well as being affected by early developmental conditions. We sought to test whether early-life conditions in one generation can affect song acquisition in the next generation. We exposed one generation (F1) of nestlings to elevated corticosterone (CORT) levels, allowed them to breed freely as adults, and quantified their son’s (F2) ability to copy the song of their social father. We also quantified the neurogenetic response to song playback through immediate early gene (IEG) expression in the auditory forebrain. F2 males with only one corticosterone-treated parent copied their social father’s song less accurately than males with two control parents. Expression of ARC in caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) correlated with father-son song similarity, and patterns of expression levels of several IEGs in caudomedial mesopallium (CMM) in response to father song playback differed between control F2 sons and those with a CORT-treated father only. This is the first study to demonstrate that developmental conditions can affect social learning and neurogenetic responses in a subsequent generation.
Disentangling linkages between satellite-derived indicators of forest structure and productivity for ecosystem monitoring
Authors: Muise Evan R. , Andrew Margaret E. , Coops Nicholas C. , Hermosilla Txomin , Burton A. Cole , Ban Stephen S.
Published: June 2024

The essential biodiversity variables (EBV) framework has been proposed as a monitoring system of standardized, comparable variables that represents a minimum set of biological information to monitor biodiversity change at large spatial extents. Six classes of EBVs (genetic composition, species populations, species traits, community composition, ecosystem structure and ecosystem function) are defined, a number of which are ideally suited to observation and monitoring by remote sensing systems. We used moderate-resolution remotely sensed indicators representing two ecosystem-level EBV classes (ecosystem structure and function) to assess their complementarity and redundancy across a range of ecosystems encompassing significant environmental gradients. Redundancy analyses found that remote sensing indicators of forest structure were not strongly related to indicators of ecosystem productivity (represented by the Dynamic Habitat Indices; DHIs), with the structural information only explaining 15.7% of the variation in the DHIs. Complex metrics of forest structure, such as aboveground biomass, did not contribute additional information over simpler height-based attributes that can be directly estimated with light detection and ranging (LIDAR) observations. With respect to ecosystem conditions, we found that forest types and ecosystems dominated by coniferous trees had less redundancy between the remote sensing indicators when compared to broadleaf or mixed forest types. Likewise, higher productivity environments exhibited the least redundancy between indicators, in contrast to more environmentally stressed regions. We suggest that biodiversity researchers continue to exploit multiple dimensions of remote sensing data given the complementary information they provide on structure and function focused EBVs, which makes them jointly suitable for monitoring forest ecosystems.