bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redox Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in their Unique Functionalities
Authors: Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: November 2024

The growing demand for energy‐storage devices has raised inevitable concerns regarding the availability of redox‐active inorganic compounds and metals. It is expected that some of the inorganic compounds will be replaced by organic redox polymers, which are produced from abundant sources using environmentally benign processes, and they exhibit inherent advantages, including flexibility, processability, and biocompatibility. Redox polymers contain groups that can be reversibly reduced and oxidized by gaining and releasing electrons, respectively, and constitute an emerging class of functional organic materials. This article begins with a retrospective discussion of polymers and their electron exchange concepts, presenting them as old but new materials. The basics of electrochemical redox couples are briefly reintroduced, and the chemical design strategies for extending them to redox polymers are summarized. Subsequently, the efficient and reversible charge propagation and storage in densely populated redox‐active sites on soft polymer platforms are discussed. The potential to employ redox polymers in rechargeable charge‐storage applications and next‐generation devices is discussed, along with the current challenges and prospects. This outlook suggests fundamental questions and proposes interesting topics for redox polymers to facilitate their development as valuable materials for use in sustainable technologies.
Enhanced Emission in Polyelectrolyte Assemblies for the Development of Artificial Light‐Harvesting Systems and Color‐Tunable LED Device
Authors: Duan Qunpeng , Li Xiuxiu , Wu Zhiying , Lin Shihao , Zeng Rong , Xiao Tangxin
Published: November 2024

Artificial light‐harvesting systems (LHSs) are of growing interest for their potential in energy capture and conversion, but achieving efficient fluorescence in aqueous environments remains challenging. In this study, a novel tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative, TPEN, is synthesized and co‐assembled with poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS) to enhance its fluorescence via electrostatic interactions. The resulting PSS⊃TPEN network significantly increased blue emission, which is further harnessed by an energy‐matched dye, 4,7‐di(2‐thienyl)benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole (DBT), to produce an efficient LHS with yellow emission. Moreover, this system is successfully applied to develop color‐tunable light‐emitting diode (LED) devices. The findings demonstrate a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly approach to designing tunable luminescent materials, with promising potential for future advancements in energy‐efficient lighting technologies.
Interfacial reaction on different solder composition after laser soldering
Authors: Muhamad Razizy F. , Saliza Azlina O. , Farazila Y.
Published: November 2024

This study used electroless nickel‐immersion gold surface finish. The lead free solder used are tin‐silver‐copper 305 and tin‐silver‐copper 307 solder alloys. The difference in copper composition will affect the intermetallic compound′s microstructure after the laser soldering process. The intermetallic compound formation analysis reveals that only (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 was observed at the solder joint interface for both solders after laser soldering. The grain microstructure of tin‐silver‐copper 305 formed is rounded‐shaped and bar‐shaped, while tin‐silver‐copper 307 shapes are oval‐shaped and flake‐like. However, for cross‐sectioned analysis, the intermetallic compound grain microstructure formed at the solder joint formation was (Ni, Cu)3Sn4 and (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 presented in dendrite‐like and scale‐like shapes. This result shows that copper content in solder composition is directly affected the intermetallic compound grain microstructure. When exposed to the ageing process, the intermetallic compound thickness will increase directly with ageing time. The intermetallic compound thickness for tin‐silver‐copper 305 was increased from 0.98 μm to 8.34 μm while tin‐silver‐copper 307 was increased from 1.54 μm to 8.76 μm. The result also shows that nano‐sized of Ag3Sn grain particle was formed on the intermetallic compound surface after an ageing process for both samples, tin‐silver‐copper 305 and tin‐silver‐copper 307.
Solubility and magnetic properties of Ag−Co−Si alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying and annealing
Authors: Chabri S.
Published: November 2024

This present work concerns the effect of ternary addition of non‐metallic and diamagnetic silicon on the metastable solubility of the immiscible silver‐cobalt system during the course of ball milling, annealing of the ball milled samples and the corresponding magnetic properties. It should be noted that silicon has a smaller goldsmidt radius (111 pm) than silver (144 pm) and silicon+4 has more valence electrons than silver+1. Keeping the objectives of the current study in mind, silicon may thus be considered as an option for ternary addition, in contrast to metallic components. An attempt has been made to examine the phase changes that occurred in the 50 silver‐40 cobalt‐10 silicon (atom percent) system during ball milling and the subsequent isothermal annealing of the ball milled product. Phase evolution during mechanical alloying and isothermal annealing is identified by means of x‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and magnetic measurements. The addition of silicon facilitates cobalt‘s formation of a metastable alloy with copper after 50 hours of ball milling. Annealing significantly improves the magnetic characteristics of materials that have been ball milled; the optimal combination of magnetic properties was obtained after an hour of annealing at 550 °C.
Tremor Is Highly Responsive to Levodopa in Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Swinnen Bart E.K.S. , Frequin Henrieke L. , Wiggerts Yarit , Espay Alberto J. , Beudel Martijn , de Bie Rob M.A.
Published: November 2024

Background

Tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) is commonly regarded as less responsive to levodopa than bradykinesia and rigidity, with levodopa‐resistant PD tremor considered relatively common.

Objective

The aim was to assess the levodopa responsiveness of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity in a population with advanced PD.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 526 people with PD screened for deep brain stimulation.

Results

Levodopa's Cohen's d effect sizes were in the same order of magnitude for the 3 cardinal motor symptoms. Proportional improvement in tremor (86.8%) was higher than bradykinesia (45.7%) and rigidity (67.0%) (P < 0.0001). Full resolution was more frequent for tremor (67.9%) than for bradykinesia (0.4%) or rigidity (24.8%) (P < 0.0001). Levodopa‐unresponsive tremor, defined as improvement less than 25%, was documented only in 4.0%, as opposed to 19.4% for bradykinesia and 9.8% for rigidity (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

In advanced PD, tremor was more responsive to levodopa than bradykinesia and rigidity, and levodopa‐unresponsive tremor was relatively rare.
Class‐action suit alleges New York insurer published ‘ghost network’ guide
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2024

Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) of New York published an inaccurate provider directory for people searching for mental health providers, otherwise referred to as “ghost networks,” alleges a new class‐action complaint filed last month in U.S. District Court. The lawsuit states that these directories are not only an inconvenience for people searching for mental health providers; but that it is far more “insidious and costly.”
Virginia leaders seek to elevate discussion of social determinants
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: November 2024

Virginia leaders have publicly released a free resource designed to shift the conversation about mental health toward the social factors that drive both wellness and illness. Those who are promoting the Virginia Wellbeing Dashboard hope their efforts will ultimately encourage more funding support for initiatives targeting social determinants of health.
Study: Virtual MH care visits reduce suicide‐related events
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2024

The rising suicide rates in the U.S. emphasize the need for effective prevention, researchers stated emphasizing the importance of their new study to determine the impact of telehealth — which they said has transformed access to mental health care — on suicide outcomes which is unknown.
MH provider addresses challenges of Latino youth with ADHD
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2024

Adapting evidence‐based practices to create tools that empower Latino children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and supporting and empowering their families to advocate on behalf of their children are important goals of a Durham, North Carolina‐based provider of bilingual and culturally responsive mental health services.
HHS final physician payment rule meets needs of whole person
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2024

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), through the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), on Nov. 1 announced it is finalizing new policies in the calendar year 2025 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) final rule to strengthen primary care, expand access to preventive services, and further access to whole‐person care for services such as behavioral health, oral health and caregiver training, an HHS news release stated. The final rule reflects the Biden‐Harris Administration's commitment to protecting and expanding Americans' access to quality and affordable health care.
Comparing Safety Profiles of Skin‐Sparing and Nipple‐Sparing Mastectomy With Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Blazel Madeleine M. , Quick Joseph D. , Schafer Rachel E. , Shukla Priya , Wu Shannon S. , Bernard Steven , Schwarz Graham , Djohan Risal , Gurunian Raffi , Bishop Sarah N.
Published: November 2024

Background

Mastectomy is performed prior to or concurrently with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. However, the complication rates of nipple‐sparing mastectomy (NSM) versus skin‐sparing mastectomy (SSM) with DIEP are not well‐characterized.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients who underwent SSM or NSM with DIEP reconstruction between January 2019 and July 2022 at an academic institution. The primary outcome was 30‐day postoperative complication rate. Variables were compared using Student's t‐tests/Wilcoxon rank‐sum and Chi‐square/Fisher's exact tests.

Results

Of 535 patients, 195 (36%) underwent NSM and 340 (64%) underwent SSM. The 30‐day postoperative complication rates did not differ between cohorts (16.4% in NSM vs. 16.8% in SSM, p > 0.9). The NSM cohort had a higher rate of any flap necrosis (9.2% vs. 3.5%, p = 0.01) compared to the SSM cohort, though rates of total DIEP flap loss rate did not differ (4.1% vs. 1.5% respectively). Site‐wide total DIEP flap loss was 2.4%. The NSM cohort had smaller preoperative sternal notch‐to‐nipple distances (25.0 vs. 26.5 cm, p < 0.001) and had lower rates of preoperative radiation therapy (28.2% vs. 42.9%, p < 0.002) compared to the SSM cohort. The cohorts did not differ in demographic or operative variables including reconstruction timing (delayed vs. immediate interval), readmission, and reoperation.

Conclusions

Individuals who received an NSM prior to DIEP reconstruction had more flap complications compared to the SSM cohort. Both cohorts had comparable overall 30‐day postoperative complication rates and demographic variables, and rate of total DIEP flap loss was 2.4%. Patient preference can further guide surgical decision‐making.
Menopause Matters: Results of a National Survey of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in the UK
Authors: Petford Sharon , Robinson Sandra , Matthews Sally , Begum Julie , Bosworth Ailsa , Jacklin Clare , Walker David
Published: November 2024

Background

The effects of the menopause have received a lot of attention in the press recently. Anecdotally, patients report changes in their arthritis around the menopause, either onset or aggravation of symptoms. Clearly, there are hormonal influences on arthritis with the female predominance, onset of RA around times of hormonal change and improvement during pregnancy. We were interested in exploring the patient perspective to inform future research and educational needs.

Method

A national survey was organised through the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS), using their database of people with RA and online community who self‐selected as peri menopausal, menopausal or post‐menopausal. A questionnaire was developed by the steering group seeking responses on the effects of the menopause, changes in the arthritis at the time, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and any discussions they had had with their healthcare providers. Free text comments were analysed qualitatively.

Results

A total of 779 people responded during September/October 2023. Respondents were 95% Caucasian mainly in their 50s with onset of menopausal symptoms in their 40s. 80% responded that their arthritis was worse during the menopause with 10% being much worse. 47% had taken HRT. Of these, 80% experienced an improvement in their menopausal symptoms and 30% had a moderate or large improvement in their arthritis symptoms. A standout statistic was that 93% of respondents had had no medical discussion about the menopause. For those who did, this was most frequently with the GP in relation to HRT and osteoporosis. 84% of participants felt that the rheumatology team should receive more education and training about the menopause in relation to RA. The qualitative analysis revealed several themes:

Discussion about the menopause only occurred if the patient raised it.

There was conflicting advice about HRT.

There is overlap and confusion of symptoms between RA and the menopause.

Participants expressed a perceived link between menopause and onset or deterioration of their arthritis.

This study was long overdue.

Conclusions

Patients perceive a strong association between the menopause and onset or deterioration of their arthritis, with confusion over what is due to arthritis and what is being caused by the menopause. Patients would like much more discussion about the menopause, but this is not currently happening. They are getting conflicting advice on HRT. Further research is necessary to clarify the impact of the menopause on people with arthritis.
Float solenoid balun for MRI
Authors: Lu Ming , Yang Yijin , Chai Shuyang , Yan Xinqiang
Published: November 2024

Baluns are crucial in MRI RF coils, essential for minimizing common‐mode currents, maintaining signal‐to‐noise ratio, and ensuring patient safety. This paper introduces the innovative float solenoid balun, based on the renowned solenoid cable trap, and conducts a comparative analysis with the widely used float bazooka balun. Leveraging robust inductive coupling between the cable shield and float resonator, the float solenoid balun offers compact dimensions and post‐installation adjustability. Through electromagnetic simulations and bench testing across static fields (1.5, 3, and 7 T), the float solenoid balun demonstrates superior common‐mode rejection ratios compared to the float bazooka balun. Notably, its float design facilitates easy post‐installation adjustment and eliminates the need for soldering on the cable shield, enhancing usability and reducing risks. Furthermore, the solenoid balun's compact footprint addresses the increasing demand for smaller baluns in modern MRI scanners with denser coil arrays. The float solenoid balun offers a promising solution by conserving valuable space within the RF coil, simplifying practical hardware implementation and cable routing, and accommodating more elements in RF arrays, with great potential for enhancing MRI performance.
A low‐cost trans‐scale model for the collaborative analysis of the manufacturing and in‐service process of unidirectional CFRP composites
Authors: Zheng Chensheng , Chang Xin , Huang Cheng , Ren Mingfa
Published: November 2024

During the manufacturing of thermoset‐based carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures, a curing process involving thermal, chemical, and mechanical interactions occurs. This process gives rise to micro‐scale residual stresses due to differences in fiber and resin properties, leading to decreased mechanical properties compared to nominal values. A trans‐scale analysis method utilizing the reduced order model (ROM) is applied in this study to establish a connection between the manufacturing and in‐service processes for unidirectional CFRP (UD‐CFRP). By employing this method, the evolution of residual stresses at the micro‐scale during UD‐CFRP manufacturing is predicted, and the impact of these residual stresses on structural performance during service is assessed. Specifically, the manufacturing‐induced residual stresses reduce the material strength by a minimum of 19.31%, while also exploring the correlation between macro‐scale and micro‐scale failures. Notably, the computational cost of this method is significantly lower, with a reduction factor of 103 compared to the finite element method. Empirical evidence supports the effectiveness of this method in accurately predicting outcomes throughout both the manufacturing and in‐service processes.

Highlights

Trans‐scale analysis method links composites manufacturing simulation to in‐service performance.

Highly efficient trans‐scale method excels in cost, accuracy, consistency, and convergence.

Residual stresses from the curing process significantly impact matrix safety.
Enhancing the electro‐elastic properties of a castor‐oil‐derived polyurethane/barium titanate piezoelectric energy‐harvesting composite by integration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Baidya Kabir , Kumar Abhishek , Roy Amritendu , Das Kaushik
Published: November 2024

Three‐component piezoelectric composites, with castor‐oil‐derived polyurethane (COPU) as the matrix, reinforced with barium titanate (BTO) microparticles (as the primary piezo‐active inclusion) and with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized. BTO content is varied (3, 12, and 25 vol%), while the MWCNTs content is maintained constant at 0.65 wt% (0.37 vol%) w.r.t. the COPU matrix. The addition of MWCNTs significantly enhances the piezoelectric strain coefficient (), relative dielectric constant (k/k0), and piezoelectric response, that is, open circuit voltage (VOC) of the piezo‐composites. The (COPU/MWCNTs)/25 vol% BTO composite gives a value of 1.8 ± 0.1 pC/N, an increase of ~1.38 times compared to COPU/25 vol% BTO composite (with a value of 1.3 ± 0.1 pC/N). The relative dielectric constant (k/k0) value of two‐component COPU/BTO (25.0 vol%) increased from 10.34 ± 0.06 to 11.15 ± 0.05 by addition of 0.65 wt% MWCNTs. A maximum open circuit voltage of ~19.6 V for three‐component (COPU/MWCNTs)/ 25 vol% BTO composite was obtained at 45 N load and at 5 Hz frequency. This value (VOC) is ~1.29 times higher compared to COPU/25 vol% BTO composite (with VOC ~ 15.2 V). The k/k0 and values and elastic moduli obtained via experiments were further compared with those obtained from finite element analyses based on kinematic uniform boundary conditions (KUBC) and from Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka micromechanics extended to the domain of linear piezoelectric composites.

Highlights

Castor‐oil‐derived (COPU/MWCNTs/BTO) three‐component composites were synthesized

Integration of MWCNTs enhances by ~1.38 times for COPU/25 vol% BTO

Elastic modulus and electrical conductivity increased with the addition of MWCNTs

Computational predicted k/k0 and values closely match to experimental data
Preparation of multiaxial glass fiber/epoxy prepreg and its mechanical properties in composites
Authors: Yu Lichao , Shen Wensi , Li Donbing , Kong Lingguo , Liu Xiaofei , Han Wanli , Shen Xiaojun
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the mechanical properties of composites made from biaxial warp‐knitted glass fiber/epoxy prepregs (BW‐GF/EP) in comparison to plain woven glass fiber/epoxy prepregs (PW‐GF/EP). The BW‐GF/EP composites demonstrated superior tensile strength, with an increase of 9.5%, and bending strength, with an increase of 12.2%, compared to the PW‐GF/EP composites. Despite having a lower tensile modulus, the BW‐GF/EP composites exhibited 8.7% higher interlaminar shear strength. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that both materials had similar storage and loss moduli at lower temperatures, with PW‐GF/EP performing better at higher temperatures. Microscopy revealed that failure in PW‐GF/EP occurred at weave intersections, while BW‐GF/EP composites showed fiber rupture and delamination. The findings highlight the advantages of using biaxial warp‐knitted fabrics for improved composite performance.

Highlights

Developed biaxial warp‐knitted fabric prepregs to replace liquid molding techniques.

Improved interlaminar shear strength, reducing delamination risks in composites.

Achieved higher tensile and bending strength compared to plain weave composites.

Enhanced resin impregnation and molding efficiency with biaxial warp‐knitted fabrics.

Reduced environmental impact and costs by avoiding VOCs and minimizing waste.
A method for predicting thermal expansion coefficients of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with void defects
Authors: Wang Dong , Huang Hao , Shan Zhongde , Liu Feng , Liu Jianhua , Guo Zitong
Published: November 2024

To predict the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites with void defects comprehensively and accurately, a comprehensive study is carried out by integrating experiment, analytical model (ANM), and finite element model (FEM). The experiments on composites are conducted combining with Micro‐CT to provide geometric parameters and verification for ANM and FEM. An ANM considering void defects is established based on the Chamis model to investigate the influence of porosity, temperature and the ratio of modulus of the constituents of composites. A FEM is established to verify the ANM and reveal the mechanisms of the influence of void defects. The results show that the proposed ANM has high agreement with FEM and experiment. The longitudinal CTE decreases by 61.94% as the porosity increases from 0% to 20% at 60°C, and the same change of porosity results in a 15.62% decrease at 180°C. The transverse CTE is less susceptible to changes in porosity, showing reductions of 2.32% at 60°C and 3.33% at 180°C.

Highlights

An innovative model is proposed to predict CTE considering void defects.

The glass transition temperature Tg of the resin has a significant effect on CTE.

Void defects change the homogeneity of the original stress field of the matrix.

The reduction of the longitudinal CTE caused by void defects is more significant.
Advanced HPTLC Method Development for Silibinin Analysis in Nanoformulated Scaffolds: A Box–Behnken Approach
Authors: Dsouza Melvin Vincent , Dodamani Suneel , Kurangi Bhaskar , Shetti Priya , Gudasi Sachin
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Silibinin (silybin), a bioactive component derived from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. Given its therapeutic significance, accurately quantifying silybin in various formulations is essential. High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a powerful analytical technique frequently used for this purpose. In this study, an HPTLC method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines to determine the concentration of silybin. The design of experiments (DoE), specifically the Box–Behnken design, was employed to optimize and understand the influence of critical method variables.

Methodology

The HPTLC method validation was performed using silica gel F254 HPTLC plates. The variables investigated included the composition of the mobile phase (% v/v), saturation time (minutes), and temperature in degree Celsius (°C), with the Box–Behnken design for optimization. The mobile phase consisted of chloroform, acetone, and formic acid in a 7:2:1 (v/v) ratio. Both the formulated scaffold and standard drug were applied to the plates, which were then processed in a twin chamber. After development, the plates were scanned at 288 nm using the Camag TLC Scanner IV with Vision CATS software.

Results

The validated HPTLC method demonstrated a strong linear relationship within the silybin concentration range of 2–10 μg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for silybin were determined to be 0.469 and 1.423 μg/mL, respectively. Recovery studies indicated that the method provided accurate quantification, with recovery rates ranging from 97.53% to 99.82%. These results confirm the method's high accuracy, outstanding linearity, and reliability for the quantification of silybin in formulations.

Conclusion

The validated HPTLC method proved to be a reliable analytical tool for the quantification of silybin in various formulations, particularly those containing polymers. The method's strong linearity, precision, and accuracy align with the ICH guidelines, making it suitable for routine analysis in quality control laboratories. The use of the Box–Behnken design for method optimization highlights the importance of systematic experimentation in achieving robust analytical outcomes.
Sexual Function and Quality of Life in Individuals Post Stroke
Authors: Schneider Danielle , Comley‐White Nicolette
Published: November 2024

Background

Sexual function is commonly affected post stroke and impacts an individual's quality of life. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with sexual function in an individual post stroke and the association with quality of life.

Method

This cross‐sectional study included 56 participants who had a stroke between three and 24 months prior. The participants were assessed for: level of disability with the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS); quality of life with the Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale (SSQOL); and sexual function with the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ‐14), and an open‐ended questionnaire was administered.

Results

The average age of the participants was 51.32 (SD = ±13.24) years, with 32 (57.1%) males and 24 (42.9%) females. According to the CSFQ‐14, the majority of the study participants (n = 35, 62.5%) had sexual dysfunction after their stroke. The factors associated with sexual dysfunction post stroke included age, disability, comorbidities, psychosocial factors such as self‐esteem, role changes, and depression. Those with sexual dysfunction were found to have a lower mean SSQOL score (139.94 ± 33.89) than those without sexual dysfunction (149.76 ± 33.77), however, there was no significant difference (p = 0.298) between the groups. Majority of the participants (n = 37; 66.1%) did not know that healthcare professionals can assist with sexual dysfunction.

Conclusion

The majority of participants experienced sexual dysfunction after their stroke. Factors such as pain, difficulty with positioning, self‐esteem issues, lack of motivation, and change in desire, are important considerations for the multidisciplinary team in the rehabilitation of a patient's sexual function post stroke.

Trial Registration

This cross‐sectional study did not require study registration.
Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalytic Activity of Vertically Oriented TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by Li Incorporation
Authors: Nair Priya S. , Rahman Edamana Hiba , Mary Alappatt Surya , V. Kuttinarayanan Shinoj , Shaji Sadasivan , Reena Philip Rachel
Published: November 2024

A highly efficient, solid, and easily maneuverable adsorbent and photocatalyst, Li‐incorporated titanate nanotubes that manifest adsorption efficiency of 98.1% and photocatalytic efficiency of 99.6% in 60 min and 97.8% and 98.5%, respectively, in a shorter duration of 20 min, is synthesized by a facile two‐stage electrochemical technique. The modified nanotubes exhibit good cyclic stability of 93.7% photodegradation of malachite green dye after three continuous cycles. The adsorption data show the highest correlation for second‐order pseudo kinetics and Freundlich isotherm, suggesting multilayer chemisorption with an adsorption capacity of kF ≈ 219.51 mg1–1/nL1/ng−1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the adsorbent before and after the adsorption corroborates the findings. X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the formation of a larger number of oxygen vacancies (Ti3+/Ti2+) that facilitate more carrier release for the production of reactive oxygen species during photocatalysis. X‐Ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirm a secondary rutile phase formation on Li doping that promotes heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Field‐emission spectroscopic studies reveal a change in the morphology of the doped tubes with porous aggregate formation on the surface. The structural, morphological, and compositional change brought about by Li incorporation facilitates the use of titania nanotubes as an efficient adsorbent cum photocatalyst in the removal of malachite green dye.
Electrochemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide on Flexible Interdigitated Electrodes and Its Application as Strain Sensors
Authors: Braga Thyago S. , Sequalini Isadora B. , da Silva Thiago T. , Marcellino Gabriela M. , Corat Evaldo J. , Vieira Nirton C. S.
Published: November 2024

This study presents the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) directly onto flexible interdigitated gold electrodes and its application as a strain sensor. GO reduction is achieved using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Remarkably, only a single CV cycle transformed GO into rGO to obtain low‐resistance (≈100 Ω) devices. The reduction of GO is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. rGO on flexible interdigitated gold electrodes exhibits graphene‐like characteristics when used as electrolyte‐gated field‐effect transistors. The fabricated devices display a gauge factor (GF) of ≈3.7 in the 0–794 με range. This value represents a substantial improvement, ≈60% higher than traditional metallic strain sensors, which have a GF of ≈2.1. Most importantly, the rGO strain sensor exhibits fast response (1.1 s) and recovery (0.92 s) times. The rGO sensor is mounted on a clamp with an adjustable diameter, which reveals exceptional flexibility and bendability without damage or degradation. These results highlight the potential of rGO for advancing strain‐sensing applications, offering promising opportunities for the future of this technology.
High Memory Window, Dual‐Gate Amorphous InGaZnO Thin‐Film Transistor with Ferroelectric Gate Insulator
Authors: Roy Samiran , Islam Md Mobaidul , Ali Arqum , Saha Jewel Kumer , Lee Heonbang , Tooshil Abul , Jang Jin
Published: November 2024

Ferroelectric (FE) hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are of increasing interest for next‐generation memory and computing applications. However, these devices face challenges in achieving a substantial memory window (MW). This report presents amorphous InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) ferroelectric–dielectric (FD), dual‐gate thin‐film transistors (DG‐TFTs) with FE‐HZO as a bottom gate insulator (GI) and SiO2 as a top GI. The ferroelectricity in HZO is confirmed through the grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GI‐XRD), capacitance, and polarization measurements. The FD‐DG TFT can increase the MW by tuning the threshold voltage (VTH) due to electrostatic coupling between the top gate (TG) and bottom gate (BG). The increase of MW at the TG driving is related to the coupling factor which is equal to the ratio of the equivalent capacitance of top to bottom gated transistors. During the bottom sweep, the FD‐DG‐TFT demonstrates an anticlockwise hysteresis with a MW of 4.98 V, a high ION/IOFF ratio of ≈106, and a steep subthreshold swing (SS) of 90 mV dec−1. On the contrary, MW of 12 V and SS of 140 mV dec−1 are observed for the top sweep operation. A thinner ferroelectric GI at BG TFT induces sufficient electrostatic coupling to cause a large VTH shift at TG driving, resulting in a boosted MW.
Tanshinone IIA Alleviates Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Pyroptosis of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xu Yong , Wang Yi‐ran , Peng Wen‐pan , Bu Hui‐min , Zhou Yao , Wu Qi
Published: November 2024

The current dearth of safe and efficacious pharmaceutical interventions for pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has prompted investigations into alternative treatments. This study aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA in the treatment of PF. PF was induced in a mouse model by intratracheal infusion of bleomycin (BLM), followed by gavage administration of varying concentrations of Tanshinone IIA. Lung tissue was obtained for pathological slides, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The target was predicted and analyzed using network pharmacology. Initially, an in vitro model in A549 cells was established by adding BLM, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of Tanshinone IIA. Subsequently, NAC and the ERK inhibitor, U0126, were individually introduced. Treatment with Tanshinone IIA in vivo decreased lung tissue lesions. Proteomic, transcriptomic, and network pharmacology analyses suggested that Tanshinone IIA may offer therapeutic benefits for PF by mitigating oxidative stress damage via the MAPK signaling pathway. In vitro studies demonstrated that BLM treatment in A549 cells induced exposure of the N‐terminal end of the pyroptosis core protein GSDMD, and elevated oxidative stress levels in A549 cells, concomitant with the upregulation of P‐ERK protein expression. Subsequent administration of Tanshinone IIA, NAC, and U0126 reduced the number of A549 cells undergoing pyroptosis, decreased oxidative stress levels, and decreased P‐ERK protein expression. These findings suggested that Tanshinone IIA potentially delays the progression of PF. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of oxidative stress and reduced epithelial cell pyroptosis via the MAPK‐related pathway. The findings may provide a new reference for treatment of PF.
Combining the effects of industrialization and oil prices onCO2emissions: What role do renewable energy, urbanization and financial crisis play?
Authors: Chen Jianxing , Wu Wenyang , Nguea Stéphane Mbiankeu
Published: November 2024

Transitioning to a low‐carbon economy is essential for sustainable development; however, there remains a significant gap in understanding the moderating role of oil prices within the industrialization‐CO2emissions relationship. This study is the first to investigate how industrialization interacts with oil prices to affect CO2emissions across 30 African countries from 2000 to 2021, focusing on country‐specific heterogeneity. The results of Driscoll‐Kraay and IV‐GMM techniques suggest that industrialization drives CO2emissions, while oil prices mitigate CO2emissions in Africa. The results also show that economic growth (GDP) and urbanization stimulate CO2emissions, while renewable energy and financial crises reduce it. The study's key findings report that oil prices moderate industrialization to reduce CO2emissions in Africa. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that industrialization reduces CO2emissions in top, upper‐middle and low‐industrialized countries. Oil prices reduce CO2emissions in upper‐middle and low‐industrialized countries, while this relationship is insignificant in top industrialized countries. The findings also indicate that oil prices moderate industrialization to reduce CO2emissions in upper‐middle industrialized countries, not top and low industrialization groups. Finally, findings from quantile regression suggest that the effects of oil price and industrialization on CO2emissions are heterogeneous. Policymakers should promote green industries, invest in renewable energy infrastructure, and implement regulations that adhere to environmental standards.
Atomistic Insights into the Ionic Response and Mechanism of Antifouling Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes
Authors: Song Xinzhong , Man Jia , Zhang Xiangkuan , Wang Jiali , Zhang Yongqi , Li Jianyong , Du Jun , Chen Yuanyuan , Li Jianfeng , Chen Yuguo
Published: November 2024

Zwitterionic polymer brushes are not a practical choice since their ionic response mechanisms are unclear, despite their great potential for surface antifouling modification. Therefore, atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations investigated the ionic response of the surface electrical properties, hydration properties, and protein adhesion of three types of zwitterionic brushes. The surface of PMPC (poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)) and PSBMA (poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)) zwitterionic polymer brushes in salt solution exhibits a significant accumulation of cations, which results in a positive shift in the surface potential. In contrast, the surface of PSBMA polymer brushes demonstrates no notable change in potential. Furthermore, divalent Ca2+ enhances protein adhesion to polymer brushes by Ca2+ bridges. Conversely, monovalent Na+ diminishes the number of salt bridges between PSBMA and PCBMA (poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate)) zwitterionic polymer brushes and proteins via a competitive adsorption mechanism, thereby reducing protein adhesion. A summary of polymer brush material selection and design concepts in a salt solution environment is provided based on the salt response law of protein adhesion resistance of various zwitterionic materials. This work closes a research gap on the response mechanism of zwitterionic polymer brushes' antifouling performance in a salt solution environment, significantly advancing the practical use of these brushes.
Replenish the Electron‐Deficient State of Carbonyl Carbon Atoms to Achieve Stable Li–S Battery
Authors: Gu Sheng , Zhang Yu , Li Meng , Lin Qianru , Zhao Chenyang , Xu Guoqi , Zhang Naiqing
Published: November 2024

Carbonate‐based electrolytes are widely used in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their safe, stable properties and wide operating temperature range. However, the nucleophilic attack at carbonyl carbon atoms by polysulfide anions and the low solubility of lithium nitrate (LiNO3<0.1 m) in carbonate‐based electrolytes seriously hinder the application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries in carbonate‐based electrolytes. Herein, the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon atoms is gradually reduced through solvent molecules redesign, eliminated the attack of polysulfide anions on carbonyl carbon atoms, and also changed the intermolecular interactions in the electrolyte, improving the solubility of LiNO3 (>1.0 m) and forming stable LiNxOy‐containing SEI on the surface of the lithium metal. The assembled Li–S battery with these designed solvent molecules delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1251.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1C. In addition, the lithium–sulfur battery assembled with the designed solvent molecule has a discharge capacity of 631 mAh g−1 after 420 cycles at 0.2 C, with a capacity retention of ≈60%. Moreover, the Li||Li symmetrical cell shows stable cycle performance over 1200 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2.
Compact Carbon‐Based Ultra‐High‐Power Electrodes: A Sodium Alginate‐Induced Self‐Shrinkage and Densification Approach
Authors: Lin Dou , Li Pei , Zhou Ziyan , Jiang Suxia , Fan Yonghui , Zhang Guofeng , Meng Guowen , Wei Bingqing , Han Fangming
Published: November 2024

The trade‐off between compact energy storage and high‐power performance presents a significant challenge in device development. While densifying carbon materials enhances volumetric energy density by optimizing the balance between porosity and packing density, it often disrupts electronic conductivity due to random physical contact between nanomodules, limiting the power performance. This work presents a sodium alginate (SA)‐induced self‐shrinkage densification strategy that overcomes this limitation by incorporating nanometer‐sized “spacers,” namely carbon quantum dots (CQDs), into graphene nanosheets and crosslinking them by carbonizing SA accompanying with the shrinkage. These CQDs and SA‐derived carbon enhance specific surface area, electronic conductivity, and ion transport rate due to the CQDs’ spacer function and the formation of welded junction between the reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/CQDs nanosheets. Subsequently, the rGO/CQDs/SA‐derived carbon film exhibits an extraordinary volumetric power density of 12307.7 W cm−3 in an aqueous electrolyte under a mass loading of 0.12 mg cm−2. Notably, the assembled aqueous supercapacitors achieve a high volumetric power density of 349.5 W cm−3 under a higher mass loading of 0.49 mg cm−2. This paves the way for developing compact, highly conductive carbon‐based electrodes without compromising high porosity, offering a significant advancement in ultra‐high‐power energy storage devices.
Tuning the Unloading and Infiltrating Behaviors of Li‐Ion by a Multiphases Gradient Interphase for High‐Rate Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Pan Jiajie , Chen Zikang , Yang Zihao , Li Junhao , Shi Kaixiang , Zhang Rui , Sun Xiaoyan , Liu Quanbing
Published: November 2024

The random distribution of organic‐phases (OPs) and inorganic‐phases (IOPs) in native solid electrolyte interface (SEI) derived a sluggish Li‐ion de‐solvation and transmission, impairing the high‐rate performance of lithium metal anodes (LMAs). Herein, a multiphases gradient distribution hybrid interface is constructed on metallic Li by surface chemical reconstruction. Theoretical simulations and experiments verify that the Li‐ion unloading and infiltrating behaviors are tuned by functional complementary effects, enabling speedy kinetics. The upper OPs with polar functional group (─COO−) convert near‐surface solvation structure, pushing Li‐ion to unload the solvation cluster. Simultaneously, the bottom IOPs with plenty of crystal boundary accelerates Li‐ion infiltration. Moreover, flexible OPs cooperate with rigid IOPs to buffer volume fluctuation and suppress dendritic Li growth. Consequently, the lifespan of the composited electrode is significantly prolonged over 520 h at 5 mA cm−2. The full cells also exhibit an exhilarated rate performance and capacity retention even under a low N/P ratio (≈2.5). This work offers a characteristic insight for the rational design of gradient hybrid interface on the practical LMAs.
Advances in Lanthanide‐Based NIR‐IIb Probes for In Vivo Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Wu Jiaxin , Chen Zi‐Han , Xie Yang , Fan Yong
Published: November 2024

The past decades have witnessed the significant development and practical interest of in vivo biomedical imaging technologies and optical materials in the second‐near infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) window. Imaging with the extended emission wavelength toward the long‐wavelength end (NIR‐IIb, 1500–1700 nm) further offers micrometer imaging resolution and centimeter tissue penetration depth by taking advantage of the much‐reduced photon scattering and near‐zero tissue autofluorescence background, which have become a very hot research area. This review focuses on the recent advances in the development of lanthanide‐based NIR‐IIb probes for in vivo biomedical applications. The progress including ratiometric imaging, multiplexed imaging for wide‐field and microscopy, lifetime multiplexing and sensing, persistent luminescence, and multimodal imaging is summarized. Challenges and future directions concerning the investigation of the photophysical and photochemical properties of NIR‐IIb probes, the selection of near‐infrared cameras as well as the potential extension of the NIR‐IIb imaging sub‐window are pointed out. This review will inspire readers who have a strong interest in developing optical imaging technology and long‐wavelength fluorescence probes for high‐contrast in vivo biomedical applications.
Reductive Transformation of CO2 to Organic Compounds
Authors: Wu An‐Guo , Ding Jie , Zhao Lan , Li Hong‐Ru , He Liang‐Nian
Published: November 2024

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and a safe, abundant, easily accessible, and renewable C1 resource that can be chemically converted into high value‐added chemicals, fuels and materials. The preparation of urea, organic carbonates, salicylic acid, etc. from CO2 through non‐reduction conversion has been used in industrial production, while CO2 reduction transformation has become a research hotspot in recent years due to its involvement in energy storage and product diversification. Designing suitable catalysts to achieve efficient and selective conversion of CO2 is crucial due to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. From this perspective, the redistribution of charges within CO2 molecules through the interaction of Lewis acid/base or metal complexes with CO2, or the forced transfer of electrons to CO2 through photo‐ or electrocatalysis, is a commonly used effective way to activate CO2. Based on understanding of the activation/reaction mechanism on a molecular level, we have developed metal complexes, metal salts, inorganic/organic salts, ionic liquids, as well as nitrogen rich and porous materials as efficient catalysts for CO2 reductive conversions. The goal of this personal account is to summarize the catalytic processes of CO2 reductive conversion that have been developed in the past 7 years: 1) For the reductive functionalization of CO2, the major challenge lies in accurately adjusting reaction parameters (such as pressure) to achieve high catalytic efficiency and the product selectivity; 2) For photocatalytic or electrocatalytic reduction of CO2, how to suppress competitive hydrogen evolution reactions and improve catalyst stability are key points that requires continuous attention.
Research on the Isolated Three‐Port DC‐DC Converter with Resonant Parameter Compensation Capability and Its Performance Optimization
Authors: Zhang Xinsheng , Liu Hongchen
Published: November 2024

In order to eliminate the adverse effects caused by power coupling of the isolated three‐port converter (ITPC), this paper proposes a three‐port resonant converter that uses a switch‐controlled‐capacitor (SCC) and an auxiliary inductor, which has resonant parameter compensation capability (RPC‐ITPC). The topology and operational principle of RPC‐ITPC are discussed in detail. To achieve resonant‐type power decoupling, it is usually necessary to ensure that the resonant frequency of the decoupling port resonant tank is consistent with the switching frequency, which puts high demands on the accuracy of the resonant components. To address the sensitivity of resonant‐type power decoupling to the parameters of resonant components, an SCC was adopted to solve the problem. The use of SCC enables the RPC‐ITPC to have resonant parameter compensation capability. In order to further optimize the performance of the RPC‐ITPC, a triple‐phase‐shift (TPS) modulation strategy is proposed to achieve the minimum RMS value of resonant current (MRMS‐TPSMS). Under the MRMS‐TPSMS, the switching devices of the power decoupling port have difficulty achieving ZVS turn‐on. To circumvent this problem, we realize ZVS of the decoupling port switching devices via auxiliary inductor current injection. Finally, a 1 kW experimental prototype was constructed to validate the theoretical propositions presented in this study. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.