bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE REASONS OF THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE FOR THE REGULATION OF CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS. TWO EXAMPLES OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE ON DANUBE DELTA AND THE VESUVIUS
Authors: De Joanna P. , Dabija A. M. , Passaro A. , Vaccaro G. , Sfinteș R.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The development and growth of the territory has for centuries been conditioned by the availability of resources on site. The minor architecture which is presented as a vast and varied repertoire of unique architectural forms, perfected over time to meet the needs of living places, is the repository of the formal and cultural testimonies that represent the integration between man and environment, which took place in a constant process of adaptation and enhancement of limits and resources in terms of climate, materials, soil morphology and geology. The “not only formal” result of this growth process is a consolidated iconography that summarizes the profound reasons for building through techniques developed according to the characteristics of the available materials and the needs of life and daily work, an absolute synthesis between form and function that gives rise to the repertoire of the lexicon of the architecture of a place and of the landscape. Starting from these reflections, the proposed study seeks to investigate the reasons for the constructive lexicon of some examples of vernacular architecture related to different contexts, identifying the reasons for the constructive choices in terms of relationships between the function of technical elements and construction characteristics; the purpose of this approach is to regulate constructive interventions in consolidated settlements of vernacular architecture by proposing a study methodology that highlights the rules and reasons for those constructive choices so that purely formal distortions and misunderstandings do not occur in current practices. The selected case studies are the rural settlements of Terzigno, a municipality in the province of Naples (Italy) on the slopes of Vesuvius and some of the rural settlements in the Danube Delta, in Romania.
Human Development through the Lens of Digital Literacy
Authors: Nipo Debbra Toria , Lily Jaratin , Idris Sidah , Pinjaman Saizal , Bujang Imbarine
Published: July 2020

Digital inclusion has now become not only a matter of technological adoption, but the ability to use technologies where individuals are to possess necessary skills to make effective use of digital technologies. In this regard, digital literacy is seen as a crucial enabler for individuals to take advantage of digital opportunities as well as to engage in digital activities. Building on the importance of digital literacy, this study therefore attempts to assess the role of Internet usage and digital literacy on human development, which is proxied by the Human Development Index (HDI). Using a panel dataset covering 38 countries over a 4-year time span from 2015 to 2018, results of regression analysis indicate that both Internet usage and digital literacy emerge with significant and positive relationships with HDI. This evidence suggests that the high number of Internet users and high level of digital literacy are important means for promoting human development. Additional moderation analysis between Internet usage and digital literacy also produces a positive and significant interaction effect, which subsequently implies that digital literacy is an essential skill in enhancing effective usage of the Internet towards achieving greater socioeconomic well-being.
Detection of R282w P53 Gene Mutation on Exon 8 in Gastric Cancer Patients in Southwest Iran
Authors: Afrouz Sajad , Ghatee Mohammad Amin , Roozbehi Amroallah , Sangtarash Mohammad Hossein
Published: July 2020

Background: Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common type of gastric cancer all around the world. The epithelial cells of stomach tissue are influenced by environmental factors and genetic disorders. P53 is the most remarkable gene that controls the growth of cells. Mutation in some nucleotides of the P53 gene increases the genetic instability and is assumed as an important prognostic factor in gastric cancer. More than 90% of mutations occur in the exons 5-8 of p53. Objectives: This study was conducted in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad (K&B) province (Southwest Iran) to determine the rate of R282W P53 gene mutation of exon 8 in gastric cancer. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 90 subjects that were divided into two groups (each including 45 patients and 45 controls). The samples were randomly collected from the tissue bank of the pathology laboratory in Yasuj city and then were transferred to the Cellular and Molecular Research Center. DNA extraction was performed by the DNA extraction kit. Molecular analysis on exon 8 was performed by the PCR-RFLP method and using the MspI restricting enzyme. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation tests. Results: No difference was found between the two groups concerning age, gender, and education level. The prevalence of R282W P53 gene mutation on exon 8 in the cancer group was 17.8% (8/45), while no mutation was found in the control group. Conclusions: According to the results, the R282W P53 gene mutation on exon 8 may play an important role in the development of gastric cancer in Yasuj district, Southwest Iran.
Obturator Hernia with Meckel’s Diverticulum Mimicking Incarcerated Small Bowel Hernia: A Case Report
Authors: Choi Won Jae , Jung Yoon Young , Kim Yongsang , Kim Dong Hee
Published: July 2020

: An obturator hernia is a rare type of abdominal hernia that can cause acute intestinal obstruction. Meckel’s diverticulum, the most common gastrointestinal tract malformation, is an uncommon cause of intestinal obstruction. The combination of obturator hernia and Meckel’s diverticulum is extremely rare. We report a rare case of obturator hernia with Meckel’s diverticulum in a 76-year-old woman who presented at the emergency room with complaints of abdominal pain. The diagnosis was confirmed by a computed tomography (CT) scan and exploratory laparotomy. Since obturator hernia is uncommon and rarely associated with Meckel’s diverticulum, we described the imaging features in this case study.
Comparing the Effect of Breast Milk Odor and Incubator Cover on Nutritional Adequacy of Premature Infants: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Saberi Louyeh Zahra , Naderifar Mahin , Faghihi Hamed , Lessen Knoll Brenda S. , Mahmoodi Nasrin
Published: July 2020

Background: Premature babies face nutritional problems caused by underdevelopment and lack of coordination between sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Appropriate early interventions are needed to promote the nutritional adequacy of these infants. Objectives: This study was designed to compare the effect of breast milk odor and incubator cover on the nutritional adequacy of premature infants. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 105 preterm infants aged 28 - 33 weeks who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Ali Ibn Abi Taleb Hospital in Zahedan in 2018. The subjects were selected via convenience sampling and randomized into three groups: breast milk odor (BMO), incubator cover (IC), and control. Infants in the IC group were placed in an incubator for two hours before feeding. In the BMO group, a gauze soaked with breast milk was placed 1.5 cm away from the infant’s nose in the incubator, and a prescribed amount of milk was given by a syringe to the infant through the mouth. The amount of milk that the baby orally received in the first 10 min (nutritional adequacy) was recorded by a camera, and the results were compared in the three groups. Results: One-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and the two groups of incubator cover and breast milk odor (P < 0.001) such that nutritional adequacy was lower in the control group than in the two other groups. Conclusions: Both the smell of breast milk and incubator cover improved the nutritional adequacy of premature infants and enabled them to orally receive more breast milk.
Structural Relationships Between Negative Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies and Symptoms of Internet Addiction: Mediating Role of Anxiety
Authors: Hashemi Nosratabad Touraj , Bayrami Mansour , Shiri Ali
Published: July 2020

Background: Internet addiction is one of the most paramount problems of societies. Therefore, the knowledge of its influencing factors is of special importance. Methods: The present study was correlational in terms of goals and descriptive in terms of the data gathering procedure. The statistical population consisted of 2,000 male students and included all fourth-grade students of state high schools of Tabriz City in 2017. The sample included 246 students, selected through random cluster sampling. For the collection of data, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation questionnaire (CERQ), Young’s Diagnostic questionnaire (YDQ), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Then, the collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results: Negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies could explain internet addiction symptoms. Self-blame, other-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and anxiety could explain internet addiction symptoms directly. The indirect effect of self-blame and rumination on internet addiction mediated by anxiety was positive and significant; however, the indirect effect of other-blame and catastrophizing on internet addiction mediated by anxiety was not significant. Conclusions: The findings have practical implications for clinical psychologists and can be used for diagnosis and therapy of internet addiction disorder.
Validating the Mark-HadGEM2-ES and Mark-MIROC5 Climate Models to Simulate Rainfall in the Last Agricultural Frontier of the Brazilian North and North-East Savannah
Authors: Santos João Francisco Severo , Leite Danuza Costa , Severo Fernanda Alves Silva , Naval Liliana Pena
Published: July 2020

The MarkSim climate data generator is designed to have global validity in scales of up to five degrees. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the MarkSim-HadGEM2-ES and MarkSim-MIROC5 models to estimate average rainfall in the last agricultural frontier of the savannah in the north and north-east regions of Brazil. For this purpose, the simulated data were compared with those observed and recorded by the National Institute of Meteorology, being evaluated by statistical measures of correlation, bias and performance. The results revealed high bias and relative error, with unsatisfactory performance in the micro regional and regional scales. Calibration by means of regression improved performance and showed that in order to reproduce the current climate and make reliable projections in these spatial scales possible, there is a need to correct the systemic errors of these models.
Agricultural Financing and Economic Performance in Nigeria
Authors: Adeshina Kelani Fatai , Tomiwa Olunlade Yetunde , Eniola Olubanwo Mosunmola
Published: July 2020

The Agricultural sector which used to be the mainstay of the Nigerian economy in the 1950s, 60s and early 70s is now conceived as a risky and unprofitable venture by financial institutions and government. This is because the financial institutions prefer to give funds to other sectors where payback period is short and return rate is high and also because the agricultural sector is inadequately funded by the government due to low budgetary allocation to the Agricultural sector over the years. The study examined the impact of Agricultural Financing on Economic Performance in Nigeria within the sampled period of 1978-2017. The study specifically attempted to assess the impact of Agricultural Financing on Economic Performance in Nigeria. The study which utilizes data through secondary sources from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin were analyzed using the Unit root test, Bound Cointegration test and error correction modelling to empirically estimate the coefficient of parameter estimates. The statistical decision of the analysis is based on 5% (0.005) level of significance. From the result, it was deduced that in the long-run, Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) is the most influential agricultural financing variable (as compared to government expenditure on agriculture and commercial bank credit to agriculture) that contributed to economic performance, as it revealed that (ACGSF) had strong positive impact on the growth rate of the Nigerian economy. The study concluded and strongly maintained that Agricultural Financing contributed poorly to the economic performance of Nigeria within the sampled period basically because of inadequate funding.
Optimising Post-Colonial Bilingual Education in Cameroon’s Primary and Secondary Schools: A Critic on School Practice
Authors: Loveline Yaro
Published: July 2020

The post-colonial period was a turning point in Cameroon’s educational system. Since Independence and Reunification in 1960-61, the various governments of the Federal Republic of Cameroon, the United Republic of Cameroon and the Republic of Cameroon have been committed to the development of Education. Significant resources have been invested in this course geared towards improved education quality in both sub-sectors of Primary and Secondary Education. The Ministries of Primary and Secondary Education continue to be amongst the top ministries to receive the highest allocation from the state budget with 19.7% in 2010 and 16.3% in 2011 (Cameroon, 2015). However, there still exist challenges to quality education in Cameroon that the government has continued to address through, formation of commission, committees, and taskforces that have influenced curriculum policy formulation and implementation. In this respect, the formulation of education policy of bilingualism to use in the teaching and learning in Cameroon schools has been one of the main concerns of education in Cameroon. There is therefore need to asses and monitor progress of how this has guided teaching and learning in schools. How this policy has evolved overtime and especially how it is serving the purpose for which it was formulated. Using the Historical approach this study provides an opportunity to critically examine the efforts made in Cameroon in implementing the policy of bilingualism formulated for teaching in primary and secondary schools after independence and reunification. It sheds light in the meaning of bilingualism in the context of school application and broadens discussions on challenges faced by stakeholders in the implementation process. Furthermore, as the country, looks towards the achievement of the millennium development goals and education for sustainable development, the study provides recommendations to optimize bilingualism in Schools in Cameroon.
COVID-19 in Libya: Immunity and Protective Measures?
Authors: Alhagamhmad Moftah Hussin , Abdulkader Ahmad , Megil Saleh
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic illness and so far, there are almost 8860331 confirmed infected cases worldwide concentrating mainly in Americas and Europe, whereas data are less prominent in African countries. In Libya, the preliminary reports revealed there are small numbers of COVID-19 confirmed cases, which subsequently showed only a steady rise with no yet a clear explanation. In way we might find a reason behind Libya having a relatively small number of COVID-19 cases, the literature therefore was searched for all relevant journal articles and published reports that dealt with COVID-19 outbreaks. According to the latest released data, the incidence rate of COVID-19 in Libya remained relatively low as compared to the other countries, where only 571 out of almost nine millions total confirmed cases across the globe were documented in Libya. Further, there is a strong claim that Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a part of national immunization program of many countries including Libya, might offer at least a partial protection against COVID-19. Cross-protective immunity triggered by other related viral infections is an additional immunological theory might explain the current low trend of COVID-19 epidemic in Libya.
Panchagavya: A Multidimensional Review Article through the Lens of an Agriculture Scholar
Authors: Borgohain Lekhika , Borgohain Hemi , Konwar Binita , Dutta Arindam Kumar , Panging Umesh
Published: July 2020

Traditional agriculture has been generally considered everywhere as a joint effort of man and cattle. In recent past, a great deal of importance has been given to individual animal product and formulation. Among the liquid formulations, the most widely used is Panchagavya. This traditional organic input has been mentioned in Ayurveda, prepared by using five components derived from cow viz. milk, curd, ghee, urine, dung and all these five products are individually called 'Gavya' and collectively termed as 'Panchagavya' [1]. Besides these five components, enriched panchagavya also contains some additional components like coconut water, sugarcane juice or jaggery, banana and toddy. Coconut water is a cheaper substitute for kinetin which helps in increasing the chlorophyll content of rice. It plays a crucial role in each and every component of crop management like integrated nutrient management [2], integrated pest management disease management. Panchagavya also has a great impact on human and animal health. It holds an important place in Ayurvedic medicine due to its disease curing properties. Ancient Indian scriptures such as Bhel Sanhita, Kashyap Sanhita, Charak Sanhita, Sushrut Sanhita hail about the glory of the mixture of cow’s five essences- the panchagavya. It is believed that consumption of panchagavya results in removal of physical as well as mental disorders and acts as an enhancer of physical strength and life span.
Effect of Ginger and Cinnamon on the Proximate Composition and Sensory Properties of Corn Ogi
Authors: Emelike N. J. T. , Ujong A. E. , Achinewhu S. C.
Published: July 2020

Objective: Ogi is a fermented cereal gruel produced from maize, sorghum or millet. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of ginger and cinnamon on the proximate composition and sensory properties of corn ogi.

Methodology: Ogi slurry was prepared from corn and fortified with 5% ginger, 5% cinnamon, 5% ginger: 5% cinnamon and 2.5% ginger: 2.5% cinnamon spices and 100% corn ogi as control. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition and sensory properties using standard methods.

Results: The results obtained from this study indicated that there was an increase in the moisture, ash, protein and fat contents of corn ogi spiced with ginger and cinnamon and a decrease in carbohydrate content. These increases were observed to be significant (p<0.05) with corn ogi samples spiced with ginger than for cinnamon except for crude fiber which was higher in ogi spiced with cinnamon. Moisture content of the ogi samples ranged from 8.53-9.79%, crude protein 5.13-6.37%, ash 0.19-0.30%, crude fiber 0.29-0.81%, carbohydrate 78.93-81.64% and energy contents 387.77-391.98 kcal. The inclusion of cinnamon and ginger had no significant (p<0.05) effect on the sensory properties of the unsweetened spiced ogi samples. Mean scores obtained for unsweetened ogi samples were low. Upon sweetening with sugar, these scores were increased for all sensory attributes. Sensory evaluation of sweetened ogi samples showed that the control sample was more preferred for all sensory attributes and this was followed closely by sample ogi spiced with 5% ginger.

Conclusion: This study recommends the use of ginger at 5% for the fortification of corn ogi which will result in ogi with sensory properties similar to 100% corn ogi. It also showed the potential of fortifying corn ogi with ginger and cinnamon, either singly or as a blend, to enhance the nutritional quality of corn ogi.
Determinants of Anemia, Diabetes and Hypertension among Urinary Tract Infected Pregnant Women Attending in a Selected Hospital, Kathmandu
Authors: Thakur Shikha , Nagpal Komal Lata
Published: July 2020

Aims: Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in all age groups, more common in women due to short urethra and its close proximity to anus and vagina. UTI is defined as “microscopic finding of >10 pus cells/high power field (40x) in urine”. The purpose of the study is to find the risk factor associated with pregnancy and the different non-communicable diseases (Anemia, Diabetes and hypertension) of UTI.

Study Design: A cross-sectional comparative study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out under the supervision of OPJS University and field study was carried out in Kathmandu, Nepal from March 2019 to October 2019.

Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was done among UTI pregnant 510 women aged 18 years to 45 years. A convenient sampling technique was used. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the data. Descriptive statistics along with unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) and a P < 0.05 was considered significant for data analysis.

Results: Anemia, diabetes and hypertension among UTI infected pregnant women was 62.7, 32.9 and 30.2 respectively. There were significant associations between educational status, ethnicity, age and occupation of UTI infected pregnant women with anemia, diabetes and hypertension. Similarly, there was a significant association between gestational period, gestational age at the beginning of prenatal care, the gender of the infant, history of delivery and Anemia, diabetes and hypertension.

Conclusions: Based on the findings the study concluded that, anemia, diabetes and hypertension remain a prevalent problem of UTI infected pregnant women.
Rabies in Eswatini: What are the Issues and Challenges?
Authors: Dlamini B. N. , Mdluli S. , Mudyanavana C. , Chikuni N. E. , Masarirambi M. T.
Published: July 2020

National efforts to control canine rabies have encountered some challenges, hence the disease is becoming endemic in Eswatini. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which resources and other relevant constraints may have an impact on implementing the national rabies programms in the country. In this study retrospective data going as far back as 1999 to 2018 was used to highlight the rabies situation in the country. The available insight into the existing and previous control measures may become useful guidelines for designing and implementing future control strategies.

The major challenges identified were issues of vaccine and vaccination, government fiscal challenges, High birth rate of stray dogs were responsible for the rabies virus circulation in the domestic environment, provision of diagnostic facilities for testing of vaccine efficacy, vaccine quality, healthy dog carriers, check for vaccination antibody titres.

Observations from this study were that the continuing efforts of the competent authority to spearhead the rabies control programms were acceptable and commendable considering the challenges encountered. A few recommendations are outlined for possible consideration as a contribution towards the rabies disease elimination.
Material Selection for Subsea Pipeline Construction under Uncertainties for Niger Delta Region
Authors: Udosoh N. E. , Idiapho Clement , Awwal Sani
Published: July 2020

This research work on material selection for subsea pipeline construction was carried out to analyze and recommend suitable material option that satisfies DNV-OS-F101 standard for subsea pipeline constructions which will not succumb to extreme conditions and performs well in unpredictable conditions in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Crude oil is mainly transported through pipelines, structural failure of the pipelines will severely affect oil production processes and will cause huge economic loss. Data on oil pipeline failures in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria were gathered and the major causes were; corrosion, operational error, third party activities and mechanical failures which were associated with the construction materials and structures of the pipelines. Hence, material selection for subsea pipelines is of vital importance. This paper makes use of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Theory to make fuzzy evaluation of different material options for pipeline construction. Statistical data and experts’ knowledge were integrated in addressing data limitation. This paper utilizes related weights and normalized scores based on experts’ judgements and with the aid of value engineering (VE) method, material criteria based on DNV-OS-F101 standard and TOPSIS Theory to achieve the best material option. The analysis has demonstrated that the estimation of TOPSIS is reliable. The outcome obtained can be used to assist the decision maker in the selection of the best material option suitable for the construction of subsea pipeline in Niger Delta region.
Effect of Backgrinding Tape Lamination on Die Alignment
Authors: Bacquian Bryan Christian , Gomez Frederick Ray
Published: July 2020

The continuing growth and development on semiconductor package miniaturization have become a particular interest and focus semiconductor industry. The importance of thinner packages also demands a thinner vertical structure of the integrated circuit (IC) design with silicon die or the wafer playing essential role in package thinning. As the wafer goes thinner, problems may occur in the wafer preparation or pre-assembly. With the introduction of new wafer preparation technologies such as dicing before grinding and laser die attach film (DAF) cut, technical challenges were inevitable. The paper focused on the effect of backgrinding tape lamination on die alignment. Tensionless lamination helped eliminate the horizontal pressure applied into the tape thus mitigating the die mis-alignment problem.  For future works, the configuration could be applied on wafers with similar technology and/or application.
Neurohistological Study of the Interactive Influence of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Sida acuta and Rauvolfia vomitoria on the Hippocampus of Albino Rats
Authors: Okon Kingsley A. , Bassey Enobong I. , Edet Iboro E. , Samuel Grace U.
Published: July 2020

Aim: To provide information on the interactive influence of Sida acuta and Rauvolfia vomitoria on the hippocampus of albino rats using neurohistological parameter.

Methods: Thirty-five (35) female adult albino rats were used for the experiment. They were randomly divided into seven groups of five animals in each group. Group 1: The control group was given feed and water ad libitum for 28 days. Groups 2-7 served as the experimental groups. Group 2: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days. Group 3: Received 212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract for 14 days. Group 4: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta and 212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract for 14 days. Group 5: Received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then              212.5 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days. Group 6: Received             400 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then 425 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days. Group 7: Received 600 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta leaf extract for 14 days, then 850 mg/kg body weight of Rauvolfia vomitoria for the remaining 14 days.

Results: Sida acuta at the tested dose of 200 mg/kg body weight induced degeneration of pyramidal cells when compared to the control, Rauvolfia vomitoria at the tested dose of 212.5 kg/mg body weight exhibited neuroprotective effect, co-administration of both Sida acuta at 200 mg/kg body weight and Rauvolfia vomitoria at 212.5 mg/kg body weight and administration of Rauvolfia vomitoria after Sida acuta at increasing doses significantly reverse these changes to near normal when compared to the group that received 200 mg/kg body weight of Sida acuta for 14 days.

Conclusion: Rauvolfia vomitoria had the potential of ameliorating the neurodegenerative effect caused by the Sida acuta leaf extract on the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus albino rats.
Investigating the effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on job burnout syndrome and the severity of depression; the role of oxidative stress
Authors: Bagheri Hosseinabadi Majid , Khanjani Narges , Ebrahimi Mohammad Hossein , Mousavi Seyed Habib , Nazarkhani Fereshteh
Published: July 2020

Objectives

This study was designed to investigate the possible effect of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on occupational burnout syndrome and the severity of depression experienced among thermal power plant workers and the role of oxidative stress.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 115 power plant workers and 124 administrative personnel of a hospital were enrolled as exposed and unexposed groups, respectively, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), and total antioxidant capacity were measured in serum samples. Exposure to electric and magnetic fields was measured using the IEEE Std C95.3.1 standard at each workstation. The burnout syndrome and the severity of depression were assessed using the Maslach Burnout and Beck Depression Inventory.

Results

The levels of MDA and SOD were significantly lower in the exposed group than the unexposed group. The exposed group reported a higher prevalence of burnout syndrome and higher depression severity. Multiple linear regression showed that work experience, MDA level, and levels of exposure to magnetic fields are the most important predictor variables for burnout syndrome and severity of depression. In addition, a decrease in the level of Cat was significantly associated with increased burnout syndrome.

Conclusion

The thermal power plant workers exposed to ELF-EMFs are at risk of burnout syndrome and depression. These effects may be caused directly by exposure to magnetic fields or indirectly due to increased oxidative stress indices.
Validation of self-reported medication use for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia among employees of large-sized companies in Japan
Authors: Fukai Kota , Nagata Tomohisa , Mori Koji , Ohtani Makoto , Fujimoto Kenji , Nagata Masako , Fujino Yoshihisa
Published: July 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported medication use for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia by comparison with health insurance claims among employees of large-sized companies in Japan.

Methods

Participants were 61 676 participants of 13 large-sized companies in Japan. Self-reports on medication use were obtained through web- or paper-based questionnaires conducted at the annual health checkup in fiscal year 2016. Health insurance claims for medication were obtained from corporate health insurance associations from April 1, 2016, to March 31, 2017. Agreement rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and kappa statistics of self-reporting were examined for different reference periods (1-, 2-, and 3- months, and 1-year). Subgroup analysis was conducted stratified by sex, age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Results

Agreement, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 0.98, 0.90, 0.98, 0.87, and 0.99 for hypertension, 0.99, 0.89, 1.00, 0.89, and 1.00 for diabetes, and 0.98, 0.86, 0.99, 0.83, and 0.99 for dyslipidemia, respectively, between self-reports and claims data for 3 months. Kappa statistics were highest with the 3-month reference period of claims data for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. No major concordance was observed between the subgroups.

Conclusion

This validation of self-reported medication use for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia showed almost perfect reliability among employees of large-sized companies in Japan.
Long-term observation of pulmonary toxicity of toner with external additives following a single intratracheal instillation in rats
Authors: Tomonaga Taisuke , Izumi Hiroto , Yoshiura Yukiko , Marui Takashi , Wang Ke-Yong , Nishida Chinatsu , Yatera Kazuhiro , Morimoto Yasuo
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Along with technological innovations for improving the efficiency of printing, nanoparticles have been added to the surface of toners, and there is concern about the harmful effects of those components. We investigated, through a long-term observation following intratracheal instillation using rats, whether exposure to a toner with external additives can cause tumorigenesis.

Methods

Female Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with dispersed toner at low (1 mg/rat) and high (2 mg/rat) doses, and the rats were sacrificed at 24 months after exposure, after which we examined pulmonary inflammation, histopathological changes, and DNA damage in the lung. Rats that had deceased before 24 months were dissected at that time as well, to compare tumor development.

Results

Although alveolar macrophages with pigment deposition in the alveoli were observed in the 1 and 2 mg exposure groups, no significant lung inflammation/fibrosis or tumor was observed. Since immunostaining with 8-OHdG or γ-H2AX did not show a remarkable positive reaction, it is thought that toner did not cause severe DNA damage to lung tissue.

Conclusion

These results suggest that toner with external additives may have low toxicity in the lung.
Accurate method for evaluating the duration of the entire radiotherapy process
Authors: Guo Chenlei , Huang Peng , Li Yexiong , Dai Jianrong
Published: July 2020

Background and purpose

Along with the increasing demand for high‐quality radiotherapy and the growing number of high‐precision radiotherapy devices, precise radiotherapy workflow management and accurate time evaluation of the entire radiotherapy process are crucial to providing appropriate, timely treatment for cancer patients. This study therefore aimed to establish an accurate, reliable method for evaluating the duration of the radiotherapy process, from beginning to end, based on real‐time measurement data. These data are vital for improving the quality and efficiency of radiotherapy delivery.

Materials and methods

Altogether, 17 620 cancer patients’ radiotherapy experiences were measured in real time in our radiation oncology department. The process was divided into five sequential core modules, with the start and stop times of each module automatically recorded using MOSAIQ software, an automated radiotherapy management system. The duration for each module and the total duration of the entire process were then automatically calculated and qualitatively analyzed.

Results

The analysis showed significant treatment–time differences depending on the tumor site, which provided a practical reference for improvement of previous treatment modules and appointments management. In all, >60% of the cancer patients’ total treatment time could be shortened.

Conclusions

We established a reliable method for evaluating the overall duration of radiotherapy protocols. The results pointed out a clear pathway by which we could improve future radiotherapy workflow management and appointment systems.
Direct measurement and correction of both megavoltage and kilovoltage scattered x‐rays for orthogonal kilovoltage imaging subsystems with dual flat panel detectors
Authors: Iramina Hiraku , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Mizowaki Takashi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

To measure the scattered x‐rays of megavoltage (MV) and kilovoltage (kV) beams (MV scatter and kV scatter, respectively) on the orthogonal kV imaging subsystems of Vero4DRT.

Methods

Images containing MV‐ and kV‐scatter from another source only (i.e., MV‐ and kV‐scatter maps) were acquired for each investigated flat panel detector. The reference scatterer was a water‐equivalent cuboid phantom. The maps were acquired by changing one of the following parameters from the reference conditions while keeping the others fixed: field size: 10.0 × 10.0 cm2; dose rate: 400 MU/min; gantry and ring angles: 0°; kV collimator aperture size at isocenter: 10.0 × 10.0 cm2: tube voltage: 110 kV; and exposure: 0.8 mAs. The average pixel values of MV‐ and kV‐scatter (i.e., the MV‐ and kV‐scatter values) at the center of each map were calculated and normalized to the MV‐scatter value under the reference conditions (MV‐ and kV‐scatter value factor, respectively). In addition, an MV‐ and kV‐scatter correction experiment with intensity‐modulated beams was performed using a phantom with four gold markers (GMs). The ratios between the intensities of the GMs and those of their surroundings were calculated.

Results

The measurements showed a strong dependency of the MV‐scatter on the field size and dose rate. The maximum MV‐scatter value factors were 2.0 at a field size of 15.0 × 15.0 cm2 and 2.5 at a dose rate of 500 MU/min. The maximum kV‐scatter value was 0.48 with a fully open kV collimator aperture. In the phantom experiment, the intensity ratios of kV images with MV‐ and kV‐scatter were decreased from the reference ones. After correction of kV‐scatter only, MV‐scatter only, and both MV‐ and kV‐scatter, the intensity ratios gradually improved.

Conclusions

MV‐ and kV‐scatter could be corrected by subtracting the scatter maps from the projections, and the correction improved the intensity ratios of the GMs.
Evaluation of a commercial deformable image registration algorithm for dual‐energy CT processing
Authors: Huang Jessie Y. , Lawless Michael J. , Matrosic Charles K. , Di Maso Lianna D. , Miller Jessica R.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Several dual‐energy computed tomography (DECT) techniques require a deformable image registration to correct for motion between the acquisition of low and high energy data. However, current DECT software does not provide tools to assess registration accuracy or allow the user to export deformed images, presenting a unique challenge for image registration quality assurance (QA). This work presents a methodology to evaluate the accuracy of DECT deformable registration and to quantify the impact of registration errors on end‐product images.

Methods

The deformable algorithm implemented in Siemen Healthineers's Syngo was evaluated using a deformable abdomen phantom and a rigid phantom to mimic sliding motion in the thorax. Both phantoms were imaged using sequential 80 and 140 kVp scans with motion applied between the two scans. Since Syngo does not allow the export of the deformed images, this study focused on quantifying the accuracy of various end‐product, dual‐energy images resulting from processing of deformed images.

Results

The Syngo algorithm performed well for the abdomen phantom with a mean registration error of 0.4 mm for landmark analysis, Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) > 0.90 for five organs contoured, and mean iodine concentrations within 0.2 mg/mL of values measured on static images. For rigid sliding motion, the algorithm performed poorer and resulted in noticeable registration errors toward the superior and inferior scan extents and DSCs as low as 0.41 for iodine rods imaged in the phantom. Additionally, local iodine concentration errors in areas of misregistration exceeded 3 mg/mL.

Conclusions

This work represents the first methodology for DECT image registration QA using commercial software. Our data support the clinical use of the Syngo algorithm for abdominal sites with limited motion (i.e., pancreas and liver). However, dual‐energy images generated with this algorithm should be used with caution for quantitative measurements in areas with sliding motion.
Influence of Pore Characteristics on Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Laser Powder Bed Fusion–Manufactured Metal by Micromechanical Modeling
Authors: R. G. Prasad Mahesh , Biswas Abhishek , Geenen Karina , Amin Waseem , Gao Siwen , Lian Junhe , Röttger Arne , Vajragupta Napat , Hartmaier Alexander
Published: July 2020

In recent times, additive manufacturing (AM) has proven to be an indispensable technique for processing complex 3D parts because of the versatility and ease of fabrication it offers. However, the generated microstructures show a high degree of complexity due to the complex solidification process of the melt pool. In this study, micromechanical modeling is applied to gain deeper insight into the influence of defects on plasticity and damage of 316L stainless steel specimens produced by a laser powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) process. With the statistical data obtained from microstructure characterization, the complex AM microstructures are modeled by a synthetic microstructure generation tool. A damage model in combination with an element deletion technique is implemented into a nonlocal crystal plasticity model to describe anisotropic mechanical behavior, including damage evolution. The element deletion technique is applied to effectively model the growth and coalescence of microstructural pores as described by a damage parameter. Numerical simulations show that the shape of the pores not only affects the yielding and hardening behavior but also influences the porosity evolution itself.
De Novo Design of Covalent Organic Framework Membranes toward Ultrafast Anion Transport
Authors: He Xueyi , Yang Yi , Wu Hong , He Guangwei , Xu Zhongxing , Kong Yan , Cao Li , Shi Benbing , Zhang Zhenjie , Tongsh Chasen , Jiao Kui , Zhu Kongying , Jiang Zhongyi
Published: July 2020

The emergence of all‐organic frameworks is of fundamental significance, and designing such structures for anion conduction holds great promise in energy conversion and storage applications. Herein, inspired by the efficient anion transport within organisms, a de novo design of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) toward ultrafast anion transport is demonstrated. A phase‐transfer polymerization process is developed to acquire dense and ordered alignment of quaternary ammonium‐functionalized side chains along the channels within the frameworks. The resultant self‐standing COFs membranes exhibit one of the highest hydroxide conductivities (212 mS cm−1 at 80 °C) among the reported anion exchange membranes. Meanwhile, it is found that shorter, more hydrophilic side chains are favorable for anion conduction. The present work highlights the prospects of all‐organic framework materials as the platform building blocks in designing ion exchange membranes and ion sieving membranes.
Short‐season soybean yield and protein unresponsive to starter nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Brar Navneet , Lawley Yvonne
Published: July 2020

The Canadian Prairies have become the new northern edge for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in North America. In this short growing season production area, it has been speculated that application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at planting could increase soybean growth, yield, and grain protein. To test this hypothesis, field experiments were conducted to determine if starter N fertilizer rates of 0, 17, 34, 50, 67, and 84 kg N ha−1 applied as broadcast and incorporated urea before planting would have an effect on biomass, yield, grain protein and oil, and biological N fixation (BNF) for a Maturity Group 00 soybean cultivar grown in Manitoba, Canada. There was no yield response to starter N fertilizer in 2 of the 3 yr of the study. There were no differences in biomass, grain protein, or oil content in response to starter N fertilizer. Nitrogen uptake at the full bloom stage (R2) increased at the highest N rate tested. Percent BNF as measured by relative ureide N (RUN) content in the N fertilized treatments was reduced in 2 of 3 yr relative to the control. The contributions of BNF, soil N, and fertilizer N to total crop uptake was influenced by growing conditions during the study period. The results of this study do not support the recommendation that starter N fertilizer be used as a way to increase soybean yield and grain protein in the short season soybean production areas of the Canadian Prairies.
Potassium transformation in clay soil with contrasting K budgets in long‐term experiment
Authors: Damar Hada , Ziadi Noura , Lafond Jean , Parent Léon‐Etienne
Published: July 2020

Canadian Shield clay soils are high in potassium (K) reserves. The differential contribution of soil K fractions to crop nutrition is an important issue for ley farming systems of Eastern Canada where nitrogen (N)‐based manure application rate leads to K surplus and redistribution. Our objective was to assess the long‐term change in K offtake, K budget, and K forms under a 3‐yr‐cycle ley farming system (barley [Hordeum vulgare]–mixed forage–mixed forage) initiated in 1989 and ended in 2016. The liquid dairy manure (LDM) supplied higher amounts of K than mineral fertilization (MIN) and led to larger K offtake across crop cycles. The cumulative K budgets averaged −579 kg K ha−1 cycle−1 for MIN and +69 kg K ha−1 cycle−1 for LDM. Despite cyclic variations, topsoil showed a surplus of exchangeable K (>100 kg K ha−1) at the end of experimentation under MIN and LDM compared to the initial state in 1989. Exchangeable and non‐exchangeable K fractions increased between 2001 and 2016 in 0‐ to 30‐cm depth even under K deficit (MIN), due to K release from slowly available forms and recycling from lower layers. There were no significant relationships between K budget and exchangeable K down to 90 cm. The approach relating soil exchangeable K and K budgets to support buildup and maintenance of soil fertility proved to be inappropriate in clay soils high in illite‐like minerals. Potassium dynamics in clay soils under ley farming highlighted the importance of considering non‐exchangeable and subsoil K in K fertilization recommendations.
A weather‐adaptive topdressing method to enhance rice yield in southwestern Japan
Authors: Nakano Hiroshi , Tanaka Ryo , Guan Senlin , Okami Midori , Wada Hiroshi , Hakata Makoto , Ohdan Hideki
Published: July 2020

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants grown in southwestern Japan are subjected to large variations in air temperature and solar radiation during the rainy season which can affect their growth. Therefore, in this study, a novel nitrogen (N) application method for topdressing was proposed to increase grain yield under different weather conditions. Field experiments were conducted to determine the grain yield response to the soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) readings and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the early reproductive stage in 2018 and 2019. As the rainy season ended in early July in 2018 but continued until late July in 2019, the daily mean solar radiation during the vegetative and early reproductive stages was 26% lower in 2019 than in 2018. Grain yield was 10% lower in 2019 than in 2018, mainly due to the lower number of spikelets. During the early reproductive stage, the SPAD readings and NDVI were higher in 2019 than in 2018, suggesting that the biomass and N concentration in 2019 were lower and higher than those in 2018, respectively. Statistical modeling examination of grain yield response to growth‐related factors revealed that the N application rate during the reproductive stage and SPAD readings were significant predictors in 2018, whereas the N application rate and NDVI were significant predictors in 2019. Our findings suggest that SPAD readings and NDVI are key factors for determining N application rate during the reproductive stage under higher and lower solar radiation conditions during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively.