bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotions, self‐esteem, and paranoid episodes: An experience sampling study
Authors: Thewissen Viviane , Bentall Richard P. , Oorschot Margreet , à Campo Joost , van Lierop Thom , van Os Jim , Myin‐Germeys Inez
Published: June 2010

Objectives. The evidence to date for a causal role of emotions in the generation of paranoid symptoms is scarce, mainly because of a lack of studies investigating the longitudinal association between emotional processes and paranoia. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether momentary emotional experiences (anxiety, depression, anger/irritability) and self‐esteem predicted the onset and duration of a paranoid episode. We also studied whether levels of emotional experiences and self‐esteem were respectively higher and lower during a paranoid episode.

Design. A 1‐week, prospective momentary assessment study.

Methods. Data were collected using the experience sampling method, a structured self‐assessment diary technique. The sample consisted of 158 individuals who ranged across the paranoia continuum. Participants with a psychotic disorder were recruited from in‐patient and out‐patient mental health services. Participants without psychotic disorder were sampled from the general population.

Results. Specific aspects of emotional experience were implicated in the onset and persistence of paranoid episodes. Both an increase in anxiety and a decrease in self‐esteem predicted the onset of paranoid episodes. Cross‐sectionally, paranoid episodes were associated with high levels of all negative emotions and low level of self‐esteem. Initial intensity of paranoia and depression was associated with longer, and anger/irritability with shorter duration of paranoid episodes.

Conclusions. Paranoid delusionality is driven by negative emotions and reductions in self‐esteem, rather than serving an immediate defensive function against these emotions and low self‐esteem. Clinicians need to be aware of the central role of emotion‐related processes and especially self‐esteem in paranoid thinking.
An Argument for More, Not Less, Religion in Australian Politics
Authors: Maddox Marion
Published: June 2010

Liberals, and others, have conventionally maintained that religion-state separation is the best guarantee of religious freedom. Many have also argued that religion-state separation entails keeping religion out of politics. But trying to quarantine religion and politics from one another is often counter-productive, keeping important questions off-limits. A more inclusive approach would be to treat religion as a normal part of political debate, open, like everything else, to public discussion and contestation.
Review Article - Studying Religion
Authors: Burke Deirdre
Published: June 2010

BROWN, Scott G. 2008. A Guide to Writing Academic Essays in Religious Studies. London: Contin-uum. xii + 107 pp. £9.99. (pbk). ISBN: 978-0-8264-9888-5. CHRYSSIDES, G. D., and R. Geaves. 2007. The Study of Religion: An Introduction to Key Ideas and Methods. London: Continuum. x + 429 pp. £75.00 (hbk); £16.99 (pbk). ISBN: 0-8264-6448 (hbk); 978-0-8264-6449-1 (pbk). CORRYWRIGHT, D., and P. Morgan. 2006. Get Set for Religious Studies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 160 pp. £12.99. (pbk). ISBN: 978-07486-2-0326. COURVILLE, Mathieu E., ed. 2007. The Next Step in Studying Religion: A Graduate’s Guide. London: Continuum. ix + 238 pp. £19.99. (pbk). ISBN: 978-0-8264-9843-4. HERLING, Bradley L. 2007. A Beginner’s Guide to the Study of Religion. London: Continuum. xii + 135 pp. £7.99. (pbk). ISBN: 978-0-8264-9531-0. MCCUTCHEON, R. T. 2007. Studying Religion. London: Equinox. xiv + 206 pp. £65.00. (pbk). ISBN: 978-1-84552-012-9.
A. H. Almaas’s Diamond Approach
Authors: Gleig Ann
Published: June 2010

A debate over the integration of depth psychology and nondual, particularly Asian, spiritualities has recently engaged academic, therapeutic and spiritual communities. While some evaluations celebrate contemporary Western psychospiritual integrations as psychologically sophisticated forms of modern religiosity, other accounts reject them as psychological dilutions of traditional mysticism. Drawing on fieldwork and discourse analysis, this paper aims to further this discussion by providing a detailed treatment of the issues at stake through analysis of one such tradition, A. H. Almaas’s Diamond Approach. The Diamond Approach provides a useful study of contempo-rary American psychospirituality on two counts. First, it reconciles American concerns with individual development with Asian mystical goals of self-transcendence through an incorporation of Asian and Western religious and secular models of subjectivity. Second, it utilizes psycho-analytic theory—ranging from Freudian to intersubjectivist perspectives—to elaborate on pre-modern, particularly nondual Asian, mysticism.
Towards a Theology of Communication Rights
Authors: Lee Philip
Published: June 2010

A conspicuous absence in the field of communication and theology presents a challenge to theologians and communicators alike. It is the absence of a theology of communication rights, which this chapter seeks to address by identifying “pointers” drawing on the theory and practice of communication for development, the “capability approach,” and the right to communicate debate. It argues that, if globalization is to have moral validity, it must bring with it an enhanced sense of globalized humanity. As such, we must ask if we are willing to live in a world with disenfranchised people – the “new slaves” of society. If not, we are obliged by our faith and our common humanity to take responsibility for the world’s failings. Unless we work to understand the structures and inadequacies that enable marginalization and oppression to persist, and unless we take action to change them, we are complicit with injustice.
Faith and the Scientific Mind / Faith in the Scientific Mind
Authors: Jenkins Timothy
Published: June 2010

Consultation at St George’s House, Windsor Castle, 11-12 February 2008. “Social Values in a secular age: what sort of religion do they imply?” Modern sciences share a number of characteristics concerning the kind of knowledge they produce, the communities of scientists who produce such knowledge, and the relation of the motivation behind the research to the discoveries made. From the social scientific point of view, the interesting question is how the discoveries of science are recaptured by the categories of common sense, and put to work in moral descriptions of the world, mappings that are very selective regarding which characteristics of scientific practices they choose to notice. These “moral” employments of science fall under two broad heads. First, there are hybrids of various moral authorities—scientific and religious—that allow us to offer a description of the historical development of “non-standard” religious forms (Fundamentalisms, New Religious Movements, New Age…) in the last century. And second, there is a spectrum of literature, from Fantasy and Science Fiction to popular science, which plays on the same materials and issues, again in a strictly time- and context-bound fashion. This latter material (which includes, among others, Dawkins’ discussions of faith and science) may be said to represent an urban folklore, and is both diffuse and influential. The project of critical thinking is, then, less a matter of relating science and faith, and more a matter of comparing the relations of orthodox to popular faith with those of orthodox to popular science.
Narratives in Manx
Authors: Clague Marie Pauline
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this paper is to show linguistic strategies used in constructing a narrative task by the first children acquiring Manx Gaelic in a language immersion education programme. The children in the study were approaching the end of their third year of the immersion programme. It was expected that the children would use their first language (English) as a resource for their second language production in terms of lexical and semantic transference. It was also expected that the small number of children in the study who had other Manx speakers in their family would show some advantage in terms of language production over those who did not. The findings discussed in this paper show that in addition to using their first language as a resourcethe children were also able to use their knowledge of the target language productively. Any advantage in language production shown by children with Manx speaking family members was slight, and only became apparent when diversity in verbal noun usage was taken into account. The Manx of second language adult speakers, and that of the last native Manx speakers, which shows some interesting parallel usage with the children’s language is referred to as a point of comparison.
The Perceived Value of Minoan and Minoanizing Pottery in Egypt
Authors: Barrett Caitlín E.
Published: June 2010

This paper investigates the Egyptian valuation of imported Minoan and locally produced Minoanizing pottery: that is, why Egyptians found this pottery desirable, which Egyptians wanted it, and which were able to acquire it. In order to address these questions, this study first reviews the archaeological contexts of all Minoan and Minoanizing pottery in Egypt, and then compares this archaeological evidence to the textual and iconographic data on Egyptian attitudes towards Minoan goods. The results suggest that while ownership of this pottery may have carried some cultural cachet as a mark of cosmopolitan sensibilities, it was not restricted to the highest officials. Instead, the more widespread availability of Minoan and Minoanizing pottery may have enabled Egyptians from various socioeconomic backgrounds to participate in an internationalizing cultural milieu.
Nationalism, National Identity and Freemasonry
Authors: Baycroft Tim
Published: June 2010

This article explores recent scholarship on the nature of nationalism and national identity and how these theoretical approaches can be applied to research into fraternal organisations such as freemasonry.
Monarchy and Aristrocracy as International Factors in Freemasonry
Authors: Van de Sande Anton
Published: June 2010

This article treats the role of monarchy in nineteenth century freemasonry in Europe with a focus on Prince Frederick as Grand Master of the Dutch Grand Orient and his far less successful endeavours to add a masonic-monarchical glue to the fusion of the Northern and the Southern Netherlands into a new national configuration. The phenomenon of nineteenth century monarchy is treated initially, elaborating upon the inherent tension between liberal politics and restoration in the aftermath of the Vienna Congress. Some European monarchies chose to identify themselves with the ‘people’ rather than with privileges given by divine authority. Also freemasonry of the nineteenth century was trapped in the same bipolarity between cosmopolitan openness and national delimitation. The biography of Prince Frederick, raised at the Prussian court in Berlin and linked through intermarriage to its throne, illustrates the dilemma of nineteenth century monarchy, faced by the dynamic change of European political culture. His position of Grand Master of the Dutch Grand Orient placed him in the middle of controversies between fraternal and national aspirations. And even if monarchy intended to represent an international factor in freemasonry, the case of Prince Frederick illuminates the entire spectrum of difficulties.
Franc-maçonnerie et Identité Régionale
Authors: Saunier Eric
Published: June 2010

This article investigates the relationship between freemasonry and the formation of identity within the Normandy. Based upon research into the local and regional Masonic actors and networks, drawing from methods within social sciences and discursive analysis, it is argued that the tension between national sentiment and cosmopolitan openness is constantly negotiated. Although the history of the region, political and social patterns suggest strong factors for the formation of identities on regional or sub-regional level, often explored by actors such as provincial lodges, the encounter between freemasonry and regional sentiment within the Masonic network remains impossible. For certain lodges, such as the lodges in port towns like Le Havre, the maritime orientation is much stronger developed than in the agricultural hinterland, but even there lodges seemed to be unimpressed or impenetrable by attempts to mobilization of regional sentiment.
Editorial
Authors: Önnerfors Andreas
Published: June 2010

This is the preface for the first issue of the Journal for research into Freemasonry and Fraternalism. It places this journal in the line of its Enlightenment predecessors where freedom of thought and critical judgement represented fundamental values.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Tyssens Jeffrey
Published: June 2010

This thematic editorial introduces into the topic of this volume, freemasonry, fraternalism, nationalism and national identity.
The Conflicting Relationships of Sherpas to Nature
Authors: Obadia Lionel
Published: June 2010

Based upon recent observations of the Sherpas’ attitudes towards ‘development’ and tourism, this paper attempts to question the parallel transformations of the ecological settings and representations of this ethnic group living in Northern Nepal. The religion and ecology of the Sherpas features a mix of Buddhism, Shamanism, and Animism. While the ecological views of Buddhism (especially aimed at the respect of living animals) have a modest but ongoing impact, the Sherpa shamanistic-animistic beliefs are vital elements of village life and daily human–nature interactions. The environment is ‘stuffed’ with spirits and other transient forces that reside in the physical environment. One might conclude that the Sherpas should be ecologically benevolent, but ethnographic data suggest otherwise. The animistic manifestations in specific spaces are instructive of the fact that the Sherpas are key actors in the destruction of (spirited) forests because of rather than in spite of their religious beliefs. Yet they nevertheless adopt a language of conservation when speaking about their environment. This paper argues that the apparent contradictions between Sherpa beliefs and practices are owing both to their culture and to the result of development ideologies which parallel the opening of Nepal to a global economy. Sherpa conservation practices are ‘traditional’ as well as infused with Western ideas of sustainability, which the Sherpas have incorporated and reinterpreted.
Relational Epistemology, Immediacy, and Conservation
Authors: Bird-David Nurit , Naveh Danny
Published: June 2010

In this paper we ask whether and in what way Animism relates to conservation, with focus on one group, the Nayaka of South India. We argue that in order to pursue this question one must first recognize the immediate quality of Nayaka Animism as well as some important aspects in their relational epistemology (Bird-David 1999a, 2006). Our analysis shows that Nayaka are not committed to conserve their environment. Their concern lies mainly with keeping good relations with specific co-dwellers in the shared environment in ways and for reasons which we explore in the paper. This concern has indeed some conservationist effects, but as a byproduct. Our analysis also shows a valuable way-of-knowing, as much as the nowadays appreciated ‘indigenous knowledge’. These arguments are supported by Nayaka ethnography, and are further clarified by a preliminary heuristic comparison between the model which can be identified from the ethnography and the model which informs an ambitious international program for biodiversity conservation which is implemented in the Nilgiris of South India, where the Nayaka live.
Thinking Globally and Thinking Locally
Authors: O'Brien Kevin
Published: June 2010

Environmentalism is a movement concerned with both the entirety of planet Earth and the very particular local places and systems of which it is comprised. This article attempts to connect a set of academic perspectives with which to understand and reflect on such scalar issues, tracking differences between the diverse scales and levels of moral attention to environmental problems. The work of ecological researchers and theorists offers a vocabulary for this task, and the writings of environmental philosopher Bryan Norton provide tools for applying such a vocabulary to moral concerns. Another important contribution comes from the Catholic principle of subsidiarity, which stresses the continuing importance of individual persons and local systems in a vast and globalizing world. Drawing on these diverse sources, this article advocates a multiscalar perspective on environmental problems, seeking to acknowledge and discern the ways different issues must be understood and approached at different scales.
The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: Selections Annotated and Explained
Authors: Hughes J. Donald
Published: June 2010

The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: Selections Annotated and Explained (annotation by Russell McNeil; trans. George Long; Woodstock, VT: Skylight Paths, 2007), 288 pp., $16.99 (pbk), ISBN-10: 1-59473-236-1.
Taboo and Political Authority in Conservation Policy
Authors: Izidine Samira A , Siebert Stefan J , Van Wyk Abraham E , Zobolo Alphaeus M
Published: June 2010

In Mozambique, food shortages caused by years of civil war, an insatiable need for cheap sources of energy and a burgeoning human population have placed considerable pressure on the environment through unsustainable harvesting of natural resources. Many threatened forests lie within the development zone of Maputo. The Licuáti Forest Reserve [LFR] is one such area, originally established to ensure sustainable harvesting of valuable timber trees. The LFR is also of great cultural significance to the Ronga people, as it contains a sacred forest. In recent years, deforestation in and around the LFR has been taking place at 1.1% per annum because the enforcement of laws to counter illegal extraction has been weak, resulting in changes in forest structure and a decline in the diversity of large tree species. Urbanisation has resulted in the breakdown of cultural taboos and threatens not only the loss of plant resources in the LFR, but also the indigenous knowledge systems of the Ronga. The conservation status of the sacred area under threat was evaluated by use of a questionnaire, and the needs of the community determined to highlight important issues. This study revealed that traditional values and cultural rites of sacred groves could be incorporated into national sustainable development plans. This study also recognizes how local elites have particular interests in the conservation of sites that legitimize their status. Preservation of the cultural significance of sacred forests can therefore not stand apart from local politics, sustainable harvesting and conservation management.
Paradox, Place, and Pastoralism in the Works of Theocritus, Virgil, and Thoreau
Authors: Greenberg Joy
Published: June 2010

That humans have forever longed for return to paradise is axiomatic of pastoralism. While the Greek poet Theocritus is arguably the first to present Arcadia as a paradisal, pastoral place in his Idylls, by going beyond merely addressing the essential contradictions of life and attempting to resolve them in his Eclogues, Virgil advances the pastoral mode. Both works are imbued with a paradoxical sense of longing for the unattainable that has influenced much Western literature and art in the past two thousand years. Indeed, just as Virgil re-visions Theocritus, Henry David Thoreau emulates and then extends Virgil’s pastoral form in Walden. Pastoralism is seen, therefore, as an ever-adaptive perspective that continues to inform today’s artists, poets, and philosophers. By analyzing the mythopoetic aspects of pastoralism, Idylls, Eclogues, and Walden may be understood as mythologies of place that embody soul.
Visions of Christ in the Amazon
Authors: Madera Lisa Maria
Published: June 2010

In the Amazon, under the influence of ayahuasca, eco revolutionary Christian visions describe how Christ’s power takes root in the Amazonian ground. The article explores the “Gospel”—the story of Christ’s life and teachings—according to ayahuasca as told by the Quichua Aguarico Runa, a native people of the Ecuadorian upper Amazon and then traces local phrasings of the Gospel according to Santo Daime, a Christian sect indigenous to Brazil. As the Christian myth transforms, these radical botanical visions reinterpret South American history, bringing healing to continental and communal memory, and to the decimated and threatened land.
“We Come From Trees”
Authors: Zent Egleé L.
Published: June 2010

This paper explores the pervasive role of plants in the lives of the Jotï, a group of 900 people from the Venezuelan Guayana. In contrast with other Amazonian people for whom plants play relatively minor roles in spiritual spheres when compared to animals (e.g., the Ese Eje, Aguaruna or Yanomami), among the Jotï plants pervade their religious universe, assuming fundamental and polysemic dimensions. Plants constitute active agents in Jotï biological, cultural, and spiritual production and reproduction. Plants are prominent within all aspect of Jotï society making it difficult to establish strict separations between subsistence and ideological spheres. This question is explored here using a broad concept of Religion including four interrelated concerns: protology, anthropogony, ecogony and eschatology. Embedded in this text are three aspects: (1) the contemporaneity of phyto-myths in daily lives; (2) the centrality of plants in the fabrication of humanity; and, (3) the relationship of the phyto-world to what Amazonian scholars refer to as “the symbolic economy of alterity”.
Saying Grace
Authors: Wirzba Norman
Published: June 2010

This essay describes how the grace-saying act can be a vital source in the renewal of communities and the created world. I show how it has become difficult in modern times to appreciate this act’s practical and religious significance or perform it with much sincerity. I also argue that the loss of blessing and thanksgiving has a lot to do with the destruction of the world and its neighborhoods. I propose that as we learn to understand and then recover this practice, we will also participate in the healing of the world. Saying grace introduces us to a new understanding of ourselves as creatures placed in a world of gifts.
The Bible vs. Biodiversity
Authors: Nash James A.
Published: June 2010

This article challenges the view of many ecotheologians and environmentalist Christians that the Bible makes a clear and compelling case for ecological responsibility. It asserts that the lack of biblical concern for the protection of biological diversity is especially clear. The ecological reformation of Christianity will not, therefore, be realized in appeals to scriptural warrants. Instead, it must depend on two things: first, a re visioning in the light of the environmental sciences of the central affirmations of faith, namely, discerning the ecological potential in such doctrines as creation, incarnation, covenant, redemption, sacramental presence, sin; and second, expanded ethical explorations of the meaning of Christian love. A Christian ecological ethics embracing the idea that all species have intrinsic value will naturally flow from an extension of love to all of its horizons, in accord with Christian experiences of and testimonies to the unbounded love of God.
Biblical Authority to Advocate for Biodiversity
Authors: Robb Carol S.
Published: June 2010

With James Nash, I share the moral commitment to address the decline in biodiversity, the liberal Protestant commitment to comprehensive coherence in ethical method, a recognition of the culture-bounded quality of the Bible and its moral pluralism, and positively to lodge the Bible's authority in the relationship with it as a dialogue partner. The ways in which the Bible is authoritative are numerous, elusive, and diffuse, making Nash's position critiquing every appeal to scriptural authority as a justification in moral argument unwise, unworkable, and contradictory to the intrinsic qualities of religious texts and traditions. In this light, the cultivation of active readers who ask of the texts critical questions before or instead of assenting to the visions put forward in the texts is perhaps a responsibility of lay people, theologians and pastors for more accountable and effective participation in the public square. Nash's own article models such critical dialogue with biblical texts.
Loving Scripture and Nature
Authors: Northcott Michael
Published: June 2010

Against James Nash’s proposal that scripture has no regard for biodiversity or untamed nature I propose that on the contrary scripture contains a rich narrative of ecological respect and restoration. Nash fails to see this because he reads scripture along the lines of the now discredited form critical approach to the Bible. When scripture is read as canon it speaks clearly of human duties to care for otherkind, and to respect a cosmic covenant between Creator and all creatures.
The Ecology of Moral Authority
Authors: Childs, Jr James M.
Published: June 2010

In response to the article by James Nash, I argue that Nash’s concern for the protection of biodiversity provides the occasion for his critique of biblical usage in support of moral judgments. I then discuss Bible usage and ethical method by comparing Nash’s analysis with the social statement on the environment produced by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The comparison, rather than offering contrasts, serves to illustrate the wisdom of Nash’s understanding of how the Bible may be appropriately used in dialogue with reason and experience to guide moral judgments. Particularly noteworthy is a shared spirit of humility in making moral claims.
The Agrarian Perspective of the Bible
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2010

James Nash correctly states that the biblical writers are more interested in the health of agricultural land than in biological diversity. Yet, far from being opposed, those two concerns are integrally related in key biblical passages, as well as in our current crisis, when industrial agriculture itself may constitute the largest threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function. The Bible’s agrarian sensitivity reflects the fragile ecological zone that is the central highlands of Canaan, the core area of Israelite occupation. Multiple passages point to the need for cultural practices of restraint in both material consumption and manipulation of natural systems. Thus the Bible may be helpful in generating particularized visions of what is good for both natural systems and the human communities that depend upon them for their own existence.
Whither the Bible in Environmental Ethics and Moral Argument?
Authors: Faramelli Norm
Published: June 2010

In his article, James Nash found little value in Scripture in addressing environmental ethics, particularly with regard to biodiversity. For example, he showed that the ‘wilderness’ in Scripture did not refer to the flora and fauna. Nash’s challenge, however, was not limited to environmental ethics, since he questioned the use of the bible in making any moral arguments. In making his case, he considered several approaches to utilizing the bible for moral argumentation and found them all inadequate. Nash ‘s alternative view of biblical interpretation appealed to Natural Law informed by the natural sciences as well as the bible.

This commentator agrees with Nash’s work regarding the wilderness and biodiversity in general. More use of Scripture, however, would have been helpful. Nash’s call for an alternative would have been further strengthened with a full range of interdisciplinary activity not just engagement with the natural sciences. Also, Nash’s emphasis on the ‘Bible is inadequate’ would have been more helpful if expressed as the ‘Bible alone is inadequate’ for making moral arguments. Finally, a tribute is offered for Jim’s life and his many contributions to social and environmental ethics.
Evolutionary Advantages of Intense Spiritual Experience in Nature
Authors: Terhaar Terry Louise
Published: June 2010

Although records of intense spiritual experiences in nature exist throughout history, the phenomenon remains a little-investigated question. This article is the first in a series describing empirical findings on intense spiritual experiences in nature. Three data points were established including: 1) a cognitive analysis of forest attitude research interviews; 2) a cognitive analysis of nature authors who write about forests; and 3) a broad review of literature drawn primarily from research in neuroscience, psychology, medicine, consciousness studies, and philosophy. The findings suggest that intense spiritual experience in nature has two variations: mystical and traumatic experience. The positive (mystical) and negative (traumatic) variation share seven physiological and psychological characteristics, with each characteristic providing adaptive, evolutionary advantages. Although partial and preliminary, the data offers compelling evidence demonstrating the existence of certain basic properties of the role of nature in intense spiritual experience. The findings suggest that natural selection may favor intense spiritual experiences in nature.
The Political Theology of Modern Scottish Land Reform
Authors: Henneman Rutger , McIntosh Alastair
Published: June 2010

This paper gathers evidence that modern Scottish land reform was influenced by applied liberation theology from both grassroot community activists and institutional churches. Scotland’s land tenure was feudal to the late twentieth century. Plutocratic ownership impacted the economics and psychology of community wellbeing. The 1990s produced a land reform movement culminating in the new Scottish Parliament’s Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. These created a conditional ‘community right to buy’ and affirmed freedom of ‘right to roam’. Two percent of Scottish land is now in community ownership. Our research interviewed fifteen movers and shakers - both national theologians and local activists from the vanguard land trusts of Eigg, Assynt and Gigha. We conclude that spirituality and religion can be subtle drivers of community empowerment. By inspiring, informing and legitimising socio-political transformation, a ‘Remnant’ theology factored into Scottish legislation of international significance.
The Crazy Uncle in the Attic
Authors: Wallace Mark I.
Published: June 2010

This brief article is a response to Bron Taylor’s essay ‘Exploring Religion, Nature and Culture – Introducing the Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture’, in the Journal’s inaugural issue (2007: 5-24). Taylor’s essay is a lucid investigation of the meaning of the three terms central to the Journal – religion, nature, and culture – across the spectrum of their related and contested meanings. He successfully makes the case for the Journal as intellectual habitat for the developing field of religion and ecology without policing the boundaries that divide and separate the phenomenon of religion. He invites readers of and contributors to the Journal to utilize ‘the widest possible range of scholarly approaches to understanding the relationships among what we variously understand to be the natural and religious dimensions of human life and culture’ (Taylor 2007: 6).
Shamanism and the Origins of Spirituality and Ritual Healing
Authors: Winkleman Michael
Published: June 2010

The concept of the shaman has cross-cultural validity, reflecting common patterns of behavior associated with spiritual healing practices found in foraging societies worldwide. These empirical characteristics associated with these practices are examined from evolutionary perspectives and in terms of an evolutionary psychology that identifies their underlying biological bases. The physiological foundations of shamanism are revealed by examining the biological and evolutionary roots for community ritual and the physiological aspects of altered states of consciousness (ASC). Shamanic rituals expanded primate community bonding rituals involving emotional vocalizations and drumming as social signaling and communication processes. The ASC involve the ritual induction an integrative mode of consciousness that enhanced self-awareness and social identity formation in the concepts of souls and spirits and produced a variety of physical and psychological healing processes. Shamanic practices are part of human nature and involve a variety of evolved capacities that have assisted in human adaptation and survival.
Exploring the Meta Operation Mechanism of Metaphor below a Word
Authors: Chen Zili
Published: June 2010

Conceptual Metaphor Theory argues that metaphor is a matter of cognition in a cross-domain manner. This theory set in motion a new wave of research on metaphor theory which focuses on the behavior and function of metaphors in different environments. The current study proposes another approach to exploring a word’s Metaphor Making Potential. Specifically, the paper suggests that an ontology-based approach to metaphor evaluation is de facto more objective and operable than an intuitive-based approach in providing insights into a word’s metaphor-making potential.
Linguicism and Racism in Assessment Practices in Higher Education
Authors: Mahboob Ahmar , Szenes Eszter
Published: June 2010

This paper aims to demonstrate how linguicism, a kind of “linguistically argued racism” (Phillipson, 1992), concealed by existing requirements of writing assessment based solely on ‘standard’ academic varieties of English contributes to the language-based discrimination of international students at an Australian university. In order to achieve the purposes of this study, we will provide evidence from one context on how students’ performance on graded assignments (as marked by the course lecturers) correlates with their language proficiency (as measured independently by trained language experts). After looking at the quantitative data, we will present detailed linguistic analyses of students’ writing to show how texts written by students from a North American, British, and Australian (NABA) background differ from texts written by students from a South and South East Asian (SESEA) background. The findings from these analyses will be used to discuss the role of World Englishes and race in assessment practices in higher education.
Extra-Oral Fistula Caused by a Dental Implant
Authors: Fujioka Masaki , Oka Kiyoshi , Kitamura Riko , Yakabe Aya , Endoh Hidehiko
Published: June 2010

Dental implantation has become an important procedure for both dental treatment and head and neck reconstructive surgery. However, this useful technique sometimes results in peri-implantitis. We describe a rare complication of peri-implantitis in the maxilla which extended to the soft tissue and caused an extra-oral fistula above the alar region. The patient underwent the placement of dental implants in the maxilla 8 years earlier. Radiography showed osteolysis of the maxilla and implant exposure. After the implants were removed, the patient was fitted with a conventional fixed partial denture. Such unfavorable outcomes are caused by failed endodontic and apicoectomy procedures.
The Microtomographic Evaluation of Marginal Bone Resorption of Immediately Loaded Scalloped Design Implant With Various Microthread Configurations in Canine Mandible: Pilot Study
Authors: Park Young-Seok , Lee Seung-Pyo , Han Chong-Hyun , Kwon Joo Hyun , Jung Young-Chul
Published: June 2010

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of microthread geometry of scalloped design implant on marginal bone resorption. Four types of scalloped design titanium implant specimens were prepared. The type 1 implant had a machined scalloped collar, type 2 had a sandblasted and acid-etched scalloped collar, type 3 had horizontal microthreads, and type 4 had parabolic microthreads, which are parallel with the scalloped conical margin. Two implants of a type were randomly installed immediately after extraction in the mandible of a beagle dog. Definitive prostheses were delivered immediately after surgery. After 12 weeks of healing, the dog was sacrificed and microtomography was performed. Type 4 specimens showed a marginal bone loss pattern definitively analogous to the scalloped margin. In this preliminary study, microthread geometry affected the marginal bone resorption pattern of scalloped design implants. However, additional specimens and more controlled conditions should be applied in future studies to confirm these results.
Photoelastic Analysis of the Influence of Platform Switching on Stress Distribution in Implants
Authors: Pellizzer Eduardo Piza , Falcón-Antenucci Rosse Mary , de Carvalho Paulo Sérgio Perri , Santiago Joel Ferreira , de Moraes Sandra Lúcia Dantas , de Carvalho Bruno Machado
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution of platform switching implants using a photoelastic method. Three models were constructed of the photoelastic resin PL-2, with a single implant and a screw-retained implant-supported prosthesis. These models were Model A, platform 5.0 mm/abutment 4.1 mm; Model B, platform 4.1 mm/abutment 4.1 mm; and Model C, platform 5.00 mm/abutment 5.00 mm. Axial and oblique (45°) loads of 100 N were applied using a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 3000). Images were photographed with a digital camera and visualized with software (AdobePhotoshop) to facilitate the qualitative analysis. The highest stress concentrations were observed at the apical third of the 3 models. With the oblique load, the highest stress concentrations were located at the implant apex, opposite the load application. Stress concentrations decreased in the cervical region of Model A (platform switching), and Models A (platform switching) and C (conventional/wide-diameter) displayed similar stress magnitudes. Finally, Model B (conventional/regular diameter) displayed the highest stress concentrations of the models tested.
Comparison of Cellular Response to Anorganic Bone Matrix/Cell Binding Peptide and Allogenic Cranial Bone After Sinus Augmentation in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: El-Madany Ihab , Emam Hany , Sharawy Mohamed
Published: June 2010

This study compared cellular responses of maxillary sinuses after augmentation with anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix linked to the cell binding polypeptide P-15 (ABM/P-15) or PepGen P-15 and allogenic freeze-dried cranial bone slabs. Five adult Macaque fascicularis monkeys were used. On one side, the floor of the sinus was augmented with ABM/P-15, while the other side was augmented with 2 cranial bone slabs. Trephine bone biopsies were obtained 6, 12, and 24 weeks postgrafting. Animals were sacrificed 8 months after grafting. Soft X-ray microradiography was used to determine bone density. The volume fraction (Vv) of regenerated bone, the number of mesenchymal cells, and the numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)- and alkaline phosphatase–positive cells at different augmentation sites were measured and compared. Basal bone heights were calculated at surgery and compared with total heights of the augmented sinus floors 8 months postgrafting. Bone formation, number of mesenchymal cells, PCNA index, and alkaline phosphatase index were significantly higher for the ABM/P-15 side than for the allogenic bone–augmented side. Both sides ended with a significant increase in bone height. The PCNA index decreased significantly over time (P < .05), while the alkaline phosphatase index increased significantly (P < .05) over time on both sides. Both graft materials have led to significant augmentation of the floor of the maxillary sinus with new bone; however, new bone formation and maturation were faster on the ABM/P-15 sites.
Aspectos técnicos e econômicos da bananeira 'Prata-Anã' sob fertirrigação nos tabuleiros costeiros de Sergipe
Authors: Melo Alberto Soares de , Sobral Lafayette Franco , Fernandes Pedro Dantas , Brito Marcos Eric Barbosa , Viégas Pedro Roberto Almeida
Published: June 2010

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio e potássio via água de irrigação, sobre o tempo de colheita, componentes da produção: número de pencas, número de frutos pencas-1, número de frutos cacho-1 e massa do cacho planta-1, e lucratividade da bananeira Prata-Anã em tabuleiros costeiros do Estado de Sergipe. O experimento foi conduzido no campo, utilizando um arranjo fatorial 4x4 com quatro blocos casualizados, na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Foram testados dois fatores: nitrogênio (0; 350; 700 e 1050, em kg ha-1 de N, na forma de uréia) e potássio (0; 400; 800 e 1200, em kg ha-1 de K2O, na forma de cloreto de potássio). O primeiro ciclo da bananeira 'Prata-Anã' é prolongado em situações de deficiências de N e K. O maior rendimento do cacho (32,56t ha-1) é obtido com a aplicação de 1050kg ha-1 ano-1 de N e 1112kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O, cujas doses proporcionam uma lucratividade de 27,75 % e uma redução do custo de produção de 40,54%.
Methane Oxidation and Production Activity in Soils from Natural and Agricultural Ecosystems
Authors: Chan A.S.K. , Parkin T.B.
Published: June 2010

Methane (CH4) flux from soil to the atmosphere is the result of two microbial processes, methanogenesis and CH4oxidation. Land use may have a profound impact on the relative activities of these groups of organisms. In this study, the CH4production and consumption potentials of soils from agricultural and nonagricultural ecosystems were assessed in laboratory incubations. Methane production potentials of most soils were low and in the range of 0.02 to 0.35 nmol CH4g soil−1h−1; however, soils from two of the agricultural sites that experience periodic water saturation had CH4production potentials from 100 to 300 nmol CH4g soil−1h−1The high methanogenic potential suggests that CH4consumers may not be wholly dependent on atmospheric CH4for their survival and maintenance. The prairie soils exhibited the highest CH4oxidation under ambient atmospheric CH4concentrations, and CH4oxidation activity was markedly enhanced in incubations with an atmosphere enriched in CH4This stimulated CH4oxidation activity was generally greater in the agricultural soils as compared with the forest and prairie soils. Methane oxidation appeared to be related to soil nitrogen status. Under ambient atmospheric CH4concentrations, CH4oxidation was negatively related to soil mineral N NO−2+ NO−3+ NH+4concentration. However, a positive relationship between soil mineral N status and CH4oxidation activity was observed in incubations with atmospheres enriched in CH4This pattern suggests that the agricultural lands contain different populations of CH4oxidizers than the natural systems.
A Field Study of Virus Removal in Septic Tank Drainfields
Authors: Nicosia L.A. , Rose J.B. , Stark L. , Stewart M.T.
Published: June 2010

Two field studies were conducted at a research station in Tampa, Florida to assess the removal of bacteriophage PRD1 from wastewater in septic tank drainfields. Infiltration cells were seeded with PRD1 and bromide and the effects of effluent hydraulic loading rate and rainfall on virus removal were monitored. Septic tank effluent samples were collected after passage through 0.6 m of unsaturated fine sand and PRD1 was detected over an average of 67 d. Bacteriophage PRD1 breakthrough was detected at approximately the same time as bromide in all three cells except for the low‐load cell (Study 1), where bromide was never detected. Log10 removals of PRD1 were 1.43 and 1.91 for the high‐load cells (hydraulic loading rate = 0.063 m/d) and 2.21 for the low‐load cell (hydraulic loading rate = 0.032 m/d). Virus attenuation is attributed to dispersion, dilution, and inactivation. Significant increases in PRD1 elution with rainfall were observed in the first 10 d of the study. Approximately 125 mm of rainfall caused a 1.2 log10 increase of PRD1 detected at the 0.6‐m depth. Current Florida on‐site wastewater disposal standards, which specify a 0.6‐m distance from the drainfield to the water table, may not provide sufficient removal of viruses, particularly during the wet season.
Hydrologic Response and Radionuclide Transport Following Fire at Semiarid Sites
Authors: Johansen Mathew P. , Hakonson Thomas E. , Whicker F. Ward , Simanton J. Roger , Stone Jeffery J.
Published: June 2010

Infrequent, high‐impact events such as wildfires, droughts, biological shifts, floods, and mechanical disturbances can greatly change land surfaces, including vegetative cover and soil characteristics, which in turn can trigger high rates of hydrologic erosion and associated transport of sediments and sediment‐sorbed contaminants. Where persistent soil contamination exists, infrequent mobilization of contaminants may dominate in determining long‐term risks to human and ecological receptors. Among these infrequent events, fire stands out as having the capacity to cause large increases in sediment transport. This study measured runoff, sediment yield, and mobility of sediment‐sorbed contamination (137Cs) on burned and unburned plots at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, New Mexico (WIPP), and the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, Colorado (RFETS). Results showed that 137Cs transport from burned plots was up to 22 times greater than that from unburned plots at WIPP and 4 times greater at RFETS. Associated runoff was up to 12 times greater on burned plots at WIPP and sediment yields up to 6 times greater. Further, 137Cs concentrations in transported sediments were enriched compared with parent soils (expressed as enrichment ratio) by a factor of 2.3 at WIPP, and 1.3 at RFETS. However, enrichment ratios were not significantly different in sediments from burned and unburned plots. Our results provide new data on the effects of fire on the transport of sediment‐sorbed contaminants, and demonstrate that rare events such as fire can greatly increase contaminant mobility.
Fluorescence Analysis of a Standard Fulvic Acid and Tertiary Treated Wastewater
Authors: Westerhoff Paul , Chen Wen , Esparza Mario
Published: June 2010

Fluorescence measurements (emission scan, synchronous scan, and excitation–emission matrix [EEM] scan) were used to compare characteristics of two sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from distinctly different origins: (i) a standard fulvic acid from the Suwannee River (SRF sample) and (ii) an unfractionated DOC sample from a tertiary wastewater treatment plant (MWW sample). Two methods were demonstrated that quantitatively differentiated allochthonous DOC (e.g., SRF) from autochthonous DOC (e.g., MWW). The MWW sample exhibited fluorescence peaks undetected in the SRF sample, at shorter wavelength pairs (e.g., 220 nm:300 to 350 nm) than the dominant peaks in the SRF sample (e.g., 220 nm:450 nm). These peaks may be associated with base or neutral fractions, potentially enriched in organic nitrogen. Effects of DOC concentration and solution pH were discussed. A simple procedure was recommended (pH = 3; DOC = 1 mg/L; dilution with 0.01 M KCl) that minimizes the need to correct spectra for inner‐filter absorbance effects. A method, using synchronous fluorescence, to estimate the percentage of DOC from different sources when mixed together was also presented. Further work to understand the structural properties of DOC that fluoresce in wastewater samples, especially at shorter EEM wavelength pairs, will enable water managers to better understand the influence of wastewater on DOC in receiving waters (e.g., rivers, lakes).