bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Internal Amide‐Triggered Cycloaromatization of Maduropeptin‐Like Nine‐Membered Enediyne.
Authors: Norizuki Yutaro , Komano Kazuo , Sato Itaru , Hirama Masahiro
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Phytotoxic Metabolites from Pestalotiopsis sp. HC02, a Fungus Residing in Chondracris rosee Gut.
Authors: Zhang Ying Lao , Ge Hui Ming , Li Fang , Song Yong Chun , Tan Ren Xiang
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Neopeltolide Macrolactone Highlighted by Ether Transfer.
Authors: Kartika Rendy , Gruffi Thomas R. , Taylor Richard E.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoactivatable HNO‐Releasing Compounds Using the Retro‐Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Adachi Yusuke , Nakagawa Hidehiko , Matsuo Kazuya , Suzuki Takayoshi , Miyata Naoki
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Conversion‐Efficiency Organic Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with a Novel Indoline Dye.
Authors: Ito Seigo , Miura Hidetoshi , Uchida Satoshi , Takata Masakazu , Sumioka Koichi , Liska Paul , Comte Pascal , Pechy Peter , Graetzel Michael
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Route for Combustion Synthesis of Zirconia—Mullite/TiB2 Composites
Authors: Zaki Z. I. , Ewais E. M. M. , Rashad M. M.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Functionalized Supramolecular Metallacycles
Authors: Northrop Brian H. , Yang Hai‐Bo , Stang Peter J.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Ligation and Modification Strategies for Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Access to Robust C‐Sialoside Multimers.
Authors: Papin Caroline , Doisneau Gilles , Beau Jean‐Marie
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Approach for Solid State Brownian Rotators
Authors: Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallics: Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Davies Paul W.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Use of Bismuth(III) Triflate in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Gaspard‐Iloughmane Hafida , Le Roux Christophe
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Arsenic Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Carter Timothy G. , Vickaryous W. Jake , Cangelosi Virginia M. , Johnson Darren W.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of New Solid Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Glycerol
Authors: Barrault Joel , Jerome Francois
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Marine Natural Products with Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Mancini Ines , Guella Graziano , Defant Andrea
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Theory and Experiment to Discover Catalysts for Electrocyclizations
Authors: Tantillo Dean J.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Carbonyl Addition Through Transfer Hydrogenation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents.
Authors: Bower John F. , Kim In Su , Patman Ryan L. , Krische Michael J.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cyclizations of Polyketide Biosynthesis: Mining for a “Diels—Alderase”?
Authors: Kelly Wendy L.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Clinical Diagnosis of M. Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Doherty T. Mark
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expanding View of Aminoglycoside— Nucleic Acid Recognition
Authors: Willis Bert , Arya Dev P.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipid‐Based Dispersions for Drug Delivery
Authors: Esposito Elisabetta , Menegatti Enea , Cortesi Rita , Drechsler Markus
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Entwicklung einer Technologieplattform zur Untersuchung der chemischen Vergiftung von NH3‐SCR‐ und NO‐Oxidationskatalysatoren mit kombinatorischen und rationalen Mitteln
Authors: Kern P. , Klimczak M. , Lucas M. , Döring A. , Claus P.
Published: February 2009

Die selektive Reduktion von NOx durch Ammoniak wird im Bereich der schweren Nutzfahrzeuge als eine Schlüsseltechnologie für die zukünftige Einhaltung der Abgasnormen über den gesamten Lebenszeitraum eines Automobils angesehen. Wie aus der langjährigen Nutzung von SCR‐Technologie zur Abgasnachbehandlung in stationären Anwendungen bekannt ist, können dort genutzte SCR‐Katalysatoren durch Ablagerung anorganischer Gifte aus dem Abgasstrom an Aktivität verlieren; sie werden chemisch deaktiviert. Durch das Abgasnachbehandlungssystem eines Dieselkraftfahrzeugs werden eine Vielzahl potenzieller anorganischer Gifte in geringen Mengen durchgesetzt, so z. B. Verbrennungsprodukte von Motoröladditiven (Ca, Mg, B, Zn, P, Mo), Kraftstoffverunreinigungen u. a. aus Biokraftstoffen (K, Ca), Komponenten der Ansaugluft (z. B. Na, Cl) und Motorabrieb (z. B. Al, Cr, Cu). Es wird hier über die Entwicklung einer Laborplattform für die katalytische Untersuchung von NH3‐SCR‐ und Oxidations‐Katalysatoren berichtet, die zur Evaluierung der Wirkung potenzieller anorganischer Gifte auf unterschiedliche kommerzielle Katalysatortypen eingesetzt wurde. Die Technologie besteht einerseits aus einer neuen Hochdurchsatzmethodik für SCR‐Katalysatoren, die unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen die schnelle Diskriminierung von Katalysatorgiften erlaubt. Weiterhin besteht die Möglichkeit zur Vergiftung von monolithischen Segmenten industrieller Serienkatalysatoren durch das Überleiten von anorganischen Aerosolen und zur katalytischen Testung derartiger Katalysatortypen. Die direkte Möglichkeit zur Verifikation von Hochdurchsatzergebnissen in realitätsnahem Maßstab ist hiermit gegeben.
Perspektiven der Biothermodynamik IV. Hydratisierung von Proteinen
Authors: Keller J. U.
Published: February 2009

Die Anwendung von Begriffen und Methoden der Thermodynamik der Gleichgewichte und der Vorgänge auf Systeme und Prozesse der Biotechnologie hat zur Bildung eines neuen Fachgebiets geführt, der Technischen Biothermodynamik. Dieser Artikel ist der vierte einer Reihe, in der versucht wird, einen Überblick über die Grundlagen und Möglichkeiten, die dieses Gebiet dem Bioverfahrensingenieur eröffnen, zu geben und dies auch an einzelnen Beispielen zu demonstrieren. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird das Verhalten von Wasser in der Nähe von Proteinen diskutiert. Es werden thermodynamische Modelle für die Gleichgewichte von Wasser, das auf oder in einem Protein adsorbiert ist (Kavernenwasser) entwickelt und danach auf die zugeordneten Ad‐ und Desorptionsprozesse des Wassers zum oder vom Protein erweitert. Dabei beschränken wir uns hier auf verdünnte Proteinlösungen, nehmen also an, Wasser sei stets im Überschuss vorhanden. Die entgegengesetzte Situation, viele Proteine, die um einige Wassermoleküle konkurrieren (crowding), soll in einer Folgearbeit zur Aggregation von Proteinen diskutiert werden: Labor improbus omnia vincit. (Intensive und nicht nachlassende Arbeit überwindet alles.)
Die Einstellung von Simulated‐Moving‐Bed‐Anlagen mit Hilfe des Coherence‐Konzepts
Authors: Fütterer M.
Published: February 2009

Für die Trennung binärer Gemische wird zunehmend das Simulated Moving Bed (SMB)‐Verfahren verwendet. Für einen störungsfreien Betrieb müssen die Volumenströme sowie die Umschaltzeit exakt eingestellt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird mit Hilfe des Coherence‐Konzepts eine Methode aufgezeigt, mit der sich die Stellgrößen für einen dispersionsfreien SMB‐Prozess bestimmen lassen. Für Langmuir‐ und Anti‐Langmuir‐Isotherme können einfache explizite Gleichungen bei vollständiger Trennung angegeben werden. Das Grundprinzip dieser Methode lässt sich auch auf andere Isotherme sowie für die unvollständige Trennung übertragen.
Rückgewinnung von Chrom aus Edelstahlschlacken im elektrischen Lichtbogenofen
Authors: Adamczyk B. , Feldmann I. , Bessau M. , Brenneis R. , Kühn M. , Mudersbach D.
Published: February 2009

Für die vollständige Rückgewinnung des in Edelstahlschlacken enthaltenen Chroms wird eine reduzierende Schmelzbehandlung im Elektro‐Lichtbogenofen vorgeschlagen. Dabei wird das in der Schlacke enthaltene Cr2O3 zum Metall reduziert und in der schmelzflüssigen Phase separiert. Die Effektivität der Reduktion wird entscheidend durch die Fahrweise des Lichtbogenofens bestimmt. Mit optimalen Bedingungen lassen sich mehr als 90 % des enthaltenen Chroms als metallische Legierung zurückgewinnen
Fibre fractionation using air‐sparged hydrocyclone
Authors: Dabros Michal , Afacan Artin , Masliyah Jacob H.
Published: February 2009

Fractionation of mechanical wood pulp into two or more streams on the basis of fibre length has been investigated to recover valuable long fibres from virgin or recycled wood pulp. An air‐sparged hydrocyclone was used to fractionate the pulp at feed mass concentrations (consistencies) of 0.15% and 0.30%. The extent of fibre fractionation, as affected by feed flow rate, air flow rate, ratio of overflow to underflow rates, was studied. As well, the effects of pore size of the air sparger and cyclone length are presented. It was found that at low consistencies of the pulp feed, the overflow stream from the hydrocyclone had a significantly longer average fibre length than that of the feed pulp. The feed pulp consistency, feed flow rate, air flow rate and the ratio of overflow to underflow flow rates had a direct effect on the fractionation performance.
An application of Routh stability criterion to derive the necessary conditions for multiplicity of a CSTR
Authors: Chien Yu‐Shu , Chiu Wei‐Ming
Published: February 2009

It is well known that the Routh stability criterion (RSC) is a powerful method for analyzing control system stability. A new RSC finding that can aid the tangent analysis method (TAM) to determine the necessary conditions for multiplicity is presented. Adding RSC to TAM can find the bifurcation start point which cannot be obtained using TAM alone. To the author's knowledge, the above new RSC application has not been discussed in past literatures. Our results are helpful for chemical reactor design. We used two examples of the binary reaction in a non‐adiabatic CSTR to demonstrate the merit of our methods.
CFD simulation of gas–solid bubbling fluidized bed: A new method for adjusting drag law
Authors: Vejahati Farshid , Mahinpey Nader , Ellis Naoko , Nikoo Mehrdokht B.
Published: February 2009

In computational fluid dynamics modelling of gas–solid two phase flow, drag force is one of the dominant mechanisms for interphase momentum transfer. Despite the profusion of drag models, none of the available drag functions gives accurate results in their own original form. In this work the drag correlations of Syamlal and O'Brien (Syamlal and O'Brien, Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 1988; 14(4):473–481), Gidaspow (Gidaspow, Appl. Mech. Rev. 1986; 39:1–23), Wen and Yu (Wen and Yu, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Ser. 1966; 62(2):100–111), Arastoopour et al. (Arastoopour et al., Powder Technol. 1990; 62(2): 163–170), Gibilaro et al. (Gibilaro et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 1985; 40:1817–1823), Di Felice (Di Felice, Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 1994; 20(1):153–159), Zhang‐Reese (Zhang and Reese, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2003; 58(8):1641–1644) and Hill et al. (Hill et al., J. Fluid Mech. 2001; 448:243–278) are reviewed using a multi‐fluid model of FLUENT V6.3.26 (FLUENT, 2007. Fluent 6.3 User's Guide, 23.5 Eulerian Model, Fluent, Inc.) software with the resulting hydrodynamics parameters being compared with experimental data. The main contribution of this work is to propose an easy to implement and efficient method for adjustment of Di Felice drag law which is more efficient compared to the one proposed by Syamlal‐O'Brien. The new method adopted in this work showed a quantitative improvement compared to the adjusted drag model of Syamlal‐O'Brien. Prediction of bed expansion and pressure drop showed excellent agreement with results of experiments conducted in a Plexiglas fluidized bed. A mesh size sensitivity analysis with varied interval spacing showed that mesh interval spacing with 18 times the particle diameter and using higher order discretization methods produces acceptable results.
Periwinkle shell: Based granular activated carbon for treatment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in industrial wastewater
Authors: Badmus M. A. O. , Audu T. O. K.
Published: February 2009

The present investigation was undertaken to compare the adsorption efficiency of a low cost adsorbent, periwinkle shell—based granular activated carbon (PSC) with the adsorption efficiency of the commercial activated carbon (CAC) and a ratio 1:1 mixture of PSC and CAC (PSC/CAC) with respect to uptake of the organic components responsible for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of industrial wastewater. The influence of treatment time, adsorbent dose, pH of the media, agitation speed and adsorbent particle size on the rate of percent COD removal is evaluated. PSC has shown quite effective adsorbent capacity for COD removal with 77.5% efficiency. Though its capacity is slightly lower than that of CAC with 79% efficiency, however the low material cost makes it an attractive option for the treatment of COD. The equilibrium adsorption study can be described by the Linear, Langmuir and Freundlich models. The mechanisms of the rate of adsorption of COD were analysed using the Elovich equation and a pseudo‐second‐order model. The models provided a very high degree of correlation of the experimental adsorption rate data suggesting either model could be used in design applications.
Breast cancer survivors in the United States
Authors: De Angelis Roberta , Tavilla Andrea , Verdecchia Arduino , Scoppa Steve , Hachey Mark , Feuer Eric J. , Mariotto Angela B.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:

Breast cancer continues to place a significant burden on the healthcare system. Regional prevalence measures are instrumental in the development of cancer control policies. Very few population‐based cancer registries are able to provided local, long‐term incidence and follow‐up information that permits the direct calculation of prevalence. Model‐based prevalence estimates are an alternative when this information is lacking or incomplete. The current work represents a comprehensive collection of female breast cancer prevalence from 2005 to 2015 in the United States and the District of Columbia (DC).

METHODS:

Breast cancer prevalence estimates were derived from state‐specific cancer mortality and survival data using a statistical package called the Mortality‐Incidence Analysis Model or MIAMOD. Cancer survival models were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data and were adjusted to represent state‐specific survival. Comparisons with reported incidence for 39 states and DC had validated estimates.

RESULTS:

By the year 2010, 2.9 million breast cancer survivors are predicted in the US, equaling 1.85% of the female population. Large variability in prevalent percentages was reported between states, ranging from 1.4% to 2.4% in 2010. Geographic variability was reduced when calculating age‐standardized prevalence proportions or cancer survivors by disease duration, including 0 to 2 years and 2 to 5 years. The residual variability in age‐adjusted prevalence was explained primarily by the state‐specific, age‐adjusted breast cancer incidence rates. State‐specific breast cancer survivors are expected to increase from 16% to 51% in the decennium from 2005 to 2015 and by 31% at the national level.

CONCLUSIONS:

To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first to provide systematic estimations of breast cancer prevalence in all US states through 2015. The estimated levels and time trends were consistent with the available population‐based data on breast cancer incidence, prevalence, and population aging. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The treatment of multiple myeloma using vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP) alternating with high‐dose cyclophosphamide and α2β interferon versus VBMCP
Authors: Kyle Robert A. , Jacobus Susanna , Friedenberg William R. , Slabber Coenraad Frederik , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Greipp Philip R.
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:

A randomized controlled trial tested the hypothesis that aggressive initial therapy using high‐dose cyclophosphamide (HiCy) and α2β interferon (IFN) may be superior to standard combination alkylating agent regimens in the treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma.

METHODS:

This Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial evaluated 268 previously untreated patients with active multiple myeloma randomized to vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP) or VBMCP plus HiCy and recombinant IFN.

RESULTS:

The overall objective response was 62% in the VBMCP regimen and 68% in the VBMCP + HiCy + IFN group. The near complete response and complete response rates were 8.1% and 8.9%, respectively. Progression‐free survival was 22.1 and 25.3 months, respectively. The median overall survival was 37.1 months for patients treated with VBMCP and 41.3 months for those treated with VBMCP + HiCy + IFN (P= .38). The 5‐year overall survival rates were not significantly different between the 2 arms: 26.4% and 33%, respectively. Lethal toxicities occurred in 15 patients, including 10 from infection, but there was no significant difference in lethal toxicities between the 2 regimens.

CONCLUSIONS:

The study showed no significant benefit with the addition of HiCy and IFN to VBMCP. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Anthracycline‐fludarabine‐containing regimens with or without rituximab in the treatment of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma
Authors: Luminari Stefano , Marcheselli Luigi , Sacchi Stefano , Pozzi Samantha , Bari Alessia , Ilariucci Fiorella , Stelitano Caterina , Angrilli Francesco , Lazzaro Antonio , Baldini Luca
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:

Recent experience has suggested that there has been a stepwise improvement in the survival outcomes of patients who have follicular lymphoma with the introduction of new treatment options. In the current study, the authors report the results of 2 subsequent phase 2 trials of 238 previously untreated patients.

METHODS:

In a trial of bleomycin, epidoxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (BACOP) plus fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (FND), 144 patients received 2 BACOP treatments followed by 4 FND treatments. In a trial of BACOP plus fludarabine and rituximab (FR), 94 patients received 3 BACOP treatments followed by 4 FR treatments.

RESULTS:

The complete remission (CR) rate for BACOP/FND was 62%. After a median follow‐up of 60 months, the failure‐free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS) rates at 4 years were 53% and 77%, respectively. The CR rate for BACOP/FR was 79%. After a median follow‐up of 36 months, the FFS and OS rates at 4 years were 56% and 97%, respectively, which were significant compared with the CR and OS rates achieved with BACOP/FND. Twenty‐five of 42bcl‐2‐positive patients attained a molecularly negative CR and had improved FFS. No significant differences were observed between the 2 trials in the percentage of infections or neutropenia.

CONCLUSIONS:

The CR and OS rates achieved with BACOP/FR were better, and overall toxicity did not increase. Furthermore, patients who received rituximab had a better FFS compared with patients who received chemotherapy alone. Finally, although conclusions between nonrandomized groups may depend on differences in observed and unobserved prognostic features, the current results suggested that the addition of rituximab to anthracycline‐fludarabine–containing regimens have a favorable effect on the prognosis of patients with advanced follicular lymphoma. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Late rectal complications after prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Phan Jack , Swanson David A. , Levy Lawrence B. , Kudchadker Rajat J. , Bruno Teresa L. , Frank Steven J.
Published: February 2009

This review of the literature on late rectal complications after prostate brachytherapy indicated that it is a highly effective treatment modality for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer but can cause chronic radiation proctitis. The most common manifestation of chronic radiation proctitis was anterior rectal wall bleeding, which often occurred within the first 2 years after brachytherapy. It is interesting to note that the rates of late rectal morbidity appear to have declined over time, which may reflect improvements in implantation techniques and imaging. Rectal biopsy as part of the workup to evaluate rectal bleeding can lead to rectal fistula and the need for colostomy, a rare but major complication. The authors recommend 1) screening colonoscopy before brachytherapy for patients who have not had a screening colonoscopy within the preceding 3 years to rule out colorectal malignancies and, thus, facilitate conservative management should rectal bleeding occur; 2) lifestyle modifications during treatment to limit exposure of the rectum to radiation; and 3) conservative management for rectal bleeding that occurs within 2 years after brachytherapy. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A comparative study of corporate social responsibility in Bangladesh and Pakistan
Authors: Naeem Malik Asghar , Welford Richard
Published: February 2009

Making a contribution to sustainable development through good corporate social responsibility presents businesses with a challenge, particularly in developing countries. This paper measures the sensitivity to corporate social responsibility amongst businesses operating in Bangladesh and Pakistan through a review of written policies of both listed local firms and multinational corporations operating there. We use the Global Compact supplemented by relevant parts of the Global Reporting Initiative Sustainability Reporting Guidelines to benchmark companies and countries. Significant differences are found between local listed companies and multinational corporations. However, all companies are seen to be failing to engage with many aspects of corporate social responsibility related to sustainable development. Specific deficiencies relate to anti‐corruption, gender equality, child labor, community giving and the formal representation of workers. Few differences are found between the approaches taken by companies in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Given the development needs of the region we point to businesses being unwilling or unable to adopt sufficiently robust corporate social responsibility and point to a role for both government and civil society. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The effects of social relationships and acceptance on disturbed eating attitudes in elite adolescent female athletes: The mediating role of physical self‐perceptions
Authors: Scoffier Stéphanie , Maïano Christophe , d'Arripe‐ Longueville Fabienne
Published: February 2009

Objective:

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of social relationships (i.e., coach, friends, and parents) and acceptance (i.e., peers) on disturbed eating attitudes (DEAs) in elite adolescent female athletes, through the mediating role of physical self‐perception (i.e., perceived physical appearance and perceived physical ability).

Method:

The sample comprised 227 elite adolescent female athletes (Mage = 15.75; SDage = 3.00) engaged in various esthetic sports. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling method and mediation analysis.

Results:

They showed that peer acceptance and quality of parent–athlete relationships have a significant negative influence on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes. Moreover, the quality of relationship with the coach and sport friend has a significant positive influence on DEA in female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability.

Discussion:

The quality of relationship with parents and peer acceptance would be a protective factor regarding DEA, whereas the quality of relationships with coach and friend in sport would be risk factors for the development of DEA in adolescent female athletes through the mediating role of perceived physical ability. Recommendations for future use of, and research on, activities are outlined. The effects of social relationships and acceptance on DEA in elite adolescent female athletes: the mediating role of physical self‐perceptions. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010.
The fatal outcome of an individual with anorexia nervosa and Sheehan's syndrome as a result of acute enterocolitis: A case report
Authors: Köpp Werner , Rost Felicitas , Kiesewetter Sybille , Deter Hans‐Christian
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

To illustrate the close association between a disturbed psychosocial up‐bringing, frequent physical illness, and medical interventions.

Method:

We report a case of a 44‐year‐old woman with anorexia nervosa (AN) and Sheehan's syndrome who died as a result of a toxic cardiac arrest.

Results:

The patient presented with a BMI of 13.6 kg/m2. She refused any intensive‐care treatment and died from toxic cardiac arrest. Postmortem examination revealed an acute gastroenterocolitis.

Discussion:

The history of this patient illustrates how psychological deprivation led to eating disturbances, early pregnancy, and the life‐threatening delivery of twins. This resulted in a diagnosis of Sheehan's syndrome, hepatitis C, and a ventricular ulcer. A psychosocial event triggered a late exacerbation of her AN. A helpful alliance between patient and staff did not occur as she rejected it. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010.
Rainfall partitioning along a tree diversity gradient in a deciduous old‐growth forest in Central Germany
Authors: Krämer Inga , Hölscher Dirk
Published: February 2009

This study investigated whether rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception changes along a tree species diversity gradient. The 12 study plots in old‐growth forest stands in the Hainich National Park, Germany, were composed of up to 11 tree species.Fagus sylvatica(beech) formed the monospecific plots. Mixed forest plots consisted of a variable admixture of other broad‐leaved deciduous species such asTiliaspec.,Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, andAcer pseudoplatanus. Rainfall partitioning was influenced by several stand characteristics. Tree species diversity expressed as Shannon index was the variable that explained throughfall for different seasons most frequently. For example, in high‐rainfall summer 2007, median throughfall per stand was between 66 and 77% of gross precipitation, whereas stemflow played a minor role (2–6% per stand). Throughfall correlated positively with Shannon index (rs= 0·74,p= 0·008), stemflow negatively (rs= − 0·87,p< 0·001), and interception showed no correlation along this beech to mixed forest gradient. These relationships were similar in summer 2005 and autumn 2006, but no or weak changes of throughfall with tree diversity were observed during other study periods. Multiple linear regressions supported the assumption that combinations of several characteristics are important. Shannon index in combination with mean dbh explained much of the variability observed in throughfall among stands in two seasons (up toR2adj= 0·63,p< 0·01). Influential stand characteristics varied between seasons and years due to different rainfall conditions. Spatial variability of throughfall within a stand did not change consistently with any stand characteristic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Thermal and Magnetic Properties of New Transition Metal–Pyrazine Coordination Polymers
Authors: Wriedt Mario , Jeß Inke , Näther Christian
Published: February 2009

The reaction of nickel thiocyanate with pyrazine in a 1:2 ratio leads to the new ligand‐rich 1:2 (ratio metal/ligand) compound [Ni(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n (1), in which the metal atoms are coordinated by four N atoms of pyrazine ligands and two N atoms of thiocyanate anions in a slightly distorted octahedral arrangement. If an excess of the metal thiocyanate is used and the reaction is performed under solvothermal conditions, single crystals of the ligand‐deficient 1:1 compounds [M(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n [M = Fe (2I), Co (3), Ni (4)] are obtained. Compound 2I is isotypic with [Mn(SCN)2(pyrazine)]n but different to 3 and 4, which are also isotypic. Investigations on the synthesis of these compounds reveal that only compound 4 can be prepared phase‐pure in solution; all other ligand‐deficient compounds are always contaminated with large amounts of the corresponding ligand‐rich coordination polymers. In the crystal structures, the metal atoms are surrounded by two N atoms of the pyrazine ligands as well as by two N atoms and two S atoms of the thiocyanate anions in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. In contrast to the ligand‐rich 1:2 coordination polymers, the metal atoms are further linked into layers by the thiocyanate anions due to μ2‐N,S coordination. On heating, compound 1 and the ligand‐rich 1:2 coordination polymers [M(SCN)2(pyrazine)2]n (M = Fe, Co) transform quantitatively into the ligand‐deficient compounds. Surprisingly, thermal decomposition of the iron compound leads to a new modification (2II), which is isotypic to compounds 3 and 4. The magnetic properties of all compounds have been investigated and are found to be dependent on the connection mode of the thiocyanate anions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
CO2, Magnesium, Aluminum, and Zinc Adducts of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as (Latent) Catalysts for Polyurethane Synthesis
Authors: Bantu Bhasker , Manohar Pawar Gajanan , Wurst Klaus , Decker Ulrich , Schmidt Axel M. , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: February 2009

A series of magnesium, aluminum, and zinc complexes of imidazol‐2‐ylidene‐, imidazolin‐2‐ylidene‐, and tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene‐derived N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) was prepared. In addition, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical CO2‐protected imidazol‐2‐ylidenes and imidazolin‐2‐ylidenes were prepared. Selected single‐crystal X‐ray structures are reported. All compounds were investigated for their catalytic behavior in (poly)urethane (PUR) synthesis. Out of nine different compounds, the dimeric complex [Zn(CH3COO)2(1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene)]2 (7) proved to be the most active one, rivaling the industrially most relevant catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate in terms of catalytic activity. Even more important, the Mg‐ and Zn‐derived NHC complexes as well as the CO2‐protected imidazol‐2‐ylidenes displayed pronounced latent behavior combined with high catalytic activity in selected cases, rivaling and exceeding the industrially relevant latent catalyst phenylmercury neodecanoate. This allows for creating one‐component PUR systems with significant pot lives. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetics were found for all Mg‐ and Zn‐based NHC complexes as well as for all CO2‐protected NHCs indicating fast precatalyst decomposition prior to (poly)urethane formation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Platinum Anticancer Coordination Compounds: Study of DNA Binding Inspires New Drug Design
Authors: Reedijk Jan
Published: February 2009

A brief overview is given of platinum anticancer drugs in routine clinical use and under clinical development worldwide. Details of the binding of these drugs with nucleic acids, the preferred binding site, etc. are discussed as well. Using the mechanistic knowledge at the molecular level, in particular DNA binding, possibilities for new drugs are explored. A major part of the review deals with design, synthesis and biochemical/biophysical studies of such new compounds and their possible applications as cytostatic drugs. Special attention is given to the application of bifunctionality in such new compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Tris[oligo(1,4‐phenylenevinylene)]methylium Dyes
Authors: Kim Soungkyoo , Kalbitz Helga , Hillmann Sabine , Meier Herbert
Published: February 2009

The tris[oligo(1,4‐phenylenevinylene)]carbinols 2a–f (n =1–4) and the tris(4‐styrylphenyl)methanes 7a,b have been prepared by Wittig–Horner (3 + 4a–f → 2a–f) and Siegristreactions (5 + 6a,b → 7a,b). The Wittig–Horner reactions in these examples are accompanied by an autoxidation, whereas a reduction occurs in the Siegrist reactions. Compound 2a, the lowest member (n = 1) of the series 2a–d with terminal dialkylamino groups, generates first, on treatment with acids, the methylium dye 2′a, which absorbs far into the NIR region (λmax = 1100 nm). The higher members 2b,c (n = 2,3) of the carbinol series yield by acidic treatment only N‐protonated methylium dyes 2″′b,c. The different behavior is due to a decreasing donor–acceptor interaction with increasing D–A distance. The N‐protonated methylium salts 2″′a–c show long‐wavelength absorptions in the region of the Vis/NIR border. Their values apporach, for increasing numbers n of repeat units, λ∞ = 877 nm. The structures and possible push–pull effects of the salts 2′a and 2″′a–c were studied by NMR and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy and compared with the selected model compounds 2e and 7a. The results shed new light on previously published triphenylmethane dyes with extended conjugation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Base‐Catalysed Intramolecular Hydroamination of Vinyl Sulfides
Authors: Quinet Coralie , Sampoux Laetitia , Markó István E.
Published: February 2009

Small amounts of n‐butyllithium catalyse the highly efficient hydroamination of a large variety of vinyl sulfides. This novel methodology offers an easy access to a wide range of nitrogen heterocycles, including simple pyrrolidines and piperidines, as well as more complex bicyclic compounds. Subsequent transformations of the sulfur group led to the formation of functionalised alkaloid‐like substructures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Pitfalls and success of experimental design in the development of a mixed MEKC method for the analysis of budesonide and its impurities
Authors: Furlanetto Sandra , Orlandini Serena , Giannini Iacopo , Beretta Giangiacomo , Pinzauti Sergio
Published: February 2009

A mixed MEKC method for the analysis of budesonide and its related substances is presented. The micelles were formed from sodium cholate (CHOL) and 3‐(N,N‐dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate (MAPS). A multivariate optimisation was carried out with the aim of obtaining a baseline separation of all compounds. The influence of voltage, borate concentration, cholate concentration, MAPS concentration and pH was evaluated on the responses, corresponding to critical resolution values. Problems with the investigated experimental design were encountered due to the complexity of the separation process. As a consequence, a first design was not sufficient to reach the optimal conditions, but was needed in order to obtain the necessary information to successfully plan a second in‐depth study by means of response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were as follows: capillary total and effective lengths of 48.5 and 40.0 cm, respectively, with 50 μm id; 70 mM borate buffer (pH 8.8) containing 65 mM CHOL and 10 mM MAPS; temperature 20°C and voltage 16 kV. Separation of all the compounds, including R‐ and S‐epimers of budesonide, was obtained in a reasonable time. Validation of the method was performed for both drug substances and drug product.
High‐resolution computer simulations of EKC
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Quirino Joselito P. , Thormann Wolfgang
Published: February 2009

The electrophoresis simulation software, GENTRANS, has been modified to include the interaction of analytes with an electrolyte additive to allow the simulation of liquid‐phase EKC separations. The modifications account for interaction of weak and strong acid and base analytes with a single weak or strong acid or base background electrolyte additive and can be used to simulate a range of EKC separations with both charged and neutral additives. Simulations of separations of alkylphenyl ketones under real experimental conditions were performed using mobility and interaction constant data obtained from the literature and agreed well with experimental separations. Migration times in fused‐silica capillaries and linear polyacrylamide‐coated capillaries were within 7% of the experimental values, while peak widths were always narrower than the experimental values, but were still within 50% of those obtained by experiment. Simulations of sweeping were also performed; although migration time agreement was not as good as for simple EKC separations, peak widths were in good agreement, being within 1–50% of the experimental values. All simulations for comparison with experimental data were performed under real experimental conditions using a 47 cm capillary and a voltage of 20 kV and represent the first quantitative attempt at simulating EKC separations with and without sweeping.
Nonreflecting boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics
Authors: Liu Qianlong , Vasilyev Oleg V.
Published: February 2009

Nonlinear characteristic boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics are proposed for 2‐ and 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations with/without scalar transport equations. This approach is consistent with the flow physics and transport properties. Based on the theory of characteristics, which is a rigorous mathematical technique, multidimensional flows can be decomposed into acoustic, entropy, and vorticity waves. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are derived by setting corresponding characteristic variables of incoming waves to zero and by partially damping the source terms of the incoming acoustic waves. In order to obtain the resulting optimal damping coefficient, analysis is performed for problems of pure acoustic plane wave propagation and arbitrary flows. The proposed boundary conditions are tested on two benchmark problems: cylindrical acoustic wave propagation and the wake flow behind a cylinder with strong periodic vortex convected out of the computational domain. This new approach substantially minimizes the spurious wave reflections of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity as well as vorticity from the artificial boundaries, where strong multidimensional flow effects exist. The numerical simulations yield accurate results, confirm the optimal damping coefficient obtained from analysis, and verify that the method substantially improves the 1‐D characteristics‐based nonreflecting boundary conditions for complex multidimensional flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A level set‐based immersed interface method for solving incompressible viscous flows with the prescribed velocity at the boundary
Authors: Tan Zhijun , Lim K. M. , Khoo B. C.
Published: February 2009

A second‐order accurate immersed interface method (IIM) is presented for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the prescribed velocity at the boundary, which is an extension of the IIM of Le et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 2006; 220:109–138) to a level set representation of the boundary in place of the Lagrangian representation of the boundary using control points on a uniform Cartesian grid. In order to enforce the prescribed velocity boundary condition, the singular forces at the immersed boundary are applied on the fluid. These forces are related to the jump in pressure and the jumps in the derivatives of both the pressure and velocity, and are approximated via using the local Hermite cubic spline interpolation. The strength of singular forces is determined by solving a small system of equations at each time step. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretized via using finite difference method with the incorporation of jump conditions on a staggered Cartesian grid and solved by a second‐order accurate projection method. Numerical results demonstrate the accuracy and ability of the proposed method to simulate the viscous flows in irregular domains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐level finite element method with a stabilizing subgrid for the incompressible MHD equations
Authors: Aydın S. H. , Nesliturk A. I. , Tezer‐Sezgin M.
Published: February 2009

We consider the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in two dimension. The domain is discretized into a set of regular triangular elements and the finite‐dimensional spaces employed consist of piecewise continuous linear interpolants enriched with the residual‐free bubble functions. To find the bubble part of the solution, a two‐level FEM with a stabilizing subgrid of a single node is described and its application to the MHD equations is displayed. Numerical approximations employing the proposed algorithm are presented for three benchmark problems including the MHD cavity flow and the MHD flow over a step. The results show that the proper choice of the subgrid node is crucial to get stable and accurate numerical approximations consistent with the physical configuration of the problem at a cheap computational cost. Furthermore, the approximate solutions obtained show the well‐known characteristics of the MHD flow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degarelix: a new hormonal treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Mason Malcolm
Published: February 2009

According to NICE, prostate cancer constitutes about 25% of new diagnoses of malignant cancer in men in England and Wales.1 The largest single area of spending on cancer drugs is on hormonal therapy, accounting for about 40% of the £292 million total. This article focuses on a novel hormonal treatment for prostate cancer, degarelix. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.