bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I Feel More Comfortable with You”: France, the Soviet Union, and German Reunification
Authors: Bozo Frédéric
Published: September 2015

This article explores the interactions between French and Soviet leaders at the end of the Cold War when they were confronted by German reunification. This important dimension of the events of 1989–1990 has been largely neglected up to now. Although allegations of Franco-Soviet collusion against German reunification have long been widespread, the evidence presented here from declassified French, Soviet, and West German sources shows that the two countries in fact failed to cooperate to shape the modalities and outcome of these processes despite the close relationship that by then prevailed between French President François Mitterrand and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Although for decades Paris and Moscow had shared the objective of avoiding a disruptive settlement of the German question, and although both leaders were initially deeply troubled by the pace of events, they did not agree about the fundamental issue of German self-determination and did not share an understanding of the international conditions required for German reunification. Even more critically, they had different visions of the transformation of the European security system that should accompany it.
The Road to Literary Culture: Revisiting the Jurchen Language Examination System
Authors: Wen Xin
Published: September 2015

This essay contextualizes the unique institution of the Jurchen language examination system in the creation of a new literary culture in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). Unlike the civil examinations in Chinese, which rested on a well-established classical canon, the Jurchen language examinations developed in close connection with the establishment of a Jurchen school system and the formation of a literary canon in the Jurchen language and scripts. In addition to being an official selection mechanism, the Jurchen examinations were more importantly part of a literary endeavor toward a cultural ideal. Through complementing transmitted Chinese sources with epigraphic sources in Jurchen, this essay questions the conventional view of this institution as a “Jurchenization” measure, and proposes that what the Jurchen emperors and officials envisioned was a road leading not to Jurchenization, but to a distinctively hybrid literary culture. 

Cet article replace l’institution unique des examens en langue Jurchen dans le contexte de la création d’une nouvelle culture littéraire sous la dynastie des Jin (1115–1234). Contrairement aux examens civils en chinois, qui s’appuyaient sur un canon classique bien établi, les examens en Jurchen se sont développés en rapport étroit avec la mise en place d’un système d’écoles Jurchen et avec la formation d’un canon littéraire en langue et en écriture Jurchen. En plus de servir à la sélection des fonctionnaires, et de façon plus importante, les examens en Jurchen s’inscrivaient dans une entreprise littéraire visant à la réalisation d’un idéal culturel. Combinant les sources chinoises avec des sources épigraphiques en langue Jurchen, l’auteur met en question l’interprétation conventionnelle des examens en Jurchen comme mesure de “jurchénisation” et suggère que ce que les empereurs et les fonctionnaires Jurchen avaient en vue était une démarche conduisant non à une jurchénisation, mais à une culture littéraire se distinguant par son caractère hybride.
Dynastic Traditions and the Legitimation of Power
Authors: Font Márta
Published: September 2015

In this article the author presents the shaping of the Central European region in the Middle Ages through examples from the history of its ruling dynasties. In her view, clans adopting Christianity, while expanding their own power and initiating the process of organizing the state, also shaped their environment mentally as far as the interpretation of their own past – that is, their traditions – is concerned.
Keeping Soviet Russia in the Czech Diaspora?
Authors: Chroust David Zdeněk
Published: September 2015

The Hospodář was a twice-monthly magazine for Czech farmers in America, launched in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1891. In the 1920s it became more international as the United States shut out immigrants from Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union became a leading subject in its editorials, columns and especially the hundreds of reader letters published every year. Transnational families were a window into the Czech communities in Volhynia and Crimea. Social Democrats, Communists and others argued about the Soviet Union’s merits as a workers’ and peasants’ state. Agronomist Stanislav Kovář became a regular columnist in Vologda and then Novorossiisk on the NEP and then collectivization in Soviet agriculture. Tolerant, largely written by readers, without political or religious affiliation, and international, the Hospodář was a productive forum for experience, imagination and discourse in the international Czech diaspora on the early Soviet Union.
The Discovery of a Second Locality in Peru for Pleuridum andinum Herz. (Ditrichaceae, Musci)

Authors: Kuc Marian
Published: September 2015

Pleuridium andinum Herz., a rare moss previously known from only 3 sites in South America, is here reported from a second locality in Peru. The new locality is near Aquas Caliente, Peru, ca. 5720 m a.s.l. This discovery is only one of three collections made since this species was first collected at the “locus classicus” in Bolivia in 1911. The holotype was examined and the original Latin diagnosis is amended in English as a result of examination of both the holotype and the newly discovered specimens. Previously unknown taxonomic features are figured.
Bryophytes from the Cape Verde Islands

Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter , Lindlar Anja , Sollman Philip , Fischer Eberhard
Published: September 2015

Almost 450 specimens of bryophytes, so far the largest collection of bryophytes ever made on the Cape Verde Islands, were collected in 1995 by the second author on the major islands of the archipelago. Twenty seven species (3 hepatics, 24 mosses) are reported as new to the Cape Verde Islands: Lejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Gottsche et al., Riccia cavernosa Hoffm. emend. Raddi, Targionia hypophylla L., Barbula cf. consanguinea (Thwait. & Mitt.) Jaeg., Barbula unguiculata Hedw., Brachymenium exile (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch. & Lac., Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens (Stirt.) Giac., Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium (Tayl.) Zander, Bryum cellulare Hook., Chenia leptophylla (C. Müll.) Zander, Desmatodon bogosicus C. Müll., Didymodon australasiae (Hook. & Grev.) Zander, Didymodon maschalogena (Ren. & Card.) Broth. (Didymodon michiganensis [Steere] K. Saito), Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) Zander var. flaccidus (B.S.G.) Zander, Eurhynchium meridionale (B.S.G.) De Not., Eurhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Jur., Fissidens sciophyllus Mitt., F. bogosicus C. Müll., F. flaccidus Mitt., F. helictocaulos C. Müll., Gymnostomiella cf. vernicosa (Hook.) Fleisch., Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch., Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg., Orthotrichum diaphanum Brid., Tortula cuneifolia (With.) Turn., Tortula laevipila (Brid.) Schwaegr. and Weissia microstoma (Hedw.) C. Müll. The doubtful record of Marchantia paleacea Bertol. could be confirmed. Numerous species are recorded as new to single islands. Tortula pierrotii Biz. described from Tanzania has proved to be synyomous with Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium. Didymodon maschalogena (Ren. & Card.) Broth. is an older name for Didymodon michiganensis (Steere) K. Saito. A study of types of species described as endemic to the Cape Verde Islands revealed that Barbula bolleana (C. Müll.) Broth. is an earlier name for Hydrogonium bolleanum (C. Müll.) Jaeg., Barbula elliottii Broth., Barbula kivuensis Leroy & P. de la Varde and Barbula madagassa Ren. & Card. are synonymous with the latter, Hyophila crenulata C. Müll. ex Dus. var. brevifolia Bizot is synonymous with Hyophila involuta (Hook.), Barbula sulcata Geh. is synonymous with B. convoluta Hedw. and Tortula subcaroliniana Bizot is synonymous with Tortula amphidiacea (C. Müll.) Broth. In addition to the so far unpublished results of recent collections, a complete survey of the bryophyte flora of the Cape Verde Islands is given. A hundred and sixty two species (2 species of hornworts, 36 species of hepatics and 124 species of mosses) are so far known from this archipelago.
Mosses from the Mascarenes - 5.
Authors: Sollman Philip , Een Gillis
Published: September 2015

A list of Pottiaceae specimens is presented. Trichostomum bombayense C.Müll. is transferred to the genus Pseudosymblepharis Broth., and a new combination is made: Pseudosymblepharis bombayensis (C.Müll.) P. Sollman. Five new synonyms are proposed. Gametophyte characters, separating non-fruiting material of Pseudosymblepharis bombayensis from Trichostomum tenuirostre (Hook. & Tayl.) Lindb., are listed.
La microscopia electronica aplicada al estudio de los liquenes en Venezuela

Authors: Mohali Sari , Marcano Vicente , Palacios-Prü Ernesto
Published: September 2015

The historical development of lichen studies by electron microscopy in Venezuela is disscused. The various methods employed and the main results are described, and the current state of this research and its future outlined.
BRYOLOGIA NOVO GRANATENSIS. ESTUDIOS DE LOS MUSGOS DE COLOMBIA IV. CATALOGO NUEVO DE LOS MUSGOS DE COLOMBIA

Authors: Churchill Steven P.
Published: September 2015

A revised moss checklist for Colombia recognizes 877 species distributed among 242 genera and 65 families. Departmental distribution is provided for all species. This paper is based on the previous checklist by Florschütz-de Waard & Florschütz (1979), publications since that time, on the extensive holdings of the New York Botanical Garden, the Institute of Systematic Botany, Utrecht, and other herbaria, and on recent field work. Included in this list are a number of the collections made by Aguirre C., Cleef, Griffin, Killip, Schultes, Steere, van der Hammen and van Reenen, among others, which have not previously been incorporated into the Colombian moss literature. Comparison of the number of species reported for each of the departments based on the 1979 and the present checklist both suggest that over half of the departments are poorly known. Forty new additions to Colombia are provided in this catalogue: Amblystegium serpens, Anoectangium aestivum, Astomiopsis amblycalyx, Breutelia brevifolia, Brymela parkeriana, Bryohaplocladium praelongum, Bryum coloratum, B. perlimbatum, Chorisodontium setaceum, Dicranum peruvianum, Drepanocladus uncinatus, Encalypta asperifolia, Entodon hampeanus, Epipterygium immarginatum, Fissidens allionii, F. diplodus, F. intermedius, Groutiella obtusa, Gymnostomum recurvirostrum, Hymenodon reggaeus, Leiomela ecuadorensis, Lepidopilum affine, L. cuspidans, L. cubense, Leptodontium stellaticuspis, Leskea plumaria, Leskeadelphus bolivianus, Neckera urnigera, Potamium deceptivum, P. pacimonense, Pseudotaxiphyllum distichaceum, Rhegmatodon polycarpa, Schistidium apocarpum, S. rivulare ssp. latifolium, Scorpidium scorpioides, Syrrhopodon steyermarkii, Tortula caroliniana, Zygodon ehrenbergii, Z. fragilis, Z. stenocarpus. Approximately 560 new departmental records are included. Several new combinations are made: Calyptrochaeta deflexa (C. Muell.) comb. nov., C. nutans (Hampe) comb. nov., Pleuridium subenervis (Hampe) comb. nov., Rhodobryum perspinidens (Broth.) comb. nov., R. roseodens (C. Muell.) comb. nov., Schizymenium brevicaulis (Hornsch.) comb. nov., S. dolichothecum (Herz.) comb. nov., S. pectinatum (C. Muell.) comb. nov., S. subobliquum (Hampe) comb. nov., Sematophyllum sticticola (C. Muell.) comb. nov. and, S. turgidulum (Herz.) comb. nov. Several further species are reduced to synonymy: Aulacomnium venezuelanum Mitt. (=A. palustre), Grimmia bogotense (Hampe) Jaeg. (=G. longirostris), Mielichhoferia elegans Herz. (=Schizymenium bogotense), Pohlia integridens (C. Muell.) Broth. (=P. elongata), and P. paucifolia (Jaeg.) Broth. (=P. elongata).
Grimmia pseudo-anodon new to Bolivia

Authors: Hastings Ross I.
Published: September 2015

Grimmia pseudo-anodon Deguchi, previously known only from Peru, is reported as new to Bolivia. The specimens are from packets labelled as Coscinodon trinervis, collected by Herzog in 1911. Grimmia pseudo-anodon is distinct by its non-plicate leaves and straight, centrally attached seta. This is a range extension of some 300 km and an elevational increase of about 1000 m.
New bryophyte taxon records for tropical countries 1
Authors: O’Shea Brian J. , Eggers Jens , Pursell Ronald A. , Sollman Philip , Stevenson C. Robin
Published: September 2015

This is the first in a series of papers listing new records, which will be published whenever sufficient new records have been found. The taxa are arranged by countries for an easier evaluation, e.g. updates of checklists. The initials of the contributor for each record is shown in square brackets after the record, and these initials are interpreted at the end of the paper.
The mosses of sub-Saharan Africa 2. Endemism and biodiversity

Authors: O’Shea Brian J.
Published: September 2015

Based on a recent moss checklist of sub-Saharan Africa, an analysis is made of moss diversity and endemism in the area. There are over 3000 taxa, 77% of which are endemic. Figures for diversity and endemism for each country are listed, mapped and graphed, and endemism is also considered at the genus level. As the bryophyte flora of Africa is comparatively poorly known, it is important to be prudent when drawing conclusions about biodiversity and endemism.
Bryophytes from some Caatinga areas in the state of Bahia (Brazil)

Authors: Bastos Cid José Passos , Albertos Belén , Bôas Silvana Brito Vilas
Published: September 2015

The caatinga is a deciduous and xerophilous vegetation that covers large areas in Brazil. An irregular rainfall with a marked dry period is a characteristic feature. This paper represents the first contribution to the knowledge of the bryoflora from caatinga vegetation in the State of Bahia. The survey was carried out in several areas from Bahia in which eigthteen species of bryophytes were found (15 mosses and 3 liverworts). The bryoflora from caatinga is composed mainly of generalists and xerophilous taxa, but even some hygrophilous species can be found. A number of species including Hyophiladelphus agrarius, Hyophila involuta, Calymperes palisotii ssp. richardii, Bryum argenteum, Entodontopsis leucostega, Octoblepharum albidum, Frullania ericoides also occur in other vegetation types. However, there are a number of species restricted to this type of vegetation, such as Helicophyllum torquatum and Riccia vitalii, at least in Bahia. Most moss species were acrocarpous with erect and short (short-turf) growth-form, whereas the foliose hepaticae were of incubous, and thallose forms.
Several mosses (Pottiales) new or rarely collected in Africa
Authors: Sollman Philip
Published: September 2015

Various remarkable records of Pottiales are reported. Molendoa sublaevis Demaret & P. Varde is regarded as synonymous with Hymenostylium crassinervium Broth. & Dix.
Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals
Authors: FUGASSA MARTIN H.
Published: September 2015

Using available reports, a checklist of the recorded helminth parasites of wild mammals from Patagonia was generated. Records of parasites found in Patagonia were included, together with records from mammals in áreas outside of Patagonia but whose range extends into Patagonia. Information about the host, localities, and references were also included. A total of 1323 records (224 Cestoda, 167 Trematoda, 894 Nematoda, 34 Acanthocephala, and 4 Pentastomida) belonging to 452 helminth species (77 Cestoda, 76 Trematoda, 277 Nematoda, 21 Acanthocephala, and 1 Pentastomida) found in 57 native mammals (22 Rodentia, 4 Didelphimorphia 1 Microbiotheria, 7 Chiroptera, 5 Cingulata, and 13 Carnivora) were listed. However, only 10.6 % of the reports were conducted on samples from Patagonia and corresponded to 25% of mammals in the region. In addition, many studies were made on a few species and, for example, 52% corresponded to studies made on Lama guanicoe. This suggests the need to increase efforts to know the parasitic fauna in a peculiar region as is the Patagonia. This is the first compilation of the helminth parasites of mammals in Argentine Patagonia and is important for parasitological and paleoparasitological studies.
Życie znaków w sieci kodów – czyli o semiotycznie zorientowanych badaniach dyskursu i stylu (na przykładzie znaku „naród chorwacki”)
Authors: Czerwiński Maciej
Published: September 2015

A life of signs in the network of codes. On semiotically-oriented studies of discourse and style (an analysis of the sign “Croatian nation”)In the article a semiotic theory of style and discourse is developed. According to some author’s previous research and theories by Bakhtin, Eco and Uspienski, the idea of overlapping of signs and codes is discussed. The sign-vehicle “Croatian nation” is taken into consideration in various contexts and various interlocutors (from Croatian literature, press and scholarly books). The result of such an investigation is aimed to empirically prove to what extent usual semantic interpretation deprives the whole meaning of texts.
Composita wewnątrzwspólnotowe – wyrazy złożone z cząstką евро- w języku bułgarskim
Authors: Długosz Natalia
Published: September 2015

Intracommunitary compositas – compounds with евро- particle in BulgarianFrom the observation of a contemporary Bulgarian word formation system results that the number of compounds which significant part is developed basing on new productive models is constantly increasing. Therefore the subject of this article constitute Bulgarian compounds with a disintegrated particle евро- that are thematically connected with the process of European Integration. I begin the analysis from the description of compositas’ word formation construction. Then I go to semantic dissertation (I make an attempt to classify all mentioned structures thematically and I create a dictionary definition of the евро- particle) and on to stylistic ones (I pay special attention to the functioning of the discussed units both in a text, and in a lexical system).
Kibice, polityka, wojna – wydarzenia na stadionie Maksimir w Zagrzebiu w relacjach prasy jugosłowiańskiej
Authors: Duda Jacek
Published: September 2015

Fans, politics and war – the events on the Maksimir stadium in Zagreb seen by the Yugoslavian newspapersThe article is the analysis of the press coverage of the incidents before the football match between Dinamo Zagreb and Crvena Zvezda Belgrade on May 13th, 1990. It emphasizes the significant outburst of the Serbian and Croatian nationalism in the newspapers after the events. According to many, this was considered one of the crucial moments when the façade of official “brotherhood and unity” ideology started to erode leading to the collapse of Yugoslavia. This analysis focuses on language characteristics of the press articles as well as on the social context and impact of the events themselves and the discussion about them.
Odmianki znaczeniowe czasowników w opisie semantyczno‑syntaktycznym i w praktyce leksykograficznej (na przykładzie języka bułgarskiego)
Authors: Korytkowska Małgorzata
Published: September 2015

The exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness and a certain type of expressive expressions in Bulgarian and PolishThe paper focuses on the functions of the pronoun exponents of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness in Bulgarian examples of the following type: Свършихме я. Тънко я преда. Свърши се вашата, etc. Their reference to sentences such as Свършихме я тази работа. allows interpreting the function of the phrase as thematic. This type of sentences was confronted with examples such as Тя му я изтърси една… И ти ми ги говориш едни… The features of intonation and the semantic features of the double object phrase indicate its rhematic nature. Specific formal traits of such sentences, including the usage of the exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness, are related with their expressive markedness.
Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku
Authors: Kwoka Tomasz
Published: September 2015

History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th centuryThe article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian) and Greek-Byzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describes the influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as socio-political background.
Jezični imperijalizam i politička korektnost
Authors: Opačić Nives
Published: September 2015

Language imperialism and political correctnessIn the times of general globalization, in its part that considers languages, especially the so-called small languages, we can talk not only about an uncontrolled inroad of mainly English words into all walks of life within a society, but also about elements of linguistic imperialism.That imperialism has come about through technology, not by arms and blazing swords, as was mostly the case in history. In addition, the USA – the exporting country of the above mentioned language-imperialistic phenomena around the world, is considered to be the cradle of the much advocated political correctness, which should include basic human rights, one of which is undoubtedly the right to a proper name.It could be argued whether this right is always respected: I will show some examples of proper names of immigrants who had to/wanted to renounce their names in order to be Americanized (‘‘cooked in the American melting pot’’). Thus, the Croatian Krešo became Chris, Eva is spelled Eve on the other side of the pond (pronounced /I:v/), and in the global (American) news Michael Stich, a German, is pronounced /majkl stits/, and so on.I will also provide an example of political correctness which is not far from sheer stupidity.Political correctness itself changes with time, which will be illustrated by the Croatian example Ciganin – Rom (Gipsy – Roma(ny)).
„Problematično” osmansko naslijeđe i opći problemi recepcije, klasifikacije i periodizacije starije bošnjačke književnosti na osmanskom jeziku
Authors: Kadrić Adnan
Published: September 2015

“The problem of the Ottoman heritage” today, with special emphasis on the problems of reception, classification and periodization elderly Bosniak’s literature in the Ottoman language This article focuses on the general sketch of “the problem of the Ottoman heritage” today, with special emphasis on the problems of reception, classification and periodization elderly Bosniak’s Literature in the Ottoman language. The paper attempts to indicate the “syncretic” nature of every imperial civilization, including the Ottoman Empire, and to indicate some general features of the historical dilemmas and development of the written word in a meeting with other cultural traditions. The phenomenon of Bosniak’s literature in Oriental languages, including literature in Ottoman Turkish language, is the phenomenon very interesting for our literary trends in literary production of the Balkan peoples too. It is, simply, about a live tradition that has influenced and still influences on the occurrence of literary works very relevant not only for contemporary Bosniak literature, but for literature of other Slavs in the Balkans. It is a fact worthy for scientific research. „Problematyczne” dziedzictwo osmańskie i ogólne problemy recepcji, klasyfikacji i periodyzacji starszej literatury bośniackiej w języku osmańskim W niniejszym artykule podjęte zostały zagadnienia współczesnego „problematycznego dziedzictwa osmańskiego” ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii recepcji, klasyfikacji i periodyzacji wczesnej literatury bośniackiej w języku tureckim. Zwrócono w nim uwagę na naturalny „synkretyzm” każdej cywilizacji imperialnej, także imperium osmańskiego, i wskazano podstawowe przyczyny historycznego rozwoju słowa pisanego w zetknięciu z inną tradycją kulturową. Kwestia istnienia literatury bośniackiej w językach orientalnych, włączając w to również literaturę w języku tureckim imperium, jest interesującym zjawiskiem istnienia tendencji dominujących w twórczości literackiej ludów Półwyspu Bałkańskiego, odnosi się bowiem do żywej tradycji, która wpływała i nadal oddziałuje nie tylko na współczesną bośniacką twórczość literacką, ale także na literaturę innych Słowian na Bałkanach, co stanowi przedmiot ważnych badań naukowych.
Чий е този град? Завладяването на Константинопол и проблематичното османско наследство в българската култура
Authors: Аретов [Aretov] Николай [Nikolaĭ]
Published: September 2015

Whose is this city? The conquest of Constantinople and the problematic Ottoman legacy in Bulgarian cultureOttoman legacy is curious topic in Bulgarian cultural studies. Despite the overall quest for prestigious legacies and heritages (Antique, Thracian, even Byzantine, not to mention Slav and Proto-Bulgarian), it is still neglected and even rejected. Mass-consciousness admits some traces and influences in the field of material culture, in cuisine, rarely in traditional costumes and even more rarely in customs. Ottoman legacy is often seen as ‘legacy of shame’ from witch modern Bulgarians should deliberate themselves.The paper deals with one particular Bulgarian image of the key event in the interrelations between Balkan peoples and Ottomans – the conquest of Constantinople (1453). Starting from the problematic differentiations between the “own” and “alien” the paper presents one odd dramatic work on that topic, written in verses by Svetoslav Milarov in 1871–1873 and published in full text in 1883. The analysis puts this work in the context of other mythical plots such as the Fall of Bulgarian Kingdom and different perspectives toward it. Czyje jest to miasto? Podbój Konstantynopola i problematyczne osmańskie dziedzictwo w kulturze bułgarskiej Dziedzictwo osmańskie stawia interesujące wyzwania przed bułgarskimi badaczami kultury. W nurcie powszechnych dążeń do wskazywania korzeni nobilitujących Bułgarów (antyk, Tracja, Bizancjum, nie wspominając o Słowianach i Protobułgarach) dziedzictwo osmańskie jest systematycznie pomijane czy wręcz kwestionowane. Potoczna świadomość zbiorowa uznaje obecność osmańskich wpływów i śladów w kulturze materialnej, w kuchni, rzadziej w obyczajach. Dziedzictwo osmańskie uznawane jest zwykle za „wstydliwe”, a zatem za takie, od którego Bułgarzy winni się uwolnić.Autor analizuje różne teksty dotyczące kluczowego wydarzenia w stosunkach między Bułgarami i innymi narodami bałkańskimi a Otomanami – zdobycia Konstantynopola (1453). Punktem wyjścia jest refleksja na temat zmienności kategorii „swoje” i „obce”, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do najważniejszego miasta Półwyspu Bałkańskiego. Podobną dynamikę można dostrzec w greckich pieśniach ludowych na temat wspomnianego wydarzenia, ciekawy jest też sposób jego przedstawienia w bułgarskim folklorze (pieśni i podania ludowe). Szczególną uwagę poświęcono osobliwym, mało znanym dramatom i wierszom Swetosława Miłarowa z lat 1871–1873, w całości opublikowanym w 1883 roku. Autor artykułu sytuuje te utwory w kontekście innych mitologii (zwłaszcza dotyczących upadku pierwszego państwa bułgarskiego) z różnych perspektyw, zestawia je też z analogicznymi konstrukcjami narodowych mitologii Serbów oraz innych bałkańskich narodów chrześcijańskich.
Nacjonalizm zwyczajnych ludzi. Etnicy­zowanie tradycji muzycznej na przykładzie festiwalu w Gučy
Authors: Kuligowski Waldemar
Published: September 2015

Normal people’s nationalism. Ethnicization of music tradition for instance some festival in GučaSince the 1980’s ethnology and social and cultural anthropology have witnessed an increasing number of studies and debates on nationalism in the light of popular culture. In the light of theory formulated by Hobsbawm, Gellner, Hayes and Comaroff nationalism is effect not big symbols and official politics, but rather popular entertainment, media and normal practices normal people in its normal life. Traditional primordial concepts of nationalism are deep regressive.In this paper, I discuss a few contradictions in the relationship between tradition, nationalism and music. An excellent example illustrating specific nature of these contradictions is Dragačevski sabor trubača (Guča Trumpet Festival) in Guča, Serbia and particular music genre – brass music. In my opinion there are three distinctive discourses/narrations about history and meaning this festival and specific kind of music: dominating Serbian discourse, ‘weak’ Gypsy discourse, and researcher’s discourse. This study is effect an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2010 by an author and large group of students from Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Poland.
Polityka Turcji wobec narodów i państw bałkańskich na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
Authors: Rubacha Jarosław
Published: September 2015

Turkey’s policy towards the Balkan nations and states at the turn of 19th and 20th centuryTurkey’s policy towards the Balkan peoples, since the attack on the Peninsula, was characterized by a desire to dominate and the total subordination of the local population. Therefore, immediately after the conquest, the Turkish authorities have pushed them to the margins of social life. Extensive system of benefits and duties, and thereafter the draconian taxes had ruined Balkan villages and towns, contributing to the decline of agricultural production and handicrafts. Any form of resistance were ruthlessly suppressed by the Turks, and the raging terror during the occupation had consumed hundreds of thousands of lives. Despite these actions the Ottomans were unable to break the spirit of resistance. Neither persecution nor attempt Islamisation of Balkan populations did not produce any effect, because one of the main reasons was attachment to the traditions and faith of their ancestors.When the Turkish state has slowed and European powers had began to intervene in the internal affairs of the state, Greeks, Serbs, Montenegros, Bulgarians, Romanians, also Albanians, began efforts to throw off foreign domination. These activities were indirectly ended by the Congress of Berlin in 1878, and the so-called final solution of the Turkish issues  occurred during the Balkan wars of the years 1912–1913.
Serbska cerkiew w sułtanacie, meczet w Serbii. Przestrzenie sakralne jako miejsca kłopotliwe
Authors: Chaszczewicz-Rydel Marta
Published: September 2015

Serbian Orthodox Church under the rule of the sultanate, mosques in Serbia. Sacral spaces as troublesome locationsThe territorial overlapping of the Ottoman Empire and the reaches of the Orthodox Church resulted in the emergence of new, complex phenomena and forms that managed to survive till the present times to a varying extent and by different means. These forms have become a part of the problematic and “difficult” tradition. Mosques and orthodox ­churches from the Ottoman times can be found among them. The subsequent reigns realised the ­symbolic impact of these temples on the area of religion, politics and culture. In the Ottoman times, the possibility of construction of new sacral buildings was determined by the then-current relations between the Serbian patriarchy and the caliphate. The fate of these buildings depended on the political situation, dominating imperial projects, cultural politics of the Serbian state and the local religious structure. The connections between temples and the dynamics of the political history of the Balkans is substantial: the temples were torn down and redesigned, the shape and location of orthodox churches relied on decisions by the Ottoman administration and the rules of oriental urbanism. However the mosques bear traces of inspiration with the Byzantine culture. Observing the development of sacral architecture in Niš – at the background of the political and social relations of the Ottoman empire, one is led to believe that orders rooted in external civilisations – the Islamic religion and the Orthodox Church, retained their individuality but at the same time continued to influence each other which is apparent in the wandering architectural patterns.
Traumatični susret s Evropom: „Austrougarska tema" i počeci novije bošnjačke književnosti
Authors: Kodrić Sanjin
Published: September 2015

Traumatic encounter with Europe: ‘Austro-Hungarian theme’ and beginnings of modern Bosniak literature Initiated by the crucial historical event of the end of the centuries long Ottoman rule in Bosnia (1878) and extremely complex subsequent processes of ‘emancipation’, ‘modernisation’ and ‘europeisation’ of post-Ottoman Bosnia, the ‘Austro-Hungarian theme’ is a common, or even obsessive, literary topic of Bosniak and the entire Bosnian-Herzegovinian literature from the 19th century onwards, mostly realized as ‘an account of Austro‑Hungarian occupation, in a range of images of disintegration of Muslim ethnic and social environment’ ‘to which the end of the Turkish Empire [...] is the end of what they were’. As such, the ‘Austro-Hungarian theme’ is a particular mnemonic phenomenon – a theme of a specific historical trauma, as well as a theme of a radical and comprehensive cultural transition or a theme of a complex and dramatic cultural transcoding, crucially important in the construction of identity and alterity policies of modern Bosniak and Bosnian‑Herzegovinian literature and culture as a whole. It is not surprising, then, that in the scope of the ‘Austro-Hungarian theme’ – along with other literary pieces – there appears the first Bosniak novel, Zeleno busenje [‘The Green Sods’] (1898) by Edhem Mulabdić (1862–1954), after whom the theme will later be addressed, especially in Bosniak literature, by a whole range of different authors, representing in various ways the late-19th century traumatic Bosnia’s encounter with Europe. Traumatyczne spotkanie z Europą: „Temat austro-węgierski” i początki nowszej literatury boszniackiej W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z problematyką podejmowaną w literaturze boszniackiej i bośniacko-hercegowińskiej od końca XIX wieku po czasy współczesne. Autor dowodzi, iż podstawowym tematem w tych literaturach jest „temat austro-węgierski”, który po raz pierwszy pojawił się w 1878 roku, kiedy na skutek decyzji kongresu berlińskiego za­kończyło się panowanie osmańskie w Bośni i nastąpiły złożone procesy „emancypacji”, „mo­dernizacji” i „europeizacji”. W czasach postosmańskich wykorzystywano go szeroko, a nawet „obsesyjnie”, uważając „okupację austro-węgierską” za przyczynę rozwarstwiania narodowego i społecznego środowisk muzułmańskich.„Temat austro-węgierski” reprezentuje szczególny fenomen pamięci. Ujmowany w ka­tegoriach traumy historycznej, stał się głównym motywem ukazującym przejście kulturowe jako złożony i dramatyczny proces przekodowania kulturowego. Odegrał też wyjątkową rolę w konstruowaniu polityki tożsamościowej w nowszej literaturze i kulturze boszniackiej oraz bośniacko-hercegowińskiej. Nic zatem dziwnego, że znalazł się w pierwszej powieści boszniac­kiej Zeleno busenje (1898) Edhema Mulabdicia, a także w twórczości innych pisarzy, zwłasz­cza przedstawicieli literatury boszniackiej, ukazujących w różnorodny sposób traumatyczne spotkanie Bośni z Europą pod koniec XIX wieku.
Problem konsolidacji współczesnego państwa macedońskiego w kontekście jego aspiracji do Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Paszkiewicz Jędrzej
Published: September 2015

The issue оf contemporary Macedonian state consolidation in the context of its aspiration to the European Union Since its establishment, the Republic of Macedonia has been facing the crisis of social and political system. This is connected with the complicated ethnic and religious relations, diffi­cult economic condition of the state and complex, international circumstances in the Balkans. The European Union makes the membership of Macedonia in its structures dependent on the implementation of solutions preventing the renewal of the armed conflict between the Mace­donian authorities and Albanian rebels in the year 2001. The reforms implemented on the basis of the Ohrid Framework Agreement (2001) are designed to provide the social and economic stability in the country, mainly through the cooperation between Macedonians and Albanians. The imbalance between the strengthening of the position of the Albanian national minority in the entirety of the state system and the progress in the establishment of the civil society raises the concern of the observers of the social and political life in Macedonia. The division of the society based on the ethnicity criterion is strengthened in Macedonia. The opportunity of the development of cooperation over the ethnic divisions is limited due to a strong role of nationalistic sentiments, insufficient legitimacy of framework agreement by the citizens and pathologies of social and political life (corruption, organized crime). It is likely that ethnic criteria that are the basis for currently implemented system changes in the Republic of Mace­donia shall dominate the pursuit to democratize the state as a whole. It will be a threat for the consolidation of the republic, since the particularistic tendencies may outweigh the peaceful cooperation for strengthening the unity of the state.
Serbskie aspiracje do struktur europejskich. Sytuacja mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w Autonomicznej Prowincji Wojwodiny ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem systemu kształcenia
Authors: Korzeniewska‑Wiszniewska Mirella
Published: September 2015

Serbian aspirations towards European structures. The situation of national minorities and ethnic minorities in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina with particular emphasis on the educational system Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (APV) is an area in the northern part of the Repub­lic of Serbia. This region is inhabited by over 26 national and ethnic minorities, making it the most diverse ethnically area throughout Serbia. On the basis of the Constitution and special statutes in APV the following languages have official status: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian and Ruthenian. In addition, this area is the most economically developed throughout the country. Vojvodina is an example of a well-functioning multi‑ethnic commu­nities living in one territory, which in some regions of the Balkans remains an open problem. Therefore government in Belgrade tries to keep the European image of this autonomy to such an extent, that cyclically there appears information about the possibility of obtaining of the total independence of this territory and the separation from the Republic of Serbia. Para­doxically, such speculations can lead to the destabilization in other regions of Serbia. They did not obtain such a level of autonomy and mentioned speculations inspire some minorities into actions in order to get the certain independence (for example Boshniaks from Sandjak in western Serbia). The central authorities are aware of this fact and try to keep the control over all regions of the country that often can lead to ethnic conflicts. That raises the following question: to what extend wide autonomy of the Vojvodina is true and in corresponding to the constitutional policy, what fields of the life does this autonomy include.
Statistical and Hydrological Comparisons between TRMM and GPM Level-3 Products over a Midlatitude Basin: Is Day-1 IMERG a Good Successor for TMPA 3B42V7?
Authors: Tang Guoqiang , Zeng Ziyue , Long Di , Guo Xiaolin , Yong Bin , Zhang Weihua , Hong Yang
Published: September 2015

The goal of this study is to quantitatively intercompare the standard products of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and its successor, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), with a dense gauge network over the midlatitude Ganjiang River basin in southeast China. In general, direct comparisons of the TMPA 3B42V7, 3B42RT, and GPM Day-1 IMERG estimates with gauge observations over an extended period of the rainy season (from May through September 2014) at 0.25° and daily resolutions show that all three products demonstrate similarly acceptable (~0.63) and high (0.87) correlation at grid and basin scales, respectively, although 3B42RT shows much higher overestimation. Both of the post-real-time corrections effectively reduce the bias of Day-1 IMERG and 3B42V7 to single digits of underestimation from 20+% overestimation of 3B42RT. The Taylor diagram shows that Day-1 IMERG and 3B42V7 are comparable at grid and basin scales. Hydrologic assessment with the Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrologic model indicates that the Day-1 IMERG product performs comparably to gauge reference data. In many cases, the IMERG product outperforms TMPA standard products, suggesting a promising prospect of hydrologic utility and a desirable hydrologic continuity from TRMM-era product heritages to GPM-era IMERG products. Overall, this early study highlights that the Day-1 IMERG product can adequately substitute TMPA products both statistically and hydrologically, even with its limited data availability to date, in this well-gauged midlatitude basin. As more IMERG data are released, more studies to explore the potential of GPM-era IMERG in water, weather, and climate research are urgently needed.
An Evaluation of Analog-Based Postprocessing Methods across Several Variables and Forecast Models
Authors: Nagarajan Badrinath , Delle Monache Luca , Hacker Joshua P. , Rife Daran L. , Searight Keith , Knievel Jason C. , Nipen Thomas N.
Published: September 2015

Recently, two analog-based postprocessing methods were demonstrated to reduce the systematic and random errors from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model predictions of 10-m wind speed over the central United States. To test robustness and generality, and to gain a deeper understanding of postprocessing forecasts with analogs, this paper expands upon that work by applying both analog methods to surface stations evenly distributed across the conterminous United States over a 1-yr period. The Global Forecast System (GFS), North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM), and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) forecasts for screen-height wind, temperature, and humidity are postprocessed with the two analog-based methods and with two time series–based methods—a running mean bias correction and an algorithm inspired by the Kalman filter. Forecasts are evaluated according to a range of metrics, including random and systematic error components; correlation; and by conditioning the error distributions on lead time, location, error magnitude, and day-to-day error variability.

Results show that the analog methods are generally more effective than time series–based methods at reducing the random error component, leading to an overall reduction in root-mean-square error. Details among the methods differ and are elucidated upon in this study. The relative levels of random and systematic error in the raw forecasts determine, to a large extent, the effectiveness of each postprocessing method in reducing forecast errors. When the errors are dominated by random errors (e.g., where thunderstorms are common), the analog-based methods far outperform the time series–based methods. When the errors are strictly systematic (i.e., a bias), the analog methods lose their advantage over the time series methods. It is shown that slowly evolving systematic errors rarely dominate, so reducing the random error component is most effective at reducing the error magnitude. The results are shown to be valid for all seasons. The analog methods show similar performance to the operational model output statistics (MOS) while showing greater reduction of random errors at certain lead times.
Christian Origins and Religious Studies
Authors: Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: September 2015

This essay reflects on the relationship between the study of the origins of Christianity and the discipline of Religious Studies in conversation with William Arnal’s “What Branches Grow out of this Stony Rubbish? Christian Origins and the Study of Religion,” published in Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses in 2010. Extending Arnal’s call for specialists in the New Testament and early Christianity to engage Religious Studies, it explores a reorientation of perspective, towards the aim of a doubled lens from and upon both Christian Origins and Religious Studies. Particularly promising may be the interrogation of ancient and modern practices of periodization and category-creation, especially as they intersect with imperial and anti-imperial discourses about “origins,” knowledge, and power.
Impact of Urban Nature on Executive Functioning in Early and Middle Childhood
Authors: Schutte Anne R. , Torquati Julia C. , Beattie Heidi L.
Published: September 2015

According to attention restoration theory, directed attention can become fatigued and then be restored by spending time in a restorative environment. This study examined the restorative effects of nature on children’s executive functioning. Seven- to 8-year-olds (school aged, n = 34) and 4- to 5-year-olds (preschool, n = 33) participated in two sessions in which they completed an activity to fatigue attention, then walked along urban streets (urban walk) in one session and in a park-like area (nature walk) in another session, and finally completed assessments of working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Children responded faster on the attention task after a nature walk than an urban walk. School-aged children performed significantly better on the attention task than preschoolers following the nature walk, but not urban walk. Walk type did not affect inhibitory control or verbal working memory. However, preschoolers’ spatial working memory remained more stable following the nature walk than the urban walk.
Are Individualism and “Masculinity” Related When Controlling for Regional Proximity? A Reappraisal of Barry (2015)
Authors: Bain Paul G. , Bongiorno Renata
Published: September 2015

Barry recently attributed the non-significant relationship between the cultural dimensions of Individualism (IND) and Masculinity (MASC) to a suppression effect of regional differences. Pairing countries on regional proximity, he showed that a strong correlation between these cultural dimensions emerged. However, we point to significant issues with this analysis, including how countries were paired, ordered, and included/excluded, as well as in the cultural meaningfulness of regional proximity. Re-analysis of the data after addressing these issues shows that IND and MASC were not significantly related at a cultural level after controlling for regional proximity, nor after controlling for two other prominent geographic factors: latitude and climate demands. The weight of evidence suggests that IND and MASC are not correlated at a cultural level.