bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art. XII.—On the Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Commercial Resources of India
Authors: Balston William
Published: March 2011

In accepting the invitation of a friend to read you a paper on the agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial resources of India, I wish to explain that during my short residence there of seven years—for seven years is but a short time for learning muchof that country—my attention was devoted almost exclusively to this subject, andas I carried out with me a practical knowledge of public works, their adaptation to particular purposes, their forms and cost, and their utility in developing the resources of a country, I feel some confidence in my ability to speak to the purpose of these coarse and material yet important affairs—important, because they affect not merely the physical comforts and enjoyments of a people, but also their moral and intellectual condition; the material prosperity of a man providing him not merely with food, clothing, andshelter, but also leisure, and its necessary adjuncts, for the promotion of his mental and social enjoyments. I have, therefore, accepted the invitation of my friend, not willingly alone, but gladly, partly from my having devoted much time to these affairs, but more especially as my strongest passion on any public question is the desire to promote the welfare of the people of India, particularly that of the predial classes, of whose simplicity of character, truthfulness, and honesty I have received the most favourable impressions.
Art. XVII.—An Account of the Kánphatís of Danodhar, in Cutch, with the Legend of Dharamnáth, their founder
Authors: Postans T.
Published: March 2011

Danodhar is the name applied to a large irregularly shaped and lofty hill, situated on the edge of the Runn of Cutch, about twenty miles NW. from Bhooj; attached to this place is the popular tradition, accounting for the present appearance of the Runn, and which also, at some remote period, appears to have been the means of founding the sect of Jogís, commonly known as Kánphatís.
Art XIX.—Essays on the Puránas. II.
Authors: Wilson Horace Hayman
Published: March 2011

The Pádma Purána, which in the Pauranic lists occupies the second place, and in its own enumeration the first, is a work of considerable extent; according to the best authorities, and to its own statements, it consists of fifty-five thousand slokas, and the copies that are current actually contain little less than that number, or about 50,000.
Art. XXI.—Remarks on the Arabic Language
Authors: Dickinson T. M
Published: March 2011

In taking a critical review of a language, it is essentially necessary, as in all other similar cases, to divest the mind of all preconceived notions and prejudices which have been imbibed from habit or education, and to view it solely with regard to its object and use; viz., a clear and distinct representation of ideas.
Supplement.—Further Detail of Proofs that Colebrooke's Essay “On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow” was not indebted to the Vivâdabhangârṇava
Authors: Hall Fitzedward
Published: March 2011

If the crucial instance which has already been adduced and laboured, for the intent indicated above, should be regarded as anywise inconclusive, the ensuing particulars will be found to complete my argument.
Art. XI.—The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon
Authors: Stanley H. E. J.
Published: March 2011

The history of the Day of Judgment, and the canto of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, by Rabadan, were published in the preceding number of the Journal of the Asiatic Society. These two poems were received with much enthusiasm at Barcelona. With the exception of the history of Hexim and Abdulmutalib, none of Rabadan's poetry has been before published. It may be as well to remind the reader that Rabadan wrote in 1603. The following notes are given here, as it would have been inconvenient to give them as foot notes.
Art. IX.—Sassanian Inscriptions explained by the Pahlavi of the Pârsîs
Authors: West E. W.
Published: March 2011

Mr. Thomas has lately done good service to Pahlavî archæology, by collecting all the best copies of the Sassanian inscriptions, that are known to exist, from the various books of travels and unpublished papers in which they have hitherto remained comparatively hidden and neglected. If his tentative translation of the Hâjîâbâd inscription is likely to be less useful, it is probably owing to his treating the language as an unknown one, and only to be interpreted by a free use of all available lexicons, aided by a variety of hazardous guesses. But there is good reason for believing that the language of these inscriptions is not unknown, as the composition, or rearrangement, of most of the Pahlavî literature of the Parsîs, is traditionally ascribed to the time of the Sassanian rule; if, therefore, this tradition be correct, there ought to be a close resemblance between the language of the inscriptions and that of the Pahlavî books, after allowing for probable alterations made in the books, by successive copyists.
Art. XIV.—Translation of a Bactrian Pali Inscription
Authors: Dowson J.
Published: March 2011

[The Royal Asiatic Society are indebted to Major F. W. Stubbs, R.A., for the illustrative materials of the following paper. The facsimile of the inscription has been executed in so perfect a form as to be freely legible to ordinarily practised eyes. As Professor Dowson had already distinguished himself in the decipherment of Bactrian Pali writing in his previous articles in this Journal, the explanation of this inscription was, as a matter of course, confided to him. The result appears below. The facsimile of the inscription itself has been reserved for publication, in association with the Mathura series alluded to by Professor Dowson.
Art. VI.— The Campaign of Ælius Gallus in Arabia
Authors: Sprenger A.
Published: March 2011

In the year 18 B.C. Ælius Gallus, a Roman knight, then Governor of Egypt, undertook, by order of Augustus, a campaign into Arabia. Strabo, p. 780, says, “Observing that the Red Sea is extremely narrow, and forms an inconsiderable barrier between the Æthiopians and the Arabs, the Emperor ordered Gallus to ‘explore’ both countries, being determined either to make these nations his friends and allies, or to subdue them. As they had from time immemorial been selling the spices and precious stones of their countries for cash, and never imported goods from foreign parts, they were proverbial for their wealth; and this was the principal inducement for making an attempt to win them as friends, or to subdue them in case of resistance. The Emperor was, moreover, encouraged by the Nabatæans, who were allies of the Romans, and promised to further his views.”
Art. VII.—An Account of Jerusalem, translated for the late Sir H. M. Elliot, from the Persian text of Náṣir ibn Khusrú's Safarnámah
Authors: Fuller A. R.
Published: March 2011

On the 3rd of Ramazán, I left Ramlah, and went to a village called Khátún, and from thence to another, which they styled Kariatu-l-'Anab (Grape hamlet). On the road I observed plenty of wild rue growing spontaneously on hill and dale. I also noticed at this village a very delightful spring of water gushing out of a rock, where they had constructed reservoirs, and built edifices. From thence I proceeded up some rising ground, under the impression that I was ascending a hill, and that on going down the other side the city would lie before me. After I had climbed the ascent however for a short way, a vast wilderness lay in my front, partly stony, and partly showing merely the bare earth. At the summit of the hill stands the city of the “Baitu-l-Mukaddas” (Sacred Tabernacle, i.e. Jerusalem), between which and Tarábulis, whichis on the coast, are 56 parasangs, and from Balkh to Jerusalem 876.
Art. IX.—On Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to Ballabhi
Authors: Fergusson James
Published: March 2011

In his Life of Gaudama, Bishop Bigandet remarks that “the voyages of two Chinese travellers, undertaken in the fifth and seventh centuries of our era, have done more to elucidate the history and geography of Buddhism in India than all that has hitherto been found in the Sanskrit and Pali books of India and the neighbouring countries.” Feeling strongly impressed with the truth of this observation, I attempted, in a paper published in a recent volume of this Journal, to utilize the scanty materials afforded by the Chinese travellers to settle some of the disputed points of Mediæval Indian chronology; and I now propose to examine a portion of the much more copious materials their works afford for determining the geography of India at the period it was visited by them.
Art. XI.—Hwen Thsang's Account of the Principalities of Tokháristán, etc
Authors: Yule H.
Published: March 2011

In my recent paper on Hwen Thsang's Geography of Tokháristán, I made what may have seemed a rash suggestion, that the Folichisitangna of the Traveller, a territory at the foot of Hindu Kush, might represent the country of the Parâchis of Baber. But the suggestion has received corroboration from a passage that I recently observed in the Travels of Sidi ' Ali (Journ. As., tom, ix., p. 203). The admiral being at Kàbul, and about to cross the Hindu Kush, the Governor sent Mir Nezir, chief of the Tribes of Farâshi and Bashâtsi ( and ) to demand 300 men of those tribes to conduct the horses and camels across the Pass. The party then proceeded by Karâbâgh and Chârikarân to Parwân. There they entered on the territory of Mir Nezir, and found the tribesmen assembled. This seems to show that the territory of the Farâshis (or Parâchis) was about Parwán, i.e. close to Hupiân, which is supposed to be the Hupinah of Hwen-Thsang, called by him the capital of Folichisitangna. Bashâtsi is, I imagine, a clerical error for Bashâi (), the well-known name of a tribe (Pashâis) which I have supposed to be possibly connected with that of the adjoining kingdom of Kapiçca or Kapisha.
Art, XIII.—The Initial Coinage of Bengal, under the Early Muhammadan Conquerors. Part II. Embracing the preliminary period between A.H. 614–634 (A.D. 1217–1236–7)
Authors: Thomas Edward
Published: March 2011

The discovery of an undisturbed hoard of no less than 13,500 coins in Kooch Bihár, inhumed some five centuries since, recently claimed attention both from the number and importance of its representative specimens, which so effectively illustrated the history of the kingdom of Bengal for a consecutive period of some 107 years. The earliest date thus accorded towards the purely Initial Coinage of the country under its newly-installed Muslim administrators did not reach higher than the reign of the Empress Riẓíah, A.H. 634–637 (A.D. 1236–1239), or more than 34 years after the first entry of the adventurous Khilji and Túrkí troops into the recognized Hindú capital of the lower Ganges. A still more recent discovery of a comparatively poor man's cache, in the fort of Bihár, elucidates an earlier chapter of the local annals; and though the contents of the earthen vessel in this case are limited in number to a total of 37 pieces, and restricted in their dates to a term of 13 years, they, in some respects, compete advantageously with the previously-recovered unexampled store, in the value of their contributions to the obscure records of the Gangetic Delta, and in priority of date bring us more than 20 years nearer to the first occupation of Bengal by Muhammad Bakhtyár Khiljí in 600 A.H. As in the larger and almost-regal treasure trove of Kooch Bihár, the specimens in the present instance prove to be essentially of home or indigenous fabric.
Art. XIV.—The Legend of Dipañkara Buddha. Translated from the Chinese (and intended to illustrate Plates XXIX. and L., ‘Tree and Serpent Worship’)
Authors: Beal S.
Published: March 2011

From a brief examination of a work in the India. Office Library, called “K'ai yuen shĭ kiau,” (one volume of which is unfortunately missing), I find that the number of books included in the Chinese Buddhist Canon, down to the time of Tchi-Shing, the compiler of the work in question (who lived A.D. 730 during the Tang dynasty (618–904 A.D.), and shortly after Hwen-Thsang), amounted altogether to 1076, divided into 5048 chapters (kiouen), and included within 480 wrappers (chih). Of these, 330 belong to the “Little vehicle,” and 968 to the “Great vehicle,” leaving 108 miscellaneous and unclassified. Of the “Little vehicle,” 240 are Sûtras, in 618 chapters, and 48 wrappers; 54 belong to the Vinaya Piṭaka, in 446 chapters and 45 wrappers; 36 belong to the Abidharma Piṭaka, in 698 chapters and 72 wrappers. Of the 968 belonging to the “Great vehicle,” 515 are Sûtras, in 2173 chapters and 203 wrappers; 26 belong to the Vinaya Piṭaka, in 54 chapters and 5 wrappers; and 97 belong to the Abidharma Piṭaka, in 518 chapters and 50 wrappers.
Art. XV.—Note on Art. IX., antè pp. 213–274, on Hiouen-Thsang's Journey from Patna to Ballabhi
Authors: Fergusson James
Published: March 2011

Since the above paper was printed off, it has occurred to me that the Konkanapoura mentioned at page 266 has nothing whatever to do with the Concans now below the Grhâts, as I was inclined to think was possible, but may have been the capital of the Kongadesa or Chera kingdom, which we know, at the period of Hiouen-Thsang's visit, was one of the three great kingdoms occupying the south of the peninsula.
Art. III.—Notes on the Sinhalese Language No. 1.— On the Formation of the Plural of Neuter Nouns
Authors: Childers R. C.
Published: March 2011

The Sinhalese is one of the Aryan vernaculars of India, and is spoken by the descendants of a people who migrated from Magadha to Ceylon at a very remote period. The tradition recorded in Mahavansa is that Ceylon was colonised, by a prince of Lala, a district of Magadha, who landed in the island with seven hundred followers on the day of Gautama Buddha's death. Accepting this tradition, and comparing it with the tradition that Pali was a Magadha dialect, we should expect to find a close resemblance between Pali and Sinhalese. And such in fact is the case. With a few exceptions, Sinhalese follows Pali so closely that at first sight one might feel inclined to say that the former was derived from the latter. As a general rule, where Pali differs from the other Prakrits, the Sinhalese agrees with it; and this is the case not only with words but with grammatical forms. And there are several words not found in the other Prakrits or Sanskrit which are found in both Pali and Sinhalese. I have alluded to exceptions, and these deserve full consideration; but they are such as may be explained by the circumstance, to which the Buddhist traditions clearly point, that the language of Buddha's sermons was the dialect of one district of Magadha, and the language spoken by the colonisers of Ceylon that of another district. As an instance of these exceptions, I may mention the Sinhalese itiri “woman,” which clearly cannot have come to us through the Pali itthi, since the latter has lost the original r of the Sanskrit .
Art. IV.—The Pali Text of the Mahâparinibbâna Sutta and Commentary, with a Translation
Authors: Childers R. C.
Published: March 2011

Evam me sutaṁ. Ekaṁ samayaṁ Bhagavâ Râjagahe viharati Gijjhakûṭe pabbate. Tena kho pana samayena Râjâ Mâgadho Ajâtasattu Vedebiputto Vajjî abhiyâtukâmo hoti, so evam âha. Abam ime Vajjî evarhmabiddbike evammabânubhâve uccheccbâmi Vajjî vinâsessâmi Vajjî anayavyasanam âpâdessâmi Vaiiî ti.
Art. V.—The Bṛhat-Saṅhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

1. I will tell the lucky and evil signs of goats. Such as have eight, nine, or ten teeth, are lucky, and may be kept; such as have seven teeth, should be removed.

2. A black circle on the right side of a white goat is a favourable mark. Likewise a white circle on the right side of one having the colour of an elk, of sable hue, or red.

3. The udderlike part hanging down from the neck of goats is known by the name of “neck ornament.” A goat with one dewlap brings happiness; extremely lucky are those having two or three dewlaps.

4. All goats without horns, and those that are entirely white or entirely black, promise good. Lucky also are such as are half black, half white; or half russet, half black.

5. A goat that marches in front of the flock, and the first that plunges into water, — that has the head white, or blazes on the forehead, — is favourable.
Art. XI.—The Northern Frontagers of China. Part I. The Origines of the Mongols
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: March 2011

The researches of Schott have thrown considerable light on what was previously a very obscure question, namely, the Origines of the Mongols—a question I propose to reexamine, with his assistance and that of other recent authors. There are three methods of approaching such a question. We may analyze the Mongolian tongue, and thus discover the elements which went to make up the race; we may collect the references to the race that we find in contemporary authors; or we may examine the traditions current among the people themselves as to their origin. The first of these methods I shall not at present deal with, inasmuch as it is complicated by many extraneous elements, the Mongols having borrowed from Chinese, Thibetans, and Turks both materials for their civilization and also for their language.
Art. XIII.—Notice on the Dînârs of the Abbasside Dynasty
Authors: Rogers Edward Thomas
Published: March 2011

Every collector of early Muhammadan coins must have observed that the dînârs of the fifth and two subsequent Khalîfahs are of two kinds: that is to say, some are plain, like those of the earlier Khalîfahs; whilst others have various Muhammadan names upon them, generally beneath the ordinary inscription on the area of the reverse.

It is well known, that dirhams and filses were struck in many parts of the then vast Muhammadan Empire; but it does not appear that under the first four Khalîfahs dînârs were struck in any other mint than that of the Capital.
Art. XV.—Notes on the old Mongolian Capital of Shangtu.
Authors: Bushell S. W.
Published: March 2011

On February 9th, 1874, I read a paper before the Royal Geographical Society entitled, “Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China,” made by the Hon. T. G. Grosvenor and myself in the autumn of 1872, including an account of a visit to the ruins of the city of Shangtu, the ancient northern capital of the Yuan Dynasty, described in such glowing terms by Marco Polo, who was there in the reign of its founder, the famous Kublai Khan. They are situate on the northern bank of the Lan-ho—the Shangtu River—about twenty-five miles to the north-west of Dolonnor, the populous city founded by the Emperor Kang-hi, as a trading mart between the Chinese and the Mongolian tribes. These ruins were identified by the existence of a marble memorial tablet, with an inscription of the reign of Kublai, in an ancient form of the Chinese character. A more detailed account of the history of the city so frequently referred to by mediaeval travellers, derived from Chinese and other sources, has been drawn up; and a plan of the ruins, with a facsimile and translation of the inscription, added, in the hope that it may prove of some interest to the Members of your Society.
Art. VIII.—Inedited Arabic Coins
Authors: Poole Stanley Lane
Published: March 2011

Takash-Bég, whose name must be familiar to every reader of Muhammedan history, was a son of Alp-Arslán, and brother of Malik-Sháh. I am not aware that any coin bearing his name has hitherto been published.
Art. II.—The Tenses of the Assyrian Verb
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: March 2011

Dr. Hincks once spoke of Assyrian as the Sanskrit of the Semitic languages, and the progress of cuneiform decipherment has tended to show that his words were not greatly exaggerated. It is true that Assyrian belongs to the northern branch of the Semitic family, which includes Hebrew and Aramaic, and not to the southern, which comprises Arabic and Ethiopic; it is true, also, that it bears a closer relationship to Hebrew and Phœnician than to any other Semitic idiom; but it is no less true that it has thrown an unexpected light on several of the problems of general Semitic philology. The reasons of this are clear enough. We possess contemporaneous monuments of the language from a very remote date, far beyond the antiquity which can be ascribed to any other record of Semitic speech; the language, even at that time, was already a literary one, and so stereotyped certain early grammatical forms that have been lost or obscured in the other dialects which did not become literary until at a much later period of growth; the syllabic character of the writing has preserved the vowels exactly as they were pronounced; and the monuments were inscribed while the speech of the people was still a living one, and not handed down through the doubtful channels of tradition and copyists.
Art. V.—China viâ Tibet
Authors: Boulger S. C.
Published: March 2011

One of the stipulations contained in the Convention recently signed at Che-foo by Sir Thomas Wade, and the Chinese statesman Li-Hung-Chang, sets forth that a mission is to be sanctioned between China and India through Tibet; or, to state this fact more comprehensively, that intercourse between India and Tibet has at last received the Imperial consent of Pekin. To those persons who are sceptical as to the amount of faith to be reposed in written agreements between nations, there can be no more potent confirmation for their disbelief than the perusal of those made hitherto between this country and China.
Art. VI.—Notes and Recollections on Tea Cultivation in Kumaon and Garhwál
Authors: Batten J. H.
Published: March 2011

The cultivation of Tea in Kumaon has become so important and profitable, that it is interesting to trace the early history of this industry; and the duty of placing on record as true an account as possible of its introduction, rise and progress, is one which ought not to be neglected by those who are acquainted with the real facts; yet, after all, there is not very much to be told, even by those in full possession of all the data, when they show that, in this case—belonging, as it does, in an especial manner, to the best interests of British India—the seed of the sower “fell upon good ground, and yielded fruit, some an hundred-fold, some sixty, some thirty.”
Art. X.—Burmese Transliteration
Authors: Barbe H. L. St.
Published: March 2011

In 1872 the Local Government of the province arranged to become purchaser of Dr. Mason's work on “Burma.” The author was an American missionary, who had spent nearly all his life in the country, and whose name is well known amongst Oriental scholars as having been the first to discover and bring to light Kaccayāno's Pali Grammar, which is to this day the handbook here in every village school. The last edition of “Burma” had been published in 1860. Since that date the writer had been amassing new collectanea, and it was agreed that he should personally supervise a fresh publication, which was intended, in his hands, to become a kind of encyclopædia of all scientific subjects connected with the province. But Dr. Mason was never destined to see the consummation of the work he had laboured at so long. For some time his missionary duties interfered with all active literary endeavour, and his death in 1874 finally prevented the execution of the original design. His notes and MSS., after remaining for three years in the possession of his widow, have been consigned by Government to one who is fully conscious how incompetent he is single-handed for the task.
Art. V.—On Sandhi in Pali
Authors: Childers R. C.
Published: March 2011

[The following fragments were found among the papers of the late R. C. Childers. When his last illness overtook him, he was known to have been engaged for some time on a comprehensive handbook of the Pali language. Before, however, he had far proceeded with the elaboration of the greater work, he proposed to bring out an elementary grammar first, to meet the pressing want of intending students of that language. After his death, it was hoped that some other Pali scholar would be found willing to complete the work in either form from the materials collected by Mr. Childers: and with this view these were submitted to Prof. Pischel at Kiel. But as this gentleman has since expressed his intention of publishing a grammar on a plan of his own, it is thought that the following two fragments may, even as such, be of interest to Pali students. Each of them treats of the Sandhi rules, and is complete in itself. But while the former, intended for the shorter work, was left ready for the press, the latter, intended for the larger, had not yet received the benefit of the gifted author's revision.—R. R.]
Art. VI.—Arabic Amulets and Mottoes
Authors: Rogers E. T.
Published: March 2011

The language of the Ḱorán has always teen beloved, and, I may almost say, worshipped by Muhammadans. Arabic, and especially the Arabic of the Ḱorán, is justly admired for its expressiveness, its subtle gradations of meaning, its cadence and rhythm, but above all for its adaptability to religious formulæ and pious ejaculations. Indeed, to the eloquence of Muḥammad and of his coadjutors, in their use of this rich language, may, in a great measure, be attributed the unparalleled success and the speedy propagation of Islám.
Art. XIII.—A Comparative Study of the Japanese and Korean Languages
Authors: Aston W. G.
Published: March 2011

In comparing Japanese and Korean with each other and with other languages, there are three things to be considered: —1st, their phonetic systems; 2nd, the functions of their grammar; and 3rd, the character of their grammatical procedures.
Art. I.—On “The Most Comely Names,” i.e. The Laudatory Epithets, or The Titles of Praise, bestowed on God in the Qur'ān or by Muslim Writers
Authors: Redhouse J. W.
Published: March 2011

All students of the facts and doctrines of Islām, that uncompromising and purely monotheistic faith promulgated by Muhammad to the pagan Arabians, his kinsmen or countrymen, as also to the Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians who dwelt in and about Madīna, or the three Arabias, thirteen hundred years ago, will have met with some mention of what European writers generally know as “The ninety-nine names of God,” but which are denominated in chap. vii. v. 179, as also in chap. xx. v. 7, of the Qur'ān itself, “The Most Comely Names,” .
Art. II.—Notes on a newly-discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great
Authors: Rawlinson H. C.
Published: March 2011

The Society was informed in the Report which was read at the Anniversary Meeting in May, and which has since been printed in the Journal, that many new Inscriptions had recently been discovered in Babylonia by Mr. Hormazd Rassam. When that gentleman lately returned to England from Mesopotamia, he left working parties both at Babylon and Nineveh, and it is from the excavations of the former place that the British Museum has recently received the very interesting relic which I am now about to describe.
Art. IV.—A Treatise on Weights and Measures, by Eliyá, Archbishop of Nisíbín
Authors: Sauvaire H.
Published: March 2011

In 1877 I had the pleasure of presenting to the Society M. Sauvaire's translation of the curious treatise on weights and measures by Már Eliyá. That translation was founded on the Paris MS., which presented some considerable lacunæ; the whole of Chapters V. to X., and portions of Chapters XI. XII. and XIII., being missing. These M. Sauvaire has now been able to supply from a Gotha MS., which Dr. Pertsch was so good as to copy for him. I prefix to this supplementary translation part of M. Sauvaire's explanatory letter.
Art. XIV.—On the Uzbeg Epos
Authors: Vambéry Arminius
Published: March 2011

I Have to remark before all, that the manuscript referring to Sheibani Khan, upon which I am speaking, ought not to be confounded with the Sheibani-nameh, edited by the Russian Orientalist K. Berezin, in 1849, in I. Biblioteka Vostochnikh Historikof. The last-named is an insignificant little treatise of the deeds accomplished by the famous Uzbeg chief, and may be divided into two different parts. The first, containing one of those numerous compilations of the history of the Turks, must be ranked amongst the third class of imitators of Ala-eddin Djuveini and of Rashid-eddin Tabibi, with the only exception that the anonymous author, being probably of Turkish origin, has less disfigured the Turkish and Mongol nomina propria than many of his predecessors and subsequent writers upon the same subject. In the second part the author dwells at some length upon that branch of the Djenghizides of which Abulkhair Khan, the ancestor of Sheibani, was an offspring—I mean to say upon the family of Djudji Khan, and here we meet with certain details and genealogical data not to be met with in most of the books treating the same subject.
Art. XVIII.—The Early History Tibet. From Chinese Sources
Authors: Bushell S. W.
Published: March 2011

Tibet, according to the Chinese, was inhabited by many scattered tribes up to the end of the sixth century, when they first heard of the establishment of a kingdom in their midst by Luntsansolungtsan, who, according to the ‘Reearches’ of Ma Tuanlin, during the period K'aihuang, (A.D. 581–600) of the Sui Dynasty, extended his dominion on the south-west as far as P‘olomên (Brâhmaṇa—Central India), till at the beginning of the T'ang Dynasty their army numbered 100,000 warriors, and they become a powerful state. He is probably the Luntsansu of the genealogy on p. 443. It was his son Ch'itsunglungtsan who sent the first mission to the Emperor T'aitsung of the T'ang Dynasty in 634, and was given a Chinese princess in marriage in 641.
Art. XIX.—Notes on some Inedited Coins, from a Collection made in Persia during the years 1877–1879
Authors: Le Strange Guy
Published: March 2011

During a three years' stay that I made in Persia, while travelling about the country, and living in Tehran, Meshed, Ispahan, and Shiraz, I made a small collection of coins, and passed many pleasant hours in trying to decipher their legends, and reading in Persian histories what I was able to find about the kings and princes whose names occurred theron. Since I have come home, Mr. Poole, the Keeper of the Coins at the British Museum, has kindly looked over my collection, and, while pointing out what is new, has most courteously given me the benefit of his scholarship in clearing up many difficulties; to his various colleagues in the Medal Room I am also indebted for assistance and instruction.
Art. I.—Indian Theistic Reformers.
Authors: Williams Monier
Published: March 2011

It is a mistake to suppose that the first introduction of Theism into India was due to the founders of the Brāhma Samāj, or modern Theistic Churches of Bengal. Some of the oldest hymns of the Ṛig-veda are decidedly monotheistic, and all the most pronounced forms of Indian pantheism rest on the fundamental doctrine of God's unity. “There is one Being and no second,” or in other words, “Nothing really exists but the one eternal omnipresent Spirit,” was the dogma enunciated by ancient Hindū thinkers. It was a dogma accepted by the philosophical Brāhman with all its consequences and corollaries. He firmly believed himself and the Universe to be parts of the one eternal Essence, and wrapped himself up accordingly in a kind of serene indifference to all external phenomena and circumstances. Again even the ordinary Hindū who practises the most corrupt forms of polytheism is never found to deny the doctrine of God's unity. On the contrary, he will always maintain that God is essentially one, though he holds that the one God exhibits Himself variously, and that He is to be worshipped through an endless diversity of manifestations, incarnations, and material forms.
Art. VIII.—Hindû Law at Madras
Authors: Nelson J. H.
Published: March 2011

Several books lately published at Madras show that in the opinion of their authors there is something very wrong in the mode in which suits between so-called Hindûs, involving questions of so-called Hindû law, are now dealt with by the High Court of Judicature at Madras and the courts subordinate thereto. And a perusal of some of the reports of High Courts in other parts of India will lead many to suppose that a not inconsiderable part of the law made by those courts, not by the legislature, for the benefit of so-called Hindûs, is not less open to objection than are many of the doctrines promulgated in Madras. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to show that, whereas the High Court of Judicature at Madras professes, and doubtless desires to keep up, as required by the Civil Courts Act, the laws and customs of the tribes and castes subjected to its jurisdiction, it in fact imposes on them laws of its own making, and which until quite recently have not had force in any part of Jndia. To this end I shall endeavour to prove, as fully as may be possible in the little space at my command, (1) that in ancient times law, in any ordinary acceptation of the term, never was administered to Hindus by Hindûs or others; (2) that if law was administered to Hindûs in ancient times, at all events it never was administered in the kingdoms lying south of the Vindhya mountains; and (3) that if it was, it was not the law contained in the Mitâxarâ, and other books of the kind.
Art. X.—Supplement to the Paper on Indian Theistic Reformers, published in the January Number of this Journal
Authors: Williams Monier
Published: March 2011

Since the publication of my paper on Indian Theistic Reformers in the January number of this Journal, I have received the following letter from Mr. Krishna Bihari Sen, brother of Mr. Keshab Chandar Sen
Art. XII.—Caucasian Nationalities
Authors: Morrison M. A.
Published: March 2011

Professor Schiefner, of St. Petersburgh, whom I met at the Fourth Oriental Congress at Florence, 1878, was good enough, to prepare for me a résumé of the languages spoken in the Caucasus, with which he was familiar: fortunately he did not delay in complying with my request, as he died before his essay was translated and published in the Proceedings of the Philological Society of London for 1879.
Art. XIII.—Translation of the Mârkaṇḍdeya Purâṇa. Books VII. VIII
Authors: Wortham B. Hale
Published: March 2011

Once upon earth there lived a saintly king Named Hariśchandra; pure in heart and mind, In virtue eminent, he ruled the world, Guarding mankind from evil. While he reigned No famine raged, nor pain; untimely death Ne'er cut men off; nor were the citizens Of his fair city lawless. All their wealth, And power, and works of righteousness, ne'er filled Their hearts with pride; in everlasting youth And loveliness the women passed their days.
Art. XVI.—The Koi, a Southern Tribe of the Gond
Authors: Cain John
Published: March 2011

Before entering upon an account of the Koi, I ought to say that I am going to describe those only, with whom I came in contact during my residence at Dummagûdem, in the Bhadrachellam taluqa of the Godávari District, giving at the same time additional information gleaned from them respecting those of their tribe, who live further inland, on the uplands of the bordering semi-independent state of Bastar. The place furthest south, where I have met with Koi, is Kammameta, in the Nizam's dominions. At present I know of eight classes or castes of the Koi, the Oḍḍî, Guṭṭa Koi, Gommu Koi, Linga Koi, Koi Nâyak, Koi Kammara, Ḍôlivânḍlu or Ḍôlôllu, and Paṭṭiḍivanḍlu.
Art. XIX.—On the Andaman Islands and the Andamanese
Authors: Portman M. V.
Published: March 2011

With the exception of a casual mention by one of the ancient historians, nothing appears to have been known by the outside world, of the Andamanese; until Lieut. Blair, of the Indian Navy, was conducting a survey of the Andaman Islands at the close of the last century. A settlement was during his time temporarily established, first in the present Port Blair, then called Port Cornwallis, and afterwards in the present Port Cornwallis. This was, however, abandoned in a short time, owing to the unhealthiness of the climate, and with the exception of the reports of the masters of vessels, who from time to time touched at the Islands, and described the aborigines as ferocious cannibals of hideous aspect, and smeared with clay, nothing more was known of them until Dr. Mouatt, by order of Lord Canning, then Governor-General of India, went down to see about establishing a convict settlement there, and his work on the subject is the first really reliable authority we have. It is, however, necessarily far from being correct, as in a hasty tour round the Islands much information could not be gained, and, as I have often found, the first information one receives of these people is generally wrong.
Art. XX.—Notes on Marco Polo's Itinerary in Southern Persia (Chapters XVI. to XXI., Col. Yule's Translation)
Authors: Houtum-Schindler A.
Published: March 2011

Chapter XVI.—Marco Polo travelled from Yazd to Kermán viâ. Báfk. His description of the road, seven days over great plains, harbour at three places only, is perfectly exact. The fine woods, producing dates, are at Báfk itself. (The place is generally called Báft.) Partridges and quails still abound; wild asses I saw several on the western road, and I was told that there were a great many on the Báfk road. Travellers and caravans now always go by the eastern road viâ Anár and Bahrámábád. Before the Sefavíehs (i.e. before A.D. 1500) the Anár road was hardly, if ever, used; travellers always took the Báfk road. The country from Yazd to Anár, 97 miles, seems to have been totally uninhabited before the Sefavíehs. Anár, as late as A.D. 1340, is mentioned as the frontier place of Kermán to the north, on the confines of the Yazd desert. When Sháh 'Abbás had caravanserais built at three places between Yazd and Anár (Zein ud-dín, Kermánsháhán, and Shamsh), the eastern road began to be neglected.
Art. II.—The Poet Pampa
Authors: Rice Lewis
Published: March 2011

In the works of the poet Pampa, or Hampa as he was called in later times, we have earlier and more definite information than has hitherto been published regarding the period from which the Kannaḍa or Karṇâṭaka (so-called Canarese) language has been used for purposes of literary composition. From his first work, the Âdi Purâṇa, we learn that he was born in Śaka 824. But his second work, called Vikramârjuṇa Vijaya or the Pampa Bhârata, which established his fame, tells us that both were written in the same year—Śaka 863— and adds many particulars full of interest in regard to himself, and the circumstances under which he wrote.
Art. V.—Note on Pl xxviii. fig. 1, of Mr. Fergusson's “Tree and Serpent Worship,” 2nd Edition
Authors: Beal S.
Published: March 2011

I beg leave to call attention to a very curious result, drawn from a comparison of the two versions, viz. that the Vaggi or Vaggians of Vesâlî are the same as the Yue-chi of the Chinese.
Art. XI.—On Tartar and Turk
Authors: Koelle S. W.
Published: March 2011

There is something in a name. Properly it ought to comprise all, or at least much of what is contained in the thing named. The name is therefore a very weighty and important word. In dealing with it, we may be struck as the Tartars were, when they first handled iron; for it evidently gave them the impression that it contained some mysterious substance, some kind of stuffing, concealed under its surface; and therefore they called it timur, i.e. ‘a stuffing, a filling, or something filled, stuffed.’ The Turkish language is remarkably transparent in an etymological point of view, most of its names being still easily traceable to their roots and to their original signification.
Art. XXII.—On the Genealogy of Modern Numerals
Authors: Bayley E. Clive
Published: March 2011

Nearly fifty years have elapsed since James Prinsep first announced his discovery of ancient Indian Numerals, and attempted their decipherment. Towards this latter object gradual advance has been made from time to time, and now, thanks to the successive labours of Thomas, Cunningham, Bhao Dáji, Bühler, Bhagwán Lál and others, it is possible to give to each symbol used its proper meaning.
Art. XXV.—The Successors of the Seljuks in Asia Minor
Authors: Lane-Poole Stanley
Published: March 2011

In preparing the eighth volume of the Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum, which will describe the coins of the Turks, I found myself confronted at the outset with a serious obstacle in the shape of twenty-five coins of various Turkish Amírs of Asia Minor, of whose history and chronology almost nothing appeared to be known, and of whose coinage the only examples hitherto published were five specimens (three varieties) described by Dr. E. von Bergmann and by Prof. J. Karabacek respectively, in the “Berichte” of the Vienna Academy, and in the “Numismatische Zeitschrift.” The twenty-five examples in the British Museum had long remained unnoticed. Some I found in the 'Othmánly series; but most of them were discovered and partly identified by my uncle, the Keeper of Coins. The inscriptions were for the most part clear enough; and the difficulty consisted simply in the fact that the history of the princes who issued them was not generally known or easily accessible. The trouble and research that were necessary before I could arrange and attribute the coins and draw up approximately complete chronological lists of these dynasties and princes, are, I think, a sufficient excuse for the following pages, in which I shall try to smooth the way for my successors.
Art. III.—On the Early Historical Relations between Phrygia and Cappadocia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: March 2011

The following account of the early relations between the countries east and west of the Halys is the result of a journey made from Smyrna by the Hermus valley, Doghanlu, Angora, Boghaz Keui, and Euyuk to Sivas (May 13 to June 29, 1881), on which Col. Sir Charles Wilson kindly invited me to accompany him. The Roman roads of the district were a frequent topic of conversation; and the knowledge of the routes, on which this article rests, has been gained from his skill. I afterwards found that the information I had thus acquired from Mm of the Roman roadsystem had an important bearing on the early history of these countries.
Art. IV.—On the Importance to Great Britain of the Study of Arabic
Authors: Salmoné Habib Anthony
Published: March 2011

I Believe that the short paper on this subject which I propose to read to you will be interesting to this ancient association for the cultivation of Oriental research in all its branches; but, for it, I lay no claim to any special qualifications for its discussion; on the contrary, I approach it with much diffidence, in the presence of men my seniors in science and erudition. This consideration, however, is the main ground of my encouragement; for, according to the Arabic adage “Indulgence is an innate quality of the liberal,” I feel assured beforehand of a lenient judgment from you.
Art. VII.—Grammatical Note on the Simnúní Dialect of the Perisan Language
Authors: Bassett James
Published: March 2011

The city of Simnún is about one hundred and sixty-five miles eastward from Tehran on the road from the latter city to Mashad.
Art. VIII.—Etymology of the Turkish Numerals
Authors: Koelle S. W.
Published: March 2011

The Etymology of Numerals, or the question what primary ideas originally furnished the names for the different numbers, is a matter of considerable obscurity and uncertainty in many languages. Professor Bopp, in his Comparative Grammar of the Sanscritic Languages, translated into English by Lieutenant Eastwick, says, in vol. i. p. 427: “I do not think that any language whatever has produced special original words for the particular designation of such compacted and peculiar ideas as three, four, five, etc.; and as the appellations of numbers resist all comparison with the verbal bases, the pronominal bases remain the only means by which to explain them.” To whatever extent this may be true respecting the Sanscritic languages, it does not apply to many others spoken in Africa and America; and from these some light may possibly be derived for the elucidation of the former. Even in Asia there is the extensive stock of Tartar languages, to which also the Turkish or Osmanli belongs, where the roots of words occupy so dominant a position, and can, with their primary meaning, be still so easily traced, that in regard to them the very reverse holds good of what Professor Bopp affirmed about the absence of connexion with verbal bases in the Sanscritic Numerals. Only so much is true, that also in the Tartar languages the Numerals were originally not designations for the abstract idea of numeric order, but expressions, still capable of being understood, to mark certain peculiarities of the fingers, with whose help people used to count.From being at first ordinary appellatives, they gradually passed into Numerals, or mere symbolic representations of numbers, when their primary signification faded away from the people's mind.
Art. XV.—Observations upon the Languages of the Early Inhabitants of Mesopotamia
Authors: Pinches Theo. G.
Published: March 2011

In the following pages I propose to go a little into a subject of great interest, whether we look at it from an antiquarian, or from a scientific point of view—namely, the question of the ancient non-Semitic languages of Mesopotamia and the people by whom they were spoken. To this subject I have given a great deal of attention, and have, by examination of the documents left to us by the Assyrians and Babylonians, their successors, found out many interesting and important facts, which will, I hope, not only prove to be of interest, but also of value to those who make comparative philology their study.
Art. XVIII.—On the Arrangement of the Hymns of the Rigveda
Authors: Pincott Frederic
Published: March 2011

The supreme importance of the Rig-veda in all questions bearing on the history of the Aryan mind, and on the development of the religious idea in man, gives interest to every attempt to throw light on that priceless heir-loom of India. Much has already been done by able scholars, in many ways, to investigate the language and ideas enshrined in the Rig-veda-sanhitâ; but no one has yet discovered the principle on which the hymns are arranged among themselves, or has advanced beyond the mere consciousness expressed by Prof. Max Müller in his History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, that “there is some system,” “some priestly influence,” “traces of one superintending spirit,” and such-like generalities. The object of the following paper is to show the principle which regulated the formation of the Sanhitâ, the aggregation of hymns into Maṇḍalas, the reason for the positions assigned to the Maṇḍalas, and the method followed in placing each particular hymn. If my deductions prove accurate, it is evident that a fresh impetus will be given to the study of these remarkable documents, for the clue to the labyrinth will be in the hands of future investigators.
Art. XX.—The Chinese Book of the Odes for English Readers
Authors: Allen Clement F. R.
Published: March 2011

The She King, usually translated the Book of the Odes, or the Classic of Poetry, is not so well known to the outside world as it deserves to be. It is one of the Classics or Canons of Chinese learning, and, like its companion books, is supposed not only to contain deep lessons of morality for the instruction of future ages, but to have been compiled, if not written, for the express purpose of their inculcation. The events recorded or alluded to in it are said to have taken place between 1765 and 585 B.C. Confucius himself is acknowledged to have been the compiler. Ssŭ Ma ch'ien states: ”The old poems amounted to more than 8000. Confucius removed those which were only repetitions of others, and selected those which would be serviceable for the inculcation of propriety and righteousness.” In other words he brought out a revised and expurgated edition. Constant allusions to the Odes are found in the Confucian Analects, the Master on all occasions expressing the highest admiration for the work, and enjoining on his disciples the necessity of a thorough study of it.
Art. XXIII.—Arab Metrology V. Ez-Zahrâwy
Authors: Sauvaire M. H.
Published: March 2011

Cinquième partie duLivre contenant les vertus des aliments et des remèdespar le cheikh éminent Diâ ed-dîn ‘Abd Allah ebn Ahmad ebn Mohammad, le botaniste, de Malaga, connu sous le nom d'Ebn el baytar.