bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXECUTIVE AUTHORITIES
Authors:   Донецкая академия управления и государственной службы при Главе Донецкой Народной Республики, Донецк, Донецкая Народная Республика, Виктория Викторовна Петрушевская , Игорь Владимирович Дмитров ,   Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the work of state executive authorities and the local self-government apparatus, which is the most important task of each state at any stage of its development, as well as an urgent problem of administrative management. In this regard, a properly constructed assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of the above structures, taking into account the national specifics of the authorities, ensures the formation of an effective system of objective analysis of the activities of state bodies as a whole, as well as their structural units. World experience shows that states in which such an assessment system has been established are distinguished by the efficiency of government structures and a high level of achievements in all spheres of society. The high quality of decisions made within the framework of the above-mentioned system can be achieved by monitoring the implementation of the set goals, taking into account the comparison of the actual amount of resources spent with the established amount. In the area of the problem under study, this paper presents the state administrative reforms implemented in foreign countries, as well as the main models and integral indicators that allow an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the executive authorities, as well as an analysis of the possibility of transferring foreign experience to the Russian Federation and the likely consequences of this.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OF CREATIVITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors:   Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, Москва, Россия, Дмитрий Николаевич Сырцов
Published: October 2022

This article are discussed the actual problems of the creative activity results protecting, as one of the key factors in sustainable development. These problems have been updated and taken on new forms in the digital transformation, which has accelerated in the COVID-19 pandemic. Attention is paid to the tools to counter the trade in counterfeit products and piracy. The factors that have a negative impact on the human creative activity development, the main problems and directions of combating the violation of intellectual property rights, incl. on the Internet.
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: DIRECTIONS AND CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT (CASE OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA)
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Natalia N. Yevchenko , Yue Deng ,   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Published: October 2022

The problems of the state environmental processes managing have become international in nature in the last decade due to the increasing importance of the environmental paradigm in the general context of analyzing the consequences of rapid economic growth, the need to transition to a "green" and low-carbon economy and ensure the quality of residents’ life. The internationalization of environmental process management involves global trends, indicators, management technologies and their synchronization with internal (national) processes. Based on a comparative analysis of the key macroeconomic and environmental indicators of China and the United States, the authors identify the problems that have arisen in the Chinese environmental management practice and propose directions and forms for improving environmental management based on its internationalization. It was determined that the priority measures for the Chinese government are: 1) the concentration of the national environmental management system at the primary territorial management link level - the municipality; 2) use existing cooperation platforms to strengthen international exchange and cooperation between the Chinese government and other countries on environmental management issues; 3) training and retraining of personnel taking into account the fact that modern international systems stimulate technologies for unifying the collection and processing of environmental data; 4) the need to optimize the budget expenditures structure and the development of "green finance" technologies; 5) basing the environmental management system of the territory on the control of industrial and nonindustrial pollution. The conclusion of the authors about the need for significant detail in the disclosure of environmental pollution information by enterprises is important. The authors believe that in the process of internationalization and improvement of China's environmental management, the existing information platforms of international cooperation should be more actively used in order to strengthen international exchange and cooperation. It is also important to take into account that modern information systems stimulate technologies for unifying the collection and processing of environmental data.
Lange-Weile
Authors: Katja Hock
Published: October 2022

Published as part of: Katja Hock, ‘Lange-Weile’ in ‘Practices of Phenomenological & Artistic Research’, (eds.) Alex Arteaga, Emma Cocker, Erika Goble, Juha Himanka, Phenomenology & Practice, [Vol. 17, No.1, 2022], ISSN 1913-4711. See full issue here: https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pandpr/index.php/pandpr/index
Tourism demand index and its correlation with standard of living in EU countries
Authors: Majchrzak-Jaszczyk Anetta
Published: October 2022

Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. This study proposes construction of tourism demand index and direct application of this index to rank chosen countries. The second aim is to analyze if the place in ranking is correlated with citizens’ standard of living.Six measures of tourism demand for 27 EU countries were collected from Eurostat for the year 2019. As a standard of living measure, Human Development Index (HDI) was taken. As a result, high and positive correlation between almost all types of tourism demand indexes and HDI was noticed. The place of a particular country in the ranking depends on the kind of tourism demand measure, which was used. The method of constructing tourism demand index proposed in the article can be used for other group of countries or regions.
Ecological studies on two species of hermit crabs Pagurus bemhardus (L.) and Diogenes pugilator (Roux) (Crustacea, Anomura, Paguridae) around the Gower Peninsula, South Wales
Authors:   , El-jilali Giuma A.
Published: October 2022

A field survey was conducted of an extensive intertidal population of Pagurus bernhardus at Mumbles Head, S. Wales. Mean densities of up to 80 m-2 were observed in a rock pool and locally, higher densities of up to 800 m-2 occurred. There was no evidence of tidal or seasonal migration, or emigration from the area although there was an influx of large males from the sublittoral during the breeding season. Sublittoral sampling of the species at a depth of 5 metres on a sandy substrate at Oxwich Bay, Gower, revealed a full range of small individuals in that habitat. Comparison of the intertidal and sublittoral samples of hermits occupying Littorina littorea shells revealed differences. Intertidal hermits of given carapace width occupied larger shells and the colour of the integument, the species of epizoites and the pattern of allometry of the major chela were also found to differ. To determine whether these were genetic or phenotypic differences, enzyme electrophoresis of tissue samples from both populations were compared. They proved identical. Laboratory growth experiments confirmed the findings of earlier workers that moult increments are influenced by the size of available gastropod shells. Rearing studies indicated that small hermits observed as late as March must have been recruited the previous year. Growth rate of recruits was followed from field data. Postulated overall growth curves reconstructed from these data indicated a likely longevity of up to three years for intertidal Pagurus bernhardus and five for sublittoral populations. The high reproductive output of the numerous small hermits is facilitated by their precocious puberty. Studies of Diogenes pugilator indicated that this species has stenotopic ecological requirements and can be regarded as a refugial species in its habitat of the lower tidal and shallow sublittoral surf-pounded sands. Unlike P.bernhardus it is tidally and seasonally migratory so does not have separated populations.
IDENTIFYING COMPOSITIONAL INSTRUMENTS IN A BILINGUAL PICTURE BOOK FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: Mufida Nisa Hanum , Ningsih Harni Kartika
Published: October 2022

Bilingual picture books are one of the materials in joint-reading activities between adults and pupils. When using picture books, adults face difficulty conveying meaning from the book to children. Therefore, this paper investigates the compositional elements of a bilingual picture book and provides an understanding of exploring a picture book to create meaningful reading activities. This case study employs a multimodal discourse analytical approach to understand the placement of the visual resources and the dual text of a bilingual picture book entitled Kina Punya Teman Baru. The result shows the compositional instruments tend to attract the reader's focus on the characters and the continuity of the storyline. The tendency of using co-located backgrounds along with the simple bull eye focus of images directs readers to the actions and emotions experienced by the character. Visual elements in a bilingual picture book are put in a contextualized setting offering readers the to explore the particular image. This bilingual picture book uses Indonesian as L1 and English as L2. The composition of the verbal text layout indicates that this bilingual picture book is intended for pupils speaking Indonesian and are willing to learn English, but they still require scaffolding in accessing the language being learned.
Дуплекс Вселенная
Authors: Сдобин Александр
Published: October 2022

Предлагается космологическая модель Дуплекс Вселенной представляющая собой сдвоенную гиперсферу «Дуплекс» состоящей из двух концентричных (3-сфер), внутренняя гиперсфера («Сфера-α ») это наш мир «Эйкумена» и внешняя гиперсфера («Сфера-β») - «Абисс». Сдвоенная гиперсфера погружена в протоэфир 4х мерного Универсума. Гиперсферы концентричны и соединены между собою множеством склеек, являющиеся стоками эфира из Сферы-α в Сферу-β , а также стоками протоэфира, из внутренней области 4д пространства Диады во внешнее пространство. Вихревые эфирные образования истоков эфира являются генераторами продольных эфирных волн, которые частично проникают в Сферу -α. Также, вихри протоэфира в окрестностях его истоков являются генераторами продольных эфирных волн.
La adaptación de Perdita Durango: de Barry Gifford a Álex de la Iglesia
Authors: Sánchez Tierraseca Mónica , Mancebo Roca Juan Agustín
Published: October 2022

Este artículo analiza la adaptación cinematográfica de la novela 59 Degrees and Raining: The Story of Perdita Durango de Álex la Iglesia, contextualizando la literatura de Barry Gifford, su imaginario cinematográfico, su relación con la industria y con otros directores. Se consideran los referentes sobre los que se sistematiza el argumento del libro y su adaptación, así como los nexos, influencias y omisiones en los que se fundamenta el trasvase. El trabajo concluye con la correlación postmodernista de ambos relatos, en los que se articula la cita como una rememoración de la imagen cinematográfica en el imaginario colectivo.
La adaptación transnacional como vía para la heterogeneidad formal en Oyuki, la virgen (Kenji Mizoguchi, 1935)
Authors: Garnica Miguel
Published: October 2022

Oyuki, la virgen (Maria no Oyuki, 1935), una película que se suele considerar previa a la consolidación del estilo propio de Kenji Mizoguchi, se caracteriza por su heterogeneidad formal. El cineasta trabaja ya con algunos de sus rasgos reconocibles, como los planos largos modulados por el movimiento actoral, pero da cabida a un amplio rango de recursos que no hallarían apenas continuidad en su cine posterior. Hay ejemplos de découpage analítico, montaje intelectual o planos-contraplanos, que, además, no se sostienen a lo largo de toda la película. Este artículo pretende relacionar esta indeterminación con Bola de sebo, la novela corta de Guy de Maupassant que adapta el guion, ya que la traslación del argumento y el contexto de la obra funciona en una fluctuación similar entre el texto original y sus múltiples divergencias.
Presentación del monográfico Diálogos fílmico-literarios entre Oriente y Occidente
Authors: Pinar Alex
Published: October 2022

Presentación del monográfico Diálogos fílmico-literarios entre Oriente y Occidente, (coordinado por Alex Pinar).
Gelincik Çiçeği (Papaver rhoaes L.) Ekstraktından Soğuk Çay Üretimi
Authors: YÜKSEL Merve , ACAR Aybüke , GÖGEN Fatma , ARSLANTAŞ Nezira Meryem , BERKTAŞ Serap , ÇAM Mustafa
Published: October 2022

Günümüzde sıklıkla tüketilen içecekler arasında bulunan soğuk çaylar çoğunlukla siyah çaydan üretilmektedir ve farklı bitki kökenli soğuk çayların üretimi oldukça sınırlıdır. Gelincik bitkisi (Papaver rhoaes L.), Papaveraceae familyasına ait tek yıllık yenilebilir bir çiçek türüdür ve özellikle içerdiği antosiyaninlerin antiinflamatuar, antimikrobiyal ve antiproliperatif gibi biyoaktif özelliklere sahip olduğu çeşitli çalışmalarca belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, gelincik çiçeği antosiyaninleri asitli etanol-su ekstrasiyon yöntemi ile elde edilmiş ve ekstrakt püskürtmeli kurutucuda maltodekstrin ile kurutulmuştur. Kurutulmuş gelincik ekstraktı soğuk çay formülasyonunda sakaroz ve sitrik asit ile farklı oranlarda kombine edilerek 8 farklı gelincik soğuk çayı üretimleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Soğuk çayların toplam antosiyanin ve toplam fenolik madde içerikleri sırasıyla 10.98-28.49 mg cyn-3-O-glu/100 mL ve 9.15-21.96 mg GAE/100 mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Soğuk çayların üretimi aşamasında uygulanan pastörizasyon işleminin ürünlerin antioksidan aktivite değerlerinde anlamlı artışlara neden olduğu belirlenmiştir (p
ИМПЛЕМЕНТАЦИЈА ФЛОРЕ У ПРОЦЕСУ АРХИТЕКТОНСКОГ ПРОЈЕКТОВАЊА ИНДУСТРИЈСКОГ ОБЈЕКТА
Authors: Шлегл Сандра
Published: October 2022

Архитектонска студија се бави идејним решењем ботаничке баште и индустријског објекта за производњу парфема. Основно полазиште јесте испитивање односа архитектуре и природног окружења које је данас у великој мери  запостављено, као и проналажење адекватног решења за имплементацију биљног материјала у самом процесу пројектовања.
Severity and mortality of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review
Authors: Alghamdi Khalid , Malyani Rana , Samaran Yomna , Alamri Atheer , Almalki Rinad , Alghamdi Noura , Bagais Rahaf , Albaiti Ahmed
Published: October 2022

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel coronavirus disease that is presented with influenza like-symptoms; however, it causes more severe conditions. The presence of different comorbidities does not affect the initial presentation of COVID-19. However, COVID-19 patients with comorbidities experience severe symptoms, more extended stay in the hospital, and higher mortality rates. The present review aims at assessing the severity and mortality of COVID-19 among diabetic, hypertensive, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients by reviewing the previous studies conducted on this subject. The medical literature was explored using PubMed and Google scholar databases for 2021 and 2022. The keywords included were "CVD, diabetes mellitus HTN, Severity, Mortality, COVID-19, Impact, Outcomes." The inclusion criteria were English, original articles conducted on COVID-19 patients with diabetes, hypertension (HTN), and CVD. A total of 10,952 articles were obtained, but only 11 articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. The studies included a total number of 454,866 participants; there were five studies conducted on diabetic patients, four on hypertensive patients, and two on CVD patients. Diabetes was an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 and mortality, whereas HTN is not an independent risk factor. Also, the impact of CVD on severity and mortality may be more evident in the presence of other risk factors.
ISO 15469:2004(E)/CIE S 011/E:2003 Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE Standard General Sky
Authors:   CIE TC 3-15
Published: October 2022

CIE has published the Standard "CIE S003 Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE standard overcast sky and clear sky" in 1996. Since then further types of skies were examined and an international consensus was reached on their luminance distribution and standardization.-\n--\n-The luminance distribution of the sky depends on weather and climate, and it changes during the course of a day with the position of the sun. This standard lists a set of luminance distributions, which model the sky under a wide range of conditions, from the heavily overcast sky to cloudless weather. It is intended for two purposes:-\n--\n-i. to be a universal basis for the classification of measured sky luminance distributions-\n--\n-ii. to give a method for calculating sky luminance in daylighting design procedures.-\n--\n-This Standard defines relative luminance distributions: the luminance of the sky at any point is given as a function of the zenith luminance. For daylighting calculation purposes it may be used with values of zenith luminance or of horizontal illuminance to obtain absolute luminance distributions.-\n--\n-This Standard incorporates both the CIE Standard Clear Sky and the CIE Standard Overcast Sky, which are treated as particular cases of the General Sky. The Overcast Sky is retained as a separate formula because there are many calculation procedures that embody the mathematical formulation of this particular distribution.-\n--\n-This present Standard replaces CIE S 003 - 1996 "Spatial distribution of daylight - CIE standard overcast sky and clear sky" and ISO 15469:1997.-\n--\n-This standard has been approved by CIE and by ISO.
CIE S 001-1986 Colorimetric Illuminants
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by CIE Colorimetry - Part 2: Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 11664-2:2007(E)/CIE S 014-2/E:2006-\n--\n--\n-This CIE Standard replaces ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005:1998. It contains only minor changes from the previous standard, mainly concerning the wavelengths that are to be taken as being in standard air, to make the Standard conform to other CIE photometric and colorimetric data.-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminants are used in colorimetry to compute the tristimulus values of reflected or transmitted object colours under specified conditions of illumination. This International Standard specifies two illuminants for use in colorimetry:-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminant A-\n--\n-This is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.-\n--\n-CIE standard illuminant D65-\n--\n-This is intended to represent average daylight. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location. However, CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used pending the availability of additional information on these variations.-\n--\n-The numerical values of the relative spectral distributions of standard illuminants A and D65 defined by this Standard are the same, within an accuracy of six significant digits, as those defined in earlier versions of these illuminants.
CIE S 004/E-2001 Colours of light signals
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This Standard specifies the allowable colours for steady signal lights and flashing signal lights where the duration of the on period is at least one second.-\n--\n-It is applicable to the colours of signal lights used in sea, road, air and rail transport systems including signal lights on ships, aircraft, motor vehicles and trains, where the recognition of the colours involved is essential.-\n--\n-The Standard can also be used for guidance on the selection of the colours-\n--\n- of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels in vehicles,-\n- of light signals and warning lights on instrument panels used for monitoring or control of industrial processes,-\n- used in visual display terminals when recognition of the colour code is important to intepreting the information displayed.-\n--\n-The Standard does not specify how signal lights should be used in the various transport modes nor does it specify the meanings to be associated with the different colours. Reference must also be made to international, regional and national conventions and regulations for the particular applications.-\n--\n-This Standard is not applicable to the colours of surface colour codes. Guidance on the allowable colours for surface colour codes is given in CIE Publication 39.2-1983 Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling .-\n--\n-This Standard has been approved by the National Committees of the CIE and supersedes the recommendations made in CIE Publication 2.2-1975 Colours of Light Signals. Background information to this Standard can be found in the Technical Report CIE 107-1994 A Review of the Official Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights. Keywords: colour, signal, signs
CIE S 010:2004 Photometry - The CIE System of Physical Photometry
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Photometry - The CIE System of Physical Photometry-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 23539:2005(E)/CIE S 010/E:2004-\n--\n-The visual brightness of a light source depends not only on the amount of radiation it emits but also on its spectral composition and on the visual response function of the observer viewing it. Because human visual response varies at different light levels and from person to person, precise photometry requires the definition of representative standard observers. The CIE system of physical photometry specifies procedures for the quantitative evaluation of optical radiation in terms of the spectral luminous efficiency functions of two such standard observers. One, V(?), represents photopic vision and the other, V'(?), scotopic vision. Used in conjunction with the SI photometric base unit, the candela, these functions constitute a system that enables the values of photometric quantities for all types of luminous source to be precisely determined, regardless of the spectral composition of the radiation emitted.-\n--\n-This international Standard specifies the characteristics of the system of physical photometry established by the CIE and accepted as the basis for the measurement of light. It defines the photometric quantities, units and standards that make up the CIE system of physical photometry and that have been officially accepted by the Comit� International des Poids et Mesures. They comprise:-\n--\n- the definition of photometric quantities and units,-\n- the definition of CIE standard spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic and scotopic vision,-\n- the definition of a CIE standard photometric observer that conforms to these functions,-\n- the definition of maximum luminous efficacies for photopic and scotopic vision.-\n--\n-An informative annex provides a vocabulary of related terms.FALSCH
CIE S 014-4:2007 Colorimetry - Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour space
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by CIE Colorimetry - Part 4: 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space, 2nd Edition-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 11664-4:2008(E)/CIE S 014-4/E:2007-\n--\n-The three-dimensional colour space produced by plotting CIE tristimulus values (X,Y,Z) in rectangular coordinates is not visually uniform, nor is the (x,y,Y) space nor the two-dimensional CIE (x,y) chromaticity diagram. Equal distances in these spaces do not represent equally perceptible differences between colour stimuli. For this reason, in 1976, the CIE introduced and recommended two new spaces (known as CIELAB and CIELUV) whose coordinates are non-linear functions of X, Y and Z. The recommendation was put forward in an attempt to unify the then very diverse practice in uniform colour spaces and associated colour difference formulae. Both these more-nearly uniform colour spaces have become well accepted and widely used. Numerical values representing approximately the magnitude of colour differences can be described by simple Euclidean distances in the spaces or by more sophisticated formulae that improve the correlation with the perceived size of differences.-\n--\n-The purpose of this CIE Standard is to define procedures for calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB) colour space and the Euclidean colour difference values based on these coordinates. The standard does not cover more sophisticated colour difference formulae based on CIELAB, such as the CMC formula, the CIE94 formula, the DIN99 formula, and the CIEDE2000 formula nor does it cover the alternative uniform colour space, CIELUV.FALSCH
CIE S 025/E:2015 Test Method for LED Lamps, LED Luminaires and LED Modules
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This standard provides requirements to perform reproducible photometric and colorimetric measurements on LED lamps, LED modules, and LED luminaires (LED devices). It also provides advice for the reporting of the data. The availability of reliable and accurate photometric data for LED devices is a basic requirement for designing good lighting systems and evaluating performance of products. By obtaining these data through measurements in specific normalized measuring conditions, the consistency of the data should be ensured between different laboratories (within the limits of the declared measurement uncertainty) and comparison of different products on the same basis is possible.-\n-The standard specifies the requirements for measurement of electrical, photometric, and colorimetric quantities of LED lamps, LED modules and LED luminaires, for operation with AC or DC supply voltages, possibly with associated LED control gear. LED light engines are assimilated to LED modules and handled accordingly. Photometric and colorimetric quantities covered in this standard include total luminous flux, luminous efficacy, partial luminous flux, luminous intensity distribution, centre-beam intensity, luminance and luminance distribution, chromaticity coordinates, correlated colour temperature (CCT), colour rendering index (CRI), and angular colour uniformity. This standard does not cover LED packages and products based on OLEDs (organic LEDs).-\n-The standard aims in particular to cover measurement methods for testing the compliance of LED devices with the photometric and colorimetric requirements of LED performance standards issued by IEC/TC 34 ?Lamps and related equipment?.-\n-As LED devices offer a large variety of configurations in respect to geometry and/or colour, the photometric and colorimetric performances are considered individually for each configuration. Keywords: photometry, LED, spectral responsivity, calibration
CIE TN 005:2016 Specifying Product Performance for Mesopic Applications
Authors:   CIE TC 2-65
Published: October 2022

This Technical Note gives guidance on specifying the performance of lighting products for applications such as lighting of roads and pedestrian areas at night, where the eye is adapted to mesopic conditions. It can be used in conjunction with CIE 191:2010 Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry based on Visual Performance, which gives details of the method to be used to calculate mesopic quantities. This Technical Note does not give guidance relating to how to choose the most suitable lighting product for any particular application; such information is available in the relevant specification standards and application guides, including CIE 206:2014 The Effect of Spectral Power Distribution on Lighting for Urban and Pedestrian Areas. Keywords: photometry, mesopic vision
CIE 009-1963 History of the CIE
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by: -\n-CIE 082-1990 CIE History 1913-1988-\n--\n- -\n--\n-In 1963, the history of the first 50 years of the CIE together with the 13 years of its predecessor, the CIP, appeared as Publication CIE 009-1977. This is now out of print. In the issue of the CIE Journal celebrating the 75th birthday of the CIE (vol. 7/2, 1988) there appeared an article covering the history of the CIE from 1959 to 1988.-\n--\n-This document, designated CIE 082-1990, is essentially a merger of the original CIE 009-1977 with the 1988 Journal article, to provide a complete history of the first 75 years of the CIE. The editing of the two components has been kept to the minimum to preserve as much of the original material as possible while retaining consistency between the text and the new appendices. These appendices seek to give an accurate statistical record of CIE officers, membership, participation, and publication over the whole period - not an easy task when there are gaps in the records of the early years and when there have been changes in national boundaries associated with two world wars. Any errors which come to light in this document should be laid at the door of the new author, Dr. A.M. Marsden, and not at that of the original CIE historian Dr. J.W.T. Walsh. This valuable publication covering all important events of the CIE should certainly reach all those who have an interest in the Commission.FALSCH
CIE 016-1970 Daylight
Authors:   CIE TC 3.2
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this guide is to aid architects, civil engineers, building inspectors, and others concerned with the natural lighting of buildings. The guide specifies a simple but accurate method of computing and checking interior daylight levels. It contains a comprehensive list of other methods for predicting daylight levels in buildings. From this list, designers specializing in daylighting can select methods that are best suited for any one case. Keywords: daylight, interior lighting, overcast sky, skylights
CIE 022-1973 Standardization of Luminance Distribution on Clear Skies
Authors:   CIE TC 3
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Spatial Distribution of Daylight - Luminance Distributions of Various Reference Skies-\n--\n-CIE 110-1994-\n--\n-The terms of reference of TC 3-09 were to study standard reference skies between the two skies already standardized, clear sky and overcast sky, and to propose a method of composing average and mean skies . Accordingly, this technical report reviews studies on various sky luminances and specification of reference skies, with a method of composing average sky and mean sky as an appendix. Several reference skies including the average sky and mean sky are given, definitions and various studies on these sky luminances are introduced, with a bibliography, in three appendices.-\n--\n-Although several kinds of average and mean skies have been proposed in Europe, USA and Japan since 1981, their definitions and the methods of composing them were not standardized. Also the two CIE Standard skies (Clear sky and overcast sky) are reviewed in the present publication, thus CIE 22-1973 is now outdated and withdrawn. The standardization of reference skies between the two standard skies was left to a new technical committee, TC 3-15 (Standardization of intermediate sky luminance), which was formed at the CIE Venice Session in June 1987. In this report a references sky means a clearly defined sky to be used for daylighting design and calculation. For example, one reference sky is the uniform sky which has been used for a number of theoretical applications and for certain design purposes. The skies treated in this report do not include direct sunlight, though the BRE average sky developed by Littlefair consists of two components, direct sunlight and the sky.-\n--\n-In order to estimate annual energy consumption of electrical lighting, the effect of direct sunlight should be taken into consideration in calculating illuminance on the interior working plane, whether this is done for every weather condition or for a certain average condition. Hence, each standard sky luminance has to be combined with a standard direct sunlight illuminance. These items are to be decided in another technical committee in future, but a proposal is tentatively shown.FALSCH
CIE 040-1978 Calculations for interior lighting: Basic method
Authors:   CIE TC 1.5
Published: October 2022

This report presents a method which can serve as a basis for interior lighting design calculations. The method does not rely on standard light distributions for luminaires, is not restricted to regular arrangements of luminaires, and can be used in situations where the interior is a rectangular parallelepiped, the task plane can be regarded as one of the room surfaces, the room surfaces, reflect uniformly and according to Lambert's law, the direct flux on the task plane does not vary significantly when the luminaires are rotated about their vertical axis.-\n--\n-See also CIE 52-1982 Calculations for Interior Lighting: Applied Method. Keywords: calculations, illuminance, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications
CIE 046-1979 A review of publications on properties and reflection values of material reflection standards
Authors:   CIE TC 2.3
Published: October 2022

It has long been recognized that more accurate and more reproducible standards are needed for better uniformity and consistency of radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric measurements. Commercial instruments for reflectance measurements are not capable of measuring the reflectance of a sample without a reflectance standard. For this reason, the properties and reflectance values of the latter are of great practical importance. This report contains information and compilation of data on the optical and physical properties of reflectance materials that are widely used as reference standards of reflectance. Keywords: materials, reflectance
CIE 047-1979 Road lighting for wet conditions
Authors:   CIE TC 4.6
Published: October 2022

The use of the luminance distribution on the dry road surface as a criterion of the quality of road lighting of traffic routes has gained acceptance in a number of countries. However, in rainy climates a road surface is moist or wet for a substantial part of the dark hours, thus reducing the quality of lighting. The aim of this report is to give information which facilitates the consideration of wet conditions in the design of road lighting installations. The information covers most aspects of road lighting for wet conditions, but is mainly in the form of a collection of experience. As research on the reflection properties of wet road surfaces is still in progress, this information is not considered final. Keywords: lighting design & specifications, luminance, motorized traffic, road lighting, wet roadways
CIE 070-1987 The measurement of absolute luminous intensity distributions
Authors:   CIE TC 2.2
Published: October 2022

This report contains the terminology required for measurements of luminous intensity distributions. It summarizes the principles of luminous intensity measurements and the requirements for the photometer heads employed for such measurements. The coordinates systems used for the measurement and representation of luminous intensity distributions are described. Types of goniophotometers, possibilities for angle encoding, characteristics of the photo-electronic system, and data acquisition and processing for measurements of luminous intensity distributions are discussed in detail.-\n--\n-Other subjects covered are power supply, measurement conditions and execution, correction, and representation of luminous intensity distribution measurements. The various sections contain sufficient data on the required characterization of goniophotometers. The report is based on, and supplementary to, CIE 53-1982 Methods of Characterizing the Performance of Radiometers and Photometers. Keywords: goniophotometry, luminous intensity
CIE 082-1990 CIE History 1913 - 1988
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Supersedes: -\n-CIE 009-1963 History of the CIE-\n--\n- -\n--\n-In 1963, the history of the first 50 years of the CIE together with the 13 years of its predecessor, the CIP, appeared as Publication CIE 009-1977. In the issue of the CIE Journal celebrating the 75th birthday of the CIE (vol. 7/2, 1988) there appeared an article covering the history of the CIE from 1959 to 1988.-\n--\n-This document, designated CIE 082-1990, is essentially a merger of the original CIE 009-1977 with the 1988 Journal article, to provide a complete history of the first 75 years of the CIE. The editing of the two components has been kept to the minimum to preserve as much of the original material as possible while retaining consistency between the text and the new appendices. These appendices seek to give an accurate statistical record of CIE officers, membership, participation, and publication over the whole period - not an easy task when there are gaps in the records of the early years and when there have been changes in national boundaries associated with two world wars. Any errors which come to light in this document should be laid at the door of the new author, Dr. A.M. Marsden, and not at that of the original CIE historian Dr. J.W.T. Walsh. This valuable publication covering all important events of the CIE should certainly reach all those who have an interest in the Commission. Keywords: history
CIE 085-1989 Solar spectral irradiance
Authors:   CIE TC 2-17
Published: October 2022

Superseded by: -\n-CIE 085-1989 Solar Spectral Irradiance-\n--\n--\n--\n-CIE TC 2-17 was formed with the purpose of updating CIE 020 (TC-2.2) Recommendations for the Integrated Irradiance and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated Solar Radiation for Testing Purposes. The present document is the first of two, of which the second will deal with solar simulators. It gives a brief overview of parameterization methods and contains a number of tables and figures for solar spectral irradiances for typical atmosphere conditions defined by a set of meteorological parameters. The calculated data show satisfactory agreement with results obtained by direct measurement.-\n--\n-It has become obvious that the solar spectral irradiance data on which the recommendations in the original document were based were no longer the most reliable. During the past decade a vast amount of new data has become available both through modernized measurement techniques as well as improved modelling and parameterization methods. Contrary to the situation some years ago, the stage has now been reached where results for solar spectral irradiances at ground level as measured and those obtained by reliable modeling, using extraterrestrial data as basis, show agreement to accuracies well within predictable or estimable uncertainties. It has thus become possible to calculate solar spectral irradiance levels and characteristics for any site on earth provided appropriate meteorological and atmospheric parameters are applied in reliable modeling formulas. This enables close simulation of solar irradiance characteristics for any geographical site, without the need of having to make in situ measurements.-\n--\n-It is also desirable that the number of spectral bands for which integrated solar irradiance levels are given, should be increased, especially in the ultraviolet region where the degradation coefficient for organic material increases nearly exponentially with a decrease in wavelength.-\n--\n-The aim of the report is to present data and recommend methods for calculating the integrated and spectral irradiance of the extraterrestrial and ground level solar radiation as a basis for simulation for testing purposes. These data are required in-\n--\n- * aerospace technique for testing satellites and space vehicles in sun simulators,-\n- * space biology for testing biological objects under extra-terrestrial conditions in laboratory,-\n- * technology for the purpose of testing the resistance of technical objects to irradiance in laboratories,-\n- * biology and medical science for irradiation of organisms in solaria under the condition found in nature, and-\n- * photovoltaic conversion for precise calculation of efficiencies and testing in solar simulators.-\n--\n-For obtaining ground level spectral irradiance data, use has been made of modelling, using extraterrestrial data as a basis and taking into account atmospheric attenuation parameters. This has been supplemented by direct spectral measurement. Keywords: daylight, irradiance, simulated solar radiation, solar radiation
CIE 090-1991 Sunscreen testing (UV.B)
Authors:   CIE 6-12
Published: October 2022

This report is intended to provide guidance to appropriate qualified scientists, medical personnel, and authorized persons under qualified guidance, to design UV sources, elaborate sunscreen preparations and evaluate their efficacy under proper conditions. The report is concerned with:-\n--\n- the specification of the characteristics of suitable radiation sources and associated equipments,-\n- -\n- the test procedures to be followed by appropriately qualified personnel to give consistent results within the accuracy limits possible within the current state of knowledge of the subject,-\n- -\n- the evaluation of the test result and the calculation necessary to obtain a relative Sun Protection Factor (SPF) for the sunscreen product being tested,-\n- -\n- suggestions for additional information to be included in the manufacturer's instructions on the use of sunscreen. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, erythemal effect, photobiology
CIE 097:2005 Guide on the maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems, 2nd ed.
Authors:   CIE TC 3-40
Published: October 2022

During the life of a lighting installation, the light available for the task progressively decreases due to accumulation of dirt on surface and aging of equipment. The rate of reduction is influenced by the equipment choice and the environmental and operating conditions. In lighting scheme design we must take account of this fall by the use of a maintenance factor and plan suitable maintenance schedules to limit the decay. Lighting standard ISO 8995-1:2002(E)/CIE S 008/E:2001 Lighting of Work Places - Part 1: Indoor in Section 4.8, recommends a minimum maintenance factor. It states that The lighting scheme should be designed with overall maintenance factor calculated for the selected lighting equipment, space environment and specified maintenance schedule . A high maintenance factor together with an effective maintenance programme promotes energy efficient design of lighting schemes and limits the installed lighting power requirements.-\n--\n-This revision of the guide describes the parameters influencing the depreciation process and develops the procedure for estimating the maintenance factor for indoor electric lighting systems. It provides information on the selection of equipment and the estimation of economic maintenance cycles and gives advice on servicing techniques. It shows some examples of data but for accurate data it recommends that data should be obtained from the manufacturers. Keywords: interior lighting, maintenance
CIE 101-1993 Parametric effects in colour-difference evaluation
Authors:   CIE TC 1-28
Published: October 2022

The variability in correlating visual colour discrimination with colorimetric measures may be understood better if parameters that affect the correlation are quantified. A review is given of known parametric effects of a human and physical nature, and advice is given for a tentative modification of colour-difference evaluation techniques based on characterized parametric effects. >p> Human factors such as variability in and between observers are very important random factors, and may be a major source of uncertainty. Some physical changes in the presentation of colour-discrimination tasks are shown to produce significant shifts of colour-difference sensitivity. In some cases these changes have been quantified, however, these results were carried out using quite different experimental techniques (such as colour matching using a visual colorimeter or judgements of constant stimuli using physical samples) and are based upon very limited numbers of colour centres and observations. Hence, more research is needed for a full understanding of their influence. Keywords: colorimetry
CIE 117-1995 Discomfort glare in interior lighting
Authors:   CIE TC 3-13
Published: October 2022

The task of the CIE Technical Committee TC 3-13 was to produce a practical discomfort glare evaluation system.-\n--\n-The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) formula described in this technical report, combines features of the Einhorn and the Hopkinson formulae and incorporates the Guth position index. It may be regarded as being composed of the best parts of the major formulae in terms of practicability and of familiarity with the results of glare prediction. The formula recognises the effects on the glare index of observer position and direction of view.-\n--\n-The report also describes, in the appendices, a tabular method, which uses reference values and standard conditions, allowing the production of simple tables, similar to those for utilisation factors, for use in luminaire data sheets.-\n--\n-A rough estimate of discomfort glare is given by the luminance limiting curve (UGR curve) method. The appendices also show how the curves can be constructed and used.-\n--\n-The report recommends a practical CIE discomfort glare evaluation system for use in the next edition of the CIE Guide on Interior Lighting. Keywords: discomfort glare, interior lighting, UGR
CIE 127:2007 Measurement of LEDs
Authors:   CIE TC 2-45
Published: October 2022

There are significant differences between LEDs and other light sources which made it necessary for the CIE to introduce new quantities for their characterization with precisely defined measurement conditions. New quantities introduced here are Averaged LED Intensity and Partial LED Flux .-\n--\n-The report describes in detail the measurement conditions for ALI (Averaged LED Intensity), Total and Partial LED Flux and Spectral Power Distribution. It is shown that measurements by substitution method using LED standards can be simpler; however it is important to compare similar coloured LEDs or use colour correction on the measurement results. The standard LEDs need to be calibrated by National Metrology Laboratories or a laboratory traceable to National Metrology Laboratories. Keywords: LED, radiometry, photometry, colorimetry
CIE 133-1999 Proceedings of the 24th Session of the CIE, 24-30 June 1999, Warsaw, Poland
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Vol. I (Part 1 and 2):-\n--\n-This volume contains on over 700 pages the texts of the Invited Papers, Presented Papers, Presented Posters and Displayed Posters received at the Organising Committee by the deadline for inclusion in the Proceedings, as well as the introductions to the Workshops.-\n--\n- Vol. II:-\n--\n- The second volume of the Proceedings contains on 164 pages the text of the Welcome Addresses, Officers Reports, Reports from the Closing Ceremony, as well as a list of participants.-\n--\n- It presents an overview on the technical work achieved during the quadrennium in the form of Quadrennial Reports, minutes of the Divisional Meetings and Workshop Reports. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, colorimetry, daylight, education, interior lighting, lighting design & specifications, photobiology, photometry, radiometry, road lighting, sports lighting, urban lighting, visibility, visual performance.