bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PDF-Based Microphysics Parameterization for Simulation of Drizzling Boundary Layer Clouds
Authors: Cheng Anning , Xu Kuan-Man
Published: February 2009

Formulating the contribution of subgrid-scale (SGS) variability to microphysical processes in boundary layer and deep convective cloud parameterizations is a challenging task because of the complexity of microphysical processes and the lack of subgrid-scale information. In this study, a warm-rain microphysics parameterization that is based on a joint double-Gaussian distribution of vertical velocity, liquid water potential temperature, total water mixing ratio, and perturbation of rainwater mixing ratio is developed to simulate drizzling boundary layer clouds with a single column model (SCM). The probability distribution function (PDF) is assumed, but its parameters evolve according to equations that invoke higher-order turbulence closure. These parameters are determined from the first-, second-, and third-order moments and are then used to derive analytical expressions for autoconversion, collection, and evaporation rates. The analytical expressions show that correlation between rainwater and liquid water mixing ratios of the Gaussians enhances the collection rate whereas that between saturation deficit and rainwater mixing ratios of the Gaussians enhances the evaporation rate. Cases of drizzling shallow cumulus and stratocumulus are simulated with large-eddy simulation (LES) and SCM runs (SCM-CNTL and SCM-M): LES explicitly resolves SGS variability, SCM-CNTL parameterizes SGS variability with the PDF-based scheme, but SCM-M uses the grid-mean profiles to calculate the conversion rates of microphysical processes. SCM-CNTL can well reproduce the autoconversion, collection, and evaporation rates from LES. Comparisons between the two SCM experiments showed improvements in mean profiles of potential temperature, total water mixing ratio, liquid water, and cloud amount in the simulations considering SGS variability. A 3-week integration using the PDF-based microphysics scheme indicates that the scheme is stable for long-term simulations.
On How Hot Towers Fuel the Hadley Cell: An Observational and Modeling Study of Line-Organized Convection in the Equatorial Trough from TOGA COARE
Authors: Fierro Alexandre O. , Simpson Joanne , LeMone Margaret A. , Straka Jerry M. , Smull Bradley F.
Published: February 2009

An airflow trajectory analysis was carried out based on an idealized numerical simulation of the nocturnal 9 February 1993 equatorial oceanic squall line observed over the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) ship array. This simulation employed a nonhydrostatic numerical cloud model, which features a sophisticated 12-class bulk microphysics scheme. A second convective system that developed immediately south of the ship array a few hours later under similar environmental conditions was the subject of intensive airborne quad-Doppler radar observations, allowing observed airflow trajectories to be meaningfully compared to those from the model simulation. The results serve to refine the so-called hot tower hypothesis, which postulated the notion of undiluted ascent of boundary layer air to the high troposphere, which has for the first time been tested through coordinated comparisons with both model output and detailed observations.

For parcels originating ahead (north) of the system near or below cloud base in the boundary layer (BL), the model showed that a majority (>62%) of these trajectories were able to surmount the 10-km level in their lifetime, with about 5% exceeding 14-km altitude, which was near the modeled cloud top (15.5 km). These trajectories revealed that during ascent, most air parcels first experienced a quick decrease of equivalent potential temperature (θe) below 5-km MSL as a result of entrainment of lower ambient θe air. Above the freezing level, ascending parcels experienced an increase in θe with height attributable to latent heat release from ice processes consistent with previous hypotheses. Analogous trajectories derived from the evolving observed airflow during the mature stage of the airborne radar–observed system identified far fewer (∼5%) near-BL parcels reaching heights above 10 km than shown by the corresponding simulation. This is attributed to both the idealized nature of the simulation and to the limitations inherent to the radar observations of near-surface convergence in the subcloud layer.

This study shows that latent heat released above the freezing level can compensate for buoyancy reduction by mixing at lower levels, thus enabling air originating in the boundary layer to contribute to the maintenance of both local buoyancy and the large-scale Hadley cell despite acknowledged dilution by mixing along updraft trajectories. A tropical “hot tower” should thus be redefined as any deep convective cloud with a base in the boundary layer and reaching near the upper-tropospheric outflow layer.
Critical Roles of the Stratiform Rainfall in Sustaining the Madden–Julian Oscillation: GCM Experiments*
Authors: Fu Xiouhua , Wang Bin
Published: February 2009

This study assesses the impact of stratiform rainfall (i.e., large-scale rainfall) in the development and maintenance of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) in a contemporary general circulation model: ECHAM4 AGCM and its coupled version. To examine how the model MJO would change as the stratiform proportion (the ratio of the stratiform versus total rainfall) varies, a suite of sensitivity experiments has been carried out under a weather forecast setting and with three 20-yr free integrations. In these experiments, the detrainment rates of deep/shallow convections that function as a water supply to stratiform clouds were modified, which results in significant changes of stratiform rainfall.

Both the forecast experiments and long-term free integrations indicate that only when the model produces a significant proportion (≥30%) of stratiform rainfall can a robust MJO be sustained. When the stratiform rainfall proportion becomes small, the tropical rainfall in the model is dominated by drizzle-like regimes with neither eastward-propagating nor northward-propagating MJO being sustained.

It is found that the latent heat release of stratiform rainfall significantly warms up the upper troposphere. The covariability between the heating and positive temperature anomaly produces eddy available potential energy that sustains the MJO against dissipation and also allows the direct interaction between the precipitation heating and large-scale low-frequency circulations, which is critical to the development and maintenance of the MJO. This finding calls for better representations of stratiform rainfall and its connections with the convective component in GCMs in order to improve their simulations of the MJO.
Typhoon Ensemble Prediction System Developed at the Japan Meteorological Agency
Authors: Yamaguchi Munehiko , Sakai Ryota , Kyoda Masayuki , Komori Takuya , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: February 2009

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Typhoon Ensemble Prediction System (TEPS) and its performance are described. In February 2008, JMA started an operation of TEPS that was designed for providing skillful tropical cyclone (TC) track predictions in both deterministic and probabilistic ways. TEPS consists of 1 nonperturbed prediction and 10 perturbed predictions based on the lower-resolution version (TL319L60) of the JMA Global Spectral Model (GSM; TL959L60) and a global analysis for JMA/GSM. A singular vector method is employed to create initial perturbations. Focusing on TCs in the western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea (0°–60°N, 100°E–180°), TEPS runs 4 times a day, initiated at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC with a prediction range of 132 h. The verifications of TEPS during the quasi-operational period from May to December 2007 indicate that the ensemble mean track predictions statistically have better performance as compared with the control (nonperturbed) predictions: the error reduction in the 5-day predictions is 40 km on average. Moreover, it is found that the ensemble spread of tracks is an indicator of position error, indicating that TEPS will be useful in presenting confidence information on TC track predictions. For 2008 when TEPS was in operational use, however, it was also found that the ensemble mean was significantly worse than the deterministic model (JMA/GSM) out to 84 h.
The Role of Moist Processes in the Formation and Evolution of Mesoscale Snowbands within the Comma Head of Northeast U.S. Cyclones
Authors: Novak David R. , Colle Brian A. , McTaggart-Cowan Ron
Published: February 2009

The role of moist processes in regulating mesoscale snowband life cycle within the comma head portion of three northeast U.S. cyclones is investigated using piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion, modeling experiments, and potential temperature tendency budgets. Snowband formation in each case occurred along a mesoscale trough that extended poleward of a 700-hPa low. This 700-hPa trough was associated with intense frontogenetical forcing for ascent. A variety of PV evolutions among the cases contributed to midlevel trough formation and associated frontogenesis. However, in each case the induced flow from diabatic PV anomalies accounted for a majority of the midlevel frontogenesis during the band’s life cycle, highlighting the important role that latent heat release plays in band evolution. Simulations with varying degrees of latent heating show that diabatic processes associated with the band itself were critical to the development and maintenance of the band. However, changes in the meso-α-scale flow associated with the development of diabatic PV anomalies east of the band contributed to frontolysis and band dissipation. Conditional stability was reduced near 500 hPa in each case several hours prior to band formation. This stability remained small until band formation, when the stratification generally increased in association with the release of conditional instability. Previous studies have suggested that the dry slot is important for the initial stability reduction at midlevels, but this was not evident for the three banding cases examined. Rather, differential horizontal temperature advection in moist southwest flow ahead of the upper trough was the dominant process that reduced the midlevel conditional stability.
Evolution and Structure of Two Severe Cyclonic Bora Events: Contrast between the Northern and Southern Adriatic
Authors: Horvath Kristian , Ivatek-Šahdan Stjepan , Ivančan-Picek Branka , Grubišić Vanda
Published: February 2009

While statistical analyses and observations show that severe bora with maximum gusts exceeding 40 m s−1 can occur in all parts of the Adriatic, the bora research to date has been mainly focused on the dynamics and structure of severe bora in the northern Adriatic. Examined to a significantly lesser degree is a less predictable counterpart in the southern Adriatic, where the Dinaric Alps are higher, broader, and steeper, and where the upwind bora layer is generally less well defined. Identification of the main differences in the sequence of mesoscale and macroscale events leading to the onset of bora in the northern and southern parts of the eastern Adriatic is of fundamental importance for its forecasting. To this end, presented here is a comparative analysis of the evolution and structure of two typical severe cyclonic bora events—one “northern” (7–8 November 1999) and one “southern” (6–7 May 2005) event. The analysis utilizes airborne, radiosonde, and ground-based observations, as well as the hydrostatic Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Developement International (ALADIN/HR) mesoscale model simulations.

It is shown that the development of a severe bora in both the northern and southern Adriatic is critically dependent on the synoptic setting to create an optimal set of environmental conditions. For severe bora in the northern Adriatic, these conditions include a strong forcing of the northeasterly low-level jet and pronounced discontinuities in the upstreamflow structure that promote layering, such as lower- to midtropospheric inversions and environmental critical levels. The development of severe bora in the southern Adriatic is crucially dependent on the establishment of a considerably deeper upstream layer that is able to overcome the strong blocking potential of the southern Dinaric Alps. While the upstream layering is less pronounced, it is closely tied to the presence of a cyclone in the southern Adriatic or over the southern Balkan peninsula.

The upstream atmospheric layering is shown to strongly modulate bora behavior, and different phases of severe bora, related to the presence or absence of upstream layering, are shown to occur within a single bora episode. Furthermore, the presence of a mountain-parallel upper-level jet aloft appears to impede severe bora development in both the northern and southern Adriatic.
Beyond dis-identification: A discursive approach to self-alienation in contemporary organizations
Authors: Costas Jana , Fleming Peter
Published: February 2009

Dis-identification is now an important research area in organization studies investigating how employees subjectively distance themselves from managerial domination by constructing identities considered more `authentic'. But how should we understand situations where actors become aware that their putative`real' selves are paradoxically unreal and foreign? We draw inspiration from the concept of self-alienation to explain experiences beyond dis-identification, where actors perceive the truth of themselves (`who I really am') as alien. An empirical study of a global management consultancy firm demonstrates how a discursive and non-essentialist understanding of self-alienation might usefully capture this experience of identity. Three causes of self-alienation are proposed and we discuss their significance in relation to identity and authenticity in contemporary organizations.
Narrative, life story and manager identity: A case study in autobiographical identity work
Authors: Watson Tony J.
Published: February 2009

To study and better understand people's working lives and organizational involvement in the context of their whole lives and in the context of the societal culture in which they have grown up and now live, it is helpful to bring together three key concepts of narrative, identity work and the social construction of reality. Such a move can be connected to the abandonment of widely used but limiting concepts, such as that of`managerial identity'. The essentially sociological nature of this move also provides an antidote to the equally limiting tendency towards the `narrative imperialism' which is associated with the idea of the `narrative self'. The value of the suggested theoretical framing and its linking of narrative, identity work and social construction is demonstrated by the close analysis of a large private autobiography of a former manager. This individual's identity work simultaneously uses discursively available narratives and creates new narratives (many small stories being embedded in one large life story), all within the framework of history, social structure and culture.
What Factors Influence Attitudes Towards People With Current Depression and Current Mania?
Authors: Wolkenstein Larissa , Meyer Thomas D.
Published: February 2009

Background: Previous studies have detected different variables influencing the attitude towards mentally ill individuals but they have never addressed mania. Furthermore, it is not known whether the same factors affect attitudes towards individuals experiencing major depressive or manic episodes.

Aims: Besides factors such as familiarity with mental illness, we were interested whether vulnerability to psychosis and mood disorders as well as social desirability can affect attitudes towards major depressive episodes and manic episodes.

Methods: Subjects were presented with a case vignette describing an individual experiencing either a major depressive episode or a manic episode (n = 188, age 16—34 years). Their attitudes towards that person were assessed. Furthermore, factors potentially influencing these attitudes have been assessed such as personal vulnerability factors (i.e. cyclothymia and magical ideation) and social desirability bias.

Results: Familiarity with the phenomenon of mental illness turned out to influence the attitude towards affective episodes, whereas the influence of the other potential predictors such as their own experience of affective or schizotypal symptoms failed to appear to be of significance.

Conclusions: Whereas `familiarity' turned out to be a factor positively influencing the attitude towards depression, it turned out to have a rather negative influence on the attitude towards mania. This result could have important implications for anti-stigma campaigns.
Help-Seeking Behaviour of Patients Attending the Psychiatric Service in a Sample of United Arab Emirates Population
Authors: Salem Mohamed Omar , Saleh Bader , Yousef Said , Sabri Sufyan
Published: February 2009

Background: Many patients suffering from psychiatric disorders seek non-professional care before attending specialized services.

Aims: To study the help-seeking behaviour of patients referred to the psychiatric department of Al-Ain Hospital, which is the main university teaching hospital in UAE.

Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey. All new patients attending the psychiatry out-patient clinic at Al-Ain Hospital were screened for nine consecutive months from March to November 2003 inclusive.

Results: The sample consisted of 106 patients (52 male; 54 female). Prior to presenting to the psychiatric service, 44.8% consulted faith healers, 31% of whom had had a previous experience with them; 45% reported some improvement but their symptoms recurred later, while 47% reported no improvement. In 8% their symptoms worsened for the current episode. Treatments received were herbal (29.8%) and prayer (70.2%). Of the sample, 43.4% consulted a primary care physician before presenting to the secondary psychiatric care.

Conclusion: In this sample a sizable number of patients sought alternative methods of treatment before attending the specialized psychiatric services.
International Schizophrenia Research and the Concept of Patient-Centredness: an Analysis Over Two Decades
Authors: Calton Timothy , Cheetham Anna , D'Silva Karen , Glazebrook Cristine
Published: February 2009

Background: Patient-centred medicine improves psychological and physiological functioning in chronic illnesses.

Aims: To determine to what extent the patient-centred ethos (as exemplified by research addressing subjective experiences) was incorporated into work presented at major international schizophrenia research forums between 1988 and 2004.

Method: Whole population-based, retrospective cohort study using abstracts from the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research and the Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia ( n = 9,284). Comparative analysis using abstracts from the International Society for the Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia ( n = 992). Patient-centredness was assessed by determining the number of abstracts that primarily addressed participants' subjective experiences.

Results: Research was presented from 50 countries globally. European and North American countries produced 8,573 (92%) of the total. Biological research was the main theme of 6,960 (75%) of the abstracts, with psychosocial research constituting less than 5%. One hundred and eighty three (2%) abstracts from the two main conferences addressed subjective experiences, as did 333 (34%) from the comparative analysis.

Conclusions: Between 1988 and 2004 research emanating from North American and European countries, together with biologically orientated research, were the most prevalent perspectives on schizophrenia. It appears that research into the subjective experiences of participants has not been as prevalent as more objective accounts of the disorder, suggesting that this research effort has not been patient-centred.
The Personality Construct of Hardiness, IV
Authors: Maddi Salvatore R. , Harvey Richard H. , Khoshaba Deborah M. , Fazel Mostafa , Resurreccion Nephthys
Published: February 2009

Personality hardiness has emerged as a composite of the interrelated attitudes of commitment, control, and challenge that provides the existential courage and motivation to turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities. This study contributes to the construct validity of the latest measure of hardiness, the Personal Views Survey III—R (PVS III-R). In a large sample of undergraduates, the PVS III-R measure of hardiness showed adequate internal consistency reliability, the expected intercorrelation of components, and the absence of relationship to socially desirable responding. Furthermore, as expected, hardiness was negatively related to depression, anxiety, and hostility, even though it was also negatively related to avoidance of intrusive, stressful thoughts. Also as expected, hardiness was associated with positive attitudes toward school, instructors, and one's own capabilities and standards as well as expressed satisfaction with life. This pattern of results fits well with those of previous construct-validational studies of hardiness.
Goal Priming and the Emotional Experience of Students With and Without Attention Problems
Authors: Sideridis Georgios , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Shiakalli Maria , Georgiou Maria , Irakleous Ioanna , Tsigourla Ioanna , Fragioudaki Eirini
Published: February 2009

The primary purpose of the present study is to evaluate the emotional experience of students with ( n = 52) and without attention problems ( n = 272) during an achievement task. A secondary purpose of the present study is to compare students' emotional response to various stimuli, when motivated by various achievement goals. Participants were randomly assigned into a mastery goal condition, a normative performance goal condition, and a non-normative performance goal condition. Results, using a latent means analysis, indicate that students with attention problems needed additional time to process emotion-loaded but not neutral words, providing evidence for an interference effect. Furthermore, students in the performance-normative, relative to the performance non-normative, condition showed a salient interference effect with respect to various emotion-loaded and neutral words.
A Simple and Unified Method to Model HVDC Links and FACTS Devices in DC Load Flow
Authors: Omid Alizadeh Mousavi  , Mohammad Javad Sanjari  , Gharehpetian G.B. , Naghizadeh R.A.
Published: February 2009

The DC load flow is a rapid and approximate solution method for the determination of lines active power flows in power systems. In this paper, the HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) links and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices have been modeled in the DC load flow analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the proposed DC load flow results have been compared with the AC or AC-DC load flow results of DIgSILENT software. It is shown that the proposed DC load flow is accurate enough for power system studies.
Variability of Tensile Properties of Fibers from Pseudostem of Banana Plant
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Samrat , Fangueiro Raul , Shivankar Vijay
Published: February 2009

This paper reports the variability of mechanical properties of banana fibers with respect to diameter, testing speed and gauge length. We report interesting findings on banana fibers. Tenacity of the fibers significantly improved for the fibers with lower linear density. An increase in speed resulted in improvement of fiber properties to a certain degree. Higher gauge lengths resulted in poor properties due to an increase in flaws in the structure. The banana fibers showed very high variability in linear density and mechanical properties.
An Approach Aimed at Fabric Consumption in Shirt Production
Authors: Yeşilpinar S. , Aytaç V.
Published: February 2009

Today, clothing factories have to strictly control their costs to survive and continue their success. Fabric cost constitutes about half of a garment cost. For this reason, it is important to calculate the fabric cost of a garment precisely. The study described in this paper aims to develop software that will calculate the fabric consumption of a garment in a clothing factory. It is not possible to study fabric consumption rapidly with garment models in existing computer-aided design systems, because these programs are not flexible enough to satisfy the needs of the customers. This study was planned to eliminate this imperfection. The part of the research involving shirts is examined in this paper. Shirt models were selected as the material, and input from a factory producing shirts was used. The software developed enables the fabric consumptions of different shirt models to be estimated in a speedy way. In addition, for repeat orders, it is possible to identify the most appropriate fabric width and marker plan by making use of marker plan information prepared previously.
Optical Estimation of a Set of Pilling Coefficients for Textile Fabrics
Authors: de Oliveira Mendes António , Torrão Fiadeiro Paulo , Lopes Miguel Rui Alberto , Lucas José Mendes
Published: February 2009

This paper presents the results obtained using an experimental system, based on optical triangulation, which enabled topographic reconstructions of textile fabric surfaces. Consequently, one could evaluate and quantify the pilling formation through the optical estimation of a set of pilling coefficients. The proposed method was found to be precise, robust and systematic, and may constitute an alternative and/or complementary approach to quantify the pilling formation.
Does the Unfavorable Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of the iNOS Inhibitor GW273629 Lead to Inefficacy in Acute Migraine?
Authors: Van der Schueren B. J. , Lunnon M. W. , Laurijssens B. E. , Guillard F. , Palmer J. , Van Hecken A. , Depré M. , Vanmolkot F. H. , de Hoon J. N.
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a single dose of GW273629, a selective iNOS inhibitor, given during and outside a migraine attack. GW273629 1500 mg was administered to 15 migraine patients both ictally and interictally. Nasal and exhaled nitric oxide (NO), plasma 3‐nitrotyrosine, and nitrates were measured to assess systemic NO production. In addition, pharmacokinetics and treatment response were assessed. Data are mean (95% confidence interval [CI]). Plasma 3‐nitrotyrosine was higher ictally: 11.96 (8.22, 15.71) ictally versus 2.74 (2.24, 3.24) ng/10 mg interictally (P< .0001). Exhaled and nasal NO showed a similar trend: 12.5 (6.5, 18.6) and 62.2 (41.5, 82.8) ppb ictally versus 9.9 (6.3, 13.4) ppb and 52.5 (38.5, 66.0) ppb interictally, respectively. Early absorption of GW273629 (AUC0–2[90% CI]) was reduced by 41 (22, 55)% during an attack. There was no improvement of headache or associated symptoms. Migraine headache is associated with reduced early absorption of GW273629 and excess NO production. In this open‐label study, GW273629 was ineffective in the treatment of acute migraine.
Bioequivalence of 2 Intravenous Amiodarone Formulations in Healthy Participants
Authors: Cushing Daniel J. , Adams Michael P. , Cooper Warren D. , Kowey Peter R. , Lipicky Raymond J.
Published: February 2009

Intravenous amiodarone is an effective agent for the treatment of recurrent ventricular fibrillation and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia. PM101 is a new formulation of intravenous amiodarone that uses a cyclodextrin to maintain amiodarone in the aqueous phase. Eighty‐eight participants were enrolled in this randomized, double‐blind, crossover, bioequivalence clinical study and were treated with single doses (150 mg) of PM101 and intravenous amiodarone separated by a washout period of at least 42 days. Venous blood samples were taken periodically during the first 72 hours after dosing to determine standard pharmacokinetic parameters. The amiodarone plasma concentration‐time curve observed with both formulations was virtually identical, as was the 72‐hour area under the curve (AUC0–72). Similar equivalence was seen for desethylamiodarone, the active metabolite of amiodarone. The geometric ratios of the AUC0–72for amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–1.06) and 1.01 (0.99–1.03), respectively. Similar geometric ratios and CIs were found for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and for AUC extrapolated to infinity (AUC0‐∞). Because the ratios and their CI fell between the limits of 0.8 and 1.25, bioequivalence of these 2 formulations was established. No safety concerns unique to PM101 were identified.
Effect of Different Durations of Ketoconazole Dosing on the Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam: Shortening the Paradigm
Authors: Stoch S. A. , Friedman E. , Maes A. , Yee K. , Xu Y. , Larson P. , Fitzgerald M. , Chodakewitz J. , Wagner J. A.
Published: February 2009

Given the prominent role of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in the metabolism of drugs, it is critical to determine whether new chemical entities will be affected by the inhibition of this enzyme system and result in clinically relevant drug interactions. Ketoconazole interaction studies are frequently performed to determine a given compound's sensitivity to CYP3A metabolism. The present study evaluated whether probing a sensitive substrate (midazolam) with a potent inhibitor (ketoconazole) at earlier time points (days 1 or 2) might be used to reliably gauge the magnitude of a meaningful interaction. The geometric mean ratios (ketoconazole + midazolamday 5/ketoconazole + midazolamday 1 and ketoconazole + midazolamday 5/ketoconazole + midazolamday 2) for midazolam AUC0‐∞ were 1.36 and 1.06 with corresponding 90% confidence intervals of (1.17, 1.57) and (0.83, 1.23), respectively. These findings suggest that short‐term drug‐drug interaction studies can predict the magnitude of change in AUC as reliably as studies using longer duration treatments.
On the Consequences of Post-ANT
Authors: Gad Christopher , Bruun Jensen Casper
Published: February 2009

Since the 1980s the concept of ANT has remained unsettled. ANT has continuously been critiqued and hailed, ridiculed and praised. It is still an open question whether ANT should be considered a theory or a method or whether ANT is better understood as entailing the dissolution of such modern ‘‘genres’’. In this paper the authors engage with some important reflections by John Law and Bruno Latour in order to analyze what it means to ‘‘do ANT,’’ and (even worse), doing so after ‘‘doing ANT on ANT.’’ In particular the authors examine two post-ANT case studies by Annemarie Mol and Marilyn Strathern and outline the notions of complexity, multiplicity, and fractality. The purpose is to illustrate the analytical consequences of thinking with post-ANT. The analysis offers insights into how it is possible to ‘‘go beyond ANT,’’ without leaving it entirely behind.
Ethics in goal planning for rehabilitation: a utilitarian perspective
Authors: Levack William MM
Published: February 2009

Background: Past debate on ethics in goal planning for rehabilitation has tended to focus on tensions that can arise between ethical principles; in particular the principles of autonomy and beneficence. When setting goals, clinicians tend to prioritize the wishes of patients, justifying this from the perspective of maximizing patient autonomy. This is tempered by consideration of what is `realistic' and what the pursuit of `unrealistic goals' might be on patient well-being.

Rationale: In this paper it is argued that clinicians also have an ethical obligation to take into account the resource implications of goal planning. Utilitarianism provides one perspective on addressing such issues. A utilitarian approach to goal planning would necessitate a focus on maximizing the benefits of rehabilitation to the whole community served when negotiating goals with individual patients.

Critique: Clinicians may, however, have a number of concerns about utilitarianism. One assumption is that the quality of life of people with severe disability will be judged as being intrinsically low, and therefore valued less from a utilitarian perspective. A second assumption is that for people with severe disability the large effort expended in rehabilitation to achieve small gains cannot possibly repay itself in a utilitarian equation, specifically in financial terms. Evidence from the literature however has demonstrated that in fact both of these assumptions are probably false.

Conclusion: Rehabilitation professionals should not be hesitant to consider utilitarianism as an ethical framework for rehabilitation. In fact, rehabilitation may well gain if people were to use this approach.
Value for Money in Changing Clinical Practice: Should Decisions about Guidelines and Implementation Strategies Be Made Sequentially or Simultaneously?
Authors: Hoomans Ties , Severens Johan L. , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , Ament Andre J. H. A.
Published: February 2009

Decisions about clinical practice change, that is, which guidelines to adopt and how to implement them, can be made sequentially or simultaneously. Decision makers adopting a sequential approach first compare the costs and effects of alternative guidelines to select the best set of guideline recommendations for patient management and subsequently examine the implementation costs and effects to choose the best strategy to implement the selected guideline. In an integral approach, decision makers simultaneously decide about the guideline and the implementation strategy on the basis of the overall value for money in changing clinical practice. This article demonstrates that the decision to use a sequential v. an integral approach affects the need for detailed information and the complexity of the decision analytic process. More importantly, it may lead to different choices of guidelines and implementation strategies for clinical practice change. The differences in decision making and decision analysis between the alternative approaches are comprehensively illustrated using 2 hypothetical examples. We argue that, in most cases, an integral approach to deciding about change in clinical practice is preferred, as this provides more efficient use of scarce health-care resources.
Does Democratic Anchorage Matter?
Authors: Edelenbos Jurian , Steijn Bram , Klijn Erik-Hans
Published: February 2009

Does democracy matter? This is an intriguing question. Not only as a normative question, democracy is a value in itself that can be cherished for that reason alone but also as a question of its impact on the outcomes of governance processes. In this article, the authors look at the question of to what degree citizens and politicians are involved in governance processes around environmental projects and what the effect is of these forms of democratic embedding on the outcomes of those projects. The research is based on a survey in 2006 that resulted in 337 respondents involved in spatial projects in the Netherlands. The analysis shows that, according to respondents, both stakeholders and political parties are well involved in the process (stakeholders slightly more than political actors). The authors also find that both democratic anchorage forms are related to perceived outcomes, but only stakeholder involvement has a strong significant effect on outcomes.
The Matrix of Group Analysis: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Pines Malcolm
Published: February 2009

In 1939 a German—Jewish psychoanalyst who had left Germany in 1933 and who had, in 1938 moved to Exeter, a small city in the south west of England, began to practise group analysis. Soon caught up in military psychiatry, where he had ample opportunity to put his ideas and experience into practice, S.H. Foulkes elaborated his theoretical ideas in his first book in 1948. Thus the practice of group analysis began in England, geographically far from Frankfurt and from Vienna, where Foulkes had trained and worked, and in relative professional isolation. This is often a necessary condition for original work; compare the example of Ronald Fairbairn, contemporaneous in Edinburgh. But no man is an island and Foulkes' work has to be set in the context of the European ideas of his intellectual and social inheritance. We must situate him in history, figure against ground, as he himself insisted was a basic component of group-analytic theory.
Managing Primitive Emotions in Organizations
Authors: Kapur Raman
Published: February 2009

The psychic life of organizations is often fraught with distress and unhappiness. Often, the primary task of the organization is hijacked by deeper, primitive, unconscious forces, to divert the work towards more destructive functioning. This article describes three main dynamics in the organizational life of a voluntary organization, which can lead to the acting out of deeper sexual and aggressive impulses. These dynamics focus on how erotic, idealized, and envied relationships can significantly interfere with sane, civilized, and humane behaviour in everyday organizational life. These dynamics are highlighted through three examples of organizational traumas. This article suggests ways of understanding and resolving these conflicts, and most importantly suggests that failure to recognize such powerful unconscious organizational forces will lead to unproductive and ultimately destructive functioning.
Development Length of Straight FRP Composite Bars Embedded in Concrete
Authors: Newman Nathan , Ayoub Ashraf , Belarbi Abdeldjelil
Published: February 2009

This article presents an analytical study performed on concrete girders reinforced with FRP bars with the goal of evaluating current design guidelines for FRP rebar development lengths. The analytical model is based on finite element formulation of embedded bar problems with inelastic constitutive laws for the constituent materials. The bond stress—slip behavior between FRP bars and concrete was calibrated from experimental data obtained from a large database set of 48 test specimens, most of which were collected from the open literature. The collected data was modified to emulate a specific bar size and embedment length for various scenarios. A large number of analytical simulations were conducted in order to investigate the effect of different parameters on the development length. These parameters include: bar type (GFRP, CFRP), bar strength, bar modulus of elasticity, bar diameter, bar surface coatings, concrete strength, and confinement. For each specimen, the analytical model was conducted for a set condition until an embedment length which satisfied a predetermined criterion was found. The analytical study resulted in the proposal of a refined design equation for development length of FRP bars for consideration by current building and bridge design codes.
Crack Initiation Process of DCB Specimens Based on First-order Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Zhenyu Ouyang  , Guoqiang Li  , Ibekwe Samuel , Stubblefield Michael , Pang Su-Seng
Published: February 2009

The current work develops an analytical model which can consider the crack initiation process of double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. The current model is based on the first-order shear deformation beam theory, and thus includes the effect of shear deformation in the beams on the crack initiation process. The relationship between the remote peel load P and loadline deflection u is explicitly established based on a parametric equation of crack tip separation δ for the crack initiation process. The nonlinear response in the ascending branch of the loading process is captured by the present analytical model. With properly defined cohesive laws (such as exponential type), it might not be necessary to define a clear final separation δf for the crack propagation. The comprehensive comparisons with test and numerical results validate the accuracy of the present model for predicting the crack initiation and propagation of DCB specimens. This model can be used for predicting the debonding process of adhesively bonded composite joints.
The Influence of Oligomeric Siloxane Concentration on the Mechanical Behaviors of Alkalized Jute/Modified Epoxy Composites
Authors: Sarikanat Mehmet
Published: February 2009

In this study, jute fabrics/modified epoxy composites were fabricated by means of hand lay-up process. In order to enhance adhesion between the alkalized jute fabric and epoxy, modification processes was carried out by applying an oligomeric siloxane at different concentrations into epoxy matrix. The influence of resin modification processes on mechanical properties was examined. Tensile and flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites were measured. It was shown that the ILSS values are increased from 14.18 MPa for alkalized jute fabric/epoxy composite to 22.82 MPa for alkalized jute fabric/3% (w/w) oligomeric siloxane modified epoxy composite. The improved adhesion between the fiber and the matrix may be a result of modification of epoxy matrix with an oligomeric siloxane. This conclusion was confirmed by the morphology observations investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, the modification of epoxy with 3% (w/w) oligomeric siloxane resulted in 30.4% increase in the tensile strength of alkalized jute fabric/epoxy composite. From results of the flexural modulus, application of oligomeric siloxane into epoxy matrix leads to much stiffer jute fiber—epoxy composite.
Effect of Notch Orientation and Service Temperature on Impact Toughness of Post-Treated Woven Hybrid Composites
Authors: Arun K.V. , Divakar M.H.
Published: February 2009

The effect of notch orientation, service temperature, post-heat treatment, and the sea water immersion on the impact durability of glass/textile fabric hybrid composites have been experimentally investigated. The results of the experimental analysis carried out on the impact toughness of these laminates have been reported. Impact tests were conducted on the specimens with two notch configurations. Results have shown that the notch along the laminate is highly prone to the catastrophic failure and the notch across the laminates will sustain the impact loads to a considerable extent. The results have reveled that there is a particular level of service temperature within which these composites will yield maximum strength. The post-heat treatment and the sea water immersion have also shown maximum influence on the impact strength of these laminates. The durability of laminates with 45% of glass and 15% of textile fabric was found to be very high.
Comment on: Nocturnal Nutritional Supplementation Improves Total Body Protein Status of Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Randomized 12‐Month Trial
Authors: Léon Carly D. G.
Published: February 2009

Patients with liver cirrhosis exhibit early onset of gluconeogenesis after short‐term fasting. This accelerated metabolic reaction to starvation may underlie their increased protein requirements and muscle depletion. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that provision of a late‐evening nutritional supplement over a 12‐month period would improve body protein stores in patients with cirrhosis. A total of 103 patients (68 male, 35 female; median age 51, range 28‐74; Child‐Pugh grading: 52A, 31B, 20C) were randomized to receive either daytime (between 0900 and 1900 hours) or nighttime (between 2100 and 0700 hours) supplementary nutrition (710 kcal/day). Primary etiology of liver disease was chronic viral hepatitis (67), alcohol (15), cholestatic (6), and other (15). Total body protein (TBP) was measured by neutron activation analysis at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Total daily energy and protein intakes were assessed at baseline and at 3 months by comprehensive dietary recall. As a percentage of values predicted when well, TBP at baseline was similar for the daytime (85 ± 2[standard error of the mean]%) and nighttime (84 ± 2%) groups. For the nighttime group, significant increases in TBP were measured at 3 (0.38 ± 0.10 kg, P = 0.0004), 6 (0.48 ± 0.13 kg, P = 0.0007), and 12 months (0.53 ± 0.17 kg, P = 0.003) compared to baseline. For the daytime group, no significant changes in TBP were seen. Daily energy and protein intakes at 3 months were higher than at baseline in both groups (P < 0.0001), and these changes did not differ between the groups. Conclusion: Provision of a nighttime feed to patients with cirrhosis results in body protein accretion equivalent to about 2 kg of lean tissue sustained over 12 months. This improved nutritional status may have important implications for the clinical course of these patients. (Hepatology. 2008;48:557‐566.)

Plank LD, Gane EJ, Peng S, et al.
Conditions for Co-teaching: Lessons from a Case Study
Authors: Weiss Margaret P. , Lloyd John
Published: February 2009

Co-teaching–general and special education teachers teaching together in a general education classroom–is frequently offered as a means of promoting inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education curriculum but few researchers have examined the context in which special educators co-teach. Six special educators at the middle school and high school level were observed and interviewed in their co-taught classrooms. Using grounded theory methods for data analysis, a description of the roles the special educators took in the co-taught classrooms, the influences upon those roles, and the reasons these teachers participated in co-teaching was developed. These special educators took on roles ranging from providing support to the general educator to team teaching, some of which deviated a great deal from the co-teaching literature. Knowledge of content, attitude of the general educator, and scheduling issues influenced the roles that each teacher took and most teachers felt pressured by administrators, other professionals, and the community to participate in co-teaching without much support. These results raise questions about what the expectations are of co-teaching from both administrative and teacher perspectives and what teachers need in order to implement co-teaching programs.
Bridging the Gap: A School Based Staff Development Model that Bridges the Gap from Research to Practice
Authors: Spencer Sue S. , Logan Kent R.
Published: February 2009

Previous research suggests that without on going support teachers do not successfully implement instructional strategies learned during inservice training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Research Lead Teacher model in providing support to general education teachers who were learning and implementing a strategy instruction process in their classrooms. Participants included 18, K-5 general education teachers. The Benchmark School's 15-step process of strategy instruction was delivered under two conditions. The first was a traditional $$ day inservice and the 2nd was the $$ day traditional inservice plus the RLT model which included an ongoing teacher study group, coaching, observation, and data based feedback. The design was a time series experiment with an intervention and a control group. The findings of this study suggest that a comprehensive school based staff development model such as the RLT model will assist general education teachers in fully implementing a strategy instruction process learned in a traditional inservice.
Professional Development for Culturally Responsive Instruction: A Promising Practice for Addressing the Disproportionate Representation of Students of Color in Special Education
Authors: Voltz Deborah L. , Brazil Nettye , Scott Renee'
Published: February 2009

This paper describes the implementation and outcomes of a teacher-directed professional development program designed to increase teachers' awareness of culturally influenced learning and behavior differences in the classroom. The impact of the project on teachers' conceptualization of teaching with a multicultural perspective and the resulting implications for instruction and referral practices was assessed.