bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of intramodal and crossmodal temporal order judgments
Authors: Roeder Brigitte , Pagel Birthe , Heed Tobias
Published: November 2012

The use of spatial stimulus features seems to facilitate both intramodal and crossmodal temporal order judgments (TOJ). For example, TOJ between two tactile stimuli are easier when the two stimulated hands are held far apart rather than close together (Shore et al., 2005), suggesting automatic coding of tactile location in external coordinates. Similarly, performing a TOJ between two stimuli from different modalities is easier when the two stimuli are separated in space (Spence et al., 2003). We have previously shown that use of spatial features for intramodal TOJ becomes evident by the age of six years (Pagel et al., 2009). Here, we tested whether the advantage of spatial separation in crossmodal comparisons is observable at the same age. Fifty-nine children between 4 and 12 years as well as 13 young adults performed a modality TOJ task for simple tactile and visual stimuli. Stimuli were presented either within the same or in different hemifields. Spatial separation improved TOJ performance only for children aged 10 years and older. However, crossmodal TOJ performance was worse than intramodal TOJ performance starting at the age of 6 years. Crossmodal TOJ performance comparable to adults was not observed before the age of 12 years. We speculate that the ability to redundantly code sensory input in modality-specific and supramodal (external) spatial coordinates facilitates intramodal temporal processing. Further refinement of the processes providing external spatial coordinates (e.g., touch remapping) then results in integrated use of space and time allowing for more precise assignment of sensory inputs to the same or to different events.
Ordinary associations or ‘special cases’; defining mechanisms in synesthesia
Authors: Rouw Romke
Published: November 2012

A synesthete might inform you that McDonald’s is ‘all wrong’, as obviously their large letter M has the completely wrong color. While synesthesia is now well accepted as a ‘real’ phenomenon, what underlies the highly specific and consistent additional sensations is a topic of debate. What sets synesthetic mechanisms apart from those involved in ‘normal’ associations? In this presentation, we first discuss the possible neurobiological underpinnings. A review study has shown six brain regions related to synesthesia. Furthermore, results from structural as well as functional connectivity studies show hyperconnectivity in the synaesthete’s brain. Second, the behavioral characteristics that set synesthetes apart from non-synesthetes are discussed. One problem in obtaining a clear model of synesthesia is that currently, most studies are performed on particular types of synesthesia (in particular colored letters/numbers). We present rare cases of synesthesia (taste/smell with sounds) and examine how well their characteristics fit with the traditionally presented model of synesthesia.
The role of visual experience for spatial numerical associations
Authors: Proulx Michael J. , Pasqualotto Achille , Taya Shuichiro
Published: November 2012

The topographic representation of space interacts with the mental representation of number. Evidence for such number–space relations have been reported in both synaesthetic and non-synaesthetic participants. Thus far most studies have only examined related effects in sighted participants. For example, the mental number line increases in magnitude from left to right in sighted individuals (Loetscher et al., 2008, Curr. Biol.). What is unclear is whether this association arises from innate mechanisms or requires visual experience early in life to develop in this way. Here we investigated the role of visual experience for the left to right spatial numerical association using a random number generation task in congenitally blind, late blind, and blindfolded sighted participants. Participants orally generated numbers randomly whilst turning their head to the left and right. Sighted participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the left than to the right, consistent with past results. In contrast, congenitally blind participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the right than to the left, exhibiting the opposite effect. The results of the late blind participants showed an intermediate profile between that of the sighted and congenitally blind participants. Visual experience early in life is therefore necessary for the development of the spatial numerical association of the mental number line.
Larger Than Life: Soviet Monumental Sculpture in the Stalin Period
Authors: Lampard Marie Turbow
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article considers the proliferation of monuments in the Soviet Union from Lenin’s Plan for Monumental Propaganda in 1918 until Stalin’s death. It examines the artistic climate in which monuments were commissioned and made and explores the relationship between the central city and the provinces in the creation of a Soviet monumental style.
Negotiating the ‘Genuine’ Religion: Muslim Diaspora Communities in the Context of the Western Understanding of Religion
Authors: Behloul Samuel M.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The article contextualizes the current West European debates on Islam within the framework of the specific modern Protestant understanding of religion. Using the case study of Muslim minority groups from the Balkan (Albanians and Bosniaks) in Switzerland, it illustrates how this essentialistic understanding of religion characterizes the public perceptions of religious minorities in West European societies, especially in the post 9/11 period. The main argument of this contribution lays stress on the fact, that, depending on their cultural background as well as on their perception by the non-Muslim majority, different Muslim actors internalize the essentialistic understanding of religion dictated by majority society and likewise reply with different essentializing discursive constructions of Islam.
When and How Allegations of Human Rights Violations can be Raised in Investor-State Arbitration
Authors: Dumberry Patrick , Dumas-Aubin Gabrielle
Published: November 2012

This article examines when and how allegations of human rights violations committed by an investor can be raised before an arbitral tribunal in the context of investor-State arbitration. We first briefly examine the controversial question of corporations’ human rights obligations under international law. We then analyse three typical features, found in the vast majority of BITs, which clearly bars host States from initiating on their own arbitration proceedings to claim reparation for human rights violations committed by a foreign investor in their territory. We next analyze the limited circumstances under which the host State can raise allegations of human rights violations when acting as respondent in arbitration proceedings. Finally, we will look at circumstances where the home State of an investor may decide to intervene with the tribunal to raise allegations of human rights violations.
Dark Past, Grey Present or Bright Future? – Foreign Investors’ Access to China’s Telecommunications Industry and a Political Economy Analysis of Recent Industrial Policy Moves
Authors: Shen Wei
Published: November 2012

Amid the global economic downturn, Eurozone crisis and Libya war in 2011, Alibaba, Yahoo and Softbank’s dispute over Alipay brought China’s telecoms industry and, more importantly, foreign investment policies into the global spotlight. This article considers Chinese legislative framework regulating foreign investment in China’s telecoms industry, and more importantly, two transactional models, that is, the CCF and VIE structures, foreign investors have adopted in the past three decades to access China’s restricted telecoms industry. This article attempts to unveil the underlying reasons foreign investors creating and utilizing these transactional models and, more importantly, China’s recent regulatory instruments Chinese authorities have taken in tackling the VIE structure in telecoms industry. From a political economy lens, this article offers a possible rationale underpinning such movements in light of China’s policy direction.
The impact of the repeal of Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 in the context of the current financial crisis
Authors: Korotana M. Shabir
Published: November 2012

The paper critically examines the impact of the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in the context of the current financial crisis. It analyses the pre-Glass-Steagall paradigm, the Glass-Steagall regime and post-repeal paradigm. It discusses the impact of the repeal in specific various forms in this background. It also assesses whether Glass-Steagall should be brought back in its original form, in doing so it offers an alternative approach to deal with the future global financial crisis and it also suggests new rules for the protection of the consumers to avoid moral hazard.
Moral Education, Democratic Citizenship, and Religious Authority
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2012

I have two purposes in this essay: first, to argue that morality forms a central part of a liberal education and to say something about how it is properly taught; second, to argue more specifically that the moral virtues required by democratic citizenship, and the rights and obligations that citizenship entails, should figure in school curricula, and then to consider the conflicts with religious authority that this is sure to produce.
Who Goes, Who Stays, and Who Studies? Gender, Migration, and Educational Decisions among Rural Youth in China
Authors: Chiang Yilin , Hannum Emily , Kao Grace
Published: November 2012

Little is known about what affects the decision to migrate in China, despite the estimated 145 million rural migrants that reside in urban areas as of 2009. Drawing on a survey of youth from 100 villages in Gansu Province, we analyze migration and education decisions, with a focus on disparities associated with gender, sibship structure, and academic performance. Results show modest gender differences favoring boys in educational migration, but no gender differences in the overall likelihood of labor migration. Youth with older sisters are less likely to migrate, while youth with younger brothers are more likely to migrate. For girls, having older sisters is also negatively related to being a local or a migrant student, and better early academic performance is related to educational migration. For boys, labor migration may serve as a backup plan in the event of failing the high school entrance examination. Overall, results shed more light on the factors shaping educational migration than labor migration.
Do Electoral Laws Affect Women’s Representation?
Authors: Roberts Andrew , Seawright Jason , Cyr Jennifer
Published: November 2012

Numerous studies have found that proportional electoral rules significantly increase women’s representation in national parliaments relative to majoritarian and mixed rules. These studies, however, suffer from serious methodological problems including the endogeneity of electoral laws, poor measures of cultural variables, and neglect of time trends. This article attempts to produce more accurate estimates of the effect of electoral rules on women’s representation by using within-country comparisons of electoral rule changes and bicameral systems as well as matching methods. The main finding is that the effect of electoral laws is not as strong as in previous studies and varies across cases. The policy implication is that changes in electoral laws may not provide a quick and consistent fix to the problem of low women’s representation.
Community Governance and Pastorship in Shanghai: A Case Study of Luwan District
Authors: Lin Wen-I , Kuo Chaolee
Published: November 2012

The current literature on Chinese urban studies and governmentality undertheorises the reform of local governance with regard to the activation and empowerment of community in China. Inspired by Dean’s and Sigley’s discussions of non-liberal or ‘Chinese governmentality’, this paper seeks to understand and conceptualise one of China’s most noted examples of community development, the so-called Shanghai model, using the Foucauldian concept of pastorship. Understood here as distinct from the notion of ‘advanced liberal’ governmentality, it is argued that Shanghai’s community governance depends on the governing concepts and technologies associated with the socio-political construction of the ‘pastoral’ relationship between local Party leaders and citizens. By focusing on the case study of Luwan district and one of its grass-roots community organisations (Wuliqiao Street Office), this paper will demonstrate the characteristics, institutionalisation and limitations of, pastoral governance.
Using dominant modes for optimal feedback control of aerodynamic forces
Authors: Akhtar Imran , Naqvi Muntazir , Borggaard Jeff , Burns John A
Published: November 2012

The problem of active feedback control of fluid flows falls into a class of problems in the area of distributed parameter control, typically defined by partial-differential equations. Physical processes modeled by partial-differential equations are infinite-dimensional systems and are often simulated by numerical methods. However, for complex flows, the degrees of freedom may still be of the order of millions and are not practical for direct use in control design and optimization of fluid flow systems. Consequently, ‘reduce-then-control’ strategy is often employed for flow control of many engineering and industrial applications. In this study, we develop a linear quadratic regulator control to suppress fluctuating forces on a circular cylinder using a proper orthogonal decomposition based low-dimensional model. We numerically simulate the flow past a circular cylinder by solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and record the flow field data over one vortex shedding cycle. Using the data ensemble, we compute the proper orthogonal decomposition basis functions (modes) of the divergence-free velocity and pressure fields. We project the Navier–Stokes equations onto these proper orthogonal decomposition modes to develop a reduced-order model. Later, we modify the model by applying suction on the cylinder surface and adding a control function in the velocity expansion. The nonlinear dynamical system thus developed is linearly unstable due to negative damping in the system. We linearize the system about the mean velocity and apply optimal control. We seek to minimize the fluctuating forces on the cylinder using a reasonable amount of control effort. The novelty in this control strategy lies in feeding back only the dominant mode to suppress the fluctuating forces. On the contrary, feedback of higher modes fails to control and destabilizes the system.
Equality for followers of South Asian religions in end-of-life care
Authors: Samanta Jo
Published: November 2012

Significant minority populations confer richness and diversity to British society. Responsive end-of-life care is a universal need that has ascended the public agenda following myriad reports of inadequate provision. Nevertheless, the potential exists for unwitting discrimination when caring for terminally ill patients on the basis of their religion or faith. Recent implementation of the Equality Act 2010, together with the government and professional initiatives, promises to positively impact upon this area of contemporary relevance and concern, although the extent to which facilitative policies can truly enhance patient care will depend upon how these are translated into care at the bedside. The contributions of health professionals will be central in meeting the challenges and seizing the opportunities for meeting the religion and faith interests of patients of South Asian descent.
Parental Awareness and Coverage of Mass Measles Vaccination Drive 2011
Authors: Khowaja Asif Raza , Sheikh Sana , Saleem Ali Faisal , Zaidi Anita KM
Published: November 2012

High measles incidence and frequent epidemics are reported in Pakistan, given the low coverage for measles vaccine. This study evaluated coverage of mass measles campaign 2011 and estimated parental awareness and determinants for low/no coverage. Household survey was conducted 4 months after the measles campaign in Karachi, Pakistan. Parents of children younger than 5 years were administered structured questionnaire about their knowledge and participation in measles campaign. Of 1020 eligible households, only 282 (28%) parents knew about measles supplementary immunization activity, mainly from public announcements (49%). Of these, 174 (62%) children received measles vaccine, whereas, 108 (38%) parents refused measles vaccine. Overall, only 17% children received measles vaccine during this campaign. Low maternal education, not having received DPT/Pentavalent-3 vaccine, and routine vaccination from public Expanded Program on Immunization facility were significant determinants for low coverage. Measles vaccine coverage in Karachi remains low, and sporadic outbreaks of measles every 2 to 3 years are expected unless population coverage can be rapidly increased.
Modular Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of an Adolescent Female With Selective Mutism and Social Phobia
Authors: Christon Lillian M. , Robinson Elizabeth M. , Arnold Cassidy C. , Lund Hannah G. , Vrana Scott R. , Southam-Gerow Michael A.
Published: November 2012

Selective mutism (SM), a debilitating disorder usually appearing in childhood, is diagnosed when an individual capable of speaking fails to speak in social situations in which there is an expectation for the individual to speak. There is very little empirical research on the assessment and treatment of SM in adolescents and adults. The case presented in this article applies a developmental adaptation of a modular cognitive-behavioral therapy approach to treat an adolescent female with SM and social phobia. The treatment consisted of 61 sessions, including sessions on psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, relaxation, exposure, social skills, and parent training. The presenting symptoms, assessment strategy, and treatment elements are covered in detail. The client’s symptoms were assessed via fear hierarchy ratings, self-report and parent-report measures, and client and parent clinical interviews.
Monozygotic twins concordant for Kleine-Levin syndrome
Authors: Ueno Taro , Fukuhara Akira , Ikegami Azusa , Ohishi Fumihiro , Kume Kazuhiko
Published: November 2012

Background

Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare sleep disorder of unknown etiology. It is characterized by intermittent periods of excessive sleepiness, cognitive disturbances and behavioral abnormalities. Nine cases of familial Kleine-Levin syndrome have been identified, but there are no reported cases describing twins that are affected by the syndrome.

Case presentation

We report the cases of 16-year-old monozygotic twin boys who both suffered from Kleine-Levin syndrome. In both cases, the onset of the first episode was preceded by an influenza infection. During symptomatic periods they slept for the entire day except for meals and bathroom visits. Actimetry recordings revealed that during symptomatic periods, daily activity was lower than that of asymptomatic periods, on the other hand, activity during the night was significantly higher in symptomatic periods than asymptomatic periods. Polysomnography (PSG) data during symptomatic periods revealed a decrease in sleep efficiency. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing revealed no DQB1*02 loci. They were administered lithium carbonate but the beneficial effect was limited.

Conclusions

Our observations suggest that Kleine-Levin syndrome may be due to genetic and autoimmune processes, although etiologic relationship to specific HLA type remains controversial.
Genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in histological sections of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma in Madrid, Spain
Authors: García-Espinosa Benjamín , Moro-Rodríguez Ernesto , Álvarez-Fernández Emilio
Published: November 2012

Background

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and co-infection occurrence was studied in cervical specimens from the city of Madrid (Spain), as a contribution to the knowledge of Human Papillomavirus genotype distribution and prevalence of carcinogenic HPV types in cervical lesions in Spain.

Methods

A total of 533 abnormal specimens, from the Hospital General Universitario “Gregorio Marañón” of Madrid, were studied. These included 19 benign lesions, 349 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias 1 (CIN1), 158 CIN2-3 and 7 invasive cervical carcinomas (ICC). HPV genotyping was performed using PCR and tube array hybridization.

Results

We detected 20 different HPV types: 13 carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (HR-HPVs), 2 probably carcinogenic high-risk HPV types (PHR-HPVs) and 5 carcinogenic low-risk HPV types (LR-HPVs). The most frequent HPV genotypes found in all specimens were HPV16 (26.0%), 31 (10.7%) and 58 (8.0%). HPV 18 was only detected in 5.0%. Co-infections were found in 30.7% of CIN 1 and 18.4% cases of CIN2-3. The highest percentage of HR HPVs was found in those specimens with a CIN2-3 lesion (93.7%).

Conclusion

As our study shows the current tetravalent vaccine could be effective in our geographical area for preventing all the invasive cervical carcinomas. In addition, upon the estimates of the important presence of other HR-HPV types – such as 31, 58, 33 and 52 – in different preneoplasic lesions the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in our geographical area, and others with similar genotype distribution, should be limited.
Transient hypercapnia reveals an underlying cerebrovascular pathology in a murine model for HIV-1 associated neuroinflammation: role of NO-cGMP signaling and normalization by inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-5
Authors: Silva Jharon , Polesskaya Oksana , Knight Walter , Zheng Johnny Ting , Granger Megan , Lopez Tenée , Ontiveros Fernando , Feng Changyong , Yan Chen , Kasischke Karl A , Dewhurst Stephen
Published: November 2012

Background

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is known to be dysregulated in persons with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), for uncertain reasons. This is an important issue because impaired vasoreactivity has been associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, elevated overall cardiovascular risk and cognitive impairment.

Methods

To test whether dysregulation of CBF might be due to virally-induced neuroinflammation, we used a well-defined animal model (GFAP-driven, doxycycline-inducible HIV-1 Tat transgenic (Tat-tg) mice). We then exposed the mice to a brief hypercapnic stimulus, and assessed cerebrovascular reactivity by measuring 1) changes in cerebral blood flow, using laser Doppler flowmetry and 2) changes in vascular dilation, using in vivo two-photon imaging.

Results

Exposure to brief hypercapnia revealed an underlying cerebrovascular pathology in Tat-tg mice. In control animals, brief hypercapnia induced a brisk increase in cortical flow (20.8% above baseline) and vascular dilation, as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and in vivo two-photon microscopy. These responses were significantly attenuated in Tat-tg mice (11.6% above baseline), but cortical microvascular morphology and capillary density were unaltered, suggesting that the functional pathology was not secondary to vascular remodeling. To examine the mechanistic basis for the diminished cerebrovascular response to brief hypercapnia, Tat-tg mice were treated with 1) gisadenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor and 2) tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Gisadenafil largely restored the normal increase in cortical flow following hypercapnia in Tat-tg mice (17.5% above baseline), whereas BH4 had little effect. Gisadenafil also restored the dilation of small (<25 μm) arterioles following hypercapnia (19.1% versus 20.6% diameter increase in control and Tat-tg plus gisadenafil, respectively), although it failed to restore full dilation of larger (>25 μm) vessels.

Conclusions

Taken together, these data show that HIV-associated neuroinflammation can cause cerebrovascular pathology through effects on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) metabolism and possibly on PDE5 metabolism.
The effect of fluid viscosity, habitat temperature, and body size on the flow disturbance of Euchaeta
Authors: Catton Kimberly B. , Webster Donald R. , Yen Jeannette
Published: November 2012

Lay Abstract

Copepods are small marine invertebrates that are one of the most abundant multicellular organisms on Earth. They serve as an important link in the marine food chain between small oceanic plant life, called phytoplankton, and larger organisms such as fish. As with all organisms, they must adapt to the surrounding fluid environment. Since copepods are small, they inhabit an aquatic flow regime that provides a balance of inertial and fluid viscous forces on the organism. The flow created by copepods controls, to a large degree, the interaction with prey, predators, and other individuals of the same species. Hence, examination of the flow disturbances created during cruise and escape behaviors provides insight into the method and consequences of propulsion in this unique flow environment. The genus Euchaeta includes species that inhabit ocean waters at different latitudes extending from the subtropics to the poles. The body shapes of these species are very similar, with the primary difference being much larger body size in colder waters. Thus, Euchaeta species provide a natural experiment to study adaptation to fluid property variation between habitats. Here, variation in body size, swimming and escape speeds, or viscosity has direct consequences on the hydrodynamic disturbance created by organism motion. We expected that body size and viscosity would work in opposite directions in shaping the spatial and temporal properties of the hydrodynamic disturbances generated by these copepod species. The results reveal an intriguing interplay between body size and the fluid environment that alters planktonic interactions, including the ability to prey on food items and the ability to escape from predators, in a complex manner. The complex interaction for the genus Euchaeta partially explains species adaptations to the local environmental conditions.
Materializing monsters: Aurora models, garage kits and the object practices of horror fandom
Authors: Rehak Bob
Published: November 2012

Since the explosion of ‘monster culture’ among adolescents in the 1960s, model kits, statues and toys based on horror-movie icons have played a key role in fan activities surrounding fantastic film and television. From magazines such as Famous Monsters to garage kits and
collectible companies, these ‘object practices’ provide an alternative means of mapping the history, present and future of fantastic-media franchises, moving beyond reductive conceptions of marketing and promotion to suggest that material incarnations of science fiction, horror
and fantasy texts are essential to their cultural persistence and commercial viability.
Soil pollution with trace elements at selected sites in Romania studied by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Pantelica Ana , do Carmo Freitas Maria , Ene Antoaneta , Steinnes Eiliv
Published: November 2012

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to determine concentrations of 42 elements in samples of surface soil collected at seven sites polluted from various anthropogenic activities and a control site in a relatively clean area. Elements studied were Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hf, Hg, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Yb, Zn, and Zr. The results are compared with data for trace elements atmospheric deposition in lichen transplants from the same sites. The most severe soil contamination was observed at Copsa Mica from non-ferrous metallurgy. Appreciable soil contamination was also indicated at Baia Mare (non-ferrous mining and metallurgy), Deva (coal-fired power plant, cement and building materials industry), Galati (ferrous metallurgy), Magurele and Afumati (general urban pollution), and Oradea (chemical and light industries). In most cases excessive levels of toxic metals in soils matched correspondingly high values in lichen transplants. Compared to Romanian norms, legal upper limits were exceeded for Zn and Cd at Copsa Mica. Also, As and Sb occurred in excessive levels at given sites.
Cross section measurements and theoretical calculations of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural tellurium
Authors: Kandil S. A. , Al-Abyad M.
Published: November 2012

Excitation functions of the reactions natTe(p,xn)123,124,126,130I were measured from their respective thresholds up to 17 MeV. The conventional stacked-foil technique was used where the samples for irradiation were prepared by a sedimentation process. The measured excitation functions were compared with both the data available in the literature and the results of theoretical calculations using the codes TALYS-1.2 and ALICE-IPPE. The present experimental data show good agreement with TALYS-1.2 calculations but some deviations from ALICE-IPPE results. From the experimental data the integral yields of the investigated radionuclides were calculated as a function of the proton energy. The most dominating product is 130I.
Vaccination Coverage Among American Indian and Alaska Native Children, 2006–2010
Authors: Groom Amy V. , Santibanez Tammy A. , Bryan Ralph T.
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

A previous study on vaccination coverage in the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) population found that disparities in coverage between AI/AN and white children existed from 2001 to 2004 but were absent in 2005. The objective of this study was to describe vaccination coverage levels for AI/AN children aged 19-35 months in the United States between 2006 and 2010, examining whether gains found for AI/AN children in 2005 have been sustained.

METHODS:

Data from the 2006 through 2010 National Immunization Surveys were analyzed. Groups were defined as AI/AN (alone or in combination with any other race and excluding Hispanics) and white-only non-Hispanic children. Comparisons in demographics and vaccination coverage were made.

RESULTS:

Demographic risk factors often associated with underimmunization were significantly higher for AI/AN respondents compared with white respondents in most years studied. Overall, vaccination coverage was similar between the 2 groups in most years, although coverage with 4 or more doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was lower for AI/AN children in 2008 and 2009, as was coverage with vaccine series measures the series in 2006 and 2009. When stratified by geographic regions, AI/AN children had coverage that was similar to or higher than that of white children for most vaccines in most years studied.

CONCLUSIONS:

The gains in vaccination coverage found in 2005 have been maintained. The absence of disparities in coverage with most vaccines between AI/AN children and white children from 2006 through 2010 is a clear success. These types of periodic reviews are important to ensure we remain vigilant.
Role of Platinum in Photoelectrochemical Studies Related to Solar Energy Harvesting
Authors: Kasem Kasem K.
Published: November 2012

The electrochemical behaviour of platinum as a regenerator electrode during the photolysis of buffered aqueous solutions of ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4–) as a source of hydrated electrons for hydrogen production was investigated. Optimum conditions for the heterogeneous reduction of ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3–) in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor nanoparticles were determined, and hydrogen generation was explored in both homogeneous and heterogeneous aqueous systems. Experiments took place in a three-electrode cell. The results indicated that the Pt gauze electrode gave adequate and reproducible photoelectrochemical performance during the photolysis of aqueous solutions of [Fe(CN)6]4– in 0.2 M pH 6 phosphate buffer. The results provide evidence for the important role of Pt in photolysis studies that aim towards harvesting solar energy.
Comparison of acoustic emission b-values with strains in reinforced concrete beams for damage evaluation
Authors: Vidya Sagar R. , Prasad B. K. Raghu , Shantha Kumar S.
Published: November 2012

Reinforced concrete beam specimens were tested under incremental cyclic loading and the acoustic emission released during the fracture process of concrete was used to compute the acoustic emission-based b-values. The b-value based on Gutenberg–Richter formula was calculated from the frequency–amplitude plots of acoustic emission released. The strains in steel and concrete were compared with the corresponding b-value at various stages of loading to assess damage occurred in reinforced concrete beam specimens. The code of practice IS 456:2000 has defined limits for serviceability and collapse. A brief review of the application of acoustic emission testing to concrete structures is given. It is observed that the b-value reaches its minimum near the peak load and reaches maximum during micro cracking while it tends to decrease when micro cracks coalesce and start forming major and visible cracks.
Design of collar beam for corrugated steel culvert
Authors: Smith Neal
Published: November 2012

In accordance with BD12/01, end treatments to corrugated steel culverts have to be designed to support the face edges of the steel where it is unable to act in ring compression. One suitable form of end treatment is a reinforced concrete collar beam. A literature review prior to the design of Smallways North Bridge revealed that no specific guidance exists for the design of such collar beams, neither in standards nor in literature published by suppliers of corrugated steel culverts. The purpose of this paper is therefore to outline one potential means of designing such elements by studying the design of Smallways North Bridge.
The Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale
Authors: Tsangari Haritini , Petro-Nustas Wasileh
Published: November 2012

Background and Purpose: Breast cancer is the leading female type of cancer in Cyprus. Therefore, there is a need for a valid and reliable tool to examine beliefs or practices about breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE). The objective of this study was to translate the widely used Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale into Greek and validate the tool among Cypriot women. Methods: Data analysis included descriptive statistics, reliability estimates, and confirmatory factor analysis with fit indexes for construct validity. Multiple regression, with dependent variables “frequency of practice of BSE in the previous year” and “intended frequency of BSE,” was used to examine predictive validity. Ninety-four women were surveyed. Results: The six-subscale structure (confidence, benefits, susceptibility, barriers, seriousness, motivation) of the Greek version was verified, with a good model fit. Alpha coefficients ranged from .66 to .88, indicating internal consistency reliability of the tool. Regression analysis provided evidence of predictive validity, with barriers and confidence being significant predictors of BSE practice. Conclusions: The Greek version of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale is a valid and reliable tool for use among Cypriot women that can be used to evaluate their beliefs about breast cancer and BSE and for planning interventions to improve these beliefs.
Treatment of Behavioral Addictions Utilizing the Feeling-State Addiction Protocol: A Multiple Baseline Study
Authors: Miller Robert
Published: November 2012

This article proposes a new treatment for behavioral addictions, which are commonly treated with some form of cognitive behavioral therapy. The Feeling-State Addiction Protocol (FSAP), based on the feeling-state theory of behavioral and substance addiction, proposes that just as single-event traumas can become fixated with negative feelings, intensely positive events can become fixated with positive feelings. This fixated linkage between an event and a feeling is called a feeling-state (FS). A multiple baseline study of the FSAP was performed using only the steps of the protocol that involved the processing of the FSs. The results of the study of 4 participants (each with at least two compulsions) indicated for 3 of the 4 participants a clear link between the processing of the FSs and reduced reactivity to the visualized behavior. The reactivity was measured by skin conductance level and a positive feeling scale. All four participants reported that their compulsive behavior was eliminated after the intervention targeted the FSs.
How to Use Fraser’s Dissociative Table Technique to Access and Work With Emotional Parts of the Personality
Authors: Martin Kathleen M.
Published: November 2012

This Clinical Q&A article responds to a question about what process to use to access and identify ego states when working with complex trauma. The procedure for implementing Fraser’s Dissociative Table Technique is explained and detailed in 8 clearly defined steps. The author builds on Fraser’s original instructions and adds several innovations for use by EMDR therapists. Tips on implementing this technique are given. The article then concludes with a session transcript to illustrate the use of this powerful tool.
Attributiveness of a mass flow analysis model for integrated water resources assessment under data-scarce conditions
Authors: Helm B. , Terekhanova T. , Tränckner J. , Venohr M. , Krebs P.
Published: November 2012

Nutrients in river systems originate from multiple emission sources, follow various pathways, and are subject to processes of conversion and fate. One approach to tackle this complexity is to apply balance-oriented models. Although these models operate on a coarse temporal and spatial scale, they are capable of assessing the significance of the different emission sources and their results can be the basis for developing integrated water quality management schemes. In this paper we propose and apply a methodology to evaluate the attributiveness of such model results with regard to the modelled emission pathways. The MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions in RIver Systems) model is set up, assuming plausible ranges of emission levels from four principal sources. The sensitivity of model performance is computed and related to the contribution from the pathways. The approach is applied for a case study in the upper Western Bug catchment (Ukraine). Coefficient of determination (R²) is found insensitive against the model assumptions, at levels around 0.65 for nitrogen and 0.55 for phosphorous emissions. Relative mean absolute error is minimized around 0.2 for both nutrients, but with equifinal combinations of the varied emission pathways. Model performance is constrained by the ranges of the emission assumptions to a limited extent only.
Simultaneous precipitation of phosphorus in a kraft pulp mill wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Toivakainen Sakari , Laukkanen Timo , Dahl Olli
Published: November 2012

Simultaneous precipitation (SP) using iron sulfates in the secondary treatment of elemental chlorine-free (ECF) kraft pulp mill wastewater was studied. In short-term pilot plant studies phosphorus reduction was improved from 58% up to 81% by adding 10 mgFe/L ferrous sulfate in the activated sludge (AS) process. The phosphorus reduction in full-scale experiment was about 80% when less than 10 mgFe/L was fed in with the influent of the AS plant. The reduction of phosphorus decreased with the dose of iron during the three month experiment. No notable change in either chemical oxygen demand (COD) or adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) reduction nor in the properties of sludge settling were observed during this SP experiment. Furthermore, no problems in sludge treatment due to increased iron concentrations in the waste sludge were reported. SP offers a simple way to decrease phosphorus discharges from AS plants instead of reliance on more expensive tertiary treatments.
Removal of ZnO nanoparticles in simulated wastewater treatment processes and its effects on COD and NH4+-N reduction
Authors: Hou Linlin , Xia Jing , Li Kaiyang , Chen Jian , Wu Xiaolei , Li Xiqing
Published: November 2012

For many engineered nanoparticles, the primary pathway of release into the environment is via sewage and industrial wastewater discharges. In this work, the removal of uncoated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) during simulated wastewater treatment processes and its impact on treatment performance were examined. Simulated primary clarification removed the majority (about 70%) of the dosed ZnO NPs. During simulated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) processes, ZnO NPs were completely removed in each cycle throughout the 11-day experimental duration (two cycles per day). Continuous input of ZnO NPs into the wastewater (at concentrations up to 5 mg L−1) did not reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. NH4+-N removal was reduced at a dosing concentration of 5 mg L−1 ZnO NPs per cycle. Inhibition of respiration of nitrifying microorganisms by ZnO NPs corroborated the reduction of NH4+-N removal. These results indicate that if the wastewater is treated, the release of ZnO NPs into receiving water bodies would be minimal and ZnO NPs would mainly accumulate in biosolids. Uncoated ZnO NPs in wastewater at very high concentrations may have some adverse effects on activated sludge process.
Practical Nonlinear Analysis for Limit Design of Reinforced Masonry Walls
Authors: Lepage Andres , Sanchez Reynaldo E.
Published: November 2012

Two modeling techniques for practical nonlinear static analysis are implemented to support the development and usage of a new Limit Design method for special reinforced masonry shear walls. The new seismic design alternative is under consideration for future versions of the building code requirements for masonry structures in the U.S.

The proposed simplified models were applied to a planar one-story wall with two openings and the relevant output data from nonlinear static analyses were compared to the output from a refined computer model. Results of the comparison in-dicate that the proposed models were sufficiently accurate in determining the usable base-shear strength of the perforated wall.
An Overview of the Air Pollution Trend in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Makmom Abdullah Ahmad , Armi Abu Samah Mohd , Yee Jun Tham
Published: November 2012

The recent air pollution trend, as well as the factors that contribute to the air quality, were reviewed in the
Klang Valley since it has undergone rapid development over the years. The overall quality of air in the Klang Valley was
moderate for 66% of the days throughout the year of 2009 while only 5% of the days were classified at the unhealthy
level. Shah Alam and Kuala Lumpur were among the cities that recorded the highest number of unhealthy days from
2001-2009. Furthermore, places around the Klang Valley suffered from quite severe acidified rain, which indicates that
heavy air pollution is still occurringin areas around the Lang Valley. Factors like urbanization, industry, motor vehicles
and forest fires remain the main contributors to the deterioration of air quality in the Klang Valley. Hence, a more
sustainable policy has to be introduced by the government in order to tackle the air pollution issue.
Systemic Inflammation (C-Reactive Protein) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Is Associated With Ambient Air Pollution in Pune City, India
Authors: Khafaie Morteza A. , Salvi Sundeep S. , Ojha Ajay , Khafaie Behzad , Gore Sharad S. , Yajnik Chittaranjan S.
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between ambient air pollutants and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in 1,392 type 2 diabetic patients in Pune, India.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted that linked daily time series of ambient air pollution data (obtained from central monitoring sites) and plasma CRP concentration in type 2 diabetic patients from the Wellcome Trust Genetic (WellGen) Study, recruited between March 2005 and May 2007. Air pollution effects on CRP concentration were investigated with delays (lags) of 0–7 days and multiday averaging spans of 7, 14, and 30 days before blood collection adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, treatment with agents with anti-inflammatory action, season, air temperature, and relative humidity.

RESULTS

Median CRP concentration was 3.49 mg/L. For 1 SD increase in SO2 and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) concentrations in ambient air, a day before blood collection (lag1), we observed a significant increase in CRP (9.34 and 7.77%, respectively). The effect was higher with lag2 (12.42% for SO2 and 11.60% for NOx) and wore off progressively thereafter. We also found a significant association with multiday averaging times of up to 30 and 7 days for SO2 and NOx, respectively. No significant associations were found between particulate matter with an aerodynamic profile ≤10 µm (PM10) and CRP concentration except in summer. The association was significantly higher among patients with a shorter duration of diabetes, and in those not on statin and thiazolidinedione treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate, for the first time, a possible contribution of ambient air pollution to systemic inflammation in Indian type 2 diabetic patients. This may have implications for vascular complications of diabetes.
Reduction in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness After Pancreatic Islet Transplantation in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Danielson Kirstie K. , Hatipoglu Betul , Kinzer Katie , Kaplan Bruce , Martellotto Joan , Qi Meirigeng , Mele Alessandra , Benedetti Enrico , Oberholzer José
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE

Determine the impact of islet transplantation on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a marker for atherosclerosis, in type 1 diabetes without kidney disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Consecutive case series of 15 adults (mean age [SD], 49 years [10 years]; 87% female) with type 1 diabetes for ≥5 years (mean duration [SD], 30 years [12 years]; mean HbA1c [SD], 7.2% [0.9%]), without kidney disease, presenting with severe hypoglycemic unawareness to undergo allogeneic pancreatic islet transplant(s) (one to three each) in a phase 1/2 and 3 clinical trial. Current follow-up ranges from 1 to 5 years (2005–2011). CIMT of the common and internal carotid arteries was measured before and every 12–16 months after the first transplant (two to six CIMTs each) by one ultrasonographer and one blinded reader. CIMT was analyzed as change from baseline to 12- and 50-month follow-up; a combined CIMT score was calculated as the sum of the standardized IMT scores (SD units [SDs]) of both arteries.

RESULTS

All patients achieved insulin independence after one to three transplants. CIMT decreased at 12 months (n = 15) for the common carotid (−0.058 mm; P = 0.006) and combined score (−1.28 SDs; P = 0.004). In those with 50-month follow-up (n = 7), the decrease in the combined score continued from 12 (−1.59 SDs; P = 0.04) to 50 months (−0.77 SDs; P = 0.04). During follow-up, the decreasing slope of change in CIMT was associated with decreasing slopes of change in HbA1c, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular/inflammatory markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Islet transplantation may ameliorate diabetes-related atherosclerosis through improved glycemic control consequent to restoring endogenous insulin secretion, and optimal lipid management posttransplant also contributes.
Building authentic midbrain dopaminergic neurons from stem cells - lessons from development
Authors: Kirkeby Agnete , Parmar Malin
Published: November 2012

The challenge with controlling the differentiation of human pluripotent cells to generate functional dopaminergic neurons for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease has undergone significant progress in recent years. Here, we summarize the differences between newer and older protocols for generating midbrain dopaminergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells, and we highlight the importance of following developmental pathways during differentiation. The field has now developed to a point where it is timely to take human pluripotent stem cells one step closer to clinical use, and cell criteria to be fulfilled for such developments are outlined in this review.