bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Applicability of Plantar Padding in Reducing Peak Plantar Pressure in the Forefeet of Healthy Adults
Authors: Gatt Alfred , Briffa Andrea , Chockalingam Nachiappan , Formosa Cynthia
Published: August 2016

Background: We investigated the effectiveness and durability of two types of plantar padding, the plantar metatarsal pad and the single wing plantar cover, which are commonly used for reducing forefoot plantar pressures.

Methods: Mean peak plantar pressure and impulse at the hallux and at the first, second, third, and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints across both feet were recorded using the two-step method in 18 individuals with normal asymptomatic feet. Plantar paddings were retained for 5 days, and their durability and effectiveness were assessed by repeating the foot plantar measurement at baseline and after 3 and 5 days.

Results: The single wing plantar cover devised from 5-mm felt adhesive padding was effective and durable in reducing peak plantar pressure and impulse at the first metatarsophalangeal joint (P = .001 and P = .015, respectively); however, it was not found to be effective in reducing peak plantar pressure and impulse at the hallux (P = .782 and P = .845, respectively). The plantar metatarsal pad was not effective in reducing plantar forefoot pressure and impulse at the second, third, and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints (P = .310 and P = .174, respectively).

Conclusions: These results imply limited applicability of the single wing plantar cover and the plantar metatarsal pad in reducing hallux pressure and second through fourth metatarsophalangeal joint pressure, respectively. However, the single wing plantar cover remained durable for the 5 days of the trial and was effective in reducing the peak plantar pressure and impulse underneath the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
Use of the melting curve assay as a means for high-throughput quantification of Illumina sequencing libraries
Authors: Shinozuka Hiroshi , Forster John W.
Published: August 2016

Background.Multiplexed sequencing is commonly performed on massively parallel short-read sequencing platforms such as Illumina, and the efficiency of library normalisation can affect the quality of the output dataset. Although several library normalisation approaches have been established, none are ideal for highly multiplexed sequencing due to issues of cost and/or processing time.

Methods.An inexpensive and high-throughput library quantification method has been developed, based on an adaptation of the melting curve assay. Sequencing libraries were subjected to the assay using the Bio-Rad Laboratories CFX ConnectTMReal-Time PCR Detection System. The library quantity was calculated through summation of reduction of relative fluorescence units between 86 and 95 °C.

Results.PCR-enriched sequencing libraries are suitable for this quantification without pre-purification of DNA. Short DNA molecules, which ideally should be eliminated from the library for subsequent processing, were differentiated from the target DNA in a mixture on the basis of differences in melting temperature. Quantification results for long sequences targeted using the melting curve assay were correlated with those from existing methods (R2> 0.77), and that observed from MiSeq sequencing (R2= 0.82).

Discussion.The results of multiplexed sequencing suggested that the normalisation performance of the described method is equivalent to that of another recently reported high-throughput bead-based method, BeNUS. However, costs for the melting curve assay are considerably lower and processing times shorter than those of other existing methods, suggesting greater suitability for highly multiplexed sequencing applications.
Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species
Authors: Heckeberg Nicola S. , Erpenbeck Dirk , Wörheide Gert , Rössner Gertrud E.
Published: August 2016

Cervid phylogenetics has been puzzling researchers for over 150 years. In recent decades, molecular systematics has provided new input for both the support and revision of the previous results from comparative anatomy but has led to only partial consensus. Despite all of the efforts to reach taxon-wide species sampling over the last two decades, a number of cervid species still lack molecular data because they are difficult to access in the wild. By extracting ancient DNA from museum specimens, in this study, we obtained partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences forMazama bricenii,Mazama chunyi,Muntiacus atherodes,Pudu mephistophiles, andRusa marianna, including three holotypes. These new sequences were used to enrich the existing mitochondrial DNA alignments and yielded the most taxonomically complete data set for cervids to date. Phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of these five species. However, systematic uncertainties withinMuntiacuspersist and resolving phylogenetic relationships withinPuduandMazamaremain challenging.
Short-term exposure to predation affects body elemental composition, climbing speed and survival ability inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Krams Indrikis , Eichler Inwood Sarah , Trakimas Giedrius , Krams Ronalds , Burghardt Gordon M. , Butler David M. , Luoto Severi , Krama Tatjana
Published: August 2016

Factors such as temperature, habitat, larval density, food availability and food quality substantially affect organismal development. In addition, risk of predation has a complex impact on the behavioural and morphological life history responses of prey. Responses to predation risk seem to be mediated by physiological stress, which is an adaptation for maintaining homeostasis and improving survivorship during life-threatening situations. We tested whether predator exposure during the larval phase of development has any influence on body elemental composition, energy reserves, body size, climbing speed and survival ability of adultDrosophila melanogaster. Fruit fly larvae were exposed to predation by jumping spiders (Phidippus apacheanus), and the percentage of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, extracted lipids, escape response and survival were measured from predator-exposed and control adult flies. The results revealed predation as an important determinant of adult phenotype formation and survival ability.D. melanogasterreared together with spiders had a higher concentration of body N (but equal body C), a lower body mass and lipid reserves, a higher climbing speed and improved adult survival ability. The results suggest that the potential of predators to affect the development and the adult phenotype ofD. melanogasteris high enough to use predators as a more natural stimulus in laboratory experiments when testing, for example, fruit fly memory and learning ability, or when comparing natural populations living under different predation pressures.
Beauty without Borders
Authors: Li Xiaojing
Published: August 2016

In this paper I investigate a reprint of a Meiji anthology titled Meiren qiantai shi 美人千態詩 (Poems on a thousand manners of beautiful women) by Shang- hai shuju (Shanghai Press) in 1914. This is the first time that this anthology has received critical attention. I examine the poems collected by the anthologist, contextualize the anthology in relation to traditions and trends in Japan and China, and analyze the significance of the poetic tradition centered on images of women for understanding border-crossing literati culture from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries.

My study revises both Japanese and Chinese literary history. I show that the practice of kanshi composition was sustained by major Japanese men of letters through the late Meiji (and even into the Shōwa) era. With the rise of modern Japanese literature, especially in the genre of fiction, it is generally held that there was a rupture between Edo and Meiji-Taisho literature. Within the discursive space carved out by the beauty anthology, however, we see a continuity that unified the Edo and Meiji eras. Furthermore, the Japanese poets’ particular engagement with the subgenre on beautiful women and related sentiments was concurrent with developments among the Chinese literati from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century.
On Recent Cuneiform Editions of Hittite Fragments (III)
Authors: Soysal Oǧuz
Published: August 2016

Remarks on the reading and interpretation of recently published cuneiform frag- ments from the Hittite capital Boğazköy/Ḫattuša.
Constraining the low‐cloud optical depth feedback at middle and high latitudes using satellite observations
Authors: Terai C. R. , Klein S. A. , Zelinka M. D.
Published: August 2016

The increase in cloud optical depth with warming at middle and high latitudes is a robust cloud feedback response found across all climate models. This study builds on results that suggest the optical depth response to temperature is timescale invariant for low‐level clouds. The timescale invariance allows one to use satellite observations to constrain the models' optical depth feedbacks. Three passive‐sensor satellite retrievals are compared against simulations from eight models from the Atmosphere Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) of the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). This study confirms that the low‐cloud optical depth response is timescale invariant in the AMIP simulations, generally at latitudes higher than 40°. Compared to satellite estimates, most models overestimate the increase in optical depth with warming at the monthly and interannual timescales. Many models also do not capture the increase in optical depth with estimated inversion strength that is found in all three satellite observations and in previous studies. The discrepancy between models and satellites exists in both hemispheres and in most months of the year. A simple replacement of the models' optical depth sensitivities with the satellites' sensitivities reduces the negative shortwave cloud feedback by at least 50% in the 40°–70°S latitude band and by at least 65% in the 40°–70°N latitude band. Based on this analysis of satellite observations, we conclude that the low‐cloud optical depth feedback at middle and high latitudes is likely too negative in climate models.
Asymmetric Construction of Highly Functionalized Spirobarbiturate‐Cyclopentenes through Chiral Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with Barbiturate‐Derived Alkenes
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Wenjun , Wu Yang , Mao Biming , Gao Xing , Liu Honglei , Sun Zhanhu , Xiao Yumei , Guo Hongchao
Published: August 2016

A multifunctional chiral phosphine‐catalyzed enantioselective [3+2] annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with barbiturate‐derived alkenes has been achieved under mild conditions, providing a variety of chiral spirobarbiturate‐cyclopentenes in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.

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Total Syntheses of Carbazole Alkaloids Lansine F and Clauemarazole D
Authors: Guo Yanqin , Huang He , Zhang Tiantian , Qi Shuang , Liu Yizhen , Li Mengyang , Wang Penghao , Song Chuanjun , Chang Junbiao
Published: August 2016

The first total synthesis of carbazole alkaloids lansine F and clauemarazole D is described. The spectroscopic data of the synthetic molecules were identical to those displayed by the natural products, thus confirming the accuracy of the proposed structures.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae triggering the Guillain‐Barré syndrome: A case‐control study
Authors: Meyer Sauteur Patrick M. , Huizinga Ruth , Tio‐Gillen Anne P. , Roodbol Joyce , Hoogenboezem Theo , Jacobs Enno , van Rijn Monique , van der Eijk Annemiek A. , Vink Cornelis , de Wit Marie‐Claire Y. , van Rossum Annemarie M.C. , Jacobs Bart C.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute postinfectious immune‐mediated polyneuropathy. Although preceding respiratory tract infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been reported in some cases, the role of M. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of GBS remains unclear. We here cultured, for the first time, M. pneumoniae from a GBS patient with antibodies against galactocerebroside (GalC), which cross‐reacted with the isolate. This case prompted us to unravel the role of M. pneumoniae in GBS in a case‐control study.

Methods

We included 189 adults and 24 children with GBS and compared them to control cohorts for analysis of serum antibodies against M. pneumoniae (n = 479) and GalC (n = 198).

Results

Anti–M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies were detected in GBS patients and healthy controls in 3% and 0% of adults (p = 0.16) and 21% and 7% of children (p = 0.03), respectively. Anti‐GalC antibodies (IgM and/or IgG) were found in 4% of adults and 25% of children with GBS (p = 0.001). Anti‐GalC‐positive patients showed more‐frequent preceding respiratory symptoms, cranial nerve involvement, and a better outcome. Anti‐GalC antibodies correlated with anti–M. pneumoniae antibodies (p < 0.001) and cross‐reacted with different M. pneumoniae strains. Anti‐GalC IgM antibodies were not only found in GBS patients with M. pneumoniae infection, but also in patients without neurological disease (8% vs 9%; p = 0.87), whereas anti‐GalC IgG was exclusively found in patients with GBS (9% vs 0%; p = 0.006).

Interpretation

M. pneumoniae infection is associated with GBS, more frequently in children than adults, and elicits anti‐GalC antibodies, of which specifically anti‐GalC IgG may contribute to the pathogenesis of GBS. Ann Neurol 2016;80:566–580
Ultimately thin metasurface wave plates
Authors: Keene David , LePain Matthew , Durach Maxim
Published: August 2016

Optical properties of a metasurface which can be considered a monolayer of uniaxial metamaterials ‐ parallel‐plate and nanorod arrays – are investigated. It is shown that such metasurface acts as an ultimately thin sub‐100 nm wave plate. This is achieved via an interplay of epsilon‐near‐zero and epsilon‐near‐pole behavior along different axes in the plane of the metasurface allowing for extremely rapid phase difference accumulation in very thin metasurface layers. These effects are shown to not be disrupted by non‐locality and can be applied to the design of ultrathin wave plates, Pancharatnam‐Berry phase optical elements and plasmon‐carrying optical torque wrench devices.

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From Biomass‐Derived Furans to Aromatics with Ethanol over Zeolite
Authors: Teixeira Ivo F. , Lo Benedict T. W. , Kostetskyy Pavlo , Stamatakis Michail , Ye Lin , Tang Chiu C. , Mpourmpakis Giannis , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: August 2016

We report a novel catalytic conversion of biomass‐derived furans and alcohols to aromatics over zeolite catalysts. Aromatics are formed via Diels–Alder cycloaddition with ethylene, which is produced in situ from ethanol dehydration. The use of liquid ethanol instead of gaseous ethylene, as the source of dienophile in this one‐pot synthesis, makes the aromatics production much simpler and renewable, circumventing the use of ethylene at high pressure. More importantly, both our experiments and theoretical studies demonstrate that the use of ethanol instead of ethylene, results in significantly higher rates and higher selectivity to aromatics, due to lower activation barriers over the solid acid sites. Synchrotron‐diffraction experiments and proton‐affinity calculations clearly suggest that a preferred protonation of ethanol over the furan is a key step facilitating the Diels–Alder and dehydration reactions in the acid sites of the zeolite.
Direct Synthesis of Silylamine from N2 and a Silane: Mediated by a Tridentate Phosphine Molybdenum Fragment
Authors: Liao Qian , Cavaillé Anthony , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Mézailles Nicolas
Published: August 2016

A homogeneous system which is able to yield silylamine from N2 and bis(silane) in one pot is reported. Mechanistically a {(triphosphine)molybdenum(I)} fragment, generated in situ, splits N2 into the corresponding nitrido complex at room temperature. Then, functionalization of the molybdenum nitrido is achieved by double Si−H addition under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the bis(silyl)amine product is decoordinated from the metal center.
The Predentary Bone and Its Significance in the Evolution of Feeding Mechanisms in Ornithischian Dinosaurs
Authors: Nabavizadeh Ali , Weishampel David B.
Published: August 2016

The characteristic predentary bone in ornithischian dinosaurs is a unique, unpaired element located at the midline of the mandibular symphysis. Although traditionally thought to only be a plant “nipping” bone, the true functional significance of this bone among feeding mechanisms of ornithischian dinosaurs is poorly known. Recent studies of a select few ornithischian genera have suggested rotation of the mandibular corpora around their long axes relative to their midline joint articulation with the predentary bone. This study aims to re‐evaluate these hypotheses as well as provide in‐depth qualitative comparative descriptions of predentary bone morphology in ornithischian genera throughout all subclades, including heterodontosaurids, thyreophorans, ornithopods, and marginocephalians. Descriptions evaluate overall shape of the predentary, its articular surfaces contacting the rostral ends of the dentaries, and the morphology of the rostral extent of the dentaries and their midline symphysis. Functionally relevant morphologies in each predentary morphotype are accentuated for further speculation of feeding mechanisms. Three predentary morphotypes are described throughout ornithischian subclades and each plays a unique role in feeding adaptations. Most notably, the predentary likely evolved as a midline axial point of the mandibular symphysis for simultaneous variable movement or rotation of the mandibular corpora in many, but not all, taxa. This simultaneous movement of the hemimandibles would have aided in feeding on both sides of the jaw at once. The function of the predentary as well as other jaw adaptations is discussed for genera throughout all subclades, focusing on both general shape and joint morphology. Anat Rec, 299:1358–1388, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reassessment of technological change models for the Australian high country
Authors: THEDEN‐RINGL FENJA
Published: August 2016

Lithic assemblages from five Aboriginal rock shelters in the Namadgi Ranges – including the first with cultural material dating to the early to mid‐Holocene – provide new perspectives on our understanding of Holocene lithic technology for this region of the south‐east Australian high country. They reveal a steady continuation of quartz predominance and bipolar knapping technique through time. Formal tools are rare, as is other evidence of retouch, but quantitative analyses reveal that raw material variation diversifies and artefact size decreases from the mid‐Holocene towards the past millennium, with some associated evidence of a shift in reduction intensity. Re‐analysis of the lithic assemblage from the nearby Birrigai rock shelter and information from other dated Namadgi sites provide further context for interpretation. This study finds a lack of evidence for Flood's proposed regional model of late Holocene technological transition from chert‐dominated backed artefact to bipolar quartz industry. There is also no evidence for a cultural change associated with a backed artefact proliferation beginning around 4500 to 3500 years BP, as proposed by Hiscock and others for south‐east Australia more generally. In fact, the technological shifts observed in the Namadgi high country – morphometric decline, raw material diversity and the appearance of backed artefacts – culminate in the past millennium.
Solvent‐Regulated Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoline Derivatives in Oligo(Ethylene Glycol)s through Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Wang Tianli , Chen Ya , Ouyang Guanghui , He Yan‐Mei , Li Zhiyan , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: August 2016

The asymmetric hydrogenation of quinolines in oligo(ethylene glycol)s (OEGs) and poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) with chiral cationic ruthenium diamine complexes has been investigated. Interestingly, in liquid PEGs or long‐chain OEGs, the Ru catalysts lost their reactivity. Upon the addition of a little MeOH, the hydrogenation of quinoline was switched “ON”. Evidence from mass spectrometry and control experiments revealed that encapsulation of the quinolinium salt by PEG or long‐chain OEG molecules through supramolecular interactions is possibly the main reason for such a switchable hydrogenation reaction. Moreover, the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐substituted quinoline derivatives was achieved in triethylene glycol (3‐OEG), thereby affording 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines with excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). Furthermore, the Ru catalyst could be readily recycled for both pure 3‐OEG and biphasic 3‐OEG/n‐hexane systems without a clear loss of reactivity and enantioselectivity.
Ring Expansion and Skeletal Rearrangement of Propargyl Alcohol Substituted Aziridines Induced by Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Wan Shu‐Hao , Lin Ying‐Chih , Liu Ling‐Kang , Liu Yi‐Hung
Published: August 2016

The ring expansion and skeletal rearrangement of two types of propargyl alcohol substituted aziridines with or without cycloalkane moieties was induced by a ruthenium cyclopentadienyl phosphine complex. In the simple aziridine system with no cycloalkane, the unique cycloisomerization process altered the absolute connectivity of the two‐carbon unit in the three‐membered ring to give organometallic products with substituted pyridine or dihydropyridine ligands. For the aziridine on a cyclohexyl ring, the cycloisomerization process was controlled by an interchange process between vinylidene and allenylidene species, thus creating a better relative configuration of the aziridinyl and the alkynyl units. This determines the stereochemistry of the metal carbene products of the octahydroindole derivatives. The structures of five products were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Characteristics of multiscale vortices in the simulated formation of Typhoon Durian (2001)
Authors: Wang Yaping , Cui Xiaopeng , Huang Yongjie
Published: August 2016

The formation of Typhoon Durian (2001) was simulated well by the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The vorticity field was separated into three scales: small scale (L < 30 km), intermediate scale (30 km < L < 120 km), and system scale (L > 120 km), where L is wavelength. During the formation, small‐scale vorticity anomalies, associated with convection, aggregated radially inward and rotated anticlockwise. The system‐scale vorticity field presented a distinct mid‐level vortex before genesis, and then a well‐organized low‐level vortex. The spectral power of the low‐level vorticity at the small scale barely changed, while that at the system scale continued to grow steadily. The vorticity growth or spin‐up of the near‐surface tropical cyclone embryo was mainly due to the convergence of vertical vorticity flux at the planetary boundary layer. The positive (negative) effect of vorticity flux convergence at lower (middle‐to‐upper) levels appears to cause the shift of system‐scale vorticity center from the middle to lower troposphere.
On the Use of a Protic Ionic Liquid with a Novel Cation To Study Anion Basicity
Authors: Hasani Mohammad , Yarger Jeffery L. , Angell C. Austen
Published: August 2016

The need for reliable means of ordering and quantifying the Lewis basicity of anions is discussed and the currently available methods are reviewed. Concluding that there is need for a simple impurity‐insensitive tool, we have sought, and here describe, a new method using NMR spectroscopy of a weak base, a substituted urea, 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone (DMI), as it is protonated by Brønsted acids of different strengths and characters. In all cases studied the product of protonation is a liquid (hence a protic ionic liquid). NMR spectroscopy detects changes in the electronic structure of the base upon interaction with the proton donors. As the proton‐donating ability, that is, acidity, increases, there is a smooth but distinct transition from a hydrogen‐bonded system (with no net proton transfer) to full ionicity. The liquid state of the samples and high concentration of nitrogen atoms, despite the very low natural abundance of its preferred NMR‐active isotope (15N), make possible the acquisition of 15N spectra in a relatively short time. These 15N, along with 13C, chemical shifts of the carbonyl atom, and their relative responses to protonation of the carbonyl oxygen, can be used as a means, sensitive to anion basicity and relatively insensitive to impurities, to sort anions in order of increasing hydrogen bond basicity. The order is found to be as follows: SbF6−<BF4−ClO4−>FSO3−<TfO−<HSO4−<Cl−<MsO−.
Bis‐Boron Compounds in Catalysis: Bidentate and Bifunctional Activation
Authors: Schweighauser Luca , Wegner Hermann A.
Published: August 2016

The development of metal‐free catalysts as an alternative to the use of transition metals has gained tremendous interest in the past. In catalysis, Lewis acidity is one of the major principles used for the activation of organic compounds. Improving the reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acids by utilizing bidentate interactions was already proposed 50 years ago. Nevertheless, product inhibition due to strong binding has made applications of bidentate Lewis acids challenging for many years. Recently, bis‐boron compounds have been found to be very effective and several applications in Diels–Alder reactions, carbon dioxide reduction, and ammonia‐borane dehydrogenation were reported. All three transformations are enabled by the catalyst at different stages during the course of the reaction. These new and useful examples illustrate the great potential of the concept.
Orthogonal Dual‐Triggered Shape‐Memory DNA‐Based Hydrogels
Authors: Yu Xu , Hu Yuwei , Kahn Jason S. , Cecconello Alessandro , Willner Itamar
Published: August 2016

DNA‐based shape‐memory hydrogels revealing switchable shape recovery in the presence of two orthogonal triggers are described. In one system, a shaped DNA/acrylamide hydrogel is stabilized by duplex nucleic acids and pH‐responsive cytosine‐rich, i‐motif, bridges. Separation of the i‐motif bridges at pH 7.4 transforms the hydrogel into a quasi‐liquid, shapeless state, that includes the duplex bridges as permanent shape‐memory elements. Subjecting the quasi‐liquid state to pH 5.0 or Ag+ ions recovers the hydrogel shape, due to the stabilization of the hydrogel by i‐motif or C‐Ag+‐C bridged i‐motif. The cysteamine‐induced transformation of the duplex/C‐Ag+‐C bridged i‐motif hydrogel into a quasi‐liquid shapeless state results in the recovery of the shaped hydrogel in the presence of H+ or Ag+ ions as triggers. In a second system, a shaped DNA/acrylamide hydrogel is generated by DNA duplexes and bridging Pb2+ or Sr2+ ions‐stabilized G‐quadruplex subunits. Subjecting the shaped hydrogel to the DOTA or KP ligands eliminates the Pb2+ or Sr2+ ions from the respective hydrogels, leading to shapeless, memory‐containing, quasi‐liquid states that restore the original shapes with Pb2+ or Sr2+ ions.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Characterization and Properties of K‐Containing Copper Hexacyanoferrate.
Authors: Svensson Gunnar , et al.
Published: August 2016

CuII [FeIII(CN)6]2/3·nH2O is precipitated from aqueous solutions of Cu(NO3)2 and K3Fe(CN)6.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Al‐Doped Bi4V1.8Cu0.2O10.7.
Authors: Essalim R. , Ammar A. , Tanouti B. , Mauvy F.
Published: August 2016

Partial substitution of Cu by Al in Bi4V1.8Cu0.2O10.7 to polycrystalline Bi4V1.8Cu0.2‐xAlx O10.7+x/2 (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) solid solutions is performed by heating stoichiometric amounts of the metal oxides in air (Pt crucible, 840 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Spin‐Driven Multiferroic Properties of PbMn7O12 Perovskite.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Glazkova Yana S. , Terada Noriki , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Sobolev Alexey V. , Presniakov Igor A. , Tsujii Naohito , Nimori Shigeki , Takehana Kanji , Imanaka Yasutaka
Published: August 2016

PbMn7O12 is prepared by hot press sintering of a stoichiometric mixture of Mn2O3, MnO2, and PbO (Au capsule in belt‐type apparatus, 6 GPa, 1373 K, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Geometrical Spin Frustration of Unusually High Valence Fe5+ in the Double Perovskite La2LiFeO6.
Authors: Xiong Peng , Seki Hayato , Guo Haichuan , Hosaka Yoshiteru , Saito Takashi , Mizumaki Masaichiro , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: August 2016

Polycrystalline samples of La2Li1‐xMgxFeO6 (x = 0—0.5) are prepared by hot press sintering of appropriate amounts of La2O3, Li2O2, Fe2O3, and MgO plus KClO4 as oxidant (Pt capsule in cubic anvil cell, 8 GPa, 900 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Macroporous‐Spherical Polyanionic Compound (TiO)2P2O7 as a Novel Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Zhang Shuming , Liu Yu , Zhang Na , Zhao Kuan , Yang Jianhua , He Shiyang
Published: August 2016

(TiO)2P2O7 is precipitated from an aqueous solution of NH4H2PO4 to which polyethylene glycol and H2O2 (30%) are given followed by quick addition of aq.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Polymorph of NaBiO3.
Authors: Naa Octavianti , Kumada Nobuhiro , Miura Akira , Takei Takahiro , Azuma Masaki , Kusano Yoshihiro , Oka Kengo
Published: August 2016

β‐NaBiO3 is obtained by hot press sintering of ilmenite‐type NaBiO3 (Au capsule in cubic anvil cell, 6 GPa, 600 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Route to Pentavalent Postperovskite.
Authors: Crichton Wilson A. , Yusenko Kirill V. , Riva Sephira , Mazzali Francesco , Margadonna Serena
Published: August 2016

Hot pressing of 1:2 molar mixtures of Na2O2 and OsO2 below and above 800 °C (Pt capsules in multianvil press, 4 GPa, 1 h) result in a sample S1 (<800 °C) which consists of a mixed‐valence mixture of KSbO3‐like NaOsO3 and hexagonal Na2OsO4 and another sample S2 (<800 °C) which contains single crystals of perovskite NaOsO3, minor (5%) OsO2 and Os metal.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Oxidative C—H/C—H Cross‐Coupling Reaction: Highly Efficient Method to Prepare Planar Chiral Ferrocenes.
Authors: Gao De‐Wei , Gu Qing , You Shu‐Li
Published: August 2016

The asymmetric oxidative cross‐coupling reaction between ferrocenes and heteroarenes takes place via a twofold C—H bond activation pathway with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular Oxa‐Michael Reaction of Enols: Synthesis of Chiral Isochromenes.
Authors: Parhi Biswajit , Gurjar Jitendra , Pramanik Suman , Midya Abhisek , Ghorai Prasanta
Published: August 2016

An enantioselective intramolecular oxa‐Michael reaction of enols catalyzed by a squaramide‐containing tertiary amine based bifunctional organocatalyst, which efficiently activates the o‐homoformyl chalcones, provides chiral isochromenes in moderate yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Rh‐Catalysis: Decarboxylative β‐Keto Acid and Alkyne Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Cruz Faben A. , Chen Zhiwei , Kurtoic Sarah I. , Dong Vy M.
Published: August 2016

A regioselective Rh‐catalyzed decarboxylative cross‐coupling of β‐keto acids and alkynes to access branched γ,δ‐unsaturated ketones is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ruthenium/Phosphoramidite‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Interrupted Metallo‐Ene Reaction.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Ryan Michael C.
Published: August 2016

Allylic chlorides are converted to trans‐disubstituted 5‐ and 6‐membered ring systems with perfect diastereoselectivity (<90% d.e.) and high enantioselectivity under chiral ruthenium catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(I)‐ or Ag(I)‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled trans‐Hydrofluorination of Ynamides.
Authors: He Guangke , Qiu Shineng , Huang Hai , Zhu Guohao , Zhang Dongming , Zhang Rong , Zhu Hongjun
Published: August 2016

Copper(I)‐ or silver(I)‐catalyzed trans‐hydrofluorination of ynamides is achieved for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Initiated Difluoromethylation of Arene Diazonium Tetrafluoroborates.
Authors: Wu Ye‐bin , Lu Guo‐ping , Zhou Bao‐jing , Bu Mei‐jie , Wan Li , Cai Chun
Published: August 2016

The photoreaction of arene diazonium salts (I) with silyl enol ethers (II) gives rise to desired α‐aryl‐β,β‐difluoroketones (III), which are converted into difluoromethylarenes (IV) by cleavage of the benzoyl group with KOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Buchwald—Hartwig (Hetero)arylation of Anilines, Diarylamines, and Dialkylamines Mediated by Expanded‐Ring N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes.
Authors: Topchiy Maxim A. , Dzhevakov Pavel B. , Rubina Margarita S. , Morozov Oleg S. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Nechaev Mikhail S.
Published: August 2016

The title arylation of amines with aryl bromides allows the synthesis of a wide range of secondary and tertiary aryl amines in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Formylations of Weakly Basic Anilines with Methyl Formate Catalyzed by Calcium and Hydrogen Triflimides.
Authors: Tan Eric , Ung Sosthene , Corbet Matthieu
Published: August 2016

Other N‐nucleophiles than anilines are also examined.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Two‐Step Multicomponent Process of Indole and Other Nitrogenous Heterocycles or Amines Toward α‐Oxo‐acetamidines.
Authors: Martinez‐Ariza Guillermo , McConnell Nicholas , Hulme Christopher
Published: August 2016

This three‐component tandem reaction proceeds via N‐1 addition of a heterocycle or an amine to preformed α‐iminoketones, followed by an oxygen‐mediated oxidation to form α‐oxo‐acetamidines.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Selective Asymmetric Henry Reaction Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Cu—Sm—Aminophenol Sulfonamide Complex.
Authors: Li Yang , Deng Ping , Zeng Youmao , Xiong Yan , Zhou Hui
Published: August 2016

The title reaction between aryl, hetaryl, or alkenyl aldehydes and nitromethane or nitroethane proceeds with very high anti‐selectivity and very high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of 3,3,3‐Trisubstituted Prop‐1‐ynes with tert‐Butylhydrazine into 3,3,3‐Trisubstituted Propionitriles Catalyzed by TpRh(C2H4)2/P(2‐furyl)3.
Authors: Fukumoto Yoshiya , Tamura Yuto , Iyori Yasuaki , Chatani Naoto
Published: August 2016

The developed method offers an alternative access to β‐cyanohydrins and β‐amino nitriles from 1,1‐disubstituted propargyl alcohols and amines, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Propargyl Hydroperoxides Using Molecular Oxygen and Hydroxylamines.
Authors: Miner Matthew R. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: August 2016

The method uses molecular oxygen as an alternative source of oxygen atoms.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Allylic Ureas via an Isocyanate Intermediate.
Authors: Jay Lucien P. , Barker Timothy J.
Published: August 2016

A facile one‐pot protocol is presented for the formation of allylic ureas via sequential reaction of allylic carbonates with isocyanate (II) and various amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Hypervalent Iodine Promoters Lead to Styrene Dimerization and the Formation of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Cyclobutanes.
Authors: Colomer Ignacio , Coura Barcelos Rosimeire , Donohoe Timothy J.
Published: August 2016

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical cyclobutanes are synthesized following an intermolecular homo or heterodimerization of various styrene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Regioselective Cleavage of C(sp2)—S Bonds: Method for the Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Alkenes.
Authors: Chen Jinyang , Chen Sihai , Xu Xinhua , Tang Zhi , Au Chak‐Tong , Qiu Renhua
Published: August 2016

An efficient route for the synthesis of (Z)‐vinylic sulfides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmaceutical‐Oriented Selective Synthesis of Mononitriles and Dinitriles Directly from Methyl(hetero)arenes: Access to Chiral Nitriles and Citalopram.
Authors: Liu Jie , Zheng Hong‐Xing , Yao Chuan‐Zhi , Sun Bing‐Feng , Kang Yan‐Biao
Published: August 2016

The transition metal‐free one‐step transformation is applicable to a diverse range of methylarenes and methylhetarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Polycyano‐Containing Organic Ligands via Double Carbanion Cleavage of 1′,3′‐Dioxo‐1′,3′‐dihydrospiro[cyclopropane‐1,2′‐indene] Derivatives.
Authors: Karpov S. V. , Kaukov Ya. S. , Grigor'ev A. A. , Nasakin O. E. , Kaukova O. V. , Tafeenko V. A.
Published: August 2016

The title substrates react with alcohols to form stable polycyano groups‐containing salts with a new allylic anion moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Direct Dehydroxytrifluoromethylthiolation of Alcohols via the Umpolung Reactivity of Trifluoromethanesulfenamides.
Authors: Glenadel Quentin , Tlili Anis , Billard Thierry
Published: August 2016

The synthetically important fluorine‐containing target compounds are readily available via a direct OH—S‐CF3 exchange with BB23 (II) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Derived Bifunctional Organocatalysts: Enantioselective Michael Addition of Dithiomalonates to trans‐β‐Nitroolefins.
Authors: Jin Hui , Kim Seung Tae , Hwang Geum‐Sook , Ryu Do Hyun
Published: August 2016

The preparation of the catalysts is described as well as their highly effective use in the title reaction of aryl or alkyldithiomalonates with β‐aryl or alkyl substituted nitroolefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting a Difference in Leaving Group Ability: An Approach to β‐Substituted Monofluoroalkenes Using gem‐Chlorofluoropropenes.
Authors: Hamel Jean‐Denys , Cloutier Melissa , Paquin Jean‐Francois
Published: August 2016

This strategy relies on the superior leaving group ability of chlorine over fluorine bonded to the same carbon atom.
ChemInform Abstract: A Platform of Regioselective Methodologies to Access Polysubstituted 2‐Methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone Derivatives: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Rodo Elena Cesar , Feng Liwen , Jida Mouhamad , Ehrhardt Katharina , Bielitza Max , Boilevin Jeremy , Lanzer Michael , Williams David Lee , Lanfranchi Don Antoine , Davioud‐Charvet Elisabeth
Published: August 2016

A library of title compounds is envisaged where the derivatives are functionalized at the aromatic part of the naphthoquinone scaffold.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Diazosulfonylation of Enynals Toward Diazoindenes via Oxidative Radical‐Triggered 5‐exo‐trig Carbocyclizations.
Authors: Hao Wen‐Juan , Du Yan , Wang Dan , Jiang Bo , Gao Qian , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Li Guigen
Published: August 2016

The novel diazosulfonation reaction proceeds via addition of sulfonyl radicals to the enynal triple bond followed by 5‐exo‐trig carbocyclization/H‐abstraction sequence to furnish unprecedented diazoindenyl sulfones.
ChemInform Abstract: Imposed Hydrophobic Interactions by NaCl: Accountable Attribute for the Synthesis of Spiro[acenaphthylene‐1,5′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]thiazole] Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Parewa Vijay , Kumari Sukhbeer , Bansal Sarika , Sharma Amit
Published: August 2016

Title compounds are synthesized via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of Knoevenagel adducts (I), 1,3‐thiazole‐4‐carboxylic acid (II) and acenaphthenequinone (III) in water and in the presence of sodium chloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [3 + 2] Annulation of Aromatic Ketimines with Alkynes via C—H Activation: Unexpected Inversion of the Enantioselectivity Induced by Protic Acids.
Authors: Nagamoto Midori , Yamauchi Daisuke , Nishimura Takahiro
Published: August 2016

A cationic iridium/binap catalyst enables the asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation of cyclic N‐acyl ketimines with internal alkynes via C—H activation to give spiroaminoindene derivatives with high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise One‐Pot Organo‐ and Biocatalyzed Preparation of Enantiopure Hexahydrofuro[2,3‐b]furan‐3‐ol: An Approach to the Synthesis of HIV Protease Inhibitors.
Authors: Kanemitsu Takuya , Inoue Mizuho , Yoshimura Nono , Yoneyama Kazutoshi , Watarai Rie , Miyazaki Michiko , Odanaka Yuki , Nagata Kazuhiro , Itoh Takashi
Published: August 2016

The one‐pot synthesis of the title species (IV) involves condensation of dihydrofuran with glycolaldehyde dimer (II) followed by lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)indoles via Pd(0)‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Functionalization of Trifluoroacetimidoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Pedroni Julia , Cramer Nicolai
Published: August 2016

This complementary approach to trifluoromethylated indoles avoids the utilization of expensive electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydroindeno[1,2‐b]pyrrolidines via Ugi Multicomponent and Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization.
Authors: Ibarra‐Rivera Tannya R. , Renteria‐Gomez Manuel Alejandro , Nieto‐Sepulveda Eduardo , Gamez‐Montano Rocio , Rivas Galindo Veronica M. , Hernandez‐Fernandez Eugenio
Published: August 2016

Title compounds (VI) are conveniently synthesized in two steps via a multicomponent reaction affording Ugi products (V) followed by Pd‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unprecedented Benzannulation of Oxindoles with Enalcarbenoids: A Regioselective Approach to Functionalized Carbazoles.
Authors: Rathore Kuldeep Singh , Lad Bapurao Sudam , Chennamsetti Haribabu , Katukojvala Sreenivas
Published: August 2016

The novel Rh(II)/Broensted acid catalyzed tandem benzannulation of oxindoles with enaldiazo carbonyls results in the formation of valuable 1‐hydroxy‐2‐acylcarbazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Arylation of N‐Acylamino‐ and Aminopyrazoles by the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Jedinak Lukas , Cankar Petr
Published: August 2016

A broad spectrum of halogenated acetylaminopyrazoles can be readily coupled under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: An Updated Synthesis of the Diazo‐Transfer Reagent Imidazole‐1‐sulfonyl Azide Hydrogen Sulfate.
Authors: Potter Garrett T. , Jayson Gordon C. , Miller Gavin J. , Gardiner John M.
Published: August 2016

A detailed process for the synthesis of the title compounds is developed avoiding the formation of potentially explosive intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Isorhodanines to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Wang Wei , et al.
Published: August 2016

Various isorhodanine derivatives react with 3‐aryl or 3‐alkyl substituted acryl aldehydes to form 4,5‐disubstituted isorhodanine adducts in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Oxide Impregnated on Magnetite as a Catalyst for the Synthesis of 4‐Arylcoumarins via a Heck‐Arylation/Cyclization Process.
Authors: Perez Juana M. , Cano Rafael , McGlacken Gerard P. , Ramon Diego J.
Published: August 2016

Heck‐arylation/cyclization is achieved using heterogeneous palladium(II) oxide impregnated on magnetite catalyst (2.5 mol%) with a lower catalyst loading than that reported for similar processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclohexane‐Fused Isocoumarins via Cationic Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Reaction of Alkyne‐Tethered Carbonyl Compounds Initiated by Intramolecular Oxypalladation of Ester‐Substituted Aryl Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Jianbo , Han Xiuling , Lu Xiyan
Published: August 2016

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of cyclohexane‐fused isocoumarins (II) (13 examples) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Efficient Method for Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triarylpyridines Using Catalytic Amount of PEG1000‐Based Dicationic Acidic Ionic Liquid under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ren Yi‐Ming , Zhang Ze , Jin Shuo
Published: August 2016

Title compounds are conveniently and efficiently synthesized by the reaction of chalcones (I) and ammonium acetate or via one‐pot three‐component condensation of aromatic aldehydes with acetophenones (IV) and ammonium acetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Remote Sulfonylation of Aminoquinolines with Sodium Sulfinates via Radical Coupling.
Authors: Xia Chengcai , Wang Kai , Xu Jun , Wei Zhenjiang , Shen Chao , Duan Guiyun , Zhu Qing , Zhang Pengfei
Published: August 2016

The efficient sulfonylation of N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)benzamide derivatives occurs at the C5 position generating environmentally benign byproducts by utilizing stable and safe sodium sulfinates as sulfide sources.
ChemInform Abstract: tert‐Butyl Nitrite Mediated Azo Coupling Between Anilines and Imidazoheterocycles.
Authors: Chakraborty Amrita , Jana Sourav , Kibriya Golam , Dey Amrita , Hajra Alakananda
Published: August 2016

Azo imidazoheterocycles are prepared with broad substrate scope by the title coupling in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Decarboxylative Amination of Arylacetic Acids: A Facile Access to 2‐Arylquinazolines
Authors: Yan Yizhe , Shi Miaomiao , Niu Bin , Meng Xiangping , Zhu Changrui , Liu Gengyao , Chen Ting , Liu Yanqi
Published: August 2016

30 examples
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Convenient Protocol for the Synthesis of Tetracyclic Isoindolo[1,2‐a]quinazoline Derivatives.
Authors: Madhubabu M. V. , Shankar R. , More Satish. S. , Basaveswara Rao Mandava V. , Kumar U. K. Syam , Raghunadh A.
Published: August 2016

Title compounds are efficiently synthesized via Lewis acid mediated sequential C—N bond formation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Bicyclization Leading to Densely Functionalized Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Hao Wen‐Juan , Zhou Peng , Wu Fei‐Yue , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Li Guigen
Published: August 2016

Under the optimized conditions, the reaction initiates continuous multiple bond‐forming processes which afford the desired heterocyclic scaffold, which is of biological interest, with good to excellent yields (19 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: I2‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions for Accessing Densely Functionalized Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and Their Disulphenylated Derivatives.
Authors: Sun Jun , Qiu Jiang‐Kai , Jiang Bo , Hao Wen‐Juan , Guo Cheng , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: August 2016

The new three‐component bicyclization of aryl substituted β‐ketonitriles with aryl sulphonyl hydrazides provides diversely functionalized pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ium sulfonates which are further transformed into pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidins.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Promoted Ring Expansion of 3‐Aminopyrimidine‐2‐thiones into 1,2,4‐Triazepine‐3‐thiones.
Authors: Fesenko Anastasia A. , Shutalev Anatoly D.
Published: August 2016

The reaction of β‐isothiocyanato carbonyl compounds with hydrazine provides 3‐aminopyrimidine‐2‐thione diastereomers along with acyclic isomers, and the former are submitted to a base‐promoted cyclization to form 1,2,4‐triazepine‐3‐thiones.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Catalyzed Aromatic C—H Bond Silylation with Hydrosilanes.
Authors: Ma Yuanhong , Wang Baoli , Zhang Liang , Hou Zhaomin
Published: August 2016

A wide range of N,N‐disubstituted anilines is highly regioselectively silylated with various hydrosilanes under metal‐free, neutral reaction conditions using commercially available B(C6F5)3 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Cyclopropanation as a Way to 1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐phosphonic Acids: Rationale for Phosphoryl Group Migration.
Authors: Midura Wanda H. , Cypryk Marek , Rzewnicka Aneta , Krysiak Jerzy A. , Sieron Leslaw
Published: August 2016

Asymmetric cyclopropanation of vinyl phoshonates such as (I), (V), and (VII) with the methylide (II) affords isomeric products whose methylation (with retention or inversion) leads to intermediates of rigid aminophosphonic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Dependent Facile Synthesis of Diaryl Selenides and Biphenols Employing Selenium Dioxide.
Authors: Quell Thomas , Mirion Michael , Schollmeyer Dieter , Dyballa Katrin M. , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: August 2016

The reaction of phenols (I) with selenium dioxide in pyridine leads to diaryl selenides (IIa‐d), whilst the reaction in acetic acid gives rise to biphenols (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 13‐Methyl‐3,4‐seco‐ent‐podocarpanes, Rare C18‐Diterpenoids from the Roots of Flueggea virosa.
Authors: Chao Chih‐Hua , Cheng Ju‐Chien , Shen De‐Yang , Huang Hui‐Chi , Wu Yang‐Chang , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: August 2016

[14 compounds]
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Chemoselective α‐Amination of Acylpyrazoles: A Concise Route to Unnatural α‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Tokumasu Keisuke , Yazaki Ryo , Ohshima Takashi
Published: August 2016

An acylpyrazole is shown to be an efficient enolate precursor allowing this reaction to proceed in the absence of external bases.