bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Basement Membrane Antigens Present in the Urine of Normal and Nephritic Rabbits
Authors: Boesken W.H. , Meinhart K. , Rentsch I. , Hammer D.K.
Published: July 2009

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits with anti-rabbit glomerular basement membrane (RGBM) antisera raised in goats. The structural damage of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was characterized by excretion of basement membrane (BM) fragments into the urine which share determinants with enzyme-solubilized RGBM. Four BM antigens distinguished by molecular size, surface charge and antigenic structure were detected in the urine of nephritic animals. Quantitative determination showed an increased excretion of BM fragments into the urine of nephritic rabbits, corresponding to the development of renal injury. Fractionation studies of normal urine indicated the presence of trace amounts of two distinct BM antigens, immunologically identical or cross-reactive with two out of four BM antigens of acute nephritic urine. A severe glomerulonephritis developed in goats after injection with purified RGBM and is, in this sense, comparable to the effectiveness of heterologous BM in inducing kidney injury in sheep. Eluted antibodies from glomerulonephritic goat kidneys reacted with antigenic structures of the GBM obviously susceptible to collagenase treatment. On the other hand, urinary BM antigens failed to react with antibodies to tendon collagen suggesting that collagen is not an integral part of these antigens. The experimental evidence implicated the possibility of a nonspecific reaction between concentrated urine, or its chromatographic fractions, and goat sera, which may be confused with specific precipitates formed between urinary BM antigens and anti-RGBM antiserum.
Minimal Molecular Size of Dextran Required to Elicit Heterologous Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Richter W.
Published: July 2009

1. Isomaltohexaose and smaller molecular fragments of dextran were found incapable of eliciting passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs maximally sensitized with rabbit antidextrans. 2. Isomaltodecaose elicited PCA in maximally, but not in submaximally sensitized animals. This indicates that monovalency or bivalency is not always expression of a physical characteristic of an anaphylaxis elicitor, but may be considered a functional property, dependent on the density of cell-fixed antibody populations. 3. The PCA-eliciting effect of isomaltodecaose could be inhibited by admixture of isomaltohexaose. 4. The finding that, among the oligosaccharides tested, isomaltodecaose is the smallest molecular fragment of dextran capable of eliciting PCA, is in accord with literature data on the dimensions of the antidextran-binding site. 5. PCA titers of 60 samples of rabbit antidextran antisera, estimated in guinea pigs, showed a range from 500 to 1,800, with a precipitating antidextran content of 0.8–3.6 mg/ml in 9 of these sera. The smallest amount of antidextran, detectable by PCA, and producing lesions in 50% of sites injected, was found to be 0.02–0.09 μg. An approximately linear relationship between diameter of PCA lesions and log dose of antidextran was obtained.
Enhanced Hemolytic Antibody Response Following Thermal Injury
Authors: Mortensen R.F. , Eurenius K.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents evidence of a significantly enhanced humoral immune response to sheep red cells following thermal injury, as assayed by direct hemolytic antibody plaque formation. An increase in the number of 19 S IgM antibody-secreting cells from the spleen was observed in rats up to 16 days after a 30-percent total body surface area, third-degree, scald burn. Since this enhancement was present in animals immunized up to 20 days postburn, the possible role of adjuvants liberated by the burn injury is considered. The role of the interaction between thymus-processed and marrow-derived lymphocytes in this enchancement is also discussed.
Homocytotropic Antibodies in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Catty D. , Fraser K.F.
Published: July 2009

The course of production and some properties of homocytotropic antibodies produced in guinea-pigs after infection with Trichinella spiralis have been examined by the PCA reaction using whole sera and γ-globulin fractions prepared by DEAE cellulose gradient chromatography. Two heat-stable homocytotropic antibodies eluting in the γ1region have been identified; these differ markedly in their capacity to persist in the skin. In addition a heat-labile (56°C/30 min) antibody, which can elicit PCA reactions 21 days after sensitization, was found as a minor component in several fractions. The reagin-like antibody appeared in detectable amounts in serum for a limited period after a single infection (days 25–45). The heat-stable homocytotropic antibodies were first demonstrated in the 2nd or 3rd week of infection and were produced together for an extensive period. There is evidence that reagin-like antibody competes for sensitization sites in the skin and partially inhibits sensitization by γ1heat-stable antibodies.
Recovery of Anaphylactic Sensitivity in Isolated Guinea-Pig Lungs after Desensitisation
Authors: Okpako D.T.
Published: July 2009

In lungs isolated from actively sensitised guinea pigs, progressively diminishing anaphylactic responses were obtained when the same dose of antigen was repeatedly administered. The successive decrease in bronchoconstriction and histamine release ran parallel. The release of mepyramine-resistant activity was of a different pattern. Desensitisation in the lung was found to be spontaneously reversible. The degree of recovery after desensitisation with different doses of antigen is described.
Organ-Specific and Cross-Reacting Isoenzymes in Human Alkaline Phosphatases
Authors: Pankovich A.M. , Sclamberg E.L. , Stevens J.
Published: July 2009

The results obtained in these studies indicate presence of four major isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in preparation from liver, bone, intestine and placenta. Evidence is also presented for the presence of a few cross-reacting isoenzymes. These isoenzymes were demonstrated by immunodiffusion techniques which were based on the ability of specific enzyme-antienzyme precipitates to catalyze chromogenic substrates.
Characterization of Allergen Extracts by Dose-Response Studies and by Polyacrylamide Gel Isoelectrofocusing Using the Paper Disc Radioallergosorbent Test as the Assay Method
Authors: Ceska M.
Published: July 2009

Various commercial extracts of horse dandruff allergen were tested by the paper disc radioallergosorbent test and the dose-response relationships were established. The various allergen active components contained in the allergen extracts were also separated by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel. The eluted fractions were then tested for their allergenic activity in order to establish their pI ranges, under the experimental conditions employed.
Cellular Immune Response to Flagellin in Man
Authors: Dwyer J.M. , Mackay I.R.
Published: July 2009

Cell mediated immunity to flagellin was tested for by delayed hyper-sensitivity (DHS) skin reactions in man, guinea-pig and rabbit, and by production of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) in man. In most humans, there was a cutaneous reaction to intradermal flagellin which was not classical tuberculin type DHS, but was a ‘delayed in time’ reaction commencing at 3–6 h, peaking at 24–30 h and waning by 48 h; histologically there was a mild non-specific polymorph and mononuclear cell reaction in the dermis. The reaction was much smaller after a second challenge with flagellin. Five subjects who produced minimal or no humoral antibody to flagellin displayed a classical DHS reaction. Lymphocytes from subjects immunized with flagellin could not be shown to produce MIF. DHS reactions to flagellin were not demonstrated in the guinea-pig or rabbit. The cutaneous reaction to flagellin in man was interpreted either as true DHS modified by antibody, or a type of Jones-Mote reaction not equatable with that associated in the guinea-pig with cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity.
Mitogenic Factor and Migration Inhibitory Factor in Supernatants of Serum-Free Human Lymphocyte Cultures Stimulated with Concanavalin A
Authors: Horvat M. , Havemann K. , Sodomann C.P. , Bürger Sigrit
Published: July 2009

Incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with Concanavalin A (Con A) in serum-free media results in the generation of soluble active substances which induce DNA synthesis in autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes (mitogenic factor – MF) and inhibit macrophage migration (migration inhibitory factor – MIF). Both substances retain their activity after removal of Con A by binding of Con A to highly polymerized dextrans. Using Sephadex column chromatography, MF and MIF show different elution profiles and can be completely separated from each other. The heterogeneity of MF and the similarity of MIF in molecular weight induced in Con A and PPD stimulated cultures is discussed.
Ontogenetic Studies on Lymphoid Cell Traffic in the Chicken
Authors: Hemmingsson E.J.
Published: July 2009

Male chickens of different ages were injected with tritiated thymidine into the parenchyma of the thymus and the transport of thymic label and of thymus-derived cells to other lymphoid organs was studied. Using a radiochemical method based on DNA and tritium measurements in different organs, a quantitatively significant transport of label from the thymus to the spleen, the caecal tonsils, and to the bone marrow could be demonstrated in the 9-day-old chicken. The transport to the spleen was shown to continue in the 6-week-old and 14-week-old animal. Autoradiographically, thymus-derived cells could be found in the spleen and caecal tonsils as early as in the newly hatched period. Autoradiographic data also indicated that the traffic increased up to 6 weeks of age but decreased in older animals. In the 6-week-old group, the localization of the thymus-derived cells in the target organs was determined. Such cells in the spleen were distributed almost equally between the red and white pulp. Very few of the thymus-derived cells were highly pyroninophilic. None could be found in the germinal centres. No sign of cell transport from the thymus to the bursa of Fabricius could be detected. The pattern of cell migration is well correlated to the morphological and functional maturation of the lymphoid system.
Intestinal Mast Cell and Eosinophil Numbers During Worm Expulsion in Nulliparous and Lactating Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Kelly J.D. , Ogilvie B.M.
Published: July 2009

Counts of small intestinal eosinophils and mast cells in nulliparous rats during primary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis showed that worm expulsion preceded mast cell and eosinophil accumulation in the infected intestinal mucosa. By contrast, in lactating rats undergoing a primary infection worm expulsion did not occur even after the intestinal mucosa had been infiltrated with large numbers of degranulating mast cells and eosinophils. As lymphocyte function is deficient in lactating rats, these results show that mast cells can be involved in worm rejection only by postulating a 3-step mechanism: step 1, antibody-mediated; step 2, lymphocyte-dependent; and step 3, amine action. Worms were damaged by antibodies (step 1) in both nulliparous and lactating rats at a time when no mast cells were histologically detectable. This suggested that step 1 of the worm rejection mechanism occurred independently of mast cells, and that step 1 functions in lactating rats.
The Detection of Autoantibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Lennon Vanda , Feldmann Marc , Crawford Marjorie
Published: July 2009

Haemolysis in gel was used to demonstrate the release of antibody to the basic protein of myelin from frozen sections of lymph nodes and central nervous system (CNS) of guinea pigs with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The antibody, which lysed sheep red blood cells coated with basic protein, appeared to be released from thawed lymphoid cells in the tissues, rather than to have diffused from serum, since no haemolytic foci were found in control sections from other vascular tissue, namely spleen. The haemolysis was due to the release of specific anti-basic protein antibody, since lysis was inhibited by free basic protein, and sheep red blood cells coated with an antigen unrelated to basic protein were not lysed. Anti-basic protein antibody produced locally by cells in the CNS may be an important determinant in the pathogenesis of EAE. The application of this technique of haemolysis in gel to frozen sections of brain from patients with multiple sclerosis should indicate whether the large amount of γ-globulin found, and presumably produced locally, in the CNS in multiple sclerosis has any antibody specificity for the basic protein of myelin.
The Role of the Regional Lymph Nodes in the Augmentation of Humoral Immunity by Freund’s Complete Adjuvant
Authors: Neifeld J.P. , Pierce J.C. , Ohanian S.H.
Published: July 2009

To evaluate the site of action of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), adult rats were injected in a front footpad with sheep red blood cells in saline or FCA, followed by excision of the injected forelimb and the draining lymph nodes at varying intervals. When excisions were performed within 12 h, the hemagglutinin (HA) response, as measured 21–22 days after injection, was ablated in two thirds of the animals in both groups. When excisions were performed within 1–4 days, the HA responses were significantly reduced in both groups in comparison with their respective controls. Removal of only the injection site during the initial 8 h prevented the augmentation of the HA response by FCA. It was concluded that the augmentation of humoral immunity by FCA may be divided into three phases, the depot phase, the regional lymph node phase, and the phase of systemic dissemination.
Defined Immunofluorescence Studies of Cytoplasmic Antibodies
Authors: Andersen P. , Beutner E.H.
Published: July 2009

The reactions of species and organ non-specific mitochondrial IgG antibodies were examined by chessboard titrations in an indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining system. A conjugate with a molar F:P ratio of 4.3 gave higher titers than a conjugate with a molar F:P ratio of 1.6. A conjugate with a molar F:P ratio of 8.6 gave higher titers than the other conjugates, but this conjugate exhibited a high degree of non-specific staining and was therefore not usable. The range of the plateau endpoint concentration of antibody protein in the conjugates was 3.1 to 12.5 μg/ml. Fixation of the tissue sections gave either lower titers or lower staining intensity than unfixed sections. The antibodies were shown to fix complement in a complement IF method, and the titers were comparable to the titers obtained by IIF titrations.
Factors Produced in Cultures of Human Lymphocytes Stimulated by Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
Authors: Teodorescu M. , Sorocinschi Florela , Mogos I. , Brucher J. , Vasilescu T. , Moangă M.
Published: July 2009

PHA-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes were cultivated in plasma-containing and in protein-free media. During the first 3 days of cultivation a skin-reactive factor (SRF) was released which, when inoculated i.d. in normal individuals, induced a tuberculin-like reaction 4 h after administration. SRF release is dependent only on blastic transformation of lymphocytes and not on their proliferation. An immunoelectrophoretic study of protein-free media revealed in all cultures, stimulated or not, the presence of a single precipitation band in the albumin area.
The Relationship of in vitro and in vivo Allergic Histamine Release: Inhibition in Primates by cAMP Active Agents
Authors: Perper R.J. , Sanda M. , Lichtenstein L.M.
Published: July 2009

A representative phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, and an orally active adenyl cyclase stimulator, salbutamol, were tested for their ability to inhibit the dermal allergic reaction of rhesus monkeys to Ascaris antigens. Salbutamol was also tested for in vitro inhibition of the allergic histamine release from human leukocytes. Salbutamol inhibited the first stage histamine release reaction at concentrations of 10––5 to 10––6 M and in vivo inhibited the Ascaris skin reaction 42% when given orally once, 1 h before skin testing. Theophylline at 12 mg/ kg given similarly inhibited the Ascaris reaction 94%. Neither agent inhibited the skin reaction induced by 10 μg of histamine. Anti-histamines inhibited the histamine reaction without a significant effect on the Ascaris titer. Drug effects in vivo were quantitated by comparing the Ascaris titer of groups of animals on the day of treatment with the titers of the same animals 2–4 weeks before and after treatment. The change in sensitivity induced by multiple challenges was controlled by comparison with the titers of untreated monkeys tested at all intervals. The results indicate that agents which stimulate cellular levels of cAMP and prevent allergic histamine release in vitro also prevent allergic histamine release in vivo.
Inherent Inability of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Lymphocytes to Respond to Phytohaemagglutinin
Authors: Robbins J.H. , Levis W.R.
Published: July 2009

The leukaemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients are shown to be inherently unable to respond in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The response which occurs to PHA in CLL cultures is accounted for entirely by the small percentage of normal lymphocytes present among the leukaemic cells. The time curve of the delayed peak of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated CLL cultures is identical with that given by low concentrations of normal donors’ leucocytes. Morphological studies of PHA-stimulated CLL cultures and sex chromosome analysis of responding cells in PHA-stimulated cultures which contain both CLL and normal donor leucocytes confirm that the majority of lymphocytes in CLL blood do not undergo DNA synthesis or blastogenesis in response to PHA.
Effect of Hydrocortisone on Immunoglobulin Synthesis and Secretion by Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Smith R.S. , Sherman Nancy A. , Middleton, jr. E.
Published: July 2009

Human peripheral lymphocytes in tissue culture synthesize immunoglobulin Ig which is secreted into the medium. The small amounts of Ig produced can be detected in nanogram quantities by a modification of the ammonium sulfate test. Ig formation by peripheral human lymphocytes was affected by hydrocortisone when the cells were briefly exposed to the hormone at the onset of incubation. When hydrocortisone was dissolved in culture medium or when the more soluble hydrocortisone-21-sodium succinate was employed, significantly increased in vitro synthesis of Ig was noted at 10––9 to 10––5 and 10––10 to 10––6 M, respectively (both p < 0.01). With hydrocortisone-21-sodium succinate, in the concentration range 10––5 to 10––3M, no stimulation of Ig synthesis was observed and at 10––3 M there was decreased Ig synthesis compared to the controls. Average lymphocyte viability at all concentrations was in the range of 39–52% but at the highest concentrations of hydrocortisone tended to be somewhat less, but not significantly. Similar results were obtained when hydrocortisone was dissolved in ethanol but lymphocyte viability was more variable in these experiments. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic and radioimmunodiffusion analysis of culture supernatants from culture including 14C-l-leucine showed that the only Ig formed was IgG; a β-globulin was also formed (radioimmunoelectrophoresis). These experiments demonstrate that human peripheral lymphocytes cultured in vitro interact with hydrocortisone to modify Ig synthesis.
Clinical and Immunoiogical Studies Following Immunotherapy with Aqueous and Alum Precipitated Ragweed Fraction A
Authors: Reisman R.E. , Arbesman C.E.
Published: July 2009

Fraction A contains all of the major antigens and allergenic properties of whole ragweed extract, but lacks the yellow pigment and some low molecular weight substances. In a double blind study, the clinical and immunoiogical responses were observed following administration of aqueous and alum precipitated extracts of fraction A to 21 previously nonimmunized ragweed sensitive patients. Both preparations of fraction A were clinically effective. The reactions which occurred after the alum and aqueous extract injections were similar in incidence and character. The immunoiogical response following both extracts was also quite similar. In the majority of patients, serum total IgE levels rose, both as the result of immunotherapy and seasonal exposure. Ragweed radioallergosorbent (RAST) antibody levels, a measure of reagin, dropped in two thirds of the patients following therapy and remained unchanged in all patients during inhalant pollen exposure. Hemagglutinating antibody titers generally rose. Aqueous and alum precipitated fraction A extracts were clinically and immunologically effective. However, further studies are needed to establish any advantage of fraction A over present whole ragweed extract preparations.
An Inherited and Pregnancy-Associated α2-Globulin in Japanese Sera
Authors: Kasukawa R. , Yoshida H. , Yoshida T.
Published: July 2009

In trying to obtain rabbit immune sera to allotypic antigen AL-M, rabbit antisera were obtained which detected a pregnancy-associated antigen in human sera. In the Japanese population, the antigen was present in up to 100% of pregnancy sera, in 49% of adult female sera and in 9% of adult male and children sera. The antigen seemed to be controlled by an autosomal recessive gene, though its expression was strongly influenced by female hormones. The antigen was heat-labile macromolecule with electrophoretic mobility of a serum α2-globulin. This antigen was quite similar to Pa 1 α2-globulin reported by MacLaren et al. with respect to its frequency of inheritance and the physicochemical properties.
Antigen-Binding Cells Following Contact-Sensitization Detected by Rosette-Formation
Authors: Ferrarini M. , Munro A. , Kent S.P. , Gurner B. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

Antigen-binding cells from auricular lymph nodes of rabbits skin sensitized with DNFB were detected by rosette formation. Electron microscopy studies on the morphology of the RFC showed that the rosettes were formed around lymphoblasts and small lymphocytes only. Inhibition experiments of RFCs by anti-allotype and anti-class specific antisera indicated that the receptors of the RFC were immunoglobulin, predominantly of the IgM class. The lack of antibody production, as shown by the absence of plaque-forming cells in the lymph nodes would suggest that the RFCs are possibly the cells involved in a delayed hypersensitivity response. However, the lack of membrane antigenic markers for T and B cells in rabbits makes the interpretation of these results difficult.
Immunochemical Studies of Two Human Liver Carboxyl Esterases
Authors: Korngold L.
Published: July 2009

Two of three human liver carboxyl esterases were partially purified and characterized by immunochemical methods. These enzymes differed in the ease with which they could be extracted with saline and are consequently designated as cytoplasmic esterase (easily extracted) and membrane bound esterase (requires extraction with n-butanol for optimal yield). Moreover, these enzymes differed in electrophoretic mobility in agar gel (β-globulin for the cytoplasmic enzyme, γ-globulin for the membrane bound), molecular weight (150,000 for the cytoplasmic enzyme, 55,000 for the membrane bound) and heterogeneity in starch gel. These enzymes are antigenically unrelated. The membrane bound antigen was also found in several other tissues (kidney, spleen, etc.) and body fluids (urine, seminal plasma). The cytoplasmic enzyme was not found in kidney extracts or in any of the body fluids examined.
Studies of Mononuclear Cells from Inflammatory Joint Effusions
Authors: Loewi G. , Papamichail M.
Published: July 2009

Stimulation of lymphoid cells from inflammatory joint effusions by mitogens provides evidence for the presence of T cells. A small and variable percentage of lymphocites carry surface immunoglobulins which have been detected by fluorescent antibody; this may be taken to indicate B cells. In addition macrophages can be shown by adhesion to glass and uptake of immune complexes.
Effect of Some Immunosuppressive Agents on Blastogenesis and Target-Cell Lysis in vitro
Authors: Cordier G. , Roux C. , Revillard J.P.
Published: July 2009

Immunosuppressive agents commonly used in renal transplantation (anti-lymphocyte globulins, azathioprine, methylprednisolone) can interfere with in vitro responses of lymphocytes to different stimuli. In vitro effects were compared with the modification of lymphocyte reactivity in patients treated with these agents. Antigenic recognition and subsequent blastogenesis are inhibited by antilymphocyte globulins and AZ, whereas lymphocyte-mediated lysis of antibody-coatεd target cells is less susceptible to inhibition. Lymphocytes from kidney recipients treated with azathioprine and prednisone show normal proliferative responses to phytohaemagglutinin and to histoincompatible lymphocytes.
Brain Monoamines in Guinea Pigs with Experimental Allergic Encephalitis
Authors: Lycke E. , Roos B.-E.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were inoculated with encephalitogenic protein and concentrations of monoamines and acid metabolites of brains and spinal cords were determined. A reduction of contents of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain and spinal cord specimens of animals affected by experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) was demonstrable. The reduction was correlated to the severity of the symptoms of disease. There were no significant changes in concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These findings and observations of the effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, tryptophan, pargyline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) indicate that the turnover of 5-HT in functioning neurons is not impaired. The results suggest that EAE causes loss of 5-HT transmitting neurons.
Semi-Quantitation of Serum IgE by Counter-Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Beng Chay-Giap , Chan Gim-Leong , Simons Malcolm J. , Lau Kam-Seng
Published: July 2009

A method for the detection and semi-quantitation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) by counter-immunoelectrophoresis is presented. The conditions for adequate electrophoretic migration and precipitation were studied and chosen for optimum sensitivity. The limit of sensitivity is less than 1,000 IU/ml. This is sufficient for detection of most abnormally elevated serum IgE concentration. The method is simple, inexpensive, requires no radioisotopes or special equipment and results are obtained within 24 h.
Immunological Studies in Burn Patients
Authors: Leguit, jr. P.L. , Feltkamp T.E.W. , van Rossum A.L. , van Loghem Erna , Eijsvoogel V.P.
Published: July 2009

From the sera of 23 thermally injured patients studied, 8 patients showed with the indirect IFT-test on guinea pig epithelium the appearance of circulating pemphigus-like antibodies belonging to different immunoglobulin classes, and 1 patient showed the appearance of an antibody directed against epithelial cytoplasm. Biopsies of normal skin from 4 patients revealed in 2 patients the presence of IgA localized in an intercellular substance. Eight patients revealed IgG antibodies directed against some substance lying between the parenchymal cells of the adrenal gland. In 3 patients antiglobulins were demonstrated, 2 of which appeared to be so-called anti-antibodies. No antibodies were detected against the following antigen-substrates: gastric mucosa, salivary gland, thyroid, skeletal muscle, mitochondria, nuclei, erythrocytes, leucocytes and basement membrane of either skin or kidney. No correlation could be found between the incidence of the antibodies detected and the extent of the burned area or some other clinical parameters.
Column Chromatography of Allergens and Assessment of their Activities by the Paper Disc Radioallergosorbent Method
Authors: Ceska M.
Published: July 2009

Various birch-pollen and dog-epithelium allergen extracts were chromatographed using Sephadex G-75 and Sephadex G-200 columns. The chromatographic tractions were then tested by an in vitro paper disc radioallergosorbent test, using sera from allergen-sensitive patients. Calibrated columns were used to approximate molecular weights of some birch-pollen and dog-epithelium allergenic active components.
Suppression of Chicken Immunoglobulin Ontogeny by F(ab′)2 Fragments of Anti-μ Chain and by Anti-L Chain
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Martin Louis N.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgM, IgY and IgA were suppressed by the embryonic administration of F(ab′)2 fragments of goat anti-μ followed by bursectomy at hatch, indicating that the Fc fragment is not essential for antibody-mediated class suppression in chickens. Anti-L chain was also capable of mediating suppression but anti-IgY H chain was not, indicating that the mechanism for suppression involves specific binding to IgM-producing cells rather than a toxic effect of antibody-antigen complexes. At the doses used, both F(ab′)2 anti-μ and intact anti-L antibody caused more marked suppression of IgA than of IgM and IgY.
Disodium Cromoglycate and Human Reagin (IgE) Mediated Reactions
Authors: Haddad Zack H. , Gillman Sherwin A.
Published: July 2009

Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) was assessed in controlled experiments as to its effect on human IgE-mediated histamine release from peritoneal rat mast cells in vitro and on the immediate wheal and flare response to antigen, anti-IgE and histamine in 10 atopic individuals. In all 10 atopic individuals DSCG effected no inhibition of the wheal and flare skin reactions caused by 3 antigens, anti-IgE or histamine. The percentage of histamine released was significantly increased by DSCG in the in vitro experiments. As little as 100 μM DSCG induced a threefold increase. The highest increase (fivefold) was effected by, 1,00 μM DSCG. This is in contrast to the inhibitory effect of DSCG on homologous IgE antibody mediated histamine release from rat mast cells.
The Allergens of Cat Epithelia and Cat Serum
Authors: Brandt R. , Ponterius G. , Yman L.
Published: July 2009

Cat epithelia extracts were found to contain several electrophoretically separable allergens. Some of these were also detected in cat serum. In addition to serum proteins the epithelia extracts contain allergens with higher electrophoretic mobility than albumin, which was found to be the main allergen of cat serum. The molecular weight of the main cat epithelia allergen was about 32,000. 56 sera from allergic patients were studied by means of the radioallergosorbent test using cat epithelia extracts, a purified epithelia allergen fraction and cat serum as test allergens. About 7% of the patient sera were found to contain IgE specific to cat serum proteins. IgE specific to the epithelia allergen fraction, which was free from serum proteins, was found in 66% of the patient sera, while the rest, about 27%, contained IgE reacting with both kinds of allergens.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Activity of Human Lymphoid Cells Activated by Concanavalin A
Authors: Wislöff F. , Fröland S.S.
Published: July 2009

Human lymphoid cells were rendered cytotoxic to chicken erythrocytes by stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A). In contrast to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Con A required continuous presence during incubation in order to induce a strong cytotoxic response. Removal of adherent cells, including B lymphocytes, by passage through nylon-wool columns, virtually abolished the response to Con A, while the PHA-induced cytotoxicity was still considerable. The capacity of lymphocytes to mediate a cytotoxic effect in the presence of Con A was found to be depressed in five hypogammaglobulinemic patients lacking B lymphocytes, suggesting possible participation of this lymphocyte population in Con A-induced cytotoxicity.
Leucocyte Migration Inhibition to Mycoplasma fermentans in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Brostoff Jonathan , Freedman A. , Roitt I.M.
Published: July 2009

Leucocyte migration inhibition in the presence of Mycoplasma fermentans membrane was found to correlate with severity of disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with gold or chloroquine phosphate had no direct effect on the extent of the inhibition, nor was there any correlation with sheep cell agglutination test titre or IgG antiglobulin levels. The relationship of the active mycoplasma antigen to IgG is discussed.
Inhibition of Allergic Reactions by Cromoglycate and by AH 7079 in Patients with Allergic Airway Disease
Authors: Assem E.S.K. , McAllen Monica K.
Published: July 2009

(1) A quantitative comparison was carried out between the inhibitory effects of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and a representative of a new series of anti-allergy compounds (AH 7079) on the response of patients with allergic asthma to allergen inhalation. (2) Asthmatic attacks due to immediate allergic response to experimentally inhaled antigen, were inhibited by AH 7079 inhaled shortly before antigen. A dose of 3 mg seemed to be optimal in this test. However, the single dose given did not inhibit late reactions. The relative potency of AH 7079 and DSCG in inhibiting the response to bronchial challenge was not reliably assessed because of the unusual shape of dose-response curves, particularly of DSCG. (3) Bronchial hyposensitization due to repeated allergen inhalation posed a big problem in assessing the effects of these inhibitors. Such a problem may be met with in similar studies of other drugs. The use of inhibitors may enhance the development of bronchial desensitization. (4) A double-blind trial of AH 7079 in patients with allergic rhinitis showed that this drug also inhibits reactions to nasal challenge with antigen. Our findings suggest that AH 7079 is a potent anti-allergy drug and that it can protect patients with allergic airway disease against reactions to antigen.
Some Effects of Oral Administration of Oxazolone to Mice
Authors: Glaister J.R.
Published: July 2009

Oral administration of the contact sensitizer oxazolone to normal mice produced tolerance rather than skin sensitivity. Under certain conditions, oral dosing of skin-sensitized mice produced a temporary depression in the response to skin challenge. Oral or rectal challenge of skin-sensitized mice failed to elicit an allergic reaction in the intestinal mucosa. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the lymphoid cell population in the intestinal epithelium is involved in cell-mediated immunological reactions.
Gel Precipitation of Common Enterobacterial Antigen by Its Antibody
Authors: Whang H.Y. , Loza U. , Neter E. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Reinvestigation of the precipitation of the common enterobacterial antigen (CA) by its antibody revealed the following. (1) The precipitation in gel of CA by CA antiserum is characterized by a distinct arc-shape precipitation line close to the antiserum well. (2) Only CA antisera of high titer, as determined by hemagglutination, caused precipitation of CA in gel. However, not all antisera of similar hemagglutinin titer produced gel precipitation. (3) Concentration of CA antisera through collodion membrane increased the precipitating capacity of some CA antisera. (4) Various preparations containing the CA determinant were suitable antigens in this reaction, including the ethanolsoluble fraction of various Enterobacteriaceae and certain lipopolysaccharides. (5) The specificity of the reaction was documented by observing lines of identity with various CA-positive preparations and failure of precipitation of CA-negative preparations, including the ethanol-soluble fraction of S. minnesota Re 595, supernates of agar-grown cultures of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, certain lipopolysaccharides, and Vi antigen. (6) The precipitin line of CA by CA antibodies is distinctly different from those formed by·and Re-core antigen-antibody reactions.
Built-in Hapten Inhibition of Anaphylaxis by the Low Molecular Weight Subfractions of a B 512 Dextran Fraction of Mw 3,400
Authors: Richter Wolfgang
Published: July 2009

(1) Passive antidextran dextran anaphylaxis was produced in guinea pigs challenged with B 512 dextran fractions or subfractions. By Sephadex separation of a weakly anaphylactogenic parent dextran fraction of weight average molecular weight (Mw) 3,400 subfractions of widely varying Mw and anaphylactogenicity were obtained. (2) The weakly anaphylactogenic parent fraction produced no mortality, whereas its most anaphylactogenic subfraction produced 80% mortality. Calculations showed, that the parent dextran fraction was composed of non- or weakly anaphylactogenic and strongly anaphylactogenic subfractions, occurring in a molar ratio of 3:1. (3) Built-in hapten inhibition was thus exerted within the parent dextran fraction by its low molecular weight subfractions, reducing the anaphylactogenicity of the higher molecular subfractions. Generally, the lower the average molecular weight of a homopolymer fraction, the more pronounced should be the effect of built-in inhibition. (4) It is proposed to designate this built-in hapten inhibition of fractions of dextran or other homopolymers as ‘inherent’ hapten inhibition, in contrast to that produced by adding low molecular, non-anaphylactogenic fractions to higher molecular, anaphylactogenic fractions upon challenge of sensitized animals.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response in the Developing Dog
Authors: Bryant B.J. , Shifrine M. , McNeil Carla
Published: July 2009

Purebred Beagle dog fetuses, on gestation day 45, had phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and mouse spleen cell (MSC) responsive cells in spleen but not in thymus. The PHA and MSC responses per 106 spleen cells were respectively unchanged and diminished by postnatal day 90. Thymus cells remained MSC-unresponsive to postnatal day 90; however, they became PHA-responsive (PHA+) on gestation day 50. PHA+ cells per 106 thymus cells increased to postnatal day 3 and declined by postnatal day 90. Their appearance in thymus correlated with the developing dog’s ability to reject a massive leukemia allotransplant and their concentration throughout thymus development correlated with the thymus lymphocyte peripheralization rate.
Uptake of Carbohydrate by Polyribosomes During the Immune Response to Ragweed Antigen
Authors: Callaghan O.H. , Spitzer R. , Kaplan M.A. , Leija J.G.
Published: July 2009

The in vitro radioactive labeling of polyribosomes in slices of rabbit lymph glands, liver and other tissues engaged in glycoprotein synthesis was studied by sucrose density gradient analysis. Immunization which accelerates peptide synthesis in immunocompetent tissue also increased the incorporation of carbohydrate donated by uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPAG). In lymph glands from immune animals, peaks of carbohydrate labeling in the gradients coincided with previously observed peaks of amino acid incorporation. In lymph glands and salivary glands, UDPAG was a more effective donor of carbohydrate than glucosamine. The possible role of Golgi apparatus was studied by using UDP-galactose as a sugar donor.
The Competence of Lymphocytes Obtained from Immune and Non-Immune Donors to Cause Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the Rat (DA Strain)
Authors: Dineen J.K. , Kelly J.D. , Love R.J.
Published: July 2009

Mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) obtained from immunized donors caused the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or adult worms developed from larval infection in both irradiated (400 r) or non-irradiated syngeneic recipients (DA rats). On the other hand, MLNC obtained from unimmunized donors failed to affect the parasite. This latter finding contrasts with the results of a study reported by Keller and Keist who showed that MLNC obtained from uninfected, peptone-treated donors caused the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms in irradiated recipients. In the present study, peptone treatment of uninfected (non-immune) donors did not enhance the immunological reactivity of the transferred lymphocytes.
Effects of Heterologous Antiserum Ig on Function of the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Artis P.A. , Artis W.M. , Blazkovec A.A.
Published: July 2009

The effects of heterologous antiserum Ig on the in vitro phagocytosis of SRBC by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages were studied. In vitro treatment of cultured peritoneal macrophages with ALS, ATS and AMS under tissue culture conditions inhibited their capacity to phagocytize opsonized SRBC; however, where treatment was carried out at room temperature this effect was not observed. Treatment of macrophage monolayers with heterologous antiserum Ig uniformly resulted in pronounced pseudopodia formation. Treatment of monolayers with AMS Ig at 37°C led to striking alterations of cell membranes and aggregation of cells. These observations suggest a form of in vitro macrophage activation.
Systemic and Urinary Immune Response in Experimental E. coli Pyelonephritis of Mice
Authors: Bluestone Rodney , Goldberg Leonard S. , Kalmanson George M. , Guze Lucien B.
Published: July 2009

Serum and urinary immunoglobulin concentrations were determined in mice with experimental Escherichia coli pyelonephritis; and the results compared to those present in appropriate control animals. A significant increase in serum IgG and IgM concentrations was observed in animals with proven pyelonephritis at four weeks after bladder inoculation. This increase reflected in part an IgG antibody response to E. coli which did not appear to be protective. No significant increase of urinary immunoglobulin concentrations, including secretory IgA levels, was detected. Specific antibody to E. coli was not demonstrated in the urines or kidney eluates from the infected or control groups. The results suggest that antibodies within the urinary tract play only a limited protective role in ascending pyelonephritis of mice. These observations might explain the failure of local immunization in protecting mice against ascending E. coli urinary tract infection.
Release of Histamine from Rat Mast Cells by Lysosomal Cationic Proteins
Authors: Coffey Ronald G. , Middleton, jr. Elliott
Published: July 2009

Lysosomal cationic protein-mediated release of histamine from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells was inhibited by several compounds capable of increasing cellular levels of cyclic AMP. Histamine release was inhibited to a variable degree by 1–20 µm glucocorticosteroids, 0.05–1.0 mm catecholamines, 0.2–5.0 mm methylxanthines, and by 0.1–2.0 mm dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Β-adrenergic stimulation of adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol and Α-adrenergic stimulation of adenosine triphosphatase by norepinephrine were demonstrated in purified rat mast cells. These findings suggest that the regulation of histamine release by catecholamines may be mediated by Α- as well as by Β-adrenergic receptors. The ability of glucocorticosteroids to stimulate adenylate cyclase and to inhibit adenosine triphosphatase in mast cells suggests that steroids may influence histamine release by mechanisms similar to those involving Β-adrenergic agonists.
Studies on Heterophile Antigen in Lymphoma and Leukemia Spleens by Means of Absorption of Infectious Mononucleosis Sera
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Kano Kyoichi , Fjelde Audrey
Published: July 2009

Spleen specimens from patients suffering from lymphomas and leukemias were studied for the presence of heterophile antigen by means of absorption of infectious mononucleosis sera. In the lymphoma group, 11 of 16 spleens tested diminished significantly the titer of lysins for bovine red blood cells in infectious mononucleosis sera. The absorbing effect of these spleen specimens correlated well with the replacement of the normal organ structure by malignant cells. None of five spleens from leukemia patients had a significant absorbing effect on infectious mononucleosis sera.
Studies on the Role of Histamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Immunity against the Nematode Trichostongylus colubriformis
Authors: Jones W.O. , Rothwell T.L.W. , Dineen J.K. , Griffiths D.A.
Published: July 2009

Following primary infection of guinea pigs with the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the small intestinal mucosa increased to approximately three times pre-infection levels. Guinea pigs immunized by previous infection and challenged with T. colubriformis showed an additional increase in mucosal histamine but a transient decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine. 5 days after challenge, an approximately threefold increase in histamine level was found in the small intestinal contents of immune guinea pigs. A similar trend was found in the 5-hydroxytryptamine level of the small intestinal contents, but the magnitude of the effect of infection in immune animals was small and not statistically significant. The results of the present studies are consistent with the view that the stimulus for the early increase in the level of amines in the mucosa of infected animals is not immunological. However, there appears to be release of amines at the time of worm expulsion in animals undergoing a primary infection, and this effect is accelerated in immune animals and again occurs at the time of worm expulsion. It is suggested that this amine release is triggered immunologically.
Characterization of a Rabbit Homocytotropic Antibody Responsible for Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic Reactions with a Short (4-Hour) Latent Period
Authors: Kravis Thomas C. , Zvaifler Nathan J.
Published: July 2009

Adult New Zealand rabbits were immunized intraperitoneally with 1·0 μgof ovalbumin (EA) in alumina gel or subcutaneously with 1.5 μg of bovine γ-globulin (BGG) and alumina. Immunizations were repeated at 30 and 60 days and every 2 months thereafter. The rabbit sera were examined for homocytotropic antibody by a 72-hour passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction in rabbit skin. Seven of 20 rabbits immunized with EA and 3 of 9 given BGG developed titers of 1:20 or greater; 2 in each group had titers in excess of 1:200. Rabbit sera with 72-hour PCA titers greater than 1:200 also caused vascular permeability of rabbit skin after a 4-hour latent period. The 4-hour anaphylactic antibody had physical-chemical characteristics similar to the 72-hour PCA antibody. It eluted from DE-52 cellulose with 0.10 m saline, was excluded from Sephadex G-200 between the first and second peak, and appeared in a sucrose density gradient slightly in advance of the bulk of the IgG. Absorption with monospecific antisera to rabbit IgE eliminated both the 4- and 72-hour PCA reactions, but there was little effect from an antibody to rabbit IgG. These findings suggest that the same antibody was responsible for the 4- and 72-hour anaphylactic reactions and that it is rabbit IgE.
In vitro Inhibition of Macrophage Spreading by ALS
Authors: Mažuran Renata , Silobrčić V. , Dekaris D.
Published: July 2009

We studied in vitro the effect of 12 different rabbit-anti-mouse-lymphocyte sera (ALS) on mouse peritoneal cells and found that an appropriate concentration of ALS can inhibit macrophage spreading. The degree of inhibition, caused by a certain ALS, correlated very well with its ability to prolong skin allograft survival in mice.