bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memories of mother, complementarity and shame: Predicting response to subliminal stimulation with “Mommy and I are one”
Authors: Sohlberg Staffan , Claesson Katja , Birgegard Andreas
Published: July 2003

A poorly understood finding with potentially wide‐ranging implications is that subliminal stimulation with “Mommy and I are one” affects behavior. In this study (n= 62), “Mommy and I are one” lowered implicit mood (p= 0.0015) in comparison with a neutral stimulus (“People are walking”). The effect was most pronounced in shame‐prone participants with less positive memories of their mother, and low self–mother complementarity (interaction p= 0.0044). Effects of a potentially shame‐inducing stimulus (“I am completely isolated”) were not significant (ps > 0.11). The results concerning less positive memories of mother replicate previous findings. We suggest that activation of unconscious associative networks explains the data. Though more research is needed, the cognitive content of these networks may involve representations of self‐with‐mother; for some, the affective content could involve shame.
Individual differences in children's emotion understanding: Effects of age and language
Authors: Pons Francisco , Lawson Joanne , Harris Paul L. , De Rosnay Marc
Published: July 2003

Over the last two decades, it has been established that children's emotion understanding changes as they develop. Recent studies have also begun to address individual differences in children's emotion understanding. The first goal of this study was to examine the development of these individual differences across a wide age range with a test assessing nine different components of emotion understanding. The second goal was to examine the relation between language ability and individual differences in emotion understanding. Eighty children ranging in age from 4 to 11 years were tested. Children displayed a clear improvement with age in both their emotion understanding and language ability. In each age group, there were clear individual differences in emotion understanding and language ability. Age and language ability together explained 72% of emotion understanding variance; 20% of this variance was explained by age alone and 27% by language ability alone. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Primed word‐fragment completion and successive memory test performance in normal aging
Authors: Karlsson Thomas , Adolfsson Rolf , Börjesson Arne , Nilsson Lars‐Göran
Published: July 2003

Young and old subjects were investigated to examine whether: the effects of priming are influenced by aging; there is independence between primed word‐fragment completion and recognition performances; and the dependence between different tests is influenced by aging. A successive test paradigm was employed involving repeated assessment of to‐be‐remembered words by means of recognition and primed word‐fragment completion. The results show that implicit memory declines with increasing age, and that correlations between different memory tests decrease with age. The outcome suggests that age‐related memory decline involves several forms of memory, including primed word‐fragment completion, and is reflected in correlations between measures of implicit and explicit memory.
Similar effects of attention directed to acoustic and tactile stimuli on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle
Authors: Elden Åke , Flaten Magne A.
Published: July 2003

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is assumed to index automatic and controlled processing. In three experiments (n= 32, 22, and 30) participants were asked to judge the duration of a prepulse in comparison with a stimulus presented 4000 ms before the prepulse. A distracter was presented simultaneously with the prepulse to increase the cognitive demands of the task. PPI was assessed at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 30–150 ms, and 420 ms. The prepulse was either a tone (60 dB) or a tactile stimulus (21 kPa), and startle was elicited by 95 dB white noise. Directing attention to the prepulse increased PPI at SOAs of 60 ms and longer in all experiments, but the sensory modality to which attention was directed played only a minor role. We conclude that directing attention to both acoustic and tactile prepulses increased PPI.
Questions of culture, age and gender in the epidemiology of suicide
Authors: Webster Rudmin Floyd , Ferrada‐Noli Marcello , Skolbekken John‐Arne
Published: July 2003

Cultural values were examined as predictors of suicide incidence rates compiled for men and women in six age groups for 33 nations for the years 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985. Hofstede's cultural values of Power‐Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Masculinity (i.e., social indifference) were negative correlates of reported suicide, and Individualism was a strong positive correlate. The proportion of variance in suicide reports generally related to these four cultural values was R2 = 0.25. Suicide by women and by middle‐aged people was most related to cultural values, even though international variance in suicide is greater for men and for the elderly. Suicide incidence for girls and young women showed unique negative correlations with Individualism. For all age groups, Individualism predicted a greater preponderance of male suicides, and Power‐Distance predicted more similar male and female suicide rates. Social alienation and Gilligan's feminist theory of moral judgment were hypothesized to explain some gender differences.
Parents’ adjustment to late abortion, stillbirth or infant death: The role of causal attributions
Authors: Jind Lise
Published: July 2003

The aim of the present study was to explore the attributional processes and the effect of various causal attributions on post‐traumatic symptomatology among 110 parents who had lost an infant. The attributional processes were examined with longitudinal data collected over 12 months. One to four weeks post‐loss, approximately half of the parents reported that they were never or rarely concerned with attributing responsibility for their baby's death. The importance of attributing responsibility was associated with several post‐traumatic symptoms, as was searching for meaning in the death. Attributions to oneself, others, or God were positively and significantly associated with numerous post‐traumatic symptoms. The results are discussed with reference to other studies dealing with the effect of attributions on subsequent adjustment among victims of trauma.
IQ stability: The relation between child and young adult intelligence test scores in low‐birthweight samples
Authors: Mortensen Erik Lykke , Andresen Jente , Kruuse Emil , Sanders Stephanie A. , Reinisch June Machover
Published: July 2003

The stability of IQ from childhood to adulthood in low‐birthweight subjects was measured in two independent samples with follow‐up intervals of approximately 14 and 9.5 years. In both samples, intelligence was assessed with the WISC at a mean age of 9.5. Twenty‐six subjects were retested with the WAIS at a mean age of 23.5, and 78 subjects with the BPP (the Danish Military Draft Board Intelligence Test) at the age of 19.1. Both samples obtained childhood and adult test scores below the expected means. For the Wechsler Verbal, Performance and Full‐Scale IQs, the stability quotients were 0.86, 0.86, and 0.89 in the WAIS sample, and the retest correlations for the three IQs with the BPP score were 0.66, 0.65, and 0.74. Thus, the majority of children showed stable patterns of intellectual development from middle childhood to young adulthood.
Implementing Citizenship into the English Secondary School Curriculum
Authors: Calvert Mike , Clemitshaw Gary
Published: July 2003

This article represents a snapshot of ten state secondary schools in the north of England immediately prior to the implementation of the statutory inclusion of citizenship in the revised National Curriculum. It includes data from interviews with the citizenship coordinator of each school and offers a range of responses by schools to the change. The two authors respectively, bring to the study their experience of Educational Management and Humanities and offer two different perspectives on the management of change, curriculum planning and implementation. Practical issues of status of the subject, resources, structures and staff development sit alongside contested issues of philosophy, content, pedagogy and outcomes.

Whilst recognizing the qualities and the commitment of the citizenship coordinators, a number of issues are raised that might give cause for concern at the medium to long‐term future of this curriculum development.
Science Education for Citizenship and a Sustainable Future
Authors: Wellington Jerry
Published: July 2003

In this article Jerry Wellington argues very strongly in favour of the role of science in citizenship education. He emphasizes the need for knowledge, skills and action and suggests areas and ways in which pupils can be engaged in the struggle for a sustainable future where interdependence and interconnectedness mesh well with notions of equity and justice.
Citizenship through the Humanities
Authors: Lambert David
Published: July 2003

In this article David Lambert argues in support of the humanities in the secondary school curriculum and underlines the contribution that they can make to citizenship education. He emphasizes but does not restrict his arguments to geography and offers a wide view encompassing the humanities as a whole. He explores the links between the humanities, moral education and citizenship and argues against the citizenship‐as‐subject approach.
Citizenship in the Primary School: Going Beyond Circle Time
Authors: Holden Cathie
Published: July 2003

Education for citizenship is now recommended for all primary schools. Whilst primary teachers have long covered social and moral education, they have been less likely to cover teaching about community and political literacy (including the discussion of topical, controversial issues). This paper reports research findings on current practice and identifies key areas for discussion. It argues that there is great scope for enriching and enlivening the primary curriculum through the introduction of education for citizenship, by extending current practice in social and moral education and incorporating the newer themes of community and political literacy into existing teaching.
City and Country: Lessons from European Economic Thought
Authors: Backhaus Jürgen G. , Meijer Gerrit
Published: July 2003

The article concerns some European thought on the issue of city and country. We discuss the contributions of Henri von Storch, Gustav von Schmoller, Werner Sombart, Wilhelm Röpke, and Friedrich Hayek and attempt to translate these theories into practice in documenting the case of the city of Marl.
Manufacturing and Rural Economies in the United States: The Role of Nondurable Producers, Labor Costs and State Taxes
Authors: Jelavich Mark
Published: July 2003

This paper investigates the preferences of manufacturers in deciding whether to locate in metropolitan or nonmetropolitan (rural) areas. Using 1997 state‐level data and OLS regression estimation, it was determined that nondurable goods manufacturers prefer rural areas, while durable goods manufacturers are indifferent as to area. However, both sets of manufacturers prefer to locate in larger states. Wage rates are not significant in the regressions, while durable manufacturers appear sensitive to state taxes. Some policy conclusions for local economic developers are derived from these findings.
International Sister‐Cities: Bridging the Global‐Local Divide
Authors: Cremer Rolf D. , De Bruin Anne , Dupuis Ann
Published: July 2003

With the demise of the sharp urban‐rural divide as a framework for urban analyses, debates have arisen regarding the utility of the city as a theoretically significant construct. Recently however, the growing emphasis on globalization has brought the analysis of global cities into sharp focus. The countervailing trend emphasizes the significance of “the local.” International sister‐cities provide a site of analysis which illustrates the global‐local interface and yet delves deeper. Initially conceived as a post‐war means of developing friendships and cultural ties, sister‐cities were based on similarities such as name or economic function. More recently, greater recognition has been given to the economic foundations and benefits of these connections. Providing an extension to an integrated approach to the study of sister‐cities based on the multifold relationship between culture and commerce, this paper adds a further dimension by focusing on simultaneously operating multi‐level entrepreneurial partnerships necessary to sustain active sister‐city relationships. Drawing on New Zealand examples of twinning arrangements, it is demonstrated that the emergence and development of embedded partnership ties is vital to deriving sustainable economic and social benefits. While the global outreach of the sister‐cities phenomenon appears to transcend the geographic confines of cities, strong locality considerations and local activism nevertheless predominate. A novel feature of this paper is the conceptualization of a hybrid form of entrepreneurialism, “municipal‐community entrepreneurship,” which is argued as a valuable facilitator of the economic and social vibrancy of cities. to the two cities, it is broadening out to include cultural and work exchanges.
The Emperor Seamounts: Southward Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot Plume in Earth's Mantle
Authors: Tarduno John A. , Duncan Robert A. , Scholl David W. , Cottrell Rory D. , Steinberger Bernhard , Thordarson Thorvaldur , Kerr Bryan C. , Neal Clive R. , Frey Fred A. , Torii Masayuki , Carvallo Claire
Published: July 2003

The Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track has a prominent bend, which has served as the basis for the theory that the Hawaiian hotspot, fixed in the deep mantle, traced a change in plate motion. However, paleomagnetic and radiometric age data from samples recovered by ocean drilling define an age-progressive paleolatitude history, indicating that the Emperor Seamount trend was principally formed by the rapid motion (over 40 millimeters per year) of the Hawaiian hotspot plume during Late Cretaceous to early-Tertiary times (81 to 47 million years ago). Evidence for motion of the Hawaiian plume affects models of mantle convection and plate tectonics, changing our understanding of terrestrial dynamics.
Geographic Barriers Isolate Endemic Populations of Hyperthermophilic Archaea
Authors: Whitaker Rachel J. , Grogan Dennis W. , Taylor John W.
Published: July 2003

Barriers to dispersal between populations allow them to diverge through local adaptation or random genetic drift. High-resolution multilocus sequence analysis revealed that, on a global scale, populations of hyperthermophilic microorganisms are isolated from one another by geographic barriers and have diverged over the course of their recent evolutionary history. The identification of a biogeographic pattern in the archaeon
Sulfolobus
challenges the current model of microbial biodiversity in which unrestricted dispersal constrains the development of global species richness.
Geminga's Tails: A Pulsar Bow Shock Probing the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Caraveo P. A. , Bignami G. F. , DeLuca A. , Mereghetti S. , Pellizzoni A. , Mignani R. , Tur A. , Becker W.
Published: July 2003

We report the X-ray Multimirror Mission–Newton European Photon Imaging Camera observation of two elongated parallel x-ray tails trailing the pulsar Geminga. They are aligned with the object's supersonic motion, extend for ∼2', and have a nonthermal spectrum produced by electron-synchrotron emission in the bow shock between the pulsar wind and the surrounding medium. Electron lifetime against synchrotron cooling matches the source transit time over the x-ray features' length. Such an x-ray detection of a pulsar bow shock (with no Hα emission) allows us to gauge the pulsar electron injection energy and the shock magnetic field while constraining the angle of Geminga's motion and the local matter density.
Mechanism of the Electrochemical Carboxylation of Aromatic Ketones in Dimethylformamide
Authors: Isse Abdirisak A. , Gennaro Armando
Published: July 2003

The mechanism of the electrochemical carboxylation of several benzophenones (X-C6H4COC6H5; X = 4-OCH3, 4-CH3, H, 3-Cl, 3-CF3, 4-CF3 and 4-CN) and several ring-substituted acetophenones (Y-C6H4COCH3; Y = 4-OCH3, H, 3-OCH3, 3-Cl, 3-CF3, 4-CF3, 3-CN and 4-CN) has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry in dimethylformamide. In the presence of CO2, all compounds exhibit a single irreversible peak representing a 2 e reduction process. The reaction mechanism has been analysed using the dependence of the peak potential Ep on various experimental parameters such as the concentrations of the reactant, the scan rate and the temperature. Also the kinetics of the electrocarboxylation reaction has been examined. The whole set of results has been carefully analysed in the framework of an ECE-DISP mechanism. It has been found that, under the conditions employed, the electrocarboxylation reaction is always under a mixed ECE-DISP1 kinetic control. The first step of the reaction is an attack, via the oxygen atom, of the electrogenerated ketyl radical anion RR'CO•- at CO2. Further reduction of the carbonate-like adduct arising by such an attack followed by a second carboxylation reaction gives an arene-2-carboxylic acid.
Self-Assembly of Monolayer-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Gold Electrodes. An Electrochemical Investigation
Authors: Marcaccio Massimo , Margotti Massimo , Montalti Marco , Paolucci Francesco , Prodi Luca , Zaccheroni Nelsi
Published: July 2003

Redox behaviour of an array of dodecanethiol-coated silver nanoparticles, self-assembled on the gold electrode surface by dithiol linkers, is dominated in aqueous electrolytes by a reversible faradaic process that has been attributed to the anodic oxidation of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticle array may be switched between the oxidised and reduced states repeatedly without any significant loss of electroactive material, thus showing a remarkable stability under electrochemical conditions. The mainly capacitive high-frequency electrical response of the nanoparticle array/electrolyte interface is characterised by a low value of capacitance, typical of a self assembled monolayer (SAM) of long-chain alkanethiols on gold; it has been associated with the compact organic layer interposed between the nanoparticles and the gold substrate. At lower frequencies, the interface displays a poorer electrical behaviour with both capacitive and resistive elements, which was associated with the more disordered organic layer located on the outer side of the film.
Homoleptic Rh(III)-Diphosphine and Rh(III)-Diarsine Complexes
Authors: Bickley Jamie , Higgins Simon J. , La Pensée Annemarie A.
Published: July 2003

The first examples of homoleptic diarsine and diphosphine coordination to Rh(III), viz. [Rh(1,2-C6H4{AsMe2}2)3]3+ and [Rh(Me2PCH2PMe2)3]3+, are reported, together with details of their characterisation by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
A New Chiral Masked Form of Glyoxal Diimine
Authors: Martelli Gianluca , Savoia Diego
Published: July 2003

(3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,6-Diphenyl-N,N'-bis[(S)-1-phenylethyl]octa-1,7-diene-4,5-diamine, by treatment with organolithium reagents RLi in controlled experimental conditions, underwent rearrangement and/or substitution of one or two branched allyl(s) by the R group(s). Hence, this diene behaves as a masked form of the chiral glyoxal diimine from that it is prepared, allowing the preparation of C1-symmetric 1,2-disubstituted 1,2-diamines, which are generally not available by the direct addition of organometallic reagents to the diimine, and C2-symmetric 1,2-diamines with good diastereoselectivities.
Effect of exercise on upper respiratory tract infection in sedentary subjects
Authors: Weidner T , Schurr T
Published: July 2003

Objective:To determine if exercise training affects the severity and duration of a naturally acquired upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in sedentary subjects.

Methods:Subjects were sedentary volunteers (two or fewer days a week of exercise for less than 30 minutes a day for the previous three months), 18–29 years of age, with a naturally acquired URTI (three to four days of onset). All subjects were screened—for example, asthma, hay fever—by a doctor and were afebrile. Volunteers were alternately assigned to an exercise (EX) group (four men, seven women) or a non-exercise (NEX) group (three men, eight women). Subjects in the EX group completed 30 minutes of supervised exercise at 70% of target heart rate range for five days of a seven day period. For the initial screening, and every 12 hours, all subjects completed a 13 item symptom severity checklist and a physical activity log. Cold symptom scores were obtained until the subjects were asymptomatic. Significance was set at p≤0.05.

Results:There were no significant differences between EX and NEX group mean symptom scores for the morning and evening reporting periods. There were also no differences between the groups for the mean number of days from the baseline symptom score to when the subjects were asymptomatic. There were no differences between physical activity levels, other than what was assigned in the EX group.

Conclusion:Moderate exercise in sedentary subjects with naturally acquired URTI probably does not alter the overall severity and duration of the illness. Previously sedentary people who have acquired a URTI and have just initiated an exercise programme may continue to exercise.
Reliability of stabilised commercial dynamometers for measuring hip abduction strength: a pilot study
Authors: Click Fenter P , Bellew J W , Pitts T A , Kay R E
Published: July 2003

Background:Reliable quantification of hip abductor strength in a clinical setting is challenging.

Objectives:To examine the intrarater and interrater reliability of three commonly used commercial dynamometers in the measurement of hip abduction.

Methods:Supine gravity minimised measures of unilateral hip abduction strength were recorded in 10 women (mean (SD) age 23.5 (1.9) years) using three different commercially available dynameters. Measurements were repeated over a three day period with a different device used on each day.

Results:Intrarater reliability ranged from 0.880 to 0.958 across the three devices, and measures of interrater reliability ranged from 0.899 to 0.948.

Conclusion:Commercially available dynamometers can be used to quantify hip abduction strength with good to excellent reliability. A previously undescribed method of quantifying hip abduction strength in a clinical setting using readily available instrumentation is presented.
General practitioners and doping in sport: attitudes and experience
Authors: Laure P , Binsinger C , Lecerf T
Published: July 2003

Objectives:To examine the attitudes to, and knowledge of, doping in sport of French general practitioners (GPs), and their contact with drug taking athletes on an everyday basis.

Methods:A total of 402 GPs were randomly selected from all over France and interviewed by telephone, using a prepared script.

Results:The response rate was 50.5% (153 men and 49 women; mean (SD) age 45.6 (5.6) years). Of the respondents, 73% confirmed that they had the list of banned products, and only 34.5% stated that they were aware of the latest French law, brought into effect in March 1999, concerning the fight against doping. Some 11% had directly encountered a request for prescription of doping agents over the preceding 12 months (the requested substances were mainly anabolic steroids, stimulants, and corticosteroids), and 10% had been consulted by an athlete who was using doping drugs and was frightened of the health risks (the substances used were mainly anabolic steroids). Over half (52%) of the GPs favoured the prescription of drug substitutions to athletes who used doping agents. According to 87.5% of respondents, doping is a public health problem, and 80% stated that doping is a form of drug addiction. Most (89%) said that a GP has a role to play in doping prevention, but 77% considered themselves poorly prepared to participate in its prevention.

Conclusion:The results suggest that (a) GPs have limited knowledge of doping and (b) are confronted with doping in their daily practice, at least occasionally.
Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the push movement in tai chi
Authors: Chan S P , Luk T C , Hong Y
Published: July 2003

Background:Tai chi is a form of exercise derived from the martial art folk traditions of China. The force used in tai chi includes different principles of mechanical advantage. No studies on the kinematic features of tai chi exercise have been published.

Objective:To analyse the kinematics and electromyographic characteristics of tai chi.

Methods:An experienced tai chi master was asked to perform a sequence of basic movements: ward off, roll back, press, and push. The movements were videotaped and digitised using a motion analysis system. Electromyographic activities of the lumbar erector spinae, rectus femoris, medial hamstrings, and medial head of gastrocnemius were recorded by surface electrodes. The push movement data were analysed.

Results:The medial hamstrings and medial head of gastrocnemius muscle groups maintained low activity, with higher electromyographic values in the lumbar erector spinae and substantially higher ones in the rectus femoris during the push movement. Both concentric and eccentric contractions occurred in muscles of the lower limbs, with eccentric contraction occurring mainly in the anti-gravity muscles such as the rectus femoris and the medial head of gastrocnemius. The forward and backward shifts in centre of gravity (CG) were mainly accomplished by increasing and decreasing respectively the joint angles of the bilateral lower limbs rather than by adopting a forward or backward postural lean. The path of the CG in the anteroposterior and mediolateral component was unique, and the sway or deviation from the path was small. The master maintained an upright posture and maintained a low CG (hips, knees, and ankles bent) while travelling slowly and steadily from one position to another.

Conclusion:The eccentric muscle contraction of the lower limbs in the push movement of tai chi may help to strengthen the muscles.
Whitehead Graphs and the Σ1-Invariants of Infinite Groups
Authors: Garille Susan Garner , Meier John
Published: July 2003

Let G be a finitely generated group. The Bieri–Neumann–Strebel invariant Σ1(G) of G determines, among other things, the distribution of finitely generated subgroups N◃G with G/N abelian. This invariant can be quite difficult to compute. Given a finite presentation 〈S:R〉 for G, there is an algorithm, introduced by Brown and extended by Bieri and Strebel, which determines a space Σ(R) that is always contained in, and is sometimes equal to, Σ1(G). We refine this algorithm to one which involves the local structure of the universal cover of the standard 2-complex of a given presentation. Let Ψ(R) denote the space determined by this algorithm. We show that Σ(R) ⊆ Ψ ⊆ Σ1(G) for any finitely presented group G, and if G admits a staggered presentation, then Ψ = Σ1(G). By casting this algorithm in terms of connectivity properties of graphs, it is shown to be computationally feasible.
Superalgebras and Dimensions of Algebras
Authors: Vaughan-Lee Michael
Published: July 2003

Several authors have used the representation theory of symmetric groups and superalgebras to prove that certain classes of algebras are nilpotent. We show how to extend these techniques to facilitate the computation of the dimensions of relatively free algebras, and we prove two general theorems which formalize the techniques. The ideas described here have been used in the computation of the dimensions of the associated Lie rings of free Engel-4 groups of exponent 5.
A Constructive Approach to Zel'manov's Global Nilpotency Theorem for n-Engel Lie Algebras Over a Field of Characteristic Zero
Authors: Traustason Gunnar
Published: July 2003

We obtain an explicit bound for the nilpotency class of n-Engel Lie algebras of characteristic zero.
Topology for Computations of Concurrent Automata
Authors: Kuske Dietrich , Shortt R. M.
Published: July 2003

We generalize the results on α-complex traces from [14, 16] to the realm of concurrent automata. We show that the α-complex computations can be defined as elements of a compact, totally disconnected and complete topological semigroup containing the finite computations as a dense and discrete subspace. But in this semigroup it is not possible to define infinite products as limits of finite ones in a satisfactory way. Therefore, we define a second semigroup of restricted α-complex computations. The underlying set of this semigroup carries a metric such that it becomes compact and complete. Furthermore, the finite computations are a dense and discrete subset and the multiplication is uniformly continuous not on the whole semigroup but on the set of finite computations. Finally, here we can define infinite products as limits of finite ones.
On Radical Congruence Systems II
Authors: Hall T. E. , Zhang Shuhua
Published: July 2003

This paper is a continuation of a paper of the same title by the first author and P. Weil. We first characterize the universal class of a radical congruence system. We then introduce the meet and the (limit) iteration of congruence systems. This enables us to generate new radical congruence systems from given congruence systems. Some interesting examples are presented. We finally determine the smallest radical congruence systems whose universal classes are N, LZ ◦ N, RZ ◦ N, and RB ◦ N respectively.
Automatic Groups Associated with Word Orders Other than Shortlex
Authors: Rees Sarah
Published: July 2003

The existing algorithm to compute and verify the automata associated with an automatic group deals only with the subclass of shortlex automatic groups. This paper describes the extension of the algorithm to deal with automatic groups associated with other word orders (the algorithm has now been implemented) and reports on the use of the algorithm for specific examples; in particular a very natural automatic (or asynchonously automatic) structure for the Baumslag–Solitar and related classes of groups (closely related to one described for some of those groups by Epstein et al.) is found from a wreath product order over shortlex.
Reliability Evaluations of Hybrid ARQ Policies for a Data Communication System
Authors: Yasui Kazumi , Nakagawa Toshio , Imaizumi Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2003

The data transmission fails due to errors which have been generated by disconnections, noises and distortions in a communication line. To protect such failures, the following three schemes of error-control procedures are mainly used : (i) automatic-repeat-request (ARQ), (ii) forward-error-correction (FEC) and (iii) hybrid ARQ which combines FEC with ARQ. This paper proposes two stochastic models of hybrid ARQ policies with retransmission number K and response time T, and derives the mean times to success of data transmission. Comparing the mean times with each other, we discuss analytically which policy is better. These results are also evaluated in numerical examples.
Determination of the Optimum Partial Factors in Structural Reliability Analysis
Authors: Li D. H. , Tang C. Y. , Jie M. , Tsang Albert H. C. , Tsim Y. C.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, an optimization method is used to determine the values of partial factors in structural reliability analysis. Once the proper objective function is defined, a group of optimum partial factors, which enable the objective function to take its minimum value, will need to be determined. In the present study, two kinds of objective function are considered. The conditions that have to be satisfied for optimum partial factors of these two kinds of objective function are then derived. In both cases, the result shows that the partial factors of both dead and live loads should satisfy the same proportional expression and should be inversely proportional to the partial factor of resistance force. A simple beam is used as an example to illustrate the computations involved. It is found that the design concept proposed in this paper leads to a design criterion similar to that which applies to the conventional deterministic method. Thus, this concept can be easily used in practice. The illustrative example shows that the values of the dead load and live load have a significant effect on the reliability design criteria.
Single Acceptance Sampling by Attributes with an Increasing Proportion of Defective Items
Authors: Castagliola Phillippe
Published: July 2003

Single Acceptance Sampling by Attributes (SASA) is a well known problem, when the proportion of defective items is constant during the inspection process. In this paper, we are interested in a more general SASA problem where the proportion of defective items is an increasing exponential function p(k, p0, p∞, λ) = p∞ - (p∞ - p0)e-kλ of the number k of inspected items. In order to find the sampling parameters a and n for this problem, we suggest a method using a lognormal approximation.
Designing and Validation of Error Detection Software
Authors: Geoghegan Sean. J. , Avresky D. R.
Published: July 2003

We propose a systematic approach for design and validation of error detection software. Formally, the semantic of a specification is represented by a transition system. This representation is then used to generate a flowgraph or ddgraph which is used to construct an execution path tree. The information obtained from this algorithm representation is used to aid in the design of software-based fault detection techniques for hardware faults.

Flowgraph and ddgraph representations provide information to predict future program flow. During execution, the current program path is recorded, along with the expected path. Checks are placed to verify that the program path follows the predicted path.

Algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) techniques are used to detect data structure corrupting faults and to improve the fault coverage. Fault coverage provided by this approach for different types of hardware faults has been estimated through experiments with the software-based fault injection tool (SOFIT) and the data is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Reliability Modeling of Scheduled Maintenance Systems with Latent Failures
Authors: Somani Arun K. , Palnitkar Samir , Sharma Tilak C.
Published: July 2003

Component redundancy is used to achieve high reliability and fault tolerance in many ultra-reliable systems. Moreover, redundant components can be checked and repaired at the end of periodic intervals of time, called maintenance check times. In such scheduled maintenance (SM) systems, multiple faults may occur and remain undetected because the effects of the faults on the system are masked by the redundant components. Furthermore, specific maintenance actions may be carried out at the end of each mission to guarantee that the system is not in certain specific or failed states. Accurate reliability computation depends on the appropriate modeling of the system. In this paper, we consider scheduled maintenance checks and conditional maintenance checks, and develop a methodology to analyze systems employing such maintenance strategy. We also describe a tool that we have developed using our algorithm. Examples are presented to prove the aptness of our method. We show that conventional technique vastly overestimates the unreliability of such systems. We also show that for the SM systems, our technique provides a more realistic estimate of reliability.
Memory Effects in Photorefractive Materials
Authors: Statman David , Lombardi James C.
Published: July 2003

We have determined that the dynamics of the signal in photorefractive two beam coupling can be described by a memory effect in the writing of the space charge field. Experimental and computational results confirm that this time dependence is dependent on the history of interference pattern responsible for the space charge field. From this memory effect it is shown that if the input signal has a sinusoidal component much smaller than its DC component, the sinusoidal component of the two beam coupled signal is shifted by the response time of the photorefractive medium. We have demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that for the non-depleting pump this response time is linear with the interaction length.
Broadly Tunable Femtosecond Sources in the Mid-Infrared and Two-Wavelength Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Holes in GaAs
Authors: Tang C. L. , Burr K. C. , Ganikhanov F. Sh.
Published: July 2003

The recent development of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) has led to a variety of highly efficient and compact all-solid-state nonlinear optical devices. Of particular interest are the optical parametric oscillators. We have most recently demonstrated for the first time a highly efficient broadly tunable femtosecond optical parametric oscillator (fs OPO) using PPLN. The threshold for oscillation of the PPLN fs OPO is remarkably low, on the order of 50 mW. As a result, it is now possible to use a diode-pumped and frequency-doubled Nd:YVO 4 laser, rather than an Ar-ion laser, as the pump source for the mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser for pumping the fs OPO. Such an OPO can operate from approximately 1 μm to 5.4 μm.

Femtosecond sources have been used in a variety of experiments to study the dynamics of hot carriers in semiconductors. Because of the limited available wavelength range of earlier femtosecond sources, most such studies have been limited to electron dynamics in the conduction band of III–V compounds such as GaAs. With the extended tuning range of the recently developed fs OPO's, it is now possible to study a much wider variety of materials and transitions. We have recently obtained preliminary results on the ultrafast dynamics of holes in GaAs using two-wavelength tunable femtosecond spectroscopy, by pumping the valence-to-conduction band transition at approximately 800 nm and simultaneously probing the transitions between the split-off band and the perturbed heavy-hole band at approximately 3 μm. These recent results are summarized and discussed briefly.
Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in Nanostructured Fractal Materials
Authors: Shalaev V. M. , Markel V. A. , Poliakov E. Y. , Armstrong R. L. , Safonov V. P. , Sarychev A. K.
Published: July 2003

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of nonlinear optical phenomena in fractal nanostructures are reviewed. Localization of optical excitations in fractal metal nanocomposites, such as colloidal aggregates, self-affine and semicontinuous films, results in strong enhancements of optical nonlinearities. The localized modes of fractals cover a broad spectral range, from the visible to the far-infrared. A number of optical processes are studied such as the Kerr-type nonlinearities, four-wave mixing, second and third harmonic generation and frequency- and polarization-selective photomodification.
Coherent Phonons in Semiconductors and Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Dekorsy Thomas , Cho Gyu Cheon , Kurz Heinrich
Published: July 2003

The impulsive excitation and phase-sensitive detection of coherent phonons enable the study of dynamical properties of the lattice. In pump-probe experiments with femtosecond time resolution the amplitude and phase of the coherent lattice motion can be detected with high sensitivity. Especially in semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures, where a coherent phonon mode and free carriers are exited at the same time, important information about the carrier-phonon system far away from equilibrium is obtained. In bulk GaAs coherent plasmon-phonon modes can be traced via the associated macroscopic field. In GaAs-AlGaAs based heterostructures coupled phonon-intersubband plasmons, coupled Bloch-phonon oscillations, and coherent acoustic phonons are observed.
Optical Phonon Coherence and Population Decays in III–V Semiconductors
Authors: Fatti N. Del , Ganikhanov F. , Langot P. , Tommasi R. , Vallée F.
Published: July 2003

Investigations of optical phonon coherence and population decays in bulk III–V semiconductors are discussed. The results are compared to our lifetime determinations using a non phonon-mode selective technique based on precise measurement of electron-lattice thermalization dynamics. The measured LO phonon lifetimes were found to be consistent with the dephasing times measured in intrinsic samples. In the presence of carriers (for the density range 1016–1017 cm -3), due to LO phonon-plasmon hybridization, the dephasing time is strongly reduced and becomes much smaller than the lifetime which is almost not altered. The roles of pure dephasing and population decay mechanisms in optical phonon relaxation are discussed for various carrier environment.
High Reflectivity Phase Conjugation in the Visible Spectrum using Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Alkanes
Authors: Jones D. C. , Cook G. , Ridley K. D. , Scott A. M.
Published: July 2003

High reflectivity optical phase conjugation in the visible spectrum has been achieved using Brillouin-induced four-wave mixing and a scheme based on a Brillouin preamplifier. Four-wave mixing gave the highest fidelity, but the Brillouin preamplifier method had higher reflection coefficients reaching 7×107. This increased to 1010 using an additional dye laser preamplifier.
Three-Wave Simultons
Authors: Assanto Gaetano , Conti Claudio , Leo Giuseppe , Stegeman George I. , Torruellas William E. , Trillo Stefano
Published: July 2003

Self-guided multi-frequency waves or simultons can form and propagate in media exhibiting a quadratic nonlinear susceptibility and, specifically, able to generate second harmonic. Some of their relevant properties are discussed, illustrating beam cleanup, instability, switching, steering, collisional interactions and other features in the spatial and temporal domains, including energy localization and gap solitons in periodic structures.
Supramolecular Assemblies for Second Order Nonlinear Optics Stabilized by Electrostatic Interaction
Authors: Bock H. , Advincula R. C. , Aust E. F. , Käshammer J. , Meyer W. H. , Mittler-Neher S. , Fiorini C. , Nunzi J.-M. , Knoll W.
Published: July 2003

Electrostatic interactions are being used instead of covalent linkage to stabilize orientational order in novel materials for second order nonlinear optics. In complex supramolecular architectures, this simplifies the variation of chromophores or polymeric backbones. Other molecules can readily be inserted into the system in order to tune optical or thermodynamic properties without synthetic effort. Noncentrosymmetric ultrathin films consisting of highly ordered "active-passive" AB-Y-type multilayers of NLO active ionic amphiphiles and an ionic polymeric buffer material have been obtained by the Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn (LBK) technique. Combination with self-assembly by adsorption from solution is demonstrated.
In-Situ Electrochromic Studies of Corona-Poled Polymer Films
Authors: Wang C. , Zhu P. , Wang P. , Ye C.
Published: July 2003

Real-time monitoring of the corona-poling process was accomplished by in-situ electrochromism of doped and functionalized polymer films. The poling properties including poling and depoling processes, dependence of orientation order parameter on poling time etc. of used films were investigated. The referential criteria for deciding the suitable poling conditions were suggested. Based on the one-dimensional rigid orientation gas model, the d33 of poled films was evaluated with the order parameter and bathochromic shift of maximum absorption of films independently. The results are in good coincidence.
Spontaneous Expulsion of a Filshie Clip through the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Authors: Lok Ingrid H. , Lo Keith W.K. , Ng Janice S.W. , Tsui Michelle H.Y. , Yip S.K.
Published: July 2003

Tubal occlusion using Filshie clip is one of the most commonly performed operations for female sterilization. It is usually a simple and safe procedure, and operative complications are uncommon. We report a rare case of spontaneous expulsion of a Filshie clip through the anterior abdominal wall 5 years after sterilization. The management and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed and the related literature is reviewed.
Resuscitation of Premature Infants: What Are We Doing Wrong and Can We Do Better?
Authors: O’Donnell Colm P.F. , Davis Peter G. , Morley Colin J.
Published: July 2003

Neonatal resuscitation is based on experience with little evidence to support the methods advocated. Current guidelines make no distinction between the techniques for term and very premature infants. The guidelines support the use of 100%, cold, dry oxygen delivered with devices that provide variable peak inspiratory pressures and tidal volumes with no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). It is possible that these techniques damage the lungs. Self-inflating resuscitation bags give no indication about leaks, produce variable inflating pressures, do not provide PEEP and cannot deliver prolonged inflations. Flow-inflating bags will not work if there is leak at the facemask and also have variable inflating pressures. Although they can provide PEEP and deliver prolonged inflations, they require considerable skill to use. The Neopuff® is relatively easy to use, provides PEEP and steady inflating pressure and does not achieve the set pressures if there is a mask leak. Continuous positive airway pressure and PEEP are used in the neonatal intensive care unit to maintain lung volume. It is surprising they are not routinely recommended for resuscitation when establishing the lung volume is paramount. Volutrauma is a potential problem in neonatal resuscitation and yet none of the devices give any indication of the tidal volume delivered. There is considerable potential for improvement in techniques of neonatal resuscitation through the application of evidence already available and much scope for further research in this field.
Genetic Control of Lung Development
Authors: Roth-Kleiner Matthias , Post Martin
Published: July 2003

Lung organogenesis is a developmental process that starts in human 4–5 weeks after conception and continues during the first years of life. It can be subdivided in six different stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular andalveolar stage and stage of vascular maturation. In each of these periods, multiple molecules like transcription factors, growth factors and other signaling molecules and their respective receptors control and coordinate the course of events by a distinct expression and activity over space and time. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, physiological mechanical forces as well as humoral factors modulate some of these expression patterns. Although numerous key players and their mode of action have been discovered, many wait to be unveiled. Herein, we will summarize the current concepts of lung development with special consideration of the genetic control of lung genesis, growth and maturation.