bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic characteristics of red kangaroo skeletal muscles: is a high aerobic capacity matched by muscle mitochondrial and capillary morphology as in placental mammals?
Authors: Dawson Terence J. , Mifsud Brock , Raad Matthew C. , Webster Koa N.
Published: July 2004

Marsupials and placentals together comprise the Theria, the advanced mammals, but they have had long independent evolutionary histories, with the last common ancestor occurring more than 125 million years ago. Although in the past the marsupials were considered to be metabolically `primitive', the red kangaroo Macropus rufus has been reported to have an aerobic capacity (V̇O2max)comparable to that of the most `athletic' of placentals such as dogs. However,kangaroos travel at moderate speeds with lower relative cost than quadrupedal placentals. Given the long independent evolution of the two therian groups,and their unusual locomotor energetics, do kangaroos achieve their high aerobic capacity using the same structural and functional mechanisms used by(athletic) placentals?

Red kangaroo skeletal muscle morphometry matched closely the general aerobic characteristics of placental mammals. The relationship between total mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle and V̇O2max during exercise was identical to that in quadrupedal placentals, and differed from that in bipedal humans. As for placentals generally, red kangaroo mitochondrial oxygen consumption at V̇O2max was 4.7 ml O2 min–1 ml–1 of mitochondria. Also, the inner mitochondrial membrane densities were 35.8±0.7 m2 ml–1 of mitochondria, which is the same as for placental mammals, and the same pattern of similarity was seen for capillary densities and volumes.

The overall data for kangaroos was equivalent to that seen in athletic placentals such as dogs and pronghorns. Total skeletal muscle mass was high,being around 50% of body mass, and was concentrated around the pelvis and lower back. The majority of the muscles sampled had relatively high mitochondrial volume densities, in the range 8.8–10.6% in the major locomotor muscles. Again, capillary densities and capillary blood volumes followed the pattern seen for mitochondria. Our results indicate that the red kangaroo, despite its locomotion and extreme body form, shows fundamental aerobic/muscular relationships that appear common to both marsupials and placentals. The evolution of such metabolic relationships apparently predates the divergence of the therian groups in the early Cretaceous, and perhaps evolved in the mammal-like reptiles during the Triassic (220 million years ago) before the actual evolution of the mammals.
Luminescence Resulting from Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Simple Hydroxy Compounds at a Nickel Anode in Alkaline Media Containing a Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Karatani Hajime , Shizuki Takahiro , Kojima Motohiro
Published: July 2004

Electrocatalytic oxidation of simple hydroxy compounds on a nickel(III) surface in alkaline media containing a fluorescent dye was demonstrated to lead to visible luminescence, probably due to energy transfer interactions between the fluorescent dye and oxidation products.
Density Functional Study on Possible Peroxo Form of Non-heme Diiron Enzyme Model
Authors: Yoshizawa Kazunari , Yokomichi Yasunori , Shiota Yoshihito , Ohta Takehiro , Yamabe Tokio
Published: July 2004

Dioxygen binding to the active dinuclear iron site of methane monooxygenase (MMO) is theoretically analyzed with a density functional method. The μ-η1:η1-O2 mode was calculated to be the most favorable binding mode of dioxygen to a supposed active site of MMO that contains two five-coordinate irons(II).
A Novel Electroluminescent Metal Complex: Tris(4-phenanthridinolato)aluminum(III)
Authors: Kido Junji , Endo Jun
Published: July 2004

A yellow fluorescent aluminium complex (Alph3) having 4-phenanthridinolato ligands was synthesized and used as an emitter material in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The device structure of glass substrate / indium-tin oxide / tetraphenyldiamine derivative / Alph3 / Mg:Ag was employed. The EL device exhibited bright yellow light originating from Alph3 with a maximum luminance of 13000 cd/m2 at 11 volt.
Halogenated Bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalenes as a Unique Donor System
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Hara Kenji , Ogura Eiji , Suzuki Hironori , Ito Hitoshi , Mori Takehiko
Published: July 2004

Chlorination, bromination and iodination of bis(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalene (BMT-TTF) produced mainly the dihalogenated products (BMT-TTFX2) with small amounts of the monohalogenated derivatives (BMT-TTFX). The molecular structures of BMT-TTFBr2 and BMT-TTFBr2•I3 have been determined, and the conductivities of CT-complexes and radical salts derived from BMT-TTFX2 have been measured.
Catalytic Reactions of cis-2-Butene at the Solid-Solid Interface of Ferroelectrics and Metals under an Electric Field
Authors: Seto Takatoshi
Published: July 2004

Catalytic reactions at the solid-solid interface of ferroelectrics and an electrode of metal catalyst under an electric field were studied. For the reactions of cis-2-butene under hydrogen, the selectivity and conversion of the formation of n-butane and trans-2-butene changed under an applied electric field. We showed theoretically that with increasing electric field the aperture size at the interface was reduced, influencing the catalytic reactions. The ability to actively control the aperture size with an electric field promises novel applications of catalytic systems.
Measurement of Concentration Distribution of Etchant Using an Electrochemical Probe
Authors: Su Lianyong , Luo Jin , Wu Jintian , Lin Zhonghua , Tian Zhaowu
Published: July 2004

Concentration distribution of electrogenerated etchant bromine as close as 8 micrometer to the surface of the macrodisk is studied quantitatively with an electrochemical probe technique. The feasibility of micro-fabrication using the confined etchant layer technique is further verified.
Lithium Isotope Fractionation during Transport through Liquid Membrane with Oligomethylene-bridged Bisphenanthroline Derivatives
Authors: Ooi Kenta , Kanoh Hirofumi , Sugihara Hideki , Hiratani Kazuhisa
Published: July 2004

Lithium transport through a liquid membrane with bisphenanthroline derivatives resulted in the isotope fractionation with separation factors between 1.008 and 1.020. The lithium isotope fractionation depended on the length of the oligomethylene bridge between two phenanthroline units. The isotope separation factor was the highest for the sample bridged by heptamethylene groups.
Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of 1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-buten-1-ynes
Authors: Maruyama Yooichiroh , Yoshiuchi Keigo , Ozawa Fumiyuki , Wakatsuki Yasuo
Published: July 2004

Four kinds of regio- and stereoisomers of hydrosilylation products of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-3-buten-1-yne (1) could be independently prepared in over 93% selectivities by proper choice of catalysts and cis and trans geometries of 1.
N-Pivaloyl Methyl Esters as Novel Derivatives of Amino Acid Enantiomers for Chiral-Phase Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Abe Iwao , Nakao Yoshifumi , Nakahara Taketoshi
Published: July 2004

Amino acids were first acylated with pivaloyl chloride and then esterified with trimethylsilyldiazomethane in order to form volatile derivatives for enantiomer separation by gas chromatography using capillary column coated with chiral stationary phase. All the derivatives showed complete separation of their enantiomeric pair, especially in the case of Pro which is difficult to separate completely as in conventional N-perfluoroacyl alkyl ester derivatives.
Orange Color Electroluminescence from Bis(2-styryl-8-quinolinolato)zinc(II)
Authors: Kido Junji , Endo Jun
Published: July 2004

An orange-light-emitting zinc complex (Znsq2) having 2-styryl-8-quinolinolato ligands was synthesized and used as an emitter material in organic electroluminescent (EL) devices. The device structure of glass substrate / indium-tin oxide / tetraphenyldiamine derivative / Znsq2 / Mg:Ag was employed. The EL device exhibited orange light originating from Znsq2 with a maximum luminance of 2000 cd/m2 at 11 volt.
Enhancing and Inhibiting Effects of SO2 on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by Ethene over Copper-Loaded Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Okazaki Noriyasu , Tsuda Shinya , Igarashi Yoshifumi , Tada Akio
Published: July 2004

In both the selective catalytic reduction of NO by ethene and the similar reaction system except use NO2 instead of NO, almost the same NOx conversions to N2 were obtained over Cu/Al2O3. In the presence of SO2 in the feeds, however, the two NOx reductions gave different results; the reduction of NO2 was enhanced, while that of NO was inhibited.
Generation and Identification of Strong Acid Sites in AlMCM-41 Prepared by Gel Equilibrium Adjustment Method
Authors: Reddy K Ramesh , Araki Nobuyuki , Niwa Miki
Published: July 2004

AlMCM-41 materials with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio 46 (in gel) were prepared by varying the chain length of the template from C10-C16 in the main chain of alkyltrimethyl ammonium halide and by adjusting the gel pH to 11.00. Thus obtained H-AlMCM-41 materials possess strong acid sites which are characterized by improved ammonia TPD technique using mass detector and co-adsorbed water. An almost good agreement in number was observed between desorbed NH3 molecules and Al atoms in H-AlMCM-41.
Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Coal at Low Temperature
Authors: Akiyama Fuminori
Published: July 2004

Carbon oxide was reduced to carbon monoxide at a temperature as low as 300 °C with a mixture of coal and alkali metal carbonate which was preheated at high temperature around 600-800 °C. Reaction rate of carbon monoxide formation in this reaction at 800 °C increased by prolonged heating. These phenomena were more evident in the reaction of Cs2CO3 than in that of K2CO3, no such phenomena being observed in the reactions of BaCO3 and CaCO3.
Enhancement of CO Hydrogenation Activity of Rh/SiO2 with Low Rhodium Content
Authors: Hanaoka Toshiaki , Kim Won-Young , Kishida Masahiro , Nagata Hideo , Wakabayashi Katsuhiko
Published: July 2004

The silica-supported Rh catalyst with low Rh content prepared using microemulsion was found to exhibit a very high activity for CO hydrogenation.
Metal Ion-Complexes of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones Acting as Actual Reactive Species in Michael Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetal
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Okamoto Toshihiko , Yasui Kiyomi , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Itoh Shinobu , Otera Junzo
Published: July 2004

The Michael addition of β,β-dimethyl-substituted ketene silyl acetal [Me2C=C(OMe)OSiMe3] with α,β-unsaturated ketones occurs efficiently in the presence of magnesium perchlorate or lutetium trifluoromethanesulfonate in acetonitrile at 298 K via the 1 : 1 complexes between α,β-unsaturated ketones and the metal ion, in which the coordination of the metal ion enhances the electrophilicity of α,β-unsaturated ketones to accelerate the reaction rate.
A Geometrically Asymmetric Dinuclear Copper(II) Complex Derived from A New Unsymmetric ‘End-Off’ Compartmental Ligand
Authors: Uozumi Syunsuke , Ohba Masaaki , Okawa Hisashi , Fenton Devid E
Published: July 2004

An unsymmetrical ‘end-off’ compartmental ligand, 2-[N,N-di(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-6-{N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]iminomethyl}-4-methylphenol, forms a μ-phenoxo-μ-hydroxodicopper(II) core complex which has a geometric asymmetry being comprised of square-pyramidal Cu(II) and trigonalbipyramidal Cu(II) ions.
Procedure for Preparation of Vesicles with No Leakage from Water-in-oil Emulsion
Authors: Zhang Lingang , Liu Junfu , Lu Zuhong , Hu Jichun
Published: July 2004

Vesicle are prepared in a two-step procedure. Firstly, water in oil (W/O) emulsion are prepared by sonication. Then water droplets contact with monolayer at the phase interface due to centrifugal and transform into vesicles. Size of vesicles is 50-200 nm and the encapsulation efficiency is 60%. The main advantage of this method is that no leakage of the chemicals to be encapsulated occurs during the preparation. Therefore, vesicles can be directly prepared in an aqueous medium different from the entrapped phase and purification of vesicles is generally not needed.
Adsorption Kinetics of 5-Octyloxymethyl-8-Quinolinol at the Liquid-Liquid Interface
Authors: Shioya Takeshi , Tsukahara Satoshi , Teramae Norio
Published: July 2004

Adsorption kinetics of 5-octyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol at liquid-liquid interfaces was investigated, and the factors which are expected to affect the interfacial reaction were discussed.
Olefin-Insertion Reaction between the Carbonyls of Benzils; Formation of 1,4-Diketones by Michael Additon Catalyzed by Cyanide Ion
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Numata Atsushi , Suzuki Yumiko , Iwamoto Ken-ichi , Higashino Takeo
Published: July 2004

Benzils (1) react with Michael addition acceptors (2) in the presence of cyanide ion as a catalyst to give 1,4-diketones (3), which are products of ethylene group insertion between the carbonyls of the benzils. The 1,4-diketones (3) are produced through the formation of the O-aroylmandelonitrile anion, followed by Michael addition and rearrangement of the aroyl group with decyanation.
Generation of 1,3-Selenaza-1,3-butadienes by Thermal Cycloreversion of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted 6H-1,3,5-Oxaselenazines
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Aikawa Kei , Fujita Takuji , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji , Kabuto Chizuko
Published: July 2004

1,3-Selenaza-1,3-butadienes were generated by thermal cycloreversion of 6H-1,3,5-oxaselenazines, and were trapped with dienophiles or nucleophiles to give the corresponding [4+2] cycloadducts or 1,4-adducts, respectively.
Superconductivity of Alkali Metal Intercalated Niobate with a Layered Perovskite Structure
Authors: Fukuoka Hiroshi , Isami Toshiyuki , Yamanaka Shoji
Published: July 2004

Alkali metal intercalated compounds of a layer structured perovskite, KCa2Nb3O10, have been prepared by the reaction with n-butyllithium or alkali metal azides, AN3 (A = Li and Na). The magnetic susceptibility measurements showed that the compounds became superconductors with transition temperatures ranging from 3 - 6 K.
Redox Behavior of Active Aldehydes Derived from Thiamin Coenzyme Analogs
Authors: Nakanishi Ikuo , Itoh Shinobu , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Inoue Hiroo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: July 2004

Redox behavior of active aldehydes of thiamin coenzyme models has been investigated using 3-benzylthiazolium salts and o-tolualdehyde in the presence of a base. The use of a sterically hindered aldehyde has precluded benzoin condensation of the active aldehydes, leading to the formation of relatively stable active aldehydes. The redox potentials of the active aldehydes have been determined by cyclic voltammetry for the first time, and they are sufficiently negative to reduce C60 to the corresponding dianion (C602−).
Syntheses and Characterization of Photochromic Dendrimers Including a 1,3-Alternate Calix[4]arene as a Core and Azobenzene Moieties as Branches
Authors: Nagasaki Takeshi , Tamagaki Seizo , Ogino Kenji
Published: July 2004

The first photochromic dendrimers which involve a 1,3-alternate conformer of a calix[4]arene as a core and azobenzene skeletons as branches have been synthesized and characterized. Photochemical properties of the photochromic dendrimers are described.
Effects of the Gel Size on the Thermal Behavior of N-isopropylacrylamide Gels in Relation to the Volume Phase Transition
Authors: Kawasaki Hideya , Sasaki Shigeo , Maeda Hiroshi
Published: July 2004

Effects of the gel size on the thermal behavior and the shrinking profile of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(NIPA)gel in water were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and the volume measurement at the same heating rate. The DSC thermogram of NIPA gel of the smallest size gave double endothermic peaks and the gel underwent a discontinuous volume phase transition during DSC run. On the other hand, a single endothermic peak was observed for NIPA gel of the largest size and the gel shrank only slightly during DSC run due to the slow volume change.
Charge-Transfer Complex of a New Acceptor Cyananilate with Tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, (TMTTF)2HCNAL
Authors: Zaman Md Badruz , Morita Yasushi , Toyoda Jiro , Yamochi Hideki , Saito Gunzi , Yoneyama Naoki , Enoki Toshiaki , Nakasuji Kazuhiro
Published: July 2004

Cyananilic acid (H2CNAL) gave a charge-transfer complex with tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, (TMTTF)2HCNAL, in which the acceptor forms a hydrogen-bonded ribbon arrangement and the donor forms a columnar stacking. The ionicity of the donor is estimated as +0.5. The electrical conductivity is 0.03 Scm−1 with the activation energy of 0.05 eV. The magnetic spin susceptibility is described in terms of a one-dimensional antiferromagnet.
Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction via a Sterically Protected Episelenonium Ion Intermediate
Authors: Toshimitsu Akio , Terada Masayoshi , Tamao Kohei
Published: July 2004

Steric protection of the selenium atom in the episelenonium ion intermediate by the bulky 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (TTBP) group has been utilized in the selective formation of carbocyclic compounds from the substrate bearing a β-oxyselenide unit and a double bond in the same molecule.
Partitioning of Cations and Anions of Electrolytes in Electrostatic Ion Chromatography Using Pure Water as Mobile Phase
Authors: Umemura Tomonari , Kamiya Shinji , Kitaguchi Ryuji , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: July 2004

The elution behaviors of the mixture solution of strong electrolytes in electrostatic ion chromatography, using pure water as a mobile phase, have been investigated with a conductivity detector and ICP-AES, where a zwitterionic surfactant adsorbed on an ODS column was used as a stationary phase. The characteristic re-combinations of cations and anions as the ion-pairs were observed in the chromatograms.
Coverage Dependent Structure of Electrochemically Deposited Cu on p-GaAs(100) in H2SO4 Solution Determined by In Situ Surface X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Tamura Kazuhisa , Koinuma Michio , Oyanagi Hiroyuki , Uosaki Kohei
Published: July 2004

In situ surface X-ray absorption fine structure technique was applied to study the structures of electrochemically deposited Cu on a p-GaAs(100) electrode with various coverage. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of Cu were obtained with high S/N ratio even from submonolayer deposit. EXAFS data showed that the Cu clusters were formed on the p-GaAs(100) electrode as the deposition exceeded more than one monolayer. The structure of the submonolayer deposit was different from that of the bulk deposit. The neighboring atoms in the latter are only Cu of the fcc structure but those in the former are O and Cu of shorter bond length.
Facile Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-γ-Varelolactone via the Ring Opening Reaction of β-Trichloromethyl-β-Propiolactone with Ester Enolates
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Ishii Koichi , Fujisawa Tamotsu
Published: July 2004

The reaction of enantiomerically pure (S)-β-trichloromethyl-β-propiolactone with enolate derived from t-butyl acetate gave δ-hydroxy-β-ketoester in good yield. Subsequent syn-selective reduction of ketone and cyclization gave β-hydroxy-γ-varelolactones in good yield in enantiomerically pure form. The β-hydroxy-γ-varelolactones thus obtained are excellent precursors for the synthesis of compactin and mevinolin derivatives of potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA reductase).
Syntheses and Characterization of Chloro(Me2SO)ruthenium(II) Complexes with Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine or N,N-Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)glycinate and Their Application for Catalytic Hydroxylation of Alkane
Authors: Yamaguchi Motowo , Kousaka Hiroyuki , Yamagishi Takamichi
Published: July 2004

The new ruthenium(II) complexes, [RuCl(Me2SO)(TPA)]X (X = Cl or PF6) and [Ru(BPG)Cl(Me2SO)] were prepared, and the catalytic activity for alkane hydroxylation using m-chloroperbenzoic acid was examined.2 Two geometrical isomers of the TPA complexes were isolated and showed marked difference in activity: the trans(Cl, Namino) isomer is the most active and selective catalyst toward the oxygenation of adamantane giving 1-adamantanol (75%) and 2-adamantanol (5%).
Bending Deformation of Monolayer Polyurethane Film Induced by an Electric Field
Authors: Watanabe Masashi , Yokoyama Mikito , Ueda Tsutomu , Kasazaki Toshiaki , Hirai Mitsuhiro , Hirai Toshihiro
Published: July 2004

The bending deformation of a polyurethane film induced by an applied electric field was examined under free electrode conditions. We showed that the deformation was due to bending electrostriction.
Determination of the Optical Purity for Serine and Threonine by Gas Chromatography on a Chiral Column
Authors: Fransson Bengt , Ragnarsson Ulf
Published: July 2004

In a two-step procedure, serine and threonine were converted first to N-isobutoxycarbonyl-amino acid 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters and subsequently also to novel N,O-bis-isobutoxycarbonyl-derivatives. As such all four isomers of threonine could easily be resolved on a commercial chiral (Chirasil-d-Val) gas chromatography column at 140 °C. A significant influence of the configuration at the β-position on the retention time was thereby observed. Similarly, improved separation was demonstrated for the two enantiomers of N,O-bis-isobutoxycarbonyl-serine isobutylamide.
New Vistas in Dehydrocoupling Polymerization of Hydrosilanes: Platinum Complex-Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Cyclic and Acyclic Secondary Silanes
Authors: Chauhan Bhanu P S , Shimizu Toshimi , Tanaka Masato
Published: July 2004

Pt(cod)2 catalyzed dehydrocoupling of acyclic and cyclic secondary silanes R1R2SiH2[R1, R2 = alkyl group; R1 + R2 = (CH2)n(n = 3,4,5); R1 + R2 = o-biphenylene] to afford polysilanes while a (CH3)2Pt(cod)-catalyzed reaction of silacyclobutane (n = 3) resulted in selective ring-opening polymerization.
Unusual Conformation and Photoisomerization of Retinochrome Analogues with 11-Methylretinals
Authors: Tsujimoto Kazuo , Shirasaka Yasuhiro , Mizukami Taku , Ohashi Mamoru
Published: July 2004

Three kinds of 11-methylretinals were synthesized for elucidating effect of methyl substitution on formation of retinochrome-analogues and their properties. The stable conformation of 11-methylretinal was found as 6,10,12-tri-S-cis conformation based on NOESY measurement. The formed retinochrome-analogues with 11-Me-, 11-Me-13-deMe- and 11-Me-9,13-dideMe-retinals showed their absorption maxima at 450, 470 and 470 nm, respectively. The enzymatic photoisomerization of their retinochrome-analogues gave the 11-cis isomers in 90-91 % regioselectivity. The CD spectra of 11-methylretinochrome exhibited the intense β-band with extremely weak α-band.
Synthesis and Properties of Oligo-para-phenylene Substituted Porphyrins
Authors: Mikami Shinji , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Sakata Yoshiteru
Published: July 2004

A series of oligo-para-phenylene (OPP) substituted new porphyrins was prepared by the combinations of aryl coupling reactions and Lindsey’s pyrrole condensation reactions. Low field shifts of OPP protons in 1H-NMR spectra became larger when the protons locate closer to the center of the molecule.
On the Basicity of Ozone
Authors: Mariey Laurence , Lamotte Jean , Hoggan Philip , Lavalley Jean-Claude , Boulanine Kirill , Tsyganenko Alexei
Published: July 2004

Comparison of IR spectra of species formed from adsorption of different bases on the acidic OH groups of zeolites (HY, MFI) indicates that O3 basicity is close to that of CO. Calculations confirm such a result ; in particular they involve that the terminal oxygen atoms of ozone are the basic centers.
Monoterpenoids, Potent Inducers of Apoptosis in the Cells of Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Izumi Shunsuke , Nishio Yosuke , Takashima Osamu , Hirata Toshifumi
Published: July 2004

The cultured cells of Marchantia polymorpha suffered apoptosis when treated with monoterpenoids, e.g. bornyl acetate. When the apoptosis occurred, the cultured cells of M. polymorpha produced H2O2, which takes part in a defense reaction. The inhibitors of oxidizing agents, such as cysteine and N-acetylcysteine, had an apparent effect on monoterpenoid-induced apoptosis. These results showed that monoterpenoid-induced apoptosis occurs via the production of active oxygen species, e.g. H2O2.
Hydration of Olefins in Excess Water Catalyzed by an Insoluble Cesium Hydrogen Salt of Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid
Authors: Okuhara Toshio , Kimura Mutsuko , Nakato Teruyuki
Published: July 2004

A solid acid, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, efficiently catalyzed hydration of 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene in excess water at 343 K, while typical oxide-based catalysts such as Nb2O5, SiO2-Al2O3, TiO2-SiO2, and SO42−/ZrO2 were almost inactive. The activity (per unit weight) of Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was found to be higher than those of liquid acids like H3PW12O40 and H2SO4, and of a commercial solid acid, H-ZSM-5, for hydration of cyclohexene.
Photocycloaddition of Chloromethyl Alkenyl Ketones with Olefins in the Presence of Silver Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Sawayanagi Yukihiro , Sato the late Tadashi , Shimizu Isao
Published: July 2004

The photoreaction of chloromethyl alkenyl ketones with olefins in the presence of AgOTf proceeded to give five or six membered cyclic compounds.
Study of cis/trans and endo/exo Diastereoselectivity in the [4+3]-Cycloaddition Reaction of 2-Functionalized Furans and Dimethyloxyallyl Cation: Preparation of Versatile Cycloheptane Synthons
Authors: Montaña Angel M , Ribes Sandra , Grima Pedro M , García Francisca
Published: July 2004

A study on the influence of steric and electronic effects of a function attached at C-2 of furans in the yield and diastereoselectivity of [4+3] cycloaddition reactions with oxyallyl cations is presented. In almost all studied furans a cis diastereospecificity and a high endo diastereoselectivity is observed. Increasing bulkyness of the function attached at C-2 of furans, increases the endo diastereoselectivity, but decreases yield. Increasing the electronic density of the furan system, by an electron donating group attached at C-2, increases yield and diastereoselectivity.
Surface Modified Poly(methyl methacrylate) Microspheres with the O-Methacryloyl-l-serine Moiety
Authors: Shiraishi Kohei , Ohnishi Tunehisa , Sugiyama Kazuo , Okada Kiyotaka , Matsuo Osamu
Published: July 2004

The poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres [poly(SerMA-co-MMA)], modified their surface with novel zwitterionic O-methacryloyl-l-serine (SerMA) were prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of SerMA and MMA. Poly(SerMA-co-MMA) suppressed the adsorption of serum protein and the activation of platelet.
Effect of the Chain Length in Water Soluble Viologen Linked Zinc Porphyrins on Hydrogen Evolved Activity with Hydrogenase
Authors: Amao Yutaka , Yamane Keisuke , Okura Ichiro
Published: July 2004

Kinetic properties of hydrogen evolution with hydrogenase using water soluble viologen linked zinc porphyrins (ZnP(CnV)4; n = 3-5) as substrate were studied. Among ZnP(CnV)4, ZnP(C5V)4 has high affinity for hydrogenase compared with the other compounds.
Formation of C60 Radical Cation in Iron(III)-Exchanged Zeolite Y
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Urano Tsutomu , Tanaka Keiko
Published: July 2004

When C60 is introduced into the Fe3+-exchanged zeolite Y sample, an intense ESR signal at g = 2.0027 is observed. The ESR signal is due to the formation of C60 radical cation (C60•+), since the signal intensity increases with an increase in the amount of Fe3+ loaded in the zeolite. Addition of perylene into the C60•+-zeolite system results in electron transfer from perylene to C60•+ to produce perylene radical cation accompanied by the disappearance of C60•+.
Effects of Co Ion Dispersion upon Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO on CoO/Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Hamada Hideaki , Haneda Masaaki , Kakuta Noriyoshi , Miura Hiroshi , Inami Kazuhiro , Nanba Tetsuya , Hua Wei Qi , Ueno Akifumi , Ohfune Hitoshi , Udagawa Yasuo
Published: July 2004

In alumina-supported cobalt oxide catalyst prepared by sol-gel method, cobalt ions were highly dispersed so as to react with alumina at 773 K to form cobalt aluminate, which enhanced the activity for SCR-NO reaction by propene. While in the catalyst by impregnation cobalt aluminate was not formed at 773 K, which resulted in the poor activity for SCR-NO reaction.
Selective Suppression of Undesirable Competitive Oxidation during Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide by Ethene in Excess Oxygen over Metal-Loaded Aluminas
Authors: Okazaki Noriyasu , Katoh Yoshiki , Shiina Yoshikazu , Tada Akio , Iwamoto Masakazu
Published: July 2004

Calcining cobalt or nickel-loaded alumina at high temperatures suppressed selectively the undesirable oxidation of ethene by oxygen in the selective reduction of nitrogen monoxide by ethene in excess oxygen, while such an effect was not observed over iron-loaded alumina. The reasons were also explained on the basis of the results of XPS studies.
Abiotic Synthesis of Uracil from Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen and Water by Proton Irradiation
Authors: Kobayashi Kensei , Tsuji Toru
Published: July 2004

A mixture of 13C-carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and water was irradiated with high energy protons. 13C-Labelled uracil was identified in the product by GC/MS, resulting in confirmed abiotic formation of uracil, one of the RNA bases.
Titanocene Induced Deoxygenation of Di-epoxides - A Convenient Regioselective Preparation of 1,3-Diols
Authors: Yadav J S , Srinivas Dale
Published: July 2004

Titanocene induced regioselective opening of 2,4-di-epoxy alcohols to 1-ene-3,5-diols is described. Diepoxy alcohols were treated with 3 eq. of Cp2TiCl in dry THF to obtain 1-ene-3,5 diols with conservation of stereochemistry at C-3 and C-5 was observed.
Photoluminescence and Molecular Structure of Tetrakis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato)europate(III)
Authors: Kobayashi Takeshi , Naruke Haruo , Yamase Toshihiro
Published: July 2004

Photoexcitation of the sulfur(S)-to-europium(Eu) charge-transfer bands in Na[Eu(S2CNMe2)4]·3.5H2O at the low temperature (< 100 K) leads to the 5D0→7FJ (J = 0–4) luminescence of Eu3+ as a result of the energy transfer to the 5D0 state. The luminescence and excitation spectra reveal the dithiocarbamato-ligand phonon-assisted electronic transition involved in the small energy gap (∼1800 cm−1) between the 5D1 and 5D0 levels. The luminescence lifetime (0.11 ± 0.01 ms at 4.2 K) decreases with increasing temperature, probably due to the thermal crossover relaxation from 5D0 to the S→Eu charge transfer states.
Corrosion Resistance and Antibacterial Activity Performances of Ni-TiO2 Composite Coatings
Authors: Zhi-hong Zhao , Sakagami Yoshikazu , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: July 2004

The novel properties for the corrosion resistance in a 5% NaCl salt-spray-test and the inhibitory capability of Ni-TiO2 composite coating for the growth of pathogenic bacteria (E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa), under fluorescent irradiation and using a “drop-method” antibacterial experiment was set forth in this paper. The antibacterial activity of Ni-TiO2 composite coating became more significant by increasing the TiO2 contents in the composite coatings.
Preparation of a New Nanostructured TiO2 Surface Using a Two-Dimensional Array-Based Template
Authors: Matsushita Sachiko , Miwa Tetsuya , Fujishima Akira
Published: July 2004

Nanoporous, nanostructured semiconducting films of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) were fabricated by molding from two-dimensionally ordered arrays. We were able to control the structures of the periodic surfaces by varying the annealing temperature of the films.
Electrochemical Study of Biological Functions of Particular Evolutionary Conserved Amino Acid Residues Using Mutated Molecules of Maize Ferredoxin
Authors: Taniguchi Isao , Miyahara Akiko , Iwakiri Ken-ichiro , Hirakawa Yoshihiro , Hayashi Kuniaki , Nishiyama Katsuhiko , Akashi Tetsuyuki , Hase Toshiharu
Published: July 2004

Electrochemical study of mutated maize ferredoxin molecules clearly demonstrated, for the first time, that particular evolutionary conserved amino acid residues have distinguished roles in biological functions such as controlling the redox potential and the complex formation with an enzyme.
Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+-Doped Al2O3-GeO2 Gel
Authors: Kojima Kazuo , Fukuda Tetsuya , Yamazaki Masaaki
Published: July 2004

Effects of Al2O3 codoping on spectroscopic properties such as upconversion fluorescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) were investigated in GeO2 based gels containing Er3+. Clustering of Er3+ ions in the gel was briefly discussed.
Direct Observation of Water Layers on Mica Surface in Water by Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Su Ming , Bai Chunli , Liu Maozi , Wang Chen
Published: July 2004

Water film on mica surface immersed in water is directly detected and imaged by atomic force microscope. The depressions and islands indicate the existence of water layer, which preserve some solid characters of mica lattice. The observation is attributed to the inhomogeneity and disruption of water layers adjacent to mica.
Minutes of the Executive Committee Meetings
Authors: Siegfried John J
Published: July 2004

Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee in Boston, MA, April 25, 2003
Avulsed posterior edge of the tibia
Authors: Bartoníček J.
Published: July 2004

The term Volkmann’s triangle for the avulsed posterior edge of the tibia in fracture-dislocations of the ankle is incorrect. Volkmann did not publish any articles relating to the posterior edge of the tibia. Credit should go to Henry Earle, who was an outstanding British surgeon of the first half of 19th century. He described avulsion of the posterior edge of the tibia in 1828. In 1823 he also published a monograph entitled Practical observations in surgery in which he described a specially designed bed for the conservative treatment of proximal fractures of the femur.
MRI and plain radiography in the assessment of displaced fractures of the waist of the carpal scaphoid
Authors: Bhat M. , McCarthy M. , Davis T. R. C. , Oni J. A. , Dawson S.
Published: July 2004

We treated 50 patients with fractures of the waist of the scaphoid in a below-elbow plaster cast for up to 13 weeks. Displacement of the fragments was assessed independently by two observers using MRI and radiographs performed within two weeks of injury.

The MRI assessments showed that only the measurement of sagittal translation of the fragments and an overall assessment of displacement had satisfactory inter- and intra-observer reproducibility and revealed that nine of the 50 fractures were displaced. Only three of the 49 fractures with adequate follow-up failed to unite, and all were displaced with more than 1 mm of translation in the sagittal plane. If the MRI assessment of displacement of the fracture was used as the measurement of choice, assessment of displacement on the initial scaphoid series of radiographs showed a sensitivity of between 33% and 47% and a positive predictive value of between 27% and 86%. Neither observer was able correctly to identify more than 33% to 47% of the displaced fractures from the plain radiographs. Although the overall assessment of displacement and gapping and translation in the coronal plane on the plain radiographs influenced the rate of union, none of these parameters identified all three fractures which failed to unite.

We conclude that the assessment of displacement of scaphoid fractures on MRI can probably be used to assess the likelihood of union although the small number of nonunions limits the power of the study. In contrast, the assessment of displacement on routine radiography is inaccurate and of less value in predicting union.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in skeletally immature patients
Authors: Guzzanti V. , Falciglia F. , Stanitski C. L.
Published: July 2004

Fixation by a single screw is considered the current treatment of choice for a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. This approach promotes premature physeal closure. The use of a modified, standard, single, cannulated screw designed to maintain epiphyseal fixation without causing premature closure of the physis was reviewed in ten patients. The nine boys and one girl aged between 10.6 and 12.6 years with unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), were markedly skeletally immature (Tanner stage I, bone age 10 to 12.6 years).

Clinical and radiological review at a mean follow-up of 44.3 months (36 to 76) showed no difference in the time to physeal closure between the involved and uninvolved side. Measurement of epiphyseal and physeal development showed continued growth and remodelling in all patients.

Use of this device provided epiphyseal stability and maintained the capacity for physeal recovery and growth following treatment for both unstable and stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
Closed argon-based cryoablation of bone tumours
Authors: Bickels J. , Kollender Y. , Merimsky O. , Isaakov J. , Petyan-Brand R. , Meller I.
Published: July 2004

We report our experience with a new technique for cryosurgical ablation of bone tumours which allows accurate determination of the temperature and freezing time within a cavity of any geometrical shape.

Between 1997 and 2000, 58 patients diagnosed with 13 malignant and 45 aggressive benign bone tumours underwent argon-based cryoablation. This technique includes removal of the tumour by curettage and filling the cavity with a gel medium into which metal probes are inserted. Argon gas is delivered through the metal probes and both time and temperature are computer-controlled. After formal reconstruction, all patients were followed for more than two years. None had skin necrosis, infection, neurapraxia or thromboembolic complication. Fractures occurred in two patients (3.4%) and the tumour recurred in two patients (3.4%).
Pelvic remodelling after the Chiari osteotomy
Authors: Macnicol M. F. , Lo H. K. , Yong K. F.
Published: July 2004

Survivorship analysis of 215 medial displacement pelvic osteotomies undertaken for symptomatic, incongruent dysplasia of the hip since 1966 showed that four of every five hips had not required conversion to a total hip arthroplasty.

The radiological characteristics of 86 osteotomies were evaluated at a mean of 18 years (5 to 30) after surgery which was performed at the age of 15.9 ± 9.5 years. Revision was significantly (p < 0.05) more likely in those patients operated on after the age of 25 years. The centre-edge (CE) angle increased from 2.5 ± 13.9° before to 41.8 ± 15.0° immediately after operation. The increase in CE angle was maintained at later review (38.5 ± 16.5°). Even with severe dysplasia with a CE angle less than zero a substantial improvement in the cover of the femoral head was achieved, usually by medial shift of the lower pelvic fragment. However, the head was not invariably medialised by the osteotomy and lateral movement of the ilium was noted when the position of the joint was relatively medial before operation or when the hip was arthritic. In the longer term pelvic remodelling did not reverse the medialisation produced by the osteotomy, and the cover of the femoral head was maintained.
The posteromedial corner revisited
Authors: Robinson J. R. , Sanchez-Ballester J. , Bull A. M. J. , Thomas R. de W. M. , Amis A. A.
Published: July 2004

We have reviewed the literature on the anatomy of the posteromedial peripheral ligamentous structures of the knee and found differing descriptions. Our aim was to clarify the differing descriptions with a simplified interpretation of the anatomy and its contribution to the stability of the knee.

We dissected 20 fresh-frozen cadaver knees and the anatomy was recorded using video and still digital photography. The anatomy was described by dividing the medial collateral ligament (MCL) complex into thirds, from anterior to posterior and into superficial and deep layers. The main passive restraining structures of the posteromedial aspect of the knee were found to be superficial MCL (parallel, longitudinal fibres), the deep MCL and the posteromedial capsule (PMC). In the posterior third, the superficial and deep layers blend. Although there are oblique fibres (capsular condensations) running posterodistally from femur to tibia, no discrete ligament was seen. In extension, the PMC appears to be an important functional unit in restraining tibial internal rotation and valgus.

Our aim was to clarify and possibly simplify the anatomy of the posteromedial structures. The information would serve as the basis for future biomechanical studies to investigate the contribution of the posteromedial structures to joint stability.
Infection after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Blom A. W. , Brown J. , Taylor A. H. , Pattison G. , Whitehouse S. , Bannister G. C.
Published: July 2004

The aim of our study was to determine the current incidence and outcome of infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in our unit comparing them with our earlier audit in 1986, which had revealed infection rates of 4.4% after 471 primary TKAs and 15% after 23 revision TKAs at a mean follow-up of 2.8 years. In the interim we introduced stringent antibiotic prophylaxis, and the routine use of occlusive clothing within vertical laminar flow theatres and 0.05% chlorhexidine lavage during arthroplasty surgery.

We followed up 931 primary TKAs and 69 revision TKAs for a mean of 6.5 years (5 to 8). Patients were traced by postal questionnaire, telephone interview or examination of case notes of the deceased.

Nine (1%) of the patients who underwent primary TKA, and four (5.8%) of those who underwent revision TKA developed deep infection. Two of nine patients (22.2%) who developed infection after primary TKA were successfully treated without further surgery. All four of the patients who had infection after revision TKA had a poor outcome with one amputation, one chronic discharging sinus and two arthrodeses.

Patients who underwent an arthrodesis had comparable Oxford knee scores to those who underwent a two-stage revision. Although infection rates have declined with the introduction of prophylactic measures, and more patients are undergoing TKA, the outcome of infected TKA has improved very little.
A ‘minimum dose’ of lipopolysaccharide required for implantation failure: assessment of its effect on the maternal reproductive organs and interleukin-1α expression in the mouse
Authors: Deb Kaushik , Chaturvedi Madan M , Jaiswal Yogesh K
Published: July 2004

Genital tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria induce abortion and are one of the most common complications of human pregnancy. This study was carried out to decipher the mechanism of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pregnancy loss, using a mouse (Park strain) model. Since many of the biological effects of LPS are mediated by interleukin (IL)-1α, the role of IL-1α in LPS-induced pregnancy loss was studied. Pregnant female animals were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with different doses (1 to 50 μg) of LPS fromSalmonella minnesotaRe-595, on day 0.5 of pregnancy. We found that 250 μg/kg body weight (i.e. 5 μg/female mouse) of LPS when given on day 0.5 of pregnancy was the ‘minimum dose’ (MD) required to completely inhibit the implantation of the blastocyst in the mouse. The effect of this dose on the pathophysiology of the various reproductive organs (i.e. uterus, ectoplacental cones, developing fetus, ovaries etc.) was assessed on day 14 of pregnancy. The effects of this dose on the level and pattern of expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1α in the maternal uterine horns and preimplantation stage embryos were studied by RT-PCR. A single dose (100 ng/mouse) of recombinant mouse IL-1α was given i.p. to pregnant females on day 1 of pregnancy to study its effect on implantation. Our results show that treatment of the pregnant animals with LPS may alter cell proliferation and induce leukocyte infiltration, degeneration of luminal glandular epithelium, and hyperplasia in the various reproductive organs, and may also alter both embryonic and uterine IL-1α expression. IL-1α administration also caused implantation failure similar to that of LPS. The observations suggest that the determined MD of LPS may alter the expression of developmentally important proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, which could, in turn, inhibit the normal processes of blastocyst implantation. Therefore, it is proposed that the LPS-induced histopathological alterations in the various reproductive organs of pregnant animals could be mediated by IL-1α and this may be one of the causes of failure of blastocyst implantation in the mouse.
Differential hormonal regulation of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ and androgen receptor expression in rat efferent ductules
Authors: Oliveira Cleida A , Mahecha Germán A B , Carnes Kay , Prins Gail S , Saunders Philippa T K , França Luiz R , Hess Rex A
Published: July 2004

Estrogen receptors, in addition to the androgen receptor (AR), are expressed at high levels in efferent ductules of the male reproductive tract and it is now well recognized that estrogen receptor (ER) α is required for the maintenance of normal structure and function of the ductules. However, little is known regarding the hormonal regulation of the receptors themselves in the male. In the present study, efferent ductule ligation and castration, followed by replacement with testosterone, dihydro-testosterone (DHT) or estradiol was used to investigate the relative importance of circulating and luminal sources of steroid for the modulation of ERα, ERβ and AR in rat efferent ductules. Uni- or bilateral castration and ligation did not affect the expression of ERα and ERβ, but bilateral castration caused down-regulation of AR. Replacement with DHT and testosterone alone or in combination with estradiol caused the recovery of AR expression to control levels. A slight recovery of AR was also observed after estrogen replacement. ERα expression was decreased to nearly undetectable levels after estrogen replacement. On the other hand, ERβ did not show evident effects following any of the treatments, suggesting a constitutive expression of this receptor. This differential modulation of the steroid hormone receptors highlights the importance of maintaining a physiological androgen-estrogen balance to regulate the structure and function of efferent ductules in the male.
Actions of thermal stress in two-cell bovine embryos: oxygen metabolism, glutathione and ATP content, and the time-course of development
Authors: Rivera Rocío Melissa , Dahlgren Gabriella M , de Castro e Paula Luiz Augusto , Kennedy Robert T , Hansen Peter J
Published: July 2004

The mechanism by which heat shock disrupts development of the two-cell bovine embryo was examined. The reduction in the proportion of embryos that became blastocysts caused by heat shock was not exacerbated when embryos were cultured in air (20.95% O2) as compared with 5% O2. In addition, heat shock did not reduce embryonic content of glutathione, cause a significant alteration in oxygen consumption, or change embryonic ATP content. When embryos were heat-shocked at the two-cell stage and allowed to continue development until 72 h post insemination, heat-shocked embryos had fewer total nuclei and a higher percentage of them were condensed. Moreover, embryos became blocked in development at the eight-cell stage. The lack of effect of the oxygen environment on the survival of embryos exposed to heat shock, as well as the unchanged content of glutathione, suggest that free radical production is not a major cause for the inhibition in development caused by heat shock at the two-cell stage. In addition, heat shock appears to have no immediate effect on oxidative phosphorylation since no differences in ATP content were observed. Finally, the finding that heat shock causes a block to development at the eight-cell stage implies that previously reported mitochondrial damage caused by heat shock or other heat shock-induced alterations in cellular physiology render the embryo unable to proceed past the eight-cell stage.