bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uveal Melanoma in a Child: A Case Report
Authors: Zheng Shuang , Liu Lian‐di , Wang Dawei , Lin Li , Chen Ran , Xiao Bin
Published: February 2025

Uveal melanoma is a rare and highly malignant tumor. Its occurrence in children is rare and challenging to differentiate from retinoblastoma. The present work reports on the unusual case of a 4‐year‐old male patient who presented a mass in the right eye unresponsive to 18 days of ophthalmic artery chemotherapy. Enucleation revealed a solid black mass with high melanin content. The pathological diagnosis indicated uveal melanoma in the right eyeball, infiltrating the cornea and sclera. Whole‐exome sequencing found no pathogenic gene variants. Further exploration of pathogenesis and molecular genetics is needed.
Comparison of Shear Wave Elastography Measurements in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Kula Sezer , Haliloglu Nuray
Published: February 2025

To evaluate renal parenchymal stiffness using 2D shear wave elastography (SWE) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to investigate the correlation between SWE results and demographic as well as laboratory findings. We evaluated 41 CKD patients and 40 controls who underwent abdominal ultrasound (US) between December 2020 and November 2022. SWE measurements were performed by a single radiologist, assessing renal stiffness in the lower pole, middle section, and upper pole of each kidney. The mean stiffness values were calculated from at least six measurements per kidney. Laboratory data, including glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum urea, and creatinine levels, were obtained. Mann–Whitney U and Spearman correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. CKD patients (mean age: 66 years) showed significantly higher cortical stiffness compared with controls (15.6 kPa vs. 5.5 kPa, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between stiffness and serum urea/creatinine levels, while an inverse correlation was observed with GFR (p < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between kidney size and SWE (r = −0.215, p = 0.054), while parenchymal thickness showed a stronger and statistically significant inverse relationship with SWE (r = −0.301, p = 0.006). No significant correlation was found with age or gender (p > 0.05). SWE is a reliable, noninvasive method for assessing renal fibrosis in CKD. With standardization, it could become a valuable tool in routine CKD evaluation.
Comparative Evaluation of the PowerChek Respiratory Virus Panel RT‐PCR Assay Detecting 16 Respiratory Viruses Including SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Kim Jinyeong , Han Eunhee , Kim Jieun , Kim Young Jin , Bae Mi Hyun
Published: February 2025

The endemic transition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has made diagnosis of acute respiratory infections complex. There is a demand for tests that can detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) with other respiratory viruses. The PowerChek Respiratory Virus Panel (PowerChek, Kogenebiotech) is a newly developed real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay that simultaneously detects SARS‐CoV‐2 and 15 other respiratory viruses; however, its performance requires assessment. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the PowerChek assay with that of established RT‐PCR assays. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from patients with acute respiratory symptoms. Specimens were tested using the Allplex Respiratory Virus panel, Allplex SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR assays (Allplex, Seegene), and PowerChek assay. In total, 407 specimens were tested. The PowerChek assay detected all positive cases identified by the Allplex assays and 11 additional detection targets in 10 specimens. The overall agreement between the two assays was 97.5% (397/407). The PowerChek Respiratory Virus Panel assay demonstrated a reliable performance comparable to that of established RT‐PCR assays. This assay could be clinically useful because the simultaneous detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and other respiratory viruses and pre‐dispensed RT‐PCR reagents can simplify testing and diagnosis.
Xmas‐NT: A Novel Two‐Color Fluorescence Micro Neutralization Test for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Monkeypox Virus
Authors: Bodenstein Clemens , Bourquain Daniel , Nitsche Andreas , Grossegesse Marica
Published: February 2025

Since the global outbreak of Mpox in 2022, interest in seroepidemiological and vaccine studies has grown rapidly. One aspect of interest in these studies is the detection of neutralizing antibodies to the causative agent, monkeypox virus (MPXV). Determination of neutralizing antibodies using a (micro)‐neutralization test (NT) is the gold standard method, which is time consuming and labor intensive. Here, we present the comparison of different methods to facilitate MPXV NT analysis resulting in the establishment of an optimized MPXV NT protocol. The optimized protocol is based on a recombinant eGFP‐expressing MPXV and a recombinant mCherry‐expressing VeroE6 cell line. Using the so‐called Xmas‐NT, the incubation time can be reduced by 60%. In addition, compared to the conventional NT, the documentation time of the Xmas‐NT is significantly reduced by 80%, making it suitable for serological high throughput screening studies.
Spatially explicit estimates of elk population demographics in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Braunstein Jessica L. , Clark Joseph D. , Augustine Ben C. , Hickman Caleb R. , McVey Justin , Yarkovich Joseph
Published: February 2025

In an effort to restore extirpated elk to their historical range, 52 elk were reintroduced to Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) in North Carolina, USA, during 2001 and 2002. Since their reintroduction, elk numbers have increased, and elk have extended their range beyond GRSM boundaries. We used spatially explicit capture‐recapture (SCR) methods based on fecal DNA to identify individual elk and estimate population abundance (N), apparent survival (φ), per capita recruitment (f), and population growth rate (λ) in western North Carolina. We walked a series of transects during 3 winter field seasons (2020–2022) and collected elk pellets encountered along those transects. We created spatially explicit capture histories and incorporated those data into both closed and open population SCR models. The top performing closed SCR models for males and females estimated density by year and as a function of the scaled distance to the nearest field, with densities decreasing as the distance increased. Combined male and female N were 179 elk (95% CI = 149–215) in 2020, 220 elk (95% CI = 188–256) in 2021, and 240 elk (95% CI = 207–279) in 2022. The top open population model estimated both φ and λ as functions of sex and year. The estimate of φ for males was 0.682 (95% CI = 0.317–0.908) during 2020–2021 and 0.339 (95% CI = 0.152–0.596) during 2021–2022 and for females was 0.953 (95% CI = 0.830–1.000) during 2020–2021 and 0.829 (95% CI = 0.601–1.000) during 2021–2022. The annual population growth rate (λ) for males was 1.127 (95% CI = 0.806–1.575) during 2020–2021 and 0.811 (95% CI = 0.566–1.163) during 2021–2022 and for females was 1.559 (95% CI = 1.162–2.091) during 2020–2021 and 1.122 (95% CI = 0.876–1.437) during 2021–2022. Our elk abundance estimates in areas >300 m from fields were negligible, and we suggest that sampling only the areas in and adjacent to fields in the future will result in reliable but more cost‐efficient population estimates. Confidence intervals for vital rate parameters were wide for our 3‐year dataset, but continued annual pellet sampling will increase sample sizes for vital rate estimation and thus improve precision. If elk herd expansion on public lands is desired, we suggest habitat modification to establish open grasslands adjacent to forests.
Management of first‐time patellar dislocation: The ESSKA 2024 formal consensus—Part 1
Authors: Blønd Lars , Askenberger Marie , Stephen Joanna , Akmeşe Ramazan , Balcarek Peter , El Attal Rene , Chouliaras Vasileios , Ferrua Paolo , Monart Joan Minguell , Pagenstert Geert , Sillanpää Petri , Da Silva Manuel Vieira , Walawski Jacek , Beaufils Philippe , Dirisamer Florian
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To provide recommendations for the treatment of patients with first‐time patellar dislocation (FTPD). Part I focused on clinical presentation, symptoms, diagnosis, evaluation and imaging.

Methods

Fifty‐four orthopaedic surgeons and one physiotherapist from 20 countries across Europe were involved in the consensus, which was the FTPD. The consensus was performed according to the European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy consensus methodology. The steering group designed the questions and prepared the statements based on the experience of the experts and the evidence in the literature. The statements were evaluated by the ratings of the peer‐review groups before a final consensus was released.

Results

The consensus consists of 32 questions and statements, 13 of which will be reviewed in Part 1 of the review. There is an inverse correlation between the intensity of trauma leading to FTPD and the underlying pathoanatomic risk factors, meaning that low trauma intensity usually indicates more severe underlying abnormalities. In addition to the clinical investigation, patient age, family history, bilateral symptoms of instability and injury mechanism should be evaluated. However, reliance can be placed not only on clinical examination but also on magnetic resonance imaging scans as soon as possible, which are considered mandatory for evaluating predisposing factors such as trochlear dysplasia and patella alta and for detecting osteochondral lesions, with the exception of asymptomatic patients. Importantly, it must be recognized that in addition to recurrent instability, which affects approximately 25% of patients, a variety of symptoms are experienced by 50% of patients, such as pain, swelling, giving way, functional and psychological limitations, and a reduction in sports participation, all of which reduce their quality of life. The complications after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with FTPD have not yet been established; however, we know from cohorts of heterogeneous patients that the most common complications are patellofemoral pain, a reduced range of motion and patellar fracture. In total, there were 13 statements that were all accepted and achieved, 6 with strong agreements and 7 with relative agreements. The general median agreement was 8 (range 7–9). None were graded A, two were graded B, seven were graded C and 4 were graded D.

Conclusion

In relation to the management of patients with first‐time patellar luxation, we have worked with 13 questions and based on these we have achieved consensus on 13 statements.

Level of Evidence

Level I, consensus.
The recovery trajectory of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in randomised controlled trials: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of operative and nonoperative treatments
Authors: Ridha Ali , Raj Siddarth , Searle Henry , Ahmed Imran , Smith Nicholas , Metcalfe Andrew , Khatri Chetan
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this research was to understand the trajectory of recovery following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction compared to nonoperative treatments.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis approach was used to evaluate randomised controlled trials (RCTs). A comprehensive search was conducted on databases including Medline, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up until 18 May 2023. The study focused on full‐text RCTs involving patients with partial or complete ACL tears. Included were studies focusing on patients undergoing ACL reconstruction or nonoperative care. The primary outcome was characterising the effects of treatments and tracking changes in International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC) outcomes over time. The secondary outcome was characterising and tracking the changes of the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score subscales, ACL‐quality‐of‐life questionnaire, Lysholm, Tegner and CKRS scores.

Results

A total of 84 RCTs were included. The pooled standardised mean changes for the IKDC compared with baseline were: 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3–3.6) at 3 months, 2.2 (95% CI: 0.9–3.6) at 6 months, 2.2 (95% CI: 0.8–3.6) at 12 months and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3–3.4) at 24 months. Graphs illustrating IKDC scores over time further emphasise these findings, showing a sustained improvement over time to 12 months, with a plateauing of scores past this time point. Our secondary outcome patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) also showed a similar pattern with scores plateauing at the 12‐months mark.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the IKDC score and other PROMs are effective for tracking recovery up to 12 months. Other PROMs show pain and daily activities generally recover within 6 months, and quality of life improves up to 12 months, but PROMs show minimal improvement beyond this period. This inconsistency with a return sport period indicates that PROMs may lack the sensitivity required to assess this aspect of recovery accurately.

Level of Evidence

Level I.
Knee muscle strength and movement biomechanics in individuals with and without knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bandak Elisabeth , Stenroth Lauri , Bosch Will , Krommes Kasper , Berg Johannes Iuel , Aagaard Henrik , Haugegaard Micael , Hölmich Per , Bliddal Henning , Henriksen Marius , Alkjær Tine
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Anterior cruciate ligament injury increases the risk of knee osteoarthritis, possibly via early onset of knee pain and changes in musculoskeletal function. This study compared knee muscle strength and movement biomechanics during walking and forward lunge between individuals with and without knee pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study including participants at least 3 years post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, aged 18–40 at the time of surgery, and body mass index ≤30. Symptomatic participants were defined by a knee pain score (reconstructed knee) of ≥3 on a 0–10 scale during activities of daily living in the past week. Asymptomatic participants were defined by a pain score of 0. Maximal isometric quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength (Nm/kg) and 3D walking, and forward lunge movement biomechanics were measured.

Results

A total of 122 participants (30% females) were included: 33 symptomatic and 89 asymptomatic (average age: 33.7, range 23.7–51.3 years). The average post‐surgery time was 6 (range 3–10) years. The symptomatic group exhibited lower isometric quadriceps and hamstring strength with mean group differences (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.33 (0.10 to 0.56) Nm/kg and 0.19 (0.07 to 0.31) Nm/kg, respectively. There were no important group differences in the walking and forward lunge movement biomechanics.

Conclusions

Symptomatic individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction demonstrated weaker knee muscles compared to their asymptomatic counterparts. The comparable walking and forward lunge biomechanics suggest that knee pain has no substantial impact on movement biomechanics up to 10 years post‐surgery.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Extraction of Desertification Information and Spatiotemporal Change in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau Based on Optimal Feature Space Combination
Authors: Zhi Ying , Liu Shulin , Wang Tao , Duan Hanchen , Kang Wenping
Published: February 2025

Desertification seriously threatens the ecosystem security of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and the sustainable development of human society. The regional warming and humidification of the climate caused by global warming have brought uncertainty to the desertification development trend of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, it is crucial to pay close attention to the status and trends of desertification. In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indexes, albedo and topsoil grain size index (TGSI) data for the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau were collected by Google Earth Engine (GEE) from 2000 to 2020, established an optimal monitoring model for desertification on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau using the feature space, and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution patterns. The results show that the albedo‐modified soil‐adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) model is the most suitable for desertification monitoring in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau region, with an overall accuracy of 88.07%. Generally, desertification on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau shows an overall improving trend from 2000 to 2020, with the proportion of non‐desertification areas rising from 61% in 2000 to 70% in 2020. The desertification situation in most parts of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau shows a worsening rebound from 2010 to 2015, and then improves. There are constant transitions between adjacent levels of desertification land, with more active low desertification land and more stable bare desert. This study provides a simple, feasible, and highly accurate desertification monitoring method for the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau region, and provides important data support for the driving mechanism and control measures of desertification.
Contrasting Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Between Arid and Alpine Grasslands When Converted From Shrublands
Authors: Peng Zhen , Cao Jingjuan , Degen A. Allan , Huang Mei , Qi Tianyun , Luo Binyu , Liu Peipei , Shang Zhanhuan
Published: February 2025

The conversion of shrubland to grassland alters primarily the vegetation, but the impact of this conversion on the carbon budget and carbon management in arid and alpine regions remains poorly understood. To fill this research gap, we compared the effects of shrubland‐to‐grassland conversion, which has been ongoing for at least a decade, on soil organic carbon (SOC) between arid and alpine regions, and examined the mechanisms involved. Shrubland converted to grassland led to a 470% increase in SOC in arid regions; whereas, it led to a 41.4% decrease in SOC in alpine regions. In the conversion to grassland in arid regions, there was a shift in plant species from low‐ to high‐carbon plants, which enhanced carbon input into the soil and facilitated faster decomposition, resulting in an increase in SOC. However, in the conversion to grassland in alpine regions, an opposite trend occurred, resulting in a decrease in SOC. The increase in SOC in arid regions occurred in the late conversion stage; whereas, the decrease in SOC in alpine regions occurred in the early conversion stage. The soil nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P) and the heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) were identified as the most important drivers of SOC in arid and alpine regions, respectively, while ecological stoichiometry was the key factor in SOC dynamics. This study provides important insights in SOC dynamics in the conversion of shrubland to grassland. The conversion of shrublands shoud take into account climatic factors, particularly in alpine regions, where shrub removal should be minimized to reduce carbon loss.
Mechanisms and Suppression of Quantum Dot Blinking
Authors: Yang Changgang , Zhang Guofeng , Li Jialu , Chen Ruiyun , Qin Chengbing , Hu Jianyong , Yang Zhichun , Xiao Liantuan , Jia Suotang
Published: February 2025

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have been awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their unique optoelectronic properties and great potential for applications. QD photoluminescence (PL) blinking research has made a significant contribution to the development of high quality QD materials and related applications. Almost all colloidal QDs are subject to PL blinking, a phenomenon in which the PL intensity of single QD randomly switches between different emission states. The blinking behavior disrupts the PL emission of QDs and hinders related QD‐based applications. Studies of QD blinking provide insight into the blinking mechanisms and contribute to the development of methods to suppress blinking. This review summarizes the significant advances in the understanding of PL blinking mechanisms and the development of suppression strategies since the first observation of PL blinking in single QDs. Specifically, it covers the Auger‐blinking mechanism, the band‐edge carrier blinking mechanism, the conversion of blinking types and their origins, the size dependence of blinking behavior, and various advanced blinking suppression strategies. Looking ahead, the integration of the advanced suppression strategies into various QD applications to unlock the full potential of colloidal QDs will be a key focus of future research.
Performance Testing, Corrosion Behavior, and Corrosion Product Analysis of Cast Magnesium and Its Alloys
Authors: Song Yuwei , Guo Chuanping , He Jun , Shi Chenchen , Liu Peng , Qiao Yang
Published: February 2025

To investigate the biocompatibility of magnesium and its alloys, this study examines surface bubble changes and corrosion product formation in cast Mg, Mg‐0.8Ca, and Mg‐2.0Zn‐1.6Ca under 37°C simulated body fluid. Corrosion products on pure magnesium surfaces protect the substrate and lower corrosion rates. A 1‐week in vitro immersion test confirmed that corrosion products from all three materials are harmless to the human body. Electrochemical experiments align with in vitro findings, showing pure Mg has the best corrosion resistance, while Mg‐2.0Zn‐1.6Ca has the poorest. Tensile and bending tests reveal that alloying improves the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys. These results have significant scientific and practical value for advancing magnesium alloys in biomedicine, optimizing material design, and enhancing performance.
Comparative Analysis of Two Elastic Types of Surface‐Crosslinked Gelatin Nanoparticles as Suitable Systems for Macromolecular Drug Delivery
Authors: Novak Armin W. , Pochmann Stefan V. , Horn Alexander , Weiss Agnes‐Valencia , Schneider Marc
Published: February 2025

With a steadily rising number of novel biopharmaceuticals in development, the demand for applicable delivery systems for macromolecular drugs persists. Polymeric nanoparticles, consisting of the natural product gelatin, present beneficial attributes for this application. To stabilize those nanoparticles without interfering with encapsulated macromolecules, surface‐crosslinked gelatin particles are developed and thoroughly characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties. With only limited data available for the latter, investigating the elastic properties can offer a more comprehensive understanding of the crosslinking processes involved and of the gelatin particles’ potential applications. In this study, protocols for surface‐crosslinked gelatin particles type A (GNP‐A) and B (GNP‐B) are described. Significant differences between the two types of gelatin are reported regarding their physicochemical and mechanical properties. GNP‐A consists of a lower crosslinking degree, leading to pronounced swelling in aqueous environments and softer nanoparticles. They possess contrary properties compared to the more extensively crosslinked and stiffer GNP‐B. However, this doesn't affect encapsulation efficiency, allowing to develop nanoparticulate systems suitable for various applications by adjusting the particle properties while maintaining the same drug load. These findings provide a deeper understanding of polymeric gelatin particles and reveal the importance of investigating the mechanical properties of drug delivery systems during pharmaceutical development.
Decoding Sugars: Mass Spectrometric Advances in the Analysis of the Sugar Alphabet
Authors: van Ede Jitske M. , Soic Dinko , Pabst Martin
Published: February 2025

Monosaccharides play a central role in metabolic networks and in the biosynthesis of glycomolecules, which perform essential functions across all domains of life. Thus, identifying and quantifying these building blocks is crucial in both research and industry. Routine methods have been established to facilitate the analysis of common monosaccharides. However, despite the presence of common metabolites, most organisms utilize distinct sets of monosaccharides and derivatives. These molecules therefore display a large diversity, potentially numbering in the hundreds or thousands, with many still unknown. This complexity presents significant challenges in the study of glycomolecules, particularly in microbes, including pathogens and those with the potential to serve as novel model organisms. This review discusses mass spectrometric techniques for the isomer‐sensitive analysis of monosaccharides, their derivatives, and activated forms. Although mass spectrometry allows for untargeted analysis and sensitive detection in complex matrices, the presence of stereoisomers and extensive modifications necessitates the integration of advanced chromatographic, electrophoretic, ion mobility, or ion spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, stable‐isotope incorporation studies are critical in elucidating biosynthetic routes in novel organisms.
Evaluating Financial Efficiency of Microfinance Institutions: Evidence From India
Authors: Das Ramjeevan Prasad , Jha Manish Kumar , Jha Amit Prakash
Published: February 2025

The present study uses the MIX Market database to evaluate the financial efficiency of 30 diverse microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India based on their legal status, such as banks, NBFIs, NGOs, and credit unions from 2015 to 2019, which is rare in the existing research. To enhance the reliability of our financial efficiency assessments, we employed an intricate econometric method using two‐stage network data envelopment analysis (DEA) and bootstrap techniques. We additionally applied the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) to determine changes in efficiency over time in the Indian context. The research provides valuable insights into MFI performance using network data envelopment analysis, the Bootstrap model, and the Malmquist Productivity Index. The results yield that Bharat Financial, Rashtriya Seva Samiti, and Lok Biradri Trust are the most efficient institutions, and Annapurna Co‐operative has the lowest efficiency of 0.6920 per overall average financial efficiency score, whereas Dhosa has the most significant overall MPI score. On average, these MFIs have a financial efficiency rate of 85.5%, with a mean efficiency score of 0.835 in stages 1 and 2 and 0.97544 total MPI. Hence, the MFIs are financially efficient and sustainable. These findings emphasize and provide invaluable insights to the government and industry practitioners in their policy‐making to improve the essential role that MFIs play in promoting sustainable development and accomplishing the goal of poverty alleviation, contributing to the economic development and empowerment of poor people.
Quantum Integral Inequalities Via Different Variants of Parameterized Harmonically Convex Functions on Finite Intervals With Related Applications
Authors: Shah Ahsan Fareed , Boulaaras Salah Mahmoud , Wong Patricia J. Y. , Saleem Muhammad Shoaib , Umair Shahzad Muhammad
Published: February 2025

This work introduces a new concept, ‐harmonically ‐convex function, which covers some important variants of harmonically convex functions previously presented in the literature. We have established well‐known Hermite‐Hadamard–type integral inequalities for this newly defined convexity using generalized quantum integrals. In addition, we discussed this well‐known inequality on finite intervals using quantum integrals. Finally, we validated our unique findings using some examples, such as Python‐programmed graphs and Mathematica.
Single‐Machine Scheduling to Minimize the Size of Input Buffer
Authors: Tanaka Shunji , Lin Bertrand M. T.
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates a single‐machine scheduling problem with a finite‐capacity input buffer. In this problem, each job is assigned to the machine at its release date and started immediately or sent to the input buffer to wait for processing. The problem in this study is to find a schedule that minimizes the required size of the input buffer. Its strong NP‐hardness will be shown first, and next, a pseudo‐polynomial time dynamic program will be developed for another ordinary NP‐hard case. Three mixed integer linear programming models are presented using different formulation approaches. We also design four heuristic algorithms to produce approximate solutions in a reasonable time. Numerical experiments appraise the effectiveness of the formulations.
Construction of a C1$$ {C}^1 $$ Polygonal Spline Element Based on the Scaled Boundary Coordinates
Authors: Liu Zhen‐Yi , Li Chong‐Jun
Published: February 2025

We construct a new polygonal spline finite element method based on the scaled boundary coordinates to address the plate bending problems in the Kirchhoff‐love formulation. The Bernstein interpolations are utilized in both radial and circumferential directions in the scaled boundary coordinates. Firstly, the continuity conditions inside an S‐domain and normal derivatives constraining conditions are imposed by a simple linear system on the S‐net coefficients. Secondly, to satisfy the connection between different polygonal elements, we construct the Hermite interpolation by equivalently transforming part of the S‐net coefficients to proper boundary degrees of freedom, namely, three degrees of freedom at each vertex and a normal derivative at the midpoint of each edge. Moreover, we discuss the convergence analysis of the proposed element over convex meshes by finding the necessary and sufficient geometric conditions, where the corresponding unisolvency theorem is proved by studying the dimension of the spline space . This proposed spline element base have explicit expressions, and the computation of the stiffness matrix can be greatly simplified by using the S‐net coefficients. Some numerical tests verify the cubic polynomial completeness, the optimal 4th‐order convergence rate, and the continuity of the derivatives. It also shows other good properties like superconvergence in the square mesh and insensitivity to the mesh distortion.
Time‐restricted eating, caloric reduction, and unrestricted eating effects on weight and metabolism: a randomized trial
Authors: Oldenburg Niki , Mashek Douglas G. , Harnack Lisa , Wang Qi , Manoogian Emily N. C. , Evanoff Nicholas , Dengel Donald R. , Taddese Abdisa , Yentzer Brad P. , Lysne Lesia , Wong Alison , Hanson Michelle , Anderson Julie D. , Alvear Alison , LaPage Nicole , Ryder Justin , Varady Krista , Gao Zan , Ryu Suryeon , Bolan Patrick J. , Bergman Bryan , Helgeson Erika , Panda Satchidananda , Chow Lisa S.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Metabolic improvements may precede weight loss. We compared the effects of self‐selected 8‐h time‐restricted eating (TRE), 15% caloric restriction (CR), and unrestricted eating (UE) on weight, body composition, caloric intake, glycemic measures, and metabolic flexibility.

Methods

In this 12‐week randomized‐controlled trial, we measured weight (primary outcome), body composition (dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry/magnetic resonance imaging), caloric intake (24‐h recall), metabolic flexibility (indirect calorimetry during hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp), and glycemic measures (hemoglobin A1c, hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp, continuous glucose monitoring).

Results

Of the 88 enrolled participants, 81 (92%) completed the trial (mean [SD], age, 43.2 [10.5] years, BMI, 36.2 [5.1] kg/m2; 54.5% female, 84.1% White). Final eating windows were 9.8 h (95% CI: 9.0 to 10.6) for TRE, 12.9 h (95% CI: 11.9 to 13.9) for CR, and 11.8 h (95% CI: 11.0 to 12.7) for UE. Compared with UE (n = 29), weight changes were −1.4 kg (95% CI: −4.5 to 1.7; p = 0.53) with TRE (n = 30) and −2.5 kg (95% CI: −5.8 to 0.8; p = 0.18) with CR (n = 29). TRE showed lower metabolic flexibility than CR (−0.041 [95% CI: −0.080 to −0.002]). Weight, body composition, caloric intake, and glycemic measures were similar among groups. Eating window reduction correlated with decreased caloric intake and visceral fat.

Conclusions

In a 12‐week intervention, TRE did not lead to significant improvements in weight, average body composition, or glycemic or metabolic measures compared with CR or UE.
Prognostic Value of Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in Children and Adolescents with High‐Grade Mature B‐Cell Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Real‐World Outcomes Study
Authors: Zeng Chenggong , Wei Zhiqing , Huang Junting , Zhu Jia , Sun Feifei , Wang Juan , Lu Suying , Zhang Yizhuo , Sun Xiaofei , Zhen Zijun
Published: February 2025

Background

Little progress has been made in determining prognostic factors for patients with high‐grade mature B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (HG B‐NHL). Based on the important role of lymphocytes in cancer progression, this study aimed to explore the effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes on the prognosis of pediatric HG B‐NHL.

Methods

Patients aged less than 18 years with newly diagnosed HG B‐NHL were enrolled. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subset levels were detected at diagnosis, and their optimal cutoff values were determined according to event‐free survival (EFS).

Results

In total, 206 patients were enrolled. The 5‐year EFS and overall survival (OS) rates of the whole group were 92.1% ± 1.9% and 96.6% ± 1.3%, respectively. The 5‐year EFS rate was worse in patients with a low relative CD4+ T‐cell count (87.2% vs. 97.0%, p = 0.008), high relative CD8+ T‐cell count (79.1% vs. 93.4%, p = 0.03), low CD4/CD8 ratio (80.5% vs. 94.2%, p = 0.01), and low B‐cell count (80.0% vs. 93.4%, p = 0.02) at diagnosis than their counterparts. Cox multivariate analysis identified low relative CD4+ T‐cell (HR = 4.91) and B‐cell (HR = 3.87) counts at diagnosis as independent adverse prognostic factors. Patients with simultaneously low levels of CD4+ T and B cells had the worst outcomes in the entire cohort, with a 5‐year EFS rate of 60.0%.

Conclusion

Low relative CD4+ T‐cell and B‐cell counts at diagnosis are associated with poor prognosis in children and adolescents with HG B‐NHL in the real world.
Family study of bipolar disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder points to THSD7A with possible role of parent‐of‐origin effect
Authors: Maki Hiroaki , Sakai Naomi , Kataoka Muneko , Fujii Kumiko , Kageyama Yuki , Hayama Takashi , Matsuo Koji , Nishioka Masaki , Kato Tadafumi
Published: February 2025

Aim

The aim of this study was to provide new insights into the genetics of bipolar disorder (BD) by analyzing BD comorbid with anxiety disorders.

Methods

Structured interviews were conducted with BD patients and their parents. Cases were classified into those with comorbid anxiety spectrum (AS) and those without. The family history of patients with BD with comorbid AS was assessed. Focusing on parent‐of‐origin effects and genomic imprinting from the results, imprinted genes and tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the identified genes were investigated for an association with BD by transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) using published whole‐exome sequencing data.

Results

The incidence of comorbid AS among all the patients with BD analyzed in this study was 39.6%. Patients with BD whose fathers had AS or mood disorders exhibited a significantly higher rate of AS. Among the known imprinted genes, two were associated with BD: THSD7A and CACNA1C. By pruning SNPs, six variants of the THSD7A exons and four variants of the CACNA1C exons were included in the analysis. Among these, one variant of THSD7A, rs2074603, showed over‐transmission from parents to patients with BD. Furthermore, it was nominally significant only for fathers when TDT was performed separately for fathers and mothers.

Conclusion

THSD7A may play a role in BD with parent‐of‐origin effects. Further research is necessary to explore the mechanisms by which genomic imprinting is associated with BD.

Clinical Trial Registration: N/A.
A study of polyethylene packaging films in presence of slip‐agent and anti‐block additives: A tale of surface and bulk crystallinities
Authors: Farsi B. , Mohseni M. , Asiaban S. , Farajollahi Y. , Mohammadi Ali Abadi S. H.
Published: February 2025

Polyolefin films are widely used in flexible packaging industries. However, the processing, storage, and application of these polymers pose numerous difficulties due to their high coefficient of friction (COF) and high blocking. Slip‐agent and anti‐block additives are usually used to prevent films from being adhered to each other and to metal rollers. This work aims to study the surface morphology of blown polyethylene films in the presence of these two additives. To do this, various types and concentrations of additives were employed at different ratios of the polymer blend (LDPE/LLDPE). However, it was found that the polymer composition was not as effective as the presence of additives. COF and blocking force measurement, contact angle, haze evaluation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), grazing incident x‐ray diffraction (GI‐XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were utilized to investigate the surface and bulk properties of the films. It was found that the migration of additives leads to the formation of various surface structures thereby making the surface to be more crystalline. The result was a decrease in the COF from ca. 1–0.1 and lowering the blocking force of approximately 8–3 N, highlighting the impact of the optimal concentration of additives. Results showed that the surface energy of the films decreased (20–30 mJ/m2) in the presence of additives due to the formation of a weak boundary layer at the surface. Comparison of DSC and GI‐XRD results showed that crystallinity values in the bulk phase changed from 20%–40% to 30%–50% at the surface for most samples. The lowest and highest of roughness was 22 and 90 nm, respectively, as revealed by AFM.

Highlights

Various slip‐agent and anti‐blocks were used in polyethylene‐blown films.

Coefficient of friction and blocking force were tested at different conditions.

Crystallinity of films and other investigations were correlated to obtained data.

Experimental design revealed the impact of studied parameters.
Improved water resistance and air barrier performances of paper coated with polylactic acid/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Abdenour Chenni , Eesaee Mostafa , Chabot Bruno , Barnabé Simon , Bley Julien , Tolnai Balazs , Njamen Guy , Nguyen‐Tri Phuong
Published: February 2025

Paper packaging coated with synthetic materials raises major environmental and health concerns. As a response, new promising approaches consist of using sustainable coatings based on nano‐biocomposites. In this work, polylactic acid (PLA)/organoclays (OC) aqueous dispersions thickened by xanthan gum were applied on paper using the bar coating technique. Morphological and topographical analyses using scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy showed a smooth polymeric layer completely covering the fibrous and porous surface of the paper, resulting in a substantial improvement in the barrier properties. Water vapor transmission rates and water absorptivity had undergone a major decrease when coatings containing 3 and 5 wt% OC were used, while no significant difference was observed between the 1 wt% OC formulation and pure PLA. Moreover, coated paper showed no air porosity with 0 mL/min values recorded for all samples, thus confirming the morphology observations of the surfaces and cross‐sections. Additionally, the contact angle measurements indicated a slight decrease in the hydrophobicity of the base paper when coated with PLA and 1 wt% OC. However, this reduction was reversed with the addition of 3 and 5 wt% OC, restoring the hydrophobicity.

Highlights

Polylactic acid (PLA)/organoclay (OC) coatings sealed and covered completely the paper's surface.

Water resistance of the base paper had a major improvement due to the coatings.

The porous surface of the paper was successfully sealed, leading to no air porosity.

Adding 3 and 5 wt% OC resulted in excellent barrier performances.

PLA/OC coatings have the potential to replace synthetic paper coatings.
Thermal decomposition kinetics and mechanical analysis of boron carbide‐reinforced polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Yildirim Yeliz , Saltan Fehmi , Şirin Kamil , Küçük Vedat Arda
Published: February 2025

In the present study, the mechanical properties and thermal degradation kinetics of PVA/PVP/PEO (polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polyethylene oxide) blend, along with their composites containing various percentages of boron carbide (B4C), are examined. The solvent‐casting method is used for preparing the composites. Thermal degradation is analyzed using both Kissinger and FWO (Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa) methods to determine the activation energies (Ea). The Ea varied with the B4C content, with higher B4C percentages leading to increased thermal stability. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to evaluate the mechanical properties, revealing that B4C addition enhances the Young's modulus (E) while decreasing strain. The highest strain (ε) was observed in the PVA/PEO/PVP blend, reaching 184%. The ε values for PVA/PEO/PVP‐B4C%5, PVA/PEO/PVP‐B4C%10, and PVA/PEO/PVP‐B4C%20 composites were determined as 45.30%, 29.15%, and 16.48%, respectively. The E was measured as 0.12 MPa for PVA/PEO/PVP, while the highest E value of 0.64 MPa was observed in the PVA/PVP/PEO‐B4C20% composite. Additionally, chemometric analysis using FTIR data and clustering algorithms confirmed the homogeneity of the blends. These findings indicate that B4C‐reinforced PVA/PVP/PEO composites could serve as alternatives to conventional polymers, particularly in applications requiring enhanced thermal and mechanical stability.

Highlights

B4C addition increases the thermal stability of the PVA/PVP/PEO blend.

DMA analysis shows that B4C addition increases the elastic modulus.

Activation energies were calculated by the Kissinger and FWO methods.

PVA/PVP/PEO‐B4C composites offer superior mechanical resistance.
A comprehensive study of agricultural waste maize husk as a potential reinforcement in maize fiber/glass fiber hybrid composites
Authors: Hasan Md. Hasibul , Islam Saiful , Sajib Md. Shamim Mahbub , Rahman G. M. Shafiur , Sabur Md. Abdus , Ahmed Aninda Nafis , Mamun Muhammad Abdullah Al
Published: February 2025

This study presents a detailed analysis of hybrid composites fabricated using the hand lay‐up method with unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) reinforced by glass fiber (GF) and varying contents of maize fiber (MF). The performance of these hybrid composites were compared with neat UPR, GF‐reinforced UPR, and MF‐reinforced UPR composites. MF was chemically treated and finely chopped to improve the matrix‐reinforcement adhesion. Physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties were assessed. GF composites exhibited superior mechanical strength, which dropped by replacing GF with MF in M/GFC1. However, with increasing MF content in the hybrid system, enhanced tensile strength, flexural strength, and micro‐hardness, while compressive and impact strength declined. MF‐only composite appeared with highest micro‐hardness among other composites. A center GF layer composite displayed higher micro‐hardness compared to those with GF on opposite sides. The incorporation of MF made the composites lightweight and thermally insulating, though thermal stability and water resistance somewhat compromised. Fabrication defects, such as voids, fiber agglomeration, fiber pull out were identified through scanning electron microscopy and density measurement. The presence of voids in the composite led to a decrease in tensile properties and an increase in initial water absorption. Additionally, an unexpected rise in thermal diffusivity was observed in these cases.

Highlights

Agricultural waste natural fiber as a potential alternative of synthetic fiber.

Development of hybrid layered composites with maize fiber and glass fiber.

Glass fiber and chemically treated maize fiber enhanced the properties of composites.

Incorporation of maize fiber in composites increased water absorption, balancing insulation with resistance.

Finding the optimal fiber fraction and composite system for better performance.

Mechanical tests show superior strength and durability.
Synergistic Effect of Dual Additive System on Molecular Structure and Foaming Properties of Recycled PET
Authors: Park Tae Hyeong , Jeon Hong Chan , Choo Ji Eun , Ji Young Ho , Hwang Sung Wook
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the effect of chain extenders on molecular structure and foaming properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle flake (BF). To improve the melt strength of BF, two different chain extenders, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and BASF Joncryl ADR4468, were introduced, and the optimized composition was determined based on the melt viscosity of BF, which resulted in improvements in both the storage modulus and the complex viscosity. The foaming was achieved by applying a chemical blowing agent to the compositions of BF_p and BF_d3 samples which is required for the minimum intrinsic viscosity for the possible chemical foaming process. The formation of small and uniform cells within virgin PET (vPET) and BF was confirmed through the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The vPET and BF using recipe R3, optimized chain extender composition, was found to be formed the lower density PET foam. In addition, the formation of a long‐chain branched (LCB) structure was observed from the rheological behavior, therefore, it could be suggested that a dual additive system successfully proved a synergistic effect in PET foaming performance.
Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Duplicate Diet of the Japanese
Authors: Yoshinaga Jun
Published: February 2025

Rationale

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of whole diet have rarely been measured to date though the isotope ratios in human sample have been extensively used for diet and nutritional researches. In order to fully validate the isotope dietary analysis, isotopic information of whole diet is required.

Methods

δ13C and δ15N of 150 duplicate diet samples collected in Japan during 2016–2017 were measured. Sixty‐five males and 85 females (mean age: 45 years) donated duplicate diet sample of which δ13C and δ15N were measured by element analyzer‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Results

Mean δ13C and δ15N of the 150 duplicate diets were −24.3 (1.1) ‰ and 3.58 (0.93) ‰, respectively, with no gender‐ and age‐dependent variation. δ15N of diet containing seafood (median: 3.60‰, n = 111) was significantly more elevated than that not containing seafood (3.01‰, n = 39). δ15N of Japanese diet is decreasing from 1990s to the present, which is consistent with the national statistics showing decreasing trend of seafood consumption of the Japanese. Contradictory to these observation, dietary δ15N was not elevated in diet samples from the elderlies though the diet of elderlies contained seafood more frequently than those of younger study participants.

Conclusion

There were some uncertainties as to whether seafood is a major determinant of dietary δ15N of the Japanese. To further characterize dietary components that determine δ values, isotope ratio analysis of diet of known quantitative dietary components is warranted.