bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
l‐Citrulline ameliorates pathophysiology in a rat model of superimposed preeclampsia
Authors: Man Andy W. C. , Zhou Yawen , Lam Uyen D. P. , Reifenberg Gisela , Werner Anke , Habermeier Alice , Closs Ellen I. , Daiber Andreas , Münzel Thomas , Xia Ning , Li Huige
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

Preeclampsia, characterized by hypertension, proteinuria and restriction of fetal growth, is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality. So far, there is no effective pharmacological therapy for preeclampsia. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation with l‐citrulline in Dahl salt‐sensitive rats, a model of superimposed preeclampsia.

Experimental Approach

Parental Dahl salt‐sensitive rats were treated with l‐citrulline (2.5 g·L−1 in drinking water) from the day of mating to the end of lactation period. Blood pressure was monitored throughout pregnancy and markers of preeclampsia were assessed. Endothelial function of the pregnant Dahl salt‐sensitive rats was assessed by wire myograph.

Key Results

In Dahl salt‐sensitive rats, l‐citrulline supplementation significantly reduced maternal blood pressure, proteinuria and levels of circulating soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1. l‐Citrulline improved maternal endothelial function by augmenting the production of nitric oxide in the aorta and improving endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor‐mediated vasorelaxation in resistance arteries. l‐Citrulline supplementation improved placental insufficiency and fetal growth, which were associated with an enhancement of angiogenesis and reduction of fibrosis and senescence in the placentas. In addition, l‐citrulline down‐regulated genes involved in the TLR4 and NF‐κB signalling pathways.

Conclusion and Implications

This study shows that l‐citrulline supplementation reduced gestational hypertension and improved placentation and fetal growth in a rat model of superimposed preeclampsia. l‐Citrulline supplementation may provide an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for preeclampsia that benefits both the mother and the fetus.
Mineralocorticoid receptors in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Schreier Barbara , Zipprich Alexander , Uhlenhaut Henriette , Gekle Michael
Published: December 2021

Liver diseases are the fourth common death in Europe responsible for about 2 million death per year worldwide. Among the known detrimental causes for liver dysfunction are virus infections, intoxications and obesity.

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor activated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids but also by pathological milieu factors. Canonical actions of the MR take place in epithelial cells of kidney, colon and sweat glands and contribute to sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion and extracellular volume homeostasis. The non‐canonical functions can be initiated by inflammation or an altered micro‐milieu leading to fibrosis, hypertrophy and remodelling in various tissues.

This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding the role of MR in portal hypertension, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, demonstrating that inhibition of the MR in vivo seems to be beneficial for liver function and not just for volume regulation. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Emerging Fields for Therapeutic Targeting of the Aldosterone‐Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling Pathway. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.13/issuetoc
Testing the specificity of environmental risk factors for developmental outcomes
Authors: Bignardi Giacomo , Dalmaijer Edwin S. , Astle Duncan E.
Published: December 2021

Developmental theories often assume that specific environmental risks affect specific outcomes. Canonical Correlation Analysis was used to test whether 28 developmental outcomes (measured at 11–15 years) share the same early environmental risk factors (measured at 0–3 years), or whether specific outcomes are associated with specific risks. We used data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (N = 10,376, 51% Female, 84% White) collected between 2001 and 2016. A single environment component was mostly sufficient for explaining cognition and parent‐rated behavior outcomes. In contrast, adolescents’ alcohol and tobacco use were specifically associated with their parents’, and child‐rated mental health was weakly associated with all risks. These findings suggest that with some exceptions, many different developmental outcomes share the same early environmental risk factors.
Sanitation, vaccination, and sanctification: A South‐African theological engagement with COVID‐19
Authors: Veldsman Danie
Published: December 2021

In critical self‐reflection from an African context on the pandemic, COVID‐19 is first semantically re‐baptized as Christianity‐On‐Verges: Inciting Discussion, with a subsequent discussion in broad outlines of the thematic foci of the most recent South African publications on the pandemic. Next, the identified thematic foci are then related to an important Northern discourse on theologies of disaster as explored by the Danish theologian Niels Henrik Gregersen. From the discussion in its insightful emphasis on disruptive communities and religious paradigm of resilience, the argumentative focus moves to a tentative formulation and prioritization of theological directives for academic scholarly engagement with the pandemic. Finally, theological directives are carefully and tentatively explored with sanctification as the chosen framework to integrate the identified challenges for disruptive communities and for the scholarly engagement with COVID‐19.
Rainfall, Agricultural Output and Persistent Democratization
Authors: Ciccone Antonio , Ismailov Adilzhan
Published: December 2021

We examine the effect of rainfall on agricultural output and democratization in the world’s most agricultural countries. As in the agricultural economics literature, we find that the relationship between rainfall and agricultural output has an inverted U‐shape, as agriculture is harmed by both droughts and very wet conditions. We also find the effect of rainfall on agricultural output to be transitory. The relationship between rainfall and democratization is U‐shaped in the short run, and this effect persists in the long run. Hence democratic transitions outlast the (transitory) rainfall shocks that started the democratization process. The U‐shaped relationship between rainfall and democratization is consistent with rainfall affecting democratization through its (inverted‐U‐shaped) effect on agricultural output.
Motivations, attitudes for choosing dental profession and preferred dental specialties amongst Turkish dental students
Authors: Sezer Berkant , Kolay Duygu , Şen Yavuz Betül , Güneyligil Kazaz Tanyeli , Kargül Betül
Published: December 2021

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate the influential factors for choosing dentistry, their thoughts about the profession, their expectations for the future and their thoughts about the specialisation of dental students from all grades in the School of Dentistry, Marmara University.

Materials and Methods

Socio‐demographic information, influential factors the choice of profession, thoughts and expectations about dentistry, and thoughts about the specialisation were evaluated in the questionnaire that included different question types in four separate sections. Chi‐square test was used to assess the relationship between categorical variables, and multiple linear regression was performed to examine the combined effects of variables that influence the always dream of becoming a dentist.

Results

462 of the 471 participants from all grades who agreed to participate in the study completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 98.1%. It was seen that the students' clinical experience made differences in almost half of their motivational sources for choosing dentistry and their views on future opinions and expectations (p < .05). In addition to clinical experience, gender also made a statistically significant differences in almost all answers in the students' opinions about specialisation (p < .05).

Conclusion

From the results of the study, the majority of Turkish dental students were self‐motivated compared to familial and environmental factors for choosing dentistry as a career. The career motivations of them seemed to be associated with the socioeconomic aspects of dentistry, whereas the perceptions regarding the future of dentistry seemed to be associated with the need for postgraduate education.
Mobile application as a learning tool for improving dental students' knowledge regarding dental trauma
Authors: Matos Lamenha‐Lins Renata , Maria de Carvelho Pugliesi Daniela , José Camello de Lima Fernando , Regina Oliveira Moreira Ana , Gonçalves Correia de Leite de Marcelos Priscylla , dos Santos Valdeci Elias
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Current evidence suggests an important knowledge gain of health sciences' students and professionals with mobile devices (m‐learning). This study aimed to verify whether different strategies of teaching (traditional lecture classroom, m‐learning and association of both methods) would present greater efficacy in knowledge improvement regarding dental trauma in primary dentition.

Materials and Methods

An action research study using a participatory approach was conducted with 36 undergraduate Brazilian dental students. A structured questionnaire composed of six clinical cases of traumatic injuries was initially applied to all students (pre‐test). Participants were then randomly distributed into three experimental groups: TC—students who had access exclusively to traditional lecture classroom; APP—access exclusively to the mobile application; and TC‐APP—access to both approaches. The traditional and technological methods had evidence‐based content and visual resources of the subject. After interventions, all students responded to the same previous questionnaire (post‐test). Wilcoxon and Kruskal‐Wallis tests were performed for statistical analysis.

Results

All tested groups obtained statistically significant improvement between their pre‐test and post‐test scores, for both diagnosis and treatment of dental trauma (p < .005). Nonetheless, no intergroup differences were observed amongst the scores of pre‐ and post‐test for diagnosis (p = .159) and treatment (p = .206).

Conclusion

All teaching approaches applied obtained similar knowledge improvement of undergraduate dental students regarding traumatic injuries in primary teeth.
The reactive theory of emotions
Authors: Massin Olivier
Published: December 2021

Evaluative theories of emotions purport to shed light on the nature of emotions by appealing to values. Three kinds of evaluative theories of emotions dominate the recent literature: the judgment theory equates emotions with value judgments; the perceptual theory equates emotions with perceptions of values, and the attitudinal theory equates emotions with evaluative attitudes. This paper defends a fourth kind of evaluative theory of emotions, mostly neglected so far: the reactive theory. Reactive theories claim that emotions are attitudes which arise in reaction to perceptions of value.
Fusion of visible near‐infrared and mid‐infrared data for modelling key soil‐forming processes in loess soils
Authors: Zhao Lulu , Hong Hanlie , Algeo Thomas J. , Liu Chen , Lu Anhuai
Published: December 2021

Pedogenic weathering of aeolian materials plays an essential role in global nutrient and carbon cycling. A quick and effective approach for temporally high‐resolution and spatially large‐scale pedogenic investigations has long been needed. Here, we used visible and near‐infrared, mid‐infrared and sensor‐fused data to predict pedogenesis‐related soil properties (i.e., grain‐size distribution, clay‐mineral properties and geochemical ratios) in a thick loess sequence in central China. Sensor fusion was achieved at three different levels: (1) direct combination of spectral parameters (low‐level fusion; Fusionpara); (2) combination of spectral features selected by principal component analysis (middle‐level fusion; FusionPCA) and (3) fusion using outer product analysis (high‐level fusion; FusionOPA). Sensor‐fusion generally improves the model predictions for all soil properties, with increases in the values of the model efficiency coefficient (MEC) of 8% and the performance‐to‐interquartile range of 12%. Whole‐soil properties are optimally predicted with the Fusionpara dataset using the random forest algorithm, yielding a mean MEC of 0.85. Spectral parameters D2200/D1900 and AS2200 are demonstrated as promising new pedogenic proxies, with higher values indicating more intense hydrolysis during pedogenesis. Spectral proxies along the loess sequence suggest that intense soil formation occurred during warm and humid interglacial periods when the East Asian summer monsoon intensified. The sensor‐fusion technique improved model performance for assessing mineral transformations and chemical weathering intensity, providing a quick and efficient means of interpreting pedogenic evolution, especially in the case of spatially large‐scale soil investigations.

Highlights

Fusion of VNIR and MIR spectra to model loess pedogenesis.

Spectral modeling provides a robust surrogate for pedogenic evolution studies.

Sensor fusion improves the performance of chemometric models.

Sensor‐fusion models can reconstruct loess pedogenesis.
Host traits and environment interact to determine persistence of bat populations impacted by white‐nose syndrome
Authors: Grimaudo Alexander T. , Hoyt Joseph R. , Yamada Steffany A. , Herzog Carl J. , Bennett Alyssa B. , Langwig Kate E.
Published: December 2021

Emerging infectious diseases have resulted in severe population declines across diverse taxa. In some instances, despite attributes associated with high extinction risk, disease emergence and host declines are followed by host stabilisation for unknown reasons. While host, pathogen, and the environment are recognised as important factors that interact to determine host–pathogen coexistence, they are often considered independently. Here, we use a translocation experiment to disentangle the role of host traits and environmental conditions in driving the persistence of remnant bat populations a decade after they declined 70–99% due to white‐nose syndrome and subsequently stabilised. While survival was significantly higher than during the initial epidemic within all sites, protection from severe disease only existed within a narrow environmental space, suggesting host traits conducive to surviving disease are highly environmentally dependent. Ultimately, population persistence following pathogen invasion is the product of host–pathogen interactions that vary across a patchwork of environments.
Biallelic truncating variants in the muscular A‐type lamin‐interacting protein (MLIP) gene cause myopathy with hyperCKemia
Authors: Salzer‐Sheelo Liat , Fellner Avi , Orenstein Naama , Bazak Lily , Lev‐El Halabi Noa , Daue Melanie , Smirin‐Yosef Pola , Van Hout Cristopher V. , Fellig Yakov , Ruhrman‐Shahar Noa , Staples Jeffrey , Magal Nurit , Shuldiner Alan R. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Nevo Yoram , Pollin Toni I. , Gonzaga‐Jauregui Claudia , Basel‐Salmon Lina
Published: December 2021

Background and purpose

Muscular A‐type lamin‐interacting protein (MLIP) is most abundantly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In vitro and animal studies have shown its regulatory role in myoblast differentiation and in organization of myonuclear positioning in skeletal muscle, as well as in cardiomyocyte adaptation and cardiomyopathy. We report the association of biallelic truncating variation in the MLIP gene with human disease in five individuals from two unrelated pedigrees.

Methods

Clinical evaluation and exome sequencing were performed in two unrelated families with elevated creatine kinase level.

Results

Family 1. A 6‐year‐old girl born to consanguineous parents of Arab‐Muslim origin presented with myalgia, early fatigue after mild‐to‐moderate physical exertion, and elevated creatine kinase levels up to 16,000 U/L. Exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense variant, c.2530C>T; p.Arg844Ter, in the MLIP gene. Family 2. Three individuals from two distantly related families of Old Order Amish ancestry presented with elevated creatine kinase levels, one of whom also presented with abnormal electrocardiography results. On exome sequencing, all showed homozygosity for a novel nonsense MLIP variant c.1825A>T; p.Lys609Ter. Another individual from this pedigree, who had sinus arrhythmia and for whom creatine kinase level was not available, was also homozygous for this variant.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that biallelic truncating variants in MLIP result in myopathy characterized by hyperCKemia. Moreover, these cases of MLIP‐related disease may indicate that at least in some instances this condition is associated with muscle decompensation and fatigability during low‐to‐moderate intensity muscle exertion as well as possible cardiac involvement.
Establishing the research agenda for oral healthcare using the Dialogue Model—patient involvement in a joint research agenda with practitioners
Authors: van der Wouden Puck , Hilverda Femke , van der Heijden Geert , Shemesh Hagay , Pittens Carina
Published: December 2021

Engagement of patients in the composition of a research agenda is essential to reduce the gap between research and practice and thereby generate more impact. The aim of this study was to develop a research agenda for oral health. Experienced challenges and needs with oral health(care) of practitioners and patients formed the input for the research agenda. We describe the identification of research priorities of patients and the integration of these with previously identified research priorities of practitioners, using a participatory multi‐phase approach for research agenda setting (Dialogue Model). Via focus group discussions, 32 research topics were generated. Next, 1495 patients prioritized these topics in an online survey. In a dialogue meeting, a joint research agenda of eight research topics was agreed upon. Many topics were contributed by patients, but were prioritized by both stakeholder groups. The most important topics concerned behavior change and the relation between general and oral health. Other topics that were prioritized covered affordability and accessibility as well as health system research and organizational issues. By considering different perspectives, this research agenda has uncovered directions for future research that go beyond evident research topics, as many topics are currently underrepresented in oral healthcare research.
A secret of salivary secretions: Multimodal effect of saliva in sensory perception of food
Authors: Khramova Daria S. , Popov Sergey V.
Published: December 2021

Saliva plays multifunctional roles in oral cavity. Even though its importance for the maintenance of oral health has long been established, the role of saliva in food perception has attracted increasing attention in recent years. We encourage researchers to discover the peculiarity of this biological fluid and aim to combine the data concerning all aspects of the saliva influence on the sensory perception of food. This review presents saliva as a unique material, which modulates food perception due to constant presence of saliva in the mouth and thanks to its composition. Therefore, we highlight the salivary components that contribute to these effects. Moreover, this review is an attempt to structure the effects of saliva on perception of different food categories, where the mechanisms of salivary impact in perception of liquid, semi‐solid, and solid foods are revealed. Finally, we emphasize that the large inter‐individual variability in salivary composition and secretion appear to contribute to the fact that everyone experiences food in their own way. Therefore, the design of the sensory studies should consider the properties of volunteers’ saliva and also carefully monitor the experimental conditions that affect salivary composition and flow rate.
Norwegian population‐based study of long‐term effects, safety, and predictors of response of vagus nerve stimulation treatment in drug‐resistant epilepsy: The NORPulse study
Authors: Kostov Konstantin H. , Kostov Hrisimir , Larsson Pål Gunnar , Henning Oliver , Eckmann Christian Alexander Cornelius , Lossius Morten Ingvar , Peltola Jukka
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) over time, and to determine which patient groups derive the most benefit.

Methods

Long‐term outcomes are reported in 436 epilepsy patients from a VNS quality registry (52.8% adults, 47.2% children), with a median follow‐up of 75 months. Patients were stratified according to evolution of response into constant responders, fluctuating responders, and nonresponders. The effect was evaluated at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 60 months. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of response.

Results

The cumulative probability of ≥50% seizure reduction was 60%; however, 15% of patients showed a fluctuating course. Of those becoming responders, 89.5% (230/257) did so within 2 years. A steady increase in effect was observed among constant responders, with 48.7% (19/39) of those becoming seizure‐free and 29.3% (39/133) with ≥75% seizure reduction achieving these effects within 2–5 years. Some effect (25%–<50%) at 6 months was a positive predictor of becoming a responder (odds ratio [OR] = 10.18, p < .0001) and having ≥75% reduction at 2 years (OR = 3.34, p = .03). Patients without intellectual disability had ORs of 3.34 and 3.11 of having ≥75% reduction at 2 and 5 years, respectively, and an OR of 6.22 of being seizure‐free at last observation. Patients with unchanged antiseizure medication over the observation period showed better responder rates at 2 (63.0% vs. 43.1%, p = .002) and 5 years (63.4% vs. 46.3%, p = .031) than patients whose antiseizure medication was modified. Responder rates were higher for posttraumatic (70.6%, p = .048) and poststroke epilepsies (75.0%, p = .05) than other etiologies (46.5%).

Significance

Our data indicate that the effect of VNS increases over time and that there are important clinical decision points at 6 and 24 months for evaluating and adjusting the treatment. There should be better selection of candidates, as certain patient groups and epilepsy etiologies respond more favorably.
Estimating the national fishing mortality of Southern Bluefin TunaThunnus maccoyiifrom Australia’s recreational fishing sector
Authors: Tracey Sean R. , Lyle Jeremy M. , Stark Kate E. , Gray Scott , Moore Anthony , Twiname Samantha , Wotherspoon Simon
Published: December 2021

Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT)Thunnus maccoyii(Castelnau) comprises a single, highly migratory stock that is managed internationally by the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT). CCSBT members are expected to provide estimates of all sources of fishing mortality within their allocation, including commercial and recreational catch and any additional mortality associated with discarded or released catch. In the absence of a national registration system for the SBT recreational fishery, which would provide a comprehensive sampling frame, an ensemble of off‐site and on‐site survey methods was used across five state jurisdictions to provide the first species‐specific national assessment of a recreational fishery in Australia. The national harvest of SBT for the 12 months from December 2018 to November 2019 by the recreational sector was 270t(239–301t: 95% CL). This survey has resulted in the first official recognition of a catch set aside to the recreational sector for an Australian Commonwealth managed fishery with 5% per cent of the CCSBT allocation to Australia now set aside for the sector.
Leisure activities and instrumental activities of daily living: A 3‐year cohort study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study
Authors: Ukawa Shigekazu , Tamakoshi Akiko , Tani Yukako , Sasaki Yuri , Saito Junko , Haseda Maho , Shirai Kokoro , Kondo Naoki , Kondo Katsunori , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: December 2021

Aim

We prospectively examined the association between leisure activities and changes in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among participants of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES).

Methods

We analyzed data collected from 49 732 JAGES participants (23 359 men and 26 373 women), aged ≥65 years, from 24 municipalities in Japan.

Measurements

Baseline data were obtained for 25 types of leisure activities in which the cohort members participated. Baseline (2010) and follow‐up (2013) data on IADL were collected – the outcome indicated changes in IADL scores from 2010 to 2013. We regressed changes in IADL scores from the 2010 to 2013 to the number of leisure activities.

Results

Older adults who engaged in more leisure activities had higher changes in IADL scores than those who engaged in fewer leisure activities: the β values (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the IADL scores were 0.001 [−0.04–0.04], 0.04 [0.01–0.08], 0.09 [0.05–0.13], 0.09 [0.05–0.14], 0.08 [0.02–0.13], and 0.13 [0.07–0.18] for having one, two, three, four, five, and more than six types of leisure activities (P for trend <0.001), respectively. Similar associations were found for different types of leisure activities, including predominantly physical and cultural activities. Statistically significant linear trends were obtained among the group, solitary, and other leisure activity subgroups (P for trend <0.05).

Conclusions

Encouraging engagement in leisure activities may promote maintenance of IADL among older populations. Different types of leisure activities appear to have similar positive impacts on IADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 152–159.
Where is the backbone of the transnational corporate elite?
Authors: Valeeva Diliara
Published: December 2021

The transnationalization of corporate activities has contributed to a rise in the number of transnational professionals and transnational corporate elite members. These transnational actors establish ties within and across national borders and contribute to the formation of a more connected global corporate network. And yet little is known about the geographical locations through which these transnational corporate elites operate, both nationally and internationally. This article aims to fill this gap by applying the network backbone detection algorithm to detect the global cities that are connected through the operations of the transnational corporate board members. The article detects the backbone of around 300 global cities, centered around London, New York and Hong Kong. The findings show that the backbone is currently structuring over a set of border‐crossing communities and expanding to the locations beyond the Anglophone corporate world. The study interprets the presence of these new communities as the first signs toward the convergence of practices, norms and possibly identities of national elite members.
Quantity and specialisation matter: Effects of quantitative and qualitative variation in willow chemistry on resource preference in leaf‐chewing insects
Authors: Leong Jing Vir , Jorge Leonardo R. , Seifert Carlo L. , Volf Martin
Published: December 2021

Plants produce multiple specialised metabolites to defend themselves against insect herbivores. Phytochemical diversity plays important roles in plant–insect interactions, but specific roles of its various dimensions are poorly known. Interspecific chemical β‐diversity represents variation in presence of species‐specific metabolites or quantitative variation in concentrations of metabolites common to several plant species.

We hypothesised that qualitative and quantitative variation in plant chemistry can have differential effects on herbivores from various insect orders.

We linked phytochemical variation in willow salicylates (Salicaceae‐specific metabolites) and flavonoids (widespread metabolites) to a standardised distance‐based specialisation index (DSI*) in three orders of leaf‐chewing insects: sawfly larvae, beetles, and caterpillars.

In beetles, average DSI* accounting for host chemical β‐diversity did not differ from DSI* disregarding host chemistry. Levels of chemical specialisation did not differ among beetle species feeding only on Salicaceae and those using other plant families, suggesting that both can overcome willow chemistry by alternative physiological or behavioural adaptations. Contrastingly, sawflies and caterpillars responded to willow chemistry, with their DSI* corresponding mainly to quantitative differences in willow metabolites. The DSI* accounting for salicylates did not differ from the one accounting for flavonoids in either of the two orders.

Our results suggest that β‐diversity in plant chemistry has differential effects on insect herbivores depending on their order and chemical β‐diversity measurement used. Our results emphasise the importance of quantitative variation in plant chemical composition, suggesting that it does not always have to be rare or species‐specific metabolites that drive host‐choice of leaf‐chewing insects.
Syrian refugee labour and food insecurity in Middle Eastern agriculture during the early COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: ZUNTZ Ann‐Christin , KLEMA Mackenzie , ABDULLATEEF Shaher , MAZERI Stella , ALNABOLSI Salim Faisal , ALFADEL Abdulellah , ABI‐HABIB Joy , AZAR Maria , CALIA Clara , BURKE Joseph , GRANT Liz , BODEN Lisa
Published: December 2021

Drawing on ethnographic data from the 2019 SyrianFoodFutures and the 2020 From the FIELD projects, this article provides insights into the early effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on refugee labour in agriculture in Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In spring 2020, movement restrictions and supply chain disruptions caused displaced Syrian farmworkers to lose their jobs and face increased food insecurity. The authors situate their findings in the context of host countries' use of legal ambiguity in governing refugees, Middle Eastern agriculture's reliance on migrant labour, and the region's long‐standing food insecurity. They conclude that formalizing refugee labour cannot alone address exploitation.
Introduction to the updated Australasian consensus guidelines for the management of invasive fungal disease and use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting, 2021
Authors: Chang Christina C. , Blyth Christopher C. , Chen Sharon C‐A. , Khanina Anna , Morrissey C. Orla , Roberts Jason A. , Thursky Karin A. , Worth Leon J. , Slavin Monica A. ,   Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee
Published: December 2021

This article introduces the fourth update of theAustralian and New Zealand consensus guidelines for the management of invasive fungal disease and use of antifungal agents in the haematology/oncology setting.These guidelines are comprised of nine articles as presented in this special issue of theInternal Medicine Journal. This introductory chapter outlines the rationale for the current update and the steps taken to ensure implementability in local settings. Given that 7 years have passed since the previous iteration of these guidelines, pertinent contextual changes that impacted guideline content and recommendations are discussed, including the evolution of invasive fungal disease (IFD) definitions. We also outline our approach to guideline development, evidence grading, review and feedback. Highlights of the 2021 update are presented, including expanded scope to provide more detailed coverage of common and emerging fungi such asAspergillusandCandidaspecies, and emerging fungi, and a greater focus on the principles of antifungal stewardship. We also introduce an entirely new chapter dedicated to helping healthcare workers convey important concepts related to IFD, infection prevention and antifungal therapy, to patients.
Consensus guidelines for antifungal prophylaxis in haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, 2021
Authors: Teh Benjamin W. , Yeoh Daniel K. , Haeusler Gabrielle M. , Yannakou Costas K. , Fleming Shaun , Lindsay Julian , Slavin Monica A. ,   Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee
Published: December 2021

Antifungal prophylaxis can reduce morbidity and mortality from invasive fungal disease (IFD). However, its use needs to be optimised and appropriately targeted to patients at highest risk to derive the most benefit. In addition to established risks for IFD, considerable recent progress in the treatment of malignancies has resulted in the development of new ‘at‐risk’ groups. The changing epidemiology of IFD and emergence of drug resistance continue to impact choice of prophylaxis, highlighting the importance of active surveillance and knowledge of local epidemiology. These guidelines aim to highlight emerging risk groups and review the evidence and limitations around new formulations of established agents and new antifungal drugs. It provides recommendations around use and choice of antifungal prophylaxis, discusses the potential impact of the changing epidemiology of IFD and emergence of drug resistance, and future directions for risk stratification to assist optimal management of highly vulnerable patients.
Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis, 2021
Authors: Douglas Abby P. , Smibert Olivia. C. , Bajel Ashish , Halliday Catriona L. , Lavee Orly , McMullan Brendan , Yong Michelle K. , van Hal Sebastiaan J. , Chen Sharon C.‐A. ,   the Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee
Published: December 2021

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) in haematology/oncology patients presents as primary infection or breakthrough infection, which can become refractory to antifungal treatment and has a high associated mortality. Other emerging patient risk groups include patients in the intensive care setting with severe respiratory viral infections, including COVID‐19. These guidelines present key diagnostic and treatment recommendations in light of advances in knowledge since the previous guidelines in 2014. Culture and histological‐based methods remain central to the diagnosis of IA. There is increasing evidence for the utility of non‐culture methods employing fungal biomarkers in pre‐emptive screening for infection, as well as for IA diagnosis when used in combination. Although azole resistance appears to be uncommon in Australia, susceptibility testing of clinical Aspergillus fumigatus complex isolates is recommended. Voriconazole remains the preferred first‐line antifungal agent for treating primary IA, including for extrapulmonary disease. Recommendations for paediatric treatment broadly follow those for adults. For breakthrough and refractory IA, a change in class of antifungal agent is strongly recommended, and agents under clinical trial may need to be considered. Newer immunological‐based imaging modalities warrant further study, while surveillance for IA and antifungal resistance remain essential to informing the relevance of current treatment recommendations.
Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of invasive fungal disease due to moulds other than Aspergillus in the haematology/oncology setting, 2021
Authors: Bupha‐Intr Olivia , Butters Coen , Reynolds Gemma , Kennedy Karina , Meyer Wieland , Patil Sushrut , Bryant Penelope , Morrissey Catherine O. ,   Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee
Published: December 2021

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) due to moulds other than Aspergillus is a significant cause of mortality in patients with malignancies or post haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. The current guidelines focus on the diagnosis and management of the common non‐Aspergillus moulds (NAM), such as Mucorales, Scedosporium species (spp.), Lomentospora prolificans and Fusarium spp. Rare but emerging NAM including Paecilomyces variotii, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Scopulariopsis spp. are also reviewed. Culture and histological examination of tissue biopsy specimens remain the mainstay of diagnosis, but molecular methods are increasingly being used. As NAM frequently disseminate, blood cultures and skin examination with biopsy of any suspicious lesions are critically important. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach with surgical debridement as a central component. Other management strategies include control of the underlying disease/predisposing factors, augmentation of the host response and the reduction of immunosuppression. Carefully selected antifungal therapy, guided by susceptibility testing, is critical to cure. We also outline novel antifungal agents still in clinical trial which offer substantial potential for improved outcomes in the future. Paediatric recommendations follow those of adults. Ongoing epidemiological research, improvement in diagnostics and the development of new antifungal agents will continue to improve the poor outcomes that have been traditionally associated with IFD due to NAM.
Consensus guidelines for improving patients' understanding of invasive fungal disease and related risk prevention in the haematology/oncology setting, 2021
Authors: Fernando Shevon S. , Paige Emma K. , Dendle Claire , Weinkove Robert , Kong David C. M. , Omond Paul , Routledge David J. , Szer Jeff , Blyth Christopher C. ,   Australasian Antifungal Guidelines Steering Committee
Published: December 2021

Patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD) are at significant risk of morbidity and mortality. A productive partnership between patients, their carers/families, and the multidisciplinary team managing the infection and any underlying conditions, is essential. Sharing information and addressing knowledge gaps are required to ensure those at risk of IFD avoid infection, while those with suspected or confirmed infection optimise their therapy and avoid toxicities. This new addition to the Australian and New Zealand consensus guidelines for the management of IFD and antifungal use in the haematology/oncology setting outlines the key information needs of patients and their carers/families. It specifically addresses risk factor reduction, antifungal agents and adherence, and the risks and benefits of complementary and alternative therapies. Knowledge gaps are also identified to help inform the future research agenda.
Renal physiology and kidney injury during intense (CrossFit®) exercise
Authors: Kodikara Pamodi , Walker Rowan , Wilson Scott
Published: December 2021

Background

High‐intensity training (HIT) programmes are popularly associated with improvements in exercise efficiency and body composition, although, at extremes, have been accompanied by concerns of secondary rhabdomyolysis and severe acute kidney injury (AKI). Beyond the anecdotal, robust literature on the physiological impact of HIT on renal function is currently limited.

Aims

To investigate the acute impact of high‐intensity (CrossFit®) training on renal function, and to evaluate the incidence of AKI by Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End‐stage renal disease (RIFLE) criteria following CrossFit® training.

Methods

Clinical and biochemical parameters were measured in 22 healthy adults before and after two CrossFit® workouts: ‘Fran’ (12 men, 10 women) and ‘Macho Man’ (9 men, 4 women).

Results

Serum creatinine increased by 16 ± 10 μmol/L following Fran and 18 ± 12 μmol/L following Macho Man (P < 0.05). Cystatin C did not change significantly following Fran and increased by 0.06 ± 0.06 mg/L (P < 0.05) following Macho Man. AKI, as defined by RIFLE ‘Risk’ criteria, was observed in 5/22 (23%) participants following Fran and 5/13 (38%) participants following Macho Man. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio rose by 18.7 ± 18.3 and 5.2 ± 6.0 mg/mmol following Fran and Macho Man respectively off non‐albuminuric baselines (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Intense (CrossFit®) exercise is associated with significant metabolic demands and alterations in parameters of renal physiology and function. The observed rise in both conventional and novel biomarkers of renal function following the workout Macho Man specifically might indicate a degree of transient subclinical functional impairment with CrossFit®‐type training.
Tuberculosis and diabetes: increased hospitalisations and mortality associated with renal impairment
Authors: Kaur Ruveena , Egli Tobias , Paynter Jennifer , Murphy Rinki , Perumal Lavinia , Lee Arier , Harrison Adrian , Christmas Tim , Lewis Chris , Nisbet Mitzi
Published: December 2021

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) triples a person's risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with increased mortality. It is unclear whether diabetes status and/or the associated renal dysfunction is associated with poor TB outcomes in New Zealand, which has high diabetes screening.

Aim

To characterise the population of TB‐DM and TB‐alone to assess the effect of diabetes status and renal function on hospitalisation and mortality.

Methods

Clinical records from all adult patients diagnosed with TB in Auckland over a 6‐year period (2010–2015) were reviewed. Baseline demographics, clinical presentation and microbiological data were assessed to compare the rates of hospitalisation and mortality between those with TB‐DM and TB‐alone. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

Results

A total of 701 patients was identified with TB; 120 (17%) had an unknown diabetes status and were excluded, and 135 had co‐existing diabetes. The TB‐DM and TB‐alone groups had similar distribution of TB site and proportions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positivity.

Univariate analysis showed TB‐DM patients had statistically significantly higher proportions of acute hospitalisation and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression showed only a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) accounted for the higher rates of hospitalisation, with the odds of hospitalisation increasing by 2% for every unit decrease in eGFR. The odds of mortality increased by 6% for every year increase in age, and the odds of mortality increased by 3% for every unit reduction in eGFR.

Conclusions

Diabetes is associated with higher TB hospitalisation and mortality; however, this is likely mediated by increased age and chronic kidney disease.
Crystal chemistry and ion‐irradiation resistance of Ln2ZrO5 compounds with Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb
Authors: Aughterson Robert D. , Lumpkin Gregory R. , Zhang Zhaoming , Avdeev Maxim , Kong Linggen
Published: December 2021

The previously unattained fabrication of single phase Ln2ZrO5 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb) compounds via relatively low sintering temperature (1400°C) is achieved in this study using a coprecipitation method. The crystal structures have been investigated by neutron, synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction, and electron diffraction techniques. While the general long‐range structure may be well described by the defect‐fluorite type structure with Fmm symmetry, electron diffraction has highlighted a complex underlying modulated structure that varies between each compound. These compounds have been tested for ion‐irradiation response using in situ 1 MeV krypton ions and transmission electron microscopy characterization. None of the compounds undergo a crystalline to amorphous transition, even holding at 50 K. Both the underlying fluorite and modulated superstructures are little affected by the irradiation. However, some atomic rearrangements are observed in the postirradiated electron diffraction patterns for the Sm2ZrO5 specimen.
High pyroelectric performance in Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.94Ti0.06]0.98O3/Al2O3 composites by design
Authors: Cao Jiaying , Yang Yuxin , Liang Yuying , Sha Yuxing , Li Ling , Zhang Ji , Wang Yaojin
Published: December 2021

High pyroelectric performance around human body temperature is essential for ultra‐sensitive infrared detectors of medical systems. Herein, toward human health monitoring, composite ceramics (1‐x)Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.94Ti0.06]0.98O3/xAl2O3 (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) were designed. A metastable ferroelectric (FE) phase was induced in the anti‐FE matrix by the Al2O3 component‐induced internal stress, and in turn FE‐anti‐FE phase boundary was constructed. The ceramics at x = 0.2 exhibit high pyroelectric coefficient with p = 10.9 × 10−4 C·m−2·K−1 and figures of merit with current responsivity Fi = 6.23 × 10−10 m·V−1, voltage responsivity Fv = 12.71 × 10−2 m2·C−1, and detectivity Fd = 7.03 × 10−5 Pa−1/2 around human body temperature. Moreover, the enhanced pyroelectric coefficients exist in a broad operation temperature range with a large full width at half maximums of 18.5°C and peak value of 29.2 × 10−4 C·m−2·K−1 at 48.2°C. The designed composite ceramic is a promising candidate for infrared thermal imaging technology of noncontact human health monitoring system.
Effects of active video games on physical function in independent community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Suleiman‐Martos Nora , García‐Lara Rubén , Albendín‐García Luis , Romero‐Béjar José L. , Cañadas‐De La Fuente Guillermo A. , Monsalve‐Reyes Carolina , Gomez‐Urquiza José L.
Published: December 2021

Aim

To analyse the effects of active video games on physical function in independent community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Data sources

The CINAHL, LILACS, Medline, Proquest and Scopus databases were consulted, with no restriction by year of publication.

Review methods

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The meta‐analysis was performed using RevMan software.

Results

The analysis included 22 randomized controlled trials with a total of 1208 participants (all ≥55 years old). In our meta‐analyses, the effects produced by playing the active video games (mean differences) were statistically significant for the variables Gait speed and Timed up‐and‐go. The differences between the control and experimental groups were not significant in the following tests: 6‐minute walk, 30‐second chair stand, balance (measured with the Berg Balance Scale), cadence, grip strength, knee extension strength, 8‐Foot Up‐and‐Go or velocity.

Conclusions

Physical exercise from participation in active video games has beneficial effects on two clinical parameters (Gait speed and Timed up‐and‐go) in independent community‐dwelling older adults. However, the effects on other parameters do not differ from those obtained with conventional exercise training. Therefore, the clinical significance of these benefits is limited.

Impact

Older adults usually perform little physical activity. In consequence, researchers have increasingly considered alternatives to traditional forms of exercise. One such is that provided by active video games, which can be a source of stimulation, encouraging adherence and motivation in exercise programmes. Our review shows that active video games can improve gait speed and mobility, but in other respects obtain no differences from conventional exercises. Further tailored randomized clinical trials should be undertaken with diverse populations of older adults to evaluate different physical function variables to determine the most appropriate training approach and its optimal design and duration.