bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating Mobility-as-a-Service
Authors: Pollicino Oreste , Lubello Valerio , Stojanović Aleksandar
Published: February 2022

In recent years, Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) has been gaining traction among regulators and entrepreneurs. MaaS is a mobility management and distribution platform that connects multiple private and public mobility providers’ offerings to end users. By integrating mobility-supportive and other localized services across cities and states—based on dynamic databases—MaaS is expected to significantly disrupt the current transport ecosystem, making transportation more efficient, equitable, and environmentally responsible. This complex socio-technological phenomenon creates challenges across regulatory fields spanning from the delineation of property rights and data governance to urban planning and competition law. In this chapter, we analyze the EU approach to regulating MaaS. Due to a specific intersection of EU and member states competencies, the regulatory process to MaaS still lacks boilerplate clauses defining liability among integrated transport providers. Second, despite European provisions that impose static data sharing, MaaS requires dynamic sharing data as well. Only if existing regulatory gaps are covered, and more coordination at the EU level is achieved, the power of MaaS to make the transportation market more efficient, equitable, and environmentally responsible can be fully harnessed.
I.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts From Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

I.2.1Jadhav Case (India V. Pakistan), Judgment, 17 July 2019

Contents
**

I.Historical Background

II.Jurisdiction

III.Admissibility

A.First Objection: Abuse of Process

B.Second Objection: Abuse of Rights

C.Third Objection: India’s Alleged Unlawful Conduct

IV.The Alleged Violations of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations...
Introductory Note
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael
Published: February 2022

This introductory note refers exclusively to the work formerly carried out by the ICTY. This tribunal handed over four cases to the IRMCT: Stanišić and Simatović (MICT-15-96), trial; Karadžić, Radovan (MICT-13-55), appeal; Šešelj, Vojislav (MICT- 16-99-A), appeal; and Mladić, Ratko (MICT-13-56), pre-appeal.
V.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts From Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

V.2.1Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić, Case No. MICT-13-55-A, Appeals Chamber, Judgement, 20 March 2019

Contents
**

I.Procedural History

II.Standard of Review and Applicable Law

III.Grounds of Appeal

IV.Judgment

* Summaries prepared by Anna Buono, Ph.D. in International Law and National Law in International Matters, Honorary Fellow in “International Law” and “International Criminal Law”, University of Salerno - Italy, Lawyer. Text of judgment available online at the Court’s Web site <...
Introductory Note
Authors: Tizzano Antonio
Published: February 2022

The introductory note describes the main developments of 2019 with regard to the functioning and the organization of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as to its case law. The Court of Justice and the General Court were confronted with many delicate legal questions pertaining to all aspects of EU law. Amongst others, the EU courts had to address issues raised by the threats to values inherent in the rule of law, by the increasing interferences with fundamental rights, such as the right to privacy, and by the so-called “migration crisis.” The introductory note provides an overview of the most important judgments that were delivered in 2019, in an array of legal domains, including the rules on the relationship between member states and EU institutions, rights and obligations of third country migrants, fundamental rights, rules of competition and state aid, data protection, and external relations of the European Union.
Introductory Note
Authors: Sicilianos Linos-Alexander , Gkagkatsi Afroditi
Published: February 2022

This chapter contains an overview of the activities of the European Court of Human Rights in 2019. It outlines the major events that took place, including the first advisory opinion given pursuant to Protocol 16 and the first Infringement Proceedings concerning the execution of the Court’s judgments pursuant to Article 46, Paragraph 4 of the Convention. It refers to the importance of the completion of the Interlaken process, to the new structure and drafting methodology of the Court’s judgments, to the efforts that need to be deployed in order to further reduce the Court’s backlog, as well as to the intensification of the dialogue of the Court, especially with judicial authorities and Council of Europe monitoring bodies. The main part of the overview consists of a presentation of some of the most noteworthy judgments delivered in 2019 on a variety of issues, including migrants and asylum seekers, environmental pollution, violence against women, and video surveillance. It concludes that the Court, through its activities and its judgments on the most contemporary issues, remains relevant and continues to provide guidance to international organs and national authorities alike.
Introductory Note
Authors: Reinisch August , Tropper Johannes
Published: February 2022

The 2019 jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals and ad hoc committees addressed, among others, the jurisdictional issues of the notions of “investment” and “investor” under Article 25 ICSID Convention as well as of the so-called intra-EU objection and procedural issues such as fork-in-the-road provisions, dismissal of claims which are manifestly without legal merit, and provisional measures. The 2019 cases also dealt with direct and indirect expropriation and the Methanex/Saluka doctrine, as well as with fair and equitable treatment, the scope of a state’s police powers, and the reach of umbrella clauses.
“The Deification of the World”
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 provides a detailed reconstruction of the main tenets of Vivekananda’s philosophy of Integral Advaita, as expounded in lectures and writings in the 1890s. Militating against the dominant view that his philosophy follows Śaṅkara’s Advaita Vedānta in all or most of its essentials, the chapter contends that Vivekananda, under the influence of Ramakrishna, reconceived Advaita Vedānta as a nonsectarian, world-affirming, and ethically oriented philosophy. Vivekananda, in contrast to Śaṅkara, held that (1) the impersonal Brahman and the personal Śakti are equally real aspects of one and the same Infinite Divine Reality; (2) the universe is a real manifestation of Śakti; (3) since we are all living manifestations of God, we should make Vedānta practical by loving and serving human beings in a spirit of worship; and (4) each of the four Yogas (i.e., basic forms of spiritual practice)—Bhakti-Yoga, Jñāna-Yoga, Karma-Yoga, and Rāja-Yoga—is a direct and independent path to salvation.
“The Science of Religion”
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 examines Vivekananda’s doctrine of the “science of religion,” which involved both a defense of the scientific credentials of religion and a Vedāntic critique of the scientism that was becoming prevalent during his time. Situating him in his late nineteenth-century historical context, the chapter argues that Vivekananda’s attempt to reground religion in spiritual experience was a cosmopolitan response to the global crisis of religious belief. Vivekananda’s science of religion had both a negative and a positive dimension. Negatively, he criticized various forms of scientism, the tendency to overvalue the natural sciences and to deny the existence of realities that cannot be investigated through these sciences. Positively, Vivekananda defended a “wide empiricism,” the view that while experience is the primary source of knowledge, the category of experience encompasses both the sensory and the supersensuous. While sensory experience is the basis of the natural sciences, supersensuous experience is the basis of the science of religion.
From Agnosticism to “Metagnosticism”
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 examines Vivekananda’s views on the powers and limits of theological reason, which he developed through a subtle cosmopolitan engagement with two groups of thinkers: Immanuel Kant, William Hamilton, Herbert Spencer, and John Stuart Mill on the one hand and Śaṅkara and Ramakrishna on the other. Siding with Ramakrishna against Śaṅkara, Vivekananda held that spiritual experience is the only authoritative means of knowing Brahman. Moreover, while he followed Vedānta and the Kantian tradition in arguing that reason can neither prove nor disprove the existence of supersensuous entities like God or the soul, he also criticized Kantian thinkers from a Vedāntic standpoint, arguing that they were not justified in ruling out the possibility of supersensuous knowledge. However, in spite of his rational agnosticism, Vivekananda defended the limited rational force of the argument from religious experience, which infers God’s existence from the testimony of mystics who claim to have perceived God.
Vivekananda’s Justification of Panentheistic Cosmopsychism
Authors: Medhananda Swami
Published: February 2022

Chapter 10 reconstructs Vivekananda’s philosophical justification of panentheistic cosmopsychism and his account of how the single Divine Consciousness individuates into the varied conscious perspectives of humans and non-human animals. He provides two complementary arguments in favor of panentheistic cosmopsychism: (1) an “involution argument” for panpsychism, which is based on the Sāṃkhyan satkāryavāda, the doctrine that an effect pre-exists in its material cause, and (2) an argument for panentheistic cosmopsychism, which is based on two sub-arguments: namely, the argument from design and the argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception (i.e., AEV, discussed in chapter 5). The chapter then explains what it calls Vivekananda’s account of “grounding by self-limitation,” according to which Divine Consciousness manifests as everything in the universe by playfully limiting, or veiling, Herself through the individuating principle of māyā. The chapter concludes by bringing Vivekananda into dialogue with the contemporary philosopher of mind Miri Albahari.
Aesthetic Lives
Authors: Riggle Nick
Published: February 2022

We can start to understand why aesthetic life matters by imagining life without aesthetic value. What would we miss out on? A lot of pleasure and excitement, for sure, but that’s not nearly everything. A life without aesthetic value would be a life without an important part of ourselves and without a unique and profound source of community. Aesthetic life matters because it allows us to freely explore and cultivate our individuality in ways that create and sustain special forms of community. This chapter makes this point through a detailed analogy with food. Food is what is worthy of eating, where eating is a complex social practice that sustains health, creativity, and social life. Likewise, aesthetic value is what is worthy of aesthetic valuing, where the practice of aesthetic valuing is oriented around goods of freedom, individuality, and community.
Revivalism and Theosophy
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

This chapter demonstrates that demarcations between reformism and revivalism are anything but clear, and indeed often are more misleading than helpful. The focus rests on the ambiguous role of Theosophy within “Hindu revivalism,” as contemporaries perceived the Society as part of the “revivalist” camp, while it clearly harbored “typically reformist” ideas. The chapter opens a diachronic perspective on this ambiguity by discussing the Mahānirvāṇa Tantra and its reception since the eighteenth century. This provides insights into why Tantra played such a prominent role in the debates about revival and reform: it was central to the debates about sanātana dharma and related struggles about Hindu identity. So-called orthodox efforts were usually decisively marked by reformist agendas, while reformists often shared the same notions of sanātana dharma and a revival of Aryan civilization. These debates, which had developed since the early colonial period, conditioned the activities of the Theosophical Society.
Arthur Avalon and Tantrik Occultism
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

This chapter surveys how the aspects discussed in the previous chapters resurfaced in the writings of Avalon and Woodroffe. The latter’s relationship to Shivachandra and the broader personal network behind Avalon is inspected in detail, also regarding the role of Theosophy and the colonial elite in Calcutta. On that basis, the chapter analyzes the Avalon and Woodroffe writings by first foregrounding the relationship between religion and science and how the notions of occultism and esotericism were employed to transgress what was perceived as the destructive division between them. Second, Woodroffe’s adamant advocacy of national education and an awakening of India’s shakti directly mirrored the ideas of his Bengali associates. Third, these notions were closely linked to universalist approaches to religion, as they presumed the existence of the same esoteric doctrine at the core of every great tradition—a perception that was also linked to Catholicism.
Introducing Codex Vaticanus
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces various scribal features of Codex Vaticanus. By describing their individual characteristics, it establishes that there were two scribes (Scribes A and B) who, in alternating sections, penned the text of the codex, and one supervising scribe who also contributed corrections. It catalogues the methods of internal division used by the scribes (ekthesis and paragraphos), and the various attempts to restore and ‘re-capitulate’ the text by later hands. Chapter 3 finishes with a discussion of the quality of Vaticanus’s text in both the Old and New Testaments.
The Capitulatio Vaticana and Its Predecessors in the Old Testament
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

Chapters 6 and 7 seek to get behind Vaticanus’s ‘First Chapters’. Chapter 6 conducts several asymmetrical studies of OT books in Vaticanus, comparing them with older manuscripts or with literary references that indicate the existence of physical divisions in the texts of earlier models, searching in particular for signs of a legitimate prehistory of the CapVat. From these studies it is concluded that the CapVat numbers predate Vaticanus and existed, for some books at least, by the middle of the third century in instruments created by Origen and known later to Eusebius; that the numbered divisions in Vaticanus correspond closely to the unnumbered divisions in some unmistakably older manuscripts, particularly of Deuteronomy; and that these divisions were originally based on what were perceived as the natural movements of the text, keyed primarily to changes of time or place or subject, or to other logically separable elements, such as lists or other imbedded materials
Introduction: Treaty Poetics
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

The Introduction considers the steadily rising attention given to the challenge of peacemaking across the long eighteenth century, paying special attention to the Enlightenment discourse of perpetual peace. This discourse illuminates in a concentrated way many of the key ideas that Romantic-era writers would come to explore, such as how best to define peace, how to identify the forces that tend to stand in its way, and how to understand the actions by which it is achieved and preserved. In this Introduction I offer an example of how these concerns thread through what was a virtual genre during the Romantic period, “arrival-of-peace” poems that explore a basic epistemological challenge: after so much war, how can this new thing called peace be known? My main exhibit here is Amelia Opie’s “Lines Written at Norwich on the First News of Peace” (1802), which evinces the cross-energy embodied in the discourse of the treaty—a literary mode I refer to as “treaty poetics”—in which new beginnings must coexist with past wrongs, and compensation can only partly satisfy the demands of what has been lost.
The Stalinist World of Laughter
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

This is a theoretical chapter in which different theories of laughter and the comic are explored at length and where the key concepts used in the monograph are explained. It is focused on the aesthetic of a radically popular culture that is based on an adaptation of ideology to the level of a population, half of which came from the peasantry and had a traditional folkloric sense of the comic. The development of this aesthetic resulted in the comic becoming a tool of the Soviet political and artistic project. This tool was then used to ensure that the people internalized the required political and ideological principles. It affected key elements of the comic introducing such a new concept and practice as “positive satire.” A connection between the comic and the heroic was of primary importance, the heroic being the dominant mode of Stalinist culture. We try to formulate analytical models to provide an alternative to the still dominant concept of the Bakhtinian carnival, which is supposed to be always in opposition to power, always undermining the hierarchy. The radical carnival of Stalinism was the exact opposite of this: it strengthened the existing hierarchy, increased class barriers and gaps between social groups, and provided an additional legitimacy to the laws, prohibitions, and restrictions that were in place. It was a carnival of fear and jubilation.
The Funny War
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on humor as part of the Soviet war propaganda in World War Two. The emphasis is on Aleksandr Tvardovskii’s poem Vasilii Terkin, and documentary satirical pieces authored by the journalist Il′ia Erenburg. The poem and the satirical newspaper pieces could not be more different from each other in terms of their origin and the genre they belonged to: the former was a poem in the spirit of folk ballads, the latter—biting political satire. However, the creations of both authors enjoyed an astonishing popularity during the war, and their impact on the collective consciousness extended far beyond the war years. The chapter discusses the concepts of the regular versus the exceptional, truth versus falsehood, evidence versus fiction, private versus collective.
The Merry Adventures of Stalin’s Peasants
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

Following the period of collectivization, it became essential to create works that would show how much better the life of Soviet peasants-turned-kolkhoz members had become. Kolkhoz comedy quickly became popular on both stage and screen after it first appeared in the 1930s. Its farcical humor, mostly borrowed from situational comedy, was not particularly complex, and the plots usually revolved around how kolkhoz labor and everyday life were intertwined. The ideological message conveyed by these works was also very straightforward: those who work well live well. These plays depict a harmonious reality, and the advantages of the Soviet regime are undeniable. The plot templates used in the kolkhoz comedy followed motives that were familiar from fairytales and the popular forms of entertainment traditionally found at village fairs. An examination of the Sovietization of these genres of low mass culture allows us to understand how thoroughly the Marxist ideology was adapted to the peasant masses’ tastes and horizon of expectations, and why it was so efficient. The normalization of the kolkhoz reality resulted in the creation of stereotypical characters, situations, and devices—a true kolkhoz commedia dell’arte, which is analyzed in this chapter.
Africa’s New Digital Connectivity and Economic Change
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

The rapid adoption and diffusion of digital technologies on the continent in the last decade has led many governments and observers to talk about Africa’s ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’. The underlying assertion here is that digital technologies will help African economies move away from the primary sector towards tertiary economic activities, and therefore put them on track for economic development. However, there are genuine concerns about the extent to which digital technologies will alter the existing modes and structures of production that currently benefit the African continent. This chapter argues that Africa continues to be locked into a value-extractive position in the global economy. Digital production, predominantly characterized by low value-added economic activities that do not necessarily translate into socio-economic improvements for the African working classes, represents a new arena for these dynamics to play out.
Digital Work, Human Labour, and Development
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

Employment is considered by many to be a central piece of the development puzzle. The emergence of digital work activities on the African continent has been perceived by observers, policymakers, and development practitioners as a silver bullet for solving the continent’s many socio-economic problems, including joblessness and poverty. Yet, little is known about the impacts of these activities on African workers. This chapter draws from the literature on the quality of work to understand development implications of digital work in Africa. While this body of work has its theoretical origins in high-income countries, there are certain commonalities to be found in low- and middle-income regions. We therefore conceptualize the impacts of two digital economy activities (namely call and contact centre work and remote gig work) on African workers in terms of autonomy at work, bargaining power, freedom of association, economic inclusion, skills upgrading, and labour agency.
Introduction
Authors: Ndikumana Léonce , Boyce James K.
Published: February 2022

Capital flight from Africa is not only a domestic phenomenon “pushed” by features of the local economic and political order, but also a global phenomenon “pulled” and enabled by institutions and actors in the international economic order. In Africa, capital flight erodes the tax base, undermines the ability of governments to fund desperately needed public goods and services, and widens inequalities of wealth and power. Internationally, too, capital flight has malign effects, inflating real estate prices and rents in major world cities, fostering loopholes that are exploited for tax avoidance and tax evasion by corporations and the wealthy, undermining legitimate economic activity, and corroding democratic governance. To combat this international phenomenon, it is crucial to examine the transnational networks of plunder that orchestrate and facilitate capital flight.
Demosthenes the Kinaidos and Aeschines the Fox
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

Using the speeches of Aeschines (1–3) and Demosthenes (19, 18) as a case study, this chapter explores the overlapping significances of the kinaidos in fourth-century BCE Athens, arguing that this figure is not solely legible in terms of sexuality and gender behavior but that other axes of difference such as sex, status, ethnicity, and performance style come equally into play. After exploring why Aeschines’ rival Timarchus, the “pornos,” can lose his citizen rights for allegedly being sexually penetrated by other men while Demosthenes, the “kinaidos,” does not, it uses an intersectional lens—drawn from the Black feminisms of Kimberlé Crenshaw and Patricia Hill Collins—to examine how other fields of significance play into Athenian understandings of the kinaidos. It then examines how in Aeschines’ and Demosthenes’ paired speeches each orator presents his rival as some form of bad performer: Aeschines as a booming tritagonist of the tragic stage; Demosthenes as Bat(t)alos, a foul-mouthed kinaidos who is described as telling off-color jokes with his shrill and unholy voice.
Desert Fragments
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

The Sotadean meter, a catalectic Ionic tetrameter, gets associated with the figure of the kinaidos throughout antiquity, yet the surviving Greek fragments in this meter are rather diverse in type and tone. This chapter presents the development of this verse beginning from its associations with two Hellenistic poets, Cleomachus (said to have adopted his poetic form from a kinaidos with whom he was in love) and Sotades the verse’s namesake (whose invective verse apparently cost him his life). It then explores how in a wide range of texts—Alexandrian poetry, verses from Stobaeus’ Anthology, theatrical parodies, a novel, and two dedicatory inscriptions from Egypt and the Nubian border—Sotadeans, although expressing several tones such as invective, didactic, quasi-religious, and solemn, in all cases share some sense of ludic wordplay or of hidden knowledge.
Desiderata for an Account of Everyday Metaphysical Explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates what an account of everyday metaphysical explanation is required to do. The approach taken is to outline a set of desiderata for an adequate account of everyday metaphysical explanation. The chapter argues that an adequate account must be concordant with a plausible account of people’s collective practices, must provide correct truth-conditions, and must be epistemically tractable. Moreover, if the account posits new worldly structure, there must be a plausible account, arising from the phenomenon of everyday metaphysical explanation, of why such structure ought to be posited. The case is made that in order to know whether any account meets these desiderata an appeal must be made to empirical research. In particular, the chapter argues that empirical data is needed regarding people’s collective practices surrounding metaphysical explanation, and regarding people’s collective pattern of judgements about what metaphysically explains what.
Empirical Evidence about Judgements about Causal and Metaphysical Explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the methodology and results of the experiments we ran to investigate people’s judgements about the conditions under which a proposition of the form ⌜x because y⌝ is true or is an explanation. First, the chapter looks to the literature investigating judgements about causal explanation, and to philosophers’ judgements about metaphysical explanation, to generate hypotheses. It emerges that people are inclined to judge that ⌜x because y⌝ is true precisely when it’s an explanation, there is evidence of context-sensitivity, and there is surprising evidence that people judge that there can be symmetrical everyday metaphysical explanations. Armed with this information, the chapter revisits the desiderata from chapter 2 to fill in some missing empirical details.
Psychological Role P
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter turns to the psychological aspect of the phenomenon. It proposes that [y] plays psychological role P relative to [x], at a context of explanation, just in case the subject at that context of explanation subjectively understands [x] in terms of [y]. That will be so just in case the subject’s objectual interventional representation represents that intervening on [y] is a way of intervening on [x]. The chapter considers various ways of making psychological role P more demanding, should further empirical research reveal that it ought to be. Consideration is given to a communitarian view where the psychology of other members of a subject’s community also help to determine what is an everyday metaphysical explanation at her context.
Institutions of skill formation in Mexico
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the national institutions in Mexico that affect the Mexican auto parts suppliers’ skilling strategies, drawing from the discussions in the literature on comparative capitalisms and comparative political economy of skill formation. The chapter elaborates the national institutions in Mexico that define the training practices available to firms and influence the labour market dynamics, which then will shape firms’ training and hiring costs and form complementarities in the multilevel skill system. The chapter shows that there are three main institutional structures that complement the skill system: the vocational education and training system, labour regulations and the minimum wage structure, and firms’ location and public transportation services. The low commitment of the Mexican state in these structures has been a major factor shaping these institutions, and has resulted in arrangements that are very different from those in Turkey.
Introduction
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers a concise overview of previous works on the history of French and grammatical change in French more specifically, noting that no formal diachronic study of word-order change from Latin to Modern French exists at present. It outlines the motivation for the book, namely empirical and theoretical advances in our understanding of core word-order phenomena in Latin and Romance in recent years, developments in parametric theory, and the emergence of digitized corpora for the history of French. The aims and objectives of the book proposed in this chapter are to offer an analysis of the most salient syntactic changes to have taken place in the history of French, considered in a wide diachronic timespan and with reference to a large range of phenomena.
Grammatical change from Latin to French
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides key empirical background for the subsequent chapters by offering a broad overview of several of the most salient developments that characterize the history of French. The alleged transition from a synthetic grammatical system to an analytic one is outlined and critically evaluated, with reference to a range of phenomena including the ‘emergence’ of articles, auxiliaries, and prepositions, and developments in verbal and nominal morphology. A critical overview of major changes in the negative system is also presented and it is suggested that Jespersen’s Cycle offers neither a sufficient description nor motivation for all the changes observed in the language’s history. Finally, the most prominent approaches to word-order change in the literature are discussed, where it is argued that simplistic labels such as ‘free’, ‘fixed’, ‘V2’, and ‘SVO’ fail to accurately capture the extent of variation in word order attested in all periods.
Verb placement and verb movement
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

This chapter surveys and analyses the rich variation in verb placement and verb movement operations which is attested in the history of French. The analysis developed suggests than an original SOV grammar where the finite verb remains in-situ is reanalysed as one with optional verb movement to the left periphery during the Classical Latin period, with this movement itself reanalysed as systematic V-to-C movement in certain colloquial and late Latin texts. Until the Renaissance, French is also argued to feature systematic V-to-C movement, albeit to distinct heads within the left periphery. Novel data is presented to suggest that as part of an SVO grammar, French has featured verb movement to the high tense-aspect-mood field since the 16th century. A diachronic and synchronic analysis of verb–subject inversion in interrogatives and verb movement in imperatives is also presented. The chapter concludes with a formal parametric analysis of both unmarked and marked verb movement from Latin to Modern French.
The Aftermath
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

This chapter sketches the fate of the emirates in the 1340s which saw drastic changes. Aydın never recovered from the loss of Umur in battle; Karesi was taken over by Orhan (circumstances unknown, date uncertain) whose growing power led to his marriage with the daughter of the emperor John Cantacuzene; the Ilkhanids fell into çivil war and were replaced by the far less powerful Eretnids. In sum, the Ottomans became a great power in the 1340s.
Politics of Responsibility: India in Global Climate Governance
Authors: Prys-Hansen Miriam
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the construction of responsibilities for emerging countries in the global climate regime whose great power status continues to be uncertain. It argues that this uncertainty allows for interpretation and constructions, through the active ascription of responsibilities to Self and Other. Indeed, India has not been recognized as a great power, yet three points speak for India’s ambition and path towards this status: first, its ability to turn environmental vulnerabilities into a narrative of heroism; second, its contributions to South–South cooperation in climate change; and third, its extensive negative environmental power. Using qualitative text analysis of governmental statements, the chapter finds that India’s constructions of its own responsibilities differ according to the ‘audience’ or scale of climate governance. While it continues, at the global level, to assign responsibilities to developed countries, while portraying itself as developing country, and has not stepped up as a climate leader within South Asia, where it is the unambiguous regional power, India has accepted domestic responsibilities and has taken an active position in South–South cooperation. In turn, the international community has, until recently, abstained from holding India to account. The chapter concludes that India has so far been able to define its own fate in terms of climate responsibilities. It designs its domestic climate policies according to its domestic interests and has been able to shape its global engagement independently. While not quite matching the characteristics of a great power, this independence allows India to shape its role in climate change governance.
Great Powers, Climate Change, and Global Responsibilities: A Concluding Assessment
Authors: Falkner Robert , Buzan Barry
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a concluding assessment of the role that great powers play in the international politics of climate change. Building on the contributions to this volume, it concludes that a small group of major environmental powers are indeed responsible for a large share of global environmental degradation, with some (US, China) counting as systematically important powers. Power inequality also affects countries’ ability to promote global environmental solutions. Great powers play a prominent role in the creation of international environmental rules but have often failed to provide the necessary leadership to make environmental protection work. The chapter also reviews the reasons behind the failure to create a system of great power management for climate change, pointing to the difficulty of matching special responsibilities with great power privileges and profound disagreements among the great powers about their respective responsibilities. The chapter also identifies future securitization of climate change as a potential step towards a greater role for great power management, particularly so if current mitigation efforts fail to keep global warming to below two degrees Celsius. It concludes with an outlook on what steps should be undertaken to strengthen the special responsibilities of the few major environmental powers that hold the future of the planet in their hands.
Expanding the Roman Imperial Analogy
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 addresses Jones’s complex analogy between ancient and modern empires which would eventually include all the destructive regimes of his era. While the events of the 1930s only reinforced his distrust of British imperialism and communism, they also encouraged him to explore fascism’s claims to stand as a challenge to Western crisis. Jones’s fears of war, support of appeasement, rejection of capitalist democracy and even his Catholic identity drew him to sympathise with Adolf Hitler (raising questions around his response to anti-Semitic discourse), yet by the end of the Second World War he had come to reject all forms of fascism. This chapter maps the controversial journey of Jones’s thought and the shape it gave to his vision of Rome. It examines his sustained engagement with fascism—tracing the ways he interweaves fascist rhetoric of revived Roman Empires with his criticisms of other modern regimes—until Rome emerges as a symbol of pure totalitarian power.
Investigating Cultural Decline
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 explores Jones’s belief that the classical and Christian heritages were under threat in the decline of Western civilisation. With close examination of his essays and letters, the chapter contextualises Jones’s approach to this inheritance. It traces, in particular, his deep concerns around the marginalisation of classics in the education system and the Second Vatican Council’s decision to vernacularise the Mass. While these fears position Jones within broader movements bent on preserving the unity of Western tradition, his own lack of a classical education and position as a Catholic convert appalled by the modernisation of the faith, encouraged him to fight even harder for cultural continuity. Jones, along with writers, classicists and Catholic intellectuals, and in line with associations like The Virgil Society, advocated a return to Rome—both historically and religiously—to reconnect to the origins of Western culture, reinforce the strength of this tradition and ensure its survival into the future.
Reconnecting with Rome
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 8 focuses on Jones’s presentation of cultural decline. While he explored this issue across all of his works, his approach to the possibility of renewal is demonstrated most explicitly in the painted inscriptions which unite diverse fragments of ancient literature into new visual forms. Examining Jones’s inscriptional practice provides a way in to his vision of cultural inheritance and the process by which he believed that Rome had passed on the classical and spiritual heritage to the modern world. This chapter contextualises Jones’s developing understanding of cultural dynamics through focusing on the dialogues he maintained with three of his friends: Christopher Dawson, Jackson Knight, and T. S. Eliot. Jones’s engagement with their visions of Rome—in particular their arguments for the inclusive power of Catholicism and for the importance of Virgil in the Western tradition—is examined through close readings of his inscriptions alongside evidence drawn from archival letters, essays, and marginalia.
Jones’s Cultural Theory
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 9 examines Jones’s belief that human beings were fundamentally creative and that what they made was sacramental. Yet, in his mind, the Break between past and present was preventing these signs from being repeated and understood in modernity which was undermining the spiritual and cultural foundation of what it was to be human. The artist’s role in a period of decline was therefore to re-make these past signs anew in the present, a creative act of renewal that Jones conceptualised as anamnesis and founded on a complex vision of the Mass. This chapter explores Jones’s original theories of man-the-artist, anamnesis and the Bridge—which visualises cultural inheritance—and situates them in relation to The Anathemata (1952). For Jones, cultural preservation was a dynamic process of regeneration in which Rome came to have an essential role not only in Western culture, but more specifically, in the heritage of Britain and in the unique inheritance of Wales.
The mainstays
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the prepositions of /әv = / and for /fәr = /, which have basic meanings that are relational rather than spatial or temporal. It explores the spatial and temporal senses of for but are of a secondary nature (i.e. They sailed for France, He’s been sick for six months). For developed out of a meaning earlier in time or space, noting that in Old English for was used to indicate ‘cause’, ‘reason’, and ‘purpose’, anticipating the modern range of senses. The chapter considers of and for as the pre-eminent markers of grammatical relations. Of is far and away the most common preposition in modern English, while for is the fourth most common.
The central spatial prepositions
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews the chief spatial prepositions at /әt = /, which describes a position of rest, and the pair dealing with motion, consisting of major member to /tә = / and minor member from /frәm = /. It considers at, to, and from as exclusively prepositions and generally realised as proclitics, emphasizing they are never used as adverbs and the noun phrase (NP) that follows them may not be omitted. To is the second most frequent preposition in the language with at and from being eighth and ninth most frequent. The chapter looks at the basic meanings of at, to, and from that are spatial with considerable extensions into more abstract senses. All three prepositions were present in Old English with meanings similar to those which they display today.
Distribution
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter distinguishes the prepositions among(st), amid(st), between, and in-between, which refer to distributive inclusion, with (a)round, about, and concerning, which has a similar meaning to one sense of about. It traces among(st), amid(st), and between, in-between to Old English, wherein among /ə’mʌŋ/ developed out of on-gemang ‘in a crowd or assemblage’, and amid /ə’mid/ from on-middan ‘in the middle of’. Among(st), amid(st), between, and in-between function only as prepositions and do not enter into prepositional verbs or phrasal verbs, showing limited possibilities for extension from spatial meanings. The chapter highlights amid or amidst that may be used in most contexts, with no difference of sense. Despite their similar meanings, among(st) and, amid(st) are substitutable one for the other in only a few of the most basic spatial contexts.
Baden Powell and Henry Smith
Authors: Hannabuss Keith
Published: February 2022

The years 1827–83, spanning the professorships of Baden Powell and Henry Smith, marked a period of great change in Oxford University. In the 1820s the University had been mainly a seminary for the Anglican clergy and a finishing school for the gentry. Reforms were introduced gradually, many as a result of Royal Commissions in 1850 and 1877, and by the 1880s Oxford had recognizably become a modern university. Although Powell was more of a scientist than a mathematician, he introduced important innovations that improved the status of mathematics within the University. His successor, Henry Smith, was both a reformer and a mathematician with an international reputation.
James Joseph Sylvester
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger
Published: February 2022

Following the tenure of Henry Smith, James Joseph Sylvester served as Savilian Professor of Geometry from 1883 to 1894. The first Jew to hold an Oxbridge chair, Sylvester came to Oxford from the inaugural professorship of mathematics at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. While mainly focusing on his time in Oxford, this chapter contrasts the situations that Sylvester encountered at Oxford and Hopkins at the end of the 19th century.
The Emergence of Religious Education
Authors: Stenger Jan R.
Published: February 2022

This chapter deals with an innovation in ancient culture: the concept of religious education. Christian thinkers sought to develop an emphatically religious education in critical engagement with classical ideals of learning. Key authors of the fourth and fifth centuries tried to define a genuinely Christian way of intellectual and moral upbringing: the Greeks Basil of Caesarea and John Chrysostom, and the Romans Augustine and John Cassian. Focusing on education as process, they considered formative techniques and activities rather than the specific subjects to be studied. The four ecclesiastical authors not only reoriented paideia by tying it to Christian doctrine and morality but redefined every educational act as an inherently religious practice, comparable to a religious ritual. Education was thus conceptualized as a totalizing demonstration of religious identity leaving no space for independent secular learning. This idea distinguished Christian educational conceptualizations from pagan ones, despite shared elements in other areas. It is because of this fundamental reinterpretation of paideia that we can speak of the emergence of ‘religious education’ in the strong sense.
The TORNARE-periphrasis in Italo-Romance
Authors: Parry Mair
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines verbal periphrases involving the originally transitive Latin verb TORNARE ‘turn’ in Italo-Romance. The emergence in late Latin of intransitive uses of TORNARE as a verb of motion meaning ‘return, go back’ prepared the way for early Romance collocations with an infinitive, ‘go back to doing’. The gradual grammaticalization of such periphrases involved semantic and syntactic reanalysis that produced an aspectual auxiliary with restitutive, continuative, and repetitive meanings according to the context, e.g., It. torno a dire ‘I say again, I repeat’. Whereas the lexical unaccusative motion verb selects the expected perfective auxiliary BE, the aspectual periphrasis displays in some dialects an unusual type of auxiliary shift (BE > HAVE), when the infinitive involved is transitive or unergative. This account of the morphosyntactic development of the periphrasis also contributes to recent typological and semantic investigations regarding the expression of ‘again’.
How One Should Live
Authors: Mantie Roger
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 expands on the work-leisure theme that surfaces throughout Chapters 1–5. Consistent with the overall approach in Part III, the discussion here is more philosophical. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s work-labor distinction, the chapter challenges the notion of “work” (as waged employment) as a goal or purpose of human existence. Drawing attention to Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “the right to leisure” is problematized in light of basic material needs (e.g., food and shelter) balanced against the freedom to do as one pleases. The failed promise of the “leisure society” is juxtaposed against contemporary experiences of time stress, central life interests, and leisure satisfactions. The “play spirit” is proposed as a potential, if partial, solution to the work-leisure dichotomy.
Annelida
Authors: Rouse Greg , Pleijel Fredrik , Tilic Ekin
Published: February 2022

Annelids (the segmented worms) exist in a remarkably diverse range of mostly marine but also freshwater and terrestrial habitats, varying greatly in size and form. This text provides. This text begins with an introduction to the phylum and an outline of annelid taxonomy. The book describes their collection and the methods to ensure their optimal preservation, and provides an overview of anatomy with its relevant terminology. It includes the latest molecular phylogenomic evidence and is organised based on a new, robust phylogenetic hypothesis. It looks at groups which include Clitellata (comprising more than a third of total annelid diversity), Sipuncula, and Thalassematidae (formerly Echiura). It reflects the enormous amount of research on these organisms that has burgeoned since the millennium, principally due to their use as model organisms to address wider and more general evolutionary and ecological questions.