bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aberrant expression of E-cadherin in infiltrating ductal and lobular breast carcinomas and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters – A hospital-based study
Authors:   Government Medical College, Nizamabad, T Shruthi , Chavan Dr. Ramesh ,   Professor, Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India, Kulkarni Dr. Naresh Jaikumar ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is one of the commonest malignant tumours in women, leading topremature deaths and morbidity. E-cadherin is a 120kDa calcium-dependent transmembraneglycoprotein encoded by the CDH1 gene located on chromosome 16q21 and is expressed in mostepithelial cells. Loss of E Cadherin expression implies cell discohesion and favours metastasis.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 cases of breast carcinomas were studied, over two years.Histological grade and type were assessed by staining the paraffin-embedded sections with H & E.Using IHC technique, E-cadherin antigen was retrieved by Heat-Induced Epitome Retrieval method,and immunostaining was scored semiquantitatively. Cases were grouped as ‘preserved,’ whenpositivity was strong membranous, and occurred in more than 75% of the neoplastic epithelial cellsand ‘aberrant’ in all the remaining cases. Results: E-cadherin was found to be preserved in 46.7%of all the breast carcinomas and aberrant in 51.7% of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) alone, while100% of invasive lobular carcinomas showed aberrant expression. No significant correlation wasfound with E-cadherin grading and histological type of carcinoma, histopathological grade orinvolvement of deep surgical margin. Conclusion: Differentiation between invasive ductal andinvasive lobular carcinoma based on the loss of E-cadherin has to be done cautiously given itsaberrant expression in ductal carcinomas as well.
As cortes e os desafios da era digital: a vigilância na jurisprudência comparada
Authors: Leite Sampaio José Adércio
Published: July 2021

Resumo: a sociedade digital criou os instrumentos para a vigilância massiva dos indivíduos pelo Estado, sob a retórica da securitização. O medo do terror ou do extermínio estaria a justificar esse novo papel estatal. Se as leis deixam lacunas normativas e semânticas de controle, a servirem mais para legitimar do que para limitar os órgãos de inteligência, o Judiciário parece ainda confuso em meio aos novos desafios e tentações de vigilância e o seu papel de proteção dos direitos fundamentais. O presente artigo analisa como o Judiciário respondeu a essa chamada de responsabilidade. Como metodologia procurou-se lançar um (primeiro) olhar sobre o problema e tentar responder se o Judiciário, como uma tradicional e requisitada garantia dos direitos, tem atendido às expectativas de prevenção e reparação. Avaliou-se o repertório de jurisprudência de alguns Estados, aqueles em que as questões já vieram à discussão judicial, seguindo-se, numa metodologia comparativa e indutiva, que se vale da revisão bibliográfica como ancoradouro da reflexão.Palavras-chave: sociedade digital, Estado de vigilância, retórica de securitização, Judiciário. Abstract: the digital society created the instruments for the mass surveillance of individuals by the State, under the rhetoric of securitization. Fear of terror or extermination justifis this new state role. If the laws leave normative and semantic control gaps, serving more to legitimize than to limit the intelligence agencies, the Judiciary still seems confused amid the new challenges and temptations of surveillance, and its role in protecting fundamental rights. This article analyzes how the Judiciary responded to this call for responsibility. As a methodology the article tried to take a (first) look at the problem and then to answer whether the Judiciary, as a traditional and requested guarantee of rights, has met expectations for prevention and repair. The repertoire of jurisprudence of some states was evaluated, those in which the issues have already come to judicial discussion, followed by a comparative and inductive methodology, which uses the bibliographic review as an anchor for reflection.Keywords: digital society, surveillance State, securitization rhetoric, Judiciary.
Acting Agentically at Work: Developing a Short Measure of Professional Agency
Authors: Vähäsantanen Katja , Räikkönen Eija , Paloniemi Susanna , Hökkä Päivi
Published: July 2021

Although professional agency has become an increasingly crucial issue in work organizations, investigators lack a brief instrument to measure it. This paper introduces a short measure to explore professional agency at work. Our aim was to shorten the original 17-item Professional Agency Measure, while also exploring its usability for cross-validating questionnaire datasets, and investigating the relationship between professional agency and work engagement. Three dimensions of professional agency emerged, with three items per dimension, across the domains of healthcare, real estate services, and information technology (all within Finland). All the dimensions (Influencing at work, Participation at work, and Negotiating professional identity) showed good reliability. The results further revealed that these dimensions of agency are distinct from, but closely and positively linked to work engagement. In particular, our research offers a reliable, short measure of professional agency that is relevant across professional domains in the Nordic context.
AN ANALYSIS OF WAR LANGUAGE IN COVID 19 SPEECHES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Gulzar Kanwal , Khan Saira Asghar , Khan Imdad Ullah , Khan Saood , Amina Sidra
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: The study aims to include the hidden ideology working behind the metaphor that is used in the speeches of both countries. It will also analyze the source domains used by both countries and will explore whether the two countries are employing similar source domains or using different source domains.

Methodology: The Theoretical framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) by Charteris-Black (2004) has been employed to study the metaphors used.

Main Findings: The results reveal that the USA is quite racist in its president naming the virus CHINESE VIRUS, and it appears as an authoritative, dominant, and strong nation that intends to hold its supremacy all around the world. Whereas the UK shows its nationalistic approach. The source domains of War, Enemy, soldier, Home front are found to be a similar while different source domains used are wartime president, victory in the USA, and Blitz spirit, wartime government in the UK. 

Applications of this study: As the ideologies of the different governments have been linguistically assessed through the metaphorical frameworks used, this study is a helpful study to understand the stance being used by the different governments in dealing with universal problems. It can be helpful in political studies of governmental responses.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COACHING STYLES AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Atta Hira , Nazeer Muhammad Tahir , Mafooz Masood , Ilyas Muhammad , Khan Shams ur Rehman
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between coaching leadership styles and university-level basketball players` achievement motivation.

Methodology: A cross-sectional survey research design was used. Data were collected from 150 male and female basketball players. The data were analyzed utilizing regression analysis in SPSS 20.

Main Findings: The statistical results of the present study showed that the training and instructors’ behavior had a significant relationship (p < 0.05) with achievement motivation.

Applications of this study: This study will be helpful for the coaches who are working with university-level basketball players to know about the most appropriate coaching leadership behavior for effective coaching to enhance achievement motivation among university-level basketball players and prepare them for high demanding competitions.
EFFECT OF COMPETITION ANXIETY ON ATHLETES SPORTS PERFORMANCE: IMPLICATION FOR COACH
Authors: Marwat Noor Muhammad , Islam Syed Zia ul , Luqman Muhammad Safdar , Manzoor Mehwish , Irfanullah
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competition anxiety upon sports performance of elite athletes who took part in the “31st National Games held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP), Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-eight (N=128) males= 88, females= 40; Age 21.9 +/-1.5 years; Sports Experience, 8.9 +/-1.7 years) provided the required information on 15-items Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). The history of sports performance of athletes was obtained during breaks within competitive fixtures. Main Findings: The analyzed data revealed that competitive anxiety is responsible for 38% change in sports performance. Furthermore, the relationship is moderate negative identifying that an increase in competitive anxiety decreases the sports performance of athletes (r=-0.386, P=.002). Additionally, comparative analyses indicated that female athletes and athletes from individual sports showed higher levels of Competition Anxiety, while male athletes and athletes with team sport reported lower levels of Competition Anxiety (P <.005). Implications of the study: This gender impact is critical and significant showing decisive implications for the coaches and trainers. These findings were explored in light of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for designing sport psychology programs in Pakistan for athletes from various contexts. Novelty: The findings indicate that competitive trait anxiety can harm the success, and indicate that certain PL athletes can benefit from therapies that seek to decrease anxiety before and during competition.
Las nuevas tecnologías en la divulgación del capital intelectual: análisis en universidades colombianas
Authors: Católico Segura Diego Fernando
Published: July 2021

El estudio determinó la extensión y la naturaleza del capital intelectual (CI) divulgado por las universidades colombianas en sus informes de gestión y sitios virtuales. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de contenido y se diseñó un índice de divulgación del CI. Por medio de pruebas paramétricas de comparación de medias poblacionales, se analizó la existencia de diferencias en la divulgación del CI en las fuentes de información consultadas. Los resultados mostraron que las universidades obtienen bajas puntuaciones y ninguna expone una plena divulgación de su CI. Además, el capital estructural, el capital de procesos de la tercera misión y el capital relacional lograron los mejores resultados en la información expuesta de su CI. Finalmente, se realzan las diferencias en las fuentes de información al momento de divulgar el CI. Los informes de gestión son utilizados en mayor medida que los sitios virtuales, aunque estos últimos han incrementado la divulgación consolidada del CI, por lo que aún no se puede considerar que el uso intensivo de las nuevas tecnologías ha impactado plenamente las prácticas de divulgación del CI en las universidades colombianas.
El efecto escudo fiscal como determinante de la estructura de capital y la generación de valor: un análisis empírico para el mercado colombiano
Authors: Mosquera Sevilla Andrés , Cabezas Lozano Carlos Andrés
Published: July 2021

La política tributaria nacional incide ampliamente sobre la inversión, el crecimiento, la generación de empleo y otras variables macroeconómicas relevantes. En términos microeconómicos, repercute directamente en el desempeño financiero de las empresas del país, en la medida en que las obligaciones tributarias afectan la gestión financiera corporativa. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto que pueden tener las condiciones fiscales en las decisiones de endeudamiento de las empresas, su impacto en el valor económico agregado y el costo de capital de las empresas colombianas que cotizan en bolsa y hacen parte del índice Colcap durante el periodo 2015 a 2019. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo de tipo cuantitativo, comparativo y longitudinal en el contexto de la gerencia financiera y tributaria nacional. La investigación demuestra que los aspectos fiscales a nivel empresarial están altamente correlacionados con las decisiones de estructura de capital según la evidencia empírica aportada por compañías que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia; estos hallazgos son equiparables a resultados de investigaciones en otras economías, tanto desarrolladas como emergentes.
Code control for parametric models of induction heaters
Authors: Tyapin Alexey , Panteleev Vasily , Kinev Evgeny , Pervukhin Mikhail
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we describe our approach to building controllable models of induction heaters. Parameters of equivalent circuits of aluminum heating inductors include certain components tied to secondary elements. As long as metal properties are subject to change during the heating process, resistive and reactive parts of equivalent circuits should be taken into account. Adjustable resistive components have rarely been used in circuit models. To control equivalent resistive two-terminal parts, we offer pulse code control of impedance-changing switches. Controlling switching time in models with series, parallel, and mixed connection provides required softness of resistive conductivity change. Control characteristics of current and voltage were obtained with use of a simulator. As the result of our numerical experiment, the set of operating parameters for an induction device was determined.
Optimization of parameters and operation modes of a biogas plant for achieving the highest biomethane yield
Authors: Fiapshev Amur , Khamokov Marat , Kilchukova Olesya , Temukuev Boris , Fiapshev Batyr
Published: July 2021

Anaerobic fermentation is a promising option for biogas production for bioenergy needs. Our theoretical study was focused on anaerobic fermentation of livestock waste by a novel biomethane plant substantiating its design, technical scheme, and operation modes. We have also determined an impact of each process condition factor contributing to biomethane yield, such as fermentation temperature, substrate mixing time, and a number of revolutions heater agitator of a biogas plant. The results of the given theoretical study have been proven by test performance of a model and experiments plants.
ENGAGING STUDENTS IN ONLINE READING GAMES: A STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Purbasari Prima , Iffatunnida Iffatunnida , Rahmah Urwatus Silvia Rahmah Silvia
Published: July 2021

2020 might be unforgettable for teachers since they need to face the challenging teaching situation in the ruinous Covid-19 pandemic. To deliver the lesson, teachers need varied online applications to reach their students. Furthermore, they need more online media to ensure the students grasp what they need to achieve as a learning outcome. Online games are used in this study as the supportive learning tool after lecturing session about Reading Strategies. Furthermore, it is the tool to engage students to practice the student-centered learning so that they will be autonomous learners. There are four games used in this study i.e. Main Idea Millionaire, Main Idea Storm, Context Clues, and Scanning Skimming games, which are provided in three different websites. This is a qualitative phenomenological study expecting to capture details and experience of students and then to describe the meaning of the findings based on the subjects’ individual experience. The study was conducted in Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, exactly at Architectural Engineering Department. Based on the findings, students thought that online reading games helped them to visualize the context of particular texts because of its good animation and sound effects. Students, in teacher’s evaluation, became more active in engaging themselves in the class discussion after having several activities of playing the online reading games. They said that they could easily play the games over and over anytime. This study proves that the employed online games can boost students’ confidence and encourage them to be active in the teaching and learning situation.
Implementasi Silent Demonstration pada Open Learning Environments (OLEs) sebagai Penguatan Keterampilan 4C
Authors: Munawaroh Diah Ambarumi
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of Silent Demonstration in Open Learning Environments and how these activities can integrate students to critical thinking, creative, communication, and collaboration in social studies subjects. The method used by the researcher is a phenomenological qualitative approach by describing the behavior, responses, actions of individuals and groups in the form of words and language, naturally (naturally). Data collection techniques through observations in grades VIII G and VIII H, in-depth interviews with subject teachers and group leaders of 14 students and documentation during the research. The research results are that the implementation of silent demonstrations in OLEs attracts students' attention through observations in understanding production, consumption and distribution activities so that learning objectives are achieved. This learning activity integrates integrated skills between Silent Demonstration which attracts students' attention through observation and Open Learning Environments (OLEs) which presents the context of a natural resource perspective from the environment.to build multiple points of view through tools/media as an effort to strengthen 4C learning (critical thinking, creative, collaborative and communicative)
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Digital Berbasis STEM dengan Pendekatan Eco-Spatial Behavior Materi Kependudukan
Authors: Dewi Kusuma , Sumarmi Sumarmi , Putra Alfyananda Kurnia
Published: July 2021

The demands and challenges of 21st century development occur in all areas, especially in the learning process and student competence. The achievement of 21st century learning objectives is implemented in the 2013 curriculum, one of which is through the development of Bahan Ajar Digital (BAD). Development of BAD uses STEM approaches and eco-spatial behavior in Population materials. It is expected to produce students who are able to innovate and compete in the digital age while maintaining environmental sustainability. The development research model uses the ADDIE procedure (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The data type consists of qualitative and quantitative. Data collection using interview techniques, questionnaires, and documentation with descriptive percentage analysis techniques. The product development trial was conducted in class XII IIS MA Al-Ittihad Poncokusumo. The feasibility test results obtained 87% of student responses, 95% of teacher responses, 90% of material validators, and 95% of media validators. Thus, BAD is very feasible to be used in the learning of Geography.
LAW, WOMEN, AND LITERARY STUDIES: UNDERSTANDING THE THOUGHT OF NAWAL EL-SAADAWI IN WOMAN AT POINT ZERO
Authors: Ahmadi Anas
Published: July 2021

Islamic feminist is currently being discussed, one of which is Nawal E-Saadawi. She is an Islamic feminist who is known for her view on fighting for the fate of women. It is reflected in his non-fiction and literary works. This study aims to explore the view of the feminist writer from Egypt, Nawal El-Saadawi, from a legal context. The research method used in this research is qualitative-interpretative using literary data sources written by Nawal El-Saadawi. The data source used is the novel Woman at Point Zero. The data collection technique was done by using a literature study. The data analysis technique was carried out in two stages: the textual and contextual levels. The result of the research showed that Nawal El-Saadawi's thoughts from her literary context that (1) the law is frightening and unfair in the view of women; (2) men acting on behalf of the law; and (3) women who violate the law.
OTHERNESS REPRESENTED IN TODD DURHAM’S HOTEL TRANSYLVANIA
Authors: Nasrum Nasrum , Junaid Syahruni , Awwab Ashril
Published: July 2021

This research discusses the otherness concept in Hotel Transylvania film. It is an animation movie that tells about the conflict between human with monster, in which the main character Dracula as a monster had a terrible memory with the human that makes him isolated himself and all monsters from humans’ intervention. The research aims to deconstruct how the otherness concept appeared in the film's manuscript. This research uses the content analysis method. In analyzing the data, the researchers use the deconstruction theory from Jacques Derrida to reveal the concept of otherness, which is the primary purpose of this research. Furthermore, this research focuses on the characters who brought the concept of otherness through their dialogue. As a result of this research, the researchers find that both humans and monsters are projecting each other's identity based on their perspective. The implication of this research is to give understanding to readers how the otherness concept is close to our daily life, and even we do not realize it has frequently happened.
COVID-19 Pandemisinde Algılanan Psikolojik Huzursuzluk ve Anlam Bulma: Sosyal Bağlar ve Medya Kullanımı
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Fatih , ÇEVİKER Gizem
Published: July 2021

Çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye'yi yoğun olarak etkilediği dönemde kişilerin psikolojik huzursuzluk ve hayatı anlamlı bulma düzeylerine odaklanmak ve bu kavramların belirli demografik değişkenler, yerel/geniş gruplara yönelik sosyal bağlar ve sosyal/klasik medya kullanımıyla olan ilişkilerini incelemektedir. Çalışmaya 18-46 yaş aralığında bulunan 1023 kişi (828 kadın, 195 erkek) katılmıştır. Araştırma hipotezleriyle tutarlı olarak, erkeklere kıyasla kadınlar hayatı anlamlı bulma, yerel sosyal bağ, geniş sosyal bağ ve klasik medya kullanımı değişkenlerinde daha yüksek skorlara sahiptir. Pandemi sürecinde yerel gruba (aile bireyleri, arkadaşlar, işyerindeki/okuldaki kişiler ve komşular) ve geniş gruba (yaşanılan şehir ve ülke) yönelik kuvvetli sosyal bağlar algılayan kişiler hayatı daha anlamlı bulmaktadır. Fakat yerel gruba yönelik kuvvetli sosyal bağlar algılayan kişilerin belirttikleri psikolojik huzursuzluk daha kuvvetlidir. Pandemiye ilişkin gelişmeleri sosyal ve/veya klasik medya mecralarından daha fazla takip eden kişilerin algıladıkları psikolojik huzursuzluk daha kuvvetliyken, klasik medya mecralarını takip eden kişilerin hayatı anlamlı bulma düzeyleri daha yüksektir. Pandeminin başladığı dönemde kişilerin ne ölçüde psikolojik huzursuzluk algıladığını ve hayatlarını anlamlı bulduğunu saptamak ve ilişkili değişkenleri belirlemek pandemi-temelli gelişmekte olan alanyazında önemli bir boşluğu doldurmakta ve uygulanacak müdahale çalışmaları için bilgi sağlamaktadır.
Literacidad: un reto en la formación de docentes de educación básica
Authors: Mejía Reyes Brenda , García Zárate María de Lourdes
Published: July 2021

Literacidad es el concepto más reciente con el que se ha denominado a la lectura y la escritura desde la investigación educativa, que la comprende desde su perspectiva lingüística y psicolingüística, y agrega el aspecto funcional con un enfoque sociocultural. En México, al proceso de las dos primeras se le ha denominado alfabetización, y como tal, se incluye en programas de estudio de educación básica, determinando así la perspectiva desde la cual se desarrollarán las intervenciones docentes para su enseñanza. Ante esto, surge el interés por identificar qué conocen las educadoras en formación acerca de literacidad. Para ello se diseñó un cuestionario con diez ítems de opción múltiple, tomando como base la perspectiva de Ferreiro (1998) y Cassany (2009). Se aplicó en forma de encuesta online a 51 estudiantes de la licenciatura en educación preescolar de dos escuelas Normales de San Luis Potosí, en una para el desarrollo del pilotaje y la otra para la aplicación de la encuesta una vez aprobado el instrumento. Los resultados muestran que las educadoras en formación hacen uso de diversos materiales escritos para el desarrollo de la alfabetización. Sin embargo, poseen poca claridad conceptual sobre la literacidad.
La investigación educativa y la socialización de resultados en la escuela cubana actual
Authors: Boza Oramas Yuliannela , Escribano Hervis Elmys , Keeling Álvarez Mercedes
Published: July 2021

El artículo aborda el tema de la significación para el contexto actual de la socialización de resultados de la investigación educativa. El objetivo es argumentar el rol de docentes y directivos educacionales en el proceso de investigación educativa en la escuela cubana. El artículo recoge una elaboración esencialmente teórica; esto exigió la aplicación de métodos teóricos de la investigación, entre ellos el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo y el análisis documental, lo que ha permitido la determinación del estado de arte contextualizado en la realidad educacional cubana contemporánea. También se hace valer el saber empírico sobre la base de la experiencia de participar en sesiones de análisis del tema en órganos asesores de carácter científico, intercambios sistemáticos con directivos educacionales, docentes y asesores de la Actividad Científica Educacional a nivel de municipios y provincias de Cuba. Se acentúa la necesidad de que directivos y docentes hagan investigación educativa a ciclo completo y socialicen oportunamente sus resultados mediante varios espacios y opciones; esto es un referente para el diseño de políticas en relación al tema.
Comunicación de la Ciencia en la pandemia por COVID-19 y sus divulgadores
Authors: Navarro Zamora Lizy
Published: July 2021

Ante el fenómeno de la pandemia del COVID-19, se realizó un estudio descriptivo aleatorio sobre la comunicación de la ciencia en la televisión digital abierta, los periódicos impresos y los cibermedios de México, además de monitorear actividades en redes sociales digitales. Los resultados principales son los siguientes: hubo crecimiento de la comunicación de la ciencia en la televisión, periódicos y cibermedios. En Internet y las redes sociales solo se desarrolló una mínima divulgación científica de real impacto, al igual que en las actividades presenciales; mientras que los museos en el país se convirtieron en los únicos en restablecer la comunicación directa, aunque al mínimo. De manera paralela, en septiembre de 2020 se aplicó una encuesta a 120 divulgadores de la ciencia de todo el país sobre su actividad como divulgadores en la pandemia COVID-19 durante ese año. Algunos de los resultados obtenidos muestran que no existe una formación de competencias educomunicativas de los divulgadores de la ciencia, ya que durante la pandemia no se han actualizado. Indicaron que son necesarias mayores competencias y que, según su punto de vista, la comunicación y la educación son los dos elementos fundamentales para la comunicación de la ciencia.
Cultural Preaching on Modern Society: A Phenomenological Study of an Islamic Foundation in Kudus
Authors: Shavir Ravida Chauria
Published: July 2021

Rapid changes in both rural and urban societies require da’wa to be delivered more creatively. This paper aims at investigating the development of cultural da’wa by analyzing the dynamics of socio-cultural life in an Islamic da’wa institution named Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Kyai Thelingsing (YPIKT). This paper applies a qualitative phenomenological approach. Finding reveals that the cultural da’wa approach to the urban community was manifested in three ways: education, cultural heritage (grave pilgrimage), and recitation. On the education aspect, the YPIKT has four levels. The cultural heritage is shown by Haul Mbah Kyai Thelingsing activity, which attended whether Muslim and non-muslim (Chinese descendent) every Muharram. The recitation aspect has an ultimate goal this activity is happened every day after Maghrib or every Thursday night by the name of tahlilan.Keywords: Da’wa, Cultural, Community, Modern, Education
Prussian lieges in the State of Teutonic Order in the Period of Great Uprising (1242–1283)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sergey A. Denisov
Published: July 2021

Article is devoted to the contidition (obligations and functions) of Prussians, who defected to the Order and church in the period of Great uprising and received the land estates for their service. The data about this category contained in acts and chronicle of Peter of Dusburg has been researched with prosopographical, typological and comparative-historical methods that allowed to form the conclusion about the condition of 245 lieges. The main part of lieges formed by persons, who were obliged to participate in the campaigns of brothers and defend lands from invasion, to build and restore fortifications and additionally to pay natural- money and natural taxes (groups 1 and 2). This situation was caused by necessity of brothers in military resource for the suppression of the uprising and further expansion in the Baltic region. In turn, persons, who were relieved from military service, performed civil duties and/or pay taxes (group 3), formed less part of lieges. Attracting Prussians on the side of Order and church was carried out by giving them rights and obligations, fixed in Culm’s charter and specified in accordance with local legal features, and also by distribution of social guarantee in the case of devastation of their estates by rebels. In this situation nobles and free tribal members perceived service to the Order and church as opportunity to improve their own condition by receiving of guarantee for property and power over other tribesmen. Keywords: Prussians, lieges, Teutonic order, Great uprising, military service, tax
Chakhar-Gebshi ‘s Concept of a Pious Monk
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian Studies, Buddhology and Tibetology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Marina V. Ayusheeva
Published: July 2021

Buddhism occupies an important place in the history of culture of the Mongolian peoples, in particular from the 16th century, which corresponds to the third stage of the spread of the Buddhist religion among the Mongols. Although Buddhist teachings have wide influence on everyday life, the philosophy of Buddhism was understandable to a very small circle of adherents. For the majority of the population, ethical and didactic literature and the authority of teachers were much more important. In this regard, the image of the clergy was to be the standard of Buddhist behavior. There are amounts of non-canonical literature on the rules and instructions for righteous behavior, addressed to both laity and clergy. The article analyzes the ideal image of a monk, according to the requirements of Chakhar-gebshi Lubsantsultim on the basis of two works: “Biography of Chakhar-gebshi”, compiled by his disciple Luvsansamduvnima in 1818, and the work of Chakhar-gebshi entitled as a “Blue Book, History of Erdeni Dushi Monastery”. The biographical method used for characterizing Chakhar-gebshi allowed to show his life and him as a strict monk as a model to be followed. The methods of source study and comparative analysis were used for constructing and estimating of a model of religious behavior. The materials from “The Blue Book” ‒ a work of a monastic charter ‒ are general for monastic education and monastic environment in Mongolian Buddhism. The importance of keeping the teachings and religion of Buddha in purity and maintaining the moral image of his followers as an authority for the laity has been emphasized many times in the works of various authors. In this regard, the definitions of a pious monk written down by Chakhar-gebshi represent a complete system that combines basic Buddhist precepts. Keywords: Chakhar-gebshi, moral prescription, biography, Mongolian Buddhism, monks, charter
Clerical-Protective Direction in the Russian Historiography of the Old Believers of the 1850s: the Structure of Historical Research
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Alexander S. Madzharov
Published: July 2021

Understanding the historiography of the old believers depends on the level of development of the history of historical science, the development of its categorical apparatus. The lack of clarity of the research structure leads to uncertainty in terminology, in the description of scientific achievements and dead ends. The key historical works (historiographical facts) that defined the face of the science of their time are arbitrarily deleted from the literature, and the directions and stages of historiography are “erased”. The purpose of this work is to study the internal form and structure of clerical-protective historical research of old believers in the Russian literature of the 1850s: value, spatial, source ‒ study, vector relations of the author to the object of research; a set of concepts that reveal the “mechanism” of explaining old believers; ways to gain knowledge about the split mediated by this structure. The analysis showed that the clerical ideological position expressed in the works of historians of this direction focused on the defense of the “new rite”. It led to a narrowing of the subject of research, limiting it to “opinions” and facts of the statement of schism, which produced the purpose of research ‒ the “exposure” of schismatics and the moral-scholastic method of achieving it and pushed us to use a set of accusatory concepts in explaining the phenomenon under study. It became a barrier to the knowledge of anti-Church protest by the middle of the 19th century. The fact of the practical failure of the clerical doctrine, which was a consequence of its cognitive limitations, was also realized by the bearers of the accusatory tradition themselves. The question of the reasons for the emergence and development of the old believers has become relevant again. A new answer to this question in the late 1850s ‒ early 1860s was given by the historian Afanasiy Prokopyevich Shchapov (1831–1876), who radically changed the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study. Keywords: historiography of the old believers, clerical-protective direction, structure of historical research, historiographical fact, direction, stage
Everyday Life of School Community in Barnaul During the First World War
Authors:   Polzunov Altai State Technical University, Oksana A. Litvinova
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to everyday life of the school society in the Barnaul during the First World War. The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of studying people’s behavior in times of crisis caused by the war. The purpose of the work is to study the practice of everyday life of the school community in the Barnaul during the war. The research was carried out on the basis of a socio-cultural approach. The main methods of research are institutional and positional analysis. During the war, various forms of charitable work entered the daily life of students and teachers. This happened under the influence of state and public institutions. The war led to a drop in the standard of living of students’ and teachers’ families. That is why the solution of social issues began to occupy an important place in the daily activities of the heads of educational institutions. The appearance of refugees in Barnaul formed of socially responsible behavior of school chiefs, ordinary teachers and parents of refugee students. As an emerging social practice of military time, one can consider the organization of pre-conscription training of school students. As a conclusion, the author formulates the idea that practices of everyday life in war conditions were determined both by the state policy and by the reaction of the school community to deteriorating living conditions. But not all new phenomena of the social life of the war years were able to gain a foothold in the period under consideration as durable examples of everyday life. An example of this is pre-conscription training. Keywords: World War I, everyday life, school community, charity, refugees, social practices, military-sports Committees
INFLUENCE OF THE SIDE VENTILATION ON THE DURABILITY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF DRYING BEDS WITH NON-SATURATED FLOW IN TREATEMENT OF SEPTIC TANK SLUDGE
Authors:   Unite de Formation et de Recherche enEnvironnement, UniversiteJean LorougnonGuede, BP 150 Daloa, Cote dIvoire., Tenena Martial Yeo , Kinanpara Kone ,   Unite de Formation et de Recherche enEnvironnement, UniversiteJean LorougnonGuede, BP 150 Daloa, Cote dIvoire.,   LaboratoiredEnvironnement et de BiologieAquatique, UFR Sciences et Gestion de lEnvironnement, Universite NANGUIABROGOUA, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote dIvoire., Kotchi Yves Bony ,   Unite de Formation et de Recherche enEnvironnement, UniversiteJean LorougnonGuede, BP 150 Daloa, Cote dIvoire.,   LaboratoiredEnvironnement et de BiologieAquatique, UFR Sciences et Gestion de lEnvironnement, Universite NANGUIABROGOUA, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote dIvoire., Yao Francis Kouame ,   Unite de Formation et de Recherche enEnvironnement, UniversiteJean LorougnonGuede, BP 150 Daloa, Cote dIvoire., Theophile Gnagne ,   LaboratoireGeosciences et Environnement, UFR Sciences et Gestion de lEnvironnement, Universite NANGUI ABROGOUA, 02BP 801 Abidjan 02, Cote dIvoire.
Published: July 2021

The non-saturated Flow Drying Beds allow efficient treatment of septic tank sludge. However, they are vulnerable to clogging. To ensure the sustainability of this technology, through an additional supply of oxygen from the lateral surface, a flow model coupled with the variation of the biofilm has been developed. The calibration, validation and comparison of the simulated and experimental results were made from the NASH criterion. The simulations focused on two types of reactors. A reactor with pores on its side surface is called a ventilated reactor (VR). The second is then called an unventilated reactor (UVR). The results show that the maximum applicable organic load is 43.3 mgO2 / cm2 / d at the UVR level and 51.8 mgO2 / cm2 / d at the VR level. In addition, the reduction in free flow porosity is 93.33% at the UVR level and 81% at the AR level. In addition, the results show that when the hydraulic head is less than 5 cm / d, the COD removal efficiency is 96.19% at the UVR level and 95.64% at the VR level. But, when the load is greater than 5 cm / d, the yield is 92.65% at the level of the UVR and of 94.95% at the level of the VR. Thus, in the context of a large-scale operation, lateral ventilation is essential. It guarantees good purification efficiency, slows down internal clogging of beds and accelerates its reversibility when it occurs.
BUFFER SOLUTION BEHAVIOUR ON SOLUBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT OF BENZOIC ACID BETWEEN TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
Authors:   Assistant Professor in Chemistry (Guest), Faculty of Science, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya-224001, (U.P.), India., Prakash Mishra Shiv
Published: July 2021

The two immiscible solvents such as hydrophilic (water) and hydrophobic (benzene) have been reported for study of solubility and distribution of benzoic acid in it. The solubility of benzoic acid in water and in different acidic, neutral, and basic pH benzene-buffer solutions are analyzed by titrimetrically, and concentration of acid in both solvents by acid-base titration method. The shake-flask method are involved for where the partitioning or distribution coefficient of benzoic acid in these two solvents layer at room temperature (25Â°C). Observation reveals that, the benzoic acid solubility in g/100g for water is being 0.142Â±0.033 and at different buffer solutions with pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0 it being 0.153Â±0.012, 0.186Â±0.145 and 0.148Â±0.708, in respect of partition coefficient of that acid where it for water-benzene solvent as 0.636 and in buffer solutions is being 0.841, 0.624 and 0.589 respectively. In graphically, at different pH buffer solutions the solubility plot of acid in neutral pH (7.0) is higher than other acidic and basic, but it for distribution coefficient of acid in acidic (pH 4.0) medium is higher than both neutral and basic pH (9.0) medium.
IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA
Authors:   Associate Professor, University Institute of Legal Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India., Ranga Ajay , Slath Anish ,   Assistant Professor, University Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India., Singh Kulwinder ,   Assistant Professor, University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in gigantic human and economic devastations since its outbreak. The hospitality industries being dependent on the peoples movement has to bear the brunt of this pandemic at the most world over. This crisis brings out the deep and long-lasting adverse impacts of coronavirus on the hospitality industry at a global level. In India, the hospitality industry, having the largest contribution to income and employment, has experienced massive adverse effects of the coronavirus crisis. This makes a strong case for government support to this industry through tax cuts, loans and debt reduction, etc. for enabling this seriously hit industry to survive. In some countries, governments came forward to support the hospitality industry, but India has yet to address this issue.
Eficacia y seguridad del policresuleno en el aclaramiento del virus del papiloma humano (VPH)
Authors: Espitia De La Hoz Franklin José
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del policresuleno como coadyuvante en el aclaramiento del virus del papiloma humano, en mujeres con lesión escamosa intraepitelial de bajo grado (LEI-BG). Material y métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, triple ciego, en una población de 416 participantes, entre 2017 y 2019. Se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 30 años que no estaban en la menopausia, a las cuales se les diagnosticó lesión escamosa intraepitelial de bajo grado (LEI-BG) positivas para VPH, a través de colposcopía, biopsia y tamizaje. Un grupo («1»: n=207) recibió policresuleno, el grupo «2» (n=209) recibió placebo. Resultados: la edad media fue de 34,62 ± 10,89 años. El policresuleno fue efectivo para el control del VPH, lográndose una negativización del 89,85% frente al 64,59% del placebo (p<0,001) a los 12 meses. La incidencia de efectos secundarios fue la siguiente: sequedad vaginal (7,24%) y la descarga de fragmentos de membrana mucosa (8,69%) en el grupo policresuleno frente al 6,69% y 8,13%, respectivamente, del grupo placebo (p=0,051). Conclusiones: La mejoría del 89,85% de la LEI-BG positivas para VPH, en mujeres mayores de 30 años, significativa que el uso del policresuleno es una efectiva y segura opción terapéutica.
Infección de las vías urinarias en el embarazo
Authors: Espitia De La Hoz Franklin José
Published: July 2021

Objective. to establish the diagnostic and therapeutic criteria that allow health professionals to be supported around urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Materials and methods. answered clinical questions were asked, the outcomes were measured and a systematic search was made. A search for systematic reviews, clinical trials and observational studies was performed in different electronic databases in Medline (Elsevier, Embase, EBSCO, Interscience, Pubmed, Ovid, SciELO and Scopus), between 1980 and 2019. Results. urinary tract infection in pregnancy is a frequent condition, which can affect the pairing (mother-fetus), potentially controllable through timely diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions. urinary tract infection in pregnancy represents a syndrome with adverse consequences of maternal-fetal well-being. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated germ. Urinalysis and urine culture are diagnostic criteria tests. ß-lactams remain antibiotics in the first therapeutic line.
ANTIHYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC AND ANTIATHEROGENIC POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA STEM BARK INDUCED BY HEATED PALM OIL SUPPLEMENTED WITH EGG YOLK IN RAT
Authors: BONABE CHRISTIAN , NTCHAPDA FIDELE , ATSAMO ALBERT DONATIEN , DJIBRINE SOUDY IMAR , LEMBA TOM ESTHER NGO , FOUDA YANNICK BEKONO , MIAFFO DAVID , DIMO THEOPHILE
Published: July 2021

Objective: Poor control of hypercholesterolemia which mediated by overproduction of reactive oxygen species and endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the antihypercholesterolemic and anti-atherogenic effects of Adansonia digitata (AD) in heated palm oil/cholesterol supplemented with egg yolk in rat.

Methods: Quantitative phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of A. digitata was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential was evaluated. The antihypercholesterolemic and anti-atherosclerosis activity of A. digitata was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats with heated palm oil/cholesterol diet supplemented with egg yolk for 10 w. At the end of the induction period, animals were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each after 6 w of induction: Group I (normocholesterolemic rat, NCR), Group II (hypercholesterolemia rat, HCR), Group III (Atorvastatin 2 mg/kg), Groups IV (AD. 100 mg/kg) and V (AD. 200 mg/kg). Hemodynamic parameters, lipid profile, atherogenic indices and oxidative stress markers were evaluated.

Results: Adansonia digitata significantly reduced the systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP), diastolic arterial blood pressure (DBP), pulsatile pressure (PP) and heart rate compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. Plant extract reveal important flavonoids and phenolic contents and has significant in vivo antioxidant efficacy. The higher dose (200 mg/kg) of the extract significantly reduced in the level of total cholesterol by 27.29 %, triglycerides by 27.60 % and the LDL-c by 36.04 % meanwhile the HDL-c increased by 277.47 % when compared to 5HPOC treated group. Atorvastatin (2 mg/kg) administered in addition to 5HPOC significantly improved in lipid profile as compared to untreated rats. Furthermore, the histopathological examination of aorta of 5HPOC-treated rats indicated that the aqueous extract of A. digitata significantly attenuated atherosclerosis lesions.

Conclusion: The aqueous extract of A. digitata possessed antihypercholesterolemic and anti-atherogenic effects via modulation overproduction of reactive oxygen species and endothelial dysfunction.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING MICROSPHERES OF CIPROFLOXACIN BY SOLVENT EVAPORATION METHOD USING DIFFERENT POLYMERS
Authors: ARUMUGAM KAUSLYA , D. BORAWAKE PAYAL , SHINDE JITENDRA V.
Published: July 2021

Objective: The main intention of this research was to formulate and evaluate floating microspheres of ciprofloxacin using different polymers to prolong gastric residence time.

Methods: The microspheres were formulated by the solvent evaporation method using different ratios of polymers like carbopol 940, ethylcellulose, and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose K4M. Further, the floating microspheres were evaluated for micromeritic properties like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, etc., percentage yield, particle size, entrapment efficiency, floating capacity, in vitro drug release study, release kinetics, drug content, swelling index, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (Compatibility studies).

Results: The ciprofloxacin microspheres showed the good flowing property. The particle size ranged from 258.1±2.21 µm to 278±2.86 µm and entrapment efficiency ranged from 63.17±0.43% to 89.90±1.32%. The IR spectrum revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and polymer. F7 formulation was found to be the best formulation. Drug release was found to be 90.70±0.89% i.e. in a controlled manner at the end of 10 h.

Conclusion: The floating microspheres were prepared successfully and the results clearly stated that prepared ciprofloxacin microspheres may be safe and effective controlled drug delivery over an extended period which can increase bioavailability, patient compliance, and decrease dosing frequency.