bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EEG complexity measures for detecting mind wandering during video-based learning
Authors: Tang Shaohua , Li Zheng
Published: April 2024

This study explores the efficacy of various EEG complexity measures in detecting mind wandering during video-based learning. Employing a modified probe-caught method, we recorded EEG data from participants engaged in viewing educational videos and subsequently focused on the discrimination between mind wandering (MW) and non-MW states. We systematically investigated various EEG complexity metrics, including metrics that reflect a system’s regularity like multiscale permutation entropy (MPE), and metrics that reflect a system’s dimensionality like detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We also compare these features to traditional band power (BP) features. Data augmentation methods and feature selection were applied to optimize detection accuracy. Results show BP features excelled (mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.646) in datasets without eye-movement artifacts, while MPE showed similar performance (mean AUC 0.639) without requiring removal of eye-movement artifacts. Combining all kinds of features improved decoding performance to 0.66 mean AUC. Our findings demonstrate the potential of these complexity metrics in EEG analysis for mind wandering detection, highlighting their practical implications in educational contexts.
Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis unveils THEMIS2 as a carcinogenic indicator related to immune infiltration and prognosis of thyroid cancer
Authors: Liu Jun-feng , Zou Bing , Xiang Cheng , Yan Hai-chao
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers associated with the initiation and prognosis of thyroid cancer and elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. We obtained expression profiles and clinical information from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-THCA and three datasets (GSE53157, GSE82208, and GSE76039). The three microarray datasets were combined using Perl and the sva package in R and termed ‘merged dataset’. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 15 gene co-expression modules in the merged dataset and 235 hub genes. Venn diagram analysis revealed 232 overlapping genes between the merged and THCA datasets. Overlapping genes were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression identified THEMIS2 as a candidate hub gene. Cox, Kaplan–Meier (K–M) survival and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) confirmed the correlation of THEMIS2 with overall survival, its enrichment in immunologic processes, and its association with the p53 and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Its expression was positively correlated with those of immune checkpoints and the infiltration level of immune cells. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis confirmed that THEMIS2, a diagnostic biomarker, could distinguish between tumor and normal specimens. The nomogram (ROC or DCA) model containing THEMIS2, age, and stage predicted favourable prognoses. Thus, THEMIS2 was a biomarker of immune infiltration and prognosis in thyroid cancer.
CPDC-MFNet: conditional point diffusion completion network with Muti-scale Feedback Refine for 3D Terracotta Warriors
Authors: Xu Xueli , Song Da , Geng Guohua , Zhou Mingquan , Liu Jie , Li Kang , Cao Xin
Published: April 2024

Due to the antiquity and difficulty of excavation, the Terracotta Warriors have suffered varying degrees of damage. To restore the cultural relics to their original appearance, utilizing point clouds to repair damaged Terracotta Warriors has always been a hot topic in cultural relic protection. The output results of existing methods in point cloud completion often lack diversity. Probability-based models represented by Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models have recently achieved great success in the field of images and point clouds and can output a variety of results. However, one drawback of diffusion models is that too many samples result in slow generation speed. Toward this issue, we propose a new neural network for Terracotta Warriors fragments completion. During the reverse diffusion stage, we initially decrease the number of sampling steps to generate a coarse result. This preliminary outcome undergoes further refinement through a multi-scale refine network. Additionally, we introduce a novel approach called Partition Attention Sampling to enhance the representation capabilities of features. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated in the experiments on the real Terracotta Warriors dataset and public dataset. The experimental results conclusively demonstrate that our model exhibits competitive performance in comparison to other existing models.
Behavioural and physiological responses to stressors in sheep with temperament classified by genotype or phenotype
Authors: Kitagawa Yuri , Maloney Shane K. , Pool Kelsey R. , Webster Dane , Ohkura Satoshi , Blache Dominique , Ding Luoyang
Published: April 2024

The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs107856856, located in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene, is associated with the behavioural phenotype for sheep temperament measured at weaning. Here, we tested the association between that SNP and physiological and behavioural responses to stressors in adult sheep. Two groups of adult sheep, one with genotype A/A (calm genotype) and the other with G/G (nervous genotype) in rs107856856, were selected from 160 sheep and were exposed, twice, to an open-field arena and an isolation box test (IBT). During each repeat, the behaviour and physiological responses (cortisol, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], brain derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], characteristics of the response of body temperature, and oxidative stress) were measured. The behavioural and physiological responses of the sheep were compared between genotypes and also between groups classified on their phenotype as assessed by their initial isolation box score (“low responders” and “high responders”). The SNP rs107856856 had some effects on the behavioural phenotype (IBT score) but no effects on the physiological response to stress (cortisol, prolactin, DHEA, BDNF, oxidative stress or changes in body temperature) in the adult sheep, probably because the sheep were exposed, and therefore had adapted, to human contact during their life.
Enzymatic phosphatization of fish scales—a pathway for fish fossilization
Authors: Gäb Fabian , Bierbaum Gabriele , Wirth Richard , Bultmann Christoph , Palmer Brianne , Janssen Kathrin , Karačić Sabina
Published: April 2024

Phosphatized fish fossils occur in various locations worldwide. Although these fossils have been intensively studied over the past decades they remain a matter of ongoing research. The mechanism of the permineralization reaction itself remains still debated in the community. The mineralization in apatite of a whole fish requires a substantial amount of phosphate which is scarce in seawater, so the origin of the excess is unknown. Previous research has shown that alkaline phosphatase, a ubiquitous enzyme, can increase the phosphate content in vitro in a medium to the degree of saturation concerning apatite. We applied this principle to an experimental setup where fish scales were exposed to commercial bovine alkaline phosphatase. We analyzed the samples with SEM and TEM and found that apatite crystals had formed on the remaining soft tissue. A comparison of these newly formed apatite crystals with fish fossils from the Solnhofen and Santana fossil deposits showed striking similarities. Both are made up of almost identically sized and shaped nano-apatites. This suggests a common formation process: the spontaneous precipitation from an oversaturated solution. The excess activity of alkaline phosphatase could explain that effect. Therefore, our findings could provide insight into the formation of well-preserved fossils.
An active machine learning approach for optimal design of magnesium alloys using Bayesian optimisation
Authors: Ghorbani M. , Boley M. , Nakashima P. N. H. , Birbilis N.
Published: April 2024

In the pursuit of magnesium (Mg) alloys with targeted mechanical properties, a multi-objective Bayesian optimisation workflow is presented to enable optimal Mg-alloy design. A probabilistic Gaussian process regressor model was trained through an active learning loop, while balancing the exploration and exploitation trade-off via an acquisition function of the upper confidence bound. New candidate alloys suggested by the optimiser within each iteration were appended to the training data, and the performance of this sequential strategy was validated via a regret analysis. Using the proposed approach, the dependency of the prediction error on the training data was overcome by considering both the predictions and their associated uncertainties. The method developed here, has been packaged into a web tool with a graphical user-interactive interface (GUI) that allows the proposed optimal Mg-alloy design strategy to be deployed.
Microstructure classification of steel samples with different heat-treatment processes based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Cui Minchao , Shi Guangyuan , Deng Lingxuan , Guo Haorong , Xiong Shilei , Tan Liang , Yao Changfeng , Zhang Dinghua , Deguchi Yoshihiro
Published: April 2024

This study explores the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to classify steel samples, which gives a novel idea of utilizing the matrix effect.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of quinoline-anthranilic acid hybrids as potent anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Siddique Sidra , Hussain Khalid , Shehzadi Naureen , Arshad Muhammad , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem , Iftikhar Sadaf , Saghir Farhat , Shaukat Ayisha , Sarfraz Muhammad , Ahmed Nisar
Published: April 2024

Despite the high global prevalence, rheumatoid arthritis lacks a satisfactory treatment.
DFT investigation of the DDQ-catalytic mechanism for constructing C–O bonds
Authors: Zheng Xiu-Fang , Zhou Da-Gang , Yang Li-Jun
Published: April 2024

The DDQ-catalytic mechanisms for constructing C–O bonds via H2O and CH3OH as oxygen sources have been investigated with DFT.
Introducing RSC Pharmaceutics
Authors: Perrie Yvonne
Published: April 2024

Editor-in-Chief Yvonne Perrie introduces RSC Pharmaceutics.
Synthesis of nucleobase functionalised block copolymers towards precision self-assembly
Authors: Abeysekera Iyomali , Maes Lowie , Junkers Tanja
Published: April 2024

The formation of nanoaggregates from continuous flow assembly of nucleobase functionalized amphiphilic block co-polymers is investigated.
Correction: Fluorescence detection of three types of pollutants based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and its comparison with colorimetric detection
Authors: Kong Yifei , Liu Dan , Guo Xinran , Chen Xinyue
Published: April 2024

Correction for ‘Fluorescence detection of three types of pollutants based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer and its comparison with colorimetric detection’ by Yifei Kong et al., RSC Adv., 2023, 13, 22043–22053, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA02647G.
Interpretable AI models for predicting distant metastasis development based on genetic data: Kidney cancer example
Authors: Boyko Maria , Antipushina Ekaterina , Bernstein Alexander , Sharaev Maxim , Apanovich Natalya , Matveev Vsevolod , Alferova Vera , Matveev Alexey
Published: April 2024

Kidney cancer has a high metastatic potential with up to 30% of patients developing distant metastasis after surgery. We assessed the value of AI models in predicting the metastatic potential of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), based on the genetic data. Tissue samples from patients with both metastatic and non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed, focusing on the expression and methylation levels of specific protein-coding (PC) and microRNA (miRNA) genes. Using quantitative PCR and data classification techniques, we found a correlation between metastasis and reduced expression of PC-genes CA9, NDUFA4L2, EGLN3, and BHLHE41, as well as increased methylation in miRNA genes MIR125B-1, MIR137, MIR375, MIR193A, and MIR34B. AI models were built for predicting distant metastases based on the expression values and methylation status of selected genes. One model is based on solving a regression problem and is non-interpretable, while another one is based on proposed decision rules and is interpretable. The quality of the models was assessed using sensitivity and specificity metrics, and cross-validation technology was used to ensure the reliability of the results.
Electro-enzymatic processes in mitochondria
Authors: Shapovalov Yuriy , Gumarova Lyazzat , Massuadin Arailym
Published: April 2024

Four enzymatic complexes form the electron transport chain of the mitochondrion. Complexes I and II are current generator half-elements, that create electron flows with the participation of the enzymes NADH dehydrogenase and Succinate dehydrogenase, oxidizing NADH·H into NAD+, and succinate into fumarate, respectively. Electrons are transferred throw the iron-sulfur clusters system, participate reduction enzymatic reaction of CoQ10 into CoQ10Н2. The proton pumping into the mitochondrial intermembrane space, as well as the regeneration of CoQ10 occur when electrons transferred by ubiquinone-cytochrome-c-oxidoreductase enzyme to the Riske iron-sulfur protein (Fe2S2). The Riske protein regulates electron flows: it transfers one electron to the bL,bН (III) complex, and the other to cytochrome c. Cytochrome c directs electrons to the ΙV complex electrolysis system. The binuclear copper center [CuA-CuB] of the ΙV complex is the anode, where oxygen is formed. Electrons along the galvanic pair chain from paired copper Cu2++ e- ↔ Cu+ and iron Fe2+- е- ↔Fe3+ are transferred to the cathode, copper ion (Сu+), where the electrochemical reaction occurs O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O, with the pumping of 4 protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
Study on erythropoiesis-, leukopoiesis- and thrombocytopoiesis – stimulating activity of compounds BIV-241, BIV-242, BIV-243
Authors: Sokolenko Anastassiya , Daulet Guldana , Beisenbayeva Galiya , Kirgizbaeva Aray , Mukhamadiyeva Yelizaveta
Published: April 2024

The significance of the study is due to the problem of the increase in patients with secondary forms of leukopoiesis-depressive diseases. The development of leukopoiesis-stimulating drugs is necessary. These drugs are used in the treatment of cancer patients to prevent the development of febrile neutropenia, to stimulate the immune system in the postoperative period, to restore immune reactivity in environmentally caused secondary immunodeficiency syndrome. The rate of increase in patients with the secondary form of leukopoiesis-depressive syndrome is due to the increased use of cytostatic drugs. Preclinical work was carried out to study new synthetic compounds BIV-241 (dimethyl ((4-methoxyphenyl)(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate), BIV-242 (dimethyl ((3-methoxyphenyl)(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate), BIV-243 (dimethyl ((2-fluorophenyl)(4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phosphonate) for leukopoiesis-stimulating activity. The studies were conducted on a cyclophosphamide-induced model of pancytopenia on outbred white rats. Compounds BIV-241 and BIV-242 did not show the desired activity. Compound BIV-243 is of interest for further development, as it had moderate leukopoiesis-, erythrocytopoiesis- and thrombocytopoiesis-stimulating activity.
Correction of cognitive function of laboratory rats with diabetes with extracts of nettle and ginkgo biloba
Authors: Zhaparkulova Nazgul , Zhaksybay Zhuldyz , Aralbaeva Arailym , Zhamanbayeva Gulzhan , Namaz Elmira
Published: April 2024

Scientists have objectively demonstrated memory and attention impairments in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Currently, neuropsychological testing of patients with diabetes reveals more pronounced impairments in cognitive functions. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, the use of low-toxic hypoglycemic drugs of plant origin is effective, which not only reduce blood glucose levels, but also have a pleiotropic effect, in particular, normalize cognitive functions. The study showed the optimal effect of nettle extract and ginkgo biloba to normalize cognitive impairment in laboratory rats with hyperglycemia. 3-month-old laboratory white male rats weighing 250-300 g, nettle extract (natural, organic, healthy products), ginkgo biloba extract (Leovit) were used as the object of the study. A test was conducted in a T-shaped maze evaluating the rats’ learning ability and working memory, an outdoor test evaluating motor activity and spatial orientation, an adhesion test evaluating tactile sensitivity and fine motor skills, and a balloon burying test.
Assessment of effectiveness of practice teaching biology methods in collective learning: The pilot study
Authors: Myrzagaliyeva Symbat , Izbassarova Rimma , Kuanyshbekova Ayagoz , Ibadullayeva Saltanat
Published: April 2024

This study constitutes a pilot investigation conducted in the absence of a control group. Its objective was to evaluate the efficacy of practical learning within a collaborative setting among first-year students specializing in biotechnology. The research session focused on the topic “Methods for the development and production of biological products: The role of biological products in human life.” Sixteen students were divided into four groups of four students each. The lesson was facilitated using the Jigsaw group teaching method, integrating both theoretical and practical components. Pre- and post-class tests were administered to evaluate students' performance, revealing significant improvements after the session.The assessment of students who underwent the post-class test significantly exceeded their performance in the pre-class test. For theoretical questions, this yielded: T=14.478, P<0.001, and for practical questions: T=19.104, P<0.001. Additionally, the study revealed that the implementation of the Jigsaw method leads to a substantial increase in the percentage of students achieving high grades and a significant decrease in the proportion of students receiving low grades. The percentages of students receiving high grades increased by 43.75% (excellent) and 6.25% (good), while the percentage of low grades decreased by 50% (fair) and 12.5% (bad). This study provides empirical evidence supporting the utilization of collaborative, experiential learning approaches in enhancing biology education, particularly in fostering both theoretical understanding *and practical skills among students in the field of biotechnology.
Study of the basic laws and parameters of immobilization of yeast cells on various carriers for the production of bioethanol
Authors: Abdieva Gulzhamal , Ualieva Perizat , Malik Azhar , Abilda Arailym , Sissimova Arukhan
Published: April 2024

Over the past few years, due to a sharp increase in oil and gas prices, as well as a number of environmental problems, the world has seen a rapid increase in the consumption of bioethanol, the production of which o based on the use of biorenewable raw materials. Today, over 90% of bioethanol is produced, as a rule, using yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as catalysts. With the help of microorganisms immobilized by cells, it is possible to organize economically efficient production of ethanol based on whey. A bioreactor with immobilized yeast cells allows for a continuous process of whey fermentation under optimal conditions with a high yield of bioethanol. Immobilized yeast cells have been found to be superior to free yeast cells because immobilized cells are more ethanol resistant and have lower substrate inhibition. Various researchers have concluded that immobilized S. cerevisiae produces more ethanol compared to free cells, although the immobilizing agents used varied.
Assessment of the sequestration strategy based on brown coal Shoptykol to reduce organochlorine pesticides transfer from contaminated soil to hen eggs
Authors: Akhatzhanova Arailym , Amutova Farida , Nurseitova Moldir , Delannoy Matthieu , Jurjanz Stefan , Konuspayeva Gaukhar
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the efficiency of a sequestration strategy using carbon-based materials to reduce the transfer of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from hens to eggs. Specifically, the potential of Kazakhstan-made Shoptykol coal was evaluated by applying 2% (by weight) of this material to OCP-contaminated soil obtained from Kyzylkairat (Almaty region, Kazakhstan). The experiment was conducted by exposure for 45 days of 18 hens, which were divided into three groups depending on their feeding conditions. Laying hens were fed diets containing 10% of soil: for the first group with control soil A, the second group with contaminated soil K, the third group with contaminated soil containing coal. Quantification of pesticide concentrations in egg yolks of laying hens was then performed by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. Despite the supply of Shoptykol, no significant reduction in OCPs transfer was observed for compounds tested. Thus, the efficiency of Shoptykol coal in reducing the transfer of organochlorine pesticides to animals was not confirmed by our results.
Dependence of quality indicators of tea leaves on soil metal ions
Authors: Asadov Huseynaga , Gasanova Minara , Sadigova Kamala , Khojatov Idris , Shiraliev Mardan
Published: April 2024

The article presents information on the influence of metal ions on the shoots of the Chinese tea plant - Thea sinensis L., cultivated in experimental and field conditions of the Lankaran Regional Scientific Center. The research was carried out in 2022-2023 on river sections located in the village of Khanbulan of Lankaran region, and the village of Khychu, Lerik region, which represent a subtropical zone with high humidity. Soil samples were taken and its water capacity and water-holding capacity, mechanical and organic components, as well as ions of certain metals were determined. The tea plant is very sensitive to environmental factors. Demanding on soil acidity, relative humidity, light and heat. Therefore, in our studies, to ensure the dynamic development of the tea plant, ash-yellow and ash-clay-yellow soil samples were taken. Thus, since the common soil types in this region are ash-clay-yellow and provide the presence of metal ions in the lump, this affects both the quality of the tea leaf and the antioxidant nature of the bioactive compounds of the extractive substance, as well as the color shades of tea. It is in this regard that the tea plant differs significantly from other drinks in its active influence on people’s well-being and health. For this, flavonoids are used in tea leaves - theine, catechin + theine complex, flavanol, caffeine, etc. Quantitative indicators are defined as a quantitative change in the extractive substance depending on metal-ions [1, 2, 3]. It is clear from the research that a certain metal ion is dominant for tea plants according to the nature of soil types. For the tea plant, FeO, Fe2O3, Ał2O3, MnO (iron and aluminum ions) are of special importance and are indispensable nutrients.
Camel milk affects serum metabolites by modulating the intestinal microflora
Authors: Yue Haitao , Wang Ruiqi , Zhang Jiaxue , Zhao Luyu , Kou Yuxuan
Published: April 2024

Gut microbiota significantly influences human health, impacted by factors like diet, genetics, and environment. Camel milk, especially in its fermented form, is rich in nutrients and flee from common allergens, offering both nutritional and therapeutic benefits for centuries. However, comprehensive studies on its effects on gut microbiota and metabolic health are scarce. Our findings demonstrate that fermented camel milk contains beneficial microbes, such as Lactobacillus helveticus and Eubacterium liinosum, which can be transmitted to humans and animals, potentially enhancing gut health and metabolic functions. This study specified that the transportation of microbiome happened both intra- and niter-species and played a principal role in the formation of progeny gut microflora. Specifically, in diabetic rat models, camel whey significantly normalized gut flora and serum metabolites. This underscores camel milk’s potential as a functional food, particularly for managing metabolic disorders.
Oil dispersion characterization of microorganisms producing biosurfactants
Authors: Kaiyrmanova Gulzhan , Abitbekova Aelina , Shaimerdenova Ulzhan , Asylbek Alisher , Yernazarova Aliya
Published: April 2024

The article is dedicated to studying the ability of crude oil emulsification and displacement by bacteria producing low-molecular-weight biosurfactants. Six hydrocarbon-oxidizing cultures of microorganisms were used in this study: 3 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (T1, T4, D2) and 3 Bacillus cultures: Bacillus licheniformis A3, Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis A12, Bacillus subtilis A9 from the collection of the Biotechnology Department of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University.

The research findings indicate that cells of P. aeruginosa T1 exhibited maximum emulsifying and displacing properties, with an E24 value of 76.4% and an oil displacement ability of 5.1 cm. Among the three genes responsible for the production of low-molecular-weight biosurfactants, the presence of one gene, rhlA, responsible for the synthesis of rhamnolipid biosurfactants, has been confirmed. It was demonstrated that strains P. aeruginosa T1, P. aeruginosa T4, B. subtilis A9, and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis A12 showed high emulsifying activity, making them potentially effective for application in biotechnological processes aimed at enhancing oil recovery from mature reservoirs and in bioremediation processes.
Hydrogen production with a newly discovered cyanobacteria strain
Authors: Kamshybayeva Gulzhanay , Kossalbayev Bekzhan , Huang Zhiyong , Bauenova Meruert O. , Allakhverdiev Suleyman I.
Published: April 2024

The escalating environmental challenges precipitated by the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels, notably the rise in global average temperatures, underscore the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. This context has heightened the significance of exploring renewable energy sources, particularly through the lens of biological research aimed at uncovering viable alternatives to conventional energy forms. Against this backdrop, our study embarked on the isolation and characterization of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PSU 1262, sourced from the Badam River in the Turkestan region, employing 16S rRNA sequencing for its identification. The primary objective of our research was to assess the hydrogen-producing potential of PSU 1262 under a variety of environmental conditions. Our findings reveal that this strain achieves peak hydrogen production in slightly alkaline conditions and exhibits a marked decline in productivity when subjected to elevated sodium nitrate levels. Furthermore, we determined that PSU 1262 optimally generates hydrogen within a specific temperature range (27-30°C) and under certain light intensity conditions. These insights are pivotal, indicating that precise environmental management is essential for maximizing the biohydrogen output of this strain. The study conclusively highlights the capability of PSU 1262 as a promising agent for biohydrogen production, offering a significant contribution to the field of renewable energy and presenting a sustainable alternative to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional energy sources.
Diversity of macrolichens in the Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Reyhangul Mamatali , Haiying Yong , Dolathan Toksun , Anwar Tumur
Published: April 2024

The Barluk Mountain National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang, China is known as a paradise of wildlife, that includes a great diversity of lichens attributed to its unique geology and geography that enhances the value for study and conservation. From 2021 to 2023, surveys were undertaken to determine the diversity of macrolichens in relation to altitude in all parts of the Nature Reserve. A total of 670 macrolichens were collected of which 106 taxa were identified as distinct and comprised of of 102 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties within 31 lichen genera, Cladonia had the highest number of species with 21, followed by Peltigera (14 species). The greatest number of macro lichens was found between 1200 to 1800 m elevation. (69 species, 65.1% of the total number of species) followed by 900m to 1199m (56 species, 52.8% of the total). Foliose lichens comprised 67.9% of the total number of species, with 452 specimens, squamulose were 21.7%, with 152 specimens, and fruticose were 10.4%, with 66 specimens.
Assessment of the significance of immunoenzyme test-system for determining antiendotoxic immunity against the endotoxin of gram negative bacteria
Authors: Nuralieva Khafiza , Ruzmetov Fahraddin
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the study was to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the immunoenzymatic test system that detects antibodies against the antigens of these bacteria in order to evaluate antiendotoxic immunity against GShPB endotoxins. It was found that flat bottom polystyrene solid phase carrier was selected for the proposed experimental test system for the detection of endotoxins of these bacteria by IFA method. The sensitivity of the recommended test system was 75% in colon dysbiosis, 76% in acute tonsillitis, 89% in acute bronchitis, and 95% in urinary tract infections, and the specificity was 5-25%, thus the diagnostic value of this test system it was proved for the first time.
Study of antimutagenic activity of medicinal plant infusions Crataegus sanguinea Pall. family Rosaceae in plant test systems
Authors: Medetbekova Aliya , Kolumbayeva Saule , Dauletbayeva Saniya
Published: April 2024

Medicinal plants, integral to traditional medicine systems, are rich sources of biologically active substances that benefit physiological and biochemical processes within living organisms. Amongst these activities, antimutagenic and genoprotective properties stand out, offering mitigation against genotoxic effects induced by adverse environmental factors on genetic material. This study delves into the mutagenic and antimutagenic capacities of aqueous and alcoholic infusions derived from Crataegus sanguinea Pall. (Rosaceae family), utilising Hordeum vulgare L. as a plant-based test subject. The assessment employed the metaphase chromosome analysis technique. Results indicate that these infusions exhibit no mutagenic activity, with the level of chromosomal aberrations in barley seeds treated with these infusions not exceeding the natural mutation rate in a statistically significant manner. When infusions were combined with Methyl methanesulfonate (positive control) exposure – irrespective of exposure sequence – a statistically significant attenuation in MMS-induced mutagenesis was observed (p<0.01). A 56-60% reduction quantified the antimutagenic efficacy of C.sanguinea infusions. This metric underscores the infusions’ capability to inhibit MMS-induced mutagenesis by 50–60%, positioning these water and alcohol-based extracts of common hawthorn as viable candidates for safeguarding against chemically induced mutagenic factors.
Impact of carbon source for the synthesis of α-amylase in rice callus culture
Authors: Yrgynbayeva Shynar , Mamytova Nurgul , Serbayeva Akerke , Amirova Aigul , Alayeva Sabina
Published: April 2024

Various carbon sources such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose were tested at different concentrations to control enzyme synthesis in callus culture. Among them, 3% maltose was found to be the best carbon source for effective synthesis and secretion in the callus induction medium. The effect of various carbon sources on the synthesis of α-amylase in rice callus culture was studied. The features of the production of α-amylase in rice callus culture were studied on media containing as a carbon source a natural polysaccharide – starch and the end products of its enzymatic hydrolysis – maltose and glucose. A study of the dynamics of growth of callus culture of rice embryos on media with various carbon sources showed that the greatest growth of calli during the cultivation cycle was observed in the variant with glucose and corresponded to an almost 7-fold increase in cell mass. Using different concentrations of sucrose, it was found that the onset of induction of synthesis and secretion of cathodic isoforms of AMY1 α-amylase in rice suspension cells coincided exactly with the moment of depletion of the carbon source in the nutrient medium. The synthesis of the anodic forms of the AMY2 enzyme was constitutive.
Comparative anatomical and morphological study of vegetative organs of Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.) Spach from natural populations
Authors: Almabek Dayana , Abidkulova Karime , Kurbatova Natalya , Mukhitdinov Nashtay , Turalin Bauyrzhan
Published: April 2024

Plants growing in arid environments developed structural adaptations to reduce water loss and dissipate excessive light energy. However, such adaptations as thick cuticle, sunken stomata, developed mechanical tissue, and trichomes, may have various functions and can also be found in plants growing in mesic environments. To better understand the role of xeromorphic adaptations, it is important to study plants of the same species from different habitats. The object of our study was Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.), a small perennial plant having the status of a rare species for Kazakhstan. For anatomical and morphometric studies, plants were sampled from three populations with different moisture regimes. Populations 1 and 3 were growing in drier conditions, on south-east and north-east slopes, respectively, while population 2 was found on a north-facing slope receiving more rainfall. We demonstrate, for the first time, that anatomical features and morphometric parameters of G. altaicum are correlated to the humidity variations. The xeromorphic features of vegetative organs of plants from populations 1 and 3 were not observed in plants from population 2. The outcomes of this research will help us to better understand the adaptive potential of G. altaicum and develop effective conservation strategies for its wild populations.
Main results of bird ringing (banding) in the Western Tien Shan in the 21st century (2001-2023)
Authors: Tashimova Аizhan , Akentyeva Yekaterina , Gavrilov Andrei , Berdikulov Bekzhan , Zaripova Syrymgul
Published: April 2024

This article presents the results of bird ringing in the Western Tien Shan from 2001 to 2023. Methods for tagging and studying the migration routes, biology and ecology of birds are described, including catching and ringing, studying morphometric parameters, tagging with GPS/GSM transmitters, and visual surveys. Data are presented on the number of marked orders, species and individuals of birds for the specified period. In the period from 2001 to 2023, the most numerous species of birds were identified, as well as rare species that were able to be marked. The timing of autumn and spring migrations has been established, and the peaks and deadlines for bird migration have been identified. Some results of bird tagging with trackers are presented as well. This article also contains information about the meeting of ringed birds and the return of rings from different countries. Ecological and geographical connections of some bird species flying along the foothills of the Western Tien Shan have been established.
Balkhash-Alakol Basin animal world database creation process for the purpose of cadastre maintenance
Authors: Morozov Vitaly , Zhyman Meruert , Chirikova Marina , Yashchenko Roman
Published: April 2024

This paper describes the database (DB) development process of the cadastre of the fauna of the Balkhash-Alakol Basin that will be used for analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics of population status and the graphical display of spatial data. The data was organized using the methods of relational database organization (SQL) with sets of individual criteria adapted for different groups of animals (parasitofauna, malacofauna, arachnofauna, entomofauna, ichthyofauna, herpetofauna, ornithofauna, and theriofauna). This database considers several additional technical aspects of its further integration with other databases, for example, geographical, climatic, etc., which allows for a deep analysis of the relationship between various environmental factors and population dynamics. For the functioning of the user interface, server architecture, and program interface, an application on the Django framework was developed, which simplified the processes of software development and allowed specialists to flexibly adapt the database to the own needs and project goals while simultaneously increasing the autonomy, security, and stability of the database.
Sustainable use of economically valuable and conservation of rare plant species in Almaty region
Authors: Sitpayeva Gulnara , Gemejiyeva Nadezhda , Vesselova Polina , Kudabayeva Gulmira , Sametova Elmira
Published: April 2024

The paper contains the results of the initial cadastral survey and integrated assessment of the components of the flora (plant resources, higher plants and algae) of the Almaty region (2021–2023), which occupies a leading position among the economically developed regions of the country. The reserves of raw materials of 18 plant species demanded by the domestic pharmaceutical industry discovered on the territory of 13 administrative districts are of practical value. Eleven species of medicinal plants can be recommended for industrial harvesting. It is important to note that conservation efforts are required to protect 118 rare species of higher vascular plants and three species of lower plants, such as algae – indicating the vegetation’s current condition in the region. For the first time, the region’s list of rare flora species includes 13 species that have been categorized into IV categories based on the criteria and categories of the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The results obtained will serve as a scientific basis for regular monitoring and forecasting of effective environmental activities that ensure the sustainable use and conservation of plant resources in the region.
Using coniferous plants in the landscape design of Absheron
Authors: Gulmammadova Shalala , Hasanova Minara , Alieva Shebnem , Zeynalli Aysel
Published: April 2024

In improving the environment, one of the main and decisive factors is landscaping. Among them, evergreen trees and shrubs play an important role. They form the basis for protecting the environment from industrial pollution and creating conditions for cultural recreation of the population. The protection of the biosphere from pollution that negatively affects human health, the protection of natural resources and their rational use in the modern era has acquired serious importance and, as a problem of national importance, worries the public. It was revealed that landscaping has a high dust-collecting capacity. Coniferous, evergreen trees and shrubs especially have this ability. Currently, in the gardens and parks of Baku there are a significant number of species and forms of plants that can be successfully used for further landscaping of the city. But this number of tree and shrub species that are stable under these conditions is absolutely insufficient for the growing area of green spaces every day. It is necessary to expand introduction work in this area, paying special attention to the introduction of new evergreen species and forms of trees and shrubs into culture. For this purpose, research work is being carried out in the “Landscape architecture” laboratory.
Purification of surface waters in the conditions of Karakalpakstan using microscopic and high-water plants and their application in agriculture
Authors: Khaydarova Halima , Yuldasheva Sokhiba , Rustamova Sevara , Yakubjonova Shoxsanam , Ishmuminov Bobur
Published: April 2024

The article provides information on issues related to the decrease in potable water, which is currently the most pressing, about methods of water treatment without harm to health, namely using biological methods such as water purification with the help of high and low aquatic plants, as well as information on the possibilities of reusing purified waters. Recommendations are given for the use in agriculture of biomass from aquatic plants. The main research object is the “National Water Supply Company in Karakalpakstan.” Water for treatment was taken from drinking water sources. Pistia (Pistia stratiotes L.) is considered a perennial annual aquatic plant, its leaf length is 10-12 cm, and width is 6-8 cm. Lemna minor L. is relatively small, its leaves and fronds are tubular in shape, with a length of 2-4 mm and a width of 2-3 mm. Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna minor. L., and Pistia stratiotes. L. are bred in fish ponds, enzymes that counteract pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi are produced in water and destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorella vulgaris increases oxygen content in fish ponds by 30-40%, meaning it emits 200 times more oxygen from its biomass.
A good word on topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva in small impoundments in the Aral Sea watershed (Central Asia, Kazakhstan)
Authors: Mamilov Nadir , Ibrayeva Gulmira , Kozhabaeva Eleonora , Bilyalova Gulsum , Ziyayeva Gulnar
Published: April 2024

Biological invasions are one of the most powerful negative factors threatening the natural biological diversity and well-being of continental water bodies. In the Aral Sea (Small Aral) basin, it has now been possible to stabilize the catastrophe that arose as a result of the irrational use of water resources. However, the diversity and impact of alien fish species on water ecosystems remains little known. For 10 years, we studied the distribution of one fish species, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) in water bodies of the Aral Basin in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Now, this species is found everywhere in the Syrdarya River itself, floodplain lakes and most tributaries, but is not numerous. Using the example of two small local impoundments, the ratio of the abundance of topmouth gudgeon and other fish species was studied. There was no significant correlation between the presence of topmouth gudgeon and the presence/absence of other fish species. There is also no any significant correlation between the total number of fish (abundance) and topmouth gudgeon abundance, diversity indices and topmouth gudgeon abundance. The findings do not suggest that topmouth gudgeon has a negative impact on other fish species. More likely, this species is able to quickly expand new habitats, but under more stable conditions of water bodies it gives way to other fish species. At high water temperatures, topmouth gudgeon remains the only fish species that feeds on the larvae of blood-sucking Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes.
Therapeutic significance and economic effectiveness of Monoflor honey from Lavsonia inermis l. In Azerbaijan
Authors: Sadigov Tofig , Alibayli Khayala , Gafarova Mehriban , Aliyeva Zumrud
Published: April 2024

The presented article provides information on the introduction of henna (Lavsonia Inermis L.), one of the world's oldest cosmetic products, to Azerbaijan, its botanical description, its indoor cultivation, its use in medicine, cosmetology, and the purchase of monofloral honey. Researches were conducted in Baku, Absheron, Lankaran, Ganja regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as in Nakhchivan MR. All organs of the henna plant have a unique coloring property. Henna has been found to contain various oils, cellulose, ash, nitrogen, essential oil, and a dye containing lavson, which has given it world fame. As a result of many years of research, Tofig Sadigov bought two new varieties of henna from Lavsonia Inermis L. species. The obtained Orkhan henna variety is used to buy leaf products. Another variety obtained from Lavsonia Inermis L. is the Sarkhan henna variety. Sarkhan henna blooms throughout the year, even in winter. The Sarkhan henna variety is mainly grown for use in the production of 100% monofloral honey. Monoflor honey gives positive results when used in gastrointestinal diseases. Studies on the production of monofloral honey from the flower of Lavsonia Inermis L. yielded positive results.
Ontogenesis of species of the genus Berberis L.
Authors: Salahova Elnara , Qafarova Mehriban , Mammadova Irada , Bagirli Afaq , Qadirova Nuray
Published: April 2024

Recently, climate change, reduction of species diversity, and food problems are among the problems that worry the whole world. Plants play an important role in solving these problems. For this purpose, we introduce various food, medical, and industrial plants. One of the plants with different fields of application is the species belonging to the genus Berberis L. For this purpose, the bioecology of Berberis L. species was studied to regulate the ecological balance. To study the introduction and adaptation of Berberis L. species to the Absheron conditions on a scientific basis, it is important to evaluate the biological and morphological features of these species at individual stages of development.During the introduction of barberry species, it is a very important issue to study the biology of individual development of each species. Ontogeny - the individual development of the species - covers the period from the zygote to the natural death of the species. Information about the morphological characteristics of the species is obtained in the developmental stages of ontogenesis.
Study of the resistance of economically important pine species to dangerous pests on the Absheron Peninsula
Authors: Gahramanov Shamaddin , Ismayilova Vusala , Taghiyev Mardan , Mammadov Huseyn , Musayeva Konul
Published: April 2024

The main goal of the research is to study the resistance of widely used pine species in the landscaping of the Absheron Peninsula to serious dangerous pests, to select relatively resistant species, and to recommend them for landscaping farms. At the initial stage of scientific research, phytosanitary monitoring of various types of pine trees cultivated on the peninsula was carried out, dangerous organisms were studied, analyzed, and identified (2020-2023). As a result of the research, it was established that dangerous microorganisms that are often found in economically important pine species in the studied region: pine bark beetle, sub-bark pine bug, pine scale insect, and the causative agent of tar cancer, cause serious damage to the lifestyle and productivity of plants. This is explained by the fact that harmful organisms cannot cause serious harm to the plant due to the activation of protective and regenerative processes inside the plants. Thus, taking into account the resistance of P. eldarica to other unfavourable soil and climatic factors of the peninsula, including the mentioned dangerous pathogenic and harmful insects, in comparison with other species, it is advisable to widely use it as the dominant species in the region’s landscaping.
Development of yellow rust in grain crops and wild cereal grasses and damage to winter wheat varieties
Authors: Tileubayeva Zhanar , Nazarbekova Saltanat , Aytzhanova Mira , Zhussupova Aizhan , Saparbaeva Nurzipa
Published: April 2024

Factors that determine the degree of development of wheat brown rust are the influence of temperature (the growth limits of uredospores are from 2 to 32 °C with an optimum of 15-20 °C) and the effect of a drop of liquid for at least 4-6 hours. Under favorable conditions, the causative agent of brown rust can reduce the yield of wheat by up to 45%, and in the case of epiphytotic development at the germination stage by 80-100%, and damage to the grain can reach 50%. In the North Kazakhstan, Kostanay and Akmola regions, epiphytotic brown rust of wheat was found in cereals, including triticale. For successful breeding, it is important to find new resistance genes in the host plant.Yellow rust of wheat is a disease that affects more than 20 species of cultivated and wild cereals, including wheat, rye, barley, wheatgrass, Aegilops and others. As a result, the development of stripe rust disease was detected in four wild and cultivated grain crops. It has been established that the sources of infection are wild species of grain crops.