bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab initio studies on the thermolysis of azetidine
Authors: Chen Guang‐Ju , Fu Xiao‐Yuan , Tang Ao‐Qing
Published: September 2010

The reaction mechanism of the thermolysis of azetidine to form ethylene and methylenimine has been studied by ab initio SCF MO method at STO–3G and 3–21G levels. Two possible stepwise pathways are explored. One is the breaking of C—C bond as the first step, while the other is the breaking of C—N bond. All the stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) are fully optimized. MP2/3–21G single point calculations on all stationary points and MCSCF/STO‐3G computations for some stationary points are also carried out. The calculations indicate that azetidine decomposes via biradicaloid intermediates and the cleavage of C—N bond is preferable to that of C—C bond.
Determination of the thermodynamic dissociation constant of p‐nitrophenol in {NaCl+EtOH+H2O} mixture by ultra‐violet spectrophotometry
Authors: Yang Jia‐Zhen , Men Dian‐Yuan , Guan Xiu‐Dan
Published: September 2010

The thermodynamic ionization constant K° of p‐nitrophenol in {10 mass% ethanol‐water} mixed solvent is derived from measurements of its absorption spectrum and pH by the two methods: Debye‐Hückel extrapolation and polynomial approximation proposed by us in suitable buffer solution at constant ionic strength from 0.1 to 2.0 mol · kg−1 at 298.2 ± 0.2 K. The results from both methods are pK° = 7.406 and 7.415, respectively. The effect of medium on the ultraviolet spectra of p‐nitrophenol has been discussed.
Synthesis of perfluoroalkyl‐containing steroidal glycosides
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Lü Long
Published: September 2010

A new kind of fluorine‐containing amphiphiles — perfluoroalkyl‐containing steroidal glycosides were synthesized in good yield through perfluoroalkylation by means of sodium dithionite‐initiated addition of RFI to olefinic system. Preliminary study showed that these glycosides could form vesicles in aqueous medium as observed by electron microscopy.
The reaction of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl halides VII. Preparation and reactions of trifluoromethanesulfonyl bromide
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Lü Long
Published: September 2010

The reaction between sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate, which was prepared from trifluoromethyl bromide, with bromine in aqueous solution resulted in the formation of trifluoromethanesulfonyl bromide (CF2SO2Br). CF3SO1Br reacted with alkenes and alkyne to give the corresponding adducts with the loss of SO2 in good yields, and with compounds containing active hydrogen to give brominated derivatives. A radical reaction mechanism was proposed and confirmed by EPR study.
ESR study on some copper(II) complexes of bis(4′‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5)
Authors: Li Yong , Wang Gui‐Jun
Published: September 2010

ESR measurements have been carried out for some copper(II) complexes of bis(4′‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5) at 77 K. The results of ESR spectrometric titration indicated that the binuclear complexes were prepared in the present system. The binuclear complexes revealed characteristic ESR g‐anisotropies (gZ<gX, gY) which are typical of the copper(II) complexes with a 3d ground state doublet. However, in this case, the innermolecular copper(II)‐copper(II) spin interaction was not observed. ESR measurements also showed that a small amount of the sandwich type copper(II) complexes were formed in the presence of excess bis (4′‐benzo‐15‐crown‐5). A reasonable explanation was given for the ESR results.
Dehydrodimers of arylaldoxime—‐a convenient source of iminoxy radicals
Authors: Wei Xu‐Dong , Hu Hong‐Wen , Hu Yue‐Fei , Jin Yong‐Shu , Jin Tong‐Zheng , Han Shi‐Ying , Xu Yun‐Xia
Published: September 2010

Arylaldoxime dehydrodimers 3a—1 have been prepared from the corresponding oximes 1a—1 by using (HCrO4)2(Py)4Co as oxidant. Their structures were assigned to be bisnitrone by XPS studies. ESR studies of 3a—1 in hot chloroform show that iminoxy radicals 2a—1 are formed. Therefore the dehydrodimers can provide a convenient source of these radicals.
The reaction of perfluoroalkanesulfinates VII. Fenton reagent‐initiated addition of sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates to alkenes
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Lü Long
Published: September 2010

The addition of sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates (RFSO3Na) to various olefins (CH2=CHR) initiated by Fenton reagent (Fe2+‐H2O3) in the presence of sodium azide gave the adducts RFCH3‐CHN3R in good yield. A radical mechanism was proposed based on the EPR and other evidences. The adducts were readily reduced through catalytic hydrogenation to give the corresponding amines RFCH2CH(NH3)R in high yield. The reaction represents a convenient and effective route to these useful organofluorine compounds.
Studies on the reactions of silyl enol ether with perfluoroorganic compounds1 III. Synthesis of perfluoroalkylated α, β‐unsaturated aldehydes and their derivatives
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Wu Yong‐Ming
Published: September 2010

Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkylated α, β‐unsaturated alkenals were synthesized by the reaction of silyl enol ether of alkanals with per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl iodide initiated by Na2S2O4 conveniently in high yield. Their corresponding alkenol and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone were also synthesized.
Syntheses and bioactivities of mixed butyl/cyclohexyl tin carboxylates
Authors: Xie Qing‐Lan , Yang Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Zu‐Xin , Zhang Dian‐Kun
Published: September 2010

Eight novel compounds have been synthesized and they are two series of mixed tri(butyl/cyclohexyl) tin carboxylates: BunCy3‐n SnO2CR (n = 1, 2; R = n‐C3H7, C6H5, 4‐ClC6H4, 4‐NO2C4H4). In addition to the studies of their structures with IR, 119Sn and 13C NMR, we tested their fungicidal, insecticidal and acaricidal activities. The percentage of inhibition to the aforementioned phytopathogen is about 80—100% at 50 ppm in glasshouse and 100% for T. Uriticae at 500 ppm. Those findings indicate that this kind of compounds have both fungicidal and acaricidal activities and may have a good prospect for applications.
Complexo‐titrimetric determination of mercury using hexahydropyrimidine‐2‐thione as a selective masking agent
Authors: Narayana B. , Kuchinad T. Girish , Gajendragad M. R.
Published: September 2010

A simple, rapid, accurate and selective complexometric method is proposed for the determination of mercury(II). Mercury(II) is first complexed with a known excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is back‐titrated at pH 5.0–6.0 with lead nitrate, xylenol orange being used as indicator. Hexa hydropyrimidine‐2‐thione (HPT) is then added to displace EDTA from the Hg‐EDTA complex quantitatively and the EDTA released is titrated with lead nitrate. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 2–55 mg of mercury, with a relative error of less than 0.5% and standard deviation of less than 0.04.
Determination of chloride ion by electrochemiluminescence and investigation of the mechanism
Authors: Lin Jin‐Ming , An Jing‐Ru
Published: September 2010

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol in aqueous alkaline solution was studied. Trace amounts of chloride showed significant effect on the efficiency of light emission of luminol as a positive trigonometrical wave pulse was exerted on the solution. The detection limit for the chloride is 5.0 × 10−5 mol / L and the linear calibration range extends up to 1.0×10−2 mol /L; the relative standard deviation for 1.0×10−5 mol / L chloride is 5%. The influencing factors for chloride determination are also discussed. The possible mechanism for the electrochemiluminescence reaction may be due to the oxidation of chloride ion in the solution to ClO−, and the latter acts on luminol and then gives out luminescence. The method has been applied to determine the total chloride in tap water with satisfactory results.
Synthesis of 4‐substituted 3‐oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐2‐one
Authors: Xue Jie‐You , Tang Shi‐Xiong , Sun Ai‐Bin , Wu Fan , Qiao Li‐Xin , Cao Yu‐Rong , Wang Xiao‐Lan
Published: September 2010

Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid anhydride can be converted to 4‐substituted 3‐oxabicyclo‐[3.1.0]hexan‐2‐one by reaction with Grignard reagents in ether or tetrahydrofuran solution.
Stereoselective synthesis of (5R,6S)‐6‐acetoxy hexadecanolide—The major component of the oviposition attractant pheromone of the mosquito Culex pipens fatigans and its enantiomer from L‐glutamic acid
Authors: Ding Yu , Li Jia‐Yao , Wang Zhi‐Qin
Published: September 2010

A concise synthesis of the mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone, (‐)(5R, 6S)‐and (+)‐(5S, 6R)‐6‐acetoxy hexadecanolide from L‐glutamic acid is described. The key steps are the inversion of the configuration at C‐4 of 7, and the formation of δ‐lactone from the γ‐lactone through ring enlargement.
Phenyl iodonium bis(perfluoroalkanesulphonyl)‐methide‐dimethyl sulphoxide complex—Its formation and X‐ray structure analysis
Authors: Zhu Shi‐Zheng , Chen Qing‐Yun , Zhu Yu‐Hua , Wu Kuang
Published: September 2010

Irradiation of phenyl iodonium bis(perfluoroalkanesulphonyl)methide in DMSO yields an 1:1 adduct, DMSO·PhIC(SO2RF)2 (2) which was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis.
Competitive coupling of amide anion over menthyl propionate anion with aryl radical
Authors: Wu Bi‐Qi , Zeng Fan‐Wen , Li Wei , Wu Guo‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

A competitive coupling of amide anion over menthyl propionate anion with aryl radical in photo‐SRN 1 mechanism was encountered. The reaction afforded N‐aryl propionic amide in excellent yield. In contrast, the expected nucleophilic photo‐SRN 1 substitution originating from the carbanion was observed in the case of t‐butyl propionate. According to the proposed mechanisms and MO correlation diagrams of the coupling step of nucleophiles with aryl radical, the interesting contrast is reasonably attributed to the variation in energy gap between x*C‐O and x*Ar of (ArNu)+. Usually, the odd electron of (ArNu)+ is weightly populated at x*C‐O, however, the diminished privilege of x*C‐O in menthyl propionate promotes a dominant population of the odd electron at x*Ar, which leads to the fragmentation of (ArNu)+ into the starting carbanion and aryl radical.
Quantum chemical study on the mechanism of the consecutive addition of HCN to aminoacetonitrile
Authors: Hong San‐Guo , Liu Ruo‐Zhuang
Published: September 2010

MINDO/3 method has been used to study the mechanism of the consecutive addition of HCN to aminoacetonitrile. The results obtained for the first three steps show that the reaction is exothermic, and step I is the rate determining step.
Study on electrode process of myoglobin at a polymerized Toluidine Blue film electrode
Authors: Dong Shao‐Jun , Chu Qing‐Hui
Published: September 2010

This paper reports the use of an electrochemically polymerized Toluidine Blue (TB) film electrode. The film on platinum electrode surface was analyzed with ESCA. The heterogeneous electron transfer processes of myoglobin at the polymerized TB film electrode have been investigated using in situ UV‐visible spectroelectrochemistry. The formal potential (E°') and electron transfer number (n) of myoglobin were calculated as E°' = 0.045 V (vs. NHE) and n = 0.99. The exhaustive reduction and oxidation electrolyses are achieved in 130 s and 110 s respectively, during a potential step between −0.4 V and +0.4V. A formal heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (Kah) of 1.09 × 10−4 cm/s and a transfer coefficient (α) of 0.47 were obtained by cyclic voltabsorptometry, which indicated that myoglobin underwent a quasi‐reversible electrode process at the polymerized TB film electrode.
Studies on solid state reactions of coordination compounds. XLVII. Solid state syntheses and crystal structures of cluster compounds {Cu3MoS3I} (PPh3)3S and {Cu3WS3Br} (PPh3)3S
Authors: Lang Jian‐Ping , Zhu Hui‐Zhen , Xin Xin‐Quan , Chen Ming‐Qin , Liu Kun , Zheng Pei‐Ju
Published: September 2010

Reactions of [NH4]2[MS4](M = Mo,W), CuX(X = Br, I) and PPh3 in the solid state produced four mixed‐metal sulfur containing clusters {Cu3MS3X}(PPh3)3S(M = Mo, W; X = Br, I), two of which (1: M = Mo, X = I; 2: M = W, X = Br) were structurally determined. Crystals of 1 and 2 are triclinic, space group P1 (1: a = 11.895(3), b = 13.107(1), c = 20.473(2)Å, α = 74.95(6), β = 84.87(8), γ = 64.27(7)°, Z=2, V=2776.1 Å3, Rw = 0.064 for 6443 observed reflections. 2: a = 11.876 (1), b = 13.065 (2), c = 20.325(2)Å, α = 74.95(1), β= 85.39(1), γ = 64.09(1)°, Z = 2, V = 2737.3Å3, Rw = 0.055 for ·5303 observed reflections). The results of the structure determination showed that the central units of the two cubane‐like cluster compounds are composed of four metal atoms and four non‐metal atoms situated at alternate corners. The differences of cubane‐like cluster compounds obtained from solid state reactions and from solution reactions are discussed.
Synthesis and crystal structure of [V2(μ‐S2)2(S2CNEt2)4] · 2CH3Cl
Authors: Lei Xin‐Jian , Jiang Fei‐Long , Wu Da‐Xu , Hong Mac‐Chun , Huang Zhi‐Ying , Liu Han‐Qin
Published: September 2010

[V2(μ‐S2)2(S2CNEt2)4] 2CH3Cl was synthesized by the reaction of NaS2CNEt2, Li2S and VOCl3at room temperature. Crystal data:M= 1061.3, space groupPbca, with the orthorhombic parameters:a=20.123(3),b= 20.485(4)1c=10.911(3)A,V=4497.7Å3,Z=4,Dc=1.57 g/cm3, MoKoradiation (λ=0.71069 Å), μ = 13.2 cm−1,F(000)—2168. FinalR= 0.041 andRw=0.047 for 2288 observed reflections withI>3σ(I). The coordination sphere of each V atom in title compound is a distorted tetragonal prism composed of two bidentate dithiocarbamate and two S21−ligands. The V—V distance is 2.890 Å while the V—S distances fall in the range of 2.422–2.505 Å.
Synthesis and spectral properties of arylmercury derivatives of α‐thiopicolinanilide
Authors: Song Mao‐Ping , Wu Yang‐Jie , Yang Li , Chen Ji‐Hong
Published: September 2010

A series of thirteen arylmercury derivatives of α‐thiopicolinanilide have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and MS. The intramolecular coordination and the substituent effects on the MS and 199Hg NMR behaviours have been studied. It has been shown that a linear correlation exists between the 199Hg chemical shifts and the Hammett‐Brown constants σ+, and the electron‐donating groups cause the chemical shift to move upfield.
Analysis of the linkage positions and isomers of monosaccharide units in oligosaccharides by negativ secondary ion mass spectrometry in combination with the stereoselective reaction with substituted boronic acid
Authors: Yan Lin , Fang Yi‐Wei
Published: September 2010

The negative secondary ion mass spectrometry, in combination with the stereoselective derivatizations with substituted boronic acid RB(OH)2, was used in the analysis of fourteen oligosaccharides. The mass spectra of the derivatives provide information on their linkage positions and isomerism of the individual monosacaccharide units. The results indicated that among the derivatives of the oligosaccharides analyzed, those with 1–4 and 1–6 linkages all presented the ion peaks at m/z 287, sometimes one more peak at m/z 449. Furthermore, a relationship was found between the linkage positions and the intensity orders of the derivative ions. Finally, the derivatives of the disaccharides with a galactose presented an intense ion peak at m/z 347, and those of oligosaccharides with 1–6 linkage to a galactose at terminal presented the ion at m/z 317. In the case of oligosaccharides with a fructose residue, characteristic ion of m/z 155 was produced. The conditions of stereoselective derivatizations and mass spectrometry were studied, in order to obtain a better reproducibility of the mass spectra.
Palladium(0) catalyzed reactions of propargylic carbonates and dialkyl cycloalkanone‐α,α‐dicarboxylates
Authors: Geng Li‐Feng , Lu Xi‐Yan
Published: September 2010

Propargylic carbonates reacted with dialkyl cycloalkanone‐α,α′‐dicarboxylates under the catalysis of Pd(0) complex to give bicyclic compounds in high yields. The two electron‐withdrawing groups at α and α' positions of cycloalkanone rings are essential for the annulation reaction.
Study of the vibrational photochemical reation, of UF6+HCl and its isotopic selectivity
Authors: Xu Bao‐Yu , Liu Yong , Dong Wen‐Bo , Zhao Wei , Hu Jian‐Xun , Zheng Cheng‐Fa
Published: September 2010

The photochemical vibrational reaction of UF6+HCl was investigated by exciting the ternary overtone of 3V3 of UF6 in an intracavity CO laser system. It was found that the rate of the laser‐driven reaction was much greater than that of the thermal reaction and this photochemical process had an isotopic selectivity. The uranium isotope enrichment factors measured in experiments were around 1,007 in a single step.
The TST‐CEQ calculations on the light‐heavy‐light H+ClH reaction
Authors: Ju Guan‐Zhi , Bian Wen‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

The calculated TST‐CEQ state‐selected reaction cross sections and rate constants for the exchange reaction of H+ClH are reported. It is found that, although the collinear probabilities exhibit the oscillating behaviour, the TST‐CEQ cross sections do not oscillate. Comparison of the different state‐selected cross sections at a constant total energy indicates that translational energy is more effective than vibrational energy in promoting the reaction H + ClH. We also find that, the larger the vibrational quantum number of the reactant, the larger the reactive rate constant kTST‐CEQ(T, v) is at a given temperature. The state‐selected rate constants are then averaged to yield the thermal rate constants which are shown to be in good agreement with our VTST calculations and those by Schwenke et al.,
Studies on solid state reactions of coordination compounds. LI. Solid state syntheses of a family of Ag‐Mo(W)‐S cubane‐like cluster compounds: Crystal structures of {Ag3MoS3I](PPh3)3S and {Ag3WS3Cl}(PPh3)3S·0.5P(S)Ph3·3H2O
Authors: Lang Jian‐Ping , Bao Shi‐An , Zhu Hui‐Zhen , Xin Xin‐Quan , Yu Kai‐Bei
Published: September 2010

Reactions of [NH4]2[MS4] (M = Mo, W), AgX (X = Cl, Br, I, ON, SCN) and PPh3 in the solid state produced six new mixed‐metal sulfur containing cluster compounds, two of which, {Ag3MoS3I}(PPh3)3S(1) and {Ag3WS3Cl}(PPh3)3S·0.5P(S)Ph3·3H2O(2), were determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis. The crystal data: 1, triclinic, P&1bar;, a=12.114(2), b=13.420(2), c=20.346(3)Å, a=74.53(1), βequals;86.73(1), γequals;63.74(1)*, Z=2, R = 0.043 for 4805 independent data, 2, hexagonal, R3, a=b=16.201(3), c=45.091(10)Å, Z=6, R = 0.042 for 2729 independent data. The central unit {Ag3MS3X} (M = Mo, W; X = Cl, I) of the two compounds can be described as a slightly distorted cube, four corners being formed by the MS42− ligand (with a terminal S atom). The remaining corners are occupied by one X (Cl or I) atom and three Ag atoms (with one PPh3 ligand bound to each of the latter). The generation of different types of Ag‐Mo(W)‐S cluster compounds prepared from solid state reactions under different reaction temperatures is discussed.
A bi‐butterfly W‐Cu‐S cluster compound: Synthesis and crystal structure of (n‐Bu4N)2[W2Cu4S8(S2CNC4H8)2]
Authors: Lei Xin‐Jian , Cao Rong , Hong Mao‐Chun , Huang Zhi‐Ying , Liu Han‐Qin
Published: September 2010

The compound (n‐Bu4N)2[W2Cu4S8(S2CNC4H8)2] was obtained by the reaction of Bu4NBr, (NH4)2WS4, NaS2NCC4H8 and CuCl in CH3CN and CH3OH. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters: a=21.875(5), b=16.843(4), c=17.745(5)Å, β = 101.69(6)°, V=6402(6)Å3, Z=4, Dc=1.718 g·cm−3. The final R and Rw values converged to 0.055 and 0.060 respectively. The structure consists of two ‘butterfly’ units [WS4Cu2] linked together by two weak Cu—S bonds and two bridging S2CNC4H8 ligands. Infrared spectra gave characteristic absorptions at 495 cm−1 for W=S and 450, 435, 412 cm−1 for W—μ‐S.
Nitrosyl Complexes. 6. Reactions of Na[Fe(CO)3NO] with Cp*M(CO)3Cl (Cp*=η5−CH3C5H4, M = Mo or W): Crystal structures of Cp*M(CO)2NO and Cp*M(μ3‐NH)(μ2‐NO)(μ2‐CO)Fe2(CO)6
Authors: Sun Wen‐Hua , Yang Shi‐Yan , Yin Yuan‐Qi , Wang Han‐Qing , Yu Kai‐Bei
Published: September 2010

Sodium nitrosylcarbonyliron reacts with methylcyclopentadienylcarbonylmetal (Mo or W) chloride in CH3OH/THF at room temperature to give Cp*Mo(CO)2NO(la) (Cp* = η5−CH3C5H4) or Cp*W(CO)2NO (1b), [Cp*Mo(CO)3]2 (2a) or [Cp*W(CO)3]2 (2b), and Cp*Mo(μ3‐NH)(μ2‐NO)‐(μ2‐CO)Fe2(CO)6 (3a) or Cp*W(μ3‐NH)(μ2‐NO)(μ2‐CO)Fe2(CO)6 (3b), respectively. Complexes 1a, 1b, 3a and 3b were analyzed by IB, NMR, MS and elemental analyses, and the crystal structures of 1b, 3a and 3b were determined by X‐ray diffraction method. The new clusters 3a and 3b have μ3‐NH ligands which were formed by reduction of NO in the synthetic reactions.
Regioselective synthesis of linalyl compounds via addition reaction of geranyl bromide and tin with carbonyl compounds
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Yao , Lu Guo‐Di , Chen Zhao‐Gen , Wu Shi‐Hui
Published: September 2010

Linalyl alkyl or aryl carbinols were regioselectively synthesized by the reaction of geranyl bromide and powdered tin with aldehydes and ketones.
Studies on sulfinatodehalogenation. XXVIII. The addition of polyfluoroalkyl iodides to olefins initiated by sodium disulfite
Authors: Huang Bing‐Nan , Wu Fan‐Hong
Published: September 2010

Polyfluoroalkyl iodides reacted with olefins in aqueous DMF solution of sodium disulfite under mild conditions to give the corresponding 1:1 adducts in good yields, providing a convenient polyfluoroalkylation method. This indicated that RF. radicals were formed in the reaction of polyfluoroalkyl iodides and sodium disulfite. A SET mechanism is proposed for the sulfinatodehalogenation reaction of sodium disulfite.
Studies on nitramide and its methyl derivatives with ab initio calculations. IV. The harmonic force field and vibrational spectra of dimethylnitramine and its isotopic derivatives
Authors: Wang Wen‐Ning , Fan Kang‐Nian , Li Yong‐Fu , Xiao He‐Ming
Published: September 2010

The complete harmonic vibrational force field of dimethylnitramine has been calculated at the Hartree‐Fock level using 4–21G basis set. The harmonic force field was then scaled with scale factors previously derived from N‐methylnitramine, and the vibrational spectrum of dimethylnitramine was computed. This a priori prediction, made with no reference to observations on dimethylnitramine, agrees with the experimental IR spectrum in gas phase with a mean deviation of 8.4 cm−1. Some of the scale factors were reoptimized by fitting of the computed force field to experimental data. The new set of scale factors reduced the mean deviation to 4.5 cm−1, and was used to predict the vibrational spectrum of deuterated form of dimethylnitramine(‐6D). Dipole moment derivatives were also calculated and used to predict infrared intensities which are comparable with experimental values.
Standard potential of the Ag‐AgCl electrode and acidity constant of glycine at constant molality of NaCl in glucose‐water mixed solvents from 278.15 to 318.15 K
Authors: Wang Jie , Yang Jia‐Zhen
Published: September 2010

Standard electrode potentials Ec of Ag‐AgCl electrode in molality scale and acidity constants of glycine pK01 at constant molality of NaCl (1.0 mol·kg−1) in 5 and 15 mass% glucose‐water mixed solvents over a range of temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K were determined from precise emf measurements. The dependence of acidity constant on temperature is given as a function of the thermodynamic temperature T by an empirical equation. pK01 = A1(K/T) ‐ A2 + A3(T/K). The corresponding thermodynamic quantities of the first dissociation process of glycine were calculated and the effects of both the solvent and the salt on them were also discussed.
Theoretical studies on the substitution effect of fluorine on ethylene
Authors: Li Qing‐Ming , Fu Xiao‐Yuan , Zhang Jing‐Chang , Cao Wei‐Liang
Published: September 2010

The substitution effect of fluorine on ethylene is investigated by means of studying the properties of the charge distribution at the bond critical points with the theory of atoms in molecules. It is found that fluorine atom acts not only as a σ electron acceptor, but also as σ electron donor, and these double effects are reflected in the quantity of ellipticity, Laplacian and the charge density of charge distribution at the bond critical points. For C—C, C—F bonds, the major axis of elliptical contours is perpendicular to the molecular plane, but for C—H bond, it is parallel to the molecular plane. Other effects originating from the substitution have also been discussed.
Studies on the solid state reactions of coordination conpounds. XLVIII. The effect of KSCN on the thermal decomposition of cobalt(III)‐ammine complexes
Authors: Zheng Li‐Min , Xin Xin‐Quan
Published: September 2010

The evolved gaseous analysis (EGA), infrared spectra, and XRD have been applied to the study of solid state reactions of KSCN with five cobalt(II)‐ammine complexes: [Co‐(NH3)5N3]Cl2. [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2. [Co(NH3)5(H2O)]Cl3. [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, and [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 in a hydrogen atmosphere. It is found that the existence of KSCN shifts the thermal decomposition of these complexes to a lower temperature. The corresponding peak temperatures are near 140°C. The effect of KSCN is discussed and kinetic parameters of deammine reactions are calculated.
A facile pathway to 2‐furfurylketones
Authors: Li Nan‐Sheng , Deng Min‐Zhi , He Wen‐Kai
Published: September 2010

2‐(Chloromethyl)furan as an electrophile reacted with lithium trialkylalkynylborates, followed by the oxidation with H2O2under basic condition to afford 2‐furfurylketones in good yields. This provides a new method for the preparation of 2‐furfurylketones.
Perfluoroalkylation of aromatics
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Ying Wei‐Wen , Zhang Han‐Zhong , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: September 2010

Several methods for the perfluoroalkylation of aromatics were reported. Both perfluoroalkanesulfonyl bromide/BPO and perfluoroalkanesulfinate/oxidant, systems were efficient reagents for the introduction of a perfluoroalkyl group onto various aromatic nuclei. In a two‐phase solvent system with tetraalkylammonium salt as PTC, reaction of perfluoroalkyl iodide and aromatics in the presence of sodium dithionite gave perfluoroalkyl aromatics and/or addition‐dimerization products.
Optimization of the separation of a mixture of unknown composition by reversed‐phase HPLC
Authors: Wang Qin‐Sun , Gao Ru‐Yu , Zhan Zhuang‐Ping
Published: September 2010

A method is presented for the computer‐assisted optimization of mobile phase selection for the separation of a synthetic intermediate of unknown composition by reversed‐phase HPLC. The method is based on recognition of the order of the peaks by comparison of peak area ratio and followed by the BSOS‐L (Binary Solvent Optimization System for HPLC) method. Excellent agreement was obtained between predicted data and experimental results.
Cyclization of 2‐methoxy‐6‐( substituted benzyloxy) acetophenone hydrazones in the presence of polyphosphoric acid (PPA)
Authors: Qiu Yu‐Zhu , Zhang Zheng , Zhong Zken‐Qi , Hu Hong‐Wen
Published: September 2010

Cyclization of 2‐methoxy‐6‐benzyloxy acetophenone hydrazone gave 3‐methyl‐4‐methoxy indazole and 3‐methyl‐4‐methoxy‐7‐benzyl indazole in the presence of polyphosphoric acid (PPA). The hydrazone was probably converted to 2‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxy acetophenone hydrazone and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐benzyl‐6‐methoxy acetophenone hydrazone followed by cyclization to the corresponding indazoles in acidic conditions. Cyclization of 2‐methoxy‐6‐(halo or alky] or aryl benzyloxy) acetophenone hydrazones gave similar products. Cyclization of 2‐methoxy‐6‐(p‐nitrobenzyloxy) acetophenone hydrazone gave 2‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐4‐methoxy benzofuran and 3‐methy]‐4‐methoxy indazole while 2‐methoxy‐6‐(m‐nitrobenzyloxy) acetophenone hydrazone gave 3‐methyl‐4‐methoxy indazole, 3‐methyl‐4‐methoxy‐7‐(m‐nitrophenyl) indazole and 3‐methyl‐4‐(m‐nitrobenzyloxy) indazole.
Study on potassium bromodifluoroacetate Convenient approaches to the syntheses of trifluoromethylated compounds
Authors: U Heng‐Duo , Duan Jian‐Xing , Su De‐Bao , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: September 2010

Treatment of potassium bromodifluoroacetate (1) with alkyl halides in the presence of copper, iodide and potassium fluoride in DMF at 85–0OTC for 3–5h gavethe trifluoromethylated derivatives in moderate to high yields.
Synthesis and properties of p‐perfluoroalkylcalix[4]arenes
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: September 2010

p‐Perfluoroalkylcalix[4]arenes were prepared readily from the reaction of calix‐[4]arene with perfluoroalkyl iodides in the presence of sodium dithionite or sodium hydroxy‐methanesulfinate under mild conditions. These fluorine‐containing calixarenes showed bettor solubilities in common organic solvents as compared to their nonperfluoroalkylation analog and formed inclusion complexes with many neutral molecules as well as fluorocarbons.
Liquid—solid adsorption from binary component mixture
Authors: Geng Xin‐Peng , Geng Xin‐Du
Published: September 2010

Based on five thermodynamic equilibria among the components I, II, and adsorbent, a stoichiometric displacement model of adsorption (SDM‐A) from binary liquid mixture with complete range of concentration in liquid‐solid system is proposed and tested by using data published in literatures. The two expressions of this model show the quantitative relationships between the activity of the component I on the surface and that in the bulk solution and between its partition coefficient in two phases and its equilibrium activity in bulk solution, respectively. In some cases, the two expressions may become two linear equations, from which the correspondingly linear slopes (i.e. the adsorption parameters) are obtained with which the stoichiometric displacement relation and relative adsorption ability between components I and II can be elucidated. The effectiveness of these two expressions for different adsorption systems and the similarity and difference between SDM‐A and the Freundlich Empirical Equation are also investigated. A rule illustrating a parallel relationship between 2n/Z and the property of bulk solution is also found. And, having studied the quantitative relation of the adsorption from either ideal or non‐ideal liquid mixture and compaired their linear adsorption parameters, we find that SDM‐A is much better than the Langmuir's.
The structure and magnetic properties of μ3‐oxotriiron(III) complex [Fe3O(OBz)6(CH3OH)3](NO3)(CH3OH)2
Authors: Fu De‐Gang , Wang Guo‐Xiong , Tang Wen‐Xia , Yu Kai‐Bei
Published: September 2010

A new μ3‐O triiron(III) complex [Fe3O(OBz)6(CH3OH)3](NO3)(CH3OH)2 (HOBZ = benzoic acid) has been synthesized, its structure has been determined and variable temperature magnetic susceptility has also been measured. In the molecule, three iron atoms formed an equilateral triangle with μ3‐O in center. The fitting to the magnetic susceptibility showed that an intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange interaction occurred between iron atoms with J=‐25.51 cm−1, and a weaker intermolecular autiferromagnetic exchange interaction occurred with zJ' = −2.30 cm−1.
One‐step synthesis of some polyfluoroalkylated 1,3‐benzodioxoles, 4H‐1,3‐benzodioxins and dibenzo[d, f] [1,3]dioxepins
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Liu Yan‐Song , Lu Long
Published: September 2010

Several polyfluoroalkylated heterocyclic compounds containing methylenedioxy group such as 2‐(F‐alkyl) substituted 1,3‐benzodioxole, piperonal, 4H‐1,3‐benzodioxin, 1,3‐dioxolane and 6‐(F‐alkyl) substituted dibenzo[d, f][1,3]dioxepin have been prepared through double Michael‐addition reactions of 2,2‐dihydropolyfluoroalkanoates with the corresponding diphenols or diols in high yields.
A stepwise simulation approach to the chemical potential of fluids
Authors: Wu Xiong‐Wu , Shi Jun , Wang Wen‐Chuan
Published: September 2010

A new approach to the computation of the chemical potential of fluids is presented. In this method the particle‐insertion operation in the conventional test particle method is replaced by the growth of a specific particle. Application of the new technique to hard sphere and Lennard‐Jones fluids shows that it is capable of providing reliable estimates of the chemical potential, even at high density where the conventional test particle methods are difficult to apply.
Direct fabrication of conductive LB films composed of N‐docosylpyridinium‐TCNQ
Authors: Yuan Chun‐Wei , Wu Hai‐Ming , Xiao Dong , Wei Yu
Published: September 2010

Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films of Ar‐docosylpyridinium‐TCNQ (NDP‐TCNQ) were prepared in air. The films deposited at the room temperature showed in‐plane conductivity of 4·10−3 S·cm−1 and its absorption spectra in UV and IR regions resembled those for the films composed of mixed‐valence TCNQ salts of NDP‐(TCNQ)2 rather than for the NDP‐TCNQ LB films preparaed under protection of nitrogen. In the case that the films left in a warm environment after each dipping cycle, the absorption in the corresponding region changed. Spectral analysis and XPS study revealed that more TCNQ molecules were produced. The oxidation of TCNQ: in air was considered to be the origin of neutral TCNQ formed.
Synthesis and characterization of tris(η5‐cyclopentadienyl‐μ‐carbonyliron)‐μ3‐nitrosyl cluster: X‐ray structure of [(η5‐C5H5)(μ‐CO)Fe]3(μ3‐NO)·C4H8O
Authors: Sun Wen‐Hua , Yang Shi‐Yan , Wang Han‐Qing , Yuan Dong‐Feng , Hou Zhi‐Qiang , Chen Yu‐Qing , Yu Kai‐Bei
Published: September 2010

Tris)(η5‐cyclopentadienyl‐μ‐carbonyl‐iron)‐μ3‐nitrosyl cluster was obtained from the reaction of cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyliron dimer with nitrogen monoxide in xylane. The cluster was characterised by elemental analyses, IR, MS and 1H NMR. The crystal structure of [(η5‐C5H5)(μ‐CO)Fe]3(μ3‐NO)·C4H8O was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. It crystallises in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, a=9.063(2), b=10.546(2), c=22.525(4) Å, V=2150.3(7) Å3, Z=4, Dc=1.68 g·cm−3; structure solution and refinement based on 1141 reflections with I ≥ 3.0σ (I) (MoKα, λ=0.71073 Å) converged at R=0.0540. The infrared absorption band at 1325 cm−1 of the μ3‐NO in the cluster, which is red shifted, shows that μ3‐NO is activated.
Retention behaviour of carboxylic acid methyl esters in supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Shen Yu‐Feng , Wang Qing‐Hai , Zhu Dao‐Qian , Zhou Liang‐Mo
Published: September 2010

The study on retention behavior in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is necessary to understand the mechanism of the various interactions in SFC. The retention of SFC in carboxylic acid methyl ester/polymethylsiloxane/CO2 system was studied systematically and the retention behavior of this kind of compounds under various typical operation conditions was described using the method of an alternative unified theory of chromatographic retention. The results illustrated that expression: Ink = a + b/T + cp + dp/T + ep2/T can be used to describe quantitatively the retention behavior of carboxylic acid methyl ester/polymethylsiloxane/CO2 system in the ranges of reduced density from 0.549 to 1.411. It was also found that the entropy of solute in stationary phase is dependent on the density of supercritical fluid (SF) under typical operating conditions of SFC.
A novel synthetic use of 2‐bromo‐1‐methylpyridinium iodide for macrolactamization
Authors: Bai Dong‐Lu , Bo Yun‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Ting
Published: September 2010

Using 2‐bromo‐1‐methylpyridimium iodide aa carbaxyl activating agent, 10 ansamacrolactams were prepared conveniently from the corresponding seco‐precursor ω‐aminoacids in the yields of 78–92%.
Electronic characteristics of sandwich‐type lanthanide octaethylporphyrins
Authors: Jiang Jian‐Zhuang , Machida Ken‐Ichi , Yamamoto Eiji , Adachi Gin‐Ya
Published: September 2010

The electronic behavior of sandwich‐type rare earth octaethylporphyrinates Ln(oep)2 and Ln2(oep)3 (Ln=Ce, Pr and Eu) was characterized by measurements of the UV‐vis or near infrared spectra and D.C. conductivity. However, the conductivity values measured at room temperature were distributed in an order of 10−7 to 10−8 S·cm−1 even after the partial oxidation of complex with the complexes with iodine and no remarkable change was observed among the complexes such as LnIV(Por2‐)2 (Ln=Ce) and LnIV(Por2‐)(Por.−) (Ln=Ce) or Ln2III(Por2‐)3 and Ln2III(Por2‐)2(Por.−).
Closed and endoreversible chemical oscillation
Authors: Li Ru‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

Based on a simple nonideal chemical reaction model, the closed system with reversible nonideal reactions and illumination is shown to be able to exhibit sustained oscillation. The essential points in the occurrence of such oscillations are the nonideality of reacting media, which gives rise to multiple chemical equilibria, and the energy flow through illumination and heat conduction, which gives rise to spontaneous transitions repeatedly between the multiple equilibrium states. During the oscillation, reacting media undergo only reversible chemical transformation and all irreversibilities are restricted to the coupling of the system to external world. This oscillation provides an example of the so‐called endoreversible machine and a possible way to convert radiation energy of the light directly into mechanical energy.
Ship‐in‐bottle formation of Ru3(CO)12 in NaY zeolite
Authors: Xiao Feng‐Shou , Xu Ru‐Ren , He Ya‐Nan
Published: September 2010

NaY zeolite entrapped Ru3(CO)12 cluster has been synthesized from RuCl3 ion‐exchanged NaY, which is well characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopies and CO chemisorption. When the Ru3+/NaY sample is heated from 298 K to 393 K for 25 h and for 10 h at 393 K, the sample colour changes from dark to brown‐yellow. The in situ infrared spectrum exhibits absorption bands at 2130, 2064, 2040, 2017, 1990, 1953 and 1925 cm−1. The bands at 2130 cm−1 arises from the Rumn+(CO)l m=1–3; n = 1–3; l = 1–12). The bands at 2064, 2040, 2017 and 1990 cm−1 are proposed to be associated with the Ru3(CO)12/NaY, which are close to Ru3(CO)12 crystalline. Furthermore, the Raman results provide bands at 150 and 185 cm−1, which can be attributed to Ru—Ru bonds of the sample as in the case of Ru3(CO)12 crystalline, for which the A'1 Ru—Ru stretching mode is assigned to 185 cm−1 and E'1 Ru—Ru stretching mode is assigned to a band at 150 cm−1, respectively. CO chemisorption of [Ru3]/NaY gives a CO/Ru ratio of 3.85, which is similar to the stoichiometry of Ru3(CO)12.
Live retention database for identification of compounds in capillary gas chromatographic analysis—Principle and structure
Authors: Guan Ya‐Feng , Zhou Liang‐Mo , Li Ling‐E
Published: September 2010

A live retention database for compound identification in isothermal and any step temperature programmed capillary gas chromatography has been developed. The database utilizes the Kovats retention indices of compounds on a given stationary phase and the retention time of n‐alkanes measured at isothermal conditions on the column to be used, together with the programming parameters. Identification is performed by search operation that compares the calculated results with the retention values of unknown peaks. Cross‐reference of the search results of different operating conditions is performed automatically by the database in order to increase the reliability of the identification. The error of the database conversion is ≤ ± 0.5 index unit, or ≤ ± 1% on retention time. This paper describes the principle and the structure of the database in detail. The experimental results for different calsses of compounds tested at divers operating conditions will be presented in Part II.
Perfluoroalkylation of benzo crown ethers with sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates in the presence of oxidant
Authors: Huang Wei‐Yuan , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: September 2010

Using Ce(SO4)2or Mn(OAc)3as oxidant, dibenzo crown ethers such as dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 (1) and dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (5) and benzo‐12‐crown‐4 (7) reacted smoothly with sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates (2a‐2e) to give the corresponding perfluoroalkylated products (3,4,6,7) in good yields with two isomers obtained in the case of dibenzo crown ethers. This provides a facile synthesis of perfluoroalkyl‐containing crown ethers.
Formation of Hydrophobic Silica Coatings on Stones for Conservation of Historic Sculptures
Authors: Xu Feigao , Li Dan , Chen Weiling , Gao Shixiang
Published: September 2010

The conservation of historic sculptures is receiving growing attention because of the increasing air pollution. A hydrophobic silica coating was synthesized to protect historic sculptures from weathering by starting from a solution of tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) precursor using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) as hydrophobic modifier in the presence of ammonia as a catalyst. The molar ratio of ethanol, TEOS, H2O and NH4OH was kept constant at 8:0.045:3:2.8 and the molar ratio of HDTMS/TEOS (M) was varied from 0 to 0.458. The organic modification was confirmed by infrared spectroscopic studies, and the hydrophobicity of the coating was tested by the contact angle measurements. The stone surface morphology of sample treated with silica coating was characterized. The results showed that the nanocomposites were composed of spherical particles with grain size of about 190 nm in diameter. After the limestone's surface was modified, the contact angle of limestone increased from 20° to 100° for M0.458. The protective performance evaluated with its ability to resist acid rain reveals that the protective effects are satisfying.
Confidence intervals for the mean of a population containing many zero values under unequal‐probability sampling
Authors: Chen Hanfeng , Chen Jiahua , Chen Shun‐Yi
Published: September 2010

In many applications, a finite population contains a large proportion of zero values that make the population distribution severely skewed. An unequal‐probability sampling plan compounds the problem, and as a result the normal approximation to the distribution of various estimators has poor precision. The central‐limit‐theorem‐based confidence intervals for the population mean are hence unsatisfactory. Complex designs also make it hard to pin down useful likelihood functions, hence a direct likelihood approach is not an option. In this paper, we propose a pseudo‐likelihood approach. The proposed pseudo‐log‐likelihood function is an unbiased estimator of the log‐likelihood function when the entire population is sampled. Simulations have been carried out. When the inclusion probabilities are related to the unit values, the pseudo‐likelihood intervals are superior to existing methods in terms of the coverage probability, the balance of non‐coverage rates on the lower and upper sides, and the interval length. An application with a data set from the Canadian Labour Force Survey‐2000 also shows that the pseudo‐likelihood method performs more appropriately than other methods. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 582–597; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Combined Effects of Glycated Hemoglobin A1c and Blood Pressure on Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Zhu Wen , Sun Tao , Shi Haiming , Li Jian , Zhu Jun , Qi Weiling , Luo Xinping , Li Yong
Published: September 2010

Background

The relationship between HbA1c, blood pressure, and carotid atherosclerosis in nondiabetic patients is not clear.

Hypothesis

HbA1c and blood pressure can affect carotid‐artery atherosclerosis in nondiabetic patients.

Methods

This retrospective cross‐sectional study included 216 patients without diabetes mellitus. A positive carotid ultrasonographic result was defined as intima‐media thickness of the common carotid artery ≥ 0.9 mm, or presence of carotid plaque.

Results

Compared with patients without carotid atherosclerosis, patients with carotid atherosclerosis had significantly higher levels of HbA1c and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Higher levels of HbA1c and SBP were found to be associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis. Given similar SBP levels, higher HbA1c (>5.6%) was also related to increased carotid atherosclerosis. In multiple logistic regression analysis, HbA1c (odds ratio: 4.1, P = 0.009) emerged as the only statistically significant modifiable factor that was associated with carotid atherosclerosis, independent of smoking, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, 2‐hour plasma glucose, SBP, diastolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusions

Our study shows that a slight increase of HbA1c may associate with carotid atherosclerosis in nondiabetic patients. Moreover, the coexistence of an elevated SBP level and a slightly increased HbA1c level may have a more significant effect on carotid atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Dr. Zhu and Dr. Sun contributed equally to this work.

The authors of this manuscript have certified that they comply with the Principles of Ethical Publishing in the International Journal of Cardiology (Coats AJ. Ethical authorship and publishing. Int J Cardiol. 2009;131:149–150).

This work was supported by a Chinese National Science Grant to Dr. Yong Li (Grant No. 30873350). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Cytological differential diagnosis among adenocarcinoma, epithelial mesothelioma, and reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions by immunocytochemistry
Authors: Su Xue‐Ying , Li Gan‐Di , Liu Wei‐Ping , Xie Bin , Jiang Ying‐Hong
Published: September 2010

The objective of the study is to estimate the expression of some antibodies in the metastatic adenocarcinomas, malignant epithelial mesotheliomas, and reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions and to choose effective panel to the differential diagnosis. Totally 113 effusion cytology samples (80 pleural fluid, 30 ascitic, and 3 pericardial fluid) from 60 cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma (ACA), 18 cases of malignant epithelial mesothelioma (MM), and 35 cases of reactive mesothelium (RM) were included in this study. The cytological diagnoses of these cases were confirmed by histopathology or clinical datas. Smears and cell blocks were prepared for each case. Immunocytochemical study was performed on the cell block sections. The sensitivity of E‐cadherin, CEA, MOC‐31, and Ber‐EP4 for adenocarcinoma was 86.7%, 80%, 70%, and 76.4%, respectively. The specificity was 98.1%, 96.2%, 92.5%, and 86.8%, respectively. The sensitivity of calretinin, HBME‐1, and thrombomodulin for RM/MM was 83%, 79.2%, and 47.2% respectively. The specificity was 88.3%, 21.7%, and 70%, respectively. The expression of E‐cadherin, CEA, MOC‐31, Ber‐EP4, calretinin, and thrombomodulin showed significant difference between ACA and RM/MM (P < 0.01). The reactivity of EMA and Des showed significant difference between RM and MM (P < 0.01). In our opinion, the antibody panel that consists of E‐cadherin, CEA, calretinin, and thrombomodulin should be the best for differential diagnosis between metastatic adenocarcinomas and RM/MM in serous effusions. EMA and Des should be used to differentiate malignant epithelial mesothelioma and reactive mesothelial cells. EMA positive and Des negative favor MM, while Des positive and EMA negative favor RM. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011.
Complex I disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and development of treatment strategies at the cellular level
Authors: Valsecchi Federica , Koopman Werner J.H. , Manjeri Ganesh R. , Rodenburg Richard J. , Smeitink Jan A.M. , Willems Peter H.G.M.
Published: September 2010

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) represents the final step in the conversion of nutrients into cellular energy. Genetic defects in the OXPHOS system have an incidence between 1:5,000 and 1:10,000 live births. Inherited isolated deficiency of the first complex (CI) of this system, a multisubunit assembly of 45 different proteins, occurs most frequently and originates from mutations in either the nuclear DNA, encoding 38 structural subunits and several assembly factors, or the mitochondrial DNA, encoding 7 structural subunits. The deficiency is associated with devastating multisystemic disorders, often affecting the brain, with onset in early childhood. There are currently no rational treatment strategies. Here, we present an overview of the genetic origins and cellular consequences of this deficiency and discuss how these insights might aid future development of treatment strategies. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2010;16:175–182.