bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐30  Use of fipronil for treatment of Lynxacarus radovskyi in outdoor cats in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Authors: Clare F. , Mello R. M. L. C. , Bastos T. V. , Lessa C. , Conceição L. G.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to report 20 cases of Lynxacarus radovskyi infestationin 20 cats. Lynxacarus radovskyi was diagnosed by physical examination and microscopic examination of plucked hair where countless adult mites and immature stages were identified. Microscopic examination was repeated every 7 days. The animals were observed daily for the first 7 days, and again on day 15 and day 30 for mites, pruritus and clinical signs. Clinical signs included salt‐and‐pepper appearance to a dull and opaque hair coat, alopecia of the dorsal and lateral areas of the hind limbs, and evidence of self‐mutilation. One case had papules and crusts of the hind limbs. The pruritus was mild in animals with low infestation, but very intense in those with a heavy infestation. Most mites occurred in the lateral area of the hind limbs and sacral area. Twenty of 100 animals had confirmed L. radovskyi infestation. Therefore, we suggest that the transmission occurs through fomites. Treatment consisted of 0.5 mL application of Fipronil® (Frontline TopSpot) per cat, with resolution in 100% of cases by day 15.

Funding: Merial.
P‐31  Anal sacs myiasis: a case report
Authors: Mohitmafi S.
Published: August 2004

A 3‐year‐old male Doberman dog was presented with signs of anorexia, constipation and dyschezia. Clinical examination revealed abdominal pain, dehydration, swelling around the anus, and a small wound on the left side of the perineal region where myiasis was clearly observed. Haematological tests showed increased packed cell volume, and an increased white cell count with a mild neutrophilia and eosinophilia. Radiography showed severe constipation and obstruction of the rectum due to external compression from a soft tissue swelling. Cannulation of the anal sacs produced a small amount of sanguinous fluid. With a diagnosis of severe impaction in the anal sacs, surgery was performed and a large number of larvae were observed inside the anal sacs. Anal sacs myiasis was diagnosed. No connections were found between the anus and the rectum at surgery. Larvae and the necrotized tissue were all surgically removed and after 8 days of supportive treatment, the patient was released from hospital.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐32  Giant cell dermatosis in a FeLV‐infected cat: detection of the virus in infected skin by immunohistology and PCR
Authors: Favrot C. , Grest P. , Meli M. , Kipar A. , Wilhelm S. , Zaugg N.
Published: August 2004

A 3‐year‐old castrated male domestic short‐haired cat was presented with a dermatosis of 3‐months duration. Physical examination revealed well demarcated ulcerative lesions that affected the head, limbs and paws. The cat was also depressed, febrile and anaemic. Previous history included vaccination for FeLV twice during the first year of life, and again in the second year. A staphylococcal infection was diagnosed by cytological and bacteriological examination. An ELISA for FeLV antigen was positive. Additionally, histological examination of the skin revealed an ulcerative dermatitis with folliculitis, dyskeratotic keratinocytes and syncytium formation within the epidermis and sebaceous glands. A tentative diagnosis of FeLV‐associated giant cell dermatosis with secondary staphylococcal folliculitis was made and the cat was started on cephalexin. Despite the treatment and a marked, but temporary, improvement of the skin lesions, the general condition deteriorated and the cat was euthanized. Necropsy was not performed. Immunohistological staining with monoclonal antibodies against the envelope protein gp70 and the group‐specific protein p27 of FeLV revealed positive cells in the epidermis and the sebaceous glands. Additionally, PCR analysis was performed on lesional skin. DNA was isolated from deparaffinized tissues and a 131 bp long proviral DNA fragment was amplified by real‐time PCR. Giant cell dermatosis is a rare consequence of FeLV infection in cats. Cases have already been described and confirmed by immunohistology. In man, retroviral infections are also known to induce syncytium formation.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐33  Poxvirus infection in two cats
Authors: Alton K. , Fischer O. , Utzmann S. , Schilcher F.
Published: August 2004

A 3‐year‐old Burmese cat was presented with a history of nonresolving crusted and papular lesions of the face and prior treatment with prednisolone. Skin biopsies revealed typical pox lesions with hyperplasia and ulceration of the epidermis and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the epidermal cells. In the upper dermis there was prominent diffuse mast cell infiltration and mild neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation. Rare cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were also present in swollen endothelial cells of dermal venules, which showed no other degenerative changes. Histological diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopic evidence of pox virus particles in inclusion bodies of epidermal cells. The lesions resolved within 6 weeks with systemic antibiotic therapy and supportive care. A 2‐year‐old domestic short‐haired cat was presented with multiple disseminated papular and ulcerative pox lesions with central eschar over the entire body. Histologically, large epidermal inclusion bodies (up to 6 μm in diameter) were present. Widespread haemorrhage and vascular wall necrosis was visible in the dermis and subcutis. Some subcutaneous vessels showed neutrophilic vasculitis. In addition to diffuse dermal neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, a lymphohistiocytic panniculitis was also present. The cat died as a result of massive haemorrhage and lymphedema, despite supportive care.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐34  A case of exfoliative erythema multiforme associated with herpes virus 1 infection in a European cat
Authors: Prost C.
Published: August 2004

A 2‐year‐old female domestic short‐haired cat was referred with a 1‐month history of extensive scaling and alopecic dermatitis. Clinical signs appeared suddenly 2 weeks after ocular and upper respiratory tract signs that were treated with amoxicillin and marbofloxacin. Physical examination revealed widespread scaling and alopecic dermatitis. The skin was firm with a cardboard‐like texture. The ocular and nasal mucous membranes were inflamed. The cat was lethargic and reluctant to move. FeLV and FIV tests were negative. Skin scrapings failed to reveal any evidence of ectoparasites and dermatophytes. Thoracic radiographs showed no abnormalities. Skin biopsy specimens were collected from the face and the trunk under general anaesthesia. Histopathologic examination revealed a lymphocytic interface dermatitis with many mast cells, severe hydropic degeneration of basal cells, and numerous apoptotic keratinocytes (with satellitosis) at all levels of the epidermis. The epidermis was hyperplastic with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and some foci of parakeratosis. Hair follicles were atrophic and a diffuse fibrosis was noted within the dermis. Ultrasonographic examination of the thorax and abdomen failed to reveal any abnormalities. PCR evaluation of skin specimens, as well as nasal and ocular discharges, confirmed the presence of feline herpes virus type 1. Antiviral treatments were implemented (aciclovir dosed at 50–100 mg/kg twice daily and ocular idoxuridine) with spectacular improvement. Unfortunately, the drugs had to be discontinued due to hepatic toxicity. Omega interferon was also used, but without success. A few months later, spontaneous recovery was observed.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐35  Nonlethal junctional epidermolysis bullosa in a dog
Authors: Sakurai K. , Sekiguchi M. , Momoi Y. , Shimizu A. , Ishiko A. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a rare hereditary or autoimmune bullous skin disease of humans, horses and dogs. It has been reported that JEB patients have blisters, erosions or ulcers affecting the face, digits and tail predominantly. Histopathologically, separation of the epidermis and dermis occurs within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) and, biochemically, there is a deficiency of laminin 5, integrin α6β4, or BPAG2. Mutations in the alpha‐chain of laminin 5 in nonlethal JEB in dogs has been reported. Our patient was an 8‐month‐old female mixed‐breed dog that presented with hair loss, blisters and scar formation on the face, trunk and feet that were present since 2 months of age. Histopathology of the skin revealed atrophy of the hair follicles and liquefactive degeneration of the dermo‐epidermal junction with minimal cell infiltration. Electron microscopy revealed that blister formation was located within the lamina lucida. These findings corresponded with canine JEB. The immunofluorescence test (IIF) revealed that the expression of BMZ proteins, including laminin 5, BPAG2, integrin α6β4 and type XVII collagen, were not decreased compared with normal skin. The IIF using the patient's serum showed a negative reaction. Although the disease has progressed, the patient is still alive one year after the onset of lesions. Moreover, although we could not determine the genetic background or the causative proteins, this is likely a case of hereditary JEB because of the young age at onset and autoantibodies against the BMZ were not detected.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐36  Juvenile idiopathic nasal scaling in three Bengal cats
Authors: Auxilia S. T. , Abramo F. , Ficker C. , Mcnabb S.
Published: August 2004

Affected cats were three Bengals, one male and two females, whose age at onset of lesions ranged from 13‐ to 20‐weeks old. Nasal planum scaling progressed to thick crusting, consequent exfoliation and exposure of underlying erosions. No signs of pruritus or pain were present but mild respiratory signs were noticed. In all cats, haematology and biochemistry were normal, they were FIV and FeLV negative, PCR for herpesvirus, calicivirus and Chlamydia were negative, and viral isolation for calicivirus and herpesvirus was negative. Wood's lamp examination was negative, as were bacterial and fungal cultures. Cytology showed exfoliating keratinocytes. A skin biopsy taken from one case showed no significant changes. Biopsies from the nasal planum of four dead cats with nondermatological conditions (controls) were collected for comparative studies. Morphometry to record the percentage of the granular layer (GL) and stratum corneum (SC) on the total thickness of the epidermis of the nasal planum was performed. The GL and SC accounted for 10.2 and 21.7% of the epidermal thickness in the affected cat, compared to 18.3 and 20.2%, respectively, in the controls. A significant reduction (P < 0.02) of the SC thickness was detected in the affected cat compared to controls. No treatment was instituted as all cats underwent complete (two cats) or nearly complete (one cat) resolution. The reported cases share the same breed, age at onset, type of lesions and a similar outcome. A reduction of the SC thickness in one of the affected cats was recorded. Therefore, an underlying congenital condition is suspected that manifests with high epidermal cell turnover and normal keratinization.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐37  Dermoid sinus in Rhodesian ridgeback dogs
Authors: Salmon Hillbertz N. H. C. , Andersson G.
Published: August 2004

Dermoid sinus (DS) is a congenital defect occurring with increased frequency in the Rhodesian ridgeback. The Swedish Rhodesian ridgeback population constitutes approximately 2000 dogs (1990–2000) and 8–10% of these dogs are suspected to be DS‐positive. The aim of this study was to further understand the aetiology of DS. Importantly, DS has been documented in several other dog breeds and our studies may have general impact for the health of domestic dogs. From seven litters (74 dogs), a total of 10 Rhodesian ridgeback dogs diagnosed as DS‐positive were subjected to necropsy. Six of the dogs were female. The dogs were between 11 and 42 days old. Six dogs had DS located at the cervical vertebra, and four had DS located at the lumbar vertebra. The DS lesions extended between 1.0 and 6.5 cm, and all identified DS lesions were associated with a skin opening. Five dogs were diagnosed with type I (attachment to/ending at the supraspinous ligament), one dog had a DS identified as type II (DS connected to the supraspinous ligament via a fibrous strand), and the remaining four dogs were diagnosed with type IV (DS penetration of the spinal cord). In six cases the DS lesion was fully pigmented, partially pigmented in two cases, and nonpigmented in two dogs, both of which were brown‐nosed. Five dogs were from two separate litters. DS locations in the siblings were approximately identical; however, differences in extension and pigmentation were apparent.

Funding: Swedish Kennel Club, Swedish Rhodesian Ridgeback Club.
P‐38  Sebaceous adenitis in three related Hovawart dogs
Authors: Vercelli A. , Cornegliani L. , Tronca L.
Published: August 2004

Sebaceous adenitis (SA) is characterized by a cutaneous inflammatory process targeting the sebaceous glands. It has been described in several species and breeds. A developmental, possibly inherited, disorder of the sebaceous glands or an immune‐mediated disease, triggered by unknown stimuli, is currently suspected. The authors describe clinical data, histopathological and therapeutic aspects of SA in three related Hovawart dogs (a dam, and a male and female off‐spring of this dam from different sires). In all three dogs, the skin lesions developed around the fifth year of age and they were characterized by a generalized hypothricosis, hyperpigmentation, scaling and rat‐tail. Trichography revealed blocks of keratin within the hair shafts. Superficial and deep skin scraping and fungal culture were negative. On histopathological evaluation of skin biopsy specimens, there was an advanced pattern of SA, with marked follicular keratosis and mixed perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate targeting and destroying sebaceous glands. Complete blood count, biochemical investigation, T4, fT4 and TSH were within the normal range. A leishmania test (IFAT) was negative. Treatment was started with weekly keratolytic shampoos, 50% propylene glycol dips and baby oil applications. Oral administration of 1 mg/kg once daily of prednisone acetate and 1 mg/kg once daily of etretinate for 3 months gave partial amelioration of the skin lesions. The diagnosis of SA in three related Hovawart dogs suggests a genetic basis in this breed, and we suggest that breeding of affected and related dogs should be avoided.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐39  Canine and feline vitiligo in São Paulo (Brazil): clinical and epidemiological features
Authors: Otsuka M. , Sonoda M. C. , Larsson Jr C. E. , Michalany N. S. , Larsson C. E.
Published: August 2004

Melanodermas and leukodermas are conditions involving skin pigment changes. Vitiligo, an acquired leukoderma, is an uncommon canine and feline skin disorder, with a likely autoimmune pathogenesis. It is seen more frequently in young adult purebred animals and has no apparent sex predisposition. In Brazil the first report of vitiligo was in 1986. In a 16‐year period, 12 cases of vitiligo, including 11 dogs (six Rottweilers, two Doberman pinschers, one great dane, one boxer, and one mongrel dog) and one cat (Siamese), were diagnosed at our hospital. Diagnosis was based on history, physical examination, Wood´s lamp examination, and histopathologic evaluation (H&E and Masson‐Fontana stains). Among the dogs, seven were male with a mean age of 34.5 months. The clinical evolution was known in five patients. Skin lesions included leukotrichia (100%) and leukoderma of the nose (100%), buccal mucosa (66.5%), lips (85.7%), and footpads (8.5%). Leukonychia was rarely seen. The only lesion in the cat was depigmented footpads.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐4  Canine recurrent pyoderma: a multicenter prospective study
Authors: Bensignor E. , Germain P. A.
Published: August 2004

Bacterial pyoderma is one of the most frequent skin diseases in dogs. Recurrent pyoderma is often secondary to an underlying skin disease, but no epidemiological study has been published on the subject to the authors’ knowledge. This study was designed to prospectively evaluate the causes responsible for recurrent pyoderma in dogs. Dogs presenting with a history of more than three episodes of skin infection in the last year were included in the study. For each case, epidemiological and clinical data were collected. Pyoderma was confirmed by the clinical signs, the demonstration of bacteria on microscopic examination of cytological smears and a positive culture. Each animal was treated with an appropriate course of antibiotics until resolution of signs of pyoderma. Depending upon the presence of pruritus, appropriate diagnostic tests were performed: skin scrapings, acaricidal trial, flea treatment, elimination diet, intradermal testing, biopsies, endocrinological tests, leishmaniasis and ehrlichiosis serology, antinuclear antibody testing. Thirty dogs (14 males and 16 females) of 19 different breeds, aged from 1 to 12 years (mean 4.9 years) were included. Diagnosis was folliculitis (44%), folliculitis and furunculosis (20%), furunculosis (20%), cellulitis (10%). Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated in 97% of cases. The following underlying diseases were identified: atopic dermatitis (60%), food allergy (7%), flea allergy (7%), hypothyroidism (7%), hyperestrogenism (4%), demodicosis (4%), and zinc‐responsive dermatosis (4%). In two dogs, no underlying cause could be identified. Atopic dermatitis is the most common disease associated with recurrent pyoderma in dogs.

Funding: Pfizer Animal Health.
P‐40  Black hair follicular dysplasia in a dog: an ultrastructural study using transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Shimizu A. , Ishiko A. , Murayama N. , Nagata M.
Published: August 2004

Black hair follicular dysplasia (BHFD) is a rare disorder in which dogs with bicolour or tricolour coats lose hair only in the black areas at an early age. Large melanin granule deposits within the hair shafts and follicles are the hallmark of this disorder, but the pathogenesis remains uncertain. A study using scanning electron microscopy has suggested that an abnormality of pigment transfer may play a role in the pathogenesis. Here, we present a BHFD dog in which the lesions were examined by transmission electron microscopy. A 3‐year‐old male mixed‐breed dog with black‐and‐white hair coat presented with a 2‐year history of alopecia in the black‐haired areas. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities other than alopecia. Skin scrapings, fungal culture, CBC, serum chemistry analysis, and endocrine tests were unremarkable. Histopathologically, no abnormality was observed in the white‐haired areas, whereas black‐haired areas showed numerous large melanin granules in hair shafts and follicles. Based on these findings, the dog was diagnosed as having BHFD. Transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous melanin clumps consisting of atypical (both in shape and size) melanosomes in the lower part of telogen hair follicles. Some melanin clumps were surrounded by a cell membrane‐like structure, in which degenerative nuclei were recognized. It is speculated that melanin clumps originate from melanin blockade. Further investigation is needed for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of BHFD.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐41  Psychogenic alopecia by fur‐plucking in a family of seal‐point Siamese cats: three cases
Authors: Loft K. E. , Shearer D.
Published: August 2004

Three seal‐point Siamese cats (phenotype = SIA n), from the same line of breeding, displayed fur‐plucking of the dorsum. Feline psychogenic alopecia is an anxiety neurosis. In these cats, fur‐plucking is an excessive grooming behaviour leading to fur hyperpigmentation. The first case was a 3‐year‐old intact female that had been fur‐plucking from 6 months of age. She was the offspring of the mating of a lilac‐point male (SIA a) and a SIA n female. The cat was treated with depomedrol and Viacutan® without effect. The second case was a 3‐year‐old castrated male that had been fur‐plucking from 9 months of age. He was treated with megestrol acetate with moderate effect. The third case was a 1‐year‐old intact female that had been fur‐plucking from 6 months of age and was the offspring of the first case and a male chocolate point (SIA b). She was treated with depomedrol and Viacutan® without effect. None of the littermates with other phenotypes (4 SIA a) had dermatological complaints. All affected cats underwent a full evaluation including dermatophyte testing (negative), ectoparasite tests (negative) and intradermal tests (negative). An 8‐week food elimination trial followed by a 3‐week challenge had no effect. Histopathology revealed a mild mononuclear superficial perivascular dermatitis and perifolliculitis. There were no morphological hair or hair follicle abnormalities. A diagnosis of feline psychogenic alopecia was made on the basis of exclusion. The finding of feline psychogenic alopecia in three closely related cats suggests that the disorder may be hereditary or have an inherited component.

Funding: Kruuse A/S Denmark.
P‐42  Pollen allergies in atopic dogs in Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Manigot G. A.
Published: August 2004

The importance of pollen allergies in dogs with atopic dermatitis in South America has not been determined. Local allergists and pallinologists have performed a few studies evaluating pollen counts in Buenos Aires throughout the year. Those studies helped the author in choosing a pollen allergen panel for intradermal testing based on local allergens. One‐hundred‐sixty dogs with atopic dermatitis were tested intradermally during a 3‐year period, using 30 individual allergens including house dust mites, moulds, trees, weeds and grasses. The most important pollen allergens in terms of positive reactions were Platanus acerifolia (32 dogs), FraxinusAmericana (11 dogs), Cynodon dactylon (13 dogs), Ambrosia tenuifolia (26 dogs), Artemisia spp. (16 dogs), Plantago lanceolata (21 dogs), Chenopodium spp. (16 dogs) and grass pollen (29 dogs). Other pollens on the panel were less important. A correlation between pollination season and atopic dermatitis symptoms was determined. A few dogs were only positive for pollen and not for house dust mites. The incidence of pollen allergies in canine atopic dermatitis in South America must be determined in order to select an adequate panel for the area and for its main cities, and to exclude those allergens that are irrelevant locally. Special individual cases might be further tested, if necessary, with other allergens upon plant identification in the patient's environment. The findings encourage more investigation in this area, and suggest that allergen‐specific immunotherapy with tree, weed and grass pollen should be considered.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐43  IgG antibodies against sarcoptic mite antigens in dogs cross‐reacting with house dust and storage mite antigens
Authors: Bigler B. , Virchow F.
Published: August 2004

Sera from dogs suffering from scabies were used to evaluate possible antigenic cross‐reactivity with proteins from house dust or storage mites. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on gradient gels was used to create size‐dependent protein bands of Sarcoptes scabiei ssp. vulpis, Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Anti‐canine IgG antibodies conjugated with alkaline phosphatase were used for immunostaining. Different patterns for Sarcoptes could be seen with strong bands repetitively observed of approximately 22, 112, 116, 132 and 200 kD in size. The band at approximately 22 kD seems likely to have cross‐reactivity with a protein of the same size in A. siro. The one at approximately 200 kD might share antigenic activity with bands of D. farinae and, to a lesser extent, D. pteronyssinus.

Funding: Laupeneck AG.
P‐45  Treatment of allergic feline asthma with allergen avoidance and specific immunotherapy: 20 cats
Authors: Prost C.
Published: August 2004

Twenty cats presented with respiratory signs identified as asthma lasting for several months or years. The episodes of acute coughing and dyspnea were severe, requiring frequent glucocorticoid therapy. An allergic diagnosis was proposed in order to identify the putative allergens involved and to try specific therapy. Three cats developed diabetes mellitus secondary to glucocorticoid treatments. Two of them could not be tested and were given inhalant therapy with bronchodilators and glucocorticoids several times during the day and night. Intradermal tests were performed in 18 cats using 42 aeroallergens. Three tests were negative, even after a second test. Inhalant therapy was prescribed for three cats. Fifteen cats showed positive intradermal test reactions to house dust mites, storage mites and less frequently, pollens. When intradermal test results were positive for storage mites or cockroach, elimination of dried food was first recommended. This was sufficient for remission of the respiratory signs in three cats. Specific immunotherapy was prescribed for the other 12 cats. At the initiation of immunotherapy, all cats were treated with inhaled medications. After 6–9 months, immunotherapy was effective in controlling clinical signs of asthma without any other symptomatic treatment in eight cats. Four cats still required inhaled salbutamol and beclometasone two to three times weekly, instead of two to three times daily. This study demonstrates the role of allergenic stimuli in feline asthma and the advantage of specific immunotherapy as a long‐term treatment.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐46  A placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded study of recombinant IFNγ in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hasegawa A. , Sakurai T. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

A placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded clinical study of canine recombinant IFNγ (KT‐100) was conducted in dogs with atopic dermatitis at 31 animal hospitals in Japan that met the Good Clinical Practices standard. Based on the results of a preceding dose‐finding study, KT‐100 was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 10 000 units/kg body weight three times a week for 2 weeks. Efficacy analysis was performed using data obtained from 100 dogs (50 in the KT‐100 group and 50 in the placebo group). The veterinarian's evaluation, the dog owner's evaluation, and the clinical skin score (total score for erythema, pigmentation and alopecia) showed marked improvement with a significant reduction in the area of the lesions in the KT‐100 group compared with the placebo group. Animals in both groups were subjected to an additional 2‐week treatment with KT‐100 using the same dosage; the therapeutic effects lasted at least 2 weeks after the termination of treatment. For safety evaluation, 134 dogs (65 in the KT‐100 group and 69 in the placebo group) were observed for 2 weeks after additional treatment with KT‐100 for a total of 42 days, but none of them presented with any adverse events except one dog with soft stools. These results suggest that KT‐100 is efficacious and safe for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.

Funding: Toray Industries, Inc.
P‐47  Successful management of canine atopic dermatitis with a plant extract: safety profile
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Ferguson E. A. , Littlewood J. D. , Kelly A.
Published: August 2004

This study reports safety data for PhytopicaTM, a proprietary blend of standardized plant extracts, from a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial for canine atopic dermatitis (AD). One hundred and twenty dogs with perennial AD were recruited on the basis of history and clinical signs, and a positive intradermal test or rFcεRIα serology to perennial allergens. Other pruritic dermatoses were eliminated by antimicrobial treatment, skin scrapes, Sarcoptes serology, flea control and a 6‐week food trial. Exclusion criteria included antimicrobial therapy within 7 days, antihistamines within 14 days, oral/topical glucocorticoids or cyclosporin within 28 days and parenteral glucocorticoids, essential fatty acids or immunotherapy within 56 days. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg PhytopicaTM daily for 12 weeks. A full history and physical examination was performed every 4 weeks. Investigators recorded any adverse events that either they observed and/or were reported by the owners. There were no serious adverse events attributable to PhytopicaTM or the placebo. At least one adverse event considered possibly attributable to trial therapy was suffered by 10% (100 mg/kg), 24% (200 mg/kg), 42% (400 mg/kg) and 10% (placebo) of cases. These were mostly intermittent gastrointestinal disorders that required cessation of treatment in only four dogs (one each that received placebo and 200 mg/kg, and two that received 400 mg/kg). Only one dog in each of the 100 and 200 mg/kg dose groups refused the medicated food. In conclusion, PhytopicaTM is palatable, well tolerated and has a good overall safety profile.

Funding: Phytopharm plc.
P‐48  Treatment of localized lesions of canine atopic dermatitis with tacrolimus ointment: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Bensignor E. , Olivry T.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine whether tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) decreased the severity of localized lesions of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Twenty dogs with AD were enrolled if they exhibited skin lesions localized to both front metacarpi. Each foot was randomized to be treated either with 0.1% tacrolimus or placebo (vaseline) ointment twice daily for 6 weeks. The nature of treatment for each foot lesion was concealed from the clinician. Before, and every 2 weeks during the study, erythema, lichenification, oozing and excoriations each were graded on a 10‐point scale (maximal total score: 40). The primary outcome measures consisted of the percentage reduction from baseline of lesional scores, and the number of subjects whose scores had decreased by 50% or greater by the end of the study. Intent‐to‐treat analyses were used. At the beginning of the study, lesional scores were not significantly different between treatment groups. After 6 weeks, the percentage reduction from baseline scores was higher for tacrolimus‐treated sites [median: 63% (95% CI: 39–67)] than for placebo‐treated feet [3% (‐2‐13)] (paired t‐test; P < 0.0001). When tacrolimus was applied, lesions decreased by 50% or greater in 15 dogs (75%), while this benchmark was not reached for any placebo‐treated feet (Fisher's exact test; P < 0.0001). Adverse drug events consisted of minor irritation in some dogs treated with tacrolimus. Results of this randomized, controlled trial suggest that the daily application of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment is useful for reducing the severity of localized skin lesions of canine AD.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐49  Pemphigus foliaceus confined to the nails in a Hungarian short‐haired pointer
Authors: Guaguere E. , Degorce‐Rubiales F.
Published: August 2004

We describe a case of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) confined to the nails in a 3‐year‐old male Hungarian short‐haired pointer. The dog was presented with multiple painful nails causing lameness. Various treatments (antibiotics, antiseptic lotions) were ineffective. The lesions were confined to the nails. Dermatological examination showed sub‐ or intraungueal pustules progressively causing onychomadesis. Examination of the inside of the nails revealed a yellowish malodorous material. Some nails exhibited onychoschizis and onychogryphosis. An erythematous perionyxis was observed around some nails. Cytology of this yellowish material showed nondegenerative neutrophils and numerous acidophilic acantholytic keratinocytes. Fungal and bacterial cultures performed from nails were negative. Histopathological examination of an entire nail revealed the presence of stratified pustules within the nails and under the nail. These pustules contained nondegenerative neutrophils, eosinophils and numerous acidophilic acantholytic keratinocytes. These lesions were compatible with pemphigus foliaceus. Prednisolone (1 mg/kg twice daily, orally) plus a dermocorticoid (clobetasol, twice daily) was prescribed for 1 month. Clinical improvement was observed. The same treatment was discontinued for another month. Then, the dosage of prednisolone was tapered to a 3‐day regimen for 2 months with daily clobetasol applications. During the following 6 months, topical therapy was discontinued. Four relapses were observed within 4 years. This is the first report of a case of PF strictly confined to the nails.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐5  Importance of psychogenic factors in canine recurrent pyoderma
Authors: Nagata M. , Shibata K.
Published: August 2004

Recurrent pyoderma is a relapsing bacterial infection of the skin. Evaluation of the primary predisposing factors is essential, but they are not always easy to determine. We reported that psychogenic factors should be considered as one cause of canine dermatoses featuring pruritic behavior such as grooming and scratching, and predicted that it could be added as a cause of recurrent pyoderma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of psychogenic factors in canine recurrent pyoderma. This study examined 21 dogs with recurrent pyoderma, which showed relapsing but antibiotic‐responsive skin lesions. Predisposing factors, especially allergy, infection, endocrine disorders, congenital factors and improper treatments, were carefully ruled out with standard diagnostic procedures. Diagnosis of psychogenic factors was based on fulfillment of the following features: (1) distinctive area of broken hairs or asymmetric erythema, (2) incidental pruritic behavior related to emotionally unstable situation or physiological intervention, (3) existence of environmental antecedent triggers or concurrent psychiatric symptoms, and (4) requirement for psychogenic treatment, consisting of behavior modification and psychopharmacological therapy in some. The incidence of psychogenic factors and the efficacy of the treatment in recurrent pyoderma were evaluated. In these 21 dogs, 10 cases (47.6%) were compatible with the presence of psychogenic factors, and seven cases (33.3%) were improved with behavioral treatment. Psychogenic factors should be considered in the aetiology of so‐called idiopathic canine recurrent pyoderma. Further investigation is needed to understand the relationship between skin barrier dysfunction and psychogenic factors.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐50  Clinical, histological and immunological characteristics of Neumann‐type pemphigus vegetans in a dog
Authors: Heimann M. , Beco L. , Petein M. , Rademaeker V. , Olivry T.
Published: August 2004

Pemphigus vegetans is a very rare cutaneous autoimmune blistering acantholytic disease of humans that combines features of both pemphigus foliaceus and mucosal lesions of pemphigus vulgaris. We report here the clinical, histopathological and immunological findings in a dog whose lesions resembled those of pemphigus vegetans of humans. A 4‐year old, greater Swiss mountain dog was presented with verrucous papules and crusts on the axillae and inguinal region. Within 3 months, lesions progressed to involve the thorax and ear pinnae, and then became generalized. Ulcers were observed in the oral cavity, anus and prepuce. Microscopic examination of mucosal and cutaneous biopsy specimens revealed a mixed pattern of deep intraepidermal neutrophilic and eosinophilic pustules with isolated and clustered acantholytic keratinocytes, along with suprabasal epidermal clefts leaving rounded basal keratinocytes at the bottom of the vesicles. These dual changes were also observed within the hair follicle epithelium. Dermal inflammation was mixed and perivascular. Direct immunofluorescence revealed IgG deposited around epidermal keratinocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on normal canine gingival substrate uncovered antikeratinocyte IgG autoantibodies with a serum titre of 1:2500. Immunoblotting confirmed that circulating IgG autoantibodies recognized the extracellular segment of canine desmoglein‐1 and human desmoglein‐3. Treatment with azathioprine and oral glucocorticoids resulted in long‐lasting complete remission. In this dog, clinical signs, microscopic skin lesions and immunological findings were deemed analogous to those of human Neumann‐type pemphigus vegetans.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐51  Drug‐induced erythema multiforme or drug‐induced pemphigus foliaceus: a case report
Authors: Guaguere E. , Degorce‐Rubiales F.
Published: August 2004

A 5‐month‐old female Brittany spaniel was presented with peracute crusting dermatitis. The dog had been treated with cephalexin for cystitis 6 weeks earlier. Systemic signs included hyperthermia, anorexia and dehydration. Dermatological signs were characterized by crusted and exudative lesions over the face, trunk and limbs. These lesions were very painful. Clipping revealed arciform and annular patterns. The periphery of these target lesions remained indurated and ulcerated. Histopathological features of lesional skin biopsies revealed a hydropic interface dermatitis with prominent single‐cell apoptosis of keratinocytes at all levels of the epidermis and satellitosis of lymphocytes. Similar lesions were observed within the infundibular region of hair follicle outer root sheath epithelium. PCR tests (parvovirus, herpesvirus) performed from lesional biopsies were negative. Clinical and histopathological cutaneous lesions were compatible with erythema multiforme. Drug implication criteria showed the possible role of cephalexin. Symptomatic treatment (cleansing, antiseptic bathing, rehydration, antibiotics, morphine patch) was prescribed. Twenty‐four hours later, the skin was particularly painful. A pustular dermatitis was observed over the entire body. These pustules were large and contained a yellowish material. Cytology revealed nondegenerative neutrophils and acidophilic acantholytic keratinocytes. Histopathological findings included subcorneal pustules containing nondegenerative neutrophils, acantholytic keratinocytes and few eosinophils. Clinical and histopathological cutaneous lesions were compatible with pemphigus foliaceus. Prednisolone (1 mg/kg twice daily, orally), antiseptic bathings and antibiotics (marbofloxacin) were prescribed for 3 weeks. Clinical improvement was then observed. The dose of prednisolone was tapered to an alternate‐day regimen over 2 months. Cutaneous lesions completely disappeared. No relapse was observed for 4 years. The clinical succession, erythema multiforme and then pemphigus foliaceus associated with a cutaneous adverse drug reaction, is the main interest of this case.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐52  A case of juvenile cellulitis concurrent with hindlimb paresis in an English cocker spaniel puppy
Authors: Park C. , Jung D. , Park H. M.
Published: August 2004

A 4‐month‐old female English cocker spaniel puppy was evaluated because of papules, pustules and crusts on the bridge of the nose, a pustular otitis externa, hindlimb paresis and poor growth. The patient had been treated with antibiotic therapy at the local animal hospital for a month. However, there was no response to therapy. On physical examination, submandibular lymph nodes were swollen and lower motor neuron signs of the hind limbs were observed with back pain. Demodicosis, dermatophytosis, deep pyoderma and angioedema were ruled out based on cytologic examination, skin scraping and fungal culture. Canine distemper infection was ruled out by RT‐PCR. Bacteria were not isolated from fresh exudate obtained from the skin lesions. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) assessment revealed mixed cell pleocytosis (macrophages, neutrophils and a few lymphocytes). Bacterial culture of CSF was negative. The dog's condition was dramatically improved by administration of prednisolone (2 mg/kg orally, twice daily). This case report demonstrates that juvenile cellulitis associated with hindlimb paresis caused by an immune‐mediated mechanism can be successfully managed with an immunosuppressive drug.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐53  Histopathologic evaluation of feline plasmacytic pododermatitis
Authors: Bettenay S.V. , Mueller R. S.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathologic changes seen in feline plasmacytic pododermatitis in an attempt to correlate clinical response with any specific histopathologic feature, and to evaluate these specimens for possible infectious organisms. Fourteen skin biopsies from cats with plasmacytic pododermatitis and a clinical follow‐up of 12–36 months were included in the study. Sections were stained with H&E as well as with a polyclonal anti‐Mycobacterium bovis [Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG)] antibody cross‐reactive to a broad spectrum of fungi and bacteria. Sections stained with the anti‐BCG antibody were graded as positive or negative. Inflammatory cell types and density, overall pattern, and the presence or involvement of adnexal structures were assessed in sections stained with H&E. All sections were negative for organisms within the actual footpad tissue with the anti‐BCG antibody stains. Two samples revealed a few foci of cocci on the outer surface of the ulcers.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐54  Successful protocol for therapy of lupoid onychodystrophy: 12 dogs
Authors: Paterson S.
Published: August 2004

Lupoid onychodystrophy was diagnosed in 12 dogs on the basis of clinical signs and histopathology. All dogs had their nails removed under general anaesthesia. In all cases, a dewclaw was submitted for histopathology. Nails were submitted for fungal culture. Swabs were taken from nail beds for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Postoperative dressings were applied for 48 h. Cephalexin was prescribed for 10 days at 25 mg/kg orally twice daily. Where cultures revealed bacterial infection, antibiotics were prescribed for 3 weeks on the basis of susceptibility testing. Meloxicam was prescribed for 5 days postoperatively at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg orally once daily. At a 10‐day recheck, providing no infection was present, therapy was changed. Where infection was identified, therapy was changed at 3 weeks after the completion of antibiotics. All dogs were prescribed pentoxifylline at 10–20 mg/kg orally twice daily and essential fatty acids (Coatex) with a gamma linolenic acid dose of 10–20 mg/kg once daily. A golf‐ball sized amount of betamethasone valerate mousse was applied to all nail beds once daily using a paintbrush. Dogs were assessed every 6 weeks. In all cases, after 8–12 weeks of application of the mousse, it was reduced to twice weekly applications. Three cases have been lost to long‐term follow up, but the other nine, currently assessed every 4 months, have remained in good condition.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐55  Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in a miniature schnauzer resembling Sweet's syndrome in humans
Authors: Okada K. , Saegusa S. , Yamaoka A. , Nagasawa A. , Yamamura H. , Sekiguchi M. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

Sweet's syndrome is a human skin disease characterized by a rapid onset of painful erythematous plaques accompanied by fever. The disease usually occurs in middle‐aged women, and lesions are identified on the face, neck, chest and extremities after a nonspecific infection of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. Our case was a 6‐year‐old, spayed female miniature schnauzer. The dog presented with signs of fever, poor appetite, and lameness in the left‐front limb including the raising of the limb in question. Haematological and radiographic examinations revealed no abnormalities at presentation. Three days after presentation, ulceration in the oral cavity, oedema on the neck, and erythematous plaques on the groin, head, and pinnae were noted. Histopathology of the skin revealed perivascular infiltration of neutrophils and prominent oedema of the upper dermis. Dermatitis at the dermo‐epidermal interface was not observed. A test for antinuclear antibody was negative. The dog responded well to prednisolone treatment, and signs were alleviated. To diagnose Sweet's syndrome in humans, the patient is required to fulfil both major criteria and two out of four minor criteria. This dog was considered to have fulfilled such criteria in consideration of eruptions, histopathologic findings, fever and positive response to prednisolone. Bearing in mind that this was a middle‐aged female dog with an underlying autoimmune disease, and that immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, uveitis and arthritis were subsequently observed, this dog could be compared to Sweet's syndrome in humans.

Funding: Self‐funded.
P‐56  Evaluation of the association between Giardia infection and pruritic skin disease in dogs
Authors: Skubic‐Vengust B. , Hall J. A. , Reid‐Smith R. , Peregrine A. S.
Published: August 2004

Intestinal parasites have been anecdotally associated with pruritus in dogs. A relationship was proposed when the elimination of a specific parasite resolved the pruritus, and re‐infection with a parasite caused the pruritus to recur. Ascarids, coccidia, hookworms, tapeworms and whipworms have all been incriminated. Recent reports in the human and veterinary literature have suggested that there may be a relationship between Giardia infection and the development of pruritus and other allergic signs. In order to determine if there is an association between infection with Giardia and pruritus in dogs, faecal samples were collected from 71 pruritic dogs and 101 clinically normal dogs. Three faecal samples from each animal were analysed using a zinc‐sulphate concentration technique for the presence of Giardia cysts, and one randomly selected faecal sample from each dog was analysed with an ELISA for Giardia‐specific antigen. Ten of 101 dogs (9.9%) in the clinically normal group tested positive with the ELISA, and Giardia cysts were detected in the faeces of seven of these antigen‐positive dogs. No Giardia cysts were found in the dogs that tested negative with the ELISA. None of the dogs in the pruritic group tested positive for Giardia by either method. The results indicated a negative association between Giardia infection and pruritic skin disease (P = 0.006). Cephalexin was commonly used in the pruritic group, but not in the control group, and may therefore be an explanatory variable.

Funding: Ontario Veterinary College Pet Trust.
P‐57  Nodular dermatofibrosis in the German shepherd dog: a retrospective study of 11 cases
Authors: Guaguere E. , Hubert T. , Muller A. , Dandrifosse J. F. , Poujade A. , Mialot M.
Published: August 2004

Nodular dermatofibrosis is a genetic syndrome associated with multiple collagenous nevi and renal cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas in the German shepherd dog. We describe a retrospective series of 11 cases of nodular dermatofibrosis in this breed. The age of diagnosis varied from 7 to 12 years. Males were overrepresented (10 cases). The chief complaint was the presence of nodules (five cases), nodules associated with poor condition (four cases) and poor condition (two cases). Lesions were present on the head (11 cases) and limbs (nine cases). In one case, nodules were observed in the oral cavity. Cutaneous lesions were characterized as multiple cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules. The nodules were firm and sometimes depilated, hyperpigmented or ulcerated. General condition was affected in six cases: anorexia (four of six), emaciation (four of six), polyuria‐polydipsia (three of six) and dehydration (three of six). Histopathological examination of nodules revealed areas of collagenous hyperplasia. Echography performed in seven cases demonstrated cystic and polylobulous structures in the kidneys. Four cases of cystadenomas and five cases of cystadenocarcinomas were confirmed by the histopathological examination of surgical or necropsy specimens from the kidneys. Euthanasia was considered either when the diagnosis was made (four of 11) or in the course of the following month (two of 11). In three cases, it was decided to remove the most damaged kidney. Two dogs survived for 9 months and another one survived over 1 year. In two cases, no surgery was performed and the dogs are still alive 12 months later.

Funding: Self‐funded.