bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Rapid Bacterial Methods to U.S. EPA‐Approved Methods for Biosolids
Authors: Carner Niccole , Carroll Zachary S. , Long Sharon C.
Published: February 2013

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) specifies methods for testing microorganisms in biosolids, including U.S. EPA Methods 1680 and 1682 for fecal coliforms and Salmonella sp., respectively. However, these methods require 3 to 5 days to complete. For research or nonregulatory process monitoring purposes, it would be desirable to have a more rapid, less labor‐intensive method of enumerating these organisms. The purpose of this study was to compare a modified Colilert with Quanti‐Tray/2000 method to U.S. EPA Method 1680 for enumeration of fecal coliforms and E. coli, and to compare spread plating on xylose‐lysine deoxycholate (XLD) supplemented with 10 μg/L novobiocin to U.S. EPA Method 1682 for Salmonella sp. in biosolids. These alternative enumeration methods require only 1 day to complete, using fewer costly materials. This limited study indicated that the more rapid methods provide results that are statistically comparable to U.S. EPA methods under most conditions and would be acceptable for rapid, nonregulatory data collection.
Primary Hydatid Cyst Posterior Triangle of Neck in a Child of 10 Years of Age
Authors: Hamid Raashid , Shera Altaf Hussain , Bhat Nisar Ahmad , Khursheed Sheikh , Baba Aejaz A , Rasheed Abdul , Akhter Afrozah
Published: February 2013

A case of hydatid cyst involving posterior triangle of neck in a 10 year old male child is reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. Surgical excision of the cyst was done. Hydatid cyst in posterior triangle should be considered one of the possibilities in evaluating a cystic swelling in this region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.5768 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 261-262
Congenital Posterior Urethral Diverticulum in a Male Child Case Report
Authors: Hasan Zaheer , Kumar Bindey , Kumar Prem
Published: February 2013

Bladder neck and posterior urethra are common sites for obstructive uropathy in children. Diverticula of posterior urethra are rare cause of obstruction in children. A six year old boy presented with features of bladder outflow obstruction since birth. Ultrasound findings were suggestive of posterior urethral valve. Micturating cystourethrogram and endoscopic examinations revealed posterior urethral diverticulum which was placed dorsally. Diverticulectomy and reconstruction of urethra was performed by midline perineal incision. This report emphasizes that a posterior urethral diverticulum may be considered in those cases where features are suggestive of posterior urethral valve bladder outflow obstruction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.5914 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 257-258
Fracture of Testicle
Authors: Wani Imtiaz , Wani Shayiq , Malik Altaf , Bhat Irfan H , Banay Vigar , Thoker Mukhtar
Published: February 2013

Testicular fracture is a rare injury. A testicular fracture occurring after being kicked in the scrotum in a young male is presented. Patient presented two days after trauma. Pain and swelling were presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography was used for diagnosis. Exploration of scrotum with repair of fracture was done and patient recovered well. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6074 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 259-260
Breakfast Consumption Amongst School Children in Northern Iran
Authors: Veghari Gholamreza , Mansourian Azad Reza
Published: February 2013

Background: Eating breakfast has an important role for growing and educational promotion in students. This study set out to evaluate skipping breakfast and some related demographic factors among primary school children in the north of Iran in 2008.Material and methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study that performed on 7426 students (3786=male and 3640=female) from 112 schools in urban and rural area. The schools and students were chosen by cluster and stratify sampling. Data collected by questioner for all samples through interview. Spss.win16 software was used for analysis. Findings: Skipping breakfast were shown among 9.3% of students (female= 9.9% and male=6.7%) and in Turkman ethnic groups (6.0%) is significantly less than other ethnic groups such as Fars (9.6%) and Sistani (9.4%) (P=0.001). There is a statistical significant differences between gender and type of school, separately (P=0.001). The most reasons for lack of breakfast eating are low appetite (70.1%), non-flavorful foods (11.8%), inattention of mothers (5.2%) and others factors (13%).Conclusion: Skipping breakfast is one to eleven of students and social-demographic factors such as ethnicity and social level based on type of school effects on it. With regard to roll of breakfast eating in educational promotion, recognition and solving the obstacle factors for eating breakfast in students were recommended.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6095 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 193-200
Sanfilippo Disease
Authors: Barik Kanal Lal , Kumar Prabhat , Ghosh Tark Nath , De Sangita , Basu Samit
Published: February 2013

Sanfilippo disease is a type of Mucopolysaccharidosis, a hereditary progressive disease caused by mutation of gene for degradation of acid mucopolysaccharides. Early detection of this rare disease would enable screening and genetic counseling for asymptomatic family members. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6117 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 263-265
Is Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever Changing in Kathmandu Valley?
Authors: Rai Ganesh Kumar , Karki Subhana , Prajapati Bina
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Enteric fever is a public health problem in developing countries including Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella sp causing enteric fever is changing over time and also differs according to geographical location. Periodic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp is mandatory for management of enteric fever rationally. The objective of this study was to analyze the resistance pattern of Salmonella sp to commonly used antimicrobials. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken reviewing the records of blood isolates of Salmonella sp over one year period at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nepal. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done following Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion technique using Muller Hinton agar. Results: Salmonella typhi was found to be 100% resistance to ampicillin and resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was also high. The resistance to chloramphenicol and ofloxacin was low. No resistance was found to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and amikacin. However, among the sensitive isolates of Salmonella typhi intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime was reported to be high. Among the isolates of S paratyphi A, the resistance to nalidixic acid was 100% followed by 75% to ciprofloxacin. No resistance was found to chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefixime, amikacin and low resistance to amoxicillin and ofloxacin. Among the sensitive isolates of S paratyphi A, majority of them were only moderately sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and about 1/3 of the organisms had only intermediate sensitivity to ceftriaxone. Conclusiion: Commonly used parenteral third generation cephalosporins, first line drugs like chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and ofloxacin among fluoroquinolones were found to be effective in vitro in treating enteric fever. However, Salmonella typhi was found to be highly resistant to the most frequently used drugs like ciprofloxacin and cefixime and Salmonella paratyphi A to ciprofloxacin. A comparative chart of antimicrobial sensitivity of enteric fever in children over 10 year period from different hospitals of Kathmandu valley is also presented in the study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 221-228
Clinical Profile and Outcome of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Dhulikhel Hospital of Nepal
Authors: Dongol Srijana , Shrestha Shreema , Shrestha Narayan , Adhikari J
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a constellation of clinical signs and or symptoms i.e. acute fever with acute change in mental status. AES may be present as encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or meningitis. It can be associated with severe complication, including impaired consciousness, seizure, limb paresis or death. Materials and Methods: Study consisted of retrospective analysis of hospital records of children up to 16 years of age admitted with diagnosis of AES in the department of Paediatrics Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Dhulikhel Kavre from January 2010 to December 2011. Results: During the two years (January 2010 to December 2011), 47 patients of AES were admitted. Among the admitted cases there were 34 male and 13 female patients. Meningitis cases were 29, encephalitis cases were 14 and 4 meningoencephalitis cases. Among the meningitis cases, viral meningitis accounted for 12, bacterial meningitis accounted for 15 and 1 tubercular meningitis.One was eosinopilic meningitis in which the causative organism was found to be fasciolosis by ELISA. Viral encephalitis was found to be the most common cause of encephalitis. Sensorineural hearing loss was seen in 3 cases, subdural effusion in 1 and hydrocephalus in 1. One patient had intracranial hemorrhage with hemiparesis as a complication of eosinophilic meningitis. Conclusion: Acute encephalitis syndrome is one of the most common causes of PICU admission in Dhulikhel hospital. Bacterial meningitis was common among the acute encephalitis syndrome followed by viral meningitis. One case of eosinophilic meningitis with intracranical hemorrhage and hemiparesis was found. Sensorineural hearing loss was found to be commonest complication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6683 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 201-205
Wandering Distal End of Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt: Our Experience with Five Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Kundal Vijay Kumar , Gajdhar Mufique , Sharma Chetan , Agrawal Deepak , Kundal Raksha
Published: February 2013

Ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt is the most commonly performed procedure for the management of hydrocephalus. Although shunts have improved the morbidity and mortality associated with disordered Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mechanics over the past 30 years, they still are associated with many potentially avoidable complications in clinical practice. However, extrusion of VP shunt catheter is an unusual complication of VP shunt Surgery. We are presenting this unusual complication in five patients. The lower end of the shunt was seen extruding from anal opening in one patient, umbilicus in one, urethra in one, inguinal hernia sac in one and oral cavity in one patient. All of these patients were managed by shunt removal, intra venous antibiotics followed by shunt replacement on the other side except the patient with inguinal hernia sac. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6935 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 266-269
Comparision of Caudal Ropivacaine, Ropivacaine Plus Ketamine and Ropivacaine Plus Fentanyl Administration for Postoperative Analgesia in Children
Authors: Singh Jeevan , Hamal Dikshya , Karmacharya Avish
Published: February 2013

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to compare the analgesic quality and duration of Ropivacaine 0.2% with the addition of Fentanyl (1 mcg/kg) with that of Ropivacaine 0.2% and the addition of Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and also compare the post complications. Materials and Methods: Ninety children, age one to ten years, undergoing sub-umbilical surgery, were prospectively randomized to one of three groups: caudal analgesia with 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine in normal saline (Group R) or caudal analgesia with 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine with Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg (Group RK) or caudal analgesia with 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine with Fentanyl 1 mcg/kg (Group RF). Post-operative pain was assessed for 24 hours using the FLACC scale. Results: The mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group RK (629.06 ± 286.32 min) than other two groups P < 0.05. The pain score assessed using FLACC scale was compared between the three groups, and children in Group RK had lower pain scores, which was statistically significant. The requirement of rescue medicine was lesser in Group RK. Ketamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg added to 0.2% bupivacaine for caudal analgesia, during sub-umbilical surgeries, prolongs the duration of analgesia of Ropivacaine, without any side effects in compare to Ropivacaine alone or Fentanyl. Conclusion: We conclude that Ketamine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, added to 0.2% Ropivacaine for caudal analgesia and administered as a 0.75 ml/kg mixture in children, for sub-umbilical surgery, significantly prolongs the duration of post-operative analgesia without any side effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6956 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 210-215
Congenital Bochdalek’s Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Ahmadu Baba Usman , Yola Chinda John , Abew Kaleb Abalis
Published: February 2013

Diagnosis of a rare Bochdalek’s congenital diaphragmatic hernia may be challenging. Our patient presented with respiratory and gastrointestinal findings. Chest radiograph revealed the stomach in the left thorax. Diagnosis of recurrent bacterial pneumonia was incorrectly made because of repeated symptoms. Chest radiograph can provide sufficient information for rapid diagnosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6968 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 254-256
Review of Paediatrics Inpatient at a Zonal Hospital
Authors: Paudel Kiran Mani , Sharma Sindhu
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Childhood illnesses cause significant number of admissions in different level hospitals. This retrospective study was undertaken to analyze the morbidity pattern in the Paediatric ward at a Zonal Hospital with aim that the results obtained will help in planning, prioritizing and implementing preventive, promotive and curative health care activities of the children in resource poor community. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out retrospectively for one year from July/Aug 2010 – June/July 2011. Age, sex, diagnosis, month of admission, duration of admission and the frequency of diseases were evaluated. Results: A total number of 977 patients were admitted during the study period. There were 579(59%) male and 398(41%) female children. Less than five years age group accounted for 569(58%) excluding the neonates. In the study period, respiratory tract infections were the commonest cause of admission 309(31.6%), gastrointestinal including diarrhoeal diseases were 278(28.5%), enteric fever comprised of 69(7%), and other diseases comprised of about 390(39.5%). Of the total admissions, CNS diseases comprised of 128(13%) of which 29(3%) were meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Sixty seven (52%) of the total CNS cases were due to febrile convulsion. Renal and cardiovascular diseases were 8.5% and 1.5% respectively. Conclusion: Children under five years of age being the most common age group amongst all, with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases still being the most predominant cause of paediatric morbidity; community level interventions including IMCI should be strengthened for reducing hospital admissions, along with allocation of hospital beds and supplies as per morbidity pattern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.7089 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 239-244
Clinico-Biochemical Profile of Neonates with Birth Asphyxia in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Shah Gauri Shankar , Agrawal Jyoti , Mishra OM Prakash , Chalise Shiva
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia is a common problem with the incidence varying from 0.5 – 2% of live births. It is an important cause of neonatal mortality and is a frequent cause for admission to neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The aims of this study were to find out the clinical and biochemical alterations in different stages of HIE. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective hospital based observational study performed during the period of February, 2010 to January, 2011. Results: Sixty inborn neonates satisfying the criteria for birth asphyxia requiring admission to pediatric wards and neonatal intensive care unit were studied. There were 13(21.7%) cases of mild hypoxemic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), 27 (45%) moderate and 20 (33.3%) severe HIE. Seizures 41(68.3%), respiratory distress 32(53.3%) and shock 29(48.3%) were predominant manifestations observed. Meconium aspiration syndrome was found in 13.3% of neonates. Hypoglycemia 11(18.3%), hypocalcaemia 7(11.7%), hyponetremia 14 (23.3%) and hyperbilirubinemia 9(15%) were associated biochemical abnormalities. Twenty cases (33.3%) had acute renal failure and they belonged to moderate and severe stages of HIE. Seizures (P< 0.001), respiratory distress (P=0.015), shock (P<0.001) and serum creatinine (P=0.004) were found to be significant among different HIE stages. Conclusion: Neonates having birth asphyxia had HIE, seizures, respiratory distress, shock, hypoglycemia hypocalcaemia, hyponetremia, hyperbilirubinemia and acute renal failure mostly in moderate and severe stages. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.7626 J. Nepal Paediatr. SocVol.32(3) 2012 206-209
Numerical Solution of the MHD Reynolds Equation for Squeeze-Film Lubrication between Porous and Rough Rectangular Plates
Authors: Kudenatti Ramesh B. , Murulidhara N. , Patil H. P.
Published: February 2013

The present theoretical study investigates the effects of surface roughness and couple-stress fluid between two rectangular plates, of which an upper rough plate has a roughness structure and the lower plate has a porous material in the presence of transverse magnetic field. The lubricant in the gap is taken to be a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting couple-stress fluid. This gap is separated by a film thickness H which is made up of nominal smooth part and rough part. The modified Reynolds equation in the film region is derived for one-dimensional longitudinal roughness structure and solved numerically using multigrid method. The numerical results for various physical parameters are discussed in terms of pressure distribution, load capacity, and squeeze film time of the bearing surfaces. Our results show that, the pressure distribution, load capacity and squeeze film time are predominant for larger values of Hartman number and roughness parameter, and for smaller values of couple-stress parameters when compared to their corresponding classical cases.
A Stereocontrolled 1,2‐Addition Reaction of Tetrazoles with Alkyl Propiolates for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Enamines
Authors: Luo Kai , Meng Lingguo , Zhang Yicheng , Zhang Xiuli , Wang Lei
Published: February 2013

A stereocontrolled 1,2‐addition reaction of 1‐aryl‐1H‐tetrazoles with alkyl propiolates for the synthesis of highly functionalized enamines was developed. In the presence of silver oxide (Ag2O), the 1,2‐addition reaction generated (Z)‐N‐cyano enamines in good yields with exclusive formation of the Z‐isomers. Meanwhile, the 1,2‐addition reaction generated (E)‐N‐cyano enamines in the presence of Ag2O and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) with high stereoselectivity and yields.
Knockout of NMDA Receptors in Parvalbumin Interneurons Recreates Autism‐Like Phenotypes
Authors: Saunders John A. , Tatard‐Leitman Valerie M. , Suh Jimmy , Billingslea Eddie N. , Roberts Timothy P. , Siegel Steven J.
Published: February 2013

Autism is a disabling neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, language impairment, and repetitive behaviors with few effective treatments. New evidence suggests that autism has reliable electrophysiological endophenotypes and that these measures may be caused by n‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) disruption on parvalbumin (PV)‐containing interneurons. These findings could be used to create new translational biomarkers. Recent developments have allowed for cell‐type selective knockout of NMDARs in order to examine the perturbations caused by disrupting specific circuits. This study examines several electrophysiological and behavioral measures disrupted in autism using a PV‐selective reduction in NMDA R1 subunit. Mouse electroencephalograph (EEG) was recorded in response to auditory stimuli. Event‐related potential (ERP) component amplitude and latency analysis, social testing, and premating ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) recordings were performed. Correlations were examined between the ERP latency and behavioral measures. The N1 ERP latency was delayed, sociability was reduced, and mating USVs were impaired in PV‐selective NMDA Receptor 1 Knockout (NR1 KO) as compared with wild‐type mice. There was a significant correlation between N1 latency and sociability but not between N1 latency and premating USV power or T‐maze performance. The increases in N1 latency, impaired sociability, and reduced vocalizations in PV‐selective NR1 KO mice mimic similar changes found in autism. Electrophysiological changes correlate to reduced sociability, indicating that the local circuit mechanisms controlling N1 latency may be utilized in social function. Therefore, we propose that behavioral and electrophysiological alterations in PV‐selective NR1 KO mice may serve as a useful model for therapeutic development in autism. Autism Res 2013, 6: 69–77. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carnosine Inhibits Aβ42 Aggregation by Perturbing the H‐Bond Network in and around the Central Hydrophobic Cluster
Authors: Attanasio Francesco , Convertino Marino , Magno Andrea , Caflisch Amedeo , Corazza Alessandra , Haridas Haritha , Esposito Gennaro , Cataldo Sebastiano , Pignataro Bruno , Milardi Danilo , Rizzarelli Enrico
Published: February 2013

Aggregation of the amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) into fibrillar structures is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, preventing self‐assembly of the Aβ peptide is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Here, we used experimental techniques and atomistic simulations to investigate the influence of carnosine, a dipeptide naturally occurring in the brain, on Aβ aggregation. Scanning force microscopy, circular dichroism and thioflavin T fluorescence experiments showed that carnosine does not modify the conformational features of Aβ42 but nonetheless inhibits amyloid growth. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that carnosine interacts transiently with monomeric Aβ42 by salt bridges with charged side chains, and van der Waals contacts with residues in and around the central hydrophobic cluster (17LVFFA21). NMR experiments on the nonaggregative fragment Aβ12–28 did not evidence specific intermolecular interactions between the peptide and carnosine, in agreement with MD simulations. However, a close inspection of the spectra revealed that carnosine interferes with the local propensity of the peptide to form backbone hydrogen bonds close to the central hydrophobic cluster (residues E22, S26 and N27). Finally, MD simulations of aggregation‐prone Aβ heptapeptide segments show that carnosine reduces the propensity to form intermolecular backbone hydrogen bonds in the region 18–24. Taken together, the experimental and simulation results (cumulative MD sampling of 0.2 ms) suggest that, despite the inability of carnosine to form stable contacts with Aβ, it might block the pathway toward toxic aggregates by perturbing the hydrogen bond network near residues with key roles in fibrillogenesis.
Mechanistic Insight into Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia on Clean, O‐ and OH‐Assisted Ir(1 1 1) Surfaces
Authors: Lu Xiaoqing , Deng Zhigang , Chau Ka‐Shing , Li Longfei , Wen Zengqiang , Guo Wenyue , Wu Chi‐Man Lawrence
Published: February 2013

Periodic DFT calculations have been performed to systematically investigate the catalytic mechanisms of ammonia (NH3) decomposition on clean, O‐ and OH‐assisted Ir(1 1 1) surfaces. The adsorption configurations, reaction energies and barriers, and elementary steps were elaborated. Our results show that the NHx (x=1–3) decomposition prefers to proceed by means of the O‐ and OH‐assisted reaction mechanisms, NH3+O→NH2+OH, NH2+OH→NH+H2O, and NH+OH→N+H2O, rather than the direct NHx decomposition of NH3→NH2→NH→N as a result of the high energy barriers involved. The promotion effect of the O‐ and OH‐oxidizing agents are then discussed using energy barrier analysis. The relationships between the selectivity toward the final product and coverage, O to N coverage, and reaction temperature are elucidated. Finally, we compare our results with analogous investigations of NH3 decomposition on Pt, Rh, and Ir surfaces.
UV/Peroxyacetic Acid Mediated Chlorophenol Congener Degradation
Authors: Sharma Swati , Mukhopadhyay Mausumi , Murthy Zagabathuni Venkata Panchakshari
Published: February 2013

The significance of the chlorine substituent in the remediation of chlorophenol (CP) congeners viz. 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP), 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by organic oxidant, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) coupled with UV irradiation in basic media was investigated. The reactions were followed by high‐pressure LC for residual concentration and GC–MS for mineralization, and reaction product identification. The decrease in chemical oxygen demand was noted to reduce to zero during the observed time span. The decline in chloride content was ascribed to rapid consumption of chloride ions for the formation of acidic degradation products. A decrease in pH reiterated the same. CP congeners were observed to degrade in the order, PCP > 4‐CP > 2,4‐DCP > 2,4,6‐TCP and were best described by first‐order regression fitting. During the remaining time span, the second‐order fitting was in good agreement in the order PCP > 2,4,6‐TCP > 4‐CP > 2,4‐DCP. The degradation efficacy was observed to follow the order 2,4‐DCP > PCP > 4‐CP > 2,4,6‐TCP. The formation of ring cleavage products in 2,4,6‐TCP and PCP degradation was confirmed by GC–MS.
Biological and ecological diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in response to hydrological and physicochemical parameters in tropical forest streams of Gunung Tebu, Malaysia: implications for ecohydrological assessment
Authors: Md Rawi Che Salmah , Al‐Shami Salman Abdo , Madrus Madziatul Rosemahanie , Ahmad Abu Hassan
Published: February 2013

In this study, we have investigated the effects of some hydrological and physicochemical parameters such as water quality, velocity, water depth, river width, water pH, water temperature, ammonia‐N, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in forest streams of Gunung Tebu (GT), Malaysia. The results of canonical correspondence analysis identified three groups of the aquatic macroinvertebrates according to their relationships with hydrological and physicochemical parameters. The stream velocity, water quality (i.e. DO, BOD and ammonia‐N) in addition to canopy cover, total habitat score and substrate quality were the determinant factors controlling the diversity pattern of the aquatic macroinvertebrates in GT streams. Alteration in the hydrological and physicochemical parameters showed to influence the ecological diversity of the aquatic macroinvertebrates in GT streams. The predators were found to be highly associated with the elevated concentrations of BOD and COD. Shredders were positively correlated with pH, stream velocity, DO and habitat quality indicators (total habitat score, embeddedness, epifaunal and canopy cover). However, the collector‐gatherers correlated negatively with all of these parameters. It was concluded that stream velocity, substrate structure and water quality were strong attributes for variation in aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure in tropical forest streams of GT. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration of flow regimes caused by large‐scale forest disturbance: a case study from a large watershed in the interior of British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Zhang Mingfang , Wei Xiaohua
Published: February 2013

Forest disturbance can greatly alter flow regimes and consequently the structures and functions of ecosystems. However, the impacts of forest disturbance on flow regimes have rarely been investigated in large watersheds. In this study, we used a large severely disturbed watershed, the Baker Creek watershed located in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada, to examine how forest disturbance altered the flow regimes and to discuss the possible ecological implications of these alterations. Equivalent clear‐cut area, an indicator combining all types of forest disturbances and accounting for hydrological recovery, was adopted to represent the cumulative forest disturbance levels over time at a watershed scale. Flow duration curves and time series cross‐correlation analysis were used to detect the statistical significance of relationships between flow regimes (magnitude, duration, timing, frequency and variability of high flows and low flows) and forest disturbance (clear‐cut area). The results showed that the magnitude of high flows was significantly increased and the timing of high flows was significantly advanced by forest disturbance. After forest disturbance, the occurrence of high flows with greater return periods became more frequent with increased variations. In addition, forest disturbance significantly increased the magnitude of low flows but with reduced variability. On average, high flows and low flows in the disturbed period were 31·4% and 16·0% greater than those in the reference period, respectively. Possible ecological implications of these hydrological alterations caused by forest disturbance were also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical staining, laser capture microdissection, and filter‐aided sample preparation‐assisted proteomic analysis of target cell populations within tissue samples
Authors: He Jintang , Zhu Jianhui , Liu Yashu , Wu Jing , Nie Song , Heth Jason A. , Muraszko Karin M. , Fan Xing , Lubman David M.
Published: February 2013

An important problem involves isolating subpopulations of cells defined by protein markers in clinical tissue samples for proteomic studies. We describe a method termed Immunohistochemical staining, laser capture microdissection (LCM) and filter‐aided sample preparation (FASP)‐Assisted Proteomic analysis of Target cell populations within tissue samples (ILFAPT). The principle of ILFAPT is that a target cell population expressing a protein of interest can be lit up by immunohistochemical staining and isolated from tissue sections using LCM for FASP and proteomic analysis. Using this method, we isolated a small population of CD90+ stem‐like cells from glioblastoma multiforme tissue sections and identified 674 high‐confidence (false discovery rate < 0.01) proteins from 32 nL of CD90+ cells by LC‐MS/MS using an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. We further quantified the relative abundance of proteins identified from equal volumes of LCM‐captured CD90+ and CD90− cells, where 109 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The major group of these differentially expressed proteins was relevant to cell adhesion and cellular movement. This ILFAPT method has demonstrated the ability to provide in‐depth proteome analysis of a very small specific cell population within tissues. It can be broadly applied to the study of target cell populations within clinical specimens.
Revisiting “nutrient trapping” in global coupled biogeochemical ocean circulation models
Authors: Dietze H. , Loeptien U.
Published: February 2013

We analyze an extensive set of global coupled biogeochemical ocean circulation models. The focus is on the equatorial Pacific. In all simulations, which are consistent with observed standing stocks of relevant biogeochemical species at the surface, we find spuriously enhanced (reduced) macronutrient (oxygen) concentrations in the deep eastern equatorial Pacific. This modeling problem, apparently endemic to global coupled biogeochemical ocean circulation models, was coined “nutrient trapping” by Najjar et al. (1992). In contrast to Aumont et al. (1999), we argue that “nutrient trapping” is still a persistent problem, even in eddy‐permitting models and, further, that the scale of the problem retards model projections of nitrogen cycling. In line with previous work, our results indicate that a deficient circulation is at the core of the problem rather than an admittedly poor quantitative understanding of biogeochemical cycles. More specifically, we present indications that “nutrient trapping” in models is a result of a spuriously damped Equatorial Intermediate (zonal) Current System and Equatorial Deep Jets—phenomenon which await a comprehensive understanding and have, to date, not been successfully simulated.
An interpretation of tsunami earthquake based on a simple dynamic model: Failure of shallow megathrust earthquake
Authors: Mitsui Yuta , Yagi Yuji
Published: February 2013

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake demonstrated that extremely large seismic slip can occur at shallow plate interfaces in subduction zones. The large slip area for the Tohoku earthquake included the source region of a tsunami earthquake. We performed dynamic rupture simulations using simplified fault models and the mechanism of thermal fluid pressurization. We found that small fluctuations of initial shear stress near a trench, within 1 MPa, lead to differences in seismic moment release greater than two orders of magnitude. In addition, we performed another experiment varying rupture nucleation sizes and obtained similar acute sensitivities of parameters. Moderate slip events with trapezoidal (flat‒topped) source time functions appear to occupy a transition position, between shallow megathrust earthquakes with surface rupture and smaller ordinary earthquakes without surface rupture. We interpret this result as representing the differences in interplate slip between shallow megathrust earthquakes, tsunami (moderate) earthquakes, and non‒tsunami (ordinary) earthquakes, on the basis of seismic observations.
Cocultures of GFP+‐granule cells with GFP−‐pyramidal cells and interneurons for the study of mossy fiber neurotransmission with paired recordings
Authors: Osorio Beatriz , León Uriel , Galván Emilio J. , Gutiérrez Rafael
Published: February 2013

Synaptic transmission of the granule cells (GCs) via their axons, the mossy fibers (MFs), is traditionally studied on acutely prepared or cultured slices. Usually, extracellular, bulk or minimal stimulation is used to evoke transmitter release from MF terminals, while recording from their postsynaptic target cells, the pyramidal cells and interneurons of CA3. However, the ideal method to assess MF neurotransmission, the simultaneous recording of a presynaptic GC and one of its target cells, is extremely difficult to achieve using slices. Alternatively, cultures of GCs establishing autapses have been developed, but in these, GCs do not contact their natural targets. We developed cocultures of GCs, dissociated from transgenic GFP+ rats, with pyramidal cells and interneurons of CA3, dissociated from wild‐type rats, and confirmed the expression of cell‐specific markers by immunofluorescence. We conducted recordings of GFP+‐GCs synaptically connected with their GFP−‐target cells, and demonstrate that synaptic transmission and its plasticity have the signature of transmission of MF. Besides being strongly depressed by activation of mGluRs, high frequency activation of GC‐to‐pyramidal cells synapses undergo LTP, while GC‐to‐interneuron synapses undergo LTD. This coculture method allows a high reproducibility of recording connected pairs of identified cells, constituting a valuable tool to study MF transmission, as well as different combinations of identifiable pre‐ and postsynaptic cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotating proton pumping ATPases: Subunit/subunit interactions and thermodynamics
Authors: Nakanishi‐Matsui Mayumi , Sekiya Mizuki , Futai Masamitsu
Published: February 2013

In this article, we discuss single molecule observation of rotational catalysis by E. coli ATP synthase (F‐ATPase) using small gold beads. Studies involving a low viscous drag probe showed the stochastic properties of the enzyme in alternating catalytically active and inhibited states. The importance of subunit interaction between the rotor and the stator, and thermodynamics of the catalysis are also discussed. “Single Molecule Enzymology” is a new trend for understanding enzyme mechanisms in biochemistry and physiology. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):247–254, 2013
Kinetic Study of Mercury(II) Transport through a Bulk Liquid Membrane Using Cyanex 301 as Carrier
Authors: Madaeni S. S. , Islami N.
Published: February 2013

A kinetic study of Hg(II) ions transport through a bulk liquid membrane (BLM) was investigated. The commercially available liquid bis(2,4,4‐trimethyl(pentyl) dithiophosphinic acid) (Cyanex 301) was employed as mobile carrier. The influences of the carrier concentration in the liquid membrane, HNO3 concentration in the feed phase, type of organic solvent, composition of the receiving phase, and stirring speed on mass transfer were studied. Various solvents including CH2Cl2, CHCl3, C2H4Cl2 and CCl4 were used as organic membrane. Among the solvents, CHCl3 provided the superior results. The kinetic parameters (k1, k2, Rmmax, tmax, Jdmax, and Jamax) were calculated for the interface reaction assuming two consecutive, irreversible first‐order reactions. The analysis of Hg(II) accumulation in liquid membrane and the rate‐controlling step under different experimental conditions were elucidated. The experiments demonstrated that Cyanex 301 is an appropriate carrier for Hg(II) transport through liquid membrane.
Investigation of Some Functionalization Reactions of 4‐Benzoyl‐5‐phenyl‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carbonyl Chloride and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Korkusuz Elif , Yıldırım İsmail , Albayrak Sevil
Published: February 2013

The 1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylic acid 1 was converted via reactions of its acid chloride 3 with various asymmetrical disubstituted urea and alcohol derivatives into the corresponding novel 4‐benzoyl‐N‐(N′,N′‐dialkylcarbamyl)‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide 4a,b and alkyl 4‐benzoyl‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylate 7a‐c, respectively, in good yields (57%‐78%). Friedel‐Crafts reactions of 3 with aromatic compouns for 15 min.‐2 h led to the formation of the 4‐3‐diaroyl‐1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazoles 9a‐c, 4‐benzoyl‐1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐aroyl‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazoles 10a,b and than from the acylation reactions of 9a‐c were obtained the 3,4‐diaroyl‐1‐(4‐acyloxyphenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazoles 13a‐d. The structures of all new synthesized compounds were established by NMR experiments such as 1H, and 13C, as well as 2D COSY and IR spectroscopic data, and elemental analyses. All the compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities (agar diffusion method) against eight bacteria and two yeasts.
Abstracts of the 21st International Isotope Society (UK group) symposium: synthesis and applications of labelled compounds 2012
Authors: Årstad Erik , Badar Adam , Baxter Andrew , Bower John F. , Cable Karl M. , Carroll Michael A. , Chan Melanie Y. T. , Charlton Michael , Christlieb Martin , Cornelissen Bart , Cox Liam R. , Davis Ben , Dilworth Jonathan R. , El‐Emir Ethaar , Ellames George J. , Galante Eva , Geach Neil , Gee Antony D. , Gouverneur Véronique , Gregson Thomas J. , Hendry David , Hueting Rebekka , Hussien Kamila , Ilyas Tenzeela , Jenkins Daniel D. , Kersemans Veerle , Knagg Eric , Koepp Matthias , Kohler Andrew D. , Krauser Joel A. , Launay Guillaume G. , Lockley William J. S. , Lythgoe Mark F. , Manthorpe Daniel P. , McEwen Andrew , Muschel Ruth J. , Oldfield Mark F. , Passchier Jan , Pedley R. Barbara , Rajkumar Vineeth , Reed Christopher D. , Robson Mathew , Roe Stephen J. , Ryan Jim J. , Sander Kerstin , Shipley Nick , Smart Sean C. , Smith Neil , Spurr Daniel W. , Taylor Keith R. , Tredwell Matthew , Whitehead David M. , Woolley Geoffrey , Yan Ran
Published: February 2013

Meeting Summary

The 21st annual symposium of the International Isotope Society's United Kingdom Group took place at the Møller Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK, on Friday 12th October 2012. The meeting was attended by around 60 delegates from academia and industry, the life sciences, chemical, radiochemical and scientific instrument suppliers.

Delegates were welcomed by Dr Ken Lawrie (GlaxoSmithKline, UK, chair of the IIS UK group). The subsequent scientific programme consisted of oral and poster presentations on isotopic chemistry and applications of labelled compounds or of chemistry with potential implications for isotopic synthesis. Both short‐lived and long‐lived isotopes were represented, as were stable isotopes. The symposium programme was divided into a morning session chaired by Professor Chris Willis (University of Bristol, UK) and afternoon sessions chaired by Mr Mike Chappelle (Quotient Biosciences, UK) and by Dr Sofia Pascu (University of Bath, UK). The UK meeting concluded with remarks from Dr Ken Lawrie (GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK).

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Diversity in size and signal intensity in multilocular cystic ovarian masses: New parameters for distinguishing metastatic from primary mucinous ovarian neoplasms
Authors: Tanaka Yumiko Oishi , Okada Satoshi , Satoh Toyomi , Matsumoto Koji , Oki Akinori , Saida Tsukasa , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Minami Manabu
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To differentiate primary mucinous ovarian neoplasms from metastatic ones with MR using diversity in size and signal intensity of multilocular cystic masses.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐eight cases of primary malignant or borderline mucinous malignant neoplasms and 14 metastatic ovarian tumors were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed whether the tumor was unilateral or bilateral, the diversity in the size and signal intensity of each loculus in multilocular tumors, namely the size ratio of the smallest/largest loculus (size diversity ratio), and the standard deviation of the signal intensity at the level with the most varying signal on T2‐weighted images within tumors (signal diversity ratio). We performed statistical analysis using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test.

Results

Bilateral tumors were more commonly observed among metastatic tumors than primary mucinous tumors (2/28 in primary versus 11/14 in metastatic, P < 0.01). The size diversity ratio was higher in primary mucinous tumors than in metastatic tumors (mean, 50.2 versus 23.2; P < 0.01). The signal diversity ratio was also higher in primary mucinous tumors than in metastatic tumors (334.3 versus 231.2; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Bilateral tumors were more common among metastatic tumors, which tended to be composed of cysts of uniform sizes and signal intensities compared with those of primary mucinous tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:794–801. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimulated echo diffusion tensor imaging and SPAIR T2‐weighted imaging in chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg muscles
Authors: Sigmund Eric E. , Sui Dabang , Ukpebor Obehi , Baete Steven , Fieremans Els , Babb James S. , Mechlin Michael , Liu Kecheng , Kwon Jane , Mcgorty KellyAnne , Hodnett Philip A. , Bencardino Jenny
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the performance of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) as compared to T2‐weighted (T2w) imaging.

Materials and Methods

Using an Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant protocol, spectral adiabatic inversion recovery (SPAIR) T2w imaging and stimulated echo DTI were applied to eight healthy volunteers and 14 suspected CECS patients before and after exertion. Longitudinal and transverse diffusion eigenvalues, mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured in seven calf muscle compartments, which in patients were classified by their response on T2w: normal (<20% change), and CECS (>20% change). Mixed model analysis of variance compared subject groups and compartments in terms of response factors (post/pre‐exercise ratios) of DTI parameters.

Results

All diffusivities significantly increased (P < 0.0001) and FA decreased (P = 0.0014) with exercise. Longitudinal diffusion responses were significantly smaller than transversal diffusion responses (P < 0.0001). Nineteen of 98 patient compartments were classified as CECS on T2w. MD increased by 3.8 ± 3.4% (volunteer), 7.4 ± 4.2% (normal), and 9.1 ± 7.0% (CECS) with exercise.

Conclusion

DTI shows promise as an ancillary imaging method in the diagnosis and understanding of the pathophysiology in CECS. Future studies may explore its utility in predicting response to treatment. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1073–1082. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Random laser from engineered nanostructures obtained by surface tension driven lithography
Authors: Ghofraniha Neda , Viola Ilenia , Maria Francesca Di , Barbarella Giovanna , Gigli Giuseppe , Conti Claudio
Published: February 2013

The random laser emission from the functionalized thienyl‐S,S‐dioxide quinquethiophene (T5OCx) in confined patterns with different shapes is demonstrated. Functional patterning of the light emitter organic material in well defined features is obtained by spontaneous molecular self‐assembly guided by surface tension driven (STD) lithography. Such controlled supramolecular nano‐aggregates act as scattering centers allowing the fabrication of one‐component organic lasers with no external resonator and with desired shape and efficiency. Atomic force microscopy shows that different geometric pattern with different supramolecular organization obtained by the lithographic process tailors the coherent emission properties by controlling the distribution and the size of the random scatterers.