bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of green performance of Miftahul Huda Islamic boarding school, Malang
Authors: Sari A A , Winahyo A E , Ariestadi D , Alfianto Imam
Published: November 2019

Green building is believed to be one of the solutions to resolve the problem of the world’s climate change and energy crisis. The commitment of the government of Indonesia in increasing the number of green building has resulted in some regulation related to green certification that should be achieved by new buildings and also existing building in Indonesia. This research intends to evaluate the green performance of Miftahul Huda Islamic boarding school based on Greenship Existing Building version 1.1 developed by Green Building Council of Indonesia. It was found that the green performance of Miftahul Huda Islamic boarding school still needs to be optimized further. The main factor to be the cause is the lack of commitment of the board managerial of Miftahul Huda Islamic boarding school in achieving optimum performance of the green building criteria.
Comparison of the resistance to cavitation and abrasive wear of deposited layers prepared from steels 06X19H9T and Fe-Cr-Ti-Al
Authors: Alwan H L , Korobov Yu S , Bessonov N O , Smolentsev M S , Lezhnin N V , Razikov N M , Razikov M N
Published: November 2019

The resistance of deposited layers to cavitation erosion and abrasive wear was evaluated for the steels AISI 321 (known as 06X19H9T manufactured according to the Russian standard GOST 18143-72) and Fe-Cr-Ti-Al (two materials namely Ural AS-3 and PPM-6). The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW or TIG) process was utilized to deposit these welding material wires onto a medium carbon steel substrate AISI 1040. Cavitation test was conducted by using ultrasonic vibratory method to induce the erosion. In addition, a three-body abrasion test was used to evaluate the resistance of the studied materials to abrasive wear. The material loss criterion and wear rate of each material as a function to testing time were evaluated and discussed. The cavitation and abrasive wear tests have shown similar results regarding the PPM-6 steel. Among the tested material, PPM-6 exhibited the better resistance to cavitation and abrasion. The 06X19H9T stainless steel exhibited a higher resistance to cavitation comparing with the Ural AS-3. With respect to the abrasive wear, Ural AS-3 was to some degree better than the 06X19H9T in resistance to abrasion.
Behavior of a welded-deposited stainless steel tested at different cavitation test conditions
Authors: Alwan H L , Korobov Yu S , Soboleva N N , Lezhnin N V , Makarov A V , Deviatiarov M S , Elkind D M
Published: November 2019

Two different ultrasonic vibratory-cavitation test conditions have been applied to a welded-deposited austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 to evaluate the resistance of deposited layer to cavitation erosion-corrosion. The cavitation test was conducted utilizing two test fluids; water and 3.5% NaCl solution. In addition, a certain voltage difference has been applied between the test specimen and water to form a combination effect. The welding wire of the AISI 321 stainless steel was deposited onto AISI 1040 steel substrate by using tungsten inert gas welding process. To evaluate and compare the behavior of the deposited material, the cumulative mass loss curves were attained and discussed. Moreover, the surface topography and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs were utilized to characterize the worn surface after the cavitation tests. The results showed that the surface subjected to cavitation was more affected when applying water-voltage condition comparing with the 3.5% NaCl solution condition. The results of material loss, surface roughness and scanning electron microscope are fairly consistent with each other. This study highlights the effect of electrochemical-mechanical combinations on resistance to cavitation erosion-corrosion.
The issue of quality assurance of materials in additive manufacturing of metal products
Authors: Burov V , Ogneva T , Dul’beeva O
Published: November 2019

The article addresses the quality issues of additive manufactured products from the perspective of materials science. Additive manufacturing is multilayered step-by-step deposition of a material in micro-volumes following the trajectory controlled by a CNC program. Such heating sources as electric arc, laser, plasma and electron beam can be used to melt the metallic powder. This article investigates the structure and properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V ELI produced by selective laser melting (SLM). The samples were produced in pure argon environment in a system with a 3D printer EOS M290 (Electro Optical System GmbH, Germany) and then heat-treated in vacuum at 750…800 °C during 3 hours. It was revealed that the main structural defects reducing mechanical properties of material are pores and stress concentrators in the points of contact between titanium alloy particles and the newly built surface of the previous layer. The ways aimed to avoid the structural defects which reduce fracture toughness were suggested.
Features of sustainable localization of deformation zones forming in construction steels welded joints
Authors: Danilov V I , Ababkov N V , Ozhiganov E A
Published: November 2019

The paper discusses the features of elastic-plastic transition in welded joints of Mn- Si steel samples made by stationary arc welding consumable electrodes to assess the possibility of exploitation of such compounds after the stress tests. In welded joints made by a stationary arc, the elastoplastic transition is realized by initiating the Chernov-Lüders band in the weld metal, followed by the formation of moving fronts in heat-affected zones. Local internal stresses in the heat-affected zones of welded joints made by a stationary arc are at the level of the material strength, therefore, the generation of the Chernov-Lüders bands occurs as relaxation processes.
Wear resistance and characteristics of the friction surface of the coating metal with carbide-boride-nitride-intermetallic alloying
Authors: Eremin E N , Losev A S , Borodikhin S A , Ponomarev I A
Published: November 2019

The metal deposited by flux-cored wire containing 15% chromium, 0.5% boron carbide, 0.5% boron nitride, 2.5% titanium diboride and 1.0% zirconium diboride was investigated. The hardness of such a metal reaches a maximum value of 58 HRC. The microhardness of the structural objects is 521-593 HV for the matrix, 829-978 HV for eutectics and 1262-1342 HV for reinforcing phases. It was established that the average value of the relative mass wear per test was 0.0034 g/m, and linear wear was 0.00862 mm/m, which is 2.2 times, respectively, and 2.7 times less than that of the coating metal without borides. The average value of the friction moment for the entire friction path of 452.16 m was 19.075 N⋅m. The coefficient of friction was 0.364. It is shown that the metal structure is an iron-chromium martensitic matrix with a eutectic component formed on the basis of boride (Fe, Cr)2B, having a frame structure, dispersed inclusions of (Fe, Cr)7(C, B)3carboronides and high strength nitridesε–(Fe, Cr)2-3N. High-chromium flux-cored wire alloyed by a complex of boron and nitrogen compounds provides a composite-type metal with high wear resistance and can be used for hardening the surfacing of parts operating under conditions of significant frictional loading.
Numerical modeling of a plate with an oval cut and cracks on the contour
Authors: Lazarev A A , Kharinova N V
Published: November 2019

A numerical study of a plane model with an oval cut and cracks-cuts along the contour, made at different angles, was performed. The change in the stress-strain state with the successive appearance of cracks-cuts was considered.
Dependence of the structure and characteristics of a Russian alternative for AISI 304 stainless steel powder on the parameters of their laser cladding on substrates from low-carbon and structural steels
Authors: Lyukhter A B , Palkin P A , Zavitkov A V , Kononov D M , Kireev A V
Published: November 2019

The work studies X8 CrNiSiMg 17-8-6 steel powder, a Russian alternative for AISI 304 steel, cladded by ytterbium fiber laser on two types of substrates: heat-resistant steel and low-carbon steel. The results demonstrate the effect of laser radiation power on the macrostructure of single cladded beads and their fusion with the substrate. The selected regimes allow forming solid cladded layers. The paper also studies the microstructure of metallographic sections of cladded specimens, the phase composition of cladded layers and initial powder. The deliverables include the data on wear resistance, resistance to intercrystalline corrosion and strength of cladded layer fusion with the substrate.
Rapid welding technology for polyethylene gas pipes at temperatures below standard
Authors: Starostin N P , Ammosova O A
Published: November 2019

Rapid polyethylene pipes welding technology at temperatures below standard is proposed. This technology consists of preheating, equalization to acceptable temperature, reflow in regulated mode, and cooling under heat insulation layer or in heat-insulating chamber. Additional welding parameters, including heating and temperature equalization duration, heat-insulating layer thickness or heat-insulating chamber dimensions, are calculated from condition of ensuring heat process flow according to welding pattern at acceptable temperature. For mathematical model adequacy to actual heat welding process, it is proposed to consider polyethylene phase transformation heat in temperature range. When solving problem using end-to-end counting method, effective heat capacity coefficient is introduced, which is determined using temperature dependence of polymer material crystallinity degree. Crystallinity degree in welding process is determined by differential scanning calorimeter. Results of calculating cooling rates for polyethylene pipes electrofusion welding at various temperatures are given. Significant increase of cooling rate in heat-affected zone during welding at low temperatures, at which fine-crystalline structure is formed, which causes weld material plasticity, is shown. It is shown that when welding polyethylene pipes in low ambient temperatures, preheating, temperature equalization and cooling with thermal insulation with calculated parameters lead to thermal process in heat-affected zone according to welding patterns at acceptable temperature.
Analysis on the measurement results of the precision grades and their influence on the performance of the hydraulic pumps with spur gears
Authors: Ghionea I G , Ghionea A L , Čuković S , Pleşa M I
Published: November 2019

The paper presents results of experimental measurements on the main precision grades for a cylindrical spur gearing, from the assembly of a hydraulic pump integrated in a hydrostatic driving system. For the components of this assembly, the main stages of the design, material characteristics, constructive, precision and functional parameters that define the flow, the pressure of the hydraulic environment, the driving speed are briefly presented. The analysis was performed based on the data obtained by measuring the gears’ deviations and tolerances. Among these, the most important data for complying the optimal requirements of the pump operating criteria were retained and analysed. The analysis of the measured results highlighted the main causes and effects of the deviations found. The presented results show the problem’s complexity and are important in evaluating the performances that characterize these types of pumps, with wide use in many fields of hydraulic actuators.
Experimental analysis of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet failure using punch stretching
Authors: Grigoras C , Chirita B , Brabie G , Ciofu C
Published: November 2019

The formability of magnesium alloy sheets at room temperature presents anisotropy in mechanical properties and difficulties in terms of occuring cracks easily, especially in regions with bend radius. In addition, the elastic spring-back is significant, leading to massive deviations from the desired shape. Recent studies conducted in this field lead to stretch forming magnesium alloys sheets using thermo-mechanical treatments at temperatures up to 400°C. The present study was conducted on 1 [mm] thick magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet to investigate its formability when stretching at room temperature by several dies with different radius. The stretching process was conducted on a hydraulic press, using 3D printed PLA dies with the following values: R180, R320, R540, R720, R900 and R1080. The samples were stretched until fracture to highlight the fracture force, distance to fracture, deviation from the die radius and bend angle.
Research on Multi-satellite Observation Multi-region Task Planning based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Jianwei , Yuan Bo , Wang Chao , Shi Lei
Published: November 2019

Space-based resources play an important role in the observation and handling of emergency events, and are widely used in national economic activities. In recent years, the large increase in the number of orbital spacecraft and the strategic transformation of the aerospace equipment application model have made the practical task planning for multi-type satellites of practical significance. The research and application of space-based regional reconnaissance algorithms are of great significance for improving the comprehensive application efficiency of spacecraft, forming uniform coverage of key areas, and improving the uniformity of satellite resource utilization and situational awareness. Based on the actual background of engineering application, this paper describes the scheduling problem of Earth observation satellites. Under the constraints of satellite resource capability, observable time, conversion time between reconnaissance missions, energy, etc., a multi-satellite multi-target reconnaissance mission is established. Planning model. With the most resource-saving and high situational awareness uniformity as the optimization index, the optimized satellite reconnaissance mission planning scheme is obtained based on genetic algorithm.
Mechanical System Performance Analysis of Commuter Aircraft’s Rear Landing Gear Design for Unpaved Runway
Authors: Rammon N A , Nirbito W
Published: November 2019

Landing gear design of this commuter aircraft was developed from the previous model, to carry more passengers. The total load of the aircraft will increase as passenger capacity increases. With a variety of runways in Indonesia, it is necessary to have a good landing gear performance for landing on a paved and unpaved runway. Performance of the landing gear design is analyzed through kinematics and dynamics methods. Main concern of this analysis is to find the capability of the landing gear shock absorber to damp the vibration response due to the impact of the landing gear system with the wavy surface of the unpaved runway, as well as the actuator ability as the extension and retraction mechanism driver. The analysis concluded that the landing gear design capable to perform during landing on a paved and unpaved runway, with a modification of the shock absorber and actuator design.
Design Analysis of Ducted Propeller for Bicopter Drone Propulsion
Authors: Priatmoko M R , Nirbito W
Published: November 2019

Drones nowadays have become an important part of people’s lives. Drones for transporting people or goods are considered to develop into reality. To be effective and efficient, the drone should be light but have big propulsion for big lift and thrust forces. This paper presents a way to improve the performances by designing usage of only 2 propulsion motors with ducted and special fan blades. The special designed fan blades theoretically will produce more thrust with smaller propeller size and lower RPM since combine the lift blade and momentum thrust effects. The required propulsion force to fly the drone with its payload is analyzed and detemined. Then the torque, rpm, airfoil type, Thrust Coefficient, and blade twist angles can be determined based on that propulsion force. Afterward, an evaluation is performed with fluid dynamics simulation tools to predict the forces acting on the propeller.
Enabling Edge Computing Ability in Mobile Satellite Communication Networks
Authors: Lai Junyu , Zhang Yudi , Zhong Lei , Qu Ying , Liu Rui
Published: November 2019

Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) can provide users reliable communication abilities wherever they are on earth surface, even in a high-speed motion status, which can either be stand-alone or a complementary service to the terrestrial communication systems. In the recent past, diverse MSS applications have been emerging rapidly. Some introduce unprecedentedly heavy traffic transmission pressure, and some others require real-time response, both of which cannot be satisfied by legacy mobile satellite communication networks anymore. This paper proposes an enhanced strategy to enable edge computing ability on the existing satellite networks. More precisely, this paper re-architects a GEO satellite node to become a cloudlet which possesses a set of computation, storage and networking resources, and can accomplish a certain amount of computing jobs which are typically happened on centralised cloud centre on the ground. A test-bed containing the emulated cloudlet-enabled GEO satellite has been built on a single PC. Functional test and performance evaluation are conducted for FTP file transmission and HTTP web browsing services. Experimental results show that the enhanced edge computing ability can effectively and efficiently decrease bandwidth consumption and lower the response latency in mobile satellite networks.
Single-Station TDOA Passive Location Under Multipath Propagation Conditions
Authors: Zhang Luxi , Song Yuanyuan , Li Yijun , Wan Qun
Published: November 2019

Aiming at the problem of limited information obtained by single-station location, a single-station time difference of arrival (TDOA) location algorithm based on scatterer-assisted single-station location under the condition of multipath propagation is proposed in this paper. The location of scatterers are known, and Chan algorithm of direct wave is applied to geolocation in non-direct wave environment. The simulation results show that the algorithm can achieve the goal of location with high accuracy and low complexity. It has a certain reference value for the engineering realization of target location in complex signal propagation environment.
Design optimization for torque density in brushless DC motor with IPM V-type using PSO Method
Authors: Uta Nugraha Yoga , Cahyadi Arief , Nur Yuniarto M , Sidharta Indra
Published: November 2019

The analysis model is the first stage used to determine the design parameters of the motor. It is coupled with an optimization method to find a combination of design parameters. The purpose of this paper is optimizing the torque density of the Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor with Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) V-type. The reference design is 3-phase and 12/8 pole BLDC motor with a concentrated winding. To obtain this optimal design, this is done by eliminating the rotor area that is not covered by magnetic flux without reducing the main performance of the motor. Elimination area prediction refers to initial motor design simulation which is operated on rating condition. Mathematical modeling is based on the 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) using software Ansys Maxwell. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with multi-objective function has been applied to determine the area of the rotor structure to be eliminated, resulting in an optimal torque-density design. Matlab code is also included to execute the optimization algorithm. Excitation uses the ideal sinusoidal signal by ignoring harmonic distortion. This paper features a new optimal design for IPM by considering torque density, cogging torque, harmonic distortion in back-electromagnetic force (back-EMF), and material demagnetization constraints using PSO. Quality of PSO optimization can be proven by increasing the torque density without compromising the main performance of the motor compared with FEA. With this method also provide disadvantage, such as the cost of production is more expensive because it should add a profile of the rotor mold.
Analysis of sea wave power plant design in Bangka Island Indonesia
Authors: Priyoko Prayitnoadi R , Rosa Firlya , Hudatwi Mu’alimah , Ubed Nurhadi M , Febrianto Ari , Roliana Nova
Published: November 2019

Indonesia has a vast ocean of energy resource potential to be utilized including ocean wave energy. Sea waves can be used to drive electricity generation as an alternative to replacing electricity from fossil fuels. This research was conducted to determine the potential rotation of the electric motor drive shaft in two alternative designs of sea wave power plants (PLTGL). The analysis of shaft rotation results was done by collecting sea wave data in the coast of Bangka and making a PLTGL design in the Solid Works application. Next, the sea wave data was included as a parameter of the motion study simulation. Of the two alternative designs of PLTGL, the circular type gets the highest shaft rotation, which is 29.16 rpm. Although this research ignores the factors of material strength and load resistance, this research can be continued to find out more, either in the form of electricity generated or modified mechanism design.
Effect of Welding Current and Welding Speed on Weld Geometry and Distortion in TIG Welding of A36 Mild Steel Pipe with V-Groove Joint
Authors: Panji M , Baskoro A S , Widyianto A
Published: November 2019

In this study, the effect of welding current and welding speed on the weld geometry and distortion in TIG welding process was investigated. The material used in this experiment is A36 mild steel pipe. The dimensions of specimen were 114.3 mm of outer diameter and 6 mm of thickness. The wire feeder used was ER70-S 6 with a V-groove joint as a type welding joint. The welding parameters varied were the welding current and welding speed. Welding results will be tested for weld geometry (outer bead width) and distortion after the welding process. The weld geometry was measured using Digital Microscope and the distortion was measured using outside micrometers before and after the welding process. The results show that increasing the welding current can widen the weld bead and increase distortion. While increasing the speed has little effect on the weld bead and distortion. Welding parameters with a welding current of 170 A and a welding speed of 0.9 mm/s produces the widest outer bead and the biggest tapers and distortion. In addition, the results of tapers and distortion in the axial direction were greater than the transverse direction of the pipe.
Influence of Mangan on Structure and Corrosion Properties of Cobalt Chrome Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo)
Authors: Eka Perkasa Daniel , Qonita Aliya , Soegijono Bambang
Published: November 2019

Co-Cr-Mo alloy are usually used as implant materials in biomedical application. Corrosion resistance is one of the properties needed to full fill the requirement. The nature of material resistance in the body (biocompatibility) is determined by the corrosion resistance of a biomaterial. Corrosion which emits metal ions in the tissue directed at the implant and activates the system in the body. Mangan (Mn) were added to this alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. Addition of Mangan (Mn) might also affect to the structure of this alloy. X ray diffraction and Electrochemical experiment were conducted to characterized the structure and corrosion resistance of this alloy. The addition of Manganase shows significant influence on the structure and corrosion resistance on the Co-Cr-Mo alloy.
Effect of the number of layers of fiber in COPV PVC-Cotton on burst strength test
Authors: Lazuardi Dedi , Ally Sidik , Sonawan Hery
Published: November 2019

Composite overwrapped pressure vessel (COPV) is a pressure vessel wrapped or coated by composite fibers. COPV is commonly used to reduce the weight of pressure vessel. Usually COPV combine the metal liner and wrapped by the glass or the carbon fiber. How the influence of layers number to burst strength test is studied. The PVC tube is wrapped by the natural fiber (cotton) is used, and the burst test is applied. The specimens consist of four tube, a tube without wrap, a tube with one layer wrap, a tube with two layers wrap and a tube with three layers wrap. The experiment indicate that the layer effective to augment the strength of burst test until 50%, but the addition of the number of layers, did not really affect the increase in COPV burst strength test.
The Effect of Tempering Temperature on Medium Carbon Steel Plate of Surface Hardening Result Using Induction Heating as Ballistic Resistant Material Study
Authors: Purwanto Helmy , Dzulfikar Muhammad , Tauviqirrahman Mohammad , Ismail Rifky , Lestari Nyoto
Published: November 2019

Steel that has been heat treatment using quenching is hard but brittle. Tempering was done to remove the agility caused by the residual stress. The objective of this paper writing is to know and analyze the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanic property of steel plate of the surface hardening result. Steel plate with thickness of 8 mm of surface hardening result quenched by oil media was tempered at temperature of 100, 200, 300 and 400°C. Simulation based on finite element method was conducted to know the ballistic resistance. Experiment result showed that heating through induction and quenching on oil resulted in surface hardening. Tempering treatment decreased the hardness but at low temperature, the tensile strength increases. The simulation result showed that quenching and tempering material at temperature of 100°C was more able to resist the ballistic rate compared to other various temperatures.
Electrochemical Behavior of Full Annealed Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Henniwuriyama Victoria , Ulina Margaretha Situmorang Evi , Soegijono Bambang
Published: November 2019

Austenitic Stainless Steel has been being used in many fields. Austenitic Stainless Steel which has composition 19 wt%Cr–7wt%Ni has been subjected to heat treatment. One of the many heat treatments applicable to improve the corrosion resistance is the full annealing method. This material subject to full annealing method with rapid quenching in various annealing temperatures; 1010°C, 1065°C, and 1120°C. Potentiodynamic curves before and after heat treatment were acquired to elaborate the electrochemical behavior of this austenitic stainless steel. Besides the corrosion rate, the structure of the austenitic stainless steel has been characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the structure. The results showed the full annealing modified the structure and the electrochemical behavior of the austenitic stainless steel.
Optimization of multilayer anti-reflection coatings for efficient light management of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Hossain Jaker , Mondal Bipanko Kumar , Mostaque Shaikh Khaled , Ahmed Sheikh Rashel Al , Shirai Hajime
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we present a theoretical model for the optimization of multilayer anti-reflection coatings for PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunction solar cell based on optical interference transfer-matrix theory. A comprehensive idea of designing multilayer anti-reflection coatings (ARCs) on the solar cell and minimization of the overall reflectance is provided in this work. Optical reflectance values for various single, double and three layer anti-reflection coatings on PEDOT:PSS deposited c-Si substrate have been deduced using a MATLAB program and compared with that of the measured value. The reflectance value is calculated to be lower than 4% in the visible wavelength spectra for ARC by alternately using high and low refractive index materials. This low value of reflectance suggests that the anti-reflection coating layers proposed in this study can be employed as the standard ARC materials for optical coatings of the PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunction solar cells.
Plasma catalysis: a brief tutorial
Authors: Carreon Maria L
Published: November 2019

This tutorial is intended to provide a basic overview of plasma catalysis, which is considered an emerging branch of plasma processing. This highly versatile technique can provide not only a route to produce highly specialized materials such as semiconductors and nanostructures at mild conditions, but it can open new pathways towards the decentralized production of several specialty chemicals such as ammonia, by pairing this technology with renewable electricity sources. Moreover, plasma catalysis offers the advantages of one pot ultra-fast reactions with minimal waste production as compared to traditional wet chemistry synthesis techniques. However, in order to completely exploit the full potential of plasma catalysis, a strong fundamental understanding of the effects of plasma on catalyst, catalyst on plasma and its synergism should be gained. This is a prospect that can be achieved by a multidisciplinary knowledge of the phenomena occurring at the plasma gas phase and at the interphase plasma-catalyst. Here in, first principles of plasma catalysis are presented. The main goal of this brief tutorial is to transmit to the scientists willing to explore this research area, the main characteristics that make this plasma research field so promising as a sustainable route to solve current energy and environmental challenges.
Board Interlocks and Diversification Strategies
Authors: Shropshire Christine
Published: November 2019

The board of directors serves multiple corporate governance functions, including monitoring management, providing oversight on strategic issues, and linking the organization to the broader external environment. Researchers have become increasingly interested in board interlocks and how content transmitted via these linkages shapes firm outcomes, such as corporate structure and strategies. As influential mechanisms to manage environmental uncertainty and facilitate information exchange, Board interlocks are created by directors who are affiliated with more than one firm via employment or board service and allow the board to capture a diversity of strategic experiences. One critical corporate decision that may be influenced by interlocks and strategic diffusion is diversification (i.e., in which products and markets to compete). Directors draw on their own experiences with diversification strategies at other firms to help guide and manage ongoing strategic decision-making. There is broad scholarship on interlocks and the individuals who create them, with extant research reporting that some firms are more likely to imitate or learn from their interlock partners than others. Prior findings suggest that the conditions under which information is transmitted via interlock, such as an individual director’s experience with diversification strategies at other firms, may make that information more influential to the focal firm’s own strategic decision-making related to diversification. A more holistic framework captures factors related to the individual interlocking director, the board and firm overall and the context surrounding these linkages and relationships, helping to promote future research. Understanding the social context surrounding board interlocks offers opportunities to more deeply examine how these interconnections serve in pursuit of the board’s fundamental purpose of protecting shareholder investment from managerial self-interest. Overall, integrating multi-level factors will offer new insights into the influence of board interlocks on firm strategies on both sides of the partnership. Expanding knowledge of how inter-firm linkages transmit knowledge influential to board decision-making can also improve our understanding of board effectiveness and corporate governance.
Labor History, Railroads, and Australia, 1880–1900
Authors: Bowden Bradley
Published: November 2019

Previously, most attention to managerial attitudes to railroad labor during the late 19th century has focused on industrial conflict in the United States, most particularly the so-called Pullman Boycott, a national stoppage that brought much of the American rail network to a halt in May–July 1894. Most historians—Alfred Chandler, Richard White, Gabriel Kolko, and Shelton Stromquist, to name a few—have associated this pattern of American conflict with falling freight rates caused by excessive competition between the United States’ privately owned railroads. If this assumption is correct, then one would expect both of the problems—labor conflict and falling freight rates—would be absent in New World societies where railroads operated under public rather than private ownership. Among New World societies, public ownership of the railways was arguably most significant in Australia, a continental society almost identical in geographical size with the mainland United States. Here, railroads played a similar role in national development. Despite this variance in ownership, however, Australian railroads were beset with similar problems to the United States. Per-ton freight rates declined in like fashion. As in the United States, Australian railroad managers responded to falling freight rates by savage wage cuts and staff redundancies. The commonalities between Australia and the United States points to a common causal factor. It is argued that this common causal factor was the falling world price for grain, most particularly wheat, the London benchmark wheat price falling from US $1.92 in 1871 to US $0.81 in 1891.
Psychological Aspects of Cancer Screening
Authors: von Wagner Christian , Verstraete Wouter , Stoffel Sandro
Published: November 2019

Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before the appearance of symptoms. Applying a proactive and systematic approach, cancer screening programs invite every person in the target population automatically. Many countries have established guidelines that define criteria and principles on whether to implement screening programs for specific conditions. Despite the universal coverage of these programs, inequalities have been observed in their uptake based on various sociodemographic factors: gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), educational level, and marital status. Behavioral science provides key performance indicators of these programs. Psychological factors such as perceived benefits (e.g., ability of the program to diagnose early or even prevent cancer) and barriers (e.g., opportunity costs relating to test attendance or completion), as well as people’s cancer and screening-related beliefs and perceptions of their own susceptibility to cancer, play a crucial role in cancer screening uptake. Furthermore, there is increasing awareness among professional bodies for the need to balance the public health benefits against individual costs, including financial and opportunity costs associated with participation and potential longer-term harms, such as receiving a cancer diagnosis that would never have caused any symptoms or problems). These recent developments have led to stronger emphasis on monitoring patient-reported experiences and ensuring that participation is based on informed choice. In addition, some of these issues have also been addressed by more fundamental changes to the screening paradigm such as more personalized approaches (using additional genetic and epigenetic information) to establishing eligibility criteria. The acceptability of using this information and its implication to offer more or less intensive screening and developing effective ways to understand the ability of the program to communicate this information are key challenges for the clinical, research and policy making community.
Interdisciplinary Professional Partnerships
Authors: Low Poi Kee
Published: November 2019

With the growing diversity of professions working in schools, interdisciplinary partnership and collaboration are growing quickly the world over. Apart from traditional teaching and learning concerns, awareness of children and youth mental health issues and socio-emotional wellbeing, grew readily since the 2000s. Rising in tandem with this trend is the number of psychologists, social workers, and counselors joining educators to support children and young persons in schools. Challenges such as misconception of roles, differing perceptions as well as cross-disciplinary misunderstanding threaten to prevent concerned professionals in working collaborative to help children and young persons in need. Fortunately, this aspect of interdisciplinary partnership in schools gains the much-needed attention in research from Asia and the Middle East to Europe and the Americas. Models and frameworks suggesting best practices for interdisciplinary collaboration emerged in school psychology, counseling and social work literature. Also growing in tandem is research in methods of measurement and evaluation of such collaboration as well as studies on pre-service professional training on interdisciplinary collaborative skills in the related disciplines.
Glass Beads and Trade in the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Wood Marilee
Published: November 2019

The glass beads found at archaeological sites up and down the eastern coast of Africa between the 7th and 17th centuries ce bear witness to the trade that connected communities from all reaches of the Indian Ocean and beyond. Glass beads are small, relatively inexpensive to produce, and easy to transport as well as being colorful, often beautiful, and very durable. They were thus ideal trade items, especially when glass was a rare commodity that was produced in a limited number of places. Careful study of the glass beads traded into eastern Africa illuminate trade connections and patterns in the Western Indian Ocean that are not seen through a study of ceramics or glass vessels. In the earliest period, from the 7th to the mid-10th century, the East Coast (Kenya and Tanzania) first received beads made from a mineral soda glass from Sri Lanka (or possibly South India). The next to arrive were all made of a type of plant-ash glass that was probably produced in Iraq, but, because raw glass was widely traded, the beads were made in different places: perhaps the Persian Gulf/Iraq/Iran and even Thailand.

In southern Africa in this period all beads were made of this same plant-ash glass but the beads—cut from drawn tubes—may have been finished locally. Similar beads of this glass have been found around the Old World including South and Southeast Asia, both East and West Africa, the Mediterranean, and as far north as Scandinavia—all date from the 8th into the mid-10th century. From the mid-10th to mid-13th century mineral soda beads from India were found in both the southern and northern regions of Africa’s east coast, but many of them appear to be from different areas of India and would likely have arrived by different routes. In the mid-13th to mid-15th century period, during which the gold trade out of southern Africa was at its peak, southern Africa turned away from Indian beads and accepted only ones from a region that has yet to be identified, while East Africa continued mainly with ones from South Asia.

However, early in the 15th century a small number of Chinese beads appeared on the East Coast that might have arrived on ships from the fleet of the Chinese general Zheng He. The final period, the mid-15th to late 17th century, saw the two ends of the coast receiving the same beads for the first time, reflecting the growing dominance of European traders in the Indian Ocean. Although from their first arrival Europeans had attempted to trade their own beads in eastern Africa, populations there refused to accept them, forcing the outsiders to purchase beads in India, for which they were obliged to pay—often in silver.
Euro-African Trade Relations and Socioeconomic Development in West Africa, 1450–1900
Authors: Inikori Joseph
Published: November 2019

Since direct contact between Europeans and West Africans was established in the mid-15th century by the Portuguese, Euro-African trade relations have played a major role in West Africa’s long-run socioeconomic development. This critical role was connected to two totally different kinds of trade conducted by Europeans at different points in time: trade in commodities (the products of West African labor and natural resources) and trade in human captives. The first 200 years (1450–1650) of European commercial enterprise in West Africa were dominated overwhelmingly by trade in commodities; trade in human captives overwhelmingly dominated in the 200 years which followed (1650–1867). Trade in commodities returned with a bang in the last decades of the 19th century (1870–1900). The respective effects of these two trades on the development process in West Africa were as different as the trades themselves. The early trade in commodities contributed positively to the process; the transition from the trade in commodities to the trade in human captives had a disastrous effect; the 19th-century transition to commodity trade made an immense positive contribution. The positive contribution was significantly enhanced by the ending of the socioeconomic crises engendered by the trade in human captives, and by the establishment of general peace (Pax Britannia) by British colonial rule, with its free trade policy. However, the failure of the colonial administration to take advantage of the general increase in real household incomes and purchasing power and encourage domestic manufacturing in the colonies prevented the transformation of short-term growth into structural transformation and long-run development.
Experimental Economics and Experimental Sociology
Authors: Gereke Johanna , Gërxhani Klarita
Published: November 2019

Experimental economics has moved beyond the traditional focus on market mechanisms and the “invisible hand” by applying sociological and socio-psychological knowledge in the study of rationality, markets, and efficiency. This knowledge includes social preferences, social norms, and cross-cultural variation in motivations. In turn, the renewed interest in causation, social mechanisms, and middle-range theories in sociology has led to a renaissance of research employing experimental methods. This includes laboratory experiments but also a wide range of field experiments with diverse samples and settings. By focusing on a set of research topics that have proven to be of substantive interest to both disciplines—cooperation in social dilemmas, trust and trustworthiness, and social norms—this article highlights innovative interdisciplinary research that connects experimental economics with experimental sociology. Experimental economics and experimental sociology can still learn much from each other, providing economists and sociologists with an opportunity to collaborate and advance knowledge on a range of underexplored topics of interest to both disciplines.
The State of Social Work in Egypt
Authors: Megahead Hamido A.
Published: November 2019

Although professional social work in Egypt has a 100-year history, there is a dearth of information in English about social work in Egypt and other non-Western countries. Five domains of social work in Egypt are (1) the international flow of Western social work practice into Egypt, (2) modern social work, (3) social work research and social work interventions, (4) social work education, and (5) fields of practice. These five domains that inform modern social work in Egypt were produced from international flows of Western social work practice into Egypt. It was also produced from social work research and social work intervention. Modern social work also comes from teaching bachelor of social work students professional social work courses. Social work knowledge was adapted, authenticated, and indigenized to meet local context. These five dominated themes have been detailed and explained. International flows of Western social work practice into Egypt include transmission (transplantation), authentication, and indigenization. Modern social work in Egypt includes social work practice and social welfare policy. Social work research has included explanatory, descriptive and experiment social work research studies. Social work intervention has included social work intervention of aiming at solving problems and stressors and social work intervention of aiming at applying resources for change. Fields of social work practice includes family and child Social Work and school social work. Social work education is focused only on Bachelor of Science in Social Work covering the professional social work courses group work practice, social casework practice, community organization, social welfare planning, policy and administration, fields of social work practice. A synthetic approach that knits together these five themes entail that modern social work has been produced from international flows of Western social work practice into Egyptian context. It is also produced from social work research and social work intervention. Modern social work also comes as results of teaching Bachelor Social Work (BSW) students the professional social work courses.
5. Fiscal federalism
Authors: Rozell Mark J. , Wilcox Clyde
Published: November 2019

“Fiscal federalism” describes how during the early decades of the republic, Congress gave states money to help pay for new roads and canals, to support their militia, and to build colleges and universities. But the system of granting money to the states grew in the twentieth century, especially after the Sixteenth Amendment gave the national government the right to impose an income tax in 1913. The chapter discusses the federal grants program, which now provides about 30 percent of the average operating revenues of state and local governments. It also considers how the national government uses mandates to influence state policymaking, how states raise revenue through taxation, and the differences in state spending programs.
6. Advantages and disadvantages of federalism
Authors: Rozell Mark J. , Wilcox Clyde
Published: November 2019

Advantages and disadvantages of federalism as much as the federal system is the preferred option of Americans who historically have had a skeptical view of centralized power, it is far from a perfect system for the effective operations of government. Despite its many virtues, the shortcomings inherent in the US federal system lead many observers to question whether it is adequate to meet the needs of increasingly complex social and economic problems. Advantages include flexibility of standards and in dealing with religious diversity, experimentation, varying policies at different levels of government, keeping central government in check, and providing citizen choice. Disadvantages include competition between the states, inefficiency, inequality, and lack of accountability.
4. “Honky-tonkin’”
Authors: Carlin Richard
Published: November 2019

“Honky-tonkin’” describes new stars, including Ernest Tubb, Hank Williams, George Jones, Kitty Wells, and Patsy Cline, as well as a new approach to string band music—bluegrass—and its main creator, Bill Monroe. After World War II, the displacement of people from rural farms to urban factories led to both a wider spread of country music and also a nostalgia for the world left behind. The honky-tonk—a bar featuring either live music or the newly introduced jukebox—became a center of entertainment for men in search of companionship. The chapter also describes the new rockabilly style of the mid-1950s introduced by Elvis Presley.
Levels of selection
Authors: Okasha Samir
Published: November 2019

‘Levels of selection’ examines the levels-of-selection question, which asks whether natural selection acts on individuals, genes, or groups. This question is one of the most fundamental in evolutionary biology, and the subject of much controversy. Traditionally, biologists have mostly been concerned with selection and adaptation at the individual level. But, in theory, there are other possibilities, including selection on sub-individual units such as genes and cells, and on supra-individual units such as groups and colonies. Group selection, altruistic behaviour, kin selection, the gene-centric view of evolution, and the major transitions in evolution are all discussed.