bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study of the June 2013 Flood-Producing Extreme Rainstorm over Southern Alberta
Authors: Li Yanping , Szeto Kit , Stewart Ronald E. , Thériault Julie M. , Chen Liang , Kochtubajda Bohdan , Liu Anthony , Boodoo Sudesh , Goodson Ron , Mooney Curtis , Kurkute Sopan
Published: April 2017

A devastating, flood-producing rainstorm occurred over southern Alberta, Canada, from 19 to 22 June 2013. The long-lived, heavy rainfall event was a result of complex interplays between topographic, synoptic, and convective processes that rendered an accurate simulation of this event a challenging task. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model was used to simulate this event and was validated against several observation datasets. Both the timing and location of the model precipitation agree closely with the observations, indicating that the WRF Model is capable of reproducing this type of severe event. Sensitivity tests with different microphysics schemes were conducted and evaluated using equitable threat and bias frequency scores. The WRF double-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WDM6) generally performed better when compared with other schemes. The application of a conventional convective/stratiform separation algorithm shows that convective activity was dominant during the early stages, then evolved into predominantly stratiform precipitation later in the event. The HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis and regional water budget assessments using WRF simulation output suggest that the moisture for the precipitation was mainly from recycling antecedent soil moisture through evaporation and evapotranspiration over the Canadian Prairies and the U.S. Great Plains. This analysis also shows that a small fraction of the moisture can be traced back to the northeastern Pacific, and direct uptake from the Gulf of Mexico was not a significant source in this event.
Impact of a Mean Current on the Internal Tide Energy Dissipation at the Critical Latitude
Authors: Richet O. , Muller C. , Chomaz J.-M.
Published: April 2017

Previous numerical studies of the dissipation of internal tides in idealized settings suggest the existence of a critical latitude (~29°) where dissipation is enhanced. But observations only indicate a modest enhancement at this latitude. To resolve this difference between observational and numerical results, the authors study the latitudinal dependence of internal tides’ dissipation in more realistic conditions. In particular, the ocean is not a quiescent medium; the presence of large-scale currents or mesoscale eddies can impact the propagation and dissipation of internal tides. This paper investigates the impact of a weak background mean current in numerical simulations. The authors focus on the local dissipation of high spatial mode internal waves near their generation site. The vertical profile of dissipation and its variation with latitude without the mean current are consistent with earlier studies. But adding a weak mean current has a major impact on the latitudinal distribution of dissipation. The peak at the critical latitude disappears, and the dissipation is closer to a constant, albeit with two weak peaks at ~25° and ~35° latitude. This disappearance results from the Doppler shift of the internal tides’ frequency, which hinders the nonlinear transfer of energy to small-scale secondary waves via the parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). The new two weak peaks correspond to the Doppler-shifted critical latitudes of the left- and right-propagating waves. The results are confirmed in simulations with simple sinusoidal topography. Thus, although nonlinear transfers via PSI are efficient at dissipating internal tides, the exact location of the dissipation is sensitive to large-scale oceanic conditions.
Airborne Wind Lidar Measurements of Vertical and Horizontal Winds for the Investigation of Orographically Induced Gravity Waves
Authors: Witschas Benjamin , Rahm Stephan , Dörnbrack Andreas , Wagner Johannes , Rapp Markus
Published: April 2017

Airborne coherent Doppler wind lidar measurements, acquired during the Gravity Wave Life-Cycle (GW-LCYCLE) I field campaign performed from 2 to 14 December 2013 in Kiruna, Sweden, are used to investigate internal gravity waves (GWs) induced by flow across the Scandinavian Mountains. Vertical wind speed is derived from lidar measurements with a mean bias of less than 0.05 m s−1 and a standard deviation of 0.2 m s−1 by correcting horizontal wind projections onto the line-of-sight direction by means of ECMWF wind data. The horizontal wind speed and direction are retrieved from lidar measurements by applying a velocity–azimuth display scan and a spectral accumulation technique, leading to a horizontal resolution of about 9 km along the flight track and a vertical resolution of 100 m, respectively. Both vertical and horizontal wind measurements are valuable for characterizing GW properties as demonstrated by means of a flight performed on 13 December 2013 acquired during weather conditions favorable for orographic GW excitation. Wavelet power spectra of the vertical wind speed indicate that the horizontal GW wavelengths lay mainly between 10 and 30 km and that the GW amplitude above the mountain ridge decreases with increasing altitude. Additionally, the perturbations of the horizontal wind speed are analyzed, showing horizontal wavelengths in the excitation region of 100–125 km with upwind-tilted wave fronts. By means of elevation power spectra, it is revealed that vertical wind power spectra are dominated by the short-wave elevation part, whereas horizontal wind perturbations are dominated by the long-wave part.
Diagnostic imaging modalities and surgical anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in rabbits
Authors: Kyllar Michal , Putnová Barbora , Jekl Vladimír , Stehlík Ladislav , Buchtová Marcela , Štembírek Jan
Published: April 2017

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a condylar synovial joint that, together with the masticatory muscles, controls mandibular movement during mastication. The rabbit is often used as a model species for studying the mechanisms of TMJ diseases, and in regenerative research. However, there are significant differences between rabbit and human TMJs that should be taken into account before using this model for experimental research. Here, we use several analytical approaches (radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to enable a detailed description and analysis of the rabbit TMJ morphology. Moreover, possible surgical approaches have been introduced with a focus on available access into the rabbit TMJ cavity, which relate our findings to clinical usage.
Human fatalities caused by animal attacks: A six-year autopsy study
Authors: Tumram Nilesh Keshav , Ambade Vipul N , Dixit Pradeep G
Published: April 2017

Deaths caused by animal attacks in urban as well as rural areas are rising. With dwindling forest cover and with more interaction of animals with humans in day-to-day life, we need to understand the reasons, manner and causes of these fatal events. We studied 151 cases of fatal animal/human conflicts and in particular, the manner and mechanism of causation of injuries with respect to different types of animals. In this region there were more fatal snake bites followed by cattle attacks. Humans are at some risk while in the vicinity of animals whether in the wild or in human settlements. Human/animal conflicts occur due to reducing habitat for animals and the demands of humans. One must be aware of the potential dangers from animals and as a health care provider it is our duty to educate the public at large. They need to be cautious when around animals, seek medical care after an animal injury and wear protective equipment when working around or with animals.
The cultural politics of wages
Authors: Prasad-Aleyamma Mythri
Published: April 2017

This article argues for an understanding of wages as cultural and spatial relations. By examining the wages of migrant workers and local unionised labour in Ernakulam in Kerala, South India, it demonstrates that ‘wages’ embody local practices and processes. The article details the labour practices in a port building site and in spot labour markets for construction work. It examines skill as a social relation and non-payment of wages as an accumulation strategy. Wages of local workers and that of migrant workers differ not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of the processes and practices that surround them. These differences are viewed through the lens of cultural politics and spatial differentiation.
The City and the Knowledge in East Central Europe: Plea for a Stronger Tie-Up in Research
Authors: Hein-Kircher Heidi
Published: April 2017

When detaching oneself from this picture that cities in East Central Europe were “outdated,” one is quick to recognize that cities there were emerging and became at least regional metropolises. Hence, the article assumes that their development and rise took place because of a productive and dynamic reciprocal relationship between knowledge transfer and urban as well as social modernization, which developed in a tight conjunction with rising national movements. Starting from an analysis of recent research on East Central European cities, the article introduces knowledge transfer as an important, broadening perspective on the cities there, because it focuses on main factors establishing a multilayered connection between knowledge transfer and urban development in the modern age.
Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex relates to cognitive deficits in the sub-chronic PCP-model for schizophrenia: A preliminary investigation
Authors: McLean Samantha L , Harte Michael K , Neill Joanna C , Young Andrew MJ
Published: April 2017

Rationale:

Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sub-chronic phencyclidine (scPCP) treatment produces cognitive impairments in rodents and is a thoroughly validated animal model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PFC dopamine in scPCP-induced deficits in a cognitive task of relevance to the disorder, novel object recognition (NOR).

Methods:

Twelve adult female Lister Hooded rats received scPCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle via the intraperitoneal route twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days washout. In vivo microdialysis was carried out prior to, during and following the NOR task.

Results:

Vehicle rats successfully discriminated between novel and familiar objects and this was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine in the PFC during the retention trial ( p < 0.01). scPCP produced a significant deficit in NOR ( p < 0.05 vs. control) and no PFC dopamine increase was observed.

Conclusions:

These data demonstrate an increase in dopamine during the retention trial in vehicle rats that was not observed in scPCP-treated rats accompanied by cognitive disruption in the scPCP group. This novel finding suggests a mechanism by which cognitive deficits are produced in this animal model and support its use for investigating disorders in which PFC dopamine is central to the pathophysiology.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa prevalence, antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial use in Chinese burn wards from 2007 to 2014
Authors: Dou Yi , Huan Jingning , Guo Feng , Zhou Zengding , Shi Yan
Published: April 2017

Objective

To assess the application of antibacterial agents, alongside pathogen prevalence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug resistance, with the aim of understanding the impact of inappropriate antibacterial use.

Methods

This retrospective study assessed bacteria from wounds, catheters, blood, faeces, urine and sputum of hospitalized patients in burn wards between 2007 and 2014. The intensity of use of antibacterial agents and resistance of P. aeruginosa to common anti-Gram-negative antibiotics were measured.

Results

Annual detection rates of Staphylococcus aureus were significantly decreased, whereas annual detection rates of P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were significantly increased. Multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were increased. The intensity of use of some anti-Gramnegative antibiotics positively correlated with resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to similar antimicrobials.

Conclusion

In burn wards, more attention should be paid to P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The use of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and cefoperazone/sulbactam should be limited to counter the related increase in resistance levels.
Acute Effects of Ataractic Drugs on Spontaneous Autonomic and Metabolic Oscillating Systems in Schizophrenic and Other Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Doust J. W. Lovett , Harrington R. W.
Published: April 2017

1. Three monitors of autonomic and metabolic function were employed to study the periodic frequency and amplitude of non-specific, spontaneous, endogenous oscillations in 18 untreated psychiatric patients at rest. Seventeen drugs were then exhibited individually to the patients and the longitudinal study continued kinetically so that their effects on these oscillations could be observed.

2. Confirmation was obtained for earlier reported findings that frequency analysis of resting spontaneous periodic oscillations of capillary blood-oxygen saturation, capillary corpuscular blood flow and skin tissue cell changes reliably distinguishes between patients with schizophrenia and those belonging to certain other psychiatric diagnostic groups.

3. The effects of drugs on these spontaneous periodicities was found to depend principally on whether or not the drug in question influenced the brain stem ascending reticular activating system. Drugs such as the phenothiazines and reserpines affecting this system brought about a frequency change in the autonomic oscillations; drugs not affecting the system did not do so.

4. Amplitude analysis showed that drugs affected the three monitors in a fashion quite different from their effects on frequency.

5. The known and suggested mechanisms of action of the ataractic drugs are reviewed and arguments suggesting a combined neurophysiological and vascular action for them are presented.

6. It is suggested that these findings offer an objective technique for the rapid clinical screening of psychopharmacologic agents.
Chlorpromazine, Trifluoperazine and Placebo with Long-Term Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Coons W. H. , Boyd B. A. , White J. G.
Published: April 2017

One hundred and seventeen long-term mental hospital patients, judged to be suitable for tranquillizing medication, were randomly assigned to three groups: one received trifluoperazine, one received chlorpromazine, and one received an inert placebo. Assessment of adjustment to hospital, by means of the Hospital Adjustment Scale (HAS), revealed no significant group differences in response to treatment after either three or six weeks. Comparison of each group's level of adjustment at the beginning, middle, and end of the experimental period showed a similar absence of significant differences. From these data it was concluded that there was no generalized improvement in adjustment associated with any of the treatment conditions.

Inspection of the HAS scores of the individuals in each group indicated that there was wide variability in the inter-individual responses to all three of the treatment conditions. The implications of these findings for the management of long-term patients and for further study, are discussed.
The Pedophilias: Their Clinical, Social and Legal Implications
Authors: Mohr Johann W.
Published: April 2017

This article deals with sexual behaviour with children, proposing a tighter clinical definition, based on a phenomenological nosology. This nosology classifies the behavioural symptoms by the object, the act, and the agent.

1. The Object: the child must be prepubertal and the sex of the child denotes either hetero- or homosexual pedophilia.

2. The Act: Consists of either:

a) Immature gratification

b) Deviant acts

c) Genital union

Only a) is included under the term pedophilia.

3. The Agent: pedophiles fall into three distinct age groupings, culminating in adolescence, mid to late thirties and mid to late fifties.

An account of heterosexual pedophilia, homosexual pedophilia, and the situation of the victim is given, and the clinical, social and legal implications are discussed.
Complications of Pregnancy — a Psychosomatic Approach
Authors: Destounis Nicholas
Published: April 2017

This study, which was carried out with 232 women, has presented comparative data on two groups:

1. 10 women followed throughout their pregnancy psychotherapeutically (experimental group).

2. 52 women followed throughout their pregnancy by the family physician only (control group).

A specially designed psychotherapeutic technique was described which included collections of blood and urine for serological (Ross-Waaler) and hormonal studies at weekly intervals. Specific results are reported together with two individual cases from both groups to support the findings which include:

A. Of the experimental group only 2 (20%) developed complications in pregnancy, in contrast to 43 (82.1%) of the control group. x2 = 20.41; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001).

B. The majority, 30 (57.3%) of the women of the control group were (prior to marriage) from the lower social strata, in contrast to none (0%) of the women of the experimental group. (x2 = 11.36; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001).

C. Differences between the two groups, in favour of the experimental group, of the husband's social identification were significant at x2 = 5.00; P - 0.1 > P > 0.05.

D. Differences between the two groups, in favour of the experimental group, concerning education and religion were very significant at x2 = 10.49; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001 and x2 = 2.58; P - 0.50 > P > 0.25 respectively.

E. Psychotherapy given these women had a salutary effect upon those psychophysiological processes which maintain pregnancy at a live-birth rate of 90%.
Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis with Mixed Symptomatology
Authors: Jones R. O.
Published: April 2017

The introduction of potent physical and pharmacological therapies for psychotic conditions has increased the need for accurate diagnosis, not only in terms of assigning a patient to the diagnostic category but of assessing the various trends which may result in a very mixed symptomatology. Therapy, be it physical, pharmacological, or psychotherapeutic directed against one or the other of these components may frequently intensify other symptomatology. A suitable combination of anti-depressant and anti-psychotic drugs plus the use of E.C.T. when indicated is necessary in the management of such cases. In the author's judgment this mixed symptomatology frequently results from the influence of personality trends and conflicts and particularly in these mixed states psychotherapeutic aid must also be included. In the words of Jules Masserman: “Even frankly psychotic behaviour patterns, whether depressive or schizoid, are not as sometimes inferred-merely shapeless fragments from a personality shattered by some hypothetical ‘mental disease’. On the contrary, the psychosis itself is an integrated syndrome which however socially deviant is adaptively operated at all levels from the physiologic to the most abstrusely symbolic.” (3)
A Multiple Group Comparison of Scores on the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test
Authors: Stewart Charles N. , Mahood Margaret C.
Published: April 2017

The discriminative power of the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test (HOD), which has been presented as a useful test in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, was studied by administering the test to a group of female patients within three days of their admission to a provincial mental hospital. Of the 172 patients tested, 38 were omitted from the study because they were suffering from some form of organic disturbance (N = 36) or were assigned a mixed diagnosis (N = 2). The remaining 134 patients were divided into four groups: Schizophrenics (N = 64), Other Psychoses (N = 31), Psychoneurotics (N = 29), Character and Behaviour Disorders (N = 10). Statistical comparison of these four groups on each of three HOD scores, Paranoid, Perceptual and Total Score, by means of a non-parametric analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between groups. The present scoring system utilized with the HOD test does not appear to possess sufficient validity to warrant its usage for clinical diagnostic purposes.
Fashions in Psychiatry: Melancholia 1621—Depression 1961
Authors: Lindsay J.H.
Published: April 2017

The Seventeenth and Twentieth Centuries were both characterized by drastic and sudden changes in social values. The people of both appear to have been greatly concerned about the uncertainties of their future and consequently indulged themselves in considerable introspective musings.

Treatises on depression, one dated 1621, the other 1961, were compared and one is left with the impression that we have learned very little about the aetiology of depression in the past three hundred and forty years and that the symptoms are basically unchanged.

The main difference is perhaps that in 1621 propaganda methods did not create iatrogenic problems. Modern propaganda refinements are perhaps mainly redounding to satisfy mental health enthusiasts and to benefit pharmaceutical industrialists, while offering therapeutic methods of doubtful merit and creating more anxieties to keep the vicious circle of anxieties — frustration — depression, clanging merrily around.
Fashions in Neurosis
Authors: Forster W.
Published: April 2017

The textbooks of a hundred years ago considered the conditions we would call psychotic to be largely psychogenic, the conditions we would call neurotic to be associated with organic diseases, and those we would call hysterical to be due to a special sensitivity of the nervous system or to gynaecological disorders. The conditions corresponding to the neuroses as we know them today, apart from “hysterical insanity” do not seem to have been part of the province of the alienist but of the general physician and later the neurologist. Towards the end of the last century, it was suggested that the term neurosis should apply to a disordered physiological state and the term psychosis to a disordered mind.

Psychiatric textbooks of a century ago did not concern themselves with neuroses. The medical textbooks described hysteria in great detail, usually manifestations of a gross kind. The idea of hysteria having something to do with the uterus persisted, Cullen ascribing it to amenorrhoea or too great a salacity. Later, when theories of exhaustion of the nervous system in neurasthenia became popular, the exhaustion was held by some to be caused by the “irritation” of the nervous system by gynaecological disorders.

Neuroses with somatic symptomatology tended to be classified under a somatic label. Anxiety states with somatization were attributed either to the common diseases of the day, such as gout or dyspepsia, or to dysfunction of the nervous system.

The rest therapy popularized by Weir Mitchell in 1875 got its results through suggestion and the anaclitic meaning it carried. Although popular for “neurasthenia” it was widely used for all mental disorders, and in its day was as revolutionary as shock therapy or the tranquilizers.

Focal sepsis and auto-intoxication provided theories which led to the surgical treatment of neuroses.

Present day fashions in diagnosis of the neuroses vary with the orientation of the diagnostician: in terms of reaction of a personality, in terms of dynamics, or in terms of symptom groupings.
IV. Cyclical Fluctuations in Sleep-Depth and Eye-Movement Activity during the Course of Natural Sleep
Authors: Goodenough Donald R.
Published: April 2017

A series of observations first reported by Aserinsky and Kleitman and by Dement and Kleitman are summarized and discussed. These include the discovery of rapid, conjugate eye-movements during sleep. They include the basic experiments which led Dement and Kleitman to propose the use of the Stage 1 EEG and eye-movement criteria as an objective, operational definition of the dream state, and they include data on the distribution of eye-movements over the course of natural sleep and on the relationship between eye-movements and EEG measures of sleep depth.
V. Reports of Mental Activity during Sleep
Authors: Rechtschaffen Allan , Verdone Paul , Wheaton Joy
Published: April 2017

The variety of mental activity during sleep was investigated by obtaining reports of this activity upon awakening from two different kinds of sleep: (1) REM (rapid eye-movement) periods, which are characterized by a low voltage, random EEG and the presence of rapid eye-movements, and (2) NREM periods, which are characterized by 12–14 cps sleep spindles and/or slow, high amplitude delta EEG activity and the absence of rapid eye-movements. A total of 186 awakening reports were obtained from 17 subjects who spent from one to three nights each sleeping in the laboratory. As had been described in earlier investigations, reports of mental activity during sleep were obtained more frequently on awakenings from REM periods than on awakenings from NREM periods. However, a considerable amount of mental activity was obtained on NREM awakenings. As compared with REM period mentation, this NREM mental activity was described as more like thinking and less like dreaming, less vivid, less visual, more conceptual, under greater volitional control, more plausible, more concerned with the contemporary life of the subject, occurring in lighter sleep, less emotional, and more pleasant. The NREM mental activity was interpreted as resembling the unfocused, floating, background mentation of waking life, and it was hypothesized that the poor recall for this type of mentation might be related to its relative lack of perceptual intensity.
Notes on Communication in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Mcculloch D. J.
Published: April 2017

A mental hospital differs from every other type of medical institution in its arrangements for the care of the sick. In other medical situations admission to hospital is the outcome of a decision taken between a patient and his doctor. Certainly the doctor who will care for the patient in the hospital will have had a direct part in this decision. The information gained about the patient will steadily accumulate in a file at the nursing station on the ward. This information will form a vital part of the knowledge of all those persons upon whose actions successful treatment will depend. This will certainly include the nurses, house physicians, technicians and in some instances many other categories and levels of staff. In a mental hospital the legal arrangements for admission are clearly intended in the first instance to provide protection — protection for an offended public, protection against injury or injustice to the ailing patient. The internal arrangements of the hospital, too, seem primarily designed for the same type of protection. Thus the attending doctors have no part in the decision for admission. The information gained about the patient is kept off the ward and access to it by the staff is carefully controlled. The ward staff are given custodial power and what limited information they possess is nullified by a practice of frequently changing their ward assignments. The tenuous hold that the patient has on reality is further weakened by a policy which separates him from familiar orienting objects and persons. Thus his personal possessions are removed, visiting sharply limited, telephone usage and the mail strictly controlled. Communication difficulties arise because these admirable custodial arrangements are never referred to as such. Instead all language exchanges are conducted as if every action and arrangement was part of a treatment design. This results in a peculiar discrepancy between conference discussion and ward practice. It results in pendulum swings between actions taken with the public good in mind and those taken with the individual good in mind. It leads to confusing treatment language being used in asking the ward staff to carry out actions which they are accustomed to refer to in different terms. As with any unrecognized communication barrier, widespread problems, the result of confusion, anxiety and unexpressed hostility, appear.
Biological Clocks: Psychophysiologic Evidence for the Existence of One such Clock Specific to Certain Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Doust John W. Lovett
Published: April 2017

1. Personal, interior or biological time is distinguished from sidereal and other reference forms of time, and the measurement of time-lapse by clocks is discussed in terms of biological clocks and of consciousness of the sense of time.

2. Examples of biological time-keeping in plants and animals are given, along with evidence that the duration or recurrence rate of endogenous biological rhythms can vary from 2,000 cycles/sec. up to 1 cycle/year or more.

3. Engineering analogues of biological oscillators and their mathematical treatment are surveyed, along with a discussion of the role such oscillating systems play in maintenance of homoiostasis in the organism.

4. The operating characteristics of circadian-type registration of biological clocks are summarized and reviewed in terms of their relevance to periodic illness occurring in medical practice.

5. Evidence for the operation of an endogenous, innate, psychiatric clock is presented, the pace-making setting of which appears to predetermine certain types of psychiatric illness. Some characteristics of this clock are described.
A Controlled Study of the Use of Thioridazine in the Treatment of Hyperactive and Aggressive Children in a Children's Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. , Hoddinott B. A.
Published: April 2017

Studies on the use of thioridazine in adults and children were reviewed and the paucity of the controlled objective investigated, observed.

Thioridazine in doses of 25 mg. t.i.d. was administered to nine children with persistent marked aggressivity and hyper-activity. A double-blind study revealed a considerable reduction in aggressive, destructive and hyperactive behaviour. Status epilepticus occurred in an epileptic boy, necessitating an increase in anticonvulsant medication. No other side effects were observed.

It is concluded that thioridazine is a safe and useful drug in the treatment of hyperactive, aggressive, destructive patterns of behaviour in children.
Trends in Mental Hospitals
Authors: McGregor K. M.
Published: April 2017

Statistics from other countries indicate a trend to decreasing resident mental hospital population in spite of an increasing admission rate. This trend began prior to the widespread use of psychotropic drugs. Their value, however, can not be discounted as they have, in addition to their therapeutic value, broken the barrier between practising physician and mental patient, have facilitated psychotherapy and have augmented and supported the many facets which now go to form the ‘therapeutic community.’

At The Ontario Hospital, St. Thomas, the resident population has remained relatively constant since 1956, in spite of an increasing admission rate. Resident schizophrenic population is decreasing with an accumulation of elderly schizophrenics. More non-psychotics are being admitted. The use of psychotropic drugs continues to increase and comprises 75% of total drug cost. The total hospital program providing the patients with more of the amenities of living; the involvement of the community in aftercare, and our rehabilitation program are outlined.

A study at The Ontario Hospital, St. Thomas comparing two groups of first admission schizophrenics (1948–49 and 1957–58) revealed,

1) The median length of stay of first admission schizophrenics decreased from six to four months.

2) The decreased length of stay did not result in an increase in readmissions.

3) The number of chronic patients (first admission schizophrenics continuously in hospital for four years), decreased 13.9% in the interval under consideration.
Natural History of Narcotic Addiction
Authors: Richman A. , Borschneck A. , Rienzi A.
Published: April 2017

“It has been suggested that addiction in some is but a temporary maturation problem, as in certain delinquent behaviour. Cursory reviews of United States prison statistics revealed the age of the majority of addicts to be in the 3rd or 4th decades. Observers in Iran and Egypt are under the impression that not all young addicts become old addicts. Many of these implications titillate the imagination as to the possibility that drug addiction would be ‘curable’ if only better information were available.”

World Health Organization, Technical Reports Series No. 131, p. 19.
Observation of a Comprehensive Legal System in Microcosm at the George Junior Republic
Authors: Pittenger Robert E.
Published: April 2017

The George Junior Republic is described, with emphasis on its comprehensive legal-judicial system which makes it an extraordinary laboratory for the study of jurisprudence. It is a school-treatment setting for adolescents (aged 13 to 21).

The educational approach is one of providing a small community modelled after the larger society—a community in which young people may have practice in a wide range of adult experiences as they perform truly necessary social and personal functions.

Here the junior citizen matures through the exercise of serious responsibilities which are not entrusted to him in the usual home or school. He must help run the executive, legislative and judicial branches of his own government. He seeks jobs, is hired and fired, is paid for his work in the Junior Republic's special currency with which, in turn, he must purchase all of the necessities of life at the Junior Republic, and out of which he must save for whatever luxuries he would like to enjoy.

The rotation of roles, the comprehensive overview, and the learning by participation are discussed.

The Junior Republic, as a microcosm of the Society, affords a learning situation of great value to the individual. It also furnished us a laboratory for the study of the Social Systems of our society.
Nortriptyline in Private Practice
Authors: Kline Nathan S. , Schacter Frances
Published: April 2017

Twenty-five patients with depression seen in private psychiatric practice in Manhattan were given nortriptyline to determine

1) Whether the drug was active.

2) What the approximate dosage should be.

3) How long a course of treatment was required.

4) When dosage should be changed.

5) What type of patient was most likely to respond.

6) What side effects were likely to occur.

Sixty per cent of the patients showed initial improvement but twelve per cent relapsed and in one case the improvement was slight. Thirty-two per cent however gave a favourable and apparently lasting response which is significant since most of these patients had previously been treated with other medications unsuccessfully. Of the total group about a quarter of the patients complained of intolerable side effects so that medication was discontinued, although with two exceptions this was at the option of the patient rather than the therapist. All of the patients who responded favourably had manifested moderate to mild anxiety in addition to depression. Side effects were relatively mild and particularly so in respect to hypotension, which is the most common difficult side effect in the use of antidepressants. In two cases reversible psychotic reactions developed which led to discontinuance of the drug in one case and the addition of phenothiazines in the other.

Seven of the patients were referred for psychological testing which included Wechsler-Bellevue Digit Span and Digit Symbol Sub-Test; Rotter Sentence Completion; MMPI; Rorschach; TAT; Figure Drawings and Stories; and Bender-Gestalt Figures A, 4 and 8. Six of the patients returned for retesting after one to three months of drug therapy. Based on psychological test data alone, four of the six showed signs of improvement although no single quantitative or qualitative change in test pattern was found.
The Case for Intuition
Authors: Morf Gustav
Published: April 2017

A mental process has repeatedly been observed and described under different names, such as intuition, flair, hunch, revelation, sudden insight (Einfall), creative ideas, inspiration etc. This process is characterized by the sudden emergence of a new and often startling idea or insight at any odd moment, without apparent preparation and definitely without the co-operation of conscious mental processes such as thinking.

The phenomenon has been observed by scientists, by artists but also by common people. The creative ideas produced may belong to the realm of science, of art and of religion, but also pertain to social life. The phenomena have been observed and described too often to be doubted.

One would expect that this curious mental phenomenon would have interested the psychologists, but rather the opposite is the case. Most leading psychologists ignore it, some try to rationalize it away, very few freely acknowledge its existence. The attitude of the psychologist seems widely to depend on his geographical location: Americans and Russians ignore it, the Germans and French, on the whole, accept its existence.

Those who theorize on intuition agree that it is an unconscious process, the final result only becoming conscious, whereas the beneficiaries of intuitive insights tend to consider it as a revelation of a hidden truth and therefore as infallible.

Most psychologists as far as they have dealt with the problem of intuition at all, believe that the intuitive way of gaining knowledge is just as fallible as conscious reasoning. A few, like Freud after 1930, belittle intuition as mere guesswork, to believe in its reliability is an illusion.

C. G. Jung is the only modern psychologist who squarely put intuition on the same level with thinking. His intuitive type is not smarter than the thinking type but smart in a different way. Thinking will solve problems which intuition would not solve and vice versa.

Those who have enjoyed the benefit of intuitively obtained creative thoughts have practically put intuition on one level with inspiration. Many intuitions, as described by those who had them, were actually premonitions, anticipations of discoveries ahead and solutions to hitherto insolvable problems coming as a sudden insight.
Les Options Thérapeutiques en Psychiatrie Infantile
Authors: Boulanger J. B.
Published: April 2017

Discussing Professor James Anthony's paper entitled Developments in Child Psychiatry: Varieties and Vicissitudes of the Therapeutic Situation in the Treatment of Children, the writer agrees with his conclusions regarding the. child's psychological and emotional resources which “lead one to regard him as a highly treatable subject”, and the coming of age of child analysis “as a genuine psychoanalytic method and not merely as a parameter”.

A psychotherapeutic approach consisting of two phases is suggested by Dr. Anthony and is welcomed by the writer as a unifying conceptual framework for the divergent trends in child psychiatry. The first phase, practised in child guidance clinics, is based on a symbiotic type of relationship and uses corrective experiences and catharsis. The second phase is psychoanalysis proper with the accompanying transference neurosis, and requires to develop a special therapeutic setting or ‘predisposing environment’. It is recommended mainly for “children with circumscribed neurosis in whom the conflicts are largely internalized and the environment not markedly abnormal.”

The writer explores the historical development of child psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. In 1909, Sigmund Freud published the case history of Little Hans, the first analysis of an infantile neurosis. During the same year, William Healy founded in Chicago the Juvenile Court Clinic and utilized in the first ‘orthopsychiatric team’ pædiatricians, psychologists and psychiatrists, co-operating with social agency workers and probation officers.

Psychoanalytic concepts were assimilated by education and social work quite early in North America. Applying ‘dynamic’ principles and sharing a common experience in their team approach, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists were able to present their heterogeneous techniques as psychoanalytic therapies specifically adjusted to the child. A double standard has finally evolved in the practice of psychoanalysis or psychotherapy: a very exacting and orthodox attitude when adult patients are concerned, and a most flexible and benevolent acceptance of any ‘activity’ or ‘play’ as valid forms of psychotherapy and even psychoanalysis for children.

In the writer's opinion, a transference neurosis cannot develop in a therapeutic setting which is not governed by the rule of abstinence. The therapist must eschew the acknowledged role of educator that the child ascribes to adults in his environment.

Psychoanalytic treatment is possible if it is not actively hindered by conditions incompatible with the analytic technique. The use of play or drawing in individual or group sessions, does not alter the nature of the therapeutic process, which derives its originality from the analytic situation, transference and interpretation.
Caprice: The ‘COOL’ Rebellion
Authors: Eggertsen Paul F.
Published: April 2017

Our present age has contributed a ‘new’ factor to the historical dialogue between the forces of rebellion and the status quo. From many sources movements have arisen which have in common non-predictability. In mathematics this is known as the non-linear relationship, in literature the non-novel, in drama the theatre-of-the-absurd, and in physics and philosophy the ‘uncertainty principle’. In psychotherapy, particularly of adolescents, there is often seen a remarkable capricious wilfulness which, rich in irony, often sabotages the entire psychotherapeutic effort. The same cool mockery of social form pervades much of adolescent life, being seen in the. ‘twist’, the college beach migrations, the loosely integrated gangs (mods and rockers, stilyagi, hoods). The ‘kick’, the capricious hallmark of the ‘cool’ experience, can reduce the whole idea of deterministic form to something which may be ‘allowed’ to exist or may be brushed rudely aside by an act of wilfulness. This paper makes no moral pronouncement on this development as ‘bad’ or ‘good’, but merely attempts to describe a phenomenon.
Sex-Role Reversal following Castration of a Homosexual Transvestite with Klinefelter's Syndrome: Report of an Unusual Case
Authors: Miller A. , Caplan J.
Published: April 2017

This is a case of Klinefelter's Syndrome, complicated by homosexuality, transvestism, and drug addiction, with strong feminine drives. Castration and penile amputation was performed and this enabled the patient to dress, live and act as a woman legally. After three years there is no evidence that the patient's psychopathology has changed, or that the individual is functioning any better in the community. In retrospect it appears the guarded prognosis made prior to the operation was fully justified.
The Significance of Electroencephalographs Abnormality in Behaviour-Problem Children
Authors: Bayrakal Sadi
Published: April 2017

The study of 200 problem children, 100 with abnormal EEG. tracings and 100 with normal records showed:

1. There was a high correlation between abnormal EEG.s and developmental delay, poor control of impulses, poor motor co-ordination and inadequate social adaptation.

2. Relations between EEG. tracings and thumb sucking, nail biting, hearing deficit, hostility, lying, stealing, percepto-motor disturbance and hyperactivity were significant.

3. The locations of abnormal EEG. records in the temporal lobe and subcortical regions and the diffuse type stand out as the overwhelming majority compared to other locations and types of EEG. The significance of these areas in the C.N.S. integrative function and particularly in behaviour, is well established.

4. Some of the signs and symptoms may be interpreted as direct consequences of developmental immaturity in the C.N.S. (e.g. thumb sucking, poor motor co-ordination, percepto-motor co-ordination disturbance, hyperactivity etc.), while others such as inadequate social adaptation, hostility, stealing, lying are the result of poor integrative ability of a C.N.S. handicapped by dysfunction, which is minimal as revealed by EEG. record.

Four nosological groups and nine signs and symptoms were statistically significant out of ten nosological groups and sixty signs and symptoms respectively. In view of this result it could be assumed that the majority of cases are not the result of predisposed C.N.S. but possibly due to various environmental influences.
Group Therapy in Canada: a National Survey
Authors: Poser Ernest G.
Published: April 2017

A nation-wide questionnaire survey concerned with the practice of group therapy in Canadian psychiatric in-patient settings showed that:—

1) At any one time less than 10% of the psychiatric in-patient population receives group therapy.

2) The typical group consists of about ten patients meeting for one hour a day over a period of four weeks or more.

3) Patients belonging to a wide variety of diagnostic classifications are considered suitable for group therapy.

4) Most group therapists are eclectically oriented psychiatrists, using predominantly verbal techniques. Occupational therapists and, to a lesser extent, psychologists and social workers, also act as group therapists, but only in about 40% of the hospitals conducting this form of treatment.

5) Most respondents would like to see more group therapy being done in their hospitals. They cite shortage of trained staff as the main obstacle in bringing this about.

The findings of this survey are related to recent studies demonstrating the usefulness of non-professional personnel in the role of group therapists.
The Mooney Problem Check List (C) with University Student Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Mccallum J.W.
Published: April 2017

University student psychiatric patients (N = 50) were compared on the Mooney Problem Check List (C) with a randomly selected peer control group (N = 69). Significant differences (p< .01) in the direction of higher scores for patients were found for both areas and statements. The following six areas were rated more often by the patient group: Personal-Psychological Relations; Home and Family; Social-Psychological Relations; The Future: Vocational and Educational; Morals and Religion; Courtship, Sex and Marriage. Twenty-eight problem statements were rated more frequently (p<.01) by the patients than by the controls. Eight of these statements are within the area of Personal-Psychological Relations. On the other hand, the control group rated the area of Curriculum and Teaching Procedures and one statement within it significantly more often than the patient group (p<.01). This study demonstrates then, the usefulness of the Check List (C) in differentiating between the patient and control group and basically establishes validity for its use with university student psychiatric patients.

It is suggested that norms be established by other University Departments of Psychiatry for comparison. Comparison with University Counselling Services also might prove enlightening.