bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engaging Sensibilities and the Common Good
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses two interrelated concerns. It begins by explaining why sentencing should engage more directly and effectively with the emotions and sensibilities of its relevant audiences before considering the broader question of how it might better serve the ‘public interest’ by contributing more effectively to the ‘common good’. The discussion then explains why an ideological commitment to shared social values is considered pivotal in encouraging adherence to penal norms and influencing conduct. It suggests that embedding and sharing values within and between communities is more likely where the state takes a positive role in encouraging the development of reciprocal notions of awareness, mutual respect, and responsibility, both individual and collective. Such policies should have moral credibility and practical relevance. Important parallels between religious and secular notions of the common good are drawn, providing insights that bear directly on sentencing policy’s role in promoting social justice.
Establishing New Foundations and Structures for Governance
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the case for recasting the moral values that inform sentencing and the policy implications of such a fundamental change of approach. It suggests that prospects for promoting social justice through sentencing continue to be constrained by existing penal values, with procedural justice, communication systems, and decision-making evaluated against this governance framework. The chapter argues for new foundational principles and explores how such a moral transition might be effected through structural reforms to domestic sentencing. Emphasis is placed on the difficulties of recasting values and structures to reflect sentencing’s changed role as a tool for engaging with social justice issues. The chapter examines specific areas of policy change within England and Wales and the problem of moving from theory to practice through the analysis of recent government reforms, highlighting how sentencing policy and practice might respond more effectively to changes in social values and moral diversity.
Making Use
Authors: Stevens Gunnar , Pipek Volkmar
Published: April 2018

In the context of socio-informatics, the term “appropriation”—derived from the verb “to appropriate,” using the definition “to set apart for or assign to a particular purpose or use”—refers to the establishing of new social practices in the light of new technologies. So, roughly speaking, appropriation is closely related with change, although in everyday life such transformations may be slow, unnoticed, quiet, and evolutionary. The concept of appropriation has a long and varied history and can be traced through its roots in German idealism to Marxism and more recent conceptions such as activity theory. This chapter examines the relevance of this concept to problems around the design space, notably those to do with who does design and at what point. The main focus of the chapter is to understand how various commitments to participation, end-user development, tailorability, and infrastructuring are dependent on the concept of appropriation.
A Fitting Solution
Authors: Kashimura Kaori , Kawasaki Jr. Takafumi , Ikeya Nozomi , Randall Dave
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides an ethnography of a complex scenario involving the construction of a power plant and, in so doing, tries to show the importance of a practice-based approach to the problem of technical and organizational change. The chapter reports on fieldwork conducted in a highly complex and tightly coupled environment: power plant construction. The ethnography describes work practices on three different sites and describes and analyses their interlocking dependencies, showing the difficulties encountered at each location and the way in which the delays that result cascade through the different sites. It goes on to describe some technological solutions that are associated with augmented reality and that are being designed in response to the insights gained from the fieldwork. The chapter also reflects more generally on the relationship between fieldwork and design in real-world contexts.
Research into Design-Research Practices
Authors: Randall David , Dyrks Tobias , Nett Bernhard , Pipek Volkmar , Ramirez Leonardo , Stevens Gunnar , Wagner Ina , Wulf Volker
Published: April 2018

The aim of this chapter is to outline a research agenda. Here, this agenda has been termed “meta-research into practice-based computing”; the chapter uses the authors’ own work to exemplify elements of it. Such an agenda requires coherent framing and needs to be conducted in sufficient breadth and depth and so is still evolving. The chapter first presents some of the driving forces behind “post-normal” interdisciplinary science carried out in research consortia, as well as a methodological approach to performing ethnographies on research projects. It then describes two examples of meta-research performed by the Siegen group. Finally, the concluding part highlights the main insights from these projects, outlining a more detailed research agenda.
Epilogue
Authors: Pipek Volkmar , Randall Dave , Wulf Volker
Published: April 2018

The various investigations in this book can be characterized as putting forward an argument for a nondeterministic relationship between investigation and design for social practices in which IT artifacts have an acknowledged relevance or a potential. The term “practice,” it is clear, provides a focus for careful analysis of the ways in which people orient to the use of technology over time, the way in which technology mediates behaviors, and the various constraints, technological and otherwise, under which people operate. Nevertheless, it has been argued throughout this book that very little purchase on “practice” is provided by naive recourse to sociological theorizing. To varying degrees, all the authors in this book recognize the need for concept development that specifically orients to the problem of design and development. This has never been more relevant, given the rapid technological changes evident almost everywhere we look....
Ecosystems processes
Authors: Esler Karen J. , Jacobsen Anna L. , Pratt R. Brandon
Published: April 2018

Ecosystems are assemblages of organisms interacting with one another and their environment (Chapter 1). Key to the functioning of ecosystems is the flow of energy, carbon, mineral nutrients, and water in these systems. The numerous processes involved are chiefly driven by climate, soil, and fire (Chapter 2). In cases where the key drivers are the same in different areas, then ecosystems should converge in their structure and function, which has been a motivation for comparing across mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions. Convergence of MTC regions has been evaluated, but such comparisons at the ecosystem level are challenging because ecosystems are complex and dynamic entities. Here we review carbon, nutrient, and water dynamics of mediterranean-type ecosystems in the context of ecosystem function. As nutrients in soils are low in some MTC regions, we review how this has led to unique adaptations to meet this challenge.
Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
Authors: Vaez-Zadeh Sadegh
Published: April 2018

This is the first comprehensive, coherent, and up-to-date book devoted solely to the control of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) motors, as the fastest growing AC motor. It covers a deep and detailed presentation of major PMS motor modeling and control methods. The readers can find rich materials on the fundamentals of PMS motor control in addition to new motor control methods, which have mainly been developed in the last two decades, including recent advancements in the field in a systematic manner. These include extensive modeling of PMS motors and a full range of vector control and direct torque control schemes, in addition to predictive control, deadbeat control, and combined control methods. All major sensorless control and parameter estimation methods are also studied. The book covers about 10 machine models in various reference frames and 70 control and estimation schemes with sufficient analytical and implementation details including about 200 original figures. A great emphasis is placed on energy-saving control schemes. PMS motor performances under different control systems are presented by providing simulation and experimental results. The past, present, and future of the PMS motor market are also discussed. Each chapter concludes with end-chapter problems and focussed bibliographies. It is an essential source for anyone working on PMS motors in academic and industry sectors. The book can be used as a textbook with the first four chapters for a primary graduate course and the final three chapters for an advanced course. It is also a crucial reading for researchers, design engineers, and experts in the field.
Down with the Hierarchies
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

An evidence hierarchy is a rank ordering of kinds of research methods according to the potential for those methods to suffer from systematic bias. Evidence hierarchies are widely used to assess evidence in systematic reviews of medical studies. Chapter 5 gives several arguments against the use of evidence hierarchies. The problems with evidence hierarchies are numerous, and include methodological shortcomings, philosophical problems, and formal constraints. Medical science should not employ evidence hierarchies, including even the latest and most sophisticated of such hierarchies. There is an advantage to evidence hierarchies, namely, their apparent rigidity, which could constrain researcher degree of freedom when performing a review of available evidence. But this constraint comes at the cost of an overly simple conception of evidence, and does not in fact constrain researcher degree of freedom in a substantive way.
Malleability of Meta-Analysis
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

An astonishing volume and diversity of evidence is available for many hypotheses in medicine. Some of this evidence—usually from randomized trials—is amalgamated by meta-analysis. Despite the ongoing debate regarding whether or not randomized trials are the gold standard of evidence, the most reliable source of evidence in medical science is usually thought to come from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This chapter argues that meta-analyses are malleable. Different meta-analyses of the same evidence can reach contradictory conclusions. Meta-analysis fails to provide objective grounds for assessing the effectiveness and harms of medical interventions because numerous decisions must be made when performing a meta-analysis, which allow wide latitude for subjective idiosyncrasies to influence its outcome.
Measuring Effectiveness
Authors: Stegenga Jacob
Published: April 2018

There are three methodological challenges to measuring the effectiveness of medical interventions: the choice of good measuring instruments, the use of appropriate analytic measures, and the use of a reliable method of extrapolating measures from an experimental context to a more general context. In practice each of these challenges contributes to overestimating the effectiveness of medical interventions. These challenges suggest corrective principles. The instruments employed in clinical research should measure patient-relevant and disease-specific parameters. Effectiveness always should be measured and reported using absolute outcome measures (such as ‘risk difference’), and we should employ caution when interpreting relative outcome measures (such as ‘relative risk reduction’). Extrapolating from research settings to clinical settings should more rigorously take into account possible ways in which interventions can fail to be effective in a target population. Current regulatory standards for drug approval are insufficient to manage these problems of measurement.
Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 1992–1996
Authors: Adebajo Adekeye
Published: April 2018

Egyptian scholar-diplomat Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s relationship with the UN Security Council was a difficult one, resulting eventually in him earning the unenviable record of being the only Secretary-General to have been denied a second term in office. Boutros-Ghali bluntly condemned the double standards of the powerful Western members of the Council—the Permanent Three (P3) of the US, Britain, and France—in selectively authorizing UN interventions in “rich men’s wars” in Europe while ignoring Africa’s “orphan conflicts.” The Council’s powerful members ignored many of his ambitious ideas, preferring instead to retain tight control of decision-making on UN peacekeeping missions. Boutros-Ghali worked with the Security Council to establish peacekeeping missions in Bosnia, Cambodia, Haiti, Rwanda, and Somalia.
Conclusion
Authors: Fröhlich Manuel , Williams Abiodun
Published: April 2018

The Conclusion returns to the guiding questions introduced in the Introduction, looking at the way in which the book’s chapters answered them. As such, it identifies recurring themes, experiences, structures, motives, and trends over time. By summarizing the result of the chapters’ research into the interaction between the Secretaries-General and the Security Council, some lessons are identified on the changing calculus of appointments, the conditions and relevance of the international context, the impact of different personalities in that interaction, the changes in agenda and composition of the Council as well as different formats of interaction and different challenges to be met in the realm of peace and security, administration, and reform, as well as concepts and norms. Taken together, they also illustrate the potential and limitations of UN executive action.
Psychology contra Morality
Authors: Anderson Amanda
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes key elements of the challenge psychology has posed to morality beginning with Freud and extending to three consequential claims of the current literature on social psychology and cognitive science: the undermining of deliberative moral agency by intuitive or automatic processes; the post-hoc or rationalizing nature of moral reasoning; and the emphasis on psychological mechanisms of self-justification. A clear resonance between the challenge to rational agency in the history of literary studies and the claims of more recent forms of psychology is established, leading to discussion of those elements of moral experience that elude both of these frameworks. Focusing on the importance of moral experience in time (especially with respect to slow processes such as grief or repair), this chapter establishes the persistent importance of moral understanding and moral transformation, both in ordinary life and in literary genres and modes.
The Tragic and the Ordinary
Authors: Anderson Amanda
Published: April 2018

Through a discussion of the moral realism of George Eliot in relation to British psychoanalysis of the twentieth century, and the work of D. W. Winnicott in particular, this chapter demonstrates that there develops within the history of psychoanalysis a framework by which healthy moral development within ordinary conditions is described and avowed. The general forms of psychoanalysis within literary studies to date have been oriented toward the structural, drive-based models of Freud and Klein, which promote an understanding of power and aggression as primary and ineluctable. Through a comparison of the development of the conceptions of the ordinary and traumatic in Winnicott, and the opposition between the tragic and the ordinary in Eliot, this chapter develops a conception of psychological health and moral aspiration amidst precarious conditions, including contingent environmental forces of aggression, rupture, and trauma.
Juvenal in the Specular City
Authors: Larmour David H. J.
Published: April 2018

Juvenalian satire writes specularity, firstly, by mirroring its own constitutive elements and discursive procedures, and, secondly, through its preoccupation with gazing at others and the self. The roving satirist-narrator, who resembles Kristeva’s ‘deject’ and Poe’s ‘Man of the Crowd’, inhabits the paradoxical space of Maingueneau’s paratopia within the specular city of Rome. As a specular text, Juvenal’s collection strives for coherence through various devices of doubling, repetition, and mirroring (linguistic, rhetorical, and thematic); yet in this cityscape the search for a unified sense of self, and an accompanying topographical wholeness, is continually frustrated, as the satirist—along with us, the spectators accompanying him—is confronted by human and architectural embodiments of ambiguity, transgression, and the pernicious mixing of categories, including Umbricius at the Porta Capena (3.12–20 and 318–22), Otho with his mirror (2.99–109), and Gracchus’ appearance as a retiarius in the arena (2.143–8 and 8.200–10).
Gender, Geography, and Genre
Authors: Lewis Maxine
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers a new reading of Catullus’ Lesbia by examining the poet’s spatial poetics. These poetics play a crucial role in shaping the worlds created in the poems. Catullus’ collection features three distinct poetics of place: topical, neoteric, and abstracted, clustered in specific groups of poems: the polymetrics, the carmina maiora, and the elegiac epigrams, respectively. As Lesbia is the only character (apart from the ‘Catullus’ persona) who appears in each group, she presents the ideal subject for examining how Catullus’ distinct poetics of place shape characterization in different genres of poetry. Furthermore, as a woman whose gender is frequently thematized, Lesbia presents a fulcrum for investigating how gendered ideologies of certain spaces might have shaped Catullus’ spatial poetics. This chapter offers close readings of three ‘Lesbia’ poems: 37, 68b, and 70, to highlight the importance of place and space to Lesbia’s role in each poem.
The Space of the Poem
Authors: Fitzgerald William
Published: April 2018

Horace’s odes often make connections between different kinds of space, intimate and imperial, for instance, and it is noticeable that Horace tends to spatialize the poems themselves by putting geographical references at the beginning or end of the poem, and even by locating the lyric here and now in the middle. Ellen Oliensis has spoken of the relation between Horace’s lyric fines and ‘the larger cultural preoccupation with the masterful articulation of space’, noting that Rome’s enemies often roam the boundaries of Horace’s odes, which establish an internal order against an irregular enemy at the margins of empire. This chapter will focus on the uses to which Horace puts the space of the poem, not only in terms of the poem’s places (beginning, middle, and end) but in the characteristic spacing of Horace’s syntax. The main focus will be Odes 2.11.
An Introduction to Roman Retailing
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the topic of retailing in the Roman world and outlines some of the important developments in its study. It establishes why the focus of the book zooms in from retailing in general to the retailing of food and drink in particular; thus from shops to bars. Another aim is to demonstrate the scope of the study, which is an in-depth analysis of specific shops and bars at Pompeii on the one hand, and on the other a broader survey of the retail landscapes of cities throughout the Roman world. Essentially this chapter provides the theoretical and methodological framework for the book, while also arguing for the value of it in the first place.
The First Retail Revolution
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the first of the three “retail revolutions” that significantly impacted the number and types of retail outlets in most Roman cities. To be sure, while the first retail revolution can be tied to the second century BCE, still shops had long been present in Roman cities. After briefly charting the early history of the Roman shop, the focus of this chapter turns to connecting the sharp rise in their number to broader social, economic, and urban factors. The chapter illustrates how the en masse arrival of shops in the second century BCE both contributed and responded to contemporary developments in the Roman city. A particular characteristic of the retail outlets of this period is their productive capacity; they operate as workshops.
The Second Retail Revolution
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter details the causes behind the second retail revolution of the early Imperial period. It was at this time that we see a rise (once again) in the number of Roman tabernae, as well as a significant increase in their specialization. Essentially, the evidence from Pompeii and elsewhere shows us that a good deal of production associated with tabernae now gave way to retailing activities more exclusively; while street-front production still played an important role in the city, still many workshops now became shops. One noteworthy outcome of this move toward the specialization of retail space was the advent of the food and drink outlet—the bar—as identified by the arrival of the masonry sales counter. As with the first retail revolution, this one too can be connected to a series of urban developments at this time.
Experience, Process, Continuity, and Boundary
Authors: Soteriou Matthew
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses what account should be given of the ontology of perceptual accomplishments that take time (such as listening to a musical performance). The following questions are addressed. Do these perceptual accomplishments involve a succession of distinct, discrete experiences? If not, then what account should be given of the respect in which different temporal parts of the events one perceives are experienced as successively present? Are the boundaries of the experienced present the temporal boundaries of a perceptual experience, or should they be conceived of in some other way? The chapter outlines a conception of process that can help address these questions by illuminating the place and role of notions of continuity, succession, and boundary in an account of our experience over extended intervals of time. It is suggested that this account is relevant to explaining the sense one might have that the present is both fleeting and incessant.
The Progress of the Deed
Authors: Ford Anton
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses Michael Thompson’s essay, “Naive Action Theory.” It argues that Thompson conflates two distinct structures that belong to intentional action. Intentional action has, on the one hand, a chronological structure, in virtue of which it unfolds in time, and, on the other hand, a teleological structure, in virtue of which it unites the means to which it is an end. In Thompson’s account these two structures come to seem as one; parts and phases are conflated. As a result of this conflation Thompson is forced to make the implausible assertion that the parts of an action are infinitely divisible.
Three Diverse Examples of Multistakeholder Partnerships
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents three very different partnership cases. The first focuses on partnerships among Rabobank, the second largest Dutch bank known for investments in food and agriculture worldwide, and two NGOs who worked with it to develop a climate-neutral credit card and to improve its investment portfolio’s carbon footprint. The second case addresses the collaborative design of a relicensing process for hydroelectric plants regulated by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). To improve the efficiency and equity of the relicensing process, FERC engaged in a collaborative governance process with stakeholders that produced new, widely legitimate relicensing procedures. The third reviews the IMF’s extended effort to build a partnership to address conflict over water contamination by a Peruvian gold mine. With many diverse local stakeholders and a resistant mining firm, this partnership struggled to achieve its goals. The case emphasizes the role of conveners, raising questions about partnering across power differences.
Conflict in Multistakeholder Partnerships
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

Despite a strong commitment to collaborate, partners may encounter conflict as they work together. Even when partners agree on goals and a common agenda, conflicts still may arise over the process they will use to search for agreements, over their relationships and threats to identity, over values or because of power differences or over how agreements will be implemented. In this chapter, partnership level factors that generate conflict are explored, including why some conflicts have long histories and are deeply rooted within fields. Several actions that partners can take to address conflicts are suggested such as acknowledging critical identities, reframing, de-escalation techniques, mediation, and shuttle diplomacy. The role of conflict and how it was handled in each of our three main cases is explored.
Power and Collaboration
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

This chapter highlights how power affects and is affected by the structure, processes, and relationships in partnerships. We consider the episodic aspects of power that enable actors to influence dependencies through their authority, resources, and discursive legitimacy, as well as the systemic aspects of power that are linked to institutionalized expectations and legitimacy. An analysis of episodic power yields insights into possible power responses that partners may engage in based on their perceived characteristics, acknowledging that partners may use power to advantage themselves, to influence the process, or for collective benefit. Systemic power reflects the alignment of partners and the partnership as a whole with the institutional expectations of one or more fields, and how the meanings framed by partners serve to maintain or change field norms. Successful partnerships require that partners will have sufficient power to remain legitimate and that the collaborative effort is seen as acceptable.
Collaborative Governance
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

Governance involves the processes of managing the delivery of public goods. As problems increase in complexity, governments need capabilities that lie beyond the scope of their agencies. Collaborative governance processes involve nongovernmental stakeholders in the work of government using deliberative processes designed to find consensus on complex public issues. This creates a more comprehensive approach to planning, policy, and implementation than government could achieve on its own. The chapter examines various forms of collaborative governance such as transnational policy regimes (like the Kyoto Protocol), certification schemes (such as the Soya Roundtable), public–private partnerships, co-management of natural resources and mandated collaboration. Numerous examples reveal barriers, tensions, structural features, leadership roles, and frameworks for evaluating the success of collaborative governance arrangements.
How Partnerships Can Transform Institutional Fields
Authors: Gray Barbara , Purdy Jill
Published: April 2018

In this final chapter, our focus is on assessing the impact of MSIs on institutional fields. A table of impacts is introduced based on the level of shared responsibility that partners assume and the scope of the problem addressed. Impacts can also be assessed by examining changes in the level or type of institutionalization within the field. Three dimensions are proposed to make this assessment: changes in levels of signification (meaning), legitimation (routines, practices, and rules) and domination (power) within the field. Building on this, four distinct configurations of field level conditions (uncontested, volatile, fragmented, and quiescent) and four pathways for moving among these field configurations are identified of which collaboration is one. Several cases are used to illustrate these institutional configurations and pathways of institutional change.
A Normative Framework for Promoting Compliance
Authors: Mevorach Irit
Published: April 2018

This chapter completes the proposed normative framework for cross-border insolvency. It considers the problem of compliance with a cross-border insolvency system by countries and implementing institutions. The previous chapters have shown how the choice and use of certain international legal sources, such as customary international law (CIL), can strengthen the system, close gaps, and address biases that may otherwise impede the choices of optimal solutions. Yet, notwithstanding the pervasiveness and behavioural force of CIL, the observance of the norms is not guaranteed. Written instruments, even if precise and comprehensive, and designed effectively, do not assure compliance either. Even where so-called soft law is in fact hard in important ways, countries might still underperform. This chapter suggests how compliance can be induced, and discusses which measures can be more, or less effective in that regard, including in view of decision-making constraints.
The Monetary Transmission Mechanism
Authors: Berg Andrew , Vlcek Jan , Charry Luisa , Portillo Rafael A.
Published: April 2018

Many central banks in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa are modernizing their monetary policy frameworks. Standard statistical procedures have had limited success in identifying the channels of monetary policy transmission in such countries. This chapter takes a case study approach and examines a significant tightening of monetary policy that took place in 2011 in four members of the East African Community: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. The authors find evidence of the transmission mechanism in most of the countries. After a large policy-induced rise in the short-term interest rate in Kenya and Uganda, lending rates rose, the exchange rate appreciated, output growth tended to fall, and inflation declined. The other two countries present somewhat different pictures. Variations across countries can be explained mainly by differences in the policy regime.
Identifying the Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Li Bin Grace , Adam Christopher , Berg Andrew , Montiel Peter , O’Connell Stephen
Published: April 2018

VAR methods suggest that the monetary transmission mechanism may be weak and unreliable in low-income countries. But are structural VARs identified via short-run restrictions capable of detecting a transmission mechanism where one exists, under research conditions typical of these countries? Using small DSGEs as data-generating processes, the chapter assesses the impact on VAR-based inference of short data samples, measurement error, high-frequency supply shocks, and other features of the LIC environment. The impact of these features on finite-sample bias appears to be relatively modest when identification is valid—a strong caveat, especially in low-income countries. However, many of these features undermine the precision of estimated impulse responses to monetary policy shocks, and cumulatively they suggest that ‘insignificant’ results can be expected even when the underlying transmission mechanism is strong.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Berg Andrew , Portillo Rafael
Published: April 2018

Part II of the book reflects on the authors’ efforts to use simple dynamic general equilibrium models to analyse monetary policy issues facing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This overview explains the genesis of this research agenda, both in terms of the approach and the choice of topics. Experience in the operational aspects of the IMF’s work suggested that better policy analysis—including with respect to the response to supply shocks, exchange rate management, and the modernization of policy regimes—would benefit from greater use of these models, suitably adjusted to incorporate structural features of low-income countries. Compared to Part III, the analysis in Part II is on qualitative insights from more structural micro-founded models, which are meant to provide general guidance and ultimately undergird the more country-specific and operational applications.
Implementation Errors and Incomplete Information
Authors: Portillo Rafael , Unsal Filiz , O’Connell Stephen , Pattillo Catherine
Published: April 2018

This chapter shows that limited effects of monetary policy can reflect shortcomings of existing policy frameworks in low-income countries rather than (or in addition to) the structural features often put forward in policy and academic debates. The chapter focuses on two pervasive issues: lack of effective frameworks for implementing policy, so that short-term interest rates display considerable unintended volatility, and poor communication about policy intent. The authors introduce these features into an otherwise standard New Keynesian model with incomplete information. Implementation errors result from insufficient accommodation to money demand shocks, creating a noisy wedge between actual and intended interest rates. The representative private agent must then infer policy intentions from movements in interest rates and money. Under these conditions, even exogenous and persistent changes in the stance of monetary policy can have weak effects, even when the underlying transmission (as might be observed under complete information) is strong.
On the First-Round Effects of International Food Price Shocks
Authors: Portillo Rafael , Zanna Luis-Felipe
Published: April 2018

The chapter presents a small open-economy model to study the first-round effects of international food-price shocks in developing countries. First-round shocks are defined as changes in headline inflation that, holding core inflation constant, help implement relative price adjustments. The model features three goods (food, a generic traded good, and a non-traded good), varying degrees of tradability of the food basket, and alternative international asset market structures. First-round effects depend crucially on the asset market structure. Under complete markets, inter-temporal substitution prevails, making the inflationary impact of international food price shocks proportional to the food share in consumption, which in developing countries is typically large. Under financial autarky, the income channel is dominant, and first-round effects are instead proportional to the country’s food trade balance, which is typically small. The results cast some doubt on the view that international food price shocks inherently have large inflationary effects in developing countries.
Modelling Sterilized Interventions and Balance Sheet Effects of Monetary Policy in a New Keynesian Framework
Authors: Benes Jaromir , Berg Andrew , Portillo Rafael , Vavra David
Published: April 2018

The authors study a wide range of hybrid inflation-targeting (IT) and managed exchange rate regimes, analysing their implications for inflation, output and the exchange rate in the presence of various domestic and external shocks. To this end, the chapter presents an open economy New Keynesian model featuring sterilized interventions in the foreign exchange (FX) market as an additional central bank instrument operating alongside the Taylor rule, and affecting the economy through portfolio balance sheet effects in the financial sector. The chapter shows that there can be advantages to combining IT with some degree of exchange rate management via FX interventions. Unlike ‘pure’ IT or exchange rate management via interest rates, FX interventions can help insulate the economy against certain shocks, especially shocks to international financial conditions. However, managing the exchange rate through FX interventions may also hinder necessary exchange rate adjustments, e.g., in the presence of terms of trade shocks.
Monetary Policy in Low-Income Countries in the Face of the Global Crisis
Authors: Baldini Alfredo , Benes Jaromir , Berg Andrew , Dao Mai C. , Portillo Rafael
Published: April 2018

The authors develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with a banking sector to analyse the impact of the financial crisis in developing countries and the role of the monetary policy response, with an application to Zambia. The crisis is interpreted as a combination of three related shocks: a worsening in the terms of the trade, an increase in the country’s risk premium, and a decrease in the risk appetite of local banks. Model simulations broadly match the path of the economy during this period. The model-based analysis reveals that the initial policy response contributed to the domestic impact of the crisis by further tightening financial conditions. The authors derive policy implications for central banks, and for dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modelling of monetary policy, in low-income countries.
Introducing a Semi-Structural Macroeconomic Model for Rwanda
Authors: Charry Luisa , Gupta Pranav , Thakoor Vimal
Published: April 2018

We develop a simple semi-structural model for the Rwandan economy to better understand the monetary policy transmission mechanism. A key feature of the model is the introduction of a modified uncovered interest parity condition to capture key structural features of Rwanda’s economy and policy framework, such as the limited degree of capital mobility and managed floating regime. A filtration of the observed data through the model allows us to illustrate the contribution of various factors to inflation dynamics and its deviations from the inflation target. Our results, consistent with evidence for other countries in the region, suggest that food and oil prices as well as the exchange rate have accounted for the bulk of inflation dynamics in Rwanda.
Two-Level Contractarian Moral Theory
Authors: Moehler Michael
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the domain of traditional morality that represents the first level of the two-level contractarian theory. To this end, the chapter presents, in the form of Hume’s moral conventionalism and Gaus’ moral theory, two accounts of morality that, from the perspective of the two-level contractarian theory, help clarify the origin and general features of traditional first-level morality as understood in this book. Further, the chapter clarifies the reasons that the two-level contractarian theory is a two-level theory and not a two-stage theory, and that traditional first-level morality takes priority in regulating morally relevant types of social interaction. Finally, the chapter addresses some practical concerns that may arise in the application of the two-level contractarian theory, especially the application of the weak principle of universalization.
Introduction
Authors: Ferguson Lucinda , Brake Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

What defines family law? Is it an area of law with clean boundaries and unified distinguishing characteristics, or an untidy grouping of disparate rules and doctrines? What values or principles should guide it—and how could it be improved? Indeed, even the scope of family law is contested. Whilst some law schools and textbooks separate family law from children’s law, this is invariably effected without asking what might be gained or lost from treating them together or separately. Should family law and children’s law be distinguished or treated together?...
Cohabitants, Choice, and the Public Interest
Authors: Leckey Robert
Published: April 2018

Through the narrow entry of property disputes between former cohabitants, this chapter aims to clarify thinking on issues crucial to philosophical examination of family law. It refracts big questions—such as what cohabitants should owe one another and the balance between choice and protection—through a legal lens of attention to institutional matters such as the roles of judges and legislatures. Canadian cases on unjust enrichment and English cases quantifying beneficial interests in a jointly owned home are examples. The chapter highlights limits on judicial law reform in the face of social change, both in substance and in the capacity to acknowledge the state's interest in intimate relationships. The chapter relativizes the focus on choice prominent in academic and policy discussions of cohabitation and highlights the character of family law, entwined with the general private law of property and obligations, as a regulatory system.
Surrogacy
Authors: Shanley Mary Lyndon
Published: April 2018

The development of assisted-reproductive technologies sharpened perceptions of the differences among three major criteria for parental status—biological (genetics and gestation), volition/intention, and caregiving/functional. This chapter surveys the development of these justifications. It argues that of these, caregiving—and the underlying philosophic framework of the ethics of care—is the most satisfactory grounding of parental status for three reasons: first, it places relationship at the centre of its theoretical and practical concerns; second, caregiving focuses attention on the child; and third, thinking about relationships of care ensures that we consider the impact of social factors, such as race and class, on reproduction and family formation. But despite its strengths, this chapter concludes that caregiving is not fully satisfactory for grounding recognition of a parent–child relationship. It advocates a pluralistic account that regards the relationships established by all three criteria, as significant to both social and legal groundings of parental status.
Fortuna in Translation, Fortuna as Translation
Authors: Miano Daniele
Published: April 2018

This chapter considers the relationship between Fortuna and Tyche as one of translatability. The first half of the chapter focuses on Tyche, with the aim of determining semantic and structural elements common with Fortuna. The second part of the chapter looks at instances in which Fortuna is translated in Greek. The appearance of bronze strigils bearing the epithet soteira from Praeneste in the fourth century BC seems to presuppose this translation, and also points to the salvific meanings of Fortuna as a base for the process of translation. This process of translation had probably occurred through early contacts between Latium, Sicily, and Magna Graecia, where Tyche seems to be associated with salvation already from the fifth century BC. Other instances of translations of Fortuna and Tyche are studied across the Aegean.
People, the Sea, and International Law
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini
Published: April 2018

The chapter presents the factual and legal background to the discussion of people at sea. Firstly, it provides some background discussion concerning the presence of people at sea and the risks these people face. Secondly, it briefly presents the legal rules that have been adopted specifically to protect some of the categories of people who are at sea and concludes that they provide only a partial and uneven protection. Current efforts to address the specific challenges faced by people at sea are not effective, since legal analysis is based upon the identification of a discrete field, often in conjunction with a specific forum, within which the particular problem is addressed. This approach results in piece-meal solutions that do not devote sufficient attention to the human nature of all people who are at sea, resulting in different levels of protection and, sometimes, an unjustified difference in treatment.
The Scope of State Duties
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini
Published: April 2018

The chapter develops a conceptual framework within which to locate the principles determining the scope of State duties towards people at sea. Since scope is linked with the notion of jurisdiction, the chapter begins by providing a brief overview of what jurisdiction is often taken to mean in public international law and in human rights law, so as to dispense with some misconceptions and to provide a working understanding of the concept. It is then argued that jurisdiction under international law (de jure jurisdiction) in fact constitutes one facet of jurisdiction under human rights law, which also includes the de facto exercise of power by a State upon an individual (de facto jurisdiction). Applying these principles, the different hypotheses of State jurisdiction over a person at sea are discussed, taking into account the specificities of the marine environment. Cases of exclusive and priority jurisdiction are also presented.
Relativity Without Relativity
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the program, dubbed ‘Relativity without Relativity’, of deriving all the fundamental accepted facts at the basis of modern field theory from relational principles. A best-matching action based on Jacobi’s principle is in fact sufficient to derive the universality of the light cone (Special Relativity), the correct form of Maxwell’s action and its gauge invariance, as well as the Yang–Mills theory. Faraday is credited with the introduction of the concept of field in physics. He found it extremely useful, in particular for the description of magnetic phenomena, to use the concept of lines of force (1830s).
Cotton-Squared Theory
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyzes a non-viable theory of gravity based on a Jacobi-type action with a conformally invariant potential term based on the square of the Cotton tensor. This theory has striking similarities with Maxwell’s electromagnetism, of which it represents the generalization to spin 2, but unfortunately it is not dynamically consistent, leaving SD as the only viable spatially conformally invariant relational theory of gravity.
Shape Dynamics and the Linking Theory
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

This chapter explains in detail the current Hamiltonian formulation of SD, and the concept of Linking Theory of which (GR) and SD are two complementary gauge-fixings. The physical degrees of freedom of SD are identified, the simple way in which it solves the problem of time and the problem of observables in quantum gravity are explained, and the solution to the problem of constructing a spacetime slab from a solution of SD (and the related definition of physical rods and clocks) is described. Furthermore, the canonical way of coupling matter to SD is introduced, together with the operational definition of four-dimensional line element as an effective background for matter fields. The chapter concludes with two ‘structural’ results obtained in the attempt of finding a construction principle for SD: the concept of ‘symmetry doubling’, related to the BRST formulation of the theory, and the idea of ‘conformogeometrodynamics regained’, that is, to derive the theory as the unique one in the extended phase space of GR that realizes the symmetry doubling idea.
Solutions of Shape Dynamics
Authors: Mercati Flavio
Published: April 2018

This chapter deals with the most important results in SD, namely, the classical solutions of the theory in which the equivalence with (GR) breaks down. Firstly, I study the case of homogeneous but not isotropic cosmologies, known as ‘Bianchi IX’ universes in detail. In this case, each solution that reaches the big bang singularity can be continued uniquely through it, just by requiring continuity of the conformally- and scale-invariant degrees of freedom. The result is a couple of cosmological solutions with opposite orientation glued at the big bang. This result is more general than the homogeneous case, and can be extended to a large class of solutions if the BKL conjecture is valid. In the case of spherically symmetric solutions one has to couple gravity to some form of matter in order to have dynamically non-trivial degrees of freedom. The simplest case is a series of concentric infinitely thin shells of dust in a universe with the topology of a three-sphere. In this case too a departure from the dynamics of (GR) is seen, that manifests itself in a failure of the CMC slicing when one of the shells collapses (no spacetime corresponding to that solution of SD exists). The conformally invariant degrees of freedom, again, seem to still be regular when this happens. In the last part of the chapter I will discuss the sense in which one can talk about asymptotically flat solutions of SD, and past results in this regime.