bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation laws and energy transformations in a class of common physics problems
Authors: Bougie Jonathan , Gangopadhyaya Asim
Published: October 2019

We analyze a category of problems that is of interest in many physical situations, including those encountered in introductory physics classes: systems with two well-delineated parts that exchange energy, eventually reaching a shared equilibrium with a loss of mechanical or electrical energy. Such systems can be constrained by a constant of the system (e.g., mass, charge, momentum, or angular momentum) that uniquely determines the mechanical or electrical energy of the equilibrium state, regardless of the dissipation mechanism. A representative example would be a perfectly inelastic collision between two objects in one dimension, for which momentum conservation requires that some of the initial kinetic energy is dissipated by conversion to thermal or other forms as the two objects reach a common final velocity. We discuss how this feature manifests in a suite of four well-known and disparate problems that all share a common mathematical formalism. These examples, in which the energy dissipated during the process can be difficult to solve directly from dissipation rates, can be approached by students in a first-year physics class by considering conservation laws and can therefore be useful for teaching about energy transformations and conserved quantities. We then illustrate how to extend this method by applying it to a final example.
Hydrogel Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Does Not Improve Glucose Availability, Substrate Oxidation, Gastrointestinal Symptoms or Exercise Performance, Compared With a Concentration and Nutrient-Matched Placebo
Authors: McCubbin Alan J. , Zhu Anyi , Gaskell Stephanie K. , Costa Ricardo J.S.
Published: October 2019

The impact of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with sodium alginate and pectin for hydrogel formation (CES-HGel), was compared to a standard CES with otherwise matched ingredients (CES-Std), for blood glucose, substrate oxidation, gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS; nausea, belching, bloating, pain, regurgitation, flatulence, urge to defecate, and diarrhea), and exercise performance. Nine trained male endurance runners completed 3 hr of steady-state running (SS) at 60% , consuming 90 g/hr of carbohydrate from CES-HGel or CES-Std (53 g/hr maltodextrin, 37 g/hr fructose, 16% w/v solution) in a randomized crossover design, followed by an incremental time to exhaustion (TTE) test. Blood glucose and substrate oxidation were measured every 30 min during SS and oxidation throughout TTE. Breath hydrogen (H2) was measured every 30 min during exercise and every 15 min for 2 hr postexercise. GIS were recorded every 15 min throughout SS, immediately after and every 15-min post-TTE. No differences in blood glucose (incremental area under the curve [mean ± SD]: CES-HGel 1,100 ± 96 mmol·L−1·150 min−1 and CES-Std 1,076 ± 58 mmol·L−1·150 min−1; p = .266) were observed during SS. There were no differences in substrate oxidation during SS (carbohydrate: p = .650; fat: p = .765) or TTE (carbohydrate: p = .466; fat: p = .633) and no effect of trial on GIS incidence (100% in both trials) or severity (summative rating score: CES-HGel 29.1 ± 32.6 and CES-Std 34.8 ± 34.8; p = .262). Breath hydrogen was not different between trials (p = .347), nor was TTE performance (CES-HGel 722 ± 182 s and CES-Std: 756 ± 187 s; p = .08). In conclusion, sodium alginate and pectin added to a CES consumed during endurance running does not alter the blood glucose responses, carbohydrate malabsorption, substrate oxidation, GIS, or TTE beyond those of a CES with otherwise matched ingredients.
Is Coffee a Useful Source of Caffeine Preexercise?
Authors: Pickering Craig , Grgic Jozo
Published: October 2019

Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance-enhancing effects demonstrated across a wide variety of exercise modalities. Athletes tend to frequently consume caffeine as a performance enhancement method in training and competition. There are a number of methods available as a means of consuming caffeine around exercise, including caffeine anhydrous, sports drinks, caffeine carbohydrate gels, and gum. One popular method of caffeine ingestion in nonathletes is coffee, with some evidence suggesting it is also utilized by athletes. In this article, we discuss the research pertaining to the use of coffee as an ergogenic aid, exploring (a) whether caffeinated coffee is ergogenic, (b) whether dose-matched caffeinated coffee provides a performance benefit similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous, and (c) whether decaffeinated coffee consumption affects the ergogenic effects of a subsequent isolated caffeine dose. There is limited evidence that caffeinated coffee has the potential to offer ergogenic effects similar in magnitude to caffeine anhydrous; however, this requires further investigation. Coingestion of caffeine with decaffeinated coffee does not seem to limit the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Although caffeinated coffee is potentially ergogenic, its use as a preexercise caffeine ingestion method represents some practical hurdles to athletes, including the consumption of large volumes of liquid and difficulties in quantifying the exact caffeine dose, as differences in coffee type and brewing method may alter caffeine content. The use of caffeinated coffee around exercise has the potential to enhance performance, but athletes and coaches should be mindful of the practical limitations.
Examining the Motivation and Perceived Benefits of Pickleball Participation in Older Adults
Authors: Buzzelli Armand A. , Draper Jason A.
Published: October 2019

Pickleball, a paddle sport that combines aspects of tennis, badminton, and table tennis, is one of the fastest growing sports in America. The sport is especially popular with older adults as it provides a means for both competition and exercise. Limited research is available on the motivation and perceived benefits of participants in this unique and growing community. A total of 3,012 participants completed a survey instrument that included items from the Sport Motivation Scale, the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, and the Quality and Importance of Recreational Services. Participants reported being more task oriented than ego oriented, suggesting that pickleball may effectively satisfy the need for persons to be engaged in physical activities that allow for the ongoing development of personal mastery. This finding is supported by respondents noting that their primary motivation to participate in pickleball involved mastering difficult training techniques. However, participants cited competition as the top perceived benefit to their participation. This result supports two possible conclusions that motivation and benefit are different and potentially disconnected constructs or that the benefit of competition among this sample of older persons is understood through the lens of personal mastery, whereby the demonstration of that mastery is only possible through competition.
Age-Friendly Environments, Active Lives? Associations Between the Local Physical and Social Environment and Physical Activity Among Adults Aged 55 and Older in Ireland
Authors: Ward Mark , Gibney Sarah , O’Callaghan David , Shannon Sinead
Published: October 2019

Despite the benefits, one in three older adults in Ireland has low activity levels. This study examined associations between the local social and built environment and physical activity of older adults to identify age-friendly factors that support physical activity among the aging population. Data were from the population-representative Healthy and Positive Ageing Initiative Age-Friendly City and Counties Survey (N = 10,540). Physical activity was measured using a short-form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression models were adjusted for known health and sociodemographic correlates of physical activity. Results are reported as unstandardized beta coefficients (β) with standard errors. Loneliness, community participation, and difficulty in accessing green spaces partially explained the differences in the number of minutes that respondents were physically active. Combined with individual-level behavior change interventions, improvements to the local environment and promoting social connectedness may also be useful in promoting physical activity among older adults.
It’s Not Just Physical: Exercise Physiologist-Led Exercise Program Promotes Functional and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in Aged Care
Authors: Raynor Annette J. , Iredale Fiona , Crowther Robert , White Jane , Dare Julie
Published: October 2019

Regular physical activity has multiple benefits for older adults, including improved physical, cognitive, and psychosocial health. This exploratory study investigated the benefits of a 12-week exercise program for older adults (n = 11 control and n = 13 intervention) living in a residential aged care facility in Perth, Western Australia. The program, prescribed and delivered by an accredited exercise physiologist, aimed to maintain or improve participants’ physical capacity. It comprised one-on-one exercise sessions (1 hr × 2 days/week × 12 weeks), involving a components-approach intervention. Physical performance measures (balance, strength, flexibility, and mobility) were assessed preintervention and postintervention. Qualitative interviews postintervention with residents participating in the exercise intervention, and with family members, staff, and research team members, explored barriers and enablers to participation and perceived psychosocial outcomes. Findings indicate the program provided physical benefits and enhanced social engagement for participants, illustrating the value of providing exercise physiology services in the aged care sector.
Postural Control Profiles of Typically Developing Children From 6 to 12 Years old: An Approach Using Self-Organizing Maps
Authors: García-Massó Xavier , Estevan Isaac , Izquierdo-Herrera Roberto , Villarrasa-Sapiña Israel , Gonzalez Luis-Millan
Published: October 2019

The purposes of the present study were a) to establish postural control profiles for individuals 6–12 years of age, b) to analyze the participants’ characteristics (age, sex, weight, height, and physical activity) in those profiles, and c) to analyze the influence of visual information in the profiles found. Two hundred and eight typically developing children aged 6–12 years performed two trials in bipedal standing position with eyes open and closed. Feature extraction involved time, frequency, and sway-density plot variables using signals from the center of pressure. A Self-Organizing Map was used to classify and visualize the values of the participants in all the postural control variables tested. A k-means cluster analysis was applied to generate a small number of postural control profiles. The results determined six postural control profiles; three with participants denoting high stability and three considered as low stability profiles. Age, sex, and height were related to the postural control profiles. Boys were more frequently allocated in high stability clusters than girls, while the other factors yielded unclear difference between high and low stability profiles. The analysis of children’s profiles reflecting postural stability should therefore involve more than one factor including the individuals’ age, sex, and height.
Real World Tracking of Modified Ride-On Car Usage in Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Logan Samuel W. , Hospodar Christina M. , Bogart Kathleen R. , Catena Michele A. , Feldner Heather A. , Fitzgerald Jenna , Schaffer Sarah , Sloane Bethany , Phelps Benjamin , Phelps Joshua , Smart William D.
Published: October 2019

Background: Go Baby Go is a community program that provides modified ride-on cars to young children with disabilities. Aims: (1) To describe the real world modified ride-on car usage of young children with disabilities; (2) To compare subjectively reported modified ride-on car usage recorded by parents with objectively reported usage based on electronic tracking data. Methods: 14 young children (1–3 years old) with disabilities used a modified ride-on car for three months. Results: On average, parent-reported activity log data indicated that children used the modified ride-on car for 17.8 minutes per session (SD = 9.9) and 195.1 total minutes (SD = 234.8) over three months. Objective tracking data indicated 16.5 minutes per session (SD = 8.6) and 171.4 total minutes (SD = 206.1) over three months. No significant difference of modified ride-on car usage was found between parent-reported activity log data and objective tracking; yet, the mean absolute difference between tracking methods was 96 minutes (SD = 8.6) and suggests over- or under-reporting of families. Children used the modified ride-on car more in the first half compared to the second half of the three-month period (p < .05). Conclusions: This study may inform future research studies and local chapters of the Go Baby Go community program.
Choice of Processing Method for Wrist-Worn Accelerometers Influences Interpretation of Free-Living Physical Activity Data in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Ellingson Laura D. , Hibbing Paul R. , Welk Gregory J. , Dailey Dana , Rakel Barbara A. , Crofford Leslie J. , Sluka Kathleen A. , Frey-Law Laura A.
Published: October 2019

Wrist-worn accelerometers are increasingly used to assess free-living physical activity (PA), but the implications of different processing methods are not well characterized. To advance research in this area it is important to better understand how choice of processing method influences estimates of free-living PA behavior. This study compared PA profiles resulting from processing wrist-worn data collected under free-living conditions using four different methods in a clinical sample of 160 women with chronic pain, a condition for which PA serves as a treatment. Participants wore monitors on their non-dominant wrist for 7 days and completed a self-report PA measure. Processing methods were Hildebrand linear, a modified nonlinear Hildebrand, Staudenmayer linear, and Staudenmayer random forest. Using each method, minutes per day in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were estimated and individuals were classified as meeting PA guidelines based on their accumulated MVPA. Comparisons of outcomes among processing methods and with self-reported PA were made using repeated measures ANOVA, correlations, and kappa statistics. With few exceptions, estimated time at each intensity differed significantly across processing methods and with self-report (p < .001). Correlations between methods ranged widely (ρrange = 0.09 to 1.00) and showed inconsistent agreement for classifying individuals as meeting PA guidelines (κrange: −0.02 to 0.90). Thus, choice of processing method significantly influenced conclusions regarding free-living PA. Researchers and clinicians should exercise caution when interpreting accelerometer activity data and comparing across existing studies using different processing methods when examining how PA influences clinical conditions.
Network Harmonization of Physical Activity Variables Through Indirect Validation
Authors: Pearce Matthew , Bishop Tom R.P. , Sharp Stephen , Westgate Kate , Venables Michelle , Wareham Nicholas J. , Brage Søren
Published: October 2019

Harmonization of data for pooled analysis relies on the principle of inferential equivalence between variables from different sources. Ideally, this is achieved using models of the direct relationship with gold standard criterion measures, but the necessary validation study data are often unavailable. This study examines an alternative method of network harmonization using indirect models. Starting methods were self-report or accelerometry, from which we derived indirect models of relationships with doubly labelled water (DLW)-based physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) using sets of two bridge equations via one of three intermediate measures. Coefficients and performance of indirect models were compared to corresponding direct models (linear regression of DLW-based PAEE on starting methods). Indirect model beta coefficients were attenuated compared to direct model betas (10%–63%), narrowing the range of PAEE values; attenuation was greater when bridge equations were weak. Directly and indirectly harmonized models had similar error variance but most indirectly derived values were biased at group-level. Correlations with DLW-based PAEE were identical after harmonization using continuous linear but not categorical models. Wrist acceleration harmonized to DLW-based PAEE via combined accelerometry and heart rate sensing had the lowest error variance (24.5%) and non-significant mean bias 0.9 (95%CI: −1.6; 3.4) kJ·day−1·kg−1. Associations between PAEE and BMI were similar for directly and indirectly harmonized values, but most fell outside the confidence interval of the criterion PAEE-to-BMI association. Indirect models can be used for harmonization. Performance depends on the measurement properties of original data, variance explained by available bridge equations, and similarity of population characteristics.
Gait Biomechanics Following Taping and Bracing in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Migel Kimmery , Wikstrom Erik
Published: October 2019

Clinical Scenario: Approximately 30% of all first-time patients with LAS develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI-associated impairments are thought to contribute to aberrant gait biomechanics, which increase the risk of subsequent ankle sprains and the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Alternative modalities should be considered to improve gait biomechanics as impairment-based rehabilitation does not impact gait. Taping and bracing have been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent ankle sprains; however, their effects on CAI-associated gait biomechanics remain unknown. Clinical Question: Do ankle taping and bracing modify gait biomechanics in those with CAI? Summary of Key Findings: Three case-control studies assessed taping and bracing applications including kinesiotape, athletic tape, a flexible brace, and a semirigid brace. Kinesiotape decreased excessive inversion in early stance, whereas athletic taping decreased excessive inversion and plantar flexion in the swing phase and limited tibial external rotation in terminal stance. The flexible and semirigid brace increased dorsiflexion range of motion, and the semirigid brace limited plantar flexion range of motion at toe-off. Clinical Bottom Line: Taping and bracing acutely alter gait biomechanics in those with CAI. Strength of Recommendation: There is limited quality evidence (grade B) that taping and bracing can immediately alter gait biomechanics in patients with CAI.
“We Know What We Like to Do:” Effects of Purposefully Negotiating the Curriculum on the Girls in One Middle School Class and Their Teacher
Authors: Guadalupe Tasha , Curtner-Smith Matthew D.
Published: October 2019

Purpose: In this paper, we describe the study of one teacher as she attempted to purposefully negotiate the curriculum (e.g., goals, content, tasks, and evaluation) with one of her middle school classes. We used key concepts, constructs, and ideas from hegemonic masculinity and feminist theory to guide us in this endeavor. Method: We used seven qualitative techniques to gather data during an 18-lesson unit taught by the teacher Joanne to 37 girls. We employed standard interpretive methods during the analysis. Findings and Conclusions: Both high-skilled and low-skilled passive girls became more motivated to take part in physical education, although low-skilled girls generally had less voice in the negotiation process than their high-skilled peers. Key reasons for Joanne’s success were her skill, the support provided by the school’s leadership team, and the fact that the unit took place within a single-sex class. Conversely, the unit was constrained by Joanne’s and the girls’ socialization and Joanne’s focus on state and local standards.
Protecting Our Students: Title IX, Sexual Harassment, and Internships
Authors: Odio Michael A. , Keller Patty Raube , Shaw Dana Drew
Published: October 2019

As internships are typically off-campus experiences with minimal supervision from educators, the legal role and responsibilities of educators in protecting and responding to such issues are not always clear, especially pertaining to the application of Title IX. Given the growing prevalence of internships in sport management, a historically male-dominated industry, the issue of sexual harassment is particularly important for this discipline. Through this article, the authors seek to provide the knowledge and perspective of 3 subject-matter experts speaking to legal and practical considerations regarding the design and implementation of sport management internships. Their collective perspective offers insights on following the law and preparing students for potentially hostile environments.
Electric dipole effect in PdCoO
2
/β-Ga
2
O
3
Schottky diodes for high-temperature operation
Authors: Harada T. , Ito S. , Tsukazaki A.
Published: October 2019

All-oxide Schottky diode PdCoO
2
/β-Ga
2
O
3
demonstrates high-temperature operation over 300°C with a large barrier height of 1.8 eV.
DAV131A Protects Hamsters from Lethal
Clostridioides difficile
Infection Induced by Fluoroquinolones
Authors: Saint-Lu Nathalie , Burdet Charles , Sablier-Gallis Frédérique , Corbel Tanguy , Nevière Agathe , Sayah-Jeanne Sakina , Pulse Mark , Weiss William , Ferreira Stéphanie , Andremont Antoine , Mentré France , de Gunzburg Jean
Published: October 2019

Fluoroquinolone treatments induce dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, resulting in loss of resistance to colonization by exogenous bacteria such as
Clostridioides difficile
that may cause severe diarrhea in humans and lethal infection in hamsters. We show here that DAV131A, a charcoal-based adsorbent, decreases the intestinal levels of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in hamsters, protects their intestinal microbiota, and prevents lethal infection by
C. difficile
.
Reverse Genetics System for a Human Group A Rotavirus
Authors: Kawagishi Takahiro , Nurdin Jeffery A. , Onishi Misa , Nouda Ryotaro , Kanai Yuta , Tajima Takeshi , Ushijima Hiroshi , Kobayashi Takeshi
Published: October 2019

Reverse genetics, an approach used to generate viruses from cloned cDNA, has increased our understanding of virus biology. Worldwide research led to the development of an entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the simian RV laboratory strain. Although the technique allows generation of gene-modified recombinant RVs, biological differences between animal and human RVs mean that reverse genetics systems for human RV strains are still needed. Here, we describe a reverse genetics system for the high-yield human RV strain Odelia, which replicates efficiently and is suitable forin vitromolecular studies. Monoreassortant viruses between simian and human RV strains and NSP1 mutant viruses generated by the rescue system enabled study of the biological functions of viral gene segments. This human RV reverse genetics system will facilitate study of RV biology and development of vaccines and vectors.
Population-based assessment of visual impairment and pattern of corneal disease: results from the CORE (Corneal Opacity Rural Epidemiological) study
Authors: Mukhija Ritika , Gupta Noopur , Vashist Praveen , Tandon Radhika , Gupta Sanjeev K
Published: October 2019

Objective

To characterise types of corneal diseases and resulting visual impairment (VI) in a rural North Indian population.

Design

Cross-sectional, population-based study.

Methods

The Corneal Opacity Rural Epidemiological study included 12 899 participants from 25 random clusters of rural Gurgaon, Haryana, India to determine the prevalence of the corneal disease in the general population. Sociodemographic details, presence and type of corneal morbidity, laterality, VI (presenting visual acuity (PVA) <6/18 in the better eye) and characteristics of corneal opacities were noted.

Results

Overall, 12 113 participants of all ages underwent detailed ophthalmic examination and prevalence of corneal opacity was found to be 3.7% (n=452) with bilateral involvement in 140 participants (31%) during the house-to-house visits. Of the total 571 eyes of 435 patients presenting with corneal opacity at the central clinic, PVA was <3/60 in 166 (29.1%), 3/60 to <6/60 in 14 (2.5%), 6/60 to <6/18 in 164 (28.7%), 6/18 to ≤6/12 in 85 (14.9%) and 6/9 to 6/6 in 142 eyes (24.9%), respectively. Further, there were a total of 115 eyes (20.1%) with nebular corneal opacity, 263 (46.1%) with macular, 162 (28.4%) with leucomatous and 31 (5.4%) with an adherent leucoma. The odds of having VI due to corneal disease were greater for the illiterate (OR:4.26; 95% CI: 2.88 to 6.31; p<0.001) and elderly (OR:11.05; 95% CI: 7.76 to 15.74; p<0.001).

Conclusion

The data from this study give an insight into the characteristics of various corneal pathologies and resulting VI in the general population. This is a pioneer study involving all age groups on the burden of VI due to corneal diseases.
Stuck in the middle: a systematic review of authorship in collaborative health research in Africa, 2014–2016
Authors: Hedt-Gauthier Bethany L , Jeufack Herve Momo , Neufeld Nicholas H , Alem Atalay , Sauer Sara , Odhiambo Jackline , Boum Yap , Shuchman Miriam , Volmink Jimmy
Published: October 2019

Background

Collaborations are often a cornerstone of global health research. Power dynamics can shape if and how local researchers are included in manuscripts. This article investigates how international collaborations affect the representation of local authors, overall and in first and last author positions, in African health research.

Methods

We extracted papers on ‘health’ in sub-Saharan Africa indexed in PubMed and published between 2014 and 2016. The author’s affiliation was used to classify the individual as from the country of the paper’s focus, from another African country, from Europe, from the USA/Canada or from another locale. Authors classified as from the USA/Canada were further subclassified if the author was from a top US university. In primary analyses, individuals with multiple affiliations were presumed to be from a high-income country if they contained any affiliation from a high-income country. In sensitivity analyses, these individuals were presumed to be from an African country if they contained any affiliation an African country. Differences in paper characteristics and representation of local coauthors are compared by collaborative type using χ² tests.

Results

Of the 7100 articles identified, 68.3% included collaborators from the USA, Canada, Europe and/or another African country. 54.0% of all 43 429 authors and 52.9% of 7100 first authors were from the country of the paper’s focus. Representation dropped if any collaborators were from USA, Canada or Europe with the lowest representation for collaborators from top US universities—for these papers, 41.3% of all authors and 23.0% of first authors were from country of paper’s focus. Local representation was highest with collaborators from another African country. 13.5% of all papers had no local coauthors.

Discussion

Individuals, institutions and funders from high-income countries should challenge persistent power differentials in global health research. South-South collaborations can help African researchers expand technical expertise while maintaining presence on the resulting research.
Diagnostic performance of image technique based transurethral resection for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Changhao , Huang Hao , Zhao Yue , Liu Hao , Sylvester Richard , Lin Tianxin , Huang Jian
Published: October 2019

Objective

To explore the diagnostic performance of image technique based transurethral resection for bladder cancer, with white light-guided cystoscopy (WLC) as the reference standard.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Central Register of Controlled Trials and Embase from inception to 31 March 2018.

Methods

Included studies reported the diagnostic performance of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), PDD with hexaminolevulinic acid (HAL) or narrow band imaging (NBI), with WLC as the reference standard at the patient or lesion level. The studies’ risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Studies-2. Data were pooled using a random effect diagnostic meta-analysis, and subgroup analyses were performed.

Results

Twenty-six studies comprising a total of 3979 patients were included in this diagnostic meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity (SSY), specificity (SPY), diagnostic OR (DOR) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values were calculated per group for NBI, HAL and 5-ALA at the lesion or patient level. NBI showed significant diagnostic superiority compared with WLC at the lesion level (SSY 0.94, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.98; SPY 0.79, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.85; DOR 40.09, 95% CI 20.08 to 80.01; AUROC 0.88, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.91). NBI presented the highest DOR (358.71, 95% CI 44.50 to 2891.71) in the patient level. Subgroup analyses were performed on studies with low to moderate RoB and at least 100 patients at the lesion level. These results were consistent with those of the overall analysis.

Conclusions

Pooled data indicated that image technique based transurethral resection (NBI, HAL and 5-ALA) showed diagnostic superiority compared with WLC. Moreover, NBI is potentially the most promising diagnostic intervention, showing the best diagnostic performance outcomes. Further prognostic outcomes of novel imaging technologies compared with those WLC should be explored in addition to current diagnostic performance analysis.
Orthotic management of instability of the knee related to neuromuscular and central nervous system disorders: qualitative interview study of patient perspectives
Authors: McCaughan Dorothy , Booth Alison , Jackson Cath , Lalor Simon , Ramdharry Gita , O'Connor Rory J , Phillips Margaret , Bowers Roy , McDaid Catriona
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Adults with knee instability related to neuromuscular disorders or central nervous conditions often experience mobility problems and rely on orthoses to improve function and mobility. Patient views of device effectiveness and acceptability are underexplored. Our study aimed to elicit device users’ perspectives regarding fitting, acceptability, effectiveness and use of orthoses, and identify important treatment outcomes.

Design

Qualitative descriptive study using in-depth semistructured interviews. Interview transcriptions were coded and thematically analysed, using ‘Framework’.

Setting and participants

A purposive sample of 24 adult users of orthotic devices. Nineteen patients were recruited across three National Health Service sites, and five people through charities/patient support groups in England. Half of the participants had been diagnosed with poliomyelitis, and the remainder with multiple sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, spinal injury or spina bifida, and stroke. The median age of participants was 64.5 years (range 36–80 years).

Results

Patients’ medical condition impacted significantly on daily life. Participants relied on orthotic devices to enable engagement in daily activities. Patient goals for mobility were linked to individual circumstances. Desired treatment outcomes included reduction in pain, trips and falls, with improved balance and stability. Effectiveness, reliability, comfort and durability were the most valued features of orthoses and associated with reported use. Obtaining suitable footwear alongside orthotic devices was a significant concern. Time pressures during device fitting were viewed negatively.

Conclusions

Orthotic devices for knee instability play a crucial role in promoting, maintaining and enhancing physical and psychological health and well-being, enabling patients to work, engage in family life and enjoy social activities. Future research should consider how best to measure the impact of orthotic devices on patient quality of life and daily functioning outside the clinic setting, as well as device use and any adverse effects.

Trial registration number

This qualitative study was retrospectively registered as Current Controlled TrialsISRCTN65240228.
Systematic review of the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine on nausea and vomiting in children with cancer: a study protocol
Authors: Ho Ka Yan , Lam Katherine Ka Wai , Chung Joyce Oi Kwan , Xia Wei , Cheung Ankie Tan , Ho Long Kwan , Chiu Sau Ying , Chan Godfrey Chi Fung , LI Ho Cheung William
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Nausea and vomiting are two most common symptoms reported by children with cancer when they undergo active treatment. However, pharmacological treatment is not sufficient to manage these two symptoms, with over 40% of children still experience nausea and vomiting after receiving antiemetics. There has been an exponential growth of studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of different complementary complementary medicine (CAM) to control nausea and vomiting during cancer treatment. Appropriate application of CAM enhances the effectiveness of antiemetics, thus reducing the symptom burden on children as well as improving their general condition and quality of life during cancer treatment. Nevertheless, it remains unclear which CAM is the best approach to help children to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting during and after cancer treatment. This paper describes a protocol for identifying, analysing and synthesising research evidence on the effectiveness of CAM on nausea and vomiting in children with cancer.

Methods and analysis

A total of 10 databases will be searched to identify appropriate literature: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, LILACS, OpenSIGLE, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, the Chinese Medical Current Contents and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. All randomised controlled trials which meet the inclusion criteria will be included. The primary outcome is the changes in nausea and vomiting either assessed by self-reported and/or objective measures. Review Manager 5.3 will be used to synthesise the data, calculate the treatment effects, perform any subgroup analysis and assess the risk of bias.

Ethical and dissemination

The results will be presented at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. As no individual data will be involved in this review, ethical approval is not required.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019135404.
Is a hip flip the right trick?
Authors: Oerlemans Leonoor Neline Tess , Zijlstra Wierd P , Lameijer Heleen , Coolsma Constant W
Published: October 2019

Clinical introduction

A 68-year-old man, with known spasticity and a total left hip arthroplasty (THA) performed 6 years ago, was brought to our ED after falling down the stairs. Laying on the stretcher, his left leg was internally rotated and in hyperflexion. An X-ray of the left hip was performed. The diagnosis of posterior hip dislocation was made (figure 1). The patient received sedation and analgesia with 75 mg propofol and 9 mg esketamine intravenously, and a closed reduction procedure was attempted using manual flexion, adduction, traction and internal rotation. Unfortunately, the reduction failed.

Figure 1

The patient’s X-ray.

Question

Why is closed reduction not effective in this case?

The femoral head is located more cranially expected, due to material failure. The whole THA should be replaced.

This is an anterior dislocation. The closed reduction procedure should be performed by using extension, abduction, traction and internal rotation.

The femoral head is not reduced centrally in the acetabulum and the closed reduction procedure should be repeated more forcefully.

A dual-mobility cup is used and the liner is not in place anymore. Revision surgery is required.

For answer see page 2
First report of a Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) stranded in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea: findings from necropsy, histopathology and microbiome analysis
Authors: Kim Sang Wha , Han Se Jin , Lee Young Ran , Kim Byung Yeop , Park Se Chang
Published: October 2019

A female Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) carcass was found stranded in fresh condition at Jeju Island of the Republic of Korea on February 18, 2018. Body surface lacerations, gross pathology and histology of the lung indicated the cause of death as drowning by fishing gear entanglement. The dolphin was a five‐year‐old mature female having ovaries with follicles and a corpus albican. This is the lowest recorded age thus far of a Risso’s dolphin with active ovaries. The stomach was filled with Japanese flying squid and based on their distribution, it is believed that the dolphin was foraging in the South Sea, which had not been known as their habitat before. Intestinal microbiome analysis revealed that the bacterial community predominantly comprised phylum Proteobacteria (92.8 per cent). To our knowledge, this is the first microbiome analysis and the first official necropsy report of stranding in Jeju Island of the Risso’s dolphin.
Field experiences with the use of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale inactivated autogenous vaccination in prebreeding and breeding turkey flocks in France
Authors: Godener Claire , Le Guennec Jean
Published: October 2019

A French turkey multiplication company experienced a significant rise in Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infections. Two clinical forms were observed: predominantly respiratory signs in the breeding farms (supplying the hatcheries) and joint/locomotor signs in the prebreeding farms (supplying breeding farms with 29‐week‐old future turkey layers). Repeated antibiotic treatments provided unsatisfactory results. As the birds’ welfare and performances were compromised, a broad herd‐specific immunisation programme was designed, including 47 different vaccine formulations with one to four O rhinotracheale strains, in compliance with French regulations on autogenous vaccines. This programme was applied before the birds’ transfer in each of the affected prebreeding farms. Over the next two years, 63 batches were vaccinated; undesirable effects were not reported. Presence of O rhinotracheale was monitored in the receiving farms and occurred in 12 batches, two of which required antibiotic treatment. Control of O rhinotracheale was achieved through a customised immunisation programme, which has been maintained since.
Numerical analysis of coupled Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor instability on inclined walls
Authors: Zhang Ying , Yao Mengjun , Shang Wenqiang , Ma Chunyang , Li Wenbing , Li Peisheng
Published: October 2019

The front tracking method was used to study the 2D Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instability on an inclined wall for three-component immiscible fluids. Coupled effects between K–H instability and Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability were studied by analyzing the effect of inclination angle, Atwood number (At), and Richardson number (Ri) on interface evolution. The results show that the coupling of R–T instability has an important influence on the development of K–H instability. The R–T instability first affects the lower interface and then the upper interface at different inclination angles, and it is also observed that the critical time of the coupled effect is earlier with an inclined wall. The R–T instability promotes the development of upper and lower interfaces at different At numbers. In addition, the billow height increases with the increase in At number and the influence of R–T instability on the upper interface can be neglected when the dimensionless time is less than critical time t = 0.6. The R–T instability has little effect on the different surface tension in terms of Richardson number (Riσ).
Fock representations of multicomponent (particularly non-Abelian anyon) commutation relations
Authors: Daletskii Alexei , Kalyuzhny Alexander , Lytvynov Eugene , Proskurin Daniil
Published: October 2019

Let [Formula: see text] be a separable Hilbert space and [Formula: see text] be a self-adjoint bounded linear operator on [Formula: see text] with norm [Formula: see text], satisfying the Yang–Baxter equation. Bożejko and Speicher ([10]) proved that the operator [Formula: see text] determines a [Formula: see text]-deformed Fock space [Formula: see text]. We start with reviewing and extending the known results about the structure of the [Formula: see text]-particle spaces [Formula: see text] and the commutation relations satisfied by the corresponding creation and annihilation operators acting on [Formula: see text]. We then choose [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-space of [Formula: see text]-valued functions on [Formula: see text]. Here [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we assume that the operator [Formula: see text] acting on [Formula: see text] is given by [Formula: see text]. Here, for a.a. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is a linear operator on [Formula: see text] with norm [Formula: see text] that satisfies [Formula: see text] and the spectral quantum Yang–Baxter equation. The corresponding creation and annihilation operators describe a multicomponent quantum system. A special choice of the operator-valued function [Formula: see text] in the case [Formula: see text] determines non-Abelian anyons (also called plektons). For a multicomponent system, we describe its [Formula: see text]-deformed Fock space and the available commutation relations satisfied by the corresponding creation and annihilation operators. Finally, we consider several examples of multicomponent quantum systems.
Duality between coherent quantum phase-slip and the Josephson junction in nanowires by dual Hamiltonian method
Authors: Yoneda M. , Niwa M. , Hirata N. , Motohashi M.
Published: October 2019

A method was devised to construct a generalized dual field theory with a quantum field theory named the dual Hamiltonian (DH) method. As a simple example using this method, we examined the duality between coherent quantum phase-slip and Josephson junction (JJ) in single junction systems and nanowires. This method was proved to be reliable within the Villain approximation.
A new one-parameter correlation for the surface tension of saturated liquids
Authors: Chen Qiuju , Tian Jianxiang , Jiang Hua
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we proposed a new one-parameter correlation for the surface tension of saturated fluids. This new correlation requires only the critical temperature as inputs and is tested by using the REFPROP data for 72 saturated fluids including refrigerants, alkanes and some other simple fluids such as argon, carbon dioxide, etc. It is found that this correlation well stands in the whole temperature range from the triple point to the critical point with high accuracy for 59 liquids with average absolute deviations (AADs) less than 5%, 50 liquids with AADs less than 3%, and 13 liquids with AADs less than 1%. These results are clearly better than those of the other available correlations. This correlation can be used to estimate the value of the surface tension of the corresponding liquids at any temperature point from the triple point to the critical point.
IR absorption spectra of high-pressure polyethylene modified by fish scales
Authors: Gojayev E. M. , Salimova V. V. , Jabarov S. H.
Published: October 2019

We study polymeric-based composite materials with nanostructured metal filler and bio-filler; they protect the material from environmental influences, including oxidation, and give the required flexibility to the composite, subject to biocompatibility. Composites were obtained from a homogeneous mixture of the powders of the matrix components and the filler using a heated press at a temperature of 420 K and a pressure of 15 MPa. The quenching crystallization mode is the rapid cooling of samples in a water–ice mixture. The results of a study of IR spectra taken with a Fourier spectrometer Varian 640 FT-IR, high-pressure polyethylene composites modified with biological filler, and LDPE [Formula: see text] vol.% FS [Formula: see text] vol.% Fe bio-nanocomposites in the frequency range 4000–400 cm[Formula: see text] were presented. It was revealed that the introduction of modifiers from fish scales (FS) and metallic nanoparticles (Fe) in LDPE in an optimal amount does not contribute to the appearance of new absorption bands, i.e. it practically does not change the shape of their IR spectrum. This means that the modifier of biological origin is technologically compatible with LDPE. The introduction of fish scale filler to LDPE contributes to a noticeable decrease in the intensity of the formation of C–O groups (1720 cm[Formula: see text]), which is a measure of the oxidative degradation of polymer chains. The results show that the introduction of FS into the structures of high-pressure polyethylene contributes to the formation of an optimal and stable structure, which, in turn, interferes with the intensive development of the photooxidative process caused by UV irradiation.
Semantic Analysis in Soccer Videos Using Support Vector Machine
Authors: Elgamml Mohamed M. , Abas Fazly S. , Goh H. Ann
Published: October 2019

A tremendous increase in the video content uploaded on the internet has made it necessary for auto-recognition of videos in order to analyze, moderate or categorize certain content that can be accessed easily later on. Video analysis requires the study of proficient methodologies at the semantic level in order to address the issues such as occlusions, changes in illumination, noise, etc. This paper is aimed at the analysis of the soccer videos and semantic processing as an application in the video semantic analysis field. This study proposes a framework for automatically generating and annotating the highlights from a soccer video. The proposed framework identifies the interesting clips containing possible scenes of interest, such as goals, penalty kicks, etc. by parsing and processing the audio/video components. The framework analyzes, separates and annotates the individual scenes inside the video clips and saves using kernel support vector machine. The results show that semantic analysis of videos using kernel support vector machines is a reliable method to separate and annotate events of interest in a soccer game.
Ant Colony System for Energy Consumption Optimization in Mobile IoT Networks
Authors: Zhao Hong-Yan , Wang Jia-Chen , Guan Xin , Wang Zhi-Hong , He Yong-Hui , Xie Hong-Lin
Published: October 2019

In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for computing the node-disjoint optimal transmission energy consumption route for coded cooperative mobile IoT networks. Inspired by the potential benefits user cooperation can provide, we incorporate user cooperation to the mobile ad-hoc multi-hop IoT networks. Our results include a novel ant colony system-based node-disjoint energy-efficient routing algorithm. Ant colony system can approximate the optimal route by local information and is thus very suitable for mobile IoT network environment. In particular, ant algorithm makes history-sensitive choice and thus can significantly outperform the greedy algorithm. In addition, it can efficiently handle the case of multiple sources and multiple destinations. For a large IoT network, we investigate the multi-scale ant colony system and when compared to Dijkstra algorithm, such an algorithm usually shortens the runtime by a factor of several hundred.