bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Conservation in University Buildings
Authors: McClelland Lou , Cook Stuart W.
Published: March 2007

Electricity conservation programs were implemented in spring 1977 infourmatchedpairs of University of Colorado office-classroom-laboratory buildings and three pairs ofdormi tories. Reductions in electricity use were significantly greater in 13 of the 14 experimental buildings than in the two control buildings. These results are supported by the results of direct observations of waste (lights in unoccupied rooms) in experimental and control buildings. The methodological problems of predicting consumption levels, interpreting why changes in consumption occurred, and estimating initial waste levels are discussed along with their implications for the conduct of behavioral research on energy conserva tion.
Hypothesis Tests for Limited Failure Survival Distributions
Authors: Steinhurst William R.
Published: March 2007

A family of survival distributions that are mixtures of one group which fails according to an exponential law with another group that does not fail has recently come into use in correctional program evaluation. The concept is generalized to include mixtures based on the Weibull distribution. Available graphical and numeric goodness-of-fit tests are discussed and a new test for grouped, multiply censored data due to Turnbull and Weiss (1978) is used to discriminate between the various special cases in this family of mixtures. The goodness-of-fit test is also extended to allow k group tests of hypotheses on the parameters.
A Parameterization of Recidivism
Authors: Wainer Howard
Published: March 2007

This article describes a generalization to a model of recidivism proposed earlier by Maltz and McCleary (1977). This modification allows the model to better fit data on recidivism that the earlier authors presented. The mathematical and logical derivation of the new model are presented as are two methods of parameter estimation. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated on Taylor's (1971) data set and is compared with earlier efforts. It is found that the old model's fit is more than 16 times worse than that ofthe new model.
Community Receptivity To Juvenile Justice Program Planning
Authors: Severy Lawrence J. , Houlden Pauline , Wilmoth Gregory H. , Silver Starr
Published: March 2007

Recognizing that community acceptance of potential juvenile justice treatment programs often determines the success or failure of the programs, an assessment model was developed to assist in policy planning. The procedure applies the tenets and methods of subjective expected utility (expectancy-value) models. Responses were sought from 572 persons representing 10 different influence positions in the community. The programs of restitution, volunteer counseling, family counseling, victim negotiation, community arbitration, and local residential secure facilities were assessed. Attitudes and behavioral intention to support or resist these programs varied by program type and community position.
An Empirical Analysis of No-Fault Insurance
Authors: Medoff Marshall H. , Magaddino Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

A cross-sectional study of state loss experiences in 1977 were analyzed to test whether or not states that adopted no-fault automobile insurance laws experienced a reduction in deterrence. The results showed that pure no-fault states, mandatory no-fault states, and compulsory no-fault states experienced increases in their loss ratios of 7.449%, 6.308%, and 3.955%. respectively. Further analysis found that states that adopted no-fault insurance did not have significantly higher loss experiences before the adoption of such laws. Estimates of the cost savings from the adoption of no-fault insurance suggest annual benefits in the range of $28.8 million to $67 million. Employing these estimates to construct a benefit-cost ratio implies a ratio between 1.17 and 1.31. However, such estimates are subject to important qualifications and the conclusion that no-fault automobile insurance is economically efficient is tenuous, at best.
Treatment Implementation, Statistical Power, and Internal Validity
Authors: Mark Melvin M.
Published: March 2007

Frequently program participants receive different levels of exposure to a given treatment. Cook and Poole (1982) recently argued that data on treatment implementation should be included in the analysis of treatment effects to increase power. It is argued that basing inferences about treatment effects on analyses including level of treatment implementa tion has a serious potential problem: Such an analysis is likely to result in biased estimates of treatment effects. Analyses including the level of treatment implementation must be interpreted cautiously unless the causes of differential exposure to the treatment are completely understood.
Measuring the Degree of Program Implementation
Authors: Scheirer Mary Ann , Rezmovic Eva Lantos
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses conceptual and methodological issues surrounding the measurement of the construct, degree of implementation, drawn from a review of 74 previous studies which included such measures. Assessments against five measurement criteria indicate that an adequate scientific basis has not been established for this construct. We suggest that future improvement in its measurement will result from an analysis of the characteristics of the innovation being implemented, particularly whether users are individuals or coordinated work groups.
Accounting for No-Shows in Experimental Evaluation Designs
Authors: Bloom Howard S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how to estimate the effect of a program in the presence of no- shows—persons who are assigned to the program but do not participate. The article briefly discusses the methodological problems involved, describes two current experimental evaluations that are subject to these problems, presents several estimators that overcome these problems, outlines the conditions necessary for these estimators to be feasible, and describes two extensions of the analysis that illustrate a potentially broad range of further applications.
Relation Between Resource Acquisition and Effective Resource Use
Authors: Provan Keith G. , Stewart David W.
Published: March 2007

Although the organizational effectiveness literature hasfocused on resource acquisition as well as effective resource use, there have been few attempts to study the relationship between these two measures. An understanding of this is particularly critical for not-for- profit organizations because there is some doubt as to whether the strong input-output the suggested by open systems theorists applies. This study examines the relationship among a group of locally monitored human service agencies.
The Social and Local Government Impacts of the Abandonment of the Milwaukee Railroad in Montana
Authors: Brock James , Schwaller Richard , Swinth Robert L.
Published: March 2007

There has been little investigation of the social and local government impacts on the community at large when a business is closed. Using secondary data, we examined the pre to post levels of various indication for counties and communities in Montana that experienced the abandonment of the Milwaukee Railroad relative to similar control areas in the state. In counties there were disruptions in social structures, increases in personal problems. increases in social integration. and no measurable effect on physical health. For communities social impacts were mixed and local government impacts were indeterminant.
The Utilization of Evaluation Research
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Tuckel Peter
Published: March 2007

The results of evaluation research studies, even those that are meticulously designed and carefully executed, often are not implemented. This article examines some of the critical factors that mediate between the carrying out of evaluation research and the utilization offindings. To illustrate these factors, two studies of the Community Mental Health Centers Program are analyzed.
A Study of the Birth and Death of a Regulatory Agenda
Authors: Broder Ivy E.
Published: March 2007

It has long been the case that once funded, government programs are almost impossible to eliminate—and this remains true despite the Reagan administration's efforts in several areas. Most organizations build up constituencies over the years that can be called upon to protect them if threatened. Thus it was particularly remarkable that the administration was able to disband the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during itsfirst term and thus halt a major social regulatory program without a public outcry. This article chronicles the history of this short-lived regulatory program and suggests how economic analysis and politics combined to allow the Reagan administration to zero out the program.
Multiple Questions Require Multiple Designs
Authors: Hedrick Terry E. , Shipman Stephanie L.
Published: March 2007

In 1981 major changes were made to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA). These changes redirected program resources to those welfare recipients with the least financial resources and thus affected the eligibility and benefit levels of many working welfare recipients. Numerous questions were raised about the effects of the changes—questions concerning the reasonableness of projected program savings, welfare recipients' work effort, and changes in the quality of life for families losing AFDC. This article describes an evaluation study, composed of multiple quasi-experimental research designs, that sought to address these questions. It emphasizes the kinds of issues faced by evaluators when designing research on complex and sensitive topics.
A Numerically Developed Taxonomy of Evaluation Theory and Practice
Authors: Williams Janice E.
Published: March 2007

The present study developed a numerical taxonomy of evaluation theory and evaluation practice. Fourteen leading evaluators responded to a two-page questionnaire concerning: (1) the similarity of their theories to the theories of the other evaluators, and (2) their actual evaluation practices. These responses were analyzed with a multidimensional scaling technique, which provided maps of both areas of interest. The results indicated that differences between evaluation theories are more complex and more divisive than are differences in evaluation practice.
Beneficiary Assessment
Authors: Salmen Lawrence F.
Published: March 2007

Beneficiary assessment is a tool that can provide project personnel with information about community-based factors that may foster or limit social sector project success. The method is described as involving participant observation and intensive qualitative interviewing in the project communities by nationals trained to develop information attuned to the needs of local project management. This review presents the evidence accumulated from use of beneficiary assessment in World Bank projects since its introduction in 1982, examining how it has been utiltzed and to what effect, together with observations on how it may, in the future, be operationalized more extensively. These experiences illustrate a number of insights to be gained from use of this method: adequate communication between project staff and beneficiaries is often lacking; ignorance of the various social strata within the community can lead to inequitable/in efficient implementation; the role of community participation in project success is not always sufficiently understood; and there is a demonstrated need for project management to understand the living conditions, economic realities, and felt needs of beneficiaries.
Centralization and Experimentation in the Implementation of a National Monitoring and Evaluation System
Authors: Useem Michael , Chipande Graham
Published: March 2007

The general principles and technical procedures of monitoring and evaluation are well documented, but far less attention has been directed at the equally important process of field implementation in development settings. To identify general principles of implementation that may prove useful in building any monitoring and evaluation system, the authors focus on Malawi's experience over more than 2 decades in creating a national system for agriculture. Drawing on intensive interviews with managers and evaluators in Malawi's agricultural agency and on a range of evaluation documents, this study suggests that monitoring and evaluations systems generate higher quality information if they follow two principles of implementation. Information quality refers to the extent to which assembled data are reliable, valid, and focused on dimensions of interest to program managers and policymakers. The first implementation principle is to combine both centralized and decentralized elements in the organization of the monitoring and evaluation system. Central oversight helps to ensure uniform standards, and localized data collection ensures more sensitive solutions to local field problems. The second implementation principle is to build on an iterative process of field testing, refinement, and retesting of major procedures and indicators. A prolonged trial-and-error approach allows a monitoring and evaluation system to incorporate direct field evidence into procedural definitions, thereby incrementally sharpening data reliability and policy relevance.
The Fallibility of Comparison Groups
Authors: Grossman Jean , Tierney Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents evidence strengthening the argument against comparison group strategies given the current state of knowledge. The comparison group for this study was drawn explicitly recognizing the self-selection issues. It drew youths from similar sources matched on attitudes related to California Conservation Corps (CCC) participation not usually measured and collected information explicitly designed to improve the statistical modeling of participation. Yet, as always, whether a comparison group strategy works is an empirical question. One believes the results from such a study only if they basically conform to one's prior beliefs, otherwise the suitability of a comparison group is suspect.
Mapping Changes in Science and Technology
Authors: Tijssen Robert J.W. , Van Raan Anthony F.J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents basic principles and examples of spatial representations derived from the analysis of co-occurrence frequency data pertaining to bibliographic information elements, such as key words and citations, in research publications and patents. These bibliometric maps provide a means for communicating information on relational features of the science and technology (S&T) system—either for analytical or representational purposes. Characteristics of the main types ofbibliometric maps are outlined, and their potential for practical applications in S&T policy and research and development management are discussed. An emphasis is placed on more recent developments, in particular bibliometric maps produced by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) for depicting temporal changes in the S&T system. Three empirical examples ofsuch maps are presented with a focus on their application for impact assessment in both scientific as well as technological fields: (1) the emergence of new research topics in worldwide research on manufacturing technology, (2) changes in patterns of (inter)na tional collaboration within Dutch research on coal and coal products, and (3) the role of instruments in materials science.
Assessing Distributional Impacts of Forest Policies and Projects
Authors: Zhi Xu
Published: March 2007

This study identifies the demand for distributional impact assessment related to forest policies and projects and the linkages between distributional impacts and sustainable development. An integrated model is developed to assess distributional impact of forest policies and projects. The procedures of distributional impact assessment are discussed Emphasis is placed on the usefulness of the model in practice by integrating monetary and nonmonetary measures. The distributional impacts of the introduction of structural particleboard technology are assessed to illustrate the use of the model. The results show that useful information can be obtained by this integrated approach.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Research Organizations
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Zheng Henry Y.
Published: March 2007

Assessing the effectiveness of research organizations in education (as well as those in the social sciences) is hampered by the lack of measurable goals and identifiable outcome criteria. In this review, key issues in evaluating effectiveness are identified and insights on the application of major assessment approaches are provided. Most research organizations in education tend to have ambiguous goals and incomplete technologies or strategies for achieving them. The goal-attainment approach with its emphasis on efficiency and output measures tells only a limited story of effectiveness. The stakeholder approach, emphasizing social references and extrinsic measures, is more relevant, for it indicates the extent to which stakeholders'needs are satisfied. The systems approach is useful in sensitizing evaluators to the importance of internal processes in improving organizational effectiveness. The competing values framework is an attempt to integrate major assessment paradigms. It shows that value trade-offs are inherent in the selection of evaluation approaches. Understanding an organization's focus, structure, and outcome will facilitate the ultimate choice of effectiveness criteria and evaluation strategies.
Batch Sampling To Improve Power in a Community Trial
Authors: Feldman Henry A. , McKinlay Sonja M. , Niknian Minoo
Published: March 2007

Experiments involving large social units, such as schools, work sites, or whole cities, are commonly limited in statistical power because the number of randomized units is small, leaving few degrees of freedom for residual (between-unit) error. The authors describe a method for increasing residual degrees of freedom in a community experiment without substantially increasing cost or difficulty. In brief, they propose that the experimental units should be divided into random subsamples (batches). Batch sampling can improve statistical power if the community endpoint means are stable over time or if their temporal variation is comparable in period to the batch-sampling schedule. The authors demonstrate the theoretical advantages of the batch system and illustrate its use with data from the Pawtucket Heart Health Program, in which such a design was implemented.
Documenting Community-Level Outcomes
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Lange James , Treno Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

Alcohol-related crashes cluster on Friday and Saturday evenings. One objective of this study was to contrast the demographic characteristics of operators who drive at these times with those who do not, through the comparison of data from two of the most widely used methods for gathering information on drinking and driving: Random Digit Dialing Telephone Surveys and Roadside Voluntary Breath Test Surveys. Roadside surveys set up at locations where alcohol-re lated crashes occur provide a better sample of those drivers most at risk of crash involvement. Telephone surveys, because they do not generally measure the exposure of drivers both in the location of driving and the number of miles driven, are less suited to identifying the drivers at risk However, they highlight the large number of individuals who drive during high-risk times but avoid high-risk locations.
The Other Side of the Story
Authors: D'Emidio-Caston Marianne , Brown Joel H.
Published: March 2007

Within the context of a large-scale, comprehensive evaluation of the California Drug Alcohol Tobacco Education (DATE) program, this study sought to extend knowledge of student percep tions of prevention education using a naturalistic approach. The constant comparative method was used to analyze 40 focus group interviews of risk and thriving groups conducted in 11 high, middle, and elementary school districts. This article presents three assertions generated solely from 490 "narrative stories" found in the data set. "At-risk" and "thriving" students at all three levels of schooling (a) use "story" to make sense of prevention education, and (b) distinguish use from abuse. High school students of both groups (c) believe that hearing only one side of the substance use/abuse story and strict expulsion policies further alienate students most in need of help. Implications for the use of story as an assessment tool are discussed, as are implications for substance use prevention policy .
Meanings Adult Daughters Attach to a Parent's Death
Authors: Kerr Rita Butchko , Ross H. Miriam , Cowles Kathleen V.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how meanings adult daughters attached to their parent's death influenced the duration of their grief The sample consisted of 67 adult daughters, ages 35 to 69 years, who had lost a parent 1 to 3 years earlier Respondents were asked to explore their perceptions about their parent's death, their lifelong parent-daughter relationship, and any lifestyle changes that occurred after a parent's death. Categories were identified from the interview questions, and themes within each category were developed from the interview data Results indicated that how respondents experienced a parent's death-including their guilt, regrets, or anticipatory grief, shifts in other family relationships, and changes in lifestyle-influenced the duration of their grief. The findings suggest that the subjective experience of grief may be an important area for further research as well as for assessment and intervention.
Comparison of Subjects Who Fully versus Minimally Participated in a Breast-Feeding Study
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Humenick Sharron S.
Published: March 2007

Sampling bias occurs in research when a large percentage of subjects who are eligible for the study refuse to participate. During Phase I of a two-phase multisite Mother-Baby Feeding Project, approximately 50% of the 235 potential participants atfour of five sites declined to enter the study. This report compares subjects who fully participated with those who minimally participated and explores factors related to subjects' refusal to participate. Data regarding sociodemographic data, breast-feeding experience, and reason for refusal were collected from 92 subjects who declined to enter but agreed to minimally participate. The fully participating subjects had more education than those who participated minimally. However, the breast-feeding outcomes studied were similarfor both groups. This provides supportfor generalizing additional studyfindings beyond the group offully participating subjects when considering breast-feeding outcomes. Findings lend insight into the problem of subject recruitment that is not well-addressed in the nursing literature.
Computer Networks as a Source of Research Subjects
Authors: Wilmoth Margaret Chamberlain
Published: March 2007

Acquiring access to subjects for research is a problem that confronts many nurse researchers. Methods commonly used for subject recruitment may provide an inadequate subject pool for successful study completion. Computer networks can be a viable alternative for subject recruitment through the use of on-line bulletin boards and support groups for many health-related issues. The use of an on-line network to augment the subjectpool in one study is briefly described. Nurses are encouraged to use this technology as one creative way to recruit and access subjects in order to continue to be successful in the clinical research arena.
The Interpersonal Competence Instrument for Nurses
Authors: Ravert Patricia , Williams Mary , Fosbinder Donna May
Published: March 2007

A new tool, the Interpersonal Competence Instrument for Nurses, was evaluated for content validity and readability. Evaluators consisted of a panel of 10 nursing experts. The instrument measures four categories of the patient-nurse interaction: translating, getting to know you, establishing trust, and going the extra mile. The content validity indexes (CVI) for 14 of 15 behaviors within the four categories rangedfrom .8 to 1.0 and are considered to have content validity. The CVIfor the 15th behavior, clicking, was calculated as. 7, and, thus, was modified. The CVIfor the entire instrument of 111 items was determined to be .84. Readability analyzed with the SMOGformula established a grade level of 8.09. Additional psychometric testing of the tool is in progress. Internal consistency reliability is being evaluated through the use of coefficient alpha and item analysis. Construct validity is being estimated through the experimental approach. The internal structure of the instrument is being assessed throughfactor analysis. Presuming that this instrument continues to demonstrate validity and reliability with future testing, it will facilitate the evaluation of nurse-patient interaction and promote focused education for nurses in the career development continuum.
The Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale
Authors: Yamashita Mineko
Published: March 2007

This study examnined the perceptions of'the exercise of self-care in nursing students in Japan. An instrument to measure exercise of self-care agency developed by Kearney and Fleischer was used. The instrument was translated from English into Japanese and administered to a convenience sample of 461 students who were enrolled in nursing and early childhood education for the purpose of comparison. Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the instrument were satisfactory. The resultsfrom the study were compared with thosefrom studies in the United States and Sweden in which the same instrument was administered to nursing students. Differences and similarities between these studies will shed some light on cross-cultural directives for international nursing research on the exercise of self-care agency.
Good Afternoon, Good Evening, and Good Night: The Truman Show as Media Criticism
Authors: Bishop Ronald
Published: March 2007

The media's impact on our lives in the past half decade has become a popular thematic centerpiece for feature films and television programs. Using cultural studies as a framework, this article explores the fascination that entertainment producers have with the role the media play in our lives through an analysis of the much heralded film, The Truman Show. Critics and moviegoers have congratulated the producers of films like The Truman Show for taking a critical look at the power of the media. The author contends, however, that they have not earned our plaudits. Films like Truman are created by entertainment companies as a means to exploit, and at the same time dissipate, our desire to engage in genuine media criticism. In the end, the power of the media is affirmed rather than challenged. In the spirit of Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony, these films and television programs co-opt our enchantment (and disenchantment) with the media and sell it back to us.
Domestic Values and National Security: Framing the Battle for Educational Frequencies in 1950-51
Authors: Balas Glenda R.
Published: March 2007

The 1950-51 battle for educational channels produced 914 oral and written statements, achieved 11.7 percent of the spectrum, and ushered in a television system dedicated to formal, in-school instruction. The campaign for instructional channels for American schoolchildren was a lively and passionate discourse by educators who believed U.S. education would be markedly improved through the use of television technology. Many were convinced that their efforts were nonprofit television's last chance for spectrum space, and they joined in a successful effort to produce the electromagnetic framework that stands today as channels for public television. Even so, the strategic decision by the Joint Committee on Educational Television and National Association of Educational Broadcasters to promote a specialized, in-school use of noncommercial TV was a move that abandoned other constituencies and narrowly defined educational television as instructional. A public service became a teaching tool, and the cost was a public mission, a broad-based audience, and an enduring institutional identity.
Feminism and Social Policy
Authors: Mclntosh Mary
Published: March 2007

Feminists have a specific critique of state services and social security because of the way women are made individually dependent on men and yoked with the state in meeting needs. There are two key guidelines for planning any socialist welfare policy in capitalist society: (1) advances are possible, because popular demands are not merely antithetical to capitalist interests, but (2) advances that would destroy the capital-labour relation cannot be achieved under capitalism. In this context the feminist campaign for 'disaggregation' is a promising one. Feminist campaigns involve work within and in alliance with many existing organisations and men should recognise that feminist demands are central to any socialist strategy on social policy.
Social Policy Implications of Emergency Legislation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Morrissey Mike , Ditch John
Published: March 2007

The periodic use of emergency legislation has been a historic characteristic of the Northern Ireland state. In the past twelve years there has been a marked escalation of the use of emergency powers in response to the political crisis and the continuing urban guerrilla war. In this article we explore some of the effects on social policy of the widespread, long-term use of emergency legislation in Northern Ireland. In particular we examine instances of the diffusion of emergency legislation where it becomes a 'normal' instrument of social policy and also the dilemmas generated for social policy professionals in terms of problematic relationships with the state. Finally we suggest that such developments in Northern Ireland provide new evidence to feed theoretical debates in social policy.
Radical Social Work- Contradictions, Limitations and Political Possibilities
Authors: Hearn Jeff
Published: March 2007

The first assumption of this article is that it is never easy to be radical; the second that this is particularly so within radical social work. The historical context and contradictions of radical social work are examined and the related social limitations that can lead to its deradicalisation are elaborated. The latter part of the article considers the problematic relationship of social work and marxism, and the centrality of gender divisions, reproduction and feminism in the analysis of (radical) social work. The article concludes with a discussion of political possibilities for radical social work, in resisting reactionary pressures, and maintaining political activity through organisational politics.

I am very grateful to Bob Ashcroft for his help and encouragement in writing this article, to Julia Graham, Peter Hitch, Jim Kincaid, Mark Philp, Satya Schofield and Helena Scott for discussions on the issues raised, and to Satya Schofield for typing the script. I also owe a great, though more diffuse, debt to many other people, and particularly those involved in childcare campaigning.
Grey power: age-based organisations' response to structured inequalities
Authors: Ginn Jay
Published: March 2007

One consequence of the ageing of populations is the portrayal of elderly people as threatening the viability of welfare states; in particu lar, those who wish to justify cuts in public pensions depict the elderly as increasingly affluent and powerful relative to the rest of society. This article challenges such a view of elderly people in Britain as an ageist myth which serves to distract attention from the real sources of economic problems and from inequalities in elderly people's income and power which vary by class, gender and race. Because ageing affects men and women in different ways elderly women are not only poorer than men but also have lower social status, disadvantages Which are compounded for black women.

Examination of publications of older people's campaigning organ isations in Britain and the USA shows that elderly people do not align themselves politically on the basis of age but of class. Although women participate at all levels in 'grey power', older peoples organis ations have largely neglected the issues of gender and race. Whereas older women in the USA have highlighted injustices to women and achieved some reforms, British older women have not yet mobiused as effectively.
Social and spatial relationships and the 'problem' inner city
Authors: Fraser Penny
Published: March 2007

This article examines the processes by which one part of Manchester's inner city (Moss-Side) has come to acquire a national status as an arche typal inner-city 'problem area'. The particular set of social and spatial relationships involved in the production of this status are explored. The relative neglect of this type of approach in the ongoing debate around the 'inner city question' has, it is argued, led to an over-preoccupation with the similarities rather than the differences between inner cities in Britain. The paper suggests that this preoccupation has been detrimental to Moss-Side and that an alternative strategy—one which places more im portance on the place of Moss-Side within its wider community—is long overdue.
Domestic violence and social work
Authors: Mullender Audrey
Published: March 2007

An overview of research studies from the 1980s and 1990s reveals social work's poor record in respect of domestic violence. Although widespread and consistent change is still lacking, there are moves in some quarters towards improvements which, taken together, can provide a useful model of good practice. Key policy initiatives include the introduction of guide lines, the collection of relevant statistics, training and interagency liai son. At the practice level, there are pointers towards effective intervention in every aspect of community care and child care. In both these broad spheres, social services departments are now required to draw up plans outlining how they intend to meet the needs they identify in their areas. The needs of women experiencing abuse, and those of their children, should arguably be firmly on these agendas.
Similarities and Differences in Mother-Daughter and Mother-Son Conversations During Preadolescence and Adolescence
Authors: Beaumont Sherry L. , Vasconcelos Viviane C. B. , Ruggeri Monica
Published: March 2007

Temporal and functional conversation styles were examined in discussions between mothers and their preadolescent or adolescent sons and daughters. Conversations were audiotaped and coded for speakers’ rates of overlaps between speaking turns, simultaneous speech, and successful interruptions. Results indicated that boys and girls of both ages used a high-involvement conversational style including frequent overlaps, simultaneous speech, and interruptions. Mothers used a high-considerateness style characterized by significantly lower rates of overlaps, simultaneous speech, and interruptions than their children. Secondary analyses examining the functions of speakers’ simultaneous speech and successful interruptions indicated that adolescents produced less confirming simultaneous speech than preadolescents, and more confirming simultaneous speech was produced in the preadolescent boy dyads than in either the adolescent boy dyads or the preadolescent girl dyads. Finally, adolescent boys produced significantly more rejecting successful interruptions than their mothers.
Patients’ Interactions with Health Providers
Authors: Watson Bernadette , Gallois Cynthia
Published: March 2007

Two studies investigated interactions between health providers and patients, using Semin and Fiedler’s linguistic category model. In Study 1 the linguistic category model was used to examine perceptions of the levels of linguistic intergroup bias in descriptions of conversations with health professionals in hospitals. Results indicated a favourable linguistic bias toward health professionals in satisfactory conversations but low levels of linguistic intergroup bias in unsatisfactory conversations. In Study 2, the language of patients and health professionals in videotaped interactions was examined for levels of linguistic intergroup bias. Interpersonally salient interactions showed less linguistic intergroup bias than did intergroup ones. Results also indicate that health professionals have high levels of control in all types of medical encounters with patients. Nevertheless, the extent to which patients are able to interact with health professionals as individuals, rather than only as professionals, is a key determinant of satisfaction with the interaction.
The Stability of Nonverbal Behaviour: An Action-Production Approach to Problems of Cross-Situational Consistency and Discriminativeness
Authors: Greene John O.
Published: March 2007

Two decades of extensive research and intense debate have served to make clear that human behaviour is characterised by both stability and variation over time and across situations. It remains, however, to articulate a coherent theoretical account detailing the processes of person-situation interaction that give rise to this consistency and discriminativeness. Toward this end, requirements for an adequate interactional theory are reviewed. Central to the approach taken here is the assumption that because consistency and discriminativeness are properties of behaviour, these phenomena are likely to be understood only by recourse to models of behavioural production. The second section of the article then summarises a cognitive model specifying the structures and control processes comprising the behavioural output system. This model permits a reconceptualisation of individual dispositions and situational influences in terms consistent with the properties of the output system. Finally, the model is extended to the realm of nonverbal behaviour to make explicit claims concerning those conditions under which behavioural stability should be enhanced.
'Being' Versus 'Doing' Punk: On Achieving Authenticity as a Member
Authors: Widdicombe Sue , Wooffitt Rob
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine some ways in which members of subcultures make comparisons between and within subcultural groups and one function served by such comparisons. Specifically, we illustrate how social comparisons are used to achieve authenticity for the subcultural group and for the self as a member of that group. Our analysis focuses on the language through which such comparisons are made in people's talk. The data come from a series of informal interviews with punks, gothics and hippies. We analyse three types of comparison: the comparison of one or more groups with an external standard; the comparison of the subculture's past and present character; and the comparison between older and newer members. The implications of our findings for social identity theory are considered. Finally, we discuss an interesting and recurrent device for emphasising authenticity which lay in the construction of the descriptions of members' motivations for joining. This was related to the distinction between 'being' a member, or having the correct grounds for affiliation, and merely 'doing' or performing, aspects of the subculture.
The Cast Test of Nonverbal Sensitivity
Authors: Trimboli Antonietta , Walker Michael
Published: March 2007

A number of tests claim to measure sensitivity to various aspects of the communication process, particularly the nonverbal component. Unfortunately, the validity and usefulness of these tests are open to question, as each can be criticised on methodological and conceptual grounds. A new test of affective sensitivity was developed. Called the Contextual and Affective Sensitivity Test (CAST), it incorporates a number of features that constitute an important methodological improvement on earlier tests. Specifically, genuine rather than posed messages are used; messages are contextualised rather than disparate; and the focus of the test is camouflaged rather than transparent. The CAST avoids a number of methodological problems present in alternative tests, such as the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity. It represents a new approach to measuring sensitivity to affective communication. The CAST consists of 34 items that measure communication on three dimensions: accuracy of identification; sensitivity to nonverbal cues; and responsiveness to contextual information. Pretesting focused on the item and scale characteristics and on validity. Validity was demonstrated by showing that higher scores on the test are obtained by people in more person-oriented occupations.
Towards a Model of School Leadership
Authors: Busher Hugh , Saran Rene
Published: March 2007

In this wide ranging paper, Hugh Busher of the University of Loughborough and Rene Saran of the Institute of Education of the University of London explore the models currently available to examine the work of headteachers. They re-examine the problems faced by professional leaders in professionally staffed organisations and conclude that some models of leadership are more appropriate to schools than others.
The Changing Role of the Primary-school Headteacher
Authors: Webb Rosemary , Vulliamy Graham
Published: March 2007

Rosemary Webb and Graham Vulliamy are members of the Department of Educational Studies at the University of York. In this article they report on a study of 50 schools in England and Wales which sought to examine views of the changing role of the contemporary primary-school headteacher. In so doing, they identify and discuss growing tensions between heads' administrative and professional roles and between collegial and top-down management styles.
LEA Responses to the Management of Special Education in the Light of the Code of Practice
Authors: Millward Alan , Skidmore David
Published: March 2007

Using evidence from five case studies this paper discusses the responses of five LEAs to the management of special education in the light of the new policy context created by the Code of Practice. The structure of an emerging model of governance is illustrated, defined along the dimensions of values, LEA role and management systems. The findings of the investigation are reported with regard to the crucial areas of value commitment to the concept of community, and the LEA role of strategic leadership. Critical issues for local and central government relations in the area of special education are also identified and discussed. The research reported in this paper was supported by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Reconnaissance Wars of the Planetary Frontierland
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: March 2007

The events of 11th September 2001 have many meanings. Although seen as a turning point in a number of historical sequences, perhaps their longest-lasting significance will prove to be that they mark the symbolic end to the era of space.. The article explores the consequences of this in terms of global space, which now becomes a new frontierland, where refugees, in a caricature of the new power elite, have come to epitomize extraterritoriality, and where floating coalitions and confluent enmities are both the promoters and beneficiaries of the new global disorder.
An Assertiveness Training Group
Authors: Anyon Christine , Durrant Pat , Shelley Sue
Published: March 2007

How workers learnt and applied techniques of helping women clients to keep control or assert themselves in threatening situations.
Surviving and Sustaining 'Intractable' Divorce Work
Authors: Cohen Simon , Toze David
Published: March 2007

How one Probation Area has recognised the isolation and despair generated by endless, seemingly unsolvable, and highly stressful civil work. Their approach should apply to other 'intractable' casework.
Probation, the Technology of Power and the New Politics
Authors: Spencer Jon
Published: March 2007

The author argues that Service enthusiasm for 'alternatives to custody' has done nothing to challenge the centrality of custody in criminal justice but has promoted the expectation that we have the technical expertise to provide viable social discipline. Now that the state has economic reason to seek its own 'alternative to custody' strategy, will the Probation Service be able to survive with its values intact?
NLB: Comprehensive and Efficient
Authors: Bennett Margaret , Brazier Helen
Published: March 2007

The Public Libraries and Museums Act (1964) requires local authorities to: "Provide comprehensive and efficient library services for all persons desiring to make use thereof". Library Services for visually impaired people are neither comprehensive nor efficient.
DfEE: How Green Was My Future? Revisiting the 1997 Green Paper on Children with SEN, Excellence for All Children
Authors: McCall Steve
Published: March 2007

In 1997 the then new Labour Government published a Green Paper on the special educational needs on Excellence for All Children: Meeting Special Educational Needs. In a Paper which appeared in this Journal (McCall, 1998) the author considered the historical background to the Green Paper, summarised its proposals and discussed the changes it was likely to bring about in the Education of children with a visual impairment. In this Paper the author revisits the Green Paper and considers to what extent its aspirations have been achieved thus far.
And after school
Authors: Stone Juliet
Published: March 2007

This article describes one of the few UK designated services for visually impaired students in Further and Higher Education that is not physically located in a specialist college. It raises some of the issues involved in delivering such a service to do with personal support, funding, staffing and liaison.
Just a set of rooms
Authors: Vawda Cliff
Published: March 2007

An account of the rehabilitation unit set up by Birmingham Social Services Department — its objectives and achievements.
An approach to the stimulation of vision in the profoundly handicapped, visually handicapped child
Authors: Bell Judy
Published: March 2007

This article looks at some of the justifications for including visual stimulation as a curricular component for the profoundly handicapped child who is operating as if visually handicapped. It sets out a four stage approach to the stimulation process and argues that if this is not followed there is a danger that the teacher will have difficulty in knowing where such intervention is leading. The progres sion through the stages is seen as a gradual shift from visual stimulation as a curricular content to visual stimulation as a teaching method. The idea is put forward that rather than teaching a child to see, visual stimulation is more concerned with attempts to manipulate the environment to promote maximum use of vision.
The ways of the hand : a study of hand function among blind, visually impaired and visually impaired multi-handicapped children and adolescents
Authors: Rogow Sally M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a study of the manual development of 148 blind, visually impaired and visually impaired multi-handicapped children and adolescents between the ages of three and nineteen. The study was undertaken to determine the extent to which object manipulation, tool use and speech express active interaction and communication within the environment. Both manual function and speech depend upon interaction for their optimal development. The data derived from questionnaires confirmed the importance of interaction. The data also showed an inverse relationship between object manipulation and stereotypic hand mannerisms.
Visually impaired people, the identification of the need for specialist provision: a historical perspective
Authors: Ann Abel R.
Published: March 2007

A characteristic of social policy evolution is the way in which certain groups become identified as worthy of specialist concern. This article shows how visually impaired people acquired a separate identity for the purpose of social policy provision and discusses the implications of blind registration procedures. It charts, over the period 1834-1988, not only the rise but also the decline of specialist provision.