bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Best Practice Guidelines for Breast Imaging, Breast Imaging Society, India: Part-2
Authors: Chakrabarthi Suma , Panwar Shikha , Singh Tulika , Lad Shilpa , Srikala Jwala , Khandelwal Niranjan , Misra Sanjeev , Thulkar Sanjay
Published: June 2022

Breast imaging is a prerequisite for providing high quality breast health care. Choosing the appropriate investigation is central to diagnosing breast disease in patients who present to health professionals for treatment. These patients present to doctors of different subspecialties as well as to general practitioners in our country. It is important, therefore, to provide uniform guidance to doctors in different healthcare setups of our country, urban and rural, government and private, for optimal management of breast diseases. These guidelines framed by the task group set up by the Breast Imaging Society, India, have been formulated focusing primarily on the Indian patients and health care infrastructures. They aim to provide a framework for the referring doctors and practicing radiologists to enable them to choose the appropriate investigation for patients with breast symptoms and signs. The aim has been to keep this framework simple and practical so that it can guide not only subspecialists in breast care but also help doctors who do not routinely deal with breast diseases, so that breast cancer is not missed. Overall, the aim of this document is to provide a holistic approach to standardize breast care imaging services in India. Part 2 of these guidelines focuses on the best practice principles for breast interventions and provides algorithms for the investigation of specific common breast symptoms and signs. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for image-guided breast interventions due to real-time needle visualization, easy availability, patient comfort and absence of radiation. Stereotactic mammography guided procedures are performed if the lesion is visualized on mammography but not visualized on ultrasound. 14-gauge automated core biopsy device is preferred for breast biopsies although vacuum assisted biopsy devices are useful for biopsy of certain abnormalities as well as for imaging guided excision of some pathologies. MRI guided biopsy is reserved for suspicious lesions seen only on MRI. Algorithms for investigation of patients presenting with mastalgia, breast lumps, suspicious nipple discharge, infections and inflammation of the breast have been provided. For early breast cancers routine use of investigations to detect occult distant metastasis is not advised. Metastatic work up for advanced breast cancer is required for selection of appropriate treatment options.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Self-Ratings of Language in Adults with Aphasia and Non-Brain Injured Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Arnett Sarah , Mozeiko Jennifer
Published: June 2022

Rating scales are frequently used in research and clinical practice with people with aphasia (PWA) to characterize communication in the home environment. However, it remains unclear whether responses provided on rating scales accurately reflect the communication that occurs. We aim to evaluate the accuracy of PWA's self-perceptions of verbal language use as measured by a rating scale and determine whether this accuracy is different from that of non–brain-injured (NBI) participants. Four PWA and four NBI participants completed a rating scale estimating their amount of verbal language production as compared with their communication partner. Audio recordings from participants' home environments were analyzed for proportion of words and conversational turns contributed by the participant, which were compared with rating scale estimates. Perceptions of verbal language output among both PWA and NBI participants showed variable accuracy, with discrepancies between estimates and objective data across both groups. The reliability of rating scales in quantifying language output appears questionable, suggesting they may not accurately represent naturalistic language environments of PWA. Additional research with larger sample sizes is warranted to investigate whether this trend is consistent across a larger population of individuals with aphasia.
Scaling digital solutions for wicked problems: Ecosystem versatility
Authors: Tatarinov Katherine , Ambos Tina C. , Tschang Feichin Ted
Published: June 2022

Digital solutions are increasingly used to address “wicked problems” that are locally embedded but require global approaches. Scaling these solutions internationally is imperative for their success, but to date we know little about this process. Using a qualitative case study methodology, our paper analyzes how four digital solutions driven by the United Nations are built and how they scale internationally. These solutions address wicked problems through artificial intelligence, blockchain, and geospatial mapping, and are embedded in networks of partners which evolve during scaling to create unique ecosystem roles and configurations. We identify different ecosystem roles and find that the specific properties of digital solutions – modularity, generativity and affordances – enable either adaptation or replication during scaling. Building on these insights, we derive a typology of four different types of international scaling, which vary in their ecosystem versatility (how the ecosystem changes across locations) and the local adaptation of the application (the problems the solution addresses). This study presents a new way to examine the replication and adaptation dilemma for ecosystems and extends internationalization theory to the digital world.
Citizen Social Science in Germany—cooperation beyond invited and uninvited participation
Authors: Göbel Claudia , Mauermeister Sylvi , Henke Justus
Published: June 2022

This article presents an overview of characteristics of Citizen Social Science (CSS) in Germany. CSS is defined as scientific research in the humanities and social sciences, carried out in cooperation between professional and non-professional researchers. The study draws on an online survey and semi-structured interviews with project coordinators and co-researchers. It finds that participatory research activities in the humanities and social sciences are very diverse in their disciplinary traditions and organisational settings. Key features of CSS activities initiated inside as well as outside academic institutions are analysed to understand patterns of participation and cooperation. The results show that CSS activities are frequently realised in heterogeneous consortia of academic and non-academic partners. These consortia influence interactions between professional and non-professional researchers. To investigate these observations further, the article extends the analytical gaze from participation of individual volunteers to various forms of cooperation in consortia. This shift in attention brings to sight additional actors and activities that are usually not, or only marginally, considered in discussions about C(S)S. Staff of civil society organisations, municipalities, schools or cross-sectoral initiatives as well as university students are involved in making CSS work. In addition to research tasks, CSS rests on science communication, project management and intermediation activities. This extended perspective captures more diverse constellations of knowledge production in participatory research in the social sciences and humanities than the common focus on participation. In this way, the article aims to lay the groundwork for understanding the functioning of CSS beyond aspects described by the concept of invited and uninvited participation. It shows that CSS activities are not limited to capacitating lay people for participation in science. A more adequate description is that such projects are concerned with facilitating cooperation with co-researchers and other partners in consortia inside and outside of academia. On this basis, the article introduces the notion of cooperation capacity as a heuristic device to propose new prompts for research on CSS as well as for supporting CSS practice.
Experimental study on a zigzagging bubble using tomographic particle image velocimetry with shadow image reconstruction
Authors: She Wen-Xuan , Gao Qi , Zuo Zheng-Yu , Liao Xiang-Wei , Zhao Liang , Zhang Ling-Xin , Nie De-Ming , Shao Xue-Ming
Published: June 2022

For decades, it has been proven by numerous experiments and simulations that a single bubble freely rises in an unstable path and shape in a surface tension force dominant regime. Using time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry combined with three-dimensional shadow image reconstruction, the present study experimentally provides a full three-dimensional diagnosis of the shape and wake structures of a zigzagging bubble. An ellipsoidal bubble with an equivalent diameter of deq = 5.47 mm freely rising in stagnant water is investigated at a terminal Reynolds number of 1390 with a zigzag path. The results show a typical double-threaded vortex structure generated during the initial ascending stage. In the regular zigzagging stage, a four-ring mode of vortex generation is observed, which is composed of alternatively discharged and induced hairpin vortices. Thanks to the volumetric measurement, the shedding or inducing mechanism of complicated wake structures is clearly achieved. We speculate that the secondary shape oscillation of the bubble is excited by the shedding of the primary hairpin vortex. Frequencies of the bubble trajectory, variation of velocity, and bubble shape oscillation are analyzed in detail. Their associated harmonics are classified to indicate the interactions between the bubble and the wakes.
Morphology of bubble dynamics and sound in heated oil
Authors: Kiyama Akihito , Rabbi Rafsan , Pan Zhao , Dutta Som , Allen John S , Truscott Tadd T
Published: June 2022

The interaction between a heated oil bath and water droplets commonly occurs in the kitchen and has important implications for cooking, fire safety, and indoor air pollution. The interplay between the bubble dynamics in a heated oil bath, the generated sound, and the ligament-like expulsion to the surrounding air is examined. We focus on an explosion of a millimeter-sized water droplet in heated oil as a simplified case. We discuss three typical bubble types that can be classified as a function of the stand-off parameter h/R, where h is the distance between the oil surface and bubble and R is the maximum bubble radius. Our data describe the morphology of bubble dynamics inside a heated oil bath and represent those found in the cooking pan. This paper also highlights potential applications of our findings.
Thermo-reliability of PVD Cr/Au on sapphire substrates for high-temperature sensors
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Junqiang , Zhu Zehua , Li Mengwei
Published: June 2022

Thermo-reliability of physical vapor deposition (PVD) Cr/Au on sapphire substrates was systematically investigated to improve the routing interconnection for high-temperature sensors. Cr and Au films were sequentially deposited on sapphire through magnetron sputtering. Samples with various Au layer thicknesses were subjected to annealing experiments at different temperatures and times. The temperature and processing time affected the dimension of Au particles and changed the surface roughness. With the increase in the temperature and treatment time, the agglomeration of Au particles increased, and the diameter enlarged substantially. Furthermore, the agglomeration effect is enhanced with the increase in the Au film thickness. However, the annealing time under the same temperature had a limited effect on the resistance. All the samples exhibited a low resistance at 700 °C. Moreover, compared with 100/500 nm Cr/Au films, the resistance of 100/1000 nm Cr/Au films slightly changed before and after annealing at 500 °C. Thus, thermo-reliability of PVD Cr/Au was beneficial for high-temperature sensors. The results of this study provided theoretical support for the practical applications of Cr/Au films.
Recombination dynamics of indirect excitons in hexagonal BN epilayers containing polytypic segments grown by chemical vapor deposition using carbon-free precursors
Authors: Chichibu S. F. , Shima K. , Kikuchi K. , Umehara N. , Takiguchi K. , Ishitani Y. , Hara K.
Published: June 2022

Hexagonal (h) BN is a semiconductor that crystallizes in layers of a two-dimensional honeycomb structure. Since hBN exhibits high quantum efficiency (QE) near-band edge emission at around 5.8 eV in spite of the indirect bandgap, hBN has a potential for the use in deep-ultraviolet light emitters. For elucidating the emission dynamics of indirect excitons (iXs) in hBN, spatially and temporally resolved luminescence measurements were carried out on hBN epilayers grown using carbon-free precursors. In addition to major μm-side flat-topped (0001) hBN columnar grains, sub-μm-scale polytypic segments were identified, which were likely formed by certain growth instabilities. The hBN domains exhibited predominant emissions of phonon-assisted fundamental iXs at 5.7–5.9 eV and a less-pronounced 4.0-eV emission band. The photoluminescence lifetime (τPL) for the iX emissions was 54 ps, which most likely represents the midgap recombination lifetime (τMGR) for an iX reservoir. Because τPL did not change while the cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity increased with temperature above 100 K, both the immobile character of iXs and strong exciton–phonon interaction seem significant for procreating the high QE. The CL intensity and τPL of the 5.5 eV band monotonically decreased with temperature, indicating that τPL represents τMGR, most probably a nonradiative lifetime, around the real states. Equally significant emissions at 6.035 eV at 12 K and 6.0–6.1 eV at 300 K were observed from the polytypic segments, most probably graphitic bernal BN, which also exhibited negligible thermal quenching property.
The stability of wakes of floating wind turbines
Authors: Kleine V. G. , Franceschini L. , Carmo B. S. , Hanifi A. , Henningson D. S.
Published: June 2022

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are subjected to platform motion induced by wind and wave loads. The oscillatory movement trigger vortex instabilities, modifying the wake structure and influencing the flow reaching downstream wind turbines. In this work, the wake of a FOWT is analyzed by means of numerical simulations and a comparison with linear stability theory. Two simplified models based on the stability of vortices are developed for all degrees of freedom of turbine motion. In our numerical simulations, the wind turbine blades are modeled as actuator lines and a spectral-element method with low dispersion and dissipation is employed to study the evolution of the perturbations. The turbine motion excites vortex instability modes predicted by the linear stability of helical vortices. The flow structures that are formed in the non-linear regime are a consequence of the growth of these modes and preserve some of the characteristics that can be explained and predicted by the linear theory. The number of vortices that interact and the growth rate of disturbances are well predicted by a simple stability model of a two-dimensional row of vortices. For all types of motion, the highest growth rate is observed when the frequency of motion is one and a half the frequency of rotation of the turbine that induces the out-of-phase vortex pairing mechanism. For lower frequencies of motion, several vortices coalesce to form large flow structures, which cause the high amplitude of oscillations in the streamwise velocities, which may increase fatigue or induce high amplitude motion on downstream turbines.
Bases for infinite dimensional simple osp(1|2n)-modules respecting the branching osp(1|2n)⊃gl(n)
Authors: Bisbo Asmus K. , Van der Jeugt Joris
Published: June 2022

We study the effects of the branching osp(1|2n)⊃gl(n) on a particular class of simple infinite-dimensional osp(1|2n)-modules L(p) characterized by a positive integer p. In the first part (Sec. III), we use combinatorial methods, such as Young tableaux and Young subgroups, to construct a new basis for L(p) that respects this branching, and we express the basis elements explicitly in two distinct ways: first, as monomials of negative root vectors of gl(n) acting on certain gl(n)-highest weight vectors in L(p) and then as polynomials in the generators of osp(1|2n) acting on a osp(1|2n)-lowest weight vector in L(p). In the second part (Sec. IV), we use extremal projectors and the theory of Mickelsson–Zhelobenko algebras to give new explicit constructions of raising and lowering operators related to the branching osp(1|2n)⊃gl(n). We use the raising operators to give new expressions for the elements of the Gel’fand–Zetlin basis for L(p) as monomials of operators from U(osp(1|2n)) acting on a osp(1|2n)-lowest weight vector in L(p). We observe that the Gel’fand–Zetlin basis for L(p) is related to the basis constructed earlier in this paper by a triangular transition matrix. We end this paper (Sec. V) with a detailed example treating the case n = 3.
Impact of radiation and electron trapping on minority carrier transport in p-Ga2O3
Authors: Modak Sushrut , Schulte Alfons , Sartel Corinne , Sallet Vincent , Dumont Yves , Chikoidze Ekaterine , Xia Xinyi , Ren Fan , Pearton Stephen J. , Ruzin Arie , Chernyak Leonid
Published: June 2022

Highly resistive undoped p-type gallium oxide samples were subjected to cumulative proton irradiation with energies ranging from 25 to 70 keV and doses in the 1.6 × 1014–3.6 × 1014 cm−2 range. Proton irradiation resulted in up to a factor of 2 reduction of minority electron diffusion length in the samples for temperatures between ∼ 300 and 400 K. Electron injection into the samples under test using a scanning electron microscope beam leads to pronounced elongation of diffusion length beyond the pre-irradiation values, thus demonstrating stable (days after injection) recovery of adverse radiation impact on minority carrier transport. The activation energy of 91 meV estimated from the temperature dependent diffusion length vs electron injection duration experiments is likely related to the local potential barrier height for native defects associated with the phenomenon of interest.
Double-diffusive convection in a magnetic nanofluid-filled porous medium: Development and application of a nonorthogonal lattice Boltzmann model
Authors: Wang Cun-Hai , Liu Zi-Yang , Jiang Ze-Yi , Zhang Xin-Xin
Published: June 2022

In this work, to fill the rare reports on double-diffusive convection (DDC) considering the effects of porous medium, nanofluid, and magnetic field at the same time, we first developed a full nonorthogonal multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for DDC in a nanofluid-filled porous medium subjected to a magnetic field. The capability of the newly proposed model is then verified. By solving specific problems via the full model with specific control parameters, we show that the nonorthogonal LB model is accurate for handling the effects of the porous medium, nanofluid, and magnetic field. Finally, we apply the model to DDC in an Fe3O4–water nanofluid-filled porous cavity with a hot left boundary and examine the effects of magnetic field intensity and inclination angle on the flow, heat, and mass transfer inside the porous medium. Results show that heat and mass transfer can both be adjusted by varying the intensity and inclination angle of the magnetic field. When the external magnetic field is applied, the heat and mass transfer along the hot wall declines monotonously with increasing the strength of the magnetic field. In contrast, the average Nu and Sh increase at first and then decrease with the inclination angle of the magnetic field, reaching the maximum at around γ = 45°. Results in this work pave a tunable way for heat and mass transfer regulation inside a magnetic nanofluid-fill porous medium. In addition, this work provides essential reference solutions for further study on DDC in a nanofluid-filled porous medium subjected to a magnetic field.
On the concentration dependence of the up-conversion process of Pr
Authors: Schröder Franziska , Fischer Stefan , Jüstel Thomas
Published: June 2022

This work concerns the concentration dependence of the optical properties of microscale samples according to the solid solution Li2Ca1–2xPrxNaxSiO4 with x = 0.001, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.1. Phase purity was inspected by using X-ray powder diffraction. In order to figure out concentration dependent similarities and differences of their properties with respect to down- and up-conversion, luminescence spectroscopy for vacuum UV (VUV), X-ray, and blue light excitation were performed. Furthermore, diffuse reflection spectroscopy as well as time dependent luminescence measurements were conducted. It turns out that the concentration quenching of the up-conversion lags the down-conversion. In addition, a rise time can be observed in the time dependent measurements of the up-conversion. From these observations, it is concluded that the up-conversion process takes place via an energy transfer process with a very high probability.
Primary cilia in satellite cells are the mechanical sensors for muscle hypertrophy
Authors: Li Weijun , Zhu Zhenhong , He Kai , Ma Xiaoyu , Pignolo Robert J. , Sieck Gary C. , Hu Jinghua , Wang Haitao
Published: June 2022

Skeletal muscle atrophy is commonly associated with aging, immobilization, muscle unloading, and congenital myopathies. Generation of mature muscle cells from skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs) is pivotal in repairing muscle tissue. Exercise therapy promotes muscle hypertrophy and strength. Primary cilium is implicated as the mechanical sensor in some mammalian cells, but its role in skeletal muscle cells remains vague. To determine mechanical sensors for exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy, we established three SC-specific cilium dysfunctional mouse models—
Myogenic factor 5
(
Myf5
)
-Arf-like Protein 3
(
Arl3
)

−/−
, Paired box protein Pax-7

(
Pax7
)-
Intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog
(
Ift88
)

−/−

, and

Pax7-Arl3
−/−

—by specifically deleting a ciliary protein ARL3 in MYF5-expressing SCs, or IFT88 in PAX7-expressing SCs, or ARL3 in PAX7-expressing SCs, respectively. We show that the

Myf5-Arl3
−/−

mice develop grossly the same as WT mice. Intriguingly, mechanical stimulation-induced muscle hypertrophy or myoblast differentiation is abrogated in

Myf5-Arl3
−/−

and

Pax7-Arl3
−/−

mice or primary isolated

Myf5-Arl3
−/−

and

Pax7-Ift88
−/−

myoblasts, likely due to defective cilia-mediated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Collectively, we demonstrate SC cilia serve as mechanical sensors and promote exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy via Hh signaling pathway.
The M
1
muscarinic receptor is present in situ as a ligand-regulated mixture of monomers and oligomeric complexes
Authors: Marsango Sara , Jenkins Laura , Pediani John D. , Bradley Sophie J. , Ward Richard J. , Hesse Sarah , Biener Gabriel , Stoneman Michael R. , Tobin Andrew B. , Raicu Valerica , Milligan Graeme
Published: June 2022

The quaternary organization of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors in native tissues is unknown. To address this we generated mice in which the M
1
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor was replaced with a C-terminally monomeric enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP)–linked variant. Fluorescence imaging of brain slices demonstrated appropriate regional distribution, and using both anti-M
1
and anti–green fluorescent protein antisera the expressed transgene was detected in both cortex and hippocampus only as the full-length polypeptide. M
1
-mEGFP was expressed at levels equal to the M
1
receptor in wild-type mice and was expressed throughout cell bodies and projections in cultured neurons from these animals. Signaling and behavioral studies demonstrated M
1
-mEGFP was fully active. Application of fluorescence intensity fluctuation spectrometry to regions of interest within M
1
-mEGFP–expressing neurons quantified local levels of expression and showed the receptor was present as a mixture of monomers, dimers, and higher-order oligomeric complexes. Treatment with both an agonist and an antagonist ligand promoted monomerization of the M
1
-mEGFP receptor. The quaternary organization of a class A G protein-coupled receptor in situ was directly quantified in neurons in this study, which answers the much-debated question of the extent and potential ligand-induced regulation of basal quaternary organization of such a receptor in native tissue when present at endogenous expression levels.
WNT/RYK signaling functions as an antiinflammatory modulator in the lung mesenchyme
Authors: Kim Hyun-Taek , Panza Paolo , Kikhi Khrievono , Nakamichi Yuko , Atzberger Ann , Guenther Stefan , Ruppert Clemens , Guenther Andreas , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: June 2022

A number of inflammatory lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia, are modulated by WNT/β-catenin signaling. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, starting with a forward genetic screen in mouse, we identify the WNT coreceptor Related to receptor tyrosine kinase (RYK) acting in mesenchymal tissues as a cell survival and antiinflammatory modulator.Rykmutant mice exhibit lung hypoplasia and inflammation as well as alveolar simplification due to defective secondary septation, and deletion ofRykspecifically in mesenchymal cells also leads to these phenotypes. By analyzing the transcriptome of wild-type and mutant lungs, we observed the up-regulation of proapoptotic and inflammatory genes whose expression can be repressed by WNT/RYK signaling in vitro. Moreover, mesenchymalRykdeletion at postnatal and adult stages can also lead to lung inflammation, thus indicating a continued role for WNT/RYK signaling in homeostasis. Our results indicate that RYK signaling through β-catenin and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) is part of a safeguard mechanism against mesenchymal cell death, excessive inflammatory cytokine production, and inflammatory cell recruitment and accumulation. Notably, RYK expression is down-regulated in the stromal cells of pneumonitis patient lungs. Altogether, our data reveal that RYK signaling plays critical roles as an antiinflammatory modulator during lung development and homeostasis and provide an animal model to further investigate the etiology of, and therapeutic approaches to, inflammatory lung diseases.
Smartphone-Based Alcohol Interventions: A Systematic Review on the Role of Notifications in Changing Behaviors toward Alcohol
Authors: Williamson Charlotte , White Katie , Rona Roberto J. , Simms Amos , Fear Nicola T. , Goodwin Laura , Murphy Dominic , Leightley Daniel
Published: June 2022

Background: Smartphone-based interventions are increasingly being used to facilitate positive behavior change, including reducing alcohol consumption. However, less is known about the effects of notifications to support this change, including intervention engagement and adherence. The aim of this review was to assess the role of notifications in smartphone-based interventions designed to support, manage, or reduce alcohol consumption. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched to identify studies meeting inclusion criteria: (1) studies using a smartphone-based alcohol intervention, (2) the intervention used notifications, and (3) published between 1st January 2007 and 30th April 2021 in English. PROSPERO was searched to identify any completed, ongoing, or planned systematic reviews and meta-analyses of relevance. The reference lists of all included studies were searched. Results: Overall, 14 papers were identified, reporting on 10 different interventions. The strength of the evidence regarding the role and utility of notifications in changing behavior toward alcohol of the reviewed interventions was inconclusive. Only one study drew distinct conclusions about the relationships between notifications and app engagement, and notifications and behavior change. Conclusions: Although there are many smartphone-based interventions to support alcohol reduction, this review highlights a lack of evidence to support the use of notifications (such as push notifications, alerts, prompts, and nudges) used within smartphone interventions for alcohol management aiming to promote positive behavior change. Included studies were limited due to small sample sizes and insufficient follow-up. Evidence for the benefits of smartphone-based alcohol interventions remains promising, but the efficacy of using notifications, especially personalized notifications, within these interventions remain unproven.
Predictors of Substance use Disorder Treatment Initiation and Engagement among Adolescents Enrolled in Medicaid
Authors: Chavez Laura J. , Steelesmith Danielle L. , Bridge Jeffrey A. , Fontanella Cynthia A.
Published: June 2022

Background: Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD) should receive timely access to treatment to improve lifelong outcomes. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) initiation and engagement in treatment (IET) performance measure was intended to promote quality improvement for patients with SUD. Yet, few studies have assessed predictors of measure performance among adolescents or other engagement in mental health services, which is critical to understanding disparities in treatment quality or opportunities for targeted improvement strategies. The present study reports the rates and predictors of IET among adolescents with SUD, as well as receipt of any mental health services. Methods: The sample included adolescents enrolled in Medicaid in 14 states who had a qualifying diagnosis for SUD (2009–2013) and met HEDIS IET performance measure eligibility criteria. Three outcomes were assessed, including initiation of SUD treatment within 14 days of qualifying diagnosis, engagement in SUD treatment (2 or more encounters) within 30 days of initiation, and receipt of any mental health services (1 or more encounters) within 30 days of initiation. Logistic regression was used to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with outcomes. Results: Among 20,602 adolescents who met eligibility criteria, 49.5% initiated SUD treatment, 48.5% engaged in SUD treatment, and 70% received any mental health service. Adolescents with higher levels of clinical need (e.g., medical complexity, mental health comorbidity, and multiple SUD diagnoses) had significantly higher odds of initiating, but lower odds of engaging in treatment or receiving any mental health service. Conclusions: To increase the delivery of SUD treatment, efforts should target adolescents with co-occurring mental health needs, many of whom are receiving mental health services after SUD diagnosis. Integrating addiction and mental health services could address these missed opportunities.
CXCR4+ Treg cells control serum IgM levels and natural IgM autoantibody production by B-1 cells in the bone marrow
Authors: Elias Shlomo , Sharma Rahul , Schizas Michael , Valdez Izabella , Rampersaud Sham , Park Sun-Mi , Gonzalez-Figueroa Paula , Li Quan-Zhen , Hoyos Beatrice , Rudensky Alexander Y.
Published: June 2022

Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a specialized lineage of suppressive CD4+ T cells whose functionality is critically dependent on their ability to migrate to and dwell in the proximity of cells they control. Here we show that continuous expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in Treg cells is required for their ability to accumulate in the bone marrow (BM). Induced CXCR4 ablation in Treg cells led to their rapid depletion and consequent increase in mature B cells, foremost the B-1 subset, observed exclusively in the BM without detectable changes in plasma cells or hematopoietic stem cells or any signs of systemic or local immune activation elsewhere. Dysregulation of BM B-1 B cells was associated with a highly specific increase in IgM autoantibodies and total serum IgM levels. Thus, Treg cells control autoreactive B-1 B cells in a CXCR4-dependent manner. These findings have significant implications for understanding the regulation of B cell autoreactivity and malignancies.
Optimal parameter estimation without consuming raw keys for continuous-variable quantum key distribution
Authors: Zou Mi , Mao Yingqiu , Chen Teng-Yun
Published: June 2022

In conventional continuous-variable quantum key distribution using single Gaussian modulation (SGM), it is usually necessary to reveal a portion of the raw keys to estimate the parameters of the quantum channel. In the double Gaussian modulation (DGM) protocol, parameter estimation is performed without consuming raw keys at the cost of having the estimated result be affected by more aggregated noise than the SGM protocol. In this paper, inspired by the idea of performing parameter estimation after error correction, we propose two improved DGM protocols, i.e., the Gaussian dense modulation protocol, and the Gaussian separate modulation protocol, to eliminate this cost. The two DGM protocols perform parameter estimation twice, once before and once after error correction, so that all raw keys can be used for both parameter estimation and key extraction. Therefore, when finite-size effects are considered, the optimal parameter estimation of the protocol is achieved.
One- and two-dimensional solitons in spin–orbit-coupled Bose–Einstein condensates with fractional kinetic energy
Authors: Sakaguchi Hidetsugu , Malomed Boris A
Published: June 2022

We address effects of spin–orbit coupling (SOC), phenomenologically added to a two-component Bose–Einstein condensate composed of particles moving by Lévy flights, in one- and two-dimensional (1D) and (2D) settings. The corresponding system of coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations includes fractional kinetic-energy operators, characterized by the Lévy index, α < 2 (the normal kinetic energy corresponds to α = 2). The SOC terms, with strength λ, produce strong effects in the 2D case: they create families of stable solitons of the semi-vortex and mixed-mode types in the interval of 1 < α < 2, where the supercritical collapse does not admit the existence of stable solitons in the absence of the SOC. At λ → 0, amplitudes of these solitons vanish ∼λ
1/(α−1).
Enhancement of ferromagnetism in a multiferroic La–Co co-doped BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Song Shaoqing , Jia Longfei , Wang Shuolin , Zheng Dahuai , Liu Hongde , Bo Fang , Kong Yongfa , Xu Jingjun
Published: June 2022

BiFeO3-based materials have attracted considerable attention owing to their room-temperature multiferroic properties and ultrahigh ferroelectric polarization. In this study, La and Co co-doped BiFeO3 (BLFCO) thin films were fabricated on Pt (111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate buffered by Nb-doped (0.7 wt.%) SrTiO3 via pulsed laser deposition. Experiments revealed that the film deposited at 0.2 Pa comprised the predominant orientation of BiFeO3 (BFO) (111), and its surface root-mean-square roughness was 0.96 nm. The saturation magnetization of the film reached 25.3 emu cm3, which was an order of magnitude higher than that of the pure BFO film, as well as the remanent magnetization reached 1.8 emu cm−3. The result was attributed to the predominant orientation and small grain size of BLFCO films. The piezo-response force microscopy measurements revealed the co-doped film possesses well repeatable performance of polarization reversal, and the presence of ferroelectric orders with an asymmetric ‘butterfly’ structure. These results are helpful for further improving the performance of BFO multifunctional devices.
The risk of cancer following high, and very high, doses of ionising radiation
Authors: Wakeford Richard , Hauptmann Michael
Published: June 2022

It is established that moderate-to-high doses of ionising radiation increase the risk of subsequent cancer in the exposed individual, but the question arises as to the risk of cancer from higher doses, such as those delivered during radiotherapy, accidents, or deliberate acts of malice. In general, the cumulative dose received during a course of radiation treatment is sufficiently high that it would kill a person if delivered as a single dose to the whole body, but therapeutic doses are carefully fractionated and high/very high doses are generally limited to a small tissue volume under controlled conditions. The very high cumulative doses delivered as fractions during radiation treatment are designed to inactivate diseased cells, but inevitably some healthy cells will also receive high/very high doses. How the doses (ranging from <1 Gy to tens of Gy) received by healthy tissues during radiotherapy affect the risk of second primary cancer is an increasingly important issue to address as more cancer patients survive the disease. Studies show that, except for a turndown for thyroid cancer, a linear dose–response for second primary solid cancers seems to exist over a cumulative gamma radiation dose range of tens of gray, but with a gradient of excess relative risk per Gy that varies with the type of second cancer, and which is notably shallower than that found in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors receiving a single moderate-to-high acute dose. The risk of second primary cancer consequent to high/very high doses of radiation is likely to be due to repopulation of heavily irradiated tissues by surviving stem cells, some of which will have been malignantly transformed by radiation exposure, although the exact mechanism is not known, and various models have been proposed. It is important to understand the mechanisms that lead to the raised risk of second primary cancers consequent to the receipt of high/very high doses, in particular so that the risks associated with novel radiation treatment regimens—for example, intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy that deliver high doses to the target volume while exposing relatively large volumes of healthy tissue to low/moderate doses, and treatments using protons or heavy ions rather than photons—may be properly assessed.
Nonlinear and ultrafast all-dielectric metasurfaces at the center for integrated nanotechnologies
Authors: Gennaro Sylvain , Sarma Raktim , Brener Igal
Published: June 2022

Metasurfaces control optical wavefronts via arrays of nanoscale resonators laid out across a surface. When combined with III–V semiconductors with strong optical nonlinearities, a variety of nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation and all-optical modulation can be enabled and enhanced at the nanoscale. This review presents our research on engineering and boosting nonlinear effects in ultrafast and nonlinear semiconductor metasurfaces fabricated at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies. We cover our recent works on parametric generation of harmonic light via direct and cascaded processes in GaAs-metasurfaces using Mie-like optical resonances or symmetric-protected bound state in the continuum, and then describe the recent advances on harmonic generation in all-dielectric metasurfaces coupled to intersubband transitions in III–V semiconductor heterostructures. The review concludes on the potential of metasurfaces to serve as the next platform for on-chip quantum light generation.
Non-dense orbits of systems with the approximate product property
Authors: Sun Peng
Published: June 2022

We show that for any topological dynamical system with the approximate product property, the set of points whose forward orbits do not accumulate to any point in a large set Z carries full topological entropy, as well as full topological pressure for any continuous potential. For instance, the set Z can include a finite union of the basins of any given invariant measures.
Dynamic equilibria with glass transition heterogeneity and tailorable mechanics in amorphous shape memory polymers
Authors: Liu Jingyun , Gorbacheva Galina , Lu Haibao , Wang Jiazhi , Fu Yong-Qing
Published: June 2022

Modeling dynamic heterogeneity in amorphous shape memory polymers (SMPs) is a huge challenge due to the complex statistics of strain energy distributions during their thermodynamic relaxations. In this study, based on the dynamic heterogeneity of strain energy distribution, we have considered, for the first time, the influences of different temperature rates and strain rates on strain energy evolution as a dynamic equilibria, rather than a quasi-static problem. We propose a phase transition model incorporated with Gaussian distribution statistics to investigate the dynamic equilibria with glass transition heterogeneity and tailorable mechanics for the amorphous SMPs. The Gaussian distribution statistics is firstly applied to characterize the heterogeneity of strain energy distributions in the amorphous polymers. Phase transition theory is then developed to describe working principles of strain energy evolution, glass transition heterogeneity, thermodynamic relaxation and tailorable mechanics. Finally, the dynamic equilibria of heterogeneity about the statistics of strain energy distribution are formulated based on the one dimensional Maxwell multi-branch model. The analytical results are compared with the experimental data of epoxy, polyamide and vinylester SMPs reported in literature, and good agreements between them are demonstrated. This study provides a new insight into the dynamic heterogeneity in the mechanics of amorphous SMPs.
A broad analysis of directly and indirectly ionizing radiation interaction parameters of PbF2-CaF2-Bi2O3-B2O3-Cr2O3 glass system
Authors: Alzahrani Jamila S , Alrowaili Z A , Somaily H H , Alsufyani Sultan J , Olarinoye I O , Sriwunkum Chahkrit , Ben Ahmed Samia , Tonguc B T , Al-Buriahi M S
Published: June 2022

This study presents the shielding parameters for directly and indirectly ionization radiations of PCBBC glasses with the chemical composition: xPbF2–(25-x)CaF2–49.8B2O3–25Bi2O3–0.2Cr2O3 and coded as PCBBC1—PCBBC4 for x = 0, 5, 15, and 25 mol. %, respectively. Photon shielding coefficients were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation method via FLUKA code and by XCOM calculations for energies ranging from 0.1–10 MeV. In addition, the total stopping powers (TSP) and projected range (R) of electron (

e

−
1

)
,

proton (

p

+

), alpha particle (

α
)
,

and carbon ion (

C

+

)

) were used to investigate the shielding ability of the glasses against charged particles while fast

Σ

R

and thermal σ
T neutron cross sections were also estimated for the investigated glasses. For PCBBC1—PCBBC4, the photon linear (mass) attenuation coefficient varies from 16.346 (3.571)–0.170 (0.037), 17.151 (3.723)–0.173 (0.038), 20.128 (3.987)–0.194 (0.038), and 22.972 (4.209)–0.213 cm−1 (0.039 cm2g−1) respectively. At 10 MeV, the half value layer was 3.879, 3.782, 3.343, and 3.013 cm corresponding to PbF2 molar content increase from 0%–25% in the PCBBC glasses. Generally, effective atomic number (electron density)

Z

eff

(

N

eff

)

vary with energy within the range of 18.49 −71.75 (2.93–11.37), 19.35–72.68 (2.92–10.98), 21.04–74.18 (2.91–10.25), and 22.70–75.34 (2.89–9.600

N

A

electrons/g). values of TSP and R follow the order: PCBBC1 > PCBBC2 > PCBBC3 > PCBBC4.

Σ

R

changed from 0.09989–0.10358 cm−1 with PCBBC4 having the maximum value while σ
T grew from 95.14954–113.45969 cm−1 for PCBBC1—PCBBC4 respectively. Compared to conventional glass shields PCBBC4 glass possesses superior shielding ability and it is a potential material for radiation shielding applications in emerging radiation-based technology.
An analytical model to calculate the primary and secondary acoustic forces acting on microbubbles due to a short pulsed laser excitation
Authors: Erkol Hakan
Published: June 2022

This work presents a comprehensive analytical approach to describe photoacoustic waves resulting from a pulsed laser excitation. The spatial part of the laser is modeled by a zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind, which has a wide range of applications in optics and medical physics, such as optical trapping and nonlinear effects resulting from the interaction of a pulsed laser with tissue in photoacoustic imaging. The temporal part of the laser is described by a Gaussian function, which is a pretty realistic approximation since the interaction of the laser with the medium is instantaneous. The photoacoustic wave equation is solved analytically using the Fourier transform and the Greens’ function methods. The solution of the photoacoustic wave equation depends explicitly on position, time, pulse duration, and beam-width of the pulsed laser. The effects of these dependencies on the photoacoustic wave are investigated. Later, the primary and secondary radiation forces acting on microbubbles Albunex and Quantison are calculated using the magnitude of the photoacoustic pressure wave. The primary and secondary radiation forces decrease considerably with the distance from the photoacoustic absorber. These forces increase as the beam-width increases while they decrease as the pulse duration gets longer. The primary radiation forces on the microbubbles are on the order of nanonewtons. The force at this scale can be used to manipulate microbubbles. The secondary radiation force between identical microbubbles is in the range of piconewtons. Hence, this force can be used to determine the viscoelastic properties of microbubbles even though it is very small compared to the primary radiation force. The radiation forces determined by this work are also compared with those calculated by another study describing the laser’s spatial profile with a Gaussian function. The forces obtained by this work are larger than the forces determined by the Gaussian function approximation at the positions near the source. The forces obtained by the two approaches show similar behaviors, and they decrease remarkably with the distance from the source. Thus, the model presented in this work can be used to study the nonlinear mechanism in photoacoustics, such as enhancing image contrast and determining the tissue temperature. It can also be helpful for the applications of microbubbles in medical imaging and drug delivery as carriers.
A first-principle study of electronic, thermoelectric, and optical properties of sulfur doped c-HfO2
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Ramesh , Vij Ankush , Singh Mukhtiyar
Published: June 2022

In the present work, using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated HfO2-xSx (x = 0, 0.03, 0.06 doping concentrations) and demonstrated the enhancement in the thermoelectric and optical properties with sulfur (S)-doping. The thermodynamical stability of the studied concentrations is confirmed using convex hull formalism and also verified by phase stability diagram. The different exchange- correlation functionals are used to calculate the band gaps. It is found that using Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TB-mBJ) functional, the estimated value of the band gap for pristine cubic-HfO2 is 5.82 eV which is in good agreement with experimentally reported value (5.80 eV). For x = 0.03 and 0.06, the band gap value reduces to 4.88 eV and 4.18 eV, respectively. The Seebeck coefficient is 248.79 μV K−1 at 300 K for x = 0.03 and slightly increases to 294.39 μV K−1 at 400 K for x = 0.06 due to the creation of new states in the conduction band region, which is further confirmed by the increase in effective mass with doping concentration. The calculated Seebeck coefficient for HfO2-xSx showed p-type behaviour over the entire temperature range for all doping concentrations. A significant reduction in the electronic thermal conductivity was observed with S-doping. This further results in a high figure of merit (ZT

e
) ∼ 0.77 and 0.82 for x = 0.03 and 0.06, respectively, at 800 K. The low value of the static dielectric constant for x = 0.03 makes it compatible for electron transport. The optical properties with doping suggest an enhancement in the UV absorption range and a decrease in reflectivity in the visible and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectra.