bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue load mitigation in wind turbine using a novel anticipatory predictive control strategy
Authors: G Srinivasa Sudharsan , S Arockia Edwin Xavier , VR Raghunathan
Published: May 2019

Wind energy has become a recent evolving source of renewable energy which needs an extensive exploration. The increased configuration of wind turbine instantaneously increases the structural loading of wind turbine components. The prolonged loading on structural components imposes a great impact on the lifetime of the wind turbine and reduces the feasibility of thinner rotor blade. These economical detriments due to the structural damage of turbine are dealt effectively by proposing an anticipatory preview-based control strategy for individual pitching of blades. The proposed multiple point model predictive controller with fuzzy logic switching, exploits the preview wind measurement from the light detection and ranging system which predicts the wind speed in advance. The utmost objective of the proposed controller is its optimized individual blade pitching to reduce the fatigue loads on the wind turbine components using the preview wind data. The blade root bending moment of individual blades and the tower fore-aft deflection which are chosen as the parameters of fatigue stress to be analyzed and controlled. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence 5 MW baseline onshore wind turbine is used for validating the proposed controller in MATLAB simulation. The non-linear wind field is simulated using the TurbSim software, and the short-term and lifetime damage equivalent loads of the wind turbine for the simulated wind field is analyzed using the MLife software of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The proposed controller is compared with the typical model predictive controller and linear quadratic-based controller.
The weighted synergetic speed control for single inverter, parallel-connected induction motor drive
Authors: Wang Tao , Li Jikun , Liu Yuwen , Wang Xuehai
Published: May 2019

In the case of unbalanced load performance, the key issue in speed control of a single inverter-powered parallel motor coupling system is how to overcome the difference in motor parameters and the effect of slip between the induction motors to maintain the same speed. Based on the synergetic control theory and synergy manifold design techniques, the model which is field-oriented vector control with reduced order induction is proposed, as well as a synergetic control strategy. Moreover, the accuracy of the rotor flux observation is one of the most important steps in the motor control. In order to improve the convergence speed of rotor flux error, a new flux observer based on the sliding mode theory is proposed. Introducing the Sig function instead of the symbol function, the sliding mode control technology is improved to observe rotor to eliminate the control chattering. Then, two motor speed coupling weighted synergetic control models are given by using the new weight vector of the parallel induction motor. These models can directly obtain the stator excitation current and torque current of the two motors. The simulation and experimental results show that the newly proposed motor synergetic control method has better steady operation performance, overcomes the shortcomings of the existing average vector control method in load imbalance and motor parameter difference and proves the validity and advancement of the design strategy.
Estimating cluster-level local average treatment effects in cluster randomised trials with non-adherence
Authors: Agbla Schadrac C , De Stavola Bianca , DiazOrdaz Karla
Published: May 2019

Non-adherence to assigned treatment is a common issue in cluster randomised trials. In these settings, the efficacy estimand may also be of interest. Many methodological contributions in recent years have advocated using instrumental variables to identify and estimate the local average treatment effect. However, the clustered nature of randomisation in cluster randomised trials adds to the complexity of such analyses. In this paper, we show that the local average treatment effect can be estimated via two-stage least squares regression using cluster-level summaries of the outcome and treatment received under certain assumptions. We propose the use of baseline variables to adjust the cluster-level summaries before performing two-stage least squares in order to improve efficiency. Implementation needs to account for the reduced sample size, as well as the possible heteroscedasticity, to obtain valid inferences. Simulations are used to assess the performance of two-stage least squares of cluster-level summaries under cluster-level or individual-level non-adherence, with and without weighting and robust standard errors. The impact of adjusting for baseline covariates and of appropriate degrees of freedom correction for inference is also explored. The methods are then illustrated by re-analysing a cluster randomised trial carried out in a specific UK primary care setting. Two-stage least squares estimation using cluster-level summaries provides estimates with small to negligible bias and coverage close to nominal level, provided the appropriate small sample degrees of freedom correction and robust standard errors are used for inference.
Advance care planning with chronically ill patients: A relational autonomy approach
Authors: Killackey Tieghan , Peter Elizabeth , Maciver Jane , Mohammed Shan
Published: May 2019

Advance care planning is a process that encourages people to identify their values, to reflect upon the meanings and consequences of serious illness, to define goals and preferences for future medical treatment and care, and to discuss these goals with family and health-care providers. Advance care planning is especially important for those who are chronically ill, as patients and their families face a variety of complex healthcare decisions. Participating in advance care planning has been associated with improved outcomes; yet, despite over 25 years of public awareness campaigns, research, and interventions developed to increase participation, advance care planning completion rates for people with chronic illnesses are no different than those in the general public (approximately 25%).

Advance care planning has traditionally used an individualistic approach to autonomy, which puts forward an understanding of agents as independent, rational and self-interested persons. Because this individualistic approach has been largely unsuccessful in improving advance care planning uptake, a re-examination of the philosophical underpinnings of this practice and an exploration of alternative frameworks is warranted. In offering this exploration, we briefly outline two current perspectives on autonomy: the individualistic view and the relational view as articulated by feminist philosophers. Using a critical examination of the theoretical and empirical work on this topic, we argue that the individualistic view of autonomy does not sufficiently capture the relational and social complexities of the decision-making process of advance care planning. To offer a counterpoint, we examine the relational view of autonomy and suggest that this perspective is better aligned with the process of advance care planning. Specifically, we demonstrate that a relational model of autonomy is well suited to exploring advance care planning for four main reasons: (1) it recognizes the importance of relationships, (2) it reflects the fluctuating nature of autonomy in chronic illness, (3) it recognizes vulnerability, and (4) it is consonant with empirical work examining the advance care planning process.
Using Occupational Descriptors in Career Counselling
Authors: Athanasou James , Pithers Robert , Cornford Ian
Published: May 2019

This paper deals with the development of a system of key occupational descriptors for the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO) and their potential value in careers counselling. A system of 43 descriptors covering: aptitudes, physical activities, environmental conditions, educational and vocational development, labour market factors, key competency strands, specific vocational preparation and occupational interests has been proposed for the 1079 occupations classified in Australia. The value and limitations of occupational descriptors as a basis for career exploration are highlighted.
Effective or Not? Research Evidence
Authors: Lokan Jan
Published: May 2019

Research into the effectiveness of CACG systems clearly shows that they are well accepted by users, who usually believe that they have been helped by their contact with a system. Use of a CACG system seems to enhance some aspects of career development at least in the short term, but evidence of more enduring gains is lacking. There is considerable evidence that CACG systems are of most benefit when teachers or counsellors are present to structure students’ use of the systems appropriately. Without this structure, the research suggests, students of lower intellectual ability will not be able to navigate their way through a comprehensive system in a successful and productive way.
Franchisees and Loan Default on Third-Party Guarantee Loans: Evidence From the United States
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Pearce John A.
Published: May 2019

We test the inefficient risk-bearing hypothesis—that third-party loan guarantors bear a higher risk on loans to franchisees than on loans to independent businesses—by assessing whether franchisees default more than independent businesses on third-party guarantee loans. In a sample of 428,233 SBA 7(a) loans disbursed between 2000 and 2016, franchisee loans, compared to independent business loans, with a higher percentage of the loan guarantee or made 1 to 2 years before a recession have a higher likelihood of default. The findings imply a distinctive loan default risk profile for franchisee loans.
State sensing of composite structures with complex curved surface based on distributed optical fiber sensor
Authors: Shan Yinan , Xu Hao , Zhou Zhenhuan , Yuan Ziyi , Xu Xinsheng , Wu Zhanjun
Published: May 2019

Composite structures with complex curved surface are typical important external structures of aircraft. Residual strain will be formed due to complex manufacturing processes, resulting in the weakness of structural strength. In addition, there are great security implications that various mechanisms used for aircraft safety may cause failures on service, such as fiber fracture, matrix cracking, stratification, and debonding. In this article, methods of structural state sensing on composite structures with complex curved surface are researched. This article established a method of strain monitoring on composite structures and strategy of damage identification based on distributed optical fiber sensors. First, strategies of high spatial resolution strain measurement are studied, and the criteria of damage identification on composite laminates based on strain information are deduced, which could be used on accurate positioning of crack tips. Finally, strain measurement and damage identification tests of composite structures with complex curved surface under uniform load condition were conducted. The results indicate that the distributed optical fiber sensor installed on the composite structures with complex curved surface can be used to measure strain precisely and identify damage in the neighborhood of fiber installation path accurately.
Constitutive modeling of steel fiber-reinforced concrete
Authors: Moradi Mahdi , Bagherieh Ali Reza , Esfahani Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2019

Experimental studies within the previous years showed that the behavior of concrete is improved by adding steel fibers. Due to bridging effect, steel fibers in a concrete matrix prevent crack propagation under static loads. This phenomenon increases the load-bearing capacity of steel fiber-reinforced concrete, specifically after the peak load. In contrast to similar studies, in this study the effect of fibers on steel fiber-reinforced concrete is directly described based on uniaxial compressive and tensile stress–strain curves. For this purpose, the effect of fiber on the stress variations is extracted from the difference between steel fiber-reinforced concrete and its corresponding concrete matrix uniaxial stress–strain curves. These differential stress curves were extracted from 103 experimental specimens, collected from the literature. Then, some equations were developed for them with appropriate accuracy, using genetic programming technique. These equations were only based on primary specifications of fibers and concrete matrix. In the next stage, an elastoplastic damage constitutive model initially developed for plain concrete was modified, using the developed steel fiber-reinforced concrete modeling equations. The proposed model was implemented in a finite element analysis software and successfully simulated the steel fiber-reinforced concrete behavior subjected to uniaxial and flexural experiments.
Effect of Subtoxic DDT Exposure on Glucose Uptake and Insulin Signaling in Rat L6 Myoblast-Derived Myotubes
Authors: Singh Vijay Kumar , Sarkar Sajib Kumar , Saxena Alpana , Koner Bidhan Chandra
Published: May 2019

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) induces insulin resistance. But the mechanism is not clearly known. The present study was designed to explore the effect of subtoxic DDT exposure on (1) insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, (2) malondialdehyde (MDA) level and total antioxidant content, (3) activation of redox sensitive kinases (RSKs), and (4) insulin signaling in rat L6 myoblast-derived myotubes. Exposure to 30 mg/L and 60 mg/L of DDT for 18 hours dose dependently decreased glucose uptake and antioxidant content in myotubes and increased MDA levels. The exposures did not alter tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, despite decreased messenger RNA expression following DDT exposures. Phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases and IκBα, an inhibitory component of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), was increased, suggesting activation of RSKs. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and serine phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) on insulin stimulation decreased in myotubes with exposure to subtoxic concentrations of DDT, but there was no change in tyrosine phosphorylation level of insulin receptors. We conclude that subtoxic DDT exposure impairs insulin signaling and thereby induces insulin resistance in muscle cells. Data show that oxidative stress-induced activation of RSKs is responsible for impairment of insulin signaling on DDT exposure.
From Data to Causes II: Comparing Approaches to Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Zyphur Michael J. , Voelkle Manuel C. , Tay Louis , Allison Paul D. , Preacher Kristopher J. , Zhang Zhen , Hamaker Ellen L. , Shamsollahi Ali , Pierides Dean C. , Koval Peter , Diener Ed
Published: May 2019

This article compares a general cross-lagged model (GCLM) to other panel data methods based on their coherence with a causal logic and pragmatic concerns regarding modeled dynamics and hypothesis testing. We examine three “static” models that do not incorporate temporal dynamics: random- and fixed-effects models that estimate contemporaneous relationships; and latent curve models. We then describe “dynamic” models that incorporate temporal dynamics in the form of lagged effects: cross-lagged models estimated in a structural equation model (SEM) or multilevel model (MLM) framework; Arellano-Bond dynamic panel data methods; and autoregressive latent trajectory models. We describe the implications of overlooking temporal dynamics in static models and show how even popular cross-lagged models fail to control for stable factors over time. We also show that Arellano-Bond and autoregressive latent trajectory models have various shortcomings. By contrasting these approaches, we clarify the benefits and drawbacks of common methods for modeling panel data, including the GCLM approach we propose. We conclude with a discussion of issues regarding causal inference, including difficulties in separating different types of time-invariant and time-varying effects over time.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, parenting, and externalizing behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Baker Jason K , Fenning Rachel M , Erath Stephen A , Baucom Brian R , Messinger Daniel S , Moffitt Jacquelyn , Kaeppler Alexander , Bailey Alyssa
Published: May 2019

Children with autism spectrum disorder exhibit significant difficulties with emotion regulation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a biomarker for processes related to emotion regulation, with higher baseline rates linked to beneficial outcomes. Although reduction in respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to challenge can index adaptive processes in community samples, excessive withdrawal may suggest loss of regulatory control among children with clinical concerns. Psychophysiological risk for problems may be protected against or exacerbated by parenting environments more or less supportive of the development of children’s regulatory competence. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was examined in 61 children with autism spectrum disorder ages 6–10 years in relation to externalizing behavior, and parenting was considered as a moderator. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was obtained during laboratory tasks, and positive parenting, negative parenting, and children’s externalizing behaviors were each indexed through multiple methods. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity interacted with negative, but not positive parenting. Higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity was associated with more externalizing behavior under conditions of higher negative parenting, but with lower externalizing behavior at lower levels of negative parenting. Similarly, negative parenting was only associated with externalizing behaviors in the context of high child respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity. Implications for our understanding of emotion regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder, and for related interventions, are discussed.
Which Violence Against Women Educational Strategies Are Effective for Prequalifying Health-Care Students?: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sammut Dana , Kuruppu Jacqueline , Hegarty Kelsey , Bradbury-Jones Caroline
Published: May 2019

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global public health issue which disproportionately affects women. Health-care providers have an important role in recognizing and addressing GBV in practice, yet research suggests that the issue remains underrecognized, with many qualified professionals reporting lack of confidence and a sense of unpreparedness. Prequalifying GBV educational strategies are inconsistent in both quantity and quality worldwide, and to date, there has been no comprehensive review of those programs’ effectiveness. This internationally focused literature review aimed to identify best educational practices in GBV for prequalifying health-care students. A systematic search of six databases yielded 17 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, with all studies examining one or more educational intervention. Quality appraisal was undertaken and data were tabulated to capture relevant information. Thematic findings suggest that interactive educational strategies yield better results than didactic approaches. Similarly, interventions with a focus on practical application of learning are generally preferred over strictly theoretical approaches. Courses of longer duration seem to be more effective in instilling attitudinal changes. Lastly, gendered differences were noted in a number of studies, with female students consistently outperforming males. However, more research is needed before conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of single- versus mixed-gender audiences. This review makes a useful contribution to the literature of health education, supporting many findings from previous studies and identifying knowledge gaps to be explored in future research. There are implications for both educators and practitioners in creating discernible change for women in their care.
Introduction: Becomingswith Hybrid Bodies—Immigration, Public Policy, and the In-Between
Authors: Cannella Gaile S. , Huerta Mary Esther Soto
Published: May 2019

This article is the introduction to the special issue of Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies that focuses on the lives, feelings, and circumstances experienced by the largest group of people around the globe who must deal with unthought and unexpected liminal spaces, knowledges, values, and impositions. Identified as immigrants, and sometimes migrants, these individuals and groups move, or are moved without choice, to new locations for a variety of reasons. This introduction first briefly describes the liminal, hybrid positions lived and experienced by immigrants. The issue articles are then introduced as they predominantly focus on immigrant public policy and daily liminalities of immigrant life in the United States.
Treatment Works, So Who’s Afraid of PNES?
Authors: Salpekar Jay A.
Published: May 2019

[Box: see text]
Don’t Just Stand There: Do Something! The Case for Peri-Ictal Intervention
Authors: Kotagal Prakash
Published: May 2019

[Box: see text]
CRAFTing a New Approach to Antiepileptic Drug Discovery
Authors: Lyman Kyle A. , Chetkovich Dane M.
Published: May 2019

[Box: see text]
Radiosurgical, neurosurgical, or no intervention for cerebral cavernous malformations: A decision analysis
Authors: Rinkel Leon A , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Rinkel Gabriel JE , Greving Jacoba P
Published: May 2019

Introduction

We aimed to evaluate the preferred treatment strategy for patients with symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM).

Methods

In a decision model, we compared neurosurgical, radiosurgical, and conservative management. A literature review yielded the risks and outcomes of interventions, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and seizures. Patients with CCM rated their quality of life to determine utilities. We estimated the expected number of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the ICH recurrence risk over five years, according to mode of presentation and CCM location (brainstem vs. other). We performed analyses with a time horizon of five years.

Results

Using the best available data, the expected number of QALYs for brainstem CCM presenting with ICH or focal neurological deficit was 2.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.54–3.08) for conservative, 3.01 (95% CI: 2.86–3.16) for neurosurgical, and 3.03 (95% CI: 2.88–3.18) for radiosurgical intervention; those for non-brainstem CCM presenting with ICH or focal neurological deficit were 3.08 (95% CI: 2.85–3.31) for conservative, 3.21 (95% CI: 3.01–3.36) for neurosurgical, and 3.19 (95% CI: 2.98–3.37) for radiosurgical intervention. For CCM presenting with epilepsy, QALYs were 3.09 (95% CI: 3.03–3.16) for conservative, 3.33 (95% CI: 3.31–3.34) for neurosurgical, and 3.27 (95% CI: 3.24–3.30) for radiosurgical intervention.

Discussion and conclusion

For the initial five years after presentation, our study provides Class III evidence that for CCM presenting with ICH or focal neurological deficit conservative management is the first option, and for CCM presenting with epilepsy CCM intervention should be considered. More comparative studies with long-term follow-up are needed.
Preserved caudate function in young-onset patients with Parkinson’s disease: a dual-tracer PET imaging study
Authors: Yang Yu-jie , Ge Jing-jie , Liu Feng-tao , Liu Zhen-yang , Zhao Jue , Wu Jian-jun , Ma Yilong , Zuo Chuan-tao , Wang Jian
Published: May 2019

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous clinical entity. Patients with young-onset PD (YOPD) show some characteristic manifestations to late-onset PD (LOPD). The current study aimed to investigate the cerebral dopaminergic and metabolic characteristics in YOPD with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In our study, 103 subjects (42 YOPD and 61 LOPD patients) accepted both 11C-N-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-tropane (11C-CFT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) cerebral PET imaging. Sixty-two patients out of 103 patients in our study completed the cognition tests. In this limited subsection, YOPD patients performed better in cognitive functioning than LOPD patients of similar disease duration. In 11C-CFT imaging, dopamine transporter binding in caudate was relatively spared in YOPD compared with lesions in putamen. In 18F-FDG PET, YOPD patients showed increased metabolism in basal ganglia relative to the healthy controls. When compared with LOPD patients, YOPD patients exhibited hypermetabolism in caudate and hypometabolism in putamen. Furthermore, the regional metabolic values in caudate correlated positively and moderately with the dopaminergic binding deficiency in caudate. The findings of this imaging study might offer new perspectives in understanding the characteristic manifestations in YOPD in light of better-preserved cognition function.
Are stock market and exchange rate affected by oil price in Kazakhstan?
Authors: Nurmakhanova Mira , Katenova Maya
Published: May 2019

This study explores the connection between oil price, stock prices, and exchange rate in Kazakhstan employing a monthly data from October 2007 to December 2017. Time series data were collected from National Bank of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, and Energy Information Administration. Both bivariate and multivariate cases were employed. At the same time, the Johansen and Juselius cointegration procedures were employed in the study. The analysis was conducted for bivariate as well as multivariate cases. Empirical tests demonstrate that all the series are nonstationary in levels but stationary in differences. Results of this analysis do not find long-run correlation between the variables in a bivariate model, however, detect one in a multivariable model. Results demonstrate that stock prices and exchange rate are affected by oil price in Kazakhstan based on Granger causality test. Our findings imply that policy wise, monetary authorities in Kazakhstan in attaining their exchange rate policy objective should be considering the implications for financial market. These results are important to regulatory exchange authorities when deciding on policy to improve the market conditions.
Intraparenchymal extravasation of gadolinium mimicking an enhancing brain tumor
Authors: Ritchie David J , Li Charles Q , Hoshide Reid , Vinocur Daniel
Published: May 2019

Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging plays an essential role in the detection, characterization, and staging of intracranial neoplasms and vascular abnormalities. Although Gd is helpful in a majority of situations, it can lead to diagnostic misinterpretation in the setting of active vascular extravasation. Scarce reports of intracranial extravasation of Gd are present in the literature. Here, we report the first case of surgically proven spontaneous intraparenchymal extravasation of Gd mimicking an enhancing intra-axial neoplasm in a pediatric patient. Early and accurate recognition of Gd extravasation is critical in obtaining the accurate diagnosis and triaging patients expeditiously into proper avenues of care.
Call&Check: A community service which disrupts the norm
Authors: Dickinson Joe
Published: May 2019

When we started our Call&Check journey of discovery in 2012, we wanted to provide a new service that would help our ageing communities. We are continuing to grow and develop the concept we feel the word is certainly spreading. All countries have a postal operator and a rapidly ageing demography, which are the two main ingredients you need to develop a Call&Check service, along with a will to do it. What we do know is that Call&Check works not only for the elders in our communities but for many others who need that little extra support to live at home.
The Nurse With a Profound Disability: A Case Study
Authors: Neal-Boylan Leslie J.
Published: May 2019

Nurses are at significant risk for work-related injury, and ultimately disability. The purpose of this intrinsic single-case study guided by Yin’s and Stake’s iterative analytic processes was to examine one case of a registered nurse with a profound disability to determine whether this experience aligned with previous research and to examine whether a nurse with a profound physical disability could remain working in a clinical setting. The case study subject (a nurse with a profound physical disability) and the participants (people who knew, worked, and cared for the subject) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Yin’s mental framework and iterative analytic process. Participant verification, whereby the researcher confirms the data with each participant, was obtained. The results were aligned with previous studies and support the need to provide environments that utilize and retain nurses with physical disabilities. Nurses with physical disabilities can practice safely in patient care settings, provided there is a supportive culture and willingness to make accommodations. Occupational health nurses have the expertise to take the lead in educating nurses and managers to provide this supportive culture.
Book review: Rizwana Shamshad, Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?
Authors: Dutta Akhil Ranjan
Published: May 2019

Rizwana Shamshad, Bangladeshi Migrants in India: Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators? New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2017. 317 pages. ₹895.
Book review: Santana Khanikar, State, Violence, and Legitimacy in India
Authors: Barbora Sanjay (Xonzoi)
Published: May 2019

Santana Khanikar, State, Violence, and Legitimacy in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2018. 270 pages. ₹875.
Recent advances in the science and technology of natural zeolites in Iran
Authors: Behin Jamshid , Ghadamnan Elmira , Kazemian Hossein
Published: May 2019

Iran has significant deposits of high-purity natural zeolites. Many Iranian scholars conduct scientific research on porous materials, from natural and synthetic zeolites to metal organic framework materials. Iranian zeolite deposits and associated research are reviewed here. Various industrial applications of natural zeolites, from agriculture to animal husbandry to the construction industry and beyond are discussed here.
Defect and temperature effects on the mechanical properties of kaolinite: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Yang H. , Han Z.F. , Hu J. , He M.C.
Published: May 2019

Molecular dynamics simulations of different defective kaolinites under tension were performed to reveal the effects of defect location, type, density and temperature on their mechanical properties. Four types of defective kaolinite with Si vacancies were constructed. Based on the atomic-scale deformation and failure processes of defective kaolinite and its stress–strain curves, the Young's moduli and tensile strengths in three crystal directions were obtained and compared with the existing theoretical values from the literature. The defect location at each layer does not affect the mechanical properties of kaolinite and the cracks initiated at the defective sites. The atom density of each model was calculated in order to investigate the defect-type effect on the mechanical properties of kaolinite. The simulation results also showed that kaolinite exhibits brittle failure behaviour and the mechanical properties degrade significantly with increasing defect density and temperature. The influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of defective kaolinite is discussed in detail.
The E3 ligase adaptor molecule SPOP regulates fetal hemoglobin levels in adult erythroid cells
Authors: Lan Xianjiang , Khandros Eugene , Huang Peng , Peslak Scott A. , Bhardwaj Saurabh K. , Grevet Jeremy D. , Abdulmalik Osheiza , Wang Hongxin , Keller Cheryl A. , Giardine Belinda , Baeza Josue , Duffner Emily R. , El Demerdash Osama , Wu Xiaoli S. , Vakoc Christopher R. , Garcia Benjamin A. , Hardison Ross C. , Shi Junwei , Blobel Gerd A.
Published: May 2019

Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production benefits patients with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. To identify new HbF regulators that might be amenable to pharmacologic control, we screened a protein domain–focused CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting chromatin regulators, including BTB domain–containing proteins. Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP), a substrate adaptor of the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex, emerged as a novel HbF repressor. Depletion of SPOP or overexpression of a dominant negative version significantly raised fetal globin messenger RNA and protein levels with minimal detrimental effects on normal erythroid maturation, as determined by transcriptome and proteome analyses. SPOP controls HbF expression independently of the major transcriptional HbF repressors BCL11A and LRF. Finally, pharmacologic HbF inducers cooperate with SPOP depletion during HbF upregulation. Our study implicates SPOP and the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase system in controlling HbF production in human erythroid cells and may offer new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathies.
3D wave-equation dispersion inversion of Rayleigh waves
Authors: Liu Zhaolun , Li Jing , Hanafy Sherif M. , Schuster Gerard
Published: May 2019

The 2D wave-equation dispersion (WD) inversion method is extended to 3D wave-equation dispersion inversion of surface waves for the shear-velocity distribution. The objective function of 3D WD is the frequency summation of the squared wavenumber [Formula: see text] differences along each azimuth angle of the fundamental or higher modes of Rayleigh waves in each shot gather. The S-wave velocity model is updated by the weighted zero-lag crosscorrelation between the weighted source-side wavefield and the back-projected receiver-side wavefield for each azimuth angle. A multiscale 3D WD strategy is provided, which starts from the pseudo-1D S-velocity model, which is then used to get the 2D WD tomogram, which in turn is used as the starting model for 3D WD. The synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that 3D WD can accurately reconstruct the 3D S-wave velocity model of a laterally heterogeneous medium and has much less of a tendency to getting stuck in a local minimum compared with full-waveform inversion.
Efficient wavefield reconstruction at half the Nyquist rate
Authors: Gholami Ali , Richardson Alan , Zand Toktam , Malcolm Alison
Published: May 2019

We have developed a simple method to halve the memory required to store the forward wavefield for the imaging condition in adjoint-state methods such as reverse time migration and full-waveform inversion. It stores the wavefield at only half the Nyquist rate, and it uses the wave equation to calculate the second time derivative, allowing approximate reconstruction of the forward wavefield at the required Nyquist rate. We have determined that the method produces an image with the Marmousi model that is not visibly different compared to a traditional (full Nyquist) implementation.
Exploring stigma and its effect on access to mental health services in unaccompanied refugee children
Authors: Majumder Pallab
Published: May 2019

Aims and method

Despite substantial evidence to show that unaccompanied refugee children suffer a high prevalence of mental illness, their access to services remains poor. One may hypothesise that this is associated with their negative perceptions of mental illness. However, there has been little research exploring this important subject. We aimed to explore unaccompanied refugee children's experiences, perceptions and beliefs of mental illness, focusing on stigma. Fifteen unaccompanied refugee children and 15 carers were interviewed by a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data.

Results

Three main themes were identified, focusing mainly on issues of stigma related to mental health, mental illness and their treatment, and they were interpreted in detail.

Clinical implications

Our findings will contribute to current understanding of stigma and discrimination, and their effect on service engagement, and will hopefully stimulate interest to further explore this area and develop potential solutions.
Archive Filmaria
Authors: Siddique Salma
Published: May 2019

This essay examines the missing national film archive of Pakistan against the politics of competing cultural memory. Sharing a common past yet existing in the shadows of the Indian film industry, cinema in Pakistan found itself in an unusual predicament after decolonization and Partition. While filmmaking was expected to carry the imprint of national difference, the intercultural context of colonial India bequeathed the industry its traditions and personnel. Yet when the British Film Institute repatriated colonial Indian films in the mid-1960s, the holdings went entirely to India. The lack of a public film repository denied Pakistan not only its colonial heritage but also the systematic preservation of its postcolonial film culture. In the absence of a state archive, what has emerged in the country is a democratic archive consisting of independent collectors, magazine proprietors, and avid users. Using a term extracted from one of the archives, filmaria (film fever), Siddique reads in the popular film archives the contagious circumstances of intercultural cinema. It alerts us to a film contagion widespread in the subcontinental publics that thrives on filmgoing, cinematic resemblance, and embodied cultural memory, a condition caused by the displacements of Partition and the creation of national difference.
What Remains?
Authors: Khan Naveeda
Published: May 2019

Khan comments on the essays that appear in a special section of the Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East titled “The Past for Pakistan.” In particular, she draws out the aspect of the remains that haunt Pakistan into which the essays give us insight.
Stochastic single cell migration leads to robust horizontal cell layer formation in the vertebrate retina
Authors: Amini Rana , Labudina Anastasia A. , Norden Caren
Published: May 2019

Developmental programs that arrange cells and tissues into patterned organs are remarkably robust. In the developing vertebrate retina, for example, neurons reproducibly assemble into distinct layers giving the mature organ its overall structured appearance. This stereotypic neuronal arrangement, termed lamination, is important for efficient neuronal connectivity. Although retinal lamination is conserved in many vertebrates, including humans, how it emerges from single cell behaviour is not fully understood. To shed light on this issue, we here investigated the formation of the retinal horizontal cell layer. Using in vivo light sheet imaging of the developing zebrafish retina, we generated a comprehensive quantitative analysis of horizontal single cell behaviour from birth to final positioning. Interestingly, we find that all parameters analysed, including cell cycle dynamics, migration paths and kinetics, as well as sister cell dispersal, are very heterogeneous. Thus, horizontal cells show individual non-stereotypic behaviour before final positioning. Yet these initially variable cell dynamics always generate the correct laminar pattern. Consequently, our data show that the extent of single cell stochasticity in the lamination of the vertebrate retina is underexplored.
Effect of storage time on the properties of faeces
Authors: Pandarum Sameshan , Ramkalawan Yatish , Velkushanova Konstantina V. , Jingxi Estella Zandile , Foxon Katherine Maria
Published: May 2019

Background: This short-term study was carried out in 2013 at the Pollution Research Group at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Durban, South Africa) as an asisgnemnt of a final year Chemical engineering student project. It focussed on the effect of storage time on the properties of fresh human faeces, more particularly moisture content, thermal conductivity, volatile solids and chemical oxygen demand (COD). These properties are important as they are often used in the design of drying or thermal treatment technologies for faeces. A storage period of one week was hypothesised at room ambient temperature.

Methods: The samples were tested for chemical properties using standard operational procedures developed at the Pollution Research Group with parameters such as totals solids, moisture content, suspended solids, volatile solids, COD and thermal conductivity.

Results: The thermal conductivity on average was 0.44 W/m.K. The moisture content was observed to decrease by 16%, from 77% to 61%.  Thermal conductivity was plotted over the range of moisture contents to observe any trends, varying from 0.074 W/m.K to 0.61 W/m.K for dry faeces and water respectively. The use of a composition weighted average model fitted the data well and was found to be within 95% of the confidence interval of the best fit line.

Conclusions: The effect of storage time was found to be negligible on COD and thermal conductivity however moisture content decreased as days progressed and the volatile solids increased with an increase in storage time. Examining the relationship between thermal conductivity and moisture content, it was found that thermal conductivity increase with an increase in moisture content.
Could trained providers provide better quality of IUD services? Results of a secondary data analysis of complications as a proxy indicator
Authors: Gehani Manish , Pal Manoj , Arya Anupama , Singh Shobhana , S. Kaushik , O’Connell Kathryn A. , Cagatay Levent , Sengupta Sumon , Singal Sunita
Published: May 2019

Background: For accelerating its progress towards FP2020 goals, the Government of India has focused on improving the quality of intrauterine device (IUD) services. EngenderHealth has supported the Governments of Rajasthan and Gujarat since 2014 through its Expanding Access to IUD Services in India (EAISI) project by building the capacity of service providers, monitoring their compliance with standard practices, and strengthening health systems. This study sought to assess whether EAISI trained providers provide a better quality of IUD services as compared to non-EAISI trained providers, as indicated by a reduction in confirmed IUD complications?

Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study of secondary data collected from the follow-up registers of 176 intervention facilities (138 in Rajasthan and 38 in Gujarat) during Phase I of EAISI project. The analysis included clients who returned between April 2018 and March 2019 to the same facility for a follow-up visit. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with IUD complications.

Results: A total of 56,733 IUD insertions were conducted, and 10,747 (18.9%) client follow-ups were documented. Of these, 49.4% (N=5,305) clients received IUDs from EAISI-trained providers, while 50.6% (N=5,442) received IUDs from non-EAISI trained providers. A total of 4.0% (N=432) of clients experienced complications (Expulsion: 1.3%, Missing Strings: 1.7%, Infection: 1.1%). Clients who received IUDs from non-EAISI-trained providers were 55.5% more likely [95% CI (26.2%, 91.5%), p<0.0005] to have complications compared to clients who received insertions from EAISI-trained providers. Other significant factors include the type of IUD, timing of the follow-up visit and timing of the insertion.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that intensive, hands-on training of providers to improve clinical skills for IUD insertions can have a positive impact on the reduction of post-insertion complications.
A Combinatorial Approach for Small and Strong Formulations of Disjunctive Constraints
Authors: Huchette Joey , Vielma Juan Pablo
Published: May 2019

A framework is presented for constructing strong mixed-integer programming formulations for logical disjunctive constraints. This approach is a generalization of the logarithmically sized formulations of Vielma and Nemhauser for special ordered sets of type 2 (SOS2) constraints, and a complete characterization of its expressive power is offered. The framework is applied to a variety of disjunctive constraints, producing novel small and strong formulations for outer approximations of multilinear terms, generalizations of special ordered sets, piecewise linear functions over a variety of domains, and obstacle avoidance constraints.
Supplementary prescribing by dietitians: a case study
Authors: Culkin Alison
Published: May 2019

In February 2016, registered dietitians in the UK gained supplementary prescribing rights. The aim of this case study is to describe the prescribing process by a registered dietitian supplementary prescriber. A 46-year-old male was transferred to a tertiary referral centre for a surgical review due to intra-abdominal tuberculosis resulting in bowel obstruction. The registered dietitian performed a nutritional assessment, estimated nutritional requirements and formulated a bag of parenteral nutrition to meet his needs. The patient remained an inpatient to complete a 6-month course of treatment for tuberculosis and then underwent surgery to resolve the obstruction. He was prescribed parenteral nutrition, which improved his nutritional status ready for restorative surgery. Post-operatively, he was weaned from parenteral nutrition onto an oral diet and was discharged.
Overcoming the challenges of prescribing paracetamol in the overweight paediatric population
Authors: Minshull Kerry
Published: May 2019

Safe prescribing for children will always be a challenging concept. The many factors that make this difficult include the differences in age, size, weight and height, co-morbidities and a consideration to any previously prescribed medications that may cause potential drug interactions. As children are rapidly growing and developing, it is vital to ensure accuracy for prescription medications to keep up with the body's ever changing rate of growth. Therapeutic dosing is of great importance to make sure that children are adequately medicated and not under- or over-dosed. The liver and kidneys are sensitive organs and drug overdose can cause irreversible damage if doses are miscalculated. It is essential for prescriptions for children to be written with safety and therapeutic treatment dosing in mind. As patient safety is always a priority in healthcare, this report will focus on paracetamol dosing for paediatric patients and the safest parameters to use to ensure its safe prescribing.
How to tube feed
Authors: Bloor Claire
Published: May 2019

There are many different enteral feeding tubes available for use in veterinary practice to support the nutritional management of a wide variety of patients. This article aims to provide practical advice and guidance with regards to all stages of tube feed administration to ensure it is done safely and the tube is of maximum benefit to the patient and its recovery from illness or injury.