bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bufalin Suppresses Head and Neck Cancer Development by Modulating Immune Responses and Targeting the β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Mhaidly Nour , Barake Noura , Trelcat Anne , Journe Fabrice , Saussez Sven , Descamps Géraldine
Published: August 2024

Bufalin, a cardiotonic steroid derived from the Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans), has demonstrated potent anticancer properties across various cancer types, positioning it as a promising therapeutic candidate. However, comprehensive mechanistic studies specific to head and neck cancers have been lacking. Our study aimed to bridge this gap by investigating bufalin’s mechanisms of action in head and neck cancer cells. Using several methods, such as Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, we observed bufalin’s dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, disruption of cell membrane integrity, and inhibition of colony formation in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines. Bufalin induces apoptosis through the modulation of apoptosis-related proteins, mitochondrial function, and reactive oxygen species production. It also arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and attenuates cell migration while affecting epithelial–mesenchymal transition markers and targeting pivotal signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, EGFR, and NF-κB. Additionally, bufalin exerted immunomodulatory effects by polarizing macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, bolstering antitumor immune responses. These findings underscore bufalin’s potential as a multifaceted therapeutic agent against head and neck cancers, targeting essential pathways involved in proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, metastasis, and immune modulation. Further research is warranted to validate these mechanisms and optimize bufalin’s clinical application.
Screens and Preschools: The Bilingual English Language Learner Assessment as a Curriculum-Compliant Digital Application
Authors: Kilani Hechmi , Markov Ilia V. , Francis David , Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: The increase in digital tools in early childhood education highlights the need for evidence-based assessments that support cognitive development and align with educational requirements and technological advances. This study contributes to the evaluation of the Bilingual English Language Learner Assessment (BELLA), designed to enhance early learning through curriculum-aligned tasks in preschool-aged children. Methods: Data were collected from 17 schools, including 506 preschool children, using a mixed-model approach to assess BELLA’s capacity to appraise early numeracy, literacy, science, and social/emotional development. Analyses included a three-way ANOVA to examine the effects of sex, age, and sub-domain on pass rates and mixed-effects models to evaluate interactions between age and domain. Results: The results indicated a significant effect of age on performance across all domains, with older children demonstrating higher pass rates (p < 0.0001). No significant gender bias was detected. The interaction between age and domain was also significant (p < 0.0001), suggesting domain-specific age-related performance trends, which aligns with internal validity requirements. Conclusion: These findings position BELLA within the growing body of literature on digital media use in early childhood assessment and education, highlighting its potential as a curriculum-compliant digital assessment tool that evaluates and supports cognitive development without a gender bias. This study contributes to the field by providing empirical evidence of BELLA’s effectiveness and suggesting future research directions, including the exploration of its bilingual (and potentially multilingual) applications and external validation against existing evidence-based assessments.
Screening Accuracy for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip by Child Health Nurses
Authors: Smart Larissa , Cundy William , Williams Nicole , Arnold Abigail , Childs Jessie , Pelentsov Lemuel , Esterman Adrian
Published: August 2024

Background: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) describes a spectrum of abnormalities that impact the normal function of the joint. These abnormalities are detectable during infancy using physical assessment, universal ultrasound, or a combination of both. In Australia, child health nurses predominantly screen for this disease using physical assessment. The aim of this study was to determine if child health nurses can accurately screen for DDH using physical assessment. Methods: This Australian study estimated the accuracy and utility of child health nurses using physical assessment to screen for DDH by comparing it to a handheld ultrasound device. Results: This study (N = 44) concluded that using a point prevalence study design, child health nurses in Australia are unable to accurately assess for DDH in infants using physical assessment; overall, clinicians had 50.5% sensitivity (95% CI, 15.7 to 84.3), a specificity of 75.0% (95% CI, 57.8 to 87.9), and 71.3% accuracy (95% CI, 55.6 to 83.9). Conclusion: This study suggests that child health nurses cannot screen for DDH using physical assessment. Understanding education, experience and what assessments are used suggests that the utility of nurses performing DDH screening requires further investigation.
Use of Lung Ultrasound in Cystic Fibrosis: Is It a Valuable Tool?
Authors: Boni Alessandra , Cristiani Luca , Majo Fabio , Ullmann Nicola , Esposito Marianna , Supino Maria Chiara , Tomà Paolo , Villani Alberto , Musolino Anna Maria , Cutrera Renato
Published: August 2024

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disorder characterized by progressive respiratory deterioration, significantly impacting both quality of life and survival. Over the years, lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a promising tool in pediatric respiratory due to its safety profile and ease at the bedside. In the era of highly effective CF modulator therapies and improved life expectancy, the use of non-ionizing radiation techniques could become an integral part of CF management, particularly in the pediatric population. The present review explores the potential role of LUS in CF management based on available data, analyzing all publications from January 2015 to January 2024, focusing on two key areas: LUS in CF pulmonary exacerbation and its utility in routine clinical management. Nonetheless, LUS exhibits a robust correlation with computed tomography (CT) scans and serves as an additional, user-friendly imaging modality in CF management, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity in identification, especially in consolidations and atelectasis in the CF population. Due to its ability, LUS could be an instrument to monitor exacerbations with consolidations and to establish therapy duration and monitor atelectasis over time or their evolution after therapeutic bronchoalveolar lavage. On the basis of our analysis, sufficient data emerged showing a good correlation between LUS score and respiratory function tests. Good sensitivity and specificity of the methodology have been found in rare CF pulmonary complications such as effusion and pneumothorax. Regarding its use in follow-up management, the literature reports a moderate correlation between LUS scores and the type, extent, and CT severity score of bronchiectasis. A future validation of ultrasound scores specifically in CF patients could improve the use of LUS to identify pulmonary exacerbations and monitor disease progression. However, further research is needed to comprehensively establish the role of LUS in the CF population, particularly in elucidating its broader utility and long-term impact on patient care.
Is the Transrectal Diameter (TRD) Suitable for Assessing Faecal Loads and Monitoring Bowel Management in Children with Hirschsprung Disease—ReKiSo Study: Prospective Study
Authors: Lindert Judith , Erkel Daniel , Schulze Felix , Hofer Meike , Rzepka Edyta , Märzheuser Stefanie
Published: August 2024

Background: Constipation and outlet obstruction may persist after successful pull-through in Hirschsprung Disease (HD). The radiographic assessment of the faecal load is widely used but exposes the child to radiation. This study aims to evaluate whether the transrectal diameter (TRD) assessed with ultrasound correlates with symptoms of faecal load and whether the TRD normalises when symptoms disappear. Method: Children with HD after pullthrough and functional constipation presenting to our colorectal clinic between 4/23 and 4/24 were assessed for symptoms of constipation, smearing and outlet obstruction, as well as healthy controls. Ultrasound measurement of the TRD was conducted. Bowel management was initiated according to our institutional pathway using Peristeen© irrigation after an orthograde disimpaction regime. Results: A total of 193 children underwent TRD assessment. Of 60 children with HD, 26 (43.3%) presented with obstructive symptoms, and 34 (56.7%) were asymptomatic. In asymptomatic patients with HD, the mean TRD of 2.26 cm (SD 0.61) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than in HD with symptoms, with a mean TRD of 3.35 cm (SD 1.03). Individuals without colorectal pathology had a mean TRD of 2.04 cm (SD 0.37), and children with functional constipation and symptoms showed a mean TRD of 4.36 cm (SD 1.32). The mean TRD after symptom resolution was 2.37 cm. Conclusions: Children with HD without obstructive symptoms have a TRD < 3 cm, as do controls. The transrectal diameter allows the clinician to sonographically assess the faecal load in children with HD at the bedside without radiation. The TRD is useful for monitoring a bowel management program in children with HD.
Comparison of Single-Treatment Efficacy of Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Takano Fumio , Ueda Kaori , Yamada-Nakanishi Yuko , Nakamura Makoto
Published: August 2024

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a significant cause of blindness in infants. Appropriate therapeutic intervention is essential because retinal detachment due to the progression of ROP is critical to visual function. The intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents has been increasingly applied to inhibit the development and progression of ROP. In this study, we compared the efficacy of single intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and ranibizumab (IVR) injections for the treatment of ROP. Methods: A total of 39 eyes in 21 patients with severe ROP and IVB (15 eyes of 8 patients) and IVR (24 eyes of 13 patients) were retrospectively reviewed. Patient background, the severity of ROP, and the percentage of cases in which ROP regressed without additional treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: Patient background and ROP severity were not significantly different between the two groups. Recurrence was observed in one eye of one patient in the IVB group, and thirteen eyes in seven patients in the IVR group required additional laser photocoagulation, which was significantly different in the two groups (p < 0.01, Fisher’s exact test). In the IVR group, two eyes of two patients underwent vitreous surgery. Conclusion: Compared with IVR, IVB is likely to control the severity of ROP with a single treatment.
Nadir Creatinine in Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT): A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Colceriu Marius-Cosmin , Aldea Paul Luchian , Bulată Bogdan , Delean Dan , Sevastre-Berghian Alexandra , Clichici Simona , Boț (Răchişan) Andreea-Liana , Mocan Teodora
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children, being the leading cause (50–70%) of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and young adults. Our study aimed to assess the natural evolution of various antenatally diagnosed renal malformations and to identify potential prognostic factors to guide the therapeutic management of patients with CAKUT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 205 children with CAKUT. For each patient, analyzing their medical records, we established the nadir value of serum creatinine, defined as the lowest creatinine level during the first year of life. We assessed the value of nadir creatinine as a prognostic marker in patients with CAKUT, and using an ROC curve, we also determined a threshold value of nadir creatinine that predicted progression to ESRD. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 2.8 to 1. The mean gestational age at detection was 29.85 weeks (±6.71). A total of 36 patients (17.6%) had impaired renal function, of which 8 (3.9% of the total) progressed to ESRD. The mean nadir creatinine in patients with ESRD was 1.39 mg/dL. A nadir creatinine cut-off of 0.98 mg/dL had high sensitivity and specificity in identifying patients with progression to ESRD, with an AUC of 0.95 and a 95% confidence interval between 0.86 and 1.05 mg/dL. Conclusions: Our results support the value of nadir creatinine in predicting progression to ESRD, consistent with previously published data.
Influence of Ce3+ Doping on Photoluminescence Properties and Stability of Cs4SnBr6 Zero-Dimensional Perovskite
Authors: Lu Xinye , Wu Haixia , Xu Jisheng , Chen Jianni , Huang Yaqian , Li Hongliang , Song Jie , Huang Rui
Published: August 2024

Zero-dimensional tin-based halide perovskites have garnered considerable interest owing to their remarkable optical properties, including broad-band emission, high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency, and low self-absorption. Nevertheless, enhancing the PL efficiency and stability of these materials remains a pressing challenge. In this study, the enhancement of PL and stability in Cs4SnBr6 zero-dimensional perovskite was investigated through Ce3+ doping. Our experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of Ce3+ can significantly boost the light emission intensity from self-trapped excitons (STEs) in Cs4SnBr6, achieving over a 150% increase compared to the undoped sample, with a PL quantum yield of approximately 64.7%. Moreover, the thermal stability of the corresponding doped sample is markedly enhanced. Through comprehensive analyses, including X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, time-resolved PL, and temperature-dependent PL measurements, we elucidate that the enhanced light emission is attributed to the distortion of the [SnBr6]4− octahedral structure induced by Ce3+ doping, which strengthens electron–phonon coupling and elevates the binding energy of STEs.
Using the Single-Constant Kubelka–Munk Model for Surface Color Prediction of Pre-Colored Fiber Blends
Authors: Wei Chun-Ao , Li Miaoxin , Liu Shiwei , Xie Dehong , Li Junfeng
Published: August 2024

This paper is committed to improving surface color prediction accuracy of the single-constant Kubelka–Munk (KM) model for pre-colored fiber blends without increasing the model complexity. The single-constant KM model is only applicable to certain media with a constant scattering coefficient. However, the scattered lights in pre-colored fiber blends are intertwined with a great deal of fiber surface reflections, making it impossible to obtain the true KM scattering coefficient. To solve this problem, we analyzed the propagation behavior of light beams within the pre-colored fiber blends, and proposed a light scattering correction equation to remove the effects of fiber surface reflections on the scattered lights. Then, an improved single-constant KM model was established based on the corrected spectral data. Pre-colored cotton fiber blended samples were prepared to assess the color prediction accuracy. The results show the improved model, with coefficients k1 = 0.9477 and k2 = 0.0523, achieved superior performance compared to the original single-constant KM model and the two-constant KM model. The average color difference (ΔE2000) of the improved model is 1.20, while the average ΔE2000 of the original single-constant KM model is 6.37, and that of the two-constant KM model is 1.58. Importantly, the improved model has not added complexity to the single-constant KM model since the light scattering correction equation is essentially used to pre-process the spectral data. It can be concluded that the improved model is beneficial and practical.
Fatigue Behaviour and Life Prediction of YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings at Elevated Temperature under Cyclic Loads
Authors: Tao Qiannan , Wang Yanrong , Zheng Yu
Published: August 2024

The concentration of interfacial normal stress at the free edges of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) can result in coating spallation. Fatigue cracking is one of the main reasons for creating free edges under complex loads. It is crucial to investigate the fatigue cracking of coatings under cyclic loads to assess potential coating failure. To address this issue, a novel model was proposed to predict the fatigue life of the YSZ topcoat under stress parallel to the interface. Firstly, this study conducted uniaxial and tensile-torsional fatigue tests at elevated temperatures on specimens with atmospheric plasma-sprayed TBCs. The test results revealed that fatigue cracks appeared in the topcoat under cyclic loads, but these cracks did not propagate into the bondcoat or substrate immediately. The number of cycles before the topcoat cracked was found to be associated with the magnitude of the cyclic load. Secondly, this study analyzed the test conditions using the finite element method. Simulations indicated that the crack direction in the topcoat under complex loading conditions was aligned with the first principal stress direction. Finally, the fatigue life prediction model of the topcoat was established based on experiments and simulations. The predicted results fell within a fourfold scatter band.
Evaluating the Security of Merkle Trees: An Analysis of Data Falsification Probabilities
Authors: Kuznetsov Oleksandr , Rusnak Alex , Yezhov Anton , Kuznetsova Kateryna , Kanonik Dzianis , Domin Oleksandr
Published: August 2024

Addressing the critical challenge of ensuring data integrity in decentralized systems, this paper delves into the underexplored area of data falsification probabilities within Merkle Trees, which are pivotal in blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Despite their widespread use, a comprehensive understanding of the probabilistic aspects of data security in these structures remains a gap in current research. Our study aims to bridge this gap by developing a theoretical framework to calculate the probability of data falsification, taking into account various scenarios based on the length of the Merkle path and hash length. The research progresses from the derivation of an exact formula for falsification probability to an approximation suitable for cases with significantly large hash lengths. Empirical experiments validate the theoretical models, exploring simulations with diverse hash lengths and Merkle path lengths. The findings reveal a decrease in falsification probability with increasing hash length and an inverse relationship with longer Merkle paths. A numerical analysis quantifies the discrepancy between exact and approximate probabilities, underscoring the conditions for the effective application of the approximation. This work offers crucial insights into optimizing Merkle Tree structures for bolstering security in blockchain and IoT systems, achieving a balance between computational efficiency and data integrity.
Magnon Confinement on the Two-Dimensional Penrose Lattice: Perpendicular-Space Analysis of the Dynamic Structure Factor
Authors: Yamamoto Shoji , Inoue Takashi
Published: August 2024

Employing the spin-wave formalism within and beyond the harmonic-oscillator approx-imation, we study the dynamic structure factors of spin-12 nearest-neighbor quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnets on two-dimensional quasiperiodic lattices with particular emphasis on a mag-netic analog to the well-known confined states of a hopping Hamiltonian for independent electrons on a two-dimensional Penrose lattice. We present comprehensive calculations on the C5v Penrose tiling in comparison with the C8v Ammann–Beenker tiling, revealing their decagonal and octagonal antiferromagnetic microstructures. Their dynamic spin structure factors both exhibit linear soft modes emergent at magnetic Bragg wavevectors and have nearly or fairly flat scattering bands, signifying magnetic excitations localized in some way, at several different energies in a self-similar manner. In particular, the lowest-lying highly flat mode is distinctive of the Penrose lattice, which is mediated by its unique antiferromagnons confined within tricoordinated sites only, unlike their itinerant electron counterparts involving pentacoordinated, as well as tricoordinated, sites. Bringing harmonic antiferromagnons into higher-order quantum interaction splits, the lowest-lying nearly flat scattering band in two, each mediated by further confined antiferromagnons, which is fully demonstrated and throughly visualized in the perpendicular as well as real spaces. We disclose superconfined antiferromagnons on the two-dimensional Penrose lattice.
Predicting Apple Tree Macronutrients Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Hyperspectral Imagery to Manage Apple Orchard Nutrients
Authors: Kang Ye Seong , Ryu Chan Seok , Cho Jung Gun , Park Ki Su
Published: August 2024

Herein, the development of an estimation model to measure the chlorophyll (Ch) and macronutrients, such as the total nitrogen (T-N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), in apples is detailed, using key band ratios selected from hyperspectral imagery acquired with an unmanned aerial vehicle, for the management of nutrients in an apple orchard. The k-nearest neighbors regression (KNR) model for Ch and all macronutrients was chosen as the best model through a comparison of calibration and validation R2 values. As a result of model development, a total of 13 band ratios (425/429, 682/686, 710/714, 714/718, 718/722, 750/754, 754/758, 758/762, 762/766, 894/898, 898/902, 906/911, and 963/967) were selected for Ch and all macronutrients. The estimation potential for the T-N and Mg concentrations was low, with an R2 ≤ 0.37. The estimation performance for the other macronutrients was as follows: R2 ≥ 0.70 and RMSE ≤ 1.43 μg/cm2 for Ch; R2 ≥ 0.44 and RMSE ≤ 0.04% for P; R2 ≥ 0.53 and RMSE ≤ 0.23% for K; R2 ≥ 0.85 and RMSE ≤ 6.18% for C; and R2 ≥ 0.42 and RMSE ≤ 0.25% for Ca. Through establishing a fertilization strategy using the macronutrients estimated through hyperspectral imagery and measured soil chemical properties, this study presents a nutrient management decision-making method for apple orchards.
Digital Self-Interference Cancellation for Full-Duplex Systems Based on CNN and GRU
Authors: Liu Jun , Ding Tian
Published: August 2024

Self-interference (SI) represents a bottleneck in the performance of full-duplex (FD) communication systems, necessitating robust offsetting techniques to unlock the potential of FD systems. Currently, deep learning has been leveraged within the communication domain to address specific challenges and enhance efficiency. Inspired by this, this paper reviews the self-interference cancellation (SIC) process in the digital domain focusing on SIC capability. The paper introduces a model architecture that integrates CNN and gated recurrent unit (GRU), while also incorporating residual networks and self-attention mechanisms to enhance the identification and elimination of SI. This model is named CGRSA-Net. Firstly, CNN is employed to capture local signal features in the time–frequency domain. Subsequently, a ResNet module is introduced to mitigate the gradient vanishing problem. Concurrently, GRU is utilized to dynamically capture and retain both long- and short-term dependencies during the communication process. Lastly, by integrating the self-attention mechanism, attention weights are flexibly assigned when processing sequence data, thereby focusing on the most important parts of the input sequence. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CGRSA-Net model achieves a minimum of 28% improvement in nonlinear SIC capability compared to polynomial and existing neural network-based eliminator. Additionally, through ablation experiments, we demonstrate that the various modules utilized in this paper effectively learn signal features and further enhance SIC performance.
Thermal Performance Improvement of Cross-Flow Double-Layered Microchannel Heat Sinks through Proper Header Design
Authors: Savino Stefano , Nonino Carlo
Published: August 2024

Over the past two decades, double-layered microchannel heat sinks (DL-MCHs) have become increasingly popular as they provide effective performance for electronic cooling, particularly in the counterflow configuration. The cross-flow configuration, which requires much simpler headers, has seldom been considered in the scientific literature, probably due to the possible formation of a hotspot near the outlet port. The aim of this study is to show that cross-flow DL-MCHs can provide performance levels that are comparable to those attained by counterflow DL-MCHs by exploiting the nonuniform flow distribution produced by properly designed headers. Numerical simulations are performed using in-house finite element procedures to solve the parabolized Navier–Stokes equations in the microchannels and the energy equation in the entire computational domain. The analysis is carried out both for ideal linear microchannel velocity distributions and for the realistic velocity distributions induced by headers with or without baffles, as proposed by the authors in previous papers. The optimal degree of velocity nonuniformity in the microchannels yielding the best thermal performance was found to depend on the flow rate. For instance, in the case of optimal linear variations of the microchannel velocity distribution, the thermal resistance was reduced by 11.8%, 7.1%, and 4.4% compared to the case with uniform inlet velocities, and it was only 3.4%, 1.8%, and 0.3% higher than that of the counterflow configuration for average microchannel velocities equal to 0.5, 1, and 2 m/s, respectively. The main conclusion is that the cross-flow configuration, with its simple headers and piping, can achieve thermal resistance and temperature uniformity on the heated surface that are very similar to that of the counter-flow configuration through proper header design that ensures a suitable microchannel velocity distribution.
Hydrogen Purification Technologies in the Context of Its Utilization
Authors: Król Anna , Gajec Monika , Holewa-Rataj Jadwiga , Kukulska-Zając Ewa , Rataj Mateusz
Published: August 2024

This publication explores current and prospective methods for hydrogen production and purification, with a strong emphasis on membrane-based technologies for purification and separation. This focus is justified by the ongoing shift towards renewable energy sources (RESs) in electricity generation, necessitating strategic changes to increase hydrogen utilization, particularly in the automotive, heavy road, and rail sectors, by 2025–2030. The adoption of hydrogen from RESs in the construction, energy, and industrial sectors (e.g., for process heat or fertilizer production) is also under consideration, driving the need for innovative production, separation, and purification methods. Historically, industrial-scale hydrogen has been predominantly derived from fossil fuels, but renewable sources such as electrolysis, biological, and thermal processes now offer alternatives with varying production efficiencies (0.06–80%) and gas compositions. Therefore, selecting appropriate separation and purification methods is critical based on specific usage requirements and the gas composition. Industrial-scale hydrogen purification commonly employs pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technologies, capable of achieving up to 99.99% purity. Cryogenic distillation is suitable for applications needing up to 95% purity. Membrane technologies, including polymer, metallic, and electrolytic membranes, have traditionally been limited to moderate volumes of pure gas production but are crucial for hydrogen purification and separation. This publication critically evaluates the potential of membrane technology for hydrogen separation, particularly in response to the anticipated rise in demand for RES-derived hydrogen, including from renewable feedstocks.
Review of Organic Waste-to-Energy (OWtE) Technologies as a Part of a Sustainable Circular Economy
Authors: Zueva Svetlana , Ferella Francesco , Corradini Valentina , Vegliò Francesco
Published: August 2024

Organic waste-to-energy (OWtE) technologies are playing a steadily increasing role in the Green Transition, thus becoming a powerful driver in the establishment of an ever more efficient and sustainable circular economy. The advantages of OWtE processes are well known: not only do they reduce the waste volumes sent to landfills or incineration plants, but also and foremost, through the energy they yield (biogenic carbon dioxide, amongst others), they reduce dependance on fossil fuels. This article gives a complete panorama of these technologies, starting from the classical methods and ending with a review of the latest modern novelties. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are highlighted, with particular focus on the formation of by-products and the relevant treatment aimed at preventing environmental pollution. Accordingly, modern techniques for increasing waste-to-energy efficiency and integrating the concept of circular economy and substitutability are analyzed from this perspective. Along with an analysis of modern scientific achievements in this area, practical examples of the implementation of technologies in European countries are given, with an emphasis on the obvious advantages, both economic and environmental.
Anthropogenic Impacts on a Temperate Forest Ecosystem, Revealed by a Late Holocene Pollen Record from an Archaeological Site in NE China
Authors: Bai Guangyi , Zhao Keliang , Zhang Yaping , Liu Junchi , Zhou Xinying , Li Xiaoqiang
Published: August 2024

Pollen records from archaeological sites provide a direct reflection of the vegetation in the immediate vicinity, enabling an accurate depiction of anthropogenic impacts on vegetation. In this study, we applied the biomization technique to fossil pollen data to reconstruct human impact on the biome at the Chengzishan archaeological site in western Liaoning, China, and hence to explore the response of temperate forest vegetation to human activities. The results indicate that the original vegetation at Chengzishan was warm temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest (TEDE). The findings suggest a shift in biome dominance over time, with cool temperate steppe (STEP) replacing TEDE as the dominant biome in response to human activities. Combined with archaeobotanical records, we conclude that the observed vegetation changes in the pollen record were closely linked to deforestation, fire use, and agricultural activities.
Forest Wildfire Detection from Images Captured by Drones Using Window Transformer without Shift
Authors: Yuan Wei , Qiao Lei , Tang Liu
Published: August 2024

Cameras, especially those carried by drones, are the main tools used to detect wildfires in forests because cameras have much longer detection ranges than smoke sensors. Currently, deep learning is main method used for fire detection in images, and Transformer is the best algorithm. Swin Transformer restricts the computation to a fixed-size window, which reduces the amount of computation to a certain extent, but to allow pixel communication between windows, it adopts a shift window approach. Therefore, Swin Transformer requires multiple shifts to extend the receptive field to the entire image. This somewhat limits the network’s ability to capture global features at different scales. To solve this problem, instead of using the shift window method to allow pixel communication between windows, we downsample the feature map to the window size after capturing global features through a single Transformer, and we upsample the feature map to the original size and add it to the previous feature map. This way, there is no need for multiple layers of stacked window Transformers; global features are captured after each window Transformer operation. We conducted experiments on the Corsican fire dataset captured by ground cameras and on the Flame dataset captured by drone cameras. The results show that our algorithm performs the best. On the Corsican fire dataset, the mIoU, F1 score, and OA reached 79.4%, 76.6%, and 96.9%, respectively. On the Flame dataset, the mIoU, F1 score, and OA reached 84.4%, 81.6%, and 99.9%, respectively.
Chemical Characteristic and Sensory Evaluation of Biscuit Prepared from Wheat and Aleppo Pine Seeds Flour
Authors: Saadoudi Mouni , Lekbir Adel , Aidat Omaima , Zidani Sara , Ferhat Radhia , Kucher Dmitry E. , Shiyapov Timur I. , Rebouh Nazih Y.
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to explore the potential use of Aleppo pine seed flour as a nutritious ingredient in biscuit production. Aleppo pine seed flour was blended with wheat flour to create biscuits with varying proportions: 15%, 30%, and 45% Aleppo pine seed flour. The analysis of the chemical composition of the biscuits revealed that increasing the proportion of Aleppo pine seed flour led to higher levels of protein, fat, and ash, while the carbohydrate content decreased. Sensory evaluation showed that biscuits with 15% Aleppo pine seed flour and 85% wheat flour had favorable characteristics in terms of color, flavor, crispness, and overall appeal. These findings indicate that incorporating Aleppo pine seed flour into wheat flour can enhance the nutritional profile of biscuits, offering higher protein, fat, and mineral content. The study suggests that a blend containing 15% Aleppo pine seed flour is optimal for producing biscuits with desirable sensory properties, making it a promising alternative ingredient for healthier biscuit formulations. Overall, this research highlights the potential of Aleppo pine seed flour to improve the nutritional quality of biscuits without compromising their sensory qualities, paving the way for its use in health-conscious baking practices.
Influence of Foliar Zinc Application on Cadmium and Zinc Bioaccessibility in Brassica chinensis L.: In Vitro Digestion and Chemical Sequential Extraction
Authors: Wang Lin , Tao Xueying , Liu Chang , Liang Xuefeng , Xu Yingming , Sun Yuebing
Published: August 2024

Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils.
Extraction, Characterization, and Nutraceutical Potential of Prosthechea karwinskii Orchid for Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats
Authors: Barragán-Zarate Gabriela Soledad , Lagunez-Rivera Luicita , Alexander-Aguilera Alfonso , Solano Rodolfo , Vilarem Gerard
Published: August 2024

Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic orchid of Mexico with cultural significance for its ornamental, food, religious, and medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, diabetic patients use the leaves of this plant to lower glucose levels. The present study evaluated the effect of P. karwinskii leaves extract on the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in a model of obese rats with insulin resistance for its nutraceutical potential to reduce insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Obesity and insulin resistance were induced with 40% sucrose in water for 20 weeks. Four groups (control rats, obese rats, obese rats administered the extract, and obese rats administered metformin) were evaluated. Extract compounds were identified by UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS. Glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR and TyG), as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased in rats in the obese group. Administration of P. karwinskii extract and metformin reduced glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and insulin resistance indices and antioxidant enzyme activity to values similar to those of the control group. Therefore, this study shows the nutraceutical potential of P. karwinskii extract as an ingredient in the formulation of dietary supplements or functional foods to help treat diseases whose pathophysiology is related to oxidative stress and insulin resistance.
Methods for Controlling Electrostatic Discharge and Electromagnetic Interference in Materials
Authors: Alexopoulos Aris , Neudegg David
Published: August 2024

Methods for controlling electromagnetic fields in materials are presented that mitigate effects such as electrostatic discharge and electromagnetic/radio frequency interference. The first method determines the effective response of composite materials using a d-dimensional effective medium theory. The material consists of inhomogeneous two-layer inclusions with hyperspherical geometry. Non-integer dimensions represent fractal limits. The material medium is composed of a low hypervolume fraction of inclusions that are randomly distributed inside it. The effective response of the dielectric function is obtained using a virial expansion of the Maxwell–Garnett theory. The other method uses the transformation medium theory and involves the transformation of the material’s permittivity and permeability tensors so that the material exhibits a predefined effective response. By selecting appropriate transformations, a homogeneous material medium is transformed into an inhomogeneous version, forcing the electromagnetic fields to propagate along geodesic paths. These geodesics determine the behaviour of the fields inside the material. As a result, the material can be made to exhibit similar physical characteristics as those of a material composed of hyperspherical inclusions. The theoretical analysis presented is further studied and validated via the use of full-wave numerical simulations of Maxwell’s equations.
Dietary Supplements as Concentrated Sources of Nutrients with a Nutritional or Physiological Effect for Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Shentova Rayna , Mihova Antoaneta , Velikova Tsvetelina
Published: August 2024

The consequences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children are connected to possible detrimental impacts on growth, development, psychosocial function, and general well-being. Therefore, the primary management plan in pediatric IBD is to achieve the long-term control of intestinal inflammation while also monitoring potential disease complications and therapeutic adverse effects, where nutritional management is of utmost importance. This review explores the role of dietary supplements as concentrated sources of nutrients with nutritional and/or physiological effects on children with IBD. While dietary supplements are commonly used in pediatric IBD management, their efficacy and, for some of them, safety remain subjects of debate. We provide an overview of the types of dietary supplements available and their potential benefits and risks in pediatric IBD patients. Additionally, we discuss the evidence supporting the use of specific supplements, their mechanisms of action, and considerations for clinical practice. Understanding the role of dietary supplements in pediatric IBD management is crucial for optimizing patient care and outcomes.
A Review on the Rheological Properties of Single Amino Acids and Short Dipeptide Gels
Authors: Veloso Sérgio R. S. , Rosa Mariangela , Diaferia Carlo , Fernandes Célio
Published: August 2024

Self-assembled peptide-based hydrogels have attracted considerable interest from the research community. Particularly, low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) consisting of amino acids and short peptides are highly suitable for biological applications owing to their facile synthesis and scalability, as well as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stability in physiological conditions. However, challenges in understanding the structure–property relationship and lack of design rules hinder the development of new gelators with the required properties for several applications. Hereby, in the plethora of peptide-based gelators, this review discusses the mechanical properties of single amino acid and dipeptide-based hydrogels. A mutual analysis of these systems allows us to highlight the relationship between the gel mechanical properties and amino acid sequence, preparation methods, or N capping groups. Additionally, recent advancements in the tuning of the gels’ rheological properties are reviewed. In this way, the present review aims to help bridge the knowledge gap between structure and mechanical properties, easing the selection or design of peptides with the required properties for biological applications.
Injectable Biodegradable Chitosan–PEG/PEG–Dialdehyde Hydrogel for Stem Cell Delivery and Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Lin Xiaojie , Liu Ruofan , Beitzel Jacob , Zhou Yang , Lagadon Chloe , Zhang Miqin
Published: August 2024

Stem cell-based therapy holds promise for cartilage regeneration in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Injectable hydrogels have been developed to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and facilitate stem cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, these hydrogels face limitations such as poor mechanical strength, inadequate biocompatibility, and suboptimal biodegradability, collectively hindering their effectiveness in cartilage regeneration. This study introduces an injectable, biodegradable, and self-healing hydrogel composed of chitosan–PEG and PEG–dialdehyde for stem cell delivery. This hydrogel can form in situ by blending two polymer solutions through injection at physiological temperature, encapsulating human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) during the gelation process. Featuring a 3D porous structure with large pore size, optimal mechanical properties, biodegradability, easy injectability, and rapid self-healing capability, the hydrogel supports the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of hADSCs. Notably, encapsulated hADSCs form 3D spheroids during proliferation, with their sizes increasing over time alongside hydrogel degradation while maintaining high viability for at least 10 days. Additionally, hADSCs encapsulated in this hydrogel exhibit upregulated expression of chondrogenic differentiation genes and proteins compared to those cultured on 2D surfaces. These characteristics make the chitosan–PEG/PEG–dialdehyde hydrogel–stem cell construct suitable for direct implantation through minimally invasive injection, enhancing stem cell-based therapy for KOA and other cell-based treatments.
Analysis of the 5′ Untranslated Region Length-Dependent Control of Gene Expression in Maize: A Case Study with the ZmLAZ1 Gene Family
Authors: Liu Bingliang , Liu Xiaowei , Sun Min , Sun Yanxia , Liu Dayu , Hao Li , Tao Yang
Published: August 2024

The untranslated regions (UTRs) within plant mRNAs play crucial roles in regulating gene expression and the functionality of post-translationally modified proteins by various mechanisms. These regions are vital for plants’ ability to sense to multiple developmental and environmental stimuli. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of UTRs and UTR-containing genes in maize (Zea mays). Using the ZmLAZ1 family as a case study, we demonstrated that the length of 5′ UTRs could influence gene expression levels by employing GUS reporter gene assays. Although maize and arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), as well as rice (Oryza sativa), have distinct functional categories of UTR-containing genes, we observed a similar lengthwise distribution of UTRs and a recurring appearance of certain gene ontology (GO) terms between maize and rice. These suggest a potentially conserved mechanism within the Poaceae species. Furthermore, the analysis of cis-acting elements in these 5′ UTRs of the ZmLAZ1 gene family further supports the hypothesis that UTRs confer functional specificity to genes in a length-dependent manner. Our findings offer novel insights into the role of UTRs in maize, contributing to the broader understanding of gene expression regulation in plants.
Identification of Site in the UTY Gene as Safe Harbor Locus on the Y Chromosome of Pig
Authors: Chen Xiaomei , Yang Guang , Ji Pengyun , Liu Guoshi , Zhang Lu
Published: August 2024

Genomic Safe Harbors (GSH) are loci used for the insertion of exogenous genetic elements, enabling exogenous gene expressing predictably without alterations of the host genome. These sites are becoming increasingly important as the gene editing technologies advance rapidly. Currently, only a few GSHs have been identified in the pig genome. In this study, a novel strategy was demonstrated for the efficient insertion of exogenous genetic material into the third exon of the UTY gene on the Y chromosome using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology arm-mediated end joining. The safety of the locus was verified according to the proper expression of the inserted EGFP gene without altering the expression of UTY. This approach enables the integration and expression of the exogenous gene at this locus, indicating that the UTY locus serves as a genomic safe harbor site for gene editing in the pig genome. Located on the Y chromosome, this site can be utilized for sex-biased pig breeding and developing biomedical models.
Prevalence of the FMR1 Gene Premutation in Young Women with a Diminished Ovarian Reserve Included in an IVF Program: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: Agustí Inés , Méndez Marta , Borrás Aina , Goday Anna , Guimerà Marta , Peralta Sara , Ribera Laura , Rodriguez-Revenga Laia , Manau Dolors
Published: August 2024

The relationship between premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and premutation in the FMR1 gene is well established. In recent years, though, a potential relationship between the latter and a low ovarian reserve has been suggested. To explore it, we conducted a retrospective study in an IVF program at a university tertiary referral center in Barcelona (Spain). Data were obtained retrospectively from a total of 385 women referred for FMR1 gene testing at our institution from January 2018 to December 2021. We compared the prevalence of FMR1 gene premutation between 93 of them, younger than 35 years, with a diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), characterized by levels of anti-Mullerian hormone < 1.1 ng/mL and antral follicle count < 5; and 132 egg donors screened by protocol that served as the controls. We found a higher prevalence of FMR1 premutation in the DOR group (seven patients (7.69%)) than in the control group (one patient (1.32%)), Fisher-exact test p-value = 0.012). We concluded that compared with the general population represented by young egg donors, the prevalence of FMR1 gene premutation is higher in young patients with a diminished ovarian reserve. Although these findings warrant further prospective validation in a larger cohort of patients within DOR, they suggest that, in clinical practice, FMR1 premutation should be determined in infertile young patients with DOR in order to give them adequate genetic counselling.