bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Wasn’t it golden?”
Authors: Raychaudhuri Anindya
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines how we construct ideas of home and homeliness in various ways within diverse memory narratives. Apart from oral history testimonies, the chapter focuses on visual art, literature, and the cinema of partition. The chapter examines the many meanings that the concept of home has in people’s memory. It looks at the powerful emotional connection that people experience and preserve in their memories of the lost home. Analyzing these meanings and emotions, the chapter goes on to make the case that the memories of the lost home, and the ways in which these memories become part of one’s life-narrative can be a powerful force in transcending and undermining national borders and statist narratives of history.
The Underground Cultural Ecology
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the music in “Merry Ghetto,” the Underground’s assembled cultural ecology, before moving on to discuss memory in post-socialist Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. I continue by examining associations between music and social activity in context: namely revolutions, memory, and popular music in the former Eastern bloc. The chapter critiques and draws on insights from literature of popular music studies and sociology of music to construct an approach to studying music as a social activity that is grounded in events, peoples, places, and their relations. These are the mechanisms of how music takes on meaning and provides empowering affordances. I analyze these questions using perspectives developed in music sociology and music therapy in order to understand the interactive piece-by-piece assembly of groups, bodies, and consciousness—and thus social power and agency—showing what is possible, what can be accomplished through and with music.
Human Rights, Prison, and Amplifiers
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

The dance of non-politics during communism was taken into account in its most public form in Charter 77. This chapter begins with the Second Festival of the Second Culture in 1976 and takes us until the early 1980s showing the relationship between dissidents associated with Charta 77 and Undergrounders. The assembly and framing of the relationship between establishment, self, and music in the Underground during the first part of the 1970s provided an entrance point that paired the Underground and the Czechoslovak dissident opposition. I problematize notions of resistance as tied to dissent and protest by taking a critical approach to the paradigm of protest music. The chapter seeks to show how music helps sort out and align groups of people.
Underground Is Life
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: July 2019

The survival of the Underground after 1989 rests on the collective memory it has shaped in relation to establishments. This relational pair is the convention that holds the Underground together: the pathway of underground-establishment is continuous, the communist era being articulated into the multi-temporal meaning and use of establishment. This chapter addresses the nature of transformation in the Underground after 1989—although the ecology embraces change and technology, the musical material remains the same. The Plastic People of the Universe have now become the oft-quoted rock group of the Czech Underground, symbolizing Eastern bloc communist oppression, Cold War logics of liberty and freedom, and music’s borderless humanity. The Plastics maintain this legacy in local and foreign discourse while performing repertoire from their forty-five years of ensemble history. Yet the chapter also points to how new musical practices and meanings have grown in the Merry Ghetto, suggesting an Underground Renaissance. The contemporary Underground festival U Skaláka functions as an environment to reaffirm these articulations between musicking and forms of freedom, politics and historical identity. Continuing to play and to listen to Underground music nowadays provides conditions for Undergrounders to continue living within their cultural ecology and thus helps us to understand self-reflexive notions of the political during communism as not ending with 1989 but rather adapting to different forms of creative and political suppression in contemporary times.
Introduction: Bioethics and Theology
Authors: Carlin Nathan
Published: July 2019

This chapter reviews the role of religion in bioethics and proposes a new way forward, which, in terms of methodology, will be outlined in chapter 1. What this books adds—how it is different from most accounts of theological bioethics—is that this is a work of what the author calls pastoral aesthetics. Specifically, the distinguishing feature of this book is its employment of pastoral theology (via a distinct interdisciplinary method of correlation) in bioethics. The chapter begins with a review of how bioethics has been defined and then makes an argument for the reintroduction of religion to the field. The author uses Gilbert Meilaender’s Bioethics: A Primer for Christians as an example of religion’s role in bioethics and juxtaposes Meilaender’s view with those of feminist theological ethicists Beverly Harrison and Shirley Cloyes. Finally, the author outlines the structure of the book, which aligns with the four principles in Tom Beauchamp and James Childress’s Principles of Biomedical Ethics.
Justice and the Living Human Web
Authors: Carlin Nathan
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on justice. Part one begins with a discussion of how justice is articulated in Principles of Biomedical Ethics. This is followed by two classic cases concerning justice: the Seattle Dialysis Committee and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The former deals primarily with clinical ethics, and the latter with research ethics. Together they illustrate how justice is often understood in bioethics. Part two focuses on Bonnie Miller-McLemore’s pastoral image of the living human web. The essential features of this image include the following claims: (i) human suffering needs to be understood in context; (ii) psychology, while valuable and necessary, cannot by itself make sense of the whole of individual human experience; and (iii) other perspectives and disciplines, therefore, are needed, such as sociology, anthropology, philosophy, economics, and more. Part three correlates justice and the living human web.
Introduction
Authors: Bendrups Dan
Published: July 2019

This introduction offers a social history of Rapa Nui that puts into relief the various forces that have effected change in Rapanui society, extending from precontact times to the 1960s—the point at which the Rapanui people were finally endowed with recognition of their basic human rights and the point at which tourism commenced in earnest. This history includes a short detour through the discourses of collapse and “ecocide” that permeate Rapanui scholarship. This is followed by a discussion of music and sustainability that provides a theoretical and disciplinary grounding for the study. Finally, the introduction provides an explanation of the structure of the book and the chapters that follow.
Broad Landscape of School Jazz Education
Authors: West Chad
Published: July 2019

Previous research has shown what school jazz educators spend their time teaching, but not how they teach those things or why. Certain instructional strategies are correlated with high student achievement in jazz, but it is not known whether school jazz teachers are utilizing them or what those strategies look like when they do. Teaching School Jazz: Perspectives, Principles, and Strategies introduces the reader to two expert, yet very different, school jazz educators, whose case studies are inserted in chapters throughout the book. Bruce considers himself an experienced music teacher who happens to also teach jazz, rather than a professional jazz musician. Emily, on the other hand, considers herself both an experienced music teacher and a professional jazz musician. This chapter describes differing thoughts about and approaches to teaching school jazz to help paint a picture of what school jazz looks like.
Internal Language of Jazz
Authors: Titlebaum Mike
Published: July 2019

Perhaps the most important aspect of jazz is that it absolutely requires inner hearing—audiation—to perform it effectively. The performer must hear the music inside her head at the moment of producing it; to only hear the music after it comes out of the horn is a recipe for certain disaster. This chapter presents exercises for developing beginning through advanced students’ rhythmic and tonal audiation skills in jazz. It provides a progression of rhythmic groove exercises that jazz teachers can use to improve the rhythmic feel of ensembles of any age. Methods for teaching head charts (arrangements taught by ear and memorized for performance) are presented as a valuable way for getting students’ heads out from behind the music stands and setting them on the way to becoming more active listeners as well as more tonally and rhythmically independent performers.
Beginning Rhythm Section
Authors: West Chad , Palmer C. Michael , Grace Michael , Fabricius Daniel
Published: July 2019

How does one take a concert band snare drummer, classically trained pianist, orchestral bass player, and self-taught guitar player and turn them into a jazz rhythm section? The drummer has never had so many drums and cymbals to worry about, the pianist may be playing with a group for the very first time, the bass player has to learn to “walk” a bass line, and the guitar player has to play in foreign keys. This chapter addresses the teaching of the rhythm section with regard to (a) rhythm section notation, (b) bass, (c) piano, (d) guitar, (e) drum set, (f) auxiliary instruments, and (g) rhythm section rehearsal strategies. It presents a sequential approach to teaching the beginning rhythm section: (a) walking bass lines, (b) voicing chords, (c) comping patterns, (d) playing setups and fills, and (e) interpreting and realizing instrument-specific rhythm section notation markings.
High School Rhythm Section
Authors: Fabricius Daniel
Published: July 2019

Today, music educators and students have many resources available to study the specifics of playing any instrument. However, as educators it should be our job to guide students to use their ears along with all of the other resources. This chapter focuses on ways that the jazz ensemble conductor can coach high-school-level rhythm section players to make rehearsals more beneficial to all and to attain more authentic performances. The chapter includes details on various jazz styles, instrument-specific tips, and remedies for common issues within the rhythm section. It is divided into six main sections: (a) player profiles, (b) teaching jazz ensemble concepts, (c) awareness of other players, (d) improvisation, (e) chart reading, and (f) self-directed learning. Readers should find the information in this chapter helpful in developing their own rehearsal techniques that will fit their specific teaching situations.
Jazz Bass
Authors: Walker Nicholas
Published: July 2019

The role of the double bass in any jazz band is fundamental to the success of the whole ensemble. The bass line carries both the rhythm and harmony from beat to beat in a way that establishes both a solid pulse and a clear formal structure that allows all of the other elements of jazz to be meaningfully felt. This chapter is designed to introduce a double bassist to jazz playing. It begins with fundamental information about instrument setup, posture, and technical approaches that allow for full expression unhindered by physical pain and injury. Next, the chapter introduces approaches to learning music and bass lines by ear and presents a progressive sequence of skills that allow a bassist to embellish simple traditional bass lines creatively and personally by understanding root movement and connecting chords with walking iconic bass lines.
Choosing Jazz Literature
Authors: Fabricius Daniel
Published: July 2019

Most music educators can probably remember several moments as young musicians when they realized they had just played or heard an amazing composition. Educators must recall how playing amazing music affected them as young musicians and then seek to provide the same experiences for their students. This chapter discusses the selection of appropriate literature for jazz ensemble study and performance. Finding a great combination of program selections is a fun challenge, and readers will find ways to research the many choices available. The chapter includes helpful information regarding many facets of literature selection, including narrowing the search, using resources to research possible selections, realistically evaluating the teaching situation, selecting music to match the band, selecting repertoire to represent a variety of styles, instrumentation and doubling considerations, and budget considerations.
Teaching Jazz Standards
Authors: Weiser Nick
Published: July 2019

The issue of teaching jazz standards is fraught with questions. What are “standards?” What makes a composition a standard? Why do jazz musicians use them as vehicles for improvisation? How are greater standards distinguished from lesser standards? How does one select particular standards to suit the needs of students? This chapter provides strategies for learning and internalizing the core jazz repertoire. It provides historical context to the development and evolution of the jazz standard canon, looking to the songbook folios of the great American tunesmiths and to original and seminal recordings as sources for the study of this music. Emphasis is given to the practical issues of selecting age- and skill-level-appropriate tunes; memorizing melodies, chord progressions, and lyrics (as applicable) in multiple keys; and devising improvisational exercises specific to individual compositions.
What Things Are Good?
Authors: Phillips David
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on Ross’s moderate pluralism about the good. Though it is less original than his moderate pluralism about the right, it is argued that there is much to be said for his version: his list of basic intrinsic goods—happiness, virtue, knowledge—is a plausible starting list. And much of what he says about virtue and about the value of knowledge is also plausible. There is, however, another aspect of Ross’s treatment which it is argued is wholly mistaken: a persistent impulse to downgrade happiness relative to virtue. This radical antihedonism takes different forms in The Right and the Good and the Foundations; but both forms are misconceived.
Postbop
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

Innovations in postbop jazz compositions of the 1960s occurred in several dimensions, in the areas of harmony, form, melody, and cadence. Postbop composers abandoned or muted many techniques of tonal jazz, the jazz standards and original compositions that defined small-group repertory through the 1950s: single-key orientation, schematic 32-bar frameworks (in AABA or ABAC forms, often with tonal cadences at the ends of constituent 8-bar sections), and tonal harmonic progressions. Attributes of postbop compositions rely on a series of family resemblances that include axis progressions (harmonic, melodic, or bass sequences by a single interval, such as major third or minor third); absence or suppression of functional harmonic progressions; common structure progressions; bass pedal points beneath shifting harmonies; and harmonic rhythm with chord changes every half-measure, measure, or every two measures. The last feature distinguishes postbop jazz from that of so-called modal jazz, which relies on a slower harmonic rhythm. One of the significant precedents for postbop jazz is to be found in John Coltrane’s 1959 composition “Giant Steps,” which provided potent alternatives to more conventional tonal designs.
Wayne Shorter
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

Wayne Shorter remains one of the most significant jazz composers of the 1960s, with challenging compositions noted for their harmonic and formal ambiguity. “El Toro” (Art Blakey, Freedom Rider) uses a major third axis progression in a 16-bar form, but the melodic structure cuts against an 8 + 8-bar regularity; “Virgo” (Night Dreamer) relies on a 29-bar ABAC form with irregular phrase lengths. A comparison of “Penelope” (Etc) and “El Gaucho” (Adam’s Apple) shows that they begin with a nearly identical melody, but Shorter subjects each to radically different harmonic environments. “Pinocchio” (Miles Davis, Nefertiti) is an 18-bar composition. Its major third axis uses postbop substitution strategies that echo more-conventional progressions. “Face of the Deep” (The All-Seeing Eye) is one of Shorter’s more exploratory compositions: it links to the jazz avant-garde, and its scoring for three horns reveals an expanded vocabulary of upper structure harmonies.
Herbie Hancock
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

Hancock’s postbop composition provided some of the signature sounds of the 1960s. “King Cobra” (My Point of View) relies on both major third and minor third axis progressions, often using a slash-chord vocabulary; several devices at the end of the form enhance its tonal and formal ambiguity. “Dolphin Dance” (Maiden Voyage) maintains an even heightened sense of tonal and formal ambiguity. It begins with major third axis progressions embellished through harmonic substitutions and elaborations; despite local harmonic cadences and goals, the composition suppresses a single-key orientation. “Jessica” (Fat Albert Rotunda) relies on a perfect fifth axis progression in its skeletal melody, and its horn scoring reveals significant details of Hancock’s harmonic vocabulary and harmonic substitution techniques.
Evolutionary Perspectives
Authors: Waters Keith
Published: July 2019

The chapter supplies three areas for further inquiry into postbop composition: tonal vestiges that connect to earlier tonal jazz practices (through bass motion by descending fifth and descending half step); double axis progressions; and contrapuntal organization. It then describes the evolution of postbop jazz through the notion of schema—a prototype, exemplar, or conventional grammatical pattern. For example, the major third axis schema originally appeared within the constraints of tonal jazz conventions (“Smoke Gets in Your Eyes,” “Have You Met Miss Jones”), but once it penetrated to deeper levels of structure (John Coltrane, “Giant Steps”) it became an agent of syntactic change, giving postbop composers a potent point of departure to bypass tonal jazz frameworks.
Subordination
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

The chapter examines a well-known antipornography claim, the subordination claim, which holds that pornography causes and is women’s subordination. The chapter first spells out this claim in detail distinguishing the causal and constitutive understandings of the subordination claim. The chapter then considers how plausible the claim is. The general argumentative gist of the chapter is as follows. Contra critics of the causal subordination claim, it argues that the claim is not so implausible after all. Or, at the very least, prevalent critiques do not conclusively refute the subordination claim, as some critics claim. Nonetheless, the chapter also shows that the constitutive formulation of the subordination claim is much harder to sustain.
Does Pornography Silence Women?
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

One of MacKinnon’s central claims is that pornography is not only words. Rather, pornographic speech subordinates and silences women. Using Austin’s speech act theory, Langton and Hornsby argue that pornographic speech has the power to silence women, thus depriving women of free speech rights. This silencing claim has attracted much philosophical interest over the past couple of decades. The chapter considers how we should understand the silencing claim by carefully dissecting the relevant literature. It further assesses the philosophical and practical tenability of the claim. The main philosophical lessons to arise from this chapter are as follows. First, even though some aspects of the silencing claim have pretheoretical plausibility, it remains to be established that pornographic speech is responsible for women’s silencing. Second, the silencing claim is often discussed by appealing to intuitive gut-feelings about specific cases. But (the chapter argues) this is not methodologically conducive to settling the matter.
Free, Regulated, or Prohibited Speech?
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

This chapter considers whether legal restrictions on pornography that are compatible with liberalism can be defended and if so, in what form. The chapter aims to show the following. First, in disentangling what different feminist and liberal views are committed to, we can see that the supposedly firm opposition between feminist proregulation and liberal antiregulation positions is not so firm after all. Instead, there is much common ground between allegedly opposing sides. Second, some pornography regulations are permissible, even within a liberal framework and on paternalistic grounds. Third, although we have grounds to regulate pornography, criminalizing pornography production, distribution and consumption is the wrong response to pornography’s problems.
The Aesthetics of Pornography
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

The chapter aims to bring debates in feminist philosophy and philosophy of art closer together, and to discuss central topics of contention in the aesthetics of pornography. It considers three themes: the fictionality of pornography, whether pornography and art are mutually exclusive, and what (if anything) is morally objectionable about digitally generated imagery. In so doing, the chapter offers support for two broad views. First, that fantasies and pornographic fictions are not beyond moral reproach in virtue of being fantastical and fictitious. Second, to hold that pornography is centrally or necessarily about sexual arousal (as philosophers of art typically do) yields misguided analyses of the phenomenon. This chapter, then, tells us something important not only about issues relevant for philosophy of art debates pertaining to pornography; it also instructs us about the nature and morality of pornography.
Pornography as Liberation
Authors: Mikkola Mari
Published: July 2019

Pornography debates have tended to polarize the feminist movement and led to the “sex wars” of the 1970s and 1980s. The main opposition can be denoted with PorNo (antipornography positions) and PorYes (pro-pornography and “sex positive” outlooks), but is fraught with difficulties. For example, it is unclear what exactly is under dispute: Is the disagreement about how to define the concept of pornography or merely about which materials fall under it? Subsequently, the chapter considers two questions: Is feminist pornography possible? Might pornography be emancipatory? The chapter answers both questions with “yes” and considers what would make pornography feminist and/or liberatory when thinking about racialization, ability, and “fattism” in pornography. It argues that neither an unqualified PorNo nor an unqualified PorYes position is tenable. Furthermore, these positions share many basic commitments; but both sides tend to paint the opposition in an uncharitable light and in a manner that distorts the debate.
Fire in the Office
Authors: Murnieks Charles Y. , Cardon Melissa S.
Published: July 2019

This chapter delves into the identity–passion interface and examines how nuances in this relationship manifest in different outcomes. The construct of identity and how it relates to an individual’s self-concept is discussed to more fully understand how identity plays a central role in passion. We argue that identities serve as a foundation of an individual’s passion, and that as such, the relative space that certain identities occupy within one’s self-concept has implications for how different types of passion manifest. The chapter reviews the primary theories of passion developed by scholars, and examines the research that has investigated the relationship between identities and passion. This chapter also offers a summary of the progress made in this area and the work that remains to be done.
Determinants of Passion for Work
Authors: Hardgrove Mark E.
Published: July 2019

In this chapter a wide summary of the determinants of passion is presented and considered. This summary systematically explores the implications of insights from various multidisciplinary inputs, including psychology, sociology, leadership, and management. An historical overview of the concept of passion within the discipline of leadership theory is presented. The dualistic model of passion and importance of passion for work in the organization is reviewed. Personal and social factors are identified, and the manner by which these factors can be considered and encouraged by organizations is discussed. Finally, the results from a qualitative study, which aimed at identifying how an organization can sustain or improve employee passion for work, are presented.
The Role of Autonomy Support in the Development of Passion
Authors: Carpentier Joëlle , Mageau Geneviève A.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the crucial role that autonomy-supportive social environments play in the development of passion toward work. It provides an overview of self-determination theory and how basic psychological needs can be fulfilled or thwarted by one’s working environment. The importance of autonomy-supportive environments, and what they entail, in the initial and ongoing development of passion are highlighted, with research, both in the work and nonwork domains, in support. Finally, practical applications of this relationship between autonomy-supportive work environments and the development of a more intense and healthier form of passion toward work are also discussed, mainly in terms of leaders’ training.
When and Why Does Passion for Work Predict Well- and Ill-Being?
Authors: Fernet Claude , Trépanier Sarah-Geneviève , Austin Stéphanie , Clément Louise
Published: July 2019

The present chapter provides an integrative review of the work stress literature while referring to the empirical evidence on passion for work in relation to psychological health, that is, well- and ill-being manifestations. Drawing on recent scientific literature, the chapter presents an extended dualist model of passion in adaptation to the work environment, which aims to identify work environment factors that are associated with well- and ill-being, and to examine the moderating role of passion for work in the psychological processes associated with psychological health. Results confirming the proposed model are presented, as well as future research directions.
Passion for Work and Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Birkeland Ide Katrine
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on how passion for work influences the interpersonal relationships the employee forms both at work and outside work. It reviews the research and theoretical underpinnings for why passion for work matters for interpersonal relationships. This part particularly describes research on overall relationships, citizenship behaviors, as well as counterproductive work behaviors. It also separates between cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestations of passion for work. Furthermore, this chapter considers how passion can spill into the relationships employees form outside of work, particularly the romantic relationships. Finally, the status of the research on passion for work and interpersonal relationships is discussed along with some suggestions for future research avenues and practical implications.
A Passion for Leadership
Authors: Trivisonno Melissa , Barling Julian
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the nature and consequences of a passion for leadership. The construct of passion for leadership is presented, as is a model of its potential behavioral and psychological consequences. More specifically, drawing from the dualistic model of passion, the chapter explains how harmonious and obsessive passion for leadership may affect high-quality and poor-quality leadership behaviors, respectively. Furthermore, the chapter examines how the two types of passion may influence leaders’ well-being differently. To advance the conceptualization of a passion for leadership, an agenda for future research is provided and the applicability of this new construct for practitioners in the field is explained.
What We Know and Don’t Know About Passion at Work
Authors: Cameron Kim
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses the question: What do we know, and what don’t we know about passion at work? One key objective of this final chapter is to provide a brief synopsis of the key findings reported by the various authors in this volume. The chapter summarizes the consensual definitions that have emerged regarding passion and its two major forms—obsessive passion and harmonious passion. It highlights factors that produce passion as well as those that result from passion. Especially, the differences associated with obsessive passion and harmonious passion are highlighted. Different predictors and different outcomes are associated with each form of passion. In addition, findings associated with individual, organizational, and macro levels of analysis are summarized. Different relationships with these two forms of passion are manifest across different levels of analysis. A second objective is to articulate some of what we do not yet know about passion. The chapter highlights some of the important research questions that can help guide research on passion in the future. This discussion includes issues regarding the development of passion, causal relationships between passion and certain outcomes, forms and manifestations of passion, and individual and contextual differences associated with passion.
Substance
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

Locke’s idea of a substance (e.g., a rock, a tree, or a swan) comprises (1) the ideas of the qualities that define its species, and (2) the idea of a substratum in which those qualities inhere. The proper interpretation of (2) is controversial. The traditional view is that substratum is an unperceivable component distinct from any and all of a thing’s qualities; the rival view is that substratum = real essence. This chapter examines three arguments for the traditional view: the argument from change traceable at least to Aristotle, the logico-linguistic argument discussed by J. L. Mackie, and a subtler argument, implicit in Leibniz, based on the division of labor between the referential words and descriptive words in subject-predicate sentences. It discuses the textual evidence that Locke held the traditional view. It argues that despite that view’s incompatibility with Locke’s Empiricism, he accepts it, albeit with misgivings, because of the latter argument.
Language
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses Locke’s views about language and meaning. His fundamental thesis is that “names” (referential and descriptive or “general” words) signify ideas, which represent things and properties. The ideas that general words signify are abstract ones, formed by abstracting common characteristics from perceptual encounters with particular things and from introspected experiences. Abstract ideas of substances are identical with their nominal essences, which are ideas of the observable qualities by which we classify substances as falling into sorts, and which Locke distinguishes from substances’ real essences, which are unknown microscopic properties (probably of corpuscles) in virtue of which things have those observable qualities. The chapter discusses the privacy of ideas, George Berkeley’s objection to abstract ideas, the significance of the distinction between nominal and real essences, Locke’s rejection of substantial forms, and Locke’s reasons for holding that names of substances signify their nominal rather than their real essences, contrasting this position with Saul Kripke’s now-influential opposing view.
Traveling without a Passport
Authors: Petruska Karen , Woods Faye
Published: July 2019

The speed and breadth with which global television is crossing borders has been accelerated by legal web-delivered platforms, particularly services like Netflix and Amazon Video internationally and Hulu in the United States. These sites are developing impressive reputations as prolific producers of “original” content, but this designation as original obscures the national origins of imported programming to claim all creative credit for the SVOD distributor. The authors identify a distinctive shift from long-standing practices surrounding imports on both sides of the Atlantic through the paratextual framing practices of particular SVOD services. To identify these programs as original content communicates exclusivity and freshness, but when this identification is used falsely, it erases the production and exhibition histories of the shows in their originating countries and threatens the global diversity of content, the viability of independent producers, and the localism that has been central to broadcasting from its origins.
BBC America
Authors: Becker Christine
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the corporate state of transatlantic television via a case study of BBC America, which is co-owned by the British BBC Worldwide and the American AMC Networks. The chapter details BBC America’s shift from an independent cable channel oriented around Britishness to an asset in AMC Networks’ portfolio, with a programming strategy more AMC than BBC. The study thereby illustrates that the value of a cable channel is no longer just in its individual brand; now its worth lies in the larger corporate network of program ownership and access to transnational platforms. BBC America’s prime-time scripted drama strategy is driven accordingly by the overarching goal to reach upscale, engaged viewers on both linear TV and video-on-demand platforms, in line with the global aspirations of its corporate parent.
Sherlock and Elementary
Authors: Pearson Roberta
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the emergence of two tiers of international television programs, high end and routine, and argues that the two types of content serve different functions in their import markets. The content’s cultural and temporal proximity to the import market determines the uses made of it by broadcasters as they attempt to appeal to their domestic audiences. But understanding these different functions requires complicating and nuancing the long-established concept of cultural proximity and developing the concept of temporal proximity. In the case studies, Sherlock and Elementary are used as exemplars of the high end and the routine. The first section establishes the distinction between high-end and routine drama; the second establishes the concept of the cultural proximity index; the third argues that Elementary is characterized by cultural accessibility; the fourth establishes the concept of the temporal proximity index in relation to high-end and routine television.
Metacommentary and Mythology
Authors: Bignell Jonathan
Published: July 2019

The chapter focuses on the comedy drama Episodes (2011–2018), made by the British production company Hat Trick for the BBC and Showtime. A British husband and wife duo of screenwriters work on a US network adaptation of their hit UK comedy show, which is “Americanized,” and they fight for their creative authority and their marriage. Episodes has a hybrid identity in terms of form, format, and genre, expressed in decisions including setting, casting, and performance style. Each of these can be read as a commentary on the similarities and differences between American and British television cultures, alongside the narrative’s thematization of cultural and national differences. Episodes talks about transatlantic television and self-consciously performs it, asking whether a program or a person can be transatlantic by making a joke of it. The chapter argues that Episodes is a metacommentary on deeply embedded myths about the TV of each nation.
From Imagined Communities to Contact Zones
Authors: Morimoto Lori
Published: July 2019

This chapter critiques fan studies’ work that has treated fandom as made up of cohesive “imagined communities.” Instead, it explores a “contact zones” model of transatlantic media fandoms. Examining fan accounts of “American monoculture,” it considers how practices of “Britpicking” in fan fiction communities assert the need for allegedly “authentic” fans to engage with the presumed cultural specificity of shows such as Sherlock (despite this being a UK-US coproduction). Britpicking thus occurs alongside “Brit-fixing,” where transnational TV drama is problematically recontextualized by fans as nationally “authentic.” Furthermore, “Ameri-picking” happens around US shows such as Supernatural when fanfic is written by non-Americans, while US fans also seek to distance themselves from imputed American monoculture, demonstrating that this is akin to “mainstream” versus “subcultural” distinctions. Finally, the chapter complicates assumptions of transatlantic fandom as a US-UK system of meaning by exploring the cultural positionings of Canadian fans of the UK soap opera Coronation Street.
Under Construction
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Club members believe that the government is wasteful, corrupt, and largely inattentive to the needs of India’s majority poor. Yet these members also play golf at clubs that benefit from generous government subsidies on land, water, and other resources, which together divert funds from programs of social welfare and poverty alleviation. Drawing on interviews and archival material at the Karnataka Golf Association (KGA), specifically, the chapter gives context to this apparent contradiction. Whether at the club or in their professional lives, members’ reported experiences of government inefficiencies and corrupt officials justify their anti-government bias, while giving them the chance to present as even moderately radical in their views on poverty and inequality.
The Boys of Banandur
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

Eagleton caddies—young and part of a dominant caste in a rural setting thirty miles south of Bangalore—are relatively secure, living with parents on small parcels of family-owned land, as compared with other caddies in the city. They caddy for members who, while they do not play as often as members at other clubs, pay more, per round. With more money, but without an immediate need for it, Eagleton caddies are more independent of members and also better positioned to resist club officials who might want to restrict their choices over which members to serve. Yet trouble is also apparent, especially in Banandur, the largest village surrounding Eagleton, and home to the club’s most popular caddies. With a changing economic landscape, some caddies here are losing land, either because it is being bought up by multinational corporations opening factories or because it is being divided within their families. Whether caddies have land or not, many who try to leave caddy work find it difficult to find permanent employment.
“It Will Become”
Authors: Inglis Patrick
Published: July 2019

The chapter explores the role of luck and contingency in influencing the success or failure golf caddies in Bangalore have in gaining traction on a path to social mobility. Some caddies receive mentorship and financial support at just the right time, while others miss out on such connections, never quite able to build a steady and reliable network of members to help them. The former often forget the way their successes come about, or by whose grace, and instead think of their new position as a function of merit, discipline, and hard work. Yet the latter are often no better discerning the structural forces at work in their lives, embracing the idea that bad luck or fate has intervened.
The Serpent Column
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 demonstrates the dominance of the polis in the Greek memory of the Persian War in the classical period through a detailed examination of a single monument, the Serpent Column. This dedication, the largest and most spectacular erected by the victors, became an instant source of controversy when Pausanias the regent inscribed on the monument that he had won the war as the “leader of the Greeks.” This chapter argues that the dispute over this commemoration was fueled by tensions between Pausanias’s efforts to transcend the state and the narrower, civic priorities of the individual poleis. Pausanias’s inscription was soon removed and was replaced with a list of allied states. Yates argues that the revised Serpent Column thus constituted an immediate and conscious rejection of a memory of the war that transcended the polis in favor of one that was centered on it.
Panhellenism
Authors: Yates David C.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 demonstrates that the Greek memory of the Persian War was centered on the polis throughout the classical period, by showing that very few Persian-War monuments from that period ever transcended the conceptual boundaries of the separate states. Specifically, Yates examines the other monuments erected by the Hellenic League (especially the statues of Apollo at Delphi and Zeus at Olympia), Simonides’s Plataea Elegy, the cult of Zeus Eleutherios and the obsequies for the fallen at Plataea, Herodotus’s Histories, Isocrates’s Panegyricus, and the early propaganda written on behalf of Philip of Macedonia (particularly Isocrates’s Philip and Speusippus’s Letter to Philip). He concludes that, although the Greeks never sought to suppress the panhellenic scope of the conflict, they consistently opted either to define the victory in terms of states or to focus on the achievements of a single state alone.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

A recent survey of half of all U.S. fertility clinics found that more than one in five misdiagnosed, mislabeled, or mishandled reproductive materials. These errors can’t be chalked up to reasonable slips of hand or lapses in judgment as often as deficient quality controls; and no statute or doctrine vindicates these injuries, or says they matter as a matter of law. Victims can’t point to any physical or financial harm they’ve suffered. Some courts point out that reproductive plans are easy to invent and hard to verify. Others wonder why plaintiffs whose plans were thwarted didn’t just turn to abortion or adoption instead. And most are unwilling to cast a child’s birth as a legal injury. The American legal system treats confounded procreation less like mischief than misfortune, closer to a star-crossed romance or a losing ticket in the natural lottery—the kind of adversity that, however fateful, you have no choice but to steel yourself against and move on from: You can’t always get what you want. This indifference is surprising in a country that’s constitutionalized rights to abortion and birth control since the 1960s and 1970s. But even this “fundamental rights” status hasn’t kept states from aggressively restricting access to abortion and contraception, and the Court hasn’t extended these reproductive freedoms to practices that introduce donors or surrogates into the mix. Besides, constitutional privacy applies only to misconduct by government actors: It offers no protection against wrongdoing by any nonstate clinic, pharmacy, or hospital.
Procreation Deprived
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

When professional negligence renders sex cells unusable or reproductive capacities inoperative, shattered dreams of pregnancy and parenthood find little solicitude under American law. Our legal system fails to recognize reproductive suffering from which a plaintiff’s body and bank account emerge unscathed—because tort law usually compensates for intangible losses only if they’re closely connected to material ones. But people deprived of procreation can’t point to any bodily harm or financial setback that’s tied directly to the injury they’ve suffered. Claims almost always fail because patients don’t incur any property damage (eggs and embryos aren’t considered property) or physical intrusion (aside from whatever medical procedure they freely agreed to). Besides, courts point out, even if fertility treatment goes as planned, patients might not have been able to conceive or carry a pregnancy to term anyway—and they can still adopt. Judges who don’t dismiss these suits outright keep a tight rein on damage awards; these courts miss the centrality of procreation to aspiring parents and the magnitude of its wrongful deprivation. Still, badly behaving specialists shouldn’t be liable for the infertility that patients already suffered from, or other reproductive complications they would have anyway, no matter what quality medical care they received. Probabilistic recovery offers a principled way to compute damages for the wrongful destruction of gametes or embryos under these circumstances. The availability of adoption doesn’t negate this reproductive loss or the need for our laws to redress it. Genetic affinity assumes profound meaning in American family life and law.
Procreation Confounded
Authors: Fox Dov
Published: July 2019

Procreation is confounded when clinical professionals misdiagnose, misrepresent, or switch reproductive cells or entities. These errors lead patients to initiate, continue, or terminate pregnancies in ways that thwart their efforts to have a child of one kind or another: How serious is that reproductive injury? Do its benefits outweigh its harms? What are the chances of it manifesting within certain windows of time and at varying levels of severity? How likely is it that misconduct is what caused procreation to be confounded? Is some other factor responsible in addition or instead? To what extent was genetic randomness or diagnostic uncertainty to blame? The seriousness of that harm depends on its foreseeable impact on people’s lives—injury severity is an objective inquiry that begins by asking what kind of child the plaintiffs wanted and why. The variable expression of medical conditions or other targeted traits ratchets up the guesswork to forecast how a defendant’s negligence that thwarted their prenatal selection can be expected to affect the plaintiff. But all this uncertainty needn’t keep courts from assessing how serious confounded procreation is in particular cases: Just because any such determination is bound to admit of some arbitrariness doesn’t mean injury severity can’t be worked out in a principled and systematic way. For health conditions, relevant factors include foreseeable implications for offspring lifespan, impairment, medical care, and treatment options. Courts should reduce dollar awards by however much confounded procreation can be expected to simultaneously benefit plaintiffs, depending on its associated reasons and repercussions.