bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geotextiles as separators: an introductory overview
Authors: Rankilor P. R.
Published: July 2007

The largest use of geotextiles in civil engineering, in terms of the total area of material used, is for separation. Yet it is one of the most difficult of geotextile functions to define and describe. This set of technical notes was prepared in order to provide guidance on specific aspects of design, construction and use of geotextile separators. The authors of the notes are well known members of the profession with a combined experience of more than a hundred years of geotextile design. This note introduces the subjects covered in the set of notes and highlights the lessons which may be learned from them. Since the early stages of geotextile engineering it has been considered that the three main functions of a geotextile are (a) filtration (b) separation (c) reinforcement.
Planning and financing Manchester Metrolink
Authors: Tyson W. J.
Published: July 2007

The process of planning Metrolink, the light railway in Greater Manchester can be traced back to the early 1970s when more ambitious proposals for a full-scale rail tunnel under central Manchester were rejected by the Government. Several attempts were made to improve the local rail network by remedying one of its main drawbacks: poor penetration of the central area

In the early 1980s the planning process which resulted directly in Metrolink commenced. This examined a range of options for the rail network and rail links including light rail. Gradually many of the constraints on light rail operation on-street in the centre of the city were removed or reduced in scale and the light rail option with street running connecting two converted BR lines, which retained their exclusive right of way, was developed and adopted.

At this point the work on justification and funding started. This initially involved estimating potential patronage from a county-wide transportation model and using the results as the basis of a social cost-benefit analysis of the scheme. This was necessary to support an application for a central government grant.

The application was submitted at the time of local government reorganization, deregulation and the Government's increasing interest in privatization. In consequence it was necessary, at the request of the Government, to examine ways of bringing private sector funding into the project. After intensive investigation the Design, Build, Operate and Maintain scheme was devised and agreed. This formed the basis of the contract for which five consortia initially competed. The successful consortium (GEC-Alsthom, Mowlem, AMEC) were selected to design and build the system and to operate and maintain it for 15 years. Private funding for the operating rights for 15 years. This came in the form of a payment they made process required further extensive evaluation work and at the final stages a change in the criteria for government grant required yet another appraisal to be carried out before the public sector funding was finally agreed.
Geotextiles used in basal drainage of embankments: a case history
Authors: Ingold T. S.
Published: July 2007

Geotextiles are credited with the ability to filter, drain, separate and reinforce soil. These functions can be performed in isolation or in concert depending upon the requirements of the designer. A case history is presented in which the filtration, separation and reinforcing functions are detailed to produce an economic design for a basal drainage layer to an embankment where surface water infiltration threatens long-term stability
International collaboration in accelerated pavement testing
Authors: Addis R. R.
Published: July 2007

This Paper describes developments leading up to a joint international fullscale experiment in the field of pavement engineering, conducted under the auspices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The objetives of the experiment are detailed and an overview of the principal results is presented. Finally, the possible implications of the results for the UK, and the benefits of such international co-operation are noted.
Electrification Of British Railways' East Coast Main Line: Civil Engineering Works, Hitchin to Doncaster
Authors: Wood A. M. J.
Published: July 2007

This Paper describes the contribution of the King's Cross office to the civil engineering design and construction activities associated with the electrification of the East Coast Main Line (ECML). It indicates the scope of the works to prepare the route between Hitchin and Doncaster for the full installation of the overhead traction equipment. Brief reference is made to the evolution of the proposals to extend the initial suburban electrification of the main line between King's Cross and Hitchin, completed in 1977. Standards and techniques for bridge reconstruction to obtain clearance, parapet raising and protection have been covered elsewhere and therefore the Paper concentrates on two particular bridges each considered of specific or unique interest. These are the replacement of an aqueduct and a scheme devised to enable three centre arches of a nine arch overbridge to be demolished and replaced by a single span capable of bridging four tracks. This latter scheme not only avoided the initially foreseen need for a complete reconstruction, involving considerable cost savings, but produced an enhancement in programming such that electric running from London to Leeds was achieved 14-months ahead of expectation.
Parapet refurbishment of the North Bridge, Edinburgh
Authors: Saldanha D. , Mendelson R. C.
Published: July 2007

The North Bridge is situated in the centre of Edinburgh and spans Waverley Station and Market Street. The present bridge was constructed in 1894-96 to replace the previous masonry arch structure.

The most common defect found during the present bridge assessment programme has been with respect to parapet capacities. This equally applied to the North Bridge where the remedial works required to the defective parapets involved close consultations with numerous parties and the adoption of materials not commonly utilized in bridge construction. This Paper describes the particular circumstances relating to the refurbishment of the North Bridge and some alternative methods of achieving an aesthetically acceptable solution while complying, where possible, with SB10/74.
Increased loadings of lorries on bridges
Authors: Woods J. A. U. , Ying C. L. A. , Johnson K. A. L. , Leadbeater A. D. , Palmer J. H.
Published: July 2007

The theme of the meeting related to the increased loading arising largely from the changing legislation brought about by EC initiatives, and the recently announced budgeted framework by the DTp through its Transport Supplemented Grant (TSG) procedures 1991 -92 which provides for funding the programme for assessment and strengthening, in accordance with the new loading standards consequent on this legislation.
Pavement construction on the M40 Banbury Bypass Contract 4
Authors: Fison D. G.
Published: July 2007

The M40 Banbury Bypass Contract 4 overlies coal deposits of sufficient size and at a depth that would make mining at a later date possible. The pavement was, therefore, designed with this in mind and a continuously reinforced concrete roadbase was specified as the solution most likely to resist possible future settlement problems.

Continuously reinforced concrete roadbases (CRCR) are not new to the UK but are uncommon. The scale of this project, involving in excess of 100 000 m3 of pavement quality concrete laid over 15.8 km, required the Contractor to review his method of operation carefully.

In addition the earthworks design called for 600 mm of capping. The Contractor chose to construct a capping layer of 250 mm of lime stabilized material overlaid with 350 mm of selected crushed rock over some 40% of the scheme. Elsewhere, where capping was specified, only selected rock was permitted.

Following the completion of the CRCR, heave occurred in the lime stabilized capping layer at various locations along the scheme. The inherent stiffness of the CRCR largely accommodated this though some limited remedial works were necessary which did not delay the opening of the road.

This Paper reviews the processes by which the Contractor planned and undertook his works and identifies the reasons behind the successful and rapid execution of the pavement construction.
Rail treatment
Authors: Sinclair J. C. , Allen R. J.
Published: July 2007

This Technical Note presents details of two diverse methods of treating railway rails in situ, both of which enhance the reliability and useful life of the rail.
Localized Gingival Enlargement Associated With Alveolar Process Expansion: Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma Coincident With Central Odontogenic Fibroma
Authors: Silva Cléverson O. , Sallum Antônio Wilson , do Couto‐Filho Carlos Eduardo Gomes , Costa Pereira Alessandro Antônio , Hanemann João Adolfo Costa , Tatakis Dimitris N.
Published: July 2007

Background: Despite the common occurrence of localized gingival enlargements, which often represent reactive lesions, the temporal and spatial association of such a lesion with a central jaw lesion has not been reported. The purpose of this case report is to present the exceptional combination of a peripheral ossifying fibroma and a central odontogenic fibroma. The differential diagnosis and management of each lesion is reviewed.

Methods: A 45‐year‐old black female presented with a chief complaint of a painless protuberance in the left mandible of 1‐year duration. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a gingival enlargement localized between teeth #21 and #23 and a multilocular radiolucent lesion with radiopaque foci in the same area. Excisional biopsy of the gingival lesion and incisional biopsy of the central lesion were performed, and specimens were submitted for histopathological analysis.

Results: Biopsy of the gingival lesion revealed stratified squamous epithelium and highly cellular fibroblastic component presenting central areas of calcification, features consistent with a diagnosis of peripheral ossifying fibroma. The central lesion was characterized by cellular fibrous tissue admixed with rests of odontogenic epithelium and few calcification areas, features consistent with a diagnosis of central odontogenic fibroma/World Health Organization type. Subsequently, the central lesion was enucleated. After 1‐year follow‐up, no recurrence has been observed.

Conclusions: The combination of a rare central lesion with a common gingival lesion may present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Clinician awareness regarding the possibility of such a combined presentation and its implications will help to ensure optimal treatment outcomes.
Relationship Between Periodontitis and Diabetes: Lessons From Rodent Studies
Authors: Pontes Andersen Carla C. , Flyvbjerg Allan , Buschard Karsten , Holmstrup Palle
Published: July 2007

Background:A great amount of investigations have provided evidence that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increase the risk and severity of periodontitis; several alterations in the diabetic periodontium are likely to be involved. Conversely, periodontitis has been shown to have an impact on diabetes, although less evidence is available on the underlying mechanisms. The association between periodontitis and diabetes has been discussed in several reviews over the past years; however, none has focused on the use and contribution of rodent models.

Methods:This review describes the most commonly used rodent models of diabetes, periodontitis, and the association between the two diseases. Further, we summarize the influence of diabetes in the periodontium as well as the effect of periodontitis on diabetes status with special focus on evidence from experimental studies.

Results:Rodent studies have confirmed human findings and further increased our knowledge on the alterations in the diabetic periodontium. On the other hand, few rodent investigations have explored the consequences of periodontitis for diabetes. Their results clearly indicate that periodontitis can become a health hazard not only for diabetes but also for prediabetes; the exact mechanisms are still to be unraveled.

Conclusions:Findings from rodent studies have been useful in increasing our understanding of periodontitis, diabetes, and their association and hold great promise for future investigations given the wide variety of possibilities for testing biologic hypotheses.
Chondrichthyan microremains from the Givetian of the Aragonian Pyrenees (Spain)
Authors: Liao Jau-Chyn , Ginter Michal , Valenzuela-Rios José Ignacio
Published: July 2007

A Lower and basal Middle varcus Zone (Givetian, Middle Devonian) vertebrate association consisting of chondrichtyan teeth and scales of the genus Phoebodus is documented for the first time from the Aragonian Pyrenees of Spain. This record suggests that different teeth morphologies that were previously treated as separate taxa could be grouped in Phoebodus fastigatus. Moreover, the teeth and scales association is in agreement with the previously reconstructed squamation pattern of this taxon.
Relation of Positive Affect with Emotion-Focused Coping in Japanese Undergraduates
Authors: Yamasaki Katsuyuki , Uchida Kanako
Published: July 2007

This study examined the relationships between coping and positive affect and sex differences in those relationships, focusing on emotional expression as an emotion-focused coping strategy. Undergraduates (193 men and 225 women) completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression to assess positive affect by using the Positive Affect subscale and the General Coping Questionnaire for measurement of coping. Analysis showed a positive relationship between positive affect and both problem-solving and cognitive reinterpretation, but only for men, while a positive relation between positive affect and emotional expression was found only for women. Also there were no interactions of emotional expression and other coping strategies, such as problem-solving, cognitive reinterpretation, and emotional support-seeking, on positive affect. These findings provide evidence to suggest that the relationship between positive affect and coping should be examined by sex.
Perceived Organizational Ethics and Skepticism of Women's Employment
Authors: Valentine Sean , Fleischman Gary , Faircloth James B.
Published: July 2007

Using a national sample of business professionals, the relationship between two measures of perceived organizational ethics and individuals' overall skepticism about women's employment were examined. After controlling for several demographic factors, analysis of responses from a 9% return suggested that persons working for companies believed to have strong ethical practices are less likely to have negative perceptions of women's employment.
An Examination of the Effects of 5-Methoxy-N,N-di(iso)propyltryptamine Hydrochloride (Foxy) on Cognitive Development in Rats
Authors: Compton David M. , Selinger Melissa C. , Testa Erin K. , Larkins Krystal D.
Published: July 2007

The hallucinogenic “designer drug” known as Foxy or Methoxy Foxy and formally know as 5-Methoxy-N,N-di(iso)propyltryptamine hydrochloride (5-MeO-DIPT) is rapidly gaining popularity among recreational users. However, little is known about the consequences of its use on neuropsychological development or behavior. During one of two adolescent periods, the rats were given repeated injections of either saline or 5 mg/kg of 5-MeO-DIPT. Once the animals reached 80 days of age, they were trained and tested on a number of tasks designed to assess the effects of 5-MeO-DIPT, if any, on memory tasks with spatial components that presumably involve declarative memory systems and on a nonspatial task that is considered sensitive to disruptions in nondeclarative memory. With one exception, both the 5-MeO-DIPT-and saline-treated rats were able to master the spatial navigation tests at comparable rates. However, the performance of the drug-treated rats was markedly inferior to that of the control animals on a response-learning task, suggesting a lack of flexibility in adapting their responses to changing task demands. This could indicate reductions in serotonin activity in the forebrain similar to the effects of studied drugs such as methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), suggesting 5-MeO-DIPT may act as a toxin compromising serotoninergic systems in the brain.
Developmental Order Driving the Relationship between Executive Functions and Theory of Mind: A Case Study
Authors: Goukon Ayumu , Kikuchi Toshihiko , Noguchi Kazuhito , Ohuchi Taeko , Hirano Mikio , Hosokawa Toru
Published: July 2007

Several studies have suggested there is a developmental link between executive functions and theory of mind. However, the developmental order driving the relationship is not well understood. The main reason is that the development of executive function parallels the development of theory of mind in normally developing children. In this paper, a case (H.Y.) is reported. H.Y. had lived in a persistent vegetative state for 6 years after encephalitis at the age of 10. He showed a developmental order driving the relationship between executive functions and theory of mind. These findings are consistent with recent suggestions that development of executive function might be important as a predecessor of either the ability to understand false beliefs or the ability to express that understanding.
Sex, Body-Esteem and Self-Esteem
Authors: Connors John , Casey Paul
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the relationship between body-esteem and self-esteem among 215 young men and women (ages 18 to 25 years). It was expected that concern with weight and shape would be strongly associated with women's self-esteem, while men's self-esteem would be more closely linked to concerns about their fitness. Multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived attractiveness and the salience of weight and shape were significant predictors of self-esteem among women. Among men, the significant predictors of self-esteem were perceived attractiveness, body disparagement, and perceived strength and fitness.
Discrimination Learning and Extinction in Paramecia (P. Caudatum)
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Montgomery Amber R. , Gurney Rebecca L.
Published: July 2007

Prior attempts to condition a one-celled organism, paramecium, by either classical or instrumental procedures have yielded both positive and negative results. As the results of those studies may be subject to several interpretations other than one indicating learning, it was decided to use a more traditional technique for the present study. This experiment was designed to assess whether aversive electric shock could be used to train paramecia on a brightness discrimination task, a procedure that has been used in animal learning research. The results indicated that such learning may have occurred.
Additional Factorial Evidence of Construct Validity for the Visual Similes Test II with Scores from a Sample of African-American Children
Authors: Williams Thomas Oliver , Eaves Ronald C.
Published: July 2007

The Visual Similes Test II was designed to measure the construct of arousal. This study investigated its factor structure with scores from a sample of 154 African-American elementary school children (7 to 10 years). The initial factor structure was examined using principal axis factor analysis with the promax rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to evaluate the model-fit of the data with the hypothesized hierarchical model. Results provided support for the two-factor structure in the principal axis factor analysis and the model-fit of the hypothesized model in the confirmatory factor analysis.
Validity of Experiential and Reflective Self-Knowledge Scales: Relationships with Basic Need Satisfaction among Iranian Factory Workers
Authors: Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J.
Published: July 2007

This study examined the validity of Experiential and Reflective Self-knowledge Scales in a sample of Iranian factory workers. Both scales were administered to 321 male and 12 female workers ( M age = 35.6 yr., SD = 8.9) along with the Basic Need Satisfaction at Work Scales, the Work Climate Questionnaire, and measures of Perceived Stress and Self-esteem. Scores on the two self-knowledge measures correlated with all other variables consistent with the claim of Self-determination Theory that self-insight is associated with a more complete satisfaction of basic needs. In a number of multiple regression analyses, Reflective and Experiential Self-knowledge combined to explain variance in other measures. These data further supported the validity of the two new Self-knowledge Scales.
Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Return Rates of a Health Survey to Adults in Rural Areas
Authors: Price James H. , Dake Joseph A. , Jordan Timothy R. , Silvestri Kathy S. , Ward Britney L.
Published: July 2007

This study assessed differences in response rates to a mailed health survey by adults in two neighboring rural midwestern counties with differential incentives, of $2.00 and $5.00. Potential respondents in each county were randomly selected from a commercial database of residents' addresses. County “F” respondents ( n = 541) which were 57% female and 95% Euro-American having a mean age of 47.3 yr. ( SD = 16.9), received the $5 incentive. County “H” respondents ( n = 514) were 63% female, 95% Euro-American, had a mean age of 49.0 yr. ( SD = 14.7), and received a $2 incentive. The response rates were 71% using the $2 incentive and 73% using the $5 incentive. These were not significantly different by chi-square test. The more cost-effective incentive for increasing the response rate of adults in this rural midwestern sample was to code the envelopes and use a $2.00 rather than $5.00 incentive, a cost per returned survey of $5.24 versus $9.13, respectively. The findings support Dillman's principle of diminishing returns as the size of the incentive goes up.
Concrete and Abstract Thinking Styles and Art Preferences in a Sample of Serious Art Collectors
Authors: Gridley Mark C.
Published: July 2007

59 art collectors (30 men, 29 women) were given the Gregorc Style Delineator to classify them by thinking styles and a questionnaire regarding their art preferences. Their ages ranged from 33 to 99 years ( M = 59.5 yr.). Abstract art was preferred by 34% of the sample. Representational art, such as Dutch Masters and Impressionism, was preferred by 66% of the sample. Of the collectors who preferred nonobjective abstract paintings, such as works by color field artists like Mark Rothko, and Abstract Expressionist paintings, such as works by Jackson Pollock, 62% had scores on the Gregorc Style Delineator by which they were classified as showing abstract thinking styles. Of the collectors who preferred representational painting, 86% were classified as showing concrete thinking styles.
Resampling Probability Values for Differences between Two Independent Indices of Ordinal Variation and Consensus
Authors: Johnston Janis E. , Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: July 2007

A permutation method is presented to calculate resampling probability values for differences between two independent indices of ordinal variation and consensus.
Re-Analysis of Sageman's (2004) and Pape's (2005) Data Predicting Al'Qaeda Membership and Suicide Terrorism
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Anderson Charles V. , Brinneman Angelia S. , Magsanoc-Deoki Mary E. , Pakhalchuk Aliona , Ulrick Rachel A.
Published: July 2007

Sageman's (2004) and Pape's (2005) arguments for the development of Al'Qaeda members and suicide terrorism are examined statistically. Presence of foreign occupying troops and foreign support for disliked local regimes appeared to be related to either the number of Al'Qaeda suicide terrorists (Pape) or the number of known Al'Qaeda members (Sageman) reported within 34 predominately Sunni nations. Results support the theory that nationalism fuels much of Middle Eastern resentment against allied nations.
Synergien zwischen Bio‐ und Ölraffinerien bei der Herstellung von Biomassetreibstoffen
Authors: Huber George W. , Corma Avelino
Published: July 2007

Kontinuierlich steigende Erdölpreise werden dazu führen, dass Biotreibstoffe für unsere Energieversorgung zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnen. Hydrotreating und katalytisches Cracken von Biomasse‐Einsatzstoffen, die aus Cellulose, Stärke und Zucker oder auch pflanzlichen Ölen erhalten werden, bieten aussichtsreiche Perspektiven für die zukünftige Produktion solcher Biotreibstoffe. Die bereits existierenden Erdölraffinerien eignen sich dabei als Infrastruktur für die Herstellung von Biotreibstoffen, sodass ein schneller Umstieg auf nachhaltigere Energiequellen ohne große Kapitalinvestitionen in neue Reaktoren vollzogen werden kann. Die chemischen Prozesse und Katalysatoren sowie die technischen Herausforderungen bei der Produktion von Biotreibstoffen werden in diesem Aufsatz diskutiert.
Kinetic study on cross‐linking and blowing behavior of EVA/EPDM/CPE high elasticity material
Authors: Liu Can‐Pei , Lin Jin‐Huo
Published: July 2007

Blend of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer rubber (EPDM), and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) filled with talc was cross‐linked with dicumyl peroxide and blown simultaneously with azodicarbonamide for preparation of high elasticity material by injecting, cross‐linking, and blowing process. It had excellent mechanical properties and elasticity. It was found that mechanical properties were a function of cross‐linking and blowing temperature and time and formula. A good cross‐linking and blowing temperature was in the range of 440–450 K and the optimum temperature and time were 448 K and 360 s, respectively. Kinetics of both cross‐linking and blowing reactions were investigated by closed nonrotor torque rheometer. The results showed that both cross‐linking and blowing reactions were first order. The activation energy of the cross‐linking reaction was higher than that of the blowing reaction. With increasing of EDPM content, the activation energy of the cross‐linking reaction reduced whereas it increased for the blowing reaction. The gas cell morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of SEM and mechanical property analyses showed that the morphology and mechanical properties were improved by incorporating CPE. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Dynamics of controlled release of potassium nitrate from a highly swelling binary polymeric blend of alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Bajpai Jaya , Mishra Sushma , Bajpai A. K.
Published: July 2007

Highly water absorbing and homogeneous binary biopolymeric blends in bead form were prepared of calcium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose by solution cast method. The prepared blends were evaluated for controlled delivery of KNO3 taking it as a model agrochemical. The beads characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the molecular structure and morphology of beads. The swelling experiments were performed for different compositions of beads and at varying pH and temperature of the aqueous media. The release experiments were performed under static and varying experimental conditions and the release data obtained were conductometrically fitted to Ficks equation to evaluate diffusion coefficients of released KNO3. The release results were further analyzed by Ficks power law equation, and the possible mechanisms of KNO3 release were explored at different experimental conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Studies on the photo‐oxidation of PP and PP/mLLDPE blend systems: Thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical behavior
Authors: Gupta A. P. , Saroop U. K. , Gupta Vidya
Published: July 2007

The photo‐oxidative degradation of the blends of polypropylene (PP) with metallocene linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE) were studied. The blend samples were exposed to the ultraviolet radiation (UV) for a period of 6 weeks. Tensile mechanical characteristics were derived from stress–strain curves. The changes in crystallinity during exposure were followed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), whereas the chemical degradation of the blend samples was evaluated by FTIR‐ATR. In case of PP, tremendous decrease is observed in tensile strength, elongation at break, and increase is observed in tensile modulus with exposure time. However, with the addition of mLLDPE, UV stability of PP has significantly improved. A significant increase in crystallinity during UV exposure was noted for PP, whereas for PP/mLLDPE (80/20) blend system the crystallinity did not change much. Therefore low level of stabilizers may be required for PP/mLLDPE blend systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Cell Cycle Genes PEDF and CDKN1C in Growing Deer Antlers
Authors: Lord Eric A. , Martin Shirley K. , Gray Jason P. , Li Chunyi , Clark Dawn E.
Published: July 2007

Deer antlers are the only mammalian appendage to display an annual cycle of full regeneration. The growth phase in antler involves the rapid proliferation of several tissues types, including epidermis, dermis, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, and nerves. Antlers thus provide an excellent model to study the developmental regulation of these tissues. We describe here the identification of two genes, pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C), both of which are known to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. These genes were identified as the result of screening an expressed sequence tag database derived from a cDNA library enriched for sequences from the growing antler tip. PEDF mRNA was detected in developing skin, cartilage, and bone during endochondral ossification. PEDF mRNA was not detected within endothelial cells that exhibited positive immunoreactivity to a CD146 antibody. CDKN1C mRNA was expressed by only the immature chondrocytes within the precartilage region. These results suggested that PEDF and CDKN1C are important genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation during antler growth. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term stability of edible preferences in individuals with developmental disabilities
Authors: Ciccone Francis J. , Graff Richard B. , Ahearn William H.
Published: July 2007

Multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments were used to examine the stability of preference hierarchies in eight individuals with developmental disabilities. In Study 1, preference assessments using edible items were conducted 6 months apart; in Study 2, assessments were conducted 12 months apart. As in previous studies analyzing preference stability, individual differences in stability were found in both studies. However, mean rank order coefficients across participants revealed interesting findings in both comparisons. Generally, preference for edible items, particularly the most and least preferred stimuli, was more stable across time than has been found in other research conducted with leisure items. Stability was greater when only 6 months lapsed between assessments. Moreover, for three of the eight participants, rank order coefficients were significant across both studies indicating the possibility that some individuals may tend toward more stable preferences. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a convenient peptide‐based assay for lysyl hydroxylase
Authors: Cudic Mare , Patel Deepak A. , Lauer‐Fields Janelle L. , Brew Keith , Fields Gregg B.
Published: July 2007

Hydroxylysine (Hyl) is a posttranslationally modified amino acid found mainly in collagens, the most abundant protein in mammals. Lysyl hydroxylase (LH) catalyzes the hydroxylation of the C‐5 position of a Lys residue, resulting in the production of Hyl. Mechanistically, LH incorporates one oxygen atom into both Lys and 2‐oxoglutarate; the latter is decarboxylated to form succinate and CO2. To develop a convenient, RP‐HPLC based LH assay, we used Fmoc solid‐phase methodology to synthesize three different peptides designed as LH substrates and one peptide corresponding to an LH product. Peptides were characterized by RP‐HPLC, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and CD spectroscopy. Separation of peptides was examined under a variety of RP‐HPLC conditions. The best results were achieved using peptide derivatization (1‐anthroylnitrile for organic phase and dansyl chloride for aqueous phase) prior to RP‐HPLC analysis. The products (di‐ and tetra‐substituted Lys‐ and Hyl‐containing peptides) were well resolved by RP‐HPLC. The resolution of each peak allows for quantification of peak areas, which in turn, when examined as a function of time, can be utilized for studying the kinetics of LH catalyzed reactions. Most significantly, the RP‐HPLC assay directly monitors the Hyl containing product. Prior LH assay methods are multi‐step, require radio‐labeled substrates, and/or measure depletion of 2‐oxoglutarate or formation of CO2. Since the LH reaction with 2‐oxoglutarate is uncoupled from Lys hydroxylation, the most accurate assay of LH activity should monitor the formation of Hyl. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 330–338, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
An alternative presentation of metabolism
Authors: Waelbroeck Magali
Published: July 2007

Why should we think of enzymes as sluice gates? We are used to talk about “metabolic flux”: I should like to suggest that we should indeed envision metabolism as a “liquid” flowing in different channel segments, each of which contains a single metabolite. Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions without affecting the reaction equilibrium, creating, or destroying matter: they can be visualized as “sluice gates” (mobile metal or wooden plates that control water flow in channels and sluices: Fig. 1), or, rather, as openings in metal or wooden plates that block the channel. Metabolism control and homeostasis maintenance are equivalent to controlling the water flux while maintaining the water level in each channel segment approximately constant. The “gates” representing non cooperative (Michaelis‐Menten) and cooperative enzymes have very different shapes, reflecting their different roles in metabolic regulation: the activity of noncooperative enzymes catalyzing irreversible reactions has the greater effect over the flux, but cooperative enzymes are necessary to maintain homeostasis when irreversible reactions are involved.
An integrated strategy for teaching biochemistry to biotechnology specialty students
Authors: Ouyang Liming , Ou Ling , Zhang Yuanxing
Published: July 2007

The faculty of biochemistry established an integrated teaching strategy for biotechnology specialty students, by intermeshing the case‐study method, web‐assistant teaching, and improved lecture format with a brief content and multimedia courseware. Teaching practice showed that the integrated teaching strategy could retain the best features of each pedagogy and better solve the main difficulties that lay in the teaching of biochemistry to biotechnology specialty students in the East China University of Science and Technology.
Hydroxy‐ and Carboxy‐Substituted Allylsilanes: A Simple and Stereoselective Method of Preparation
Authors: Moret Etienne , Franzini Livia , Schlosser Manfred
Published: July 2007

When treated with two equivalents of a butyllithium/potassium tert‐butoxide mixture, terminal olefins carrying unprotected hydroxy or carboxy groups generate allylmetal intermediates which can be trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to afford functionalized (Z)‐2‐alkenyltrimethylsilanes. One equivalent of the superbasic reagent suffices if the unsaturated alcohols are first protected as acetals before being subjected to the metalation/silylation/hydrolysis sequence.
Organoamido‐ and Aryloxolanthanoids, 15. Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanoids, 116. Syntheses of Low Coordination Number Divalent Lanthanoid Organoamide Complexes, and the X‐ray Crystal Structures of Bis[(N‐2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)(N‐trimethylsilyl)amido]bi(tetrahydrofuran)samarium(II)and ‐ytterbium(II)
Authors: Deacon Glea B. , Fallon Gary D. , Forsyth Craig M. , Schumann Herbert , Weimann Roman
Published: July 2007

The Mercury(II) amide complex Hg[N(SiMe3)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2 (1) was prepared by reaction of HgBr2 with Li[N(SiMe3) 2,6‐iPr2C6H3)] in diethyl ether solvent. Redox transmetallation reactions of 1 with elemental samarium, europium or ytterbium in THF solvent (THF = tetrahydrofuran), generated the novel divalent complexes Ln[N(SiMe3)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3]2(THF)2 with Ln = Sm (2), Eu (3) and Yb (4). 4 was also synthesized by reaction of elemental ytterbium, HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)(2,6‐Me3)2]2(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (5), Yb (6)] by reaction of the metals with HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)2. Thermal desolvation of 4 under high vacuum gave Yb(N)(SiMe3)2,6‐iPr2C6H3)]2 (THF) (7), whereas under identical conditions 6 yielded the solvent‐free complex [Yb[N{SiMe3)2]2]2. (8). The new compounds 1–4 and 7 are hydrocarbon soluble and 171Yb‐NMR spectra were recorded for 4, 6, 7 and 8. X‐ray crystal structure determinations of 2 and 4 revealed four‐coordinate, distorted tetrahedral metal environments augmented by weak Ln…ipso‐C(aryl) interactions.
Unsymmetric Dinucleating Ligands for Metallobiosite Modelling
Authors: Fenton David E. , Okawa Hisashi
Published: July 2007

Awareness of the asymmetric nature of numerous dinuclear metallobiosites and of the ability of the individual metal ions to have quite distinct roles in the functioning of the metalloenzyme concerned has led to a search for carefully designed unsymmetric dinucleating ligands that will give dinuclear complexes capable of acting as models for the metallobiosites. This review surveys progress made in the design and synthesis of complexes capable of serving as models for donor atom, coordination number and geometric asymmetries found at dinuclear metal centres.
The Electronic Structure of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Some General Aspects of Bonding in “Classical” and Hypervalent Tellurium Halides
Authors: Landrum Gregory A. , Goldberg Norman , Hoffmann Roald
Published: July 2007

Approximate MO and band structure calculation are used to analyze the bonding in the recently synthesized paramagnetic, semiconducting phase [Te15Br4]2+. The [Te15Br4]2+ chains are very similar to those in the tellurium subhalide Te2Br. The electronic structure and bonding within these chains is analysed and the possibility of hypervalency in both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br is discussed. The bonding in the classically hypervalent molecule TeBr42− and a model Te3Br24‐ is compared to that of the infinite system. Our calculations indicate that both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br contain weakly hypervalent Te atoms and that the interesting electronic properties of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 arise within the distinct sublattices, which do not interact significantly.
Diazosulfonate Substitutents: A Route to Transition‐Metal Complexes with Switchable Water Solubility
Authors: Herdtweck Eberhardt , Peters Frank , Wagner Matthias
Published: July 2007

The single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis of the diazosulfonatep‐H2N–C6H4–NN–SO3Na3features a Z configuration of the diazo moiety and a nitrogen–sulfur bond. Each sodium atom is coordinated by one diazosulfonate substitutent in a chelating manner. Upon reaction of3with excess salicylaldehyde, the highly water‐soluble Schiff base ligand6is obtained in good yield. Treatment of ZnCl2with 2 equiv. of6gives the zinc complex7. In all cases, the solubilizing diazosulfonate groups can be cleaved off photolytically, which offers an opportunity to precipitate the molecules from their aqueous solutions.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of New 2,2′‐Bipyridine‐Bridged Bis[ruthenium(II)tris‐2,2′‐bipyridine] Complexes
Authors: König Burkhard , Zieg Harald , Cola Luisa De , Balzani Vincenzo , Nimtz Manfred , Balzani Vincenzo
Published: July 2007

We have synthesized a new type of tris‐2,2'‐bipyridine ligand with 4,4'‐ and 6,6'‐disubstituted 2,2'‐bipyridine (bpy) units. The terminal 4,4'‐and 6,6'‐disubstituted 2,2'‐bipyridine moieties are selectively coordinated by Ru(bpy)2 (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), whereas the central 2,2′‐bipyridine ligand does not participate in any metal ion coordination. The two Ru(bpy)3 units of 7 and 8 do not interact appreciably, as is evident from their electrochemical and photophysical data. The lifetime of the excited state of compound 7 at 77 K is similar to that of Ru(bpy)2(4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine), whereas that of compound 8 under the same conditions is comparatively long.
Enantioselective Catalysis, XIVAsymmetric Grignard Cross‐Coupling Reaction: An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Asymmetric Induction with a New Type of Pyrrolidinephosphane
Authors: Nagel Ulrich , Nedden Hans GüNter
Published: July 2007

An investigation of the asymmetric synthesis of 3‐phenyl‐1‐butene by the Grignard cross‐coupling reaction is presented. The reaction is catalysed by nickel complexes of bisphosphane and 3‐diphenylphosphanylpyrrolidine‐type ligands. A comparison of the results obtained with our P,N monophosphane ligands with those obtained with the most effective known amino acid derived P,N ligands shows a similar enantioselectivity but an inverse sense of optical induction. An X‐ray structural analysis of the 1‐phenylethyl Grignard compound is reported. Quantitative analysis and the determination of enantiomeric composition of the catalytic samples is accomplished using a novel enantioselective GLC separation. Compared to the popular model reaction that uses a chloride‐containing Grignard compound and vinyl bromide as starting compounds, we obtain improved enantioselectivities of P,N monophosphane catalysts by substituting vinyl bromide with vinyl chloride. With two of the new P,N ligands we find a nonlinear dependence of enantioselectivity on the enantiomeric purity of the ligands (asymmetric amplification). Catalytic results subject to such nonlinear effects show a dependence on the ligand to nickel ratio.
The First Electron‐Donor‐Acceptor Paracyclophanes with Ferrocene NLO‐Phores: Synthesis, Absorption and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Kay Kwang‐Yol , Baek Yong Gu
Published: July 2007

As potential nonlinear optical material. 12‐nitro‐4,7‐bis(2‐ferrocenylvinyl)[2.2]paracyclophane (1) and 12‐nitro‐4,5,7,8‐tetrakis(2‐ferrocenylvinyl)[2.2]paracyclophane(2) have been synthesized by pd‐catalyzed coupling reactions of vinylferrocene with the precursor cyclophanes 9 and 13, respectively. The absorption and electrochemical properties of 1 and 2 are also described.
Dynamic Behavior of Anionic Binuclear Helicate‐ and meso‐Helicate‐Type Coordination Compounds
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Schneider Matthias , Röttele Herbert
Published: July 2007

The racemization/symmetrization of helicate‐ or meso‐helicate‐type dinuclear titanium(IV) complexes Mn[(ligand)3Ti2] (n = 4: M = Li, Na, K, Cs; n = 2: M = Ca, Sr), which are formed by metal‐directed self‐assembly of alkyl‐bridged bis(catecholate) ligands in the presence of basic alkali‐metal or alkaline‐earth metal salts, can be monitored by dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The free‐energy barrier (ΔG‡) of this process is influenced by the nature of the ligand, the solvent, and the counterion.
Solid‐State 13C‐NMR‐Spectroscopy, 3. – Solid‐State 13C‐NMR‐Spectroscopic Investigations of α‐(Dimethylamino)‐benzyllithium Complexes
Authors: Ahlbrecht Hubertus , Harbach Jürgen , Kalinowski Hans‐Otto , Lang Andreas , Maier Günther
Published: July 2007

α‐(Dimethylamino)benzyllithium (1a) and its complexes, 1b–f, have been characterized by their solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectra. The spectra are comparable to those recorded in solution and can be used to reveal the structures of the different solvates of the title compound.
Reaction of 1,3‐Dialkyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidenes with 2‐Bromo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboroles (Alkyl=iPr and tBu)
Authors: Weber Lothar , Dobbert Eckhard , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate , Boese Roland , Bläser Dieter
Published: July 2007

2‐Bromo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,3,2‐diazaboroles (3a–c) were synthesized by cyclocondensation of dilithiated 1,4‐diazabutadienes (5a–c) with boron tribromide in hexane. 3a was also obtained by sodium amalgam reduction was conducted in ether solvents, diboroxane (2) resulted as the main product. Compound 3a and 1,3‐dialkyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol2‐ylidenes (6a, b) underwent halide displacement to afford the borolylimidazolium salts 7a, b. Compounds 2, 3a–c, and 7a, b were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (1H, 11B, 13C NMR; Ir; MS). The molecular structures of 2 and 7a were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of tert‐Butylamino)di‐tert‐butyl)siliceniotrichloroaluminate, (Me3C)2SiNCMe3·AlCl3, and Dimethylazomethine‐Aluminium Trichloride, Me2CNH·AlCl3
Authors: Klingebiel Uwe , Noltemyer Mathias , Schmidt Hans‐Georg , Schmidt‐Bäse Dieter
Published: July 2007

Lithiated text‐butylaminolfluorosilanes react with aluminum trichloride in ether, eliminating LiF to give AlCl3 adducts of iminosilanes — aminosiliceniotrichloroaluminates {R2Si‐NCMe3·AlCl3}, which thermally form the dimethylazomethine‐ aluminium trichloride, Me2CNH·AlCl3.
Base‐Induced Synthesis of a Tetrastannatriazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane from Tris)dimethylchlorostannyl)amine
Authors: Kober Christian , Nöth Heinrich , Storch Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Tris(dimethylchlorostannyl)amine (2a) reacts with pyridine in a 3:4 molar ratio to produce the tin‐nitrogen containing bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (3) with elimination of the adduct Me2SnCl2·2 py. Treatment of the distannylamine 2,6‐[Pr2H3N(SnMe2Cl)2 (4) with pyridine, however, leads to the formation of the 1:1 pyridine adduct 4 and this can be regarded as a model to explain the route to 3. The molecular structures of 3 and 5 were determined by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution, as well as by X‐ray structure analysis of their crystals. Typical structural features for both compounds are intramolecular SnXSn bridges. Support for the structures comes from MS fragmentation patterns, IR spectra, and the Mössbauer spectra.
A New Lithium 5‐Methyl‐1,3‐dithia‐5‐azacyclohex‐2‐ylborate —5‐Borane and Two Dimeric 5‐Methyl‐1,3‐dithia‐5‐azacyclohex‐2‐yllithium Compounds — Stereochemistry and Reactivity
Authors: Guadarrama‐Pérez Carlos , Cadenas‐Pliego Gregorio , Martínez‐Aguilera Luz Maria R. , Flores‐Parra Angelina
Published: July 2007

Syntheses of the dimers of axial 5‐methyl‐2‐dithiazinyllithium (4) and equatorial 5‐methyl‐2‐diethiazinyllithium‐5‐borane (5), and lithium 5‐methyl‐2‐dithiazinanylborate‐5‐borane (6) are reported. Compounds 4, 5, and 6 are configurationally and conformationally stable. The 1H‐, 13H‐, 13C‐, 11B‐, and 7Li‐NMR study of th reactions of 4 and 5 with BH3S(CH3)2, BH3—THF, and CH3I is presented.
Unusual Ring‐Closure Reactions During the Oxidation of 1,1′‐Bi(3‐methylphosphol‐2‐ene) with Hexafluoroacetone — Formation of a Tricyclic Fluorine‐Containing Phosphorane
Authors: Vollbrecht Sebastian , Vollbrecht Alexander , Jeske Jörg , Jones Peter G. , Schmutzler Reinhard , Du Mont Wolf‐Walther
Published: July 2007

Reduction of the isoprene—PCl3 adduct 1 with magnesium powder, or with Si2Cl6, furnished P‐chloro‐3‐methyl‐phosphol‐2‐ene, 2, in satisfactory yield. Further reduction of 2 with Si2Cl6 gave the new trichlorosilyl‐3‐methylphosphol‐2‐ene, 3. The reaction of 2 with magnesium powder, with 3, or with 1/2 equivalent of Si2Cl6 provided the new γ3P‐γP‐diphosphane 1,1′‐bi(3‐methylphosphol‐2‐ene) 4. Reduction of 4 with Si2Cl6 led to 3. Oxidation of 4 with selenium gave the 1,2‐diphosphane diselenide, 5. The oxidation of 4 with hexafluoroacetone led to a mixture of products, from which a novel tricyclic phosphorane 6 was separated. the structure of 196 was determined by X‐ray diffraction; the coordination geometry at phosphorus in distorted trigonal bipyramidal, with a very long equatorial P—C(CF3)2 bond of 193.2(2) pm.