bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN IN PREGNANCY AMONGST INPATIENT AND OUTPATIENT GROUPS IN A SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: Adebisi Iyabo , Giaze Tijjani Rabiu
Published: March 2017

Objective: Drugs prescribed in pregnancy may diffuse across the placenta to the fetus thereby posing a great risk of teratogenicity. In this study, drug utilization pattern in pregnancy amongst inpatient and outpatient groups was studied retrospectively in a specialist hospital in the North Western region of Nigerian.Methods: Drug prescription information was collected from case notes of 2634 patients that attended the antenatal clinic on an outpatient basis and those that were admitted due to complication(s) for a period of six months. Data collected were analyzed using Microsoft excel software and compared with FDA pregnancy categorization of drugs.Results: In the outpatient group, 215 patients had complaints that warranted the use of prescription drugs while in the inpatient group, 69 patients had complications that necessitated hospitalisation. In the outpatient group, prescribed drugs for the treatment of malaria (34%) and urinary tract infection (25%) were predominantly from FDA category B. In the inpatient group, drugs for malaria (18%), anemia (11.6%) and pre-eclampsia (11.6%) were the most prescribed. In the management of anemia, drugs prescribed were purely from FDA category A, while, in the case of pre-eclampsia, a significant amount of prescribed drugs were from FDA categories C and N.Conclusion: In both patient groups, no drug from FDA category X was prescribed. Therefore, it can be concluded that drugs prescribed in pregnancy in specialist hospital, Sokoto-Nigeria, were within a reasonable limit of safety. However, the use of drugs such as diazepam whose risks are yet to be classified should be avoided.
THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION OF DRUG INFORMATION BY PHARMACIST ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS OUTPATIENTS IN HOSPITAL
Authors: Asmini Puji
Published: March 2017

Objective: The study aims to determine the influence of education of drug information by the pharmacist on the improvement of knowledge and therapeutic target to type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital.Methods: The research used the quasi-experimental method, repeated measure experiment design, pre-posttest design with the prospective patient data retrieval. 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were used as the subjects of the research divided into three groups (two test groups and one control group). In the test1 group, patients were educated about the drug information through leaflets and through oral explanation, the test 2 group through leaflets, and a control group through leaflets once at the beginning of the study. The study lasted for three months in which in every month fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) and blood glucose levels were analyzed within two hours after a meal (BG2PP) and given questionnaires knowledge to see the socio-demographic profile, knowledge, and blood glucose level of the patient. The data analysis used the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 in the form of analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and one-way anova test.Results: The results showed that the education of the drug information by a pharmacist using leaflets and oral explanation in the test1 group was able to improve knowledge of type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital, in comparison to the leaflets giving information only to the test 2 group and control group. The education of drug information on the test 1 group was able to improve the patients' knowledge reaching 100%. Type 2 diabetes outpatients in the test 1 group could achieve a reduction in blood sugar levels, to the FBG level (136.47±36.08) mg/dl and BG2PP levels (193.43±58.21) mg/dl.Conclusion: The education of drug information from the pharmacist had the influence to improves the knowledge and therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients in Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital.
NAPROXEN INDUCED ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME-A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: C. Sai Keerthana P. , N. Anila K. , Reji Reshma
Published: March 2017

Erythema multiforme (EM) is a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by varying degrees of blisters and ulcerations. We report a case of 4 y old girl child born for Non-custodial parents who has a history of seizures and a known case of carbamazepine-induced SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) when treated with anti-inflammatory drugs developed EM. The offending drug was identified and withdrawn. Steroid was given as a part of symptomatic treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs for a variety of indications. The patient gradually improved and got discharged.
A CASE REPORT ON TAKAYASU’S ARTERITIS
Authors: Mohan Sharmila , Lakshmi R
Published: March 2017

Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) is a rare large-vessel vasculitis that affects large arteries, mainly the aorta and its branches. It is also called a pulseless disease because of diminished or absent pulses in the upper extremities of the patient. The coronary, pulmonary and renal arteries are also affected in the progression of the disease. The prevalence of the disease is more in Asian countries and it has unknown etiopathogenesis. Here we discuss a case of TA in a 15 y old girl who was admitted with moderate LV dysfunction. The diagnosis was carried out from the results of CT aortogram which showed stenosis of right common carotid, left subclavian, left vertebral artery, right renal artery and lower lobe pulmonary arteries and other clinical examinations. Treatment was initiated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide along with symptomatic treatment. But the disease progressed with the development of complications like peripheral leg ulcers. The patient was initiated palliative care in view of altered sensorium and severe LV dysfunction, but the patient succumbed to a sudden cardiac arrest. Early identification and initiation of aggressive treatment can help in symptom-free survival.
A STUDY ON THE BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL OF FRESH AND DRIED SPROUTS OF COCOS NUCIFERA L.–AN IN VITRO AND IN-SILICO APPROACH
Authors: S. Abiraami Valli , Gowrie S. Uma
Published: March 2017

Objective: The main objective of the study is to analyze the medicinal properties, by giving scientific validation to the existing bioactive compounds present in the coconut sprouts and recommending the coconut sprouts as a natural product for the treatment of bacterial infection leading to inflammations.Methods: Phytochemical screening by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the primary and secondary constituents were carried out in aqueous and methanol extracts of the coconut sprouts (fresh and dried) using standard procedures. The phytochemicals were characterized using FT-IR, TLC and GC-MS analysis. Antibacterial activity was studied against several human pathogens by agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activity using Reducing power, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and DPPH radical scavenging methods and Anti-inflammatory activity through protein denaturation method were carried out. Further confirmation of the functional role of the phytoconstituent through in-silico docking was studied.Results: The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of essential phytoconstituents. The quantitative analysis revealed the presence of maximum Carbohydrates (0.60±0.1 mg/g), Proteins (39±0.8 mg/ml), Flavonoids (0.28±0.1 mg QE/g) and Terpenoids (95±1.2 mg/g) in methanolic fresh coconut sprout extract with respective standards. Maximum zone of inhibitions were shown by Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory studies proved the presence of therapeutic bioactive potential in the sample. Through in-silico analysis, docking studies were performed to confirm the functional role of the specific therapeutic phytochemical.Conclusion: The fresh coconut sprouts are natural, economically potent food source for human health and can be a nutrient supplement with cost effective approach. The dried sprouts can also be recommended to the food industry for the large-scale production of nutrient-based foods with a quality check.
HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ANNONA MURICATA L. LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT
Authors: Sovia E. , Ratwita W. , Wijayanti D. , Novianty D. R.
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract. This study also investigated phytochemical analysis of the extract and improvement in the islet of Langerhans.Methods: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were evaluated using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats devided into five groups, that are normal group, control group that induced by alloxan 125 mg/kg body weight and given CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), and three treatment group that induced by alloxan and given Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract (AMLEE) with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Blood glucose and total cholesterol levels were measured before and after alloxan induction, and 21 d after AMLEE treatment. At the end of the study, all of the animals experiment were sacrificed for histopathological examination.Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and phenols were present in ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaf. At the end of the study, blood glucose and total cholesterol levels in all AMLEE treated group were decreased significantly (p<0.05). Final blood glucose level in the groups that given AMLEE 50 mg/kg body weight (86.7±14.6 mg/dl) was almost the same with that of the normal group (91.25±28.38 mg/dl). The result of the histopathological examination is not showed an improvement of the islet of Langerhans in AMLEE treated groups.Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. leaf have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. However, there was no improvement in the islet of Langerhans damage.
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF XANTHONE-LOADED MAKING (HODGSONIA HETEROCLITA) MICROEMULSIONS
Authors: Chansakaow Sunee , Sirisa-ard Panee , Khonkarn Ruttiros
Published: March 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to incorporate xanthone into Making (Hodgsonia heteroclita) microemulsions and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulations.Methods: Making oil was obtained from the seed of Hodgsonia heteroclite by a screw press machine. The solubility of xanthone in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants was investigated. Stable Making microemulsion and microemulsion-based gel were simultaneously loaded with xanthone. Finally, an in vitro xanthone release study was carried out and antioxidant activity was determined.Results: The optimal formulations of the Making microemulsion consisted of Making oil, capryol 90, tween 80, propylene glycol, and water. The average droplet size of xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion was around 110–130 nm. It was found that the stability of the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion-based gel was higher than the xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion. Besides, the release of xanthone from the Making microemulsion-based gel was lower than that of the Making microemulsion. Moreover, it was found that the antioxidant activity of both xanthone-loaded Making microemulsion (TEAC and EC values of 9.8 mmol/mg and 14.8 mmol/mg, respectively) and microemulsion-based gel (TEAC and EC values of 9.4 mmol/mg and 18.5 mmol/mg, respectively) remained high even after extended storage conditions.Conclusion: It was concluded that Making oil is an attractive material to deliver xanthone in pharmaceutical applications.
The premium paid for M&A: The Nasdaq case
Authors: Antonios Mpasinas
Published: March 2017

Our study is focused on the premium paid for an acquisition of a target company, especially on the Nasdaq market. We find that the relative size of the companies, the strategy of international diversification and the mean of payment influence the premium. There is no effect of maket timing on the premuim paid and the ownership structure of the group of directors doesn’t seem to be significant
A Whole-Genome RNA Interference Screen Reveals a Role for Spry2 in Insulin Transcription and the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Pappalardo Zachary , Gambhir Chopra Deeksha , Hennings Thomas G. , Richards Hunter , Choe Justin , Yang Katherine , Baeyens Luc , Ang Kenny , Chen Steven , Arkin Michelle , German Michael S. , McManus Michael T. , Ku Gregory M.
Published: March 2017

Insulin production by the pancreatic β-cell is required for normal glucose homeostasis. While key transcription factors that bind to the insulin promoter are known, relatively little is known about the upstream regulators of insulin transcription. Using a whole-genome RNA interference screen, we uncovered 26 novel regulators of insulin transcription that regulate diverse processes including oxidative phosphorylation, vesicle traffic, and the unfolded protein response (UPR). We focused on Spry2—a gene implicated in human type 2 diabetes by genome-wide association studies but without a clear connection to glucose homeostasis. We showed that Spry2 is a novel UPR target and its upregulation is dependent on PERK. Knockdown of Spry2 resulted in reduced expression of Serca2, reduced endoplasmic reticulum calcium levels, and induction of the UPR. Spry2 deletion in the adult mouse β-cell caused hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia. Our study greatly expands the compendium of insulin promoter regulators and demonstrates a novel β-cell link between Spry2 and human diabetes.
Design de joias a partir de aspectos plásticos da dança conteporânea
Authors: Calegari Eliana Paula , Hoelzel Carlos Gustavo
Published: February 2017

Este estudo consiste em mostrar de maneira objetiva e clara as etapas de desenvolvimento do projeto de uma coleção de joias a partir de aspectos plásticos da dança contemporânea. Para alcançar esse objetivo, foram realizadas pesquisas em torno do design de joias e a dança contemporânea, sendo utilizada como referência no processo criativo durante a projetação das peças. Desenvolveram-se alternativas de solução através de desenhos e traços de composição de referenciais plásticos da dança onde se procurou seguir uma linguagem visual uniforme nos esboços, a fim de materializá-los em modelos artesanais, com as características dos valores estéticos simbólicos da dança contemporânea.
INTERVIEW: Jo Chandler: Gender, human rights and power investigations in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Chandler Jo , Morton Tom
Published: March 2017

INTERVIEW: A series of stories on the complexity and contradictions of Papua New Guinea, Australia’s closest neighbour, has won the 2013 George Munster award for independent journalism. The award is presented by the George Munster Trust and the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism (ACIJ) at the University of Technology, Sydney. Freelance journalist and former senior writer for Fairfax Media, Jo Chandler won the award for her Papua New Guinea articles, published in 2013 in the now defunct online publication The Global Mail. Covering issues such as health and human rights; violence and justice; aid and development; gender and power, the stories illustrate the complexity and contradictions of PNG, Australia’s closest neighbour. These stories included ‘It’s 2013, And They’re Burning Witches’, an article which received more than one mil­lion page views, and the personal ‘TB and me’. Each story demonstrated strong investigative skills, rigorous fact checking and quality writing. At the award presentation on 17 March 2014 at UTS, Chandler took part in a conversation with ACIJ director associate professor Tom Morton about her stories, how and why she covered them and what continues to motivate her. The George Munster Award recognises excellence in journalism and commemorates George Munster, freelance editor, journalist and writer.Caption: Figure 2: These men call their gang ‘Dirty Dons 585’ and admit to rapes and armed robberies in the Port Moresby area. They say two-thirds of their victims are women. © Vlad Sokhin
REVIEW: Lies, media integrity and the new digital environment
Authors: Robie David
Published: March 2017

Book reviews of: Stop Press: The Last Days of Newspapers, by Rachel Buchanan. Melbourne: Scribe, 2013. 169pp. ISBN 9781922070579; The New Front Page: New Media and The Rise of the Audience, by Tim Dunlop. Melbourne: Scribe, 2013. 258pp. ISBN 9781922070548Stop Press: The Last Days of Newspapers: When Rachel Buchanan penned a commissioned article entitled ‘From the classroom to the scrapheap’ for The Age last September, she railed against Australian journalism schools, in particular, against an alleged ‘lie’ and ‘little integrity’ of journalism education. ‘Between 2002 and 2012, enrolments in journalism degrees almost doubled,’ she noted about what was troubling her across the Tasman. ‘We now have the bizarre situation where there are more people studying journalism than there are working journalists.’ The New Front Page: New Media  and the Rise of the Audience: The first in the series was The New Front Page: New Media  and the Rise of the Audience, by political blogger pioneer Dr Tim Dunlop, who tackles the reasons why the mainstream media industry in Australia and New Zealand have been so slow to embrace digital media and innovative 'citizen journalism' apporaches.
Student Reporting Abroad: A journalism project built on internationalisation
Authors: Duffield Lee
Published: March 2017

This article updates research by the writer on overseas reporting trips for Australian Journalism students, conducted since 2000. It describes changing educational contexts, with expanded internationalisation and work integrated learning. A precursor of both, the trips project provides a Faculty-level model for implementing such changes. Previous research, to 2008, recorded 60 students making nine field trips, to Southeast Asia, China, Papua New Guinea or Europe. Participants working as foreign correspondents for campus-based media outlets, would apply that experience to theoretical work, e.g. on international journalism or inter-cultural issues. The research has supported arguments for internationalisation of the curriculum, positing that intensified experience will concentrate the mind, improve skills and stimulate reflection. The present work goes further, with more individual and detailed probing of student responses. As a case study, nine participants travelling to South-east Asia and Europe in 2012 documented their experience and their reflective work. The investigation concludes such travel programmes can be highly effective in core learning.
Audiovisual cultural artifacts of protest in the Basque Country
Authors: Letamendia Arkaitz
Published: March 2017

In this article we propose the emergence of a new kind of visual protest and alternative communication called the Audiovisual Cultural Artifact of Protest (ACAP). These will be studied in the context of the Basque Country, which currently combines structural and conjunctural characteristics that make it an outstanding laboratory for the study of these artifacts. A theoretical analysis of the complex relationships between power, communication and resistance will be carried out, and a reading is proposed that deals with the different planes on which these resistances and disputes are expressed. Based on this analysis, four kinds of audiovisual artifacts produced in the Basque Country are studied. For the empirical analysis, the methodological reflections of visual sociology are taken into consideration. The results provide an overview of these Audiovisual Cultural Artifacts of Protest and the theoretical discussion confirms the emergence of these new forms of visual protest, indicating the existence of a broad-based dynamic in which their proliferation and diversification is occurring. The analysis of the case of the Basque Country allows these tactical and communicative innovations to be contextualised and a discussion to take place about the importance of that context, the discourse’s construction and the possible trend towards spectacularisation of the resistances.Caption: #U12Bilbora: MobiLIPDUBzioa Durangon (2012).
Editorial: A complicated post-documentary era
Authors: King Barry
Published: March 2017

SINCE early in the first decade of this century, the concept of documentary—never beyond contestation—has entered into a state of generic uncertainty. Reflecting on these developments, John Corner, in an influential article, dubbed the current context of production as ‘Post-documentary’ (Corner, 2002). In his view, the documentary tradition has always encompassed a range of approaches: 1. Documentary as social commentary seeking to inform audiences as citizens rather than consumers. 2. Documentary as Investigative Reporting, once the most extensive use of documentary methods on television. 3. Documentary as Radical Interrogation and Agit-Prop as found in the practices of independent cinema. 4. Documentary as popular ‘factual’ entertainment driven by ratings and box office.
The Act of Killing: Investigative strategies for a ‘Post-Political’ Age
Authors: Edney-Browne Alex
Published: March 2017

Unusually for a political documentary, The Act of Killing provides its audiences with little information, no overarching argument, nor a call-to-action. Instead, director Joshua Oppenheimer uses two unconventional investigative strategies—reenactment and an examination of media affect—to uncover the 1965 Indonesian genocide and the shadow it casts over present-day Indonesia. Although these techniques have been used previously in documentary cinema, Oppenheimer employs them in innovative ways to dig under Indonesia’s social unconscious and expose the artifice of the ‘official’ history of the genocide. This article provides a close analyses of The Act of Killing’s use of these strategies. It argues that they are not only integral to the documentary’s political success in the Indonesian context, but can also be used by political documentarists and committed journalists to mobilise otherwise disengaged audiences in our ‘non-ideological’ and ‘post-political’ age.
How skilful communication won the real story: A Timor-Leste theatre of intimidation, retrospective and ‘Anti-News’
Authors: Stahl Max
Published: March 2017

This is an extract from a keynote address by film maker and journalist Max Stahl, director of the Centro Audiovisual Max Stahl Timor-Leste (CAMSTL), at the 20th anniversary conference of Pacific Journalism Review in November 2014. Stahl screened the first part of an ‘experimental’ film, The Reconciliation—a kind of ‘anti-news’—and spoke about his methodology and stylistic approach in achieving something mainstream news, almost by definition, cannot. It tells the deeper story, or the many possible stories according to those actually involved inside the story, of a week in Timor Leste in 1999 prior to its independence from Indonesia. It is challenging. There are no resumés available. It is outside the privileged world of news.Transcript by Hayley Becht.Image: Max Stahl speaking at the Pacific Journalism Review 20th anniversary conference in Auckland in November 2014. Photo by Del Abcede.
Noted: Awakening from the slumber before too late
Authors: Cass Philip
Published: March 2017

Cass, P. (2015). Awakening from the slumber before too late. Pacific Journalism Review, 21(2): 212-213. Review of Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism, by David Harvey. London: Profile Books. 2015, 338pp. ISBN 978-1-78125-16-4Now available in paperback for the first time, American-based scholar of Marxism David Harvey’s analysis of the current crisis in capitalism provides an intriguing and thought provoking read. Harvey’s familiarity with Marx is demonstrated throughout the book. He makes it clear, that while thoroughly grounded in the Marxist tradition, his analysis is not meant to be orthodox. The book is accessible to those not entirely familiar with Marx beyond the usual slogans, but he demands attention from his readers as he takes them through a variety of economic concepts.
New Caledonia and Vanuatu: Differences defined in a student reporting venture into the Pacific
Authors: Duffield Lee
Published: March 2017

A reporting field trip by Australian journalism students to New Caledonia and Vanuatu in mid-2014 produced markedly differing impressions of the neighbouring island societies, linked to their ‘independence’ status—one as an integrated territory of France, the other as an independent state. The field trip, one of a series from the Queensland University of Technology, aimed at developing reporting skills through work in unaccustomed territory, especially different cultural settings. Over 17 days, six students and the coordinator, and author of this article, generated 18 feature-length reports for online outlets and a radio documentary. The article synthesises the collected work from the field, producing a thematic statement of findings. It records broad consensus in New Caledonia in favour of enacting the Matignon and Noumea Accords on independence, while noting an undercurrent of unresolved conflicts. It characterises public life in Vanuatu in terms of a democratic spirit, and the invocation of traditional ties within society, as the country grapples with problems of development and impacts of the outside world. This work is interpretative, concerned with identifying processes underlying events in daily news. It is proposed as a first step towards a scholarly construction of meta-analyses of the interpretative and informative power of journalistic reporting.
Outcome of Titanium Elastic Intramedullary Nail in the Treatment of Shaft of Femur Fracture in Children
Authors: Khan J.A. , Singh G.P. , Pandey A.
Published: February 2017

Background Femoral-shaft fractures are among the most common fractures of the lower extremity in children. There are several different options for treating femoral-shaft fractures in children. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) has become the standard treatment for fractures of shaft of femur in children for reasons including mini-invasive surgery, no need for casting, early mobilization and discharge as well as growing concerns toward cost-effectiveness.Objective To demonstrate the effectiveness of intramedullary fixation of fracture shaft of femur in skeletally immature children using the titanium elastic intramedullary nails.Method Forty children who underwent fixation with titanium intramedullary nails because of fracture of shaft of femur (Winquist and Hansen type 1 and 2) were reviewed. There were 60% male and 40% female patients and mean follow-up was six months. Time of union, deformity at fracture site, limb length discrepancy, knee range of motion and complications were assessed.Result Average age of the patients was 5.17 years (range 3 to 10). All patients achieved complete healing at a mean 12.8 weeks (range 10 to 20 weeks). Average limb length discrepancy was -0.16 cm (range -1.0 to 1.1 cm) average knee range of motion was 137.55 degrees (range 118 to 152 degrees). Complications were recorded in 13 (31.7%) patients and included: Five malunion which did not show any deformity or functional impairment and eight superficial wound infections which were healed after removal of nail. All patients were active as their pre injury levels at six months follow up.Conclusion Elastic stable intramedullary nailing is the method of choice for the simple pediatrics fracture shaft of femur, as it is minimally invasive and shows good functional and cosmetic results. It allows short hospital stay and quick recovery from pain and is cast-free.
Short Term Fate of Great Saphenous Vein after Radiofrequency Ablation for Varicose Veins
Authors: Karmacharya R.M. , Devbhandari M , Shakya Y.R.
Published: February 2017

Background Radiofrequency ablation of varicose vein have gained popularity compared to conventional surgery due to comparable long term results in addition to definite immediate superiorities. This modality has been started in Nepal since August 2003 and the study on short term fate of ablated vein segment confirms the anatomical benefit in addition to the clinical benefit.Objective To analyze short term fate of segment of great saphenous vein that has been treated by Radiofrequency ablation in terms of occlusion of saphenofemoral junction and absence of recanalisation on Doppler ultrasonography finding done at 3-6 months postoperative period.Method Total 81 cases subjected for radiofrequency ablation of great saphenous vein in thigh segment during August 2013 – September 2014 were followed up in between 3 to 6 months by Doppler ultrasonography. The findings were classified into type 1 to 4 results based on the anatomic closure of saphenofemoral junction and absence of recanalisation on treated segments.Result There were total 81 cases with 54.3% female and 45.7% male patients. Mean short term follow up duration was 4.9 months (S.D. 1.1 months). Great Saphenous Vein was cannulated most frequently in between 5 cm above knee to 5 cm below knee. Mean number of Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA) segments were 6.6 (SD=3.1). There was complete occlusion (Type 1 results) in 51 cases (63.0%). In 24 cases (29.6%) there was competent saphenofemoral junction with partial recanalisation in distal part of Great Saphenous Vein (GSV) (Type 2 results). In six cases (7.4%) there was incompetent saphenofemoral junction with partial recanalisation in distal part of Great Saphenous Vein (Type 3 results). There were no cases with incompetent saphenofemoral junction with complete recanalisation in distal part of Great Saphenous Vein (Type 4 results).Conclusion Radio Frequency Ablation for varicose vein, besides making clinical improvements, is also associated with good anatomical results.
Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Registered Nurses: Evidence from the Thai Nurse Cohort Study
Authors: Thinkkhamrop W. , Laohasiriwong W.
Published: February 2017

Background Health, safety, and well being have been known to be influenced by occupational characteristics. Nurses constantly encounter musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from work demands worldwide. Nevertheless, there is insufficient of knowledge regarding causes of musculoskeletal disorders among nurses in Thailand.Objective To investigate factors associated with musculoskeletal disorder among registered nurses in Thailand.Method This study is part of the 2009 Thai Nurse Cohort Study which consisted of 18,756 nationally representative sample of registered nurses. Data collection was performed via postal self-administered questionnaires. Manifesting musculoskeletal disorders was self-reported by registered nurses, 1,070 nurses were excluded since they were unemployed during previous 12 months. Multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis.Result Of 17,686 registered nurses, the overall 12 months prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was 47.8%. It was found that workplace violence was the strongest factor which statistically significant associated with musculoskeletal disorders (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.42 to 2.83; P < 0.001), anxiety/depression (OR = 1.96: 95% CI: 1.78 to 2.15; P < 0.001), perceiving job required a lot of physical effort (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.52 to 1.87; P < 0.001), every 10 years increased of age (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.62; P < 0.001), overweight (OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.52; P = 0.015).Conclusion Registered nurses were most vulnerable of musculoskeletal disorders especially those who experienced workplace violence, anxiety/depression, strenuous work, older age, and overweight. Consequently, recommending safety practices to nurses should be considered for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) prevention by ergonomics and workplace design.
Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) Proportion in Nepalese Population
Authors: Rokaya D. , Kitisubkanchana J. , Wonglamsam A. , Santiwong P. , Srithavaj T. , Humagain M.
Published: February 2017

Background Lots of studies on maxillary anterior teeth proportions have been studied in different populations in various countries, but no studies have been conducted in Nepal on the esthetic maxillary anterior teeth proportions.Objective The study was done to investigate the maxillary anterior teeth proportions in a Nepalese population. Teeth proportions in the total population were compared with golden proportion (GP) and golden standard (GS).Method A total of 150 Nepalese subjects were divided in three facial types; broad, average and narrow group. Maxillary anterior teeth were measured from dental casts using digital calipers. The perceived width ratios of lateral to central incisor (LI/CI) and canine to lateral incisor (CN/LI), ratios of mean central incisor length to 2 central incisor widths (CIL/2CIW), and actual width to length ratios (WLRs) (%) were calculated in each facial type and compared. Mean LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in total population were calculated and compared with GP (0.618), and mean WLRs in the total population were compared with GS (80%). All teeth proportions were compared among three facial types. One-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data (α = 0.05).Result The LI/CI, CN/LI, CIL/2CIW and WLRs in three facial types showed no significant difference. The LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in the total population were 66%, 70% and 55% respectively, and were significantly different from GP. The WLRs for CI, LI and CN in the total population were 90%, 86% and 89% respectively and significantly differed from GS. These values were considered to constitute the Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) proportion.Conclusion No significant difference of maxillary anterior teeth proportions were observed among three facial types. Teeth proportions in the total population significantly differed from GP and GS. We propose the NED proportion as a guideline for dental treatment in the maxillary anterior region in Nepalese populations.
Study on Corticosteroids use Pattern in Dermatological Practice and Investigating Adverse Effect of Corticosteroids Including its Associated Factors
Authors: Shakya Shrestha S. , Bhandari M. , Shrestha R. , Thapa S.R. , Karki A. , Prajapati M. , Shrestha S. , KC S. , Karna D.
Published: February 2017

Background Corticosteroids are highly effective drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Due to this, they have become a mainstay of pharmacotherapy in dermatology. However, improper and long term uses are associated with a number of serious adverse effects.Objective To investigate the corticosteroids use pattern, adverse effects and various factors associated with adverse effects in dermatological practice.Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in a dermatology department of tertiary care hospital. All patients using at least one corticosteroids, either topically or systemically or the combination were included in this study. Informed consent was taken from the patients and interviewed using structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 20. p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Result Among the 60 participants under this study, 81.67% of them were females. The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 31.03 years (±15.0). A majority (58.30%) of the patients was prescribed with topical corticosteroids with low potency (25%). Most of them had used corticosteroids for urticaria. Adverse effects were reported by 33.30% of the patients. The most common adverse effect reported was the shedding of skin. Adverse effects was significantly associated with gender; use of systemic corticosteroids; regular use of corticosteroids; discontinuation of dose abruptly; and missed dose. However, there was no significant association between adverse effects and the duration of use of corticosteroids.Conclusion In conclusion, the present study suggested that the proper counselling and clear instruction regarding the use of corticosteroid should be provided to the patients for avoiding the abrupt discontinuation of the prescribed medication leading to treatment failure.
Is the Science in Right Direction? Pitfalls of Evidence Based Medicine in Nepal
Authors: Sathian B.
Published: February 2017

No abstract available
Self-Esteem and Academic Stress among Nursing Students
Authors: Acharya Pandey R. , Chalise H.N.
Published: February 2017

Background Stress and self-esteem are common issues that everyone has to cope with at some time in their lives and they could also affect other things going on in a persons’ life. Academic stress is psychological condition often experienced by college students as, to some extent, being multidimensional variables. Among others are self-esteem and psychological well-being which are considered to have influences in explaining why college students experience stress.Objective The objective of this study was to assess the self-esteem level and academic stress among the nursing students.Method This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2012. Total respondents were 190 nursing students selected randomly from Kathmandu University. Academic stress was assed using 30-item Scale for Assessing Academic Stress (SAAS) and Self esteem was assessed using 10 item Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale. Information was collected through the self-administered questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Simple statistics measurement, percentage, means, correlation was used for the data analysis.Result This study shows mean age of the respondent’s was 20.44±2.67 years. Majority (88%) of students getting financial support of less than NRs 6000 per month and 64% have low perceived family support. This study found mean score of self esteem and academic stress was 11.9 and 18.4 respectively. Further nearly 78% students have low self esteem and 74% have high academic stress. Significant variable for high academic stress and low self esteem were lower the age, lower the education and low perceived family support. Lower financial support has also high academic stress.Conclusion Nursing students have low self esteem and high academic stress. Intervention to lower the academic stress and increase the self esteem should be carried out so that the learning of students will be efficient.
Authorship in Medical Literature
Authors: Parajuli Ramesh
Published: March 2017

Scientific paper publication has an important role in the academic filed. Being an author of such paper based on the research or other scholarly activity is associated with many benefits such as peer recognition, financial gain, promotion, job appointment, and fellowship and research awards. The race to increase the quantity rather than the quality of manuscript among the researchers has made the researchers being involved in an unethical practice. To be included as an author one must fulfill the authorship criteria developed by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). One shouldn’t be given credit for authorship who can’t defend the published work. Authorship misuse in the form of gift authorship, guest authorship or ghost authorship is not uncommon these days. To reduce the authorship conflicts many journals have set strict policy to mention about the nature of the contribution made by each “author” and that information is available to the readers.
Three Mirrors of Dante's Paradiso
Authors: Miller James L.
Published: March 2017

In the first sphere of Paradise, Dante asks his guide to explain the moon's mottled appearance. Beatrice responds with an elementary lesson in optics, her famous experiment employing three mirrors and a hidden light source (11.94-105).1 Far from extolling the experimental method, she disparages it as the 'only source' of Dante's knowledge, the 'suol fonte ai rivi di vostr'arti' (96). Her emphatic 'suol' implies a sharp contrast between human knowledge and divine revelation: a contrast also implicit in the double meaning of the word 'esperienza: Its primary sense, 'experience: is established in the first canto (72); but in scientific contexts such as II. 94--6, it can also signify 'experiment: Dependent on experiment, man's knowledge of the cosmos is limited, uncertain, incomplete. By contrast, Beatrice's knowledge depends on the experience of boundless certainty that grace reserves for the soul directly illuminated by God. Mirror imagery recurs in the final canto (115-32), when Dante himself experiences divine illumination by gazing on the circles of the Trinity. The first two circles appear as rainbows, an image traditionally explained in medieval optical theory as light reflected from convex clouds acting as natural mirrors. The light of the second circle is a perfect reflection of the first; by implication, the first circle corresponds to the 'verace speglio: or 'truthful mirror: identified with God a few cantos earlier (XXVI. 106). The second circle also functions as a mirror, for on peering into it the pilgrim sees a human image reflected in the divine light. The structure of Paradiso is thus framed by the mirror imagery of two 'esperienze': a physical experiment for its humble prelude; and a spiritual experience for its exalted finale.
Fiction
Authors: Van Herk Aritha , Craig T.L.
Published: March 2017

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1991.
Drama
Authors: Wasserman Jerry
Published: March 2017

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1991.
Use of Snow Fences to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Highways: Renewed Perspective
Authors: Du Sen , Petrie John , Shi Xianming
Published: March 2017

In northern climates, snow fences are usually established in or beyond the right-of-way to eliminate blowing and drifting snow on roadways and thus improve road safety. To make snow fences more effective on highways and provide guidelines for the departments of transportation siting the fences, this work reviews the literature as well as survey responses from practitioners in northern states. This review combines information obtained from the resources to detail several aspects of snow fence use, including history, design protocols, siting policies, benefits, challenges, and numerical modeling. Particular attention is paid to living snow fences as an alternative to traditional structural snow fences. The survey results show that almost all the responding agencies have launched snow fence programs, which have various design and siting protocols that depend on the specific conditions.
Chemoselective Double Michael Addition: Synthesis of 2,6-Diarylspiro[Cyclohexane-1,3′-Indoline]-2′,4-Diones via Addition of Indolin-2-One to Divinyl Ketones
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Jiasheng , Yang Jingya
Published: March 2017

Seventeen examples of 2,6-diarylspiro[cyclohexane-1,3′-indoline]-2′4-diones were efficiently prepared by the Cs2CO3-catalysed chemoselective double Michael additions of indolin-2-one to divinyl ketones. This method has the advantage of high chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, high yield and atom- and step-economy.
Sociolinguistic factors affecting performance in the Clinical Skills Assessment of the MRCGP: a mixed-methods approach
Authors: Hawthorne Kamila , Roberts Celia , Atkins Sarah
Published: March 2017

Background

Differential performance in clinical skills assessments is a widespread phenomenon, for which there remain few explanations.

Aim

To better understand the conversational contexts of simulated consultations and how candidates actually behave in these consultations and to determine sociolinguistic factors for high- and low-performing candidates.

Design & setting

Taking the Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners' (MRCGP) clinical skills assessment (CSA) examination as a model, this research applied sociolinguistic analyses to case videos of 198 consecutive candidates presenting for the CSA examination.

Method

Using a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative sociolinguistics methodologies were combined to analyse video consultations, and findings were compared with those from group discussions with MRCGP examiners.

Results

There is more ‘talk’ in simulated consultations than in real life. On macroanalysis, there was little difference between poor- and well-performing candidates. However, microanalysis found subtle differences in structuring consultations, metacommunication, picking up cues, and misunderstandings with and giving explanations to patients. Formulaic talk, contrary to examiners’ perceptions was more common in successful candidates, but it was personalised and sited appropriately in the consultation.

Conclusion

This is an interactionally demanding form of clinical assessment, that requires giving support to candidates and a more analytic approach to the development of interpersonal skills. Sociolinguistic features of consulting to help trainers and candidates prepare for the CSA are identified.
Adsorption of RNA on mineral surfaces and mineral precipitates
Authors: Biondi Elisa , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Kawai Jun , Benner Steven A
Published: March 2017

The prebiotic significance of laboratory experiments that study the interactions between oligomeric RNA and mineral species is difficult to know. Natural exemplars of specific minerals can differ widely depending on their provenance. While laboratory-generated samples of synthetic minerals can have controlled compositions, they are often viewed as "unnatural". Here, we show how trends in the interaction of RNA with natural mineral specimens, synthetic mineral specimens, and co-precipitated pairs of synthetic minerals, can make a persuasive case that the observed interactions reflect the composition of the minerals themselves, rather than their being simply examples of large molecules associating nonspecifically with large surfaces. Using this approach, we have discovered Periodic Table trends in the binding of oligomeric RNA to alkaline earth carbonate minerals and alkaline earth sulfate minerals, where those trends are the same when measured in natural and synthetic minerals. They are also validated by comparison of co-precipitated synthetic minerals. We also show differential binding of RNA to polymorphic forms of calcium carbonate, and the stabilization of bound RNA on aragonite. These have relevance to the prebiotic stabilization of RNA, where such carbonate minerals are expected to have been abundant, as they appear to be today on Mars.
Changes in Abdominal Fat following Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in HIV-Infected Individuals Correlate with Waist Circumference and Self-Reported Changes
Authors: Bhagwat Priya , Ofotokun Ighovwerha , McComsey Grace A , Brown Todd T , Moser Carlee , Sugar Catherine A , Currier Judith S
Published: March 2017

Background

We examined whether waist circumference (WC) and self-reported abdominal size changes can estimate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) changes for those initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

Prospectively collected data from ACTG A5257 and its metabolic substudy, A5260s, were used for this analysis. ART-naive HIV-infected participants were randomized to one of three contemporary ART regimens. Changes in abdominal CT-measured VAT and total adipose tissue (TAT) and DXA-measured trunk fat were tested for association with WC changes (by Pearson correlation) and categories of self-reported abdominal size changes (by ANOVA) between entry and week 96. Linear models compared WC and self-reported changes.

Results

The study population ( n=328) was predominantly male (90%) and White non-Hispanic (44%) with a baseline median age of 36 years and body mass index of 25 kg/m2. At week 96, median WC change was +2.8 cm. Of those reporting at week 96, 53% indicated ‘no change/lost’, 39% ‘gained some/somewhat larger’ and 8% ‘gained a lot/much larger’ as their self-reported changes. Trunk fat, VAT and TAT changes differed across self-reported groups (ANOVA P<0.0001 for all), and the group ordering was as expected. WC changes were strongly correlated with CT and DXA changes (trunk fat: ρ=0.72, p<0.0001; VAT: ρ=0.52, p<0.0001; TAT: ρ=0.62, p<0.0001). While WC changes explained a greater proportion of VAT, TAT and trunk fat variation, self-reported changes remained a significant predictor after controlling for WC (p<0.05).

Conclusions

WC and self-reported abdominal changes each correlated directly with imaging-derived abdominal fat measures, and can be used as reliable, affordable tools for central adiposity assessment.