bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GO Replaces PEDOT:PSS as the Hole Injection Layer of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yan Zhenzhen , Zhang Yubao , Zhang Qin , Sun Juan , Xu Zhangwang , Ding Lei , Hai Xia
Published: January 2022

In this paper, graphene oxide is used instead of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (phenylethylenesulfonic acid) PEDOT:PSS as the hole injection layer of quantum dot light-emitting diodes. The experimental results prove that graphene oxide irradiated with ultraviolet for an appropriate time can improve the performance of the device. Compared with traditional devices, the luminance is increased by 1.9 times and current efficiency of the device is increased 2.4 times. In addition, the turn-on voltage was reduced from 2.8 V to 2.4 V. The improvement of these photoelectric properties is mainly due to the fact that graphene oxide after ultraviolet irradiation can form a good energy level structure with the anode and the hole transport layer, which is more conducive to hole injection.
Research on Improved Arc Model of Isolating Switch and VFTO Characteristics
Authors: Yang Zhuangzhuang
Published: January 2022

The simulation of very Fast Transient overvoltage (VFTO) requires an accurate isolating switch arc model. Based on gas discharge theory, the trend of electron number in the gap is analyzed by particle continuity equation simulation. Based on this, the traditional time-domain arc resistance model is improved, and combined with the characteristics of time-domain arc resistance model, dynamic arc model and normal distribution, the improved arc model is established, which conforms to the physical law of arc discharge process of isolating switch. The simulation model of simulation experiment platform was established, and the simulation waveform obtained by the improved arc model, exponential resistance arc model and other arc models was compared with the experimental waveform to prove the accuracy of improved arc model.
Study on the Preparation of Zn-Doped NaA Molecular Sieve and Its Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Du Qingyang , Xu Huijun , Yu Zhihao , Liu Baoliang , Peng Qian , Li Dongsheng , Ben Tao , Yu Huaqin
Published: January 2022

Zn-doped NaA molecular sieves were prepared by hydrothermal method using zinc nitrate, sodium metaaluminate, silica sol, etc. as raw materials. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, etc., using 300W xenon lamp as the light source. Rhodamine B (RhB) was used as the target degradant for photocatalytic experiments for its photocatalytic activity. The results showed that zinc ion doping increased the number of active sites on the NaA molecular sieve, effectively reduced the photoelectron-hole recombination probability in the molecular sieve, and improved the photocatalytic activity. The degradation rate of rhodamine B was 50.8% after 2 hours of light exposure, and its photocatalytic process complied with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood first-order kinetic equation.
Study on Electrogalvanizing Technology and Chromium-Free Passivation Treatment of 08Al Plate
Authors: Chen Ming
Published: January 2022

An environment-friendly electrogalvanizing technology of 08Al cold rolled steel sheet (CRS) was developed. 08Al CRS sheet was placed as cathode in the electroplating solution containing zinc salt 1-10g/L, organic acid 3-24g/L, complexing agent 0.2-0.8g/L, and Hot-dip galvanized alloyed sheet (GA) as anode. The relationship between the current density and the plating mass per unit area was studied by applying 0.15-2A direct current at room temperature, current density 0.19-2.6A/dm2, and plating time 35min. The relationship between plating mass per unit area and anode thinning per unit area was linear regression by introducing current density as intermediate quantity. The effect of electric power range on the coating mass per unit area was studied under the condition of different concentration of main salt. The chromium-free passivation treatment was also carried out on the surface of electrogalvanizing layer. 08Al electrogalvanized sheet and GA sheet were placed in chromium-free passivation solution containing molybdate 1-10g/L, hydrogen peroxide 1-5g/L, fluorine ion complexing agent 1-10g/L, potassium hydroxide 1-2g/L. The temperature and reaction time of chromium-free passivation solution and the corrosion resistance of chemical conversion film were studied, and the experimental conditions of chromium-free passivation were optimized. The adhesion and corrosion resistance of the coating were tested by scratching test and neutral salt spray test (NSS). The results show that after scratching test, the adhesion of the electrogalvanizing layer on 08Al surface reaches grade 0, and the adhesion of the electrogalvanizing and chemical conversion film composite coating on 08Al surface reaches grade 0. The NSS test showed that the corrosion resistance increased with the increase of the thickness of the galvanizing layer. The corrosion resistance time of the galvanizing layer with the thickness of 15um exceeded 216h. Salt spray resistance time of electric galvanizing layer about 10um is 72-96 h; The salt spray resistance time of electrogalvanizing layer less than 5um is less than 48 h. The salt spray corrosion time of GA plate (galvanized layer thickness is 10-11um) is less than 96 h. After chromium-free passivation treatment, the corrosion resistance of GA plate is more than doubled to 192h. The salt spray corrosion resistance of the composite coating (10-11um thickness) on 08Al with electrogalvanizing and chemical conversion film can reach more than 216h.
Biomass slurry fracture injection as a potential low-cost negative emissions technology
Authors: Snyder Brian F
Published: January 2022

Negative emissions technologies (NETs) are systems which remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere and sequester it in permanent storage and they are required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. However, all NETs are limited by biological, physical and economic factors. Here, we model the life cycle emissions, geospatial potential, technoeconomic feasibility of a new NET based on slurry fracture injection, a technique which has been used for decades in the oil and gas industry to dispose of wastes. In the proposed system, called biomass slurry fracture injection (BSFI), biogeneic wastes are injected into fractures created in permeable saline formations. We calculate that the costs of BSFI are generally lower than $95 tonne−1 of CO2 removed, even at biomass prices above $75 dry tonne−1. We conduct a geospatial feasibility analysis of the continental U.S. and conclude that adequate biomass, geological storage and wastewater is available to sequester 80 Mt CO2e yr−1. We use global estimates of potential biomass availability to conclude that a mature industry might sequester on the order of 5 Gt CO2e yr−1, over 10% of contemporary CO2 emissions.
Inverse Higgs phenomena as duals of holonomic constraints
Authors: Gripaios Ben , Tooby-Smith Joseph
Published: January 2022

The inverse Higgs phenomenon, which plays an important rôle in physical systems with Goldstone bosons (such as the phonons in a crystal) involves nonholonomic mechanical constraints. By formulating field theories with symmetries and constraints in a general way using the language of differential geometry, we show that many examples of constraints in inverse Higgs phenomena fall into a special class, which we call coholonomic constraints, that are dual (in the sense of category theory) to holonomic constraints. Just as for holonomic constraints, systems with coholonomic constraints are equivalent to unconstrained systems (whose degrees of freedom are known as essential Goldstone bosons), making it easier to study their consistency and dynamics. The remaining examples of inverse Higgs phenomena in the literature require the dual of a slight generalisation of a holonomic constraint, which we call (co)meronomic. Our formalism simplifies and clarifies the many ad hoc assumptions and constructions present in the literature. In particular, it identifies which are necessary and which are merely convenient. It also opens the way to studying much more general dynamical examples, including systems which have no well-defined notion of a target space.
Private consumption as a tool for the economic growth of the country
Authors: Roznina N V , Karpova M V , Paliy D V , Borovisnkikh V A , Flakina V M
Published: January 2022

The private consumption issue is classified as a global one. The urgency of the problem considered is due to the dramatic quantitative, qualitative and structural changes in the system of needs of the Russian population; a reduction in the level of financial resources of the predominant part as well as increased differentiation in terms of consumption between social groups. We consider the dynamics of changes in rational rates of food consumption on average per year by the Russian population from 1960 to 2020, as well as the actual values of consumed food and durable goods for 2018-2020. We have calculated the differentiation coefficient of food consumption based on the comparison of the food consumption by population groups, depending on the level of well-being. The dynamics of the monetary income of the Russian population for 2016-2020 is given. The structure of monetary income is presented. The largest share of it falls on the remuneration of employees.
The use of modern robotic systems in the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Shashkova I G , Romanova L V , Kupriyanova M V , Cherkashina L V
Published: January 2022

The article presents assessment of the role of digital technologies in the co-evolution of all elements of production systems, their comparison with traditional production technologies, the value of strengths and weaknesses of introducing digitalization into production processes of agricultural enterprises, the systematization of the experience of using robotic systems, the importance of disseminating information on the effective management of the digital transformation and the use of robots in the dairy industry. The authors estimate the effect of investments in digital technologies of agricultural enterprises. The classification of agricultural robots is carried out depending on the type of tasks performed. The results of the study of the world market of agricultural robots are presented and the dynamics of global investments in digital technologies of agricultural production is analyzed. The dependence of the result of using robotic systems on the scale of production is revealed. An assessment of the economic feasibility of switching to robotic systems for dairy production has been carried out. The structure and trends of the market of robotic milking systems in the Russian Federation are evaluated. Russian regions are grouped according to the number of operating robotic milking systems. The prospects for the further implementation of robotic systems in the production processes of agricultural enterprises and the role of state support in this process are assessed.
Analysis of the regional food supply
Authors: Roznina Nina , Karpova Maria , Paliy Dmitriy , Borovinskikh Valentina , Shulgina Alla
Published: January 2022

Food supply is the most important component of the life support system and indicator of the population quality of life [1, 2]. In the scientific work, the assessment of the food supply level of the region was carried out, using the example of the Saratov region. The authors have identified the dynamics of indicators characterizing the food security of the region: acreage, livestock and poultry population, cost of agricultural products produced, cost of importing food and agricultural raw materials. The production dynamics of certain types of products, their production and personal consumption, as well as losses by volume are considered. With the help of these indicators, the level of self-sufficiency of the Saratov region with food resources of its own production is determined. The dynamics of the staple food consumption and the diet compliance with the recommended norms in kilograms per person per year are considered. The consumption by residents of the Saratov region of such types of food as potato, meat and meat products, vegetables, milk and dairy products does not comply with scientifically established medical standards, which causes a high share of imported products in actual food consumption and threatens the food security of the region.
Influence of the application of UAN-32 and solid nitrogen and complex fertilizers on the yield and quality of oil flax seeds
Authors: Antonova O.I. , Latartsev P.Yu.
Published: January 2022

In the course of two years of research, the effect of application of liquid nitrogen fertilizer UAN-32, ammophos and diammophos, as well as their combined use, pre-sowing application of solid nitrogen fertilizers - ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate - was studied. Studies have shown that under conditions of unstable moisture supply, pre-sowing and starter application of these fertilizers in combination with N69P26 provides a yield of 17.3 c/ha (54.4% increase) N42P42 - 14.1 c/ha (30.5% increase) and N59P42 - 14.8 c/ha (37% increase). The application of UAN-32 at a dose of 150 l/ha with a high supply of soils with phosphorus and potassium increases the yield by 35.7 (15.2 c/ha). The introduction of UAN-32 at a dose of 150 l/ha, against the background of a high soil supply with phosphorus and potassium, increases the yield by 35.7 (15.2 c/ha). The oil yield for these variants increased from 4.6 - 4.61 c/ha to 7.54; 6.1 and 6.51 c/ha, and protein from 2.8-1.77 c/ha to 4.35 and 2.29-2.71 c/ha. Combinations of UAN-32 with ammophos and diammophos contribute to the formation of a higher oil content in seeds, and an increase in the nitrogen dose increases the protein content and yield.
Probabilistic Forecast of Mountain Rivers Runoff in Dagestan and Armenia
Authors: Gaidukova E V , Margaryan V G , Myakisheva N V , Vinokurov I O
Published: January 2022

The method of forecasting based on a probabilistic approach has been considered. A system of differential equations for initial moments of the probability density distribution of daily water flow rates is used for the forecast. The forecast values of the first three moments, which characterize daily average value, variation of the water flow rate within the day, and deviation of the average value from the modal one, are the solution to the system of equations. The method is applied to forecast the runoff of spring floods on mountain rivers – the Samur River (Dagestan) and Arpa River (Armenia). The catchments of mountain rivers are characterized by more complex processes of river flow formation. It has been established that the first initial moment is forecast more reliably than the second and third. This approach is very promising for obtaining forecast probability density curves that allow determining the provided values of water flow rates (modules, and runoff layers) for daily solution. Forecasting the probabilistic characteristics of water flow rates allows assessing and preventing the risks of flooding of settlements, hydraulic structures, bridge crossings on roads and railways.
Creation of favorable entrepreneurial ecosystems for the development of youth business in agricultural regions of the South of Russia
Authors: Boris O , Simonov A , Parakhina V
Published: January 2022

Youth entrepreneurship plays a key role in achieving the success of the economy of agrarian regions in modern conditions of rapid global transformations taking place under the influence of digitalization and pandemic restrictions. It plays a triune role: it allows to realize the professional aspirations of young people, their desire to work for themselves; to provide a solution to the social problem of employment growth in manpower-surplus agricultural regions, as well as to boost the innovative development of the economy of regions with agricultural specialization. The main purpose of the research is to identify opportunities, difficulties, and obstacles to youth business activity in the agro-industrial complex. The paper provides a more specific study of the interrelation between the characteristics of the business environment (its new realities and dangers) with positive and negative characteristics of young people who are creating their own business in the agro-industrial complex. The conclusions are based on a questionnaire study of the propensity for business of graduates of the largest university of the Stavropol Krai in 2021, which has a developed agricultural specialization. Pragmatic, professional, pessimistic and adventurous models of behavior of young people in the role of a business leader in agriculture are highlighted. The interrelation with the growth of potential for the implementation of innovative projects in the agro-industrial complex is shown. Then, based on the study of international best practices, a list of the main conditions that form an entrepreneurial ecosystem for the development of youth agribusiness is formed, among which a favorable legal and market environment for starting a business, as well as other factors, including social, financial and innovative state, public and entrepreneurial support and the level of quality of local governance, have a great influence.
Introduction of black currant under conditions of Novosibirsk region
Authors: Borovikova T V , Petruk V A
Published: January 2022

Based on the study of 39 varieties of black currant on a complex of economically valuable features, conclusions were drawn: absolutely resistant varieties to spotted lesions were not revealed, all varieties are tolerant to septoriosis and anthracnose. Two varieties were affected by gall aphids: Minusinsk sweet and Bow Borisova (1 point). Altai early and Sweet-fruited were damaged by the kidney mite up to 30%. Varieties Mysterious, Belated, Compact have reached high overall productivity in the conditions of Novosibirsk region.
Daily dynamics of biopotentials of wheat sprouts under temperature impact
Authors: Seroklinov G V , Gunko A V
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the methodology and results of experimental studies of monitoring the biopotentials of plants in the process of their growth using the example of wheat seedlings when exposed to high and low temperatures. The technique of preliminary processing of the obtained realizations of changes in biopotentials and the results of statistical studies are presented. The regression dependence of the biopotential of wheat seedlings “Novosibirskaya 41” under the influence of high and low temperatures on the age of these plants was obtained.
Scaling up agroforestry’s impacts on livelihoods and ecosystem services
Authors: Dewi S , Martini E , Ekadinata A , Rahayu S , Hendratmo  , Manurung G
Published: January 2022

In Indonesia and elsewhere, the minimization of trade-offs between economic and environmental benefits from agroforestry (AF) makes it attractive as rural development solutions that spread from forest margin to peri-urban areas. Lack of technology and skills to increase productivity sustainably, lack of market recognition of the ecosystem services as the co-benefit of AF management, and the dichotomy between agriculture and forestry in the government nomenclature that does not support agroforestry programs contribute to the disappearance of AF practice throughout the country. Due to the utmost diversities of AF management across highly variable local contexts, in scaling up AF’s impacts on livelihoods and ecosystem services, guidelines to identify best options of AF management are needed. The objectives of this study are: (i) develop a framework and a set of principles to characterize best options for AF at landscape level within the broader surrounding regions, under economic geography of peri-urban to forest landscape, considering demands for agroforestry production and ecosystem services; (ii) guide the development of integrated agroforestry-based business models that fit local context and preferences. The paper will illustrate landscape-level AF scaling up through our past green growth planning work that combines spatial and development plans in South Sumatra province.
Response of Ficus variegata seedling size on their early growth in imperata grassland
Authors: Wahyuningtyas R S , Junaidah J , Santosa P B
Published: January 2022

Ficus variegata is pioneer species that provides pulp raw materials, soil water protection, beehives tree, animal fodder, and medicinal plants. Introduction of F. variegata seedling at Imperata grassland constrained with low plant survival which caused by stressed plants and stagnant growth. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of five F. variegata seedlings size on the initial growth at Imperata grassland. The research was used Randomized Complete Block Design, with 5 seedling sizes for the treatment, there are size A (seedling height 15-50 cm), size B (51-75 cm), size C (76-100 cm), size D (101-125 cm), and size E (126-150 cm). In this research, we observe some parameters like height and stem diameter increment, canopy width, and plant survival at 1, 6, and 12 months old. Different seedling size has a very significant effect at six months old and very significant effect at 12 months old on the height, diameter and width crown increment. Seedling size 15-50 cm has shown faster height growth but has lower survival than another size in the dry season. For rehabilitation Imperata grassland, it is recommended using seedling size 50-125 cm because more adaptive and shown better growth in all parameters.
Diversity of Soil Surface Insects in Three Land Use Types in Sintang District, West Kalimantan
Authors: Juniarti F , Rusniarsyah L
Published: January 2022

Soil surface insects are organisms that have an important role in the process of decomposing soil organic matter, serving as indicators of soil fertility, and maintaining ecosystem balance. This study aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of soil surface insects on three types of land, namely rubber plantations, rubber agroforestry, and secondary forests and the insect that attacks rubber stems in Sintang District, West Kalimantan. The research method used was field observation, sampling with pitfall traps and measurement of environmental conditions, identification, and data analysis on three types of land. The results showed that 649 individuals were found which were divided into 8 orders of 11 families of 14 species. The highest abundance was found in rubber agroforestry land, the highest insect diversity was in secondary forests. The types of insects found attacking the rubber tree trunks, both dead and alive, were Coptotermes curvignathus in rubber agroforestry and Reticulitermes flavipes in secondary forest and rubber plantations.
The role of forest therapy in promoting physical and mental health: a systematic review
Authors: Satyawan V E , Rusdiana O , Latifah M
Published: January 2022

Forest therapy is a form of activity used to pursue health benefits from the forest. The term “forest therapy” is often used reciprocally with the terms “forest bathing” and “Shinrin Yoku”. Even with many studies on forest therapy, there remains scarce scientific evidence of a standardised method used in Forest Therapy caused by variations in such treatment programmes. This study aimed to analyse methods used in forest therapy from works of literature from 2017 to 2021. This literature was compiled using Publish or Perish, sorted using the Zotero programme, and visually clustered with the VosViewer programme. 393 research papers were sorted manually based on three criteria: they directly practised forest therapy or forest bathing and analysed its benefit on human health, which was written in English, and accessed online. The 29 items that fit our criteria were further synthesised. Synthesis of these works of literature resulted in the categorisation of methods used for FT intervention. FT methods used by researchers were forest walks, forest viewing, the combination of forest walks and viewing forest landscapes, therapy programmes involving five human senses, doing relaxing activities in the forest and traditional medicine-based therapy. On the other hand, there was also combined methods used. All of these methods benefitted human health. The limitation of this finding is the broad types of forest used for forest therapy. Further research is suggested regarding this matter.
Spread and conditions of growing places for Casuarina equisetifolia L. in the Lombang Beach Area, Sumenep Regency, Madura
Authors: Sa’adah L , Istomo
Published: January 2022

Casuarina equisetifolia is important species in the restoration and rehabilitation of land on the coast because it has good adaptability to coastal conditions. The research was conducted to see the distribution of C. equisetifolia in the Lombang Forest in the three zones (front, middle and back zones), to analyze environmental factors, and to analyze the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors. The method used is a plot of 3 lanes which is then divided into 3 zones, besides that, vegetation analysis and soil sampling are also carried out. The results showed that the spread of cypress species was found to grow in all zones. The highest distribution is in the front, middle, and back zones with 230 individuals, 145 individuals, and 100 individuals, respectively, with a diameter of up to 55 cm and a height of 25.3 m. The results of soil analysis in the three research zones did not show a significant difference, the texture of sand with a value of 98-99%, soil salinity ranged from 79.6 to 82.4, and soil pH ranged from 8.7 to 8.9 while the temperature ranged from 28.38-29.86°C. There is a relation between vegetation and growth factors such as pH, texture, and sand depth.
Seedball Coating Material Formulation to Enhance Germination and Growth of Fruit and Forest Seeds
Authors: Zubaidah S , Mansur I , Budi S W , Yusmur A
Published: January 2022

Planting using seed ball, where seeds are enclosed in materials and planted directly to the field by throwing the seed balls or using aerial planting. This technique has been considered to speed up the rehabilitation of degraded land and forest. Formulation of materials to enclose the seed is important and could be specific for different seeds. Therefore, this research aims to determine the appropriate formulation of seed balls to enhance seeds germination and their subsequent growth. The research was conducted from February-June 2021 in a greenhouse. Three formulas have been tested, i.e. 1) Formula A: clay and compost (1:1); 2) Formula B: clay, compost, and insecticide (50:50:1); 3) Formula C: clay, sawdust, bone meal, and vermicompost (8:8:2:1). The seeds used were seeds of durian (Durio zibethinus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), velvet apple (Diospyros blancoi), merbau (Intsia bijuga), and white teak (Gmelina arborea). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The fastest germination rate of durian, jackfruit, and merbau seeds was recorded on Formula A, while velvet apple and white teak seeds were on Formula C. The best height growth of seedlings was found using coating Formula C, i.e. 17.98 cm within 3 months after planting.
Defining indicators to measure risks of mangrove ecosystem in tropical region: case study Indonesia
Authors: Tjahjono R E P , Perdinan  , Lestari K G , Putri C S , Putra E I , Yonvitner  , Agus S B , Adriani  , Adi R F , Aprilia S , Mustofa I , Pratiwi S D , Basit R A , Wibowo A , Kardono  , Wijanarka K , Nuraeni  , Imran Z
Published: January 2022

Mangrove plays important role in the coastal ecosystem worldwide, and Indonesia as an archipelagic country occupies about 27% of the global mangrove area. Unfortunately, about 48% of areas of Indonesia’s mangroves have been damaged. Human, biophysics and climate stressors are found to affect the mangrove damages. Using a case study of Pekalongan and Demak, i.e., the prioritized locations for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia, this study translated the contributing stressors into quantifiable indicators that can be used to measure the risks. The risk framework on climate change assessment and ecological sensitive evaluation was employed to define the measured indicators and parameters. The indicators were classified into distinctive groups of hazards, exposures, and vulnerability which were composed of sensitivity and capacity. The indicators are then defined with regards to the existence of mangroves as an individual (vegetation), habitat, and ecosystem, and a set of parameters constitute the indicators measured the stressors of socio-economics, biophysics, and climate were determined with regards to the data availability and requirements. The measured indicators can be helpful to identify what strategies or actions should be devised to address the most contributing indicators to the mangrove risks and may be replicated to other coastal areas in the tropical regions.
Hotspot Analysis in 2015 and 2019 at Ogan Komering Ilir District South Sumatera Province
Authors: Hadiyani F S , Nurhayati A D
Published: January 2022

Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) is one of the districts in South Sumatra Province that experience severe forest and land fires with the highest hotspots number during the period of 2015-2019. The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution of hotspots and their relationship with rainfall in 2015 and 2019 in the OKI district. The data sources used in this study included hotspot data derived from MODIS Terra/Aqua satellite imagery and rainfall data from BMKG. The results of this study indicate that the number of hotspots in the OKI District was 17,532 in 2015 and 4,583 in 2019. The distribution of hotspots from 2015 and 2019 was mostly found on peatlands. The highest number of hotspots in 2015 was in Tulung Selapan Sub-district and in 2019 it was in Cengal Sub-district 2019. The relationship between rainfall and hotspots number in 2015 and 2019 is not significant. The lowest rainfall in 2015 occurred in September with 0 mm/month and in 2019 the lowest rainfall occurred in August with 0,5 mm/month. Rainfall and hotspots number has an inverse correlation.
Assessing the severity of forest fire in Sungai Buluh Protected Peat Forest, Jambi
Authors: Putra E I , Ramadhi A , Shadiqin M F , Saad A , Setianto E , Nurhayati A D , Saharjo B H , Cochrane M A
Published: January 2022

Jambi is one of the provinces that has a high level of forest fires in Indonesia. Sungai Buluh Peat Protected Forest is one of the protected peat forest areas in Jambi Province which experienced severe forest and land fires in 2019. Fire severity was estimated using the NBR Index from the Sentinel-2 satellite imagery data. The results showed that fire severity in the HLG Sungai Buluh in 2019 was dominated by high-class fire severity, covering an area of 207.9 ha. The NBR Index has a good ability to estimate the severity of forest fires with a D-value of 2.816 with an accuracy rate of 91.984%. The severity of the fires that occur is linked to the groundwater level dynamics which are strongly and significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by precipitation. Fires were detected in September when groundwater levels averaged -57.66 cm and very low amounts of precipitation (17.43 mm) occurred. It is important to maintain high groundwater levels, less than 40 cm below the surface, to reduce the risk of fire and prevent future peatland degradation.
Direct excitation of tryptophan phosphorescence. A new method for triplet states investigation
Authors: Chavez Jose , Ceresa Luca , Reeks John M , Strzhemechny Yuri M , Kimball Joseph , Kitchner Emma , Gryczynski Zygmunt , Gryczynski Ignacy
Published: January 2022

We studied room temperature phosphorescence of tryptophan (TRP) embedded in poly (vinyl alcohol) films. With UV (285 nm) excitation, the phosphorescence spectrum of tryptophan appears at about 460 nm. We also observed the TRP phosphorescence with blue light excitation at 410 nm, well outside of the S0 →S1 absorption. This excitation reaches the triplet state of tryptophan directly without the involvement of the singlet excited state. The phosphorescence lifetime of tryptophan is in the sub-millisecond range. The long-wavelength direct excitation to the triplet state results in high phosphorescence anisotropy which can be useful in macromolecule dynamics study via time-resolved phosphorescence.
Genotypic variation in floral volatiles influences floral microbiome more strongly than interactions with herbivores and mycorrhizae in strawberries
Authors: Wei Na , Whyle Robert L , Ashman Tia-Lynn , Jamieson Mary A
Published: January 2022

The floral microbiome is of significant relevance to plant reproduction and crop productivity. While plant genotype is key to floral microbiome assembly, whether and how genotypic variation in floral traits and plant-level mutualistic and antagonistic interactions at the rhizosphere and phyllosphere influence the microbiome in the anthosphere remain little known. Using a factorial field experiment that manipulated biotic interactions belowground (mycorrhizae treatments) and aboveground (herbivory treatments) in three strawberry genotypes, we assessed how genotypic variation in flower abundance and size and plant-level biotic interactions influence the bidirectional relationships between floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the floral microbiome using structural equation modeling. We found that plant genotype played a stronger role, overall, in shaping the floral microbiome than biotic interactions with mycorrhizae and herbivores. Genotypic variation in flower abundance and size influenced the emission of floral VOCs, especially terpenes (e.g. α- and β-pinene, ocimene isomers) and benzenoids (e.g. p-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde), which in turn affected floral bacterial and fungal communities. While the effects of biotic interactions on floral traits including VOCs were weak, mycorrhizae treatments (mycorrhizae and herbivory + mycorrhizae) affected the fungal community composition in flowers. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which plant genotype influences floral microbiome assembly and provide the first evidence that biotic interactions in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere can influence the floral microbiome, and offer important insights into agricultural microbiomes.
Aluminum can activate grapevine defense through actin remodeling
Authors: Wang Ruipu , Duan Dong , Metzger Christian , Zhu Xin , Riemann Michael , Pla Maria , Nick Peter
Published: January 2022

In the current study, we used a grapevine cell line in which actin filaments are labeled by GFP to show that aluminum causes actin remodeling through activation of NADPH oxidase in the plasma membrane, followed by activation of phytoalexin synthesis genes. Elimination of actin filaments by latrunculin B disrupts gene activation and inhibition of MAPK signaling by the inhibitor PD98059. Interestingly, aluminum also induces the transcription of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE, a key enzyme for the synthesis of salicylic acid, as well as PR1, a gene that is known to be responsive to salicylic acid. However, while salicylic acid responses are usually a hallmark of the hypersensitive response, aluminum-triggered defense is not accompanied by cell death. Both actin remodeling and gene activation in response to aluminum can be suppressed by the natural auxin indole acetic acid, suggesting that the actin response is not caused by nonspecific signaling. Further evidence for the specificity of the aluminum-triggered activation of phytoalexin synthesis genes comes from experiments in which plant peptide elicitors induce significant cellular mortality but do not evoke induction of these transcription. The response in grapevine cells can be recapitulated in grapevine leaf discs from two genotypes contrasting in stilbene inducibility. Here, aluminum can induce accumulation of the central grapevine phytoalexin, the stilbene aglycone trans-resveratrol; this is preceded by a rapid induction of transcription for RESVERATROL SYNTHASE and the regulating transcription factor MYB14. The amplitude of this induction reflects the general stilbene inducibility of these genotypes, indicating that the aluminum effect is not caused by nonspecific toxicity but by activation of specific signaling pathways. The findings are discussed in relation to a model in which actin filaments activate a specific branch of defense signaling, acting in concert with calcium-dependent PAMP-triggered immunity. This pathway links the apoplastic oxidative burst through MAPK signaling with the activation of defense-related transcription.
Rejuvenation increases leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation in Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Lu Zhaogeng , Zhu Likui , Lu Jinkai , Shen Nan , Wang Lu , Liu Sian , Wang Qingjie , Yu Wanwen , Kato-Noguchi Hisashi , Li Weixing , Jin Biao , Wang Li , Lin Jinxing
Published: January 2022

Rejuvenation refers to the transition from an adult state to a juvenile state. Trunk truncation at the base of the tree can result in tree rejuvenation. However, little is known about the association of rejuvenation with leaf biomass and flavonoid accumulation. The results of this study showed that, compared with control leaves, leaves of renewed Ginkgo biloba shoots were larger, thicker, and more lobed and had higher fresh/dry weights and chlorophyll contents. The leaf biomass per hectare of rejuvenated trees was twofold higher than that of the untruncated controls. Moreover, we observed a marked increase in the accumulation of flavonol glycosides via metabolomic analysis and detected upregulated expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including CHS, FLS, F3’H, DFR, and LAR. Overexpression of GbCHS in ginkgo calli confirmed that GbCHS plays an important role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Interestingly, the contents of gibberellins significantly increased in the rejuvenated leaves. Moreover, exogenous gibberellin treatment significantly increased GbCHS expression and flavonoid contents. Our findings show that truncation can stimulate tree rejuvenation by altering hormone levels, representing an effective and feasible approach for enhancing the biomass and flavonoid content of G. biloba leaves.
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolic analyses reveal that ethylene enhances peach susceptibility to Lasiodiplodia theobromae-induced gummosis
Authors: Zhang Dongmei , Shen Xingyi , Zhang He , Huang Xue , He Hanzi , Ye Junli , Cardinale Francesca , Liu Jihong , Liu Junwei , Li Guohuai
Published: January 2022

Gummosis, one of the most detrimental diseases to the peach industry worldwide, can be induced by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Ethylene (ET) is known to trigger the production of gum exudates, but the mechanism underlying fungus-induced gummosis remains unclear. In this study, L. theobromae infection triggered the accumulation of ET and jasmonic acid (JA) but not salicylic acid (SA) in a susceptible peach variety. Gaseous ET and its biosynthetic precursor increased gum formation, whereas ET inhibitors repressed it. SA and methyl-jasmonate treatments did not influence gum formation. RNA-seq analysis indicated that L. theobromae infection and ET treatment induced a shared subset of 1808 differentially expressed genes, which were enriched in the category “starch and sucrose, UDP-sugars metabolism”. Metabolic and transcriptional profiling identified a pronounced role of ET in promoting the transformation of primary sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) into UDP-sugars, which are substrates of gum polysaccharide biosynthesis. Furthermore, ethylene insensitive3-like1 (EIL1), a key transcription factor in the ET pathway, could directly target the promoters of the UDP-sugar biosynthetic genes UXS1a, UXE, RGP and MPI and activate their transcription, as revealed by firefly luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays. On the other hand, the supply of SA and inhibitors of ET and JA decreased the lesion size. ET treatment reduced JA levels and the transcription of the JA biosynthetic gene OPR but increased the SA content and the expression of its biosynthetic gene PAL. Overall, we suggest that endogenous and exogenous ET aggravate gummosis disease by transactivating UDP-sugar metabolic genes through EIL1 and modulating JA and SA biosynthesis in L. theobromae-infected peach shoots. Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanism by which ET regulates plant defense responses in peach during L. theobromae infection.
First Report of the Bat Tick Carios kelleyi (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae) From Vermont, United States
Authors: Sullivan Cheryl Frank , Occi James L , Brennan Reilly N , Robbins Richard G , Skinner Margaret , Bennett Alyssa B , Parker Bruce L , Fonseca Dina M
Published: January 2022

The soft tick Carios kelleyi (Cooley and Kohls, 1941) is an ectoparasite of bats that can harbor bacteria known to cause disease in humans, such as Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., and relapsing fever Borrelia spp. Human-tick encounters may occur when bats occupy attics or similar dwellings with access points to human-inhabited areas. During May 2021, a partially engorged adult female C. kelleyi was collected from a Vermont home with an attic that was being used as a roost by big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). The source of the blood in the tick was the domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris. Subsequently, eight C. kelleyi larvae were collected from a rescued E. fuscus adult. This is the first report of a soft tick species from Vermont and it is unknown how long C. kelleyi has been present in this state. Reports of C. kelleyi are on the rise across the northeastern United States but the implications for the health of humans, domestic animals, and bats in northern New England remain unclear. Bat management plans should consider the importance of bat exclusion in preventing tick encounters with members of the household and should include a tick monitoring component if bats are evicted.
Rituximab as Maintenance Therapy in Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis
Authors: De Marchi Giulia , de Pretis Nicolò , Gabrieletto Enrico Maria , Amodio Antonio , Davì Valeria , Crinò Stefano Francesco , Gabbrielli Armando , Ciccocioppo Rachele , Frulloni Luca
Published: January 2022

Objective

Rituximab (RTX) has been proposed for the induction of remission and maintenance therapy in relapsing type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). The aim of the study was to describe the use of RTX as maintenance therapy for patients with type 1 AIP.

Methods

Patients with type 1 AIP based on the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria and treated with RTX were selected from our database. Two doses of RTX (1000 mg each) were administered 15 days apart and repeated after 6 months.

Results

Eighteen patients were treated with RTX as maintenance therapy. Of these, the involvement of other organs was observed in 16 patients (89%). Eight of the 18 patients (44%) relapsed during follow-up. Median time to relapse after the last infusion was 30 months (range, 12–35 months). No disease relapse was observed in the first year after the last infusion. Probability of disease relapse was 80% between 1 and 3 years from initial treatment. No adverse effects were observed.

Conclusions

Rituximab seems be safe and effective for maintenance therapy of type 1 AIP during the first year after completing RTX infusion. However, the probability of disease relapse is high within 1 and 3 years from the last infusion.
Defining Practices to Avoid Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries in the Operating Room
Authors: Creehan Sue , Black Joyce
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality indicate that hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) and surgical site infections are the only 2 hospital-acquired conditions that have not improved. Consequently, health systems around the nation are struggling to lower HAPI rates and avoid penalties. All patient care areas of the hospital play a part in pressure injury (PI) development. Analysis of real-time PI data and completion of root cause analysis related to HAPIs can guide organizational leaders to specific clinical areas in need of improvement. Surgical patients are high risk for development of a PI due to their unique vulnerability from multiple transfers and induced immobility. Operating room (OR) nursing organizations and wound care professional organizations have published evidence-based clinical practice guidelines addressing prevention of PIs in the OR.

CASES:

This article discusses 2 surgical patients from 2 different academic medical centers who experienced OR-associated HAPIs. Operating room HAPI prevention measures should include current evidence-based practice recommendations. Each hospital should take a critical look at their OR HAPI prevention procedures and measure them against the current published guidelines, changing and updating them to reflect best practices for avoiding PI development. Clinicians from both the OR and WOC nurse team can provide expertise to develop confluent nursing practice standards for OR-associated HAPI reduction.

CONCLUSION:

This article highlights the commonalities found in the guidelines and encourages collaboration between WOC nurses and OR nurses in building and implementing pressure injury prevention practices associated with the OR.
Ostomy Complications and Quality of Life of Ostomy Support Belt/Garment Wearers
Authors: Pittman Joyce , Colwell Janice , Mulekar Madhuri S.
Published: January 2022

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to examine ostomy complications and health-related quality of life (QOL) in individuals with an ostomy who wear an ostomy support belt/garment.

DESIGN:

A mixed-methods descriptive study.

SUBJECTS AND SETTING:

Two hundred two community-living adults with an ostomy were recruited using an industry distribution list. The target sample had no geographic restrictions.

METHODS:

Descriptive analysis was conducted for all outcomes. Participants were separated into groups depending on type of ostomy belt or belt/garment worn or none. All categorical data were summarized using percentages and numerical data using mean ± standard deviation. Association between categorical factors was evaluated using a χ2 test and proportions of occurrences from 2 groups were compared using a 2-proportion z-test. The mean outcomes for 2 or more groups were compared using t tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA), respectively. If ANOVA showed difference among groups, post hoc analysis of group means was conducted using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test.

RESULTS:

Two hundred two respondents completed the survey. Of the 174 participants who responded to the survey question on leakage, 157 (90%) reported experiencing leakage and 135 (77.59%) reported rash or skin irritation. Comparison of whether participants had ever experienced a leakage event was not significantly different across groups (P = .3663). Those who wore an ostomy support belt/garment reported leakage less often (less than once a month) versus respondents who wore other types of belts or no belt (n = 49, 73.13% vs n = 53, 59.55%; P = .0388). Of the 174 participants who responded to the peristomal skin question, 135 (77.59%) participants reported peristomal skin complications. Significantly fewer participants who wore an ostomy support belt/garment reported having peristomal skin irritation compared to those who wore other types of belts or no belt (69.01% vs 84.16%; P = .0080). The mean cumulative total City of Hope Quality of Life (COH QOL) Ostomy score for all participants was 6.45 ± 1.36 out of 10, with the psychosocial domain scoring the lowest at 5.67 ± 1.30 out of 10. No significant differences were observed in mean QOL domain and total scores by those who wore an ostomy support belt/garment, other type of belt/garment, and none. When comparing COH QOL mean scores and leakage frequency of more/less once a month, those who reported leakage more often had significantly worse QOL scores in all 4 domains as well as total scores: physical (P = .0008), psychological (P = .0154), social (P = .0056), spiritual (P = .0376), and total COH QOL score (P = .0018).

CONCLUSION:

This study provides important information related to ostomy complications and QOL associated with wearing an ostomy belt or belt/garment. The use of an ostomy support belt/garment may offer an additional intervention to decrease frequency of leakage and peristomal skin irritation and improve QOL.