bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Protein Electrophoresis of 100 Paired Canine Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum
Authors: Behr Sébastien , Trumel Cathy , Cauzinille Laurent , Palenché Florence , Braun Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2010

This study was performed to investigate the diagnostic relevance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) high resolution electrophoresis. The laboratory technique was applied to 100 paired samples of canine CSF and serum, with paired samples tested during the same analytical run, as recommended in human medicine. Ninety four of the dogs had a neurological disease and 6 healthy dogs served as a control group. A strong linear correlation between CSF total protein concentration and the albumin quota (AQ) was found in the control group and in the inflammatory (infectious or noninfectious), neoplastic, and miscellaneous groups: AQ = 0.015 CSF total protein ‐ 0.102,r= 0.990. This correlation suggests that an increased CSF total protein concentration can be an indicator of blood brain barrier dysfunction. The highest median AQ value was found in the aseptic suppurative meningitis group, but no statistical differences were found between this and the other groups. The AQ, calculated with this technique, did not provide any additional information. Moreover, although unexpected, the electrophoretic profiles were not characteristic of any particular disease. In conclusion, this study did not confirm high resolution electrophoresis of paired CSF and serum samples to be a valuable ancillary diagnostic tool for canine neurological diseases.
Ki67 Reactivity in Nasal and Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Cats Treated with Electron Beam Radiation Therapy
Authors: Melzer Katja , Guscetti Franco , Bley Carla Rohrer , Sumova Andrea , Roos Malgorzata , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara
Published: March 2010

Squamous cell carcinomas of sparsely haired skin are relatively common tumors in cats, and these tumors likely exhibit a rapid growth rate. Thus, we evaluated response and duration of response in relation to the Ki67 proliferative reactivity in such tumors. Seventeen cats with confirmed squamous cell carcinomas and treated with an accelerated, hypofractionated electron beam radiation protocol were included in the study. For all of them histologic grading, Ki67 reactivity, response, and disease‐free interval (DFI) were evaluated. Response to therapy was excellent (94% complete response rate) with a median DFI of 414 days. Only moderate acute and few long‐term adverse effects were seen. Cats with tumors with a low Ki67 reactivity had markedly shorter DFIs than cats with tumors with high Ki67 reactivity. We concluded that an accelerated, hypofractionated electron beam radiation therapy protocol is well suited for feline squamous cell carcinomas. The protocol appears especially efficacious in tumors with a high Ki67 reactivity.
Abnormalities of Serum Electrolyte Concentrations in Dogs with Hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Adler Jennifer A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hess Rebecka S.
Published: March 2010

Background:The sensitivity and specificity of the sodium to potassium ratio (Na:K ratio) as a cutoff for recommendation of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test in dogs suspected of having hypoadrenocorticism (HA) is unknown. Additionally, abnormalities in plasma ionized calcium (iCa2+) and ionized magnesium (iMg2+) concentrations and venous pH of dogs with HA are incompletely documented.

Objectives:To define the sensitivity and specificity of the Na:K ratio as a diagnostic aid for HA in dogs and to examine for associations between venous pH and the Na:K ratio, iCa2+concentration, or iMg2+concentration in dogs with HA.

Animals:Seventy‐six dogs with HA and 200 dogs randomly selected from the general hospital population.

Methods:Retrospective study. Dogs were included in the study if results of an ACTH stimulation test confirmed a diagnosis of HA, the dog had a serum sodium concentration below the reference range or a serum potassium concentration above the reference range, and the dog was treated with mineralocorticoids. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to determine optimal cutoffs of sensitivity and specificity for the Na:K ratio in diagnosing HA.

Results:Use of Na:K ratios of 27 or 28 classified 95% of dogs correctly as diseased or not diseased. The sensitivity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 93% (CI, 85–98%) and that of 27 was 89% (CI, 80–95%). The specificity of a Na:K ratio of 28 was 96% (CI, 92 98%) and that of 27 was 97% (CI, 93–99%). The sensitivity and specificity of a Na:K ratio of 24 were 79% (95% CI, 67–86%) and 100% (98% CI, 97%–100%), respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Na:K ratios of 27 or 28 identify the highest percentage of dogs with suspected mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid deficiency correctly. In dogs with a Na:K ratio of 24 or less, the likelihood of confirming a diagnosis of HA with an ACTH stimulation test is high.
Dietary Energy Restriction and Successful Weight Loss in Obese Client‐Owned Dogs
Authors: German Alexander J. , Holden Shelley L. , Bissot Thomas , Hackett Rachel M. , Biourge Vincent
Published: March 2010

Background:Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs. Although weight loss by dietary caloric energy restriction is successful in experimental studies, there is limited information on success of such programs in client‐owned dogs who are obese. Further, no information currently exists on the changes in body composition during weight loss in clinical cases.

Hypothesis:Key determinants of outcome of weight loss, including energy allocation and body composition, are influenced by both individual and weight program factors.

Animals:Nineteen client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring obesity.

Methods:In this prospective clinical study, body composition was quantified by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry before and after weight loss on an individually tailored program that incorporated a high‐protein and moderate‐fiber diet.

Results:Mean percentage weight loss was 18% (range, 6–29%), and mean rate of weight loss was 0.85% per week (range, 0.35–1.56%). Mean energy allocation required to achieve weight loss was 60% of maintenance energy requirement at target weight (MERTW) (range, 50–82%). Significant dietary noncompliance was reported (mean, 1.0% MERTW; range, 0.0–9.5%). The mean composition of tissue lost was 84:15:1 (fat: lean: bone mineral content [BMC]). Lean tissue loss was positively associated with overall percentage of weight loss (Pearson correlation coefficient [Rp] = 0.591,P= .008), whereas BMC loss was greater in retrievers compared with other breeds (1.9%± 1.16% versus 0.8%± 0.44%;P= .008).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This clinical study demonstrated body composition changes during weight loss in dogs. Conventional programs produced safe weight loss, but marked energy restriction was required and the rate of loss was slower than in experimental studies.
Effect of Feline Interferon‐Omega on the Survival Time and Quality of Life of Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Authors: Ritz Susanne , Egberink Herman , Hartmann Katrin
Published: March 2010

Background: There is no therapy with proven efficacy to treat cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

Hypothesis: Feline interferon‐omega (FeIFN‐ω) prolongs survival time and increases quality of life in cats with FIP.

Animals: Thirty‐seven privately owned cats were subjects of this study.

Methods: The study was performed as a placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial. Feline infectious peritonitis was confirmed by histology or immunostaining of feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in effusion or tissue macrophages or both. The cats were randomly selected for treatment with either FeIFN‐to or a placebo. All cats received adjunctive treatment with glucocorticoids and antibiotics and passive immunization with Feliserin.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the survival time of cats treated with FeIFN‐ω versus placebo or in any other variable evaluated (with the exception of the lymphocyte count). The cats survived between 3 and 200 days (median, 9 days). There was only 1 long‐term survivor (>3 months), and the cat was in the FeIFN‐ω group.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: No effect of FeIFN‐ω on survival time or quality of life could be demonstrated in this study.
A High‐Protein, High‐Fiber Diet Designed for Weight Loss Improves Satiety in Dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël , Bissot Thomas , Servet Eric , Sergheraert Renaud , Biourge Vincent , German Alexander J.
Published: March 2010

Background: Weight‐loss programs for dogs are often hampered by increased begging and scavenging behavior that ensues when food intake is restricted.

Hypothesis: A diet formulated to contain a high content of both protein and fiber is more satiating than diets that contain only high fiber or high protein.

Animals: Six entire female adult dogs (2 Shetland Sheepdogs, 2 Brittany Spaniels, 2 Labrador Retrievers) participated in the satiety studies; 105 adult female dogs of various breeds and ages were used for the palatability studies.

Methods: Three diets (high protein [103 g/1,000 kcal] high fiber [60 g/1,000 kcal] [HPHF]; high protein [104 g/1,000 kcal] moderate fiber [35 g/1,000 kcal] [HP]; moderate protein [86 g/1,000 kcal] high fiber [87 g/1,000 kcal] [HF]) were tested. Voluntary food intake was measured in 5 sequential crossover studies, and palatability was assessed with food preference tests.

Results: Protein digestibility was significantly lower for HF (mean ± SD; 77.7%± 2.52%) than for both HPHF (81.1%± 0.96%) and HP (81.1%± 1.65%) (P< .001). Short‐term food intake (food ingested when offered for 15 minutes every hour for 4 hours) was lower for HPHF than for both HP and HF (P= .038). Medium‐term intake (food ingested when offered 3 hours after first meal) was lower for both HPHF (27 ± 22.2 kcal/kg0.73) and HF (41 ± 6.8 kcal/kg0.73) than for HP (57 ± 18.8 kcal/kg0.73) (P= .041). Voluntary food intake 3 hours after feeding a restricted meal (25% daily maintenance energy requirements) was significantly lower on the HPHF diet than on either the HP (‐51%,P= .0051) or HF (‐47%,P= .014) diets. However, there was no significant difference between the energy intake on the HP and HF diets (7%,P= .37). The HPHF and HP diets had equivalent palatability, and both were more palatable than the HF diet (P< .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The HPHF diet had a satiating effect as evidenced by reduced voluntary intake compared with HP and HF diets, and has the potential to lead to greater compliance in weight‐loss programs.
Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers
Authors: Xenoulis Panagiotis G. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Levinski Melinda D. , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: March 2010

Background: Idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia has been reported in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). However, studies investigating the prevalence of this disorder in a large population of MS are lacking.

Hypothesis: Hypertriglyceridemia is prevalent in healthy MS.

Animals: This study used 192 healthy MS and 38 healthy dogs of other breeds (control dogs).

Methods: Serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were measured and statistically compared in both the MS and control group. Dogs were categorized based on their age, and median serum triglyceride concentrations were compared among different age groups.

Results: A total of 63 (32.8%) of the 192 MS had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. In contrast, of the 38 control dogs, only 2 (5.3%) had serum triglyceride concentrations above the reference range. The median serum triglyceride concentration in MS was 73.5 mg/dL, which was significantly higher as compared to that of the control group (median, 55 mg/dL; P= .0005). Serum cholesterol concentration was above the reference range in 9 (9.0%) of 100 MS and in 2 (5.3%) of the control dogs. Mean serum cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P= .1374). Median serum triglyceride concentrations in MS increased significantly with age (P < .0001), and there was a significant positive correlation between serum triglyceride concentrations and age (Spearman r = 0.47; P < .0001). There was no difference in serum triglyceride concentrations between male and female MS (P= .48).

Conclusion: Healthy MS have a high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia as compared to healthy dogs of other breeds. Both the prevalence and severity of hypertriglyceridemia increase with age.
Serum C‐Reactive Protein Concentration as an Indicator of Remission Status in Dogs with Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Nielsen Lise , Toft Nils , Eckersall P. David , Mellor Dominic J. , Morris Joanna S.
Published: March 2010

Background: The acute‐phase protein C‐reactive protein (CRP) is used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in humans with various neoplasias, including non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Objective: To evaluate if CRP could be used to detect different remission states in dogs with lymphoma.

Animals: Twenty‐two dogs with untreated multicentric lymphoma.

Methods: Prospective observational study. Blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis, before each chemotherapy session, and at follow‐up visits, resulting in 287 serum samples.

Results: Before therapy, a statistically significant majority of the dogs (P= .0019) had CRP concentrations above the reference range (68%, 15/22). After achieving complete remission 90% (18/20) of the dogs had CRP concentrations within the reference range, and the difference in values before and after treatment was statistically significant (P< .001). CRP concentrations of dogs in complete remission (median, 1.91; range, 0.2–103) were significantly different (P= .031) from those of dogs with partial remission (median, 2.48; range, 0–89), stable disease (median, 1.77; range, 1.03–42.65), or progressive disease (median, 8.7; range, 0–82.5). There was profound variation of CRP measurements within each dog.

Conclusions: CRP is useful in determining complete remission status after treatment with cytotoxic drugs. However, the individual variation between dogs means CRP concentration is not sufficiently different in other remission states to permit its use in monitoring progression of the disease. Greater reliability in determining remission status might be achieved by combining CRP concentration with other serum markers.
Doxycycline Clearance of Experimentally Induced Chronic Ehrlichia canis Infection in Dogs
Authors: Eddlestone S.M. , Diniz P.P.V.P. , Neer T.M. , Gaunt S.D. , Corstvet R. , Cho D. , Hosgood G. , Hegarty B. , Breitschwerdt E.B.
Published: March 2010

Background: Ineffective clearance of Ehrlichia canis after doxycycline administration has been reported despite the fact that the recommended treatment for canine ehrlichiosis is doxycycline. The effectiveness of doxycycline in clearing E canis infection from the blood and tissues of dogs requires additional evaluation.

Hypothesis: Doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h), administered for 4 weeks, will eliminate E canis infection from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs.

Animals: Fifteen Walker hound‐mixed breed dogs were inoculated subcutaneously with E canis‐infected canine histiocytic cells 4 months before doxycycline treatment.

Methods: Four dogs were treated with doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 weeks), 5 dogs were treated with doxycycline at the same dosage for 4 weeks, and 5 control dogs were not treated. Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg IV) was given after treatment to precipitate recrudescence of any remaining E canis organisms. Platelet counts, anti‐E canis immunofluorescent antibodies, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of E canis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in blood and tissues were evaluated.

Results: E canis DNA was not detected in the blood and tissues of doxycycline‐treated dogs after treatment. Platelet counts were within reference intervals, and E canis antibodies decreased. Spontaneous clearance of E canis infection occurred in 2 of 5 control dogs. Three control dogs had E canis DNA detected in blood and tissues, platelet counts remained low or within the reference interval, and E canis antibodies remained high.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: As administered in this study, doxycycline cleared E canis from the blood and tissues of experimentally infected dogs.
Diagnostic Value of Echo‐Doppler and Tissue Doppler Imaging in Dogs with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Serres François , Chetboul Valérie , Gouni Vassiliki , Tissier Renaud , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Pouchelon Jean‐Louis
Published: March 2010

Background: Diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) relies on Doppler measurement of pulmonic and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, these are not always detectable.

Hypothesis: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), a novel noninvasive ultrasound technique, provides indirect but sensitive and specific assessment of elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) in dogs.

Animals: One hundred and five dogs with TR.

Methods: Prospective observational study. Dogs were categorized as presenting normal (group 1, n = 45), mildly increased (group 2, n = 19), or moderately to severely increased (group 3, n = 41) SPAP, based on TR peak velocities (<2.5, 2.5–3.0, and >3.0 m/s, respectively). Ten quantitative echo‐Doppler‐ and TDI‐derived variables were assessed, including the main pulmonary arterial diameter to aortic diameter ratio, pulmonary flow acceleration time, and acceleration‐to‐ejection time ratio, the Tei index of right ventricular function, and 6 longitudinal basal right ventricular TDI variables.

Results: A significant correlation was observed between SPAP and each of the 10 tested variables (P < .05). Conventional echo‐Doppler variables were less discriminating than the TDI for predicting increased SPAP. The combined systolic and diastolic right TDI index had the highest sensitivity and specificity (89% and 93% respectively, for a cutoff of 11.8 cm/s) and could discriminate between dogs in group 1 from dogs in group 2.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: TDI provided effective predictors of systolic PAH and demonstrated that both alterations in right‐sided systolic and diastolic myocardial function can occur with mild increases in SPAP.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Clinical Associations in 52 Dogs with Suspected Ischemic Myelopathy
Authors: Risio Luisa De , Adams Vicki , Dennis Ruth , McConnell Fraser , Platt Simon
Published: March 2010

Background: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of ischemic myelopathy have been described in the human literature and in a small number of cases in the veterinary literature.

Hypothesis: The aims of this study were to identify associations among MRI findings, timing of imaging, and presenting neurologic deficits in a large series of dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of ischemic myelopathy.

Animals and Methods: The medical records and MR images of dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of ischemic myelopathy (2000–2006) were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were acute onset of nonprogressive and nonpainful myelopathy, 1.5‐tesla MRI of the spine performed within 7 days of onset, and complete medical records and follow‐up information. Presumptive diagnosis was based on history, as well as clinical, MRI, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. The extent of the lesion on MRI was assessed as the following: (1) the ratio between the length of the hyperintense area on sagittal T2‐weighted images and the length of C6 or L2 vertebral body, and (2) the maximal cross‐sectional area of the hyperintense area on transverse T2‐weighted images as a percentage of cross‐sectional area of the spinal cord.

Results: Fifty‐two dogs met the inclusion criteria. MRI findings were abnormal in 41 dogs and normal in 11 dogs. The presence of MRI abnormalities was not significantly associated with the timing of imaging (P= .3) but was associated with ambulatory status on presentation (P= .04). Severity of signs on presentation was associated with extent of the lesion on MRI (P= .02).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The severity of signs on presentation is associated with the presence and the extent of the lesion on MRI.
Electroencephalography Findings in Healthy and Finnish Spitz Dogs with Epilepsy: Visual and Background Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Jeserevics Janis , Viitmaa Ranno , Cizinauskas Sigitas , Sainio Kimmo , Jokinen Tarja S. , Snellman Marjatta , Bellino Claudio , Bergamasco Luciana
Published: March 2010

Background: Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) parameters of healthy and Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy have not been determined.

Objective: To determine if EEG can provide specific characteristics to distinguish between healthy dogs and dogs with epilepsy.

Animals: Sixteen healthy and 15 Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy.

Methods: A prospective clinical EEG study performed under medetomidine sedation. Blinded visual and quantitative EEG analyses were performed and results were compared between study groups.

Results: Benign epileptiform transients of sleep and sleep spindles were a frequent finding in a majority of animals from both groups. The EEG analysis detected epileptiform activity in 3 Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy and in 1 healthy Finnish Spitz dog. Epileptiform activity was characterized by spikes, polyspikes, and spike slow wave complexes in posterior‐occipital derivation in dogs with epilepsy and with midline spikes in control dog. The healthy dogs showed significantly less theta and beta activity than did the dogs with epilepsy (P< .01), but the only significant difference between healthy dogs and dogs with untreated epilepsy was in the alpha band (P< .001). Phenobarbital treatment increased alpha, beta (P< .001), and theta (P< .01), and decreased delta (P< .001) frequency bands compared with dogs with untreated epilepsy.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Benign epileptiform transients of sleep could be easily misinterpreted as epileptiform activity. Epileptiform activity in Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy seems to originate from a posterior‐occipital location. The EEG of dogs with epilepsy exhibited a significant difference in background frequency bands compared with the control dogs. Phenobarbital treatment markedly influenced all background activity bands. Quantitative EEG analysis, in addition to visual analysis, seems to be a useful tool in the examination of patients with epilepsy.
Impact of Chemotherapeutic Dose Intensity and Hematologic Toxicity on First Remission Duration in Dogs with Lymphoma Treated with a Chemoradiotherapy Protocol
Authors: Vaughan Andrew , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Williams Laurel E.
Published: March 2010

Background: Dose intensity has proven to be critical in maximizing chemotherapeutic efficacy for numerous human cancers. To date, the impact of dose intensity and toxicity on first remission duration has not been thoroughly assessed in dogs with lymphoma.

Hypothesis: Dogs that receive maximal dose intensity will have prolonged first remission duration.

Animals: Sixty‐two dogs with lymphoma that were treated according to a standardized Chemoradiotherapy regimen and achieved durable complete remissions were identified from the medical records database of North Carolina State University.

Methods: Dosage reductions and treatment delays resulting from chemotherapy‐related neutropenia were evaluated retrospectively, and each patient's actual summation dose intensity and frequency of myelotoxicity were calculated. Impact of dose intensity and frequency of neutropenia on first remission duration were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results: Development of grade III or IV neutropenia during chemotherapy was found to be associated with prolonged first remission duration (P< .01). Dose intensity did not have a significant impact on remission duration (P= .07).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results of this study suggest that dosage reductions and treatment delays instituted to avoid repeated neutropenic episodes do not reduce first remission duration. Prolonged remission duration in patients that developed grade III or IV neutropenic episodes indicates the need for further optimization of dosing strategies for canine lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Effects of Small‐ and Large‐Volume Resuscitation on Coagulation and Electrolytes during Experimental Endotoxemia in Anesthetized Horses
Authors: Pantaleon Lucas G. , Furr Martin O. , McKenzie Harold C. , Donaldson Lydia
Published: March 2010

Background: Small‐volume resuscitation (SVR) has been advocated in place of large‐volume isotonic resuscitation for the treatment of endotoxemia in horses. The effects of this type of therapy during experimental endotoxemia on electrolytes and coagulation have not been evaluated in the horse. As part of a larger project, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of SVR (hypertonic saline solution [HSS] plus hetastarch [HES]) on coagulation and serum electrolytes concentration, and to compare SVR with large‐ and small‐volume isotonic resuscitation during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses.

Hypothesis: SVR does not affect coagulation parameters or serum electrolyte concentrations when compared with either small‐ or large‐volume isotonic crystalloids.

Animals: Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Under halothane anesthesia, endotoxemia was induced by administering 50 ?g/kgEscherichia coliendotoxin IV. The horses were treated for 30 minutes with 15 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (control), 60 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (ISO), or 5 mL/kg of HSS followed by 10 mL/kg HES (HSS‐HES).

Methods: Prospective randomized trial.

Results: Significant differences in coagulation parameters were not found among the groups. Thrombocytopenia was severe in all 3 groups. Serum ionized calcium concentration significantly decreased from baseline in control and ISO groups but not in the HSS‐HES group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that the HSS‐HES combination, at the dosage used in this study had no adverse effects on coagulation beyond those produced by endotoxemia. HSS‐HES may have a protective effect against endotoxemia‐induced ionized hypocalcemia.
Chronic Hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers: Clinical Presentation and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Shih Julia L. , Keating John H. , Freeman Lisa M. , Webster Cynthia R.L.
Published: March 2010

Background: An increased incidence of chronic hepatitis has been reported in Labrador Retrievers.

Hypothesis: A breed associated hepatopathy occurs in Labrador Retrievers.

Animals: Twenty‐four client‐owned Labrador Retrievers.

Methods: Medical records of dogs with histopathologic confirmation of chronic hepatitis were retrospectively reviewed. A clinical score based on clinical signs and the results of biochemical tests was generated for each dog. Hepatic biopsy specimens were scored for disease activity, fibrosis, and copper accumulation.

Results: The median age was 9.3 years (range, 3.9–14.0 years). Clinical signs included inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. All dogs had increases in serum activity of one or more hepatobiliary enzyme. Hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia were present in 45% and 21% of dogs, respectively. The median clinical score was 2.9, with a range of 0–8. The median histopathology activity and the fibrosis scores were 3.5 (range, 1–6) and 3.0 (range, 0–4), respectively. Rhodaninepositive copper staining was present in 15 of 17 biopsy specimens, with a median score of 2.0 (range, 0–3). Median survival was 374 days (range, 1–2645 days). A prolonged prothrombin time (P= .013) and thrombocytopenia (P= .041) were associated with survival < 2 months. The presence of anorexia (P= .049), hypoglobulinemia (P= .045), or prolonged partial thromboplastin time (P= .033) were associated with shorter overall survival times. The clinical score correlated with survival time (P= .030) and histopathologic staging (P= .049).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A progressive hepatopathy in Labrador Retrievers in this study was marked by chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and copper accumulation. A clinical scoring system that correlates with survival time may be useful as a noninvasive method to predict prognosis.
Echocardiographic and Angiographic Comparison of Ductal Dimensions in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Saunders Ashley B. , Miller Matthew W. , Gordon Sonya G. , Bahr Anne
Published: March 2010

Background: Transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a minimally invasive treatment option in dogs. Device selection based on appropriately acquired PDA dimensions and morphology can minimize procedural complications, including minimizing residual ductal flow and inappropriate embolization.

Hypothesis: Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) derived minimum ductal diameter measurements would most accurately reflect angiographic measurements. Color Doppler (CD) TEE and transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) ductal measurements would overestimate two‐dimensional (2D) measurements.

Animals: Fifteen client‐owned dogs with PDA.

Methods: PDA dimensions obtained with angiography, 2D and CD TTE, 2D and CD TEE from the right and left views were prospectively evaluated.

Results: PDA dimensions were measured by using TEE most closely approximated angiographic measures. CD TTE and TEE frequently overestimated angiographic measures of minimum ductal diameter. TEE accurately identified a type III (tubular) PDA morphology in 1 dog. Fourteen of 15 dogs were determined to have hemodynamically significant reductions in left to right shunting documented by a first‐pass nuclear angiocardiographic ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow ±1.2 and trivial (n = 3) to no (n = 11) CD TTE flow at approximately 1 month after PDA occlusion.

Conclusions: TEE provided accurate anatomic information regarding PDA morphology and closely approximated angiographic ductal dimensions while aiding in both coil deployment and confirmation of intra‐operative ductal closure.
Double Chambered Right Ventricle in 9 Cats
Authors: Koffas H. , Fuentes V. Luis , Boswood A. , Connolly D.J. , Brockman D.J. , Bonagura J.D. , Meurs K.M. , Koplitz S. , Baumwart R.
Published: March 2010

Background: Double‐chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a frequently recognized cardiac congenital abnormality in humans. It has been described in dogs and in 1 cat. However systemic description of clinical and echocardiographic features of the disease in cats is currently lacking from the veterinary literature.

Animals: Nine cats with DCRV are described.

Results: The cats ranged from 4 months to 10 years of age. Eight cats at presentation were asymptomatic and 1 cat had chylothorax. In all cases echocardiography revealed abnormal fibromuscular bundles obstructing the mid‐right ventricle, dividing the chamber into 2 compartments. The proximal right ventricular compartment was markedly hypertrophied, and right atrial dilation was usually present. The mean pressure gradient measured across the stenotic area was 130 ± 50 mm Hg. Concurrent abnormalities included a ventricular septal defect (n = 2); aortic malalignment, aortic insufficiency (n = 1); and congenital peritoneal‐pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (n = 1). Two cats had systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, one of which had concurrent left ventricular hypertrophy. Five cats have remained asymptomatic for a median period of 3.6 years (range, 3.3–5 years) and 3 cats have developed clinical signs associated with congestive heart failure (at 2, 3.3, and 9 years). One cat showed progressive lethargy and exercise intolerance and underwent partial ventriculectomy at the age of 2 years. This cat died during the operation with electromechanical dissociation.

Conclusions: DCRV is a congenital cardiac abnormality that may be more common than previously recognized.
Plasma Big Endothelin‐1, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Aldosterone, and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: O'Sullivan M. Lynne , O'Grady Michael R. , Minors Sandra L.
Published: March 2010

Background: Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) results in progressive myocardial and circulatory dysfunction causing activation of a number of neurohormonal systems, including the endothelin (ET) system, which is only beginning to be described in clinical veterinary medicine. Measurement of these circulating neurohormones possesses potential utility in the diagnosis, staging, and assessment of prognosis in cardiac disease.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that plasma big ET‐1, norepinephrine (NE), aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations in normal Dobermans would differ from those in Dobermans with DCM, and that concentrations of these hormones would be associated with time to congestive heart failure (CHF) or death.

Animals: Thirty client‐owned Dobermans (10 each of normal, occult DCM, and overt DCM) were included in the study.

Methods: Dogs underwent an echocardiogram, ECG, and blood sample collection. Neurohormones were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (NE) or commercial assays.

Results: Dogs with occult DCM had significantly higher ANP concentrations compared with normal dogs (least squares means [95% confidence interval, CI]: occult female 53.7 pg/mL [40.2–71.7] versus normal female 31.6 pg/mL [24.8–40.3],P= .026; occult male 86.1 pg/mL [64.7–115] versus normal male 12.1 pg/mL [5.1–28.7],P= .011). Dogs with overt DCM had significantly higher concentrations of all neurohormones compared with the normal group. Furthermore, increasing big ET‐1 (risk ratio [RR] 2.7, CI 1.3–8.6,P= .01) and NE concentrations (RR 3.9, CI 1.1–18.1,P= .03) over 1 month were associated with a shorter survival time.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: High ANP concentrations can identify dogs with advanced occult DCM. Increasing big ET‐1 or NE concentrations over time can be useful predictors of poor prognosis.
Platelet Concentrations and Platelet‐Associated IgG in Greyhounds
Authors: Santoro Stacy K. , Garrett Laura D. , Wilkerson Melinda
Published: March 2010

Background: Greyhounds have lower platelet concentrations (PC) than dogs of other breeds have. No underlying cause has been investigated.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that Greyhounds have lower mean PC because of breed variation, not immune‐mediated causes. Our secondary hypothesis was that PC is dependent on the method of analysis.

Animals: Sixty privately owned Greyhounds in Kansas.

Methods: Blood samples were collected into evacuated glass tubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Blood smears were evaluated for platelet clumps. All 60 samples had PC determined by manual, impedance, and buffy coat analyzer methods. Results of the 60 samples were compared with results of samples with (n = 25) and without (n = 35) clumps, and with control dogs. Platelets were assayed for the presence of surface‐associated antigen (PSAIgG) by direct immunofluorescence.

Results: The mean PC was below that of the control dogs for the impedance method (P< .001). No significant difference in PC was detected between analysis methods or between samples with or without platelet clumps. Three of 60 (5%) of the Greyhounds had PC between 50,000 and 100,000/μL with impedance analysis; no samples had < 100,000/μL via buffy coat analysis. PSAIgG was not identified in any samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The mean Greyhound PC for the impedance method was below the reference interval for control dogs but was not significantly different from PC determined by other methods. An immune‐mediated cause for the lower PC was unlikely because no samples had PSAIgG. The decreased PC is most consistent with breed variation. As only 0–5% of samples, depending on analysis method, had PC < 100,000/μL, a Greyhound with a PC < 100,000/μL is not necessarily consistent with breed variation, thus diagnostic testing is indicated.
CCNU for the Treatment of Dogs with Histiocytic Sarcoma
Authors: Skorupski Katherine A. , Clifford Craig A. , Paoloni Melissa C. , Lara‐Garcia Ana , Barber Lisa , Kent Michael S. , LeBlanc Amy K. , Sabhlok Aarti , Mauldin Elizabeth A. , Shofer Frances S. , Couto C. Guillermo , Sørenmo Karin U.
Published: March 2010

Background: Histiocytic sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm of dendritic cells that carries a grave prognosis. The efficacy of chemotherapy against this disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of 1‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐3‐cyclohexyl‐1‐nitrosourea (CCNU) in dogs with incompletely resected or metastatic histiocytic sarcoma, to describe the clinical characteristics of these dogs, and to identify factors affecting prognosis.

Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that CCNU has activity against canine histiocytic sarcoma and can improve survival in dogs with advanced disease.

Animals: Included in analysis are dogs diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma who had gross measurable or residual microscopic disease and who received CCNU.

Methods: A multi‐institutional, retrospective, single‐arm cohort study was conducted. Available biopsy samples were tested with an antibody against CD18 when possible to confirm the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma.

Results: Fifty‐nine dogs were treated at 8 institutions. Twenty‐three tumor specimens were confirmed to be CD18 positive. Treatment with CCNU at 60 to 90 mg/m2resulted in an overall response rate of 46% in the 56 dogs with gross measurable disease. All 3 dogs with minimal residual disease experienced tumor relapse but lived 433 days or more after starting CCNU. The median survival of all 59 dogs was 106 days. Thrombocytopenia (< 100,000 platelets/μL) and hypoalbuminemia were found to be negatively associated with prognosis and were predictive of < 1 month survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results suggest that CCNU is active against canine histiocytic sarcoma and may be useful in the treatment of dogs without negative prognostic factors.
Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors on Chronic Lower Airway Disease in Horses
Authors: Ramseyer Alessandra , Gaillard Claude , Burger Dominik , Straub Reto , Jost Ursula , Boog Cornel , Marti Eliane , Gerber Vincent
Published: March 2010

Background: Environment and genetics influence the manifestation of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), but the associations of specific factors with mild, moderate, and severe clinical signs are unknown.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that sire, feed, bedding, time outdoors, sex, and age are associated with clinical manifestations of mild, moderate, and severe lower airway disease.

Animals: Direct offspring of 2 RAO‐affected Warmblood stallions (F1S1, n = 172; F1S2, n = 135); maternal half‐siblings of F1S1 (mHSS1, n = 66); and an age‐matched, randomly chosen control group (CG, n = 33).

Methods: A standardized questionnaire was used to assess potential risk factors and to establish a horse owner assessed respiratory signs index (HOARSI 1–4, from healthy to severe) according to clinical signs of lower airway disease.

Results: More F1S1 and F1S2 horses showed moderate to severe clinical signs (HOARSI 3 and HOARSI 4 combined, 29.6 and 27.3%, respectively) compared with CG and mHSS1 horses (9.1 and 6.2%, respectively; contingency table overall test,P< .001). Sire, hay feeding, and age (in decreasing order of strength) were associated with more severe clinical signs (higher HOARSI), more frequent coughing, and nasal discharge.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: There is a genetic predisposition and lesser but also marked effects of hay feeding and age on the manifestation of moderate to severe clinical signs, most markedly on coughing frequency. In contrast, mild clinical signs were not associated with sire or hay feeding in our populations.
Outbreak of Neurologic Disease Caused by Equine Herpesvirus‐1 at a University Equestrian Center
Authors: Henninger Rick W. , Reed Stephen M. , Saville William J. , Allen George P. , Hass Gregory F. , Kohn Catherine W. , Sofaly Cheryl
Published: March 2010

Background: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection causes neurologic disease in horses. However, risk factors for the disease and long‐term prognosis are poorly characterized.

Hypothesis: There are identifiable risk factors for equine herpes‐1 myeloencephalopathy.

Animals: The entire population of 135 horses housed within the equestrian facility.

Methods: A descriptive study investigated the clinical, serologic, virologic, and management aspects of an outbreak of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy.

Results: Out of 135 horses at the facility, 117 displayed signs of EHV‐1 infection. Forty‐six horses developed neurologic deficits characterized by symmetrical hind limb ataxia and weakness. Twelve horses that developed neurologic deficits became recumbent and did not survive. The development of severe neurologic deficits during the outbreak was associated with the presence of residual deficits at the 6‐month examination. Within 1 year of the outbreak onset, all horses that survived had returned to an exercise level comparable to that experienced before the outbreak. Factors associated with the development of neurologic disease included age of > 5 years, location in the south or arena stall areas, and highest rectal temperature on day 3 or later of the febrile period.

Conclusions and clinical importance: Being > 5 years of age, having had a rectal temperature of > 103.5°F, and highest rectal temperature occurring on or after the 3rd day of the febrile period were the factors most predictive of the development of neurologic disease and death. Data obtained during this outbreak substantiate previous findings relating to clinical aspects and diagnosis of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of acyclovir during this outbreak is described.
Atrial, SA Nodal, and AV Nodal Electrophysiology in Standing Horses: Normal Findings and Electrophysiologic Effects of Quinidine and Diltiazem
Authors: Schwarzwald Colin C. , Hamlin Robert L. , Bonagura John D. , Nishijima Yoshinori , Meadows Cheyney , Carnes Cynthia A.
Published: March 2010

Background: Although atrial arrhythmias are clinically important in horses, atrial electrophysiology has been incompletely studied.

Hypotheses: Standard electrophysiologic methods can be used to study drug effects in horses. Specifically, the effects of diltiazem on atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction are rate‐dependent and allow control of ventricular response rate during rapid atrial pacing in horses undergoing quinidine treatment.

Animals: Fourteen healthy horses.

Methods: Arterial blood pressure, surface electrocardiogram, and right atrial electrogram were recorded during sinus rhythm and during programmed electrical stimulation at baseline, after administration of quinidine gluconate (10 mg/kg IV over 30 minutes, n = 7; and 12 mg/kg IV over 5 minutes followed by 5 mg/kg/h constant rate infusion for the remaining duration of the study, n = 7), and after coadministration of diltiazem (0.125 mg/kg IV over 2 minutes repeated every 12 minutes to effect).

Results: Quinidine significantly prolonged the atrial effective refractory period, shortened the functional refractory period (FRP) of the AV node, and increased the ventricular response rate during atrial pacing. Diltiazem increased the FRP, controlled ventricular rate in a rate‐dependent manner, caused dose‐dependent suppression of the sinoatrial node and produced a significant, but well tolerated decrease in blood pressure. Effective doses of diltiazem ranged from 0.125 to 1.125 mg/kg.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Standard electrophysiologic techniques allow characterization of drug effects in standing horses. Diltiazem is effective for ventricular rate control in this pacing model of supraventricular tachycardia. The use of diltiazem for rate control in horses with atrial fibrillation merits further investigation.
Estimation of Acute Fluid Shifts Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Horses
Authors: Fielding C. Langdon , Magdesian K. Gary , Carlson Gary P. , Ruby Rebecca E. , Rhodes Diane M.
Published: March 2010

Background: Multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF‐BIA) has been used to evaluate extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), but not fluid fluxes associated with fluid or furosemide administration in horses. If able to detect acute changes in ECFV, MF‐BIA would be useful in monitoring fluid therapy in horses.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of MF‐BIA to detect acute fluid compartment changes in horses. We hypothesized that MF‐BIA would detect clinically relevant (10–20%) changes in ECFV.

Animals: Six healthy mares were used in the study.

Methods: This is an original experimental study. Mares were studied in 3 experiments: (1) crystalloid expansion of normally hydrated subjects, (2) furosemide‐induced dehydration followed by crystalloid administration, and (3) acute blood loss followed by readministration of lost blood. MF‐BIA measurements were made before, during, and after each fluid shift and compared to known changes in volume calculated based on the intravenous fluids that were administered in addition to urinary fluid losses. Mean errors between MF‐BIA estimated change and known volume change were compared using nonparametric analysis of variance. Estimated ECFV pre‐ and post‐fluid administration similarly were compared. The level of statistical significance was set atP< .05.

Results: Results of the study revealed a statistically significant change in ECFV and total body water during crystalloid expansion and dehydration. Statistically significant changes were not observed during blood loss and administration. Mean errors between MF‐BIA results and measured net changes were small.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: MF‐BIA represents a practical and accurate means of assessing acute fluid changes during dehydration and expansion of ECFV using isotonic crystalloids with potential clinical applications in equine critical care.
Plethysmographic Comparison of Breathing Pattern in Heaves (Recurrent Airway Obstruction) Versus Experimental Bronchoconstriction or Hyperpnea in Horses
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Oura Trisha J. , Riedelberger Klaus J. , Mazan Melissa R.
Published: March 2010

Background: Horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) are described as exhibiting “increased abdominal effort,” but it is unknown whether this translates to an effective contribution to ventilation.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that heaves is characterized by asynchrony between rib cage and abdominal motions, and that the abdominal component is the major contributor to ventilation.

Animals: The rib cage versus abdominal motion in naturally occurring heaves (n = 15) was compared to controls at rest (n = 7) and during hyperpnea because of lobeline treatment, and the effects of histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction in controls (n = 10).

Methods: Flow patterns, phase angle (9) between the rib and abdominal compartments, abdominal (Vabd) contribution to tidal volume (VT), and lung mechanics were measured.

Results: Findings unique to the heaves group included the loss of biphasic expiratory flow, severely increased 9 with the abdomen consistently lagging behind the rib cage, and a reduced contribution of the abdomen to ventilation. A subgroup of heaves (n = 5) with abdominal paradox showed a significant (P< .05) reduction in tidal volume, and increased respiratory rate. Bronchodilation reduced 9 in heaves (P= .06), but 9 remained significantly higher after bronchodilation than found in controls.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: We conclude that breathing pattern in horses with heaves is characterized by severe rib cage/abdominal asynchrony, with the rib cage motion in synchrony with flow, therefore dominating ventilation. In a subset of heaves, the abdominal compartment (diaphragm, abdominal muscles) was completely out of synchrony with flow (“abdominal paradox”) despite the clinical appearance of “increased abdominal effort.”