bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Assessment of a Partially Stirred Reactor-Based Combustion Model Using a High-Fidelity CFD Tool
Authors: Ruiz Sebastian , Valencia Sebastian , Illacanchi Fernando , Mendiburu Andres , Bravo Luis , Khare Prashant , Celis Cesar
Published: January 2025

In combustion systems such as those used in rotating detonation engines (RDE), turbulence chemistry interactions (TCI) play a key role. Accordingly, the main goal of this work is to assess a partially stirred reactor (PaSR) based combustion model that allows modeling the referred TCI interactions. PaSR-based models represent indeed a computationally affordable alternative compared to other combustion models, while still accounting for detailed finite-rate chemistry. The capabilities of a PaSR-based combustion model are assessed in this work accounting for a reactive Taylor-Green vortex (TGV) flow configuration. More specifically, all numerical simulations are performed using a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool known as PeleC. This CFD tool solves the Navier-Stokes transport equations accounting for a reactive compressible flow. Closure of the set of transport equations solved is achieved using a large eddy simulation (LES) based approach and a combustion model based on chemical reactors. The numerical results obtained in this work using the PaSR-based combustion model evaluated here are compared in terms of temperature, heat release, velocity, and species mass fractions against direct numerical simulations (DNS) related results. Overall, the numerical results obtained here using LES and the implemented PaSR-based combustion model highlight that they are comparable with the DNS ones accounted for as reference here.
Fault Parameter Quantification With a Bayesian Surrogate Model for Coupling Misalignment in a Rotor System
Authors: Belli Olympio , Fiori de Castro Helio , Ekwaro-Osire Stephen
Published: January 2025

The growing demand for efficiency in production chains has centered on the reliability of these systems. With the emergence of artificial intelligence models, several techniques for diagnosing rotating machinery have been developed and applied. Different qualitative diagnostic techniques have proved successful in industrial applications. However, some issues, such as the reliability and interpretability of the models, still need to be addressed. In addition, research into the quantification of failure parameters for estimating the useful life of machines still has gaps to be filled. To this end, this work aims to create a reliable, computationally inexpensive surrogate model for quantifying the failure parameters of a rotor coupling in a situation of angular and parallel misalignment. Using Bayesian DeepONets, two surrogate models were trained to be used with the search algorithm to quantify the failure parameters. This process was concluded with success.
Frequency Content and Related Flow Physics of Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities
Authors: Baird Hayden , Zhou Hao , Zheng Zhongquan Charlie
Published: January 2025

This study is to investigate the driving physics and related frequency contents in two elementary flow instabilities, Kelvin-Helmholtz (KHI) and Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI). Using computational simulation, each instability is simulated individually and then combined to generate flow field data for analysis to study flow structures and their related frequency contents. The results show KHI frequencies are related to inlet velocity perturbation and shear properties. RTI analyses reveal no apparent dominant frequencies. Combined KHRTI analyses exhibit apparent dominant frequency peaks which appear to result from interactions between KHI and RTI.
FEM-Based Prediction of Crater Dimension Formed During Single Discharge Micro-EDM
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , G. L. Samuel
Published: January 2025

Being stochastic and complex in nature, the fundamental of the micro EDM (μ-EDM) process has not been understood well yet. In this current work, an endeavor has been made to understand the μ-EDM process. A 2D axisymmetric FE model has been developed for single-spark considering all the realistic parameters such as Gaussian heat source, temperature-dependent material properties, spark radius as a function of discharge time, latent heat of melting and vaporization. The shape and size of the crater have been predicted based on the temperature distribution generated using this developed model. Further, this developed model’s result has been validated with the experimental result. The numerical model developed incorporating the latent heat predicted crater dimensions close to the experimental results. Additionally, the developed model has been used to predict the finishing process and it was found that the smallest crater of volume 408.45 μm3 was predicted.
Temperature and Energy Behaviours of Powder Fe/Al Mixtures in Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Store Rachel , Wagner Scott W. , Nguyen Vinh , Emblom William
Published: January 2025

The friction stir back extrusion process (FSBE) gained popularity as a process with potential to create cylindrical shapes without seams, a controlled wall thickness and use less energy than traditional methods for creating tubular structures. These tubular structures are desired because the tube walls can be tailored to specific applications and it was also noticed that tubes made using FSBE had microstructures that could be influenced by the swirling of the stir tool. Because the tubes created by using FSBE are seamless and have a uniform thickness, they are desired for tube hydroforming applications. Instead of using a traditional cylindrical billet, milling machine chips and then powders were also used to create the cylindrical components. As a result, Friction Stir Powder Processing (FSPP) has been studied. The use of powders as the friction stir materials allows for custom alloyed tubes to be created. Similar to FSBE, the FSPP method generates tubular structures with swirled grains. This is believed to be provide additional strength within the tube walls. This can be very desirable when strength is needed for thinner walled tubes. The swirled patterns are believed to influence the tubes’ abilities to withstand a higher internal pressure in tubular hydro forming for example. In this study, cylindrical structures are created using FSPP methods with varying the alloy composition.

In this study, a conventional CNC milling machine is used to drive the spin tool and incrementally plunge into an enclosed die loaded with powders. As the spin tool is plunged, attaining the necessary amount of friction can be difficult. Stirring the powder has an inherent tendency to disperse the particles in every direction and a top cap allows the mill to generate pressure against all the particles and create the required friction. Dwell time as the stir tool plunged was also monitored. The process temperature was observed to indicate when the spin tool needed further plunging. For this study, the heat and temperature process responses of two aluminum steel alloy powder compositions were tested during FSPP. The process temperature was monitored throughout the tests with thermocouples. These readings were then used in an energy model in a side-by-side comparison. The two alloys tested had similar temperature and heat generation behaviors during the start-up and end of the test. The alloy with a larger steel concentration experienced a more significant rise in temperature and thermal energy generation during the middle of the test as compared to the alloy with a smaller steel concentration based on a test for statistical difference with a 0.05 level of significance.

Understanding the relationship between alloy mixtures and the process energy consumption in FSPM may allow for the optimization of process parameters for production efficiency.
Analysing the Influence of Geometry and Tool Paths for a Laser-Based DED Application
Authors: Pazireh Syamak , Mirazimzadeh Seyedeh Elnaz , Urbanic Jill , Hedrick Bob
Published: January 2025

This study examines the coupled effects of geometry type and toolpath patterns on residual stresses and strains in parts manufactured using laser-based Directed Energy Deposition (DED). Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations were conducted for four distinct geometries, each subjected to three different tool-path strategies: one-way longitudinal, longitudinal zigzag, and one-way transverse. The plastic strain is highly correlated with the maximum temperature within the deposition. The longer walls also gain higher strains in the deposition direction. The highest tensile strains were observed in the upper layers of the structures, while the mid-layers exhibited the maximum principal residual stresses. Additionally, thin walls are more sensitive to deposition patterns than thick walls due to limited heat dissipation. These insights provide a foundation for optimizing toolpath strategies in laser-based DED processes, aiming at improved mechanical performance and reduced distortion in complex geometries.
Optimizing Propeller Efficiency Using AI / Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Arya Advika , Zaidi Sohail
Published: January 2025

In recent years, the aerospace industry has placed increasing importance on enhancing propeller efficiency. However, traditional methods like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and empirical analysis demand substantial expertise and resources. Moreover, the intricate nature of propeller aerodynamics complicates accurate modeling requiring few other techniques that can develop predictive models based on the available data on existing propellers.

This paper addresses this challenge by utilizing experimental wind tunnel data from a UIUC repository to predict propeller efficiency using AI/ML models. Key design parameters, including number of blades, diameter, pitch, brand, alongside advanced ratio and RPM rotation inputs, are used. IMB Watson could-based AI platform was used to develop predictive models. Various algorithms including linear regression, decision tree and snap random forest were tested with and without enhancements (HPO-1, FE, HPO-2). Utilizing a diverse dataset, we achieved a notable 0.036 root mean squared error (RMSE), with significant features identified including thrust and power coefficients. A 10:90 test:train split ratio contributes to robust model performance.

While the application of advanced AI and machine learning techniques in aerospace engineering is still in its embryonic stage, this study lays a foundation for future advancements in propeller design and efficiency optimization through rigorous analysis of various predictive models that were employed in this work.
Integration of Digital Twins Into Virtual Commissioning Practices
Authors: Guerra-Zubiaga David A. , Richards Gershom , Forsberg Paul , Nwachukwu Kingsley , Burroughs Andrew , Sabula Eric , Kuts Vladimir
Published: January 2025

The demands of manufacturing equipment often led to operating the equipment most effectively to maximize productivity or profit. The need for maximized operating time for the equipment has made the maintenance aspect resort to more creative means to address the risk of equipment failure. The failure of equipment can range in effect from producing poor quality products, hindering the manufacturing process, or endangering the workers around them. Additionally, the damage done to equipment that has malfunctioned often causes a greater loss in profit as the equipment would need to be fixed or replaced. The knowledge gap is in how a manufacturing plant can balance good quality maintenance without hindering the operation of the equipment itself. The historical maintenance practice is to run scheduled maintenance breaks on the equipment, check for system variables that have been shown to correlate to a decaying system or wait for the equipment to fail. Virtual Commissioning (VC), which is the practice of using a simulated model of a system to explore the potential of a system without impeding the operation of the physical system, seems to be a sound resolution. This paper explores the potential of integrating Digital Twins, a real-time simulation of a system, into the practice of VC to gather real-time data from the manufacturing system. With the ability to collect and store complex data, the algorithms used to diagnose the system would enlighten the industry to various observations of the current practice of maintaining and operating certain equipment. While the effectiveness and potential of this new data have yet to be defined, the ability to obtain the data would prove to be a great step forward in optimizing the maintenance and operation practices within the manufacturing industry.
Viscoelectric Effects on the Electroosmotic Flow of Maxwell Fluids in a Rectangular Channel
Authors: Jimenez Edson M. , Gómez Juan R. , Escandón Juan P. , Hernández Clara G.
Published: January 2025

The present work analyzes the electroosmotic flow of Maxwell fluids in a rectangular channel with high and asymmetric zeta potentials on the walls. This theoretical study considers the viscoelectric effect because the fluid viscosity varies with the presence of high voltages within the electrical double layer. The problem is modeled by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for the electric potential, the conservation equations of mass, momentum and Maxwell’s rheological model for the flow field, which are solved through numerical simulations. The results show that the relaxation time of the viscoelastic fluid controls the oscillatory behavior of the velocity and the time in which the fluid reaches the steady-state. On the other hand, the increase in zeta potentials produces a rise in the magnitude of the velocity, which is counteracted by the viscoelectric effect. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding the electroosmotic phenomenon of viscoelastic fluids in the presence of high zeta potentials, considering variations in viscosity that have not been reported in this type of fluids. Additionally, this research helps design electrokinetic devices in transport and pumping applications.
Evaluation of Flexural Strength, Compliance, and Vibration Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Wood Composite Materials Used in Bike Frame Front Triangles
Authors: Agnew Jesse , Beaman Isaac , Gilchrist Ian , Gurule Alden , Oman Sarah
Published: January 2025

Specific material properties are desired for an ideal riding experience in the front triangle of a bike frame. The tubes in an optimal front triangle should be strong and able to dampen vibrations while maintaining relatively high compliance. Strength and compliance increase the impact energy the bike frame can absorb before failure, and vibration damping promotes a smoother riding experience. A common impact that can lead to catastrophic failure of a bike frame is a front tire direct strike that invokes a large bending moment into the downtube of the front triangle. The ability of the tube material in this region to comply while maintaining strength can lead to higher durability of the bike by increasing the impact energy required to break the frame. This study investigates the vibration and strength characteristics of several fiber reinforced wood composite materials through the use of a four-point loading test based on the ASTM C1161-18 standard and an impulse excitation of vibration test following ASTM E1876-15. The composite material samples tested included several common weaves of fiberglass, Kevlar, and carbon fibers. While fiberglass and Kevlar-carbon reinforced wood samples demonstrated the highest vibration damping characteristics, Kevlar-carbon reinforced material was selected for further testing due to its higher flexural strength. Pursuant to these tests, the different strength profiles of common bike frame materials, steel, aluminum, and titanium, were compared to the selected Kevlar-carbon reinforced wood composite material using a tube bending test inspired by loading that the downtube experiences during the ASTM F2711-19 falling mass test. Videos of the tube bending tests were analyzed using Vernier Video Analysis software to gather displacement data, and MATLAB was used for strength, energy, and compliance calculations as well as data representation. The results of the stated tests and analysis concluded that the fiber reinforced wood composite materials showed a higher yield strength, energy absorption, and compliance in the bike frame application compared to aluminum, steel, and titanium materials designed for the same purpose. The bending moment in the wood downtube reinforced with one layer of Kevlar-carbon fiber weave was 15.3% higher than aluminum, 11.9% higher than steel, and 32.9% higher than titanium while demonstrating at least twice the compliance during all of the tube bending tests. Wood reinforced with two and three layers of Kevlar-carbon fiber material demonstrated similar compliance results as well as even higher strength characteristics. Additionally, these fiber reinforced wood composite materials demonstrate desirable vibration damping characteristics.
Evaluation of a 3D Printed Single Layer Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) Sensor as a Wall Shear Stress Measuring Device in High Frequency Oscillatory Flows
Authors: Akanji Sunday , Lalsen Dane , Marandi Mohammadrafi , Cavalline Tara , Smith Michael S. , Hewlin Rodward L.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the first implementation of a novel class of dynamic time-resolved direct wall shear stress (WSS) measurement sensors based on active Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectric materials. These piezoelectric sensors have the advantage that they contain no moving parts, perform a direct measurement of WSS, and can be mounted directly to the surface of an existing vessel with no modification to the sensor and produces minimal to zero flow disturbing effects to the surrounding flow environment. The design and development methodology and characterization of the sensor dynamic signal response are discussed. This work explores a double layer sensor configuration consisting of a single layer of printed PVDF with an additional layer of printed PVDF-TrFE with silver painted electrodes. Both sensor types were tested in an in-house developed Stokes plane wave tube, and the results demonstrate the potential for using PVDF-TrFE sensors to perform accurate, high frequency measurements of WSS in unsteady flow applications.
Comparative Study on Real-World Head and Neck Injuries With Regulations Defined for Helmet Safety in Motorcycle Accidents
Authors: Rahimnezhad Baghche Jooghi Shabnam
Published: January 2025

Motorcycle accidents are a global issue, occurring in both low- and middle-income countries and developed nations. Helmets stand as the primary safety gear against head injuries for motorcyclists. However, the effectiveness of helmet standards in reducing injury risks needs more investigation. This study aims to highlight this matter by initially examining injury patterns documented in papers and reports on motorcycle accidents, with a specific focus on head and neck injuries, and comparing these patterns with two main standards ECE 22.06 and DOT-FMVSS218, to assess their accuracy in describing real-world accident scenarios. In the second part, the performance of conventional motorcycle helmets based on ECE 22.06 and DOT-FMVSS218 standards, using rigid head models and finite element modeling for both frontal and oblique impacts was evaluated. The acceleration data obtained from these tests are then used as an input condition for THUMS (AM50, V6) and the Penn State Head (fine model). The study highlights differences in strain distribution estimated by different finite element models (FEM) human head models under the same test conditions. Moreover, the regions of maximum strain vary for the same test conditions across these two head models. These differences underscore the need for further exploration of the biofidelity of FEM human head models to better reflect real-world accident dynamics.
An Experimental Study Focused on the Impact of Manufacturing Process in the Mechanical Performance of Lattice Structures
Authors: Hamel Josh , Gutierrez-Amezquita Mauricio , Proctor Theodore , Rujoni Emmanuel
Published: January 2025

Digital manufacturing techniques, such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining and additive manufacturing (AM), have greatly increased the design space available to engineers with respect to both geometry and materials. Obviously, certain geometries cannot be realized by anything other than a layer-by-layer AM process, and certain materials can only be formed using traditional subtractive approaches, leaving designers with little choice. However, for the wide array of structures that could be realized in a variety of different ways, the choice of manufacturing process is just another faction in the overall design process. Planar lattice structures have complex repeating geometric features which are best designed using computer aided design (CAD) tools, and these structures can easily be manufactured using a variety of different digital manufacturing processes. For this study a set of planar lattice structures were designed and fabricated from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic using both a CNC milling machine and a material extrusion AM machine. All test lattices were then loaded in tension to failure to determine their mechanical performance. The determined properties were then compared to analytical predictions from the literature, and an analysis of the impact of a chosen manufacturing process was performed. The results obtained show good agreement with publish models for lattice performance, and additionally suggest that the choice of manufacturing process has a measurable effect on the mechanical performance of the resulting structures for this specific material and geometry combination, but it is important to note that this study is just an example of how to mitigate the uncertainties associated with the freedoms offered by advanced manufacturing processes, and more work in needed in this important area of study.
Comprehensive Review of DIC and XCT Technologies in Evaluating Concrete Structural Integrity and Durability
Authors: Azari Fatemeh , Jazaei Robabeh
Published: January 2025

The deteriorating concrete infrastructure in the U.S., notably highways and bridges, urgently needs attention. The Department of Transportation and various assessments highlight a maintenance deficit exacerbating traffic congestion [1]. An investment of about $3.6 trillion [1,2] is required to rectify these issues and improve traffic flow, emphasizing the need for stronger, more durable composite materials for concrete [2].Recent advances in high-resolution optical imaging, especially X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), have become crucial in materials science [3]. CT imaging offers in-depth insights into the internal structure of concrete, essential for understanding crack development and propagation under environmental stresses like earthquakes [4]. This technology has transformed the assessment of concrete’s mechanical properties, such as stress behaviors and deformation [4,5]. Improved CT imaging significantly enhances computational modeling, facilitating precise integration of geometric models into advanced finite element analysis software, thus improving the durability and longevity of concrete infrastructures [6, 7].

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications, progress, and limitations of CT imaging in concrete material analysis [6–8]. It underscores the significance of these imaging techniques in enhancing the structural performance of concrete, contributing to the resilience and sustainability of critical infrastructure systems [7–9]. This review aims to foster a deeper understanding of material behaviors and drive innovations in concrete technology.
Flexural and Tensile Properties of Cu-Ni-Cr Alloy Processed by Solid-State Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Abid Abyaz , Sharifi Hamid , Alam Chowdhury Sadid , Ahmed Radif Uddin , Sarker Pratik , Wick Collin , Rahman M. Shafiqur
Published: January 2025

Cu-Ni-Cr alloys, comprising copper, nickel, and chromium, are highly sought after for their diverse properties, finding extensive applications in marine engineering, electronics, and aerospace. Their corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical strength make them indispensable, enduring harsh conditions like seawater corrosion and high temperatures. In marine engineering, they excel in shipbuilding, piping systems, and underwater structures, ensuring longevity and reliability. In electrical engineering, their high conductivity and oxidation resistance suit connectors and switches. Aerospace relies on their strength-to-weight ratio, stability, and fatigue resistance for critical components. This paper focuses on the characterization of the novel 3D-printable Cu(51)Ni(44)Cr(5) alloy, exploring its mechanical properties through bending and tensile tests. A multiscale computational approach is pursued to characterize the flexural and tensile response combining Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation and mesoscale finite element (FE) modeling. The MD atomic models provide essential input data for these tests, predicting behavior under bending stress and strain and tensile strength. Results from the FE models give insights into the performance of this material for potential applications in automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries. This investigation seeks to enhance understanding of the alloy’s properties, aiding its utilization in additive manufacturing under various demanding environments.
Integrating Digital Twin Technology During the Concept Development Phase of the Product Development Process
Authors: Mahmud S. M. Tawhid , Muci-Küchler Karim H.
Published: January 2025

Digital Twins (DTs) are an essential component of Industry 4.0, as they can significantly enhance every stage of a product’s life cycle, from its initial design to its disposal. Design for Digital Twins (DfDT) is a new approach that incorporates Digital Twin technology into the design and development processes of physical consumer products, facilitating the identification and development of both focused and comprehensive DTs concurrently with the physical product. DfDT aims to enhance product design by enabling more efficient and effective data use throughout the product lifecycle. It uses existing technologies, such as 3D scanning, Computer-Aided Engineering, and Machine Learning., to support different activities related to the development of digital twins. DfDT can provide a shift towards more informed and data-driven product design, reducing the need for physical prototypes and helping to identify and resolve product performance issues before they lead to costly design changes. An electric scooter is used to demonstrate the application of key aspects of the proposed DfDT methodology. It is expected that DfDT will help product development teams utilize DTs for efficient product development by integrating advanced digital capabilities at the outset of product conceptualization to enhance traditional product design processes.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Nickel Using Ni(dmamb)2 on the Top of ZnO Adhesion Layer Without Plasma
Authors: Baker Kaiya , Brown Hayden , Gebre Fisseha , Xu JiaJun
Published: January 2025

In this study, the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique was employed to deposit Nickel. Initially, the experiment utilized Diethylzinc (C4H10ZnO) with H2O to create a ZnO adhesion layer. This deposition process was carried out on a Silicon wafer with a crystal structure of <001>. The deposition of ZnO served as a precursor for the subsequent process, which involved the deposition of vaporized Nickel (II) 1-dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-butoxide (Ni(dmamb)2) along with H2 as a carrier gas. This step aimed to achieve the uniform deposition of Nickel (Ni) layers on top of the ZnO layer.

In this research work, the deposition temperature varied from 220°C to 300°C. The experimental design focused on investigating the thickness of Ni deposition, composition, and crystallographic structure using multiple analytical techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) were employed for this purpose.

Ellipsometry revealed an average growth rate of approximately 0.0105 angstroms per cycle at 260°C. SEM analysis demonstrated uniform deposition of ZnO with less than 1% of Ni, supported by high-quality images. Additionally, XRD analysis confirmed the validity of ZnO by revealing its crystalline attributes, including the presence of a hexagonal wurtzite structure.
Coupled Lateral-Torsional Diagnostic Model and Test Campaign Validation for Geared Rotating Equipment
Authors: Libraschi Mirko , Innocenti Marco , Galanti Matteo , Spolveri Niccolò
Published: January 2025

Nowadays the wide use of large electric drives is becoming more and more common in many oil and gas applications. The so-called electrification process started more than two decades ago, and it is still ongoing; the demand of electric variable speed drive systems (VSDS) is increasing, and it is foreseen to further grow in the next years. Moto-compressor applications fed by Variable Frequency Drives are based on well-known power electronics technology that could generate integer and non-integer harmonics, causing also pulsating torque along the entire shaft line. In this context, assessing torsional vibrations is crucial, often requiring a dedicated cycle fatigue stress analysis. Usually, the shaft line torsional vibrations are estimated by analyzing the magnetic speed pick-up signal by means of high samples acquisition system. Indeed, torsional oscillation is a frequency modulation process of the rotation speed.

This article illustrates alternative diagnostic methodologies for torsional vibration of rotating equipment connected through parallel shaft gearboxes. The use of gearbox is essential to meet the load speed requirements versus the driver speed capability. On the other hand, due to the nature of meshing teeth, lateral and torsional vibration are mutually related. The diagnostic method outlined in this paper is a reliable lateral-torsional model capable of deducing the unobserved torsional vibrations starting from the measured radial ones. Indeed, hydrodynamic bearings in industrial applications are commonly equipped with shaft proximity probes, simplifying, and making this evaluation more accessible even for already field-installed machinery.

The proposed rotodynamic estimation algorithm has been validated exploiting ad hoc instrumentation (i.e. strain gauges on coupling) installed during the string test at Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) facility.

The test campaign has demonstrated that the suggested technique is a highly reliable and comprehensive method for diagnostic & prognostic purposes, capable of predicting the torsional vibrations without the need of additional instrumentation on the equipment apart from the shaft radial displacement probes.
Design and Analysis of Windshield Field of View in North American Rail Vehicle Cab Design
Authors: Wang Zida , Zhang Long , Yin Yanbo , Li Meishan , Lv Qiang , Zhang Xi , Liu Yang , Huang Wei , Chen Qiubo
Published: January 2025

Operator’s field of view (FOV) is critical, as it directly impacts vehicle operations. However, there is a limited amount of relevant research in this area, especially in rolling stock industry. This paper details the validation process for cab design based on visibility requirements for subway and light rail operators in North America. The goal is to provide a reference for rail vehicle design and ensure a smooth design process, minimizing later adjustments. A 3D Human Mankin body model, based on body statistics from the 5th percentile of females and the 95th percentile of males in North America, was used for reliable validation. The model is placed into the vehicle context with structural parameters and then ergonomics is analyzed to determine the effects of various factors on the operator. Mockup cars were used for validation purposes and ergonomic validation was performed on them using real-size trackside markers and signal indications to maximize the simulation of a real operating environment. The cab design tested under these methods has been approved as meeting the project requirements. To further accommodate the special working conditions, cameras are added to optimize the design and thus expand the field of view. The validated cab design has now been put into production and broadly used in North American projects. The design parameters and validation methods stated in this paper are of significance to the field and can be used as a reference for North American cab design.
Additive Manufacturing of Lattice Structures for Catalyst Applications
Authors: Ghanadi Nahal , Son Kwangtae , Paul Brian K. , Pasebani Somayeh
Published: January 2025

The design and fabrication of Inconel 718 open-pore lattice structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) has been investigated in this research, focusing on applications such as catalyst supports in jet fuel production. The study explores the impact of laser power and scanning speed on the geometrical resolution of these structures aiming to achieve high porosity (porosity > 60%) and specific pore sizes ranging from 500–1000 μm, intending to serve as catalyst supports, replacing conventionally manufactured foams to reduce costs. Results demonstrate the significant influence of processing parameters on the geometrical aspects of printed lattice structures, with laser power having a more pronounced effect on geometrical accuracy than scanning speed. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the printed lattice structures showed a correlation with the lattice strut sizes, as lattices with less porosity and thicker struts resulted in higher maximum shear stress.
A diffusion-based super resolution model for enhancing sonar images
Authors: Bryan Oscar , Berthomier Thibaud , D'Ales Benoit , Furfaro Thomas , Haines Tom S. F. , Pailhas Yan , Hunter Alan
Published: January 2025

Improved hardware and processing techniques such as synthetic aperture sonar have led to imaging sonar with centimeter resolution. However, practical limitations and old systems limit the resolution in modern and legacy datasets. This study proposes using single image super resolution based on a conditioned diffusion model to map between images at different resolutions. This approach focuses on upscaling legacy, low-resolution sonar datasets to enable backward compatibility with newer, high-resolution datasets, thus creating a unified dataset for machine learning applications. The study demonstrates improved performance for classifying upscaled images without increasing the probability of false detection. The increased probability of detection was 7% compared to bicubic interpolation, 6% compared to convolutional neural networks, and 2% compared to generative adversarial networks. The study also proposes two sonar specific evaluation metrics based on acoustic physics and utility to automatic target recognition.
Discovery of three novel neutralizing antibody epitopes on the human astrovirus capsid spike and mechanistic insights into virus neutralization
Authors: Lanning Sarah , Aguilar-Hernández Nayeli , Serrão Vitor Hugo B. , López Tomás , O'Rourke Sara M. , Lentz Adam , Ricemeyer Lena , Espinosa Rafaela , López Susana , Arias Carlos F. , DuBois Rebecca M.
Published: January 2025

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a leading cause of viral childhood diarrhea that infects nearly every individual during their lifetime. Although human astroviruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccine currently exists. Antibody responses appear to play an important role in protection from HAstV infection; however, knowledge about the neutralizing epitope landscape is lacking, as only three neutralizing antibody epitopes have previously been determined. Here, we structurally define the epitopes of three uncharacterized HAstV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: antibody 4B6 with X-ray crystallography to 2.67 Å, and antibodies 3H4 and 3B4 simultaneously with single-particle cryogenic-electron microscopy to 3.33 Å. We assess the epitope locations relative to conserved regions on the capsid spike and find that while antibodies 4B6 and 3B4 target the upper variable loop regions of the HAstV spike protein, antibody 3H4 targets a novel region near the base of the spike that is more conserved. Additionally, we found that all three antibodies bind with high affinity, and they compete with receptor FcRn binding to the capsid spike. These studies inform which regions of the HAstV capsid can be targeted by monoclonal antibody therapies and could aid in rational vaccine design.

IMPORTANCE

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) infect nearly every child in the world, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Despite the prevalence of human astroviruses, little is known about how antibodies block virus infection. Here, we determined high-resolution structures of the astrovirus capsid protein in a complex with three virus-neutralizing antibodies. The antibodies bind distinct sites on the capsid spike domain. The antibodies block virus attachment to human cells and prevent capsid spike interaction with the human neonatal Fc receptor. These findings support the use of the human astrovirus capsid spike as an antigen in a vaccine to prevent astrovirus disease.
Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid as a Promising Inducer of Ferroptosis: Dynamics of Action in Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Models
Authors: Olkhovik D. M. , Silkina M. O. , Razumovskaya A. V. , Klycheva K. V. , Fatkulin A. A. , Kulagin T. A. , Nikulin S. V.
Published: January 2025

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD) associated with lipid membrane peroxidation. It has gained attention in cancer research because some tumor cells that are resistant to other forms of PCD are sensitive to ferroptosis. Despite the significant amount of research on ferroptosis, the list of known inducers remains limited, creating opportunities to discover new compounds with clinical potential. Recent studies have shown that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can function as ferroptosis inducers. In this study, we examined the kinetics of ferroptosis in prostate and colorectal cancer cells under the influence of erastin and DHA. Differences in the kinetics and mechanisms of action were observed. Moreover, cells resistant to erastin were found to be sensitive to DHA, confirming the potential of further research into its use as an anticancer agent.
WHO guidelines on waist circumference and physical activity and their joint association with cancer risk
Authors: Bohmann Patricia , Stein Michael J , Amadou Amina , Baurecht Hansjörg , Fervers Béatrice , Fontvieille Emma , Freisling Heinz , Friedenreich Christine , Konzok Julian , Peruchet-Noray Laia , Leitzmann Michael F , Sedlmeier Anja M , Weber Andrea
Published: January 2025

Objective

Low body fat and high physical activity levels are key lifestyle factors in cancer prevention, but the interplay of abdominal obesity and physical activity on cancer risk remains unknown. We explored individual and joint associations of waist circumference and physical activity with cancer risk.

Methods

Using UK Biobank data (n=315 457), we categorised individuals according to WHO guideline thresholds for waist circumference and self-reported physical activity levels. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs of total cancer. The reference group comprised individuals with recommended levels of waist circumference (<88 cm for women and <102 cm for men) and physical activity (>10 metabolic equivalent of task hours/week). Furthermore, we estimated the proportion of cancers attributable to abdominal obesity and insufficient physical activity.

Results

During a median follow-up period of 11 years (3 321 486 person-years), 29 710 participants developed any type of cancer. Participants not meeting the WHO guideline on waist circumference had increased cancer risk, even when sufficiently physically active according to the WHO (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.15). Similarly, individuals not achieving the WHO guideline for physical activity showed an elevated risk, even if they were abdominally lean (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07). Not adhering to either guideline yielded the strongest increase in risk (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.19). We estimated that abdominal obesity coupled with insufficient physical activity could account for 2.0% of UK Biobank cancer cases.

Conclusion

Adherence to both WHO guidelines for waist circumference and physical activity is essential for cancer prevention; meeting just one of these guidelines is insufficient.
How to make remote consultations safer
Authors: Saul Helen , Cassidy Samantha , Swaithes Laura , Greenhalgh Trisha , Payne Rebecca
Published: January 2025

The study

Payne R, Clarke A, Swann N, et al. Patient safety in remote primary care encounters: multimethod qualitative study combining Safety I and Safety II analysis.
BMJ Quality and Safety
2023;0:1–14.

To read the full NIHR Alert, go to:
https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/how-to-make-remote-consultations-safer/
Exploring the burden of cholera in the WHO African region: patterns and trends from 2000 to 2023 cholera outbreak data
Authors: Koua Etien Luc , Moussana Fleury Hybriel , Sodjinou Vincent Dossou , Kambale Freddy , Kimenyi Jean Paul , Diallo Saliou , Okeibunor Joseph , Gueye Abdou Salam
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Cholera outbreaks remain persistent in the WHO African region, with an increased trend in recent years. This study analyses actual drivers of cholera including correlations with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators, and climate change trends.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study. Cholera data from 2000 to 2023 and data relating to cholera drivers were compiled and analysed through multi-level exploratory analysis. We cross-referenced several WASH indicators, and generated a similarity matrix to categorise countries or subnational units into groups using principal component analysis and K-means clustering. We integrated cholera outbreak data with WASH indicators and created a matrix of indicators relevant for analysing cholera burden. We conducted summary statistics, temporal visualisations, Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping, trend analysis and statistical tests for correlations to derive patterns and trends from the data, derive similarities and develop projections.

Results

A total of 2 727 172 cases and 63 182 deaths were reported from 44 countries, representing 94% of the 47 countries in the region, from 2000 to 2023. The case fatality ratio of 2.3% is suggestive of issues in case management. A total of 684 outbreaks were reported, with the highest burdens in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Median detection time to outbreak was 2 days, while median time for outbreak control was 92 days. Cholera incidence seemed higher in the period 2014 to 2023 than in the period before 2014. The study results confirmed correlations between WASH indicators and cholera outbreaks. Risks factors include drinking surface water, lacking soap and/or water, and open defaecation. Over 29% and 58.8% of the population lack access to basic water and basic sanitation, respectively.

Conclusion

Insufficient access to WASH services remains the main predisposing factor for cholera in the WHO African region. Political leaders should invest more in access to WASH, strengthen multisectoral collaboration, and improve availability of needed tools to increase the likelihood of meeting cholera elimination goals by 2030.
Accepting your Body after Cancer (ABC), a group-based online intervention for women treated for breast cancer: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lewis-Smith Helena , Jones Abigail , White Paul , Byford Sarah , Fairbrother Patricia , Potter Shelley , Harcourt Diana
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. While increasing numbers of women are living beyond breast cancer, treatment-related body image concerns are common and associated with adverse consequences. Nonetheless, rigorously evaluated and effective body image interventions are lacking among this group.Accepting your Body after Cancer (ABC) has indicated promise in relation to inperson delivery. However, online delivery may increase accessibility and facilitate sustainability of the intervention. Therefore, we aim to establish the feasibility of conducting a fully powered randomised controlled trial to evaluate online delivery ofABC.

Methods and analysis

120 women who have received treatment for breast cancer and are experiencing body image concerns will be randomised equally to either theABCor standard care control group. All participants in both conditions will receive a body image booklet for people who have had cancer.ABCparticipants will also take part in a weekly seven-session, group-based cognitive behavioural therapy intervention, delivered online by a psychologist and cancer support specialist. Outcome measures will be completed at baseline and 9 weeks, 20 weeks and 32 weeks post baseline. Quantitative data on recruitment, retention,ABCattendance and questionnaire completion rates will be analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data will also be collected to better understand the feasibility and acceptability of the research process and intervention, with data analysed using ‘codebook’ thematic analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has received ethical approval from the Newcastle North Tyneside Research Ethics Committee (ref: 24/NE/0092). The findings will be disseminated to academic and health professionals via a peer-reviewed publication and presentations at relevant conferences. Results will also be disseminated to participants, national cancer organisations and the general public via accessible reports, online presentations and different communication channels.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.govNCT06412341; ISRCTNISRCTN88199566; IRAS 327507; REC reference 24/NE/0092; funder reference NIHR205415.
Perspectives on usability and adoption of a new ACL injury prevention programme for female handball players: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Mørtvedt Anne Inger , Krosshaug Tron , Petushek Erich J
Published: January 2025

Effective injury prevention programmes (IPPs) hold promise for mitigating ACL injuries in female handball players, yet adherence remains a challenge. This mixed methods study explores the relationship between programme usability characteristics and the potential effectiveness of a newly developed ACL IPP through survey and interview data from 23 female handball players aged 15–18 and their four coaches. Players’ knee abduction moment (KAM) was measured during a cutting task and used to measure potential effectiveness. Findings reveal significant correlations between reductions in KAM and players’ perceived effectiveness of the programme in reducing ACL injury risk and their intention to use it (Spearman’s rho (rs) −0.52, 95% CI −0.78 to –0.1, p=0.02 and rs−0.46, 95% CI −0.75 to –0.03, p=0.04, respectively). Coaches and players identified efficiency and perceived effectiveness as key factors influencing programme adoption. Concerns regarding programme length and doubts about exercise efficacy and transferability emerged as barriers, while perceived effectiveness, efficiency and enjoyability were facilitators for programme use. Players’ suggestions for programme improvement included shortening the duration and incorporating playful elements. Design thinking sessions yielded strategies to optimise time efficiency and integrate IPPs into existing training routines. The study reaffirms the importance of balancing programme effectiveness with practicality and clear communication about its purpose and benefits to facilitate programme adoption. Enhancing programme usability and involving all end-users in the design process are crucial steps toward promoting the acceptance and adoption of IPPs among target populations.